,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,footnote an*ors are d5ot$ by numb]1 & ! footnotes h be5 plac$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,"s m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,bridgewat] ,,treatises4 ,,c>ey1 ,,lea ,,blan*>d ,,h ,,publi%$1 ,,a/ronomy ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physics1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ,natural ,!ology1 by ! ,rev4 ,,william ,,:ewell1 ,m4 ,a41 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge2 be+ ! ,?ird ,"p ( ! ,bridgewat] ,treatises on ! ,p[]1 ,wisdom1 & ,goodness ( ,god1 z manife/$ 9 ! ,creation4 ,! s]ies ( ,treatises1 ( :i* ! pres5t is "o1 is publi%$ "u ! foll[+ circum/ances3-- ,! ,"r ,hon\rable & ,rev4 ,,francis ,,h5ry1 ,e>l ( ,bridgewat]1 di$ 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 #ahbe2 he direct$ c]ta9 tru/ees !re9 nam$1 to inve/ 9 ! public funds1 ! sum ( eight ?\s& p\nds /]l+2 ?is sum1 ) ! accru+ divid5ds !reon1 to be held at ! disposal ( ! ,presid5t1 = ! "t be+1 ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 to be paid to ! p]son or p]sons nom9at$ by him4 ,! ,te/ator f>!r direct$1 t ! p]son or p]sons select$ by ! said ,presid5t1 %\ld be appo9t$ to write1 pr9t & publi% "o ?\s& copies ( a "w1 on ! ,p[]1 ,wisdom1 & ,goodness ( ,god1 z manife/$ 9 ! ,creation2 illu/rat+ su* "w1 by all reasonable argum5ts1 z1 = in/ance1 ! v>iety & =mation ( ,god's creatures 9 ! ,animal1 ,vegetable1 & ,m9]al ,k+doms2 ! effect ( dige/ion1 &1 !reby1 ( conv]sion2 ! con/ruction ( ! h& ( man1 & an inf9ite v>iety ( o!r argum5ts2 z also by discov]ies1 anci5t & mod]n1 9 arts1 sci5ces1 & ! :ole ext5t ( lit]ature4 ,he desir$1 moreov]1 t ! pr(its aris+ f ! sale ( ! works s publi%$1 %\ld be paid to ! au?ors ( ! works4 ,! late ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,,davies ,,gilb]t1 ,esq41 reque/$ ! assi/ance ( 8 ,grace1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 & ( ! ,bi%op ( ,london1 9 det]m9+ ^u ! be/ mode ( c>ry+ into effect1 ! int5tions ( ! ,te/ator4 ,act+ ) _! advice1 & ) ! concurr5ce ( a nobleman imm$iately connect$ ) ! deceas$1 ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t appo9t$ ! foll[+ eight g5tlem5 to write sep>ate ,treatises 9 ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! subjects "h /at$3-- ,i4 ,! ,adaptation ( ,ext]nal ,nature to ! ,moral & ,intellectual ,con/itution ( ,man1 by ! ,rev4 ,,?omas ,,*alm]s1 ,d4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,,ii4 ,! ,adaptation ( ,ext]nal ,nature to ! ,physical ,condition ( ,man1 by ,,john ,,kidd1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,,iii4 ,a/ronomy & ,g5]al ,physics1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ,natural ,!ology1 by ! ,rev4 ,,william ,,:ewell1 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,iv4 ,! ,h&3 its ,me*anism & ,vital ,end[m5ts z ev9c+ ,design1 by ,sir ,,*>les ,,bell1 ,k4 ,h41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,v4 ,animal & ,vegetable ,physiology1 by ,,pet] ,,m>k ,,roget1 ,m4 ,d41 ,fell[ ( & ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,society4 ,,vi4 ,geology & ,m9]alogy1 by ! ,rev4 ,,william ,,buckl&1 ,d4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,canon ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 & ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,,vii4 ,! ,hi/ory1 ,habits1 & ,in/9cts ( ,animals1 by ! ,rev4 ,,william ,,kirby1 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,viii4 ,*emi/ry1 ,meteorology1 & ! ,function ( ,dige/ion1 by ,,william ,,pr\t1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,! :ole ( ^! ,treatises are ne>ly f9i%$1 & w be put to press z soon z receiv$1 & publi%$ 9 a *eap & h&some =m4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,philosophy2 conta9+ ! ,doctr9es1 ,duties1 ,admonitions1 & ,consolations ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 by ,,john ,,burns1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,f ! f\r? ,london edition4 ,9 ! press4 ,,conv]sations ,,) ,,"l ,,byron ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,religion4 ,by ,j4 ,,k5n$y1 ,m4 ,d4 #abmo4 ,,glean+s ,,9 ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 ,,) ,,local ,,recollections4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,jesse1 ,esq4 ,to :i* are add$1 ,maxims & ,h9ts = ,angl]s4 ,f ! second ,london edition1 9 "o volume1 be+ a ,companion to ! ,j\rnal ( a ,naturali/4 ,we h occasionally select$ a p>agraph f a v pretty volume1 by ,mr4 ,jesse1 publi%$ "u ! above title4 ,! au?or lives 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kew1 & l ,mr4 ,:ite ( ,selborne1--:o made a small village ( ,hamp%ire "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ spots to ! lov] ( nature1 by 8 ample descriptions ( ! natural objects :i* he saw ar\nd him1--,mr4 ,jesse has r5d]$ 8 walks a vehicle = mu* in/ruction & amusem5t to himself & to o!rs4 ,he pr9cipally conf9es 8 att5tion to zoology--! mo/ g5]ally attractive ( ! dep>tm5ts ( natural hi/ory2 & he looks ^u ! animal _w ) s mu* practical wisdom1 be+ dispos$ to be happy himself1 & to see e creature ar\nd him happy1 t !re are few p]sons :o w n read 8 slight sket*es ) improvem5t to _! he>ts & und]/&+s4--,p5ny ,magaz9e4 ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,som]ville4 ,9 #ahmo4 ,is x ask+ too mu* ( ,mrs4 ,som]ville to express a hope t %e w all[ ?is beautiful prelim9>y ,diss]tation to be pr9t$ sep>ately = ! delight & in/ruction ( ?\s&s ( read]s1 "y & old1 :o _c und]/&1 or are too indol5t to apply !mselves to ! m elaborate p>ts ( ! "w8 ,if %e w d ?is1 we h]eby promise to ex]t our be/ endeav\rs to make its m]its kn[n4--,lit]>y ,gazette4 ,,salmonia2 ,,or1 ,,days ,,( ,,fly ,,fi%+4 ,by ,sir ,h4 ,,davy4 ,we are surpris$ 9 meet+ ) an ,am]ican repr9t ( ?is delightful volume1 t a "w s univ]sally popul> has n be5 be=e republi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4--,n4 ,y4 ,am]ican4 ,"o ( ! mo/ delightful lab\rs ( leisure ev] se52 n a few ( ! mo/ beautiful ph5om5a ( nature are "h lucidly expla9$4--,g5t4 ,magaz9e4 ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,selborne4 ,by ! late ,rev4 ,,gilb]t ,,:ite1 ,a4 ,m41 ,fell[ ( ! ,oriel ,college1 ,ox=d2 ) additions by ,sir ,,william ,,j>d9e1 ,b>t4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,e4 ,f4 ,l4 ,s41 ,m4 ,w4 ,s41 au?or ( 8,illu/rations ( ,orni?ology40 ,:ite's ,hi/ory ( ,selborne1 ! mo/ fasc9at+ piece ( rural writ+ & s\nd ,engli% philosophy t has ev] issu$ f ! press4--,a!num4 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,a ,,naturali/4 ,) ,plates4 ----,plants1 trees1 & /ones we note2 ,birds1 insects1 bea/s & rural ?+s4 ,we aga9 mo/ /rongly recomm5d ?is little unpret5d+ volume to ! att5tion ( e lov] ( nature1 & m p>ticul>ly ( our c\ntry read]s4 ,x w induce !m1 we are sure1 to exam9e m closely ?an !y h be5 accu/om$ to d1 into ! objects ( animat$ nature1 & su* exam9ation w prove "o ( ! mo/ innoc5t1 & ! mo/ satisfactory s\rces ( gratification & amusem5t4 ,x is a book t ought to f9d its way into e rural draw+-room 9 ! k+dom1 & "o t may safely be plac$ 9 e lady's b\doir1 be h] rank & /ation 9 life :at !y may4--,qu>t4 ,review1 ,no4 ,,lxxviii4 ,?is is a mo/ delightful book on ! mo/ delightful ( all /udies4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) no previ\s "w :i* be>s any resemblance to ?is1 except 8,:ite's ,hi/ory ( ,selborne10 ! mo/ fasc9at+ piece ( rural writ+ & s\nd ,engli% philosophy t ev] issu$ f ! press4--,a!num4 ,,! ,,family ,,cab9et ,,atlas1 con/ruct$ ^u an orig9al plan3 be+ a ,companion to ! ,encyclopdia ,am]icana1 ,cab9et ,cyclopdia1 ,family ,libr>y1 ,cab9et ,libr>y1 c4 ,?is ,atlas comprises1 9 a volume ( ! ,family ,libr>y size1 ne>ly "o hundr$ ,maps & ,tables1 :i* pres5t equal to fifty ?\s& names ( places2 a body ( in=mation ?ree times z ext5sive z t suppli$ by ! g5]ality ( ,qu>to ,atlases4 ,?is beautiful & mo/ useful little volume1 says ! ,lit]>y ,gazette1 is a p]fect picture ( elegance1 conta9+ a va/ sum ( geographical in=mation4 ,a m in/ructive little pres5t1 or a gift bett] calculat$ to be long pres]v$ & (t5 ref]r$ to1 c\ld n be (f]$ to fav\r$ y\? ( ei!r sex4 ,its *eapness1 we mu/ add1 is ano!r recomm5dation2 =1 al?\gh ?is elegant publication conta9s "o hundr$ beautiful engrav+s1 x is issu$ at a price t c be no ob/acle to its be+ procur$ by e p>5t & fri5d to y\?4 ,?is ,atlas f> surpasses any ?+ ( ! k9d :i* we h se51 & is made to suit ! popul> libr>ies :i* ,dr4 ,l>dn] & ,mr4 ,murray are n[ s5d+ into e family 9 ! empire4--,mon?ly ,review4 ,its v +5i\s me?od ( arrangem5t secures to ! geographical /ud5t ! in=mation = :i* hi!rto he has be5 oblig$ to resort to works ( ! l>ge/ dim5sions4--,a!num4 ,,! ,,rectory ,,( ,,valehead4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,rob]t ,,wilson ,,evans1 ,m4 ,a4 ,univ]sally & cordially d we recomm5d ?is delightful volume4 ,impress$ ) ! g5u9e _s ( ,*ri/ianity2 a di>y1 z x 71 ( ! feel+s1 hopes1 & sorr[s ( a family1--x comes home to all1 ei!r 9 sympa?y or example4 ,x is a beautiful picture ( a religi\s h\sehold1 influ5c+ to excell5ce all )9 its sph]e4 ,we believe no p]son c\ld read ?is "w1 & n be bett] = its pi\s t\*+ lessons4--,lit]>y ,gaz4 ,we fe>lessly pron\nce ?is delightful little volume to be n only "o ( ! mo/ faultless1 b e way valuable works x has ev] fall5 to our lot to recomm5d to public p]usal4--,/am=d ,h]ald4 ,! ,rectory ( ,valehead is a beautiful model ( dome/ic life 9 ! ,*ri/ian home ( a well-regulat$ family1 & comb9es lit]>y amusem5t ) ! mo/ ref9$ & intellectual improvem5t4--,scotsman4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,e?ical ,,philosophy1 *iefly dur+ ! ,sev5te5? & ,eighte5? ,c5turies4 ,by ,sir ,,james ,,mack9to%1 ,m4 ,p4 ,9 #hvo4 ,! be/ (fspr+ ( ! p5 ( an au?or :o 9 philosophical _s1 k & reflection1 ri*ness ( moral s5tim5t1 & elegance ( /yle1 has altoge!r no sup]ior--p]haps no equal--among 8 contempor>ies4 ,"s "t ago we made copi\s extracts f ! beautiful "w4 ,we c\ld n recomm5d ! :ole too e>ne/ly4--,national ,gazette4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,seasons2 ,,or ,,! ,,cal5d> ,,( ,,nature4 ,by ,,william ,,h[itt4 ,9 "o volume1 #abmo4 ,,! ,,bridgewat] ,,treatises ,,on ,,! ,,p[]1 ,,wisdom1 ,,& ,,goodness ,,( ,,god ,,z ,,manife/$ ,,9 ,,! ,,creation4 ,,treatise ,,iii4 ,,on ,,a/ronomy ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physics4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,w4 ,,:ewell4 ,,et ,h,c ,,de ,,deo1 ,,de ,,quo ,,utique ,,ex ,,ph,,nom5is ,,diss]]e ,,ad ,,philosophiam ,,naturalem ,,p]t9et4 ,,newton1 ,,conclusion ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipia4 ,,a/ronomy ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physics ,,consid]$ ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,natural ,,!ology4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,william ,,:ewell1 ,m4 ,a4 ,,fell[ ,,& ,,tutor ,,( ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,cambridge4 ,philadelphia3 ,,c>ey1 ,,lea ,,blan*>d1 ,,*e/nut ,,/reet4 #ahcc4 ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,& ,,"r ,,rev]5d ,,*>les ,,james1 ,,"l ,,bi%op ,,( ,,london4 ,,my ,,"l-- ,i owe x to y t ,i 0 select$ = ! task attempt$ 9 ! foll[+ pages1 a di/9ction :i* ,i feel to be hon\rable2 & on ?is acc\nt alone ,i %\ld h a peculi> pleasure 9 d$icat+ ! "w to y\r lord%ip4 ,i d s ) additional gratification on ano!r acc\nt3 ! ,treatise has be5 writt5 )9 ! walls ( ! ,college ( :i* y\r lord%ip 0 =m]ly a resid5t memb]1 & its m]its1 if x h any1 are ma9ly due to ! _s & habits ( ! place4 ,! society is always pleas$ & pr\d to recollect t a p]son ( ! em95t tal5ts & high "* ( y\r lord%ip is "o ( its memb]s2 & ,i am p]suad$ t any ef=t 9 ! cause ( lett]s & religion com+ f t qu>t]1 w h = y an int]e/ beyond :at x w\ld o!rwise possess4 ,! subject propos$ to me 0 limit$3 my prescrib$ object is to lead ! fri5ds ( religion to look ) confid5ce & pleasure on ! progress ( ! physical sci5ces1 by %[+ h[ admirably e advance 9 our k ( ! univ]se h>monizes ) ! belief ( a mo/ wise & good ,god4 ,to d ?is effectually may be1 ,i tru/1 a useful lab\r4 ,yet1 ,i feel mo/ deeply1 :at ,i w\ld take ?is occasion to express1 t ?is1 & all t ! speculator conc]n+ ,natural ,!ology c d1 is utt]ly insuffici5t = ! great ends ( ,religion2 namely1 = ! purpose ( re=m+ m5's lives1 ( purify+ & elevat+ _! *>act]s1 ( prep>+ !m = a m exalt$ /ate ( be+4 ,x is ! ne$ ( some?+ fitt$ to d ?is1 :i* gives to religion its va/ & incomp>able importance2 & ?is c1 ,i well "k1 be a*iev$ only by t ,reveal$ ,religion ( :i* we are m9i/]s1 b on :i* ! plan ( ! pres5t "w did n all[ me to dwell4 ,t ,div9e ,provid5ce may prosp] ! lab\rs ( y\r lord%ip1 & ( all :o are jo9$ ) y 9 ! task ( ma9ta9+ & promot+ ?is ,religion1 is1 my "l1 ! e>ne/ wi% & pray] ( ,y\r v fai?ful ,& mu* oblig$ s]vant1 ,,william ,,:ewell4 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,feb4 #be1 #ahcc4 ,,notice4 ,! s]ies ( ,treatises1 ( :i* ! pres5t is "o1 is publi%$ "u ! foll[+ circum/ances3 ,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable & ,,rev]5d ,,francis ,,h5ry1 ,,e>l ,,( ,,bridgewat]1 di$ 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 #ahbi2 & by 8 la/ ,w & ,te/am5t1 be>+ date ! #be? ( ,febru>y1 #ahbe1 he direct$ c]ta9 ,tru/ees !re9 nam$ to inve/ 9 ! public funds ! sum ( ,eight ?\s& p\nds /]l+2 ?is sum1 ) ! accru+ divid5ds !reon1 to be held at ! disposal ( ! ,presid5t1 = ! "t be+1 ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 to be paid to ! p]son or p]sons nom9at$ by him4 ,! ,te/ator fur!r direct$1 t ! p]son or p]sons select$ by ! said ,presid5t %\ld be appo9t$ to write1 pr9t1 & publi% "o ?\s& copies ( a "w ,on ! ,p[]1 ,wisdom1 & ,goodness ( ,god1 z manife/$ 9 ! ,creation2 illu/rat+ su* "w by all reasonable argum5ts1 z = in/ance ! v>iety & =mation ( ,god's creatures 9 ! animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al k+doms2 ! effect ( dige/ion1 & !reby ( conv]sion2 ! con/ruction ( ! h& ( man1 & an inf9ite v>iety ( o!r argum5ts2 z also by discov]ies anci5t & mod]n1 9 arts1 sci5ces1 & ! :ole ext5t ( lit]ature4 ,he desir$1 moreov]1 t ! pr(its aris+ f ! sale ( ! works s publi%$ %\ld be paid to ! au?ors ( ! works4 ,! late ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,davies ,gilb]t1 ,esq4 reque/$ ! assi/ance ( 8 ,grace ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury & ( ! ,bi%op ( ,london1 9 det]m9+ ^u ! be/ mode ( c>ry+ into effect ! int5tions ( ! ,te/ator4 ,act+ ) _! advice1 & ) ! concurr5ce ( a nobleman imm$iately connect$ ) ! deceas$1 ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t appo9t$ ! foll[+ eight g5tlem5 to write sep>ate ,treatises on ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! subject z "h /at$3 ,,! ,,rev4 ,,?omas ,,*alm]s1 ,d4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,,on ,,! ,,adaptation ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,nature ,,to ,,! ,,moral ,,& ,,intellectual ,,con/itution ,,( ,,man4 ,,john ,,kid1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,,on ,,! ,,adaptation ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,nature ,,to ,,! ,,physical ,,condition ,,( ,,man4 ,,! ,,rev4 ,,william ,,:ewell1 ,m4 ,a4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,on ,,a/ronomy ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physics4 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,bell1 ,k4 ,h4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s1 ,,! ,,h&3 ,,its ,,me*anism ,,& ,,vital ,,end[m5ts ,,z ,,ev9c+ ,,design4 ,,pet] ,,m>k ,,roget1 ,m4 ,d4 ,fell[ ( & ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,society4 ,,on ,,animal ,,& ,,vegetable ,,physiology4 ,,! ,,rev4 ,,william ,,buckl&1 ,d4 ,d4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,canon ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 & ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,,on ,,geology ,,& ,,m9]alogy4 ,,! ,,rev4 ,,william ,,kirby1 ,m4 ,a4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory1 ,,habits1 ,,& ,,in/9cts ,,( ,,animals4 ,,william ,,pr\t1 ,m4 ,d4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,on ,,*emi/ry1 ,,meteorology1 ,,& ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,dige/ion4 ,,8 ,,royal ,,highness ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,sussex1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 hav+ desir$ t no unnecess>y delay %\ld take place 9 ! publication ( ! above m5tion$ treatises1 !y w appe> at %ort int]vals1 z !y are ready = publication4 ,,cont5ts4 ,)9 ! la/ ye> or two1 sev]al works h be5 publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry on subjects m or less closely approa*+ to t "h treat$4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be n sup]flu\s to say t ! au?or ( ! foll[+ pages believes t he has n borr[$ any ( 8 views or illu/rations f rec5t ,engli% writ]s on ,natural ,!ology4 ,page4 ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,object ( ! ,pres5t ,treatise #ac ,,ii4 ,on ,laws ( ,nature #ag ,,iii4 ,mutual ,adaptation ( ,laws ( ,nature #bj ,,iv4 ,division ( ! ,subject #bc ,,book ,i4 ,,t]re/rial ,,adaptations #be ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,l5g? ( ! ,ye> #bh ,,ii4 ,! ,l5g? ( ! ,day #cg ,,iii4 ,! ,mass ( ! ,e>? #dc ,,iv4 ,! ,magnitude ( ! ,ocean #ej ,v4 ,! ,magnitude ( ! ,atmosph]e #ea ,,vi4 ,! ,con/ancy & ,v>iety ( ,climates #eb ,,vii4 ,! ,v>iety ( ,organization correspond+ to ! ,v>iety ( ,climate #eg ,,viii4 ,! ,con/itu5ts ( ,climate #ff ,! ,laws ( ,heat ) respect to ! ,e>? #fg ,,ix4 ,! ,laws ( ,heat ) respect to ,wat] #gj ,x4 ,! ,laws ( ,heat ) respect to ,air #ha ,,xi4 ,! ,laws ( ,electricity #ia ,,xii4 ,! ,laws ( ,magnetism #ic ,,xiii4 ,! ,prop]ties ( ,light ) reg>d to ,vegetation #id ,,xiv4 ,s\nd #if ,,xv4 ,! ,atmosph]e #ajb ,,xvi4 ,light #ajd ,,xvii4 ,! ,e!r #aaa ,,xviii4 ,recapitulation #aac ,,book ,,ii4 ,,cosmical ,,arrangem5ts #aai ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em #aba ,,ii4 ,! ,circul> ,orbits ( ! ,planets r\nd ! ,sun #abc ,,iii4 ,! ,/ability ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em #abg ,,iv4 ,! ,sun 9 ! ,c5tre #acd ,v4 ,! ,satellites #acg ,,vi4 ,! ,/ability ( ! ,ocean #adj ,,vii4 ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis #adc ,,viii4 ,! ,exi/5ce ( a ,resi/+ ,m$ium 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em #aej ,,ix4 ,me*anical ,laws #afc ,x4 ,! ,law ( ,gravitation #aff ,,xi4 ,! ,laws ( ,motion #agh ,,xii4 ,friction #ahc ,,book ,,iii4 ,,religi\s ,,views #aic ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,creator ( ! ,physical ,_w is ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,moral ,_w #aie ,,ii4 ,on ! ,va/ness ( ! ,univ]se #bje ,,iii4 ,on ,man's ,place 9 ! ,univ]se #bab ,,iv4 ,on ! ,impression produc$ by ! ,contemplation ( ,laws ( ,nature2 or1 on ! ,conviction t ,law implies ,m9d #bbc ,v4 ,on ,inductive ,habits2 or1 on ! impression produc$ on ,m5's ,m9ds by discov]+ ,laws ( ,nature #bcj ,,vi4 ,on ,d$uctive ,habits2 or1 on ! ,impression produc$ on ,m5's ,m9ds by trac+ ! ,consequ5ces ( asc]ta9$ ,laws #bdc ,,vii4 ,on ,f9al ,causes #beg ,,viii4 ,on ! ,physical ,ag5cy ( ! ,deity #bfg ,,ix4 ,on ! ,impression produc$ by consid]+ ! ,nature & ,prospects ( ,sci5ce2 or1 on ! ,impossibility ( ! ,progress ( our ,k ev] enabl+ u to compreh5d ! ,nature ( ! ,deity #bgc ,,on ,,a/ronomy ,,& ,,g5]al ,,physics4 ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,object ( ! ,pres5t ,treatise4 ,! exam9ation ( ! mat]ial _w br+s be=e u a numb] ( ?+s & relations ( ?+s :i* sugge/ to mo/ m9ds ! belief ( a creat+ & presid+ ,intellig5ce4 ,& ?is impression1 :i* arises ) ! mo/ vague & sup]ficial consid]ation ( ! objects by :i* we are surr\nd$1 is1 we conceive1 confirm$ & exp&$ by a m exact & pr(\nd /udy ( ext]nal nature4 ,_m works h be5 writt5 at diff]5t times ) ! view ( %[+ h[ our k ( ! elem5ts & _! op]ation1 ( plants & animals & _! con/ruction1 may s]ve to n\ri% & unfold our idea ( a ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w4 ,b ?\gh ?is is ! case1 a new "w on ! same subject may /ill h its use4 ,our views ( ! ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 z collect$ f or comb9$ ) our views ( ! _w itself1 und]go modifications1 z we are l$ by new discov]ies1 new g5]alizations1 to reg>d nature 9 a new light4 ,! conceptions conc]n+ ! ,deity1 8 mode ( effect+ 8 purposes1 ! s*eme ( 8 gov]nm5t1 :i* are sugge/$ by "o /age ( our k ( natural objects & op]ations1 may become manife/ly imp]fect or incongru\s1 if adh]$ to & appli$ at a lat] p]iod1 :5 our acqua9tance ) ! imm$iate causes ( natural ev5ts has be5 greatly ext5d$4 ,on ?is acc\nt x may be int]e/+1 aft] su* an advance1 to %[ h[ ! views ( ! creation1 pres]vation1 & gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 :i* natural sci5ce op5s to u1 h>monize ) our belief 9 a ,creator1 ,gov]nor1 & ,pres]v] ( ! _w4 ,to d ?is ) respect to c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( ,natural ,philosophy is ! object ( ! foll[+ pages2 & ! au?or w deem himself =tunate1 if he succe$s 9 remov+ any ( ! difficulties & obscurities :i* prevail 9 m5's m9ds1 f ! want ( a cle> mutual und]/&+ betwe5 ! religi\s & ! sci5tific speculator4 ,x is ne$less "h to rem>k ! necess>ily imp]fect & scanty "* ( ,natural ,religion2 = mo/ p]sons w all[ t1 h[ev] imp]fect may be ! k ( a ,supreme ,intellig5ce :i* we ga!r f ! contemplation ( ! natural _w1 x is /ill ( mo/ ess5tial use & value4 ,& our purpose on ?is occasion is1 n to %[ t ,natural ,!ology is a p]fect & satisfactory s*eme1 b to br+ up our ,natural ,!ology to ! po9t ( view 9 :i* x may be contemplat$ by ! aid ( our ,natural ,philosophy4 ,n[ ! peculi> po9t ( view :i* at pres5t belongs to ,natural ,philosophy1 & especially to ! dep>tm5ts ( x :i* h be5 mo/ successfully cultivat$1 is1 t nature1 s f> z x is an object ( sci5tific rese>*1 is a collection ( facts gov]n$ by laws3 our k ( nature is our k ( laws2 ( laws ( op]ation & connexion1 ( laws ( succession & co-exi/5ce1 among ! v>i\s elem5ts & appe>ances ar\nd u4 ,& x mu/ !re=e "h be our aim to %[ h[ ?is view ( ! univ]se falls 9 ) our conception ( ! ,div9e ,au?or1 by :om we hold ! univ]se to be made & gov]n$4 ,nature acts by g5]al laws2 t is1 ! occurr5ces ( ! _w 9 :i* we f9d ourselves1 result f causes :i* op]ate accord+ to fix$ & con/ant rules4 ,! succession ( days1 & seasons1 & ye>s1 is produc$ by ! motions ( ! e>?2 & ^! aga9 are gov]n$ by ! attraction ( ! sun1 a =ce :i* acts ) undeviat+ /ead9ess & regul>ity4 ,! *anges ( w9ds & skies1 seem+ly s caprici\s & casual1 are produc$ by ! op]ation ( ! sun's heat ^u air & moi/ure1 l& & sea2 & ?\gh 9 ?is case we _c trace ! p>ticul> ev5ts to _! g5]al causes1 z we c trace ! motions ( ! sun & moon1 no philosophical m9d w d\bt ! g5]ality & fixity ( ! rules by :i* ^! causes act4 ,! v>iety ( ! effects takes place1 because ! circum/ances 9 diff]5t cases v>y2 & n because ! action ( mat]ial causes leaves any?+ to *ance 9 ! result4 ,& aga91 ?\gh ! vital movem5ts :i* g on 9 ! frame ( vegetables & animals dep5d on ag5cies /ill less kn[n1 & probably /ill m complex1 ?an ^? :i* rule ! wea!r1 ea* ( ! p[]s on :i* su* movem5ts dep5d has its peculi> laws ( action1 & ^! are z univ]sal & z inv>iable z ! law by :i* a /one falls to ! e>? :5 n support$4 ,! _w !n is gov]n$ by g5]al laws2 & 9 ord] to collect f ! _w itself a judgm5t conc]n+ ! nature & "* ( its gov]nm5t1 we mu/ consid] ! import & t5d5cy ( su* laws1 s f> z !y come "u our k4 ,if !re be1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! univ]se1 intellig5ce & b5evol5ce1 sup]9t5d5ce & =esight1 gr\nds = love & hope1 su* qualities may be expect$ to appe> 9 ! con/itution & comb9ation ( ^? fundam5tal regulations by :i* ! c\rse ( nature is br\ght ab\t1 & made to be :at x is4 ,if a man 71 by "s extraord9>y ev5t1 to f9d himself 9 a remote & unkn[n c\ntry1 s entirely /range to him t he did n "k :e!r !re exi/$ 9 x any law or gov]nm5t at all2 he might 9 no long "t asc]ta9 :e!r ! inhabitants 7 controll$ by any sup]9t5d+ au?ority2 & ) a little att5tion he might det]m9e also :e!r su* au?ority 7 ex]cis$ ) a prud5t c>e = ! happ9ess & well-be+ ( its subjects1 or )\t any reg>d & fitness to su* ends2 :e!r ! c\ntry 7 gov]n$ by laws at all1 & :e!r ! laws 7 good4 ,& accord+ to ! laws :i* he ?us f\nd prevail+1 he w\ld judge ( ! sagacity1 & ! purposes ( ! legislative p[]4 ,by obs]v+ ! laws ( ! mat]ial univ]se & _! op]ation1 we may hope1 9 a some:at simil> mann]1 to be able to direct our judgm5t conc]n+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se3 conc]n+ ! mode 9 :i* ! elem5ts are regulat$ & controll$1 _! effects comb9$ & balanc$4 ,& ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! results ?us produc$ may discov] to u some?+ ( ! "* ( ! p[] :i* has legislat$ = ! mat]ial _w4 ,we are n to pu% too f> ! analogy ?us sugge/$4 ,!re is und\bt$ly a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! circum/ances ( man legislat+ = man1 & ,god legislat+ = matt]4 ,/ill we %all1 x w appe>1 f9d abundant reason to admire ! wisdom & ! goodness :i* h e/abli%$ ! ,laws ( ,nature1 h[ev] rigor\sly we may scrut9ize ! import ( ?is expression4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,on ,laws ( ,nature4 ,:5 we speak ( mat]ial nature z be+ gov]n$ by laws1 x is suffici5tly evid5t t we use ! t]m 9 a mann] some:at metaphorical4 ,! laws to :i* man's att5tion is prim>ily direct$ are moral laws2 rules laid d[n = 8 actions2 rules = ! consci\s actions ( a p]son2 rules :i*1 z a matt] ( possibility1 he may obey or may transgress2 ! latt] ev5t be+ comb9$1 n ) an impossibility1 b ) a p5alty4 ,b ! ,laws ( ,nature are some?+ diff]5t f ?is2 !y are rules = t :i* ?+s are to d & suff]2 & ?is by no consci\sness or w ( !irs4 ,!y are rules describ+ ! mode 9 :i* ?+s d act2 !y are inv>iably obey$2 _! transgression is n puni%$1 x is exclud$4 ,! language ( a moral law is1 man %all n kill2 ! language ( a ,law ( ,nature is1 a /one w fall to ! e>?4 ,^! two k9ds ( laws direct ! actions ( p]sons & ( ?+s1 by ! sort ( control ( :i* p]sons & ?+s are respectively susceptible2 s t ! metaphor is v simple2 b x is prop] = u to recollect t x is a metaphor1 9 ord] t we may cle>ly appreh5d :at is impli$ 9 speak+ ( ! ,laws ( ,nature4 ,9 ?is phrase are includ$ all prop]ties ( ! portions ( ! mat]ial _w2 all modes ( action & rules ( causation1 accord+ to :i* !y op]ate on ea* o!r4 ,! :ole c\rse ( ! visible univ]se !re=e is b ! collective result ( su* laws2 its movem5ts are only ! aggregate ( _! work+4 ,all natural occurr5ces1 9 ! skies & on ! e>?1 9 ! organic & 9 ! inorganic _w1 are det]m9$ by ! relations ( ! elem5ts & ! actions ( ! =ces ( :i* ! rules are ?us prescrib$4 ,! relations & rules by :i* ^! occurr5ces are ?us det]m9$ necess>ily dep5d on measures ( "t & space1 motion & =ce2 on quantities :i* are subject to num]ical measurem5t1 & capable ( be+ connect$ by ma!matical prop]ties4 ,& ?us all ?+s are ord]$ by numb] & weight & measure4 8,god10 z 0 said by ! anci5ts1 8works by geometry30 ! legislation ( ! mat]ial univ]se is necess>ily deliv]$ 9 ! language ( ma!matics2 ! />s 9 _! c\rses are regulat$ by ! prop]ties ( conic sections1 & ! w9ds dep5d on ari?metical & geometrical progressions ( ela/icity & pressure4 ,! con/itution ( ! univ]se1 s f> z x c be cle>ly appreh5d$ by our intellect1 ?us assumes a %ape involv+ an assemblage ( ma!matical propositions3 c]ta9 algebraical =mul1 & ! k :5 & h[ to apply !m1 con/itute ! la/ /ep ( ! physical sci5ce to :i* we c atta94 ,! lab\r & ! end[m5ts ( ages h be5 employ$ 9 br++ su* sci5ce into ! condition 9 :i* x n[ exi/s2 & an exact & ext5sive discipl9e 9 ma!matics1 foll[$ by a practical & pr(\nd /udy ( ! rese>*es ( natural philosoph]s1 c alone put any "o 9 possession ( ! k conc]n+ ! c\rse ( ! mat]ial _w1 :i* is at pres5t op5 to man4 ,! g5]al impression1 h[ev]1 :i* arises f ! view ?us obta9$ ( ! univ]se1 ! results :i* we collect f ! mo/ c>eful scrut9y ( its adm9i/ration1 may1 we tru/1 be r5d]$ intelligible )\t ?is te*nical & labori\s /udy1 & to d ?is is our pres5t object4 ,x w be our bus9ess to %[ t ! laws :i* really prevail 9 nature are1 by _! =m1 t is1 by ! nature ( ! connexion :i* !y e/abli% among ! quantities & prop]ties :i* !y regulate1 rem>kably adapt$ to ! (fice :i* is assign$ !m2 & ?us (f] evid5ce ( selection1 design1 & goodness1 9 ! p[] by :i* !y 7 e/abli%$4 ,b ^! *>act]s ( ! legislation ( ! univ]se may also be se51 9 _m in/ances1 9 a mann] some:at diff]5t f ! selection ( ! law4 ,! nature ( ! connexion rema9+ ! same1 ! quantities :i* x regulates may also 9 _! magnitude be> m>ks ( selection & purpose4 ,= ! law may be ! same :ile ! quantities to :i* x applies are diff]5t4 ,! law ( ! gravity :i* acts to ! e>? & to ,jupit]1 is ! same2 b ! int5sity ( ! =ce at ! surfaces ( ! two planets is diff]5t4 ,! law :i* regulates ! d5sity ( ! air at any po9t1 ) ref]5ce to ! height f ! e>?'s surface1 w\ld be ! same1 if ! atmosph]e 7 t5 times z l>ge1 or only "o-t5? z l>ge z x is2 if ! b>omet] at ! e>?'s surface /ood at ?ree in*es only1 or if x %[$ a pressure ( ?irty feet ( m]cury4 ,n[ ?is be+ und]/ood1 ! adaptation ( a law to its purpose1 or to o!r laws1 may appe> 9 two ways3--ei!r 9 ! =m ( ! law1 or 9 ! am\nt ( ! magnitudes :i* x regulates1 :i* are sometimes call$ arbitr>y magnitudes4 ,if ! attraction ( ! sun ^u ! planets did n v>y inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 ! =m ( ! law ( gravitation w\ld be *ang$2 if ?is attraction 71 at ! e>?'s orbit1 ( a diff]5t value f its pres5t "o1 ! arbitr>y magnitude w\ld be *ang$2 & x w appe>1 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ?is "w1 t ei!r *ange w\ld1 s f> z we c trace its consequ5ces1 be detrim5tal4 ,! =m ( ! law det]m9es 9 :at mann] ! facts %all take place2 ! arbitr>y magnitude det]m9es h[ fa/1 h[ f>1 h[ soon2 ! "o gives a model1 ! o!r a measure ( ! ph5om5on2 ! "o draws ! plan1 ! o!r gives ! scale on :i* x is to be execut$2 ! "o gives ! rule1 ! o!r ! rate4 ,if ei!r 7 wrongly tak51 ! result w\ld be wrong too4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,mutual ,adaptation 9 ! ,laws ( ,nature4 ,to asc]ta9 su* laws ( nature z we h be5 describ+1 is ! peculi> bus9ess ( sci5ce4 ,x is only ) reg>d to a v small portion ( ! appe>ances ( ! univ]se1 t sci5ce1 9 any /rict application ( ! t]m1 exi/s4 ,9 v few dep>tm5ts ( rese>* h m5 be5 able to trace a multitude ( kn[n facts to causes :i* appe> to be ! ultimate mat]ial causes1 or to disc]n ! laws :i* seem to be ! mo/ g5]al laws4 ,yet1 9 "o or two in/ances1 !y h done ?is1 or some?+ approa*+ to ?is2 & mo/ especially 9 ! in/ance ( t "p ( nature1 :i* x is ! object ( ?is treatise m peculi>ly to consid]4 ,! app>5t motions ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s h be5 m completely r$uc$ to _! causes & laws ?an any o!r class ( ph5om5a4 ,a/ronomy1 ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ^!1 is already a wond]ful example ( ! degree ( su* k :i* man may atta94 ,! =ms ( its mo/ important laws may be conceiv$ to be c]ta9ly kn[n2 & hundr$s ( obs]v]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w are daily employ$ 9 det]m9+1 ) additional accuracy1 ! arbitr>y magnitudes :i* ^! laws involve4 ,! inquiries 9 :i* ! mutual effects ( heat1 moi/ure1 air1 & ! l elem5ts are treat$ (1 includ+1 among o!r subjects1 all t we "k ( ! causes ( ! wea!r 7meteorology7 is a f> m imp]fect sci5ce ?an a/ronomy4 ,yet1 ) reg>d to ^! ag5ts1 a great numb] ( laws ( nature h be5 discov]$1 ?\gh1 und\bt$ly1 a f> great] numb] rema9 /ill unkn[n4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z our k goes1 a/ronomy & meteorology are p>ts ( natural philosophy 9 :i* we may /udy ! ord] ( nature ) su* views z we h sugge/$2 9 :i* we may hope to make out ! adaptations & aims :i* exi/ 9 ! laws ( nature2 & ?us to obta9 "s light on ! t5d5cy ( ?is "p ( ! legislation ( ! univ]se1 & on ! "* & disposition ( ! ,legislator4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( ! laws :i* we f9d e/abli%$ 9 ! univ]se is s great1 t x w\ld be idle to endeav\r to enum]ate !m4 ,9 _! op]ation !y are comb9$ & int]mix$ 9 incalculable & endless p]plexity1 influ5c+ & modify+ ea* o!r's effects 9 e direction4 ,if we attempt to compreh5d at once ! :ole ( ?is complex sy/em1 we f9d ourselves utt]ly baffl$ & ov]:elm$ by its ext5t & multiplicity4 ,yet1 9 s f> z we consid] ! be>+ ( "o "p ^u ano!r1 we receive an impression ( adaptation1 ( mutual fitness1 ( conspir+ means1 ( prep>ation & completion1 ( purpose & provision4 ,?is impression is sugge/$ by ! contemplation ( e "p ( nature2 b ! gr\nds ( x1 f ! v circum/ances ( ! case1 _c be convey$ 9 a few words4 ,x c only be fully educ$ by lead+ ! read] ?r\gh sev]al views & details1 & mu/ gr[ out ( ! comb9$ influ5ce ( ^! on a sob] & reflect+ frame ( m9d4 ,h[ev] /rong & solemn be ! conviction :i* may be d]iv$ f a contemplation ( nature1 conc]n+ ! exi/5ce1 ! p[]1 ! wisdom1 ! goodness ( our ,div9e ,gov]nor1 we _c expect t ?is conviction1 z result+ f ! extremely complex spectacle ( ! mat]ial _w1 %\ld be capable ( be+ irresi/ibly convey$ by a few /eps ( reason+1 l ! conclusion ( a geometrical proposition1 or ! result ( an ari?metical calculation4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 endeav\r to po9t out cases & circum/ances 9 :i* ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! univ]se exhibit ?is mutual adaptation1 & ?us to br+ be=e ! m9d ( ! read] ! evid5ce ( wisdom & provid5ce1 :i* ! ext]nal _w af=ds4 ,:5 we h illu/rat$ ! correspond5cies :i* exi/ 9 e prov9ce ( nature1 betwe5 ! qualities ( brute matt] & ! con/itution ( liv+ ?+s1 betwe5 ! t5d5cy to d]angem5t & ! cons]vative influ5ces by :i* su* a t5d5cy is c\nt]act$1 betwe5 ! (fice ( ! m9ute/ speck & ( ! mo/ g5]al laws2 x w1 we tru/1 be difficult or impossible to exclude f our conception ( ?is wond]ful sy/em1 ! idea ( a h>moniz+1 a pres]v+1 a contriv+1 an int5d+ ,m9d2 ( a ,wisdom1 ,p[]1 & ,goodness f> exce$+ ! limits ( our ?\ghts4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,division ( ! ,subject4 ,9 mak+ a survey ( ! univ]se1 = ! purpose ( po9t+ out su* correspond5cies & adaptations z we h m5tion$1 we %all suppose ! g5]al lead+ facts ( ! c\rse ( nature to be kn[n1 & ! explanations ( _! causes n[ g5]ally e/abli%$ among a/ronom]s & natural philosoph]s to be conc$$4 ,we %all assume !re=e t ! e>? is a solid globe ( asc]ta9$ magnitude1 :i* travels r\nd ! sun1 9 an orbit ne>ly circul>1 9 a p]iod ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days & a qu>t]1 & 9 ! mean "t revolves1 9 an incl9$ position1 ^u its own axis 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ?us produc+ ! succession ( appe>ances & effects :i* con/itute seasons & climates1 day & night2--t ?is globe has its surface furr[$ & ridg$ ) v>i\s inequalities1 ! wat]s ( ! ocean occupy+ ! depress$ p>ts3--t x is surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e1 or sph]ical cov]+ ( air2 & t v>i\s o!r physical ag5ts1 moi/ure1 electricity1 magnetism1 light1 op]ate at ! surface ( ! e>?1 accord+ to _! peculi> laws4 ,?is surface is1 z we "k1 clo!d ) a cov]+ ( plants1 & inhabit$ by ! v>i\s tribes ( animals1 ) all _! v>iety ( s5sations1 wants1 & enjoym5ts4 ,! relations & connexions ( ! l>g] portions ( ! _w1 ! sun1 ! planets1 & ! />s1 ! cosmical arrangem5ts ( ! sy/em1 z !y are sometimes call$1 det]m9e ! c\rse ( ev5ts among ^! bodies2 & ! m rem>kable features ( ^! arrangem5ts are !re=e "s ( ! subjects = our consid]ation4 ,^! cosmical arrangem5ts1 9 _! consequ5ces1 affect also ! physical ag5cies :i* are at "w at ! surface ( ! e>?1 & h5ce come 9 contact ) t]re/rial occurr5ces4 ,!y ?us influ5ce ! functions ( plants & animals4 ,! circum/ances 9 ! cosmical sy/em ( ! univ]se1 & 9 ! organic sy/em ( ! e>?1 :i* h ?us a be>+ on ea* o!r1 =m ano!r ( ! subjects ( :i* we %all treat4 ,! =m] class ( consid]ations att5ds pr9cipally to ! /ability & o!r app>5t p]fections ( ! sol> sy/em2 ! latt] to ! well-be+ ( ! sy/em ( organic life by :i* ! e>? is occupi$4 ,! two portions ( ! subject may be treat$ z ,cosmical ,arrangem5ts & ,t]re/rial ,adaptations4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! latt] class ( adaptations1 because 9 treat+ ( ^! ! facts are m famili> & tangible1 & ! reason+s less ab/ract & te*nical1 ?an 9 ! o!r division ( ! subject4 ,moreov]1 9 ?is case m5 h no difficulty 9 recogniz+ z desirable ! end :i* is answ]$ by su* adaptations1 & !y !re=e ! m readily consid] x z an end4 ,! n\ri%m5t1 ! enjoym5t1 ! diffusion ( liv+ ?+s1 are will+ly ackn[l$g$ to be a suitable object = contrivance2 ! simplicity1 ! p]man5ce1 ( an in]t me*anical comb9ation might n s readily be all[$ to be a manife/ly wor?y aim ( a ,creat+ ,wisdom4 ,! =m] bran* ( our argum5t may !re=e be be/ suit$ to introduce to u ! ,deity z ! in/itutor ( ,laws ( ,nature1 ?\gh ! latt] may aft]w>ds give u a wid] view & a cle>] insight into "o prov9ce ( 8 legislation4 ,,book ,i4 ,,t]re/rial ,,adaptations4 ,we proce$ 9 ?is book to po9t out relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 ! laws ( ! inorganic _w1 t is1 ! g5]al facts ( a/ronomy & meteorology2 & ! laws :i* prevail 9 ! organic _w1 ! prop]ties ( plants & animals4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ k9d ( laws1 !y are 9 ! highe/ degree v>i\s & unlike ea* o!r4 ,! int5sity & activity ( natural influ5ces foll[ 9 diff]5t cases ! mo/ diff]5t rules4 ,9 "s in/ances !y are p]iodical1 increas+ & dim9i%+ alt]nately1 9 a p]petual succession ( equal int]vals ( "t4 ,?is is ! case ) ! heat at ! e>?'s surface1 :i* has a p]iod ( a ye>2 ) ! light1 :i* has a p]iod ( a day4 ,o!r qualities are con/ant1 ?us ! =ce ( gravity at ! same place is always ! same4 ,9 "s cases1 a v simple cause produces v complicat$ effects2 ?us ! globul> =m ( ! e>?1 & ! incl9ation ( its axis dur+ its annual motion1 give rise to all ! v>iety ( climates4 ,9 o!r cases a v complex & v>iable sy/em ( causes produces effects comp>atively /eady & uni=m2 ?us sol> & t]re/rial heat1 air1 moi/ure1 & probably _m o!r app>5tly conflict+ ag5ts1 jo9 to produce our wea!r1 :i* nev] deviates v f> f a c]ta9 av]age /&>d4 ,n[ a g5]al fact1 :i* we %all endeav\r to exemplify 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 is ?is3--,t ^? prop]ties ( plants & animals :i* h ref]5ce to ag5cies ( a p]iodical "*1 h also by _! nature a p]iodical mode ( work+2 :ile ^? prop]ties :i* ref] to ag5cies ( con/ant int5sity1 are adju/$ to ?is con/ant int5sity3 & aga91 !re are peculi>ities 9 ! nature ( organiz$ be+s :i* h ref]5ce to a v>iety 9 ! conditions ( ! ext]nal _w1 z1 = in/ance1 ! diff]5ce ( ! organiz$ population ( diff]5t regions3 & !re are o!r peculi>ities :i* h a ref]5ce to ! con/ancy ( ! av]age ( su* conditions1 & ! limit$ range ( ! deviations f t av]age2 z = example1 t con/itution by :i* ea* plant & animal is fitt$ to exi/ & prosp] 9 its usual place 9 ! _w4 ,& n only is !re ?is g5]al agreem5t betwe5 ! nature ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! organic & inorganic _w1 b also !re is a co9cid5ce betwe5 ! arbitr>y magnitudes :i* su* laws involve on ! "o h& & on ! o!r4 ,plants & animals h1 9 _! con/ruction1 c]ta9 p]iodical functions1 :i* h a ref]5ce to alt]nations ( heat & cold2 ! l5g? ( ! p]iod :i* belongs to ^! functions by _! con/ruction1 appe>s to be t ( ! p]iod :i* belongs to ! actual alt]nations ( heat & cold1 namely1 a ye>4 ,plants & animals h aga9 9 _! con/ruction c]ta9 o!r p]iodical functions1 :i* h a ref]5ce to alt]nations ( light & d>kness2 ! l5g? ( ! p]iod ( su* functions appe>s to co9cide ) ! natural day4 ,9 l mann] ! o!r arbitr>y magnitudes :i* ent] into ! laws ( gravity1 ( ! effects ( air & moi/ure1 & ( o!r causes ( p]man5ce1 & ( *ange1 by :i* ! influ5ces ( ! elem5ts op]ate1 are ! same arbitr>y magnitudes to :i* ! memb]s ( ! organic _w are adapt$ by ! v>i\s peculi>ities ( _! con/ruction4 ,! illu/ration ( ?is view w be pursu$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s2 & :5 ! co9cid5ce "h spok5 ( is di/9ctly br\ght be=e ! read]1 x w1 we tru/1 be f\nd to convey ! conviction ( a wise & b5evol5t design1 :i* has be5 ex]cis$ 9 produc+ su* an agreem5t betwe5 ! int]nal con/itution & ! ext]nal circum/ances ( organiz$ be+s4 ,we %all adduce cases :]e !re is an app>5t relation betwe5 ! c\rse ( op]ation ( ! elem5ts & ! c\rse ( vital functions2 betwe5 "s fix$ measure ( "t or space1 trac$ 9 ! lifeless & 9 ! liv+ _w2 :]e creatures are con/ruct$ on a c]ta9 plan1 or a c]ta9 scale1 & ?is plan or ?is scale is exactly ! s+le "o :i* is suit$ to _! place on ! e>?2 :]e x 0 necess>y = ! ,creator 7if we may use su* a mode ( speak+7 to take acc\nt ( ! weight ( ! e>?1 or ! d5sity ( ! air1 or ! measure ( ! ocean1 & :]e ^! quantities are rightly tak5 acc\nt ( 9 ! arrangem5ts ( creation4 ,9 su* cases we conceive t we trace a ,creator1 :o1 9 produc+ "o "p ( 8 "w1 0 n =getful or c>eless ( ano!r "p2 :o did n ca/ 8 liv+ creatures into ! _w to prosp] or p]i% z !y might f9d x suit$ to !m or n2 b fitt$ toge!r1 ) ! nice/ skill1 ! _w & ! con/itution :i* he gave to its inhabitants2 s fa%ion+ x & !m1 t light & d>kness1 sun & air1 moi/ & dry1 %\ld become _! m9i/]s & b5efactors1 ! unwe>i$ & unfail+ causes ( _! well-be+4 ,we h spok5 ( ! mutual adaptation ( ! organic & ! inorganic _w4 ,if we 7 to conceive ! contrivance ( ! _w z tak+ place 9 an ord] ( "t 9 ! contriv+ m9d1 we might also h to conceive ?is adaptation z tak+ place 9 "o ( two ways3 we might ei!r suppose ! laws ( in]t nature to be accommodat$ to ! =ese5 wants ( liv+ ?+s1 or ! organization ( life to be accommodat$ to ! previ\sly e/abli%$ laws ( nature4 ,b we are n =c$ ^u any su* mode ( conception1 or ^u any decision betwe5 su* suppositions3 s9ce1 = ! purpose ( our argum5t1 ! consequ5ce ( ei!r view is ! same4 ,!re is an adaptation some:]e or o!r1 on ei!r supposition4 ,!re is acc\nt tak5 ( "o "p ( ! sy/em 9 fram+ ! o!r3 & ! m9d :i* took su* acc\nt c be no o!r ?an t ( ! ,intellig5t ,au?or ( ! univ]se4 ,:5 inde$ we come to see ! va/ numb]1 ! v>iety1 ! ext5t1 ! int]weav+1 ! reconcil+ ( su* adaptations1 we %all readily all[1 t all ?+s are s m\ld$ ^u & lock$ into ea* o!r1 connect$ by su* subtilty & pr(undity ( design1 t we may well ab&on ! idle attempt to trace ! ord] ( ?\ght 9 ! m9d ( ! ,supreme ,orda9]4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,l5g? ( ! ,ye>4 ,a ye> is ! mo/ important & obvi\s ( ! p]iods :i* occur 9 ! organic1 & especially 9 ! vegetable _w4 ,9 ?is int]val ( "t ! cycle ( mo/ ( ! ext]nal influ5ces :i* op]ate ^u plants is complet$4 ,!re is also 9 plants a cycle ( int]nal functions1 correspond+ to ?is succession ( ext]nal causes4 ,! l5g? ( ei!r ( ^! p]iods might h be5 diff]5t f :at x is1 accord+ to any gr\nds ( necessity :i* we c p]ceive4 ,b a c]ta9 l5g? is select$ 9 bo? in/ances1 & 9 bo? in/ances ! same4 ,! l5g? ( ! ye> is s det]m9$ z to be adapt$ to ! con/itution ( mo/ vegetables2 or ! con/ruction ( vegetables is s adju/$ z to be suit$ to ! l5g? :i* ! ye> really has1 & unsuit$ to a duration long] or %ort] by any consid]able portion4 ,! vegetable clock-"w is s set z to g = a ye>4 ,! l5g? ( ! ye> or int]val ( recurr5ce ( ! seasons is det]m9$ by ! "t :i* ! e>? employs 9 p]=m+ its revolution r\nd ! sun3 & we c v easily conceive ! sol> sy/em s adju/$ t ! ye> %\ld be long] or %ort] ?an x actually is4 ,we c imag9e ! e>? to revolve r\nd ! sun at a di/ance great] or less ?an t :i* x at pres5t has1 all ! =ces ( ! sy/em rema9+ unalt]$4 ,if ! e>? 7 remov$ t[>ds ! c5tre by ab\t "o-eigh? ( its di/ance1 ! ye> w\ld be dim9i%$ by ab\t a mon?2 & 9 ! same mann] x w\ld be increas$ by a mon? on increas+ ! di/ance by "o-eigh?4 ,we c suppose ! e>? at a di/ance ( eighty-f\r or a hundr$ & eight millions ( miles1 j z easily z at its pres5t di/ance ( n9ety-six millions3 we c suppose ! e>? ) its pres5t /ock ( animals & vegetables plac$ :]e ,m>s or :]e ,v5us is1 & revolv+ 9 an orbit l "o ( !irs3 on ! =m] supposition our ye> w\ld become tw5ty-?ree1 on ! latt] sev5 ( our pres5t mon?s4 ,or we c conceive ! pres5t di/ances ( ! p>ts ( ! sy/em to cont9ue :at !y are1 & ! size1 or ! d5sity ( ! c5tral mass1 ! sun1 to be increas$ or dim9i%$ 9 any proportion2 & 9 ?is way ! "t ( ! e>?'s revolution might h be5 increas$ or dim9i%$ 9 any degree2 a great] velocity1 & consequ5tly a dim9i%$ p]iod1 be+ requisite 9 ord] to balance an augm5t$ c5tral attraction4 ,9 any ( ^! ways ! l5g? ( ! e>?'s natural ye> might h be5 diff]5t f :at x n[ is3 9 ! la/ way )\t any necess>y alt]ation1 s f> z we c see1 ( temp]ature4 ,n[1 if any *ange ( ?is k9d 7 to take place1 ! work+ ( ! botanical _w w\ld be ?r[n into utt] disord]1 ! functions ( plants w\ld be entirely d]ang$1 & ! :ole vegetable k+dom involv$ 9 in/ant decay & rapid ext9ction4 ,t ?is w\ld be ! case1 may be collect$ f innum]able indications4 ,mo/ ( our fruit trees1 = example1 require ! ye> to be ( its pres5t l5g?4 ,if ! summ] & ! autumn 7 mu* %ort]1 ! fruit c\ld n rip52 if ^! seasons 7 mu* long]1 ! tree w\ld put =? a fre% suit ( blossoms1 to be cut d[n by ! w9t]4 ,or if ! ye> 7 twice its pres5t l5g?1 a second crop ( fruit w\ld probably n be matur$1 = want1 among o!r ?+s1 ( an int]m$iate season ( re/ & consolidation1 su* z ! w9t] is4 ,our =e/ trees 9 l mann] appe> to ne$ all ! seasons ( our pres5t ye> = _! p]fection2 ! spr+1 summ]1 & autumn1 = ! developem5t ( _! leaves & consequ5t =mation ( _! prop] juice1 & ( wood f ?is2 & ! w9t] = ! h>d5+ & solidify+ ! sub/ance ?us =m$4 ,mo/ plants1 inde$1 h "s peculi> function adapt$ to ea* p]iod ( ! ye>1 t is ( ! n[ exi/+ ye>4 ,! sap asc5ds ) extraord9>y copi\sness at two seasons1 9 ! spr+ & 9 ! autumn1 especially ! =m]4 ,! op5+ ( ! leaves & ! op5+ ( ! fl[]s ( ! same plants are s con/ant to _! times1 7_! appo9t$ times1 z we are naturally l$ to call !m17 t su* occurr5ces might be tak5 z indications ( ! times ( ! ye>4 ,x has be5 propos$ 9 ?is way to select a s]ies ( botanical facts :i* %\ld =m a cal5d>2 & ?is has be5 t]m$ a cal5d> ( ,flora4 ,?us1 if we consid] ! "t ( putt+ =? leaves1#a ! honeysuckle protrudes !m 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y2 ! gooseb]ry1 currant1 & eld] 9 ! end ( ,febru>y1 or beg9n+ ( ,m>*2 ! will[1 elm1 & lime-tree 9 ,april2 ! oak & a%1 :i* are always ! late/ among trees1 9 ! beg9n+ or t[>ds ! middle ( ,may4 ,9 ! same mann] ! fl[]+ has its regul> "t3 ! mez]eon & sn[drop pu% =? _! fl[]s 9 ,febru>y2 ! primrose 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*2 ! c[slip 9 ,april2 ! great mass ( plants 9 ,may & ,june2 _m 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]2 "s1 n till ! mon? ( ,octob]1 z ! mead[ saffron2 & "s n till ! approa* & arrival ( w9t]1 z ! lauru/9us & arbutus4 ,! fact :i* we h "h to notice1 is ! recurr5ce ( ^! /ages 9 ! developem5t ( plants1 at int]vals precisely or v ne>ly ( twelve mon?s4 ,und\bt$ly1 ?is result is 9 "p occasion$ by ! action ( ext]nal /imulants ^u ! plant1 especially heat1 & by ! recurr5ce ( ! int5sity ( su* ag5ts4 ,accord+ly1 !re are slight diff]5ces 9 ! times ( su* occurr5ces1 accord+ to ! backw>dness or =w>dness ( ! season1 & accord+ z ! climate is g5ial or o!rwise4 ,g>d5]s use artifices :i* w1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 accel]ate or ret>d ! "t ( developem5t ( a plant4 ,b !re are v>i\s circum/ances :i* %[ t ?is recurr5ce ( ! same ev5ts & equal int]vals is n entirely ow+ to ext]nal causes1 & t x dep5ds also ^u some?+ 9 ! int]nal /ructure ( vegetables4 ,alp9e plants d n wait = ! /imulus ( ! sun's heat1 b ex]t su* a /ruggle to blossom1 t _! fl[]s are se5 among ! yet unmelt$ sn[4 ,& ?is is /ill m rem>kable 9 ! naturalization ( plants f "o hemisph]e to ! o!r4 ,:5 we transplant our fruit trees to ! temp]ate regions s\? ( ! equator1 !y cont9ue = "s ye>s to fl\ri% at ! p]iod :i* corresponds to our spr+4 ,! rev]se ( ?is obta9s1 ) c]ta9 trees ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,plants f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & f ,au/ralia1 c\ntries ^: summ] is simultane\s ) our w9t]1 exhibit _! fl[]s 9 ! colde/ "p ( ! ye>1 z ! hea?s4 ,?is view ( ! subject agrees ) t ma9ta9$ by ! be/ botanical writ]s4 ,?us ,dec&olle obs]ves t aft] mak+ all[ance = all meteorological causes1 :i* det]m9e ! epo* ( fl[]+1 we mu/ reckon z ano!r cause ! peculi> nature ( ea* species4 ,! fl[]+ once det]m9$1 appe>s to be subject to a law ( p]iodicity & habit4#b ,x appe>s !n t ! functions ( plants h by _! nature a p]iodical "*2 & ! l5g? ( ! p]iod ?us belong+ to vegetables is a result ( _! organization4 ,w>m? & light1 soil & moi/ure1 may 9 "s degree modify1 & ha/5 or ret>d ! /ages ( ?is p]iod2 b :5 ! con/ra9t is remov$ ! natural p]iod is aga9 resum$4 ,su* /imulants z we h m5tion$ are n ! causes ( ?is p]iodicity4 ,!y d n produce ! v>i$ functions ( ! plant1 & c\ld n occasion _! p]=mance at regul> int]vals1 except ! plant possess$ a suitable con/ruction4 ,!y c\ld n alt] ! l5g? ( ! cycle ( vegetable functions1 except )9 c]ta9 v n>r[ limits4 ,! processes ( ! ris+ ( ! sap1 ( ! =mation ( prop] juices1 ( ! unfold+ ( leaves1 ! op5+ ( fl[]s1 ! fecundation ( ! fruit1 ! rip5+ ( ! se$1 its prop] deposition 9 ord] = ! reproduction ( a new plant2--all ^! op]ations require a c]ta9 portion ( "t1 & c\ld n be compress$ into a space less ?an a ye>1 or at lea/ c\ld n be abbreviat$ 9 any v great degree4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 if ! w9t] 7 greatly long] ?an x n[ is1 _m se$s w\ld n g]m9ate at ! return ( spr+4 ,se$s :i* h be5 kept too long require /imulants to make !m f]tile4 ,if !re=e ! duration ( ! seasons 7 mu* to *ange1 ! processes ( vegetable life w\ld be int]rupt$1 d]ang$1 di/emp]$4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 w\ld become ( our cal5d> ( ,flora1 if ! ye> 7 l5g!n$ or %ort5$ by six mon?s8 ,"s ( ! dates w\ld nev] arrive 9 ! "o case1 & ! vegetable processes :i* m>k !m w\ld be sup]s$$2 "s seasons w\ld be )\t dates 9 ! o!r case1 & ^! p]iods w\ld be employ$ 9 a way h>mful to ! plants1 & no d\bt spe$ily de/ructive4 ,we %\ld h n only a ye> ( confusion1 b1 if x 7 repeat$ & cont9u$1 a ye> ( dea?4 ,b 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 ! duration ( ! e>?'s revolution r\nd ! sun1 & ! duration ( ! revolution ( ! vegetable functions ( mo/ plants are equal4 ,^! two p]iods are adju/$ to ea* o!r4 ,! /imulants :i* ! elem5ts apply come at su* int]vals & cont9ue = su* times1 t ! plant is support$ 9 heal? & vig\r1 & enabl$ to reproduce its k9d4 ,j su* a portion ( "t is measur$ out = ! vegetable p[]s to execute _! task1 z enables !m to d s 9 ! be/ mann]4 ,n[ su* an adju/m5t mu/ surely be accept$ z a pro( ( design1 ex]cis$ 9 ! =mation ( ! _w4 ,:y %\ld ! sol> ye> be s long & no long]8 or1 ?is be+ ( su* a l5g?1 :y %\ld ! vegetable cycle be exactly ( ! same l5g?8 ,c ?is be *ance8 ,& ?is occurs1 x is to be obs]v$1 n 9 "o1 or 9 a few species ( plants1 b 9 ?\s&s4 ,take a small portion only ( kn[n species1 z ! mo/ obvi\sly end[$ ) ?is adju/m5t1 & say t5 ?\s&4 ,h[ %\ld all ^! organiz$ bodies be con/ruct$ = ! same p]iod ( a ye>8 ,h[ %\ld all ^! ma*9es be w\nd up s z to g = ! same "t8 ,ev5 all[+ t !y c\ld be> a ye> ( a mon? long] or %ort]1 h[ d !y all come )9 su* limits8 ,no *ance c\ld produce su* a result4 ,& if n by *ance1 h[ o!rwise c\ld su* a co9cid5ce occur1 ?an by an int5tional adju/m5t ( ^! two ?+s to "o ano!r8 by a selection ( su* an organization 9 plants1 z w\ld fit !m to ! e>? on :i* !y 7 to gr[2 by an adaptation ( con/ruction to conditions2 ( ! scale ( ! con/ruction to ! scale ( ! conditions4 ,x _c be accept$ z an explanation ( ?is fact 9 ! economy ( plants1 t x is necess>y to _! exi/5ce2 t no plants c\ld possibly h subsi/$1 & come d[n to u1 except ^? :i* 7 ?us suit$ to _! place on e>?4 ,?is is true2 b ?is does n at all remove ! necessity ( recurr+ to design z ! orig9 ( ! con/ruction by :i* ! exi/5ce & cont9uance ( plants is made possible4 ,a wat* c\ld n g1 except !re 7 ! mo/ exact adju/m5t 9 ! =ms & positions ( its :eels2 yet no "o w\ld accept x z an explanation ( ! orig9 ( su* =ms & positions1 t ! wat* w\ld n g if ^! 7 o!r ?an !y are4 ,if ! objector 7 to suppose t plants 7 orig9ally fitt$ to ye>s ( v>i\s l5g?s1 & t su* only h surviv$ to ! pres5t "t1 z _h a cycle ( a l5g? equal to our pres5t ye>1 or "o :i* c\ld be accommodat$ to x2 we %\ld reply1 t ! assumption is too gratuit\s & extravagant to require mu* consid]ation2 b t1 moreov]1 x does n remove ! difficulty4 ,h[ came ! functions ( plants to be p]iodical at all8 ,"h is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 an agreem5t 9 ! =m ( ! laws t prevail 9 ! organic & 9 ! inorganic _w1 :i* appe>s to u a cle> evid5ce ( design 9 _! ,au?or4 ,& ! same k9d ( reply might be made to any simil> objection to our argum5t4 ,any supposition t ! univ]se has gradually approximat$ to t /ate ( h>mony among ! op]ations ( its diff]5t p>ts1 ( :i* we h "o in/ance 9 ! co9cid5ce n[ "u consid]ation1 w\ld make x necess>y = ! objector to assume a previ\s /ate ( ?+s prep>atory to ?is p]fect correspond5ce4 ,& 9 ?is prep>atory condition we %\ld /ill be able to trace ! rudim5ts ( t h>mony1 = :i* x 0 propos$ to acc\nt3 s t ev5 ! mo/ unb\nd$ lic5se ( hypo!sis w\ld n enable ! oppon5t to oblit]ate ! traces ( an int5tional adaptation ( "o "p ( nature to ano!r4 ,nor w\ld x at all affect ! argum5t1 if ^! p]iodical occurr5ces c\ld be trac$ to "s proximate cause3 if = in/ance x c\ld be %[n1 t ! budd+ or fl[]+ ( plants is br\ght ab\t at p>ticul> int]vals1 by ! nutrim5t accumulat$ 9 _! vessels dur+ ! prec$+ mon?s4 ,= ! "q w\ld /ill rema91 h[ _! functions 7 s adju/$1 t ! accumulation ( ! nutrim5t necess>y = budd+ & fl[]+1 toge!r ) ! op]ation itself1 comes to occupy exactly a ye>1 in/ead ( a mon? only1 or t5 ye>s4 ,!re mu/ be 9 _! /ructure "s ref]5ce to "t3 h[ did su* a ref]5ce occur8 h[ 0 x i det]m9$ to ! p>ticul> "t ( ! e>?'s revolution r\nd ! sun8 ,?is c\ld be no o!rwise1 z we conceive1 ?an by design & appo9tm5t4 ,we are left !re=e ) ?is manife/ adju/m5t be=e u1 ( two p>ts ( ! univ]se1 at fir/ sight s remote2 ! dim5sions ( ! sol> sy/em & ! p[]s ( vegetable life4 ,^! two ?+s are s relat$1 t "o has be5 made to fit ! o!r4 ,! relation is z cle> z t ( a wat* to a sundial4 ,if a p]son 7 to comp>e ! wat* ) ! dial1 h\r aft] h\r1 & day aft] day1 x w\ld be impossible = him n to believe t ! wat* _h be5 contriv$ to accommodate itself to ! sol> day4 ,we h at lea/ t5 ?\s& k9ds ( vegetable wat*es ( ! mo/ v>i\s =ms1 :i* are all accommodat$ to ! sol> ye>2 & ! evid5ce ( contrivance seems to be no m capable ( be+ elud$ 9 ?is case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,! same k9d ( argum5t might be appli$ to ! animal creation4 ,! pair+1 ne/+1 hat*+1 fl$g+1 & flight ( birds1 = in/ance1 occupy ea* its peculi> "t ( ! ye>2 &1 toge!r ) a prop] p]iod ( re/1 fill up ! twelve mon?s4 ,! trans=mations ( mo/ insects h a simil> ref]5ce to ! seasons1 _! progress & duration4 8,9 e species10 7except man17 says a writ]#c on animals1 8!re is a peculi> p]iod ( ! ye> 9 :i* ! reproductive sy/em ex]cises its en]gies4 ,& ! season ( love & ! p]iod ( ge/ation are s arrang$ t ! "y ones are produc$ at ! "t :]e9 ! conditions ( temp]ature are mo/ suit$ to ! comm5cem5t ( life40 ,x is n our bus9ess "h to consid] ! details ( su* provisions1 beautiful & /rik+ z !y are4 ,b ! preval5ce ( ! great law ( p]iodicity 9 ! vital functions ( organiz$ be+s w be all[$ to h a claim to be consid]$ 9 its ref]5ce to a/ronomy1 :5 x is se5 t _! p]iodical con/itution d]ives its use f ! p]iodical nature ( ! motions ( ! planets r\nd ! sun2 & t ! duration ( su* cycles 9 ! exi/5ce ( plants & animals has a ref]5ce to ! arbitr>y elem5ts ( ! sol> sy/em3 a ref]5ce :i*1 we ma9ta91 is inexplicable & un9telligible1 except by admitt+ into our conceptions2 an ,intellig5t ,au?or1 alike ( ! organic & inorganic univ]se4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,l5g? ( ! ,day4 ,we %all n[ consid] ano!r a/ronomical elem5t1 ! "t ( ! revolution ( ! e>? on its axis2 & we %all f9d "h also t ! /ructure ( organiz$ bodies are suit$ to ?is elem5t2--t ! cosmical & physiological arrangem5ts are adapt$ to ea* o!r4 ,we c v easily conceive ! e>? to revolve on h] axis fa/] or sl[] ?an %e does1 & ?us ! days to be long] or %ort] ?an !y are1 )\t suppos+ any o!r *ange to take place4 ,!re is no app>5t reason :y ?is globe %\ld turn on its axis j ?ree hundr$ & sixty-six times :ile x describes its orbit r\nd ! sun4 ,! revolutions ( ! o!r planets1 s f> z we "k !m1 d n appe> to foll[ any rule by :i* !y are connect$ ) ! di/ance f ! sun4 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 & ,m>s h days ne>ly ! l5g? ( ours4 ,jupit] & ,saturn revolve 9 ab\t t5 h\rs ea*4 ,= any ?