,illu/ration3 ,an?ropoid ,s>cophagus1 or ,c>tonnage ,dead ,m5 ,tell ,tales by ,,h>ry ,,rimm]1 ,d4 ,d41 ,sc4 ,d4 ,) #cg ,plate ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text ,elev5? ,edition ,wm4 ,b4 ,e]dmans ,publi%+ ,co4 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*igan ,dead ,m5 ,tell ,tales ,,by ,,h>ry ,,rimm]1 ,d4,d41 ,,sc4,d4 ,copyright #aici by ,rese>* ,sci5ce ,bureau1 ,incorporat$ ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,all rights 9 ?is book are res]v$ ,no "p ( ! book may be reproduc$ 9 any mann] :atsoev] )\t writt5 p]mission4 ,= in=mation address ! publi%]s4 ,,elev5? ,,edition ,,=eword ,9 an old] g5]ation1 especially among ! writ]s ( ! m lurid types ( fiction1 x 0 an accept$ axiom t 8,dead m5 tell no tales60 ,b ?is 0 be=e ! great era ( mod]n ar*eology _h impress$ its f9d+s on ! g5]al public1 & inde$ be=e mo/ ( ^? discov]ies _h be5 made4 ,our g5]ation kn[s bett]4 ,dead m5 d tell tales1 & m>vel\s & wond]ful are ! /ories !y br+ to u4 ,by means ( an ar*eological resurrection1 ! great m5 ( antiquity are ) u aga94 ,once m we he> ! acc\nts ( _! fasc9at+ lives & adv5tures1 & read aga9 ! records ( _! culture4 ,! tongueless tombs ( ! di/ant pa/ h sudd5ly become vocal1 & ?is mighty *orus ( ! dead great has =c$ u to revise _m ( our once *]i%$ op9ions4 ,n[h]e is ?is m /rik+ly true ?an 9 ! case ( ! co9cid5ce ( ^! old ages ) ! page ( ! ,holy ,bible4 ,! ri*e/ f9ds ( ar*eology come to u f ! v p]iods ( hi/ory t are dealt ) 9 ! pages ( ,holy ,writ1 & names t 7 kn[n only f ! record ( ! ,scripture are n[ ! common possession ( ! s*ol>ly _w4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case1 t we h a new te*nique ( ,bible /udy 9 our day4 ,j z ! microscope is ! in/rum5t = ! /udy ( biology1 & ! spectroscope has become ! means ( /udy 9 physics1 s ! ,bible is be/ read today 9 ! light t is reflect$ ^u its pages f ! blade ( a spade6 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is int5d$ to apply to ! hi/orical sections ( ! ,book1 & ref]s to ! problem ( its au!nticity & hi/oricity4 ,x /ill rema9s true t spiritual und]/&+ ( its message c be d]iv$ only f /udy t is sup]vis$ & direct$ by ! ,holy ,_s4 ,?is volume1 ! f\r? 9 ! promis$ s]ies to be kn[n z ! 8,,john ,,laur5ce ,,fro/ ,,memorial ,,libr>y0 w deal ) "s ( ^? fasc9at+ discov]ies t be> p>ticul>ly on ! problem ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! succe$+ & companion volume1 :i* w be entitl$ 8,cry+ ,/ones10 w deal 9 l mann] ) ! records ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! mat]ial conta9$ 9 ?is apologetic is d]iv$ f v>i\s s\rces4 ,mu* ( x came f records 9 ! fam$ ,briti% ,museum1 9 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,?is m>vel\s /oreh\se ( treasure f ! mo/ remote antiquity is ! greate/ collection ( evid5ce be>+ ^u ^! que/ions1 t is at pres5t 9 ! possession ( man4 ,!re is sc>cely a section ( ! ,bible t does n receive "s au!ntication f ! limitless weal? ( ?is noble treasury4 ,a great deal ( ! rema9d] ( ?is in=mation & pro( has be5 d]iv$ f o!r museums1 su* z ! ,egyptian ,museum at ,cairo1 ,egypt1 & ! ,museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,mu* ( ! cont5ts ( ?is book has come f ! excavations n[ 9 progress 9 ,egypt1 & f ! ru9s at ,sakk>a1 ,luxor1 ,k>nak1 ,iraq1 & o!r c5t]s ( pres5t activity4 ,! e>? seems eag] inde$ to (f] its treasures ( pro( conc]n+ ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,! au?or is especially grateful = ! help accord$ to him 9 ,egypt by ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,erian ,b\tros ( ,cairo1 & by c]ta9 (ficials ( ! ,egyptian gov]nm5t1 *ief ( :om 9 helpfulness 0 ,m4 ,abdul ,nabi1 & ! ,egyptian ,t\ri/ ,bureau1 ^: graci\s ef=ts on our behalf won u _m privileges f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,antiquities4 ,! illu/rations us$ 9 ?is volume are l>gely f ! au?or's own photographs ( exhibits & evid5ces1 made by him & pres5t$ ) ! assurance t !y are n ret\*$ or alt]$ 9 any mann]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 /udies & travels 9 se>* ( ?is mat]ial1 he made hundr$s ( negatives1 only a few ( :i* appe> 9 ?is "w4 ,! exceptions to ?is are not$ :]e !y appe>4 ,! z9c et*+s are made f orig9al draw+s by ,miss ,elizabe? ,elv]hoy f our photographs1 & are au!ntic 9 all details4 ,we h& y n[ ,tales ( ,dead ,m51 r5d]$ by ,m5 ,long ,dead1 z !y unconsci\sly accr$it ! sacr$ page ( ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,if y h a ti! ( ! pleasure & pr(it 9 ! read+ ( ^! pages t we h exp]i5c$ 9 ! ga!r+ ( _! cont5ts1 we %all be repaid = ! labor involv$4 ,,cont5ts ,*apt] ,i ,! ,premise ,/at$ #ac ,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,tides ( ,culture #cg ,*apt] ,,iii ,conv]g+ ,/reams ( ,revelation & ,hi/ory #ee ,*apt] ,,iv ,mod]n ,sci5ce & ! ,t5 ,plagues ( ,egypt #he ,*apt] ,v ,s\rces #abe ,*apt] ,,vi ,fragm5ts #afc ,*apt] ,,vii ,! ,rebir? ( an ,empire #aie ,*apt] ,,viii ,! ,resurrection ( ,edom #bbe ,*apt] ,,ix ,! ,braz5 ,%ields ( ,rehoboam #bdg ,*apt] ,x ,m+l$ ,voices #bfi ,*apt] ,,xi ,v9dication ( ,daniel #cag ,bibliography #cdi ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,an?ropoid ,s>cophagus1 or ,c>tonnage ,frontispiece ,egyptians at a w9e orgy ,fac+ ,page #cb ,crude hi]oglyphics on an anci5t /atue #cc ,example ( embelli%$ /atue #dj ,colossi at ,luxor #da ,! ,%elt]$ ,wife #da ,khnum & ,?o? 9 ,creation ,tradition #ef ,colossi ( ,k>nak #fd ,colossi ( ,luxor #fd ,colossi ( ,am5-,hetep ,,iii gu>d+ ,valley ( ,k+s #fe ,at ,tomb ( ,tutanhkam5 #fe ,op5 burial #gb ,mural f an anci5t tomb3 ,but*]s at "w #gc ,! god ,hapi draw+ ! ,two ,k+doms into "o #gc ,mace-head 9 ,briti% ,museum #abh ,cunei=m writ+ & sculpture on /one weapon #abi ,anci5t seals depict+ hi/oric ev5ts #acf ,section ( fun]>y papyrus1 %[+ progress ( ! s\l #acg ,h]ds ( cattle1 su* z ,hyksos k+s possess$ #afj ,anci5t mural3 ,slaught] ( cattle #afa ,papyrus %[+ capture ( quail #afa ,c>tonnage 9 ! an?ropoid s>cophagus #afh ,outside & inside writ+s & decorations on an?ropoid s>cophagus #afi ,detail$ /udy ( outside & inside ( an?ropoid c(f9 #agf ,outside ( rectangul> c(f9 cov]$ ) writ+s #agf ,murals & frescoes f tomb walls #agg ,commemorative /ele #ahd ,anci5t b\nd>y m>k]s #ahe ,/one ou*es1 or door-sockets #aib ,! fam$ ,black ,obelisk1 :i* confirm$ record ( ,jehu #aic ,hama? inscription #aie ,small ivory lion f ,ahab's palace #bjj ,fragm5t>y frieze %[+ anci5t *>iots #bja ,hittite inscription #bjh ,egyptian fun]>y papyri #bji ,monum5ts ( ,petra1 %[+ ru9s f "o direction #baf ,monum5ts ( ,petra1 look+ 9 opposite direction #bag ,! r\gh approa* to ,petra #bdj ,approa*+ ,petra by way ( ! ma9 siq #bda 8,el ,kahzne01 ! ,temple ( ! ,urn #bdh ,build+ c>v$ f liv+ /one #bdi ,el ,deir #bef ,additional view ( ,el ,deir #beg ,en r\te to ! 8,high ,place0 #bfd ,! ,alt> ( ,sacrifice #bfe ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,premise ,/at$ ,9 ! romantic vocabul>y ( ! tw5tie? c5tury few words are m pot5t to ar\se ! int]e/ ( ! av]age man ?an ! fasc9at+ ^w 8ar*eology40 ,a flood ( volumes has come =? f ! press ( our g5]ation cov]+ almo/ e phase ( ?is n[ popul> sci5ce4 ,aft] "o hundr$ ye>s ( /eady plodd+ & det]m9$ digg+1 ?is s*ool ( rese>* has at la/ come into its own & today occupies des]v$ prom95ce 9 ! _w ( curr5t lit]ature4 ,?is sci5ce1 :i* deals exclusively ) dead races & ! records ( _! conduct is1 to _m1 ! mo/ fasc9at+ field ( inve/igation at pres5t op5 to ! inquir+ m9d ( man4 ,no?+ is ( su* int]e/ to ! human z is humanity4 ,! /udy ( ! life & record ( our own k9d rightly means m to u ?an c mo/ o!r subjects4 ,b ! true appreciation ( ! value ( ! contribution ( ar*eology to our mod]n le>n+ c be appreciat$ only by ^? :o grasp an out/&+ fact t %\ld be self-app>5t1 b is s (t5 ov]look$3 ,namely1 ^! records d]iv$ f mu/y tombs & burial m\nds con/itute ! daily ev5ts 9 ! lives ( human be+s6 ,! folks :o left ^! records 7 ord9>y p su* z make up ! nations ( ! e>? today4 ,!y are n m]ely names on tablets or faces c>v$ 9 /one4 ,!y 7 actual fle%-&-blood individuals ) all t ?is implies4 ,9 h\rs ( m]rim5t !y laugh$1 & !y %$ te>s 9 mom5ts ( sorr[4 ,!y hung]$1 & ate = satisfaction2 !y drank :5 !y 7 ?ir/y4 ,!y lov$ & !y hat$2 !y liv$ & !y di$4 ,pleasure & pa9 7 _! alt]nat+ companions1 :ile ambition1 aspiration1 & hope drove !m on ! endless r\nd ( _! daily tasks4 ,9 a ^w1 !y 7 real4 ,_! life 0 z important to !m z is y\r life1 & !y liv$ x 9 mu* ! same way4 ,!re=e1 ! records writt5 by humans & /udi$ by _! k9d1 :o n[ live ^! ?\s&s ( ye>s lat]1 con/itute ! s\rce ( ! mo/ human sci5ce ) :i* our g5]ation has to deal4 ,! contributions ( ar*eology h rea*$ almo/ e bran* ( /udy1 b to no p>ticul> gr\p ( p h !y be5 m timely & valuable ?an to /ud5ts ( ! ,bible4 ,! ho>y antiquity ( ! ,book :i* has be5 receiv$ 9 e g5]ation by ! intellig5t & ! disc]n+ z ! ,^w ( ,god1 has its roots 9 ! same g5]ations t ar*eology is inve/igat+ today4 ,x is inevitable t mu* ( ! mat]ial be+ recov]$ by mod]n excavations %all h important be>+ ^u ! v>i\s que/ions skepticism may raise conc]n+ ! text ( ! ,scripture4 ,to ! op5-m9d$ s*ol> :o approa*es ?is subject )\t prejudice1 ! sci5ce ( ar*eology has a tw(old contribution to make4 ,"s ( ! evid5ces d]iv$ f digg+ are 7a7 ( incalculable value 9 illum9at+ ! text ( ! ,scripture1 & are 7b7 equally priceless :5 view$ z a body ( indisputable evid5ce4 ,"u ?is latt] head+ ! pro(s w\ld come into f\r classifications3 #a4 ,! hi/oricity ( ! text #b4 ,! accuracy ( ! acc\nt #c4 ,! au!nticity ( ! record #d4 ,! inspiration ( ! :ole ,by way ( illu/rat+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,scripture may be illum9$ by ! f9d+s ( ar*eology1 we w\ld introduce a semi-humor\s & p>tially tragic ev5t t occurr$ 9 ! dim & di/ant days ( our own e>li] /udies4 ,dur+ a %ort t]m sp5t at a well kn[n ,cali=nia college1 we 7 specializ+ 9 ! field ( hi/ory4 ,! tea*] ( ?is c\rse1 ,pr(essor ,ros5b]g]1 0 "o ( ! able/ p$agogues :o ev] wa/$ h] life 9 ! m or less important task ( tea*+ a ris+ g5]ation h[ to ?9k6 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ few weeks 9 a class 9 ,engli% hi/ory1 %e in=m$ ! /ud5t gr\p t ! foll[+ day we w\ld be privileg$ to h a te/ 9 ?is p>ticul> subject4 ,:5 ! class ga!r$ = ! happy ev5t1 !re 7 tw5ty que/ions writt5 on ! bo>d :i* 7 to con/itute our exam9ation4 ,! fir/ "q 0 some?+ l ?is1 8,:at new treaty _h j be5 sign$ betwe5 ,france & ,spa9 at ?is p>ticul> p]iod80 ,! next "q _h to d ) ! political commitm5ts ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,! ?ird "q took u into ! ,g]manic /ates1 & 9 all ( ! tw5ty que/ions n "o ^w conc]n+ ,engl& 0 m5tion$6 ,z ! class sat ) ! usual & habitual expression ( vacuity :i* g5]ally adorns ! c\nt5ance ( a college /ud5t fac+ a quiz1 ! ,pr(essor said1 8,y may beg940 ,"s hapless wight procur$ ! c\rage to prote/1 by say+1 8,b y said ?is 0 to be an exam9ation 9 ,engli% hi/ory60 ,! ,pr(essor repli$1 8,q s6 ,?is is ,engli% hi/ory60 ,!n lean+ =w>d ov] ! desk %e said1 9 impressive tones1 8,h[ c y expect to "k :at ,engl& is do+1 & :y1 if y d n "k ! pressure ^u h] ( h] enemies & fri5ds at t p>ticul> p]iod80 ,a long di/ance back 9 our m5tal vacuum a dim light began to gl[1 & we nev] 7 caught t way aga96 ,:5 ! tea*] said ,fr5* hi/ory1 we read ev]y?+ else6 ,:5 %e said ,g]man hi/ory1 we specializ$ on ! surr\nd+ c\ntries4 ,"o day z we 7 ?9k+ ov] ?is helpful te*nique ( und]/&+1 ! idea began to gr[ t if ?is 0 ! prop] way to /udy secul> hi/ory1 x ought to apply to ,bible /udy z well6 ,!re is an illum9ation t bright5s ! mean+ ( ! ,sacr$ ,text :5 read 9 ! light ( collat]al ev5ts t c come no o!r way4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 we w rem9d ! read] ( ! backgr\nd ( ,isaiah4 ,:5 ?is prophet fir/ began to write1 !re 0 tr\ble betwe5 ,israel1 ! nor!rn conf$]ation1 & ,judah1 ! s\!rn k+dom4 ,! k+ ( ,israel at ?is "t 0 ,pekah1 ! son ( ,remaliah1 & al?\gh 8 p 7 num]ically sup]ior to ,judah1 he 0 fe>ful t he might n be /rong en\gh to ov]come ! s\!rn k+dom 9 ! ?reat5$ w>4 ,!re=e1 he made a close alliance ) ,rez91 ! k+ ( ,syria1 promis+ him all ! spoils ( ! battle1 if he w\ld aid ) 8 army & /r5g?4 ,! ,syrian k+ ha/5$ to accept ?is (f]1 & sign$ ! requir$ cov5ant4 ,:5 ?is alliance became kn[n 9 ,judah1 a natural al>m spread ?r\gh\t ! t9y k+dom4 ,realiz+ t !y 7 incapable ( resi/+ ! /rong =ces ( ,israel & ,syria :i* _h comb9$ aga9/ !m1 ! pr9ces ( ,judah desir$ outside help4 ,! only app>5t s\rce ( su* assi/ance 0 ,egypt4 ,s 9 ! c\rt ( ,ahaz1 ! k+ ( ,judah1 a /rong p>ty began agitat+ = a milit>y alliance ) ,egypt4 ,t be+ ! only app>5t aid )9 any reasonable di/ance1 x seem$ natural to turn to !m = a milit>y alliance4 ,! prophet ,isaiah1 :o 0 a /rong =ce & ex]cis$ a vital influ5ce 9 ! policies ( ,judah1 began to object mo/ /r5u\sly4 ,9 ! light ( ?is backgr\nd1 we c und]/& su* outbur/s ( ,isaiah z are f\nd 9 ! ?irtie? *apt] ( 8 prophecy1 v]ses "o to ?ree3 8,woe to ! rebelli\s *ildr51 sai? ! ,"l1 t take c\nsel1 b n ( me2 & t cov] ) a cov]+1 b n ( my ,_s1 t !y may add s9 to s93 8,t walk to g d[n into ,egypt1 & h n ask$ at my m\?2 to /r5g!n !mselves 9 ! /r5g? ( ,ph>aoh1 & to tru/ 9 ! %ad[ ( ,egypt6 8,!re=e %all ! /r5g? ( ,ph>aoh be y\r %ame1 & ! tru/ 9 ! %ad[ ( ,egypt y\r confusion40 ,8 prote/ seems to rea* a climax 9 ! ?irty-fir/ *apt] 9 t magnific5tly writt5 plea = fai? 9 ,god :i* we f9d 9 ^! graphic words3 8,woe to !m t g d[n to ,egypt = help2 & /ay on horses1 & tru/ 9 *>iots1 because !y are _m2 & 9 horsem51 because !y are v /rong2 b !y look n unto ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel1 nei!r seek ! ,"l6 8,yet he also is wise1 & w br+ evil1 & w n call back 8 words3 b w arise aga9/ ! h\se ( ! evil do]s1 & aga9/ ! help ( !m t "w iniquity4 8,n[ ! ,egyptians are m51 & n ,god2 & _! horses fle%1 & n _s4 ,:5 ! ,"l %all /ret* out 8 h&1 bo? he t helpe? %all fall1 & he t is holp5 %all fall d[n1 & !y all %all fail toge!r40 ,all ?r\gh ?is p]iod ( prophecy1 ,isaiah's voice is aggressively rais$ aga9/ ! folly ( tru/+ ,egypt4 ,8 prote/ is1 8,s9ce ,god r$eem$ u once f bondage 9 t l&1 :y put ourselves back aga9 "u _! yoke80 ,! pr9ces repli$ 9 "s su* t]ms z ?is3 8,! objection is o4 k4 9 pr9ciple2 z a basic !sis we w admit t x is safe to tru/ 9 ,god4 ,b "r n[ we ne$ real help & we ne$ x 9 a hurry40 ,! prophet cri$ out 9 response1 8,god w s5d ! help t y ne$60 ,! natural "q 0 8,:5ce8 ,syria & ,egypt are ! only two p[]s ne> u4 ,"o is array$ aga9/ u & ! help ( ! o!r y =bid u to seek4 ,:5ce !n is ! aid t ,god w s5d80 ,! prophet's reply 0 %ort & t]se1 8,god w s5d aid f v f> (f40 ,! reluctant c\rt agre$ to take a *ance on ,isaiah's insi/5ce1 & s to tru/ _! cause to ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,quickly1 !n1 ^u ! heels ( ?is decision1 z we le>n f ! records ( ar*eology1 !re came "o ( ! e>li] battles t 7 f\ght at ,*>*emi%4 ,! ris+ p[] ( ,assyria fir/ made itself felt 9 t engagem5t4 ,z a result1 ,syria 0 %att]$ & ,israel made captive4 ,! help t ,god _h promis$ did come1 & n[ ! def9ite prophecy ( ,isaiah1 9 *apt]s sev5 & eight1 may be correlat$ into ?is simple summ>y2 & aga9/ ?is backgr\nd we c und]/& ! vehem5ce ( ,isaiah 9 cry+ out aga9/ an alliance ) ,egypt4 ,x is n too mu* to say1 z we %all lat] %[ 9 detail1 t 9 our pres5t possession !re is suffici5t k d]iv$ f ! monum5ts & records ( antiquity to au!nticate e prophecy t ,isaiah made conc]n+ ,egypt1 ,israel1 ,syria1 & ,assyria4 ,?us ! text ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is illum9$1 & a floodlight ( und]/&+ ?r[n ^u its prophetic utt]ance by ! f9d+s 9 ?is field4 ,ev5 m /rik+ is ! contribution ( ar*eology 9 ! second field1 t ( evid5ce 9 def5se ( ! accept$ text4 ,! museums1 monum5ts1 & libr>ies ( ! _w are teem+ ) su* evid5ces1 & x %all be ! purpose ( ?is volume to cond5se1 epitomize1 & pres5t mu* ( t evid5ce 9 a simple & readable =m1 divorc$ f te*nical obscurities4 ,"r "h1 h[ev]1 we (f] j "o simple illu/ration "u ea* ( ! subdivisions sugge/$ 9 ! p>agraph above4 ,to demon/rate ! evid5ce ( ! ,bible's hi/oricity1 we %all (f] ! illu/ration made fam\s by ! late ,dr4 ,rob]t ,dick ,wilson1 z to ! record ( ! =ty-sev5 k+s ( antiquity4 ,x is probably kn[n to ! read] t ! hi/orical sections ( ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9 ! names ( =ty-sev5 k+s1 aside f ! rul]s ( ,israel & ,judah4 ,^! =eign1 or ,g5tile k+s1 h be5 kn[n by "n = _m c5turies to e read] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! odd ?+ is t until comp>atively rec5t times1 ^! names _h be5 dropp$ out ( secul> hi/ory4 ,mighty z ^! m5 _h ea* be5 9 8 day1 !y 7 completely =gott5 by po/]ity & = "s tw5ty-?ree hundr$ ye>s _! names 7 unkn[n to ! s*ol>s ( secul> ev5ts4 ,= ?is reason ! le>n$ lead]s ( 8high] criticism0 relegat$ ^! =ty-sev5 mon>*s to ! columns ( my?ology4 ,!y 7 gr\p$ among 8! fables & folklore ( ! ,old ,te/am5t0 :i* ?is delud$ s*ool mi/ak5ly taught 0 "o ( ! basic weaknesses ( ! text4 ,!n "o aft] ano!r ^! disput$ mon>*s began to rise f ! dead 9 an ar*eological resurrection4 ,9 "s cases a burial m\nd 0 uncov]$2 9 o!rs1 an annali/ic tablet1 a b\nd>y m>k]1 or a great build+ inscrib$ ) ! mon>*'s "n4 ,n[1 all =ty-sev5 ( ^! presumably fabul\s *>act]s h be5 transf]r$ f ! columns ( 8my?ology0 to ! accept$ records ( e/abli%$ hi/ory4 ,9 =ty-sev5 specific in/ances1 z ^! k+s rose f ! dead pa/1 !y 7 recogniz$1 z _! names 7 n /range to true hi/orians4 ,ea* 0 rememb]$ f 8 appe>ance 9 ! page ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* _h pres]v$ 8 memory ) accuracy4 ,?us1 9 ?is simple in/ance !re are =ty-sev5 def9ite & specific evid5ces ( ! complete hi/oricity ( ! text4 ,to /ress ?is po9t1 ! accuracy ( ! record1 we %all cite a semi-humor\s illu/ration4 ,! great ,greek hi/orian1 ,h]odotus1 :o is suppos$ to be ! 8,fa!r ( ,hi/ory10 wrote "s m or less accurate obs]vations conc]n+ ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he said t ! ,egyptians grew no grapes & drank no w9e4 ,!re 0 ano!r anci5t :o prec$$ ?is hi/orian by _m c5turies1 :o also wrote volum9\sly ab\t ,egypt & h] cu/oms4 ,?is 0 ! man ,moses1 :o be+ re>$ 9 ! bosom ( ! royal family z ! cr[n pr9ce & heir app>5t1 might be presum$ to "k consid]ably m ab\t ,egyptian cu/oms ?an any casual visitor4 ,moses /at$ t ! ,egyptians did gr[ grapes & t !y did dr9k w9e4 ,9 fact1 he rec\nts t ,joseph 0 9 jail ) ! *ief cupbe>] ( ,ph>aoh1 ! butl] ^: bus9ess 0 ! purvey+ ( w9e to ! royal table4 ,x may be rememb]$ t 9 ! butl]'s dream he saw himself /&+ by ! v9e1 squeez+ ! grapes into ! cup4 ,?is br\ght ^! two au?orities into %>p opposition4 ,s9ce ,h]odotus 0 suppos$ to be ! f9al au?ority on matt]s ( antiquity1 ! critics fell ^u ?is discrepancy ) consid]able glee4 ,! argum5t might /ill be go+ on1 if x 7 n = ! discov]y ( an unque/ionable bit ( evid5ce among ! frescoes t decorate ! tombs ( ,egyptian antiquity4 ,^! frescoes %[$ ! ,egyptians engag$ 9 ! art ( viticulture4 ,9 "s ( ^! pictures !y 7 dress+ & prun+ ! v9es1 cultivat+ & t5d+ _! crop4 ,9 o!rs ( ! pictures !y 7 se5 to be ga!r+ ! grapes & convey+ !m to ! press4 ,! +5i\s me?od ( extract+ ! juice 0 cle>ly portray$ 9 ^! illum9at+ frescoes1 :i* %[$ ! juice be+ /or$ 9 /one jugs1 clay pots1 & sk9 bottles = future use4 ,s9ce ! anci5ts call$ any fruit juice t 0 us$ = dr9k+ purposes by ! "n ( w9e1 :e!r x 0 fre% or sweet1 x is highly probable t "s ( ?is juice 0 drunk 9 an unf]m5t$ condition4 ,h[ev]1 "o ( ! murals depict$ an ,egyptian p>ty ga!r$ ar\nd ! banquet bo>d1 mak+ m]ry ) ! juice ( ! grape 7,see ,plate #a74 ,! incid5tal evid5ces %[ v cle>ly t ! juice 0 f]m5t$4 ,(f 9 ! corn]1 ! picture depicts a noble lady :o is portray$ ) h] slave hold+ a silv] b[l1 :ile %e gave up ! excess fluids t _h evid5tly disagre$ ) ! m comm5dable p>ts ( ! banquet6 ,ano!r ( ^! murals %[$ ! morn+ light com+ into su* a banquet+ hall1 z ! slaves 7 all c>ry+ _! ma/]s home2 ) ! exception ( "o inebriate :o _h slid "u ! table & _h evid5tly be5 ov]look$ 9 ! excitem5t6 ,did ! ,egyptians gr[ grapes & dr9k w9e8 ,h]odotus said 8,no40 ,moses said 8,yes40 ,! critics1 to _! lat] emb>rassm5t1 l9$ up solidly ) ,h]odotus4 ,b s9ce ar*eology has accr$it$ ! accuracy ( ,moses1 ?is argum5t is no long] he>d 9 ! halls ( le>n+4 ,:5 we come to ! "q ( au!nticity1 we %all lat] give _m evid5ces t none ( ! records ( ! ,bible1 ei!r ! ,old ,te/am5t or ! ,new1 are1 9 any s5se ( ! ^w1 =g]ies4 ,!y are uni=mly au!ntic 9 t !y 7 writt5 by ! m5 ^: names !y be>4 ,a classical illu/ration ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! fact t ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 "o ( ! greate/ ar*eologi/s ( our g5]ation1 began 8 "w 9 8 e>ly days "u ! bias ( ! critical position t ,luke 0 n ! au?or ( ei!r ! ,gospel t be>s 8 "n or ! book ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,aft] =ty ye>s ( rese>* 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,sir ,william ,ramsay himself discov]$ ! evid5ce t conv]t$ him p]sonally to ! or?odox & hi/orical view1 & demon/rat$ conclusively t ,luke unque/ionably wrote ! two books t are accr$it$ to him4 ,z we %all deal ) ?is matt] m ext5sively 9 ! fif? volume ( ?is s]ies1 we pass on to ! pres5t cause ( mod]n controv]sy1 namely1 ! inspiration ( ! text4 ,! fact ( inspiration is /at$ s (t5 by ! writ]s ( ! ,scripture t we mu/ accept _! explanation ( ! orig9 ( ^! pages1 or else classify !m z ! mo/ consi/5t li>s t humanity has ev] produc$4 ,!y claim a sup]natural guidance by ! ,holy ,gho/ :i* has kept _! records free f error or discrepancy4 ,= "o :o has exam9$ & analyz$ ! ,scripture 9 ! unprejudic$ light ( ar*eology1 ?is claim is v9dicat$ at e turn ( ! spade4 ,a simple illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* our sci5ce does %[ ! inspiration ( ! ,scripture1 may be f\nd f ! prophetic sections ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! days ( ,isaiah & 8 fell[ prophets1 ! capital ( ,egypt 0 ! city ( ,no4 ,x is also call$ ,amon1 & sometimes1 ,no-,amon4 ,x 0 a popul\s city ( weal? & culture1 be+ ! c5t] ( le>n+1 z well z ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 a day :5 ,egypt dom9at$ ! _w & ,no-,amon 0 ! mi/ress ( antiquity1 obscure ,hebrew prophets rais$ _! voices 9 d5unciation ( ,no 9 su* arbitr>y & extreme /atem5ts z are f\nd 9 ! ?irtie? *apt] ( ,ezekiel4 ,d5\nc+ ! s9 ( ,egypt & _! repeat$ betrayals ( ,israel1 ,ezekiel w>ns ,egypt t h] l& %all be ov]run ) fire & sword1 & t ,no-,amon %all be desolate & =sak54 ,!re mu/ h be5 a /rong elem5t ( humor 9 all ( ?is outcry to ! pr\d m9d ( ! ,egyptian ( t day6 ,no-,amon1 also call$ ,!bes1 spread+ out on bo? banks ( ! ,nile1 9 complac5t1 s]5e comm& ( ! anci5t _w1 app>5tly _h no?+ to fe> f ! bitt] cries ( a prophet ( ,israel4 ,yet today ! visitor to ! site ( ,!bes1 or ,no-,amon1 to use ! m anci5t "n1 is fac$ ) a sc5e ( desolation t is utt]ly devoid ( any human habitation4 ,s9ce x is impossible = ! human m9d to pick up ! curta9 ( "t & pe] ahead into future ev5ts1 prophecy c d]ive only f ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! "w ( ar*eologi/s 9 id5tify+ ! bleak & b>r5 site ( ,no-,amon portrays ! inspiration ( ! ,scripture4 ,! pr\d city is =gott5 except = its inscriptions on records ( antiquity & ! d5unciations to be f\nd 9 ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,?us we h simply illu/rat$ h[ ?is dignifi$ & sob] sci5ce is br++ to u illum9ation ( ! text1 toge!r ) ! evid5ces ( ! ,,hi/oricity1 ,,accuracy1 ,,au!nticity1 & ,,inspiration ( ! ,bible4 ,?is is em95tly fitt+1 s9ce ?is peculi> sci5ce is mo/ intimately conc]n$ ) ! problem ( ! cr$ibility ( ! ,bible4 ,! unique & heav5ly nature ( ! ,book is 9 itself a divisive factor4 ,multitudes ( m5 & wom5 love x & w\ld die = its pres]vation4 ,inde$1 x is no exagg]ation ( fact to say t multitudes h di$ 9 its def5se4 ,!re are o!rs :o hate ! ,book & w\ld g to any l5g? to discr$it x1 except ! extreme l5g? ( m>tyrdom4 ,x is v natural = m5 to die = :at !y believe1 b few m5 w surr5d] _! lives = :at !y disbelieve6 ,?is division is decid$ly fitt+ & prop]4 ,m5 & wom5 :o are sav$ by ! grace ( ,god recognize ! sup]natural nature ( ! ,book t is ! means ( _! r$emption4 ,m5 & wom5 :o are lo/1 res5t ! hone/y ( t ,book 9 t x condemns _! s9 & iniquity4 ,9 our day & age1 infidelity has1 "u ! guise ( an attempt$ sci5tific refutation1 direct$ its *ief argum5t aga9/ ! integrity ( ! ,scripture4 ,liv+ 9 an age ( sci5ce1 :5 all ?+s are aga9 evaluat$ 9 ! light ( man's te*nical k1 x is inevitable t ! ,bible %\ld come 9 = ?is type ( inve/igation4 ,no expon5t ( ,scripture w\ld wi% x o!rwise4 ,if ! ,bible is hone/ly exam9$ )\t prejudice1 "u any sy/em ( tru?1 x w ma9ta9 its integrity & e/abli% its own sup]natural "*4 ,! s-call$ sci5tific inve/igation ( ! ,scripture1 h[ev]1 has n be5 made on ! basis ( cr$ible sci5ce4 ,r1 ! prejudic$ enemies h s\ght to ga!r f pseudo-sci5tific claims su* help & hope = _! op9ions z w\ld bol/] _! fail+ s*ool4 ,we frankly admit t ! text ( ! ,bible does refute ! fallacies ( m5 ( sci5ce4 ,!re is a great deal ( !oretical speculation indulg$ 9 by m5 :o call !mselves sci5ti/s1 & :o m>* "u ! bann] ( te*nical le>n+4 ,9 e age1 :5 su* fallaci\s !ories are curr5t1 ! ,bible is necess>ily repudiat$ by ! expon5ts ( ^? false ideas4 ,few su* m51 h[ev]1 "k ! ,bible1 & _! opposition has no la/+ effect4 ,?is ,book does n /& 9 any age by human cons5t1 b has be5 able to ma9ta9 itself 9 e age by ! inh]5t p[] ( its sup]natural "*4 ,! sci5ce ( ar*eology has play$ a great & lead+ role 9 demoli%+ ^! fallacies ( a pseudo-sci5tific g5]ation4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 we may note t ! !ory ( organic evolution is unque/ionably incompatible ) ! record ( ! ,scripture4 ,9 ! 8d>k ages0 ( biology :i* began to draw to a close at ! beg9n+ ( ?is pres5t decade1 ! ?\ghts ( m5 7 s d>k5$ by ! g5]al acceptance ( ! baseless & unsci5tific !ory ( man's animal orig91 z sadly to h&icap capable rese>* & fru/rate ! pursuit ( real k4 ,we see aga91 h[ev]1 t tru?1 ?\gh cru%$ to ! e>?1 w rise aga94 ,= c]ta9ly no "o :o is )9 t5 ye>s ( be+ up to date 9 ! facts ( biology & ! discov]ies ( ar*eology1 w cont5d any long] = ! animal orig9 ( ! human species4 ,! !ory _c be h>moniz$ ) ! record ( ! ,scripture4 ,!re=e1 9 ! days ( bl9dness1 :5 ?is p>ticul> !ory possess$ ! imag9ation ( m51 x 0 us$ z an argum5t aga9/ ! integrity ( ! text ( ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,?is :ole problem simm]s d[n to a simple illu/ration4 ,9 deal+ ) ! orig9 ( man1 !re are two horses4 ,! problem ( e man is to decide :i* "o he %all ride4 ,"o horse is kn[n by ! "n ( 8specific creation10 & ! o!r is call$ 8organic evolution40 ,x is impossible to ride !m bo? at once4 ,9 rid+ two horses at "o "t1 x is necess>y to keep !m close toge!r & bo? go+ 9 ! same direction4 ,!re is no record ( anyone :o successfully rode two horses simultane\sly :5 !y 7 head$ 9 opposite directions6 ,^! two premises are irreconcilable4 ,! fir/ is t man 0 creat$ 9 p]fection4 ,9 ! mom5t ( 8 fiat orig91 he 0 =m$ by ! h& ( ,god1 gift$ ) all ! arts & cultures by a process ( involution4 ,! ^w 8involution0 simply means 8to come d[n into40 ,t is to say1 all ( ! graces & abilities possess$ by man 7 imp>t$ by creation4 ,! second !ory is t 8man has himself consummat$ a gradual asc5t f a bruti% /ate to our pres5t high & civiliz$ condition40 7,if !re 7 room 9 su* a "w z ?is = s>casm1 we might say t ?is is ano!r way ( not+ t we h left ! arr[ & ! club = heavy artill]y1 poison gas & a]ial bomb4 ,if "o 7 to wax faceti\s1 "o might be tempt$ to sugge/ t if ! pres5t condition ( int]national hatr$1 mass murd]1 violat$ treaties1 =gott5 honor1 & civilian ext]m9ation 9 ! holy "n ( w>1 are ! be/ t evolution c accompli%1 we %\ld h& ! :ole mess back to ! monkeys & ask !m to /ir up ano!r bat*67 ,b to rema9 ^u ! sob] gr\nds ( sci5tific inquiry1 x is n too mu* to say t ! ar*eologi/ speaks ^u ?is problem ) absolute f9ality4 ,!re is no?+ !oretical ab\t ar*eology4 ,:at y dig up ) y\r own h&s1 y are incl9$ to believe4 ,"s ye>s ago we _h a college lad on "o ( our exp$itions :o 0 /rongly addict$ to ! !ory ( organic evolution4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w ! lad %[$ "s disposition to argue1 & 0 some:at disappo9t$ t we refus$ to ent] into debate ) him ^u our diff]+ !ories4 ,z day foll[$ day1 h[ev]1 & we got into ! ri* cont5ts ( burial m\nds conta9+ a fabul\s am\nt ( ossi1 ?is lad became deeply conc]n$ ) ! discrepancies betwe5 8 textbook le>n+ & :at he saw 9 8 own p]sonal recov]ies ( anci5t skeletons4 ,e "t he came to u ) "s bone t did n fit 9 ) 8 classroom !ories1 we w\ld laugh & say1 8,don't bo!r u4 ,y dug t up4 ,?is poor bone nev] read y\r textbook & x doesn't "k h[ y want x to be4 ,n[1 :i* are y go+ to believe8 ,! s*ematiz$ draw+ 9 a textbook writt5 by "s pr(essor :o nev] saw a burial m\nd1 or ?is evid5ce t y y\rself h acquir$ by y\r own labor80 ,at ! end ( t "o summ]1 ?is /ud5t return$ to ! campus an ard5t & bitt] anti-evolutioni/1 d5\nc+ ! false tea*+s :i* _h misl$ him by means ( ! pr9t$ page4 ,9 a ^w1 o!r sci5ces may speculate1 !orize & d$uce1 b ar*eology delves & demon/rates4 ,"s ( ^! demon/rations w be se5 9 ! cont5ts ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,we say "s3 = if all ! evid5ce f ! realm ( ar*eology 7 mass$ into "o great volume1 no d]rick ev] built by man c\ld lift its trem5d\s bulk & weight4 ,9 su* a "w z ?is "o we are h&icapp$ & emb>rass$1 n by ! paucity ( evid5ce1 b r by its ov]-abundance4 ,plate #a ,illu/ration3 ,egyptians at a w9e orgy ,illu/ration3 ,crude hi]oglyphics on an anci5t /atue4 ,depict+ ! e>ly developm5t ( art & writ+ ,x %all be ! purpose ( ! foll[+ pages to cull & summ>ize "s ( ! /rik+ facts ( ar*eology1 :i* demon/rate beyond "q t ! ,book :i* m5 call ! ,bible is hi/orically cr$ible1 sci5tifically accurate1 & has be5 d]iv$ by inspiration f ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,tides ( ,culture ,9 almo/ e bran* ( ?is fasc9at+ sci5ce1 ar*eology has be5 ! h&maid ( revelation4 ,ev5 m1 x has act$ z a beacon to illum9ate ! pa?way to ,god1 :i* m5 call ! ,bible4 ,! problem ( ! antiquity & culture ( man 0 ! battlegr\nd ( infidelity :i* ! skeptical *ose to demon/rate ! fallacy ( ! ,bible's claims to sup]natural orig94 ,if x c be prov$ by ! aid ( sci5ce t ! human race is old] ?an is impli$ by ! ,g5esis acc\nt ( creation1 & if x c be %[n t man has asc5d$ f a dim & bruti% ance/ry1 in/ead ( be+ creat$ p]fect by ! h& ( ,god1 ! f\ndation w\ld admitt$ly be swept f b5ea? ! ,scripture1 & ! entire /ructure ( revelation collapses4 ,h[ev]1 ?is unw>rant$ attempt to confuse ! issue & refute ! ,scripture1 is manife/ly unfair to sci5ce4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ?is is a debas+ ( ! highe/ labors ( human m5tality4 ,rese>*1 9 ! exact s5se ( ! ^w1 _c be us$ legitimately to e/abli% a pet !ory to :i* ! advocate cl+s )\t reg>d to evid5ce 9 ! case4 ,! attempt to demon/rate ! organic evolution ( man belongs 9 ! realm ( philosophy & n ( sci5ce4 ,! "w ( sci5ce is ! correlation ( facts4 ,! sph]e ( philosophy is ! int]pretation ( facts4 ,9 all ( ?is controv]sy1 we are n debat+ ! facts ( humanity1 b are at odds conc]n+ ! application ( ^? facts4 ,! real issue !n is n ! antiquity ( man1 b ! orig9 ( man6 ,9 ! hope ( obscur+ ! mann] ( orig91 ! enemy ( our fai? has s\ght to raise ! du/ /orm ( antiquity4 ,x is "h m ?an any:]e else1 t ar*eology has be5 su* a trem5d\s aid to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! tru?4 ,?is sci5ce has demon/rat$ ! premise ( ! ,scripture1 namely1 ! fixity & orig9 ( our species4 ,z f> back z ! spade has be5 able to ?ru/ ! hi/ory ( humanity1 we f9d ! same types & v>ieties ( ! human family t exi/ ^u ! e>? today4 ,s9ce we are cov]+ ?is problem ( antiquity & orig9 9 ! six? volume ( ?is s]ies1 we w ha/5 on ) ?is brief /atem5t ( ! issue involv$4 ,we w lat] %[ t all ( ! /atem5ts made 9 ! text ( ! ,scripture conc]n+ ! deg5]ation & moral collapse ( humanity h be5 abundantly demon/rat$ 9 ! realm ( ar*eology4 ,fur!r1 ! claims t we make z to ! hi/oricity ( ! ,bible c be demon/rat$ satisfactorily 9 "o s+le field2 namely1 ! record+ ( ! /ory ( man & ! c>e us$ by ! ,scripture writ]s 9 ! exactness ( _! /atem5ts4 ,9 ?is display ( hi/orical accuracy1 ! writ]s ( ! ,bible h incid5tally repudiat$ ! entire philosophy ( organic evolution4 ,x is n too mu* to say t no s+le evid5ce d]iv$ 9 ! entire realm & hi/ory ( ar*eology has su/a9$ ! !ory ( organic evolution4 ,rememb] t we are deal+ specifically ) evid5ce4 ,if ! evid5ce is rightly int]pret$ & hone/ly impli$1 item by item & 9 ! aggregate mass1 x refutes ! entire fallacy ( ?is weird philosophy4 ,s9ce x deals ) ! realm ( human hi/ory1 ar*eology is ! f9al voice z to ! antiquity & culture ( man4 ,no race ( man has ev] liv$ ^u ! face ( ?is e>? & fail$ to leave "s relics or evid5ces ( its exi/5ce & culture4 ,! sci5ce ( an?ropology po/ulates ! beg9n+ ( ! human family some:]e 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,! ,bible is a little m specific1 9 t x /ates t x 0 9 t portion ( ,mesopotamia :i* lies betwe5 ! two riv]s1 ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates4 ,! olde/ relics ( man1 h[ev]1 are n f\nd 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,?is is due to ! climatic conditions 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( t anci5t l&4 ,! ra9fall is heavy4 ,we h ourselves suff]$ great inconv5i5ce1 delay1 & loss by be+ isolat$ f our objective 9 ,mesopotamia by floods t fill$ ! wadies & gullies & made travel impossible4 ,also1 ! outly+ c\ntry is und]laid to a great ext5t by wat]4 ,:5 excavators dig b a %ort way into ! /rata ( t l&1 !y are h&icapp$ & h9d]$ by seepage4 ,because ( ?is excess moi/ure1 "s ( ! olde/ relics ( our race h be5 de/roy$ by ! ravages ( "t & ! p[] ( ! elem5ts4 ,! situation 9 ,egypt1 h[ev]1 is q ! opposite4 ,9 mo/ ( t l& !re is no ra9 & 9 no "p ( t bleak c\ntry d we exp]i5ce fro/4 ,! climate is dry to ! utmo/ extreme1 & ! soil is l>gely s&4 ,due to ?is natural condition1 ! olde/ records ( ! human race are f\nd 9 ,egypt4 ,! olde/ records ( man & ! mo/ complete records s f> recov]$ ( 8 e>ly exi/5ce h be5 pres]v$ = u by ?is comb9ation ( climate & soil4 ,s9ce ! ,egyptians buri$ 9 s& or 9 /one tombs1 ! deposits be+ protect$ f ! elem5ts1 man 0 ! only de/roy]4 ,ev5 ?\gh !re has be5 a sad record ( v&alism1 z ru?less h&s ( ! ignorant h despoil$ magnific5t tombs ( priceless records & in=mation1 !re is mu* t rema9$ undi/urb$4 ,! p ( ,egypt built = endurance4 ,! mighty pyramids1 f ,sakk>a to ! ,great ,pyramid2 ! ,colossi at ,luxor & ! awe-inspir+ ru9s ( ,k>nak1 are pres5t evid5ces ( ! durability ( _! labors4 7,see plates #b1 #c & #d47 ,because ( ! /range beliefs conc]n+ ! life aft] dea?1 ^! p also buri$ = et]nity4 ,we %all lat] consid]1 9 ! light ( _! cu/oms & religi\s practices1 ! trem5d\s value t mod]n civilization has d]iv$ f ?is anci5t fact4 ,we h m5tion$ ?is fact n[ m]ely to note t ! greate/ treasure trove ( pres]v$ antiquity is f\nd 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,plate #b ,illu/ration3 ,magnific5t example ( embelli%$ /atue1 convey+ ! "n1 hopes1 & "s ( ! record ( an e>ly rul] ,illu/ration3 ,colossi at ,luxor ,illu/ration3 ,! ,%elt]$ ,wife ,/rangely1 9 view ( ! consi/5t dem&s ( ! evolution>y s*ool1 we f9d no evid5ce ( human evolution 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! doctr9e t man began ) a bruti% intellect & gradually develop$ 8 high & peculi> culture1 is refut$ by ! evid5ces f ?is c\ntry4 ,9 fact1 ! contr>y is /rik+ly ! case4 ,in/ead ( prov+ a process ( evolution1 ! hi/ory ( man z f\nd 9 ! ar*eology ( ,egypt is a consi/5t record ( deg5]ation4 ,! em95t ,sayce1 "o ( ! able/ ar*eologi/s 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( t great sci5ce1 express$ 8 wond] & amazem5t at ! high /age ( culture met ) 9 ! v e>lie/ records ( ! ,egyptian p4 ,o!r au?orities1 su* z ,baikie1 h writt5 volum9\sly ^u ?is subject4 ,x _h be5 hop$ t :5 excavators f9ally rea*$ undi/urb$ tombs ( ! fir/ dyna/y1 !y w\ld f9d !mselves 9 ! dawn ( ,egyptian culture4 ,x 0 our =tunate privilege to be at ,sakk>a a ye> ago :5 ! fir/ complete & unmole/$ tombs ( ! fir/ dyna/y 7 uncov]$4 ,x 0 our privilege to keep a close *eck & wat* ^u all t 0 done at t "t1 & ! conclusions & po/ulations ( hopeful !ori/s 7 utt]ly %att]$ 9 su* discov]ies z 7 made4 ,inde$1 we c no long] />t ,egyptian culture ) ! beg9n+ ( ! dyna/ic ages4 ,?r\gh ! fir/ tombs1 we pe] back into an old] prec$+ culture t dazzles & amazes ! human und]/&+4 ,in/ead ( f9d+ ! dawn ( a develop+ humanity1 we see mank9d already 9 ! high noon ( cultural accompli%m5ts4 ,in/ead ( nomadic dwell]s 9 %aggy t5ts1 we look ^u works ( endur+ /one4 ,in/ead ( bruti%1 ,egyptian ance/ral artifacts1 we f9d a pott]y culture t is really sup]b4 ,x almo/ seems t ! f>!r back we g into ,egyptian antiquity1 ! m p]fect 0 _! culture & le>n+4 ,! art ( writ+ 0 ! common possession ( ! ,egyptian 9 ! pre-dyna/ic p]iod4 ,x is true t !re 0 a s-call$ /one age 9 ,egypt1 :i* prec$$ ! fir/ dyna/y4 ,we are %[+ "h1 h[ev]1 a photograph ( "o ( ! mo/ anci5t op5 burials ev] discov]$ 9 ,egypt4 ,?is is accompani$ by v>i\s heads ( mummies1 to %[ ! /ate ( pres]vation4 7,see ,plate #e47 ,be=e ! art ( embalm+ 0 inv5t$ & ! dead 7 mummifi$1 !y 7 buri$ by intrusion 9 ! dry s&s4 ,y w note ! p]fection ( ! culture ( ?is p z depict$ by ! pott]y undi/urb$ 9 ?is grave4 ,9 contra/ to ?is type ( burial1 ! mummies %[n 9 ?is same plate are no bett] pres]v$ ?an ! e>li] burial4 ,inde$1 !re is no evid5ce to %[ t ^! cultures 7 consecutive r ?an contempor>y4 ,9 v>i\s sections ( ,egypt x is q probable t diff]5t burial cu/oms prevail$ simultane\sly1 & x is a pure speculation to say t ! m primitive type ( burial is ages old] ?an ! advanc$ /yle4 ,!re are _m anomalies & my/]ies 9 ?is s-call$ /one age 9 ,egypt4 ,9 ! museum at ,cairo !re w be f\nd "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable specim5s ( /one flak+ to be se5 on ! face ( ?is e>?4 ,o!rs may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 ! v>i\s exhibits ( ,egyptian culture4 ,"o ( ^! knives is equipp$ ) two po9ts1 & all ( !m are equally %>p5$ on bo? edges4 ,9 ! au?or's own ga!r+s f ! v>i\s /one cultures ( mank9d1 !re are some?+ ov] #be1jjj artifacts4 ,we h se5 e important collection ( /one implem5ts 9 ! pres5t _w1 b ^! specim5s f anci5t ,egypt are unque/ionably ! mo/ magnific5t types ( /one culture we h ev] be5 privileg$ to obs]ve4 ,! significant & />tl+ fact is t ^! /one knives h h&les ( beat5 gold4 ,at once we are impress$ ) ! anomal\s fact t ! /one age 0 ?us synonym\s ) an age ( metal4 ,fur!rmore1 x 0 an arti/ic age4 ,! gold5 h&les on ^! /one weapons are engrav$ ) sc5es common to ! life ( ! p4 ,on "o side ( ! /one dagg] ) ! d\ble po9ts1 !re is a sail+ vessel typical ( ! pleasure craft t 7 common to all ages ( ,egyptian life4 ,on ! rais$ deck ( ?is boat1 danc+ maid5s 7 ent]ta9+ ! circle ( spectators4 ,?is "w 0 n crude & bruti%1 b %[$ a high developm5t ( ! engrav]'s art4 ,! rev]se side ( ! h&le 0 ev5 m int]e/+ 9 t x conta9$1 9 beautifully incis$ *>act]s1 ! cult sign ( ! own]4 ,"h is1 inde$1 a weird sup]-imposition ( ages & cultures4 ,! body ( ! weapon is ( a /one age2 ! h&le ( ! weapon is ( an age ( metal2 ! engrav+s ^u t metal %[ an age ( art & ! possession ( writt5 *>act]s4 ,!re is no com=t = ! evolution>y hypo!sis 9 ! antiquity ( ,egypt4 ,! contr>y r is ! case4 ,!re is a /range tide sweep+ ?r\gh ! record1 portray+ an ebb & fl[ ( culture t is fasc9at+ to obs]ve4 ,! culture ( ,egypt />ts on a magnific5tly high level & is lat] r$uc$ to a trem5d\s degree by a consi/5t record ( deg5]ation4 ,x might be said t by ! end ( ! f\r? dyna/y1 ! p _h rea*$ ! high peak ( ,egyptian art & le>n+4 ,b aft] ! six? dyna/y _h well begun1 a def9ite decl9e & retrogression _h set 94 ,we f9d ourselves !n grop+ 9 a d>k age :]e9 7 no arts & no writt5 hi/ory4 ,no great monum5ts come f t p]iod1 & no great build+s 7 begun1 repair$1 or f9i%$4 ,writ+ became extremely sc>ce & 9 _m sections ( ! l& ! art seems to h be5 completely =gott54 ,z 9 ! d>k ages ( m$ieval ,europe1 le>n+ 0 9 eclipse & ! m5tal life ( man deg5]at$4 ,j :5 ! r5aissance began1 x is impossible to say1 b 9 ! elev5? dyna/y we are sudd5ly back into ! light aga94 ,egypt em]ges f ^? d>k ages1 rul$ by p[]ful feudal lords1 ) ! ph>aohs appe>+ to be m]e figure-heads4 ,^! great b>ons left volum9\s records1 :i* depict _! conque/s & _! p[]s1 & tell ( _! own individual greatness4 ,!y con/ruct$ magnific5t tombs = _! et]nal re/1 & ! l& blossom$ culturally "u _! dom9ion4 ,^! conditions prevail$ until ! com+ ( ! ,hyksos dyna/y4 ,^! conqu]+ k+s 7 ( ,semitic orig9 & !y seem to h come f ! region ( ,ur4 ,aft] ?is conque/1 ,egypt sudd5ly became an unlimit$ mon>*y4 ,! great lords became l&less1 /ripp$ ( _! p[] & robb$ ( all au?ority4 ,! p lit]ally pass$ into ! possession ( ! cr[n1 & ,egypt became a nation ( slaves :o ow$ _! v exi/5ce to ! royal head ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! reason = ?is *ange w be made manife/ lat] 9 ?is pres5t "w4 ,we are n[ int]e/$ only 9 pres5t+ ^! /range cycles ( culture z %[n by ar*eology4 ,x w\ld take _m volumes to give a detail$ picture ( ! e>ly gold5 age 9 ,egypt4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! art & developm5t ( t culture1 we ref] ! read] to ! tomb ( a c\rt (ficial at ! dawn ( ! six? dyna/y4 ,buri$ ) ?is m9or (ficial 7 c]ta9 small wood5 effigies depict+ cu/oms1 trades1 & tools ( 8 day4 ,!re 7 port]s lad5 ) _! heavy burd5s4 ,!re 7 scribes be>+ /ylus & plaque4 ,c]ta9 tradesm5 7 f\nd 9 ^! brilliant /atuettes1 ea* man's craft be+ %[n by ! tools t he c>ri$ 9 8 h&4 ,prie/s appe>$ clad 9 _! pontifical robes4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all 7 ! /atuettes ( c&y v5dors1 ea* man equipp$ ) 8 tray ( sweets1 & a horsehair tail :]e) to fan ! flies4 ,"s ( ^! /atues 7 s p]fect 9 _! execution t ! em95t ,phidias might well h envi$ _! p]fection4 ,:5 we comp>e ?is art & culture ) ! s-call$ pictures ( bruti% cave-dwell]s1 we h "o m failure 9 ! collaps+ *a9 ( evid5ces t 0 suppos$ to %[ man's con/antly advanc+ culture4 ,we might also give1 by way ( illu/ration1 ! magnific5t /atue ( ,kephr54 ,?is memorial 0 exquisitely c>v$ f /one s h>d t x w\ld blunt mo/ mod]n tools4 ,kephr5 con/ruct$ "o ( ! pyramids at ,giza4 ,?is latt] "w 0 notable 9 t !re 7 evid5ces t "s ( ! /ones _h be5 cut ) :at appe>$ to be tubul> drills4 ,s9ce ?is is possible 9 our mod]n culture ) ! use ( diamond-po9t$ in/rum5ts1 !re is food = consid]able ?\ght & speculation z to ! culture & le>n+ ( ,kephr5's age6 ,z a g5]al /atem5t1 x is n too mu* to say t ! f>!r back we g into ,egyptian antiquity1 ! m p]fect ! arts & culture 9 g5]al seem to be4 ,:5 we comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! brilliant workman%ip ( ! priceless pectoral ( ! daught] ( ,us]tes5 7or ,us]ts57 ) ! crude & amateuri% workman%ip ( ! jewelry ( ! lat] que5 ,abhotep1 x is evid5t t ! c5turies br\ght retrogression4 ,! reign ( ,us]tes5 may be correlat$ ) ! e>ly p]iod ( ! patri>*al age1 :i* fact has an important be>+ ^u our /udy4 ,! hopeful critics ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis h po/ulat$ = ! age ( ,abraham a b>b>ic lack ( culture comp>able to ! nomadic tribes ( ,arabia 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,we n[ see1 h[ev]1 t ! entire age ( ! patri>*s 0 a p]iod ( exquisite culture & high le>n+4 ,to ref] aga9 to ,us]ts51 he seems to h be5 a capable /rategi/1 & 8 sy/em ( work+ out 8 plan ( battle 0 some?+ l ! game ( *ess4 ,8 arti/s _h made = him models ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( soldi]s t made up 8 v>iegat$ corps4 ,! b[m5 7 arm$ ) exquisite m9iature weapons t _h1 to our delight & wond]1 be5 pres]v$ aga9/ all ! pass+ c5turies4 ,! black troops t he us$1 ( :atev] orig91 7 c>v$ f a wood l our ebony1 & ! t9y features 7 negroid 9 fai?ful repres5tation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! races ( m5 employ$ 9 8 army4 ,^! model soldi]s c\ld be mov$ ab\t a bo>d :i* depict$ ! t]ra9 ( battle1 & 8 /rategy ?us wr\ght out4 ,our pres5t po9t1 h[ev]1 is ! arti/ic p]fection ( ! models ( ! soldi]s t he us$4 ,! art ( 8 age 0 z ne>ly p]fect z "o c\ld wi%4 ,!n !re came ano!r cycle ( retrogression & decay :i* climax$ 9 a p]iod ( cultural d>kness t reign$ too long ov] t anci5t p4 ,x is highly significant1 = in/ance1 t ! be/ glass ( ,egypt is dug f ! m anci5t sites4 ,!re came a "t :5 ! art ( mak+ glass 0 =gott5 by ! p ( ,egypt & _h lat] to be r$iscov]$ by o!r races4 ,if !re is "o voice t c be he>d 9 ar*eology1 & "o lesson t c be specifically le>n$1 x is ! c]ta9ty ( ! fallacy ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,egypt1 z else:]e1 %[s u no dim1 bruti% beg9n+1 b a />tl+ em]g5ce ( ?is p 9 a high degree ( culture4 ,no gradual asc5t up ! ladd] ( le>n+1 b cycles ( retrogression & advancem5t1 foll[$ by decay3 !n a new dawn+ ( art & sci5ce4 ,! entire record ( ar*eology is ?us a complete v9dication ( ! premise & basic cont5tion ( ! inspir$ record ( ,god's ,^w4 ,no great] voice may be he>d 9 our day ?an ?is def9ite1 adamant cry f ,egypt1 :i* depicts cycles ( culture t beg9 ) a cre/ ( le>n+4 ,x mu/ n be presum$ t ?is condition is unique 9 ,egypt1 or peculi> to any "o race or c\ntry4 ,! same que] discrepancy betwe5 ! fallaci\s !ories ( ! philosophy ( organic evolution & ! facts ( human hi/ory is obs]v$ :]ev] ar*eology has be5 able to hold ! tor* ( discov]y ov] a giv5 area4 ,we h illu/rat$1 = in/ance1 9 ,plates ,numb] #f & #g1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! exhibits 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is is a /one weapon f ! ar*aic ages ( ! ,*aldeans4 ,x consi/s ( a mace head1 made ( lime/one4 ,incid5tally1 ?is 0 a v common type ( weapon among ^? p 9 _! w>like culture4 ,! p>ticul> "o t is illu/rat$ is typical ( its "t4 ,note t x is a ,,/one ,,age ,,weapon4 ,a note ( wond] is caus$ 9 our inquir+ m9ds by ! odd & utt]ly incompatible fact t x is engrav$ cle>ly 9 high relief1 ?us te/ify+ to ! fact t 9 ! ar*aic /one age ( ,babylon1 m5 :o wr\ght 9 a "t :5 ! evolution>y advocates dem& a dim & bruti% /age ( developm5t 7 already gift$ 9 ! art ( sculpture6 ,to complicate ! case /ill fur!r1 !y 7 possess$ z well ) a highly develop$ writt5 language6 ,_! /one implem5ts are 9 "s in/ances crude1 z !y did n sp5d "t poli%+ & decorat+ rude tools t 7 us$ = a base purpose4 ,o!rs ( _! artifacts1 l ?is /one mace head1 are n only cov]$ ) f9ely sculptur$ figures b are also inscrib$ ) writt5 *>act]s t are cle> & well execut$4 ,a 8/one age0 ) a writt5 culture1 s*ol>s1 & books1 is an anomaly1 inde$6 ,:]e1 !n1 9 ! light ( ^! ar*eological facts1 is ! evid5ce ( ! sl[ developm5t ( ! human m5tality & ! em]g5ce ( primitive man f 8 8bruti%0 /ate8 ,un=tunately = ! high-prie/s ( ! dy+ sect ( organic evolution1 ! sci5ce :i* del9eates ! true condition ( anci5t races (f]s !m no help or pro( :atev]4 ,! opposite is ! case 9 ar*eology1 z all ! evid5ce t has come to u f ! hone/ attempt to see man z he 01 & n z he 0 report$ to h be51 has prov$ conclusively t organic evolution is a false religion4 ,x is inevitable t ?is fact %\ld "s day come to light2 = al?