,the ,lighter ,classics in ,music ,illustration3 glyph ,a ,comprehensive ,guide to ,musical ,masterworks in a ,lighter ,vein by #ahg ,composers by ,david ,ewen ,illustration3 glyph ,arco ,publishing ,company1 ,inc4 ,,new ,,york ,library of ,congress ,catalog ,card ,number3 #fa-aggha ,copyright #aifa by ,arco ,publishing ,company1 ,inc41 ,new ,york ,all rights reserved4 ,manufactured in the ,united ,states of ,america1 by ,h4 ,wolff1 ,new ,york ,contents ,joseph ,achron #a ,adolphe-,charles ,adam #b ,richard ,addinsell #d ,isaac ,albniz #e ,hugo ,alfvn #g ,louis ,alter #h ,leroy ,anderson #aj ,daniel ,franois ,esprit ,auber #ab ,johann ,sebastian ,bach #ae ,michael ,balfe #ah ,hubert ,bath #ai ,ludwig van ,beethoven #bj ,vincenzo ,bellini #bc ,ralph ,benatzky #bd ,arthur ,benjamin #bf ,robert ,russell ,bennett #bg ,hector ,berlioz #bi ,leonard ,bernstein #ca ,georges ,bizet #cc ,luigi ,boccherini #cg ,franois ,boieldieu #ci ,giovanni ,bolzoni #dj ,carrie ,jacobs ,bond #da ,alexander ,borodin #db ,felix ,borowski #dd ,johannes ,brahms #de ,charles ,wakefield ,cadman #dh ,lucien ,caillet #di ,alfredo ,catalani #ej ,otto ,cesana #ea ,emmanuel ,chabrier #eb ,george ,whitefield ,chadwick #ed ,ccile ,chaminade #ee ,gustave ,charpentier #ef ,frdric ,chopin #eg ,eric ,coates #fa ,peter ,cornelius #fc ,noel ,coward #fd ,csar ,cui #fe ,claude ,debussy #ff ,lo ,delibes #fh ,gregore ,dinicu #ga ,gaetano ,donizetti #gb ,franz ,drdla #ge ,riccardo ,drigo #gf ,arcady ,dubensky #gf ,paul ,dukas #gg ,antonin ,dvok #gi ,sir ,edward ,elgar #hc ,duke ,ellington #hf ,georges ,enesco #hg ,leo ,fall #hi ,manuel de ,falla #ij ,gabriel ,faur #ia ,friedrich ,flotow #ib ,stephen ,foster #id ,rudolf ,friml #ie ,julius ,fuk #ih ,sir ,edward ,german #ih ,george ,gershwin #ajj ,henry ,f4 ,gilbert #aji ,don ,gillis #aaa ,alberto ,ginastera #aab ,alexander ,glazunov #aac ,reinhold ,glire #aaf ,michael ,glinka #aag ,christoph ,willibald ,gluck #aai ,benjamin ,godard #abj ,leopold ,godowsky #aba ,edwin ,franko ,goldman #abb ,karl ,goldmark #abc ,rubin ,goldmark #abe ,franois ,gossec #abf ,louis ,gottschalk #abg ,morton ,gould #abh ,charles ,gounod #aca ,percy ,grainger #acd ,enrique ,granados #acf ,edvard ,grieg #acg ,ferde ,grof #ada ,david ,guion #adc ,johan ,halvorsen #add ,george ,frederick ,handel #ade ,joseph ,haydn #adg ,victor ,herbert #adi ,ferdinand ,hrold #aed ,jen ,hubay #aee ,engelbert ,humperdinck #aeg ,jacques ,ibert #aeh ,michael ,ippolitov-,ivanov #aei ,ivanovici #afj ,armas ,jrnefelt #afj ,dmitri ,kabalevsky #afa ,emmerich ,klmn #afb ,kler-,bla #afe ,jerome ,kern #aff ,albert ,ketelby #afi ,aram ,khatchaturian #agj ,george ,kleinsinger #aga ,fritz ,kreisler #agb douard ,lalo #age ,josef ,lanner #agf ,charles ,lecocq #agg ,ernesto ,lecuona #agi ,franz ,lhar #ahj ,ruggiero ,leoncavallo #ahc ,anatol ,liadov #ahe ,paul ,lincke #ahf ,franz ,liszt #ahg ,frederick ,loewe #ahi ,albert ,lortzing #aia ,alexandre ,luigini #aib ,hans ,christian ,lumbye #aic ,edward ,mac,dowell #aid ,albert ,hay ,malotte #aif ,gabriel ,marie #aif ,martini il ,tedesco #aig ,pietro ,mascagni #aih ,jules ,massenet #aii ,robert ,mc,bride #bjc ,harl ,mc,donald #bjd ,felix ,mendelssohn #bje ,giacomo ,meyerbeer #bjh ,karl ,milloecker #baa ,moritz ,moszkowski #bab ,wolfgang ,amadeus ,mozart #bac ,modest ,mussorgsky #bae ,ethelbert ,nevin #bah ,otto ,nicolai #bbj ,siegfried ,ochs #bba ,jacques ,offenbach #bbb ,ignace ,jan ,paderewski #bbe ,gabriel ,piern #bbf ,jean-,robert ,planquette #bbg ,eduard ,poldini #bbh ,manuel ,ponce #bbi ,amilcare ,ponchielli #bcj ,cole ,porter #bca ,serge ,prokofiev #bcc ,giacomo ,puccini #bce ,sergei ,rachmaninoff #bch ,joachim ,raff #bdj ,maurice ,ravel #bda ,emil von ,rezniek #bdc ,nikolai ,rimsky-,korsakov #bdd ,richard ,rodgers #bdg ,sigmund ,romberg #bec ,david ,rose #bef ,gioacchino ,rossini #beg ,anton ,rubinstein #bfa ,camille ,saint-,sans #bfb ,pablo de ,sarasate #bfg ,franz ,schubert #bfh ,robert ,schumann #bgb ,cyril ,scott #bgd ,jean ,sibelius #bgd ,christian ,sinding #bgg ,leone ,sinigaglia #bgh ,bedich ,smetana #bhj ,john ,philip ,sousa #bhc ,oley ,speaks #bhe ,robert ,stolz #bhf ,oscar ,straus #bhg ,eduard ,strauss #bhh ,johann ,strauss ,i #bhi ,johann ,strauss ,,ii #bia ,josef ,strauss #bih ,sir ,arthur ,sullivan #bii ,franz von ,supp #caa ,johan ,svendsen #cac ,deems ,taylor #cad ,peter ,ilitch ,tchaikovsky #caf ,ambroise ,thomas #cbb ,enrico ,toselli #cbd ,sir ,paolo ,tosti #cbe ,giuseppe ,verdi #cbf ,richard ,wagner #ccb ,emil ,waldteufel #cch ,karl ,maria von ,weber #cci ,kurt ,weill #cda ,jaromir ,weinberger #cdc ,henri ,wieniawski #cde ,ralph ,vaughan ,williams #cdf ,jacques ,wolfe #cdg ,ermanno ,wolf-,ferrari #cdh ,sebastian ,yradier #cej ,carl ,zeller #cej ,karl ,michael ,ziehrer #ceb ,the ,lighter ,classics in ,music ,joseph ,achron ,joseph ,achron was born in ,lozdzieje1 ,lithuania1 on ,may #ac1 #ahhf4 ,he attended the ,st4 ,petersburg ,conservatory1 where he studied the violin with ,leopold ,auer and theory with ,anatol ,liadov1 graduating in #aijd4 ,after teaching at the ,kharkov ,conservatory for three years1 he toured ,russia1 ,europe and the ,near ,east as a concert violinist for about six years1 and settled permanently in the ,united ,states in #aibe4 ,some of his most ambitious and significant compositions were written in this country4 ,among these were three violin concertos1 two violin sonatas1 the ,golem ,suite for orchestra and the ,stempenyu ,suite for violin and piano4 ,achron died in ,hollywood1 ,california1 on ,april #bi1 #aidc4 ,when ,achron was twenty-five years old1 and still living in ,russia1 he became a member of the music committee of the ,hebrew ,folk ,music ,society of ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,its aim was twofold3 to encourage research in ,hebrew music1 and to direct the enthusiasm of gifted ,russian composers toward the writing of ,hebrew music4 ,it was as a direct result of this association1 and the stimulus derived from the achievements of this society1 that in #aiaa ,achron wrote a popular composition in a ,hebraic vein which to this day is his most famous piece of music4 ,it is the ,hebrew ,melody1 ,op4 #cc1 for violin and orchestra4 ,the melodic germ of this composition is an actual synagogical chant1 amplified by ,achron into a spacious melody following several introductory measures of descending1 brooding phrases4 ,this melody is first given in a lower register1 but when repeated several octaves higher it receives embellishments similar to those provided a synagogical chant by a cantor4 ,the composition ends with the same descending minor-key phrases with which it opened4 ,this ,hebrew ,melody1 in a transcription for violin and piano by ,leopold ,auer1 has been performed by many of the world's leading violin virtuosos4 ,adolphe-,charles ,adam ,adolphe-,charles ,adam1 eminent composer of comic operas1 was born in ,paris on ,july #bd1 #ahjc4 ,he attended the ,paris ,conservatory1 where he came under the decisive influence of ,franois ,boieldieu1 under whose guidance he completed his first comic opera1 ,pierre et ,catherine1 first produced at the ,opra-,comique in ,paris on ,february #i1 #ahbi4 ,his first major success1 ,le ,chalet1 was given on ,september #be1 #ahcd1 enjoying almost fifteen hundred performances in ,paris before the end of the century4 ,adam subsequently wrote almost fifty other stage works in a light style4 ,with ,boieldieu and ,auber he became founder and leading exponent of the opra-comique4 ,his most celebrated work in this genre was ,le ,postillon de ,longjumeau1 first given at the ,opra-,comique on ,october #ac1 #ahcf4 ,this work was frequently heard in the ,united ,states in the #ahfj's and #ahgj's1 but has since lapsed into obscurity4 ,adam was also a highly significant composer of ballets1 of which ,giselle is now a classic2 of many serious operas2 and of a celebrated ,christmas song1 8,nol10 or 8,oh1 ,holy ,night0 78,cantique de ,nol3 ,minuit1 ,chrtiens071 which has been transcribed for orchestra4 ,in #ahdg1 ,adam founded his own theater--the ,thtre ,national--which a year later 7with the outbreak of the #ahdh revolution in ,france7 went into bankruptcy4 ,from #ahdi on he was professor of composition at the ,paris ,conservatory4 ,adam died in ,paris on ,may #c1 #ahef4 ,giselle is one of the proudest achievements of ,french ,romantic ballet4 ,through the years it has never lost its immense popularity4 ,with choreography by ,jules ,perrot and ,jean ,coralli1 it was introduced in ,paris on ,june #bh1 #ahda4 ,carlotta ,grisi appeared in the title role4 ,giselle was an immediate triumph4 ,since then1 the world's foremost ballerinas have appeared as ,giselle1 including ,fanny ,elssler1 ,taglioni1 ,pavlova1 ,karsavina1 ,markova1 ,danilova1 ,margot ,fonteyn1 and ,moira ,shearer4 8,what is the secret charm of this ballet80 inquires the famous scenic designer1 ,alexander ,benois4 ,he goes on to answer3 8,it is mainly due to its simplicity and clearness of plot1 to the amazingly impetuous spontaneity with which the drama is developed4 ,there is barely time to collect one's thoughts before the heroine1 who but a moment ago charmed everybody with her vitality1 is lying stiff and cold and dead at the feet of the lover who deceived her4444 ,it is deeply moving1 and the magic of a true poet 444 consists in making us accept without question any absurdities he may choose to offer us4444 ,no one is inclined to criticize while under the spell of this strange idyl40 ,the ballet text was the collaborative creation of ,thophile ,gautier1 ,vernoy de ,saint-,georges1 and ,jean ,coralli4 ,gautier had read a legend by ,heinrich ,heine in ,de ,l',allemagne which described elves in white dresses 7designated as 8wilis07 who died before their wedding day and emerged from their graves in bridal dress to dance till dawn4 ,any man an elf met was doomed to dance himself to death4 ,gautier1 recognizing the ballet potentialities of this legend1 decided to adapt it for ,carlotta ,grisi4 ,he interested ,vernoy de ,saint-,georges in assisting him in making this ballet adaptation and ,jean ,coralli in creating some of the dance sequences4 8,three days later10 ,gautier revealed in a letter to ,heine1 8the ballet ,giselle was accepted4 ,by the end of the week1 ,adam had improvised the music1 the scenery was nearly ready1 and the rehearsals were in full swing40 ,the ballet text finds ,giselle as a sweet1 carefree peasant girl4 ,betrayed by ,albrecht1 the ,duke of ,silesia1 she goes mad and commits suicide4 ,her grave is touched by the magic branch of ,myrtha1 ,queen of the ,wilis4 ,giselle arises from the grave as a wili1 and performs her nocturnal dance4 ,albrecht1 who comes to visit her grave1 is caught up by her spell and must dance to his doom4 ,a master of expressive and dramatized melodies1 ,adam here created a score filled with the most ingratiating tunes and spirited rhythms1 all beautifully adjusted to the sensitive moods of this delicate fantasy4 ,from this score the #bjth-century ,english composer ,constant ,lambert extracted four melodic episodes which he made into a popular orchestral suite3 8,giselle's ,dance02 8,mad ,scene02 8,pas de deux1 ,act #b02 and 8,closing ,scene40 ,from the repertory of ,adam's operas comes a delightful overture1 a favorite in the semi-classical repertory1 even though the opera itself is rarely heard4 ,it is the ,overture to ,if ,i ,were ,king 7,si j'tais roi74 ,this comic opera was first performed in ,paris on ,november #d1 #aheb2 the libretto was by ,d',ennery and ,brsil4 ,in ,arabia1 the fisherman1 ,zephoris1 has managed to save the life of ,nemea1 beautiful daughter of ,king ,oman4 ,but ,nemea is being pursued by ,prince ,kador1 who does not hesitate to employ treachery to win her4 ,nemea is determined to marry none but the unidentified man who had saved her life4 ,eventually1 the fisherman is brought to the palace1 placed in command of the troops1 and becomes a hero in a war against the ,spaniards4 ,kador is sent to his disgrace1 and ,zephoris wins the hand of ,nemea4 ,the oriental background of the opera permeates the atmosphere of the overture4 ,a forceful introduction for full orchestra and arpeggio figures in harp lead to a skipping and delicate tune for first violins against plucked cello strings4 ,the flutes and clarinets respond with a subsidiary thought4 ,a crescendo brings on a strong subject for the violins against a loud accompaniment4 ,after a change of tempo1 another light1 graceful melody is given by solo flute and oboes4 ,the principal melodic material is then amplified with dramatic effect4 ,richard ,addinsell ,richard ,addinsell was born in ,oxford1 ,england1 on ,january #ac1 #aijd4 ,after studying law at ,oxford1 he attended the ,royal ,college of ,music in ,london and completed his music study in ,berlin and ,vienna between #aibi and #aicb4 ,in #aicc he visited the ,united ,states1 where he wrote music for several ,hollywood films and for a ,new ,york stage production of ,alice in ,wonderland4 ,he has since made a specialty of writing music for the screen1 his best efforts being the scores for ,goodbye1 ,mr4 ,chips1 ,blithe ,spirit1 ,dangerous ,moonlight1 ,dark ,journey1 and ,fire ,over ,england4 ,during ,world ,war ,,ii he wrote music for several documentary films1 including ,siege of ,tobruk and ,we ,sail at ,midnight4 ,addinsell's most frequently played composition is the ,warsaw ,concerto1 for piano and orchestra4 ,he wrote it for the ,english movie ,dangerous ,moonlight 7renamed in the ,united ,states ,suicide ,squadron74 ,anton ,walbrook here plays the part of a renowned concert pianist who becomes an officer in the ,polish air force during ,world ,war ,,ii and loses his memory after a crash4 ,the ,warsaw ,concerto1 basic to the plot structure1 recurs several times in the film4 ,it first became popular1 however1 on records1 and after that with 8pop0 and salon orchestras4 ,though the composer's indebtedness to ,rachmaninoff's ,second ,piano ,concerto is pronounced1 the ,warsaw ,concerto has enough of its own individuality and charm to survive4 ,structurally1 it is not a concerto but a rhapsody4 ,it opens with several massive chords1 arpeggios1 and scale passages in the piano4 ,this dramatic opening leads to the sensitive and romantic principal melody1 heard in the strings4 ,later on there appears a second lyric thought1 but the rhapsodic character remains predominant4 ,the composition ends with a final statement of the opening phrase of the first main melody4 ,addinsell is also sometimes represented on semi-classical programs with a light-textured and tuneful composition called ,prelude and ,waltz1 for orchestra4 ,this also stems from a motion picture1 in this case the ,british screen adaptation of ,noel ,coward's ,blithe ,spirit4 ,isaac ,albniz ,isaac ,albniz1 one of ,spain's most distinguished composers1 was born in ,camprodn1 ,spain1 on ,may #bi1 #ahfj4 ,he was a child prodigy who gave piano concerts in ,spain after some spasmodic study in ,paris with ,marmontel4 ,in #ahfh he entered the ,madrid ,conservatory1 but in his thirteenth year he ran away from home and spent several years traveling about in ,puerto ,rico1 ,cuba1 and the ,united ,states1 supporting himself all the while by playing the piano4 ,he was back in ,spain in #ahge1 and soon thereafter undertook music study seriously1 first at the ,brussels ,conservatory and then at the ,leipzig ,conservatory4 ,he settled in ,paris in #ahic1 where he wrote his first important works1 one of these being his first composition in a national ,spanish idiom3 the ,catalonia1 for piano and orchestra1 in #ahii4 ,after #aijj he lived in his native land4 ,from #aijf to #aiji he devoted himself to the writing of his masterwork1 the suite ,iberia1 consisting of twelve pieces for the piano gathered in four volumes4 ,iberia is a vast tonal panorama of ,spain1 its sights and sounds1 dances and songs1 backgrounds4 ,albniz died in ,cambo-,bains1 in the ,pyrenees1 on ,may #ah1 #aiji4 ,albniz may well be regarded as the founder of the modern ,spanish nationalist school in music4 ,this school sought to exploit the rhythms and melodies and styles of ,spanish folk music within serious concert works1 thus providing a musical interpretation to every possible aspect of ,spanish life4 ,albniz' first work in the national style is also one of his rare compositions utilizing an orchestra4 ,it is the ,catalonia1 written in #ahii1 and introduced that year at a concert of the ,socit nationale de musique in ,paris4 ,this work is sometimes erroneously designated as a suite1 but it is actually a one-movement rhapsody4 ,a single theme1 unmistakably ,spanish1 dominates the entire work4 ,a brief rhythmic middle section for wind1 percussion1 and a single double bass provides contrast4 ,this middle part is intended as a burlesque on a troupe of wandering musicians playing their favorite tune3 the clarinet plays off key and the bass drum is off beat4 ,the original dance melody returns to conclude the work4 ,crdoba1 a haunting nocturne1 is the fourth and most famous number from the ,cantos de ,espaa1 a suite for the piano1 op4 #bcb4 ,crdoba is a vivid tone picture of that famous ,andalusian city4 ,sharp chords1 as if plucked from the strings of a guitar1 preface an oriental-type melody which suggests the ,moorish background of the city4 ,fte ,dieu ,seville1 or ,el ,corpus en ,sevilla 7,festival in ,seville7 is the third and concluding number from the first volume of ,iberia4 ,besides its original version for the piano1 this composition is celebrated in several transcriptions for orchestra1 notably those by ,e4 ,fernndez ,arbs and ,leopold ,stokowski4 ,this music depicts a religious procession in the streets of ,seville on the ,thursday after ,trinity ,sunday4 ,at the head of the procession is the priest bearing the ,host1 or ,blessed ,sacrament1 under a lavishly decorated canopy4 ,as the procession moves1 worshipers who crowd the streets improvise a religious chant4 ,fte ,dieu ,seville opens with a brusquely accented march melody1 against which emerges an improvisational-type melody similar to those sung by worshipers in the street4 ,the march melody and the improvised chant alternate1 but it is the chant that is carried to a thunderous climax4 ,then this chant subsides and fades away into the distance1 as the composition ends4 ,navarra is a poignant tonal evocation for piano of the ,spanish province below the ,pyrenees4 ,albniz never completed this work2 it was finished after his death by ,dodat de ,sverac4 ,this composition is perhaps best known in ,fernndez ,arbs' transcription for orchestra4 ,against the provocative background of a jota rhythm moves a languorous and sensual gypsy melody4 ,sevillaas 7,seville7 is the third number from ,suite espaola for piano2 it has become famous independent of the larger work and is often heard in transcription4 ,the heart of the piece is a passionate song1 typical of those heard in the haunts of ,seville4 ,as a background there is an incisive rhythm suggesting the clicking of castanets4 ,the ,tango in ,d major1 op4 #afe1 no4 #b1 for piano1 is not only the most famous one by ,albniz but one of the most popular ever written4 ,with its intriguing flamenco-like melody and compelling rhythm it is ,spanish to the core--the prototype of all tango music4 ,the original piano version as written by the composer is not often heard4 ,when it is performed on the piano1 this tango is given in a brilliant but complex arrangement by ,leopold ,godowsky4 ,but it is much more famous in various transcriptions1 notably one for violin and piano by ,fritz ,kreisler1 and numerous ones for small or large orchestras4 ,triana is the third and concluding number from the second book of ,albniz' monumental suite for piano1 ,iberia4 ,triana1 of which this music is a tonal picture1 is a gypsy suburb of ,seville4 ,in the introduction1 random phrases bring up the image of various attitudes and movements of ,spanish dances4 ,a triple-rhythmed figure leads to a light and graceful dance melody against a bolero rhythm4 ,as the melody is developed and repeated it gains in intensity and is enriched in color until it evolves climactically with full force4 ,a transcription for orchestra by ,fernndez ,arbs is as famous as the original piano version4 ,hugo ,alfvn ,hugo ,alfvn was born in ,stockholm1 ,sweden1 on ,may #a1 #ahgb4 ,his music study took place at the ,stockholm ,conservatory and1 on government stipends1 with ,csar ,thomson in ,brussels1 and in ,germany and ,france4 ,from #aiaj to #aici he was musical director and conductor of the student chorus at the ,uppsala ,university4 ,alfvn was a nationalist composer of ,romantic tendencies who wrote five symphonies together with a considerable amount of orchestral and choral music4 ,he died in ,faluns1 ,sweden1 on ,may #h1 #aifj4 ,midsummer ,vigil 7,midsommarvaka71 op4 #ai 7#aijd71 a ,swedish rhapsody for orchestra1 is his best known composition4 ,it was produced as a ballet1 ,la ,nuit de ,saint-,jean1 in ,paris on ,october #be1 #aibe1 where it proved so successful that it was given more than #bej performances within four years4 ,as a work for symphony orchestra it has received universal acclaim for its attractive deployment of national ,swedish folk song idioms and dance rhythms4 ,the music describes a revel held in small ,swedish towns during the ,st4 ,john's ,eve festival4 ,the work opens with a gay tune for clarinet over plucked strings4 ,this is followed by a burlesque subject for bassoon4 ,muted strings and ,english horns then offer a broad1 stately1 and emotional folk song4 ,repeated by the ,french horns1 this song is soon amplified by the strings4 ,the tempo now quickens1 and a rustic dance theme is given softly by the violins4 ,the mood gradually becomes frenetic4 ,the violins offer a passionate subject over a pedal point4 ,a climax is finally reached as the revelry becomes unconfined4 ,louis ,alter ,louis ,alter was born in ,haverhill1 ,massachusetts1 on ,june #ah1 #aijb1 where he received his academic education in the public schools1 and his initial instruction in music4 ,music study was completed with ,stuart ,mason at the ,new ,england ,conservatory4 ,in #aibd ,alter came to ,new ,york1 where for five years he worked as accompanist for ,nora ,bayes1 ,irene ,bordoni and other stars of the stage2 he also did arrangements for a publishing firm in ,tin ,pan ,alley4 ,between #aibe and #aibg he wrote his first popular songs and contributed a few of them to ,broadway productions4 ,since then he has written many song hits1 as well as scores for ,broadway musicals and ,hollywood films4 ,his best known songs include 8,a ,melody from the ,sky0 and 8,dolores10 both of which were nominated for ,academy ,awards2 also 8,twilight on the ,trail10 such a favorite of ,president ,franklin ,d4 ,roosevelt that the manuscript1 together with a recording by ,bing ,crosby1 repose in the ,roosevelt ,museum in ,hyde ,park1 ,new ,york4 ,alter has been successful in writing skilful compositions for piano and orchestra in which the popular element is pronounced1 encased within a symphonic structure4 ,some of them are now staples in the symphonic-jazz repertory4 ,his best compositions were inspired by the sights1 sounds and moods of ,new ,york ,city4 ,jewels from ,cartier 7#aiec71 as the title indicates1 was inspired not by ,new ,york but by one of the city's most famous jewelers when ,alter was one day allowed to inspect its collection4 ,in his suite1 ,alter attempts in eight sections to translate various jewels into tones4 ,the first movement is 8,emerald ,eyes40 ,since many beautiful emeralds come from ,south ,america1 this section emphasizes the rumba beat and other ,latin-,american rhythms4 8,the ,ruby and the ,rose0 is a romantic ballad in which voices supplement the instruments of the orchestra4 8,pearl of the ,orient0 consists of an oriental dance4 8,black ,pearl of ,tahiti0 exploits exotic ,polynesian rhythms and its languorous-type melodies4 8,diamond ,earrings0 is a swirling waltz while 8,star ,sapphire0 is a beguine4 ,in 8,cat's ,eye in the ,night10 the music suggests a playful kitten darting about in a room4 ,the finale1 8,lady of ,jade10 is in the style of ,chinese processional music4 ,manhattan ,masquerade 7#aicb7 is the most dramatic of ,alter's ,new ,york murals4 ,it consists of a ,viennese-type waltz played in fox-trot time1 a suggestion on the part of the composer that ,vienna and ,new ,york are not too far apart spiritually4 ,manhattan ,moonlight 7#aicb7 is1 on the other hand1 atmospheric4 ,it opens with four chords in a nebulous ,debussy vein4 ,the core of the work is an extended melody for strings against piano embellishments4 ,a light and frivolous mood is then invoked before the main melody returns in an opulent scoring4 ,manhattan ,serenade 7#aibh7 is the most famous of all ,alter's instrumental works and the one that first made him known4 ,he published it first as a piano solo1 but soon rewrote it for piano and orchestra4 ,paul ,whiteman and his orchestra made it popular in #aibi on records and in public concerts4 ,this work is extremely effective in laying bare the nerves of the metropolis through syncopations1 and jazz tone colorations4 ,its main melody is a plangent song to which1 in #aidj1 ,howard ,johnson adapted a song lyric4 ,manhattan ,serenade is often heard as background music on radio and television programs about ,new ,york4 ,side ,street in ,gotham 7#aich7 attempts to portray the city from river to river4 ,the composition begins with a few notes suggesting 8,london ,bridge ,is ,falling ,down10 which is later elaborated in a vigorous and amusing tempo2 the reason this theme is here used is because it is referred to in the lyric of 8,the ,sidewalks of ,new ,york40 ,some of the mystery of ,new ,york's side streets can also be found in this music4 ,leroy ,anderson ,leroy ,anderson is one of ,america's most successful and best known composers of light orchestral classics4 ,he was born in ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 on ,june #bi1 #aijh4 ,his early musical training took place at the ,new ,england ,conservatory1 after which he studied the bass and organ with private teachers4 ,in #aibi he was graduated from ,harvard magna cum laude1 and one year after that he received there his ,master's degree in music on a ,naumberg ,fellowship4 ,for the next few years he served as organist and choirmaster in ,milton1 ,massachusetts2 as a member of the music faculty at ,radcliffe ,college2 and as director of the ,harvard ,university ,band4 ,in #aice he became a free-lance conductor1 composer and arranger in ,boston and ,new ,york4 ,as orchestrator for the ,boston ,pops ,orchestra1 for which he made many orchestral arrangements over a period of several years1 ,anderson completed his first original semi-classical composition1 ,jazz ,pizzicato1 successfully introduced by the ,boston ,pops ,orchestra in #aici4 ,since then the ,boston ,pops ,orchestra has introduced most of ,anderson's compositions1 many of which proved exceptionally popular in concerts throughout the country and on records4 ,anderson has also appeared frequently as guest conductor of important ,american symphony orchestras and has conducted his own compositions with his orchestra for records4 ,in #aieh1 his first musical comedy1 ,goldilocks1 was produced on ,broadway4 ,beyond possessing a most ingratiating lyric invention and a consummate command of orchestration1 ,anderson boasts an irresistible sense of humor and a fine flair for burlesque4 ,he is probably at his best in programmatic pieces in which extra-musical sounds are neatly adapted to and often serve as a background for his sprightly tunes--ranging from the clicking of a typewriter to the meowing of a cat4 ,blue ,tango is the first strictly instrumental composition ever to achieve first place on the ,hit ,parade4 ,for almost a year it was the leading favorite on juke boxes1 and its sale of over two million records represents ,anderson's healthiest commercial success4 ,scored for violins1 this music neatly combines an insistent tango rhythm with a sensual melody in a purple mood4 ,bugler's ,holiday is a musical frolic for three trumpets4 ,a ,christmas ,festival provides a colorful orchestral setting to some of the best loved ,christmas hymns1 including 8,joy to the ,world10 8,deck the ,halls10 8,god ,rest ,ye ,merry ,gentlemen10 8,silent ,night10 8,jingle ,bells10 and 8,come ,all ,ye ,faithful40 ,fiddle-,faddle is a merry burlesque-escapade for the violins1 inspired from a hearing of ,paganini's ,perpetual ,motion2 this1 then1 is a modern style 8,perpetual ,motion40 ,in ,horse and ,buggy1 the music nostalgically evokes a bygone day with a sprightly1 wholesome tune presented against the rhythms of a jogging horse4 ,the ,irish ,suite was commissioned by the ,eire ,society of ,boston1 and is a six-movement adaptation of six of ,thomas ,moore's ,irish ,melodies4 ,they are3 8,the ,irish ,washerwoman10 8,the ,minstrel ,boy10 8,the ,rakes of ,mallow10 8,the ,wearing of the ,green10 8,the ,last ,rose of ,summer10 and 8,the ,girl ,i ,left ,behind ,me40 ,jazz ,legato and ,jazz ,pizzicato are studies in contrasting moods and dynamics4 ,the ,jazz ,pizzicato consists of a jazz melody presented entirely by plucked strings2 its companion piece is a broader jazz melody for bowed strings4 ,plink1 ,plank1 ,plunk also makes effective use of pizzicato strings1 this time attempting to simulate the sounds suggested by the descriptive title4 ,saraband brings about the marriage between the very old and very new in musical styles4 ,the old classical dance in slow triple time and accented second beat is exploited with a quickening of tempo and with modern rhythmic and melodic embellishments4 ,in ,sleigh ,bells1 jangling sleighbells and the sound of a cracking whip1 provide a delightful background to a jaunty tune that has the bite and sting of outdoor winterland4 ,this piece has become something of a perennial favorite of the ,christmas season4 ,in ,the ,syncopated ,clock1 the rhythm of a clicking grandfather's clock1 presented by percussion instruments in a modern rhythm1 is placed against a bouncy1 syncopated melody4 ,this number has become popular as theme music for the ,,cbs-,,tv 8,early ,show40 ,the ,trumpeter's ,lullaby is a sensitive melody with the soothing accompaniment of a lullaby4 ,the ,typewriter permits members of the percussion section to imitate the incisive1 rigid rhythm of a functioning typewriter1 punctuated by the regular tinkle of the bell to provide the warning signal that the carriage has come to the end of a line4 ,against this rhythm moves a vivacious message in strings4 ,the ,typewriter was played in the motion picture ,but ,not for ,me1 starring ,clark ,gable1 released in #aiei4 ,in ,the ,waltzing ,cat1 an imaginary cat dances gracefully to a waltz melody made up mainly of meows4 ,daniel ,franois ,auber ,daniel ,franois ,esprit ,auber1 genius of opra-comique1 was born in ,caen1 ,normandy1 ,france1 on ,january #bi1 #aghb4 ,in his youth he lived in ,london1 where he studied both the business of art1 in which he hoped to engage1 and music4 ,there he wrote several songs which were heard at public entertainments4 ,after returning to ,france and settling in ,paris in #ahjd1 he gave himself up completely to music4 ,two minor stage works with music were privately performed between #ahjf and #ahaa before his first opera received its premire performance3 ,le ,sjour militaire in #ahac4 ,his first success came seven years after that with ,la ,bergre chtelaine4 ,from then on he was a prolific writer of both light and grand operas1 many to texts by ,eugne ,scribe4 ,la ,muette de ,portici in #ahbh was a triumph1 and was followed by such other major successes ,fra ,diavolo 7#ahcj71 ,le ,cheval de bronze 7#ahce71 ,le ,domino noir 7#ahcg7 and ,les ,diamants de la couronne 7#ahda74 ,his last opera1 ,rves d'amour1 was completed when he was eighty-seven4 ,auber was one of ,france's most highly honored musicians4 ,from #ahdb until his death he was director of the ,paris ,conservatory1 and in #aheg he was made by ,napoleon ,,iii ,imperial ,matre de ,chapelle4 ,auber died in ,paris on ,may #ab1 #ahga4 ,with ,adam and ,boieldieu1 ,auber was one of the founding fathers of the opra-comique4 ,he was superior to his two colleagues in the lightness of his touch1 surpassing wit1 and grace of lyricism4 ,but ,auber's charm and gaiety were not bought at the expense of deeper emotional and dramatic values2 for all their lightness of heart1 his best comic operas are filled with pages that have the scope and dimension of grand opera4 ,as ,rossini once said of him1 ,auber may have produced light music1 but he produced it like a true master4 ,overtures to several of his most famous operas are standards in the light-classical repertory4 ,the ,black ,domino 7,le ,domino noir71 text by ,eugne ,scribe1 was introduced in ,paris on ,december #b1 #ahcg4 ,the central character is ,lady ,angela1 an abbess1 who attends a masked ball where she meets and falls in love with ,horatio1 a young nobleman4 ,numerous escapades and adventures follow before ,angela meets up again with her young man4 ,now released from her religious vows by the ,queen1 ,angela is free to marry him4 ,in the overture1 a loud outburst for full orchestra emphasizes a strongly rhythmic theme4 ,a staccato phrase in the woodwind and a return of the initial strong subject follow4 ,this leads into a light dancing motive for the woodwind4 ,another forte passage is now the bridge to a melodious episode in the woodwind4 ,a change of key brings on a gay bolero melody for clarinets and bassoons in octaves4 ,after this idea is amplified1 a jota-like melody is given by the full orchestra4 ,the closing section is a brilliant presentation of a completely new jota melody4 ,the ,crown ,diamonds 7,les ,diamants de la couronne7 was first produced in ,paris on ,march #f1 #ahda1 when it scored a major success4 ,but it enjoyed an even greater triumph when it was first performed in ,england three years after that2 from then on it has remained a great favorite with ,english audiences4 ,the text1 by ,eugne ,scribe and ,saint-,georges1 is set in #ahth-century ,portugal where the ,queen assumes the identity of the leader of a gang of counterfeiters and uses the crown diamonds to get the money she needs to save her throne4 ,when ,don ,henrique falls into the unscrupulous hands of these counterfeiters1 the ,queen saves his life and falls in love with him4 ,the throne is eventually saved1 and the crown jewels retrieved4 ,the ,queen now can choose ,don ,henrique as her husband4 ,the overture opens with a sustained melody for the strings that is dramatized by key changes4 ,a rhythmic passage leads to a martial subject for the brass4 ,several other vigorous ideas ensue in the brass and woodwind4 ,after their development there comes a lyrical string episode which1 in turn1 leads into a second climax4 ,contrast comes with a lyrical idea in the strings4 ,a loud return of the first martial subject in full orchestra marks the beginning of a spirited conclusion4 ,fra ,diavolo was an immediate success when first given in ,paris on ,january #bh1 #ahcj2 it has remained ,auber's best known comic opera4 ,it has even received burlesque treatment on the ,hollywood screen in a comedy starring ,laurel and ,hardy4 ,the text by ,eugne ,scribe has for its central character a bandit chief by the name of ,fra ,diavolo who disguises himself as an ,italian ,marquis4 ,he flirts with a lady of noble birth1 hides in the bedroom of ,zerlina1 the inn-keeper's daughter1 and is finally apprehended by ,zerlina's sweetheart1 the captain of police4 ,this popular overture opens with a pianissimo drum roll1 the preface to a march tune for strings4 ,the march music is extended to other instruments1 and as the volume increases it gives the impression of an advancing army4 ,it attains a fortissimo for full orchestra1 then subsides4 ,the overture ends with several sprightly melodies from the first act of the opera4 ,the ,mute of ,portici 7,la ,muette de ,portici7--or1 as it is sometimes called1 ,masaniello--is a grand opera that contributed a footnote to the political history of its times4 ,first performed in ,paris on ,february #bi1 #ahbh1 it had profound repercussions on the political situation of that period1 and it is regarded by many as a significant influence in bringing on the ,july ,revolution in ,paris in #ahcj4 ,when first performed in ,brussels the same year1 it instigated such riots that the occupying ,dutch were ejected from that country and ,belgium now achieved independence4 ,the text by ,eugne ,scribe and ,germain ,delavigne is based on an episode from history3 a successful ,neapolitan revolt against the ,duke of ,arcos1 headed by ,tommaso ,anello in #afdg4 ,in the opera1 ,masaniello assumes ,anello's part1 and toward the end of the opera after the insurrection is smothered1 he is assassinated4 ,the overture begins with stormy music in full orchestra4 ,after the tempo slackens1 a sensitive melody is presented by clarinets and bassoons in octaves4 ,the main section of the overture now unfolds1 its main theme divided between the strings and the woodwind4 ,after a fortissimo section for full orchestra1 a second important melody is heard in the woodwind and violins4 ,the two main subjects are recalled and developed4 ,the overture closes with a coda in which percussion instruments are emphasized4 ,johann ,sebastian ,bach ,johann ,sebastian ,bach was born in ,eisenach1 ,germany1 on ,march #ba1 #afhe4 ,he was the most significant member of a family that for generations had produced professional musicians4 ,his career can be divided into three convenient periods4 ,the first was between #agjh and #agag when1 as organist to the ,ducal ,chapel in ,weimar1 he wrote most of his masterworks for organ4 ,during the second period1 from #agag to #agbc1 he served as ,kapellmeister to ,prince ,leopold in ,coethen4 ,during this period he wrote most of his major works for orchestra1 solo instruments1 and chamber-music ensembles4 ,the last period took place in ,leipzig from #agbc until his death where he was cantor of the ,st4 ,thomas ,church4 ,in ,leipzig he produced some of his greatest choral compositions4 ,towards the end of his life he went blind and became paralyzed4 ,he died in ,leipzig on ,july #bh1 #agej4 ,as the culmination of the age of polyphony1 ,johann ,sebastian ,bach's masterworks are1 for the most part1 too complex and subtle for popular appeal4 ,but from his vast and incomparable output of concertos1 sonatas1 suites1 masses1 passions1 cantatas1 and various compositions for the organ and for the piano1 it is possible to lift a few random items of such melodic charm and simple emotional appeal that they can be profitably exploited for wide consumption4 ,in these less complicated works1 ,bach's consummate skill at counterpoint1 and his equally formidable gift at homophonic writing1 are always in evidence4 ,the ,air is one of ,bach's most famous melodies1 a soulful religious song for strings4 ,it can be found as the second movement of his ,suite ,no4 #c in ,d major for orchestra1 but is often performed apart from the rest of the work4 ,august ,wilhelmj transcribed this music for violin and piano1 calling it the ,air on the ,g ,string4 ,this transcription has been severely criticized as a mutilation of the original2 ,sir ,donald ,francis ,tovey described it as a 8devastating derangement40 ,nevertheless1 it has retained its popularity in violin literature1 just as the original has remained a favorite in orchestral music4 ,come ,sweet ,death 7,komm1 suesser ,tod7 is a moving chorale for voice and accompaniment3 a simple and eloquent resignation to death4 ,it does not come from any of ,bach's larger works but can be found in ,schemelli's collection 7#agcf74 ,it has become extremely popular in orchestral transcriptions by ,leopold ,stokowski and ,reginald ,stewart1 but is also sometimes heard in arrangements for various solo instruments and piano1 as well as for the organ4 ,jesu1 ,joy of ,man's ,desiring 7,jesu bleibt meine ,freude7 is probably ,bach's best known and most frequently performed chorale3 a stately melody introduced by1 then set against1 a gracefully flowing accompaniment4 ,this composition comes from the church cantata ,no4 #adg1 ,herz und ,mund und ,tat und ,leben4 ,various transcriptions have popularized this composition1 notably that for piano by ,myra ,hess1 for organ by ,e4 ,power ,biggs1 and for orchestra by ,lucien ,caillet4 ,the ,prelude in ,e major is a vigorous and spirited piece of music whose rhythmic momentum does not relax from the first bar to the last4 ,it appears as the first movement of the ,partita ,no4 #c in ,e major for solo violin4 ,it is perhaps even better known in transcription than in the original version1 notably in those for violin and piano by ,robert ,schumann and ,fritz ,kreisler1 for solo piano by ,rachmaninoff1 and for orchestra by ,stokowski1 ,riccardo ,pick-,mangiagalli1 ,sir ,henry ,j4 ,wood1 and ,lucien ,caillet4 ,the ,siciliano is a beautiful1 stately song--the first movement of the ,sonata ,no4 #d in ,c minor for violin and accompaniment4 ,stokowski has made a fine transcription for orchestra4 ,the ,wise ,virgins is a ballet-suite comprising six compositions by ,bach drawn from his literature for the church and transcribed for orchestra by the eminent ,british composer1 ,sir ,william ,walton4 ,it was used for a ballet produced at ,sadler's ,wells in #aidj4 ,frederick ,ashton's choreography drew its material from the parable of the ,wise and ,foolish ,virgins in the #beth chapter of the ,gospel ,according to ,st4 ,matthew2 but this parable is seen through the eyes of the ,italian ,renaissance painters4 8,ashton10 wrote ,arnold ,haskell1 8has provided the perfect meeting place for music and painting4 ,the inspiration was pictorial 444 it is equally musical4 ,the movement and unfolding of the narrative follow directly from the ,bach music so brilliantly arranged and orchestrated by ,william ,walton40 ,all six movements of the suite are so lyrical and emotional that their impact on listeners is immediate4 ,the first movement1 8,what ,god ,hath ,done ,is ,rightly ,done0 comes from the opening chorus of a cantata of the same name1 ,no4 #ii 7,was ,gott tut das ist wohlgetan74 ,a lively melody is first shared by strings and woodwind and then given fanciful embellishments4 ,a strong chorale melody for the brass is then given prominent treatment4 ,the second movement1 8,lord1 ,hear ,my ,longing0 is a chorale from the ,passion ,according to ,st4 ,matthew which is here given the treatment of an organ chorale-prelude with a tenderly expressive chorale melody in woodwind amplified by strings4 ,the third movement1 8,see ,what ,his ,love ,can ,do0 is an expansive melody for strings and woodwind against a flowing accompaniment2 this music is derived from ,cantata ,no4 #he1 ,ich bin ein guter ,hirt4 ,this is followed by 8,ah1 ,how ,ephemeral10 a dramatic page for full orchestra highlighting a chorale for brass taken from ,cantata ,no4 #bf1 ,ach1 wie fluechtig4 ,the fifth section is the most famous4 ,it is 8,sheep ,may ,safely ,graze0 78,schafe koennen sicher weiden07 from the secular ,cantata ,no4 #bjh1 ,was mir behagt4 ,an introductory recitative for solo violin leads to a swaying melody for the woodwind4 ,the lower strings then present a pastoral song which soon receives beautiful filigree work from other parts of the orchestra4 ,the swaying subject for woodwind closes the piece4 ,sir ,john ,barbirolli also made an effective orchestral transcription of this composition1 while ,percy ,grainger arranged it for solo piano1 and ,mary ,howe for two solo pianos4 ,the finale of the suite is 8,praise ,be to ,god10 which is also the finale of ,cantata ,no4 #abi1 ,gelobet sei der ,herr1 mein ,gott4 ,this is vigorous music that is an outpouring of pure joy4 ,michael ,balfe ,michael ,william ,balfe was born in ,dublin1 ,ireland on ,may #ae1 #ahjh4 ,the son of a dancing master1 ,michael was only six when he played the violin for his father's classes4 ,in #ahbc1 ,balfe came to ,london where he studied the violin and composition with private teachers and earned his living as violinist and singer4 ,additional study took place in ,italy in #ahbe1 including singing with ,bordogni4 ,between #ahbh and #ahcc he appeared as principal baritone of the ,italian ,opera and several other ,french theaters in ,paris4 ,in #ahce1 he initiated an even more successful career as composer of ,english operas1 with ,the ,siege of ,rochelle1 produced that year in ,london4 ,he continued writing numerous operas1 producing his masterwork1 ,the ,bohemian ,girl1 in #ahdc4 ,between #ahdf and #ahef ,balfe traveled to different parts of ,europe to attend performances of his operas4 ,in #ahfd he left ,london to retire to his estate in ,rowney ,abbey where he died on ,october #bj1 #ahgj4 ,the ,bohemian ,girl is a classic of ,english opera4 ,it was first produced at ,drury ,lane in ,london on ,november #bg1 #ahdc1 when it enjoyed a sensational success4 ,it was soon translated into ,french1 ,german and ,italian and was extensively performed throughout ,europe4 ,the libretto1 by ,alfred ,bunn1 was based on a ballet-pantomime by ,vernoy de ,saint-,georges4 ,the setting is ,hungary in the #ahth century1 and its heroine is ,arline1 daughter of ,count ,arnheim who1 as a girl1 had been kidnapped by gypsies and raised as one of them4 ,she is falsely accused by the ,count's men of stealing a valuable medallion from the ,count's palace and is imprisoned4 ,appearing before the ,count to ask for clemency1 she is immediately recognized by him as his daughter4 ,melodious selections from this opera are frequently heard4 ,the most famous single melody is 8,i ,dream'd ,that ,i ,dwelt in ,marble ,halls0 which ,arline sings in the first scene of the second act as she recalls a dream4 8,the ,heart ,bowed ,down10 the ,count's song in the fourth scene of the second act as he gazes longingly on a picture of his long lost daughter1 and 8,then ,you'll ,remember ,me10 a tenor aria from the third act are also familiar4 ,hubert ,bath ,hubert ,bath was born in ,barnstaple1 ,england1 on ,november #f1 #ahhc4 ,he attended the ,royal ,academy of ,music in ,london1 after which he wrote his first opera4 ,for a year he was conductor of an opera company that toured the world4 ,after #aiae he devoted himself mainly to composition4 ,besides his operas1 tone poems1 cantatas and various instrumental works he wrote a considerable amount of incidental music for stage plays and scores for the motion pictures4 ,he died in ,harefield1 ,england1 on ,april #bd1 #aide4 ,the ,cornish ,rhapsody1 for piano and orchestra1 is one of his last compositions and the most famous4 ,he wrote it for the ,british motion picture ,love ,story1 released in #aidf1 starring ,margaret ,lockwood and ,stewart ,granger4 ,lockwood plays the part of a concert pianist1 and the ,cornish ,rhapsody is basic to the story which involves the pianist with a man in love with another woman4 ,the rhapsody begins with arpeggio figures which lead to a strong rhapsodic passage in full chords4 ,a bold section is then contrasted by a gentle melody of expressive beauty1 the heart of the composition4 ,a cadenza brings on a return of the earlier strong subject1 and a recall of the expressive melody in the orchestra to piano embellishments4 ,the composition ends with massive passages and strongly accented harmonies4 ,ludwig van ,beethoven ,ludwig van ,beethoven was born in ,bonn1 ,germany1 on ,december #af1 #aggj4 ,he received his earliest musical training in his native city where he early gave strong evidence of genius4 ,he published his first works when he was eleven1 and soon thereafter was performing publicly on the organ1 cembalo1 and the viola4 ,he also disclosed a phenomenal gift at improvisation4 ,he established permanent residence in ,vienna in #agib4 ,three years later he made there his first public appearance1 and from then on began to occupy a high position in ,viennese musical life as a piano virtuoso4 ,his fame as a composer soon superseded that of virtuoso as he won the support of ,vienna's aristocracy4 ,he entered upon a new creative phase1 as well as full maturity1 beginning with #ahjj1 when his first symphony was introduced in ,vienna4 ,his creative powers continually deepened and became enriched from that time on4 ,as he restlessly sought to give poetic and dramatic expression to his writing he broke down the classical barriers so long confining music and opened up new horizons for style and structure4 ,meanwhile1 in or about #ahja or #ahjb1 he realized he was growing deaf1 a discovery that swept him into despondency and despair1 both of which find expression in a unique and remarkable document known as the ,heiligenstadt ,testament4 ,deafness led to personal idiosyncrasies and volatile moods which often tried the patience of even his closest friends1 but it did not decrease the quantity of his musical production nor prevent him from achieving heights of creative expression achieved by few1 if any4 ,he died in ,vienna on ,march #bf1 #ahbg after having ushered in a new age for music with his symphonies1 concertos1 sonatas1 string quartets1 and masterworks in other categories including opera and choral music4 ,the grandeur of expression1 the profundity of thought1 and the independence of idiom we associate with ,beethoven is not to be found in his lighter music which1 generally speaking1 is in a traditional mold1 pleasing style1 and in an inviting lyric vein4 ,this is not the ,beethoven who was the proud democrat1 whose life was a struggle with destiny1 and who sought to make music the expression of his profoundest concepts4 ,this is rather1 another ,beethoven3 the one who liked to dance1 though he did it badly2 who flirted with the girls2 and who indulged in what he himself described as 8unbuttoned humor40 ,beethoven wrote twelve ,contredanses 7,contretaenze7 in #ahja-ahjb4 ,these are not 8country dances0 as the term 8contretaenze0 is sometimes erroneously translated4 ,the ,contredanse is the predecessor of the waltz4 ,like the waltz it is in three-part form1 the third part repeating the first1 while the middle section is usually a trio in contrasting mood4 ,in #ahja-ahjb1 when ,beethoven wrote his ,contredanses1 he was already beginning to probe deeply into poetic thought and emotion in his symphonies1 sonatas1 and concertos4 ,but in the ,contredanses the poet becomes peasant4 ,this is earthy music1 overflowing with melodies of folksong vigor1 and vitalized by infectious peasant rhythms4 ,the ,contredanse ,no4 #g in ,e-flat major is particularly famous2 this same melody was used by the composer for his music to the ballet ,prometheus1 for the finale of his ,eroica ,symphony1 and for his ,piano ,variations1 op4 #ce4 ,the key signatures of the twelve ,contredanses are3 ,c major1 ,a major1 ,d major1 ,b-flat major1 ,e-flat major1 ,c major1 ,e-flat major1 ,c major1 ,a major1 ,c major1 ,g major and ,e-flat major4 ,a half dozen years before he wrote his ,contredanses ,beethoven had completed a set of twelve ,german ,dances 7,deutsche ,taenze74 ,the form1 style1 and spirit of the ,german ,dance is so similar to the ,contredanse that many ,austrian composers used the terms interchangeably4 ,beethoven's early ,german ,dances1 like the later ,contredanses1 are a reservoir of lively and tuneful semi-classical music with an engaging earthy quality to the melodies and a lusty vitality to the rhythms4 ,few ,beethoven compositions have enjoyed such universal approval with budding pianists1 salon orchestras1 and various popular ensembles as the ,minuet in ,g4 ,it is not too far afield to maintain that this is one of the most famous minuets in all musical literature4 ,beethoven wrote it originally for the piano2 it is the second of a set of six minuets1 written in #agie1 but published as op4 #afg4 ,it is even more celebrated in its many different transcriptions than it is in the original4 ,the composition is in three-part form4 ,the first and third parts consist of a stately classical melody2 midway comes a fast-moving trio of contrasting spirit4 ,the first movement of the ,moonlight ,sonata is also often heard in varied transcriptions for salon or 8pop0 orchestras4 ,the ,moonlight ,sonata is the popular name of the piano sonata in ,c-sharp minor1 op4 #bg1 no4 #b which ,beethoven wrote in #ahja and which he designated as ,sonata quasi una fantasia mainly because of the fantasia character of this first movement4 ,the poetic and sensitive mood maintained throughout the first movement--with a romantic melody of ineffable sadness accompanied by slow triplets--is the reason why the critic ,rellstab 7and not the composer7 provided the entire sonata with the name of 8,moonlight40 ,to ,rellstab this first movement evoked for him a picture of ,lake ,lucerne in ,switzerland at night time1 gently touched by the moonlight4 ,the fact that ,beethoven dedicated the sonata to ,countess ,giulietta ,guicciardi1 with whom he was then in love1 leads to a legend that he wrote this music to express frustrated love1 but this was not the case4 ,another myth about this first movement is that ,beethoven improvised this music while playing for a blind boy1 as moonlight streamed into the window of his room2 after he had finished playing he identified himself to the awe-stricken youngster4 ,it was the opinion of the eminent critic1 ,henry ,e4 ,krehbiel1 that the sonata was inspired by a poem1 ,die ,beterin by ,seume1 describing a young girl kneeling at an altar begging for her father's recovery from a serious illness2 angels descend to comfort her and she becomes transfigured by a divine light4 ,beethoven wrote two ,romances for violin and orchestra3 in ,f major1 op4 #ej 7#ahjb7 and ,g major1 op4 #dj 7#ahjc74 ,rarely do we encounter in ,beethoven's works such a fresh1 spontaneous and entirely unsophisticated outpouring of song--a song that wears its beauty on the surface--as in these two compositions4 ,the two ,romances are companion pieces and pursue a similar pattern4 ,each opens with the solo violin presenting the main melody 7in the ,f major accompanied by the orchestra1 in the ,g major1 solo74 ,each then progresses to a pure outpouring of lyricism followed by virtuoso passages for the solo instrument4 ,in each1 violin and orchestra appear to be engaging in a gentle dialogue4 ,the ,turkish ,march 7,marcia alla turca7 is one of several numbers 7the fourth7 comprising the incidental music to a play by ,kotzebue1 ,the ,ruins of ,athens 7,die ,ruinen von ,athen71 op4 #aac 7#ahaa74 ,the production of this play with ,beethoven's music was intended for the opening of a theater in ,pesth on ,february #i1 #ahab4 ,the ,turkish ,march is in the pseudo-,turkish melodic style popular in ,vienna in the early #aith century1 and it employs percussion instruments such as the triangle which the ,viennese then associated with ,turkish music4 ,the march1 with its quixotic little melody1 begins softly1 almost like march music heard from a distance4 ,it grows in sonority until a stirring climax is achieved4 ,then it dies out gradually and ebbs away in the distance4 ,leopold ,auer made a famous transcription for violin and piano1 while ,beethoven himself transcribed it for piano1 with six variations1 op4 #gf 7#ahji74 ,vincenzo ,bellini ,vincenzo ,bellini was born in ,catania1 ,sicily1 on ,november #c1 #ahja4 ,born to a musical family1 he received music instruction in childhood1 and while still very young started composing4 ,he then attended the ,san ,sebastiano ,conservatory in ,naples2 during his stay there he completed a symphony1 two masses1 and a cantata among other works4 ,he made his bow as opera composer with ,adelson e ,salvini1 introduced at the ,conservatory in #ahbe4 ,he continued writing operas after that1 and having them produced in major ,italian opera houses with varying degrees of success4 ,i ,capuleti e i ,montecchi1 given in ,venice in #ahcj1 was a triumph4 ,then came the two operas by which ,bellini is today most often represented in the repertory3 ,la ,sonnambula and ,norma1 both produced in #ahca4 ,in #ahcc he came to ,paris where he completed his last opera1 ,i ,puritani1 given in ,paris in #ahce4 ,he was at the height of his fame and creative powers when he died in ,puteaux1 near ,paris1 on ,september #bc1 #ahce1 at the age of thirty-four1 a victim of intestinal fever4 ,bellini was the genius of opera song4 ,his fresh1 pure lyricism--perfect in design and elegant in style--elevates his greatest operas to a place of significance4 ,his masterwork is ,norma1 introduced at ,la ,scala in ,milan on ,december #bf1 #ahca1 where it was at first a failure4 ,the libretto by ,felice ,romani was based on a tragedy by ,l4 ,a4 ,soumet4 ,in ,gaul1 during the ,roman occupation1 in or about #ej ,b4,c41 ,norma1 high priestess of the ,druids1 violates her vows by secretly marrying the ,roman proconsul1 ,pollione1 and bearing him two sons4 ,pollione then falls in love with ,adalgisa1 virgin of the ,temple of ,esus4 ,unaware that ,pollione is married1 ,adalgisa confides to ,norma she is in love with him4 ,with ,pollione's infidelity now apparent1 he is brought before ,norma for judgment4 ,she offers him the choice of death or the renunciation of ,adalgisa4 ,when ,pollione accepts death1 ,norma confesses to her people that1 having desecrated her vows1 she1 too1 must die4 ,moved by this confession1 ,pollione volunteers to die at her side in the funeral pyre4 ,the overture is famous4 ,loud dramatic chords in full orchestra are succeeded by a soft lento passage4 ,a strong melody is then presented by flutes and violins against an incisive rhythm4 ,there follows a graceful1 sprightly and strongly accented tune in the strings4 ,both melodies are then amplified1 dramatized1 and repeated2 particular emphasis is placed on the delicate1 accented tune4 ,the overture then proceeds to an energetic conclusion4 ,one vocal episode from ,norma is also extremely popular and is often heard in orchestral transcriptions4 ,it is ,norma's aria1 8,casta diva10 surely one of the noblest soprano arias in all ,italian operatic literature4 ,it comes in the first act and represents ,norma's prayer for peace1 and her grief that the hatred of her people for the ,roman invaders must also result in their hatred for her husband1 ,pollione1 the ,roman proconsul4 ,ralph ,benatzky ,ralph ,benatzky was born in ,moravsk-,budejovice1 ,bohemia1 on ,june #e1 #ahhd4 ,he acquired his musical training in ,prague and with ,felix ,mottl in ,munich1 after which he devoted himself to light music by composing operettas4 ,while residing at different periods in ,vienna1 ,berlin1 and ,switzerland1 he wrote the scores for over ninety operettas and #bej motion pictures1 besides producing about five thousand songs4 ,his most successful operettas were ,the ,laughing ,triple ,alliance1 ,my ,sister and ,i1 ,love in the ,snow1 ,axel at the ,gates of ,heaven1 and ,the ,white ,horse ,inn4 ,he came to live in the ,united ,states in #aidj1 but after ,world ,war ,,ii returned to ,europe4 ,he died in ,zurich on ,october #ag1 #aieg4 ,the ,white ,horse ,inn 7,im weissen ,roess'l7 is not only ,benatzky's most celebrated operetta1 but also one of the most successful produced in ,europe between the two world wars1 and possibly the last of the great ,european operettas4 ,it was first performed in ,berlin in #aicj1 after which it enjoyed over a thousand performances in ,europe4 ,its premire in ,america in #aicf 7the book was adapted by ,david ,freedman1 lyrics were by ,irving ,caesar1 ,william ,gaxton and ,kitty ,carlisle starred7 was only a moderate success4 ,the operetta book of the original--freely adapted by ,erik ,charell and ,hans ,mueller1 from a play by ,blumenthal and ,kadelburg--is set in the delightful resort of ,st4 ,wolfgang on ,wolfgangsee in ,austria1 in the era just before ,world ,war ,i4 ,leopold1 headwaiter of ,the ,white ,horse ,inn1 is in love with its owner1 ,frau ,josepha1 who favors the lawyer1 ,siedler4 ,in a fit of temper she fires ,leopold1 but upon learning that ,emperor ,franz ,josef is about to pay the inn a visit1 she prevails upon him to stay on4 ,leopold makes a welcoming speech to the ,emperor1 during which his bitter resentment against ,frau ,josepha gets the upper hand4 ,later on1 when ,frau ,josepha confides to the ,emperor that she is in love with ,siedler1 he urges her to consider ,leopold for a husband4 ,leopold then comes to ,josepha with a letter of resignation1 which she accepts1 but only because she is now ready to give him a new position1 as her husband4 ,selections from this tuneful operetta include the main love song1 8,es muss ein wunderbares sein10 the ditty 8,zuschau'n kann ich nicht10 and the lively waltz1 8,im weissen ,roess'l am ,wolfgangsee40 ,it is mainly the worldwide popularity of this operetta 7even more than the natural beauty of ,wolfgangsee7 that brings tourists each year to the ,white ,horse ,inn at ,st4 ,wolfgang1 for a sight of the operetta's setting1 and to partake of refreshments on the attractive veranda overlooking ,wolfgangsee4 ,the inn is now generously decorated with pictures in which the two main songs of the operetta are quoted1 supplemented by a portrait of ,benatzky4 ,souvenir ashtrays also carry musical quotations from the operetta4 ,arthur ,benjamin ,arthur ,benjamin was born in ,sydney1 ,australia1 on ,september #ah1 #ahic4 ,his music study took place at the ,royal ,college of ,music in ,london4 ,after serving in ,world ,war ,i1 he became professor at the ,sydney ,conservatory1 and in #aibf he assumed a similar post with the ,royal ,college of ,music in ,london4 ,meanwhile in #aibd he received the ,carnegie ,award for his ,pastoral ,fantasia1 and in #aicb his first opera1 ,the ,devil ,take ,her1 was produced in ,london4 ,for five years1 beginning with #aida1 he was the conductor of the ,vancouver ,symphony4 ,he has written notable concertos1 a symphony1 and other orchestral music1 together with chamber works and several operas including ,a ,tale of ,two ,cities which won the ,festival of ,britain ,prize following its premire in #aiec4 ,he also wrote a harmonica concerto for ,larry ,adler4 ,though many of his compositions are in an advanced style and technique1 ,benjamin was perhaps best known for his lighter pieces1 particularly those in a popular ,south ,american idiom4 ,he died in ,london on ,april #aj1 #aifj4 ,the ,cotillon 7#aici7 is a suite of ,english dances derived from a medley entitled ,the ,dancing ,school1 published in ,london in #agai4 ,presented by ,benjamin in contemporary harmonic and instrumental dress1 these tunes--popular in ,england in the early #ahth century--still retain their appeal4 ,a short introduction1 built from a basic motive from the first dance1 leads to the following episodes with descriptive titles3 8,lord ,hereford's ,delight0 for full orchestra2 8,daphne's ,delight0 for woodwind and strings2 8,marlborough's ,victory10 for full orchestra2 8,love's ,triumph0 for strings2 8,jig ,it ,a ,foot0 for full orchestra2 8,the ,charmer0 for small orchestra2 8,nymph ,divine0 for small orchestra and harp solo2 8,the ,tattler0 for full orchestra2 and 8,argyll0 for full orchestra4 ,a figure from the final tune is given extended treatment in the coda4 ,benjamin's best known piece of music is the ,jamaican ,rumba 7#aidb74 ,this is the second number of ,two ,jamaican ,pieces for orchestra4 ,a light staccato accompaniment in rumba rhythm courses nimbly through the piece as the woodwinds present a saucy melody1 and the strings a countersubject4 ,consecutive fifths in the harmony1 a xylophone in the orchestration1 and the changing meters created by novel arrangement of notes in each measure1 provide particular interest4 ,the ,jamaican ,rumba has been transcribed for various solo instruments and piano as well as for piano trio4 ,the ,north ,american ,square ,dances1 for two pianos and orchestra 7#aiee71 is a delightful treatment of ,american folk idioms4 ,the work comprises eight fiddle tunes played at old-time square dances4 ,the native flavor is enhanced in the music by suggestions and simulations of feet-stamping1 voice calling1 and the plunking of a banjo4 ,in the ,introduction there appear fragments of the first dance2 these same fragments return in the coda4 ,there are eight sections3 ,introduction and 8,heller's ,reel02 8,the ,old ,plunk02 8,the ,bundle ,straw02 8,he ,piped ,so ,sweet02 8,fill the ,bowl02 8,pigeon on the ,pier02 8,calder ,fair02 and 8,salamanca0 and 8,coda40 ,the fourth and seventh dances are in slow tempo1 while all others are fast4 ,robert ,russell ,bennett ,robert ,russell ,bennett was born in ,kansas ,city1 ,missouri1 on ,june #ae1 #ahid4 ,he began his music study in ,kansas ,city3 piano with his mother2 violin and several other instruments with his father2 and harmony with ,carl ,busch4 ,while still a boy he wrote and had published several compositions4 ,he came to ,new ,york in #aiaf1 worked for a while as copyist at ,g4 ,schirmer1 then during ,world ,war ,i served for a year in the ,united ,states ,army4 ,after the war he spent several years in ,paris studying composition with ,nadia ,boulanger2 during this period he was twice the recipient of a ,guggenheim ,fellowship4 ,in #aibf-aibg he received honorable mention for his first symphony1 in a contest sponsored by ,musical ,america2 in #aicj he received two awards from ,,rca ,victor1 one for ,sights and ,sounds1 an orchestral tone poem1 the other for his first successful and widely performed work1 the symphony ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,since then ,bennett has worked fruitfully in three distinct areas4 ,as a composer of serious works he has produced several operas 7including ,maria ,malibran71 symphonies and other significant orchestral compositions4 ,as an orchestrator for the ,broadway theater1 he has been involved with some of the foremost stage productions of our times including musicals by ,rodgers and ,hammerstein1 ,jerome ,kern1 ,cole ,porter1 and ,lerner and ,loewe1 and many others4 ,he has also written compositions of a more popular nature1 compositions which1 while fully exploiting the resources of serious music1 are nevertheless filled with popular or jazz materials4 ,among the last are his effective symphonic adaptations of music from ,george ,gershwin's ,porgy and ,bess2 ,oklahoma6 and ,south ,pacific of ,rodgers and ,hammerstein2 and ,kiss ,me ,kate of ,cole ,porter4 ,in each instance1 the main melodies are brilliantly orchestrated and skilfully combined into an integrated synthesis so that each becomes a coherent musical composition4 ,the ,march1 for two pianos and orchestra1 7#aicj7 makes delightful use of jazz melodies and rhythms4 ,there are here four connected movements1 each in march time4 ,the first movement1 in a vigorous style1 leaps from one brief motive to another without any attempt at development4 ,in the second1 a sustained melody1 first for solo oboe and later for the piano with full orchestra1 is placed against a shifting rhythm4 ,the third is a serious recitative culminating in an episode in which the classic funeral march is given sophisticated treatment4 ,the fourth movement begins with a marche mignonne and concludes with a forceful1 at times overpowering1 statement of the funeral-march theme of the third movement4 ,while the ,symphony in ,d 7#aida7 is scored for symphony orchestra and has been played by many leading ,american orchestras1 it is music with its tongue in the cheek1 and is consistently light and humorous4 ,this symphony was written to honor the ,brooklyn ,dodger baseball team 7that is1 when they were still in ,brooklyn7--ironically enough an ode to a colorful team by a composer who has been a lifelong rooter of its most bitter rival1 the ,new ,york ,giants 7once again1 when they were still at the ,polo ,grounds74 ,there are four brief movements4 ,the first1 subtitled 8,brooklyn ,wins10 8means to picture the ecstatic joy of the town after the home team wins a game10 as the composer has explained4 ,this is followed by a slow 7,andante lamentoso7 movement1 appropriately designated as 8,brooklyn ,loses0--music filled with 8gloom and tears1 and even fury40 ,the third movement1 a scherzo1 is a portrait of the club's then 7#aida7 president1 ,larry ,mac,phail1 and his pursuit of a star pitcher4 8,we hear the horns' bay call--then we hear him in ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 trying to trade for the great pitcher1 ,bob ,feller4 ,he offers ,prospect ,park and the ,brooklyn ,bridge as an even trade1 but the ,cleveland management says #8,no' in the form of a big ,e-flat minor chord4 ,after repeated attempts we hear the hunting horns again1 as he resumes the hunt in other fields40 ,the finale is a choral movement1 and like that of ,beethoven's ,ninth ,symphony1 an ode to joy4 8,it is purely fictitious1 this text1 but it speaks for itself4 ,the subtitle of this finale is #8,the ,giants ,come to ,town4'0 ,bennett has written two delightful orchestral compositions derived from the songs of ,jerome ,kern4 ,one is ,symphonic ,study1 a synthesis of some of ,kern's best-loved melodies1 and ,variations on a ,theme by ,jerome ,kern4 ,both of these compositions are discussed in the section on ,kern4 ,bennett's symphonic treatment of ,george ,gershwin's ,porgy and ,bess1 entitled ,symphonic ,picture1 is commented upon in the ,gershwin section1 specifically with ,porgy and ,bess2 ,bennett's symphonic treatment of the music of ,cole ,porter's ,kiss ,me ,kate1 and of ,oklahoma6 and ,south ,pacific is spoken of in the sections devoted to ,cole ,porter and ,richard ,rodgers1 respectively4 ,bennett has also orchestrated1 and adapted into a symphonic suite1 the music from ,richard ,rodgers' ,victory at ,sea1 described in the ,richard ,rodgers section4 ,hector ,berlioz ,hector ,berlioz was born in ,cte-,saint-,andr1 ,france on ,december #aa1 #ahjc4 ,as a young man he was sent to ,paris to study medicine1 but music occupied his interests and he soon abandoned his medical studies to enter the ,paris ,conservatory4 ,impatient with the academic restrictions imposed upon him there1 he left the ,conservatory to begin his career as a composer4 ,from the very beginning he set out to open new horizons for musical expression and to extend the periphery of musical structure4 ,his first masterwork was the ,symphonie fantastique1 inspired by his love for the ,shakespearean actress1 ,harriet ,smithson4 ,it was introduced in ,paris in #ahcj1 a year in which ,berlioz also won the ,prix de ,rome4 ,in his later works1 ,berlioz became one of music's earliest ,romantics4 ,he was a bold innovator in breaking down classical restraint2 he helped extend the dramatic expressiveness of music2 he was a pioneer in the writing of program music and in enriching the language of harmony1 rhythm1 and orchestration4 ,among his major works are the ,requiem1 ,harold in ,italy for viola solo and orchestra1 the ,roman ,carnival ,overture1 the dramatic symphony ,romeo and ,juliet1 and ,the ,damnation of ,faust4 ,berlioz married ,harriet ,smithson in #ahcc4 ,it proved to be a tempestuous affair from the outset1 finally ending by mutual consent in permanent separation4 ,from #aheb until his death ,berlioz was a librarian of the ,paris ,conservatory4 ,he was active throughout ,europe as a conductor and was a trenchant writer on musical subjects2 among his books is a volume of ,memoirs4 ,he died in ,paris on ,march #h1 #ahfi4 ,the compositions by which ,berlioz is most often heard on semi-classical programs are three excerpts from ,the ,damnation of ,faust3 8,the ,dance of the ,sylphs0 78,danse des sylphes072 8,the ,minuet of the ,will-o'-the-,wisps0 78,menuet des feux-follets071 and 8,rakczy ,march0 78,marche hongroise074 ,the ,damnation of ,faust1 op4 #bd1 described by the composer as a 8dramatic legend10 took many years for realization4 ,it was based on a ,french translation of ,goethe's ,faust1 published in #ahbg4 ,a year later1 ,berlioz completed a musical setting of eight scenes as part of an ambitious project to prepare a huge cantata based on the ,faust legend4 ,he did not complete this project until eighteen years after that4 ,upon returning to it1 he revised his earlier material1 and wrote a considerable amount of new music4 ,this work was first performed in oratorio style in ,paris on ,december #f1 #ahdf and was a fiasco4 ,it was given a stage presentation in ,monte ,carlo in #aijc4 ,since then it has been performed both in concert version and as an opera4 8,the ,dance of the ,sylphs0 is graceful waltz music1 its main melody assigned to the violins4 ,it appears in the second part of the 8legend40 ,faust is lulled to sleep by sylphs who appear in his dream in a delicate dance which brings up for him the image of his beloved ,marguerite4 8,minuet of the ,will-o'-the-,wisps0 comes in the third part of the legend4 ,mephisto summons the spirits and the will-of-the-wisps to encircle ,marguerite's house4 ,the dance tune is heard in woodwind and brass4 ,after the trio section1 the minuet melody is repeated twice1 the second time interrupted by chords after each phrase4 ,the 8,rakczy ,march0 is based on an #ahth-century ,hungarian melody4 ,it is logically interpolated into the ,faust legend by the expedience of having ,faust wander about in ,hungary4 ,a fanfare for the brass leads to the first and main melody1 a brisk march subject begun quietly in the woodwind4 ,it gains in force until it is exultantly proclaimed by full orchestra4 ,a countersubject is then heard in strings4 ,after the march melody returns1 it again gains in volume until it is built up into an overpowering climax4 ,leonard ,bernstein ,leonard ,bernstein was born in ,lawrence1 ,massachusetts1 on ,august #be1 #aiah4 ,early music study took place with private piano teachers1 and subsequently with ,helen ,coates and ,heinrich ,gebhard4 ,he was graduated from ,harvard in #aici after which he attended the ,curtis ,institute of ,music 7a pupil of ,fritz ,reiner in conducting7 and three summer sessions of the ,berkshire ,music ,center as a student and protg of ,serge ,koussevitzky4 ,he made a sensational debut as conductor with the ,new ,york ,philharmonic in #aidc1 appearing as a last-minute substitute for ,bruno ,walter who had fallen ill4 ,since that time he has risen to the front rank of contemporary symphony conductors1 having led most of the world's leading organizations1 and being appointed music director of the ,new ,york ,philharmonic in #aieh4 ,as a serious composer he first attracted attention with the ,jeremiah ,symphony in #aidd1 which was performed by most of ,america's leading orchestras1 was recorded1 and received the ,new ,york ,city ,music ,critics ,award4 ,he subsequently wrote other major works for orchestra as well as the scores to successful ballets1 an opera1 and several ,broadway musical comedies that were box-office triumphs2 the last of these included ,on the ,town 7#aidd71 ,wonderful ,town 7#aiec7 and ,west ,side ,story 7#aieg74 ,bernstein has also distinguished himself as a musical commentator and analyst over television1 concert pianist1 and author4 ,whether writing in a serious or popular vein ,bernstein consistently reveals himself to be a master of his technical resources1 endowed with a fine creative imagination1 a strong lyric and rhythmic gift1 and a restless intelligence that is ever on the search for new and fresh approaches in his writing4 ,high on the list of favorites in the semi-classical repertory are the orchestral suites he adapted from his two popular and successful ballets4 ,facsimile1 choreography by ,jerome ,robbins1 was introduced in ,new ,york in #aidf4 ,the ballet scenario revolves around three lonely people--a woman and two men--who find only frustration and disenchantment after trying to find satisfactory personal relationships4 ,the orchestral suite from this vivacious score1 vitalized with the use of popular melodies and dance rhythms1 is made up of four parts4 ,i4 8,solo40 ,the principal musical material here is found in a solo flute4 ,this is a description of a woman standing alone in an open place4 ,,ii4 8,pas de ,deux40 ,woman meets man1 and a flirtation ensues to the tune of a waltz4 ,the scene achieves a passionate climax1 and is followed by a sentimental episode1 romanticized in the music by a subject for muted strings and two solo violins and solo viola4 ,the love interest dies2 the pair become bored1 then hostile4 ,,iii4 8,pas de trois40 ,the second man enters4 ,this episode is a scherzo with extended piano solo passages4 ,a triangle ensues between the two men and one woman1 there is some sophisticated interplay among them1 and finally there ensue bitter words and misunderstandings4 ,,iv4 8,coda40 ,the two men take their departure1 not without considerable embarrassment4 ,fancy ,free was ,bernstein's first ballet1 and it is still his most popular one2 he completed his score in #aidd and it was introduced by the ,ballet ,theater 7which had commissioned it7 on ,april #ah of that year4 ,it was a success of major proportions1 received numerous performances1 then became a staple in the ,american dance repertory4 ,it is1 wrote ,george ,amberg1 8the first substantial ballet entirely created in the contemporary ,american idiom1 a striking and beautifully convincing example of genuine ,american style40 ,the scenario1 by ,jerome ,robbins1 concerned the quest of girl companionship on the part of three sailors on temporary shore leave4 ,bernstein's music1 though sophisticated in its harmonic and instrumental vocabulary1 is filled with racy jazz rhythms and idioms and with melodies cast in a popular mold4 ,the orchestral suite is made up of five parts3 8,dance of the ,three ,sailors02 8,scene at the ,bar02 8,pas de deux02 8,pantomime02 8,three ,variations0 7,galop1 ,waltz1 ,danzon7 and ,finale4 ,when this ,suite was first performed1 in ,pittsburgh in #aide1 with ,bernstein conducting1 the composer provided the following description of what takes place in the music4 8,from the moment the action begins1 with the sound of a juke box wailing behind the curtain1 the ballet is strictly ,young ,america of #aidd4 ,the curtain rises on a street corner with a lamppost1 side street bar1 and ,new ,york skyscrapers tricked out with a crazy pattern of lights1 making a dizzying background4 ,three sailors explode onto the stage2 they are on shore leave in the city and on the prowl for girls4 ,the tale of how they meet first one girl1 then a second1 and how they fight over them1 lose them1 and in the end take off after still a third1 is the story of the ballet40 ,fancy ,free was expanded into a musical-comedy by ,betty ,comden and ,adolph ,green1 for which ,bernstein wrote his ,broadway score4 ,called ,on the ,town it started a one-year ,broadway run on ,december #bh1 #aidd1 and subsequently was twice revived in off-,broadway productions1 and was made into an outstanding screen musical4 ,georges ,bizet ,georges ,bizet was born in ,paris on ,october #be1 #ahch4 ,revealing a pronounced gift for music in early childhood he was entered into the ,paris ,conservatory when he was only nine4 ,there--as a pupil of ,marmontel1 ,halvy1 and ,benoist--he won numerous prizes1 including the ,prix de ,rome in #aheg4 ,in that year he also had his first stage work produced1 a one-act opera1 ,le ,docteur miracle4 ,after his return from ,rome to ,paris he started to write operas4 ,les ,pcheurs de perles 7,pearl ,fishers7 and ,la jolie fille de ,perth were produced in ,paris in #ahfc and #ahfg respectively4 ,success came in #ahgb with his first ,suite from the incidental music to ,daudet's ,l',arlsienne4 ,after that came his masterwork1 the opera by which he has earned immortality3 ,carmen1 introduced in ,paris two months before his death4 ,bizet died in ,bougival1 ,france1 on ,june #c1 #ahge4 ,his gift for rich1 well-sounding melodies1 and his feeling for inviting harmonies and tasteful orchestration make many of his compositions ideal for programs of light music1 even salient portions of ,carmen4 ,agnus ,dei is a vocal adaptation 7to a liturgical ,latin text7 of the intermezzo from ,bizet's incidental music to ,l',arlsienne4 ,it is also found as the second movement of the ,l',arlsienne ,suite ,no4 #b4 ,a dramatic dialogue between forceful strings and serene woodwinds leads into a spiritual religious song4 ,the ,arlsienne ,suite ,no4 #a is made up of parts from the incidental music1 which ,bizet wrote for the ,provenal drama of ,alphonse ,daudet1 ,the ,woman of ,arles 7,l',arlsienne74 ,the play1 with ,bizet's music consisting of twenty-seven pieces1 was given at the ,thtre du ,vaudeville in ,paris in #ahgb4 ,out of this score the composer selected four excerpts and assembled them into an orchestral suite1 which has become his most celebrated instrumental composition1 and his first success as a composer4 ,a knowledge of the plot and characters of the ,daudet play is by no means essential to a full appreciation of ,bizet's tuneful suite4 ,the first movement1 8,prelude10 begins with a march melody based on an old ,french ,christmas song4 ,this is subjected to a series of variations4 ,after the march tune has been repeated vigorously by the full orchestra there appears a pastoral interlude1 scored originally for saxophones1 but now usually heard in clarinets4 ,this1 in turn1 is succeeded by a passionate song for strings1 with brass and woodwind accompaniment4 ,the second movement is a 8,minuet10 whose principal theme is a brisk and strongly accented subject4 ,in the trio section1 the clarinet appears with a flowing lyrical episode4 ,as the violins take this material over they become rapturous2 the harp and woodwind provide intriguing accompanying figures4 ,a brief 8,adagietto0 comes as the third movement4 ,this is a sensitive romance for muted strings4 ,in the finale1 8,carillon10 we get a picture of a peasant celebration of the ,feast of ,st4 ,eloi4 ,the horns simulate a three-note chime of bells which accompanies a lively dance tune1 first in strings1 then in other sections of the orchestra4 ,a soft interlude is interposed by the woodwind4 ,then the lively dance reappears1 once again to be accompanied by vigorous tolling bells simulated by the horns4 ,there exists a second suite made up of four more numbers from the incidental music to ,l',arlsienne4 ,this was prepared after ,bizet's death by his friend1 ,ernest ,guiraud4 ,this second suite is rarely played1 but its second movement1 8,intermezzo10 is celebrated in its liturgical version as 8,agnus ,dei0 7which see above74 ,the other movements are ,pastorale1 ,minuet and ,farandole4 ,if the name of ,bizet has survived in musical history and will continue to do so for a long time to come1 it is surely because of a single masterwork--his opera ,carmen4 ,this stirring music drama--based on the famous novel of ,prosper ,mrime1 adapted for ,bizet by ,meilhac and ,halvy--never fails in its emotional and dramatic impact4 ,carmen is the seductive gypsy girl who enmeshes two lovers3 the bull fighter ,escamillo1 and the sergeant1 ,don ,jos4 ,both she and ,don ,jos meet a tragic end on the day of ,escamillo's triumph in the bull ring4 ,the background to this fatal story of love and death is provided by the ,spanish city of ,seville--its streets1 bull ring1 taverns1 and nearby mountain retreat of smugglers4 ,carmen was introduced at the ,opra-,comique on ,march #c1 #ahge4 ,legend would have us believe it was a fiasco1 and further that heartbreak over this failure brought about ,bizet's premature death two months after the opera was first heard4 ,as a matter of historic truth1 while there were some critics at that first performance who considered the text too stark and realistic for their tastes1 ,carmen did very well1 indeed4 ,by ,june #ahth it enjoyed thirty-seven performances4 ,at the start of the new season of the ,opra-,comique it returned to the repertory to receive its fiftieth presentation by ,february #ae1 #ahgf4 ,it was hailed in ,vienna in #ahge1 ,brussels in #ahgf1 and ,london and ,new ,york in #ahgh4 ,many critics everywhere were as enthusiastic as the general public1 and with good reason4 ,for all the vivid color of ,spanish life and backgrounds1 and all the flaming passions aroused by the sensual ,carmen1 were caught in ,bizet's luminous1 dramatic score4 ,the ,prelude to ,carmen represents a kind of resum of what takes place in the opera1 and with some of its musical material4 ,it opens with lively music for full orchestra describing the festive preparations in ,seville just before a bull fight4 ,after a sudden change of key1 and several chords1 the popular second-act song of ,escamillo1 the bullfighter1 is first given quietly in strings1 then repeated more loudly4 ,then there is heard an ominous passage against quivering strings which1 in the opera1 suggests the fatal fascination exerted by ,carmen on men4 ,this is repeated in a higher register and somewhat amplified until a dramatic chord for full orchestra brings this episode1 and the overture itself1 to a conclusion4 ,the ,prelude to ,act ,,ii is constructed from a motive of an off-stage unaccompanied little song by ,don ,jos in the same act praising the dragoons of ,alcala4 ,the ,prelude to ,act ,,iii is actually an entr'acte1 a gentle little intermezzo which ,bizet originally wrote for ,l',arlsienne4 ,the ,prelude to ,act ,,iv is also an entr'acte1 this time of dramatic personality4 ,the brilliant and forceful music is based upon an actual ,andalusian folk song and dance2 it sets the mood for the gay festivities in a public square on the day of a gala bull-fight with which the fourth act opens4 ,it is sometimes a practice at concerts of semi-classical or pop music to present not merely one of the four orchestral ,preludes but also at other times salient musical episodes from the opera1 arranged and assembled into fantasias or suites4 ,these potpourris or suites are generally made up of varied combinations of the following excerpts4 ,from ,act ,i3 the 8,changing of the ,guard02 ,carmen's seductive and extremely popular aria1 the ,habanera 78,l'amour est un oiseau rebelle071 which was not by ,bizet but borrowed by him from a song by ,sebastian ,yradier 7see ,yradier72 the duet of ,micala and ,don ,jos1 8,qui sait de quel dmon02 and ,carmen's ,sguidille1 8,prs des ramparts de ,sville40 ,from ,act ,,ii3 8,the ,march of the ,smugglers102 ,carmen's 8,chanson bohme02 the rousing ,toreador ,song of ,escamillo2 and ,don ,jos's poignant 8,flower ,song0 to ,carmen1 8,la fleur que tu m'avais jete40 ,from ,act ,,iii3 ,carmen's ,card ,song1 8,en vain pour viter02 and ,micala's celebrated ,air1 8,je dis que rien ne m'pouvante04 ,from ,act ,,iv3 the ,chorus1 ,march1 and ,finale4 ,utilizing many of these selections1 ,ferruccio ,busoni and ,vladimir ,horowitz each prepared striking concert fantasias for solo piano2 ,pablo de ,sarasate1 for violin and piano2 and ,franz ,waxman for violin and orchestra for the motion picture1 ,humoresque1 starring ,john ,garfield4 ,children's ,games 7,jeux d'enfants7 is a delightful suite of twelve pieces for piano 7four hands7 for and about children4 ,bizet wrote it in #ahga1 but shortly afterwards orchestrated five of these numbers and assembled them into a suite1 op4 #bb4 ,the first movement is a march entitled 8,trumpeter and ,drummer0 78,trompette et tambour07 music punctuated by trumpet calls and drum rolls1 accompanying a troop of soldiers as it approaches and then disappears into the distance4 ,this is followed by a tender berceuse for muted strings1 8,the ,doll0 78,la ,poupe074 ,the third movement is 8,the ,top0 78,la ,toupie071 an impromptu in which the violins simulate the whirr of a spinning top while the woodwinds introduce a jolly dance tune4 ,the fourth movement1 8,little ,husband1 ,little ,wife0 78,petit mari1 petite femme07 is a quiet little dialogue between husband and wife1 the former represented by first violins1 and the latter by the cellos4 ,the suite ends with 8,the ,ball0 78,le ,bal071 a galop for full orchestra4 ,the ,danse bohmienne is a popular orchestral episode that comes from a comparatively unknown 7and early7 ,bizet opera1 ,la jolie fille de ,perth1 introduced in ,paris in #ahfg4 ,this vital dance music appears in the second act1 but it is also often borrowed by many opera companies for the fourth act ballet of ,carmen4 ,the harp leads into1 and then accompanies1 a soft1 sinuous dance melody for the flute4 ,the tempo rapidly quickens1 and the mood grows febrile2 the strings take over the dance melody in quick time1 and other sections of the orchestra participate vigorously4 ,la ,patrie ,overture1 op4 #ai 7#ahgc7 is music in a martial manner4 ,a robust1 strongly rhythmed march tune is immediately presented by the full orchestra4 ,after some amplification it is repeated softly by the orchestra4 ,the second main theme is a stately folk melody first given by the violins1 clarinets and bassoons1 accompanied by the double basses4 ,this new subject receives resounding treatment in full orchestra and is carried to a powerful climax4 ,after a momentary pause1 a third tune is heard1 this time in violas and cellos accompanied by brasses and double basses1 and a fourth1 in violas1 clarinets and ,english horn with the muted violins providing an arpeggio accompaniment4 ,then the stirring opening march music is recalled and dramatized4 ,the overture ends in a blaze of color after some of the other themes are brought back with enriched harmonies and orchestration4 ,this music was written for a play of the same name by ,sardou4 ,luigi ,boccherini ,luigi ,boccherini was born in ,lucca1 ,italy1 on ,february #ai1 #agdc4 ,after studying music with various private teachers in ,rome1 he gained recognition as a cellist both as a member of theater orchestras in ,lucca and later on tour throughout ,europe in joint concerts with ,filippo ,manfredi1 violinist4 ,he served as court composer in ,madrid from #aghe to #aghg1 and from #aghg until #agig for ,friedrich ,wilhelm ,,ii of ,prussia4 ,his last years were spent in ,madrid in poverty and poor health1 and he died in that city on ,may #bh1 #ahje4 ,boccherini1 a contemporary of ,haydn1 was a prolific composer of symphonies1 concertos1 and a considerable amount of chamber music which were all-important in helping to develop and crystallize a classical style of instrumental writing and in establishing the classic forms of instrumental music4 ,despite the abundance of his creation in virtually every branch of instrumental music1 and despite the significance of his finest works1 ,boccherini is remembered today by many music lovers mainly for a comparatively minor piece of music3 the sedate ,minuet which originated as the third movement of the ,string ,quintet in ,e major1 op4 #ac1 no4 #e4 ,transcribed for orchestra1 and for various solo instruments and piano1 7even for solo harpsichord7 this light and airy ,minuet has become one of the most celebrated musical examples of this classic dance form4 ,several of ,boccherini's little known melodies from various quintets and from his ,sinfonia ,no4 #b in ,b-flat were used by the contemporary ,french composer1 ,jean ,franaix1 for a ballet score1 from which comes an enchanting little orchestral suite4 ,the ballet was ,the ,school of ,dancing 7,scuola di ,ballo71 with book and choreography by ,leonide ,massine2 it was introduced by the ,ballet ,russe de ,monte ,carlo in ,monte ,carlo in #aicc4 ,the book was set in the dancing school of ,professor ,rigadon4 ,the professor tries to palm off one of his backward pupils on an impresario1 while withholding his star2 in the end all pupils leave him in disgust4 ,the suite is in four parts4 ,the first consists of 8,leon0 and 8,menuet02 the second1 8,larghetto10 8,rondo10 and 8,dispute02 the third1 8,presto10 8,pastorale10 and 8,danse allemande02 the last1 8,scne du notaire0 and 8,finale40 ,an unidentified program annotator goes on to explain3 8,an occasional stern note in the #8,leon' and strong chords in the #8,menuet' suggest the teacher4 ,the violin and bassoon play a duet which very clearly pictures the inept pupil4 ,further atmosphere is furnished by a guitar-like accompaniment heard on the harp from time to time4 ,one is soon acquainted with the characters who reappear in the various sections4 ,the #8,larghetto' closely resembles a movement in one of ,haydn's symphonies1 which suggests a tempting line of speculation4 ,the orchestration of the #8,rondo' and the syncopation of the #8,danse allemande' are noteworthy40 ,franois ,boieldieu ,franois-,adrien ,boieldieu1 genius of opra-comique1 was born in ,rouen1 ,france1 on ,december #af1 #agge4 ,after studying music with ,charles ,broche1 ,boieldieu became a church organist in ,rouen in his fifteenth year4 ,two years later his first opera1 ,la fille coupable1 was successfully given in the same city4 ,in #agif he came to ,paris where from #agig on his operas began appearing in various theaters1 climaxed by his first major success1 ,le ,calife de ,bagdad in #ahja4 ,in #agih he was appointed professor of the piano at the ,paris ,conservatory4 ,from #ahjc until #ahaa he lived in ,russia writing operas for the ,imperial theaters and supervising musical performances at court4 ,after returning to ,paris in #ahaa1 he reassumed his significant position in ,french music4 ,from #ahag to #ahbf he was professor of composition at the ,paris ,conservatory1 and in #ahba he was made ,chevalier of the ,legion of ,honor4 ,all the while he kept on writing operas and enjoying considerable popularity4 ,his most significant work was the opra-comique1 ,la ,dame blanche1 a sensation when introduced in ,paris in #ahbe4 ,ill health compelled him to abandon his various professional activities in #ahcb4 ,supported by an annual government grant1 he withdrew to ,jarcy where he spent the last years of his life devoting himself mainly to painting4 ,he died there on ,october #h1 #ahcd4 ,boieldieu1 with ,adam and ,auber1 was one of the founders of ,french comic opera1 and his best works are still among the finest achieved in this genre4 ,the ,overture to ,the ,caliph of ,bagdad 7,le ,calife de ,bagdad7 is ,boieldieu's most famous piece of music4 ,the opera was a triumph when introduced at the ,opra-,comique in ,paris on ,september #af1 #ahja4 ,the libretto1 by ,saint-,just1 is set in ,bagdad where ,isaaum is a benevolent ,caliph1 but given to mischievous pranks and tricks1 including parading around the city in various disguises4 ,once1 as an army officer1 he meets and makes love to ,zeltube4 ,her mother1 suspicious of him1 orders his arrest4 ,when the ,caliph reveals himself1 he also discloses his intentions were honorable and that he intends making ,zeltube his bride4 ,the overture opens with a mellow song for strings4 ,when the tempo changes1 a sprightlier tune is heard in strings and brought to a forceful climactic point4 ,the music now assumes a dramatic character after which a new subject1 again in a sensitive lyrical vein1 is offered by the strings4 ,the ,overture to ,la ,dame blanche 7,the ,white ,lady7 is also popular4 ,la ,dame blanche is the composer's greatest work in the opra-comique form4 ,it was received with such sensational acclaim when introduced in ,paris on ,december #aj1 #ahbe that1 temporarily at any rate1 the sparkling comic operas of ,rossini 7then very much in vogue7 were thrown into a shade4 ,in time1 ,la ,dame blanche received universal acceptance as a classic in the world of opra-comique4 ,between #ahbe and #ahfb it enjoyed over a thousand performances in ,paris2 by ,world ,war ,i1 the total passed beyond the fifteen hundred mark4 ,the libretto1 by ,eugne ,scribe1 is based on two novels by ,sir ,walter ,scott1 ,the ,monastery and ,guy ,mannering4 ,the setting is ,scotland1 and the 8white lady0 is a statue believed to be the protector of a castle belonging to the ,laird of ,avenel4 ,the castle is being administered by ,gaveston who tries to use the legend of the white lady for his own selfish purposes1 to gain possession of the family treasures4 ,anna1 ,gaveston's ward1 impersonates the white lady to help save the castle and its jewels for the rightful owner4 ,the vivacious overture is made up of several of the opera's principal melodies4 ,the introduction begins with a motive from the first-act finale1 and is followed by the melodious and expressive 8,ballad of the ,white ,lady40 ,the ,allegro section that follows includes the drinking song and several other popular arias1 among these being the ballad of 8,robin ,adair0 which appears during the hero's first-act revery and as a concert piece in the third act4 ,giovanni ,bolzoni ,giovanni ,bolzoni was born in ,parma1 ,italy1 on ,may #ad1 #ahda4 ,he attended the ,parma ,conservatory1 then achieved recognition as a conductor of operas in ,perugia and ,turin4 ,in #ahhg he became director of the ,liceo ,musicale in ,turin4 ,bolzoni wrote five operas1 a symphony1 overtures1 and chamber music1 but all are now in discard4 ,he died in ,turin on ,february #ba1 #aiai4 ,about the only piece of music by ,bolzoni to survive is a beguiling little ,minuet which comes from an unidentified string quartet and which has achieved outstanding popularity in various transcriptions1 including many for salon orchestras with which it is a perennial favorite4 ,carrie ,jacobs ,bond ,carrie ,jacobs ,bond1 whose art songs are among the most popular by an ,american1 was born in ,janesville1 ,wisconsin1 on ,august #aa1 #ahfb4 ,coming from a musical family1 she was given music instruction early1 and made appearances as a child-prodigy pianist4 ,after marrying ,dr4 ,frank ,l4 ,bond1 a physician1 she went to live in ,chicago where her husband died suddenly1 leaving her destitute4 ,for a while she earned a living by renting rooms1 taking in sewing1 and doing other menial jobs4 ,then she began thinking of supplementing this meager income with the writing of songs4 ,to issue these compositions1 she formed a modest publishing firm in ,new ,york with funds acquired from her ,new ,york song recital2 for a long time her office was in a hall bedroom4 ,her first publication1 just before the end of the century1 was ,seven ,songs1 which included 8,i ,love ,you ,truly0 and 8,just a ,wearyin' ,for ,you10 each of which she subsequently published as separate pieces4 ,in #aiji she achieved a formidable success with the famous ballad1 8,the ,end of a ,perfect ,day10 of which more than five million copies of sheet music were sold within a few years4 ,her later songs added further both to her financial security and her reputation4 ,she was invited to give concerts at the ,white ,house1 received awards for achievement in music from various organizations1 and was singled out in #aida by the ,federation of ,music ,clubs as one of the two outstanding women in the field of music4 ,she died in ,hollywood1 ,california1 on ,december #bh1 #aidf4 ,carrie ,jacobs ,bond knew how to write a song that was filled with sentiment without becoming cloying1 that was simple without becoming ingenuous1 and which struck a sympathetic universal chord by virtue of its mobile and expressive lyricism4 ,besides 8,i ,love ,you ,truly10 8,just a ,wearyin' for ,you0 and 8,the ,end of a ,perfect ,day10 her most famous songs included 8,his ,lullaby10 8,life's ,garden10 8,i've ,done ,my ,work10 and 8,roses ,are in ,bloom40 ,her songs are so popular that they have been often heard in various transcriptions for salon orchestras and band4 ,alexander ,borodin ,alexander ,borodin was born in ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,russia1 on ,november #aa1 #ahcc4 ,he was trained in the sciences1 having attended the ,academy of ,medicine in ,st4 ,petersburg and in #aheh receiving his doctorate in chemistry4 ,he continued after that to devote himself to scientific activities1 both in and out of ,russia4 ,he produced several significant papers and1 from #ahei to #ahfb1 served on an important scientific mission4 ,he had also received some musical training in his boyhood4 ,in #ahfb he began to direct his energies with equal vigor to music as well as to science4 ,he soon joined four colleagues 7,mussorgsky1 ,balakirev1 ,cui1 and ,rimsky-,korsakov7 in forming a national school of composition henceforth identified as 8,the ,mighty ,five0 or 8,the ,russian ,five40 ,like the other members of this group1 ,borodin concerned himself with the creation of a national ,russian musical art1 well grounded in ,russian folk song and dance1 ,russian culture and history4 ,in this style he produced three symphonies1 the folk opera ,prince ,igor1 two string quartets1 and various operas and instrumental compositions4 ,he differed from the other members of the 8,russian ,five0 by his partiality to ,oriental melodies1 harmonies1 rhythms1 and instrumental colors1 and by his preference for exotic subjects4 ,borodin died in ,st4 ,petersburg on ,february #bg1 #ahhg4 ,in the ,steppes of ,central ,asia 7#ahhj7 is a popular tone poem for orchestra1 one of several tableaux vivants 78living pictures07 commissioned from various composers to honor the #beth anniversary of the reign of ,czar ,alexander ,,ii4 ,each tableau vivant was intended to portray an incident from the ,russian past1 or a picture of a ,russian scene4 ,borodin prepared his own programmatic note to explain his music2 it appears in the published score4 8,over the uniformly sandy steppes of ,central ,asia come sounds of a peaceful ,russian song4 ,along with them are heard the melancholy strains of ,oriental melodies1 then the stamping of approaching horses and camels4 ,a caravan1 accompanied by ,russian soldiers1 traverses the measureless waste4 ,with full trust in its protective escort1 it continues its long journey in a carefree mood4 ,onward the caravan moves4 ,the songs of the ,russians and those of the ,asiatic natives mingle in common harmony4 ,the refrains curl over the desert and then die away in the distance40 ,the peaceful ,russian song is given by the clarinet1 while the 8melancholy strains of ,oriental melodies0 is an expressive song for ,english horn4 ,these two melodies are the core of a composition that is free in form4 ,the ,nocturne 7,notturno7 is a haunting1 poetic song for strings1 the third movement of the composer's ,string ,quartet ,no4 #b in ,d major 7#ahhe74 ,it is often heard apart from the rest of the work1 particularly in various transcriptions for orchestra1 or for violin and piano4 ,in #aiec1 furnished with lyrics and adapted into a popular song by ,robert ,wright and ,george 8,chet0 ,forrest1 it was heard in the ,broadway musical ,kismet as 8,this ,is ,my ,beloved0 and became an outstanding hit4 ,the ,polovtsian ,dances come from ,prince ,igor1 a folk opera with libretto by ,vladimir ,stassov based on an old ,russian chronicle4 ,it was introduced at the ,imperial ,opera in ,st4 ,petersburg in #ahij4 ,the setting is #abth-century ,central ,asia where a ,tartar race1 known as the ,polovtzi1 capture ,prince ,igor and his son1 ,vladimir4 ,though captives1 ,prince ,igor and his son are regaled by the leader of the ,tartars with a lavish feast and ,oriental dances4 ,it is at this point in the opera 7,act #b7 that the popular ,polovtsian ,dances appear4 ,they are exciting aural experiences because of their primitive rhythms1 exotic ,oriental melodies1 and flaming instrumental colors4 ,one of the dances is a poignant melody for flute and oboe2 another is a dance of savage men in which the main melody in clarinet is set against a sharply accented phrase of four descending notes2 a third is barbaric1 a syncopated melody for strings accompanied by crash of cymbals2 a fourth is a haunting ,oriental song divided by violins and cellos4 ,this last melody was used by ,robert ,wright and ,george 8,chet0 ,forrest for their popular song hit of #aiec1 8,stranger in ,paradise10 in their ,broadway musical1 ,kismet4 ,the concluding dance is again in a savage manner4 ,a passionate melody is begun by the woodwind and carried on by the strings1 while receiving a vigorous horn accompaniment4 ,felix ,borowski ,felix ,borowski was born in ,burton1 ,england1 on ,march #aj1 #ahgb4 ,he received his musical training at the ,cologne ,conservatory and with private teachers in ,england4 ,in #ahig he settled in the ,united ,states where he later became a citizen4 ,from #ahig to #aiaf he was professor of harmony and counterpoint at ,chicago ,musical ,college1 and from #aiaf to #aibe its president4 ,his career in music criticism began in #aije4 ,from #aijg to #aiag he was music critic of the ,chicago ,record-,herald and from #aidb until his death1 of the ,chicago ,sun4 ,he was also program annotator for the concerts of the ,chicago ,symphony from #aijh on1 some of these annotations being published in the books1 ,standard ,concert ,guide and ,encyclopedia of the ,symphony4 ,borowski died in ,chicago1 ,illinois1 on ,september #f1 #aief4 ,as a composer1 ,borowski produced three symphonies1 three string quartets1 several ballet-pantomimes1 various tone poems and other instrumental compositions4 ,his major works are now rarely given1 but his smaller salon pieces have retained their popularity through the years4 ,the best of these are the ,adoration1 for violin and piano1 the ,la ,coquette and ,valsette for piano1 all transcribed for orchestra4 ,all three pieces are in simple song structure and unashamedly ,romantic in their lyricism and emotional content4 ,the uninhibited sentimentality of ,adoration has made that piece a particular favorite4 ,johannes ,brahms ,johannes ,brahms was born in ,hamburg1 ,germany1 on ,may #g1 #ahcc4 ,he received instruction in music from his father1 ,otto ,cossel1 and ,eduard ,marxsen4 ,at fourteen he gave his first public concert as pianist1 in which he introduced one of his own compositions4 ,in #ahec he toured with the ,hungarian violinist1 ,eduard ,remnyi1 as his accompanist4 ,during this period he met and aroused the interest of such notable musicians as ,joachim1 ,liszt1 and ,schumann4 ,the last of these was one of the first to give ,brahms public recognition1 through a glowing article in the ,neue ,zeitschrift fuer ,musik4 ,after a considerable amount of travel in ,germany and ,austria1 and after holding various musical positions1 ,brahms established himself permanently in ,vienna in #ahfc4 ,the promise he had shown in his early piano and chamber music became fully realized with his first piano concerto in #aheg1 the ,german ,requiem written between #aheg and #ahfh1 and the first symphony completed in #ahgf4 ,in his later orchestral1 piano1 and chamber music he assumed a position of first importance in the ,german ,romantic movement1 the spokesman for absolute music1 the genius who succeeded in combining respect for classical discipline and tradition with the ,romanticist's bent for emotion1 poetry1 and flexible thought4 ,brahms died in ,vienna on ,april #c1 #ahig4 ,the supreme craftsmanship1 mature thought1 and profound feelings of ,brahms' music do not lend themselves to popular consumption4 ,occasionally1 though not frequently1 he chose to give voice to a lighter mood1 as he did in his ever-popular ,hungarian ,dances4 ,in such music1 as in his more ambitious works1 he is always the master of form and style1 and a powerful and inventive creator4 ,the ,cradle ,song 7,wiegenlied7 is ,brahms' universally loved art song1 one of the most famous lullabies ever written4 ,it is the fourth in a collection of five songs1 op4 #di 7#ahfh74 ,its lyric is a folk poem 78,guten ,abend1 ,gute ,nacht074 ,in its many and varied transcriptions1 this lullaby has become an instrumental favorite4 ,the ,hungarian ,dances was originally published in #ahfi in two volumes for four-hand piano4 ,the first book contained dances ,nos4 #a through #e1 while the second book had ,nos4 #f through #aj4 ,brahms took special pains to point out that these melodies were not his own1 but were adaptations4 ,on the title page there appeared the phrase 8arranged for the piano40 ,brahms further refused to place an opus number to his publication as another indication that this was not original music2 and in a letter to his publisher1 ,simrock1 he explained he was offering this music 8as genuine gypsy children which ,i did not beget but merely brought up with bread and milk40 ,despite ,brahms' open candor about the origin of these melodies1 a storm of protest was sounded by many newspapers and musicians accusing ,brahms of plagiarism4 ,fortunately1 the general public refused to be influenced by this unjust accusation4 ,the two volumes of ,hungarian ,dances were a formidable success1 the greatest enjoyed by ,brahms up to that time4 ,in #ahhj1 ,brahms issued two more volumes of ,hungarian ,dances1 still for four-hand piano4 ,book #c had dances ,nos4 #aa through #af1 and ,book #d1 ,nos4 #ag through #ba4 ,this time many of the melodies were original with ,brahms1 even if modeled after the style and idiosyncrasies of actual ,hungarian folk dances and gypsy melodies4 ,the ,hungarian ,dances are most popular in transcriptions for orchestra4 ,brahms himself transcribed ,dances ,nos4 #a1 #c1 and #aj2 ,andreas ,hellen1 ,nos4 #b1 #d1 