,transcriber ,note3 ,text emphasis denoted as ,italics4 ,illustration3 ,frontispiece ,a ,,monograph ,,of ,,the ,,trilobites ,,of ,,north ,,america3 ,,with ,coloured ,models of the ,species4 ,multa renacentur qu jam cecidere4--,hor4 ,,by ,,jacob ,,green1 ,m4 ,d4 ,professor of ,chemistry in ,jefferson ,medical ,college4 ---- ,,philadelphia3 ,published by ,joseph ,brano1 ,no4 #ab1 ,castle ,street4 ,clark ,raser1 ,printers4 #ahcb4 ,entered according to the ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahcb1 by ,joseph ,brano1 in the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court of the ,eastern ,district of ,pennsylvania4 ,to ,,john ,,george ,,children1 ,esquire1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,l4 ,e4 ,the kindness which a traveller receives when in a distant land1 must ever be among his most pleasing recollections your attentions therefore to me1 during any short residence in ,london a few years since1 cannot easily be forgotten4 ,suffer me1 then1 to inscribe this little work to you as a token of my gratitude4 ,our pursuits in the ,natural and ,physical ,sciences have been congenial4 ,your interesting researches with your original and magnificent ,galvanic ,battery1 first drew my attention to the calorific effects of that mysterious agent2 and your works on ,natural ,history have stimulated my exertions in the same fascinating pursuit4 ,a large portion of your time and fortune have been devoted to the patronage or the cultivation of ,natural ,science so that the dedication of this work to you1 if it were infinitely more worthy of your acceptance1 would be due from me1 both as a tribute of high respect1 as well as of grateful acknowledgment4 ,philadelphia1 ,october #ast1 #ahcb4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,the ,,plate4 ,figure #a4 ,trimerus ,delphinocephalus4 #b4 ,calymene ,diops4 #c4 ,asaphus ,micrurus4 #d4 ,cryptolithus ,tessellatus4 #e4 ,paradoxides ,boltoni4 #f4 ,triarthrus ,beckii4 #g4 ,isotelus ,cyclops4 #h4 ,dipleura ,dekayi4 #i4 ,head of ,d4 ,dekayi4 #aj4 ,ceraurus ,pleurexanthemus4 ,the above figures represented on the ,frontispiece to this volume1 were first published in the ,monthly ,journal of ,geology1 c4 for ,june1 #ahcb1 and ,i am indebted to ,c4 ,a4 ,poulson1 ,esq41 for the use of them in this ,monograph4 ,,introduction4 ---------- ,some geologists imagine that the order of creation is registered in the rocks which compose the external crust of the earth1 and that they can there clearly read a progressive development of organic life2 in other words1 that a succession of more perfect animals may be traced in ascending from the lower strata to the upper or more recent formations2 that there is a gradual approach to the present system of things1 and a succession of destructions and creations2 worlds of living beings alternating with worlds of desolation and death1 antecedent to the existence of man4 ,others1 again1 contend that there is often a wide and palpable discrepancy between the nature of the rock1 and the fossils which it contains1 and1 therefore1 that such inquiries afford no clue1 whatever1 to the order of creation4#a ,we propose not to enter the field of controversy4 ,fossils are undoubtedly historic medallions of remote periods in the natural history of our earth1 and our design is1 merely to illustrate with them a neglected department of ancient zoology1 by describing a few which have recently fallen under our own observation4 ,footnote #a3 ,nothing can be more opposed to true science1 than to pronounce on the priority of formation1 or the comparative age of rocks1 from either their structure1 or the organic remains they present4 ,m4 ,alexandre ,brongniart thus propounds his opinion3 ,in those cases where characters derived from the nature of the rocks are opposed to those which we derive from organic remains1 ,i should give the preponderance to the latter4 ,this seems to us to imply an admission1 that nothing definite can be inferred from the nature of the rocks2 moreover1 that between the nature of the rock1 and the organic remains1 there may be a palpable discrepancy2 and that these may be even at complete antipodes with each other4 ,the event has proved1 from what we have already mentioned1 that no evidence as to priority can be obtained from the nature of the fossil remains displayed in particular strata4 ,in addition to what has been said on this subject1 we may further state1 that encrinites1 entrochites1 and pentacrinites are found in clay slate1 grauwacke1 transition limestone1 alpine limestone1 lias1 muschelkalk1 and chalk4 ,it may be reasonably asked how these three species of fossils could indicate any particular formation1 when they are found in so many types and structures of rocks altogether different8 ,if they would go to prove any thing at all1 it would be that of a contemporaneous formation2 but certainly not distinct epochas4 ,see ,eclectic ,review1 ,july1 #ahcb4 ,in some varieties of rocks there is often found the fossil remains of an animal which bears some resemblance to certain species of the crab4 ,the back of this organic relic is commonly divided by two deep grooves or furrows1 into three longitudinal lobes1 and from this circumstance1 the term ,trilobite has been applied as a family name to distinguish this whole race of beings4 ,this general appellation1 however1 though in most of the species1 highly appropriate1 is by no means applicable to all4 ,the individuals which compose the family of the trilobites resemble each other in many important particulars1 and form together an exceedingly natural group4 ,the body1 with but few exceptions1 is divided transversely into three parts4 ,the anterior portion or head often resembles the buckler of the horse foot or king crab 7limulus polyphemus71 so common on our sea coast4 ,the middle portion is the abdomen1 and is always separated transversely into a number of segments or articulations1 generally diminishing in breadth as they recede from the head4 ,the posterior end is the tail1 which1 though in some species1 a mere prolongation of the abdomen1 that can scarcely be distinguished from it1 yet in others it assumes a genuine caudal appendage4 ,the head of the trilobite is also generally divided into three parts3 the middle is called the front1 or forehead2 and the lateral portions the cheeks4 ,in most cases1 a projecting tubercle1 or knob1 is observable on the anterior surface of each cheek1 which has much the appearance of an eye4 ,its reticulated structure is in many instances so analogous to that of the eyes of some crustaceous animals1 and also of some species of insects1 that there can be but little doubt that these tubercular projections1 were true organs of vision4 ,some of the genera which belong to this remarkable race of fossil animals1 possessed the power of rolling or coiling themselves up into a kind of ball1 like certain species of insects1 or like the armadillo2 and they are always found embedded in the rocks in this attitude4 ,such are the general characters by which these petrifactions may be known1 and they will be found illustrated in a manner more or less striking1 in most of the species4 ,the exceptions1 which rarely occur1 will be distinctly marked1 when the species are described4 ,the superior covering1 or upper shell of the trilobite is the only part of the animal1 concerning which we have any satisfactory knowledge4 ,it is conjectured that it was furnished with articulated feet1 but no traces of any organs of progressive motion have hitherto been fairly discovered4#b ,hence1 it may be reasonably supposed1 that the structure of the lower portions of the animal were so soft and delicate1 as to render them incapable of sustaining the process of mineralization1 which the hard crustaceous covering of the back so successfully undergoes4 ,footnote #b3 ,mr4 ,parkinson states1 that in a trilobite which he possessed he thought he perceived the points of the feet2 but on endeavouring to detach the piece of rock in which it was embedded1 the specimen was entirely shivered1 though he worked at it with the utmost care4 ,a portion of the underside of a trilobite 7,isotelus gigas7 near the anterior edge of the head1 was distinctly ascertained1 by ,dr4 ,dekay1 but only enough to convince him of its analogy in this part with that of the limulus polyphemus no organs of locomotion could be seen4 ,mr4 ,stokes1 the distinguished fossilist of ,london1 has confirmed the observation of ,dr4 ,dekay1 by some dissections of his own4 ,that these petrifactions were once marine animals there can be little doubt1 for they are always found associated in the same rocks with shells1 and other productions peculiar to the sea4 ,the ,trilobite is supposed by many naturalists to be one of the first animated beings of our earth called into existence by the great ,author of nature4#c ,it was first noticed more than two centuries ago1 among the petrifactions which abound in a calcareous rock1 at ,dudley1 in ,england1 and was from this circumstance1 called for a long time1 the ,dudley fossil4 ,linn gave it the name of the ,paradoxical insect2 but whether an insect1 a crustaceous animal1 or a shell1 is still considered by many as problematical4 ,footnote #c3 ,it is obvious1 that if most of the gelatinous animals which now inhabit our seas1 were to become extinct1 few or no traces of them could be found in any succeeding depositions of earthy matter4 ,whatever kind of animal life1 therefore1 may have been the first which appeared in our planet1 must be entirely hypothetical4 ,all that we can with certainty say of it1 is1 that it was best adapted to the circumstances1 in which it was to exist1 and that it was consistent with the wisdom and design which we see every where pervading the universe4 ,notwithstanding the high antiquity of the family of the ,trilobites1 and the remarkable characters the different individuals which compose it1 sustain in the animal kingdom2 till within a very few years1 the whole race has been almost entirely neglected by naturalists4 ,the first attempt at any systematic arrangement of the genera and species1 was made in #ahae1 by ,alexander ,brongniart1 ,professor of ,mineralogy1 c4 c41 in ,paris4#d ,until that period1 the term ,entomolithus ,paradoxus1 proposed by ,linn1 was applied to all the fossil remains1 which in their general appearance bore any resemblance to that found at ,dudley1 and which he first described under that name4 ,the confusion1 therefore1 which existed in this department of natural science1 may readily be imagined2 especially1 as the species rapidly multiplied1 when they were supposed to throw some rays of light on certain obscure geological phenomena4 ,soon after the appearance of ,professor ,brongniart's excellent work1 the attention of other naturalists was directed to this neglected part of creation4 ,the most important memoir1 on account of the number of species1 well figured and described in it1 is one by ,dr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,dalmann1 published in the ,transactions of the ,swedish ,academy1 for #ahbf4 ,there is also in the ,acts of the ,royal ,society1 at ,upsal1 an excellent paper on this subject by ,professor ,wahlenberg4 ,our highly esteemed friend1 ,dr4 ,james ,e4 ,dekay1 has also given in the first volume of the ,annals of the ,lyceum of ,natural ,history of ,new ,york1 some very interesting and ingenious observations on the nature and the structure of the ,trilobites1 with a description of a new genus4 ,these are the principal authorities which have been consulted in arranging the present work4 ,footnote #d3 ,i cannot let this opportunity pass1 without acknowledging my obligations to ,professor ,brongniart1 for his civilities1 when on a late visit to ,paris4 ,every one whose curiosity leads him to examine the royal manufactory of porcelain1 at ,sevres1 of which he is the director1 will no doubt acknowledge that his talents as a philosopher1 are rivalled by his accomplishments as a gentleman4 ,our object in the present undertaking being merely to give a monograph of the species of ,trilobites found in the rocks of ,north ,america2 we leave to other and abler hands the more difficult and interesting task of determining with precision the connexion which may exist between these organic reliques1 and the relative ages of the strata in which they are found4 ,it is supposed1 indeed1 that a sufficient number of well characterized species have not yet been collected and accurately described1 to throw any certain and clear light on otherwise doubtful geological phenomena4 ,what has been remarked by ,de ,candolle1 with regard to botanical geography1 is perhaps true of these fossils as to solving the difficult problems of geology--,let us not forget1 says he1 that this science can only be commenced when the study of species has been sufficiently advanced to furnish us with numerous and well authenticated facts4 ,we are well aware of the difficulty of settling the line which ought to divide species4 ,individuals perfectly identical in all their parts1 are rarely1 if ever seen2 though a general resemblance may be easily traced4 ,among fossils1 just discriminations of this kind are more delicate1 than in recent specimens4 ,the hand of time1 accidental causes1 and the influence of atmospheric changes often produce such characters as to render the determination of fossil species an exceedingly difficult task4 ,we have no doubt1 therefore1 that a few of our ,trilobites1 which are now considered as perfectly identical with some found in ,europe1 will upon fuller examination1 be discovered to be dissimilar1 and of course certain geological speculations grounded on the first opinion1 be ultimately abandoned4 ,the geographical distribution of organic remains1 is an exceedingly curious inquiry4 ,if accurately pursued1 without reference to any preconceived theory1 it will no doubt furnish much information as to the comparative ages of the different strata which compose the external crust of our planet--for that these strata were deposited or formed at periods of time more or less remote from each other1 every one knows1 to be a generally admitted geological fact4 ,the occurrence of similar fossils in districts of country remotely situated from each other1 certainly presents a phenomenon highly interesting to the speculative naturalist1 and apparently indicates that the same powerful and general causes must have concurred to produce these isomorphous depositions4 ,no fossils have contributed more to this kind of information1 than those of shells1 and as the mineralized species could not be satisfactorily studied1 except by accurately comparing them with those which now inhabit our seas and continents2 the search for shells1 has become1 from a simple amusement1 the study of scientific men--or1 as a writer remarks1 it was only after the period when it was perceived that geology and ancient zoology were destined to be enlightened by their fossil remains1 that this research passed from the hands of amateurs into those of naturalists4#e ,footnote #e3 ,we have not unfrequently noticed1 both in the writings and conversation of some geologists1 a disposition to sneer at the subsidiary branches of natural history4 ,mineralogy