\gh x may be t sci5ce moves ) lead5 feet1 :5 x does f9ally ov]take error1 x smites ) an iron fi/6 ,?us ! false !ory t man has /ruggl$ upw>d f a valley ( bruti% d>kness is refut$ by ar*eology1 & ! premise ( specific creation1 z set =? 9 ! ,bible1 is e/abli%$ by ! discov]ies 9 ! realm ( ?is sci5ce4 ,9 e l& t man has occupi$ = a long p]iod ( "t1 ! tide ( culture has ebb$ & fl[$ f t h\r to ?is pres5t mom5t ( writ+4 ,j z ! night foll[s ! day1 & ! next day dawns only to be succe$$ by ! d>kness 9 turn1 s ! le>n+ & progress ( man has be5 a cycle1 r ?an a /eady climb up a ladd] ( le>n+1 f level to level1 until ! heights ( pres5t civilization 7 rea*$4 ,! old error mu/ n[ be ab&on$1 or else we mu/ close our eyes to ! entire record ( ar*eological discov]y1 & frankly confess t we are n int]e/$ 9 facts :i* refute errone\s1 b accept$ !ories4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,conv]g+ ,/reams ,9 a sy/ematic pres5tation ( ! evid5ces 9 ! field ( ,*ri/ian apologetics1 x is necess>y to review ! ,egyptian & ,*aldean records z !y be> ^u ! text ( ! ,scripture1 & illum9e its mean+4 ,= x is "h t ! /reams ( ,hi/ory & ,revelation conv]ge1 to cont9ue _! fl[ 9 m+l$ h>mony ?r\gh\t all ! c5turies :i* foll[ ?is orig9al conjunction4 ,9 ! v nature ( ! case we w\ld n expect direct ar*eological confirmation ( a great deal ( ! e>li] portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! record ( creation :i* 0 h&$ d[n f ,adam to ea* g5]ation del9eat$ an ev5t :i* 0 n witness$ by any human be+4 ,z has be5 v cle>ly %[n 9 ! illum9at+ book1 8,new ,discov]ies 9 ,babylonia ab\t ,g5esis10 by ,p4 ,j4 ,wiseman1 ?is record 0 und\bt$ly pres]v$ 9 a writt5 =m f ! v "t ( ,adam himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,khnum & ,?o? 9 ,creation ,tradition4 ,! ev5ts ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 & ! subsequ5t hi/ory are n su* z w\ld leave ar*eological mat]ial = ! exact enlight5m5t ( lat] g5]ations4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a mann] 9 :i* ! /udy ( antiquity c br+ a trem5d\s light to %9e ^u ! d>k problem ( ! cr$ibility ( ^! records4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ by e?nologi/s t :5 races ( p hold a /rongly develop$ idea or belief1 9 common1 !re mu/ h be5 an hi/orical incid5t z ! basis ( t univ]sal tradition4 ,?us1 among ! v e>lie/ traditions ( anci5t ,egypt1 !re is a record ( ! creation ( man t be>s a valuable relation%ip to ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis4 ,! ,mosaic record /ates t ,god /oop$ & creat$ ! body ( man out ( ! du/ ( ! e>?4 ,life 0 imp>t$ to t body by ! v brea? ( ,god4 ,! e>lie/ ,egyptian record rec\nts h[ ! god ,khnum took a slab ( mud1 & plac+ x ^u 8 pott]'s :eel1 m\ld$ x into ! physical =m ( ! fir/ man4 ,! illu/ration fac+ ?is page %[s ! entire process1 ) ,?o? /&+ beh9d ,khnum1 & m>k+ ! span ( man's ye>s ^u a not*$ bran*4 ,"h !n is a co9cid5ce ( traditional belief 9 ! mann] ( creation ( man t is ( trem5d\s significance4 ,we also note t ! e>lie/ records ( ,sum]ia h ?is same incid5tal be>+ ^u c]ta9 portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t text4 ,all ( ! records ( antiquity beg9 ! hi/ory ( man 9 a g>d54 ,?is is ( consid]able significance 9 view ( ! acc\nt ( ,ed5 t is s prom95tly giv5 9 ! record ( ,g5esis4 ,among ! seals to :i* we %all occasionally ref] & :i* are %[n 9 ,plate #h1 !re is "o f an e>ly p]iod 9 ,sum]ia f :i* we h d]iv$ consid]able und]/&+ ( ,sum]ian beliefs4 ,?is seal %[s ,adam & ,eve on opposite sides ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil1 & c be no?+ less ?an a direct ref]5ce to ! ev5t t is record$ 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis4 ,"o ( ! mo/ con/antly cit$ docum5ts ( antiquity1 is ! s-call$ ,gilgame% epic4 ,! high antiquity ( ! orig9al =m 9 :i* ?is occurs may be se5 f ! fact t _m ( ! seals t g z f> back z ! ye> #c1jjj ,b4 ,c4 are made ( illu/rations ( ! v>i\s episodes t are conta9$ 9 ?is valuable docum5t4 ,! orig9al home ( ,gilgame% seems to h be5 at ,ere*4 ,! city 0 evid5tly besieg$ by an army l$ by ,gilgame%1 :o1 aft] a ?ree-ye> w>1 became ! k+ ( ! city4 ,s h>% 0 ! despotic rule ( ! conqu]+ mon>* t ! p petition$ ! goddess ,aruru to create a be+ /rong en\gh to ov]?r[ ,gilgame% & release !m f 8 sway4 ,"s ( ! gods jo9$ 9 ) ?is pray] & z a result a my?ical be+1 p>tly div9e1 p>tly human1 & p>tly animal1 0 creat$ & dispat*$ to ,ere* = ! de/ruction ( ,gilgame%4 ,?is composite h]o be>s a great _m diff]5t names1 b ! e>lie/ accept$ =m 9 ! ,babylonian acc\nt 0 ,enk$u4 ,gilgame%1 le>n+ t an enemy _h be5 creat$ = 8 de/ruction1 ex]cis$ craft & lur$ ,enk$u to ! city ( ,ere*4 ,! two became fa/ fri5ds & set out f9ally to d battle ) a mighty giant nam$ ,khumbaba4 ,:5 !y arriv$ at 8 ca/le1 !y besieg$ & captur$ ! /ronghold ( ! giant1 :om !y slew4 ,!y c>ri$ (f 8 head z a trophy & return$ to ,ere* to celebrate _! victory4 ,! plan ( ! gods be+ ?us fru/rat$1 ! goddess ,i%t> bes\ght h] fa!r ,anu to create a mighty bull to de/roy ,gilgame%4 ,! bull be+ =m$ & dispat*$ ^u its duty1 also fail$ ( its purpose :5 ,enk$u & ,gilgame% vanqui%$ ! animal aft] a trem5d\s battle4 ,& s on1 ! /ory goes ) episode aft] episode1 culm9at+ ) a crisis 9 ! acc\nt ( ! deluge4 ,9 ?is climax1 9 a notable & fasc9at+ mann]1 we see aga9 ! co9cid5ce ( tradition ) a record ( ! ,scripture4 ,9 ! ,babylonian acc\nt ( ! deluge1 e major premise ( ! ,mosaic record is su/a9$ 9 its entirety4 ,! ,gilgame% acc\nt tells ( ! heav5ly w>n+1 x depicts ! ga!r+ ( mat]ial & ! build+ ( an ark4 ,9 ! ark 0 safely c>ri$ ! h]o1 8 wife & 8 family ) c]ta9 bea/s ( ! e>? = se$4 ,! ark ( ! ,gilgame% episode 0 made wat] tight ) bitum5 exactly z 0 ! ark ( ,noah 9 ! record 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis4 ,ent]+ ?is ark1 ! ,babylonian acc\nt tells h[ ! boat came "u ! direct sup]vision ( ! gods4 ,on ! same night a mighty torr5t fell out ( ! skies4 ,! cl\dbur/ cont9u$ = six days & nights1 until ! tops ( ! m\nta9s 7 cov]$4 ,! sea arose out ( its banks & help$ to ov]fl[ ! l&4 ,aft] ! sev5? day1 ! /orm abat$ & ! sea decreas$4 ,by t "t1 h[ev]1 ! :ole human race _h be5 de/roy$ ) ! exception ( ! little company :o _h be5 )9 ! ,babylonian ark4 ,! ark ( ,babylon gr\nd$ 9 t portion ( ! anci5t _w kn[n z ,arm5ia1 ! ,hebrew "n ( :i* is ,ar>at4 ,sev5 days aft] ! l&+ ( ! ark1 ! imprison$ remnant s5t =? a dove4 ,:5 %e f\nd no place to light & re/1 ! dove return$ to ! %ip4 ,!y wait$ a %ort :ile & !n s5t =? a swall[4 ,! swall[ also return$1 we>i$ f a long flight1 & sev]al m days 7 all[$ to elapse4 ,! next attempt to discov] ! condition ( ! e>? by ! imprison$ remnant result$ 9 ! s5d+ =? ( a rav54 ,! bird return$ & approa*$ ! ark1 b refus$ to re-ent] ! %ip4 ,! remnant knew !n t ! flood 0 end$4 ,!y accord+ly w5t =? ) all ! r$eem$ life1 & celebrat$ _! pres]vation by (f]+ up sacrifices to ! gods ^u ! m\nta9s4 ,! goddess ,i%t> 0 s pleas$ ) ! sacrifice ( ! godly remnant t %e hung 9 ! heav5s a great b[1 :i* ,anu1 ! fa!r ( ! gods1 _h made = ! occasion4 ,%e swore by ! sacr$ ornam5ts t hung ab\t h] neck t mank9d %\ld n aga9 be de/roy$ by a flood1 & ?is heav5ly b[ 0 ! sign ( t cov5ant4 ,! incid5tal details :i* are f\nd 9 ?is ho>y manuscript co9cide too closely ) ! record ( ,g5esis to admit ( co9cid5ce4 ,ar*eology has br\ght no /rong] te/imony to ! hi/oricity ( ! ,mosaic record ( ! deluge ?an ?is great acc\nt 9 ! ,gilgame% epic1 al?\gh int]sp]s$ ) my?ological *>act]s & deviat+ f ! simplicity ( ! ,g5esis acc\nt4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable publications ( ! ,briti% ,museum is _! monograph on ! ,gilgame% leg5d1 :i* conta9s a f9e & s*ol>ly translation ( ! deluge tablet 9 an unabridg$ =m4 ,our own copy ( ?is publication has be5 ( great value to _m /ud5ts :o h s\ght its aid 9 _! detail$ /udies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,ano!r "o ( ! disput$ portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t text :i* br\ght great com=t to ! habitually hopeful among ! de/ructive critics1 is t section ( ,g5esis :i* deals ) ! record ( ,nimrod & ! t[] ( ,babel4 ,mod]n ar*eology n only has fail$ to br+ any aid to ! critics 9 ?is p>ticul> incid5t1 b has robb$ !m ( all _! c>efully erect$ /ructure ( argum5t :i* 0 pr$icat$ ^u ! assumption t ! t[] ( ,babel 0 entirely my?ological4 ,among ! rec5t excavations 9 ,mesopotamia 0 ! "w 9 ! region :i* bore ! ori5tal "n ( ,birs-nimr\d4 ,:5 ! excavators _h f9i%$ _! enorm\s task1 !y _h laid b>e a magnific5t ziggurat ( trem5d\s antiquity :i* 0 ! l>ge/ s f> discov]$4 ,at ! "t ^! ru9s 7 fir/ se51 ?is enorm\s t[] cov]$ an area ( #a1ddd1jjj squ>e feet4 ,x t[]$ to ! height ( a bit m ?an #gjj feet4 ,"t has1 ( c\rse1 ravi%$ ?is monum5t to "s ext5t1 b en\gh ( its gr&eur & glory rema9s to %[ x =? z ! mo/ anci5t z well z ! mo/ magnific5t ( ! ,babylonian ziggurats4 ,accord+ to ! description giv5 by ,h]odotus1 9 ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 ,b4 ,c41 ! /ructure !n consi/$ ( a s]ies ( eight asc5d+ t[]s1 ea* "o recess$ 9 ! mod]n fa%ion ( cutt+-back t is us$ 9 c]ta9 types ( sky-scrap] ar*itecture4 ,! fam\s ,/ep ,pyramid at ,sakk>a is ano!r anci5t example ( ?is type ( /ructure1 ea* successive & high] t[] be+ small] ?an ! "o ^u :i* x re/s4 ,a spiral roadway1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 w5t ar\nd ! entire ziggurat1 m\nt+ rapidly f level to level4 ,he /ates t at ea* level a re/+ place 0 provid$ 9 ?is spiral roadway4 ,at ! top ( ! /ructure 0 a magnific5t temple 9 :i* ! religi\s ex]cises ( ! day 7 obs]v$4 ,t ?is 0 ! t[] ( ,nimrod is g5]ally accept$ by ! au?orities ( our pres5t day4 ,! "n ( ,nimrod :i* 9 ! ,sum]ian ideographs is read 8,ni-mir-rud0 is f\nd on a numb] ( artifacts & records ( high antiquity1 & ref]5ce is made z well to ! great monum5t t he built4 ,s z we read our way ?r\gh ! episodes :i* con/itute ! e>li] records ( ,g5esis1 we also dig our way into ! old] /rata ( humanity & f9d ourselves walk+ h& 9 h& ) ! tw9s ( revelation & sci5tific v9dication6 ,!y co9cide 9 all _! utt]ances1 tea*+ u t all t ! ,^w ( ,god has to say to m5 may be accept$ )\t "q or d\bt4 ,! late ,melv9 ,grove ,kyle has writt5 ext5sively ( 8 own rese>*es at ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 s t x is unnecess>y to recapitulate ! results ( 8 lifetime ( labor4 ,! sulphur\s ov]burd5 & ! />tl+ confirmation ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis d]iv$ f ! "w ( ,dr4 ,kyle & 8 associates w\ld v9dicate ! ,scriptural claims to hi/orical accuracy ev5 if !y /ood by !mselves4 ,9 ! g5]al argum5t & discussion t long has clu/]$ ab\t ! record ( ,abraham1 ! />t+ po9t ( critical refutation has g5]ally be5 ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,x is /at$ t ! battle ( ! k+s t occurr$ 9 ?is disput$ portion ( ,holy ,writ1 0 9 ! days ( ,amraphel1 k+ ( ,%9>4 ,s9ce a contempor>y is nam$ z ,*$-or-la-o-m]1 a /orm ( argum5t has swept ov] & ab\t t "o op5+ v]se ( ?is important *apt]4 ,! allies ( ,*$-or-la-o-m] are well kn[n f 8 own records1 & ,amraphel 0 n to be f\nd among !m4 ,x 0 a trem5d\s bl[ to criticism :5 ! discov]y 0 made t ,amraphel is ! ,hebrew "n ( ! ,sum]ian =m1 ,khammurabi4 ,plate #c ,illu/ration3 ,colossi ( ,k>nak ,illu/ration3 ,colossi ( ,luxor ,plate #d ,illu/ration3 ,colossi ( ,am5-,hetep ,,iii gu>d+ ,valley ( ! ,k+s ,illu/ration3 ,at tomb ( ,tutanhkam51 9 ! ,valley ( ,k+s ,! brilliant ability ( ?is mighty rul] is "o ( ! high po9ts ( f> antiquity4 ,! k+-li/s ( antiquity1 d]iv$ f _m s\rces1 7 compil$ by ord] ( sev]al ( ! k+s ( ,assyria & con/itute ano!r ( ! _m valuable records to be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a rec5t publication ( ! ,museum entitl$ 8,! ,annals ( ! ,k+s ( ,assyria0 is well wor? _m times ! price ( "o p\nd /]l+ :i* is dem&$ = ! volume4 ,?is s*ol>ly & brilliant piece ( "w conta9s ! orig9al ,assyrian text translit]at$ & translat$ ) hi/orical data t ! c>eful s*ol> _c be )\t4 ,x settles ! "q ( ,khammurabi4 ,?is ,khammurabi1 :om we %all n[ call by 8 ,hebrew "n ,amraphel1 has left u a long s]ies ( tablets1 monum5ts1 lett]s1 & a code ( laws :i* /&s engrav$ ^u a great monum5t pres]v$ also 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is a long way back to t tw5tie? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 b nei!r "t nor di/ance prev5ts our he>+ ! clamor+ voices ( m5 long dead1 :o %\t to u _! v9dication ( ! nature1 "*1 & integrity ( ^! te/imonies :i* are ! ,^w ( ,god6 ,x is a matt] ( common k 9 our day t ! ^w1 or "n1 ph>aoh1 may be appli$ ei!r to a p]son or to an (fice4 ,exactly z our mod]n ^w 8presid5t0 may be appli$ to ! function ( ! (fice1 or to ! possessor ( x 9 p]son1 s ! rul] ( ,egypt c\ld be kn[n simply z ,! ,ph>aoh1 or %ort] /ill1 z ,ph>aoh4 ,z e presid5t1 emp]or or k+1 h[ev]1 has 8 own prop] "n1 s ea* ph>aoh also is designat$ by 8 p]sonal "n4 ,=tunately = our purpose1 _m ph>aohs are m5tion$ 9 ! pages ( ,holy ,writ "u ! cle> id5tification ( _! prop] names4 ,_m ( !m1 h[ev]1 are n id5tifi$ by _! p]sonal "n b are ref]r$ to only by ! title ( _! k+ly (fice4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! ph>aoh ( ! ,exodus is n nam$ p]sonally 9 ! text4 ,su* attempts at id5tification ( ?is ph>aoh z are made1 mu/ be made f ext]nal s\rces4 ,h[ev]1 !re c be no "q ( ! id5tity ( ! rul]s ( ,egypt1 :o are specifically nam$ 9 ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,su* m5 z ! ,ph>aoh ,%i%ak1 ! ,ph>aoh ,z]a & ! ,ph>aoh ,s1 are id5tifi$ beyond any possibility ( "q4 ,x is a happy circum/ance = ! /ud5t ( apologetics t ea* ( ! ph>aohs :o is s nam$ 9 p]son by ! writ]s ( ! ,bible1 has be5 discov]$ & id5tifi$ 9 ! records ( ar*eology4 ,no m emphatic voice z to ! cr$ibility & ! infallible nature ( ! hi/orical sections ( ! ,scripture c be he>d ?an t :i* is =m$ by ! *orus ( ^! ph>aohs4 ,to note ! backgr\nd ( ?is record1 may we rem9d ! read] t 9 e>ly times1 ,egypt 0 a divid$ k+dom4 ,x 0 kn[n z ,upp] ,egypt & ,l[] ,egypt1 & a sep>ate mon>* reign$ ov] ea* section4 ,x happ5s t 9 ! p]iod ( ! divid$ k+dom1 !re 7 f\rte5 dyna/ies 9 ea* section ( ! l&4 ,! ,egyptian1 l all ,ea/]n p1 highly priz$ ance/ral antiquity4 ,! f>!r back into antiquity a man's family c\ld be trac$ 9 8 g5ealogy1 ! m ! hon\r t accru$ to him4 ,we are n )\t mod]n c\nt]p>ts1 ev5 9 our pres5t democracy4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! two k+doms 7 unit$1 ! fir/ k+s ( ! unit$ k+dom add$ toge!r ! f\rte5 dyna/ies ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 mak+ !m consecutive in/ead ( contigu\s4 ,?us !y built a spuri\s antiquity ( tw5ty-eight dyna/ies to enhance _! greatness4 ,! e>li] ar*eologi/s fell into ?is trap1 & consequ5tly erect$ an antiquity phantom :i* obscur$ ! problem ( *ronology = "s consid]able "t4 ,:5 x 0 discov]$ t ^! dyna/ies 7 concurr5t1 a great deal ( ! fallaci\s antiquity ( ,egypt 0 ab&on$4 ,?is fictional antiquity1 :i* d\bl$ ! factor ( "t = t p]iod1 _h be5 us$ to discr$it ! text ( ! ,bible by ! critical s*ol>s1 s-call$4 ,n[1 9 ! light ( our pres5t le>n+1 we f9d no discrepancy betwe5 ! antiquity ( ,egypt1 prop]ly und]/ood1 & ! *ronology ( ! ,scripture1 :5 x is divorc$ f ! errors ( ,us%]4 ,incid5tally1 ! *ronology & antiquity dem&s ( bo? ar*eology & revelation co9cide beautifully ) ! dem&s ( sane an?ropology4 ,to del9eate ?is backgr\nd s necess>y to ! prop] und]/&+ ( ! record ( ! ph>aohs1 x is necess>y to introduce ! fir/ occasion ( ! co9cid5ce ( ! text ( ! ,scripture ) ! l& & ! p ( ,egypt1 z x is "h t ! /reams ( revelation & hi/ory beg9 to conv]ge4 ,?is beg9n+ is made1 ( c\rse1 9 ! flight ( ,abraham into ,egypt at ! "t ( a disa/r\s fam9e4 ,ov]look+ = ! mom5t ! repreh5sible conduct ( ,abraham conc]n+ ! d5ial ( 8 wife ,s>ah1 & ! consequ5t emb>rassm5t ( ! ph>aoh1 we digress to make a brief survey ( ! incid5ts t lead up to ! k9dness ( ,ph>aoh to ,abraham4 ,!re _h be5 previ\s ,semitic invasions ( ,egypt4 ,! fir/ reason = ^! =ays1 ( c\rse1 0 fam9e4 ,due to ! unfail+ inundation by ! riv] ,nile1 ! f]tile l& ( ,egypt 0 a natural /oreh\se4 ,! l& ( ,egypt is f]tile1 ! sun is b5evol5t1 & :]ev] wat] rea*es ! l&1 amaz+ly prodigi\s crops are ! inevitable result4 ,s 9 ! anci5t days1 :5ev] !re 0 dr\ght 9 ! des]t c\ntries surr\nd+ ,egypt1 ! hungry hordes look$ on ! food supplies ( _! neighbor+ c\ntry1 &1 naturally1 mov$ 9 t direction4 ,?us ! pressure ( want 0 ! prim>y reason = ^! e>ly ,semitic invasions4 ,! second>y cause 0 conque/4 ,^! p ( antiquity 7 brutal pragmati/s1 z are c]ta9 nations 9 our pres5t ,tw5tie? ,c5tury4 ,! !me song ( antiquity und\bt$ly 01 8,i came1 ,i saw1 ,i conqu]$40 ,! motive = liv+ 9 ^? /]n days seems to h be51 8,he takes :o c1 & keeps :o may40 ,! activat+ motive ( mu* pa/ hi/ory is simply spoils4 ,"h n[ is a case 9 po9t4 ,a family ( k+s rul$ 9 ,syria1 :o c\nt$ _! weal? by flocks & h]ds4 ,driv5 by a comb9ation ( circum/ances1 !y desc5d$ ^u ,egypt4 ,!y 7 press$ by ! lack ( =age 9 _! own l&1 due to ! dr\ght1 & !y also lu/$ aft] ! treasure & weal? ( ! neighbor+ c\ntry4 ,s1 )\t ne$ = any o!r excuse1 !y desc5d$ ) _! arm$ hordes & conqu]$ ,egypt4 ,!re !y rul$1 e/abli%$ a dyna/y & possess$ ! l& = !mselves4 ,s9ce _! pr9cipal possessions 7 _! flocks & h]ds1 !y 7 kn[n z ! ,%eph]d ,k+s4 ,!y h come d[n 9 hi/ory z ! ,hyksos ,dyna/y4 ,!y unifi$ ,syria & ,egypt1 & x is intrigu+ to /udy ! developm5t ( ?is unification z t process is se5 9 ! pott]y ( t p]iod4 ,! "w ( ,egyptian artisans began to take on c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ,syrian culture until1 f9ally1 ! *>act]i/ic ,egyptian l9e & decoration disappe>$ & ! pott]y became purely ,syrian4 ,! ,%eph]d ,k+s e/abli%$ comm]ce betwe5 ! two halves ( _! empire & prosp]ity foll[$ _! conque/4 ,^! k+s import$ arti/s f _! native ,syria1 toge!r ) musicians & danc]s innum]able4 ,?is intrusion ( a =eign culture s *ang$ ! /&>ds ( ,egypt t = g5]ations ! ideal ( beauty 0 a ,syrian ideal4 ,lat]1 :5 ! ,syrian k+s 7 expell$ by ,tahutmas ! #bnd1 ! situation 0 rev]s$ & ,egypt1 n[ gov]n$ by an ,egyptian1 kept ,syria z h] %>e ( ! spoils4 ,f\r hundr$ ye>s lat] ano!r ,semitic invasion swept ov] ! l& f ,ur4 ,x is q probable t ^! conqu]ors 7 ,sum]ians4 ,!y e/abli%$ ! sixte5? dyna/y & br\ght ) !m also _! treasure 9 ! =m ( live/ock4 ,?us1 :5 ,abraham ent]$ ,egypt1 he f\nd t x 0 rul$ by 8 relatives6 ,?us we h an explanation ( ! cordial welcome t a ,sum]ian f ,ur receiv$ f a ph>aoh 9 ,egypt4 ,?is contact is well e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! arts ( t day1 by pott]y1 by frescoes1 & by means ( ! records ( anci5t cu/oms4 ,we "k ^! ?+s to be facts4 ,s :5 we read ( ! record ( ,abraham1 we h at our disposal a va/ & ov]:elm+ s\rce ( evid5ce z to ! cr$ibility ( ?is section ( ! record4 ,! /atem5ts t are made 9 ,g5esis c\ld h be5 writt5 only by "o :o 0 intimately famili> ) ! ,egypt ( t day & "t4 ,! second contact ( ,egypt & ! ,g5esis record is f\nd 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,joseph4 ,al?\gh h>% & unk9d1 ! action ( ! bro!rs 9 sell+ ! y\nge/ into slav]y 0 p]fectly legal "u ! code ( t day4 ,! y\ng] bre?r5 7 all subject to ! eld]s1 & ! law ( primog5iture gave to ! eld] almo/ unlimit$ p[] ov] ! life ( ! y\ng]4 ,! brutality & envy ( ?is act are f> f unp>allel$ 9 ! secul> records ( t day4 ,nor 0 ,joseph's ph5om5al rise to p[] unusual 9 ! /range culture ( t day & "t4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ,joseph 0 a ,semite at a ,semitic c\rt4 ,!re is an unconsci\s introduction ( a collat]al fact 9 ! simple /atem5t ( ,g5esis1 *apt] ?irty-n9e1 v]se "o4 ,aft] be+ told t ,joseph 0 sold to a man nam$ ,potiph>1 ! /atem5t is made t ,potiph> 0 an ,egyptian4 ,at fir/ ?\ght x w\ld seem to be expect$ t a tru/$ (fic] 9 ! c\rt ( a ph>aoh w\ld naturally be an ,egyptian4 ,! contr>y is ! case "h1 h[ev]4 ,! ph>aoh himself be+ an invad]1 he _h surr\nd$ himself ) tru/$ m5 ( 8 own race & family4 ,z f> z may n[ be asc]ta9$1 ,potiph> 0 ! only ,egyptian :o _h pres]v$ 8 life & kept 8 place at ! c\rt4 ,he seems to h be5 ! *ief (fic] ( ! bodygu>d ( ,ph>aoh1 & z su* 0 entru/$ ) ! dubi\s honor ( execut+ ! ,ph>aoh's p]sonal enemies4 ,?is1 !n1 is a simple & pass+ /atem5t t gives u an unexpect$ means ( *eck+ ! scrupul\s accuracy ( ! ,g5esis record4 ,joseph 0 comely1 attractive1 & fai?ful4 ,) an optimi/ic acceptance ( 8 un=tunate circum/ances1 :i* seem mu* h>d] to u 9 our enlight5$ g5]ation ?an w\ld actually be ! case to "o accu/om$ to su* vicissitudes ( =tune1 he set himself to s]ve ) fidelity & indu/ry4 ,b above all ?is1 ! bless+ ( ,god re/$ ^u him & ^u all t he did4 ,s9ce he 0 9 ! l9e ( ! promis$ ,se$1 & 0 "u ! direct bless+ ( t promise1 x 0 inevitable t he %\ld prosp]4 ,!re is a flood ( illum9ation t %9es ^u ?is p]iod f ! fresco$ tombs1 ! anci5t papyri1 & ! records crudely inscrib$ ^u walls & pill>s4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is true ( ! entire section ( ,g5esis t beg9s ) ! =tie? *apt] & cont9ues to ! end ( t ,book4 ,plate #e ,illu/ration3 op5 burial ,illu/ration3 op5 burial ,illu/ration3 op5 burial ,illu/ration3 ,op5 burial l[] left ,illu/ration3 ,ano!r mural f an anci5t tomb3 but*]s at "w ,illu/ration3 ,! god ,hapi draw+ ! ,two ,k+doms into "o ,among ! qua9t frescoes ( antiquity1 !re is "o t has no ^w ( explanation4 ,!re are _m su* murals 9 ,egyptian tombs1 & ! cattle also figure (t5 9 ! pictures on ! papyri4 7,see ,plate #i47 ,?is fresco1 h[ev]1 0 q unique4 ,across ! sc5e !re p>ade f\rte5 cattle4 ,! fir/ sev5 are r\nd1 fat & 9 f9e condition4 ,!y are foll[$ by sev5 ( ! sk9nie/ c[s t ev] ambl$ on f\r legs6 ,no ^w ( explanation is ne$$ to cl>ify ?is sc5e = ^? :o are famili> ) ! hi/ory ( t "t4 ,!re is ano!r mural %[+ ! *ief bak] ( ,ph>aoh1 foll[$ by 8 s]vants & port]s4 ,9 8 h& he holds a receipt = ! "o hundr$ ?\s& loaves t 7 daily deliv]$ to ! palace ( ,ph>aoh4 ,^! 8loaves0 7 9 ! nature ( l>ge buns4 ,! multiplicity ( ^! pa9t+s w\ld require a volume to del9eate c>efully1 b !re is in=mation "h t _c be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,!y br+ to u ! solution ( "o ( ^? my/]ies ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! collapse ( ! feudal sy/em & ! consequ5t complete possession ( ! l& by ! cr[n4 ,we c n[ read f ! secul> evid5ces ?us d]iv$1 t 9 a "t ( pl5ty a tru/$ lieut5ant ( ! k+ built gran>ies to /ore ! surplus left ov] f ! "t ( pl5ty4 ,( c\rse1 to our enlight5$ times or 9 ! culture ( ?is g5]ation1 t is ! height ( ignorance4 ,! prop] ?+ to d 9 a "t pl5ty is to de/roy ! surplus & pl[ "u ! excess4 ,we sometimes wond] :at w\ld h happ5$ 9 ,egypt if our mod]n culture _h prevail$ 9 ! sev5 ye>s ( pl5ty1 9 ! light ( ! fam9e t foll[$6 ,we n[ f9d t :5 ! :ole l& hung]$1 ! lords c$$ _! real e/ate to ! cr[n = gra9 to keep !mselves & _! families alive4 ,! p sold !mselves to ,ph>aoh & became slaves1 on condition t he fe$ !m z he w\ld 8 cattle4 ,:5 ?is "t ( fam9e 0 end$1 ,egypt 0 s absolute a mon>*y t ,ph>aoh own$ ev5 ! bodies ( ^? :o _h be5 8 subjects4 ,z an illum9at+ collat]al incid5t1 we n[ le>n t a ,sum]ian "n 0 giv5 to ,joseph1 ! tru/$ lieut5ant4 ,to him 0 accord$ ! title 8,zaph-na?-pa-a-ne-ah40 ,! ,sum]ian mean+ is 8,ma/] ( hidd5 le>n+10 & 0 a title ( hon\r & di/9ction :i* 0 conf]r$ because ( 8 wisdom & =e?\ght 9 provid+ = ! future4 ,to him also 0 accord$ ! royal hon\r4 ,he 0 to be prec$$ by a h]ald :o call$ ^u ! p to b[ d[n z ,joseph pass$ by4 ,h]e9 !re comes ! explanation ( a slight philological difficulty 9 ! text ( ,g5esis4 ,!y h tri$ to make ?is title ( hon\r to mean 8,little ,fa!r40 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 disappe>s :5 we und]/& t x is n a ,hebrew ^w t is f\nd 9 ! text1 b an anci5t ,egyptian phrase4 ,! common =m ( ! ^w is 8,ah-brak0 & lit]ally x means 8b5d+ ! knee40 ,! ,babylonian =m ( ! ^w is 8,ab>akhu40 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! anci5t _w ! t]m 8,ah-brak0 is /ill us$ by cameli]s to make _! bea/s ( burd5 kneel to receive _! load4 ,?us :5 ,joseph1 ! ma/] ( ! hidd5 le>n+1 w5t abroad ?r\gh\t ! l& ! h]ald prec$$ him cry+1 8,b5d ! knee10 & all ! populace b[$ 9 homage to him 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 di/+ui%$ accompli%m5ts4 ,aga9/ ?is backgr\nd ( und]/&+1 we n[ turn our ?\ghts to "o ( ! mo/ /irr+ dramas 9 all human hi/ory4 ,aga9 !re 0 a fam9e 9 ! entire l& ( ,sum]ia1 & ! p turn$1 z 0 cu/om>y1 to ! l& ( ,egypt = succor & relief4 ,_h ?is epic be5 inv5t$ by "s lit]>y g5ius ( antiquity1 ! arrival ( ! bro!rs ( ,joseph to buy gra9 = _! />v+ clan w\ld be deem$ "o ( ! mo/ melodramatic episodes ev] conceiv$ by ! human m9d4 ,!re9 we see aga9 h[ ,god ov]rul$ ! evil de$ ( ! bre?r51 & by t v de$ sav$ ! guilty4 ,9 a "t ( _w oppression & bitt] fam9e1 ! family ( ,abraham 0 reunit$ 9 ! %elt] ( ,egypt4 ,z ! /ory unfolds1 we see ! significance ( ,joseph's in/ructions to 8 bre?r54 ,^! ,semitic k+s 7 %eph]ds :o highly priz$ _! flocks & h]ds4 ,! ,egyptians1 h[ev]1 despis$ husb&ry1 & ?us ! mon>*s 7 9 great di/ress because ( ! want ( capable h]dsm54 ,! bre?r5 ( ,joseph 7 di/antly relat$ to ! reign+ ph>aoh4 ,!y 7 ( ! same race ( p1 & _! fa!r ,abraham _h be5 a pr9ce 9 t l& ( ,sum]ia4 ,s :5 ! ph>aoh ask$ !m :at _! occupation 01 recogniz+ !m z di/ant relatives1 !y 7 canny en\gh to reply1 8,we be %eph]ds2 to soj\rn 9 ! l& are we come40 ,) great delight1 ! ph>aoh employ$ !m to be ! p]sonal ov]se]s ( 8 treasur$ animals4 ,go%51 :i* consi/$ ( two hundr$ squ>e miles ( f]tility1 & 0 ! f9e/ prov9ce & ! juicie/ plum 9 ,egypt1 0 turn$ ov] to !m = a pa/ure6 ,!y ent]$ into a life ( comp>ative ease1 ( absolute security1 & ( importance 9 ! c\rt ( _! day4 ,s !re came into ,egypt t gr\p :i* 0 to con/itute ! spr+ t gave rise to ! hi/oric /ream ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,! tribes 7 !re 9 ! p]sons ( _! f\nd]s1 & ! long contact ( ,israel & ,egypt began ?r\gh ! pressure & want occasion$ by a "t ( fam9e4 ,"o fur!r int]e/+ & collat]al evid5ce ( ! accuracy ( ^! records is f\nd 9 ! v>i\s texts & sections ( ! ,books ( ! ,dead1 & 9 ! records ( ! cu/oms & practices ( ! anci5t art ( embalm+4 ,9 ,egypt ! g5]al rule 0 to all[ sev5ty days = ! embalm+ ( a dead body1 ! burial1 & ! m\rn+ = ! dead4 ,b ! fiftie? *apt] ( ,g5esis deal+ ) ! dea? & burial ( ,joseph tells u1 9 ! ?ird v]se1 8,& =ty days 7 fulfill$ = him2 = s are fulfill$ ! days ( ^? :i* are embalm$3 & ! ,egyptians m\rn$ = him ?reescore & t5 days40 ,^! /atem5ts c\ld be true only 9 ! days ( a ,hyksos or ,sum]ian dyna/y4 ,! mann] ( embalm+ introduc$ by ^! ,syrian conqu]ors1 requir$ =ty days = ! complete process & ! burial4 ,sev5ty days 0 _! cu/om = m\rn+1 ?us mak+ a total ( "o hundr$ t5 days4 ,only 9 ^! exact p]iods ( ,egyptian hi/ory c\ld ?is record ( ,g5esis be ?us e/abli%$ & accr$it$4 ,x is a fasc9at+ exp]i5ce = ! /ud5t ( ar*eology to w5d 8 way ?r\gh ! mass ( evid5ce d]iv$ f ^! g5]ations & n[ 9 ! possession ( ! great museums ( our e>?4 ,a pilgrimage begun 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 at ,london1 cont9u+ ?r\gh ! ,egyptian ,museum at ,cairo1 pass+ by way ( ,sakk>a to culm9ate at ,k>nak1 w enable ! fasc9at$ /ud5t to read ?is entire book ( ,g5esis f ! s\rces ( antiquity4 ,?us 9 ! v beg9n+ ( ! conv]g5ce ( ! two /reams1 ,revelation & ,hi/ory1 we see t dead m5 inde$ tell tales2 & _! /ories v9dicate ! record ( ! ,^w ( ,god6 ,mu* ( ?is evid5ce is1 9 ! v nature ( ! case1 inductive1 & is valuable l>gely because ( ! light x %$s on d>k places 9 ! text ( ! ,scripture4 ,! cu/oms ( ! p ( antiquity 7 9 _m ways s diff]5t f ^? ( our day1 we h lo/ ! compreh5sion ( _! conduct t is dep5d5t ^u mutual exp]i5ce4 ,!re are ?us c]ta9 obscurities 9 ! pages ( ! ,bible t h baffl$ mod]n man = a long "t1 b :i* are n[ cle>ly und]/ood 9 ! light ( fre% und]/&+ ( ! beliefs & practices ( ! times t are dealt ) 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,?is is by no means ! lea/ ( ! b5efits ( ar*eological inve/igation4 ,"o su* field w be f\nd 9 ! record ( ! exodus ( ! ,hebrews f ,egypt1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ,god %ook ! p[] ( ! conqu]+ ph>aoh & deva/at$ ,egypt = ! relief ( ! oppress$4 ,! entire record has be5 repudiat$ po9t by po9t by ! v>i\s critics & ! v>y+ s*ools ( criticism1 until _! limit$ op9ions leave no gr\nds = belief 9 ! v fact ( ! ev5t itself4 ,^! objections1 :5 analyz$ c>efully1 are all pr$icat$ ^u ! p]sonal ignorance ( ! individual critic conc]n+ "s phase ( ! proce$+s t climax$ ) ! dep>ture ( ,israel f s]vitude4 ,"o ( ! commone/ objections to ! cr$ibility ( ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory 0 ! (t-repeat$ ass]tion t ?\gh ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7 9 bondage = a long p]iod 9 ,egypt & left t l& 9 ! mo/ dramatic exodus antiquity _h kn[n1 !re is no record f ,egyptian s\rces ( ! p or hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,su* is n n[ ! case1 b _h x be5 s ?is w\ld n necess>ily h dim9i%$ ! value ( ! hi/orical /atem5ts to be f\nd 9 ! record ( ! book ( ,exodus4 ,v few ( ! races ( antiquity record$ 9 detail _! defeats6 ,c]ta9ly no nation t prid$ itself ^u its greatness & p[] ev] suff]$ a m complete ov]?r[ ?an did ,egypt 9 ! r$emption ( ,israel4 ,x is only natural to presume t !y w\ld make v little ref]5ce to ! cru%+ bl[ t !y suff]$ at t "t4 ,!re is ev5 today a /rong t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! ,egyptians to hu% up all evid5ce ( ?is ev5t z f> z x is possible to d s4 ,9 ! great ,egyptian ,museum at ,cairo1 = in/ance1 we f9d a record ( "o ( ^! texts t does ref] to ! ,israelites4 ,exhibit #eii 9 ?is a=esaid ,museum is a l>ge /ele 9 d>k gray granite1 :i* is beautifully engrav$ on bo? sides4 ,on "o side !re is an ext5sive inscription 9 :i* ,am5ophis ! ,?ird gives a categorical li/ ( 8 gifts & (f]+s = ! temple ( ,amon4 ,! o!r side ( ! /ele has be5 appropriat$ by ,am5p?ah4 ,he gives a highly dramatic acc\nt ( 8 battles & victories ov] ! ,libyans1 & !n alludes to ! assault ( ,ascalon1 ( ,gez]1 & ( ,yanoem 9 ,pale/9e4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is lat] record1 ! inscription reads1 8,israel is cru%$4 ,x has no m se$40 ,9 ! ,egyptian ,museum ?is exhibit is accompani$ by ! foll[+ +5i\s /atem5t3 8,?is is ! sole m5tion ( ! ,israelites 9 ! ,egyptian texts kn[n up to ! pres5t day40 ,?is is n exactly ! tru?4 ,! ,egyptian ,museum itself at ,cairo has a numb] ( ! tablets conta9+ ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,egyptian c\rt & ! k+s & gov]nors :o 7 vassals to ,egypt 9 ,pale/9e & ,syria4 ,^! communications make urg5t dem&s ^u ! cr[n ( ,egypt = milit>y help aga9/ ! invasion ( an arm$ horde :o are call$ 9 ! text1 ,hebiru4 ,! ^w 8,hebiru0 is commonly id5tifi$ ) ! mod]n t]m ,hebrew4 ,aga91 ! late ,director ,g5]al ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,antiquity ( ,egypt & ! great f\nd] ( ! ,cairo ,museum1 ,masp]o1 has left u an int]e/+ note ( ?is monum5t ( ,m5ep?ah4 ,masp]o po9ts to ! fact t 9 comp>ison to ,egypt1 ,*aldea & ,assyria1 ,israel 0 a v insignificant race4 ,if ?is 0 true :5 ! nation 0 rul$ by h] greate/ & mo/ glori\s dyna/y1 t ( ,david & ,solomon1 x w\ld be m s :5 ! nation consi/$ ( a slave company lodg$ 9 a corn] ( ! delta4 ,! lat] ravages und]gone by ! temples ( ,egypt1 :5 !y suff]$ incalculable h>m ?r\gh ! v&alism ( ! d>k] ages1 makes x inde$ extraord9>y t any record ( ^? e>li] times has rema9$4 ,9 ! v nature ( ! case1 ^! details c\ld n h be5 compreh5d$ by ! s*ol>s ( ! pa/ g5]ation1 z !y dealt ) cu/oms & ideas t 7 lo/ to our age4 ,! insatiable curiosity ( ! ar*eologi/1 comb9$ ) ! c>e ) :i* ! ,egyptians pres]v$ _! records1 c be cr$it$ ) ! recov]y ( ?is lo/ in=mation1 ! possession ( :i* s wond]fully e/abli%es our fai? 9 ?is m enlight5$ age4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! ,t5 ,plagues ,! prosecutors ( ! old *>ge ( 8folklore & my?ology0 s con/antly direct$ aga9/ ! fai? ( ^? :o hold to ! cr$ibility ( our pres5t ,scripture text1 f\nd "s ( _! ke5e/ %afts 9 ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! exodus f ,egypt4 ,scrut9iz+ ! record ( t notable ev5t "u ! microscope ( prejudice1 ! critics claim$ to h f\nd _m out/&+ weaknesses 9 ! text4 ,p>ticul>ly 0 ?is s 9 t section ( ! /ory :i* dealt ) ! plagues ) :i* ,almighty ,god smote ! l& & broke d[n ! resi/ance ( ,ph>aoh4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a manife/ation ( a s>donic humor 9 ! pres5t situation4 ,aft] d5y+ = g5]ations t ^! plagues ev] occurr$1 ! critics n[ seek to rob ! acc\nt ( any value by _! new te*nique ( acquiesc5ce4 ,! really mod]n me?od ( discr$it+ ! ,scripture is to admit t !re is "s tru? 9 ! record & !n subtly twi/ ! mean+ ( ! text out ( all h>mony ) ! g5]al plan ( revelation4 ,z a notewor?y example ( ?is mod]n te*nique ( criticism1 we submit a lead+ article :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,london ,express ( ,sunday1 ,septemb] #f1 #aicf4 ,pr(ess+ to accept ! hi/orical record ( ! t5 plagues1 ! writ] ( ?is article !n craftily proce$s to (f] a peculi>ly human & me*ani/ic !ory to acc\nt = ! disa/]4 ,9 read+ ?is news item1 we are at once /ruck by ! fact t e elem5t ( a sup]natural nature is delet$ f ! /range s]ies ( ev5ts1 & ! cr$it = ! entire victory ( ,israel is ascrib$ to ! human g5ius ( ! man ,moses4 ,?is news item appe>$ 9 ! foll[+ =m3 ,,! ,,plagues ,,( ,,egypt ,,%[ ,,t ,,moses ,,anticipat$ ,,by #c1jjj ,,ye>s ,,! ,,greate/ ,,fe> ,,( ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce ,sci5ce has be5 inquir+ into "o ( ! greate/ cata/rophes t befell a nation--! t5 plagues ( ,egypt4 ,!y h f\nd t mod]n !ories are 9 accord ) ! ,bible /ory4 ,! plagues 7 br\ght ^u ! ,egyptians by ,moses 9 ! days ( ,israel's captivity4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,j4 ,brim1 a ,new ,york au?ority on public heal?1 says t ,moses mu/ h anticipat$ by #c1jjj ye>s mod]n sci5ce's greate/ fe>--! use ( disease g]ms1 wat] pollution & o!r attacks on sanitation z w> weapons--9 %ort1 bact]iological w>f>e4 ,moses1 /ates ,dr4 ,brim1 9 addition to be+ ! f\nd] ( ! sci5ce ( hygi5e1 %[$ t g]m w>f>e c\ld annihilate man & bea/ m effectively ?an arms & man p[]4 ,) x he b5t ! mighty ,egyptians to 8 w & ?us br\ght ab\t ! ,exodus1 ! release ( ! ,israelites f ,egyptian slav]y4 ,) x he s und]m9$ _! man p[] & morale t x became impossible = !m to face ! h>d%ips ( w>4 ,! t5 plagues1 9 _! ord]1 73 ,*ang+ ! wat] into blood2 ,! frogs2 ,! lice2 ,! flies2 ,! murra9 ( cattle2 ,! boils on ! ,egyptians2 ,hail2 ,! locu/s2 ,! d>kness2 ,! dea? ( ! fir/-born4 8,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is c>efully plann$ attack10 says ,dr4 ,brim 9 a newly publi%$ book1 8,m$ic9e 9 ! ,bible10 80 ! pollution ( ,egypt's wat] supply40 ,?is _h two results3 ,fir/1 x attack$ ! god ( ,egypt--! ,nile2 secondly1 x sapp$ ! v f\nta9 ( ! c\ntry4 ,egyptian leg5d said t ! ,nile sprang f ! blood ( ! god ,osiris4 ,h5ce1 8! wat]s ( ! ,nile 7 turn$ into blood40 ,egypt dep5d$ on ! ,nile = its dr9k+ wat]1 on its ye>ly inundations = ! irrigation ( ! fields4 ,a pollut$ ,nile 0 a sma%+ bl[ at ! wat] supply & at ! crops & cattle4 ,nobody c\ld wa% or dr9k4 ,! fi%--"o ( ! /aple foods--di$4 ,frogs 7 =c$ to leave _! natural haunts 9 ! riv] banks & invad$ ! /reets1 fields & h\ses 9 _! millions4 ,sw>ms ( frogs1 ) no wat] or food1 di$ & rott$ ov] ! c\ntryside4 ,c>tloads 7 burn$1 b n be=e ! g]ms ( pollution _h "t to multiply4 ,! air became fill$ ) ! disease g]ms br$ 9 ?is ideal =c+-gr\nd4 ,p & animals became infect$4 ,flies desc5d$ 9 sw>ms great] ?an p _h ev] se51 br++ m g]ms ) !m4 ,cattle di$ 9 _! ?\s&s4 ,du/1 9 a naturally du/y c\ntry1 became infect$1 spread+ m disease & dea?4 ,nature took a turn4 ,a t]rific hail/orm %riek$ ov] ,egypt4 ,! few crops t 7 left /&+ 7 flatt5$ & de/roy$4 ,animals 7 kill$ by ! =ce ( ! hail/ones4 ,next came ! locu/s1 dropp+ 9 _! millions on ! fields1 eat+ ev]y?+ ! hail _h left4 ,:5 !y pass$1 a du/ /orm1 caus$ probably by ! hot1 electrical w9d kn[n z ! hams91 blew up & d>k5$ ! sky = days on end1 z s&/orms /ill d 9 t "p ( ! _w4 ,! t5? & la/ plague1 ! dea? ( ! fir/-born1 0 a natural consequ5ce ( all t _h happ5$ s9ce ! day ! wat] became pollut$4 ,! ,bible does n say explicitly t only ! fir/-born di$ 9 ?is plague4 ,:at x does say is3 ,& x came to pass t at midnight ! ,"l smote all ! fir/-born 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 f ! fir/-born ( ,ph>aoh t sat on 8 ?rone to ! fir/-born ( ! captive t 0 9 ! dungeon4 ,! epidemic kill$ _m o!rs1 b 9 ! dea? ( ! fir/-born lay ! greate/ calamity1 = ! fir/-born son 0 *ief 9 e ,egyptian h\sehold4 ,dr4 ,brim does n expla9 h[ ! fir/ plague 0 br\ght ab\t1 b if ,moses did pollute ! ,nile x mu/ h be5 done :5 ! wat] 0 l[4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,moses 0 a m$ical g5ius1 z 8 laws ( heal? prove1 & knew ! c]ta9 effects ( wat] pollution4 ,nei!r does ! doctor expla9 h[ ,moses =esaw ! hail1 b x is possible he c\ld judge atmosph]ic conditions ) precision4--,v4 ,b4 ,x is p]haps an inaccuracy to talk ab\t 8mod]n0 attempts to ?w>t & d5y ! ,^w ( ,god6 ,!re is no?+ mod]n ab\t ?is entire propag&a1 popul> z x may be 9 our own day4 ,! error is anci5t1 z is ! attitude ( m9d t w\ld set aside ! elem5t ( ! sup]natural 9 ,holy ,writ1 & oppose ! "t-honor$ revelation ( ,god's w by ! mod]n self-satisfaction ) human le>n+4 ,inde$1 ?is common & basic s9 ( our g5]ation is s f> f be+ mod]n1 t ! v fir/ record$ case ( d5ial ( ,god's ,^w comes f ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 man's fir/ & orig9al home4 ,ev5 be=e s9 _h re>$ its ugly head1 to %att] ! sweet communion & spoil ! fair h>mony t 0 ! basis ( man's fell[%ip ) 8 ,creator1 ?is error appe>$4 ,x 0 ,satan :o1 encroa*+ ^u ! beauty ( ,ed5's fair cont5t1 fir/ said1 8,ha? ,god said80 ,! d5ial ( ! tru? ( ,god's spok5 ^w orig9at$ ) ! enemy ( man3 & x w\ld behoove u all to rememb] t any man :o has que/ion$ ,8 writt5 ^w f t h\r to ?is1 is also an enemy1 & an emiss>y ( ! orig9al foe ( mank9d6 ,d we owe ,satan s great a debt ( gratitude = ! deep & d>k pit ( woe into :i* he has lur$ our race1 t we mu/ l5d slavi% att5tion to ! same old error :5 he sponsors x today8 ,= ?is 8mod]n0 attempt to discr$it ! ,scripture is b a recrudesc5ce ( 8 anci5t & simple /rategy = ! hurt ( mank9d4 ,well does he "k t if he c b %ake ! fai? ( our g5]ation 9 ! integrity ( ! ,bible1 fai? 9 ,god mu/ soon be lo/ z well4 ,once m p$antic sc(f]s1 pr(essors ( ?is & ( t1 arise solemnly to refute ! tru? ( ! only 8map0 t c ev] guide m5 back to ! ,p>adise we lo/ :5 ! fir/ man reject$ ,god's revelation4 ,x is int]e/+ to see t ?is old error is 9 no new guise1 9 ! article ref]r$ to above4 ,?is is no?+ new1 x is j an orig9al approa* to ! same old mess ( ,satanic :isp]+4 ,inde$1 ,paul w>n$ u ( ! possibility ( ?is v article & me?od 9 ,,ii ,timo?y #c3h1 :5 he said3 ,n[ z ,jannes & ,jambres )/ood ,moses1 s d ^! also resi/ ! tru?3 m5 ( corrupt m9ds1 reprobate conc]n+ ! fai?4 ,he introduces ! v age ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 & ! ev5ts connect$ ) ! ,exodus 9 speak+ ?us ( ! false tea*]s ( ! apo/ate days t %\ld prec$e ! "t ( our ,"l's return4 ,& lo6 ! ev5t transpires 9 ?is ye> ( grace1 z ! press ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ca/s d\bt ^u ! ,t5 ,plagues 9 ?is subtle mann]4 ,x is subtle4 ,also di%one/ to ! n? degree4 ,pr(ess+ to accept ! hi/oricity ( ! ev5ts1 ! article !n proce$s to demoli% ! cr$ibility ( ! record1 by ascrib+ all ! plagues to natural =ces1 direct$ by ! g5ius ( a human be+1 namely1 ,moses4 ,god is rul$ out1 ! sup]natural d5i$1 & common s5se pro/itut$ to infidelity 9 a mann] t ! %all[e/ ?9k] c\ld n c\nt5ance4 ,= a man ( m$ic9e1 or a s*ol> 9 any realm ( sci5ce1 to fo/] su* a contemptible evasion ( pla9 fact1 passes und]/&+4 ,a few ye>s ago x 0 cu/om>y = criticism to d5y t ^! plagues ev] happ5$4 ,classify+ !m among ! reput$ folklore ( ! ,hebrews1 & relegat+ !m to ! realm ( ! purely my?ological1 ! critic calmly & boldly d5i$ t !y ev] occurr$ at all4 ,b ^! pa/ ye>s ( rese>* & /udy h s e/abli%$ ! hi/oricity ( ! record1 t ?is proc$ure is no long] possible2 s ! new attack is made1 on ! basis ( naturalism4 ,x is pla9ly /at$ t ,moses himself br\ght ab\t ^! plagues ^u ! ,egyptians1 & t he did s by ! use ( 8 own sup]ior k4 ,9 a ^w1 he 0 a bact]iologi/1 ?ree & a half ?\s& ye>s be=e ,pa/eur6 ,t 9 itself is a great] miracle ?an ! plagues c\ld ev] h be56 ,no microscope1 no in/rum5ts ( rese>*1 yet he n only anticipat$ ! discov]ies ( ,li/] & ,pa/eur1 b he also appli$ g]m w>f>e to ! r$emption ( ,israel1 & 8b5t ! ,egyptians to 8 w40 ,m m>vel\s ?an all ?is1 he did x by simply pollut+ ! ,nile ,riv]1 ! s\rce ( ! life ( ,egypt4 ,?is ( c\rse 0 a simple task6 ,! ,nile is a mighty riv]4 ,if we foll[ its c\rse j f ! ,fir/ ,cat>act at ,assuan to ! m\?1 x is ov] five hundr$ miles z ! riv] twi/s & b5ds r\nd & ab\t4 ,n[ all ,moses _h to d 0 to impregnate ^? five hundr$ miles ( w9d+ riv] ) "s deadly =m ( disease g]ms1 t w\ld affect ! ,egyptians b n ! ,israelites6 ,any nice g]m w\ld d6 ,( c\rse1 he _h also to keep ^? five hundr$ miles ( fl[+ /ream pollut$1 9 spite ( ! ru%+ curr5t t swept fre% wat] d[n day by day6 ,let u n =get1 t he did all ?is :ile ,ph>aoh 0 look+ on3 & t = sev5 days ! condition cont9u$1 !n to end z sudd5ly z x _h begun4 ,we %\ld l to "k some?+ ( 8 te*nique6 ,!n1 aft] ! riv] _h cle>$ its wat]s1 ,moses boldly ann\nc$ t ! ,"l w\ld ov]run ! l& ) frogs6 ,?is 0 done1 n z a result ( a pollut$ riv]1 b r aft] ! riv] 0 cle>4 ,pollution ) disease g]ms might h driv5 ! frogs out ( ! riv]3 b h[ did ,moses get !m to g back1 z ,ph>aoh entreat$ him to d8 ,mo/ conv5i5tly1 ! au?or ( ! above cit$ article does n m5tion h[ ! lice 7 spread ov] ! l& by ,moses6 ,did he p]sonally cat* !m & spread !m all ar\nd1 or _h he be5 bre$+ & /or+ !m = ye>s 9 advance8 ,! flies may h increas$ 9 ! rott+ piles ( frogs1 b :at kept ?is pe/ ( flies out ( ! small section ( ,egypt call$ ! ,l& ( ,go%51 :]e ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 78 ,giv5 ! conditions t caus$ ! flies to bre$1 :y did !y refra9 f ! p>ticul> portion ( ! l& :]e ,moses & 8 p 7 camp+8 ,s also = ! murra9 on ! cattle1 & ! boils on ! ,egyptians4 ,none ( ,israel 7 affect$ by ^! disa/]s4 ,did ,moses h "s k9d ( salve or prophylactic s]um t he us$1 he be+ ! great m$ical g5ius t ?is article makes him to be8 ,ev5 t w n acc\nt = ! fact t :5 ! hail came1 x1 also1 avoid$ ! camp ( ,moses & 8 ?ree & a half million compatriots6 ,b ev5 a great m$ical g5ius & an accompli%$ meteorologi/ c\ld n h =ese5 ! com+ ( ! locu/s t d>k5$ ! sky & ! l& z well4 ,nor c\ld ?is great m$ical g5ius1 ev5 _h he also be5 an able entomologi/1 h se5 to x t ! locu/s ate only ,egyptian vegetation1 z ,go%5 gre5]y w\ld h be5 j z acceptable to hungry locu/s6 ,& :o ev] saw any o!r k9d8 ,pass+ ov] ! sup]natural d>kness ) ! simple obs]vation t x 0 n an ord9>y ph5om5on su* z a s&/orm 7:i* left ! h\ses ( ! ,israelites unaffect$71 we w ha/5 to ! conclusion ( ! matt]1 ! dea? ( ! fir/-born4 ,! article we are quot+ makes a t]ribly /ra9$ attempt to prove t o!rs di$ z well z ! fir/-born1 b ! text ( ! ,scripture does n s /ate or imply4 ,inde$1 ! text v cle>ly sets =? ! fact t x 0 only ! fir/-born :o di$4 ,!y di$ dramatically2 all at ! same h\r4 ,at midnight1 simultane\sly1 dea? smote a c]ta9 re/rict$ class4 ,! pr9ce 9 ! palace1 & ! felon 9 ! dungeon2 ! cattle z well4 ,b ! fir/-born ( ,israel did n die6 ,!y 7 all "u ! blood6 ,qua9t epidemic1 0 x n8 ,x came z a result ( disease g]ms 9 ! riv] ,nile1 x kill$ all its victims out ( j "o class1 ! fir/-born1 & x pass$ ov] any home t _h lamb's blood on ! door po/s6 ,is x necess>y = a man to believe su* arrant nons5se1 & accept su* utt]ances ( folly be=e he c qualify z an educat$ man1 or a sci5ti/8 ,mo/ =tunately1 x is n6 ,to %[ ! tru? ( ?is matt]1 we c inde$ /udy ^! t5 plagues 9 ! light ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,n by ! flick]+ rays ( ! lamp ( human speculation c und]/&+ be a*iev$4 ,only 9 ! full illum9ation ( ! sun%9e ( hi/orical fact c ! tru? be disc]n$4 ,s1 we w turn to ! great & truly mod]n sci5ce ( ar*eology to /udy ! ,t5 ,plagues ( ,egypt1 & see :at ! tru? ( ! matt] really is4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?anks to ! va/ am\nt ( rese>* 9 ! ar*eology ( ,egypt1 we n[ "k t ^! t5 plagues 7 a conte/ betwe5 ! ,"l ,god ( ! ,israelites1 & ! pan!on ( ,egypt4 ,! g5esis ( ! conte/ is giv5 9 ,exodus #c3ah4 ,"h ,moses is in/ruct$ by ,god to ask ,ph>aoh = a ?ree-day furl\gh = ! entire company ( ! ,twelve ,tribes1 t !y might g ?ree days' j\rney into ! wild]ness1 & sacrifice to ,jehovah4 ,?is initial reque/ 0 to be ! fir/ /ep 9 a campaign t w\ld result 9 ! r$emption ( ,israel f _! long bondage1 & ! app>5tly reasonable reque/ 0 made ) ! c]ta9ty t x w\ld be refus$4 ,inde$1 ! reque/ 0 su* t ,ph>aoh c\ld n grant x6 ,z we %all lat] see1 ! ,egyptians 7 ! mo/ poly!i/ic nation t ev] liv$4 ,9 _! pan!on ( deities !re 7 m ?an tw5ty-two hundr$ gods & goddesses1 & ea* ( !m _h a p>ticul> !ophany4 ,t is to say1 ^! gods & goddesses _h c]ta9 animals t 7 sacr$ to !m1 & 9 :i* animal =m ! p>ticul> god or goddess occasionally manife/$ a p]sonal pres5ce4 ,s v (t5 ! deities ( ,egypt are depict$ 9 /one & pa9t+ z hav+ a human body1 b an animal head4 ,?us ,?o? might be se5 ) ! head ( an ibis1 :ile ,ha?or sometimes has a human head1 b m (t5 %e is portray$ ) ! head ( a c[4 ,s !re 0 no animal t ! ,hebrews c\ld sacrifice to _! ,god1 ,jehovah1 t w\ld n be sacr$ to "s ,egyptian deity4 ,?is sacrifice w\ld con/itute blasphemy 9 ! eyes ( ! ,egyptian ma/]s1 & tr\ble w\ld ev5tuate imm$iately6 ,inde$1 :5 ,ph>aoh1 worn out by ! tr\bles br\ght ^u him by ! plagues1 sugge/$ to ,moses t ! p sacrifice to ,jehovah )\t go+ to ! wild]ness1 ,moses simply repli$ 9 ! language t is record$ 9 ,exodus #h3bf3 8,:at %all we sacrifice1 t w n be an abom9ation 9 ! eyes ( ! ,egyptians8 ,w !y n /one ! p if !y sacrifice 9 ! l&80 ,! ju/ice ( ! reply 0 s self-app>5t t ! rul] did n press 8 sugge/ion1 z ! text %[s4 ,?us ,god =c$ ! issue & provok$ ! conflict t n only fre$ ,8 p f slav]y & ev5tually e/abli%$ !m 9 ! l& t ,he _h promis$ !m ?r\gh ,abraham1 b also %[$ ,8 supremacy ov] ! gods ( ,egypt4 ,ev5 m ?an t1 9 ! resultant s]ies ( ev5ts1 ! ,"l ,god br\ght su* glory to ,8 own ,"n1 & %[$ su* omnipot5ce t ! _w has nev] =gott5 ?is drama1 ev5 to our own day & "t4 ,witness ! v article t is ! subject ( ?is pres5t comm5t6 ,! cle> /atem5t ( ,god's attitude t[>d ! conflict is se5 9 ,exodus #d3bc1 #bd4 ,! figure ( spee* us$ !re is a div9e *oice1 !re=e we use x j z ,god ,himself express$ ,8 own m9d to ,moses4 ,! 