+ we c discov]1 ! e>? might h revolv$ 9 ?is or any o!r small] p]iod2 or we might h _h1 )\t me*anical inconv5i5ce1 mu* long] days ?an we h4 ,b ! t]re/rial day1 & consequ5tly ! l5g? ( ! cycle ( light & d>kness1 be+ :at x is1 we f9d v>i\s p>ts ( ! con/itution bo? ( animals & vegetables1 :i* h a p]iodical "* 9 _! functions1 correspond+ to ! diurnal succession ( ext]nal conditions2 & we f9d t ! l5g? ( ! p]iod1 z x exi/s 9 _! con/itution1 co9cides ) ! l5g? ( ! natural day4 ,! alt]nation ( processes :i* takes place 9 plants by day & by night is less obvi\s1 & less obvi\sly ess5tial to _! well-be+1 ?an ! annual s]ies ( *anges4 ,b !re are abundance ( facts :i* s]ve to %[ t su* an alt]nation is "p ( ! vegetable economy4 ,9 ! same mann] 9 :i* ,l9nu propos$ a ,cal5d> ( ,flora1 he also propos$ a ,dial ( ,flora1 or ,fl[]-,clock2 & ?is 0 to consi/1 z w readily be suppos$1 ( plants1 :i* m>k c]ta9 h\rs ( ! day1 by op5+ & %utt+ _! fl[]s4 ,?us ! day-lily 7hem]ocallis fulva7 op5s at five 9 ! morn+2 ! leontodon t>axacum1 or common d&elion1 at five or six2 ! hi]acium latifolium 7hawkwe$71 at sev52 ! hi]acium pilosella1 at eight2 ! cal5dula arv5sis1 or m>igold1 at n9e2 ! mesembryan!mum neapolitanum1 at t5 or elev52 & ! clos+ ( ^! & o!r fl[]s 9 ! latt] "p ( ! day (f]s a simil> sy/em ( h\r m>ks4 ,"s ( ^! plants are ?us exp&$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! /imulat+ action ( ! light & heat ( ! day1 z appe>s by _! *ang+ _! "t1 :5 ^! influ5ces are *ang$2 b o!rs appe> to be con/ant to ! same h\rs1 & indep5d5t ( ! impulse ( su* ext]nal circum/ances4 ,o!r fl[]s by _! op5+ & %utt+ progno/icate ! wea!r4 ,plants ( ! latt] k9d are call$ by ,l9nu meteoric fl[]s1 z be+ regulat$ by atmosph]ic causes3 ^? :i* *ange _! h\r ( op5+ & %utt+ ) ! l5g? ( ! day1 he t]ms tropical2 & ! h\rs :i* !y measure are1 he obs]ves1 l ,turki% h\rs1 ( v>y+ l5g? at diff]5t seasons4 ,b !re are o!r plants :i* he t]ms equ9octial2 _! vegetable days1 l ! days ( ! equator1 be+ always ( equal l5g?2 & ^! op51 & g5]ally close1 at a fix$ & positive h\r ( ! day4 ,su* plants cle>ly prove t ! p]iodical "*1 & ! p]iod ( ! motions above describ$1 d n dep5d altoge!r on ext]nal circum/ances4 ,"s curi\s exp]im5ts on ?is subject 7 made by ,dec&olle4 ,he kept c]ta9 plants 9 two cell>s1 "o w>m$ by a /ove & d>k1 ! o!r light$ by lamps4 ,on "s ( ! plants ! artificial light appe>$ to h no influ5ce1 7convolvulus arv5sis1 convolvulus cneorum1 sil5e fruticosa7 & !y /ill foll[$ ! clock h\rs 9 _! op5+ & clos+4 ,! night-bl[+ plants appe>$ some:at di/urb$1 bo? by p]petual light & p]petual d>kness4 ,9 ei!r condition !y accel]at$ _! go+ s mu*1 t 9 ?ree days !y _h ga9$ half a day1 & ?us ex*ang$ night = day z _! "t ( op5+4 ,o!r fl[]s w5t sl[] 9 ! artificial light 7convolvulus purpureus47 ,9 l mann] ^? plants :i* fold & unfold _! leaves 7 v>i\sly affect$ by ?is mode ( treatm5t4 ,! oxalis /ricta & oxalis inc>nata kept _! habits1 )\t reg>d+ ei!r artificial light or heat4 ,! mimosa leucocephala fold$ & unfold$ at ! usual times1 :e!r 9 light or 9 d>kness1 b ! fold+ up 0 n s complete z 9 ! op5 air4 ,! mimosa pudica 7s5sitive plant17 kept 9 d>kness dur+ ! day "t1 & illum9at$ dur+ ! night1 _h 9 ?ree days accommodat$ h]self to ! artificial /ate1 op5+ 9 ! ev5+1 & clos+ 9 ! morn+2 re/or$ to ! op5 air1 %e recov]$ h] usual habits4 ,tropical plants 9 g5]al1 z is rem>k$ by our g>d5]s1 suff] f ! l5g? ( our summ] daylight2 & x has be5 f\nd necess>y to %ade !m dur+ a c]ta9 "p ( ! day4 ,x is cle> f ^! facts1 t !re is a diurnal p]iod belong+ to ! con/itution ( vegetables2 ?\gh ! succession ( functions dep5ds 9 "p on ext]nal /imulants1 z light & heat1 _! p]iodical "* is a result ( ! /ructure ( ! plant2 & ?is /ructure is su*1 t ! l5g? ( ! p]iod1 "u ! common influ5ces to :i* plants are expos$1 co9cides ) ! a/ronomical day4 ,! p[] ( accommodation :i* vegetables possess 9 ?is respect1 is f> f be+ su* z ei!r to leave ! exi/5ce ( ?is p]iodical con/itution d\btful1 or to entitle u to suppose t ! day might be consid]ably l5g!n$ or %ort5$ )\t injury to ! vegetable k+dom4 ,"h !n we h an adaptation betwe5 ! /ructure ( plants1 & ! p]iodical ord] ( light & d>kness :i* arises f ! e>?'s rotation2 & ! arbitr>y quantity1 ! l5g? ( ! cycle ( ! physiological & ( ! a/ronomical fact1 is ! same4 ,c ?is h occurr$ any o!rwise ?an by an int5tional adju/m5t8 ,any supposition t ! a/ronomical cycle has occasion$ ! physiological "o1 t ! /ructure ( plants has be5 br\ght to be :at x is by ! action ( ext]nal causes1 or t su* plants z c\ld n accommodate !mselves to ! exi/+ day h p]i%$1 w\ld be n only an arbitr>y & baseless assumption1 b moreov] useless = ! purposes ( explanation :i* x pr(esses1 z we h notic$ ( a simil> supposition ) respect to ! annual cycle4 ,h[ came plants to h p]iodicity at all 9 ^? functions :i* h a relation to light & d>kness8 ,?is "p ( _! con/itution 0 suit$ to organiz$ ?+s :i* 7 to fl\ri% on ! e>?1 & x is accord+ly be/[$ on !m2 x 0 necess>y = ?is end t ! p]iod %\ld be ( a c]ta9 l5g?2 x is ( t l5g? & no o!r4 ,surely ?is looks l int5tional provision4 ,animals also h a p]iod 9 _! functions & habits2 z 9 ! habits ( wak+1 sleep+1 eat+1 c4 & _! well-be+ appe>s to dep5d on ! co9cid5ce ( ?is p]iod ) ! l5g? ( ! natural day4 ,we see t 9 ! day1 z x n[ is1 all animals f9d seasons = tak+ food & repose1 :i* agree p]fectly ) _! heal? & com=t4 ,"s animals fe$ dur+ ! day1 z ne>ly all ! rum9at+ animals & l& birds2 o!rs fe$ only 9 ! twilight1 z bats & owls1 & are call$ crepuscul>2 :ile _m bea/s ( prey1 aquatic birds1 & o!rs1 take _! food dur+ ! night4 ,^? animals :i* are nocturnal fe$]s are diurnal sleep]s1 :ile ^? :i* are crepuscul>1 sleep p>tly 9 ! night & p>tly 9 ! day2 b 9 all1 ! complete p]iod ( ^! functions is tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,man1 9 l mann]1 9 all nations & ages1 takes 8 pr9cipal re/ once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 & ! regul>ity ( ?is practice seems mo/ suitable to 8 heal?1 ?\gh ! duration ( ! "t allott$ to repose is extremely diff]5t 9 diff]5t cases4 ,s f> z we c judge1 ?is p]iod is ( a l5g? b5eficial to ! human frame1 indep5d5tly ( ! effect ( ext]nal ag5ts4 ,9 ! voyages rec5tly made into high nor!rn latitudes1 :]e ! sun did n rise = ?ree mon?s1 ! crews ( ! %ips 7 made to adh]e1 ) ! utmo/ punctuality1 to ! habit ( retir+ to re/ at n9e1 & ris+ a qu>t] be=e six2 & !y enjoy$1 "u circum/ances app>5tly ! mo/ try+1 a /ate ( salubrity q rem>kable4 ,?is %[s1 t accord+ to ! common con/itution ( su* m51 ! cycle ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs is v commodi\s1 ?\gh n impos$ on !m by ext]nal circum/ances4 ,! h\rs ( food & repose are capable ( su* wide modifications 9 animals1 & above all 9 man1 by ! influ5ce ( ext]nal /imulants & int]nal emotions1 t x is n easy to di/+ui% :at portion ( ! t5d5cy to su* alt]nations dep5ds on orig9al con/itution4 ,yet no "o c d\bt t ! incl9ation to food & sleep is p]iodical1 or c ma9ta91 ) any plausibility1 t ! p]iod may be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ )\t limit4 ,we may be tol]ably c]ta9 t a con/antly recurr+ p]iod ( =ty-eight h\rs w\ld be too long = "o day ( employm5t & "o p]iod ( sleep1 ) our pres5t faculties2 & all1 ^: bodies & m9ds are tol]ably active1 w probably agree t1 indep5d5tly ( habit1 a p]petual alt]nation ( eight h\rs up & f\r 9 b$ w\ld employ ! human p[]s less advantage\sly & agreeably ?an an alt]nation ( sixte5 & eight4 ,a creature :i* c\ld employ ! full en]gies ( 8 body & m9d un9t]rupt$ly = n9e mon?s1 & !n take a s+le sleep ( ?ree mon?s1 w\ld n be a man4 ,:51 !re=e1 we h subtract$ f ! daily cycle ( ! employm5ts ( m5 & animals1 t :i* is to be set d[n to ! acc\nt ( habits acquir$1 & t :i* is occasion$ by extrane\s causes1 !re /ill rema9s a p]iodical "*2 & a p]iod ( a c]ta9 l5g?1 :i* co9cides )1 or at any rate easily accommodates itself to1 ! duration ( ! e>?'s revolution4 ,! physiological analysis ( ?is "p ( our con/itution is n necess>y = our purpose4 ,! succession ( ex]tion & repose 9 ! muscul> sy/em1 ( excit$ & dormant s5sibility 9 ! n]v\s1 appe> to be fundam5tally connect$ ) ! muscul> & n]v\s p[]s1 :atev] ! nature ( ^! may be4 ,! necessity ( ^! alt]nations is "o ( ! measures ( ! int5sity ( ^? vital en]gies2 & x w\ld seem t we _c1 )\t assum+ ! human p[]s to be alt]$1 suppose ! int]vals ( tranquillity :i* !y require to be mu* *ang$4 ,?is view agrees ) ! op9ion ( "s ( ! mo/ em95t physiologi/s4 ,?us ,cabanis#d notices ! p]iodical & iso*ron\s "* ( ! desire ( sleep1 z well z ( o!r appetites4 ,he /ates also t sleep is m easy & m salut>y1 9 proportion z we g to re/ & rise e day at ! same h\rs2 & obs]ves t ?is p]iodicity seems to h a ref]5ce to ! motions ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,n[ h[ %\ld su* a ref]5ce be at fir/ e/abli%$ 9 ! con/itution ( man1 animals1 & plants1 & transmitt$ f "o g5]ation ( !m to ano!r8 ,if we suppose a wise & b5evol5t ,creator1 by :om all ! p>ts ( nature 7 fitt$ to _! uses & to ea* o!r1 ?is is :at we might expect & c und]/&4 ,on any o!r supposition su* a fact appe>s altoge!r incr$ible & inconceivable4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,mass ( ! ,e>?4 ,we %all n[ consid] ! adaptation :i* may1 z we conceive1 be trac$ 9 ! am\nt ( "s ( ! quantities :i* det]m9e ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ! organic _w2 & especially 9 ! am\nt ( ! =ces :i* are 9 action4 ,! life ( vegetables & animals implies a con/ant motion ( _! fluid p>ts1 & ?is motion mu/ be produc$ by =ces :i* urge or draw ! p>ticles ( ! fluids4 ,! positions ( ! p>ts ( vegetables are also ! result ( ! flexibility & ela/icity ( _! sub/ance2 ! volunt>y motions ( animals are produc$ by ! t5sion ( ! muscles4 ,b 9 all ^? cases1 ! effect really produc$ dep5ds ^u ! =ce ( gravity also2 & 9 ord] t ! motions & positions may be su* z answ] _! purpose1 ! =ces :i* produce !m mu/ h a due proportion to ! =ce ( gravity4 ,9 human works1 if1 = in/ance1 we h a fluid to raise1 or a weight to move1 "s calculation is requisite1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! p[] :i* we mu/ use1 relatively to ! "w :i* is to be done3 we h a me*anical problem to solve1 9 ord] t we may adju/ ! "o to ! o!r4 ,& ! same adju/m5t1 ! same result ( a comp>ison ( quantities1 manife/s itself 9 ! relation :i* ! =ces ( ! organic _w be> to ! =ce ( gravity4 ,! =ce ( gravity might1 s f> z we c judge1 h be5 diff]5t f :at x n[ is4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! mass ( ! e>?2 & ?is mass is "o ( ! elem5ts ( ! sol> sy/em1 :i* is n det]m9$ by any cosmical necessity ( :i* we are aw>e4 ,! masses ( ! sev]al planets are v diff]5t1 & d n appe> to foll[ any det]m9ate rule1 except t ^u ! :ole ^? ne>] to ! sun appe> to be small]1 & ^? ne>] ! outskirts ( ! sy/em to be l>g]4 ,we _c see any ?+ :i* w\ld h prev5t$ ei!r ! size or ! d5sity ( ! e>? f be+ diff]5t1 to a v great ext5t1 f :at !y are4 ,n[1 x w be v obvi\s t if ! int5sity ( gravity 7 to be mu* increas$1 or mu* dim9i%$1 if e object 7 to become twice z heavy or only half z heavy z x n[ is1 all ! =ces1 bo? ( involunt>y & volunt>y motion :i* produce ! pres5t ord]ly & suitable results by be+ prop]ly proportion$ to ! resi/ance :i* !y exp]i5ce1 w\ld be ?r[n (f _! balance2 !y w\ld produce motions too quick or too sl[1 wrong positions1 j]ks & /ops1 in/ead ( /eady1 well conduct$ movem5ts4 ,! univ]se w\ld be l a ma*9e ill regulat$2 e ?+ w\ld g wrong2 repeat$ collisions & a rapid disorganization mu/ be ! consequ5ce4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 attempt to illu/rate "o or two ( ! cases 9 :i* ?is w\ld take place1 by po9t+ out =ces :i* act 9 ! organic _w1 & :i* are adju/$ to ! =ce ( gravity4 #a4 ,! fir/ in/ance we %all take1 is ! =ce manife/$ by ! asc5t ( ! sap 9 vegetables4 ,x appe>s by a multitude ( indisputable exp]im5ts1 7among ! re/1 ^? ( ,hales1 ,mirbel1 & ,dutro*et17 t all plants imbibe moi/ure by _! roots1 & pump x up1 by "s int]nal =ce1 into e "p ( _! frame1 di/ribut+ x into e leaf4 ,x w be easily conceiv$ t ?is op]ation mu/ require a v consid]able me*anical =ce2 = ! fluid mu/ be su/a9$ z if x 7 a s+le column rea*+ to ! top ( ! tree4 ,! division into m9ute p>ts & di/ribution ?r\gh small vessels does n at all dim9i% ! total =ce requisite to raise x4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! tree be ?irty-?ree feet high1 ! pressure mu/ be fifte5 p\nds ^u e squ>e in* 9 ! section ( ! vessels ( ! bottom 9 ord] m]ely to support ! sap4 ,& x is n only support$1 b propell$ upw>ds ) great =ce1 s z to supply ! con/ant evaporation ( ! leaves4 ,! pump+ p[] ( ! tree mu/1 !re=e1 be v consid]able4 ,t ?is p[] is great1 has be5 confirm$ by v>i\s curi\s exp]im5ts1 especially by ^? ( ,hales4 ,he measur$ ! =ce ) :i* ! /ems & bran*es ( trees draw ! fluid f bel[1 & pu% x upw>ds4 ,he f\nd1 = in/ance1 t a v9e 9 ! ble$+ season c\ld pu% up its sap 9 a glass tube to ! height ( tw5ty-"o feet above ! /ump ( an amputat$ bran*4 ,! =ce :i* produces ?is effect is "p ( ! economy ( ! vegetable _w2 & x is cle> t ! due op]ation ( ! =ce dep5ds ^u its be+ rightly proportion$ to ! =ce ( gravity4 ,! weight ( ! fluid mu/ be c\nt]balanc$1 & an excess ( =ce mu/ exi/ to produce ! motion upw>ds4 ,9 ! common c\rse ( vegetable life1 ! rate ( asc5t ( ! sap is regulat$1 on ! "o h&1 by ! upw>d pressure ( ! vegetable p[]1 & on ! o!r1 by ! am\nt ( ! gravity ( ! fluid1 along ) ! o!r resi/ances1 :i* are to be ov]come4 ,if1 !re=e1 we suppose gravity to increase1 ! rapidity ( ?is vegetable circulation w dim9i%1 & ! rate at :i* ?is function proce$s1 w n correspond ei!r to ! c\rse ( ! seasons1 or ! o!r physiological processes ) :i* ?is has to co-op]ate4 ,we might easily conceive su* an increase ( gravity z w\ld /op ! vital movem5ts ( ! plant 9 a v %ort "t4 ,9 l mann]1 a dim9ution ( ! gravity ( ! vegetable juices w\ld accel]ate ! ris+ ( ! sap1 & w\ld1 probably1 hurry & ov]load ! leaves & o!r organs1 s z to int]f]e ) _! due op]ation4 ,"s injuri\s *ange1 at lea/1 w\ld take place4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! =ces ( ! m9ute/ p>ts ( vegetables adju/$ to ! magnitude ( ! :ole mass ( ! e>? on :i* !y exi/4 ,!re is no app>5t connexion betwe5 ! quantity ( matt] ( ! e>?1 & ! =ce ( imbibition ( ! roots ( a v9e1 or ! =ce ( propulsion ( ! vessels ( its bran*es4 ,yet1 ^! ?+s h su* a proportion z ! well be+ ( ! v9e requires4 ,h[ is ?is to be acc\nt$ =1 b by suppos+ t ! circum/ances "u :i* ! v9e 0 to gr[1 7 att5d$ to 9 devis+ its /ructure8 ,we h n "h pret5d$ to decide :e!r ?is =ce ( propulsion ( vegetables is me*anical or n1 because ! argum5t is ! same = our purpose on ei!r supposition4 ,"s v curi\s exp]im5ts h rec5tly be5 made1 7by ,m4 ,dutro*et17 :i* are suppos$ to %[ t ! =ce is me*anical2 t :5 two diff]5t fluids are sep>at$ by a ?9 membrane1 a =ce :i* ,m4 ,dutro*et calls endosmose urges "o fluid ?r\gh ! membrane3 & t ! roots ( plants are provid$ ) small vesicles :i* act ! "p ( su* a membrane4 ,m4 ,poisson has fur!r attempt$ to %[ t ?is =ce ( endosmose may be consid]$ z a p>ticul> modification ( capill>y action4 ,if ^! views be true1 we h "h two me*anical =ces1 capill>y action & gravity1 :i* are adju/$ to ea* o!r 9 ! mann] precisely suit$ to ! welf>e ( vegetables4 #b4 ,z ano!r in/ance ( adaptation betwe5 ! =ce ( gravity & =ces :i* exi/ 9 ! vegetable _w1 we may take ! positions ( fl[]s4 ,"s fl[]s gr[ ) ! holl[ ( _! cup upw>ds3 o!rs 8hang ! p5sive head10 & turn ! op5+ d[nw>ds4 ,n[ ( ^! 8nodd+ fl[]s10 z ,l9nu calls !m1 he obs]ves t !y are su* z h _! pi/il long] ?an ! /am5s2 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is position1 ! du/ f ! an!rs :i* are at ! ends ( ! /am5s c fall ^u ! /igma or extremity ( ! pi/il2 :i* process is requisite = mak+ ! fl[] f]tile4 ,he gives z in/ances ! fl[]s campanula1 leucoium1 galan?us1 fritill>ia4 ,o!r botani/s h rem>k$ t ! position *anges at diff]5t p]iods ( ! fl[]'s progress4 ,! pi/il ( ! ,euphorbia 7:i* is a little globe or g]m5 on a sl5d] /alk7 gr[s upright at fir/1 & is tall] ?an ! /am5s3 at ! p]iod suit$ to its fecundation1 ! /alk b5ds "u ! weight ( ! ball at its extremity1 s z to depress ! g]m5 bel[ ! /am5s2 aft] ?is x aga9 becomes erect1 ! globe be+ n[ a fruit fill$ ) f]tile se$s4 ,! positions 9 all ^! cases dep5d ^u ! l5g? & flexibility ( ! /alk :i* supports ! fl[]1 or 9 ! case ( ! ,euphorbia1 ! g]m54 ,x is cle> t a v slight alt]ation 9 ! =ce ( gravity1 or 9 ! /iffness ( ! /alk1 w\ld entirely alt] ! position ( ! fl[] cup1 & ?us make ! cont9uation ( ! species impossible4 ,we h !re=e "h a little me*anical contrivance1 :i* w\ld h be5 fru/rat$ if ! prop] int5sity ( gravity _h n be5 assum$ 9 ! reckon+4 ,an e>? great] or small]1 d5s] or r>] ?an ! "o on :i* we live1 w\ld require a *ange 9 ! /ructure & /r5g? ( ! foot/alks ( all ! little fl[]s t hang _! heads "u our h$ges4 ,!re is some?+ curi\s 9 ?us consid]+ ! :ole mass ( ! e>? f pole to pole1 & f circumf]5ce to c5tre1 z employ$ 9 keep+ a sn[drop 9 ! position mo/ suit$ to ! promotion ( its vegetable heal?4 ,x w\ld be easy to m5tion _m o!r p>ts ( ! economy ( vegetable life1 :i* dep5d = _! use on _! adaptation to ! =ce ( gravity4 ,su* are ! =ces & conditions :i* det]m9e ! positions ( leaves & ( bran*es4 ,su* aga9 ^? p>ts ( ! vegetable con/itution :i* h ref]5ce to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e2 = diff]5ces 9 ?is pressure appe> to ex]cise a p[]ful influ5ce on ! functions ( plants1 & to require diff]5ces ( /ructure4 ,b we pass ov] ^! consid]ations4 ,! slighte/ att5tion to ! relations ( natural objects w %[ t ! subject is inexhau/ible2 & all t we c or ne$ d is to give a few examples1 su* z may %[ ! nature ( ! impression :i* ! exam9ation ( ! univ]se produces4 #c4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! adju/m5t ( organic /ructure to ! =ce ( gravity may be po9t$ out 9 ! muscul> p[]s ( animals4 ,if ! =ce ( gravity 7 increas$ 9 any consid]able proportion at ! surface ( ! e>?1 x is manife/ t all ! swiftness1 & /r5g?1 & grace ( animal motions mu/ disappe>4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! e>? 7 z l>ge z ,jupit]1 gravity w\ld be elev5 times :at x is1 ! lightness ( ! fawn1 ! spe$ ( ! h>e1 ! spr+ ( ! tig]1 c\ld no long] exi/ ) ! exi/+ muscul> p[]s ( ^? animals2 = man to lift himself upright1 or to crawl f place to place1 w\ld be a lab\r sl[] & m pa9ful ?an ! motions ( ! slo?4 ,! d5sity & pressure ( ! air too w\ld be increas$ to an intol]able ext5t1 & ! op]ation ( respiration1 & o!rs1 :i* dep5d ^u ^! me*anical prop]ties1 w\ld be r5d]$ labori\s1 ineffectual1 & probably impossible4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! =ce ( gravity 7 mu* less5$1 inconv5i5ces ( an opposite k9d w\ld occur4 ,! air w\ld be too ?9 to brea!2 ! weight ( our bodies1 & ( all ! sub/ances surr\nd+ u1 w\ld become too slight to resi/ ! p]petually occurr+ causes ( d]angem5t & un/ead9ess3 we %\ld feel a want ( balla/ 9 our movem5ts4 ,x has sometimes be5 ma9ta9$ by fanciful !ori/s t ! e>? is m]ely a %ell1 & t ! c5tral p>ts are holl[4 ,all ! reasons we c collect appe> to be 9 fav\r ( its be+ a solid mass1 consid]ably d5s] ?an any kn[n rock4 ,if ?is be s1 & if we suppose ! int]ior to be at any "t scoop$ out1 s z to leave only su* a %ell z ! above m5tion$ speculators h ass]t$1 we %\ld n be left 9 ignorance ( ! *ange1 ?\gh ! appe>ance ( ! surface might rema9 ! same4 ,we %\ld discov] ! want ( ! usual =ce ( gravity1 by ! in/ability ( all ab\t u4 ,?+s w\ld n lie :]e we plac$ !m1 b w\ld slide away ) ! slighte/ pu%4 ,we %\ld h a difficulty 9 /&+ or walk+1 some?+ l :at we h on %ip-bo>d :5 ! deck is incl9$2 & we %\ld /agg] helplessly ?r\gh an atmosph]e ?9n] ?an t :i* oppresses ! respiration ( ! travell] on ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,we see !re=e t ^? d>k & unkn[n c5tral portions ( ! e>?1 :i* are plac$ f> beyond ! rea* ( ! m9] & ! geologi/1 & ( :i* man w probably nev] "k any?+ directly1 are n to be consid]$ z q disconnect$ ) u1 z deposits ( useless lumb] )\t effect or purpose4 ,we feel _! influ5ce on e /ep we take & on e brea? we draw2 & ! p[]s we possess1 & ! com=ts we enjoy w\ld be unpr(itable to u1 if !y _h n be5 prep>$ ) a ref]5ce to ^? z well z to ! ne> & visible portions ( ! e>?'s mass4 ,! arbitr>y quantity1 !re=e1 ( :i* we h be5 treat+1 ! int5sity ( ! =ce ( gravity1 appe>s to h be5 tak5 acc\nt (1 9 e/abli%+ ! laws ( ^? =ces by :i* ! processes ( vegetable & animal life are c>ri$ on4 ,& ?is leads u inevitably1 we conceive1 to ! belief ( a supreme contriv+ m9d1 by :i* ^! laws 7 ?us devis$ & ?us e/abli%$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,magnitude ( ! ,ocean4 ,!re are sev]al arbitr>y quantities :i* contribute to det]m9e ! /ate ( ?+s at ! e>?'s surface besides ^? already m5tion$4 ,"s ( ^! we %all briefly ref] to1 )\t pursu+ ! subject into detail4 ,we wi% n only to %[ t ! prop]ties & processes ( vegetable & animal life mu/ be adju/$ to ea* ( ^! quantities 9 p>ticul>1 b also to po9t out h[ num]\s & complicat$ ! conditions ( ! exi/5ce ( organiz$ be+s are2 & we %all ?us be l$ to ?9k less inadequately ( ! intellig5ce :i* has embrac$ at once1 & comb9$ )\t confusion1 all ^! conditions4 ,we appe> ?us to be conduct$ to ! conviction n only ( design & int5tion1 b ( supreme k & wisdom4 ,"o ( ! quantities :i* ent]s into ! con/itution ( ! t]re/rial sy/em ( ?+s is ! bulk ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,! mean dep? ( ! sea1 accord+ to ! calculations ( ,laplace1 is f\r or five miles4 ,on ?is supposition1 ! addition to ! sea ( "o-f\r? ( ! exi/+ wat]s w\ld dr[n ! :ole ( ! globe1 except a few *a9s ( m\nta9s4 ,:e!r ?is be exact or no1 we c easily conceive ! quantity ( wat] :i* lies 9 ! cavities ( our globe to be great] or less ?an x at pres5t is4 ,) e su* addition or subtraction ! =m & magnitude ( ! dry l& w\ld v>y1 & if ?is *ange 7 consid]able1 _m ( ! pres5t relations ( ?+s w\ld be alt]$4 ,x may be suffici5t to m5tion "o effect ( su* a *ange4 ,! s\rces :i* wat] ! e>?1 bo? cl\ds1 ra9s1 & riv]s1 are ma9ly f$ by ! aque\s vap\r rais$ f ! sea2 & !re=e if ! sea 7 mu* dim9i%$1 & ! l& increas$1 ! mean quantity ( moi/ure di/ribut$ ^u ! l& mu/ be dim9i%$1 & ! "* ( climates1 z to wet & dry1 mu/ be mat]ially affect$4 ,simil>1 b opposite *anges w\ld result f ! increase ( ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,x appe>s !n t ! magnitude ( ! ocean is "o ( ! conditions to :i* ! /ructure ( all organiz$ be+s :i* are dep5d5t ^u climate mu/ be adapt$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,magnitude ( ! ,atmosph]e4 ,! total quantity ( air ( :i* our atmosph]e is compos$ is ano!r ( ! arbitr>y magnitudes ( our t]re/rial sy/em2 & we may apply to ?is subject consid]ations simil> to ^? ( ! la/ section4 ,we c see no reason :y ! atmosph]e might n h be5 l>g] 9 comp>ison to ! globe :i* x surr\nds2 ^? ( ,m>s & ,jupit] appe> to be s4 ,b if ! quantity ( air 7 increas$1 ! /ructure ( organiz$ be+s w\ld 9 _m ways cease to be adapt$ to _! place4 ,! atmosph]ic pressure1 = in/ance1 w\ld be increas$1 :i*1 z we h already notic$1 w\ld require an alt]ation 9 ! /ructure ( vegetables4 ,ano!r way 9 :i* an increase ( ! mass ( ! atmosph]e w\ld produce inconv5i5ce w\ld be 9 ! =ce ( w9ds4 ,if ! curr5t ( air 9 a /rong gale 7 d\bl$ or tripl$1 z might be ! case if ! atmosph]e 7 augm5t$1 ! de/ructive effects w\ld be m ?an d\bl$ or tripl$4 ,) su* a *ange1 no?+ c\ld /& aga9/ a /orm4 ,9 g5]al1 h\ses & trees resi/ ! viol5ce ( ! w9d2 & except 9 extreme cases1 z = in/ance 9 occasional hurricanes 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 a few l>ge trees 9 a =e/ are unusual trophies ( ! p[] ( ! tempe/4 ,! breezes :i* we commonly h are h>mless mess5g]s to br+ ab\t ! salut>y *anges ( ! atmosph]e1 ev5 ! motion :i* !y communicate to vegetables t5ds to promote _! gr[?1 & is s advantage\s1 t x has be5 propos$ to imitate x by artificial breezes 9 ! ho?\se4 ,b ) a /ream ( w9d bl[+ aga9/ !m1 l ?ree1 or five1 or t51 gales compress$ into ! space ( "o1 none ( ! exi/+ trees c\ld /&2 & except !y c\ld ei!r b5d l ru%es 9 a /ream1 or ext5d _! roots f> wid] ?an _! bran*es1 !y mu/ be torn up 9 :ole groves4 ,we h ?us a manife/ adaptation ( ! pres5t usual /r5g? ( ! mat]ials & ( ! workman%ip ( ! _w to ! /ress ( w9d & wea!r :i* !y h to su/a94 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,con/ancy & ,v>iety ( ,climates4 ,x is possible to conceive arrangem5ts ( our sy/em1 accord+ to :i* all p>ts ( ! e>? might h ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 climate4 ,if1 = example1 we suppose ! e>? to be a flat disk1 or flat r+1 l ! r+ ( ,saturn1 revolv+ 9 its own plane z t does1 ea* "p ( bo? ! flat surfaces w\ld h ! same exposure to ! sun1 & ! same temp]ature1 s f> z ! sun's effect is conc]n$4 ,!re is no obvi\s reason :y a planet ( su* a =m might n be occupi$ by animals & vegetables1 z well z our pres5t e>?2 & on ?is supposition ! climate w\ld be e :]e ! same1 & ! :ole surface might be cov]$ ) life1 )\t ! necessity ( !re be+ any diff]5ce 9 ! k9d ( inhabitants belong+ to diff]5t p>ts4 ,aga91 x is possible to conceive arrangem5ts accord+ to :i* no "p ( our planet %\ld h any /eady climate4 ,?is may probably be ! case ) a comet4 ,if we suppose su* a body1 revolv+ r\nd ! sun 9 a v oblong ellipse1 to be ( small size & ( a v high temp]ature1 & !re=e to cool rapidly2 & if we suppose x also to be surr\nd$ by a l>ge atmosph]e1 compos$ ( v>i\s gases2 !re w\ld1 on ! surface ( su* a body1 be no av]age climate or seasons = ea* place4 ,! ye>s1 if we give ?is "n to ! int]vals ( "t occupi$ by its successive revolutions1 w\ld be entirely unlike "o ano!r4 ,! greate/ heat ( "o ye> might be cool comp>$ ) ! greate/ cold ( a prec$+ "o4 ,! greate/ heats & colds might succe$ ea* o!r at int]vals p]petually unequal4 ,! atmosph]e might be p]petually *ang+ its composition by ! cond5sation ( "s ( its con/itu5t gases4 ,9 ! op]ations ( ! elem5ts1 all w\ld be incessant & rapid *ange1 )\t recurr5ce or comp5sation4 ,we _c say t organiz$ be+s c\ld n be fitt$ = su* a habitation2 b if !y 71 ! adaptation mu/ be made by means ( a con/itution q diff]5t f t ( almo/ all organiz$ be+s kn[n to u4 ,! /ate ( ?+s ^u ! e>?1 9 its pres5t condition1 is v diff]5t f bo? ^! suppositions4 ,! climate ( ! same place1 not)/&+ p]petual & app>5tly irregul> *ange1 possesses a rem>kable /ead9ess4 ,&1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t places ! annual succession ( appe>ances 9 ! e>? & heav5s1 is1 9 "s ( its ma9 *>act]s1 ! same1 ! result ( ^! influ5ces 9 ! av]age climate is v diff]5t4 ,n[1 to ?is rem>kable con/itution ( ! e>? z to climate1 ! con/itution ( ! animal & vegetable _w is precisely adapt$4 ,! diff]5ces ( diff]5t climates are provid$ = by ! exi/5ce ( entirely diff]5t classes ( plants & animals 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! con/ancy ( climate at ! same place is a necess>y condition ( ! prosp]ity ( ea* species !re fix$4 ,we %all illu/rate1 by a few details1 ^! *>act]i/ics 9 ! con/itution ( inorganic & ( organic nature1 ) ! view ( fix+ ! read]'s att5tion ^u ! correspond5ce ( ! two4 #a4 ,! succession & alt]nation1 at any giv5 place1 ( heat & cold1 ra9 & sun%9e1 w9d & calm1 & o!r atmosph]ic *anges1 appe>s at fir/ sight to be extremely irregul>1 & n subject to any law4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 easy to see1 ) a little att5tion1 t !re is a c]ta9 degree ( con/ancy 9 ! av]age wea!r & seasons ( ea* place1 ?\gh ! p>ticul> facts ( :i* ^! g5]alities are made up seem to be out ( ! rea* ( fix$ laws4 ,& :5 we apply any num]ical measure to ^! p>ticul> occurr5ces1 & take ! av]age ( ! numb]s ?us obs]v$1 we g5]ally f9d a rem>kably close correspond5ce 9 ! numb]s belong+ to ! :ole1 or to analog\s portions ( successive ye>s4 ,?is w be f\nd to apply to ! measures giv5 by ! !rmomet]1 ! b>omet]1 ! hygromet]1 ! ra9 gauge1 & simil> in/rum5ts4 ,?us x is f\nd t v hot summ]s1 or v cold w9t]s1 raise or depress ! mean annual temp]ature v little above or bel[ ! g5]al /&>d4 ,! heat may be express$ by degrees ( ! !rmomet]2 ! temp]ature ( ! day is e/imat$ by ?is measure tak5 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( ! day1 :i* is f\nd by exp]i5ce to correspond ) ! daily av]age2 & ! mean annual temp]ature w !n be ! av]age ( all ! heights ( ! !rmomet] = e day 9 ! ye>4 ,! mean annual temp]ature ( ,london1 ?us measur$1 is ab\t #ej degrees #d-aj?s4 ,! fro/ ( ! ye> #aghh 0 s sev]e t ! ,?ames 0 passable on ! ice2 ! mean temp]ature ( t ye> 0 #ej degrees #f-aj?s1 be+ )9 a small fraction a degree ( ! /&>d4 ,9 #agif1 :5 ! greate/ cold ev] obs]v$ 9 ,london occurr$1 ! mean temp]ature ( ! ye> 0 #ej degrees #a-aj?1 :i* is likewise )9 a fraction ( a degree ( ! /&>d4 ,9 ! sev]e w9t] ( #ahac-ad1 :5 ! ,?ames1 ,tyne1 & o!r l>ge riv]s 9 ,engl& 7 completely froz5 ov]1 ! mean temp]ature ( ! two ye>s 0 #di degrees1 be+ little m ?an a degree bel[ ! /&>d4 ,& 9 ! ye> #ahjh1 :5 ! summ] 0 s hot t ! temp]ature 9 ,london 0 z high z #ic degrees1 ! mean heat ( ! ye> 0 #ej1 :i* is ab\t t ( ! /&>d4 ,! same num]ical indications ( ! con/ancy ( climate at ! same place might be collect$ f ! records ( o!r in/rum5ts ( ! k9d above-m5tion$4 ,we %all1 h]eaft]1 consid] "s ( ! v complex ag5cies by :i* ?is /ead9ess is produc$2 & %all endeav\r to po9t out int5tional adaptations to ?is object4 ,b we may1 9 ! meantime1 obs]ve h[ ?is prop]ty ( ! atmosph]ic *anges is made subs]vi5t to a fur!r object4 ,to ?is con/ancy ( ! climates ( ea* place1 ! /ructure ( plants is adapt$2 almo/ all vegetables require a p>ticul> mean temp]ature ( ! ye>1 or ( "s season ( ! ye>2 a p>ticul> degree ( moi/ure1 & simil> conditions4 ,?is w be se5 by obs]v+ t ! range ( mo/ plants z to climate is v limit$4 ,a vegetable :i* fl\ri%es :]e ! mean temp]ature is #ee degrees1 w\ld p9e & )] :5 remov$ to a region :]e ! av]age is #ej degrees4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! av]age at ea* place 7 to v>y z mu* z ?is1 our plants ) _! pres5t con/itutions w\ld suff]1 langui%1 & soon die4 #b4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t ! same mode ( measurem5t by :i* we le>n ! con/ancy ( climate at ! same place1 s]ves to %[ u ! v>iety :i* belongs to diff]5t places4 ,:ile ! v>iations ( ! same region vani% :5 we take ! av]ages ev5 ( mod]ate p]iods1 ^? ( di/ant c\ntries are fix$ & p]petual2 & /& out m cle> & di/9ct1 ! long] is ! int]val = :i* we measure _! op]ation4 ,9 ! way ( measur+ already describ$1 ! mean temp]ature ( ,pet]sburg is #ci degrees1 ( ,rome #fj1 ( ,cairo #gb4 ,su* obs]vations z ^!1 & o!rs ( ! same k9d1 h be5 made at v>i\s places1 collect$ & record$2 & 9 ?is way ! surface ( ! e>? c be divid$ by b\nd>y l9es into v>i\s /rips1 accord+ to ^! physical diff]5ces4 ,?us1 ! zones :i* take 9 all ! places hav+ ! same or ne>ly ! same mean annual temp]ature1 h be5 call$ iso!rmal zones4 ,^! zones run ne>ly p>allel to ! equator1 b n exactly1 =1 9 ,europe1 !y b5d to ! nor? 9 go+ ea/w>d4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! l9es pass+ ?r\gh all places :i* h an equal temp]ature = ! summ] or ! w9t] half ( ! ye>1 h be5 call$ respectively iso!ral & iso*imal l9es4 ,^! d n co9cide ) ! iso!rmal l9es1 = a place may h ! same temp]ature z ano!r1 ?\gh its summ] be hott] & its w9t] cold]1 z is ! case ( ,pek9 comp>$ ) ,london4 ,9 ! same way we might conceive l9es drawn accord+ to ! conditions ( cl\ds1 ra91 w9d1 & ! l circum/ances1 if we _h obs]vations en\gh to enable u to lay d[n su* l9es4 ,! c\rse ( vegetation dep5ds ^u ! comb9$ influ5ce ( all su* conditions2 & ! l9es :i* b\nd ! spread ( p>ticul> vegetable productions d n1 9 mo/ cases1 co9cide ) any ( ! sep>ate meteorological b\nd>ies above spok5 (4 ,?us1 ! nor!rn limit ( v9ey>ds runs ?r\gh ,france1 9 a direction v ne>ly nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/1 :ile ! l9e ( equal temp]ature is ne>ly ea/ & we/4 ,& ! spontane\s gr[? or advantage\s cultivation ( o!r plants1 is 9 l mann] b\nd$ by l9es ( :i* ! c\rse dep5ds ^u v complex causes1 b ( :i* ! position is g5]ally precise & fix$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,v>iety ( ,organization correspond+ to ! ,v>iety ( ,climate4 ,! organization ( plants & animals is 9 diff]5t tribes =m$ ^u s*emes m or less diff]5t1 b 9 all cases adju/$ 9 a g5]al way to ! c\rse & action ( ! elem5ts4 ,! diff]5ces are connect$ ) ! diff]5t habits & mann]s ( liv+ :i* belong to diff]5t species2 & at any "o place ! v>i\s species1 bo? ( animals & plants1 h a numb] ( relations & mutual dep5d5ces aris+ out ( ^! diff]5ces4 ,b besides ! diff]5ces ( ?is k9d1 we f9d 9 ! =ms ( organic life ano!r set ( diff]5ces1 by :i* ! animal & vegetable k+dom are fitt$ = t v>iety 9 ! climates ( ! e>?1 :i* we h be5 endeav\r+ to expla94 ,! exi/5ce ( su* diff]5ces is too obvi\s to require to be dwelt ^u4 ,! plants & animals :i* fl\ri% & ?rive 9 c\ntries remote f ea* o!r1 (f] to ! eye ( ! travell] a s]ies ( pictures1 :i*1 ev5 to an ignorant & unreflective spectator1 is full ( a peculi> & fasc9at+ int]e/ 9 consequ5ce ( ! novelty & /rang5ess ( ! successive sc5es4 ,^? :o describe ! c\ntries betwe5 ! tropics1 speak ) admiration ( ! luxuriant pr(usion & ri* v>iety ( ! vegetable productions ( ^? regions4 ,vegetable life seems !re f> m vigor\s & active1 ! circum/ances "u :i* x goes on1 f> m fav\rable ?an 9 our latitudes4 ,n[ if we conceive an inhabitant ( ^? regions1 kn[+1 f ! circum/ances ( ! e>?'s =m & motion1 ! diff]5ce ( climates :i* mu/ prevail ^u x1 to guess1 f :at he saw ab\t him1 ! condition ( o!r p>ts ( ! globe z to vegetable weal?1 is n likely t he w\ld suppose t ! extra-tropical climates mu/ be almo/ devoid ( plants8 ,we "k t ! anci5ts1 liv+ 9 ! temp]ate zone1 came to ! conclusion t bo? ! torrid & ! frigid zones mu/ be un9habitable4 ,9 l mann] ! equatorial reason] w\ld probably conceive t vegetation mu/ cease1 or gradually die away1 z he %\ld proce$ to places fur!r & fur!r remov$ f ! g5ial influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,! mean temp]ature ( 8 ye> be+ ab\t #hj degrees1 he w\ld h>dly suppose t any plants c\ld subsi/ ?r\gh a ye>1 :]e ! mean temp]ature 0 only #ej1 :]e ! temp]ature ( ! summ] qu>t] 0 only #fd1 & :]e ! mean temp]ature ( a :ole qu>t] ( ! ye> 0 a v few degrees remov$ f t at :i* wat] becomes solid4 ,he w\ld suppose t sc>cely any tree1 %rub1 or fl[] c\ld exi/ 9 su* a /ate ( ?+s1 & s f> z ! plants ( 8 own c\ntry are conc]n$1 he w\ld judge rightly4 ,b ! c\ntries fur!r remov$ f ! equator are n left ?us unprovid$4 ,in/ead ( be+ scantily occupi$ by su* ( ! tropical plants z c\ld support a /unt$ & prec>i\s life 9 ung5ial climes1 !y are abundantly /ock$ ) a multitude ( vegetables :i* appe> to be con/ruct$ expressly = !m1 inasmu* z ^! species c no m fl\ri% at ! equator ?an ! equatorial species c 9 ^! temp]ate regions4 ,& su* new supplies ?us adapt$ to new conditions1 recur p]petually z we advance t[>ds ! app>5tly froz5 & unt5antable regions 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! pole4 ,e zone has its peculi> vegetables2 & z we miss "s1 we f9d o!rs make _! appe>ance1 z if to replace ^? :i* are abs5t4 ,if we look at ! indig5\s plants ( ,asia & ,europe1 we f9d su* a succession z we h "h spok5 (4 ,at ! equator we f9d ! natives ( ! ,spice ,isl&s1 ! clove & nutmeg trees1 pepp] & mace4 ,c9namon bu%es clo! ! surface ( ,ceylon2 ! odorif]\s s&al wood1 ! ebony tree1 ! teak tree1 ! banyan1 gr[ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,9 ! same latitudes 9 ,arabia ! ,happy we f9d balm1 frank9c5se & myrrh1 ! c(fee tree1 & ! tam>9d4 ,b 9 ^! c\ntries1 at lea/ 9 ! pla9s1 ! trees & %rubs :i* decorate our m nor!rly climes are want+4 ,& z we g nor?w>ds1 at e /ep we *ange ! vegetable gr\p1 bo? by addition & by subtraction4 ,9 ! ?ickets to ! we/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea we h ! apricot1 citron1 pea*1 walnut4 ,9 ! same latitude 9 ,spa91 ,sicily1 & ,italy1 we f9d ! dw>f palm1 ! cypress1 ! *e/nut1 ! cork tree3 ! orange & lemon tree p]fume ! air ) _! blossoms2 ! myrtle & pomegranate gr[ wild among ! rocks4 ,we cross ! ,alps1 & we f9d ! vegetation :i* belongs to nor!rn ,europe1 ( :i* ,engl& is an in/ance4 ,! oak1 ! bee*1 & ! elm are natives ( ,great ,brita93 ! elm tree se5 9 ,scotl&1 & 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 is ! wy* elm4 ,z we travel /ill fur!r to ! nor? ! =e/s aga9 *ange _! "*4 ,9 ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ! ,russian empire are f\nd =e/s ( ! v>i\s species ( firs3 ! ,scot* & spruce fir1 & ! l>*4 ,9 ! ,orkney ,isl&s no tree is f\nd b ! hazel1 :i* occurs aga9 on ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,baltic4 ,z we proce$ into cold] regions we /ill f9d species :i* appe> to h be5 made = ^! situations4 ,! ho>y or cold eld] makes its appe>ance nor? ( ,/ockholm3 ! sycamore & m\nta9 a% accompany u to ! head ( ! gulf ( ,bo?nia3 & z we leave ?is & trav]se ! ,dophrian range1 we pass 9 succession ! b\nd>y l9es ( ! spruce fir1 ! ,scot* fir1 & ^? m9ute %rubs :i* botani/s di/+ui% z ! dw>f bir* & dw>f will[4 ,"h1 ne> to or )9 ! arctic circle1 we yet f9d wild fl[]s ( great beauty2 ! mez]eum1 ! yell[ & :ite wat] lily1 & ! ,european globe fl[]4 ,& :5 ^! fail u1 ! re9de] moss /ill makes ! c\ntry habitable = animals & man4 ,we h ?us a v>iety 9 ! laws ( vegetable organization rem>kably adapt$ to ! v>iety ( climates2 & by ?is adaptation ! globe is clo!d ) vegetation & peopl$ ) animals f pole to pole1 :ile )\t su* an adaptation vegetable & animal life mu/ h be5 conf9$ almo/1 or entirely1 to "s n>r[ zone on ! e>?'s surface4 ,we conceive t we see "h ! evid5ce ( a wise & b5evol5t int5tion1 ov]com+ ! v>y+ difficulties1 or employ+ ! v>y+ res\rces ( ! elem5ts1 ) an inexhau/ible f]tility ( contrivance1 a con/ant t5d5cy to diffuse life & well be+4 #b4 ,"o ( ! great uses to :i* ! vegetable weal? ( ! e>? is appli$1 is ! support ( man1 :om x provides ) food & clo?+2 & ! adaptation ( tribes ( indig5\s vegetables to e climate has1 we _c b believe1 a ref]5ce to ! int5tion t ! human race %\ld be diffus$ ov] ! :ole globe4 ,b ?is end is n answ]$ by indig5\s vegetables alone2 & 9 ! v>iety ( vegetables capable ( be+ cultivat$ ) advantage 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 we conceive t we f9d evid5ce ( an additional adaptation ( ! s*eme ( organic life to ! sy/em ( ! elem5ts4 ,! cultivat$ vegetables1 :i* =m ! necess>ies or luxuries ( human life1 are ea* conf9$ )9 limits1 n>r[1 :5 comp>$ ) ! :ole surface ( ! e>?2 yet almo/ e "p ( ! e>?'s surface is capable ( be+ abundantly cov]$ ) "o k9d or o!r ( ^!4 ,:5 "o class fails1 ano!r appe>s 9 its place4 ,?us corn1 w9e1 & oil1 h ea* its b\nd>ies4 ,:eat ext5ds ?r\gh ! old ,cont95t1 f ,engl& to ,?ibet3 b x /ops soon 9 go+ nor?w>ds1 & is n f\nd to succe$ 9 ! we/ ( ,scotl&4 ,nor does x ?rive bett] 9 ! torrid zone ?an 9 ! pol> regions3 )9 ! tropics1 :eat1 b>ley & oats are n cultivat$1 except+ 9 situations consid]ably above ! level ( ! sea3 ! inhabitants ( ^? c\ntries h o!r species ( gra91 or o!r food4 ,! cultivation ( ! v9e succe$s only 9 c\ntries :]e ! annual temp]ature is betwe5 #ej & #fc degrees4 ,9 bo? hemisph]es1 ! pr(itable culture ( ?is plant ceases )9 #cj degrees ( ! equator1 unless 9 elevat$ situations1 or 9 isl&s1 z ,t5]iffe4 ,! limits ( ! cultivation ( maize & ( olives 9 ,france are p>allel to ^? :i* b\nd ! v9e & corn 9 succession to ! nor?4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,italy1 we/ ( ,milan1 we fir/ meet ) ! cultivation ( rice2 :i* ext5ds ov] all ! s\!rn "p ( ,asia1 :]ev] ! l& c be at pleasure cov]$ ) wat]4 ,9 great "p ( ,africa millet is "o ( ! pr9cipal k9ds ( gra94 ,cotton is cultivat$ to latitude #dj 9 ! new _w1 b ext5ds to ,a/ra*an 9 latitude #df 9 ! old4 ,! sug> cane1 ! planta91 ! mulb]ry1 ! betel nut1 ! indigo tree1 ! tea tree1 repay ! lab\rs ( ! cultivator 9 ,india & ,*9a2 & sev]al ( ^! plants h be5 transf]r$1 ) success1 to ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 equ9octial ,am]ica a great numb] ( inhabitants f9d abundant n\ri%m5t on a n>r[ space cultivat$ ) planta91 cassava yams1 & maize4 ,! bread fruit tree beg9s to be cultivat$ 9 ! ,manillas1 & ext5ds ?r\gh ! ,pacific2 ! sago palm 9 ! ,moluccas1 ! cabbage tree 9 ! ,pelew isl&s4 ,9 ?is mann] ! v>i\s tribes ( m5 are provid$ ) vegetable food4 ,"s h[ev] live on _! cattle1 & ?us make ! produce ( ! e>? only m$iately subs]vi5t to _! wants4 ,?us ! ,t>t> tribes dep5d on _! flocks & h]ds = food3 ! ta/e = ! fle% ( ! horse seems to belong to ! ,mongols1 ,f9s1 & o!r desc5dants ( ! anci5t ,scy?ians3 ! locu/ eat]s are f\nd n[1 z =m]ly1 9 ,africa4 ,_m ( ^! diff]5ces dep5d ^u cu/om1 soil1 & o!r causes ) :i* we d n "h m$dle2 b _m are connect$ ) climate3 & ! v>iety ( ! res\rces :i* man ?us possesses1 arises f ! v>iety ( con/itution belong+ to cultivable vegetables1 ?r\gh :i* "o is fitt$ to "o range ( climate1 & ano!r to ano!r4 ,we conceive t ?is v>iety & succession ( fitness = cultivation1 %[s und\bt$ m>ks ( a mo/ =esee+ & b5evol5t design 9 ! ,creator ( man & ( ! _w4 #c4 ,by diff]5ces 9 vegetables ( ! k9d we h above describ$1 ! su/5tation & gratification ( man's physical nature is copi\sly provid$ =4 ,b !re is ano!r circum/ance1 a result ( ! diff]5ce ( ! native products ( diff]5t regions1 & !re=e a consequ5ce ( t diff]5ce ( climate on :i* ! diff]5ce ( native products dep5ds1#e :i* appe>s to be wor?y our notice4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! productions ( diff]5t c\ntries has a be>+ n only ^u ! physical1 b ^u ! social & moral condition ( man4 ,! int]c\rse ( nations 9 ! way ( discov]y1 colonization1 comm]ce2 ! /udy ( ! natural hi/ory1 mann]s1 in/itutions ( =eign c\ntries2 lead to mo/ num]\s & important results4 ,)\t dwell+ ^u ?is subject1 x w probably be all[$ t su* int]c\rse has a great influ5ce ^u ! com=ts1 ! prosp]ity1 ! arts1 ! lit]ature1 ! p[]1 ( ! nations :i* ?us communicate4 ,n[ ! v>iety ( ! productions ( diff]5t l&s supplies bo? ! /imulus to ?is int]c\rse1 & ! in/rum5ts by :i* x produces its effects4 ,! desire to possess ! objects or ! k :i* =eign c\ntries alone c supply1 urges ! trad]1 ! travell]1 ! discov]] to compass l& & sea2 & ! progress ( ! arts & advantages ( civilization consi/s almo/ entirely 9 ! cultivation1 ! use1 ! improvem5t ( t :i* has be5 receiv$ f o!r c\ntries4 ,?is is ! case to a mu* great] ext5t ?an might at fir/ sight be suppos$4 ,:]e man is active z a cultivator1 he sc>cely ev] be/[s mu* ( 8 c>e on ^? vegetables :i* ! l& w\ld produce 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,he does n select "s ( ! plants ( ! soil & improve !m by c>eful culture1 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 he expels ! native possessors ( ! l&1 & introduces colonies ( /rang]s4 ,?us1 to take ! condition ( our own "p ( ! globe z an example2 sc>cely "o ( ! plants :i* occupy our fields & g>d5s is indig5\s to ! c\ntry4 ,! walnut & ! pea* come to u f ,p]sia2 ! apricot f ,arm5ia3 f ,asia ,m9or1 & ,syria1 we h ! *]ry tree1 ! fig1 ! pe>1 ! pomegranate1 ! olive1 ! plum1 & ! mulb]ry4 ,! v9e :i* is n[ cultivat$ is n a native ( ,europe2 x is f\nd wild on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian1 9 ,arm5ia & ,c>amania4 ,! mo/ useful species ( plants1 ! c]eal vegetables1 are c]ta9ly /rang]s1 ?\gh _! bir? place seems to be an imp5etrable secret4 ,"s h fanci$ t b>ley is f\nd wild on ! banks ( ! ,sem>a1 9 ,t>t>y1 rye 9 ,crete1 :eat at ,bas*kiros1 9 ,asia2 b ?is is held by ! be/ botani/s to be v d\btful4 ,! potatoe1 :i* has be5 s widely diffus$ ov] ! _w 9 mod]n times1 & has add$ s mu* to ! res\rces ( life 9 _m c\ntries1 has be5 f\nd equally difficult to trace back to its wild condition4 ,?us widely are spread ! traces ( ! connexion ( ! progress ( civilization ) national int]c\rse4 ,9 our own c\ntry a high] /ate ( ! arts ( life is m>k$ by a m ready & ext5sive adoption ( =eign productions4 ,our fields are cov]$ ) h]bs f ,holl&1 & roots f ,g]many2 ) ,flemi% f>m+ & ,sw$i% turnips2 our hills ) =e/s ( ! firs ( ,norway4 ,! *e/nut & popl> ( ! s\? ( ,europe adorn our lawns1 & bel[ !m fl\ri% %rubs & fl[]s f e clime 9 pr(usion4 ,9 ! mean "t ,arabia improves our horses1 ,*9a our pigs1 ,nor? ,am]ica our p\ltry1 ,spa9 our %eep1 & almo/ e c\ntry s5ds its dog4 ,! products :i* are +r$i5ts 9 our luxuries1 & :i* we _c naturalize at home1 we raise 9 our colonies2 ! cotton1 c(fee1 sug> ( ! ea/ are ?us transplant$ to ! f>!/ we/2 & man lives 9 ! middle ( a ri* & v>i$ abundance :i* dep5ds on ! facility ) :i* plants & animals & modes ( culture c be transf]r$ into l&s f> remov$ f ^? 9 :i* nature _h plac$ !m4 ,& ?is pl5ty & v>iety ( mat]ial com=ts is ! companion & ! m>k ( advantages & improvem5ts 9 social life1 ( progress 9 art & sci5ce1 ( activity ( ?\ght1 ( en]gy ( purpose1 & ( asc5dancy ( "*4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! productions ( diff]5t c\ntries :i* lead to ! habitual int]c\rse ( nations1 & ?r\gh ?is to ! b5efits :i* we h ?us briefly notic$1 d n all dep5d ^u ! diff]5ces ( temp]ature & climate alone4 ,b ^! diff]5ces are among ! causes1 & are "s ( ! mo/ important causes1 or conditions1 ( ! v>iety ( products2 & ?us t arrangem5t ( ! e>?'s =m & motion f :i* ! diff]5t climates ( diff]5t places arises1 is connect$ ) ! social & moral welf>e & advancem5t ( man4 ,we conceive t ?is connexion1 ?\gh !re mu/ be to our appreh5sion mu* t is indef9ite & unc]ta9 9 trac+ its details1 is yet a po9t :]e we may p]ceive ! pr(\nd & compreh5sive relations e/abli%$ by ! c\nsel & =esight ( a wise & good ,creator ( ! _w & ( man1 by :om ! progress & elevation ( ! human species 0 nei!r uncontemplat$ nor unc>$ =4 #d4 ,we h trac$1 9 ! v>iety ( organiz$ be+s1 an adaptation to ! v>iety ( climates1 a provision = ! su/5tation ( man all ov] ! globe1 & an in/rum5t = ! promotion ( civilization & _m att5dant b5efits4 ,we h n consid]$ ?is v>iety z itself a purpose :i* we c p]ceive or und]/& )\t ref]5ce to "s ult]ior end4 ,_m p]sons1 h[ev]1 & especially ^? :o are already 9 ! habit ( ref]r+ ! _w to its ,creator1 w probably see some?+ admirable 9 itself 9 ?is va/ v>iety ( creat$ ?+s4 ,!re is inde$ some?+ well fitt$ to produce & confirm a rev]5tial wond]1 9 ^! app>5tly inexhau/ible /ores ( new =ms ( be+ & modes ( exi/5ce2 ! fixity ( ! laws ( ea* class1 its di/9ctness f all o!rs1 its relations to _m4 ,/ructures & habits & *>act]s are exhibit$1 :i* are connect$ & di/+ui%$ accord+ to e conceivable degree ( subord9ation & analogy1 9 _! resemblances & 9 _! diff]5ces4 ,e new c\ntry we explore pres5ts u ) new comb9ations1 :]e ! possible cases seem to be exhau/$2 & ) new resemblances & diff]5ces1 con/ruct$ z if to elude :at conjecture might h hit ^u1 by proce$+ f ! old ones4 ,mo/ ( ^? :o h any l>ge portion ( nature br\ght "u _! notice 9 ?is po9t ( view1 are l$ to feel t !re is1 9 su* a creation1 a h>mony1 a beauty1 & a dignity1 ( :i* ! impression is irresi/ible2 :i* w\ld h be5 want+ 9 any m uni=m & limit$ sy/em su* z we might try to imag9e2 & :i* ( itself gives to ! arrangem5ts by :i* su* a v>iety on ! e>?'s surface is produc$1 ! "* ( well devis$ means to a wor?y end4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,con/itu5ts ( ,climate4 ,we h spok5 ( ! /eady av]age ( ! climate at ea* place1 ( ! diff]5ce ( ?is av]age at diff]5t places1 & ( ! adaptation ( organiz$ be+s to ?is "* 9 ! laws ( ! elem5ts by :i* !y are affect$4 ,b ?is /ead9ess 9 ! g5]al effect ( ! elem5ts1 is ! result ( an extremely complex & ext5sive ma*9]y4 ,climate1 9 its wid] s5se1 is n "o s+le ag5t1 b is ! aggregate result ( a great numb] ( diff]5t ag5ts1 gov]n$ by diff]5t laws1 produc+ effects ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! /ead9ess ( ?is comp\nd ag5cy is n ! /ead9ess ( a p]man5t condition1 l t ( a body at re/2 b x is ! /ead9ess ( a /ate ( con/ant *ange & movem5t1 succession & alt]nation1 seem+ accid5t & irregul>ity4 ,x is a p]petual repose1 comb9$ ) a p]petual motion2 an inv>iable av]age ( mo/ v>iable quantities4 ,n[1 ! mann] 9 :i* su* a /ate ( ?+s is produc$1 des]ves1 we conceive1 a clos] consid]ation4 ,x may be useful to %[ h[ ! p>ticul> laws ( ! action ( ea* ( ! elem5ts ( climate are s adju/$ t !y d n di/urb ?is g5]al con/ancy4 ,! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( climate are ! foll[+3--! temp]ature ( ! e>?1 ( ! wat]1 ( ! air3--! di/ribution ( ! aque\s vap\r conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e3--! w9ds & ra9s by :i* ! equilibrium ( ! atmosph]e is re/or$ :5 x is 9 any degree di/urb$4 ,! effects ( light1 ( electricity1 probably ( o!r causes also1 are no d\bt important 9 ! economy ( ! vegetable _w1 b ^! ag5cies h n be5 r$uc$ by sci5tific inquir]s to su* laws z to admit ( _! be+ treat$ ) ! same exactness & c]ta9ty :i* we c obta9 9 ! case ( ^? fir/ m5tion$4 ,we %all proce$ to trace "s ( ! peculi>ities 9 ! laws ( ! diff]5t physical ag5ts :i* are 9 action at ! e>?'s surface1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ^! peculi>ities be> ^u ! g5]al result4 ,! ,laws ( ,heat ) respect to ! ,e>?4 ,"o ( ! ma9 causes :i* det]m9e ! temp]ature ( ea* climate is ! effect ( ! sun's rays on ! solid mass ( ! e>?4 ,! laws ( ?is op]ation h be5 rec5tly made out ) consid]able exactness1 exp]im5tally by ,leslie1 !oretically by ,f\ri]1 & by o!r inquir]s4 ,! !oretical inquiries h requir$ ! application ( v complex & ab/ruse ma!matical inve/igations2 b ! g5]al "* ( ! op]ation may1 p]haps1 be made easily intelligible4 ,! e>?1 l all solid bodies1 transmits into its int]ior ! impressions ( heat :i* x receives at ! surface2 & ?r[s (f ! sup]flu\s heat f its surface into ! surr\nd+ space4 ,^! processes are call$ conduction & radiation1 & h ea* _! asc]ta9$ ma!matical laws4 ,by ! laws ( conduction1 ! daily impressions ( heat :i* ! e>? receives1 foll[ ea* o!r into ! int]ior ( ! mass1 l ! waves :i* />t f ! edge ( a canal2#f & l !m1 become m & m fa9t z !y proce$1 till !y melt into ! g5]al level ( ! int]nal temp]ature4 ,! heat ?us transmitt$ is accumulat$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 z 9 a res]voir1 & fl[s f "o "p to ano!r ( ?is res]voir4 ,! p>ts ( ! e>? ne> ! equator are m heat$ by ! sun ?an o!r p>ts1 & on ?is acc\nt !re is a p]petual int]nal conduction ( heat f ! equatorial to o!r p>ts ( ! sph]e4 ,& z all p>ts ( ! surface ?r[ (f heat by radiation1 9 ! pol> regions1 :]e ! surface receives little 9 return f ! sun1 a con/ant wa/e is produc$4 ,!re is ?us f ! pol> p>ts a p]petual disp]sion ( heat 9 ! surr\nd+ space1 :i* is suppli$ by a p]petual int]nal fl[ f ! equator t[>ds ea* pole4 ,"h1 !n1 is a k9d ( circulation ( heat2 & ! quantity & rapidity ( ?is circulation1 det]m9e ! quantity ( heat 9 ! solid "p ( ! e>?1 & 9 ea* portion ( x2 & ?r\gh ?is1 ! mean temp]ature belong+ to ea* po9t on its surface4 ,if ! e>? conduct$ heat m rapidly ?an x does1 ! inequalities ( temp]ature w\ld be m quickly balanc$1 & ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd 7bel[ ! rea* ( annual & diurnal v>iations7 w\ld diff] less ?an x does4 ,if ! surface radiat$ m rapidly ?an x does1 ! fl[ ( heat f ! pol> regions w\ld increase1 & ! temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! globe w\ld f9d a l[] level2 ! diff]5ces ( temp]ature 9 diff]5t latitudes w\ld increase1 b ! mean temp]ature ( ! globe w\ld dim9i%4 ,!re is no?+ :i*1 s f> z we c p]ceive1 det]m9es necess>ily1 ei!r ! conduct+ or ! radiat+ p[] ( ! e>? to its pres5t value4 ,! measures ( su* p[]s1 9 diff]5t sub/ances1 diff] v widely4 ,if ! e>? 7 a globe ( pure iron1 x w\ld conduct heat1 probably1 tw5ty times z well z x does2 if its surface 7 poli%$ iron1 x w\ld only radiate "o-six? z mu* z x does4 ,*anges 9 ! am\nt ( ! conduction & radiation f> less ?an ^!1 w\ld1 probably1 subv]t ! :ole !rmal con/itution ( ! e>?1 & make x un9habitable by any ( its pres5t vegetable1 or animal t5ants4 ,"o ( ! results ( ! laws ( heat1 z !y exi/ 9 ! globe1 is1 t1 by _! action1 ! !rmal /ate t5ds to a limit+ condition1 :i*1 once rea*$1 rema9s con/ant & /eady1 z x n[ is4 ,! oscillations or excursions f ! mean condition1 produc$ by any tempor>y cause1 are rapidly suppress$2 ! deviations ( seasons f _! usual /&>d produce only a small & transi5t effect4 ,! impression ( an extremely hot day ^u ! gr\nd melts almo/ imm$iately into ! av]age int]nal heat4 ,! effect ( a hot summ]1 9 l mann]1 is soon lo/ 9 its progress ?r\gh ! globe4 ,if ?is 7 o!rwise1 if ! inequalities & oscillations ( heat w5t on1 ?r\gh ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 reta9+ ! same value1 or becom+ l>g] & l>g]1 we might h ! extreme heats or colds ( "o place mak+ _! appe>ance at ano!r place aft] a long int]val2 l a conflagration :i* creeps along a /reet & bur/s out at a po9t remote f its orig94 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t bo? ! pres5t diff]5ces ( climate1 & ! /ead9ess ( ! av]age at ea* place1 dep5d ^u ! =m ( ! pres5t laws ( heat1 & on ! arbitr>y magnitudes :i* det]m9e ! rate ( conduction & radiation4 ,! laws are su* z to secure u f increas+ & de/ructive inequalities ( heat2 ! arbitr>y magnitudes are elem5ts to :i* ! organic _w is adju/$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,laws ( ,heat ) respect to ,wat]4 ,! mann] 9 :i* heat is transmitt$ ?r\gh fluids is altoge!r diff]5t f ! mode 9 :i* x passes ?r\gh solids2 & h5ce ! wat]s ( ! e>?'s surface produce peculi> effects ^u its condition z to temp]ature4 ,moreov]1 wat] is susceptible ( evaporation 9 a degree dep5d+ ^u ! increase ( heat2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is prop]ty x has mo/ ext5sive & important functions to dis*>ge 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,we w consid] "s ( ! (fices ( ?is fluid4 #a4 ,heat is communicat$ ?r\gh wat]1 n by be+ conduct$ f "o "p ( ! fluid to ano!r1 z 9 solid bodies1 b 7at lea/ pr9cipally7 by be+ c>ri$ ) ! p>ts ( ! fluid by means ( an inte/9e motion4 ,wat] exp&s & becomes light] by heat1 &1 !re=e1 if ! upp] p>ts be cool$ bel[ ! subjac5t temp]ature1 ?is upp] portion w become heavi] ?an t bel[1 bulk = bulk1 & w desc5d ?r\gh x1 :ile ! l[] portion rises to take ! upp] place4 ,9 ?is mann] ! cold] p>ts desc5d1 & ! w>m] p>ts asc5d by contr>y curr5ts1 & by _! int]*ange & mixture1 r$uce ! :ole to a temp]ature at lea/ z l[ z t ( ! surface4 ,& ?is equalization ( temp]ature by means ( su* curr5ts1 is an op]ation ( a mu* m rapid nature ?an ! sl[ motion ( conduction by :i* heat creeps ?r\gh a solid body4 ,h5ce1 alt]nations ( heat & cold1 z day & night1 summ] & w9t]1 produce 9 wat]1 inequalities ( temp]ature mu* small] ?an ^? :i* occur 9 a solid body4 ,! heat communicat$ is less1 = transp>5t fluids imbibe heat v sl[ly2 & ! cold impress$ on ! surface is soon diffus$ ?r\gh ! mass by int]nal circulation4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! ocean1 :i* cov]s s l>ge a portion ( ! e>?1 & affects ! temp]ature ( ! :ole surface by its influ5ce1 produces ! effect ( mak+ ! alt]nations ( heat & cold mu* less viol5t ?an !y w\ld be if x 7 abs5t4 ,! diff]5t temp]atures ( its upp] & l[] p>ts produce a curr5t :i* draws ! seas1 & by means ( ! seas1 ! air1 t[>ds ! mean temp]ature4 ,& ?is k9d ( circulation is produc$1 n only betwe5 ! upp] & l[] p>ts1 b also betwe5 di/ant tracts ( ! ocean4 ,! great ,gulf ,/ream :i* ru%es out ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & runs across ! ,atlantic to ! we/]n %ores ( ,europe1 c>ries ) x a portion ( ! tropical heat into nor!rn regions3 & ! return+ curr5t :i* desc5ds along ! coa/ ( ,africa1 t5ds to cool ! p>ts ne>] ! equator4 ,great z ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature is 9 diff]5t climates1 x w\ld be /ill great] if !re 7 n ?is equaliz+ & mod]at+ p[] ex]t$ con/antly ov] ! :ole surface4 ,)\t ?is influ5ce1 x is probable t ! two pol> portions ( ! e>?1 :i* are lock$ 9 p]petual ice & sn[1 & almo/ de/itute ( life1 w\ld be mu* increas$4 ,we f9d an illu/ration ( ?is effect ( ! ocean on temp]ature1 9 ! peculi>ities ( ! climates ( m>itime tracts & isl&s4 ,! climate ( su* portions ( ! e>?1 correct$ 9 "s measure by ! temp]ature ( ! neighb\r+ sea1 is m equable ?an t ( places 9 ! same latitudes diff]5tly situat$4 ,london is cool] 9 summ] & w>m] 9 w9t] ?an ,p>is4 #b4 ,wat] exp&s by heat & contracts by cold1 z has be5 already said2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is prop]ty1 ! colde/ portions ( ! fluid g5]ally occupy ! l[] p>ts4 ,! cont9u$ progress ( cold produces congelation4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! law j m5tion$ _h be5 /rictly true1 ! l[] p>ts ( wat] w\ld h be5 fir/ froz52 & be+ once froz51 h>dly any heat appli$ at ! surface c\ld h melt$ !m1 = ! w>m fluid c\ld n h desc5d$ ?r\gh ! cold] p>ts4 ,?is is s f> ! case1 t 9 a vessel conta9+ ice at ! bottom & wat] at ! top1 ,rum=d made ! upp] fluid boil )\t ?aw+ ! congeal$ cake bel[4 ,n[1 a law ( wat] ) respect to heat op]at+ 9 ?is mann]1 w\ld h be5 v inconv5i5t if x _h obta9$ 9 our lakes & seas4 ,!y w\ld all h _h a b$ ( ice1 increas+ ) e occasion1 till ! :ole 0 froz54 ,we c\ld h _h no bodies ( wat]1 except su* pools on ! surfaces ( ^! icy res]voirs z ! summ] sun c\ld ?aw1 to be aga9 froz5 to ! bottom ) ! fir/ fro/y night4 ,! law ( ! regul> contraction ( wat] by cold till x became ice1 w\ld1 !re=e1 be de/ructive ( all ! utility ( our seas & lakes4 ,h[ is ?is inconv5i5ce obviat$8 ,x is obviat$ by a modification ( ! law :i* takes place :5 ! temp]ature approa*es ?is limit4 ,wat] contracts by ! increase ( cold1 till we come ne> ! freez+ temp]ature2 b !n1 by a fur!r increase ( cold1 x contracts no m1 b exp&s till ! po9t at :i* x becomes ice4 ,x contracts 9 cool+ d[n to #dj degrees ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]2 9 cool+ fur!r x exp&s1 & :5 cool$ to #cb degrees1 x freezes4 ,h5ce1 ! greate/ d5sity ( ! fluid is at #dj degrees1 & wat] ( ?is temp]ature1 or ne> x1 w lie at ! bottom ) cool] wat] or ) ice float+ above x4 ,h[ev] mu* ! surface be cool$1 wat] cold] ?an #dj _c desc5d to displace wat] w>m] ?an itself4 ,h5ce we c nev] h ice =m$ at ! bottom ( deep wat]4 ,9 approa*+ ! freez+ po9t1 ! colde/ wat] w rise to ! surface1 & ! congelation w take place !re2 & ! ice s =m$ w rema9 at ! surface1 expos$ to ! w>m? ( ! sunbeams & ! air1 & w n survive any long cont9uance ( su* action4 ,ano!r peculi>ity 9 ! laws :i* regulate ! action ( cold on wat] is1 t 9 ! v act ( freez+ a fur!r sudd5 & consid]able expansion takes place4 ,_m p]sons w h kn[n in/ances ( vessels bur/ by ! freez+ ( wat] 9 !m4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is expansion is1 t ! specific gravity ( ice is less ?an t ( wat] ( any temp]ature2 & x !re=e always floats 9 ! unfroz5 fluid4 ,if ?is expansion ( cry/allization did n exi/1 ice w\ld float 9 wat] :i* 0 bel[ =ty degrees1 b w\ld s9k :5 ! fluid 0 above t temp]ature3 z ! case is1 x floats "u all circum/ances4 ,! icy remnants ( ! effects ( w9t]1 :i* ! riv] c>ries d[n its /ream1 are visible on its surface till !y melt away2 & ! iceb]gs :i* are deta*$ f ! %ores ( ! pol> seas1 drift along1 expos$ to ! sun & air1 z well z to ! wat] 9 :i* !y are imm]s$4 ,^! laws ( ! effect ( temp]ature on wat] are truly rem>kable 9 _! adaptation to ! b5eficial c\rse ( ?