and conchology1 are light and mean in their estimation1 when compared with the study of extensive strata and ponderous boulders4 ,like ,irving's testy governor of ,manahatta1 who settled the accounts of his clients by placing their books in the opposite scales of a balance1 they decide on the value of a science1 by the absolute weight of the objects embraced by it4 ,geology1 as well as any other branch of natural history1 may degenerate into a mere love for the curious1 or have for its principal aim1 the perfection or improvement of some ideal system of classification1 without advancing a single step further4 ,another curious geological fact appears to be established more especially by fossil trilobites2 it is that precisely the same species of animal relic1 is the most generally diffused over the globe1 in proportion to the antiquity of the rock which contains it4 ,thus the transition limestone of ,england1 ,france1 ,germany and ,sweden1 contains the species called the ,calymene of ,blumenbach1 in common with the same formation which extends over so large a portion of the ,united ,states4 ,different genera and species of the trilobite are now found in almost every part of the globe1 and are frequently exceedingly abundant in the rocks which contain them4 ,that they must have swarmed in particular places1 is abundantly evident from a number of localities in our own country1--millions1 for example1 must have lived and died not far from ,trenton falls1 in the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,there are very few of the numerous visiters to that romantic cascade1 whose curiosity is not awaked1 by the multitude of these petrified beings1 seemingly of another world1 which are there entombed4 ,although many parts of the trilobite are now found distributed through the rocks which contain them1 in such a manner as to lead to the conclusion1 that they were separated by decomposition1 after the death of the animal2 yet the perfect preservation of others1 and the rolled and disjointed attitudes which we should expect such creatures to assume when disturbed1 lead to the conjecture1 that they have been often suddenly destroyed1 and as suddenly enveloped in that earthy matter1 which afterwards became an indurated rock2 thus preventing the separation of the harder parts1 by the slow process of decomposition4#f ,footnote #f3 ,vide ,de la ,beche's ,geological ,manual4 ,the fossil remains of the trilobite family1 are supposed by most naturalists to belong to a race of beings now extinct2 but from the strong analogy which exists between them and certain species of crustaceous animals now living1 it is highly probable that they will yet be found alive4 ,this opinion will not be regarded as visionary1 when it is recollected how large a portion of the surface of the earth is still unexplored by its enlightened and civilized inhabitants--how small the number of animated beings are yet known to the scientific world--and above all the fact1 that many animals as confidently declared to be peculiar to a former world1 are now found to be among the creatures at present in existence4 ,this opinion1 we think1 is quite as plausible1 and far more interesting1 than the blank and unsatisfactory hypothesis that all the trilobites are confined to an order of things before the present glorious creation4#g ,footnote #g3 ,the incorrectness of the inference that all the genera and species of fossil animals found in the transition rocks must be now extinct1 will appear from the following extract from ,bakewell's ,geology3--,the ,madrepora stylina1 so common in transition lime-stone rock1 is entirely wanting in the secondary and tertiary strata1 but a living animal of this species has been recently discovered in the ,south ,seas4 ,the ,pentacrinus makes its first distinct appearance in the lias2 but is not frequently met with in the upper strata1 and disappears entirely in the uppermost formations3 hence it was long supposed that the species was extinct4 ,a living ,pentacrinus has recently been discovered in the ,west ,indies1 and its stem and branches in a perfect state have been sent to this country4 7,england47 ,in the ,museum at ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 ,i have examined a recent ,pentacrinus1 which ,i conclude1 came from the ,west ,indies1 from the proprietor's account of the manner in which he obtained it4 ,it has been a very perfect specimen but the branches are gradually dropping off4 ,there appears to have been known to naturalists1 when the improved edition of ,prof4 ,brongniart's work on the trilobites appeared in #ahbb1 but #ag well marked species1 and out of which he constructed the five following genera1 which he thus characterizes4 ,genus ,first4 ,calymene4 ,body capable of contraction into nearly a semicylindrical sphere4 ,buckler with many tubercles or folds4 ,two reticulated eye-shaped tubercles4 ,abdomen and ,post-abdomen with entire edges4 ,abdomen divided by #ab or #ad articulations4 ,no elongated tail4 ,genus ,second4 ,asaphus4 ,body broad and rather flat4 ,middle lobe prominent and very distinct4 ,flanks or lateral lobes each double the size of the middle lobe4 ,submembranaceous expansions extending beyond the lateral lobes4 ,buckler semicircular1 with two reticulated eye-shaped tubercles4 ,abdomen divided into #h or #ab articulations4 ,genus ,third4 ,ogygia4 ,body much depressed into an oblong ellipsis not contractile into a sphere4 ,buckler edged1 a slight longitudinal furrow arising from its anterior extremity4 ,posterior angles elongated into points4 ,without any tubercles except the eyes1 which are neither prominent nor reticulated4 ,longitudinal lobes slightly prominent4 ,abdomen with #h articulations4 ,genus ,fourth4 ,paradoxides4 ,body depressed not contractile4 ,flanks much broader than the middle lobe4 ,buckler nearly semicircular three transverse furrows on the middle lobe4 ,eye-shaped tubercles none4 ,abdomen with #ab articulations4 ,arches of the lateral lobes1 more or less prolonged beyond the membrane which sustains them4 ,genus ,fifth4 ,agnostus4 ,body ellipsoidal--semicylindrical4 ,buckler and flanks edged--the edges being slightly elevated4 ,middle lobe with two transverse divisions1 each composed of a single piece4 ,two glandular tubercles on the anterior part of the body4 ,in #ahbd1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,dekay added a sixth genus to the family of the trilobites1 which he describes in the following manner4 ,genus ,sixth4 ,isotelus4 ,body oval oblong1 often contracted1 not unfrequently extended4 ,head or buckler large and rounded1 equalling the tail in size1 with but two oculiform tubercles4 ,abdomen with #h articulations4 ,frontal process beneath1 with two semilunar terminations4 ,post-abdomen or tail broad1 expanded with indistinct divisions1 as large as the buckler4 ,longitudinal lobes very distinct4 ,this genus1 he remarks1 will be sufficiently distinguished from the five genera proposed by ,m4 ,alexandre ,brongniart in his valuable and truly philosophical work on the trilobites by the following particulars4 ,from ,calymene4 ,by the presence of but two tubercles on the buckler not reticulated2 by the abdomen with but #h articulations4 ,from ,asaphus4 ,by the middle lobe1 which is double the size of the lateral ones2 by the absence of a membranaceous expansion on the sides2 by the non-reticulation of the eyes1 c4 ,from ,ogygia4 ,by the rolled form1 the rounded posterior angles of the buckler1 and the distinct articulation of the longitudinal lobes4 ,from ,paradoxide and ,agnoste by characters too obvious to be enumerated4 7,see ,annals of ,n4 ,york ,lyceum1 ,sec4 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #agd-e47 ,in #ahbf1 ,j4 ,w4 ,dalman published in the ,transactions of the ,swedish ,academy1 and also in a separate work1 an account of the trilobites found in the ,north of ,europe1 in which he has enriched the family by a number of fine species1 and with the following genera1 which he modestly proposes merely as subdivisions4 ,genus ,seventh4 ,nileus4 ,body short1 capable of contraction into a sphere1 smooth1 convex4 ,abdomen with about #h articulations1 without any dorsal longitudinal furrows4 ,buckler sub-lunate1 with large lateral eyes4 ,tail expanded1 not so large as the buckler1 without lobes4 ,genus ,eighth4 ,illnus4 ,body ovate oblong1 contractile4 ,head rounded in front1 eyes small1 in the temples1 very remote4 ,abdomen with from #i to #aj articulations1 trilobate4 ,tail expanded as large as the head4#h ,footnote #h3 ,some of the species described by ,professor ,dalman as included in this genus1 we think ought to be referred to that of the ,isotelus4 ,genus ,ninth4 ,ampyx4 ,body very short1 contractile4 ,buckler large1 triangular1 gibbous2 eyes not remarkable4 ,abdomen short1 articulations few 7#f871 trilobate4 ,tail expanded1 not so large as the head4 ,professor ,dalman has two other genera1 which he calls ,olenus and ,battus1 the first is the ,paradoxides1 and the second the ,agnostus of ,brongniart4 ,in the #hth ,volume of ,annales des ,sciences ,naturelles there is a highly valuable paper ,sur les ,trilobites et leurs gisemens1 by the ,count ,rasoumowsky1 in which he describes some new trilobites from ,russia2 the one which he has figured and described as a ,calymene#i from ,tzarsko-,selo1 undoubtedly belongs to a new genus1 very near to the ,isotelus4 ,the middle lobe is visible or naked through its whole extent1 and the lateral lobes near the tail are covered with a thick cuticular membrane4 ,this genus we propose to call ,hemicrupturus1 and may be thus characterized4 ,footnote #i3 ,the editors of the ,annales remark that this is not a ,calymene1 but that it appears to belong to the genus ,asaphus4 ,genus ,tenth4 ,hemicrupturus4#aj--;,green4 ,footnote #aj3 ,from three ,greek words which signify half-concealed tail4 ,body contractile4 ,buckler oculiferous and not lobate4 ,abdomen trilobate1 with #h articulations4 ,tail1 costal arches covered1 middle lobe naked4 ,the ,asaphus expansus of ,dalman1 and several other known species may be arranged under this genus4 ,as ,count ,rasoumowsky has given no specific appellation to the fossil above alluded to1 we propose to call it after his own name1 ,hemicrupturus ,rasoumowskii4 ,we examined the fine specimen from which our cast is taken in the cabinet of the ,baltimore ,college1 and for this favour we are indebted to the kindness of ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,cohen1 one of the ,professors in that rising institution4 ,the following list includes all the genera and species of the ,trilobite ,family1 hitherto described as far as known to the author4 ,it is taken from ,de ,la ,beche's ,manual of ,geology4 ,,names4 ,,authors4 ,,localities4 ,calymene ,blumenbachii1 ,al4 ,brong4 ,europe--,u4 ,states4 ,macrophthalma1 do4 ,europe--,u4 ,states4 ,variolaris1 do4 ,europe4 ,tristani1 do4 ,europe--,u4 ,states4 ,bellatula1 ,dalman4 ,europe4 ,ornata1 do4 ,europe4 ,verrucosa1 do4 ,europe4 ,calymene ,polytoma1 ,dalman4 ,europe4 ,artinura1 do4 ,europe4 ,sclerops1 do4 ,europe4 ,schlotheimi1 ,brown4 ,europe4 ,latiferus1 do4 ,europe4 ,asaphus ,cornigerus1 ,al4 ,brong4 ,europe4 ,caudatus1 do4 ,europe--,u4 ,states4 ,hausmanni1 do4 ,europe--,u4 ,states4 ,de ,buchii1 do4 ,europe4 ,brongniartii1 ,deslongchamps4 ,europe4 ,extenuatus1 ,wahlenberg4 ,europe4 ,granulatus1 do4 ,europe4 ,expansus1 do4 ,europe4 ,crassicauda1 do4 ,europe4 ,angustifrons1 do4 ,europe4 ,heros1 ,dalman1 ,europe4 ,platynotus1 do4 ,europe4 ,frontalis1 do4 ,europe4 ,lviceps1 do4 ,europe4 ,palpebrosus1 do4 ,europe4 ,sluzeri1 do4 ,europe4 ,ogygia ,guettardii1 ,al4 ,brong4 ,europe4 ,desmaresti1 do4 ,europe4 ,wahlenbergii1 do4 ,europe4 ,sillimani1 do4 ,europe--,u4 ,states4 ,paradoxides ,tessini1 do4 ,europe4 ,spinulosus1 do4 ,europe4 ,gibbosus1 do4 ,europe4 ,scaraboides1 do4 ,europe4 ,hoffii1 ,goldfuss4 ,europe4 ,nileus ,armadillo1 ,dalman4 ,europe4 ,glornerinus1 do4 ,europe4 ,illnus ,centaurus1 ,dalman4 ,europe4 ,centrotus1 do4 ,europe4 ,laticauda1 ,wahlenberg4 ,europe--,u4 ,states4 ,ampyx ,nasutus1 ,dalman4 ,europe4 ,olenus ,bucephalus1 ,wahlenberg4 ,europe4 ,agnostus ,pisciformis1 ,al4 ,brong4 ,europe4 ,isotelus ,gigas1 ,de ,kay4 ,united ,states4 ,planus1 do4 ,united ,states4 ,genera and ,species not fully determined4 ,trilobites ,cephaleurya1 ,rafinesque1 ,united ,states4 ,simla1 do4 ,united ,states4 ,granulata1 do4 ,united ,states4 ,bilobites ,lunulata1 do4 ,united ,states4 ,lobata1 do4 ,united ,states4 ,from the short descriptions given by ,professor ,rafinesque of the five last mentioned fossils1 ,i conclude that they belong to the genus ,calymene of ,brongniart4 ,the study of the trilobites naturally leads to the consideration of those beings which appear to have inhabited our earth previous to the creation of man4 ,every one knows that the sceptical naturalist has drawn from these vestiges of organic life1 an argument contradictory to the ,mosaic account of the history of the world1 and though every cavil of the least importance1 urged against the truth of the sacred historian1 has been triumphantly confuted1 still1 the geological sciolist boldly impugns his veracity1 whenever any new facts in his science can be distorted to his purpose4 ,such being the case1 we cannot conclude this preface without briefly stating two or three methods by which any seeming discrepancies may be explained4 ,first1 those who imagine that the six periods of creation1 mentioned in the beginning of the pentateuch1 mean literally days of #bd hours each1 believe that1 as only a small part of the earth was at first required for the abode of man and the higher animals1 the present continents might have remained as long beneath the waters1 and have undergone every change necessary to solve this geological puzzle4 ,again1 others have thought that ,moses1 after recording1 in the first sentence of ,genesis1 the great truth that all things were made by the will of an intelligent ,creator--passed silently over some intermediate state of the earth1 which had no direct relation to the history1 or to the duties of man--and proceeded to describe the successive appearance of the present order of things4 ,on this supposition1 the fossil remains and peculiarities in the structure of the earth may have belonged to that intermediate state4 ,a third method of explaining the difficulty1 and which we think highly satisfactory1 is1 by understanding the days of creation to mean1 not ordinary days1 but periods of time1 in which the recorded events took place in the order described so briefly by the sacred historian4 ,it is acknowledged by every one competent to judge1 that among the ,hebrews1 days and weeks were often used in this manner4 ,the accordance between the order in which1 according to the account of ,moses1 the work of creation was accomplished1 and the order in which the fossil remains of plants and animals are deposited in the earth1 has surprised1 and has been acknowledged by learned sceptics themselves4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,the ,baron ,cuvier1 on this subject1 remarks1 respecting the ,jewish legislator--,his books show us1 that he had very perfect ideas respecting several of the highest questions of natural