8fir/-born0 0 ! *ief object ( int]e/ 9 e ,egyptian h\sehold1 = two reasons4 ,! law ( primog5iture rul$ 9 t day & l&1 ev5 z x does 9 ,engl& & o!r c\ntries today4 ,also1 ! fir/-born ( e species1 animal or human1 0 d$icat$ to ! gods1 & 0 a sacr$ object1 9 a v /rong s5se ( t ^w4 ,s lat]1 we he> ! law ( ,israel z set =? by ,god1 t ! fir/-born ( man or bea/ 9 ! l& is to be sacr$ to ,jehovah3 n to ! gods ( ,egypt4 ,n[ !n1 z ,moses 0 s5t to ,ph>aoh1 to c>ry ! dem&s ( ,god = ! release ( ! p1 he 0 in/ruct$ to tell ! rul] t ,israel 01 9 ,god's sight1 z priz$ & belov$ a gr\p z ! 8fir/-born0 0 9 an ,egyptian h\sehold4 ,9 a figure ( spee* t ,egypt z a :ole c\ld mo/ cle>ly grasp1 ,god said3 8,israel is ,my son1 ,my fir/-born3 ,& ,i h said unto !e1 ,let my son g t he may s]ve me2 & ?\ ha/ refus$ to let him g2 behold1 ,i w slay ?y son1 ?y fir/-born40 ,) ?is introduction1 we c see cle>ly ! g5esis ( ! conflict4 ,x is mo/ cle>ly /at$ 9 ,exodus #e3a-c4 ,:5 ,moses said to ,ph>aoh1 8,?us sai? ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 ,let my p g1 t !y may hold a fea/ unto ,me 9 ! wild]ness30 ! rul] ( ! l& said1 9 j s _m words1 8,:o is ,jehovah8 ,i nev] he>d ( him60 ,n only did ! mighty k+ reject ! ^w & ! comm&s ( ,god1 b he also d5i$ ,him 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms4 ,?is up/>t ,jehovah1 :o 0 ,he to give ord]s to ,ph>aoh ! mighty8 ,he 0 ! god ( an humbl$ & captive p1 !re=e ! k+ reason$ t 8 own gods mu/ be f> mighti]6 ,s ! pr\d & haughty mon>* said1 8,i'll /ick by ! gods ( ,egypt2 ,i "k n ?is ,jehovah1 & ,i w n obey ,8 words40 ,moses left ) ! cle>ly express$ w>n+ t ! k+ might n !n "k ,jehovah1 b t he 0 c]ta9ly de/9$ to f9d out ab\t ,him6 ,! call to arms1 ! *all5ge to combat1 & ! prophecy ( ,god's victory are all express$ 9 ! s+le v]se 9 ,exodus ! sev5? *apt]1 :]e ,god tells ,moses t 8! ,egyptians %all "k t ,i am ,jehovah1 :5 ,i /ret* out my h& ^u ,egypt44440 ,?is1 !n1 0 ! prim>y reason = ! t5 plagues4 ,god w\ld tea* ! ,egyptians a lesson ?r\gh judgm5ts t ! l& w\ld nev] =get6 ,:5 he f9i%$ ) !m1 none 7 ev] aga9 able to say1 8,& :o is ?is ,jehovah8 ,! gods ( ,egypt are /rong]40 ,?us we see t ! conte/ 0 prim>ily betwe5 ! mono!ism ( ,israel & poly!ism ( ,egypt4 ,we w\ld emphasize ! fact t ! ,egyptians 7 p]haps ! mo/ poly!i/ic race ! _w has s f> kn[n4 ,x is impossible to say j h[ _m deities exi/$ to ! ,egyptian m9d1 b 8_! "n 0 legion06 ,two hundr$ sep>ate deities are nam$ 9 ! ,pyramid ,text1 & f\r hundr$ & eighty m are nam$ 9 ! ,!ban ,rec5sion ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,altoge!r1 ar*eologi/s h recov]$ ! names ( ov] two ?\s& two hundr$ diff]5t gods & goddesses t 7 wor%ipp$ by ! ,egyptians6 ,is x any wond] t ,jehovah mu/ />t ,8 laws to ,8 p ) ! comm&m5t3 8,?\ %alt h no o!r gods be=e me608 ,a ^w ab\t ^! objects ( ,egyptian wor%ip w be necess>y to cle> up ! necess>y lat] ref]5ces to ! practices & ! beliefs ( ! ,egyptians4 ,:ile ^! anci5t folks nev] _h ! idea ( an imman5t1 p]vasive ,god1 9 ! mono!i/ic s5se1 !y /ill _h a dim conception ( a sup]-god pr9ciple1 beh9d & ov] ! v>i\s individual gods & goddesses4 ,!re 0 fir/ ( all ! gr\p+ ( gods into triads1 :i* 0 a widely accept$ cu/om4 ,s9ce ea* triad consi/$ ( a god1 a wife1 & a son1 ?is gr\p+ is less a deg5]ation ( ! pr9ciple ( ! ,tr9ity ?an might seem to be sugge/$ at fir/ ?\ght4 ,r1 x 0 a glorification ( ! family pr9ciple4 ,?us we see t at ,!bes1 ! pr9cipal triad ( deities consi/s ( ,amon-,ra1 ! k+ ( all ! gods1 ,mut1 8 ,wife1 & ,khons1 _! son4 ,ba-neb-,d$1 ) 8 wife ,het-mehit1 & _! son ,h>pakhrad 7:om ! ,greeks lat] call$ ,h>pokrates7 con/itut$ ! triad at ,m5des4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,memphis triad 0 compos$ ( ,ptah1 ,sekhmet1 & ,imhotep4 ,sometimes ! great] gods 7 gr\p$ into a company ( n9e1 call$ ! ,ennead4 ,!re 0 also ! gr\p+ ( ! major deities into ! 8,?ree ,companies10 be+ ! gods ( ! heav51 ! e>?1 & ! ,o!r or ,"u ,_w4 ,all ! gods _h human bodies1 b "s ( !m _h animal heads4 ,sometimes a god :o cu/om>ily _h a human head w\ld appe> we>+ ! animal head ( 8 !ophany1 z 9 ! case ( ,ha?or1 cit$ above4 ,?us :5 ,ha?or appe>s ) a c['s head ^u a human body1 %e appe>s ) ! sol> disk betwe5 h] horns2 & :5 %e appe>s ) ! human head1 %e we>s z a headdress ! bonnet ( ! goddess ,mut1 ! wife ( ,amon-,ra1 ! horns ( ! c[1 ! sol> disk :i* %[s h] relation%ip to ,horus1 & ! fea!r ( ! goddess ,maat4 ,we h previ\sly ass]t$ t ea* plague 0 a direct bl[ at "o ( ^! cele/ial be+s1 & x might be pr(itable to demon/rate ?is fact ) a few concrete illu/rations4 ,illu/ration3 ,hapi ,! ,fir/ ,plague 0 a direct & def9ite bl[ at a num]\s company ( ^! objects ( wor%ip4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,riv] ,nile 0 itself an object ( wor%ip4 ,x 0 reput$ to fl[ f ! cele/ial /ream call$ ,nu1 & 0 heav5ly 9 its orig94 ,x br\ght life to ! entire l& ( ,egypt1 & 0 wor%ipp$ ) appropriate & v exact ritual4 ,!re 7 hymns to ! ,nile1 pray]s & (f]+s to & = ! ,nile1 & ! riv] possess$ 9 itself a v real p]sonality4 ,! ,riv] is pictur$ 9 ! =m ( a man we>+ a clu/] ( wat] plants ^u 8 head1 & ! idea ( f]tility is convey$ by giv+ him ! heavy p5dant brea/s ( a nurs+ "m6 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum may be se5 a rem>kable papyrus1 conta9+ ! ,hymn to ! ,nile4 ,to %[ ! rev]5ce felt = ! p[] ( ! great ,riv]1 we quote j a s5t5ce or two f ?is ,hymn3 444 ,?\ art ! ,"l ( ! poor & ne$y4 ,if ?\ w]t ov]?r[n 9 ! heav5s1 ! gods w\ld fall ^u _! faces1 & m5 w\ld p]i%4444 ,?is deifi$ riv]1 !n1 ! s\rce ( life & bless+ 9 ,egypt1 0 smitt5 by ,god1 & its wat]s turn$ to blood4 ,frantically ! ,egyptians s\ght to dig %all[ wells by ! banks ( ! /ream1 z _! wat] supply fail$ !m = ! fir/ "t 9 ! memory ( man6 ,truly1 ,jehovah 0 great] ?an ! ,nile6 ,& n only great] ?an ! ,riv] itself1 !re 0 m ?an ?is involv$4 ,!re 7 _m issues involv$1 & _m deities suff]$ 8loss ( face0 t day6 ,illu/ration3 ,osiris ,!re 0 ! mighty ,osiris1 :o 0 himself ! cause & s\rce ( ! resurrection & ( ev]la/+ life4 ,greate/ ( all ! gods ( ! und]world1 he has an important "p 9 ! text ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,! ,nile 0 suppos$ to be 8 blood/ream6 ,:5 ,god smote ! ,nile1 he laid ! mighty ,osiris l[ 9 ! du/6 ,) him fell ,hapi--:o 0 ! ,nile-god1 & also ,satet1 ! wife ( ,khnemu1 ! goddess ( ! annual inundation4 ,h] div9e si/]1 ,anqet1 bit ! du/ t day1 z %e 0 ! p]sonification ( ! ,nile wat]s1 :i* turn$ into an (f5se & a /5* :5 ,moses /ret*$ out 8 /aff4 ,"t w n p]mit ! pres5tation ( ! *>act]s ( ,isis-,so?is1 ,isis-,ha?or1 ,am5t1 ,m5at1 ,r5pit & at lea/ two score m1 all ( :om met defeat 9 ! ,fir/ ,plague4 ,none ( !m c\ld su/a9 _! pre/ige & p[] 9 ! face ( ! action ( ,jehovah1 & ,he em]g$ victori\s 9 ! fir/ trial ( /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,khnum ,! ,second ,plague 0 likewise a conte/ betwe5 ! ,"l ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & c]ta9 specific ideas ( ! ,egyptian sy/em ( wor%ip4 ,! plague ( frogs t cov]$ ! l&1 mak+ life a burd5 to ! p1 0 a bl[ /ruck at ,heqt1 ! wife ( ! great ,khnum1 ^: !ophany 0 a frog4 ,inde$1 %e 0 call$ ! 8frog-goddess10 & ?is l[ly creature 0 sacr$ to h]4 ,! frog 0 ! symbol ( ! resurrection1 & ! emblem ( f]tility4 ,x 0 rev]5c$ by ! p1 & to h "o ar\nd ! dwell+ place 0 a sign ( good =tune & 0 suppos$ to ensure a f]tile ye> = f>m & family alike4 ,!y got en\gh ( ?is qua9t object ( rev]5ce :5 ,god flood$ _! l& ) myriads ( ! bea/ly ?+s6 ,!y 7 9 ! bread-tr\gh1 & got tangl$ up 9 ! d\gh1 ?us add+ a r qua9t flavor to ! bread6 ,! bread c\ld n be bak$1 h[ev]1 z ! bak+ ov5s crawl$ ) frogs1 & ! fires c\ld n be light$4 ,!y hopp$ all ov] ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 & :5 he s\ght 8 b$ 9 disgu/ !y 7 !re be=e him4 ,l a blanket ( fil? ! slimy1 wet mon/rosities cov]$ ! l&1 until m5 sick5$ at ! cont9u$ squa%+ crun* ( ! gha/ly pavem5t !y 7 =c$ to walk ^u4 ,if a man's feet slipp$ on ! greasy mass ( _! cru%$ bodies1 he fell into an indescribably (f5sive mass ( putrid uncleanness1 & :5 he s\ght wat] to cleanse himself1 ! wat] 0 s solid ) frogs1 he got no cleans+ !re4 ,9 %e] desp]ation ! mighty k+ 0 =c$ to beg1 8,call (f y\r frogs1 & ,i w let ! p g60 ,read ,exodus #h3a-ae4 ,& ) t cry1 ! pre/ige ( ,heqt & ,khnum 0 gone =ev]1 dr[n$ out 9 ! tidal wave ( disgu/ t roll$ up 9 prote/ at too mu* ( h] !ophany6 ,x is a bit difficult to imag9e t g5]ation ( ,egyptians ev] wor%ipp+ ! ,frog aga94 ,plagues ,?ree & ,f\r are a bit m difficult to deal ) at ! pres5t writ+1 because ( ! p]sonal ignorance ( ! writ]4 ,by t he means to say t m light is requir$ "h z he does n "k def9itely ! exact god t 0 meant to suff] 9 ! e/imation ( ! p1 ) ! plague ( lice4 ,!re c be no "q1 h[ev]1 t ! p !mselves 7 h>d hit1 z any vet]an ( ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 w be only too glad to te/ify6 ,?is unclean p>asite mu/ h be5 a s\rce ( mis]y t 0 well-nigh insup]able1 :5 x became z num]\s z ! v du/ ( ! gr\nd6 ,x mu/ h made ! ,egyptians some:at envi\s to see ! ,israelites bask+ 9 peace & bodily com=t1 :ile !y1 ! lords ( ! l&1 it*$ & scrat*$ & suff]$ ! mis]y ( ?is vici\s pe/6 ,h[ mu* bett] to tru/ ! ,god ,jehovah :o demon/rat$ ,8 ability to keep ,8 foll[]s free f ev5 su* a plague z ?is4 ,z = ! flies1 !re is ?is sugge/ion1 at lea/3 "o ( !m 0 sacr$ to ! "n ( ,uat*it4 ,:at v>iety ( fly is int5d$ 9 ! text we _c def9itely say1 z !re are num]\s species ( flies4 ,b ! i*neumon fly is a symbol ( ?is god1 & _! figures 9 t9y /atues & on papyri are well kn[n to ! mod]n ar*eologi/4 ,!y are a brilliant & beautiful insect1 some:at priz$ by ! entomologi/s ( our day z specim5s1 b !y c be a pe/ :5 !y come 9 too num]\s companies6 ,"s ye>s ago we 7 encamp$ 9 ,mexico1 ) a company :o 7 digg+ = ar*eological treasure4 ,! site 0 pleasant1 ! camp 0 ne> a cle>1 me&]+ /ream1 & ! %ade trees 7 enjoyable4 ,!re 0 j 8"o fly 9 ! o9tm5t0 & t fly 0 ! i*neumon4 ,e "t food 0 plac$ ^u ! camp table1 ?is gorge\s insect respond$ ) en?usiasm & delight4 ,!y came 9 regim5ts & companies1 br++ all _! relatives & fri5ds ) !m6 ,s we c\ld say f exp]i5ce1 t anyone :o _h to fight ) a sw>m ( i*neumon flies = 8 own %>e ( ! lun*1 w\ld soon come to revile ! god to :om ?is symbol 0 sacr$6 ,n only ,jehovah1 b any god w\ld seem pref]able to ,uat*it aft] an invasion ( 8 p>ticul> pets4 ,or %\ld we turn ?is la/ ^w ar\nd & make x pe/1 in/ead8 ,illu/ration3 ,ha?or ,:5 we come to ! ,fif? ,plague1 we are aga9 on solid & assur$ t]ritory4 ,once m firm ar*eological gr\nd supports ! !me ( ?is *apt]4 ,:5 ,god smote ! cattle ( ,egypt1 ,he dealt mo/ def9itely & dra/ically ) ,egyptian poly!ism4 ,!re 7 _m ( ! supreme objects ( ,egyptian wor%ip t met _! ,wat]loo 9 ! murra9 on ! cattle4 ,*ief ( ^! is ! mighty & v5]at$ ,ha?or4 ,%e 0 ! 8c[-goddess0 t 0 univ]sally wor%ipp$ 9 all ! l&1 & 0 to ! human race ( t day ! 8"m0 pr9ciple ( deity4 ,h] mo/ common "n 9 ! ,egyptian language is ,het-,h]t1 :i* lit]ally means 8! ,h\se ( ,horus40 ,! ,h\se ( ,horus is t portion ( ! sky :]e ,horus lives & is daily born1 namely1 ! ea/4 ,ha?or is depict$ 9 antiquity 9 _m =ms4 ,always %e appe>s ) a human body1 & may sometimes h a human head z well4 ,b m (t5 %e has a c['s head on a human body1 z ! c[ 0 h] symbol4 ,%e (t5 walk$ ! l& 9 ! !ophany ( a c[1 & "o c\ld tell :5 a calf 0 born1 :e!r ,ha?or _h come to e>?1 or n4 ,:5 ?is great goddess is pictur$ ) a human head1 %e we>s an impressive headdress4 ,?is is compos$ ( ! spread+ horns ( a c[1 betwe5 :i* are se5 ! bonnet ( ,mut1 ! div9e wife ( ,amon-,ra1 ! k+ ( ! gods4 ,above ?is is se5 ! sol> disk1 z ,ha?or 0 ( 8,! ,great ,company0 & 0 associat$ ) all ! b5efic5ce ( ! glori\s & life-giv+ sun4 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead tea*es t ,ha?or provides n\ri%m5t = ! s\l 9 ! o!r-_w1 & z su* a provid] %e excels all ! m9or gods4 ,s 9 all ! =ms 9 :i* %e is c>v$ or drawn1 %e we>s ! sacr$ uraeus1 to %[ h] exalt$ p[]4 ,:5 ,god smote ! cattle1 h] especial symbol1 ,he /ruck a mighty bl[ at ! tott]+ sy/em = :i* ,ph>aoh _h confid5tly express$ 8 pref]5ce4 ,! o!r =ays 7 b skirmi%es3 ?is 0 a real & decisive battle6 ,?is %rewd & tell+ victory 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! end ( ! conflict4 ,if ! div9e ,ha?or c\ld n protect h] fai?ful foll[+ f ! p[] ( ,jehovah1 :o c\ld8 ,= n only ,ha?or 0 ?us *all5g$ & defeat$1 b o!r important memb]s ( ! ,heav5ly ,company met defeat & disgrace 9 ! plague t smote ! cattle4 ,a common object 9 ! ,egypt ( t day 0 ! sacr$ bull1 ,apis1 ^: p[] 0 va/ inde$4 ,8 temples dott$ ! l&1 & ! prie/s ( 8 cult 7 _m & _! p[] 0 impressive 9 ! extreme4 ,on ! =ehead ( ,apis appe>s ! sacr$ triangle ( et]nity1 & on 8 back is always se5 ! sacr$ sc>ab1 ) spread w+s4 ,apis 0 ! !ophany ( ! god ^: "n 0 ,ptah-,sek]-,as>1 & he also 0 "o ( ! triune resurrection gods4 ,! liv+ wor%ipp$ him t !y might live aga9 9 ! _w to come1 & ! dead1 ( c\rse1 all wor%ipp$ him because he _h made !m to live aga94 ,n[1 alas1 = ^? :o tru/$ 9 him aga9/ ,jehovah6 ,he c\ld n ev5 def5d 8 own e>?-=m f ! blight t 8 new enemy1 ,jehovah1 _h s5t on all t repres5t$ ! great & p[]ful ,ptah-,sek]-,as>4 ,?us ,god humbl$ ! sacr$ ,apis 9 ! same /roke t cru%$ ! cult ( ,ha?or4 ,to ?is record mu/ also be add$ ! "n ( ,nut1 ! goddess ( ! sky1 & ! wife ( ,geb4 ,%e x 0 :o produc$ ! egg out ( :i* ! sun hat*$1 s 9 reality %e prec$$ ,horus & ev5 ,amon-,ra1 ev5 ?\gh !y asc5d$ to a high] p[] & au?ority lat]4 ,%e is depict$ ) a female human body1 & ! head ( a c[4 ,h[ev]1 %e does n we> ! sol> disk1 nor ! headdress ( ,ha?or1 z %e 0 a little l[] 9 ! social company ( ! weird organization ( nons5se & my/icism t 0 ! religion ( ,egypt4 ,! simple summ>y ( ! :ole record is j ?is3 all ! gods ( ,egypt 7 n able to def5d ! cattle1 :5 ! ,"l ,god ,jehovah /ret*$ out ,8 h& to smite !m6 ,?is ! p ( ,egypt 7 =c$ to conc$e1 z _! cattle di$ by ! ?\s& be=e _! bewild]$ eyes1 :ile n "o ( ! h]ds ( ,israel lo/ s mu* z "o head ( cattle by ! murra94 ,illu/ration3 ,re%pu ,! ,six? & ,sev5? ,plagues are simple to deal )1 z ! record ( ,egypt gives valuable aid to ! unprejudic$ /ud5t "h4 ,imhotep 0 ! god ( m$ic9e1 & ! gu>dian ( all ! heal+ sci5ces4 ,pray]s 7 made to him = protection z well z = cures1 & he 0 greatly rev]$4 ,9 l mann]1 ,re%pu & ,qete% 7 ! gods ( /orm & ( battle1 & !y controll$ all ! natural elem5ts except ! light4 ,s ! noisome & pa9ful boils /ruck ! devotees ( ,imhotep & left him p[]less to aid 8 pray+ foll[+1 & _! plight 0 pitiful inde$4 ,h[ little x help$ to see t ! foll[]s ( ! god ,jehovah1 at :om ,ph>aoh _h sne]$ ) ridicule1 7 com=table1 & ) unblemi%$ sk9s6 ,no suppurat+ sores adv]tis$ ! pa9 ( ! ,hebrews2 ! good h& ( _! ,god 0 ^u !m1 to protect !m f ! v disa/] t came ^u all ! ,egyptians = ,israel's sake6 ,! m$ical man ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ^: article we are n[ consid]+1 attributes all ?is pa9ful consequ5ce to ! bact]iological pollution ( ! ,nile1 :i* 0 accompli%$ by ! skill & wisdom ( ,moses4 ,! pres5t writ] ( ?is refutation is n utt]ly ignorant ( ! sci5ce ( bact]iology1 b he humbly confesses t he does n "k ( any pa?og5ic micro-organism t w\ld bite ev]ybody except a ,hebrew6 ,we w\ld l to "k ! "n & ! nature ( su* a bact]ium or bacillus6 ,! ,hebrews 7 expos$ to ! same flies1 ! same g]ms1 ! same /5* ( ! dead frogs1 ! same epidemic t 0 consequ5t ^u ?is *a9 ( ev5ts1 unless ,moses vacc9at$ or inoculat$ !m all1 "s ?ree & a half millions 9 numb]4 ,truly ! natural explanations ( ! sup]natural cause reason to tott] on h] ?rone6 ,illu/ration3 ,sebek ,b if ,god 0 at w> ) ,imhotep1 ,re%pu & ! gods ( heal+1 & desir$ to scatt] _! foll[+ & to op5 _! eyes to ! folly ( idol wor%ip1 we c see h[ ,he might protect ,8 own1 :ile smit+ ! foll[]s ( ! false religion4 ,9 t case also1 ,moses w\ld n ne$ to be ! only man 9 antiquity :o c\ld call up a deva/at+ hail /orm at ! dictate ( 8 own w4 ,moses c\ld leave x to ,god to %ame ,re%pu & ! o!r gods ( ! elem5ts 9 ! eyes ( _! devotees4 ,! ,eigh? ,plague1 t ( ! locu/s1 is ! easie/ ( all to compreh5d4 ,?is 0 a direct bl[ at ! ,egyptian conception ( ,provid5ce1 & a sweep+ victory ov] all t 0 holy 9 ! eyes ( ?is idolatr\s p4 ,^! anci5t p ascrib$ ! f]tility ( _! fields & ! abundance ( ! h>ve/s to c]ta9 specific deities4 ,! mod]n s*ol> e/abli%es ?is fact by /udy+ ! hymns ( praise & ! votive records ( ! ,egyptians4 ,b aft] ! hail _h hamm]$ _! lovely rip5+ crops flat on ! gr\nd1 & ev5 :ile !y m\rn$ _! loss1 sw>ms ( locu/s desc5d$ l a cl\d1 & swept ! l& z clean ( vegetation z a =e/ fire c\ld h done4 ,to see ,god's purpose 9 ?is act1 we ne$ only consid] ! prophecy ( ,joel4 ,) a fidelity to detail t ar\ses ! admiration ( ! mod]n entomologi/1 ?is prophet ( ,israel portrays ! deva/ation ( ! l& by a sw>m ( locu/s1 z a judgm5t f ,god ^u ,8 own p4 ,:5 fam9e & want />e m5 9 ! face1 & !y are beyond ! hope ( o!r aid1 !n !y turn back to ,god 9 sorr[ & 9 rep5tance4 ,= :]e c m5 turn except to ,god1 :5 ! l& lies b>r5 & deva/at$1 & fam9e /alks ! e>?8 ,?us 9 ,egypt1 :5 ,god w\ld tea* an un=gettable lesson to ! pr\d & haughty k+ ^: imp]t95t comm5t _h be51 8,:o is ?is ,jehovah801 ,he punctuat$ ,8 answ] to ,ph>aoh's "q ) a sw>m ( locu/s4 ,x is reasonable to conclude t long aft] ! />v+ ,egyptians _h =gott5 ! pangs ( hung] t came inevitably on ! heels ( t visitation ( consum+ insects1 ! lesson ( t visitation rema9$4 ,all ^! disa/]s1 foll[+ "o aft] ! o!r1 _h /ruck tell+ bl[s at ! v f\ndation ( ,egypt's religion4 ,b a worse 0 to foll[4 ,! ,n9? ,plague /ruck at ! v apex & head ( all ! ,great ,company ( ! pan!on4 ,! mo/ ess5tial ?+ 9 all ! physical realm is light1 & ! ,egyptians seem$ to realize ?is fact4 ,! d>kness ( ! n9? plague 0 a sup]natural d>kness4 ,?is mu* is evid5t f ! record1 :i* says t x cov]$ ! l& s grossly1 ! p s\ght refuge 9 b$6 ,evid5tly artificial light w\ld n p5etrate t fe>ful gloom2 b ! *ildr5 ( ,israel _h light 9 _! dwell+s6 ,( c\rse !y _h x6 ,!y are ! p :o lat] sang3 8,jehovah is my light & my salvation40 ,b ! songs ( ! ,egyptians 7 direct$ to diff]5t gods entirely4 ,"h1 !n1 0 a gold5 opportunity to te/ ! might ( ^! conflict+ ideas ( deity4 ,is ,jehovah able to ma9ta9 ,8 sup]iority ov] ! ho/s ( ! ,egyptian gods8 ,!y 7 inde$ mighty 9 ! he>ts ( ! p1 & ! conte/ 0 long & grim4 ,fir/ ( all to consid]1 !re 0 ! incomp>able ,?o? :o _h work$ out ! sy/em ( plac+ all ! />s1 ! sun & ! moon 9 ! heav5s4 ,he _h arrang$ also ! seasons1 z !y _h be5 decre$ by ,ra4 ,al?\gh inf]ior to ,ra & to ,horus1 nev]!less ,?o? gave light by night1 & on ^? days t ! sun 0 n visible4 ,he also gave ,isis ! p[] ne$$ to raise ! dead1 & to (f5d him 0 to suff] et]nal loss4 ,rememb]+ t ! ,hebrews _h liv$ "u ?is culture & psy*ology = g5]ations1 & consid]+ t !y all mu/ h be5 t9ctur$ some:at ) ^! beliefs1 _m ( !m mu/ h trembl$ inde$ :5 ,jehovah calmly engag$ 9 battle ) ,?o?6 ,s ! ,"l ,god n only smote ! god ( ,egypt 9 ?is "p ( ! conflict1 b ,he also e/abli%$ ,8 p]sonal sup]iority 9 ! m9ds ( ,8 own despair+ p4 ,c]ta9ly1 :5 ?is plague end$1 ! ,hebrews ha/5$ to foll[ ,8 next comm&s )\t hesitancy1 ev5 ?\gh ^? comm&s laid !m 9 dang] ( ! dea? p5alty "u ,egyptian law4 ,illu/ration3 ,sekhmet ,a less] deity1 b also a p[]ful "o :o suff]$ griev\sly 9 loss ( pre/ige :ile ! d>kness reign$1 0 ! fire-goddess ,sekhmet4 ,%e 0 ! div9ity ( fire1 & ?us also ( artificial light4 ,?is d>kness t cov]$ ! l& dur+ ?is plague 0 call$ 8?ick0 d>kness1 & x 0 s imp5etrable t = ?ree days & nights1 ! ,egyptians /ay$ 9 b$6 ,!y saw ! face ( no man 9 ^? d>k days & d5se nights1 & x is evid5t t artificial light 0 useless4 ,only 9 ! h\ses ( ,israel did any light %9e1 b 9 ea* dwell+ 9 ,go%5 ! light 0 undimm$4 ,s x 0 demon/rat$ 9 ! case ( ,sekhmet1 ! lioness-head$ goddess ( artificial light1 t %e 0 p[]less :5 ,jehovah invad$ h] realm4 ,) :at delight did ,moses rememb] all ?is1 :5 lat] he wrote ! words ( ! ,fir/ ,*apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,h[ 8 he>t mu/ h ?rill$ z he spoke ( ,god comm&+ ! light to %9e on ! fir/ day ( creation1 & record$ ! ob$i5ce ( ! light to ! spok5 ^w ( ,israel's ,god4 ,he _h se5 t :5 ,god comm&$ d>kness all ! gods ( ,egypt 7 p[]less be=e ,jehovah1 & t x 0 !re=e simple = ,god to rev]se ! process1 & br+ light to alleviate ! d>kness ( ! *aos4 ,! section ( ! pan!on t crumbl$ 9 ! reg>d ( ! devot$ ,egyptians t h\r 0 a broad & num]\s company4 ,no div9ity ( all ! poly!i/ic company 0 v mu* m rev]5c$ ?an ,horus1 ! hawk-head$4 ,he 0 call$ 8! eye ( ,ra10 & 0 ! god ( ! noontime sun4 ,:5 ! flam+ heat ( ,ra 0 j ov]head at ! h\r ( midday1 & :5 its light & heat 7 ! mo/ int5se1 ,horus 0 9 ! asc5dancy4 ,:5 ! deep d>kness ( ! n9? plague hit ! l&1 ! he>ts ( ! p 7 sick ) fright4 ,believ+ t ! sun 0 born anew e morn+1 & hav+ an int5se & well-?\ght-out sy/em ( deities connect$ ) ?is rite1 !y mu/ h ?\ght t !re _h be5 :olesale slaught] & failure among ! heav5ly be+s4 ,b !re /ill w\ld sm\ld] 9 _! deepe/ ?9k+1 ! dim hope t at noon ! incomp>able ,horus w\ld gl[1 z ,ra 0 ! omnipot5t1 & 8 eye c\ld n be dimm$4 ,b n only did ! noon pass 9 ! same awful d>kness1 b two m noons foll[$ ea* o!r 9 sl[ succession1 & ! feebl5ess ( ! once-rev]$ ,horus c\ld no long] be d\bt$4 ,s :5 !y said1 8,:o is mighti] ?an ,horus80 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel c\ld reply ) grateful he>ts1 8,jehovah is2 see1 we h light 9 our dwell+s60 ,b l _m o!r hea!n & idolatr\s p1 ! *ief object ( ,egyptian wor%ip 0 ! sun itself4 ,! natural m9d c compreh5d ?is1 & !re is a little ( ! ,p>see 9 mo/ mod]n m54 ,s to ! anci5ts ! sun 0 a p]sonification ( b5efic5ce & provid5ce4 ,! wor%ip ( ! sun took _m =ms 9 ,egypt1 b ! olde/ & mo/ g5]al =m ( t wor%ip 0 9 ! p]son ( ! god ,ra1 :o appe>s 9 anci5t records 9 _m guises1 & "u _m names4 ,p]haps ! mo/ common ( ^! names is ,amon-,ra4 ,he 0 unque/ionably ! *ief =m ( deity to ! ,egypt ( ,moses' g5]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,tau]et ,z f> z x c be said t ! ,egyptians conceiv$ ( a god-pr9ciple1 ?is 0 express$ 9 ! p]son ( ,ra4 ,he 0 ! creator ( e>? & ( heav51 & ( all ?+s !re94 ,all o!r gods 7 p>ts ( 8 p]son1 & memb]s ( 8 body & sub/ance4 ,! pan!on 0 head$ by ,ra1 & aft] him came ! gods & goddesses :o 7 p>ts ( 8 body4 ,"o 0 8 eye1 ano!r 8 e>1 :ile /ill ano!r 0 8 foot4 ,?is qua9t conception 0 c>ri$ out = e kn[n section ( ! anatomy1 :i* ! ,egyptians seem$ to h kn[n fairly well4 ,see+1 !n1 t ,ra 0 imman5t1 p]vasive1 & ! pr9ciple back ( all deities1 he 0 ! *ief object ( ,jehovah's enmity1 & ! real subject ( ! conte/ & conflict4 ,9 all ! o!r plagues ! p>ts ( ,ra 7 defeat$1 & n[ at la/ ! two ideas are lock$ 9 ! f9al /ruggle4 ,x 0 prepo/]\s to ! ,egyptians t any god or p[] c\ld be sup]ior to ,ra1 z ! sun is ! s\rce & seat ( all p[]4 ,b ! plague ( d>kness left him %orn ( p[] & greatness1 & pro/rat$ him be=e ! feet ( ,jehovah =ev]4 ,?ree !ophanies _h ,ra1 & ,god desecrat$ e "o ( !m6 ,ra appe>$ 9 ! =m ( ! sun3 s t 0 blott$ out ( ! sky = ?ree days4 ,sometimes he walk$ ! e>? 9 ! =m ( ! fir/-born ( a c[1 if t fir/-born 0 a bull4 ,s ! fir/-born ( all ! cattle di$1 & ,ra 0 cov]$ ) %ame4 ,occasionally he 0 suppos$ to visit m5 9 ! =m ( a ram4 ,! fir/-born 7 all sacr$ to him & d$icat$ to him f bir?3 yet :5 all ! fir/-born ( ,egypt di$1 ! babes ( ,israel1 ) _! cattle & flocks 7 all safe1 because !y 7 "u ! %$ blood ( :at 0 ,ra's *ief !ophany1 next to ! sun6 ,! application ( ! blood to ! l9tel & ! doorpo/ 0 an act ( blasphemy aga9/ ,ra1 yet 9 t v defiance ! ,hebrews 7 ackn[l$g+ at la/ t ,jehovah %\ld be _! ,god =ev]1 9 t ,he _h prov$ ,8 p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,amon-,ra ,! ,t5? ,plague intrudes into ! sph]e ( ! n9?4 ,! dea? ( ! fir/-born 0 ! prov]bial /raw t broke ! camel's back1 z f> z ! ,egyptian resi/ance to ,jehovah 0 conc]n$4 ,?is is /ill aim$ prim>ily at ,ra1 al?\gh !re 7 notable deities o!r ?an he t suff]$ defeat 9 ?is la/ & awful skirmi%4 ,:5 ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel left ,egypt1 brib$ to dep>t by a p :o 7 pro/rat$ ) grief1 ! m\rn+ ,egyptians press$ ^u !m ! cattle & ! flocks1 ! gold & ! jewels reque/$4 ,any?+ to get rid ( ! devotees ( ! awful ,be+ :o left e home 9 ,egypt b[$ 9 sorr[1 & :o _h sla91 z well1 e p>ticle ( fai? ! p _h 9 ! once-p[]ful gods ( ! l& ( captivity6 ,to "n _m ( ^! gods w\ld be to we>y ! read]4 ,b we _c refra9 f nam+ ,meskhemit1 :o 0 ! goddess ( bir?4 ,%e 0 also ! companion ( ,ha?or1 & ov]%ad[$ ! fir/-born ( ! l&4 ,to :at avail1 :5 all di$ :o 7 "u h] div9e protection6 ,& ev5 /rong] ?an %e1 0 ! mighty ,m91 ! god ( virility & g5]ation4 ,closely relat$ to ,amon-,ra1 be+ ! means ( ext5d+ ! p[] ( ,ra to ^? :o wor%ipp$ him1 he too1 fell ) a res\nd+ cra%1 :5 ! h& ( ,!-,only-,god-,t-,!re-,is swept all ! idols ( ,egypt (f _! p$e/als1 9 :at might be call$ ! greate/ 8t5 r\nds0 ev] f\ght6 ,n only did ,jehovah w9 ! battle & ! cr[n1 ,he also won e r\nd6 ,! victory 0 complete & cru%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,set ,_m c5turies lat]1 ,paul ! ,apo/le recall$ all t is impli$ & /at$ "h1 :5 he wrote ! n9? *apt] ( ,romans & ! sev5te5? v]se4 ,"h x is /at$ t ,god dealt s ) ,ph>aoh1 t ! "n ( ,god %\ld be adv]tis$ ?r\gh\t all ! e>?4 ,is x s adv]tis$8 ,witness ?is article1 cit$ above6 ,?irty-five hundr$ ye>s h come & gone s9ce ^! ?+s transpir$1 b ! m9d ( man has n be5 able to escape f ! demon/ration ( ,god's p[] t ,he gave 9 t f>-(f day4 ,& all we c say ab\t ?is late/ attempt to expla9 ! victory ( ,god 9 ! l& ( ,egypt by attribut+ x all to ! sm>tness & g5ius ( a le>n$ man1 is1 x j w n /& up6 ,= ! ,god :o sma%$ ! pan!on ( ,egypt evid5tly knew t ?is attempt 0 due1 & ,he rais$ f ! dead1 9 an ar*eological resurrection1 ! witnesses to ! facts at issue4 ,& we h done no?+ 9 ?is simple reply b review _! evid5ce6 ,b 9 s do+1 we note aga9 t mod]n sci5ce1 :5ev] h] voice may be he>d1 e/abli%es ! ,scripture & v9dicates its claim1 t 8holy m5 ( old spake z !y 7 mov$ by ! _s ( ,god40 ,,*apt] ,v ,s\rces ,"o ( ! _m que/ions t are frequ5tly ask$ ( ! ar*eologi/1 & "o t is mo/ difficult to answ] 9 a few brief words1 conc]ns ! s\rce ( 8 mat]ial4 ,!re is a sort ( my/]y t hov]s ov] ?is mod]n call+ :i* intrigues ! fancy ( ! av]age layman4 ,:5 an ar*eologi/ beg9s to dig 9 "s b>r5 wa/e ( s& & comes ^u a buri$ city t has be5 miss+ f ! hi/ory ( m5 = multipli$ c5turies1 x impresses ! casual obs]v] z magic ( ! blacke/ k9d4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ sup]natural or uncommon ab\t ^! discov]ies1 al?\gh ! elem5t ( *ance does ent] 9 to a m9or ext5t4 ,"s ( ! greate/ & mo/ prolific fields we p]sonally h inve/igat$ 7 br\ght to our att5tion :5 ! pl[ ( a f>m] ca/ up a human skull & focuss$ att5tion ^u t p>ticul> field4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! s\rces ( ar*eology are uncov]$ by h>d1 pati5t1 pa9/ak+ labor4 ,:5 an able prospector />ts out 9 8 se>* = gold1 he is guid$ by c]ta9 kn[n factors t h be5 d]iv$ f ! exp]i5ce ( g5]ations4 ,pann+ 8 way up a /ream-b$1 ! ke5-ey$ hunt] ( =tune te/s e spot t previ\s exp]i5ce _h taught him might be pr(itable4 ,he may labor at "o ?\s& b>r5 sites be=e he /rikes gold4 ,if he is 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry & ! plac] deposits are n ri* en\gh to pay him to t>ry on ! spot :]e ! fir/ discov]y 0 made1 he w "w 8 way on up ! /ream1 te/+ site aft] site = increas+ values4 ,if ! %[ ( color 9 8 pan sudd5ly ceases1 he kn[s t he has pass$ ! s\rces ( ^! w&]+ fragm5ts4 ,he !n goes back to ! la/ po9t :]e he f\nd traces ( gold & !n beg9s to se>* ! side canyons & bran* /reams t lead into ! ma9 *annel4 ,9 ?is way he traces 8 pa? /ep by /ep to ! l$ge f :i* ! gold orig9ally came4 ,aft] labor+ we>y mon?s1 or ev5 ye>s1 ) he>t-break+ disappo9tm5t & grim1 h>d "w1 if he is =tunate he ann\nces a discov]y4 ,! ?\ghtless imm$iately cr$it 8 good =tune to ! goddess ( luck & wond] :y !y also c\ld n be bless$ t way4 ,?is illu/ration is an exact picture ( ! mann] 9 :i* ar*eologi/s g ab\t _! bus9ess4 ,!re are c]ta9 sites t exp]i5ce has taught u %\ld be pr(itable to inve/igate4 ,! region is c>efully comb$ = surface indications4 ,^! may be su* ?+s z %>ds ( pott]y1 arr[heads1 fragm5t>y bones1 or any ( ! ord9>y debris t indicates a site ( human habitation or burial4 ,:5 ! surface indications sugge/ ! probability ( a real f9d1 !n ! digg+ comm5ces4 ,mo/ ( our great discov]ies are made only aft] mon?s1 & ev5 ye>s1 ( pa9/ak+ survey4 ,^! surveys mu/ be made by m5 :o are exp]t 9 ! int]pretation ( surface indications & fragm5t>y evid5ces4 ,?us x is at once app>5t t !re is really no?+ sup]natural or magical ab\t ?is sob] craft2 x is sci5tific 9 its proc$ure4 ,!re is no 8doodle-bug0 = ar*eology su* z is sometimes us$ by ^? :o are f\nd ar\nd ! fr+e ( geology4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ori5tals diff]$ greatly 9 _! build+ me?ods f ! occid5tals4 ,x is cu/om>y among u to excavate to b$ rock be=e we lay ! f\ndation = a build+4 ,! ori5tals1 h[ev]1 began to build "r on ! surface ( any site t suit$ _! fancy4 ,= in/ance1 a w&]+ tribe ( nomads desir+ to settle ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly1 w\ld pick out a hill t 0 m easily def5d$ ?an a level site w\ld be4 ,^u its cre/1 !y built _! h\ses & g5]ally f5c$ ! sc5e = ! purposes ( def5se4 ,)9 ^! =tify+ walls !y dwelt 9 m or less security until !y became ri* en\gh to be robb$4 ,x w\ld n be long1 h[ev]1 "u ! brutal law ( might t prevail$ 9 ^? anci5t days1 be=e "s m>aud+ b& w\ld ov]run t site ) fire & sword4 ,! walls w\ld be brea*$ or ca/ d[n & ! inhabitants put to sword or c>ri$ away into slav]y4 ,usually fire w\ld sweep ! homes ( ?is once cont5t$ p & _! memory w\ld soon be =gott54 ,to "o :o has se5 ! s& /orms ( ! ,ea/1 ! re/ ( ! /ory is self-evid5t4 ,ev5 9 our own times & 9 our own l&1 we h se5 :at c happ5 :5 dr\ght & w9d beg9 to move ! surface ( a c\ntry & make ! ef=ts ( man fruitless & unavail+4 ,:5 m5 liv$ 9 ^! sites ( antiquity & kept ! encroa*+ s&s swept & %ovel$ out1 !y 7 able to ma9ta9 _! position ( security4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ! site 0 des]t$1 ! s& w\ld beg9 to drift ov] ! des]t$ ru9s4 ,9 a v few ye>s ! rema9s ( ! ru9$ city w\ld be lo/ f ! sight ( m54 ,p]haps a c5tury or two w\ld pass by1 dur+ :i* ?is ab&on$ region w\ld be devoid ( habitation4 ,plate #f ,illu/ration3 ,mace-head 9 ,briti% ,museum ,plate #g ,illu/ration3 ,note cunei=m writ+ & sculpture on /one weapon ,!n ano!r company ( p look+ = a p]man5t dwell+ place w\ld *ance ^u ?is hill4 ,f9d+ x suit$ to _! requirem5ts !y w\ld imm$iately />t build+ ^u ! surface4 ,) no k :atev] t a previ\s gr\p ( p _h made ?is hill _! habitation1 ! new dwell+s & walls w\ld rise high ^u ! cov]$ ru9s ( ! e>li] p]iod4 ,)9 a comp>atively %ort "t !y also w\ld be ! victims ( "s w&]+ conqu]or1 & once aga9 ! wreck$ habitations ( m5 w\ld be repossess$ by ! drift+ s&s ( ! des]t4 ,x is n uncommon t 9 ! c\rse ( a ?\s& ye>s su* an exp]i5ce w\ld be repeat$ f ?ree or f\r to a doz5 times ^u ! same site4 ,:5 ! ar*eologi/ f9ds su* a m\nd or hill1 he has a treasure inde$4 ,by excavat+ ?is deposit "o /ratum at a "t1 he builds up a /ratographical record :i* is highly important 9 recon/ruct+ a consecutive hi/ory ( ?is region4 ,! date factors ( ! v>i\s /rata are g5]ally e/abli%$ by ! cont5ts ( ea* horizon ( dwell+1 9 turn4 ,if ! ar*eologi/ dep5ds ^u facts in/ead ( 8 imag9ation1 a cr$ible *ronology = ! entire region c ?us be con/ruct$4 ,9 su* a recov]y ! common life ( ! p ( antiquity is reveal$ 9 amaz+ detail4 ,we le>n _! cu/oms ( liv+1 some?+ ( _! arts & crafts & _! mann] ( labor4 ,_! k ( ar*itecture is cle>ly portray$ ?r\gh su* ru9s z rema91 & ! g5]al picture ( ! incid5tal ev5ts t made up _! liv+ is cle>ly develop$ z ! "w proce$s4 ,s9ce ! de/ruction ( su* a city 0 usually cata/rophic1 ! record sudd5ly breaks (f at ! po9t ( ! trag$y4 ,! abruptness :]e) ! life & activity ceas$1 leaves all ( ! valuable mat]ial undi/urb$ 9 situ4 ,?is circum/ance1 ?\gh un=tunate = ! anci5ts1 is a happy "o = ! ar*eologi/ :o ?us is enabl$ to rebuild _! times & lives4 ,^! sites yield _m types ( mat]ial4 ,9 e/abli%+ *ronology1 ! mo/ important ( all ( ^! is probably ! pott]y4 ,!re is no age ( m5 s anci5t t x does n yield pro( ( human ability 9 ! c]amic art4 ,)\t alum9um cook+ ut5sils or iron skillets1 ! folk ( antiquity dep5d$ ^u clay = ! vessels ( _! habitation4 ,di%es1 pots1 j>s1 & ut5sils ( a ?\s& usages 7 all made ( ?is common sub/ance4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( pap]1 clay 0 also ! common mat]ial = pres]v+ writt5 records4 ,z ea* race ( p _h its own peculi>ities 9 ! use ( clay1 ! pott]y t is f\nd on a giv5 site is "o ( ! f9e/ indications ( a date factor t ! site c conta94 ,ev5 aft] ! inv5tion ( papyrus or p>*m5t1 ^! types ( writ+ mat]ial 7 too co/ly = ! av]age p]son to use4 ,requir+ "s *eap1 common1 readily accessible mat]ial ^u :i* to write1 ! poor ( antiquity laid hold ^u ! "o s\rce ( supply t 0 nev] want+4 ,?is consi/$ ( %>ds ( pott]y4 ,by ! side ( e dwell+ 9 anci5t times might be f\nd a small heap ( brok5 ut5sils ( clay4 ,! +5uity ( man sugge/$ a me?od ( writ+ on ^! fragm5ts4 ,9 e home !re 0 a p5 made ( a re$ & a pot ( homemade ink4 ,) ^! crude tools1 ! common p correspond$ & made notes on pieces ( clay vessels4 ,:5 a fragm5t ( pott]y 0 ?us inscrib$1 x 0 call$ an o/racon4 ,^! o/raca are among ! mo/ priceless discov]ies ( antiquity4 ,!y 7 writt5 9 ! v]nacul> & dealt ) ! common daily affairs t made up ! lives ( ! humble4 ,!y %$ a flood ( light ^u ! cu/oms & beliefs ( ! mass ( ! p4 ,"s ( ! wall inscriptions ( great conqu]ors1 if tak5 by !mselves1 w\ld give an impression ( gr&eur & spl5dor to _! entire era1 if we believ$ su* record implicitly4 ,b = e k+ or conqu]or !re 7 multipli$ ?\s&s ( poor4 ,^! 7 ! folks :o made up ! mass ( humanity & ^: cu/oms & lives pa9t ! true picture ( anci5t times4 ,!re=e1 ^! o/raca1 be+ d]iv$ f ! common p1 are ! greate/ aid 9 ! recon/ruction ( ! life & times :]e) ! ,bible deals4 ,ano!r s\rce ( evid5ce is f\nd 9 tools & artifacts :i* %[ ! culture ( any giv5 "t & region4 ,kn[+ h[ ! p work$ & :at !y wr\ght1 has be5 ( priceless value to ! ,biblical ar*eologi/4 ,s9ce ! critics made s great a case out ( ! alleg$ culture ( ! p 9 e age1 x is em95tly fitt+ t ! refutation ( _! error %\ld come f ! p !mselves4 ,/ill ano!r s\rce ( ar*eological mat]ial is to be f\nd 9 ! art ( antiquity4 ,x seems t f ! "t ( ,adam to ! pres5t h\r ! desire to express our feel+s & emotions 9 ! p]man5t =m ( illu/ration has be5 common to man4 ,! sites ( antiquity te/ify to ?is fact 9 unmi/akable t]ms4 ,9 ! art ( ! days ( long ago _m subjects 7 cov]$4 ,mu* ( ! pa9t+ & sculpture _h to d ) ! religion ( ! "t4 ,?us we c recon/ruct ! ,pan!on ( ,egypt v l>gely f ! illu/rations t come to u f monum5ts & papyri4 ,ano!r l>ge section ( anci5t art dealt ) ! hi/ory ( ! "t 9 :i* ! arti/s liv$ & wr\ght4 ,s9ce ! "w ( su* arti/s 0 g5]ally int5d$ to flatt] & please ! reign+ mon>*1 mo/ ( ?is illu/rat$ hi/ory is milit>y 9 nature4 ,?us we are able to confirm mu* ( ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory ?r\gh ! recov]y ( anci5t art4 ,o!r arti/s1 9 turn1 dealt ) ! human anatomy1 ! /yle ( dress & ! indu/ries ( old4 ,:5 we ga!r toge!r all ( ?is illum9at+ mat]ial1 x is safe to say t anci5t arti/s h br\ght to u a s\rce ( mat]ial :i* is n ! lea/ ( ! treasures ( antiquity4 ,a f9al s\rce ( mat]ial is f\nd ^u ! walls t made up ! actual dwell+s ( old4 ,?is bus9ess ( scribbl+ names & dates ^u public build+s or objects ( int]e/ is n unique to mod]n m54 ,deplorable z ! cu/om may be1 ?is anci5t vulg>ity has1 nev]!less1 prov$ a great boon to ! ar*eologi/ ( our day4 ,= in/ance1 _m ( ! scribes & (ficials ( antiquity1 travel+ ab\t ! c\ntry ^u ! bus9ess ( _! lords1 w\ld visit "o ( ! tombs ( a =m] age4 ,prompt$ by curiosity & int]e/ 9 ! gr&eur ( antiquity1 !y came to />e & to le>n4 ,_! emotions be+ ar\s$ !y desir$ "s expression4 ,?is desire !y sometimes satisfi$ by inscrib+ ^u ! wall ( a c]ta9 tomb or temple _! names & ! fact t at su* a date !y visit$ & saw ?is wond]4 ,s9ce !y g5]ally dat$ _! visit by ! reign ( ! k+ "u :om !y liv$ & s]v$1 a *ronology may be build$ = antiquity f ?is s\rce ( mat]ial alone4 ,x has be5 m or less cu/om>y 9 our era = ! it9]ant g5try to leave valuable in=mation = fell[s ( _! frat]nity :o come along aft] !m4 ,?is cu/om also is a survival ( an anci5t day4 ,a man j\rney+ f "o region to ano!r w\ld /op by ! side ( a blank wall & inscribe road directions = any :o might foll[ aft] him4 ,sometimes he w\ld add 8 "n & ! ye> ( ! reign ( a giv5 mon>*4 ,x 0 n unusual also = su* an amateur hi/orian to make "s cau/ic & p]t95t comm5ts ^u ! c\ntry1 ! (ficials1 or ! p4 ,^! spontane\s records are priceless4 ,!y are ! free expression ( an hone/ op9ion & are n con/ruct$ ) ! idea ( delud+ po/]ity ) a false /&>d ( ! gr&eur ( "s conqu]+ k+4 ,x is r amus+ n[ to look back to ! long battle t 0 f\ght betwe5 criticism & or?odoxy 9 ?is v field4 ,) a dogmatic c]ta9ty :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! assumptions ( ! s*ool ( high] criticism1 ^! mi/ak5 au?orities assur$ u t ! age ( ,moses 0 an age ( illit]acy4 ,9 fact1 ! extreme s*ol>s ( ?is s*ool ass]t$ t writ+ 0 n inv5t$ until five hundr$ ye>s aft] ! age ( ,moses4 ,we h ourselves debat$ t "q ) liv+ m54 ,"o su* occasion occurr$ rec5tly1 :5 we 7 deliv]+ a s]ies ( lectures at ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*igan4 ,! subject _h to deal ) ar*eology & ! ,bible1 & ! m5 9 att5dance seem$ to appreciate ! op5+ lecture extremely4 ,!re=e1 we 7 ! m surpris$ :5 a g5tleman1 clad 9 cl]ical g>b1 came =w>d & 9 ! mo/ abrupt & disagreeable mann] dem&$1 8,by :at au?ority d y /ate t ,moses wrote ! ,p5tateu*8 ,y\r dogmatic ass]tion is utt]ly baseless60 ,9 "s surprise we repli$1 8,i am sorry to s\nd dogmatic1 z ,i try nev] to dogmatize4 ,all t ,i mean to imply is t ,i am absolutely c]ta9 t he did write x60 ,our humor1 :i* 0 int5d$ z oil on tr\bl$ wat]s1 turn$ out to be m l gasol9e on rag+ fires6 ,! exasp]at$ g5tleman exclaim$ ) consid]able m heat ?an he _h previ\sly manife/$1 8,y c't prove t ,moses wrote ! ,p5tateu*60 8,i don't h to10 ,i repli$1 8z ! boot is on ! o!r foot6 ,may ,i quote to y a section f ,gre5leaf on ,evid5ce8 ,"h is ! citation3 #8,:5 docum5ts purport+ to come f antiquity1 & be>+ ^u _! face no evid5t m>ks ( =g]y1 are f\nd 9 ! prop] repository1 ! law presumes su* docum5ts to be au!ntic & g5u9e1 & ! burd5 ( pro( to ! contr>y devolves ^u ! objector4' ,n[1 my de> bro!r1 ^! docum5ts d come f antiquity4 ,!y be> no evid5ce ( =g]y1 & h ?us be5 accept$ & accr$it$ 9 all ( ! ages t make up ?ree mill5niums ( "t4 ,y face a problem if y are go+ to repudiate all ! evid5ce & tradition ( _! cr$ibility4 ,j h[ are y go+ to prove t ,moses did n write ^! books ascrib$ to him80 8,t is easy10 ! s*ol>ly bro!r retort$4 8,moses c\ld n h writt5 ! fir/ five books ( ! ,bible1 because writ+ 0 n inv5t$ until five hundr$ ye>s aft] ,moses di$60 ,9 great amazem5t ,i ask$ him1 8,is x possible t y nev] he>d ( ! ,tel el ,armana tablets80 ,he nev] _h6 ,s we took "t to tell him ( ! amaz+ discov]y ( ?is great deposit ( writt5 records f ! libr>y ( ,am5hetep ! ,?ird1 & _! be>+ ^u ! great controv]sy4 ,!n we told him also ( ! old] records ( ,ur1 t g all ! way back to ! days ( ! que5 ,%ub ,ab1 & manife/ a va/ acqua9tance ) ! art ( writ+ z f> back ( ,abraham z ?is patri>* 9 turn prec$$ ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/6 ,he frankly confess$ 8 total ignorance ( ?is entire body ( accumulat$ k1 & !n clos$ ! debate by /at+1 ,plate #h ,illu/ration3 ,anci5t seals1 depict+ hi/oric ev5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,seal ,illu/ration3 ,seal ,illu/ration3 ,seal ,illu/ration3 ,section ( a fun]>y papyrus1 %[+ ! progress ( ! s\l on its j\rney 9 ! ,o!r ,_w 8,well1 x may be t e "o else 9 antiquity c\ld write1 b ,moses c\ldn't44460 ,& su* an "o w\ld accuse ano!r ( dogmatism6 ,because we /& ^u ! c]ta9ty ( ! approv$ & or?odox conception ( ! cr$ibility ( ! ,scriptures1 & ma9ta9 our case ) ! mo/ exact evid5ce1 we are n 8s*ol>ly40 ,yet "h is a reput$ly religi\s lead]1 utt]ly ignorant ( an enorm\s body ( k d]iv$ f a g5]ation ( rese>*1 :o misleads ^? :o are un=tunate en\gh to be "u 8 m9i/ry1 & (f]s !m ! fallaci\s1 repudiat$1 & utt]ly baseless conclusions ( high] criticism1 9 ! place ( ! liv+ bread :i* ,god has provid$ = ,8 *ildr56 ,?is is b to be expect$ :5 we ?9k ! matt] ?r\gh4 ,! bread ( life is to be f\nd only 9 ! pages ( ,god's ,book4 ,!re=e1 if ! s\rce ( ?is bread is reject$ & d]id$1 ! bread _c be available6 ,! great pity ( ! matt] is se5 9 ! fact t ?is attitude is entirely unt5able1 9 ! light ( our pres5t k4 ,al?\gh our sci5ce has demon/rat$ a rem>kable culture = ! v age ( ! patri>*s1 we are fac$ ) religi\s lead]s :o are s f> beh9d ! advanc$ le>n+ ( our day t !y /ill tea* ! outmod$ nons5se ( criticism1 & claim t ,moses c\ld n write6 ,x is r amus+ 9 ! light ( ?is dogmatic assurance ( critical au?orities to j\rney back ?r\gh ! hallways ( "t & f9d t writ+ 0 a common cu/om a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,moses1 or ev5 a ?