+s at ! e>?'s surface4 ,wat] contracts by cold2 x ?us equalizes ! temp]ature ( v>i\s times & places2 b if its contraction 7 cont9u$ all ! way to ! freez+ po9t1 x w\ld b9d a great "p ( ! e>? 9 fett]s ( ice4 ,! contraction !n is "h replac$ by expansion1 9 a mann] :i* b slightly modifies ! =m] effects1 :ile x completely obviates ! bad consequ5ces4 ,! fur!r expansion :i* takes place at ! po9t ( freez+1 /ill fur!r facilitates ! rapid removal ( ! icy *a9s1 9 :i* p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface are at c]ta9 seasons b\nd4 ,we d n "k h[ f> ^! laws ( expansion are connect$ ) & dep5d on m remote & g5]al prop]ties ( ?is fluid1 or ( all fluids4 ,b we h no reason to believe t1 by :atev] means !y op]ate1 !y are n laws select$ f among o!r laws :i* might exi/1 z 9 fact = o!r fluids o!r laws d exi/4 ,& we h all ! evid5ce1 :i* ! mo/ rem>kable fur!rance ( important purposes c give u1 t !y are select$1 & select$ ) a b5eficial design4 #c4 ,z wat] becomes ice by cold1 x becomes /eam by heat4 ,9 common language1 /eam is ! "n giv5 to ! vap\r ( hot wat]2 b 9 fact a vap\r or /eam rises f wat] at all temp]atures1 h[ev] l[1 & ev5 f ice4 ,! expansive =ce ( ?is vap\r increases rapidly z ! heat increases2 s t :5 we rea* ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 x op]ates 9 a f> m /rik+ mann] ?an :5 x is cold]2 b 9 all cases ! surface ( wat] is cov]$ ) an atmosph]e ( aque\s vap\r1 ! pressure or t5sion ( :i* is limit$ by ! temp]ature ( ! wat]4 ,to ea* degree ( pressure 9 /eam !re is a con/itu5t temp]ature correspond+4 ,if ! surface ( wat] is n press$ by vap\r ) ! =ce ?us correspond+ to its temp]ature1 an imm$iate evaporation w supply ! defici5cy4 ,we c comp>e ! t5sion ( su* vap\r ) t ( our common atmosph]e2 ! pressure ( ! latt] is measur$ by ! b>ometrical column1 ab\t ?irty in*es ( m]cury2 t ( wat]y vap\r is equal to "o in* ( m]cury at ! con/itu5t temp]ature ( #hj degrees1 & to "o-fif? ( an in*1 at ! temp]ature ( #cb degrees4 ,h5ce1 if t "p ( ! atmosph]e :i* consi/s ( common air 7 annihilat$1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 an atmosph]e ( aque\s vap\r1 aris+ f ! wat]s & moi/ p>ts ( ! e>?2 & 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s ?is vap\r rises 9 ! atmosph]e ( dry air4 ,its di/ribution & effects are mat]ially influ5c$ by ! vehicle 9 :i* x is ?us c>ri$1 z we %all h]eaft] notice2 b at pres5t we h to obs]ve ! exce$+ utility ( wat] 9 ?is %ape4 ,we rem>k h[ suitable & indisp5sable to ! well-be+ ( ! creation x is1 t ! fluid %\ld possess ! prop]ty ( assum+ su* a =m "u su* circum/ances4 ,! moi/ure :i* floats 9 ! atmosph]e is ( mo/ ess5tial use to vegetable life4#g 8,! leaves ( liv+ plants appe> to act ^u ?is vap\r 9 its ela/ic =m1 & to absorb x4 ,"s vegetables increase 9 weight f ?is cause :5 susp5d$ 9 ! atmosph]e & unconnect$ ) ! soil1 z ! h\se-leek & ! aloe4 ,9 v int5se heats1 & :5 ! soil is dry1 ! life ( plants seems to be pres]v$ by ! absorb5t p[] ( _! leaves40 ,x foll[s f :at has already be5 said1 t1 ) an increas+ heat ( ! atmosph]e1 an increas+ quantity ( vap\r w rise into x1 if suppli$ f any qu>t]4 ,h5ce x appe>s t aque\s vap\r is mo/ abundant 9 ! atmosph]e :5 x is mo/ ne$$ = ! purposes ( life2 & t :5 o!r s\rces ( moi/ure are cut (f1 ?is is mo/ copi\s4 #d4 ,cl\ds are produc$ by aque\s vap\r :5 x returns to ! /ate ( wat]4 ,?is process is cond5sation1 ! rev]se ( evaporation4 ,:5 vap\r exi/s 9 ! atmosph]e1 if 9 any mann] ! temp]ature becomes l[] ?an ! con/itu5t temp]ature1 requisite = ! ma9t5ance ( ! vap\ry /ate1 "s ( ! /eam w be cond5s$ & w become wat]4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t ! curl ( /eam f ! sp\t ( a boil+ tea-kettle becomes visible1 be+ cool$ d[n z x ru%es to ! air4 ,! /eam cond5ses into a f9e wat]y p[d]1 :i* is c>ri$ ab\t by ! little a]ial curr5ts4 ,cl\ds are ( ! same nature ) su* curls1 ! cond5sation be+ g5]ally produc$ :5 air1 *>g$ ) aque\s vap\r1 is mix$ ) a cold] curr5t1 or has its temp]ature dim9i%$ 9 any o!r mann]4 ,cl\ds1 :ile !y reta9 t %ape1 are ( ! mo/ ess5tial use to vegetable & animal life4 ,!y mod]ate ! f]v\r ( ! sun1 9 a mann] agreeable1 to a great] or less degree1 9 all climates1 & grateful no less to vegetables ?an to animals4 ,duhamel says t plants gr[ m dur+ a week ( cl\dy wea!r ?an a mon? ( dry & hot4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t vegetables are f> m refre%$ by be+ wat]$ 9 cl\dy ?an 9 cle> wea!r4 ,9 ! latt] case1 probably ! supply ( fluid is too rapidly c>ri$ (f by evaporation4 ,cl\ds also mod]ate ! alt]nations ( temp]ature1 by *eck+ ! radiation f ! e>?4 ,! colde/ nights are ^? :i* occur "u a cl\dless w9t] sky4 ,! uses ( cl\ds1 !re=e1 9 ?is /age ( _! hi/ory1 are by no means inconsid]able1 & seem to indicate to u t ! laws ( _! =mation 7 con/ruct$ ) a view to ! purposes ( organiz$ life4 #e4 ,cl\ds produce ra94 ,9 ! =mation ( a cl\d ! precipitation ( moi/ure probably =ms a f9e wat]y p[d]1 :i* rema9s susp5d$ 9 ! air 9 consequ5ce ( ! m9ut5ess ( its p>ticles3 b if f any cause ! precipitation is collect$ 9 l>g] portions1 & becomes drops1 ^! desc5d by _! weight & produce a %[]4 ,h[ev] ra9 is =m$1 x is "o ( ! consequ5ces ( ! capacity ( evaporation & cond5sation :i* belongs to wat]1 & its uses are ! result ( ! laws ( ^? processes4 ,its uses to plants are too obvi\s & too num]\s to be describ$4 ,x is evid5t t on its quantity & di/ribution dep5d 9 a great measure ! prosp]ity ( ! vegetable k+dom3 & diff]5t climates are fitt$ = diff]5t productions1 no less by ! relations ( dry wea!r & %[]s1 ?an by ^? ( hot & cold4 #f4 ,return+ back /ill fur!r 9 ! *anges :i* cold c produce on wat]1 we come to sn[ & ice3 sn[ be+ app>5tly froz5 vap\r1 aggregat$ by a confus$ action ( cry/all9e laws2 & ice be+ wat] 9 its fluid /ate1 solidifi$ by ! same cry/all9e =ces4 ,! impression ( ^! ag5ts on ! animal feel+s is g5]ally unpleasant1 & we are 9 ! habit ( consid]+ !m z symptoms ( ! p[] ( w9t] to int]rupt t /ate ( ! elem5ts 9 :i* !y are subs]vi5t to life4 ,yet1 ev5 9 ?is =m1 !y are n )\t _! uses4#h 8,sn[ & ice are bad conductors ( cold2 & :5 ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) sn[1 or ! surface ( ! soil or ( wat] is froz51 ! roots or bulbs ( plants b5ea? are protect$ by ! congeal$ wat] f ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 ! temp]ature ( :i*1 9 nor!rn w9t]s1 is usually v mu* bel[ ! freez+ po9t2 & ?is wat] becomes ! fir/ n\ri%m5t ( ! plant 9 e>ly spr+4 ,! expansion ( wat] dur+ its congelation1 at :i* "t its volume increases "o-twelf?1 & its contraction 9 bulk dur+ a ?aw1 t5d to pulv]ize ! soil1 to sep>ate its p>ts f ea* o!r1 & to make x m p]meable to ! influ5ce ( ! air40 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! same sl[ness 9 ! conduction ( heat :i* sn[ ?us possesses1 ! arctic travell] f9ds 8 b$ ( sn[ ( no intol]able coldness2 ! ,esquimaux is %elt]$ f ! inclem5cy ( ! season 9 8 sn[ hut1 & travels rapidly & agreeably ov] ! froz5 surface ( ! sea4 ,! uses ( ^? arrangem5ts1 :i* at fir/ appe> productive only ( pa9 & inconv5i5ce1 are well suit$ to give confid5ce & hope to our rese>*es = su* usefulness 9 e "p ( ! creation4 ,!y h ?us a peculi> value 9 add+ connexion & univ]sality to our p]ception ( b5eficial design4 #g4 ,!re is a peculi> circum/ance /ill to be notic$ 9 ! *anges f ice to wat] & f wat] to /eam4 ,^! *anges take place at a p>ticul> & inv>iable degree ( heat2 yet !y d n take place sudd5ly :5 we increase ! heat to ?is degree4 ,?is is a v curi\s arrangem5t4 ,! temp]ature makes a /&1 z x 71 at ! po9t :]e ?aw1 & :]e boil+ take place4 ,x is necess>y to apply a consid]able quantity ( heat to produce ^! effects2 all :i* heat disappe>s1 or becomes lat5t1 z x is call$4 ,we _c raise ! temp]ature ( a ?aw+ mass ( ice till we h ?aw$ ! :ole4 ,we _c raise ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 or ( /eam ris+ f x1 till we h conv]t$ all ! wat] into /eam4 ,any heat t we apply :ile ^! *anges are go+ on is absorb$ 9 produc+ ! *anges4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is prop]ty ( lat5t heat are v important4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ! *anges n[ spok5 ( necess>ily occupy a consid]able "t4 ,ea* "p 9 succession mu/ h a prop] degree ( heat appli$ to x4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 ?aw & evaporation mu/ be in/antane\s3 at ! fir/ t\* ( w>m?1 all ! sn[ :i* lies on ! ro(s ( our h\ses w\ld desc5d l a wat]sp\t into ! /reets3 all t :i* re/s on ! gr\nd w\ld ru% l an inundation into ! wat] c\rses4 ,! hut ( ! ,esquimaux w\ld vani% l a h\se 9 a pantomime3 ! icy floor ( ! riv] w\ld be gone )\t giv+ any w>n+ to ! skait] or ! travell]3 & :51 9 heat+ our wat]1 we rea*$ ! boil+ po9t1 ! :ole fluid w\ld 8fla% into /eam10 7to use ! expression ( eng9e]s17 & dissipate itself 9 ! atmosph]e1 or settle 9 dew on ! neighb\r+ objects4 ,x is obvi\sly necess>y = ! purposes ( human life1 t ^! *anges %\ld be ( a m gradual & manageable k9d ?an su* z we h n[ describ$4 ,yet ?is gradual progress ( freez+ & ?aw+1 ( evaporation & cond5sation1 is produc$1 s f> z we c discov]1 by a p>ticul> contrivance4 ,l ! freez+ ( wat] f ! top1 or ! float+ ( ice1 ! mod]ation ( ! rate ( ^! *anges seems to be ! result ( a violation ( a law3 t is1 ! simple rule reg>d+ ! effects ( *ange ( temp]ature1 :i* at fir/ sight appe>s to be ! law1 & :i*1 f its simplicity1 w\ld seem to u ! mo/ obvi\s laws = ^! z well z o!r cases1 is modifi$ at c]ta9 critical po9ts1 s z to produce ^! advantage\s effects3--:y may we n say 9 ord] to produce su* effects8 #h4 ,ano!r (fice ( wat] :i* x dis*>ges by means ( its relations to heat1 is t ( supply+ our spr+s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! old hypo!ses :i* repres5t spr+s z draw+ _! supplies f l>ge subt]ranean res]voirs ( wat]1 or f ! sea by a process ( subt]rane\s filtration1 are errone\s & unt5able4 ,! quantity ( evaporation f wat] & f wet gr\nd is f\nd to be amply suffici5t to supply ! requisite dra94 ,mr4 ,dalton calculat$#i t ! quantity ( ra9 :i* falls 9 ,engl& is ?irty-six in*es a ye>4 ,( ?is he reckon$ t ?irte5 in*es fl[ (f to ! sea by ! riv]s1 & t ! rema9+ tw5ty-?ree in*es are rais$ aga9 f ! gr\nd by evaporation4 ,! ?irte5 in*es ( wat] are ( c\rse suppli$ by evaporation f ! sea1 & are c>ri$ back to ! l& ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,vap\r is p]petually ris+ f ! ocean1 & is cond5s$ 9 ! hills & high l&s1 & ?r\gh _! pores & crevices desc5ds1 till x is deflect$1 collect$1 & conduct$ out to ! bay1 by "s /ratum or *annel :i* is wat]tight4 ,! cond5sation :i* takes place 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 may easily be recognis$ 9 ! mi/s & ra9s :i* are ! frequ5t occupants ( su* regions4 ,! coldness ( ! atmosph]e & o!r causes precipitate ! moi/ure 9 cl\ds & %[]s1 & 9 ! =m] z well z 9 ! latt] %ape1 x is cond5s$ & absorb$ by ! cool gr\nd4 ,?us a p]petual & comp\nd circulation ( ! wat]s is kept up2 a n>r[] circle betwe5 ! evaporation & precipitation ( ! l& itself1 ! riv]s & /reams only occasionally & p>tially =m+ a portion ( ! circuit2 & a wid] int]*ange betwe5 ! sea & ! l&s :i* fe$ ! spr+s1 ! wat] asc5d+ p]petually by a ?\s& curr5ts ?r\gh ! air1 & desc5d+ by ! gradually conv]g+ bran*es ( ! riv]s1 till x is aga9 return$ into ! great res]voir ( ! ocean4 ,9 e c\ntry1 ^! two portions ( ! aque\s circulation h _! regul>1 & ne>ly con/ant1 proportion4 ,9 ?is k+dom ! relative quantities are1 z we h said1 tw5ty-?ree & ?irte54 ,a due di/ribution ( ^! circulat+ fluids 9 ea* c\ntry appe>s to be necess>y to its organic heal?2 to ! habits ( vegetables1 & ( man4 ,we h e reason to believe t x is kept up f ye> to ye> z /eadily z ! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! ve9s & art]ies ( man4 ,x is ma9ta9$ by a ma*9]y v diff]5t1 inde$1 f t ( ! human sy/em1 b app>5tly z well1 &1 !re=e1 we may say z cle>ly1 z t1 adapt$ to its purposes4 ,by ?is ma*9]y1 we h a connexion e/abli%$ betwe5 ! atmosph]ic *anges ( remote c\ntries4 ,ra9s 9 ,engl& are (t5 introduc$ by a s\?-ea/ w9d4 8,vap\r br\ght to u by su* a w9d1 mu/ h be5 g5]at$ 9 c\ntries to ! s\? & ea/ ( our isl&4 ,x is1 !re=e1 probably1 9 ! ext5sive valleys wat]$ by ! ,meuse1 ! ,moselle1 & ! ,rh9e1 if n f ! m di/ant ,elbe1 ) ! ,od] & ! ,wes]1 t ! wat] rises1 9 ! mid/ ( sun%9e1 :i* is soon aft]w>ds to =m our cl\ds1 & p\r d[n our ?und]-%[]s40 8,dr\ght & sun%9e 9 "o "p ( ,europe may be z necess>y to ! production ( a wet season 9 ano!r1 z x is on ! great scale ( ! cont95ts ( ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica2 :]e ! pla9s1 dur+ "o-half ! ye>1 are burnt up1 to fe$ ! spr+s ( ! m\nta92 :i* 9 _! turn contribute to inundate ! f]tile valleys & prep>e !m = a luxuriant vegetation40#aj ,! prop]ties ( wat] :i* reg>d heat make "o va/ wat]+-eng9e ( ! atmosph]e4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,laws ( ,heat ) respect to ,air4 ,we h se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] h[ _m & h[ important are ! (fices dis*>g$ by ! aque\s "p ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! aque\s "p is1 h[ev]1 a v small "p only2 x may v>y1 p]haps1 f less ?an #a-ajj? to ne>ly z mu* z #a-bj? 9 weight1 ( ! :ole a]ial ocean4 ,we h to (f] "s consid]ations ) reg>d to ! rema9d] ( ! mass4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place we may obs]ve t ! a]ial atmosph]e is necess>y z a vehicle = ! aque\s vap\r4 ,salut>y z is ! op]ation ( ?is la/ elem5t to ! :ole organiz$ creation1 x is a sub/ance :i* w\ld n h answ]$ its purposes if x _h be5 adm9i/]$ pure4 ,x requires to be dilut$ & associat$ ) dry air1 to make x s]viceable4 ,a little consid]ation w %[ ?is4 ,we c suppose ! e>? ) no atmosph]e except ! vap\r :i* arises f its wat]y p>ts3 & if we suppose also ! equatorial p>ts ( ! globe to be hot1 & ! pol> p>ts cold1 we may easily see :at w\ld be ! consequ5ce4 ,! wat]s at ! equator1 & ne> ! equator1 w\ld produce /eam ( great] ela/icity1 r>ity1 & temp]ature1 ?an t :i* occupies ! regions fur!r polew>ds2 & su* /eam1 z x came 9 contact ) ! cold] vap\r ( a high] latitude1 w\ld be precipitat$ into ! =m ( wat]4 ,h5ce !re w\ld be a p]petual curr5t ( /eam f ! equatorial p>ts t[>ds ea* pole1 :i* w\ld be cond5s$1 w\ld fall to ! surface1 & fl[ back to ! equator 9 ! =m ( fluid4 ,we %\ld h a circulation :i* might be reg>d$ z a species ( regulat$ di/illation4#aa ,on a globe s con/itut$1 ! sky ( ! equatorial zone w\ld be p]petually cl\dless2 b 9 all o!r latitudes we %\ld h an un9t]rupt$ %r\d ( cl\ds1 fogs1 ra9s1 &1 ne> ! poles1 a cont9ual fall ( sn[4 ,?is w\ld be balanc$ by a con/ant fl[ ( ! curr5ts ( ! ocean f ea* pole t[>ds ! equator4 ,we %\ld h an excessive circulation ( moi/ure1 b no sun%9e1 & probably only m9ute *anges 9 ! int5sity & appe>ances ( "o et]nal drizzle or %[]4 ,x is pla9 t ?is /ate ( ?+s w\ld b ill answ] ! ends ( vegetable & animal life3 s t ev5 if ! lungs ( animals & ! leaves ( plants 7 s con/ruct$ z to brea! /eam in/ead ( air1 an atmosph]e ( unmix$ /eam w\ld deprive ^? creatures ( mo/ ( ! o!r ext]nal conditions ( _! well be+4 ,! real /ate ( ?+s :i* we enjoy1 ! /eam be+ mix$ 9 our brea? & 9 our sky 9 a mod]ate quantity1 gives rise to results v diff]5t f ^? :i* h be5 describ$4 ,! ma*9]y by :i* ^! results are produc$ is n a little curi\s4 ,x is 9 fact ! ma*9]y ( ! wea!r1 & !re=e ! read] w n be surpris$ to f9d x bo? complex & app>5tly unc]ta9 9 its work+4 ,at ! same "t "s ( ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* gov]n x seem n[ to be pretty well made out1 & !y (f] no small evid5ce ( b5efic5t arrangem5t4 ,besides our atmosph]e ( aque\s vap\r1 we h ano!r & f> l>g] atmosph]e ( common air2 a p]man5tly ela/ic fluid1 t is1 "o :i* is n cond5s$ into a liquid =m by pressure or cold1 su* z x is expos$ to 9 ! ord] ( natural ev5ts4 ,! pressure ( ! dry air is ab\t tw5ty-n9e & a half in*es ( m]cury2 t ( ! wat]y vap\r1 p]haps1 half an in*4 ,n[ if we _h ! e>? q dry1 & cov]$ ) an atmosph]e ( dry air1 we c trace 9 a great measure :at w\ld be ! results1 suppos+ /ill ! equatorial zone to be hot1 & ! temp]ature ( ! surface to decrease p]petually z we advance into high] latitudes4 ,! air at ! equator w\ld be r>efi$ by ! heat1 & w\ld be p]petually displac$ bel[ by ! d5s] portions :i* belong$ to cool] latitudes4 ,we %\ld h a curr5t ( air f ! equator to ! poles 9 ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 & at ! surface a return+ curr5t sett+ t[>ds ! equator to fill up ! void s creat$4 ,su* a]ial curr5ts1 comb9$ ) ! rotatory motion ( ! e>?1 w\ld produce oblique w9ds2 & we h 9 fact in/ances ( w9ds s produc$1 9 ! trade w9ds1 :i* betwe5 ! tropics bl[ con/antly f ! qu>t]s betwe5 ea/ & nor?1 & are1 we "k1 balanc$ by opposite curr5ts 9 high] regions4 ,! effect ( a heat$ surface ( l& w\ld be ! same z t ( ! heat$ zone ( ! equator1 & w\ld attract to x a sea breeze dur+ ! day "t1 a ph5om5on1 z we also "k1 ( p]petual occurr5ce4 ,n[ a mass ( dry air ( su* a "* z ?is1 is by f> ! dom9ant "p ( our atmosph]e2 & h5ce c>ries ) x 9 its motions ! ?9n] & small] eddies ( aque\s vap\r4 ,! latt] fluid may be consid]$ z p]meat+ & mov+ 9 ! int]/ices ( ! =m]1 z a spr+ ( wat] fl[s ?r\gh a s& rock4#ab ,! l[] curr5t ( air is1 z has be5 said1 direct$ t[>ds ! equator1 & h5ce x resi/s ! motion ( ! /eam1 ! t5d5cy ( :i* is 9 ! opposite direction2 & prev5ts or mu* ret>ds t cont9ual fl[ ( hot vap\r into cold] regions1 by :i* a con/ant precipitation w\ld take place 9 ! latt] situations4 ,if1 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ! fl[ ( ! curr5t ( air1 :i* bl[s f any cold] place into a w>m] region1 be ret>d$ or /opp$1 ! aque\s vap\rs w n[ be able to make _! way to ! cold] po9t1 :]e !y w be precipitat$ 9 cl\ds or %[]s4 ,?us1 9 ! l[] "p ( ! atmosph]e1 !re are t5d5cies to a curr5t ( air 9 "o direction1 & a curr5t ( vap\r 9 ! opposite2 & ^! t5d5cies exi/ 9 ! av]age wea!r ( places situat$ at a mod]ate di/ance f ! equator4 ,! air t5ds f ! cold] to ! w>m] p>ts1 ! vap\r f ! w>m] to ! cold]4 ,! v>i\s di/ribution ( l& & sea1 & _m o!r causes make ^! curr5ts f> f simple4 ,b 9 g5]al ! air curr5t pr$om9ates1 & keeps ! skies cle> & ! moi/ure dissolv$4 ,occasional & irregul> occurr5ces di/urb ?is pr$om9ance2 ! moi/ure is !n precipitat$1 ! skies are cl\d$1 & ! cl\ds may desc5d 9 copi\s ra9s4 ,^! alt]nations ( fair wea!r & %[]s1 appe> to be mu* m fav\rable to vegetable & animal life ?an any uni=m c\rse ( wea!r c\ld h be54 ,to produce ?is v>iety1 we h two antagoni/ =ces1 by ! /ruggle ( :i* su* *anges occur4 ,/eam & air1 two transp>5t & ela/ic fluids1 expansible by heat1 are 9 _m respects & prop]ties v l ea* o!r4 ,yet1 ! same heat simil>ly appli$ to ! globe1 produces at ! surface curr5ts ( ^! fluids1 t5d+ 9 opposite directions4 ,& ^! curr5ts mix & balance1 conspire & int]f]e1 s t our trees & fields h alt]nately wat] & sun%9e2 our fruits & gra9 are successively develop$ & matur$4 ,:y %\ld su* laws ( heat & ela/ic fluids s obta91 & be s comb9$8 ,is x n 9 ord] t !y may be fit = su* (fices8 ,!re is "h an arrangem5t1 :i* no *ance c\ld h produc$4 ,! details ( ?is app>atus may be beyond our p[] ( trac+2 its spr+s may be out ( our sight4 ,su* circum/ances d n make x ! less a curi\s & beautiful contrivance3 !y ne$ n prev5t our recogniz+ ! skill & b5evol5ce :i* we c discov]4 #b4 ,b we h n yet done ) ! ma*9]y ( ! wea!r4 ,9 asc5d+ f ! e>?'s surface ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 we f9d a rem>kable diff]5ce 9 ! heat & 9 ! pressure ( ! air4 ,x becomes mu* cold]1 & mu* light]2 m5's feel+s tell !m ?is2 & ! !rmomet] & b>omet] confirm ^! indications4 ,& "h aga9 we f9d some?+ to rem>k4 ,9 bo? ! simple atmosph]es ( :i* we h spok51 ! "o ( air & ! "o ( /eam1 ! prop]ty :i* we h m5tion$ mu/ exi/4 ,9 ea* ( !m1 bo? ! temp]ature & ! t5sion w\ld dim9i% 9 asc5d+4 ,b !y w\ld dim9i% at v diff]5t rates4 ,! temp]ature1 = in/ance1 w\ld decrease mu* m rapidly = ! same height 9 dry air ?an 9 /eam4 ,if we beg9 ) a temp]ature ( #hj degrees at ! surface1 on asc5d+ five ?\s& feet ! /eam is /ill #gf degrees1 ! air is only #fd degrees2 at t5 ?\s& feet1 ! /eam is #gc degrees1 ! air #dh degrees2 at fifte5 ?\s& feet1 /eam is at #gj degrees1 air has fall5 bel[ ! freez+ po9t to #ca degrees4 ,h5ce ^! two atmosph]es _c exi/ toge!r )\t modify+ "o ano!r3 "o mu/ heat or cool ! o!r1 s t ! co9cid5t p>ts may be ( ! same temp]ature4 ,?is accord+ly does take place1 & ?is effect influ5ces v greatly ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! /eam is compell$ to accommodate itself to ! temp]ature ( ! air1 ! latt] be+ ( mu* ! great] bulk4 ,b if ! upp] p>ts ( ! aque\s vap\r be cool$ d[n to ! temp]ature ( ! air1 !y w n by any means ex]t on ! l[] p>ts ( ! same vap\r s great a pressure z ! gase\s =m ( ^! c\ld be>4 ,h5ce1 !re w be a defici5cy ( moi/ure 9 ! l[] "p ( ! atmosph]e1 & if wat] exi/ !re1 x w rise by evaporation1 ! surface feel+ an insuffici5t t5sion2 & !re w ?us be a fre% supply ( vap\r upw>ds4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! upp] regions already conta9 z mu* z _! temp]ature w support 9 ! /ate ( gas1 a precipitation w n[ take place1 & ! fluid ?us =m$ w desc5d till x arrives 9 a l[] region1 :]e ! t5sion & temp]ature are aga9 adapt$ to its evaporation4 ,?us1 we c h no equilibrium 9 su* an atmosph]e1 b a p]petual circulation ( vap\r betwe5 its upp] & l[] p>ts4 ,! curr5ts ( air :i* move ab\t 9 diff]5t directions1 at diff]5t altitudes1 w be diff]5tly *>g$ ) moi/ure1 & z !y t\* & m+le1 l9es ( cl\d are =m$1 :i* gr[ & jo91 & are spread out 9 floors1 or roll$ toge!r 9 piles4 ,^!1 aga91 by an additional accession ( humidity1 are =m$ into drops1 & desc5d 9 %[]s into ! l[] regions1 & if n evaporat$ 9 _! fall1 rea* ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! v>y+ occurr5ces ?us produc$1 t5d to multiply & ext5d _! own v>iety4 ,! asc5d+ /reams ( vap\r c>ry ) !m t lat5t heat belong+ to _! gase\s /ate1 :i*1 :5 !y are cond5s$1 !y give out z s5sible heat4 ,!y ?us raise ! temp]ature ( ! upp] regions ( air1 & occasion *anges 9 ! pressure & motion ( its curr5ts4 ,! cl\ds1 aga91 by %ad+ ! surface ( ! e>? f ! sun1 dim9i% ! evaporation by :i* _! own sub/ance is suppli$1 & ! heat+ effects by :i* curr5ts are caus$4 ,ev5 ! m]e me*anical effects ( ! curr5ts ( fluid on ! di/ribution ( its own pressure1 & ! dynamical conditions ( its motion1 are 9 a high degree ab/ruse 9 _! pr9ciples & complex 9 _! results4 ,x ne$ n be wond]$1 !re=e1 if ! /udy ( ?is subject is v difficult & entangl$1 & our k1 aft] all1 v imp]fect4 ,9 ! middle ( all ?is app>5t confusion1 h[ev]1 we c see mu* t we c und]/&4 ,&1 among o!r ?+s1 we may notice "s ( ! consequ5ces ( ! diff]5ce ( ! laws ( temp]ature foll[$ by /eam & by air 9 go+ upw>ds4 ,"o important result is t ! atmosph]e is mu* dri]1 ne> ! surface1 ?an x w\ld h be5 if ! laws ( d5sity & temp]ature _h be5 ! same = bo? gases4 ,if ?is _h be5 s1 ! air w\ld always h be5 saturat$ ) vap\r4 ,x w\ld h conta9$ z mu* z ! exi/+ temp]ature c\ld support1 & ! slighte/ cool+ ( any object w\ld h cov]$ x ) a wat]y film l dew4 ,z x is1 ! air conta9s mu* less ?an its full quantity ( vap\r3 we may (t5 cool an object t51 tw5ty1 or ?irty degrees )\t obta9+ a deposition ( wat] ^u x1 or rea*+ ! dew-po9t1 z x is call$4 ,to h _h su* a dripp+ /ate ( ! atmosph]e z ! =m] arrangem5t w\ld h produc$1 w\ld h be5 inconv5i5t1 & s f> z we c judge1 unsuit$ to vegetables z well z animals4 ,no evaporation f ! surface ( ei!r c\ld h tak5 place "u su* conditions4 ,! sizes & =ms ( cl\ds appe> to dep5d on ! same circum/ance1 ( ! air n be+ saturat$ ) moi/ure4 ,& x is seem+ly mu* bett] t cl\ds %\ld be comp>atively small & well def9$1 z !y are1 ?an t !y %\ld fill va/ dep?s ( ! atmosph]e ) a ?9 mi/1 :i* w\ld h be5 ! consequ5ce ( ! imag9>y condition ( ?+s j m5tion$4 ,"h !n we h ano!r rem>kable exhibition ( two laws1 9 two ne>ly simil> gase\s fluids1 produc+ effects alike 9 k9d1 b diff]5t 9 degree1 & by ! play ( _! diff]5ce giv+ rise to a new set ( results1 peculi> 9 _! nature & b5eficial 9 _! t5d5cy4 ,! =m ( ! laws ( air & ( /eam ) reg>d to heat might1 s f> z we c see1 h be5 m simil>1 or m dissimil>1 ?an x n[ is3 ! rate ( ea* law might h _h a diff]5t am\nt f its pres5t "o1 s z q to alt] ! relation ( ! two4 ,by ! laws hav+ su* =ms & su* rates z !y h1 effects are produc$1 "s ( :i* we c di/9ctly p]ceive to be b5eficial4 ,p]haps mo/ p]sons w feel a /rong p]suasion1 t if we und]/ood ! op]ation ( ^! laws m di/9ctly1 we %\ld see /ill m cle>ly ! b5eficial t5d5cy ( ^! effects1 & %\ld probably discov] o!rs1 at pres5t conceal$ 9 ! app>5t p]plexity ( ! subject4 #c4 ,f :at has be5 said1 we may see1 9 a g5]al way1 bo? ! causes & ! effects ( w9ds4 ,!y arise f any di/urbance by temp]ature1 motion1 pressure1 c4 ( ! equilibrium ( ! atmosph]e1 & are ! ef=ts ( nature to re/ore ! balance4 ,_! (fice 9 ! economy ( nature is to c>ry heat & moi/ure f "o tract to ano!r1 & !y are ! great ag5ts 9 ! di/ribution ( temp]ature & ! *anges ( wea!r4 ,o!r purposes might easily be ascrib$ to !m 9 ! bus9ess ( ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 & 9 ! arts ( human life1 ( :i* we %all n "h treat4 ,t "* 9 :i* we n[ consid] !m1 t ( ! ma*9]y ( atmosph]ic *anges1 & ?us1 imm$iately or remotely1 ! in/rum5ts ( atmosph]ic influ5ces1 _c well be refus$ !m by any p]son4 #d4 ,!re is /ill "o reflexion :i* ought n to be omitt$4 ,all ! *anges ( ! wea!r1 ev5 ! mo/ viol5t tempe/s & torr5ts ( ra91 may be consid]$ z oscillations ab\t ! mean or av]age condition belong+ to ea* place4 ,all ^! oscillations are limit$ & transi5t2 ! /orm sp5ds its fury1 ! inundation passes (f1 ! sky cle>s1 ! calm] c\rse ( nature succe$s4 ,9 ! =ces :i* produce ?is d]angem5t1 !re is a provision = mak+ x %ort & mod]ate4 ,! oscillation /ops ( itself1 l ! roll+ ( a %ip1 :5 no long] impell$ by ! w9d4 ,n[1 :y %\ld ?is be s8 ,:y %\ld ! oscillations1 produc$ by ! conflict ( s _m laws1 seem+ly q unconnect$ ) ea* o!r1 be ( ?is conv]g+ & subsid+ "*8 ,w\ld x be s "u all arrangem5ts8 ,is x a matt] ( me*anical necessity t di/urbance mu/ end 9 ! re/oration ( ! m$ium condition8 ,by no means4 ,!re may be an utt] subv]sion ( ! equilibrium4 ,! %ip may roll too f>1 & may capsize4 ,! oscillations may g on1 becom+ l>g] & l>g]1 till all trace ( ! orig9al condition is lo/2 till new =ces ( inequality & di/urbance are br\ght into play2 & disord] & irregul>ity may succe$1 )\t app>5t limit or *eck 9 its own nature1 l ! spread ( a conflagration 9 a city4 ,?is is a possibility 9 any comb9ation ( me*anical =ces2 :y does x n happ5 9 ! "o n[ be=e u8 ,by :at good =tune are ! p[]s ( heat1 ( wat]1 ( /eam1 ( air1 ! effects ( ! e>?'s annual & diurnal motions1 & probably o!r causes1 s adju/$1 t ?r\gh all _! /ruggles ! elem5tal _w goes on1 ^u ! :ole1 s quietly & /eadily8 ,:y is ! :ole fabric ( ! wea!r nev] utt]ly d]ang$1 its balance lo/ irrecov]ably8 ,:y is !re n an et]nal conflict1 su* z ! poets imag9e to take place 9 _! *aos8 8,= ,hot1 ,cold1 ,moi/1 & ,dry1 f\r *ampions fi]ce1 ,/rive "h = ma/]y1 & to battle br+ ,_! embryon atoms3-- to :om ^! mo/ adh]e1 ,he rules a mom5t3 ,*aos umpire sits1 ,& by decision m embroils ! fray40--,p>4 ,lo/4 b4 ii4 ,a /ate ( ?+s some?+ l t :i* ,milton "h seems to h imag9$1 is1 s f> z we "k1 n me*anically impossible4 ,x might h cont9u$ to obta91 if ,hot & ,cold1 & ,moi/ & ,dry _h n be5 compell$ to 8run into _! places40 ,x w be h]eaft] se51 t 9 ! comp>atively simple problem ( ! sol> sy/em1 a numb] ( v peculi> adju/m5ts 7 requisite1 9 ord] t ! sy/em might reta9 a p]man5t =m1 9 ord] t its motions might h _! cycles1 its p]turbations _! limits & p]iod4 ,! problem ( ! cont9uation ( su* laws & mat]ials z ent] into ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e1 is "o manife/ly ( mu* great] complexity1 & inde$ to u probably ( insurm\ntable difficulty z a me*anical problem4 ,b all t inve/igation & analogy tea* u1 t5ds to %[ t x w resemble ! o!r problem 9 ! nature ( its result2 & t c]ta9 relations ( its data1 & ( ! laws ( its elem5ts1 are necess>y requisites1 = secur+ ! /ability ( its mean condition1 & = giv+ a small & p]iodical "* to its deviations f su* a condition4 ,x w\ld !n be probable1 f ?is reflection alone1 t 9 det]m9+ ! quantity & ! law & int5sity ( ! =ces1 ( e>?1 wat]1 air1 & heat1 ! same reg>d has be5 %[n to ! p]man5cy & /ability ( ! t]re/rial sy/em1 :i* may be trac$ 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! masses1 di/ances1 positions1 & motions ( ! bodies ( ! cele/ial ma*9e4 ,?is p]man5cy appe>s to be1 ( itself1 a suitable object ( contrivance4 ,! purpose = :i* ! _w 0 made c\ld be answ]$ only by its be+ pres]v$4 ,b x has appe>$1 f ! prec$+ "p ( ?is & ! =m] *apt]1 t ?is p]man5ce is a p]man5ce ( a /ate ( ?+s adapt$ by ! mo/ rem>kable & multipli$ comb9ations to ! well-be+ ( man1 ( animals1 ( vegetables4 ,! adju/m5ts & conditions !re=e1 beyond ! rea* ( our inve/igation z !y are1 by :i* its p]man5ce is secur$1 mu/ be conceiv$ z fitt$ to add1 9 ea* ( ! in/ances above adduc$1 to ! admiration :i* ! sev]al manife/ations ( ,intellig5t ,b5efic5ce are calculat$ to excite4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,laws ( ,electricity4 ,electricity und\bt$ly exi/s 9 ! atmosph]e 9 mo/ /ates ( ! air2 b we "k v imp]fectly ! laws ( ?is ag5t1 & are /ill m ignorant ( its atmosph]ic op]ation4 ,! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce does n !re=e enable u to p]ceive ^? adaptations ( its laws to its uses1 :i* we c discov] 9 ^? cases :]e ! laws & ! uses are bo? ( !m m app>5t4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 easily make out t electrical ag5cy plays a v consid]able "p among ! cl\ds1 9 _! usual conditions & *anges4 ,?is may be easily %[n by ,frankl9's exp]im5t ( ! electrical kite4 ,! cl\ds are sometimes positively1 sometimes negatively1 *>g$1 & ! ra9 :i* desc5ds f !m (f]s also indications ( "o or o!r k9d ( electricity4 ,! *anges ( w9d & alt]ations ( ! =m ( ! cl\ds are g5]ally accompani$ ) *anges 9 ^! electrical indications4 ,e "o kn[s t a ?und]-cl\d is /rongly *>g$ ) ! electric fluid1 7if x be a fluid17 & t ! /roke ( ! lightn+ is an electrical dis*>ge4 ,we may add t x appe>s1 by rec5t exp]im5ts1 t a transf] ( electricity betwe5 plants & ! atmosph]e is p]petually go+ on dur+ ! process ( vegetation4 ,we _c trace v exactly ! precise circum/ances1 9 ! occurr5ces ( ! atmosph]ic regions1 :i* dep5d on ! influ5ce ( ! laws ( electricity3 b we are tol]ably c]ta91 f :at has be5 already notic$1 t if ^! laws did n exi/1 or 7 v diff]5t f :at !y n[ are1 ! action ( ! cl\ds & w9ds1 & ! c\rse ( vegetation1 w\ld also be o!r ?an x n[ is4 ,x is !re=e at any rate v probable t electricity has its appo9t$ & important purposes 9 ! economy ( ! atmosph]e4 ,& ?is be+ s1 we may see a use 9 ! ?und]-/orm & ! /roke ( ! lightn+4 ,^! viol5t ev5ts are1 ) reg>d to ! electricity ( ! atmosph]e1 :at w9ds are ) reg>d to heat & moi/ure4 ,!y re/ore ! equilibrium :]e x has be5 dissolv$1 & c>ry ! fluid f places :]e x is sup]flu\s1 to o!rs :]e x is defici5t4 ,we are s con/itut$1 h[ev]1 t ^! crises impress almo/ e "o ) a feel+ ( awe4 ,! deep l[]+ gloom ( ! ?und]-cl\d1 ! ov]:elm+ bur/ ( ! explosion1 ! fla% f :i* ! /eadie/ eye %r9ks1 & ! irresi/ible arr[ ( ! lightn+ :i* no e>?ly sub/ance c )/&1 speak ( some?+ fe>ful1 ev5 indep5d5tly ( ! p]sonal dang] :i* !y may :isp]4 ,!y convey1 f> m ?an any o!r appe>ance does1 ! idea ( a sup]ior & mighty p[]1 manife/+ displeasure & ?reat5+ puni%m5t4 ,yet we f9d t ?is is n ! language :i* !y speak to ! physical inquir]3 he sees ^! =midable symptoms only z ! means or ! consequ5ces ( good4 ,:at (fice ! ?und]bolt & ! :irlw9d may h 9 ! moral _w1 we _c "h discuss3 b c]ta9ly he mu/ speculate z f> beyond ! limits ( philosophy z ( piety1 :o pret5ds to h le>nt t !re _! "w has m ( evil ?an ( good4 ,9 ! natural _w1 ^! app>5tly de/ructive ag5ts are1 l all ! o!r movem5ts & appe>ances ( ! atmosph]e1 p>ts ( a great s*eme1 ( :i* e discov]able purpose is m>k$ ) b5efic5ce z well z wisdom4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,laws ( ,magnetism4 ,magnetism has no v obvi\s or app>5tly ext5sive (fice 9 ! me*anism ( ! atmosph]e & ! e>?3 b ! m5tion ( x may be introduc$1 because its asc]ta9$ relations to ! o!r p[]s :i* exi/ 9 ! sy/em are well suit$ to %[ u ! connexion subsi/+ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & to *eck ! suspicion1 if any su* %\ld arise1 t any law ( nature is )\t its use4 ,! p>ts ( creation :5 ^! uses are mo/ obscure1 are precisely ^? p>ts :5 ! laws !mselves are lea/ kn[n4 ,:5 inde$ we consid] ! va/ s]vice ( :i* magnetism is to man1 by supply+ him ) t invaluable in/rum5t ! m>9]s' compass1 _m p]sons w require no fur!r evid5ce ( ?is prop]ty be+ introduc$ into ! frame ( ?+s ) a wor?y purpose4 ,z h[ev]1 we h hi!rto exclud$ use 9 ! arts f our l9e ( argum5t1 we %all n "h make an exception 9 fav\r ( navigation1 & :at we %all obs]ve belongs to ano!r view ( ! subject4 ,magnetism has be5 discov]$ 9 mod]n times to h s close a connexion ) galvanism1 t !y may be said to be almo/ diff]5t aspects ( ! same ag5t4 ,all ! ph5om5a :i* we c produce ) magnets1 we c imitate ) coils ( galvanic wire4 ,t galvanism exi/s 9 ! e>?1 we ne$ no pro(4 ,electricity1 :i* appe>s to be only galvanism 9 equilibrium1 is !re 9 abundance2 & rec5tly1 ,mr4 ,fox#ac has %[n by exp]im5t t metallif]\s ve9s1 z !y lie 9 ! e>?1 ex]cise a galvanic influ5ce on ea* o!r4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d might h be5 anticipat$2 = masses ( metal 9 contact1 if !y diff] 9 temp]ature or o!r circum/ances1 are kn[n to produce a galvanic curr5t4 ,h5ce we h und\bt$ly /reams ( galvanic influ5ce mov+ along 9 ! e>?4 ,:e!r or n su* causes z ^! produce ! directive p[] ( ! magnetic ne$le1 we _c "h pret5d to decide2 !y c h>dly fail to affect x4 ,! ,aurora ,borealis too1 probably an electrical ph5om5on1 is said1 "u p>ticul> circum/ances1 to agitate ! magnetic ne$le4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t1 if electricity h an important (fice 9 ! atmosph]e1 magnetism %\ld exi/ 9 ! e>?4 ,x seems likely1 t ! magnetic prop]ties ( ! e>? may be collat]al results ( ! exi/5ce ( ! same cause by :i* electrical ag5cy op]ates2 an ag5cy :i*1 z we h already se51 has important (fices 9 ! processes ( vegetable life4 ,& ?us magnetism belongs to ! same sy/em ( b5eficial contrivance to :i* electricity has be5 already trac$4 ,we see1 h[ev]1 on ?is subject v dimly & a v small way4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t magnetism has o!r functions ?an ^? we h notic$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,! ,prop]ties ( ,light ) reg>d to ,vegetation4 ,! illum9at+ p[] ( light w come "u our consid]ation h]eaft]4 ,its ag5cy1 ) reg>d to organic life1 is too important n to be notic$1 ?\gh ?is mu/ be done briefly4 ,light appe>s to be z necess>y to ! heal? ( plants z air ( moi/ure4 ,a plant may1 inde$1 gr[ )\t x1 b x does n appe> t a species c\ld be s cont9u$4 ,"u su* a privation1 ! p>ts :i* are usually gre51 assume a :ite col\r1 z is ! case ) vegetables gr[n 9 a cell>1 or protect$ by a cov]+ = ! sake ( produc+ ?is v effect2 ?us1 cel]y1 is 9 ?is mann] blan*$1 or etiolat$4 ,! "p ( ! process ( vegetable life = :i* light is especially ess5tial1 appe>s to be ! functions ( ! leaves2 ^! are affect$ by ?is ag5t 9 a v rem>kable mann]4 ,! moi/ure :i* plants imbibe is1 by _! vital en]gies1 c>ri$ to _! leaves2 & is !n br\ght 9 contact ) ! atmosph]e1 :i*1 besides o!r +r$i5ts1 conta9s1 9 g5]al1 a portion ( c>bonic acid4 ,s long z light is pres5t1 ! leaf decomposes ! c>bonic acid1 appropriates ! c>bon to ! =mation ( its own prop] juices1 & returns ! dis5gag$ oxyg5 into ! atmosph]e2 ?us re/or+ ! atmosph]ic air to a condition 9 :i* x is m fitt$ ?an x 0 be=e = ! support ( animal life4 ,! plant ?us prep>es ! support ( life = o!r creatures at ! same "t t x absorbs its own4 ,! gre5ness ( ^? memb]s :i* affect t col\r1 & ! dis5gagem5t ( oxyg51 are ! indications t its vital p[]s are 9 heal?ful action3 z soon z we remove light f ! plant1 ^! indications cease3 x has no long] p[] to imbibe c>bon & dis5gage oxyg51 b on ! contr>y1 x gives back "s ( ! c>bon already obta9$1 & robs ! atmosph]e ( oxyg5 = ! purpose ( reconv]t+ ?is into c>bonic acid4 ,x _c well be conceiv$ t su* effects ( light on vegetables1 z we h describ$1 %\ld occur1 if t ag5t1 ( :atev] nature x is1 & ^? organs1 _h n be5 adapt$ to ea* o!r4 ,b ! subject is "h introduc$ t ! read] may ! m readily receive ! conviction ( comb9+ purpose :i* mu/ arise1 on f9d+ t an ag5t possess+ ^! v peculi> *emical prop]ties1 is employ$ to produce also ^? effects ( illum9ation1 vision1 c41 :i* =m ! mo/ obvi\s portion ( ! prop]ties ( light4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,s\nd4 ,besides ! function :i* air dis*>ges z ! great ag5t 9 ! *anges ( meteorology & vegetation1 x has ano!r (fice1 also ( great & ext5sive importance1 z ! vehicle ( s\nd4 #a4 ,! communication ( s\nd ?r\gh ! air takes place by means ( a process altoge!r diff]5t f any?+ ( :i* we h yet spok53 namely1 by ! propagation ( m9ute vibrations ( ! p>ticles f "o "p ( ! fluid mass to ano!r1 )\t any local motion ( ! fluid itself4 ,p]haps we may mo/ di/9ctly conceive ! k9d ( effect "h spok5 (1 by comp>+ x to ! motion produc$ by ! w9d 9 a field ( /&+ corn2 grassy waves travel visibly ov] ! field1 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! w9d bl[s1 b ?is appe>ance ( an object mov+ is delusive4 ,! only real motion is t ( ! e>s ( gra91 ( :i* ea* goes & returns1 z ! /alk /oops & recov]s itself4 ,?is motion affects successively a l9e ( e>s 9 ! direction ( ! w9d1 & affects simultane\sly all ^? e>s ( :i* ! elevation or depression =ms "o visible wave4 ,! elevations & depressions are propagat$ 9 a con/ant direction1 :ile ! p>ts ) :i* ! space is fill$ only vibrate to & fro4 ,( exactly su* a nature is ! propagation ( s\nd ?r\gh ! air4 ,! p>ticles ( air g & return ?r\gh v m9ute spaces1 & ?is vibratory motion runs ?r\gh ! atmosph]e f ! s\nd+ body to ! e>4 ,waves1 n ( elevation & depression1 b ( cond5sation & r>efaction1 are transmitt$2 & ! s\nd ?us becomes an object ( s5se to ! organ4 ,ano!r famili> in/ance ( ! propagation ( vibrations we h 9 ! circles on ! surface ( smoo? wat]1 :i* div]ge f ! po9t :]e x is t\*$ by a small object1 z a drop ( ra94 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( a %[]1 = in/ance1 :5 ! drops come di/9ct1 ?\gh frequ5t1 we may see ea* drop giv+ rise to a r+1 =m$ ( two or ?ree close conc5tric circles1 :i* gr[ & spread1 leav+ ! int]ior ( ! circles smoo?1 & gradually rea*+ p>ts ( ! surface m & m di/ant f _! orig94 ,9 ?is in/ance1 x is cle>ly n a portion ( ! wat] :i* fl[s onw>ds2 b ! di/urbance1 ! rise & fall ( ! surface :i* makes ! r+-=m$ waves1 passes into wid] & wid] circles1 & ?us ! undulation is transmitt$ f its />t+-place1 to po9ts 9 all directions on ! surface ( ! fluid4 ,! diffusion ( ^! r+-=m$ undulations f _! c5tre resembles ! diffusion ( a s\nd f ! place :]e x is produc$ to ! po9ts :]e x is he>d4 ,! di/urbance1 or vibration1 by :i* x is convey$1 travels at ! same rate 9 all directions1 & ! waves :i* are propagat$ are h5ce ( a circul> =m4 ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 f ^? on ! surface ( wat]2 = s\nd is communicat$ upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 & 9 all int]m$iate directions1 z well z horizontally2 h5ce ! waves ( s\nd are sph]ical1 ! po9t :]e ! s\nd is produc$ be+ ! c5tre ( ! sph]e4 ,?is diffusion ( vibrations 9 sph]ical %ells ( successive cond5sation & r>efaction1 w easily be se5 to be diff]5t f any local motion ( ! air1 z w9d1 & to be indep5d5t ( t4 ,! circles on ! surface ( wat] w spread on a riv] :i* is fl[+1 provid$ x be smoo?1 z well z on a /&+ canal4 ,n only are su* undulations propagat$ almo/ undi/urb$ by any local motion ( ! fluid 9 :i* !y take place1 b also1 _m may be propagat$ 9 ! same fluid at ! same "t1 )\t di/urb+ ea* o!r4 ,we may see ?is effect on wat]4 ,:5 sev]al drops fall ne> ea* o!r1 ! circles :i* !y produce cross ea* o!r1 )\t ei!r ( !m be+ lo/1 & ! sep>ate c\rses ( ! r+s may /ill be trac$4 ,all ^! consequ5ces1 bo? 9 wat]1 9 air1 & 9 any o!r fluid1 c be v exactly inve/igat$ ^u me*anical pr9ciples1 & ! great] "p ( ! ph5om5a c ?us be %[n to result f ! prop]ties ( ! fluids4 ,!re are sev]al rem>kable circum/ances 9 ! way 9 :i* air answ]s its purpose z ! vehicle ( s\nd1 ( :i* we w n[ po9t out a few4 #b4 ,! l\dness ( s\nd is su* z is conv5i5t = common purposes4 ,! organs ( spee* c1 9 ! pres5t con/itution ( ! air1 produce1 )\t fatigue1 su* a tone ( voice z c be he>d ) di/9ctness & ) com=t4 ,t any great alt]ation 9 ?is elem5t might be incommodi\s1 we may judge f ! difficulties to :i* p]sons are subject :o are dull ( he>+1 & f ! disagreeable effects ( a voice mu* l\d] ?an usual1 or s l[ z to be indi/9ct4 ,s\nds produc$ by ! human organs1 ) o!r k9ds ( air1 are v diff]5t f ^? 9 our common air4 ,if a man inhale a quantity ( hydrog5 gas1 & !n speak1 8 voice is sc>cely audible4 ,! l\dness ( s\nds become small] 9 proportion z !y come f a great] di/ance4 ,?is enables u to judge ( ! di/ance ( objects1 9 "s degree at lea/1 by ! s\nds :i* proce$ f !m4 ,moreov]1 x is f\nd t we c judge ( ! position ( objects by ! e>3 & ?is judgm5t seems to be =m$ by comp>+ ! l\dness ( ! impression ( ! same s\nd on ! two e>s & two sides ( ! head4#ad ,! l\dness ( s\nds appe>s to dep5d on ! ext5t ( vibration ( ! p>ticles ( air1 & ?is is det]m9$ by ! vibrations ( ! s\nd+ body4 #c4 ,! pit*1 or ! diff]5ces ( acute & grave1 9 s\nds1 =m ano!r important prop]ty1 & "o :i* fits !m = a great "p ( _! purposes4 ,by ! succession ( diff]5t notes1 we h all ! results ( melody & h>mony 9 musical s\nd2 & ( intonation & modulation ( ! voice1 ( acc5t1 cad5ce1 emphasis1 expression1 passion1 9 spee*4 ,! song ( birds1 :i* is "o ( _! pr9cipal modes ( communication1 dep5ds *iefly = its di/9ctions & its significance ^u ! comb9ations ( acute & grave4 ,^! diff]5ces are produc$ by ! diff]5t rapidity ( vibration ( ! p>ticles ( air4 ,! grave/ s\nd has ab\t eighty vibrations 9 a second1 ! mo/ acute ab\t "o ?\s&4 ,betwe5 ^! limits ea* s\nd has a musical "*1 & f ! diff]5t relations ( ! numb] ( vibrations 9 a second arise all ! diff]5ces ( musical int]vals1 concords & discords4 #d4 ,! quality ( s\nds is ano!r ( _! diff]5ces4 ,?is is ! "n giv5 to ! diff]5ce ( notes ( ! same pit*1 t is ! same note z to acute & grave1 :5 produc$ by diff]5t in/rum5ts4 ,if a flute & a viol9 be 9 unison1 ! notes are /ill q diff]5t s\nds4 ,x is ?is k9d ( diff]5ce :i* di/+ui%es ! voice ( "o man f t ( ano!r3 & x is manife/ly !re=e "o ( great consequ5ce2 s9ce x connects ! voice ) ! p>ticul> p]son1 & is almo/ necess>y 9 ord] t language may be a m$ium ( int]c\rse betwe5 m54 #e4 ,! articulate "* ( s\nds is = u "o ( ! mo/ important arrangem5ts :i* exi/ 9 ! _w2 = x is by ?is t !y become ! int]pret]s ( ?\ght1 w & feel+1 ! means by :i* a p]son c convey 8 wants1 8 in/ructions1 8 promises1 8 k9dness1 to o!rs2 by :i* "o man c regulate ! actions & influ5ce ! convictions & judgm5ts ( ano!r4 ,x is 9 virtue ( ! possibility ( %ap+ air into words1 t ! imp]ceptible vibrations :i* a man produces 9 ! atmosph]e1 become "s ( 8 mo/ important actions2 ! f\ndations ( ! highe/ moral & social relations2 & ! condition & in/rum5t ( all ! advancem5t & improvem5t ( :i* he is susceptible4 ,x appe>s t ! diff]5ces ( articulate s\nd arise f ! diff]5t =m ( ! cavity ?r\gh :i* ! s\nd is made to proce$ imm$iately aft] be+ produc$4 ,9 ! human voice ! s\nd is produc$ 9 ! l>ynx1 & modifi$ by ! cavity ( ! m\?1 & ! v>i\s organs :i* surr\nd ?is cavity4 ,! laws by :i* articulate s\nds are ?us produc$ h n yet be5 fully develop$1 b appe> to be 9 ! progress ( be+ s4 ,! prop]ties ( s\nds :i* h be5 m5tion$1 diff]5ces ( l\dness1 ( pit*1 ( quality1 & articulation1 appe> to be all requisite 9 ord] t s\nd %all answ] its purposes 9 ! economy ( animal & ( human life4 ,& h[ 0 ! air made capable ( convey+ ^! f\r diff]5ces1 at ! same "t t ! organs 7 made capable ( produc+ !m8 ,surely by a mo/ ref9$ & skilful adaptation1 appli$ ) a mo/ compreh5sive design4 #f4 ,aga92 is x by *ance t ! air & ! e> exi/ toge!r8 ,did ! air produce ! organization ( ! e>8 or ! e>1 indep5d5tly organiz$1 anticipate ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e8 ,or is n ! only intelligible acc\nt ( ! matt]1 ?is1 t "o 0 made = ! o!r3 t !re is a mutual adaptation produc$ by an ,intellig5ce :i* 0 acqua9t$ ) ! prop]ties ( bo?2 :i* adju/$ !m to ea* o!r z we f9d !m adju/$1 9 ord] t birds might communicate by song1 t m5 might speak & he>1 & t language might play its extraord9>y "p 9 its op]ation ^u m5's ?\ghts1 actions1 in/itutions1 & =tunes8 ,! vibrations ( an ela/ic fluid l ! air1 & _! prop]ties1 foll[ f ! laws ( motion2 & :e!r or n ^! laws ( ! motion ( fluids might 9 reality h be5 o!r ?an !y are1 !y appe> to u insep>ably connect$ ) ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 & z mu* a ?+ ( necessity z we c conceive any ?+ 9 ! univ]se to be4 ,! propagation ( su* vibrations1 !re=e1 & _! prop]ties1 we may at pres5t all[ to be a necess>y "p ( ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e4 ,b :at is x t makes ^! vibrations become s\nd8 ,h[ is x t !y produce su* an effect on our s5ses1 &1 ?r\gh ^?1 on our m9ds8 ,! vibrations ( ! air seem to be ( !mselves no m fitt$ to produce s\nd1 ?an to produce smell4 ,we "k t su* vibrations d n univ]sally produce s\nd1 b only betwe5 c]ta9 limits4 ,:5 ! vibrations are few] ?an eighty 9 a second1 !y are p]ceiv$ z sep>ate ?robs1 & n z a cont9u$ s\nd2 & !re is a c]ta9 limit ( rapidity1 beyond :i* ! vibrations become inaudible4 ,?is limit is diff]5t to diff]5t e>s1 & we are ?us assur$ by "o p]son's e> t !re are vibrations1 ?\gh to t ( ano!r !y d n produce s\nd4 ,h[ 0 ! human e> adapt$ s t its p]ception ( vibrations z s\nds %\ld fall )9 ^! limits8--! v limits )9 :i* ! vibrations fall1 :i* x mo/ conc]ns u to p]ceive3 ^? ( ! human voice = in/ance8 ,h[ nicely are ! organs adju/$ ) reg>d to ! mo/ m9ute me*anical motions ( ! elem5ts8 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,! ,atmosph]e4 ,we h consid]$ 9 succession a numb] ( ! prop]ties & op]ations ( ! atmosph]e1 & h f\nd !m sep>ately v curi\s4 ,b an additional int]e/ belongs to ! subject :5 we consid] !m z comb9$4 ,! atmosph]e "u ?is po9t ( view mu/ appe> a contrivance ( ! mo/ extraord9>y k9d4 ,to answ] any ( its purposes1 to c>ry on any ( its processes1 sep>ately1 requires peculi> arrangem5ts & adju/m5ts2 to answ]1 all at once1 purposes s v>i$1 to comb9e )\t confusion s _m diff]5t tra9s1 implies p[]s & attributes :i* c h>dly fail to excite 9 a high degree our admiration & rev]5ce4 ,if ! atmosph]e be consid]$ z a va/ ma*9e1 x is difficult to =m any j conception ( ! pr(\nd skill & compreh5siv5ess ( design :i* x displays4 ,x diffuses & temp]s ! heat ( diff]5t climates2 = ?is purpose x p]=ms a circulation occupy+ ! :ole range f ! pole to ! equator2 & :ile x is do+ ?is1 x executes _m small] circuits betwe5 ! sea & ! l&4 ,at ! same "t1 x is ! means ( =m+ cl\ds & ra91 & = ?is purpose1 a p]petual circulation ( ! wat]y "p ( ! atmosph]e goes on betwe5 its l[] & upp] regions4 ,besides ?is complication ( circuits1 x ex]cises a m irregul> ag5cy1 9 ! occasional w9ds :i* bl[ f all qu>t]s1 t5d+ p]petually to re/ore ! equilibrium ( heat & moi/ure4 ,b ?is incessant & multipli$ activity dis*>ges only a "p ( ! functions ( ! air4 ,x is1 moreov]1 ! mo/ important & univ]sal mat]ial ( ! gr[? & su/5ance ( plants & animals2 & is = ?is purpose e :]e pres5t & almo/ uni=m 9 its quantity4 ,) all its local motion1 x has also ! (fice ( a m$ium ( communication betwe5 intellig5t creatures1 :i* (fice x p]=ms by ano!r set ( motions1 entirely diff]5t bo? f ! circulation & ! occasional movem5ts already m5tion$2 ^! diff]5t k9ds ( motions n int]f]+ mat]ially ) ea* o!r3 & ?is la/ purpose1 s remote f ! o!rs 9 its nature1 x answ]s 9 a mann] s p]fect & s easy1 t we _c imag9e t ! object c\ld h be5 m completely atta9$1 if ?is _h be5 ! sole purpose = :i* ! atmosph]e _h be5 creat$4 ,) all ^! qualities1 ?is extraord9>y "p ( our t]re/rial sy/em is sc>cely ev] 9 ! way3 & :5 we h occasion to d s1 we put =? our h& & pu% x aside1 )\t be+ aw>e ( its be+ ne> u4 ,we may add1 t x is1 9 addition to all t we h hi!rto notic$1 a con/ant s\rce ( utility & beauty 9 its effects on light4 ,)\t air we %\ld see no?+1 except objects on :i* ! sun's rays fell1 directly or by reflection4 ,x is ! atmosph]e :i* conv]ts sunbeams into daylight1 & fills ! space 9 :i* we are ) illum9ation4 ,! contemplation ( ! atmosph]e1 z a ma*9e :i* answ]s all ^! purposes1 is well suit$ to impress ^u u ! /ronge/ conviction ( ! mo/ ref9$1 f>-see+1 & f>-rul+ contrivance4 ,x seems impossible to suppose t ^! v>i\s prop]ties 7 s be/[$ & s comb9$1 any o!rwise ?an by a b5efic5t & intellig5t ,be+1 able & will+ to diffuse organization1 life1 heal?1 & enjoym5t ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! visible _w2 possess+ a f]tility ( means :i* no multiplicity ( objects c\ld exhau/1 & a discrim9ation ( consequ5ces :i* no complication ( conditions c\ld emb>rass4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,light4 ,besides ! he>+ & s\nd !re is ano!r mode by :i* we become s5sible ( ! impressions ( ext]nal objects1 namely1 sight & light4 ,?is subject also (f]s "s obs]vations be>+ on our pres5t purpose4 ,x has be5 decl>$ by writ]s on ,natural ,!ology1 t ! human eye exhibits su* evid5ce ( design & skill 9 its con/ruction1 t no "o1 :o consid]s x att5tively1 c resi/ ?is impression3 nor does ?is appe> to be say+ too mu*4 ,x mu/1 at ! same "t1 be obvi\s t ?is con/ruction ( ! eye c\ld n answ] its purposes1 except ! con/itution ( light correspond$ to x4 ,light is an elem5t ( ! mo/ peculi> k9d & prop]ties1 & su* an elem5t c h>dly be conceiv$ to h be5 plac$ 9 ! univ]se )\t a reg>d to its op]ation & functions4 ,z ! eye is made = light1 s light mu/ h be5 made1 at lea/ among o!r ends1 = ! eye4 #a4 ,we mu/ expect to compreh5d imp]fectly only ! me*anism ( ! elem5ts4 ,/ill1 we h endeav\r$ to %[ t 9 "s in/ances ! arrangem5ts by :i* _! purposes are effect$ are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 intelligible4 ,9 ord] to expla91 h[ev]1 9 :at mann] light answ]s ^? ends :i* appe> to u its pr9cipal ones1 we mu/ "k some?+ ( ! nature ( light4 ,!re h1 hi!rto1 be51 among m5 ( sci5ce1 two prevail+ op9ions ^u ?is subject3 "s consid]+ light z consi/+ 9 ! emission ( lum9\s p>ticles2 o!rs acc\nt+ = its ph5om5a by ! propagation ( vibrations ?r\gh a highly subtle & ela/ic e!r4 ,! =m] op9ion has1 till lately1 be5 mo/ g5]ally ent]ta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 hav+ be5 ! hypo!sis on :i* ,newton made 8 calculations2 ! latt] is ! "o to :i* mo/ ( ^? p]sons h be5 l$1 :o1 9 rec5t times1 h endeav\r$ to d$uce g5]al conclusions f ! newly discov]$ ph5om5a ( light4 ,among ^! p]sons1 ! !ory ( undulations is conceiv$ to be e/abli%$ 9 ne>ly ! same mann]1 & almo/ z c]ta9ly1 z ! doctr9e ( univ]sal gravitation2 namely1 by a s]ies ( laws inf]r$ f num]\s facts1 :i*1 proce$+ f diff]5t sets ( ph5om5a1 are f\nd to conv]ge to "o common view2 & by calculations f\nd$ ^u ! !ory1 :i*1 indicat+ new & untri$ facts1 are f\nd to agree exactly ) exp]im5t4 ,we _c "h introduce a sket* ( ! progress by :i* ! ph5om5a h ?us l$ to ! acceptance ( ! !ory ( undulations4 ,b ?is !ory appe>s to h su* claims to our ass5t1 t ! views :i* we h to (f] ) reg>d to ! design ex]cis$ 9 ! adaptation1 ( light to its purposes1 w dep5d on ! undulatory !ory1 s f> z !y dep5d on !ory at all4#ae #b4 ,! impressions ( sight1 l ^? ( he>+1 diff] 9 int5sity & 9 k9d4 ,brightness & ,col\r are ! pr9cipal diff]5ces among visible ?+s1 z l\dness & pit* are among s\nds4 ,b !re is a s+ul> di/9ction betwe5 ^! s5ses 9 "o respect3 e object & "p ( an object se51 is necess>ily & inevitably ref]r$ to "s position 9 ! space be=e u2 & h5ce visible ?+s h place1 magnitude1 =m1 z well z light1 %ade1 & col\r4 ,!re is no?+ analog\s to ?is 9 ! s5se ( he>+2 = ?\gh we c1 9 "s approximate degree1 guess ! situation ( ! po9t f :i* a s\nd proce$s1 ?is is a second>y process1 di/+ui%able f ! p]ception ( ! s\nd itself2 :]eas we _c conceive visible ?+s )\t =m & place4 ,! law accord+ to :i* ! s5se ( vision is ?us affect$1 appe>s to be ?is4 ,by ! prop]ties ( light1 ! ext]nal sc5e produces1 ?r\gh ! transp>5t p>ts ( ! eye1 an image or picture exactly resembl+ ! reality1 ^u ! back "p ( ! ret9a3 & ea* po9t :i* we see1 is se5 9 ! direction ( a l9e pass+ f its image on ! ret9a1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! pupil ( ! eye4#af ,9 ?is mann] we p]ceive by ! eye ! situation ( e po9t1 at ! same "t t we p]ceive its exi/5ce2 & by comb9+ ! situations ( _m po9ts1 we h =ms & outl9es ( e sort4 ,t we %\ld receive f ! eye ?is notice ( ! position ( ! object z well z ( its o!r visible qualities1 appe>s to be absolutely necess>y = our int]c\rse ) ! ext]nal _w2 & ! faculty ( do+ s is s intimate a "p ( our con/itution t we _c conceive ourselves dive/$ ( x4 ,yet 9 ord] to imag9e ourselves de/itute ( ?is faculty1 we h only to suppose t ! eye %\ld receive its impressions z ! e> does1 & %\ld appreh5d r$ & gre51 bright & d>k1 )\t plac+ !m side by side2 z ! e> takes 9 ! diff]5t s\nds :i* compose a conc]t1 )\t attribut+ !m to diff]5t p>ts ( space4 ,! peculi> prop]ty ?us belong+ to vision1 ( p]ceiv+ position1 is s ess5tial to u1 t we may readily believe t "s p>ticul> provision has be5 made = its exi/5ce4 ,! rem>kable me*anism ( ! eye 7precisely resembl+ t ( a cam]a obscura17 by :i* x produces an image on ! n]v\s web =m+ its h9d] "p1 seems to h ?is effect = its ma9 object4 ,& ?is me*anism necess>ily supposes c]ta9 correspond+ prop]ties 9 light itself1 by means ( :i* su* an effect becomes possible4 ,! ma9 prop]ties ( light :i* are conc]n$ 9 ?is arrangem5t1 are reflexion & refraction3 reflexion by :i* light is reflect$ & scatt]$ by all objects1 & ?us comes to ! eye f all3 & refraction1 by :i* its c\rse is b5t1 :5 x passes obliquely out ( "o transp>5t m$ium into ano!r2 & by :i*1 consequ5tly1 convex transp>5t sub/ances1 su* z ! cornea & hum\rs ( ! eye1 possess ! p[] ( mak+ ! light conv]ge to a focus or po9t2 an assemblage ( su* po9ts =m+ ! images on ! ret9a1 :i* we h m5tion$4 ,reflexion & refraction are !re=e ! ess5tial & indisp5sable prop]ties ( light2 & s f> z we c und]/&1 x appe>s t x 0 necess>y t light %\ld possess su* prop]ties1 9 ord] t x might =m a m$ium ( communication betwe5 man & ! ext]nal _w4 ,we may consid] its p[] ( pass+ ?r\gh transp>5t m$ia 7z air7 to be giv5 9 ord] t x may enlight5 ! e>?2 its affection ( reflexion1 = ! purpose ( mak+ col\rs visible2 & its refraction to be be/[$1 t x may enable u to discrim9ate figure & position1 by means ( ! l5ses ( ! eye4 ,9 ?is mann] light may be consid]$ z con/itut$ ) a peculi> ref]5ce to ! eyes ( animals1 & its lead+ prop]ties may be look$ ^u z contrivances or adaptations to fit x = its visual (fice4 ,& 9 su* a po9t ( view ! p]fection ( ! contrivance or adaptation mu/ be all[$ to be v rem>kable4 #c4 ,b besides ! prop]ties ( reflexion & refraction1 ! mo/ obvi\s laws ( light1 an extraord9>y v>iety ( ph5om5a h lately be5 discov]$1 regulat$ by o!r laws ( ! mo/ curi\s k9d1 unit+ great complexity ) great symmetry4 ,we ref] to ! ph5om5a ( diffraction1 pol>isation1 & p]iodical col\rs1 produc$ by cry/als & by ?9 plates4 ,we h1 9 ^! facts1 a va/ mass ( prop]ties & laws1 (f]+ a subject ( /udy :i* has be5 pursu$ ) em95t skill & intellig5ce4 ,b ^! prop]ties & laws1 s f> z has yet be5 discov]$1 ex]t no ag5cy :atev]1 & h no purpose1 9 ! g5]al economy ( nature4 ,beams ( light pol>is$ 9 contr>y directions exhibit ! mo/ rem>kable diff]5ces :5 !y pass ?r\gh c]ta9 cry/als1 b manife/ no discov]able diff]5ce 9 _! imm$iate impression on ! eye4 ,we h1 !re=e1 "h1 a numb] ( laws ( light1 :i* we _c p]ceive to be e/abli%$ ) any design :i* has a ref]5ce to ! o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,und\bt$ly x is exce$+ly possible t ^! diff]5ces ( light may op]ate 9 "s qu>t]1 & 9 "s way1 :i* we _c detect2 & t ^! laws may h purposes & may answ] ends ( :i* we h no suspicion4 ,all ! analogy ( nature tea*es u a lesson ( humility1 ) reg>d to ! reliance we are to place on our disc]nm5t & judgm5t z to su* matt]s4 ,b ) our pres5t k1 we may obs]ve1 t ?is curi\s sy/em ( ph5om5a appe>s to be a collat]al result ( ! me*anism by :i* ! effects ( light are produc$2 & !re=e a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( t elem5t ( :i* ! (fices are s num]\s & s b5efic5t4 ,! new prop]ties ( light1 & ! speculations f\nd$ ^u !m1 h l$ _m p]sons to ! belief ( ! undulatory !ory2 :i*1 z we h said1 is consid]$ by "s philosoph]s z demon/rat$4 ,if we adopt ?is !ory1 we consid] ! lum9if]\s e!r to h no local motion2 & to produce refraction & reflexion by ! op]ation ( its ela/icity alone4 ,we mu/ necess>ily suppose ! t5uity ( ! e!r to be extreme2 & if we moreov] suppose its t5sion to be v great1 :i* ! va/ velocity ( light requires u to suppose1 ! vibrations by :i* light is propagat$ w be transv]se vibrations1 t is ! motion to & fro w be a?w>t ! l9e along :i* ! undulation travels2 & f ?is circum/ance all ! laws ( pol>isation necess>ily foll[4 ,& ! prop]ties ( transv]se vibrations1 comb9$ ) ! prop]ties ( vibrations 9 g5]al1 give rise to all ! curi\s & num]\s ph5om5a ( col\rs ( :i* we h spok54 ,if ! vibrations be transv]se1 !y may be resolv$ into two diff]5t planes2 ?is is pol>isation3 if !y fall on a m$ium :i* has diff]5t ela/icity 9 diff]5t directions1 !y w be divid$ into two sets ( vibrations2 ?is is d\ble refraction2 & s on4 ,"s ( ! new prop]ties1 h[ev]1 z ! fr+es ( %ad[s & ! col\rs ( ?9 plates1 foll[ f ! undulatory !ory1 :e!r ! vibrations be transv]se or n4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t ! propagation ( light by means ( a subtle m$ium1 leads necess>ily to ! extraord9>y collection ( prop]ties :i* h rec5tly be5 discov]$2 &1 at any rate1 its propagation by ! transv]se vibrations ( su* a m$ium does lead inevitably to ^! results4 ,leav+ x !re=e to future times to po9t out ! o!r reasons 7or uses if !y exi/7 ( ^! newly discov]$ prop]ties ( light1 9 _! be>+ on o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 we may v5ture to say1 t if light 0 to be propagat$ ?r\gh transp>5t m$ia by ! undulations ( a subtle fluid1 ^! prop]ties mu/ result1 z necess>ily z ! ra9b[ results f ! unequal refrangibility ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,?is ph5om5on & ^?1 appe> alike to be ! collat]al consequ5ces ( ! law's impress$ on light ) a view to its pr9cipal (fices4 ,?us ! exquisitely beautiful & symmetrical ph5om5a & laws ( pol>isation1 & ( cry/all9e & o!r effects1 may be look$ ^u z indications ( ! delicacy & subtlety ( ! me*anism by :i* man1 ?r\gh 8 visual organs1 is put 9 communication ) ! ext]nal _w2 is made acqua9t$ ) ! =ms & qualities ( objects 9 ! mo/ remote regions ( space2 & is enabl$1 9 "s measure1 to det]m9e 8 position & relation 9 a univ]se 9 :i* he is b an atom4 #d4 ,if we suppose x cle>ly e/abli%$ t light is produc$ by ! vibrations ( an e!r1 we f9d consid]ations (f] !mselves1 simil> to ^? :i* occurr$ 9 ! case ( s\nd4 ,! vibrations ( ?is e!r affect our organs ) ! s5se ( light & col\r4 ,:y1 or h[ d !y d ?is8 ,x is only )9 c]ta9 limits t ! effect is produc$1 & ^! limits are comp>atively n>r[] "h ?an 9 ! case ( s\nd4 ,! :ole scale ( col\r1 f violet to crimson1 lies betwe5 vibrations :i* are f\r hundr$ & fifty-eight million millions1 & sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 million millions 9 a second2 a proportion mu* small] ?an ! correspond+ ratio = p]ceptible s\nds4 ,:y %\ld su* vibrations produce p]ception 9 ! eye1 & no o!rs8 ,!re mu/ be "h "s peculi> adaptation ( ! s5sitive p[]s to ^! wond]fully m9ute & cond5s$ me*anical motions4 ,:at happ5s :5 ! vibrations are sl[] ?an ! r$1 or quick] ?an ! blue8 ,!y d n produce vision3 d !y produce any effect8 ,h !y any ?