philosophy4 ,his cosmogony1 especially1 considered purely in a scientific point of view1 is extremely remarkable1 inasmuch as the order which it assigns to the different epochs of creation1 is precisely the same as that which has been deduced from geological considerations4 ,it will be useless to push these arguments further4 ,the catastrophes which have produced the secondary strata1 and the diluvian depositions1 could not have been local or partial phenomena2 but rather than call upon a comet1 with the abstracted philosopher1 to deluge the earth for every new geological epoch--or to change the axis of motion of our planet--or to resort to any of his wild1 fanciful1 and impious theories1 we should1 with ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 even prefer the dream that all the secondary strata were created1 filled with the remains1 as it were1 of animal life1 to confound the speculations of our geological reasoners4 ,,acknowledgments4 ,every author who attempts a ,monograph of any of the departments of ,natural ,history1 must necessarily depend1 in a greater or less degree1 upon the kindness and liberality of others4 ,rare and unique specimens1 particularly of fossil species1 are often scattered through different cabinets1 and his work would be rendered very imperfect1 if they were not intrusted to his care4 ,in preparing the following ,monograph on the plan of giving exact models of the species1 instead of illustrating them by engravings in the usual manner1 the specimens when used by the artist are perhaps more liable to accident1 and it was at first supposed that this circumstance might have prevented the original design4 ,but in no instance1 where an application has been made1 either to a public institution or to a private cabinet1 has the author met with a refusal2 indeed the courtesy1 kindness1 and liberality which he has experienced from naturalists1 who have every where aided him in the prosecution of his work1 form no inconsiderable portion of the gratification which he has received4 ,besides the acknowledgments to public museums1 and to individuals1 which are made in the body of the work1 the author is desirous of recording in this place1 the following cabinets from which he has derived much assistance4 ,,in ,,philadelphia4 ,the ,cabinet of ,john ,p4 ,wetherill4 ,the ,cabinet of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences4 ,the ,philadelphia ,museum4 7,peale's47 ,the ,cabinet of ,p4 ,a4 ,browne1 ,esq4 ,the ,cabinet of ,dr4 ,r4 ,harlan4 ,the ,cabinet of ,william ,hyde4 ,the ,cabinet of ,j4 ,pierce4 ,the ,cabinet of the ,geological ,society4 -------- ,lambdin's ,museum1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,the ,cabinet of ,d4 ,keim1 ,reading1 ,pa4 ,,in ,,new ,,york4 ,the ,cabinet of the ,lyceum of ,natural ,history4 ,the ,cabinet of ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,dekay4 ,the ,new ,york ,museum4 7,peale's47 ,,in ,,albany4 ,the ,cabinet of the ,albany ,institute4 ,the ,cabinet of ,professor ,t4 ,r4 ,beck4 ,albany ,museum4 ,the ,cabinet of ,dr4 ,james ,eights4 -------- ,the ,cabinet of the ,rensselaer ,school4 ,,in ,,baltimore4 ,the ,cabinet of ,dr4 ,joshua ,j4 ,cohen4 ,the ,cabinet of the ,baltimore ,college4 ,the ,cabinet of the ,atheneum4 ,the ,baltimore ,museum4 -------- ,the ,cabinet of ,professor ,hall1 ,mount ,hope4 ,,trilobites1 c4 ---- ,genus ,calymene4 ,brongniart4 ,the name of this genus is derived from a ,greek word which signifies obscure or concealed4 ,the fossil animals included by it are characterized as having contractile bodies2 the buckler as bearing many tubercles or folds--the cheeks as being oculiferous1 and the abdomen and tail as being composed of from twelve to fourteen articulations or joints1 without any membranaceous expansion4 ,the ,calymenes in thickness are nearly semicylindrical1 and the buckler in front presents a chaperon or upper lip more or ,jess raised4 ,in perfect specimens1 there is a small furrow which seems to indicate a separation between the upper and under parts of this kind of lip4 ,the eyes are always raised1 and frequently present the remarkable structure observable in many of the crustacea2 but as this part is generally very prominent1 the reticulations of the eye are commonly worn off or injured4 ,professor ,brongniart places but little confidence in any of the generic characters above enumerated1 except the number of articulations of the abdomen3 these1 however1 in our opinion1 are more vague and uncertain than most of the others4 ,the genus1 however1 we think may be readily identified1 after becoming familiar with one well characterized species4 ,the general aspect of the buckler is peculiar--the body is not so depressed as in most other genera1 and the lateral lobes are destitute of all membranaceous expansion4 ,to the genus ,calymene1 belongs the celebrated ,dudley fossil1 called ,entomolithus paradoxus by ,blumenbach1 but which is not the same organic relic1 to which ,linn applied that name4 ,this genus includes a great number of species1 and though some of them are said to be found in different and distant parts of the globe1 they are according to our limited observation1 for the most part confined1 like recent species of animals1 to particular districts4 ,the ,c4 polytoma1 ,c4 pulchella1 ,c4 bellatula1 ,c4 concinna1 ,c4 sclerops1 and the ,c4 punctata1 all finely figured by ,professor ,dalman1 and which are found in ,sweden1 have not yet been noticed in any part of ,north ,america4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,see the valuable and extensive communication of ,j4 ,w4 ,dalman1 ,m4 ,d41 on the ,trilobites1 in the ,transactions of the ,swedish ,academy for #ahbj1 part #b;d4 ,calymene ,blumenbachii4 ,brongniart4 ,cast ,no4 #a4 ,clypeo rotundato1 tuberculis sex distinctis in fronte2 oculis in genis emintissimis2 corpore tuberculato4 ,in this species the upper lip presents a furrow parallel to its edges4 ,the lip is straight4 ,the cheeks are a little projecting4 ,there are six rounded tubercles on the front1 and fourteen articulations on the back2 the tail is small1 and the shell is covered with small rounded tubercles of unequal sizes4 ,the above is ,professor ,brongniart's description of this trilobite1 which is the famous ,dudley fossil described and figured by ,littleton1 in the ,philosophical ,transactions1 7,london7 in #agej4 ,according to ,dalman1 several distinct ,european species have been published under this name4 ,the true ,c4 ,blumenbachii1 he says1 has thirteen articulations to the abdomen1 and about eight to the tail4 ,in the cabinet of ,g4 ,w4 ,featherstonhaugh1 ,esq41 we have examined a fine perfect specimen from ,dudley1#ac in which there is fourteen abdominal joints4 ,there can be no doubt1 however1 that several species have been confounded under the name of ,c4 ,blumenbachii2 ,dalman's ,c4 ,tuberculata and ,c4 ,pulchella are1 we think1 distinct from it1 though he has marked them only as varieties4 ,footnote #ac3 ,this famous trilobite1 once formed a part of the cabinet of ,mr4 ,parkinson1 the distinguished author of the ,organic ,remains1 and is accurately figured on one of the plates of that splendid work4 ,at the sale of the late ,mr4 ,parkinson's fossils1 it was purchased by ,mr4 ,featherstonhaugh1 ,the true ,c4 ,blumenbachii1 no doubt1 abounds in ,north ,america1 and is one of the few examples of the occurrence of an identical species on both continents4 ,the late ,abbe ,correa sent a perfect specimen to ,brongniart1 from the vicinity of ,lebanon1 in the state of ,ohio4 ,we have also seen a number of specimens from that state1 which could not be distinguished from the ,dudley trilobite4 ,our model was taken from a specimen found at ,trenton ,falls1 in the state of ,new ,york4 ,the three following species found in the ,united ,states1 will no doubt be considered by many as mere varieties of the ,c4 ,blumenbachii2 we have ventured1 however1 to call them by distinct names4 ,calymene ,callicephala4#ad ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #b4 ,footnote #ad3 ,from two ,greek words1 which signify beautiful head4 ,clypeo antice attenuato1 figura liliiformi in fronte depicta2 oculis minimis2 abdomine quatuordecim articulis2 corpore plano4 ,the buckler is subtriangular2 on the front there is a figure in high relief1 somewhat resembling a fleur de lis2 or perhaps more1 the capital of a ,corinthian column4 ,the oculiferous tubercles are rather lower down on the cheeks than usual4 ,the articulations of the abdomen and the tail cannot well be distinguished from each1 other2 fourteen in all may be easily counted4 ,the middle lobe of the abdomen is nearly equal in breadth throughout4 ,the ribs1 or costal arches1 are not grooved or bifurcated at their extremities4 ,length nearly two inches and a half4 ,this beautiful species is in the ,philadelphia ,museum1 where it is labelled as being found in ,hampshire1 ,virginia4 ,it is mineralized by a dark yellowish limestone4 ,it differs from the ,c4 ,blumenbachii1 in the form and number of its articulations2 in the shape of the head2 in having only two flat tuberculous elevations on the front2 and in other particulars4 ,in the cabinet of the ,new ,york ,lyceum1 and in that of ,j4 ,p4 ,wetherill1 ,esq4 there are some examples of this species from the ,miami river1 near ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,i have also seen it from ,indiana1 in a dark coloured limestone1 very much distorted4 ,it has never been found at ,trenton falls1 or at any other locality1 as far as my knowledge extends1 which yields the true ,c4 ,blumenbachii4 ,calymene ,selenecephala4#ae ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #c4 ,footnote #ae3 ,from the ,greek for lunate head4 ,clypeo antice rotundato1 margine omni valde incrassato2 prominentia frontali utrinque trituberosa2 corpore tuberculato4 ,the buckler is regularly lunate2 the margin is slightly reflected or raised anteriorly1 the posterior edge forms a continuous rim1 running nearly parallel with the articulations of the abdomen4 ,the front on each side has one large and two small tubercles1 near its superior edge4 ,the oculiferous tubercles on the cheeks are on a line with the lowest frontal tubercle4 ,there are fourteen distinct articulations2 but as the tail is mutilated and distorted1 the total number of joints cannot1 from this specimen1 be ascertained4 ,the body appears to have been covered with small pustules4 ,these are very evident on the front4 ,costal arches simple1 or not grooved4 ,length1 one inch and three-fourths1 breadth of the buckler one inch and one-fourth4 ,this species resembles a little the ,c4 ,pulchella of ,dalman4 ,the specimen from which the model was taken1 is in the possession of ,mr4 ,r4 ,peale1 of ,new ,york1 who willingly lent it for this monograph4 ,he informed me that it was found in the state of ,new ,york1 but he was unable to name its precise locality4 ,it occurs in a soft ash coloured limestone4 ,no other petrifaction is observable in the fragment of rock which contains it4 ,calymene ,platys4#af ,green4 ,casts ,no4 #d and #e4 ,footnote #af3 ,from a ,greek word which signifies ,flat1 ,clypeo antice rotundato2 prominentia frontali utrinque quatuor tuberculis4 ,the buckler is probably semilunate2 but as the anterior portion is lost1 this cannot be determined with precision4 ,the posterior raised rim is not continuous1 as in the ,c4 ,selenecephala1 but is separated by the longitudinal dorsal furrows4 ,the front is distinctly divided from the cheeks1 and has four tubercular prominences on each side4 ,three of them are nearly on a line with the lateral edge of the cheeks1 and gradually diminish in size1 as they descend to the anterior part of the buckler4 ,the other is smaller1 and is between1 and a little to the side1 of the upper two4 ,the cheeks form spherical triangles4 ,the oculiferous prominences are close to the second large tubercle on the front4 ,the cheeks are1 however1 quite imperfect4 ,the articulations of the back cannot be distinguished from those of the tail4 ,in our specimen they are all beautifully distinct1 and are twenty-two in number4 ,the posterior raised rim of the buckler seems to form an articulation2 its extremities on each side are a good deal thickened and expanded4 ,the costal arches suddenly curve downwards and backwards1 near their middle1 so as to divide the abdomen and tail into five unequal sections4 ,the whole length is nearly three inches4 ,the breadth of the buckler nearly two inches4 ,this fine large ,calymene was accidentally discovered on the ,helderberg mountain1 by my friend1 ,professor ,t4 ,r4 ,beck4 ,one of the loose pieces of sandstone rolling over1 near his feet1 presented him the fine natural mould1 from which he has kindly permitted our cast to be taken4 ,the animal relic once enclosed in this matrix1 must still be near that locality1 and yet remains undiscovered1 to reward the enterprise of some more fortunate naturalist4 ,one of our models represents the natural mould found by ,dr4 ,beck4 ,the other is a cast taken from it and exhibits1 more satisfactorily1 the various parts of the animal4 ,calymene ,microps4#ag ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #f4 ,footnote #ag3 ,from the ,greek for small eyes4 ,clypeo antice subattenuato2 occulis minimis in lateribus capitis2 abdominis articulis a #ad ad #ah2 corpore depresso4 ,the buckler is semi-elliptical1 slightly punctate1 and much depressed anteriorly2 the front and cheeks are not very distinctly marked4 ,the eyes are very remote from each other1 being situated near the posterior lateral angles of the head4 ,they are not very prominent1 and exhibit no marks of being reticulated4 ,before the eye on each side1 there is a slight transverse indentation4 ,it is difficult to distinguish the articulations of the abdomen from those of the tail4 ,they are from fourteen to eighteen in number4 ,where the lateral lobes remain perfect1 two narrow raised lines appear between each of the ribs2 these are most evident on the caudal extremities of the animal4 ,the middle lobe is in the form of a long1 slender1 and acute cone4 ,the whole animal is an inch and a quarter long1 and is much more depressed than any other ,calymene which we have seen4 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,titian ,r4 ,peale for the use of the original from which our model was taken1 his liberality to those who cultivate ,natural ,history is proverbial1 and needs no encomium from me4 ,the ,c4 ,microps is said to have been found near ,ripley1 ,ohio4 ,it occurs in black limestone4 ,the eyes of this ,calymene are small in comparison with those of some other species--particularly the ,c4 ,bufo1 ,c4 ,macrophthalma1 and ,c4 ,anchiops4 ,calymene ,anchiops4#ah ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #g4 ,footnote #ah3 ,from two ,greek words which signify eyes approximate4 ,clypeo antice1 caudaque postice rotundatis2 oculis approximis1 magnis1 excertis2 articulis vigenti2 corpore plano4 ,the buckler of this species is irregularly hemispherical2 the front pyriform and without pustulations4 ,the cheeks are almost entirely occupied by the eyes1 which are placed very near each other on the upper part of the forehead2 are very large and trilobate1 