\s& ye>s be=e t6 ,?r\gh\t ,egypt especially1 ! art ( writ+ 0 a univ]sal possession among all classes ( ! populace4 ,! toilet articles us$ by ! beauties ( ,anci5t ,egypt 7 highly engrav$ ) *>ms1 & ) pray]s to ! goddess ( beauty4 ,z an ,egyptian damsel prep>$ h]self = ! ev5+'s engagem5t1 %e w\ld read ^! pray]s & *>ms :i* 7 suppos$ to give h] div9e aid 9 impress+ ! ladies ) h] out/&+ beauty6 ,poems ( love & lyrics ( passion 7 engrav$ ^u h] toilet articles & 7 incis$ ^u ! walls ( h] ap>tm5t z well4 ,9 addition to ?is1 mo/ ( ! anci5ts wore amulets to gu>d !m aga9/ ! evil eye & e sort ( disa/]4 ,"s wore engrav$ pectorals t %[$ ! high developm5t ( ! art ( writ+ to a great antiquity4 ,bus9essm5 ( v>i\s k9ds1 m9or (ficials & ev5 ! common p c>ri$ ^u _! p]sons seals :]e) to sign ! docum5ts & contracts ( _! casual bus9ess affairs4 ,f ?is common s\rce !re is a kaleidoscopic view ( anci5t life t ?rills ! obs]v] ) its ev]-*ang+ magnitude4 ,x is almo/ impossible to limit ! value ( su* discov]ies z to ! integrity ( ! ,scriptures4 ,9 all ?is enorm\s mass ( au?oritative data n "o s+le fact has ev] be5 d]iv$ :i* argu$ aga9/ ! cr$ibility ( any /atem5t 9 ! ,bible4 ,an ev5 m important s\rce ( hi/orical evid5ce is f\nd among ! papyri ( old4 ,?is valuable mat]ial 0 inv5t$ 9 ,egypt at a v e>ly age4 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt ! ,nile 0 bord]$1 & 9 "s places ov]gr[n1 ) a prolific re$ :i* is sci5tifically call$ 8cyp]us papyrus40 ,x is f ?is "n t ! pap] manufactur$ f ?is sub/ance d]ives its id5tification4 ,! manufacture ( papyrus 0 a simple proc$ure :i* nev]!less requir$ "t4 ,briefly /at$1 /rips ( ! papyrus re$1 cut to a uni=m l5g? & saturat$ ) wat]1 7 laid d[n side by side4 ,ano!r lay] ( /rips 0 laid across !m transv]sely1 & usually a ?ird lay] 0 sup]impos$ ^u ! second lay]4 ,^! lay]s ( re$1 be+ laid 9 alt]nate directions1 7 !n p\nd$ ) a flat paddle & sma%$ into a pulp4 ,:5 ! mass dri$1 x 0 a %eet ( r\gh pap]1 some:at comp>able to ! pap] t[els t are us$ 9 our g5]ation4 ,! edges 7 trimm$ smoo?ly & ! surface ( ! pap] 0 smoo!d (f ) a %ell or rubb$ ) s&4 ,?is f9i%$ side ( ! pap] 0 call$ ! obv]se & 0 ! side ^u :i* writ+ 0 cu/om>ily inscrib$4 ,s exp5sive 0 ?is sub/ance1 h[ev]1 t frequ5tly bo? sides w\ld be cov]$ ) writ+4 ,9 t case ! r\gh side 0 always kn[n z ! rev]se4 ,_m ( ^! papyri n only 7 inscrib$ ) a writt5 text b 7 highly illu/rat$ ) sc5es depict+ ! life & cu/oms ( ! p4 ,^! illum9$ papyri1 "s ( :i* g back to a v remote age1 are ( trem5d\s value to ! /ud5t ( ! ,scriptures4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 papyri f ,egypt at ! "t ( ,moses1 %[+ ! f[l]s engag$ 9 captur+ quail4 7,see ,plate #aj47 ,^! birds be+ tir$ by _! long flight 9 _! annual ,african migration1 fell easy victims to ! m5 :o smote !m to ! e>? or captur$ !m 9 h& nets4 ,incid5tally1 ! au?or has frequ5tly be5 (f]$ su* quail ^u ! /reets ( ,cairo by v5dors :o e>n$ a prec>i\s liv+ by p$dl+ su* game4 ,_m ,scriptural ev5ts are atte/$ 9 ?is mann] by ^! illu/rat$ manuscripts4 ,s9ce !re 0 a high cont5t ( />* 9 ! f9i%$ papyrus1 x 0 possible to make !m any l5g? desir$4 ,by moi/5+ ! edges ( two %eets & press+ or p\nd+ !m toge!r1 ! result w\ld be a s+le %eet :5 ! jo9t _h dri$4 ,?is process c\ld be cont9u$ indef9itely4 ,z a me?od ( comp>ison let u note t ! entire ,gospel ( ,john c\ld be writt5 on a papyrus ( ! usual wid?1 if x 0 eighte5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,su* a long %eet w\ld be roll$ to =m a complete volume4 ,! longe/ papyrus we h ev] se5 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & is exhibit ,no4 #iiii4 ,?is s+le %eet is #ace feet long4 ,ano!r papyrus ( unusual l5g? is t :i* %[s ! fun]y exp]i5ces ( ! scribe ,ani4 ,?is is a highly illum9$ specim5 & conta9s _m illu/rations ( ! s\l ( ,ani1 z he goes ?r\gh ! intricate process ( a*iev+ et]nal life 9 ! realm ( ,osiris4 ,?is papyrus is #gh feet long & is "o foot1 ?ree in*es wide4 ,! av]age %eet ( papyrus1 h[ev]1 is ab\t six by n9e in*es4 ,^! papyrus records are divid$ into _m k9ds & types4 ,"s ( !m are fun]y1 & deal ) ! ev5ts ( ! decease & resurrection ( ! individual4 ,mo/ notewor?y among ! papyri ( ?is type are ! v>i\s texts ( ! 8,book ( ! ,dead40 ,^! are illum9at$ ) sc5es ( religi\s beliefs4 ,!y depict ! exp]i5ce ( ! s\l on its pilgrimage into ! h]eaft]4 ,!y tell ( ! conditions ( life 9 ! o!r _w & ! mann] ( ent]+ into a bless$ /ate aft] dea?4 ,!re are also papyri t deal ) pure lit]ature4 ,almo/ e subject common to mod]n lit]ature is f\nd 9 ! anci5t records ( ?is type4 ,= in/ance1 fiction 0 a common field = ! scribe ( antiquity4 ,! ,briti% ,museum conta9s _m ( ^! priz$ papyri1 z does ! ,egyptian ,museum at ,cairo4 ,x might surprise ! mod]n read] to "k t ! ,egyptian p ( old highly priz$ /ories ( my/]y & imag9ation4 ,"s ( _! great] manuscripts be> a /rong resemblance to portions ( ! ,arabian ,nights1 & !y may inde$ h be5 ! orig9al basis ( t lat] production4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum a papyrus1 ,no4 #ajahc1 is a f9e example ( ?is common !me4 ,?is is entitl$1 8,! ,tale ( ! ,two ,bro!rs40 ,9 ! introductory section1 ! life ( a humble f>m] 9 anci5t ,egypt is giv5 9 detail4 ,! famili> triangle develops betwe5 ! eld] bro!r1 8 wife & ! y\ng] bro!r4 ,! plot develops :5 ! wick$ wife made h]self sick by rancid grease1 &1 bruis+ h]self ) a /ick1 lay moan+ on ! floor :5 h] husb& return$4 ,accus+ ! y\ng] bro!r ( attempt$ assault1 %e ar\s$ h] husb&'s ang] to ! po9t :]e he grabb$ an edg$ weapon & set out to kill ! suspect$ villa94 ,! ox51 h[ev]1 told ! y\ng] bro!r ( ! ambu% t 0 set = him & he fl$ ! home4 ,m>vel\s miracles occurr$ dur+ ?is flight1 :i* op5$ ! eyes ( ! eld] bro!r to ! inju/ice t he _h be5 ab\t to p]petrate4 ,:]eupon he return$ home1 & satisfi$ ! dem&s ( ! /]n ju/ice ( 8 day by slay+ 8 wife & fe$+ h] body to 8 pet dogs4 ,! re/ ( ! /ory is tak5 up ) ! w&]+s & adv5tures ( ! y\ng] bro!r4 ,?is record goes back to ! ?irte5? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 & is a p]fect specim5 ( ! fiction ( t "t4 ,limit$ space w n p]mit ! introduction ( o!r notable classics ( fiction su* z ! /ory ( ! %ipwreck$ sailor2 ! /ory ( ! doom$ pr9ce2 ! /ory ( ! possess$ pr9cess2 ! /ory ( ! eloqu5t peasant1 & any numb] ( o!r records1 nor is _! pres5tation ess5tial to ! developm5t ( our !sis4 ,_! value1 h[ev]1 is se5 9 ! fact t n only d !y depict ! lit]>y ta/es ( antiquity1 b !y del9eate _m ( ! common details & incid5ts ( ! daily life ( ^? ages4 ,!re are also any numb] ( poems :i* h a high hi/orical value4 ,we %all ref] lat] to ! fam$ poem ( ,p5tau]1 :i* immortalizes ! victories ( ,ramses ! ,second1 :i* ?is great conqu]or a*iev$ ov] ,egypt's anci5t enemies ! ,hittites4 ,! discov]y ( ?is record 0 ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ,hittites 9 ar*eology & caus$ a s5sation 9 ! ranks ( ,biblical criticism4 ,among ! m sob] types ( lit]ature w be f\nd n>ratives ( pure hi/ory4 ,su* w\ld be ! li/s ( ! k+s1 giv+ ! *ronology ( ! dyna/y ( ea*4 ,records ( conque/1 li/s ( tribute1 & ! names ( captive races =m ! bulk ( ?is type ( mat]ial4 ,!re are also books ( maxims tea*+ ! high] morality ( ! age 9 :i* ! papyrus 0 writt54 ,9 a ^w1 ! lit]ature pres]v$ 9 ! papyri ( ,egypt deals ) religi\s aims1 books ( magic1 records ( travel1 & ! sci5ce ( t day4 ,f ! latt] we le>n _! beliefs & te*nique 9 ! realm ( a/ronomy4 ,_! sy/em ( ma!matics is pres]v$ = u 9 su* prize records z ! ,rh9d ,papyrus :i* deals ) ! geometry ( t age4 ,?is papyrus is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & is numb]$ #aj1jeg4 ,9 ! ,museum at ,cairo is a papyrus illu/rat+ ! geography & c>tography ( antiquity4 ,?is fam\s map %[s ! religi\s divisions ( t prov9ce1 :i* is n[ call$ ! ,fayyum4 ,o!rs ( ^! papyri deal ) m$ic9e z x 0 practic$ 9 t anci5t day4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 biographical papyri t are almo/ innum]able1 all ( :i* recon/ruct = u ! lives & times ( ^! p :o are s long dead1 b f> f =gott54 ,among ! mo/ important ( all ! v>ieties ( papyri are ^? :i* pres]ve = u ! embalm+ te*nique practic$ at v>i\s /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ?is art 9 ,egypt4 ,s9ce ! ,egyptians believ$ t ! resurrection ( ! body & its et]nal life dep5d$ ^u ! pres]vation ( ! physical =m1 !y took great pa9s 9 _! prep>ations = ! burial ( _! dead4 ,! mo/ graphic description ( ! me?od us$ is giv5 by ,h]odotus & is ?us famili> to all /ud5ts ( hi/ory4 ,?is not$ writ] /ates t ?ree g5]al me?ods 7 us$ by ! ,egyptians & ! co/ ( ea* 0 graduat$ to ! ?or\ghness ( ! me?od4 ,! mo/ exp5sive means ( embalm+ 0 an elaborate process inde$4 ,! abdom9al cavity 0 op5$ & ! visc]a 7 remov$ f ! body4 ,^! 7 c>efully wa%$ 9 palm w9e1 ?or\ghly dri$ & spr9kl$ ) c]ta9 aromatic spices4 ,! bra9s 7 )drawn f ! head & treat$ 9 ?is same fa%ion4 ,^! cavities 7 !n dri$ & fill$ ) a comb9ation ( bitum51 myrrh1 cassia & v>i\s o!r exp5sive & a/r+5t spices4 ,! op5+s 7 !n sew$ up4 ,a tank 0 prep>$ :i* 0 fill$ ) a solution ( soda1 & ! body 0 /eep$ 9 x = sev5ty days4 ,aft] removal f ?is pickl+ solution ! body 0 ?or\ghly dri$ 9 ! hot sun & ano9t$ ) spicy comp\nds :i* _h ! two-fold purpose ( imp>t+ a fragrant odor to ! mummy & ( fur!r pres]v+ its /ructure4 ,! process 0 complet$ :5 ! body 0 w\nd ) ! /rips ( l95 ) :i* all /ud5ts ( ,egyptology are s famili>4 ,! co/ ( ?is type ( embalm+ v>i$1 ( c\rse1 9 ea* dyna/y1 b z a g5]al av]age x w\ld be 9 ! neighborhood ( #aejj 9 our mod]n curr5cy4 ,:5 we consid] ! disp>ity betwe5 our /&>d ( money value & t ( anci5t ,egypt1 x c be se5 t su* a prep>ation 0 enorm\sly exp5sive4 ,a *eap] me?od ( embalm+ consi/$ ( dissolv+ ! visc]a by means ( oil ( c$>4 ,! fle% also 0 dissolv$ ) a cau/ic soda solution1 & ! sk9 %runk tightly to ! bones4 ,?is dessicat$ =m 0 !n wrapp$ 9 ! traditional l95 b&ages4 ,! co/ ( ?is process 0 9 ! neighborhood ( #cjj 9 ! curr5cy ( our day4 ,= ! v poor1 h[ev]1 a *eap] =m ( prep>ation 0 us$4 ,! body 0 dump$ into ! tank ( soda1 :]e x 0 alt]nately saturat$ & dri$ = a p]iod ( sev5ty days4 ,! pickl$ body 0 !n h&$ ov] to ! relatives1 :o wrapp$ x accord+ to _! own ability & means & arrang$ = burial at any conv5i5t site4 ,?is process w\ld co/ 9 ! neighborhood ( #a4ej 9 our pres5t /&>d ( curr5cy4 ,x w be not$ t ! cu/om>y p]iod ( embalm+ 0 sev5ty days4 ,a discrepancy has be5 fanci$ "h betwe5 ?is ord9>y cu/om & ! embalm+ ( ,israel1 z x is record$ 9 ! fiftie? *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,! ?ird v]se ( t *apt] /ates1 8,& =ty days 7 fulfill$ = him1 = s are fulfill$ ! days ( ^? :i* are embalm$3 & ! ,egyptians m\rn$ = him ?ree score & t5 days40 ,! discrepancy1 h[ev]1 has be5 cle>$ up by ! discov]y ( ! fact t "u ! ,hyksos ,dyna/ies ! p]iod ( ! embalm+ 0 =ty days in/ead ( sev5ty1 & ! m\rn+ ( ! dead 0 m important ?an ! "t us$ 9 pres]v+ ! body4 ,9 ! ,egyptian ,museum at ,cairo1 exhibit ,no4 #abgj1 is a magnific5t an?ropoid s>cophagus f ! "t ( ,psammeti*us ! ,second4 ,! inscription on ?is s>cophagus confirms ! /atem5t t ! embalm+ process la/$ sev5ty days & is a te/imony ( ! hone/y ( ! und]tak] 9 t he did n %ort5 ! "t = ! extra pr(it involv$4 ,x is to ! rev]5ce = _! dead t 0 manife/$ by all 9 ,egypt t we owe our pres5t weal? ( ar*eological mat]ial4 ,! mo/ volum9\s evid5ces = ! accuracy ( ! ,bible come to u f burial s\rces4 ,v (t5 ! cov]+s ( ! corpse 7 inscrib$ ) v]bose descriptions ( ! life1 morals1 & piety ( ! dead individual4 ,a fur!r s\rce ( mat]ial is f\nd on ! c>tonnage4 ,:5 ! body _h be5 encas$ 9 b&ages a type ( c(f9 0 made t is call$ mummi=m or1 m commonly1 an?ropoid4 7,see ,frontispiece47 ,?is fir/ cov]+ 0 made ( "s pla/ic mat]ial1 :i* 0 m\ld$ to ! =m ( ! individual to be buri$4 ,9 ! e>li] days ?is c>tonnage 0 made ( /rips ( l95 clo? pa/$ toge!r & cov]$ ) a type ( %ellac4 ,:ile /ill pla/ic1 ?is mat]ial 0 m\ld$ to ! cont\r ( ! head & %\ld]s ( ! occupant until x took on a r\gh resemblance to ! individual4 ,?is may h be5 ! orig9 ( ! dea?-mask cu/om :i* cont9ues 9 "s regions ev5 to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 lat] times ?is fir/ cov]+ 0 gild$1 &1 9 ! case ( ! v ri*1 might be decorat$ also ) eyes ( obsidian or lapis lazuli4 ,9 lat] p]iods1 ! c>tonnage 0 made ( outmod$ papyri4 ,^! 7 damp5$ & m\ld$ into a mul* l ! me?od ( us+ papi]-ma*e 9 our g5]ation4 ,9 s do+1 h[ev]1 ! writ+ 0 n demoli%$4 ,"s ( ! greate/ discov]ies ( antiquity h come to u :5 a c>tonnage made ( papyrus has be5 c>efully sep>at$ into its orig9al %eets & ! writ+ !re( recov]$4 ,:5 ! mummy 0 enclos$ 9 its c>tonnage1 a wood5 c(f9 0 !n prep>$1 :i* q frequ5tly 0 also an?ropoid 9 %ape4 7,see ,plate #aa47 ,n only did x ma9ta9 ! =m ( ! human body1 b v (t5 x _h also a pa9t$ portrait ( ! dead p]son to id5tify ! deceas$4 ,?is wood5 c(f9 0 pa9t$ & inscrib$ on ! inside & ! outside ) a record & hi/ory ( ! individual1 to :i* 7 add$ sc5es & texts f ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 7,see ,plate #ab47 ,?is second c(f9 0 n always made ( wood1 h[ev]4 ,9 ! case ( ,tut-ankh-am51 ! c(f9 0 ( solid gold1 & con/itut$ a trem5d\s treasure 9 itself4 ,?is 0 possible only to a mon>* or a noble ( enorm\s weal?4 ,! f9al cov]+ 0 ! s>cophagus1 a great rectangul> box sometimes made ( wood1 b (t5 =m$ ( /one4 ,9 ?is box ! an?ropoid c(f9 0 c>efully plac$ & ! lid 0 tightly seal$4 ,9 prep>+ ! s>cophagus1 e in* ( ! inside w\ld be engrav$ ) a record ( ! hi/ory ( ! individual z well z ( ! times 9 :i* he liv$4 ,on ! inside ( ?is box1 ! bottom1 bo? ends1 & ! two sides w\ld be cov]$ ) writ+ z closely z ! *>act]s c\ld be engrav$4 ,n cont5t ) ?is1 ! indu/ri\s scribe ( antiquity also cov]$ ! outside ( ! s>cophagus1 bo? ends1 bo? sides1 & ! top ) fur!r writ+s4 ,we h illu/rat$ ?is cu/om cle>ly 9 ,plate #ac4 ,to make ! case complete1 ! noble1 ! weal?y1 & ! great ( antiquity 7 buri$ 9 tombs1 ! walls ( :i* 7 illum9at$ ) frescoes1 murals1 & texts 9 writt5 script t cov]$ e squ>e in* ( space on ! ceil+1 z well z on ! f\r walls4 ,all ( ! visitors to ! ,valley ( ! ,k+s 9 ,upp] ,egypt h wond]$ ov] ^! rem>kable & complete records4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 m ?an j a curi\s sight to satisfy ! int]e/ ( ! t\ri/s4 ,!y are "o ( ! priceless s\rces ( valuable in=mation conc]n+ ! co9cid5ce ( anci5t hi/ory ) ! text ( ! ,scripture6 7,see ,plate #ad47 ,/ill ano!r s\rce ( mat]ial & in=mation is f\nd 9 ! innum]able /elae :i* cov]$ ! anci5t _w4 ,! ^w 8/ele0 is a ,greek ^w mean+ 8an upright /one40 ,ar*eologically x applies to slabs ( /one :i* 7 erect$ ov] a burial site 9 ! fa%ion ( a head/one 9 our mod]n cu/om4 ,"s 7 squ>e1 "s rectangul>1 & "s 7 arti/ically r\nd$ at ! top4 ,9 ! case ( a burial /ele1 ! "n ( ! man s honor$1 toge!r ) a record ( 8 life & conduct1 0 c>v$ 9 high relief ^u ! /one4 ,!reon 7 nam$ ! k+ & ! dyna/y "u :i* ! dead man _h liv$1 & sometimes ! important hi/orical ev5ts ( t reign4 ,always su* a /ele conta9$ ! episodes ( hi/ory to :i* ! giv5 individual _h p]sonally contribut$4 ,!y are a l>ge s\rce ( hi/orical in=mation4 ,^! /elae 7 sometimes erect$ 9 public places z memorials ( great ev5ts4 7,see ,plate #ae47 ,:5 ,ramses ! ,second won 8 great campaign aga9/ ! ,hittites1 he end$ a five hundr$ ye> p]iod ( w>f>e 9 :i* ! ,egyptians _h be5 consi/5tly defeat$4 ,to celebrate 8 victory1 a volum9\s acc\nt ( 8 valor & skill 0 c>v$ ^u a l>ge numb] ( /elae & erect$ 9 prom95t c5t]s ?r\gh\t 8 k+dom4 ,s also ,am5hetep ! ,?ird set up a /ele to record 8 conque/ ( ! c\ntry ( ,abhat4 ,?is beautifully pres]v$ record may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is exhibit ,no4 #feg 9 ,bay #f4 ,9 ! ,egyptian ,museum at ,cairo !re is a /ele orig9ally erect$ by ,am5hetep ! ,?ird4 ,we %all ref] to ?is "o aga9 because 8 successor ,m5ep?ah appropriat$ ?is /ele1 & because x conta9s 8 record ( ! ,israelites1 :o are ?us ackn[l$g$ by ! mon>*s ( ,egypt to h be5 a p ( importance 9 ! annals ( _! empire4 ,! mo/ /up5d\s s\rce ( mat]ial is f\nd 9 monum5ts4 ,! l>g] & mo/ important type ( monum5t is ( c\rse ! build+s ( antiquity4 ,to ! ,egyptologi/ ! mo/ entranc+ & magnific5t spectacle on ! face ( ! e>? is ! ru9$ temple at ,k>nak4 ,! g5]al public is s famili> ) ! magnitude & ext5t ( ^! /up5d\s ru9s1 x is n necess>y to make m ?an a brief ref]5ce to !m 9 ?is p>agraph4 ,any /&>d encyclop$ia1 su* z ! curr5t ,britannica1 c>ries a m or less l5g?y article on ?is subject1 & ! numb] ( int]e/$ obs]v]s :o h /udi$ ^! ru9s is almo/ beyond e/imat+4 ,! pres5t city ( ,luxor1 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 0 once kn[n z ,!bes1 & 0 ! c5t] ( gov]nm5t 9 times long pa/4 ,?ree v important s\rces ( /udy are f\nd 9 t vic9ity4 ,!re is ! great ,valley ( ! ,k+s1 :]e s _m ( ! dead great ( ,egypt 7 buri$4 ,!n also !re is ! great temple at ,luxor1 :i* is /ill 9 ! process ( recov]y4 ,x is to be regrett$ t excavations !re h be5 halt$ = "s "t1 due to ! fanaticism ( ! ,moslems1 :o refuse to p]mit a mosque to be mov$ f ! top ( ! rema9+ m\nd1 "u :i* ! balance ( ?is great temple /ill lies buri$4 ,la/1 b f> f lea/1 !re is ! great temple1 call$ ,k>nak4 ,! evid5ces t h be5 recov]$ f ?is site c>ry u z f> back z ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,old ,k+dom1 & may inde$ be pre-dyna/ic4 ,!re are a numb] ( temples t h be5 erect$ ^u ?is site1 :i* contribute to ! glory ( its pa/ hi/ory4 ,! e>lie/ relics f\nd are fl9t in/rum5ts1 & !re are a numb] ( recov]ies f ! ,middle ,k+dom also4 ,:ile ! fam$ ar*eologi/ ,legra9 0 9 *>ge ( ! "w ( recov]y "h1 he op5$ "o great pit f :i* an unbelievable am\nt ( mat]ial 0 recov]$4 ,9 ?is "o f9d1 sev5 hundr$ & fifty l>ge /atues 7 dug up1 & m ?an tw5ty ?\s& small] objects 7 recov]$ f ?is same pit4 ,?is 0 l>gely a ,middle ,k+dom deposit4 ,x may be said t ! entire hi/ory ( ! l& is se5 "h1 f ! ar*aic age to ! end ( ! ,ptolemaic p]iod4 ,!re are ?ree major ru9s t make up ! va/ monum5t ( ,k>nak1 :i*1 ) ! av5ue ( ram-head$ sph9xes1 is almo/ a mile 9 l5g?4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree enclosures has its own /ory to tell4 ,! smalle/ "o is ! mo/ nor!rly1 & 0 built by ,am5hetep ! ,?ird4 ,ramses ! ,second add$ to its /ructure1 & ! impos+ gate 0 built by ,ptolemy ,eu]getes ! ,fir/4 ,?is magnific5t gate is practically all ( ! orig9al /ructure t rema9s today4 ,! outl9e ( ! f\ndation ( ! orig9al temple may be trac$1 b its mat]ial1 ) ! exception ( ! gate1 has long s9ce disappe>$4 ,! s\? enclosure conta9$ ! temple built to ! glory ( ! goddess ,mut by ,am5hetep ! ,?ird1 ( :i* also v little ( ! orig9al /ructure rema9s4 ,beh9d ?is temple1 h[ev]1 is a sacr$ lake1 %ap$ l a horse%oe1 ^u :i* tradition says ! b>ge ( ! sacr$ lady us$ to appe>4 ,inde$1 !re are fellah9 9 ,egypt today :o ma9ta9 t at c]ta9 times :5 ! moon is j "r1 ?is notable b>ge may /ill be se5 if "o is =tunate en\gh to be on ! spot at ! "r "t4 7,we regret to say t ! times t we 7 !re 7 nev] ! "r ones67 ,!re 7 small temples & %r9es inside bo? ( ^! enclosures :]e v>i\s k+s hon\r$ o!r deities 9 ! l5g?y pan!on4 ,"s traces ( ^! may /ill be se5 "h & !re1 & mu* m may yet be br\ght to light by ! excavations n[ be+ conduct$ !re by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,antiquities4 ,x is ! ?ird enclosure :i* is ! great "o1 & ! really ?rill+ monum5t4 ,x is ab\t #a1ejj feet squ>e1 s t x is at once app>5t t x is imm5se4 ,und\bt$ly x is ! l>ge/ temple ev] con/ruct$ by man4 ,two million1 two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& feet ( floor space make q a place ( wor%ip 9 any day & age6 ,! orig9al sanctu>y 0 probably begun by ,us]tes5 ! ,fir/1 :o d$icat$ x to ,amon-,ra4 ,hav+ done s1 ! k+ !n us$ ! walls1 pill>s1 beams1 & all o!r available space to c>ve a record ( 8 own reign & greatness2 n =gett+1 ( c\rse1 to give ,amon-,ra due cr$it "h & !re = su* div9e aid z ! ,ph>aoh may h ne$$ f "t to "t6 ,! draw+s1 pa9t+s1 & c>v+s ( ?is mon>* are a f9e s\rce ( in=mation conc]n+ 8 times & peoples4 ,?is seems to h e/abli%$ a prec$5t at ,k>nak1 = ! orig9al temple 0 add$ to by ,?o?mes ! ,fir/1 :o fai?fully foll[$ ! example ( 8 pr$ecessor1 & told :at a mighty man he also turn$ out to be6 ,!n ,seti ! ,fir/ foll[$ him1 to be 9 turn replac$ by ,?o?mes ! ,?ird1 & nei!r neglect$ to c>ve ! tale ( 8 p[] & successes on ! additions to ! orig9al temple t ,us]tes5 _h />t$4 ,! next build] 0 ,am5hetep ! ,?ird1 & aft] him ! ?ree successive ,ramses all built ext5sive votive %r9es & temples4 ,! am\nt ( c>v+1 pa9t+1 & hi]oglyphics t cov]s all ?is mighty pile ( /one "w is almo/ unbelievable1 & leaves ! behold] amaz$ & some:at aw$4 ,! mo/ notewor?y section ( ! /&+ ru9s is ! great hypo-/yle hall1 :i* is "o ( ! ar*itectural wond]s ( ! _w4 ,?is hall is #aga feet deep & #cch feet 9 bread?4 ,! ro( 0 support$ by #acd mighty columns1 set 9 #af r[s1 ( :i* ! two c5tral r[s 7 by f> ! highe/4 ,! ro( ( ?is great hall 0 #gh feet above ! floor1 & ! entire /ructure 0 cov]$ ) reliefs & pa9t$ sc5es f ! conque/s & lives ( ! build]s4 ,"h are to be f\nd ! mo/ gratify+ evid5ces ( ! integrity & accuracy ( ! ,scripture t ! mo/ ard5t devotee ( ! ,bible c\ld desire4 ,! ,ph>aohs :o appe> 9 ! text ( ,holy ,writ are !re on ,k>nak's walls z well1 & ?is te/imony ( anci5t hea!n mon>*s is conclusive & f9al4 ,z ! k+s ( antiquity consi/5tly c>v$ ^u ! walls1 ! pill>s1 & ! beams ( ,k>nak ! pr\d record ( _! conque/s1 x is inevitable t ?is s\rce ( mat]ial %\ld be drawn ^u heavily by ! expon5t ( ! ,scripture4 ,9 a lat] *apt] we %all return to ,k>nak aga9 & aga9 to read ^! treasur$ acc\nts4 ,!re are _m o!r temples ( antiquity t are ( almo/ equal value1 su* z ! great temple at ,luxor4 ,/ud5ts h long be5 famili> ) ! nature ( ! great pyramids :i* h also a great contribution to make to our s\rces ( evid5ce4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t only an hone/ & honorable evaluation ( ^! evid5ces is ( any aid to ! fai?ful /ud5t ( ! ,scripture4 ,"o ( ! greate/ b mo/ nons5sical h]esies ( our g5]ation is ! false tea*+ t p>ades "u ! "n ( 8,briti%-,israelism40 ,?is ridicul\s fantasy is pr$icat$ ^u ! false premise t ! ,great ,pyramid is a prophecy erect$ "u div9e lead+4 ,by a weird int]pretation ( its ma!matical proportions1 x is presum$ to portray a prophetic record ( com+ ev5ts4 ,x is ! s\rce ( m fantasy ?an has ev] be5 d]iv$ f any o!r misapplication ( co9cid5ce6 ,! advocates ( ,briti%-,israel h]esy claim t ! pyramids 7 nev] us$ z burial sites4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 arrant nons5se4 ,!y 7 no?+ b /up5d\s graves4 ,we h ourselves be5 9 ! burial *amb]s ( ! ,great ,pyramid & h se5 ! s>cophagi4 ,we h _h ! pleasure ( exam9+ ! great /one casket t 0 tak5 out ( ! pyramid1 conta9+ ! mummy ( ! buri$ k+1 z well z ! replica !re( :i* 0 put back into ?is burial *amb] to satisfy ! int]e/ ( visit+ t\ri/s4 ,we h be5 9 ! burial *amb] ( ! que5 & ! royal *ildr5 z well4 ,we h se5 ^! mummies t came out ( ! ,great ,pyramid1 h pok$ our way into ! treasure room & h se5 "s ( ^! recov]ies :i* 7 made :5 ! pyramid 0 ent]$4 ,to %[ some?+ ( ! int]e/ ! k+s ( antiquity _h 9 _! re/+ places1 x is record$ on cr$ible anci5t au?ority t ! build+ ( ?is ,great ,pyramid occupi$ tw5ty ye>s1 & t ?ree hundr$ ?\s& m5 7 employ$ 9 ! build+4 ,t5 ye>s 7 occupi$ 9 ! "o task ( qu>ry+ ! /one4 ,ano!r decade pass$ by 9 ! erection ( ! monum5t4 ,h]odotus /ates t ! m5 work$ 9 gr\ps ( t5 ?\s&1 labor+ ?ree mon?s at a %ift4 ,! records ( ,h]odotus conta9 a description ( ! con/ruction ( e>!n ramps up :i* ! /ones 7 skidd$ by means ( wood5 ma*9es4 ,! ,cairo ,museum conta9s a numb] ( v valuable exhibits f ?is greate/ ( all burial m\nds4 ,s also has ! second pyramid ( ,gheza1 9 turn1 yield$ its mummies1 z h ! o!rs :i* h s9ce be5 brea*$4 ,we _c ignore ! great evid5ce giv5 by ! type ( monum5t compos$ ( ! obelisks1 ! erection ( :i* delight$ ! anci5t conqu]ors4 ,^! consi/$ ( enorm\s /one %afts t t[]$ into ! air sometimes to a di/ance ( sev5ty feet4 ,^! great spires 7 engrav$ ) ! "n ( ! mon>*1 a description ( 8 greatness1 & "s ( ! m important records ( 8 reign4 ,9 clos+1 we mu/ n neglect to m5tion also ! b\nd>y m>k]s t 7 s common 9 ! ,assyrian culture4 ,^! engrav$ /ones1 (t5 illu/rat$ ) sculptur$ figures 9 high relief1 are ( unique importance n only because ( _! writt5 records b also because ( _! ubiquity4 ,?r\gh\t all ( ! anci5t _w ( ,mesopotamia !y seem to h be5 9 g5]al use4 ,s9ce !y 7 an important factor 9 decid+ ! title ( a section ( l&1 !y 7 c>efully made & pres]v$4 ,! date factor is g5]ally a c]ta9 ye> ( ! reign ( a giv5 k+1 & ! hi/orical in=mation d]iv$ f monum5ts ( ?is type is practically unlimit$4 7,see ,plate #af47 ,also1 s9ce ! anci5ts _h no h+es1 x 0 cu/om>y 9 con/ruct+ a door to h x turn ^u a pivot4 ,b5ea? ! door sill 0 a holl[$ /one cu/om>ily call$ an ou*4 ,?is act$ z a be>+ :i* support$ ! weight ( ! door & enabl$ "o man easily to sw+ a v heavy /ructure4 ,^! ou*es 7 g5]ally engrav$ ) ! "n ( ! build+1 ! purpose ( ! build+ &1 p]haps1 ! co/ & record ( ! con/ruction4 7,see ,plate #ag47 ,f all ^! scatt]$ s\rces1 !n1 we ga!r toge!r ! unifi$ te/imony ( multipli$ ?\s&s ( m5 once dead :o speak f ! long sil5ce ( _! =gott5 era4 ,_! unit$ te/imony is an unbrok5 *orus ( assurance = ^? :o are conc]n$ ov] ! integrity ( ! text ( ! ,scripture4 ,9 ! bewild]+ mass ( all ?is evid5ce :i* toge!r w\ld weigh s _m tons t ! figure1 if comput$1 w\ld appe> fabul\s1 !re is n "o ^w1 "o te/imony1 or "o fact t has contradict$ or disprov$ a s+le l9e ( ! ,holy ,bible4 ,plate #i ,illu/ration3 ,h]ds ( cattle1 su* z ! ,hyksos k+s possess$ ,plate #aj ,illu/ration3 ,anci5t mural ( ! slaught] ( cattle ,illu/ration3 ,papyrus %[+ ! capture ( quail ,,*apt] ,,vi ,fragm5ts 8,rome 0 n built 9 a day10 is a self-evid5t tru?3 b x is equally true t x 0 n excavat$ 9 a day1 ei!r6 ,9 fact1 z all visitors to ,italy c te/ify1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,antiquities is /ill work+ on "s ( ! m anci5t sites1 & c]ta9 ( ! mo/ ext5sive ru9s are j beg9n+ to em]ge = ! delight ( our g5]ation4 ,ar*eology is a v f9e exposition ( ! tru? inh]5t 9 ! old prov]b ( sci5ce3 8,rese>* is ! exam9ation ( ! t5? decimal place40 ,!re are _m /up5d\s monum5ts t h be5 uncov]$ ) surpris+ spe$1 b ! majority ( our mo/ valuable evid5ce has be5 d]iv$ f long & pati5t digg+1 & is (t5 compos$ ( innum]able fragm5ts f "h & !re4 ,/&+ alone1 any "o ( ! _m items t appe> to be inconsequ5tial w\ld ar\se no int]e/ 9 ! av]age obs]v]1 & w\ld be pass$ ov] )\t comm5t4 ,su* evid5ce is simil> 9 its accumulative =ce to ! action ( wat]4 ,a drop1 or any numb] ( s+le drops ( wat]1 attracts v little att5tion1 b :5 en\gh ( !m comb9e to =m a flood1 great cities & :ole nations sit up 9 al>m & pay /rict att5tion to ! c\rse ( ! fl[4 ,s x is today ) ! flood ( facts t make up ! great /ream ( discov]y1 & con/itute s =ceful a demon/ration ( ! value & accuracy ( ! ,bible4 ,a few facts f ,egypt sudd5ly fit into ! patt]n ( c]ta9 o!r ev5ts t occurr$ 9 ,assyria1 & ^! 9 turn naturally correlate !mselves ) a record inscrib$ ^u a /one by "s k+ ( ,moab4 ,l ! pieces ( a jigsaw puzzle1 ^! isolat$ & app>5tly unrelat$ facts make a complete picture :5 !y are intellig5tly assembl$1 b c>eless or ignorant h&l+ c nev] %[ ! m>vel\s patt]n 9 its complete beauty4 ,9 ?is *apt] we w (f] a gr\p ( ^! fragm5ts f "h & !re1 & %[ _! value to ! /ud5t :o seeks evid5ce on ! "q ( ! au?ority ( ! ,holy ,^w4 ,_! accumulat$ =ce is irresi/ible1 & _! f9al au?ority _c be refut$4 ,j z gra9s ( s& make up a mighty m\nd :5 !y are assembl$ into "o great heap or deposit1 ^! fragm5t>y facts h an impos+ au?ority :5 !y are tak5 toge!r4 ,9 support ( ?is /atem5t1 we %all cite ! problem ( *ronology4 ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties t has always fac$ ! /ud5ts ( antiquity 0 ! con/ruction ( an accurate & detail$ *ronology4 ,! e>ly ,egyptians paid no att5tion :atev] to *ronological sequ5ce1 b dat$ ! episodes & ev5ts :i* !y record$ by ! ye> ( ! contempor>y mon>*4 ,among ! ,*aldeans & ! ,sum]ians1 h[ev]1 li/s ( eponyms 7 c>efully kept4 ,9 ! ,assyrian mean+ ( ?is ^w an eponym 0 an (ficial ^: "n 0 us$ 9 a *ronological sy/em to designate a c]ta9 ye> ( (fice4 ,f ^! consecutive records ( ! eponyms1 k+-li/s ( unusual & detail$ accuracy 7 compil$4 ,a great deal ( ! difficulty 9 h>moniz+ ! *ronological factors 9 ! /udy ( antiquity has rec5tly be5 solv$ by a close /udy ( ^! canons1 :i* /udies 7 fir/ begun by ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son4 ,z an in/ance1 we note t "o su* consecutive li/ gives all ( ! eponyms f ,b4 ,c4 #hic to #fff4 ,ano!r magnific5t aid to ! ,biblical *ronologi/ is f\nd 9 ! a/ronomical data :i* 7 s c>efully kept at ! same hi/orical p]iod4 ,?r\gh ^! cr$ible records we h ! mat]ial to *eck ! accuracy ( ! k+-li/s t adds to _! trem5d\s value4 ,= in/ance1 a tablet has come to u /at+ t 9 ! eponym ( "o ,pur-sagali1 !re 0 an eclipse ( ! sun :i* took place 9 ! mon? ,sivan4 ,s9ce ,sivan w\ld be compos$1 accord+ to our cal5d>1 ( ! la/ two weeks ( ,may & ! fir/ two weeks ( ,june1 x is easy to make an a/ronomical calculation to fix ?is date4 ,we are delight$ to f9d t !re 0 an eclipse ( ! sun :i* w\ld h be5 visible at ,n9eveh on ,june #ae1 #gfc ,b4 ,c4 ,) ?is factor fix$1 we c n[ date all ( ! ev5ts ( t p]iod ( antiquity f ^! k+-li/s to ! "t ( ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,assur-bani-pal4 ,ano!r su* tablet1 :i* came f ,babylon1 gives u an opportunity to *eck back ! o!r way4 ,?is tablet m]ely /ates1 8,9 ! sev5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,cambyses1 betwe5 ! #af? & #ag? ( ! mon? ,phem5o?1 at "o h\r be=e midnight1 ! moon 0 obscur$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,babylon by "o-half ( h] diamet] on ! nor?40 ,we !n turn to our mod]n a/ronomical s\rces & le>n f !m t !re 0 j su* an eclipse ( ! moon :i* w\ld h be5 visible 9 ,babylon 9 ! ye> #ebb ,b4 ,c4 ,s9ce ?is 0 ! sev5? ye> ( ,cambyses1 x foll[s t he mu/ h asc5d$ 9 ! ye> #ebi4 ,?is is exactly :at is dem&$ by ! ,biblical *ronology accept$ at our pres5t "t4 ,incid5tally1 by correlat+ ! prophecies & hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! prov$ *ronological po9ts 9 ^! records1 ar*eology has v9dicat$ ! hi/orical & traditional acceptance ( ^? dates :i* criticism unsuccessfully disput$4 ,! k+s ( ,israel & ,judah1 ) ! writ+ prophets ( ea* mon>*'s reign1 may n[ be correlat$ into ?is accr$it$ sy/em ( *ronology4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! traditional & accept$ dates = ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* or?odox s*ol>%ip has always ma9ta9$1 are e/abli%$ beyond reasonable d\bt4 ,9 ! confus$ condition ( ! ,egyptian *ronology x is difficult to dogmatize conc]n+ ! exact id5tification ( c]ta9 ph>aohs ^: records are conta9$ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,text1 b :o are n id5tifi$ by _! pr5om5 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,a good deal ( ?is confusion1 h[ev]1 is be+ dissipat$ ) surpris+ rapidity due to ! recov]y ( "s hi!rto unkn[n s\rces4 ,! t5d5cy ( our pres5t day is to conc$e t ! ,ph>aoh ,?otmes1 ^: "n is m commonly giv5 z ,tu?mosis1 0 ! ph>aoh ( ! ,oppression4 ,!re is a great deal ( reliable au?ority = adopt+ ?is view4 ,?is mighty sov]eign1 ^: hi/ory we h p>tly cov]$ 9 connection ) 8 si/]1 wife & dom9e]+ que51 ,hat%epsut1 9 ! portion deal+ ) ! times ( ,moses1 accord+ to ! be/ *ronologi/1 reign$ fifty-"o ye>s4 ,he di$ 9 #addg ,b4 ,c41 & 0 succe$$ by ,am5hetep ! ,second4 ,?is fact w\ld make x practically c]ta9 t ! latt] mon>* 0 ! ph>aoh ( ! ,exodus4 ,!re is a great deal ( gratify+ demon/ration 9 ! new *ronology :i*1 be+ purg$ f ! gross errors t naturally result$ f *ronological diff]5ces inevitable to pione]s 9 ,egyptology1 has br\ght great com=t & aid to ! or?odox believ] 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!re 7 almo/ z _m diff]5t dates giv5 by ! critics = ! ,exodus f ,egypt z !re 7 critics4 ,x may be not$ 9 pass+ t "o ( ! major difficulties ( criticism & "o ( its f\ndational weaknesses is to be se5 9 ! fact t ea* individual critic is 8 own highe/ au?ority4 ,! only f9ality t criticism recognizes is ! dogmatic decision ( a p>ticul> individual to believe "o way or ! o!r4 ,s x is r h>d to say t criticism 9 g5]al held to any c]ta9 ?+4 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion1 z f> z su* c be ga!r$ f criticism1 h[ev]1 w\ld make ! date ( ! ,exodus n any e>li] ?an #abbj ,b4 ,c4 ,plate #aa ,illu/ration3 ,c>tonnage 9 ! an?ropoid s>cophagus ,plate #ab ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ bo? outside & inside writ+s & decorations on an?ropoid s>cophagus ,! new *ronology1 d]iv$ f ar*eological rese>*1 has utt]ly & f9ally upset ^! critical conclusions4 ,! ,exodus c be cr$ibly dat$ n[ to )9 a span ( t5 ye>s4 ,! e>li] probability is #addg ,b4 ,c4 & ! late/ possible "t w\ld be #adcg4 ,x may be said t if we consid] ! ar*eological s\rces alone1 !re is a possible spread ( ?irty ye>s1 b no m4 ,ev5 if we make ! mo/ lib]al concessions1 ! ,exodus mu/ be fitt$ into ! record betwe5 #addg & #adag ,b4 ,c4 ,all[+ !n = ! ye>s ( w&]+ 9 ! wild]ness1 ! fall ( ,j]i*o occurr$ ) a possible spread ( t5 ye>s1 betwe5 #adjg & #acig4 ,! e>li] date is n[ accept$ z by f> ! mo/ cr$ible4 ,we may /ate almo/ ) f9ality t ,j]i*o 0 de/roy$ 9 #adjg ,b4 ,c41 & rema9 secure 9 t conclusion4 ,!re=e1 if ,tu?mosis di$ 9 #addg1 ! reign ( ,am5hetep ! ,second w\ld h end$ 9 #adba4 ,^! p]plex+ seals ( ,am5hetep1 if !y h n be5 d]iv$ by intrusion1 w\ld ?us h _h a suffici5t "t to rea* ,j]i*o 9 connection ) "s (ficial bus9ess ( ! k+dom 9 ! =ty ye>s elaps+ betwe5 ! ,exodus & ! assault on ! ,canaanite city4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,josephus makes a pass+ ref]5ce to ! /atem5t ( ! ,egyptian hi/orian1 ,mane?o1 t ! ph>aoh ( ! ,exodus 0 ,am5ophis4 ,am5ophis is ano!r =m ( ! "n ,am5hetep1 :i* w\ld add a great deal ( au?ority to our pres5t conclusions4 ,josephus is n will+ to ackn[l$ge ! dep5dability ( ,mane?o1 due to ! fact t ,mane?o came s long aft] ! ev5t4 ,b s9ce ! ,egyptian hi/orian prec$$ ,josephus by "s ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 ! old] au?ority w\ld seem to be at lea/ z dep5dable z ,josephus6 ,incid5tally1 ?is fact1 if accept$1 w\ld be a confirmation ( ! accept$ date = ! ,tel-el-am>na tablets ) ! reign ( ,am5hetep4 ,! f9al ^w z to ! date1 bas$ ^u au?oritative evid5ce d]iv$ f ! pott]y culture z giv5 by ,dr4 ,g>/ang1 makes ! de/ruction ( ,j]i*o to h be5 n lat] ?an #adjj ,b4 ,c4 ,?us ! p5dulum ( op9ion & discussion has n[ swung back to ! po9t :]e we c au?oritatively /& ^u ! e>li] conclusions ( ! ,book ( ,jo%ua & accept its cr$ibility )\t ! slighte/ "q4 ,mo/ ( u c rememb] h[ rec5tly x 0 ! fa%ion = ! oppon5ts ( ! ,bible to laugh at ^? :o believ$ 9 ! hi/oricity ( ,jo%ua's /range conque/ ( ! ,canaanite city ( ,j]i*o4 ,! collapse ( ! walls ( t anci5t city has long be5 a s\rce ( my/]y to ! sci5tific /ud5t1 & ( hil>ity to ! unbeliev]4 ,! fai? ( ! intellig5t is v9dicat$1 h[ev]1 & ! laught] ( ! unbeliev] is /ill$1 by ! exhau/ive "w t ar*eology has done 9 ! vic9ity ( ,j]i*o4 ,! site has be5 explor$ a numb] ( times1 b ! mo/ compreh5sive & conclusive "w 0 done by ! #aicc exp$ition t 0 head$ by ,dr4 ,g>/ang4 ,! walls ( ,j]i*o 7 mighty1 & z long z !y /ood ! city 0 impregnable to ! arm$ =ces ( antiquity4 ,! unusual /ructure ( ,j]i*o's walls 0 manife/$ :5 !y 7 uncov]$ f ! dirt & debris ( c5turies4 ,! ^w 8walls0 is prop]ly giv5 9 its plural =m z !re 7 out] & inn] walls t entirely encircl$ ! city4 ,!re 01 fir/ ( all1 surr\nd+ ! city completely1 an out] wall1 :i* seem$ to h be5 held up z mu* by fai? z by gravity6 ,ev] s9ce we _h ! fir/ opportunity ( p]sonally exam9+ ! geology ( ,j]i*o & not+ ! insecure /ructure ^u :i* ^? walls 7 build$1 our own private wond] has n be5 t ! walls fell d[n2 r we h be5 bewild]$ by speculat+ z to :at 9 ! "n ( physics ev] held !m up6 ,p]haps x 0 ! b9d+ ( ! build+s t an*or$ ! out] wall to ! inn] wall1 & made a sort ( tripod /ructure ( ! :ole1 :i* acc\nt$ = ?is ph5om5on4 ,"s f\rte5 feet back f ! out] wall & r\ghly p>allel+ ! convolutions ( ! =m]1 !re 0 an inn] wall ( ! same height z ! out] "o4 ,across ^! two walls great beams _h be5 laid1 & dwell+s con/ruct$ ^u ?is unique f\ndation4 ,! out] wall 0 pi]c$ by ! "o gate1 9 exact accordance ) ! description 9 ! ,book ( ,jo%ua4 ,!re is no natural explanation to acc\nt = ! unique evid5ce ( ! collapse ( ^! walls4 ,!y 7 n und]m9$ by milit>y eng9e]s1 = !y all seem to h collaps$ ar\nd ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! city at "o & ! same "t4 ,!y 7 n %ak5 d[n by an e>?quake4 ,?is w\ld h result$ 9 a haphaz>d pil+ ( ! wall mat]ial 9 a numb] ( diff]5t directions4 ,x seems z ?\gh a mighty bla/ _h be5 set (f 9 ! c5t] ( ! city1 ?ru/+ ! walls outw>d1 9 :at might r\ghly be describ$ z a circle4 ,?is collapse ( ! walls naturally result$ 9 ! wreck+ ( ! h\ses build$ !reon4 ,:5 ! prelim9>y cle>ance _h be5 made & ! excavators came d[n to ^! great ru9s1 e dem& ( ! ,book ( ,jo%ua 0 satisfactorily met by ! conditions !re uncov]$4 ,9 ! remnants ( ! h\ses f\nd 9 ,j]i*o !re 0 ov]:elm+ evid5ce ( a sy/ematic de/ruction by fires t 7 set to sweep ! entire ru94 ,among ! mo/ int]e/+ & significant ( ! *>r$ evid5ces 7 ! great /ores ( burn$ gra9 :i* %[$ t ev5 ! food ( ,j]i*o _h be5 d$icat$ to ! fire1 z ,jo%ua _h comm&$4 ,:5 ! discov]ies ( ,j]i*o 7 fir/ publiciz$1 ,dr4 ,g>/ang c\ld f9d only "o app>5t contradiction betwe5 ! record ( ,jo%ua & ! evid5ces 9 ! city4 ,t 0 9 ! "t factor1 or *ronology1 t 0 involv$4 ,9 ! cemet]y ( ,j]i*o ^u its excavation1 !re 7 f\nd two seals ( ! ,ph>aoh ,am5hetep ! ,?ird4 ,s9ce ?is mon>* reign$ probably at lea/ a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! "t ( ,jo%ua1 x 0 difficult to reconcile ! app>5t discrepancy4 ,! app>5t difficulty1 h[ev]1 dissolves :5 we consid] ! possibility ( lat] intrusion4 ,be=e ! excavations at ,j]i*o c\ld beg91 x 0 necess>y = ! work]s to cle> away ! rema9s ( a =tress ( ,ramses1 ! mon>* :o head$ ! n9ete5? dyna/y1 :i* 9 turn foll[$ t ( ! dyna/y ( ,am5hetep ! ,?ird4 ,s9ce ?is site _h be5 tempor>ily us$ by ! ,egyptians two hundr$ ye>s aft] its de/ruction1 x is highly probable t x might also h be5 tempor>ily visit$ by !m ! c5tury imm$iately foll[+ its de/ruction4 ,if ! pres5ce ( two seals ( ,am5hetep are to be tak5 z a date factor 9 view ( ! fact t burials at t site 7 by intrusion1 !n a great case c\ld be made = a lat] date by ! ru9$ =tress ( ,ramses4 ,! ph>aoh :o rul$ 9 ! day :5 ,jo%ua l$ ! conque/ ( ,canaan 0 mo/ probably ,tu?mosis ! ,?ird1 :o reign$ contempor>ily ) ! ,que5 ,hat%epsut until he 0 suffici5tly entr5*$ to ov]?r[ h] dom9ion4 ,?is que51 z all ! evid5ce mo/ cle>ly sugge/s1 0 mo/ probably ! "o :o drew ,moses out ( ! ,nile4 ,! contempor>y & collat]al evid5ce is fairly conclusive1 s t ?is fact is g5]ally accept$4 ,relegat+ ! "o anomal\s discov]y1 !n1 to ! probability ( intrusion1 we f9d t ,j]i*o1 p]haps m ?an any o!r site 9 antiquity1 has v9dicat$ ! record ( ! ,old ,te/am5t text4 ,9 ?is v connection1 x is int]e/+ to note h[ ! que5 ,hat%epsut came into ! record1 & fir/ int]e/$ ! /ud5t ( apologetics4 ,! em95t ar*eologi/1 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 f\nd a tablet on ! slope ( ,mt4 ,s9ai :i* 0 writt5 9 an ar*aic script t baffl$ e attempt to deciph] its my/]y = ne>ly ?irty ye>s4 ,b at long la/ ,pr(essor ,hub]t ,grimme1 :o held ! *air ( ,semitic languages at ! ,univ]sity ( ,mun/]1 made out two words4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! anci5t ,hebrew "n = ,god1 :i* 9 ?is =m ( writ+ appe>$ z 8,,jahua40 ,! o!r ^w t ,dr4 ,grimme succe$$ 9 read+ 0 8,,hat%epsut10 :o 0 kn[n f h] monum5ts & obelisk4 ,) ?is key1 ! table 0 quickly deciph]$1 & 0 ascrib$ to ,moses4 ,! text z x appe>$ foll[s3 8,i am ! son ( ,hat%epsut ov]se] ( ! m9e work]s ( s9 *ief ( ! temple ( ,mana ,jahua ( ,s9ai ?\ oh ,hat%epsut wa/ k9d to me & drew me out ( ! wat]s ( ! ,nile ha/ plac$ me 9 ! temple 7or palace740 ,on ! rev]se 7 directions = locat+ ! place :]e ! writ] report$ he _h buri$ c]ta9 tablets ( /one1 :i* he _h brok5 9 8 ang]4 ,s9ce all ! l&m>ks ! writ] us$ to id5tify ! place ( burial h disappe>$1 no?+ has s f> come f ! se>* t result$ :5 ?is tablet 0 at la/ read4 ,incid5tally1 ?is que5 ,hat%epsut left h] m>k ^u ! age 9 :i* %e liv$1 z %e 0 "o ( ! mo/ p]si/5tly det]m9$ wom5 :o ev] appe>$ ^u ! pages ( anci5t hi/ory4 ,!re is a rem>kably complete record ( h] hi/ory & h] imp]ial reign :i* may be read today 9 ! relics ( h] times & 9 ! ru9s ( ! great works :i* %e caus$ to be con/ruct$4 ,h] important place illu/rates "o ( ! difficulties ( *ronology1 :i* we h previ\sly m5tion$4 ,h] backgr\nd is cle> & undisput$4 ,:5 ,tu?mosis ! ,fir/ di$1 8 son & heir ,tu?mosis ! ,second succe$$ to ! ?rone4 ,he 0 a physical & m5tal weakl+1 & v little is kn[n ( him f ! monum5ts ( old4 ,b he m>ri$ 8 half-si/] ,hat%epsut1 & />t$ a tra9 ( ev5ts t _h surpris+ consequ5ces4 ,incid5tally1 x 0 ! cu/om = ,egyptians to m>ry 9 ! close/ family ties1 & bro!r & si/] m (t5 w$ ?an n4 ,9 view ( ?is fam\s lady's "* & lat] conduct1 x is highly probable t ! k+ _h no *oice 9 m>ry+ 8 si/]1 b 0 l$ to ! slaught] :e!r he w\ld or n6 ,at any rate1 he di$ v soon aft] ! w$d+1 & ! wid[ ,hat%epsut decl>$ h]self que54 ,to make h] position secure1 %e m>ri$ h] "y /epson & half-bro!r1 ,tu?mosis ! ,?ird1 :o 0 ! legal & rightful heir to ! ?rone4 ,dur+ 8 boyhood ! que5 reign$ 9 undisput$ p[]1 & develop$ ! c\ntry 9 a surpris+ mann]4 ,%e 0 a fem9i/ ) a v5geance1 & call$ h]self ,,k+ ,hat%epsut1 & /at$ t %e 0 a god & z su* 0 entitl$ to wor%ip & ob$i5ce4 ,:at is m1 %e made x /ick6 ,s9ce %e c\ld n lead h] armies 9 p]son1 %e pursu$ ! ways ( peace1 & ! tr\bl$ l& _h re/ & prosp]$4 ,"s ( ! greate/ build+ op]ations ( ! anci5t _w 7 begun & f9i%$ "u h] direction & patronage4 ,plate #ac ,illu/ration3 ,detail$ /udy ( outside & inside ( an?ropoid c(f94 ,note volum9\s record ,illu/ration3 inside ,illu/ration3 ,outside1 or rectangul> c(f9 also cov]$ ) writ+ & records ,illu/ration3 records ,plate #ad ,illu/ration3 ,murals & frescoes f tomb walls ,illu/ration3 murals & frescoes ,illu/ration3 murals & frescoes ,illu/ration3 murals & frescoes ,:5 h] husb&-bro!r-consort became ( age1 he naturally rebell$ aga9/ h] usurpation4 ,he ga!r$ a company ( adv5tur\s nobles ab\t him & =c$ ! que5 to abdicate1 aft] :i* %e disappe>$ "u circum/ances :i* w\ld h int]e/$ ,scotl& ,y>d1 if t not$ in/itution _h be5 9 exi/5ce 9 t day & place6 ,! ambiti\s "y k+ took ! "n ( ,tu?mosis ! ,?ird1 & left a brilliant record z a conqu]or & build]4 ,c\nt+ ! tw5ty-"o ye>s he liv$ z co-reg5t ) ,hat%epsut1 he rul$ ! l& fifty-?ree ye>s1 :i* 0 an enviable span = ^? w>like days4 ,if ! pres5t accept$ *ronology is "r1 he came to ! ?rone 9 #aeja ,b4 ,c4 & di$ 9 ! ye> #addg4 ,?is w\ld h made him ! ,ph>aoh ( ! ,oppression6 ,9 :i* case1 ! que5 ,hat%epsut w\ld h unconsci\sly (f5d$ him 9 elevat+ ,moses to a place ( prom95ce & p[]1 :i* might expla9 :y ,moses felt x necess>y to flee f ,egypt :5 he 0 9 tr\ble4 ,at any rate1 out ( ?is tangl$ ske9 ( human conduct & ambition1 "s pres5t help is (f]$ to ! le>n+ ( our day by ! kn[n facts t h be5 cle>ly e/abli%$ f ! relics ( ?is embattl$ c\ple4 ,! "n ( ! que5 ,hat%epsut 0 abhorr5t to h] bro!r-husb&-reg5t-successor2 & he tri$ to oblit]ate x :]ev] x appe>$4 ,b %e _h built s _m great works & _h left su* ample records t 8 actions 9 ?is matt] came to n\ght1 & %e lives today to %$ ! assurance ( probability ^u ! record ( ,moses4 ,we h se5 h] obelisks1 h] records & "s ( ! ru9s ( h] great works1 & ! entire patt]n is ( a piece ) ! dem&s1 bo? *ronological & e?nological1 ( ! text ( ! ,scripture4 ,x is app>5t t n only dead m51 b also dead wom51 may tell tales1 if _! voices are he$$ & ! e>s ( ! li/5] are n /opp$ ) ! wax ( infidelity & disbelief4 ,! amaz+ & scrupul\s accuracy :i* is ma9ta9$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 its hi/orical /atem5ts is once aga9 demon/rat$ by ! record ( ,ahaz z x is giv5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & f\nd on ! monum5ts 9 ,assyria4 ,we read 9 ,,ii ,k+s & ! sixte5? *apt]1 ^! words3 ,9 ! sev5te5? ye> ( ,pekah ! son ( ,remaliah1 ,ahaz ! son ( ,jo?am k+ ( ,judah began to reign4 ,tw5ty ye>s old 0 ,ahaz :5 he began to reign1 & reign$ sixte5 ye>s 9 ,j]usalem1 & did n t :i* 0 "r 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l 8 ,god1 l ,david 8 fa!r4 ,b he walk$ 9 ! way ( ! k+s ( ,israel1 yea1 & made 8 son to pass ?r\gh ! fire1 accord+ to ! abom9ations ( ! hea!n1 :om ! ,"l ca/ out f be=e ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,& he sacrific$ & burnt inc5se 9 ! high places1 & on ! hills1 & "u e gre5 tree4 ,!n ,rez9 k+ ( ,syria1 & ,pekah son ( ,remaliah k+ ( ,israel1 came up to ,j]usalem to w>3 & !y besieg$ ,ahaz1 b c\ld n ov]come him4 ,at t "t ,rez9 k+ ( ,syria recov]$ ,ela? to ,syria1 & dwelt !re unto ?is day4 ,s ,ahaz s5t mess5g]s to ,tigla?-piles] k+ ( ,assyria say+1 ,i am ?y s]vant & ?y son3 come up1 & save me out ( ! h& ( ! k+ ( ,syria1 & out ( ! h& ( ! k+ ( ,israel1 :i* rise up aga9/ me4 ,& ,ahaz took ! silv] & gold t 0 f\nd 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 & 9 ! treasures ( ! k+'s h\se1 & s5t x = a pres5t to ! k+ ( ,assyria4 ,& ! k+ ( ,assyria he>k5$ unto him3 = ! k+ ( ,assyria w5t up aga9/ ,damascus1 & took x1 & c>ri$ ! p ( x captive to ,kir1 & slew ,rez94 ,! visit ( ,ahaz :i* closes ?is record 0 made 9 #gcb ,b4 ,c4 ,tigla?-piles] has left 8 own /ory ( ^! /irr+ ev5ts & has call$ ,ahaz by "n ^u 8 monum5t4 ,! un=tunate action ( ,ahaz 9 call+ = ,assyrian aid aga9/ 8 enemies ,pekah k+ ( ,israel & ,rez9 k+ ( ,syria1 result$1 accord+ to ,tigla?-piles]'s acc\nt1 9 8 invasion ( bo? ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,f !nce he c>ri$ away into captivity ! two tribes ( ,reub5 & ,ga?1 & ! half tribe ( ,manasseh4 ,! di/ress ( ,israel 0 n end$ until ,ho%ea1 %ortly aft]w>d1 became ! new k+ ( ,israel4 ,z a matt] ( policy he =mally accept$ ! yoke ( ,assyria & became ! vassal ( ,tigla?-piles]4 ,9 ! ,assyrian ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,wall ,cases #ad to #ah conta9 a valuable collection ( inscrib$ b[ls1 o/raca1 & fragm5ts ( records :i* ext5d f ! days ( ,assur-re%-%i1 d[n to ! end ( ! ,assyrian dyna/y4 ,among !m are fragm5t>y inscriptions f ! reign ( ,tigla?-piles] ! ,?ird4 ,he is kn[n 9 ! ,scriptures also by 8 ,babylonian "n ( ,pul4 ,9 ,i ,*ronicles #e3bf bo? names are f\nd 9 ! "o v]se1 z ?\gh ! scribe 7 anxi\s t ! id5tification %\ld be complete3 ,& ! ,god ( ,israel /irr$ up ! _s ( ,pul k+ ( ,assyria1 & ! _s ( ,tigla?-piles] k+ ( ,assyria1 & he c>ri$ !m away1 ev5 ! ,reub5ites & ! ,gadites1 & ! half tribe ( ,manasseh1 & br\ght !m unto ,halah1 & ,habor1 & ,h>a1 & to ! riv] ,gozan1 unto ?is day4 ,tigla?-piles] aga9 appe>s "u ! "n ( ,pul 9 ,,ii ,k+s #ae3ai3 ,& ,pul ! k+ ( ,assyria came aga9/ ! l&3 & ,m5ahem gave ,pul a ?\s& tal5ts ( silv]1 t 8 h& might be ) him to confirm ! k+dom 9 8 h&4 ,9 ! tw5ty-n9? v]se ( ?is *apt]1 h[ev]1 8 ,assyrian "n is giv5 alone1 z is done 9 ! sixte5? *apt]4 ,9 ! above cit$ wall cases1 exhibit ,k #bgea1 is an inscription ( ,tigla?-piles]'s sett+ =? "s ( 8 conque/s1 & an acc\nt ( c]ta9 ( 8 build+ op]ations4 ,among ! tribut>y k+s :o accept$ 8 yoke1 he specifically m5tions ,ahaz k+ ( ,judah4 ,mod]n man is s us$ to ! ph5om5a t make up ! miracle ( our mod]n liv+ t su* fasc9at+ possessions z ?is are n g5]ally appreciat$ & prop]ly valu$4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we he> aga9 ! voice ( a man :o di$ 9 ! ye> #gbg ,b4 ,c4 ,! ph5om5on is se5 9 ! fact t 9 spite ( ! indescribable v&alism & wreckage wr\ght by ^? int]v5+ ages1 a fragm5t ( clay p]si/$1 & rema9$ 9 exi/5ce until x c\ld be uncov]$ f ! du/ heaps ( antiquity by ! "o g5]ation t desp]ately ne$$ its te/imony & 0 able to int]pret & prize its record6 ,"h inde$ is a dead man :o tells tales1 & :o tells !m ) su* au?ority & accuracy t ! m\? ( criticism is /opp$ & ! ,^w ( ,god completely v9dicat$4 ,incid5tally1 ,tigla?