+ to d ) heat or ) electricity8 ,we _c tell4 ,! e!r mu/ be z susceptible ( ^! vibrations1 z ( ^? :i* produce vision4 ,b ! me*anism ( ! eye is adju/$ to ?is latt] k9d only2 & ?is precise k9d1 7:e!r alone or mix$ ) o!rs17 proce$s f ! sun & f o!r lum9>ies1 & ?us communicates to u ! /ate ( ! visible univ]se4 ,! m]e mat]ial elem5ts !n are full ( prop]ties :i* we c und]/& no o!rwise1 ?an z ! results ( a ref9$ contrivance4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,! ,e!r4 ,9 :at has j be5 said1 we h spok5 ( light1 only ) respect to its p[] ( illum9at+ objects1 & convey+ ! impression ( !m to ! eye4 ,x possesses1 h[ev]1 beyond all d\bt1 _m o!r qualities4 ,light is intimately connect$ ) heat1 z we see 9 ! case ( ! sun & ( flame2 yet x is cle> t light & heat are n id5tical4 ,light is evid5tly connect$ too ) electricity & galvanism2 & p]haps1 ?r\gh ^!1 ) magnetism3 x is1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 indisp5sably necess>y to ! heal?y dis*>ge ( ! functions ( vegetable life2 )\t x plants _c duly ex]cise _! vital p[]s3 x manife/s also *emical action 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! lum9if]\s e!r !n1 if we s call ! m$ium 9 :i* light is propagat$1 mu/ possess _m o!r prop]ties besides ^? me*anical ones on :i* ! illum9at+ p[] dep5ds4 ,x mu/ n be m]ely l a fluid p\r$ into ! vacant spaces & int]/ices ( ! mat]ial _w1 & ex]cis+ no action on objects2 x mu/ affect ! physical1 *emical & vital p[]s ( :at x t\*es4 ,x mu/ be a great & active ag5t 9 ! "w ( ! univ]se1 z well z an active report] ( :at is done by o!r ag5ts4 ,x mu/ possess a numb] ( complex & ref9$ contrivances & adju/m5ts :i* we _c analyze1 be>+ ^u plants & *emical comp\nds1 & ! impond]able ag5ts2 z well z ^? laws :i* we conceive t we h analyz$1 by :i* x is ! vehicle ( illum9ation & vision4 ,we h _h occasion to po9t out h[ complex is ! ma*9]y ( ! atmosph]e1 & h[ v>i$ its objects2 s9ce1 besides be+ ! means ( communication z ! m$ium ( s\nd1 x has kn[n laws :i* connect x ) heat & moi/ure2 & o!r laws1 9 virtue ( :i* x is decompos$ by vegetables4 ,x appe>s1 9 l mann]1 t ! e!r is n only ! vehicle ( light1 b has also laws1 at pres5t unkn[n1 :i* connect x ) heat1 electricity1 & o!r ag5cies2 & o!r laws ?r\gh :i* x is necess>y to vegetables1 enabl+ !m to decompose air4 ,all analogy leads u to suppose t if we knew z mu* ( ! con/itution ( ! lum9if]\s e!r z we "k ( ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e1 we %\ld f9d x a ma*9e z complex & artificial1 z skilfully & admirably con/ruct$4 ,we "k at pres5t v little inde$ ( ! con/ruction ( ?is ma*9e4 ,its exi/5ce is1 p]haps1 satisfactorily made out2 9 ord] t we may n int]rupt ! progress ( our argum5t1 we %all ref] to o!r works = ! reason+s :i* appe> to lead to ?is conclusion4 ,b :e!r heat1 electricity1 galvanism1 magnetism1 be fluids2 or effects or modifications ( fluids2 & :e!r su* fluids or e!rs be ! same ) ! lum9if]\s e!r1 or ) ea* o!r2 are que/ions ( :i* all or mo/ appe> to be at pres5t undecid$1 & x w\ld be presumptu\s & premature "h to take "o side or ! o!r4 ,! m]e fact1 h[ev]1 t !re is su* an e!r1 & t x has prop]ties relat$ to o!r ag5ts1 9 ! way we h sugge/$1 is well calculat$ to ext5d our views ( ! /ructure ( ! univ]se1 & ( ! res\rces1 if we may s speak1 ( ! ,p[] by :i* x is arrang$4 ,! solid & fluid matt] ( ! e>? is ! mo/ obvi\s to our s5ses2 ov] ?is1 & 9 its cavities1 is p\r$ an invisible fluid1 ! air1 by :i* w>m? & life are diffus$ & fo/]$1 & by :i* m5 communicate ) m53 ov] & ?r\gh ?is aga91 & rea*+1 s f> z we "k1 to ! utmo/ b\nds ( ! univ]se1 is spread ano!r mo/ subtle & att5uat$ fluid1 :i*1 by ! play ( ano!r set ( ag5ts1 aids ! en]gies ( nature1 & :i*1 fill+ all p>ts ( space1 is a means ( communication ) o!r planets & o!r sy/ems4 ,!re is no?+ 9 all ?is l any mat]ial necessity1 compell+ ! _w to be z x is & no o!rwise4 ,h[ %\ld ! prop]ties ( ^! ?ree great classes ( ag5ts1 visible objects1 air1 & light1 s h>monize & assi/ ea* o!r1 t ord] & life %\ld be ! result4 ,)\t all ! ?ree1 & all ! ?ree con/itut$ 9 _! pres5t mann]1 & subject to _! pres5t laws1 liv+ ?+s c\ld n exi/4 ,if ! e>? _h no atmosph]e1 or if ! _w _h no e!r1 all mu/ be in]t & dead4 ,:o con/ruct$ ^! ?ree extraord9>y complex pieces ( ma*9]y1 ! e>? ) its productions1 ! atmosph]e1 & ! e!r8 ,:o fitt$ !m into ea* o!r 9 _m p>ts1 & ?us made x possible = !m to "w toge!r8 ,we conceive !re c be b "o answ]2 a mo/ wise & good ,god4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,recapitulation4 #a4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s t a great numb] ( quantities & laws appe> to h be5 select$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! univ]se2 & t by ! adju/m5t to ea* o!r ( ! magnitudes & laws ?us select$1 ! con/itution ( ! _w is :at we f9d x1 & is fitt$ = ! support ( vegetables & animals1 9 a mann] 9 :i* x c\ld n h be51 if ! prop]ties & quantities ( ! elem5ts _h be5 diff]5t f :at !y are4 ,we %all "h recapitulate ! pr9cipal ( ! laws & magnitudes to :i* ?is conclusion has be5 %[n to apply4 #a4 ,! ,l5g? ( ! ,ye>1 :i* dep5ds on ! =ce ( ! attraction ( ! sun1 & its di/ance f ! e>?4 #b4 ,! ,l5g? ( ! ,day4 #c4 ,! ,mass ( ! ,e>?1 :i* dep5ds on its magnitude & d5sity4 #d4 ,! ,magnitude ( ! ,ocean4 #e4 ,! ,magnitude ( ! ,atmosph]e4 #f4 ,! ,law & ,rate ( ! ,conduct+ ,p[] ( ! ,e>?4 #g4 ,! ,law & ,rate ( ! ,radiat+ ,p[] ( ! ,e>?4 #h4 ,! ,law & ,rate ( ! ,expansion ( ,wat] by ,heat4 #i4 ,! ,law & ,rate ( ! ,expansion ( ,wat] by ,cold1 bel[ #dj degrees4 #aj4 ,! ,law & ,quantity ( ! ,expansion ( ,wat] 9 ,freez+4 #aa4 ,! ,quantity ( ,lat5t ,heat absorb$ 9 ,?aw+4 #ab4 ,! ,quantity ( ,lat5t ,heat absorb$ 9 ,evaporation4 #ac4 ,! ,law & ,rate ( ,evaporation ) reg>d to ,heat4 #ad4 ,! ,law & ,rate ( ! ,expansion ( ,air by ,heat4 #ae4 ,! ,quantity ( ,heat absorb$ 9 ! ,expansion ( ,air4 #af4 ,! ,law & ,rate ( ! ,passage ( ,aque\s ,vap\r ?r\gh ,air4 #ag4 ,! ,laws ( ,electricity2 its relations to ,air & ,moi/ure4 #ah4 ,! ,fluidity1 ,d5sity1 & ,ela/icity ( ! ,air1 by means ( :i* its vibrations produce ,s\nd4 #ai4 ,! ,fluidity1 ,d5sity1 & ,ela/icity ( ! ,e!r1 by means ( :i* its vibrations produce ,light4 #b4 ,^! are ! data1 ! elem5ts1 z a/ronom]s call ! quantities :i* det]m9e a planet's orbit1 on :i* ! m]e inorganic "p ( ! univ]se is con/ruct$4 ,to ^!1 ! con/itution ( ! organic _w is adapt$ 9 innum]able po9ts1 by laws ( :i* we c trace ! results1 ?\gh we _c analyze _! ma*9]y4 ,?us1 ! vital functions ( vegetables h p]iods :i* correspond to ! l5g? ( ! ye>1 & ( ! day2 _! vital p[]s h =ces :i* correspond to ! =ce ( gravity2 ! s5ti5t faculties ( man are su* t ! vibrations ( air 7)9 c]ta9 limits17 are p]ceiv$ z s\nd1 ^? ( e!r1 z light4 ,& :ile we are enum]at+ ^! correspond5cies1 we p]ceive t !re are ?\s&s ( o!rs1 & t we c only select a v small numb] ( ^? :]e ! relation happ5s to be mo/ cle>ly made out or mo/ easily expla9$4 ,n[1 9 ! li/ ( ! ma!matical elem5ts ( ! univ]se :i* has j be5 giv51 :y h we su* laws & su* quantities z !re occur1 & no o!r8 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! data !re enum]at$ are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & might be alt]$ sep>ately1 s f> z ! me*anical conditions ( ! case are conc]n$4 ,"s ( ^! data probably dep5d on ea* o!r4 ,?us ! lat5t heat ( aque\s vap\r is p]haps connect$ ) ! diff]5ce ( ! rate ( expansion ( wat] & ( /eam4 ,b all natural philosoph]s w1 probably1 agree1 t !re mu/ be1 9 ?is li/1 a great numb] ( ?+s entirely )\t any mutual dep5d5ce1 z ! ye> & ! day1 ! expansion ( air & ! expansion ( /eam4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 x appe>s1 a numb] ( ?+s :i*1 9 ! /ructure ( ! _w1 might h be5 o!rwise1 & :i* are :at !y are 9 consequ5ce ( *oice or ( *ance4 ,we h already se51 9 _m ( ! cases sep>ately1 h[ unlike *ance e ?+ looks3--t sub/ances1 :i* might h exi/$ any h[1 s f> z !y !mselves are conc]n$1 exi/ exactly 9 su* a mann] & measure z !y %\ld1 to secure ! welf>e ( o!r ?+s3--t ! laws are temp]$ & fitt$ toge!r 9 ! only way 9 :i* ! _w c\ld h gone on1 accord+ to all t we c conceive ( x4 ,?is mu/1 !re=e1 be ! "w ( *oice2 & if s1 x _c be d\bt$1 ( a mo/ wise & b5evol5t ,*oos]4 #c4 ,! appe>ance ( *oice is /ill fur!r illu/rat$ by ! v>iety z well z ! numb] ( ! laws select$4 ,! laws are unlike "o ano!r4 ,/eam c]ta9ly exp&s at a v diff]5t rate f air by ! application ( heat1 probably accord+ to a diff]5t law3 wat] exp&s 9 freez+1 b m]cury contracts3 heat travels 9 a mann] q diff]5t ?r\gh solids & fluids4 ,e sep>ate sub/ance has its own d5sity1 gravity1 cohesion1 ela/icity1 its relations to heat1 to electricity1 to magnetism2 besides all its *emical aff9ities1 :i* =m an endless ?rong ( laws1 connect+ e "o sub/ance 9 creation ) e o!r1 & diff]5t = ea* pair anyh[ tak54 ,no?+ c look less l a _w =m$ ( atoms op]at+ ^u ea* o!r accord+ to "s univ]sal & inevitable laws1 ?an ?is does3 if su* a sy/em ( ?+s be conceivable1 x _c be our sy/em4 ,we h1 x may be1 fifty simple sub/ances 9 ! _w2 ea* ( :i* is inve/$ ) prop]ties1 bo? ( *emical & me*anical action1 altoge!r diff]5t f ^? ( any o!r sub/ance4 ,e portion1 h[ev] m9ute1 ( any ( ^!1 possesses all ! prop]ties ( ! sub/ance4 ,( ea* ( ^! sub/ances !re is a c]ta9 unalt]able quantity 9 ! univ]se2 :5 comb9$1 _! comp\nds exhibit new *emical aff9ities1 new me*anical laws4 ,:o gave ^! diff]5t laws to ! diff]5t sub/ances8 :o proportion$ ! quantity ( ea*8 ,b suppose ?is done4 ,suppose ^! sub/ances 9 exi/5ce2 9 contact1 9 due proportion to ea* o!r4 ,is ?is a _w1 or at lea/ our _w8 ,no m ?an ! m9e & ! =e/ are ! %ip ( w> & ! factory4 ,^! elem5ts1 ) _! con/itution p]fect1 & _! proportion suitable1 are /ill a m]e *aos4 ,!y mu/ be put 9 _! places4 ,!y mu/ n be :]e _! own prop]ties w\ld place !m4 ,!y mu/ be made to assume a p>ticul> arrangem5t1 or we c h no regul> & p]man5t c\rse ( nature4 ,?is arrangem5t mu/ aga9 h additional peculi>ities1 or we c h no organic portion ( ! _w4 ,! millions ( millions ( p>ticles :i* ! _w conta9s1 mu/ be f9i%$ up 9 z complete a mann]1 & fitt$ into _! places ) z mu* nicety1 z ! mo/ delicate :eel or spr+ 9 a piece ( human ma*9]y4 ,:at are ! habits ( ?\ght to :i* x c appe> possible t ?is c\ld take place )\t design1 int5tion1 intellig5ce1 purpose1 k8 ,9 :at has j be5 said1 we h spok5 only ( ! con/itution ( ! inorganic "p ( ! univ]se4 ,! me*anism1 if we may s call x1 ( vegetable & animal life1 is s f> beyond our compreh5sion1 t ?\gh "s ( ! same obs]vations might be appli$ to x1 we d n dwell ^u ! subject4 ,we "k t 9 ^! processes also1 ! me*anical & *emical prop]ties ( matt] are necess>y1 b we "k too t ^! alone w n acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,!re is some?+ m ?an ^!4 ,! l[e/ /age ( vitality & irritability appe>s to c>ry u beyond me*anism1 beyond aff9ity4 ,all t has be5 said ) reg>d to ! exactness ( ! adju/m5ts1 ! comb9ation ( v>i\s means1 ! t5d5cy to cont9uance1 to pres]vation1 is applicable ) additional =ce to ! organic creation1 s f> z we c p]ceive ! means employ$4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 belong to a diff]5t prov9ce ( ! subject1 & mu/ be left to o!r h&s4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,cosmical ,,arrangem5ts4 ,:5 we turn our att5tion to ! l>g] portions ( ! univ]se1 ! sun1 ! planets1 & ! e>? z "o ( !m1 ! moon & o!r satellites1 ! fix$ />s & o!r heav5ly bodies2--! views :i* we obta9 conc]n+ _! mutual relations1 arrangem5t & movem5ts1 are call$1 z we h already /at$1 cosmical views4 ,^! views w1 we conceive1 af=d u indications ( ! wisdom & c>e ( ! ,p[] by :i* ! objects :i* we ?us consid]1 7 creat$ & are pres]v$3 & we %all n[ proce$ to po9t out "s circum/ances 9 :i* ^! attributes may be trac$4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by writ]s on ,natural ,!ology1 t ! argum5ts = ! be+ & p]fections ( ! ,creator1 drawn f cosmical consid]ations1 lab\r "u "s disadvantages :5 comp>$ ) ! argum5ts f\nd$ on ^? provisions & adaptations :i* m imm$iately affect ! well-be+ ( organiz$ creatures4 ,! /ructure ( ! sol> sy/em has f> less analogy ) su* ma*9]y z we c con/ruct & compreh5d1 ?an we f9d 9 ! /ructure ( ! bodies ( animals1 or ev5 9 ! causes ( ! wea!r4 ,moreov]1 we d n see ! imm$iate be>+ ( cosmical arrangem5ts on t end :i* we mo/ readily ackn[l$ge to be useful & desirable1 ! support & com=t ( s5ti5t natures4 ,s t1 f bo? causes1 ! impression ( b5evol5t design 9 ?is case is less /rik+ & po9t$ ?an t :i* results f ! exam9ation ( "s o!r p>ts ( nature4 ,b 9 consid]+ ! univ]se1 accord+ to ! view we h tak51 z a collection ( laws1 a/ronomy1 ! sci5ce :i* tea*es u ! laws ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 possesses "s advantages1 among ! subjects f :i* we may seek to le>n ! "* ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,= our k ( ! laws ( ! motions ( ! planets & satellites is f> m complete & exact1 f> m ?or\gh & satisfactory1 ?an ! k :i* we possess 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,our acqua9tance ) ! laws ( ! sol> sy/em is su*1 t we c calculate ! precise place & motion ( mo/ ( its p>ts at any p]iod1 pa/ or future1 h[ev] remote2 & we c ref] ! *anges :i* take place 9 ^! circum/ances to _! proximate cause1 ! attraction ( "o mass ( matt] to ano!r1 act+ betwe5 all ! p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,if1 !re=e1 we trace indications ( ! ,div9e c>e1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( ! laws :i* prevail among ! heav5ly bodies1 or 9 ! arbitr>y quantities :i* su* laws involve2 7accord+ to ! di/9ction expla9$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is "w27 we may expect t our examples ( su* c>e1 ?\gh !y may be less num]\s & obvi\s1 w be m precise ?an !y c be 9 o!r subjects1 :]e ! laws ( facts are imp]fectly kn[n1 & _! causes entirely hid4 ,we tru/ t ?is w be f\nd to be ! case ) reg>d to "s ( ! examples :i* we %all adduce4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,9 ! cosmical consid]ations :i* we h to (f]1 we %all suppose ! g5]al tru?s conc]n+ ! /ructure ( ! sol> sy/em & ( ! univ]se1 :i* h be5 e/abli%$ by a/ronom]s & ma!maticians1 to be kn[n to ! read]4 ,x is n necess>y to g into mu* detail on ?is subject4 ,! five planets kn[n to ! anci5ts1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 revolve r\nd ! sun1 at diff]5t di/ances1 9 orbits ne>ly circul>1 & ne>ly 9 "o plane4 ,betwe5 ,v5us & ,m>s1 our ,e>?1 h]self "o ( ! planets1 revolves 9 l mann]4 ,beyond ,saturn1 ,uranus has be5 discov]$ describ+ an orbit ( ! same k9d2 & betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 f\r small] bodies p]=m _! revolutions 9 orbits some:at less regul> ?an ! re/4 ,^! planets are all ne>ly globul>1 & all revolve ^u _! axis4 ,"s ( !m are accompani$ by satellites1 or att5dant bodies :i* revolve ab\t !m2 & ^! bodies also h _! orbits ne>ly circul>1 & ne>ly 9 ! same plane z ! o!rs4 ,saturn's r+ is a solit>y example1 s f> z we "k1 ( su* an app5dage to a planet4 ,^! circul> motions ( ! planets r\nd ! sun1 & ( ! satellites r\nd _! prim>y planets1 are all kept go+ by ! attraction ( ! respective c5tral bodies1 :i* re/ra9s ! correspond+ revolv+ bodies f fly+ (f4 ,x is p]haps n v easy to make ?is op]ation cle> to common appreh5sion4 ,we _c illu/rate x by a comp>ison ) any ma*9e ( human contrivance & fabrication3 9 su* ma*9es e ?+ goes on by contact & impulse3 pressure1 & =ce ( all k9ds1 is ex]cis$ & transf]r$ f "o "p to ano!r1 by means ( a mat]ial connexion2 by rods1 ropes1 fluids1 gases4 ,9 ! ma*9]y ( ! univ]se !re is1 s f> z we "k1 no mat]ial connexion betwe5 ! p>ts :i* act on ea* o!r4 ,9 ! sol> sy/em no "p t\*es or drives ano!r3 all ! bodies affect ea* o!r at a di/ance1 z ! magnet affects ! ne$le4 ,! production & regulation ( su* effects1 if attempt$ by our me*anicians1 w\ld require great skill & nicety ( adju/m5t2 b our arti/s h n execut$ any examples ( ?is sort ( ma*9]y1 by ref]5ce to :i* we c illu/rate ! arrangem5ts ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,p]haps ! foll[+ comp>ison may s]ve to expla9 ! k9d ( adju/m5ts ( :i* we %all h to speak4 ,if !re be a wide %all[ r\nd bas9 ( smoo? m>ble1 & if we take a smoo? ball1 z a billi>d ball or a m>ble pellet1 & ?r[ x along ! surface ( ! inside ( ! bas91 ! ball w g5]ally make _m revolutions r\nd ! inside ( ! b[l1 gradually t5d+ to ! bottom 9 its motion4 ,! gradual dim9ution ( ! motion1 & consequ5t t5d5cy ( ! ball to ! bottom ( ! b[l1 arises f ! friction2 & 9 ord] to make ! motion correspond to t :i* takes place ?r\gh ! action ( a c5tral =ce1 we mu/ suppose ?is friction to be got rid (4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ball1 once set a go+1 w\ld run r\nd ! bas9 = ev]1 describ+ ei!r a circle1 or v>i\s k9ds ( ovals1 accord+ to ! way 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally ?r[n2 :e!r quick or sl[1 & :e!r m or less obliquely along ! surface4 ,su* a motion w\ld be capable ( ! same k9d ( v>iety1 & ! same sort ( adju/m5ts1 z ! motion ( a body revolv+ ab\t a l>g] "o by means ( a c5tral =ce4 ,p]haps ! read] may und]/& :at k9d ( adju/m5ts ^! are1 by suppos+ su* a b[l & ball to be us$ = a game ( skill4 ,if ! object ( ! play]s be to ?r[ ! pellet along ! surface ( ! bas91 s t aft] describ+ its curv$ pa? x %all pass ?r\gh a small hole 9 a b>ri] at "s di/ance f ! />t+ po9t1 x w easily be und]/ood t "s nicety 9 ! regulation ( ! =ce & direction ) :i* ! ball is ?r[n w be necess>y = success4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a bett] image ( ! sol> sy/em1 we mu/ suppose ! bas9 to be v l>ge & ! pellet v small4 ,& x w easily be und]/ood t z _m pellets z !re are planets might run r\nd ! b[l at ! same "t ) diff]5t velocities4 ,su* a contrivance might =m a planet>ium 9 :i* ! mimic planets w\ld be regulat$ by ! laws ( motion z ! real planets are2 in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ by wires & :eels1 z is done 9 su* ma*9es ( ! common con/ruction3 & 9 ?is planet>ium ! t5d5cy ( ! planets to ! sun is replac$ by ! t5d5cy ( ! repres5tative pellets to run d[n ! slope ( ! b[l4 ,we %all ref] aga9 to ?is bas91 ?us repres5t+ ! sol> sy/em ) its loose planet>y balls4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,circul> ,orbits ( ! ,planets r\nd ! ,sun4 ,! orbit :i* ! e>? describes r\nd ! sun is v ne>ly a circle3 ! sun is ab\t "o ?irtie? ne>] to u 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,?is ne>ly circul> =m ( ! orbit1 on a little consid]ation1 w appe> to be a rem>kable circum/ance4 ,suppos+ ! attraction ( a planet t[>ds ! sun to exi/1 if ! planet 7 put 9 motion 9 any "p ( ! sol> sy/em1 x w\ld describe ab\t ! sun an orbit ( "s k9d2 x might be a long oval1 or a %ort] oval1 or an exact circle4 ,b if we suppose ! result left to *ance1 ! *ances are inf9itely aga9/ ! la/ m5tion$ case4 ,!re is b "o circle2 !re are an inf9ite numb] ( ovals4 ,any orig9al impulse w\ld give "s oval1 b only "o p>ticul> impulse1 det]m9ate 9 velocity & direction1 w give a circle4 ,if we suppose ! planet to be orig9ally project$1 x mu/ be project$ p]p5dicul>ly to its di/ance f ! sun1 & ) a c]ta9 precise velocity1 9 ord] t ! motion may be circul>4 ,9 ! bas9 to :i* we h comp>$ ! sol> sy/em1 ! adju/m5t requisite to produce circul> motion w\ld require u to project our pellet s t aft] runn+ half r\nd ! surface x %\ld t\* a po9t exactly at an equal di/ance f ! c5tre1 on ! o!r side1 pass+ nei!r too high nor too l[4 ,& ! pellet1 x may be obs]v$1 %\ld be 9 size only "o t5 ?\s&? "p ( ! di/ance f ! c5tre1 to make ! dim5sions correspond ) ! ca/ ( ! e>?'s orbit4 ,if ! m>k 7 set up & hit1 we %\ld h>dly attribute ! result to *ance4 ,! e>?'s orbit1 h[ev]1 is n exactly a circle4 ,! m>k is n precisely a s+le po9t1 b is a space ( ! bread? ( "o ?irtie? ( ! di/ance f ! c5tre4 ,/ill ?is is mu* too ne> an agreem5t ) ! circle to be consid]$ z ! "w ( *ance4 ,! *ances 7 great aga9/ ! ball pass+ s ne>ly at ! same di/ance1 = !re 7 tw5ty-n9e equal spaces ?r\gh :i* x might h gone1 betwe5 ! m>k & ! c5tre1 & an indef9ite numb] outside ! m>k4 ,b x is n ! e>?'s orbit alone :i* is ne>ly a circle3 ! re/ ( ! planets also approa* v ne>ly to t =m3 ,v5us m ne>ly /ill ?an ! e>?3 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ,uranus h a diff]5ce ( ab\t "o t5?1 betwe5 _! greate/ & lea/ di/ances f ! sun3 ,m>s has 8 extreme di/ances 9 ! proportion ( five to six ne>ly2 & ,m]cury 9 ! proportion ( two to ?ree4 ,! la/ m5tion$ case is a consid]able deviation1 & two ( ! small planets :i* lie betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 namely ,juno & ,pallas1 exhibit an inequality some:at great] /ill2 b ! smallness ( ^! bodies1 & o!r circum/ances1 make x probable t !re may be p>ticul> causes = ! exception 9 _! case4 ,! orbits ( ! satellites ( ! ,e>?1 ( ,jupit] & ( ,saturn1 are also ne>ly circul>4 ,tak+ ! sol> sy/em altoge!r1 ! regul>ity ( its /ructure is v rem>kable4 ,! diagram :i* repres5ts ! orbits ( ! planets might h consi/$ ( a numb] ( ovals1 n>r[ & wide 9 all degrees1 int]sect+ & int]f]+ ) ea* o!r 9 all directions4 ,! diagram does consi/1 z all :o h op5$ a book ( a/ronomy "k1 ( a set ( figures :i* appe> at fir/ sight conc5tric circles1 & :i* are v ne>ly s2 no :]e approa*+ to any cross+ or int]f]+1 except 9 ! case ( ! small planets1 already notic$ z irregul>4 ,no "o1 look+ at ?is common diagram1 c believe t ! orbits 7 made to be s ne>ly circles by *ance2 any m ?an he c believe t a t>get1 su* z ar*]s are accu/om$ to %oot at1 0 pa9t$ 9 conc5tric circles by ! accid5tal da%es ( a bru% 9 ! h&s ( a bl9d man4 ,! regul>ity1 !n1 ( ! sol> sy/em excludes ! notion ( accid5t 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! orbits ( ! planets4 ,!re mu/ h be5 an express adju/m5t to produce ?is circul> "* ( ! orbits4 ,! velocity & direction ( ! motion ( ea* planet mu/ h be5 subject to "s orig9al regulation2 or1 z x is (t5 express$1 ! projectile =ce mu/ h be5 accommodat$ to ! c5tripetal =ce4 ,?is once done1 ! motion ( ea* planet1 tak5 by itself1 w\ld g on = ev]1 /ill reta9+ its circul> "*1 by ! laws ( motion4 ,if "s orig9al cause adju/$ ! orbits ( ! planets to _! circul> =m & regul> arrangem5t1 we c h>dly avoid includ+ 9 our conception ( ?is cause1 ! int5tion & w ( a ,creat+ ,p[]4 ,we %all consid] ?is argum5t m fully 9 a succe$+ *apt]2 only obs]v+ "h1 t ! presid+ ,intellig5ce1 :i* has select$ & comb9$ ! prop]ties ( ! organic creation1 s t !y correspond s rem>kably ) ! arbitr>y quantities ( ! sy/em ( ! univ]se1 may readily be conceiv$ also to h select$ ! arbitr>y velocity & direction ( ea* planet's motion1 s t ! adju/m5t %\ld produce a close approximation to a circul> motion4 ,we h argu$ "h only f ! regul>ity ( ! sol> sy/em2 f ! selection ( ! s+le symmetrical case & ! rejection ( all ! unsymmetrical cases4 ,b ?is subject may be consid]$ 9 ano!r po9t ( view4 ,! sy/em ?us select$ is n only regul> & symmetrical1 b also x is1 s f> z we c judge1 ! only "o :i* w\ld answ] ! purpose ( ! e>?1 p]haps ( ! o!r planets1 z ! seat ( animal & vegetable life4 ,if ! e>?'s orbit 7 m ecc5tric1 z x is call$1 if = in/ance ! greate/ & lea/ di/ances 7 z ?ree to "o1 ! inequality ( heat at two seasons ( ! ye> w\ld be de/ructive to ! exi/+ species ( liv+ creatures4 ,a circul>1 or ne>ly circul>1 orbit1 is ! only case 9 :i* we c h a c\rse ( seasons su* z we h at pres5t1 ! only case 9 :i* ! climates ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es are ne>ly ! same2 & :at is m cle>ly important1 ! only case 9 :i* ! "* ( ! seasons w\ld n v>y f c5tury to c5tury4 ,= if ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit 7 consid]able1 ! diff]5ce ( heat at diff]5t seasons1 aris+ f ! diff]5t di/ances ( ! sun1 w\ld be comb9$ ) ! diff]5ce1 n[ ! only consid]able "o1 :i* dep5ds on ! position ( ! e>?'s axis4 ,& z by ! motion ( ! p]ihelion1 or place ( ! ne>e/ di/ance ( ! e>? to ! sun1 ?is ne>e/ di/ance w\ld fall 9 diff]5t ages at diff]5t p>ts ( ! ye>1 ! :ole di/ribution ( heat ?r\gh ! ye> w\ld ?us be gradually subv]t$4 ,! summ] & w9t] ( ! tropical ye>1 z we h x n[1 be+ comb9$ ) ! heat & cold ( ! anomali/ic ye>1 a p]iod ( diff]5t l5g?1 ! diff]5ce ( ! two seasons might sometimes be neutraliz$ altoge!r1 & at o!r times exagg]at$ by ! accumulation ( ! inequalities1 s z to be intol]able4 ,! circul> =m ( ! orbit !re=e1 :i*1 f its unique "*1 appe>s to be *os5 ) "s design1 f its effects on ! seasons appe>s to be *os5 ) ?is design1 s app>5t 9 o!r p>ts ( creation1 ( secur+ ! welf>e ( organic life1 by a /eadfa/ & regul> ord] ( ! sol> influ5ce ^u ! planet4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,/ability ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,!re is a consequ5ce result+ f ! actual /ructure ( ! sol> sy/em1 :i* has be5 br\ght to light by ! inve/igations ( ma!maticians conc]n+ ! cause & laws ( its motions1 & :i* has an important be>+ on our argum5t4 ,x appe>s t ! arrangem5t :i* at pres5t obta9s is precisely t :i* is necess>y to secure ! /ability ( ! sy/em4 ,?is po9t we mu/ endeav\r to expla94 ,if ea* planet 7 to revolve r\nd ! sun )\t be+ affect$ by ! o!r planets1 !re w\ld be a c]ta9 degree ( regul>ity 9 its motion2 & ?is regul>ity w\ld cont9ue = ev]4 ,b x appe>s1 by ! discov]y ( ! law ( univ]sal gravitation1 t ! planets d n execute _! movem5ts 9 ?is insulat$ & indep5d5t mann]4 ,ea* ( !m is act$ on by ! attraction ( all ! re/4 ,! ,e>? is con/antly drawn by ,v5us1 by ,m>s1 by ,jupit]1 bodies ( v>i\s magnitudes1 p]petually *ang+ _! di/ances & positions ) reg>d to ! e>?2 ! ,e>? 9 return is p]petually draw+ ^! bodies4 ,:at1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 w be ! result ( ?is mutual attraction8 ,all ! planets are v small comp>$ ) ! sun1 & !re=e ! d]angem5t :i* !y produce 9 ! motion ( "o ( _! numb] w be v small 9 ! c\rse ( "o revolution4 ,b ?is gives u no security t ! d]angem5t may n become v l>ge 9 ! c\rse ( _m revolutions4 ,! cause acts p]petually1 & x has ! :ole ext5t ( "t to "w 94 ,is x n easily conceivable !n t 9 ! lapse ( ages ! d]angem5ts ( ! motions ( ! planets may accumulate1 ! orbits may *ange _! =m1 _! mutual di/ances may be mu* increas$ or mu* dim9i%$8 ,is x n possible t ^! *anges may g on )\t limit1 & end 9 ! complete subv]sion & ru9 ( ! sy/em8 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! result ( ?is mutual gravitation %\ld be to increase consid]ably ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit1 t is to make x a long] & long] oval2 or to make ! moon approa* p]petually ne>] & ne>] ! e>? e revolution2 x is easy to see t 9 ! "o case our ye> w\ld *ange its "*1 z we h notic$ 9 ! la/ section2 9 ! o!r1 our satellite might f9ally fall to ! e>?1 :i* mu/ ( c\rse br+ ab\t a dreadful cata/rophe4 ,if ! positions ( ! planet>y orbits1 ) respect to t ( ! e>?1 7 to *ange mu*1 ! planets might sometimes come v ne> u1 & ?us exagg]ate ! effects ( _! attraction beyond calculable limits4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 we might h 8ye>s ( unequal l5g?1 & seasons ( caprici\s temp]ature1 planets & moons ( port5t\s size & aspect1 gl>+ & disappe>+ at unc]ta9 int]vals20 tides l deluges1 sweep+ ov] :ole cont95ts2 &1 p]haps1 ! collision ( two ( ! planets1 & ! consequ5t de/ruction ( all organization on bo? ( !m4 ,nor is x1 on a common exam9ation ( ! hi/ory ( ! sol> sy/em1 at all cle> t !re is no t5d5cy to indef9ite d]angem5t4 ,! fact really is1 t *anges are tak+ place 9 ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* h gone on progressively f ! fir/ dawn ( sci5ce4 ,! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit has be5 dim9i%+ f ! e>lie/ obs]vations to our times4 ,! moon has be5 mov+ quick] & quick] f ! "t ( ! fir/ record$ eclipses1 & is n[ 9 advance1 by ab\t f\r times h] own bread?1 ( :at h] place w\ld h be5 if x _h n be5 affect$ by ?is accel]ation4 ,! obliquity ( ! ecliptic also is 9 a /ate ( dim9ution1 & is n[ ab\t two-fif?s ( a degree less ?an x 0 9 ! "t ( ,ari/otle4 ,w ^! *anges g on )\t limit or reaction8 ,if s1 we t5d by natural causes to a t]m9ation ( ! pres5t sy/em ( ?+s3 ,if n1 by :at adju/m5t or comb9ation are we secur$ f su* a t5d5cy8 ,is ! sy/em /able1 & if s1 :at is ! condition on :i* its /ability dep5ds8 ,to answ] ^! que/ions is f> f easy4 ,! me*anical problem :i* !y involve is no less ?an ?is2--,hav+ giv5 ! directions & velocities ) :i* ab\t ?irty bodies are mov+ at "o "t1 to f9d _! places & motions aft] any numb] ( ages2 ea* ( ! bodies1 all ! :ile1 attract+ all ! o!rs1 & be+ attract$ by !m all4 ,x may readily be imag9$ t ?is is a problem ( extreme complexity1 :5 x is consid]$ t e new configuration or arrangem5t ( ! bodies w give rise to a new am\nt ( action on ea*2 & e new action to a new configuration4 ,accord+ly1 ! ma!matical inve/igation ( su* que/ions z ! above 0 too difficult to be attempt$ 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( ! progress ( ,physical ,a/ronomy4 ,newton did n und]take to demon/rate ei!r ! /ability or ! in/ability ( ! sy/em4 ,! decision ( ?is po9t requir$ a great numb] ( prep>atory /eps & simplifications1 & su* progress 9 ! inv5tion & improvem5t ( ma!matical me?ods1 z occupi$ ! be/ ma!maticians ( ,europe = ! great] "p ( la/ c5tury4 ,b1 t[>ds ! end ( t "t1 x 0 %[n by ,lagrange & ,laplace t ! arrangem5ts ( ! sol> sy/em are /able3 t 9 ! long run1 ! orbits & motions rema9 un*ang$2 & t ! *anges 9 ! orbits1 :i* take place 9 %ort] p]iods1 nev] transgress c]ta9 v mod]ate limits4 ,ea* orbit und]goes deviations on ?is side & on t ( its av]age /ate2 b ^! deviations are nev] v great1 & x f9ally recov]s f !m1 s t ! av]age is pres]v$4 ,! planets produce p]petual p]turbations 9 ea* o!r's motions1 b ^! p]turbations are n indef9itely progressive1 !y are p]iodical3 !y rea* a maximum value & !n dim9i%4 ,! p]iods :i* ?is re/oration requires are1 = ! mo/ "p1 enorm\s2 n less ?an ?\s&s1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 millions ( ye>s2 & h5ce x is1 t "s ( ^! app>5t d]angem5ts h be5 go+ on 9 ! same direction s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,b ! re/oration is 9 ! sequel z complete z ! d]angem5t2 & 9 ! meantime ! di/urbance nev] atta9s a suffici5t am\nt s]i\sly to alt] ! adaptations ( ! sy/em4#ag ,! same exam9ation ( ! subject by :i* ?is is prov$1 po9ts out also ! conditions on :i* ?is /ability dep5ds4 8,i h succe$$ 9 demon/rat+10 says ,laplace1 8t :atev] be ! masses ( ! planets1 9 consequ5ce ( ! fact t !y all move 9 ! same direction1 9 orbits ( small ecc5tricity1 & slightly incl9$ to ea* o!r--_! secul> inequalities are p]iodical & includ$ )9 n>r[ limits2 s t ! planet>y sy/em w only oscillate ab\t a mean /ate1 & w nev] deviate f x except by a v small quantity4 ,! ellipses ( ! planets h be51 & always w be1 ne>ly circul>4 ,! ecliptic w nev] co9cide ) ! equator1 & ! entire ext5t ( ! v>iation 9 its incl9ation _c exce$ ?ree degrees40 ,!re exi/s1 !re=e1 x appe>s1 9 ! sol> sy/em1 a provision = ! p]man5t regul>ity ( its motions2 & ?is provision is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! orbits ( ! planets are ne>ly circul>1 & ne>ly 9 ! same plane1 & ! motions all 9 ! same direction1 namely1 f we/ to ea/4#ah ,n[ is x probable t ! occurr5ce ( ^! conditions ( /ability 9 ! disposition ( ! sol> sy/em is ! "w ( *ance8 ,su* a supposition appe>s to be q inadmissible4 ,any "o ( ! orbits might h _h any ecc5tricity4#ai ,9 t ( ,m]cury1 :]e x is mu* ! greate/1 x is only "o-fif?4 ,h[ came x to pass t ! orbits 7 n m elongat$8 ,a little m or a little less velocity 9 _! orig9al motions w\ld h made !m s4 ,!y might h _h any incl9ation to ! ecliptic f no degrees to #ij degrees4 ,m]cury1 :i* aga9 deviates mo/ widely1 is incl9$ #g degrees1 ,v5us #c1 ,saturn #b1 ,jupit] #a1 ,m>s #b4 ,h[ came x t _! motions are ?us conta9$ )9 su* a n>r[ /rip ( ! sky8 ,"o1 or any numb] ( !m1 might h mov$ f ea/ to we/3 none ( !m does s4 ,& ^! circum/ances1 :i* appe> to be1 ea* 9 p>ticul>1 requisite = ! /ability ( ! sy/em & ! smallness ( its di/urbances1 are all f\nd 9 comb9ation4 ,does n ?is imply bo? cle> purpose & pr(\nd skill8 ,x is difficult to convey an adequate notion ( ! extreme complexity ( ! task ?us execut$4 ,a numb] ( bodies1 all attract+ ea* o!r1 are to be project$ 9 su* a mann] t _! revolutions %all be p]man5t & /able1 _! mutual p]turbations always small4 ,if we return to ! bas9 ) its roll+ balls1 by :i* we be=e repres5t$ ! sol> sy/em1 we mu/ complicate ) new conditions ! trial ( skill :i* we suppos$4 ,! problem mu/ n[ be to project at once sev5 su* balls1 all connect$ by /r+s :i* influ5ce _! movem5ts1 s t ea* may hit its respective m>k4 ,& we mu/ fur!r suppose1 t ! m>ks are to be hit aft] _m ?\s& revolutions ( ! balls4 ,no "o w imag9e t ?is c\ld be done by accid5t4 ,9 fact x is all[$ by all ^? :o h consid]$ ?is subject1 t su* a co9cid5ce ( ! exi/+ /ate ) ! me*anical requisites ( p]man5cy _c be accid5tal4 ,laplace has attempt$ to calculate ! probability t x is n ! result ( accid5t4 ,he takes into acc\nt1 9 addition to ! motions :i* we h m5tion$1 ! revolutions ( ! satellites ab\t _! prim>ies1 & ( ! sun & planets ab\t _! axes3 & he f9ds t !re is a probability1 f> high] ?an t :i* we h = ! great] "p ( und\bt$ hi/orical ev5ts1 t ^! appe>ances are n ! effect ( *ance4 8,we ought1 !re=e10 he says1 8to believe1 ) at lea/ ! same confid5ce1 t a primitive cause has direct$ ! planet>y motions40 ,! sol> sy/em is ?us1 by ! confession ( all sides1 completely diff]5t f any ?+ :i* we might anticipate f ! casual op]ation ( its kn[n laws4 ,! laws ( motion are no less obey$ to ! lett] 9 ! mo/ irregul> ?an 9 ! mo/ regul> motions2 no less 9 ! v>i$ circuit ( ! ball :i* flies r\nd a t5nis c\rt1 ?an 9 ! go+ ( a clock2 no less 9 ! fanta/ical jets & leaps :i* break]s make :5 !y bur/ 9 a corn] ( a rocky %ore1 ?an 9 ! /eady swell ( ! op5 sea4 ,! laws ( motion alone w n produce ! regul>ity :i* we admire 9 ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,!re mu/ be an orig9al adju/m5t ( ! sy/em on :i* ^! laws are to act2 a selection ( ! arbitr>y quantities :i* !y are to involve2 a primitive cause :i* %all dispose ! elem5ts 9 due relation to ea* o!r1 9 ord] t regul> recurr5ce may accompany con/ant *ange2 t p]petual motion may be comb9$ ) p]petual /ability2 t d]angem5ts :i* g on increas+ = ?\s&s or = millions ( ye>s may f9ally cure !mselves2 & t ! same laws :i* lead ! planets slightly aside f _! pa?s1 may n>r[ly limit _! deviations1 & br+ !m back f _! almo/ imp]ceptible w&]+s4 ,if a man does n d5y t any possible peculi>ity 9 ! disposition ( ! planets ) reg>d to ! sun c\ld af=d evid5ce ( a controll+ & ord]+ purpose1 x seems difficult to imag9e h[ he c\ld look = evid5ce /rong] ?an t :i* !re actually is4 ,( all ! innum]able possible cases ( sy/ems1 gov]n$ by ! exi/+ laws ( =ce & motion1 t "o is select$ :i* alone produces su* a /eadfa/ p]iodicity1 su* a con/ant av]age ( circum/ances1 z are1 s f> z we c conceive1 necess>y conditions = ! exi/5ce ( organic & s5ti5t life4 ,& ?is selection is s f> f be+ an obvi\s or easily discov]$ means to ?is end1 t ! mo/ pr(\nd & att5tive consid]ation ( ! prop]ties ( space & numb]1 ) all ! appliances & aids we c obta91 are b>ely suffici5t to enable u to see t ! end is ?us secur$1 & t x c be secur$ 9 no o!r way4 ,surely ! obvi\s impression :i* arises f ?is view ( ! subject is1 t ! sol> sy/em1 ) its adju/m5ts1 is ! "w ( an intellig5ce1 :o p]ceives1 z self-evid5t1 ^? tru?s1 to :i* we atta9 pa9fully & sl[ly1 & aft] all imp]fectly2 :o has employ$ 9 e "p ( creation ref9$ contrivances1 :i* we c only ) ef=t und]/&2 & :o1 9 innum]able in/ances1 exhibits to u :at we %\ld look ^u z rem>kable difficulties rem>kably ov]come1 if x 7 n t1 ?r\gh ! p]fection ( ! provision1 ! trace ( ! difficulty is almo/ oblit]at$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,sun 9 ! ,c5tre4 ,! next circum/ance :i* we %all notice z indicative ( design 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial portions ( ! sol> sy/em1 is ! position ( ! sun1 ! s\rce ( light & heat1 9 ! c5tre ( ! sy/em4 ,?is c\ld h>dly h occurr$ by any ?+ :i* we c call *ance4 ,let x be grant$1 t ! law ( gravitation is e/abli%$1 & t we h a l>ge mass1 ) o!rs mu* small] 9 its comp>ative vic9ity4 ,! small bodies may !n move r\nd ! l>g]1 b ?is w d no?+ t[>ds mak+ x a sun to !m4 ,_! motions might take place1 ! :ole sy/em rema9+ /ill utt]ly d>k & cold1 )\t day or summ]4 ,9 ord] t we may h some?+ m ?an ?is blank & dead assemblage ( mov+ clods1 ! ma*9e mu/ be light$ up & w>m$4 ,"s ( ! advantages ( plac+ ! light+ & w>m+ app>atus 9 ! c5tre are obvi\s to u4 ,x is 9 ?is way only t we c\ld h ^? regul> p]iodical returns ( sol> influ5ce1 :i*1 z we h se51 are adapt$ to ! con/itution ( ! liv+ creation4 ,& we c easily conceive1 t !re may be o!r incongruities 9 a sy/em ) a travell+ sun1 ( :i* we c only conjecture ! nature4 ,no "o probably w d\bt t ! exi/+ sy/em1 ) ! sun 9 ! c5tre1 is bett] ?an any "o ( a diff]5t k9d w\ld be4 ,n[ ?is light+ & w>m+ by a c5tral sun are some?+ sup]add$ to ! m]e me*anical arrangem5ts ( ! univ]se4 ,!re is no app>5t reason :y ! l>ge/ mass ( gravitat+ matt] %\ld diffuse inexhau/ible supplies ( light & heat 9 all directions1 :ile ! o!r masses are m]ely passive1 ) respect to su* influ5ces4 ,!re is no obvi\s connexion betwe5 mass & lum9\sness1 or temp]ature4 ,no "o1 probably1 w cont5d t ! mat]ials ( our sy/em are necess>ily lum9\s or hot4 ,accord+ to ! conjectures ( a/ronom]s1 ! heat & light ( ! sun d n reside 9 its mass1 b 9 a coat+ :i* lies on its surface4 ,if su* a coat+ 7 fix$ !re by ! =ce ( univ]sal gravitation1 h[ c\ld we avoid hav+ a simil> coat+ on ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ( all ! o!r globes ( ! sy/em4 ,if light consi/ 9 ! vibrations ( an e!r1 :i* we h m5tion$ z a probable op9ion1 :y has ! sun alone ! p[] ( excit+ su* vibrations8 ,if light be ! emission ( mat]ial p>ticles1 :y does ! sun alone emit su* p>ticles8 ,simil> que/ions may be ask$1 ) reg>d to heat1 :atev] be ! !ory we adopt on t subject4 ,"h !n we appe> to f9d m>ks ( contrivance4 ,! sun might become1 we w suppose1 ! c5tre ( ! motions ( ! planets by m]e me*anical causes3 b :at caus$ ! c5tre ( _! motions to be also ! s\rce ( ^? vivify+ influ5ces8 ,all[+ t no int]position 0 requisite to regulate ! revolutions ( ! sy/em1 yet obs]ve :at a peculi> arrangem5t 9 o!r respects 0 necess>y1 9 ord] t ^! revolutions might produce days & seasons6 ,! ma*9e w move ( itself1 we may grant3 b :o con/ruct$ ! ma*9e1 s t its movem5ts might answ] ! purposes ( life8 ,h[ 0 ! c&le plac$ ^u ! c&le/ick8 ,h[ 0 ! fire deposit$ on ! he>?1 s t ! com=t & well-be+ ( ! family might be secur$8 ,did ^! too fall into _! places by ! casual op]ation ( gravity8 ,&1 if n1 is !re n "h a cle> evid5ce ( intellig5t design1 ( arrangem5t ) a b5evol5t end8 ,?is argum5t is urg$ ) great =ce by ,newton himself4 ,9 8 fir/ lett] to ,b5tley1 he all[s t matt] might =m itself into masses by ! =ce ( attraction4 8,& ?us10 says he1 8might ! sun & fix$ />s be =m$1 suppos+ ! matt] 7 ( a lucid nature4 ,b h[ ! matt] %\ld divide itself into two sorts2 & t "p ( x :i* is fit to compose a %9+ body %\ld fall d[n into "o mass1 & make a sun2 & ! re/1 :i* is fit to compose an opaque body1 %\ld coalesce1 n into "o great body1 l ! %9+ matt]1 b into _m little ones2 or if ! sun at fir/ 7 an opake body l ! planets1 or ! planets lucid bodies l ! sun1 h[ he alone %\ld be *ang$ into a %9+ body1 :il/ all !y cont9ue opake2 or all !y be *ang$ into opake ones1 :ile he cont9u$ un*ang$3 ,i d n ?9k explicable by m]e natural causes1 b am =c$ to ascribe x to ! c\nsel & contrivance ( a volunt>y ,ag5t40 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,satellites4 #a4 ,a p]son ( ord9>y feel+s1 :o1 on a f9e moonlight night1 sees our satellite p\r+ h] mild radiance on field & t[n1 pa? & moor1 w probably n only be dispos$ to 8bless ! useful light10 b also to believe t x 0 8orda9$0 = t purpose2--t ! less] light 0 made to rule ! night z c]ta9ly z ! great] light 0 made to rule ! day4 ,laplace1 h[ev]1 does n ass5t to ?is belief4 ,he obs]ves1 t 8"s p>tisans ( f9al causes h imag9$ t ! moon 0 giv5 to ! e>? to af=d light dur+ ! night30 b he rem>ks t ?is _c be s1 = t we are (t5 depriv$ at ! same "t ( ! light ( ! sun & ! moon2 & he po9ts out h[ ! moon might h be5 plac$ s z to be always 8full40 ,t ! light ( ! moon af=ds1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a supplem5t to ! light ( ! sun1 w h>dly be d5i$4 ,if we take man 9 a condition 9 :i* he uses artificial light scantily only1 or n at all1 !re c be no d\bt t ! moonlight nights are = him a v important addition to ! "t ( daylight4 ,& z a small proportion only ( ! :ole numb] ( nights are )\t "s portion ( moonlight1 ! fact t sometimes bo? lum9>ies are invisible v little dim9i%es ! value ( ?is advantage4 ,:y we h n m moonlight1 ei!r 9 duration or 9 quantity1 is an inquiry :i* a philosoph] c\ld h>dly be tempt$ to ent] ^u1 by any success :i* has att5d$ previ\s speculations ( a simil> nature4 ,:y %\ld n ! moon be t5 times z l>ge z %e is8 ,:y %\ld n ! pupil ( man's eye be t5 times z l>ge z x is1 s z to receive m ( ! light :i* does arrive8 ,we d n conceive t our inability to answ] ! latt] "q prev5ts our kn[+ t ! eye 0 made = see+3 nor does our inability to answ] ! =m]1 di/urb our p]suasion t ! moon 0 made to give light ^u ! e>?4 ,laplace sugge/s t if ! moon _h be5 plac$ at a c]ta9 di/ance beyond ! e>?1 x w\ld h revolv$ ab\t ! sun 9 ! same "t z ! e>? does1 & w\ld h always pres5t$ to u a full moon4 ,= ?is purpose x mu/ h be5 ab\t f\r times z f> f u z x really is2 & w\ld !re=e1 o!r ?+s rema9+ un*ang$1 h only be5 "o sixte5? z l>ge to ! eye z our pres5t full moon4 ,we %all n dwell on ! discussion ( ?is sugge/ion1 = ! reason j intimat$4 ,b we may obs]ve t 9 su* a sy/em z ,laplace proposes1 x is n yet prov$1 we believe1 t ! arrangem5t w\ld be /able "u ! influ5ce ( ! di/urb+ =ces4 ,& we may add t su* an arrangem5t1 9 :i* ! motion ( "o body has a co-ord9ate ref]5ce to two o!rs1 z ! motion ( ! moon on ?is hypo!sis w\ld h to ! sun & ! e>?1 nei!r motion be+ subord9ate to ! o!r1 is contr>y to ! :ole kn[n analogy ( cosmical ph5om5a1 & !re=e has no claim to our notice z a subject ( discussion4 #b4 ,9 turn+ our consid]ation to ! satellites ( ! o!r planets ( our sy/em1 !re is "o fact :i* imm$iately arre/s our att5tion2--! numb] ( su* att5dant bodies appe>s to increase z we proce$ to planets f>!r & f>!r f ! sun4 ,su* at lea/ is ! g5]al rule4 ,m]cury & ,v5us1 ! planets ne>e/ ! sun1 h no su* att5dants3 ! ,e>? has "o4 ,m>s1 inde$1 :o is /ill f>!r remov$1 has none2 nor h ! m9or planets1 ,juno1 ,ve/a1 ,c]es1 ,pallas2 s t ! rule is only approximately v]ifi$4 ,b ,jupit]1 :o is at five times ! e>?'s di/ance1 has f\r satellites2 & ,saturn1 :o is aga9 at a di/ance ne>ly twice z great1 has sev51 besides t mo/ extraord9>y ph5om5on 8 r+1 :i*1 = purposes ( illum9ation1 is equival5t to _m ?\s& satellites4 ,( ,uranus x is difficult to speak1 = 8 great di/ance r5d]s x almo/ impossible to obs]ve ! small] circum/ances ( 8 condition4 ,x does n appe> at all probable t he has a r+1 l ,saturn2 b he has at lea/ five satellites :i* are visible to u1 at ! enorm\s di/ance ( n9e hundr$ millions ( miles2 & we believe t ! a/ronom] w h>dly d5y t he may possibly h ?\s&s ( small] ones circulat+ ab\t him4 ,b leav+ conjecture1 & tak+ only ! asc]ta9$ cases ( ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn1 we conceive t a p]son ( common und]/&+ w be /rongly impress$ ) ! p]suasion t ! satellites are plac$ 9 ! sy/em ) a view to comp5sate = ! dim9i%$ light ( ! sun at great] di/ances4 ,! small] planets1 ,juno1 ,ve/a1 ,c]es1 & ,pallas1 diff] f ! re/ 9 s _m ways1 & sugge/ s _m conjectures ( reasons = su* diff]5ces1 t we %\ld almo/ expect to f9d !m exceptions to su* a rule4 ,m>s is a m obvi\s exception4 ,"s p]sons might conjecture f 8 case1 t ! arrangem5t itself1 l o!r useful arrangem5ts1 has be5 br\ght ab\t by "s wid] law :i* we h n yet detect$4 ,b :e!r or n we ent]ta9 su* a guess1 7x c be no?+ m17 we see 9 o!r p>ts ( creation1 s _m examples ( app>5t exceptions to rules1 :i* are aft]w>ds f\nd to be expla9$1 or provid$ = by p>ticul> contrivances1 t no "o1 famili> ) su* contemplations1 w1 by "o anomaly1 be driv5 f ! p]suasion t ! end :i* ! arrangem5ts ( ! satellites seem suit$ to answ] is really "o ( ! ends ( _! creation4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,/ability ( ! ,ocean4 ,:at is meant by ! /ability ( ! ocean may p]haps be expla9$ by means ( ! foll[+ illu/ration4 ,if we suppose ! :ole globe ( ! ,e>? to be compos$ ( wat]1 a sph]e ( cork1 imm]s$ 9 any "p ( x1 w\ld come to ! surface ( ! wat]1 except x 7 plac$ exactly at ! c5tre ( ! e>?2 & ev5 if x 7 ! slighte/ displacem5t ( ! cork sph]e w\ld end 9 its ris+ & float+4 ,?is w\ld be ! case :atev] 7 ! size ( ! cork sph]e1 & ev5 if x 7 s l>ge z to leave comp>atively little room = ! wat]2 & ! result w\ld be ne>ly ! same1 if ! cork sph]e1 :5 9 its c5tral position1 _h on its surface prom95ces :i* project$ above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,n[ ?is br+s u to ! case 9 :i* we h a globe resembl+ our pres5t e>?1 compos$ l x ( wat] & ( a solid c5tre1 ) isl&s & cont95ts1 b hav+ ^! solid p>ts all made ( cork4 ,& x appe>s by ! prec$+ reason+1 t 9 ?is case1 if !re 7 any di/urbance ei!r ( ! solid or fluid p>ts1 ! solid p>ts w\ld rise f ! c5tre ( ! wat]y sph]e z f> z !y c\ld3 t is1 all ! wat] w\ld run to "o side & leave ! l& on ! o!r4 ,su* an ocean w\ld be 9 un/able equilibrium4 ,n[ a "q naturally occurs1 is ! equilibrium ( our pres5t ocean ( ?is un/able k9d1 or is x /able8 ,! sea1 aft] its mo/ viol5t agitations1 appe>s to return to its =m] /ate ( repose2 b may n "s extraord9>y cause produce 9 x "s d]angem5t :i* may g on increas+ till ! wat]s all ru% "o way1 & ?us dr[n ! highe/ m\nta9s8 ,& if we are safe f ?is dang]1 :at are ! conditions by :i* we are s secur$8 ,! illu/ration :i* we h employ$ obvi\sly sugge/s ! answ] to ?is "q2 namely1 t ! equilibrium is un/able1 s long z ! solid p>ts are ( su* a k9d z to float 9 ! fluid p>ts2 & ( c\rse we %\ld expect t ! equilibrium w be /able :5ev] ! contr>y is ! case1 t is1 :5 ! solid p>ts ( ! e>? are ( great] specific gravity ?an ! sea4 ,a m sy/ematic ma!matical calculation has conduct$ ,laplace to a demon/ration ( ?is result4 ,! mean specific gravity ( ! e>? appe>s to be ab\t five times t ( wat]1 s t ! condition ( ! /ability ( ! ocean is abundantly fulfill$4 ,& ! provision by :i* ?is /ability is secur$ 0 put 9 =ce ?r\gh ! action ( ^? causes1 :atev] !y 71 :i* made ! d5sity ( ! solid mat]ials & c5tral p>ts ( ! e>? great] ?an ! d5sity ( ! incumb5t fluid4 ,:5 we consid]1 h[ev]1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! wisdom ( ! ,creator1 ev5 9 ^? cases 9 :i* 8 c>e is mo/ app>5t1 z 9 ! /ructure ( animals1 works by means ( int]m$iate causes & g5]al laws1 we %all n be ready to reject all belief ( an end 9 su* a case z ?is1 m]ely because ! means are me*anical ag5cies4 ,laplace says1 89 virtue ( gravity1 ! mo/ d5se ( ! /rata ( ! e>? are ^? ne>e/ to ! c5tre2 & ?us ! mean d5sity exce$s t ( ! wat]s :i* cov] x2 :i* suffices to secure ! /ability ( ! equilibrium ( ! seas1 & to put a bridle ^u ! fury ( ! waves40 ,?is /atem5t1 if exact1 w\ld n prove t ,he :o subject$ ! mat]ials ( ! e>? to ! action ( gravity did n int5d to re/ra9 ! rage ( ! wat]s3 b ! /atem5t is n true 9 fact4 ,! l[] /rata1 s f> z man has yet exam9$1 are v f> f be+ con/antly1 or ev5 g5]ally1 heavi] ?an ! sup]9cumb5t ones4 ,& c]ta9ly solidification by no means implies a great] d5sity ?an fluidity3 ! d5sity ( ,jupit] is "o f\r?1 t ( ,saturn less ?an "o sev5?1 ( t ( ! e>?4 ,if an ocean ( wat] 7 p\r$ into ! cavities ^u ! surface ( ,saturn1 its equilibrium w\ld n be /able4 ,x w\ld leave its b$ on "o side ( ! globe2 & ! planet w\ld f9ally be compos$ ( "o hemisph]e ( wat] & "o ( l&4 ,if ! ,e>? _h an ocean ( a fluid six times z heavy z wat]1 7quicksilv] is ?irte5 times z heavy17 we %\ld h1 9 l mann]1 a dry & a fluid hemisph]e4 ,our inl& riv]s w\ld probably nev] be able to rea* ! %ores1 b w\ld be dri$ up on _! way1 l ^? :i* run 9 torrid des>ts2 p]haps ! evaporation f ! ocean w\ld nev] rea* ! inl& m\nta9s1 & we %\ld h no riv]s at all4 ,)\t attempt+ to imag9e ! details ( su* a condition1 x is easy to see1 t to secure ! exi/5ce ( a diff]5t "o is an end :i* is 9 h>mony ) all t we see ( ! pres]v+ c>e display$ 9 ! re/ ( creation4#bj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,we h ref]r$ to ,laplace1 z a pr(\nd ma!matician1 :o has /rongly express$ ! op9ion1 t ! arrangem5t by :i* ! /ability ( ! sol> sy/em is secur$ is n ! result ( *ance2 t 8a primitive cause has direct$ ! planet>y motions40 ,?is au?or1 h[ev]1 hav+ arriv$1 z we h done1 at ?is conviction1 does n draw f x ! conclusion :i* has appe>$ to u s irresi/ible1 t 8! admirable arrangem5t ( ! sol> sy/em _c b be ! "w ( an intellig5t & mo/ p[]ful be+40 ,he quotes ^! expressions1 :i* are ^? ( ,newton1 & po9ts at !m z in/ances :]e t great philosoph] _h deviat$ f ! me?od ( true philosophy4 ,he himself proposes an hypo!sis conc]n+ ! nature ( ! primitive cause ( :i* he conceives ! exi/5ce to be ?us probable3 & ?is hypo!sis1 on acc\nt ( ! facts :i* x attempts to comb9e1 ! view ( ! univ]se :i* x pres5ts1 & ! em95ce ( ! p]son by :om x is prop\nd$1 des]ves our notice4 #a4 ,laplace conjectures t 9 ! orig9al condition ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! sun revolv$ ^u 8 axis1 surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e :i*1 9 virtue ( an excessive heat1 ext5d$ f> beyond ! orbits ( all ! planets1 ! planets z yet hav+ no exi/5ce4 ,! heat gradually dim9i%$1 & z ! sol> atmosph]e contract$ by cool+1 ! rapidity ( its rotation increas$ by ! laws ( rotatory motion1 & an ext]ior zone ( vap\r 0 deta*$ f ! re/1 ! c5tral attraction be+ no long] able to ov]come ! increas$ c5trifugal =ce4 ,?is zone ( vap\r might 9 "s cases reta9 its =m1 z we see x 9 ,saturn's r+2 b m usually ! r+ ( vap\r w\ld break into sev]al masses1 & ^! w\ld g5]ally coalesce into "o mass1 :i* w\ld revolve ab\t ! sun4 ,su* portions ( ! sol> atmosph]e1 ab&on$ successively at diff]5t di/ances1 w\ld =m 8planets 9 ! /ate ( vap\r40 ,^! planets1 x appe>s f me*anical consid]ations1 w\ld h ea* its rotatory motion1 & z ! cool+ ( ! vap\r /ill w5t on1 w\ld ea* produce a planet1 :i* might h satellites & r+s1 =m$ f ! planet 9 ! same mann] z ! planets 7 =m$ f ! atmosph]e ( ! sun4 ,x may easily be conceiv$ t all ! prim>y motions ( a sy/em s produc$ w\ld be ne>ly circul>1 ne>ly 9 ! plane ( ! orig9al equator ( ! sol> rotation1 & 9 ! direction ( t rotation4 ,reasons are (f]$ also to %[ t ! motions ( ! satellites ?us produc$ & ! motions ( rotation ( ! planets mu/ be 9 ! same direction4 ,& ?us x is held t ! hypo!sis acc\nts = ! mo/ rem>kable circum/ances 9 ! /ructure ( ! sol> sy/em3 namely1 ! motions ( ! planets 9 ! same direction1 & almo/ 9 ! same plane2 ! motions ( ! satellites 9 ! same direction z ^? ( ! planets2 ! motions ( rotation ( ^! diff]5t bodies /ill 9 ! same direction z ! o!r motions1 & 9 planes n mu* diff]5t2 ! small ecc5tricity ( ! orbits ( ! planets1 ^u :i* condition1 along ) "s ( ! prec$+ ones1 ! /ability ( ! sy/em dep5ds2 & ! position ( ! s\rce ( light & heat 9 ! c5tre ( ! sy/em4 ,x is n necess>y = ! purpose1 nor suitable to ! plan ( ! pres5t treatise1 to exam9e1 on physical gr\nds1 ! probability ( ! above hypo!sis4 ,x is propos$ by its au?or1 ) great diffid5ce1 z a conjecture only4 ,we might1 !re=e1 v reasonably put (f all discussion ( ! be>+s ( ?is op9ion ^u our views ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 till ! op9ion itself %\ld h assum$ a less indi/9ct & prec>i\s =m4 ,x c be no *>ge aga9/ our doctr9es1 t !re is a difficulty 9 reconcil+ ) !m arbitr>y guesses & half-=m$ !ories4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 make a few obs]vations ^u ?is nebul> hypo!sis1 z x may be t]m$4 #b4 ,if we grant1 = a mom5t1 ! hypo!sis1 x by no means proves t ! sol> sy/em 0 =m$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( intellig5ce & design4 ,x only transf]s our view ( ! skill ex]cis$1 & ! means employ$1 to ano!r "p ( ! "w4 ,=1 h[ came ! sun & its atmosph]e to h su* mat]ials1 su* motions1 su* a con/itution1 t ^! consequ5ces foll[$ f _! primordial condition8 ,h[ came ! p>5t vap\r ?us to be capable ( coh]5ce1 sep>ation1 contraction1 solidification8 ,h[ came ! laws ( its motion1 attraction1 repulsion1 cond5sation1 to be s fix$1 z to lead to a beautiful & h>moni\s sy/em 9 ! end8 ,h[ came x to be nei!r too fluid nor too t5aci\s1 to contract nei!r too quickly nor too sl[ly1 = ! successive =mation ( ! sev]al planet>y bodies8 ,h[ came t sub/ance1 :i* at "o "t 0 a lum9\s vap\r1 to be at a subsequ5t p]iod1 solids & fluids ( _m v>i\s k9ds8 ,:at b design & intellig5ce prep>$ & temp]$ ?is previ\sly exi/+ elem5t1 s t x %\ld by its natural *anges produce su* an ord]ly sy/em8 ,& if 9 ?is way we suppose a planet to be produc$1 :at sort ( a body w\ld x be8--some?+1 x may be presum$1 resembl+ a l>ge meteoric /one4 ,h[ comes ?is mass to be cov]$ ) motion & organization1 ) life & happ9ess8 ,:at primitive cause /ock$ x ) plants & animals1 & produc$ all ! wond]ful & subtle contrivances :i* we f9d 9 _! /ructure1 all ! wide & pr(\nd mutual dep5d5cies :i* we trace 9 _! economy8 ,0 man1 ) 8 ?\ght & feel+1 8 p[]s & hopes1 8 w & consci5ce1 also produc$ z an ultimate result ( ! cond5sation ( ! sol> atmosph]e8 ,except we all[ a prior purpose & intellig5ce presid+ ov] ?is mat]ial 8primitive cause10 h[ irreconcilable is x ) ! evid5ce :i* cr[ds 9 ^u u f e side6 #c4 ,9 ! next place1 we may obs]ve conc]n+ ?is hypo!sis1 t x c>ries u back to ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t sy/em ( ?+s2 b t x is impossible = our reason to /op at ! po9t ?us pres5t$ to x4 ,! sun1 ! e>?1 ! planets1 ! moons 7 br\ght into _! pres5t ord] out ( a previ\s /ate1 &1 z is suppos$ 9 ! !ory1 by ! natural op]ation ( laws4 ,b h[ came t previ\s /ate to exi/8 ,we are compell$ to suppose t x1 9 l mann]1 0 educ$ f a /ill prior /ate ( ?+s2 & ?is1 aga91 mu/ h be5 ! result ( a condition prior /ill4 ,nor is x possible = u to f9d1 9 ! t5ets ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 any re/+ place or satisfaction = ! m9d4 ,! same reason+ faculty1 :i* seeks = ! orig9 ( ! pres5t sy/em ( ?+s1 & is capable ( ass5t+ to1 or diss5t+ f ! hypo!sis prop\nd$ by ,laplace z an answ] to ?is inquiry1 is necess>ily l$ to seek1 9 ! same mann]1 = ! orig9 ( any previ\s sy/em ( ?+s1 out ( :i* ! pres5t may appe> to h gr[n3 & mu/ pursue ?is tra9 ( inquiries unremitt+ly1 s long z ! answ] :i* x receives describes a m]e assemblage ( matt] & motion2 s9ce x w\ld be to contradict ! laws ( matt] & ! nature ( motion1 to suppose su* an assemblage to be ! fir/ condition4 ,! reflection j /at$1 may be illu/rat$ by ! fur!r consid]ation ( ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,?is op9ion ref]s u1 = ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em1 to a sun surr\nd$ ) an atmosph]e ( enorm\sly elevat$ temp]ature1 revolv+ & cool+4 ,b z we asc5d to a /ill e>li] p]iod1 :at /ate ( ?