the side lobes being elongated and attenuated in front4 ,the articulations of the back are twenty in number1 those of the abdomen not being distinguishable from those of the tail4 ,the costal arches of the side lobes are round near their extremities1 and are intersected with two or three raised lines4 ,length nearly four inches4 ,breadth about two inches4 ,it gives me great satisfaction in being able to describe1 and to present to naturalists a good cast of this ,calymene1 which has excited for a long time so much interest and perplexity4 ,the original fossil from which our plaster model was made is now deposited in the cabinet of the ,albany ,institute1 and is the identical specimen from which a cast was long since made1 by ,dr4 ,hosack of ,new ,york1 a specimen of which he sent in ,july1 #ahai1 to the ,royal ,academy of ,science1 in ,france4 ,professor ,brongniart referred the animal from which this model was taken1 though with much hesitation and doubt1 to the species1 ,calymene ,macrophthalma4 ,he remarks concerning it1 ,il est beaucoup plus gros que les autres individus1 et a prs de dneuf centimtres de longueur4 ,c'est avec doute que je rapport cette empreinte tres-peu nette l'espce actuelle2 mais malgr ses forms obtuses1 et l'absence de tout detail1 elle est si remarquable par la grosseur de ces yeux et par le prolongement de son bouclier qu'on peut prsumer qu'elle appartient an calymne macrophthalme1 et avec d'autnt plus de probabilit qu'elle vient aussi des ,etats ,unis d',amrique4 ,elle a t trouve1 suivant ,m4 ,hosack1 dans un schiste4 ,we have seen the cast alluded to in the above note1 and are not at all surprised at the uncertainty which it has occasioned4 ,the apparent prolongation of the buckler is entirely occasioned by the loss of a small fragment from that portion of the head4 ,the form and position of the eyes1 further distinguish it from any of the numerous specimens of ,c4 ,macrophthalma1 that we have examined4 ,the raised lines which we have noticed as intersecting the costal arches of the lateral lobes are remarkable1 though they may have been produced by accidental fissures in the epidermal covering of the animal4 ,the head of the ,c4 ,macrophthalma is always marked by minute and prominent granulations1 like shagreen--nothing of this kind appears on the buckler of the ,c4 ,anchiops4 ,i am informed by my friend1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,r4 ,beck1 to whose liberality ,i owe this interesting species1 that it was found in ,ulster county1 ,new ,york4 ,it was supposed by ,dr4 ,hosack1 to have been discovered in the vicinity of ,albany4 ,respecting the locality and geological relations of this trilobite1 ,professor ,brongniart remarks1 un modle en pltre de trilobite envoy l',acadmie des ,sciences1 en ,juillet1 #ahai1 par ,m4 ,hosack1 et que j'ai rapport1 autant que la chose tait possible1 et toujours avec doute1 au calymne macrophthalme1 a t trouv dans le territoire d',albany1 tat de ,new ,york4 ,or1 les environs de cette ville sont indiqus1 sur la carte gologique de ,m4 ,maclure1 comme forms de terrains de transition4 ,m4 ,hosack dit qu'il a t trouv au milieu d'un rocher ardois1 c'est dire1 dans un schiste probablement analogue celui des environs d',angers1 qui renferme les ,ogygies1 et ce trilobite ce rapproche un peu de ce genre par la grosseur des tubercules qui recouvrent les yeux on en tiennent la place4 ,the rock in which the ,calymene ,anchiops is found1 appears to be a clay slate4 ,calymene ,diops4#ai ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #h1 and fig4 #b4 ,footnote #ai3 ,from the ,greek for ,double ,eyes4 ,clypeo lobato plano2 rugis tribus in lateribus frontis2 tuberculis oculiformibus1 eminentissimis et duplicibus2 articulis octodecim2 cauda rotunda4 ,this species is very distinct from every other ,calymene that we have seen4 ,the outline of the buckler is lobate lunate2 the front is very convex1 and a good deal elevated above the cheeks or sides1 from which it is divided by a deep furrow2 on the posterior margin of the front on each side1 close to the groove there is a prominent circular tubercle1 before which there are three small transverse wrinkles4 ,the cheeks are subtriangular2 the oculiform tubercle is near the posterior superior angle1 and is only separated from the tubercle on the front1 by the furrow or groove1 so that the animal seems to have had double eyes on each side2 there are two curved lines on each side below the eyes1 crossed near the front by a deep short canal4 ,the middle lobe of the abdomen and tail is rather longer than the lateral lobes1 and is rounded and very prominent throughout4 ,it is composed of #ah articulations1 seven of which appear to belong to the tail2 it is1 however1 somewhat difficult to define the length of the tail with precision4 ,the costal arches of the lateral lobes1 particularly those near the tail1 are bifurcate4 ,length almost three inches4 ,the original fossil1 from which the cast was taken1 is in the ,new ,york ,museum4 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,rubens ,peale1 the liberal proprietor of that flourishing and important institution1 not only for the use of it in this ,monograph1 but also for some valuable information relating to other species4 ,the precise locality of ,mr4 ,peale's specimen is not known1 but in the cabinet of ,j4 ,p4 ,wetherill1 ,esq41 there is a fine head of the ,c4 diops which was found in the ,state of ,ohio4 ,both specimens are mineralized by the same kind of soft grey coloured limestone--and ,i have but little doubt that they were derived from the same place4 ,calymene ,macrophthalma4#bj ,brongniart4 ,cast ,no4 #i4 ,footnote #bj3 ,from the ,greek for ,great eyes4 ,clypeo antice1 caudaque postice attenuatis1 oculis magnis exsertis4 ,this species1 according to ,al4 ,brongniart1 who first described it1 is remarkable for the magnitude and protuberance of its eye-shaped tubercles1 and by the prolongation of the anterior portion of the buckler1 in the form of a snout4 ,the back is marked by #ab or #ac articulations1 which are thicker than those of the tail4 ,the tail is short1 pointed1 and without expansion4 ,the middle lobe1 or front of the buckler1 in this calymene1 is said by ,brongniart to be marked on its sides by three oblique plic or wrinkles1 but we have not been able to discover this character in any of the specimens to which we have access2 neither do they exhibit any remarkable prolongation in the anterior portion of the buckler1 as stated in his specific character4 ,the specimens which we have examined1 agree pretty well with the representation he has given of the ,c4 ,macrophthalma1 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #e4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 made from a drawing by ,mr4 ,stokes1 from a fossil found in ,coalbrookdale 7,eng474 ,this trilobite is common in several parts of the ,united ,states4 ,according to ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,dekay1#ba the ,c4 ,macrophthalma is found on the ,helderberg mountains1 near ,albany1 and at ,coshung creek1 not far from ,seneca lake1 in the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,it occurs also at ,leheighton1 in ,pennsylvania--at the ,falls of the ,ohio1 and at several other localities4 ,we have examined a number of specimens of the ,c4 ,macrophthalma1 contained in the rich cabinet of fossils1 in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 and have never seen any individual which resembles the fig4 #d1 ,plate ,i4 of ,brongniart2 and in no instance is the front of the buckler marked by three oblique folds1 a character stated as peculiar to this species4 ,the ,c4 ,macrophthalma1 7variety7 occurs in large quantities in ,leheighton in ,pennsylvania1 and we are indebted to ,mr4 ,d4 ,keim1 for some fine specimens from that locality4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see ,annals of ,lyceum1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ahh4 ,the authority of ,professor ,brongniart is sufficient to place the ,c4 ,macrophthalma among the species of the ,united ,states1 though we have been unable fully to identify it with his description4#bb ,he received a specimen1 transformed into red jasper1 from ,prof4 ,ducatel1 said to be found in the ,united ,states--no precise locality is given4 ,our model represents the animal which is supposed to be the one intended by ,brongniart as the ,c4 ,macrophthalma of ,north ,america4 ,it is1 in our opinion1 a variety of the ,c4 ,bufo4 ,there can be no doubt that several species have been confounded under the name of ,c4 ,macrophthalma4 ,footnote #bb3 ,we have seen in the ,cabinet of ,mr4 ,featherstonhaugh1 a fine group of trilobites1 in the transition limestone1 from ,dudley1 7,eng47 ,among them there is a perfect head1 which agrees exactly with the description given by ,mr4 ,brongniart of the head of his ,calymene ,macrophthalma4 ,if this belongs to the true macrophthalma1 our species under that name is entirely distinct4 ,since our work had been prepared for the press1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,cohen1 of the ,baltimore ,college1 has shown us the fragment of a calymene from ,berkley1 ,virginia1 which agrees with ,brongniart's description of the macrophthalma1 and with the above fossil from ,dudley4 ,we regret that the imperfection of the fossil prevents our giving a satisfactory cast of it4 ,the following extract of a letter from ,professor ,ducatel to the author1 referring to the locality of this species1 will be read with interest4 ,i cannot be positive as to my recollection of the locality of the fossil referred to by ,brongniart and yourself1 but believe it is one of several found by my friend ,dr4 ,m',culloh1 in the neighbourhood of ,berkley ,springs1 ,virginia4 ,i regret that ,i have not in my possession another specimen to present to you4 ,calymene ,bufo4 ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #aj4 ,clypeo rotundato1 convexo1 punctato2 abdominis articulis sexdecim2 cauda attenuata2 corpore plano4 ,buckler semilunate1 front very large1 rounded before and arcuated at the insertion of the middle lobe2 surface convex1 and marked with numerous depressed pimples4 ,mouth large1 lunate1 resembling that of a toad or frog1 with a narrow raised rim on the upper and under lip4 ,below the chin there are no pustulations4 ,cheeks small1 triangular1 and separated from the front by a deep1 rectilinear furrow2 the eyes in our specimen are much injured1 but they are large1 and near the upper angle of the cheeks4 ,middle lobe with a series of distinct double articulations4 ,lateral lobes wider than the middle lobe1 ribs deeply grooved near their insertion2 articulations of the abdomen twelve2 of the tail ten4 ,length four inches and a half2 breadth of the buckler nearly two inches4 ,this fossil was presented to me some time since by ,thomas ,p4 ,johnson1 ,esq41 who mentioned that it was found in ,new ,jersey1 but that he could not learn its precise locality4 ,near ,patterson1 in that ,state1 some trilobites have been discovered--perhaps the ,c4 ,bufo may have been derived from that locality4 ,it is composed of a dark greyish limestone1 easily cut with a knife4 ,calymene ,bufo4 ,variety1 ,rana4 ,cast ,nos4 #aa #ab4 ,this fine specimen differs from the one above described1 in having the front of the buckler rather smaller1 and of a different contour4 ,the whole of the shell is also covered with granulations1 which only appear on the head of the other2 this1 however1 may be only an imperfection in the specimens in our cabinet4 ,i am indebted to the ,albany ,institute for the originals of the models ,nos4 #aa #ab4 ,they were found at ,seneca1 ,ontario ,county1 ,new ,york1 in dark1 slaty limestone1 which also contains cubical crystals of iron pyrites4 ,a fortunate blow of the hammer has fractured the rock which contains this trilobite1 so neatly1 as to present us at the same time with the petrified animal in an almost perfect state1 and also with the mould or matrix in which it was imbedded4 ,this arrangement is beautifully illustrated by our models4 ,genus ,asaphus4 ,brongniart4 ,this genus derives its name from the ,greek word --obscure4 ,it embraces perhaps more species than any other genus of the family of trilobites4 ,about twenty have already been discovered4 ,most of them are very characteristic and can easily be determined1 but as the genus ,asaphus1 is intermediate between ,calymene and ,ogygia1 it is sometimes a little difficult to decide the genus to which the inosculating species on each side1 belongs4 ,in general1 the ,asaphs may be known by the body being very much depressed1 and by the membranaceous development1 which extends beyond the lateral lobes4 ,the middle lobe of the abdomen1 is rarely more than one-fifth the width of the body4 ,as the abdomen and tail of the ,asaph are the only portions of the animal commonly found entire1 the distinctive characters of the genus above given1 may generally be ascertained4 ,professor ,brongniart remarks1 that the ribs of the ,asaph1 which correspond in number and position to the articulations of the middle lobe1 are sometimes simple or undivided1 at least in the post abdomen1 but that they are always bifurcated in the ,calymene ,as far as our observations have extended1 these remarks do not apply either in the one case or the other4 ,the head or buckler of the ,asaph1 is not so deeply divided into three lobes as the ,calymene2 they are1 however1 quite distinct4 ,the oculiferous tubercles are in some species exceedingly well marked by a reticulated structure4 ,this genus often occurs at the same localities with the ,calymene1 though in some instances it seems to occupy rocks peculiar to itself4 ,dr4 ,john ,bigsby1 in his list of organic remains occurring in the ,canadas1 states1 that he never found a single species of the genus ,calymene1 on the north side of the ,river ,st4 ,lawrence1 although the ,asaphs were very abundant4#bc ,in his ,sketch of the ,geology of the ,island of ,montreal1 he however observes3 ,of ,trilobites1 the ,asaph genus is the most abundant1 they approach nearest the species caudatus1 of ,brongniart4 ,i have found no entire ,calymene1 but many bucklers or heads of the ,blumenbach species1 some of them an inch and a half in diameter4 ,they are found whole in considerable numbers in the vicinity of ,quebec4#bd ,footnote #bc3 ,silliman's ,journal1 vol4 viii4 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #bd3 ,annals ,new ,york ,lyceum1 vol4 i4 p4 #bad4 ,asaphus ,laticostatus4#be ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #ac4 ,footnote #be3 ,from the ,latin for broad ribbed4 ,cauda prlonga1 pars ad marginem vix membranacea2 cute coriacea1 tuberculis minimis2 costis latis1 convexis et valde distinctis4 ,the fragments of this species1 which we have examined1 comprise ten articulations of the middle lobe1 and the corresponding ribs of the sides1 all in a very good state of preservation2 the extent to which the membranaceous expansion reached beyond the tail and the lateral lobes is very apparent1 but it has been unfortunately broken off all round4 ,our specimen appears to be a natural cast of the internal part of the shell1 or the coriaceous covering of the animal4 ,the portion of this specimen of trilobite which still remains perfect1 is two inches long1 and three inches and a quarter broad4 ,the middle lobe exhibits the appearance of a very exact and gradually tapering cone1 its articulations being rounded and slightly flattened on the top4 ,the ribs of the lateral lobes are nearly straight1 slightly arched1 broad1 rounded1 and gradually increase in width from the point of their insertion2 they are simple or not bifurcated throughout1 and are covered with very minute granulations1 which are probably produced by the sandstone in which the animal is mineralized4 ,the membranaceous expansion near the caudal termination1 is a good deal prolonged4 ,the ,a4 ,laticostatus occurs in a light coloured ferruginous sandstone1 which contains a multitude of other fossil remains1 particularly a large species of ,productus and of ,terebratula4 ,it is said to have been found in ,ulster county1 in the ,state of ,new ,york1 by the late ,charles ,wilson ,peale1 ,esq41 the distinguished founder of the ,philadelphia ,museum4 ,during the memorable search after the bones of the ,mastodon ,giganteum1 in the marl pits of that county1 this enterprising naturalist procured our ,asaph with many other remarkable petrifactions4 ,the rocks which contain them were probably found not in situ1 but were masses rolled from the neighbouring ,shawangunk mountains1#bf which by some geologists are supposed to be a link in the grand chain of the ,alleghanies4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,peale1 of ,new ,york1 lately visited the rich repository of fossils in ,ulster ,county1 and procured a number of specimens of the ,a4 ,laticostatus1 all of which he has kindly permitted me to examine4 ,these are much smaller than our cast1 but in many instances the caudal elongation is perfectly developed4 ,the ,a4 ,laticostatus also occurs in the ,helderberg mountains1 specimens of which are in the ,albany ,institute4 ,footnote #bf3 ,the ,lenape tribe of ,indians1 who formerly inhabited this district of country1 gave the name of ,shawangunk to this stupendous ridge of hills a name which has been very properly preserved4 ,asaphus ,selenurus4#bg ,eaton4 ,casts ,nos4 #ad #ae4 ,footnote #bg3 ,derived from ,selene1 moon1 and ouros1 tail4 ,cauda semilunari2 costis angustis1 valde distinctis2 abdominis articulis duodecim2 corpore convexo4 ,i am indebted to ,professor ,eaton1 for two specimens of this very interesting species4 ,in his ,geological ,text ,book1 he thus describes it3 ,tail crescent-form1 or concavo-convex1 with the convex side forward1 upon which the post abdomen terminates3 abdomen contains about #ab articulations1 with an abrupt termination equal in breadth to one-fourth of the length of the transverse lunate tail2 the articulations of the side lobes gradually incline towards the axis of the body1 until the last pair terminate at the tail4 ,found in transition limestone at ,glenn's ,falls1 and ,becroft's mountain1 near ,hudson4 ,i have a specimen from ,becroft's mountain1 with part of the original covering of the animal remaining4 ,when we first noticed the remarkable lunate appearance of the tail of this ,asaph1 we supposed that it was occasioned by some accident1 but there seems no doubt that this conformation is natural4 ,in our specimens of this species1 which are not however perfect1 the articulations of the abdomen do not exceed #h in number4 ,the representation of this animal remain given by ,mr4 ,eaton1 plate #a1 figure #a1 is exceedingly inaccurate2 it will confuse rather than illustrate the subject4 ,our cast and the drawing1 we believe1 are taken from the same specimen1 which was kindly loaned by ,mr4 ,eaton for this work4 ,it is but justice to the amiable1 industrious1 and indefatigable author of the ,geological ,text ,book to remark1 that he regrets as much as any one1 the insufficiency of his figures of the trilobites1 to give any correct idea of the fossils they are intended to represent4 ,in the cabinet of the ,albany ,institute there are a number of specimens of the ,a4 ,selenurus4 ,one of our models represents the natural mould made by the animal in the rock2 the other is an impression taken from it1 in order to exhibit the animal in a more satisfactory manner4 ,asaphus ,limulurus4#bh ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #af4 ,footnote #bh3 ,from two ,greek words1 which signify ,limulus tailed4 ,cauda longa1 spina munita sicut in ,limulo2 costis abdominis in spinis retrorsum flexis1 desinentibus4 ,it is very much to be regretted that the abdomen and caudal end only of this remarkable ,asaph have hitherto been discovered2 it is1 however1 exceedingly gratifying that the fragment still remains in so perfect a state4 ,it forms a part of the magnificent cabinet of organic remains belonging to ,j4 ,p4 ,wetherill1 ,esq41 now deposited in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 of ,philadelphia4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,cohen discovered a small specimen of this species at ,lockport1 ,new ,york1 which he has presented to the ,athenum1 in ,baltimore4 ,eight articulations of the abdomen1 and ten of the tail1 are all of this fine species that we have seen4 ,the ribs1 or costal arches of the abdomen have a deep furrow on their upper surface1 commencing at the middle lobe1 and terminating near their free extremities2 these extremities appear all detached from each other1 and end in reflected points or spines1 so as to give the side of the animal a serrate appearance4 ,the costal arches of the tail are grooved through their whole extent1 and present no spinous terminations4 ,beyond the membranaceous expansion of the tail1 which is somewhat similar to that of the ,asaphus ,caudatus1 there projects a single spine1 like that from the tail of the ,limulus polyphemus2 this spine may be traced under the caudal membrane to its insertion into the middle lobe4 ,a portion of the crustaceous shell is still entire1 and it seems to have been covered with very minute granulations4 ,a row of large granulations may easily be traced on each side of the middle lobe4 ,length of the fragment1 one inch and a half4 ,breadth one inch and a fourth4 ,the ,a4 ,limulurus was found in the dark brown1 shaly limestone1 at ,lockport1 in the ,state of ,new ,york2 it is associated in the same rock with the terebratula and several other fossils4 ,the singular spinous projection from the tail of this ,asaph1 furnishes another analogy1 between the trilobite and the limulus2 an affinity which was suggested by ,dr4 ,dekay2 and which has been argued with great ingenuity both by himself and ,professor ,wahlenberg4#bi ,footnote #bi3 ,see ,nova ,acta ,regi ,societatis ,upsalensis3 #ahba4 ,also1 ,annals of the ,lyceum of ,natural ,history4 ,new ,york4 ,vol4 i4 pages #agi-ahe4 ,asaphus ,caudatus4#cj ,brnnich4 ,brongn4 ,cast ,no1 #ag4 ,footnote #cj3 ,from the ,latin word for tailed1 ,clypeo antice subrotundato1 postice valde emarginato1 angulo externo in mucronem producto2 oculis exsertis1 conicis1 truncatis1 distincte reliculatis2 post abdomine in caudam membranaceam1 acutam extenso4 7,vide ,brongniart47 ,the middle lobe of the buckler is marked by three transverse plic or folds on its posterior part1 and its cheeks or lateral portions are triangular2 the posterior exterior angles of which1 are acute1 and considerably elongated4 ,the cheeks are furnished with conical1 truncated1 semilunar and externally convex tubercles1 which were beyond all doubt the eyes of the animal1 being reticulated as in those of the ,limulus4 ,the middle lobe of the back is narrow1 and has twelve articulations4 ,the lateral lobes are composed of double ribbed costal arches4 ,beyond the lateral lobes and the caudal termination1 there is a smooth1 thick membranaceous expansion1 which forms an acute projection below the central portion of the tail4 ,the specimen in the ,philadelphia ,museum1 by which ,i have identified this species1 is marked as coming from ,ripley1 ,ohio4 ,it reposes on a fragment of ash coloured limestone--which contains also a mutilated specimen of what seems to be a calymene1 and a few small terebratul1 c4 ,dr4 ,john ,bigsby1 in his ,list of ,organic ,remains1 occurring in the ,canadas1 states that the ,a4 caudatus is frequently met with1 thrown up by the water on the north shore of ,lake ,superior--on the bank of ,rainy river--at the ,lake of the ,woods1 and at several other places4 ,in some localities they are astonishingly numerous1 and so small as to be almost microscopic4 ,they occupy indiscriminately limestone of every colour1 but are most numerous in that which is brown or crystallized4 ,they are composed of the kind of limestone in which they happen to be embedded4 ,we have seen a number of specimens of this species in the ,albany ,institute1 in ,mr4 ,wetherill's cabinet1 and in the ,baltimore ,athenum2 but in all of them1 the abdomen and caudal extremity only remain perfect3 from their exact resemblance1 however1 to the same parts of the ,a4 caudatus1 figured by ,brongniart1 7plate #b1 fig4 #d1 ,d47 we have no hesitation with regard to their identity4 ,the description which we have given of the buckler1 supposed to belong to our ,asaph1 is therefore taken from ,brongniart1 whose specimens were found at ,dudley1 the celebrated locality of the ,c4 ,blumenbachii4#ca ,the coriaceous membrane1 which extends beyond the lateral lobes and forms the caudal termination of our species1 is not covered with minute dots1 as in the ,european fossil2 and if a new name is to be applied to it on that account1 it may be called ,a4 glabratus4#cb ,m4 ,wahlenberg1 has given the figure of a trilobite which he calls caudatus1 but ours cannot be mistaken for that species1 to which ,brongniart has very judiciously applied the name of ,a4 meucronatus4 ,footnote #ca3 ,in the first volume1 #b;d series1 of the ,transactions of the ,geological ,society of ,london1 ,mr4 ,weaver has published some highly interesting observations on the fossils found in ,gloucestershire1 ,england4 ,the ,a4 caudatus1 he states1 is there found in the transition limestone1 though very much mutilated4 7,vide p4 #cbf47 ,footnote #cb3 ,in the cabinet of ,g4 ,w4 ,featherstonhaugh1 ,esq41 ,i have examined a fine specimen of the ,a4 caudatus1 from ,dudley1 ,england1 but could not perceive the minute dots on the tail1 as mentioned by ,brongniart4 ,the conical eye-like protuberances on the head of this species1 are very remarkable1 and so much resemble the reticulated eyes of the limulus1 as to leave no doubt that they once contained the organs of vision4 ,asaphus ,hausmanni4 ,brongniart4 ,cauda rotundata2 cute coriacea tuberculis minimis spinulosis tecta4 ,in ,de la ,beche's ,geological ,manual1 there is a list1 of the trilobites which have been discovered in the grauwacke group of rocks4 ,this list we have given in our introduction4 ,among the trilobites he states that the ,asaphus ,hausmanni has been found in the ,united ,states2 as we have not seen the species1 and presuming the author to be correct in his locality1 we give the following description from ,professor ,brongniart4 ,i know1 he observes1 only the tail of this ,asaph1 but it is so different from that of other trilobites1 that ,i do not hesitate to establish a particular species1 upon the consideration of this part alone4 ,its general form is that of a semi-ellipsis2 the middle lobe represents a very slender cone4 ,the arched ribs of the lateral lobes are perfectly distinct and simple4 ,i cannot perceive in them the slightest appearance of bifurcation4 ,this sufficiently characterizes the species4 ,but that which further distinguishes it from the others1 are the small1 elevated points1 scattered1 and of course rough 7serrs71 with which the skin or epidermis is covered1 resembling1 in this respect1 the tail of the ,apus canceriformis4 ,this fragment of an ,asaph is in a homogeneous1 compact1 blackish limestone1 which contains no other kind of petrifaction4 ,i know not where it was found4 ,it is in the cabinet of ,m4 de ,dre4 ,on plate #b of ,professor ,brongniart's work1 he has given figures to illustrate this species2 fig4 #c ,a4 represents the whole fragment1 and #c ,b4 two of the ribs of the lateral lobes1 magnified to show the arrangement of the tubercles1 which are very peculiar4 ,from the above description it will be readily perceived1 that the ,a4 ,hausmanni comes very near to the ,a4 ,laticostatus4 ,there are1 however1 many striking differences1 which will be obvious to those who compare our cast with the figures of ,brongniart4 ,the shape of the ribs1 and the tubercles upon them2 the form of the middle lobe and of the interstices between the articulations1 are all peculiar to each4 ,the elongation of the tail in our species is alone sufficient to distinguish it4 ,we have always been doubtful whether the minute granulations on our species were not produced by the sandstone in which it is petrified4 ,upon what authority the ,a4 ,hausmanni has been considered as a species belonging to the ,united ,states we cannot determine4 ,in the valuable and extensive cabinet of trilobites belonging to the ,albany ,institute1 there are a number of specimens labelled with this name by ,professor ,a4 ,eaton4 ,if we mistake not1 he mentioned to us that similar fragments of this fossil were sent by him to ,brongniart1 who1 we understand1 is the author of the list of trilobites found in the manual of ,de la ,beche4 ,the specimens which have been examined1 both in the cabinet of ,professor ,eaton1 and in that of the ,albany ,institute1 are certainly not identical with the figures or descriptions published of the ,a4 ,hausmanni4 ,professor ,eaton1 in his ,geological ,text ,book1 at page #ca1 thus describes his ,a4 ,hausmanni3--,tail rounded1 and forming the middle of a circular arc whose centre is in the fore abdomen1 near the head2 covering tubercled or spined4 ,found in coral rag on the south shore of ,lake ,erie4 ,also1 in its underlaying grit slate on the ,helderberg4 ,some other trilobites mentioned in ,de la ,beche's list as occurring in the ,united ,states1 we have not been so fortunate as to meet4 ,asaphus ,pleuroptyx4#cc ,cast ,no4 #ah4 ,footnote #cc3 ,from the ,greek word for grooved ribs4 ,corpore depresso2 cute coriacea tuberculis minimis2 costis striatis2 cauda acuta1 brevi4 ,this species like most other specimens of this genus1 in our cabinets1 is decapitated--every other part1 however1 appears to be in a good state of preservation4 ,the articulations of the abdomen and tail1 which cannot readily be distinguished from each other1 are seventeen in number4 ,the middle lobe is flat1 and regularly tapers to an obtuse lip2 it is marked on each side with longitudinal impressed lines or little grooves4 ,the costal arches on their upper side have a deep and narrow channel1 running through their whole course4 ,the costal arches of the abdomen have no membranaceous expansion beyond their terminations2 this organization is only visible immediately below the end of the middle lobe1 where it quickly finishes in an acute point4 ,a large portion of the crustaceous shell remains1 and is covered with distinct granulations2 those on the tail are the least obvious4 ,this species approaches very near the ,a4 