-piles]'s record corroborates ! prophecy ( ,isaiah1 conc]n+ ! de/ruction ( bo? ,israel & ,syria1 because !y _h jo9$ _! =ces to make w> ^u ,judah4 ,?is prophecy is giv5 at l5g? 9 ! sev5? *apt] ( ,isaiah & 0 ! in/ance ( introduc+ ! great] prophecy ( ! f9al r$emption ( ! p ) ! com+ ( ,messiah4 ,he 0 to be id5tifi$1 accord+ to ,isaiah1 by means ( ! miracle ( ! virg9 bir?4 ,:5 ,omri1 ! g5]al ( ! armies ( ,israel1 0 elevat$ by popul> acclaim to ! ?rone ( dom9ion1 he climax$ an a/oni%+ c>e] t left a deep impression ^u antiquity4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign ! nation 0 divid$ 9 its allegiance & ?is division result$ 9 a civil w> t 0 bitt]1 ?\gh brief4 ,! p[] & might ( ,omri quickly pacifi$ & subdu$ ! l&1 :i* accept$ 8 dom9ion1 & = twelve ye>s 8 h& guid$ ! helm ( ! %ip ( /ate4 ,"o ( 8 e>li] acts 0 to buy ! hill ( ,sam>ia = a sum t is giv5 z two tal5ts ( silv]1 :i* w\ld be 9 ! neighborhood ( #d1jjj 9 our reckon+4 ,s impressive 0 8 p]sonality t f 8 day on to ! end ( ! k+dom1 ! l& ( ,israel 0 g5]ally kn[n among ! ,assyrian peoples z ! ,l& ( ,omri4 ,on ! black monoli? = in/ance1 :i* 0 set up by ,%almanes] ! k+ ( ,assyria1 !re are _m sculptur$ pictures :i* illu/rate ! text ( ?is priceless hi/orical record4 ,"o ( ! sc5es %[s t among ! conqu]$ rul]s1 "o is entitl$ 8,jehu ! son ( ,omri40 ,a record is made ( ! silv]1 gold1 lead1 vessels ( gold1 & ( o!r mat]ials t ,jehu br\ght 9 tribute to ,%almanes]4 7,see ,plate #ah47 ,?is black obelisk may be se5 9 ! ,nimrud ,c5tral ,saloon ( ! ,briti% ,museum 9 ,london4 ,t ?is 0 a g5]al is se5 f ! fact t on ! n9e-sid$ prism :i* gives ! record ( ,s>gon conc]n+ 8 conque/s 9 ,pale/9e1 ! great ,assyrian li/s ! p ( ,israel :om he calls 8,bit-,khu-um-ri-a0 7,omri-l&71 among o!r subdu$ races4 ,omri 0 succe$$ on ! ?rone by ,ahab1 :o 0 a "y man :5 he came to ! ?rone4 ,he left an un5viable record ( apo/asy & idolatry1 b 0 none-!-less a c\rage\s & able adm9i/rator ^: "w /r5g!n$ ! realm greatly4 ,9 ! tw5ty-two ye>s ( 8 reign ! ,^w ( ,god 0 ignor$ & unbelief swept ov] ! l&4 ,9 8 day ! fir/ p]secution ( ,god's p1 :i* 0 direct$ aga9/ _! m9i/ry1 began :5 8 wife ,jezebel caus$ ! slaught] ( ! prophets4 ,! entire c>e] ( ,ahab occupies consid]able space 9 ! records ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & is almo/ z prom95t 9 ! monum5ts ( antiquity4 ,"o ( ! mo/ out/&+ & notable ( 8 e>ly acts 0 ! fam\s ov]?r[ ( ,b5hadad1 ! k+ ( ,syria4 ,! invasions ( ,israel by ,b5hadad are fully cov]$ 9 ! hi/orical texts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 s !y ne$ no recapitulation "h4 ,:5 ! ,syrian k+ suff]$ an ov]:elm+ & cru%+ defeat at ! h&s ( ,ahab1 he submitt$ himself to ! k+ ( ,israel ) a humble plea = m]cy4 ,9 spite ( ! d5unciation ( ! prophet1 :o w>n$ t ,b5hadad w\ld br+ disa/] ^u ! realm1 ,ahab re/or$ him to 8 ,syrian dom9ion & made a cov5ant ( bro!rhood ) him4 ,lat] on1 ,ahab & ,b5hadad unit$ 9 a rebellion aga9/ _! ,assyrian ov]lord 9 "o ( ! mo/ disa/r\s acts ( 8 c>e]4 ,! battle t decid$ ! campaign 0 f\ght at ,k>k>4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,nimrud ,c5tral ,saloon exhibits a /ele ( ,%almanes] ! ,?ird :i* be>s ! id5tify+ numb] ( #hh4 ,! inscription sets =? ! names1 titles1 & ance/ry ( ! k+ & gives a complete acc\nt ( sev]al ( 8 milit>y adv5tures4 ,he /ates t 9 ! six? ye> ( 8 reign1 he battl$ aga9/ c]ta9 allies :o _h rebell$ aga9/ 8 au?ority4 ,among !m he li/s 8,ahab ( ! l& ( ,israel40 ,%almanes] tells h[ he defeat$ ?is coalition & slew f\rte5 ?\s& ( ! ,syrian w>riors 9 "o great battle4 ,plate #ae ,illu/ration3 ,commemorative /ele ,plate #af ,illu/ration3 ,anci5t b\nd>y m>k]s ,illu/ration3 b\nd>y m>k] ,illu/ration3 b\nd>y m>k] ,illu/ration3 b\nd>y m>k] ,on ! monoli? ( ,%almanes] ! record begun on ?is /ele is fur!r cont9u$4 ,?is battle1 accord+ to ,%almanes]'s *ronology1 w\ld be ab\t #hed ,b4 ,c4 ,?is ,b5hadad is kn[n on ! ,assyrian monum5ts v>i\sly by ! names ( ,hadad-ez] & ,hadad-idri4 ,he is au!nticat$ by ! f9e/ type ( hi/orical pro( t ! mo/ c>p+ critic c\ld dem&4 ,incid5tally1 ,b5hadad is "o ( ! =ty-sev5 k+s m5tion$ 9 our prelim9>y rem>ks1 :o 7 suppos$ to be leg5d>y *>act]s1 until ar*eology call$ !m =? f ! dead to te/ify 9 _! own behalf4 ,ahab 0 "o ( ! mo/ indu/ri\s build]s :o ev] occupi$ ! ?rone ( ,israel4 ,al?\gh he lack$ ! res\rces ( ,solomon1 !re are a numb] ( records 9 ! ,scripture t %$ light ^u 8 ar*itectural int]e/s4 ,9 ,i ,k+s #bb3ci all ( ?is activity is summ>iz$ 9 _! brief epitome3 ,n[ ! re/ ( ! acts ( ,ahab & all t he did1 & ! ivory h\se :i* he made1 & all ! cities t he built1 are !y n writt5 9 ! book ( ! *ronicles ( ! k+s ( ,israel4 ,! hill ( ,sam>ia1 :i* ,omri _h pur*as$1 pass$ by inh]itance to ,ahab4 ,! ivory palace t is m5tion$ 9 ,i ,k+s #bb3ci 0 built on ?is site4 ,solomon may h _h 8 ?rone ( ivory1 b ,ahab improv$ ^u t idea1 z ?is text seems to imply4 ,?is summ] palace :i* he built = himself & ,jezebel on ! cre/ ( ! hill ( ,sam>ia has be5 ! sc5e ( rec5t exp$itions4 ,a great deal ( ar*eological indu/ry has be5 exp5d$ 9 recon/ruct+ ! beauty & m>vel ( ?is palace ( ,ahab4 ,x has be5 discov]$ t ! walls 7 decorat$ ) ivory c>v+s1 & t mu* ( ! furniture 0 inlaid ) ivory4 ,?is valuable sub/ance 0 us$ ) a pr(ligate h& to con/ruct "o ( ! mo/ spl5did edifices ( all antiquity4 ,"s ( ! mo/ skill$ craftsm5 ( human hi/ory 7 employ$ by ?is ent]prise4 ,to %[ some?+ ( ! ability ( ^! anci5t arti/s1 we pres5t a photograph ( ! figure ( an ivory lion :i* came f ! site ( ,ahab's palace4 ,! illu/ration is magnifi$ f\r times1 b t9y z ?is priceless relic is1 ! l9es & p]fection ( ! c>v+ _c be excell$ by any craftsman today4 ,! ,h>v>d exp$ition "u ,dr4 ,reisn]1 & ! jo9t exp$ition ( #aica1 bo? made delight$ comm5t on ! unprec$5t$ p]fection ( ! /ructure ( ?is great palace4 ,x cov]$ an area betwe5 sev5 & eight acres 9 ext5t2 ! masonry ( ! build+ 0 no less ?an m>vel\s 9 ! p]fection ( its /ructure & jo9+4 ,conc]n+ ^! ivory m9iatures1 inlays1 & friezes1 ! lead] ( ! exp$ition said1 8,^! ivories are ! mo/ *>m+ example ( m9iature art ev] f\nd on an ,israelite site40 ,by ref]r+ to ! ivory lion 9 ,plate #ai ! read] c see t ?is is inde$ ! fact4 ,! excavations at ,sam>ia h be5 go+ on s9ce ! ,h>v>d exp$ition began 9 #aijh4 ,among ! valuable f9ds f ! ivory palace ( ,ahab mu/ be li/$ a gr\p ( sev5ty-five o/raca4 ,^! anci5t fragm5ts ( pott]y1 inscrib$ & engrav$ ) ! homely affairs ( ! daily life ( ,ahab's "t1 conta9 ! same script z is f\nd on ! ,moabite /one4 ,?is great relic ( antiquity has _h a fasc9at+ b un=tunate hi/ory 9 itself4 ,x w always be a matt] ( s9c]e regret t ! fir/ discov]] ( ! ,moabite /one did n make a copy ( its complete text4 ,! ,moabite /one /ates t ,ahab reign$ =ty ye>s4 ,! ,scripture record1 h[ev]1 makes 8 reign to be tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,accord+ to ! cr$ible *ronology ( ,,ii ,k+s1 ^u ! dea? ( ,ahab1 8 son1 ,jehoram1 asc5d$ to ! ?rone & reign$ twelve ye>s4 ,me%a1 :o _h accept$ ! lord%ip ( ! able ,ahab1 rebell$ aga9/ ! weak] son4 ,at "s "t dur+ ?is reign1 ,me%a1 a m9or k+ ( ,moab1 tir$ ( pay+ to ,israel ! annual tribute ( "o hundr$ ?\s& lambs1 plus "o hundr$ ?\s& rams1 ) ! wool !re(4 ,he rebell$ aga9/ ! ov]lord ( ,israel & successfully ?rew (f ! yoke4 ,on an enorm\s /ele :i* 0 erect$ at ,dhiban by ! successful k+ we f9d ^! words3 8,i ,me%a1 son ( ,*emo%-mele*1 k+ ( ,moab1 ! ,dibonite4 ,my fa!r reign$ ov] ,moab #cj ye>s & ,i reign$ aft] my fa!r4 ,i h made ?is monum5t = ,*emo% at ,qorhah1 a monum5t ( salvation = he sav$ me f all invad]s & let me see my desire ^u all my enemies4 ,omri 0 k+ ( ,israel1 & he oppress$ ,moab _m days1 = ,*emo% 0 angry ) 8 l&4 ,8 son1 ,ahab foll[$ him & he also said3 ,i w oppress ,moab4 ,9 my days ,*emo% said3 ,i w see my desire on him & 8 h\se & ,israel surely %all p]i% =ev]4 ,omri took ! l& ( ,m$eba & dwelt 9 x dur+ 8 days & half ! days ( 8 son1 altoge!r #dj ye>s4 ,b ,*emo% gave x back 9 my days4 ,i built ,baal-,meon & made !re9 ! dit*es2 ,i built ,kirja?aim4 ,! m5 ( ,god dwelt 9 ! l& ( ,at>o? f ( old1 & ! k+ ( ,israel built !re ! city ( ,at>o?2 b ,i made w> aga9/ ! city & took x4 ,& ,i slew all ! p ( ! city1 = ! pleasure ( ,*emo% & ( ,moab & ,i br\ght back f ! ,arel ( ,dodah & bore him be=e ,*emo% 9 ,q]io?4 ,& ,i plac$ !re9 ! m5 ( ,%>on & ! m5 ( ,meh]e?4 ,& ,*emo% said unto me3 ,g1 seize ,nebo ( ,israel & ,i w5t 9 ! night & f\ght aga9/ x f ! break ( dawn till noon2 & ,i took x1 slew all ( !m1 #g1jjj m5 & boys1 wom5 & girls & female slaves1 = to ,a%t>-,*emo% ,i devot$ !m4 ,& ,i took f !nce ! ,arels ( ,yahwah & bore !m be=e ,*emo%4 ,n[ ! k+ ( ,israel _h built ,jahaz & he dwelt 9 x :ile he wag$ w> aga9/ me1 b ,*emo% drove him out f be=e me44440 ,:5 ?is great monum5t 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 #ahfh1 its value 0 ( c\rse n appreciat$ & no copy ( ! text 0 made4 ,! ,museum ( ,b]l9 he>d ( x & mov$ = its pur*ase4 ,an employe ( ! ,fr5* ,consulate he>d ( ! negotiations1 & (f]$ a l>ge bribe = ! possession ( ! /one4 ,! ,turki% (ficials !n int]f]$4 ,! sup]/iti\s ,arabs1 believ+ t ! monum5t mu/ h "s magical value1 broke x into a numb] ( fragm5ts & di/ribut$ ! pieces z amulets1 or *>ms4 ,a ,fr5* ag5t1 h[ev]1 indu/ri\sly pursu$ ^! fragm5ts & ) ! help ( a squeeze :i* he _h made1 recon/ruct$ ! major portion ( ! writ+s4 ,! anci5t "n ( ,jehovah occurr+ on ?is text 0 an additional delight to ^! /ud5ts ( antiquity4 ,c]ta9 small cities t ,israel _h wre/$ f ,moab 7 return$ to ,me%a at ! "t ( ?is rebellion4 ,jehoram1 & ,jeho%aphat1 ! k+s ( ,judah1 lat] battl$ aga9/ ! increas+ p[] ( ,moab & adm9i/]$ a cru%+ defeat to ! ,moabites sometime aft] ! successful upris+ t is record$ "h 9 ?is text4 ,among ! o/raca excavat$ at ,sam>ia1 7 "s t m5tion$ _m ( ! hi/orical p]sonages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* also enhanc$ _! value 9 ! eyes ( ar*eologi/s4 ,! lat] exp$ition to ,sam>ia :i* 0 work+ 9 #aica1 app>5tly rea*$ ! f\ndations ( ! fir/ build+s ( ,omri4 ,!y h left a record /at+1 8,no rema9s e>li] ?an ! build+ ( ,omri are to be f\nd ^u ?is site40 ,?is be+ s1 we _c "q ! /atem5t ( ! text t ,omri 0 ! orig9al build] on ! cre/ ( ! hill ( ,sam>ia1 :i* fact is 9 itself ( consid]able importance to ! subject ( our pres5t /udy4 ,! "q has be5 rais$ z to :at ! effect w\ld h be5 on ! problem ( ! integrity ( ! text ( ! ,scripture if ?is site _h prov$ to h be5 l ! o!r regions excavat$1 & 0 occupi$ by _m old] & und]ly+ ru9s6 ,! simple answ] is t su* a discov]y 0 n made2 & ! evid5ce t has be5 d]iv$ is ( su* nature t ?is portion ( ! sacr$ ,book mu/ be accept$ by ! intellig5t & in=m$ s*ol>4 ,^! fragm5t>y ev5ts & ref]5ces are ( z mu* value z are ! individual bricks t make up ! mass ( a wall or a build+4 ,"o or two /&+ alone w\ld be relatively unimportant1 b :5 scores ( su* evid5ces are ga!r$ into a composite unit1 !y (f] a =midable & impressive /ructure ( evid5ce t is extremely difficult to refute4 ,al?\gh x has be5 ! cu/om to con/ruct ! critical argum5t aga9/ ! integrity ( ,god's ,^w f imag9$ m9or errors 9 ! text1 s intr5*$ is critical dogmatism t no?+ b a major rebuttal w be he$$4 ,happily1 a major /ructure may be erect$ f m9or mat]ials3 & ?us ^! fragm5ts s]ve _! de/9$ purpose4 ,plate #ag ,illu/ration3 ,/one ou*es1 or door-sockets ,illu/ration3 door-sockets ,plate #ah ,illu/ration3 ,! fam$ ,black ,obelisk1 :i* confirm$ ! record ( ,jehu ,illu/ration3 ,hama? ,inscription ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! ,rebir? ( an ,empire ,among ! anci5t races t are catalogu$ 9 ! li/s :i* appe> 9 ! pages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! mo/ important "o 9 ! pres5tation ( ?is !sis is ! ,hittite race4 ,9 ! heyday ( _! brief popul>ity ! high] critics indulg$ 9 an orgy ( refutation conc]n+ ^! sections ( ! ,scripture4 ,s9ce ! ,hittites are m5tion$ =ty-eight times 9 ! pages ( ! ,bible1 if x c\ld be prov$ t ^! p 7 fictiti\s 9 "*1 ! critical case aga9/ ! ,old ,te/am5t w\ld be demon/rat$ beyond "q4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem z ?\gh ! writ]s ( ! anci5t ^w _h invit$ ?is conte/ ) delib]ate int5tion4 ,x is impossible to ju/ify ! manifold appe>ances ( ! ,hittites 9 ! ,sacr$ ,^w1 if !y 7 n an actual p4 ,9 addition to ! _m o!r ref]5ces1 9 ! v>i\s li/s ( races giv5 z occupy+ diff]5t portions ( ! anci5t _w1 ! ,bible m5tions ! ,hittite peoples tw5ty-"o sep>ate & di/9ct times4 ,! em95t dean ( high] criticism1 ! late ,canon ,driv]1 ascribes ^! hi/orical catalogs ( peoples to imag9ation & fiction1 & ref]s to !m 9 su* words z ^!1 8,! ,hittites are also regul>ly m5tion$ 9 ! rhetorical li/s40 ,canon ,driv] is c>eful to note t ^! li/s ( peoples are f\nd 9 t section ( ! ,scripture :i* he calls ! 8,elohi/ic ,manuscript40 ,x is n h>d to und]/& t "o :o />ts ) ! assumption ( incr$ibility1 w\ld h tr\ble believ+ 9 ! reality ( ! /atem5ts 9 a docum5t s treat$4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,scripture1 9 _! deal+s ) ! subject ( ?is =gott5 p1 sket* an amaz+ picture inde$4 ,!y portray a w>like1 p[]ful1 well organiz$ race ^: g5ius at colonization & milit>y ability comb9$ to w9 = !m a v]itable _w empire4 ,! c5t] ( _! dom9ion 0 ,syria1 b f !nce !y rea*$ out to lay _! yoke ^u ,egypt1 to ov]run ,pale/9e1 & to =ce ! e>ly ,assyrians to pay tribute to _! might & p[]4 ,x seems almo/ inconceivable t 9 ! volum9\s records ( antiquity !re %\ld h be5 no s+le ^w conc]n+ ?is mighty race4 ,= until ! clos+ decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! ,hittites _h no place 9 secul> hi/ory4 ,!y 7 pres]v$ to ! memory ( man1 simply & only because ( ! =ty-eight ,old ,te/am5t ref]5ces :i* we h previ\sly m5tion$4 ,! s*ol>ly critics argu$ t x w\ld be impossible = a _w empire to disappe> f hi/ory )\t leav+ a s+le trace4 ,!y insi/$ t if a race ( m5 _h ev] liv$ :o dom9at$ ! _w ( _! day1 common s5se w\ld incl9e u to ! conclusion t !y c\ld n sudd5ly fade away f ! memory ( man & leave no evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce4 ,b !y did6 ,f ! v beg9n+ ( ?is argum5t1 x %\ld h be5 app>5t t !re 7 two ways to approa* ! problem4 ,"o way 0 ! me?od :i* 0 adopt$ by ! high] critics1 namely1 to assume t ! ,old ,te/am5t is fallible4 ,adopt+ z ! gr\nds ( inve/igation ! pre-conceiv$ conclusion t ! records ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are fallaci\s & incr$ible1 ! critics !n proce$$ to se>* = pro( ( ?is basic assumption4 ,by dogmatically ass]t+ t ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 n hi/orical1 b t mu* ( its cont5ts consi/$ ( folklore & my?1 inductive conclusions 7 (f]$ z pro( ( ?is presumption4 ,x did n seem to occur to ! high] critical s*ol>s t a bett] way to /udy ! ,^w w\ld h be5 to conc$e ! hi/oricity ( ! text until x 0 disprov$ by evid5ce4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 has ev] be5 ! me?od us$ by ! or?odox /ud5t ( ! ,^w4 ,we might say 9 pass+ t ?is is n only ! intellig5t te*nique b is also ! saf] process4 ,to say ! v lea/1 x saves ! emb>rassm5t t inevitably comes to him :o arrays himself aga9/ ! integrity ( ! ,^w ( ,god6 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ,hittites 9 ! ,bible is 9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 v]se tw5ty3 8,& ! ,hittites1 & ! ,p]izzites1 & ! ,rephaims40 ,?is is p]haps ! v e>lie/ co9cid5ce ( ar*eology ) ! records ( ! ,scripture4 ,9 ! v>i\s li/s ( races :o 7 to be displac$ by ,israel1 accord+ to ! cov5ant ,god made ) ,abraham1 ! ,hittites are frequ5tly nam$4 ,)\t any res]vation or qualification :atev]1 ?is text :i* we h j cit$ /ates t ! ,hittites 7 ,canaanites4 ,accord+ to ,g5esis #aj3ae1 ! ,canaaniti% p came ?r\gh ! l9e ( ,sidon & ,he?4 ,x is app>5t also f ,g5esis #aj3f1 :]e ,canaan ! son ( ,ham fir/ comes into ! record1 t ^! ,hittites1 if !y _h exi/$1 w\ld h be5 ak9 to ! e>ly population ( ,*aldea & ,babylon4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact to note t ! monum5ts ( antiquity :i* h re/or$ ^! ,hittites to _! prop] place 9 secul> hi/ory1 %[ !m to h _h a mixture ( ,semitic & ,mongolian *>act]i/ics4 ,9 ! v>i\s appe>ances ( ^! p 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t records1 x is to be not$ t sev]al *>act]s m>ri$ ,hittite wives4 ,ba?%eba1 :o 0 ! "m ( ,solomon1 & ?us infus$ a ,g5tile /ra9 into ! g5ealogy ( ,m>y1 :o 0 ! "m ( our ,"l1 0 a ,hittite woman4 ,9 ,i ,k+s #aa3a1 x is also /at$ t ,solomon1 among 8 _m political m>riages1 _h tak5 to himself wives f among ! ,hittites4 ,^! p1 al?\gh unkn[n 9 ! ord]ly annals ( human hi/ory1 might h be5 recogniz$ _h ! s*ol>ly ability ( e>li] g5]ations be5 able correctly to int]pret obsolete sy/ems ( writ+s4 ,! ,assyrians call$ !m ! 8,khatti40 ,9 ! ,egyptian inscriptions !y are kn[n z ! 8,kheta40 ,! fact t ^! names ref]r$ to ! ,hittites 0 n kn[n until ! ,hittite inscriptions !mselves 7 read & int]pret$ & ! fact ( _! reality e/abli%$4 ,x is to be regrett$ t 9 a "w z %ort z ?is "o we h n room to recapitulate _! long & fasc9at+ hi/ory4 ,! romance ( _! recov]y ( _! rightful place 9 ! annals ( human conduct is all t we c pres5t 9 ?is *apt]4 ,!y 7 ?ru/ by human ignorance into ! out] d>kness ( =gott5 ?+s1 b we c trace ! h& ( ,god 9 br++ !m back into ! light ( remembrance & e/abli%+ !m 9 _! prop] place ( glory & prom95ce among ! empires ( antiquity4 ,)\t hesitation we w\ld (f] ?is z ! p]fect demon/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,almighty ,god c>es = ,8 ,^w4 ,:5 ,8 ,book is assail$ & discr$it$1 ,he w1 if ne$ be1 raise ! dead to e/abli% ! integrity ( ! ,inspir$ ,record4 ,x might be not$ 9 pass+ t secul> hi/ory is n[ (t5 correct$ by ar*eology4 ,! misund]/&+s & errors :i* 7 alleg$ to appe> 9 ! ,bible1 & :i* are common to ! production ( a purely human docum5t1 are be+ done away ) z we read !m aga9 9 ! light ( ! monum5ts4 ,:]ev] su* correction has be5 made1 x has _h ! effect ( br++ secul> hi/ory into complete h>mony ) ! ,bible4 ,s 9 re/or+ ! empire ( ! ,hittites to ! /aid columns ( accr$it$ hi/ory1 ! ,div9e ,record is aga9 confirm$4 ,x is inevitable t ^! ,hittites %\ld appe> 9 ! ,anci5t ,^w1 z !y l>gely p>allel ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew k+dom 9 po9t ( "t4 ,f ! days ( ,abraham to ! end ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 ! ,hittites & ! ,hebrews walk$ side by side & h& 9 h&4 ,dur+ t "t ,hittites & ,israelites alike are ! enemies ( ,egypt4 ,alike !y battl$ aga9/ ,babylon & ,assyria1 !y int]m>ri$1 _h treaties & cov5ants ea* ) ! o!r1 & _h a well develop$ sy/em ( comm]ce betwe5 ! nations4 ,plate #ai ,illu/ration3 ,small ivory lion f ,ahab's palace ,au?or's collection 7,photo by ,dwor%ak7 ,plate #bj ,illu/ration3 ,fragm5t>y frieze %[+ anci5t *>iots 7,museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania7 ,k+ ,solomon1 ! m]*ant pr9ce1 _h develop$ bus9ess relations ) all ( ! _m *iefta9s & k+s ( ! ,hittite peoples1 & _h a well develop$ trade 9 ! horses & *>iots = :i* ! ,hittites 7 fam\s 9 _! day4 7,see ,plate #bj47 ,?is co9cid5ce ( affairs began :5 ,abraham consummat$ ! fir/ comm]cial transaction t is m5tion$ 9 human hi/ory4 ,be=e ,abraham left ,ur ( ! ,*aldees to beg9 8 /range pilgrimage1 ! ,hittites 7 already e/abli%$ 9 ,canaan4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t ,abraham at t "t 0 ! anci5t prototype ( our mod]n hobo1 w&]+ f po9t to po9t ) no e/ate6 ,! pa/oral pursuits ( ,abraham _h built up = him flocks & h]ds t made him enorm\sly weal?y4 ,he 0 an able /rategi/1 & 8 milit>y skill1 comb9$ ) 8 p]sonal valor1 _h elevat$ him to a high position ( p[] & influ5ce4 ,9 ! l& ( ,canaan he 0 treat$ ) honor & admiration z befitt$ 8 /ation & position4 ,8 arm$ reta9]s con/itut$ a =midable army = t day1 & ?is tra9$ manp[] compell$ respect = ,abraham1 ! w&]+ pr9ce4 ,:5 ,s>ah di$1 ! ,hittites 7 9 possession ( ! l& & ,abraham recogniz$ ! validity ( _! title :5 he op5$ ! negotiations = a burial plot = ,s>ah1 by def9+ himself z a /rang] & a soj\rn] 9 _! l&4 ,) typical ori5tal c\rtesy 9 b>ga9+1 ! ,hittites repli$ to 8 reque/ = a bury+ place = 8 dead wife by say+1 8,he> u1 my "l1 ?\ art a mighty pr9ce among u10 & !y (f]$ him freely & )\t price ! *oice ( a plot = a sepul*re4 ,abraham designat$ ! cave ( ,ma*pelah z 8 *oice & (f]$ to pay ! full value ( ! site4 ,?is c\rtesy1 ( c\rse1 0 expect$ ( him4 ,?\gh x _h be5 (f]$ z a free gift1 x w\ld h be5 a brea* ( mann]s ( ! wor/ type1 accord+ to ! cu/oms ( t day1 = him to h accept$ ! gift4 ,x w be not$ 9 ?is acc\nt 9 ,g5esis t :5 ,abraham weigh$ out ! reque/$ price ( f\r hundr$ %ekels ( silv]1 ! /atem5t 0 made t x 0 ! %ekel :i* 0 ! curr5t money ) ! m]*ants4 ,! sum 0 equival5t to ab\t #cjj 9 our pres5t sy/em ( values4 ,?is is ! fir/ ref]5ce made to co9age1 & x fits 9 beautifully ) ! ar*eological indications t ! ,hittites 7 ! inv5tors ( ! pr9ciple ( co9+ bo? gold & silv] z a m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,f ?is fir/ mom5t ( _! contact ) ,abraham !re is no p]iod ( ,hebrew hi/ory1 up to ! "t ( ! fall ( ,sam>ia1 :]e ! p ( ,israel lo/ contact ) ! nation ( ! ,hittites4 ,_! m]c5>y soldi]s became capta9s 9 ! army ( ,david & ,solomon1 & !y 7 occasionally alli$ 9 important battles 9 :i* ! p ( ,israel f\ght side by side ) !m4 ,x is amaz+ t ! critics1 9 ! face ( ! trem5d\s emphasis laid ^u ! ,hittite empire by ! writ]s ( ! ,scripture1 did n ex]cise "s discretion 9 _! repudiation ( ! hi/oricity ( ?is p4 ,ev5 :ile ! tongues ( ! unbeliev+ 7 clamor+ ) l\d d5unciations ( ! text ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 ,libya1 ,syria1 & ,asia ,m9or 9 g5]al exhibit$ magnific5t sculpture1 incis$ /ones1 & monum5ts writt5 9 a /range sy/em ( hi]oglyphics t none _h be5 able to read4 ,^! prov$ lat] to be ! records ( ! ,hittite peoples z !y !mselves _h cut !m ) _! own h&s4 ,we %all lat] ref] to ! great "w ( ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce 9 deciph]+ ^! hi]oglyphics4 ,8 a*ievem5t 9 t in/ance 01 9 ! annals ( human hi/ory1 "o ( ! greate/ triumphs ( pure reason4 ,be=e ?is 0 done1 h[ev]1 ! ,hittites _h begun to /ret* !mselves & /ir 9 ! tomb ( oblivion4 ,_! long sleep 0 end$ & !y began to rise f ! dead1 :5 exp]ts 9 ,egyptology read ! record ( ,ramses ! ,second4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ^! e>ly discov]ies ?rew ! camp ( high] criticism into utt] confusion4 ,ramses ! ,second successfully end$ a p]iod ( w>f>e ) ! ,hittites :i* _h vex$ & di/ress$ ,egypt = m ?an five hundr$ ye>s4 ,s great 0 ! p[] ( ! ,hittite empire t no previ\s conqu]or or k+ 9 ,egypt _h be5 able to %ake (f _! yoke completely4 ,inde$1 ,ramses ! ,second succe$$ 9 s do+ only by contract+ an important political m>riage ) a ,hittite pr9cess4 ,! c5t] ( ! ,hittite empire 0 ,*>*emi%4 ,on ! site ( ,megiddo1 :i* 0 s (t5 ! sc5e ( battles 9 successive ye>s1 ! =ces ( ,ramses f\ght ) ! arm$ =ces ( ! ,hittites4 ,!re ! ,egyptian mon>* successfully defeat$ ! ,hittites 9 "o ( ! mo/ /irr+ battles pres]v$ to u 9 anci5t records4 ,! ,hittites at ?is "t 7 gov]n$ by a numb] ( k+s :o _h a close conf$]ation 9 all affairs p]ta9+ to ! empire4 ,9 ! day ( ,ramses ! conf$]ation 0 head$ by ! k+ ( ,kade%4 ,accord+ to ,ramses' record1 :i* is pres]v$ = u on ! walls ( ,k>nak1 all 8! k+s & peoples f ! wat] ( ,egypt to ! riv]-l& ( ,mesopotamia obey$ ?is *ief40 ,?is army ( ! conf$]ation mass$ itself on ! bloody field ( ,megiddo 9 a battle :i* la/$ six h\rs4 ,ramses tells 9 detail h[ he m>*$ & maneuv]$ 8 =ces to ga9 /rategic advantages4 ,x 0 a co9cid5ce t ! battle began on ! morn+ ( ! tw5ty-fif? anniv]s>y ( ! asc5sion ( ,ramses ! ,second4 ,he celebrat$ ! anniv]s>y ( 8 cr[n+ by ?r[+ (f ! yoke ( ! ,hittites4 ,a complete victory 0 d5i$ ,ramses1 due to ! fact t :5 ! ,hittite =ce broke & fl$ be=e him1 8 army fail$ to take advantage ( ! r\t4 ,fall+ ^u ! ri* plund]1 !y f\ght among !mselves ov] ! spoils s long t ! ,hittites 7 able to ent] _! =tifi$ city & b>ricade x aga9/ ! ,egyptians4 ,an elem5t ( humor ent]s into ! f9al /atem5t4 ,ramses rec\nts t he besieg$ ! city = a numb] ( days1 b s9ce 8,megiddo _h ! might ( a ?\s& cities1 ! k+ graci\sly p>don$ ! =eign pr9ces40 ,9 ! li/ ( ! spoil t ! ,egyptians ga!r$ f ?is battle1 !re occurr$ ! names ( "o hundr$ n9ete5 t[ns & cities :i* h5ce=? paid tribute to ,egypt4 ,! next important item 0 ! capture ( n9e hundr$ tw5ty-f\r *>iots1 includ+ ! p]sonal *>iot ( ! ,hittite k+ :i* 0 plat$ & armor$ ) gold4 7,see ,plate #bj47 ,al?\gh ,ramses boa/$ t he _h 8completely ov]?r[n ! might & p[] ( ! ,hittites10 ! future hi/ory ( ?is ,ph>aoh depicts campaign aft] campaign la/+ until ! end ( 8 life4 ,at lea/ n9e campaigns are record$ on ! walls ( ,k>nak1 9 ea* ( :i* ! ,hittites 7 s+ul>ly ext]m9at$1 completely ov]?r[n1 & defeat$ = all "t h]eaft]4 ,! only tr\ble seems to h be5 t ! ,hittites didn't realize h[ completely !y 7 defeat$1 s t !y came back aga9 & aga96 ,! ne>e/ to peace t ,ramses ev] a*iev$1 9 8 deal+s ) ?is race1 0 :5 ^u 8 m>riage ) a ,hittite pr9cess1 a great treaty 0 sign$4 ,9 ! records ( 8 battles1 ,ramses ref]s to ! ,hittite k+ z 8! mis]able "l ( ! despis$ ,hittites40 ,:5 he records ! treaty t he made at ! "t ( 8 m>riage1 he ref]s to ! same man z 88 noble & magnific5t bro!r1 a fell[ to sit ) ! god ( ! sun by ! side ( ,ramses himself40 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t "s ( ,ramses' records mu/ be tak5 ) a gra9 ( salt4 ,we notic$ rec5tly1 z we 7 /udy+ & photograph+ ! battle sc5e ( ,megiddo :i* is portray$ on ! nor? side ( ! great temple at ,k>nak1 t ,ramses is %[n z hav+ ?r[n to ! gr\nd all ! ,hittites & z hav+ sla9 _! k+4 ,sev5 ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 ! k+ is /ill alive to give 8 daught] 9 m>riage to ,ramses6 ,s9ce ! ,hittites 7 at ?is "t ! c5tral p[] ( ! anci5t _w1 peace ) !m meant peace ) all ! o!r enemies ( ,egypt4 ,p]haps1 = ?is reason1 ,ramses' boa/+ ( 8 great victory might be p>don$4 ,?is great battle is also immortaliz$ by a contempor>y poet4 ,! papyrus copy ( ?is poem is n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,_m /anzas f ?is notable "w1 h[ev]1 are to be se5 9 connection ) ! magnific5t battle pictures at ,k>nak4 ,"s ( ^! are also repeat$ 9 ! temple at ,luxor1 z well z on ! great monum5t at ,abydos4 ,pr(essor ,wright ref]s to ?is poem z 8! e>lie/ specim5 ( special w> correspond5ce40 ,?is "w is kn[n z ! poem ( ,p5tau]4 ,p5tau] is ! "n ( a ,!ban poet :o wrote 8 dramatic ode two ye>s aft] ! battle betwe5 ,ramses ! ,second & ! ,hittite horde4 ,! boa/ful extravagance ( 8 language becomes a bit we>isome z he s+s ! praises ( ,ramses & *ants ( ! impossible feats ( ! mon>*4 ,an example ( hyp]bole is (f]$ 9 ?is v]se3 8,k+ ,ph>aoh 0 "y & bold4 ,8 arms 7 /rong1 8 he>t c\rage\s4 ,he seiz$ 8 weapons1 & a hundr$ ?\s& sunk be=e 8 glance4 ,he arm$ 8 p & 8 *>iots4 ,z he m>*$ t[>ds ! l& ( ! ,hittites1 ! :ole e>? trembl$4 ,8 w>riors pass$ by ! pa? ( ! des]t1 & w5t along ! roads ( ! nor?40 ,! 8mis]able & deceitful k+ ( ! ,hittites10 h[ev]1 _h prep>$ an ambu%4 ,:5 ! ,hittites sprang _! trap ) _! k+ 9 _! mid/1 ,ph>aoh call$ on 8 mighty m5 to foll[ him4 ,leap+ into 8 *>iot1 he assault$ ! numb]less horsem5 & ! armor$ footm5 ( ! horde ( ! ,hittites1 & plung$ into ! mid/ ( _! able/ & brave/ w>riors4 ,z he f\ght 8 way into ! press ( ^! noble horses1 ,ramses look$ ar\nd to see h[ 8 =ce 0 gett+ along4 ,to 8 surprise he f\nd t !y _h n foll[$ him2 & he 0 hemm$ 9 by two ?\s& five hundr$ *>iots :i* 7 mann$ by ! mightie/ ( ! ,hittite *ampions4 ,des]t$ by 8 entire army1 ,ph>aoh saw t he _h to rely ^u 8 own ability1 s 8%\t+ = joy1 ) ! aid ( ! god ,amon1 he hurl$ d>ts ) 8 "r h& & ?ru/ ) ! sword 9 8 left h&60 ,he 8slew two ?\s& five hundr$ horses :i* 7 da%$ to pieces60 ,he 8laid dead ! noble ,hittite knights until _! limbs dissolv$ ) fe> & !y _h no c\rage to ?ru/60 ,he swept !m into ! riv] ,orontes & slew z long z x 0 8 pleasure4 ,x is q evid5t t ,p5tau] reli$ l>gely ^u 8 imag9ation = ! details ( ?is great battle4 ,h[ev] exagg]at$ ?is poem may be1 nev]!less x has "s hi/orical value4 ,especially is ?is s s9ce ! poem ( ,p5tau] & ! ,k>nak record ( ,ramses ! ,second are 9 virtual agreem5t z to ! ess5tial details ( ?is battle4 ,plate #ba ,illu/ration3 hi]oglyphs div9ity k+ c\ntry plurality supremacy e1 i4 u1 o4 dimes1 di tu1 to kus ku khat1 khattu si es t> sis s> t>ku1 t>kus kue1 mesi seal1 inscription 8to speak0 sun-god3 8behold0 ,illu/ration3 ,f su* fun]>y papyri mu* valuable in=mation reg>d+ ,egyptian beliefs & cu/oms is d]iv$ ,incid5tally1 ! walls ( ,k>nak yield$ f ! records ( o!r k+s ! hi/oric evid5ce ( an actual ,hittite empire4 ,tu?mosis ! ,?ird immortaliz$ ! ,hittites on ! walls ( ,k>nak :5 he gave a li/ ( t[ns 9 ! l& ( ! ,hittites ov] :i* he 0 victori\s4 ,unque/ionably ?is li/ conta9s ! fir/ & olde/ au!ntic acc\nt ( anci5t cities1 :i* are frequ5tly aft]w>ds m5tion$ 9 ! ,assyrian records z well4 ,?is record is f\nd 9 ! spl5did temple :i* is call$ ! 8,hall ( ,pill>s0 & :i* 0 erect$ by ?is notable ph>aoh4 ,x has be5 said t 9 ?is "w ! art ( ,egypt rea*$ its highe/ po9t4 ,c]ta9ly ! walls & pill>s are lit]ally cov]$ ) ! beautifully engrav$ pictures & names ( ! races & cities :i* ! ph>aoh _h conqu]$4 ,:5 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,antiquities 0 work+ ^u ! wall ( a l[] section1 a catalog ( "o hundr$ n9ete5 conqu]$ places came to light4 ,?is record %[$ t1 m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,israelites ent]$ ! l& ( ,canaan1 ! ,hittites 7 e/abli%$ 9 a p[]ful dom9ion ov] t lovely l&4 ,!re are sev5 sep>ate records ( ! contacts ( ?is ph>aoh ) ! p :o 7 ! ,hittites4 ,ramses ! ,fir/ has also left a record ( ! treaty ( peace t he made ) ! ,hittite k+ ,seplal at ! end ( ! w> t he unsuccessfully f\ght to ?r[ (f ! yoke ( ?is p4 ,on ! nor? wall ( ! temple at ,k>nak1 he gives ! r\te ( 8 m>* & tells ( ! victories t he won4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 del9eate 8 f9al capitulation4 ,?is conflict result$ 9 a treaty ( peace :i* is record$ 9 ?is acc\nt4 ,! successor ( ,ramses ! ,fir/ 0 ,seti ! ,fir/1 & 9 8 day ! treaty 0 brok54 ,accord+ to ,seti1 x 0 ! ,hittites :o (f5d$ aga9/ ! cov5ant1 & he also engrav$ on ! walls at ,k>nak an acc\nt ( ! consequ5t battle ) its result4 ,to br+ j a %ort l9e f 8 volum9\s record1 he ackn[l$ges 8 own greatness 9 su* an inscription z ! foll[+3 8,seti has /ruck d[n ! ,asiatics2 he has ?r[n to ! gr\nd ! ,kheta4 ,he has sla9 _! pr9ces40 ,tell+ !m h[ he conclud$ a treaty ) ! ,hittites1 to ! enhancem5t ( 8 own glory1 ,seti's record concludes ) ^! words3 8,he returns home 9 triumph4 ,he has annihilat$ ! p4 ,he has /ruck to ! gr\nd ! ,kheta4 ,he has made an end ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,! enmity ( all p is turn$ into fri5d%ip40 ,) j ?is brief ref]5ce to ! volum9\s records to be f\nd 9 ,egyptian ar*eology1 we w\ld be able to e/abli% ! triumph ( ! ,bible 9 ! realm ( hi/orical accuracy1 _h we no o!r s\rces4 ,! fact ( ! matt]1 h[ev]1 is t ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian acc\nts ( ! ,hittites are at lea/ z num]\s z are ! ,egyptian4 ,x may be not$ 9 pass+ t1 al?\gh fill$ ) con/]nation at ^! m>vel\s discov]ies 9 ,egyptology1 ! critics 7 by no means sil5c$4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] = _! lat] reputation _h !y graci\sly accept$ _! defeat & ackn[l$g$ t !y 7 9 error4 ,in/ead1 !y ru%$ into vocif]\s refutation ( ! newly discov]$ ,egyptian records4 ,un=tunately1 _! d5unciations & r5ew$ claims 7 giv5 wide publicity by be+ includ$ 9 ! !n curr5t edition ( ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ?is great encyclop$ia has (t5 be5 a trem5d\s aid to criticism 9 spread+ its errors & fallacies4 ,?is 9 l>ge measure is due to ! fact t !re is a common rev]5ce = ?is great "w 9 ! m9d ( ! av]age human4 ,!re is a c]ta9 class ( read]s :o hold ?is notable ref]5ce "w 9 su* great rev]5ce t its au?ority to !m is great] ?an t ( ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! encyclop$ia ( ea* g5]ation repres5ts only ! curr5t ?\ght ( t brief p]iod ( human exp]i5ce4 ,any?+ t is writt5 by man is subject to lat] revision or repudiation1 z human k increases4 ,s 9 ?is great comp5dium ( human wisdom x is un=tunate t mu* space 0 giv5 to ! fam$ critic1 ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,k4 ,*eyne4 ,?is em95t au?ority 0 a ,fell[ ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,9 ! above cit$ article1 he treat$ ! /atem5ts ( ! ,bible z unhi/orical & classifi$ !m z pure folklore4 ,conc]n+ ! ,biblical ref]5ces to ! ,hittites1 he us$ ^! exact words1 8,!y _c be tak5 z ( equal au?ority ) ! ,egyptian & ,assyrian inscriptions60 ,9 deal+ ) ,abraham's pur*ase ( ! burial plot = ,s>ah1 he _h a great deal to say 9 refutation ( ! possibility ( any accuracy 9 ! record4 ,at ! conclusion ( 8 criticism he /at$1 8,h[ meag] ! tradition respect+ ! ,hittites 0 9 ! "t ( ! great ,elohi/ic n>rator1 is %[n by ! picture ( ,hittite life 9 ?is ref]5ce40 ,dr4 ,*eyne fell into ! great error ( claim+ t ! ,hittites 7 only w>riors4 ,because !y are ?us %[n on ! walls ( ,k>nak1 he conclud$ t !y 7 m]c5>y troops :o nev] ent]$ into bus9ess transactions4 ,9 8 article on ! ,canaanites 9 ?is above cit$ encyclop$ia1 he goes s f> z to say1 8,! ,hittites seem to h be5 includ$ among ! ,canaanites by mi/ake4 ,hi/orical evid5ce proves conv9c+ly t !y dwelt beyond ! bord]s ( ,canaan40 ,^! conclusions 7 also advocat$ by 8 great colleague & collaborator1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,newman4 ,dr4 ,newman 0 also a ,fell[ ( ,balliol ,college at ,ox=d & is ! au?or ( ! once fam\s 8,hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew ,mon>*y40 ,9 all ( ?is "w he ma9ta9$ t ! ,hittite ref]5ces 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 unqualifi$ly unhi/orical4 ,!y prove beyond "q1 accord+ to ! au?or1 t ! writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 totally unacqua9t$ ) ! times ( :i* !y wrote4 ,8 conclusion 0 t ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 writt5 _m c5turies aft] ! ev5ts :i* x purports to depict4 ,he /at$ ) f9ality1 along ) ,dr4 ,*eyne1 t ! ,hittite p 7 limit$ to ,syria & _h no place 9 ,pale/9e4 ,?us ! /ory ( ,abraham buy+ t]ritory f !m at ,hebron is unque/ionably my?ological4 ,^! ard5t advocates ( a collaps+ !ory %\ld h wait$6 ,x 0 n long aft] ^! utt]ances 7 pr9t$ t ,pr(4 ,sayce deciph]$ c]ta9 ( ! ,assyrian records ( ,tigla?-piles]4 ,^! %[$ t 9 ! reign ( ?is mon>*1 z late z #aacj ,b4 ,c41 ! ,hittites 7 /ill 9 comm& ( all ! t]ritory f ! ,euphrates to ,lebanon6 ,aga9 ! ,^w ( ,god 0 v9dicat$1 :5 ! monum5ts1 z !y 7 deciph]$1 yield$ ! int]e/+ in=mation t ! ,hittites 7 notable coloniz]s4 ,!y also cov]$ all ! anci5t _w z m]*ants1 & _! c>avans & trade-r\tes 7 ! e>lie/ to be e/abli%$4 ,!y are 9 ,assyrian annals depict$ z artisans & arti/s4 ,al?\gh all ( !m c\ld fight :5 w> 0 inevitable1 !y _h a /&+ army = ! casual & necess>y protection ( ! realm4 ,dr4 ,newman 0 un=tunate also 9 *oos+ ! "t 9 :i* he *>g$ ! ,bible ) error4 ,at a mo/ un=tunate p]iod = criticism 9 ! hi/ory ( ar*eology he que/ion$ ! details ( ,hittite pr[ess 9 ! incid5tal ref]5ces ( ! ,scripture4 ,z ?\gh ! sci5ti/s ( t day 7 9 league ) ! ,"l1 !y laid b>e 9 site aft] site a refutation ( all ! critics ma9ta9$6 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 connection ) ! siege ( ,sam>ia1 z ! /ory is giv5 9 ,,ii ,k+s1 ! sev5? *apt]1 !re is a peculi> b important ref]5ce to ! ,hittites & _! kn[n p[]4 ,! p ( ,israel :o 7 comm&$ by ,jehoram 7 di/ress$ by ! siege ( _! capital :5 ,b5hadad ( ,damascus _h press$ !m to ! limit ( _! resi/ance4 ,fam9e & disease _h swept ,sam>ia1 s t ! remnant fac$ ! *oice ( surr5d]+ or p]i%+4 ,eli%a _h prophesi$ a deliv]ance1 & 9 v]ses six & sev5 9 ! sev5? *apt] ( ,,ii ,k+s1 ! fulfillm5t ( ,god's promise is giv5 9 ?is way3 8,= ! ,"l _h made ! ho/ ( ! ,syrians to he> a noise ( *>iots1 & a noise ( horses1 ev5 ! noise ( a great ho/3 & !y said "o to ano!r1 ,lo1 ! k+ ( ,israel ha? hir$ aga9/ u ! k+s ( ! ,hittites1 & ! k+s ( ! ,egyptians1 to come ^u u4 8,:]e=e1 !y arose & fl$ 9 ! twilight1 & left _! t5ts1 & _! horses1 & _! asses1 ev5 ! camp z x 01 & fl$ = _! life40 ,pr(essor ,newman f\nd a great deal ( gr\nds = hil>ity 9 :at he call$ ?is 8*ildi% n>rative40 ,he says1 8,! unhi/orical tone is too manife/ to all[ ( our easy belief 9 x40 ,he admits t !re may h be5 "s unusual deliv]ance ( ,sam>ia1 because ( collat]al records ( dang]\s night panics among v>i\s hordes ( antiquity4 ,he adds1 h[ev]1 9 ref]5ce to ! ,bible acc\nt1 8,! p>ticul> gr\nd ( al>m attribut$ to !m does n exhibit ! writ]'s acqua9tance ) ! times 9 a v favorable light4 ,no ,hittite k+s c h comp>$ 9 p[] ) ! k+ ( ,judah1 ! real & ne> ally1 :o is n nam$ at all4 ,nor is !re a s+le m>k ( acqua9tance ) ! facts ( contemporane\s hi/ory40 ,two s\rces ( in=mation1 h[ev]1 h s9ce be5 d]iv$ t flatly refute ! le>n$ ,pr(essor & v9dicate ! accuracy ( ! record ( ,god's ,^w4 ,! ,assyrian s\rces %[ conclusively1 ^u ! exam9ation ( _! records1 t ! ,hittites at t "t 7 ! greate/ p[] ) :i* ! mon>*s ( ,*aldea _h to deal4 ,9 ! records ( ,assur-,nasir-pal a long & p[]ful tribute is paid to ! milit>y might ( ! ,hittites4 ,s 9 t day !y 7 /ill a /rong & w>like p4 ,!y 7 especially dread$ by ! armies ( antiquity because ( ! unique di/9ction ( _! *>iots4 ,x is to ?is fact t ! writ] ( ,,ii ,k+s ref]s :5 he speaks ( 8! noise ( *>iots40 ,! walls ( ,k>nak give u a cle> & illum9at+ description ( ^! anci5t weapons ( battle4 ,ea* *>iot 0 drawn by two horses1 armor$ & %od ) spikes4 ,?ree w>riors rode 9 ea* *>iot4 ,"o ( ^! h&l$ ! re9s1 :ile ! o!r two pli$ arr[1 javel91 sword1 & d>t1 work+ untold havoc 9 ! closely pack$ ranks ( anci5t infantry4 7,see ,plate #bj47 ,plate #bb ,illu/ration3 ,monum5ts ( ,petra1 %[+ ext5t ( ! ru9s 9 "o direction ,plate #bc ,illu/ration3 ,look+ ! opposite way f ,plate #bb ,x is also not$ t ,assur-,nasir-pal has giv5 a detail$ acc\nt ( ! treasures t he d]iv$ f ! defeat$ ,hittites4 ,among !m he li/s ) great delight 8swift *>iots ) horses !re=40 ,:5ev] ?is mon>* won a victory ov] ! ,hittites1 he ref]s aga9 & aga9 to _! *>iots4 ,"o su* ref]5ce is se5 9 ?is /atem5t3 8,! *>iots & w>like eng9es ( ! g5]al ( ,*>*emis ,i laid up 9 my magaz9es40 ,we h already not$ t ,solomon 0 engag$ 9 trade ) ! p call$ ,hittites1 tak+ *>iots & horses 9 ex*ange = 8 m]*&ise4 ,ramses ! ,second /ates t ! ,hittite *iefs 7 di/+ui%$ among ! nations 8= _! swift *>iots & horses & _! eng9es ( w>40 ,x w\ld seem inde$ t ! writ] ( ,,ii ,k+s 0 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! times ( :i* he wrote ?an 0 ! lat] critic :o disda9s ! au?ority ( ! anci5t scribe6 ,%almanes] made five ref]5ces to ! ,hittites1 9 e "o ( :i* he ref]s to _! *>iots4 ,9 ! monum5t ( ,%almanes]1 :i* is n[ f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! inscription repres5ts ! ,hittites at ,*>*emi% ) v>i\s ( _! allies fight+ aga9/ ,%almanes]4 ,he concludes ?is record by say+1 8,) !m ,i f\ght2 _! corpses l *aff ?r\gh ! c\ntry ,i scatt]$4 ,multitudes ( *>iots & horses tra9$ to ! yoke ,i seiz$40 ,s>gon also tells ( 8 ov]?r[ ( ! ,hittite k+dom1 & m5tions ! *>iots t 7 s =midable an aid to _! milit>y campaigns4 ,x may be not$ 9 pass+ t ,dr4 ,*eyne1 l ! em95t ,dr4 ,sayce1 0 lat] conv]t$ to fai? 9 ! integrity ( ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,?is might be call$ "o ( ! lat] victories ( ! ,hittite empire4 ,its p h ris5 f ! dead to fight = ! fai? & = ! ,book :i* alike 7 deliv]$ unto ! sa9ts by ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,"s ( ! lat] writ+s ( ,dr4 ,*eyne con/itute a frank repudiation ( 8 e>li] position4 ,8 lectures & s]mons1 aft] 8 discov]y ( ! integrity ( ! ,bible1 /ill l+] 9 ! memory ( ^? :o 7 privileg$ to he> !m4 ,! summ>y ( ! matt] pres5ts a complete victory = ! or?odox s*ool4 ,fir/1 z to ! ext5t ( _! empire1 ! ,egyptian & ,israelite inscriptions give ?ree hundr$ geographical names 9 connection ) ! doma9 & rule ( ! ,hittites4 ,^! cov] almo/ e section ( ! anci5t civiliz$ _w4 ,^! same inscriptions also pres5t a long li/ ( ! allies & ! dep5d5cies :i* paid tribute to ! ,hittite k+s4 ,li/s ( ! satraps :o reign$ z vassals to ! ,hittites h also be5 recov]$4 ,secondly1 ! ,hittite inscriptions !mselves h n[ yield$ _! secrets to ! e>ne/ /ud5t4 ,! e>lie/ note ( ,hittite writ+s comes f a travel]1 :o 9 #ahab discov]$ "s incis$ /ones & engrav$ m\nds :i* 7 cov]$ ) unkn[n hi]oglyphics4 ,^! f9ds 7 made at ,hama?1 a small city 9 ,syria4 ,9 ! light ( ! ar*eological int]e/ ( our g5]ation x seems incr$ible t ^! inscriptions 7 !n ignor$ completely = ?reescore ye>s4 ,!n ,dr4 ,william ,wright1 a ,prote/ant mission>y 9 ,damascus1 0 enabl$1 by ! au?ority he wield$ ?r\gh 8 fri5d%ip ) high gov]nm5t (ficials1 to procure ^! /ones & to remove !m4 ,"s ( ^! relics _h be5 built into ! h\ses ( ,hama? & 7 "p ( ! walls ( occupi$ domiciles4 ,"o at lea/ 0 s heavy t x took eight h\rs = f\r ox5 to move x "o mile4 ,! romance & adv5ture ( 8 indomitable pursuit ( ^! /ones is cov]$ 9 ,dr4 ,wright's own memoirs & writ+s4 ,at ?is "t1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 "o ( ! greate/ ar*eologi/s ( ! n9ete5? & tw5tie? c5turies1 began ! t$i\s task ( deciph]+ ^! hi]oglyphics4 ,) no aid1 su* z ! ,egyptologi/s receiv$ f ! ,rosetta ,/one1 ,dr4 ,sayce />t$ out on a cold trail4 ,8 ultimate victory con/itutes "o ( ! greate/ triumphs ( pure reason 9 ! long record ( human endeavor4 ,to %[ some?+ ( ! difficulty t ,dr4 ,sayce fac$1 we h portray$ on page #aid "o ( ^! ,hittite inscriptions writt5 9 ! hi]oglyphics ( _! "t4 ,we h also %[n 9 plate #ba ! key t 0 work$ out by ,dr4 ,sayce4 ,dr4 ,william ,wright1 work+ indep5d5tly1 arriv$ at practically ! same conclusions4 ,:5 ^! records 7 publiciz$ z ,hittite inscriptions a /orm ( prote/ came f ! critics ( ! ,scripture1 :o utt]ly reject$ ! f9d+s ( bo? ,sayce & ,wright4 ,!y attempt$ to m9imize any hi/orical value t might be d]iv$ f ! translation ( ^! inscriptions4 ,hav+ built _! case aga9/ ! integrity ( ! ,bible s /rongly ^u ! error presum$ to be f\nd 9 ! ,hittite ref]5ces1 !y c\ld n give up _! demon/ration )\t a /ruggle4 ,at ?is "t !re came to light a ref]5ce to a silv] disk t _h previ\sly be5 (f]$ to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is consi/$ ( a convex silv] plate4 ,x _h e resemblance to ! ord9>y boss :i* is f\nd on ! top ( ! h&le ( a dagg] :5 su* in/rum5ts are decorat$4 ,?is boss1 or plate1 _h 9 its c5t] a picture ( a w>rior /&+ upright4 ,he 0 dress$ 9 ! typical g>b ( a ,hittite soldi]4 ,ar\nd ?is w>rior 7 two r[s ( hi]oglyphics1 "o on ei!r side4 ,^! hi]oglyphics 7 enclos$ 9 a circle4 ,outside ! circle 0 an inscription 9 ! cunei=m script4 ,:5 ?is boss 0 (f]$ to ! ,briti% ,museum1 !y kept x a :ile = /udy & reject$ x on ! gr\nds t x 0 probably spuri\s4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 !y _h made an electrotype copy ( ?is article4 ,:5 ! conclusions ( ,sayce & ,wright 7 reject$ by ! critics1 ,dr4 ,sayce he>d ( ?is exhibit4 ,?9k+ t x might be a way to ! ,hittite inscriptions1 he prosecut$ 8 se>* = ! orig9al4 ,x _h disappe>$1 b he =tunately recov]$ ! copy t 0 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is copy !n became p>am\nt evid5ce4 ,at a glance1 ,dr4 ,sayce id5tifi$ ! hi]oglyphics z be+ ,hittite 9 orig94 ,us+ ! key t he _h work$ out = ! translation ( ! hi]oglyphics1 he translat$ ! boss to be ! possession ( "o ,t>kondemos4 ,hav+ read ?is 9 ! ,hittite hi]oglyphics1 he !n translat$ ! cunei=m text & f\nd ! two to be id5tical4 ,?is v9dication ( ! accuracy ( ?is e>li] "w won ! confid5ce ( ! s*ol>ly _w 9 ! ,hittite inscriptions4 ,?is 0 ! decid+ voice4 ,! ,hittites became hi/orical to ! mod]n s*ol> f ! records ( ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & ,babylon4 ,!y become real to u f _! own inscriptions4 ,n[h]e 9 all ! records ( human rese>* & endeav\r is x possible to f9d a great] & m complete assembl+ ( ! v9dication ( ! integrity ( ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! h& ( ! ,almighty mu/ %ake ! v f\ndations ( anci5t hi/ory1 ,he has sworn t ,8 ,^w %all be ma9ta9$4 ,?us ,he has call$ f ! limbo ( =gott5 races an entire nation 9 an ar*eological resurrection1 t !y1 ?