+s are we to suppose8--a /ill high] temp]ature1 a /ill m diffus$ atmosph]e4 ,laplace conceives t1 9 its primitive /ate1 ! sun consi/$ 9 a diffus$ lum9osity s z to resemble ^? nebul among ! fix$ />s1 :i* are se5 by ! aid ( ! telescope1 & :i* exhibit a nucleus1 m or less brilliant1 surr\nd$ by a cl\dy brightness4 8,?is ant]ior /ate 0 itself prec$$ by o!r /ates1 9 :i* ! nebul\s matt] 0 m & m diffuse1 ! nucleus be+ less & less lum9\s4 ,we arrive10 ,laplace says1 89 ?is mann]1 at a nebulosity s diffuse1 t its exi/5ce c\ld sc>cely be suspect$40 8,su* is10 he adds1 89 fact1 ! fir/ /ate ( ! nebul :i* ,h]s*el c>efully obs]v$ by means ( 8 p[]ful telescopes4 ,he trac$ ! progress ( cond5sation1 n inde$ on "o nebula1 = ?is progress c only become p]ceptible to u 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies2 b 9 ! assemblage ( nebul2 mu* 9 ! same mann] z 9 a l>ge =e/ we may trace ! gr[? ( trees among ! examples ( diff]5t ages :i* /& side by side4 ,he saw 9 ! fir/ place ! nebul\s matt] disp]s$ 9 pat*es1 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! sky4 ,he saw 9 "s ( ^! pat*es ?is matt] feebly cond5s$ r\nd "o or m fa9t nuclei4 ,9 o!r nebul1 ^! nuclei 7 bright] 9 proportion to ! surr\nd+ nebulosity2 :5 by a fur!r cond5sation ! atmosph]e ( ea* nucleus becomes sep>ate f ! o!rs1 ! result is multiple nebul\s />s1 =m$ by brilliant nuclei v ne> ea* o!r1 & ea* surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e3 sometimes ! nebul\s matt] cond5s+ 9 a uni=m mann] has produc$ nebul\s sy/ems :i* are call$ planet>y4 ,f9ally1 a /ill great] degree ( cond5sation trans=ms all ^! nebul\s sy/ems into />s4 ,! nebul1 class$ accord+ to ?is philosophical view1 indicate ) extreme probability _! future trans=mation into />s1 & ! ant]ior nebul\s condition ( ! />s :i* n[ exi/40 ,x appe>s !n t ! highe/ po9t to :i* ?is s]ies ( conjectures c conduct u1 is1 8an extremely diffus$ nebulosity10 att5d$1 we may suppose1 by a f> high] degree ( heat1 ?an t :i*1 at a lat] p]iod ( ! hypo!tical process1 keeps all ! mat]ials ( our e>? & planets 9 a /ate ( vap\r4 ,n[ is x n impossible to avoid ask+1 :5ce 0 ?is light1 ?is heat1 ?is diffusion8 ,h[ came ! laws :i* su* a /ate implies1 to be already 9 exi/5ce8 ,:e!r light & heat produce _! effects by means ( fluid vehicles or o!rwise1 !y h complex & v>i$ laws :i* indicate ! exi/5ce ( "s subtle ma*9]y = _! action4 ,:5 & h[ 0 ?is ma*9]y con/ruct$8 ,:5ce too t enorm\s expansive p[] :i* ! nebul\s matt] is suppos$ to possess8 ,& if1 z w\ld seem to be suppos$ 9 ?is doctr9e1 all ! mat]ial +r$i5ts ( ! e>? exi/$ 9 ?is diffuse nebulosity1 ei!r 9 ! /ate ( vap\r1 or 9 "s /ate ( /ill great] expansion1 :5ce 7 !y & _! prop]ties8 h[ came !re to be ( ea* simple sub/ance :i* n[ ent]s into ! composition ( ! univ]se1 j s mu* & no m8 ,d we n1 f> m ?an ev]1 require an orig9 ( ?is orig98 an explanation ( ?is explanation8 ,:atev] may be ! m]its ( ! op9ion z a physical hypo!sis1 ) :i* we d n "h m$dle1 c x = a mom5t prev5t our look+ beyond ! hypo!sis1 to a ,fir/ ,cause1 an ,intellig5t ,au?or1 an orig9 proce$+ f free volition1 n f mat]ial necessity8 ,b aga93 let u asc5d to ! highe/ po9t ( ! hypo!tical progression3 let u suppose ! nebulosity diffus$ ?r\gh\t all space1 s t its c\rse ( runn+ into pat*es is n yet begun4 ,h[ are we to suppose x di/ribut$8 ,is x equably diffus$ 9 e "p8 cle>ly n2 = if x 71 :at %\ld cause x to ga!r into masses1 s v>i\s 9 size1 =m & arrangem5t8 ,! sep>ation ( ! nebul\s matt] into di/9ct nebul implies necess>ily "s orig9al inequality ( di/ribution2 "s det]m9+ circum/ances 9 its primitive condition4 ,:5ce 7 ^! circum/ances8 ?is inequality8 we are /ill compell$ to seek "s ult]ior ag5cy & p[]4 ,:y mu/ ! primeval condition be "o ( *ange at all8 ,:y %\ld n ! nebul\s matt] be equably diffus$ ?r\gh\t space1 & cont9ue = ev] 9 its /ate ( equable diffusion1 z x mu/ d1 f ! abs5ce ( all cause to det]m9e ! "t & mann] ( its sep>ation8 :y %\ld ?is nebul\s matt] gr[ cool] & cool]8 :y %\ld x n reta9 = ev] ! same degree ( heat1 :atev] heat be8 ,if heat be a fluid1 if to cool be to "p ) ?is fluid1 z _m philosoph]s suppose1 :at becomes ( ! fluid heat ( ! nebul\s matt]1 z ! matt] cools d[n8 ,into :at unoccupi$ region does x f9d its way8 ,innum]able que/ions ( ! same k9d might be ask$1 & ! conclusion to be drawn is1 t e new physical !ory :i* we include 9 our view ( ! univ]se1 involves u 9 new difficulties & p]plexities1 if we try to erect x into an ultimate & f9al acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce & arrangem5t ( ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,) ! evid5ce ( su* !ories1 consid]$ z sci5tific g5]alizations ( asc]ta9$ facts1 ) _! claims to a place 9 our natural philosophy1 we h "h no?+ to d4 ,b if !y are put =w>ds z a disclosure ( ! ultimate cause ( t :i* occurs1 & z sup]s$+ ! necessity ( look+ fur!r or high]2 if !y claim a place 9 our ,natural ,!ology1 z well z our ,natural ,philosophy2 we conceive t _! pret5sions w n be> a mom5t's exam9ation4 ,leav+ !n to o!r p]sons & to future ages to decide ^u ! sci5tific m]its ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 we conceive t ! f9al fate ( ?is op9ion _c1 9 s\nd reason1 affect at all ! view :i* we h be5 endeav\r+ to illu/rate2--! view ( ! univ]se z ! "w ( a wise & good ,creator4 ,let x be suppos$ t ! po9t to :i* ?is hypo!sis leads u1 is ! ultimate po9t ( physical sci5ce3 t ! f>!/ glimpse we c obta9 ( ! mat]ial univ]se by our natural faculties1 %[s x to u occupi$ by a b\ndless abyss ( lum9\s matt]3 /ill we ask1 h[ space came to be ?us occupi$1 h[ matt] came to be ?us lum9\s8 ,if we e/abli% by physical pro(s1 t ! fir/ fact :i* c be trac$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 is t 8!re 0 light20 we %all /ill be l$1 ev5 by our natural reason1 to suppose t be=e ?is c\ld occur1 8,god said1 let !re be light40 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,exi/5ce ( a ,resi/+ ,m$ium 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,! "q ( a pl5um & a vacuum 0 =m]ly mu* debat$ among ^? :o speculat$ conc]n+ ! con/itution ( ! univ]se2 t is1 !y disput$ :e!r ! cele/ial & t]re/rial spaces are absolutely full1 ea* portion be+ occupi$ by "s matt] or o!r2 or :e!r !re are1 betwe5 & among ! mat]ial p>ts ( ! _w1 empty spaces free f all matt]1 h[ev] r>e4 ,?is "q 0 (t5 treat$ by means ( ab/ract conceptions & priori reason+s2 & 0 sometimes consid]$ z "o 9 :i* ! result ( ! /ruggle betwe5 rival sy/ems ( philosophy1 ! ,c>tesian & ,newtonian = in/ance1 0 involv$4 ,x 0 conceiv$ by "s t ! ,newtonian doctr9e ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 accord+ to me*anical laws1 requir$ t ! space 9 :i* !y mov$ %\ld be1 absolutely & metaphysically speak+1 a vacuum4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n necess>y to ! tru? ( ! ,newtonian doctr9es1 & does n appe> to h be5 int5d$ to be ass]t$ by ,newton himself4 ,und\bt$ly1 accord+ to 8 !ory1 ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies 7 calculat$ on ! supposition t !y d move 9 a space void ( any resi/+ fluid2 & ! comp>ison ( ! places s calculat$ ) ! places actually obs]v$1 7cont9u$ = a long c\rse ( ye>s1 & tri$ 9 innum]able cases17 did n %[ any diff]5ce :i* impli$ ! exi/5ce ( a resi/+ fluid4 ,! ,newtonian1 !re=e1 0 ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t ei!r !re 0 no su* fluid1 or t x 0 s ?9 & r>efi$1 t no ph5om5on yet exam9$ by a/ronom]s 0 capable ( betray+ its effects4 ,?is 0 all t ! ,newtonian ne$$ or ought to ma9ta92 = 8 philosophy1 f\nd$ altoge!r ^u obs]vation1 _h no?+ to d ) ab/ract possibilities & metaphysical necessities4 ,& 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* obs]vation & calculation ?us %[$ t !re c\ld be none b a v r>e m$ium p]vad+ ! sol> sy/em1 x 0 left op5 to obs]vation & calculation to prove t !re 0 su* a m$ium1 if any facts c\ld be discov]$ :i* (f]$ suitable evid5ce4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s1 facts h be5 obs]v$ :i* %[1 9 ! op9ion ( "s ( ! be/ ma!maticians ( ,europe1 t su* a v r>e m$ium does really occupy ! spaces 9 :i* ! planets move2 & x may be prop] & int]e/+ to consid] ! be>+ ( ?is op9ion ^u ! views & argum5ts :i* we h _h "h to pres5t4 #a4 ,reasons might be (f]$1 f\nd$ on ! univ]sal diffusion ( light & on o!r gr\nds1 = believ+ t ! planet>y spaces _c be entirely free f matt] ( "s k9d2 & :]ev] matt] is1 we %\ld expect resi/ance4 ,b ! facts :i* h ?us l$ a/ronom]s to ! conviction t su* a resi/+ m$ium really exi/s1 are c]ta9 circum/ances occurr+ 9 ! motion ( a body revolv+ r\nd ! sun1 :i* is n[ usually call$ ,encke's comet4 ,?is body revolves 9 a v ecc5tric or oblong orbit1 its greate/ or aphelion di/ance f ! sun1 & its ne>e/1 or p]ihelion di/ance1 be+ 9 ! proportion ( m ?an t5 to "o4 ,9 ?is respect x agrees ) o!r comets2 b its "t ( revolution ab\t ! sun is mu* less ?an t ( ! comets :i* h excit$ mo/ notice2 = :ile !y appe> only at long int]vals ( ye>s1 ! body ( :i* we are n[ speak+ returns to its p]ihelion e twelve hundr$ & eight days1 or 9 ab\t ?ree ye>s & "o-?ird4 ,ano!r obs]vable circum/ance 9 ?is s+ul> body1 is its extreme app>5t t5uity3 x appe>s z a loose indef9itely =m$ speck ( vap\r1 ?r\gh :i* ! />s are visible ) no p]ceptible dim9ution ( _! brightness4 ,?is body 0 fir/ se5 by ,me*a9 & ,messi]1 9 #aghf1ba b !y obta9$ only two obs]vations1 :]eas ?ree1 at lea/1 are requisite to det]m9e ! pa? ( a heav5ly body4 ,miss ,h]s*el discov]$ x aga9 9 #agie1 & x 0 obs]v$ by sev]al ,european a/ronom]s4 ,9 #ahje x 0 aga9 se51 & aga9 9 #ahai4 ,hi!rto x 0 suppos$ t ! f\r comets ?us obs]v$ 7 all diff]5t2 ,encke1 h[ev]1 %[$ t ! obs]vations c\ld only be expla9$ by consid]+ !m z returns ( ! same revolv+ body2 & by do+ ?is1 well m]it$ t 8 "n %\ld be associat$ ) ! subject ( 8 discov]y4 ,! return ( ?is body 9 #ahbb1 0 calculat$ be=eh&1 & obs]v$ 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ! comet be+ !n 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! heav5s2 b on comp>+ ! calculat$ & ! obs]v$ places1 ,encke conclud$ t ! obs]vations c\ld n be exactly expla9$1 )\t suppos+ a resi/+ m$ium4 ,?is comet 0 aga9 g5]ally obs]v$ 9 ,europe 9 #ahbe & #ahbh1 & ! circum/ances ( ! la/ appe>ance 7 p>ticul>ly fav\rable = det]m9+ ! absolute am\nt ( ! ret>dation aris+ f ! m$ium1 :i* ! o!r obs]vations _h left undet]m9$4 ,! effect ( ?is ret>d+ influ5ce is1 z might be suppos$ f :at has already be5 said1 extremely slight2 & w\ld probably n h be5 p]ceptible at all1 b = ! loose texture & small quantity ( matt] ( ! revolv+ body4 ,x w easily be conceiv$ t a body :i* has p]haps no m solidity or coh]5ce ?an a cl\d ( du/1 or a wrea? ( smoke1 w h less =ce to make its way ?r\gh a fluid m$ium1 h[ev] ?91 ?an a m d5se & compact body w\ld h4 ,9 atmosph]ic air mu* r>efi$1 a bullet might proce$ = miles )\t los+ any ( its velocity1 :ile su* a loose mass z ! comet is suppos$ to be w\ld lose its projectile motion 9 ! space ( a few y>ds4 ,?is consid]ation w acc\nt = ! circum/ance1 t ! exi/5ce ( su* a m$ium has be5 detect$ by obs]v+ ! motions ( ,encke's comet1 ?\gh ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies previ\sly obs]v$ %[$ no trace ( su* an imp$im5t4 ,x w appe> p]haps rem>kable t a body s light & loose z we h describ$ ?is comet to be1 %\ld revolve ab\t ! sun by laws z fix$ & c]ta9 z ^? :i* regulate ! motions ( ^? great & solid masses1 ! ,e>? & ,jupit]4 ,x is h[ev] c]ta9 f obs]vation1 t ?is comet is act$ ^u by exactly ! same =ce ( sol> attraction1 z ! o!r bodies ( ! sy/em2 & n only s1 b t x also exp]i5ces ! same k9d ( di/urb+ =ce f ! action ( ! o!r planets1 :i* !y ex]cise ^u ea* o!r4 ,! effect ( all ^! causes has be5 calculat$ ) great c>e & lab\r2 & ! result has be5 an agreem5t ) obs]vation suffici5tly close to %[ t ^! causes really act1 b at ! same "t a residual ph5om5on 7z ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el expresses x7 has come to light3 & f ?is has be5 collect$ ! inf]5ce ( a resi/+ m$ium4 ,?is m$ium produces a v small effect ^u ! motion ( ! comet1 z w easily be suppos$ f :at has be5 said4 ,by ,encke's calculation1 x appe>s t ! effect ( ! resi/ance1 suppos+ ! comet to move 9 ! e>?'s orbit1 w\ld be ab\t an eight hundr$ & fiftie? ( ! sun's =ce on ! body4 ,! effect ( su* resi/ance may appe>1 at fir/ sight1 p>adoxical2 x w\ld be to make ! comet move m sl[ly1 b p]=m its revolutions m quickly4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w p]haps be und]/ood if x be consid]$ t by mov+ m sl[ly ! comet w be m rapidly drawn t[>ds ! c5tre1 & t 9 ?is way a revolution w be describ$ by a %ort] pa? ?an x 0 be=e4 ,x appe>s t 9 gett+ r\nd ! sun1 ! comet ga9s m 9 ?is way ?an x loses by ! dim9ution ( its velocity4 ,! case is mu* l t ( a /one ?r[n 9 ! air2 ! /one moves m sl[ly ?an x w\ld d if !re 7 no air2 b yet x comes to ! e>? soon] ?an x w\ld d on t supposition4 ,x appe>s t ! effect ( ! resi/ance ( ! e!real m$ium1 f ! fir/ discov]y ( ! comet up to ! pres5t "t1 has be5 to dim9i% ! "t ( revolution by ab\t two days3 & ! comet is t5 days 9 advance ( ! place :i* x w\ld h rea*$1 if !re _h be5 no resi/ance4 #b4 ,! same m$ium :i* is ?us %[n to produce an effect ^u ,encke's comet1 mu/ also act ^u ! planets :i* move ?r\gh ! same spaces4 ,! effect ^u ! planets1 h[ev]1 mu/ be v mu* small] ?an ! effect ^u ! comet1 9 consequ5ce ( _! great] quantity ( matt]4 ,x is n easy to assign any probable value1 or ev5 any c]ta9 limit1 to ! effect ( ! resi/+ m$ium ^u ! planets4 ,we are entirely ignorant ( ! comp>ative mass ( ! comet1 & ( any ( ! planets2 & h5ce1 _c make any calculation f\nd$ on su* a comp>ison4 ,newton has endeav\r$ to %[ h[ small ! resi/ance ( ! m$ium mu/ be1 if x exi/4#bb ,! result ( 8 calculation is1 t if we take ! d5sity ( ! m$ium to be t :i* our air w h at two hundr$ miles f ! e>?'s surface1 suppos+ ! law ( dim9ution ( d5sity to g on unalt]$1 & if we suppose ,jupit] to move 9 su* a m$ium1 he w\ld 9 a million ye>s lose less ?an a million? "p ( 8 velocity4 ,if a planet1 revolv+ ab\t ! sun1 7 to lose any portion ( its velocity by ! effect ( resi/ance1 x w\ld be drawn proportionally ne>] ! sun1 ! t5d5cy t[>ds ! c5tre be+ no long] suffici5tly c\nt]act$ by t c5trifugal =ce :i* arises f ! body's velocity4 ,& if ! resi/ance 7 to cont9ue to act1 ! body w\ld be drawn p]petually ne>] & ne>] to ! c5tre1 & w\ld describe its revolutions quick] & quick]1 till at la/ x w\ld rea* ! c5tral body1 & ! sy/em w\ld cease to be a sy/em4 ,?is result is true1 h[ev] small be ! velocity lo/ by resi/ance2 ! only diff]5ce be+1 t :5 ! resi/ance is small1 ! "t requisite to ext+ui% ! :ole motion w be proportionally long]4 ,9 all cases ! times :i* come "u our consid]ation 9 problems ( ?is k9d1 are enorm\s to common appreh5sion4 ,?us ,encke's comet1 accord+ to ! results ( ! obs]vations already made1 w lose1 9 t5 revolutions1 or ?irty-?ree ye>s1 less ?an "o ?\s&? ( its velocity3 & if ?is law 7 to cont9ue1 ! velocity w\ld n be r$uc$ to "o-half its pres5t value 9 less ?an sev5 ?\s& revolutions or tw5ty-?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,if ,jupit] 7 to lose "o-million? ( 8 velocity 9 a million ye>s1 7:i*1 z has be5 se51 is f> m ?an c be consid]$ 9 any way probable17 he w\ld require sev5ty millions ( ye>s to lose "o-?\s&? ( ! velocity2 & a p]iod sev5 hundr$ times z long to r$uce ! velocity to "o-half4 ,^! are p]iods ( "t :i* q ov]:elm ! imag9ation2 & x is n pret5d$ t ! calculations are made ) any pret5sions to accuracy4 ,b at ! same "t x is beyond d\bt t ?\gh ! int]vals ( "t ?us assign$ to ^! *anges are highly vague & unc]ta91 ! *anges !mselves mu/1 soon] or lat]1 take place1 9 consequ5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! resi/+ m$ium4 ,s9ce !re is su* a ret>d+ =ce p]petually act+1 h[ev] slight x be1 x mu/ 9 ! end de/roy all ! cele/ial motions4 ,x may be millions ( millions ( ye>s be=e ! e>?'s ret>dation may p]ceptibly affect ! app>5t motion ( ! sun2 b /ill ! day w come 7if ! same ,provid5ce :i* =m$ ! sy/em1 %\ld p]mit x to cont9ue s long7 :5 ?is cause w entirely *ange ! l5g? ( our ye> & ! c\rse ( our seasons1 & f9ally /op ! e>?'s motion r\nd ! sun altoge!r4 ,! smallness ( ! resi/ance1 h[ev] small we *oose to suppose x1 does n all[ u to escape ?is c]ta9ty4 ,!re is a resi/+ m$ium2 &1 !re=e1 ! movem5ts ( ! sol> sy/em _c g on = ev]4 ,! mom5t su* a fluid is asc]ta9$ to exi/1 ! et]nity ( ! movem5ts ( ! planets becomes z impossible z a p]petual motion on ! e>?4 #c4 ,! va/ p]iods :i* are br\ght "u our consid]ation 9 trac+ ! effects ( ! resi/+ m$ium1 h>monize ) all t we le>n ( ! con/itution ( ! univ]se f o!r s\rces4 ,millions1 & millions ( millions ( ye>s are expressions t at fir/ sight appe> fitt$ only to ov]:elm & conf\nd all our p[]s ( ?\ght2 & su* numb]s are no d\bt beyond ! limits ( any ?+ :i* we di/9ctly conceive4 ,b our p[]s ( conception are suit$ r to ! wants & uses ( common life1 ?an to a complete survey ( ! univ]se4 ,x is 9 no way unlikely t ! :ole duration ( ! sol> sy/em %\ld be a p]iod immeasurably great 9 our eyes1 ?\gh demon/rably f9ite4 ,su* enorm\s numb]s h be5 br\ght "u our notice by all ! advances we h made 9 our k ( nature4 ,! smallness ( ! objects detect$ by ! microscope & ( _! p>ts2--! multitude ( ! />s :i* ! be/ telescopes ( mod]n times h discov]$ 9 ! sky2--! duration assign$ to ! globe ( ! e>? by geological inve/igation2--all ^! results require = _! probable expression1 numb]s1 :i* s f> z we see1 are on ! same gigantic scale z ! numb] ( ye>s 9 :i* ! sol> sy/em w become entirely d]ang$4 ,su* calculations dep5d 9 "s degree on our relation to ! va/ aggregate ( ! works ( our ,creator2 & no p]son :o is accu/om$ to m$itate on ^! subjects w be surpris$ t ! numb]s :i* su* an occasion requires %\ld oppress our compreh5sion4 ,no "o :o has dwelt on ! ?\ght ( a univ]sal ,creator & ,pres]v]1 w be surpris$ to f9d ! conviction =c$ ^u ! m9d by e new tra9 ( speculation1 t view$ 9 ref]5ce to ,him1 our space is a po9t1 our "t a mom5t1 our millions a h&ful1 our p]man5ce a quick decay4 ,our k ( ! va/ p]iods1 bo? geological & a/ronomical1 ( :i* we h spok51 is mo/ slight4 ,x is 9 fact little m ?an t su* p]iods exi/2 t ! surface ( ! e>? has1 at wide int]vals ( "t1 und]gone great *anges 9 ! disposition ( l& & wat]1 & 9 ! =ms ( animal life2 & t ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies r\nd ! sun are affect$1 ?\gh ) inconceivable sl[ness1 by a =ce :i* mu/ end by d]ang+ !m altoge!r4 ,x w\ld !re=e be ra% to endeav\r to e/abli% any analogy betwe5 ! p]iods ?us disclos$2 b we may obs]ve t !y agree 9 ?is1 t !y r$uce all ?+s to ! g5]al rule ( f9ite duration4 ,z all ! geological /ates ( :i* we f9d evid5ce 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! e>?1 h _h _! t]m9ation1 s also ! a/ronomical conditions "u :i* ! revolutions ( ! e>? itself proce$1 involve ! necessity ( a future cessation ( ^! revolutions4 ,! contemplative p]son may well be /ruck by ?is univ]sal law ( ! creation4 ,we are 9 ! habit sometimes ( contra/+ ! transi5t de/9y ( man ) ! p]man5ce ( ! =e/s1 ! m\nta9s1 ! ocean1--) ! unwe>i$ circuit ( ! sun4 ,b ?is contra/ is a delusion ( our own imag9ation2 ! diff]5ce is aft] all b "o ( degree4 ,! =e/ tree endures = its c5turies & !n decays2 ! m\nta9s crumble & *ange1 & p]haps subside 9 "s convulsion ( nature2 ! sea retires1 & ! %ore ceases to res\nd ) ! 8ev]la/+0 voice ( ! ocean3 su* reflections h already cr[d$ ^u ! m9d ( ! geologi/2 & x n[ appe>s t ! c\rses ( ! heav5s !mselves are n exempt f ! univ]sal law ( decay2 t n only ! rocks & ! m\nta9s1 b ! sun & ! moon h ! s5t5ce 8to end0 /amp$ ^u _! =eheads4 ,!y enjoy no privilege beyond man except a long] respite4 ,! ephem]on p]i%es 9 an h\r2 man endures = 8 ?ree score ye>s & t52 an empire1 a nation1 numb]s its c5turies1 x may be its ?\s&s ( ye>s2 ! cont95ts & isl&s :i* its dom9ion includes h p]haps _! date1 z ^? :i* prec$$ !m h _h2 & ! v revolutions ( ! sky by :i* c5turies are numb]$ w at la/ langui% & /& /ill4 ,to dwell on ! moral & religi\s reflections sugge/$ by ?is tra9 ( ?\ght is n to our pres5t purpose2 b we may obs]ve t x introduces a homog5eity1 s to speak1 into ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,p]petual *ange1 p]petual progression1 increase & dim9ution1 appe> to be ! rules ( ! mat]ial _w1 & to prevail )\t exception4 ,! small] portions ( matt] :i* we h ne> u1 & ! l>g]1 :i* appe> z lum9>ies at a va/ di/ance1 diff]5t z !y are 9 our mode ( conceiv+ !m1 obey ! same laws ( motion2 & ^! laws produce ! same results2 9 bo? cases motion is p]petually de/roy$1 except x be repair$ by "s liv+ p[]2 9 bo? cases ! relative re/ ( ! p>ts ( a mat]ial sy/em is ! conclusion to :i* its motion t5ds4 #d4 ,x may p]haps appe> to "s1 t ?is ackn[l$gm5t ( ! t5d5cy ( ! sy/em to d]angem5t ?r\gh ! action ( a resi/+ m$ium is inconsi/5t ) ! argum5t :i* we h drawn 9 a previ\s *apt]1 f ! provisions = its /ability4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ! two views are 9 p]fect agreem5t1 s f> z our purpose is conc]n$4 ,! ma9 po9t :i* we _h to urge1 9 ! consid]ation ( ! /ability ( ! sy/em1 01 n t x is con/ruct$ to la/ = ev]1 b t :ile x la/s1 ! deviations f its mean condition are v small4 ,x is ?is prop]ty :i* fits ! _w = its uses4 ,to ma9ta9 ei!r ! pa/ or ! future et]nity ( ! _w1 does n appe> consi/5t ) physical pr9ciples1 z x c]ta9ly does n fall 9 ) ! convictions ( ! religi\s man1 9 :atev] way obta9$4 ,we conceive t ?is /ate ( ?+s has _h a beg9n+2 we conceive t x w h an end4 ,b 9 ! mean "t we f9d x fitt$1 by a numb] ( rem>kable arrangem5ts1 to be ! habitation ( liv+ creatures4 ,! conditions :i* secure ! /ability1 & ! smallness ( ! p]turbations ( ! sy/em1 are among ^! provisions4 ,if ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit ( ,v5us1 or ( ,jupit]1 7 mu* great] ?an x is1 n only might "s ( ! planets1 at ! close ( ages1 fall into ! sun or fly (f into inf9ite space1 b also1 9 ! int]m$iate "t1 ! e>?'s orbit might become mu* m ecc5tric2 ! c\rse ( ! seasons & ! av]age ( temp]ature might v>y f :at !y n[ are1 s z to injure or de/roy ! :ole organic creation4 ,by c]ta9 orig9al arrangem5ts ^! de/ructive oscillations are prev5t$4 ,s long z ! bodies cont9ue to revolve1 _! orbits w n be mu* diff]5t f :at !y n[ are4 ,& ?is result is n affect$ by ! action ( ! resi/+ m$ium4 ,su* a m$ium _c increase ! small ecc5tricities ( ! orbits4 ,! range ( ! p]iodical oscillations ( heat & cold w n be ext5d$ by ! me*anical effect ( ! m$ium1 nor w\ld be1 ev5 if its d5sity 7 incomp>ably great] ?an x is4 ,! resi/+ m$ium !re=e does n at all c\nt]act t :i* is mo/ important 9 ! provision = ! p]man5cy ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,if ! /ability ( ! sy/em _h n be5 secur$ by ! adju/m5ts :i* we describ$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 ! c\rse ( ! seasons might h be5 di/urb$ to an injuri\s or ev5 de/ructive ext5t 9 ! c\rse ( a few c5turies1 or ev5 )9 ! limits ( "o g5]ation2 by ! effect ( ! resi/+ m$ium1 ! ord] ( nature rema9s un*ang$ = a p]iod1 comp>$ ) :i* ! kn[n duration ( ! human race is insignificant4 ,b1 x may be object$1 ! effect ( ! m$ium mu/ be ultimately to affect1 ! duration ( ! e>?'s revolution r\nd ! sun1 & ?us to d]ange ^? adaptations :i* dep5d on ! l5g? ( ! ye>4 ,&1 )\t "q1 if we p]mit ourselves to look =w>d to t inconceivably di/ant p]iod at :i* ! effect ( ! m$ium w become s5sible1 ?is mu/ be all[$ to be true1 z has be5 already /at$4 ,millions1 & probably millions ( millions1 ( ye>s express inadequately ! di/ance ( "t at :i* ?is cause w\ld produce a s]i\s effect4 ,t ! ma*9e ( ! univ]se is s con/ruct$ t x may answ] its purposes = su* a p]iod1 is surely suffici5t pro( ( ! skill ( its workman%ip1 & ( ! reality ( its purpose3 & ^? p]sons1 probably1 :o are be/ conv9c$ t x is ! "w ( a wise & good ,creator1 w be lea/ dispos$ to consid] ! sy/em z imp]fect1 because 9 its pres5t condition x is n fitt$ = et]nity4 #e4 ,! doctr9e ( a ,resi/+ ,m$ium leads u t[>ds a po9t :i* ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis assumes2--a beg9n+ ( ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,!re mu/ h be5 a comm5cem5t ( ! motions n[ go+ on 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,s9ce ^! motions1 :5 once begun1 w\ld be d]ang$ & de/roy$ 9 a p]iod :i*1 h[ev] l>ge1 is yet f9ite1 x is obvi\s we _c c>ry _! orig9 indef9itely backw>ds 9 a range ( pa/ duration4 ,!re is a p]iod 9 :i* ^! revolutions1 :5ev] !y _h begun1 w\ld h br\ght ! revolv+ bodies into contact ) ! c5tral mass2 & ?is p]iod has 9 our sy/em n yet elaps$4 ,! wat* is /ill go+1 & !re=e x mu/ h be5 w\nd up )9 a limit$ "t4 ,! sol> sy/em1 at ?is its beg9n+1 mu/ h be5 arrang$ & put 9 motion by "s cause4 ,if we suppose ?is cause to op]ate by means ( ! configurations & ! prop]ties ( previ\sly exi/+ matt]1 ^! configurations mu/ h result$ f "s /ill previ\s cause1 ^! prop]ties mu/ h produc$ "s previ\s effects4 ,we are ?us l$ to a condition /ill e>li] ?an ! assum$ beg9n+2--to an orig9 ( ! orig9al /ate ( ! univ]se2 & 9 ?is mann] we are c>ri$ p]petually fur!r & fur!r back1 ?r\gh a labyr9? ( me*anical causation1 )\t any possibility ( f9d+ any ?+ 9 :i* ! m9d c acquiesce or re/1 till we admit 8a ,fir/ ,cause :i* is n me*anical40 ,?us ! argum5t :i* 0 be=e urg$ aga9/ ^? 9 p>ticul>1 :o put =w>ds ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis 9 opposition to ! admission ( an ,intellig5t ,creator1 (f]s itself aga91 z cog5t 9 itself1 :5 we adopt ! op9ion ( a resi/+ m$ium1 = :i* ! physical pro(s h be5 f\nd to be s /rong4 ,! argum5t is inde$ =c$ ^u our m9ds1 :atev] view we take ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! univ]se4 ,"s h endeav\r$ to evade its =ce by ma9ta9+ t ! _w z x n[ exi/s has exi/$ f et]nity4 ,!y ass]t t ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 or an ord] ( ?+s 9 "s way resembl+ ! pres5t1 produc$ by ! same causes1 gov]n$ by ! same laws1 has prevail$ ?r\gh an inf9ite succession ( pa/ ages4 ,we %all n dwell ^u any objections to ?is t5et :i* might be drawn f our own conceptions1 or f :at may be call$ metaphysical s\rces4 ,nor %all we ref] to ! v>i\s consid]ations :i* hi/ory1 geology1 & a/ronomical records supply1 & :i* t5d to %[1 n only t ! pa/ duration ( ! pres5t c\rse ( ?+s is f9ite1 b t x is %ort1 comp>$ ) su* p]iods z we h _h to speak (4 ,b we may obs]ve1 t ! doctr9e ( a resi/+ m$ium once e/abli%$1 makes ?is imag9ation unt5able2 compels u to g back to ! orig91 n only ( ! pres5t c\rse ( ! _w1 n only ( ! e>?1 b ( ! sol> sy/em itself2 & ?us sets u =? ^u t pa? ( rese>* into ! s]ies ( pa/ causation1 :]e we obta9 no answ] ( :i* ! mean+ corresponds to our que/ions1 till we re/ 9 ! conclusion ( a mo/ provid5t & mo/ p[]ful ,creat+ ,intellig5ce4 ,x is relat$ ( ,epicurus t :5 a boy1 read+ ) 8 preceptor ^! v]ses ( ,hesiod1 '1 ' 1 ,elde/ ( be+s1 ,*aos fir/ arose1 ,!nce ,e>? wide /ret*$1 ! /eadfa/ seat ( all ,! ,immortals1 ! "y s*ol> fir/ betray$ 8 inquisitive g5ius by ask+ 8,& *aos :5ce80 ,:5 9 8 rip] ye>s he _h p]suad$ himself t ?is "q 0 suffici5tly answ]$ by say+ t *aos arose f ! conc\rse ( atoms1 x is /range t ! same inquisitive _s did n aga9 sugge/ ! "q 8& atoms :5ce80 ,& x is cle> t h[ev] (t5 ! "q 8:5ce80 _h be5 answ]$1 x w\ld /ill />t up z at fir/4 ,nor c\ld x suffice z an answ] to say1 t e>?1 *aos1 atoms1 7 portions ( a s]ies ( *anges :i* w5t back to et]nity4 ,! preceptor ( ,epicurus in=m$ him1 t to be satisfi$ on ! subject ( 8 inquiry1 he mu/ h rec\rse to ! philosoph]s4 ,if ! "y speculator _h be5 told t *aos 7if *aos inde$ prec$$ ! pres5t ord]7 0 produc$ by an ,et]nal ,be+1 9 :om resid$ purpose & w1 he w\ld h receiv$ a sugge/ion :i*1 duly matur$ by subsequ5t contemplation1 might h l$ him to a philosophy f> m satisfactory ?an ! mat]ial s*eme c ev] be1 to "o :o looks1 ei!r abroad into ! univ]se1 or )9 into 8 own bosom4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,me*anical ,laws4 ,9 ! prec$+ obs]vations we h suppos$ ! laws1 by :i* diff]5t k9ds ( matt] act & are act$ ^u1 to be already 9 exi/5ce2 & h endeav\r$ to po9t out evid5ces ( design & adaptation1 display$ 9 ! selection & arrangem5t ( ^! mat]ials ( ! univ]se4 ,^! mat]ials are1 x has appe>$1 suppli$ 9 su* measures & dispos$ 9 su* =ms1 t by means ( _! prop]ties & laws ! bus9ess ( ! _w goes on h>moni\sly & b5eficially4 ,b a fur!r "q occurs3 h[ came matt] to h su* prop]ties & laws8 ,are ^! also to be consid]$ z ?+s ( selection & in/itution8 ,& if s1 c we trace ! reasons :y ! laws 7 e/abli%$ 9 _! pres5t =m2 :y ! prop]ties :i* matt] actually possesses 7 e/abli%$ & be/[$ & be/[$ ^u x8 ,we h already attempt$1 9 a previ\s "p ( ?is "w1 to po9t out "s ( ! advantages :i* are secur$ by ! exi/+ laws ( heat1 light & moi/ure4 ,c we1 9 ! same mann]1 po9t out ! b5efits :i* arise f ! pres5t con/itution ( ^? laws ( matt] :i* are ma9ly conc]n$ 9 ! production ( cosmical ph5om5a8 ,x w readily be p]ceiv$ t ! discussion ( ?is po9t mu/ necess>ily require "s ef=t ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,! laws & prop]ties ( :i* we h "h to speak1 ! laws ( motion & ! univ]sal prop]ties ( matt]1 are s closely int]wov5 ) our conceptions ( ! ext]nal _w1 t we h great difficulty 9 conceiv+ !m n to exi/1 or to exi/ o!r ?an !y are4 ,:5 we press or lift a /one1 we c h>dly imag9e t x c\ld1 by possibility1 d o!rwise ?an resi/ our ef=t by its h>dness & by its heav9ess1 qualities s famili> to u3 :5 we ?r[ x1 x seems inevitable t its motion %\ld dep5d on ! impulse we give1 j z we f9d t x inv>iably does4 ,nor is x easy to say h[ f> x is really possible to suppose ! fundam5tal attributes ( matt] to be diff]5t f :at !y are4 ,if we1 9 our ?\ghts1 attempt to dive/ matt] ( its p[]s ( resi/+ & mov+1 x ceases to be matt]1 accord+ to our conceptions1 & we c no long] reason ^u x ) any di/9ctness4 ,& yet x is c]ta9 t we c conceive ! laws ( h>dness & weight & motion to be q diff]5t f :at !y are1 & c po9t out "s ( ! consequ5ces :i* w\ld result f su* diff]5ce4 ,! prop]ties ( matt]1 ev5 ! mo/ fundam5tal & univ]sal ones1 d n obta9 by any absolute necessity1 resembl+ t :i* belongs to ! prop]ties ( geometry4 ,a l9e t\*+ a circle is necess>ily p]p5dicul> to a l9e drawn to ! c5tre ?r\gh ! po9t t\*$2 = x may be %[n t ! contr>y involves a contradiction4 ,b !re is no contradiction 9 suppos+ t a body's motion %\ld naturally dim9i%1 or t its weight %\ld increase 9 remov+ fur!r f ! e>?'s c5tre4 ,?us ! prop]ties ( matt] & ! laws ( motion are :at we f9d !m1 n by virtue ( any int]nal necessity :i* we c und]/&4 ,! /udy ( su* laws & prop]ties may !re=e disclose to u ! "* ( t ext]nal ag5cy by :i* we conceive !m to h be5 det]m9$ to be :at !y are2 & ?is mu/ be ! same ag5cy by :i* all o!r p>ts ( ! con/itution ( ! univ]se 7 appo9t$ & ord]$4 ,b we c h>dly expect1 ) reg>d to su* subjects1 t we %all be able to obta9 any complete or adequate view ( ! reasons :y ^! g5]al laws are s select$1 & s e/abli%$4 ,^! laws are ! univ]sal basis ( all op]ations :i* g on1 at any mom5t1 9 e "p ( space1 ) reg>d to e p>ticle ( matt]1 organic & inorganic4 ,all o!r laws & prop]ties mu/ h a ref]5ce to ^!1 & mu/ be influ5c$ by !m2 bo? su* z m5 h already discov]$1 & ! f> great] numb] :i* rema9 /ill unkn[n4 ,! g5]al economy & mutual relations ( all p>ts ( ! univ]se1 mu/ be subord9ate to ! laws ( motion & matt] ( :i* we "h speak4 ,we c easily suppose t ! v>i\s processes ( nature1 & ! dep5d5cies ( v>i\s creatures1 are affect$ 9 ! mo/ compreh5sive mann] by ^! laws2--are simplifi$ by _! simplicity1 made consi/5t by _! univ]sality2 r5d]$ regul> by _! symmetry4 ,we c easily suppose t 9 ?is way !re may be ! mo/ pr(\nd & admirable reasons = ! exi/5ce ( ! pres5t univ]sal prop]ties ( matt]1 :i* we _c appreh5d 9 consequ5ce ( ! limit$ nature ( our k1 & ( our faculties4 ,=1 comp>$ ) ! :ole ext5t ( ! univ]se1 ! :ole aggregate ( ?+s & relations & connexions :i* exi/ 9 x1 our k is mo/ n>r[ & p>tial1 mo/ %all[ & sup]ficial4 ,we _c suppose1 !re=e1 t ! reasons :i* we discov] = ! pres5t =m ( ! laws ( nature g ne>ly to ! full ext5t1 or to ! bottom ( ! reasons1 :i* a m complete & pr(\nd insight w\ld enable u to p]ceive4 ,to d ju/ice to su* reasons1 w\ld require no?+ less ?an a p]fect acqua9tance ) ! :ole con/itution ( e "p ( creation2 a k :i* man has n1 &1 s f> z we c conceive1 nev] c h4 ,we are c]ta91 !re=e1 t our views1 ) reg>d to ?is "p ( our subject1 mu/ be imp]fect & limit$4 ,yet /ill man has "s k ) reg>d to v>i\s portions ( nature2 & ) reg>d to ^? mo/ g5]al & comp>atively simple facts to :i* we n[ ref]1 8 k is m compreh5sive1 & goes deep] ?an x does 9 any o!r prov9ce4 ,we conceive1 !re=e1 t we %all n be engag$ 9 any ra% or presumptu\s attempt1 if we endeav\r to po9t out "s ( ! advantages :i* are secur$ by ! pres5t con/itution ( "s ( ! g5]al me*anical laws ( nature2 & to sugge/ ! p]suasion ( t purpose & wise design1 :i* ! selection ( su* laws w ?us appe> to imply4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,we %all proce$ to make a few obs]vations on ! ,law ( ,gravity1 9 virtue ( :i* ! motions ( planets ab\t ! sun1 & ( satellites ab\t _! planets take place2 & by :i* also are produc$ ! fall d[nw>ds ( all bodies )9 our rea*1 & ! pressure :i* !y ex]t ^u _! supports :5 at re/4 ,! id5tification ( ! latt] =ces ) ! =m]1 & ! discov]y ( ! s+le law by :i* ^! =ces are e :]e regulat$1 0 ! great discov]y ( ,newton3 & we wi% to make x appe> t ?is law is e/abli%$ by an intellig5t & compreh5sive selection4 ,! law ( ! sun's attraction ^u ! planets is1 t ?is attraction v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance2 t is1 x decreases z t squ>e increases4 ,if we take ?ree po9ts or planets ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! di/ances ( :i* f ! sun are 9 prop] proportion "o1 two1 ?ree2 ! attractive =ce :i* ! sun at ^! di/ances ex]cises1 is z "o1 "o-f\r?1 & "o-n9? respectively4 ,9 ! small] v>iations ( di/ance :i* occur 9 ! elliptical motion ( "o planet1 ! v>iations ( ! =ce foll[ ! same law4 ,moreov]1 n only does ! sun attract ! planets1 b !y attract ea* o!r accord+ to ! same law2 ! t5d5cy to ! e>? :i* makes bodies heavy1 is "o ( ! effects ( ?is law3 & all ^! effects ( ! attractions ( l>ge masses may be trac$ to ! attractions ( ! p>ticles ( :i* !y are compos$2 s t ! f9al g5]alization1 includ+ all ! d]ivative laws1 is1 t e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se attracts e o!r1 accord+ to ! law ( ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,su* is ! law ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,n[1 ! "q is1 :y d ei!r ! attractions ( masses1 or ^? ( _! compon5t p>ticles1 foll[ ?is law ( ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance r ?an any o!r8 ,:5 ! di/ance becomes "o1 two1 & ?ree1 :y %\ld n ! =ce also become "o1 two1 & ?ree8--or if x mu/ be weak] at po9ts m remote f ! attract+ body1 :y %\ld x n be "o1 a half1 a ?ird8 or "o1 an eigh?1 a tw5ty-sev5?8 ,su* law's c\ld easily be express$ ma!matically1 & _! consequ5ces calculat$4 ,c any reason be assign$ :y ! law :i* we f9d 9 op]ation mu/ obta98 ,c any be assign$ :y x %\ld obta98 ,! answ] to ?is is1 t no reason1 at all satisfactory1 c be giv5 :y su* a law mu/1 ( necessity1 be :at x is2 b t v /rong reasons c be po9t$ out :y1 = ! beauty & advantage ( ! sy/em1 ! pres5t "o is bett] ?an o!rs4 ,we w po9t out "s ( ^! reasons4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! sy/em c\ld n h subsi/$1 if ! =ce _h foll[$ a direct in/ead ( an inv]se law1 ) respect to ! di/ance2 t is1 if x _h increas$ :5 ! di/ance increas$4 ,x has be5 sometimes said1 t 8all direct laws ( =ce are exclud$ on acc\nt ( ! dang] f p]turb+ =ces20#bc t if ! planets _h pull$ at ?is e>?1 ! h>d] ! fur!r (f !y 71 !y w\ld h dragg$ x entirely out ( its c\rse4 ,?is is n an exact /atem5t ( :at w\ld happ53 if ! =ce 7 to be simply 9 ! direct ratio ( ! di/ance1 any numb] ( planets might revolve 9 ! mo/ regul> & ord]ly mann]4 ,_! mutual effects1 :i* we may call p]turbations if we please1 w\ld be consid]able2 b ^! p]turbations w\ld be s comb9$ ) ! unp]turb$ motion1 z to produce a new motion n less regul> ?an ! o!r4 ,?is curi\s result w\ld foll[1 t e body 9 ! sy/em w\ld describe1 or seem to describe1 ab\t e o!r1 an exact elliptical orbit2 & t ! times ( ! revolution ( e body 9 its orbit w\ld be all equal4 ,?is is prov$ by ,newton1 9 ! sixty-f\r? proposition ( ! ,pr9cipia4 ,!re w\ld be no?+ to prev5t all ! planets1 on ?is supposition1 f mov+ r\nd ! sun 9 orbits exactly circul>1 or ne>ly circul>1 accord+ to ! mode 9 :i* !y 7 set 9 motion4 ,b ?\gh ! p]turbations ( ! sy/em w\ld n make ?is law inadmissible1 !re are o!r circum/ances :i* w\ld d s4 ,"u ?is law1 ! gravity ( bodies at ! e>?'s surface w\ld cease to exi/4 ,no?+ w\ld fall or weigh d[nw>ds4 ,! great] action ( ! di/ant sun & planets w\ld exactly neutralize ! gravity ( ! e>?3 a ball ?r[n f ! h&1 h[ev] g5tly1 w\ld imm$iately become a satellite ( ! e>?1 & w\ld = ! future accompany x 9 its c\rse1 revolv+ ab\t x 9 ! space ( "o ye>4 ,all t]re/rial ?+s w\ld float ab\t ) no pr9ciple ( coh]5ce or /ability3 !y w\ld obey ! g5]al law ( ! sy/em1 b w\ld ackn[l$ge no p>ticul> relation to ! e>?4 ,we c h>dly pret5d to judge ( ! ab/ract possibility ( su* a sy/em ( ?+s2 b x is cle> t x c\ld n exi/ )\t an utt] subv]sion ( all t we c conceive ( ! economy & /ructure ( ! _w :i* we inhabit4 ,) any o!r direct law ( =ce1 we %\ld 9 l mann] lose gravity1 )\t ga9+ ! !oretical regul>ity ( ! planet>y motions :i* we h describ$ 9 ! case j consid]$4 #b4 ,among inv]se laws ( ! di/ance1 7t is1 ^? accord+ to :i* ! =ce dim9i%es z ! di/ance f ! orig9 ( =ce increases17 all :i* dim9i% ! c5tral =ce fa/] ?an ! cube ( ! di/ance increases are inadmissible1 because !y are incompatible ) ! p]man5t revolution ( a planet4 ,"u su* laws x w\ld foll[1 t a planet w\ld describe a spiral l9e ab\t ! sun1 & w\ld ei!r approa* ne>] & ne>] to him p]petually1 or p]petually g fur!r & fur!r (f3 ne>ly z a /one at ! end ( a /r+1 :5 ! /r+ is :irl$ r\nd1 & is all[$ to wrap r\nd ! h&1 or to unwrap f x1 approa*es to or rec$es f ! h&4 ,if we endeav\r to comp>e ! law ( ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance1 :i* really regulates ! c5tral =ce1 ) o!r laws1 n obvi\sly inadmissible1 z = in/ance1 ! inv]se simple ratio ( ! di/ance1 a consid]able quantity ( calculation is f\nd to be necess>y 9 ord] to trace ! results1 & especially ! p]turbations 9 ! two cases4 ,! p]turbations 9 ! suppos$ case h n be5 calculat$2 su* a calculation be+ a process s long & labori\s t x is nev] gone ?r\gh1 except = ! purpose ( comp>+ ! results ( !ory ) ^? ( obs]vation1 z we c d ) reg>d to ! law ( inv]se squ>e4 ,we c only say1 !re=e1 t ! /ability ( ! sy/em1 & ! mod]ate limits ( ! p]turbations1 :i* we "k to be secur$ by ! exi/+ law1 w\ld n1 s f> z we "k1 be obta9$ by any diff]5t law4 ,)\t go+ into fur!r exam9ation ( ! subject1 we may obs]ve t !re are "s circum/ances 9 :i* ! pres5t sy/em has a manife/ sup]iority 9 its simplicity ov] ! condition :i* w\ld h belong$ to x if ! =ce _h foll[$ any o!r law4 ,?us1 ) ! pres5t law ( gravitation ! planets revolve1 return+ p]petually on ! same track1 v ne>ly4 ,! e>? describes an oval1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* motion %e is ne>] to ! sun 9 our w9t] ?an 9 our summ] by ab\t "o-?irtie? "p ( ! :ole di/ance4 ,&1 z ! matt] n[ is1 ! ne>e/ approa* to ! sun1 & ! f>!/ recess f him1 occur always at ! same po9ts ( ! orbit4 ,!re is inde$ a slight alt]ation 9 ^! po9ts aris+ f di/urb+ =ces1 b ?is is h>dly s5sible 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al ages4 ,n[ if ! =ce _h foll[$ any o!r law1 we %\ld h _h ! e>? runn+ p]petually on a new track4 ,! greate/ & lea/ di/ances w\ld h occurr$ at diff]5t p>ts 9 e successive revolution4 ,! orbit w\ld h p]petually int]sect$ & be5 int]lac$ ) ! pa? describ$ 9 =m] revolutions2 & ! simplicity & regul>ity :i* *>act]izes ! pres5t motion w\ld h be5 q want+4 #c4 ,ano!r peculi> po9t ( simplicity 9 ! pres5t law ( mutual attraction is ?is3 t x makes ! law ( attraction = sph]ical masses ! same z = s+le p>ticles4 ,if p>ticles attract ) =ces :i* are inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 sph]es compos$ ( su* p>ticles1 w ex]t a =ce :i* foll[s ! same law4 ,9 ?is "* ! pres5t law is s+ul>1 among all possible laws1 except+ t ( ! direct di/ance :i* we h already discuss$4 ,if ! law ( ! gravitation ( p>ticles _h be5 t ( ! inv]se simple di/ance1 ! attraction ( a sph]e w\ld h be5 express$ by a complex s]ies ( ma!matical expressions1 ea* repres5t+ a simple law4 ,x is truly rem>kable t ! law ( ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance1 :i* appe>s to be select$ z t ( ! masses ( ! sy/em1 & ( :i* ! me*anism is1 t x arises f ! action ( ! p>ticles ( ! sy/em1 %\ld lead u to ! same law = ! action ( ^! p>ticles3 !re is a /rik+ pr]ogative ( simplicity 9 ! law ?us adopt$4 ,! law ( gravitation actually prevail+ 9 ! sol> sy/em has ?us great & cle> advantages ov] any law widely diff]5t f x2 & has moreov]1 9 _m ( its consequ5ces1 a simplicity :i* belongs to ?is precise law alone4 ,x is 9 _m su* respects a unique law2 & :5 we consid] t x possesses sev]al prop]ties :i* are peculi> to x1 & sev]al advantages :i* may be peculi> to x1 & :i* are c]ta9ly ne>ly s2 we h "s gr\nd1 x w\ld appe>1 to look ^u its peculi>ities & its advantages z connect$4 ,= ! reasons m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 we c h>dly expect to see fully ! way 9 :i* ! sy/em is b5efit$ by ! simplicity ( ?is law1 & by ! ma!matical elegance ( its consequ5ces3 b :5 we see t x has "s su* beauties1 & "s manife/ b5efits1 we may easily suppose t our ignorance & limit$ capacity alone prev5t our see+ t !re are1 = ! selection ( ?is law ( =ce1 reasons ( a f> m ref9$ & compreh5sive k9d ?an we c di/9ctly appreh5d4 #d4 ,b be=e quitt+ ?is subject we may (f] a few fur!r obs]vations on ! "q1 :e!r gravitation & ! law ( gravitation be necess>y attributes ( matt]4 ,we h spok5 ( ! selection ( ?is law1 b is x select$8 ,c\ld x h be5 o!rwise8 ,is n ! =ce ( attraction a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! fundam5tal prop]ties ( matt]8 ,?is is a "q :i* has be5 mu* agitat$ among ! foll[]s ( ,newton4 ,"s h ma9ta9$1 z ,cotes1 t gravity is an inh]5t prop]ty ( all matt]2 o!rs1 ) ,newton himself1 h consid]$ x z an app5dage to ! ess5tial qualities ( matt]1 & h propos$ hypo!ses to acc\nt = ! mode 9 :i* its effects are produc$4 ,! result ( all t c be said on ! subject appe>s to be ?is3 t no "o c demon/rate ! possibility ( d$uc+ gravity f ! ackn[l$g$ fundam5tal prop]ties ( matt]3 & t no philosoph] ass]ts1 t matt] has be5 f\nd to exi/1 :i* 0 de/itute ( gravity4 ,x is a prop]ty :i* we h no "r to call necess>y to matt]1 b e reason to suppose univ]sal4 ,if we c\ld %[ gravity to be a necess>y consequ5ce ( ^? prop]ties :i* we adopt z ess5tial to our notion ( matt]1 7ext5sion1 solidity1 mobility1 in]tia7 we might !n call x also "o ( ! ess5tial prop]ties4 ,b no "o probably w ass]t t ?is is ! case4 ,its univ]sality is a fact ( obs]vation m]ely4 ,h[ !n c a prop]ty1--9 its exi/5ce s ne$ful = ! support ( ! univ]se1 9 its laws s well adapt$ to ! purposes ( creation1--h[ came x to be ?us univ]sal8 ,its be+ f\nd e :]e is necess>y = its uses2 b ?is is s f> f be+ a suffici5t explanation ( its exi/5ce1 t x is an additional fact to be expla9$4 ,we h "h1 !n1 an ag5cy mo/ simple 9 its rule1 mo/ compreh5sive 9 its influ5ce1 mo/ effectual & admirable 9 its op]ation4 ,:at evid5ce c\ld be af=d$ ( design1 by laws ( me*anical action1 :i* ?is law ?us exi/+ & ?us op]at+ does n af=d u8 #e4 ,x is n necess>y = our purpose to consid] ! !ories :i* h be5 propos$ to acc\nt = ! action ( gravity4 ,!y h proce$$ on ! plan ( r$uc+ ?is action to ! result ( pressure or impulse4 ,ev5 if su* !ories c\ld be e/abli%$1 !y c\ld n mu*1 or at all1 affect our argum5t2 = ! arrangem5ts by :i* pressure or impact c\ld produce ! effects :i* gravity produces1 mu/ be at lea/ z cle>ly results ( contrivance1 z gravity itself c be4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 none ( ^! attempts c be consid]$ z at all successful4 ,t ( ,newton is v rem>kable3 x is f\nd among ! ,qu]ies 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,optics4 8,to %[10 he says1 8t ,i d n take gravity = an ess5tial prop]ty ( bodies1 ,i h add$ "o "q conc]n+ its cause1 *oos+ to propose x by way ( "q1 because ,i am n yet satisfi$ ab\t x = want ( exp]im5ts40 ,! hypo!sis :i* he ?us sugge/s is1 t !re is an ela/ic m$ium p]vad+ all space1 & increas+ 9 ela/icity z we proce$ f d5se bodies outw>ds3 t ?is 8causes ! gravity ( su* d5se bodies to ea* o!r3 e body endeav\r+ to g f ! d5s] p>ts ( ! m$ium t[>ds ! r>]40 ,( ?is hypo!sis we may v5ture to say1 t x is 9 ! fir/ place q gratuit\s2 we _c trace 9 any o!r ph5om5a a m$ium possess+ ^! prop]ties3 & 9 ! next place1 t ! hypo!sis conta9s sev]al suppositions :i* are m complex ?an ! fact to be expla9$1 & none :i* are less s4 ,c we1 on ,newton's pr9ciples1 conceive an ela/ic m$ium o!rwise ?an z a collection ( p>ticles1 repell+ ea* o!r8 & is ! repulsion ( su* p>ticles a simpl] fact ?an ! attraction ( ^? :i* gravitate8 ,& :5 we suppose t ! m$ium becomes m ela/ic z we proce$ f ea* attract+ body1 :at cause c we conceive capable ( keep+ x 9 su* a condition1 except a repulsive =ce emanat+ f ! body itself3 a supposition at lea/ z mu* requir+ to be acc\nt$ =1 z ! attraction ( ! body4 ,x does n appe>1 !n1 t ?is hypo!sis w be> exam9ation2 al?\gh1 = our purpose1 ! argum5t w\ld be r /r5g!n$ ?an weak5$1 if x c\ld be e/abli%$4 #f4 ,ano!r !ory ( ! cause ( gravity1 :i* at "o "t excit$ consid]able notice1 0 t orig9ally propos$ by ,m4 ,le ,sage1 9 a memoir entitl$ 8,lucrece ,newtoni510 & fur!r illu/rat$ by ,m4 ,prevo/2 accord+ to :i* all space is occupi$ by curr5ts ( matt]1 mov+ p]petually 9 /raight l9es1 9 all directions1 ) a va/ velocity1 & p5etrat+ all bodies4 ,:5 two bodies are ne> ea* o!r1 !y int]cept ! curr5t :i* w\ld fl[ 9 ! int]m$iate space if !y 7 n !re1 & ?us receive a t5d5cy t[>ds ea* o!r f ! pressure ( ! curr5ts on _! f>!r sides4 ,)\t exam9+ fur!r ?is curi\s & +5i\s hypo!sis1 we may make ^u x ! same k9d ( obs]vations z be=e2--t x is p]fectly gratuit\s1 except z a means ( expla9+ ! ph5om5a2 & t1 if x 7 prov$1 x w\ld /ill rema9 to be %[n :at necessity has caus$ ! exi/5ce ( ^! two k9ds ( matt]2 ! fir/ k9d be+ t :i* is commonly call$ matt]1 & :i* alone affects our s5ses1 :ile x is in]t z to any t5d5cy to motion2 ! second k9d be+ some?+ imp]ceptible to our s5ses1 except by ! effects x produces on matt] ( ! =m] k9d2 yet ex]t+ an impulse on e mat]ial body1 p]meat+ e portion ( common matt]1 fl[+ ) inconceivable velocity1 9 inexhau/ible abundance1 f e "p ( ! abyss ( inf9ity on "o side1 to ! opposite "p ( ! same abyss2 & s con/itut$ t ?r\gh all et]nity x c nev] b5d its pa?1 or return1 or t>ry 9 its c\rse4 ,if we 7 to accept ?is !ory1 x w\ld little or no?+ dim9i% our wond] at ! /ructure ( ! univ]se4 ,we might well cont9ue to admire ! evid5ce ( contrivance1 if su* a ma*9]y %\ld be f\nd to produce all ! effects :i* fl[ f ! law ( gravitation4 #g4 ,! argum5ts = & aga9/ ! necessity ( ! law ( ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance 9 ! =ce ( gravity1 7 discuss$ ) great animation ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,clairault1 an em95t ma!matician1 :o did m ?an almo/ any o!r p]son = ! e/abli%m5t & developm5t ( ! ,newtonian doctr9es1 ma9ta9$1 at "o p]iod ( 8 rese>*es1 n only t ! inv]se squ>e 0 n ! necess>y law1 b also t x 0 n ! true law4 ,! occasion ( ?is controv]sy 0 some:at curi\s4 ,newton & o!r a/ronom]s _h f\nd t ! l9e ( ! moon's apsides 7t is ( h] greate/ & lea/ di/ances f ! e>?7 moves r\nd to diff]5t p>ts ( ! heav5s ) a velocity twice z great z t :i* ! calculation f ! law ( gravitation seems at fir/ to give4 ,accord+ to ! !ory1 x appe>$ t ?is l9e ought to move r\nd once 9 eighte5 ye>s2 accord+ to obs]vation1 x moves r\nd once 9 n9e ye>s4 ,?is diff]5ce1 ! only obvi\s failure ( ! !ory ( gravitation1 emb>rass$ ma!maticians exce$+ly4 ,x is true1 x 0 aft]w>ds discov]$ t ! app>5t discrepancy arose f a mi/ake2 ! calculation1 :i* is long & labori\s1 0 suppos$ to h be5 c>ri$ f> en\gh to get close to ! tru?2 b x appe>$ aft]w>ds t ! residue :i* _h be5 left out z insignificant1 produc$1 by an unexpect$ turn 9 ! reckon+1 an effect z l>ge z t :i* _h be5 tak5 = ! :ole4 ,b ?is discov]y 0 n made till aft]w>ds2 & 9 ! mean "t ! law ( ! inv]se squ>e appe>$ to be at fault4 ,clairault tri$ to rem$y ! defect by suppos+ t ! =ce ( ! e>?'s gravity consi/$ ( a l>ge =ce v>y+ z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 & a v small =ce v>y+ z ! f\r? p[] 7! squ>e ( ! squ>e47 ,by su* a supposition1 obs]vation & !ory c\ld be reconcil$2 b on ! sugge/ion ( x1 ,buffon came =w>d ) ! ass]tion t ! =ce c\ld n v>y accord+ to any o!r law ?an ! inv]se squ>e4 ,8 argum5ts are r metaphysical ?an physical or ma!matical4 ,gravity1 he urges1 is a quality1 an emanation2 & all emanations are inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 z light1 od\rs4 ,to ?is ,clairault replies by ask+1 h[ we "k t light & od\rs h _! int5sity inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance f _! orig93 n1 he obs]ves1 by measur+ ! int5sity1 b by suppos+ ^! effects to be mat]ial emanations4 ,b :o1 he asks1 supposes gravity to be a mat]ial emanation f ! attract+ body4 ,buffon aga9 pleads t s _m facts prove ! law ( ! inv]se squ>e1 t a s+le "o1 :i* occurs to int]f]e ) ?is agreem5t1 mu/ be 9 "s mann] capable ( be+ expla9$ away4 ,clairault replies1 t ! facts d n prove ?is law to obta9 exactly2 t small effects1 ( ! same ord] z ! "o "u discussion1 h be5 neglect$2 & t !re=e ! law is only kn[n to be true1 z f> z su* an approximation goes1 & no f>!r4 ,buffon !n argues1 t !re c be no su* additional fraction ( ! =ce1 foll[+ a diff]5t law1 z ,clairault supposes3 = :at1 he asks1 is !re to det]m9e ! magnitude ( ! fraction to "o am\nt r ?an ano!r8 :y %\ld nature select = x any p>ticul> magnitude8 ,to ?is x is repli$1 t1 :e!r we c expla9 ! fact or n1 nature does select c]ta9 magnitudes 9 pref]5ce to o!rs3 t :]e we asc]ta9 %e does ?is1 we are n to d5y ! fact because we _c assign ! gr\nds ( h] pref]5ce4 ,:at is !re1 x is ask$1 to det]m9e ! magnitude ( ! :ole =ce at any fix$ di/ance8 ,we _c tell2 yet ! =ce is ( a c]ta9 def9ite int5sity & no o!r4 ,f9ally1 ,clairault obs]ves1 t we h1 9 cohesion1 capill>y attraction1 & v>i\s o!r cases1 examples ( =ces v>y+ accord+ to o!r laws ?an ! inv]se squ>e2 & t !re=e ?is _c be ! only possible law4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 obs]vation & !ory :i* gave rise to ?is controv]sy 0 remov$1 z has be5 already /at$1 by a m exact calculation3 & ?us1 z ,laplace obs]ves1 9 ?is case ! metaphysician turn$ out to be "r & ! ma!matician to be wrong4 ,b mo/ p]sons1 probably1 :o are famili> ) su* tra9s ( speculation1 w all[1 t ,clairault _h ! be/ ( ! argum5t1 & t ! attempts to %[ ! law ( gravitation to be necess>ily :at x is1 are fallaci\s & uns\nd4 #h4 ,we may obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! law ( gravitation accord+ to ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance1 :i* ?us regulates ! motions ( ! sol> sy/em1 is n conf9$ to t prov9ce ( ! univ]se1 z has be5 %[n by rec5t rese>*es4 ,x appe>s by ! obs]vations & calculations ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 t sev]al ( ! />s1 call$ d\ble />s1 consi/ ( a pair ( lum9\s bodies :i* revolve above ea* o!r 9 ellipses1 9 su* a mann] z to %[ t ! =ce1 by :i* !y are attract$ to ea* o!r1 v>ies accord+ to ! law ( ! inv]se squ>e4 ,we ?us le>n a rem>kable fact conc]n+ bodies :i* seem$ s f> remov$ t no ef=t ( our sci5ce c\ld rea* !m2 & we f9d t ! same law ( mutual attraction :i* we h be=e trac$ to ! f>!/ b\nds ( ! sol> sy/em1 prevails also 9 spaces at a di/ance comp>$ ) :i* ! orbit ( ,saturn %r9ks into a po9t4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( su* a tru? c]ta9ly sugge/s1 z highly probable1 ! preval5ce ( ?is law among all ! bodies ( ! univ]se4 ,& we may !re=e suppose1 t ! same ord9ance :i* gave to ! p>ts ( our sy/em t rule by :i* !y fulfil ! purposes ( _! creation1 impress$ ! same rule on ! o!r portions ( matt] :i* are scatt]$ 9 ! mo/ remote p>ts ( ! univ]se2 & ?us gave to _! movem5ts ! same gr\nds ( simplicity & h>mony :i* we f9d reason to admire1 z f> z we c acquire any k ( our own m imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,laws ( ,motion4 ,we %all n[ make a few rem>ks on ! g5]al ,laws ( ,motion by :i* all me*anical effects take place4 ,are we to consid] ^! z in/itut$ laws8 & if s1 c we po9t out any ( ! reasons :i* we may suppose to h l$ to ! selection ( ^? laws :i* really exi/8 ,! obs]vations =m]ly made conc]n+ ! inevitable n>r[ness & imp]fection ( our conclusions on su* subjects1 apply "h1 ev5 m /rongly ?an 9 ! case ( ! law ( gravitation4 ,we c h>dly conceive matt] dive/$ ( ^! laws2 & we _c p]ceive or trace a million? "p ( ! effects :i* !y produce4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 expect to g f> 9 po9t+ out ! advantages ( ^! laws su* z !y n[ obta94 ,x w\ld be easy to %[ t ! fundam5tal laws ( motion1 9 :atev] =m we /ate !m1 possess a v preem95t simplicity1 comp>$ ) almo/ all o!rs1 :i* we might imag9e z exi/+4 ,?is simplicity has inde$ produc$ an effect on m5's m9ds :i*1 ?\gh delusive1 appe>s to be v natural2 sev]al writ]s h treat$ ^! laws z self-evid5t1 & necess>ily fl[+ f ! nature ( our conceptions4 ,we conceive t ?is is an errone\s view1 & t ^! laws are kn[n to u to be :at !y are1 by exp]i5ce only2 t !y might1 s f> z we c disc]n1 h be5 any o!rs4 ,!y appe> !re=e to be select$ = _! fitness to answ] _! purposes2 & we may1 p]haps1 be able to po9t out "s in/ances 9 :i* ?is fitness is app>5t to u4 ,newton1 & _m ,engli% philosoph]s1 tea* ! exi/5ce ( ?ree sep>ate fundam5tal laws ( motion1 :ile mo/ ( ! em95t ma!maticians ( ,france r$uce ^! to two1 ! law ( in]tia & ! law t =ce is proportion$ to velocity4 ,z an example ( ! views :i* we wi% to illu/rate1 we may take ! law ( in]tia1 :i* is id5tical ) ,newton's fir/ ,law ( ,motion4 ,?is law ass]ts1 t a body at re/ cont9ues at re/1 & t a body 9 motion goes on mov+ ) its velocity & direction un*ang$1 except s f> z x is act$ on by extrane\s =ces4#bd ,we conceive t ?is law1 simple & univ]sal z x is1 _c be %[n to be necess>ily true4 ,x might be difficult to discuss ?is po9t 9 g5]al t]ms ) any cle>ness2 b let u take ! only example :i* we "k ( a motion absolutely uni=m1 9 consequ5ce ( ! abs5ce ( any =ce to accel]ate or ret>d x2--?is motion is ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis4 #a4 ,x is sc>cely possible t discussions on su* subjects %\ld n h a repulsive & s*ola/ic aspect1 & appe> l disputes ab\t words r ?an ?+s4 ,= me*anical writ]s h ex]cis$ all _! +5uity s to circumscribe _! notions & s to def9e _! t]ms t ^! fundam5tal tru?s %\ld be express$ 9 ! simple/ mann]3 ! consequ5ce ( :i* has be51 t !y h be5 made to assume ! appe>ance r ( id5tical ass]tions ?an ( g5]al facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,b 9 ord] to avoid ?is inconv5i5ce1 z f> z may be1 let u take ! fir/ law ( motion z exemplifi$ 9 a p>ticul> case1 ! rotation ( ! e>?4 ,( all ! motions ) :i* we are acqua9t$ ?is is alone inv>iable4 ,ea* day1 measur$ by ! passages ( ! />s1 is s precisely ( ! same l5g? t1 accord+ to ,laplace's calculations1 x is impossible t a diff]5ce ( hundr$? ( a second ( "t %\ld h obta9$ betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! day 9 ! e>lie/ ages & at ! pres5t "t4 ,n[ :y is ?is8 ,h[ is ?is v rem>kable uni=mity pres]v$ 9 ?is p>ticul> ph5om5on1 :ile all ! o!r motions ( ! sy/em are subject to inequalities8 ,h[ is x t 9 ! cele/ial ma*9e no ret>dation takes place by ! lapse ( "t1 z w\ld be ! case 9 any ma*9e :i* x w\ld be possible = human p[]s to con/ruct8 ,! answ] is1 t 9 ! e>?'s revolution on h] axis no cause op]ates to ret>d ! spe$1 l ! imp]fection ( mat]ials1 ! friction ( supports1 ! resi/ance ( ! ambi5t m$ium2 imp$im5ts :i* _c1 9 any human me*anism1 h[ev] p]fect1 be completely annihilat$4 ,b "h we are l$ to ask aga91 :y %\ld ! spe$ cont9ue ! same :5 n affect$ by an extrane\s cause8 ,:y %\ld x n langui% & decay ( itself by ! m]e lapse ( "t8 ,t x might d s1 involves no contradiction1 = x 0 ! common1 ?\gh errone\s1 belief ( all me*anical speculators1 to ! "t ( ,galileo4 ,we c conceive velocity to dim9i% 9 proce$+ f a c]ta9 po9t ( "t1 z easily z we c conceive =ce to dim9i% 9 proce$+ f a c]ta9 po9t ( space1 :i* 9 attractive =ces really occurs4 ,b1 x is sometimes said1 ! motion 7t is ! velocity7 mu/ cont9ue ! same f "o in/ant to ano!r1 = !re is no?+ to *ange x4 ,?is appe>s to be tak+ refuge 9 words4 ,we may call ! velocity1 t is ! spe$ ( a body1 its motion2 b we _c1 by giv+ x ?is "n1 make x a ?+ :i* has any priori claim to p]man5ce1 mu* less any self-evid5t con/ancy4 ,:y mu/ ! spe$ ( a body1 left to itself1 cont9ue ! same1 any m ?an its temp]ature8 ,hot bodies gr[ cool] ( !mselves1 :y %\ld n quick bodies g sl[] ( !mselves8 ,:y mu/ a body describe "o ?\s& feet 9 ! next second because x has describ$ "o ?\s& feet 9 ! la/8 ,no?+ b exp]i5ce1 "u prop] circum/ances1 c in=m u :e!r bodies1 ab/ract+ f ext]nal ag5cy1 d move accord+ to su* a rule4 ,we f9d t !y d s1 we le>n t all dim9ution ( _! spe$ :i* ev] takes place1 c be trac$ to ext]nal causes4 ,contr>y to all t m5 _h guess$1 motion appe>s to be ( itself endless & unwe>i$4 ,9 ord] to acc\nt = ! unalt]able p]man5ce ( ! l5g? ( our day1 all t is requisite is to %[ t !re is no let or h9drance 9 ! way ( ! e>?'s rotation2--no resi/+ m$ium or alt]ation ( size1--%e 8sp9n+ sleeps0 on h] axle1 z ! poet expresses x1 & may g on sleep+ ) ! same regul>ity = ev]1 s f> z ! exp]im5tal prop]ties ( motion are conc]n$4 ,su* is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! fir/ law ( motion2 b ! law itself has no necess>y exi/5ce1 s f> z we c see4 ,x 0 discov]$ only aft] v>i\s p]plexities & false conjectures ( speculators on me*anics4 ,we h le>nt t x is s1 b we h n le>nt1 nor c any "o und]take to tea* u1 t x mu/ h be5 s4 ,= aught we c tell1 x is "o among a ?\s& equally possible laws1 :i* might h regulat$ ! motions ( bodies4 #b4 ,b ?\gh we h ?us no reason to consid] ?is z ! only possible law1 we h good reason to consid] x z ! be/1 or at lea/ z possess+ all t we c conceive ( advantage4 ,x is ! simple/ conceivable ( su* laws4 ,if ! velocity _h be5 compell$ to *ange ) ! "t1 !re mu/ h be5 a law ( ! *ange1 & ! k9d & am\nt ( ?is *ange mu/ h be5 det]m9$ by its dep5d5ce on ! "t & o!r conditions4 ,?is1 ?\gh q supposable1 w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 m complex ?an ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,& ?