and #g2 ,dvok1 ,nos4 #g through #ba2 and ,albert ,parlow1 the rest4 ,walter ,goehr and ,leopold ,stokowski also made transcriptions of several of these dances for orchestra4 ,in addition1 ,brahms adapted ,book #a for piano solo1 and ,joachim all the dances for violin and piano4 ,the dances range from sentimental to passionate moods4 ,they abound with abrupt contrasts of feeling and dynamics2 they are often vital with vertiginous rhythms and changing meters4 ,these gypsy melodies1 both the gay and the sad1 warm the heart like ,tokay wine2 the pulse of the rhythm is similarly intoxicating4 ,as ,walter ,niemann wrote of these dances3 8,they are pure nature music1 full of unfettered1 vagrant1 roving spirit1 and a chaotic ferment1 drawn straight from the deepest well springs of music by children of ,nature4 ,it seems impossible to imprison them in the bonds of measure1 time1 and rhythm1 to convert their enchantingly refreshing uncivilized character1 their wild freedom1 their audacious contempt for all order into a civilized moderation and order40 ,yet ,brahms was able to discipline this music with modern techniques without robbing it either of its personality or popular appeal4 8,he has maintained10 continues ,niemann1 8and preserved the essential1 individual genuine features of gypsy music in his musical idiom3 the dances sound like original ,hungarian folk music 444 and for this reason they delight and enchant everybody3 the amateur by their natural quality1 the specialist by their art40 ,the most famous of these dances is the fifth in ,f-sharp minor1 its passionate1 uninhibited dance melody released at once by the strings against a strong rhythm4 ,the following are some other popular dances4 ,no4 #a1 in ,g minor4 ,a slow and languorous dance unfolds in strings1 and then is contrasted by a slight1 tripping theme in woodwind2 a second languorous dance melody follows in the strings4 ,no4 #f in ,d-flat major4 ,a slow syncopated melody begins sensually but soon gains in tempo and volume2 a second arresting dance tune is then offered by strings against strong chords in the rest of the orchestra4 ,no4 #g in ,a major4 ,this dance opens with a vivacious melody in strings1 but through most of the piece a comparatively restrained mood is maintained4 ,no4 #ab in ,d minor4 ,the first dance melody is presented in a halting rhythm by the woodwind against decorative figures in the strings4 ,this is followed by two other dance tunes1 the first in strings with trimmings in the woodwind1 and the second in full orchestra4 ,no4 #ai in ,b minor and ,no4 #ba in ,e minor4 ,both are fleet and graceful both in melody and rhythm4 ,the ,waltz in ,a-flat major1 a graceful dance which is given without any introduction or coda1 originated as a piece for piano duet3 the fifteenth of a set of sixteen such waltzes op4 #ci 7#ahfe74 ,all of ,brahms' waltzes reveal their ,viennese identity in their charm and lightness of heart4 ,some are derivative from the waltzes of ,johann ,strauss ,,ii1 but the one in ,a-major is more in the character of a ,schubert ,laendler than a ,strauss waltz1 though it does boast more delicacy and refinement than we usually find in peasant dances4 ,david ,hochstein's transcription for violin and piano is in the concert violin repertory4 ,charles ,wakefield ,cadman ,charles ,wakefield ,cadman was born in ,johnstown1 ,pennsylvania1 on ,december #bd1 #ahha4 ,as a boy he played the organ in a church near ,pittsburgh1 and wrote a march that was published4 ,his main music study took place with private teachers3 ,leo ,oehmler1 ,luigi von ,kunits1 and ,emil ,paur4 ,from #aijh to #aiaj he was the music critic of the ,pittsburgh ,dispatch4 ,meanwhile1 a meeting in #aijb with the lyric writer ,nellie ,richmond ,eberhart1 turned him to the writing of songs in which he achieved his initial outstanding successes as composer4 ,some of these were inspired by the ,american ,indian4 ,later researches in the field of ,american-,indian ceremonials and music led him to write his opera ,shanewis1 produced by the ,metropolitan ,opera in #aiah1 as well as several significant instrumental works including the ,thunderbird ,suite and ,to a ,vanishing ,race4 ,from #aiag until his death he lived in ,california where he wrote several major orchestral and chamber-music works1 but none in the ,american-,indian idiom with which he became famous4 ,he died in ,los ,angeles on ,december #cj1 #aidf4 ,the ,american ,suite1 for strings 7#aich71 is an engaging piece of music in which ,cadman makes use of several different ,american folk idioms4 ,in the first movement he borrows his melodies from the tribal music of ,omaha ,indians4 ,in the second movement we hear ,negro folk tunes indigenous to ,south ,carolina4 ,and in the third movement1 two old fiddle tunes are effectively employed1 8,sugar in the ,gourd10 and 8,hoop-de-den-do40 8,at ,dawning0 is one of ,cadman's two most famous songs4 ,it sold millions of copies of sheet music and records1 and has been translated into many languages4 ,though originally published in #aijf1 it reposed forgotten and unknown on the shelves of the publisher 7,oliver ,ditson7 until ,john ,mc,cormack sang it at one of his recitals in #aiji and was given an ovation4 8,at ,dawning0 was transcribed for violin and piano by ,fritz ,kreisler4 ,dark ,dancers of ,mardi ,gras1 for orchestra with piano1 7#aicc71 is one of ,cadman's most popular symphonic compositions4 ,the composer explains3 8,the work takes its name from the ,negro side of the ,mardi ,gras1 though no ,negro themes are used4 ,the ,negroes of ,new ,orleans have a ,mardi ,gras of their own4 ,the fantasy is supposed to reflect the fantastic1 the grotesque1 the bizarre spirit of the carnival4 ,the original theme goes into a major key in the central section1 and might represent the romantic feeling of the ,king and ,queen1 and the ,court in carnival fashion40 8,from the ,land of the ,sky-,blue ,water0 is the second of ,cadman's two outstandingly successful songs4 ,it is one of four songs with lyrics by ,nellie ,richmond ,eberhart appearing in ,american-,indian ,songs1 op4 #de1 a cycle which was published in ,boston in #aiji and in the same year received a prize in a contest sponsored by the ,carnegie ,institute4 ,this song was first swept to national fame by the prima donna1 ,lillian ,nordica1 in her song recitals4 ,it soon entered the repertory of virtually every leading concert singer in ,america4 ,fritz ,kreisler transcribed it for violin and piano4 ,lucien ,caillet ,lucien ,caillet was born in ,dijon1 ,france on ,may #bb1 #ahia4 ,after attending the ,dijon ,conservatory he came to the ,united ,states in #aiah and settled first in ,pennsylvania1 and later in ,california4 ,he has distinguished himself by his skilful symphonic transcriptions of compositions by ,johann ,sebastian ,bach1 ,mussorgsky1 and others4 ,in his own works he frequently makes skilful use1 and astute adaptations1 of some famous pieces of popular music4 ,the ,fantasia and ,fugue on ,oh1 ,susanna6 7#aidb7 for orchestra has for its point of departure the famous song of ,stephen ,foster1 8,oh1 ,susanna60 ,caillet's composition begins with a preface3 a tutti for orchestra which quotes the melody only partly4 ,this leads into a fantasia section featuring the solo string quartet and presenting a quiet version of the melody4 ,a fugue follows1 the germ of the 8,susanna0 melody found in first and second violins in unison4 ,in ,pop ,goes the ,weasel for orchestra 7#aich7 ,caillet brings the full resources of his harmonic and instrumental skill to a famous ,american folk tune4 8,pop ,goes the ,weasel0 is a ,western two-part melody1 long a favorite of country fiddlers since before the ,civil ,war4 ,after presenting this melody1 ,caillet subjects it to intriguing variations1 sometimes with comic effect4 ,alfredo ,catalani ,alfredo ,catalani was born in ,lucca1 ,italy1 on ,june #ai1 #ahed4 ,after receiving preliminary instruction in music from his father he was allowed to enter the ,paris ,conservatory without examinations4 ,he concluded his music study at the ,milan ,conservatory1 where in #ahhf he succeeded ,ponchielli as professor of composition4 ,in #ahhj he had his first opera1 ,elda1 produced in ,turin4 ,he continued to confine himself to the stage1 his most successful operas being ,loreley in #ahij1 and ,la ,wally in #ahib4 ,in his own time1 and shortly thereafter1 his operas were outstandingly successful in ,italy4 ,today they are remembered almost exclusively because of some orchestral excerpts4 ,catalani died in ,milan on ,august #g1 #ahic4 ,the most popular episodes from ,catalini's two most famous operas are dances often performed by salon orchestras4 8,the ,dance of the ,waves0 7,danza delle ondine7 and 8,the ,waltz of the ,flowers0 7,valzer dei fiori7 appear in ,loreley1 an opera introduced in ,turin in #ahij4 ,in this opera the action takes place on the banks of the ,rhine4 ,walter1 about to marry ,anna1 is loved by the orphan girl1 ,loreley4 ,when ,loreley learns she is about to lose her beloved1 she calls upon the nymphs and the sprites of the ,rhine to help her2 throwing herself into the river1 she becomes one of them4 ,during the wedding ceremonies1 ,loreley appears and entices ,walter away from his bride4 ,anna dies of grief2 and ,walter meets his doom in the ,rhine1 to which he is helplessly drawn through enticements by the sprites and by ,loreley4 8,the ,dance of the ,waves0 takes place in the last act4 ,after ,anna's funeral procession passes by1 ,walter comes to the edge of the ,rhine1 grief-stricken4 ,out of the waters come the sprites to dance seductively before ,walter and to beckon him on into the river4 8,the ,waltz of the ,flowers0 is a graceful1 even gentle1 dance performed in the second act1 during the wedding ceremonies of ,walter and ,anna4 8,the ,waltz of the ,kiss0 7,valzer del bacio7 is a segment from ,la ,wally1 ,catalani's most famous opera1 which was such a particular favorite of ,arturo ,toscanini that not only did he conduct it frequently in ,italy but he also named his son after its heroine4 ,la ,wally was introduced at ,la ,scala in ,milan in #ahib4 ,the text1 by ,luigi ,illica1 was based on a novel by ,wilhelmine von ,hillern4 ,the setting is #aith century ,switzerland where ,wally and ,hagenbach are in love1 and meet their death in an avalanche2 all the while ,wally is being sought after by ,gellner1 whom she detests4 ,the 8,waltz of the ,kiss0 is a caressing piece of music from the second act which accompanies a dance by ,wally and ,hagenbach1 in which they first discover they are in love and yield to passionate kissing while the hateful ,gellner watches4 ,otto ,cesana ,otto ,cesana was born in ,brescia1 ,italy1 on ,july #g1 #ahii4 ,he came to the ,united ,states in boyhood and studied music with private teachers4 ,after working in ,hollywood1 where he wrote a considerable amount of music for motion pictures1 he came to ,new ,york to become arranger for ,radio ,city ,music ,hall1 and for several important radio programs4 ,in his own music he has been particularly successful in using within large forms popular ,american elements1 at times folk idioms4 ,in a more serious attitude he has produced half a dozen symphonies and various concertos for solo instruments and orchestra4 ,negro ,heaven for orchestra is one of his more popular attempts to use an ,american folk idiom within a symphonic mold4 ,he explains3 8,here follows a musical interpretation of the fluctuating moods that seize the colored man--now gay1 now sad1 always1 however migrating towards carefreeness and abandon1 as exemplified in the return of the first subject1 which is soon followed by one of those superlative moods1 a ,negro in the throes of nostalgia40 ,swing ,septet 7#aidb71 for string orchestra1 guitar and percussion is in three short movements1 the first in sonata form1 and the last two in three-part song form4 8,the chief purpose10 says the composer1 8is to give the string players an opportunity to compete with the ad lib boys who1 while they improvise the wildest phrases imaginable1 are #8floored' whenever an approximation of that material is set down on paper40 ,emmanuel ,chabrier ,emmanuel ,chabrier was born in ,ambert1 ,france1 on ,january #ah1 #ahda4 ,he was trained as a lawyer2 from #ahfb to #ahhj he was employed at the ,ministry of the ,interior in ,paris4 ,but he had also received a sound musical training with private teachers4 ,composition began for him in earnest in the #ahgj's1 with two of his operettas receiving performances in ,paris between #ahgg and #ahgi4 ,in #ahgi he made a pilgrimage to ,germany to hear ,wagner's music dramas whose impact upon him proved so overwhelming that he finally decided to give up his government work and concentrate on music4 ,returning to ,paris in #ahhj he published the ,pices pittoresques for piano4 ,following a visit to ,spain he produced in #ahhc his first major work for orchestra and realized with it his first major success as a composer--the rhapsody ,espaa4 ,he also wrote two operas1 ,gwendoline produced in #ahhf1 and ,le ,roi malgr lui introduced one year later4 ,some of his best writing was for the piano and included such distinguished works as the ,habanera1 ,bourre fantasque1 and ,trois valses romantiques4 ,chabrier became a victim of paralysis in the last two years of his life1 and just before his death he began losing his sanity4 ,he died in ,paris on ,september #ac1 #ahid4 ,while in his operas he revealed his profound indebtedness to the ,wagnerian idiom1 ,chabrier was at his best either in music that interpreted ,spain or to which he brought a natural bent for laughter1 gaiety1 and the grotesque4 ,espaa1 an orchestral rhapsody1 is his most famous composition1 as popular in the semi-classical literature as it is in the symphonic repertory4 ,chabrier wrote it in #ahhc after a ,spanish holiday1 and its premire in ,paris on ,november #d of that year was a sensation4 ,this rhapsody is built from three principal subjects1 two borrowed from ,spanish folk melodies1 and one ,chabrier's own4 ,a nervous rhythm in plucked strings leads to a strongly accented malaguea1 first heard in the wind instrument4 ,different sections take it over before soaring strings arrive with a lyrical jota melody4 ,chabrier's own theme1 a stately subject for trombones1 is then heard1 set against the background of the malaguea melody4 ,the ,french waltz-king1 ,waldteufel1 used ,chabrier's themes from ,espaa for one of his most famous waltzes1 also entitled ,espaa4 ,the ,joyeuse marche 7#ahhh7 reveals the composer in one of his satirical moods4 ,chabrier wrote it at first as a piano composition to be used for a sight-reading class at the ,bordeaux ,conservatory4 ,it proved too difficult to fulfil this function1 and ,chabrier decided to orchestrate it1 calling it ,joyeuse marche and presenting it as one of his more serious endeavors4 ,the music is in a burlesque style1 believed to be a musical description of drunken musicians staggering home after a festive evening4 ,the work opens with an orchestral flourish1 following which the oboe offers a capricious subject4 ,this gaiety is maintained in the lively second theme for the violins4 ,the ,suite pastorale 7#ahhj7 is an orchestral adaptation of four of the ten piano pieces in ,pices pittoresques4 ,in the first1 8,idylle10 a beautiful melody is accompanied by plucked strings4 ,the second1 8,danse villageoise0 is a country dance in which the lively dance tune is first heard in clarinets4 ,the third piece1 8,sous bois0 has a pastoral character1 while the concluding number1 8,scherzo-,valse0 is a protracted piece of pulsating music4 ,george ,chadwick ,george ,whitefield ,chadwick was born in ,lowell1 ,massachusetts1 on ,november #ac1 #ahed4 ,most of his music study took place in ,germany4 ,when he was being graduated from the ,leipzig ,conservatory in #ahgi1 his overture ,rip ,van ,winkle received its premire performance4 ,he then studied organ and composition with ,rheinberger in ,munich4 ,after returning to the ,united ,states in #ahhj1 he became a teacher of harmony and composition at the ,new ,england ,conservatory1 rising to the post of director in #ahig4 ,he was also active for several years as director of the ,worcester ,music ,festival4 ,he died in ,boston on ,april #d1 #aica4 ,chadwick was a prolific composer of symphonies1 concertos1 and various other orchestral and choral works4 ,he never freed himself from the influence of ,german ,romanticism1 with which he had been infected during his student days4 ,he wrote with a sure craftsmanship1 usually filling his classical structures with winning melodies and often lush harmonies and orchestration4 ,two compositions for orchestra are of particular popular appeal3 ,jubilee and ,nol4 ,both are movements from the ,symphonic ,sketches 7#ahie7 which received its world premire in ,boston in #aijh4 7,the other two movements1 the third and fourth1 are 8,hobgoblin0 and 8,a ,vagrom ,ballad407 ,jubilee is a vigorous tonal picture of a carnival4 ,a spirited melody is loudly presented by the full orchestra and is elaborated upon4 ,a second virile subject is then presented by bass clarinet1 bassoons1 violas and cellos4 ,following a lively return of the opening carnival theme1 the woodwind and horns appear with a lyrical subject4 ,the music then gains in vitality until it comes to a rousing conclusion with a coda built from the carnival motive4 ,nol has been described as 8a little ,christmas song40 ,it is a haunting orchestral nocturne in which a serene ,yuletide melody is offered by the ,english horn4 ,ccile ,chaminade ,ccile ,chaminade was born in ,paris on ,august #h1 #aheg4 ,music study took place in ,paris with ,marsick and ,godard among others4 ,in #ahge she launched her career as concert pianist by touring ,europe in programs that often included her own compositions4 ,at her ,american debut1 on ,november #g1 #aijh1 she appeared as soloist with the ,philadelphia ,orchestra in a performance of her own ,concerstueck4 ,she wrote many other ambitious works including a symphony1 two orchestral suites1 and ballets4 ,she died in ,monte ,carlo on ,april #ah1 #aidd4 ,though ,chaminade staked her future as composer on her larger1 serious works for orchestra and the ballet stage1 she is today remembered almost exclusively for her slight morsels of the salon variety4 ,most of these originated as compositions for the piano2 her piano music numbers about two hundred works including arabesques1 etudes1 impromptus1 valse-caprices1 and so forth4 ,automne1 a sentimental melody1 and ,srnade espagnole1 in a pseudo-,spanish style1 come from her piano music3 ,automne from the ,concert ,etudes1 op4 #ce4 ,it has been transcribed for popular orchestra by ,melachrino4 ,srnade espagnole has been adapted for violin and piano by ,fritz ,kreisler4 ,chaminade's most popular piece1 ,scarf ,dance1 comes from a ballet1 ,callirho1 produced in ,marseilles in #ahhh4 ,it is often heard in its original orchestral version and in various transcriptions for solo piano1 and solo instrument and piano4 ,gustave ,charpentier ,gustave ,charpentier was born in ,dieuze1 ,france1 on ,june #be1 #ahfj4 ,he received his musical training in the ,conservatories in ,lille and ,paris1 winning the ,prix de ,rome in #ahha4 ,during his stay in ,rome he wrote ,impressions of ,italy for orchestra1 with which he realized his first success upon its premire performance in ,paris in #ahib4 ,charpentier's fame1 however1 rests securely on a single opera1 ,louise1 a triumph when introduced in ,paris on ,february #b1 #aijj1 and since become recognized as one of the major achievements of the ,french lyric theater4 ,a sequel1 ,julien 7#aiac71 was a failure4 ,from #aiac on1 ,charpentier wrote almost nothing more1 living a ,bohemian existence in the ,montmartre section of ,paris where he died on ,february #ah1 #aief4 ,impressions of ,italy1 a suite for orchestra 7#ahij7 is a nostalgic picture of five ,italian scenes4 ,the first movement is 8,serenade10 in which is described a picture of young men emerging from a bistro at midnight1 singing love songs under the windows of their girl friends4 8,at the ,fountain0 depicts girls parading with dignified steps near a waterfall by a ravine2 from the distance come the sounds of a shepherd's tune4 8,on ,muleback0 tells of evening as it descends on the ,sabine ,mountains4 ,the mules trot along1 and there rises the song of the muleteer followed by the sweet love song of girls riding in their carts to the village4 8,on the ,heights0 presents noontime on the heights overlooking ,sorrento4 ,all is peace1 though the toll of bells can be heard from a distance4 ,the finale is a musical tribute to a great city1 8,naples40 ,in this music we see the crowds of the city1 the parading bands4 ,a tarantella is being danced in the streets4 ,the strains of a sentimental folk song drift in from the quay4 ,evening falls1 and fireworks electrify the sky4 ,frdric ,chopin ,franois ,frdric ,chopin1 genius of music for the piano1 was born in ,zelazowa ,wola1 ,poland1 on ,february #bb1 #ahaj4 ,he began to study the piano at six4 ,one year later he made his first public appearance and wrote his first piece of music4 ,his later music study took place privately with ,joseph ,elsner and at the ,warsaw ,conservatory from which he was graduated with honors in #ahbi4 ,in that year he visited ,vienna where he gave two successful concerts of his works4 ,he left ,poland for good in #ahcj1 settling permanently in ,paris a year after that4 ,he soon became one of the most highly regarded musicians in ,france1 even though he gave only a few public concerts4 ,in #ahcg he first met the writer1 ,george ,sand1 with whom he was involved emotionally for about a decade1 and under whose influence he composed some of his greatest music4 ,always sensitive in physique and of poor health1 ,chopin suffered physically most of his adult life4 ,he died in ,paris on ,october #ag1 #ahdi and was buried in ,pre ,lachaise4 ,chopin produced #afi compositions in all4 ,practically all of them are for the piano1 and most within the smaller forms4 ,in writing for the piano he was an innovator who helped change the destiny of piano style and technique4 ,he is often described as the poet of the keyboard1 by virtue of his sensitive and deeply affecting lyricism 7usually beautifully ornamented71 his always exquisite workmanship1 and his profound emotion4 ,many of his works are nationally ,polish in expression4 ,the ,etude in ,e major1 op4 #aj1 no4 #c 7#ahcc7 is one of two of ,chopin's most famous works in the etude form4 ,while an etude is essentially a technical exercise1 ,chopin produced twenty-seven pieces for piano which1 though they still probe various technical problems1 are nevertheless so filled with poetic thought and musical imagination that they belong in the realm of great art and must be numbered with his most significant compositions4 ,that in ,e major is one of his most beautiful melodies1 a soulful song rather than a technical exercise2 ,chopin himself regarded this as one of his most inspired pages4 ,one of the many transcriptions of this composition existing is for the voice4 ,the so-called ,revolutionary ,etude--,c minor1 op4 #aj1 no4 #ab 7#ahcc7--was inspired by the tidings received by ,chopin while he was traveling from ,vienna to ,paris that ,warsaw had fallen to the ,russians4 ,his first impulse was to rush back home and join in the battle4 ,he was dissuaded from doing this by his family1 and instead he sublimated his intense patriotic feelings by writing a fiery piece of national music1 full of the spirit of defiance4 ,since then this etude has become as inextricably associated with ,poland and its national aspirations and ideals as1 for example1 is ,sibelius' ,finlandia with ,finland4 ,this etude was repeatedly played over the ,polish radio when ,nazi ,germany first attacked ,poland in #aici1 a continual inspiration to the defenders of ,warsaw2 it was the last piece of music played over the ,polish radio before the ,germans took over4 ,in the ,fantaisie-,impromptu in ,c-sharp minor1 op4 #ff 7#ahcd71 ,chopin makes a structural compromise between the forms of the fantasy and the impromptu4 ,in doing so1 he produced one of his best known melodies1 a melody that appears after a fast bravura opening4 ,this is a flowing sentimental song that was used for the popular ,american tune1 8,i'm ,always ,chasing ,rainbows40 ,the ,funeral ,march is surely the most celebrated funeral music ever written4 ,it is found as the third movement of the ,sonata ,no4 #b in ,b-flat minor1 for piano1 op4 #ce 7#ahci74 ,in various arrangements1 especially for orchestra1 for band and for organ1 this music has accompanied the dead to their final resting place in every part of the civilized world4 ,in three-part form1 the first section consists of a slow1 mournful march4 ,in the middle trio a more reflective mood is projected1 almost like a kind of gentle recollection of the dead and the good he had performed4 ,the opening mournful tread returns after this trio to bring the composition to its conclusion4 ,the fifty-five ,mazurkas are among the most national of ,chopin's compositions1 those in which he most fervently expressed his strong feelings about his native land4 ,the ,mazurka is a ,polish dance in time1 somewhat slower in tempo than the waltz1 and highly varied in rhythm and emotion4 ,in ,chopin's ,mazurkas we find1 on the one hand1 brief mood pictures1 and on the other1 a fiery romantic temperament which expresses itself in rapid and at times abrupt alternations of feeling from the gay to the melancholy1 from the energetic to the pensive4 ,one of the most beautiful of the ,mazurkas is that in ,a minor1 op4 #ag1 no4 #d 7#ahcc71 of which ,stokowski made an excellent orchestral arrangement4 ,one of the most dramatic is that in ,b-flat minor1 op4 #bd1 no4 #d 7#ahce7 orchestrated by ,stokowski1 ,auber1 among others4 ,two other ,chopin ,mazurkas that have been orchestrated are found in ,les ,sylphides 7see below73 that in ,d major1 op4 #cc1 no4 #b 7#ahch7 and ,c major1 op4 #fg1 no4 #c 7#ahce74 ,chopin wrote nineteen ,nocturnes1 each one a slow1 poetic and atmospheric piece of 8night music40 8,chopin loved the night10 wrote ,james ,gibbons ,huneker1 8and its soft mysteries1 and his nocturnes are true night pieces1 some with agitated1 remorseful countenance1 others seen in profile only1 while many others are whisperings at the dusk40 ,the most celebrated of ,chopin's ,nocturnes is that in ,e-flat major1 op4 #i1 no4 #b 7#ahcc71 truly a 8whispering at the dusk40 ,this is a beautiful1 romantic song that begins without preliminaries4 ,as this spacious melody unfolds1 it acquires even new facets of beauty through the most exquisite embellishments4 ,among the many transcriptions that have become popular1 besides those for orchestra1 is one for violin and piano by ,pablo de ,sarasate1 and another for cello and piano by ,david ,popper4 ,there are two ,chopin ,polonaises that are particularly favored by audiences everywhere4 ,one is the ,heroic1 the other the ,military4 ,chopin was especially successful in endowing artistic dimensions and significance to this old courtly folk dance which is technically characterized by its syncopations and accents on the half beat4 ,he wrote twelve for piano4 ,the ,heroic1 in ,a-flat major1 op4 #ec1 no4 #f 7#ahdb7 is fiery music1 its first robust theme being the reason why the entire work has been designated as 8heroic40 ,this main melody was borrowed for the ,american popular song1 8,till the ,end of ,time10 a big hit in #aide4 7,sigmund ,spaeth has pointed up the interesting fact that while 8,till the ,end of ,time0 was at the head of the 8,hit ,parade0 in #aide1 the polonaise itself from which this song was derived was in fifteenth place1 8competing with all the light and serious music of the world40 ,and one of the reasons why the ,polonaise suddenly became so popular was because it was featured prominently in the screen biography of ,chopin released that year1 ,a ,song to ,remember47 ,the ,military ,polonaise1 in ,a major1 op4 #dj1 no4 #a 7#ahci7 is one of ,chopin's most commanding pieces of music4 ,both principal themes have a pronounced military character1 though the second is somewhat more subdued and lyrical than the first4 ,glazunov's transcription for orchestra1 for the ballet ,chopiniana1 is one of several adaptations4 ,of ,chopin's twenty-six ,preludes1 two should be singled out for their enormous popular appeal4 ,chopin's ,preludes are brief compositions suggesting a mood or picture1 but at the end leaving the impression with the listener that much more could be spoken on that subject4 ,these ,preludes1 as ,robert ,schumann wrote1 8are sketches1 the beginnings of studies1 or1 if you will1 ruins2 eagles' pinions1 wild and motley and pell-mell4 ,but in every piece we find1 in his own pearly handwriting1 #8this is by ,frederic ,chopin'2 even in his pauses we recognize him by his agitated breathing40 ,there are twenty-four pieces in op4 #bh 7#ahci71 each one in one of the keys of the major or minor scale1 beginning with ,c major and ,a minor1 and concluding with ,f major and ,d minor4 ,the most popular is that in ,a major1 one of the shortest in the group1 a sixteen-bar melody in two short sentences2 this is not only one of ,chopin's simplest lyrical thoughts1 but also one of his most eloquent4 ,among the orchestral transcriptions is the one found in the ballet ,les ,sylphides 7see below74 ,the second of ,chopin's most popular ,preludes is the so-called ,raindrop1 in ,d-flat major1 op4 #bh1 no4 #ae4 ,some of the depression experienced by ,chopin during a miserable stay in ,majorca with ,george ,sand--where he was plagued by illness1 bad weather1 and the antagonism and suspicions of his neighbors--can here be found4 ,the melody is a somber reflection1 through which is interspersed a repetitious figure that seems to suggest the rhythm of falling raindrops1 the reason why this piece acquired its familiar nickname4 ,the belief that ,chopin was inspired to write this music by listening to the gentle sound of falling rain on the roof of his ,majorca house is apocryphal4 ,les ,sylphides1 one of the most popular works in the classic ballet repertory1 makes extensive use of some of ,chopin's best-known compositions for the piano1 orchestrated by ,stravinsky1 ,alexander ,tcherepnine1 ,glazunov1 and ,liadov4 ,with choreography by ,michel ,fokine it was first presented by ,diaghilev's ,ballet ,russe de ,monte ,carlo in ,paris on ,june #b1 #aiji with ,pavlova1 ,karsavina1 and ,nijinsky as principal dancers4 ,there is no story line to this ballet4 ,in place of characters there are only dancers dressed in long white dresses1 and a danseur in black and white velvet4 ,in place of an actual plot there is only atmosphere and mood4 ,a subdued1 introspective overture 7,prelude in ,a major1 op4 #bh1 no4 #g7 leads to the rise of the curtain on an ancient ruin within a secluded wood4 ,girls in white are transfixed in a tableau2 then they begin dancing to the strains of the ,nocturne in ,a-flat1 op4 #cb1 no4 #b4 ,after that come various dances to the following ,chopin compositions3 ,waltz in ,g-flat1 op4 #gj1 no4 #a2 ,mazurka in ,c major1 op4 #fg1 no4 #c2 ,mazurka in ,d major1 op4 #cc1 no4 #b2 a repetition of the opening ,a major ,prelude2 ,waltz in ,a-flat1 op4 #fi1 no4 #a1 the ,l'adieu2 a repetition of the opening ,a major ,prelude2 ,waltz in ,c-sharp minor1 op4 #fd1 no4 #b2 ,waltz in ,e-flat1 op4 #ah1 the ,grande valse brillante4 ,chopin's fourteen waltzes are the last word in aristocratic elegance and refinement of style2 they are abundant with the most beguiling lyrical ideas4 ,perhaps the best loved of all these waltzes is that in ,c-sharp minor1 op4 #fd1 no4 #b 7#ahdg74 ,the waltz opens without preliminaries with music of courtly grace2 two other equally appealing subjects follow4 ,the so-called ,minute ,waltz--in ,d-flat major1 op4 #fd1 no4 #a--;is one of the shortest of ,chopin's compositions for the piano4 ,the term 8minute0 does not refer to the sixty seconds supposedly required for its performance 7actually that performance takes less than a minute7 but to the ,french term1 8minute0 meaning 8small40 ,eric ,coates ,eric ,coates1 one of ,england's most highly esteemed and widely performed composers of light music1 was born in ,hucknall1 ,england1 on ,august #bg1 #ahhf4 ,while attending the ,royal ,academy of ,music in ,london1 where he specialized in the viola under ,lionel ,tertis1 he supported himself by playing in several of ,london's theater orchestras4 ,upon graduating from the ,academy1 ,coates became violist with several string quartets1 including the ,hambourg ,string ,quartet with which he toured ,south ,africa in #aijh4 ,from #aiab to #aiah he was first violist of the ,queen's ,hall ,orchestra4 ,meanwhile1 in #aiaa he realized his first success as composer of light music when his ,miniature ,suite was introduced at a ,promenade ,concert2 after #aibj he devoted himself almost completely to composition1 producing ballets1 rhapsodies1 suites1 marches1 and so forth1 that were heard around the world4 ,in #aicj1 his valse-serenade ,sleepy ,lagoon achieved a phenomenal success in ,london2 with lyrics by ,jack ,lawrence and in a popular-song arrangement by ,dr4 ,albert ,sirmay1 it made in #aidb seventeen appearances on the ,american 8,hit ,parade10 twice in first place4 ,coates appeared as guest conductor throughout the music world1 visiting the ,united ,states in #aidf and #aiee1 on both occasions conducting concerts of his music over the radio networks4 ,in #aieg he became president of the ,british ,light ,music ,association4 ,he died in ,chichester1 ,england1 on ,december #ba1 #aieg4 ,in ,four ,centuries1 a suite for orchestra 7#aida71 ,coates created a four-movement work1 each of which was in a musical style of a different century4 ,the first movement is a fugue1 the second pavane1 the third ,valse1 and the last is called 8,jazz40 ,london ,suite 7#aicb71 for orchestra1 is one of his best known works inspired by the city dearest to his heart4 ,as he himself wrote3 8,my best inspiration is to walk down a ,london street and a tune soon comes to me4 ,when ,i can think of nothing ,i walk down ,harley ,street and there is a lamp post4 ,every time ,i catch sight of it a tune comes to my mind4 ,that lamp post has been my inspiration for years40 ,the most celebrated movement of his suite is the stirring 8,knightsbridge ,march10 one of the most popular marches by an ,englishman1 perhaps second only in universal appeal to ,elgar's ,pomp and ,circumstance4 ,it has been used as the theme music for a program on the ,,bbc1 and when first used the radio station was swamped with over twenty thousand letters asking for its identification4 ,two other highly familiar movements from this suite are 8,westminster0 and 8,covent ,garden40 ,the former is a 8meditation10 introduced by the chiming of bells of the ,westminster clock and followed by tunes both gay and pensive suggesting different moods of people strolling in ,london streets below4 ,the second is a tarantella1 a lively dance recalling the fact that the famous opera house1 ,covent ,garden1 has also distinguished itself for the performances of comic and light operas4 ,the ,three ,bears is a realistic tonal picture of the famous fairy tale of ,goldilocks and the three bears4 ,an expressive ,andante section is intended to depict the query of the three bears1 8,who's been sitting in my chair80 ,in the gentle waltz section that follows1 ,goldilocks goes to sleep in the small bear's bed4 ,a vigorous fast section demonstrates how the three bears discover ,goldilocks and chase her wildly4 ,they finally give up the pursuit1 go home in good humor1 while ,goldilocks returns to her grandmother to tell her of her adventure that day4 ,in ,the ,three ,elizabeths 7#aidd71 ,coates provides sensitive lyrical portraits of three ,english queens1 ,queen ,elizabeth ,i1 the ,virgin ,queen2 ,elizabeth1 the ,queen mother1 widow of ,king ,george ,,vi2 and ,elizabeth ,,ii4 ,peter ,cornelius ,peter ,cornelius was born in ,mayence1 ,germany1 on ,december #bd1 #ahbd4 ,after studying theory with ,dehn in ,berlin from #ahde to #aheb he became a passionate advocate of the 8music of the future0 as promulgated by ,liszt and ,wagner4 ,it was ,liszt who introduced ,cornelius' comic opera1 ,the ,barber of ,bagdad1 in ,weimar in #aheh2 ,liszt was finally forced to resign his conducting post in ,weimar because of the hostility of the audiences to this masterwork4 ,from #ahfe on ,cornelius lived in ,munich where he was reader to ,king ,ludwig ,,ii and professor of harmony at the ,royal ,conservatory4 ,he died in ,mayence on ,october #bf1 #ahgd4 ,he was a composer of operas and songs1 but is today remembered almost exclusively for ,the ,barber of ,bagdad1 one of the most delightful comic operas in the ,german repertory4 ,the ,barber of ,bagdad 7,der ,barbier von ,bagdad7--whose world premire took place in ,weimar on ,december #ae1 #aheh1 ,liszt conducting--has an amusing text written by the composer himself4 ,the plot concerns a rendezvous between ,nureddin and ,margiana1 daughter of the ,caliph2 ,nureddin's friend1 the barber of ,bagdad1 stands guard4 ,this amatory adventure is brightened by a series of episodes and accidents in which ,nureddin 7mistaking his friend for the ,caliph7 seeks refuge in a chest in which he almost suffocates4 ,all turns out well in the end4 ,the ,caliph offers his parental blessings to ,nureddin and ,margiana4 ,the overture is famous4 ,its main melody is a chromatic ,oriental subject which represents the barber4 ,another significant episode is the theme with which the overture opens3 a tender melody for woodwind and muted strings4 ,these two ideas1 and several subsidiary ones derived from the opera score1 are developed with considerable good humor and merriment until a dramatic conclusion is realized in the coda4 ,noel ,coward ,noel ,coward1 one of ,england's most brilliant and versatile men of the theater in the #bjth century1 was born in ,teddington1 on ,december #af1 #ahii4 ,he made his stage debut in #aiaa in a fairy play1 and for the next few years appeared regularly in various other productions4 ,his career as performer was interrupted by military service during ,world ,war ,i4 ,after the war he decided upon a career as writer4 ,his first major success came with the play ,the ,vortex1 in #aibd4 ,from then on he wrote dramas and comedies which placed him in the front rank of contemporary playwrights4 ,but his achievements in the theater do not end here4 ,he has also distinguished himself as an actor1 night-club entertainer1 producer1 lyricist1 composer1 and on occasion even as a conductor4 ,he wrote the texts1 lyrics1 and the music to several musical productions1 the most famous of which is the operetta1 ,bitter ,sweet1 in #aibi4 ,other musicals by ,coward include ,year of ,grace 7#aibh71 ,words and ,music 7#aicb71 ,conversation ,piece 7#aicd7 and ,after the ,ball 7#aied74 ,out of some of these have come such celebrated ,coward songs as 8,mad ,about the ,boy10 8,mad ,dogs and ,englishmen10 8,some ,day ,i'll ,find ,you0 and 8,i'll ,follow ,my ,secret ,heart40 ,an anthology of fifty-one ,noel ,coward songs from his various musical productions called ,the ,noel ,coward ,song ,book was published in ,new ,york in #aiec4 ,never having received any musical training1 ,coward can play the piano only in a single key1 and must call upon the services of an amanuensis to get his melodies down on paper4 ,bitter ,sweet is his most famous musical1 first produced in ,london on ,july #ah1 #aibi1 and in ,new ,york on ,november #e1 #aibi4 ,it was twice adapted for motion-pictures1 the first time in #aicc in ,england1 and the second time in #aidj in the ,united ,states in a production starring ,jeanette ,mac,donald and ,nelson ,eddy4 ,in ,bitter ,sweet1 ,noel ,coward made a conscious effort at writing a romantic1 sentimental1 nostalgic operetta in the style so long favored in ,vienna2 indeed it was a hearing of a recording of ,johann ,strauss' ,die ,fledermaus that proved to be the immediate stimulus in the writing of his text4 ,the setting is for the most part ,vienna1 and the time the #ahhj's4 ,sari1 an ,english girl1 is about to marry an ,english man of means when she suddenly decides to elope with ,carl1 a music teacher4 ,they go to live in ,vienna4 ,carl comes to his sudden death in a duel1 after which ,sari continues to live in ,vienna where she becomes a famous singer4 ,in her old age1 after an absence of half a century1 she returns to ,london4 ,three melodies from ,bitter ,sweet have become extremely popular4 ,the first is a nostalgic waltz1 8,i'll ,see ,you ,again10 from the first act1 the love song of ,sari and ,carl2 the song recurs again in the third act1 and its closing measures serve to bring the play to a dramatic conclusion4 8,zigeuner10 also sung by ,sari is1 as its name suggests1 in the gypsy style so favored by the ,viennese public4 ,the third famous melody from ,bitter ,sweet is 8,if ,love ,were ,all40 8,i'll ,follow ,my ,secret ,heart0 comes from ,conversation ,piece1 first produced in ,london on ,february #af1 #aicd1 and in ,new ,york the same fall4 ,the setting of this sentimental and nostalgic operetta is the ,english resort town of ,brighton in #ahaa where ,paul1 a duke turned adventurer1 and ,melanie1 a ,parisian chanteuse1 are involved in a stormy romance that ends happily4 ,as sung by ,yvonne ,printemps in ,london1 8,i'll ,follow ,my ,secret ,heart0 was the pivot on which the story rotated1 and the main reason for this operetta's enormous success4 ,csar ,cui ,csar ,cui was born in ,vilna1 ,russia1 on ,january #ah1 #ahce4 ,he was graduated as an engineer from the ,st4 ,petersburg ,engineering ,academy in #aheg2 following that he served for many years as a topographer1 as an authority on fortifications1 and as an engineering professor4 ,all the while his principal avocation was music1 which he had studied from childhood on4 ,between #ahfd and #aijj he was active as music critic for various ,russian newspapers and journals4 ,as a composer1 he belonged to the nationalist group known as the 8,russian ,five0 or 8,mighty ,five10 but unlike his distinguished colleagues 7,balakirev1 ,rimsky-,korsakov1 ,mussorgsky and ,borodin7 his influence proved far greater than his music4 ,he wrote many operas and large orchestral works1 but none have remained alive in the repertory4 ,he was probably at his best in miniature for the piano1 and in his songs4 ,he died in ,st4 ,petersburg on ,march #bd1 #aiah4 ,it is with one of his miniatures that his name is still remembered4 ,this piece is the ,orientale1 a composition originally for violin and piano1 the ninth number in a suite of twenty-four pieces collectively entitled ,kaleidoscope1 op4 #ej4 ,the principal melody is in oriental style1 introduced and then accompanied by a persistent rhythm 7which in the original version is produced by plucked strings1 while the melody itself is first given by the piano4 ,this melody is soon taken over by the violin47 ,transcriptions for orchestra have made this a salon favorite4 ,claude ,debussy ,achille-,claude ,debussy1 father of musical ,impressionism1 was born in ,st4 ,germain-en-,laye1 ,france1 on ,august #bb1 #ahfb4 ,from #ahgc to #ahhd he attended the ,paris ,conservatory where he was both a rebellious and a brilliant student4 ,he won many prizes1 including the ,prix de ,rome in #ahhd4 ,in the compositions written in ,rome under the provisions of the ,prix he already revealed his independence of thought and unorthodoxy of style4 ,after returning from ,rome to ,paris he became influenced not only by the ,impressionist movement in ,french art and the ,symbolist movement in ,french literature but also by the iconoclastic musical approaches and idioms of ,erik ,satie4 ,debussy now began to develop his own techniques and mannerisms and to crystallize his highly personal style4 ,his first masterworks appeared between #ahib and #ahic3 the orchestral prelude1 ,the ,afternoon of a ,faun 7,l',aprs-midi d'un faune71 and his string quartet4 ,with later works for orchestra and for solo piano--and with his remarkable opera1 ,pelleas and ,melisande1 introduced at the ,opra-,comique on ,april #cj1 #aijb--;he brought musical ,impressionism to its highest technical development and to its most advanced stage of artistic fulfillment4 ,he became the musical poet of the most subtle suggestions1 elusive moods1 and delicate impressions4 ,a victim of cancer1 ,debussy suffered severely in the closing years of his life4 ,he died in ,paris on ,march #be1 #aiah1 on a day when the city was being bombarded by the ,germans during ,world ,war ,i4 ,because of the war1 his death passed unnoticed except by a handful of friends4 ,debussy's greatest works are1 to be sure1 too complex in technique and too subtle in style to enjoy ready consumption by the general public4 ,but a few of his compositions have a wide appeal because their charm and sensitivity are easily comprehended1 even at first hearing4 ,one of these is the delightful piano suite1 ,children's ,corner 7#aijh7 written by the composer for the delight of his little daughter1 ,chou-,chou4 ,in it ,debussy evokes the imaginative world of the child2 but he also produces unsophisticated descriptive music that is readily appreciated by the very young4 ,debussy used ,english rather than ,french titles for this work because he wished to suggest the kind of stories and games that involve an ,english governess and a ,french child4 ,andr ,caplet's orchestration of this suite is famous4 ,there are six brief movements4 ,the first1 8,doctor ,gradus ad ,parnassum10 is a satire on young pianists and their struggles with five-finger exercises4 ,this is followed by 8,jimbo's ,lullaby10 a tender lullaby crooned by a child to his toy elephant named ,jimbo4 ,in the third movement1 8,serenade for a ,doll10 the child turns from his pet elephant to his pet doll to croon to it a sensitive serenade4 8,the ,snow ,is ,falling0 is a tone picture of a snowfall1 seen by a child from his window4 8,the ,little ,shepherd0 is a pastoral piece of music4 ,the most famous movement of the suite is the last one1 8,golliwogg's ,cakewalk0 in which the composer exploits the style and rhythm of a ,negro dance popular in ,america in the #aith century1 the cakewalk4 ,in this movement1 the composer maliciously interpolates a fragment from the ,prelude of ,wagner's ,tristan and ,isolde4 ,the beloved ,clair de ,lune 7,moonlight7 is probably the composer's most celebrated melody4 ,this is a poetic1 sensitive evocation of the peace and beauty of a moonlight light4 ,it comes from his ,suite bergamasque for piano 7#ahij71 where it can be found as the third of four movements4 ,orchestral transcriptions have made this piece of music world-famous4 ,the ,girl ,with the ,flaxen ,hair 7,la ,fille aux cheveux de lin7 is an exquisite portrait1 in the composer's most felicitous impressionist style4 ,it is the eighth number of his ,preludes for the piano1 ,book ,i 7#aiaj71 and like ,clair de lune is often heard in various orchestral transcriptions2 ,arthur ,hartmann's adaptation for violin and piano is also familiar4 ,the ,petite ,suite 7,little ,suite7 for piano duet 7#ahhi7 is early ,debussy1 more in the ,romantic vein of ,delibes than in the provocative idiom ,debussy later made famous4 ,as orchestrated by ,henri ,busser it is in the repertory of many salon and pop orchestras4 ,there are four short movements4 ,the first1 8,en ,bateau0 78,in a ,boat07 is particularly popular4 ,in the orchestration a gentle barcarolle melody for flute suggests the gentle course of the boat in a placid lake4 ,this is followed by turns by a vigorous episode and a passionate section1 both of them for the strings4 ,the flute then restores placidity1 and the opening sensitive melody returns in the violins4 8,cortge0 78,march07 is a pert little march tune shared by the woodwind and strings4 8,menuet0 is of classic grace while the finale1 8,ballet10 has a compelling rhythmic vigor4 ,rverie 7#ahij7 is a brief1 atmospheric piece for the piano which has became a favorite with ,americans because in #aich it was adapted into the popular song1 8,my ,reverie40 ,lo ,delibes ,lo ,delibes was born in ,st4 ,germain-du-,val1 ,france1 on ,february #ba1 #ahcf4 ,after attending the ,paris ,conservatory from #ahdh on1 he became an accompanist for the ,thtre ,lyrique and organist of the ,church of ,st4-,jean et ,st4-,franois in ,paris in #ahec4 ,between #ahee and #ahfe he wrote a dozen operas1 none of them successful4 ,in #ahfe he was appointed chorusmaster of the ,grand ,opra where he was encouraged to write music for ballet2 the first of these was ,la ,source in #ahff 7renamed ,naila when later given in ,vienna74 ,his most successful ballets were ,copplia in #ahgj and ,sylvia in #ahgf1 both still vital in the repertory4 ,in #ahgc his most important opra-comique1 ,le ,roi l'a ,dit1 was introduced by the ,opra-,comique2 ,delibes' most important opera1 ,lakm1 was first performed on ,april #ad1 #ahhc by the ,paris ,opra4 ,meanwhile1 in #ahha1 ,delibes was appointed professor of composition at the ,conservatory4 ,three years after that he became a member of the ,french ,academy4 ,he died in ,paris on ,january #af1 #ahia4 ,delibes is often described as the creator of modern ballet music4 ,he was the first composer to write symphonically for the dance1 to bring to ballet music the fullest creative and technical resources of the skilled serious composer4 ,thus he opened a new field of compositions which later composers 7,tchaikovsky1 ,stravinsky1 and ,ravel among many others7 cultivated with fertility4 ,the elegance of ,delibes' style1 the caressing warmth of his lyricism1 the richness of his harmonic and rhythmic language1 the delicacy of his orchestration endow his ballet music with interest even when it is divorced from its choreography4 ,copplia is a staple in the classic ballet repertory4 ,it was introduced at the ,paris ,opra on ,may #be1 #ahgj1 choreography by ,a4 ,saint-,lon1 and scenario by ,c4 ,nuitter and ,a4 ,saint-,lon based upon ,the ,sandman1 a story by ,e4 ,t4 ,a4 ,hoffmann4 ,copplia is the first successful ballet to utilize the subject of a doll become human4 ,copplia is a doll created by ,dr4 ,copplius4 ,she comes to life and gets out of control4 ,franz1 thinking she is human1 falls in love with her4 ,but when he realizes she is but a doll he becomes reconciled with his former sweetheart1 ,swanilda4 ,delibes' score is one of the earliest in ballet to make successful use of such folk dances as the ,mazurka and the ,czardas2 because of his success in this direction1 many later composers of ballet music were encouraged to follow suit4 ,an orchestral suite adapted from the score never ceases to delight audiences at both symphonic and semi-classical concerts4 ,it opens with the 8,valse lente10 a suave waltz to which ,swanilda dances as she strives to attract the attention of ,copplia1 of whom she is jealous4 ,this is followed by the 8,mazurka10 a gay episode danced by a group of villagers after ,franz has mistaken ,copplia for a human and salutes her4 ,the 8,ballade0 then comes as a pensive interlude2 to this music ,swanilda puts a stalk of wheat to her ear1 following a long existing superstition1 to discover if ,franz has been faithful to her4 ,when the answer is in the negative1 she breaks the stalk savagely before his very eyes4 8,theme ,slave ,vari0 is danced by ,swanilda2 this section comprises a tuneful ,polish melody and five variations4 ,the stately and at times fiery 8,czardas0 which concludes the first act is a corybantic in which all villagers join4 8,valse de la poupe0 7or 8,dance of the ,doll07 is probably the most familiar musical number in the entire ballet1 an elegant waltz danced by ,swanilda as she assumes the dress1 and imitates the actions1 of ,copplia4 ,the ,naila ,waltz 7or ,pas des ,fleurs7 was written by ,delibes in #ahfg as an intermezzo for the revival in ,paris of ,adolph ,adam's opera ,le ,corsaire1 in ,paris4 ,when ,delibes' early ballet1 ,la ,source1 was introduced in ,vienna as ,naila1 this waltz was interpolated into the production4 ,a short1 vigorous introduction for full orchestra and several notes in the basses lead to the lilting waltz melody in strings1 with the woodwinds soon joining in4 ,ernst von ,dohnnyi made an effective transcription of this waltz for the piano4 ,le ,roi l'a dit 7,the ,king ,said ,so7 is an opra-comique with libretto by ,edmond ,gondinet1 introduced at the ,opra-,comique in ,paris on ,may #bd1 #ahgc4 ,the plot revolves around a peasant boy whom a ,marquis is trying to pass off before the king as his own son4 ,the peasant makes the most of this situation to the continual embarrassment and chagrin of the ,marquis who finally manages to get rid of him by marrying him off to a maid with whom the boy is in love4 ,the popular overture to this light opera opens with a brisk march in full chords4 ,a gracious little melody then unfolds in the strings4 ,after a return of the march music in a more subdued vein1 a romantic song is offered by the clarinets against plucked strings4 ,the music now grows livelier as a principal thought is given by chattering strings and woodwind4 ,extended use is now made of the first graceful melody4 ,the opening march is at last recalled to bring the overture to a boisterous end4 ,the second of ,delibes' famous ballets1 ,sylvia1 was introduced at the ,paris ,opra on ,june #ad1 #ahgf4 ,the choreography was by ,louis ,mrante1 and the text by ,jules ,barbier and ,baron de ,reinach4 ,the classical subject is derived from mythology4 ,aminta1 a shepherd1 comes to a sacred grove seeking a huntress he had once seen there4 ,she is ,sylvia1 who soon appears with her nymphs4 ,she is later captured by ,orion1 the black huntsman4 ,but her escape is effected by ,eros1 and she and ,aminta are reunited in love4 ,like ,copplia1 ,sylvia has a popular orchestral suite adapted from the ballet score4 ,after a brief ,prelude comes 8,les ,chasseresses0 78,the ,huntresses071 sprightly music with which ,sylvia and her nymphs make their first appearance2 to its rhythmic strains they dance before a statue of ,eros4 ,a gentle 8,intermezzo0 follows1 describing the nymphs as they rest near a stream4 ,in the 8,valse lente0 ,sylvia dances to a graceful musical episode4 ,the 8,barcarolle0 highlights a saxophone solo2 to this background music appears a ship bearing ,eros1 disguised as a pirate4 ,the most celebrated single number in the entire suite comes next1 the 8,pizzicato10 a delicate dance performed by ,sylvia disguised as a slave4 ,the 8,cortge de ,bacchus0 78,march of ,bacchus07 is the dynamic music with which a bacchanalian rite is being celebrated4 ,gregore ,dinicu ,gregore ,dinicu1 who was born in ,bucharest1 ,rumania1 on ,april #e1 #ahhi1 is a gypsy violinist who became popular in leading ,rumanian cabarets and restaurants4 ,in #aici he visited the ,united ,states1 scoring a major success with his gypsy orchestra at the ,new ,york ,world's ,fair4 ,his ,hora ,staccato1 for violin and piano 7or violin and orchestra7--a virtuoso piece of folk character--is his only composition to become famous outside ,rumania4 ,jascha ,heifetz1 the famous virtuoso1 heard ,dinicu play it in ,rumania and was so delighted with it that he transcribed it1 and popularized it both at his concerts and on records4 ,the ,hora is an exciting ,rumanian folk dance with lively rhythms and a vertiginous melody that shifts flexibly from major to minor or modal scales4 ,these traits are all found in ,dinicu's electrifying ,hora ,staccato4 ,gaetano ,donizetti ,gaetano ,donizetti was born in ,bergamo1 ,italy1 on ,november #bi1 #agig4 ,his early music study took place in ,bergamo and ,naples and was completed at the ,liceo ,filarmonico in ,bologna4 ,despite his strong bent not only for music but also for art1 literature1 and architecture1 he aspired for a military career4 ,while serving in the ,austrian army he completed his first opera1 ,enrico di ,borgogna1 introduced in ,venice in #ahah4 ,success came four years after that in ,rome with ,zoraide di ,granata4 ,now exempted from further military duty1 ,donizetti was able to devote himself entirely to composition4 ,between #ahbb and #ahbi he wrote twenty-three operas4 ,in #ahcj he achieved renown throughout ,europe with ,anna ,bolena1 introduced in ,milan4 ,in the five succeeding years he produced two masterworks by which he is still represented in the operatic repertory3 ,l',elisir d'amore in #ahcb and ,lucia di ,lammermoor in #ahce4 ,from #ahcg to #ahci he was the director of the ,naples ,conservatory4 ,in #ahci he went to live in ,paris where he wrote and had produced several highly successful operas including ,the ,daughter of the ,regiment and ,la ,favorita in #ahdj and ,don ,pasquale in #ahdc4 ,soon after this he returned to his native city where he was stricken by a mental disorder and for a time confined to an asylum4 ,he died in ,bergamo on ,april #h1 #ahdh4 ,the facility with which ,donizetti wrote his sixty-seven operas is apparent in the easy flow of his lovable melodies and in the spontaneity of his aurally agreeable harmonies4 ,he also possesses a fine theatrical gift1 and much of his best music combines delightful lyricism and affecting emotion with dramatic force4 ,the ,daughter of the ,regiment 7,la ,fille du rgiment1 or ,la figlia del reggimento7 was first performed at the ,opra-,comique in ,paris on ,february #aa1 #ahdj4 ,the ,french libretto by ,jean ,franois ,bayard and ,vernoy de ,saint-,georges was translated into ,italian by the composer4 ,the setting is ,tyrol in #ahae1 then being invaded by ,napoleon's troops4 ,marie is the vivandire 7canteen manager7 of the #bast ,regiment of the ,french army4 ,in love with ,tonio1 who is suspected by the ,french of being a spy1 she is able to prevail on the troops to save his life4 ,but ,marie is soon compelled to be separated from both ,tonio and the ,french soldiers when it is discovered that she is the long lost niece of the ,countess of ,berkenfeld and must return with her aunt to her castle4 ,the ,countess wants ,marie to marry the ,duke of ,crackenthorp4 ,when the ,french troops1 with ,tonio among them1 storm the ,berkenfeld castle and want to reclaim ,marie1 the ,countess now reveals that ,marie is not her niece but her daughter and thus must obey her wishes4 ,however1 the ,french soldiers finally prevail on the ,countess to permit ,marie to marry ,tonio4 ,the most popular selections from this tuneful1 and occasionally martially stirring opera are3 ,marie's moving tribute to her regiment 78,ah1 chacun le sait1 chacun le dit07 and her tender farewell as she is about to leave for ,berkenfeld 78,il faut partir1 mes bons compagnons07 and a spirited ,french war song to victory 78,rataplan07 all from the first act2 and from the second act1 ,marie's moving aria 78,par le rang1 et l'opulence071 the orchestral entr'acte 8,tyrolienne10 and the dramatic paean to ,france 78,salut la ,france07 with which the opera ends4 ,don ,pasquale is a classic in the literature of opera buffa4 ,it received its premire in ,paris on ,january #c1 #ahdc2 its libretto 7by the composer and ,giacomo ,ruffini7 is based on a libretto created by ,angelo ,anelli for another opera4 ,the central character is an old bachelor who objected to the marriage of his young nephew with a beautiful widow1 ,norina4 ,to teach him a lesson1 ,norina puts on a disguise1 involves the old man in a mock marriage1 and then tortures him with her shrewish ways4 ,pasquale finally becomes so relieved to discover that he has merely been the victim of an intrigue1 rather than a catastrophic marriage1 that he does not hesitate any longer to give ,norina and his nephew his consent to their marriage4 ,in the case of ,don ,pasquale its overture is heard far more often than potpourris of principal sections4 ,it opens with heavy descending chords which lead into an opulent song for cellos1 soon assumed by horns and the woodwind4 ,the heart of the overture is a saucy melody for strings4 ,the music now becomes dramatized with transitional material1 but a new gay melody is offered by the woodwind and strings4 ,the main string melody and the succeeding sprightly tune are recalled to finish the overture in a gay mood4 ,l',elisir d'amore 7,the ,elixir of ,love7 like ,don ,pasquale1 is a delightful comic opera1 one of the most effervescent ever written4 ,it received its first performance in ,milan on ,may #ab1 #ahcb4 ,the libretto1 by ,felice ,romani1 was based on ,eugne ,scribe's ,le ,philtre4 ,nemorino1 in love with ,adina who rejects him1 purchases a love elixir from the quack1 ,dr4 ,dulcamara4 ,but a sudden inheritance from his uncle1 which forthwith makes ,nemorino extremely popular with the girls1 proves even more potent in winning ,adina's love than the potion itself4 ,orchestral selections from his gay opera include one of the best loved tenor arias in the operatic repertory4 ,it is 8,una furtiva lagrima10 a soulful song by ,nemorino in the second act with which he hopes to console ,adina when he sees her jealousy suddenly aroused by the fact that he had become the favorite of the village girls4 ,other familiar episodes include a merry comic number 8,udite1 ,udite0 in which ,dr4 ,dulcamara boasts of the power of his potions1 and a beautiful aria1 8,quanto bella10 in which ,nemorino discloses his love and longing for ,adina1 both in the first act4 ,lucia di ,lammermoor is ,donizetti's most famous grand opera1 and the title role has been favored by the world's foremost coloratura sopranos4 ,the libretto1 by ,salvatore ,cammarano1 was based on the ,sir ,walter ,scott romance1 ,the ,bride of ,lammermoor4 ,the opera was first performed in ,naples on ,september #bf1 #ahce4 ,lucia1 sister of ,lord ,ashton1 is in love with ,edgar2 but in planning to have her marry the wealthy ,lord ,arthur ,bucklaw1 ,lord ,ashton uses lies and wiles to convince his sister that ,edgar does not love her4 ,on the day of the signing of the marriage contract between ,lucia and ,bucklaw1 ,edgar invades the ,lammermoor castle and curses its family4 ,maddened by her grief1 ,lucia kills her husband soon after the wedding1 and then dies4 ,when ,edgar learns that ,lucia has loved him all the time1 he commits suicide4 ,the favorite selections from this opera include one of the most famous ensemble numbers in all opera1 the sextet 8,chi mi frena40 ,it is sung in ,act #b1 ,scene #b1 by ,lucia1 ,edgar1 ,bucklaw1 ,raimond1 ,ashton and ,alisa after ,edgar had invaded the ,lammermoor castle and witnessed the signing of the marriage contract between ,lucia and ,bucklaw4 ,each of the characters here gives voice to his or her personal reaction to this dramatic situation3 ,lucia speaks of her despair at the treachery of her brother2 ,edgar wonders why he does not commit an act of vengeance2 ,lord ,ashton is led to sympathy at his sister's despair2 ,lucia's companion1 ,alisa1 and ,bucklaw hope that bloodshed might be averted2 and ,raimond1 a chaplain1 invokes divine help4 ,another highly popular excerpt from the opera offered in orchestral potpourris includes ,lucia's 8,mad ,scene0 from ,act #c1 ,scene #b 78,ardon gl'incensi074 ,dressed in a white gown1 ,lucia appears and mistakes her brother for her beloved ,edgar1 who she believes has come to marry her4 ,then she entreats those around her to place a flower on her grave and not to weep at her death 78,spargi d'amaro pianto074 ,several other selections often played include ,lucia's lyrical cavatina from ,act #a1 ,scene #b 78,quando rapita in estasi07 as she thinks of her beloved ,edgar2 the love duet of ,lucia and ,edgar from the same scene 78,verrano a te sull'aure072 and the wedding music from ,act #c1 ,scene #a that precedes the 8,mad ,scene0 78,d'immenso giubilo074 ,franz ,drdla ,franz ,drdla was born in ,saar1 ,moravia on ,november #bh1 #ahfh4 ,he attended the ,conservatories in ,prague and ,vienna1 winning at the latter place first prize in violin playing and the medal of the ,gesellschaft der ,musikfreunde4 ,after serving for several years as a violinist in the orchestra of the ,vienna ,court ,opera1 he toured ,europe as a concert violinist4 ,from #aibc to #aibe he lived in the ,united ,states1 making many concert appearances4 ,he died in ,bad ,gastein1 ,austria1 on ,september #c1 #aidd4 ,drdla's most famous compositions are slight but lyrical pieces for the violin1 of which he wrote over two hundred fifty4 ,his most famous composition is the ,souvenir1 with its familiar upward skip in the main melody and its broad sentimental middle section in double stops4 ,in a similarly sentimental and gentle melodic vein 7they might aptly be described as instrumental songs7 are the ,romance1 ,serenade in ,a 7,no4 #a71 and ,vision4 ,all are familiar to violin students1 and to lovers of light classics in transcriptions for orchestra4 ,riccardo ,drigo ,riccardo ,drigo was born in ,padua1 ,italy1 on ,june #cj1 #ahdf4 ,he first became famous as conductor of orchestral concerts at the ,imperial ,theater in ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,after ,world ,war ,i1 he continued his activities as conductor in his native city4 ,he died there on ,october #a1 #aicj4 ,drigo was the composer of ballets and operas1 none of which have survived4 ,he is today remembered almost exclusively for two slight but well loved items4 ,one is the melodically suave ,serenade1 popular in every conceivable transcription4 ,it comes out of a ballet entitled ,i milioni d',arlecchino 7,harlequin's ,millions7 and consequently is sometimes known as the ,harlequin's ,serenade4 ,the other is ,valse bluette1 an elegant waltz melody1 which the composer originally wrote for salon orchestra1 but which is in the violinist's repertory by virtue of a famous transcription4 ,arcady ,dubensky ,arcady ,dubensky was born in ,viatka1 ,russia1 on ,october #ae1 #ahij4 ,after being graduated from the ,moscow ,conservatory in #aiji he played the violin in the orchestra of the ,moscow ,opera4 ,in #aiba he came to the ,united ,states1 where he later became a citizen4 ,he served as violinist of the ,new ,york ,symphony ,society1 and after that of the ,new ,york ,philharmonic ,orchestra1 until his retirement in #aiec4 ,dubensky had written many works for orchestra1 whose sound technique and fresh approaches command respect4 ,one or two of these are of popular appeal without sacrificing sound musical values4 ,of particular interest is the ,stephen ,foster ,suite for orchestra 7#aidj71 in which ,dubensky quotes five ,stephen ,foster songs3 8,my ,old ,kentucky ,home10 8,jeanie ,with the ,light ,brown ,hair10 8,some ,folks10 8,i ,see ,her ,still in ,my ,dreams10 and 8,camptown ,races40 ,the composer goes on to explain3 8,the first part represents to me a beautiful summer evening in the country4 ,from far away ,i hear a choir1 coming gradually closer and then fading into the distance4 ,it sings to me the wonder song1 #8,my ,old ,kentucky ,home4' ,the second part is built around #8,jeanie ,with the ,light ,brown ,hair4' ,here the melody is given to a tenor solo1 with a soft1 gentle orchestral accompaniment beginning with a short introduction4 ,the last two parts are for orchestra4 ,the fourth part centers around the song #8,i ,see ,her ,still ,in ,my ,dreams4' ,it is a dreamy song1 and ,i have given it the character of an intermezzo played by string orchestra1 muted4 ,if this movement is played in slow tempo1 and pianissimo1 it sounds not at all realistic but like the dream it portrays4 ,the fifth part1 #8,camptown ,races' is the focal point of the suite4 ,the theme is treated in a number of different keys and always in a different character4 ,sometimes it is delicate and graceful1 and sometimes rude and robust1 but always it is gay40 ,paul ,dukas ,paul ,dukas was born in ,paris1 ,france1 on ,october #a1 #ahfe4 ,after attending the ,paris ,conservatory1 where he won prizes in counterpoint and fugue as well as the second ,prix de ,rome1 he served as music critic for several ,parisian journals4 ,from #aiaj to #aiab he was professor of orchestration at the ,paris ,conservatory1 and from #aibg until his death its professor of composition4 ,his first successful work was a concert overture1 ,polyecute1 introduced in ,paris in #ahib4 ,his ,symphony in ,c major1 first heard in #ahig1 enhanced his reputation while his orchestral scherzo1 ,the ,sorcerer's ,apprentice1 also introduced in #ahig1 made him famous4 ,being exceptionally fastidious and self-critical1 ,dukas did not produce many compositions1 but the best of these are works so aristocratic in technique and subtle in musical content that they make a direct appeal only to sophisticated music lovers4 ,these works include the opera ,ariane et ,barbe-bleue1 first performed in ,paris on ,may #aj1 #aijg2 the ballet1 ,la ,pri1 introduced in ,paris on ,april #bb1 #aiab2 and some piano music4 ,towards the end of his life1 ,dukas destroyed several of his earlier works deeming them unsuitable for survival4 ,he was one of ,france's most revered musicians4 ,he was made ,chevalier of the ,legion of ,honor in #aijf1 and in #aiah elected a member of the ,conseil de l'enseignement suprieur at the ,paris ,conservatory4 ,he died in ,paris on ,may #ag1 #aice4 ,the ,sorcerer's ,apprentice 7,l',apprenti sorcier71 scherzo for orchestra 7#ahig71 is ,dukas' most famous composition1 the one that made him known throughout the world of music4 ,it is so witty1 so vivid in its pictorial writing that it has become a favorite of both the very young and the mature4 ,the program1 which the music follows with amazing literalness1 comes from ,goethe's ballad ,der ,zauberlehrling which1 in turn1 was adapted from a famous folk tale4 ,the story goes something like this3 ,an apprentice to a magician has come upon his master's secret formula for turning a broom into a human being and making it perform human tasks4 ,the apprentice decides to try out this incantation for himself while the master is away1 and watches with amazement as the broom acquires human powers4 ,he orders the broom to fetch water1 a command meekly obeyed4 ,pail after pail of water is carried into the magician's shop by the broom until the place is rapidly being inundated4 ,the apprentice now tries to arrest the water-fetching activity of the broom1 but he does not know the proper incantation to achieve this1 or to strip the broom of its human powers4 ,in terror1 the apprentice attacks the broom with a hatchet4 ,the broom1 split into two brooms1 now becomes two humans performing the ritual of bringing water into the den4 ,in despair1 the apprentice cries out for his master who arrives in time to bring the broom back to its former inanimate state1 and to restore order4 ,the atmosphere of mystery and peace prevailing in the magician's den is created in the opening measures with a descending theme for muted violins1 while different woodwinds give a hint of the principal subject1 a roguish tune describing the sorcerer's apprentice2 this subject finally appears in the double bassoon1 and is then repeated by the full orchestra4 ,the call of trumpets suggests the incantation pronounced by the apprentice2 a brisk theme for bassoons against plucked strings describes the parade of the broom back and forth as it brings the water2 and arpeggio figures in the orchestra depict the water itself4 ,the music then portrays the mounting terror of the apprentice as he is unable to arrest the march of the broom4 ,after an overwhelming climax1 at which point the apprentice splits the broom into two with a hatchet1 the saucy march tune is doubled to inform us that two brooms are now at work4 ,a shriek in the orchestra simulates the panic-stricken call of the apprentice4 ,after the master arrives and sets things in order1 the music of the opening measures is repeated to suggest that once again the magician's den is pervaded by peace and mystery4 ,the ,sorcerer's ,apprentice was made into an animated motion picture by ,walt ,disney1 the ,dukas music performed on the sound track by the ,philadelphia ,orchestra under ,stokowski2 it was part of a program collectively entitled ,fantasia which came to ,new ,york on ,november #ac1 #aidj4 ,antonin ,dvok ,antonin ,dvok was born in ,muehlhausen1 ,bohemia1 on ,september #h1 #ahda4 ,as a boy he studied the violin with the village schoolmaster4 ,he subsequently attended the ,organ ,school in ,prague4 ,after completing his studies1 he played in various orchestras in ,prague1 including that of the ,national ,theater from #ahfa to #ahga where he came under the influence of ,smetana1 father of ,bohemian national music4 ,dvok first attracted interest as a composer with ,hymnus1 a choral work introduced in #ahgc4 ,two years later he won the ,austrian ,state ,prize for a symphony1 and in #ahgh he became famous throughout ,europe with the ,slavonic ,dances4 ,in #ahhc he was appointed organist of the ,st4 ,adalbert ,church in ,prague4 ,from #ahib to #ahie he was the director of the ,national ,conservatory in ,new ,york4 ,during this period he was influenced in his compositions by the folk music of the ,american ,negro and ,indian4 ,from #aija until his death he was director of the ,prague ,conservatory4 ,he died in ,prague on ,may #a1 #aijd4 ,a prolific composer of operas1 symphonies1 chamber and piano music1 and songs1 ,dvok stood in the forefront of the ,romantic composers of the late #aith century and among the leading exponents of ,bohemian national music4 ,he was gifted with an expressive melodic gift1 a strong and subtle rhythmic pulse1 and an inventive harmonic language4 ,whatever he wrote was charged with strong emotional impulses1 whether he used the style of ,bohemian folk music or those of the ,american ,negro and ,american ,indian4 ,the ,carnival ,overture 7,carneval71 written in #ahia1 is one of three overtures planned by the composer as a cycle to portray 8three great creative forces of the ,universe--,nature1 ,life1 and ,love40 ,a unifying element among them was a melody intended to describe the 8unchangeable laws of ,nature40 ,eventually1 ,dvok abandoned this plan and published the three overtures separately1 calling them ,in ,nature 7,in der ,natur71 op4 #ia1 ,carnival1 op4 #ib1 and ,othello1 op4 #ic4 ,dvok himself provided a description of the music of ,carnival ,overture4 ,he aimed to describe 8a lonely1 contemplative wanderer reaching the city at nightfall where a carnival of pleasure reigns supreme4 ,on every side is heard the clangor of instruments1 mingled with shouts of joy and the unrestrained hilarity of the people giving vent to their feelings in songs and dances40 ,the overture begins with a lively section portraying the gayety of the carnival4 ,a subdued melody in the violins brings relaxation1 but the hubbub soon returns4 ,another gentle episode depicts a pair of lovers in a secluded corner2 the principal melodic material in this part is offered by the solo violin1 and by the ,english horns and flutes4 ,the brilliant opening material returns4 ,it is with this spirit of revelry that the overture ends4 ,the ,humoresque in ,g-flat major is the seventh in a set of eight ,humoresques for piano 7#ahid74 ,this delightful1 elegant piece of music in three-part song form has been transcribed not only for orchestra but for every possible instrument or combinations of instruments1 and is undoubtedly the most popular composition by the composer4 ,it was ,fritz ,kreisler1 the famous violin virtuoso1 who helped make the work so famous4 ,kreisler visited ,dvok in #aijc and asked him for some music4 ,dvok showed him a pile of compositions1 most of it completely unknown4 ,among these was the ,g-flat major ,humoresque4 ,kreisler transcribed it for violin and piano1 introduced it at his concerts1 later recorded it1 and made it universally popular4 ,as we know it today the ,humoresque is not the way ,dvok intended it to sound4 ,dvok wanted it to be a light1 whimsical piece of music1 a 8humoresque10 in fast tempo4 ,kreisler transcribed it in a slower tempo and more sentimental mood2 and it is in this style that ,humoresque is now known and loved4 ,the ,indian ,lament is one of several compositions by ,dvok influenced by the idioms of ,american-,indian music4 ,while serving as director of the ,national ,conservatory in ,new ,york1 he paid a visit to the town of ,spillville1 ,iowa4 ,there three ,iroquois ,indians visited him and entertained him with authentic ,indian music4 ,dvok was so taken with this strange and haunting lyricism1 and the primitive rhythms1 that he wrote several major works incorporating these idioms4 ,one was a ,sonatina in ,g major for violin and piano1 op4 #ajj 7#ahic74 ,its slow movement is a delicate song embodying the intervallic peculiarities of authentic ,american-,indian music4 ,fritz ,kreisler edited this movement and named it ,indian ,lament1 the version in which it has become famous4 ,gaspar ,cassad transcribed this movement for cello and piano4 ,dvok's ,largo is the second movement of his ,symphony ,no4 #e in ,e minor better known as the ,symphony from the ,new ,world 7#ahic74 ,this is the symphony written by ,dvok during his visit to the ,united ,states as director of the ,national ,conservatory4 ,one of his students was ,harry ,t4 ,burleigh1 who brought to his attention the music of the ,negro ,spiritual4 ,these melodies moved ,dvok so profoundly that he urged ,american composers to use the style1 technique and personality of these ,negro songs as the basis for national ,american music4 ,as if to set an example1 ,dvok wrote several compositions in which his own melodic writing was strongly influenced by the ,negro ,spiritual4 ,the most significant of these was his symphony1 which received its world premire in the ,united ,states 7at a concert of the ,new ,york ,philharmonic ,orchestra on ,december #ae1 #ahic1 ,anton ,seidl conducting74 ,the main spacious1 poignant melody of the ,largo movement--given by ,english horn over string harmonies after a few preliminary chords--so strongly simulates the personality of a ,negro ,spiritual that it was long thought that ,dvok was indulging in quotation4 ,this is not true2 the melody is ,dvok's own4 ,many transcriptions of this melody exist4 ,one is the familiar song1 8,goin' ,home10 lyrics by ,william ,arms ,fisher 7also one of ,dvok's pupils72 another is a composition for violin and piano by ,fritz ,kreisler called ,negro ,spiritual ,melody2 a third is an adaptation for salon orchestra by ,sigmund ,romberg4 ,this ,largo movement has two other melodies besides the basic one in the ,negro-,spiritual style4 ,one is heard in flute and oboe1 and the second in the oboe4 ,the ,scherzo ,capriccioso1 in ,d-flat major1 op4 #ff 7#ahhc7 is one of the composer's liveliest and most dynamic larger works for orchestra1 but in an idiom that is neither ,bohemian nor ,american4 ,it is in two sections4 ,the first is the ,scherzo1 opening with an energetic subject for horns that is a kind of a motto theme for the entire work4 ,the principal melody that follows is stated by full orchestra2 after that comes a waltz-like tune for violins4 ,the second part of the composition1 a trio1 is introduced by an expressive melody for ,english horn4 ,a secondary theme then comes in the strings and wind4 ,the principal idea of the first section now receives extended treatment before the second theme of the second part returns in a modified form4 ,the work ends with a coda in which effective use is made of the opening motto subject4 ,dvok achieved international fame for the first time with the first set of eight ,slavonic ,dances1 op4 #df1 published in #ahgh4 ,he had been recommended to the publisher ,simrock by ,brahms2 it was the publisher who suggested to ,dvok that he write ,slavonic dances similar to the ,hungarian dances which ,brahms had made so popular4 ,dvok wrote his first set for piano four-hands2 but these instantly proved so successful that ,simrock prevailed on ,dvok to orchestrate them4 ,in #ahhf1 ,dvok wrote a second set of eight ,slavonic ,dances1 op4 #gb1 once again both for four-hand piano and for orchestra4 ,though the melodies and harmonic schemes in all these dances are ,dvok's1 they have caught the essence of the ,slavonic folk song and dance1 and to such a degree that their authentic national character has never been questioned4 ,karel ,hoffmeister wrote3 8,something of the ,slavic character speaks in every phrase of them--the stormy high-spirited mood of the ,furiants2 the whimsical merriment1 the charm1 the touch of coquettry1 the ardent tenderness of the lyrical passages40 ,the following are among the best known of these dances3 ,c major1 op4 #df1 no4 #a4 ,a chord sustained through one measure is followed by a whirlwind presto passage4 ,after a sudden pianissimo we hear a second rhythmic melody4 ,music of a more serene character appears in flute and strings after a change of key4 ,a force climax is evolved to set the stage for the return of the opening whirlwind subject4 ,e minor1 op4 #df1 no4 #b4 ,a poignant melody is here contrasted with a dynamic rhythmic section4 ,fritz ,kreisler transcribed this dance for violin and piano4 ,a-flat major1 op4 #df1 no4 #f4 ,a dance melody with a strong rhythmic impulse is the opening subject4 ,pianissimo chords lead to a new virile subject1 but there soon comes a decisive change of mood with two expressive melodies4 ,this dance1 however1 ends dynamically4 ,g minor1 op4 #df1 no4 #h4 ,this is one of the gayest of the ,slavonic dances1 alive in its electrifying changes of dynamics and tonality4 ,e minor1 op4 #gb1 no4 #b4 ,this is one of the best loved of all these dances1 a song of rare sensitivity and sadness1 only temporarily alleviated by the more optimistic music of the middle section4 ,fritz ,kreisler transcribed it for violin and piano4 ,a-flat major1 op4 #gb1 no4 #h4 ,here1 as in the preceding ,e minor dance1 the emphasis is on tender1 elegiac song in strings4 ,a dramatic middle section provides some relief1 but the gentle moodiness of the opening section soon returns4 ,fritz ,kreisler transcribed it for violin and piano4 ,songs ,my ,mother ,taught ,me is one of ,dvok's most celebrated songs4 ,it is one of seven gypsy songs1 based on ,slavonic-gypsy folk idioms1 gathered in op4 #ee 7#ahhj72 the lyrics are by ,adolf ,heyduk4 ,this nostalgic1 delicate melody has enjoyed numerous transcriptions1 including one for violin and piano by ,fritz ,kreisler1 and another for cello and piano by ,alfred ,gruenfeld4 ,sir ,edward ,elgar ,sir ,edward ,elgar was born in ,broadheath1 near ,worcester1 ,england on ,june #b1 #aheg4 ,he studied the organ with his father1 and the violin with ,adolf ,pollitzer in ,london4 ,in #ahhe he succeeded his father as organist of ,st4 ,george's ,church in ,worcester4 ,two years after his marriage to ,alice ,roberts1 which had taken place in #ahhi1 he withdrew to ,malvern where he lived the next thirteen years1 devoted completely to serious composition4 ,several choral works were performed at various ,english festivals before ,elgar achieved outstanding success1 first with the ,enigma ,variations for symphony orchestra1 introduced in ,london in #ahii1 and then with his oratorio1 ,the ,dream of ,gerontius1 whose premire took place in ,birmingham in #aijj4 ,from then on ,elgar assumed a position of first importance in ,english music by virtue of his two symphonies1 vast amount of orchestral1 choral and chamber music1 and songs4 ,he was generally regarded one of the most significant ,english composers since ,purcell in the #agth century4 ,elgar was knighted in #aijd1 appointed ,master of the ,king's ,music in #aibd1 and made a baronet in #aica4 ,he died in ,worcester1 ,england1 on ,february #bc1 #aicd4 ,it is not difficult to understand ,elgar's enormous popularity4 ,together with an elegant sense of structure and style1 and a consummate musicianship1 he had a virtually inexhaustible fund of ingratiating lyricism4 ,his best works are conceived along traditional lines4 ,they are ,romantic in concept1 and poetic in content4 ,these qualities--and with them a most ingratiating sentiment--are also found in his semi-classical pieces4 ,the ,bavarian ,dances1 for orchestra1 come from ,the ,bavarian ,highlands1 a set of choral songs based on ,bavarian folk songs adapted by ,elgar's wife1 ,alice1 and set for chorus with piano and orchestra1 op4 #bg 7#ahie74 ,three folk tunes were subsequently adapted by the composer for orchestra4 ,collectively called ,bavarian ,dances1 the individual dances were subtitled by the composer 8,the ,dance10 8,lullaby10 and 8,the ,marksman40 ,these dances were first introduced in ,london in #ahig and have since enjoyed universal acceptance in some cases for their peasant rhythmic vigor1 and in others for their atmospheric charm4 ,the ,cockaigne ,overture 7,in ,london ,town71 for orchestra1 op4 #dj 7#aija7 describes ,london 8as represented by its parks and open spaces1 the bands marching from ,knightsbridge to ,buckingham ,palace1 ,westminster with its dignified associations of ,church and ,state10 in the words of ,sir ,george ,grove4 ,the composer himself revealed he wanted to portray in his music the sights witnessed by a pair of lovers as they stroll through the city4 ,the hubbub of the city is depicted in the opening measures1 following by an intensely romantic section highlighted by a broad melody for strings1 reflecting the feelings of the lovers as they stop off momentarily to rest in a public park4 ,they continue their walk1 hear the approaching music of a brass band1 then enter a church where organ music is being played4 ,the lovers continue their walk4 ,the animated life of the city streets once again is reproduced1 and the earlier romantic melody telling of their emotional ardor for each other is repeated4 ,in the ,south 7,alassio71 a concert overture for orchestra1 op4 #ej 7#aijd7 was written one ,spring while the composer was vacationing in southern ,europe4 ,this work reflects ,elgar's intense love of ,nature4 ,the following quotation appears in the published score3 8,a land which was the mightiest in its old command and is the loveliest2 wherein were cast the men of ,rome4 ,thou are the garden of the world40 ,the overture opens with a gay tune for clarinets1 horns1 violins and cellos4 ,it receives vigorous treatment and enlargement before a pastoral section is given by the woodwind and muted strings1 a description of a shepherd and his flock4 ,the overture then alternates between stress and tranquillity1 with great prominence being given to the shepherd's melody4 ,a viola solo then leads to the recapitulation section4 ,pomp and ,circumstance is a set of five marches for symphony orchestra1 op4 #ci4 ,the composers wanted these marches to provide such music with symphonic dimensions in the same way that dance music 7polonaise or waltz1 etc47 acquired artistic stature at the hands of ,chopin1 among others4 ,the phrase 8pomp and circumstance0 comes from ,shakespeare's ,othello4 ,the five marches are in the keys of ,d major1 ,a minor1 ,c minor1 ,g major1 and ,c ,major4 ,the first two were written in #aija2 the third1 in #aije2 the fourth in #aijg2 and the fifth in #aicj4 ,the most famous of these is the second in ,a minor1 one of ,elgar's most frequently performed compositions1 and music as often identified with the ,british ,empire as 8,god ,save the ,king40 ,it opens in a restless1 vigorous vein and erupts into a spacious melody for strings which ,laurence ,housman subsequently set to lyrics 78,land of ,hope and ,glory074 ,elgar once again used this same melody in his ,coronation ,ode for ,king ,edward ,,vii in #aijb4 ,the opening brisk1 restless music is recalled after a full statement of the melody4 ,the first in ,d major has a vigorous introduction after which unison strings come forth with a robust march tune4 ,the opening introduction is subsequently used as a transition to the trio in which a soaring melody is set against a uniform rhythmic beat4 ,the fourth in ,g major1 known as 8,song of ,liberty10 is also familiar4 ,once again the opening consists of spirited march music1 and once again the heart of the composition is a broad and stately melody for the strings4 ,this melody receives extended treatment which culminates with a rousing statement by the full orchestra4 ,salut d'amour1 for chamber orchestra1 op4 #ab 7#ahhi7 is a nostalgic and sentimental piece of music in three-part song form that has become a salon favorite4 ,it is also famous in a transcription for violin and piano4 ,duke ,ellington ,edward ,kennedy 8,duke0 ,ellington was born in ,washington1 ,d4,c4 on ,april #bi1 #ahii4 ,his career as a popular musician began in his adolescence when he performed jazz pieces on the piano in an ice-cream parlor in ,washington1 and after that formed his own jazz group4 ,in #aibc he came to ,new ,york where he soon thereafter formed a jazz band which performed at the ,kentucky ,club in ,harlem4 ,discovered by ,irving ,mills1 the publisher1 ,ellington was booked for the ,cotton ,club where he remained several years and established his fame as an outstanding exponent of real jazz--as pianist1 conductor of his orchestra1 composer1 and arranger4 ,he has since joined the all-time greats of jazz music1 acclaimed in night clubs1 on the ,broadway stage and ,hollywood screen1 over the radio1 on records1 and in triumphant tours throughout the music world4 ,as a composer ,ellington is famous for his popular songs 78,mood ,indigo10 8,sophisticated ,lady0 and so forth7 and short instrumental jazz pieces 7,black and ,tan ,fantasy1 ,creole ,rhapsody1 ,east ,st4 ,louis ,toodle-oo1 etc47 ,all this falls within the province of either popular music or jazz1 and for this reason cannot be considered here4 ,ellington has also produced a rich repertory of larger works for orchestra which have a place in the permanent library of semi-classical music in the same way that ,gershwin's larger works do4 ,skilfully utilizing the fullest resources of jazz techniques1 styles1 and idioms1 ,ellington has created in these larger works an authentically ,american music4 ,he himself prefers to consider many of these works as 8,negro music0 rather than jazz2 nevertheless1 in their blues harmonies1 jazz colorations1 and melodic and rhythmic techniques these works represented jazz music at its very best4 ,perhaps the most distinguished of these symphonic-jazz works is ,black1 ,brown and ,beige1 an extended work which ,ellington introduced with his orchestra in ,carnegie ,hall1 ,new ,york1 in #aidc1 and which he described as a 8tonal parallel of the ,negro in ,america40 ,the first movement1 8,black10 is a musical picture of the ,negro at work1 singing at his labors on the docks and levees in the slavery period before the ,civil ,war4 ,an alto saxophone solo brings on a plangent ,spiritual1 8,come ,sunday40 ,the second movement1 8,brown10 represents the wars in which ,negroes have participated4 ,a tenor solo sings an eloquent blues of the unsettled condition of the ,negro after the ,civil ,war4 ,the contemporary ,negro is the inspiration for the finale1 8,beige10 utilizing jazz idioms and styles in portraying the period of the ,twenties1 ,thirties and ,forties4 ,many facets of ,negro life are drawn in brief musical episodes1 including the ,negro church and school1 and the ,negro's aspiration towards sophistication4 ,the work ends on a patriotic note1 prophesying that the ,negro's place in the ,american way of life is secure4 ,georges ,enesco ,georges ,enesco was born in ,liveni1 ,rumania1 on ,august #ai1 #ahha4 ,he studied the violin at the ,conservatories of ,vienna and ,paris1 winning highest honors in both places4 ,following the completion of his studies in #ahii1 he launched a successful career both as concert violinist and as composer4 ,for several years he was the court violinist to the ,queen of ,rumania1 besides making outstandingly successful appearances on the concert stage throughout ,europe4 ,his debut as composer took place in ,paris before his sixteenth birthday1 with a concert devoted entirely to his own works4 ,success came in #aija with his ,rumanian ,rhapsody ,no4 #a4 ,enesco also distinguished himself as a conductor4 ,when he made his ,american debut--on ,january #b1 #aibc with the ,philadelphia ,orchestra in ,new ,york ,city--it was in the triple role of violinist1 conductor1 and composer4 ,after ,world ,war ,i1 ,enesco divided his residence between ,paris and his native ,rumania while touring the music world4 ,he made his last ,american appearance in #aiej on the occasion of the #fjth anniversary of his debut as violinist2 once again he appeared in the triple role of violinist1 conductor and composer4 ,he suffered a stroke in ,paris in ,july #aied and died there on ,may #d1 #aiee4 ,after his death1 his native village1 and a street in ,bucharest1 were named after him4 ,enesco was ,rumania's foremost twentieth-century composer4 ,his major compositions range freely over several different styles from nationalism1 to neo-classicism1 to ultra-modernism4 ,but the works with which he first gained world fame1 and which have since had the widest circulation1 are those in a national ,rumanian style1 with ,oriental-like melodies and propulsive rhythms all modeled after the exotic folk songs and dances of the ,rumanian gypsies4 ,in such a style are his two ,rumanian rhapsodies for orchestra3 ,no4 #a in ,a major1 op4 #aa1 no4 #a 7#aija72 ,no4 #b in ,d major1 op4 #aa1 no4 #b 7#aijb74 ,the first rhapsody is the one played more often4 ,it opens with a languorous subject for clarinet which is soon assumed by other woodwind1 then by the strings and after that 7in a quickened tempo7 by the full orchestra4 ,a passionate gypsy tune follows in the strings2 and this is succeeded by an abandoned dance melody in first violins and the woodwind1 and an ,oriental-type improvisation in solo flute4 ,now the mood becomes more frenetic1 with a rapid succession of whirling folk-dance tunes and rhythms that are carried to a breathtaking climax4 ,relaxation finally comes with a gentle ,oriental melody in clarinet1 but this is only a passing phase4 ,the rhapsody ends in a renewed outburst of vitality4 ,in comparison to the first1 the second rhapsody is an emotionally reserved piece of music4 ,after a solemn declaration by the strings1 there comes an equally sober and restrained folk song in the strings4 ,the dark mood thus projected becomes further intensified with a theme for ,english horn against tremolo strings and continues throughout most of the rhapsody1 except for a brief interpolation of a vigorous dance melody by the solo viola4 ,leo ,fall ,leo ,fall was born in ,olmuetz1 ,austria1 on ,february #b1 #ahgc4 ,the son of a military bandmaster1 he early received music instruction from his father4 ,then1 after attending the ,vienna ,conservatory1 he conducted theater orchestras in ,berlin1 ,hamburg1 and ,cologne4 ,an opera1 ,paroli1 was unsuccessfully produced in ,berlin before ,fall settled permanently in ,vienna to devote himself to the writing of those charming operettas in an abundantly lyric vein and graceful1 sophisticated manner which the ,austrian capital favored4 ,his greatest successes were ,the ,dollar ,princess in #aijg1 ,the ,rose of ,stamboul 7,die ,rose von ,stambul7 in #aiaf1 and ,madame ,pompadour in #aibc4 ,he died in ,vienna on ,september #ae1 #aibe4 ,fall's most famous operetta is ,the ,dollar ,princess 7,die ,dollarprinzessin71 selections from which are often given on salon programs4 ,the ,dollar ,princess--book by ,a4 ,m4 ,willner and ,f4 ,gruenbaum based upon a comedy by ,gatti-,trotha--was introduced in ,vienna on ,november #b1 #aijg4 ,its first ,american performance took place on ,september #f1 #aiji at the ,knickerbocker ,theater in an adaptation by ,george ,grossmith1 ,jr4 ,some songs by ,jerome ,kern were interpolated into the ,new ,york production4 ,the 8dollar princess0 is the heroine of the operetta3 ,alice ,couder1 pampered daughter of a ,new ,york coal magnate who goes in pursuit of ,freddy4 ,when at a lavish party at the ,couder mansion she brazenly announces her intention of marrying ,freddy without previously consulting him1 he leaves her in disgust1 and goes off to ,canada where he becomes a successful business man4 ,he cannot forget ,alice1 however4 ,he brings the ,couders to ,canada on a pretext of discussing with the father a business deal1 when he confesses his love to ,alice1 who no longer is brazen or arrogant4 ,a ,viennese operetta must by necessity have a major waltz number1 and ,the ,dollar ,princess is no exception2 8,will sie dann lieben treu und heiss0 from ,act #a1 is the most important melody of the operetta4 ,when other selections from this operetta are given they invariably include also the lilting title song from ,act #b1 and the seductive little duet 8,wir tanzen ,ringelreih'n hin einmal und her40 ,manuel de ,falla ,manuel de ,falla1 ,spain's most significant twentieth-century composer1 was born in ,cdiz on ,november #bc1 #ahgf4 ,after studying music with private teachers in his native city1 and with ,j4 ,trag and ,felipe ,pedrell in ,madrid1 he completed in #aije ,la ,vida breve1 a one-act opera that received first prize in a competition for native ,spanish operas sponsored by the ,academia de ,bellas ,artes4 ,from #aijg to #aiad he lived in ,paris where he absorbed ,french musical influences and became a friend of ,debussy and ,ravel4 ,in #aiad he was back in his native land2 from #aiba to #aici he lived a retiring existence in ,granada1 devoting himself to serious composition4 ,he left his native land in #aici because of his disenchantment with the ,franco regime which he had originally favored4 ,until his death on ,november #ad1 #aidf1 he lived in seclusion in ,alta ,gracia1 in the province of ,crdoba1 in ,argentina4 ,falla's art is deeply embedded in the soil of ,spanish folk songs and dance4 ,his major works1 which number a mere handful1 are all evocations of the spirit of ,spain in music which1 though never a direct quotation from ,spanish sources1 is nevertheless ,spanish to the core in details of melody1 harmony1 and rhythm4 ,his principal works include a harpsichord concerto1 ,nights in the ,gardens of ,spain 7,noches en los jardines de ,espaa7 for piano and orchestra1 the ballet ,el ,amor brujo1 and the opera ,the ,three-,cornered ,hat 7,el sombrero de tres picos74 ,in ,falla's most effective national idiom are two popular ,spanish dances4 ,the ,ritual ,fire ,dance 7,danza ritual del fuego7 is the seventh section from the ballet1 ,el ,amor brujo 7#aiae74 ,trills with the searing intensity of hot flame lead into a languorous ,spanish melody for the oboe1 behind which moves an irresistible rhythm4 ,this is followed by a second subject more intense in mood1 loudly proclaimed by unison horns and after that repeated quietly by muted trumpets4 ,throughout1 this dance has an almost savage ferocity1 the music continually punctuated by piercing chords2 the dance is finally brought to a frenetic conclusion4 ,the composer himself made a highly effective transcription of this dance for solo piano1 and ,gregor ,piatigorsky for cello and piano4 ,the ,spanish ,dance ,no4 #a comes from the second act of the opera1 ,la ,vida breve1 with which ,falla first achieved recognition4 ,an impulsive rhythmic opening serves as the background for a bold and sensual gypsy melody for horns and strings4 ,the piece ends with rich chords for full orchestra4 ,fritz ,kreisler made a fine transcription of this dance for violin and piano4 ,gabriel ,faur ,gabriel-,urbain ,faur was born in ,pamiers1 ,france1 on ,may #ab1 #ahde4 ,his music study took place in ,paris with ,niedermeyer and ,saint-,sans4 ,after that he served as organist in ,rennes and ,paris1 and held the important post of organist at the ,madeleine ,church in ,paris from #ahif on4 ,in #ahif he also became professor of composition at the ,paris ,conservatory where1 from #aije until #aibj1 he was director4 ,in #aiji he was elected member of the ,acadmie des ,beaux ,arts1 and in #aiaj made ,commander of the ,legion of ,honor4 ,in the last years of his life he suffered from deafness4 ,he died in ,paris on ,november #d1 #aibd4 ,faur was one of ,france's major composers1 creator of a considerable library of piano and chamber music as well as works for symphony orchestra which included ,pelleas and ,melisande1 a suite 7#ahih7 and the ,ballade for piano and orchestra 7#ahha74 ,his music is filled with classic beauty1 serenity1 and a most delicate sensibility and thus makes an appeal only to a highly cultivated music lover4 ,but a few of his works have such melodic charm and appealing moods that they cannot fail to cast a spell even on the untrained listener4 ,aprs un rve is a song1 the first in a set of three published as op4 #g 7#ahhe71 lyrics by ,romain ,bussine4 ,exquisite in its sensitive lyricism1 this melody has become popular in many transcriptions1 some for orchestra1 one for violin and piano by ,mischa ,elman1 and another for cello and piano by ,pablo ,casals4 ,dolly 7#ahic-ahif7 is a suite of six pieces for children which the composer originally wrote as a piano duet for ,dolly ,bardac1 daughter of a woman who later became ,debussy's wife4 ,henri ,rabaud orchestrated this suite in #aijf1 and it was first performed in connection with a ballet staged at the ,thtre des ,arts in ,paris4 ,in this music the composer looks back on childhood and the world of the child with poetic insight and occasionally a gentle sense of humor2 in this respect this suite is not unlike ,children's ,corner of ,debussy4 ,it opens with 8,berceuse10 a gentle melody for the woodwind1 which ,jacques ,thibaud arranged for violin and piano4 ,this is followed by 8,mi-a-ou10 a little quartet for muted trumpets4 ,a flute solo dominates 8,le ,jardin de ,dolly10 while 8,kitty ,valse0 is a light and vivacious waltz tune4 ,in 8,tendresse0 the melody is first heard in strings4 ,a tranquil middle section presents the solo oboe above a harp accompaniment4 ,the closing movement1 8,le ,pas espagnol0 is gay and brilliant music that pays homage to ,chabrier1 composer of ,espaa4 ,the ,pavane1 for orchestra1 op4 #ej 7#ahhg7 is music of stately1 classic beauty over which hovers the ,hellenic spirit so often found in ,faur's most significant works4 ,against an insistent rhythm1 the flute offers the haunting refrain of the ,pavane4 ,this dance melody is soon shared by the other woodwind1 after which it unfolds completely in violins and the woodwind1 other strings providing a rhythmic pizzicato accompaniment4 ,a transition in the strings then leads us back to the graceful mood and the gentle lyricism of the ,pavane melody4 ,the same subdued and classic repose we find in the ,pavane distinguishes another of ,faur's popular compositions1 the ,sicilienne1 for cello and piano1 op4 #gh 7#ahih74 ,transcriptions for orchestra of this composition are even more famous than the original version4 ,friedrich ,flotow ,friedrich ,freiherr von ,flotow was born in ,teutendorf1 ,mecklenburg1 on ,april #bf1 #ahab4 ,he was descended from a family that traced its nobility back several centuries4 ,after studying music in ,paris with ,anton ,reicha and ,johann ,pixis between #ahbh and #ahcj1 he wrote his first opera1 ,peter und ,katharina4 ,success came first with ,alessandro ,stradella introduced in ,hamburg in #ahdd1 and was solidified in #ahdg with the opera by which he is still remembered1 ,martha4 ,from #ahef to #ahfc he was ,intendant of the ,schwerin ,court ,theater4 ,he went into retirement in #ahhj and died in ,darmstadt1 ,germany1 on ,january #bd1 #ahhc4 ,the ebullient melodies with which ,flotow flooded his operas made him extremely popular in his day4 ,this same joyous lyricism keeps the overtures to ,alessandro ,stradella and ,martha fresh in the orchestral repertory4 ,alessandro ,stradella--introduced in ,hamburg on ,december #cj1 #ahdd--was based on a romantic episode in the life of a #agth century opera composer2 the libretto was by ,wilhelm ,friedrich4 ,stradella elopes with ,leonora1 whose guardian hires assassins to kill the composer4 ,but ,stradella's singing has such an effect on the assassins that they are incapable of murdering him4 ,they let him go1 and in the end the guardian himself is moved to forgive the composer and sanction his union with ,leonora4 ,the overture opens with a solemn chant for the brass 7,stradella's song in the last act74 ,vigorous transitional material leads to a robust song for full orchestra which is soon repeated expressively by the strings4 ,a sprightly tune for strings 7the bell chorus of the second act7 is given prominent treatment and developed climactically4 ,the mood now alternates between lightness and gaiety with an occasional intrusion of a strong dramatic effect4 ,martha received its premire in ,vienna on ,november #be1 #ahdg4 ,the libretto1 by ,friedrich ,wilhelm ,riese was based on a ballet-pantomime by ,vernoy de ,saint-,georges4 8,martha0 is ,lady ,harriet in disguise as a servant girl for the sake of an amusing escapade2 and the opera is concerned with her amatory adventures with ,lionel1 and that of her maid with ,plunkett1 at the ,richmond fair4 ,the complications that ensue when the men discover this deception are eventually happily resolved4 ,the overture begins with a slow introduction which leads into a ,larghetto section where considerable attention is paid to the main melody of the quintet at the close of the third act1 8,mag der ,himmel euch vergeben40 ,the tempo quickens as the lively country dances of the opera are presented4 ,a crescendo reaches towards a fortissimo restatement of the main theme of the third-act quintet1 and the overture ends with a brief and energetic coda4 ,salon orchestras often present potpourris of this opera's main melodies4 ,two are always dominant in such potpourris4 8,the ,last ,rose of ,summer0 78,qui sola1 vergin rosa07--an aria sung by the heroine in the second act--is a melody familiar to all2 it is not by ,flotow1 but from an old ,irish song1 8,the ,groves of ,blarney10 set to a poem by ,thomas ,moore4 ,the second famous melody from ,martha is the beautiful tenor aria from the third act1 8,m',appari10 in which ,lionel expresses his grief when he feels he has lost ,martha for good4 ,stephen ,foster ,stephen ,collins ,foster1 ,america's foremost song composer1 was born in ,lawrenceville1 near ,pittsburgh1 ,pennsylvania on ,july #d1 #ahbf4 ,he received no formal musical training4 ,tioga ,waltz1 in #ahda1 was his first piece of music to get performed4 ,about a year after that1 ,foster published his first song1 8,open ,thy ,lattice1 ,love40 ,his initial success came with 8,oh1 ,susanna60 for which he received only #ajj4 ,but 8,oh1 ,susanna60 became so popular soon after its publication in #ahdh that it became the theme song 7with improvised lyrics7 of the ,forty ,niners on their way to ,california4 ,beginning with #ahdh he wrote songs for ,ed ,christy's ,minstrels--at first allowing some of them to appear as ,christy's own creations4 ,it was within the context of the minstrel show that such permanent ,foster favorites as 8,camptown ,races0 and 8,old ,folks at ,home0 were first performed4 ,both songs were outstandingly successful and1 because of a favorable contractual arrangement with a ,new ,york publisher1 ,foster was earning handsome royalties4 ,now feeling financially secure1 ,foster married ,jane ,denny ,mc,dowell in #ahej1 a relationship that was unhappy almost from the beginning4 ,in #ahfj ,foster came to ,new ,york with the hope of furthering his career as a composer4 ,but by now he was virtually forgotten by the public1 and publishers paid him only a pittance for his last songs1 many of them mostly hack pieces4 ,always disposed towards alcohol1 ,foster now became a habitual drunkard1 living in the most abject poverty in a miserable room on the ,bowery4 ,he died at ,bellevue ,hospital on ,january #ac1 #ahfd4 ,foster was the composer of numerous songs which in various orchestral arrangements are basic to the repertory of every salon or pop orchestra4 ,his greatest songs were inspired by the ,negro2 they are the eloquent expressions of ,northern sentiment about slavery in the ,south4 ,foster's most famous ,negro songs are3 8,old ,folks at ,home0 7or 8,swanee ,river071 8,massa's in de ,cold1 ,cold ,ground10 8,my ,old ,kentucky ,home10 and 8,ol' ,black ,joe40 ,when ,foster first wrote 8,old ,folks at ,home0 his inspiration was an obscure ,florida ,river by the name of 8,pedee40 ,but while writing his song he thought 8,pedee0 not sufficiently euphonious for his purpose4 ,he went to a map of ,florida to find another river1 came upon 8,suwanee0 which he contracted to 8,swanee40 ,foster was also successful in the writing of sentimental ballads4 ,here his most important songs were 8,jeanie ,with the ,light ,brown ,hair0 7written for and about his wife71 and 8,beautiful ,dreamer40 ,besides orchestral adaptations of individual songs1 ,foster's music is represented on orchestral programs by skilful suites1 or ingenious symphonic transcriptions of individual songs1 by other composers4 ,arcady ,dubensky's ,stephen ,foster ,suite is discussed in the section on ,dubensky1 and ,lucien ,caillet's ,fantasia and ,fugue on 8,oh1 ,susanna60 in the ,caillet section4 ,other composers to make symphonic use of ,foster's melodies are3 ,mario ,castelnuovo-,tedesco 7,humoresques on ,foster ,themes72 ,morton ,guild 7,foster ,gallery72 and ,alan ,shulman 7,oh1 ,susanna674 ,rudolf ,friml ,rudolf ,friml was born in ,prague1 ,czechoslovakia1 on ,december #g1 #ahgi4 ,he received his musical training at the ,prague ,conservatory1 after which he toured ,europe and ,america as assisting artist and accompanist for ,jan ,kubelik1 the noted violin virtuoso4 ,in #aijf1 ,friml established permanent residence in the ,united ,states1 making several appearances as concert pianist1 twice in the performance of his own ,concerto in ,b-flat4 ,he now published piano pieces1 instrumental numbers1 and songs which attracted the interest of two publishers1 ,gus ,schirmer and ,max ,dreyfus4 ,when1 in #aiab1 ,victor ,herbert stepped out of an assignment to write the music for the operetta ,the ,firefly1 both ,schirmer and ,dreyfus recommended ,friml as his replacement4 ,the ,firefly made ,friml famous4 ,until #aicd he continued writing music for the ,broadway stage1 achieving further triumphs with ,rose ,marie in #aibd1 ,the ,vagabond ,king in #aibe1 and ,the ,three ,musketeers in #aibh4 ,after #aicd1 ,friml concentrated his activity on motion pictures in ,hollywood4 ,friml belongs with those ,broadway composers of the early #bjth century whose domain was the operetta modelled after ,german and ,austrian patterns4 ,as long as the operetta was popular on the ,broadway stage1 ,friml remained a favorite1 for his ingratiating melodies1 pleasing sentimentality1 winning charm1 and strong romantic flair were in the best traditions of the operetta theater4 ,but when the vogue for operettas died down and the call came for ,american musicals with native settings and characterizations1 realistic approaches1 and a greater cohesion between text and music1 ,friml's day was over4 ,he has produced nothing of significance since the middle #aicj's1 and very little of anything else4 ,but the music he wrote for his best operettas has never lost its appeal4 ,the ,firefly1 book and lyrics by ,otto ,harbach1 was introduced in ,new ,york on ,december #b1 #aiab4 ,the plot concerned a little ,italian street singer by the name of ,nina 7enchantingly played by ,emma ,trentini74 ,she disguises herself as a boy to get a job aboard a yacht bound for ,bermuda1 and is first accused and then cleared of the charge of being a pickpocket4 ,many years later she reappears as a famous prima donna when she is finally able to win the wealthy young man with whom she had fallen in love while working on the yacht4 ,orchestral potpourris from ,the ,firefly always include three of the songs ,emma ,trentini helped to make famous3 8,giannina ,mia10 8,the ,dawn of ,love0 and 8,love is ,like a ,firefly40 ,the melodious duet1 8,sympathy10 is also popular4 ,the ,donkey ,serenade1 now regarded as one of the favorites from ,the ,firefly score1 was not in the original operetta when it was produced on ,broadway4 ,friml wrote it in collaboration with ,herbert ,stothart for the motion picture adaptation of the operetta released in #aicg and starring ,jeanette ,mac,donald and ,allan ,jones4 ,this appealing ,spanish-type melody is set against an intriguing rhythm suggesting the jogging movement of a donkey2 this rhythm precedes and closes the number1 which has become as celebrated in an instrumental version as it is as a song with lyrics by ,chet ,forrest and ,bob ,white4 ,rose ,marie1 book and lyrics by ,otto ,harbach and ,oscar ,hammerstein ,,ii1 came to ,broadway on ,september #b1 #aibd where it remained for more than a year4 ,the rest of the country became acquainted with this lovable operetta at that time by means of four road companies4 ,the setting is the ,canadian ,rockies1 and the love interest involves ,rose ,marie and ,jim1 the latter falsely accused of murder4 ,the ,canadian ,mounted ,police1 headed by ,sergeant ,malone1 help to clear ,jim and to bring the love affair of ,rose ,marie and ,jim to a happy resolution4 ,selections in orchestral adaptations most often heard from this operetta include two of ,friml's most famous songs1 the title number and 8,indian ,love ,call02 a third delightful song was found in 8,totem ,tom ,tom40 ,rose ,marie was adapted for motion pictures three times1 once in a silent version4 ,the ,vagabond ,king had for its central character the ,french vagabond poet of the #aeth century1 ,franois ,villon1 who is made king for a day4 ,this musical was based on the romance of ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,carthy1 ,if ,i ,were ,king1 adapted by ,brian ,hooker4 ,the ,vagabond ,king1 which opened on ,september #ba1 #aibe1 was one of ,friml's greatest successes1 mainly because of such rousing numbers as 8,the ,song of the ,vagabonds10 the caressing waltz melody 8,waltz ,huguette10 and the love song 8,only a ,rose10 all often heard in orchestral adaptations4 ,the ,vagabond ,king was made into motion pictures twice1 most recently in #aief starring ,kathryn ,grayson and ,oreste4 ,julius ,fuk ,julius ,fuk was born in ,prague1 ,czechoslovakia1 on ,july #ah1 #ahgb4 ,he was a pupil of ,antonin ,dvok in composition4 ,after playing the bassoon in the ,german ,opera in ,prague in #ahic1 he became bandmaster of the #hfth and #ibnd ,austrian ,regiments in which he won renown throughout ,europe4 ,he died in ,leitmeritz1 ,czechoslovakia1 on ,september #be1 #aiaf4 ,fuk wrote numerous dance pieces and marches for band4 ,the most popular of these is the stirring march1 ,entrance of the ,gladiators1 which became popular throughout the world and is still frequently played by salon orchestras as well as bands4 ,sir ,edward ,german ,sir ,edward ,german was born ,edward ,german ,jones in ,whitchurch1 ,england1 on ,february #ag1 #ahfb4 ,he attended the ,royal ,academy of ,music in ,london where1 in #ahie1 he was elected ,fellow4 ,meanwhile1 in #ahhh-ahhi he became the musical director of the ,globe ,theater in ,london4 ,the incidental music he wrote there that year for ,richard ,mansfield's production of ,richard ,,iii proved so popular that ,sir ,henry ,irving commissioned him to write similar music for his own presentation of ,henry ,,viii4 ,german subsequently wrote incidental music for many other plays including ,romeo and ,juliet 7#ahie71 ,as ,you ,like ,it 7#ahif71 ,much ,ado ,about ,nothing 7#ahih7 and ,nell ,gwynn 7#aijj74 ,he also produced a considerable amount of concert music1 including two symphonies and various suites1 tone poems1 rhapsodies1 and a march and hymn for the ,coronation of ,george ,v in #aiaa4 ,german was knighted in #aibh1 and in #aicd he received the ,gold ,medal of the ,royal ,philharmonic ,society4 ,he died in ,london on ,november #aa1 #aicf4 ,german is most famous for his incidental music for the stage4 ,he combined a graceful lyricism with a consummate skill in orchestration4 ,he also possessed to a remarkable degree the capacity of simulating the archaic idioms of old ,english music of the ,tudor and ,stuart periods4 ,thus the greatest charm of his writing lies in its subtle atmospheric recreation of a bygone era2 but a lightness of touch and freshness of material are never sacrificed4 ,of his incidental music perhaps the most famous is that for ,shakespeare's ,henry ,,viii1 introduced at the ,lyceum ,theater in ,london in #ahib in ,sir ,henry ,irving's production4 ,german's complete score consists of an overture1 five entr'actes1 a setting of the song 8,orpheus and his ,lute0 and other pieces4 ,but what remain popular are three delightful old ,english dances from the first act2 the style and spirit of old ,english music are here reproduced with extraordinary effect4 ,the three are3 8,morris ,dance10 8,shepherd's ,dance10 and 8,torch ,dance40 ,the best sections of his incidental music to ,anthony ,hope's ,nell ,gwynn1 produced at the ,prince of ,wales ,theater in #aijj1 also are revivals of old ,english dances3 8,country ,dance10 8,merrymaker's ,dance10 and 8,pastoral ,dance40 ,other delightful dances1 often in an old ,english folk style1 are found in his incidental music to ,as ,you ,like ,it 78,children's ,dance10 8,rustic ,dance10 and 8,woodland ,dance07 and ,romeo and ,juliet 78,pavane0 and 8,torch ,dance074 ,german also wrote several operettas1 the most famous being ,merrie ,england1 text by ,basil ,hood1 first performed at the ,savoy ,theater in ,london on ,april #b1 #aijb4 ,the setting is ,elizabethan ,england1 and the plot involves the love affair of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh and the ,queen's ,maid of ,honor which upsets ,queen ,elizabeth since she herself has designs on ,sir ,walter4 ,german's score is filled with the most delightful old world jigs1 country dances1 glees1 and melodies imitating the style of old-time madrigals4 ,in addition1 there is here an impressive patriotic song 78,the ,yeomen of ,england071 ,queen ,elizabeth's effective air 78,o ,peaceful ,england071 a rousing drinking song by ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 a poignant ballad by the ,maid of ,honor1 and an equally moving love duet by the ,maid of ,honor and ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4 ,because of its effective music1 rich with ,english flavors1 ,merrie ,england has survived as one of the most popular ,english operettas of the #bjth century1 and has often been revived in ,london4 ,among ,german's many concert works for orchestra one of the most famous is the ,welsh ,rhapsody 7#aijb74 ,this is a skilful symphonic adaptation of ,welsh tunes1 the last of which 78,men of ,larech07 is utilized by the composer to bring his rhapsody to a powerful culmination4 ,the other ,welsh folk songs used earlier by the composer in this rhapsody are 8,loudly ,proclaim ,o'er ,land and ,sea10 8,hunting the ,hare10 8,bells of ,aberdorry0 and 8,david of the ,white ,rock40 ,george ,gershwin ,george ,gershwin was born in ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york on ,september #bf1 #ahih4 ,though he received serious musical training in piano from ,charles ,hambitzer1 and in harmony and theory from ,edward ,kilenyi1 he early set his sights on popular rather than serious music4 ,when he was fifteen he found a job as song plugger and staff pianist in ,tin ,pan ,alley where he soon began writing songs4 ,the first to get published was 8,when ,you ,want ',em ,you ,can't ,get ',em0 in #aiaf2 in the same year another of his songs1 8,the ,making of a ,girl0 appeared for the first time on the ,broadway stage1 in ,the ,passing ,show of #aiaf4 ,gershwin's first complete score for ,broadway was ,la1 ,la1 ,lucille1 and his first smash song hit was 8,swanee10 both in #aiai4 ,between #aibj and #aibd ,gershwin wrote the music for five editions of the ,george ,white ,scandals where he first demonstrated his exceptional creative gifts2 his most famous songs for the ,scandals were 8,i'll ,build a ,stairway to ,paradise0 and 8,somebody ,loves ,me40 ,for one of the editions of the ,scandals he also wrote a one-act ,negro opera to a libretto by ,buddy ,de ,sylva--originally called ,blue ,monday but later retitled #aceth ,street4 ,late in #aibc1 ,paul ,whiteman1 the orchestra leader1 commissioned ,gershwin to write a symphonic work in a jazz style for a concert ,whiteman was planning for ,aeolian ,hall1 in ,new ,york4 ,that jazz composition--introduced on ,february #ab1 #aibd--was the ,rhapsody in ,blue with which ,gershwin achieved world renown1 and which once and for all established the jazz idiom and jazz techniques as significant material for serious musical deployment4 ,from then on1 until the end of his life1 ,gershwin continued to write concert music in a popular style--growing all the time in technical assurance1 in the command of jazz materials1 and in the inventiveness of his melodic1 rhythmic1 and harmonic writing4 ,in the eyes of the world he assumed a position of first significance among ,american composers4 ,for the symphony orchestra he wrote the ,piano ,concerto in ,f1 ,an ,american in ,paris1 ,cuban ,overture1 ,variations on ,i ,got ,rhythm1 and the ,second ,rhapsody2 for solo piano1 the three piano preludes2 for the stage his monumental folk opera1 ,porgy and ,bess4 ,while devoting himself to the concert field1 ,gershwin did not neglect the popular ,broadway theater4 ,he produced a library of remarkable songs for such productions as ,lady ,be ,good 7#aibd71 ,oh ,kay6 7#aibf71 ,funny ,face 7#aibg71 and ,girl ,crazy 7#aicj74 ,the best of these included 8,fascinating ,rhythm10 8,lady ,be ,good10 8,someone to ,watch ,over ,me10 8,clap ,yo' ,hands10 8',s ,wonderful10 8,i ,got ,rhythm10 8,embraceable ,you10 and 8,but ,not for ,me40 ,the lyrics for these and other ,gershwin song classics were written by his brother1 ,ira4 ,in #aicj ,gershwin revealed a fresh bent for mockery and satire1 together with a new skill for more spacious musical writing than that required for a song1 in ,strike ,up the ,band1 a satire on war4 ,these qualities in ,gershwin's music came to full ripeness in #aica with the political satire ,of ,thee ,i ,sing61 the first musical ever to win the ,pulitzer ,prize for drama4 ,in #aica1 ,gershwin wrote his first original score for motion pictures1 ,delicious4 ,when he returned to ,hollywood in #aicf he settled there permanently and wrote the music for several delightful screen musicals1 among these being ,damsel in ,distress1 ,shall ,we ,dance1 and ,the ,goldwyn ,follies4 ,the songs he wrote for the last-named revue 7they included 8,love ,walked ,in0 and 8,love ,is ,here to ,stay07 were the last pieces of music he was destined to write4 ,he died in ,hollywood1 ,california on ,july #aa1 #aicg1 a victim of a cystic tumor on the right temporal lobe of the brain4 ,his screen biography1 ,rhapsody in ,blue1 was produced in #aide4 ,in #aiea1 the screen musical1 ,an ,american in ,paris 7whose score included several of ,gershwin's songs as well as the tone poem that gave this picture its title7 received the ,academy ,award as the best picture of the year4 ,porgy and ,bess was adapted for motion pictures1 in a ,samuel ,goldwyn production1 in #aiei4 ,it would be difficult to overestimate ,gershwin's importance in ,american music4 ,to the popular song he brought the technical skill of a consummate musician1 endowing it with a rhythmic1 melodic and harmonic language it had rarely before known4 ,by that process he often lifted it to the status of true art4 ,to serious music he contributed the vitality and the spirit--as well as the techniques and idioms--of ,american popular music2 serious musicians throughout the world were inspired by his example to create a serious musical art out of the materials of ,american popular music4 ,since his untimely death1 his artistic stature has grown in all parts of the civilized world4 ,there will be few today to deny him a place of honor among ,america's foremost composers4 ,an ,american in ,paris is a tone poem for symphony orchestra inspired by a ,european vacation in #aibh4 ,it received its world premire in ,new ,york on ,december #ac1 #aibh1 ,walter ,damrosch conducting the ,new ,york ,philharmonic ,orchestra4 ,in this music the composer describes the nostalgia of an ,american tourist for home1 and his experiences as he strolls along the boulevards of ,paris4 ,it opens with a 8walking theme10 a sprightly little tune for strings and oboe2 our ,american is beginning his stroll4 ,as he walks he hears the piercing warnings of taxi horns3 ,gershwin's score calls for the use of actual ,parisian taxi horns4 ,the ,american passes a caf1 and stops for a moment to listen to the sounds of a music-hall melody1 presented by the trombones4 ,then he resumes his stroll1 as a second walking subject is heard in the clarinet4 ,a solo violin 7which ,deems ,taylor interpreted as a young lady accosting our tourist67 provides a transition to two main melodies in both of which the ,american's growing feeling of homesickness finds apt expression4 ,the first is a blues melody for muted trumpets2 the second a ,charleston melody for two trumpets4 ,the blues melody receives climactic treatment in full orchestra4 ,after a hasty recollection of the second walking theme1 the composition comes to a vigorous conclusion4 ,as ,mr4 ,taylor goes on to explain1 the tourist now decides 8to make a night of it4 ,it will be great to get home1 but meanwhile1 this is ,paris60 ,the ,concerto in ,f1 for piano and orchestra1 was the immediate consequence of ,gershwin's phenomenal success with the ,rhapsody in ,blue4 ,the ,concerto was commissioned in #aibe by the ,new ,york ,symphony ,society and its conductor1 ,walter ,damrosch4 ,they introduced it in ,carnegie ,hall1 on ,december #c1 #aibe1 with the composer as soloist4 ,this work1 like its eminent predecessor1 is in a jazz style2 but unlike the first version of the ,rhapsody in ,blue it boasts ,gershwin's own orchestration4 7,from this time on ,gershwin would always prepare his own orchestrations for his serious concert music47 ,there are three movements4 ,the first 7,allegro7 begins with a ,charleston theme shared by the woodwind and timpani4 ,the main body of this movement is given over to a spicy jazz tune first heard in the bassoon and after that in full orchestra2 to a tender melody for solo piano2 and to a lilting waltz for strings with decorative treatment by the piano4 ,the second movement 7,andante con moto7 is lyrical throughout1 and at times subtly atmospheric and poetic4 ,muted trumpet1 against harmonies provided by three clarinets1 set the romantic stage for the felicitous lyrical thoughts that ensue3 a brisk1 jazzy1 strikingly rhythmic idea for the piano2 and a broad1 sensual melody for strings4 ,this movement ends in the same sensitive atmospheric mood with which it began4 ,in the finale 7,allegro con brio7 dynamic forces are released4 ,main themes from the first two movements are recalled with a particularly effective recapitulation of the second theme of the first movement in the strings4 ,the ,cuban ,overture was written in #aicb after a brief visit to ,havana and was introduced at the ,lewisohn ,stadium in ,new ,york1 ,albert ,coates conducting1 on ,august #af1 #aicb4 ,this is a concert overture for orchestra utilizing native percussion ,cuban instruments4 ,the work has three sections played without interruption4 ,the first consists of two melodies1 a ,cuban theme in strings followed by a second lyrical subject which is placed against the contrapuntal background of fragments from the first ,cuban theme4 ,a solo clarinet cadenza leads to the middle section which is a two-voice canon4 ,the ensuing finale makes considerable use of earlier thematic material and ends with an electrifying presentation of a fully projected rumba melody in which prominent use is made of ,cuban percussion instruments 7cuban stick1 bongo1 gourd1 and maracas74 ,the folk opera1 ,porgy and ,bess1 was ,gershwin's last work in the field of serious music--and his greatest4 ,it took ,gershwin over two years to write his opera1 a period during which he spent some time in the opera's setting of ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 absorbing not only local color but also native ,negro music whose style he skilfully assimilated into his own writing4 ,he completed his opera in the summer of #aice2 on ,september #cj its world premire took place in ,boston2 and on ,october #aj1 it began its ,new ,york run4 ,it cannot be said that either critics or audiences were fully aware at the time that they were hearing a masterwork4 ,some of the ,boston and ,new ,york scribes found things to admire in the opera1 but most of them were highly critical4 ,olin ,downes said 8it does not utilize all the resources of the operatic composer or pierce very often to the depths of the pathetic drama40 ,lawrence ,gilman found ,gershwin's emphasis on the popular element a disturbing blemish while ,virgil ,thomson did not hesitate at the time to refer to it as 8a fake40 ,the run of #abd performances in ,new ,york 7followed by a three-month tour7 represented a box-office failure4 ,gershwin himself remained convinced he had written a work of first importance1 but regrettably he did not live to see his faith in his opera justified beyond his wildest hopes or aspirations4 ,revived in ,new ,york in #aida it had an eight-month run1 the longest of any revival in ,broadway history4 ,more important still1 many critics revised earlier estimates4 ,virgil ,thomson now spoke of it as 8a beautiful piece of music and a deeply moving play for the lyric theater40 ,olin ,downes said that ,gershwin had here 8taken a substantial step1 and advanced the cause of native opera40 ,the ,new ,york ,music ,critics ,circle singled it out as the most important musical revival of that season4 ,but still greater triumphs awaited the opera4 ,in #aieb1 a ,negro cast toured ,europe under the auspices of the ,state ,department4 ,before that tour was over1 several years later1 the opera had been heard throughout ,europe1 the ,near ,east1 in countries behind the ,iron ,curtain1 the ,soviet ,union and ,latin ,america4 ,everywhere it enjoyed acclaim realized by few contemporary operas anywhere4 ,there were not many dissenting voices in the universal judgment that ,porgy and ,bess was one of the most significant operas of the twentieth century1 and certainly one of the most popular4 ,and its popularity was further enhanced by the stunning production given it by ,samuel ,goldwyn in motion pictures in #aiei4 ,the text of the opera was based on the play ,porgy1 by ,dorothy and ,du ,bose ,heyward1 produced by the ,theater ,guild in ,new ,york in #aibg1 which in turn had been adapted from ,du ,bose ,heyward's novel of the same name4 ,the opera text and lyrics were written by ,du ,bose and ,dorothy ,heyward with several additional lyrics by ,ira ,gershwin4 ,the tragic love affair of the cripple1 ,porgy1 and ,bess1 a lady of easy virtue1 is set in the ,negro tenement1 ,catfish ,row1 in ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina4 ,porgy has found true happiness with ,bess for the first time in his life4 ,when ,crown1 ,bess' old sweetheart returns to claim her1 ,porgy kills him but manages to elude the law after having been detained a while4 ,upon returning to ,catfish ,row he discovers that his ,bess had succumbed to the lure of dope1 and the gay life in ,new ,york offered her by ,sportin' ,life4 ,heartbroken1 ,porgy jumps in his goat cart to follow ,bess to ,new ,york and try to bring her back4 ,the main melodic sections of the opera have provided the material for several delightful suites4 ,the most famous is ,a ,symphonic ,picture by ,robert ,russell ,bennett1 commissioned by ,fritz ,reiner1 the conductor of the ,pittsburgh ,symphony in #aidb4 ,bennett created out of the score an integrated tone poem faithful to ,gershwin's own harmonic and orchestral intentions4 ,the tone poem 7or suite7 is made up of the following sequences in the order of their appearance3 ,scene of ,catfish ,row with the peddler's calls2 ,opening ,act ,,ii2 8,summertime0 and ,opening of ,act ,i2 8,i ,got ,plenty of ,nuttin'02 ,storm ,music2 8,bess1 ,you ,is ,my ,woman ,now02 8,it ,ain't ,necessarily ,so0 and the finale1 8,oh ,lawd ,i'm ,on ,my ,way40 ,george ,gershwin himself prepared an orchestral suite from his opera score in #aicf1 and conducted it in performances with several major ,american orchestras in #aicf-aicg4 ,this manuscript1 long forgotten1 was found in the library of ,ira ,gershwin1 and was revived in #aiei by ,maurice ,abravanel and the ,utah ,symphony4 ,now named ,catfish ,row1 to distinguish it from other suites prepared by other musicians1 it had five sections3 8,catfish ,row10 8,porgy ,sings10 8,fugue10 8,hurricane10 and 8,good ,morning1 ,brother40 ,beryl ,rubinstein transcribed five of the principal melodies from the opera for piano1 and ,jascha ,heifetz for violin and piano4 ,the three piano ,preludes are famous not only in their original version but also in transcriptions for symphony orchestra4 ,the first prelude1 in ,b-flat major1 is rhythmically exciting1 highlighting the basic elements of the tango and the ,charleston4 ,the second1 in ,c-sharp minor1 is the most famous of the set4 ,this is an eloquent three-part blues melody4 ,the concluding prelude1 in ,e-flat major1 once again like the first one has greater rhythmic than melodic interest1 a lively expression of uninhibited good feelings4 ,besides transcriptions for orchestra by ,roy ,bargy1 ,gregory ,stone and several others1 these preludes have been adapted for violin and piano by ,heifetz1 for trumpet and piano by ,gregory ,stone1 and for saxophone and piano by ,sigurd ,rascher4 ,the ,rhapsody in ,blue was ,gershwin's first work for symphony orchestra and it is the composition with which he first won fame1 fortune1 and artistic significance4 ,it was commissioned by ,paul ,whiteman for an all-,american music concert planned by that bandleader for ,aeolian ,hall1 ,new ,york1 on ,february #ab1 #aibd4 ,with the composer at the piano1 the ,rhapsody appeared as the tenth and penultimate number of a long program1 but it was the work that gave ,whiteman's concert its main interest and significance4 ,the critics the following day were divided in their opinion4 ,on the one hand1 ,henry ,t4 ,finck considered it superior to the music of ,schoenberg and ,milhaud2 equally high words of praise came from ,gilbert ,w4 ,gabriel1 ,william ,j4 ,henderson1 ,olin ,downes1 ,deems ,taylor1 and ,carl van ,vechten4 ,in the opposite camp stood ,pitts ,sanborn and ,lawrence ,gilman who described the work as 8meaningless repetition0 and 8trite1 feeble1 and conventional40 ,but the opposing opinions notwithstanding1 the ,rhapsody in ,blue immediately became one of the most famous pieces of serious music by an ,american4 ,it was transcribed for every possible instrument or groups of instruments2 it was adapted several times for ballet2 it was used in a motion picture4 ,royalties from the sale of sheet music and records brought in a fortune4 ,through the years it has never lost its popularity2 it is still one of the most frequently performed ,american symphonic works4 ,its prime significance rests in the fact that it decisively proved that it was possible to produce good music within ambitious structures utilizing idioms and techniques of ,american jazz4 ,the ,rhapsody in ,blue was by no means the first composition to do so2 it was preceded by works by ,erik ,satie1 ,stravinsky1 and ,milhaud among others4 ,but due to its enormous popular appeal it was the most influential composition of all in convincing the world's foremost composers that jazz could be used with serious intent4 ,undoubtedly it was largely as a result of the triumph of the ,rhapsody in ,blue that world-famous composers like ,william ,walton1 ,constant ,lambert1 ,maurice ,ravel1 ,kurt ,weill and ,paul ,hindemith among many others produced serious jazz music4 ,much has been said about its diffuseness of structure1 and the inept way its material is developed4 ,but for all its faults1 the ,rhapsody in ,blue remains a vital1 dynamic and at times an inspired piece of music4 ,it is filled with wonderful lyricism2 its rhythmic cogency is irresistible2 its identity is completely ,american4 ,the work opened with an ascending seventeen-note slide by the clarinet which culminates in the saucy1 first theme4 ,a transition in the wind instrument leads to another brisk1 jaunty idea for piano4 ,after some development1 and several ascending chords in the piano we get to the heart of the rhapsody and to one of the most famous melodies in all contemporary symphonic music3 a spacious1 rhapsodic song for the strings4 ,the full orchestra repeats it4 ,two earlier themes are now briefly recalled1 the first theme by the full orchestra1 the second by the piano4 ,a brief1 dramatic coda brings the rhapsody to an exciting conclusion4 ,for the ,paul ,whiteman concert of #aibd1 ,ferde ,grof provided the orchestration from a two-piano version handed him by the composer4 ,gershwin later prepared his own orchestration1 and it is this version that is now given by all the major symphonic organizations4 ,the ,second ,rhapsody for orchestra succeeded the more popular ,rhapsody in ,blue by eight years2 it was first performed by the ,boston ,symphony under ,koussevitzky on ,january #bi1 #aicb4 ,gershwin originally called this work ,rhapsody in ,rivets because the opening measures present a strongly rhythmic subject in solo piano suggesting riveting4 ,this 8rivet theme0 is then taken over by the full orchestra1 after which we hear a rumba melody4 ,these ideas are then developed4 ,a piano cadenza brings on a spacious melody1 first in strings1 and then in brass4 ,all this material is amplified before the rhapsody is swept to an exciting end4 ,this rhapsody was the outgrowth of a six-minute sequence written by the composer for the motion picture1 ,delicious4 ,the sequence was intended to describe the sights and sounds of a city4 ,in the picture only one of the six minutes of this music was retained1 but ,gershwin liked the rest of it well enough to expand it into a major symphonic work4 ,the ,variations on ,i ,got ,rhythm1 for piano and orchestra1 was written for a tour of one-night stands made by ,gershwin throughout the ,united ,states in all-,gershwin programs4 ,its first performance took place in ,boston on ,january #ad1 #aicd4 ,the main subject is a famous ,gershwin song1 8,i ,got ,rhythm0 which ,ethel ,merman made famous in the musical comedy ,girl ,crazy4 ,the symphonic work begins with a four-note ascending phrase from the first measure of the song's chorus1 presented by solo clarinet4 ,the theme is then taken over by solo piano and after that by full orchestra1 after which the entire chorus is presented by the piano4 ,in the ensuing variations the composer changes not only the basic structure of the song1 melodically and rhythmically1 but also its mood and feeling1 traversing the gamut of emotion from melancholy to spirited gaiety4 ,still another remarkably effective symphonic adaptation of 8,i ,got ,rhythm0 was made by ,morton ,gould1 and introduced by him with his orchestra over the ,,cbs radio network in #aidd4 ,gershwin wrote two marches1 both with satirical overtones1 which are often given at 8pop concerts40 ,each was meant for a musical comedy4 8,strike ,up the ,band0 comes from the musical comedy of the same name1 produced on ,january #ad1 #aicj starring ,clark and ,mc,cullough4 ,this was a stinging satire on war and international diplomacy1 with ,america embroiled in a conflict with ,switzerland over the issue of chocolates4 ,the march1 8,strike ,up the ,band10 helps deflate some of the pomp and ceremony of all martial music4 8,wintergreen for ,president0 comes from ,of ,thee ,i ,sing1 the epoch-making satire on politics in ,washington1 ,d4,c41 first produced on ,december #bf1 #aica4 8,wintergreen for ,president0 is the music accompanying a political torchlight parade whose illuminated signs read 8,even ,your ,dog ,loves ,wintergreen0 and 8,a ,vote for ,wintergreen ,is a ,vote for ,wintergreen0 and so on4 ,the march music carries over the satirical implications of this procession by quoting such tunes as 8,hail1 ,hail the ,gang's ,all ,here10 8,tammany10 8,a ,hot ,time in the ,old ,town ,tonight0 and 8,stars and ,stripes ,forever40 ,this music even carries a hasty recollection of ,irish and ,jewish music to suggest that ,wintergreen is a friend of both these people4 ,gershwin's greatest songs are often performed in orchestral transcriptions at all-,gershwin concerts and other 8pop performances10 sometimes singly1 and sometimes in various potpourris4 ,besides songs already mentioned in the first part of this section1 ,gershwin's greatest ones include the following3 8,bidin' ,my ,time0 from ,girl ,crazy2 8,i've ,got a ,crush ,on ,you0 from ,strike ,up the ,band2 8,let's ,call the ,whole ,thing ,off0 from ,shall ,we ,dance2 8,liza0 from ,show ,girl2 8,the ,man ,i ,love10 originally meant for ,lady ,be ,good but never used there2 8,mine0 from ,let ',em ,eat ,cake2 the title song from ,of ,thee ,i ,sing2 8,soon0 from ,strike ,up the ,band2 8,that ,certain ,feeling0 from ,tip ,toes2 and 8,they ,can't ,take ,that ,away ,from ,me0 from ,shall ,we ,dance4 ,among those who have written orchestral medleys of ,gershwin's songs are ,nathan van ,cleve1 ,fred von ,epps1 ,claude ,thornhill1 ,david ,broekman1 ,irving ,brodsky1 ,george ,b4 ,leeman1 and ,nathaniel ,finston4 ,henry ,f4 ,gilbert ,henry ,franklin ,belknap ,gilbert was born in ,somerville1 ,massachusetts1 on ,september #bf1 #ahfh4 ,he attended the ,new ,england ,conservatory1 and studied composition privately with ,edward ,mac,dowell1 before playing the violin in various theaters4 ,for many years music was a secondary pursuit as he earned his living in a printing establishment1 a real-estate agent1 factory foreman1 and finally an employee in a music-publishing firm4 ,a hearing in ,paris of ,gustave ,charpentier's opera1 ,louise1 proved such an overpowering experience that it inspired him to devote himself henceforth to music alone4 ,in #aijb he helped found in ,america the ,wa-,wan ,press which promoted nationalism in ,american music and published ,gilbert's first works4 ,in these a strong emphasis was placed by the composer upon ,american folk music and ,american folk idioms4 ,in #aijc he wrote ,humoresque on ,negro ,minstrel ,tunes4 ,after that came his famous ,comedy ,overture on ,negro ,themes 7#aije71 the symphonic ballet ,the ,dance in ,place ,congo 7#aijf71 the ,negro ,rhapsody 7#aiac71 and ,indian ,sketches 7#aiba74 ,here native elements were skilfully fused into a style that was ,romantic to produce music that remains appealing for its freshness and vitality4 ,towards the end of his life1 ,gilbert was an invalid4 ,nevertheless1 in #aibg1 he traveled to ,germany in a wheel-chair to attend a performance of his ,dance in ,place ,congo at the ,festival of the ,international ,society for ,contemporary ,music in ,frankfurt4 ,he died in ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 on ,may #ai1 #aibh4 ,the ,comedy ,overture on ,negro ,themes 7#aije7 is one of ,gilbert's most frequently performed compositions4 ,it is made up of five sections played without interruption4 ,the composer goes on to explain3 8,the first movement is light and humorous1 the theme being made from two four-measure phrases taken from ,charles ,l4 ,edwards' book ,bahama ,songs and ,stories4444 ,this is followed by a broader1 and somewhat slower1 phrase4 ,i have here used the only complete ,negro tune which occurs in the piece 444 formerly used as a working song by roustabouts and stevedores on the ,mississippi ,river steamboats in the old days4444 ,next comes a fugue4 ,the theme of this fugue consists of the first four measures of the ,negro ,spiritual #8,old ,ship of ,zion4'444 ,it is given out by the brass instruments and interspersed with phrases from the roustabouts' song4444 ,after this a short phrase of sixteen measures serves to reintroduce the comic element4 ,there is a repetition of the first theme and considerable recapitulation1 which leads finally to the development of a new ending or coda1 and the piece ends in an orgy of jollity and ragtime40 ,dance in ,place ,congo 7#aijf7 is both a ballet and a tone poem for orchestra4 ,its first version was a pantomime ballet1 but soon thereafter the composer adapted his score into a composition for orchestra4 ,the tone poem--describing the barbaric revels on a late ,sunday afternoon of slaves in ,place ,congo1 a section on the outskirts of ,new ,orleans--opens in a dark mood which achieves a climax with an outcry in the orchestra4 ,at this point a bamboula melody is heard in full orchestra4 ,it is permitted to gain in intensity until it acquires barbaric ferocity4 ,when the passions are spent1 a beautiful romantic section unfolds1 occasionally interrupted by a recall of the bamboula theme4 ,various ,negro songs and dances are then presented over an insistent rhythm4 ,the somber mood of the opening is brought back to conclude the composition4 ,the ,indian ,sketches for orchestra 7#aiba7 presents several facets of ,american-,indian life4 8,they are10 explains the composer1 8for the most part not musical pictures of definite incidents so much as they are musical mood pictures40 ,there are six sections4 ,the first1 a prelude1 is music of savage power4 ,this is followed by the subjective music of the 8,invocation10 a prayer or supplication of the ,great ,spirit4 8,song of the ,world0 briefly develops a cry of the ,kutenai ,indians1 and 8,camp ,dance0 is a scherzo portraying the lighter side of ,indian life4 8,nocturne0 is a romantic description of the dark forests alive with the distant sounds of birds and animals4 ,the suite concludes with the 8,snake ,dance10 suggested by a prayer dance for rain of the ,hopi ,indians in ,arizona4 ,don ,gillis ,don ,gillis was born in ,cameron1 ,missouri1 on ,june #ag1 #aiab4 ,he was graduated from ,christian ,university at ,fort ,worth1 ,texas in #aicf1 after having engaged in various musical activities including the direction of a band and a symphony orchestra1 and the writing of two musical comedies produced at the ,university4 ,following the completion of his education he became a member of the faculty of ,christian ,university and ,southwest ,baptist ,seminary2 served as a trombonist and arranger for a ,fort ,worth radio station2 and played the trombone in the ,fort ,worth ,symphony4 ,in #aidd he became a producer for the ,national ,broadcasting ,company in ,new ,york1 taking charge of many important programs including those of the ,,nbc ,symphony4 ,as a composer of symphonies and other orchestral compositions ,gillis reveals a refreshing sense of humor as well as a delightful bent for whimsy1 qualities which make some of his works ideal for programs of light music4 ,he has often drawn inspiration and materials from ,american folk music and jazz1 consistently producing music that combines sound musical values with sound entertainment4 8,my feeling10 he has said1 8is that music is for the people and the composer's final aim should be to reach them4 ,and since the people whistle and sing1 ,i should like them to whistle and sing my music40 ,thus ,gillis aims for simplicity1 sincere emotions1 and sheer fun4 8,i have tried to write so that there will be a feeling of enjoyment in the fun of the thing40 ,portrait of a ,frontier ,town1 a suite for orchestra 7#aidj71 is a tuneful composition consisting of five short movements4 ,the title of each of these provides the clue to the programmatic content of the music4 ,the first1 8,chamber of ,commerce10 portrays the activities of such an organization in a typical ,american town4 8,where the ,west ,begins0 tells of the opening of the ,west through two significant musical subjects1 the first for strings1 and the second for oboe1 flute1 and clarinet4 8,ranch ,house ,party0 is described in the score as 8brightly--in a gay manner40 ,a jovial melody first given by the full orchestra gives prominent attention to percussion instruments4 ,this is followed by a mood picture1 8,prairie ,sunset0 in which the ,english horn1 answered by the clarinet1 presents the main melody4 ,the suite concludes with 8,main ,street ,saturday ,night10 in which gaiety and abandon alternate with suggestions of nostalgia4 ,symphony ,no4 #e 7#aidg71 is one of the composer's wittiest works which he himself subtitled as 8a symphony for fun40 ,it consists almost entirely of jazz melodies1 some treated in burlesque fashion2 the work also quotes some famous melodies in a facetious manner4 ,the four movements have whimsical titles3 8,perpetual ,emotion10 8,spiritual801 8,scherzophrenia0 and 8,conclusion40 ,alberto ,ginastera ,alberto ,ginastera was born in ,buenos ,aires1 ,argentina1 on ,april #aa1 #aiaf4 ,he was graduated with honors from the ,national ,conservatory in his native city where1 in #aiec1 he became professor4 ,in #aidf he visited the ,united ,states remaining a year on a ,guggenheim ,fellowship4 ,ginastera's music combines musical elements native to ,argentina with modern techniques and idioms1 and includes ballets1 chamber music1 a ,pastoral ,symphony and other works for orchestra1 and pieces for the piano4 ,the ,dances from the ballet1 ,estancia 7#aida7 is among his most popular works4 ,the ballet1 choreography by ,george ,balanchine1 was first introduced by the ,ballet ,caravan4 ,it describes life on an 8estancia10 an ,argentine ranch1 tracing the activities of its principal character through a single day from dawn of one day to dawn of the next4 ,the orchestral dances are rich in native melodies and rhythms1 presenting the various dance sequences in 8stylized version40 ,two dances are especially popular3 8,dance of the ,wheat0 and 8,malambo40 ,alexander ,glazunov ,alexander ,glazunov was born in ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,russia1 on ,august #aj1 #ahfe4 ,as a boy he studied music privately while attending a technical high school4 ,at fifteen he became a pupil of ,rimsky-,korsakov in harmony1 counterpoint and orchestration4 ,such was his progress that only one year later he completed a gifted symphony which was performed in ,st4 ,petersburg in #ahhb and acclaimed by several eminent ,russian musicians4 ,between that year and #aijj1 ,glazunov produced most of the works which won him renown not only in ,russia but throughout the rest of the music world3 symphonies1 string quartets1 numerous shorter orchestral works1 and compositions in a lighter style4 ,here he was the traditionalist who placed reliance on palatable melodies1 sound structures1 and heartfelt emotion4 ,for these reasons much of what he has written falls gracefully into the light-classic category4 ,after #aiad he wrote little1 nothing to add to his stature4 ,meanwhile he achieved renown first as professor then as director of the ,st4 ,petersburg ,conservatory4 ,he also made successful appearances as conductor following his debut at the ,paris ,exposition in #ahii2 his first appearance in the ,united ,states took place in ,detroit on ,november #ba1 #aibi4 ,in #aibh1 ,glazunov left his native land for good1 and from then until his death on ,march #ba1 #aicf his home was in ,paris4 ,the ,carnival ,overture1 or ,carnaval1 op4 #de 7#ahid7 is a brilliant picture of a festival4 ,it opens with a lively dance melody in violins and woodwind4 ,this is followed by a more stately melody in woodwind and violins against a counter-melody in cellos and bassoons4 ,a brief transition leads to the main body of the overture built out of two basic ideas4 ,the first is a gay dance tune in flutes and clarinets2 the second provides a measure of contrast through a more reflective subject for oboes1 clarinets1 horns1 and cellos4 ,from the ,middle ,ages--a suite for orchestra1 op4 #gi 7#aijb7--;evokes the settings and backgrounds of the middle ages in four sections4 ,the first is a 8,prelude10 portraying a castle by the sea1 the home of two lovers4 ,death plays the violin in the second movement1 a 8,scherzo02 he urges the people to dance to his abandoned fiddling4 ,in the third part1 8,serenade10 a troubadour sings his tune4 ,the suite ends with 8,the ,crusaders10 in which soldiers are marching off to war1 while priests chant a solemn blessing4 ,the original title of ,ouverture solennelle1 op4 #gc 7#aija7 was ,festival ,overture2 the music throughout has a festive character4 ,after preliminary chords1 woodwind and horns present a subject soon taken over and amplified by the strings4 ,the main part of the overture begins with an expressive and soulful melody for the violins4 ,the second theme is first given by the clarinets against a vigorous accompaniment4 ,after the first theme receives elaboration1 the overture concludes with a forceful coda4 ,the orchestral suite ,raymonda1 op4 #eg;a1 comes from the score to a ballet with choreography by ,marius ,petipa2 it was introduced in ,st4 ,petersburg on ,january #ag1 #ahih4 ,the composer's first work for the stage1 this ballet has for its central character the lovely ,raymonda1 betrothed to a knight4 ,after the knight has gone off to join the ,crusade and fight the ,saracens1 ,raymonda is wooed by a ,saracen4 ,when she rejects him he makes an attempt to abduct her4 ,just then the knight returns1 and slays the culprit4 ,the lovers thus reunited1 are now able to celebrate their nuptials4 ,the orchestral suite is a staple in the light-classical repertory4 ,it consists of the following sections3 ,i4 8,introduction40 ,raymonda's sorrow at the absence of her lover4 ,a scene in ,raymonda's castle where pages indulge in athletics4 ,,ii4 8,la ,traditrice40 ,the dance of pages and maidens4 ,,iii4 8,moderato40 ,fanfares announce the arrival of a stranger4 ,joy and general animation4 ,as ,raymonda enters1 girls throw flowers in her path4 ,,iv4 8,andante40 ,raymonda is playing the lute outside the castle in the moonlight4 ,raymonda dances4 ,,vi4 8,entr'acte2 ,valse fantastique40 ,raymonda dreams she is in fairyland with her beloved4 ,,vii4 8,grand ,pas d'action40 ,at a feast given by ,raymonda at her castle the ,saracen appears1 woos her1 and is spurned4 ,,viii4 8,variation40 ,raymonda defies the ,saracen1 who now tries to dazzle her with his wealth4 ,,ix4 8,dance of the ,arab ,boys40 8,dance of the ,saracens40 ,x4 8,entr'acte40 ,the triumph of love and the festivities attending the nuptials4 ,scnes de ballet1 suite for orchestra1 op4 #eb 7#ahid7 is made up of eight parts4 ,the first1 8,pramble10 has an extended introduction to a main section in which the main subject is given by the violins4 8,marionettes10 offers a lively theme for piccolo and glockenspiel with which this section opens and closes2 midway comes a trio with main theme in first violins4 ,the third part is a 8,mazurka0 for full orchestra4 ,the fourth is a 8,scherzo10 its principal idea in muted strings and woodwind4 ,an expressive melody for cellos and violins is the heart of the fifth section1 8,pas d'action10 while the sixth1 8,dame orientale0 is a sensuous1 exotic dance melody set against the insistent beats of a tambourine4 ,the ensuing 8,valse0 begins with an introduction following which the main waltz melody is presented by the violins4 ,the suite concludes with a dashing 8,polonaise0 for full orchestra4 ,the orchestral suite1 ,the ,seasons1 op4 #fg--like that of ,raymonda--comes from a ballet score4 ,the ballet--choreography by ,marius ,petipa--was first performed in ,st4 ,petersburg in #aijj4 ,the scenario interprets the four seasons of the year in four scenes and an apotheosis4 ,first comes ,winter and her two gnomes2 they burn a bundle of faggots1 whose heat causes ,winter to disappear4 ,spring now arrives with ,zephyr1 ,birds and ,flowers4 ,all of them join in a joyous dance4 ,when ,summer comes he is in the company of the ,spirit of the ,corn4 ,various flowers perform a dance1 then fall exhausted on the ground4 ,satyrs and fauns1 playing on pipes1 try to recapture the ,spirit of the ,corn who is protected by the flowers4 ,in the ,autumn scene1 ,bacchantes perform a dance in the company of the ,seasons4 ,the ,apotheosis presents an idyllic scene with stars shining brightly in the sky4 ,the orchestral suite adapted from the ballet score by the composer for concert purposes is one of his best known compositions4 ,it consists of the following sections3 ,i4 8,winter3 ,introduction2 ,the ,frost2 ,the ,ice2 ,the ,hail2 ,the ,snow40 ,,ii4 8,spring40 ,,iii4 8,summer3 ,waltz of the ,cornflowers and ,poppies2 ,barcarolle2 ,variation2 ,coda40 ,,iv4 8,autumn3 ,bacchanale--,petit ,adagio4 ,finale--,the ,bacchantes and ,apotheosis40 ,the ,valse de concert ,nos4 #a and #b1 ,d major and ,f major respectively1 opp4 #dg and #ea1 are among the composer's most delightful shorter pieces4 ,the first waltz1 written in #ahic1 begins with a brief introduction after which the principal waltz melody is heard first in violas and clarinets1 and subsequently in violins4 ,a second theme is then offered by the clarinets against plucked strings1 after which the first waltz reappears4 ,the second waltz came one year after the first4 ,this also has a short introduction in which the main waltz melody is suggested4 ,this melody is finally given by the strings4 ,while other thematic material occasionally intrudes1 the main waltz subject dominates the entire composition4 ,reinhold ,glire ,reinhold ,glire was born in ,kiev1 ,russia1 on ,january #aa1 #ahge4 ,he was graduated from the ,moscow ,conservatory in #aijj4 ,after two years in ,berlin1 he returned to his native land to become professor of composition at the ,kiev ,conservatory2 from #aiad to #aibj he was its director4 ,after #aibj he was a member of the faculty of the ,moscow ,conservatory4 ,glire's most famous works are his third symphony 7named ,ilia ,mourometz7 introduced in ,moscow in #aiab1 and the ballet1 ,the ,red ,poppy4 ,but he wrote many other works--orchestral1 chamber1 and vocal1 as well as ballets4 ,on two occasions he received the ,stalin ,prize3 in #aidh for his fourth string quartet1 and two years later for his ballet1 ,the ,bronze ,horseman4 ,he died in ,moscow on ,june #bc1 #aief4 ,two excerpts from the ,soviet ballet1 ,the ,red ,poppy1 are perhaps the composer's best known compositions4 ,the ballet was first presented in ,moscow on ,june #ad1 #aibg with extraordinary success4 ,its setting is a port in ,china where coolies are exploited4 ,when a ,soviet ship comes to port1 its captain falls in love with a ,chinese girl1 ,tai-,hao4 ,she is ultimately killed by the port commander while she is trying to escape from ,china on the ,soviet ship4 ,her last words urge the ,chinese to fight for their liberty1 and she points to a red poppy as a symbol of their freedom4 ,the most celebrated single excerpt from this ballet is the ,russian ,sailors ,dance1 for orchestra1 with which the third act comes to a whirlwind conclusion4 ,the main melody is a simple ,russian tune that appears first in lower strings4 ,it is then subjected to a series of variations1 and is permitted to gain momentum through acceleration of tempo and expanding sonorities until an orgiastic climax is reached4 ,less popular1 but still often performed1 is the 8,dance of the ,chinese ,girls0 from the same ballet4 ,a repeated descending interval leads to an ,oriental dance in the pentatonic scale2 in this dance percussion instruments and the xylophone are used prominently and with telling effect4 ,michael ,glinka ,michael ,glinka was born to prosperous landowners in ,novosspaskoye1 in ,smolensk1 ,russia1 on ,june #a1 #ahjd4 ,his academic education took place at a private school in ,st4 ,petersburg1 while he studied music with ,carl ,meyer1 ,carl ,boehm and ,john ,field4 ,from #ahbd to #ahbg he worked in the office of the ,ministry of ,communications in ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,further music study then took place in ,italy and ,germany4 ,after returning to his native land in #ahcd1 he was fired with the ambition of writing a national ,russian opera4 ,that opera was ,a ,life for the ,tsar1 produced in #ahcf1 an epoch-making work since it is the foundation upon which all later ,russian national music rests4 ,glinka's second national opera1 ,ruslan and ,ludmila1 produced in #ahdb1 successfully carried on the composer's national ideals further4 ,in the last years of his life ,glinka traveled a great deal1 spending considerable time in ,paris1 ,warsaw1 and ,spain4 ,he died suddenly in ,berlin1 ,germany1 on ,february #ae1 #aheg4 ,it is impossible to overestimate ,glinka's significance in ,russian music4 ,his national operas were the source from which the later nationalists1 the 8,russian ,five0 derived their direction and inspiration4 ,in ,jota aragonesa1 a 8caprice brilliant0 for orchestra 7#ahde7 ,glinka is stimulated by ,spanish rather than ,russian folk music4 ,this is the first ,russian composition to make serious use of ,spanish folk idioms4 ,it was written during the composer's visit to ,spain in #ahde where he was fascinated by ,spanish folk songs and dances4 ,within a fantasy form1 ,glinka poured melodies and dance rhythms closely modeled after the ,spanish in which the background1 culture1 and geography of that colorful country have been fixed4 ,kamarinskaya 7#ahdh71 also for orchestra1 is a fantasy in the field in which ,glinka was both an acknowledged master and a significant pioneer--,russian folk music4 ,this composition is based on two ,russian folk songs heard by the composer in ,warsaw3 8,over the ,hills1 the ,high ,hills0 7which appears in strings following a brief introduction71 and a dance tune1 8,kamarinskaya0 7first heard in violins74 ,the most popular excerpts from ,glinka's national opera1 ,a ,life for the ,tsar1 are the overture1 and the ,mazurka and ,waltz1 for orchestra4 ,the opera--libretto by ,baron von ,rosen--was first performed in ,st4 ,petersburg on ,december #i1 #ahcf4 ,the action takes place in ,poland and ,russia in #afab4 ,during the struggle between ,russia and ,poland1 ,romanov becomes the new ,czar of ,russia1 and ,ivan ,susanin1 a peasant1 is the hero who saves ,russia and the ,czar4 ,the love interest involves ,ivan's daughter1 ,antonida1 and ,bogdan ,sabinin4 ,the overture opens with a stately introduction dominated by a melody for the oboe4 ,a spirited melody brings on the main section4 ,after this melody is developed1 a second theme is offered by the clarinets4 ,both ideas are discoursed upon briefly1 and they are given further amplification in the coda4 ,the ,mazurka and ,waltz appear at the close of the second act1 climaxing a festive celebration held in the throne room of ,sigismund ,,iii of ,poland in his ancient castle4 ,the ,waltz comes first4 ,two principal waltz melodies are given by the woodwind and repeated by strings2 a third waltz tune is then heard in brass1 and soon taken over by the strings4 ,the ,waltz is immediately followed by the ,mazurka4 ,after a dignified introduction1 a vigorous ,mazurka melody unfolds4 ,this leads to a second dance tune1 first heard in the woodwind and cellos2 but the first ,mazurka melody soon reappears in the full orchestra4 ,a third lively dance melody is then presented by the strings4 ,ruslan and ,ludmila also contributed a lively overture to the orchestral repertory4 ,this opera1 with libretto by the composer and several others based on a ,pushkin poem1 was first heard in ,st4 ,petersburg on ,december #i1 #ahdb4 ,ruslan is a knight who is a rival of ,ratmir for the love of ,ludmila4 ,ludmila is abducted by the dwarf ,tchernomor1 and after ,ruslan has saved her1 ,ludmila's father blesses his future son-in-law4 ,vigorous chords lead to a dashing melody in violins1 violas and woodwinds4 ,a more lyrical second theme1 almost folk-song in character1 is then heard in violas1 cellos and bassoons4 ,both themes are given a vigorous development in which the sprightly character of the overture is never allowed to lose its brisk pace or vitality4 ,christoph ,willibald ,gluck ,christoph ,willibald ,gluck was born in ,erasbach1 ,upper ,palatinate1 on ,july #b1 #agad1 the son of a forester on the estate of ,prince ,lobkowitz4 ,gluck received his early music instruction in his native country from local teachers4 ,he then earned his living playing the violin and cello in rural orchestras4 ,in #agcf he came to ,vienna where soon thereafter he began to serve as chamber musician for ,prince ,lobkowitz4 ,after a period of study and travel in ,italy he returned to ,vienna1 now to become one of its most influential musicians4 ,in ,vienna he had produced several of his early operas1 all of them in the traditional ,italian style of that period4 ,but he soon drew away from the stilted conventions of the ,italian opera to achieve a fusion of music and drama new to opera1 as well as dramatic truth1 simplicity1 and directness of emotional appeal4 ,his works in this new style1 with which a new epoch in opera was launched1 included ,orfeo ed ,euridice in #agfb1 ,alceste in #agfg1 and ,iphignie en ,aulide in #aggd1 the last written for the ,paris stage4 ,after living in ,paris from #aggc to #aggi1 ,gluck returned to ,vienna to remain there the rest of his life4 ,during his last years he was an invalid4 ,he died in ,vienna on ,november #ae1 #aghg4 ,gluck was a giant in the early history of opera4 ,with ,rameau1 he was a pioneer in establishing music drama as opposed to formal ,italian opera4 ,orfeo ed ,euridice1 produced in ,vienna on ,october #e1 #agfb--with which ,gluck first set forth his new ideas and theories about opera--is the earliest opera to have survived in the permanent repertory4 ,a delightful ,ballet ,suite1 adapted by ,felix ,mottl from various orchestral dances from several of ,gluck's greatest operas1 is an orchestral work by which the composer is most often represented on semi-classical as well as symphonic programs4 ,this suite includes the following3 8,dance of the ,blessed ,spirits0 from ,orfeo ed ,euridice2 8,air gai0 and 8,lento0 from ,iphignie en ,aulide2 and two old baroque dances1 the 8,musette0 and 8,sicilienne0 from ,armide4 ,the 8,dance of the ,blessed ,spirits0 is one of the loveliest of all ,gluck's melodies1 and one of the most famous from #ahth century opera4 ,this is a beatific song mainly for flute solo and strings1 describing ,elysium1 to which ,orfeo has come in search of his wife1 ,eurydice4 ,fritz ,kreisler's transcription for violin and piano is entitled ,mlodie4 ,sgambati arranged it for piano solo1 and ,gruenfeld for cello and piano4 ,benjamin ,godard ,benjamin ,louis ,godard was born in ,paris on ,august #ah1 #ahdi4 ,after attending the ,paris ,conservatory1 he received in #ahgh a municipal prize for an orchestral work1 besides having his first opera produced4 ,he wrote several operas after that1 winning fame with ,jocelyn in #ahhh4 ,he also wrote a considerable amount of chamber and orchestral music1 in which his fine1 sensitive lyricism is evident4 ,he died in ,cannes1 ,france1 on ,january #aj1 #ahie4 ,among his more familiar works is the ,adagio pathtique4 ,this started out as a piece for violin and piano1 the third of a set of compositions in op4 #abh4 ,it was orchestrated by ,ross ,jungnickel in #aiaj1 and is most popular in this version4 ,this is music notable for its expressive emotion2 its lyricism at times has a religious stateliness4 ,the most famous single piece of music by ,godard1 however1 is the 8,berceuse0 from his opera1 ,jocelyn4 ,with libretto by ,paul ,armand and ,silvestre and ,victor ,capoul--based on a poem by ,lamartine--,jocelyn was introduced in ,brussels on ,february #be1 #ahhh4 ,the setting is ,france during the ,french ,revolution1 and concerns the love of ,jocelyn1 a young priest1 for the daughter of a nobleman4 ,after many inner struggles1 ,jocelyn decides to remain true to his calling and give up his beloved4 ,they meet for the last time at her deathbed to which ,jocelyn has been summoned to administer absolution4 ,the 8,berceuse0 is a tender aria by ,jocelyn 78,cachs dans cet asile07 in which he calls upon angels to protect his loved one4 ,leopold ,godowsky ,leopold ,godowsky was born in ,soshly1 near ,vilna1 ,poland1 on ,february #ac1 #ahgj4 ,a prodigy pianist1 he attended the ,berlin ,high ,school for ,music1 after which he made his ,american debut in ,boston in #ahhd4 ,additional study took place in ,paris with ,saint-,sans4 ,godowsky then launched his career as a mature concert pianist with performances throughout the world of music4 ,he achieved international renown not only as a virtuoso but also as a teacher of the piano1 at the ,chicago ,conservatory and the ,vienna ,academy4 ,his concert career ended in #aicj when he was stricken by a slight paralysis of the hand4 ,as a composer1 ,godowsky was most famous for his suites for the piano1 the most famous being ,triakontameron1 ,java1 and ,renaissance4 ,he also produced a library of remarkable transcriptions for the piano4 ,he died in ,new ,york ,city on ,november #ba1 #aich4 ,though ,godowsky was a sophisticated composer of highly complex piano works1 he did succeed in producing at least one number that became an international 8hit40 ,it was the ,alt ,wien 7,old ,vienna71 a sentimental1 nostalgic piece of music on whose title page appears the following quotation3 8,whose yesterdays look backwards with a smile through tears40 ,alt ,wien is the eleventh number in ,triakontameron 7#aibj71 a suite in six volumes described by the composer as 8thirty moods and scenes in triple measure40 ,the immense popularity of ,alt ,wien is proved by its many and varied transcriptions3 for salon orchestra2 band2 violin and piano 7by ,heifetz72 three-part woman's chorus2 dance orchestra2 marimba and piano2 and even a popular song adapted by ,david ,saperton to lyrics by ,stella ,ungar4 ,edwin ,franko ,goldman ,edwin ,franko ,goldman was born in ,louisville1 ,kentucky1 on ,january #a1 #ahgh4 ,he came from a distinguished musical family4 ,his uncles were ,sam ,franko and ,nahan ,franko1 both prominent in ,new ,york as conductors1 violinists1 and pioneers in the presentation of free concerts4 ,goldman attended the ,national ,conservatory in ,new ,york1 specializing in the cornet4 ,after completing his training with ,jules ,levey1 he served for ten years as solo cornetist of the ,metropolitan ,opera orchestra4 ,in #aiaa he organized his first band4 ,seven years later he founded the famous ,goldman ,band which from then on gave free concerts in ,new ,york and ,brooklyn public parks1 and elsewhere on tour4 ,under his direction it became one of the outstanding musical organizations of its kind in the country1 presenting a remarkable repertory of popular music1 light classics1 and band transcriptions of symphonic and operatic compositions4 ,goldman conducted his band until his death1 which took place in ,new ,york on ,february #ba1 #aief4 ,he was succeeded by his son1 ,richard ,franko ,goldman1 who for many years had served as his father's assistant4 ,for his concerts ,goldman wrote over a hundred marches which have won him recognition as ,john ,philip ,sousa's successor4 ,the best of the ,goldman marches won immediate success for their robust tunes and vigorous beat4 ,these include3 8,central ,park10 8,children's ,march10 8,on the ,campus10 8,on the ,farm10 and 8,on the ,mall40 ,the 8,children's ,march10 is actually an adaptation for band of several children's tunes including 8,three ,blind ,mice10 8,jingle ,bells10 and 8,here ,we ,go ,round the ,mulberry ,bush10 presented in march time4 ,karl ,goldmark ,karl ,goldmark was born in ,keszthely1 ,hungary1 on ,may #ah1 #ahcj1 the son of a cantor4 ,demonstrating unusual talent on the violin1 he was sent to ,vienna in #ahdd4 ,there he studied with ,leopold ,jansa1 then attended the ,vienna ,conservatory4 ,his musical education was brought to an abrupt halt by the revolution of #ahdh4 ,for many years after that1 ,goldmark earned his living by teaching music1 playing in theater orchestras1 and writing criticisms4 ,he first came to the fore as a composer with a concert of his works in ,vienna on ,march #bj1 #aheg4 ,success followed eight years later with the premire of his concert overture1 ,sakuntala4 ,from then on1 ,goldmark occupied an esteemed position in ,viennese music by virtue of many distinguished works that included the opera ,the ,queen of ,sheba1 the ,rustic ,wedding ,symphony1 and various shorter works for orchestra1 as well as numerous compositions for chorus1 the piano1 and chamber-music groups4 ,he died in ,vienna on ,january #b1 #aiae4 ,throughout his life he remained true to the ,germanic-,romantic tradition on which he was nurtured4 ,his writing was always vital with emotion1 at times to the point of being sensual2 it overflowed with luxurious melody and harmony4 ,most of the works by which he is remembered1 while of the serious concert-hall variety1 are light classics because of their charm and grace and pleasing melodic content4 ,the ,bacchanale for orchestra is in ,goldmark's identifiable sensual style4 ,this is an episode from his most famous opera1 ,the ,queen of ,sheba 7,die ,koenigin von ,saba71 libretto by ,solomon ,herman ,mosenthal based on the ,old ,testament story of the love of the ,queen of ,sheba for ,assad4 ,the opera was successfully introduced in ,vienna on ,march #aj1 #ahge4 ,the ,bacchanale takes place at the beginning of ,act #c in which a sumptuous reception honors the ,queen of ,sheba4 ,this dynamic piece of music is especially interesting for its ,oriental melodies and lush orchestral colors4 ,in ,spring 7,im ,fruehling71 op4 #cf 7#ahhi71 is a concert overture for orchestra echoing the composer's emotional reaction to the vernal season4 ,the first main theme1 in first violins accompanied by other strings1 is given without any preliminaries4 ,the second theme in violins is more bucolic1 the woodwind suggesting bird calls in the background4 ,both themes are discussed and stormy episodes ensue4 ,after the return of the two main themes the overture ends with a brilliant coda4 ,the ,rustic ,wedding ,symphony 7,laendliche ,hochzeit71 op4 #bf 7#ahgf7 is a programmatic composition for orchestra in five movements4 ,the first is a 8,wedding ,march0 in which the main melody 7given in fragments in the lower strings7 is subjected to thirteen variations4 ,the second movement is a 8,bridal ,song10 a lovely tune mainly for oboe in which the first-movement march subject occasionally intrudes in the background in the basses4 ,this is followed by the third-movement 8,serenade10 its main subject being a spacious melody mainly for the violins4 ,the fourth movement1 8,in the ,garden10 depicts the walk of two lovers in a garden as they exchange tender sentiments4 ,the symphony ends with a vital 8,dance10 in which the main theme receives fugal treatment4 ,the concert overture for orchestra1 ,sakuntala1 op4 #ac 7#ahfe7--with which the composer achieved his first major success and which is still one of his most popular works--was based on the celebrated story of ,kalidasa4 ,sakuntala is the daughter of a water nymph who is raised by a priest as his own daughter4 ,the ,king falls in love with her and marries her1 giving her a ring which will always identify her as his wife4 ,a powerful priest1 seeking revenge against ,sakuntala1 effects a loss of memory in the king1 who now no longer recognizes her as his wife4 ,to complicate matters further1 ,sakuntala has lost her ring while washing clothes in a sacred river4 ,after being repudiated by the king as a fraud1 ,sakuntala returns to her water-nymph mother4 ,the king's memory is restored when the ring is found1 and he is overwhelmed with grief at his loss of ,sakuntala4 ,a somber introduction is highlighted by a rippling subject in lower strings and bassoons suggesting the water which was ,sakuntala's original abode and to which she finally returns4 ,after a change of tempo1 clarinets and cellos in unison offer a beautiful love melody4 ,this is followed by a hunting theme in first violins and oboes while the second violins and violas present a fragment of the love song as a countersubject4 ,after this material has been amplified into a loud and dramatic climax there comes still a third idea1 in oboes and ,english horn against chords in harp and arpeggios in strings4 ,in a free fantasia section some of this material is reviewed after which the coda offers the hunting theme1 and after that the love melody4 ,a climax is realized with the hunting theme bringing the overture to a dramatic ending4 ,rubin ,goldmark ,rubin ,goldmark1 nephew of ,karl1 was born in ,new ,york ,city on ,august #ae1 #ahgb4 ,after studying music with private teachers in ,new ,york1 he attended first the ,vienna ,conservatory in ,austria1 and after that the ,national ,conservatory in ,new ,york where one of his teachers was ,antonin ,dvok4 ,his primary energy was directed to teaching4 ,for six years he was the director of the ,colorado ,college ,conservatory1 and from #aibd until his death head of the composition department at the ,juilliard ,school of ,music in ,new ,york4 ,as a composer1 ,goldmark is most often remembered for the ,negro ,rhapsody and the ,requiem for orchestra1 the latter inspired by ,lincoln's ,gettysburg ,address4 ,goldmark died in ,new ,york ,city on ,march #f1 #aicf4 ,it is with the ,negro ,rhapsody 7#aibc7 that ,goldmark is most often represented on concert and semi-classical concerts4 ,as its title suggests the work is made up of ,negro melodies4 ,after a slow introduction1 the cellos and violas in unison offer the strains of 8,nobody ,knows ,de ,trouble ,i'd ,seen40 ,before long1 the basses are heard in 8,o ,peter1 ,go ,ring ,dem ,bells40 ,the main section of the rhapsody begins with a variation of 8,nobody ,knows ,de ,trouble ,i'd ,seen0 and a repeat of 8,o ,peter40 ,the violins then engage 8,oh ,religion1 ,i ,see ,fortune10 and the ,english horn is heard in 8,sometimes ,i ,feel ,like a ,motherless ,child40 ,after the solo cello quotes two measures of 8,oh1 ,when ,i ,come to ,die10 the last ,negro melody of the rhapsody appears4 ,this melody comes from an untitled song found by ,goldmark in a magazine1 a tune sung by ,tennessee ,negroes while working on the river4 ,franois ,gossec ,franois ,joseph ,gossec was born in ,vergnis1 ,belgium1 on ,january #ag1 #agcd4 ,after receiving some music instruction in his native town1 he came to ,paris in #agea1 and three years after that was attached to the musical forces employed by ,la ,pouplinire4 ,for these concerts1 ,gossec wrote many symphonies and chamber-music works4 ,he later worked in a similar capacity for the ,prince de ,conti4 ,in #aggj he founded the ,concerts des ,amateurs1 in #aggc became director of the ,concert ,spirituel1 and from #aghj to #aghe was conductor at the ,paris ,opra4 ,when the ,paris ,conservatory was established in #agie ,gossec became ,inspector and professor of composition4 ,in the same year he also became a member of the newly founded ,institut de ,france4 ,during the ,french ,revolution he wrote many works celebrating events growing out of that political upheaval1 allying himself with the new regime4 ,he lived to a ripe old age1 spending the last years of his life in retirement in ,passy4 ,he died in ,paris on ,february #af1 #ahbi4 ,gossec was a significant pioneer of ,french orchestral and chamber music1 though little of his music is remembered4 ,what remains alive1 however1 is a graceful trifle3 the ,gavotte1 one of the most popular pieces ever written in that form4 ,this music comes from one of his operas1 ,rosina 7#aghf72 a transcription for violin and piano by ,willy ,burmeister is famous4 ,louis ,gottschalk ,louis ,moreau ,gottschalk was born in ,new ,orleans on ,may #h1 #ahbi4 ,his music study took place in ,paris where he specialized in the piano4 ,he gave many successful concerts as pianist in ,france1 ,switzerland and ,spain before returning to the ,united ,states in #ahec4 ,he then began the first of many tours of the country1 to become the first significant ,american-born piano virtuoso4 ,at his concerts he featured many of his own works2 his reputation as a composer was second only to that as virtuoso4 ,he was on tour of ,south ,america when he was stricken by yellow fever4 ,he died in ,rio de ,janeiro on ,december #ah1 #ahfi4 ,gottschalk was the composer of numerous salon pieces for the piano1 enormously popular in his day--a favorite of young pianists everywhere4 ,one of these pieces is 8,the ,banjo10 familiar on semi-classical programs in orchestral arrangements4 ,in his music ,gottschalk often employed either ,spanish or native ,american idioms4 ,the contemporary ,american composer1 ,ulysses ,kay1 used several of ,gottschalk's piano pieces for a ballet score1 ,cakewalk4 ,this ballet1 with choreography by ,ruthanna ,boris based on the minstrel show1 was introduced by the ,new ,york ,city ,ballet in ,new ,york on ,june #ab1 #aiea4 ,the dancers here translate the routines of the old minstrel show into dance forms and idioms4 ,an orchestral suite1 derived from this ballet score1 has five sections3 8,grand ,walkaround10 in which the performers strut around the stage led by the interlocutor2 8,wallflower ,waltz10 music to a slow1 sad dance performed solo by a lonely girl2 8,sleight of ,feet10 a rhythmic specialty accompanying feats of magic performed by the ,interlocutor2 8,perpendicular ,points10 a toe dance performed by the two end men1 one very tall1 the other very short2 and 8,freebee10 an exciting dance performed by the girl1 as other performers accompany her dance with the rhythm of clapping hands4 ,morton ,gould ,morton ,gould was born in ,new ,york ,city on ,december #aj1 #aiac4 ,he received a comprehensive musical education at the ,institute of ,musical ,art in ,new ,york1 at ,new ,york ,university1 and privately 7piano7 with ,abby ,whiteside4 ,after completing these studies1 he played the piano in motion-picture theaters and vaudeville houses and served as the staff pianist for the ,radio ,city ,music ,hall4 ,he was only eighteen when the ,philadelphia ,orchestra under ,stokowski introduced his ,chorale and ,fugue in ,jazz1 his first successful effort to combine classical forms and techniques with modern popular ,american idioms4 ,in his twenty-first year he started conducting an orchestra for radio1 and making brilliant transcriptions of popular and semi-classical favorites for these broadcasts4 ,during the next two decades he was one of radio's outstanding musical personalities1 his programs enjoying important sponsorship4 ,during this period he wrote many works for orchestra which have been performed by ,america's foremost symphony orchestras4 ,he also wrote the scores for several successful ballets 7including ,interplay and ,fall ,river ,legend71 as well as music for ,broadway musical comedies and motion pictures4 ,like ,gershwin1 ,gould has been a major figure in helping make serious music popular by writing ambitious concert works which make a skilful blend of serious and popular musical elements4 ,gershwin came to the writing of serious concert works after apprenticeship in ,tin ,pan ,alley2 ,gould1 on the other hand1 came to popular writing after an intensive career in serious music4 ,thus he brings to his more popular efforts an extraordinary technique in composition1 advanced thinking in orchestration1 harmony1 counterpoint1 and rhythm4 ,yet there is nothing pedantic about his writing4 ,many of his works are such consistent favorites with audiences because they are the creations of a consummate musician without losing popular appeal4 ,few have been more successful than ,gould in achieving such a synthesis between concert and popular music4 ,american ,salute 7#aidb7 is a brilliant orchestral adaptation of the famous ,american popular song by ,patrick ,gilmore1 8,when ,johnny ,comes ,marching ,home40 ,though written during the ,civil ,war1 this robust marching song became most popular during the ,spanish ,american ,war with which it is today most often associated4 ,gould prepared this composition during ,world ,war ,,ii for an all-,american music concert broadcast over the ,mutual radio network on ,february #ab1 #aidb4 8,i have attempted10 ,gould explained1 8a very simple and direct translation in orchestral idiom of this vital tune4 ,there is nothing much that can be said about the structure or the treatment because ,i think it is what you might call #8self-auditory4'0 ,the ,american ,symphonette ,no4 #b is one of several works for orchestra in the sinfonietta form in which ,gould made a conscious effort to fuse classical structure with elements of popular music4 ,the composer's purpose1 as he explained1 was 8entertainment1 in the better sense of the term40 ,the most famous movement is the middle one1 a 8,pavane10 often played independently of the other movements4 ,it is particularly favored by school orchestras1 and has also been adapted for jazz band4 ,the old and stately classical dance of the ,pavane is here married to a spicy jazz tune jauntily presented by the trumpet2 there are here overtones of a gentle sadness4 ,the first and last movements of this ,symphonette abound with jazz rhythms and melodies1 respectively marked 8,moderately ,fast1 ,with ,vigor0 and 8,racy40 ,the ,cowboy ,rhapsody 7#aidd7 started out as a composition for brass band1 but was later adapted by the composer for orchestra4 ,this is a rhapsodic treatment of several familiar and less familiar cowboy tunes including 8,old ,paint10 8,home on the ,range10 8,trail to ,mexico0 and 8,little ,old ,sod ,shanty40 ,the composer here attempted 8a program work that would effectively utilize the marvelous vigor and sentiment of these unusual songs40 ,family ,album 7#aiea7 is one of two suites in which ,gould evokes nostalgic pictures of the ,american scene and holidays through atmospheric melodies4 7,the other suite is ,holiday ,music1 written in #aidg47 ,the composer explains that the music of both these suites is so simple and direct in its pictorial appeal that it requires no program other than the titles of the respective movements to be understood and appreciated2 nor is any analysis of the music itself called for4 ,family ,album1 for brass band1 is made up of five brief movements3 8,outing in the ,park10 8,porch ,swing on a ,summer ,evening10 8,nickelodeon10 8,old ,romance0 and 8,horseless ,carriage ,gallop40 ,holiday ,music1 for orchestra1 also has five movements3 8,home for ,christmas10 8,fourth of ,july10 8,easter ,morning10 8,the ,first ,thanksgiving10 and 8,halloween40 ,interplay is a ballet with choreography by ,jerome ,robbins introduced in ,new ,york in #aide4 ,the score is an adaptation of the composer's ,american ,concertette1 for piano and orchestra1 written for the piano virtuoso1 ,jos ,iturbi4 ,the text of the ballet contrasts classic and present-day dances2 ,gould's music is a delightful contrast between old forms and styles1 and modern or popular ones4 ,interplay1 as the concert work is now called1 has four movements1 each of popular appeal4 ,the first1 8,with ,drive and ,vigor10 was described by the composer as 8brash40 ,it has two sprightly main themes and a brief development4 ,this is followed by a 8,gavotte0 in which the composer directs 8a sly glance to the classical mode40 ,the third movement is a 8,blues10 8a very simple and1 in spots1 #8dirty' type of slow1 nostalgic mood40 ,the finale1 8,very ,fast0 brings the composition to a breathless conclusion through unrelenting motor energy4 ,latin-,american ,symphonette1 for orchestra 7#aida7 is the fourth of ,gould's sinfoniettas using popular idioms4 ,the three earlier ones exploit jazz1 while the fourth consists of ideas and idioms indigenous to ,latin ,america4 ,each of the four movements consists of a stylized ,latin-,american dance form3 8,rumba10 8,tango10 8,guaracha10 and 8,conga40 ,in ,minstrel ,show 7#aidf7 ,gould tried to bring to orchestral music some of the flavor of old time minstrel-show tunes and styles4 ,there are no borrowings from actual minstrel shows4 ,all the melodies are the composer's own1 but they incorporate some of the stylistic elements of the original product4 8,the composition10 ,gould goes on to say1 8alternates between gay and nostalgic passages4 ,there are characteristic sliding trombone and banjo effects1 and in the middle of the piece the sandpaper blocks and other percussion convey the sounds and tempo of a soft-shoe dance4 ,the score ends on a jubilant note40 ,yankee ,doodle ,went to ,town1 like the ,american ,salute1 is the presentation of a popular ,american tune in modern orchestration and harmony4 ,the tune in this case is1 to be sure1 8,yankee ,doodle10 probably of ,english origin which made its first appearance in this country in #agee4 ,the general belief is that it was used by a certain ,richard ,shuchburg1 a ,british ,army soldier1 to poke fun at the decrepit colonial troops4 ,for two decades after that the tune was frequently heard in the ,colonies as the means by which ,british soldiers could taunt ,colonials4 ,once the ,revolution broke out1 however1 the colonists used 8,yankee ,doodle0 as its favorite war song1 and it was sung lustily by them when ,cornwallis surrendered at ,yorktown4 ,gould's orchestration emphasizes some of the humorous elements in the song1 while giving it some freshness and vitality through his fine sense for orchestral color and striking harmonizations4 ,charles ,gounod ,charles ,franois ,gounod was born in ,paris on ,june #ag1 #ahah4 ,he received his academic education at the ,lyce ,st4 ,louis1 and his musical training at the ,paris ,conservatory with ,halvy and ,lesueur among others4 ,in #ahci he won the ,prix de ,rome4 ,during his stay in ,italy he became interested in church music and completed several choral works4 ,he turned to opera after returning to ,paris1 his first work for the lyric stage being ,sapho1 successfully produced at the ,paris ,opra in #ahea4 ,from then on1 for many years1 he concentrated mainly on opera1 winning world renown in #ahei with ,faust4 ,in #ahgj he visited ,london where he conducted orchestral and choral concerts4 ,during the last years of his life he devoted himself for the most part to the writing of religious music4 ,gounod died in ,paris on ,october #ah1 #ahic4 ,he is most famous for his operas1 and most specifically for ,faust1 though ,mireille 7#ahfd7 and ,romo et ,juliette 7#ahfg7 have also been highly acclaimed and frequently given4 ,gounod was a composer who conveyed to his music sensitive human values4 ,he was a melodist of the first order1 his lyricism enhanced in its expressiveness through his subtle feeling for orchestral and harmonic colors4 ,the ,ave ,maria1 while originally a song1 is famous in transcriptions for solo instruments and also for orchestra4 ,the interesting feature of this work is the fact that ,gounod wrote this spiritual1 deeply moving melody to the famous prayer in ,latin1 against an accompaniment comprising the music 7without any change whatsoever7 of ,bach's ,prelude in ,c major from the ,well-,tempered ,clavier4 ,the marriage of melody and accompaniment is so ideal it is difficult to realize that each is the work of a different composer from a different generation4 ,gounod's masterwork1 the opera ,faust1 is surely one of the most celebrated works of the ,french lyric theater4 ,many of its selections are deservedly popular4 ,the opera--libretto by ,jules ,barbier and ,michel ,carr based on the poetic drama of ,goethe--was first performed in ,paris on ,march #ai1 #ahei4 ,strange to report1 it was originally a failure with both audience and critics4 ,not until it was revived in ,paris in #ahfi did the opera finally win favor2 from this point it went on to conquer the world4 ,one of the reasons for this permanent1 if somewhat belated1 success1 is the sound theatrical values of the libretto4 ,the opera is consistently excellent theater1 rich with emotion1 pathos1 drama1 pomp and ceremony4 ,the story1 of course1 is that of the celebrated ,faust legend4 ,faust makes a pact with the devil1 ,mephistopheles1 to trade his soul for the return of his youth4 ,as a young man1 ,faust makes love to ,marguerite4 ,when she becomes a mother she kills her child4 ,faust comes to her prison cell to entreat her to escape1 but she does not seem to understand him4 ,after her punishment by death1 ,faust is led to his own doom by ,mephistopheles4 ,perhaps the most famous single excerpt from the opera is the rousing ,soldier's ,chorus 78,gloire immortelle des nos aeux07 from ,act #d1 ,scene #c4 ,the soldiers1 returning from the war1 sing out their joy on coming home victorious4 ,this episode is celebrated in transcriptions either for orchestra or for brass band4 ,almost as popular is the captivating ,waltz in ,act #b4 ,in the opera it is sung and danced by villagers during a celebration in the public square 78,ainsi que la brise lgre072 this excerpt is also familiar in transcription4 ,the ,walpurgis ,night ,ballet ,music from ,faust1 though generally omitted from the performances of the opera itself1 has become a concert favorite4 ,this music is given in ,paris during the first scene of the last act4 ,the classic queens--,helen1 ,phryne and ,cleopatra--and their attendants are called upon to dance to distorted versions of several of the opera's beloved melodies4 ,there are here seven dances of which six appear in the score only with tempo markings3 ,waltz1 ,adagio1 ,allegretto1 ,moderato maestoso1 ,moderato con moto1 ,allegretto1 and ,allegro vivo4 ,when an orchestral potpourri from the opera is given by semi-classical orchestra1 it includes some other beloved excerpts3 ,marguerite's 8,jewel ,song0 78,je ris de me voir071 in which she speaks her joy in finding the casket of jewels secretly placed for her in her garden by ,faust2 the rousing ,kermesse or ,fair ,music that opens the second act1 8,vin ou bire02 ,mephistopheles' cynical comment on man's greed for gold1 8,le ,veau d'or02 ,faust's hymn of love for ,marguerite1 8,o belle enfant6 je t'aime02 the 8,chorus of ,swords0 78,de l'enfer qui vient mousser071 a vibrant exhortation by the young men of the village who1 sensing they are in the presence of the devil1 raise their swords in the form of a cross to confound him4 ,the ,funeral ,march of a ,marionette 7,marche funbre d'une marionnette7 is a delightful piece originally written for the piano in #ahgc1 and after that transcribed by the composer for orchestra4 ,gounod had hopes to make it the first movement of a piano suite4 ,when he failed to complete that suite1 he issued the march as a separate piece of music in the now-famous orchestral version4 ,the opening march music tells of the procession of pallbearers to a cemetery as they carry a dead marionette4 ,a brighter spirit is induced as the pallbearers stop off at an inn4 ,then the procession continues4 ,the funereal atmosphere of the closing measures speaks of the ephemeral nature of all life1 even the life of a marionette4 ,the opera ,mireille--libretto by ,barbier and ,carr based on ,mistral's poem1 ,mirio--is not often performed4 ,but this is not true of its overture4 ,the opera was first performed in ,paris on ,march #ai1 #ahfd4 ,the story revolves around the tragic love affair of the ,provenal girl1 ,mireille1 and the basket-weaver1 ,vincent4 ,the overture opens with a slow introduction in which a stately idea is offered by the woodwind4 ,in the main body1 the principal melody is heard in the strings while the subsidiary theme is first presented by the violins4 ,after both ideas are amplified1 a crescendo section leads to the triumphant reappearance of the first theme in the full orchestra4 ,the overture ends with a short but spirited coda4 ,out of the opera ,romo et ,juliet comes a most charming waltz4 ,the opera was introduced in ,paris on ,april #bg1 #ahfg4 ,the libretto1 once again by ,barbier and ,carr1 was based on the ,shakespeare tragedy4 ,the waltz opens the first act1 a ballroom scene in the ,capulet palace honoring ,juliet4 ,against the lilting strains of this music1 the guests perform an eye-filling dance4 ,percy ,grainger ,percy ,aldridge ,grainger was born in ,melbourne1 ,australia on ,july #h1 #ahhb4 ,after receiving some piano instruction from his mother he was sent to ,germany in his twelfth year to continue his music study with ,james ,kwast and ,ferruccio ,busoni4 ,in #aijj he made his debut as concert pianist in ,london1 following which he made an extended tour of ,great ,britain1 ,new ,zealand1 ,australia1 and ,south ,africa4 ,a meeting with ,grieg1 in #aijf1 was a significant influence in ,grainger's artistic development4 ,grieg infected the young man with some of his own enthusiasm for folk music4 ,the result was that ,grainger now began to devote himself to research in the ,english folk music of the past4 ,his orchestral and piano arrangements of many of these folk tunes and dances1 between #aijh and #aiab1 were responsible for bringing them to the attention of the music world4 ,in #aiae1 ,grainger made his debut as pianist in the ,united ,states4 ,he has lived in ,america since that time1 devoting himself to concert work1 lecturing and teaching1 besides composition4 ,grainger died in ,white ,plains1 ,new ,york1 on ,february #bj1 #aifa4 ,in his own music1 ,grainger reveals the impact that his studies in ,english music made upon him3 in his partiality to modal writing1 to the contrapuntal technique1 to placid lyricism4 ,but it is in his fresh arrangements of old ,english songs and dances that ,grainger is most famous4 8,even when he keeps the folk songs within their original dimensions10 says ,cyril ,scott1 8he has a way of dealing with them which is entirely new1 yet at the same time never lacking in taste40 ,brigg ,fair is a plaintive melody of pastoral character from the district of ,lincolnshire4 ,it was used by the contemporary ,british composer1 ,frederick ,delius1 as the basis for his orchestral rhapsody of the same name 7dedicated to ,grainger74 ,the bucolic and ever popular ,country ,gardens is a 8,mock ,morris10 the 8,mock ,morris0 being an old ,english dance popular during the reign of ,henry ,,vii and since then associated with festivities attending ,may ,day4 ,grainger's original transcription was for piano solo1 and only later did he adapt it for orchestra4 ,handel in the ,strand is a lively clog dance4 ,irish ,tune from ,county ,derry is better known as the ,londonderry ,air1 a poignant melody now known to us through numerous versions other than that originally made famous by ,grainger4 ,the piece1 designated as a ,mock ,morris1 is one of a series in a collection entitled ,room ,music ,tit ,bits4 8,no folk music tune-stuffs at all are used herein10 says the composer4 8,the rhythmic cast of the piece is ,morris-like1 but neither the build of the tunes nor the general layout of the form keeps to the ,morris dance shape40 ,the lively ,molly on the ,shore was first written for piano before being adapted by the composer for orchestra4 ,shepherd's ,hey is a ,mock ,morris and consists of four tunes1 two fiddle tunes and two folk songs4 ,of ,grainger's own compositions three are of general interest4 ,the ,children's ,march 7#aiag7 was written during ,world ,war ,i for the ,united ,states ,army ,band4 8,this march10 says the composer1 8is structurally of a complicated build1 on account of the large number of different themes and tunes employed and of the varied and irregular interplay of many contrasted sections4 ,tonally speaking1 it is a study in the blend of piano1 wind1 and percussion instruments40 ,passacaglia on ,green ,bushes has two versions4 ,one is for small orchestra1 and the other for a large one4 ,this composition is built around the folk melody 8,green ,bushes0 which remains unchanged in key1 line1 and rhythm throughout the work 7except for eight measures of free passage work near the beginning1 and forty measures at the end74 ,against this melody move several folk-like melodies of ,grainger's own invention4 ,youthful ,suite for orchestra is made up of five sections4 ,part of this work was completed in #aijb1 and part in #aide4 ,the first movement1 8,northern ,march10 derives its character from the melodic and rhythmic traits of the folk music of ,north ,england and ,scotland4 ,the main melody here acquires its folk-song character through the use of the flat-seventh minor scale4 8,rustic ,dance0 achieves an exotic quality through the employment of an unusual variant of the ,f major chord4 8,norse ,digger0 is a somber lament in which is mourned the passing of a dead hero1 possibly from an ,icelandic saga4 8,eastern ,intermezzo0 has an ,oriental cast4 ,the repeated use of drum beats and the virile rhythms were inspired by a reading of a description of the dance of the elephants in ,toomal of the ,elephants from ,kipling's ,jungle ,book4 ,this suite ends with a formal 8,english ,waltz40 ,enrique ,granados ,enrique ,granados was born in ,lrida1 ,spain1 on ,july #bg1 #ahfg4 ,after completing his music study at ,conservatories in ,barcelona and ,madrid1 and privately with ,charles de ,briot in ,paris1 he earned his living playing the piano in ,spanish restaurants4 ,in #ahih1 his first opera was produced in ,madrid1 ,maria del ,carmen4 ,the national identity of this music was to characterize all of ,granados' subsequent works and place him among the most significant of ,spanish national composers4 ,his most famous composition is ,goyescas1 a remarkable series of piano pieces inspired by the paintings of ,goya2 the composer later adapted this music for an opera1 also called ,goyescas1 which received its world premire in ,new ,york at the ,metropolitan ,opera on ,january #bh1 #aiah4 ,granados came to the ,united ,states to attend this performance1 after which he visited ,washington1 ,d4,c4 to play the piano for ,president ,wilson at the ,white ,house4 ,he was aboard the ship ,folkstone1 sailing from ,folkstone to ,dieppe1 when it was torpedoed by a ,german ,u-,boat during ,world ,war ,i on ,march #bd1 #aiaf1 bringing him to his death4 ,in their rhythmic and harmonic vocabulary1 ,granados' best music is unmistakably ,spanish4 ,perhaps his most famous single piece of music is an orchestral 8,intermezzo0 from the opera ,goyescas4 ,he wrote it after he had fully completed his score to the opera because the directors of the ,metropolitan ,opera filled the need of an instrumental interlude4 ,this sensual ,spanish melody is as famous in various transcriptions 7including one for cello and piano by ,gaspar ,cassad7 as it is in its original orchestral version4 ,twelve ,spanish ,dances1 for piano1 op4 #cg 7#ahic7 are also popular4 ,the most frequently performed of these is the fifth in ,e minor named ,andaluza 7or ,playera74 ,fritz ,kreisler transcribed it for violin and piano1 one of numerous adaptations4 ,the sixth in ,d major is also familiar--,rondalla ,aragonesa1 a jota1 transcribed for violin and piano by ,jacques ,thibaud4 ,edvard ,grieg ,edvard ,hagerup ,grieg1 ,norway's greatest composer1 was born in ,bergen on ,june #ae1 #ahdc4 ,revealing unusual talent for music as a boy1 he was sent to the ,leipzig ,conservatory in #aheh4 ,he remained there several years1 a pupil of ,plaidy1 ,moscheles1 and ,reinecke among others4 ,in #ahfc he returned to his native land where several of his early compositions were performed4 ,he then lived for several years in ,copenhagen4 ,there he met and became a friend of two musicians who interested him in ,scandinavian music and musical nationalism3 ,niels ,gade and ,rikard ,nordraak4 ,under their guidance and stimulation ,grieg began writing music in a national style1 beginning with the ,humoresques for piano1 op4 #f1 which he dedicated to ,nordraak4 ,grieg also became a sponsor of ,scandinavian music and composers by helping ,nordraak organize a society for their benefit4 ,in #ahff1 ,grieg helped arrange in ,oslo the first concert ever given over entirely to ,norwegian music2 a year later he helped found the ,norwegian ,academy of ,music4 ,he also served as a conductor of the ,harmonic ,society1 an important influence in presenting ,scandinavian music4 ,after marrying ,nina ,hagerup in #ahfg1 ,grieg settled in ,oslo to assume an imperial position in its musical life4 ,he also achieved worldwide recognition as a composer through his violin ,sonata in ,f major1 the ,a major piano concerto1 and the incidental music to ,ibsen's ,peer ,gynt4 ,he was the recipient of many honors both from his native land and from foreign countries4 ,his sixtieth birthday was honored as a national ,norwegian holiday4 ,from #ahhe on ,grieg lived in a beautiful villa1 ,troldhaugen1 a few miles from ,bergen4 ,music lovers made pilgrimages to meet him and pay him tribute4 ,his remains were buried there following his sudden death in ,bergen on ,september #d1 #aijg4 ,its national identity is the quality that sets ,grieg's music apart from that of most of the other ,romanticists of his day4 ,though he rarely quoted folk melodies or dance tunes directly1 he produced music that is ,norwegian to its core4 ,in his best music he speaks of ,norway's geography1 culture1 people1 backgrounds1 holidays1 and legends in melodies and rhythms whose kinship with actual folk music is unmistakable4 ,the ,holberg ,suite for string orchestra1 op4 #dj 7#ahhe7--or to use its official title of ,from ,holberg's ,time--was written to honor the bicentenary of ,ludvig ,holberg1 often called the founder of ,danish literature4 ,the composer also adapted this music for solo piano4 ,bearing in mind that the man he was honoring belonged to a bygone era1 ,grieg wrote a suite in classical style and with strictly classical forms2 but his own romantic and at times national identity is not sacrificed4 ,the first movement is a 8,prelude10 a vigorous movement almost in march time4 ,this is followed by three classical dances--8,sarabande10 8,gavotte10 and 8,musette40 ,the fourth movement temporarily deserts the #agth and #ahth centuries to offer a graceful 8,air0 in the manner of a ,norwegian folk song1 but the classical era returns in all its stateliness and grace in the concluding 8,rigaudon40 ,in ,autumn1 a concert overture for orchestra1 op4 #aa 7#ahfe1 revised #ahhh7 was ,grieg's first effort to write symphonic music4 ,this composition is a fresh and spontaneous expression of joy in ,nature's beauties4 ,the principal melody is a song written by ,grieg in #ahfe1 8,autumn ,storm40 ,this material is preceded by an introduction and followed by a coda in which a happy dance by harvesters is introduced4 ,the ,lyric ,suite for orchestra1 op4 #ed 7#aijc7 is an adaptation by the composer of four numbers from his ,lyric ,pieces1 for piano--a set of sixty-six short compositions gathered in ten volumes1 each a delightful miniature of ,norwegian life4 ,the first of the four episodes in the ,lyric ,suite is 8,shepherd ,lad10 scored entirely for strings1 music in a dreamy mood whose main romantic melody has the character of a nocturne4 8,rustic ,march0 7or 8,peasant ,march071 for full orchestra1 has for its principal thought a ponderous1 rhythmic theme first given by the clarinets4 ,the third movement is a poetic 8,nocturne0 whose main melody is presented by the first violins4 ,the suite ends with the popular 8,march of the ,dwarfs0 in the grotesque style of the composer's 8,in the ,hall of the ,mountain ,king0 from ,peer ,gynt4 ,this movement alternates a sprightly fantastic march tune 7first heard in the violins7 with an expressive melody for solo violin4 ,the ,norwegian ,dance ,no4 #b is the second of a set of four folk dances originally for piano four hands and later transcribed by the composer for orchestra1 op4 #ce 7#ahha74 ,this second dance1 in the key of ,a minor1 is probably the composer's most famous composition in a national idiom4 ,it is in three parts1 the flanking section consisting of a sprightly rustic dance tune1 while the middle part is faster and more vigorous contrasting music4 ,the other somewhat less familiar1 but no less beguiling1 ,norwegian ,dances are the first in ,d minor1 the third in ,g major1 and the fourth in ,d major4 ,the ,peer ,gynt ,suite ,no4 #a1 for orchestra1 op4 #df 7#ahgf7 consists of four numbers from the incidental music for the ,ibsen drama1 ,peer ,gynt1 produced in ,oslo in #ahgf4 ,ibsen's epic is a picaresque drama about a capricious and at times spirited ,norwegian peasant named ,peer1 and his fabulous adventures1 some of them amatory4 ,he abducts the bride1 ,solveig1 then deserts her2 as an outlaw he roams the world2 when he returns home he finds ,solveig still believing in him and through that belief he comes upon salvation4 ,the first movement of ,suite ,no4 #a is a bucolic picture1 8,morning10 in which a barcarolle-type melody is prominent4 ,this is followed by a tender elegy for muted strings1 8,ase's ,death10 ,ase being ,peer ,gynt's mother4 ,a capricious1 sensual dance follows1 8,anitra's ,dance10 a mazurka-like melody with an ,oriental identity4 ,the final movement1 8,in the ,hall of the ,mountain ,king0 is a grotesque march built from a four-measure phrase which grows in volume and intensity until it evolves into a thunderous fortissimo4 ,grieg prepared a second suite from his incidental music for ,peer ,gynt1 op4 #ee4 ,only one movement from this set is popular1 8,solveig's ,song10 a haunting ,norwegian song for muted strings portraying ,solveig1 the abducted bride who thereafter remains forever faithful to ,peer ,gynt4 ,this is the final movement of a suite whose preceding movements are 8,ingrid's ,lament10 8,arabian ,dance10 and 8,peer ,gynt's ,homecoming40 ,sigurd ,jorsalfar1 a suite for orchestra1 op4 #ef 7#ahgb1 revised #ahib7 also comes from the incidental music to a play1 in this case a historical drama of the same name by ,bjrnstjerne ,bjrnson1 produced in ,oslo in #ahgb4 ,the central character is the twelfth-century ,norwegian king1 ,sigurd1 who joins the ,crusades to fight heroically against the ,saracens4 ,there are three movements to this suite4 ,the first 8,prelude0 is subtitled 8,in the ,king's ,hall10 and has three distinct sections4 ,in the first of these the main thought is a theme for clarinets and bassoons against plucked strings2 in the second1 a trio1 the most prominent melody is that for flute imitated by the oboe2 the third part repeats the first4 ,the second movement is 8,intermezzo0 or 8,borghild's ,dream40 ,this is serene music alternated by an agitated mood4 ,the finale is 8,march of ,homage0 in which trumpet fanfares and a loud chord for full orchestra set the stage for the main theme1 in four cellos4 ,this same theme is later proclaimed triumphantly by the full orchestra4 ,midway there appears a trio in which the first violins offer the main melody4 ,two ,elegiac ,melodies1 for string orchestra1 op4 #cd 7#ahhj7 are adaptations of two of the composer's most famous songs found in op4 #cc1 8,heartwounds0 and 8,the ,last ,spring10 lyrics by ,a4 ,o4 ,vinje4 ,both melodies are for the most part in a somber mood4 ,the first is in a comparatively fast time while the second is in slow tempo4 ,two ,northern ,melodies1 for string orchestra1 op4 #fc 7#ahie7 is1 as the title indicates1 in two sections4 ,the first1 8,in the ,style of a ,folksong10 offers its main melody in the cellos after a short introduction4 ,the second1 8,the ,cowherd's ,tune10 begins with a slow1 simple tune and ends with a delightful peasant dance4 ,the ,broadway operetta1 ,song of ,norway1 was not only based upon episodes in the life of ,grieg but also makes extensive use of ,grieg's music4 ,the book is by ,milton ,lazarus based on a play by ,homer ,curran1 and the lyrics and music are by ,robert ,wright and ,george ,forrest4 ,the operetta opened on ,broadway on ,august #ba1 #aidd 7,lawrence ,brooks played ,grieg1 and ,helena ,bliss his wife1 ,nina7 to accumulate the impressive run of #hfj performances4 ,since the operetta has become something of a classic of our popular theater through frequent revivals--and since its music is sometimes heard on concerts of semi-classical music--it deserves consideration4 ,the story centers mainly around the love affair of ,grieg and ,nina ,hagerup1 and their ultimate marriage2 it also carries the composer from obscurity to world fame4 ,wright and ,forrest reached into the storehouse of ,grieg's music for their songs4 8,strange ,music10 which became a popular-song hit in #aidd and #aide1 is based on one of ,grieg's ,lyric ,pieces for piano1 ,wedding ,day in ,troldhaugen4 8,i ,love ,you0 is based on ,grieg's famous song of the same name 78,ich liebe ,dich07 which he actually wrote to express his love for ,nina2 the lyric was by ,hans ,andersen1 and the song appeared in a set of four collected in op4 #e 7#ahfd74 ,musical episodes from ,grieg's ,g major ,violin ,sonata1 the ,peer ,gynt ,suite1 ,norwegian ,dance ,no4 #b1 the ,a minor ,piano ,concerto1 and some of the piano pieces provided further material for popular songs and ballet music4 ,ferde ,grof ,ferde ,grof was born ,ferdinand ,rudolph ,von ,grof in ,new ,york ,city on ,march #bg1 #ahib4 ,he began to study the violin and piano early4 ,during his adolescence he became a member of the viola section of the ,los ,angeles ,philharmonic4 ,while engaged in serious music he started playing with jazz ensembles4 ,before long he formed one of his own1 for which he made all the arrangements1 and whose performances attracted considerable interest among jazz devotees4 ,paul ,whiteman was one of those who was impressed by ,grof's brand of jazz4 ,in #aiai he hired ,grof to play the piano in1 and make all the arrangements for1 the ,paul ,whiteman ,orchestra4 ,grof worked for ,whiteman for a dozen years1 a period during which he prepared most of the arrangements used by ,whiteman1 including that of ,george ,gershwin's historic ,rhapsody in ,blue at its world premire in #aibd4 ,in #aibd1 ,grof wrote his first symphonic composition in a jazz style1 ,broadway at ,night4 ,one year later1 came the ,mississippi ,suite1 his first success4 ,in #aica he scored a triumph with the ,grand ,canyon ,suite1 still his most celebrated composition4 ,after #aica1 ,grof toured the country as conductor of his own orchestra1 making numerous appearances in public and over the radio4 ,from #aici to #aidb he taught orchestration at the ,juilliard ,school of ,music in ,new ,york and in #aida he began an eight-year contract with the ,standard ,oil ,company of ,california to conduct the ,san ,francisco ,symphony over the radio4 ,grof has also written music for motion pictures and special works for industry4 ,with ,gershwin1 ,grof has been an outstanding composer of symphonic music utilizing jazz and other popular styles and idioms4 ,he is distinguished for his remarkable skill at orchestration1 which frequently employs non-musical devices for special effects--for example1 a typewriter in ,tabloid1 pneumatic drills in ,symphony in ,steel1 a bicycle pump in ,free ,air1 shouts and door-banging in ,hollywood ,suite1 and the sound of bouncing bowling balls in ,hudson ,river ,suite4 ,the ,grand ,canyon ,suite 7#aica71 ,grof's most significant composition as well as the most famous1 is an orchestral description in five movements of one of ,america's natural wonders4 ,the first movement1 8,sunrise10 opens with a timpani roll to suggest the break of dawn over the canyon4 ,the main melody depicting the sunrise itself is heard in muted trumpet against a chordal background4 ,as the movement progresses1 the music becomes increasingly luminous1 until the sun finally erupts into full resplendence4 8,the ,painted ,desert0 is an atmospheric tone picture4 ,nebulous chords suggest an air of mystery before a sensual melodic section unfolds4 8,on the ,trail0 is the most popular movement of the suite1 having for many years been expropriated as the identifying theme-signature for the ,philip ,morris radio program4 ,an impulsive1 restless rhythm brings us a picture of a jogging burro4 ,a cowboy tune is then set contrapuntally against this rhythm4 ,in 8,sunset0 animal calls precede a poignant melody that speaks about the peace and serenity that descend on the canyon at sunset4 8,cloudburst0 is the concluding movement in which a violent storm erupts1 lashes the canyon with its fury1 and then subsides4 ,tranquillity now returns1 and the canyon is once more surrounded by breathless and quiet beauty4 ,the ,hudson ,river ,suite 7#aiee7 was written for ,andr ,kostelanetz1 the conductor1 who introduced the work in ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,this music provides five different aspects of the mighty river in ,new ,york1 and its associations with ,american history4 ,the river itself is described in the opening movement1 8,the ,river40 ,this is followed by a portrait of ,henry ,hudson4 ,the colonial times and the land of ,rip ,van ,winkle are discussed in the third movement1 8,rip ,van ,winkle10 while in 8,albany ,night ,boat10 a delightful account is given of ,new ,york in years gone by1 when a holiday trip on the boat was a favorite pastime of ,new ,york couples4 ,the suite ends with 8,new ,york0 a graphic etching of the metropolis along the ,hudson4 ,the ,mississippi ,suite 7#aibe7--like its eminent successor1 the ,grand ,canyon ,suite--was written for ,paul ,whiteman1 who introduced it in ,carnegie ,hall4 ,the first movement1 8,father of the ,waters0 has a melody of an ,american-,indian identity representing the river4 ,in 8,huckleberry ,finn10 the character of the boy is suggested by a jazz motive in the tuba1 later amplified into a spacious jazz melody for strings4 8,old ,creole ,days0 highlights a ,negro melody in muted trumpet soon taken over by different sections of the orchestra4 ,the closing movement is the suite's best known section and the composer's own favorite among his compositions4 ,called 8,mardi ,gras0 it is a lively and colorful picture of carnival time in ,new ,orleans4 ,a rhythmic passage with which the movement opens serves as the preface to an eloquent melody for strings4 ,david ,guion ,david ,wendell ,fentress ,guion was born in ,ballinger1 ,texas1 on ,december #ae1 #ahie4 ,he received his musical training at the piano