\gh dead1 may tell _! tale ( ! cr$ibility ( ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,! ,resurrection ( ,edom ,f ! /agg]+ mass ( ar*eological mat]ial & evid5ce :i* is at ! disposal ( ! tw5tie? c5tury s*ol>1 x is v difficult to *oose ! mo/ p]fect illu/rations ( our !me4 ,if ! case ( ! ,hittites (f]s a complete refutation ( ! critical !ories conc]n+ ! orig9 & v]acity ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! resurrection ( ,edom is no less dramatic & valuable4 ,! ^w 8,edom10 toge!r ) its v>i\s d]ivates su* z 8,edomite10 occurs m ?an f\rscore times 9 ! text ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,z ! hi/ory ( ?is region & its v>i\s inhabitants unfolds 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t /ory1 !re is a complete1 rem>kable & /irr+ record ( ?is l& & its p t cov]s _m c5turies ( "t4 ,! ^w ,edom fir/ occurs 9 ! tw5ty-fif? *apt] ( ,g5esis1 ?irtie? v]se3 8,& ,esau said to ,jacob1 ,fe$ me1 ,i pray !e1 ) t same r$ pottage2 = ,i am fa9t3 !re=e 0 8 "n call$ ,edom40 ,9 ?is fir/ in/ance ! ^w appe>s 9 connection ) ! elde/ son ( ,isaac1 ^: "n 0 *ang$ f ,esau to ,edom because ( ! /range incid5t ( ! sale ( 8 bir?right4 ,! pottage t 8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,jacob1 _h cook$ 0 made f a l5til :i* gave a r$ hue t 0 *>act]i/ic ( any food 9 :i* ?is p>ticul> l5til 0 us$4 ,s1 because ,esau ex*ang$ 8 priceless rights ( inh]itance = a pot ( r$ mu%1 8 "n 0 !reaft] call$ ,edom4 ,9 ! ?irty-six? *apt] ( ,g5esis1 v]ses "o1 eight1 & n9ete51 ?is same def9ite /atem5t is c>ri$ out3 8,n[ ^! are ! g5]ations ( ,esau1 :o is ,edom40 8,?us dwelt ,esau 9 m\nt ,seir3 ,esau is ,edom40 8,^! are ! sons ( ,esau1 :o is ,edom1 & ^! are _! dukes40 ,"h we read t ! dwell+ place ( ,esau & 8 p 0 9 m\nt ,seir1 & t ,esau is ,edom4 ,h5ce ! "n ( ,edom 0 also appli$ to ! p :o desc5d$ f ,esau1 z well z to ! c\ntry :]e9 !y dwelt4 ,?is region ( ! anci5t _w 0 also kn[n z m\nt ,seir4 ,x 0 s nam$ because ( ! prog5itor ( ! ,horites :o orig9ally dwelt 9 t section4 ,we are told t ?is p d]iv$ _! "n f ,hori1 :o 0 ! son ( ,seir4 ,?is anci5t p habitually dwelt 9 caves4 ,!re=e1 by transition1 _! "n came to mean cave dwell]s1 z x 0 descriptive ( _! type ( habitation4 ,if "o %\ld j\rney f ,j]usalem to ! c5t] ( ,edom today1 ! mo/ conv5i5t r\te w\ld lie ?r\gh ! mod]n city ( ,amman1 :i* is at ! pres5t writ+ ! seat ( gov]nm5t ( ,iraq4 ,on ! outskirts ( ?is city1 & all ?r\gh ?is region1 ! lime/one caves are today occupi$ by families ( p4 ,!y1 ) _! folks1 _! horses & cattle1 & all ( _! possessions1 dwell 9 ^! ance/ral caves 9 cont5tm5t z _! fa!rs h always done be=e !m4 ,^! caves are furni%$ z our mod]n homes are equipp$1 ) rugs1 tape/ries1 & all ! treasures t g to make a human habitation into a home6 ,to summ>ize ! ,old ,te/am5t record ( ,edom & ,edomites1 we mu/ beg9 by not+ t al?\gh ,esau sold 8 bir?right1 8 bro!r ,jacob actually /ole ! bless+4 ,we are all famili> ) ?is fasc9at+ drama ( ! deception wr\ght by ,jacob at 8 "m's insi/5ce1 :5 he imp]sonat$ 8 bro!r to deceive 8 dy+ fa!r4 ,?is acc\nt con/itutes "o ( ! implacably hone/ records *>act]i/ic ( ! ,bible4 ,no o!r book kn[n to man is s frank 9 ! del9eation ( ! weaknesses ( its lead+ *>act]s1 z ,god c deal hone/ly ) s9 & failure1 s9ce ,he kn[s h[ to ov]rule su*1 & effect a cure6 ,:5 ,esau le>n$ t ! bless+ ( 8 fa!r _h be5 /ol5 by 8 y\ng] bro!r1 he took a solemn oa? t z soon z ! days ( m\rn+ = 8 fa!r 7 end$1 he w\ld slay ,jacob1 ! deceiv]4 ,8 v5geance 0 fru/rat$1 h[ev]1 z ,isaac & ,rebekah s5t ,jacob to ,padan-aram4 ,"h ,jacob met a %rewd b>ga9] m ru?less ?an himself2 & dwelt 9 ,padan-aram = tw5ty ye>s1 dur+ :i* he prosp]$ enorm\sly4 ,on 8 way home f 8 long soj\rn1 ! acc\nt tells h[ he met ,esau4 ,two *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 namely1 ! ?irty-second & ! ?irty-?ird1 are occupi$ ) ?is dramatic & human docum5t4 ,/ill burd5$ by ! guilt ( 8 di%one/ conduct 9 ! matt] ( ! bless+1 & p]haps feel+ also t he _h be5 less ?an honorable 9 buy+ ! bir?right1 ,jacob prep>$ an entic+ bribe to s(t5 ! wra? ( ,esau4 ,^w _h be5 br\ght to him t ,esau 0 com+ to meet him ) f\r hundr$ reta9]s1 & ,jacob believ$ t ! h\r ( reckon+ _h come4 ,! score ( ye>s1 h[ev]1 _h s(t5$ ! wra? ( ,esau1 & he greet$ 8 y\ng] bro!r ) love & affection4 ,refus+ to accept any bribe or pres5t at 8 h&1 he made him welcome to 8 possession4 ,! record di/9ctly /ates t at t "t ,esau 0 dwell+ 9 ,seir4 ,x is evid5t t he mu/ h prosp]$ !re1 z ! g5ealogical tables 9 ! ?irty-six? *apt] ( ,g5esis li/ 8 prog5y4 ,all ( 8 gr&sons appe> 9 ! record z dukes4 ,v]ses "o1 eight & n9e ( ?is *apt] id5tify ! ,edomites z desc5dants ( ,esau4 ,!y fur!r id5tify ! l& ( _! dwell+ ) ! anci5t site ( ,seir4 ,to cl>ify ?is po9t1 we "h reproduce ^! ?ree v]ses3 8,n[ ^! are ! g5]ations ( ,esau1 :o is ,edom40 8,?us dwelt ,esau 9 m\nt ,seir3 ,esau is ,edom40 8,& ^! are ! g5]ations ( ,esau ! fa!r ( ! ,edomites 9 m\nt ,seir40 ,v]se tw5ty beg9s ! li/ ( ! previ\s inhabitants ( ,seir1 :o are call$ ! ,horites4 ,^! p are li/$ 9 ,g5esis #ad3f z among ! races t 7 smitt5 by ,*$orlaom] 9 ! days ( ,abraham 9 ! notable ,battle ( ! ,k+s4 ,x seems evid5t1 !n1 t ,esau 0 p[]ful en\gh to ov]come ! ,horites & to impose 8 dom9ion ^u !m4 ,! two companies int]m>ri$ & became ! ,edomites ( ! lat] record4 ,! next important po9t 9 _! developm5t is introduc$ 9 ! tw5tie? *apt] ( ,numb]s4 ,z ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7 mak+ _! notable j\rney f ,egypt to ! l& ( ,canaan1 ,moses s5t a c\rte\s reque/ to ! k+ ( ,edom ask+ p]mission to make a peaceful passage across t l&4 ,! salutation ( ,moses 0 bro!rly & affectionate4 ,he rem9d$ ! k+ ( ,edom t ,israel & ! ,edomites 7 bre?r54 ,he ass]t$ 8 peaceful purpose1 & gave a pl$ge n to h>m ! fields or ! crops ) ! passage ( 8 flocks4 ,! k+ ( ,edom summ>ily refus$ ?is c\rte\s reque/ 9 ! mo/ graceless mann]4 ,he ?reat5$ ! company ( ,israel & =bade !m to pass ov] 8 doma94 ,! answ] ( ,moses 0 a r5ewal ( ! reque/ = peaceful passage4 ,?is "t1 ,moses /at$ t !y w\ld /ay to ! high & rocky way :]e no h>m c\ld come to ! l& f _! h]ds4 ,he ev5 cov5ant$ to pay = su* wat] z ! flocks might dr9k4 ,! result 0 a r5ewal ( ! ?reat to oppose ! passage ) ! edge ( ! sword4 ,consequ5tly ! p ( ,israel 7 =c$ to make a circuit ( ,edom1 & !y pass$ ar\nd its bord] by way ( m\nt ,hor4 ,f ?is "t on1 !re 0 implacable enmity betwe5 ! two great bran*es ( ^! ,semitic p4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory is a con/ant record ( battle & hatr$ on bo? sides4 ,saul f\ght aga9/ !m 9 ! days ( 8 might1 & records ) delight 8 v>i\s successes aga9/ !m4 ,:5 ,david occupi$ ! ?rone w>f>e 0 r5ew$4 ,s great a nuisance did ! ,edomites prove to ! p ( ,israel 9 ,david's day1 t ?is great w>rior k+ f9ally direct$ a complete campaign aga9/ !m4 ,9 ! notable battle t 0 f\ght 9 ! salt valley1 he slew eighte5 ?\s& ( ! ,edomite army & press$ on to capture _! cities4 ,9 _! conqu]$ /rongholds1 he plac$ capable g>risons4 ,"u ,joab ^! g>risons patroll$ ! l& = m ?an six mon?s4 ,at ?is "t ,b5hadad1 to :om we %all aga9 ref]1 escap$ to ,egypt to become a lat] s\rce ( di/ress to ,israel4 ,9 all ( _! hi/ory1 ! ,edomites 7 consi/5tly alli$ aga9/ ,israel4 ,!y nev] miss$ a *ance to vex _! k9sm54 ,no matt] :o ! enemy ( ,israel might be1 ! ,edomites ha/5$ to =m an alliance ) t foe & gladly accept$ ! occasion to battle aga9/ ,israel4 ,?is bad blood t exi/$ betwe5 ^! races1 :o %\ld h be5 alli$ by ! ties ( consangu9ity1 result$ 9 ! prophecies t =etold ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ,edom & ! de/ruction ( ! p4 ,su* a prophecy is writt5 9 ,j]emiah #di1 v]ses sev5te5 & tw5ty3 8,also ,edom %all be a desolation3 e "o t goe? by x %all be a/oni%$1 & %all hiss at all ! plagues !re(40 8,!re=e he> ! c\nsel ( ! ,"l1 t he ha? tak5 aga9/ ,edom2 & 8 purposes t he ha? tak5 aga9/ ,edom2 & 8 purposes t he ha? purpos$ aga9/ ! inhabitants ( ,teman3 ,surely ! lea/ ( ! flock %all draw !m out2 surely he %all make _! habitations desolate ) !m40 ,:5 ,nebu*adnezz> f9ally took ! p ( ,israel away into _! great captivity1 ! ,edomites rejoic$ )\t re/ra9t4 ,_! happ9ess 0 utt]ly unb\nd$ & !y celebrat$ ) e means at _! disposal4 ,!y ov]ran ! s\!rn regions ( ,judah & took mu* ( t l& = !mselves dur+ ! days ( ! captivity4 ,j]emiah1 9 ! ,book ( ,lam5tations1 reproves _! unnatural jubilation & w>ns ,edom t ! same fate t ov]took ,israel w come ^u !m4 ,s also ! prophet ,ezekiel speaks f 8 refuge & w>ns ,edom4 ,9 ! tw5ty-fif? *apt] ( ,ezekiel1 we read 9 v]ses twelve to f\rte51 ?is foll[+ w>n+3 8,?us sai? ! ,"l ,god2 ,because t ,edom ha? dealt aga9/ ! h\se ( ,judah by tak+ v5geance1 & ha? greatly (f5d$1 & rev5g$ himself ^u !m2 8,!re=e ?us sai? ! ,"l ,god2 ,i w also /ret* out m9e h& ^u ,edom1 & w cut (f man & bea/ f x2 & ,i w make x desolate f ,teman2 & !y ( ,d$an %all fall by ! sword4 8,& ,i w lay my v5geance ^u ,edom by ! h& ( my p ,israel3 & !y %all d 9 ,edom accord+ to m9e ang] & accord+ to my fury2 & !y %all "k my v5geance1 sai? ! ,"l ,god40 ,joel adds 8 voice 9 a *>act]i/ic ref]5ce su* z we f9d 9 ! ?ird *apt] & n9ete5? v]se ( 8 prophecy3 8,egypt %all be a desolation1 & ,edom %all be a desolate wild]ness1 = ! viol5ce aga9/ ! *ildr5 ( ,judah1 because !y h %$ innoc5t blood 9 _! l&40 ,s also ,amos1 9 *apt] "o & v]se elev5 utt]s ?is fateful s5t5ce3 8,?us sai? ! ,"l3 ,= ?ree transgressions ( ,edom1 & = f\r1 ,i w n turn away ! puni%m5t !re(2 because he did pursue 8 bro!r ) ! sword1 & did ca/ (f all pity1 & 8 ang] did te> p]petually1 & he kept 8 wra? =ev]40 ,?us ! prophet is mov$ ( ,god to li/ ! cont9u$ transgressions ( ,edom1 & ! consequ5t & subsequ5t judgm5t4 ,s lit]ally 7 ^! words ( ! prophets fulfill$ t ,edom 0 n only ov]?r[n & its p vanqui%$1 b = a great deal m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ! v "n ( _! city & p dropp$ out ( ! memory ( m54 ,"h is "o m case :]e a great p cata/rophically disappe>$ f ! /age ( hi/ory1 leav+ no secul> record ( ! "p t !y _h play$ 9 ! drama ( human life4 ,ne$less to say1 ?is 0 ! critics' great occasion6 ,) a vocif]\s unanimity !y argu$ & wrote t !re _h be5 no city call$ ,edom1 & no p call$ ,edomites4 ,s9ce ! ^w 8,edom0 lit]ally means 8r$10 ! critics erect$ a fanciful demon/ration purport+ to %[ t ! ,edomites w\ld be any p ) a r$ complexion4 ,accord+ to _! fanciful !ory1 any race or gr\p ( p ^: sk9 or hair 0 r$ w\ld be poetically call$ ,edomites4 ,:5 ! def5d]s ( ! text po9t$ to ! d5unciations 9 ! prophets1 ! critics laugh$ !m out ( ! picture4 ,^! utt]ances 7 li/$ z pure1 poetic fancy & figurative diatribes4 ,! critics po9t$ out t all su* outbur/s 7 f\nd 9 ! prophecies6 ,z a /at$ pr9ciple ( high] criticism1 all prophecies are repudiat$4 ,!y are held to be purely fanciful1 & any fulfillm5t is entirely co9cid5tal4 ,?is attitude is ! prop] "o = criticism to assume4 ,! sup]natural fulfillm5t ( prophecy is "o ( ! /ronge/ evid5ces ( ! ,div9e orig9 ( ! ,scriptures4 ,su* demon/rations _c be reconcil$ ) ! critical basis ( humanism4 ,!re=e1 x is only logical t x be ignor$ or d5i$ 9 a critical approa* to ! text4 ,! enemies ( or?odoxy _h "o /rong argum5t t 9 ! e>ly day seem$ to be unansw]able4 ,_! con/ant cry 0 8,:]e is ,edom80 ,admitt$ly1 ?is 0 a "q t ! or?odox believ] c\ld n answ]4 ,! city _h disappe>$1 ! p 7 =gott51 & no relic nor remnant ( ?is race rema9$4 ,x 0 n until ! n9ete5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era t ! resurrection ( ,edom began4 ,! fir/ & e>lie/ ar*eological ref]5ce to ,edom :i* 0 discov]$1 0 a /atem5t f ! record ( ,ramses ! ,?ird1 :o pr\dly boa/$ t 9 8 great campaign he smote ! p ( ,seir4 ,! next discov]y came :5 ! record ( ,tigla?-piles] 0 read4 ,9 8 /ory he told ( ! campaign aga9/ ,rez91 k+ ( ,syria4 ,he rec\nt$ t among o!r vassals :o yield$ to 8 yoke1 he receiv$ homage f ,quaus-,malaka ( ,edom4 ,?is ,rez91 ) :om we %all lat] deal 9 ,tigla?-piles]'s volum9\s records1 is ! k+ ( ,syria :o is w>n$ 9 ! sev5? *apt] ( ,isaiah z alli$ ) ,israel aga9/ ,judah4 ,foll[+ ?is1 we h ! monum5t ( ,es>-haddon4 ,he also tells h[ among 8 ,assyrian conque/s he ov]?rew ! ,edomites & =c$ _! k+ to r5d] homage & allegiance to 8 p[]4 ,aga91 ! records ( ,nebu*adnezz> tell u t 9 8 f9al battle ) ,judah1 ! ,edomites 7 among 8 alli$ =ces4 ,gradually1 z ?is p began to rise f ! sil5ce & obscurity ( =gott5 antiquity1 some?+ ( _! cu/oms & beliefs began to be recov]$4 ,at lea/ ?ree ( _! deities are kn[n today4 ,^! are ,hadad1 ,quaus & ,koz4 ,ab\t #cjj ,b4 ,c41 ,edom fell into ! h&s ( a p :o 7 call$ ! ,nabataeans4 ,_! inscription claims t !y captur$ ,edom1 ext]m9at$ its !n num]\s population & occupi$ its capital1 :i* 0 ,petra4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! f9al v9dication ( ! text ( ,scripture4 ,?is city1 ,petra1 is v>i\sly m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t text z ! c5t] ( ,edomite dom9ion4 ,x is sometimes call$ 8,sela0 9 ! hi/orical & prophetical ref]5ces1 & twice is ref]r$ to by ! "n ( 8,rock40 ,obadiah calls ! city 8! rock10 ! ,greek =m ( :i* w\ld be 8he ,petra40 ,x is ?us evid5t t x 0 kn[n peculi>ly = its /ructure4 ,?is fact appe>$ to be ( no significance until ar*eology _h br\ght x to ! prom95ce ( our pres5t compreh5sion4 ,! issue ( ! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e = ,may1 #aijg1 made ,petra s well kn[n to ! ,engli% speak+ _w t !re rema9s little to be said ( an hi/orical nature to e/abli% ! actuality & c]ta9ty ( ?is great discov]y4 ,) ! collapse ( ! ,roman empire1 ,petra disappe>$ f ! k ( mank9d & became %r\d$ 9 my/]y & d>kness4 ,x began to em]ge into ! light aga9 :5 a "y ,swiss travel] fir/ visit$ its site 9 #ahab4 ,! record ( 8 discov]y 0 n publi%$1 h[ev]1 until t5 ye>s lat]4 ,! next notice ( ! site ( ,petra 0 tak5 :5 two ,briti% naval (fic]s visit$ ! spl5did rema9s 9 #ahah1 & publi%$ _! obs]vations sev5 ye>s lat]4 ,aft] ?is x became ! cu/om = adv5tur\s travel]s to take a brief look at ! /up5d\s beauty ( ?is =gott5 city & make "s pass+ m5tion4 ,! real exploration ( ,petra1 h[ev]1 began "s ?irty ye>s ago :5 c]ta9 ,g]man s*ol>s made a sci5tific inve/igation ( ! site4 ,! results ( _! labors 7 pr9t$ only 9 ,g]man1 & fill$ a surpris+ numb] ( l5g?y volumes4 ,a l>ge lit]ature on ,petra is n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,engli% speak+ _w1 b surpris+ly little ( a def9ite nature is kn[n ab\t its e>li] inhabitants4 ,! monum5ts ( ,petra1 :i* we "h illu/rate 9 plates numb]$ ,plate #bb & ,plate #bc1 7 n built by ! lat] inhabitants1 :o 7 call$ ,nabataeans4 ,^! monum5tal /ructures 7 c>v$ out ( ! liv+ rock4 ,"s ( !m 7 temples1 & o!rs 7 tombs4 ,to illu/rate ! ext5t ( ^! works1 we may note t ! great op5-air !atre at ,petra w\ld com=tably seat a cr[d ( ?ree ?\s& spectators4 ,j a ^w ( explanation is necess>y be=e we proce$ to ! application ( ?is discov]y4 ,petra1 ! capital ( ,edom & ! pr9cipal city ( ! ,edomites1 is f\nd 9 ! mo/ rugg$ region ( t "p ( ! e>?4 ,! l& is ?r[n up into abrupt ranges1 :i* are deeply incis$ ) canyons & gorges until !y =m "o ( ! wilde/ & mo/ entranc+ geographical spectacles to be se5 9 ! ,ea/]n _w4 ,9 "s regions ! und]ly+ /ructure is lime/one4 ,! walls ( ! canyon1 h[ev]1 are l>gely porphyry & s&/one4 ,! s&/one is brilliantly color$ ) hues :i* run f br[n ?r\gh r$1 to a def9ite purple4 ,"s ( ! /rata1 grotesquely twi/$ & torn & laid b>e by erosion1 are among ! lovelie/ & mo/ entranc+ geological /udies 9 t region4 ,9 approa*+ ! site ( ,petra1 x is necess>y to j\rney up a n>r[ canyon call$ 9 ! ,arabic1 a siq4 ,?is approa* is s n>r[ t almo/ all ( ! way x is sc>cely possible = two horsem5 to ride abrea/4 ,?is might h be5 an important factor 9 decid+ ! site ( ! city 9 antiquity4 ,a doz5 m5 c\ld h successfully def5d$ ! approa*es to ,petra aga9/ an entire army ( invad]s4 ,plate #bd w give "s conception ( ! rugg$ness ( ! c\ntry & ! difficulty ( approa*4 ,9 place ( a truck1 su* z w\ld h be5 us$ 9 flat c\ntry1 we h ! famili> donkey c>ry+ ! cam]a & supplies4 ,?is re/+ place is 9 "o ( ! wid] sections ( ! canyon4 ,plate #be is ! fir/ glimpse ( "o ( ! amaz+ monum5ts ( ,petra4 ,?is great /ructure be>s ! ,arabic "n ( ,el ,khazne4 ,a full view ( ?is temple is giv5 9 plate #bf4 ,petra 0 n built aft] ! fa%ion 9 :i* cities are con/ruct$ today4 ,e /ructure 0 hewn out ( ! liv+ s&/one4 ,! city has be5 call$ 8,! ,rose ,r$ ,city1 half z old z "t10 & ?is description is p]fect4 ,:5 ! sunlight /rikes ! ru9s ( ,petra1 x is z r$ z blood4 ,edom1 inde$1 & ,edomites1 might well be appli$ by ! anci5ts to ! color & beauty ( ?is old site1 z well z to its inhabitants6 ,9 plate #bg we h illu/rat$ ?is mann] ( c>v+ a dwell+ f ! liv+ /one 9 ! great /ructure :i* ! ,arabians call ,el ,deir4 7,see ,plate #bh47 ,obs]v+ ?is photograph1 y w note t ! rock wall has be5 hewn away into ! %ape ( columns1 pill>s1 & decorat$ facade 9 ! similitude ( a build+ t has be5 put toge!r by ! or?odox /yle ( masonry4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,plate #bi %[s "s ( ! detail ( "o ( ^! notable monum5ts4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! work]s began f ! top & c>v$ _! way d[n4 ,9 ! upp] left corn] ( ! picture a s]ies ( holes w be se54 ,^! 7 *isel$ = ! foo?old ( ! work]s :o />t$ ! process4 ,_! mann] ( labor 0 unique4 ,! ar*itect laid out ! size1 %ape1 & site ( ! build+1 & ! workm5 began to cut away ! /one ab\t ! top ( _! designat$ area until !y _h a recess$ tr\gh "s t5 feet deep into ! face ( ! cliff1 on ! top & bo? sides4 ,!n1 beg9n+ ) ! top ( ! /ructure1 !y c>v$ t slab 9 ! similitude ( a build+4 ,z !y work$ _! way d[n1 !y %ap$ ! pill>s1 c>v$ ^! brilliant decorations & recess$ ! cliff on bo? sides to make _! monum5ts /& =?4 ,plate #bh %[s ! result ( ?is type ( labor1 look+ f ! bottom upw>d4 ,rea*+ ! bottom ( _! c>v$ columns1 ^! artisans w\ld !n *isel away betwe5 & beh9d ! po/s t !y _h =m$ ( ! face ( ! cliff until !y _h a great squ>e entry way4 ,! face ( ?is entry way w\ld be fur!r beautifi$ by c>v+ ! semblance ( a doorway4 ,a %ort tunnel w\ld !n be run back into ! cliff to s]ve z a hall1 & rooms holl[$ out on ! inside into a s]ies ( ap>tm5ts or caves4 8,cave-dwell]s10 inde$1 is ! prop] "n = ^! p6 ,plate #bd ,illu/ration3 ,! r\gh approa* to ,petra 7,photo by ,matson7 ,plate #be ,illu/ration3 ,approa*+ ,petra by way ( ! ma9 siq ! fir/ sight ( ! ru9s ,! ext5t ( _! op]ations may be dimly und]/ood f plates numb]$ plate #bb & plate #bc4 ,"s ( ^! tombs t are "h depict$1 7 nev] f9i%$4 ,a few ( !m h suff]$ f ! ravages ( "t1 b ! g5]al /ate ( pres]vation ( ^! priceless monum5ts ( ,petra is fasc9at+4 ,9 plate #cj we h depict$ ! approa* to ! g>d5 tomb4 ,by ! side ( ?is tomb !re is ! asc5t to ! 8high place0 = ! sacrifices ( _! idolatr\s religion4 ,9 plate #ca we h %[n ! alt> & ! 8high place40 ,^! high places ( antiquity %\ld be ! subject = a volume 9 !mselves4 ,!y are m5tion$ "o hundr$ two times 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,be+ ! alt>s ( hea!n sacrifices1 !y 7 ! subject ( con/ant d5unciation on ! "p ( ! ,"l ,god & 7 a s\rce ( tr\ble & di/ress to ,israel dur+ all h] p]iods ( apo/asy4 ,! groves to :i* ! prophets ref] & :i* ! godly k+s cut d[n1 7 ! places :]e ,a%tore? 0 wor%ipp$4 ,v few sy/ems ( deg5]ate religion 9 antiquity 7 m le*]\s & vile ?an ! cult ( ?is unclean goddess4 ,! high places1 h[ev]1 7 ! alt>s :]e sacrifice 0 made to ! gods ( ! hea!n nations4 ,z ^! sacrifices 7 v (t5 human1 & z x 0 n uncommon = ! anci5ts to d$icate _! *ildr5 to ! fi]ce & abom9able wor%ip ( _! false religion1 ! p ( ,israel 7 /]nly =bidd5 to h any contact ) su* idolatr\s practices4 ,s :5 godly k+s occupi$ ! ?rone1 !y de/roy$ ! 8high places40 ,9 a "t ( apo/asy ! high places 7 build$ & d$icat$ aga94 ,"s ( ! mo/ /irr+ d5unciations ( ! prophetic sections ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are 9 ! words t ,god directs aga9/ ! high places ( ,israel & 9 ! ann\nc+ ( ,8 f9al & complete victory ov] !m4 ,?is high place %[n 9 plate #ca is *>act]i/ic1 !n1 ( ! anci5t cu/om4 ,x %[s t ! ,hittites _h =sak5 :atev] k !y may h d]iv$ f _! e>li] ,hebrew orig9 & 7 :olly d$icat$ to ! practices ( idolatry4 ,incid5tally1 ! wor%ip ( ,god is /ill practic$ by ,israel1 b ! 8high places0 ( ,edom & all o!r hea!n c5t]s are m]ely curiosities today6 ,z f> z arti/ry & ability are conc]n$1 antiquity knew no great] or m capable p4 ,! monum5t t !y h left to m>k _! my/]i\s disappe>ance is a la/+ te/imony to _! culture & p[]4 ,b m ?an t1 x is a liv+1 resurrect$ te/imony to ! tru? & cr$ibility ( ! ,^w ( ,god6 ,!re is no sc5e ( desolation & ru9 t amazes ! _s ( man z mu* z ! desolation ( ,edom4 ,=sak5 ( human occupants1 ! wond]ful ,rose ,r$ ,city is today a curiosity to be view$ by ! h>dy adv5tur] :o w\ld /udy ! antiquities ( ! ,ea/]n _w4 ,j :at h&s con/ruct$ ^! noble temples & tombs x is n at ?is "t possible to say4 ,! ,nabataeans 7 incapable ( produc+ ?is k9d ( "w1 nor w\ld !y h inve/$ ! "t4 ,! bodies ( ! dep>t$ 7 spread ^u ! field z f]tiliz] or buri$ 9 ! mo/ indescribably fil?y pits ( _! day & "t4 ,! ,semitic peoples :o prec$$ !m1 h[ev]1 h left ?is record 9 /one z a te/imony to _! rev]5ce = ! dead4 ,:at ! future w yield 9 ! hop$-= excavations ( ,petra1 no "o is able to say4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a spade is nev] sunk into soil & no m appe>s to ! gaze ( man ?an is se5 by ! casual travel] today1 we h suffici5t to call =? a doxology f ! he>ts ( ^? :o love & rev]5ce ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,we _c refra9 f comm5t+ aga9 & aga9 ^u ! m>vel\s mann] 9 :i* ! ,au?or ( ?is ,great ,book has c>$ = ,8 own case4 ,! con/]nation & defeat ( ! critics h be5 complete 9 ?is in/ance4 ,:at a qua9t conceit x is 9 our g5]ation to note t ,god is s firm 9 ,8 promis$ def5se ( ,8 ,book1 t ,he w move to cru% ! enemies ( ! ,^w ev5 if x is necess>y to smite _! fallaci\s fancy ) a c>v$ m\nta9 ( /one6 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,! ,braz5 ,%ields ( ,rehoboam ,9 ! logical pres5tation ( ?is subject1 we n[ come to t p]iod ( hi/ory 9 :i* ! ph>aohs1 :o are nam$ by "n 9 ! ,scriptures & are ?us id5tifi$ beyond "q1 make _! contribution to ! evid5ce :i* su/a9s ! record ( ! ,bible4 ,lay+ aside controv]sial discussions z to ! id5tity ( ! v>i\s ph>aohs :o prec$$1 we note t ! fir/ ( ,egypt's _m mon>*s to appe> "u 8 p]sonal "n 9 ! ,^w ( ,god is ,%i%ak ! #a/4 ,8 "n appe>s on ! monum5ts ( ,egypt z ,%a%anq ! #a/1 b 8 own records id5tify him z ! 8,%i%ak0 ( ,i ,k+s #ad1 & ,,ii ,*ronicles #ab4 ,! out/&+ accompli%m5ts ( 8 entire reign seem to h be5 ! invasion ( ,pale/9e & ! capture ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! acc\nt :i* ?is mon>* left 9 ! priceless writ+s at ,k>nak1 ! mo/ notewor?y is ! /ory told on ! second pylon ( ! ma9 temple1 :]e ! conqu]or has giv5 a li/ ( all ! t[ns & villages :i* he ov]?rew 9 ,pale/9e4 ,to ?is he add$ a record ( ! gold & silv] ornam5ts t he c>ri$ away f ,j]usalem4 ,he specifically not$ ! buckl]s & %ields ( ,solomon & also ! gold5 quiv]s :i* ,solomon's fa!r _h captur$ f ! k+ ( ,zobah4 ,once aga9 we li/5 to "s collat]al gossip f f> antiquity to see ! backgr\nd ( ?is /range invasion ( ,j]usalem4 ,weav+ toge!r records ( =gott5 campaigns1 homely ev5ts ( family affairs1 ! conduct ( pragmatic g5]ations1 ! hi/ory pres]v$ 9 ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 toge!r ) ! voices ( monum5ts & ru9s1 we gradually a*ieve a basis ( und]/&+4 ,! ,ph>aoh ,siam51 ^: capital 0 at ,zoan1 appe>s to h be5 an ally ( ,edom4 ,9 ! days :5 secul> hi/orical records beg9 to co9cide ) ! record ( ! text1 ,edom 0 rul$ by a reg5t4 ,k+ ,hadad 0 a lad ( t5d] ye>s1 & ?\gh he nom9ally 0 ve/$ ) ! cr[n1 8 able & p[]ful "m rul$ 9 8 "n4 ,! que5 reg5t1 incid5tally1 0 an aunt ( ,solomon4 ,hold+ t ?\ght 9 tempor>y abeyance1 we w cont9ue to inve/igate ?is qua9t family alliance4 ,david & ,jona?an made a successful assault ^u ,edom1 :i* result$ 9 ! capture ( ! city4 ,su* rights & p[]s z a conqu]+ mon>* has always abrogat$ to himself1 !n devolv$ ^u ,david 9 respect to ,edom4 ,:5 x became app>5t t ! city w\ld fall1 ! que5 reg5t took h] "y son & fl$ to ,egypt = safety4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ,edom & ,egypt 7 at t "t allies1 ! royal p>ty 0 well receiv$ &1 ) ! prodigal hospitality ( t day1 became gue/s at ! c\rt = ! balance ( _! lives4 ,plate #bf ,illu/ration3 8,el ,kahzne0 7,! ,temple ( ! ,urn7 ,plate #bg ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ! mann] 9 :i* ^! build+s are c>v$ f ! liv+ /one ,9 ! c\rse ( ! pass+ ye>s1 ,siam5 0 ga!r$ to 8 fa!rs1 & ,psabekhanu ! #bnd reign$ 9 8 /ead4 ,! wise "m ( ,hadad1 kn[+ t alliances d n always outla/ ! p]sons :o made !m &1 desir+ to protect ,hadad's int]e/s 9 ! c\ntry t !y _h lo/ by =ce ( arms1 ent]$ into a typical & common intrigue4 ,%e br\ght ab\t ! m>riage ( h] son1 ,hadad1 ) a si/] ( ,psabekhanu4 ,?us1 ,hadad became ! bro!r-9-law ( ! reign+ mon>* ( ,egypt &1 presumably1 /r5g!n$ ! ties t b\nd ! ,egyptian p[] to ! int]e/s ( 8 small c\ntry4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,solomon1 :o _h succe$$ 8 fa!r1 mov$ to protect 8 inh]it$ claim on ,edom4 ,?is he did by m>ry+ ! daught] ( ,psabekhanu4 ,x is presum$ t ! relation%ip ( a son-9-law might be a /rong] claim = alliance ?an t ( a bro!r-9-law4 ,"s %ort :ile lat] ! second daught] ( ,psabekhanu m>ri$ ! ,pr9ce ,%i%ak4 ,?us ,solomon & ! heir-app>5t ( ! ?rone ( ,egypt1 ,%i%ak1 became bro!rs-9-law4 ,by m>riage1 h[ev]1 ! que5 ( ,edom 0 _! aunt4 ,at a glance ! /ud5t c see t affairs 7 a bit messy1 to say ! v lea/4 ,hadad ma9ta9$ 8 rights to ,edom & conduct$ at ! ,egyptian c\rt an intrigue = 8 re/oration4 ,! desires ( ,ph>aoh 7 divid$ betwe5 8 natural wi% to keep ! peace & 8 int]e/ 9 ! importunities ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 z weigh$ aga9/ ! desires ( 8 son-9-law4 ,?r\gh ?is tangl$ s*eme ( alliances x came ab\t t ,solomon's son w\ld h "s legal rights ( succession 9 ,egypt4 ,b ,%i%ak's son w\ld h ! same claim to succession 9 ,pale/9e4 ,solomon1 be+ mu* old] ?an ,%i%ak1 di$ fir/4 ,! /ory :i* n[ foll[s is record$ 9 ! ,^w ( ,god1 & on ! pill>s ( antiquity1 =1 %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,solomon1 ,%i%ak invad$ ,judah4 ,! 8:y0 ( ! matt] is easily und]/ood4 ,! fir/ reason 0 loot4 ,! brief acc\nt t is giv5 9 ,i ,k+s #ad3be-bh is "h app5d$ to introduce our consid]ation ( ?is ev5t3 8,& x came to pass 9 ! fif? ye> ( k+ ,rehoboam1 t ,%i%ak k+ ( ,egypt came up aga9/ ,j]usalem3 ,& he took away ! treasures ( ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 & ! treasures ( ! k+'s h\se2 he ev5 took away all3 & he took away all ! %ields ( gold :i* ,solomon _h made4 8,& ,k+ ,rehoboam made 9 _! /ead braz5 %ields1 & committ$ !m unto ! h&s ( ! *ief ( ! gu>d1 :i* kept ! door ( ! k+'s h\se4 8,& x 0 s1 :5 ! k+ w5t into ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 t ! gu>d b>e !m1 & br\ght !m back into ! gu>d *amb]40 ,9 t record x is not$ t among ! treasures ( ! h\se ( ! ,"l :i* ,%i%ak c>ri$ away1 7 ! %ields ( gold :i* ,solomon _h made4 ,= a description ( ^! %ields & "s conception ( _! value1 we turn to ! t5? *apt] ( ,i ,k+s1 v]ses f\rte5 to sev5te53 8,n[ ! weight ( gold t came to ,solomon 9 "o ye> 0 six hundr$ ?reescore & six tal5ts ( gold1 8,besides t he _h ( ! m]*antm51 & ( ! traffick ( ! spice m]*ants1 & ( all ! k+s ( ,arabia1 & ( ! gov]nors ( ! c\ntry4 8,& k+ ,solomon made two hundr$ t>gets ( beat5 gold3 six hundr$ %ekels ( gold w5t to "o t>get4 8,& he made ?ree hundr$ %ields ( beat5 gold2 ?ree p\nds ( gold w5t to "o %ield3 & ! k+ put !m 9 ! h\se ( ! =e/ ( ,lebanon40 ,! weal? ( ,solomon has nev] be5 adequately comput$4 ,x is /at$ t f ! tomb ( ,tutanhkam51 9 ! mo/ fam\s excavation ( our g5]ation1 treasure to ! value ( #ad1jjj1jjj 0 recov]$4 ,! spl5dor & weal? ( t ph>aoh 7 insignificant comp>$ to t ( ,solomon1 ! ,magnific5t4 ,we see1 = in/ance1 9 ?is f\rte5? v]se t ,solomon's income 9 gold bullion alone 0 almo/ ! exact equival5t ( #bj1jjj1jjj 9 our day & "t4 ,we mu/ und]/&1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! values ( ! money /&>ds ( t "t & ( our own4 ,! ratio w\ld be ab\t #ae to #a4 ,= in/ance1 a silv] %ekel w\ld buy a c[2 a half-%ekel w\ld buy an ass4 ,if we evaluate _! curr5cy by pur*as+ p[]1 x w\ld take fifte5 ( our doll>s to equal "o ( !irs4 ,s ! sum ( gold1 :i* is ! equival5t ( #bj1jjj1jjj by our =m] gold /&>d measurem5t1 gives a conception ( ! annual income ( ,solomon1 only if x is transmut$ to our pres5t ratio ( pur*as+ p[]4 ,?is figure does n include all ! t>iff & income f taxes1 ! pr(it on 8 m]*&is+ & ! tribute 9 gifts ( vassal nations4 ,he 0 9 ! =tunate circum/ance ( pay+ income tax to himself s t 8 income rema9$ undim9i%$6 ,! gold ( ,solomon 0 ho>d$ = a unique & peculi> purpose4 ,:5 ,david desir$ to build a h\se = ! wor%ip ( ,god1 8 (f] 0 reject$ on ! gr\nd t he 0 a man ( blood4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,"l said t 8 son %\ld build ! h\se ( pray]1 & ,david began ! ho>d+ ( gold = ! erection & beautification ( t temple4 ,! e/imates ( ! am\nt ( gold t w5t into t temple g z high z two & "o-half billions ( doll>s4 ,x is n too mu* to say t no build+ ev] erect$ by ! h&s ( man c\ld excel ! beauty1 ! arti/ic p]fection1 ! spl5dor1 & ! intr9sic value ( ! temple t ,solomon built4 ,9 ! ,scriptural citation 9 ,i ,k+s1 we h j read ( ! two hundr$ t>gets or buckl]s ( beat5 gold4 ,also1 !re are catalogu$ ! ?ree hundr$ %ields ( beat5 gold2 ?ree p\nds ( gold w5t into ! con/ruction ( ea* %ield4 ,at ! pres5t rate ( gold values1 t w\ld mean t ea* ( ^! %ields 0 wor? #afhj4jj4 ,!re 0 consid]ably ov] a half million doll>s ( pure gold hamm]$ into ^? %ields4 ,?is glitt]+ & entranc+ treasure intrigu$ ! gre$ ( e conqu]or ( antiquity1 b no man 0 able to take x f ! ,h\se ( ,god :ile ,8 protection & c>e 7 ^u x4 ,x is n to be wond]$ t ,%i%ak consid]$ ! capture ( t treasure z ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( 8 reign4 ,! second reason = ,%i%ak's invasion1 h[ev]1 0 ma9ly political4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,solomon1 ! k+dom 0 divid$4 ,rehoboam1 possess+ ! ,s\!rn k+dom1 0 a weakl+ :o 01 moreov]1 "u ! influ5ce ( vici\s1 untru/wor?y c\nselors4 ,p]haps 8 t5d5cy t[>ds idolatry may be trac$ to 8 "m :o 0 an ,ammonite & ^: influ5ce1 und\bt$ly1 turn$ him away f mono!ism4 ,at any rate1 ,bel1 ,a%tore?1 ,molo* & ,baal 7 wor%ipp$ ?r\gh\t ! l& on e high hill & "u _m gre5 trees4 ,! mo/ unclean practices 7 indulg$ 9 by ! p until ! judgm5t ( ,god necess>ily desc5d$ ^u !m4 ,%i%ak's *ief conc]n 0 n ov] ! idolatry ( ! p1 h[ev]1 b ov] ! effect ( _! d]eliction ^u ! developm5t ( ! k+dom4 ,9 ord] to protect 8 possible rights ( succession 9 ,pale/9e1 he mov$ to make ,rehoboam a vassal1 & br\ght him "u ! yoke ( bondage1 mak+ him a gov]nor = ,egypt4 ,a m compreh5sive acc\nt ( ?is invasion is giv5 9 ! twelf? *apt] ( ,,ii ,*ronicles4 ,a great _m p h rais$ ! "q z to :y we h ! duplication ( ! record 9 ! books ( ,k+s & ,*ronicles 9 ! ,scripture4 ,x has be5 argu$ t ! same /ories told aga9 9 ,*ronicles are a s5seless & useless repetition ( ! record already writt5 9 ,k+s4 ,?is specific in/ance is p]haps z f9e an answ] to t objection z c be f\nd4 ,x might be said t ! ,books ( ,k+s rec\nt ! de$s ( m5 & ! ,books ( ,*ronicles deal l>gely ) _! motives4 ,! ,books ( ! ,k+s record hi/ory z enact$ by man1 :ile ! records ( ,*ronicles give ,god's side ( ! /ory & tell ! 8:y0 ( ?+s t w\ld o!rwise be my/]i\s4 ,= in/ance1 ! twelf? *apt] ( ,,ii ,*ronicles beg9s1 8,& x came to pass :5 ,rehoboam _h e/abli%$ ! k+dom1 & _h /r5g!n$ himself1 he =sook ! law ( ! ,"l1 & all ,israel ) him40 ,"h is a bleak1 unv>ni%$ record ( apo/asy4 ,! price ( a man 9 8 own position & /&+ has l$ him to debau* a nation spiritually & morally4 ,!re=e1 ! second v]se foll[s z a natural consequ5ce3 8,& x came to pass1 t 9 ! fif? ye> ( k+ ,rehoboam1 ,%i%ak k+ ( ,egypt came up aga9/ ,j]usalem1 because !y _h transgress$ aga9/ ! ,"l40 ,"h is an illum9at+ comm5t ^u ! motives & pr9ciples t und]lie ?is record4 ,x is a =e%ad[+ ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,romans4 ,:5 m5 give up ,god & d5y ,him a place 9 _! culture & practices1 x is inevitable t ,god w give !m up to ! consequ5ces ( _! vile conduct4 ,9 ?is case x 0 ,%i%ak :o br\ght judgm5t ^u ,j]usalem4 ,8 twelve hundr$ *>iots & sixty ?\s& cavalrym5 7 support$ by s _m infantry t ! numb] 0 nev] total$4 ,!y are call$ 8innum]able10 :i* is a simple way ( say+ t ! numb] 0 too va/ to take "t c\nt+ !m4 ,we are !n told t :5 ,%i%ak _h captur$ all ! outly+ cities ( ,judah & 0 on 8 way to ,j]usalem1 ! prophet ,%emaiah frankly told ,k+ ,rehoboam t 8 tr\ble _h come ^u him because ( 8 apo/asy4 ,9 blunt words he deliv]$ ?is graphic w>n+3 8,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,ye h =sak5 me1 & !re=e h ,i also left y 9 ! h& ( ,%i%ak40 ,:5 ?is message 0 s c\rage\sly deliv]$1 ! pr9ces ( ,israel & ! godless c\nselors ( ! apo/ate k+ toge!r pro/rat$ !mselves be=e ! ,"l & ackn[l$g$ t ,8 judgm5t 0 j & ,8 decision 0 righte\s4 ,! record cont9ues ) ! fact t :5 ! ,"l saw t !y _h rep5t$1 ,he promis$ to save ! humbl$ c\rt & ! ?reat5$ city4 ,b ) ! promise ( deliv]ance f de/ruction !re came also ! grim edict t 9 ord] t !y might le>n ! diff]5ce betwe5 s]v+ ,god & be+ "u ! bondage ( a hea!n culture1 !y %\ld be subject to ,%i%ak & s]ve him4 ,?us 9 ,*ronicles we d h ! acc\nt repeat$ t 0 giv5 to u 9 ! record ( ! ,k+s1 b ) additional details t illum9e & cl>ify ! record4 ,%i%ak swept ! l& b>e ( preci\s metals & took away ! treasures ( ! temple z well4 ,n only did he leave ! k+ & ! c\rt de/itute ( _! priceless ornam5ts1 b he c>ri$ away also ! %ields ( gold :i* ,solomon _h made4 ,plate #bh ,illu/ration3 ,note h[ top ( build+ seems to erupt f ! hill ,plate #bi ,illu/ration3 ,comp>e size ( m5 9 ! doorway ( 8,el ,deir0 ,we n[ ent] into a consid]ation ( "o ( ! mo/ tragic & humiliat+ spectacles 9 all antiquity4 ,:5 ! p5it5t & re/or$ k+ saw ! effects ( 8 apo/asy1 he call$ ! p back to ! practice ( _! e>li] fai? & himself came daily to ! h\se ( ! ,"l = ! ex]cise ( pray]4 ,b z ! humbl$ mon>* knelt 9 pray]1 he c\ld n keep 8 eyes (f ! vacant walls4 ,:]e ! five hundr$ gold5 objects _h once hung1 te/ify+ to ! weal? ( t h\se & ! greatness ( 8 fa!r1 !re 0 no?+ b ! b>e wall4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^? gold5 ornam5ts _h n belong$ to him4 ,!y _h be5 hung 9 _! places to praise & glorify ,god by 8 great] ance/or4 ,!re=e1 :5 an enemy came & /ole !m away1 x 0 a con/ant & mute reproa* to him because ( 8 own failure to live up to ! /&>ds & greatness ( a prec$+ g5]ation4 ,! tr\bl$ k+ gave ord]s t ! t>gets & %ields %\ld be replac$ ) copies ( :at _h be5 lo/4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 nei!r gold nor silv] 9 ! l&1 = ,%i%ak _h made a clean sweep ( all t 0 valuable4 ,?us1 hav+ lo/ ! reality ( _! treasure1 ! be/ !y c\ld d 0 to make a *eap similitude 9 brass4 ,ne$less to say1 brass is a pitiful sub/itute = ! preci\s metal :i* we call gold4 ,if x is kept 9 a %9+ condition1 at fir/ glance brass may h "s resemblance to ! nobl] metal1 b x quickly t>ni%es & its glitt] fades4 ,= ?is reason1 ! t>gets & %ields ( brass 7 /or$ 9 ! h\se ( ! gu>d4 ,at ! h\r :5 ! k+ came to ! temple to pray1 ! gu>d poli%$ ^! ridicul\s sub/itutes & hung !m 9 _! places s t ! k+ might delude himself by ! glitt] & %9e1 & ?us h "s balm = 8 tr\bl$ _s4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 an elem5t ( hum\r 9 ?is tragic record6 ,! moral lessons are almo/ innum]able & w\ld provide a m9i/] ) s]mon mat]ial = days on end4 ,we are fac$ ) a some:at simil> situation 9 ,*ri/5dom today4 ,^u ! walls ( ! ,h\se ( ,fai?1 our believ+ fa!rs hung ! gold5 %ields t con/itute ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! brilliant glory ( ^? f\ndational treasures 0 nev] ?reat5$ z long z ! *ur* 0 true to ,god4 ,b we 9 our g5]ation1 alas1 h all[$ an enemy to come 9 & rob u ( _m ( ^? gold5 %ields4 ,we _c ov]-emphasize ! fact t x is always an enemy :o seeks ?us to despoil ! ,h\se ( our ,fai?4 ,?\gh he may come 9 ! guise ( a fri5d1 or ev5 ( a relative1 z 9 ! case ( ,%i%ak1 ! man :o robs u ( our gold5 %ields is an enemy at he>t & 9 purpose4 ,may we illu/rate ?is sugge/ion by say+1 = in/ance1 t our fa!rs believ$ 9 ! gold5 fact ( ! deity ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,!y held z a basic fact ( ,*ri/ianity t 9 ! p]son ( our ,savi\r1 ,almighty ,god 0 inc>nat$ to be ! ,r$eem] ( mank9d4 ,satan1 9 ! p]son ( _m ( 8 *>m+ & well-mann]$ cohorts1 has /ol5 t %ield f _m a temple ( pray]4 ,m5 speak n[ ( ! 8div9ity0 ( ,jesus in/ead ( ! 8deity40 ,hav+ e/abli%$ ?is premise1 !y !n cont9ue ) ! /atem5t t we are all div9e & h ?is same sp>k ( div9ity )9 our spirits1 to a great] or less] ext5t4 ,:5 ! gold5 %ield ( ! deity ( ,*ri/ disappe>$ f ! walls ( _m *ur*es t _h once be5 ,*ri/ian1 ! wor%ipp]s made a beautiful sub/itute ) ! braz5 replica ( ,unit>ianism4 ,! t>ni%$ brass ( t un-,*ri/ian doctr9e is a mis]able sub/itute inde$ = ! bless$ assurance t is resid5t 9 ! fact ( ! deity ( ! ,savi\r4 ,our fa!rs believ$ also 9 ! virg9 bir? ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,!y accept$ lit]ally ! record t ,almighty ,god himself _h giv5 ( ! inc>nation ( ,8 ,son4 ,our fa!rs believ$ t ! body ( ,jesus 0 =m$ 9 ! womb ( a virg9 woman because ( ! direct visitation ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,?us1 ! bir? ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 a biological miracle1 & ,he ow$ ev5 ,8 e>? orig9 to ,8 heav5ly ,fa!r alone6 ,?is f\ndational fact ( ! ,*ri/ian revelation has disappe>$ f ! walls & ! wor%ip ( _m a once-,*ri/ian ga!r+4 ,9 ! place ( t gold5 fact !re is ! gha/ly & braz5 sub/itute ( an illegitimate *ild1 :o 0 probably ! fruit ( a woman's s96 ,& !n m5 wond] t ! old-"t p[] & greatness ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? seem lack+ 9 mu* ( our l& today6 ,9 l mann]1 ! gold5 %ield ( r$emption ?r\gh ! %$ blood ( ,calv>y has be5 ex*ang$ = ! braz5 sub/itute ( a 8,p]fect ,example40 ,! physical resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/ has be5 b>t]$ = a mi/y idea ( "s sort ( a spiritual resurrection t has no be>+ ^u ! facts ( ! record t ,god has giv5 to man4 ,%ield by %ield1 & buckl] by buckl]1 ! ?+s t 7 giv5 to u = our def5se1 gleam+ ) ! intr9sic value ( a sup]natural revelation1 h be5 /ol5 away by ! enemy4 ,! humani/ic sub/itutes t h replac$ !m h left u at ! m]cy ( ! enemy :o w\ld de/roy our s\ls4 ,b great z are ! moral lessons involv$ 9 ?is record1 its apologetical value is incalculably great]4 ,x has be5 ! cu/om 9 our day to "q ! hi/orical accuracy ( mu* ( ! record ( ! ,scripture4 ,s x is ) consid]able int]e/ t we turn back to anci5t ,egypt to see :at c be le>n$ f ! ext]nal s\rces ( pure ar*eology conc]n+ ^! sections ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! visitor to ! ,briti% ,museum may come away well acqua9t$ ) ?is man ,%i%ak4 ,9 ! f\r? ,egyptian ,room1 9 ,table ,case 8,o01 !re is a pair ( gold bracelets1 ! exhibits be+ numb]$ #acd & #ace4 ,^! beautiful ornam5ts are ov]laid ) lapis lazuli1 & a blue sub/ance :i* is simil> to fai5ce4 ,! inside ( ea* is inscrib$ ) a text writt5 9 hi]oglyphics /at+ t ! bracelets 7 8,made = ! ,pr9cess10 ! daught] ( ! *ief ( all ! b[m51 ,nem>e?1 ^: "m 0 ! daught] ( ! ,pr9ce ( ! l& ( ,re%nes4 ,?is ,nem>e? 0 ! desc5dant 9 ! fif? g5]ation ( ,buiu-auau1 a ,libyan pr9ce :o 0 ! fa!r ( ,%i%ak ! ,fir/4 ,9 ?is same case1 exhibit numb] #bag is a heavy gold r+ set ) a sc>ab c>v$ f soap/one1 :i* is inscrib$ ) a cle>ly cut c>t\*e conta9+ bo? ! pr5om5 & nom5 ( ,%i%ak ! ,fir/4 ,look+ fur!r 9 ?is case1 exhibit numb] #cib is a silv] r+ inscrib$ ) ! titles ( an (ficial :o held _m important positions "u two mon>*s4 ,he 0 presid5t ( ! gran>ies1 also a prophet ( ! f\r? ord]1 s]v$ z a scribe & at "o "t 0 libation] 9 ! reigns ( ,psammeti*us & ,%i%ak4 ,! mo/ important ( all ! records ( ,%i%ak1 ( c\rse1 is ! volum9\s acc\nt t he caus$ to be engrav$ at ! ,temple ( ,k>nak4 ,a detail is add$ 9 ,%i%ak's record t is n conta9$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,accord+ to ! conqu]or1 to /r5g!n ! ties ( vassalage1 he gave ,j]oboam "o ( 8 daught]s 9 m>riage4 ,?is complete record ( ,%i%ak's we photograph$1 /udi$ c>efully1 & f\nd em95tly satisfactory1 ) ! s+le exception t ! k+ ( ,judah is n nam$ by "n 9 ,%i%ak's acc\nt ( ?is conque/4 ,b he does tell ( ! capture ( ,judah1 ! rape ( ,j]usalem1 & gives a categorical li/ ( cities & villages ov]?r[n4 ,he specifically m5tions ! buckl]s & %ields ( gold t he took f ! temple4 ,9 a ^w1 ?is sci5ce ( ar*eology1 ^u ! au?ority ( m5 long dead1 b :o h s9ce be5 rais$ to te/ify1 /amps an emphatic ,o4 ,k4 ^u ?is section ( ! ,sacr$ ,record4#a ,! next k+ :o p>ades ^! pages "u ! designation ( 8 prop] "n is ! ,ph>aoh ,z]a1 :o has also be5 id5tifi$ ) ,os>kon4 ,%i%ak's fir/-born son1 nam$ bo? ,us>kon & ,os>kon ! ,fir/1 succe$$ 8 fa!r to ! ?rone z ! la/ ( ! ,tanite k+s ( ! tw5ty-fir/ dyna/y4 ,?is son1 9 turn1 0 call$ ,%i%ak & became ! high prie/ ( ,amon4 ,os>kon ! ,fir/ 0 succe$$ by ,takelo? ! ,fir/1 :o1 9 turn1 0 foll[$ by ,os>kon ! ,second4 ,s9ce bo? ( ^! ,os>kons figure 9 ! ,scriptural acc\nt1 we briefly cov] _! record z x occurs 9 antiquity4 ,be+ emp]or ( ,e?iopia1 z well z ( ,egypt1 ! fir/ ,os>kon1 or ,z]a1 _h a va/ horde ( ,e?iopian allies :o f\ght ) him 9 8 important conque/s4 ,?is entire l9e 0 ( ,libyan extraction4 ,a portion ( ,africa t is n[ tempor>ily possess$ by ! cr[n ( ,italy seems to h giv5 rise to ?is family ( conqu]+ rul]s4 ,und\bt$ly ! designation 8,e?iopian0 0 sugge/$ by ?is ,african ance/ry4 ,! ,scriptural acc\nt ( ?is man's ill-/>r$ milit>y exp$ition is giv5 9 ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ,,ii ,*ronicles4 ,:5 ,k+ ,abijah di$1 8 son ,asa succe$$ to ! ?rone4 ,! asc5sion ( ,asa 0 foll[$ by t5 ye>s ( su* peace & prosp]ity z 0 almo/ unprec$5t$ 9 ^? tr\bl\s times4 ,! reason giv5 is t ,asa 0 a godly man & f\nd fav\r 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l4 ,he %att]$ ! images erect$ to unclean idols1 cut d[n ! groves :]e ,a%tore? 0 wor%ipp$1 demoli%$ ! alt>s & ! high places1 & purg$ ! l& ( its apo/asy4 ,he compell$ ! p ( ,judah to return to ! true fai? & to obey ! ,"l & ,8 comm&m5ts4 ,he /r5g!n$ ! =tifi$ c5t]s & 9 a ma/]ly fa%ion built up 8 res]ves4 ,! t5 ye>s ( prosp]ity & indu/ry f\nd ! l& ( ,judah 9 an enviable condition t left x well wor? robb+6 ,s9ce ! opportunity to /eal & loot 0 ! only inc5tive requir$ by ! grim pragmati/s ( antiquity1 ,z]a1 or ,os>kon1 ga!r$ toge!r an army ( a million foot soldi]s1 re9=c$ ) ?ree hundr$ *>iots1 & j\rney$ t[>d ,pale/9e to loot ! l&4 ,! vic9ity ( ,m>e%ah 0 *os5 z ! site ( ! battle & ,asa came out ) 8 pitiful little company to def5d 8 possessions4 ,! drama ( ?is record beg9s 9 ! elev5? v]se ( ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ,,ii ,*ronicles 9 ! great pray] ( ,asa3 ,plate #cj ,illu/ration3 ,enr\te to ! 8,high ,place0 ,plate #ca ,illu/ration3 ,! ,alt> ( ,sacrifice 8,& ,asa cri$ unto ! ,"l 8 ,god1 & said1 ,"l1 x is no?+ ) !e to help1 :e!r ) _m1 or ) !m t h no p[]3 help u1 ,o ,"l our ,god2 = we re/ on !e1 & 9 ?y "n we g aga9/ ?is multitude4 ,o ,"l1 ?\ art our ,god2 let n man prevail aga9/ !e40 ,! high-he>t$ c\rage & simple fai? ( ,asa is suffici5t introduction to ! v natural result1 :i* foll[s 9 simple words3 8,s ! ,"l smote ! ,e?iopians be=e ,asa1 & be=e ,judah2 & ! ,e?iopians fl$40 ,we !n read a cond5s$ acc\nt ( ! pursuit t ,asa & 8 p indulg$ 91 *as+ ! horde ( ,egyptians all ! way across _! own bord]4 ,!y 7 9 su* confusion t !y c\ld n recov] & make a /&1 s t n ev5 a re>-gu>d action 0 f\ght4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel recaptur$ all ( ! cities t ,rehoboam _h lo/1 & ) a typical ,hebraism ! acc\nt concludes ) ! /atem5t t 8!y c>ri$ away exce$+ mu* spoil40 ,al?\gh !y nev] recov]$ ! gold5 %ields1 x is to be hop$ !y got _! equival5t 9 ! value ( ?is rec\nt$ spoil4 ,x 0 ! univ]sal cu/om ( conqu]ors to record _! victories & say no?+ ( _! defeats4 ,!re=e1 x is a bit />tl+ to f9d ?is record ( ,,ii ,*ronicles borne out by ! acc\nt ! ,egyptian mon>* has left ( 8 own campaigns4 ,?is simple p>agraph is illum9at+3 8,sev5te5 campaigns ,i wag$4 ,9 sixte5 ( !m ,i 0 victori\s4 ,9 ! sev5te5? campaign ,i 0 defeat$4 ,n by man1 ,heav5 f\ght aga9/ me40 ,s ev5 9 ! record ( a defeat ?is man c brag t 8 /r5g? & greatness 7 s ph5om5al t only ! ,"l c\ld ov]?r[ him4 ,once aga91 a dead man tells a tale4 ,he also1 9 ! illum9at+ acc\nt t he has left1 rises f ! dead to write 8o4 k40 across ! pages ( ,holy ,writ1 atte/+ its hi/orical fidelity & ! accuracy ( its records4 ,,*apt] ,x ,m+l$ ,voices ,! next def9ite contact betwe5 ,israel & ,egypt is f\nd 9 ! graphic & t]se /atem5t ( ,,ii ,k+s #ag3d1 8,& ! k+ ( ,assyria f\nd conspiracy 9 ,ho%ea3 = he _h s5t mess5g]s to ,s k+ ( ,egypt1 & br\ght no pres5t to ! k+ ( ,assyria1 z he _h done ye> by ye>3 !re=e ! k+ ( ,assyria %ut him up1 & b\nd him 9 prison40 ,f ?is po9t on1 ! records ( ,egypt & ,pale/9e are s enme%$ & tangl$ ) ! records ( ,babylon & ,assyria t we _c sep>ate !m 9 _! pres5tation4 ,?is k+ ,s is id5tifi$ z ! ,egyptian mon>* ,%abaka1 :o is also kn[n by ! names ,sebi*os1 ,sabakon1 ,sabacoa1 & ,seve4 ,he seems to h be5 a man ( implacable cruelty1 if we may judge f ! ,greek record ( 8 mann] ( succession4 ,he 0 prec$$ on ! ?rone by ,bak5r5ef1 :o 0 "o ( ! wise & k9dly lawgiv]s ( ,egypt4 ,?is noble rul] 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( all ! ,egyptian k+s to come 9 direct contact ) ! classical ,greeks4 ,! ,dorian invasion _h n[ come to an end & ! ,greeks 7 free to trade & colonize 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 9 ! vig\r ( _! advance !y _h press$ on to ! m\? ( ! ,nile4 ,!y _h e/abli%$ a close connection ) ,sais1 & by #gjj ,b4 ,c4 _h entr5*$ !mselves /rongly 9 ! culture ( t section ( ,egypt4 ,! ,ph>aoh ( our pres5t int]e/1 ,s1 invad$ t section ( ,egypt & captur$ ,bak5r5ef 9 a swift & %ort campaign4 ,! ,greek records relate t aft] treat+ 8 defeat$ enemy ) brutality1 ,s !n burn$ him alive4 ,he !n e/abli%$ himself z k+ & rul$ n only all ( ,egypt b ,e?iopia z well4 ,he 0 ?us a contempor>y ( ,%almanes]1 ,s>gon1 & ,s5na*]ib1 all ( :om h a direct be>+ ^u ! records ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,"o ( ! int]e/+ discov]ies made at ! royal libr>y at ,n9eveh 0 a seal be>+ ! "n ( ,%abaka1 or ,s4 ,! visitor to ! ,briti% ,museum1 ^u ent]+ ! ,assyrian ,room1 may pause be=e ,table ,case 8,e0 & see ?is fasc9at+ exhibit ( ! actualities ( ^! ev5ts4 ,9 ab\t ! ye> #gjj ,b4 ,c41 accord+ to ! record ( ,holy ,writ1 :5 ,%almanes] _h dealt k9dly ) ,ho%ea1 :o _h accept$ 8 yoke & agre$ to pay tribute1 ! fai?less k+ ( ,judah ent]$ into conspiracy ) ,sebakah4 ,s9ce ! common "n1 ,s1 is ! "o t is us$ 9 ! ,scripture1 we %all ref] to ?is ph>aoh by t "n f ?is po9t on4 ,! tribute t ,ho%ea %\ld h paid to ! k+ ( ,assyria he div]t$1 & paid x into ! h& ( ,s = ! help t 0 promis$ him 9 ?r[+ (f ! yoke ( ,assyria4 ,!re is abundant reason to believe1 f all ! collat]al records1 t ?is conspiracy 0 promot$ by ,s & ,ho%ea4 ,?is action on ! "p ( ! ,hebrew k+ 0 entirely unw>rant$ & consi/$ ( a brea* ( fai? on 8 "p4 ,inde$1 ! prophet ,hosea utt]s a /]n & unmi/akable repro( aga9/ ?is action 9 ! /rong words ( ! fir/ v]se ( 8 twelf? *apt]3 8,ephraim fe$e? on w9d & foll[e? aft] ! ea/ w9d3 he daily increase? lies & desolation2 & !y d make a cov5ant ) ! ,assyrians1 & oil is c>ri$ into ,egypt4 ,! ,"l ha? also a controv]sy ) ,judah1 & w puni% ,jacob accord+ to 8 ways2 accord+ to 8 do+s w he recomp5se him40 ,z a result ( ?is conspiracy1 ,ho%ea 0 captur$ by ! k+ ( ,assyria & c>ri$ away into an imprisonm5t4 ,! plan did n "w out z ! fai?less allies _h int5d$4 ,%almanes] invad$ ,pale/9e to puni% ?is rebellion4 ,?is wise & able g5]al divid$ 8 =ces1 s t a major portion ( 8 milit>y /r5g? lay betwe5 ,egypt & ,pale/9e at a "p ( ! bord] t 0 easily def5d$4 ,:5 ,s f\nd t ! co/ ( rea*+ ,ho%ea ) aid 0 to be a major battle :i* w\ld endang] 8 entire dom9ion1 he simply default$ & left ,ho%ea to be> alone ! brunt ( ! battle4 ,! prophecy ( ,hosea 0 ?us lit]ally fulfill$4 ,) ! fai?lessness t ,ho%ea _h manife/$ t[>d ,%almanes]1 he _h be5 rew>d$ by ! defection ( ,s f 8 cov5ant4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,s seem$ to h be5 a little a%am$ ( 8 conduct1 = he (f]s a r flimsy excuse = 8 failure to /& by 8 contract4 ,8 /atem5t is t ,ho%ea _h paid only half ( ! price agre$ ^u & = t reason he came n to 8 aid4 ,9 ?is invasion ( ,%almanes]'s1 _m ( ! ,hebrew p 7 tak5 captive4 ,ho%ea1 aft] be+ = "s "t inc>c]at$ 9 disgrace & puni%m5t1 0 =giv5 by ,%almanes] & re/or$ to 8 ?rone & dom9ion4 ,%almanes] seems to h reason$ t hav+ once fail$ & hav+ ta/$ ( puni%m5t1 ,ho%ea 0 n[ to be tru/$4 ,?us1 ! fir/ conspiracy end$ ) ! common p ( ,sam>ia pay+ ! price4 ,two ye>s lat] ! fai?less & fooli% ,ho%ea aga9 li/5$ to ! sir5 song ( rebellion z x 0 sung by ! deceitful ,s & aga9 rebell$ aga9/ 8 ov]-"l & b5efactor4 ,%almanes]1 9 great wra?1 aga9 mov$ aga9/ ,sam>ia1 :i* resi/$ 9 a bitt] /ruggle t la/$ ?ree ye>s4 ,al?