\gh complexity does n appe> to emb>rass ! op]ations ( ! laws ( nature1 & is admitt$1 )\t scruple1 :5 !re is reason = x1 simplicity is ! usual "* ( su* laws1 & appe>s to h be5 a gr\nd ( selection 9 ! =mation ( ! univ]se1 z x is a m>k ( beauty to u 9 our contemplation ( x4 ,b !re is a /ill /rong] app>5t reason = ! selection ( ?is law ( ! pres]vation ( motion4 ,if ! case _h be5 o!rwise1 ! univ]se mu/ necess>ily 9 ! c\rse ( ages h be5 r$uc$ to a /ate ( re/1 or at lea/ to a /ate n s5sibly diff]+ f x4 ,if ! e>?'s motion1 r\nd its axis1 _h slack5$ by a v small quantity1 = in/ance1 by a hundr$? ( a second 9 a revolution1 & 9 ?is proportion cont9u$1 ! day w\ld h be5 already l5g!n$ by six h\rs 9 ! six ?\s& ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! hi/ory ( ! _w began2 & if we suppose a long] p]iod to prec$e or to foll[1 ! day might be increas$ to a mon? or to any l5g?4 ,all ! adaptations :i* dep5d on ! l5g? ( ! day w\ld consequ5tly be d]ang$4 ,b ?is w\ld n be all2 = ! same law ( motion is equally requisite = ! pres]vation ( ! annual motion ( ! e>?4 ,if h] motion 7 ret>d$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( any o!r law in/ead ( ! exi/+ "o1 %e w\ld :eel ne>] & ne>] to ! sun at e revolution1 & at la/ rea* ! c5tre1 l a fall+ hoop4 ,! same w\ld happ5 to ! o!r planets2 & ! :ole sol> sy/em w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( a c]ta9 p]iod1 be ga!r$ into a heap ( matt] )\t life or motion4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s on ! o!r h&1 ! sy/em1 z we h already expla9$1 is1 by a comb9ation ( rem>kable provisions1 calculat$ = an almo/ indef9ite exi/5ce1 ( undim9i%$ fitness = its purposes4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 manife/ reasons1 :y1 ( all laws :i* c\ld occupy ! place ( ! fir/ law ( motion1 ! "o :i* n[ obta9s is ! only "o consi/5t ) ! durability & uni=mity ( ! sy/em2--! "o1 !re=e1 :i* we may naturally conceive to be select$ by a wise contriv]4 ,& z1 along ) ?is1 x has appe>$ t we h no sort ( "r to attribute ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is law to any ?+ b selection1 we h "h a /rik+ evid5ce1 to lead u to a p]ception ( t ,div9e m9d1 by :i* means s simple are made to answ] purposes s ext5sive & s b5eficial4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,friction4#be ,we %all n pursue ?is argum5t ( ! la/ *apt]1 by consid]+ ! o!r laws ( motion 9 ! same mann] z we h !re consid]$ ! fir/1 :i* might be done4 ,b ! facts :i* =m exceptions & app>5t contradictions to ! fir/ law ( :i* we h be5 treat+1 & :i* are v num]\s1 (f]1 we conceive1 an additional exemplification ( ! same argum5t2 & ?is we %all endeav\r to illu/rate4 ,! rule t a body naturally moves = ev] ) an undim9i%$ spe$1 is s f> f be+ obvi\sly true1 t x appe>s on a fir/ exam9ation to be manife/ly false4 ,! hoop ( ! s*ool boy1 left to itself1 runs on a %ort di/ance1 & !n /ops2 8 top sp9s a little :ile1 b f9ally flags & falls2 all motion on ! e>? appe>s to decay by its own nature2 all matt] :i* we move appe>s to h a p]petual t5d5cy to dive/ itself ( ! velocity :i* we communicate to x4 ,h[ is ?is reconcileable ) ! fir/ law ( motion on :i* we h be5 insi/+8 ,x is reconcil$ pr9cipally by consid]+ ! effect ( ,friction4 ,among t]re/rial objects friction ex]ts an ag5cy almo/ z univ]sal & con/ant z ! laws ( motion !mselves2 an ag5cy :i* completely *anges & disguises ! results ( ^? laws4 ,we %all consid] "s ( ^! effects4 ,x is probably n necess>y to expla9 at any l5g? ! nature & op]ation ( friction4 ,:5 a body _c move )\t caus+ two surfaces to rub toge!r1 ?is rubb+ has a t5d5cy to dim9i% ! body's motion or to prev5t x entirely4 ,if ! body ( a c>riage be plac$ on ! e>? )\t ! :eels1 a consid]able =ce w be requisite 9 ord] to move x at all3 x is "h ! friction aga9/ ! gr\nd :i* ob/ructs ! motion4 ,if ! c>riage be plac$ on its :eels1 a mu* less =ce w move x1 b if mov$ x w soon /op3 x is ! friction at ! gr\nd & at ! axles :i* /ops x3 plac$ on a level rail road1 ) well made & well oil$ :eels1 & once put 9 motion1 x might run a consid]able di/ance alone1 = ! friction is "h mu* less2 b !re is friction1 & !re=e ! motion w\ld aft] a "t cease4 #a4 ,! friction :i* we %all pr9cipally consid] is ! friction :i* prev5ts motion4 ,s employ$1 friction is "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal & important ag5ts 9 ! me*anism ( our daily com=ts & occupations4 ,x is a =ce :i* is call$ into play to an ext5t incomp>ably great] ?an all ! o!r =ces ) :i* we are conc]n$ 9 ! c\rse ( our daily life4 ,we are dep5d5t ^u x at e in/ant & 9 e action2 & x is n possible to enum]ate ! ways 9 :i* x s]ves u2 sc>cely ev5 to sugge/ a suffici5t numb] ( !m to give u a true notion ( its functions4 ,:at c appe> a m simple op]ation ?an /&+ & walk+8 yet x is easy to see t )\t ! aid ( friction ^! simple actions w\ld sc>cely be possible4 ,e "o kn[s h[ difficult & dang]\s !y are :5 p]=m$ on smoo? ice4 ,9 su* a situation we _c always succe$ 9 /&+3 if ! ice be v smoo?1 x is by no means easy to walk1 ev5 :5 ! surface is p]fectly level2 & if x 7 ev] s little incl9$1 no "o w\ld make ! attempt4 ,yet walk+ on ! ice & on ! gr\nd diff] only 9 our exp]i5c+ m friction 9 ! latt] case4 ,we say m1 = !re is a consid]able friction ev5 9 ! case ( ice1 z we see by ! small di/ance :i* a /one slides :5 ?r[n along ! surface4 ,x is ?is friction ( ! e>? :i*1 at e /ep we take1 prev5ts ! foot f slid+ back2 & ?us all[s u to pu% ! body & ! o!r foot =w>ds4 ,& :5 we come to viol5t bodily motions1 to runn+1 leap+1 pull+ or pu%+ objects1 x is easily se5 h[ entirely we dep5d ^u ! friction ( ! gr\nd = our /r5g? & =ce4 ,e "o kn[s h[ completely p[]less we become 9 any ( ^! actions by ! foot slipp+4 ,9 ! same mann] x is ! friction ( objects to :i* ! h& is appli$1 :i* enables u to hold !m ) any degree ( firmness4 ,9 "s conte/s x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om = ! combatants to rub _! bodies ) oil1 t ! adv]s>y might n be able to keep 8 grasp4 ,if ! pole ( ! boatman1 ! rope ( ! sailor1 7 ?us smoo? & lubricat$1 h[ weak w\ld be ! ?ru/ & ! pull6 ,yet ?is w\ld only be ! removal ( friction4 ,our build+s are no less dep5d5t on ?is =ce = _! /ability4 ,"s edifices are erect$ )\t ! aid ( cem5t2 & if ! /ones be l>ge & well squ>$1 su* /ructures may be highly sub/antial & durable2 ev5 :5 rude & slight1 h\ses s built answ] ! purposes ( life4 ,^! are entirely upheld by friction1 & )\t t ag5t !y w\ld be ?r[n d[n by ! ,zephyr1 f> m easily ?an if all ! /ones 7 lumps ( ice ) a ?aw+ surface4 ,b ev5 9 cases :]e cem5t b9ds ! masonry1 x does n take ! duty ( hold+ x toge!r4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( friction1 !re is no con/ant t5d5cy ( ! /ones to sep>ate2 !y are 9 a /ate ( repose4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 if e %ock & e breeze requir$ to be c\nt]act$ by ! cem5t1 no composition exi/s :i* w\ld long su/a9 su* a we> & te>4 ,! cem5t excludes ! corrod+ elem5ts1 & helps to resi/ extraord9>y viol5ce2 b x is friction :i* gives ! habitual /ate ( re/4 ,we are n to consid] friction z a small =ce1 slightly modify+ ! effects ( o!r ag5cies4 ,on ! contr>y its am\nt is 9 mo/ cases v great4 ,:5 a body lies loose on ! gr\nd1 ! friction is equal to "o-?ird or "o-half1 or 9 "s cases ! :ole ( its weight4 ,b 9 cases ( bodies support$ by oblique pressure1 ! am\nt is f> m enorm\s4 ,9 ! ar* ( a bridge1 ! friction :i* is call$ into play betwe5 two ( ! vault+ /ones1 may be equal to ! :ole weight ( ! bridge4 ,9 su* cases ?is cons]vative =ce is s great1 t ! common !ory1 :i* neglects x1 does n help u ev5 to guess :at w take place4 ,accord+ to ! !ory1 c]ta9 =ms ( ar*es only w /&1 b 9 practice almo/ any =m w /&1 & x is n easy to con/ruct a model ( a bridge :i* w fall4 ,we may see ! great =ce ( friction 9 ! brake1 by :i* a l>ge weight runn+ d[n a long incl9$ plane has its motion mod]at$ & /opt2 9 ! w9dlass1 :]e a few coils ( ! rope r\nd a cyl9d] su/a9 ! /ress & weight ( a l>ge iron an*or2 9 ! nail or screw :i* holds toge!r l>ge beams2 9 ! mode ( rais+ l>ge blocks ( granite by an iron rod driv5 into a hole 9 ! /one4 ,probably no great] =ces are ex]cis$ 9 any processes 9 ! arts ?an ! =ce ( friction2 & x is always employ$ to produce re/1 /ability1 mod]ate motion4 ,be+ always ready & nev] we>i$1 always at h& & augm5t+ ) ! exig5cy1 x regulates1 controls1 subdues all motions2--c\nt]acts all o!r ag5ts2--& f9ally ga9s ! ma/]y ov] all o!r t]re/rial ag5cies1 h[ev] viol5t1 frequ5t1 or long cont9u$4 ,! p]petual action ( all o!r t]re/rial =ces appe>s1 on a l>ge scale1 only z s _m int]ruptions ( ! con/ant & /ation>y rule ( friction4 ,! objects :i* e :]e surr\nd u1 ! books or di%es :i* /& on our tables1 our tables & *airs !mselves1 ! loose clods & /ones 9 ! field1 ! heavie/ masses produc$ by nature or art1 w\ld be 9 a p]petual motion1 quick or sl[ accord+ to ! =ces :i* act$ on !m1 & to _! size1 if x 7 n = ! tranquilliz+ & /eady+ effects ( ! ag5t we are consid]+4 ,)\t ?is1 our ap>tm5ts1 if !y kept _! %ape1 w\ld exhibit to u articles ( furniture1 & ( all o!r k9ds1 slid+ & creep+ f side to side ) e pu% & e w9d1 l loose objects 9 a %ip's cab91 :5 %e is *ang+ h] c\rse 9 a gale4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a =ce1 mo/ ext5sive & incessant 9 its op]ation1 :i* is absolutely ess5tial to ! bus9ess ( ?is t]re/rial _w1 accord+ to any notion :i* we c =m4 ,! m any "o consid]s its effects1 & ! m he w f9d h[ univ]sally dep5d5t he is ^u x1 9 e action ( 8 life2 re/+ or mov+1 deal+ ) objects ( art or ( nature1 ) in/rum5ts ( enjoym5t or ( action4 #b4 ,n[ we h to obs]ve conc]n+ ?is ag5t1 ,friction1 t we h no gr\nd = ass]t+ x to be a necess>y result ( o!r prop]ties ( matt]1 = in/ance1 ( _! solidity & coh]5cy4 ,philosoph]s h n be5 able to d$uce ! laws ( friction f ! o!r kn[n prop]ties ( matt]1 nor ev5 to expla9 :at we "k exp]im5tally ( su* laws1 7:i* is n mu*17 )\t introduc+ new hypo!ses conc]n+ ! surfaces ( bodies1 c4--hypo!ses :i* are n suppli$ u by any o!r set ( ph5om5a4 ,s f> z our k goes1 friction is a sep>ate prop]ty1 & may be conceiv$ to h be5 be/[$ ^u matt] = p>ticul> purposes4 ,h[ well x answ]s ! purpose ( fitt+ matt] = ! uses ( ! daily life ( man1 we h already se54 ,we may make suppositions z to ! mode 9 :i* friction is connect$ ) ! texture ( bodies2 b little c be ga9$ = philosophy1 or = speculation ( any k9d1 by su* conjectures respect+ unkn[n connexions4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we consid] ?is prop]ty ( friction1 & f9d t x prevails !re1 & !re only1 :]e ! g5]al functions1 analogies1 & relations ( ! univ]se require x1 we %all probably receive a /rong impression t x 0 introduc$ into ! sy/em ( ! _w = a purpose4 #c4 ,x is v rem>kable t ?is =ce1 :i* is ?us s efficaci\s & dis*>ges su* important (fices 9 all e>?ly me*anism1 disappe>s altoge!r :5 we turn to ! me*anism ( ! heav5s4 ,all motions on ! e>? soon /op2--a ma*9e :i* imitates ! movem5ts ( ! />s _c g long )\t w9d+ up3 b ! />s !mselves h gone on 9 _! c\rses = ages1 ) no dim9ution ( _! motions1 & (f] no obvi\s prospect ( any *ange4 ,?is is s palpable a fact1 t ! fir/ attempts ( m5 to sy/ematize _! me*anical notions 7 f\nd$ ^u x4 ,! anci5ts held t motions 7 to be di/+ui%$ into natural motions & viol5t1--! =m] g on )\t dim9ution--! latt] are soon ext+ui%$2--! motions ( ! />s are ( ! =m] k9d2--^? ( a /one ?r[n1 & 9 %ort all t]re/rial motions1 ( ! latt]4 ,mod]n philosoph]s ma9ta9 t ! laws ( motion are ! same = cele/ial & t]re/rial bodies2--t all motions are natural accord+ to ! above description2--b t 9 t]re/rial motions1 friction comes 9 & alt]s _! "*1--de/roys !m s spe$ily t !y appe> to h exi/$ only dur+ an ef=t4 ,& t ?is is ! case w n n[ be conte/$4 ,is x n !n some:at rem>kable t ! same laws :i* produce a /ate ( p]man5t motion 9 ! heav5s1 %\ld1 on ! e>?1 give rise to a condition 9 :i* re/ is ! rule & motion ! exception8 ,! air1 ! wat]s1 & ! light] portions ( matt] are1 no d\bt1 9 a /ate ( p]petual motion2 ov] ^! friction has no empire3 yet ev5 _! motions are int]rupt$1 alt]nate1 v>iable1 & on ! :ole slight deviations f ! condition ( equilibrium4 ,b 9 ! solid p>ts ( ! globe1 re/ pr$om9ates incomp>ably ov] motion3 & ?is1 n only ) reg>d to ! portions :i* coh]e z p>ts ( ! same solid2 = ! :ole surface ( ! e>? is cov]$ ) loose masses1 :i*1 if ! p[] ( friction 7 aboli%$1 w\ld ru% f _! places & beg9 "o univ]sal & int]m9able dance1 :i* w\ld make ! e>? absolutely un9habitable4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! dom9ion ( friction 7 ext5d$ 9 any consid]able degree into ! planet>y spaces1 !re w\ld soon be an end ( ! sy/em4 ,if ! planet _h mov$ 9 a fluid1 z ! ,c>tesians suppos$1 & if ?is fluid _h be5 subject to ! rules ( friction :i* prevail 9 t]re/rial fluids1 _! motions c\ld n h be5 ( long duration4 ,! sol> sy/em mu/ soon h ceas$ to be a sy/em ( revolv+ bodies4 ,b friction is nei!r aboli%$ on ! e>?1 nor active 9 ! heav5s4 ,x op]ates :]e x is want$1 x is abs5t :]e x w\ld be prejudicial4 ,& bo? ^! circum/ances occasion1 9 a rem>kable mann]1 ! /ead9ess ( ! c\rse ( nature4 ,! /able condition ( ! objects 9 man's imm$iate neighb\rhood1 & ! unv>y+ motions ( ! lum9>ies ( heav51 are alike conducive to 8 well-be+4 ,?is requires t he %\ld be able to dep5d ^u a fix$ ord] ( place1 a fix$ c\rse ( "t4 ,x requires1 !re=e1 t t]re/rial objects %\ld be affect$ by friction1 & t cele/ial %\ld n2 z is ! case1 9 fact4 ,:at fur!r evid5ce ( b5evol5t design c\ld ?is "p ( ! con/itution ( ! univ]se supply8 #d4 ,!re is ano!r view :i* may be tak5 ( ! =ces :i* op]ate on ! e>? to produce p]man5cy or *ange4 ,"s p>ts ( ! t]re/rial sy/em are "u ! dom9ion ( p[]s :i* act en]getically to prev5t all motion1 z ! cry/all9e =ces by :i* ! p>ts ( rocks are b\nd toge!r2 o!r p>ts are influ5c$ by p[]s :i* produce a p]petual movem5t & *ange 9 ! matt] ( :i* !y consi/2 ?us plants & animals are 9 a con/ant /ate ( int]nal movem5t1 by ! ag5cy ( ! vital =ces4 ,9 ! =m] case rigid immutability1 9 ! latt] p]petual developem5t1 are ! t5d5cies ( ! ag5cies employ$4 ,n[ 9 ! case ( objects affect$ by friction1 we h a k9d ( int]m$iate condition1 betwe5 ! con/antly fix$ & ! con/antly moveable4 ,su* objects c & d move2 b !y move b = a %ort "t if left to ! laws ( nature4 ,:5 at re/1 !y c easily be put 9 motion1 b /ill n ) unlimit$ ease2 a c]ta9 f9ite ef=t1 diff]5t 9 diff]5t cases1 is requisite = _! purpose4 ,n[ ?is imm$iate condition1 ?is capacity ( receiv+ readily & alt]nately ! /ates ( re/ & motion1 is absolutely requisite = ! nature ( man1 = ! ex]tion ( w1 ( contrivance1 ( =esight1 z well z = ! com=t ( life & ! conditions ( our mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,if all objects 7 fix$ & immoveable1 z if froz5 into "o mass2 or if !y 7 susceptible ( su* motions only z are f\nd 9 ! p>ts ( vegetables1 we attempt 9 va9 to conceive :at w\ld come ( ! bus9ess ( ! _w4 ,b besides ! /ate ( a p>ticle :i* _c be mov$1 & ( a p>ticle :i* _c be /opp$1 we h ! /ate ( a p>ticle moveable b n mov$2 or mov$1 b mov$ only :ile we *oose3 & ?is /ate is t ab\t :i* ! p[]s1 ! ?\ghts1 & ! wants ( man are ma9ly conv]sant4 ,?us ! =ces by :i* solidity & by :i* organic action are produc$1 ! laws ( p]man5ce & ( developem5t1 d n br+ ab\t all t happ5s4 ,besides ^!1 !re is a me*anical condition1 t ( a body expos$ to friction1 :i* is nei!r "o ( absolute p]man5cy nor "o naturally progressive2 b is yet "o absolutely necess>y to make mat]ial objects capable ( be+ in/rum5ts & aids to man2 & ?is is ! condition ( by f> ! great] "p ( t]re/rial ?+s4 ,! habitual c\rse ( ev5ts ) reg>d to motion & re/ is n ! same = famili> moveable articles1 z x is = ! p>ts ( ! m9]al1 or ( ! vegetable _w1 :5 left to !mselves2 su* articles are 9 a condition f> bett] adapt$ ?an any ( ^? o!r conditions w\ld be1 to _! place & purpose4 ,surely ?is %[s u an adaptation1 an adju/m5t1 ( ! con/itution ( ! mat]ial _w to ! nature ( man4 ,& z ! organization ( plants _c be conceiv$ o!rwise ?an z hav+ _! life & gr[? = its object1 s we _c conceive t friction %\ld be "o ( ! lead+ ag5cies 9 ! _w 9 :i* man is plac$1 )\t suppos+ t x 0 int5d$ to be ( use :5 man %\ld walk & run1 & build h\ses & %ips1 & bridges1 & execute innum]able o!r processes1 all ( :i* w\ld be impossible1 admirably con/itut$ z man is 9 o!r respects1 if friction did n exi/4 ,& believ+1 z we conceive we _c b believe1 t ! laws ( motion & re/ 7 ?us giv5 ) ref]5ce to _! ends1 we p]ceive 9 ?is in/ance1 z 9 o!rs1 h[ wide & pr(\nd ?is ref]5ce is1 h[ simple 9 its means1 h[ f]tile 9 its consequ5ces1 h[ effective 9 its details4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,,religi\s ,,views4 ,! contemplation ( ! mat]ial univ]se exhibits ,god to u z ! au?or ( ! laws ( mat]ial nature2 br++ be=e u a wond]ful spectacle1 9 ! simplicity1 ! compreh5siv5ess1 ! mutual adaptation ( ^! laws1 & 9 ! va/ v>iety ( h>moni\s & b5eficial effects produc$ by _! mutual be>+ & comb9$ op]ation4 ,b x is ! consid]ation ( ! moral _w1 ( ! results ( our p[]s ( ?\ght & action1 :i* leads u to reg>d ! ,deity 9 t light 9 :i* our relation to him becomes a matt] ( ! highe/ int]e/ & importance4 ,we p]ceive t man is capable ( ref]r+ 8 actions to pr9ciples ( "r & wrong2 t bo? 8 faculties & 8 virtues may be unfold$ & advanc$ by ! discipl9e :i* arises f ! circum/ances ( human society2 t good m5 c be discrim9at$ f ! bad1 only by a c\rse ( trial1 by /ruggles ) difficulty & temptation2 t ! be/ m5 feel deeply ! ne$ ( rely+1 9 su* conflicts1 on ! ?\ght ( a sup]9t5d+ ,spiritual p[]2 t our views ( ju/ice1 our capacity = intellectual & moral advancem5t1 & a cr[d ( hopes & anticipations :i* rise 9 our bosoms uns\ght1 & cl+ !re ) inexhau/ible t5acity1 w n all[ u to acquiesce 9 ! belief t ?is life is ! end ( our exi/5ce4 ,we are ?us l$ to see t our relation ! ,sup]9t5d] ( our moral be+1 to ! ,deposit>y ( ! supreme law ( j & "r1 is a relation ( incalculable consequ5ce4 ,we f9d t we _c be p]mitt$ to be m]ely contemplators & speculators ) reg>d to ! ,gov]nor ( ! moral _w2 we mu/ obey ,8 w2 we mu/ turn our affections to ,him2 we mu/ advance 9 ,8 fav\r2 or we (f5d aga9/ ! nature ( our position 9 ! s*eme ( :i* ,he is ! au?or & su/a9]4 ,x is f> f our purpose to repres5t natural religion1 z ( itself suffici5t = our support & guidance2 or to und]rate ! mann] 9 :i* our views ( ! ,"l ( ! univ]se h be51 mu* m1 p]haps1 ?an we are sometimes aw>e1 illu/rat$ & confirm$ by lights d]iv$ f revelation4 ,we d n "h speak ( ! mann] 9 :i* m5 h come to believe 9 ,god1 z ! ,gov]nor ( ! moral _w2 b ( ! fact1 t by ! aid ( "o or bo? ( ^! two guides1 ,reason or ,revelation1 reflect+ p]sons 9 e age h be5 l$ to su* a belief4 ,& we conceive x may be useful to po9t out "s connexion betwe5 su* a belief ( a j & holy ,gov]nor1 & ! conviction1 :i* we h already endeav\r$ to impress ^u ! read]1 ( a wise & b5evol5t ,creator ( ! physical _w4 ,?is we %all endeav\r to d 9 ! pres5t book4 ,at ! same "t t m5 h ?us le>nt to look ^u ,god z _! ,gov]nor & ,judge1 ! s\rce ( _! support & rew>d1 !y h also be5 l$1 n only to ascribe to him p[] & skill1 k & goodness1 b also attribute to him ^! qualities 9 a mode & degree exclud+ all limit3--to consid] him z almighty1 all-wise1 ( inf9ite k & inexhau/ible goodness2 e :]e pres5t & active1 b incompreh5sible by our m9ds1 bo? 9 ! mann] ( 8 ag5cy1 & ! degree ( 8 p]fections4 ,& ?is impression conc]n+ ! ,deity appe>s to be t :i* ! m9d receives f all objects ( contemplation & all modes ( advance t[>ds tru?4 ,to ?is conception x leaps ) alacrity & joy1 & 9 ?is x acquiesces ) tranquil satisfaction & gr[+ confid5ce2 :ile any o!r view ( ! nature ( ! ,div9e ,p[] :i* =m$ & su/a9$ ! _w1 is incoh]5t & unt5able1 expos$ to insurm\ntable objections & intol]able incongruities4 ,we %all endeav\r to %[ t ! modes ( employm5t ( ! ?\ghts to :i* ! well conduct$ /udy ( nature gives rise1 d t5d1 9 all _! =ms1 to produce or /r5g!n ?is impression on ! m9d2 & t su* an impression1 & no o!r1 is consi/5t ) ! wide/ views & mo/ compreh5sive aspects ( nature & ( philosophy1 :i* our ,natural ,philosophy op5s to u4 ,?is w be ! purpose ( ! latt] "p ( ! pres5t book4 ,9 ! fir/ place we %all proce$ ) ! object fir/ m5tion$1 ! connexion :i* may be p]ceiv$ betwe5 ! evid5ces ( creative p[]1 & ( moral gov]nm5t1 9 ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,creator ( ! ,physical ,_w is ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,moral ,_w4 ,) our views ( ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w & ! religi\s int]e/s ( man1 ! /udy ( mat]ial nature is n & _c be directly & closely connect$4 ,b x may be ( "s s]vice to trace 9 ^! two l9es ( reason+1 seem+ly s remote1 a manife/ conv]g5ce to ! same po9t1 a demon/rable unity ( result4 ,x may be useful to %[ t we are ?us l$1 n to two rul]s ( ! univ]se1 b to "o ,god2--to make x appe> t ! ,creator & ,pres]v] ( ! _w is also ! ,gov]nor & ,judge ( m52--t ! ,au?or ( ! ,laws ( ,nature is also ! ,au?or ( ! ,law ( ,duty2--t ,he :o regulates corporeal ?+s by prop]ties ( attraction & aff9ity & assimilat+ p[]1 is ! same ,be+ :o regulates ! actions & conditions ( m51 by ! influ5ce ( ! feel+ ( responsibility1 ! p]ception ( "r & wrong1 ! hope ( happ9ess1 ! love ( good4 ,! conviction t ! ,div9e attributes :i* we are taught by ! /udy ( ! mat]ial _w1 & ^? :i* we le>n f ! contemplation ( man z a responsible ag5t1 belong to ! same ,div9e ,be+1 w be =c$ ^u u1 if we consid] ! mann] 9 :i* all ! p>ts ( ! univ]se1 ! corporeal & intellectual1 ! animal & moral1 are connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ea* ( ^! prov9ces ( creation we trace ref9$ adaptations & arrangem5ts :i* lead u to ! ,creator & ,director ( s skilful a sy/em2 b ^! prov9ces are s int]mix$1 ^! diff]5t tra9s ( contrivance s int]wov51 t we _c1 9 our ?\ghts1 sep>ate ! au?or ( "o "p f ! au?or ( ano!r4 ,! ,creator ( ! ,heav5s & ( ! ,e>?1 ( ! inorganic & ( ! organic _w1 ( animals & ( man1 ( ! affections & ! consci5ce1 appe>s inevitably to be "o & ! same ,god4 ,we w pursue ?is reflection a little m into detail4 #a4 ,! ,atmosph]e is a m]e mass ( fluid float+ on ! surface ( ! ball ( ! e>?2 x is "o ( ! in]t & inorganic portions ( ! univ]se1 & mu/ be conceiv$ to h be5 =m$ by ! same ,p[] :i* =m$ ! solid mass ( ! e>? & all o!r p>ts ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,b h[ f> is ! atmosph]e f be+ in]t 9 its effects on organic be+s1 & unconnect$ ) ! _w ( life6 ,by :at wond]ful adaptations ( its me*anical & *emical prop]ties1 & ( ! vital p[]s ( plants1 to ea* o!r1 are ! developem5t & well-be+ ( plants & animals secur$6 ,! creator ( ! atmosph]e mu/ h be5 also ! creator ( plants & animals3 we _c = an in/ant believe ! contr>y4 ,b ! atmosph]e is n only subs]vi5t to ! life ( animals1 & ( man among ! re/2 x is also ! vehicle ( voice2 x answ]s ! purpose ( int]c\rse2 &1 9 ! case ( man1 ( rational int]c\rse4 ,we h se5 h[ rem>kably ! air is fitt$ = ?is (fice2 ! con/ruction ( ! organs ( articulation1 by :i* !y are enabl$ to p]=m _! "p ( ! "w1 is1 z is well kn[n1 a mo/ exquisite sy/em ( contrivances4 ,b ?\gh liv+ 9 an atmosph]e capable ( transmitt+ articulate s\nd1 & ?\gh provid$ ) organs fitt$ to articulate1 man w\ld nev] atta9 to ! use ( language1 if he 7 n also end[$ ) ano!r set ( faculties4 ,! p[]s ( ab/raction & g5]alization1 memory & reason1 ! t5d5cies :i* occasion ! inflexions & comb9ations ( words1 are all necess>y to ! =mation & use ( language4 ,are n ^! p>ts ( ! same s*eme ( :i* ! bodily faculties by :i* we are able to speak are ano!r "p8 ,has man 8 m5tal p[]s indep5d5tly ( ! creator ( 8 bodily frame8 ,to :at purpose !n1 or by :at cause 0 ! curi\s & complex ma*9]y ( ! tongue1 ! glottis1 ! l>ynx produc$8 ,^! are useful = spee*1 & full ( contrivances :i* sugge/ su* a use z ! end = :i* ^? organs 7 con/ruct$4 ,b spee* appe>s to h be5 no less contemplat$ 9 ! intellectual /ructure ( man4 ,! processes ( :i* we h spok51 g5]alization1 ab/raction1 reason+1 h a close dep5d5ce on ! use ( spee*4 ,^! faculties are presuppos$ 9 ! =mation ( language1 b !y are develop$ & p]fect$ by ! use ( language4 ,! m9d ( man !n1 ) all its intellectual end[m5ts1 is ! "w ( ! same arti/ by ^: h&s 8 bodily frame 0 fa%ion$2 z 8 bodily faculties aga9 are evid5tly con/ruct$ by ! mak] ( ^? elem5ts on :i* _! action dep5ds4 ,! creator ( ! atmosph]e & ( ! mat]ial univ]se is ! creator ( ! human m9d1 & ! au?or ( ^? wond]ful p[]s ( ?9k+1 judg+1 inf]r+1 discov]+1 by we are able to reason conc]n+ ! _w 9 :i* we are plac$2 & :i* aid u 9 lift+ our ?\ghts to ! s\rce ( our be+ himself4 #b4 ,light1 or ! means by :i* light is propagat$1 is ano!r ( ! inorganic elem5ts :i* =ms a portion ( ! m]e mat]ial _w4 ,! lum9if]\s e!r1 if we adopt t !ory1 or ! fluid light ( ! !ory ( emission1 mu/ indubitably p]vade ! remote/ regions ( ! univ]se1 & mu/ be suppos$ to exi/1 z soon z we suppose ! mat]ial p>ts ( ! univ]se to be 9 exi/5ce4 ,! orig9 ( light !n mu/ be at lea/ z f> remov$ f u z ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,yet h[ closely connect$ are ! prop]ties ( light ) ! /ructure ( our own bodies6 ,! me*anism ( ! organs ( vision & ! me*anism ( light are1 z we h se51 mo/ curi\sly adapt$ to ea* o!r4 ,we mu/ suppose1 !n1 t ! same p[] & skill produc$ "o & ! o!r ( ^! two sets ( contrivances1 :i* s rem>kably fit into ea* o!r4 ,! creator ( light is ! au?or ( our visual p[]s4 ,b h[ small a portion does m]e visual p]ception con/itute ( ! advantages :i* we d]ive f vision6 ,we possess ult]ior faculties & capacities by :i* sight becomes a s\rce ( happ9ess & good to man4 ,! s5se ( beauty1 ! love ( art1 ! pleasure aris+ f ! contemplation ( nature1 are all dep5d5t on ! eye2 & we c h>dly d\bt t ^! faculties 7 be/[$ on man to fur!r ! be/ int]e/s ( 8 be+4 ,! s5se ( beauty bo? animates & ref9es 8 dome/ic t5d5cies2 ! love ( art is a p[]ful in/rum5t = rais+ him above ! m]e crav+s & satisfactions ( 8 animal nature2 ! expansion ( m9d :i* rises 9 u at ! sight ( ! />ry sky1 ! cl\d-capt m\nta91 ! b\ndless ocean1 seems int5d$ to direct our ?\ghts by an impressive ?\gh indef9ite feel+1 to ! ,inf9ite ,au?or ( ,all4 ,b if ^! faculties be ?us "p ( ! s*eme ( man's inn] be+1 giv5 him by a good & wise creator1 c we suppose t ?is creator 0 any o!r ?an ! creator also ( ^? visual organs1 )\t :i* ! faculties c\ld h no op]ation & no exi/5ce8 ,z cle>ly z light & ! eye are ! "w ( ! same au?or1 s cle>ly also d our capacities = ! mo/ exalt$ visual pleasures1 & ! feel+s fl[+ f !m1 proce$ f ! same ,div9e ,h&4 #c4 ,! creator ( ! e>? mu/ be conceiv$ to be ! au?or also ( all ^? qualities 9 ! soil1 *emical & :atev] else1 by :i* x supports vegetable life1 "u all ! modifications ( natural & artificial condition4 ,among ! attributes :i* ! e>? ?us possesses1 !re are "s :i* seem to h an especial ref]5ce to man 9 a /ate ( society4 ,su* are--! p[] ( ! e>? to increase its produce "u ! influ5ce ( cultivation1 & ! necess>y exi/5ce ( prop]ty 9 l&1 9 ord] t ?is cultivation may be advantage\sly appli$2 ! rise1 "u su* circum/ances1 ( a surplus produce1 ( a quantity ( subsi/5ce exce$+ ! wants ( ! cultivators alone2 & ! consequ5t possibility ( inequalities ( rank1 & ( all ! arrangem5ts ( civil society4 ,^! are all p>ts ( ! con/itution ( ! e>?4 ,b ^! w\ld all rema9 m]e idle possibilities1 if ! nature ( man _h n a correspond+ direction4 ,if man _h n a social & economical t5d5cy1 a disposition to congregate & co-op]ate1 to di/ribute possessions & (fices among ! memb]s ( ! community1 to make & obey & en=ce laws1 ! e>? w\ld 9 va9 be ready to respond to ! c>e ( ! husb&man4 ,mu/ we n !n suppose t ?is attribute ( ! e>? 0 be/[$ ^u x by ,him :o gave to man ^? correspond+ attributes1 ?r\gh :i* ! app>5t nigg>dl9ess ( ! soil is ! s\rce ( g5]al com=t & security1 ( polity & law8 ,mu/ we n suppose t ,he :o creat$ ! soil also inspir$ man ) ^? social desires & feel+s :i* produce cities & /ates1 laws & in/itutions1 arts & civilization2 & t ?us ! app>5tly in]t mass ( e>? is a "p ( ! same s*eme z ^? faculties & p[]s ) :i* man's moral & intellectual progress is mo/ connect$8 #d4 ,aga93--,x w h>dly be que/ion$ t ! au?or ( ! mat]ial elem5ts is also ! au?or ( ! /ructure ( animals1 :i* is adapt$ to & provid$ = by ! con/itution ( ! elem5ts 9 su* innum]able ways4 ,b ! au?or ( ! bodily /ructure ( animals mu/ also be ! au?or ( _! in/9cts1 = )\t ^! ! /ructure w\ld n answ] its purpose4 ,& ^! in/9cts frequ5tly assume ! "* ( affections 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]4 ,! love ( (fspr+1 ( home1 ( companions1 are (t5 display$ by animals1 9 a way t /rikes ! mo/ indiff]5t obs]v]2 & yet ^! affections w h>dly be d5i$ to be a "p ( ! same s*eme z ! in/9cts by :i* ! same animals seek food & ! gratifications ( s5se4 ,:o c d\bt t ! anxi\s & devot$ affection ( ! "m-bird = h] "y aft] !y are hat*$1 is a "p ( ! same sy/em ( ,provid5ce z ! in/9ct by :i* %e is impell$ to sit ^u h] eggs8 & ?is1 ( ! same by :i* h] eggs are s organiz$ t incubation leads to ! bir? ( ! "y animal8 ,nor1 aga91 c we imag9e t :ile ! /ructure & affections ( animals belong to "o sy/em ( ?+s1 ! affections ( man1 9 _m respects s simil> to ^? ( animals1 & connect$ ) ! bodily frame 9 a mann] s closely analog\s1 c belong to a diff]5t s*eme4 ,:o1 t reads ! t\*+ in/ances ( mat]nal affection1 relat$ s (t5 ( ! wom5 ( all nations1 & ( ! females ( all animals1 c d\bt t ! pr9ciple ( action is ! same 9 ! two cases1 ?\gh enlight5$ 9 "o ( !m by ! rational faculty3 ,& :o c place 9 sep>ate prov9ces ! support+ & protect+ love ( ! fa!r & ! "m8 or consid] z entirely di/9ct f ^!1 & belong+ to ano!r "p ( our nature1 ! o!r k9ds ( family affection8 or disjo9 man's love ( 8 home1 8 clan1 8 tribe1 8 c\ntry1 f ! affection :i* he be>s to 8 family8 ,! love ( (fspr+1 home1 fri5ds1 9 man1 is !n "p ( ! same sy/em ( contrivances ( :i* bodily organization is ano!r "p4 ,& ?us ! au?or ( our corporeal frame is also ! au?or ( our capacity ( k9dness & res5tm5t1 ( our love & ( our wi% to be lov$1 ( all ! emotions :i* b9d u to individuals1 to our families1 & to our k9d4 ,x is n necess>y "h to foll[ out & classify ^! emotions & affections2 or to exam9e h[ !y are comb9$ & connect$ ) our o!r motives ( action1 mutually giv+ & receiv+ /r5g? & direction4 ,! desire ( e/eem1 ( p[]1 ( k1 ( society1 ! love ( k9dr$1 ( fri5ds1 ( our c\ntry1 are manife/ly among ! ma9 =ces by :i* man is urg$ to act & to ab/a94 ,& z ^! p>ts ( ! con/itution ( man are cle>ly int5d$1 z we conceive1 to impel him 9 8 appo9t$ pa?2 s we conceive t !y are no less cle>ly ! "w ( ! same great ,artific] :o creat$ ! he>t1 ! eye1 ! h&1 ! tongue1 & t elem5tal _w 9 :i*1 by means ( ^! in/rum5ts1 man pursues ! objects ( 8 appetites1 desires1 & affections4 #e4 ,b if ! ,creator ( ! _w be also ! au?or ( our intellectual p[]s1 ( our feel+ = ! beautiful & ! sublime1 ( our social t5d5cies1 & ( our natural desires & affections1 we %all f9d x impossible n to ascribe also to ,him ! high] directive attributes ( our nature1 ! consci5ce & ! religi\s feel+1 ! ref]5ce ( our actions to ! rule ( duty & to ! w ( ,god4 ,x w\ld n suit ! plan ( ! pres5t treatise to ent] into any detail$ analysis ( ! connexion ( ^! v>i\s portions ( our moral con/itution4 ,b we may obs]ve t ! exi/5ce & univ]sality ( ! conception ( duty & "r _c be d\bt$1 h[ev] m5 may diff] z to its orig9al or d]ivative nature4 ,all m5 are p]petually l$ to =m judgm5ts conc]n+ actions1 & emotions :i* lead to action1 z "r or wrong2 z :at !y ought or ought n to d or feel4 ,!re is a faculty :i* approves & disapproves1 acquits or condemns ! work+s ( our o!r faculties4 ,n[1 :at %all we say ( su* a judici>y pr9ciple1 ?us introduc$ among our motives to action8 ,%all we conceive t :ile ! o!r spr+s ( action are balanc$ aga9/ ea* o!r by our ,creator1 ?is1 ! mo/ p]vad+ & univ]sal regulator1 0 no "p ( ! orig9al s*eme8 ,t--:ile ! love ( animal pleasures1 ( p[]1 ( fame1 ! reg>d = fri5ds1 ! pleasure ( be/[+ pleasure1 7 infus$ into man z influ5ces by :i* 8 c\rse ( life 0 to be c>ri$ on1 & 8 capacities & p[]s develop$ & ex]cis$2--?is rev]5ce = a moral law1 ?is ackn[l$gm5t ( ! obligation ( duty1--a feel+ :i* is e :]e f\nd1 & :i* may become a p[]ful1 a pr$om9at+ motive ( action1--0 giv5 = no purpose1 & belongs n to ! design8 ,su* an op9ion w\ld be mu* z if we %\ld ackn[l$ge ! skill & contrivance manife/$ 9 ! o!r p>ts ( a %ip1 b %\ld refuse to recognize ! rudd] z exhibit+ any evid5ce ( a purpose4 ,)\t ! rev]5ce :i* ! op9ion ( "r inspires1 & ! sc\rge ( g5]al disapprobation inflict$ on t :i* is acc\nt$ wick$1 society c\ld sc>cely g on2 & c]ta9ly ! feel+s & ?\ghts & *>act]s ( m5 c\ld n be :at !y are4 ,^? impulses ( nature :i* involve no ackn[l$gm5t ( responsibility1 & ! play & /ruggle ( int]f]+ wi%es1 might pres]ve ! species 9 "s %ape ( exi/5ce1 z we see 9 ! case ( brutes4 ,b a p]son mu/ be /rangely con/itut$1 :o1 liv+ amid ! respect = law1 ! admiration = :at is good1 ! ord] & virtues & graces ( civiliz$ nations1 7all :i* h _! orig9 9 "s degree 9 ! feel+ ( responsibility7 c ma9ta9 t all ^! are casual & extrane\s circum/ances1 no way contemplat$ 9 ! =mation ( man2 & t a condition 9 :i* !re %\ld be obligation 9 law1 no m]it 9 self-re/ra9t1 no beauty 9 virtue1 is equally suit$ to ! p[]s & ! nature ( man1 & 0 equally contemplat$ :5 ^? p[]s 7 giv5 him4 ,if ?is supposition be too extravagant to be admitt$1 z x appe>s to be1 x rema9s !n t man1 int5d$1 z we h already se5 f 8 /ructure & prop]ties1 to be a disc\rs+1 social be+1 act+ "u ! influ5ce ( affections1 desires1 & purposes1 0 also int5d$ to act "u ! influ5ce ( a s5se ( duty2 & t ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! obligation ( a moral law is z mu* "p ( 8 nature1 z hung] or ?ir/1 mat]nal love or ! desire ( p[]2 t1 !re=e1 9 conceiv+ man z ! "w ( a ,creator1 we mu/ imag9e 8 p[]s & "* giv5 him ) an int5tion on ! ,creator's "p t ?is s5se ( duty %\ld occupy its place 9 8 con/itution z an active & ?9k+ be+3 & t ?is directive & judici>y pr9ciple is a "p ( ! "w ( ! same ,au?or :o made ! elem5ts to m9i/] to ! mat]ial functions1 & ! arrangem5ts ( ! _w to occupy ! individual & social affections ( 8 liv+ creatures4 ,?is pr9ciple ( consci5ce1 x may fur!r be obs]v$1 does n /& ^u ! same level z ! o!r impulses ( our con/itution by :i* we are prompt$ or re/ra9$4 ,by its v nature & ess5ce1 x possesses a supremacy ov] all o!rs4 8,y\r obligation to obey ?is law is its be+ ! law ( y\r nature4 ,t y\r consci5ce approves ( & atte/s su* a c\rse ( action is itself alone an obligation4 ,consci5ce does n only (f] itself to %[ u ! way we %\ld walk 91 b x likewise c>ries its own au?ority ) x1 t x is our natural guide3 ! guide assign$ u by ! au?or ( our nature40#bf ,t we ought to d an action1 is ( itself a suffici5t & ultimate answ] to ! que/ions1 :y we %\ld d x8--h[ we are oblig$ to d x8 ,! conviction ( duty implies ! s\nde/ reason1 ! /ronge/ obligation1 ( :i* our nature is susceptible4 ,we appe> !n to be us+ only language :i* is well capable ( be+ ju/ifi$1 :5 we speak ( ?is irresi/ible e/eem = :at is "r1 ?is conviction ( a rule ( action ext5d+ beyond ! gratification ( our irreflective impulses1 z an impress /amp$ ^u ! human m9d by ! ,deity himself2 a trace ( ,8 nature2 an indication ( ,8 w2 an ann\ncem5t ( ,8 purpose2 a promise ( ,8 fav\r3 & ?\gh ?is faculty may ne$ to be confirm$ & unfold$1 in/ruct$ & assi/$ by o!r aids1 x /ill seems to conta9 9 itself a suffici5t intimation t ! highe/ objects ( man's exi/5ce are to be atta9$1 by means ( a direct & intimate ref]5ce ( 8 ?\ghts & actions to ! ,div9e ,au?or ( 8 be+4 ,su* !n is ! ,deity to :i* ! rese>*es ( ,natural ,!ology po9t2 & s f> is ! tra9 ( reflections 9 :i* we h engag$1 f be+ m]ely speculative & b>r54 ,) ! mat]ial _w we _c /op4 ,if a sup]ior ,intellig5ce h ord]$ & adju/$ ! succession ( seasons & ! /ructure ( ! plants ( ! field1 we mu/ all[ f> m ?an ?is at fir/ sight w\ld seem to imply4 ,we mu/ admit /ill great] p[]s1 /ill high] wisdom = ! creation ( ! bea/s ( ! =e/ ) _! faculties2 & high] wisdom /ill & m transc5d5t attributes1 = ! creation ( man4 ,& :5 we rea* ?is po9t1 we f9d t x is n k only1 n p[] only1 n =esight & b5efic5ce alone1 :i* we mu/ attribute to ! ,mak] ( ! ,_w2 b t we mu/ consid] him z ! ,au?or1 9 u1 ( a rev]5ce = moral purity & rectitude2 &1 if ! au?or ( su* emotions 9 u1 h[ c we conceive ( ,him o!rwise1 ?an t ^! qualities are p>ts ( 8 nature2 & t he is n only wise & great1 & good1 incomp>ably beyond our highe/ conceptions1 b also con=m$ 9 8 purposes to ! rule :i* he ?us impresses ^u u1 t is1 ,holy 9 ! highe/ degree :i* we c imag9e to ourselves z possible4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,on ! ,va/ness ( ! ,univ]se4 #a4 ,! aspect ( ! _w1 ev5 )\t any ( ! peculi> lights :i* sci5ce ?r[s ^u x1 is fitt$ to give u an idea ( ! greatness ( ! p[] by :i* x is direct$ & gov]n$1 f> exce$+ any notions ( p[] & greatness :i* are sugge/$ by any o!r contemplation4 ,! numb] ( human be+s :o surr\nd u--! v>i\s conditions requisite = _! life1 nutrition1 well-be+1 all fulfill$2--! way 9 :i* ^! conditions are modifi$1 z we pass 9 ?\ght to o!r c\ntries1 by climate1 temp]am5t1 habit2--! va/ am\nt ( ! human population ( ! globe ?us made up2--yet man himself b "o among almo/ endless tribes ( animals2--! =e/1 ! field1 ! des]t1 ! air1 ! ocean1 all teem+ ) creatures ^: bodily wants are z c>efully provid$ = z 82--! sun1 ! cl\ds1 ! w9ds1 all att5d+1 z x 71 on ^! organiz$ be+s2--a ho/ ( b5efic5t en]gies1 unwe>i$ by "t & succession1 p]vad+ e corn] ( ! e>?2--?is spectacle _c b give ! contemplator a l(ty & magnific5t conception ( ! ,au?or ( s va/ a "w1 ( ! ,rul] ( s wide & ri* an empire1 ( ! ,provid] = s _m & v>i$ wants1 ! ,director & ,adju/] ( su* complex & j>r+ int]e/s4 ,b :5 we take a m exact view ( ?is spectacle1 & aid our vision by ! discov]ies :i* h be5 made ( ! /ructure & ext5t ( ! univ]se1 ! impression is incalculably increas$4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( animals1 ! exquisite skill display$ 9 _! /ructure1 ! compreh5sive & pr(\nd relations by :i* !y are connect$1 f> exce$ any ?+ :i* we c\ld 9 any degree h imag9$4 ,b ! view ( ! univ]se exp&s also on ano!r side4 ,! e>?1 ! globul> body ?us cov]$ ) life1 is n ! only globe 9 ! univ]se4 ,!re are1 circl+ ab\t our own sun1 six o!rs1 s f> z we c judge1 p]fectly analog\s 9 _! nature3 besides our moon & o!r bodies analog\s to x4 ,no "o c resi/ ! temptation to conjecture1 t ^! globes1 "s ( !m mu* l>g] ?an our own1 are n dead & b>r52--t !y are1 l ours1 occupi$ ) organization1 life1 intellig5ce4 ,to conjecture is all t we c d1 yet ev5 by ! p]ception ( su* a possibility1 our view ( ! k+dom ( nature is enl>g$ & elevat$4 ,! out]mo/ ( ! planet>y globes ( :i* we h spok5 is s f> f ! sun1 t ! c5tral lum9>y mu/ appe> to ! inhabitants ( t planet1 if any !re are1 no l>g] ?an ,v5us does to u2 & ! l5g? ( _! ye> w be eighty-two ( ours4 ,b a/ronomy c>ries u /ill onw>ds4 ,x tea*es u t1 ) ! exception ( ! planets already m5tion$1 ! />s :i* we see h no imm$iate relation to our sy/em4 ,! obvi\s supposition is t !y are ( ! nature & ord] ( our sun3 ! m9ut5ess ( _! app>5t magnitude agrees1 on ?is supposition1 ) ! enorm\s & almo/ inconceivable di/ance :i*1 f all ! measurem5ts ( a/ronom]s1 we are l$ to attribute to !m4 ,if !n ^! are suns1 !y may1 l our sun1 h planets revolv+ r\nd !m2 & ^! may1 l our planet1 be ! seats ( vegetable & animal & rational life3--we may ?us h 9 ! univ]se worlds1 no "o kn[s h[ _m1 no "o c guess h[ v>i$3--b h[ev] _m1 h[ev] v>i$1 !y are /ill b s _m prov9ces 9 ! same empire1 subject to common rules1 gov]n$ by a common p[]4 ,b ! />s :i* we see ) ! nak$ eye are b a v small portion ( ^? :i* ! telescope unveils to u4 ,! mo/ imp]fect telescope w discov] "s t are invisible )\t x2 ! v be/ in/rum5t p]haps does n %[ u ! mo/ remote4 ,! numb] :i* cr[ds "s p>ts ( ! heav5s is truly m>vell\s4 ,dr4 ,h]s*el calculat$ t a portion ( ! milky way1 ab\t t5 degrees long & two & a half broad1 conta9$ two hundr$ & fifty-eight ?\s&4 ,9 a sky s occupi$1 ! moon w\ld eclipse two ?\s& ( su* />s at once4 ,we le>n too f ! telescope t ev5 9 ?is prov9ce ! v>iety ( nature is n exhau/$4 ,n only d ! />s diff] 9 col\r & appe>ance1 b "s ( !m gr[ p]iodically fa9t] & bright]1 z if !y 7 d>k on "o side1 & revolv$ on _! axes4 ,9 o!r cases two />s appe> close to ea* o!r1 & 9 "s ( ^! cases x has be5 cle>ly e/abli%$1 t ! two h a motion ( revolution ab\t ea* o!r2 ?us exhibit+ an arrangem5t be=e unguess$1 & giv+ rise1 possibly1 to new conditions ( worlds4 ,9 o!r in/ances aga91 ! telescope %[s1 n lum9\s po9ts1 b ext5d$ masses ( dilute light1 l bright cl\ds1 h5ce call$ nebul4 ,"s h suppos$ 7z we h notic$ 9 ! la/ book7 t su* nebul by fur!r cond5sation might become suns2 b = su* op9ions we h no?+ b conjecture4 ,"s />s aga9 h und]gone p]man5t *anges1 or h absolutely disappe>$1 z ! celebrat$ /> ( #aegb1 9 ! con/ellation ,cassiopea4 ,if we take ! :ole range ( creat$ objects 9 our own sy/em1 f ! sun d[n to ! smalle/ animalcule1 & suppose su* a sy/em1 or some?+ 9 "s way analog\s to x1 to be repeat$ = ea* ( ! millions ( />s ?us reveal$ to u1 we h a repres5tation ( ! mat]ial "p ( ! univ]se1 accord+ to a view :i* _m m9ds receive z a probable "o2 & ref]r+ ?is aggregate ( sy/ems to ! ,au?or ( ! univ]se1 z 9 our own sy/em we h f\nd ourselves l$ to d1 we h ?us an e/imate ( ! ext5t to :i* 8 creative en]gy w\ld ?us appe> to h be5 ex]cis$ 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,if we consid] fur!r ! endless & admirable contrivances & adaptations :i* philosoph]s & obs]v]s h discov]$ 9 e portion ( our own sy/em1 e new /ep ( our k %[+ u some?+ new 9 ?is respect2 & if we comb9e ?is consid]ation ) ! ?\ght h[ small a portion ( ! univ]se our k includes1 we %all1 )\t be+ able at all to disc]n ! ext5t ( ! skill & wisdom ?us display$1 see some?+ ( ! "* ( ! design1 & ( ! copi\sness & ampl5ess ( ! means :i* ! s*eme ( ! _w exhibits4 ,& :5 we see t ! t5d5cy ( all ! arrangem5ts :i* we c compreh5d is to support ! exi/5ce1 to develope ! faculties1 to promote ! well-be+ ( ^! c\ntless species ( creatures2 we %all h "s impression ( ! b5efic5ce & love ( ! ,creator1 z manife/$ 9 ! physical gov]nm5t ( 8 creation4 #b4 ,x is extremely difficult to devise any means ( br++ be=e a common appreh5sion ! scale on :i* ! univ]se is con/ruct$1 ! enorm\s proportion :i* ! l>g] dim5sions be> to ! small]1 & ! amaz+ numb] ( /eps f l>ge to small]1 or f small to l>g]1 :i* ! consid]ation ( x (f]s4 ,! foll[+ comp>ative repres5tations may s]ve to give ! read] to :om ! subject is new "s idea ( ^! /eps4 ,if we suppose ! e>? to be repres5t$ by a globe a foot 9 diamet]1 ! di/ance ( ! sun f ! e>? w be ab\t two miles2 ! diamet] ( ! sun1 on ! same supposition1 w be some?+ above "o hundr$ feet1 & consequ5tly 8 bulk su* z might be made up ( two hemisph]es1 ea* ab\t ! size ( ! dome ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,! moon w be ?irty feet f u1 & h] diamet] ?ree in*es1 ab\t t ( a cricket ball4 ,?us ! sun w\ld mu* m ?an occupy all ! space )9 ! moon's orbit4 ,on ! same scale1 ,jupit] w\ld be above t5 miles f ! sun1 & ,uranus =ty4 ,we see !n h[ ?9ly scatt]$ ?r\gh space are ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! fix$ />s w\ld be at an unkn[n di/ance1 b1 probably1 if all di/ances 7 ?us dim9i%$1 no /> w\ld be ne>] to su* a "o-foot e>?1 ?an ! moon n[ is to u4 ,on su* a t]re/rial globe ! highe/ m\nta9s w\ld be ab\t an eightie? ( an in* high1 & consequ5tly only j di/+ui%able4 ,we may imag9e !re=e h[ imp]ceptible w\ld be ! l>ge/ animals4 ,! :ole organiz$ cov]+ ( su* a globe w\ld be q undiscov]able by ! eye1 except p]haps by col\r1 l ! bloom on a plum4 ,9 ord] to re/ore ?is e>? & its inhabitants to _! true dim5sions1 we mu/ magnify !m =ty millions ( times2 & to pres]ve ! proportions1 we mu/ increase equally ! di/ances ( ! sun & ( ! />s f u4 ,!y seem ?us to pass (f into inf9ity2 yet ea* ( !m ?us remov$1 has its sy/em ( me*anical & p]haps ( organic processes go+ on ^u its surface4 ,b ! arrangem5ts ( organic life :i* we c see ) ! nak$ eye are few1 comp>$ ) ^? :i* ! microscope detects4 ,we "k t we may magnify objects ?\s&s ( times1 & /ill discov] fre% complexities ( /ructure2 if we suppose1 !re=e1 t we increase e p>ticle ( matt] 9 our univ]se 9 su* a proportion1 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 we may conceive t we t5d ?us to br+ be=e our appreh5sion a true e/imate ( ! quantity ( organiz$ adaptations :i* are ready to te/ify ! ext5t ( ! ,creator's p[]4 #c4 ,! o!r num]ical quantities :i* we h to consid] 9 ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se are on z gigantic a scale z ! di/ances & sizes4 ,by ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis1 ! p>ts ( ! equator move at ! rate ( a ?\s& miles an h\r1 & ! portions ( ! e>?'s surface :i* are 9 our latitude1 at ab\t six hundr$4 ,! =m] velocity is ne>ly t ) :i* a cannon ball is dis*>g$ f ! m\? ( a gun2 b1 l>ge z x is1 x is inconsid]able comp>$ ) ! velocity ( ! e>? 9 its orbit ab\t ! sun4 ,?is latt] velocity is sixty-five times ! =m]4 ,by ! rotatory motion ( ! e>?1 a po9t ( its surface is c>ri$ sometimes =w>ds & sometimes backw>ds ) reg>d to ! annual progression2 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! great pr$om9ance ( ! latt] velocity 9 am\nt1 ! =m] sc>cely affects x ei!r way4 ,& ev5 ! latt] velocity is inconsid]able comp>$ ) t ( light2 :i* comp>ison1 h[ev]1 we %all n make2 s9ce1 accord+ to ! !ory we h consid]$ z mo/ probable1 ! motion ( light is n a transf] ( matt] b ( motion f "o "p ( space to ano!r4 ,! ext5t ( ! scale ( d5sity ( diff]5t sub/ances has already be5 m5tion$2 gold is tw5ty times z heavy z wat]2 air is eight hundr$ & ?irty times light]1 /eam eight ?\s& times light] ?an wat]2 ! lum9if]\s e!r is incomp>ably r>] ?an /eam3 & ?is is true ( ! matt] ( light1 :e!r we adopt ! undulatory !ory or any o!r4 #d4 ,! above /atem5ts are va/ 9 am\nt1 & almo/ oppressive to our faculties4 ,!y belong to ! measurem5t ( ! p[]s :i* are ex]t$ 9 ! univ]se1 & ( ! spaces ?r\gh :i* _! efficacy rea*es 7= ! mo/ di/ant bodies are probably connect$ bo? by gravity & light47 ,b ^! e/imates _c be said s mu* to give u any notion ( ! p[]s ( ! ,deity1 z to correct ! errors we %\ld fall into by suppos+ 8 p[]s at all to resemble ours3--by suppos+ t numb]s1 & spaces1 & =ces1 & comb9ations1 :i* w\ld ov]:elm u1 are any ob/acle to ! arrangem5ts :i* 8 plan requires4 ,we c easily und]/& t to an intellig5ce surpass+ ours 9 degree only1 t may be easy :i* is impossible to u4 ,! *ild :o _c c\nt beyond f\r1 ! savage :o has no "n = any numb] above five1 _c compreh5d ! possibility ( deal+ ) ?\s&s & millions3 yet a little additional developem5t ( ! intellect makes su* numb]s manageable & conceivable4 ,! difficulty :i* appe>s to reside 9 numb]s & magnitudes & /ages ( subord9ation1 is "o produc$ by judg+ f ourselves--by measur+ ) our own s\nd+ l9e2 :5 t rea*es no bottom1 ! ocean appe>s unfa?omable4 ,yet 9 fact1 h[ is a hundr$ millions ( miles a great di/ance8 h[ is a hundr$ millions ( times a great ratio8 ,n 9 itself3 ?is greatness is no quality ( ! numb]s :i* c be prov$ l _! ma!matical prop]ties2 on ! contr>y1 all t absolutely belongs to numb]1 space1 & ratio1 mu/1 we "k demon/rably1 be equally true ( ! l>ge/ & ! smalle/4 ,x is cle> t ! greatness ( ^! expressions ( measure has ref]5ce to our faculties only4 ,our a/oni%m5t & emb>rassm5t take = grant$ ! limits ( our own nature4 ,we h a t5d5cy to treat a diff]5ce ( degree & ( addition1 z if x 7 a diff]5ce ( k9d & ( trans=mation4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! attributes1 design1 p[]1 goodness1 is a matt] dep5d+ on obvi\s gr\nds3 ab\t ^! qualities !re c be no mi/ake3 if we c "k any ?+1 we c "k ^! attributes :5 we see !m4 ,b ! ext5t1 ! limits ( su* attributes mu/ be det]m9$ by _! effects2 our k ( _! limits by :at we see ( ! effects4 ,nor is any ext5t1 any am\nt ( p[] & goodness improbable be=eh&3 we "k t ^! mu/ be great1 we _c tell h[ great4 ,we %\ld n expect be=eh& to f9d !m b\nd$2 & !re=e :5 ! b\ndless prospect op5s be=e u1 we may be bewild]$1 b we h no reason to be %ak5 9 our conviction ( ! reality ( ! cause f :i* _! effects proce$3 we may feel ourselves incapable ( foll[+ ! tra9 ( ?\ght1 & may /op1 b we h no rational motive = quitt+ ! po9t :i* we h ?us atta9$ 9 trac+ ! ,div9e ,p]fections4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? magnitudes & proportions :i* leave our p[]s ( conception f> beh9d2--t ev]-exp&+ view :i* is br\ght be=e u1 ( ! scale & me*anism1 ! ri*es & magnific5ce1 ! population & activity ( ! univ]se2--may reasonably s]ve1 n to di/urb1 b to enl>ge & elevate our conceptions ( ! ,mak] & ,ma/] ( all2 to fe$ an ev]-gr[+ admiration ( ,8 wond]ful nature2 & to excite a desire to be able to contemplate m /eadily & conceive less inadequately ! s*eme ( 8 gov]nm5t & ! op]ation ( 8 p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,on ,man's ,place 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,! m]e aspect ( ! />ry heav5s1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! view ( !m to :i* sci5ce introduces u1 t5ds /rongly to =ce ^u man ! impression ( 8 own insignificance4 ,! vault ( ! sky ar*$ at a va/ & unkn[n di/ance ov] our heads2 ! />s1 app>5tly inf9ite 9 numb]1 ea* keep+ its appo9t$ place & c\rse1 & seem+ to belong to a wide sy/em ( ?+s :i* has no relation to ! e>?2 :ile man is b "o among _m millions ( ! e>?'s inhabitants2--all ?is makes ! contemplative spectator feel h[ exce$+ly small a portion ( ! univ]se he is2 h[ little he mu/ be1 9 ! eyes ( an intellig5ce :i* c embrace ! :ole4 ,e p]son1 9 e age & c\ntry1 w recognize z irresi/ibly natural ! tra9 ( ?\ght express$ by ! ,hebrew psalmi/3 8:5 ,i consid] ! heav5s ! "w ( ?y h&s--! moon & ! />s :i* ?\ ha/ orda9$--,"l :at is man t ?\ art m9dful ( him1 or ! son ( man t ?\ reg>de/ him80 ,if ?is be ! feel+ ( ! untaught p]son1 :5 he contemplates ! aspect ( ! skies1 su* z !y (f] !mselves to a casual & unassi/$ glance1 ! impression mu/ ne$s be incalculably augm5t$1 :5 we look at ! univ]se ) ! aid ( a/ronomical discov]y & !ory4 ,we !n f9d1 t a few ( ! %9+ po9ts :i* we see scatt]$ on ! face ( ! sky 9 su* pr(usion1 appe> to be ( ! same nature z ! e>?1 & may p]haps1 z analogy w\ld sugge/1 be l ! e>?1 ! habitations ( organiz$ be+s2--t ! re/ ( 8! ho/ ( heav50 may1 by a l analogy1 be conjectur$ to be ! c5tres ( simil> sy/ems ( revolv+ worlds2--t ! vision ( man has gone travell+ onw>ds1 to an ext5t nev] anticipat$1 ?r\gh ?is multitude ( sy/ems1 & t :ile myriads ( new c5tres />t up at e advance1 he appe>s z yet n to h receiv$ any intimation ( a limit4 ,e p]son probably feels1 at fir/1 lo/1 conf\nd$1 ov]:elm$1 ) ! va/ness ( ?is spectacle2 & seems to himself1 z x 71 annihilat$ by ! magnitude & multitude ( ! objects :i* ?us compose ! univ]se4 ,! di/ance betwe5 him & ! ,creator ( ! _w appe>s to be increas$ beyond measure by ?is disclosure4 ,x seems z if a s+le individual c\ld h no *ance & no claim = ! reg>d ( ! ,rul] ( ! :ole4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! belief ( ,god's gov]nm5t ( ! physical _w is important & int]e/+ to man1 is1 z has already be5 said1 ?r\gh ! connexion :i* ?is belief has ) ! conviction ( ,god's gov]nm5t ( ! moral _w2 ?is latt] gov]nm5t be+1 f its nature1 "o :i* has a p]sonal relation to ea* individual1 8 actions & ?\ghts4 ,x w1 !re=e1 illu/rate our subject to %[ t ?is impression ( ! difficulty ( a p]sonal sup]9t5d5ce & gov]nm5t1 ex]cis$ by ! ,mak] ( ! _w ov] ea* ( 8 rational & free creatures1 is f\nd$ ^u illusory views2 & t on an att5tive & philosophical exam9ation ( ! subject1 su* a gov]nm5t is 9 accordance ) all t we c discov] ( ! s*eme & ! scale ( ! univ]se4 #a4 ,we may1 9 ! fir/ place1 repeat ! obs]vation made 9 ! la/ *apt]1 on ! confusion :i* sometimes arises 9 our m9ds1 & makes u consid] ! numb] ( ! objects ( ! ,div9e c>e z a difficulty 9 ! way ( its ex]cise4 ,if we c conceive ?is c>e employ$ on a million ( p]sons1 on ! population ( a k+dom1 ( a city1 ( a /reet1 !re is no real difficulty 9 suppos+ x ext5d$ to e planet 9 ! sol> sy/em1 admitt+ ea* to be peopl$ z ours is2 nor to e "p ( ! univ]se1 suppos+ ea* /> ! c5tre ( su* a sy/em4 ,numb]s are no?+ 9 !mselves2 & :5 we reject ! kn[n1 b uness5tial limits ( our own faculties1 x is q z all[able to suppose a million millions ( e>?s1 z "o1 to be "u ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god4 #b4 ,9 ! next place we may rem>k1 n only t no reason c be assign$ :y ! ,div9e c>e %\ld n ext5d to a mu* great] numb] ( individuals ?an we at fir/ imag9e1 b t 9 fact we "k t x does s ext5d4 ,x has be5 well obs]v$1 t ab\t ! same "t :5 ! inv5tion ( ! telescope %[$ u t !re might be myriads ( o!r worlds claim+ ! ,creator's c>e2 ! inv5tion ( ! microscope prov$ to u t !re 7 9 our own _w myriads ( creatures1 be=e unkn[n1 :i* ?is c>e 0 pres]v+4 ,:ile "o discov]y seem$ to remove ! ,div9e ,provid5ce fur!r f u1 ! o!r gave u mo/ /rik+ examples t x 0 f> m active 9 our neighb\rhood ?an we _h suppos$3 :ile ! fir/ ext5d$ ! b\nd>ies ( ,god's kn[n k+dom1 ! second made its kn[n adm9i/ration m m9ute & c>eful4 ,x appe>$ t 9 ! leaf & 9 ! bud1 9 solids & 9 fluids1 animals exi/$ hi!rto unsuspect$2 ! app>5tly dead masses & blank spaces ( ! _w 7 f\nd to sw>m ) life4 ,& yet1 ( ! animals ?us reveal$1 all1 ?\gh unkn[n to u be=e1 _h nev] be5 =gott5 by ,provid5ce4 ,_! /ructure1 _! vessels & limbs1 _! adaptation to _! situation1 _! food & habitations1 7 regulat$ 9 z beautiful & complete a mann] z ^? ( ! l>ge/ & app>5tly mo/ fav\r$ animals4 ,! smalle/ insects are z exactly f9i%$1 (t5 z gaily ornam5t$1 z ! mo/ graceful bea/s or ! birds ( brighte/ plumage4 ,& :5 we seem to g out ( ! doma9 ( ! complex animal /ructure ) :i* we are famili>1 & come to animals ( app>5tly m scanty faculties1 & less develop$ p[]s ( enjoym5t & action1 we /ill f9d t _! faculties & _! s5ses are 9 exact h>mony ) _! situation & circum/ances2 t ! wants :i* !y h are provid$ =1 & ! p[]s :i* !y possess call$ into activity4 ,s t ,mll]1 ! pati5t & accurate obs]v] ( ! smalle/ & mo/ obscure microscopical animalcula1 decl>es t all classes alike1 ^? :i* h manife/ organs1 & ^? :i* h n1 (f] a va/ quantity ( new & /rik+ views ( ! animal economy2 e /ep ( our discov]ies lead+ u to admire ! design & c>e ( ! ,creator4#bg ,we f9d1 !re=e1 t ! ,div9e ,provid5ce is1 9 fact1 capable ( ext5d+ itself adequately to an imm5se succession ( tribes ( be+s1 surpass+ :at we c imag9e or c\ld previ\sly h anticipat$2 & ?us we may feel secure1 s f> z analogy c secure u1 t ! m]e multitude ( creat$ objects _c remove u f ! gov]nm5t & sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,creator4 #c4 ,we may obs]ve fur!r1 t1 va/ z are ! p>ts & proportions ( ! univ]se1 we /ill appe> to be able to p]ceive t x is f9ite2 ! subord9ation ( magnitudes & numb]s & classes appe>s to h its limits4 ,?us1 = any ?+ :i* we c discov]1 ! sun is ! l>ge/ body 9 ! univ]se2 & at any rate1 bodies ( ! ord] ( ! sun are ! l>ge/ ( :i* we h any evid5ce3 we "k ( no sub/ance d5s] ?an gold1 & x is improbable t "o d5s]1 or at lea/ mu* d5s]1 %\ld ev] be detect$3 ! l>ge/ animals :i* exi/ 9 ! sea & on ! e>? are almo/ c]ta9ly kn[n to u4 ,we may v5ture also to say1 t ! smalle/ animals :i* possess 9 _! /ructure a cle> analogy ) l>g] ones1 h be5 already se54 ,_m ( ! animals :i* ! microscope detects1 are z complete & complex 9 _! organization z ^? ( l>g] size3 b beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 !y appe>1 z !y become m m9ute1 to be r$uc$ to a homog5eity & simplicity ( composition :i* almo/ excludes !m f ! doma9 ( animal life4 ,! smalle/ microscopical objects :i* c be suppos$ to be organic1 are po9ts1#bh or gelat9\s globules1#bi or ?reads1#cj 9 :i* no di/9ct organs1 int]ior or ext]ior1 c be discov]$4 ,^!1 x is cle>1 _c be consid]$ z indicat+ an indef9ite progression ( animal life 9 a desc5d+ scale ( m9ut5ess4 ,we c1 ma!matically speak+1 conceive "o ( ^! animals z p]fect & complicat$ 9 its /ructure z an elephant or an eagle1 b we d n f9d x s 9 nature4 ,x appe>s1 on ! contr>y1 9 ^! objects1 z if we 71 at a c]ta9 po9t ( magnitude1 rea*+ ! b\nd>ies ( ! animal _w4 ,we ne$ n "h consid] ! hypo!ses & op9ions to :i* ^! ambigu\s objects h giv5 rise2 b1 )\t any !ory1 !y t5d to %[ t ! subord9ation ( organic life is f9ite on ! side ( ! little z well z ( ! great4 ,"s p]sons might1 p]haps1 imag9e t a gr\nd = believ+ ! smallness ( organiz$ be+s to be limit$1 might be f\nd 9 :at we "k ( ! con/itution ( matt]4 ,if solids & fluids consi/ ( p>ticles ( a def9ite1 ?\gh exce$+ smallness1 :i* _c fur!r be divid$ or dim9i%$1 x is manife/ t we h1 9 ! smallness ( ^! p>ticles1 a limit to ! possible size ( ! vessels & organs ( animals4 ,! fluids :i* are secret$1 & :i* circulate 9 ! body ( a mite1 mu/ ne$s consi/ ( a va/ numb] ( p>ticles1 or !y w\ld n be fluids3 & an animal might be s mu* small] ?an a mite1 t its tubes c\ld n conta9 a suffici5t collection ( ! atoms ( matt]1 to c>ry on its functions4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 ( necessity rea* a limit ( m9ut5ess 9 organic life1 if we c\ld demon/rate t matt] is compos$ ( su* indivisible atoms4 ,we %all n1 h[ev]1 build any ?+ on ?is argum5t2 because1 ?\gh ! atomic !ory is sometimes said to be prov$1 :at is prov$ is1 t *emical & o!r effects take place z if !y 7 ! aggregate ( ! effects ( c]ta9 p>ticles ( elem5ts1 ! proportions ( :i* p>ticles are fix$ & def9ite2 b t any limit c be assign$ to ! smallness ( ^! p>ticles1 has nev] yet be5 made out4 ,we pref]1 !re=e1 to re/ ! pro( ( ! f9ite ext5t ( animal life1 z to size1 on ! microscopical obs]vations previ\sly ref]r$ to4 ,probably we _c yet be said to h rea*$ ! limit ( ! univ]se ) ! p[] ( our telescopes2 t is1 x does n appe> t telescopes h yet be5 us$1 s p[]ful 9 exhibit+ small />s1 t we c assume t m p[]ful in/rum5ts w\ld n discov] new />s4 ,:e!r or no1 h[ev]1 ?is degree ( p]fection has be5 rea*$1 we h no pro( t x does n exi/2 if x 7 once obta9$ we %\ld h1 ) "s approximation1 ! limit ( ! univ]se z to ! numb] ( worlds1 z we h already endeav\r$ to %[ we h obta9$ ! limits ) reg>d to ! l>g5ess & smallness ( ! inhabitants ( our own _w4 ,9 l mann]1 al?