caudatus1 but the grooves on the middle lobe1 the smallness of the costal arches1 and the limited extent of the membranaceous expansion round the lower portions of the shell1 will sufficiently distinguish it4 ,two specimens of this ,asaph are in the cabinet of the ,albany ,institute4 ,the one from which our cast is taken1 was found on the ,helderberg mountains2 it is embedded in a light grey coloured limestone shale4 ,the other specimen1 which is much smaller1 was discovered near the ,genessee ,river1 in the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,the rock in which it occurs is identical in its constitution with the other4 ,it contains other species of trilobites1 and a number of shells4 ,asaphus ,micrurus4#cd ,cast ,no4 #ai4 ,fig4 #c4 ,footnote #cd3 ,from the ,greek1 for minute tail4 ,cauda attenuata1 acuta2 corpore valde convexo2 costis striatis2 parte marginali vix membranacea4 ,this fine1 large caudal termination of an ,asaph is in the cabinet of the ,albany ,institute--and it is a subject of great regret1 that all that has yet been discovered relating to this highly interesting trilobite1 is to be seen in this fragment4 ,there are eighteen articulations of the tail and abdomen1 which cannot be distinguished from each other4 ,the middle lobe is composed of a series of straight1 distinct1 parallel articulations1 very convex about the middle1 so as to form a kind of longitudinal ridge down the back4 ,the costal arches of the lateral lobes are very distinct1 and are longitudinally striated or grooved on their upper surface1 particularly those near the upper part of the animal4 ,the membranaceous expansion is very narrow along the sides of the body1 and forms a sort of hem2 below the central portion of the tail it makes a short acute projection1 which seems to be supported by a short costal elongation of the middle lobe4 ,length two inches and a half4 ,the ,a4 ,micrurus was found in the black ftid limestone of ,trenton ,falls1 by ,m4 ,h4 ,webster1 ,esq41 and by him placed in the rich collection of trilobites in the ,albany ,institute4 ,the limestone in which this ,asaph is embedded1 is almost one entire mass of petrifactions4 ,the general aspect of the ,a4 ,micrurus is very similar to that of a calymene--but judging from its structure1 it could never contract its shell into a spherical figure4 ,its minute tail1 and narrow membranaceous expansion round the terminal edges of the lateral lobes are quite peculiar1 and determine it to be an ,asaph4 ,asaphus ,wetherilli4#ce ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #bj4 ,footnote #ce3 ,i have named this species in compliment to my friend1 ,john ,p4 ,wetherill1 ,esq41 whose magnificent cabinet of fossils in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia1 will ever remain as a monument of his discrimination1 enterprise1 and liberality4 ,clypeo postice arcuato1 sulcato2 abdominis articulis duodecim2 cauda vix membranacea2 cute coreacea vix punctata4 ,the contour of this beautiful ,asaph is very regularly ovate2 unlike most of the remains of this genus1 the buckler is still attached to the abdomen1 though one of the cheeks1 and a portion of the front are obscured by the rock in which the animal is imbedded4 ,the cheeks form spherical triangles4 ,the oculiferous tubercles1 though a good deal defaced1 seem to have been circular and not lunate1 as in the ,a4 ,caudatus4 ,a raised1 curved line passes from and over the eye1 between it and the lateral lobe of the abdomen4 ,the central lobe of the back is composed of twelve double joints1 and that of the tail of six single articulations2 where the epidermis or shell is perfect1 all the articulations appear single4 ,the last joint of the tail is longer than in any other of our species4 ,the ribs of the abdomen are rather broad1 and have a deep furrow scooped out along their upper surface2 their extremities1 where they can be discovered1 are detached from each other1 and terminate in reflected points1 like those of the ,a4 ,limulurus4 ,the costal arches of the tail are delicately grooved1 and terminate in the membrane4 ,the membranaceous expansion round the edge of the tail is very narrow1 and appears to form no projection beyond its central part4 ,the whole epidermis is finely marked with granulations4 ,length one inch and three-fourths--breadth one inch and one-fourth4 ,this interesting species was found in limestone shale1 near ,rochester1 in ,munroe ,county1 ,n4 ,y42 and is now in the valuable cabinet of the ,albany ,institute4 ,an accidental fissure of the rock disclosed not only a fine specimen of both the mould and the cast of this animal1 but also another individual of the same species in contact with it4 ,from the peculiar attitude which these fossilized animals maintain towards each other1 they appear to have been combatants at the very moment when the catastrophe occurred which produced their mineralization4 ,in the ,museum of the ,garden of ,plants at ,paris1 there is a large specimen of two fossil fish1 which are supposed by many to have been destroyed and covered with mineral matter1 when one of them was in the very act of swallowing the other4 ,mr4 ,bake well1 however1 who accurately examined this specimen1 is of opinion1 that the two heads of the fish had been pressed together by the superincumbent weight4 ,genus ,paradoxides4 ,brongniart4 ,the animals arranged under this generic name1 include the organic remains described by ,linn as ,entomolithus paradoxus1 and ,brongniart has given the specific appellation which the great ,swedish naturalist applied to these singular animals1 out of compliment to him1 though he considers it quite inappropriate4 ,the late ,professor ,dalman calls this genus ,olenus1 and quotes ,paradoxides as a synonyme1 but the term of ,brongniart seems to have the priority1 and therefore must be preferred4 ,the animals belonging to the ,paradoxides have the body very much depressed1 and the lateral much wider than the middle lobe4 ,the buckler is nearly semicircular1 the cheeks are destitute of eyes1 and the front is marked with three transverse furrows4 ,this last character is probably not a permanent one4 ,but the most distinguishing character1 is the prolongation of the costal arches1 particularly those of the tail1 beyond the membrane which they are supposed to support2 the termination of these arches is in teeth or spines4 ,some species of the ,asaph have prolongated extremities to the ribs of the abdomen1 but we have never seen them on the arches of the tail4 ,this genus is said to comprise a great number of species1 but the only one found in ,north ,america1 as far as our knowledge extends1 is that described by ,j4 ,j4 ,bigsby1 in the fourth volume of the ,journal of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia4 ,as we have not seen the specimen1 we add the description of it in the author's own words4 ,paradoxides ,boltoni4 ,bigsby4 ,figure #e4 ,oval1 blind2 surface with small tubercles and stri2 clypeus rounded before2 exterior angle extending in a broad spine2 abdomen fourteen jointed2 segments recurved1 falcate2 tail membranaceous and serrate4 ,the shape of this individual is oval1 approaching ovate2 it is moderately flat2 the whole length is five inches and four-fifths2 its breadth across the middle is four inches and nine-tenths2 wherever the cutis is not removed1 it is covered profusely and irregularly with small tubercles4 ,the denuded portions in this specimen1 for the space of three quarters of an inch from the external margin1 is1 in a very small degree1 depressed1 and displays a number of broken and continuous stri1 parallel to that margin4 ,there are no traces of organs of vision4 ,the buckler is nearly the segment of a circle2 anterior edge1 in the present case1 imperfect2 it is four inches and three-fifths broad1 and one inch and one-ninth long at the centre2 it joins the abdomen by a somewhat sinuous transverse line2 cheeks and front of equal breadth2 the former are flat1 but rise at the sharp ridge by which they unite with the front2 they are triangular in shape2 their outer angles terminating by an acute tip4 ,the stri mentioned above are here not quite parallel to the external border2 the front is a shallow depression2 rounded but tapering anteriorly2 it is intersected from above on each side obliquely towards the mesial line1 by a ridge bifurcating downwards2 another smaller ridge nearly bisects the front perpendicularly4 ,the abdomen and post abdomen are not distinct4 ,the abdomen exclusive of the cauda is three inches and a half long2 it exhibits fourteen cost varying indiscriminately from one-fifth to one-fourth of an inch in breadth1 except the three inferior ones1 which are rather broader2 they occupy the whole abdomen without membranous interspaces1 and are separated by a black sulcus1 not always well defined1 and sometimes a line in diameter4 ,each costa is canaliculated from the upper and under angle to the tip4 ,the middle lobe is separated from the lateral by a shallow1 rude sulcus1 which however1 does not always destroy the continuity of the cost1 as they cross it2 this lobe is slightly convex1 one inch and a half broad at the top1 and so continues to the sixth costa1 after which it gradually contracts1 until at the bottom it is one-fifth of an inch broad1 subsiding insensibly into a flat membrane-like surface2 its longitudinal sulci pass one inch farther downwards1 and expanding a little1 unite with the cost on each side the posterior edge of the space included by them1 being dentated4 ,the lateral lobes are quite flat1 one inch and a half broad anteriorly1 and1 by gradual prolongation1 become at the fourth costa one inch and four-fifths in breadth2 this dimension is maintained to the ninth articulation1 when it slowly decreases to one inch at the bottom2 the recurvature of the cost is gentle in the upper eight1 but then decreases rapidly4 ,their extremities1 advancing two-fifths and four-fifths of an inch into the embedding rock1 are falcate with their raised black edges1 and clearly marked points4 ,this trilobite was found by ,lieut4 ,bolton1 at ,lockport1 in the state of ,new ,york1 in the black1 shaly1 horizontal limestone forming the lower part of the ravine by which the ,erie canal ascends the parallel ridge of ,lake ,ontario4 ,dr4 ,bigsby remarks on this locality1 ,i am not prepared to assign to this limestone its exact place in the series of geological formations2 it is above the saliferous sandstone1 and therefore more recent than the rocks best known as abounding in trilobites4 ,we have1 therefore1 in this instance1 another fact1 which demonstrates that blind trilobites are not confined to a geological period more remote than ,that which has produced the animals with oculiferous tubercles4 ,genus ,ogygia4 ,brongniart4 ,in the vast quarries of slate at ,angers1 in ,france1 there is frequently noticed two very remarkable organic remains1 which have for a long time excited the attention of naturalists4 ,to receive these curious relics1 ,professor ,brongniart established the genus1 ,ogygia1 which he thus characterizes4 ,body much depressed--elongated into an ellipse1 terminated in points--nearly equal at its extremities1 and not capable of contracting itself into a spherical form4 ,the buckler is bordered by a slight longitudinal furrow1 rising from its anterior extremity1 and its posterior angles terminating in elongated points4 ,the abdomen has eight articulations1 and its longitudinal lobes are not very prominent4 ,the eyes are neither prominent nor reticulated and there are no other protuberances on the buckler4 ,in ,professor ,brongniart's original work on the ,trilobites1 he has described the two specimens from ,angers1 under the specific names of ,guettardi1 and ,desmarestii1 in compliment to ,m4 ,m4 ,guettard and ,desmarest2 and in ,de ,la ,beche's ,manual of ,geology1 we are informed that he has since identified two other species2 one of which is supposed to be found in ,north ,america2 this he calls ,ogygia ,sillimani2 the banks of the ,mohawk ,river1 near ,schenectady1 is the locality from which it is said to have been derived4 ,as we have not been able to find any detailed account of this species1 we have admitted both it and the genus to which it is said to belong into our ,monograph exclusively on the high authority of ,professor ,brongniart1 as quoted in the ,manual of ,geology4 ,we are not ignorant of the species of ,trilobites found near ,schenectady1 and if permitted to offer a suggestion on this subject1 it would be1 that the description of the ,american ogygia1 was made out by its distinguished author from the fragment of an ,isotelus4 ,the ,isotelus is not uncommon in that vicinity1 and one of its extremities might1 even by a very close observer1 be mistaken for that of an ,ogygia--especially by those who are not perfectly familiar with the ,isotelus4 ,genus ,isotelus4 ,dekay4 ,this fine genus of trilobites was established ,november1 #ahbd1 by my friend ,james ,e4 ,dekay1 ,m4 ,d4 ,it embraces a considerable number of species so analogous to each other1 that except in a very few cases1 it is exceedingly difficult to point out their distinctive characters4 ,some of the species of ,isotelus1 appear to have reached a greater size than any other trilobite4 ,in the cabinet of ,p4 ,a4 ,browne1 ,esq41 there is the fragment of one1 which must have been fourteen or fifteen inches long4 ,the ,isotelus is found in several parts of ,north ,america1 but most abundantly in the black transition limestone1 in the northern section of the country4 ,the richest locality1 not only of this genus1 but also of the ,calymene and the ,asaph1 is ,trenton ,falls1 on ,west ,canada ,creek1 about #ac miles to the north of ,utica1 in the state of ,new ,york4 ,the following extracts from the notes of ,professor ,renwick1 which accompany ,dr4 ,dekay's account of the ,isotelus1 will give some idea of this vast depository of the medals of ancient zoology4 ,west ,canada ,creek1 is one of the principal branches of the ,mohawk ,river4 ,at ,trenton ,falls it has worn itself a passage through the rock for the distance of nearly two miles1 forming a series of water falls2 and has thus laid open to view the strata to the depth of probably #cjj feet4 ,the layers of the rock thus disclosed are nearly horizontal1 and of various thicknesses3 they are composed of limestone1 with the exception of numerous thin veins of argillaceous matter4 ,the higher strata are composed of carbonate of lime nearly pure1 of a light grey colour and crystalline structure4 ,at greater depths it is more compact and darker in colour1 and finally it appears quite black and highly ftid4#cf ,footnote #cf3 ,see ,annals of ,n4 ,y4 ,lyceum1 vol4 i4 page #ahe4 ,animal remains are contained in every part of the rock2 besides several genera of trilobites1 we have several species of orthocera4 ,encrinites and ,fungites--,nautili--,terebratul and ,producti1 are quite common4 ,the favosites here are sometimes six inches in diameter1 and in such numerous columns1 as to have induced the late worthy proprietor of this interesting spot1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,sherman1 to consider them as analogous in structure to the basaltic columns of ,staffa and the ,giant's ,causeway2 he therefore maintains the extravagant theory that these columns are nothing more than gigantic favosites4#cg ,we visited this famous locality of trilobites not long since1 and were almost as much delighted with the sublimity and grandeur of the cataract1 and the picturesque and romantic character of the glen1 as with the reliques of olden times1 which are scattered here in such profusion4 ,footnote #cg3 ,see a ,description of ,trenton ,falls1 by ,john ,sherman1 p4 #ag4 ,the genus ,isotelus1 derived from 1 equal1 and 1 extremity1 is thus characterized by ,dr4 ,dekay4 ,body oval often contracted1 not unfrequently extended4 ,head or buckler large and rounded1 equalling the tail in size1 but with two oculiform tubercles4 ,abdomen with eight articulations4 ,frontal process beneath1 with two semilunar terminations4 ,post abdomen or tail1 broad1 expanded with indistinct divisions1 as large as the buckler4 ,longitudinal lobes very distinct4 ,other distinguishing marks by which this genus may be known1 have been given in our introduction4 ,isotelus ,gigas4 ,dekay4 ,casts ,nos4 #ba and #bb4 ,head representing a spherical triangle1 surface punctate1 convex1 descending from between the eyes to the anterior border1 which has a narrow raised rim2 posterior extremity concave and corresponding to the articulation of the abdomen4 ,eyes elevated1 prominent1 sub-pedunculated2 cornea oblong1 lunated1 highly polished2 abdomen with eight distinct articulations1 the middle lobe double the size of the lateral one3 these latter are continuous with the middle lobe1 have a deep furrow impressed on their upper surfaces1 which becomes gradually effaced towards their narrow free extremities4 ,these lateral lobes are rounded at their extremities1 and flattened in such a manner as to allow each lobe to slide easily under the lobe immediately preceding4 ,tail subtriangular1 convex1 equalling the head in size1 with the posterior termination rounded4 ,on the centre of its surface1 when accidentally decorticated1 a slight elevation may be traced1 if the specimen be held in a certain light1 which appears to be a continuation of the middle lobe2 this extends to within a short distance of the posterior angle of the tail1 when it is either entirely effaced or terminates in an abrupt truncation4 ,another elevation runs parallel to and at a short distance from the edge of the tail4 ,these elevations are connected by obscure parallel lines1 imitating the spaces between the lateral lobes4 ,when the tail is fractured on the borders1 a semilunar depression is visible1 exhibiting concentric stri4 ,the whole ,surface of the animal has a jet black polish4 ,length from #f to #ab inches4 ,the original of our cast is in the cabinet of ,j4 ,p4 ,wetherill1 and was found near ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,it is of a yellowish colour1 and occurs in argillaceous slate4 ,specimens are common in most cabinets of ,american fossils4 ,the ,lyceum in ,new ,york1 possesses a fragment of an individual of this species1 which must have been at least #ag inches long4 ,our cast1 ,no4 #bb1 is from the gigantic tail in the cabinet of ,p4 ,a4 ,brown1 ,esq4 ,mr4 ,stokes describes the ,i4 gigas as a new species under the name of ,asaphus ,platycephalus1 in ,geolog4 ,trans4 vol4 i4 ,n4 ,series4 ,his specimen was found in the limestone of4 ,st4 ,joseph's1 ,canada4 ,isotelus ,planus4#ch ,dekay4 ,cast ,no4 #bc4 ,footnote #ch3 ,the general usage of naturalists is to prefix a short ,latin caption to the species which they discover--but as some authors do not follow this fashion1 we are satisfied to suffer their descriptions to stand without it4 ,we believe1 indeed1 that the time is not very distant1 when every author will be expected to publish his discoveries in his vernacular tongue4 ,head more rounded than the preceding1 and less elevated4 ,tail flat1 rounded4 ,total length two inches and one-tenth4 ,breadth one inch and one-tenth4 ,length of the head1 six-tenths--of the abdomen1 eight-tenths1 and of the tail seven-tenths4 ,dr4 ,dekay is of opinion that this species may possibly prove to be the young of the preceding4 ,the relative proportions of its buckler and tail vary considerably from those of the ,i4 gigas2 and the depth of the lateral lobes1 which exceeds three-tenths of an inch1 would almost of itself determine it to be a new species4 ,the original1 from which our cast was taken1 is in the cabinet of ,j4 ,p4 ,wetherill4 ,it was found near ,newport1 ,kentucky1 and occurs in argillaceous slate4 ,the fossil is of a dirty yellow colour4 ,isotelus ,cyclops4#ci ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #bd4 ,fig4 #g4 ,footnote #ci3 ,from the ,greek for round eyes1 ,clypeo antice attenuato1 plano2 oculis rotundis1 proximis2 cauda ovata1 acuminata4 ,the head of this species is much more elongated than it is in the two preceding species4 ,the anterior portion of the buckler is much prolonged4 ,the eyes are approximate1 rounded1 and near the posterior edge of the head4 ,the abdomen is furnished with eight distinct articulations2 the middle lobe is scarcely broader than the lateral lobes2 tail rather broader than the head1 and ovate2 posterior termination more rounded than the buckler4 ,length nearly three inches4 ,the specimen from which our model was taken belongs to the ,albany ,museum4 ,no label is attached to it1 but ,i was informed by ,mr4 ,meach1 one of the proprietors1 that it was found in the western part of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,it is embedded in an ash-coloured limestone4 ,the specimen is a good deal worn--but the peculiar form of the eyes1 and the narrowness of the middle abdominal lobe1 clearly distinguish it from either of ,dr4 ,dekay's species4 ,isotelus ,megalops4#dj ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #be4 ,footnote #dj3 ,from the ,greek for great eyes4 ,clypeo antice subrotundato1 postice arcuato2 oculis magnis1 rotundis1 eminentissimis2 cauda suborbiculari1 limbo lato2 articulis abdominis octo4 ,the buckler in its contour resembles very much the head of the ,i4 gigas2 it is1 however1 rather more rounded before1 and arcuated behind4 ,the oculiferous tubercles1 are very peculiar1 being very large1 round1 and exceedingly prominent4 ,they have a good deal the appearance of solid hemispheres placed on the forehead of the animal4 ,they are exactly on a line with the two abdominal furrows4 ,the abdomen is composed of eight distinct articulations2 the middle lobe is rather larger than the lateral lobes4 ,the tail is suborbicular1 convex1 and rather less than the head4 ,length nearly five inches4 ,breadth almost three inches4 ,this magnificent ,isotelus was obtained near ,trenton ,falls1 in ,new ,york1 by ,p4 ,a4 ,browne1 ,esq41 and now forms a part of his fine collection of fossils1 in this city4 ,it occurs in black transition limestone4 ,it differs essentially from the ,i4 gigas of ,dekay1 in the magnitude1 collocation1 and contour of the eyes4 ,those of the ,i4 gigas are oblong and lunate1 and nearly half the distance between the anterior and the posterior edges of the buckler2 those of the ,i4 ,megalops are not only much larger1 but they are round1 and very near the posterior border of the head4 ,isotelus ,stegops4#da ,green4 ,casts ,nos4 #bf and #bg4 ,footnote #da3 ,from two ,greek words1 which signify covered eyes4 ,clypeo antice1 caudaque postice attenuatis2 cute coreacea punctis minimis4 ,the head of this species is nearly in the form of a spherical triangle2 its anterior edge is vertically flattened all round1 but does not produce a narrow raised rim1 such as is described by ,dr4 ,dekay1 to belong to the ,i4 gigas4 ,the eyes are prominent1 and rather nearer the lateral edge of the buckler1 than to its posterior border4 ,the shell of the buckler forms a remarkable projection over the top of each oculiferous tubercle1 something like an eye-lid4 ,continuous with the edge of this cuticular projection1 there is a curved linear depression1 which terminates on both sides1 at the edge of the buckler4 ,this kind of suture1 though remarkably developed in this species1 is not peculiar to it1 being more or less distinct in most of the ,isoteli4 ,the articulations of the abdomen are lost2 there can be little doubt1 however1 that they were eight in number4 ,the tail is subtriangular1 and less in magnitude than the buckler4 ,this fossil is among the number of fine specimens in the cabinet of ,j4 ,p4 ,wetherill4 ,it is in a rolled or contracted attitude1 and is somewhat distorted4 ,we have given1 however1 models of the head and the tail1 in two distinct pieces4 ,the external shell1 or calcareous covering1 is more perfect in this specimen than in any other we have ever seen4 ,a considerable portion of the under side of the anterior part of the buckler1 is also well preserved1 and perfectly coincides with the figure and description given of it by ,dr4 ,dekay and ,mr4 ,stokes4 ,there is another fragment of an ,isotelus in the cabinet of ,mr4 ,wetherill1 showing eight articulations of the abdomen1 which probably belongs to another individual of this species4 ,the dorsal shell is in a high state of preservation4 ,this species is embedded in clay slate1 and was found in ,newport1 ,kentucky4 ,genus ,cryptolithus4 ,green4 ,among the numerous organic relics embedded in black limestone at ,trenton ,falls1 in the ,state of ,new ,york1 there is often found the fragment of a trilobite which cannot properly be referred to any of the genera already mentioned4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,bigsby1 in his ,sketch of the ,geology of the ,island of ,montreal1 has figured and described a fossil which occurs at that place1 which approaches in its specific characters to the fragments found at ,trenton--but he does not suggest for his relic any name4 ,professor ,brongniart has also represented1 plate #d1 figs4 #e and #g ,a4 ,b4 ,c41 the fragments of trilobites from ,russia and from ,llandillo1 in ,wales1 which seem to differ but little from those above noticed1 these are also without names4 ,under such circumstances1 we have thought it expedient to group these relics under the generic term of ,cryptolithus1 a name analogous to ,calymene1 ,asaphus1 ,ogygia1 and ,agnostus1 and which may with propriety be applied to the animal1 should it ever be discovered entire4#db ,footnote #db3 ,since the above was written1 and the ,c4 ,tessellatus published1 ,i have received a fine specimen of this trilobite from ,professor ,eaton1 in an almost perfect state1 so that the entire animal can now be described4 ,body1 contractile4 ,buckler1 lunate1 convex1 outer edge surrounded by a semicircular1 reticulated1 or tessellated border4 ,front or middle lobe of the buckler very protuberant4 ,oculiferous protuberances1 none4 ,abdomen1 much compressed1 trilobate4 ,cryptolithus ,tessellatus4 ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #bh1 and ,fig4 #d4 ,clypeo rotundato1 fronte valde convexo1 capite antice semicirculari margine tessellato ornato4 ,outline of the buckler hemispherical1 the edge surrounded by a semicircular border of tessellated or rounded punctures1 in three concentric rows in front--on each side near the posterior angle of the buckler1 these rows of punctures are more numerous2 the front is highly convex2 is rounded before1 and gradually tapers towards the abdomen4 ,the cheeks form spherical triangles1 and are entirely destitute of oculiferous tubercles or any other markings2 their posterior angles project beyond the sides of the abdomen4 ,abdomen and tail very much compressed1 and composed of about ten articulations2 costal arches of the lateral lobes grooved2 tail attenuated4 ,whole length half an inch4 ,the ,cryptolithus ,tessellatus1 resembles a good deal the ,entomostracites ,granulatus of ,wahlenberg1 and which ,dr4 ,d aim an calls ,asaphus ,granulatus4 ,the figure of this animal given by ,brongniart1 table #c1 fig4 #g1 appears to be quite imperfect1 and is very unlike1 except in the buckler1 the representation of ,wahlenberg's fossil1 given by ,dalman1 table #b1 fig4 #f4 ,though the angles of the buckler in the ,asaphus ,granulatus are much more elongated than those of the ,c4 ,tessellatus1 it may perhaps be another species of the same genus4#dc ,footnote #dc3 ,the following1 is ,dr4 ,dalman's description of the ,asaphus ,granulatus3-- ,a4 trunco sexarticulato pygidioque lvibus1 capite antice semicirculari margine granuloso1 angulis posticis extensis corpore longioribus4 ,animalculum singulare1 inversum si inspicitur1 lyram forma fere similans4 ,caput antice semicirculare1 margine distincto1 serie submoniliformi e granulis approximatis ornato1 discus capitis lvis1 sed ambitus intra marginem punctis elevatis obsitus4 ,hic ambitus1 una cum margine1 truncum quoque amplecti videtur1 ad pygidii basin usque1 ubi in cornua lvia1 trunco multo longiora1 abit4 ,glabella antice fere clavformis1 ad basin utrinque emittens lobi rudimentum4 ,truncus brevis lvis segmentis constans tantummodo sex1 rhachide angusta4 ,pygidium breve1 rotundatum1 lve2 adeo parvum ut ne quidem capitis disco respondeat4 ,obs4--,oculos atque suturam facialem ex autopsia describere licet4 ,vide ,om4 ,paladerna eller de sa kallade ,trilobiterna af4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dalman1 pages #ej-d4 ,the animal described and figured by ,dr4 ,j4 ,bigsby1 to which we have already referred1 seems rather different from our species4 ,his specimens were found at ,montmorenci1 near ,quebec1 7,canada7 more than an inch and a half in diameter4 ,the following are his remarks on this trilobite4#dd ,the front of the buckler is remarkably convex1 and has on each side near the base1 three very small transverse lines1 scarcely to be called depressions1 corresponding to the sulci so strongly marked in the genus ,calymene4 ,there is frequently1 but not universally1 a very minute pisiform process on the centre of the front4 ,the whole upper edge of the buckler is always surrounded by a very ornamental semicircular border1 sometimes semi-elliptical1 of punctures placed in the meshes of a net-work in high relief and arranged close together1 in rays1 passing perpendicularly from the buckler and forming at the same time when observed transversely1 curved lines parallel to its upper rim or edge1 excepting at the sides1 where they diverge1 leaving a space occupied by other lines of dottings1 parallel to the former1 but speedily terminating on the cheeks of the buckler4 ,the lines which are complete from side so side1 are four in number4 ,the imperfect additional ones1 vary from two to four2 the smallest and inner1 consisting only of two or three punctures4 ,a plain edging includes the semicircle of punctures4 ,in the beds of these casts1 the places of the punctures are shown by small conical elevations1 and those of the ridges of the net-work1 by corresponding depressions4 ,footnote #dd3 ,see ,geology of the ,island of ,montreal1 in ,lyceum of ,nat4 ,history1 ,n4 ,y4 p4 #bad4 ,should this prove to be a distinct species1 we propose to call it ,cryptolithus ,bigsbii4 ,the ,nuttainia ,concentrica of ,professor ,eaton seems also very nearly allied to this species2 he describes it as having four or five concentric arcs of punctures in front