\gh ! foll[+ details are n all m5tion$ 9 ! text ( ,,ii ,k+s1 sev5te5? *apt]1 !y are emphasiz$ by ! *ange ( p]son 9 ! record4 ,9 ?is bitt] conflict ( ?ree ye>s1 no help came f ,egypt4 ,! sev5? v]se ( ! text says t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel _h s9n$ aga9/ ! ,"l1 _! ,god4 ,!y _h gone aga9 into idolatry & _h put !mselves back "u ! yoke ( ,egypt1 f :i* ,god _h repeat$ly r$eem$ !m4 ,! mis]able & fai?less ,s turn$ out to be a bruis$ re$ inde$6 ,b :ile ?is campaign 0 be+ f\ght1 ,%almanes] disappe>$4 ,a revolution took place 9 ! homel& & ! common ori5tal disease :i* may be describ$ z six in*es ( /eel betwe5 ! ribs1 quietly remov$ ,%almanes] f ! sc5e4 ,a usurp] nam$ ,s>gon1 :o writes 8 own g5ealogy & calls himself 8! son ( ,nobody10 succe$$ to ! ?rone4 ,?us 9 ! sev5te5? *apt] ( ,,ii ,k+s we h _m royal p]sons1 & 9 ord] to keep ! records /raight1 we set !m =? ?is way3 ,ho%ea 0 ! k+ ( ,sam>ia2 & he reign$ ov] ,israel n9e ye>s4 ,%almanes] ! ,fif? 0 ! k+ ( ,assyria1 :o is m5tion$ 9 ! ?ird v]se by "n4 ,! f\r? v]se cont9ues a record ( ,%almanes]1 9 c>ry+ away ,ho%ea & puni%+ him4 ,s is ! ph>aoh ) :om we h be5 deal+4 ,! k+ ( ,assyria :o is n nam$ 9 ! six? v]se1 is ,s>gon1 :o succe$$ to ! ?rone aft] ! probable murd] ( ,%almanes]4 ,?is ,s>gon is ! second man ( t "n to h reign$ 9 ,assyria4 ,! "t ( 8 reign may be giv5 z f #gbb-gje ,b4 ,c4 ,! fir/ ,s>gon reign$ sometime 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ,b4 ,c4 ,s>gon ! ,second ?us reign$ = almo/ eighte5 ye>s4 ,he 0 a w>-lov+ mon>*1 & t eighte5 ye> reign 0 "o cont9u\s1 unbrok5 s]ies ( =eign campaigns4 ,comb9+ 8 =ces ) ! small ho/ ( ! ,phili/9es1 he jo9$ battle ) ! ,egyptians at ,raphia4 ,go+ directly to ?is campaign1 aft] ! t]m9ation ( 8 campaign aga9/ ,sam>ia1 he adm9i/]$ a cru%+ defeat to ! =ces ( ,s & _h no fur!r difficulty ) ?is ph>aoh dur+ ! balance ( 8 reign4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,table ,case 8,b10 :i* occupies a section ( ! second ,nor!rn gall]y ( ! ,assyrian ,room1 conta9s "s magnific5t bak$ clay cyl9d]s :i* are ! orig9al annals ( ,s>gon4 ,^! priceless records came f ! ru9s ( a trem5d\s build+ excavat$ by ,m4 ,botta at ! anci5t site ( ,khorsabad1 :i* 0 lat] prov$ to h be5 ! palace ( ,s>gon4 ,mo/ ( ! sculptur$ objects f ?is discov]y are 9 ! ,museum at ,p>is4 ,^! writt5 records1 h[ev]1 :i* are ( inf9itely m value to ! /ud5t1 are =tunately on deposit 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 ! ,assyrian ,saloon ( ! ,briti% ,museum ! int]e/$ /ud5t w also behold an inscription be>+ ! id5tification numb] #ab1 :]eupon are record$ ! names & titles ( ,s>gon ! ,second1 toge!r ) a brief & epitomiz$ acc\nt ( 8 conque/s 9 v>i\s sections along ! coa/ l&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 includ+ 8 fam\s victory 9 ,judah4 ,a m complete record is f\nd 9 ! ,assyrian ,room4 ,9 ,table ,case 8,e10 exhibits #aa & #ab1 are two n9e-sid$ prisms conta9+ a graphic acc\nt ( ! exp$itions ( ,s>gon4 ,all ( 8 campaigns 9 ,pale/9e are cov]$ & include 8 conque/ ( ,israel1 :i* he calls 8,omri l&40 7,^! exhibits are id5tifi$ by ! ,museum numb]s #bb1eje & #ajh1gge47 ,a fur!r record ( ,s>gon's be>+ ^u ! text ( ! ,old ,te/am5t w be f\nd 9 ! ,assyrian ,room 9 wall case ,no4 #i4 ,exhibits #a-aa are fragm5ts ( an eight-sid$ cyl9d] conta9+ "p ( ! records ( ,s>gon1 p>ticul>ly record+ ! campaign aga9/ ,a%dod1 :i* is also pres]v$ = u by ,isaiah 9 ! tw5tie? *apt]1 v]se "o4 ,! p ( ,a%dod _h made a league ) ,judah & ?is outbur/ ( ,isaiah's 0 a /]n repro( aga9/ ?is proc$ure4 ,! prophet object$ *iefly because ! league dep5d$ ^u ! /r5g? ( ,egypt4 ,to ! end ( 8 life1 ,isaiah nev] gave up 8 ju/ifi$ di/ru/ ( t c\ntry4 ,?is1 9 a brief summ>y1 pres5ts ! records ( ,%almanes] & ,s>gon z !y au!nticate ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! conduct ( ! wret*$ ,s4 ,s>gon rec\nts t ,azuri1 :o 0 k+ ( ,a%dod1 _h refus$ to pay ! tribute t 0 due to ! ,assyrians4 ,consequ5tly he 0 depos$ by ,s>gon1 :o elevat$ 8 bro!r ,akhimiti to ! place ( dom9ion4 ,:]eupon ! p ( ,a%dod rebell$ & rais$ ,yam9i to ! ?rone4 ,!y !n ent]$ into a conspiracy ) ,phili/ea1 ,edom1 ,moab1 ,egypt1 & ,judah4 ,s>gon rec\nts _! defeat & ! br++ back "u ! sway ( 8 yoke ! cities & peoples :o jo9$ ! conspiracy4 ,a graphic & significant /ory is conta9$ 9 ! brief & %ort words ( ,s>gon's own record--8,sam>ia1 ,i look$ at4 ,i captur$4 #bg1bhj families :o rema9$ !re9 ,i c>ri$ away40 ,! tragic end ( ,ho%ea & all ( 8 noble c\nselors & advis]s is ?us summ$ up 9 a brief & t]rible s5t5ce4 ,s>gon ! ,second 0 foll[$ 9 turn by ,s5na*]ib1 ( :om a great deal is kn[n f 8 monum5ts4 ,_! te/imony co9cides ) ! /ory ( ! ,s\!rn ,k+dom dur+ ! reign ( ,hezekiah4 ,?ree ye>s aft] ! asc5sion ( ,ho%ea to ! ?rone ( ,israel1 ,hezekiah began to reign ov] ,judah at ,j]usalem4 ,he _h a long & int]e/+ reign1 occupy+ ! ?rone = tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 reign1 ,s>gon ! ,second di$1 & ,s5na*]ib inh]it$ ! ?rone4 ,enc\rag$ by ! success ( 8 pr$ecessor ,s>gon 9 =eign campaigns1 ,s5na*]ib invad$ ,judah to r\nd out 8 empire4 ,hezekiah accept$ 8 yoke )\t (f]+ resi/ance1 & paid him a va/ tribute4 ,we are n[ 9 ! eighte5? *apt] ( ,,ii ,k+s :i* repeats "p ( ! ev5ts ( ! trag$y 9 ,israel z !y 7 obs]v$ by ! scribe 9 ,judah4 ,! invasions ( ,%almanes] & ,s>gon are recapitulat$ & ! c>ry+ away ( ! p ( ,sam>ia by ,s>gon is aga9 au!nticat$4 ,b ! scribe is m int]e/$ 9 record+ ! ev5ts t make s /irr+ a *apt] 9 ! clos+ days ( ! k+dom ( ,judah4 ,9 v]ses ?irte5 to sev5te51 ! /ory ( ?is fir/ invasion & ! surr5d] ( ,s5na*]ib1 is told 9 ^! words3 8,n[ 9 ! f\rte5? ye> ( k+ ,hezekiah did ,s5na*]ib k+ ( ,assyria come up aga9/ all ! f5c$ cities ( ,judah1 & took !m4 8,& ,hezekiah k+ ( ,judah s5t to ! k+ ( ,assyria to ,la*i%1 say+1 ,i h (f5d$2 return f me3 t :i* ?\ putte/ on me w ,i be>4 ,& ! k+ ( ,assyria appo9t$ unto ,hezekiah k+ ( ,judah ?ree hundr$ tal5ts ( silv] & ?irty tal5ts ( gold4 8,& ,hezekiah gave him all ! silv] t 0 f\nd 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 & 9 ! treasures ( ! k+'s h\se4 8,at t "t did ,hezekiah cut (f ! gold f ! doors ( ! temple ( ! ,"l1 & f ! pill>s :i* ,hezekiah k+ ( ,judah _h ov]laid1 & gave x to ! k+ ( ,assyria40 ,betwe5 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? v]ses ( ! eighte5? *apt] ( ,,ii ,k+s1 t5 sil5t ye>s roll by4 ,!y are voiceless z f> z our text is conc]n$1 b !y are vocal :5 we li/5 to ! monum5ts4 ,x may h be5 ab\t #gje ,b4 ,c4 :5 ,hezekiah accept$ ! yoke ( ,s5na*]ib4 ,9 ! meantime ,s5na*]ib _h /r5g!n$ 8 alliances & 0 prep>$ to essay a conflict ) ,egypt4 ,! nephew ( ,s1 :o is call$ ,tirhakah 9 ! ,bible1 murd]$ ! successor ( ,s1 :i* 0 8 son1 ,%abataka4 ,hav+ ga9$ an empire by ?is ru?less spill+ ( ! blood ( ! rightful heir1 ,tirhakah began an ill-fat$ reign4 ,he ra%ly mat*$ /r5g? ) ,s5na*]ib1 :o 0 m ?an will+ to add ,egypt to ! nations :o bore 8 yoke4 ,! armies ( ,assyria & ,egypt jo9$ battle at ! bord] at ! site ( ,libnah & a mighty conflict result$4 ,realiz+ ! /rategic importance ( an enemy :o w\ld ?reat5 ! re> ( ! ,assyrian ho/1 ,tirhakah made ov]tures to ,hezekiah & invit$ him to jo9 9 a rebellion to ?r[ (f ! yoke ( ,assyria4 ,hezekiah be+ will+ to save ! enorm\s tribute t begg>$ 8 c\ntry annually1 li/5$ to ! voice ( ,isaiah :o advis$ him to jo9 ! rebellion4 ,s ,hezekiah pron\nc$ defiance aga9/ ,s5na*]ib & all ( ! ,assyrian hordes & ann\nc$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,judah4 ,! battle ( ,libnah 0 !n f\ght1 & ,tirhakah 0 disgracefully defeat$4 ,! pitiful remnant ( 8 army fl$ & left ,s5na*]ib ! un*all5g$ conqu]or ( 8 day4 ,! position ( ,hezekiah c well be imag9$4 ,! /r5g? & might ( ,egypt _h be5 bru%$ aside by ! arm$ p[] ( ,assyria1 & t9y ,judah 0 put 9 ! position ( defy+ ! greate/ milit>y p[] ( t era4 ,:ile ,s5na*]ib 0 busy 9 a mopp+-up campaign at ,libnah1 he s5t ?ree tru/$ g5]als to lay siege to ,j]usalem & to dem& ! surr5d] ( ,hezekiah4 ,! blasphem\s oration ( "o ( ^! g5]als1 ,rab-%akeh1 is giv5 volum9\sly 9 ! eighte5? *apt] ( ,,ii ,k+s4 ,!re 0 a good deal ( tru? 9 "s ( ,rab-%akeh's argum5ts4 ,he describ$ ,ph>aoh z 8a bruis$ re$ ^u :i* if a man lean$1 x w\ld pi]ce 8 h& & w\nd him to ! dea?40 ,he rightly said t no o!r c\ntries _h be5 deliv]$ f ,s5na*]ib by ! p[] ( _! gods4 ,8 error 0 9 assum+ t !re=e ! ,god ( ,israel w\ld also be defeat$ by ! p[] ( ,s5na*]ib4 ,he gave ! k+ "s %ort :ile to ?9k ov] ! policy ( surr5d]1 & sat d[n to inve/ ! city4 ,hezekiah1 9 8 bitt] dilemma1 s\ght out ,isaiah1 ^: advice he _h foll[$ ) su* disa/r\s results4 ,! ?irty-sev5? *apt] ( ,isaiah conta9s ! answ] t ,isaiah made1 & ! exact words ( 8 prophecy are also f\nd 9 ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ,,ii ,k+s1 v]ses six & sev54 ,to com=t ,hezekiah1 ,isaiah said to ! k+'s mess5g]3 8,?us %all ye say to y\r ma/]1 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,be n afraid ( ! words t ?\ ha/ he>d :]e) ! s]vants ( ! k+ ( ,assyria h blasphem$ me4 ,behold1 ,i w s5d a bla/ ^u him1 & he %all he> a rum\r1 & return to 8 own l&2 & ,i w cause him to fall by ! sword 9 8 own l&40 ,x is well to keep ?is prophecy ( ,isaiah's 9 m9d until we see h[ p]fectly x 0 fulfill$ 9 complete detail4 ,9 ! ?irty-fif? v]se ( ,,ii ,k+s1 ! n9ete5? *apt]1 ! 8bla/0 occurr$4 ,! /atem5t is made t ! angel ( ! ,"l w5t out & slew #ahe1jjj ( ! fl[] ( ! ,assyrian army4 ,! next v]se says 9 graphic words1 8,s ,s5na*]ib k+ ( ,assyria dep>t$40 ,! lit]al translation 9 ,engli% ( t graphic ^w w\ld be1 8,s ,s5na*]ib k+ ( ,assyria #8beat x'40 ,we _c blame him = ! ha/e ( 8 dep>ture4 ,aris+ aft] a night ( slumb] to f9d #ahe1jjj ( 8 be/ w>riors my/]i\sly sla91 t]ror mu/ h smitt5 8 he>t4 ,at t exact mom5t ^w rea*$ him ( a rebellion 9 8 own l&4 ,?is 0 ! 8rum\r0 ( :i* ,isaiah _h prophesi$4 ,he return$ to put d[n ?is rebellion & nev] aga9 invad$ ,judah4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] he 0 murd]$4 ,betwe5 v]ses ?irty-six & ?irty-sev5 ( ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ,,ii ,k+s1 a full score ( ye>s pass$ by4 ,aft] 8 murd]1 8 son1 ,es>-haddon1 came to ! ?rone & cont9u$ ! /ory ( conque/ & intrigue4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! defeat$ ,tirhakah 0 unque/ionably *agr9$ to le>n t little ,judah _h be5 deliv]$ f ! p[] t _h defeat$ him4 ,to apologize = 8 own failure to support ,judah1 ,tirhakah claim$ cr$it = ! defeat ( ! ,assyrian horde by claim+ t 8 god1 ,amon1 _h caus$ ! camp ( ! ,assyrians to be invad$ by millions ( field mice4 ,he claim$ t ^! t9y rod5ts 9 "o night ate up all ! b[/r+s ( ! army & ?us !y 7 unable to fight4 ,8 int]pretation ( ! ev5t is a bit sket*y1 to say ! lea/6 ,9 ! ,assyrian ,room at ! ,briti% ,museum1 a v important exhibit w be se5 9 ,table ,case 8,e04 ,?is is a six-sid$ clay prism conta9+ an unabridg$ record ( ,s5na*]ib's own acc\nt ( ^! /irr+ ev5ts4 ,"h he has giv5 u 8 /ory ( ! invasion ( ,pale/9e & ! siege ( ,j]usalem 9 ! days ( ,hezekiah4 ,s important is ?is record t we produce "h1 9 its entirety1 ! fif? oblique 7or plane7 ( ?is great prism3 8,9 my ?ird campaign ,i w5t to ! l& ( ! ,hittites4 ,i m>*$ aga9/ ! ,city ( ,ekron & put to dea? ! prie/s & *ief m5 :o _h committ$ ! s9 ( rebellion & ,i hung up _! bodies on /akes all ar\nd ! ,city 444 b z = ,hezekiah ( ,judah1 :o _h n submitt$ to my yoke #df ( 8 /rong cities1 toge!r ) innum]able =tresses & small t[ns t dep5d$ ^u !m by ov]?r[+ ! walls & op5 attack1 by battle1 eng9es & batt]+ rams ,i besieg$ ,i captur$2 ,i br\ght out ( ! mid/ ( !m & c\nt$ z a spoil #bjj1jjj p]sons great & small1 male & female1 besides mules1 camels1 %eep1 asses & ox5 )\t numb]3 8,hezekiah himself ,i %ut up l a bird 9 a cage 9 ,j]usalem 8 /rong city4 ,i built a l9e ( =ts aga9/ him & kept back himself f go+ =? out ( ! great gate ( 8 city4 ,i cut (f 8 cities :i* ,i _h spoil$ out ( ! mid/ ( 8 l& & ,i gave !m to ,met9ti1 k+ ( ,a%dod1 & ,padi ,k+ ( ,ekron & ,til-,baal1 ,k+ ( ,gaza & made 8 c\ntry small4 ,9 addition to _! =m] ye>ly tribute & gifts ,i add$ o!r tribute & homage due to my maje/y1 & ,i laid x ^u !m4 ,! fe> ( ! greatness ( my maje/y ov]:elm$ him1 ev5 ,hezekiah1 & he s5t aft] me to ,n9eveh my royal city1 ! ,arabs & 8 bodygu>ds1 :om he _h br\ght = ! def5se ( 8 royal city ,j]usalem1 & _h furni%$ ) pay along ) ?irty tal5ts4444 ,eight hundr$ tal5ts ( pure silv]1 c>buncles & o!r preci\s /ones1 a c\* ( ivory1 ?rones ( ivory1 & elephants hide & elephant tusks1 r>e woods ( all k9ds a va/ treasure1 z well z ,una*s f 8 palace1 & danc+ m5 & danc+ wom54 ,& he s5t 8 ,ambassador to (f] homage40 ,?is fasc9at+ docum5t is "o ( ! greate/ treasures t ar*eology has produc$ = ! c>eful /ud5t ( ,*ri/ian apologetics4 ,x is notable n only = :at x tells b also = mu* t is left unsaid4 ,9 ! grim1 brutal days ( ^! anci5t conqu]ors1 a defeat$ enemy c\ld expect little m]cy at ! h&s ( ! victori\s4 ,! k+s ( ,assyria rul$ by fe> & by ! implacable1 swift c]ta9ty ( puni%m5t = rebellion4 ,s5na*]ib "h ref]s to a common practice ( 8 day1 t ( impal+ rebelli\s enemies z a lesson to o!r vassals4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> docum5t he rec\nts h[ !y hung ! bodies ( ! rebel lead]s on /akes ar\nd _! captur$ cities4 ,! te*nique ( ?is execution 0 simple4 ,a heavy po/ 0 driv5 into ! gr\nd until x 0 ab\t z high z a tall man's %\ld]4 ,! top ( ! po/ 0 %>p5$ to z f9e a po9t z ! tools ( t day w\ld p]mit4 ,9 "s cases1 ! rebel 0 pick$ up by a pair ( burly execution]s :o swung him ?r\gh ! air & jamm$ him d[n ) great =ce ^u ! po9t$ /ake4 ,!re !y :irl$ him z a sort ( a human p9:eel until life quickly fl$ 8 %att]$ =m4 ,?is 0 a comp>atively m]ciful way ( impal+4 ,9 o!r cases ! victim 0 set ^u ! %>p5$ /ick until gravity bore d[n 8 suff]+ body to ! po9t :]e dea? reliev$ him aft] h\rs1 & ev5 days ( mis]y & torm5t4 ,b :ile ,s5na*]ib rec\nt$ ! successful puni%m5t ( ! rebels ( ! _m cities :o _h jo9$ 9 ?is upris+1 x is to be c>efully not$ t he *ang$ ! tone ( ! record 9 ! case ( ,hezekiah4 ,he c\ld n say t he impal$ him or o!rwise puni%$ him = ! rebellion6 ,all he c\ld say 01 8,z = ,hezekiah himself1 ,i %ut him up l a bird 9 ,j]usalem1 8 capital city40 ,s5na*]ib c tell ( ! f5c$ cities & small villages 9 ! outskirts ( ,judah :i* he despoil$ f ! h& ( ,hezekiah1 b he nev] laid h& on ! p]son ( ! k+ himself1 nor did he ent] ! sacr$ city4 ,! 8bla/0 ( ,isaiah's prophecy c alone acc\nt = ! failure ( ,s5na*]ib to crucify ,hezekiah along ) 8 o!r rebelli\s enemies4 ,also x is to be not$ t by a violation ( *ronological accuracy1 ,s5na*]ib 8saves face10 aft] ! anci5t cu/om ( ! ,ea/]n l&s4 ,a conqu]or ( 8 /&+ & au?ority _c admit t he 0 defeat$ be=e ! walls ( ,j]usalem4 ,!re=e1 at ! end ( ?is record he gives a li/ ( ! treasure t ,hezekiah _h paid be=e 9 8 orig9al subjection6 ,?is li/+ ( tribute is falsely made to appe> z ?\gh x 7 aft] ! siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,by ! simple exp$i5t ( introduc+ at ! end ( a defeat ! record ( a previ\s paym5t1 ,s5na*]ib seeks to delude po/]ity & wipe out ! memory ( 8 "o out/&+ defeat4 ,?is great prism ( ?is ,assyrian conqu]or is unque/ionably "o ( ! /ronge/ bricks 9 ! wall ( def5se t ar*eology is erect+ ar\nd ! ,sacr$ ,^w ( ,god4 ,!re are _m o!r records left by ,s5na*]ib t are also ( trem5d\s importance4 ,! ,briti% ,museum has a magnific5t section :i* is devot$ v l>gely to ^? ,babylonian & ,assyrian *ronicles1 _m ( :i* co9cide ) ?is p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,! murd] ( ,s5na*]ib t 0 prophesi$ by ,isaiah & record$ 9 ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ,,ii ,k+s1 is accr$it$ & sub/antiat$ by ar*eological s\rces4 ,we le>n f ! records ( ,babylon t ! ye>s betwe5 ! debacle at ,j]usalem & ! dea? ( ,s5na*]ib 7 occupi$ ) w>s mu* ne>] home4 ,we read 9 ^? *ronicles t ! ,elamites ( ,suziana1 toge!r ) c]ta9 alli$ peoples1 aga9 rose 9 rebellion4 ,x took a numb] ( campaigns1 :i* ultimately ravi%$ ! :ole ( ,suziana1 to put d[n ?is upris+4 ,9 fact1 ! campaigns ( subjection 7 n entirely successful until ,babylon 0 de/roy$ 9 #fhi ,b4 ,c4 ,9 ! int]im1 :5 n busy subdu+ 8 ,elamite subjects1 ,s5na*]ib campaign$ 9 ,cilicia1 :]e he ov]came ! arm$ =ce ( ! ,greeks1 p5etrat+ z f> z ,t>sus 9 8 victori\s m>*es4 ,! ,babylonian records conclude by say+ t he 0 assass9at$ by 8 sons 9 ! ye> :i* by our reckon+ w\ld be kn[n z ,b4 ,c4 #fha4 ,9 ! ,babylonian ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,table ,case 8,e0 conta9s an exhibit :i* be>s ! ,museum numb] #ib1ejb4 ,?is consi/s ( a clay tablet :i* is an ext5sive *ronicle writt5 9 ! ,babylonian *>act]s4 ,x del9eates a li/ ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts :i* occurr$ 9 bo? ,babylon & ,assyria ov] an ext5sive p]iod ( "t4 ,! hi/ory beg9s ) ! ?ird ye> ( ! reign ( ,nabu-,nasir1 :o asc5d$ 8 ?rone 9 ,babylon 9 #gdd4 ,! record cont9ues to ! fir/ ye> ( ,%ama%-%um-ukim1 ) :om we %all deal 9 a future ref]5ce4 ,9 ! ?ird column ( ?is *ronicle1 l9es ?irty-f\r & ?irty-five /ate t ,s5na*]ib 0 kill$ by 8 son on ! tw5tie? day ( ! mon? ,tebet 9 ! tw5ty-?ird ye> ( 8 reign4 ,?is murd] is r graphically describ$ 9 t]se1 b satisfactory t]ms 9 ! record ( ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ,,ii ,k+s4 ,!re is no m def9ite & positive example ( ! co9cid5ce ( ar*eological discov]y ) ! text ( ! ,scripture ?an is provid$ by ! records ( ,s5na*]ib4 ,?\gh dead = m ?an two & "o-half mill5niums1 he inde$ has a tale to tell6 ,we c cond5se 8 record into "o graphic1 simple s5t5ce :i* we c sign ) ! "n ( ?is great k+1 8,! hi/oricity ( ! ,sacr$ ,page is unque/ionable 9 ! light ( ar*eology60 ,! next ph>aoh ( antiquity :o *all5ges our int]e/ ) 8 confirmation ( ! ,scripture1 is v>i\sly kn[n by ! "n ( ,ne*o1 :i* is 8 pr5om5 z us$ 9 ! ,scripture text1 & by ! ,egyptian =ms ( ,nekau & ,uohemibra4 ,he 01 p]haps1 ! greate/ ( ! lat] conqu]ors :o s\ght to ext5d ! p[] ( ,egypt1 & he 0 c]ta9ly ! la/ ( t rem>kable gr\p4 ,he exp5d$ a good deal ( ! rev5ues ( ! cr[n 9 rebuild+ ! canal ( ,seti ! ,fir/1 :i* _h =m$ a wat]way betwe5 ! ,nile & ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,x is difficult at times to place absolute cr$5ce ^u ! num]ical e/imates ( ! anci5t *ronicles ( ,egypt1 b x is highly probable t ,ne*o employ$ m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& m5 9 ?is "w4 ,h]odotus gives great hon\r to ,ne*o1 tell+ u t he s5t out c]ta9 %ips ( ,pho5icia :i* circumnavigat$ ,africa4 ,he ma9ta9$ a m]c5>y army ( ,greeks1 & _h "o fleet 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! o!r 9 ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,8 record 9 ! ,scripture is tangl$ inextricably ) t ( ,assyria & ,babylonia1 & = t reason we mu/ sket*-9 ! backgr\nd ( ?is co9cid5ce & appe>ance4 ,%almanes] ! ,fif? began ! ph5om5al rise to asc5d5cy ( ! great p[] ( ,assyria4 ,babylon 0 ! *ief adv]s>y & ! /ronge/ foe t ,assyria fac$ 9 ! developm5t ( h] _w empire1 :i* ultimately climax$ 9 ,s5na*]ib4 ,f9d+ x impossible to pres]ve ! loyalty ( ! ,babylonians1 :o 7 a pr\d & haughty p1 ,s5na*]ib f9ally de/roy$ ,babylon & c>ri$ away its p into captivity4 ,:5 ,s5na*]ib di$1 accord+ to ! record ( ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ,,ii ,k+s1 8 son1 ,es>-haddon came to ! ?rone4 ,es>-haddon1 m ( a /atesman ?an a conqu]or1 rebuilt ,babylon4 ,he unit$ ,assyria & ,babylon into "o great doma91 nam+ ! comb9$ k+dom ,babylonia4 ,= ! sake ( adm9i/ration & z a ge/ure ( amity1 he made ,babylon 8 capital4 ,?us ! rebuilt city became ! seat ( gov]nm5t & ! c5t] ( ! culture ( ,babylonia4 ,! "n ,es>-haddon means 8victori\s10 or 8conqu]or40 ,"o ( ! greate/ ( all ! mighty k+s ( ,assyria1 he 0 a wor?y successor ( ,s>gon1 ,%almanes]1 & ,s5na*]ib4 ,8 "n occurs b ?ree times 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,! fir/ occurr5ce is ,,ii ,k+s #ai3cg1 :]e x speaks ( 8 asc5t to ! ?rone4 ,! next occurr5ce is 9 ,isaiah #cg3bh :]e ?is record ( ,,ii ,k+s #ai3cg is confirm$ by ! h& ( ! prophet1 :o 0 an active p>ticipant 9 ^? /irr+ ev5ts4 ,lat]1 ,ezra ref]s to him 9 ! second v]se ( 8 f\r? *apt]4 ,9 ?is latt] ref]5ce1 ! remnant :o return$ f ! ,babylonian captivity "n him z ! cause ( _! captivity & ackn[l$g$ t he gave !m ! fre$om to wor%ip _! own ,god 9 _! own way4 ,9 ! reign ( ,m5asseh1 ,es>-haddon di$ & 0 succe$$ by two sons4 ,! eld] ( ^! 0 ! fam\s ,assur-bani-pal1 :o 0 made ov]-"l ( ! entire k+dom1 ) ! section t 0 once call$ ,assyria z 8 p>ticul> doma94 ,8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,%amis-%um-ukim 0 giv5 dom9ion ov] ,babylon1 :]e he reign$ z vassal to 8 weal?y bro!r4 ,! ,briti% ,museum is replete ) ! records & mat]ials f ! reign ( ,assur-bani-pal & f ! brief & tragic rule ( ,%amis-%um-ukim z well4 ,! f9e h& ( ,egyptian intrigue ent]s into ! record at ?is po9t1 aga9 tangl+ up ! ,assyrian records 9 a triangul> b\t betwe5 ,judah1 ,egypt1 & ,babylonia4 ,! ,ph>aoh ,ne*o1 al>m$ by ! gr[+ p[] ( ,babylonia1 ga!r$ toge!r a mighty ho/ & invad$ ! t]ritory ( ! great ,assyrian k+4 ,z a prelim9>y to ?is invasion1 ! ,ph>aoh ,ne*o p]suad$ ,%amis-%um-ukim to rebel aga9/ 8 old] bro!r & to decl>e 8 indep5d5ce4 ,into ?is conspiracy ,ne*o succe$$ 9 draw+ ,syria & ,judah4 ,! bl[ 0 /ruck at ! dom9ion ( ,assur-bani-pal :ile he 0 battl+ c]ta9 tribes ne> 8 ,ea/]n bord]4 ,:5 ! c\ri]s br\ght him ^w ( ! revolt ( 8 bro!r1 & ( ! coalition =m$ aga9/ him at ! in/igation ( ,ne*o1 ,assur-bani-pal made a swift & rem>kable m>*1 return+ to 8 ?reat5$ t]ritory4 ,ne*o ha/ily assembl$ 8 army1 & ! major battles 7 f\ght on ! t]ra9 ( ,syria4 ,syria 0 quickly r$uc$1 ,babylon pacifi$1 & ,assur-bani-pal em]g$ completely victori\s4 ,ne*o1 n hav+ _h "t to prep>e 8 def5ses1 0 ov]?r[n1 defeat$1 & =c$ to b[ 9 subjection to ,assur-bani-pal4 ,f ! record ( ! victori\s k+1 we (f] ! foll[+ p>agraph z a cond5s$ b detail$ acc\nt ( ^! trem5d\s ev5ts3 8,aft] remov+ ! corpses ( ! rebels f ! mid/ ( ,babylon1 ,cu?ra1 & ,sipp>a1 & pil+ !m 9 heaps1 9 accordance ) ! prophecies ,i clean$ ! m]cy seats ( _! temples4 ,i purifi$ _! *ief places ( pray] ,i appeas$ _! angry gods & goddesses ) supplications & p5it5tial psalms4 ,_! daily sacrifices :i* !y _h discont9u$1 ,i re/or$ & e/abli%$ z !y _h be5 ( old4 ,z = ! re/ ( !m :o _h fl[n at ! /roke ( slaught]1 ,i _h m]cy on !m4 ,i proclaim$ an amne/y ^u !m4 ,i br\ght !m to live 9 ,babylon4 ,! m5 ( ! nations :om ,sam 444 _h l$ away & unit$ 9 "o conspiracy1 ,i trod d[n to ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( _! bord]s4 ,by ! comm& ( ,assur1 ,beltis1 & ! great gods my help]s1 ! yoke ( ,assur :i* !y _h %ak5 (f ,i laid ^u !m4 ,i appo9t$ ov] !m gov]nors & satraps1 ! "w ( my own h&s40 ,f ?is acc\nt x w be se5 t ,assur-bani-pal slew 8 rebelli\s bro!r & de/roy$ ! pr9cipal lead]s ( ! revolt1 ) ! exception ( ^? :o _h plead$ = m]cy4 ,z a result ( ?is defeat at ,*>*emi%1 ,ne*o 0 de?ron$ & l$ 9 *a9s to ,babylon4 ,?is ,*aldean conqu]or _h a policy t 0 unique = 8 day4 ,x 0 8 consi/5t practice to deal m]cifully ) ! rep5tant4 ,:5 ! ,ph>aoh ,ne*o pr(ess$ sorr[ = 8 conduct1 ,assur-bani-pal1 foll[+ 8 e/abli%$ cu/om1 re/or$ him to ,sais :]e he 0 to rule ,egypt z a prov9ce ( ,babylonia4 ,at ?is "t1 ,josiah ( ,judah also accept$ ! yoke ( ,assyria & became a vassal ( ,assur-bani-pal4 ,f :at we le>n ( ! "* ( ,k+ ,josiah1 we w\ld expect t he w\ld be fai?ful to 8 pl$ges & promises &1 inde$1 ?is v fai?fulness 0 ! cause ( 8 dea?4 ,! ,ph>aoh ,ne*o1 sm>t+ "u 8 defeat & w\nd$ deeply 9 8 pride1 quietly ga!r$ toge!r a trem5d\s army & rebell$ aga9/ ,assur-bani-pal ! second "t4 ,9 ?is second conflict1 ,*>*emi% 0 ! *os5 battle gr\nd4 ,al?\gh _m /rategic battles _h be5 wag$ back & =? ab\t ?is important c5t]1 ?is is g5]ally ref]r$ to z ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ,*>*emi%4 ,?is ref]5ce is und\bt$ly pr$icat$ ^u ! fact t ! ultimate /ruggle betwe5 ,assyria & ,egypt1 :i* gave ! latt] p[] a _w dom9ion1 c5t]$ ab\t ?is field4 ,9 ord] to rea* ! battle gr\nd1 ! ,ph>aoh ,ne*o m>*$ 8 horde across ! t]ra9 ( ,pale/9e4 ,! /ory ( :at foll[$ is famili> to e /ud5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! ?irty-fif? *apt] ( ,,ii ,*ronicles1 beg9n+ ) ! tw5tie? v]se & end+ ) ! tw5ty-sev5?1 ?is incid5tal trag$y is told4 ,josiah1 :o _h tak5 ! pl$ge ( fidelity to ,assur-bani-pal1 ga!r$ toge!r 8 small army & s\ght to prev5t ?is passage ( ! ,egyptian army across 8 doma94 ,x is record$ t ,ph>aoh s5t 8 h]alds to ,josiah (f]+ to leave ! l& ( ,pale/9e unmole/$ on condition t !y gave him no opposition 9 8 plans = battle4 ,! ph>aoh w5t s f> z to claim t he 0 on ! bus9ess ( ,god4 ,al?\gh ,k+ ,josiah _h disguis$ himself 9 ! common dress ( a humble man-at-arms1 he seems to h be5 recogniz$4 ,! %>p%oot]s among ! ar*]s pick$ him z _! t>get & he fell sorely w\nd$4 ,he di$ aft] be+ tak5 to ,j]usalem1 & all ( ! p ( ,judah & ,j]usalem m\rn$ = him4 ,j]emiah ! prophet deeply lov$ ! godly k+ because ( 8 fidelity to ! law1 & ! f\r? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,lam5tations conta9s "p ( ! dirge ( ,j]emiah conc]n+ ! dea? ( ! k+4 ,9 ! meantime1 h9d]$ by ! abortive attempt ( ! fai?ful ,josiah to delay 8 passage1 ,ne*o swept on to ! banks ( ! ,euphrates :]e a notable battle 0 f\ght4 ,! assault ( ,ne*o f\nd ! ,assyrian mon>* unprep>$4 ,! =ce t he _h ga!r$ at ,*>*emi% 0 inadequate to def5d 8 bord]s1 & ,assur-bani-pal 0 defeat$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,jehoahaz _h succe$$ 8 fa!r ,josiah & 0 reign+ at ,j]usalem4 ,! sway ( ! "y k+ 0 %ort & end$ tragically aft] n9ety days4 ,on 8 way home f 8 victory at ,*>*emi%1 ! ,ph>aoh ,ne*o depos$ ,jehoahaz because ( 8 fa!r's conduct & put ,eliakim on ! ?rone4 ,?us ! y\ng] bro!r ( ,jehoahaz became k+ ov] ,judah 9 8 place4 ,! ,ph>aoh *ang$ ! "n ( ,eliakim to ,jehoiakim & once m ,judah became a vassal to ! might & p[] ( ,egypt4 ,! un=tunate ,jehoahaz1 lad5 ) *a9s1 0 c>ri$ away to ,sais4 ,!re he dragg$ out a mis]able exi/5ce until dea? br\ght him a happy release f captivity & degradation4 ,! ,ph>aoh ,ne*o impos$ ^u ,pale/9e a f9e = _! opposition :i* w\ld be ab\t ! equival5t 9 our mod]n curr5cy ( #bjj1jjj4 ,9 consid]+ ! diff]5ce 9 pur*as+ p[]1 h[ev]1 t w\ld be ab\t #c1jjj1jjj 9 our money4 ,^! incid5ts are ei!r expressly /at$ or are ref]r$ to 9 _m portions ( ,holy ,writ4 ,we fir/ f9d !m 9 ! tw5ty-?ird *apt] ( ,,ii ,k+s4 ,! tw5ty-six? *apt] ( ,j]emiah1 v]ses tw5ty-"o to tw5ty-?ree1 conta9s a bleak record ( ! h>d%ip & oppression t result$ :5 m5 ( ,god 7 sla9 = speak+ ,god's ,^w conc]n+ ! ev5ts ( ?is grim & dismal affair4 ,9 ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ,ezekiel1 ! ?ird & f\r? v]ses ( ?is record1 ! prophet s+s a lam5tation ov] ! 8lion's :elp0 & sorr[s t 8he %all be b\nd 9 *a9s 9 ! l& ( ,egypt40 ,!n f ! fif? v]se on1 ! prophet cau/ically b]ates ! l& because t ano!r ( ! lion's :elps1 sudd5ly rais$ to maturity1 dev\r$ ! m5 :o _h rais$ him & laid wa/e _! l& & cities4 ,our pres5t int]e/1 h[ev]1 is to be f\nd 9 ! records t deal ) ^! ev5ts 9 ! s\rces ( ar*eology4 ,x w\ld be inconceivable t ! mighty ,ne*o %\ld fail to boa/ ( 8 p[] & victory :5 he _h won s notable an asc5dancy ov] all ( 8 enemies4 ,9 ! volum9\s records ( ! ,ph>aoh ,ne*o1 ! va+lori\s boa/+ ( ?is long-dead mon>* comes to u today z a welcome1 add$ voice to ! rapidly swell+ *orus t te/ifies to ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,leav+ ! record ( ,ne*o1 h[ev]1 = ! pres5t mom5t 7z he ent]s ! /ory aga9 9 ! reign ( ! succe$+ ,babylonian mon>*71 we turn to ! s\rces ( ,babylonian & ,assyrian antiquity = ! au!ntication ( ^! affairs by ! mighty ,assur-bani-pal4 ,n[1 inde$1 x becomes difficult to *oose ! mo/ effective & po9t$ evid5ces1 z we are emb>rass$ ) s va/ a weal? ( mat]ial4 ,x w\ld take _m days inde$ = a c>eful /ud5t to exhau/ ! possibilities 9 t collection ( ! mat]ial ( ,assur-bani-pal t is f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum alone4 ,9 ?is notable & incomp>able deposit ( priceless fact & in=mation1 !re is no m /rik+ section ?an t :i* is d]iv$ f ! works & records ( ?is /ormy rul]4 ,9 ab\t ! ye> #fff ,b4 ,c4 ?is conqu]or f9i%$ ! ?ird ( 8 campaigns aga9/ ,egypt1 & ) ! sack ( ! ,city ( ,!bes1 aga9 e/abli%$ ! dom9ion ( ,assyria ov] ,egypt4 ,! mighty k+ !n turn$ 8 milit>y att5tions to ! nor!rn regions ( 8 empire & ?ru/ 8 bord]s out to an unprec$5t$ ext5t4 ,at ! same "t1 ) a "p ( 8 =ces he wag$ a long w> ) ! ,elamites on 8 s\!a/]n bord] & subject$ t c\ntry to ! yoke ( ,assyria4 ,putt+ d[n ! ,elamite upris+ ) a /]n & bloody h&1 he left a lesson 9 implacable cruelty t ! ,elamites nev] =got4 ,9 ! ,n9eveh ,gall]y ( ! ,assyrian section ( ! ,briti% ,museum may be se5 great sculptur$ slabs f ! walls ( ,assur-bani-pal's palace1 :i* are numb]$ #de to #ej4 ,at our la/ visit !y 7 to be se5 on ! ,ea/]n side ( ! gall]y4 ,^! relics completely illu/rate 8 conque/ ( ,elam4 ,exhibits #de to #dg fur!r %[ ! cru%+ ( ! ,elamite =ces1 & ! action is s dramatically depict$ t ! c>eful /ud5t may s5se ! excitem5t :i* seems to prevail4 ,a volum9\s text accompanies ! pictur$ action s t !re is no possibility ( mi/ak+ ! mean+ ( ! illu/rations4 ,at ?is "t ,%amis-%um-ukim jo9$ 9 ! great revolt to :i* we h ref]r$ 9 a =ego+ p>agraph ( ?is *apt]4 ,!re are two acc\nts 9 ! ar*eological records z to ! end ( ,%amis-%um-ukim4 ,al?\gh a tw9 bro!r ( ,assur-bani-pal1 he 0 "s h\rs ! y\ng]1 & ?us 0 nom9ally subject to him "u ,assyrian law4 ,"o acc\nt says t he 0 tak5 prison] & t ,assur-bani-pal _h him burn$ at ! /ake4 ,! o!r acc\nt says t ,%amis-%um-ukim1 see+ he 0 ab\t to be defeat$1 lock$ himself 9 a small section ( ! palace1 :i* he set afire & burn$ himself r ?an surr5d]4 ,!re 0 at ?is "t a revolt 9 ! ,egyptian section ( ! empire :i* result$ 9 "s long conflicts1 :i* are also giv5 9 ^! records4 ,x 0 also at ?is p]iod t ,assur-bani-pal left ! record above cit$1 ( ! pacification ( ,babylon & ! submission ( ,josiah4 ,! ,briti% ,museum has a v l>ge collection ( lett]s f ! libr>y ( ,assur-bani-pal at ,n9eveh1 _m ( :i* are ( high significance 9 ! /udy ( ^! hi/orical episodes4 ,^! lett]s cov] a broad scope z !y include ! reports1 requisitions1 & communications ( dignit>ies4 ,"s ( ^! came f ! cr[n pr9ce1 o!rs f local gov]nors & /ill m f v>i\s milit>y capta9s4 ,!y deal 9 specific detail ) milit>y op]ations1 upris+s1 rebellions1 & _! suppression4 ,!y tell ( ! dispat* ( troops to ! prov9ces1 ) li/s ( exp5ses & exp5ditures4 ,su* intimate details ( ,assyrian sci5ce z ! reports ( a/ronom]s = regulat+ ! cal5d> ( ! ye> are f\nd !re1 & illum9at+ comm5ts ^u ! political tr5d ( ! days4 ,!re are _m ref]5ces to ^! episodes1 z w\ld naturally be expect$4 ,"o ( ! great monum5ts to be f\nd 9 ! ,babylonian ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & numb]$ #ij1hfd1 is a /one /ele ) a r\nd$ top1 t is a treasure inde$4 ,! upright full-l5g? figure ( ,assur-bani-pal is %[n 9 8 capacity ( high prie/4 ,?is /ele conta9s a l5g?y *ronicle record+ ! names1 honors1 & g5ealogy ( ! mon>* & tells ( 8 godly conduct & fidelity to 8 religion4 ,!re is a note ( sadness & an index to ! "* ( ?is great ,assyrian 9 ! l9e :]e ,assur-bani-pal decl>es t he himself _h appo9t$ 8 tw9 bro!r ,%amis-%um-ukim 8to ! sov]eignty ov] ,babylon s t ! /rong may n oppress ! weak40 ,pass+ ov] a great _m ( ^! s\rces1 we come n[ to ! ,assyrian ,room :]e1 9 ,table ,case 8,e10 we f9d two t5-sid$ prisms ( ,assur-bani-pal :i* be> ! ,museum numb]s #ia1jbf1 & #ia1jhf4 ,^! l5g?y records are inscrib$ ) ! out/&+ incid5ts 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( 8 busy life4 ,beg9n+ ) an epitomiz$ /atem5t conc]n+ 8 bir? & education1 z all good biographies %\ld beg91 he took occasion to recognize ! great prosp]ity ( ,assyria t imm$iately foll[$ 8 elevation to ! ?rone4 ,!n quickly ! w>rior k+ laun*$ into "s graphic descriptions ( 8 pr9cipal milit>y exp$itions4 ,"h he tells ( ! two exp$itions aga9/ ,tirhakah 9 ,egypt1 to :i* we h ref]r$ above4 ,among ! allies :o accompani$ him to fight "u 8 bann]1 :o 7 already subject to him1 he m5tions levies f ,cypress1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 & ,pale/9e4 ,aft] cit+ ! ev5ts & victories ( five campaigns1 ! record !n introduces ! sad trag$y ( ,%amis-%um-ukim1 a portion ( :i* we h cit$ 9 a prec$+ p>agraph4 ,9 all1 !re are n9e campaigns cov]$ 9 ^! prisms1 & ! /ud5t ( hi/orical accuracy may f9d great sub/antiation = 8 confid5ce 9 ! tru? & fidelity ( ! ,^w ( ,god f ^! fasc9at+ records4 ,9 ! same case is an eight-sid$ clay prism ( ,assur-bani-pal1 numb]$ #ic1jjh4 ,?is also conta9s a %ort] ref]5ce to ^! same ev5ts4 ,to convey an adequate & detail$ acc\nt ( ! mat]ials available f ! "t ( ,assur-bani-pal & 8 un=tunate bro!r w\ld require a l>ge volume by itself4 ,we h come to t po9t1 h[ev]1 :]e ,assur-bani-pal's record concludes z x t\*es ! ,scripture4 ,s we satisfy ourselves tempor>ily ) ?is brief introduction ( an epitomiz$ section ( ^? evid5ces4 ,?ree ye>s aft] ! battle ( ,*>*emi%1 :]e ,assur-bani-pal 0 tempor>ily defeat$1 a new & =ceful conqu]or appe>$ 9 ! p]son ( ,nebu*adnezz> ! ,second4 ,assur-bani-pal 0 succe$$ by ,nabopolass>1 :o w be ignor$ 9 ?is record because ( ! fact t he is n nam$ by "n 9 ! text ( ! ,bible4 ,nabopolass>1 h[ev]1 _h a gift$ son :o succe$$ him z ,nebu*adnezz> ! ,second1 & :o began 8 tra9+ = ! cr[n by assum+ comm& ( ! army z ! *ief g5]al "u 8 fa!r & ) 8 p>5t's cons5t4 ,! fir/ great campaign t ,nebu*adnezz> f\ght1 br\ght ,egypt back "u ! dom9ion ( ,babylon4 ,to see ! backgr\nd ( ?is ev5t1 x mu/ be not$ t aft] ! dea? ( ,assur-bani-pal1 ! ,m$es invad$ ,n9eveh & captur$ t /ronghold4 ,:]eupon ,nabopolass> reass]t$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,babylon & conduct$ a numb] ( brilliant campaigns to secure ! asc5d5cy ( 8 k+dom & to e/abli% 8 supremacy ov] ! entire anci5t _w4 ,:5 ,n9eveh fell1 ! ,ph>aoh ,ne*o1 ) :om we are n[ deal+1 ent]$ ! /ory aga94 ,ne*o invad$ ,syria & ,pale/9e & successfully campaign$ up to ! banks ( ! ,euphrates4 ,at ,*>*emi% he met ! ho/ ( ,nebu*adnezz> = :at is kn[n z ! ,second ,battle ( ,*>*emi%4 ,ne*o ent]$ ?is conflict ) consid]able confid5ce1 due to 8 previ\s victory on ?is same field4 ,?is "t1 h[ev]1 a diff]5t exp]i5ce await$ him4 ,nebu*adnezz> cru%$ ! ,egyptians ) an ov]:elm+ defeat & drove !m back to _! own bord]4 ,z a result ( ?is battle1 all ,pale/9e1 ) ! exception ( ,judah1 ackn[l$g$ ! au?ority ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,! ,babylonian g5]al took ,jehoiakim captive & slew ! ,ph>aoh ,ne*o4 ,all ( ^! ev5ts are record$ by ! ,ph>aoh ,ne*o1 by ,assur-bani-pal1 & by c]ta9 humbl] capta9s & lead]s4 ,! ,ph>aoh's record is complete up to ! "t ( ! second battle4 ,b z ,ne*o did n survive ?is campaign1 !re is a dramatic break 9 8 record4 ,h[ev]1 :at is want+ f ! ,egyptian s\rces1 is happily suppli$ f ^? ( ,babylon4 ,x is n to be expect$ t ! "y conqu]or w\ld rema9 sil5t conc]n+ 8 e>ly victories4 ,8 fa!r1 ,nabopolass>1 also rec\nts ) "s satisfaction ! milit>y ability ( 8 son4 ,?r\gh all ( 8 reign1 h[ev]1 ,nebu*adnezz> 0 m ( a build] & ar*itect ?an conqu]or1 al?\gh he frequ5tly took ! field 9 notable milit>y action4 ,mo/ ( ! relics f 8 reign h to d ) ! build+ ( great temples & edifices4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( fragm5t>y *ronicles su* z t :i*1 9 ! ,babylonian ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum 9 ,table ,case 8,e10 be>s ! numb] ( #cc1jda4 ,?is rec\nts a lat] exp$ition und]tak5 by ,nebu*adnezz> 9 ! ?irty-sev5? ye> ( 8 reign4 ,?is 0 to put d[n an upris+ 9 ,egypt4 ,!re are innum]able tablets & records 9 ! ,briti% ,museum t atte/ ! ord] & g5ius ( ! gov]nm5t 9 ! =ty-two ye>s ( ,nebu*adnezz>'s reign4 ,we w ref] to ?is lat] :5 we come to ! clos+ p]iod ( 8 great c>e]4 ,we h introduc$ ! hi/oricity ( ,nebu*adnezz> n[1 & ! co9cid5ce ( 8 acc\nt :i* climaxes ! reign ( ,ne*o1 to e/abli% at "o m po9t ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t text4 ,! la/ ,ph>aoh :o comes into ! acc\nt ( ! ,sacr$ ,book is positively id5tifi$ z ,hophra4 ,he is call$ ,apris by ! ,greeks1 & is frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! hi]oglyphics "u ! "n ( ,psammeti*us1 ! ,second4 ,8 "n1 ,hophra1 occurs 9 ! ,scripture only once1 :i* is ! =ty-f\r? *apt] ( ,j]emiah & ! ?irtie? v]se4 ,"h ! ?ree great *>act]s ( ?is la/ drama are f\nd conjo9$ 9 ^! simple words3 8,?us sai? ! ,"l2 ,behold ,i w give ,ph>aoh-hophra k+ ( ,egypt into ! h& ( 8 enemies1 & into ! h& ( !m t seek 8 life2 z ,i gave ,z$ekiah k+ ( ,judah into ! h& ( ,nebu*adnezz> k+ ( ,babylon1 8 enemy1 & t s\ght 8 life40 ,hophra 0 a ra%1 inexp]i5c$1 ov]-confid5t rul] :o wa/$ :at small /r5g? & weal? 8 k+dom possess$ 9 useless w>f>e aga9/ mighty p[]s :i* 7 manife/ly beyond 8 ability to cope )4 ,! backgr\nd ( 8 contact ) ! ,sacr$ ,record beg9s ) 8 conspiracy t enme%$ ,z$ekiah4 ,?is entire rebellion 0 a fai?less & degrad$ example ( lack ( hon\r & responsibility to a plight$ & pl$g$ ^w4 ,?is is prim>ily s because aft] ! defeat ( ,ne*o & 8 subsequ5t dea?1 ,nebu*adnezz> rais$ ,hophra1 ! son ( ,ne*o1 to ! ?rone ( ,egypt :]e he gov]n$ z a satrap4 ,he 0 to reign = ,babylon1 & _h tak5 ! oa? ( fidelity to 8 ov]-"l & ma/]4 ,to make matt]s worse ! conduct ( ,z$ekiah add$ insult to injury6 ,:5 ,nebu*adnezz> de?ron$ ,jehoiakim & c>ri$ him b\nd 9 *a9s to 8 subsequ5t dea? 9 ,babylon1 he 0 foll[$ on ! ?rone by ,jehoiak9 :o reign$ = a v brief p]iod4 ,!n ,nebu*adnezz> rais$ ,z$ekiah to a position ( p[] & on 8 tw5ty-fir/ bir?day elevat$ him to ! gov]nor%ip ( ,j]usalem4 ,= ! bett] "p ( elev5 ye>s1 he reign$ m or less successfully4 ,he seems to h be5 a graceless sc\ndrel & utt]ly )\t hon\r4 ,completely violat+ _! treaties & _! oa?s ( fidelity1 ,ph>aoh & ,z$ekiah jo9$ 9 a conspiracy & rebell$ aga9/ ! p[] ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,x is a matt] ( wond] to ! mod]n /ud5t t ^! k+s ( ,judah nev] le>n$ _! lesson4 ,! ,*aldeans besieg$ ,j]usalem to put d[n ?is revolt1 & ,hophra m>*$ to its aid4 ,because ! company ( ,*aldeans 0 small1 z ,nebu*adnezz> _h n anticipat$ a /rong resi/ance1 ! wise capta9s ( ?is advance-gu>d did n jo9 battle ) ,hophra1 b retir$ 9 good ord] r ?an fight a hopeless conflict :5 !y 7 s /rongly outnumb]$4 ,! city ( ,j]usalem w5t wild ) delight & rejoic+ ov] its deliv]ance4 ,! gloomy ,j]emiah w>n$ ! lead]s 9 va9 t ! ,*aldeans w\ld return1 & 9 ov]:elm+ =ce4 ,refus+ to li/5 to ! prophecies ( ,j]emiah1 ! p treat$ him h>%ly & ca/ him out4 ,:ile ! city 0 rejoic+ at ?is e>ly victory1 ,j]emiah himself gave a manife/ation ( confid5ce 9 ! ultimate fulfillm5t ( 8 own prophecies1 :5 he fl$ f ! city & deliv]$ himself volunt>ily into ! h&s ( ! ,*aldeans4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,hophra1 ov]come ) pride at 8 easy victory1 boa/$ ) blasphemy t n ev5 c\ld ,god defeat him6 ,! sycophantic ,z$ekiah acquiesc$ 9 ?is boa/+ & blasphemy & %[]$ ! fooli% ,hophra ) unlimit$ complim5ts4 ,) ,j]emiah gone & all ( ,judah turn+ to ! ways ( idolatry1 ,god did n lack *ampions4 ,mess5g]s & prophets 7 s5t rapidly to ,z$ekiah & to ! pr9ces ( ! k+dom1 b !y mock$ ! mess5g]s ( ,god & despis$ ,8 words4 ,!y misus$ ,8 prophets1 until ! wra? ( ! ,"l rose aga9/ ,8 p beyond rem$y4 ,!re=e1 says ! ?irty-six? *apt] ( ,,ii ,*ronicles1 8,he br\ght ^u !m ! k+ ( ! ,*aldees1 :o slew _! "y m5 ) ! sword 9 ! h\se ( _! sanctu>y1 & _h no compassion ^u "y man or maid51 old man1 or him t /oop$ = age2 he gave !m all into 8 h&40 ,! /ronge/ voice t 0 rais$ = ,god 9 ?is d>k h\r 0 t ( ,ezekiel4 ,at ?is "t1 ! prophet 0 9 ,babylon & f !re he spoke ! words t are f\nd 9 ! fir/ sixte5 v]ses ( 8 tw5ty-n9? *apt]4 ,?is is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ compreh5sive & rem>kable prophecies conc]n+ any nation t ! /ud5t ( ?is fasc9at+ subject may deal )4 ,= ! sake ( refre%+ ! m9d ( ! read]1 we publi% "h ?is prophecy 9 full3 8,9 ! t5? ye>1 9 ! t5? mon?1 9 ! twelf? day ( ! mon?1 ! ^w ( ! ,"l came unto me1 say+1 ,son ( man1 set ?y face aga9/ ,ph>aoh k+ ( ,egypt1 & prophesy aga9/ him1 & aga9/ all ,egypt3 ,speak1 & say1 ,?us sai? ! ,"l ,god2 ,behold1 ,i am aga9/ !e1 ,ph>aoh k+ ( ,egypt1 ! great dragon t lie? 9 ! mid/ ( 8 riv]s1 :i* ha? said1 ,my riv] is m9e own1 & ,i h made x = myself4 8,b ,i w put hooks 9 ?y jaws1 & ,i w cause ! fi% ( ?y riv]s to /ick unto ?y scales1 & ,i w br+ !e up out ( ! mid/ ( ?y riv]s1 & all ! fi% ( ?y riv]s %all /ick unto ?y scales4 8,& ,i w leave !e ?r[n into ! wild]ness1 !e & all ! fi% ( ?y riv]s3 ?\ %alt fall ^u ! op5 fields2 ?\ %alt n be br\ght toge!r1 nor ga!r$3 ,i h giv5 !e = meat to ! bea/ ( ! field & to ! f[ls ( ! heav54 8,& all ! inhabitants ( ,egypt %all "k t ,i am ! ,"l1 because !y h be5 a /aff ( re$ to ! h\se ( ,israel4 8,:5 !y took hold ( !e by ?y h&1 ?\ did/ break1 & r5d all _! %\ld]3 & :5 !y lean$ ^u !e1 ?\ brake/1 & made/ all _! lo9s to be at a /&4 ,!re=e ?us said ! ,"l ,god2 ,behold ,i w br+ a sword ^u !e1 & cut (f man & bea/ out ( !e4 8,& ! l& ( ,egypt %all be desolate & wa/e2 & !y %all "k t ,i am ! ,"l3 because he ha? said1 ,! riv] is m9e1 & ,i h made x4 8,behold1 !re=e ,i am aga9/ !e1 & aga9/ ?y riv]s1 & ,i w make ! l& ( ,egypt utt]ly wa/e & desolate1 f ! t[] ( ,sy5e ev5 unto ! bord] ( ,e?iopia4 8,no foot ( man %all pass ?r\gh x1 nor foot ( bea/ %all pass ?r\gh x1 nei!r %all x be inhabit$ =ty ye>s4 8,& ,i w make ! l& ( ,egypt desolate 9 ! mid/ ( ! c\ntries t are desolate1 & h] cities among ! cities t are laid wa/e %all be desolate =ty ye>s3 & ,i w scatt] ! ,egyptians among ! nations1 & w disp]se !m ?r\gh ! c\ntries4 8,yet ?us sai? ! ,"l ,god2 ,at ! end ( =ty ye>s w ,i ga!r ! ,egyptians f ! p :i!r !y 7 scatt]$2 8,& ,i w br+ aga9 ! captivity ( ,egypt1 & w cause !m to return into ! l& ( ,pa?ros1 into ! l& ( _! habitation2 & !y %all be !re a base k+dom4 8,x %all be ! base/ ( ! k+doms2 nei!r %all x exalt itself any m above ! nations3 = ,i w dim9i% !m1 t !y %all no m rule ov] ! nations4 8,& x %all be no m ! confid5ce ( ! h\se ( ,israel1 :i* br+e? _! iniquity to remembrance1 :5 !y %all look aft] !m3 b !y %all "k t ,i am ! ,"l ,god40 ,analyz+ ?is prophecy1 we note ! p]sonal elem5t t is introduc$ :5 ,god array$ himself aga9/ ,hophra & all ( ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,?is p :o1 z we h se51 wor%ipp$ ! ,nile & c\nt$ x a deifi$ object1 _h also acquiesc$ 9 ! claims ( ,hophra :o w5t s f> z to /ate t he 0 ! "o :o _h made ! riv] & caus$ x to cont9ue to fl[4 ,adopt+ ?is figure1 ! prophet speak+ = ,god1 says t ,hophra %all be caught l ! fi% & ca/ into ! fields by ! side ( ! banks4 ,! six? v]se /ates t all ! population ( ,egypt is to be taught a bitt] lesson4 ,!y %all "k =ev] t ,god is ,"l1 9 ! puni%m5t !y %all reap = _! defections aga9/ ,israel4 ,v]se eight conta9s ! in=mation t ?is puni%m5t is to take ! =m ( an invasion t %all leave ! l& desolate & wa/e4 ,?is puni%m5t 0 to come ^u ! l& & ! p because ( _! idolatry & _! s9s aga9/ ,israel4 ,f v]ses t5 to twelve1 a bleak picture is drawn ( utt] desolation :i* %all prevail 9 _! l& = =ty ye>s4 ,! prophecy !n turns ^u ! pivot ( ! ?irte5? v]se to a "t ( a p>tial re/oration4 ,?is re/oration1 h[ev]1 is limit$ 9 ! ,div9e ,^w to ! effect t ,egypt %all be ! base/ ( ! k+doms ( ! e>?4 ,x %all nev] be p]mitt$ to exalt itself aga9 9 ! c\ncil ( ! nations4 ,x is to be et]nally dim9i%$ & debas$4 ,! consequ5t hi/ory ( ,egypt has be5 a complete v9dication & fulfillm5t ( ?is prophecy4 ,nebu*adnezz> invad$ ,judah & c>ri$ away ! la/ remnant ( t graceless p into captivity 9 ,babylon4 ,all ^? :o _h jo9$ 9 ! defection ( ,z$ekiah1 great & small1 old & "y1 !y slew ) ! sword4 ,!n ! angry ,nebu*adnezz> swept on into ,egypt & deva/at$ t l&1 until1 x is record$1 8n a liv+ ?