\gh ! discov]y ( new species 9 "s ( ! k+doms ( nature has gone on rec5tly ) enorm\s rapidity1 & to an imm5se ext5t2--= in/ance 9 botany1 :]e ! species kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,l9nu 7 ab\t t5 ?\s&1 & are n[ probably fifty ?\s&2--!re c be no d\bt t ! numb] ( species & g5]a is really limit$2 & ?\gh a great ext5sion ( our k is requir$ to rea* ^! limits1 x is our ignorance m]ely1 & n _! nonexi/5ce1 :i* removes !m f u4 ,9 ! same way x w\ld appe> t ! univ]se1 s f> z x is an object ( our k1 is f9ite 9 o!r respects also4 ,n[ :5 we h once atta9$ ?is conviction1 all ! oppressive appreh5sion ( be+ ov]look$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se has no long] any rational s\rce4 ,= 9 ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a f9ite sy/em ( ?+s1 :at is !re :i* c appe> difficult or ov]:elm+ to a ,be+ su* z we mu/1 f :at we "k1 conceive ! ,creator to be8 ,difficulties aris+ f space1 numb]1 gradation1 are su* z we c conceive ourselves capable ( ov]com+1 m]ely by an ext5sion ( our pres5t faculties4 ,is x n !n easy to imag9e t su* difficulties mu/ vani% be=e ,him :o made u & our faculties8 ,let x be consid]$ h[ enorm\s a proportion ! l>ge/ "w ( man be>s to ! smalle/2--! great pyramid to ! po9t ( a ne$le4 ,?is comp>ison does n ov]:elm u1 because we "k t man has made bo?4 ,yet ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is proportion & t ( ! sun to ! claw ( a mite1 does n at all correspond to ! diff]5ce :i* we mu/ suppose to obta9 betwe5 ! ,creator & ! creature4 ,x appe>s !n t1 if ! fir/ fla% ( t view ( ! univ]se :i* sci5ce reveals to u1 does sometimes dazzle & bewild] m51 a m att5tive exam9ation ( ! prospect1 by ! light we ?us obta91 %[s u h[ unf\nd$ is ! despair ( our be+ ! objects ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 h[ absurd ! p]suasion t we h discov]$ ! univ]se to be too l>ge = its rul]4 #d4 ,ano!r gr\nd ( satisfactory reflection1 hav+ ! same t5d5cy1 is to be f\nd 9 ! admirable ord] & consi/5cy1 ! subord9ation & proportion ( p>ts1 :i* we f9d to prevail 9 ! univ]se1 z f> z our discov]ies rea*4 ,we h1 x may be1 a multitude almo/ innum]able ( worlds1 b no symptom ( cr[d+1 ( confusion1 ( int]f]5ce4 ,all su* defects are avoid$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ^! worlds are di/ribut$ into sy/ems2--^! sy/ems1 ea* occupy+ a va/ space1 b yet dispos$ at di/ances be=e :i* _! own dim5sions %r9k into insignificance2--all gov]n$ by "o law1 yet ?is law s conc5trat+ its op]ation on ea* sy/em1 t ea* proce$s z if !re 7 no o!r1 & s regulat+ its own effects t p]petual *ange produces p]man5t uni=mity4 ,?is is ! k9d ( h>moni\s relation :i* we p]ceive 9 t "p ( ! univ]se1 ! me*anical "p namely1 ! laws ( :i* are be/ kn[n to u4 ,9 o!r prov9ces1 :]e our k is m imp]fect1 we c see glimpses ( a simil> va/ness ( comb9ation1 produc+1 by its v nature1 complet5ess ( detail4 ,any analogy by :i* we c ext5d su* views to ! moral _w1 mu/ be ( a v wide & indef9ite k9d2 yet ! contemplation ( ?is admirable relation ( ! arrangem5ts ( ! physical creation1 & ! p]fect work+ ( _! laws1 is well calculat$ to give u confid5ce 9 a simil> beauty & p]fection 9 ! arrangem5ts by :i* our moral relations are direct$1 our high] p[]s & hopes unfold$4 ,we may readily believe t !re is1 9 ?is "p ( ! creation also1 an ord]1 a subord9ation ( "s relations to o!rs1 :i* may remove all difficulty aris+ f ! va/ multitude ( moral ag5ts & actions1 & make x possible t ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! moral _w %all be direct$ ) z exact a t5d5cy to moral good1 z t by :i* ! gov]nm5t ( ! physical _w is direct$ to physical good4 ,we may p]haps see glimpses ( su* an ord]1 9 ! arrangem5ts by :i* our highe/ & mo/ important duties dep5d ^u our relation to a small circle ( p]sons imm$iately ar\nd u3 & aga91 9 ! mann] 9 :i* our act+ well or ill results f ! op]ation ( a few pr9ciples )9 u2 z our consci5ce1 our desire ( moral excell5ce1 & ( ! fav\r ( ,god4 ,we c h>dly consid] su* pr9ciples o!rwise ?an z int5d$ to occupy _! prop] place 9 ! sy/em by :i* man's de/9ation is to be det]m9$2 & ?us1 z among ! means ( ! gov]nm5t & sup]9t5d5ce ( ,god 9 ! moral _w4 ,t !re mu/ be an ord] & a sy/em to :i* su* regulative pr9ciples belong1 ! :ole analogy ( creation compels u to believe4 ,x w\ld be /range inde$1 if1 :ile ! me*anical _w1 ! sy/em ( in]t matt]1 is s arrang$ t we _c contemplate its ord] )\t an elevat$ intellectual pleasure2--:ile organiz$ life has no faculties )\t _! prop] scope1 no t5d5cies )\t _! appo9t$ object2--! rational faculties & moral t5d5cies ( man %\ld belong to no sy/ematic ord]1 %\ld op]ate ) no correspond+ purpose3 t1 :ile ! p]ception ( sweet & bitt] has its ackn[l$g$ & unmi/akeable uses1 ! univ]sal p]ception ( "r & wrong1 ! unconqu]able belief ( ! m]it ( c]ta9 feel+s & actions1 ! crav+ alike aft] moral advancem5t & aft] ! means ( atta9+ x1 %\ld exi/ only to delude1 p]plex1 & disappo9t man4 ,no "o1 ) 8 contemplations calm$ & fill$ & h>moniz$ by ! view ( ! kn[n con/itution ( ! univ]se1 its ma*9]y 8:eel+ un%ak50 9 ! f>!/ skies & 9 ! d>ke/ cav]n1 its vital _s brea?+ alike effectively 9 ! ve9s ( ! philosoph] & ! worm2--no "o1 "u ! influ5ce ( su* a tra9 ( contemplations1 c possibly admit into 8 m9d a p]suasion :i* makes ! moral "p ( our nature a collection ( inconsi/5t & futile impressions1 ( idle dreams & w>r+ op9ions1 ea* hav+ ! same claims to our acceptance4 ,wide z is ! di/ance betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! moral _w2 %ad[y z all reason+s necess>ily are :i* attempt to c>ry ! inf]5ces ( "o into ! o!r2 elevat$ above ! region ( matt] z all ! pr9ciples & gr\nds ( tru? mu/ be1 :i* belong to our responsibilities & hopes2 /ill ! a/ronomical & natural philosoph] c h>dly fail to draw f _! /udies an imp]turbable conviction t our moral nature _c correspond to ^? repres5tations accord+ to :i* x has no law1 coh]5cy1 or object4 ,! m]e natural reason] may1 or mu/ /op f> %ort ( all t x is 8 highe/ int]e/ to "k1 8 fir/ duty to pursue2 b ev5 he1 if he take any elevat$ & compreh5sive views ( 8 own subject1 mu/ escape f ! op9ions1 z unphilosophical z !y are com=tless1 :i* w\ld expel f our view ( ! _w all ref]5ce to duty & moral good1 all reliance on ! mo/ univ]sal gr\nds ( tru/ & hope4 ,m5's belief ( _! duty1 & ( ! reasons = practis+ x1 connect$ z x is ) ! conviction ( a p]sonal relation to _! ,mak]1 & ( ,8 p[] ( sup]9t5d5ce & rew>d1 is z manife/ a fact 9 ! moral1 z any t c be po9t$ out is 9 ! natural _w4 ,by m]e analogy :i* has be5 intimat$1 !re=e1 we _c b conceive t ?is fact belongs 9 "s mann] or o!r to ! ord] ( ! moral _w1 & ( its gov]nm5t4 ,:5 any "o ackn[l$ges a moral gov]nor ( ! _w2 p]ceives t dome/ic & social relations are p]petually op]at+ & seem int5d$ to op]ate1 to reta9 & direct m5 9 ! pa? ( duty2 & feels t ! voice ( consci5ce1 ! peace ( he>t :i* results f a c\rse ( virtue1 & ! consolations ( devotion1 are ev] ready to assume _! (fice z our guides & aids 9 ! conduct ( all our actions2--he w probably be will+ to ackn[l$ge also t ! means ( moral gov]nm5t are n want+1 & w no long] be oppress$ or di/urb$ by ! appreh5sion t ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! _w may be too difficult = its ,rul]1 & t any ( ,8 subjects & s]vants may be ov]look$4 ,he w no m fe> t ! moral ?an t ! physical laws ( ,god's creation %\ld be =gott5 9 any p>ticul> case3 & z he kn[s t e sp>r[ :i* falls to ! gr\nd conta9s 9 its /ructure innum]able m>ks ( ! ,div9e c>e & k9dness1 he w be p]suad$ t e individual1 h[ev] app>5tly humble & insignificant1 w h 8 moral be+ dealt ) accord+ to ! laws ( ,god's wisdom & love2 w be enlight5$1 support$1 & rais$1 if he use ! appo9t$ means :i* ,god's adm9i/ration ( ! _w ( moral light & good (f]s to 8 use4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,on ! ,impression produc$ by ! ,contemplation ( ,laws ( ,nature2 or1 on ! ,conviction t ,law implies ,m9d4 ,! v>i\s tra9s ( ?\ght & reason+ :i* lead m5 f a consid]ation ( ! natural _w to ! conviction ( ! exi/5ce1 ! p[]1 ! provid5ce ( ,god1 d n require1 = ! mo/ "p1 any long or lab\r$ d$uction1 to give !m _! effect on ! m9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y h1 9 e age & c\ntry1 produc$ _! impression on multitudes :o h n in/itut$ any =mal reason+s ^u ! subject1 & probably ^u _m :o h n put _! conclusions 9 ! %ape ( any express propositions4 ,! p]suasion ( a sup]ior intellig5ce & w1 :i* manife/s itself 9 e "p ( ! mat]ial _w1 is1 z is well kn[n1 s widely diffus$ & deeply infix$1 z to h made x a "q among speculative m5 :e!r ! notion ( su* a p[] is n univ]sal & innate4 ,x is our bus9ess to %[ only h[ pla9ly & h[ univ]sally su* a belief results f ! /udy ( ! appe>ances ab\t u4 ,t 9 _m nations1 9 _m p]iods1 ?is p]suasion has be5 mix$ up ) mu* t 0 errone\s & p]v]se 9 ! op9ions ( ! intellect or ! fictions ( fancy1 does n weak5 ! =ce ( su* cons5t4 ,! belief ( a sup]natural & presid+ p[] runs ?r\gh all ^! errors3 & :ile ! p]v]sions are manife/ly ! "w ( caprice & illusion1 & vani% at ! fir/ ray ( sob] inquiry1 ! belief itself is sub/antial & consi/5t1 & gr[s 9 /r5g? ^u e new exam9ation4 ,x 0 ! firmness & solidity ( ! conviction ( some?+ ,div9e :i* gave a hold & p]man5ce to ! figm5ts ( s _m false div9ities4 ,& ^? :o h trac$ ! progress ( human ?\ght on o!r subjects1 w n ?9k x /range1 t :ile ! fundam5tal p]suasion ( a ,deity 0 ?us irremovably seat$ 9 ! human m9d1 ! developem5t ( ?is conception into a consi/5t1 pure1 & /eadfa/ belief 9 "o ,almighty & ,holy ,fa!r & ,god1 %\ld be long miss$1 or nev] atta9$1 by ! /ruggle ( ! human faculties2 %\ld require long reflection to mature x1 & ! aid ( revelation to e/abli% x 9 ! _w4 ,! view ( ! univ]se :i* we h pr9cipally _h occasion to pres5t to ! read]1 is t 9 :i* we consid] its appe>ances z r$ucible to c]ta9 fix$ & g5]al laws4 ,avail+ ourselves ( "s ( ! lights :i* mod]n sci5ce supplies1 we h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! adaptation ( su* laws to ea* o!r1 & _! fitness to promote ! h>moni\s & b5eficial c\rse ( ! _w1 may be trac$1 :]ev] we c discov] ! laws !mselves2 & t ! conceptions ( ! ,div9e ,p[]1 ,goodness & ,sup]9t5d5ce :i* we ?us =m1 agree 9 a rem>kable mann] ) ! views ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 to :i* reason1 enlight5$ by ! div9e revelation1 has l$4 ,b we conceive t ! g5]al impressions ( mank9d w\ld g fur!r ?an a m]e ass5t to ! argum5t z we h ?us /at$ x4 ,to mo/ p]sons x appe>s t ! m]e exi/5ce ( a law connect+ & gov]n+ any class ( ph5om5a1 implies a presid+ intellig5ce :i* has preconceiv$ & e/abli%$ ! law4 ,:5 ev5ts are regulat$ by precise rules ( "t & space1 ( numb] & measure1 m5 conceive ^! rules to be ! evid5ce ( ?\ght & m9d1 ev5 )\t discov]+ 9 ! rules any peculi> adaptations1 or )\t suppos+ _! purpose to be kn[n4 ,! orig9 & ! validity ( su* an impression on ! human m9d may appe> to "s matt]s ( ab/ruse & d\btful speculation3 yet ! t5d5cy to su* a belief prevails /rongly & widely1 bo? among ! common class ( m9ds ^: ?\ghts are casually & unsy/ematically turn$ to su* subjects1 & among philosoph]s to :om laws ( nature are habitual subjects ( contemplation4 ,we conceive !re=e t su* a t5d5cy may des]ve to be briefly illu/rat$2 & we tru/ also t "s att5tion to ?is po9t may be ( s]vice 9 ?r[+ light ^u ! true relation ( ! /udy ( nature to ! belief 9 ,god4 #a4 ,a v slight att5tion %[s u h[ readily ord] & regul>ity sugge/ to a common appreh5sion ! op]ation ( a calm & untr\bl$ intellig5ce presid+ ov] ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,?us ! mat]iali/ poet1 9 acc\nt+ = ! belief 9 ! ,gods1 ?\gh he does n %>e x1 _c d5y ! habitual effect ( ?is manife/ation4 ,prt]ea cli rationes ord9e c]to ,et v>ia annorum c]nebant tempora vorti2 ,nec pot]ant quibus id fi]et cognosc]e caussis4 ,ergo p]fugium sibi habebant ,omnia ,divis ,trad]e et illorum nutu fac]e omnia flecti4 ,,lucret4 v4 #aahb4 ,!y saw ! skies 9 con/ant ord] run1 ,! v>i$ seasons & ! circl+ sun1 ,app>5t rule1 ) unapp>5t cause1 ,& ?us !y s\ght 9 ,gods ! s\rce ( laws4 ,! same feel+ may be trac$ 9 ! e>ly my?ology ( a l>ge portion ( ! globe4 ,we might easily1 tak+ advantage ( ! lab\rs ( le>n$ m51 exemplify ?is 9 ! case ( ! ori5tal nations1 ( ,greece1 & ( _m o!r c\ntries4 ,nor does !re appe> mu* difficulty 9 po9t+ out ! error ( ^? :o h ma9ta9$ t all religion _h its orig9 9 ! wor%ip ( ! />s & ! elem5ts2 & :o h ins9uat$ t all su* impressions are unf\nd$1 inasmu* z ^! are c]ta9ly n "r objects ( human wor%ip4 ,! religi\s feel+1 ! conviction ( a sup]natural p[]1 ( an intellig5ce connect+ & direct+ ! ph5om5a ( ! _w1 _h n its orig9 9 ! wor%ip ( sun1 or />s1 or elem5ts2 b 0 itself ! necess>y ?\gh unexpress$ f\ndation ( all wor%ip1 & all =ms ( false1 z well z true1 religion4 ,! contemplation ( ! e>? & heav5s call$ into action ?is religi\s t5d5cy 9 man2 & to say t ! wor%ip ( ! mat]ial _w =m$ or sugge/$ ?is religi\s feel+1 is to inv]t ! ord] ( possible ?+s 9 ! mo/ unphilosophical mann]4 ,idolatry is n ! s\rce ( ! belief 9 ,god1 b is a comp\nd ( ! p]suasion ( a sup]natural gov]nm5t1 ) c]ta9 extravagant & baseless conceptions z to ! mann] 9 :i* ?is gov]nm5t is ex]cis$4 ,we w quote a passage f an au?or :o has illu/rat$ at consid]able l5g? ! hypo!sis t all religi\s belief is d]iv$ f ! wor%ip ( ! elem5ts4 8,light1 & d>kness its p]petual contra/2 ! succession ( days & nights1 ! p]iodical ord] ( ! seasons2 ! c>e] ( ! brilliant lum9>y :i* regulates _! c\rse2 t ( ! moon 8 si/] & rival2 night1 & ! innum]able fires :i* %e lights 9 ! blue vault ( heav52 ! revolutions ( ! />s1 :i* exhibit !m = a long] or a %ort] p]iod above our horizon2 ! con/ancy ( ?is p]iod 9 ! fix$ />s1 its v>iety 9 ! w&]+ />s1 ! planets2 _! direct & retrograde c\rse1 _! mom5t>y re/2 ! phases ( ! moon wax+1 full1 wan+1 dive/$ ( all light2 ! progressive motion ( ! sun upw>ds1 d[nw>ds2 ! successive ord] ( ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! fix$ />s1 :i* m>k ! diff]5t po9ts ( ! c\rse ( ! sun1 :ile ! v>i\s aspects :i* ! e>? itself assumes m>k1 "h bel[ also1 ! same p]iods ( ! sun's annual motion2 99 99 99 all ^! diff]5t pictures1 display$ be=e ! eyes ( man1 =m$ ! great & magnific5t spectacle by :i* ,i suppose him surr\nd$ at ! mom5t :5 he is ab\t to create 8 gods40#ca ,:at is ?is 7dive/$ ( its wanton levity ( expression7 b to say1 t :5 man has s f> trac$ ! c\rse ( nature z to be irresi/ibly impress$ ) ! exi/5ce ( ord]1 law1 v>iety 9 con/ancy1 & fixity 9 *ange2 ( relations ( =m & space1 duration & succession1 cause & consequ5ce1 among ! objects :i* surr\nd him2 !re spr+s up 9 8 brea/1 unbidd5 & irresi/ibly1 ! ?\ght ( sup]9t5d+ intellig5ce1 ( a m9d :i* compreh5d$ f ! fir/ & completely t :i* he late & p>tially comes to "k8 ,! wor%ip ( e>? & sky1 ( ! ho/ ( heav5 & ! influ5ces ( nature1 is n ! ultimate & fundam5tal fact 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! religi\s impressions ( mank9d4 ,^! are b d]ivative /reams1 impure & scanty1 f ! f\nta9 ( religi\s feel+ :i* appe>s to be disclos$ to u by ! contemplation ( ! univ]se1 z ! seat ( law & ! manife/ation ( intellect4 ,"t sugge/s to man ! ?\ght ( et]nity2 space ( inf9ity2 law ( intellig5ce2 ord] ( purpose2 & h[ev] difficult & long a task x may be to develope ^! sugge/ions into cle> convictions1 ^! ?\ghts are ! real p>5ts ( our natural religi\s belief4 ,! only relation betwe5 true religion & ! wor%ip ( ! elem5tal _w is1 t ! latt] is ! p>tial & gross p]v]sion1 ! =m] ! consi/5t & pure developem5t ( ! same orig9al idea4 #b4 ,! connexion ( ! laws ( ! mat]ial _w ) an intellig5ce :i* preconceiv$ & in/itut$ ! law1 :i* is ?us1 z we p]ceive1 s g5]ally impress$ on ! common appreh5sion ( mank9d1 has also /ruck no less ^? :o h /udi$ nature ) a m sy/ematic att5tion1 & ) ! peculi> views :i* belong to sci5ce4 ,! laws :i* su* p]sons le>n & /udy1 seem1 inde$1 mo/ naturally to lead to ! conviction ( an intellig5ce :i* orig9ally gave to ! law its =m4 ,:at we call a g5]al law is1 9 tru?1 a =m ( expression includ+ a numb] ( facts ( l k9d4 ,! facts are sep>ate2 ! unity ( view by :i* we associate !m1 ! "* ( g5]ality & ( law1 resides 9 ^? relations :i* are ! object ( ! intellect4 ,! law once appreh5d$ by u1 takes 9 our m9ds ! place ( ! facts !mselves1 & is said to gov]n or det]m9e !m1 because x det]m9es our anticipations ( :at !y w be4 ,b we _c1 x w\ld seem1 conceive a law1 f\nd$ on su* intelligible relations1 to gov]n & det]m9e ! facts !mselves1 any o!rwise ?an by suppos+ also an intellig5ce by :i* ^! relations are contemplat$1 & ^! consequ5ces realiz$4 ,we _c !n repres5t to ourselves ! univ]se gov]n$ by g5]al laws o!rwise ?an by conceiv+ an intellig5t & consci\s ,deity1 by :om ^! laws 7 orig9ally contemplat$1 e/abli%$1 & appli$4 ,?is p]haps w appe> m cle>1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! laws ( :i* we speak are (t5 ( an ab/ruse & complex k9d1 dep5d+ ^u relations ( space1 "t1 numb]1 & o!r prop]ties1 :i* we p]ceive by great att5tion & ?\ght4 ,^! relations are (t5 comb9$ s v>i\sly & curi\sly1 t ! mo/ subtle reason+s & calculations :i* we c =m are requisite 9 ord] to trace _! results4 ,c su* laws be conceiv$ to be in/itut$ )\t any ex]cise ( k & intellig5ce8 ,c mat]ial objects apply geometry & calculation to !mselves8 ,c ! l5ses ( ! eye1 = in/ance1 be =m$ & adju/$ ) an exact suitabl5ess to _! refractive p[]s1 :ile !re is 9 ! ag5cy :i* has fram$ !m1 no consci\sness ( ! laws ( light1 ( ! c\rse ( rays1 ( ! visible prop]ties ( ?+s8 ,?is appe>s to be altoge!r inconceivable4 ,e p>ticle ( matt] possesses an almo/ endless tra9 ( prop]ties1 ea* act+ accord+ to its peculi> & fix$ laws4 ,= e atom ( ! same k9d ( matt] ^! laws are inv>iably & p]petually ! same1 :ile = ! diff]5t k9ds ( matt] ! diff]5ce ( ^! prop]ties is equally con/ant4 ,?is con/ant & precise resemblance1 ?is v>iation equally con/ant & equally regul>1 sugge/ irresi/ibly ! conception ( "s cause1 indep5d5t ( ! atoms !mselves1 by :i* _! simil>ity & dissimil>ity1 ! agreem5t & diff]5ce ( _! deportm5t "u ! same circum/ances1 h be5 det]m9$4 ,su* a view ( ! con/itution ( matt]1 z is obs]v$ by an em95t writ] ( our own "t1 effectually de/roys ! idea ( its et]nal & self-exi/5t nature1 8by giv+ to ea* ( its atoms ! ess5tial *>act]s1 at once1 ( a manufactur$ article & a subord9ate ag5t40#cb ,t su* an impression1 & ! consequ5t belief 9 a div9e ,au?or ( ! univ]se1 by :om its laws 7 orda9$ & e/abli%$1 does result f ! philosophical contemplation ( nature1 w1 we tru/1 become /ill m evid5t by trac+ ! effect produc$ ^u m5's m9ds by ! discov]y ( su* laws & prop]ties z ^? ( :i* we h be5 speak+2 & we %all !re=e make a few obs]vations on ?is subject4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,on ,inductive ,habits2 or1 on ! ,impression produc$ on ,m5's ,m9ds by discov]+ ,laws ( ,nature4 ,! object ( physical sci5ce is to discov] su* laws & prop]ties z ^? ( :i* we h spok5 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,9 ?is task1 und\bt$ly a progress has be5 made on :i* we may well look ) pleasure & admiration2 yet we _c hesitate to confess t ! ext5t ( our k on su* subjects be>s no proportion to t ( our ignorance4 ,( ! great & compreh5sive laws :i* rule ov] ! wide/ prov9ces ( natural ph5om5a1 few h yet be5 disclos$ to u4 ,& ! names ( ! philosoph]s1 ^: high (fice x has be5 to detect su* laws1 are ev5 yet f> f num]\s4 ,9 look+ back at ! pa? by :i* sci5ce has advanc$ to its pres5t position1 we see ! names ( ! great discov]]s %9e out l lum9>ies1 few & scatt]$ along ! l9e3 by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ! space is occupi$ by ^? ^: comp>atively humble (fice x 0 to v]ify1 to develope1 to apply ! g5]al tru?s :i* ! discov]]s br\ght to light4 ,x w readily be conceiv$ t x is no easy matt]1 if x be possible1 to analyse ! process ( ?\ght by :i* laws ( nature h ?us be5 discov]$2 a process :i*1 z we h said1 has be5 9 s few in/ances successfully p]=m$4 ,we %all n "h make any attempt at su* an analysis4 ,b )\t ?is1 we conceive x may be %[n t ! con/itution & employm5t ( ! m9d on :i* su* discov]ies dep5d1 are fri5dly to t belief 9 a wise & good ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 :i* x has be5 our object to illu/rate & confirm4 ,& if x %\ld appe> t ^? :o see fur!r ?an _! fell[s into ! be>+s & dep5d5cies ( ! mat]ial ?+s & elem5ts by :i* !y are surr\nd$1 h also be51 9 almo/ e case1 e>ne/ & =w>d 9 ackn[l$g+ ! relation ( all ?+s to a supreme intellig5ce & w2 we %all be =tifi$ 9 our p]suasion t ! true sci5tific p]ception ( ! g5]al con/itution ( ! univ]se1 & ( ! mode 9 :i* ev5ts are produc$ & connect$1 is fitt$ to lead u to ! conception & belief ( ,god4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t :at takes place 9 ! m9d ( a /ud5t ( nature :5 he atta9s to ! p]ception ( a law previ\sly unkn[n1 connect+ ! appe>ances :i* he has /udi$4 ,a mass ( facts :i* be=e seem$ incoh]5t & unmean+1 assume1 on a sudd51 ! aspect ( connexion & intelligible ord]4 ,?us1 :5 ,kepl] discov]$ ! law :i* connects ! p]iodic times ) ! diamet]s ( ! planet>y orbits2 or1 :5 ,newton %[$ h[ ?is & all o!r kn[n ma!matical prop]ties ( ! sol> sy/em 7 includ$ 9 ! law ( univ]sal gravitation accord+ to ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance2 p>ticul> circum/ances :i*1 be=e1 7 m]ely matt] ( indep5d5t record1 became1 f t "t1 indissolubly conjo9$ by ! laws s discov]$4 ,! sep>ate occurr5ces & facts1 :i* might hi!rto h seem$ casual & )\t reason1 7 n[ se5 to be all exemplifications ( ! same tru?4 ,! *ange is l t :i* takes place :5 we attempt to read a s5t5ce writt5 9 difficult or imp]fect *>act]s4 ,= a "t ! sep>ate p>ts appe> to be disjo9t$ & arbitr>y m>ks2 ! sugge/ions ( possible mean+s1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r 9 ! m9d1 fail1 z fa/ z !y are tri$1 9 comb9+ or acc\nt+ = ^! symbols3 b at la/ ! true supposition occurs2 "s words are f\nd to co9cide ) ! mean+ ?us assum$2 ! :ole l9e ( lett]s appe> to take def9ite %apes & to leap into _! prop] places2 & ! tru? ( ! happy conjecture seems to fla% ^u u f e "p ( ! inscription4 ,! discov]y ( laws ( nature1 truly & satisfactorily connect+ & expla9+ ph5om5a1 ( :i*1 be=e1 ! connexion & causes _h be5 unkn[n1 displays mu* ( a simil> process1 ( obscurity succe$$ by evid5ce1 ( ef=t & p]plexity foll[$ by conviction & repose4 ,! innum]able conjectures & failures1 ! glimpses ( light p]petually op5+ & z (t5 cl\d$ ov]1 ! unwe>i$ p]sev]ance & inexhau/ible +5uity ex]cis$ by ,kepl] 9 seek+ = ! laws :i* he f9ally discov]$1 are1 ?anks to 8 communicative disposition1 curi\sly exhibit$ 9 8 works1 & h be5 n>rat$ by 8 biograph]s2 & su* ef=ts & alt]nations1 modifi$ by "* & circum/ances1 mu/ g5]ally prec$e ! detection ( any ( ! wid] laws & dep5d5cies by :i* ! ev5ts ( ! univ]se are regulat$4 ,we may readily conceive ! satisfaction & delight ) :i*1 aft] ?is p]plexity & /ruggle1 ! discov]] f9ds himself 9 light & tranquillity2 able to look at ! prov9ce ( nature :i* has be5 ! subject ( 8 /udy1 & to read !re an intelligible connexion1 a suffic+ reason1 :i* no "o be=e him _h und]/ood or appreh5d$4 ,?is /ep s mu* resembles ! mode 9 :i* "o intellig5t be+ und]/&s & appreh5ds ! conceptions ( ano!r1 t we _c be surpris$ if ^? p]sons 9 ^: m9ds su* a process has tak5 place1 h be5 mo/ ready to ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce & op]ation ( a sup]9t5d+ intellig5ce1 ^: ord9ances x 0 _! employm5t to /udy4 ,:5 !y _h j read a s5t5ce ( ! table ( ! laws ( ! univ]se1 !y c\ld n d\bt :e!r x _h _h a legislator4 ,:5 !y _h deciph]$ !re a compreh5sive & sub/antial tru?1 !y c\ld n believe t ! lett]s _h be5 ?r[n toge!r by *ance4 ,!y c\ld n b readily ackn[l$ge t :at _! faculties _h enabl$ !m to read1 mu/ h be5 writt5 by "s high] & pr(\nd] m9d4 ,& accord+ly1 we conceive x w be f\nd1 on exam9+ ! works ( ^? to :om we owe our k ( ! laws ( nature1 & especially ( ! wid] & m compreh5sive laws1 t su* p]sons h be5 /rongly & habitually impress$ ) ! p]suasion ( a ,div9e ,purpose & ,p[] :i* _h regulat$ ! ev5ts :i* !y _h att5d$ to1 & orda9$ ! laws :i* !y _h detect$4 ,to ^? :o h pursu$ sci5ce )\t rea*+ ! rank ( discov]]s2--:o h possess$ a d]ivative k ( ! laws ( nature :i* o!rs _h disclos$1 & h employ$ !mselves 9 trac+ ! consequ5ces ( su* laws1 & sy/ematiz+ ! body ( tru? ?us produc$1 ! above description does n apply2 & we h n !re=e 9 ^! cases ! same gr\nd = anticipat+ ! same frame ( m9d4 ,if among m5 ( sci5ce ( ?is class1 ! p]suasion ( a supreme ,intellig5ce has at "s p]iods be5 less vivid & less univ]sal1 ?an 9 t high] class ( :i* we h be=e spok51 ! fact1 s f> z x has exi/$1 may p]haps be 9 "s degree acc\nt$ =4 ,b :e!r ! view :i* we h to give ( ! m5tal peculi>ities ( m5 ^: sci5ce is ( ?is d]ivative k9d be well f\nd$1 & :e!r ! acc\nt we h above (f]$ ( t :i* takes place 9 ! m9ds ( orig9al discov]]s ( laws 9 sci5tific rese>*es be true1 or n1 x w probably be consid]$ a matt] ( "s int]e/ to po9t out hi/orically t 9 fact1 su* discov]]s h be5 peculi>ly 9 ! habit ( consid]+ ! _w z ! "w ( ,god4 ,?is we %all n[ proce$ to d4 ,z we h already said1 ! names ( great discov]]s are n v num]\s4 ,! sci5ces :i* we may look ^u z hav+ rea*$ or at lea/ approa*$ _! complete & f9i%$ =m1 are ,me*anics1 ,hydro/atics1 & ,physical ,a/ronomy4 ,galileo is ! fa!r ( mod]n ,me*anics2 ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 & ,newton are ! great names :i* m>k ! progress ( ,a/ronomy4 ,hydro/atics %>$ 9 a great measure ! =tunes ( ! relat$ sci5ce ( ,me*anics2 ,boyle & ,pascal 7 ! p]sons ma9ly active 9 develop+ its m peculi> pr9ciples4 ,! o!r bran*es ( k :i* belong to natural philosophy1 z ,*emi/ry & ,meteorology1 are z yet imp]fect1 & p]haps infant sci5ces2 & x w\ld be ra% to presume to select1 9 !m1 names ( equal preem95ce ) ^? above m5tion$3 b x may n be difficult to %[1 ) suffici5t evid5ce1 t ! effect ( sci5ce ^u ! au?ors ( sci5ce is1 9 ^! subjects z 9 ! =m] ones1 f> o!r ?an to ali5ate _! m9ds f religi\s tra9s ( ?\ght1 & a habit ( consid]+ ! _w z ! "w ( ,god4 ,we %all n dwell mu* on ! fir/ ( ! above m5tion$ great names1 ,galileo2 = 8 sci5tific m]it consi/$ r 9 adopt+ ! s\nd philosophy ( o!rs1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 & 9 combat+ preval5t errors1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,ari/otelian doctr9es conc]n+ motion1 ?an 9 any m>k$ & prom95t discov]y ( new pr9ciples4 ,moreov] ! me*anical laws :i* he _h a %>e 9 br++ to light1 dep5d+ z !y did1 r on deta*$ exp]im5ts & transi5t facts1 ?an on obs]vation ( ! g5]al c\rse ( ! univ]se1 c\ld n s cle>ly sugge/ any reflection on ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w at t p]iod1 z !y did aft]w>ds :5 ,newton %[$ _! be>+ on ! cosmical sy/em4 ,yet ,galileo1 z a man ( philosophical & inv5tive m9d1 :o produc$ a great effect on ! progress ( physical k1 is a p]son ^: op9ions mu/ naturally int]e/ u1 engag$ 9 our pres5t c\rse ( reason+4 ,!re is 9 8 writ+s little :i* be>s ^u religi\s views1 z !re is 9 ! nature ( 8 works little to lead him to su* subjects4 ,yet /rong expressions ( piety are n want+1 bo? 9 8 lett]s1 & 9 8 publi%$ treatises4 ,! p]secution :i* he und]w5t1 on acc\nt ( 8 writ+s 9 fav\r ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 0 gr\nd$1 n on 8 opposition to ! g5]al tru?s ( natural religion1 :i* is our ma9 conc]n at pres5t1 nor ev5 on any suppos$ rejection ( any articles ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 b on ! alleg$ discrepancy betwe5 8 adopt$ a/ronomical views & ! decl>ations ( scripture4 ,"s ( 8 rem>ks may int]e/ ! read]4 ,9 8 ?ird dialogue on ! ,cop]nican sy/em he has occasion to speak ( ! op9ion :i* holds all p>ts ( ! _w to be fram$ = man's use alone3 & to ?is he says1 8,i w\ld t we %\ld n s %ort5 ! arm ( ,god 9 ! gov]nm5t ( human affairs2 b t we %\ld re/ 9 ?is1 t we are c]ta9 t ,god & nature are s occupi$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( human affairs1 t !y c\ld n m att5d to u if !y 7 *>g$ ) ! c>e ( ! human race alone40 ,9 ! same _s1 :5 "s object$ to ! ass]t$ smallness ( ! ,m$icean />s1 or satellites ( ,jupit]1 & urg$ ?is z a reason :y !y 7 unwor?y ! reg>d ( philosoph]s1 he repli$ t !y are ! works ( ,god's p[]1 ! objects ( ,8 c>e1 & !re=e may well be consid]$ z sublime subjects = man's /udy4 ,9 ! ,dialogues on ,me*anics1 !re occur ^? obs]vations conc]n+ ! use ( ! air-bladd] 9 fi%es1 & conc]n+ ! adaptation ( ! size ( animals to ! /r5g? ( ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are fram$1 :i* h (t5 s9ce be5 adopt$ by writ]s on ! wisdom ( ,provid5ce4 ,! la/ ( ! dialogues on ! sy/em ( ! _w is clos$ by a religi\s reflection1 put 9 ! m\? ( ! int]locutor :o usually expresses ,galileo's own op9ions4 8,:ile x is p]mitt$ u to speculate conc]n+ ! con/itution ( ! _w1 we are also taught 7p]haps 9 ord] t ! activity ( ! human m9d may n pause or langui%7 t our p[]s d n enable u to compreh5d ! works ( ,8 h&s4 ,may success !re=e att5d ?is intellectual ex]cise1 ?us p]mitt$ & appo9t$ = u2 by :i* we recognize & admire ! greatness ( ,god ! m1 9 proportion z we f9d ourselves ! less able to p5etrate ! pr(\nd abysses ( 8 wisdom40 ,& t ?is tra9 ( ?\ght 0 habitual to ! philosoph] we h abundant evid5ce 9 _m o!r p>ts ( 8 writ+s4 ,he _h already said 9 ! same dialogue1 8,nature 7or ,god1 z he else:]e speaks7 employs means 9 an admirable & inconceivable mann]2 admirable1 t is1 & inconceivable to u1 b n to h]1 :o br+s ab\t ) consummate facility & simplicity ?+s :i* affect our intellect ) inf9ite a/oni%m5t4 ,t :i* is to u mo/ difficult to und]/& is to h] mo/ easy to execute40 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,cop]nican & ,newtonian views ( ! motions ( ! sol> sy/em & _! causes1 7 probably ! occasions on :i* religi\s b unphilosophical m5 ent]ta9$ ! /ronge/ appreh5sions t ! belief 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,god may be weak5$ :5 we ?us 8?ru/ "s me*anic cause into 8 place40 ,x is !re=e =tunate t we c %[1 n only t ?is ought n to occur1 f ! reason ( ! ?+1 b also t 9 fact ! p]sons :o are ! lead+ *>act]s 9 ! progress ( ^! op9ions 7 m5 ( cle> & f]v5t piety4 ,9 ! case ( ,cop]nicus himself x does n appe> t1 orig9ally1 any appreh5sions 7 ent]ta9$ ( any dang]\s discrepancy betwe5 8 doctr9es & ! tru?s ( religion1 ei!r natural or reveal$4 ,! "w :i* conta9s ^! memorable discov]ies 0 address$ to ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 ! head1 at t "t1 7#aedc7 ( ! religi\s _w2 & 0 publi%$1 z ! au?or /ates 9 ! preface1 at ! urg5t entreaty ( fri5ds1 "o ( :om 0 a c>d9al1 & ano!r a bi%op4#cc 8,i "k10 he says1 8t ! ?\ghts ( a philosoph] are f> remov$ f ! judgm5t ( ! vulg>2 s9ce x is 8 /udy to se>* out tru? 9 all ?+s1 z f> z t is p]mitt$ by ,god to human reason40 ,& ?\gh ! doctr9es are = ! mo/ "p /at$ z portions ( a ma!matical calculation1 ! explanation ( ! arrangem5t by :i* ! sun is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! sy/em is accompani$ by a natural reflection ( a religi\s ca/2 8,:o 9 ?is fair temple w\ld place ?is lamp 9 any o!r or bett] place ?an !re :5ce x may illum9ate ! :ole8 ,we f9d !n "u ?is ord9ation an admirable symmetry ( ! _w1 & a c]ta9 h>moni\s connexion ( ! motion & magnitude ( ! orbs1 su* z 9 any o!r way _c be f\nd4 ,?us ! progressions & regressions ( ! planets all arise f ! same cause1 ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,& t no su* movem5ts are se5 9 ! fix$ />s1 argues _! imm5se di/ance f u1 :i* causes ! app>5t magnitude ( ! e>?'s annual c\rse to become evanesc5t4 ,s great1 9 %ort1 is ?is div9e fabric ( ! great & good ,god20#cd 8?is be/ & mo/ regul> artific] ( ! univ]se10 z he else:]e speaks4 ,kepl] 0 ! p]son1 :o by fur!r /udy+ 8! connexion ( ! motions & magnitude ( ! orbs10 to :i* ,cop]nicus _h ?us drawn ! att5tion ( ! a/ronom]s1 detect$ ! laws ( ?is connexion1 & prep>$ ! way = ! discov]y1 by ,newton1 ( ! me*anical laws & causes ( su* motions4 ,kepl] 0 a man ( /rong & lively piety2 & ! exhortation :i* he addresses to 8 read] be=e ent]+ on ! exposition ( "s ( 8 discov]ies1 may be quot$ n only = its e>ne/ness b its reasonabl5ess also4 8,i besee* my read]1 t n unm9dful ( ! div9e goodness be/[$ on man1 he d ) me praise & celebrate ! wisdom & greatness ( ! ,creator1 :i* ,i op5 to him f a m inw>d explication ( ! =m ( ! _w1 f a se>*+ ( causes1 f a detection ( ! errors ( vision3 & t ?us1 n only 9 ! firmness & /ability ( ! e>? he p]ceive ) gratitude ! pres]vation ( all liv+ ?+s 9 nature z ! gift ( ,god1 b also t 9 its motion1 s recondite1 s admirable1 he ackn[l$ge ! wisdom ( ! ,creator4 ,b him :o is too dull to receive ?is sci5ce1 or too weak to believe ! ,cop]nican sy/em )\t h>m to 8 piety1 him1 ,i say1 ,i advise t1 leav+ ! s*ool ( a/ronomy1 & condemn+1 if he please1 any doctr9es ( ! philosoph]s1 he foll[ 8 own pa?1 & desi/ f ?is w&]+ ?r\gh ! univ]se1 & lift+ up 8 natural eyes1 ) :i* alone he c see1 p\r himself out f 8 own he>t 9 praise ( ,god ! ,creator2 be+ c]ta9 t he gives no less wor%ip to ,god ?an ! a/ronom]1 to :om ,god has giv5 to see m cle>ly ) 8 inw>d eye1 & :o1 = :at he has himself discov]$1 bo? c & w glorify ,god40 ,! next great /ep 9 our k ( ! univ]se1 ! discov]y ( ! me*anical causes by :i* its motions are produc$1 & ( _! laws1 has 9 mod]n times sometimes be5 suppos$1 bo? by ! fri5ds ( religion & by o!rs1 to be unfav\rable to ! impression ( an intellig5t fir/ cause4 ,t su* a supposition is f\nd$ 9 error we h (f]$ :at appe> to u insurm\ntable reasons = believ+4 ,t 9 ! m9d ( ! great discov]] ( ?is me*anical cause1 ,newton1 ! impression ( a creat+ & presid+ ,deity 0 confirm$1 n %ak51 by all 8 discov]ies1 is s well kn[n t x is almo/ sup]flu\s to insi/ ^u ! fact4 ,8 views ( ! t5d5cy ( sci5ce inve/$ x ) no dang]s ( ?is k9d4 8,! bus9ess ( natural philosophy is10 he says1 7,optics1 ,qu4 #bh17 8to argue f ph5om5a )\t feign+ hypo!ses1 & to d$uce cause f effects1 till we come to ! v fir/ cause1 :i* is c]ta9ly n me*anical40 8,?\gh e true /ep made 9 ?is philosophy br+s u n imm$iately to ! k ( ! fir/ cause1 yet x br+s u ne>] to x1 & is on t acc\nt highly to be valu$40 ,! ,s*olium1 or note1 :i* concludes 8 great "w1 ! ,pr9cipia1 is a well kn[n & mo/ /rik+ evid5ce on ?is po9t1 8,?is beautiful sy/em ( sun1 planets1 & comets1 c\ld h its orig9 9 no o!r way ?an by ! purpose & comm& ( an intellig5t & p[]ful ,be+4 ,he gov]ns all ?+s1 n z ! s\l ( ! _w1 b z ! "l ( ! univ]se4 ,he is n only ,god1 b ,"l or ,gov]nor4 ,we "k him only by 8 prop]ties & attributes1 by ! wise & admirable /ructure ( ?+s ar\nd u1 & by _! f9al causes2 we admire him on acc\nt ( 8 p]fections1 we v5]ate & wor%ip him on acc\nt ( 8 gov]nm5t40 ,)\t mak+ any fur!r quotations1 x mu/ be evid5t to ! read] t ! succession ( great philosoph]s ?r\gh :om mank9d h be5 l$ to ! k ( ! greate/ ( sci5tific tru?s1 ! law ( univ]sal gravitation1 did1 = _! p>ts1 see ! tru?s :i* !y disclos$ to m5 9 su* a light t _! religi\s feel+s1 _! ref]5ce ( ! _w to an intellig5t ,creator & ,pres]v]1 _! admiration ( 8 attributes1 7 exalt$ r ?an impair$ by ! insight :i* !y obta9$ into ! /ructure ( ! univ]se4 ,hav+ %[n ?is ) reg>d to ! mo/ p]fect portion ( human k1 our k ( ! motions ( ! sol> sy/em1 we %all adduce a few o!r passages1 illu/rat+ ! preval5ce ( ! same fact 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( exp]im5tal sci5ce2 al?\gh1 = reasons :i* h already be5 intimat$1 we conceive t sci5ces ( exp]im5t d n conduct s obvi\sly z sci5ces ( obs]vation to ! impression ( a ,div9e ,legislator ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,! sci5ce ( ,hydro/atics 0 con/ruct$ 9 a great measure by ! f\nd]s ( ! si/] sci5ce ( ,me*anics4 ,( ^? :o 7 employ$ 9 exp]im5tally e/abli%+ ! pr9ciples peculi>ly belong+ to ! doctr9e ( fluids1 ,pascal & ,boyle are two ( ! mo/ em95t names4 ,t ^! two great philosoph]s 7 n only religi\s1 b bo? ( !m rem>kable = _! f]v5t & p]vad+ devotion1 is too well kn[n to be dwelt on4 ,) reg>d to ,pascal1 h[ev]1 we ought n p]haps to pass ov] an op9ion ( 81 t ! exi/5ce ( ,god _c be prov$ f ! ext]nal _w4 8,i d n und]take to prove ?is10 says he1 8n only because ,i d n feel myself suffici5tly /rong to f9d 9 nature t :i* %all conv9ce ob/9ate a!i/s1 b because su* k )\t ,jesus ,*ri/ is useless & /]il40 ,x is obvi\s t su* a /ate ( m9d w\ld prev5t ?is writ] f enc\rag+ or dwell+ ^u ! gr\nds ( natural religion2 :ile yet he himself is an example ( t :i* we wi% to illu/rate1 t ^? :o h obta9$ ! fur!/ insight into nature1 h be5 9 all ages firm believ]s 9 ,god4 8,nature10 he says1 9 ano!r place1 8has p]fections 9 ord] to %[ t %e is ! image ( ,god1 & defects 9 ord] to %[ t %e is only 8 image40#ce ,boyle 0 n only a mo/ pi\s man z well z a great philosoph]1 b he ex]t$ himself v (t5 & e>ne/ly 9 8 writ+s to %[ ! be>+ ( 8 natural philosophy ^u 8 views ( ! ,div9e attributes1 & ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,_m ( ^! diss]tations convey tra9s ( ?\ght & reason+ :i* h nev] be5 surpass$ = _! comb9ation ( judici\s sobriety 9 n press+ 8 argum5ts too f>1 ) f]v5t devotion 9 8 conceptions ( ! ,div9e nature4 ,z examples ( ^! m]its1 we might adduce almo/ any portion ( 8 tracts on ^! subjects2 = in/ance1 8 8,inquiry into ! ,f9al ,causes ( ,natural ,?+s20 8 8,free ,inquiry into ! ,vulg> ,notion ( ,nature20 8 8,*ri/ian ,virtuoso20 & 8 essay entitl$ 8,! ,high ,v5]ation ,man's ,intellect owes to ,god40 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to quote at any l5g? f ^! works4 ,we may obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t he notices t g5]al fact :i* we are at pres5t employ$ 9 exemplify+1 t 89 almo/ all ages & c\ntries ! g5]ality ( philosoph]s & contemplative m5 7 p]suad$ ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity f ! consid]ation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se2 ^: fabric & conduct !y rationally conclud$ c\ld n ju/ly be ascrib$ ei!r to *ance or to any o!r cause ?an a ,div9e ,be+40 ,& 9 speak+ ( ! religi\s uses ( sci5ce1 he says3 8,?\gh ,i am will+ to grant t "s impressions ( ,god's wisdom are s conspicu\s t ev5 a sup]ficial philosoph] may !nce inf] t ! au?or ( su* works mu/ be a wise ag5t2 yet h[ wise an ag5t he has 9 ^! works express$ himself to be1 none b an exp]im5tal philosoph] c well disc]n4 ,& 'tis n by a slight survey1 b by a dilig5t & skilful scrut9y1 ( ! works ( ,god1 t a man mu/ be1 by a rational & affective conviction1 engag$ to ackn[l$ge t ! au?or ( nature #8is wond]ful 9 c\nsel1 & excell5t 9 work+4'0 ,aft] ! me*anical prop]ties ( fluids1 ! laws ( ! op]ation ( ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( ! elem5ts ab\t u1 (f] !mselves to our notice4 ,! relations ( heat & ( moi/ure 9 p>ticul>1 :i* play s important a "p1 z we h se51 9 ! economy ( our _w1 h be5 ! subject ( v>i\s rese>*es2 & !y h l$ to views ( ! op]ation ( su* ag5ts1 "s ( :i* we h endeav\r$ to pres5t to ! read]1 & to po9t out ! rem>kable arrangem5ts by :i* _! b5eficial op]ation is c>ri$ on4 ,t ! discov]]s ( ! laws by :i* su* op]ations are regulat$1 7 n ins5sible to ! p]suasion ( a ,div9e c>e & contrivance :i* ^? arrangem5ts sugge/1 is :at we %\ld expect1 9 agreem5t ) :at we h already said1 & x is :at we f9d4 ,among ! names ( ! philosoph]s to :om we owe our k on ^! subjects1 !re are none great] ?an ^? ( ,black1 ! discov]] ( ! laws ( lat5t heat1 & ,dalton1 :o fir/ gave u a true view ( ! mode 9 :i* wat]y vap\r exi/s & op]ates 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,) reg>d to ! =m] ( ^! philosoph]s1 we %all quote ,dr4 ,?omson's acc\nt ( ! views :i* ! laws ( lat5t heat sugge/$ to ! discov]]4#cf 8,dr4 ,black quickly p]ceiv$ ! va/ importance ( ?is discov]y1 & took a pleasure 9 lay+ be=e 8 /ud5ts a view ( ! b5eficial effects ( ?is habitude ( heat 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,dur+ ! summ] season a va/ magaz9e ( heat is accumulat$ 9 ! wat]1 :i* by gradually em]g+ dur+ congelation s]ves to temp] ! cold ( w9t]4 ,7 x n = ?is accumulation ( heat 9 wat] & o!r bodies1 ! sun w\ld no soon] g a few degrees to ! s\? ( ! equator ?an we %\ld feel all ! horrors ( w9t]40 ,9 ! same _s are ,mr4 ,dalton's reflections1 aft] po9t+ out ! laws :i* regulate ! balance ( evaporation & ra91#cg :i* he himself fir/ cle>ly expla9$4 8,x is sc>cely possible10 says he1 8to contemplate )\t admiration ! beautiful sy/em ( nature by :i* ! surface ( ! e>? is cont9ually suppli$ ) wat]1 & t unceas+ circulation ( a fluid s ess5tially necess>y to ! v be+ ( ! animal & vegetable k+dom takes place40 ,su* impressions appe> ?us to rise irresi/ibly 9 ! brea/s ( m51 :5 !y obta9 a sight1 = ! fir/ "t1 ( ! v>i$ play & compreh5sive connexions ( ! laws by :i* ! bus9ess ( ! mat]ial _w is c>ri$ on & its occurr5ces br\ght to pass4 ,to dwell ^u or develope su* reflections is n "h our bus9ess4 ,_! g5]al preval5ce 9 ! m9ds ( ^? to :om ^! fir/ views ( new tru?s are grant$1 has be51 we tru/1 suffici5tly illu/rat$4 ,nor are ! names adduc$ above1 di/+ui%$ z !y are1 br\ght =w>ds z au?orities m]ely4 ,we d n claim = ! greate/ discov]]s 9 ! realms ( sci5ce any immunity f error4 ,9 _! g5]al op9ions !y may1 z o!rs may1 judge or reason ill4 ,! articles ( _! religi\s belief may be z easily & z widely z ( o!r m5's1 imp]fect1 p]v]t$1 unpr(itable4 ,b on ?is "o po9t1 ! t5d5cy ( our advances 9 sci5tific k ( ! univ]se to lead u up to a belief 9 a mo/ wise mak] & ma/] ( ! univ]se1 we conceive t !y :o make ^! advances1 & :o feel1 z an orig9al impression1 t :i* o!rs feel only by receiv+ _! tea*+1 mu/ be look$ to ) a peculi> att5tion & respect4 ,& :at _! impressions h commonly be51 we h ?us endeav\r$ to %[4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,on ,d$uctive ,habits2 or1 on ! ,impression produc$ on ,m5's ,m9ds by trac+ ! consequ5ces ( asc]ta9$ ,laws4 ,! op9ion illu/rat$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 t ! advances :i* m5 make 9 sci5ce t5d to impress ^u !m ! reality ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 has (t5 be5 controv]t$4 ,compla9ts h be5 made1 & especially ( late ye>s1 t ! gr[? ( piety has n always be5 comm5surate ) ! gr[? ( k1 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o make nature _! /udy4 ,views ( an irreligi\s "* h be5 ent]ta9$1 x is sometimes said1 by p]sons em95tly well in/ruct$ 9 all ! discov]ies ( mod]n times1 no less ?an by ! sup]ficial & ignorant4 ,^? :o h be5 suppos$ to d5y or to d\bt ! exi/5ce1 ! provid5ce1 ! attributes ( ,god1 h 9 _m cases be5 m5 ( consid]able em95ce & celebrity = _! atta9m5ts 9 sci5ce4 ,! op9ion t ?is is ! case1 appe>s to be ext5sively diffus$1 & ?is p]suasion has probably (t5 produc$ inquietude & grief 9 ! brea/s ( pi\s & b5evol5t m54 ,?is op9ion1 conc]n+ ! want ( religi\s convictions among ^? :o h made natural philosophy _! lead+ pursuit1 has probably gone f> beyond ! limits ( ! real fact4 ,b if we all[ t !re are any /rong cases to c\nt5ance su* an op9ion1 x may be wor? our :ile to consid] h[ f> !y admit ( any satisfactory explanation4 ,! fact appe>s at fir/ sight to be at v>iance ) ! view we h giv5 ( ! impression produc$ by sci5tific discov]y2 & x is moreov] always a matt] ( uneas9ess & regret1 to h m5 ( em95t tal5ts & k oppos$ to doctr9es :i* we consid] z important tru?s4 ,we conceive t an explanation ( su* cases1 if !y %\ld occur1 may be f\nd 9 a v curi\s & important circum/ance belong+ to ! process by :i* our physical sci5ces are =m$4 ,! fir/ discov]y ( new g5]al tru?s1 & ! developem5t ( ^! tru?s :5 once obta9$1 are two op]ations extremely diff]5t2 imply diff]5t m5tal habits1 & may easily be associat$ ) diff]5t views & convictions on po9ts out ( ! rea* ( sci5tific demon/ration4 ,!re w\ld !re=e be no?+ surpris+1 or inconsi/5t ) :at we h ma9ta9$ above1 if x %\ld appe> t :ile orig9al discov]]s ( laws ( nature are peculi>ly l$1 z we h se51 to believe ! exi/5ce ( a supreme intellig5ce & purpose2 ! f> great] numb] ( cultivators ( sci5ce1 ^: employm5t x is to le>n f o!rs ^! g5]al laws1 & to trace1 comb9e1 & apply _! consequ5ces1 %\ld h no cle>ness ( conviction or security f error on ?is subject1 beyond :at belongs to p]sons ( any o!r class4 ,?is w1 p]haps1 become some:at m evid5t by consid]+ a little m closely ! di/9ction ( ! two op]ations ( discov]y & developem5t1 ( :i* we h spok5 above1 & ! t5d5cy :i* ! habitual prosecution ( !m may be expect$ to produce 9 ! ?\ghts & views ( ! /ud5t4 ,we h already endeav\r$ 9 "s measure to describe t :i* takes place :5 a new law ( nature is discov]$4 ,a numb] ( facts 9 :i*1 be=e1 ord] & connexion did n appe> at all1 or appe>$ by p>tial & contradictory glimpses1 are br\ght into a po9t ( view 9 :i* ord] & connexion become _! ess5tial "*4 ,x is se5 t ea* fact is b a diff]5t manife/ation ( ! same pr9ciple2 t ea* p>ticul> is t :i* x is1 9 virtue ( ! same g5]al tru?4 ,! inscription is deciph]$2 ! enigma is guess$2 ! pr9ciple is und]/ood2 ! tru? is enunciat$4 ,:5 ?is /ep is once made1 x becomes possible to d$uce f ! tru? ?us e/abli%$1 a tra9 ( consequ5ces (t5 9 no small degree long & complex4 ,! process ( mak+ ^! inf]5ces may prop]ly be describ$ by ! ^w ,d$uction1 :ile ! v diff]5t process by :i* a new pr9ciple is collect$ f an assemblage ( facts1 has be5 t]m$ ,induction2 ! tru?s s obta9$ & _! consequ5ces con/itute ! results ( ! ,inductive ,philosophy2 :i* is frequ5tly & rightly describ$ z a sci5ce :i* asc5ds f p>ticul> facts to g5]al pr9ciples1 & !n desc5ds aga9 f ^! g5]al pr9ciples to p>ticul> applications & exemplifications4 ,:ile ! great & important lab\rs by :i* sci5ce is really advanc$ consi/ 9 ! successive /eps ( ! inductive asc5t 9 ! discov]y ( new laws p]petually m & m g5]al2 by f> ! great] "p ( our books ( physical sci5ce unavoidably consi/s 9 d$uctive reason+1 exhibit+ ! consequ5ces & applications ( ! laws :i* h be5 discov]$2 & ! great] "p ( writ]s ^u sci5ce h _! m9ds employ$ 9 ?is process ( d$uction & application4 ,?is is true ( _m ( ^? :o are consid]$1 & ju/ly1 z di/+ui%$ & pr(\nd philosoph]s4 ,9 ! me*anical philosophy1 t sci5ce :i* applies ! prop]ties ( matt] & ! laws ( motion to ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! _w1 ?is is peculi>ly ! case4 ,! laws1 :5 once discov]$1 occupy little room 9 _! /atem5t1 & :5 no long] conte/$1 are n felt to ne$ a l5g!n$ pro(4 ,b _! consequ5ces require f> m room & f> m intellectual lab\r4 ,if we take1 = example1 ! laws ( motion & ! law ( univ]sal gravitation1 we c express 9 a few l9es1 t :i*1 :5 develop$1 repres5ts & expla9s an innum]able mass ( natural ph5om5a4 ,b "h ! c\rse ( developem5t is necess>ily s long1 ! reason+ conta9s s _m /eps1 ! consid]ations on :i* x re/s are s m9ute & ref9$1 ! complication ( cases & ( consequ5ces is s va/1 & ev5 ! involution aris+ f ! prop]ties ( space & numb] s s]i\s1 t ! mo/ consummate subtlety1 ! mo/ active inv5tion1 ! mo/ t5aci\s p[] ( inf]5ce1 ! wide/ _s ( comb9ation1 mu/ be task$ & task$ sev]ely1 9 ord] to solve ! problems :i* belong to ?is portion ( sci5ce4 ,& ! p]sons :o h be5 employ$ on ^! problems1 & :o h br\ght to !m ! high & admirable qualities :i* su* an (fice requires1 h ju/ly excit$ 9 a v em95t degree ! admiration :i* mank9d feel = great intellectual p[]s4 ,_! names occupy a di/+ui%$ place 9 lit]>y hi/ory2 & probably !re are no sci5tific reputations ( ! la/ c5tury high]1 & none m m]it$1 ?an ^? e>n$ by ! great ma!maticians :o h lab\r$ ) su* wond]ful success 9 unfold+ ! me*anism ( ! heav5s2 su* = in/ance z ,d',alemb]t1 ,clairault1 ,eul]1 ,lagrange1 ,laplace4 ,b x is /ill important to recollect1 t ! m5tal employm5ts ( m51 :ile !y are occupi$ 9 ?is portion ( ! task ( ! =mation ( sci5ce1 are altoge!r diff]5t f t :i* takes place 9 ! m9d ( a discov]]1 :o1 = ! fir/ "t1 seizes ! pr9ciple :i* connects ph5om5a be=e unexpla9$1 & ?us adds ano!r orig9al tru? to our k ( ! univ]se4 ,9 expla9+1 z ! great ma!maticians j m5tion$ h done1 ! ph5om5a ( ! sol> sy/em by means ( ! law ( univ]sal gravitation1 ! conclusions at :i* !y arriv$ 7 really includ$ 9 ! tru? ( ! law itself1 :atev] skill & sagacity x might require to develope & extricate !m f ! g5]al pr9ciple4 ,b :5 ,newton conceiv$ & e/abli%$ ! law itself1 he add$ to our k some?+ :i* 0 n conta9$ 9 any tru? previ\sly kn[n1 nor d$ucible f x by any c\rse ( m]e reason+4 ,& ! same di/9ction1 9 all o!r cases1 obta9s1 betwe5 ^! processes :i* e/abli% ! pr9ciples1 g5]ally few & simple1 on :i* our sci5ces re/1 & ^? reason+s & calculations1 f\nd$ on ! pr9ciples ?us obta9$1 :i* con/itute by f> ! l>g] portion ( ! common treatises on ! mo/ complete ( ! sci5ces n[ cultivat$4 ,s9ce ! diff]5ce is s great betwe5 ! process ( inductive g5]alization ( physical facts1 & t ( ma!matical d$uction ( consequ5ces1 x is n surpris+ t ! two processes %\ld imply diff]5t m5tal p[]s & habits4 ,h[ev] r>e ! ma!matical tal5t1 9 its highe/ excell5ce1 may be1 x is f> m common1 if we are to judge f ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 ?an ! g5ius :i* div9es ! g5]al laws ( nature4 ,we h sev]al good ma!maticians 9 e age2 we h few great discov]]s 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( our species4 ,! di/9ction be+ ?us cle>ly e/abli%$ betwe5 orig9al discov]y & d]ivative speculation1 betwe5 ! asc5t to pr9ciples & ! desc5t f !m1 we h fur!r to obs]ve1 t ! habitual & exclusive prosecution ( ! latt] process may sometimes ex]cise an unfav\rable effect on ! m9d ( ! /ud5t1 & may make him less fitt$ & ready to appreh5d & accept tru?s diff]5t f ^? ) :i* 8 reason+s are conc]n$4 ,we conceive1 = example1 t a p]son lab\rs "u gross error1 :o believes ! ph5om5a ( ! _w to be altoge!r produc$ by me*anical causes1 & :o excludes f 8 view all ref]5ce to an intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause & ,gov]nor4 ,b we conceive t reasons may be %[n :i* make x m probable t error ( su* a k9d %\ld f9d a place 9 ! m9d ( a p]son ( d$uctive1 ?an ( inductive habits2--( a m]e ma!matician or logician1 ?an ( "o :o /udies ! facts ( ! natural _w & detects _! laws4 ,! p]son ^: m9d is employ$ 9 r$uc+ to law & ord] & intelligible cause ! complex facts ( ! mat]ial _w1 is compell$ to look beyond ! pres5t /ate ( 8 k1 & to turn 8 ?\ghts to ! exi/5ce ( pr9ciples high] ?an ^? :i* he yet possesses4 ,he has se5 occasions :5 facts t at fir/ seem$ incoh]5t & anomal\s1 7 r$uc$ to rule & connexion2 & :5 limit$ rules 7 discov]$ to be includ$ 9 "s rule ( sup]ior g5]ality4 ,he kn[s t all facts & appe>ances1 all p>tial laws1 h[ev] confus$ & casual !y at pres5t seem1 mu/ /ill1 9 reality1 h ?is same k9d ( be>+ & dep5d5ce2--mu/ be b\nd toge!r by "s undiscov]$ pr9ciple ( ord]2--mu/ proce$ f "s cause work+ by mo/ /eady rules2--mu/ be includ$ 9 "s wide & fruitful g5]al tru?4 ,he _c !re=e consid] any pr9ciples :i* he has already obta9$1 z ! ultimate & suffici5t reason ( t :i* he sees4 ,!re mu/ be "s high] pr9ciple1 "s ult]ior reason4 ,! ef=t & /ruggle by :i* he endeav\rs to ext5d 8 view1 makes him feel t !re is a region ( tru? n includ$ 9 8 pres5t physical k2 ! v imp]fection ( ! light 9 :i* he works 8 way1 sugge/s to him t !re mu/ be a s\rce ( cle>] illum9ation at a di/ance f him4 ,we mu/ all[ t x is sc>cely possible to describe 9 a mann] free f "s vagu5ess & obscurity1 ! effect ?us produc$ ^u ! m9d by ! ef=ts :i* x makes to r$uce natural ph5om5a to g5]al laws4 ,b we tru/ x w /ill be all[$ t !re is no difficulty 9 see+ cle>ly t a diff]5t influ5ce may result f ?is process1 & f ! process ( d$uctive reason+ :i* =ms ! ma9 employm5t ( ! ma!matical cultivators & sy/ematic expositors ( physical sci5ce 9 mod]n times4 ,su* p]sons are n l$ by _! pursuits to any ?+ beyond ! g5]al pr9ciples1 :i* =m ! basis ( _! explanations & applications4 ,!y acquiesce 9 ^!2 !y make ^! _! ultimate gr\nds ( tru?2 & !y are entirely employ$ 9 unfold+ ! p>ticul> tru?s :i* are involv$ 9 ! g5]al tru?4 ,_! ?\ghts dwell little ^u ! possibility ( ! laws ( nature be+ o!r ?an we f9d !m to be1 or on ! reasons :y !y are n s2 & /ill less on ^? facts & ph5om5a :i* philosoph]s h n yet r$uc$ to any rule2 :i* are lawless to u1 ?\gh we "k t1 9 reality1 !y are gov]n$ by "s pr9ciple ( ord] & h>mony4 ,on ! contr>y1 by assum+ p]petually ! exi/+ laws z ! basis ( _! reason+1 )\t "q or d\bt1 & by employ+ su* language t ^! laws c be express$ 9 ! simple/ & briefe/ =m1 !y are l$ to ?9k & believe z if ^! laws 7 necess>ily & inevitably :at !y are4 ,"s ma!maticians inde$ h ma9ta9$ t ! highe/ laws ( nature ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 ! laws ( motion & ! law ( univ]sal gravitation1 are n only necess>ily true1 b are ev5 self-evid5t & c]ta9 priori1 l ! tru?s ( geometry4 ,& ?\gh ! ma!matical cultivator ( ! sci5ce ( me*anics may n adopt ?is z 8 speculative op9ion1 he may /ill be s f> influ5c$ by ! t5d5cy f :i* x spr+s1 z to re/ 9 ! me*anical laws ( ! univ]se z ultimate & all-suffici5t pr9ciples1 )\t see+ 9 !m any evid5ce ( _! hav+ be5 select$ & orda9$1 & ?us )\t asc5d+ f ! _w to ! ?\ght ( an ,intellig5t ,rul]4 ,he may ?us sub/itute = ! ,deity c]ta9 axioms & fir/ pr9ciples1 z ! cause ( all4 ,& ! foll[] ( ,newton may run into ! error ) :i* he is sometimes *>g$1 ( ?ru/+ "s me*anic cause into ! place ( ,god1 if he d n raise 8 views1 z 8 ma/] did1 to "s high] cause1 to "s s\rce ( all =ces1 laws1 & pr9ciples4 ,:51 !re=e1 we consid] ! ma!maticians :o are employ$ 9 successfully apply+ ! me*anical philosophy1 z m5 well des]v+ ( hon\r f ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 ! progress ( sci5ce1 we d rightly2 b x is /ill to be recollect$1 t 9 do+ ?is !y are n c>ry+ u to any high] po9t ( view 9 ! k ( nature ?an we _h atta9$ be=e3 !y are only unfold+ ! consequ5ces1 :i* 7 already virtually 9 our possession1 because !y 7 impli$ 9 pr9ciples already discov]$3--!y are add+ to our k ( effects1 b n to our k ( causes3--!y are n mak+ any advance 9 t progress ( :i* ,newton spoke1 & 9 :i* he made s va/ a /ride1 9 :i* 8e /ep made br+s u ne>] to ! k ( ! fir/ cause1 & is on t acc\nt highly to be valu$40 ,& z 9 ?is advance !y h no peculi> privileges or advantages1 _! errors ( op9ion conc]n+ x1 if !y err1 are no m to be wond]$ at1 ?an ^? ( common m52 & ne$ z little di/urb or di/ress u1 z if ^? :o committ$ !m _h conf9$ !mselves to ! /udy ( ari?metic or ( geometry4 ,if we c console & tranquillize ourselves conc]n+ ! defective or p]v]t$ views ( religi\s tru? ent]ta9$ by any ( our fell[ m51 we ne$ f9d no additional difficulty 9 do+ s :5 ^? :o are mi/ak5 are great ma!maticians1 :o h add$ to ! ri*es & elegance ( ! me*anical philosophy4 ,& if we are seek+ = extrane\s gr\nds ( tru/ & com=t on ?is subject1 we may f9d !m 9 ! reflection2--t1 :atev] may be ! op9ions ( ^? :o assume ! causes & laws ( t philosophy & reason f !m1 ! views ( ^? admirable & ev]-hon\r$ m5 :o fir/ caught sight ( ^! laws & causes1 impress$ !m ) ! belief t ?is is 8! fabric ( a great & good ,god20 t 8x is man's duty to p\r out 8 s\l 9 praise ( ! ,creator20 & t all ?is beautiful sy/em mu/ be ref]r$ to 8a fir/ cause1 :i* is c]ta9ly n me*anical40 #b4 ,we may ?us1 ) ! greate/ propriety1 d5y to ! me*anical philosoph]s & ma!maticians ( rec5t times any au?ority ) reg>d to _! views ( ! adm9i/ration ( ! univ]se2 we h no reason :atev] to expect f _! speculations any help1 :5 we attempt to asc5d to ! fir/ cause & supreme rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,b we might p]haps g fur!r1 & ass]t t !y are 9 "s respects less likely ?an m5 employ$ 9 o!r pursuits1 to make any cle> advance t[>ds su* a subject ( speculation4 ,p]sons ^: ?\ghts are ?us entirely occupi$ 9 d$uction are apt to =get t ?is is1 aft] all1 only "o employm5t ( ! reason among m2 only "o mode ( arriv+ at tru?1 ne$+ to h its defici5cies complet$ by ano!r4 ,d$uctive reason]s1 ^? :o cultivate sci5ce1 ( :atev] k9d1 by means ( ma!matical & logical processes alone1 may acquire an exagg]at$ feel+ ( ! am\nt & value ( _! lab\rs4 ,su* employm5ts1 f ! cle>ness ( ! notions involv$ 9 !m1 ! irresi/ible concat5ation ( tru?s :i* !y unfold1 ! subtlety :i* !y require1 & _! entire success 9 t :i* !y attempt1 possess a peculi> fasc9ation = ! intellect4 ,^? :o pursue su* /udies h g5]ally a contempt & impati5ce ( ! pret5sions ( all ^? o!r portions ( our k1 :]e f ! nature ( ! case1 or ! small progress hi!rto made 9 _! cultivation1 a m vague & loose k9d ( reason+ seems to be adopt$4 ,n[ if ?is feel+ be c>ri$ s f> z to make ! reason] suppose t ^! ma!matical & logical processes c lead him to all ! k & all ! c]ta9ty :i* we ne$1 x is cle>ly a delusive feel+4 ,= x is confess$ on all h&s1 t all :i* ma!matics or :i* logic c d1 is to develope & extract ^? tru?s1 z conclusions1 :i* 7 9 reality involv$ 9 ! pr9ciples on :i* our reason+s proce$$4#ch ,& ?is be+ all[$1 we _c b ask h[ we obta9 ^! pr9ciples8 f :at o!r s\rce ( k we d]ive ! orig9al tru?s :i* we ?us pursue into detail8 s9ce x is manife/ t su* pr9ciples _c be d]iv$ f ! prop] /ores ( ma!matics or logic4 ,^! me?ods c g5]ate no new tru?2 & all ! gr\nds & elem5ts ( ! k :i*1 ?r\gh !m1 we c acquire1 mu/ necess>ily come f "s extrane\s s\rce4 ,x is c]ta91 !re=e1 t ! ma!matician & ! logician mu/ d]ive f "s process diff]5t f _! own1 ! sub/ance & mat]ial ( all our k1 :e!r physical or metaphysical1 physiological or moral4 ,?is process1 by :i* we acquire our fir/ pr9ciples1 7)\t pret5d+ "h to analyse x17 is obvi\sly ! g5]al c\rse ( human exp]i5ce1 & ! natural ex]cise ( ! und]/&+2 our int]c\rse ) matt] & ) m51 & ! consequ5t gr[? 