with local teachers and with ,leopold ,godowsky in ,vienna4 ,after returning to the ,united ,states he filled several posts as teacher of music in ,texas1 and from #aibe to #aibh taught piano at the ,chicago ,music ,college4 ,early in the #aicj's he appeared in a cowboy production featuring his own music at the ,roxy ,theater in ,new ,york and soon thereafter made weekly broadcasts over the ,national ,broadcasting ,company network4 ,a ,david ,guion ,week was celebrated throughout ,texas in #aiej4 ,he is best known for his skilful arrangements and transcriptions of ,western folk songs and ,negro ,spirituals1 some of which first became famous in his versions4 ,his orchestral adaptation of 8,the ,arkansas ,traveler0 has long been a favorite on 8pop0 concerts4 ,a familiar legend helped to dramatize this ,american folk song to many4 ,a traveler caught in the rain stops outside an ,arkansas hut where an old man is playing part of a folk tune on his fiddle4 ,upon questioning him the traveler learns that the old fiddler does not know the rest of the song1 whereupon the stranger takes the fiddle from him and completes it4 ,the two then become devoted friends4 ,even more famous is ,david ,guion's arrangement of 8,home on the ,range10 in #aicj4 ,it is not quite clear who actually wrote this song4 ,it was discovered by ,john ,a4 ,lomax who heard it sung by a ,texan saloon keeper1 recorded it1 and published it in his #aiaj edition of ,cowboy ,songs4 ,only after ,guion had arranged it did it become a national favorite over the radio1 its popularity no doubt immensely enhanced by the widely circulated story that this was ,president ,franklin ,d4 ,roosevelt's favorite song4 ,guion's concert arrangement for full orchestra of 8,turkey in the ,straw0 is also of interest4 ,this folk tune--sometimes known as 8,zip ,coon0--first achieved popularity on the ,american musical stage in the era before the minstrel show4 ,it was published in ,baltimore in #ahcd and first made popular that year by ,bob ,farrell at the ,bowery ,theater4 ,after that it was a familiar routine of the black-faced entertainer1 ,george ,washington ,dixon4 ,several have laid claim to the song1 but it is most likely derived from an ,english or ,irish melody4 ,other arrangements and transcriptions by ,guion include 8,nobody ,knows ,de ,trouble ,i've ,seen10 8,oh1 ,bury ,me ,not on the ,lone ,prairie10 8,ride ,cowboy ,ride10 8,short'nin' ,bread10 and 8,swing ,low1 ,sweet ,chariot40 ,guion has also written several compositions of his own in which the folk element is pronounced4 ,one of these is named ,alley ,tunes1 three musical scenes from the ,south4 ,its most famous movement is the last1 8,the ,harmonica ,player10 but the earlier two are equally appealing for their homespun melodies and vigorous national identity3 8,brudder ,sinkiller and ,his ,flock of ,sheep0 and 8,the ,lonesome ,whistler40 ,another pleasing orchestral composition by ,guion is a waltz suite entitled ,southern ,nights4 ,johan ,halvorsen ,johan ,halvorsen was born in ,drammen1 ,norway1 on ,march #ae1 #ahfd4 ,after attending the ,stockholm ,conservatory he studied the violin with ,adolf ,brodsky in ,leipzig and ,csar ,thomson in ,belgium4 ,in #ahib he returned to his native land4 ,for many years he was the distinguished conductor of the ,oslo ,national ,theater4 ,his admiration of ,grieg 7whose niece he married7 directed him toward musical nationalism1 a style in which many of his most ambitious works were written4 ,he was the composer of three symphonies1 two rhapsodies1 a festival overture1 several suites1 and a number of peasant dances all for orchestra4 ,he died in ,oslo on ,december #d1 #aice4 ,the ,andante religioso1 in ,g minor1 for violin and orchestra1 is a richly melodious and spiritual work which has gained recognition with semi-classical orchestras4 ,but ,halvorsen's most popular composition is the ,triumphant ,entry of the ,boyars1 for orchestra4 ,the boyar or boyard was a military aristocrat of ancient ,russia1 a tyrant as notorious for his cruelty as for his extravagant way of life4 ,halvorsen's vigorous1 colorful march has an ,oriental personality4 ,it opens with a stirring march subject for clarinet against a drone bass in cellos and double basses1 and it highlights a fanfare for trumpets and trombones4 ,george ,frederick ,handel ,george ,frederick ,handel was born in ,halle1 ,saxony1 on ,february #bc1 #afhe4 ,after studying the organ in his native city he settled in ,hamburg where he wrote1 and in #agje had produced1 his first operas1 ,almira and ,nero4 ,a period of travel and study in ,italy followed1 during which he was influenced by the ,italian instrumental music of that period4 ,in #agaj he was appointed ,kapellmeister in ,hanover4 ,in #agab he settled permanently in ,england where in #agbg he became a ,british subject and ,anglicized his name4 ,he became one of ,england's giant figures in music1 first as a composer of operas in the ,italian style1 and after that 7when the vogue for such operas died out7 as a creator of oratorios4 ,for several years he was the court composer for ,queen ,anne and royal music master for ,george ,i4 ,in #agbj he was appointed artistic director of the then newly organized ,royal ,academy of ,music4 ,in the last years of his life he suffered total blindness1 notwithstanding which fact he continued giving public performances at the organ1 conducting his oratorios1 and writing music4 ,he died in ,london on ,april #ad1 #agei and was buried in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,handel was a prolific composer of operas1 oratorios1 orchestral music1 concertos for solo instruments and orchestra1 sonatas1 compositions for harpsichord1 and chamber works4 ,he was greatest in his religious music1 in the deservedly world-famous oratorio ,messiah1 and in such somewhat less familiar but no less distinguished works as ,judas ,maccabaeus1 ,samson1 ,solomon1 and ,israel in ,egypt4 ,his greatest music is on such a consistently high spiritual plane1 is filled with such grandeur of expression1 and reveals such extraordinary contrapuntal skill that it does not easily lend itself to popular consumption4 ,but one passage from the ,messiah is particularly famous1 and especially popular with people the world over2 it is probably the most celebrated single piece of music he ever wrote1 and while originally for chorus and orchestra1 is familiar in innumerable transcriptions for orchestra or for band4 ,it is the sublime 8,hallelujah ,chorus10 about which the composer himself said when he finished writing it3 8,i did think ,i did see all ,heaven before me1 and the great ,god himself40 ,this grandiose choral passage1 a miracle of contrapuntal technique1 is undoubtedly the climactic point of the entire oratorio4 ,when the ,messiah was first heard in ,london on ,march #bc1 #agdc 7a little less than a year after its world premire which took place in ,dublin1 ,ireland1 on ,april #ac1 #agdb7 the awesome immensity of this music made such an impression on ,king ,george ,,ii1 in the audience1 that he rose spontaneously in his seat and remained standing throughout the piece4 ,the audience followed their king in listening to the music in a standing position4 ,since then it has been a custom in performances of ,messiah for the audience to rise during the singing of the 8,hallelujah ,chorus40 ,the ,harmonious ,blacksmith is ,handel's best known composition for the harpsichord4 ,this is the fourth movement of a harpsichord suite1 ,no4 #e in ,e major1 which the composer wrote in #agbj2 but most frequently it is played apart from the rest of the movements as a self-sufficient composition4 ,the title ,harmonious ,blacksmith was created not by the composer but by a publisher in ,bath1 ,england1 when in #ahbb he issued the fourth movement of the suite as a separate piece of music4 ,there happened to be in ,bath a blacksmith who often sang this ,handel tune and who came to be known in that town as the 8harmonious blacksmith40 ,the ,bath publisher recognized the popular appeal of a title like 8,harmonious ,blacksmith0 and decided to use it for this music4 ,the story that ,handel conceived this tune while waiting in a blacksmith's shop during a storm is1 however1 apocryphal4 ,the ,harmonious ,blacksmith begins with a simple two-part melody which then undergoes five equally elementary variations4 ,the ,largo1 so familiar as an instrumental composition in various transcriptions1 is really an aria from one of ,handel's operas4 ,it was a tenor aria 78,ombrai mai fu07 from ,serse 7#agch7 in which is described the beauty of the cool shade of a palm tree4 ,in slower tempo it has become1 in its instrumental dress1 a broad1 stately melody of religious character with the simple tempo marking of ,largo as its title4 ,the ,water ,music 7#agag7 is a suite for orchestra made up of charming little dances1 airs and fanfares written for a royal water pageant held on the ,thames ,river in ,london on ,july #ai1 #agag4 ,a special barge held the orchestra that performed this composition while the musicians sailed slowly up and down the river4 ,the king was so impressed by ,handel's music that he asked it be repeated three times4 ,in its original form1 this suite is made up of twenty pieces1 but the version most often heard today is an adaptation by ,sir ,hamilton ,harty in which only six movements appear3 ,overture1 ,air1 ,bourre1 ,hornpipe1 ,air1 and ,fanfare4 ,joseph ,haydn ,franz ,joseph ,haydn was born in ,rohrau1 ,austria1 on ,march #ca1 #agcb4 ,from #agdj to #agdi he was a member of the choir of ,st4 ,stephen's in ,vienna1 attending its school for a comprehensive musical training4 ,for several years after that he lived in ,vienna1 teaching music1 and completing various hack assignments1 while pursuing serious composition4 ,in #agee he was appointed by ,baron ,karl ,josef ,fuernberg to write music for and direct the concerts at his palace2 it was in this office that ,haydn wrote his first symphonies and string quartets as well as many other orchestral and chamber-music works4 ,from #ageh to #agfj he was ,kapellmeister to ,count ,ferdinand ,maximilian ,morzin4 ,in #agfa ,haydn became second ,kapellmeister to ,prince ,paul ,anton ,esterhzy at ,eisenstadt1 rising to the post of first ,kapellmeister five years after that4 ,haydn remained with the ,esterhzys until #agij1 a period in which he arrived at full maturity as a composer4 ,his abundant symphonies1 quartets1 sonatas and other compositions spread his fame throughout the length and breadth of ,europe4 ,after leaving the employ of the ,esterhzys1 ,haydn paid two visits to ,london1 in #agia and again in #agid1 where he directed orchestral concerts for which he wrote his renowned ,london symphonies4 ,at the dusk of his career1 ,haydn produced two crowning masterworks in the field of choral music3 the oratorios ,the ,creation 7#agih7 and ,the ,seasons 7#ahja74 ,haydn died in ,vienna on ,may #ca1 #ahji4 ,haydn was an epochal figure during music's classical era4 ,he helped to establish permanently the structures of the symphony1 quartet1 sonata2 to arrive at a fully realized homophonic style as opposed to the contrapuntal idiom of the masters who preceded him2 and to arrive at new concepts of harmony1 orchestration1 and thematic development4 ,he helped pave the way for the giants who followed him1 most notably ,mozart and ,beethoven1 who helped carry the classical era in music to its full flowering4 ,to his musical writing ,haydn brought that charm1 grace1 stateliness1 beauty of lyricism that we associate with classicism1 and with it a most engaging sense of humor and at times even a remarkable expressiveness4 ,most of ,haydn's music belongs to the serious concert repertory4 ,he did write some music intended for the masses--mainly the ,contredanses1 ,german ,dances and ,minuets which1 after all1 was the dance music of the ,austrian people in ,haydn's time4 ,haydn's ,german ,dances and ,minuets are especially appealing4 ,the former was the forerunner of the waltz1 but its melodies and rhythms have a lusty peasant quality and an earthy vitality2 the latter was the graceful1 sedate dance of the ,european court4 ,twelve of ,haydn's ,german ,dances and twelve of his ,minuets 7the latter called ,katherine ,menuetten7 were written in the closing years of his life and published in #agid2 they were intended for the court ball held at the ,redoutensaal in ,vienna where they were introduced on ,november #be1 #agib4 ,the ,german ,dances here have sobriety and dignity1 and are often filled with ,haydn's remarkable innovations in melodic and harmonic writing2 the ,minuets are consistently light and carefree in spirit4 ,the ,gypsy ,rondo--often heard in various transcriptions1 including one for violin and piano by ,fritz ,kreisler--comes from the ,piano ,trio ,no4 #a in ,g major1 op4 #gc1 no4 #b 7#agie7 where it is the concluding movement 7,rondo all' ongarese74 ,it is in ,hungarian style1 vivacious in rhythmic and melodic content2 it is for this reason that ,haydn himself designated this music 8in a gypsy style0 and ,kreisler's transcription bears the title of ,hungarian ,rondo4 ,of ,haydn's more than one hundred symphonies the one occasionally given by pop orchestras is a curiosity known as the ,toy ,symphony4 ,actually we now know that ,haydn never really wrote it1 but it was the work of either ,mozart's father1 ,leopold1 or ,haydn's brother1 ,michael4 ,but it was long attributed to ,joseph ,haydn1 and still is often credited to him4 ,this little symphony in ,c major1 which is in three short movements1 was long believed to have been written by ,haydn during his visit to ,berchtegaden1 ,bavaria1 in #aghh where he became interested in toy instruments4 ,the symphony uses numerous toy instruments 7penny trumpet1 quail call1 rattle1 cuckoo1 whistle1 little drum1 toy triangle1 and so forth7 together with three orthodox musical instruments1 two violins and a bass4 ,joseph ,haydn was also the composer of ,austria's national anthem1 8,gott erhalte ,franz den ,kaiser40 ,he was commissioned to do so in #agig by the ,minister of the ,interior to help stir the patriotic ardor of ,austrians2 it was first performed in all ,austrian theaters on the ,emperor's birthday on ,february #ab1 #agig4 ,the ,emperor was deeply impressed by the anthem4 8,you have expressed10 he said1 8what is in every loyal ,austrian heart1 and through your melody ,austria will always be honored40 ,haydn himself used the same melody in one of his string quartets3 as the slow second movement in which it receives a series of variations4 ,it is for this reason that this quartet1 in ,c major1 op4 #gf1 no4 #c1 is popularly known as the ,emperor ,quartet4 ,victor ,herbert ,victor ,herbert was born in ,dublin1 ,ireland1 on ,february #a1 #ahei4 ,he received a sound musical training at the ,stuttgart ,conservatory1 following which he studied the cello privately with ,bernhard ,cossmann in ,baden-,baden4 ,for several years after that he played the cello in many ,german and ,austrian orchestras4 ,his bow as a composer took place with two ambitious works1 a suite and a concerto1 both for cello and orchestra4 ,they were introduced by the ,stuttgart ,symphony 7the composer as soloist7 in #ahhc and #ahhe respectively4 ,after marrying the prima donna1 ,therese ,foerster1 in #ahhf1 ,herbert came to the ,united ,states and played the cello in the ,metropolitan ,opera orchestra1 his wife having been engaged by that company4 ,he soon played the cello in other major ,american orchestras1 besides conducting symphonic concerts1 concerts of light music1 and performances at important festivals4 ,in #ahic he succeeded ,patrick ,s4 ,gilmore as bandleader of the famous #bbnd ,regiment ,band1 and from #ahih to #aijd he was principal conductor of the ,pittsburgh ,symphony4 ,after #aijd he was the conductor of his own orchestra4 ,herbert won world renown as a composer of operettas for which he produced a wealth of melodies that have never lost their charm or fascination for music lovers4 ,his first produced operetta1 ,prince ,ananias1 in #ahid was a failure4 ,but one year later came ,the ,wizard of the ,nile1 the first of a long string of stage successes ,herbert was henceforth to enjoy4 ,from then on1 until the end of his life1 ,herbert remained one of ,broadway's most productive and most significant composers4 ,many of his operettas are now classics of the ,american musical stage4 ,among these are3 ,the ,fortune ,teller 7#ahih71 ,babes in ,toyland 7#aijc71 ,mlle4 ,modiste 7#aije71 ,the ,red ,mill 7#aijf7 and ,naughty ,marietta 7#aiaj74 ,a facile composer with an extraordinary technique at orchestration and harmonization1 and a born melodist who had a seemingly inexhaustible reservoir of beautiful tunes1 ,herbert was a giant figure in ,american popular music and in the music for the ,american popular theater4 ,he died of a heart attack in ,new ,york ,city on ,may #bf1 #aibd4 ,victor ,herbert produced a considerable amount of concert music--concertos1 symphonies1 suites1 overtures--most of which has passed out of the more serious repertory4 ,a few of these concert works have enough emotional impact and melodic fascination to enjoy a permanent status in the semi-classical repertory4 ,potpourris from the scores of his most famous operettas--and orchestral transcriptions of individual songs from these productions--are1 of course1 basic to any pop or semi-classical orchestra repertory4 ,for ,herbert's greatest songs from his operettas are classics1 8as pure in outline as the melodies of ,schubert and ,mozart0 according to ,deems ,taylor4 ,al ,fresco is mood music which opens the second act of the operetta1 ,it ,happened in ,nordland 7#aijd74 ,herbert had previously written and published it as a piano piece1 using the pen-name of ,frank ,roland1 in order to test the appeal of this little composition4 ,it did so well in this version that ,herbert finally decided to include it in his operetta where it serves to depict a lively carnival scene4 ,the ,american ,fantasia 7#ahih7 is a brilliantly orchestrated and skilfully contrived fantasy made up of favorite ,american national ballads and songs4 ,it is the composer's stirring tribute to the country of his adoption4 ,the ballads and songs are heard in the following sequence3 8,hail ,columbia10 8,swanee ,river10 8,the ,girl ,i ,left ,behind ,me10 8,dixie10 8,columbia the ,gem of the ,ocean40 ,this composition comes to an exciting finish with 8,the ,star-,spangled ,banner0 in a ,wagnerian-type orchestration4 ,the operetta ,babes in ,toyland1 which opened in ,new ,york on ,october #ac1 #aijc1 was an extravaganza inspired by the then-recent success on ,broadway of ,the ,wizard of ,oz4 ,herbert's operetta drew its characters from fairy tales1 ,mother ,goose1 and other children's stories1 placing these characters in a rapid succession of breath-taking scenes of spectacular beauty4 ,the complicated plot concerned the escape of little ,jane and ,alan from their miserly uncle to the garden of ,contrary ,mary4 ,they then come to ,toyland where they meet the characters from fairy tales and ,mother ,goose1 and where toys are dominated by the wicked ,toymaker whom they finally bring to his destruction4 ,principal musical numbers from this score include the delightful orchestral march1 8,march of the ,toys10 and the songs 8,toyland0 and 8,i ,can't ,do the ,sum40 ,dagger ,dance is one of the most familiar pieces in the semi-classical repertory in the melodic and rhythmic style of ,american-,indian music4 ,it comes from ,herbert's opera ,natoma1 whose premire took place in ,philadelphia on ,february #be1 #aiaa4 ,this spirited ,indian dance music appears in the second act1 at a climactic moment in which ,natoma1 challenged to perform a dagger dance1 does so2 but during the performance she stabs and kills the villain1 ,alvarado4 ,the ,fortune ,teller whose ,new ,york premire took place on ,september #bf1 #ahih1 is an operetta that starred ,alice ,neilsen in the dual role of ,musette1 a gypsy fortune teller1 and ,irma1 a ballet student4 ,against a ,hungarian setting1 the play involves these two girls in love affairs with a ,hungarian ,hussar and a gypsy musician4 ,hungarian characters and a ,hungarian background allowed ,herbert to write music generously spiced with ,hungarian and gypsy flavors1 music exciting for its sensual appeal4 ,the most famous song from this score is 8,gypsy ,love ,song10 sometimes also known as 8,slumber ,on1 ,my ,little ,gypsy ,sweetheart10 sung by ,sandor1 the gypsy musician1 in tribute to ,musette4 ,indian ,summer3 ,an ,american ,idyll 7#aiai7 is a tone picture of ,nature which ,herbert wrote in two versions1 for solo piano1 and for orchestra4 ,twelve years after the composer's death1 ,gus ,kahn wrote lyrics for its main melody1 and for fourteen weeks it was heard on the radio ,hit ,parade1 twice in the ,number #a position4 ,the ,irish ,rhapsody for orchestra 7#ahib7 is one of several concert works in which ,herbert honored the country of his birth4 ,this work is built from several familiar ,irish ballads found by the composer in ,thomas ,moore's ,irish ,melodies1 published in #ahjg4 8,believe ,me if ,all ,these ,endearing ,young ,charms0 comes immediately after a harp cadenza4 ,this is followed by a variation of 8,the ,rocky ,road to ,dublin10 8,to ,ladies' ,eyes10 8,thamma ,hulla10 8,erin1 ,oh ,erin10 and 8,rich and ,rare ,were the ,gems ,she ,wore40 ,an oboe cadenza then serves as the transition to 8,st4 ,patrick's ,day40 ,the rhapsody ends with 8,garry ,owen0 set against 8,erin1 ,oh ,erin0 in the bass4 ,mlle4 ,modiste1 introduced in ,new ,york on ,december #be1 #aije1 is the operetta in which ,fritzi ,scheff1 once a member of the ,metropolitan ,opera1 became a star of the popular musical theater4 ,this is also the operetta in which she sang the waltz with which1 for the rest of her life1 she became identified1 8,kiss ,me ,again40 ,fritzi ,scheff was cast as ,fifi1 an employee in a ,parisian hat shop4 ,her lowly station precludes her marriage to the man she loves1 ,capt4 ,etienne de ,bouvray4 ,an ,american millionaire becomes interested in her1 and provides her with the funds to pursue her vocal studies4 ,fifi then becomes a famous opera star1 thereby achieving both the fame and the fortune she needs to gain ,capt4 ,etienne as a husband4 ,early in this operetta1 ,fifi tries to demonstrate her talent as a singer by performing a number called 8,if ,i ,were ,on the ,stage10 in which she offers various types of songs1 including a polonaise1 a gavotte1 and a waltz4 ,the waltz part was originally intended by ,herbert as a caricature of that kind of dreamy1 sentimental music and consisted of the melody of 8,kiss ,me ,again0 which he had written some time earlier1 in #aijc4 ,on opening night the audience liked this part of the number so well1 and was so noisy in its demonstration1 that ,herbert decided to feature it separately and prominently in his operetta1 had new sentimental lyrics written for it1 and called it 8,kiss ,me ,again40 ,this1 of course1 is the most celebrated single number from this operetta1 but several others are equally appealing1 notably one of ,herbert's finest marches1 8,the ,mascot of the ,troop10 another waltz called 8,the ,nightingale and the ,star10 and a humorous ditty1 8,i ,want ,what ,i ,want ,when ,i ,want ,it40 ,the operetta1 ,naughty ,marietta--first ,new ,york performance on ,november #g1 #aiaj--was set in ,new ,orleans in #aghj when that city was under ,spanish rule4 ,the noble lady1 ,marietta 7starring the prima donna1 ,emma ,trentini7 had come to ,new ,orleans from ,naples to avoid an undesirable marriage4 ,there she meets1 falls in love with1 and after many stirring adventures wins1 ,captain ,dick ,warrington4 ,a basic element of this story is a melody--a fragment of which has come to the heroine in a dream4 ,marietta promises her hand to anybody who could give her the complete song of which this fragment is a part1 and it is ,dick ,warrington1 of course1 who is successful4 ,this melody is one of ,herbert's best loved1 8,ah1 ,sweet ,mystery of ,life40 ,other favorites from ,naughty ,marietta are 8,i'm ,falling in ,love ,with ,someone10 8,italian ,street ,song10 the serenade 8',neath the ,southern ,moon10 and the march1 8,tramp1 ,tramp1 ,tramp40 ,pan ,americana 7#aija7 is a composition for orchestra described by ,herbert as a 8morceau caractristique40 ,he wrote it for the ,pan ,american ,exposition in ,buffalo in #aija 7where ,president ,mc,kinley was assassinated74 ,the three sections are in three different popular styles1 the first in ,american-,indian1 the second in ragtime1 and the third in ,cuban or ,spanish4 ,punchinello and ,yesterthoughts 7#aijj7 are two evocative tone pictures originally for piano from a suite of pieces describing the natural beauties of scenes near or at ,lake ,placid1 ,new ,york4 ,herbert orchestrated both these numbers4 ,the ,red ,mill1 which came to ,new ,york on ,september #bd1 #aijf1 was an operetta starring the comedy team of ,fred ,stone and ,david ,montgomery in a play set in ,holland4 ,they are two ,americans stranded and penniless at an inn called 8,the ,sign of the ,red ,mill40 ,when they discover that little ,gretchen is in love with ,capt4 ,doris van ,damm and refuses to marry the ,governor to whom she is designated by her parents1 they come to her assistance4 ,after numerous escapades and antics they help her to win her true lover who1 as it turns out1 is the heir to an immense fortune4 ,the following are its principal musical episodes3 the main love duet1 8,the ,isle of ,our ,dreams102 8,moonbeams02 and the comedy song1 8,every ,day ,is ,ladies' ,day for ,me40 ,the ,suite of ,serenades1 for orchestra 7#aibd7 was written for the same ,paul ,whiteman concert of ,american music at ,aeolian ,hall on ,february #ab1 #aibd in which ,gershwin's ,rhapsody in ,blue was introduced4 ,this is a four movement suite which represented ,herbert's only attempt to write directly for a jazz orchestra1 and parts of it are characterized by jazz scoring and syncopations4 ,herbert wrote a second version of this suite for symphony orchestra4 ,in the four movements the composer skilfully simulates four national styles4 ,the first is ,spanish1 the second ,chinese1 the third ,cuban1 and the fourth ,oriental4 ,another familiar orchestral suite by ,herbert is the ,suite ,romantique 7#aija74 ,herbert's vein for sentimental melody is here generously tapped4 ,the four movements are mood pictures named as follows3 8,visions10 8,aubade0 7a beautiful solo for the cellos71 8,triomphe d'amour0 7a glowing love duet71 and 8,fte nuptiale40 ,the ,woodland ,fancies1 for orchestra 7#aija7 also consist of four evocative and pictorial mood pictures1 this time inspired by the ,adirondack mountains where ,herbert maintained a summer home and which he dearly loved4 ,here the four movements are entitled3 8,morning in the ,mountains10 8,forest ,nymphs10 8,twilight10 and 8,autumn ,frolics40 ,there are individual songs from several other ,herbert operettas that are part of the semi-classical repertory in orchestral transcriptions4 ,among these are3 8,the ,angelus0 and the title song from ,sweethearts 7#aiac72 8,i ,love ,thee1 ,i ,adore ,thee0 which recurs throughout ,the ,serenade 7#ahig72 8,a ,kiss in the ,dark0 from ,orange ,blossoms 7#aibb72 8,star ,light1 ,star ,bright10 a delightful waltz from ,the ,wizard of the ,nile 7#ahie72 and 8,thine ,alone0 from the ,irish operetta1 ,eileen 7#aiag74 ,ferdinand ,hrold ,louis ,joseph ,ferdinand ,hrold was born in ,paris on ,january #bh1 #agia4 ,he began to study music when he was eleven4 ,from #ahje to #ahab he attended the ,paris ,conservatory where his teachers included ,adam and ,mhul4 ,in #ahab he received the ,prix de ,rome4 ,following his three-year stay in ,rome he settled in ,naples where he was pianist to ,queen ,caroline and had his first opera1 ,la ,giovent di ,enrico1 produced in #ahae4 ,after returning to his native city he completed a new opera1 ,charles de ,france1 which was successfully produced in #ahaf at the ,opra-,comique in ,paris where1 from this time on1 all his operas were given4 ,hrold wrote many serious operas before turning to the field in which he earned his importance and popularity1 the opra-comique4 ,his first work in this genre was ,marie in #ahbf2 his most successful1 ,zampa1 in #ahca4 ,he also enjoyed a triumph with his last opra-comique1 ,le ,pr aux clercs1 produced in #ahcb4 ,hrold died of consumption in ,paris on ,january #ai1 #ahcc before reaching his forty-second birthday4 ,about all that has survived from ,hrold's most famous opera1 ,zampa1 is its overture1 a semi-classical favorite everywhere4 ,zampa--libretto by ,mlesville--was introduced at the ,opra-,comique in ,paris on ,may #c1 #ahca4 ,the hero1 ,zampa1 is the leader of a band of pirates who invade an island4 ,he meets ,camille and compels her to desert her lover and marry him4 ,during the marriage festivities the pirate leader mockingly tries to place a ring on the finger of a statue4 ,the statue suddenly comes to life and brings ,zampa to his doom by drowning4 ,the overture opens with a robust subject for full orchestra 7derived from the pirates' chorus of the first act74 ,a brief pause separates this section from a slower one in which timpani rolls and loud chords in the wind precede a stately melody for wind instruments4 ,after some development1 in which the mood becomes dramatic1 two new subjects are heard3 the first is a sensitive melody for clarinet against plucked strings1 and the second is a soaring song for the violins4 ,jen ,hubay ,jen ,hubay was born in ,budapest1 ,hungary1 on ,september #ae1 #aheh4 ,his father1 a professor of the violin at the ,budapest ,conservatory1 gave him his first violin lessons4 ,jen made his public debut as violinist when he was eleven1 then completed his violin studies with ,joachim in ,berlin and with ,vieuxtemps in ,belgium4 ,in #ahhf he was appointed professor of the violin at the ,budapest ,conservatory1 and from #aiai to #aicd he was its director4 ,hubay was one of ,europe's most eminent violinists1 violin teachers1 and performers of chamber music1 the last with the ,hubay ,quartet which he founded4 ,he died in ,vienna on ,march #ab1 #aicg4 ,hubay was the composer of several operas1 four symphonies1 four violin concertos1 and many pieces for the violin4 ,he was at his best when he drew both his inspiration and materials from ,hungarian folk music4 ,perhaps his best known work is a set of fourteen pieces for violin and orchestra collectively known as ,scnes de la ,csrda1 or ,hungarian ,czardas ,scenes4 ,the czardas is a popular ,hungarian folk dance in duple time characterized by quick syncopations1 and exploiting alternating slow and rapid passages4 ,these ,scnes are often presented as orchestral compositions4 ,the fourth1 ,hejre ,kati1 is the most popular of the group1 a piece of music electrifying for its rhythmic momentum4 ,the second1 known as ,hungarian ,rhapsody1 and the fifth1 ,waves of ,balaton1 are also familiar4 ,besides their rhythmic vitality these compositions are of interest for their sensual melodies1 and dramatic contrasts of tempo and mood4 ,from ,hubay's most famous opera1 ,the ,violin ,maker of ,cremona1 comes a sensitively lyrical 8,intermezzo10 for orchestra4 ,hubay wrote this one-act opera in #ahid1 and it was introduced in ,budapest the same year4 ,the text by ,francois ,copp and ,henri ,beauclair concerns a violin-making contest in ,ferrari1 ,italy1 in which the prize is the beautiful girl1 ,giannina4 ,a hunchback1 ,filippo1 makes the best violin1 but he generously permits ,giannina to marry ,sandro1 the man she really loves4 ,a transcription of the 8,intermezzo0 for violin and piano is popular in the repertory and bears the title of the opera4 ,the ,intermezzo had also been adapted by ,stoll as a composition for voice and orchestra under the name 8,lonely ,night40 ,engelbert ,humperdinck ,engelbert ,humperdinck was born in ,sieburg1 ,germany1 on ,september #a1 #ahed4 ,he attended the ,cologne ,conservatory where his teachers included ,hiller 7who was the first to recognize his talent71 ,jensen and ,gernsheim4 ,after winning the ,mozart ,scholarship of ,frankfort in #ahgf1 ,humperdinck continued his music study in ,munich with ,franz ,lachner and ,rheinberger4 ,in ,munich he published his first important composition1 a ,humoreske for orchestra 7#ahhj74 ,in #ahha1 he received the ,meyerbeer ,prize and in #ahig1 the ,mendelssohn ,prize1 both for composition4 ,between #ahhe and #ahhg he was professor of the ,barcelona ,conservatory in ,spain and in #ahij he became professor at ,hoch's ,conservatory in ,frankfort1 and music critic of the ,frankfurter ,zeitung4 ,he achieved his greatest success as a composer with the fairy opera1 ,hansel and ,gretel1 produced in ,weimar in #ahic4 ,after #ahif1 ,humperdinck devoted himself exclusively to composition1 and though he wrote several fine operas none was able to equal the popularity of his fairy-opera4 ,he died in ,neustrelitz1 ,germany1 on ,september #bg1 #aiba4 ,hansel and ,gretel scored a sensational success in its own day2 and1 in ours1 it is the only opera by which ,humperdinck is remembered4 ,following its premire in ,weimar1 ,germany1 on ,december #bc1 #ahic1 it was performed within a year in virtually every major ,german opera house4 ,in #ahid it came to ,london1 and in #ahie to ,new ,york4 ,the text by ,adelheid ,wette 7,humperdinck's sister7 is based on the ,ludwig ,grimm fairy tale familiar to young and old throughout the world4 ,the overture1 and two orchestral episodes1 are often performed outside the opera house4 ,the ,overture is made up of several melodies from the opera beginning with the so-called 8prayer melody10 a gentle song for horns and bassoons4 ,a rhythmic passage then describes the spell effected by the witch on the children4 ,after this comes the lovable third-act melody in which the children are awakened by the dewman4 ,the happy dance of the children from the close of the opera leads back to the opening prayer with which the overture comes to a gentle conclusion4 ,the ,dream ,pantomime comes in the second act and is an orchestral episode in which is described the descent of the fairies who provide a protective ring around the children1 alone and asleep in the deep forest4 ,the ,gingerbread ,waltz 7,knusperwalzer7 from ,act #c is the joyous music expressing the children's delight after they have succeeded in pushing the witch inside the oven and burning her to a crisp4 ,among ,humperdinck's many works for symphony orchestra one is occasionally performed by semi-classical or pop orchestras4 ,it is the ,moorish ,rhapsody 7#ahih7 written for the ,leeds ,festival in ,england4 ,the first movement1 8,tarifa--,elegy at ,sunrise0 reflects the sorrow of a shepherd over the decay of the ,moorish people4 8,tangiers--,a ,night in a ,moorish ,caf0 is a coffee-house scene highlighted by the sensual chant of a caf singer4 ,the suite concludes with 8,tetuan--,a ,rider in the ,desert10 depicting a desert ride with a view of ,paradise in the distance4 ,to carry into his music an ,oriental atmosphere1 ,humperdinck modeled some of his principal themes after actual ,moorish melodies1 such as the second theme of the first movement for ,english horn1 and the main melody for woodwind in the second movement4 ,jacques ,ibert ,jacques ,ibert was born in ,paris on ,august #ae1 #ahij4 ,he attended the ,paris ,conservatory between #aiaa and #aiai1 with a hiatus of several years during ,world ,war ,i when he served in the ,french ,navy4 ,in #aiai he won the ,prix de ,rome4 ,while residing in the ,italian capital he wrote a symphonic work with which he scored his first major success1 the suite ,escales1 introduced in ,paris in #aibd4 ,from #aicg to #aiee he was director of the ,academy of ,rome4 ,during this period he also served for a while as director of the combined management of the ,paris ,opra and ,opra-,comique4 ,ibert has written many works in virtually every form1 which have placed him in the front rank of contemporary ,french composers4 ,many of these compositions are in a neo-classical idiom4 ,occasionally1 however1 he has made a delightful excursion into satire4 ,it is with one of the latter works1 the ,divertissement for orchestra 7#aicj7 that he has entered the semi-classical repertory1 though to be sure this composition is also frequently given at symphony concerts4 ,the ,divertissement begins with a short ,introduction in which the prevailing mood of levity is first introduced4 ,then comes the 8,cortge40 ,a few introductory bars suggest two march themes1 the first in strings1 and the second in trumpet4 ,after that appears a loud quotation from ,mendelssohn's 8,wedding ,march0 from his ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream ,suite4 ,the 8,nocturne0 is a dreamy little melody which precedes a delightful 8,waltz0 and a breezy 8,parade40 ,the finale is in the style of an ,offenbach can-can1 with the piano interpolating some impudent dissonant harmonies4 ,michael ,ippolitov-,ivanov ,michael ,ippolitov-,ivanov was born in ,gatchina1 ,russia1 on ,november #ai1 #ahei4 ,he was graduated from the ,st4 ,petersburg ,conservatory in #ahhb where he was a pupil in composition of ,rimsky-,korsakov4 ,from #ahhb to #ahic he was associated with the ,tiflis ,music ,school1 first as teacher1 then as director4 ,in #ahic he was appointed professor of composition at the ,moscow ,conservatory on ,tchaikovsky's recommendation1 and from #aijf to #aibb he served as its director4 ,he also distinguished himself as a conductor of opera in ,moscow4 ,he died in that city on ,january #bh1 #aice4 ,ippolitov-,ivanov's best music profited from his intensive researches into ,caucasian folk music4 ,his principal works have assimilated many of the ,oriental melodic and rhythmic idioms of songs and dances from that region4 ,his most popular work of all is the ,caucasian ,sketches for orchestra1 op4 #aj 7#ahie74 ,the first movement1 8,in the ,mountain ,pass10 brings up the picture of a mountain scene4 ,horn calls are here used prominently4 8,in the ,village0 opens with a cadenza for ,english horn and proceeds to a beautiful melody for viola set against a persistent rhythm4 8,in the ,mosque0 dispenses with the strings while describing an impressive religious ceremony4 ,the suite ends with the stirring 8,march of the ,sirdar10 a 8sirdar0 being an ,oriental potentate4 ,ivanovici ,neither ,ivanovici's first name nor details of his life are known4 ,he was born in ,banat1 ,rumania1 in #ahdh1 distinguished himself as a bandleader in his native country1 and died in ,bucharest on ,april #a1 #aije4 ,for his band concerts he wrote many popular concert numbers4 ,one of these is the concert waltz1 ,the ,waves of the ,danube 7,donauwellen71 written in #ahhj1 and achieving from the first phenomenal popularity throughout ,europe4 ,the main waltz melody of this set of waltzes was expropriated by ,al ,dubin and ,dave ,franklin for the ,american popular song 8,the ,anniversary ,song10 7lyrics by ,saul ,chaplin71 which was effectively used in the motion picture ,the ,jolson ,story in #aidf1 sung on the sound track by ,jolson himself4 ,armas ,jrnefelt ,armas ,jrnefelt was born in ,viborg1 ,finland1 on ,august #ad1 #ahfi4 ,he studied music in ,helsingfors with ,ferruccio ,busoni and ,martin ,wegelius2 in ,berlin with ,a4 ,becker2 and in ,paris with ,massenet4 ,beginning with #ahih1 and for several years thereafter1 he conducted opera performances in ,viborg and ,helsingfors4 ,in #aijg he settled in ,sweden where three years later he became a citizen4 ,there he became court composer and the conductor of the ,royal ,opera4 ,after returning to ,helsingfors in #aicb1 he directed the ,opera for four years and the ,helsingfors ,municipal ,theater for one4 ,he also appeared as guest conductor of many important ,finnish orchestras1 distinguishing himself particularly in performances of music by ,jean ,sibelius 7his brother-in-law74 ,in #aidj1 ,jrnefelt received the official title of ,professor4 ,he died in ,stockholm in ,june #aieh4 ,jrnefelt wrote many works for orchestra1 including suites1 overtures1 and shorter works4 ,one of the last is ,berceuse for two clarinets1 one bassoon1 two horns1 violin solo and strings 7#aije71 a moody and sensitive piece of music4 ,the romantic main melody appears in solo violin after four introductory bars for muted strings4 ,his most popular composition is the ,praeludium for chamber orchestra4 ,it opens with a three-measure introduction for plucked strings4 ,this is followed by a brisk march subject for oboe which is soon discussed by other winds1 and after that by the violins over a drone bass4 ,a passage for solo violin leads to the return of the march melody4 ,dmitri ,kabalevsky ,dmitri ,kabalevsky was born in ,st4 ,petersburg on ,december #cj1 #aijd1 and received his musical training in ,moscow1 at the ,scriabin ,music ,school and the ,moscow ,conservatory4 ,he was graduated from the latter school in #aibi1 and in #aicb he was appointed instructor there4 ,his first success as composer came in #aica with his first symphony1 commemorating the fifteenth anniversary of the ,russian revolution2 this was followed in #aicd by his second symphony1 which enjoyed an even greater triumph both in and out of the ,soviet ,union4 ,in #aici ,kabalevsky was elected a member of the ,presidium of the ,organizing ,committee of the ,union of ,soviet ,composers2 in #aidj he was given the ,order of ,merit2 and in #aidf he received the ,stalin ,prize for the second string quartet4 ,he has also written operas1 concertos1 additional symphonies1 and piano music4 ,a composer who has always been partial to the more conventional means and techniques1 and has relied heavily on broad and stately melodies and subjective feelings1 ,kabalevsky has managed to produce several compositions that have wide appeal4 ,one is the sprightly ,colas ,breugnon ,overture4 ,colas ,breugnon was an opera adapted by ,v4 ,bragin from a novel by ,romain ,rolland2 it was first performed in ,leningrad on ,february #bb1 #aich4 ,the central character is a #afth-century craftsman--a jovial man who enjoys life and has a spicy sense of humor and a happy outlook on all things4 ,the overture is essentially a study of that man1 consistently gay and sprightly4 ,there are two main melodies1 both of them lively1 and both derived from ,burgundian folk songs4 ,another popular work by ,kabalevsky is ,the ,comedians1 op4 #bf 7#aich71 an orchestral suite made up of selections from the incidental music to a children's play1 ,the ,inventor and the ,comedians4 ,the play is about the varied and picaresque adventures of a group of wandering performers in various towns and at public fairs4 ,there are ten episodes in the suite1 each in a light1 infectious style that makes for such easy listening that this work is often given at children's concerts4 ,the ten sections are3 ,prologue1 ,galop1 ,march1 ,waltz1 ,pantomime1 ,intermezzo1 ,little ,lyrical ,scene1 ,gavotte1 ,scherzo1 and ,epilogue4 ,emmerich ,klmn ,emmerich ,klmn was born in ,sifok1 ,hungary1 on ,october #bd1 #ahhb4 ,he studied composition in ,budapest4 ,in #aijd one of his symphonic compositions was performed by the ,budapest ,philharmonic1 and in #aijg he received the ,imperial ,composition ,prize4 ,after settling in ,vienna he abandoned serious composition for light music4 ,from this time on he devoted himself to and distinguished himself in writing tuneful operettas4 ,his first success came in #aiji with ,ein ,herbstmanoever1 presented in ,new ,york as ,the ,gay ,hussars4 ,subsequent operettas made him one of ,europe's leading composers for the popular theaters4 ,the most famous are3 ,sari 7#aiab71 ,the ,gypsy ,princess 7#aiae71 ,countess ,maritza 7#aibd7 and ,the ,circus ,princess 7#aibf74 ,in #aich he left ,vienna1 and after a period in ,paris1 he came to the ,united ,states where he remained until #aidi4 ,he completed his last operetta1 ,the ,arizona ,lady1 a few days before his death in ,paris1 on ,october #cj1 #aiec2 it was presented posthumously in ,berne1 ,switzerland1 in #aied4 ,klmn's forte in writing music for operettas was in combining the charm1 ,gemuetlichkeit and sentiment of ,viennese music in general1 and the ,viennese waltz in particular1 with the hot blood and sensual moods of ,hungarian gypsy songs and dances4 ,the ,circus ,princess 7,die ,zirkusprinzessin7--first performed in ,vienna in #aibf1 and in ,new ,york in #aibg--was set in ,st4 ,petersburg and ,vienna during the period immediately preceding ,world ,war ,i4 ,when ,fedora rejects the love of ,prince ,sergius by insisting she would sooner marry a circus performer1 he seeks revenge by engaging a famous circus performer to pose as a member of nobility and woo and win ,fedora4 ,after their marriage1 ,fedora discovers the true identity of her husband1 and leaves him4 ,but she soon comes to the realization she is really in love with him and promises to come back if he in turn offers to give up his profession--a profession she now despises not from snobbery but because of fears for his safety4 ,two delightful waltz melodies--8,leise schwebt das ,glueck vorueber0 8,im ,boudoir der schoensten ,frau0--and an intriguing little melody that recurs throughout the operetta1 8,zwei maerchenaugen0 are the principal selections from this operetta4 ,countess ,maritza 7,die ,graefin ,mariza7 is ,klmn's most popular and successful operetta4 ,it was first produced in ,vienna in #aibd1 and in ,new ,york in #aibf4 ,the setting is ,hungary in #aibb4 ,an impoverished count1 ,tassilo1 finds employment on the estate of ,countess ,maritza under the assumed name of ,torok4 ,he falls in love with her1 but when she learns of his real background she feels he is a fortune hunter interested only in her wealth4 ,about to leave the employ of the countess and to bid her permanent farewell1 ,tassilo's fortune suddenly takes a turn for the better when his aunt1 a ,princess1 comes to inform him that ,tassilo is a wealthy man after all1 due to her manipulations of his tangled business affairs4 ,now convinced that he loves her for herself alone1 the ,countess ,maritza is only too happy to accept him as her husband4 ,this score contains some of ,klmn's finest and most beguiling music in a ,hungarian-gypsy style4 ,the most famous song is in this sensual1 heart-warming idiom3 8,play ,gypsies1 ,dance ,gypsies0 78,komm ,zigan1 ,komm ,zigan1 spiel mir was vor074 ,this number begins with a languorous1 romantic melody that soon lapses into a dynamic ,hungarian-gypsy dance4 ,austrian waltz-music in a more sentimental manner is found in three winning songs3 8,give ,my ,regards to the ,lovely ,ladies of ,fair ,vienna0 78,gruess mir die reizenden ,frauen im schoenen ,wien071 8,i ,would ,like to ,dance ,once ,more0 78,einmal moecht' ich wieder tanzen07 and 8,say1 ,yes60 78,sag ja1 mein ,lieb074 ,the ,gypsy ,princess 7,die ,csrdsfuerstin7 was first performed in ,vienna in #aiae1 and produced in ,new ,york in #aiag under the title of ,the ,riviera ,girl4 ,the heroine is ,sylvia ,varescu1 a performer in a ,budapest cabaret1 who is loved and pursued by ,prince ,edwin4 ,but the ,prince's father insists that he marry the ,countess ,stasi4 ,eventually the father's heart is softened and he becomes more tolerant towards having ,sylvia as a daughter-in-law when he is discreetly reminded that once he1 too1 had been in love with a cabaret singer4 ,the principal selections from his score include two soaring waltz melodies3 8,machen wir's den ,schwalben nach0 and 8,tausend kleine ,engel singen hab mich lieb40 ,the score also includes a dynamic ,czardas1 and a pleasing little tune in 8,ganz ohne ,weiber geht die ,chose nicht40 ,sari was introduced in ,new ,york in #aiad4 ,pali is a gypsy violinist who has grown old and is eclipsed at one of his own concerts by his son1 ,laczi4 ,pali throws his beloved ,stradivarius into the flames4 ,since both father and son have fallen in love with the same girl1 the older man also renounces her4 ,he wants ,laczi to have her as well as his musical success4 ,a bountiful score includes such delights as 8,love ,has ,wings10 8,love's ,own ,sweet ,song10 8,my ,faithful ,stradivari10 and 8,softly ,through the ,summer ,night40 ,kler-,bla ,klr-,bla was born ,albert von ,keler in ,bartfeld1 ,hungary1 on ,february #ac1 #ahbj4 ,he studied law and worked as a farmer before turning to music in his twenty-fifth year4 ,after studying in ,vienna with ,sechter and ,schlesinger he played the violin in the orchestra of the ,theater-an-der-,wien4 ,in #ahed he went to ,berlin where he became conductor of ,gungl's ,orchestra4 ,he was soon back in ,vienna to take over the direction of the famous ,joseph ,lanner ,orchestra4 ,from #ahef to #ahfc he conducted an army band1 and from #ahfc to #ahgc an orchestra in ,wiesbaden4 ,he died in that city on ,november #bj1 #ahhb4 ,kler-,bla wrote about one hundred and thirty compositions in the light ,viennese style of ,lanner and the two ,johann ,strausses4 ,his works include waltzes1 galops1 and marches1 a representative example of each being the waltz ,hoffnungssterne1 the ,hurrah-,sturm galop1 and the ,friedrich-,karl march4 ,his most popular work is the ,hungarian ,comedy ,overture 7,lustspiel ,ouverture74 ,it opens in a stately manner with forceful chords and a sustained melody in the woodwind4 ,but the comedy aspect of this overture is soon made evident with two lilting tunes for the woodwind1 separated by a dramatic episode for full orchestra4 ,these two tunes receive extended enlargement4 ,the overture ends with a succession of emphatic chords4 ,jerome ,kern ,jerome ,david ,kern was born in ,new ,york ,city on ,january #bg1 #ahhe4 ,he first studied the piano with his mother4 ,after being graduated from ,barringer ,high ,school in ,newark1 ,new ,jersey1 he attended the ,new ,york ,college of ,music where he was a pupil of ,alexander ,lambert1 ,albert von ,doenhoff1 ,paolo ,gallico and ,austen ,pearce4 ,he received his apprenticeship as composer for the popular theater in #aijc in ,london1 where with ,p4 ,g4 ,wodehouse as his lyricist he wrote a topical song1 8,mr4 ,chamberlain0 that became a hit4 ,after returning to the ,united ,states he worked in ,tin ,pan ,alley and immediately became a prolific contributor of songs to the musical stage4 ,in #aije his song 8,how'd ,you ,like to ,spoon ,with ,me80 was interpolated into ,the ,earl and the ,girl and became an outstanding success4 ,from that time on1 and up to the end of his life1 he wrote over a thousand songs for more than a hundred stage and screen productions1 thereby occupying an imperial position among ,american popular composers of his generation4 ,his most famous ,broadway musicals were3 ,the ,girl from ,utah 7#aiad71 ,very ,good1 ,eddie 7#aiae71 ,oh1 ,boy6 7#aiag71 ,leave it to ,jane 7#aiag71 ,sally 7#aibj71 ,sunny 7#aibe71 ,show ,boat 7#aibg71 ,the ,cat and the ,fiddle 7#aica71 ,music in the ,air 7#aicb71 and ,roberta 7#aicc74 ,his most significant motion pictures were ,swingtime with ,fred ,astaire and ,ginger ,rogers1 ,you ,were ,never ,lovelier and ,cover ,girl both with ,rita ,hayworth1 and ,centennial ,summer4 ,over a dozen of his songs sold more than two million copies of sheet music including 8,all the ,things ,you ,are10 8,they ,didn't ,believe ,me10 8,smoke ,gets ,in ,your ,eyes10 and 8,look for the ,silver ,lining40 ,two of his songs received the ,academy ,award3 8,the ,way ,you ,look ,tonight0 from ,swingtime and 8,the ,last ,time ,i ,saw ,paris0 interpolated into ,lady ,be ,good4 ,kern died in ,new ,york ,city on ,november #aa1 #aide4 ,kern wrote two compositions for symphony orchestra which have entered the semi-classical repertory even though they are also performed by major symphony orchestras4 ,these were his only ventures into the world of music outside the popular theater4 ,one was ,mark ,twain3 ,a ,portrait for ,orchestra which he wrote on a commission from ,andr ,kostelanetz1 who introduced it with the ,cincinnati ,symphony in #aidb4 ,this is a four movement suite inspired by the personality and life of ,kern's favorite author1 ,mark ,twain4 ,the first movement1 8,hannibal ,days10 describes a sleepy small town on a summer morning a century ago4 ,the cry 8,steamboat comin'60 pierces the silence4 ,the town suddenly awakens4 ,in the second movement1 8,gorgeous ,pilot ,house0 ,mark ,twain leaves home to become a pilot's assistant on the ,mississippi steamboat2 this period in ,mark ,twain's life1 which spans about nine years1 ends with the outbreak of the ,civil ,war4 ,in 8,wandering ,westward10 ,twain meets failure as a ,nevada prospector1 after which he finally turns to journalism4 ,the suite ends with 8,mark in ,eruption10 tracing ,twain's triumphant career as a writer4 ,kern's second and only other symphonic work is ,scenario in which he drew his basic melodic materials from his greatest and best loved musical production1 ,show ,boat4 ,kern prepared ,scenario at the behest of ,artur ,rodzinski1 conductor of the ,cleveland ,orchestra1 who felt that the music of ,show ,boat had sufficient artistic validity to justify its use in a major symphonic work4 ,rodzinski introduced ,scenario in ,cleveland with the ,cleveland ,orchestra in #aida1 and since that time it has been performed by most of the major ,american orchestras4 ,a discussion of ,show ,boat is essential before ,scenario can be commented upon4 ,the libretto and lyrics are by ,oscar ,hammerstein ,,ii1 based on the famous novel by ,edna ,ferber4 ,show ,boat1 in a lavish ,florenz ,ziegfeld production1 was introduced in ,new ,york in #aibg and was an instantaneous box-office and artistic triumph4 ,it has1 to be sure1 become a classic of the ,american stage1 continually revived in all parts of the country1 three times adapted for motion pictures1 and has been given by an ,american opera company in its regular repertory4 ,it proved a revolution in the ,american musical theater by avoiding the usual stilted routines and patterns of musical comedy--chorus girls1 production numbers1 synthetic humor1 set dances and so forth--and arriving at an integrated musical play filled with authentic characterizations1 backgrounds1 atmosphere and dramatic truth4 ,the story opens and closes on ,cotton ,blossom1 a show boat traveling along the ,mississippi to give performances at stops along the river4 ,the principal love action involves ,magnolia1 daughter of ,cap'n ,andy 7owner of the boat7 and the gambler1 ,gaylord ,ravenal4 ,they run off and get married1 but their happiness is short-lived4 ,magnolia1 though pregnant1 leaves her irresponsible husband4 ,after the birth of ,magnolia's daughter1 ,kim1 the mother earns her living singing show boat songs in ,chicago where she is found by her father and brought back to ,cotton ,blossom4 ,eventually1 ,magnolia and ,ravenal are reconciled1 and their daughter ,kim becomes the new star of the show boat4 ,the most famous songs from this incomparable ,kern score are3 8,only ,make ,believe0 and 8,why ,do ,i ,love ,you801 both of them love duets of ,magnolia and ,ravenal2 two poignant laments sung by the half-caste ,julie1 a role in which ,helen ,morgan first attained stardom as a torch-song performer1 8,can't ,help ,lovin' ,that ,man0 and 8,bill0 7the latter with lyrics by ,p4 ,g4 ,wodehouse72 and a hymn to the ,mississippi which has acquired virtually the status of an ,american folk song1 8,ol' ,man ,river40 ,scenario makes extended use of these songs in an integrated piece of music4 ,it opens with a sensitive passage for muted strings and continues with a theme for horn2 both subjects are intended to portray the ,mississippi ,river and are the motto subjects of the entire work4 ,the main melody of this tone poem is 8,ol' ,man ,river10 first given softly by violas and bass clarinet4 ,other major songs of the musical play follow1 among them being 8,only ,make ,believe0 and 8,why ,do ,i ,love ,you801 after which 8,ol' ,man ,river0 is heard for the last time4 ,many of ,kern's more than a thousand popular songs are now classics in the popular repertory4 ,they are so fresh and spontaneous in their lyricism1 so inventive in the harmonic background1 so filled with charm and grace that their survival seems assured4 ,two symphonic compositions by ,robert ,russell ,bennett are constructed from one or more of ,kern's best known songs4 ,one is ,symphonic ,study1 a tone poem introduced in #aidf by the ,,nbc ,symphony under ,frank ,black4 ,this work presents several ,kern songs in correct chronological sequence beginning with 8,they ,didn't ,believe ,me40 ,after that come 8,babes in the ,wood10 8,the ,siren's ,song10 8,left ,all ,alone ,again ,blues10 8,who801 8,ol' ,man ,river10 8,smoke ,gets ,in ,your ,eyes10 and 8,all the ,things ,you ,are40 ,the second of ,bennett's symphonic compositions is the ,variations on a ,theme by ,jerome ,kern1 written in #aicd and soon after that introduced in ,new ,york by a chamber orchestra conducted by ,bernard ,herrmann4 ,the theme here used for an effective series of variations is 8,once in a ,blue ,moon0 from the ,broadway musical ,stepping ,stones4 ,albert ,ketelby ,albert ,william ,ketelby was born in ,birmingham1 ,england1 in or about #ahhe4 ,precocious in music he completed a piano sonata when he was only eleven4 ,for six years he attended the ,trinity ,college of ,music in ,london where he captured every possible prize4 ,when he was sixteen he became a church organist in ,wimbledon1 and at twenty-one he conducted a theater orchestra in ,london4 ,he later distinguished himself as a conductor of some of ,london's most important theater orchestras1 besides appearing as a guest conductor of many of ,europe's major symphonic organizations1 usually in performances of his own works4 ,for many years he was also the music director of the ,columbia ,gramophone ,company in ,england4 ,he died at his home on the ,isle of ,wight on ,november #bf1 #aiei4 ,a facile composer with a fine sense for atmospheric colors and for varied moods1 ,ketelby produced a few serious compositions among which were a ,caprice and a ,concerstueck 7each for piano and orchestra71 an overture and ,suite de ,ballet 7both for orchestra7 and a quintet for piano and woodwind4 ,he is1 however1 most famous for his lighter compositions1 two of which are known and heard the world over4 ,in a ,monastery ,garden opens with a gentle subject describing a lovely garden populated by chirping birds4 ,after that comes a religious melody--a chant of monks in a modal style4 ,in a ,persian ,garden is effective for its skilful recreation of an exotic background through ,oriental-type melodies1 harmonies1 and brilliant orchestral colors4 ,ketelby wrote several other compositions in an ,oriental style1 the best of which is ,in a ,chinese ,temple ,garden4 ,aram ,khatchaturian ,aram ,khatchaturian was born in ,tiflis1 ,russia1 on ,june #f1 #aijc4 ,he was of ,armenian extraction4 ,he came to ,moscow in #aibj1 and enrolled in the ,gniessen ,school of ,music4 ,from #aibi to #aicd he attended the ,moscow ,conservatory4 ,he first achieved recognition as a composer in #aice with his first ,symphony1 and in #aicg he scored a major success throughout the music world with his first piano concerto1 still a favorite in the modern concert repertory4 ,as one of the leading composers in the ,soviet ,union he has been the recipient of numerous honors1 including the ,order of ,lenin in #aici1 and the ,stalin ,prize in #aidj and #aidb4 ,in #aied he visited ,london where he led a concert of his own music1 and early in #aifj he toured ,latin ,america4 ,khatchaturian's music owes a strong debt to the folk songs and dances of ,armenia and ,transcaucasia4 ,it is endowed with a sensitive and at times exotic lyricism1 a compulsive rhythmic strength1 and a strong feeling for the dramatic4 ,the most popular single piece of music by ,khatchaturian comes from his ballet1 ,gayne 7or ,gayaneh71 first performed in ,moscow on ,december #i1 #aidb1 and the recipient of the ,stalin ,prize4 ,the heroine of this ballet is a member of a collective farm where her husband1 ,giko1 proves a traitor4 ,he tries to set the farm afire4 ,the farm is saved by a ,red ,commander who falls in love with ,gayne after ,giko has been arrested4 ,khatchaturian assembled thirteen numbers from his ballet score into two suites for orchestra4 ,it is one of these pieces that has achieved widespread circulation3 the 8,saber ,dance10 a composition whose impact comes from its abrupt barbaric rhythms and vivid sonorities2 midway1 relief from these rhythmic tensions comes from a broad folk song in violas and cellos4 8,saber ,dance0 has become popular in numerous transcriptions1 including an electrifying one for solo piano4 ,in #aidh ,vic ,schoen made a fox-trot arrangement that was frequently played in the ,united ,states4 ,two other excerpts from these ,gayne suites are also familiar4 8,dance of the ,rose ,girls0 presents a delightful ,oriental melody in oboe and clarinet against a pronounced rhythm4 8,lullaby0 has a gentle swaying motion in solo oboe against a decisive rhythm in harp and bassoon2 flutes take up this subject1 after which the melody grows and expands in full orchestra1 and then subsides4 ,masquerade is another of ,khatchaturian's orchestral suites1 this one derived from his incidental music to a play by ,mikhail ,lermontov produced in #aici4 ,each of the five numbers of this suite is appealing either for sensitive and easily assimilable melodies or for rhythmic vitality4 ,gentle lyricism1 of an almost folk-song identity1 characterizes the second and third movements1 a 8,nocturne0 and 8,romance40 ,the first and the last two movements are essentially rhythmic3 8,waltz10 8,mazurka10 and 8,polka40 ,george ,kleinsinger ,george ,kleinsinger was born in ,san ,bernardino1 ,california1 on ,february #ac1 #aiad1 and came to ,new ,york ,city in his sixth year4 ,he was trained for dentistry1 and only after he had left dental school did he concentrate on music4 ,his first intensive period of music study took place with ,philip ,james and ,marion ,bauer at ,new ,york ,university where he wrote an excellent cantata1 ,i ,hear ,america ,singing1 performed publicly and on records by ,john ,charles ,thomas4 ,kleinsinger then attended the ,juilliard ,graduate ,school on a composition fellowship4 ,in #aidf he scored a major success with ,tubby the ,tuba4 ,he later wrote several other works with humorous or satiric content1 often filled with unusual instrumental effects4 ,among these are his ,brooklyn ,baseball ,cantata2 a concerto for harmonica and orchestra2 and the musical1 ,archy and ,mehitabel 7,shinbone ,alley71 which was produced for records1 on ,broadway and over television4 ,in a more serious vein are a symphony and several concertos4 ,tubby the ,tuba1 for narrator and orchestra 7#aidb7 belongs in the class of ,prokofiev's ,peter and the ,wolf4 ,it serves to familiarize children with the instruments of the orchestra1 but because of its wit and simple melodies it also makes for wonderful entertainment4 ,it tells the story of a frustrated tuba who complains that he must always play uninteresting 8oompahs oompahs0 while the violins are always assigned the most beautiful tunes4 ,in the end ,tubby happily gets a wonderful melody of his own to enjoy and play4 ,all the characters in this tale are instruments of the orchestra4 ,in #aidf a recording of ,tubby the ,tuba sold over a quarter of a million albums4 ,paramount made a movie of it1 and major orchestras throughout the country presented it both at children's concerts and in its regularly symphonic repertory4 ,fritz ,kreisler ,fritz ,kreisler1 one of the greatest violin virtuosos of his generation1 was born in ,vienna1 ,austria1 on ,february #b1 #ahge4 ,he was a child prodigy at the violin4 ,from #ahhb to #ahhe he attended the ,vienna ,conservatory1 a pupil of ,leopold ,auer1 winning the gold medal for violin playing4 ,in #ahhg1 as a pupil of ,massart at the ,paris ,conservatory1 he was recipient of the ,grand ,prix4 ,in #ahhh1 he toured the ,united ,states in joint concerts with the pianist1 ,moriz ,rosenthal1 making his ,american debut in ,boston on ,november #i4 ,upon returning to ,vienna1 he suddenly decided to abandon music4 ,for a while he studied medicine at the ,vienna ,academy4 ,after that he entered military service as an officer in a ,uhlan ,regiment4 ,the decision to return to the violin led to a new period of intensive training from which he emerged in ,march #ahii with a recital in ,berlin4 ,from #aija on until his retirement during ,world ,war ,,ii he occupied a magistral place among the concert artists of his time4 ,as a composer1 ,kreisler produced a violin concerto and a string quartet4 ,but his fame rests securely on an entire library of pieces for the violin now basic to that repertory and which are equally well loved in transcriptions for orchestra4 ,the curious thing about many of these compositions is that for many years ,kreisler presented them as the genuine works of the old masters1 works which he said he had discovered in ,european libraries and monasteries1 and which he had merely adapted for the violin4 ,he had recourse to this deception early in #aijj as the expedient by which a still young and unknown violinist could get his own music played more frequently1 besides extending for his own concerts the more or less limited territory of the existing violin repertory4 ,his deception proved much more successful than he had dared to hope4 ,violinists everywhere asked him for copies of these pieces for their own concerts4 ,publishers in ,germany and ,new ,york sold these 8transcriptions0 by the thousands4 ,as the years passed it became increasingly difficult for ,kreisler to confess to the world that he had all the while been palming off a colossal fraud4 ,then1 in #aice1 ,olin ,downes1 the music critic of the ,new ,york ,times1 tried to trace the source of one of these compositions--,pugnani's ,praeludium and ,allegro--now a worldwide favorite with violinists4 ,downes first communicated with ,kreisler's ,new ,york publishers who were suspiciously evasive4 ,after that ,downes cabled ,kreisler1 then in ,europe4 ,it was only then that the violinist revealed that this piece was entirely his1 and so were many others which he had been presenting so long as the music of ,vivaldi1 ,martini1 ,couperin1 and ,francoeur among others4 ,it was to be expected that musicians and critics should meet such a confession with anger and denunciation4 8,we wish to apply the term discreditable to the whole transaction from start to finish10 one ,american music journal said editorially4 ,in ,england1 ,ernest ,newman was also devastating in his attack4 8,it is as though ,mr4 ,yeats published poems under the name of ,herrick or ,spenser10 he said4 ,yet1 in retrospect1 it is possible to suggest that musicians and critics should not have been taken altogether by surprise4 ,for one thing1 as ,kreisler pointed out1 numerous progressions and passages in all of these compositions were in a style of a period much later than that of the accredited composers1 a fact that should have inspired at least a certain amount of suspicion4 ,also1 when ,kreisler presented his own ,liebesfreud1 ,liebesleid1 and ,schoen ,rosmarin as transcriptions of posthumous pieces by ,joseph ,lanner in a ,berlin recital1 and was vigorously assailed by a ,berlin critic for daring to include such gems with 8tripe0 like ,kreisler's own ,caprice ,viennois1 ,kreisler replied with a widely published statement that those pieces of ,lanner were of his own composition4 ,the reasonable question should then have arisen that if the three supposedly ,lanner items were by ,kreisler1 how authentic were the other pieces of old masters played by the virtuoso8 ,besides all this1 ,kreisler himself provided a strong clue to the correct authorship in the frontispiece of his published transcriptions4 ,it read3 8,the original manuscripts used for these transcriptions are the private property of ,mr4 ,fritz ,kreisler and are now published for the first time2 they are1 moreover1 so freely treated that they constitute1 in fact1 original works40 ,the furor and commotion caused by the uncovering of this fraud has long since died down4 ,it has had no visible effect on ,kreisler's immense popularity either as a violinist or composer4 ,since then1 all this music has been published and performed as ,kreisler's without losing any of its worldwide appeal4 ,among the compositions by ,kreisler which he originally ascribed to other masters in imitation of their styles were3 ,andantino 7,martini72 ,aubade provenale 7,couperin72 ,chanson ,louis ,,xiii et ,pavane 7,couperin72 ,minuet 7,porpora72 ,praeludium and ,allegro 7,pugnani72 ,la ,prcieuse 7,couperin72 ,scherzo 7,dittersdorf71 ,sicilienne et ,rigaudon 7,francoeur72 ,tempo di minuetto 7,pugnani74 ,perhaps the best loved pieces by ,kreisler are those in the style of ,viennese folk songs and dances in which are caught all the grace and ,gemuetlichkeit of ,viennese life and backgrounds4 ,some he originally tried to pass off as the works of other composers1 as was the case with the already-mentioned ,liebesfreud1 ,liebesleid1 and ,schoen ,rosmarin1 attributed to ,lanner4 ,some were outright transcriptions4 ,the ,old ,refrain is an adaptation of a song 8,du alter ,stefanturm0 by ,joseph ,brandl taken from his operetta1 ,der liebe ,augustin1 produced in ,vienna in #ahhg4 ,still others were always offered as ,kreisler's own compositions and are completely original with him3 ,caprice ,viennois1 for example1 and the ,marche miniature viennoise4 ,among other original ,kreisler compositions which he always presented as his own are the following3 ,la ,gitana1 which simulates an ,arabian-,spanish song2 ,polichinelle1 a serenade2 ,rondino1 based on a theme of ,beethoven2 ,shepherd's ,madrigal2 ,slavonic ,fantasia1 based on melodies of ,dvok2 ,tambourin ,chinois2 and ,toy ,soldiers' ,march4 douard ,lalo douard ,lalo was born in ,lille1 ,france1 on ,january #bg1 #ahbc4 ,after receiving his musical training at ,conservatories in ,lille and ,paris1 he became a member of the ,armingaud-,jacquard ,quartet1 a renowned ,french chamber-music ensemble4 ,in #ahdh-ahdi he published some songs2 in #ahfg he received third prize in a national contest for his opera1 ,fiesque2 and in #ahgb he was acclaimed for his ,divertimento1 for orchestra1 introduced in ,paris4 ,two major works written for the noted ,spanish violinist1 ,pablo de ,sarasate1 added considerably to his reputation3 a violin concerto in #ahgb1 and the celebrated ,symphonic espagnole1 for violin and orchestra1 two years after that4 ,one of his last major works was the opera1 ,le ,roi d',ys1 introduced at the ,opra-,comique in ,paris on ,may #g1 #ahhh4 ,in that same year he was made ,officer of the ,legion of ,honor and sometime later he received the ,prix ,monbinne from the ,acadmie des ,beaux-,arts4 ,in the last years of his life he was a victim of paralysis4 ,he died in ,paris on ,april #bb1 #ahib4 ,a composer of the highest principles and aristocratic style1 ,lalo is essentially a composer for cultivated tastes4 ,one of his works1 however1 makes for easy listening4 ,it is the ,norwegian ,rhapsody 7,rapsodie norvgienne71 for orchestra 7#ahge74 ,there are two sections4 ,the first begins slowly and sedately1 its main melody appearing in the strings4 ,here the tempo soon quickens and a sprightly passage ensues4 ,the second part of the rhapsody1 ushered in by a stout theme for trumpets1 is vigorous music throughout4 ,josef ,lanner ,josef ,lanner1 the first of the great waltz kings of ,vienna1 was born in the ,austrian capital on ,april #ab1 #ahja4 ,when he was twelve he played the violin in the band of ,michael ,pamer1 a popular ,viennese composer of that day4 ,in #ahah ,lanner formed a trio which played in smaller cafs and at the ,prater4 ,in #ahai the trio grew into a quartet with the addition of the older ,johann ,strauss 7father of the composer of ,the ,blue ,danube71 then only fifteen years old4 ,soon afterwards1 the quartet was expanded into a quintet4 ,by #ahbd1 ,lanner's ensemble was a full-sized orchestra popular throughout ,vienna1 heard in such famous caf houses as the ,goldenen ,rebbuhn1 and the ,gruenen ,jager1 as well as at leading balls and other gala social events in ,vienna4 ,the call for ,lanner's music was so insistent that to meet the demand it soon became necessary to create two orchestras2 one led by ,lanner1 and the other by the elder ,strauss4 ,lanner remained an idol of ,vienna until his death1 which took place in ,oberdoebling1 near ,vienna1 on ,april #ad1 #ahdc4 ,for his various ensembles and orchestras ,lanner produced a wealth of popular ,viennese music3 quadrilles1 polkas1 galops1 marches1 and more than a hundred waltzes4 ,it is in the last department that ,lanner was most important1 for he was one of the first composers to carry the waltz to its artistic fulfillment4 ,with composers from ,mozart to ,schubert1 the waltz was only a three-part song form with a trio4 ,johann ,hummel and ,karl ,maria von ,weber suggested a more spacious design by assembling several different waltz tunes into a single integrated composition4 ,lanner extended this form further4 ,he prefaced each series of waltzes with an introduction in which the theme of the main melody was often suggested2 after the waltz melodies had been presented1 ,lanner brought his composition to completion with a coda which served as a kind of summation of some of the ideas previously stated4 ,between the introduction and the coda came the succession of lilting1 lovable1 heart-warming waltz-melodies so remarkable for their grace1 elegance1 freshness and poignancy that ,lanner has sometimes been described as 8the ,mozart of the dance40 ,nevertheless1 ,lanner always emphasized soaring lyricism where the elder ,strauss was more partial to rhythm4 ,the ,viennese used to say3 8,with ,lanner1 it's #8,pray dance1 ,i beg you4' ,with ,strauss it's #8,you must dance1 ,i command you6'0 ,the form which ,lanner finally crystallized1 and the style with which his waltz music unfolded1 were adopted by the two ,johann ,strausses1 father and son1 who were destined to bring this type of ,viennese music to its ultimate development4 ,thus ,lanner was the opening chapter of a musical epoch4 ,he was the dawn of ,vienna's golden age of waltz music4 ,lanner's most famous waltz is ,die ,schoenbrunner1 op4 #bjj1 his swan song4 ,other outstanding ,lanner waltzes are3 ,die ,pesther1 op4 #ic1 ,die ,werber1 op4 #ajc1 ,hofballtaenze1 op4 #afa1 ,die ,romantiker1 op4 #afg1 and ,abendsterne1 op4 #ahj4 8,with ,lanner10 wrote ,h4 ,e4 ,jacob1 8the romantic epoch began for the waltz1 and the flower-gardens and green leaves of ,spring penetrated into the ballroom4 ,lanner's compositions are unsophisticated and unpretentious1 but his waltzes could no more be commonplace than could a flower40 ,charles ,lecocq ,charles ,lecocq was born in ,paris on ,june #c1 #ahcb4 ,for four years he attended the ,paris ,conservatory where1 as a pupil of ,bazin and ,halvy1 he received prizes in harmony and fugue4 ,for a while he earned his living teaching the piano and writing church music4 ,in #aheg he shared with ,bizet the first prize in a competition for one-act operettas sponsored by ,offenbach4 ,this winning work1 ,le ,docteur miracle1 was successfully introduced in ,paris that year4 ,after that ,lecocq wrote several light operas which were failures1 before he enjoyed a major success with ,fleur de th in #ahfh1 first in ,paris and subsequently in ,england and ,germany4 ,his greatest successes came with two crowning works in the ,french light-opera repertory3 ,la ,fille de ,mme4 ,angot in #ahgb1 and ,girofl-,girofla1 in #ahgd4 ,between #ahgd and #aijj he wrote over thirty more operettas4 ,he died in ,paris on ,october #bd1 #aiah after enjoying for almost half a century a place of signal honor among ,france's composers for the popular theater4 ,lecocq is remembered today mainly for ,la ,fille de ,mme4 ,angot and ,girofl-,girofla4 ,the first of these was introduced in ,brussels on ,december #d1 #ahgb4 ,in ,paris1 where it was given on ,february #bc1 #ahgc1 it enjoyed the formidable run of more than five hundred consecutive performances4 ,the book--by ,siraudin1 ,clairville and ,koning--was set in ,paris during the ,french ,revolution4 ,clairette1 daughter of ,mme4 ,angot1 must marry the barber ,pomponnet even though she loves the poet1 ,pitou4 ,to avoid an undesirable marriage1 even at the risk of arrest1 ,clairette sings a daring song by ,pitou about an illicit affair between ,mlle4 ,lange 7reputed a favorite of ,barras1 head of the ,directory7 and a young lover4 ,when ,pitou proves fickle1 and is discovered in the boudoir of ,mlle4 ,lange1 ,clairette stands ready to forget him completely and to take ,pomponnet as her husband4 ,the sprightly overture1 filled with vivacious tunes and dramatized by energetic rhythms1 is a favorite of semi-classical orchestras4 ,so are several dances from the operetta1 including an electrifying ,can-,can1 and a sweeping ,grand ,valse with which the second act comes to an exciting close4 ,the main vocal excerpts are ,pomponnet's passionate avowal of ,clairette's innocence1 8,elle est tellement innocente0 and the duet of ,mlle4 ,lange and ,clairette1 8,jours fortuns de notre enfance0 both from ,act #b4 ,girofl-,girofla--book by ,vanloo and ,leterrier--was introduced in ,brussels on ,march #ba1 #ahgd4 ,girofl and ,girofla are twin sisters4 ,girofl is pressured by her parents to marry the banker1 ,marasquin2 ,girofla is in love with an impoverished fire-eating ,moor1 ,mourzouk4 ,when ,girofla is secretly abducted by pirates1 the ,moor comes to her home demanding to see her1 only to mistake ,girofl for ,girofla4 ,the complicated situation ensuing becomes resolved only after ,girofla is rescued and brought back home4 ,the most frequently heard excerpts from this gay score are the ,pirates' ,chorus1 8,parmi les choses02 the rousing drinking song1 8,le ,punche scintille02 the ballad1 8,lorsque la journe est finie02 and the love duet1 8,o ,ciel60 ,ernesto ,lecuona ,ernesto ,lecuona was born in ,havana1 ,cuba1 on ,august #g1 #ahif4 ,as a boy of eleven he published his first piece of music--an ,american two step still popular with some ,cuban bands4 ,while attending the ,national ,conservatory in ,cuba1 from which he was graduated in #aiaa with a gold medal in piano playing1 he earned his living as a pianist in cafs and movie theaters4 ,in #aiag he paid the first of several visits to the ,united ,states1 at that time making some records and giving a piano recital4 ,he then made concert tours throughout ,america and ,europe playing the piano and conducting semi-classical and popular orchestras4 ,his performances were largely responsible for popularizing in ,america both the conga and the rumba in the #aibj's4 ,he also made some successful appearances at the ,capitol ,theater1 in ,new ,york1 where he introduced his own music1 including such outstanding successes as ,malaguea1 ,andaluca1 and ,siboney 7the last originally entitled ,canto ,siboney1 which became an ,american popular-song hit in #aibi74 ,these and similar pieces made ,lecuona one of the most successful exponents of ,latin-,american melodies and dance rhythms in the ,united ,states4 ,lecuona has written over five hundred songs1 forty operettas1 and numerous compositions both for orchestra and for piano solo4 ,from a piano suite entitled ,andaluca come two of ,lecuona's best known instrumental compositions4 ,the first is also called ,andaluca1 a haunting ,south ,american melody set against a compulsive rhythm4 ,it was made into an ,american popular song in #aiee4 ,another movement from ,andaluca is even more familiar3 the ,malaguea4 ,since its publication as a piano solo in #aibi1 ,malaguea has sold annually over a hundred thousand copies of sheet music each year2 it has become a favorite of concert pianists2 it is also often performed by salon and pop orchestras everywhere in orchestral transcriptions2 and it has been adapted into a popular song1 8,at the ,crossroads40 ,it is in three sections1 the first being in the malaguea rhythm dynamically projected in slowing expanding sonorities2 a contrast comes in the middle part with a poignant ,latin-,american melody4 ,andaluca1 the single movement and not the suite as a whole1 has been given a brilliant orchestral dress by ,morton ,gould who has also orchestrated two outstandingly popular ,lecuona songs4 ,one is 8,la ,comparasa10 a picture of a traditional parade during the ,carnival season in which ,negroes and muleteers play their native instruments and sing their sensual songs4 ,the other is 8,gitanerias10 haunting gypsy music4 ,franz ,lehr ,franz ,lehr was born in ,komorn1 ,hungary1 on ,april #cj1 #ahgj4 ,his father1 a bandmaster1 was his first music teacher4 ,when ,franz was twelve1 he entered the ,prague ,conservatory where he remained six years specializing in the violin with ,bennewitz and theory with ,foerster4 ,his studies were completed in #ahhh1 after which he played the violin in the orchestra of the ,eberfeld ,opera4 ,he subsequently became an assistant bandleader of his father's ensemble and a director of ,austria's foremost ,marine bands4 ,in #ahif he realized his first success as a composer of operettas with ,kukuschka1 produced in ,leipzig4 ,in #aijb he became conductor of the ,theater-an-der-,wien1 in ,vienna1 home of operettas4 ,there1 in the same year1 he had produced ,viennese ,women 7,wiener ,frauen74 ,the operetta after that was ,the ,gypsy 7,der ,rastelbinder71 seen in #aijb in one of ,vienna's other theaters4 ,with ,the ,merry ,widow 7,die lustige ,witwe71 seen in #aije1 ,lehr achieved a triumph of such magnitude that from then on he was one of ,austria's most celebrated operetta composers 7and one of the wealthiest7 since ,johann ,strauss ,,ii4 ,he wrote about thirty more operettas 7three of them in the single year of #aiji-aiaj74 ,the most famous were ,the ,count of ,luxembourg 7,der ,graf von ,luxemburg7 in #aiji2 ,gypsy ,love 7,zigeunerliebe7 in #aiaj2 ,frasquita in #aibb2 ,paganini in #aibe2 ,the ,tsarevitch 7,der ,zarewitsch7 in #aibg2 and ,the ,land of ,smiles 7,das ,land des ,laechelns7 in #aibi4 ,during ,world ,war ,,ii ,lehr lived in seclusion at his villa in ,bad ,ischl1 ,austria4 ,after the war he became embittered by the widely publicized accusation that he had been pro ,nazi1 arising no doubt from the well-known fact that ,the ,merry ,widow was ,hitler's favorite operetta4 ,what was forgotten in this attack against ,lehr was the fact that his wife had been classified by ,nazis as non-,aryan and that on one occasion both and he and his wife were subjected by the ,gestapo to house arrest4 ,lehr died in ,bad ,ischl1 ,austria1 on ,october #bd1 #aidh4 ,he is one of the few composers to outlive the copyrights of some of his most famous works4 ,lehr's popularity in the early part of this century gave the ,viennese operetta a new lease on life at a time when its heyday was believed over4 ,it was through the influence of ,lehr's immense popularity and success that composers like ,oscar ,straus1 ,emmerich ,klmn1 and ,leo ,fall began writing their own operettas4 ,lehr's best stage works have been described as 8dance operettas0 because of the emphasis placed on dance music1 the waltz specifically4 ,the dance usually becomes the climax1 the focal point1 of the production4 ,stan ,czech further points out that ,lehr's waltzes are 8slower and sweeter than those of ,johann ,strauss1 were definite prototypes of the modern slow waltz1 and their ,slav atmosphere gave them an exciting and individual character40 ,the ,count of ,luxembourg 7,der ,graf von ,luxemburg7--text by ,willner and ,robert ,bodanzky--was first given in ,vienna on ,november #ab1 #aiji4 ,this operetta opens in an artist's studio in ,paris where ,ren1 the impoverished ,count of ,luxembourg1 is offered five hundred thousand francs by ,prince ,basil if ,ren is willing to marry the singer ,angele and let her share his title4 ,the reason for this peculiar arrangement is that the ,prince is himself in love with ,angele1 wants to marry her1 but prefers that his wife have a title4 ,after they get married1 ,ren and ,angele discover they are in love with each other1 a fact which eventually the ,prince is willing to accept since he is ordered by the ,czar to marry a legitimate ,countess4 ,as in most ,lehr's operettas1 the high musical moment comes with a waltz--the infectious duet of ,ren and ,angele1 8,bist du's1 lachendes ,glueck10 which is also extremely popular in orchestral adaptations4 ,other appealing numbers are the second act duet1 8,lieber ,freund1 man greift nicht0 and the tenor aria1 8,maedel klein1 ,maedel fein40 ,frasquita1 produced in ,vienna on ,may #ab1 #aibb1 is remembered most often for one of ,lehr's most beautiful vocal numbers1 the nostalgic and romantic ,frasquita ,serenade1 8,hab ein blaues ,himmelbett40 ,fritz ,kreisler made a fine transcription for violin and piano1 and ,sigmund ,spaeth provided the melody with ,american lyrics4 ,gypsy ,love 7,zigeunerliebe71 had its world premire in ,vienna on ,january #h1 #aiaj4 ,the librettists 7,willner and ,bodanzky7 provided a romantic storybook setting of ,rumania1 and a romantic central character in the form of the gypsy violinist1 ,jozsi4 ,zorika is ineluctably drawn to ,jozsi though she is actually betrothed to his half-brother1 ,jonel4 ,in a dream1 she gets a foretaste of what her life would be with one so irresponsible and fickle as a gypsy violinist1 with the result that she is more than happy to marry ,jonel4 ,the main waltz melody 7one of ,lehr's greatest7 is 8,nur der ,liebe macht uns jung0 and the most infectious ,hungarian tune is ,jozsi's soaring entrance gypsy melody to the accompaniment of his violin1 8,ich bin ein ,zigeunerkind40 ,from ,the ,land of ,smiles 7,das ,land des ,laechelns7 comes what is probably the best loved and most widely sung of all of ,lehr's vocal numbers1 8,dein ist mein ganzes ,herz0 78,thine ,is ,my ,heart ,alone07 which opened not in ,vienna but in ,berlin1 on ,october #aj1 #aibi4 ,this was actually a new version of an old ,lehr operetta1 originally called ,the ,yellow ,jacket 7,die gelbe ,jacke7 which had been introduced in ,vienna in #aibc4 ,the romantic plot of both operettas involved a ,chinese diplomat1 ,prince ,sou-,chong1 and ,lisa1 daughter of an ,austrian ,count4 ,they marry and settle in ,peking in whose strange setting1 ,lisa's love for the ,prince soon turns to hate4 ,with great magnanimity--even though this is in violation of ancient ,chinese traditions and customs--he allows ,lisa to leave him and return home4 ,in ,the ,yellow ,jacket1 8,thine ,is ,my ,heart ,alone0 is sung by ,lisa1 and at that time this number made little impression4 ,the famous tenor1 ,richard ,tauber1 fell in love with it1 and performed it so extensively in his recitals everywhere that he and the song became inextricably identified4 ,when ,lehr revised his operetta and renamed it ,the ,land of ,smiles1 he cast the song 8,thine ,is ,my ,heart ,alone0 as a major second-act aria for ,prince ,sou-,chong1 ,richard ,tauber playing the part of the ,prince4 ,the ,land of ,smiles was a personal triumph for ,tauber who appeared in it over #b1ejj times all over the world4 8,thine ,is ,my ,heart ,alone0 became with him something of a theme song4 ,he rarely gave a concert anywhere without singing it either on the program itself or as an encore4 ,when ,the ,land of ,smiles was given in ,new ,york ,city in #aidf1 with ,tauber as the star1 the operetta was renamed ,yours ,is ,my ,heart2 in this production ,tauber sang the song four times in four different languages1 ,french1 ,italian1 ,german1 and ,english4 ,there can be little question but that ,the ,merry ,widow 7,die lustige ,witwe7 is one of the most famous operettas ever written4 ,it was a sensation when first performed1 in ,vienna on ,december #bh1 #aije4 ,it came both to ,london and ,new ,york in #aijg1 a major success in both places4 ,in ,buenos ,aires it was performed simultaneously in five theaters in five different languages4 ,since #aijg there was hardly a time when ,the ,merry ,widow was not being performed in some part of the world4 ,it has enjoyed in excess of six thousand performances1 a thousand of these in ,vienna alone4 ,on several occasions it has been adapted for the screen4 ,victor ,lon and ,leo ,stein wrote the text4 ,this is the usual operetta material involving a beautiful heiress from a mythical kingdom4 ,she is ,sonia from ,marsovia1 who is leading a gay life in ,paris4 ,beautiful and wealthy1 she is inevitably sought out by the most handsome men of ,paris4 ,the government of ,marsovia is eager to get her to marry one of its native sons1 the dashing ,prince ,danilo1 thereby keeping her fortune at home4 ,as she conducts her vivacious night life she is zealously watched over by the ,marsovian ,ambassador1 ,baron ,popoff1 who never loses an opportunity to further the interests of ,danilo4 ,eventually1 ,sonia has had her fling and is ready to settle down with the ,prince4 ,the ,merry ,widow ,waltz1 8,s'fluestern ,geigen1 ,lippen schweigen10 an eye-filling climax to the third act1 is not only the most popular excerpt from this operetta but also one of the most celebrated waltzes ever written4 ,a secondary waltz1 8,vilia0 is also highly beguiling1 while a third musical favorite from this score is 8,da geh' ich zu ,maxim0 78,the ,girl at ,maxim's074 ,what is one of ,lehr's best waltzes1 second in popularity only to that of ,the ,merry ,widow1 does not come from any operetta4 ,it is the ,gold and ,silver ,waltzes 7,gold und ,silber ,waelzer71 op4 #gi which he wrote as a concert number4 ,ruggiero ,leoncavallo ,ruggiero ,leoncavallo was born in ,naples1 ,italy1 on ,march #h1 #aheh4 ,he was graduated from the ,bologna ,conservatory1 then spent several years traveling4 ,he finally came to ,paris where he earned his living playing the piano1 singing1 and writing music-hall songs4 ,the powerful ,italian publisher1 ,ricordi1 commissioned him to write a trilogy of operas set in the ,renaissance4 ,leoncavallo completed the first of these operas1 ,i ,medici1 but it proved too expensive to mount and was shelved4 ,this experience convinced him that he ought to write an opera of slighter dimensions1 one which would not cost too much to produce1 and which would be in the realistic style 78,verismo07 just made so popular by ,mascagni's ,cavalleria ,rusticana4 ,in four months' time1 ,leoncavallo completed ,pagliacci1 the opera through which his name survives4 ,it received a triumphant premire in ,milan in #ahib1 with ,toscanini conducting4 ,though ,leoncavallo wrote many operas after that he never wrote one as good or as popular as the one that made him world famous4 ,only one of these later operas has retained interest1 ,zaza1 introduced in #aijj4 ,a third opera1 ,la ,bohme1 was well received when introduced in ,venice in #ahig1 but was soon thrown into complete obscurity by a rival opera on the same subject1 that of ,puccini4 ,in #aijf ,leoncavallo toured the ,united ,states in performances of ,pagliacci4 ,the failures of his last operas made him a bitter1 broken man in the last years of his life4 ,he died in ,montecatini1 ,italy1 on ,august #i1 #aiai4 ,the composer prepared his own libretto for ,pagliacci1 a play within a play4 ,a troupe of strolling players headed by ,canio arrives for performances in a ,calabrian village4 ,canio's wife1 ,nedda1 falls in love with ,silvio1 one of the villagers1 and she in turn is being pursued by the pathetic clown of the troupe1 ,tonio4 ,through ,tonio1 ,canio discovers his wife has been unfaithful to him1 but fails to learn the identity of his rival4 ,at the troupe's evening performance--and in a play that closely resembles the actual happenings within the company--,canio kills ,nedda when she fails to tell him who her lover is4 ,but ,silvio1 in the audience1 reveals himself by rushing on the stage to help ,nedda4 ,there ,canio kills him4 ,many of the selections from this opera are famous1 but the most famous of all is the tenor aria1 in which ,canio speaks his immense grief on discovering that his wife has a lover1 8,vesti la giubba40 ,the other familiar excerpts include the baritone prologue1 8,si pu10 in which ,tonio explains to his audience that the incidents in the play about to be presented are true to life and that the players are not performers but human beings2 ,nedda's delightful ballatella1 8,the ,bird ,song0 78,stridono lass07 where she tries to forget about ,tonio's initial response of jealousy by watching and describing the casual and carefree flight of birds overhead2 the 8,harlequin's ,serenade0 in the play within the play sequence in the second act1 8,o ,columbina602 and a melodious orchestral ,intermezzo which separates the first and second acts1 music which hints darkly at impending tragedy through a poignant recall of ,tonio's prologue4 ,anatol ,liadov ,anatol ,liadov was born in ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,russia1 on ,may #aj1 #ahee1 the son and grandson of eminent ,russian conductors4 ,he was a pupil of ,rimsky-,korsakov at the ,st4 ,petersburg ,conservatory1 but was so derelict about attending classes that in #ahgf he was expelled4 ,reinstated two years later he now became fired with both ambition and industry1 proved a brilliant student1 and was graduated with highest honors4 ,he was then appointed teacher of theory there1 eventually becoming a renowned professor1 a post he retained until the end of his life4 ,he died in ,novgorod1 ,russia1 on ,august #bh1 #aiad4 ,liadov was at his best in his fairy tales for orchestra 7,the ,enchanted ,lake1 ,baba ,yaga and ,kikimora72 in songs2 and in smaller pieces for the piano4 ,he was a student of ,russian folk music of which he made numerous adaptations1 and whose styles and idioms percolated into many of his compositions4 ,the ,eight ,russian ,folksongs1 a suite for orchestra1 op4 #eh 7#aijf7 is one of ,liadov's adaptations4 ,there are eight movements4 ,in the first1 8,religious ,chant10 the main song is that chanted by children in religious processions2 it is heard in ,english horn and bassoons4 ,this is followed by 8,christmas ,carol10 its main theme presented by oboes and clarinets4 8,plaintive ,melody0 is a village song1 and 8,i ,danced ,with a ,mosquito10 a humorous scherzo in which muted strings simulated buzzing mosquitoes4 ,the fifth movement is 8,legend of the ,birds0 where the bird song is presented by the woodwind4 8,cradle ,song0 is a tender melody for strings4 ,this is followed by a lively rhythmic section1 8,round ,dance40 ,the suite ends with the 8,village ,dance ,song10 music that usually accompanies the crowning of the ,may ,queen4 ,liadov is also the composer of a delightful trifle called ,the ,music ,box in which the delicate little tune is the kind that lends itself gratefully to the tinkle of a music box4 ,liadov wrote this piece for the piano1 op4 #cb1 but it is better known in orchestral transcriptions4 ,paul ,lincke ,paul ,lincke was born in ,berlin1 ,germany1 on ,november #g1 #ahff4 ,after completing his music study he played the violin and bassoon in numerous theater orchestras4 ,he later distinguished himself as a theater conductor4 ,in #ahig he had his first operetta produced in ,berlin4 ,thereafter he wrote many operettas1 all originally given in ,berlin2 he became one of the foremost exponents of the light musical theater in ,germany of his time4 ,the most famous were ,frau ,luna 7#ahii71 ,fraeulein ,loreley 7#aijj71 ,lysistrata 7#aijb71 ,prinzessin ,rosine 7#aije71 and ,casanova 7#aiad74 ,his last operetta was ,ein ,liebestraum1 produced in ,hamburg in #aidj4 ,from #aiah to #aibj he was conductor at the ,folies-,bergre in ,paris4 ,he died in ,klausthal-,zellernfeld1 ,germany1 on ,september #c1 #aidf4 ,his most famous composition is a song from ,lysistrata 7#aijb73 8,the ,glow ,worm0 78,gluehwuermchen071 which achieved phenomenal popularity throughout the world independent of the operetta4 ,it is still famous both as a vocal composition and in orchestral transcriptions4 ,a new vocal version1 with amusing lyrics by ,johnny ,mercer1 was published and popularized in the ,united ,states in #aieb4 ,franz ,liszt ,franz ,liszt was born in ,raiding1 ,hungary1 on ,october #bb1 #ahaa4 ,a prodigy pianist who made an impressive debut in ,hungary when he was nine1 ,liszt was financed by several ,hungarian noblemen to study the piano with ,czerny in ,vienna4 ,in #ahbb1 ,liszt made a sensational debut in that city1 and in #ahbd1 after a period of additional study in ,paris1 an equally momentous appearance in the ,french capital4 ,for the next three years ,liszt concertized throughout ,europe1 becoming an idol of music audiences everywhere4 ,then1 in #ahbg1 he decided to abandon music for what he regarded as nobler pursuits4 ,he devoted himself in turn to religion1 politics1 literature1 and philosophy without finding the satisfaction he sought4 ,then1 in #ahcj1 he went back to music4 ,for about two years he worked industriously on his piano technique1 reassuming an imperial position among the virtuosos of his generation beginning with #ahcc4 ,he combined profound musicianship and a phenomenal technique with such a flair for showmanship and self-aggrandizement1 that it can be said that the modern piano virtuoso 7both in the best and worst sense of that term7 was born with him4 ,in #ahdh1 ,liszt came to ,weimar to fulfill duties as ,kapellmeister to the ,grand ,duke4 ,the eleven-year period of this office represented music-making of the highest order1 as ,liszt devoted himself to presenting the foremost operatic and symphonic music in the best possible performances4 ,he was indefatigable in propagandizing the music of the avant-garde composers of his day1 reviving ,wagner's ,tannhaeuser and presenting the world premire of that master's ,lohengrin at a time when ,wagner was in disrepute in ,germany because of his revolutionary activities4 ,finding himself incapable of maintaining the high standards he had set1 and disturbed by the prevailing antagonism to his espousal of new music1 ,liszt left ,weimar in #ahei4 ,once again he sought refuge in a career outside music4 ,in #ahfe he submitted to the tonsure and entered the ,third ,order of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi as abb4 ,but music was not abandoned4 ,he taught the piano to gifted pupils who came to him from all parts of the world2 and he wrote an abundant amount of music1 mainly for the piano4 ,he died in ,bayreuth1 ,bavaria1 on ,july #ca1 #ahhf1 still at the height of his powers and fame as composer1 pianist and teacher4 ,liszt left a vast repertory of music1 including tone poems1 symphonies1 piano concertos1 songs1 and a library of works for the piano4 ,at his best he was a great innovator1 and a creator of vast dramatic and poetic concepts4 ,at worst1 he was a showman shamelessly wooing his public with superficial effects and trivial material4 ,most of his works belong to the concert hall1 but some of it has enormous popular appeal as salon music4 ,the most famous of the latter is the ,hungarian ,rhapsody ,no4 #b in ,c-sharp minor 7#ahdg71 originally for piano solo but subsequently orchestrated by the composer himself4 ,this was one of nineteen compositions in which ,liszt developed the form of the rhapsody and helped to make it popular2 which he filled with strong national feelings and the individual traits of ,hungarian folk music4 ,one of the features of all these rhapsodies is their dynamic alternation of slow and sensual music 7called lassan7 with fast1 dramatic1 exciting passages 7called friskan74 ,the second ,hungarian ,rhapsody opens with a lassan1 a slow1 stately declamation4 ,then1 after a clarinet cadenza1 the friskan appears1 a spirited melody for violins and woodwind4 ,after that fast and slow passages1 soft and loud dynamics1 and rapidly changing meters and rhythm help to generate excitement and create drama4 ,the drama and the excitement of this music never seem to lose their impact however many times this rhapsody is listened to4 ,of ,liszt's twelve tone poems for orchestra the most famous is ,les ,prludes 7#ahej74 ,the tone poem1 or symphonic poem1 is ,liszt's creation in an attempt to bring to orchestral music the pictorial1 dramatic and programmatic qualities of ,wagner's music dramas4 ,thus ,liszt conceived a one-movement composition1 flexible in form1 in which a story is told1 picture described1 or poem interpreted4 ,the inspiration for ,les ,prludes is the ,mditations potiques of ,lamartine1 from which several lines are quoted in the published score to provide the music with its program3 8,what is life but a series of ,preludes to that unknown song of which death strikes the first solemn note8 ,love is the magic dawn of every existence2 but where is the life in which the first enjoyment of bliss is not dispelled by some tempest2 its illusions scattered by some fatal breath2 its altar consumed as by a thunderbolt8 ,what soul1 this cruelly hurt1 but seeks to repose with its memories in the sweet calm of pastoral life8 ,yet no man is content to resign himself for long to the mild1 beneficent charms of ,nature1 and when the trumpet gives the alarm he hastens to the post of danger1 on whatever field he may be called to fight1 so that once more he may find in action full consciousness of himself and the possession of all his powers40 ,les ,prludes opens with a dignified subject in the basses which is subjected to considerable change and amplification before the main melody is introduced4 ,this melody is an elegiac song expressing the happiness of love2 its first entrance comes in four horns1 strings1 and harp4 ,the music is carried to a climactic point1 after which a frenetic mood is projected4 ,plaintively the oboe recalls the main melody2 a country dance tune is offered by the horn2 and the main melody reappears with opulent treatment4 ,another section of storm and stress follows before the final majestic statement of the main melody4 ,of ,liszt's voluminous writings for the piano1 one composition above all others has won favor throughout the music world as a tender1 and sentimental expression of love4 ,it is the ,liebestraum1 8,love's ,dream40 ,liszt actually wrote three ,liebestrume1 but it is the third of this set--in ,a-flat major 7#ahej7--which is considered when we speak or hear of the ,liebestraum4 ,all of these three piano compositions are adaptations of songs by the same composer2 the third ,liebestraum originated as 8,o ,lieb'1 so lang du lieben kannst10 words by ,freiligrath4 ,frederick ,loewe ,frederick ,loewe was born in ,vienna1 ,austria1 on ,june #aj1 #aijd4 ,a musical prodigy1 he began to study the piano when he was five2 started composition at seven2 at thirteen made a successful appearance as pianist with the ,berlin ,symphony2 and at fifteen was the composer of a hit song1 8,katrina10 that sold over a million copies of sheet music in ,europe4 ,he received a thorough musical training from ,busoni1 ,eugne d',albert1 and ,emil ,nikolaus ,rezniek1 winning the ,hollander ,medal for piano playing in #aibc4 ,one year after that he came to the ,united ,states4 ,unable to make any progress in his musical career1 he spent the next decade traveling around the country and filling all sorts of odd jobs4 ,he punched cattle1 mined gold1 served as a riding instructor1 and even boxed professionally4 ,eventually he came back to ,new ,york where he found a job in a ,greenwich ,village caf playing the piano4 ,in #aich four of his songs were heard in a ,broadway musical1 ,great ,lady1 a failure4 ,a meeting with ,alan ,jay ,lerner1 a young lyricist and librettist1 brought him a gifted collaborator4 ,they wrote a musical comedy that was produced by a stock company in ,detroit1 and another called ,what's ,up that was seen on ,broadway4 ,their first major success came with the ,broadway musical1 ,brigadoon1 in #aidg4 ,my ,fair ,lady1 in #aief1 was one of the greatest successes of the ,broadway theater4 ,they also helped make entertainment history further by writing songs for the motion picture musical1 ,gigi1 the first to win nine ,academy ,awards1 including one for ,lerner and ,loewe for the title song4 ,in #aifj1 ,lerner and ,loewe wrote the ,broadway musical ,camelot based on ,king ,arthur and the ,knights of the ,round ,table4 ,brigadoon was a whimsical ,scottish fantasy which came to ,broadway on ,march #ac1 #aidg1 book and lyrics by ,lerner4 ,brigadoon is a mythical town in ,scotland which comes to life for a single day once every hundred years4 ,two ,american tourists happen to come to ,brigadoon during its one day of existence4 ,they become a part of its quaint life1 and one of them falls in love with a ,scottish lass4 ,the musical highlights include a song that became a hit in #aidg1 8,almost ,like ,being ,in ,love10 and several that have a charming ,scottish flavor1 including 8,come to ,me1 ,bend to ,me10 8,the ,heather on the ,hill10 and 8,i'll ,come ,home ,with ,bonnie ,jean40 ,my ,fair ,lady1 produced on ,march #ae1 #aief1 was ,lerner's adaptation for the popular musical theater of ,bernard ,shaw's ,pygmalion4 ,eliza ,doolittle1 an ignorant flower girl and daughter of a cockney1 is transformed by the phonetician1 ,professor ,henry ,higgins1 into a cultivated lady who is successfully palmed off upon high ,english society as a duchess4 ,higgins falls in love with her and1 though a long confirmed bachelor1 finds he can no longer live without her4 ,my ,fair ,lady became one of the most highly acclaimed musical productions of recent memory2 ,brooks ,atkinson called it 8one of the best musicals of the century40 ,it achieved a fabulous ,broadway run and was brought by many touring countries to all parts of the civilized world1 including the ,soviet ,union4 ,it captured one third of the honors annually conferred on the theater by the ,antoinette ,perry ,awards4 ,the original-cast recording sold over three million discs4 ,the principal numbers from ,loewe's captivating score include three romantic songs1 two of the ,hit ,parade variety 78,i ,could ,have ,danced ,all ,night0 and 8,on the ,street ,where ,you ,live07 and the third1 8,i've ,grown ,accustomed to ,her ,face02 two atmospheric numbers that evoke musically the place and setting of the play1 8,the ,ascot ,gavotte0 and 8,the ,embassy ,waltz02 and the two cockney ditties of ,eliza's father1 8,get ,me to the ,church ,on ,time0 and 8,with a ,little ,bit of ,luck40 ,albert ,lortzing ,gustav ,albert ,lortzing was born in ,berlin on ,october #bc1 #ahja4 ,his parents were actors compelled to lead an itinerant life which made it impossible for ,albert to obtain any systematic education4 ,his mother taught him music1 the study of which he later continued briefly in ,berlin with ,rungenhagen4 ,his first effort at composition consisted of some songs1 but in #ahbd he completed his first opera1 ,ali ,pascha von ,janina4 ,from #ahcc to #ahdd he was employed as a tenor at the ,municipal ,theater in ,leipzig1 for which he wrote the comic opera ,die beiden ,schuetzen1 successfully produced in #ahcg4 ,he achieved his greatest success the same year with the comic opera1 ,zar und ,zimmermann1 which within a few years' time became a favorite among theater audiences throughout ,europe4 ,his later operettas included ,der ,wildschuetz 7,the ,poacher7 in #ahdb and ,der ,waffenschmied 7,the ,armourer7 in #ahdf1 while one of his finest romantic operas was ,undine in #ahde4 ,lortzing also filled several engagements as conductor of operas and operettas in ,leipzig1 ,vienna and ,berlin1 and as an opera impresario4 ,he died in ,berlin on ,january #ba1 #ahea1 one day after his last opera1 ,die ,opernprobe 7,the ,opera ,rehearsal7 was introduced in ,frankfort4 ,lortzing was one of the earliest and most successful exponents of ,german national comic opera2 and ,czar and the ,carpenter 7,zar und ,zimmermann7 was his masterwork4 ,it was first produced in ,leipzig on ,december #bb1 #ahcg4 ,the music is consistently light and tuneful1 frequently in the style of ,german folk songs4 ,the libretto1 by the composer1 is a delightful comedy based on an actual historic episode3 the escapade of ,peter the ,great of ,russia in ,holland where he worked as a carpenter4 ,in the ,lortzing comic opera1 ,peter the ,great is a carpenter on a ship at ,saardam where he meets a compatriot1 also named ,peter1 who is a deserter4 ,temporarily they become rivals for the affection of ,mary4 ,after the arrival of the ,ambassadors from ,france and ,england to seek out the ,emperor1 the latter quietly departs for his homeland1 leaving behind him both money and an official pardon for the other ,peter4 ,the gay spirit of the comic opera as a whole is magically caught not only in its vivacious overture1 but in several familiar excerpts4 ,the most notable are3 the ,burgomaster's comic entrance song1 8,o sancta justa02 in the second act1 the ,wedding ,chorus1 and the ,french ,ambassador's beautiful air1 8,lebe wohl1 mein flandrisch' ,maedchen02 in the third act the vigorous ,clog ,dance 7,holzschutanz71 and the very famous air of ,czar ,peter1 8,sonst spielt' ich mit ,zepter40 ,alexandre ,luigini ,alexandre ,luigini was born in ,lyons1 ,france1 on ,march #i1 #ahej4 ,he was the son of the distinguished conductor of the ,thtre-,italien in ,paris4 ,after attending the ,paris ,conservatory--where he was a pupil of ,massenet and ,massart among others--the younger ,luigini played the violin in his father's orchestra4 ,in #ahgj he began a successful career as ballet composer with ,le ,rve de ,nicette1 given in ,lyons4 ,his greatest success came with the ,ballet gyptien1 first seen in ,lyons in #ahge4 ,for twenty years ,luigini was the conductor of the ,grand ,theater in ,lyons and professor of harmony at the ,lyons ,conservatory4 ,until the end of his life he was the conductor of the ,opra-,comique in ,paris4 ,he died in ,paris on ,july #bi1 #aijf4 ,an orchestral suite derived from some of the most attractive pages of the ,ballet gyptien score is a favorite of bands and salon orchestras everywhere4 ,this is music striking for its ,oriental-type melodies and harmonies1 and for its colorful orchestral hues4 ,the first two movements are particularly popular4 ,the first begins with a strong and stately theme1 but midway comes a gayer section in an exotic ,oriental style4 ,the second movement highlights a capricious subject for the woodwind1 once again in a recognizable ,oriental style4 ,hans ,christian ,lumbye ,hans ,christian ,lumbye was born in ,copenhagen1 ,denmark on ,may #b1 #ahaj4 ,as a young man he played in military bands4 ,he then formed an orchestra of his own which achieved extraordinary fame throughout ,copenhagen 7specifically at the ,tivoli7 with light musical programs4 ,for these concerts ,lumbye produced a library of light music3 waltzes1 galops1 polkas1 marches1 and so forth4 ,this music is so filled with infectious tunes and pulsating rhythms--and they are so light in heart and spirit--that they have won for their composer the sobriquet of 8,the ,johann ,strauss of the ,north0 and the status of ,denmark's foremost creator of semi-classical music4 ,he died in ,copenhagen on ,march #bj1 #ahgd4 ,lumbye's dance pieces are played wherever there is a salon1 pop or caf-house orchestra4 ,among his best waltzes are ,amelie1 ,hesperus1 and ,sophie4 ,other successful ,lumbye compositions are the ,columbine ,mazurka1 the ,champagne ,galop1 ,concert ,polka1 ,dream ,pictures1 ,an ,evening at the ,tivoli1 ,king ,frederick ,,vii ,homage ,march1 and the ,railway ,galop4 ,edward ,mac,dowell ,edward ,alexander ,macdowell1 one of ,america's most significant #aith-century composers1 was born in ,new ,york ,city on ,december #ah1 #ahfa4 ,after preliminary music study with private teachers1 he attended the ,paris ,conservatory from #ahgf to #ahgh1 and the ,frankfort ,conservatory in ,germany from #ahgi to #ahha4 ,maintaining his home in ,germany1 ,mac,dowell joined the faculty of the ,darmstadt ,conservatory in #ahha1 and in #ahhb he made an official bow as a composer by introducing his first piano concerto in ,zurich1 and his ,modern ,suite for piano in ,germany4 ,he returned to the ,united ,states in #ahhh1 settling in ,boston where a year later the ,boston ,symphony under ,gericke introduced his now-famous ,second ,piano ,concerto1 the composer appearing as soloist4 ,from then on1 most of his important symphonic works were introduced by the ,boston ,symphony1 placing him in the vanguard of ,american composers of that period4 ,in #ahif he filled the first chair of music created at ,columbia ,university in ,new ,york2 at that time he was described as 8the greatest musical genius ,america has produced40 ,mac,dowell resigned in #aijd after sharp differences with the trustees of the ,university over the way a music department should be run4 ,the bitterness and frustrations suffered by ,mac,dowell during this altercation with the ,university undermined and finally broke his always delicate health4 ,his brain tissues became affected4 ,from #aije on he was a victim of insanity1 spending his time in an innocent1 childlike state1 until his death in ,new ,york ,city on ,january #bc1 #aijh4 ,shortly after his death the ,mac,dowell ,memorial ,association was founded to establish a retreat for ,american creative artists on ,mac,dowell's summer residence in ,peterborough1 ,new ,hampshire1 which ,mac,dowell's widow had deeded to the ,association4 ,a composer whose artistic roots lay deep in the soil of ,german ,romanticism1 ,mac,dowell was a composer who filled his writing with noble poetic sentiments and the most sensitive emotions4 ,his sense of style and his feeling for structure were the last words in elegance1 and his lyricism and harmonic language were ever ingratiatingly inviting to the ear4 ,the ,indian ,suite1 op4 #dh 7#ahib7 is the second of ,mac,dowell's suites for orchestra4 ,it is one of several works in which ,mac,dowell uses melodic and rhythmic material of the ,american ,indian1 blending this idiom with his usual sensitive and poetic style4 ,this is one of ,mac,dowell's most popular works for orchestra4 ,the first movement1 8,legend10 has a slow introduction in which the main melody is given by three unaccompanied horns in unison4 ,the melody is taken over by other instruments and developed4 ,here the material comes from a sacred ceremony of ,iroquois ,indians4 ,the second movement is 8,love ,song10 whose principal subject is immediately given by the woodwind2 this melody is derived from the music of ,iowa ,indians4 8,war ,time0 follows1 a movement dominated by a melody to which ,indians of the ,atlantic ,coast ascribed supernatural origin4 ,this melody is heard in the first sixteen measures in two unison unaccompanied flutes4 ,a subsidiary section follows4 8,dirge10 the fourth movement1 is a woman's song of mourning for an absent son1 come from the ,kiowa ,indians4 ,the mournful melody is heard in muted violins4 ,the suite ends with 8,village ,festival10 in which two light and vivacious melodies from the ,iroquois ,indians are presented2 the first is a woman's dance1 and the second a war song4 ,the most familiar pieces of music written by ,mac,dowell--,to a ,water ,lily and ,to a ,wild ,rose--come from the ,woodland ,sketches1 op4 #ea 7#ahif71 a suite for solo piano made up of ten sections1 each a descriptive poem in tones4 ,in this suite ,mac,dowell became one of the first ,american composers to interpret the beauty of ,american scenes and countrysides in delicate melodies4 ,both ,to a ,water ,lily and ,to a ,wild ,rose are exquisite tone pictures of ,nature1 and both have enjoyed numerous transcriptions4 ,the other eight movements of the ,woodland ,sketches are3 ,will o' the ,wisp1 ,at an ,old ,trysting ,place1 ,in ,autumn1 ,from an ,old ,indian ,lodge1 ,from ,uncle ,remus1 ,a ,deserted ,farm1 ,by a ,meadow ,brook1 and ,told at ,sunset4 ,albert ,hay ,malotte ,albert ,hay ,malotte was born in ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania1 on ,may #ai1 #ahie4 ,the son of a choirmaster1 he himself was a boy chorister1 at the ,st4 ,james ,episcopal ,church in his native city4 ,after his music studies were completed in ,paris and ,london1 he served as organist in ,chicago and ,london4 ,in #aibg he opened a school for organists in ,los ,angeles1 but when sound came to the screen he gave up the school to write music for the films4 ,he subsequently joined the music staff at the ,walt ,disney studio1 creating music for several of ,disney's animated cartoons1 including ,ferdinand the ,bull4 ,he has written ballets1 choral music1 and songs1 besides scores for motion pictures1 having received early in his career as composer important advice1 guidance and encouragement from ,victor ,herbert4 ,malotte is most famous for his song1 8,the ,lord's ,prayer10 published in #aice1 and since become a favorite of concert singers everywhere4 ,its deep religious sentiment1 and the exciting dramatic thrust of its concluding measures1 have an inescapable impact on audiences4 ,gabriel ,marie ,gabriel ,marie was born in ,paris1 ,france1 on ,january #h1 #aheb4 ,after completing his music study at the ,paris ,conservatory he served for six years as chorusmaster of the ,lamoureux ,orchestra4 ,between #ahhg and #ahid he conducted the concerts of the ,socit nationale de musique4 ,he later led the orchestral performances in ,bordeaux and ,marseilles1 and during the summers at the ,vichy ,casino4 ,he was traveling in ,spain when he died there suddenly on ,august #bi1 #aibh4 ,marie was a successful composer of light music for orchestra4 ,the one composition which has survived is ,la ,cinquantaine1 a sentimental piece for orchestra which is also famous in adaptations for violin and piano1 or cello and piano4 ,marie described this work as an 8air in the old style40 ,it is in three-part song form4 ,the first and third parts consist of a light1 delicate little air2 the middle section is in a slower and statelier style4 ,martini il ,tedesco ,jean ,paul gide ,martini--sometimes called 8,il ,tedesco0 or 8,the ,german0 to distinguish him from ,padre ,martini the famous #ahth century ,italian composer and theorist--was born in ,freistadt1 in the ,palatinate1 on ,september #a1 #agda4 ,his real name is ,schwarzendorf4 ,after completing the study of the organ and serving for a while as church organist1 he won a prize for a military march for the ,swiss ,guard4 ,for many years he was an officer of a ,hussar regiment4 ,during this military service he completed an opera1 ,l',amoureux de quinze ans 7successfully introduced in ,paris in #agga7 and a considerable amount of band music4 ,after leaving the army1 he served as music director for the ,prince of ,cond and the ,comte d',artois2 as conductor at the ,thtre ,feydeau in ,paris2 and as ,inspector and teacher of composition at the ,paris ,conservatory4 ,he died in ,paris on ,february #aj1 #ahaf4 ,the composer of twelve operas1 some church music and many songs1 ,martini is today remembered for a single song--the eloquent and tender love melody1 8,plaisir d'amour10 written originally for voice and harp1 and arranged by ,berlioz for voice and orchestra4 ,since ,berlioz' time it has enjoyed numerous instrumental adaptations4 ,effective use of the song1 as recurring theme music1 was made in the ,american motion picture starring ,irene ,dunne and ,charles ,boyer1 ,love ,affair 7#aici74 ,pietro ,mascagni ,pietro ,mascagni was born in ,leghorn1 ,italy1 on ,december #g1 #ahfc4 ,he studied music with private teachers in ,leghorn1 then for several years attended the ,milan ,conservatory4 ,in #ahhd he was appointed conductor of the municipal band in ,cerignola4 ,meanwhile in #ahhj he had completed his first opera1 ,pinotta4 ,success as composer came later in #ahij with the world premire of the opera1 ,cavalleria ,rusticana in ,rome4 ,a sensation when first introduced1 ,cavalleria ,rusticana made the rounds of the world capitals to enjoy a triumph experienced by few operas before or since4 ,mascagni wrote many operas after that4 ,though he enjoyed varying degrees of success with ,l',amico ,fritz in #ahia and ,iris in #ahih1 he never again duplicated the acclaim given ,cavalleria ,rusticana2 and it is still the only one of his operas performed in the world's foremost opera houses4 ,as he himself once said sadly3 8,it is a pity ,i wrote ,cavalleria first4 ,i was crowned before ,i became king40 ,mascagni made many tours as a conductor4 ,he visited the ,united ,states in #aijb in performances of several of his operas1 and ,south ,america in #aiaa4 ,in #aibi he succeeded ,toscanini as musical director of ,la ,scala in ,milan4 ,identifying himself closely with the ,fascist regime--even to the point of writing an opera1 ,nerone1 glorifying ,mussolini--,mascagni was subjected to considerable abuse and attack after ,world ,war ,,ii4 ,he was deprived of his property and other assets4 ,the last year of his life was lived in poverty and disrepute in a small hotel room in ,rome1 where he died on ,august #b1 #aide4 ,cavalleria ,rusticana is a one-act opera1 libretto by ,giovanni ,targioni-,tozzetti and ,guido ,menasci based on a short story by ,giovanni ,verga4 ,the setting is ,sicily in the latter part of the #aith century4 ,turiddu1 a soldier1 is in love with ,lola1 wife of ,alfio1 a teamster4 ,but he has also conducted an illicit affair with ,santuzza4 ,when ,turiddu rudely rejects ,santuzza1 she finds revenge by revealing to ,alfio the love intrigue existing between ,lola and ,turiddu4 ,in the duel that follows ,alfio kills ,turiddu4 ,the most celebrated single excerpt from the opera is the melodious ,intermezzo for orchestra which accompanies the departing townspeople as they leave church after the ,easter services4 ,this music is radiant with the holiness and serenity of the ,easter holiday4 ,other popular excerpts include the lovely ,siciliana1 8,o ,lola bianca10 a tenor aria which is sung offstage and breaks into the middle of the opening orchestral prelude2 this is a serenade by ,turiddu to ,lola1 sung to harp accompaniment4 ,santuzza's passionate aria1 8,voi lo sapete0 is the one in which she first discloses to ,alfio that his wife and ,turiddu are lovers4 ,turiddu's deeply emotional aria1 8,addio alla madre0 is his poignant farewell to his mother just before he engages in the duel in which he meets his doom4 ,jules ,massenet ,jules ,massenet was born in ,montaud in the ,loire region of ,france on ,may #ab1 #ahdb4 ,he entered the ,paris ,conservatory when he was nine1 subsequently winning prizes in fugue and piano playing and1 in #ahfc1 the ,prix de ,rome4 ,four years later his first opera1 ,la ,grand' ,tante1 was produced in ,paris4 ,during the ,franco-,prussian ,war he was a member of the ,national ,guard4 ,after the war1 he achieved recognition as a composer with his incidental music to ,les rynnies1 an oratorio ,marie ,magdaleine1 and an opera ,le ,roi de ,lahore4 ,in #ahgh he was elected to the ,acadmie des ,beaux-,arts1 the youngest man ever to receive this honor1 and was appointed professor of composition at the ,paris ,conservatory4 ,he held the latter post until his death with outstanding distinction4 ,his most significant operas appeared between #ahhj and #aijj1 and included ,hrodiade 7#ahha71 ,manon 7#ahhd71 ,le ,cid 7#ahhe71 ,werther 7#ahib71 ,thas 7#ahid7 and ,sapho 7#ahig74 ,he died in ,paris on ,august #ac1 #aiab4 ,a style that had lyrical charm1 tender feelings1 and poetic content placed ,massenet with the foremost ,french composers for the lyric theater4 ,the same qualities are found to a large degree in his instrumental compositions1 and endow them with their immense audience appeal4 ,he had a vein of tenderness that was his uniquely1 often contrasting this with striking passion and intensity4 ,a master of many different moods and emotions1 he was able to convey them in music that is suave and polished in the best ,french tradition4 ,alsatian ,scenes 7,scnes alsaciennes7 is one of ,massenet's most popular orchestral compositions4 ,it is the seventh of his suites for orchestra and was written in #ahha4 ,for each of its four movements the composer provided an explicit program4 ,about the first movement1 8,sunday ,morning0 78,dimanche matin07 the composer writes3 8,i recall with particular delight the ,alsatian village ,sunday morning at the hour of divine service2 the streets deserted1 the houses empty except for the elderly ones who sun themselves before their doors4 ,the church is full1 and the sacred hymns are heard at intervals in passing40 8,the ,tavern0 78,au cabaret07 is described as the happy meeting place of his friends 8with its little windows framed with lead1 garlanded with hops and roses4444 #8,ho1 ,schmidt1 some wine6' ,and the songs of the forest rangers going to shooting matches4 ,oh1 the joyous life and the gay companions60 8,under the ,linden ,trees0 78,sous les tilleuls07 depicts pictorially 8the edge of the fields on a ,sunday afternoon1 the long avenue of linden trees1 in the shadow of which1 hand in hand1 quietly talks a pair of lovers40 ,the suite ends with 8,sunday ,evening0 78,dimanche soir3 ,air alsacien1 ,retraite franaise074 8,in the market place1 what noise1 what movement6 ,everyone at the doorsteps1 groups of young gallants in the streets1 and dances which embody in rhythm the songs of the country4 ,eight o'clock6 ,the noise of the drums1 the blare of the trumpets--'tis the retreat6 ,the ,french retreat6 ,and when in the distance the sound of the drum died down1 the women called their children in the street1 the old men relighted their big old pipes1 and to the sounds of violins the dance is joyously recommenced in smaller circles1 with couples closer40 ,the ballet music for ,le ,cid is strikingly appealing for its exotic melodies and lambent orchestral colors4 ,this opera1 text by ,louis ,gallet and ,edouard ,blau1 is based on ,corneille's tragedy2 its premire performance took place in ,paris on ,november #cj1 #ahhe4 ,the setting is #abth century ,burgos1 in ,spain1 where ,rodrigo called ,le ,cid1 or ,the ,conqueror1 kills ,chimne's father in a duel4 ,she seeks vengeance but is unable to carry it out because she has fallen in love with him4 ,the ballet music appears in the second scene of the second act4 ,a public square is alive and colorful with dancing crowds1 and six dances are performed in rapid succession1 some with melodic and rhythmic material derived by ,massenet from ,spanish folk sources4 ,these are the dances3 8,castillane10 a highly rhythmic dance found in the ,castille region of ,spain2 8,andalouse10 a sinuous1 gypsy-like dance from ,andalusia2 8,aragonaise10 a dance popular in the ,aragon district2 8,aubade10 a gentle lyrical section2 8,catalane10 a dance popular in ,catalonia2 8,madrilne10 a two-part dance from ,madrid1 the first quiet and introspective1 the second dynamic2 and 8,navarraise10 a dance from ,navarre4 ,the popular 8lgie10 a plangent melody muted in its grief1 comes from the incidental music to ,les rynnies with which ,massenet first won acclaim in #ahgc4 ,the play1 by ,charles ,marie ,leconte based on ,aeschylus1 was produced with ,massenet's music at the ,odon in ,paris4 ,here the 8lgie0 appeared as 8,invocation10 scored for string orchestra4 ,later on ,massenet arranged this section for cello and piano1 and it was upon this occasion that he renamed the piece lgie4 ,it was later on also transcribed for violin and piano1 and adapted into a song with lyrics by ,e4 ,gallet4 ,three other sections from ,les rynnies have almost as much emotional appeal as the lgie1 but in varied moods4 ,the 8,entr'acte0 is a passionate song for unison violins over a disturbed accompaniment4 8,grecian ,dance0 begins with a vivacious dance tune for two flutes in thirds4 ,a slow dialogue ensues between oboes and clarinets1 in which the main subject has an ,oriental identity4 ,a fast section brings this movement to a close4 8,scne religieuse0 is a graceful1 at times solemn1 minuet in which a solo cello provides the main melody4 ,the famous opera ,manon 7#ahhd7 has two delightful dance episodes that are particularly well known1 a gavotte and a minuet4 ,manon was based on the famous tale of ,abb ,prvost1 ,l',histoire du chevalier des ,grieux et de ,manon ,lescaut1 adapted by ,henri ,meilhac and ,philippe ,gille4 ,its setting is ,france in the #ahth century1 and in the spirit of that place and time ,massenet recreated two old-world dances1 both of them appearing in the first scene of the third act1 during a festival-day celebration in ,paris4 ,before the curtain goes up1 the graceful music of the minuet is heard in the orchestra as an entr'acte4 ,after the rise of the curtain1 and the appearance of ,manon1 she expresses her hedonistic philosophy of life in a gavotte 78,obissons quand leur voix appelle074 ,this gavotte is often heard in an exclusively instrumental arrangement4 ,the ,phdre ,overture 7#ahgf7 is another of ,massenet's frequently performed orchestral compositions4 ,the music closely follows the action of the ,racine tragedy1 in which ,phedre--daughter of ,king ,minos and wife of ,theseus--falls in love with ,theseus' son1 ,hippolytus1 who fails to respond to her passion4 ,the overture begins in a gloomy mood1 forecasting ominously the imminent tragedy awaiting ,phedre and ,hippolytus4 ,phedre's grief over her unreciprocated love is suggested by a passionate subject for clarinet2 a second equally passionate melody brings us the picture of ,hippolytus sent to his doom by an irate father4 ,violins in unison now bring us a rapturous melody speaking of ,phedre's love1 while a fiery dramatic section that follows tells of the doom awaiting ,hippolytus at the hands of ,neptune4 ,picturesque ,scenes 7,scnes pittoresques7 is the fourth of ,massenet's suites for orchestra1 completed in #ahgc4 ,there are four short1 tuneful sections3 8,march0 78,marche071 8,air de ,ballet10 8,angelus0 and 8,bohemian ,festival0 78,fte bohme074 ,the religious music of the third movement1 8,angelus10 with its solemn tolling of bells1 is the most popular section of this suite1 frequently performed separately from the other movements4 ,second only to the 8lgie0 in popularity among ,massenet's best-loved melodies is the 8,meditation0 which comes from the opera ,thas4 ,this excerpt is an orchestral entr'acte with violin obbligato heard just before the first scene of the second act4 ,the opera1 libretto by ,louis ,gallet based on the novel of ,anatole ,france1 describes the degradation of ,athanal1 a ,cenobite monk1 because of his unholy passion for ,thas1 a courtesan4 ,the radiant music of the 8,meditation0 describes ,thas' renunciation of a life of pleasure for one of the spirit4 ,robert ,mc,bride ,robert ,guyn ,mc,bride was born in ,tucson1 ,arizona1 on ,february #bj1 #aiaa4 ,as a boy he learned to play the clarinet and saxophone4 ,he later played both instruments in various dance orchestras4 ,in #aicc he was graduated from the ,university of ,arizona1 and a year after that received there his ,master's degree4 ,having studied the oboe in college1 he played that instrument with the ,tucson ,symphony for several years4 ,then1 after additional study of the piano1 composition and voice1 he joined the music faculty of ,bennington ,college in ,vermont in #aice1 holding this post eleven years4 ,during this period he received a ,guggenheim ,fellowship4 ,in #aidb1 the ,american ,academy of ,arts and ,letters awarded him a prize for creating a 8new idiom in ,american music40 ,mc,bride has made successful use of jazz1 popular and folk elements in serious chamber-music and orchestral compositions4 ,the ,mexican ,rhapsody 7#aicf7 is one of ,mc,bride's best known works for orchestra4 ,he wrote it in ,arizona while studying at the ,university4 ,it was first presented in ,tucson in a two-piano arrangement1 then in its definitive orchestral version1 and finally as a choreographic presentation4 ,mc,bride here makes a colorful and freshly conceived presentation of four ,mexican folk songs familiar to many3 8,el ,rancho ,grande10 8,jarabe0 7or 8,hat ,dance071 8,cuatro ,milpas10 and 8,la ,cucaracha40 ,mc,bride has written several interesting compositions in a jazz style4 ,one of the best is the ,strawberry ,jam 7#aidb74 ,this is a caricature of a jazzband jam session1 but with the utilization of modern harmonies and symphonic orchestration4 ,stuff in ,g1 for orchestra 7#aidb71 is in the racy1 tuneful style of ,tin ,pan ,alley1 while ,swing ,stuff 7#aida7 brings to the symphonic orchestra the improvisational devices and techniques and the beat of ,swing music4 ,harl ,mc,donald ,harl ,mcdonald was born in ,boulder1 ,colorado1 on ,july #bg1 #ahii4 ,his music study took place in ,redlands1 ,california and at the ,university of ,southern ,california4 ,the winning of prizes from the ,american ,federation of ,music ,clubs for two orchestral works enabled him to go to ,europe and attend the ,leipzig ,conservatory4 ,in ,germany1 his symphonic fantasy1 ,mojave1 was successfully introduced by the ,berlin ,state ,opera ,orchestra4 ,after returning to the ,united ,states he was appointed in #aibf to the music faculty of the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 where he later became professor of music1 and finally head of the music department4 ,at the ,university he conducted various choral groups which appeared with the ,philadelphia ,orchestra4 ,from #aici until his death he was manager of the ,philadelphia ,orchestra1 which introduced many of his orchestral compositions4 ,mc,donald wrote four symphonies1 a two-piano concerto1 a violin concerto1 and various suites and tone poems for orchestra4 ,he died in ,princeton1 ,new ,jersey1 on ,march #cj1 #aiee4 ,the ,children's ,symphony was a work intended to teach children something about symphonic form through melodies they knew and loved4 ,the form of the symphony is adhered to--in the presentation of two themes1 their development1 and recapitulation4 ,simple and unsophisticated1 this symphony makes ideal listening for children1 but there is enough charm here to provide considerable enjoyment to older people as well4 ,in the first movement1 ,mc,donald uses for his two main themes1 8,london ,bridge0 and 8,baa ,baa ,black ,sheep40 ,in the second movement we hear 8,little ,bo ,peep0 and 8,oh1 ,dear1 ,what ,can the ,matter ,be802 in the third1 8,farmer in the ,dell0 and 8,jingle ,bells02 and in the finale1 8,honey ,bee0 and 8,snow ,is ,falling ,on ,my ,garden40 ,rhumba1 for symphony orchestra1 is the third movement of ,mc,donald's ,symphony ,no4 #b 7#aice74 ,but this movement 7which in the symphony displaces the conventional scherzo7 is so popular that it is often played apart from the rest of the work4 ,the symphony itself was inspired by the turbulent #aicj's1 with its labor conflicts1 breadlines1 unemployment1 and depression4 ,rhumba injected a gay note into these somber proceedings1 attempting to interpret 8the passionate search after good times and diversions1 and the restless pursuit of intoxicated pleasures10 as the composer explained4 ,mc,donald goes on to say that he here used the rumba rhythm because he liked it and because it seemed to him to be the pulse of those times4 ,felix ,mendelssohn ,felix ,mendelssohn-bartholdy was born in ,hamburg1 ,germany1 on ,february #c1 #ahji4 ,his grandfather was the famous philosopher1 ,moses ,mendelssohn2 his father1 a successful banker4 ,both were of ,jewish origin4 ,when ,felix was still a boy1 however1 his immediate family was converted to ,protestantism1 the occasion upon which they added the name of 8,bartholdy0 to their own to distinguish them from the other members of their family4 ,a pupil of ,ludwig ,berger and ,karl ,friedrich ,zelter1 ,felix was extraordinarily precocious in music4 ,when he was seven and a half he made a successful appearance as pianist in ,berlin2 by the time he was twelve he had already written operas and symphonies2 and in his seventeenth year he produced an unqualified masterwork in the ,overture to ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream4 ,in #ahbg1 one of his operas was produced in ,berlin1 but by that time he had already completed thirteen symphonies and a library of chamber music as well4 ,in #ahbi1 ,mendelssohn conducted in ,berlin the first performance of ,bach's ,passion ,according to ,st4 ,matthew to be given since ,bach's own day4 ,this concert became a powerful influence in reviving interest in ,bach's music1 which at that time had been languishing in both neglect and obscurity4 ,a few weeks after ,mendelssohn had directed a repeat performance1 he made his first trip to ,england where he led the premire of a new symphony and was made honorary member of the ,royal ,philharmonic4 ,a tour of ,scotland that followed immediately was the inspiration for his overture1 ,fingal's ,cave4 ,in #ahcc1 ,mendelssohn served as musical director of the city of ,duesseldorf4 ,he held this post only six months4 ,much more significant was his engagement as the principal conductor of the ,gewandhaus ,orchestra in ,leipzig in #ahce which1 during the five years of his leadership1 was elevated to a position of first importance among the world's symphony orchestras4 ,in #ahda1 ,mendelssohn became head of the music department of a projected ,academy of ,arts in ,berlin4 ,this appointment did not prevent him from visiting ,england where he was received with an adulation accorded to no foreign musician since ,handel4 ,returning to ,berlin he found that the ,academy of ,arts project had been abandoned4 ,he was now made ,kapellmeister to the ,king1 an honorary post allowing him complete freedom of activity and movement4 ,during the next few years he conducted concerts of the ,gewandhaus ,orchestra1 and paid two more highly successful visits to ,england4 ,he was also instrumental in helping to found the ,leipzig ,conservatory in #ahdc4 ,always of delicate health and sensibilities1 ,mendelssohn collapsed at the news that his beloved sister1 ,fanny1 died in #ahdg4 ,he died in ,leipzig soon after that1 on ,november #d1 #ahdg4 ,the finest qualities of ,german ,romantic music can be found in ,mendelssohn4 ,he had the ,romantic's partiality for fantasy and the supernatural1 together with the lightness of touch with which to create such worlds through music4 ,he had the ,romantic's gift for translating natural scenes1 landscapes and lyric poetry into sensitive tone pictures4 ,he had a most winning lyricism and graceful harmonic and orchestral gift1 and he never lacked the ability to charm and enchant his listeners with the most tender and lovable musical expression4 ,other composers may have written profounder or more emotionally stirring music than ,mendelssohn2 but no one could be more ingratiating1 sensitive1 or refined4 ,some of ,mendelssohn's serious symphonic works are so full of the most wonderful melodies and beguiling moods that they have the universal appeal of semi-classics4 ,the concert overture1 ,fingal's ,cave1 or as it is also sometimes known1 ,hebrides ,overture1 op4 #bf 7#ahcb7 was inspired by the composer's visit to the ,scottish ,highlands in #ahcj4 ,the opening theme in lower strings and bassoons suggests the roll of the waves at the mouth of a cave1 a melody that came to the composer while visiting the caves of ,staffa4 ,this idea is developed1 then a second beautiful melody unfolds in cellos and bassoons4 ,the orchestral suite1 ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 op4 #fa is derived from the incidental music comprising thirteen numbers which ,mendelssohn wrote for a ,potsdam production of the ,shakespeare comedy in #ahdc2 the ,overture1 however1 was a fruit of the composer's youth1 having been written in #ahbf4 ,the magic world of fairies and elves which ,mendelssohn projected so delicately in his youthful overture is preserved in many of the numbers he wrote seventeen years later4 ,the ,overture1 op4 #ba1 is initiated with four sensitive chords1 and proceeds with fleeting1 diaphanous music for strings with which we are suddenly plunged in fairyland4 ,the main thematic material to follow comprises a haunting song for horn1 a romantic episode for woodwind and strings1 and a sprightly fairy dance for strings4 ,three other musical sections from this incidental music1 and basic to the orchestral suite1 are famous4 ,the 8,nocturne0 is a broad1 moody song for horns4 ,the 8,scherzo0--like the ,overture--is a picture of the world of fairies1 gnomes and elves1 though in a more energetic and spirited vein4 ,the 8,wedding ,march0 is now one of the most frequently played pieces of wedding music1 second in popularity only to ,wagner's wedding music from ,lohengrin2 it first became popular as wedding music at the nuptials of the ,english ,princess in ,london in #aheh4 ,a trumpet fanfare leads to the dignified march melody which is twice alternated with melodious trio sections4 8,on ,wings of ,song0 78,auf ,fluegeln des ,gesanges071 op4 #cd1 no4 #b 7#ahcd7 is ,mendelssohn's best-known song1 a melody of incomparable loveliness and serenity4 ,the poem is by ,heine4 ,franz ,liszt transcribed it for piano2 ,joseph ,achron for violin and piano2 ,lionel ,tertis for viola and piano4 ,it has also enjoyed various orchestral transcriptions4 ,ruy ,blas1 op4 #ie 7#ahci7--like ,fingal's ,cave--is a concert overture for orchestra2 here the inspiration is the drama of ,victor ,hugo4 ,four solemn bars for wind instruments lead to the principal subject1 first violins and flutes2 clarinets1 bassoons1 and cellos later offer the second contrasting staccato theme4 ,the ,spinning ,song and the ,spring ,song are both instrumental favorites1 and both come from the ,songs ,without ,words 7,lieder ohne ,worte71 for solo piano4 ,the form of 8song without words0 is a creation of ,mendelssohn3 a brief composition of such essentially lyric character that it is virtually a 8song0 for the piano4 ,mendelssohn wrote forty-eight such pieces gathered in eight books4 ,the ,spinning ,song in ,c major appears in op4 #fg as the fourth number 7#ahdd74 ,this is a tender melody placed against a rhythmic background suggesting the whirring of a spinning wheel4 ,the ,spring ,song in ,a major is surely one of the most familiar tonal pictures of the vernal season to be found in the semi-classical literature2 it appears in op4 #fb 7#ahdb7 as the concluding number4 ,both the ,spinning ,song and ,spring ,song appear in all kinds and varieties of transcriptions4 ,the stirring ,war ,march of the ,priests is a number from the incidental music for ,racine's drama1 ,athalie1 op4 #gd 7#ahdc72 this incidental music was first performed with the ,racine play in ,berlin in #ahde4 ,giacomo ,meyerbeer ,giacomo ,meyerbeer was born in ,berlin1 ,germany1 on ,september #e1 #agia4 ,his name1 at birth1 was ,jakob ,liebmann ,beer4 ,when ,meyer1 a rich relative1 left him a legacy1 he decided to change his name to ,meyerbeer2 some years later upon initiating a career as composer of ,italian operas he ,italianized his name4 ,his music study took place with ,clementi1 ,zelter1 ,anselm ,weber and ,vogler1 the last of whom encouraged him to write his first opera1 ,jephtha's ,vow 7,jephtha's ,geluebde71 a failure when first performed in ,munich in #ahab4 ,a second opera1 performed in ,stuttgart1 was also a failure2 ,meyerbeer now seriously entertained the thought of abandoning composition altogether4 ,the noted ,viennese composer and teacher1 ,antonio ,salieri1 however1 convinced him what he needed was more study4 ,this took place in ,italy where for several years ,meyerbeer assimilated ,italian traditions of opera4 ,his first endeavor in this style was ,romilda e ,costanza1 a success when introduced in ,padua in #ahag4 ,during the next few years ,meyerbeer wrote several more operas1 some of them on commission1 and became one of ,italy's most highly regarded composers for the stage4 ,in #ahbf1 ,meyerbeer settled in ,paris where association with composers like ,cherubini and ,halvy1 made him impatient with the kind of operas he had thus far created4 ,in #ahca1 with ,robert le ,diable1 he entered upon a new artistic phase in which ,italian methods1 procedures and traditions were discarded in favor of the ,french4 ,robert le ,diable1 produced at the ,opera on ,november #ba1 #ahca was a sensation4 ,meyerbeer continued writing operas in the ,french style for the remainder of his life4 ,these are the operas by which he is most often represented in the world's opera theaters3 ,les ,huguenots 7#ahcf71 ,le ,prophte 7#ahdi71 and ,l',africaine 7#ahfe74 ,meyerbeer died in ,paris on ,may #b1 #ahfd4 ,meyerbeer was an exponent of drama in the grand style1 his finest operas being filled with big climactic scenes1 elaborate stage effects1 and eye-filling visual displays4 ,but he also had a pronounced dramatic gift1 one which evoked from ,wagner the highest admiration2 and a pronounced expressiveness of lyricism4 ,l',africaine 7,the ,african7 is ,meyerbeer's last opera1 and many regarded it as his best4 ,he completed it in #ahfd just before his death1 and its world premire at the ,paris ,opera took place posthumously on ,april #bh1 #ahfe4 ,the text1 by ,eugne ,scribe1 is set in ,lisbon and ,madagascar in the #aeth century4 ,the main action concerns the love of ,selika1 an ,african queen1 for the ,portuguese explorer1 ,vasco da ,gama2 ,da ,gama in turn is loved by ,inez1 daughter of ,don ,diego4 ,selika offers the explorer a secret route to the land of which she is queen1 ,madagascar1 and with which ,da ,gama becomes enraptured4 ,but when ,inez appears1 he abandons ,selika for her1 and leaves the magic island4 ,heartbroken1 ,selika kills herself by breathing the deadly fragrance of a manchineel tree4 ,the opera's most popular excerpt is ,vasco da ,gama's rapturous tenor aria from the fourth act in which he describes the beauty of ,madagascar1 8,o ,paradis40 ,another vocal favorite is the baritone ballad of ,nelusko1 slave of ,selika1 8,adamastor1 roi des vagues profondes02 as he steers the ship bearing ,selika and ,vasco da ,gama to ,madagascar he sings of ,adamastor1 monarch of the sea1 who sends ships to their doom on treacherous reefs4 ,the ,coronation ,march 7,marche du couronnement7--music of pomp and circumstance--comes from the opera ,le ,prophte1 first performed at the ,paris ,opra on ,april #af1 #ahdi4 ,eugne ,scribe's libretto is based on an actual historical episode in #afth century ,holland centered around the ,anabaptist uprising1 with ,john of ,leyden1 leader of the ,anabaptists1 as the principal character4 ,in ,act four1 scene two1 ,john is being crowned king outside the ,muenster ,cathedral4 ,as a magnificent royal procession enters the ,cathedral1 the music of the ,coronation ,march matches in splendor and grandeur the visual majesty of this scene4 ,another popular musical excerpt for orchestra from this opera is ,prelude to ,act #c1 a colorful and rhythmic ,quadrille that leads into the opening scene of that act1 providing the lively musical background for a ballet and ice-carnival skating scene4 ,liszt made a technically brilliant transcription for the piano of this ,quadrille music4 ,les ,huguenots 7,the ,huguenots7 was first performed at the ,paris ,opra on ,february #bi1 #ahcf1 the year it was completed2 the libretto was by ,eugne ,scribe and mile ,deschamps4 ,in #afth century ,touraine and ,paris1 ,raoul1 a ,huguenot nobleman1 has saved the life of ,valentine1 daughter of the ,catholic leader1 ,st4 ,bris4 ,she falls in love with ,raoul1 but the latter repudiates her1 believing her to be the mistress of ,count de ,nevers4 ,when he discovers he has been mistaken1 ,raoul risks his life to see her4 ,during this visit he overhears a ,catholic plot to massacre the ,huguenots4 ,after ,raoul and ,valentine get married1 they are both murdered in the massacre--,valentine by her own father4 ,the ,overture to ,les ,huguenots is built almost entirely from the melody of the famous ,lutheran chorale1 ,ein' feste ,burg1 which in the opera itself served as the musical symbol for militant ,protestantism4 ,the outstanding individual excerpts from the opera include ,raoul's beautiful romance from ,act #a describing the woman he has saved1 8,plus blanche que la blanche hermine02 the rhapsodic description in the second act of the ,touraine countryside by ,marguerite de ,valois1 betrothed to ,henry ,,iv of ,navarre1 8,o beau pays de la ,touraine02 and in the fourth act the stirring 8,benediction of the ,swords10 78,gloire au grand ,dieu vengeur07 with which the ,catholics are blessed by three monks on the eve of their holy war against the ,huguenots4 ,the exciting ,torch ,dance1 ,no4 #a1 in ,b-flat is not from one of ,meyerbeer's operas4 ,it was written in #ahdf for the wedding of the ,king of ,bavaria1 and originally was scored for brass band4 ,it is now most frequently heard in orchestral adaptations4 ,meyerbeer subsequently wrote two other ,torch ,dances3 the second in #ahej for the wedding of ,princess ,charlotte of ,prussia1 and the third in #ahec for the wedding of ,princess ,anne of ,prussia4 ,karl ,milloecker ,karl ,milloecker was born in ,vienna1 ,austria1 on ,may #bi1 #ahdb4 ,his father1 a jeweler1 wanted him to enter the family business1 but from his childhood on1 ,karl was drawn to music4 ,after studying music with private teachers1 he attended the ,conservatory of the ,gesellschaft der ,musikfreunde4 ,meanwhile1 in his sixteenth year1 he supported himself by playing the flute in a theater orchestra4 ,when his music study ended1 he became conductor of a theater in ,graz in #ahfd2 there his first operetta was produced one year later4 ,in #ahff he was back in ,vienna1 and from #ahfi to #ahhc he was principal conductor at the ,theater-an-der-,wien where most of his famous operettas were produced including ,countess ,du ,barry 7,graefin ,du,barry7 in #ahgi1 ,the ,beggar ,student 7,der ,bettelstudent7 in #ahhb1 ,gasparone in #ahhd1 and ,poor ,jonathan 7,der arme ,jonathan7 in #ahij4 ,milloecker died in ,baden1 near ,vienna1 on ,december #ca1 #ahii4 ,milloecker's most famous operetta is ,the ,beggar ,student 7,der ,bettelstudent71 which was first produced at the ,theater-an-der-,wien in ,vienna on ,december #f1 #ahhb1 and after that enjoyed highly successful performances at the ,casino ,theater in ,new ,york in #ahhc1 and the ,alhambra in ,london in #ahhd4 ,the scene is ,cracow1 ,poland2 the time1 #agjd4 ,general ,ollendorf1 spurned by ,laura1 evolves an elaborate plot to avenge himself4 ,he finances the impoverished student1 ,symon1 dresses him up as a lord1 and sends him off to woo and win ,laura4 ,only after the wedding does the ,general reveal the fact that ,symon is a beggar4 ,just as disgrace faces the young man1 he becomes involved in a successful maneuver to restore the rejected ,polish king to his throne4 ,thus he acquires wealth and a title1 and is welcomed with pride and love by ,laura and her mother4 ,potpourris and selections from this tuneful operetta always include the principal waltz melody which comes as a first act finale1 8,ach ich hab' sie ja nur auf die ,schulter gekuesst40 ,other delightful excerpts include ,symon's mazurka1 8,ich knuepfte manche zarte ,bande10 his lament 8,ich hab' kein ,geld10 and the second act duet of ,symon and ,laura1 8,ich setz den ,fall40 ,moritz ,moszkowski ,moritz ,moszkowski was born in ,breslau1 ,germany1 on ,august #bc1 #ahed4 ,he received his musical training at three leading ,german ,conservatories3 the ,dresden ,conservatory1 the ,stern ,conservatory and ,kullak ,academy in ,berlin4 ,he began a career as pianist in #ahgc1 touring ,europe with outstanding success4 ,he also achieved recognition as a teacher of the piano at the ,kullak ,academy4 ,in #ahig1 he went into retirement in ,paris where he lived for the remainder of his life4 ,in #ahii he was elected a member of the ,berlin ,academy4 ,towards the end of his life his financial resources were completely depleted1 and his fame as composer1 pianist1 and teacher had long been eclipsed4 ,he died in poverty and obscurity in ,paris on ,march #d1 #aibe4 ,though he wrote operas1 ballets1 suites1 concertos and a symphony1 ,moszkowski was at his best--and is most famous today--for his lighter music in a ,spanish idiom4 ,typical of his music in this style were the rhythmic ,bolero1 op4 #ab1 no4 #e1 for piano solo2 the languorous and haunting ,guitarre1 op4 #de1 no4 #b1 for piano solo 7transcribed by ,pablo de ,sarasate for violin and piano72 and the dashing ,malaguea1 from the opera ,boabdil4 ,but his most celebrated compositions are the delightful ,spanish ,dances1 opp4 #ab1 and #fe1 two books of pieces for piano solo or piano duo1 which have been arranged for orchestra4 ,the most popular are the first in ,c major1 the second in ,g minor1 and the fifth 7a bolero7 in ,d major4 ,while none of these dances can be accepted as authentic ,spanish music--actually they are only a ,german ,romantic's conception of what ,spanish music is--they make most effective use of ,spanish dance rhythms4 ,wolfgang ,amadeus ,mozart ,wolfgang ,amadeus ,mozart was born in ,salzburg1 ,austria1 on ,january #bg1 #agef4 ,the son of ,leopold1 ,kapellmeister at the court of the ,salzburg ,archbishop1 ,wolfgang ,amadeus disclosed his remarkable musical powers at a tender age4 ,he began composition at the age of five1 completed a piano sonata at seven1 and a symphony at eight4 ,taught the harpsichord1 also very early in his childhood1 he revealed such phenomenal abilities at improvisation and sight reading that he was the wonder and awe of all who came into contact with him4 ,his ambitious father exhibited this formidable prodigy for several years before the crowned heads of ,europe2 and wherever he appeared the child was acclaimed4 ,goethe said3 8,a phenomenon like that of ,mozart remains an inexplicable thing40 ,in ,milan in #aggj he was commissioned to write an opera ,mitridate1 r di ,ponto1 successfully performed that year4 ,in ,bologna he became the only musician under the age of twenty to be elected a member of the renowned ,accademia ,filarmonica4 ,and in ,rome he provided dramatic evidence of his extraordinary natural gifts by putting down on paper the entire complex score of ,allegri's ,miserere after a single hearing4 ,as he outgrew childhood he ripened as a composer1 gaining all the time in both technical and creative powers4 ,but he was a prodigy no more1 and though he was rapidly becoming one of the most profound and original musicians in ,europe he was unable to attract the adulation and excitement that had once been his4 ,between #aggb and #aggg1 as an employee in the musical establishment of the ,salzburg ,archbishop1 he was treated like a menial servant4 ,the remarkable music he was writing all the time passed unnoticed4 ,finally1 in #aghb1 he made a permanent break with the ,archbishop and established his home in ,vienna where he lived for the remainder of his life4 ,though he received some important commissions1 and enjoyed several triumphs for his operas1 he did not fare any too well in ,vienna either4 ,he had to wait several years for a court appointment1 and when it finally came in #aghg he was deplorably underpaid4 ,thus he lived in poverty1 often dependent for food and other necessities of life on the generosity of his friends4 ,and yet the masterworks kept coming in every conceivable medium--operas1 symphonies1 sonatas1 quartets1 concertos1 choral music and so forth4 ,a few people in ,vienna were aware of his prodigious achievements1 and one of these was ,joseph ,haydn who called him 8the greatest composer ,i know either personally or by name40 ,during the last years of his life ,mozart was harassed not only by poverty but also by severe illness4 ,yet his last year was one of his most productive1 yielding his last three symphonies1 the ,requiem1 the opera ,the ,magic ,flute 7,die ,zauberfloete71 the ,ave ,verum1 and a remarkable piano concerto and string quintet4 ,he died in ,vienna on ,december #e1 #agia and was buried in a pauper's grave with no tombstone or cross for identification4 ,through his genius every form of music was endowed with new grandeur1 nobility of expression and richness of thought4 ,he was a technician second to none2 a bold innovator2 a creator capable of plumbing the profoundest depths of emotion and the most exalted heights of spirituality4 ,yet he could also be simple and charming and graceful1 in music remarkably overflowing with the most engaging melodies conceived by man1 and characterized by the most exquisite taste and the most consummate craftsmanship4 ,thus ,mozart's lighter moods in music are often also endowed with extraordinary creative resources and original invention2 yet they never lose their capacity to delight audiences at first contact4 ,the music ,mozart wrote directly for popular consumption were the hundred or so ,dances for orchestra3 ,country ,dances1 ,german ,dances1 ,minuets4 ,the greatest number of these consist of the ,german ,dances4 ,these are lively melodies in eight-measure phrases and with forceful peasant rhythms4 ,some of the best ,german ,dances are those in which ,mozart utilized unusual orchestral resources or instruments to suggest extra-musical sounds4 ,the ,sleighride 7,die ,schlittenfahrt71 ,k4 #fje1 in ,c major1 simulates the sound of sleigh bells in the middle trio section1 sounded in the tones ,a-,f-,e-,c4 ,the ,organgrinder 7,der ,leiermann71 ,k4 #fjb1 imitates the sound of a hurdy-gurdy4 ,in ,the ,canary 7,der ,kanarienvogel71 ,k4 #ega1 flutes reproduce the chirping of birds4 ,the ,country ,dance1 or ,contretanze1 is sometimes regarded as the first modern dance1 forerunner of the quadrille4 ,structurally and stylistically these are very much like ,german ,dances with a peasant-like vitality and earthiness4 ,here1 too1 ,mozart sometimes realistically imitates non-musical sounds as in ,the ,thunder ,storm 7,das ,donnerwetter71 ,k4 #ecd1 in which the role of the timpani suggests peals of thunder4 ,mozart's most popular ,minuet--indeed1 it is probably one of the most popular minuets ever written--comes from his opera ,don ,giovanni1 libretto by ,lorenzo da ,ponte1 and first performed in ,prague in #aghg4 ,the hero of this opera is1 to be sure1 the ,spanish nobleman of the #agth century whose escapades and licentious life finally bring him to doom at the hands of the statue of the ,commandant come to life to consign him to the fires of hell4 ,the ,minuet appears in the fifth scene of the first act4 ,don ,giovanni is the gracious host of a party held in his palace1 and there the guests dance a courtly minuet while ,don himself is making amatory overtures to ,zerlina4 ,in a lighter mood1 also1 is the ,eine kleine ,nachtmusik 7,a ,little ,night ,music71 ,k4 #ebe1 a serenade for string orchestra 7#aghg74 ,this work is consistently tuneful1 gracious1 charming4 ,the first movement has two lilting little melodies1 which are presented and recapitulated with no formal development to speak of4 ,the second movement is a ,romance1 or ,romanza1 a poetic song contrasted by two vigorous sections2 the main thought of this movement is then repeated between each of these two vigorous parts4 ,after that comes a formal minuet1 and the work ends with a brisk and sprightly rondo4 ,mozart's popular ,turkish ,march--in the pseudo ,turkish style so popular in ,vienna in his day--comes out of his piano ,sonata in ,a major1 ,k4 #cca 7#aggh71 where it appears as the last movement4 ,this march is extremely popular in orchestral transcription4 ,modest ,mussorgsky ,modest ,mussorgsky was born in ,karevo1 ,russia1 on ,march #ba1 #ahci4 ,when he was thirteen he entered the cadet school of the ,imperial ,guard in ,st4 ,petersburg1 from which he was graduated to join the ,guard regiment4 ,in #aheg he met and befriended several important ,russian musicians 7including ,balakirev and ,stassov7 under whose stimulus he decided to leave the army and become a composer4 ,until now his musical education had been sporadic1 having consisted of little more than some piano lessons with his mother and a private teacher4 ,he now began an intensive period of study with ,balakirev1 under whose guidance he completed a ,scherzo for orchestra which was performed in ,st4 ,petersburg in #ahfj1 as well as some piano music and the fragments of a symphony4 ,associating himself with ,balakirev1 ,rimsky-,korsakov1 ,borodin1 and ,cui he now became a passionate advocate of musical nationalism1 becoming the fifth member of a new school of ,russian music henceforth identified as 8,the ,mighty ,five0 or 8,the ,russian ,five40 ,in #ahfc1 with serfdom abolished in ,russia1 he lost the outside financial resources he had thus far enjoyed as the son of a landowner4 ,to support himself he worked for four years as a clerk in the ,ministry of ,communications2 in #ahfi he found employment in the forestry department4 ,during this period music had to be relegated to the position of an avocation1 but composition was not abandoned4 ,he completed the first of his masterworks1 the orchestral tone poem1 ,a ,night on the ,bald ,mountain1 in #ahff4 ,a lifelong victim of nervous disorders1 melancholia and subsequently of alcoholism1 his health soon began to deteriorate alarmingly2 but despite this fact he was able to complete several works of crowning significance in #ahgd including his folk opera1 ,boris ,godunov1 and his ,pictures at an ,exhibition1 for piano4 ,after #ahgd his moral and physical disintegration became complete2 towards the last months of his life he gave indications of losing his mind4 ,he died in ,st4 ,petersburg on ,march #bh1 #ahha4 ,as one of the most forceful and original members of the 8,russian ,five0 ,mussorgsky's greatest works certainly do not lend themselves to popular distribution4 ,his writing is too individual in its melodic and harmonic construction2 and his works show too great a tendency towards musical realism to make for palatable digest4 ,however1 several of the folk dances in his operas are strikingly effective for their rhythmic pulse and national colors and are by no means as elusive in their appeal as the rest of his production4 ,mussorgsky's masterwork is his mighty folk opera1 ,boris ,godunov1 where we encounter one such delightful dance episode1 the ,polonaise4 ,boris ,godunov1 libretto by the composer based on a ,pushkin drama1 traces the career of the ,czar from the years #aeih to #afje1 from his coronation to his insanity and death4 ,the ,polonaise occurs in the first scene of the third act4 ,at the palace of a ,polish landowner1 handsomely costumed guests perform this festive courtly dance in the adjoining garden4 ,the premire of ,boris ,godunov took place in ,st4 ,petersburg on ,february #h1 #ahgd4 ,two orchestral dances can also be found in another of ,mussorgky's folk operas1 ,the ,fair at ,sorochinsk1 which was not introduced until ,october #bf1 #aiag1 in ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,the libretto was by the composer based on ,gogol's story1 ,evenings on a ,farm ,near ,dikanka4 ,tcherevik1 a peasant1 wants his daughter to marry ,pritzko1 whereas the peasant's wife is partial to the pastor's son4 ,however1 when the pastor's son compromises the peasant's wife she realizes that ,pritzko is1 after all1 the right man for her daughter4 ,in the third act of this opera comes the lively ,hopak1 or ,gopak1 a folk dance with two beats to a measure4 ,folk dances of a completely different nature--more oriental and exotic than the previously discussed ,russian variety--will be found in ,khovanschina1 a musical drama with libretto by the composer and ,stassov2 this opera was first given1 in an amateur performance1 in ,st4 ,petersburg on ,february #ba1 #ahhf4 ,here the setting is ,moscow during the reign of ,peter the ,great1 and the plot revolves around the efforts of a band of radicals known as the ,streltsy who try to overthrow the ,czar4 ,prince ,ivan ,khovantsky1 who is in league with the ,streltsy1 is murdered by assassins1 and the insurrection is suppressed4 ,but before the leaders of the ,streltsy can destroy themselves they are given an official pardon by the ,czar4 ,a high moment in this opera comes with the ,dances of the ,persian ,slaves1 which takes place in the first scene of the fourth act4 ,at the country house of ,khovantsky1 the ,prince is being entertained by an elaborate spectacle1 the main attraction of which is the sinuous1 ,corybantic dancing of the ,persian slaves4 ,almost as popular as these ,persian dances are the ,prelude to the first act and an entr'acte between the first and second scenes from this opera2 these two episodes for orchestra are highly atmospheric1 graphic in the pictures of ,russian landscapes4 ,the first act ,prelude has been named by the composer1 ,dawn on the ,moskava ,river4 ,this is a subtle tone picture made up of a folk melody and five variations4 ,the entr'acte offers another kind of landscape1 this time a bleak one describing the vast1 lonely plains of ,siberia4 ,ethelbert ,nevin ,ethelbert ,woodbridge ,nevin was born in ,edgeworth1 ,pennsylvania1 on ,november #be1 #ahfb4 ,a precocious child in music1 he wrote his first piano piece when he was eleven4 ,a year later he wrote and had published a song that became exceedingly popular1 8,good ,night1 ,good ,night ,beloved40 ,after studying music with private teachers1 he went to ,berlin in #ahhd1 studying for two years with ,hans von ,buelow and ,karl ,klindworth4 ,he returned to the ,united ,states in #ahhf4 ,soon after that he made his formal ,american concert debut as pianist with a program on which he included some of his own compositions4 ,by #ahij he decided to give up his career as a virtuoso and to concentrate on being a composer4 ,in #ahia he completed ,water ,scenes1 a suite for the piano in which will be found one of the most popular piano pieces by an ,american1 8,narcissus40 ,in #ahib and again #ahie ,nevin traveled extensively through ,europe and ,morocco4 ,in #ahig he settled in ,new ,york ,city where he wrote one of the best-selling art songs by an ,american1 8,the ,rosary40 ,in #aijj ,nevin went to live in ,new ,haven4 ,during the last year of his life he was a victim of depressions which he tried to alleviate through excessive drinking4 ,he died of an apoplectic stroke in ,new ,haven1 ,connecticut1 on ,february #ag1 #aija4 8,mighty ,lak a ,rose0 and 8,the ,rosary0 are ,nevin's two most famous art songs2 they are also among the most popular art songs written in ,america4 8,mighty ,lak a ,rose0 was one of ,nevin's last compositions1 written during the closing months of his life4 ,he never lived to see the song published and become popular4 ,the song is a setting of a poem by ,frank ,l4 ,stanton1 and is described by ,john ,trasker ,howard 7,nevin's biographer7 as 8probably the simplest of all his songs 444 with a freshness and whimsical tenderness that make its appeal direct and forceful40 8,the ,rosary10 words by ,r4 ,c4 ,rogers1 was an even greater success4 ,from #ahih to #aibh it sold over two and a half million copies of sheet music4 ,when ,nevin had finished writing this song in #ahih1 he invited the singer ,francis ,rogers to dinner1 after which he handed him a scribbled piece of music paper4 8,here is a song ,i just composed10 he told ,rogers4 8,i want you to sing it at your concert next week40 ,rogers deciphered the notes as best he could while ,nevin played the accompaniment from memory4 ,the little audience listening to this first informal presentation of 8,the ,rosary0 was enthusiastic1 but one of its members insisted it would be impossible for ,rogers to memorize the song in time for the concert the following week4 ,the guest bet ,nevin a champagne supper for all present that the song would not be on ,rogers' program4 ,he lost the bet4 ,the following week1 on ,february #ae1 #ahih1 ,rogers introduced the song at the ,madison ,square ,concert ,hall4 ,the ,water ,scenes1 suite for piano1 op4 #ac is remembered principally because one of its movements is 8,narcissus10 often considered one of the most popular compositions ever written in this country4 ,nevin himself provided information about the origin of 8,narcissus40 8,i remembered vaguely that there was once a ,grecian lad who had something to do with the water and who was called ,narcissus4 ,i rummaged about my old mythology and read the story over again4 ,the theme1 or rather both themes1 came as ,i read4 ,i went directly to my desk and wrote out the whole composition4 ,afterwards1 ,i rewrote it and revised it a little4 ,the next morning ,i sent it to my publishers4 ,until the proofs came back to me ,i never tried it on the piano4 ,i left almost immediately for ,europe and was surprised when a publisher wrote to me of the astonishing sale of the piece40 ,during ,nevin's lifetime1 the piece sold over #abe1jjj copies of sheet music1 and was heard throughout ,america both in its original piano version 7a favorite repertory number of piano students and budding piano virtuosos7 and in transcriptions4 ,it went on to circle the globe4 ,as ,vance ,thompson wrote3 8,it was thrummed and whistled half around the world4 ,it was played in ,cairo as in ,new ,york and ,paris2 it was played by orchestras1 on church organs1 and on the mouth harps of ,klondike miners2 it became a mode1 almost a mania40 ,the other movements of ,water ,scenes are3 8,barcarolle10 8,dragon ,fly10 8,water ,nymph10 8,at ,twilight10 and 8,ophelia40 ,each is a sensitive piece of tone painting1 as lyrical and as unashamedly sentimental as the beloved 8,narcissus40 ,otto ,nicolai ,otto ,nicolai was born in ,koenigsberg1 ,germany1 on ,june #i1 #ahaj4 ,after completing his music study with ,zelter and ,bernhard ,klein1 he came to ,paris in #ahcj where he remained three years4 ,in ,berlin he completed several works for orchestra1 and some for chorus4 ,in #ahcd he went to ,italy where he was organist in the ,prussian ,embassy at ,rome and became interested in opera4 ,from #ahcg to #ahch he was principal conductor at the ,kaerthnerthor ,theater in ,vienna4 ,then he returned to ,italy to devote himself to the writing of operas1 the first of which1 ,rosmonda d',inghilterra was a failure when produced in ,turin in #ahch4 ,his second opera1 however1 was a major success when first given in ,turin in #ahdj3 ,il ,templario based on ,sir ,walter ,scott's ,ivanhoe2 it was produced in ,naples and ,vienna4 ,in #ahda ,nicolai came to ,vienna to serve for six years as ,kapellmeister to the court4 ,during this period1 in #ahdb1 he helped to found the renowned ,vienna ,philharmonic ,orchestra4 ,in #ahdg he came to ,berlin to become conductor of the ,domchor4 ,it was here that he completed the work upon which his reputation rests1 the comic opera1 ,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor 7,die lustigen ,weiber von ,windsor74 ,he died in ,berlin of an apoplectic stroke on ,may #aa1 #ahdi1 only two months after the premire performance of his famous comic opera4 ,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor 7,die lustigen ,weiber von ,windsor7 is ,nicolai's only opera to survive2 and its overture is his only work for orchestra which retains its popularity4 ,the opera received a highly successful premire in ,berlin on ,march #h1 #ahdi4 ,its libretto1 by ,hermann ,salomon ,mosenthal1 is based on ,shakespeare's comedy and follows that play with only minor modifications4 ,falstaff's cronies 7,bardolph1 ,pistol and ,nym7 are omitted2 only slight reference is made to the love of ,anne and ,fenton2 and considerable attention is paid to ,falstaff's comical amatory overtures to ,mistresses ,ford and ,page4 ,the overture opens with a slow introduction in which a flowing melody is given against a high ,g in the violins4 ,this melody is repeated by several different sections of the orchestra1 then treated in imitation4 ,the main part of the overture is made up of two vivacious melodies1 the second of which1 in the violins1 is intended to depict ,mistress ,page4 ,the development of both themes is in a gay mood1 with a robust passage in ,f minor representing ,falstaff4 ,the overture concludes with an animated coda4 ,from the opera itself come three melodious vocal selections1 prominent in all orchestral potpourris3 ,falstaff's drinking song1 a long time favorite of ,german bassos1 8,als ,bueblein klein02 ,fenton's serenade to ,anne ,page1 8,horch1 die ,lerche singt in ,haim02 and ,mistress ,page's third-act ballad of ,herne the ,hunter4 ,siegfried ,ochs ,siegfried ,ochs was born in ,frankfort on the ,main1 ,germany1 on ,april #ai1 #aheh4 ,while studying medicine1 he attended the ,berlin ,high ,school for ,music4 ,then deciding upon music as a life's career1 he continued his music study with private teachers and became a protg of ,hans von ,buelow4 ,in #ahhb he founded the ,philharmonic ,choir of ,berlin1 one of ,germany's most celebrated choral groups4 ,he remained its conductor even after it merged with the chorus of the ,berlin ,high ,school for ,music in #aibj4 ,ochs died in ,berlin on ,february #f1 #aibi4 ,ochs wrote several comic operas1 song cycles1 and some choral music4 ,a semi-classical favorite is the set of orchestral variations on the well-known ,german folk song1 8,kommt ein ,vogel40 ,these variations are each in the style of a famous composer--,bach1 ,mozart1 ,beethoven1 ,wagner1 ,johann ,strauss ,,ii1 and so on2 and each variation shows a remarkable skill1 and a winning wit1 in mimicking the individual creative mannerisms and idiosyncrasies of each composer4 ,jacques ,offenbach ,jacques ,offenbach was born ,jacques ,oberst in ,cologne1 ,germany1 on ,june #bj1 #ahai2 his father was a cantor in one of the city synagogues4 ,after attending the ,paris ,conservatory1 ,offenbach played the cello in the orchestra of the ,opra-,comique4 ,then1 in #ahdi he became conductor at the ,thtre ,franais4 ,in #ahej he achieved his initial success as a composer with the song1 8,chanson de ,fortunio0 interpolated into a production of the ,alfred de ,musset drama1 ,chandelier4 ,three years later his first operetta1 ,pepito1 was produced at the ,thtre des ,varits4 ,between #ahee and #ahff he directed his own theater where operettas were given1 ,les ,bouffes ,parisiens1 which opened on ,july #e1 #ahee with a performance of one of his own works1 ,les ,deux aveugles4 ,for his theater ,offenbach wrote many operettas including his masterwork in that genre1 ,orpheus in the ,underworld1 in #aheh4 ,after closing down the ,bouffes ,parisiens1 ,offenbach went to ,germany and ,austria where he had produced several more of his operettas4 ,but in #ahfd he was back in ,paris4 ,the premire of ,la ,belle ,hlne at the ,varits that year enjoyed a spectacular success4 ,among his later operettas were ,la ,vie parisienne 7#ahff71 ,la ,grande ,duchesse de ,grolstein 7#ahfg71 and ,la ,prichole 7#ahfh74 ,in #ahgg he toured the ,united ,states1 an account of which was issued in ,america in #aieg under the title of ,orpheus in ,america4 ,towards the end of his life ,offenbach devoted himself to the writing of his one and only grand opera1 ,the ,tales of ,hoffmann 7,les ,contes d',hoffmann74 ,he did not live to see it performed4 ,he died in ,paris on ,october #e1 #ahhj1 about half a year before the premire of his opera at the ,opra-,comique on ,february #aj1 #ahha4 ,offenbach was the genius of the opra-bouffe1 or ,french operetta4 ,his music never lacked spontaneity or gaiety1 sparkle or engaging lyricism4 ,his writing had the warmth of laughter1 the sting of satire1 and the caress of sincere and heartfelt emotion4 ,his lovable melodies woo and win the listener4 ,the lightness of his touch and the freshness of his humor give voice to the joy of good living4 ,like his celebrated ,viennese contemporary1 ,johann ,strauss ,,ii1 ,offenbach is a giant figure in semi-classical music4 ,to the lighter musical repertory he brings the invention and imagination of a master4 ,the ,apache ,dance is the dashing music that invariably accompanies a performance of ,french ,apache dances1 though there are few that know ,offenbach wrote it4 ,actually1 the ,apache ,dance is an adaptation of the main melody of a waltz 78,valse des ,papillons07 from ,offenbach's comic opera1 ,le ,roi ,carotte 7#ahgb74 ,la ,belle ,hlne 7,fair ,helen71 first performed in ,paris on ,december #ag1 #ahfd1 draws material for laughter and satire from mythology4 ,henri ,meilhac and ,ludovic ,halvy prepared the text which is based on the love of ,paris and ,helen that led to the ,trojan war4 ,but this story is told with tongue-in-cheek frivolity1 and the life of the ,greeks is gaily parodied4 ,one of the most familiar musical excerpts from ,la ,belle ,hlne is whirling ,can-,can music--the ,can-,can being the voluptuous ,french dance which first became popular in ,paris in #ahcj and which contributed to the quadrille high kicks1 skirt-lifting and other suggestive and at times vulgar movements4 7,offenbach also wrote brilliant ,can-,can music for ,orpheus in the ,underworld1 ,barbe-,bleue1 and ,la ,vie parisienne47 ,other delightful episodes from this operetta are ,helen's invocation with chorus1 8,amours divins10 and her highly lyrical airs1 8,on me nomme ,hlne10 8,un mari ,sage10 and 8,la vrai6 je ne suis pas coupable40 ,the ,galop is almost as much a specialty with ,offenbach as the ,can-,can4 ,this is a spirited1 highly rhythmic dance of ,german origin introduced in ,paris in #ahbi4 ,two of ,offenbach's best known ,galops appear respectively in ,la ,grande ,duchess de ,grolstein 7#ahfg7 and ,genevive de ,brabant 7#ahei74 ,it is perhaps not generally known that the famous 8,marine's ,hymn0 familiar to all ,americans as 8,from the ,halls of ,montezuma0 also comes out of ,genevive de ,brabant4 ,the ,hymn was copyrighted by the ,marine ,corps in #aiai4 ,it is known that the lyric was written in #ahdg by an unidentified ,marine4 ,the melody was taken from one of the airs in ,offenbach's operetta1 ,genevive de ,brabant4 ,orpheus in the ,underworld 7,orphe aux enfers7 is ,offenbach's masterwork1 first produced in ,paris on ,october #ba1 #aheh4 ,this delightful comic opera1 with book by ,hector ,crmieux and ,ludovic ,halvy1 is a satire on the ,olympian gods in general1 and specifically on the legend of ,orpheus and ,eurydice4 ,orpheus in the ,underworld was not at first successful since audiences did not seem to find much mirth in a satire on ,olympian gods4 ,but when a powerful ,french critic1 ,jules ,janin1 violently attacked it as a 8profanation of holy and glorious antiquity10 the curiosity of ,parisians was aroused1 and the crowds began swarming into the theater4 ,suddenly ,orpheus in the ,underworld became a vogue2 it was the thing to see and discuss2 its music 7particularly the waltzes1 galops1 and quadrilles7 were everywhere played4 ,the operetta had a run of #bbg performances4 ,the ,overture is a perennial favorite of salon and pop orchestras throughout the world4 ,it opens briskly1 then progresses to the first subject1 a light and gay tune for strings4 ,the heart of the overture is the second main melody1 a sentimental song first heard in solo violin1 and later repeated by full orchestra4 ,the ,can-,can music in ,orpheus in the ,underworld is also famous4 ,much of its effect is due to the fact that ,offenbach presented the can-can immediately after a stately minuet in order to emphasize the contrast between two periods in ,french history4 ,a contemporary described this ,can-,can music as follows3 8,this famous dance 444 has carried away our entire generation as would a tempestuous whirlwind4 ,already the first sounds of the furiously playing instruments seem to indicate the call to a whole world to awake and plunge into the wild dance4 ,these rhythms appear to have the intention of shocking all the resigned1 all the defeated1 out of their lethargy and1 by the physical and moral upheaval which they arouse1 to throw the whole fabric of society into confusion40 ,the ,tales of ,hoffmann 7,les ,contes d',hoffmann7 is ,offenbach's only serious opera2 but even here we encounter some semi-classical favorites4 ,this opera1 one of the glories of the ,french lyric theater1 was based on stories by ,e4 ,t4 ,a4 ,hoffmann1 adapted into a libretto by ,jules ,barbier and ,michel ,carr4 ,it concerns the three tragic loves of the poet ,hoffmann3 ,olympia1 a mechanical doll2 ,giulietta1 who is captive to a magician2 and ,antonia1 a victim of consumption4 ,the 8,barcarolle0 from this opera is surely one of the most popular selections from the world of opera4 ,it opens the second act4 ,outside ,giulietta's palace in ,venice1 ,hoffmann hears the strains of this music sung by his friend ,nicklausse and ,giulietta as they praise the beauty of the ,venetian night4 ,harp arpeggios suggest the lapping of the ,venetian waters in the canal1 providing a soothing background to one of the most radiant melodies in ,french music4 ,it is interesting to remark that ,offenbach did not write this melody directly for this opera4 ,he had previously used it in #ahfd as a ghost song for an opera-ballet1 ,die ,rheinnixen4 ,two dance episodes from ,the ,tales of ,hoffmann are also frequently performed outside the opera house4 ,one is the infectious waltz which rises to a dramatic climax in the first act4 ,to this music ,hoffmann dances with the mechanical doll1 ,olympia1 with whom he is in love4 ,the second is an enchanting little ,minuet1 used as entr'acte music between the first and second acts4 ,a collation of some of ,offenbach's most famous melodies from various operettas can be found in ,la ,gaiet parisienne1 an orchestral suite adapted from a score by ,manuel ,rosenthal to a famous contemporary ballet4 ,this one-act ballet1 with choreography by ,leonide ,massine and scenario by ,comte tienne de ,beaumont1 was introduced in ,monte ,carlo by the ,ballet ,russe in #aich4 ,the setting is a fashionable ,parisian restaurant of the #aith century2 and the dance offers a colorful picture of ,parisian life and mores of that period1 climaxed by a stunning ,can-,can4 ,musical episodes are used from ,orpheus in the ,underworld1 ,la ,prichole1 ,la ,vie parisienne1 and several other ,offenbach opra-bouffes4 ,beloved ,offenbach melodies from various opra-bouffes were adapted for the score of a ,broadway musical produced in #aifa1 ,the ,happiest ,girl in the ,world4 ,ignace ,jan ,paderewski ,ignace ,jan ,paderewski1 one of the world's foremost piano virtuosos and one of ,poland's most renowned statesmen1 was born in ,kurylwka1 ,podolia1 on ,november #ah1 #ahfj4 ,a child prodigy1 he was given piano lessons from his third year on4 ,several patrons arranged to send him to the ,warsaw ,conservatory1 from which he was graduated in #ahgh4 ,between #ahha and #ahhc he studied composition and orchestration in ,berlin1 and from #ahhd to #ahhg piano with ,leschetizky in ,vienna4 ,paderewski's first major success as a pianist came in ,vienna in #ahhi1 a concert that was the beginning of a virtuoso career extending for about half a century and carrying him triumphantly to all parts of the world4 ,in #aiai he temporarily withdrew from music to become the first ,premier of the ,polish ,republic1 but about a year later he resumed concert work4 ,he made his ,american debut in ,new ,york in #ahia1 and his last ,american tour took place in #aici4 ,during the early part of ,world ,war ,,ii he returned to political activity as ,president of the ,parliament of the ,polish ,government in ,exile4 ,he died in ,new ,york on ,june #bi1 #aida4 ,by order of ,president ,roosevelt he was given a state burial in ,arlington ,national ,cemetery4 ,paderewski produced many ambitious compositions1 some in the style of ,polish folk music2 these included the opera ,manru1 a symphony1 piano concerto1 the ,polish ,fantasy for piano and orchestra and numerous shorter compositions for the piano4 ,ironically it is not for one of his ambitious works that he is most often recalled as a composer1 but through a slight piece3 the ,minuet in ,g1 or ,menuet l'antique1 a graceful1 well-mannered composition in an #ahth-century style4 ,this is one of the three most popular minuets ever written1 the other two being by ,mozart and ,beethoven4 ,paderewski originally wrote it for the piano2 it is the first of six pieces collectively entitled ,humoresques de concert1 op4 #ad4 ,fritz ,kreisler transcribed it for violin and piano2 ,gaspar ,cassad for cello and piano4 ,it has1 of course1 been frequently adapted for orchestra4 ,gabriel ,piern ,gabriel ,piern was born in ,metz1 ,france1 on ,august #af1 #ahfc4 ,he attended the ,paris ,conservatory for eleven years1 a pupil of ,massenet and ,csar ,franck4 ,he won numerous awards there including the ,prix de ,rome in #ahhb4 ,after returning from ,rome1 he succeeded ,franck as organist of the ,ste4 ,clothilde ,church in ,paris1 retaining this post until #ahih4 ,from #aijc until #aicb he was1 first the assistant1 and from #aiaj on the principal1 conductor of the ,colonne ,orchestra4 ,he combined his long and fruitful career as conductor with that of composer1 producing a vast library of music in virtually every form1 including operas1 oratorios1 ballets1 symphonic and chamber music4 ,he achieved renown with the oratorio ,the ,children's ,crusade 7,la ,croisade des enfants71 introduced in #aije and soon after that winner of the ,city of ,paris ,award4 ,another major success came with the ballet1 ,cydalise and the ,satyr in #aibc4 ,a conservative composer1 ,piern utilized traditional forms with distinction1 and filled them with beautiful lyricism1 well-sounding harmonies1 and a poetic speech4 ,in #aibe ,piern was elected member of the ,acadmie des ,beaux-,arts4 ,he died in ,ploujean1 ,france1 on ,july #ag1 #aicg4 ,the ,entrance of the ,little ,fauns 7,marche des petites faunes7 is a whimsical little march for orchestra from the ballet1 ,cydalise and the ,satyr 7,cydalise et le chvre-pied71 introduced at the ,paris ,opra on ,january #ae1 #aibc4 ,a saucy tune for muted trumpet is juxtaposed against the wail of piccolos2 all the while an incisive rhythm is projected not only by the snare drum and tambourine but also by the violinists tapping the wood of their bows on the strings4 ,within the ballet this march accompanies the appearance of a group of small fauns1 led by their teacher1 an old satyr1 as they enter school to learn pan pipes4 ,the ,march of the ,little ,lead ,soldiers 7,marche des petits soldats de plomb7 originated as a piano piece in the ,album pour mes petits amis1 op4 #ad 7#ahhg71 but was subsequently orchestrated by the composer4 ,it opens with a muted trumpet call4 ,a snare drum then establishes the rhythm and sets the stage for the appearance of the main march melody in solo flute4 ,jean-,robert ,planquette ,jean-,robert ,planquette was born in ,paris on ,july #ca1 #ahdh4 ,he attended the ,paris ,conservatory after which he supported himself by writing popular songs and chansonettes for ,parisian caf-concerts4 ,he started writing operettas in #ahgd1 and achieved world fame with ,the ,chimes of ,normandy in #ahgg4 ,he wrote many more operettas after that1 the most successful being ,rip ,van ,winkle 7#ahhb71 ,nell ,gwynne 7#ahhd7 and ,mam'zelle ,quat',sous 7#ahig74 ,he died in ,paris on ,january #bh1 #aijc4 ,the ,chimes of ,normandy 7,les ,cloches de ,corneville7 is one of the most famous ,french operettas of all time1 and it is still occasionally revived4 ,introduced in ,paris at the ,folies ,dramatiques on ,april #ai1 #ahgg1 its success was so immediate and permanent that within a decade it had been given over a thousand times in ,paris alone4 ,it was first seen in ,new ,york in #ahgg1 and in ,london in #ahhh1 major successes in both places4 ,the book by ,clairville and ,gabet presents the life of fishing and peasant folk in ,normandy during the regime of ,louis ,,xv4 ,germaine is in love with the fisherman1 ,jean1 but finds opposition in her miserly old uncle1 ,gaspard1 who has other plans for her4 ,to escape her uncle1 ,germaine finds employment with ,henri1 a ,marquis1 who has suddenly returned to his native village to take up residence in the family castle rumored to be haunted4 ,the mystery of the haunted castle is cleared up when the discovery is made that ,gaspard has used it to hide his gold2 and the bells of the castle begin to ring out loud and clear again4 ,gaspard1 after a brief siege with insanity1 is made to sanction the marriage of ,germaine and ,jean at a magnificent festival honoring the ,marquis2 at the same time it is suddenly uncovered that ,germaine is in reality a ,marchioness4 ,this is an operetta overflowing with ear-caressing melodies4 ,the most famous are ,germaine's bell song1 8,nous avons1 hlas1 perdu d'excellence matres02 the ,marquis' lilting waltz-rondo1 8,mme sans consulter mon coeur02 and ,serpolette's cider song1 8,la ,pomme est un fruit plein de sve40 ,eduard ,poldini ,eduard ,poldini was born in ,budapest1 ,hungary1 on ,june #ac1 #ahfi4 ,his music study took place at the ,vienna ,conservatory4 ,poldini subsequently established his home in ,vevey1 ,switzerland1 where he devoted himself to composition4 ,his most significant works are for the stage--both comic and serious operas that include ,the ,vagabond and the ,princess 7#aijc7 and ,the ,carnival ,marriage 7#aibd74 ,he was also a prolific composer of salon pieces for the piano1 familiar to piano studies throughout the world4 ,in #aice ,poldini received the ,order of the ,hungarian ,cross and in #aidh the ,hungarian ,pro ,arte ,prize4 ,he died in ,vevey1 ,switzerland on ,june #bi1 #aieg4 ,poupe valsante 7,dancing ,doll7 is ,poldini's best known composition1 a fleet1 graceful melody contrasted by a sentimental counter-subject4 ,the composer wrote it for solo piano4 ,fritz ,kreisler adapted it for violin and piano1 and ,frank ,la ,forge for voice and orchestra4 ,it has also often been transcribed for orchestra4 ,manuel ,ponce ,manuel ,maria ,ponce was born in ,fresnillo1 ,mexico1 on ,december #h1 #ahhb4 ,his main music study took place in ,europe where he arrived in #aije3 composition with ,enrico ,bossi in ,bologna2 piano with ,martin ,krause in ,berlin4 ,after returning to ,mexico he gave a concert of his own compositions in #aiab4 ,for several years he taught the piano at the ,national ,conservatory in ,mexico ,city1 and from #aiag to #aiai he was the conductor of the ,national ,symphony ,orchestra there4 ,during ,world ,war ,i he lived in ,havana and ,new ,york4 ,after the war he went to ,paris for an additional period of study with ,paul ,dukas4 ,from #aicc to #aich he was professor of folklore at the ,university of ,mexico4 ,in #aida he toured ,south ,america1 and in #aidg he was the recipient of the first annual ,mexican ,arts and ,sciences ,award established by the ,president of ,mexico4 ,he died in ,mexico ,city on ,april #bd1 #aidh4 ,ponce was a modernist who filled his orchestral compositions with the most advanced resources of modern harmony1 counterpoint and rhythm4 ,but in his songs he possessed a spontaneous and ingratiating lyricism1 often of a national ,mexican identity4 ,it is one of these that has made him famous in semi-classical literature3 8,estrellita0 78,little ,star071 a song with such a strong ,spanish personality of melody and rhythm that it was long believed to be a folk song4 ,ponce first published it in #aiad but it did not become universally popular until #aibc when it was issued in a new arrangement 7by ,frank ,la ,forge7 and translated into ,english4 ,amilcare ,ponchielli ,amilcare ,ponchielli was born in ,paderno ,fasolaro1 ,italy1 on ,august #ca1 #ahcd4 ,for nine years he attended the ,milan ,conservatory where he wrote an operetta in collaboration with three other students4 ,following the termination of his studies1 he became organist in ,cremona1 and after that a bandmaster in ,piacenza4 ,his first opera1 ,i ,promessi sposi1 was introduced in ,cremona in #ahef1 but it did not become successful until sixteen years later when a revised version helped to open the ,teatro dal ,verme in ,milan4 ,world renown came to ,ponchielli with ,la ,gioconda1 first given at ,la ,scala in ,milan in #ahgf4 ,though ,ponchielli wrote many other operas after that he never again managed to reach the high artistic level of this masterwork1 nor to repeat its world success4 ,from #ahhc until his death he was professor of composition at the ,milan ,conservatory4 ,he died in ,milan1 ,italy1 on ,january #af1 #ahhf4 ,what is undoubtedly ,ponchielli's most famous orchestral composition1 8,the ,dance of the ,hours0 78,danza della ore07 comes from his masterwork1 the opera ,la ,gioconda4 ,this opera--first performed in ,milan on ,april #h1 #ahgf--was based on ,victor ,hugo's drama1 ,angelo1 tyran de ,padoue1 adapted by ,arrigo ,boto4 ,the setting is #agth century ,venice1 and the principal action involves the tragic love triangle of ,alvise1 his wife ,laura1 and her beloved1 ,enzo4 8,the ,dance of the ,hours0 comes in the second scene of the third act4 ,alvise is entertaining his guests at a sumptuous ball in his palace1 the highlight of which is a magnificent ballet1 intended to symbolize the victory of right over wrong4 ,the dancers in groups of six come out impersonating the hours of dawn1 day1 evening1 and night4 ,the music begins with a slight murmur1 shimmering sounds passing through the violins and woodwind4 ,dawn appears4 ,the music is carried to a dramatic climax with a strong rhythmic pulse as the day unfolds4 ,when the music achieves mellowness and tenderness1 the softness of evening touches the stage2 and with the coming of night the music acquires a somber character4 ,at midnight1 the music is reduced to a sigh4 ,the harp presents some arpeggios1 and a broad melody unfolds4 ,the mood then becomes excitable as all the twenty-four hours plunge into a spirited dance1 as light conquers darkness4 ,the most familiar vocal excerpts from this opera are ,la ,cieca's romanza from the first act1 8,a te questo rosario02 ,barnaba's fisherman's barcarolle 78,pescator1 affonda l'esca07 and ,enzo's idyll to the beauty of the night 78,cielo e mar07 from the second act2 and ,la ,gioconda's dramatic narrative in which she plans to destroy herself 78,suicidio074 ,cole ,porter ,cole ,porter was born in ,peru1 ,indiana1 on ,june #i1 #ahic to an immensely wealthy family4 ,precocious in music1 he began studying the violin when he was six1 and at eleven had one of his compositions published4 ,he pursued his academic studies at the ,worcester ,academy in ,massachusetts and at ,yale2 music study took place at the ,school of ,music at ,harvard and subsequently in ,paris with ,vincent d',indy at the ,schola ,cantorum4 ,at ,yale he participated in all its musical activities and wrote two football songs still favorites there1 8,yale ,bull ,dog0 and 8,bingo ,eli ,yale40 ,in #aiaf he wrote the music for his first ,broadway musical comedy1 ,see ,america ,first1 a failure4 ,during the next few years he was a member of the ,french desert troops in ,north ,africa1 while during ,world ,war ,i he taught ,french gunnery to ,american troops at ,fontainebleau4 ,just after the close of the war he contributed some songs to ,hitchy ,koo of #aiah1 and in #aibd five more songs to the ,greenwich ,village ,follies1 both of them ,broadway productions4 ,success first came in #aibh with his music for ,paris which included 8,let's ,do ,it0 and 8,let's ,misbehave40 ,for the next quarter of a century and more he was one of ,broadway's most successful composers4 ,his greatest stage hits came with ,fifty ,million ,frenchmen 7#aibi71 ,the ,gay ,divorce 7#aicb71 ,anything ,goes 7#aicd71 ,leave ,it to ,me 7#aich71 ,panama ,hattie 7#aidj71 ,let's ,face ,it 7#aida71 ,kiss ,me ,kate 7#aidh71 ,can-,can 7#aiec7 and ,silk ,stockings 7#aiee74 ,from these and other stage productions came some of ,america's best loved popular songs1 for which ,porter wrote not merely the music but also the brilliant lyrics3 8,night and ,day10 8,begin the ,beguine10 8,love for ,sale10 8,you ,do ,something to ,me10 8,my ,heart ,belongs to ,daddy10 and so forth4 ,he was also a significant composer for motion pictures1 his most successful songs for the screen including 8,i've ,got ,you ,under ,my ,skin10 8,in the ,still of the ,night10 8,you'd ,be ,so ,nice to ,come ,home ,to10 8,don't ,fence ,me ,in10 and 8,true ,love40 ,the most successful of all the ,cole ,porter musical comedies was ,kiss ,me ,kate which began a ,broadway run of over one thousand performances on ,december #cj1 #aidh1 then went on to be a triumph in ,vienna1 ,austria1 where it became the greatest box-office success in the history of the ,volksoper where it was given4 ,in ,poland it was the first ,american music performed in that country4 ,the text by ,bella and ,sam ,spewack was based partly on ,shakespeare's ,taming of the ,shrew1 but it was really a play within a play4 ,a touring company is performing the ,shakespeare comedy in ,baltimore1 ,maryland4 ,the musical comedy moves freely from scenes of that production to the backstage complications in the private lives of its principal performers4 ,in the end1 the amatory problems of the two stars are resolved within a performance of the ,shakespeare comedy4 ,this was not only ,cole ,porter's most successful musical comedy but also the finest of his scores4 ,never before 7or since7 was he so prolix with song hits in a single production2 never before was his style so varied4 ,the repertory of semi-classical music has been enriched by a symphonic treatment given the best of these melodies by ,robert ,russell ,bennett4 ,bennett's symphonic presentation of ,kiss ,me ,kate opens with 8,wunderbar10 a tongue-in-cheek parody of a sentimental ,viennese waltz4 ,it continues with the sprightly measures of 8,another ,openin'1 ,another ,show10 and after that come the plangent1 purple moods of 8,were ,thine ,that ,special ,face10 8,i ,sing of ,love10 and the show's principal love song1 8,so ,in ,love40 ,serge ,prokofiev ,serge ,prokofiev was born in ,sontzovka1 ,russia1 on ,april #bc1 #ahia4 ,he was extraordinarily precocious in music4 ,after receiving some training at the piano from his mother1 he completed the writing of an opera by the time he was ten4 ,preliminary music study took place with ,glire4 ,in his thirteenth year he entered the ,moscow ,conservatory where he was a pupil of ,rimsky-,korsakov and ,liadov among others and from which he was graduated with the ,rubinstein ,prize for his first piano concerto4 ,his advanced musical thinking was already evident in his first major work for orchestra1 ,the ,scythian ,suite1 introduced in ,st4 ,petersburg in #aiaf4 ,he continued to develop his own personality1 formulating his highly individual style and creative idiosyncrasies in works like the ballet ,chout1 the first violin concerto1 and the ,classical ,symphony1 all written during the era of ,world ,war ,i4 ,in #aiah he toured the ,united ,states1 making his ,american debut with a ,new ,york piano recital on ,november #bj4 ,while in the ,united ,states he was commissioned to write the opera ,the ,love for ,three ,oranges for the ,chicago ,opera4 ,from #aiai to #aicc ,prokofiev made his home in ,paris1 but in #aicc he returned to his native land to stay there for the rest of his life4 ,though he was honored in the ,soviet ,union as one of its great creative figures--and was the recipient of the ,stalin ,prize for his monumental ,seventh ,piano ,sonata inspired by ,world ,war ,,ii--he did not escape censure in #aidh when the ,central ,committee of the ,communist ,party denounced ,soviet composers for their partiality towards experimentation1 modernism and cerebralism1 in their musical works4 ,nevertheless1 ,prokofiev soon recovered his high estate in ,soviet music2 in #aiea he received the ,stalin ,prize again1 this time for his oratorio ,on ,guard for ,peace and the symphonic suite1 ,winter ,bonfire4 ,his sixtieth birthday1 that year1 was celebrated throughout the country with concerts and broadcasts4 ,prokofiev died of a cerebral hemorrhage in ,moscow on ,march #e1 #aiec4 ,prokofiev was one of the giants of #bjth-century music4 ,his seven symphonies1 five piano concertos1 nine piano sonatas1 the opera ,war and ,peace1 ballets1 chamber music1 piano compositions and various shorter orchestral works are among the most significant contributions made in our time to music4 ,the highly personal way of writing melodies1 his unusual progressions1 his harmonic vocabulary are all present in the few lighter and simpler works with which he made a significant contribution to the contemporary repertory of semi-classics4 ,the ,march so familiar to radio listeners throughout the ,united ,states as the theme music for the program 8,the ,f4,b4,i4 in ,peace and ,war0 comes from the opera ,the ,love for ,three ,oranges 7#aiba74 ,the libretto by the composer based on a tale of ,carlo ,gozzi is a charming fantasy in which a prince saves himself from death through gloom by means of laughter1 and who then goes at once to rescue a princess from her prison in an orange4 ,the march occurs in the second act where an effort is being made to get the ,prince to laugh1 for which purpose a festival is being arranged4 ,the march music is played as the court jester drags the reluctant ,prince to these festivities4 ,the quixotic skips in the melody1 the grotesquerie of the musical style1 and the pert discords are all typical of ,prokofiev's creative manner4 ,peter and the ,wolf1 a 8symphonic fairy tale0 for narrator and orchestra op4 #fg 7#aicf7 was intended by the composer to teach children the instruments of the orchestra4 ,but the music is so consistently delightful for its sprightly lyricism and wit that it has proved a favorite at symphony and semi-classical concerts4 ,the story here being told is about a lad named ,peter who turns a deaf ear to his grandfather's warning and goes out into the meadow4 ,there a wolf has frightened1 in turn1 a cat1 bird1 and duck4 ,but ,peter is not afraid of him4 ,he captures the wolf1 ties him up with a rope and takes him to the zoo4 ,the composition opens with the following explanation by the narrator3 8,each character in the tale is represented by a different instrument in the orchestra3 the bird by a flute2 the duck by an oboe2 the cat by a clarinet in the low register2 grandpapa by the bassoon2 the wolf by three ,french horns2 ,peter by the string quartet2 and the hunter's rifle shots by the kettledrums and bass drums40 ,then1 as the story of ,peter and the wolf unfolds1 little melodies appear and reappear1 each identifying some character in the story4 ,peter's theme is a lyrical folk song with a puckish personality for strings4 ,vivid and realistic little tunes represent the cat1 bird1 and duck1 each tune providing an amusing insight into the personality of each of these animals4 ,summer ,day1 opp4 #fe;a and #fe;b 7#aice7 is another of the composer's compositions for children which makes for delightful listening4 ,it started out as a suite of twelve easy piano pieces for children called ,music for ,children4 ,later on the composer orchestrated seven of these sections and called the new work ,summer ,day4 ,in the first movement1 8,morning10 a whimsical little tune is heard in first flute against a contrapuntal background by other woodwinds1 strings1 and bass drum4 ,midway a secondary melody is given by bassoons1 horns and cellos4 8,tag10 the familiar child's game1 is represented in a tripping melody for violins and flutes2 the music grows increasingly rhythmic in the intermediary section4 ,in the 8,waltz10 a saucy waltz tune with an unusual syncopated construction is presented by the violins1 interrupted by exclamations from the woodwind with typical ,prokofiev octave leaps4 8,regrets0 opens with a tender melody for cellos1 but is soon taken over by oboes1 and then the violins4 ,this melody is then varied by violins and clarinets4 8,march0 offers the main march melody in clarinets and oboes4 8,evening0 highlights a gentle song by solo flute1 soon joined by the clarinet4 ,as the violins take over the melody the pensive mood is maintained4 ,the concluding movement1 8,moonlit ,meadows0 is dominated by a melody for solo flute4 ,giacomo ,puccini ,giacomo ,puccini was born in ,lucca1 ,italy1 on ,december #bb1 #aheh1 to a family which for several generations had produced professional musicians4 ,as a boy1 ,giacomo attended the ,istituto ,musicale in his native city1 played the organ in the local church1 and wrote two choral compositions4 ,a subsidy from ,queen ,margherita enabled him to continue his music study at the ,milan ,conservatory with ,bazzini and ,ponchielli4 ,the latter encouraged ,puccini to write for the stage4 ,puccini's first dramatic work was a one-act opera1 ,le ,villi1 given successfully in ,milan in #ahhd1 and soon thereafter performed at ,la ,scala4 ,on a commission from the publisher1 ,ricordi1 ,puccini wrote a second opera that was a failure4 ,but the third1 ,manon ,lescaut--introduced in ,turin in #ahic--was a triumph and permanently established ,puccini's fame4 ,he now moved rapidly to a position of first importance in ,italian opera with three successive master-works3 ,la ,bohme 7#ahif71 ,tosca 7#aijj7 and ,madama ,butterfly 7#aijd74 ,puccini paid his first visit to the ,united ,states in #aijg to supervise the ,american premire of the last-named opera2 he returned in #aiaj to attend the world premire of ,the ,girl from the ,golden ,west which had been commissioned by the ,metropolitan ,opera4 ,puccini's subsequent operas were3 ,la ,rondine 7#aiag71 ,il ,trittico1 a trilogy of three one-act operas 7#aiah71 and ,turandot 7#aibd71 the last of which was left unfinished but was completed by ,franco ,alfano4 ,operated on for cancer of the throat1 in ,brussels1 ,puccini died of a heart attack in that city on ,november #bi1 #aibd4 ,though ,puccini was an exponent of 8,verismo10 a movement in ,italian opera which emphasized everyday subjects treated realistically1 he poured into his operas such a wealth of sentiment1 tenderness1 sweetness of lyricism1 and elegance of style that their emotional appeal is universal1 and he has become the best loved opera composer of the #bjth century4 ,selections from his three most popular operas are basic to the repertory of any semi-classical or 8pop0 orchestra4 ,la ,bohme was based on ,murger's famous novel1 ,scnes de la vie de ,bohme adapted into an opera libretto by ,giacosa and ,illica4 ,when first introduced 7,turin1 ,february #a1 #ahif7 the opera encountered an apathetic audience and hostile critics4 ,it had no big scenes1 no telling climaxes1 and most of its effects were too subtle emotionally to have an instantaneous appeal4 ,but the third performance--in ,palermo in #ahif--received an ovation4 ,from that time on it never failed to move opera audiences with its deeply moving pathos and its vivid depiction of the daily problems and conflicts of a group of ,bohemians in mid #aith-century ,paris4 ,the central theme is the love affair of the poet1 ,rodolfo1 and a seamstress1 ,mimi4 ,this love was filled with storm and stress1 and ended tragically with ,mimi's death of consumption in ,rodolfo's attic4 ,the following are some of the episodes heard most often in potpourris or fantasies of this opera3 ,rodolfo's celebrated narrative in the first act1 8,che gelida manina10 in which he tells ,mimi about his life as a poet2 ,mimi's aria that follows this narrative immediately1 8,mi chiamano ,mimi10 where she tells ,rodolfo of her poignant need for flowers and the warmth of springtime2 the first act love duet of ,mimi and ,rodolfo1 8,o soave fanciulla02 ,musetta's coquettish second-act waltz1 8,quando m'en vo' soletta10 sung outside ,caf ,momus in the ,latin ,quarter on ,christmas ,eve1 informing her admirers 7specifically ,marcello the painter71 how men are always attracted to her2 ,rodolfo's poignant recollection of his one time happiness with ,mimi1 8,o1 ,mimi1 tu pi0 in the fourth act2 and ,mimi's death music that ends the opera4 ,madama ,butterfly--libretto by ,illica and ,giacosa based on ,david ,belasco's play of the same name1 which in turn came from ,john ,luther's short story--was first performed in ,milan on ,february #ag1 #aijd when it was a fiasco4 ,there was such pandemonium during that performance that ,puccini had to rush on the stage and entreat the audience to be quiet so that the opera might continue4 ,undoubtedly1 some of ,puccini's enemies had a hand in instigating this scandal1 but the opera itself was not one able to win immediate favor4 ,the exotic setting of ,japan1 the unorthodox love affair involving an ,american sailor and a geisha girl ending in tragedy for the girl1 and the provocatively different kind of music 7sometimes ,oriental1 sometimes modern7 written to conform to the setting and the characters--all this was not calculated to appeal to ,italian opera lovers4 ,but three months after the premire the opera was repeated 7with some vital revisions by the composer74 ,this time neither the play nor the music proved shocking1 and the audience fell under the spell of enchantment which that sensitive opera cast all about it4 ,from then on1 the opera has been a favorite around the world4 ,the most celebrated single excerpt from the opera is unquestionably ,madame ,butterfly's poignant aria1 her expression of belief that her ,american lover1 so long absent from ,japan with his fleet1 would some day return to her3 8,un bel di40 ,other popular episodes include the passionate love music of ,madame ,butterfly and the ,american lieutenant with which the first act ends1 8,viene la sera02 the flower duet of the second act between ,madame ,butterfly and her servant in which the heroine excitedly decorates her home with cherry blossoms upon learning that her lover is back with his fleet 78,scuoti quella fronda di ciliegio072 the ,american lieutenant's tender farewell to ,madame ,butterfly and the scene of their love idyl from the third act 78,addio fiorito asil072 and ,madame ,butterfly's tender farewell to her daughter before committing suicide 78,tu1 tu piccolo iddio074 ,tosca--based on the famous ,french drama of the same name by ,sardou1 the libretto by ,giacosa and ,illica--was introduced in ,rome on ,january #ad1 #aijj4 ,it was a blood and thunder drama set in ,rome at the turn of the #aith century2 the dramatic episodes involved murder1 horror1 suicide1 sadism4 ,the heroine1 ,floria ,tosca1 is an opera singer in love with a painter1 ,mario ,cavaradossi2 she1 in turn1 is being pursued by ,scarpia1 the chief of police4 ,to save her lover's life1 she stands ready to give herself to ,scarpia4 ,the latter1 nonetheless1 is responsible for ,cavaradossi's execution4 ,scarpia is murdered by ,tosca1 who then commits suicide4 ,two tenor arias by ,cavaradossi are lyrical highlights of this opera4 ,the first is 8,recondita armonia10 in the first act1 in which the painter rhapsodizes over the beauty of his beloved ,tosca2 the second1 8,e lucevan le stelle10 comes in the last act as ,cavaradossi prepares himself for his death by bidding farewell to his memory of ,tosca4 ,the third important aria from this opera is that of ,tosca1 8,vissi d'arte10 a monologue in which she reflects on how cruel life had been to one who has devoted herself always to art1 prayer1 and love4 ,in addition to these three arias1 the opera score also boasts some wonderful love music1 that of ,cavaradossi and ,tosca 78,non la sospiri la nostra casetta07 and the first act stately church music 78,te ,deum074 ,sergei ,rachmaninoff ,sergei ,rachmaninoff was born in ,oneg1 ,novgorod1 ,russia1 on ,april #a1 #ahgc4 ,he attended the ,st4 ,petersburg ,conservatory for three years1 and his musical training ended at the ,moscow ,conservatory in #ahib when he received a gold medal for a one-act opera1 ,aleko4 ,in that same year he also wrote the ,prelude in ,c-sharp minor with which he became world famous4 ,his first piano concerto and his first symphony1 however1 were dismal failures4 ,in #aija he scored a triumph with his ,second ,piano ,concerto which1 since then1 has been not only the composer's most celebrated composition in a large form but also one of the best loved and most frequently performed piano concertos of the #bjth century4 ,rachmaninoff combined his success as composer with that as piano virtuoso4 ,beginning with #aijj he toured the world of music achieving recognition everywhere as one of the most renowned concert artists of his generation4 ,the first of his many tours of ,america took place in #aiji4 ,he also distinguished himself as a conductor1 first at the ,bolshoi ,theater between #aijd and #aijf1 and later with the ,moscow ,philharmonic4 ,as a composer he enhanced his reputation with a remarkable second symphony1 two more piano concertos1 and sundry works for orchestra4 ,he was a traditionalist who preferred working within the structures and with the techniques handed down to him by ,tchaikovsky4 ,like ,tchaikovsky whom he admired and emulated1 he wore his heart on his sleeve1 ever preferring to make his music the vehicle for profoundly felt emotions4 ,his broad rhapsodic style makes his greatest music an ever stirring emotional experience4 ,in #aiag ,rachmaninoff left ,russia for good1 establishing his permanent home first in ,lucerne1 ,switzerland1 and in #aice in the ,united ,states4 ,all the while he continued to tour the world as concert pianist4 ,his last years were spent in ,beverly ,hills1 ,california1 where he died on ,march #bh1 #aidc4 ,the ,prelude in ,c-sharp minor1 op4 #c1 no4 #b 7#ahib7 is ,rachmaninoff's most popular composition2 the transcriptions and adaptations it has received are of infinite variety4 ,he wrote it when he was nineteen and instantaneously the piece traveled around the globe4 ,unfortunately1 the composer never profited commercially from this formidable success1 having sold the composition outright for a pittance4 ,the ,prelude opens in a solemn mood with a theme sounding like the tolling of bells1 or the grim pronouncement by some implacable fate4 ,the second theme is agitated and restless1 but before the composition ends the solemn first theme recurs4 ,numerous efforts have been made to provide this dramatic music with a program1 including one which interpreted it in terms of the burning of ,moscow in #ahab4 ,the ,prelude in ,g minor1 op4 #bc1 no4 #e1 for piano 7#aijd71 is almost as famous4 ,the opening subject has the character of a brisk military march1 while the contrasting second theme is nostalgic and reflective4 ,the ,vocalise1 op4 #cd1 no4 #ad 7#aiab7 is one of the composer's best known vocal compositions4 ,this is a wordless song--a melody sung only on vowels1 a 8vocalise0 being actually a vocal exercise4 ,rachmaninoff himself transcribed this work for orchestra1 a version perhaps better known than the original vocal one4 ,many other musicians have made sundry other transcriptions1 including one for piano1 and others for solo instruments and piano4 ,joachim ,raff ,joseph ,joachim ,raff was born in ,lachen1 on the ,lake of ,zurich1 ,switzerland1 on ,may #bg1 #ahbb4 ,he was mostly self-taught in music1 while pursuing the career of schoolmaster4 ,some of his early compositions were published through ,mendelssohn's influence1 a development that finally encouraged ,raff to give up schoolteaching and devote himself completely to music4 ,an intimate association with ,liszt led to the premire of an opera1 ,king ,alfred1 in ,weimar in #ahea4 ,in #ahfc1 his symphony1 ,an das ,vaterland1 received first prize from the ,vienna ,gesellschaft der ,musikfreunde4 ,from #ahgg until his death he was director of ,hoch's ,conservatory in ,frankfort1 ,germany4 ,he died in that city on ,june #be1 #ahhb4 ,a prolific composer of symphonies1 concertos1 overtures1 quartets1 sonatas and sundry other works1 ,raff was a major figure in the ,german ,romantic movement1 highly regarded by his contemporaries1 but forgotten since his death4 ,only some of his minor pieces are remembered4 ,the most popular is the ,cavatina in ,a-flat major1 op4 #he1 no4 #c1 for violin and piano1 a perennial favorite with violin students and young violinists1 and no less familiar in various orchestral adaptations4 ,a 8cavatina0 is a composition for an instrument with the lyric character of a song4 ,raff's broad and expressive melody has an almost religious stateliness4 ,another popular ,raff composition in a smaller dimension is the picturesque piano piece1 ,la ,fileuse 7,the ,spinner71 op4 #aeg1 no4 #b1 in which the movement of the spinning wheel is graphically reproduced4 ,maurice ,ravel ,maurice ,ravel was born in ,ciboure1 ,france1 on ,march #g1 #ahge4 ,after studying music with private teachers in ,paris he entered the ,paris ,conservatory in #ahhi1 remaining there fifteen years1 and proving himself a brilliant 7if at times an iconoclastic7 student4 ,while still at the ,conservatory his ,menuet antique for piano was published1 and ,les ,sites auriculaires for two pianos was performed4 ,by the time he left the ,conservatory he was already a composer of considerable stature1 having completed two remarkable compositions for the piano--,pavane pour une ,infante dfunte and ,jeux d'eau1 both introduced in #aijb--;and an unqualified masterwork1 the ,string ,quartet1 first performed in #aijd4 ,the fact that a composer of such attainments had four times failed to win the ,prix de ,rome created such a scandal in ,paris that the director of the ,paris ,conservatory1 ,thodore ,dubois1 was compelled to resign4 ,but ,ravel's frustrations from failing to win the ,prix de ,rome did not affect the quality of his music4 ,in the succeeding years he produced a succession of masterworks3 the ballet ,daphnis and ,chloe1 its premire by the ,ballet ,russe de ,monte ,carlo in ,paris on ,june #h1 #aiab2 the ,spanish ,rhapsody 7,rapsodie espagnole7 for orchestra2 the suite ,miroirs1 for piano4 ,during ,world ,war ,i1 ,ravel served at the front in an ambulance corps4 ,after the war1 he withdrew to his villa in ,montfort l',amaury where he lived in comparative seclusion1 devoted mainly to creative work4 ,nevertheless1 in #aibh1 he toured the ,united ,states1 making his ,american debut in ,boston with the ,boston ,symphony on ,january #ab1 #aibi2 ,ravel died in ,paris on ,december #bh1 #aicg1 following an unsuccessful operation on the brain4 ,one of the most significant of ,impressionists after ,debussy1 ,ravel was the creator of music that is highly sensitive in its moods1 elegant in style1 exquisite in detail1 and usually endowed with the most stunning effects of instrumentation1 rhythm1 and harmony4 ,some of his best-known works derive their inspiration and material from ,spanish sources4 ,it is one of these that is probably his most popular orchestral composition1 and one of the most popular of the #bjth century1 the ,bolero4 ,a 8bolero0 is a ,spanish dance in time accompanied by clicking castanets4 ,ravel wrote his ,bolero in #aibh as ballet music for ,ida ,rubinstein who introduced it in ,paris on ,november #bb1 #aibh4 ,but ,bolero has since then separated itself from the dance to become a concert hall favorite4 ,when ,toscanini directed the ,american premire in #aibi it created a sensation1 and set into motion a wave of popularity for this exciting music achieved by few contemporary works4 ,it was performed by every major ,american orchestra1 was heard in theaters and over radio1 was reproduced simultaneously on six different recordings4 ,it was transcribed for every possible combination of instruments 7including a jazz band72 the word 8,bolero0 was used as the title of a motion picture4 ,such immense appeal is not difficult to explain4 ,the rhythmic and instrumental virtuosity of this music has an immediate kinaesthetic effect4 ,the composition derives its immense impact from sonority and changing orchestral colors4 ,the bolero melody has two sections1 the first heard initially is the flute1 then clarinet2 the second is given by the bassoon1 and then the clarinet4 ,this two-part melody is repeated throughout the composition against a compelling rhythm of a side drum1 all the while gradually growing in dynamics and continually changing its colors chameleon-like through varied instrumentation4 ,a monumental climax is finally realized1 as the bolero melody is proclaimed by the full orchestra4 ,another highly popular ,ravel composition has a far different personality--the ,pavane pour une ,infante dfunte 7,pavane for a ,dead ,infante74 ,where the appeal of the ,bolero is strong1 direct1 immediate and on the surface1 that of the ,pavane is subtle1 elusive1 sensitive4 ,a ,pavane is a stately court dance 7usually in three sections and in _/ time7 popular in ,france4 ,ravel's ,pavane is an elegy for the death of a ,spanish princess4 ,ravel wrote this composition for piano 7#ahii7 but he later transcribed it for orchestra4 ,an ,american popular song was adapted from this haunting melody in #aici1 entitled 8,the ,lamp ,is ,low40 ,emil von ,rezniek ,emil ,von ,rezniek was born in ,vienna1 ,austria1 on ,may #d1 #ahfj1 the son of a princess and an ,austrian field marshal4 ,for a time he studied law1 but then devoted himself completely to music study1 mainly at the ,leipzig ,conservatory4 ,from #ahif to #ahii he was the conductor of several theater orchestras in ,germany1 ,austria1 and ,switzerland4 ,in #aijb he settled in ,berlin where he founded and for several years conducted an annual series of orchestral concerts4 ,subsequently he was the conductor of the ,warsaw ,opera and from #aiji to #aiaa of the ,komische ,oper in ,berlin4 ,he also pursued a highly successful career as teacher1 principally at the ,scharwenka ,conservatory in ,berlin and from #aibj to #aibf at the ,berlin ,high ,school of ,music4 ,he went into retirement in #aibi1 and died in ,berlin on ,august #b1 #aide4 ,rezniek was the composer of several operas1 five symphonies1 three tone poems and various other compositions4 ,his greatest success came with the comic opera1 ,donna ,diana1 introduced in ,prague on ,december #af1 #ahid1 and soon thereafter heard in forty-three ,european opera houses4 ,the opera--libretto by the composer based on a ,spanish comedy by ,moreto y ,cabana--is consistently light and frothy4 ,carlos is in pursuit of ,princess ,diana1 and to effect her surrender he feigns he is madly in love with her4 ,princess ,diana plays a game of her own4 ,coyly she eludes him after seeming to fall victim to his wiles4 ,in the end they both discover they are very much in love with each other4 ,the opera is almost never heard any longer1 but the witty overture is a favorite throughout the world2 it is the only piece of music by the composer that is still often performed today4 ,a sustained introduction leads into the jolly first theme--a fast1 light little melody that sets the prevailing mood of frivolity4 ,the heart of the overture is an expressive melody shared by basses and oboe4 ,it grows in passion and intensity as other sections of the orchestra develop it4 ,when this melody comes to a climax1 the passionate mood is suddenly dissipated1 and the frivolous first theme of the overture returns to restore a mood of reckless gaiety4 ,nikolai ,rimsky-,korsakov ,nikolai ,rimsky-,korsakov was born in ,tikhvin1 ,russia1 on ,march #ah1 #ahdd4 ,trained for a naval career1 he was graduated from the ,naval ,school in ,st4 ,petersburg in #ahfb1 after which he embarked on a two-and-a-half-year cruise as naval officer4 ,from earliest boyhood he had been passionately interested in music1 especially the folk operas of ,glinka and ,russian ecclesiastical music4 ,when he was seventeen1 he was encouraged by ,balakirev to essay composition4 ,after returning to ,russia in #ahfd1 ,rimsky-,korsakov associated himself with the national ,russian school then being realized by ,balakirev and ,mussorgsky among others1 and completed his first symphony1 introduced in ,st4 ,petersburg in #ahfe4 ,he plunged more deeply into musical activity after that by completing several ambitious works of national character1 including the ,antar ,symphony and an opera1 ,the ,maid of ,pskov4 ,in #ahgc he was relieved by the government of all his naval duties and allowed to devote himself completely to music4 ,at that time the special post of ,inspector of ,military ,orchestras was created for him4 ,he soon distinguished himself as a conductor of the ,free ,music ,society in ,st4 ,petersburg and as professor of composition and orchestration at the ,st4 ,petersburg ,conservatory4 ,he did not neglect composition1 producing many significant operas and orchestral works4 ,in his music he remained faithful to national ideals by filling his music with melodies patterned after ,russian folk songs1 harmonies derived from the modes of ,russian church music1 and rhythms simulating those of ,russian folk dances4 ,to all his writing he brought an extraordinary technical skill in structure1 orchestration and harmony4 ,he died of a heart attack in ,liubensk1 ,russia1 on ,june #ba1 #aijh4 ,the exotic personality and harmonic and instrumental brilliance of ,eastern music are often encountered in ,rimsky-,korsakov4 ,they are found in two extremely popular excerpts from his opera ,le ,coq d'or 7,the ,golden ,cockerel73 8,bridal ,procession0 and 8,hymn to the ,sun40 ,le ,coq d'or is a fantasy-opera1 introduced in ,moscow on ,october #g1 #aiji2 the libretto1 by ,vladimir ,bielsky1 is based on a tale by ,pushkin4 ,a golden cockerel with the talent of prophecy is presented to ,king ,dodon by his astrologer4 ,in time the cockerel accurately prophesies the doom of both the astrologer and the ,king4 ,the oriental1 languorous 8,hymn to the ,sun0 78,salut toi soleil07 appears in the second act1 a salute by the beautiful ,queen of ,shemaka4 ,after the ,queen has captured the love of ,king ,dodon with this song1 they marry4 ,there are many transcriptions of this beautiful melody1 including one for violin and piano by ,kreisler and for cello and piano by ,julius ,klengel4 ,the third act of this opera opens with the brilliant music of the 8,bridal ,procession40 ,the royal entourage passes with pomp and ceremony through the city accompanied by the cheers of the surrounding crowds4 ,in the vital 8,dance of the ,tumblers0 or 8,dance of the ,buffoons0 for orchestra1 ,rimsky-,korsakov skilfully employs folk rhythms4 ,this dance comes from the composer's folk opera1 ,the ,snow ,maiden 7,snegourochka74 ,the third act opens with a gay ,arcadian festival celebrated by the ,berendey peasants during which this gay and exciting folk dance is performed4 ,the pictorial1 realistic 8,flight of the ,bumble ,bee0 is an excerpt from still another of ,rimsky-,korsakov's operas1 ,the ,legend of ,tsar ,saltan4 ,this is an orchestral interlude in the third act describing tonally1 and with remarkable realism1 the buzzing course of a bee4 ,this piece retains its vivid pictorialism even in transcriptions1 notably that for solo piano by ,rachmaninoff1 and for violin and piano by ,arthur ,hartmann4 ,the 8,hindu ,chant0 or 8,the ,song of ,india0 is also an operatic excerpt1 this time from ,sadko4 ,it appears at the close of the second tableau of the second act4 ,sadko is the host to three merchants from foreign lands4 ,he invites each to tell him about his homeland1 one of whom is a ,hindu who proceeds in an ,oriental melody to speak of the magic and mystery of ,india4 ,the ,russian ,easter ,overture 7,la ,grand pque russe71 for orchestra1 op4 #cf 7#ahhh7 was one of the fruits of the composer's lifelong fascination for ,russian church music4 ,the principal thematic material of the overture comes from a collection of canticles known as the ,obikhod from the ,russian ,orthodox ,church4 ,two of these canticles are heard in the solemn introduction1 a section which the composer said represented the 8,holy ,sepulcher that had shone with ineffable light at the moment of the ,resurrection40 ,the first is given loudly by strings and clarinets1 the second quietly by violins and violas accompanied by woodwind1 harps1 and pizzicato basses4 ,a brief cadenza for solo violin is the transition to the main body of the overture where the two canticles from the introduction are amplified and developed4 ,a brilliant coda leads to the conclusion of the work where the second of the two melodies is given for the last time by trombones and strings4 ,rimsky-,korsakov's most famous work for orchestra is the symphonic suite1 ,scheherazade1 op4 #ce 7#ahhh74 ,nowhere is his remarkable gift at pictorial writing1 at translating a literary program into tones1 more in evidence than here4 ,this music describes episodes from the ,arabian ,nights in four movements which are unified by the recurrence of two musical motives4 ,the first is that of the ,sultan1 a forceful1 majestic statement for unison brass1 woodwinds and strings2 the second is a tender melody in triplets for strings depicting the lovely ,scheherazade4 ,the ,sultan theme opens the first movement1 entitled 8,the ,sea and ,sinbad's ,ship40 ,after quiet chords for the brass1 the ,scheherazade melody is heard in solo violin accompanied by harp arpeggios4 ,the music later becomes highly dramatic as ,sinbad's ship1 represented by a flute solo1 is buffeted about by an angry sea1 the latter portrayed by rapid arpeggio figures4 ,the poignant ,scheherazade motive in solo violin introduces the second movement1 8,the ,tale of the ,kalendar40 ,the tale is spun in a haunting song for bassoon1 dramatically contrasted by a dynamic rhythmic section for full orchestra4 ,the third movement1 8,the ,young ,prince and the ,princess0 is a tender love dialogue between violins and clarinets4 ,after a recall of the ,scheherazade melody there appears the finale3 8,the ,festival at ,bagdad2 ,the ,sea1 ,the ,ship ,founders on the ,rock40 ,a brief recall of the ,sinbad theme brings on an electrifying picture of a festival in ,bagdad4 ,the gay proceedings1 however1 are interrupted by a grim shipwreck scene1 vividly depicted by the exciting music4 ,this dramatic episode passes1 and the suite ends with a final statement of the ,scheherazade theme4 ,the ,spanish ,caprice 7,capriccio espagnol71 for orchestra1 op4 #cd 7#ahhg7 is one of the composer's rare attempts at exploiting the folk music of a country other than his own4 ,there are five parts4 ,the first is a morning song1 or 8,alborada10 in which two main subjects of ,spanish identity are given by the full orchestra4 ,this is followed by 8,variations40 ,a ,spanish melody is here subjected to five brief variations4 ,in the third part1 the ,alborada music returns in a changed tonality and orchestration4 ,the fourth movement is entitled 8,scene and ,gypsy ,dance0 and consists of five cadenzas4 ,the ,capriccio ends with 8,fandango asturiano10 in which a dance melody for trombones is succeeded by a contrasting subject in the woodwinds4 ,a last recall of the main ,alborada theme of the first movement brings the work to its conclusion4 ,richard ,rodgers ,richard ,rodgers was born in ,hammels ,station1 near ,arverne1 ,long ,island1 on ,june #bh1 #aijb4 ,as a child he began studying the piano and attending the popular musical theater4 ,he wrote his first songs in #aiaf1 a score for an amateur musical in #aiag1 and in #aiai created the music for the ,columbia ,varsity ,show1 the first freshman ever to do so4 ,meanwhile he had initiated a collaborative arrangement with the lyricist1 ,lorenz ,hart1 that lasted almost a quarter of a century4 ,their first song to reach the ,broadway theater was 8,any ,old ,place ,with ,you0 in ,a ,lonely ,romeo in #aiai4 ,their first ,broadway musical was ,the ,poor ,little ,ritz ,girl in #aibj1 and their first success came with ,the ,garrick ,gaieties in #aibe where the song1 8,manhattan10 was introduced4 ,for the next twenty years1 ,rodgers and ,hart--frequently with ,herbert ,fields as librettist--dominated the musical stage with some of the most original and freshly conceived musical productions of that period3 ,dearest ,enemy 7#aibe71 ,the ,girl ,friend 7#aibf71 ,peggy-,ann 7#aibf71 ,a ,connecticut ,yankee 7#aibg71 ,on ,your ,toes 7#aicf71 ,babes in ,arms 7#aicg71 ,i'd ,rather ,be ,right 7#aicg71 ,i ,married an ,angel 7#aich71 ,the ,boys from ,syracuse 7#aich71 and ,pal ,joey 7#aidj74 ,from these and other productions came hundreds of songs some of which have since become classics in ,american popular music4 ,the best of these were 8,here ,in ,my ,arms10 8,blue ,room10 8,my ,heart ,stood ,still10 8,my ,romance10 8,the ,most ,beautiful ,girl in the ,world10 8,there's a ,small ,hotel10 8,where or ,when10 8,my ,funny ,valentine10 8,spring ,is ,here10 8,falling in ,love ,with ,love10 8,i ,could ,write a ,book0 and 8,bewitched1 ,bothered and ,bewildered40 ,by ,jupiter1 in #aidb1 was the last of the ,rodgers and ,hart musicals4 ,hart's physical and moral disintegration made it necessary for ,rodgers to seek out a new collaborator4 ,he found him in ,oscar ,hammerstein ,,ii1 with whom ,rodgers embarked on a new and even greater career as composer for the theater4 ,their first collaboration was ,oklahoma6 in #aidc1 an unprecedented box-office triumph1 and a production that revolutionized the musical stage by crystallizing the concept and procedures of the musical play as opposed to the musical comedy4 ,after that ,rodgers and ,hammerstein brought to the stage such classics as ,carousel1 ,south ,pacific1 and ,the ,king and ,i4 ,other ,rodgers and ,hammerstein productions were ,allegro 7#aidg71 ,me and ,juliet 7#aiec71 ,pipe ,dream 7#aiee71 ,the ,flower ,drum ,song 7#aieh7 and ,the ,sound of ,music 7#aiei74 ,among the most famous songs by ,rodgers from these productions--besides those from musical plays discussed below--were 8,a ,fellow ,needs a ,girl10 8,no ,other ,love10 8,everybody's ,got a ,home ,but ,me10 8,all at ,once ,you ,love ,her10 8,i ,enjoy ,being a ,girl10 8,do1 ,re1 ,mi10 8,the ,sound of ,music0 and 8,climb ,every ,mountain40 ,the collaboration of ,rodgers and ,hammerstein ended in #aifj with the death of the lyricist4 ,oklahoma61 ,carousel1 ,south ,pacific1 and ,the ,king and ,i have become enduring monuments in the ,american theater4 ,they are continually revived1 have been adapted for motion pictures1 and are perpetually represented at semi-classical concerts and on records4 ,in whatever form they appear they never fail to excite and inspire audiences4 ,it is in these productions that ,rodgers has reached the highest creative altitudes of his career1 with music of such expressive lyricism1 dramatic impact1 consummate technical skill1 and pervading charm and grace that its survival in ,american music seems assured4 ,robert ,russell ,bennett has made skilful orchestral adaptations of the basic melodic material from each of these musical plays1 and it is most usually these adaptations that are most frequently performed by pop and semi-classical orchestras4 ,carousel is the second of the ,rodgers and ,hammerstein masterworks1 succeeding ,oklahoma6 by about two years4 ,it is one of the most radiant ornaments of our musical stage4 ,oscar ,hammerstein ,,ii here adapted ,ferenc ,molnar's play1 ,liliom1 with changes in setting1 time1 and some basic alterations of plot4 ,in the musical version the action takes place in ,new ,england in #ahgc4 ,billy ,bigelow1 a barker in an amusement park1 falls in love and marries ,julie ,jordan4 ,a charming but irresponsible young man1 ,billy decides to get some money in a holdup1 when he learns his wife is pregnant4 ,caught1 ,billy eludes arrest by committing suicide4 ,after a brief stay in ,purgatory1 ,billy is permitted to return to earth for a single day to achieve redemption1 the price for his admission to ,heaven4 ,on earth1 he meets his daughter4 ,through her love1 understanding and forgiveness he achieves his redemption4 ,thus the musical ends in a happy glow of love and compassion whereas ,molnar's original play ended on the tragic note of frustration4 ,carousel opened in ,new ,york on ,april #ai1 #aide4 ,john ,chapman described it as 8one of the finest musical plays ,i have ever seen1 and ,i shall remember it always40 ,it received the ,drama ,critics ,award and eight ,donaldson ,awards4 ,since then it has often been revived besides being adapted for the screen2 in #aieh it was presented at the ,world's ,fair in ,brussels4 ,the heartwarming glow that pervades the play in ,hammerstein's moving dialogue and lyrics was magically caught in the score1 which begins with an extended waltz sequence for orchestra4 ,in the play this music is heard under the opening scene which represents an amusement park dominated by a gay carousel4 ,this waltz music is a self-sufficient composition that can be1 and often is1 played independently of the other excerpts4 ,the other main musical episodes include the love duet of ,billy and ,julie1 8,if ,i ,loved ,you02 ,billy's eloquent and extended narrative1 8,soliloquy10 when he learns he is about to become a father2 the spiritual 8,you'll ,never ,walk ,alone02 the ebullient 8,june ,is ,bustin' ,out ,all ,over02 two vigorous choral episodes1 8,blow ,high1 ,blow ,low0 and 8,this ,was a ,real ,nice ,clambake40 ,the ,king and ,i1 presented on ,march #bi1 #aiea1 was adapted by ,oscar ,hammerstein ,,ii from ,margaret ,landon's novel ,anna and the ,king of ,siam 7which had already been made into a successful non-musical motion picture starring ,rex ,harrison and ,irene ,dunne74 ,anna1 played in the musical by ,gertrude ,lawrence1 is an ,english schoolmistress come to ,siam to teach ,western culture to the royal princes and princesses4 ,her own strong will and ,western independence comes into sharp conflict with the king1 an ,eastern despot enacted by ,yul ,brynner4 ,but they are nonetheless drawn to each other1 partly through curiosity1 partly through admiration4 ,naturally1 since they are of different social stations and cultures1 a love interest is out of the question1 but they are ineluctably drawn to each other1 particularly after ,anna has managed to save a critical political situation in ,siam through her ingenuity4 ,the king dies just before the final curtain2 ,anna remains on as a teacher of the children she has come to love4 ,part of the attraction of ,rodgers' music is its subtle ,oriental flavoring4 ,in the music--as in text1 settings and costuming--,the ,king and ,i is a picture of an 8,east of frank and unashamed romance10 as ,richard ,watts1 ,jr41 said1 8seen through the eyes of 444 theatrical artists of rare taste and creative power40 ,the ,oriental element is particularly pronounced in the orchestral excerpt1 8,the ,march of the ,royal ,siamese ,children10 with its exotic syncopated structure and orchestration4 ,other popular excerpts from this score include ,anna's lilting 8,i ,whistle a ,happy ,tune02 her poignant ballad 8,hello1 ,young ,lovers02 ,anna's duet with the king1 8,shall ,we ,dance802 her amiable conversation with the children1 8,getting to ,know ,you02 the ,king's narrative1 8,a ,puzzlement02 also two sensitive and atmospheric duets by the two ,siamese lovers1 ,tuptim and ,lun ,tha1 8,we ,kiss in the ,shadow0 and 8,i ,have ,dreamed40 ,oklahoma61 the first of the ,rodgers and ,hammerstein musical plays--which opened on ,march #ca1 #aidc--made stage history4 ,its run of #b1bdh performances was the longest run of any ,broadway musical up to then2 a national company toured for ten years4 ,it was successfully produced in ,europe1 ,africa1 and ,australia4 ,but beyond being a box-office triumph of incomparable magnitude1 it was also an artistic event of the first importance4 ,this was musical comedy no more1 but a vital folk play rich in dramatic content1 and authentic in characterization and background4 ,the play upon which it was based was ,lynn ,riggs' folk play1 ,green ,grow the ,lilacs1 adapted by ,oscar ,hammerstein ,,ii4 ,in making his adaptation1 ,hammerstein had to sidestep long accepted formulas and clichs of the ,american musical stage to meet the demands of ,riggs' play4 ,chorus-girl routines made way for ,american ballet conceived by ,agnes ,de ,mille4 ,set comedy routines were replaced by a humor which rose naturally from text and characters4 ,each musical incident was basic to the movement of the dramatic action4 ,even the plot was unorthodox for our musical theater4 ,at the turn of the present century in ,west-,indian country1 ,laurey and ,curly are in love1 but are kept apart by their respective diffidence and a false sense of hostility4 ,an ugly1 lecherous character1 ,jud ,fry1 pursues ,laurey4 ,laurey and ,curly finally declare their love for each other4 ,at their wedding ,jud arrives inebriated1 attacks ,curly with a knife1 and becomes its fatal victim when he accidentally falls upon the blade during a brawl4 ,a hastily improvised trial exonerates ,curly of murder and permits him and his bride to set off on their honeymoon for a land that some day will get the name of ,oklahoma4 ,the play opens at once with its best musical foot forward1 a simple song1 8,oh1 ,what a ,beautiful ,mornin'10 which has the personality of ,american folk music4 ,it is sung offstage by ,curly4 ,after that the principal musical episodes include the love song of ,curly and ,laurey1 8,people ,will ,say ,we're in ,love02 several songs with a strong ,american national identity1 including 8,kansas ,city10 8,the ,farmer and the ,cowman10 8,the ,surrey ,with the ,fringe on ,top10 and the title number2 and two highly expressive numbers1 8,out of ,my ,dreams0 and 8,many a ,new ,day40 ,slaughter on ,tenth ,avenue is one of ,rodgers' most famous orchestral compositions1 and one of the finest achievements of the school of symphonic-jazz writing4 ,this music was used for a ballet sequence in the ,rodgers and ,hart musical1 ,on ,your ,toes1 first produced in #aicf4 ,since ,on ,your ,toes dwelled in the world of ballet1 with dancers as principal characters1 ballet episodes played an important part in the unfolding of the story2 these episodes were conceived by ,george ,balanchine4 ,the play reaches a dramatic climax with a jazz ballet1 a satire on gangsters1 entitled ,slaughter on ,tenth ,avenue4 ,this is a description of the pursuit by gangsters of a hoofer and his girl4 ,caught up in a ,tenth ,avenue caf1 the gangsters murder the girl and are about to kill the hoofer when the police come to his rescue4 ,rodgers' music for the ballet is an extended and integrated symphonic-jazz composition which has won its way into the permanent repertory of semi-classical music4 ,it is constructed from two main melodic ideas4 ,the first is an impudent little jazz tune1 and the second is a rich and luscious jazz melody for strings4 ,south ,pacific1 produced on ,april #g1 #aidi1 was both commercially and artistically of the magnitude of ,oklahoma6 ,its ,broadway run of #a1ibe performances was only #cbe less than that of its epoch-making predecessor4 ,in many other respects ,south ,pacific outdid ,oklahoma63 ,in the overall box-office grossage2 in sale of sheet music and records2 in the capture of prizes 7including the ,pulitzer ,prize for drama1 seven ,antoinette ,perry and nine ,donaldson awards74 ,the book was adapted by ,oscar ,hammerstein ,,ii and ,joshua ,logan from ,tales of the ,south ,pacific1 a series of short stories about ,american troops in the ,pacific during ,world ,war ,,ii4 ,in the adaptation two love plots are emphasized4 ,the first involves the ,french planter1 ,emile de ,becque1 and the ,american ensign1 ,nellie ,forbush2 the other engages ,liat1 a ,tonkinese girl1 and ,lieutenant ,cable4 ,the first ends happily1 but only after complications brought on by the discovery on ,nellie's part that ,emile was once married to a ,polynesian and is the father of two ,eurasian children4 ,the other love affair has a tragic ending1 since ,lieutenant ,cable dies on a mission4 ,with ,ezio ,pinza as ,de ,becque and ,mary ,martin as ,nellie1 ,south ,pacific was 8a show of rare enchantment10 as ,howard ,barnes reported1 8novel in texture and treatment1 rich in dramatic substance1 and eloquent in song40 ,among its prominent musical numbers are ,de ,becque and ,nellie's love song1 8,some ,enchanted ,evening02 ,de ,becque's lament 8,this ,nearly ,was ,mine02 ,cable's love song 8,younger ,than ,springtime02 three songs by ,nellie1 8,i'm ,gonna ,wash ,that ,man ,right ,outa ,my ,hair10 8,a ,cockeyed ,optimist10 and 8,i'm in ,love with a ,wonderful ,guy02 two exotic numbers by the ,tonkinese ,bloody ,mary1 8,happy ,talk0 and 8,bali ,ha'i02 and a spirited and humorous choral number by the ,marines1 8,there ,is ,nothing ,like a ,dame40 ,victory at ,sea is a nine-movement suite for symphony orchestra adapted by ,robert ,russell ,bennett from the extended musical score for a series of documentary films on naval operations during ,world ,war ,,ii4 ,these films were presented over ,,nbc television in #aieb and received both the ,sylvania and the ,george ,foster ,peabody ,awards4 ,much of the acclaim accorded to these remarkable films belonged to ,rodgers' background music which1 as ,otis ,l4 ,guernsey said1 8suggested courage1 self-sacrifice and the indomitable spirit of the free man40 ,a ,new ,yorker critic described ,rodgers' music as a 8seemingly endless creation1 now martial1 now tender1 now tuneful1 now dissonant 444 memorable and tremendously moving40 ,the first movement1 8,the ,song of the ,high ,seas10 is a picture of ships menaced by ,nazi ,u-boats on the seas during the early part of ,world ,war ,,ii4 ,they finally get involved in battle4 8,the ,pacific ,boils ,over0 describes the beauty of ,hawaii at peace in a melody suggesting ,hawaiian song and dance4 ,war comes1 and this idyllic mood is shattered4 ,a broad melody for strings ending in forceful chords tells about the tragedy of ,pearl ,harbor and the grim business of repairing the damage inflicted upon it by the ,japanese4 ,the third movement is one of the most famous in the suite1 often performed independently of the other sections4 ,it is stirring and dramatic march music of symphonic dimensions entitled 8,guadalcanal ,march40 ,this is followed by 8,d ,day10 its principal melody a broad1 strong subject for brass telling of the gradual build-up of men and materials for the invasion of ,fortress ,europe4 ,the fifth movement1 8,hard ,work and ,horseplay0 provides the lighter side of war4 ,american soldiers find relief from grim realities in mischievous escapades and playtime4 8,theme of the ,fast ,carrier0 brings up the picture of a battle scene and ends with moving funeral music4 ,in 8,beneath the ,southern ,cross0 we get an infectious tango melody which ,rodgers later borrowed for his hit song1 8,no ,other ,love10 for the ,rodgers and ,hammerstein musical play1 ,me and ,juliet4 8,mare ,nostrum0 recalls the harsh realities of war1 first by presenting a serene ,mediterranean scene1 and then showing how it is torn and violated by the fierce naval attack on ,north ,africa1 ,sicily1 ,salerno1 and ,anzio4 ,the suite ends on a note of triumph with 8,victory at ,sea40 ,a hymn of thanksgiving is sounded4 ,then we hear reminders of the 8,guadalcanal ,march0 and the seductive tango melody from 8,beneath the ,southern ,cross40 ,this tango is soon transformed into a rousing song of joy and triumph with which the suite comes to a magnificent culmination4 ,sigmund ,romberg ,sigmund ,romberg was born in ,szeged1 ,hungary1 on ,july #bi1 #ahhg4 ,his boyhood and early manhood were spent in ,vienna where he studied engineering and fulfilled his military service with the #aith ,hungarian ,infantry stationed in that city4 ,in ,vienna1 ,romberg's lifelong interest in and talent for music found a favorable climate4 ,he heard concerts1 haunted the city's leading music salons1 was a devotee of ,viennese operettas at the ,theater-an-der-,wien4 ,vienna's influence led him to abandon all thoughts of becoming an engineer4 ,in #aiji he came to the ,united ,states where he led salon orchestras in various restaurants and published his first popular songs4 ,in #aiab he was engaged as staff composer for the ,shuberts1 for whose many and varied ,broadway productions ,romberg supplied all the music4 ,within a three-year period he wrote the scores for eighteen musicals1 one of which was his first operetta in a ,european style1 ,the ,blue ,paradise 7#aiae7 for which he created his first outstanding song hit1 8,auf ,wiedersehen40 ,though he continued writing music for many musical comedies1 revues and extravaganzas--including some starring ,al ,jolson at the ,winter ,garden--it was in the field of the operetta that ,romberg achieved significance in ,american popular music4 ,his musical roots were so deeply embedded in the soil of ,vienna that only in writing music for operettas in the manner and procedures of ,vienna did he succeed in producing a lyricism that ran the gamut from sweetness and sentimentality to gaiety1 masculine vigor and charm4 ,his most successful operettas1 which are discussed below1 have never lost their capacity to enchant audiences however many times they are revived4 ,romberg began writing music for motion pictures in #aicj with ,viennese ,nights4 ,out of one of his many scores for the screen came the poignant ballad1 8,when ,i ,grow ,too ,old to ,dream40 ,his last huge success on ,broadway was achieved not with an operetta but with an ,american musical comedy with ,american backgrounds1 settings and characters--and songs in a pronounced ,american idiom4 ,it was ,up in ,central ,park in #aide4 ,his last musical comedy was ,the ,girl in ,pink ,tights produced on ,broadway posthumously in #aied4 ,romberg died in ,new ,york ,city on ,november #i1 #aiea4 ,three years after his death his screen biography1 ,deep in ,my ,heart1 was released1 with ,jos ,ferrer playing the part of the composer4 ,blossom ,time was first produced on ,broadway on ,september #bi1 #aiba and proved so successful that to meet the demand for tickets a second company was formed to perform it at a nearby theater4 ,there were also four national companies running simultaneously4 ,this musical was derived from the successful ,german operetta1 ,das drei ,maederlhaus1 adapted by ,dorothy ,donnelly4 ,the central character is the beloved ,viennese composer of the early #aith century1 ,franz ,schubert1 and the plot is built around the composer's supposed frustrated love for ,mitzi1 who1 in turn1 falls in love with ,schubert's best friend4 ,the composer's anguish in losing her makes it impossible for him to finish the symphony he was writing for her--and it remains forever unfinished4 ,this tragic episode1 however1 has no basis in biographical fact and is entirely the figment of a fertile operetta librettist's imagination4 ,romberg's most famous songs were all based on ,schubert's own melodies1 and one became a hit of major proportions3 8,song of ,love0 based on the beautiful main theme from the first movement of the ,unfinished ,symphony4 ,other popular selections include 8,tell ,me ,daisy10 8,lonely ,hearts10 8,serenade0 and 8,three ,little ,maids0--all possessed of that charm1 grace and ,gemuetlichkeit which we always associate with the city of ,vienna and its popular music4 ,the ,desert ,song1 produced on ,november #cj1 #aibf1 had for its background the colorful setting of ,french ,morocco4 ,there ,margot ,bonvalet is in love with the ,governor's son but is being pursued by the bandit chief1 ,the ,red ,shadow4 ,in the end it turns out that the ,governor's son and ,the ,red ,shadow are one and the same person4 ,the principal musical excerpts include the romantic duet of ,margot and ,the ,red ,shadow1 8,blue ,heaven02 the rapturous love song of ,the ,red ,shadow1 8,one ,alone02 and two virile episodes1 8,sabre ,song0 and 8,french ,marching ,song40 ,unlike most ,romberg operettas1 ,maytime1 presented on ,august #af1 #aiag1 did not have a foreign or exotic setting4 ,the action takes place in ,gramercy ,park1 ,new ,york1 between #ahdj and #aijj4 ,however1 the tragic frustrations of the love affair of ,ottilie and ,richard belong inevitably in the make-believe world of the operetta4 ,ottilie is forced to marry a distant relative4 ,many years later1 ,ottilie's granddaughter and ,richard's grandson find each other1 fall in love1 and fulfil the happiness denied their grandparents4 ,the most important musical number in this play is the sweet and sentimental waltz1 8,will ,you ,remember801 which is repeated several times during the course of the action4 ,other numbers include 8,jump ,jim ,crow10 8,it's a ,windy ,day0 and 8,dancing ,will ,keep ,you ,young40 ,the ,new ,moon--which came to ,broadway on ,september #ai1 #aibh--was described by its authors 7,oscar ,hammerstein ,,ii1 ,frank ,mandel1 and ,laurence ,schwab7 as a 8romantic musical comedy40 ,its hero is a historical character1 ,robert ,mission1 an #ahth-century ,french aristocrat who has come to ,new ,orleans as a political fugitive4 ,in the operetta he is a bondservant to ,monsieur ,beaunoir1 with whose daughter1 ,marianne1 he is in love4 ,when the ,french police arrive to take him back to ,paris for trial1 ,marianne boards his ship upon which a mutiny erupts on the high seas4 ,the victorious bondservants now take possession of a small island off the coast of ,florida where they set up their own government with ,robert as leader1 who then takes ,marianne as his wife4 ,this opulent score yields one of ,romberg's most beautiful love songs1 8,lover ,come ,back to ,me10 but it is significant to point out that its main melody was expropriated by ,romberg from a piano piece by ,tchaikovsky4 ,other delightful musical excerpts from this tuneful operetta include the tender ballads 8,softly as in a ,morning ,sunrise10 8,one ,kiss0 and 8,wanting ,you10 and the stirring male chorus1 8,stout-,hearted ,men40 ,the ,student ,prince1 like ,blossom ,time1 was based on a successful ,german operetta1 ,old ,heidelberg1 once again adapted for the ,american stage by ,dorothy ,donnelly4 ,its first performance took place on ,december #b1 #aibd4 ,it has become one of the best loved operettas of the ,american theater2 there is hardly a time when it is not revived somewhere in the ,united ,states4 ,the setting is the romantic ,german ,university town of ,heidelberg in #ahfj4 ,prince ,karl ,franz falls in love with ,kathie1 a waitress at the local inn4 ,their romance1 however1 is doomed to frustration1 since the ,prince must renounce her to marry a ,princess4 ,romberg's music is a veritable cornucopia of melodic riches1 including as it does the love duet of ,kathie and the ,prince1 8,deep in ,my ,heart10 the ,prince's love song 8,serenade10 and with them1 8,golden ,days0 and a vibrant male chorus1 8,drinking ,song40 ,david ,rose ,david ,rose was born in ,london1 ,england1 on ,june #ae1 #aiaj4 ,his family came to the ,united ,states in #aiad1 settling in ,chicago where ,rose received his musical training at the ,chicago ,musical ,college4 ,after working for radio and as pianist of the ,ted ,fiorito ,orchestra1 ,rose came to ,hollywood in #aich where he became music director of the ,mutual ,broadcasting network4 ,during ,world ,war ,,ii he served as musical director of1 and composer for1 ,winged ,victory1 the ,air ,corps production by ,moss ,hart4 ,after the war1 ,rose became outstandingly successful as musical director for leading radio and television programs 7including the first ,fred ,astaire television show for which he received an 8,emmy0 ,award71 and as a composer of background music for many motion pictures4 ,he has also appeared extensively in ,america and ,europe as guest conductor of symphony orchestras4 ,rose is the composer of several instrumental compositions in a popular style that have achieved considerable popularity4 ,indeed1 it was with one of these that he first became famous as a composer4 ,this was the ,holiday for ,strings1 written and published in #aidc1 a three-part composition in which the flanking sections make effective use of plucked strings while the middle part is of lyrical character4 ,holiday for ,strings received over a dozen different recordings and sold several million records4 ,fifteen years later1 ,rose wrote another charming composition in a similar vein1 ,holiday for ,trombones in which virtuosity is contrasted with lyricism4 ,other instrumental works by ,rose outstanding for either melodic or rhythmic interest are ,big ,ben1 ,dance of the ,spanish ,onion1 ,escapade1 and ,our ,waltz4 ,gioacchino ,rossini ,gioacchino ,rossini was born in ,pesaro1 ,italy1 on ,february #bi1 #agib4 ,he received his musical training at the ,liceo ,musicale in ,bologna4 ,in #ahaj he wrote his first opera1 ,la ,cambiale di matrimonio1 produced in ,venice4 ,success came in #ahab with his third opera1 ,la ,pietra del paragone1 given at ,la ,scala in ,milan4 ,tancredi and ,l',italiana in ,algeri1 performed in ,venice in #ahac1 further added to his fame and helped make him an adulated opera composer at the age of twenty-one4 ,in #ahae ,rossini was appointed director of two opera companies in ,naples for which he wrote several successful operas4 ,but his masterwork1 which came during this period1 was not written for ,naples but for ,rome3 ,the ,barber of ,seville introduced in the ,italian capital in #ahaf4 ,in #ahbb ,rossini visited ,vienna where he became the man of the hour4 ,in #ahbd he came to ,paris to assume the post of director of the ,thtre des ,italiens4 ,among the operas written for ,paris was ,william ,tell1 introduced at the ,paris ,opra in #ahbi4 ,though ,rossini was now at the height of his fame and creative power--and though he lived another thirty-nine years--he never wrote another work for the stage4 ,he continued living in ,paris1 a dominant figure in its social and cultural life4 ,his home was the gathering place for the intellectual lite of the city1 the scene of festive entertainments4 ,he died of a heart attack in ,paris on ,november #ac1 #ahfh4 ,rossini was the genius of ,italian comic opera 7opera buffa74 ,his melodies are filled with laughter and gaiety2 his harmonies and rhythms sparkle with wit and the joy of life4 ,he was at his best when he brought to his writing an infallible instinct for comedy1 burlesque1 and mockery4 ,but he was also capable of a lyricism filled with poetry and infused with heartfelt sentiments4 ,he was1 moreover1 a master of orchestral effect--especially in his dramatic use of the extended crescendo--and highly skilled in contrasting his moods through rapid alternation of fast and slow passages4 ,he was also a daring innovator in his instrumentation4 ,he is a giant in opera1 but with his infectious moods and endless fund of melodies he is also a crowning master in semi-classical music4 ,his masterwork1 ,the ,barber of ,seville 7,il ,barbiere di ,siviglia7 is as popular with salon orchestras through its merry overture and main selections as it is in the opera house4 ,the ,barber of ,seville is based on two plays by ,beaumarchais1 ,le ,barbier de ,sville and ,le ,mariage de ,figaro1 adapted by ,cesare ,sterbini4 ,it is a vivacious comedy in which ,count ,almaviva1 in love with ,rosina 7ward of ,doctor ,bartolo who is in love with her himself7 tries to penetrate ,bartolo's household by assuming various disguises4 ,the ,count and ,rosina plan to elope1 but ,rosina reneges when ,bartolo convinces her that the ,count is unfaithful to her4 ,eventually1 ,rosina discovers that ,bartolo has deceived her4 ,she marries the ,count1 and ,bartolo finds consolation in the fact that the ,count is willing to renounce ,rosina's dowry in his favor4 ,when this work was first performed in ,rome on ,february #bj1 #ahaf it was a dismal failure4 ,this was largely due to a carefully organized uproar in the theater by admirers of another famous ,italian composer1 ,paisiello1 who had previously written an opera on the same subject4 ,a sloppy performance did not help matters either4 ,the furor in the auditorium was so great that it was impossible at times to hear the singers2 and ,rossini was in the end greeted with hisses and catcalls4 ,but the second performance told a far different story4 ,the singing and staging now went off much more smoothly1 and ,rossini's enemies were no longer present to do their damage4 ,consequently the opera was acclaimed4 ,five years later1 a tour of the opera throughout ,italy established its fame and popularity on a solid and permanent basis4 ,the deservedly famous overture is so much in the carefree and ebullient spirit of the opera as a whole--and so felicitously sets the tone for what is soon to follow on the stage--that it comes as a shock to discover that it was not written for this work4 ,rossini had actually created it for an earlier opera1 and then used it several times more for various other stage works1 tragedies as well as comedies4 ,the overture opens with a slow introduction in which the violins offer a graceful tune4 ,a transition of four chords leads to the main body in which strings doubled by the piccolo offer a spicy little melody4 ,the same infectious gaiety is to be found in the second theme which is first given by oboe and clarinet4 ,a dramatic crescendo now leads into the development of both themes1 and the overture ends with a vivacious coda4 ,besides the overture1 some of the principal melodies from this opera are frequently given in various orchestral potpourris and fantasias3 ,count ,almaviva's beautiful serenade1 8,ecco ridente in cielo0 and ,figaro's patter song1 8,largo al factotum0 from the first act2 in the second act1 ,rosina's coloratura aria1 8,una voce poco fa0 and ,basilio's denunciation of slander in 8,la ,calunnia02 and in the third act1 ,basilio's unctuous greeting 8,pace e gioia sia con voi0 and ,figaro's advice to the lovers to get married in haste and silence1 8,zitti1 zitti1 piano1 piano40 ,la ,gazza ladra 7,the ,thieving ,magpie71 first produced at ,la ,scala on ,may #ca1 #ahag1 is also a light comedy2 libretto by ,giovanni ,gherardini1 based on a ,french play4 ,the central character is a servant girl falsely accused of having stolen a silver spoon2 she is exonerated when the spoon is found in a magpie's nest just as the girl is about to be punished at the scaffold4 ,the overture begins with an attention-arresting roll on the snare drum4 ,this is followed by a brisk1 march-like melody for full orchestra4 ,in the main section1 the principal themes consist of a sensitive little tune for strings and a pert melody for strings and woodwind4 ,l',italiana in ,algeri 7,the ,italian ,lady in ,algiers7 is1 on the other hand1 a serious opera4 ,it was first produced in ,venice on ,may #bb1 #ahac1 libretto by ,angelo ,anelli4 ,in ,algiers1 ,lindoro and ,isabella are in love1 but their romance is complicated by the fact that ,isabella is sought after by the ,mustafa4 ,the lovers manage to effect their escape while the ,mustafa is involved in complicated rites serving as his initiation into a secret society4 ,the solemn opening of the overture has for its main thought a beautiful song for oboe4 ,a crescendo then carries the overture to its principal section in which two lively melodies are heard1 the first for woodwind1 and the second for oboe4 ,la ,scala di seta 7,the ,silken ,ladder7 is an opera buffa which had its first performance in ,venice on ,may #i1 #ahab4 ,the libretto by ,gaetano ,rossi was based on a ,french farce involving a young girl who tries desperately to keep secret from her jealous guardian her marriage to the man she loves4 ,a brief and electrifying opening for strings in the overture brings on a sentimental duet for flute and oboe4 ,two principal subjects in the main body of the overture include a gay and sprightly melody for strings1 echoed by oboe1 and a tender theme for flute and clarinet accompanied by strings4 ,semiramide--introduced in ,venice on ,february #c1 #ahbc--;is a serious opera based on ,voltaire with libretto by ,gaetano ,rossi4 ,semiramis is the ,queen of ,babylon who is driven by her love for ,asur to murder her husband4 ,her later love life is complicated when she discovers that the object of her passion1 a ,scythian1 is actually her son4 ,semiramis is killed by a dagger which ,asur directs at her ,scythian son2 ,semiramis' son then murders ,asur and assumes the throne4 ,the overture opens dramatically with a gradual crescendo at the end of which comes a slow and solemn melody for four horns1 soon taken over by woodwind against plucked strings4 ,a short transition in the woodwind brings on a return of the opening crescendo measures4 ,we now come to the main part of the overture in which the first theme is for strings1 and the second for the woodwind4 ,the most famous of all ,rossini's overtures1 more celebrated even than that for ,the ,barber of ,seville1 is the one for the tragic opera ,william ,tell 7,guillaume ,tell74 ,this is perhaps the most popular opera overture ever written4 ,it is much more than merely the preface to a stage work but is in itself an elaborate1 eloquent tone poem1 rich in dramatic as well as musical interest1 and vivid in its pictorial and programmatic writing4 ,william ,tell1 which had its premire in ,paris on ,august #c1 #ahbi1 is based on the drama of ,friedrich ,schiller1 the libretto adaptation being made by tienne de ,jouy and ,hippolyte ,bis4 ,the hero is1 of course1 the ,swiss patriot who triumphs over the tyrant ,gessler and helps bring about the liberation of his country4 ,in the early measures of the overture we get a picture of sunrise over the ,swiss mountains1 its beautiful melody presented by cellos and basses4 ,a dramatic episode for full orchestra then depicts an ,alpine storm4 ,when it subsides we get a pastoral scene of rare loveliness evoked by a poignant ,swiss melody on the ,english horn4 ,trumpet fanfares then bring on the stirring march music which1 in our time and country1 has been borrowed by radio for the theme melody of 8,the ,lone ,ranger40 ,the overture ends triumphantly in telling of ,william ,tell's victory over tyranny and oppression4 ,the contemporary ,british composer1 ,benjamin ,britten1 has assembled various melodies by ,rossini into two delightful suites for orchestra4 ,soires musicales 7#aicf7 is made up of five compositions by ,rossini--from ,william ,tell and from several pieces from a piano suite entitled ,pchs de vieillesse4 ,the five movements are marked2 ,i4 ,march2 ,,ii4 ,canzonetta2 ,,iii4 ,tyrolese2 ,,iv4 ,bolero2 ,v4 ,tarantella4 ,matines musicales 7#aida7 also gets its material from ,william ,tell and the piano suite4 ,here the movements are3 ,i4 ,march2 ,,ii4 ,nocturne2 ,,iii4 ,waltz2 ,,iv4 ,pantomime2 ,v4 ,moto ,perpetuo4 ,anton ,rubinstein ,anton ,rubinstein was born in ,viakhvatinetz1 ,russia1 on ,november #bh1 #ahbi4 ,he studied the piano with ,alexandre ,villoing after which1 in #ahci he came to ,paris with his teacher1 deeply impressing ,chopin and ,liszt with his performances4 ,between #ahda and #ahdc ,rubinstein made a concert tour of ,europe1 but his career as a world-famous virtuoso did not begin until #ahed when his formidable technique and musicianship aroused the enthusiasm of ,western ,europe4 ,after that he made many tours of the world1 his reputation as pianist second only to that of ,liszt2 his first ,american appearance took place in #ahgb-ahgc when he gave more than two hundred concerts4 ,he also distinguished himself as conductor of the ,russian ,musical ,society1 and as director of the ,st4 ,petersburg ,conservatory which he helped found in #ahfb4 ,he was one of the most highly honored musicians in ,russia of his generation4 ,he resigned his post as director of the ,conservatory in #ahia1 and on ,november #bj1 #ahid he died in ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,rubinstein was an extraordinarily prolific composer1 his works including many operas1 symphonies1 concertos1 overtures1 tone poems1 chamber music together with a library of music for solo piano4 ,about all that has survived from his larger works is his ,fourth ,piano ,concerto which is flooded with ,romantic ardor and is often in the recognizable style of ,mendelssohn4 ,beyond this concerto1 only a few of his smaller pieces for piano are still heard1 so delightful in their melodic content and so charming in mood and atmosphere that they have lost little of their universal appeal4 ,kamenoi-,ostrow1 though best known as a composition for orchestra1 originated as a piece for the piano4 ,actually the name ,kamenoi-,ostrow belongs to a suite of twenty-four compositions for solo piano1 op4 #aj4 ,but the twenty-second number has become so popular independent of the suite1 and in so many different guises1 that its original title 78,rve angelique07 has virtually been forgotten and it is almost always referred to now by the name of its suite4 ,kamenoi-,ostrow is a ,russian town in which the ,grand ,duchess ,helena maintained a summer palace4 ,rubinstein was its chamber virtuoso from #ahdh on for a few years1 and while there he wrote his piano suite1 naming it after the ,grand ,duchess' residence4 ,the solemn melody and its equally affecting countermelody have an almost religious character1 emphasized in orchestral transcription by a background of tolling bells4 ,victor ,herbert made an effective orchestral adaptation4 ,the ,melody in ,f is one of the most popular piano pieces ever written4 ,it is found in the first of ,two ,melodies1 for solo piano1 op4 #c1 but is most often heard in orchestral transcription1 or adaptations for solo instrument and piano4 ,the vernal freshness of its spontaneous lyricism has made it particularly appropriate describing ,springtime2 indeed1 verses about ,spring have been written for this melody4 ,the ,romance in ,e-flat major is almost as well known as the ,melody in ,f4 ,this sentimental melody--filled with ,russian pathos1 yearning and dark brooding--is the first number in a set of six pieces for solo piano collectively entitled ,soires de ,st4 ,petersbourg1 op4 #dd4 ,camille ,saint-,sans ,camille ,saint-sans was born in ,paris on ,october #i1 #ahce4 ,he was extraordinarily precocious4 ,after some piano instruction from his aunt he gave a remarkable concert in ,paris in his ninth year ,a comprehensive period of study followed at the ,paris ,conservatory where he won several prizes1 though never the ,prix de ,rome4 ,in #aheb he received a prize for ,ode ,sainte ,ccile1 and in #ahec the premire of his first symphony attracted considerable praise4 ,from #aheh to #ahgg he was the organist of the ,madeleine ,church in ,paris1 a position in which he achieved renown as a performer on the organ4 ,from #ahfa to #ahfe he was an eminent teacher of the piano at the cole ,niedermeyer1 and in #ahga he helped organize the distinguished ,socit ,nationale in ,paris devoted to the introduction of new music by ,french composers4 ,from #ahgg his principal activity was composition in which1 as in all the other areas in which he had been engaged1 he soon became an outstanding figure4 ,he was made ,chevalier of the ,legion of ,honor in #ahfh2 ,officer in #ahhd2 ,grand ,officer in #aijj2 and in #aiac the highest rank in the ,legion of ,honor1 the ,grand-,croix4 ,he became a member of the ,institut de ,france in #ahha4 ,saint-,sans paid his first visit to the ,united ,states in #aijf1 and made his first tour of ,south ,america in #aiaf when he was eighty-one4 ,he remained active until the end of his long life1 appearing as pianist and conductor in a ,saint-,sans festival in ,greece in #aibj1 and performing a concert of his own music in ,dieppe a year later4 ,he was vacationing in ,algiers when he died there on ,december #af1 #aiba4 ,though ,saint-,sans lived well into the #bjth century and was witness to the radical departures in musical composition taking place all about him1 he remained a conservative to the end of his days4 ,he was1 from a technical point of view1 a master4 ,there is no field of musical composition which he did not cultivate with the most consummate skill and the best possible taste4 ,he was gifted not merely with a fine lyrical gift but also at other times with passion1 intensity1 and a sardonic wit4 ,he wrote numerous compositions in a light style1 but many of his most serious efforts are readily assimilable at first hearing and readily fall into the category of semi-classics4 ,the ,carnival of ,animals 7,le ,carnaval des animaux71 for two pianos and orchestra 7#ahhf7 finds the composer in a gay mood4 ,this is witty1 ironic and at times satiric music4 ,the composer regarded the writing of this work as a lark1 thought so little of the composition that he did not permit a public performance or a publication during his lifetime4 ,nevertheless it is one of the composer's most infectious compositions1 one that never fails to enchant audiences young and old4 ,it was described by the composer as 8a grand zoological fantasy10 and its fourteen sections represent pictures of various animals4 ,the suite begins with a march 78,introduction and ,royal ,march of the ,lion10 8,l',introduction et marche royale du lion074 ,after a brief fanfare1 sprightly march music is heard4 ,we can readily guess who is at the head of the parade by the lion's roar simulated by the orchestra4 ,after this we are given a picture of a hen through the cackle in piano and strings1 and of a cock through a clarinet call 78,hens and ,cocks10 8,poules et coqs074 ,this is followed by music for two unaccompanied pianos intended to depict 8,mules0 78,hmiones074 ,actually this portion was planned by the composer as a satire on pianists who insist on playing everything in a strict rhythm and unchanging dynamics4 ,in the fourth movement1 8,tortoises0 78,tortues071 two amusing quotations are interpolated from ,offenbach's ,orpheus in the ,underworld4 ,a cumbersome melody in a stately rhythm then introduces us to the 8,elephant0 78,l',elphant074 ,in this part the composer's fine feeling for paradox and incongruity asserts itself in contrasting a ponderous theme with a graceful waltz tune4 ,in the halting music of the next movement1 8,kangaroos0 78,kangourous071 the composer aims his satirical barbs not on these graceless animals but upon concert audiences who insist on talking throughout a performance4 8,aquarium0 consists of a sensitive melody for flute and violin against piano arpeggio figures4 ,in 8,personages ,with ,long ,ears0 78,personnages longues oreilles07 donkeys are represented by a melody with leaping intervals4 ,the 8,cuckoo in the ,woods0 78,le ,coucou au fonds des bois07 consists of a melody for clarinet4 8,aviary0 78,volire07 reproduces the flight and singing of birds4 8,pianists0 78,pianistes071 the composer feels1 belongs to the animal kingdom2 the attempt by embryo pianists to master his scales is here described amusingly4 8,fossils0 78,fossiles07 quotes four popular themes from the classics3 from ,rossini's ,the ,barber of ,seville1 ,saint-,sans' ,danse macabre1 and two ,french folk songs4 ,satire and wit are replaced by the most sensitive lyricism and winning sentiment in the thirteenth movement1 a section so famous that it is most often heard apart from the rest of the suite1 and in many different versions and arrangements4 ,this is the movement of 8,the ,swan0 78,le ,cygne071 a beautiful melody for the cello in which the stately movement of the swan in the water is interpreted4 ,a dance inspired by this music was made world famous by ,anna ,pavlova4 ,the suite ends with the return of all the preceding characters in a section entitled 8,finale40 ,in the present-day concert hall1 it is sometimes the practice to present ,the ,carnival of ,animals with an appropriate superimposed commentary in verse by ,ogden ,nash preceding each section4 ,danse macabre1 tone poem for orchestra1 op4 #dj 7#ahgd7 is a musical interpretation of a poem by ,henri ,cazalis4 ,the composition opens with a brief sequence in the harp suggesting that the hour of midnight has struck4 ,death tunes his violin and almost at once there begins a demoniac dance1 its abandoned theme first presented by the flute4 ,another equally frenetic dance tune is given by ,death1 the xylophone simulating the rattle of bones4 ,in the midst of the orgy the solemn refrain of the 8,dies ,irae0 is sounded4 ,dawn is announced by the crowing of a cock4 ,the wild dance dies down and the dancers disappear in the mist4 ,the ,deluge 7,le ,dluge71 op4 #de 7#ahgf71 is an orchestral prelude to a ,biblical poem1 text by ,louis ,gillet4 ,the inspiration for this music comes from a passage in the ,genesis3 8,and ,god repented of having created the world40 ,solemn chords preface a fugal passage built from a theme in violas4 ,after this a beautiful melody for solo violin unfolds symbolizing humanity in its original state of purity4 ,the ,havanaise1 op4 #hc 7#ahhg7 is a popular composition for violin and piano which makes effective use of a languorous ,spanish melody set against the habanera rhythm4 8,havanaise0 is the ,french term for 8,habanera10 a popular ,spanish dance in slow _/ time said to have originated in ,cuba4 ,henry ,,viii1 an opera1 is remembered for its effective ballet music4 ,the opera1 with libretto by ,leonce ,detroyat and ,armand ,sylvestre was first performed at the ,paris ,opra on ,march #e1 #ahhc4 ,since its setting is ,england during the ,tudor ,period1 the popular ballet music is restrained1 sensitive and graceful4 ,it is heard in the second act during a festival given by the ,king of ,richmond to honor the ,papal ,legate4 ,much of the material for these dances was acquired by the composer from a collection of ,scottish and ,irish tunes and dances provided him by the wife of one of his librettists4 ,the ,ballet ,music is made up of five sections4 ,the first is a restrained ,introduction4 ,then comes 8,the ,entry of the ,clans40 ,this music1 it is amusing to remark1 is ,english rather than ,scottish in style because the composer confused the ,english ,dee with the ,scottish river of the same name and decided to use the ,english melody 8,the ,miller of the ,dee40 ,the third movement is a 8,scotch ,idyll10 this time a bright ,scottish tune in the oboe4 ,the ,ballet ,music continues with a 8,gypsy ,dance0 in which a ,hungarian-type melody for ,english horn is followed by brisker music whose main subject is offered by the violins4 ,the suite concludes with 8,gigue and ,finale40 ,the ,introduction and ,rondo ,capriccioso1 op4 #bh 7#ahfc7 is for violin and orchestra4 ,the main theme of the ,introduction is found in the solo violin in the second measure1 accompanied by the strings4 ,a forceful chord for full orchestra brings on the ,rondo ,capriccioso section1 whose main melody is presented by the solo violin4 ,the solo instrument later on also introduces a contrasting second theme4 ,after some embellishment of both ideas1 the orchestra loudly interpolates a third subject which is repeated by the solo violin4 ,all this material is amplified1 often with brilliant virtuoso passages in the violin4 ,a climactic point is reached when the first theme of the ,rondo ,capriccioso is pronounced by the orchestra against broken chords in the violin4 ,this composition concludes with a coda marked by virtuoso passages for the solo instrument4 ,the ,marche heroque1 for orchestra1 op4 #cd 7#ahga7 was originally written for two solo pianos but later the same year orchestrated by the composer himself4 ,the composition is dedicated to one of ,saint-,sans' friends1 the painter ,alexandre ,regnault1 who served in the ,french army and was killed during the ,franco-,prussian ,war4 ,this music has a seven-bar introduction following which the principal march subject is given by the woodwind accompanied by plucked strings4 ,in the middle trio section a contrasting theme is offered by the trombone against an accompanying figure taken from the earlier march melody4 ,the march music returns in the closing section1 but more vigorously than heretofore4 ,the composition ends with a powerful coda4 ,le ,rouet d',omphale 7,omphale's ,spinning ,wheel71 is an orchestral tone poem1 op4 #ca 7#ahga71 based on an old legend4 ,hercules is the slave of the ,lydian queen4 ,he disguises himself as a woman and is put to the task of spinning4 ,the whirr of the spinning wheel is simulated by the violins at the beginning of the composition4 ,the abused ,hercules is then represented by a somber subject for the bass4 ,soon the whirr returns in an increased tempo to point up ,hercules' return to the business of spinning4 ,the composer's most famous opera1 ,samson and ,delilah1 is represented on semi-classical programs with its colorful1 exciting ,bacchanale4 ,the opera was first performed in ,weimar in #ahgg1 its libretto 7by ,ferdinand ,lemaire7 based on the famous ,biblical story4 ,the ,bacchanale comes towards the end of the opera1 the second scene of the third act4 ,at the ,temple of ,dagon1 the ,philistines are celebrating their victory over ,samson and the ,hebrews with wild revelry in front of a statue of their god4 ,a part of these festivities consists of a bacchanale to wild music ,semitic in melodic content1 orgiastic in tone colors1 and barbaric in rhythms4 ,the most celebrated vocal selection from this opera is ,delilah's seductive song to ,samson1 8,my ,heart at ,thy ,sweet ,voice0 78,mon coeur s'ouvre ta voix074 ,the ,suite algrienne1 for orchestra1 op4 #fj1 is a set of four 8picturesque impressions of a voyage to ,algeria10 in the composer's own description4 ,the opening movement is a prelude4 ,the sea is here depicted in a swelling figure while brief snatches of melody suggest some of the sights of ,algiers as seen from aboard ship4 8,moorish ,rhapsody0 78,rapsodie mauresque07 is made up of three sections4 ,the first and last are brilliant in sonority and tonal colors1 while the middle one is an ,oriental song4 8,an ,evening ,dream at ,blidah0 78,rverie du soir07 is a dreamy nocturne picturing a famous ,algerian fortress4 ,the most popular movement of the suite is the last one1 a rousing 8,french ,military ,march0 78,marche militaire franaise07--vigorous1 at times even majestic1 music representing the composer's delight and sense of security in coming upon a ,french garrison4 ,pablo de ,sarasate ,pablo de ,sarasate was born in ,pamplona1 ,spain1 on ,march #aj1 #ahdd4 ,as a child prodigy violinist he made his debut in ,spain when he was six1 and soon thereafter toured the country4 ,in #ahei he completed with honors a three-year period of violin study at the ,paris ,conservatory4 ,he was only fifteen when he initiated a worldwide career as virtuoso which continued until the end of his life and placed him with the foremost violinists of his generation4 ,in his concerts he featured prominently his own arrangements and fantasias of opera arias as well as his original compositions in all of which he could exhibit his phenomenal technique4 ,some of his compositions are now staples in the violin repertory4 ,they include the ,gypsy ,airs 7,zigeuenerweisen71 ,caprice ,basque1 ,jota aragonesa1 ,zapatadeo1 and the ,spanish ,dances4 ,the ,gypsy ,airs is a fantasia made up of haunting gypsy tunes and dance rhythms4 ,the heart of the composition comes midway with a sad gypsy song which finds contrast in the electrifying dance melodies and rhythms that follow immediately4 ,sarasate produced four sets of ,spanish ,dances1 opp4 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 and #bf1 all for violin and piano4 ,the identifiable ,spanish melodies and rhythms of folk dances are here exploited most effectively4 ,the most famous of these is the ,malaguea1 a broad and sensual gypsy melody followed by a rhythmic section in which the clicking of castanets is simulated4 ,franz ,schubert ,franz ,peter ,schubert was born in ,vienna1 ,austria1 on ,january #ca1 #agig4 ,he was extraordinarily precocious in music and was early trained to play the violin1 viola and organ4 ,from #ahjh to #ahac he attended the ,imperial ,chapel ,school where he received a thorough musical background while preparing to be a chorister in the ,chapel ,choir4 ,he showed such remarkable and natural gifts for music that one of his teachers1 the renowned ,antonio ,salieri1 did not hesitate to call him a 8genius40 ,when the breaking of his voice compelled him to leave the school in #ahac1 ,schubert was encouraged by his father1 a schoolmaster1 to enter the field of education4 ,for two years1 from #ahad on1 ,schubert taught in the school owned and directed by his father4 ,during this period he demonstrated phenomenal fertility as a composer by producing operas1 symphonies1 masses1 sonatas1 string quartets1 piano pieces1 and almost #aej songs including his first masterpiece1 ,the ,erlking 7,der ,erlkoenig74 ,after #ahag1 ,schubert devoted himself completely to composition4 ,he remained singularly productive even though recognition failed to come4 ,few of his works were either published or performed--and those that were heard proved dismal failures4 ,he managed to survive these difficult years only through the kindness and generosity of his intimate friends who loved him and were in awe of his genius4 ,combined with the frustration in failing to attract public notice with his music--and the humiliation of living on the bounty of friends--was the further tragedy of sickness brought on by a venereal disease4 ,a concert of his works in ,vienna on ,march #bf1 #ahbh seemed to promise a turn in his fortunes4 ,but it came too late4 ,he died in ,vienna on ,november #ai1 #ahbh--still an unrecognized composer4 ,so completely obscure was his reputation that for many years some of his crowning master works lay forgotten and neglected in closets of friends and associates1 none of whom seemed to realize that they were in the possession of treasures4 ,schubert was undoubtedly one of the greatest creators of song the world has known4 ,his almost five hundred art songs 7,lieder7 is an inexhaustible source of some of the most beautiful1 most expressive1 most poetic melodies ever put down on paper4 ,he created beauty as easily as he breathed4 ,the most inspired musical thoughts came to him so spontaneously that he was always reaching for quill and paper to get them down--whether at his home1 or at the houses of his friends1 in restaurants1 caf-houses1 and even while walking through the country4 8,the striking characteristics of ,schubert's best songs10 wrote ,philip ,hale1 8are spontaneous1 haunting melody1 a natural birthright mastery over modulation1 a singular good fortune in finding the one inevitable phrase for the prevailing sentiment of the poem1 and in finding the fitting descriptive figure for salient detail4 ,his best songs have an atmosphere which cannot be passed unnoticed1 which cannot be misunderstood40 ,but far and beyond his natural gift at lyricism was his genius in translating the slightest nuances and suggestions of a line of poetry into tones4 ,it is for this very reason that he is often described as the father of the ,lied1 or art song4 ,because ,schubert's melodies come from the heart and go to the heart they have been staples in semi-classical literature by way of orchestral transcription4 ,thus though they are as lofty and as noble a musical expression as can be found anywhere1 ,schubert's songs have such universality that they are as popular as they are inspired4 ,these are a few of the ,schubert songs that have profited from instrumental adaptations3 8,am ,meer0 78,by the ,sea071 poem by ,heinrich ,heine4 ,this stately melody seems to catch some of the vastness and mystery of the sea4 ,this is the twelfth song from the song cycle ,schwanengesang 7#ahbh74 8,an die ,musik0 78,to ,music071 poem by ,franz von ,schober 7#ahag74 ,the glowing melody has caught the composer's wonder and awe at the magic of music4 8,auf dem ,wasser zu singen0 78,to ,be ,sung on the ,water07 poem by ,stolberg4 ,this gay1 heartfelt tune expresses the composer's delight in floating on the water4 8,ave ,maria10 based on a poem by ,sir ,walter ,scott 7#ahbe74 ,this is a melody of exalted spiritual character touched with serenity and radiance4 ,august ,wilhelmj's transcription for violin and piano is a staple in the violin repertory4 8,du bist die ,ruh'0 78,you are ,peace071 poem by ,rueckert4 ,an atmosphere of serenity is magically created by a melody of wondrous beauty4 8,der ,erlkoenig0 78,the ,erlking071 poem by ,goethe 7#ahae74 ,this is one of ,schubert's most dramatic songs1 describing the death of a child at the hands of the ,erlking1 symbol of death4 8,die ,forelle0 78,the ,trout071 poem by ,schubert 7#ahag74 ,this gay tune gives a lively picture of a trout leaping happily in and out of the water4 ,schubert used this melody for a set of variations in his piano quintet in ,a major1 op4 #aad 7#ahai74 8,gretchen am ,spinnrade0 78,marguerite at the ,spinning ,wheel071 poem by ,goethe 7#ahad74 ,against an accompaniment suggesting the whirr of the spinning wheel1 comes ,marguerite's haunting song as she thinks of her loved one4 8,hark1 ,hark1 the ,lark0 78,horch1 ,horch1 die ,lerch071 poem by ,shakespeare 7#ahbf74 ,the melody reflects the light-hearted mood of the famous ,shakespeare verse from ,cymbeline4 8,der ,lindenbaum0 78,the ,linden ,tree071 poem by ,mueller is a poignant poem of unhappy love4 ,it is the fifth song in the cycle ,die ,winterreise 7#ahbg74 8,staendchen0 78,serenade071 poem by ,rellstab4 ,this is probably one of the most famous love songs ever written4 ,it is the fourth song in the cycle ,schwanengesang 7#ahbh74 8,der ,tod und das ,maedchen0 78,death and the ,maiden071 poem by ,claudius 7#ahag74 ,this dramatic song consists of a dialogue between a young girl and ,death1 the words of death appearing in a solemn melody while that of the girl in a breathless entreaty4 ,schubert used this melody for a set of variations in his string quartet in ,d minor 7#ahbd74 ,like ,beethoven and ,mozart ,schubert wrote a considerable amount of popular dance music for solo piano1 and also for orchestra3 ,german ,dances1 ,laendler1 and ,waltzes4 ,all have a vigorous peasant rhythm and with melodies reminiscent of ,austrian folk music4 ,schubert's waltzes are of particular interest since he was one of the first composers to unite several different waltz tunes into a single integrated composition4 ,the ,schubert waltzes1 each a delight1 are found in ,valses sentimentales1 op4 #ej 7#ahbe7 and ,valses nobles1 op4 #gg 7#ahbg74 ,liszt adapted nine of the more popular of these waltz melodies in ,soires de ,vienne for solo piano4 ,the #bjth-century ,french ,impressionist composer1 ,maurice ,ravel1 was inspired by these ,schubert waltzes to write in #aiaj the ,valses nobles et sentimentales in two versions1 for solo piano1 and for orchestra4 ,marche militaire 7,militaermarsch7 is a popular little march in ,d major originally for piano four hands1 the first of a set of three marches gathered in op4 #da4 ,this is one of ,schubert's most popular instrumental numbers4 ,karl ,tausig transcribed it for solo piano1 and it has received many other adaptations including several for orchestra1 in which form it is undoubtedly best known4 ,moment ,musical is a brief composition for the piano4 ,it is in song form and of an improvisational character1 and is a genre of instrumental composition created and made famous by ,schubert4 ,he wrote many such pieces1 but the one always considered when this form is designated is ,no4 #c in ,f minor1 a graceful and lovable melody1 the very essence of ,viennese ,gemuetlichkeit1 although it is subtitled 8,russian ,air0 7,air ,russe74 ,fritz ,kreisler transcribed it for violin and piano and it is1 to be sure1 familiar in orchestral adaptations including one by ,stokowski1 as well as versions for cello and piano1 string quartet1 clarinet quartet1 four pianos1 and so forth4 ,the incidental music to ,rosamunde 7#ahbc7 includes an often played overture and another of ,schubert's universally loved instrumental numbers1 the ,ballet ,music4 ,when ,rosamunde was introduced in ,vienna on ,december #bj1 #ahbc it was a failure1 but this was due more to the insipid play of ,helmina von ,chzy than to ,schubert's music4 ,the overture heard upon that occasion is not the overture now known as ,rosamunde4 ,the latter is one which ,schubert had written for an earlier operetta1 ,die ,zauberharfe4 ,a dignified introduction is dominated by a soaring melody for oboe and clarinet4 ,the tempo changes1 and a brisk little melody is given by the violins2 a contrast is offered by a lyric subject for the woodwind4 ,the ,entr'acte ,no4 #b in ,b-flat major from ,rosamunde is one of ,schubert's most inspired melodies1 whose beauty tempted ,h4 ,l4 ,mencken once to point to it as the proof that ,god existed4 ,schubert himself was fond of the melody for he used it twice more1 in his ,string ,quartet in ,a minor 7#ahbd7 and for a piano ,impromptu in ,b-flat major 7#ahbg74 ,there are two musical episodes in ,rosamunde designated as ,ballet ,music4 ,the famous one is the second in ,g major1 a melody so sparkling1 infectious and graceful--and so full of the joy of life--that once again like the ,moment ,musical in ,f minor it embodies the best of what today we characterize as ,viennese4 ,fritz ,kreisler's transcription for violin and piano is famous4 ,robert ,schumann ,robert ,schumann was born in ,zwickau1 ,germany1 on ,june #h1 #ahaj4 ,though he demonstrated an unusual gift for music from earliest childhood he was directed by his father to law4 ,while attending the ,leipzig ,conservatory in #ahbh he studied the piano with ,friedrich ,wieck4 ,in #ahbi1 in ,heidelberg1 where he had come to continue his law study1 he completed the first of his works to get published1 the ,abegg ,variations for piano4 ,he returned to ,leipzig in #ahbi1 having come to the decision to make music and not law his lifework1 and plunged intensively into study4 ,his ambition was to become a great virtuoso of the piano4 ,in his efforts to master his technique he so abused his hands that a slight paralysis set in1 putting to rest all hopes of a career as pianist4 ,he now decided on composition4 ,after an additional period of study with ,heinrich ,dorn1 he completed his first major work1 the ,paganini ,etudes for piano1 and started work on his first symphony4 ,he became active in the musical life of ,leipzig by helping found and editing the ,neue ,zeitschrift fuer ,musik1 which became a powerful medium for fighting for the highest ideals in music4 ,he also formed a musical society called the ,davidsbuendler made up of idealistic young musicians who attacked false values and philistinism in music4 ,all the while his creative life was unfolding richly4 ,he wrote two unqualified masterworks for piano between #ahcc and #ahce1 the ,carnaval and the tudes symphoniques4 ,in #ahdj ,schumann married ,clara ,wieck1 daughter of his one-time piano teacher4 ,their love affair had been of more than five years' duration1 but ,clara's father was stubbornly opposed to their marriage and put every possible obstacle in their way4 ,schumann finally had to seek the sanction of the law courts before his marriage could be consummated4 ,he now entered upon his most productive period as composer1 completing four symphonies1 three string quartets1 a piano quartet1 numerous songs1 a piano concerto among other works4 ,in #ahdc1 he helped found the ,leipzig ,conservatory where for a while he taught the piano1 and between #ahej and #ahec he was municipal music director for the city of ,duesseldorf4 ,after #ahec there took place a startling deterioration of his nervous system1 bringing on melancholia1 lapses of memory1 and finally insanity4 ,the last two years of his life were spent in an asylum at ,endenich1 ,germany1 where he died on ,july #bi1 #ahef4 ,schumann was a giant in ,german ,romantic music4 ,his works abound with the most captivating lyricism1 heartfelt emotion1 subtle moods1 and an unrestricted imagination4 ,there is not much in this wonderful literature that falls naturally within the category of semi-classics--only three piano pieces familiar in transcriptions1 and a song4 ,abendlied 7,evening ,song71 a gentle mood picture in the composer's most rewarding ,romantic vein1 comes from ,twelve ,four-,hand ,pieces for ,younger and ,older ,children1 op4 #he 7#ahdi7 where it is the final number4 8,die beiden ,grenadiere0 7,the ,two ,grenadiers7 op4 #di1 no4 #a 7#ahdj7 is probably the most familiar of ,schumann's many songs4 ,the poem is by ,heine4 ,the music describes with telling effect the reaction of two ,french grenadiers on learning that their ,emperor ,napoleon has been captured4 ,the song reaches a powerful climax with a quotation from the ,marseillaise4 ,the ,traeumerei 7,dreaming7 is the seventh number in a set of thirteen piano pieces collectively entitled ,scenes from ,childhood 7,kinderscenen71 op4 #ae1 7#ahch74 ,like the ,abendlied1 it is an atmospheric piece1 perhaps one of the most popular compositions by ,schumann4 ,wild ,horseman 7,wilder ,reiter7 can be found in the ,album for the ,young 7,album fuer die ,jugend71 op4 #fh1 no4 #c 7#ahdh74 ,it was made into an ,american popular song in the early #aiej's by ,johnny ,burke4 ,cyril ,scott ,cyril ,meir ,scott was born in ,oxton1 ,england1 on ,september #bg1 #ahgi4 ,his musical training took place at ,hoch's ,conservatory in ,frankfort1 ,germany1 and privately with ,ivan ,knorr4 ,he went to live in ,liverpool in #ahih where he taught piano and devoted himself to composition4 ,performances of several orchestral and chamber-music works at the turn of the century helped establish his reputation4 ,he also distinguished himself as a concert pianist with performances throughout ,europe and a tour of ,america in #aiba4 ,though frequently a composer with avant-garde tendencies--one of the first ,english composers to use the most advanced techniques of modern music--,scott is most famous for his short pieces for the piano which have been extensively performed in transcription4 ,his writing is mainly impressionistic1 with a subtle feeling for sensitive atmosphere and moods4 ,the best of these miniatures1 each a delicate tone picture1 are3 ,danse ngre 7,negro ,dance71 op4 #eh1 no4 #c 7#aijh72 and ,lotus ,land1 op4 #dg1 no4 #a 7#aije74 ,the latter was transcribed for violin and piano by ,kreisler and for orchestra by ,kostelanetz4 ,jean ,sibelius ,jean ,sibelius was born in ,tavastehus1 ,finland1 on ,december #h1 #ahfe4 ,though he early revealed a pronounced gift for music he planned a career in law4 ,after a year at the ,university of ,helsinki he finally decided upon music4 ,from #ahhf to #ahhi he attended the ,helsinki ,conservatory where one of his teachers was ,ferruccio ,busoni1 after which he studied in ,berlin with ,albert ,becker and in ,vienna with ,robert ,fuchs and ,karl ,goldmark4 ,he was back in his native land in #ahia1 and one year after that conducted in ,helsinki the premire of his first work in a national style1 ,kullervo4 ,from then on1 he continued producing works with a pronounced national identity with which he became not only one of ,finland's leading creative figures in music but also its prime musical spokesman4 ,in #ahig he was given the first government grant ever bestowed on a musician which enabled him to give up his teaching activities for composition4 ,he now produced some of his greatest music1 including most of his symphonies4 ,in #aiad he paid his only visit to the ,united ,states1 directing a concert of his works in ,norfolk1 ,connecticut4 ,after ,world ,war ,i1 he toured ,europe several times4 ,then from #aibd on he lived in comparative seclusion at his home in ,jrvenp1 which attracted admirers from all parts of the world4 ,sibelius wrote nothing after #aibi1 but by then his place in the world's music was secure as one of the foremost symphonists since ,brahms4 ,in ,finland he assumed the status of a national hero4 ,he died at his home in ,jrvenp on ,september #bj1 #aieg4 ,some of the compositions by ,sibelius enjoying popularity as semi-classics are in the post-,romantic ,german style which he had assumed early in his career2 only one or two are in the national idiom for which he is so famous4 ,in the former category belongs a slight1 sentimental piece called ,canzonetta1 for string orchestra1 op4 #fb;a 7#aiaa74 ,as its name implies it is a small and simple instrumental song for muted strings1 deeply emotional in feeling1 at times with deeply somber colorations4 ,finlandia1 for symphony orchestra1 op4 #bf 7#aijj7 is one of ,sibelius' earliest national compositions1 and to this day it is the most famous4 ,both in and out of ,finland this music is as much an eloquent voice for its country as its national anthem4 ,one can go even further and say that more people in the world know the melodies of ,finlandia than the ,finnish anthem4 ,so stirring are its themes1 so identifiably ,finnish in personality and color1 that for a long time it was believed ,sibelius had utilized national folk tunes2 but the music is entirely ,sibelius'4 ,it opens with a proud exclamation in the brass4 ,after this comes a sensitive melody for the woodwind1 and a prayer-like song for the strings4 ,the music now enters a dramatic phase with stormy passages4 ,but there soon arrives the most famous melody in the entire work1 a beautiful supplication sounded first by the woodwind and then by the strings4 ,a forceful climax ensues with a strong statement which seems to be speaking in loud and ringing tones of the determination of the people to stay free4 ,performances of ,finlandia played a prominent role in the political history of ,finland4 ,when performed in its first version1 in #ahii1 it was used to help raise funds for a ,press ,pension fight against the suppression of free speech and press by the ,russians4 ,within the next two years 7following a radical revision of the music in #aijj7 the work was given under various titles3 ,in ,france it was first performed as ,suomi and then as ,la ,patrie2 in ,germany1 as ,vaterland4 ,in ,finland the music proved so inflammatory in arousing national ardor that ,russia suppressed its performances in that country1 while permitting it to be played in the ,empire so long as the title ,impromptu was used4 ,when1 in #aije1 ,russia made far-reaching political concessions to ,finland1 ,sibelius' tone poem was once again permitted performances4 ,for the next twelve years it became the national expression of a people stubbornly fighting for its independence4 ,performances kept alive the national fire to such an extent that it has been said that they did more to promote the cause of ,finland's freedom than all the propaganda of speeches and pamphlets4 ,when the ,soviets invaded ,finland in the first stages of ,world ,war ,,ii1 ,finlandia once again acquired political importance4 ,in the free world1 particularly in the ,united ,states1 the music was used to speak for the spirit of a people refusing to accept oppression and defeat4 ,another piece of stirring national music that has become a lighter classic comes out of the ,karelia ,suite for orchestra1 op4 #aa 7#ahic71 the ,alla ,marcia section4 ,this work was written for a historical pageant presented by the students of ,viborg ,university and consists of an overture1 two melodious sections 7,intermezzo and ,ballade7 and the ,alla marcia1 march music of dramatic surge and sweep1 in which effective use is made of abrupt key changes4 ,sibelius wrote several delightful ,romances in the ,german-,romantic idiom of his early ,canzonetta4 ,one of these was originally for solo piano1 in ,d-flat major1 op4 #bd1 no4 #i 7#aijc72 another for violin and piano1 ,f major1 op4 #gh1 no4 #b 7#aiae74 ,the former has become popular in transcriptions for salon orchestra2 the latter1 for violin and orchestra1 and cello and piano4 ,perhaps the most famous of ,sibelius' ,romances is that in ,c major1 for string orchestra1 ,op4 #db 7#aijc74 ,it begins with an unorthodox opening1 unusual in harmonic structure and varied in inflections1 but its principal melody--a soulful song--is in the traditional idiom of an uninhibited ,romanticist4 ,the best known of ,sibelius' ,romantic compositions1 a universal favorite with salon orchestras1 is the ,valse ,triste1 for orchestra1 op4 #dd 7#aijc74 ,this is a section from the incidental music for ,kuolema1 a play by ,sibelius' brother-in-law1 ,arvid ,jaernefelt2 but it is the only one from this score to get published4 ,this slow and lugubrious melody1 bathed in sentimentality1 is a literal musical interpretation of the following program1 translated by ,rosa ,newmarch3 8,it is night4 ,the son who has been watching by the bedside of his sick mother has fallen asleep from sheer weariness4 ,gradually a ruddy light is reflected through the room2 there is a sound of distant music2 the glow and the music steal nearer until the strains of a valse melody float distinctly to our ears4 ,the sleeping mother awakens1 rises from her bed1 and1 in her long white garment which takes the semblance of a ball dress1 begins to move slowly and silently to and fro4 ,she waves her hands and beckons in time to the music1 as though she were summoning a crowd of invisible guests4 ,and now they appear1 these strange visionary couples1 turning and gliding to an unearthly valse rhythm4 ,the dying woman mingles with the dancers1 she strives to make them look into her eyes1 but the shadowy guests one and all avoid her glance4 ,then she seems to sink exhausted on her couch1 and the music breaks off4 ,but presently she gathers all her strength and invokes the dance once again with more energetic gestures than before4 ,back come the shadowy dancers1 gyrating in a wild1 mad rhythm4 ,the weird gaiety reaches a climax2 there is a knock at the door1 which flies wide open2 the mother utters a despairing cry2 the spectral guests vanish2 the music dies away4 ,death stands on the threshold40 ,christian ,sinding ,christian ,sinding was born in ,kongsberg1 ,norway1 on ,january #aa1 #ahef4 ,after attending the ,leipzig ,conservatory from #ahgg to #ahha he settled in ,oslo as a teacher of the piano4 ,his first published composition was a piano quintet in #ahhd1 and in #ahhe he directed a concert of his own music in ,oslo4 ,though he wrote in large forms1 including symphonies1 concertos1 suites1 tone poems and various chamber-music compositions1 he is best known for his smaller pieces for the piano4 ,in #ahij he received an annual subsidy from his government to enable him to devote himself completely to composition4 ,one of ,norway's most significant composers1 he was given a handsome life pension in #aiae1 and in #aiaf an additional government gift of #cj1jjj crowns4 ,in #aiba-aibb he visited the ,united ,states when he served for one season as a member of the faculty of the ,eastman ,school of ,music4 ,he died in ,oslo on ,december #c1 #aida4 ,his smaller pieces for the piano include etudes1 waltzes1 caprices1 intermezzos and various descriptive compositions4 ,it is by one of the last that he is most often remembered1 a favorite of young pianists throughout the world1 and of salon and pop orchestras in instrumental adaptations4 ,this is the ever-popular ,rustle of ,spring 7,fruehlingsrauschen71 probably the most popular piece of music describing the vernal season4 ,this is the second of ,six ,pieces1 for solo piano1 ,op4 #cb 7#ahif74 ,the rustle can be found in the accompaniment1 against which moves a soft1 sentimental song filled with all the magic of ,nature's rebirth at springtime4 ,in this same suite1 a second number of markedly contrasting nature1 has also become familiar--the first number1 played in a vigorous and picaresque style1 the ,marche grotesque4 ,leone ,sinigaglia ,leone ,sinigaglia was born in ,turin1 ,italy1 on ,august #ad1 #ahfh4 ,his preliminary music study took place at the ,liceo ,musicale of his native city and was completed with ,mandyczewski in ,vienna and ,dvok in ,prague4 ,the latter encouraged him to write music in a national ,italian idiom4 ,it was in this style that he created his earliest significant compositions1 the first being ,danze piemontesi1 introduced in ,turin in #aije1 ,toscanini conducting4 ,later works included ,rapsodia piemontese for violin and orchestra2 ,piemonte1 for orchestra2 a violin concerto2 and various works for chamber music groups1 solo instruments and orchestra4 ,he died in ,turin on ,may #af1 #aidd4 ,his best known and most frequently played composition is a gay1 infectious little concert overture1 ,le ,baruffe chiozzotte 7,the ,quarrels of the ,people of ,chiozzo71 op4 #cb 7#aijg74 ,it was inspired by the ,goldoni comedy of the same name which offers an amusing picture of life in the little town of ,chiozzo4 ,there ,lucietto and ,tita are in love1 quarrel1 and become reconciled through the ministrations of the magistrate4 ,a loud theme for full orchestra provides the overture with a boisterous beginning4 ,a passing tender thought then comes as contrast4 ,after some elaboration of these ideas1 a delightful folk song is heard first in the oboe1 and then in violins4 ,the tempo now quickens1 the mood becomes restless1 and the music grows sprightly4 ,an amusing little episode now appears in woodwind and violins after which the folk song and the loud opening theme are recalled4 ,piemonte1 a suite for orchestra1 op4 #cf is a charming four-movement composition in which the folk melodies and dances of ,piedmont are prominently used4 ,the first movement1 8,over ,woods and ,fields10 opens with a folk tune1 which the composer repeats in the finale4 ,two other delightful ideas follow3 the first in the horn1 repeated by the cellos2 the second in muted first violins4 ,in the second movement1 8,a ,rustic ,dance10 the principal ,piedmont dance tune is heard in solo violin and oboe2 a second subject occurs after the development of the first in lower strings and woodwind4 ,the heart of the third movement1 8,in the ,sacred ,mountain10 is a folk song first offered by the horns1 accompanied by cellos and double basses4 ,the suite ends with a picture of a festival1 8,piedmontese ,carnival10 its two vigorous ideas heard respectively in full orchestra1 and in trumpet and first violins4 ,bedich ,smetana ,bedich ,smetana was born in ,leitomischl1 ,bohemia1 on ,march #b1 #ahbd4 ,though he was interested in music from childhood on1 he received little training until his nineteenth year when he came to ,prague and studied with ,josef ,proksch4 ,for several years after the completion of his music study he worked as teacher of music for ,count ,leopold ,thun4 ,he soon became active in the musical life of his country2 in #ahdh he was a significant force in the creation of ,prague's first music school4 ,in #ahdi1 ,smetana was appointed pianist to ,ferdinand ,i1 the former ,emperor of ,austria residing in ,prague4 ,from #ahef to #ahfa ,smetana lived in ,gothenburg1 ,sweden1 where he was active as conductor1 teacher1 and pianist4 ,after returning to his native land in #ahfa he became one of its dominant musical figures4 ,he served as director of the music school1 conducted a chorus1 wrote music criticisms1 founded and directed a drama school1 and organized the ,society of ,artists4 ,he also wrote a succession of major works in which the cause of ,bohemian nationalism was espoused so vigorously and imaginatively that ,smetana has since become recognized as the father of ,bohemian national music4 ,his most significant works are the folk opera1 ,the ,bartered ,bride1 and a cycle of orchestral tone poems collectively entitled ,my ,country 7,m ,vlast74 ,smetana was stricken by deafness in #ahgd1 despite which he continued creating important works1 among them being operas and an autobiographical string quartet called ,from ,my ,life 7,aus meinem ,leben74 ,total deafness was supplemented by insanity in #ahhc which necessitated confinement in an asylum in ,prague where he died on ,may #ab1 #ahhd4 ,the rich folk melodies and pulsating folk rhythms of native dance music overflow in ,smetana's music1 providing it with much of its vitality and popular interest4 ,smetana's gift at writing music in the style1 idiom1 and techniques of ,bohemian folk dances is evident in many of his compositions1 but nowhere more successfully than in his delightful folk comic opera1 ,the ,bartered ,bride 7,prodan neveta74 ,this little opera1 first performed in ,prague on ,may #cj1 #ahff1 is the foundation on which ,bohemian national music rests securely4 ,it is a gay1 lively picture of life in a small ,bohemian village4 ,the principal action involves the efforts of the village matchmaker to get ,marie married to ,wenzel1 a dim-witted1 stuttering son of the town's wealthy landowner4 ,but ,marie is in love with ,hans who1 as it turns out1 is also the son of the same landowner1 though by a previous marriage4 ,through trickery1 ,hans manages to win ,marie1 though for a while matters become complicated when ,marie is led to believe that ,hans has deserted her4 ,in its first version1 ,the ,bartered ,bride was presented as a play 7by ,karel ,sabina7 with incidental music by ,smetana4 ,realizing that this work had operatic possibilities1 ,smetana amplified and revised his score1 and wrote recitatives for the spoken dialogue4 ,in this new extended form the opera was heard in ,vienna in #ahib and was a sensation2 from then on1 and to the present time1 it has remained one of the most lovable comic operas ever written4 ,there are three colorful and dynamic folk dances in this opera which contribute powerfully to the overall national identity1 but whose impact on audiences is by no means lost when heard apart from the stage action4 8,the ,dance of the ,comedians0 appears in the third act1 when a circus troupe appears in the village square and entertains villagers with a spirited dance4 ,the 8,furiant0--a fiery type of ,bohemian dance with marked cross rhythms--comes in the second act when villagers enter the local inn and perform a ,corybantic dance4 ,the 8,polka10 a favorite ,bohemian dance1 comes as an exciting finish to the first act as local residents give vent to their holiday spirits during a festival in the village square4 ,the effervescent overture which precedes the first act is as popular as the dances4 ,the merry first theme is given by strings and woodwind in unison against strong chords in brasses and timpani4 ,this subject is simplified1 at times in a fugal style1 and is brought to a climax before a second short subject is stated by the oboe4 ,still a third charming folk tune appears1 in violins and cellos1 before the first main subject is recalled and developed4 ,the coda1 based on this first theme1 carries the overture to a lively conclusion4 ,gustav ,mahler1 the eminent music director of the ,vienna ,royal ,opera which gave this opera its first major success outside ,bohemia1 felt this overture was so much in the spirit of the entire work1 and so basic to its overall mood and structure1 that he preferred using it before the second act so that latecomers into the opera house might not miss it4 ,smetana's most famous work for orchestra comes from his cycle of six national tone poems entitled ,my ,country 7,m ,vlast71 which he wrote between #ahgd and #ahgi in a tonal tribute to his native land4 ,each of the tone poems is a picture of a different facet of ,bohemian life1 geography1 and background4 ,the most famous composition of this set is ,the ,moldau 7,vltava71 a portrait of the famous ,bohemian river4 ,this is a literal tonal representation of the following descriptive program interpolated by the composer in his published score3 8,two springs gush forth in the shade of the ,bohemian forest1 the one warm and spouting1 the other cold and tranquil4 ,their waves1 gayly rushing onward over their rocky beds1 unite and glisten in the rays of the morning sun4 ,the forest brook1 fast hurrying on1 becomes the river ,vltava1 which1 flowing ever on through ,bohemia's valleys1 grows to be a mighty stream2 it flows through thick woods in which the joyous noise of the hunt and the notes of the hunter's horn are heard ever nearer and nearer2 it flows through grass-grown pastures and lowlands where a wedding feast is celebrated with song and dancing4 ,at night the wood and water nymphs revel in its shining waves1 in which many fortresses and castles are reflected as witnesses of the past glory of knighthood and the vanished warlike fame of bygone ages4 ,at ,st4 ,john ,rapids the stream rushes on1 winding in and out through the cataracts1 and hews out a path for itself with its foaming waves through the rocky chasm into the broad river bed in which it flows on in majestic repose toward ,prague1 welcomed by time-honored ,vysehrad1 whereupon it vanishes in the far distance from the poet's gaze40 ,the rippling flow of the river ,moldau is portrayed by fast figures in the strings1 the background for a broad and sensual folk song representing the river itself heard in violins and woodwind4 ,hunting calls are sounded by the horns1 after which a lusty peasant dance erupts from the full orchestra4 ,nymphs and naiads disport to the strains of a brief figure in the woodwind4 ,a transition by the wind brings back the beautiful ,moldau song4 ,a climax is built up1 after which the setting becomes once again serene4 ,the ,moldau continues its serene course towards ,prague4 ,john ,philip ,sousa ,john ,philip ,sousa1 ,america's foremost composer of march music1 was born in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 on ,november #f1 #ahed4 ,the son of a trombone player in the ,united ,states ,marine ,band1 ,john ,philip early received music instruction1 mainly the violin from ,john ,esputa4 ,when he was about thirteen1 ,john enlisted in the ,marine ,corps where he played in its band for two years4 ,for several years after that he played the violin in and conducted the orchestras of various theaters2 in the summer of #ahgg he played in an orchestra conducted by ,jacques ,offenbach at the ,philadelphia ,centennial ,exposition4 ,between #ahhj and #ahib he was the musical director of the ,marine ,band4 ,it was during this period that he wrote his first famous marches4 ,in #ahib he formed a band of his own with which he toured ,europe and ,america for many years1 and with which he gave more than a thousand concerts4 ,his most popular marches 7together with his best transcriptions for band of national ballads and patriotic airs7 were always the highlights of his concerts4 ,besides the marches1 ,sousa wrote the music for numerous comic operas1 the most famous being ,el ,capitan 7#ahif7 and ,the ,bride ,elect 7#ahih74 ,in #aiah ,sousa and his band were heard in the ,hippodrome extravaganza1 ,everything4 ,he published his autobiography1 ,marching ,along1 in #aibh1 and died in ,reading1 ,pennsylvania1 on ,march #f1 #aicb4 ,in the closing years of the #aith century1 and in the first part of the #bjth1 ,america was undergoing expansion in many directions3 art1 science1 literature1 commerce1 finance1 world affairs4 ,hand in hand with this development and growth came an aroused patriotism and an expanding chauvinism4 ,sousa's marches were the voice of this new and intense national consciousness4 ,as ,sigmund ,spaeth has pointed out1 most of ,sousa's famous marches follow a similar pattern1 beginning with 8an arresting introduction1 then using a light1 skipping rhythm for his first melody1 going from that into a broader tune10 then progressing to the principal march melody4 ,a massive climax is finally realized with new1 vibrant colors being realized in the main march melody through striking new combinations of instruments4 ,the following are some of ,sousa's most popular marches3 ,el ,capitan 7#ahif7 was adapted from a choral passage from the comic opera of the same name4 ,this music was played aboard ,admiral ,dewey's flagship1 ,olympia1 when it steamed down ,manila ,bay for battle during the ,spanish-,american ,war4 ,and it was again heard1 this time performed by ,sousa's own band1 when ,dewey was welcomed as a conquering hero in ,new ,york on ,september #cj1 #aijj4 ,king ,cotton 7#ahie7 was written on the occasion of the engagement of the ,sousa ,band at the ,cotton ,states ,exposition4 ,semper ,fideles 7#ahhh7 was ,sousa's first famous composition in march tempo1 and to this day it is still one of his best known marches1 a perennial favorite with parades of all kinds4 ,since ,sousa sold this march outright for #ce4jj he never capitalized on its immense popularity4 ,sousa's masterpiece--and probably one of the most famous marches ever written--was the ,stars and ,stripes ,forever1 completed on ,april #bf1 #ahig4 ,in #ahig ,sousa was a tourist in ,italy when he heard the news that his friend and manager had died in the ,united ,states4 ,sousa decided to return home4 ,aboard the ,teutonic a march melody kept haunting him4 ,as soon as he came home he put the melody down on paper1 and it became the principal subject of 8,the ,stars and ,stripes ,forever40 ,this principal melody achieves an unforgettable climax in the march when it is proudly thundered by the full orchestra to figurations in the piccolo4 ,the ,thunderer and ,the ,washington ,post ,march were written in #ahhi4 ,the latter was commissioned by the ,washington ,post for the ceremonies attending the presentation of prizes in a student essay contest4 ,among ,sousa's other marches are ,the ,bride ,elect 7#ahig7 from the comic opera of the same name2 ,the ,fairest of the ,fair 7#aijh72 ,hands ,across the ,sea 7#ahii72 ,invincible ,eagle 7#aija72 and ,saber and ,spurs 7#aiae7 dedicated to the ,united ,states ,cavalry4 ,it was long maintained that ,sousa was the composer of the famous hymn of the ,artillery branch of the ,united ,states armed services1 8,the ,caisson ,song40 ,sousa played this march in his own brilliant new band arrangement at a ,liberty ,loan ,drive at the ,hippodrome1 in ,new ,york1 in #aiah4 ,for some time thereafter ,sousa was credited as being the composer4 ,but further research revealed the fact that the words and music had been written in #aijh by ,edmund ,l4 ,gruber1 then a lieutenant with the #eth ,artillery in the ,philippines4 ,oley ,speaks ,oley ,speaks was born in ,canal ,winchester1 ,ohio1 on ,june #bh1 #ahgd4 ,he received his musical training1 principally in voice1 from various teachers including ,armour ,galloway and ,emma ,thursby4 ,he then filled the post of baritone soloist at churches in ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 and ,new ,york ,city1 including the ,st4 ,thomas ,church in ,new ,york from #aija to #aijf4 ,he also filled numerous engagements in song recitals and performances of oratorios4 ,he died in ,new ,york ,city on ,august #bg1 #aidh4 ,speaks was the composer of more than #bej published art songs which have placed him in a front rank among ,american song composers4 ,three have become outstandingly popular2 there is hardly a male singer anywhere who has not sung such all-time favorites as 8,morning10 8,on the ,road to ,mandalay0 and 8,sylvia10 each of which is among the most widely circulated and most frequently heard art songs by an ,american4 8,morning10 words by ,frank ,l4 ,stanton1 was published in #aiaj4 ,where 8,morning0 is lyrical1 8,on the ,road to ,mandalay0 7published in #aijg7 is dramatic1 a setting of the famous poem by ,rudyard ,kipling4 ,the persistent rhythmic background suggesting drum beats1 and the effective key change from verse to chorus1 have an inescapable effect on listeners4 8,sylvia10 poem by ,clinton ,scollard1 published in #aiad1 is in a sentimental mood1 and like 8,morning0 reveals the composer's marked gift for sensitive lyricism4 ,robert ,stolz ,robert ,stolz was born in ,graz1 ,austria1 on ,august #be1 #ahhb4 ,his parents were musical1 his father being a successful conductor and teacher1 and his mother a concert pianist4 ,robert's music study took place first with his father1 then with ,robert ,fuchs in ,vienna and ,humperdinck in ,berlin4 ,in #aija he assumed his first post as conductor1 at an opera house in ,brunn4 ,when he was twenty-five he was appointed conductor of the ,theater-an-der-,wien in ,vienna where he remained twelve years1 directing most of the masterworks in the field of ,austrian and ,german operettas4 ,his own career as composer of operettas had begun in #aijc with ,schoen ,lorchen produced in ,salzburg4 ,since then ,stolz has written music for about sixty operettas1 scores for more than eighty films1 and a thousand songs in all4 ,his music is in the light1 graceful1 ebullient style that has characterized ,viennese operetta music since the time of ,johann ,strauss ,,ii4 ,his most famous operettas are3 ,die lustigen ,weiber von ,wien 7#aiji71 ,die ,gluecksmaedel 7#aiaj71 ,die ,tanzgraefin 7#aiba71 ,peppina 7#aica71 ,zwei ,herzen in dreiviertel ,takt 7#aicc71 ,fruehling im ,prater 7#aidi7 and ,karneval in ,wien 7#aiej74 ,in #aich ,stolz came to the ,united ,states where for several years he worked in ,hollywood4 ,after the end of ,world ,war ,,ii he returned to ,vienna1 remaining active as a composer not only in that city but also in ,berlin and ,london4 ,stolz' most famous song is 8,im ,prater bluehn wieder die ,baeume0 78,in the ,prater the ,trees ,are ,again ,blooming071 a glowing hymn not only to a district in ,vienna famous for its frolic and amusement but even more so to the city of ,vienna itself4 ,a waltz from his operetta1 ,two ,hearts in ,three-,quarter ,time 7,zwei ,herzen in dreiviertel ,takt7 is perhaps one of the most celebrated pieces in three-quarter time written in ,vienna since ,lehr1 and it is loved the world over4 ,this operetta originated in #aica as a ,german motion-picture which won accolades around the world for its charm and freshness1 for which ,stolz wrote a score that included his famous waltz4 ,it was then adapted for the stage by ,paul ,knepler and ,j4 ,m4 ,willeminsky and introduced in ,zurich1 ,switzerland1 in #aicc4 ,this delightful text concerns the trials and tribulations of producing an operetta4 ,that operetta is accepted for production on the condition that a good waltz melody is written for it1 and the composer ,toni ,hofer gets his inspiration for that tune from lovely ,hedi1 the young sister of the librettist4 ,this waltz1 of course1 is the title number1 which1 in its lilt and buoyancy and ,viennese love of life1 is in the best tradition of ,viennese popular music4 ,oscar ,straus ,oscar ,straus was no relation to any of the famous ,viennese ,strausses2 nevertheless in the writing of light1 gay music in waltz tempo and spirited melodies for the operetta stage he was certainly their spiritual brother4 ,he was born in ,vienna on ,march #f1 #ahgj1 and studied music with private teachers in ,vienna and ,berlin1 including ,max ,bruch4 ,in #aija he settled in ,berlin where he became conductor at a famous cabaret1 ,ueberbrettl1 for whose productions of farces he wrote a number of scores4 ,soon after that he turned to writing operettas1 becoming world famous with ,the ,waltz ,dream in #aijg and ,the ,chocolate ,soldier in #aijh1 both introduced in ,vienna4 ,he wrote about thirty operettas after that1 many heard with outstanding success in the music centers of the world4 ,the best of these were ,der letzte ,walzer 7#aibj71 ,die ,teresina 7#aiba71 ,drei ,walzer 7#aice71 and ,bozena 7#aieb74 ,he was at his best writing waltz melodies but he was also skilful in interpolating satirical elements into his musical writing through the exploitation of ragtime1 jazz1 and the shimmy4 ,straus lived in ,berlin until #aibg1 and for a decade after that he made his home in ,vienna and ,paris4 ,in #aici he became a ,french citizen1 and from #aidj to #aidh he lived in the ,united ,states1 filling some assignments in ,hollywood4 ,he returned to his native land in #aidh1 and died at ,bad ,ischl1 ,austria1 on ,january #aa1 #aied4 ,the ,chocolate ,soldier 7,der tapfere ,soldat7 was the operetta adaptation