+1 man or bea/10 0 left 9 t once popul\s c\ntry4 ,= =ty ye>s x lay1 wa/$ & idle4 ,!n ! c\nselors ( ,nebu*adnezz> advis$ t ! l& be coloniz$ 9 ord] t x might produce rev5ue = ! cr[n4 ,! fir/ attempt fail$ because ( ! climate & ! unique conditions ( agriculture 9 a c\ntry t requir$ con/ant irrigation & ^: crops dep5d$ ^u ! sole s\rce ( moi/ure ! riv] ,nile4 ,!re=e1 ! c\nselors ga!r$ toge!r su* remnant ( ! ,egyptians z rema9$ f ! captivity & s5t !m back to repopulate ! l&4 ,e /ud5t ( hi/ory w recall t ,egypt has be5 ! base/ ( k+doms f t h\r to ?is4 ,x has be5 dom9at$ 9 turn by ! ,p]sians1 ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 ! ,arabs1 ! ,turks1 ! ,fr5*1 & ! ,briti%4 ,"o notable ef=t 0 made 9 hi/oric "t to raise ,egypt to its =m] gr&eur & p[]4 ,! read] w recall ! great campaign ( ,napoleon by :i* he ?\ght to revive ?is ,mi/ress ( ,antiquity & make ,egypt an adjunct ( 8 own imp]ial greatness4 ,if ,napoleon _h read & believ$ ! tw5ty-n9? *apt] ( ,ezekiel1 he c\ld h sp>$ himself ?is useless & exp5sive campaign4 ,we all recall t :5 victory seem$ to be 9 sight1 ,napoleon's p[] & greatness %att]$ itself ^u an immovable rock4 ,?is 0 compos$ ( ! small remnant ( indomitable ,briti% :o refus$ to recognize ! fact ( _! defeat :5 x />$ !m 9 ! face4 ,& t c\rage\s & noble refusal to give up1 :5 !y 7 q evid5tly hopelessly ov]?r[n1 0 aga9 v9dicat$ 9 ! f9al result4 ,! army ( ,napoleon 0 brok51 discomfit$1 decimat$1 & defeat$4 ,f9ally1 x 0 des]t$ by its disc\rag$ lead]1 :o probably nev] knew :y he _h fail$4 ,he 0 n fight+ aga9/ ! allies only1 nor 0 he defeat$ entirely by ,briti% val\r4 ,napoleon 0 fight+ aga9/ ! ,^w ( ,god & ! w ( ,him ^: h& is able to raise to p[] & to ca/ d[n aga94 ,f t h\r to ?is1 & ev5 9 our pres5t mom5t ( hi/oric "t1 ,egypt rema9s ! base/ ( ! k+doms ( ! e>?4 ,to come back to ! mis]able ,hophra1 8 f9al end came :5 he 0 assass9at$ by 8 own g5]al1 ^: "n is giv5 by ! ,greeks z ,amasis & :o appe>s on ! monum5ts "u ! "n ( ,iahmose4 ,amasis occupi$ ! ?rone until ! f9al conque/ by ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,we note aga9 ! co9cid5ce ( anci5t records ) ! acc\nts t portray ^! ev5ts 9 ! books ( ,,ii ,*ronicles1 ,j]emiah1 & ,ezekiel4 ,volum9\s sections ( ! ,^w ( ,god are ext5d$ a /rong & fri5dly h& ( hi/orical au!ntication by ! secul> records :i* h surviv$ f t "t4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum w be f\nd tablets1 /elae1 portraits1 & sculptur$ remnants f ,egypt :i* h be5 d]iv$ f ^? unsettl$ times4 ,9 ! ,egyptian collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! exhibit numb]$ #aceh conta9s a portrait ( ,hophra4 ,!re are also a numb] ( sc>abs 9 ,table ,case 8,b0 9 ! ,f\r? ,egyptian ,room1 & a fragm5t>y si/rum 9 ! ,fif? ,egyptian ,room1 all ( :i* be> ! "n ( ,hophra & au!nticate 8 record4 ,?us we h se5 9 a brief b accurate recapitulation ( g5]ations & c5turies ( hi/ory t dead m5 d tell tales6 ,we h ,hophra's record toge!r ) ! annali/ic tablet ( ,amasis to aid u 9 our und]/&+ ( ^! /irr+ days4 ,add$ to t1 ! record ( ,nebu*adnezz> br+s additional confirmation ( ! !sis t is ma9ta9$ 9 ?is brief "w4 ,! evid5ce ( ar*eology z x be>s ^u ! text ( ,god's ,^w is f9al & complete :]ev] m5 h delv$ into ! records ( ^? days4 ,x may n be exactly :at 0 9 ! m9d ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ :5 ,he utt]$ ! words1 b we c c]ta9ly apply to ! g5]ation 9 :i* we live1 ,8 /rik+ /atem5t3 8,if m5 %\ld hold _! tongues1 ! v /ones w\ld cry out60 ,& if liv+ m5 w n speak ! tru? conc]n+ ! f9ality ( ! ,bible--dead m5 mu/6 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,v9dication ( ,daniel ,n[h]e 9 all ?is long & pr(itable /udy has ar*eology m p]fectly & ?or\ghly v9dicat$ ! accuracy ( ! ,scripture ?an 9 ^? portions ( ! disput$ record t are f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,a great deal rema9s to be discov]$ at ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 & x is highly probable t ! excavations to ! pres5t h\r h b scrap$ ! surface ( ! m>vel\s treasure t rema9s to be uncov]$4 ,x is a happy circum/ance1 h[ev]1 t 9 our pres5t incomplete b num]\s s\rces1 a great deal ( in=mation has be5 br\ght to light 9 v9dication ( ! prophet ,daniel4 ,9 ! heyday ( its brief popul>ity1 ! s*ool ( high] criticism p\nc$ ) great glee on ! alleg$ inaccuracies & hi/orical errors 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,! g5]al argum5t aga9/ ! integrity ( ?is writ+ may be summ$ up 9 a simple resum4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,daniel1 !re are suppos$ to be a numb] ( out/&+ philological ana*ronisms4 ,! s*ool ( high] criticism1 9 its weird proc$ure1 made great capital ( ! presum$ cultural developm5t ( ! p ) :om ! record dealt4 ,daniel is pictur$ 9 ! ,bible z hav+ liv$ & writt5 9 ! la/ days ( ! ,babylonian dyna/ies4 ,he 0 c>ri$ away f 8 native l& z a lad :5 ! wra? ( ,nebu*adnezz> 0 p\r$ out on ,j]usalem 9 ! days ( ,z$ekiah4 ,he liv$ ?r\gh\t ! reign ( ea* ( ! la/ ,babylonian k+s1 & 0 alive :5 ,cyrus sign$ ! decree t enabl$ ! remnant to return to ,j]usalem4 ,no lead] ( ,hebrew life & ?\ght liv$ 9 a m /irr+ span ( hi/ory ?an did ,daniel4 ,! bright m9ds ( ! high] critics1 :i* 7 nev] limit$ 9 _! flights ( fancy by hi/orical fact1 conclud$ t ! ,greek language c\ld n h rea*$ ! c\rts ( ,babylon until aft] ! conque/ ( ,alex&]4 ,9 exam9+ ! ,hebrew text ( ?is book1 ! self-/yl$ s*ol>s claim$ to h f\nd elev5 ,greek words 9 ,daniel's manuscript4 ,! occurr5ce ( ^! words 0 suffici5t evid5ce t ! ,book ( ,daniel 0 n writt5 9 ! days ( ! ,babylonian dyna/y1 b mu/ h orig9at$ aft] ! exile & 9 ! days ( ,alex&]4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ great argum5t direct$ aga9/ ! cr$ibility & au!nticity ( ?is prophecy4 ,! second alleg$ fallacy 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel is to be f\nd 9 ! pr$ication ( ! entire book4 ,! sweep & movem5t ( ,daniel's acc\nt beg9s ) ! adv5ture ( c]ta9 "y lads ( ! royal se$ :o 7 c>ri$ away z ho/ages to ,babylon4 ,daniel's own records /ate t by ord]s ( ,nebu*adnezz> ^! "y ,hebrew boys 7 put 9 ! s*ools ( le>n+ :]e !y might be in/ruct$ 9 ! wisdom ( ,babylon1 & taught patriotism1 & affection = ! conqu]+ p[] ( ,*aldea4 ,to ?is basis ( ! entire n>rative criticism object$ vocif]\sly & /r5u\sly4 ,! argum5t advanc$ by ?is n[ discr$it$ s*ool 0 t ! brutal conqu]ors ( t day did n treat _! ho/ages ) su* k9dness & c\rtesy1 & s ! entire record 0 decl>$ to be incompatible ) ! kn[n facts ( hi/ory4 ,! ?ird & m s]i\s objection ( ! critics 0 direct$ aga9/ ! appe>ance 9 ,daniel's manuscript ( c]ta9 /ories :i* 7 alleg$ to consi/ ( pure my?s4 ,among ^! is ! /ory ( ! ?ree ,hebrew *ildr5 9 ! fi]y furnace4 ,! dem&s ( intellig5ce 7 suppos$ to f9d ?is utt]ly unreasonable & ! d\bt]s decl>$ t su* a miracle c\ld n h occurr$4 ,ano!r weakness 9 ! /ructure ( ! n>rative 0 presum$ to be f\nd 9 ! pres]vation ( ,daniel 9 ! d5 ( lions4 ,9 fact1 ?is :ole record 0 relegat$ to ! realm ( improbability1 z ?is me?od ( execution 0 nev] practic$ by ! ,babylonians4 ,^! objections con/itut$ ! case 9 ! dogmatic ass]tions ( ! advocates ( high] criticism4 ,! /range exp]i5ce ( ,nebu*adnezz> = ! ye> ( 8 madness1 :5 he suppos$ himself a bea/ ( ! field & liv$ )\t ! b5efits ( 8 civilization1 add$ /r5g? to ?is objection aga9/ ! hi/oricity ( a book t incorporates 9 its /ructure su* palpable fables4 ,! f9al & mo/ cru%+ argum5t1 h[ev]1 0 ! discov]y ( c]ta9 alleg$ hi/orical inaccuracies t p]meate ! text ( ,daniel4 ,:5 ,nebu*adnezz> di$1 ! k+dom seems to h fall5 into a condition t 0 little %ort ( an>*y4 ,nebu*adnezz> ! ,second reign$ f #fjd ,b4 ,c4 to #efa ,b4 ,c4 ,^u 8 dea?1 he 0 succe$$ by ,evil-m]oda* :o reign$ = two ye>s4 ,?is unhappy mon>* pass$ (f ! sc5e by viol5ce1 & 8 murd]]1 ,n]igliss>1 succe$$ him to ! ?rone4 ,aft] a %ort reign he1 9 turn1 0 remov$ by ,lab%i-m>duk :o reign$ b ! portion ( a ye>4 ,he also met a sudd5 & un=tunate end & ! succession 0 9 a condition ( an>*y4 ,be+ back$ by ! army1 ,nabonidus1 :o accord+ to mo/ acc\nts 0 ! son-9-law ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 sav$ ! ?rone & e/abli%$ himself 9 p[]4 ,hav+ ! complete confid5ce & tru/ ( ! milit>y1 he e/abli%$ 8 dom9ion & reign$ f #eee ,b4 ,c4 to #ech4 ,b 9 ! ye> #ech1 ,cyrus ! ,great captur$ ,babylon & ov]ran ! entire k+dom4 ,cyrus reign$ until #ebi & 0 foll[$ by ,cambyses4 ,9 #eba1 ,cambyses 0 succe$$ by ,d>ius :o1 9 turn1 gave place to ,x]xes4 ,?us we h a complete & fairly accurate record ( ^? /irr+ days t foll[$ ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,b 9 all pr(ane hi/ory !re 0 no record ( a k+ by ! "n ( ,bel%azz>4 ,yet a surpris+ portion ( ! ,book ( ,daniel is giv5 ov] to ! ev5ts & incid5ts 9 ! life & reign ( ?is 8my?ical0 k+4 ,accord+ to ! critics1 su* hi/orical inaccuracy 0 suffici5t to condemn ! manuscript4 ,^u ^! & less] gr\nds1 !re=e1 criticism tore ,daniel out ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & d5i$ him any place 9 ! records ( cr$ible hi/orians4 ,_h ! hopeful enemies ( fai? wait$ b a few %ort ye>s1 !y might h sav$ !mselves all ?is "w & tr\ble4 ,s ?or\ghly has ! voice ( ar*eology accr$it$ ! accuracy ( ,daniel's writ+s1 t ^? :o fooli%ly surr5d]$ _! fai? 9 ! hi/oricity ( ?is ,book1 h be5 =c$ to replace ! disput$ record1 & ,daniel has be5 v9dicat$ z has no o!r que/ion$ writ] ( antiquity4 ,to br+ a brief & simple refutation ( ?is critical argum5t conc]n+ alleg$ discrepancies1 we %all g back to ! prim>y argum5t4 ,! reign ( ,nebu*adnezz> 0 *>act]iz$ by a recrudesc5ce ( ar*itecture & busy ye>s ( build+4 ,! great k+ sp5t 8 enorm\s rev5ues 9 ! con/ruction ( public build+s1 & ! l& blossom$ "u 8 influ5ce & sway4 ,x 0 inevitable t ! delv+s at ! site ( ,babylon %\ld h br\ght to light "s ( ! palaces & works ( ?is great k+dom4 ,x 0 ! cu/om among ! ,babylonian build]s to m>k _! public build+s1 ev5 z we d 9 our pres5t culture4 ,^u ! corn]/one ( our city hall or c\rt h\se1 we engrave ! "n & purpose ( ! build+1 ) ! date ( its erection4 ,ov] ! doorways ( our libr>ies & public build+s we *isel deeply into ! build+ /ones ! "n ( ! build+ & a brief d$ication4 ,x seem$ to be almo/ provid5tial t "o ( ! fir/ great m>ble palaces discov]$ 9 ! ru9s ( ,babylon 0 designat$ by ! build]s !mselves z 8,! ,place ( ,le>n+40 ,!re captive pr9ces 7 taught ! le>n+ ( ,*aldea4 ,?is "o discov]y reop5$ ! :ole case ( ! cr$ibility ( ,daniel4 ,8 hi/oricity 0 que/ion$ prim>ily ^u ! gr\nds t su* s*ools did n exi/1 & captives 7 n s treat$4 ,! f\ndational v9dication ( ,daniel t em]g$ f ! du/ ( c\ntless c5turies1 caus$ a re-exam9ation ( ! entire /ructure t criticism _h re>$ aga9/ 8 integrity4 ,! result 0 a complete v9dication ( ,daniel & 8 record4 ,! argum5t ( philology also turn$ aga9/ its produc]s & %[$ t _! case aga9/ ,daniel 0 baseless4 ,x has be5 %[n t eight ( ! elev5 alleg$ ,greek words 9 ,daniel's manuscript are ,sum]ian & n ,hell5i/ic4 ,at "o "t ! ,sum]ian language 0 ! univ]sal language ( anci5t diplomacy4 ,z ,fr5* 0 ! language ( int]national correspond5ce until rec5t times1 :5 x has be5 l>gely displac$ by ,engli%1 s mo/ ( ! c\rts ( antiquity conduct$ mu* ( _! bus9ess 9 ! ,sum]ian tongue4 ,?is cu/om1 h[ev]1 0 discont9u$ by ! "t ( ! ,p]sian conque/4 ,if !re is any value 9 ! argum5t ( philology = ! dat+ ( a manuscript1 ! evid5ce is conclusive t ,daniel c\ld n h writt5 aft] ! "t ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 = ! ,sum]ian language 0 no long] 9 use f t "t on4 ,! ?ree bona fide ,greek words t d occur 9 ,daniel's writ+s are an evid5ce = 8 accuracy & hi/orical fidelity1 r ?an a s\rce ( criticism1 z has be5 impli$4 ,^! ?ree words are ! names ( musical in/rum5ts t 7 ,greek 9 orig94 ,! language ( music 0 & is univ]sal & x did n take g5]ations = su* words to p5etrate to ! c\rts ( o!r nations4 ,z an in/ance1 ! read] may rememb] t ! sev5-/r+$ h>p 0 inv5t$ by ! ,greek poet ,t]p&]4 ,assur-bani-pal di$ tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( ?is h>p4 ,he %[s x1 h[ev]1 ^u 8 monum5ts1 & ! /atem5t is made t "o 0 buri$ ) ! k+4 ,! ,babylonian records depict ?is h>p "u its ,greek "n4 ,?us we see t in/ead ( tak+ c5turies = a ,greek ^w to rea* ,babylon1 ?is ^w _h become a h\sehold ^w 9 a few %ort ye>s4 ,s ! argum5t ( philology turns out to be a boom]ang :i* returns to smite ! critic :o hurl$ x4 ,! tales t are told by dead m5 :o h no purpose 9 deceiv+ ! liv+1 n only enhance our und]/&+ ( ?is disput$ text1 b br+ to u irrefutable evid5ce ( its scrupul\s accuracy4 ,! case = ,daniel's v9dication is ev5 m graphically pres5t$ :5 we come to ! realm ( ^! sections ( alleg$ folklore & fable4 ,x is ( c\rse necess>y t ! c>eful s*ol> walk w>ily s z n to ov]-emphasize ! facts at 8 disposal4 ,!re is a t5d5cy among ^? :o h a ju/ifi$ confid5ce 9 ! ,book ( ,god to all[ _! natural elation ov] ! illum9at+ v9dication wr\ght = ! ,scripture by ar*eology to result 9 an un=tunate ov]-emphasis4 ,"h is :]e we face an illu/ration ( su* a t5d5cy4 ,9 "o ( ! e>li] excavations at ,babylon a peculi> build+ 0 uncov]$ :i* at fir/ sight appe>$ to be a fir+ kiln 9 :i* bricks or pott]y might be bak$4 ,x 0 r\nd$ 9 ! typical %ape common to ! anci5t beehive1 :i* is pres]v$ ev5 among "s ( our kilns ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,:5 ! inscription 0 deciph]$ t designat$ ! purpose ( ! build+1 h[ev]1 x 0 />tl+ to read1 8,?is is ! place ( burn+ :]e m5 :o blasphem$ ! gods ( ,*aldea di$ by fire40 ,! trem5d\s significance ( ?is discov]y becomes at once app>5t4 ,! t5d5cy w\ld be to expla9 ) delight1 8,we h discov]$ ! fi]y furnace :]e ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$-nego walk$ ) ! ,son ( ,god40 ,su* an application ( ?is fact1 h[ev]1 w\ld n q be w>rant$4 ,?is may or may n h be5 ! ,scriptural site ( t great miracle4 ,we c say1 h[ev]1 t ! ?ree ,hebrew *ildr5 9 ! fi]y furnace c no long] be consign$ to ! columns ( my?ology & dismiss$ z simple folklore4 ,?is discov]y has %[$ u )\t d\bt t !re 0 su* a furnace z ,daniel depicts4 ,x 0 cu/om>y to puni% blasphemy 9 ?is fa%ion1 & ! ,*aldean monum5ts & annals are replete ) in/ances ( m5 be+ burn$ alive1 :o _h ang]$ ! k+ or rebell$ aga9/ 8 sov]eignty4 ,s1 !n1 ! implacable1 unrel5t+ voice ( ar*eology p5etrates ! inn]mo/ retreats ( high] criticism to de/roy1 9 ?is in/ance1 _! famili> & favorite argum5t ( folklore & my?ology4 ,no less dramatic & int]e/+ 0 ! accid5tal exp]i5ce ( ! fam$ excavator ,dieulafoy1 :o fell into :at at fir/ sight w\ld h be5 call$ an anci5t well4 ,be+ rescu$ by 8 companions f 8 uncom=table1 b 9 n[ise dang]\s1 situation1 !y proce$$ ) _! "w to ! po9t ( id5tification4 ,! well turn$ out to be a pit :i* 0 us$ z an op5 cage = wild animals1 & ^u ! curb 0 f\nd ! inscription1 8,! place ( execution :]e m5 :o ang]$ ! k+ di$ torn by wild animals40 ,once aga9 we mu/ tread cauti\sly1 = we _c say ) dogmatic f9ality1 8,?is is ! place ( ,daniel's exp]i5ce40 ,we c say1 h[ev]1 ) positive assurance t !re 0 su* a pit ( execution1 & ! only unusual feature 9 ,daniel's exp]i5ce 0 t he came out alive "u ! def5se & protection ( ! ,god :om he s]v$4 ,9 ! excavation ( ! palace at ,%u%an1 an anci5t record 0 uncov]$ giv+ a li/ ( f\r hundr$ eighty-f\r m5 ( high degree :o ?us di$ 9 a d5 ( lions4 ,! "n ( ,daniel 0 n f\nd among !m4 ,?is might be accept$ z collat]al evid5ce t ,daniel escap$ alive f t place ( execution4 ,ev5 ! /range exp]i5ce ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 :o dream$ t he w\ld be turn$ into a wild bea/ & roam ! fields l an ox1 has also be5 accr$it$4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! mighty mon>* dream$ ( a tree t /ood 9 ! c5t] ( ! e>? & grew to an unprec$5t$ height4 ,its t[]+ bran*es swept ! heav5s & f all ! ends ( ! e>? its foliage 0 visible4 ,fruit hung ^u ?is tree t satisfi$ ! ne$s ( m51 & ! v bea/s ( ! field %ad[$ !mselves "u its spread+ bran*es4 ,ev5 ! f[ls ( ! air dwelt safely !re91 & all liv+ ?+s drew /r5g? & protection f ?is mighty gr[?4 ,! dream cont9u$ to ! po9t :]e a ,holy ,"o came d[n f heav5 & ord]$ ! de/ruction ( ! tree4 ,! trunk1 ! bran*es1 ! leaves1 & ! fruit 7 all to be swept away1 b ! /ump & roots 7 to be undi/urb$4 ,! he>t 0 to be *ang$ f a man's he>t1 & ! he>t ( an animal 0 to be giv5 x until sev5 times %\ld pass ov] t /ump4 ,?is dra/ic action 0 expla9$ by ! ,holy ,"o z be+ int5d$ to tea* ! high & lordly k+ t only ! ,mo/ ,high rules 9 ! k+dom ( man1 & t ,he gives dom9ion to :omsoev] ,he w4 ,he has ! "r & au?ority to make ! base/ ( m5 to sit 9 ! places ( highe/ p[] & to humble ! mo/ lordly4 ,^u com+ to ,daniel ) 8 tr\bl$ _s1 ! k+ s\ght an int]pretation ( ! dream4 ,daniel rec\nts t = ! pass+ ( an h\r he 0 s a/oni%$ & tr\bl$ 9 he>t he c\ld n f9d ! /r5g? to speak4 ,! k+1 ^: k9dly affection = ,daniel is "o ( ! wond]s ( t day1 bes\ght him to speak frankly & n to all[ 8 affection & reg>d = ,nebu*adnezz> to h9d] him f tell+ ! complete tru? to ! tr\bl$ k+4 ,daniel's int]pretation 0 giv5 9 simple b graphic words3 ,! tree :i* grew & rea*$ ! heav5s1 ^: leaves1 bran*es1 & fruits %elt]$ & nurtur$ all fle%1 0 a symbol ( ! mighty ,nebu*adnezz>4 7,x is true t 9 ! day ( ,nebu*adnezz> he build$ a _w empire1 z f> z ! cultur$ races ( mank9d ext5d$47 ,b because ( ! high pride :i* 0 natural to ! human he>t ov] su* great accompli%m5ts1 ! ,mo/ ,high ,god _h decre$ t ! k+ %\ld be humbl$4 ,he %\ld =sake ! c\ncils & fell[%ip ( m5 & sleep 9 ! op5 fields1 wet ) ! dew ( heav52 imag9+ himself to be "o ) ! bea/s ( ! e>?1 ,nebu*adnezz> 0 to le>n humility4 ,daniel !n plead$ ) ! k+ t by rep5tance & re/itution he %\ld =sake 8 s9s & d$icate himself to ! pursuit ( righte\sness4 ,?us by %[+ m]cy1 he might receive grace & 8 iniquities be blott$ out4 ,twelve mon?s lat] ! prophetic dream 0 fulfill$4 ,z ! k+ /roll$ on ! ro( ( 8 great palace1 he survey$ ! might ( ,babylon & boa/$ 9 8 he>t say+1 8,?is great ,babylon h ,i n myself built x2 h ,i n erect$ ?is k+dom & ?is h\se by ! might ( my own p[] & = ! hon\r ( my maje/y40 ,:ile ?is exalt$ boa/ 0 /ill e*o+ ^u ! k+'s lips1 !re fell a voice f heav5 :i* said t ! h\r ( ! fulfillm5t ( ! prophecy _h come4 ,madness fell ^u ,nebu*adnezz>1 & he fl$ f ! pres5ce ( m54 ,sleep+ 9 ! op5 fields & dwell+ ) ! bea/s ( ! e>?1 8 hair grew z long z an eagle's fea!rs & 8 nails became l ! claws ( a bird4 ,dur+ ^? sev5 ye>s ( ! madness ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 8 fai?ful c\nselors adm9i/]$ 8 k+dom1 app>5tly 9 ! e>ne/ hope t ! reason ( ! k+ w\ld be re/or$4 ,_! confid5ce 0 ju/ifi$1 = at ! end ( sev5 ye>s ! k+ rec\nts t he lift$ up 8 eyes to heav5 & und]/&+ return$ to him4 ,!reupon he bless$ ! ,mo/ ,high ,god & swore t he w\ld bless & hon\r ,him t live? =ev]4 ,he confess$ t ! dom9ion ( ,god is an ev]la/+ dom9ion & ,8 k+dom is et]nal4 ,8 psalm ( praise exalt$ ,almighty ,god above ! rea* ( m54 ,:5 8 reason _h ?us be5 re/or$1 ! k+ aga9 occupi$ ! ?rone ( ,babylon & pr(it$ by ?is exp]i5ce4 ,! glory & hon\r ( 8 k+dom he h5ce=? attribut$ unto ! maje/y & k9dness ( ,god4 ,! k+ te/ifi$ p]sonally t ! words ( ,god are true & ,8 judgm5ts righte\s4 ,he turn$ to mono!ism1 & became ! greate/ conv]t1 p]haps1 t ,daniel _h made 9 all ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,?is brief acc\nt ( ^? amaz+ sev5 ye>s is giv5 by ,daniel 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( 8 great prophecy4 ,! lit]al words ( ! k+ are pres]v$ = u 9 t hi/orical record4 ,?is is p]haps ! mo/ out/&+ in/ance ( critical repudiation ( ! text t we h 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! :ole record 0 uncompromis+ly decl>$ to be a fabrication ( a vivid imag9ation4 ,x fell to ! lot ( ! great ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son to f9d ! orig9al docum5t :]e9 ,nebu*adnezz> tells ?is episode exactly z ,daniel _h giv5 x4 ,! mo/ dramatic & a/oni%+ v9dication ( ! integrity ( ! text t ! ,book ( ,daniel has su/a9$1 provid5tially occurr$ 9 t field ( criticism :i* 0 suppos$ to be ! /ronge/ evid5ce t criticism possess$4 ,?is 0 9 ! realm ( ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,! basis ( ! critical cont5tion 0 "r to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,pr(ane hi/ory possess$ no record ( a k+ 9 ,babylon by ! "n ( ,bel%azz>4 ,:5 ! p]iod ( an>*y 9 ,babylon end$ by means ( ! milit>y c\p t plac$ ,nabonidus ^u ! ?rone1 x took a %ort :ile to quiet ! realm & re/abli% ! au?ority ( ! cr[n4 ,nabonidus !n gave himself to a p]iod ( con/ruction & rehabilitation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w on ! =tifications ( 8 capital city1 ,nabonidus 0 /r5g!n+ ! walls at c]ta9 neglect$ po9ts4 ,delv+ deeply1 to buttress ! f\ndations1 he came ^u ! ru9s ( an anci5t palace :i* _h be5 built c5turies be=e by ,n>um-s94 ,! discov]y s delight$ k+ ,nabonidus t he became a confirm$ ar*eologi/4 ,he recon/ruct$ ?is palace ( ,n>um-s9 & turn$ x into a museum ( antiquity4 ,! delight ( discov]y drove ! en]getic ,nabonidus into exp$itions f> & wide4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! k+dom became ( second>y importance to him4 ,he _h a son ^: "n appe>s 9 ! anci5t records z 8,belt-s>-utz>10 :i* is giv5 9 ! record ( ,daniel z ,bel-%azz>4 ,^u ! ?irtie? bir?day ( 8 son1 ,nabonidus made him reg5t1 & ! ?rone ( ,babylon 0 !nce=? occupi$ jo9tly by ,nabonidus & ,bel-%azz>4 ,because ! m common =m is famili> to our read]s1 we w f ?is po9t on designate him by ! ,biblical "n ( ,bel%azz>4 ,! decrees & laws 7 sign$1 ( c\rse1 by ! seal ( ,nabonidus1 ! s5ior mon>*1 b ! practical adm9i/ration 0 left 9 ! h&s ( ! reg5t4 ,?is w expla9 :y ,bel%azz>1 wi%+ to hon\r ,daniel = ! int]pretation ( ! writ+ ^u ! wall1 ) :i* we %all deal lat]1 (f]$ to make him ! ?ird rul] ( ! k+dom4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is em95tly unor?odox6 ,x 0 always ! cu/om 9 antiquity1 if records c be tru/$1 to hon\r a man by giv+ him ! h& ( ! k+'s daught] 9 m>riage & mak+ him rul] ov] half ! k+dom4 ,bel%azz> c\ld n g s f> z ?is4 ,nabonidus1 8 fa!r1 0 ! numb] "o rul] z long z he liv$4 ,bel%azz>1 ! reg5t1 0 ! second rul] ( ! realm4 ,!re=e1 if ,daniel became prime m9i/] & _h an (fice second 9 au?ority to ,bel%azz>1 he w\ld be ! ?ird rul] 9 ! k+dom4 ,h[ amaz+ inde$ is ! hi/orical accuracy ( ?is anci5t ,book6 ,^! writ]s 7 faultless 9 _! ef=ts to keep ! ,scripture 9 l9e ) ! hi/orical facts4 ,9 ?is case !y h be5 inspir$ ev5 9 _! *oice ( num]ical descriptions 9 ! hon\rs conf]r$ ^u _! h]oic *>act]s4 ,s n[ we pe] into anci5t ,babylon ?r\gh ! telescope ( ar*eology & we see a qua9t situation4 ,nabonidus1 ! k9d & able mon>*1 fasc9at$ ) ! /udy ( antiquities1 has left ! active control ( ! k+dom to 8 son & heir1 ,bel%azz>4 ,! pr9ce reg5t1 h[ev]1 0 n able to /& prosp]ity4 ,he seems to h deg5]at$ into a drunk5 pr(ligate :o sp5t all ( 8 "t 9 ! dubi\s pleasures ( s94 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! k+dom fell on evil days dur+ ! brief span ( "t t ,bel%azz> 0 9 au?ority4 ,z ne>ly z we c build an accurate & cr$ible *ronology f ! n[ available records ( ,babylon1 ,bel%azz> became reg5t 9 #eda ,b4 ,c41 & 9 ! ye> #ech ,b4 ,c4 ! ,babylonian dyna/y disappe>$4 ,9 ^? ?ree ye>s great & m>vel\s ev5ts 7 be+ %ap$ 9 ! womb ( "t4 ,cyrus1 !reaft] call$ ! ,great1 _h previ\sly begun 8 ph5om5al rise to p[]4 ,app>5tly he _h be5 born a m9or pr9ce 9 an obscure tribe ( ! ,m$es1 b 0 end[$ ) g5ius & brilliancy f 8 e>ly y\?4 ,! picture t is n[ pa9t$ ( ,cyrus1 z we see him 9 ! treasur$ records1 depicts ?is fasc9at+ p]sonality engag$ fir/ ( all 9 weld+ ! scatt]$ families ( ! ,m$es into a close1 b9d+ organization t made !m a p[]4 ,s rapid 0 8 climb to dom9ion1 !re is no o!r explanation to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on ?an t ( ,isaiah1 :o 9 8 =ty-fif? *apt]1 /ates t ! ,"l ,god ,almighty ,himself _h rais$ ,cyrus to ! position ( _w dom9ion4 ,?is prophecy we %all ref] to lat]2 b our pres5t purpose is to %[ ! conjunction ( ,cyrus ) ,bel%azz>4 ,we come to a p]iod ( "t :5 ! records are fragm5t>y1 b x is evid5t n[ t ,cyrus ! ,m$e became naturaliz$ z a ,p]sian t he might occupy t ?rone & comb9e x ) 8 own k+dom4 ,:5 ! y\?ful ,cyrus _h comb9$ ,m$ia & ,p]sia into "o great dom9ion1 a new _w empire 0 born1 al?\gh x 0 n imm$iately app>5t4 ,aft] a numb] ( successful =ays & campaigns t enl>g$ 8 possessions & /r5g!n$ 8 position until he felt himself to be well nigh inv9cible1 ! ambiti\s ,cyrus turn$ 8 eyes t[>d ,babylon4 ,he realiz$ t if he possess$ ,babylon1 he w\ld inde$ be ! ma/] ( ! e>?4 ,cyrus is report$ to h s5t an ambassador to ,nabonidus say+1 8,come ?\ "u my yoke & ,i w be ?y protection & def5se40 ,! mod]n sy/em ( #8muscl+ 9' is suppos$ to be a developm5t ( ! rackete]s ( our g5]ation4 ,^! mod]n pragmati/s1 h[ev]1 are m]ely amateur p]=m]s at an old game1 at :i* ! anci5ts 7 ma/]s4 ,?is invitation ( ,cyrus1 ( c\rse1 c\ld be int]pret$ only "o way4 ,9 ! v]nacul> ( ! mod]n day1 x 0 a case ( surr5d]1 8or else40 ,:5 ! ,p]sian ambassador arriv$ at ! c\rt ( ,babylon1 ,nabonidus 0 abs5t on "o ( 8 _m exp$itions4 ,bel%azz>1 z usual1 0 9 ! mid/ ( a drunk5 orgy & 0 m conc]n$ ) ! hil>ity ( ! h\r ?an ) ! future safety ( ! k+dom4 ,) t ill-guid$ & p]v]se hum\r :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! insanity ( drunk5ness1 ! ,reg5t conceiv$ a brilliant je/4 ,he caus$ ! ambassador to be hew$ into pieces & pack$ into a basket :i* 0 return$ to ,cyrus ) a note say+1 8,?is we w d to y & y\r army if y invade our empire40 ,:5 ?is insult 0 deliv]$ to ,cyrus1 ! outrag$ k+ 0 s wild ) indignation t he c\ld n conta9 himself long en\gh to assemble 8 army4 ,he ord]$ ,d>ius ! *ief ( 8 bodygu>d1 :o 0 "o ( 8 ,m$ian c\nselors & companions1 to assemble an advance =ce & lay siege to ! city4 ,:ile ,d>ius inve/$ ! city1 ,cyrus 0 to foll[ ) ! balance ( 8 cohort4 ,?us ! sc5e 0 set = ! mo/ s+ul> episode ( ^? /irr+ days4 ,x occurr$ on ! bir?day ( ,bel%azz>1 :i* m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird ye> ( 8 reg5cy4 ,! ignoble k+ _h ga!r$ to himself all ! lords & ladies ( 8 c\rt1 ! ?\s& dissolute companions :o 7 ! fell[s-9-drunk5ness ( ?is k+4 ,bel%azz> aga9 conceiv$ a drunk5 je/1 :i* /ruck him z highly hum\r\s4 ,9 ! mid/ ( _! debau*1 he ord]$ t ! sacr$ vessels1 :i* 8 gr&fa!r1 ,nebu*adnezz>1 _h tak5 f ! temple ( ,god 9 ,j]usalem1 %\ld be br\ght to ! table to be us$ z flagons = _! dr9k+ b\t4 ,?is 0 done1 & z ?is godless & idolatr\s crew drank f ! holy implem5ts d$icat$ to ! ,god ( ,israel1 !y toa/$ ! idols ( ,babylon & sang _! praise4 ,ev5 :ile !y 7 ?us engag$1 accord+ to ! fif? *apt] ( ,daniel1 a h& appe>$ :i* wrote on ! wall & pron\nc$ ! doom ( ! k+dom4 ,almo/ at ?is exact h\r1 ,d>ius1 ! c\nselor1 fri5d & comm&] ( ! vangu>d ( ,cyrus' army1 appe>$ be=e ! walls ( ,babylon6 ,to ! surprise ( ! great ,m$ian g5]al1 ! gates ( ! city 7 op54 ,?is is accord+ to 8 own record4 ,x be+ ! bir?day ( ,bel%azz>1 ! entire city 0 celebrat+ 9 a fa%ion made popul> & *>act]i/ic by ! debau*$ rul]4 ,w9e _h be5 provid$ = ! gu>ds t !y also might %>e 9 ! happy celebration ( ! k+'s natal day4 ,! drunk5 soldi]s _h fail$ to close ! city gates ) ! com+ ( nightfall1 & by ! "t ,d>ius appe>$ be=e ! city1 !y 7 9 a /upor ( drunk5ness4 ,! able ,m$e1 skill$ 9 all ! arts ( anci5t w>f>e1 mov$ swiftly1 well kn[+ ! value ( a surprise attack4 ,8 company1 al?\gh few 9 numb] :5 comp>$ to ! complete might ( ! arm$ =ces ( ,cyrus1 0 suffici5t to hold ! city1 if x c\ld be ga9$4 ,d>+ m5 fell ^u ! drunk5 gu>ds & slew !m4 ,leav+ a small company to gu>d ! gate & keep x op51 ,d>ius' troops swept ?r\gh ! city to ! v palace ( ,bel%azz>4 ,slay+ all :om !y met ^u ! way1 !y fell ^u ! royal company ) a %ock ( complete surprise4 ,sc>cely _h ! voice ( ,daniel f9i%$ int]pret+ ! words t ! h& ( ,god _h writt5 ^u ! wall1 :5 ! sword ( ,d>ius fulfill$ ! prophecy by slay+ ,bel%azz>4 ,d>ius caus$ ! head ( ,bel%azz> to be s5t to ,cyrus ) a grim & brief note1 say+ 8,! k+dom is ?9e4 ,d ?\ ent]40 ,:5 ,cyrus1 !re=e1 came ) 8 mighty company1 ! city already _h be5 captur$ by ,d>ius & ,cyrus _h only to make a triumphal entry4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,nabonidus he>d t 8 k+dom 0 invad$1 s he ga!r$ a =ce & m>*$ to ! relief ( ,babylon4 ,:5 he arriv$1 h[ev]1 he f\nd t ! city 0 already 9 ! possession ( ,cyrus4 ,act+ ) *>act]i/ic wisdom1 he laid d[n 8 arms1 surr5d]$ to ,cyrus & ca/ himself ^u ! m]cy ( ! great k+4 ,he 0 well receiv$1 & liv$ z an hon\r$ gue/ 9 ! c\rt ( ,cyrus until he di$ a natural dea? sev]al ye>s lat]4 ,cyrus rul$ ,babylon ?r\gh ,d>ius1 8 c\nselor & fri5d1 ^: c\rage & /rategy 7 rew>d$ :5 ! k+ made him satrap ( ,babylon4 ,h]e9 is f\nd a reconciliation ( ! app>5t contradiction betwe5 ! two /atem5ts made by ,d>ius & ,cyrus conc]n+ ! fate ( ! k+ ( ,babylon4 ,al?\gh ! critics nev] bo!r$ to notice su*1 ar*eology has its difficulties z well z has ,scripture4 ,d>ius t]sely rec\nts1 8,9 ! night t ,i captur$ ,babylon1 ,i slew ! k+40 ,! annali/ic tablet ( ,cyrus1 h[ev]1 conta9s ?is note1 8,9 ! day t ,i ent]$ ,babylon1 ,i made ! k+ my captive40 ,! contradiction is m fanci$ ?an real4 ,! two g5]als are speak+ ab\t two diff]5t k+s6 ,d>ius kill$ ,k+ ,bel%azz>2 ,cyrus made ,k+ ,nabonidus 8 captive & fri5d4 ,because ( ! insult t ,bel%azz> _h (f]$ to 8 maje/y1 ,cyrus caus$ ! ,reg5t's "n to be /rick5 f all ! available records & ?us ,bel%azz>'s "n pass$ out ( hi/ory & fad$ f ! memory ( m54 ,= tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s ! only record ( ! "n ( ,bel%azz> t 0 pres]v$ = po/]ity 0 f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,daniel4 ,?is v hi/oric accuracy ( ,daniel 0 ! s\rce ( a great deal ( ! critical rejection ( 8 notable writ+6 ,! fir/ discov]y 9 ar*eology t %$ light ^u ^! ev5ts 0 ! pray] cyl9d] ( ,nabonidus4 ,^u ! asc5sion ( ,bel%azz> to ! reg5cy ( ! k+dom1 ,nabonidus caus$ to be engrav$ 9 all ! temples ( ,bel a pray] = ! protection1 praise1 & prosp]ity ( 8 son1 ,belt-s>-uts>4 ,9 ! excavations at ,mukkayy>1 "o ( ! great build+s uncov]$ 0 ! temple ( ! moon god4 ,9 ea* ( ! f\r corn]s ( ! build+1 ,nabonidus1 :o _h rebuilt ! temple1 _h caus$ a clay cyl9d] to be buri$ conta9+ ! record ( ! "w4 ,on ?is cyl9d]1 :i* d$icat$ ! rebuild+ ( an anci5t temple :i* 0 orig9ally con/ruct$ ab\t sev5te5 c5turies be=e ! day ( ,nabonidus1 ! k9dly k+ engrav$ ! pray] = 8 son & heir1 to :i* we h previ\sly ref]r$4 ,! "n ( ! moon god 0 ,s91 & he 0 "o ( ! *ief deities ( ! l& ( ,babylon4 ,! word+ on ! cyl9d] t p>ticul>ly int]e/s ! /ud5t ( hi/orical accuracy is f\nd 9 ^! words3 8,oh1 ,s91 ?\ "l ( ! gods1 ?\ k+ ( ! gods ( heav5 & ( e>?1 & ( ! gods ( ! gods1 :o dwelle/ 9 heav51 :5 ?\ ent]e/ ) joy into ?is temple1 may ! good =tune ( ! temples ,e-sagil1 ,e-zida & ,e-gi%-%irgal1 ! temples ( ?9e exalt$ godhead be e/abli%$ at ?y ^w4 ,& set ?\ ! fe> ( ?9e exalt$ godhead 9 ! he>ts ( my p1 t !y s9 n aga9/ ?9e exalt$ godhead1 & let !m /& fa/ l ! heav5s4 ,& z = me1 ,nabonidus1 ! k+ ( ,babylon1 protect ?\ me f s9n+ aga9/ ?9e exalt$ godhead & grant ?\ me graci\sly a long life & 9 ! he>t ( ,bel%azz>1 my fir/ born son1 ! (fspr+ ( my lo9s1 set ! fe> ( ?9e exalt$ godhead s he may commit no s9 & t he may be satisfi$ ) ! fullness ( life40 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,table ,case 8,g0 9 ! magnific5t ,babylonian ,room conta9s ^! cyl9d]s1 :i* are numb]$ #ia1abe to #ia1abh2 ! cyl9d]s ( ,nabonidus are _m4 ,"s ( !m rec\nt 8 build+ op]ations1 :ile o!rs give ! record ( 8 discov]ies ( "s ( ! great monum5ts ( antiquity 9 ! se>* = :i* he sp5t s mu* ( 8 "t & treasure4 ,p]haps no s+le ev5t 9 ! long records ( ar*eology s />tl$ & delight$ ! c>eful /ud5ts ^: int]e/ 0 9 ! au?ority ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 z did ?is discov]y ( ! "n ( ,bel%azz>4 ,9 "o magnific5t demon/ration ar*eology ?us accr$it$ ! hi/ory includ$ 9 ! prophecies ( ,daniel1 & %att]$ ! conclusions ( criticism beyond ! possibility ( recov]y4 ,also 9 ?is same section & case ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 !re is a portion ( a bak$ clay cyl9d] inscrib$ by ,cyrus4 ,?is be>s ! ,museum numb] ( #ij1ibj & is a priceless record4 ,we are tempt$ to believe 9 ! provid5tial pres]vation ( ?is fragm5t1 s9ce ! balance ( ! tablet has be5 de/roy$ & is miss+4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> record1 ,cyrus describes 8 conque/ ( ,babylon1 foll[+ a recital ( "s ( ! *ief prelim9>y ev5ts 9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 reign4 ,he ascribes 8 good success to ! god ,m>duk4 ,he tells h[ he _h =c$ all nations to accept 8 /&>d until f9ally1 "u div9e comm&1 ,m>duk caus$ him to g to ,babylon4 ,because ( ! significance ( ?is /atem5t & its be>+ ^u our =ego+ p>agraphs1 we reproduce ?is mu* ( ! words ( ,cyrus1 8,m>duk ! great "l1 ! protector ( 8 p beheld 8 good de$s & 8 righte\s he>t ) joy4 ,he comm&$ him to g to ,babylon & he caus$ him to set out on ! road to ! city & l a fri5d & ally1 he m>*$ by 8 side2 & 8 troops ) our weapons girt ab\t !m1 m>*$ ) him 9 c\ntless numb]s l ! wat]s ( a flood4 ,)\t battle & )\t fight+1 ,m>duk made him ent] into 8 city ( ,babylon2 he sp>$ ,babylon tribulation & ,nabonidus ! k+ :o fe>$ him n1 he deliv]$ into 8 h&s40 ,! ,babylonian s\rces ( ! ,briti% ,museum also conta9 an amaz+ numb] ( highly important docum5ts :i* cov] e ye> ( ! reign ( ,cyrus 9 ,babylon1 namely1 ,b4 ,c4 #ech to #ebi4 ,^! records are conc]n$ ) comm]cial transactions1 legal bus9ess & docum5ts t deal ) ! p]sonal & public life ( ! p4 ,su* homely affairs z a de$ record+ a loan ( ?ree ?\s& bundles ( onions f "o man to ano!r is legally dat$ by ! ye> ( ! asc5d5cy ( ,cyrus4 ,! appr5tice%ip ( slaves to v>i\s ma/]s 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 ! wor%ip ( ! p1 ! blossom+ ( prosp]ity "u ! firm b k9d rule ( ,cyrus1 all make up a wond]ful picture ( ^? days & times4 ,!re9 are includ$ app>5tly unconsci\s ref]5ces to ! hi/oric ev5ts t are ( su* trem5d\s int]e/ to ^? :o today read ! ,^w ( ,god 9 ! light ( ?is hi/orical illum9ation4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 also _m private & public lett]s pres]v$ f ?is p]iod :i* are f\nd 9 ,table ,case 8,h0 ( ! ,babylonian ,room1 :]e !y are available to ! /ud5t :o c>es to delve into ! m9ute evid5ces ( ^? days & times4 ,we %all h to cond5se a great deal ( ?is mat]ial1 h[ev]1 into ! "o simple /atem5t t ! ,book ( ,daniel is hi/orically accr$it$ by ^! volum9\s records6 ,?us !re is only "o possible basis :]eupon criticism ( ,daniel may be cont9u$ today4 ,9 all k9dness1 b 9 absolute assurance1 we mu/ say t ! rejection ( ! hi/oricity ( ,daniel by our g5]ation c be pr$icat$ only ^u complete ignorance ( an amaz+ body ( hi/orical k t is available to ! /ud5t4 ,ei!r t1 or !re is a sad desire 9 ! he>t ( ! critic to fru/rate ! purpose ( ! ,^w ( ,god ev5 at ! exp5se ( ! surr5d] ( p]sonal integrity4 ,! orig9al con/ruction ( ! case aga9/ ,daniel did appe> =midable at fir/4 ,x has turn$ out1 h[ev]1 to be a tissue ( falsehood1 & ,daniel has em]g$ f ! d5 ( li>s unh>m$ & "u ! cont9u+ protection ( ,god1 ev5 z he came =? 9 safety f ! d5 ( lions4 ,) ! com+ ( ,cyrus1 ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian dyna/ies end$ & ,p]sian hi/ory began4 ,mu* ( ?is p]iod ( ! ,p]sian sway 0 contemporane\s ) ! times ( ! ,maccabees1 & is ( trem5d\s importance & int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,b s9ce t same p]iod p>allels ! f\r hundr$ sil5t ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! voice ( ,god 0 n he>d ?r\gh ! prophets1 & sacr$ revelation is await+ ! appe>ance ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 !re is v little ( ar*eological value f ^? ye>s t c be useful to ! e/abli%m5t ( our pres5t !sis4 ,! exception to ?is w\ld be se5 9 ! case ( ! return ( ! p to rebuild ,j]usalem1 & to e/abli% a ,jewi% culture1 s t ,jesus c\ld be born 9 ! l& ( ,israel1 & m9i/] to ! p ( ,israel1 z ! prophecies _h =etold4 ,! ev5ts ( ?is return are told 9 ! prophecies ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 :i* are abundantly sub/antiat$ by secul> evid5ce1 & h ?us n be5 que/ion$ or disput$ by criticism to any major ext5t4 ,cyrus has left an acc\nt ( ?is return1 & ! great k+ seem$ to be va/ly elat$ ov] ! opportunity ?us to %[ k9dness to ! p ( ,israel4 ,accord+ to ! record t is g5]ally receiv$1 ,cyrus ! ,great sign$ ! decree au?oriz+ ! return ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel to rebuild ! walls ( ,j]usalem & ! temple ( ,god1 prim>ily because ( "o ( ^? fasc9at+ anticipations ( com+ ev5ts :i* is ! peculi> field ( prophecy4 ,x is record$ t ! scribe ,z]ubbabel ent]$ ! pres5ce ( ,cyrus & ) ! gr&iloqu5t salutation ( t day b[$ himself & said1 8,oh k+ live =ev]6 ,be x kn[n unto my "l ! k+ t our ,god ha? nam$ him by "n 9 ! prophecy ( ,8 sacr$ writ+s g5]ations be=e ! k+ 0 born40 ,:5 ,cyrus express$ a desire to inquire into ?is wond]1 !re 0 br\ght into 8 pres5ce ! scroll ( ! prophet ,isaiah & to him 0 read ! =ty-fif? *apt]4 ,! op5+ v]ses ( ?is *apt] conta9$ ?is /atem5t3 8,?us sai? ! ,"l to 8 ano9t$1 to ,cyrus1 ^: "r h& ,i h hold51 to subdue nations be=e him2 & ,i w loose ! lo9s ( k+s1 to op5 be=e him ! two leav$ gates2 & ! gates %all n be %ut4 8,i w g be=e !e1 & make ! crook$ places /raight3 ,i w break 9 pieces ! gates ( brass1 & cut 9 sund] ! b>s ( iron3 8,& ,i w give !e ! treasures ( d>kness1 & hidd5 ri*es ( secret places1 t ?\ maye/ "k t ,i1 ! ,"l1 :i* call !e by ?y "n1 am ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,= ,jacob my s]vant's sake1 & ,israel m9e elect1 ,i h ev5 call$ !e by ?y "n3 ,i h surnam$ !e1 ?\gh ?\ ha/ n kn[n me40 ,?is is a significant prophecy inde$6 ,isaiah wrote ^! words ab\t ! ye> #gab ,b4 ,c4 ,cyrus took ov] ! dom9ion ( ,babylon #ech ,b4 ,c4 ,s 9 ?is anci5t prophecy ! conqu]or is nam$ by "n "s c5tury & a half be=e he 0 born4 ,8 conque/ ( all nations 0 cle>ly del9eat$ & ! explanation 0 giv5 t ,god _h pre-nam$ him = ! sake ( ! ?+ t he %\ld lat] d = ,israel4 ,a/\nd$ & deeply mov$ by ?is evid5ce ( div9e fav\r1 ,cyrus wrote a notable decree :i* is pres]v$ = u 9 ^! exact words3 8,?us sai? ,cyrus k+ ( ,p]sia1 ! ,"l ,god ( ,heav5 ha? giv5 me all ! k+doms ( ! e>?2 & he ha? *>g$ me to build him an h\se at ,j]usalem :i* is 9 ,judah4 ,:o is !re among y ( all ,8 p8 8 ,god be ) him & let him g up to ,j]usalem1 :i* is 9 ,judah1 & build ! h\se ( ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel1 7he is ! ,god17 :i* is 9 ,j]usalem1 & :osoev] rema9e? 9 any place :]e he soj\rne?1 let ! m5 ( 8 place help him ) silv]1 & ) gold1 & ) goods1 & ) bea/s1 besides ! free-w (f]+ = ! h\se ( ,god t is 9 ,j]usalem40 ,) ?is au?ority1 ! remnant return$ to />t t magnific5t epic ( ! hi/ory ( ,israel t climax$ ) ! com+ ( ! ,r$eem] ( :om also ,isaiah _h writt54 ,!re is a s5se ( fru/ration t is inevitable to any writ] :o attempts to cov] s va/ a subject z ?is pres5t "w 9 ! limits ( "o small volume4 ,! difficulty has n be5 9 f9d+ evid5ce to support ! !sis t 8dead m5 tell tales0 :i* v9dicate ! hi/orical infallibility ( ! ,bible4 ,we h be5 emb>rass$ by too mu* evid5ce6 ,s we h s\ght to pres5t only ! mo/ /rik+ cases1 su* z c be confirm$ by any read]1 )\t ! backgr\nd ( ye>s ( ar*eological education4 ,unlimit$ tons ( mat]ial h be5 pass$ ov] ) sc>cely a m5tion1 due to ! limitation ( "t & space4 ,! au?or has hop$ to a*ieve "o purpose 9 ?is volume1 namely1 ! ar\s+ ( a def9ite int]e/ 9 ! av]age read] :i* w cause t p]son to /udy ! sacr$ page ) und]/&+ & appreciation ( its =ce & au?ority4 8,^! ,scriptures10 said ! ,apo/le ,paul1 8are able to make !e wise unto salvation40 ,x is imp]ative 9 ! light ( ?is purpose1 t !y be able to su/a9 _! claim to div9e orig9 z well4 ,) ! pray] t ,god w bless ,8 ,^w to ! salvation ( ! _m 9 ^! clos+ days1 we h ?us (f]$ y ! te/imony ( m5 long dead1 ^: words nev]!less live on 9 ! records ( tablets & tombs4 ,& ) ^? evid5ces1 we h also an increas$ assurance 9 ! infallible "* ( ! ,bible1 & are hi/orically ju/ifi$ 9 receiv+ x 8z x is 9 tru?1 ! ,^w ( ,god40 ,,bibliography ,baikie1 ,james ,! ,am>na ,age ,baikie1 ,james ,l&s & ,p ( ! ,bible ,baikie1 ,james ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt 7,two ,volumes7 ,b5nett1 ,*>les ,w4 ,*ri/ian ,ar*eology ,blackman1 ,a4 ,m4 ,luxor & ,its ,temple ,boscaw51 ,w4 ,/4 ,*ad ,! ,bible & ! ,monum5ts ,b\lton1 ,w4 ,h4 ,egypt ,budge1 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,f ,feti% to ,god 9 ,anci5t ,egypt ,budge1 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,books on ,egypt & ,*aldaea ,budge1 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,! ,lit]ature ( ! ,egyptian ,*i]a ,!y ,wrote on ,clay ,clay1 ,alb]t ,t4 ,a ,hebrew ,deluge ,/ory 9 ,cunei=m ,clay1 ,alb]t ,t4 ,amurru1 ! ,home ( ! ,nor!rn ,semites ,cob]n1 ,camd5 ,m4 ,! ,new ,ar*eological ,discov]ies ,deissman1 ,dr4 ,adolf ,light f ! ,anci5t ,ea/ ,delitzs*1 ,fri$ri* ,babel & ,bible ,gadd1 ,c4 ,j4 ,a ,sum]ian ,read+ ,book ,gadd1 ,c4 ,j4 ,hi/ory & ,monum5ts ( ,ur ,g>d9]1 ,alan ,h4 ,egyptian ,gramm> ,g>/ang1 ,j4 ,burial ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians ,g>/ang1 ,j4 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites ,goodspe$1 ,george ,/eph5 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians ,gr5fell1 ,b4 ,p4 ,tebtunis ,papyri ,a4 ,s4 ,hunt ,j4 ,g4 ,smyly ,gr5fell1 ,b4 ,p4 ,greek ,papyri ,hab]%on1 ,ada ,r4 ,! ,bible & ! ,briti% ,museum ,hilpre*t1 ,h]man ,v4 ,rec5t ,rese>* 9 ,bible ,l&s ,hilpre*t1 ,h]man ,v4 ,explorations 9 ,bible ,l&s ,dur+ ! #ai? ,c5tury ,hog>?1 ,d4 ,g4 ,au?ority & ,ar*eology1 ,sacr$ & ,pr(ane ,huffman1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,a4 ,voices f ,rocks & ,du/ ,heaps ( ,bible ,l&s ,k5n$y1 ,sir ,alex&] ,b4 ,w4 ,petra1 ,its ,hi/ory & ,monum5ts ,k5yon1 ,fr$]ic ,g4 ,our ,bible & ! ,anci5t ,manuscripts ,k+1 ,l4 ,w4 ,assyrian ,language 7,vol4 #e7 ,koldewey1 ,rob]t ,! ,excavations at ,babylon ,kyle1 ,melv9 ,grove ,! ,decid+ ,voice ( ! ,monum5ts 9 ,biblical ,criticism ,kyle1 ,melv9 ,grove ,excavat+ ,kirja?seph]'s ,t5 ,cities ,laurie1 ,rev4 ,?omas ,assyrian ,e*oes ( ! ,^w ,lay>d1 ,au/5 ,h5ry ,lay>d's ,discov]ies at ,n9eveh ,lyn*1 ,w4 ,f4 ,exp$ition to ! ,dead ,sea & ,! ,jordan ,m>/on1 ,sir ,*>les ,! ,bible is ,true ,m>/on1 ,sir ,*>les ,new ,bible ,evid5ce ,m>t91 ,p]cy ,f4 ,egypt--,old & ,new ,masp]o1 ,ga/on ,new ,light on ,anci5t ,egypt ,masp]o1 ,ga/on ,egypt--,anci5t ,sites & ,mod]n ,sc5es ,milligan1 ,george ,greek ,papyri ,mill]1 ,h4 ,s4 ,g5]al ,biblical ,introduction ,m\lton1 ,james ,hope ,f ,egyptian ,rubbi% ,heaps ,murray1 ,m>g>et ,a4 ,egyptian ,temples ,nelson1 ,byron ,c4 ,! ,deluge ,/ory 9 ,/one ,orr1 ,james ,! ,bible ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,orr1 ,james ,! ,bible ,"u ,trial ,petrie1 ,fl9d]s ,measures & ,weights ,petrie1 ,fl9d]s ,royal ,tombs ,petrie1 ,fl9d]s ,rese>*es 9 ,s9ai ,pilt]1 ,w4 ,t4 ,! ,p5tateu*4 ,a ,hi/orical ,record4 ,politeyan1 ,j4 ,discov]ies f ! ,nile to ! ,tib] ,ramsay1 ,sir ,william ,/4 ,paul1 ! ,travell] & ! ,roman ,citiz5 ,luke ! ,hi/orian ,! ,tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ,rec5t ,discov]y ,rawl9son1 ,canon ,egypt & ,babylonia ,/4 ,clair1 ,george ,creation ,records ,smi?1 ,george ,! ,*aldean ,acc\nt ( ,g5esis ,smi?1 ,g4 ,elliott & ,egyptian ,mummies ,w>r5 ,r4 ,dawson ,/adelmann1 ,h4 ,cleopatra ,tis*5dorf1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,codex ,s9aiticus ,todd1 ,j4 ,a4 ,! ,banks ( ! ,nile ,weigall1 ,ar?ur ,! ,life & ,times ( ,akhnaton ,weigall1 ,ar?ur ,e4 ,p4 ,a ,guide to ! ,antiquities ( ,upp] ,egypt ,wiseman1 ,p4 ,j4 ,new ,discov]ies 9 ,babylonia ,ab\t ,g5esis ,woolley1 ,sir ,leon>d ,abraham4 7,rec5t ,discov]ies & ,hebrew ,orig9s7 ,woolley1 ,sir ,leon>d ,ur ( ! ,*aldees ,woolley1 ,sir ,leon>d ,! ,sum]ians ,worrell1 ,william ,h4 ,a ,/udy ( ,races 9 ! ,anci5t ,ne> ,ea/ ,wright1 ,g4 ,f4 ,sci5tific ,confirmations ( ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory ,wright1 ,william ,! ,empire ( ! ,hittites ,publications ( ! ,briti% ,museum3 ,a ,guide to ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian ,antiquities ,! ,babylonian ,/ory ( ! ,deluge & ! ,epic ( ,gilgame% ,! ,babylonian ,leg5ds ( ! ,creation & ! ,fight ,betwe5 ,bel & ! ,dragon ,! ,book ( ! ,dead ,! ,m\nt ,s9ai ,manuscript ( ! ,bible ,! ,new ,gospel ,fragm5ts ,! ,rosetta ,/one ,pamphlets3 ,! ,be>+ ( ,ar*eological & ,hi/orical ,rese>* ,^u ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,p>ke ,p4 ,fl\rnoy4 ,! ,witness ( ,ar*eology to ! ,bible4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,hodgk94 ,biblical ,hi/ory 9 ! ,light ( ,ar*eological ,discov]y ,s9ce ,a4 ,d4 #aijj4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,e4 ,h>t-,davies4 ,! ,value ( ! ,spade4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,m4 ,g4 ,kyle4 ,! ,syriac ,=ms ( ,new ,te/am5t ,prop] ,names4 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,burkitt4 ,,footnotes #a;,z ?is book goes to press1 ! grave ( ?is ,%i%ak has j be5 discov]$ 9 ! fam\s ,valley ( ! ,k+s4 ,! fir/ ^w is t ! grave is intact1 unspoil$ by robb]s4 ,if ?is proves to be s1 mu* mat]ial ( value to ! ,biblical /ud5t w probably be recov]$4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,canonically replac$ 8plate numb]0 ) 8plate0 9 plate ref]5ces4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4