9 our m9ds ( convictions & conceptions su* z our reason c deal )1 ei!r by h] sy/ematic or unsy/ematic me?ods ( proc$ure4 ,supplies f ?is va/ & inexhau/ible s\rce ( orig9al tru?s are requisite1 to give any value :atev] to ! results ( our d$uctive processes1 :e!r ma!matical or logical2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m bran*es ( our k1 9 :i* we possess a l>ge %>e ( orig9al & d]ivative convictions & tru?s1 b :]e x is nev]!less at pres5t q impossible to erect our k into a complete sy/em2--to /ate our prim>y & indep5d5t tru?s1 & to %[ h[ on ^! all ! re/ dep5d by ! rules ( art4 ,if ! ma!matician is repell$ f speculations on morals or politics1 on ! beautiful or ! "r1 because ! reason+s :i* !y involve h n ma!matical precision & conclusiv5ess1 he w rema9 de/itute ( mu* ( ! mo/ valuable k :i* man c acquire4 ,& if he attempts to m5d ! matt] by giv+ to treatises on morals1 or politics1 or criticism1 a =m & a phraseology borr[$ f ! v few tol]ably complete physical sci5ces :i* exi/1 x w be f\nd t he is compell$ to di/ort & damage ! mo/ important tru?s1 s z to deprive !m ( _! true %ape & import1 9 ord] to =ce !m into _! places 9 8 artificial sy/em4 ,if !re=e1 z we h said1 ! ma!matical philosoph] dwells 9 8 own bright & pleasant l& ( d$uctive reason+1 till he turns ) disgu/ f all ! speculations1 necess>ily less cle> & conclusive1 9 :i* 8 imag9ation1 8 practical faculties1 8 moral s5se1 8 capacity ( religi\s hope & belief1 are to be call$ into action1 he becomes1 m ?an common m51 liable to miss ! road to tru?s ( extreme consequ5ce4 ,?is is s obvi\s1 t *>ges are frequ5tly br\ght aga9/ ! /udy ( ma!matics1 z unfitt+ m5 = ^? occupations :i* dep5d ^u our common in/9ctive convictions & feel+s1 ^u ! unsy/ematic ex]cise ( ! und]/&+ ) reg>d to common relations & common occurr5ces4 ,bonap>te obs]v$ ( ,laplace1 :5 he 0 plac$ 9 a public (fice ( consid]able importance1 t he did n dis*>ge x 9 s judici\s & cle> sight$ a mann] z 8 high intellectual fame might lead mo/ p]sons to expect4#ci 8,he s\ght10 t great judge ( "* said1 8subtleties 9 e subject1 & c>ri$ into 8 (ficial employm5ts ! _s ( ! me?od ( inf9itely small quantities10 by :i* ! ma!matician solves 8 m ab/ruse problems4 ,& ! compla9t t ma!matical /udies make m5 ins5sible to moral evid5ce & to poetical beauties1 is s (t5 repeat$ z to %[ t "s opposition ( t5d5cy is commonly p]ceiv$ betwe5 t ex]cise ( ! intellect :i* ma!matics requires & ^? processes :i* g on 9 our m9ds :5 moral "* or imag9ative beauty is ! subject ( our contemplation4 ,?us1 :ile we ackn[l$ge all ! beauty & all ! value ( ! ma!matical reason+s by :i* ! consequ5ces ( our g5]al laws are d$uc$1 we may yet consid] x possible t a philosoph]1 ^: m9d has be5 ma9ly employ$1 & 8 intellectual habits det]m9$1 by ?is process ( d$uction1 may possess1 9 a feeble & imp]fect degree only1 "s ( ^? faculties by :i* tru? is atta9$1 & especially ^? tru?s :i* reg>d our relation to t m9d1 ! orig9 ( all law1 ! s\rce ( fir/ pr9ciples1 :i* mu/ be immeasurably elevat$ above all d]ivative tru?s4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be f> f surpris+1 if !re %\ld be f\nd1 among ! great au?ors ( ! developem5ts ( ! me*anical philosophy1 "s :o _h refus$ to ref] ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se to a supreme m9d1 purpose1 & w4 ,& ?\gh ?is _w be1 to a believ] 9 ! ,be+ & gov]nm5t ( ,god1 a matt] ( sorr[ & pa91 x ne$ n excite m surprise ?an if ! same 7 true ( a p]son ( ! mo/ ord9>y end[m5ts1 :5 x is recollect$ 9 :at a disproportionate mann] ! v>i\s faculties ( su* a philosoph] may h be5 cultivat$4 ,& our appreh5sions ( injury to mank9d f ! influ5ce ( su* examples w dim9i%1 :5 we consid]1 t ^? ma!maticians ^: m9ds h be5 less p>tially ex]cis$1 ! great discov]]s ( ! tru?s :i* o!rs apply1 ! philosoph]s :o h look$ upw>ds z well z d[nw>ds1 to ! unkn[n z well z to ! kn[n1 to ult]ior z well z proximate pr9ciples1 h nev] re/$ 9 ?is n>r[ & b>r5 doctr9e2 b h p]petually look$ =w>ds1 beyond m]e mat]ial laws & causes1 to a ,fir/ ,cause ( ! moral & mat]ial _w1 to :i* ea* advance 9 philosophy might br+ !m ne>]1 ?\gh x mu/ ev] rema9 indef9itely beyond _! rea*4 ,x sc>cely ne$s1 p]haps1 to be notic$1 t :at we "h repres5t z ! possible s\rce ( error is1 n ! p]fection ( ! ma!matical habits ( ! m9d1 b ! defici5cy ( ! habit ( appreh5d+ tru? ( o!r k9ds2--n a cle> insight into ! ma!matical consequ5ces ( pr9ciples1 b a want ( a cle> view ( ! nature & f\ndation ( pr9ciples2--n ! tal5t = g5]aliz+ geometrical or me*anical relations1 b ! t5d5cy to erect su* relations into ultimate tru?s & effici5t causes4 ,! mo/ consummate ma!matical skill may accompany & be auxili>y to ! mo/ e>ne/ piety1 z x (t5 has be54 ,& an entire comm& ( ! conceptions & processes ( ma!matics is n only consi/5t )1 b is ! necess>y condition & pr9cipal in/rum5t ( e important /ep 9 ! discov]y ( physical pr9ciples4 ,newton 0 em95t above ! philosoph]s ( 8 "t1 9 no "o tal5t s mu* z 9 ! p[] ( ma!matical d$uction4 ,:5 he _h caught sight ( ! law ( univ]sal gravitation1 he trac$ x to its consequ5ces ) a rapidity1 a dext]ity1 a beauty ( ma!matical reason+ :i* no o!r p]son c\ld approa*2 s t on ?is acc\nt1 if !re _h be5 no o!r1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! g5]al law 0 possible to him alone4 ,he /ill /&s at ! head ( ma!maticians z well z ( philosophical discov]]s4 ,b x nev] appe>$ to him1 z x may h appe>$ to "s ma!maticians :o h employ$ !mselves on 8 discov]ies1 t ! g5]al law 0 an ultimate & suffici5t pr9ciple3 t ! po9t to :i* he _h hung 8 *a9 ( d$uction 0 ! highe/ po9t 9 ! univ]se4 ,lagrange1 a mod]n ma!matician ( transc5d5t g5ius1 0 9 ! habit ( say+1 9 8 aspirations aft] future fame1 t ,newton 0 =tunate 9 hav+ _h ! sy/em ( ! _w = 8 problem1 s9ce its !ory c\ld be discov]$ once only4 ,b ,newton himself appe>s to h _h no su* p]suasion t ! problem he _h solv$ 0 unique & f9al3 he lab\r$ to r$uce gravity to "s high] law1 & ! =ces ( o!r physical op]ations to an analogy ) ^? ( gravity1 & decl>$ t all ^! 7 b /eps 9 our advance t[>ds a fir/ cause4 ,betwe5 u & ?is fir/ cause1 ! s\rce ( ! univ]se & ( its laws1 we _c d\bt t !re int]v5e _m successive /eps ( possible discov]y & g5]alization1 n less wide & /rik+ ?an ! discov]y ( univ]sal gravitation3 b x is /ill m c]ta9 t no ext5t or success ( physical inve/igation c c>ry u to any po9t :i* is n at an immeasurable di/ance f an adequate k ( ,him4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,on ,f9al ,causes4 ,we h po9t$ out a great numb] ( in/ances :]e ! mode 9 :i* ! arrangem5ts ( nature produce _! effect1 sugge/s1 z we conceive1 ! belief t ?is effect is to be consid]$ z ! end & purpose ( ^! arrangem5ts4 ,! impression :i* ?us arises1 ( design & int5tion ex]cis$ 9 ! =mation ( ! _w1 or ( ! reality ( ,f9al ,causes1 op]ates on m5's m9ds s g5]ally1 & increases s con/antly on e additional exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 t we _c b suppose su* a belief to h a deep & /able f\ndation4 ,& we conceive t 9 sev]al ( ! comp>atively few cases 9 :i* su* a belief has be5 reject$1 ! av]s5ess to x has aris5 f ! influ5ce ( "s ( ! causes m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]2 ! exclusive pursuit1 namely1 ( p>ticul> tra9s & modes ( reason+1 till ! m9d becomes less capable ( =m+ ! conceptions & mak+ ! ex]tions :i* are requisite = ! appreh5sion ( tru?s n includ$ among its usual subjects ( ?\ght4 #a4 ,?is seems to be ! case ) ^? :o ma9ta9 t purpose & design _c be inf]r$ or d$uc$ f ! arrangem5ts :i* we see ar\nd u by any process ( reason+4 ,we c reason f effects to causes1 say su* writ]s1 only 9 cases :]e we "k some?+ ( ! nature ( ! cause4 ,we c inf] f ! works ( m51 ! exi/5ce ( design & purpose1 because we "k1 f pa/ obs]vation1 :at k9d ( works human design & purpose c produce4 ,b ! univ]se1 consid]$ z ! "w ( ,god1 _c be comp>$ ) any correspond+ "w1 or judg$ ( by any analogy ) kn[n examples4 ,h[ !n c we1 9 ?is case1 !y ask1 inf] design & purpose 9 ! arti/ ( ! univ]se8 ,on :at pr9ciples1 on :at axioms1 c we proce$1 :i* %all include ?is necess>ily s+ul> in/ance1 & ?us give legitimacy & validity to our reason+s8 ,:at has already be5 said on ! subject ( ! two diff]5t processes by :i* we obta9 pr9ciples1 & by :i* we reason f !m1 w sugge/ ! reply to ^! que/ions4 ,:5 we collect design & purpose f ! arrangem5ts ( ! univ]se1 we d n arrive at our conclusion by a tra9 ( d$uctive reason+1 b by ! conviction :i* su* comb9ations z we p]ceive imm$iately & directly impress ^u ! m9d4 8,design mu/ h _h a design]40 ,b su* a pr9ciple c be ( no avail to "o :om ! contemplation or ! description ( ! _w does n impress ) ! p]ception ( design4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 at ! end1 b at ! beg9n+ ( our syllogisms1 n among remote conclusions1 b among orig9al pr9ciples1 t we mu/ place ! tru?1 t su* arrangem5ts1 manife/ations1 & proce$+s z we behold ab\t u imply a ,be+ end[$ ) consci\sness1 design1 & w1 f :om !y proce$4 ,?is is inevitably ! mode 9 :i* su* a conviction is acquir$2 & t x is s1 we may ! m readily believe1 :5 we consid] t x is ! case ) ! design & w :i* we ascribe to man1 no less ?an 9 t :i* we believe to exi/ 9 ,god4 ,at fir/ sight we might p]haps be tempt$ to say1 t we inf] design & purpose f ! works ( man 9 "o case1 because we h kn[n ^! attributes 9 o!r cases produce effects 9 "s measure simil>4 ,b to ?is we mu/ reply1 by ask+ h[ we come to "k ! exi/5ce ( human design & purpose at fir/1 & at all8 ,:at we see ar\nd u are c]ta9 appe>ances1 ?+s1 successions ( ev5ts2 h[ come we ev] to ascribe to o!r m5 ! ?\ght & w ( :i* we are consci\s ourselves8 ,h[ d we come to believe t !re are o!r m58 ,h[ are we l$ to elevate1 9 our conceptions1 "s ( ! objects :i* we p]ceive into p]sons8 ,no d\bt _! actions1 _! words induce u to d ?is4 ,we see t ! manife/ations :i* we obs]ve mu/ be s und]/ood1 & n o!rwise4 ,we feel t su* actions1 su* ev5ts mu/ be connect$ by consci\sness & p]sonality2 t ! actions are n ! actions ( ?+s1 b ( p]sons2 n necess>y & )\t significance1 l ! fall+ ( a /one1 b volunt>y & ) purpose l :at we d ourselves4 ,b ?is is n a result ( reason+3 we d n inf] ?is f any simil> case :i* we h kn[n2 s9ce we are n[ speak+ ( ! fir/ conception ( a w & purpose diff]5t f our own4 ,9 arriv+ at su* k1 we are aid$ only by our own consci\sness ( :at ?\ght1 purpose1 w1 are3 & possess+ ?is regulative pr9ciple1 we s deciph] & int]pret ! complex appe>ances :i* surr\nd u1 t we receive irresi/ibly ! p]suasion ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r m51 ) ?\ght & w & purpose l our own4 ,& j 9 ! same mann]1 :5 we exam9e att5tively ! adju/m5t ( ! p>ts ( ! human frame to ea* o!r & to ! elem5ts1 ! relation ( ! prop]ties ( ! e>? to ^? ( its inhabitants1 or ( ! physical to ! moral nature ( man1 ! ?\ght mu/ arise & cl+ to our p]ceptions1 h[ev] little x be enc\rag$1 t ?is sy/em1 e :]e s full ( wond]ful comb9ations1 suit$ to ! pres]vation1 & well-be+ ( liv+ creatures1 is also ! expression ( ! int5tion1 wisdom1 & goodness ( a p]sonal creator & gov]nor4 ,we conceive !n t x is s f> f be+ an unsatisfactory or unphilosophical process by :i* we collect ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity f ! works ( creation1 t ! process corresponds mo/ closely ) t on :i* re/s ! mo/ /eadfa/ ( our convictions1 next to t ( our own exi/5ce1 ! belief ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r human be+s4 ,if any "o ev] w5t s f> 9 scepticism z to d\bt ! exi/5ce ( any o!r p]son ?an himself1 he might1 s f> z ! argum5t f f9al causes is conc]n$1 reject ! be+ ( ,god z well z t ( man2 b1 )\t dwell+ on ! possibility ( su* fantasies1 :5 we consid] h[ impossible x is = m5 9 g5]al n to attribute p]sonality1 purpose1 ?\ght1 w to ea* o!r1 9 virtue ( c]ta9 comb9ations ( appe>ances & actions1 we mu/ deem !m mo/ consi/5t & reasonable 9 attribut+ also p]sonality & purpose to ,god1 9 virtue ( ! :ole assemblage ( appe>ances & actions :i* con/itute ! univ]se1 full z x is ( comb9ations f :i* su* a sugge/ion spr+s4 ,! vividness1 ! con/ancy ( ! belief ( a wise & good ,be+1 ?us gov]n+ ! _w1 may be diff]5t 9 diff]5t m51 accord+ to _! habit ( direct+ _! ?\ghts to ! subject2 b su* a belief is und\bt$ly capable ( becom+ lively & /eadfa/ 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,x has be5 ent]ta9$ & *]i%$ by enlight5$ & well-regulat$ m9ds 9 all ages2 & has be51 at lea/ s9ce ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 n only ! belief1 b a p]vad+ & rul+ pr9ciple ( action ( _m m51 & ( :ole communities4 ,! idea may be r5d]$ m fa9t by turn+ ! m9d away f x1 & p]haps by indulg+ too exclusively 9 ab/ract & g5]al speculations4 ,x gr[s /rong] by an actual /udy ( ! details ( ! creation2 &1 z reg>ds ! practical consequ5ces ( su* a belief1 by a habit ( ref]r+ our actions & hopes to su* a ,gov]nor4 ,9 ?is way x is capable ( becom+ z real & fix$ an impression z t ( a human fri5d & ma/]2 & all t we c le>n1 by obs]v+ ! c\rse ( m5's feel+s & actions1 t5ds to conv9ce u1 t ?is belief ( ! be+ & pres5ce & gov]nm5t ( ,god1 leads to ! mo/ elevat$ & b5eficial frame ( m9d ( :i* man is capable4 #b4 ,h[ natural & almo/ inevitable is ?is p]suasion ( ! reality ( ,f9al ,causes & consequ5t belief 9 ! p]sonality ( ! ,deity1 we may ga!r by obs]v+ h[ con/antly x recurs to ! ?\ghts1 ev5 ( ^? :o1 9 consequ5ce ( su* peculi>ities ( m5tal discipl9e z h be5 describ$1 h repell$ & resi/$ ! impression4 ,?us1 ,laplace1 ( :om we h already spok51 z "o ( ! greate/ ma!maticians ( mod]n times1 expresses 8 conviction t ! suppos$ evid5ce ( f9al causes w disappe> z our k advances1 & t !y only seem to exi/ 9 ^? cases :]e our ignorance leaves room = su* a mi/ake4 8,let u run ov]10 he says1 8! hi/ory ( ! progress ( ! human m9d & its errors3 we %all p]petually see f9al causes pu%$ away to ! b\nds ( its k4 ,^! causes1 :i* ,newton remov$ to ! limits ( ! sol> sy/em1 7 n long ago conceiv$ to obta9 9 ! atmosph]e1 & employ$ 9 expla9+ meteors3 !y are1 !re=e1 9 ! eyes ( ! philosoph] no?+ m ?an ! expression ( ! ignorance 9 :i* we are ( ! real causes40 ,we may obs]ve t we h endeav\r$ to give a v diff]5t1 &1 z we believe1 a f> tru] view ( ! effect :i* philosophy has produc$ on our k ( f9al causes4 ,we h %[n1 we tru/1 t ! notion ( design & end is transf]r$ by ! rese>*es ( sci5ce1 n f ! doma9 ( our k to t ( our ignorance1 b m]ely f ! region ( facts to t ( laws4 ,we hold t1 9 ?is =m1 f9al causes 9 ! atmosph]e are /ill to be conceiv$ to obta91 no less ?an 9 an e>li] /ate ( meteorological k2 & t ,newton 0 "r1 :5 he believ$ t he _h e/abli%$ _! reality 9 ! sol> sy/em1 n expell$ !m f x4 ,b our m peculi> bus9ess at pres5t is to obs]ve t ,laplace himself1 9 describ+ ! arrangem5ts by :i* ! /ability ( ! sol> sy/em is secur$1 uses language :i* %[s h[ irresi/ibly ^! arrangem5ts sugge/ an adaptation to its pres]vation z an end4 ,if 9 8 expressions we 7 to sub/itute ! ,deity = ! ab/raction 8nature0 :i* he employs1 8 reflection w\ld co9cide ) t :i* ! mo/ religi\s philosoph] w\ld ent]ta94 8,x seems t #8,god' has ord]$ e ?+ 9 ! heav5s to ensure ! duration ( ! planet>y sy/em1 by views simil> to ^? :i* ,he appe>s to u s admirably to foll[ ^u ! e>?1 = ! pres]vation ( animals & ! p]petuity ( species4#dj ,?is consid]ation alone w\ld expla9 ! disposition ( ! sy/em1 if x 7 n ! bus9ess ( ! geomet] to g fur!r40 ,x may be possible = ! geomet] to g fur!r2 b he mu/ be /rangely bl9d$ by 8 peculi> pursuits1 if1 :5 he has discov]$ ! mode 9 :i* ^! views are answ]$1 he supposes himself to h obta9$ a pro( t !re are no views at all4 ,x w\ld be z if ! savage1 :o _h m>vell$ at ! /eady work+ ( ! /eam eng9e1 %\ld cease to consid] x a "w ( art1 z soon z ! self-regulat+ "p ( ! me*anism _h be5 expla9$ to him4 ,! unsuccessful /ruggle 9 :i* ^? p]sons engage1 :o attempt to ?r[ (f ! impression ( design 9 ! creation1 appe>s 9 an amus+ mann] ?r\gh ! simplicity ( ! anci5t ,roman poet ( ?is s*ool4 ,lucretius ma9ta9s t ! eye 0 n made = see+1 nor ! e> = he>+4 ,b ! t]ms 9 :i* he recomm5ds ?is doctr9e %[ h[ h>d he knew x to be = m5 to ent]ta9 su* an op9ion4 ,8 advice is1-- ,illud 9 8 rebus vitium vehem5t] et i/um ,effug]e errorem1 vit>eque prm$itator1 ,lum9a ne facias oculorum cl>a creata1 ,prospic]e ut possimus4 iv4 #hbc4 ',ga9/ _! prepo/]\s error gu>d ?y m9d ,:o say ea* organ 0 = use design'd2 ,?9k n ! visual orbs1 s cle>1 s bright1 ,7 furni%'d = ! purposes ( sight4 ,und\bt$ly ! poet is s f> "r1 t a mo/ 8vehem5t0 caution & vigilant 8prem$itation0 are necess>y to avoid ! 8vice & error0 ( su* a p]suasion4 ,! /udy ( ! adaptations ( ! human frame is s conv9c+1 t x c>ries ! m9d ) x1 9 spite ( ! resi/ance sugge/$ by speculative sy/ems4 ,cabanis1 a mod]n ,fr5* physiological writ] ( great em95ce1 may be select$ z a pro( ( ?is4 ,bo? by ! g5]al "* ( 8 own speculations1 & by ! tone ( ?9k+ preval5t ar\nd him1 ! consid]ation ( design 9 ! works ( nature 0 abhorr5t f 8 plan4 ,accord+ly1 he jo9s 9 repeat+ ,bacon's unfav\rable m5tion ( f9al causes4 ,yet :5 he comes to speak ( ! laws ( reproduction ( ! human race1 he appe>s to feel himself compell$ to admit ! irresi/ible mann] 9 :i* su* views =ce !mselves on ! m9d4 8,i reg>d10 he says1 8) ! great ,bacon1 ! philosophy ( f9al causes z b>r52 b ,i h else:]e ackn[l$g$ t x 0 v difficult = ! mo/ cauti\s man 7l'homme le plus res]v7 nev] to h rec\rse to !m 9 8 explanations40#da #c4 ,x may be wor? our :ile to consid] = a mom5t ! op9ion "h ref]r$ to by ,cabanis1 ( ! propriety ( exclud+ ! consid]ation ( f9al causes f our natural philosophy4 ,! great au?ority ( ,bacon is usually adduc$ on ?is subject4 8,! h&l+ ( f9al causes10 says he1 8mix$ ) ! re/ 9 physical inquiries1 ha? int]cept$ ! sev]e & dilig5t inquiry ( all real & physical causes1 & giv5 m5 ! occasion to /ay ^u ^! satisfactory & speci\s causes1 to ! great arre/ & prejudice ( f>!r discov]y40#db ,a mom5t's att5tion w %[ h[ well ?is repres5tation agrees ) t :i* we h urg$1 & h[ f> x is f dissuad+ ! ref]5ce to f9al causes 9 reason+s l ^? on :i* we are employ$4 ,f9al causes are to be exclud$ f physical inquiry2 t is1 we are n to assume t we "k ! objects ( ! ,creator's design1 & put ?is assum$ purpose 9 ! place ( a physical cause4 ,we are n to ?9k x a suffici5t acc\nt ( ! cl\ds t !y are = wat]+ ! e>?1 7to take ,bacon's examples17 or 8t ! solidness ( ! e>? is = ! /ation & mansion ( liv+ creatures40 ,! physical philosoph] has x = 8 bus9ess to trace cl\ds to ! laws ( evaporation & cond5sation2 to det]m9e ! magnitude & mode ( action ( ! =ces ( cohesion & cry/allization by :i* ! mat]ials ( ! e>? are made solid & firm4 ,?is he does1 mak+ no use ( ! notion ( f9al causes3 & x is precisely because he has ?us e/abli%$ 8 !ories indep5d5tly ( any assumption ( an end1 t ! end1 :5 aft] all1 x returns ^u him & _c be evad$1 becomes an irresi/ible evid5ce ( an intellig5t legislator4 ,he f9ds t ! effects1 ( :i* ! use is obvi\s1 are produc$ by mo/ simple & compreh5sive laws2 & :5 he has obta9$ ?is view1 he is /ruck by ! beauty ( ! means1 by ! ref9$ & skilful mann] 9 :i* ! useful effects are br\ght ab\t2--po9ts diff]5t f ^? to :i* 8 rese>*es 7 direct$4 ,we h already se51 9 ! v case ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 namely1 ! laws by :i* ! cl\ds are =m$ & di/ribute _! %[]s ov] ! e>?1 h[ /rongly ^? :o h mo/ closely & ext5sively exam9$ ! arrangem5ts !re employ$ 7z ,h[>d1 ,dalton1 & ,black7 h be5 impress$ ) ! h>mony & beauty :i* ^! contrivances manife/4 ,we may f9d a fur!r ass]tion ( ?is view ( ! prop] use ( f9al causes 9 philosophy1 by ref]r+ to ! works ( "o ( ! greate/ ( our philosoph]s1 & "o ( ! mo/ pi\s ( our writ]s1 ,boyle1 :o has an ,essay on ?is subject4 8,i am by all means10 says he1 8= enc\rag+ ! contemplation ( ! cele/ial "p ( ! _w1 & ! %9+ globes t adorn x1 & especially ! sun & moon1 9 ord] to raise our admiration ( ! /up5d\s p[] & wisdom ( him :o 0 able to frame su* imm5se bodies2 & not)/&+ _! va/ bulk & sc>ce conceivable rapidity1 keep !m = s _m ages con/ant bo? to ! l9es & degrees ( _! motion1 )\t int]f]+ ) "o ano!r4 ,& d\btless we ought to return ?anks & praises to ! div9e goodness = hav+ s plac$ ! sun & moon1 & det]m9$ ! =m]1 or else ! e>?1 to move 9 p>ticul> l9es = ! good ( m5 & o!r animals2 & h[ disadvantage\s x w\ld h be5 to ! inhabitants ( ! e>? if ! lum9>ies _h mov$ aft] a diff]5t mann]4 ,i d>e n1 h[ev]1 affirm t ! sun1 moon1 & o!r cele/ial bodies 7 made solely = ! use ( man3 mu* less presume to prove "o sy/em ( ! _w to be true & ano!r false2 because ! =m] is bett] fitt$ to ! conv5i5ce ( mank9d1 or ! o!r less suit$1 or p]haps altoge!r useless to t end40 ,?is passage exhibits1 we conceive1 t comb9ation ( feel+s :i* ought to m>k ! "* ( ! religi\s natural philosoph]2 an e>ne/ piety ready to draw nutrim5t f ! contemplation ( e/abli%$ physical tru?s2 jo9$ ) a philosophical caution1 :i* is n s$uc$ by ! anticipation ( su* contemplations1 to p]v]t ! /rict c\rse ( physical inquiry4 ,x is precisely ?r\gh ?is philosophical c>e & scrupul\sness t our views ( f9al causes acquire _! =ce & value z aids to religion4 ,! object ( su* views is n to lead u to physical tru?1 b to connect su* tru?1 obta9$ by its prop] processes & me?ods1 ) our views ( ,god1 ! ma/] ( ! univ]se1 ?r\gh ^? laws & relations :i* are ?us plac$ beyond dispute4 ,bacon's comp>ison ( f9al causes to ! ve/al virg9s is "o ( ^? poignant say+s1 s frequ5t 9 8 writ+s1 :i* x is n easy to =get4 8,l !m10 he says1 8!y are d$icat$ to ,god1 & are b>r540 ,b to any "o :o reads 8 "w x w appe> 9 :at _s ?is 0 meant4 8,n because ^? f9al causes are n true & wor?y to be inquir$1 be+ kept )9 _! own prov9ce40 7,( ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 b4 ii4 p4 #adb47 ,if he _h _h occasion to develope 8 simile1 full ( lat5t mean+ z 8 similes s (t5 are1 he w\ld probably h said1 t to ^! f9al causes b>r5ness 0 no reproa*1 see+ !y ought to be1 n ! mo!rs b ! daught]s ( our natural sci5ces2 & t !y 7 b>r51 n by imp]fection ( _! nature b 9 ord] t !y might be kept pure & undefil$1 & s fit m9i/]s 9 ! temple ( ,god4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,on ! ,physical ,ag5cy ( ! ,deity4 #a4 ,we are n to expect t physical inve/igation c enable u to conceive ! mann] 9 :i* ,god acts ^u ! memb]s ( ! univ]se4 ,! "q1 8,can/ ?\ by se>*+ f9d out ,god80 mu/ sil5ce ! boa/+s ( sci5ce z well z ! rep9+s ( adv]sity4 ,inde$1 sci5ce %[s u1 f> m cle>ly ?an ! conceptions ( e day reason1 at :at an immeasurable di/ance we are f any faculty ( conceiv+ h[ ! univ]se1 mat]ial & moral1 is ! "w ( ! ,deity4 ,b ) reg>d to ! mat]ial _w1 we c at lea/ g s f> z ?is2--we c p]ceive t ev5ts are br\ght ab\t1 n by insulat$ int]positions ( div9e p[] ex]t$ 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 b by ! e/abli%m5t ( g5]al laws4 ,?is1 :i* is ! view ( ! univ]se prop] to sci5ce1 ^: (fice x is to se>* out ^! laws1 is also ! view :i*1 ?r\gh\t ?is "w1 we h endeav\r$ to keep pres5t to ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,we h attempt$ to %[ t x comb9es itself mo/ readily & h>moni\sly ) ! doctr9es ( ,natural ,!ology2 t ! argum5ts = ^? doctr9es are /r5g!n$1 ! difficulties :i* affect !m remov$1 by keep+ x /eadily be=e u4 ,we conceive1 !re=e1 t ! religi\s philosoph] w d well to be> ?is conception 9 8 m9d4 ,god is ! au?or & gov]nor ( ! univ]se ?r\gh ! laws :i* he has giv5 to its p>ts1 ! prop]ties :i* he has impress$ ^u its con/itu5t elem5ts2 ^! laws & prop]ties are1 z we h already said1 ! in/rum5ts ) :i* he works2 ! in/itution ( su* laws1 ! selection ( ! quantities :i* !y involve1 _! comb9ation & application1 are ! modes 9 :i* he ex]ts & manife/s 8 p[]1 8 wisdom1 8 goodness3 ?r\gh ^! attributes1 ?us ex]cis$1 ! ,creator ( all1 %apes1 moves1 su/a9s1 & guides ! visible creation4 ,?is has be5 ! view ( ! relation ( ! ,deity to ! univ]se ent]ta9$ by ! mo/ sagaci\s & compreh5sive m9ds ev] s9ce ! true object ( natural philosophy has be5 cle>ly & /eadily appreh5d$4 ,! great writ] :o 0 ! fir/ to give philosoph]s a di/9ct & comm&+ view ( ?is object1 ?us expresses himself 9 8 8,confession ( ,fai?30 8,i believe--t not)/&+ ,god ha? re/$ & ceas$ f creat+ s9ce ! fir/ ,sabba?1 yet1 nev]!less1 he do? accompli% & fulfil 8 div9e w 9 all ?+s1 great & small1 s+ul> & g5]al1 z fully & exactly by provid5ce1 z he c\ld by miracle & new creation1 ?\gh 8 work+ be n imm$iate & direct1 b by compass2 n violat+ nature1 :i* is 8 own law ^u ! creature40 ,& "o ( our own "t1 :om we c no long] hesitate to place among ! wor?ie/ disciples ( ! s*ool ( ,bacon1 conveys ! same ?\ght 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,! ,div9e ,au?or ( ! univ]se _c be suppos$ to h laid d[n p>ticul> laws1 enum]at+ all individual cont+5cies1 :i* 8 mat]ials h und]/ood & obey--?is w\ld be to attribute to him ! imp]fections ( human legislation2--b r1 by creat+ !m endu$ ) c]ta9 fix$ qualities & p[]s1 he has impress$ !m 9 _! orig9 ) ! _s1 n ! lett] ( 8 law1 & made all _! subsequ5t comb9ations & relations inevitable consequ5ces ( ?is fir/ impression40#dc #b4 ,?is1 :i* ?us appe>s to be ! mode ( ! ,deity's op]ation 9 ! mat]ial _w1 requires "s att5tion on our "p 9 ord] to und]/& x ) prop] cle>ness4 ,"o reason ( ?is is1 t x is a mode ( op]ation altoge!r diff]5t f t 9 :i* we are able to make matt] fulfil our designs4 ,man c con/ruct exquisite ma*9es1 c call 9 va/ p[]s1 c =m ext5sive comb9ations1 9 ord] to br+ ab\t results :i* he has 9 view4 ,b 9 all ?is he is only tak+ advantage ( laws ( nature :i* already exi/2 he is apply+ to 8 use qualities :i* matt] already possesses4 ,nor c he by any ef=t d m4 ,he c e/abli% no new law ( nature :i* is n a result ( ! exi/+ ones4 ,he c inve/ matt] ) no new prop]ties :i* are n modifications ( its pres5t attributes4 ,8 greate/ advances 9 skill & p[] are made :5 he calls to 8 aid =ces :i* be=e exi/$ unemploy$1 or :5 he discov]s s mu* ( ! habits ( "s ( ! elem5ts z to be able to b5d !m to 8 purpose4 ,he navigates ! ocean by ! assi/ance ( ! w9ds :i* he _c raise or /ill3 & ev5 if we suppose him able to control ! c\rse ( ^!1 8 yet unsubjugat$ m9i/]s1 ?is c\ld only be done by /udy+ _! *>act]s1 by le>n+ m ?or\ghly ! laws ( air & heat & moi/ure4 ,he _c give ! m9ute/ portion ( ! atmosph]e new relations1 a new c\rse ( expansion1 new laws ( motion4 ,b ! ,div9e op]ations1 on ! o!r h&1 include some?+ mu* high]4 ,!y take 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! laws ( ! elem5ts1 z well z ! comb9ation ( ^! laws & ! det]m9ation ( ! di/ribution & quantity ( ! mat]ials on :i* !y %all produce _! effect4 ,we mu/ conceive t ! ,supreme ,p[] has orda9$ t air %all be r>efi$1 & wat] turn$ into vap\r1 by heat2 no less ?an t he has comb9$ air & wat] s z to spr9kle ! e>? ) %[]s1 & det]m9$ ! quantity ( heat & air & wat]1 s t ! %[]s %all be z b5eficial z !y are4 ,we may & mu/1 !re=e1 9 our conceptions ( ! ,div9e purpose & ag5cy1 g beyond ! analogy ( human contrivances4 ,we mu/ conceive ! ,deity1 n only z con/ruct+ ! mo/ ref9$ & va/ ma*9]y1 ) :i*1 z we h already se51 ! univ]se is fill$2 b we mu/ also imag9e him z e/abli%+ ^? prop]ties by :i* su* ma*9]y is possible3 z giv+ to ! mat]ials ( 8 /ructure ! qualities by :i* ! mat]ial is fitt$ to its use4 ,!re is mu* to be f\nd1 9 natural objects1 ( ! same k9d ( contrivance :i* is common to ^! & to human inv5tions2 !re are me*anical devices1 op]ations ( ! atmosph]ic elem5ts1 *emical processes2--_m su* h be5 po9t$ out1 _m m exi/4 ,b besides ^! cases ( ! comb9ation ( means1 :i*1 we seem able to und]/& )\t mu* difficulty1 we are l$ to consid] ! ,div9e ,be+ z ! au?or ( ! laws ( *emical1 ( physical1 & ( me*anical action1 & ( su* o!r laws z make matt] :at x is2--& ?is is a view :i* no analogy ( human inv5tions1 no k ( human p[]s1 at all assi/s u to embody or und]/&4 ,sci5ce1 !re=e1 z we h said1 :ile x discloses to u ! mode ( in/rum5tality employ$ by ! ,deity1 conv9ces u1 m effectually ?an ev]1 ( ! impossibility ( conceiv+ ,god's actions by assimilat+ !m to our own4 #c4 ,! laws ( mat]ial nature1 su* z we h describ$ !m1 op]ate at all times1 & 9 all places2 affect e prov9ce ( ! univ]se1 & involve e relation ( its p>ts4 ,:]ev] ^! laws appe>1 we h a manife/ation ( ! intellig5ce by :i* !y 7 e/abli%$4 ,b a law supposes an ag5t1 & a p[]2 = x is ! mode accord+ to :i* ! ag5t proce$s1 ! ord] accord+ to :i* ! p[] acts4 ,)\t ! pres5ce ( su* an ag5t1 ( su* a p[]1 consci\s ( ! relations on :i* ! law dep5ds1 produc+ ! effects :i* ! law prescribes1 ! law c h no efficacy1 no exi/5ce4 ,h5ce we inf] t ! intellig5ce by :i* ! law is orda9$1 ! p[] by :i* x is put 9 action1 mu/ be pres5t at all times & 9 all places :]e ! effects ( ! law occur2 t ?us ! k & ! ag5cy ( ! ,div9e ,be+ p]vade e portion ( ! univ]se1 produc+ all action & passion1 all p]man5ce & *ange4 ,! laws ( nature are ! laws :i* he1 9 8 wisdom1 prescribes to 8 own acts2 8 univ]sal pres5ce is ! necess>y condition ( any c\rse ( ev5ts1 8 univ]sal ag5cy ! only orig9 ( any effici5t =ce4 ,?is view ( ! relation ( ! univ]se to ,god has be5 ent]ta9$ by _m ( ! mo/ em95t ( ^? :o h comb9$ ! consid]ation ( ! mat]ial _w ) ! contemplation ( ,god himself4 ,x may !re=e be ( use to illu/rate x by a few quotations1 & ! m s1 z we f9d ?is idea rem>kably dwelt ^u 9 ! works ( t writ] ^: religi\s views mu/ always h a peculi> int]e/ = ! cultivators ( physical sci5ce1 ! great ,newton4 ,?us1 9 ! obs]vations on ! nature ( ! ,deity ) :i* he closes ! 8,opticks10 he decl>es ! v>i\s portions ( ! _w1 organic & inorganic1 8c be ! effect ( no?+ else ?an ! wisdom & skill ( a p[]ful ev] liv+ ,ag5t1 :o be+ 9 all places1 is m able by 8 w to move ! bodies )9 8 b\ndless uni=m s5sorium1 & !reby to =m & re=m ! p>ts ( ! univ]se1 ?an we are by our w to move ! p>ts ( our own bodies40 ,& 9 ! ,s*olium at ! end ( ! 8,pr9cipia10 he says1 8,god is "o & ! same ,god always & e :]e4 ,he is omnipres5t1 n by means ( 8 virtue alone1 b also by 8 sub/ance1 = virtue _c subsi/ )\t sub/ance4 ,9 him all ?+s are conta9$1 & move1 b )\t mutual passion3 ,god is n act$ ^u by ! motions ( bodies2 & !y suff] no resi/ance f ! omnipres5ce ( ,god40 ,& he ref]s to sev]al passages confirmatory ( ?is view1 n only 9 ! ,scriptures1 b also 9 writ]s :o h& d[n to u ! op9ions ( "s ( ! mo/ philosophical ?9k]s ( ! pagan _w4 ,he does n disda9 to quote ! poets1 & among ! re/1 ! v]ses ( ,virgil2 ,pr9cipio clum ac t]ras camposque liqu5tes ,luc5temque globum lun1 ,titaniaque a/ra1 ,spiritus intus alit1 totamque infusa p] artus ,m5s agitat molem et magno se corpore miscet3 w>n+ 8 read]1 h[ev]1 aga9/ ! doctr9e :i* su* expressions z ^! are sometimes und]/ood to express4 8,all ^! ?+s he rules1 n z ! s\l ( ! _w1 b z ! ,"l ( all40 ,cl>ke1 ! fri5d & disciple ( ,newton1 is "o ( ^? :o has mo/ /r5u\sly put =w>ds ! op9ion ( :i* we are speak+1 8,all ?+s :i* we commonly say are ! effects ( ! natural p[]s ( matt] & laws ( motion1 are inde$ 7if we w speak /rictly & prop]ly17 ! effects ( ,god's act+ ^u matt] cont9ually & at e mom5t1 ei!r imm$iately by himself1 or m$iately by "s creat$ intellig5t be+4 ,consequ5tly !re is no su* ?+ z ! c\rse ( nature1 or ! p[] ( nature10 indep5d5t ( ! effects produc$ by ! w ( ,god4 ,dugald ,/ew>t has adopt$ & illu/rat$ ! same op9ion1 & quotes ) admiration ! well-kn[n passage ( ,pope1 conc]n+ ! ,div9e ,ag5cy1 :i* 8,lives ?r\gh all life1 ext5ds ?r\gh all ext5t1 ,spreads undivid$1 op]ates unsp5t40 ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 ) no less reasonabl5ess ?an *>ity1 ass]ts ! propriety ( int]pret+ su* passages accord+ to ! scope & _s ( ! reason+s ) :i* !y are connect$2#dd s9ce1 ?\gh by a capti\s read] !y might be associat$ ) errone\s views ( ! ,deity1 a m fav\rable con/ruction w (t5 see 9 !m only ! results ( ! necess>y imp]fection ( our language1 :5 we dwell ^u ! omnipres5ce & univ]sal activity ( ,god4 ,f9ally1 we may add t ! same op9ions /ill obta9 ! ass5t ( ! be/ philosoph]s & div9es ( our "t4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el says1 7,disc\rse on ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy1 p4 #cg47 8,we w\ld no way be und]/ood to d5y ! con/ant ex]cise ( ,8 direct p[] 9 ma9ta9+ ! sy/em ( nature2 or ! ultimate emanation1 ( e en]gy :i* mat]ial ag5ts ex]t1 f 8 imm$iate w1 act+ 9 con=mity ) 8 own laws40 ,& ! ,bi%op ( ,london1 9 a note to 8 8,s]mon on ! duty ( comb9+ religi\s in/ruction ) intellectual culture10 obs]ves1 8! /ud5t 9 natural philosophy w f9d re/ f all ^? p]plexities :i* are occasion$ by ! obscurity ( causation1 9 ! supposition1 :i* al?\gh x 0 discr$it$ by ! patronage ( ,malebran*e & ! ,c>tesians1 has be5 adopt$ by ,cl>ke & ,dugald ,/ew>t1 & :i* is by f> ! mo/ simple & sublime acc\nt ( ! matt]2 t all ! ev5ts1 :i* are cont9ually tak+ place 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 are ! imm$iate effects ( ! div9e ag5cy40 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,on ! ,impression produc$ by consid]+ ! ,nature & ,prospects ( ,sci5ce2 or1 on ! ,impossibility ( ! ,progress ( our ,k ev] enabl+ u to compreh5d ! ,nature ( ! ,deity4 ,if we 7 to /op at ! view pres5t$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 x might be suppos$ t--by consid]+ ,god z et]nal & omnipres5t1 consci\s ( all ! relations1 & ( all ! objects ( ! univ]se1 in/itut+ laws f\nd$ on ! contemplation ( ^! relations1 & c>ry+ ^! laws into effect by 8 imm$iate en]gy1--we _h atta9$ to a conception1 9 "s degree def9ite1 ( ! ,deity1 su* z natural philosophy leads u to conceive him4 ,b by re/+ 9 ?is mode ( conception1 we %\ld ov]look1 or at lea/ %\ld disconnect f our philosophical doctr9es1 all t mo/ int]e/s & affects u 9 ! "* ( ! ,creator & ,pres]v] ( ! _w2--namely1 t he is ! lawgiv] & judge ( our actions2 ! prop] object ( our pray] & adoration2 ! s\rce f :i* we may hope = moral /r5g? "h1 & = ! rew>d ( our ob$i5ce & ! elevation ( our nature 9 ano!r /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,we are v f> f believ+ t our philosophy alone c give u su* assurance ( ^! important tru?s z is requisite = our guidance & support2 b we ?9k t ev5 our physical philosophy w po9t out to u ! necessity ( proce$+ f> beyond t conception ( ,god1 :i* repres5ts him m]ely z ! m9d 9 :i* reside all ! contrivance1 law1 & en]gy ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,we believe t ! view ( ! univ]se :i* mod]n sci5ce has already op5$ to u1 comp>$ ) ! prospect ( :at %e has /ill to d 9 pursu+ ! pa? on :i* %e has j ent]$1 w %[ u h[ immeasurably inadequate su* a mode ( conception w\ld be3 & t if we take into our acc\nt1 z we mu/ 9 reason d1 all t ( :i* we h k & consci\sness1 & ( :i* we h z yet no sy/ematic sci5ce1 we %all be l$ to a conviction t ! ,creator & ,pres]v] ( ! mat]ial _w mu/ also conta9 9 him su* prop]ties & attributes z imply 8 moral "*1 & z fall 9 mo/ consi/5tly ) all t we le>n 9 any o!r way ( 8 provid5ce & hol9ess1 8 ju/ice & m]cy4 #a4 ,! sci5ces :i* h at pres5t acquir$ any consid]able degree ( complet5ess1 are ^? 9 :i* an ext5sive & v>i$ collection ( ph5om5a1 & _! proximate causes1 h be5 r$uc$ to a few simple g5]al laws4 ,su* are ,a/ronomy & ,me*anics1 & p]haps1 s f> z its physical conditions are conc]n$1 ,optics4 ,o!r portions ( human k c be consid]$ z p]fect sci5ces1 9 any /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 only :5 !y h assum$ ?is =m2 :5 ! v>i\s appe>ances :i* !y involve are r$uc$ to a few pr9ciples1 su* z ! laws ( motion & ! me*anical prop]ties ( ! lum9if]\s e!r4 ,if we c\ld trace ! endless v>ieties ( ! =ms ( cry/als1 & ! complicat$ results ( *emical composition1 to "s "o compreh5sive law necess>ily po9t+ out ! cry/all9e =m ( any giv5 *emical comp\nd1 ,m9]alogy w\ld become an exact sci5ce4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 we c sc>cely boa/ ( ! exi/5ce ( any o!r su* sci5ces ?an ^? :i* we at fir/ m5tion$3 & s f> !re=e z we attempt to give def9it5ess to our conception ( ! ,deity1 by consid]+ him z ! intellig5t deposit>y & executor ( laws ( nature1 we c subord9ate to su* a mode ( conception no portion ( ! creation1 save ! me*anical movem5ts ( ! univ]se1 & ! propagation & prop]ties ( light4 #b4 ,& if we attempt to argue conc]n+ ! nature ( ! laws & relations :i* gov]n ^? prov9ces ( creation :i!r our sci5ce has n yet rea*$1 by apply+ "s analogy borr[$ f cases :]e x has be5 successful1 we h no *ance ( atta9+ any except ! mo/ errone\s & wor?less guesses4 ,! hi/ory ( human speculations1 z well z ! nature ( ! objects ( !m1 %[s h[ c]ta9ly ?is mu/ happ54 ,! great g5]alizations :i* h be5 e/abli%$ 9 "o dep>tm5t ( our k1 h be5 appli$ 9 va9 to ! purpose ( ?r[+ light on ! o!r portions :i* /ill cont9ue 9 obscurity4 ,:5 ! ,newtonian philosophy _h expla9$ s _m me*anical facts1 by ! two great /eps1--( resolv+ ! action ( a :ole mass into ! actions ( its m9ute/ p>ticles1 & consid]+ ^! p>ticles z c5tres ( =ce1--attempts 7 naturally soon made to apply ! same mode ( explanation to facts ( o!r diff]5t k9ds4 ,x 0 conceiv$ t ! :ole ( natural philosophy mu/ consi/ 9 inve/igat+ ! laws ( =ce by :i* p>ticles ( diff]5t sub/ances attract$ & repell$1 & ?us produc$ motions1 or vibrations to & f ! p>ticles4 ,yet :at 7 ! next great discov]ies 9 physics8 ,! action ( a galvanic wire ^u a magnet2 :i* is n to attract or repel x1 b to turn x to ! "r & left2 to produce motion1 n to or f1 b transv]se to ! l9e drawn to ! act+ p>ticles2 & aga91 ! undulatory !ory ( light1 9 :i* x appe>$ t ! undulations mu/ n be longitud9al1 z all philosoph]s1 foll[+ ! analogy ( all cases previ\sly conceiv$1 _h1 at fir/1 suppos$ !m to be1 b transv]se to ! pa? ( ! ray4 ,"h1 ?\gh ! /ep f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n 0 comp>atively small1 :5 made conjecturally x 0 made 9 a direction v wide ( ! tru?4 ,h[ impossible !n mu/ x be to atta9 9 ?is mann] to any conception ( a law :i* %all help u to und]/& ! :ole gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se6 #c4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 9 ! laws ( ! lum9if]\s e!r1 & ( ! o!r fluid1 7if x be ano!r fluid7 by :i* galvanism & magnetism are connect$1 we h some?+ approa*+ ne>ly to me*anical action1 &1 possibly1 h]eaft] to be id5tifi$ ) x4 ,b we _c turn to any o!r "p ( our physical k1 )\t p]ceiv+ t ! gulf :i* sep>ates x f ! exact sci5ces is yet wid] & m obscure4 ,:o %all enunciate = u1 & 9 t]ms ( :at notions1 ! g5]al law ( *emical composition & decomposition8 sometimes inde$ we give ! "n ( attraction to ! aff9ity by :i* we suppose ! p>ticles ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts ( bodies to be aggregat$2 b no "o c po9t out any common feature betwe5 ?is & ! attractions ( :i* alone we "k ! exact effects4 ,he :o %all discov] ! true g5]al law ( ! =ces by :i* elem5ts =m comp\nds1 w probably advance z f> beyond ! discov]ies ( ,newton1 z ,newton w5t beyond ,ari/otle4 ,b :o %all say 9 :at direction ?is va/ flight %all be1 & :at new views x %all op5 to u ( ! mann] 9 :i* matt] obeys ! laws ( ! ,creator8 #d4 ,b suppose ?is flight p]=m$2--we are yet b at ! outset ( ! progress :i* mu/ c>ry u t[>ds ,him4 ,we h yet to beg9 to le>n all t we are to "k conc]n+ ! ultimate laws ( organiz$ bodies4 ,:at is ! pr9ciple ( life8 ,:at is ! rule ( t action ( :i* assimilation1 secretion1 developem5t1 are manife/ations8 & :i* appe>s to be f>!r remov$ f m]e *emi/ry ?an *emi/ry is f me*anics4 ,& :at aga9 is ! new pr9ciple1 z x seems to be1 :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! irritability ( an animal n]ve8 ! exi/5ce ( a s5se8 ,h[ diff]5t is ?is f all ! prec$+ notions6 ,no ef=ts c avoid or conceal ! va/ b inscrutable *asm4 ,^? !ori/s1 :o h ma9ta9$ mo/ /r5u\sly ! possibility ( trac+ ! ph5om5a ( animal life to ! influ5ce ( physical ag5ts1 h con/antly be5 oblig$ to suppose a mode ( ag5cy altoge!r diff]5t f any yet kn[n 9 physics4 ,?us ,lam>ck1 "o ( ! mo/ not$ ( su* speculators1 9 describ+ ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es1 says1 8,i 0 soon p]suad$ t ! int]nal s5tim5t con/itut$ a p[] :i* x 0 necess>y to take into acc\nt40 ,& ,bi*at1 ano!r writ] on ! same subject1 :ile he decl>es 8 diss5t f ,/ahl1 & ! e>li] speculators1 :o _h ref]r$ e ?+ 9 ! economy ( life to a s+le pr9ciple1 :i* !y call$ ! anima1 ! vital pr9ciple1 & s =?1 himself introduces sev]al pr9ciples1 or laws1 all utt]ly =eign to ! region ( physics2 namely1 organic s5sibility1 organic contractility1 animal s5sibility1 animal contractility1 & ! l4 ,suppos+ su* pr9ciples really to exi/1 h[ f> enl>g$ & *ang$ mu/ our views be be=e we c conceive ^! prop]ties1 includ+ ! faculty ( p]ception1 :i* !y imply1 to be produc$ by ! w & p[] ( "o supreme ,be+1 act+ by fix$ laws4 ,yet )\t conceiv+ ?is1 we _c conceive ! ag5cy ( t ,deity1 :o is incessantly ?us act+1 9 c\ntless millions ( =ms & modes4 ,h[ /rongly !n does sci5ce repres5t ,god to u z incompreh5sible6 8 attributes z unfa?omable6 ,8 p[]1 8 wisdom1 8 goodness1 appe> 9 ea* ( ! prov9ces ( nature :i* are ?us br\ght be=e u2 & 9 ea*1 ! m we /udy !m1 ! m impressive1 ! m admirable d !y appe>4 ,:5 !n we f9d ^! qualities manife/$ 9 ea* ( s _m successive ways1 & ea* manife/ation ris+ above ! prec$+ by unkn[n degrees1 & ?r\gh a progression ( unkn[n ext5t1 :at o!r language c we use conc]n+ su* attributes ?an t !y are inf9ite8 ,:at mode ( expression c ! mo/ cauti\s philosophy sugge/1 o!r ?an t ,he1 to :om we ?us endeav\r to approa*1 is inf9itely wise1 p[]ful1 & good8 #e4 ,b ) s5se & consci\sness ! hi/ory ( liv+ ?+s only beg9s4 ,!y h in/9cts1 affections1 passions1 w4 ,h[ entirely lo/ & bewild]$ d we f9d ourselves :5 we endeav\r to conceive ^! faculties communicat$ by means ( g5]al laws6 ,yet !y are s communicat$ f ,god1 & ( su* laws he is ! lawgiv]4 ,at :at an immeasurable int]val is he ?us plac$ above e ?+ :i* ! creation ( ! inanimate _w alone w\ld imply2 & h[ f> mu/ he transc5d all ideas f\nd$ on su* laws z we f9d !re6 #f4 ,b we h /ill to g fur!r & f> high]4 ,! _w ( reason & ( morality is a "p ( ! same creation1 z ! _w ( matt] & ( s5se4 ,! w ( man is sway$ by rational motives2 its work+s are inevitably comp>$ ) a rule ( action2 he has a consci5ce :i* speaks ( "r & wrong4 ,^! are laws ( man's nature no less ?an ! laws ( 8 mat]ial exi/5ce1 or 8 animal impulses4 ,yet :at entirely new conceptions d !y involve8 ,h[ incapable ( be+ resolv$ into1 or assimilat$ to1 ! results ( m]e matt]1 or m]e s5se6 ,moral good & evil1 m]it & dem]it1 virtue & depravity1 if ev] !y are ! subjects ( /rict sci5ce1 mu/ belong to a sci5ce :i* views ^! ?+s1 n ) ref]5ce to "t or space1 or me*anical causation1 n ) ref]5ce to fluid or e!r1 n]v\s irritability or corporeal feel+1 b to _! own prop] modes ( conception2 ) ref]5ce to ! relations ) :i* x is possible t ^! notions may be connect$1 & n to relations sugge/$ by o!r subjects ( a completely extrane\s & het]og5e\s nature4 ,& accord+ to su* relations mu/ ! laws ( ! moral _w be appreh5d$1 by any intellig5ce :i* contemplates !m at all4 ,!re c be no wid] int]val 9 philosophy ?an ! sep>ation :i* mu/ exi/ betwe5 ! laws ( me*anical =ce & motion1 & ! laws ( free moral action4 ,yet ! t5d5cy ( m5 to assume1 9 ! portions ( human k :i* are out ( _! rea*1 a simil>ity ( type to ^? ) :i* !y are famili>1 c leap ov] ev5 ?is int]val4 ,laplace has ass]t$ t 8an intellig5ce :i*1 at a giv5 in/ant1 %\ld "k all ! =ces by :i* nature is urg$1 & ! respective situation ( ! be+s ( :i* nature is compos$1 if1 moreov]1 x 7 suffici5tly compreh5sive to subject ^! data to calculation1 w\ld include 9 ! same =mula1 ! movem5ts ( ! l>ge/ bodies ( ! univ]se & ^? ( ! slighte/ atom4 ,no?+ w\ld be unc]ta9 to su* an intellig5ce1 & ! future1 no less ?an ! pa/1 w\ld be pres5t to its eyes40 ,if we speak m]ely ( me*anical actions1 ?is may1 p]haps1 be assum$ to be an admissible repres5tation ( ! nature ( _! connexion 9 ! sight ( ! supreme intellig5ce4 ,b to ! re/ ( :at passes 9 ! _w1 su* language is altoge!r inapplicable4 ,a =mula is a brief mode ( d5ot+ a rule ( calculat+ 9 :i* numb]s are to be us$3 & num]ical measures are applicable only to ?+s ( :i* ! relation dep5d on "t & space4 ,by su* elem5ts1 9 su* a mode1 h[ are we to e/imate happ9ess & virtue1 ?\ght & w8 ,to speak ( a =mula ) reg>d to su* ?+s1 w\ld be to assume t _! laws mu/ ne$s take ! %ape ( ^? laws ( ! mat]ial _w :i* our intellect mo/ fully compreh5ds4 ,a m absurd & unphilosophical assumption we c h>dly imag9e4 ,we conceive1 !re=e1 t ! laws by :i* ,god gov]ns 8 moral creatures1 reside 9 8 m9d1 inve/$ ) t k9d ( g5]ality1 :atev] x be1 ( :i* su* laws are capable2 b ( ! "* ( su* g5]al laws1 we "k no?+ m c]ta9ly ?an ?is1 t x mu/ be altoge!r diff]5t f ! "* ( ^? laws :i* regulate ! mat]ial _w4 ,! inevitable necessity ( su* a total diff]5ce is sugge/$ by ! analogy ( all ! k :i* we possess & all ! conceptions :i* we c =m4 ,&1 accord+ly1 no p]sons1 except ^? ^: m9ds h be5 biass$ by "s peculi> habit or c\rse ( ?\ght1 are likely to run into ! confusion & p]plexity :i* are produc$ by assimilat+ too closely ! gov]nm5t & direction ( volunt>y ag5ts to ! production ( tra9s ( me*anical & physical ph5om5a4 ,9 :atev] mann] volunt>y & moral ag5cy dep5d ^u ! ,supreme ,be+1 x mu/ be 9 "s su* way t !y /ill cont9ue to be> ! "* ( w1 action1 & morality4 ,&1 ?\gh too exclusive an att5tion to mat]ial ph5om5a may sometimes h made physical philosoph]s bl9d to ?is manife/ diff]5ce1 x has be5 cle>ly se5 & pla9ly ass]t$ by ^? :o h tak5 ! mo/ compreh5sive views ( ! nature & t5d5cy ( sci5ce4 8,i believe10 says ,bacon1 9 8 ,confession ( ,fai?1 8t1 at ! fir/ ! s\l ( man 0 n produc$ by heav5 or e>?1 b 0 brea!d imm$iately f ,god2 s t ! ways & proce$+s ( ,god ) spirits are n includ$ 9 nature2 t is 9 ! laws ( heav5 & e>?2 b are res]v$ to ! law ( 8 secret w & grace2 :]e9 ,god worke? /ill1 & re/e? n f ! "w ( r$emption1 z he re/e? f ! "w ( creation2 b cont9ue? work+ to ! end ( ! _w40 ,we may be p]mitt$ to obs]ve "h1 t1 :5 ,bacon has ?us to speak ( ,god's deal+s ) 8 moral creatures1 he does n take 8 phraseology f ^? sci5ces :i* c (f] none b false & delusive analogies2 b helps out ! inevitable scant9ess ( our human k1 by words borr[$ f a s\rce m fitt$ to supply our imp]fections4 ,our natural speculations _c c>ry u to ! ideas ( 8grace0 & 8r$emption20 b 9 ! wide blank :i* !y leave1 ( all t conc]ns our hopes ( ! ,div9e support & fav\r1 ! ine/imable k :i* revelation1 z we conceive1 gives u1 f9ds ample room & appropriate place4 #g4 ,yet ev5 9 ! view ( our moral con/itution :i* natural reason gives1 we may trace laws t imply a p]sonal relation to our ,creator4 ,h[ c we avoid consid]+ t z a true view ( man's be+ & place1 )\t :i*1 8 be/ faculties are nev] fully develop$1 8 noble/ en]gies nev] call$ out1 8 highe/ po9t ( p]fection nev] rea*$8 ,)\t ! ?\ght ( a ,god ov] all1 sup]9t5d+ our actions1 approv+ our virtues1 transc5d+ our highe/ conceptions ( good1 man w\ld nev] rise to ^? high] regions ( moral excell5ce :i* we "k him to be capable ( atta9+4 8,to d5y a ,god10 aga9 says ! great philosoph]1 8de/roys magnanimity & ! rais+ ( human nature2 = take an example ( a dog1 & m>k :at a g5]osity & c\rage he w put on1 :5 he f9ds himself ma9ta9$ by a man2 :o1 to him1 is in/ead ( a ,god1 or melior natura3 :i* c\rage is manife/ly su*1 z t creature1 )\t t confid5ce ( a bett] nature ?an 8 own1 c\ld nev] atta94 ,s man1 :5 he re/e? & assure? himself ^u div9e protection & fav\r1 ga!re? a =ce & fai?1 :i* human nature c\ld n obta94 ,!re=e1 z a!ism is 9 all respects hateful1 s 9 ?is1 t x deprive? human nature ( ! means to exalt itself above human frailty40#de ,su* a law1 !n1 ( ref]5ce to a ,supremely ,good ,be+1 is impress$ ^u our nature1 z ! condition & means ( its highe/ moral advancem5t4 ,& /range inde$ x w\ld be if we %\ld suppose1 t 9 a sy/em :]e all besides indicates purpose & design1 ?is law %\ld proce$ f no su* orig92 & no less inconceivable1 t su* a law1 purposely impress$ ^u man to purify & elevate 8 nature1 %\ld delude & deceive him4 #h4 ,no?+ rema9s1 !re=e1 b t ! ,creator1 :o1 = purposes t ev5 we c see to be wise & good1 has impress$ ^u man ?is t5d5cy to look to him = support1 = advancem5t1 = su* happ9ess z is reconcileable ) hol9ess2--to believe him to be ! union ( all p]fection1 ! highe/ po9t ( all intellectual & moral excell5ce2--,,is1 9 reality1 su* a gu>dian & judge1 su* a good1 & wise1 & p]fect ,be+1 z we ?us irresi/ibly conceive him4 ,x w\ld inde$ be extravagant to ass]t t ! imag9ation ( ! creature1 itself ! "w ( ,god1 c inv5t a high] po9t ( goodness1 ( ju/ice1 ( hol9ess1 ?an ! ,creator himself possesses3 t ! ,et]nal ,m9d1 f :om our notions ( good & "r are d]iv$1 is n himself direct$ by ! rules :i* ^! notions imply4 ,x is difficult to dwell /eadily on su* ?\ghts4 ,b !y w at lea/ s]ve to confirm ! view :i* x 0 our object to illu/rate2 namely1 h[ incomp>ably ! nature ( ,god mu/ be elevat$ above any conceptions :i* our natural reason enables u to =m2 & we h be5 l$ to ^! reflections1 x w be recollect$1 by foll[+ ! clue ( :i* sci5ce gave u ! beg9n+4 ,! ,div9e ,m9d mu/ be conceiv$ by u z ! seat ( ^? laws ( nature :i* we h discov]$4 ,x mu/ be no less ! seat ( ^? laws :i* we h n yet discov]$1 ?\gh ^! may & mu/ be ( a "* f> diff]5t f any ?+ we c guess4 ,! ,supreme ,intellig5ce mu/ !re=e conta9 ! laws1 ea* accord+ to _! true dep5d5ce1 ( organic life1 ( s5se1 ( animal impulse1 & mu/ conta9 also ! purpose & int5t = :i* ^! p[]s 7 put 9 play4 ,b ! ,gov]n+ ,m9d mu/ compreh5d also ! laws ( ! responsible creatures :i* ! _w conta9s1 & mu/ ent]ta9 ! purposes = :i* _! responsible ag5cy 0 giv5 !m4 ,x mu/ include ^! laws & purposes1 connect$ by means ( ! notions1 :i* responsibility implies1 ( des]t & rew>d1 ( moral excell5ce 9 v>i\s degrees1 & ( well-be+ z associat$ ) "r do+4 ,all ! laws :i* gov]n ! moral _w are expressions ( ! ?\ght & int5tions ( our ,supreme ,rul]4 ,all ! contrivances = moral no less ?an = physical good1 = ! peace ( m9d1 & o!r rew>ds ( virtue1 = ! elevation & purification ( individual "*1 = ! civilization & ref9em5t ( /ates1 _! advancem5t 9 intellect & virtue1 = ! diffusion ( good1 & ! repression ( evil2 all ! bless+s t wait on p]sev]ance & en]gy 9 a good cause2 on unqu5*able love ( mank9d1 & unconqu]able devot$ness to tru?2 on purity & self-d5ial2 on fai?1 hope1 & *>ity2--all ^! ?+s are indications ( ! "*1 w1 & future int5tions ( t ,god1 ( :om we h endeav\r$ to track ! foot/eps ^u e>?1 & to %[ 8 h&iwork 9 ! heav5s4 8,?is ,god is our ,god1 = ev] & ev]40 ,& if1 9 endeav\r+ to trace ! t5d5cies ( ! va/ labyr9? ( laws by :i* ! univ]se is gov]n$1 we are sometimes lo/ & bewild]$1 & c sc>ce1 or n at all1 disc]n ! l9e by :i* pa91 & sorr[1 & vice fall 9 ) a s*eme direct$ to ! /ricte/ "r & greate/ good1 we yet f9d no room to fa9t or falt]2 kn[+ t ^! are ! d>ke/ & mo/ tangl$ recesses ( our k2 t into !m sci5ce has z yet ca/ no ray ( light2 t 9 !m reason has z yet caught sight ( no g5]al law by :i* we may securely hold3 :ile1 9 ^? regions :]e we c see cle>ly1 :]e sci5ce has ?r[n h] /ronge/ illum9ation ^u ! s*eme ( creation2 :]e we h _h display$ to u ! g5]al laws :i* give rise to all multif>i\s v>iety ( p>ticul> facts2--we f9d all full wisdom1 & h>mony1 & beauty3 & all ?is wise selection ( means1 ?is h>moni\s comb9ation ( laws1 ?is beautiful symmetry ( relations1 direct$1 ) no exception :i* human inve/igation has yet discov]$1 to ! pres]vation1 ! diffusion1 ! well-be+ ( ^? liv+ ?+s1 :i*1 ?\gh ( _! nature we "k s little1 we _c d\bt to be ! wor?ie/ objects ( ! ,creator's c>e4 ,,f9is4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,l\don1 ,encyclopdia ( ,g>d5+1 #hdh4 #b ,dec4 ,phys4 vol4 ii4 #dgh4 #c ,flem+1 ,zool4 i4 #djj4 #d ,rapports du ,physique et du ,moral de l',homme1 ,,ii4 #cga4 #e ,x w be obs]v$ t x is n "h ass]t$ t ! diff]5ce ( native products dep5ds on ! diff]5ce ( climate alone4 #f ,! resemblance consi/s 9 ?is2 t we h a /rip ( great] temp]ature accompani$ by a /rip ( small] temp]ature1 ^! /rips aris+ f ! diurnal & nocturnal impressions respectively1 & be+ 9 motion2 z 9 ! waves on a canal1 we h a mov+ /rip ( great] elevation accompani$ by a /rip ( small] elevation4 ,we d n "h ref] to any hypo!tical undulations 9 ! fluid matt] ( heat4 #g ,l\don1 #abai4 #h ,l\don1 #abad4 #i ,man*e/] ,memoirs1 v4 #ceg4 #aj ,h[>d on ! climate ( ,london1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #baf1 #bag4 #aa ,daniell1 ,meteor4 ,ess4 p4 #ef4 #ab ,daniell4 p4 #abi4 #ac ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahba4 #ad ,mr4 ,g\gh 9 ,man*4 ,mem4 vol4 v4 #ae ,! read] :o is acqua9t$ ) ! two !ories ( light1 w p]ceive t ?\gh we h adopt$ ! doctr9e ( ! e!r1 ! great] "p ( ! argum5ts adduc$ w\ld be equally =cible1 if express$ 9 ! language ( ! !ory ( emission4 #af ,or r ?r\gh ! focal c5tre ( ! eye1 :i* is always ne> ! c5tre ( ! pupil4 #ag ,laplace1 ,expos4 du ,sy/4 du ,monde1 p4 #dda4 #ah ,9 ?is /atem5t ( ,laplace1 h[ev]1 "o rem>kable provision = ! /ability ( ! sy/em is n notic$4 ,! planets ,m]cury & ,m>s1 :i* h mu* ! l>ge/ ecc5tricities among ! old planets1 are ^? ( :i* ! masses are mu* ! smalle/4 ,! mass ( ,jupit] is m ?an two ?\s& times t ( ei!r ( ^! planets4 ,if ! orbit ( ,jupit] 7 z ecc5tric z t ( ,m]cury is1 all ! security = ! /ability ( ! sy/em1 :i* analysis has yet po9t$ out1 w\ld disappe>4 ,! e>? & ! small] planets might 9 t case *ange _! approximately circul> orbits into v long ellipses1 & ?us might fall into ! sun1 & fly (f into remote space4 ,x is fur!r rem>kable t 9 ! newly discov]$ planets1 ( :i* ! orbits are /ill m ecc5tric ?an t ( ,m]cury1 ! masses are /ill small]1 s t ! same provision is e/abli%$ 9 ?is case also4 ,x does n appe> t any ma!matician has ev5 attempt$ to po9t out a necess>y connexion betwe5 ! mass ( a planet & ! ecc5tricity ( its orbit on any hypo!sis4 ,may we n !n consid] ?is comb9ation ( small masses ) l>ge ecc5tricities1 s important to ! purposes ( ! _w1 z a m>k ( provid5t c>e 9 ! ,creator8 #ai ,! ecc5tricity ( a planet's orbit is measur$ by tak+ ! proportion ( ! diff]5ce ( ! greate/ & lea/ di/ances f ! sun1 to ! sum ( ! same di/ances4 ,m]cury's greate/ & lea/ di/ances are z two & ?ree2 8 ecc5tricity1 !re=e1 is "o-fif?4 #bj ,! /ability ( ! axis ( rotation ab\t :i* ! e>? revolves1 has sometimes be5 adduc$ z an in/ance ( pres]vative c>e4 ,! /ability1 h[ev]1 w\ld foll[ necess>ily1 if ! e>?1 or its sup]ficial p>ts1 7 orig9ally fluid2 & t !y 7 s is an op9ion widely receiv$1 bo? among a/ronom]s & geologi/s4 ,! orig9al fluidity ( ! e>? is probably a circum/ance dep5d+ ^u ! g5]al s*eme ( creation2 & _c ) propriety be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to "o p>ticul> result4 ,we %all !re=e omit any fur!r consid]ation ( ?is argum5t4 #ba ,airy on ,encke's ,comet1 p4 #a1 note4 #bb ,pr9cipia1 b4 iii4 prop4 x4 #bc ,paley4 #bd ,if ! ,laws ( ,motion are /at$ z ?ree1 :i* we conceive to be ! true view ( ! subject1 ! o!r two1 z appli$ 9 me*anical reason+s1 are ! foll[+3 ,second ,law4 ,:5 a =ce acts on a body 9 motion1 x produces ! same effect z if ! same =ce act$ on a body at re/4 ,?ird ,law4 ,:5 a =ce ( ! nature ( pressure produces motion1 ! velocity produc$ is proportional to ! =ce1 o!r ?+s be+s equal4 #be ,?\gh ,friction is n conc]n$ 9 any cosmical ph5om5a1 we h ?\ght ?is ! prop] place to introduce ! consid]ation ( x2 s9ce ! contra/ betwe5 ! cases 9 :i* x does act1 & ^? 9 :i* x does n1 is be/ illu/rat$ by a comp>ison ( cosmical ) t]re/rial motions4 #bf ,butl]1 ,s]m4 #c4 #bg ,mll]1 ,infusoria1 ,preface4 #bh ,monas4 ,mll]4 ,cuvi]4 #bi ,volvox4 #cj ,vibrio4 ,mll]4 ,cuvi]4 #ca ,dupuis4 ,orig9e des ,cultes4 #cb ,h]s*el on ! ,/udy ( ,nat4 ,phil4 ,art4 #bh4 #cc ,amici me cunctantem atque etiam reluctantem1 retrax]unt1 int] quos primus fuit ,nicolaus ,s*onb]gius1 ,c>d9alis ,capuanus1 9 omni g5]e lit]atum celebris2 proximus ille vir mei amantissimus ,tidemannus ,gisius1 episcopus ,culm5sis1 sacr>um ut e/ et omnium bon>um lit]>um /udiosissimus4--,de ,revolutionibus4 ,prf4 ad ,paulum ,,iii4 #cd ,lib4 i4 cx4 #ce ,p5ses1 ,art4 viii4 #a4 #cf ,?omson's ,hi/4 ( ,*emi/ry1 vol4 i4 #cba4 #cg ,man*4 ,mem4 vol4 v4 p4 #cdf4 #ch 8,s9ce all reason+ may be resolv$ into syllogisms1 & s9ce 9 a syllogism ! premises d virtually ass]t ! conclusion1 x foll[s at once1 t no tru? c be elicit$ by any process ( reason+40--,:ately's ,logic1 p4 #bbc4 ,ma!matics is ! logic ( quantity1 & to ?is sci5ce ! obs]vation "h quot$ is /rictly applicable4 #ci ,a l'intrieur le m9i/re ,qu9ette fut remplac p> ,laplace1 gomtre du premi] rang1 mais qui ne t>da pas se montr] adm9i/rateur plus que mdiocre3 des son premi] travail les consuls s'ap]ur5t qu'ils s'tai5t tromps3 ,laplace ne saisissait aucune "q s\s son vrai po9t de vue3 il *]*ait des subtilits p>t\t1 n'avait que des ides problmatiques1 et portait enf9 l'esprit des inf9im5t petits dans l'adm9i/ration4--,mmoires crits ,/e ,hlne1 i4 #c4 #dj ,il semble que la nature ait t\t dispos dans le ciel1 p\r assur] la dure du sy/me plantaire1 p> des vues semblables celles qu'elle n\s p>ait suivre si admirablem5t sur la t]re1 p\r la cons]vation des individus et la p]ptuit des espces4--,sy/4 du ,monde1 p4 #ddb4 #da ,rapports du ,physique et du ,moral de l',homme1 i4 #bii4 #db ,de ,augm5t4 ,sc4 ii4 #aje4 #dc ,h]s*el on ! ,/udy ( ,nat4 ,phil4 ,art4 #bh4 #dd ,elem4 ( ,phil4 ii4 p4 #bgc4 #de ,bacon4 ,essay on ,a!ism4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,pg #dg3 #8a sl5d> /alk' replac$ by #8a sl5d] /alk'4 ,pg #dh3 #8animal moti\s' replac$ by #8animal motions'4 ,pg #ed3 #8! ra+age' replac$ by #8! ra9 gauge'4 ,pg #fg3 #8by ,f\rri]1 &' replac$ by #8by ,f\ri]1 &'4 ,pg #fi3 #8w\ld dim99i%' replac$ by #8w\ld dim9i%'4 ,pg #gb3 #8is obvitat$ by' replac$ by #8is obviat$ by'4 ,pg #ha3 #8?an #a-ajj;d? to' replac$ by #8?an #a-ajj? to'4 ,pg #aca3 #8are nealy circul>' replac$ by #8are ne>ly circul>'4 ,pg #aci3 #8by "o anomally' replac$ by #8by "o anomaly'4 ,pg #aec3 #8w\ld loose its' replac$ by #8w\ld lose its'4 ,pg #agd3 #8a memoir entit$' replac$ by #8a memoir entitl$'4 ,pg #agd3 #8volocity1 9' replac$ by #8velocity1 9'4 ,pg #agh3 #8effects take take place' replac$ by #8effects take place'4 ,pg #aif3 #8& & ,director (' replac$ by #8& ,director ('4 ,pg #bjj3 #8= = h] "y' replac$ by #8= h] "y'4 ,pg #bje3 #89 8 puposes' replac$ by #89 8 purposes'4 ,pg #bbd3 #8?us irremoveably' replac$ by #8?us irremovably'4 ,pg #bbh3 #8( kn[lege &' replac$ by #8( k &'4 ,pg #bei3 #8& no o!wise' replac$ by #8& n o!rwise'4