of ,bernard ,shaw's comedy1 ,arms and the ,man1 by ,r4 ,bernauer and ,l4 ,jacobsen4 ,its premire took place in ,vienna on ,november #ad1 #aijh1 with the first ,american performance taking place a year later at the ,casino ,theater in ,new ,york4 ,the setting is ,serbia in #ahhe where the hero1 ,lieutenant ,bumerli1 gains the nickname of 8chocolate soldier0 because of a sweet tooth4 ,while escaping from the enemy1 he finds refuge in the bedroom of ,nadina1 daughter of ,colonel ,popoff4 ,nadina becomes the instrument by means of which the lieutenant is now able to effect his escape1 disguised in the coat of ,colonel ,popolf4 ,but before the final curtain ,bumerli and ,nadina also become lovers4 ,the waltz1 8,my ,hero10 78,komm1 ,komm1 ,held meiner ,traeume07 ,nadina's waltz of love to the chocolate soldier1 is the most celebrated excerpt from this operetta4 ,other familiar pages include the lovely first act duet of ,nadina and ,bumerli1 8,sympathy02 the little orchestral march in the second act1 a satirical take off on military pomp and circumstance2 and ,nadina's 8,letter ,song0 in the third act4 ,a ,waltz ,dream 7,ein ,walzertraum71 book by ,felix ,doermann and ,leopold ,jacobsen1 was introduced in ,vienna on ,march #b1 #aijg1 and in ,new ,york in ,april #aijh4 ,lieutenant ,niki of the ,austrian army is ordered by the ,austrian ,emperor to marry ,princess ,helen1 but he falls in love with ,frantzi1 a violinist in a girl's orchestra4 ,this love affair becomes frustrated when ,niki must return to ,vienna to become ,prince ,consort4 ,the main musical selection from this operetta is the title number1 a waltz which first appears as a duet between ,niki and a fellow officer in the first act1 then recurs throughout the operetta1 and finally brings it to a close4 ,two sprightly march excerpts1 from the second and third acts respectively1 and the duet1 8,piccolo1 piccolo1 tsin1 tsin1 tsin0 are also popular4 ,eduard ,strauss ,eduard ,strauss1 the younger brother of ,johann ,strauss ,,ii1 was born in ,vienna on ,march #ae1 #ahce4 ,he studied music in ,vienna with ,g4 ,preyer following which he made his caf-house debut in #ahfb by conducting his father's orchestra at the ,dianasaal4 ,he continued to lead his father's orchestra at the ,volksgarten and ,musikverein as well as at various leading caf-houses in ,vienna4 ,he also made many tours1 including two of the ,united ,states in #ahib and #aija4 ,in #aijb he dissolved the musical organization which his father had founded three-quarters of a century earlier and which all that time had dominated the musical life of ,vienna4 ,besides conducting this orchestra1 he also substituted from time to time for his famous brother1 ,johann ,strauss ,,ii1 and in #ahgj he succeeded him as conductor of the court balls4 ,eduard ,strauss died in ,vienna on ,december #bh1 #aiaf4 ,eduard wrote over three hundred popular instrumental compositions in the style of his celebrated brother but without ever equalling his remarkable creative freshness and originality4 ,but there is a good deal of pleasurable listening in ,eduard's waltzes and polkas4 ,in the former category belongs the ,doctrinen 7,faith7 ,waltzes1 op4 #gi2 in the latter1 the gay ,bahn ,frei 7,fast ,track7 ,polka1 op4 #de4 ,in collaboration with his two brothers1 ,johann and ,josef1 ,eduard wrote the ,trifolienwalzer and the ,schuetzenquadrille4 ,johann ,strauss ,i ,johann ,strauss ,i was one of the two waltz kings of ,vienna bearing that name4 ,the more famous one1 the composer of 8,the ,blue ,danube0 was the son4 ,but the father was also one of ,vienna's most popular composers and caf-house conductors4 ,he was born in ,vienna on ,march #ad1 #ahjd1 and as a boy he studied both the violin and harmony4 ,his love for music1 combined with the decision of his parents to make him a bookbinder1 led him to run away from home4 ,when he was fifteen he joined ,michael ,pamer's orchestra which played at the ,sperl caf2 another of its members was ,josef ,lanner1 soon also to become a major figure in ,vienna's musical life4 ,as ,lanner's star rose1 so did ,johann ,strauss'4 ,first ,strauss played in the ,lanner ,quartet at the ,goldenen ,rebbuhn and other cafs2 after that he was a member of the ,lanner ,orchestra which appeared in ,vienna's leading cafs4 ,when ,lanner's mounting success made it necessary for him to create two orchestras1 he selected ,johann ,strauss to conduct one of them4 ,then1 in #ahbf1 ,johann ,strauss formed an orchestra of his own which made its debut at the ,bock ,caf4 ,for the next two decades he was the idol of ,vienna1 ,lanner's only rival4 ,by #ahcj he had two hundred musicians under him4 ,his major successes as a caf-house conductor came at the ,sperl and the ,redoutensaal4 ,but his fame spread far beyond ,vienna4 ,in #ahcc he toured all ,austria1 and in #ahcd he appeared in ,berlin4 ,after that he performed in all the major ,european capitals1 achieving formidable successes in ,london and ,paris4 ,meanwhile1 in #ahcc1 he had become bandmaster of the first ,vienna militia regiment1 one of the highest honors a performer of light music could achieve in ,austria4 ,in #ahde he was appointed conductor of the ,viennese court balls4 ,he died in ,vienna on ,september #be1 #ahdi4 ,like ,lanner1 ,strauss wrote a considerable amount of dance and caf-house music1 over #bej compositions4 ,his first composition was the ,taeuberlwalzer1 named after the caf ,zwei ,tauben where he was then appearing4 ,after that he wrote waltzes1 galops1 polkas1 quadrilles1 cotillons1 contredanses1 and marches--which ,vienna came to love for their rhythmic vitality and appealing lyricism4 ,people in ,vienna used to say that the waltzes of the first ,johann ,strauss were made for dancing because their rhythmic pulse excited the heart and made feet restless4 ,not much of the father ,strauss' library of music has survived4 ,the exceptions are the following waltzes3 ,caecilien1 ,donaulieder1 the ,kettenbruecken1 and the ,lorelei ,rheinsklaenge4 ,to the waltz1 the older ,johann ,strauss brought a symphonic dimension it had heretofore not known1 particularly in his spacious introductions of which the thirty-bar prelude of the ,lorelei ,rheinsklaenge is an outstanding example4 ,he also carried over to the waltz a variety of mood and feeling and a lightness of touch new for this peasant dance4 8,this demon of the ancient ,viennese folk spirit10 wrote ,richard ,wagner after hearing ,strauss perform one of his own waltzes in ,vienna1 8trembled at the beginning of a new waltz like a python preparing to spring1 and it was more the ecstasy produced by the music than the drinks among the enchanted audience that stimulated that magical first violin to almost dangerous flights40 ,of his other music the most famous is the ,radetzky ,march4 ,count ,radetzky was an ,austrian military hero1 victor over the ,italians in #ahdh-ahdi4 ,in honor of his ,italian triumphs and suppression of the ,italian nationalist movement1 ,strauss wrote the spirited1 sharply accented march in #ahdh which almost at once became the musical symbol of ,hapsburg ,vienna and ,austrian military power4 ,the following programmatic interpretation of this music by ,h4 ,e4 ,jacob is of interest3 8,drunk with triumph1 the ,generalissimo's battalions hurl themselves down into ,lombardy4 ,they are close on the heels of the fleeing troops of ,king ,albert1 the ,king of ,sardinia4 ,and then comes a new phase of the march to accompany the victorious troops4 ,a different sun shines down on this1 a memory of ,vienna1 a lingering trace of the feel of girls' arms2 scraps of a dance song with a backward glance at three-quarter time4 ,but on they go1 still forward4 ,there are no more shots1 there is laughter4 ,the trio follows4 ,the 444 superdominant 444 hoisted as if it were a flag4444 ,finally comes the return of the principal theme with the laurels and gaiety of victory40 ,johann ,strauss ,,ii ,johann ,strauss ,,ii1 son of the first ,johann ,strauss1 was born in ,vienna on ,october #be1 #ahbe4 ,though he showed an unmistakable bent for music from his childhood on1 he was forbidden by his father to study music or to indulge in any musical activity whatsoever4 ,the young ,johann ,strauss1 encouraged by his mother1 was forced to study the violin surreptitiously with a member of his father's orchestra4 ,only after the father had deserted his family1 to set up another home with his mistress1 did young ,johann begin to devote himself completely and openly to music4 ,after studying the violin with ,kohlmann and counterpoint with ,joseph ,drechsler1 he made his debut as a caf-house conductor and composer at ,dommayer's ,casino in ,hietzing1 near ,vienna1 on ,october #ae1 #ahdd4 ,the event was widely publicized and dramatized in ,vienna1 since the son was appearing as a rival to his father4 ,for this momentous debut1 the son wrote the first of his waltzes--the ,gunstwerber and the ,sinngedichte--which aroused immense enthusiasm4 ,he had to repeat the last-named waltz so many times that the people in the caf lost count4 8,ah1 these ,viennese10 reported the editor of ,the ,wanderer4 8,a new waltz player1 a piece of world history4 ,good night1 ,lanner4 ,good evening1 ,father ,strauss4 ,good morning1 ,son ,strauss40 ,the father had not attended this performance1 but learned of his son's triumph from one of his cronies4 ,thus a new waltz king had arisen in ,vienna4 ,his reign continued until the end of the century4 ,for fifty years ,johann ,strauss ,,ii stood alone and unequalled as the musical idol of ,vienna4 ,his performances were the talk of the town4 ,his own music was on everyone's lips4 ,after the death of father ,strauss in #ahdi1 he combined members of the older man's orchestra with his own1 and toured all of ,europe with the augmented ensemble4 ,from #ahfc to #ahgj he was conductor of the ,viennese balls1 a post once held by his father4 ,in #ahgb he made sensational appearances in ,boston and ,new ,york4 ,all the while he was writing some of the most famous waltzes ever written1 as well as quadrilles and polkas and other dance pieces4 ,and in #ahga1 with the premire in ,vienna of ,indigo he entered upon a new field1 that of the operetta1 in which once again he was to become a dominating figure4 ,he was admired not merely by the masses but also by some of the greatest musicians of his generation--,brahms1 ,wagner1 ,verdi1 ,hans von ,buelow1 ,offenbach1 ,goldmark1 ,gounod1 all of whom expressed their admiration for his music in no uncertain terms4 ,in #ahid1 ,vienna celebrated the #ejth anniversary of his debut with a week of festive performances2 congratulations poured into ,vienna from all parts of the civilized world4 ,he died five years after that--in ,vienna on ,june #c1 #ahii--;and was buried near ,schubert1 ,beethoven1 and ,brahms4 ,it is perhaps singularly fitting that ,johann ,strauss should have died in #ahii4 ,a century was coming to an end1 and with it an entire epoch4 ,this is what one court official meant when he said that 8,emperor ,francis ,joseph reigned until the death of ,johann ,strauss40 ,history1 with its cold precision1 may accurately record that the reign of ,francis ,joseph actually terminated in #aiaf4 ,but its heyday had passed with the #aith century4 ,the spirit of old ,vienna1 imperial ,vienna of the ,hapsburgs1 the ,vienna that had been inspiration for song and story1 died with ,johann ,strauss4 ,after #aijj1 ,vienna was only a shadow of its former self1 and was made prostrate by ,world ,war ,i4 ,if the epoch of 8old ,vienna0 died with ,johann ,strauss1 it was also born with him4 ,after #ahbe1 the social and intellectual climate in the imperial city changed perceptibly4 ,the people1 always gay1 now gave themselves up to frivolity4 ,for this1 political conditions had been responsible4 ,the autocratic rule of ,francis ,i brought on tyranny1 repression1 and an army of spies and informers4 ,as a result1 the ,viennese went in for diversions that were safe from a political point of view3 flirtation1 gossip1 dancing4 ,they were partial to light musical plays and novels4 ,thus1 an attitude born out of expediency1 became1 with the passing of time1 an inextricable part of everyday life in ,vienna4 ,of the many light-hearted pleasures in which the ,viennese indulged none was dearer to them than dancing4 ,it has been recorded that one out of every four in ,vienna danced regularly4 ,they danced the polka1 and the quadrille2 but most of all they danced the waltz4 ,johann ,strauss ,,ii was the genius of the ,viennese waltz4 ,more than anybody before him or since he lifted the popular dance to such artistic importance that his greatest waltzes are often performed at symphony concerts by the world's greatest orchestras under the foremost conductors4 ,inexhaustible was his invention2 richly inventive1 his harmonic writing2 subtle and varied his gift at orchestration2 fresh and personal his lyricism2 aristocratic his structure4 ,to the noted #bjth century ,german critic1 ,paul ,bekker1 the ,strauss waltz contained 8more melodies than a symphony of ,beethoven1 and the aggregate of ,straussian melodies is surely greater than the aggregate of ,beethoven's40 ,actually the waltz form used by ,strauss is basically that of ,lanner and of ,strauss' own father4 ,a slow symphonic introduction opens the waltz4 ,this is followed by a series of waltz melodies 7usually five in number74 ,a symphonic coda serves both as a kind of summation and as a conclusion4 ,but here the similarity with the past ends4 ,this form received from the younger ,strauss new dimension1 new amplification4 ,his introductions are sometimes like tone poems4 ,the waltz melodies are incomparably rich in thought and feeling1 varied in mood and style4 ,a new concept of thematic developments enters waltz writing with ,strauss4 ,and his codas1 as his introductions1 are symphonic creations built with consummate skill from previously stated ideas1 or fragments of these ideas4 ,no wonder1 then1 that the waltzes of ,johann ,strauss have been described as 8symphonies for dancing40 ,the following are the most popular of the ,johann ,strauss waltzes3 ,acceleration 7,accelerationen71 op4 #bcd1 as the title indicates1 derives its effect from the gradual acceleration in tempo in the main waltz melody4 ,strauss had promised to write a waltz for a ball at the ,sofiensaal but failed to deliver his manuscript even at the zero hour4 ,reminded of his promise1 he sat down at a restaurant table on the night of the ball and hurriedly wrote off the complete ,acceleration ,waltz on the back of a menu card1 and soon thereafter conducted the premire performance4 ,artist's ,life 7,kuenstlerleben71 op4 #caf1 opens in a tender mood4 ,a transition is provided by an alternation of soft and loud passages1 after which the first waltz melody erupts zestfully as a tonal expression of the lighthearted gaiety of an artist's life4 ,a similar mood is projected by the other waltz melodies4 ,the ,blue ,danube 7,an der schoenen blauen ,donau71 op4 #cad1 is perhaps the most famous waltz ever written1 and one of the greatest4 ,it is now a familiar tale how ,brahms1 while autographing a fan of ,strauss' wife1 scribbled a few bars of this waltz and wrote underneath1 8alas1 not by ,brahms40 ,strauss wrote ,the ,blue ,danube at the request of ,john ,herbeck1 conductor of the ,vienna ,men's ,singing ,society2 thus the original version of the waltz is for chorus and orchestra1 the text being a poem by ,karl ,beck in praise of ,vienna and the ,danube4 ,strauss wrote this waltz in #ahfg1 and it was introduced on ,february #ae of the same year at the ,dianasaal by ,strauss' orchestra1 supplemented by ,herbeck's singing society4 ,the audience was so enthusiastic that it stood on the seats and thundered for numerous repetitions4 ,in the ,spring of #ahfg1 ,strauss introduced his waltz to ,paris at the ,international ,exposition where it was a sensation4 ,a tremendous ovation also greeted it when ,strauss performed it for the first time in ,london1 at ,covent ,garden in #ahfi4 ,when ,johann ,strauss made his ,american debut1 in ,boston in #ahgb1 he conducted ,the ,blue ,danube with an orchestra numbering a thousand instruments and a chorus of a thousand voices6 ,copies of the music were soon in demand in far-off cities of ,asia and ,australia4 ,the publisher1 ,spina1 was so deluged by orders he had to have a hundred new copper plates made from which to print over a million copies4 ,it is not difficult to see why this waltz is so popular4 ,it is an eloquent voice of the 8charm1 elegance1 vivacity1 and sophistication0 of #aith century ,vienna--so much so that it is second only to ,haydn's ,austrian ,national ,anthem as the musical symbol of ,austria4 ,emperor ,waltz 7,kaiserwalz71 op4 #dcg1 was written in #ahhh to celebrate the #djth anniversary of the reign of ,franz ,joseph ,i4 ,this is one of ,strauss' most beautiful waltzes4 ,a slow introduction spanning seventy-four bars that has delicacy and grace1 and is of a stately march-like character1 is ,viennese to its very marrow4 ,a suggestion of the main waltz tune then appears quickly but is just as quickly dismissed by a loud return of the main introductory subject4 ,trombones lead to a brief silence4 ,after some preparation1 a waltz melody of rare majesty finally unfolds in the strings4 ,if this wonderful waltz melody can be said to represent the ,emperor himself then the delightful waltz tunes that follow--some of almost peasant character--can be said to speak for the joy of the ,austrian people in honoring their beloved monarch4 ,an elaborate coda then comes as the crown to the whole composition4 ,morning ,journals 7,morgenblaetter71 op4 #bgi1 was written for a ,viennese press club1 the ,concordia4 ,offenbach had previously written for that club a set of waltzes entitled 8,evening ,journals40 ,strauss decided to name his music ,morning ,journals4 ,the ,offenbach composition is today remembered only because it provided the stimulus for ,strauss' title4 ,but ,strauss' music remains--the four waltzes in his freshest and most infectious lyric vein1 and its introduction highlighted by a melody of folk song simplicity4 ,roses from the ,south 7,rosen aus dem ,sueden71 op4 #chh1 is a potpourri of the best waltz tunes 7each a delight7 from one of the composer's lesser operettas1 ,spitzentuch der ,koenigen 7,the ,queen's ,lace ,handkerchief74 ,the 8south0 in the title refers to ,spain1 the background of the operetta1 but there is nothing ,spanish to this unmistakably ,viennese music4 ,tales from the ,vienna ,woods 7,g'schichten aus dem ,wiener ,wald71 op4 #cbe--performed for the first time by the ,strauss orchestra at the ,neue ,welt caf in #ahfh--;is a bucolic picture of ,nature's beauty in the forests skirting ,vienna4 ,the beauty of ,nature is suggested in the stately introduction with its open fifths and its serene melody for cello followed by a flute cadenza4 ,all the loveliness of the ,vienna woods is then represented by a waltz melody 7originally scored for zither1 but now most often presented by strings71 a loveliness that is carried on with incomparable grace and charm by the ensuing waltz tunes4 ,vienna ,blood 7,wiener ,blut71 op4 #ced1 like so many other ,strauss waltzes1 is a hymn of praise to ,strauss' native cities2 but where other waltzes are light and carefree1 this one is more often moody1 dreamy1 and at times sensual4 ,after the introduction come four waltz melodies1 the first full of fire and the last one touched with sentimentality4 ,the second and third waltz tunes are interesting for their rhythmic vitality and marked syncopations4 ,voices of ,spring 7,fruehlingstimmen71 op4 #daj--;dedicated to the renowned ,viennese pianist1 ,albert ,gruenfeld--is 7like the ,tales from the ,vienna ,woods7 an exuberant picture of the vernal season1 the joy and thrill that the rebirth of ,nature always provides to the ,viennese4 ,wine1 ,woman and ,song 7,wein1 ,weib und ,gesang71 op4 #ccc1 opens with an eloquent mood picture that is virtually an independent composition1 even though it offers suggestions of later melodies4 ,this is a spacious ninety-one bar introduction that serves as an eloquent peroration to the four waltz melodies that follow--each graceful1 vivacious1 and at times tender and contemplative4 ,richard ,wagner1 upon hearing ,anton ,seidl conduct this music1 was so moved by it that at one point he seized the baton from ,seidl's hand and conducted the rest of the piece himself4 ,strauss wrote other dance music besides waltzes4 ,he was equally successful in bringing his wonderful melodic invention1 fine rhythmic sense1 and beautiful instrumentation to the ,polka1 the native ,bohemian dance in duple quick time and in a lively mood4 ,the best of the ,strauss polkas are3 ,annen-,polka1 op4 #aag2 ,electrophor ,polka1 op4 #big dedicated to the students of a ,vienna technical school1 its effect derived from its breathless tempo and forceful dynamics2 ,explosions ,polka1 op4 #dc1 written when ,strauss was only twenty-two and characterized by sudden brief crescendos2 ,pizzicato ,polka1 written in collaboration with the composer's brother ,josef1 and1 as the name indicates1 an exercise in plucked strings2 and the capricious ,tritsch-,tratsch 7or ,chit-,chat7 ,polka1 op4 #bad4 ,of ,strauss' other instrumental compositions1 the best known is a lively excursion in velocity called ,perpetual ,motion1 op4 #beg1 which the composer himself described as a 8musical jest40 ,beyond being ,vienna's waltz king1 ,johann ,strauss ,,ii was also one of its greatest composers of operettas4 ,indeed1 if a vote were to be cast for the greatest favorite among all ,vienna operettas the chances are the choice would fall on ,strauss' ,die ,fledermaus 7,the ,bat71 first produced in ,vienna on ,april #e1 #ahgd1 book by ,carl ,haffner and ,richard ,gene based on a ,french play by ,meilhac and ,halvy4 ,this work is not only a classic of the light theater1 but even a staple in the repertory of the world's major opera houses4 ,it is a piece of dramatic intrigue filled with clever1 bright and at times risqu humor1 as well as irony and gaiety4 ,the plot1 in line with operetta tradition1 involves a love intrigue3 between ,rosalinda1 wife of ,baron von ,eisenstein1 and ,alfred4 ,the ,baron is sought by the police for some slight indiscretion1 and when they come to the ,baron's home and find ,alfred there1 they mistake him for the ,baron and arrest him4 ,upon discovering he is supposed to be in jail1 the ,baron decides to take full advantage of his liberty by attending a masked ball at ,prince ,orlovsky's palace and making advances there to the lovely women4 ,but one of the masked women with whom he flirts is his own wife4 ,eventually1 the identity of both is uncovered1 to the embarrassment of the ,baron1 and this merry escapade ends when the ,baron is compelled to spend his time in jail4 ,the overture is a classic1 recreating the effervescent mood that prevails throughout the operetta4 ,it is made up of some of the principal melodies of the opera3 ,rosalinda's lament1 8,so muss allein ich bleiben0 first heard in the woodwind2 the chorus1 8,o je1 o je1 wie ruhrt mich dies0 in the strings2 and most important of all1 the main waltz of the operetta and the climax of the second act1 also in the strings4 ,other delightful episodes frequently presented in instrumental versions include the lovely drinking song1 8,trinke1 ,liebchen1 trinke schnell02 the laughing song of the maid1 ,adele1 8,mein ,herr ,marquis02 the blood-warming czardas of the 8,hungarian countess0 who is actually ,rosalinda in disguise1 8,klaenge der ,heimat02 the stirring hymn to champagne1 8,die ,majistaet wird anerkannt02 and the buoyant waltz1 8,du und du40 ,the ,gypsy ,baron 7,die ,ziguenerbaron7 is almost as popular as ,die ,fledermaus4 ,this is an operetta with libretto by ,ignaz ,schnitzer1 introduced in ,vienna on ,october #bd1 #ahhe4 ,sandr ,barinkay returns to his ancestral home after having left it as a child4 ,he finds it swarming with gypsies who have made it their home1 and he falls in love with one of them1 ,saffi4 ,the overture is made up of material from the concerted finales1 beginning with the entrance of the gypsies in the first finale2 continuing with ,saffi's celebrated gypsy air1 8,so elend und treu02 and culminating with the celebrated waltz music of the second act1 the ,schatz1 or ,treasure1 waltzes4 ,other familiar excerpts include ,sandr's exuberant aria with chorus from the first act 8,ja1 das alles auf ,ehr10 probably the most celebrated vocal excerpt from the entire operetta2 and the ,entry ,march 7,einzugmarsch7 from the third act--for chorus and orchestra in the operetta1 but often given by salon ensembles in an orchestral version4 ,josef ,strauss ,josef ,strauss1 like ,eduard1 is a younger brother of ,johann ,strauss ,,ii1 and son of ,johann ,strauss ,i4 ,he was born in ,vienna on ,august #bb1 #ahbg4 ,he was an extremely talented young man not only in music but even as architect and inventor4 ,of more serious and sober disposition than either of his two brothers1 he long regarded caf-house music condescendingly1 his musical preference being for the classics4 ,his famous brother1 ,johann ,strauss ,,ii1 needing someone to help him direct his orchestra1 finally prevailed on ,josef to turn to caf-house music4 ,josef made his debut as caf-house conductor and composer simultaneously on ,july #bc1 #ahec1 his first waltz being ,die ,ersten4 ,after that he often substituted for brother ,johann in directing the latter's orchestra in ,vienna and on extended tours of ,europe and ,russia4 ,josef died in ,vienna on ,july #ba1 #ahgj4 ,josef ,strauss wrote almost three hundred dance compositions4 ,though certainly less inspired than his brother1 ,johann1 he was also far more important than ,eduard4 ,josef's best waltzes have much of the lyrical invention1 and the harmonic and instrumental invention of those by ,johann ,strauss ,,ii4 ,perhaps his greatest waltz is the ,dorfschwalben aus ,oesterreich 7,swallows from ,austria71 op4 #afd1 a nature portrait often interrupted by the chirping of birds4 ,here ,josef's outpouring of the most sensitive lyricism and delicate moods is hardly less wondrous than that of ,johann ,strauss ,,ii4 ,h4 ,e4 ,jacob went so far as to say that 8since ,schubert's death there has been no such melody4 ,it is in the realm of the ,impromptus and ,moments ,musicaux4 ,it breathes the sweet blue from which the swallows come40 ,another ,josef ,strauss classic in three-quarter time is ,sphaerenklaenge 7,music of the ,spheres71 op4 #bhe1 equally remarkable for its spontaneous flow of unforgettable waltz tunes4 ,among ,strauss' other delightful waltzes are the ,aquarellen1 op4 #beh2 ,delirien1 op4 #bab2 ,dynamiden1 op4 #agc2 ,marienklaenge1 op4 #bad4 ,a theme from ,dynamiden waltzes was used by ,richard ,strauss in his famous opera ,der ,rosenkavalier4 ,in collaboration with his brother1 ,johann1 ,josef wrote the famous ,pizzicato ,polka and several other pieces including the ,monstrequadrille and ,vaterlandischer ,march4 ,with ,johann and ,eduard he wrote the ,schuetzenquadrille and the ,trifolienwalzer4 ,sir ,arthur ,sullivan ,sir ,arthur ,seymour ,sullivan--musical half of the comic-opera team of ,gilbert and ,sullivan--was born in ,london1 ,england1 on ,may #ac1 #ahdb4 ,the son of a bandmaster1 ,sullivan was appointed to the ,chapel ,royal ,school in #ahed4 ,one year after that his first published composition appeared1 an anthem4 ,in #ahef he was the first recipient of the recently instituted ,mendelssohn ,award which entitled him to attend the ,royal ,academy of ,music where he studied under ,sterndale ,bennett and ,goss4 ,from #aheh to #ahfa he attended the ,leipzig ,conservatory4 ,after returning to ,london in #ahfb1 he achieved recognition as a serious composer with several ambitious compositions including the ,irish ,symphony1 a cello concerto1 a cantata1 and an oratorio4 ,meanwhile1 in #ahff1 he had become professor of composition at the ,royal ,academy1 and in #ahfg he completed his first score in a light style1 the comic opera ,cox and ,box1 libretto by ,f4 ,c4 ,burnand1 which enjoyed a successful engagement in ,london4 ,in #ahga1 a singer introduced ,sullivan to ,w4 ,s4 ,gilbert1 a one-time attorney who had attracted some interest in ,london as the writer of burlesques4 ,an enterprising impresario1 ,john ,hollingshead of the ,gaiety ,theater1 then was responsible for getting ,gilbert and ,sullivan to work on their first operetta4 ,this was ,thespis1 produced in ,london in #ahga1 and a failure4 ,it was several years before librettist and composer worked together again4 ,when they did it was for a new impresario1 ,richard ,d',oyly ,carte1 for whom they wrote a one-act comic opera1 ,trial by ,jury1 a curtain raiser to a ,french operetta which ,carte was producing in ,london on ,march #be1 #ahge4 ,trial by ,jury--a stinging satire on court trials revolving around a breach of promise suit--inaugurates the epoch of ,gilbert and ,sullivan4 ,d',oyly ,carte now commissioned ,gilbert and ,sullivan to create a new full length comic opera for a company he had recently formed4 ,the new light opera company made a successful bow with ,the ,sorcerer1 on ,november #ag1 #ahgg4 ,pinafore1 a year later on ,may #be1 #ahgh1 made ,gilbert and ,sullivan a vogue and a passion both in ,london and in ,new ,york4 ,in #ahgi ,gilbert and ,sullivan came to the ,united ,states where on ,december #ca they introduced a new comic opera1 ,the ,pirates of ,penzance1 that took the country by storm4 ,upon returning to ,london1 ,gilbert and ,sullivan opened a new theater built for them by ,d',oyly ,carte--the ,savoy--with ,patience1 a tumultuous success on ,april #be1 #ahha4 ,after that came ,iolanthe 7#ahhb71 ,princess ,ida 7#ahhd71 ,the ,mikado 7#ahhe71 the ,yeomen of the ,guard 7#ahhh7 and ,the ,gondoliers 7#ahhi74 ,gilbert and ,sullivan came to the parting of the ways in #ahij1 the final rift precipitated by a silly argument over the cost of a carpet for the ,savoy ,theater4 ,but the differences between them had long been deep rooted4 ,an attempt to revive the partnership was made in #ahic with ,utopia ,limited1 and again with ,the ,grand ,duke in #ahif4 ,both comic operas were failures4 ,after #ahic1 ,sullivan wrote a grand opera1 ,ivanhoe1 and several operetta scores to librettists other than ,sullivan4 ,none of these were successful4 ,during the last years of his life he suffered from deterioration of his health1 and was almost always in acute pain4 ,he died in ,london on ,november #bb1 #aijj4 ,gilbert died eleven years after that4 ,of ,sullivan's other achievements in the field of music mention must be made of his importance as a conductor of the concerts of the ,london ,philharmonic from #ahhe to #ahhg1 and of the ,leeds ,festival from #ahhj to #ahih4 ,between #ahgf and #ahha he was principal of1 and professor of composition at1 the ,national ,training ,school for ,music4 ,in recognition of his high estate in ,english music1 he was the recipient of many honors4 ,in #ahgh he was made ,chevalier of the ,legion of ,honor1 and in #ahhc he was knighted by ,queen ,victoria4 ,it is irony fitting for a ,gilbert and ,sullivan comic opera that the music on which ,sullivan lavished his most fastidious attention and of which he was most proud has been completely forgotten 7except for one or two minor exceptions74 ,but the music upon which he looked with such condescension and self apology is that which has made him an immortal--in the theater if not in the concert world4 ,for where ,sullivan was heavy-handed1 pretentious1 and often stilted in his oratorios1 serious operas1 and orchestral compositions1 he was consistently vital1 fresh1 personal1 and vivacious in his lighter music4 ,in setting ,gilbert's lyrics to music1 ,sullivan was always capable of finding the musical mot juste to catch every nuance of ,gilbert's wit and satire4 ,so neatly1 even inevitably1 does the music fit the words that it is often difficult to think of one without the other4 ,like ,gilbert1 ,sullivan was a master of parody and satire2 he liked particularly to mock at the pretensions of grand opera1 oratorio1 and the sentimental ballad1 pretensions of which he himself was a victim when he endeavored to work in those fields4 ,like ,gilbert1 he had a pen that raced with lightning velocity in the writing of patter music to patter verses4 ,sullivan1 moreover1 had a reservoir of melodies seemingly inexhaustible--gay tunes1 mocking tunes1 and tunes filled with telling sentiment--and he was able to adapt the fullest resources of his remarkable gift at harmony1 rhythm and orchestration to the manifold demands of the stage4 ,he was no man's imitator4 ,without having recourse to experimentation or unorthodox styles and techniques1 his style and manners were so uniquely his that1 as ,t4 ,f4 ,dunhill has said1 8his art is always recognizable4444 ,the ,sullivan touch is unmistakable and can be felt instantly40 ,of the universality of the ,gilbert and ,sullivan comic operas1 ,isaac ,goldberg wrote3 8,they ,gilbert and ,sullivan were not the rebels of an era1 yet as surely they were not the apologists4 ,their light laughter carried a pleasant danger of its own that1 without being the laughter of a ,figaro1 helped before the advent of a ,shaw to keep the atmosphere clear4 ,transition figures they were1 in an age of transition1 caught between the personal independence of the artist and the social imperatives of their station4 ,they did not cross over into the new day1 though they served as a footbridge for others4 ,darwin gave them 444 only a song for ,princess ,ida1 their melodious answer to the revolt of woman against a perfumed slavery2 ,swinburne and ,wilde 444 characters for ,patience4 ,they chided personal foibles1 and only indirectly social abuses4 ,they were1 after all1 moralists not sociologists4 ,it was in their natures2 it was of their position4 ,yet something vital in them lives beyond their time4 ,from their era of caste1 of smug rectitude1 of sanctimoniousness1 they still speak to an age that knows neither corset nor petticoat1 that votes with its women1 and finds ,freud insufficiently aphrodisiac4 ,perhaps it is because they chide individuals and not institutions that their work1 so admirably held in solution by ,sullivan's music1 has lived through the most critical epoch in modern history since the ,french ,revolution4 ,for1 underneath the cataclysmic changes of history remain the foibles that make us the fit laughter of the gods40 ,overtures to and potpourris from the principal ,gilbert and ,sullivan comic operas are integral to the repertory of salon and pop orchestras everywhere4 ,in all cases1 the overture is made up of the opera's main melodies1 and in most cases these overtures were written by others4 ,the ,gondoliers was the last of the ,gilbert and ,sullivan comic operas to survive in the permanent repertory4 ,it was produced on ,december #g1 #ahhi4 ,after the operatic pretension of the ,yeomen of the ,guard which had preceded it1 ,the ,gondoliers represented a welcome return by the authors to the world of paradox1 absurdity1 and confusion4 ,it has aptly been described as a 8farce of errors40 ,the setting is ,venice in the middle of the #ahth century4 ,the ,duke and ,duchess of ,plaza-,toro come to ,venice accompanied by their daughter1 ,casilda1 and a drummer boy1 ,luiz1 who loves her4 ,in her childhood1 ,casilda had married the infant heir to the throne of ,barataria4 ,this heir had then been stolen and entrusted to the care of a gondolier who raised him as one of his two sons4 ,in time the gondolier himself has forgotten which of his two boys is of royal blood4 ,to complicate matters even further1 the two gondolier boys1 ,marco and ,giuseppe1 are married4 ,thus it seems impossible to solve the problem as to who really is the heir to ,barataria's throne and by the same token ,gasilda's husband4 ,but when this problem is finally unscrambled it turns out that the heir is neither ,marco nor ,giuseppe1 but none other than ,luiz4 ,the following are the principal selections from ,the ,gondoliers3 ,antonio's song1 8,for the ,merriest ,fellows ,are ,we02 the duet of ,marco and ,giuseppe1 8,we're ,called ,gondolieri02 the autobiographical chant of the ,duke of ,plaza-,toro1 8,the ,duke of ,plaza-,toro02 the duet of ,casilda and ,luiz1 8,there ,was a ,time02 the song of the ,grand ,inquisitor1 8,i ,stole the ,prince02 ,tessa's song1 8,when a ,merry ,maiden ,marries02 the duet of ,marco and ,giuseppe1 8,for ,everyone ,who ,feels ,inclined02 ,giuseppe's patter song1 8,rising ,early in the ,morning02 ,marco's serenade1 8,take a ,pair of ,sparkling ,eyes02 and the song of the ,duchess1 8,on the ,day that ,i was ,wedded40 ,iolanthe1 introduced on ,november #be1 #ahhb1 carried ,gilbert's love of paradox1 confusion and absurdity into the fairy kingdom4 ,to ,isaac ,goldberg1 this comic opera1 both as words and as music is 8a peer among its kind4 ,it is surprisingly complete4 ,it is1 indeed1 of ,gilbert and of ,sullivan1 all compact4 ,the ,gilbertian conflict between reality and fantasy is mirrored in details great and small--in scene1 costume1 in line1 in gesture4444 ,it would be difficult to find among the remaining thirteen comic operas one that reveals the collaborators playing so neatly into each other's hands--responding so closely to the conscious and unconscious demands of the reciprocal personality40 ,the heroine1 ,iolanthe1 is a fairy who has married a mortal and thus has been banished to the bottom of a stream by the ,queen of her kingdom4 ,but the ,queen eventually forgives ,iolanthe4 ,upon returning to her fairy kingdom1 ,iolanthe discovers she is the mother of a son1 ,strephon1 who is half fairy and half mortal2 and ,strephon is in love with the mortal1 ,phyllis1 who1 in turn1 is being pursued not only by her guardian1 the ,lord ,chancellor1 but even by the entire ,house of ,peers4 ,when ,phyllis finds ,strephon with ,iolanthe she suspects him of infidelity1 since she has no idea that ,iolanthe is ,strephon's mother4 ,immediately she begins to bestow her kindly glances upon two members of the ,house of ,peers4 ,summoned for help1 ,iolanthe reveals that ,strephon is1 indeed1 her son1 and that his father is none other than the ,lord ,chancellor4 ,by this time the other fairies of the kingdom have succumbed to the charms and appeal of the ,peers4 ,iolanthe is saved from a second punishment when the ,lord ,chancellor helps change fairy law to read that any fairy not marrying a mortal is subject to death4 ,leading numbers from ,iolanthe include the following3 the opening chorus of the fairies1 8,tripping ,hither1 ,tripping ,thither02 ,strephon's song1 8,good ,morrow1 good ,mother02 the love duet of ,phyllis and ,strephon1 8,thou the ,tree and ,i the ,flower02 ,entrance1 chorus1 and march of the ,peers1 8,loudly ,let the ,trumpet ,bray0 followed immediately by the ,lord ,chancellor's monologue1 8,the ,law is the ,true ,embodiment02 the ,lord ,chancellor's personal credo1 8,when ,i ,went to the ,bar02 the song of ,willis1 the sentry1 8,when ,all ,night ,long a ,chap ,remains02 ,lord ,mount ,arrat's chauvinistic hymn1 8,when ,britain ,really ,ruled the ,waves02 the ,fairy ,queen's song1 8,oh1 ,foolish ,fay02 the ,lord ,chancellor's patter song about a nightmare1 8,when ,you're ,lying ,awake02 the trio of the ,lord ,chancellor1 ,mount ,ararat and ,tolloler1 8,if ,you ,go ,in02 ,strephon's song1 8,fold ,your ,flapping ,wings02 and the finale1 8,soon as ,we ,may40 ,the ,mikado was a sensation when first performed in ,london on ,march #ad1 #ahhe2 and with many it is still the favorite of all ,gilbert and ,sullivan comic operas4 ,by #aijj1 it had received over one thousand performances in ,london and five thousand in the ,united ,states4 ,since then these figures have multiplied4 ,it has been adapted for motion pictures1 and in ,new ,york it has been given in two different jazz versions 7,the ,hot ,mikado and ,swing ,mikado74 ,in #aifj it was presented over television with ,groucho ,marx as the ,lord ,high ,executioner4 ,in its own day much of its appeal was due to its exotic setting of ,japan and strange ,japanese characters4 ,such a novelty for the ,english stage was the strong spice that endowed the play with much of its succulent flavor4 ,gilbert's inspiration had been a miniature ,japanese village set up in the ,knightsbridge section of ,london which aroused and stimulated the interest of the ,english people in all things ,japanese4 ,gilbert was one of those who became fascinated by this ,oriental exhibit1 and his fascination led him to conceive a comic opera with a ,japanese background4 ,but while the ,japanese are certainly no longer curiosities in the theater--have1 indeed1 become a vogue on ,broadway since the end of ,world ,war ,,ii--,the ,mikado has never lost its tremendous popularity4 ,for ,the ,mikado represents ,gilbert and ,sullivan at their creative peak4 ,the whimsical characters1 absurd situations1 the savage malice of the wit and satire1 and the strange and paradoxical deviations of the plot find ,gilbert at the height of his whimsical imagination and skill2 and at every turn1 ,sullivan was there with music that captured every subtle echo of ,gilbert's fancy4 ,the thought of having to marry the unattractive ,katisha proves so distasteful to ,nanki-,poo1 son of the ,mikado1 that he puts on the disguise of a wandering minstrel and flees4 ,after coming to the town of ,titipu1 he meets and falls in love with ,yum-,yum who1 in turn1 is being sought after by her own guardian1 ,ko-,ko1 the ,lord ,high ,executioner4 ,the ,lord ,high ,executioner faces a major problem4 ,the ruler of ,japan has sent a message to ,titipu stating that since no execution has taken place there for many years the office of ,lord ,high ,executioner will be abolished if somebody is not executed shortly4 ,when ,ko-,ko discovers that ,nanki-,poo is about to commit suicide1 rather than live without ,yum-,yum1 he finds a solution to his own problem4 ,ko-,ko is willing to allow ,nanki-,poo to marry ,yum-,yum and live with her for a month if at the end of that time he allows himself to be beheaded4 ,the wedding takes place1 but before the beheading can be consummated the ,mikado arrives on the scene with ,katisha4 ,only then is the discovery made in ,titipu that ,nanki-,poo is the ,mikado's son and that anyone responsible for his death must boil in oil4 ,the news that ,nanki-,poo is alive saves ,ko-,ko from this terrible fate2 but he soon confronts another in the form of ,katisha1 whom he must now marry to compensate her for her loss of ,nanki-,poo4 ,many of the excerpts from ,the ,mikado are known to anyone who has ever heard or whistled a tune4 ,these are the most significant3 the opening chorus of the ,japanese nobles1 8,if ,you ,want to ,know ,who ,we ,are02 ,nanki-,poo's self-introductory ballad1 8,a ,wandering ,minstrel ,i02 ,pish-,tush's description of the ,mikado's decree against flirtation1 8,our ,great ,mikado02 ,ko-,ko's famous patter song1 8,i've ,got a ,little ,list02 the song of ,yum-,yum's companions1 8,three ,little ,maids02 the affecting duet of ,nanki-,poo and ,yum-,yum1 8,were ,you ,not to ,ko-,ko ,plighted02 ,yum-,yum's radiant song1 8,the ,sun ,whose ,rays02 ,ko-,ko's allegorical song1 8,tit ,willow02 the madrigal of ,yum-,yum1 ,pitti ,sing1 ,nanki-,poo and ,pish ,tush1 8,brightly ,dawns ,our ,wedding ,day02 the sprightly trio of ,yum-,yum1 ,nanki-,poo and ,ko-,ko1 8,here's a ,how-de-do02 the song of the ,mikado1 8,my ,object ,all ,sublime02 the duet of ,nanki-,poo and ,ko-,ko1 8,the ,flowers ,that ,bloom in the ,spring40 ,patience in #ahha directed its well aimed satirical pricks and barbs at the pre-,raphaelite movement in ,england with its fetish for simplicity and naturalness2 and with equal accuracy at poets and esthetes like ,oscar ,wilde and ,algernon ,swinburne1 leaders of an esthetic movement that encouraged postures1 poses1 and pretenses4 ,twenty maidens are turned into esthetes through their common love for the 8fleshly poet0 ,bunthorne4 ,because of this love they hold in disdain their former sweethearts1 the officers of the ,heavy ,dragoon4 ,bunthorne1 however1 is in love with the simple1 unselfish milkmaid ,patience1 who dotes after the idyllic poet of heavenly beauty1 ,grosvenor4 ,since ,patience is unselfish she cannot hope to win ,grosvenor's love1 for to be loved by one so beautiful is the most selfish thing in the world4 ,she decides to accept ,bunthorne4 ,now the twenty love-sick maidens fall in love with ,grosvenor and through his influence abandon estheticism for simplicity4 ,unaware of this new direction in their loved ones1 the ,dragoons desert their uniforms for esthetic garb1 substitute their former practical everyday behavior for extravagant postures and poses4 ,weary of the demands made upon him by the doting maids1 ,grosvenor 7with a push from ,bunthorne7 becomes commonplace4 ,but1 unfortunately for ,bunthorne1 since it is no longer selfish to be loved by a commonplace man1 ,patience returns to ,grosvenor4 ,the maidens1 now interested in the commonplace1 can now return to their ,dragoons4 ,but poor ,bunthorne is left alone with nothing but a lily in his hand to console him4 ,the following are the principal selections from ,patience3 the opening female chorus1 8,twenty ,lovesick ,maidens ,we02 ,patience's simple query about the nature of love1 8,i ,cannot ,tell ,what ,this ,love ,may ,be02 the chorus of the ,dragoons1 8,the ,soldiers of ,our ,queen0 followed immediately by the ,colonel's patter song1 8,if ,you ,want a ,receipt02 ,bunthorne's recipe for success in the business of being an esthete1 8,if ,you're ,anxious ,for to ,shine02 ,grosvenor's duet with ,patience1 8,prithee1 ,pretty ,maiden02 ,jane's soliloquy1 8,silvered is the ,raven ,hair0 with which the second act opens2 ,grosvenor's fable to the lovesick maidens1 8,the ,magnet and the ,churn02 ,patience's ballad1 8,love is a ,plaintive ,song02 and the gay duet of ,bunthorne and ,grosvenor1 8,when ,i ,go ,out of ,doors40 ,pinafore was the first of the successful ,gilbert and ,sullivan comic operas in which we encounter that strange topsy-turvy world over which ,gilbert and ,sullivan ruled2 that we confront the accidents1 coincidences1 paradoxes1 and mishaps that beset its hapless inhabitants4 ,pinafore is a devastating satire on the ,admiralty in general and ,william ,h4 ,smith1 its ,first ,lord1 in particular4 ,but it also makes a mockery of social position4 ,ralph ,rackstraw1 a humble seaman1 is in love with ,josephine1 daughter of ,captain ,corcoran1 commanding officer of the ,h4,m4,s4 ,pinafore4 ,but the first ,lord of the ,admiralty1 ,sir ,joseph ,porter1 is also in love with her4 ,since ,josephine's father would never consent to have his daughter marry one so lowly as ,ralph1 the lovers decide to elope4 ,but the plans are overheard by the seaman1 ,dick ,deadeye1 who reports them to the ,captain with the result that ,ralph is put in irons4 ,an impasse is thus reached until ,little ,buttercup1 a 8,portsmouth ,bumboat woman10 reveals an incident of the distant past4 ,entrusted the care of two infants she mixed them up with the result that the lowly born child1 ,corcoran1 was mistaken for the one of high station and was thus able to rise to the station of ,captain2 but the child of high station believed to have been of lowly origin1 ,ralph1 had been forced to become a seaman4 ,by order of ,sir ,joseph1 ,ralph now becomes the master of the ship and can claim ,josephine as his bride4 ,the proud ,captain1 now reduced to a seaman1 must content himself with ,little ,buttercup4 ,pinafore was a sensation when introduced in ,london in #ahgh1 enjoying seven hundred consecutive performances4 ,but it proved even more sensational in the ,united ,states1 following its premire there at the ,boston ,museum on ,november #be of the same year4 ,ninety different companies presented this comic opera throughout the country in that first season1 with five different companies operating simultaneously in ,new ,york4 ,pinafore was given by colored groups1 children's groups1 and religious groups4 ,it was widely parodied4 ,some of its catch phrases 78,what never8 ,no never60 and 8,for he himself has said it07 entered ,american argot4 ,as a bountiful source of popular melodies1 the score of ,pinafore is second only in importance to that of ,the ,mikado4 ,here are the main ones3 the opening chorus of the sailors1 8,we ,sail the ,ocean ,blue02 ,buttercup's forthright self-introduction1 8,i'm ,called ,little ,buttercup02 ,ralph's madrigal1 8,the ,nightingale10 and ballad1 8,a ,maiden ,fair to ,see02 the ,captain's colloquy with his crew1 8,i ,am the ,captain of the ,pinafore02 ,josephine's poignant ballad1 8,sorry ,her ,lot02 ,sir ,joseph's exchange with his sisters1 cousins1 and aunts1 8,i am the ,monarch of the ,sea10 and his autobiographical1 8,when ,i ,was a ,lad02 the ,captain's sad reflection1 8,fair ,moon to ,thee ,i ,sing02 the choral episode1 8,carefully on ,tip-,toe ,stealing0 followed by the tongue-in-the-cheek paean to ,england and ,englishmen1 8,he ,is an ,englishman40 ,the ,pirates of ,penzance was the only ,gilbert and ,sullivan comic opera to receive its world premire outside ,england4 ,this took place in ,new ,york at the ,fifth ,avenue ,theater in #ahgi4 7,there was a single hastily prepared performance in ,paignton1 ,england1 on ,december #cj1 #ahgi but this is not regarded as an official premire47 ,the reason why ,the ,pirates was introduced in ,new ,york was due to the presence there of its authors4 ,numerous pirated versions of ,pinafore were then being given throughout the ,united ,states in about a hundred theaters1 and ,gilbert and ,sullivan decided to come to ,america for the dual purpose of exploring the conditions under which they might protect their copyright and to offer an authorized version of their opera4 ,in coming to the ,united ,states1 they brought with them the manuscript of their new work1 ,the ,pirates of ,penzance1 and arranged to have its premire take place in ,new ,york4 ,the ,pirates of ,penzance is a blood relative of ,pinafore4 ,where ,pinafore made fun of the ,british ,navy1 ,the ,pirates concentrates on the ,british ,army and constabulary4 ,in ,pinafore two babies are mixed up in the cradle for a confusion of their identities2 in ,the ,pirates it is the future professions of babies which are confounded in the cradle4 ,in ,pinafore the secret is divulged by ,buttercup1 in ,the ,pirates by ,ruth4 ,pinafore boasts a female chorus of cousins1 sisters and aunts while ,the ,pirates has a female chorus made up of the ,major ,general's daughters4 ,the hero is young ,frederic1 apprenticed to a band of pirates by his nurse ,ruth1 who mistakes the word 8pilot0 for 8pirate40 ,frederic falls in love with ,mabel1 one of the many daughters of ,major ,general ,stanley and looks forward eagerly to his freedom from his apprenticeship to the pirate band1 which arrives on his twenty-first birthday4 ,but ,frederic discovers that since he was born on leap year the year of his freedom--his twenty-first birthday--is many1 many years off2 that by the calendar he is still only a little boy of five4 ,as a pirate he must join his confederates in exterminating ,mabel's father and the constables attending him4 ,but all turns out happily when the pirates actually prove to be ex-noblemen1 and are thus found highly acceptable as husbands for the daughters of ,major ,general ,stanley4 ,the ,major ,general is also in favor of the union of ,mabel and ,frederic4 ,the following are the leading musical selections3 the opening chorus of the pirates1 8,pour1 ,oh ,pour1 the ,pirate ,sherry02 the ,pirate king's hymn to his profession1 8,for ,i am a ,pirate ,king02 the chorus of the ,major ,general's daughters1 8,climbing ,over ,rocky ,mountain02 ,frederic's plaintive plea for a lover1 8,oh1 ,is ,there ,not ,one ,maiden ,breast02 the ,major ,general's autobiographical patter song1 8,i ,am the ,very ,pattern of a ,modern ,major ,general02 the rousing chorus of the constabulary1 8,when the ,foeman ,bares ,his ,steel02 the tripping trio of ,ruth1 ,fred and the ,pirate ,king on discovering ,fred is only a child of five1 8,a ,paradox1 a ,most ,ingenious ,paradox02 ,mabel's haunting ballad1 8,oh1 ,leave ,me ,not to ,pine02 the ,police ,sergeant's commentary on his profession1 8,when a ,felon's ,not ,engaged in ,his ,employment02 the ,pirates' chorus1 8,come ,friends ,who ,plough the ,sea10 a melody expropriated by an ,american1 ,theodore ,morse1 for the lyric 8,hail1 ,hail the ,gang's ,all ,here02 and the ,general's idyllic ballad1 8,sighing ,softly ,to the ,river40 ,ruddigore1 a travesty on melodrama1 was first performed on ,january #bb1 #ahhg4 ,because the ,murgatroyd family has persecuted witches1 an evil spirit had fated it to commit a crime a day4 ,ruthven ,murgatroyd tries to flee from this curse by assuming the identity of simple ,robin ,oakapple4 ,he meets and falls in love with ,rose who is being sought after by ,ruthven's foster brother1 ,richard4 ,since ,ruthven as ,robin ,oakapple has the upper hand with ,rose1 ,richard avenges himself by revealing the fact that his brother is really a member of the ,murgatroyd family and like all of them is the victim of the ancient family curse4 ,back in his ancestral home1 ,ruthven must fulfil his quota of crimes1 a job he bungles so badly that his ancestors suddenly come alive out of the picture frames on the wall1 to condemn him4 ,but after numerous convolutions of typically ,gilbertian logic and reasoning1 the curse is broken and ,ruthven can live happily with his beloved ,rose4 ,from ,ruddigore come the following familiar sections3 the opening chorus of the bridesmaids1 8,fair ,is ,rose as the ,bright ,may ,day02 ,hannah's legend1 8,sir ,rupert ,murgatroyd02 ,rose's ballad1 8,if ,somebody ,there ,chanced to ,be02 the extended duet of ,robin and ,rose1 8,i ,know a ,youth ,who ,loves a ,little ,maid02 ,richard's ballad1 8,i ,shipped1 ,d'ye ,see1 in a ,revenue ,sloop02 ,robin's song1 8,my ,boy ,you ,may ,take it ,from ,me02 the chorus of the bridesmaids1 8,hail the ,bride of ,seventeen ,summers0 followed by ,rose's madrigal1 8,where the ,buds ,are ,blossoming02 the duet of ,robin and ,adam1 8,i ,once ,was ,as ,meek as a ,new ,born ,lamb02 ,rose's ballad1 8,in ,bygone ,days02 the chorus of the family portraits1 8,painted ,emblems of a ,race02 ,sir ,roderic's patter song1 8,when the ,night ,wind ,howls02 and ,hannah's ballad1 8,there ,grew a ,little ,flower40 ,the ,sorcerer1 the first successful ,gilbert and ,sullivan comic opera1 was introduced in #ahgg4 ,alexis1 in love with ,aline1 wishes to spread around the blessings of love4 ,for this purpose he enlists the cooperation of ,john ,wellington ,wells1 the creator of a love brew4 ,in an effort to perpetuate ,aline's love for him1 ,alexis has her drink this potion1 only to discover that his beloved has fallen for the vicar1 ,dr4 ,daly1 he being the first man she sees after drinking the draught4 ,since ,alexis is not the only one to suffer from this now-general epidemic of loving1 a serious effort must be made to offset the effects of this magic3 a human sacrifice4 ,naturally that sacrifice becomes none other than ,john ,wellington ,wells who is driven to self immolation before things can once again be set normal4 ,the music of ,the ,sorcerer is not so well known as that of the other famous comic operas1 but it does contain several ,gilbert and ,sullivan delights4 ,among them are3 the song with which ,wells introduces himself and his black art1 8,oh6 ,my ,name ,is ,john ,wellington ,wells10 the first of the ,gilbert and ,sullivan patter songs2 the vicar's haunting ballad1 8,time ,was ,when ,love and ,i ,were ,well ,acquainted02 and the romantic duet of ,aline and ,alexis1 8,it ,is ,not ,love40 ,in the ,yeomen of the ,guard1 produced on ,october #c1 #ahhh1 the topsy-turvy world of ,gilbert and ,sullivan is temporarily sidestepped for another of operatic pretensions4 ,of all the ,gilbert and ,sullivan plays this one comes closest to resembling an opera4 ,the immediate stimulus for the writing of the text came to ,gilbert from an advertisement in a railway station depicting a ,beefeater4 ,out of this acorn grew the oak of ,gilbert's play in which ,colonel ,charles ,fairfax is falsely accused by his kinsman1 ,poltwhistle1 of sorcery4 ,for this he must be condemned to death in the ,tower of ,london4 ,since ,fairfax is not married1 his fortune will pass on to his accuser4 ,but ,charles thwarts such evil designs by marrying ,elsie ,maynard1 a strolling player--if only for an hour4 ,then he manages to escape from the ,tower disguised as a yeoman of the guard4 ,when the execution is to take place there is no victim4 ,eventually1 a reprieve enables ,charles to live permanently with ,elsie4 ,the most important selections from the ,yeomen of the ,guard are3 ,phoebe's song with which the opera opens1 8,when ,maiden ,loves02 the chorus of the yeomen1 8,in the ,autumn of ,our ,life02 ,fairfax' ballad1 8,is ,life a ,boon802 the extended duet of ,point and ,elsie1 8,i ,have a ,song to ,sing1 ,o02 ,phoebe's ballad1 8,were ,i ,thy ,bride02 ,point's patter song1 8,oh1 a ,private ,buffoon ,is a ,light-,hearted ,loon02 the quartet of ,elsie1 ,fairfax1 ,dame ,carruthers and ,meryll1 8,strange ,adventure02 the trio of ,fairfax1 ,elsie and ,phoebe1 8,a ,man ,who ,would ,woo a ,fair ,maid02 the quartet of ,elsie1 ,fairfax1 ,phoebe and ,point1 8,when a ,wooer ,goes a-,wooing02 and the finale1 8,oh1 ,thoughtless ,crew40 ,besides his music for the comic operas there exists a vast repertory of serious music by ,sullivan4 ,of this hardly more than two songs have retained their popularity4 ,one is 8,the ,lost ,chord10 lyric by ,adelaide ,proctor1 written by ,sullivan in ,december #ahgf at the deathbed of his brother1 ,fred4 ,from ,charles ,willeby we get an account of how this deeply moving piece of music came into being3 8,for nearly three weeks he watched by his bedside night and day4 ,one night--the end was not very far off then--while his sick brother had for a time fallen into a peaceful sleep1 and he was sitting as usual by the bedside1 he chanced to come across some verses by ,adelaide ,proctor with which he had some five years previously been struck4 ,he had then tried to set them to music1 but without satisfaction to himself4 ,now in the stillness of the night he read them over again1 and almost as he did so1 he conceived their musical equivalent4 ,a stray sheet of music paper was at hand1 and he began to write4 ,slowly the music took shape1 until1 becoming quite absorbed in it1 he determined to finish the song4 ,even if in the cold light of day it were to prove worthless1 it would at least have helped to while away the hours of watching4 ,so he worked on at it4 ,as he progressed1 he felt sure this was what he had sought for1 and failed to find on the occasion of his first attempt to set the words4 ,in a short time it was complete and not long after in the publisher's hands4 ,thus was written #8,the ,lost ,chord1' perhaps the most successful song of modern times40 8,onward ,christian ,soldiers10 words by ,sabine ,baring-,gould1 is the most celebrated of ,sullivan's more than fifty religious hymns4 ,it is effective not merely for its religious mood but also for its martial spirit4 8,the music10 says ,isaac ,goldberg1 8has the tread of armies in it1 and a broad diatonic stride40 ,sullivan wrote it in #ahgc upon being appointed editor of the ,hymnal1 a collection of hymns published by ,novello for the ,society for the ,promotion of ,christian ,knowledge and the ,hymnary4 ,franz von ,supp ,franz von ,supp was born ,francesco ,supp-,demelli in ,spalato1 ,yugoslavia1 on ,april #ah1 #ahai4 ,he played the flute at eleven1 at thirteen started the study of harmony1 and at fifteen completed a ,mass4 ,nevertheless1 for a while he entertained the idea of becoming either a physician or a teacher of ,italian4 ,when he finally decided upon music as a profession he attended the ,vienna ,conservatory4 ,after serving an apprenticeship as conductor of operettas in ,pressburg and ,baden1 he was appointed principal conductor at ,theater-an-der-,wien in ,vienna4 ,in #ahfb he assumed a similar post with the ,karlstheater1 and from #ahfe until his death at the ,leopoldstadttheater4 ,while absorbing the influence and traditions of the opra-bouffe of ,offenbach1 he began writing operettas of his own in a style uniquely his1 setting and establishing many of the traditions and clichs which would henceforth identify the ,viennese operetta4 ,he had an unusual gift for light1 caressing tunes1 a gay and infectious spirit1 and a direct emotional appeal4 ,his first operetta was ,jung lustig in alter traurig in #ahda4 ,success came with his incidental music to ,poet and ,peasant 7,dichter und ,bauer71 introduced on ,august #bd1 #ahdf2 its overture is still his best known composition and a classic in the musical literature in a lighter vein4 ,a succession of popular operettas1 over twenty-five in number1 made him one of ,europe's most celebrated composers for the stage4 ,his most famous operettas were3 ,das ,maedchen vom ,lande 7#ahdg71 ,die schoene ,galatea1 or ,beautiful ,galathea 7#ahfe71 ,leichte ,cavallerie1 or ,light ,cavalry 7#ahff71 ,fatinitza 7#ahgf71 ,boccaccio 7#ahgi71 and ,donna ,juanita 7#ahhj74 ,supp died in ,vienna on ,may #ba1 #ahie4 ,the overture to ,the ,beautiful ,galathea 7,die schoene ,galatea7 opens with brisk music4 ,horns and woodwind lead into an extended portrayal of exaltated character by strings4 ,once again horns and woodwind appear1 this time providing a transition to a caressing melody that soon develops into a fulsome song4 ,after a theatrical passage1 the overture's main melody is heard in the strings1 with harmonies filled in by the woodwind2 this is a graceful dance tune which1 towards the end of the overture1 is repeated with harmonic and tonal amplitude by the full orchestra4 ,the ,light ,cavalry ,overture 7,leichte ,cavallerie7 is1 as its name indicates1 stirring music of martial character4 ,horn calls and forceful chords in full orchestra provide at once the military character of this music4 ,a vivacious tune for the violins follows this forceful introduction after which comes the brisk melody for woodwind followed by the full orchestra that has made this overture so famous2 the gallop of the cavalry is here simulated in a brisk rhythm4 ,the agitation is dissipated by a sensitive transition in strings and clarinet to a spacious melody in strings in a sensual ,hungarian style4 ,the brisk military music and the open horning calls then give the overture a dynamic conclusion4 ,morning1 ,noon and ,night in ,vienna 7,ein ,morgen1 ein ,mittag1 ein ,abend in ,wien7 is one of the composer's famous concert overtures4 ,a dramatic introduction--with forceful chords in full orchestra--leads to a beautiful and fully realized song for solo cello against plucked strings1 one of ,supp's most inspired flights of melody4 ,the song ended1 the dramatic opening is recalled to serve as a transition to two buoyant and graceful ,viennese tunes in the strings1 the second repeated vigorously and amplified by full orchestra4 ,the overture ends in a robust rather than lyrical vein4 ,the ,pique ,dame 7,queen of ,spades7 ,overture begins with a murmuring passage for strings that grows in volume and changes character before an expressive melody unfolds in lower strings against an accompanying figure borrowed from the opening passage4 ,a vigorous interlude of strong chords and a vigorous pronouncement by the brass lead into the most famous theme of the composition1 a vivacious and jaunty melody for strings and woodwind4 ,this subject is developed at some length before a melodic episode is offered by the lower strings as a preface to a soft1 idyllic interlude for the woodwind4 ,the conclusion of the overture is in a vigorous manner with an energetic restatement of earlier thematic material4 ,of all the ,supp overtures1 whether for the stage or the concert hall1 the most famous undoubtedly is the ,poet and ,peasant 7,dichter und ,bauer74 ,after a stately introduction there arrives a gentle song for the strings4 ,this is succeeded by a more robust theme4 ,the main melody of the overture is a pulsating melody in time4 ,indicative of the enormous popularity of this overture in all parts of the world is that it has been adapted for almost sixty different combinations of instruments4 ,johan ,svendsen ,johan ,svendsen was born in ,oslo1 ,norway1 on ,september #cj1 #ahdj4 ,the son of a bandmaster1 he dabbled in music for many years before receiving formal instruction4 ,when he was twenty-three he embarked for the first time on a comprehensive musical education by attending the ,leipzig ,conservatory where he was a pupil of ,ferdinand ,david1 ,reinecke1 and others4 ,after that he toured ,europe as a concert violinist and lived for a while in ,paris where he played in theater orchestras4 ,in #ahgj he visited the ,united ,states where he married an ,american woman whom he had originally met in ,paris4 ,following his return to his native land he was the conductor of the ,christiana ,musical ,association from #ahgb to #ahgg and again from #ahhj to #ahhc4 ,in #ahhc he settled in ,copenhagen where for sixteen years he was court conductor1 and part of that time conductor at the ,royal ,theater as well4 ,as a composer ,svendsen distinguished himself with major works for orchestra in a pronounced ,norwegian style1 the most famous being four ,norwegian ,rhapsodies and the ,carnaval des artistes norvgiens1 in all of which ,norwegian folk melodies are used extensively4 ,he also produced many works not of a national identity1 among which were symphonies1 concertos1 chamber-music works1 and the highly popular ,carnival in ,paris1 for orchestra4 ,svendsen died in ,copenhagen on ,june #ad1 #aiaa4 ,the ,carnival in ,paris 7,carnaval ,paris71 for orchestra1 op4 #i 7#ahgc7 is one of ,svendsen's best-known works1 even though it is not in his characteristic ,norwegian style4 ,his early manhood in ,paris had been one of the composer's happiest experiences in life1 and some of that joy and feeling of excitement is found in this music describing a ,mardi ,gras in ,paris4 ,the full orchestra enters after a swelling trumpet tone over drum rolls4 ,there is then heard an exchange among the wind instruments and a quickening of the tempo to lead into the first main theme1 a delicate subject for flutes and clarinets4 ,this theme is twice repeated after which the music becomes stormy4 ,divided violins then bring on the second theme1 which like the first is quiet and gentle4 ,in the development1 in which much is made of the first subject1 there are effective frequent alternations of tempo4 ,a rhapsodic section1 with a subject for divided strings1 followed by extended drum rolls and calls for muted horns1 precede the concluding section4 ,deems ,taylor ,joseph ,deems ,taylor was born in ,new ,york ,city on ,december #bb1 #ahhe4 ,he received his academic education in ,new ,york1 at the ,friends ,school1 ,ethical ,culture ,school1 and ,new ,york ,university4 ,all the while he studied music with private teachers4 ,following his graduation from college1 ,taylor appeared in vaudeville1 worked for several magazines1 and from #aiba to #aibe was the music critic of the ,new ,york ,world4 ,he first distinguished himself as a composer in #aiai with the orchestral suite1 ,through the ,looking ,glass4 ,in #aibe he resigned from the ,world to concentrate on composition4 ,in the next half dozen years he completed two operas1 each successfully performed at the ,metropolitan ,opera3 ,the ,king's ,henchman 7with libretto by ,edna ,st4 ,vincent ,millay7 in #aibg1 and ,peter ,ibbetson in #aica4 ,since #aibg1 ,taylor has followed several careers besides that of one of ,america's most important serious composers4 ,he was editor of ,musical ,america1 music critic for the ,new ,york ,american1 master of ceremonies on radio and television1 program annotator1 intermission commentator for broadcasts of opera and orchestral music1 and author of several best-selling books on music4 ,a highly sophisticated composer with a consummate technical skill1 ,taylor's works are not for popular consumption4 ,but he did write one composition in a popular style1 ,circus ,day2 and a second of his works1 ,through the ,looking ,glass1 while intended for symphonic concerts1 has enough wit and charm to fall gracefully into the semi-classical category4 ,circus ,day is a fantasy for orchestra1 op4 #ah 7#aibe7 written on commission from ,paul ,whiteman and his ,orchestra4 ,when ,whiteman and his orchestra introduced it that year1 the work was orchestrated by ,ferde ,grof1 but since then ,taylor has prepared his own symphonic adaptation4 ,subtitled 8eight pictures from memory0 this fantasy strives 8to convey one's early impressions of a day at the circus40 ,the composer has provided his own program notes for the eight movements4 ,the first1 entitled 8,street ,parade10 describes the circus parade as it 8passes on down the street40 8,the playing of the band grows fainter and dies away in the distance40 8,the ,big ,tops0 tells in musical terms about 8peanuts1 popcorn1 pink lemonade1 bawling side-show barkers40 ,this is followed by 8,bareback ,riders40 8,as the ringmaster cracks his whip1 the riders perform the miraculous feats 444 that make horseback riders the objects of such awe and admiration40 ,the fourth movement is in three parts4 ,the first is devoted to 8,the ,lion's ,cage40 8,the roar of the lions is blood curdling1 but they go through their tricks with no damage to any of us40 ,the second speaks about 8,the ,dog and the ,monkey ,circus40 8,into the ring dash a whole kennel full of small dogs guised as race horses1 ridden by monkeys dressed as jockeys40 ,in the third1 we get a picture of 8,the ,waltzing ,elephants40 8,the great beasts solemnly waltz to a tune that is a pachydermous version of the theme of the bareback riders40 ,in the fifth movement1 8,tight-,rope ,walker10 the performer 8balances his parasol2 he pirouettes and slips and slides as he makes his perilous way along the taut wire40 8,the ,jugglers10 in the sixth movement1 8juggle little balls and big ones1 knives1 dishes1 hats1 lighted candles44440 ,even the orchestra is seized by the contagion and finally juggles its main theme1 keeping three versions of it in the air4 ,in 8,clowns10 two of them 8come out to play us a tune4444 ,finally1 after a furious argument1 the entire clown band manages to play the tune through1 amid applause40 ,the finale1 the composer goes on to explain1 8might better be called #8,looking ,back4' ,for the circus is over1 and we are back at home1 trying to tell a slightly inattentive family what we saw and heard4 ,the helpful orchestra evokes recollections of jugglers1 clowns1 bareback riders1 tight-rope walkers1 trained animals40 ,through the ,looking ,glass1 a suite for orchestra 7#aiai7 is a musical setting of episodes from ,lewis ,carroll's delightful tale of the same name4 ,taylor's suite is in four movements1 for which he has provided his own program4 ,the first movement1 8,dedication2 ,the ,garden of ,live ,flowers10 consists of 8a simple song theme1 briefly developed10 which leads immediately to the brisk music of 8,the ,garden of ,live ,flowers40 ,in the second movement1 8,jabberwocky10 the theme of the frightful beast1 the ,jabberwock1 8is first announced by the full orchestra4 ,the clarinet then begins the tale with the battle with the monsters recounted in a short and rather repellant fugue40 ,the third movement1 8,looking ,glass ,insects0 tells of 8the vociferous diptera that made such an impression on ,alice--the ,bee-elephant1 the ,gnat1 the ,rockinghorse fly1 and the ,bread-and-butter fly40 ,the last movement1 8,the ,white ,knight0 has two themes4 8,the first is a sort of instrumental prance1 being the knight's own conception of himself as a slashing daredevil4 ,the second is bland1 mellifluous1 a little sentimental--much more like the knight as he really was40 ,peter ,ilitch ,tchaikovsky ,peter ,ilitch ,tchaikovsky was born in ,votkinsk1 ,russia1 on ,may #g1 #ahdj4 ,serious music study began comparatively late1 since he prepared for a career in law and then for three years served as clerk in the ,ministry of ,justice4 ,he had1 however1 revealed unusual sensitivity for music from earliest childhood1 and had received some training on the piano from the time he was five4 ,intensive music study1 however1 did not begin until #ahfa when he became a pupil of ,nicholas ,zaremba1 and it was completed at the ,st4 ,petersburg ,conservatory4 ,his professional career began in #ahfe1 the year in which he was appointed professor of harmony at the newly founded ,moscow ,conservatory4 ,this was also the year when one of his compositions was performed for the first time3 ,characteristic ,dances1 for orchestra1 introduced by ,johann ,strauss ,,ii in ,pavlovsk1 ,russia4 ,tchaikovsky's first symphony was introduced in ,moscow in #ahfh2 his first opera1 ,the ,voivoda1 in ,moscow in #ahfi2 and his first masterwork--the orchestral fantasy ,romeo and ,juliet--in ,moscow in #ahgj4 ,during the next half dozen years he reached maturity as composer with the completion of his second and third symphonies1 first two string quartets1 famous ,piano ,concerto ,no4 #a1 and the orchestral fantasy1 ,francesca da ,rimini4 ,in #ahgg1 ,tchaikovsky embarked precipitously on a disastrous marriage with ,antonina ,miliukova4 ,he did not love her1 but was flattered by her adoration of his music4 ,in all probability he regarded this marriage as a convenient cloak with which to conceal his sexual aberration which was already causing some talk in ,moscow and of which he was heartily ashamed4 ,in any event1 this marriage proved a nightmare from the beginning4 ,always hypersensitive1 he now became a victim of mental torment which led him to try suicide4 ,failing that1 he fled from his wife to find refuge in his brother's house where he collapsed physically4 ,for a year after that he traveled about aimlessly in ,europe4 ,this strange relationship with his wife was followed by another one1 even more curious and unorthodox1 with the woman whom he admired and loved above all others4 ,she was the wealthy patroness and widow1 ,nadezhda von ,meck1 with whom he maintained a friendship lasting thirteen years4 ,but during all that time he never once met her personally1 their friendship being developed through an exchange of often tender at times even passionate letters4 ,she had written him to speak of her admiration for his music and he had replied in gratitude4 ,before long1 she endowed him with a generous annual subsidy to allow him full freedom to write music4 ,from then on1 they wrote each other frequently1 with ,tchaikovsky often baring his heart and soul4 ,the reason why they never met was that ,mme4 von ,meck had firmly established that condition for the continuation of their friendship and her financial generosity4 ,why this strange request was made1 and why she adhered to it so tenaciously1 has never been adequately explained4 ,she may have been influenced by their different stations in life1 or by her excessive devotion to her children1 or even by a knowledge of the composer's sexual deviation4 ,now financially independent--and strengthened by the kindness1 affection and sympathy of his patroness--,tchaikovsky entered upon one of his richest creative periods by producing one masterwork after another3 the fourth and fifth symphonies1 the opera1 ,eugene ,onegin2 the violin concerto2 the ,capriccio italien1 for orchestra2 a library of wonderful songs4 ,inevitably he now assumed a rank of first importance in ,russian music4 ,in #ahhd he was honored by the ,czar with the ,order of ,st4 ,vladimir1 and in #ahhh a life pension was conferred upon him by the ,russian government4 ,in #ahij1 while traveling in the ,caucasus1 ,tchaikovsky heard from ,mme4 von ,meck that she had recently suffered financial reverses and was compelled to terminate her subsidy4 ,the composer replied that he was no longer in need of her financial help but that he hoped their friendship might continue4 ,to this1 and to all subsequent letters by ,tchaikovsky1 ,mme4 von ,meck remained silent4 ,upon returning to ,moscow1 ,tchaikovsky discovered that his patroness was in no financial difficulties whatsoever1 but had used this as an excuse to terminate a relationship of which she had grown weary4 ,the loss of his dearest friend1 and the specious reason given for the termination of their relationship1 was an overwhelming blow1 one largely responsible for the fits of melancholia into which ,tchaikovsky lapsed so frequently from this time on4 ,in #ahia1 ,tchaikovsky paid his only visit to the ,united ,states where he helped open ,carnegie ,hall in ,new ,york by directing a performance of his own ,overture #ahab4 ,after returning to ,russia1 he became so morbid1 and succumbed so helplessly to fits of despair1 that at times he thought he was losing his mind4 ,in such a mood he wrote his last symphony1 the ,pathtique1 one of the most tragic utterances in all music2 there is good reason to believe that when ,tchaikovsky wrote this music he was creating his own requiem4 ,he died in ,st4 ,petersburg on ,november #f1 #ahic1 a victim of cholera contracted when he drank a glass of boiled water during an epidemic4 ,the qualities in his major serious works that made ,tchaikovsky one of the best loved and most frequently performed composers in the world are also the traits that bring his lesser works into the permanent semi-classical repertory3 an endless fund of beautiful melody2 an affecting sentiment that at times lapses into sentimentality2 a lack of inhibitions in voicing his deepest emotions and most personal thoughts4 ,the ,andante ,cantabile is a gentle1 melancholy song in three-part form which comes from one of the composer's string quartets1 in ,d major1 op4 #aa 7#ahga74 ,this is the second movement of the quartet1 and the reason why this work as a whole is still occasionally performed4 ,this famous melody1 however1 is not original with the composer1 but a quotation of a ,russian folk song1 8,vanya ,sat on the ,divan10 which the composer heard a baker sing in ,kamenka1 ,russia4 ,tchaikovsky himself adapted this music for orchestra4 ,in #aida1 this melody was adapted into the ,american popular song1 8,on the ,isle of ,may40 ,chanson ,triste is another of the composer's soft1 gentle melodies that is filled with sentiment4 ,this is the second of twelve children's pieces for the piano 8of moderate difficulty10 op4 #dj 7#ahgf-ahgg74 ,humoresque1 op4 #aj1 no4 #b 7#ahga7--;a 8humoresque0 being an instrumental composition in a whimsical vein--finds ,tchaikovsky in a less familiar attitude1 that of grotesquerie4 ,this sprightly little tune is almost as celebrated as the very popular ,humoresque of ,dvok2 and like that of ,dvok1 it originated as a composition for the piano1 a companion to a ,nocturne which it follows4 ,fritz ,kreisler made a fine transcription for violin and piano1 while ,stokowski was one of several to adapt it for orchestra4 ,the ,marche ,slav1 for orchestra1 op4 #ca 7#ahgf7 was intended for a benefit concert in ,st4 ,petersburg for ,serbian soldiers wounded in the war with ,turkey4 ,at that performance1 the work aroused a 8whole storm of patriotic enthusiasm10 as the composer himself reported4 ,the work opens with a broad ,slavic march melody which ,tchaikovsky borrowed from a ,serbian folk song4 ,the middle trio section is made up of two other folk tunes4 ,the composition ends with a triumphant restatement of the opening march melody1 now speaking for the victory of the ,serbs over the ,turks4 ,the ,melodie1 in ,e-flat major1 op4 #db1 no4 #c 7#ahgh7 is a simple and haunting little song that originated as a piece for violin and piano4 ,it appears in a set of three such pieces entitled ,souvenir d'un lieu cher1 of which it is the closing number4 ,this melody was used in #aida for the ,american popular song1 8,the ,things ,i ,love40 ,the ,months1 op4 #cg;b 7#ahgf7 is a suite for piano out of which come several compositions exceedingly popular in transcriptions4 ,each movement of this suite is devoted to a month of the year4 ,the sixth movement is ,june1 a little barcarolle1 or ,venetian boat song4 ,the tenth1 for ,october1 is ,autumn ,song1 a gentle melody lightly touched by sadness4 ,the eleventh1 for ,november1 is by contrast a lively piece entitled ,troika en ,traneaux1 or ,the ,troika4 8,none ,but the ,lonely ,heart0 is one of ,tchaikovsky's most famous songs1 a melancholy setting of ,goethe's poem4 ,this is the last of a set of six songs1 op4 #af 7#ahgb7 which is extensively performed in transcriptions of all sorts4 ,the ,nutcracker ,suite1 or ,casse-,noisette1 op4 #ga;a 7#ahib7 is a suite for orchestra adapted from a ballet score4 ,the ballet 7introduced in ,st4 ,petersburg in #ahib7 tells about a nutcracker1 received as a ,christmas gift by a little girl1 which in her dreams becomes a handsome prince4 ,he leads toys into battle against mice1 and conducts the little girl to ,jam ,mountain1 ,arabia1 where she is delighted with all kinds of games and dances4 ,those accustomed to associate the name of ,tchaikovsky with lugubrious music will find this suite a revelation1 for it is filled with the most enchanting moods1 and is consistently light of heart and spirit4 ,the highly popular suite for orchestra is made up of eight little movements4 8,miniature ,overture0 is built from two lively tunes4 ,the main subject of the 8,march0 is a pert melody for clarinet1 horn1 and two trumpets2 the trio section consists of a vivacious staccato melody for the woodwind and strings4 8,the ,dance of the ,sugarplum ,fairy0 is a sensitive melody for the celesta1 the 8,trepak0 is a vigorous1 rhythmic ,russian dance1 the 8,arabian ,dance0 is an exotic melody for the clarinet1 and the 8,chinese ,dance0 an ,oriental subject for flute and piccolo4 ,the two last movements are the 8,dance of the ,flutes0 in which a sensitive melody for flutes is contrasted by a more robust section for trumpets1 and the 8,waltz of the ,flowers10 where the waltz tune in horns and then in clarinets is followed by two more important ideas1 the first in the strings1 and the second in flutes and oboe4 ,the ,overture #ahab is a concert overture for orchestra1 op4 #di 7#ahhj7 commissioned for the consecration of a temple built as a memorial to ,napoleon's defeat in ,russia in #ahab4 ,this overture was intended by the composer to describe the historic events of ,napoleon's invasion of and flight from ,russia4 ,an introductory section quotes the well-known ,russian hymn1 8,god ,preserve ,thy ,people40 ,in the main body of the overture1 the ,battle of ,borodino is dramatically depicted1 the two opposing armies represented by quotations from the ,marseillaise and the ,russian national anthem4 ,a climax is reached with a triumphant restatement of the ,russian national anthem4 ,the ,polonaise is one of two celebrated dance episodes in the opera ,eugene ,onegin4 7,the other is the ,waltz discussed below47 ,this three-act opera is based on a poem by ,pushkin1 adapted by ,konstantin ,shilovsky and the composer himself1 and was introduced in ,moscow on ,march #bi1 #ahgi4 ,the setting is ,st4 ,petersburg in or about #ahae1 and its central theme concerns the frustrated love affair of ,eugene ,onegin and ,tatiana4 ,the brilliant music of the ,polonaise is heard in the first scene of ,act #c4 ,in the palace of ,prince ,gremin there takes place a reception during which the guests dance to the vital strains of this courtly ,polish dance1 its vigor derived from sharp syncopations and accents on the half beat4 ,romance1 in ,f minor1 op4 #e 7#ahfh7 is a composition for piano written by the composer when he believed himself in love with the singer1 ,dsire ,artt1 to whom the piece is dedicated4 ,this music gives voice to a romantic ardor4 ,the ,srnade mlancolique in ,b-flat minor1 op4 #bf 7#ahge7 is a work for violin and orchestra4 ,as the title indicates it is a sentimental rather than romantic effusion4 ,here a brief subject leads to a soaring three-part song for the violin4 ,serenade for ,strings1 in ,c major1 op4 #dh 7#ahhj7 is particularly famous for its second and third movements4 ,the second is a ,waltz1 perhaps the most popular of this composer's many well loved waltzes4 ,this is a graceful1 even elegant1 dance movement1 the waltz of the ,parisian salon rather than the more vital and earthy dance of ,vienna4 ,such a light-hearted mood is instantly dispelled by the gloom of the third movement1 an eloquent ,elegy1 in which the sorrow is all the more poignant because it is so subdued and restrained4 ,solitude1 op4 #gc1 no4 #f 7#ahic7--sometimes known as ,again as ,before--is a song set to a poem by ,d4 ,m4 ,rathaus4 ,this is the last of a set of six songs4 ,stokowski made an effective arrangement for orchestra4 ,song ,without ,words 7,chanson sans paroles71 in ,f major is the third of a set of three pieces for the piano collectively entitled ,souvenir de ,hapsal1 op4 #b 7#ahfg74 ,this tender melody is far more familiar in transcriptions than it is in its original version4 ,tchaikovsky wrote three ,suites for orchestra4 ,from two of these come movements which must be counted with the composer's most popular works4 ,the ,suite ,no4 #a in ,d minor1 op4 #dc 7#ahhj7 is famous for its fourth movement1 a ,marche ,miniature4 ,the inclusion of this section into the suite was something of an afterthought with the composer1 since it was interpolated into the work only after it had been published1 placed as a fourth movement between an intermezzo and a scherzo4 ,this march is in the grotesque1 fantastic style of the piano ,humoresque4 ,the main subject is heard in the piccolo against plucked-string accompaniment4 ,a transitory episode in strings and bells leads to a development of this melody4 ,the third movement from this same suite1 ,intermezzo1 has two main melodies3 the first appears in first violins1 violas1 bassoons and flute2 the second1 in cellos and bassoon4 ,the coda is based on the first theme4 ,the suite ,no4 #c in ,g major1 op4 #ee 7#ahhd7 is a four-movement work of which the second is particularly celebrated4 ,this is a ,valse mlancolique for full orchestra1 highly expressive and emotional music in the composer's identifiable sentimental style4 ,there are several other waltzes by ,tchaikovsky familiar to all lovers of light music4 ,the ,valse sentimentale1 op4 #ea1 no4 #f comes from a set of six pieces for the piano 7#ahhb7 where it is the final number4 ,the opera ,eugene ,onegin 7commented upon above for its ,polonaise7 is also the source of a remarkable waltz episode4 ,this music1 the essence of aristocratic style and elegance1 appears in the first scene of the second act4 ,tatiana's birthday is celebrated with a festive party during which the guests dance to its infectious strains4 ,two other famous ,tchaikovsky waltzes come from his famous ballets--,sleeping ,beauty and ,swan ,lake4 ,in the orchestral suite derived from the score of ,sleeping ,beauty1 the waltz appears as the fourth and concluding movement and consists of a lilting melody for strings which is carried to an overpowering climax4 ,the ,swan ,lake consists of thirty-three numbers1 various combinations of its most popular sections serving as orchestral suites for concert performance4 ,the suave waltz music serves in the ballet for a dance of the swans at the lakeside in the second act4 ,ambroise ,thomas ,ambroise ,thomas was born in ,metz1 ,france1 on ,august #e1 #ahaa4 ,between #ahbh and #ahcb he attended the ,paris ,conservatory where he won numerous prizes including the ,prix de ,rome4 ,after his three-year stay in ,rome1 where he wrote some orchestral and chamber music1 he returned to ,paris in #ahcf and devoted himself to writing operas4 ,the first was ,la double chelle1 produced at the ,opra-,comique in #ahcg4 ,his first success was realized in #ahdc with ,mina1 and in #ahff the opera by which he is remembered1 ,mignon1 was triumphantly introduced at the ,opra-,comique4 ,later operas included ,hamlet 7#ahfh7 and ,franoise de ,rimini 7#ahhb74 ,in #ahea1 ,thomas was elected member of the ,french ,academy4 ,in #ahga he was appointed director of the ,paris ,conservatory1 and in #ahid he was the recipient of the ,grand ,cross of the ,legion of ,honor4 ,he died in ,paris on ,february #ab1 #ahif4 ,mignon represents the ,french lyric theater at its best1 with its graceful melodies1 charming moods1 and courtly grace of style4 ,its world premire took place at the ,opra-,comique on ,november #ag1 #ahff4 ,in less than a century it was given over two thousand performances by that company besides becoming a staple in the repertory of opera houses the world over4 ,the opera is based on ,goethe's novel1 ,wilhelm ,meister1 adapted by ,michel ,carr and ,jules ,barbier4 ,mignon is a gypsy girl purchased by ,wilhelm ,meister4 ,she falls in love with him and is heartbroken to discover how he is attracted to the actress1 ,philine4 ,she tells the demented ,lothario of her sorrow and of her wish that ,meister's castle be burned to the ground4 ,lothario then proceeds to set ,meister's castle aflame4 ,mignon1 caught therein1 is saved by ,meister and then gently nursed back to health4 ,meister now realizes he is in love with her and her alone4 ,when the demented ,lothario regains his sanity we learn that ,mignon is in actuality his daughter and that the castle he has burned is not ,meister's but his own4 ,parts of this opera are better known than the whole1 and through these parts ,mignon remains deservedly popular on semi-classical programs4 ,the ,overture makes extended use of two of the opera's main melodies4 ,the first is 8,connais-tu le pays10 78,knowest ,thou the ,land8071 ,mignon's poignant first-act aria in which she recalls her childhood in some distant land2 the melody is given in the wind instruments after a brief introduction4 ,the second aria is ,philine's polonaise1 8,je suis ,titania0 78,i am ,titania07 from the second scene of the second act4 ,another delightful orchestral episode from this opera is a suave1 graceful little gavotte heard as entr'acte music just before the rise of the second-act curtain4 ,the ,raymond ,overture is even more popular than that to ,mignon4 ,raymond was first performed at the ,opra-,comique on ,june #e1 #ahea4 ,the overture opens with a spirited section punctuated with dashing chords4 ,a serene transition1 highlighted by a passage for solo cello1 brings on a light1 tuneful air in the violins against sharply accented plucked strings2 a graceful countermelody for the woodwind follows4 ,this appealing material is repeated at some length with embellishments and amplifications until a new thought is asserted3 a brisk1 march-like melody that slowly gains in sonority and tempo until a climactic point is reached in which this march melody is forcefully given by the full orchestra4 ,the strings then offer a sentimental melody by way of temporary relief4 ,but the overture ends in a dramatic and spirited mood with a finale statement of the march tune4 ,enrico ,toselli ,enrico ,toselli was born in ,florence1 ,italy1 on ,march #ac1 #ahhc4 ,after studying with ,sgambati and ,martucci1 ,toselli toured ,italy as a concert pianist4 ,but he achieved renown not on the concert stage but with the writing of several romantic songs4 ,one of these is the 8,serenata10 ,no4 #a1 op4 #f1 through which his name survives4 ,he also wrote some orchestral music and an operetta1 ,la ,principessa bizzarra 7#aiac7 whose libretto was the work of the former ,crown ,princess ,luisa of ,saxony whom he married in #aijg thereby creating an international sensation4 ,toselli died in ,florence1 ,italy1 on ,january #ae1 #aibf4 ,the 8,serenata0 78,rimpianto07 with ,italian words by ,alfred ,silvestri and ,english lyrics by ,sigmund ,spaeth was published in the ,united ,states in #aibc4 ,this romantic1 sentimental1 ,italian melody1 as well loved in this country as in ,europe1 was for many years used by ,gertrude ,berg as the theme music for her radio and television program1 ,the ,goldbergs4 ,it was also used as the theme music for an early talking picture1 ,the ,magic ,flame1 in which ,ronald ,colman and ,vilma ,banky were starred4 ,sir ,paolo ,tosti ,sir ,francesco ,paolo ,tosti1 one of ,italy's best known song composers1 was born in ,ortona sul ,mare1 ,abruzzi1 ,italy1 on ,april #i1 #ahdf4 ,his musical education took place at the ,royal ,college of ,san ,pietro a ,maiella in ,naples4 ,he left ,naples in #ahfi after serving for a while as teacher of music4 ,returning to his native city he now initiated his career as a composer of songs4 ,though a few of these early efforts became popular he failed for a long time to find a publisher4 ,success first came to him in ,rome at a song recital in which he featured some of his own compositions4 ,he scored an even greater success as singer-composer in ,london in #ahge4 ,he now settled permanently in ,london1 serving as a singing master to the royal family1 and as professor of singing at the ,royal ,academy of ,music4 ,in #aijh he was knighted4 ,in #aiac he returned to his native land4 ,he died in ,rome on ,december #b1 #aiaf4 ,tosti had a remarkable lyric gift that was ,italian to its very core in the ease1 fluidity1 and singableness of his melodies4 ,this talent was combined with an elegant style and a sincere emotion4 ,his best songs are among the most popular to emerge from ,italy4 ,the most famous and the most moving emotionally is without question 8,addio0 78,goodbye1 ,forever074 ,almost as popular and appealing are 8,ideale0 78,my ,ideal071 8,marechiare10 8,mattinata10 8,segreto10 8,la ,serenata10 and 8,vorrei morire40 ,giuseppe ,verdi ,giuseppe ,verdi1 the greatest of the ,italian opera composers1 was born in ,le ,roncole1 ,italy1 on ,october #aj1 #ahac4 ,he demonstrated such unmistakable gifts for music in his boyhood that his townspeople created a fund to send him to the ,milan ,conservatory4 ,in #ahcb he appeared in ,milan4 ,finding he was too old to gain admission to the ,conservatory1 he studied composition privately with ,vincenzo ,lavigna4 ,for several years ,verdi lived in ,busseto where he conducted the ,philharmonic ,society and wrote his first opera1 ,oberto1 produced in ,milan in #ahci4 ,now settled in ,milan1 he continued writing operas1 achieving his first major success with ,nabucco in #ahdb4 ,during the next eight years he solidified his position as one of ,italy's best loved opera composers with several important works among which were ,ernani 7#ahdd71 ,macbeth 7#ahdg7 and ,luisa ,miller 7#ahdi74 ,a new era began for ,verdi in #ahea with ,rigoletto1 an era in which he became ,italy's greatest master of opera1 and one of the foremost in the world4 ,il ,trovatore and ,la ,traviata came in #ahec1 to be followed by ,i ,vespri ,siciliani 7#ahee71 ,simone ,boccanegra 7#aheg71 ,un ballo in maschera 7#ahei71 ,la ,forza del destino 7#ahfb71 and ,aida 7#ahga74 ,now a man of considerable wealth 7as well as fame71 ,verdi bought a farm in ,sant' ,agata where he henceforth spent his summers2 after the completion of ,aida1 he lived there most of the time in comparative seclusion1 tending to his crops1 gardens1 and live stock4 ,when ,cavour initiated the first ,italian parliament1 ,verdi was elected deputy4 ,but ,verdi never liked politics1 and soon withdrew from the political arena2 however1 in #ahgd1 he accepted the honorary appointment of ,senator from the ,king4 ,as a composer1 ,verdi remained silent for about fifteen years after ,aida4 ,by the time the world became reconciled to the fact that ,verdi's life work was over1 he emerged from this long period of withdrawal to produce two operas now generally regarded as his crowning achievements3 ,otello 7#ahhg7 and ,falstaff 7#ahic74 ,during the last years of his life1 ,verdi lived in a ,milan hotel4 ,his sight and hearing began to deteriorate1 and just before his death--in ,milan on ,january #bg1 #aija--;he suffered a paralytic stroke4 ,his death was mourned by the entire nation4 ,a quarter of a million mourners crowded the streets to watch his bier pass for its burial in the oratory of the ,musicians ,home in ,milan--accompanied by the stately music of a chorus from ,nabucco1 conducted by ,toscanini4 ,verdi's profound knowledge of the theater and his strong dramatic sense1 combined with his virtually incomparable ,italian lyricism1 made him one of the greatest composers for the musical theater of all time4 ,but it is his lyricism--with all its infinite charm and variety--that makes so much of his writing so popular to so many in such widely scattered areas of the world4 ,selections from his most famous operas are favorites even with many who have never seen them on the stage1 because their emotional appeal is inescapable4 ,aida is an opera filled not only with some of the most wonderful melodies to be found in ,italian opera but also with scenes of pomp1 ceremony1 with exotic attractions1 and with episodes dynamic with dramatic interest4 ,this was the opera that brought ,verdi's second creative period to a rich culmination2 and it is unquestionably one of the composer's masterworks4 ,he wrote it on a commission from the ,egyptian ,khedive for ceremonies commemorating the opening of the ,suez ,canal4 ,however1 ,verdi took so long to complete his opera that it was not performed in ,cairo until about two years after the canal had been opened1 on ,december #bd1 #ahga4 ,the libretto--by ,antonio ,ghislanzoni--was based on a plot by ,mariette ,bey4 ,radames1 captain of the ,egyptian guard1 is in love with ,aida1 the ,ethiopian slave of ,amneris4 ,the latter1 daughter of the ,king of ,egypt1 is herself in love with ,radames4 ,when an invading ,ethiopian force comes to threaten ,egypt1 ,radames becomes the commander of the army and proves himself a hero4 ,lavish festivities and ceremonies celebrate his victorious return1 during which the king of ,egypt offers him the hand of ,amneris as reward4 ,but ,radames is still in love with ,aida4 ,since ,aida is actually the daughter of the ,ethiopian king1 she manages to extract from ,radames the secret maneuvers of the ,egyptian army1 information enabling the ,ethiopian army to destroy the ,egyptians4 ,for this treachery1 ,radames is buried alive2 and ,aida1 still in love with him1 comes within his tomb to die with him4 ,the brief overture opens with a tender melody in violins suggesting ,aida4 ,after an effective development we hear a somber and brooding motive of the ,priests of ,isis1 which soon receives contrapuntal treatment4 ,the ,aida motive is dramatized1 brought to a magnificent climax1 then allowed to subside4 ,the ,ballet ,music is famous for its brilliant harmonic and orchestral colors1 exotic melodies1 and pulsating rhythms4 ,in ,act #b1 ,scene #a there takes place the ,dance of the ,moorish ,slaves1 an oriental dance performed before ,amneris by the ,moorish boys4 ,the ,ballabile is another oriental dance which appears in ,act #b1 ,scene #b1 performed by the dancing girls during the celebration attending the arrival of the triumphant ,egyptian army headed by ,radames4 ,in this scene there is also heard the stirring strains of the ,grand ,march4 ,this march begins softly but soon gathers its strength and erupts with full force as the king1 his attendants1 the ,priests1 the standard bearers1 ,amneris and her slaves appear in a brilliant procession4 ,the people raise a cry of praise to the king and their ,gods in 8,gloria all' ,egitto40 ,after this comes the dramatic march music to which the ,egyptian troops1 with ,radames at their head1 enter triumphantly into the square and file proudly before their king4 ,of the vocal excerpts the most famous is undoubtedly ,radames' ecstatic song of love to ,aida in the first act1 first scene1 8,celeste ,aida10 surely one of the most famous tenor arias in all opera4 ,two principal arias for soprano are by ,aida4 ,the first is her exultant prayer that ,radames come back victorious from the war1 8,ritorna vincitor0 in ,act #a1 ,scene #a2 the other1 8,o ,patria mia10 in ,act #c1 is her poignant recollection of her beloved homeland in ,ethiopia4 ,amneris' moving aria in ,act #b1 ,scene #a1 8,vieni amor mio0 where she thinks about her beloved ,radames1 and the concluding scene of the opera in which ,radames and ,aida bid the world farewell1 8,o terra1 addio0 are also famous4 ,la ,forza del destino 7,the ,force of ,destiny7 has a popular overture4 ,this opera was first performed in ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,russia on ,november #aj1 #ahfb--libretto by ,francesco ,piave based on a play by the ,duke de ,riva4 ,leonora1 daughter of the ,marquis of ,calatrava1 is in love with ,don ,alvaro1 a nobleman of ,inca origin4 ,when they plan elopement1 ,leonora's father intervenes and is accidentally killed in the ensuing brawl4 ,leonora's brother1 ,don ,carlo1 swears to avenge this death by killing ,don ,alvaro4 ,on the field of battle1 ,don ,alvaro saves ,don ,carlo's life4 ,not recognizing ,don ,alvaro as his sworn enemy1 ,don ,carlo pledges eternal friendship2 but upon discovering ,don ,alvaro's true identity1 he challenges him to a duel in which ,don ,carlo is wounded4 ,aware that he has brought doom to two people closest and dearest to his beloved ,leonora1 ,don ,alvaro seeks sanctuary in a monastery where many years later he is found by ,don ,carlo4 ,in the sword duel that follows1 ,don ,alvaro kills ,don ,carlo1 whose last act is to plunge a fatal knife into his sister's heart4 ,a trumpet blast1 creating an ominous air of doom1 opens the overture4 ,an air in a minor key then leads to a gentle song for strings2 this is ,leonora's prayer for help and protection to the ,virgin in the second scene of the second act1 8,madre pietosa40 ,a light pastoral tune1 depicting the ,italian countryside in the third act1 is now heard4 ,leonora's song of prayer is now forcefully repeated by the full orchestra1 after which the overture ends robustly4 ,rigoletto1 introduced in ,venice on ,march #aa1 #ahea1 is based on the ,victor ,hugo play1 ,le ,roi s'amuse adapted by ,francesco ,piave4 ,rigoletto is the hunchbacked jester to the ,duke of ,mantua who jealously guards his daughter1 ,gilda1 from the world outside their home4 ,disguised as a student1 the ,duke woos ,gilda and wins her love4 ,since the ,duke's courtiers hate the jester1 they conspire to abduct ,gilda and bring her to the ducal court to become the ,duke's mistress4 ,distraught at this turn of affairs1 the jester vows to kill the ,duke and hires a professional assassin to perform this evil deed4 ,but since his own sister loves the ,duke1 the assassin decides to spare him and to kill a stranger instead4 ,the stranger proves to be none other than ,gilda1 disguised as a man for a projected flight to ,verona4 ,the body is placed in a sack for delivery to ,rigoletto who1 before he can get rid of the body1 discovers that it is that of his beloved daughter4 ,the following are the best loved and most widely performed excerpts from this tuneful opera3 the ,ballata1 8,questa o quella0 from the first act in which the ,duke flippantly talks of love and his many conquests2 the graceful ,minuet to which the courtiers dance during a party at the ,ducal palace in the same act2 ,gilda's famous coloratura aria1 8,caro nome0 from the second act1 in which she dreams about the 8student0 with whom she has fallen in love2 the light and capricious aria of the ,duke1 8,la donna mobile0 from the third act1 in which the ,duke mockingly comments on fickle womanhood1 and one of the most celebrated tenor arias in the repertory2 the quartet 8,bella figlia dell' amore0--as celebrated an ensemble number as 8,la donna mobile0 is as an aria--in which each of the four principal characters of the opera 7,gilda1 ,rigoletto1 the ,duke1 and ,maddalena7 speaks of his or her inner turmoil1 doubts1 and hatreds in the third act4 ,la ,traviata 7,the ,lost ,one7 is ,francesco ,maria ,piave's adaptation of ,alexandre ,dumas' celebrated romance1 ,la ,dame aux camlias4 ,its central theme is the tragic tale of the courtesan1 ,violetta1 who falls in love with and is loved by ,alfredo ,germont4 ,after they live together for a blissful period1 ,alfredo's father is instrumental in breaking up the affair by convincing ,violetta she must give up her lover for his own good4 ,she does so by feigning she has grown tired of him4 ,only too late does ,alfredo learn the truth2 when he returns to ,violetta1 she is dying of tuberculosis4 ,the premire of ,la ,traviata in ,venice on ,march #f1 #ahec was a dismal failure4 ,the public reacted unfavorably to a play it regarded immoral1 and to the sight of a healthy prima donna seemingly wasting away with tuberculosis2 it also resented the fact that the opera was given in contemporary dress4 ,at a revival1 a year later in ,venice1 the opera was performed in costume and settings of an earlier period4 ,profiting further from a carefully prepared presentation1 the opera now cast a spell on its audience4 ,from this point on1 ,la ,traviata went on to conquer the opera world to become one of the most popular operas ever written4 ,the orchestral preludes to the first and third act are celebrated4 ,the ,prelude to ,act #a begins softly and slowly with a poignant melody suggesting ,violetta's fatal sickness2 this is followed by a broad1 rich song for the strings describing ,violetta's expression of love for ,alfredo4 ,the ,prelude to ,act #c also begins with the sad1 slow melody speaking of ,violetta's illness4 ,the music then becomes expressive and tender to point up the tragedy of her life2 this prelude ends with a succession of broken phrases as ,violetta's life slowly ebbs away4 ,the following are the principal vocal selections from ,la ,traviata3 the opening drinking song1 or ,brindisi 78,libiamo1 libiamo072 ,violetta's world-famous aria1 8,ah1 fors lui0 in which she reveals her love for ,alfredo followed immediately by her determination to remain free and pleasure-loving 78,sempre libera07 also in the first act2 ,alfredo's expression of joy that ,violetta has come to live with him1 8,de' miei bollenti spiriti0 and the elder ,germont's recollection of his happy home in the ,provence1 8,di ,provenza il mar0 from the second act2 ,violetta's pathetic farewell to the world1 8,addio del passato10 and ,alfredo's promise to the dying ,violetta to return together to their happy home near ,paris1 8,parigi1 o cara0 from the fourth act4 ,il ,trovatore 7,the ,troubadours7 is so full of familiar melodies that1 like a play of ,shakespeare1 it appears to be replete with 8quotations40 ,it was first performed in ,rome on ,january #ai1 #ahec4 ,the libretto by ,salvatore ,commarno1 based on a play by ,antonio ,garcia ,gutirrez1 is complicated to a point of obscurity1 and filled with coincidences and improbabilities2 but this did not prevent ,verdi from creating one of his most melodious scores1 an inexhaustible reservoir of unforgettable arias and ensemble numbers4 ,the story involves ,count di ,luna in a frustrated love affair with ,leonora2 his rival is ,manrico1 an officer of a rival army with whom ,leonora is in love4 ,the gypsy ,azucena convinces ,manrico1 her foster son1 that ,count di ,luna had been responsible for the death of ,manrico's father1 and incites him on to avenge that murder4 ,later in the play1 ,azucena and ,manrico are captured by ,di ,luna's army4 ,to help free ,manrico1 ,leonora promises to marry the ,count4 ,rather than pay this price1 ,leonora takes poison and dies at ,manrico's feet4 ,manrico is now sentenced to be executed4 ,after his death1 ,azucena1 half-crazed1 reveals that ,manrico is really ,count di ,luna's half brother4 ,the long list of favorite selections from ,il ,trovatore includes the following3 ,manrico's beautiful serenade to ,leonora in ,act #a1 ,scene #b1 8,deserto sulla terra02 ,leonora's poignant recollections of a mysterious admirer in the second scene1 8,tacea la notte placida02 the ever popular ,anvil ,chorus of the gypsies with which the second act opens1 8,vedi6 le fosche02 ,azucena's stirring recollection of the time long past when her mother had been burned as a witch1 8,stride la vampa10 and ,count di ,luna's expression of love for ,leonora1 8,il balen0 also in the second act2 in the third act1 ,manrico's dramatic aria1 8,di quella pira0 and the rousing soldier's chorus of ,manrico's troops1 8,squilli1 echeggi la tromba guerriera02 ,leonora's prayer for her beloved ,manrico 8,d'amor sull' ali rosee0 followed immediately by the world-famous ,miserere 78,ah1 che la morte ognora071 a choral chant asking pity and salvation from the prisoners1 all in the first scene of the fourth act2 and the poignant duet of ,manrico and ,azucena in the final scene1 a fervent1 glowing hope that some day they can return to their beloved mountain country in peace and love1 8,ai nostri monti40 ,while ,i ,vespri siciliani1 or ,les ,vpres siciliennes 7,sicilian ,vespers7 is one of ,verdi's less familiar operas1 its overture is one of his most successful4 ,the opera-libretto by ,eugne ,scribe and ,charles ,duveyrier--was first performed at the ,paris ,opra on ,june #ac1 #ahee4 ,its setting is #acth-century ,sicily where the peasants rise in revolt against the occupying ,french4 ,the overture is constructed from some basic melodies from the opera4 ,the first ,allegro theme speaks of the massacre of the ,french garrison4 ,a second melody--a beautiful lyrical passage pianissimo against tremolos--is taken from the farewell scene of the hero and the heroine who are about to die4 ,richard ,wagner ,wilhelm ,richard ,wagner1 genius of the music drama1 was born in ,leipzig1 ,germany1 on ,may #bb1 #ahac4 ,in his academic studies 7at the ,kreuzschule in ,dresden1 the ,nikolaischule in ,leipzig1 and the ,university of ,leipzig7 he was an indifferent1 lazy1 and irresponsible student4 ,but his intensity and seriousness of purpose where music was concerned were evident from the beginning4 ,he studied theory by memorizing a textbook and then by receiving some formal instruction from ,theodor ,weinlig4 ,in short order he completed an overture and a symphony that received performances between #ahcb and #ahcc2 in #ahcd he completed his first opera1 ,die ,feen1 never performed in his lifetime4 ,in #ahcd he was appointed conductor of the ,magdeburg ,opera where1 two years later1 his second opera1 ,das ,liebesverbot1 was introduced4 ,between #ahcg and #ahch he conducted opera in ,riga4 ,involvement in debts caused his dismissal from this post and compelled him to flee to ,paris1 where he arrived in #ahci4 ,there he lived for three years in extreme poverty1 completing two important operas1 ,rienzi in #ahdj1 and ,the ,flying ,dutchman in #ahda4 ,his first major successes came with the first of these operas1 introduced at the ,dresden ,opera on ,october #bj1 #ahdb4 ,this triumph brought ,wagner in #ahdc an appointment as ,kapellmeister of the ,dresden ,opera which he held with considerable esteem for six years4 ,during this period he completed two more operas3 ,tannhaeuser1 introduced in ,dresden in #ahde1 and ,lohengrin1 first performed in ,weimar under ,liszt's direction1 in #ahej4 ,as a member of a radical political organization1 the ,vaterlandsverein1 ,wagner became involved in the revolutionary movements that swept across ,europe in #ahdh-ahdi4 ,to avoid arrest1 he had to flee from ,saxony4 ,he came to ,weimar where he was warmly welcomed by ,liszt who from then on became one of his staunchest champions4 ,after that ,wagner set up a permanent abode in ,zurich4 ,he now began to clarify and expound his new theories on opera4 ,he saw opera as a drama with music1 a synthesis of many arts2 he was impatient with the old clichs and formulas to which opera had so long been enslaved1 such as formal ballets1 recitatives and arias1 production scenes1 and so forth4 ,and he put his theories into practice with a monumental project embracing four dramas1 collectively entitled ,the ,nibelung ,ring 7,der ,ring des ,nibelungen7 for which1 as had always been his practice1 he wrote the text as well as the music2 the four dramas were entitled ,the ,rhinegold 7,das ,rheingold71 ,the ,valkyries 7,die ,walkuere71 ,siegfried1 and ,the ,twilight of the ,gods 7,goetterdaemmerung74 ,it took him a quarter of a century to complete this epic4 ,but during this period he was able to complete several other important music dramas1 including ,tristan and ,isolde in #ahei and ,the ,mastersingers 7,die ,meistersinger7 in #ahfg4 ,in #ahfb1 ,wagner was pardoned for his radical activities of #ahdi and permitted to return to ,saxony4 ,there he found a powerful patron in ,ludwig ,,ii1 king of ,bavaria1 under whose auspices premires of ,wagner's mighty music dramas were given in ,munich beginning with ,tristan and ,isolde in #ahfe4 ,in #ahgf there came into being one of ,wagner's most cherished dreams1 a festival theater built in ,bayreuth1 ,bavaria1 according to his own specifications1 where his music dramas could be presented in the style and manner ,wagner dictated4 ,this festival opened in ,august #ahgf with the first performance anywhere of the entire ,ring cycle4 ,since then ,bayreuth has been a shrine of ,wagnerian music drama to which music lovers of the world congregate during the summer months4 ,wagner's last music drama was the religious consecrational play1 ,parsifal1 first performed in ,bayreuth on ,july #bf1 #ahhb4 ,wagner died in ,venice on ,february #ac1 #ahhc1 and was buried in the garden of his home1 ,wahnfried1 in ,bayreuth4 ,of his turbulent personal life which involved him in numerous and often complex love affairs1 mention need here be made only of his relations with ,cosima1 daughter of ,liszt1 and wife of ,hans von ,buelow4 ,wagner and ,cosima fell in love while the latter was still von ,buelow's wife4 ,they had two illegitimate children before they set up a home of their own at ,lake ,lucerne2 and one more 7,siegfried7 before they were married on ,august #be1 #ahgj4 ,wagner's creative career divides itself into two phases4 ,in the first he was the composer of operas in more or less a traditional style4 ,to the accepted formulas of operatic writing1 however1 he brought a new dimension--immense musical and dramatic power and invention4 ,in the second phase he was the prophet of a new order in music1 the creator of the music drama4 ,it is from the works of his first phase that salon or pop orchestras derive selections that have become universal favorites--sometimes overtures1 sometimes excerpts4 ,for these earlier works abound with such a wonderful fund of melody1 emotion1 expressiveness and dramatic interest that they have become popular even with those operagoers to whose tastes the later ,wagner is perhaps too subtle1 complex1 elusive1 or garrulous4 ,from ,the ,flying ,dutchman 7,der fliegende ,hollaender7 comes a dramatic overture4 ,this opera--text by the composer based on an old legend adapted by ,heinrich ,heine--was first performed at the ,dresden ,opera on ,january #b1 #ahdc4 8,the ,flying ,dutchman0 is a ship on which the ,dutchman must sail until he achieves redemption through the love of a faithful woman4 ,only once in every seven years is he permitted to go ashore to find that love4 ,he finally achieves his redemption through ,senta4 ,they both meet their final doom together in a raging sea which swallows up the ship4 ,turbulent music1 intended to describe a storm at sea1 opens the overture4 ,we then hear the theme of the ,dutchman in the horns and bassoons4 ,the stormy music returns and subsides as a motive from ,senta's beautiful second-act ballad1 8,traft ihr das ,schiff0 is presented4 ,this motive brings up the image of ,senta herself4 ,a vigorous sailors' chorus is followed by a return of the ,senta motive in full orchestra4 ,three selections from ,the ,flying ,dutchman are of particular appeal3 ,senta's spinning song1 8,summ und brumm0 and her famous ballad1 both from the second act2 and the chorus of the sailors in the third act1 a rousing chantey1 8,steuermann6 lass die ,wacht40 ,lohengrin was ,wagner's last 8opera40 ,after that he confined himself to music dramas4 ,he completed it in #ahdh4 ,after its premire in ,weimar on ,august #bh1 #ahej it became one of the most successful operas in ,germany of that period4 ,the text1 by the composer1 was adapted from medieval legends4 ,lohengrin is a knight of the ,holy ,grail who becomes ,elsa's champion against ,telramund when ,elsa is unjustly accused of having murdered ,gottfried4 ,lohengrin arrives on a swan and extracts from ,elsa the promise that she must never try to uncover his true identity4 ,after defeating ,telramund1 ,lohengrin marries ,elsa who1 provoked by ,telramund's wife1 cannot stifle her curiosity about her husband's background and source4 ,he finally must reveal to her that he is a knight of the ,holy ,grail4 ,having made that revelation he must leave her forever4 ,the two familiar orchestral preludes1 from the first and third acts1 are opposites in mood1 texture1 and dynamics4 ,the ,prelude to ,act #a has spiritual content1 a portrait of a heavenly vision wherein the ,holy ,grail is carried by angels4 ,the main theme is heard quietly in the upper registers of the violins1 then repeated by other instruments4 ,this theme is developed into a crescendo and culminates in an exultant statement by trumpets and trombones4 ,now the theme is given in a decrescendo1 and the prelude ebbs away pianissimo1 once again in the strings in the upper register4 ,the ,prelude to ,act #c is more robust in character1 since it depicts the joy of ,elsa and ,lohengrin on the eve of their wedding4 ,a forceful melody is pronounced by the full orchestra1 succeeded by a second strong theme for the cellos1 horns1 bassoons in unison2 a march-like episode for the wind instruments follows4 ,what is probably the most famous wedding march ever written comes out of ,lohengrin4 ,its strains are heard after the rise of the curtain for ,act #c1 ,scene #a1 as a procession enters the bridal chamber4 ,the chorus hymns a blessing to the marriage couple 78,treulich gefuert074 ,from one side ladies conduct ,elsa1 while from the other the ,king and his men lead ,lohengrin4 ,the two processions then meet midstage and ,elsa joins ,lohengrin to be blessed by the ,king4 ,the two columns of the procession then refile and march out of the two sides of the stage4 ,the ,mastersingers 7,die ,meistersinger71 while written after ,wagner had set forth on his operatic revolution1 is the only one of his music dramas with a recognizable operatic ritual3 big arias1 huge production numbers1 even dances4 ,for ,the ,mastersingers is a comedy1 the only one ,wagner ever wrote4 ,for purposes of comedy some of the traditions of opera still prove useful to ,wagner1 even if fused with techniques1 approaches and esthetics of the music drama4 ,wagner completed ,the ,mastersingers in #ahfg--;eight years after ,tristan and ,isolde and more than a decade following the first two dramas of the ,ring cycle4 ,the first performance took place in ,munich on ,june #ba1 #ahfh4 ,the libretto1 by the composer1 was set in ,nuremberg in the middle #afth century1 and its plot revolves around a song contest conducted by the ,mastersingers1 its winner to receive the hand of lovely ,eva1 daughter of the cobbler-philosopher1 ,hans ,sachs4 ,walther von ,stolzing1 a knight1 and ,beckmesser1 a contemptible town clerk1 are the main rivals for ,eva4 ,at a magnificent ceremony at the banks of the ,pognitz ,river the contestants sing their offerings4 ,it is ,walther's eloquent 8,prize ,song0 that emerges victorious4 ,this 8,prize ,song0 78,morgenlich leuchtend07 is one of ,wagner's most famous melodies1 the pivot upon which the entire opera gravitates4 ,it is first heard in the first scene of the third act1 where ,walther comes to tell ,hans ,sachs of a song come to him in a dream4 ,the song is repeated in the closing scene of the opera during the actual contest4 ,this 8,prize ,song0 is used by ,wagner symbolically4 ,its victory over the dull and stilted creation of ,beckmesser represents the triumph of inspiration and freedom of expression over hackneyed rules and procedures4 ,august ,wilhelmj made a famous transcription of the 8,prize ,song0 for violin and piano4 ,rienzi1 an early ,wagner opera1 is today remembered primarily for its overture4 ,but in its own day it was extremely popular4 ,immediately after its premire performance in ,dresden on ,october #bj1 #ahdb1 ,rienzi made ,wagner's name known throughout all of ,germany for the first time1 appearing in the repertory of virtually every major ,german opera house at the time4 ,the novel from which the composer derived his libretto is that of ,bulwer-,lytton4 ,the central character1 ,rienzi1 is a ,roman ruler of the #adth century who meets his destruction at the hands of his enemies who set the ,capitol aflame in which ,rienzi perishes4 ,trumpet calls in the opening measures of the overture lead to a slow section in which is prominent an affecting melody for strings1 ,rienzi's prayer for the ,roman people4 ,in the main section of the overture1 the first main theme is the battle hymn of the first act 7in the brass7 set against ,rienzi's prayer-melody4 ,the opening slow section returns and is succeeded by the stirring music from the first act finale4 ,in the coda1 the battle-hymn music is powerfully projected for the last time4 ,tannhaeuser boasts many popular selections beyond its very famous overture4 ,the opera was first performed in ,dresden on ,october #ai1 #ahde4 ,the libretto is by the composer4 ,tannhaeuser is a minstrel-knight who has grown weary of the carnal delights on the ,hill of ,venus and longs for his own world4 ,by invoking the name of the ,virgin ,mary1 in whom he places his trust1 ,tannhaeuser is transported to a valley near the ,wartburg ,castle1 where he is recognized and welcomed back by ,wolfram1 a companion minstrel-knight4 ,joyously1 ,tannhaeuser returns with ,wolfram to the ,hall of the ,minstrels in the ,wartburg ,castle to find that his beloved ,elisabeth is still in love with him4 ,but only he who can come out triumphant in a song contest on the subject of love can win ,elisabeth4 ,the song ,tannhaeuser presents1 glorifying sensual pleasure1 horrifies the audience4 ,contrite1 ,tannhaeuser offers to atone for his sins by joining pilgrims to ,rome and seeking absolution from the ,pope4 ,elisabeth promises to pray for his soul4 ,after several months have passed1 ,elisabeth is awaiting the return of the ,roman pilgrims1 and ,wolfram beseeches heaven to guide ,elisabeth and protect her4 ,suddenly ,tannhaeuser--haggard and decrepit--makes his appearance4 ,he confesses to ,wolfram that his soul will not be redeemed until the staff in the ,pope's hands sprouts leaves4 ,only after ,elisabeth has died of grief in despair of ever seeing ,tannhaeuser again1 do the tidings come from ,rome that the ,pope's staff has1 indeed1 blossomed with foliage4 ,the ,overture is built from some of the principal melodies of the opera2 in a sense it traces the main events of the story4 ,the religious chant of the ,pilgrims 7in clarinets1 bassoons and horns7 is heard at once4 ,this is followed by music suggesting ,tannhaeuser's repentance1 a touching melody for strings4 ,after both these ideas have been discussed we hear in the strings the voluptuous music of ,venusberg1 a picture of the carnal life led by ,tannhaeuser with ,venus on ,venus ,hill4 ,the music is brought to a compelling climax with a loud statement of ,tannhaeuser's passionate hymn to carnal love with which he so horrified the minstrel-knights at ,wartburg ,castle4 ,the chant of the pilgrims1 which had opened the overture1 also brings it to conclusion4 ,the ,prelude to ,act #c is solemn music that bears the title1 8,tannhaeuser's ,pilgrimage40 ,two themes are set forth at once1 that of ,tannhaeuser's repentance1 and that suggesting ,elisabeth's intercession4 ,tannhaeuser's suffering is then portrayed by a poignant melody for strings4 ,suggestions of the ,pilgrim's ,chorus and a motive known as 8,heavenly ,grace0 are then offered4 ,the prelude ends quietly and sensitively1 as ,tannhaeuser at long last achieves salvation4 ,the sensual1 even lascivious1 music of the ,bacchanale in the opening scene 7recreating the revelry enjoyed by ,tannhaeuser and ,venus on ,venus ,hill7 is often performed in conjunction with the ,overture1 sometimes independently4 ,another orchestral episode extremely popular is the stately ,march of the second act with which the minstrel-knights of the ,wartburg file into the ,castle1 followed by the nobles1 ladies1 and attendants1 as they chant the strains of 8,freudig begruessen wir die edle ,halle40 ,the most popular vocal excerpt from ,tannhaeuser is ,wolfram's 8,ode to the ,evening ,star0 78,o du mein holder ,abendstern07 in the last act4 ,this atmospheric music1 a hymn to the mystery and beauty of the night1 is ,wolfram's prayer to the evening star that it guide and protect ,elisabeth4 ,elisabeth's second-act song of praise to the ,hall of ,wartburg ,castle in which she speaks of her joy in learning of ,tannhaeuser's return 78,dich1 teure ,halle07 and her eloquent third-act prayer for ,tannhaeuser's forgiveness 78,allmaecht'ge ,jungfrau07 are also deservedly celebrated for their affecting lyricism4 ,wagner did not write much music not intended for the stage4 ,of this meager repertory one or two items deserve attention in the semi-classical repertory4 ,one is 8,traeume0 78,dreams07 a song often heard in transcriptions1 particularly for orchestra4 ,this is one of five poems by ,mathilde ,wesendonck which ,wagner set to music in #aheg-aheh1 and it appears as the last song of the cycle4 ,this gentle nocturne derives some of its melody from the famous love-duet of the second act of ,tristan and ,isolde 78,o sink hernieder1 ,nacht der ,liebe07 but the overall effect of the song is one of gentle revery rather than sensual love4 ,wagner himself arranged 8,traeume0 for small orchestra4 ,on ,mathilde ,wesendonck's birthday on ,december #bc1 #aheg1 he conducted eighteen musicians in a performance of the song under ,mathilde's window4 ,the ,kaiser ,march was another of ,wagner's compositions not intended for the stage4 ,he wrote it in #ahga to celebrate ,germany's victory over ,france4 ,a proud1 exultant theme is first offered by the full orchestra4 ,a transition in the brasses and timpani brings on a second theme of contrasting character in the woodwind4 ,there follows a brief statement of ,martin ,luther's famous chorale1 8,ein feste ,burg40 ,after dramatic music depicting the fever of battle1 the ,luther chorale is repeated triumphantly by the brasses4 ,the first theme returns loudly in full orchestra after a fanfare to end the march4 ,emil ,waldteufel ,emil ,waldteufel1 waltz-king of ,france1 was born in ,strasbourg on ,december #i1 #ahcg4 ,his father1 a professor of music at the ,strasbourg ,conservatory1 gave him his first music instruction4 ,after that ,emil attended the ,paris ,conservatory1 but he never completed his course of study there1 leaving the schoolroom to take on a job with a piano manufacturer4 ,he published his first waltzes at his own expense in #ahfj1 ,joies et peines and ,manola4 ,the latter so enchanted the ,prince of ,wales that he willingly accepted the dedication of ,waldteufel's next waltz1 ,bien aim1 a fact that played no small part in establishing ,waldteufel's reputation in ,england4 ,waldteufel now decided to sidestep all other activities to concentrate on the writing of waltz music4 ,in short order he became the idol of ,paris in the same way that ,johann ,strauss ,,ii was of ,vienna4 ,for a period1 ,waldteufel's fame throughout ,europe was second only to that of the ,viennese waltz king4 ,waldteufel made many tours of the ,european capitals conducting his own compositions1 scoring triumphs in ,covent ,garden in #ahhe1 and in ,berlin in #ahhi4 ,in #ahfe he became chamber musician to the ,empress ,eugnie and director of the court balls4 ,he died in ,paris on ,february #af1 #aiae4 ,waldteufel published over #bej waltzes4 ,a comparison with ,johann ,strauss is perhaps inevitable4 ,the ,french waltz king never equalled ,strauss' remarkable melodic invention1 original approaches in harmony and orchestration1 and overall inspiration4 ,most of ,waldteufel's waltzes are functional pieces1 and make far better dance music than concert music4 ,but a handful of his waltzes are classics1 and deservedly so4 ,they are buoyant and inviting in their spirit1 aristocratic in style1 spontaneous in expression4 ,waldteufel's most famous waltzes include the following3 ,espaa1 op4 #bcf1 which utilizes for its waltz melodies the basic themes from ,chabrier's rhapsody of the same name2 and ,the ,skaters 7,les ,patineurs71 op4 #ahc1 in which the main elegant melody has the lightness of foot and the mobility of motion of facile figure skaters4 ,other popular ,waldteufel waltzes include the ,acclamations1 op4 #bbc2 ,dolores1 op4 #agj2 ,estudiantina1 op4 #aia2 ,mon rve1 op4 #aea2 ,les ,sirnes1 op4 #aed2 ,toujours ou jamais1 op4 #aef2 and ,violettes1 op4 #adh4 ,karl ,maria von ,weber ,karl ,maria von ,weber was born in ,eutin1 ,oldenburg1 ,germany1 on ,november #ah1 #aghf4 ,his father1 who played the violin in small theaters1 was determined to make his son a musical prodigy1 subjecting him from childhood on to severe discipline1 and to intensive study with ,karl's stepbrother1 ,j4 ,p4 ,heuschkel and ,michael ,haydn4 ,weber made public appearances as pianist in early boyhood4 ,his first opera was written when he was only thirteen1 and at fourteen his second opera was performed in ,chemnitz1 ,freiberg1 and ,vienna4 ,an even more comprehensive period of study than heretofore followed in ,munich with ,abb ,vogler4 ,after that1 in #ahjd1 ,weber was appointed conductor of the ,breslau ,city ,theater4 ,in #ahjf he became ,musik ,intendant to the ,duke of ,wuerttemberg1 and in #ahjg private secretary and music master to ,duke ,ludwig in ,stuttgart4 ,from #ahac to #ahaf he was the music director of ,german ,opera in ,prague and in #ahag musical director of ,german ,opera in ,dresden4 ,it was in this last post that he created the first of his unqualified masterworks1 the opera ,der ,freischuetz1 introduced with phenomenal success in ,berlin on ,june #ah1 #ahba4 ,it was with this work that ,german ,romantic opera was born1 grounded in ,germanic nationalism1 filled with the ,german love for the legendary and the supernatural1 and characterized by its use of ,german landscapes and backgrounds4 ,weber wrote two more masterworks with which his high station in opera was solidified3 ,euryanthe1 introduced in ,vienna on ,october #be1 #ahbc1 and ,oberon1 first heard in ,london1 on ,april #ab1 #ahbf4 ,in ,london1 attending the premire of the latter opera1 ,weber succumbed to his last sickness on ,june #e1 #ahbf4 ,his body was transferred to ,dresden where it was buried to special ceremonies at which ,wagner delivered the eulogy4 ,weber's monumental contributions to opera in general1 and ,german opera1 in particular1 do not fall within the scope of this volume2 neither do the three masterworks with which he gained immortality4 ,in music in a lighter vein he was most significant for being one of the first to create waltz music within an extended structure4 ,the most popular of these compositions was the ,invitation to the ,dance 7,aufforderung zum ,tanz71 written in #ahai as a 8rondo brilliant0 in ,d-flat major1 for piano solo4 ,it has since become celebrated in several orchestral transcriptions1 notably those by ,berlioz and ,felix ,weingartner4 ,this work is one of the first in music history in which several different waltz tunes are combined into a single cohesive composition1 preceded by an introduction and concluding with an epilogue4 ,the introduction consists of a subdued1 well-mannered melody1 simulating the request to a lady by a young man for a dance1 and the acceptance4 ,several waltz melodies follow1 to which this couple dance4 ,the epilogue consists of a return of the introduction1 this time with the gentleman thanking the lady for having danced with him4 ,the ,jubilee ,overture 7,jubel71 op4 #ei1 for orchestra is another of ,weber's more popular creations1 this time in a stirring style4 ,he wrote it in #ahah on the occasion of the #ejth anniversary of the ascension to the throne by the ,king of ,saxony4 ,a slow introduction leads to the main body of the overture in which the main theme is forcefully stated by the full orchestra4 ,by contrast there later appears a light-hearted tune1 soon given considerable prominence in the development section4 ,when both ideas have been repeated1 a climax is reached with a statement of the ,english anthem1 8,god ,save the ,king0 in the wind instruments accompanied by the strings4 ,kurt ,weill ,kurt ,weill was born in ,dessau1 ,germany1 on ,march #b1 #aijj4 ,a comprehensive musical training took place first with private teachers in ,dessau1 then at the ,berlin ,high ,school of ,music1 and finally for three years with ,ferruccio ,busoni4 ,weill started out as a composer of avant-garde music performed at several important ,german festivals4 ,his first opera1 ,the ,protagonist1 with a text by ,georg ,kaiser1 was produced in #aibf4 ,from this point on ,weill continued writing operas in which the texts were realistic or satiric1 and the music filled with popular idioms1 sometimes even those of jazz4 ,the most important were ,the ,royal ,palace in #aibg2 ,the ,three-,penny ,opera1 a sensation when first produced in #aibh2 ,the ,czar ,has ,himself ,photographed1 also in #aibh2 and ,the ,rise and ,fall of ,mahagonny1 in #aicj1 one of whose numbers1 8,the ,alabamy ,song10 was a leading song hit in ,germany that year4 ,with these works ,weill became one of the leading exponents of the cultural movements then sweeping across ,germany under the banners of ,zeitkunst 7,contemporary ,art7 and ,gebrauchsmusik 7,functional ,music74 ,in the fall of #aice1 ,weill established permanent residence in the ,united ,states1 becoming an ,american citizen in #aidc4 ,he soon assumed a position of first importance in the ,broadway theater by virtue of a succession of outstanding musicals3 ,johnny ,johnson 7#aicf72 ,knickerbocker ,holiday 7#aich7 in which ,walter ,huston starred as ,peter ,stuyvesant and out of which came one of ,weill's most popular musical numbers1 8,september ,song02 ,moss ,hart's musical about psychoanalysis and the dream life1 ,lady in the ,dark 7#aida7 in which ,gertrude ,lawrence was starred2 ,one ,touch of ,venus 7#aidc71 with ,mary ,martin2 ,street ,scene 7#aidg71 a trenchant musical play based on ,elmer ,rice's realistic drama of ,new ,york2 ,love ,life 7#aidh71 book and lyrics by ,alan ,jay ,lerner1 its main musical number being another all-time ,weill song favorite1 8,green-,up ,time02 and ,lost in the ,stars 7#aidi71 a powerful musical drama adapted from ,alon ,paton's novel1 ,cry1 the ,beloved ,country4 ,weill died in ,new ,york ,city on ,april #c1 #aiej4 ,the ,three-,penny ,opera 7,die ,dreigroschenoper7 is one of the most important musical productions of the post-,world ,war ,i era in ,europe2 and since its premiere it has lost little of its initial popularity4 ,this musical play 7or opera1 if you will7 was based on the historic #ahth-century ballad opera of ,john ,gay1 ,the ,beggar's ,opera4 ,the text was rewritten and modernized by ,berthold ,brecht1 in whose hands the comic opera became a brilliant1 though often bitter1 satire of ,germany in the late #aibj's1 with penetrating satirical comments on crime and corruption in this post-war era4 ,weill's opera was introduced in ,berlin on ,august #ca1 #aibh and scored a sensation with few parallels in contemporary ,german theater4 ,over one hundred theaters gave it four thousand performances throughout ,germany in its initial year4 ,it was made into a motion-picture by ,g4 ,w4 ,pabst 7the first of several screen adaptations74 ,it was introduced in the leading theatrical centers of the world2 the ,american premire--in ,new ,york on ,april #ac1 #aicc--was1 however1 a dismal failure4 ,it has since been revived frequently in all parts of the civilized world4 ,an off-,broadway presentation in #aied--with a new modernized text by ,marc ,blitzstein1 but with the ,weill music untouched--made history by accumulating a run of more than five years2 a national company was then formed to tour the country in #aifj4 ,during this long ,broadway run1 the principal musical number1 8,moritat0 7or 8,mack the ,knife07 became an ,american hit song on two different occasions4 ,in #aiee it was given over twenty different recordings and was often represented on the ,hit ,parade2 revived in #aiei by ,bobby ,darin1 it sold over a million discs4 ,weill's score is a mixture of opera and musical comedy1 of ,european stage traditions and ,american idioms4 ,it opens with a blues and concludes with a mock chorale1 while in between these opposite poles there can be heard a shimmy1 a canon in fox-trot1 popular tunes1 formal ballads1 light airs1 choruses1 and ensemble numbers4 ,the style ranges freely from ,tin ,pan ,alley clichs to atonality1 from mock romanticism to dissonance4 ,each number was basic to the plot2 principal numbers often became penetrating psychological commentaries on the characters who presented them4 8,moritat0 7or 8,mack the ,knife07 is the main musical number4 ,but several others are also of outstanding interest including 8,love ,song0 78,liebeslied071 8,the ,ballad of ,pleasant ,living0 78,ballade vom angenehmen ,leben071 the ,canon-,song1 ,barbarasong1 and the ,bully's ,ballad 78,zuhaelterballade074 ,jaromir ,weinberger ,jaromir ,weinberger was born in ,prague1 ,czechoslovakia1 on ,january #h1 #ahif4 ,after completing his music study at the ,prague ,conservatory1 and privately with ,max ,reger in ,berlin1 he came to the ,united ,states in #aibb1 teaching for one season at the ,ithaca ,conservatory in ,ithaca1 ,new ,york4 ,following his return to ,europe he held various posts as teacher and conductor4 ,he achieved international renown as a composer with a ,bohemian folk opera1 ,schwanda1 der ,dudelsackpfeifer first performed in ,prague on ,april #bg1 #aibg1 then successfully heard throughout ,europe and in the ,united ,states4 ,weinberger wrote many operas after that1 and a considerable amount of orchestral music4 ,up to #aicg his home was in ,prague1 but since #aici he has lived in the ,united ,states4 ,one of his most successful works for orchestra was introduced in the ,united ,states soon after his arrival1 ,under the ,spreading ,chestnut ,tree4 ,among the numerous works by ,weinberger are two that can be said to have a more popular appeal than the others4 ,one is in an ,american idiom and manner which ,weinberger assumed for many of his major works after coming to this country2 the other is in the ,bohemian style with which he first became famous4 ,that in the ,american style and spirit 7but technically in a fugue idiom7 is a delightful treatment of the popular ,american tune by ,dan ,emmett1 8,dixie40 8,dixie0 had originated as a minstrel-show tune1 being written by ,emmett as a 8walk-around0 7or closing number7 for a minstrel-show production at the ,bryant ,theater in ,new ,york in ,november #ahei4 ,it became an immediate favorite with minstrel troupes throughout the country4 ,during the ,civil ,war it became the ,southland's favorite battle hymn1 despite the fact that it was the work of a ,northerner4 ,the charge at ,gettysburg by ,general ,george ,pickett was made to the strains of this music4 ,after the surrender at ,appomattox1 ,president ,lincoln invited a band outside the ,white ,house to play the tune for him maintaining that since the ,north had conquered the ,southern army it had also gained its favorite song as a spoils of war4 ,in #aidj ,weinberger wrote the ,prelude and ,fugue on ,dixie for symphony orchestra4 ,the prelude devotes itself to a simple statement of the melody1 after which comes the lively fugal treatment of its main theme4 ,the treatment is throughout so skilful and musical that we never feel any sense of contradiction in the use of a popular minstrel-show tune within a soundly classical structure and through soundly classical means4 ,out of the composer's most famous opera1 ,schwanda1 der ,dudelsackpfeifer 7,schwanda1 the ,bagpipeplayer7 comes a ,polka and ,fugue for orchestra that is undoubtedly the most familiar excerpt from the opera4 ,the vivacious ,polka--which has a lusty peasant vitality in its marked accentuations--comes from ,act #b1 ,scene #b2 the fugue 7whose main theme is suggested in the polka7 is used in the opera's closing scene4 ,just before the end of the fugue1 the polka melody is heard again1 set contrapuntally against the fugue tune in a powerful climax in which the full orchestra1 as well as an organ1 is utilized4 ,henri ,wieniawski ,henri ,wieniawski was born in ,lublin1 ,poland1 on ,july #aj1 #ahce4 ,when he was eight he entered the ,paris ,conservatory1 from which he was graduated three years later with first prize in violin-playing1 the first time this institution conferred such an honor on one so young4 ,sensational appearances as child prodigy followed throughout ,europe4 ,after an additional period of study at the ,paris ,conservatory between #ahdi and #ahej1 he initiated his career as a mature performer1 and as one of the world's foremost violinists1 with performances in ,europe and ,russia4 ,in #ahgb he toured the ,united ,states with the pianist1 ,anton ,rubinstein4 ,meanwhile1 in #ahei1 he was appointed solo violinist to the ,czar of ,russia1 and from #ahfb to #ahfg he was professor of the violin at the ,st4 ,petersburg ,conservatory4 ,in #ahgd he succeeded ,vieuxtemps as professor of the violin at the ,brussels ,conservatory where he remained fourteen years4 ,he suffered a heart attack while performing in ,berlin in #ahgh1 and died in ,moscow on ,march #ca1 #ahhj4 ,wieniawski produced a rich repertory of music for the violin which is still performed extensively4 ,this includes the famous ,concerto in ,d minor and many smaller compositions4 ,among the latter can be found pieces which have become favorites with salon orchestra in transcription4 ,these1 like other major works by the composer1 are characterized by broad and expressive melodies and brilliant technical effects4 ,the ,kujawiak1 in ,a minor1 op4 #c is a brilliant rhythmic number--a spirited mazurka which derives its name from the fact that it has come out of the ,kuawy district of ,poland4 ,the ,lgende1 op4 #ag1 on the other hand1 is outstanding for its sentimental lyricism4 ,this piece is an eloquent song1 originally for violin and orchestra1 that seems to be telling a romantic tale4 ,the ,polonaise brillante1 in ,d major1 op4 #d1 like the ,kujawiak1 is a successful attempt to incorporate within a concert work the characteristics of a popular ,polish dance4 ,this composition is appealing for its sharp accentuations on the half beat1 syncopations1 and brilliant passage work4 ,the ,souvenirs of ,moscow 7,souvenirs de ,moscou71 op4 #f1 is a fantasia on famous ,russian airs1 the most important of which is 8,the ,red ,sarafin40 ,ralph ,vaughan ,williams ,ralph ,vaughan ,williams was born in ,down ,ampney1 ,england1 on ,october #ab1 #ahgb4 ,after attending the ,royal ,college of ,music1 he studied composition privately with ,max ,bruch in ,berlin4 ,in #aija he was appointed organist of the ,st4 ,barnabas ,church in ,london4 ,for the next few years he devoted himself mainly to church music4 ,his interest in the ,english folk songs of the ,tudor period1 first stimulated in #aijd1 proved for him a decisive turning point4 ,besides dedicating himself henceforth to intensive research in ,english folk music 7much of which he helped to revive from neglect and obscurity through his editions and adaptations7 he found a new direction as composer3 in the writing of music with a national identity1 music absorbing the melodic1 harmonic and modal techniques--at times even the actual material--of these old songs and dances4 ,this new trend first became evident in #aijg with his ,norfolk ,rhapsodies4 ,after an additional period of study with ,maurice ,ravel in ,paris1 ,vaughan ,williams embarked upon the writing of his first major works which included the famous ,fantasia on a ,theme by ,thomas ,tallis1 ,london ,symphony1 and the opera ,hugh the ,drover4 ,subsequent works in all fields of composition placed him with the masters of #bjth-century music4 ,these compositions included symphonies1 operas1 concertos1 fantasias1 choral and chamber music4 ,for more than thirty years1 ,vaughan ,williams taught composition at the ,royal ,college of ,music in ,london2 from #aibj to #aibh he was the conductor of the ,bach ,choir1 also in that city4 ,he paid two visits to the ,united ,states1 the first time in #aibb to direct some of his works at a music festival in ,connecticut1 and the second time a decade later to lecture at ,bryn ,mawr ,college4 ,he received the ,order of ,merit in #aice and the ,albert medal of the ,royal ,society of ,arts in #aiee4 ,he died in ,london on ,august #bf1 #aieh4 ,only a meagre number of ,vaughan ,williams' compositions have popular appeal4 ,one of these is the ,fantasia on ,greensleeves1 for orchestra4 8,greensleeves0 is an old ,english folk song dating from the early #afth century1 and mentioned in ,shakespeare's ,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor4 ,in the #agth century it became the party song of the ,cavaliers4 ,americans know it best through a popular-song adaptation in #aieg4 ,vaughan ,williams' delightful fantasia appears as an orchestral interlude in his opera ,sir ,john in ,love 7#aibi71 based on ,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor4 ,a brief episode for flute leads to 8,greensleeves10 which is harmonized opulently for strings4 ,two brief variations follow4 ,then the opening flute episode is recalled as is the folk song itself--the main melody in lower strings with embellishments in the upper ones4 ,the ,march of the ,kitchen ,utensils is an amusing little episode for orchestra1 part of the incidental music prepared by the composer for a production of ,aristophanes' ,the ,wasps in ,cambridge in #aiji4 ,this march opens with a humorous little theme for the wind instruments in the impish style of ,prokofiev4 ,the theme is taken over by the strings4 ,the middle section is much more in the identifiable national style of ,vaughan ,williams with a melody that resembles an old ,english folk dance4 ,jacques ,wolfe ,jacques ,wolfe1 composer of songs in the style of ,negro ,spirituals familiar in the repertory of most ,american baritones1 was born in ,botoshan1 ,rumania on ,april #bi1 #ahif4 ,he was trained as a pianist at the ,institute of ,musical ,art4 ,while serving in the army during ,world ,war ,i1 a member of the #ejth ,infantry ,band1 he was stationed in ,north ,carolina where he first came into contact with ,negro folk songs4 ,this made such a profound impression on him that he devoted himself to research in this field4 ,after the war he made many appearances on the concert stage both as a solo performer and as an accompanist4 ,for several years he was also a teacher of music at ,new ,york ,city high schools4 ,wolfe's two best known songs in the style of ,negro folk songs appeared in #aibh4 ,one is 8,de ,glory ,road10 words by ,clement ,wood1 a work of such extraordinary fervor and dramatic character that it has proved a sure-fire number with concert baritones throughout the country1 and notably with ,lawrence ,tibbett with whom it was a particular favorite4 ,the other was 8,short'nin' ,bread10 to ,wolfe's own words4 ,the latter in all probability is not original with ,wolfe but an adaptation of one of the melodies he discovered in ,north ,carolina4 ,several ,negro composers have been credited with being its composer2 one of them was ,reese d',pres who is said to have written the melody in or about #aije4 ,among ,wolfe's other familiar songs are 8,god's ,world10 8,goin' to ,hebb'n0 and 8,hallelujah ,rhythm40 ,ermanno ,wolf-,ferrari ,ermanno ,wolf-,ferrari was born in ,venice1 ,italy1 on ,january #ab1 #ahgf4 ,originally planning to make art his career he went to ,rome1 but while there became so fascinated by opera that then and there he decided to become a musician4 ,he completed his musical training in ,munich in #ahie with ,josef ,rheinberger4 ,in #ahii he returned to his native city where his first major work--an oratorio1 ,la ,sulamite--was successfully performed4 ,his first opera1 ,cenerentola 7,cinderella7 was introduced in ,venice in #aijj4 ,his first comic opera 7or opera buffa7 came to ,munich in #aijc3 ,le ,donne ,curiose4 ,he achieved world renown with still another comic opera1 ,the ,secret of ,suzanne1 first performed in ,munich in #aiji4 ,this distinguished achievement was followed by an equally significant achievement in a serious vein1 the grand opera1 ,the ,jewels of the ,madonna1 first heard in ,berlin in #aiaa4 ,one year later ,wolf-,ferrari paid his first visit to the ,united ,states to attend in ,chicago the ,american premire of ,the ,jewels of the ,madonna4 ,he wrote many operas after that1 both in a comic and serious style1 but his fame still rests securely on ,the ,secret of ,suzanne and ,the ,jewels of the ,madonna4 ,from #aijb to #aiab he was director of the ,benedetto ,marcello ,conservatory in ,venice4 ,he died in that city on ,january #ba1 #aidh4 ,from ,the ,jewels of the ,madonna 7,i ,gioielli della ,madonna7 have come several familiar orchestral episodes4 ,this tragedy--libretto by the composer with verses by ,carlo ,zangarini and ,enrico ,golisciani--was successfully introduced in ,berlin on ,december #bc1 #aiaa4 ,rafaele1 leader of the ,camorrists1 and ,gennaro1 a blacksmith1 are rivals for the love of ,maliela4 ,after ,rafaele appears to have won ,maliela's love1 ,gennaro wins her away from his rival by stealing for her the jewels decorating the image of the ,madonna4 ,maliela confesses to ,rafaele and other ,camorrists about this theft1 then rushes off into a raging sea to meet her death4 ,after ,gennaro has returned the jewels to the ,madonna1 he plunges a dagger into his own breast4 ,two melodious intermezzos for orchestra are often played by salon and pop orchestras4 ,the first comes between the first and second acts and is in a languorous mood4 ,the second1 heard between the second and third acts1 opens with a light subject and continues with a broadly lyrical episode4 ,a third popular orchestral excerpt from this opera is the dramatic 8,dance of the ,camorristi0 during a revel in the ,camorristi hideout in the opening of the third act4 ,as an opera ,the ,secret of ,suzanne 7,il ,segreto di ,susanna7 is a trifle4 ,the libretto by ,enrico ,golisciani concerns a terrible secret harbored by the heroine1 ,suzanne3 she is addicted to smoking4 ,since her husband finds cigarette butts in their house he suspects her of entertaining a lover during his absence4 ,spying on her through the window1 one day1 he learns about his wife's secret to his infinite relief1 and does not hesitate to join her in a smoke4 ,light1 breezy1 infectious1 and unpretentious1 this little opera has been a favorite with operagoers everywhere since its world premire in ,munich on ,december #d1 #aiji4 ,the overture is as gay and as capricious as this merry tale4 ,it begins vivaciously with the main theme in first violins and the woodwind4 ,after this idea has been elaborated upon1 a second melody is heard in the flute and clarinet accompanied by strings4 ,the two melodies are soon merged contrapuntally1 with the first theme heard in woodwinds and trumpet and the second in the strings4 ,sebastin ,yradier ,sebastin ,yradier was born in ,sauciego1 lava1 ,spain on ,january #bj1 #ahji4 ,little is known of his career beyond the fact that his music instruction took place with private teachers2 that in #ahea he was appointed singing master to the ,empress ,eugnie in ,paris2 and that for a period he lived in ,cuba4 ,he died in ,vitoria1 ,spain1 on ,december #f1 #ahfe4 ,he was a successful composer of ,spanish songs4 ,the most famous is 8,la ,paloma10 which is in the habanera rhythm1 its melody in the sensual1 sinuous style of a flamenco song4 8,el ,arreglito10 also a habanera1 was borrowed by ,bizet for his opera ,carmen where it re-emerges as the world-famous 8,habanera02 ,bizet made only minor changes in the melody while retaining ,yradier's tonality and accompaniment4 ,a third popular ,yradier song1 in a style similar to 8,la ,paloma10 is 8,ay ,chiquita60 ,carl ,zeller ,carl ,zeller was born in ,st4 ,peter-in-der-,au1 ,austria on ,july #ai1 #ahdb4 ,music1 the study of which he had pursued since boyhood with private teachers1 was an avocation4 ,he earned his living as an official in the ,ministry of ,education in ,austria4 ,nevertheless1 he managed to write many operettas1 two of which were among the most successful written in ,austria during his time4 ,among his first works for the stage were ,joconde 7#ahgf71 ,die ,carbonari 7#ahhj71 and ,der ,vagabund 7#ahhf74 ,his first major success came with ,der ,vogelhaendler in #ahhf1 still a great favorite on the ,continent4 ,the second of his operetta classics1 ,der ,obersteiger1 was introduced in #ahid4 ,a later successful1 though less well known1 operetta1 ,der ,kellermeister1 was produced posthumously in #aija4 ,zeller died in ,baden near ,vienna on ,august #ag1 #ahih4 ,der ,obersteiger 7,the ,master ,miner7--book by ,m4 ,west and ,l4 ,held--received its premire in ,vienna on ,january #e1 #ahid4 ,the setting is a salt-mining district of ,austria in or about #ahdj4 ,martin instigates a strike among the miners1 for which he is deprived of his job4 ,to support himself he organizes a band of musicians from among the miners and tours the country4 ,eventually ,martin returns to his mining town where he finally manages to regain his job and to win ,nelly1 with whom he has always been in love4 ,the most popular song in the operetta is ,martin's air with chorus1 8,wo sie war1 die ,muellerin10 and its most delightful waltz is 8,trauet nie dem blossen schein40 ,der ,vogelhaendler 7,the ,bird-,seller71 once again with a book by ,m4 ,west and ,l4 ,held1 was first heard in ,vienna on ,january #aj1 #ahia2 but in #aicc it was presented in a new version in ,munich adapted by ,quedenfelt1 ,brugmann and ,bauckner4 ,in the ,rhine ,palatinate in the #ahth century1 ,adam1 a wandering bird-seller1 is in love with ,christel1 but she refuses to consider marriage unless he gets a permanent job4 ,he gets that job on the estate of the ,elector ,palatine at which point ,christel is all too willing to give up a projected marriage with ,count ,stanislaus for the sake of her beloved ,adam4 ,the lovable melodies from this operetta--in the best traditions of ,supp and ,johann ,strauss ,,ii--have made it a favorite not only in ,germany and ,austria1 but also throughout the rest of ,europe1 in ,north and ,south ,america1 and in ,south ,africa4 ,among the musical highlights of this operetta are the waltz 8,schau mir nur recht ins ,gesicht02 the 8,nightingale ,song0 78,wie mein ,ahn'l zwanzig ,jahr072 the pert march tune 8,kaempfe nie mit ,frau'n02 and ,christel's sprightly air1 8,ich bin die ,christel von der ,post40 ,karl ,michael ,ziehrer ,karl ,michael ,ziehrer1 beloved ,viennese composer of waltzes and operettas1 was born in ,vienna on ,may #b1 #ahdc4 ,he was completely self-taught in music4 ,in #ahfc he formed a caf-house orchestra with which he toured ,austria and ,germany1 often featuring his own dance pieces and marches4 ,he later expanded this orchestra into an ensemble numbering fifty players with which he gave a series of successful concerts of semi-classical music in ,vienna4 ,in #aijg he became music director of the court balls4 ,after ,world ,war ,i he suffered extreme poverty1 his personal fortune having been lost with the collapse of the ,hapsburg monarchy4 ,he died in want and obscurity in ,vienna on ,november #ad1 #aibb4 ,ziehrer wrote more than five hundred popular pieces for orchestra1 including numerous marches and waltzes4 ,his waltzes were particularly favored1 many of these in the style of ,johann ,strauss ,,ii4 ,some are still extensively played4 ,probably the most famous of all his waltzes is ,wiener ,maedchen 78,vienna ,maidens071 which must rank with ,lehr's 8,merry ,widow ,waltz0 as one of the most popular such dances produced in ,vienna since the time of ,johann ,strauss ,,ii4 ,its first melody sounds like a ,schubert ,laendler1 with the peasant vigor of its rhythm and its robust tune2 but the main subject is a soaring waltz in the finest traditions of ,viennese caf-house music4 ,the following are other famous ,ziehrer waltzes3 8,alt ,wien0 78,old ,vienna071 8,faschingskinder0 78,carnival ,children071 and 8,wiener ,buerger0 78,viennese ,citizens071 all three of which come closest among his works in assuming the structural outlines and the melodic identity of the ,johann ,strauss waltz classics4 ,also popular are the 8,donauwalzer0 78,waltzes from the ,danube07 and 8,evatochter0 78,daughter of ,eve074 ,ziehrer's most famous operetta is ,die ,landestreicher 7,the ,vagabonds7--book by ,l4 ,krenn and ,c4 ,lindau1 first performed in ,vienna on ,july #bf1 #ahii4 ,in upper ,bavaria two tramps--,fliederbusch and his wife ,bertha--manage to live by their wits4 ,disguised respectively as ,prince ,gilka and a dancer they visit a famous resort hotel and are involved in numerous adventures4 ,by managing to retrieve a supposedly valuable lost necklace for the ,prince they finally win his favor and enter his service4 ,of particular interest is the captivating waltz at the end of the first act1 8,sei gepriesen1 du lauschige ,nacht40 ,from several of ,ziehrer's other operettas there come other delightful waltzes1 notably 8,samt und ,seide0 from ,der ,fremdenfuehrer 7#aijb7 and 8,hereinspaziert0 from ,der ,schatzmeister 7#aijd74 ,an ,alphabetical ,listing of the ,lighter ,classics in ,music 8,abendlied0 7,schumann7 ,abendsterne 7,lanner7 ,acceleration ,waltzes 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 ,acclamations 7,waldteufel7 8,ach1 ich hab' sie ja nur die ,schulter gekuesst0 7,milloecker71 see ,the ,beggar ,student ,adagio pathtique 7,godard7 8,addio0 7,tosti7 8,addio all madre0 7,mascagni71 see ,cavalleria ,rusticana 8,addio del passato0 7,verdi71 see ,la ,traviata 8,addio fiorito asil0 7,puccini71 see ,madama ,butterfly ,adoration 7,borowski7 ,l',africaine3 ,selections 7,meyerbeer7 ,agnus ,dei 7,bizet7 8,ah6 che la morte ognora10 or 8,miserere0 7,verdi71 see ,il ,trovatore 8,ah1 fors lui0 7,verdi71 see ,la ,traviata 8,ah ,sweet ,mystery of ,life0 7,herbert71 see ,naughty ,marietta ,aida3 ,overture1 ,ballet ,music1 and ,selections 7,verdi7 8,ai nostri monti0 7,verdi7 see ,il ,trovatore ,air1 or ,air on the ,g ,string 7,bach7 ,al fresco 7,herbert7 8,allia marcia0 7,sibelius71 see ,karelia ,suite 8,allmaecht'ge ,jungfrau10 or 8,elisabeth's ,prayer0 7,wagner71 see ,tannhaeuser ,alley ,tunes 7,guion7 8,almost ,like ,being in ,love0 7,loewe71 see ,brigadoon ,alsatian ,scenes 7,massenet7 8,als ,bueblein klein0 7,nicolai71 see ,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor ,alt ,wien 7,godowsky7 ,alt ,wien 7,ziehrer7 ,amelia 7,lumbye7 ,american ,fantasia 7,herbert7 ,american ,salute3 8,when ,johnny ,comes ,marching ,home0 7,gould7 ,american ,suite 7,cadman7 ,american ,symphonette ,no4 #b 7,gould7 8,am ,meer0 7,schubert7 ,an ,american in ,paris 7,gershwin7 ,andalucia 7,lecuona7 ,andaluza 7,granados71 see ,spanish ,dances ,andante cantabile 7,tchaikovsky7 ,andante religioso 7,halvorsen7 ,andantino 7,kreisler7 ,an der schoenen blauen ,donau 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,the ,blue ,danube 8,an die ,musik0 7,schubert7 8,the ,angelus0 7,herbert7 ,anitra's ,dance 7,grieg71 see ,peer ,gynt ,suite1 ,no4 #a ,annen-,polka 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 ,anvil ,chorus 7,verdi71 see 8,vedi1 le fosche notturne spoglie10 ,il ,trovatore ,apache ,dance 7,offenbach7 8,aprs un rve0 7,faur7 ,aquarellen 7,josef ,strauss7 ,arabian ,dance 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,nutcracker ,suite ,arkansas ,traveler 7,guion7 ,l',arlsienne1 ,suite ,nos4 #a and #b 7,bizet7 8,el ,arreglito0 7,yradier7 ,artist's ,life 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 ,ascot ,gavotte 7,loewe71 see ,my ,fair ,lady ,ase's ,death 7,grieg71 see ,peer ,gynt ,suite1 ,no4 #a ,as ,you ,like ,it3 ,dances 7,german7 8,at ,dawning0 7,cadman7 8,a te questo rosario0 7,ponchielli71 see ,la ,gioconda ,aubade provenale 7,kreisler7 8,auf dem ,wasser zu singen0 7,schubert7 ,aufforderung zum ,tanz 7,weber71 see ,invitation to the ,dance 8,auf ,fluegeln des ,gesanges0 7,mendelssohn71 see 8,on ,wings of ,song0 8,au mont ,venus0 7,offenbach71 see ,la ,belle ,hlne ,austrian ,national ,anthem 7,haydn71 see 8,gott erhalte ,franz den ,kaiser0 ,autumn ,song 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,the ,months 8,ave ,maria0 7,gounod7 8,ave ,maria0 7,schubert7 8,ay ,chiquita0 7,yradier7 ,babes in ,toyland3 ,selections 7,herbert7 ,bacchanale1 from ,the ,queen of ,sheba 7,karl ,goldmark7 ,bacchanale1 from ,samson and ,delilah 7,saint-,sans7 ,bacchanale1 from ,tannhaeuser 7,wagner7 ,bahn-,frei ,polka 7,eduard ,strauss7 8,bali ,h'ai0 7,rodgers71 see ,south ,pacific ,ballabile 7,verdi71 see ,aida 8,ballade vom angenehmen ,leben0 7,weill71 see 8,the ,ballad of ,pleasant ,living10 ,the ,three-,penny ,opera 8,ballad of ,herne the ,hunter0 7,nicolai71 see ,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor 8,the ,ballad of ,pleasant ,living0 7,weill71 see ,the ,three-,penny ,opera ,ballatella1 or 8,bird ,song0 7,leoncavallo71 see 8,stridono lassu0 ,pagliacci ,ballet gyptien 7,luigini7 ,ballet ,music from ,rosamunde 7,schubert7 ,ballet ,suite 7,gluck-,mottl71 see ,gluck ,the ,banjo 7,gottschalk7 ,barbara-,song 7,weill71 see ,the ,three-,penny ,opera ,the ,barber of ,seville3 ,overture and ,selections 7,rossini7 ,barcarolle from ,the ,tales of ,hoffmann 7,offenbach7 ,bartered ,bride3 ,overture and ,selections 7,smetana7 ,le ,baruffe ,chiozzotte1 ,overture 7,sinigaglia7 ,the ,bat 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,die ,fledermaus ,bavarian ,dances 7,elgar7 8,beautiful ,dreamer0 7,foster7 ,beautiful ,galathea1 ,overture 7,supp7 8,die beiden ,grenadiere0 7,schumann7 ,the ,beggar ,student3 ,selections 7,milloecker7 8,bella figlia dell' amore10 ,quartet 7,verdi71 see ,rigoletto ,la ,belle ,hlne3 ,selections 7,offenbach7 ,berceuse from ,jocelyn 7,godard7 ,berceuse 7,jrnefelt7 8,bess1 ,you ,is ,my ,woman ,now0 7,gershwin71 see ,porgy and ,bess ,der ,bettelstudent 7,milloecker71 see ,the ,beggar ,student ,big ,ben 7,rose7 8,bill0 7,kern71 see ,show ,boat ,bird ,song1 8,stridono lassu0 7,leoncavallo71 see ,pagliacci 8,bist du's1 lachendes ,glueck0 7,lehr71 see ,the ,count of ,luxembourg ,black1 ,brown and ,beige 7,ellington7 ,the ,black ,domino3 ,overture 7,auber7 8,blow ,high1 ,blow ,low0 7,rodgers71 see ,carousel ,the ,blue ,danube 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 8,blue ,heaven0 7,romberg71 see ,the ,desert ,song ,blue ,tango 7,anderson7 ,la ,bohme3 ,selections 7,puccini7 ,the ,bohemian ,girl3 ,selections 7,balfe7 ,bolero 7,moszkowski7 ,bolero 7,ravel7 ,boris ,godunov3 ,polonaise 7,mussorgsky7 ,bridal ,procession 7,rimsky-,korsakov71 see ,le ,coq d'or ,brigadoon3 ,selections 7,loewe7 ,brigg ,fair 7,grainger7 8,brightly ,dawns ,our ,wedding ,day0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,mikado ,brindisi 7,verdi71 see 8,libiamo1 ,libiamo10 ,la ,traviata ,bugler's ,holiday 7,anderson7 8,the ,bully's ,ballad0 7,weill71 see ,the ,three-,penny ,opera ,caecilien 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 ,cakewalk 7,gottschalk-,kay71 see ,gottschalk ,caliph of ,bagdad3 ,overture 7,boieldieu7 8,la ,calunnia0 7,rossini71 see ,the ,barber of ,seville 8,camptown ,races0 7,foster7 ,the ,canary 7,mozart71 see ,german ,dances ,can-,can 7,offenbach71 see ,la ,belle ,hlne1 ,orpheus in the ,underworld 8,canon ,song0 7,weill71 see ,the ,three-,penny ,opera 8,can't ,help ,lovin' ,that ,man0 7,kern71 see ,show ,boat 8,cantique ,nol0 7,adam7 8,canto ,siboney0 7,lecuona7 ,canzonetta 7,sibelius7 ,capriccio espagnol 7,rimsky-,korsakov71 see ,spanish ,caprice ,caprice ,basque 7,sarasate7 ,caprice ,viennois 7,kreisler7 8,card ,song0 7,bizet71 see ,carmen 8,carefully on ,tip-,toe ,stealing0 7,sullivan71 see ,pinafore ,carmen3 ,preludes and ,selections 7,bizet7 ,carnaval ,paris 7,svendsen71 see ,carnival in ,paris ,carnival of ,animals 7,saint-,sans7 ,carnival ,overture 7,glazunov7 8,caro nome0 7,verdi71 see ,rigoletto ,carousel3 ,selections 7,rodgers7 ,carousel ,waltz 7,rodgers71 see ,carousel ,casse-noisette 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,nutcracker ,suite 8,casta diva0 7,bellini71 see ,norma ,catalonia 7,albniz7 ,catfish ,row 7,gershwin71 see ,porgy and ,bess ,cavalleria ,rusticana3 ,selections 7,mascagni7 ,caucasian ,sketches 7,ippolitov-,ivanov7 ,cavatina 7,raff7 8,celeste ,aida0 7,verdi71 see ,aida ,central ,park 7,goldman7 ,champagne ,galop 7,lumbye7 ,chanson bohme 7,bizet71 see ,carmen ,chanson ,louis ,,xiii et ,pavane 7,kreisler7 ,chanson sans paroles 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,song ,without ,words ,chanson triste 7,tchaikovsky7 8,che gelida manina0 7,puccini71 see ,la ,bohme ,children's ,corner 7,debussy7 ,children's ,dance 7,german71 see ,as ,you ,like ,it ,children's ,games 7,bizet7 ,children's ,march 7,goldman7 ,children's ,march 7,grainger7 ,children's ,symphony 7,mc,donald7 ,chimes of ,normandy3 ,selections 7,planquette7 ,the ,chocolate ,soldier3 ,selections 7,straus7 8,chorus of ,swords0 7,gounod71 see ,faust ,christmas ,festival 7,anderson7 ,le ,cid3 ,ballet ,music 7,massenet7 8,cider ,song0 7,planquette71 see ,the ,chimes of ,normandy 8,cielo e mar0 7,ponchielli71 see ,la ,gioconda ,circus ,day 7,taylor7 ,clair de lune 7,debussy7 8,climbing ,over ,rocky ,mountain0 7,sullivan71 see ,pirates of ,penzance ,les ,cloches de ,corneville 7,planquette71 see ,the ,chimes of ,normandy ,clog ,dance 7,lortzing71 see ,czar and ,carpenter ,cockaigne ,overture 7,elgar7 8,cockeyed ,optimist0 7,rodgers71 see ,south ,pacific ,colas ,breugnon3 ,overture 7,kabalevsky7 ,the ,comedians 7,kabalevsky7 ,comedy ,overture on ,negro ,themes 7,gilbert7 8,come ,friends ,who ,plough the ,sea0 7,sullivan71 see ,pirates of ,penzance 8,come1 ,sweet ,death0 7,bach7 8,la ,comparasa0 7,lecuona7 8,come to ,me1 ,bend to ,me0 7,loewe71 see ,brigadoon ,concert ,polka 7,lumbye7 ,concerto in ,f 7,gershwin7 8,connais-tu le pays80 7,thomas7 see ,mignon ,les ,contes d',hoffmann 7,offenbach71 see ,tales of ,hoffmann ,contredanses 7,beethoven7 ,contretaenze 7,mozart71 see ,country ,dances ,conversation ,piece3 ,selections 7,coward7 ,copplia3 ,suite 7,delibes7 ,le ,coq d'or3 ,bridal ,procession1 ,hymn to the ,sun 7,rimsky-,korsakov7 ,la ,coquette 7,borowski7 ,crdoba 7,albniz7 ,cornish ,rhapsody 7,bath7 ,coronation ,march 7,meyerbeer71 see ,le ,prophte ,el ,corpus en ,seville 7,albniz71 see ,fte-,dieu ,seville ,cottilon 7,benjamin7 ,countess ,maritza3 ,selections 7,klmn7 ,the ,count of ,luxembourg3 ,selections 7,lehr7 ,country ,dance 7,german71 see ,henry ,,viii ,country ,dances 7,mozart7 ,country ,gardens 7,grainger7 ,cowboy ,rhapsody 7,gould7 8,cradle ,song0 7,brahms7 ,the ,crown ,jewels3 ,overture 7,auber7 ,cuban ,overture 7,gershwin7 ,le ,cygne 7,saint-,sans71 see ,the ,swan1 ,carnival of ,animals ,czar and ,carpenter3 ,selections 7,lortzing7 ,czardas 7,delibes71 see ,copplia ,die ,czardasfuerstin 7,klmn71 see ,the ,gypsy ,princess ,czar und ,zimmermann 7,lortzing71 see ,czar and ,carpenter ,dagger ,dance 7,herbert7 8,da geh' ich zu ,maxim0 7,lehr71 see ,the ,merry ,widow ,la ,dame blanche3 ,overture 7,boieldieu7 ,damnation of ,faust3 ,selections 7,berlioz7 8,d'amor sull' ali rosee0 7,verdi71 see ,il ,trovatore ,dance in ,place ,congo 7,gilbert7 ,dance of the ,blessed ,spirits 7,gluck7 ,dance of the ,buffoons 7,rimsky-,korsakov7 ,dance of the ,camorristi 7,wolf-,ferrari71 see ,the ,jewels of the ,madonna ,dance of the ,chinese ,girls 7,glire71 see ,the ,red ,poppy ,dance of the ,comedians 7,smetana71 see ,the ,bartered ,bride ,dance of the ,flutes 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,nutcracker ,suite ,dance of the ,moorish ,slaves 7,verdi71 see ,aida ,dance of the ,rose ,girls 7,khatchaturian71 see ,gayane ,dance of the ,spanish ,onion 7,rose7 ,dance of the ,sugarplum ,fairy 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,nutcracker ,suite ,dance of the ,sylphs 7,berlioz71 see ,damnation of ,faust ,dance of the ,tumblers 7,rimsky-,korsakov71 see ,dance of the ,buffoons ,dance of the ,waves 7,catalani71 see ,the ,loreley ,dance of the ,wheat 7,ginastera71 see ,dances from ,estancia ,dancers of ,mardi ,gras 7,cadman7 ,dances from ,estancia3 ,dance of the ,wheat 7,ginastera7 8,dancing ,will ,keep ,you ,young0 7,romberg71 see ,maytime ,danse macabre 7,saint-,sans7 ,danse ngre 7,scott7 ,danza della ore 7,ponchielli71 see ,dance of the ,hours1 ,la ,gioconda ,daughter of the ,regiment3 ,overture 7,donizetti7 8,dawn of ,love0 7,friml71 see ,the ,firefly 8,death and the ,maiden0 7,schubert71 see 8,der ,tod und das ,maedchen0 8,deep in ,my ,heart0 7,romberg71 see ,the ,student ,prince 8,de ,glory ,road0 7,wolfe7 8,dein ist mein ganzes ,herz0 7,lehr71 see ,the ,land of ,smiles ,delirien 7,josef ,strauss7 ,the ,deluge 7,saint-,sans7 8,de' miei bollenti spiriti0 7,verdi71 see ,rigoletto 8,deserto sulla terra0 7,verdi71 see ,il ,trovatore ,the ,desert ,song3 ,selections 7,romberg7 ,deutsche ,taenze 7,beethoven71 see ,german ,dances ,deutsche ,taenze 7,mozart7 see ,german ,dances ,les ,diamants de la couronne 7,auber71 see ,the ,crown ,jewels ,dichter und ,bauer1 ,overture 7,supp71 see ,poet and ,peasant 8,dich teurer ,halle0 7,wagner71 see ,tannhaeuser 8,di ,provenza il mar0 7,verdi71 see ,la ,traviata 8,di quella pira0 7,verdi71 see ,il ,trovatore 8,dis moi ,venus0 7,offenbach71 see ,la ,belle ,hlne ,divertissement 7,ibert7 ,doctrinen 7,eduard ,strauss7 ,dolly 7,faur7 ,dolores 7,waldteufel7 ,le ,domino noir 7,auber71 see ,the ,black ,domino ,donaulieder 7,johann ,strauss ,i7 8,donkey ,serenade0 7,friml7 ,donna ,diana3 ,overture 7,rezniek7 8,la donne mobile0 7,verdi7 see ,rigoletto ,donnerwetter 7,mozart71 see ,country ,dances ,don ,pasquale3 ,overture 7,donizetti7 ,dorfschwalben aus ,oesterreich 7,josef ,strauss7 ,dream ,pantomime 7,humperdinck71 see ,hansel and ,gretel ,dream ,pictures 7,lumbye7 ,die ,dreigroschenoper 7,weill71 see ,the ,three-,penny ,opera 8,drinking ,song0 7,romberg71 see ,the ,student ,prince 8,du bist die ,ruh0 7,schubert7 8,the ,duke of ,plaza-,toro0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,gondoliers 8,du and ,du0 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,die ,fledermaus ,dynamiden 7,josef ,strauss7 8,ecco ridente in cielo0 7,rossini71 see ,the ,barber of ,seville ,eight ,russian ,folk ,songs 7,liadov7 ,ein ,morgen1 ein ,mittag1 ein ,abend in ,wien 7,supp71 see ,morning1 ,noon and ,night in ,vienna ,einzugmarsch 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,the ,gypsy ,baron ,el ,capitan 7,sousa7 ,electrophor-,polka 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 lgie 7,massenet71 see ,les rynnies ,elegy 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,serenade for ,strings ,l',elisir d'amore3 ,selections 7,donizetti7 8,elisabeth's ,prayer0 7,wagner71 see 8,allmacht'ge ,jungfrau10 ,tannhaeuser 8,e lucevan le stelle0 7,puccini71 see ,tosca ,embassy ,waltz 7,loewe71 see ,my ,fair ,lady ,emperor ,waltz 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 ,en bateau 7,debussy71 see ,petite suite 8,the ,end of a ,perfect ,day0 7,bond7 8,entry ,march0 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,the ,gypsy ,baron 8,der ,erlkoenig0 7,schubert7 ,les rynnies 7,massenet7 ,escapade 7,rose7 ,espaa 7,chabrier7 ,espaa 7,waldteufel7 8,estrellita0 7,ponce7 ,estudianta 7,waldteufel7 ,etudes 7,chopin71 see also ,revolutionary ,etude ,evatochter 7,ziehrer7 ,evening in the ,tivoli 7,lumbye7 8,evening ,song0 7,schumann71 see 8,abendlied0 ,explosions ,polka 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 ,facsimile3 ,suite 7,bernstein7 ,the ,fair at ,sorochinsk3 ,hopak 7,mussorgsky7 8,fair ,is the ,rose as the ,bright ,may ,day0 7,sullivan71 see ,ruddigore 8,fair ,moon to ,thee ,i ,sing0 7,sullivan71 see ,pinafore ,family ,album 7,gould7 ,fancy ,free3 ,suite 7,bernstein7 ,fantasia and ,fugue on ,oh1 ,susanna 7,caillet7 ,fantasia on ,greensleeves 7,vaughan ,williams7 ,fantaisie-,impromptu in ,c-sharp minor 7,chopin7 8,the ,farmer and the ,cowman0 7,rodgers71 see ,oklahoma6 ,faschingskinder 7,ziehrer7 ,faust3 ,selections 7,gounod7 ,fte-,dieu ,seville 7,albniz7 ,fiddle ,faddle 7,anderson7 ,la ,fileuse 7,raff7 ,la ,fille aux cheveux de lin 7,debussy71 see ,the ,girl ,with the ,flaxen ,hair ,la ,fille de ,mme4 ,angot3 ,selections 7,lecocq7 ,fingal's ,cave1 or ,hebrides1 ,overture 7,mendelssohn7 ,finlandia 7,sibelius7 ,the ,firefly3 ,selections 7,friml7 ,die ,fledermaus3 ,overture1 ,selections 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 ,der fliegende ,hollaender 7,wagner71 see ,the ,flying ,dutchman ,flight of the ,bumble ,bee 7,rimsky-,korsakov7 8,flower ,song0 7,bizet71 see ,carmen 8,the ,flowers that ,bloom in the ,spring0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,mikado ,the ,flying ,dutchman3 ,overture1 ,selections 7,wagner7 8,fold ,your ,flapping ,wings0 7,sullivan71 see ,iolanthe 8,die ,forelle0 7,schubert7 8,for ,i am a ,pirate ,king0 7,sullivan71 see ,pirates of ,penzance 8,for ,everyone ,who ,feels ,inclined0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,gondoliers 8,for ,he is an ,englishman0 7,sullivan71 see ,pinafore 8,for the ,merriest ,fellows are ,we0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,gondoliers ,fortune ,teller3 ,selections 7,herbert7 ,la ,forza del destino3 ,overture 7,verdi7 ,four ,centuries 7,coates7 ,fra ,diavolo3 ,selections 7,auber7 ,frasquita ,serenade 7,herbert7 8,french ,marching ,song0 7,romberg71 see ,the ,desert ,song ,french ,military ,march 7,saint-,sans71 see ,suite algrienne 8,freudig begruessen0 7,wagner71 see ,tannhaeuser ,friedrich-,karl ,march 7,kler-,bla7 8,from the ,land of the ,sky-,blue ,water0 7,cadman7 ,from the ,middle ,ages 7,glazunov7 ,fruehlingsrauschen 7,sinding71 see ,rustle of ,spring ,fruehlingsstimmen 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,voices of ,spring ,funeral ,march 7,chopin7 ,furiant 7,smetana7 see ,the ,bartered ,bride ,la ,gaiet parisienne 7,offenbach-,rosenthal71 see ,offenbach ,galops 7,offenbach71 see ,la ,grand ,duchesse de ,gerolstein ,gavotte 7,gossec7 ,gavotte 7,thomas71 see ,mignon ,gayane3 ,suite 7,khatchaturian7 ,la ,gazza ladra3 ,overture 7,rossini7 ,german ,dances 7,beethoven7 ,german ,dances 7,haydn7 ,german ,dances 7,mozart7 ,german ,dances 7,schubert7 8,get ,me to the ,church on ,time0 7,loewe71 see ,my ,fair ,lady 8,getting to ,know ,you0 7,rodgers71 see ,the ,king and ,i 8,giannina ,mia0 7,friml71 see ,the ,firefly ,gingerbread ,waltz 7,humperdinck71 see ,hansel and ,gretel ,la ,gioconda3 ,selections 7,ponchielli7 8,the ,girl at ,maxim's0 7,lehr71 see ,the ,merry ,widow ,the ,girl ,with the ,flaxen ,hair 7,debussy7 ,girofl-,girofla3 ,selections 7,lecocq7 ,giselle3 ,suite 7,adam7 ,la ,gitana 7,kreisler7 ,gitanerias 7,lecuona7 8,gloire au grand ,dieu vengeur0 7,meyerbeer71 see ,les ,huguenots 8,gloria all' ,egitto0 7,verdi71 see ,aida 8,the ,glow-,worm0 7,lincke7 8,gluewuermchen0 7,lincke71 see 8,the ,glow-,worm0 8,god's ,world0 7,wolfe7 8,goin' to ,heaven0 7,wolfe7 ,gold and ,silver ,waltzes 7,lehr7 ,golliwogg's ,cakewalk 7,debussy71 see ,children's ,corner ,the ,gondoliers3 ,selections 7,sullivan7 8,goodbye1 ,forever0 7,tosti71 see 8,addio0 8,good ,morning1 ,good ,mother0 7,sullivan71 see ,iolanthe ,gopak1 from ,the ,fair at ,sorochinsk 7,mussorgsky71 see ,hopak 8,gott erhalte ,franz den ,kaiser10 ,austrian national anthem 7,haydn7 ,grafin ,mariza 7,klmn71 see ,countess ,maritza ,der ,graf von ,luxemburg 7,lehr71 see ,the ,count of ,luxembourg ,grand ,canyon ,suite 7,grof7 ,grand ,march1 from ,aida 7,verdi7 ,la ,grand ,pque ,russe 7,rimsky-,korsakov71 see ,russian ,easter ,overture ,greensleeves 7,vaughan ,williams71 see ,fantasia on ,greensleeves 8,gretchen am ,spinnrade0 7,schubert7 ,g'schichten aus dem ,wiener ,wald 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,tales from the ,vienna ,woods ,guadalcanal ,march 7,rodgers71 see ,victory at ,sea ,guillaume ,tell 7,rossini71 see ,william ,tell ,guitarre 7,moszkowski7 ,gypsy ,airs 7,sarasate7 ,gypsy ,baron3 ,selections 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 ,gypsy ,love3 ,selections 7,lehr7 8,gypsy ,love ,song0 7,herbert71 see ,the ,fortune ,teller ,gypsy ,princess3 ,selections 7,klmn7 ,gypsy ,rondo 7,haydn7 ,habanera 7,bizet71 see ,carmen 8,hab ein blaues ,himmelbett0 7,lehr71 see ,frasquita ,serenade 8,hail the ,bride of ,seventeen ,summers0 7,sullivan71 see ,ruddigore ,handel in the ,strand 7,grainger7 8,hallelujah ,chorus0 from ,messiah 7,handel7 ,hansel and ,gretel3 ,overture and ,selections 7,humperdinck7 8,happy ,talk0 7,rodgers71 see ,south ,pacific 8,hark1 ,hark1 the ,lark0 7,schubert7 ,harlequin ,serenade 7,drigo71 see ,serenade ,harlequin ,serenade 7,leoncavallo71 see 8,o1 ,columbina601 ,pagliacci ,harmonica ,player 7,guion71 see ,alley ,tunes ,harmonious ,blacksmith 7,handel7 ,havanaise 7,saint-,sans7 8,the ,heart ,bowed ,down0 7,balfe71 see ,the ,bohemian ,girl 8,heather on the ,hill0 7,loewe71 see ,brigadoon ,hebrew ,melody 7,achron7 ,hebrides ,overture1 7,mendelssohn71 see ,fingal's ,cave ,hejre ,kati 7,hubay71 see ,hungarian ,czardas ,scenes 8,hello1 ,young ,lovers0 7,rodgers71 see ,the ,king and ,i ,henry ,,viii3 ,dances 7,german7 ,henry ,,viii3 ,ballet ,music 7,saint-,sans7 8,hereinspaziert0 from ,der ,schatzmeister 7,ziehrer7 8,here's a ,how-de-do0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,mikado ,heroic ,polonaise 7,chopin7 ,hesperus 7,lumbye7 ,hindu ,chant 7,rimsky-,korsakov7 ,his ,lullaby 7,bond7 ,hoffballtanz 7,lanner7 ,hoffnungssterne 7,kler-,bla7 ,holberg ,suite 7,grieg7 ,holiday for ,strings 7,rose7 ,holiday for ,trombones 7,rose7 ,holiday ,suite 7,gould7 ,holzschutanz 7,lortzing71 see ,clog ,dance1 ,czar and ,carpenter 8,home on the ,range0 7,guion7 ,hopak1 from ,the ,fair at ,sorochinsk 7,mussorgsky7 ,hora staccato 7,dinicu7 8,horch1 horche die ,lerche0 7,schubert71 see 8,hark1 ,hark1 the ,lark0 ,horse and ,buggy 7,anderson7 ,hudson ,river ,suite 7,grof7 ,les ,huguenots3 ,overture1 ,selections 7,meyerbeer7 ,humoresque 7,dvok7 ,humoresque 7,tchaikovsky7 ,hungarian ,comedy ,overture 7,kler-,bla7 ,hungarian ,czardas ,scenes 7,hubay7 ,hungarian ,dances 7,brahms7 ,hungarian ,rhapsody 7,hubay71 see ,hungarian ,czardas ,scenes ,hungarian ,rhapsody ,no4 #b 7,liszt7 ,hurrah-,sturm 7,kler-,bla7 8,hymn to the ,sun0 7,rimsky-,korsakov71 see ,le ,coq d'or 8,i ,am the ,captain of the ,pinafore0 7,sullivan71 see ,pinafore 8,i ,am the ,monarch of the ,sea0 7,sullivan71 see ,pinafore 8,i ,am ,titania0 7,thomas71 see 8,je suis ,titania10 ,mignon 8,i ,am the ,very ,pattern of a ,modern ,major ,general0 7,sullivan71 see ,pirates of ,penzance 8,i ,cannot ,tell ,what ,this ,love ,may ,be0 7,sullivan71 see ,patience 8,ich bin die ,christel von der ,post0 7,zeller71 see ,der ,vogelhaendler 8,ich bin ein ,zigeuenerkind0 7,lehr71 see ,gypsy ,love 8,ich hab' kein ,geld0 7,milloecker71 see ,the ,beggar ,student 8,ich knuepfte manche zarte ,bande0 7,milloecker71 see ,the ,beggar ,student 8,ich setz den ,fall0 7,milloecker71 see ,the ,beggar ,student 8,i ,could ,have ,danced ,all ,night0 7,loewe71 see ,my ,fair ,lady 8,ideale0 7,tosti7 8,i ,dream'd ,i ,dwelt in ,marble ,halls0 7,balfe71 see ,the ,bohemian ,girl 8,if ,i ,loved ,you0 7,rodgers71 see ,carousel 8,if ,somebody ,there ,chanced to ,be0 7,sullivan71 see ,ruddigore 8,if ,you ,go ,in0 7,sullivan71 see ,iolanthe 8,if ,you're ,anxious ,for to ,shine0 7,sullivan71 see ,patience 8,if ,you ,want a ,receipt0 7,sullivan71 see ,patience 8,if ,you ,want to ,know ,who ,we ,are0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,mikado 8,i ,got ,plenty of ,nuttin'0 7,gershwin71 see ,porgy and ,bess 8,i ,have a ,song to ,sing1 ,o0 7,sullivan7 see ,yeomen of the ,guard 8,i ,have ,dreamed0 7,rodgers71 see ,the ,king and ,i 8,i ,know a ,youth ,who ,loves a ,little ,maid0 7,sullivan71 see ,ruddigore 8,il balen0 7,verdi71 see ,il ,trovatore 8,i'll ,follow ,my ,secret ,heart0 7,coward71 see ,conversation ,piece 8,i ,love ,you0 7,wright and ,forrest71 see ,song of ,norway1 ,grieg 8,i ,love ,you1 ,porgy10 7,gershwin71 see ,porgy and ,bess 8,i ,love ,you1 ,truly0 7,coward71 see ,bitter ,sweet 8,i'm ,called ,little ,buttercup0 7,sullivan71 see ,pinafore 8,i'm ,falling in ,love ,with ,someone0 7,herbert71 see ,naughty ,marietta 8,i'm ,gonna ,wash ,that ,man ,right ,outa ,my ,hair0 7,rodgers71 see ,south ,pacific 8,i'm in ,love with a ,wonderful ,guy0 7,rodgers71 see ,south ,pacific 8,im ,prater bluehn wieder die ,baeume0 7,stolz7 ,impressions of ,italy 7,charpentier7 ,in a ,chinese ,garden 7,ketelby7 ,in a ,monastery ,garden 7,ketelby7 ,in a ,persian ,garden 7,ketelby7 ,in ,autumn 7,grieg7 8,in ,bygone ,days0 7,sullivan71 see ,ruddigore ,indian ,lament 7,dvok7 8,indian ,love ,call0 7,friml71 see ,rose ,marie ,indian ,sketches 7,gilbert7 ,indian ,summer 7,herbert7 ,in ,spring 7,karl ,goldmark7 ,intermezzo1 from ,cavalleria ,rusticana 7,mascagni7 ,intermezzo1 from ,goyescas 7,granados7 ,intermezzo1 from ,pagliacci 7,leoncavallo7 ,intermezzo1 from ,the ,violin ,maker 7,hubay7 ,intermezzo 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,suite for ,orchestra1 ,no4 #a ,intermezzos from ,the ,jewels of the ,madonna 7,wolf-,ferrari7 ,interplay 7,gould7 8,in the ,autumn of ,our ,life0 7,sullivan71 see ,yeomen of the ,guard ,in the ,hall of the ,mountain ,king 7,grieg71 see ,peer ,gynt ,suite1 ,no4 #a ,in the ,south 7,elgar7 ,in the ,steppes of ,central ,asia 7,borodin7 ,introduction and ,rondo ,capriccioso 7,saint-,sans7 ,invitation to the ,dance 7,weber7 ,iolanthe3 ,selections 7,sullivan7 8,i ,once ,was as ,meek as a ,new ,born ,lamb0 7,sullivan71 see ,ruddigore ,irish ,rhapsody 7,herbert7 ,irish ,suite 7,anderson7 ,irish ,tune from ,county ,derry3 8,londonderry ,air0 7,grainger7 8,i ,shipped1 ,d'ye ,see1 in a ,revenue ,sloop0 7,sullivan7 see ,ruddigore 8,isle of ,dreams0 7,herbert7 see ,the ,red ,mill 8,is ,love a ,boon80 7,sullivan71 see ,yeomen of the ,guard 8,i ,stole the ,princess0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,gondoliers 8,it ,ain't ,necessarily ,so0 7,gershwin71 see ,porgy and ,bess ,l',italiana in ,algeri3 ,overture 7,rossini7 8,italian ,street ,song0 7,herbert71 see ,naughty ,marietta 8,it is ,not ,love0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,sorcerer 8,it's a ,windy ,day on the ,battery0 7,romberg71 see ,maytime 8,i've ,done ,my ,work0 7,bond7 8,i've ,got a ,little ,list0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,mikado 8,i've ,grown ,accustomed to ,her ,face0 7,loewe71 see ,my ,fair ,lady 8,i ,whistle a ,happy ,tune0 7,rodgers71 see ,the ,king and ,i 8,ja1 das alles auf ,ehr0 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,gypsy ,baron ,jamaican ,rumba 7,benjamin7 ,jazz ,legato 7,anderson7 ,jazz ,pizzicato 7,anderson7 8,jeanie ,with the ,light ,brown ,hair0 7,foster7 ,jesu1 ,joy of ,man's ,desiring 7,bach7 8,je suis ,titania0 7,thomas71 see ,mignon ,jeux d'enfants 7,bizet71 see ,children's ,games 8,jewel ,song0 7,gounod71 see ,faust ,jewels of the ,madonna3 ,intermezzo1 ,dance of the ,camorristi 7,wolf-,ferrari7 ,jewels from ,cartier 7,alter7 ,jota aragonesa 7,glinka7 ,jota aragonesa 7,sarasate7 ,joyeuse marche 7,chabrier7 ,jubilee 7,chadwick7 ,jubilee ,overture 7,weber7 8,jump ,jim ,crow0 7,romberg71 see ,maytime ,june 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,the ,months 8,june ,is ,bustin' ,out ,all ,over0 7,rodgers71 see ,carousel 8,just a ,wearyin' for ,you0 7,bond7 8,kaempfe nie mit ,frauen0 7,zeller71 see ,der ,vogelhaendler ,kaiser ,march 7,wagner7 ,kaiserwaltz 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,emperor ,waltz ,kamarinskaya 7,glinka7 ,kamenoi-,ostrow 7,rubinstein7 ,der ,kanarienvogel 7,mozart71 see ,german ,dances 8,kansas ,city0 7,rodgers71 see ,oklahoma6 ,karelia ,suite 7,sibelius7 ,katharine ,menuetten 7,haydn71 see ,minutes ,king ,frederick ,,vii ,homage ,march 7,lumbye7 ,la ,kermesse 7,gounod71 see ,faust ,kettenbruecken 7,johann ,strauss ,i7 ,khovantschina3 ,dances of ,persian ,slaves1 ,prelude to ,act #a1 and ,entr'acte 7,mussorgsky7 ,the ,king and ,i3 ,selections 7,rodgers7 ,king ,cotton 7,sousa7 8,kiss ,me ,again0 7,herbert71 see ,mlle4 ,modiste ,kiss ,me ,kate3 ,selections 7,porter7 8,klaenge der ,heimat0 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,die ,fledermaus ,eine kleine ,nachtmusik 7,mozart7 ,knightsbridge ,march 7,coates71 see ,london ,suite 8,knowest ,thou the ,land0 7,thomas71 see 8,connais-tu le pays801 ,mignon 8,komm1 komm1 ,held meiner ,traeume0 7,straus71 see 8,my ,hero10 ,the ,chocolate ,soldier ,komm suesser ,tod 7,bach71 see ,come1 ,sweet ,death ,kommt ein ,vogel1 ,variations 7,ochs7 ,das ,land des ,laechelns 7,lehr71 see ,the ,land of ,smiles ,the ,land of ,smiles3 ,selections 7,lehr7 ,die ,landestreicher3 ,selections 7,ziehrer7 ,laendler 7,schubert7 ,largo1 from the ,new ,world ,symphony 7,dvok7 ,largo1 from ,xerxes 7,handel7 8,largo al factotum0 7,rossini71 see ,the ,barber of ,seville ,latin-,american ,symphonette 7,gould7 8,laughing ,song0 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see 8,mein ,herr1 ,marquis10 ,die ,fledermaus 8,the ,law is the ,true ,embodiment0 7,sullivan71 see ,iolanthe 8,lebe wohl1 mein flandrisch' ,maedchen0 7,lortzing71 see ,czar and ,carpenter ,lgende 7,wieniawski7 ,leichte ,cavallerie ,overture 7,supp71 see ,light ,cavalry ,der ,leiermann 7,mozart71 see ,german ,dances ,les ,prludes 7,liszt7 8,letter ,song0 7,straus71 see ,the ,chocolate ,soldier 8,libiamo1 libiamo10 or 8,brindisi0 7,verdi71 see ,la ,traviata 8,lieber ,freund1 man greift nicht0 7,lehr71 see ,count of ,luxembourg ,liebesfreud 7,kreisler7 ,liebesleid 7,kreisler7 8,liebeslied0 7,weill71 see ,the ,three-,penny ,opera ,liebestraum 7,liszt7 ,a ,life for the ,tsar3 ,overture1 ,mazurka and ,waltz 7,glinka7 8,life's ,garden0 7,bond7 ,light ,cavalry ,overture 7,supp7 8,der ,lindenbaum0 7,schubert7 ,lohengrin3 ,prelude to ,acts #a and #c1 ,wedding ,march 7,wagner7 ,london ,suite 7,coates7 8,londonderry ,air 7,grainger710 see ,irish ,tune from ,county ,derry 8,lonely ,hearts0 7,romberg71 see ,blossom ,time 8,the ,lord's ,prayer0 7,malotte7 ,lorelei ,rheinsklaenge 7,johann ,strauss ,i7 8,the ,lost ,chord0 7,sullivan7 ,lotus ,land 7,scott7 8,loudly ,let the ,trumpet ,bray0 7,sullivan71 see ,iolanthe ,love for ,three ,oranges3 ,march 7,prokofiev7 8,love is a ,firefly0 7,friml71 see ,the ,firefly 8,love is a ,plaintive ,song0 7,sullivan71 see ,patience 8,lover ,come ,back to ,me0 7,romberg71 see ,the ,new ,moon 8,love ,song0 7,weill71 see ,the ,three-,penny ,opera ,lucia di ,lammermoor3 ,selections 7,donizetti7 ,lullaby 7,khatchaturian71 see ,gayane ,die lustige ,witwe 7,lehr71 see ,the ,merry ,widow ,lyric ,suite 7,grieg7 8,mack the ,knife0 7,weill71 see ,the ,three-,penny ,opera ,madama ,butterfly3 ,selections 7,puccini7 8,madre pietosa0 7,verdi71 see ,la ,forza del destino 8,mad ,scene0 7,donizetti71 see ,lucia di ,lammermoor 8,maedel klein1 ,maedel fein0 7,lehr71 see ,the ,count of ,luxembourg 8,the ,magnet and the ,churn0 7,sullivan71 see ,patience 8,a ,maiden ,fair to ,see0 7,sullivan71 see ,pinafore 8,die ,majistaet wird anerkannt0 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,die ,fledermaus ,malambo 7,ginastera71 see ,dances from ,estancia ,malaguea 7,lecuona7 ,malaguea1 from ,boabdil 7,moszkowski7 ,malaguea 7,sarasate7 ,manhattan ,masquerade 7,alter7 ,manhattan ,moonlight 7,alter7 ,manhattan ,serenade 7,alter7 ,manon3 ,gavotte1 ,minuet 7,massenet7 8,a ,man ,who ,would ,woo a ,fair ,maid0 7,sullivan71 see ,yeomen of the ,guard 8,many a ,new ,day0 7,rodgers71 see ,oklahoma6 ,march1 from ,tannhaeuser 7,wagner7 ,march of the ,gladiators 7,fuk7 ,march of the ,little ,fauns 7,piern7 ,march of the ,little ,lead ,soldiers 7,piern7 ,march of the ,royal ,siamese ,children 7,rodgers71 see ,the ,king and ,i ,march of the ,smugglers 7,bizet71 see ,carmen ,march of the ,toys 7,herbert71 see ,babes in ,toyland ,marche miniature 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,suite for ,orchestra1 ,no4 #a ,marche ,slav 7,tchaikovsky7 8,marechiare0 7,tosti7 ,marienklaenge 7,josef ,strauss7 ,mark ,twain3 ,a ,portrait for ,orchestra 7,kern7 ,masaniello 7,auber71 see ,the ,mute of ,portici ,masquerade 7,khatchaturian7 8,massa's in ,de ,cold1 ,cold ,ground0 7,foster7 ,the ,mastersingers3 8,prize ,song0 7,wagner7 ,matines musicales 7,rossini-,britten71 see ,rossini 8,mattinata0 7,tosti7 ,maytime3 ,selections 7,romberg7 ,mazurka 7,delibes71 see ,copplia ,mazurka 7,glinka71 see ,a ,life for the ,tsar ,mazurkas 7,chopin7 ,meditation1 from ,thas 7,massenet7 8,mein ,herr1 ,marquis0 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,die ,fledermaus ,die ,meistersinger 7,wagner71 see ,the ,mastersingers ,mlodie 7,tchaikovsky7 ,melody in ,f 7,rubinstein7 ,menuet l'antique 7,paderewski71 see ,minuet ,merrie ,england3 ,selections 7,german7 ,merrymaker's ,dance 7,german71 see ,nell ,gwynn ,the ,merry ,widow3 ,selections 7,lehr7 ,the ,merry ,widow ,waltz3 8,s'fuersten ,geigen0 7,lehr71 see ,the ,merry ,widow ,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor3 ,overture1 ,selections 7,nicolai7 ,mexican ,rhapsody 7,mc,bride7 8,mi chiamano ,mimi0 7,puccini71 see ,la ,bohme ,midsommarvaka 7,alfvn71 see ,midsummer ,vigil ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,suite 7,mendelssohn7 ,midsummer ,vigil 7,alfvn7 8,mighty ,lak' a ,rose0 7,nevin7 ,mignon3 ,overture1 ,selections 7,thomas7 ,the ,mikado3 ,selections 7,sullivan7 ,military ,polonaise 7,chopin7 ,miniature ,overture 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,nutcracker ,suite ,minstrel ,show 7,gould7 ,minuet in ,g 7,beethoven7 ,minuet 7,boccherini7 ,minuet 7,bolzoni7 ,minuet 7,kreisler7 ,minuet1 from ,don ,giovanni 7,mozart7 ,minuet1 from ,the ,tales of ,hoffmann 7,offenbach7 ,minuet 7,paderewski7 ,minuet1 from ,rigoletto 7,verdi7 ,minuet of the ,will'o-the-,wisp 7,berlioz71 see ,the ,damnation of ,faust ,minuets 7,haydn7 ,minuets 7,mozart7 ,minute ,waltz 7,chopin7 ,mlle4 ,modiste3 ,selections 7,herbert7 ,mireille3 ,overture 7,gounod7 8,miserere0 7,verdi71 see 8,ah1 che la morte ognora10 ,il ,trovatore ,mississippi ,suite 7,grof7 ,the ,moldau1 or ,vltava 7,smetana7 ,molly on the ,shore 7,grainger7 8,mon coeur s'ouvre ta voix0 7,saint-,sans71 see ,samson and ,delilah ,mon rve 7,waldteufel7 ,the ,months 7,tchaikovsky7 8,moonbeams0 7,herbert71 see ,the ,red ,mill ,moonlight ,sonata 7,beethoven7 ,moorish ,rhapsody 7,humperdinck7 ,morgenblaetter 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,morning ,journals 8,morgenlich leuchtend0 7,wagner71 see 8,prize ,song10 ,the ,mastersingers 8,moritat0 7,weill71 see ,the ,three-,penny ,opera ,morning 7,grieg71 see ,peer ,gynt1 ,suite ,no4 #a 8,morning0 7,speaks7 ,morning ,journals 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 ,morning1 ,noon1 and ,night in ,vienna 7,supp7 ,morris ,dance 7,german71 see ,henry ,,viii ,la ,muette de ,portici 7,auber71 see ,the ,mute of ,portici ,musetta's ,waltz 7,puccini71 see ,la ,bohme ,the ,music ,box 7,liadov7 ,music of the ,spheres 7,josef ,strauss71 see ,sphaerenklaenge ,the ,mute of ,portici3 ,overture 7,auber7 8,my ,boy ,you ,may ,take it ,from ,me0 7,sullivan71 see ,ruddigore ,my ,fair ,lady3 ,selections 7,loewe7 8,my ,heart at ,your ,sweet ,voice0 7,saint-,sans71 see ,samson and ,delilah 8,my ,hero0 7,straus71 see ,the ,chocolate ,soldier 8,my ,ideal0 7,tosti71 see 8,ideale0 8,my ,man's ,gone ,now0 7,gershwin71 see ,porgy and ,bess 8,my ,object ,all ,sublime0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,mikado 8,my ,old ,kentucky ,home0 7,foster7 ,nala ,waltz 7,delibes7 ,narcissus1 from ,water ,scenes 7,nevin7 ,naughty ,marietta3 ,selections 7,herbert7 ,navarra 7,albniz7 8',neath the ,southern ,moon0 7,herbert71 see ,naughty ,marietta ,negro ,heaven 7,cesana7 ,negro ,rhapsody 7,rubin ,goldmark7 ,nell ,gwynn3 ,dances 7,german7 ,new ,moon3 ,selections 7,romberg7 8,the ,nightingale0 7,sullivan71 see ,patience 8,the ,nightingale ,song0 7,zeller71 see 8,wie mein ,ahn'l zwanzig ,jahr10 ,der ,vogelhaendler ,nocturne 7,borodin7 ,nocturne in ,e-flat 7,chopin7 ,nocturne 7,mendelssohn71 see ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,suite 8,nol10 or 8,cantique de ,nol0 7,adam7 8,none ,but the ,lonely ,heart0 7,tchaikovsky7 8,non la sospiri la nostra casetta0 7,puccini71 see ,tosca ,norma3 ,overture1 8,casta ,diva0 7,bellini7 ,north ,american ,square ,dances 7,benjamin7 ,norwegian ,dances 7,grieg7 ,norwegian ,rhapsody 7,lalo7 ,nutcracker ,suite1 or ,casse-noisette 7,tchaikovsky7 8,o beau pays de la ,touraine0 7,meyerbeer71 see ,les ,huguenots 8,obissons quand leur voix appelle0 7,massenet71 see ,manon ,der ,obersteiger3 ,selections 7,zeller7 8,o1 ,columbina610 ,harlequin's ,serenade 7,leoncavallo71 ,pagliacci 8,ode to the ,evening ,star0 7,wagner71 see 8,o du1 mein holder ,abendstern10 ,tannhaeuser ,of ,thee ,i ,sing 7,gershwin7 8,oh ,foolish ,fay0 7,sullivan71 see ,iolanthe 8,oh1 ,is ,there ,not ,one ,maiden ,breast80 7,sullivan71 see ,pirates of ,penzance 8,oh a ,private ,buffoon is a ,light-,hearted ,loon0 7,sullivan71 see ,yeomen of the ,guard 8,oh1 ,leave ,me ,not to ,pine0 7,sullivan71 see ,pirates of ,penzance 8,oh ,my ,name is ,john ,wellington ,wells0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,sorcerer 8,oh1 ,susanna60 7,foster7 8,oh1 ,thoughtless ,crew0 7,sullivan71 see ,yeomen of the ,guard 8,oh1 ,what a ,beautiful ,mornin'0 7,rodgers71 see ,oklahoma6 ,oklahoma63 ,selections 7,rodgers7 8,ol' ,black ,joe0 7,foster7 8,old ,folks at ,home10 or 8,swanee ,river0 7,foster7 ,the ,old ,refrain 7,kreisler7 8,ol' ,man ,river0 7,kern71 see ,show ,boat 8,o ,lola ,bianca0 7,mascagni71 see ,cavalleria ,rusticana 8,o ,mimi1 tu pi0 7,puccini71 see ,la ,bohme ,omphale's ,spinning ,wheel 7,saint-,sans71 see ,le ,rouet d',omphale 8,one ,kiss0 7,romberg71 see ,the ,new ,moon 8,only a ,rose0 7,friml71 see ,the ,vagabond ,king 8,only ,make ,believe0 7,kern71 see ,show ,boat 8,on the ,day that ,i ,was ,wedded0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,gondoliers ,on the ,campus 7,goldman7 ,on the ,farm 7,goldman7 ,on the ,mall 7,goldman7 8,on the ,road to ,mandalay0 7,speaks7 8,on the ,street ,where ,you ,live0 7,loewe71 see ,my ,fair ,lady ,on the ,trail 7,grof71 see ,grand ,canyon ,suite 8,onward ,christian ,soldiers0 7,sullivan7 8,on ,wings of ,song0 7,mendelssohn7 8,o ,patria mia0 7,verdi71 see ,aida 8,o ,paradiso60 7,meyerbeer71 see ,l',africaine ,the ,organgrinder 7,mozart71 see ,german ,dances ,orientale 7,cui7 ,orphe aux enfers 7,offenbach71 see ,orpheus in the ,underworld ,orpheus in the ,underworld3 ,selections 7,offenbach7 8,o ,sancta justa0 7,lortzing71 see ,czar and ,carpenter 8,o soave fanciulla0 7,puccini71 see ,la ,bohme 8,o terra addio0 7,verdi71 see ,aida 8,our ,great ,mikado0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,mikado 8,out of ,my ,dreams0 7,rodgers71 see ,oklahoma6 ,ouverture solennelle 7,glazunov7 ,overture #ahab 7,tchaikovsky7 8,pace e gioia sia con voi0 7,rossini71 see ,the ,barber of ,seville ,pagliacci3 ,selections 7,leoncavallo7 8,painted ,emblems of a ,race0 7,sullivan71 see ,ruddigore 8,la ,paloma0 7,yradier7 ,pan-,americana 7,herbert7 8,a ,paradox1 a ,most ,ingenious ,paradox0 7,sullivan71 see ,pirates of ,penzance 8,parigi1 o cara0 7,verdi71 see ,la ,traviata ,passacaglia on ,green ,bushes 7,grainger7 ,pastoral ,dance 7,german71 see ,henry ,,viii ,patience3 ,selections 7,sullivan7 ,les ,patineurs 7,waldteufel71 see ,the ,skaters ,la ,patrie 7,bizet7 ,pavane 7,faur7 ,pavane 7,german71 see ,romeo and ,juliet ,pavane 7,gould71 see ,american ,symphonette ,no4 #b ,pavane pour une ,infante dfunte 7,ravel7 ,peer ,gynt1 ,suites ,nos4 #a and #b 7,grieg7 8,people ,will ,say ,we're in ,love0 7,rodgers71 see ,oklahoma6 ,perpetual ,motion 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 8,pescator1 affond a l'esca0 7,ponchielli71 see ,la ,gioconda ,die ,pesther 7,lanner7 ,peter and the ,wolf 7,prokofiev7 ,petite suite 7,debussy7 ,phdre ,overture 7,massenet7 8,piccolo1 piccolo1 tsin1 tsin1 tsin0 7,straus71 see ,a ,waltz ,dream ,picturesque ,scenes 7,massenet7 ,piemonte 7,sinigaglia7 ,pinafore3 ,selections 7,sullivan7 ,pique ,dame ,overture 7,supp7 ,pirates of ,penzance3 ,selections 7,sullivan7 ,pizzicato ,polka 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 8,plaisir d'amour0 7,martini7 8,play ,gypsies1 ,dance ,gypsies0 7,klmn71 see ,countess ,maritza ,plink1 ,plank1 ,plunk 7,anderson7 8,plus blanche que la blanche hermine0 7,meyerbeer7 see ,les ,huguenots ,poet and ,peasant ,overture 7,supp7 ,polichinelle 7,kreisler7 ,polka 7,smetana71 see ,the ,bartered ,bride ,polka and ,fugue1 from ,schwanda 7,weinberger7 ,polonaise1 from ,boris ,godunov 7,mussorgsky7 ,polonaise1 from ,eugene ,onegin 7,tchaikovsky7 ,polonaises 7,chopin7 ,polonaise brilliante 7,wieniawski7 ,polovtsian ,dances1 from ,prince ,igor 7,borodin7 ,pomp and ,circumstance 7,elgar7 ,pop ,goes the ,weasel 7,caillet7 ,porgy and ,bess3 ,selections 7,gershwin7 ,portrait of a ,frontier ,town 7,gillis7 ,poupe valsante 7,poldini7 8,pour1 ,oh1 ,pour the ,pirate ,sherry0 7,sullivan71 see ,pirates of ,penzance ,praeludium 7,jrnefelt7 ,praeludium and ,allegro 7,kreisler7 ,praise ,be to ,god 7,bach7 ,la ,prcieuse 7,kreisler7 ,prelude in ,e major 7,bach7 ,prelude in ,a major 7,chopin7 ,prelude and ,fugue on ,dixie 7,weinberger7 ,prelude and ,waltz 7,addinsell7 ,preludes 7,chopin7 ,preludes 7,gershwin7 ,preludes 7,rachmaninoff7 8,prithee1 ,pretty ,maiden0 7,sullivan71 see ,patience 8,prize ,song0 from ,the ,mastersingers 7,wagner7 ,le ,prophte3 ,coronation ,march1 ,prelude to ,act #c 7,meyerbeer7 ,punchinello 7,herbert7 8,a ,puzzlement0 7,rodgers71 see ,the ,king and ,i 8,quando m'en vo' soletto10 ,musetta's ,waltz 7,puccini71 see ,la ,bohme ,quartet1 from ,rigoletto 7,verdi71 see 8,bella figlia dell' amore0 ,queen of ,spades ,overture 7,supp71 see ,pique ,dame ,overture 8,questa o quella0 7,verdi71 see ,rigoletto ,radetzky ,march 7,johann ,strauss ,i7 ,railway ,galop 7,lumbye7 ,raindrop ,etude 7,chopin7 ,rakczy ,march 7,berlioz71 see ,the ,damnation of ,faust ,raymond ,overture 7,thomas7 ,raymonda3 ,suite 7,glazunov7 8,recondita armonia0 7,puccini71 see ,tosca ,the ,red ,mill3 ,selections 7,herbert7 ,the ,red ,poppy3 ,selections 7,glire7 ,rve angelique 7,rubinstein71 see ,kamenoi-,ostrow ,rverie 7,debussy7 ,revolutionary ,etude 7,chopin7 ,rhapsody in ,blue 7,gershwin7 ,rienzi3 ,overture 7,wagner7 ,rigoletto3 ,selections 7,verdi7 8,rimpianto0 7,toselli71 see 8,serenata0 8,rising ,early in the ,morning0 7,sullivan71 see ,gondoliers 8,ritorna vincitor0 7,verdi71 see ,aida ,ritual ,fire ,dance 7,falla7 ,le ,roi l'a dit3 ,overture 7,delibes7 ,romance 7,drdla7 ,romances 7,beethoven7 ,romance in ,e-flat 7,rubinstein7 ,romance in ,f minor 7,tchaikovsky7 ,romances 7,sibelius7 ,die ,romantiker 7,lanner7 ,romeo and ,juliet3 ,waltz 7,gounod7 ,rondalla aragonesa 7,granados71 see ,spanish ,dances ,rondino 7,kreisler7 8,the ,rosary0 7,nevin7 ,rosamunde3 ,overture1 ,ballet ,music 7,schubert7 ,rose ,marie3 ,selections 7,friml7 ,rosen aus dem ,sueden 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,roses from the ,south 8,roses are in ,bloom0 7,bond7 ,roses from the ,south 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 ,le ,rouet d',omphale 7,saint-,sans7 ,ruddigore3 ,selections 7,sullivan7 ,rumanian ,rhapsodies1 ,nos4 #a and #b 7,enesco7 ,rumba 7,mc,donald7 ,ruslan and ,ludmilla3 ,overture 7,glinka7 ,russian ,easter ,overture 7,rimsky-,korsakov7 ,russian ,sailors' ,dance 7,glire71 see ,the ,red ,poppy ,rustle of ,spring 7,sinding7 ,rustic ,dance 7,german71 see ,as ,you ,like ,it ,rustic ,march 7,grieg71 see ,lyric ,suite ,rustic ,wedding ,symphony 7,karl ,goldmark7 ,ruy ,blas ,overture 7,mendelssohn7 ,saber ,dance 7,khatchaturian71 see ,gayane 8,saber ,song0 7,romberg71 see ,desert ,song 8,sailors' ,chorus0 7,wagner71 see 8,steuermann6 lass die ,wacht10 ,the ,flying ,dutchman ,sakuntala ,overture 7,karl ,goldmark7 ,salut d'amour 7,elgar7 ,samson and ,delilah3 ,selections 7,saint-,sans7 8,samt und seide0 from ,der ,fremdenfuehrer 7,ziehrer7 ,saraband 7,anderson7 ,sari3 ,selections 7,klmn7 ,la ,scala di ,seta3 ,overture 7,rossini7 ,scarf ,dance 7,chaminade7 ,scenario 7,kern7 ,scnes alsaciennes 7,massenet71 see ,alsatian ,scenes ,scnes de ballet 7,glazunov7 ,scnes pittoresques 7,massenet71 see ,picturesque ,scenes 8,schafe koennen sicher weiden0 7,bach71 see ,the ,wise ,virgins ,schatz1 ,waltzes 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,gypsy ,baron 8,schau mir nur recht ins ,gesicht0 7,zeller71 see ,der ,vogelhaendler ,scheherazade 7,rimsky-,korsakov7 ,scherzo 7,kreisler7 ,scherzo 7,mendelssohn71 see ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,suite ,die ,schlittenfahrt 7,mozart71 see ,german ,dances ,die ,schoenbrunner 7,lanner7 ,die schoene ,galatea 7,supp71 see ,the ,beautiful ,galathea ,schoen ,rosmarin 7,kreisler7 ,school of ,dancing 7,boccherini-,franaix71 see ,boccherini ,scuola di ,ballo 7,boccherini-,franaix71 see ,school of ,dancing1 ,boccherini 8,scuoti quella fronda di ciliegio0 7,puccini71 see ,madama ,butterfly ,the ,seasons3 ,suite 7,glazunov7 ,second ,rhapsody 7,gershwin7 ,secrets of ,suzanne3 ,overture 7,wolf-,ferrari7 8,segreto0 7,tosti7 8,seguidille0 7,bizet71 see ,carmen 8,sei gepreissen1 du lauschige ,nacht0 7,ziehrer71 see ,die ,landestreicher 8,sei nicht bos1 es kann nicht sein0 7,zeller71 see ,der ,obersteiger ,semiramide3 ,overture 7,rossini7 ,semper fideles 7,sousa7 8,sempre libera0 7,verdi71 see ,la ,traviata ,serenade 7,drigo7 ,serenade in ,a 7,drdla7 ,serenade 7,romberg71 see ,blossom ,time1 ,the ,student ,prince ,serenade 7,schubert71 see ,staendchen ,srnade espagnole 7,chaminade7 ,serenade for ,strings 7,tchaikovsky7 ,srnade mlancolique 7,tchaikovsky7 ,serenata1 8,rimpianot0 7,toselli7 ,la ,serenata 7,tosti7 ,sevillaas 7,albniz7 ,sextet from ,lucia di ,lammermoor 7,donizetti71 see 8,chi mi frena0 8,s'fuersten ,geigen1 ,lippen schweigen0 7,lehr71 see ,the ,merry ,widow 8,shall ,we ,dance80 7,rodgers71 see ,the ,king and ,i ,shepherd's ,dance 7,german71 see ,henry ,,viii ,shepherd's ,hey 7,grainger7 ,shepherd's ,madrigal 7,kreisler7 8,shepherd's ,song0 7,offenbach71 see ,la ,belle ,hlne 8,short'nin' ,bread0 7,wolfe7 ,show ,boat3 ,selections 7,kern7 8,siboney10 or 8,canto ,siboney0 7,lecuona7 ,siciliano 7,bach7 ,sicilienne 7,faur7 ,sicilienne et ,rigaudon 7,kreisler7 ,side ,street in ,gotham 7,alter7 8,sighing ,softly to the ,river0 7,sullivan71 see ,pirates of ,penzance ,si j'etais roi 7,adam71 see ,if ,i ,were ,king 8,silvered is the ,raven ,hair0 7,sullivan71 see ,patience 8,si pu0 7,leoncavallo71 see ,pagliacci ,les ,sirnes 7,waldteufel7 8,sir ,rupert ,murgatroyd0 7,sullivan71 see ,ruddigore ,the ,skaters 7,waldteufel7 ,slaughter on ,tenth ,avenue 7,rodgers7 ,slavonic ,dances 7,dvok7 ,slavonic ,fantasia 7,kreisler7 ,sleigh ,bells 7,anderson7 ,the ,sleighride 7,mozart71 see ,german ,dances 8,so elend und treu0 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,gypsy ,baron 8,softly as in a ,morning ,sunrise0 7,romberg71 see ,the ,new ,moon ,soires de ,vienne 7,schubert-,liszt71 see ,schubert ,soires musicales 7,rossini-,britten71 see ,rossini 8,so in ,love0 7,porter71 see ,kiss ,me ,kate 8,soldiers' ,chorus0 7,gounod71 see ,faust 8,soldiers' ,chorus0 7,verdi71 see 8,squilli1 echeggi la tromba guerriera10 ,il ,trovatore ,solitude 7,tchaikovsky7 8,solveig's ,song0 7,grieg71 see ,peer ,gynt1 ,suite ,no4 #b 8,some ,enchanted ,evening0 7,rodgers71 see ,south ,pacific ,song of ,india 7,rimsky-,korsakov71 see ,hindu ,chant 8,song of ,love0 7,romberg71 see ,blossom ,time ,song of ,norway 7,wright and ,forrest71 see ,grieg 8,song of the ,vagabond0 7,friml71 see ,the ,vagabond ,king ,song ,without ,words1 ,chanson sans paroles 7,tchaikovsky7 8,songs ,my ,mother ,taught ,me0 7,dvok7 8,sonst spielt ich mit ,zepter0 7,lortzing71 see ,czar and ,carpenter 8,soon as ,we ,may0 7,sullivan71 see ,iolanthe ,sophie 7,lumbye7 8,sorry ,her ,lot0 7,sullivan71 see ,pinafore ,south ,pacific3 ,selections 7,rodgers7 ,southern ,nights 7,guion7 ,souvenir 7,drdla7 ,souvenirs of ,moscow 7,wieniawski7 ,spanish ,caprice 7,rimsky-,korsakov7 ,spanish ,dance ,no4 #a 7,falla7 ,spanish ,dances 7,granados7 ,spanish ,dances 7,moszkowski7 ,spanish ,dances 7,sarasate7 ,sphaerenklaenge 7,josef ,strauss7 ,spinning ,song 7,mendelssohn7 ,spring ,song 7,mendelssohn7 8,squilli1 echeggi la tromba guerriera10 or 8,soldiers' ,chorus0 7,verdi71 see ,il ,trovatore 8,staendchen0 7,schubert7 ,stars and ,stripes ,forever 7,sousa7 ,stephen ,foster ,suite 7,dubensky7 8,steuermann6 lass die ,wacht0 7,wagner71 see ,the ,flying ,dutchman 8,stout-,hearted ,men0 7,romberg71 see ,the ,new ,moon 8,strange ,adventure0 7,sullivan71 see ,yeomen of the ,guard 8,strange ,music0 7,wright and ,forrest71 see ,song of ,norway1 ,grieg 8,stride la vampa0 7,verdi71 see ,il ,trovatore 8,stridono lassu10 8,bird ,song0 7,leoncavallo71 see ,pagliacci 8,strike ,up the ,band0 7,gershwin7 ,student ,prince3 ,selections 7,romberg7 ,stuff in ,g 7,mc,bride7 8,suicidio60 7,ponchielli71 see ,la ,gioconda ,suite algrienne 7,saint-,sans7 ,suite for ,orchestra1 ,nos4 #a and #c 7,tchaikovsky7 ,suite of ,serenades 7,herbert7 ,suite pastorale 7,chabrier7 ,suite romantique 7,herbert7 8,summ und brumm0 7,wagner71 see ,the ,flying ,dutchman ,summer ,day 7,prokofiev7 8,summertime0 7,gershwin71 see ,porgy and ,bess 8,the ,sun ,whose ,rays0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,mikado 8,the ,surrey ,with the ,fringe on ,top0 7,rodgers71 see ,oklahoma6 ,swallows from ,austria 7,josef ,strauss71 see ,dorfschwalben aus ,oesterreich ,the ,swan 7,saint-,sans7 8,swanee ,river10 or 8,old ,folks at ,home0 7,foster7 ,swing ,sextet 7,cesana7 ,swing ,stuff 7,mc,bride7 ,les ,sylphides 7,chopin-,rosenthal71 see ,chopin ,sylvia3 ,suite 7,delibes7 8,sylvia0 7,speaks7 8,sympathy0 7,friml71 see ,the ,firefly 8,sympathy0 7,straus71 see ,the ,chocolate ,soldier ,symphonic ,picture 7,gershwin-,bennett71 see ,porgy and ,bess1 ,gershwin ,symphony in ,d1 8,dodgers0 7,bennett7 ,symphony ,no4 #e 7,gillis7 ,syncopated ,clock 7,anderson7 8,tacea la notte placide0 7,verdi71 see ,il ,trovatore 8,take a ,pair of ,sparkling ,eyes0 7,sullivan71 see ,gondoliers ,tales from the ,vienna ,woods 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 ,tales of ,hoffmann3 ,barcarolle1 ,minuet1 and ,waltz 7,offenbach7 ,tambourin ,chinois 7,kreisler7 ,tango in ,d major 7,albniz7 ,tannhaeuser3 ,overture1 ,selections 7,wagner7 ,tannhaeuser's ,pilgrimage 7,wagner71 see ,prelude to ,act #c1 ,tannhaeuser ,te ,deum 7,puccini71 see ,tosca 8,tell ,me ,daisy0 7,romberg71 see ,blossom ,time ,tempo di minuetto 7,kreisler7 ,thas3 ,meditations 7,massenet7 8,then ,you'll ,remember ,me0 7,balfe71 see ,the ,bohemian ,girl 8,there ,grew a ,little ,flower0 7,sullivan71 see ,ruddigore 8,there ,is ,nothing ,like a ,dame0 7,rodgers71 see ,south ,pacific 8,there's a ,boat ,that's ,leavin' ,soon for ,new ,york0 7,gershwin71 see ,porgy and ,bess 8,there ,was a ,time0 7,sullivan71 see ,gondoliers 8,thine ,alone0 7,herbert7 8,thine ,is ,my ,heart ,alone0 7,lehr71 see ,the ,land of ,smiles 8,this is a ,real ,nice ,clambake0 7,rodgers71 see ,carousel 8,thou the ,tree1 and ,i the ,flower0 7,sullivan71 see ,iolanthe ,the ,three ,bears 7,coates7 ,the ,three ,elizabeths 7,coates7 8,three ,little ,maids0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,mikado ,the ,three-,penny ,opera3 ,selections 7,weill7 ,the ,thunderer 7,sousa7 ,the ,thunderstorm 7,mozart71 see ,country ,dances 8,this ,nearly ,was ,mine0 7,rodgers71 see ,carousel 8,time ,was ,when ,love and ,i ,were ,acquainted0 7,sullivan71 see ,sorcerer 8,tit ,willow0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,mikado ,to a ,water ,lily 7,mac,dowell7 ,to a ,wild ,rose 7,mac,dowell7 8,der ,tod und das ,maedchen0 7,schubert7 ,torch ,dance ,no4 #a 7,meyerbeer7 ,toujours ou jamais 7,waldteufel7 8,traeume0 7,wagner7 8,traft ihr ,das ,schiff0 7,wagner71 see ,the ,flying ,dutchman 8,trauet nie dem ,blossen schein0 7,zeller71 see ,der ,obersteiger ,la ,traviata3 ,prelude to ,acts #a and #c1 ,selections 7,verdi7 ,trepak 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,nutcracker ,suite 8,the ,trout0 7,schubert71 see 8,die ,forelle0 ,triumphant ,entry of the ,boyars 7,halvorsen7 ,troka1 or ,troka en ,traneaux 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,the ,months ,il ,trovatore3 ,selections 7,verdi7 ,the ,trumpeter's ,holiday 7,anderson7 8,the ,two ,grenadiers0 7,schumann71 see 8,die beiden ,grenadiere0 ,through the ,looking ,glass 7,taylor7 8,treulich gefuert0 7,wagner71 see ,lohengrin ,tubby the ,tuba 7,kleinsinger7 ,turkey in the ,straw 7,guion7 ,turkish ,march 7,beethoven7 ,turkish ,march 7,mozart7 8,tu1 tu piccolo idio0 7,puccini71 see ,madama ,butterfly 8,twenty ,lovesick ,maidens ,we0 7,sullivan71 see ,patience ,two ,elegiac ,melodies 7,grieg7 8,two ,hearts in ,three-,quarters ,time0 7,stolz7 ,two ,northern ,melodies 7,grieg7 ,the ,typewriter 7,anderson7 8,un bel di0 7,puccini71 see ,madama ,butterfly 8,una furtiva lagrima0 7,donizetti71 see ,l',elisir d'amore 8,una voce poco fa0 7,rossini71 see ,the ,barber of ,seville 8,un nenn' mein ,lieb' dich0 7,lehr71 see ,gypsy ,love ,the ,vagabond ,king3 ,selections 7,friml7 ,valse bluette 7,drigo7 ,valse de concert1 ,nos4 #a and #b 7,glazunov7 ,valse de la poupe 7,delibes71 see ,copplia ,valse mlancolique 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,suite for ,orchestra1 ,no4 #c ,valses nobles 7,schubert7 ,valses sentimentales 7,schubert7 ,valse triste 7,sibelius7 ,valsette 7,borowski7 ,variations on ,i ,got ,rhythm 7,gershwin7 ,variations on ,kommt ein ,vogel 7,ochs7 ,variations on a ,theme by ,jerome ,kern 7,kern-,bennett71 see ,kern 8,vedi6 le fosche0 or 8,anvil ,chorus0 7,verdi71 see ,il ,trovatore ,i ,vespri siciliani1 or ,les ,vpres siciliennes3 ,overture 7,verdi7 8,vesti la giubba0 7,leoncavallo71 see ,pagliacci ,victory at ,sea 7,rodgers7 8,viene la sera0 7,puccini71 see ,madama ,butterfly 8,vieni amor mio0 7,verdi71 see ,aida ,vienna ,blood 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 8,vilia0 7,lehr71 see ,the ,merry ,widow ,violetta 7,waldteufel7 8,vissi d'arte0 7,puccini71 see ,tosca ,vltava 7,smetana71 see ,the ,moldau ,vocalise 7,rachmaninoff7 ,der ,vogelhaendler3 ,selections 7,zeller7 ,voices of ,spring 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 8,voi lo sapete0 7,mascagni71 see ,cavalleria ,rusticana 8,vorrei morire0 7,tosti7 ,walpurgis ,night1 ,ballet ,music 7,gounod71 see ,faust ,waltz in ,a-flat 7,brahms7 ,waltz in ,c-sharp minor 7,chopin7 ,waltz 7,glinka71 see ,a ,life for the ,tsar ,waltz 7,offenbach71 see ,tales of ,hoffmann ,waltz1 from ,eugene ,onegin 7,tchaikovsky7 ,waltz1 from ,serenade for ,strings 7,tchaikovsky7 ,waltz1 from ,sleeping ,beauty 7,tchaikovsky7 ,waltz1 from ,swan ,lake 7,tchaikovsky7 ,waltzes 7,chopin7 ,waltzes 7,schubert7 ,waltz of the ,flowers1 from ,loreley 7,catalani7 ,waltz of the ,flowers 7,tchaikovsky71 see ,nutcracker ,suite ,a ,waltz ,dream3 ,selections 7,straus7 8,waltz ,huguette0 7,friml71 see ,the ,vagabond ,king ,ein ,walzertraum 7,straus71 see ,a ,waltz ,dream ,the ,waltzing ,cat 7,anderson7 8,wanting ,you0 7,romberg71 see ,the ,new ,moon 8,a ,wandering ,minstrel ,i0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,mikado ,war ,march of the ,priests 7,mendelssohn7 ,warsaw ,concerto 7,addinsell7 ,washington ,post 7,sousa7 ,water ,music 7,handel7 ,water ,scenes 7,nevin7 ,waves of the ,balaton 7,hubay71 see ,hungarian ,czardas ,scenes ,waves of the ,danube 7,ivanovici7 ,wedding ,march 7,mendelssohn71 see ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,suite ,wedding ,march 7,wagner71 see ,lohengrin ,wein1 ,weib1 ,gesang 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,wine1 ,women1 and ,song 8,im weissen ,roessl0 7,benatzky71 see ,the ,white ,horse ,inn 8,we ,kiss in the ,shadow0 7,rodgers71 see ,the ,king and ,i ,welsh ,rhapsody 7,german7 ,die ,werber 7,lanner7 8,we're ,called ,gondolieri0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,gondoliers 8,were ,i ,thy ,bride0 7,sullivan71 see ,yeomen of the ,guard 8,were ,thine ,that ,special ,face0 7,porter71 see ,kiss ,me ,kate 8,were ,you ,not to ,ko-,ko ,plighted0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,mikado 8,we ,sail the ,ocean ,blue0 7,sullivan71 see ,pinafore 8,what ,god ,hath ,done ,is ,rightly ,done0 7,bach71 see ,the ,wise ,virgins 8,when a ,felon's ,not ,engaged in his ,employment0 7,sullivan71 see ,pirates of ,penzance 8,when ,all ,night ,long a ,chap ,remains0 7,sullivan71 see ,iolanthe 8,when a ,maiden ,loves0 7,sullivan71 see ,yeomen of the ,guard 8,when a ,merry ,maiden ,marries0 7,sullivan71 see ,the ,gondoliers 8,when a ,wooer ,goes a-,wooing0 7,sullivan71 see ,yeomen of the ,guard 8,when ,britain ,really ,ruled the ,waves0 7,sullivan71 see ,iolanthe 8,when ,i ,go ,out of ,doors0 7,sullivan71 see ,patience 8,when ,i ,was a ,lad0 7,sullivan71 see ,pinafore 8,when ,i ,went to the ,bar0 7,sullivan71 see ,iolanthe 8,when ,johnny ,comes ,marching ,home0 7,gould71 see ,the ,american ,salute 8,when the ,foeman ,bares ,his ,steel0 7,sullivan71 see ,pirates of ,penzance 8,when the ,night ,wind ,howls0 7,sullivan71 see ,ruddigore 8,where the ,buds are ,blossoming0 7,sullivan71 see ,ruddigore ,the ,white ,horse ,inn3 ,selections 7,stolz7 8,wiegenlied0 7,brahms71 see 8,cradle ,song0 8,wie mein ,ahn'l zwanzig ,jahr10 the 8,nightingale ,song0 7,zeller71 see ,der ,vogelhaendler ,wiener ,buerger 7,ziehrer7 ,wiener ,maedchen 7,ziehrer7 ,wild ,horsemen 7,schumann7 ,william ,tell3 ,overture 7,rossini7 ,wine1 ,women and ,song 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii7 8,wintergreen for ,president0 7,gershwin71 see ,of ,thee ,i ,sing ,the ,wise ,virgins 7,bach-,walton71 see ,bach 8,with a ,little ,bit of ,luck0 7,loewe71 see ,my ,fair ,lady 8,a ,woman is a ,sometime ,thing0 7,gershwin71 see ,porgy and ,bess ,woodland ,dance 7,german71 see ,as ,you ,like ,it ,woodland ,fancies 7,herbert7 8,wunderbar0 7,porter71 see ,kiss ,me ,kate 8,why ,do ,i ,love ,you80 7,kern71 see ,show ,boat ,yankee ,doodle ,went to ,town 7,gould7 ,yeomen of the ,guard3 ,selections 7,sullivan7 8,you'll ,never ,walk ,alone0 7,rodgers71 see ,carousel 8,younger than ,springtime0 7,rodgers71 see ,south ,pacific ,youthful ,suite 7,grainger7 ,zampa3 ,overture 7,hrold7 ,zapatadeo 7,sarasate7 ,zar und ,zimmermann 7,lortzing71 see ,czar and ,carpenter 8,zigeuener0 7,coward71 see ,bitter ,sweet ,zigeunerbaron 7,johann ,strauss ,,ii71 see ,gypsy ,baron ,zigeuenerliebe 7,lehr71 see ,gypsy ,love ,die ,zirkusprinzessin 7,klmn71 see ,the ,circus ,princess 8,zitti1 ,zitti1 piano1 piano0 7,rossini71 see ,the ,barber of ,seville 8,zorike1 kehre zurueck0 7,lehr71 see ,gypsy ,love 8,zuhaelterballade0 7,weill71 see 8,the ,bully's ,ballad10 ,the ,three-,penny ,opera 8,zwei ,herzen in drei-viertel ,takt0 7,stolz71 see ,two ,hearts in ,three-,quarter ,time ,ewen's ,,lighter ,,classics ,,in ,,music by ,,david ,,ewen ,in one brilliant volume1 ,david ,ewen offers a classic in musical literature4 ,here are the treasured semi-classical works of two continents--enduring1 always alive--analyzed by a famed authority1 acclaimed as 8music's interpreter to the ,american people40 ,a must for the music lover ,,the ,,lighter ,,classics ,,in ,,music is the first reference book of its kind in any language4 ,here is the music of ,victor ,herbert1 ,eric ,coates1 ,jacques ,offenbach1 ,johann ,strauss and ,franz ,lehr4 ,this is the music of the salon1 caf-house1 pop concert1 and operetta theatre4 ,,the ,,lighter ,,classics ,,in ,,music is also the story of the spontaneity and creative invention of popular contemporary composers2 ,duke ,ellington 78,black1 ,brown1 and ,beige071 ,morton ,gould 78,yankee ,doodle ,went ,to ,town071 ,george ,gershwin4 ,these favorites are universally loved2 their long life-span is assured4 ,there is still a third story--a story of the genius of classical masters who have produced works whose popular interest and subtle freshness compels an immediate emotional impact4 ,beethoven1 ,mozart1 ,haydn1 ,brahms1 ,chopin1 ,schubert--all have brought forth wonderlands of sound to delight the senses4 ,the author needs no introduction to music afficionados4 ,,music ,,for ,,millions went through six printings in as many years4 ,a revised1 up-dated edition1 ,,ewen',s ,,musical ,,masterworks1 was soon demanded and brought about4 ,on the whimsical side1 illustrator ,a4 ,birnbaum and ,mr4 ,ewen put their heads together and came up with ,,listen ,,to ,,the ,,mocking ,,words1 a medley of anecdotes about music and musicians4 ,now ,mr4 ,ewen turns a brilliant musical literacy and easy1 non-pompous style exclusively to the lighter classics4 ,here are the lives of #ahg composers2 over #ajjj perceptive analyses of musical masterpieces in the lighter style prefaced by biographical sketches4 ,an easy-to-use alphabetical listing of the lighter classics makes it easy to get the specific information you need4 ,,the ,,lighter ,,classics ,,in ,,music is an enduring book to be cherished by the concertgoer1 record collector1 musician1 instructor1 historian--all music lovers who know the universal sounds of music in the lighter style4 ,transcriber's ,notes --,silently corrected a few typos2 did not modernize spelling4 --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4