of the buckler1 separated by alternating arcs of fine elevated ridges4 ,the genus ,nuttainia1 to which he refers this species1 cannot include it1 and the ,n4 ,sparsa2 for these two relics have scarcely a single essential character in common2 we have1 therefore1 confined the genus ,nuttainia1 to the species which he calls ,sparsa4 ,the ,cryptolithus ,tessellatus is very common at ,trenton falls4 ,in the transition limestone at ,glenn's falls1 in the state of ,new ,york1 during a very short visit to this place1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,harlan procured a large number of this fossil1 but only the buckler1 the projecting front of which exhibited a pisiform protuberance above the level of the strata4 ,mr4 ,eaton says that the ,n4 ,concentrica occurs in the wacke variety of transition of argillite1 on the ,champlain canal1 between the town of ,waterford and the ,mohawk river4 ,the specimen in my cabinet1 from which our cast was made1 is from that place4 ,the ,cryptolithus ,tessellatus occurs also in the limestone which1 according to ,dr4 ,bigsby1 overlays the sandstone in the island of ,montreal4 ,at most of its localities1 it is associated with the ,isotelus1 the ,calymene1 and with several species of ,asaphus4 ,the ,cryptolithus1 which is entirely destitute of eyes1 being thus found with the oculiferous species1 is an interesting fact1 and controverts the opinion of ,professor ,wahlenberg1 that the trilobites1 which are without eyes belong to a geological epoch more ancient than those which are furnished with oculiform tubercles4 ,that organic remains furnish us with the most satisfactory evidence of the identity or dissimilarity of certain formations1 is a disputed point with some geologists#de ,it cannot reasonably be doubted1 that new and isolated facts have been made the basis of a too hasty generalization4 ,on this subject ,count ,rasoumowsky makes the following remarks3--,les divers gisemens des ,trilobites ne me semblent pas non plus pouvoir tre dtermins avec quelque prcision4 ,m4 ,brongniart parait admettre que les trilobites aveugles ne se trouvent que dans de tres anciennes formations dans des schistes et des calcaires de transitions2 mais nous avons donn la description d'un trilobite without eyes des bords de la ,yaousa prs de ,moscow1 qui n'appartient certainement pas aux formations de transition1 ce qui me donn lieu de croire que de nouvelles recherches et de nouvelles observations1 prouveront qu'il n'est pas strictement vrai qu'en ,france1 en ,angleterre1 en ,russie1 il n'existe point de trilobites entirement privs d'yeux1 comme le dit le savant auteur que je viens de citer4 ,see ,annales des ,sciences ,naturelles1 ,vol4 #h4 page #aie4 ,footnote #de3 ,see ,eclectic ,review1 for ,july1 #ahcb4 ,genus ,dipleura4 ,green4 ,body1 contractile1 not much depressed1 and slightly tapering4 ,buckler1 pustulous1 trilobate1 cheeks protuberant1 with oblique1 annular1 oculiferous tubercles4 ,abdomen1 with fourteen articulations1 not lobate1 the ribs double4 ,tail1 suborbicular1 not so large as the buckler1 covered with an epidermis4 ,this genus derives its name from two ,greek words1 which signify double ribs2 many of the trilobites are thus characterized2 but in no species1 is this organization so remarkable as in those which belong to the ,genus ,dipleura4 ,the expansion of the tail resembles1 in some degree1 that of the ,isotelus1 but other obvious characters sufficiently distinguish it from that interesting genus4 ,the fossils arranged under this section are larger than most other trilobites4 ,dipleura ,dekayi4 ,green4 ,casts ,no4 #cj1 #ca1 and ,figs4 #h #i4 ,clypeo lunato punctato2 abdomine quatuordecim articulis duplicibus vix lobatis2 cauda suborbiculari2 limbo lato convexo integerrimo2 oculis oblique deflexis4 ,the buckler is subtriangular1 and covered with granulations2 the anterior portion of our specimen being mutilated1 we cannot determine its form exactly4 ,the cheeks are very prominent1 and swell up gradually towards the oculiferous protuberances1 which are oblique1 and marked at their apex with a depression1 so as to give them an annular appearance4 ,the abdomen is crossed by fourteen double distinct articulations1 not interrupted in their course1 by the two longitudinal furrows1 so common in most of the trilobites2 but owing to certain curves or irregularities in the ribs near their lateral termination1 a trilobate appearance may in some specimens be detected4 ,tail suborbicular1 convex1 and covered with a thick epidermis4 ,the specific name of this species was given in compliment to ,dr4 ,james ,e4 ,dekay1 of ,new ,york1 whose valuable paper on the genus ,isotelus1 first directed my attention to the ,american trilobites4 ,the ,d4 ,dekayi has been found in several districts of the ,united ,states2 at ,lockport in the ,state of ,new ,york1 it is not uncommon4 ,the small specimen from which our cast of the abdomen and caudal end was taken1 is in the fine cabinet of ,mr4 ,william ,hyde1 who permitted me to use it with his wonted liberality and kindness4 ,it is said to have been found in ,northumberland1 ,pennsylvania1 and occurs in grey carbonate of lime4 ,in the ,philadelphia ,museum1 there is a fine fragment of this species1 in which there is embedded some crystals of iron pyrites2 it was obtained in ,ulster ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,in the cabinet of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 there is a longitudinal and hollow fragment1 filled with ochre1 and the oxide of iron2 it is labelled from ,lockport1 ,new ,york4 ,at ,mount ,hope ,institution1 near ,baltimore1 there is also a good specimen from the same locality4 ,in the ,clinton collection1 owned by the ,albany ,institute1 there is a large extended fragment1 nearly five inches long4 ,it is embedded in brown limestone1 and was found in ,madison ,county1 ,n4 ,y4 ,there are twelve articulations of the abdomen remaining1 and the epidermal covering of the tail is distinctly marked with numerous dots4 ,in the same collection there is another large fragment of this species1 consisting of the tail and fourteen articulations4 ,it was found in ,steuben ,county1 ,new ,york2 and occurs in grey limestone4 ,it is slightly contracted and very much depressed laterally4 ,there is also a head in the same kind of limestone1 from ,cazenovia1 ,madison ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,in the cabinet of the ,institute there is another specimen of this species1 about six inches in length1 and nearly perfect2 it is also embedded in a similar rock1 and was brought from ,rochester1 ,munroe ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,the original of the head from which our cast was made1 is in the cabinet of ,p4 ,a4 ,browne1 ,esq41 and was found by that enterprising geologist near ,lehighton1 ,pa4 ,genus ,trimerus4#df ,green4 ,footnote #df3 ,from the ,greek for three divisions4 ,body1 contractile1 tapering1 compressed4 ,buckler1 pustulous1 indistinctly lobate1 with only two small elevated oculiferous tubercles4 ,abdomen1 with thirteen distinct1 double articulations divided into three lobes by a slight longitudinal furrow4 ,flanks1 or lateral lobes1 not so broad as the middle lobe4 ,tail1 tapering to an obtuse point1 pustulous1 and marked with ten articulations4 ,this genus resembles in some respects both the ,calymene and ,dipleura4 ,the form of the buckler1 the position and structure of the oculiferous tubercles1 and the scarcely lobate divisions of the abdomen1 will readily distinguish it from the ,calymenes4 ,the articulations of the tail1 not being covered with a shelly crust1 is a character too obvious to confound it with the genus ,dipleura4 ,there is1 we think1 a beautiful chain of gradations of resemblances1 between the ,isotelus1 ,dipleura1 ,hemicrypturus and ,trimerus4 ,the lobes of the abdomen of the ,isotelus are very distinct1 and the articulations of the tail are hid by a broad thick shelly crust4 ,the lobes in the ,dipleura are scarcely apparent1 the ribs more numerous2 and the covering of the tail much smaller4 ,the lobes of the ,hemicrypturus are like those of the ,isotelus2 but the lateral ones only of the tail are covered4 ,in the genus ,trimerus the lobes are like those of ,dipleura1 but the articulations of the tail are exposed4 ,trimerus ,delphinocephalus4 ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #cb1 and ,fig4 #a4 ,clypeo semilunari1 antice compresso2 oculis minimis1 enimentissimis2 articulis duplicibus vix lobatis2 cauda attenuata2 corpore tuberculata4 ,in the rich cabinet of ,american fossils in the ,albany ,institute1 there are two fine specimens of this species1 and ,i am indebted to that rising and liberal institution1 for the use of them in the present work4 ,our cast is made from the smaller and more perfect specimen of the two4 ,the outline of the buckler forms an irregular semi-ellipse4 ,the front is convex between the eyes1 and very much depressed anteriorly1 so as to form a sharp edge4 ,the posterior part of the buckler is marked with a transverse groove parallel with the articulations of the back4 ,the cheeks are small and triangular2 the small elevated eye-shaped tubercles being placed in the middle1 nearly equidistant from each of the angles4 ,the eyes are not reticulated1 the summit of each tubercle only presenting a plain oval foramen4 ,the middle lobe of the abdomen is much broader than the lateral lobes1 and has #ac distinct1 double articulations4 ,the side lobes are curved1 and each costal arch is flattened anteriorly near their lower extremities1 no doubt for the purpose of enabling the animal to roll itself into a ball4 ,the tail is tapering1 and is composed of ten articulations4 ,the crustaceous covering is here more thickly deposited than on any other part4 ,the entire shell seems to have been covered with minute elevated dots2 these are beautifully distinct on the buckler and on the tail4 ,whole length of the specimen described1 not quite two inches4 ,the other specimen of this species in the cabinet of the ,albany ,institute1 is a large caudal end1 three inches and a half long1 entirely perfect4 ,both of these fossils were brought from ,williamsville1 ,niagara county1 ,new ,york4 ,they occur in a dark shelly limestone1 filled with other petrifactions4 ,the calcareous matter which has mineralized the trilobite1 in this instance1 as in most others1 is of a much darker hue than the surrounding rock4 ,genus ,ceraurus4 ,green4 ,body1 very much depressed1 and slightly tapering4 ,buckler1 scarcely trilobate2 cheeks large1 flat1 with small remote oculiform tubercles2 posterior angle of the buckler spinous4 ,abdomen1 with twelve articulations4 ,tail1 rounded at the end1 but terminating on each side with two slightly curved spines4 ,the name of this genus is derived from the remarkable spinous projections from the caudal end2 this peculiar organization separates it widely from the other genera4 ,the ,paradoxides ,spinulosus of ,wahlenberg1 which is supposed to be the old ,entomolithus ,paradoxus of ,linn1 the fossil1 with which all the trilobites were for a long time confounded1 has not only projecting spines from the tail1 but from all the costal arches of the lateral lobes4 ,the presence of eyes or of oculiferous tubercles in the ,ceraurus1 would alone be sufficient to separate it from the genus to which that interesting fossil belongs4 ,in the eighth volume of ,annales des ,sciences ,naturelles1 ,count ,rasoumowsky has figured and described the fragment of a very curious relic1 which seems to be an intermediate link between our genus and paradoxides2 in addition to a number of filamentous elongations of the costal arches1 a curved spine seems to project from the end of the tail1 as in the ,a4 limulurus4 ,no name is given to this trilobite1 which appears to have been found on the banks of the ,yaousa1 near ,moscow1 where it occurs in black1 coarse1 argillaceous schistus4 ,the ,ceraurus is probably a very rare animal remain1 as we have only met with it1 in the unrivalled cabinet of trilobites belonging to the ,albany ,institute4 ,ceraurus ,pleurexanthemus4 ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #cc4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,clypeo postice arcuato1 angulo externo in mucronem valde producto2 oculis minimis remotis1 postabdomine in spinam arcuatam acutam utrinque extenso4 ,the exact contour of this species cannot be perfectly ascertained from our specimen2 it seems1 however1 to have been lunate4 ,the horns of the crescent which form the posterior angles1 are very distinct1 and they project like curved spines1 some distance on each side of the head4 ,the middle lobe or front is faintly scalloped on each side along the cheeks4 ,the cheeks are rather large1 and are furnished with two small oculiform tubercles1 very remote from each other1 and quite near to the anterior portion of the buckler4 ,the abdomen is composed of twelve articulations4 ,the lateral lobes of the abdomen are flat1 and each of the ribs1 at about half their extent1 is marked on the upper surface1 with an elevated pimple4 ,these little pustules are nearly on a line with the oculiferous tubercles of the buckler1 and present two parallel ranges down the body1 one on each side of the middle lobe1 and are terminated by a curved spine1 which projects to some distance beyond the tail of the animal4 ,length one inch and a fourth4 ,this remarkable organic relic was found near ,newport1 in the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,it is embedded in black limestone shale1 and so exceedingly depressed is this animal1 that a very thin lamen of the slate removed from the surface would destroy every vestige of its appearance4 ,i am indebted to my early friend1 ,professor ,t4 ,r4 ,beck1 for the use of this valuable petrifaction1 which now belongs to the cabinet of the ,albany ,institute4 ,genus ,triarthrus4 ,green4 ,body1 slightly convex2 contractile8 ,buckler8 ,abdomen1 with three articulations1 side lobes longitudinal1 narrow1 and wedge-shaped4 ,tail1 broad1 rounded1 without any membranaceous expansion4 ,the name of this genus is derived from the circumstance1 that the abdomen has but three articulations2 an organization which is very peculiar4 ,these curious fossil animals are very abundant in the rocks in which they are found2 but though ,i have examined a multitude of specimens from different localities1 no vestige of the head or buckler could1 on the most minute examination1 be discovered4 ,whether these animals1 during their petrifaction1 were so contorted or rolled up1 as to bring the extremities of the body together1 in such a manner as to present the posterior folded part only to the view2 or whether the buckler has been destroyed by the process of mineralization1 as appears frequently to happen with the asaphs1 we are at a loss to determine4 ,the animal remains which belong to the genus ,triarthrus1 differ so much in their' form and general characters from all the other trilobites1 that we perhaps ought to regard them as forming another race of beings4 ,they are1 however1 more nearly allied to this family than the ,agnosti of ,professor ,brongniart4 ,triarthrus ,beckii4 ,green4 ,cast ,no4 #cd4 ,fig4 #f4 ,cauda subrotunda1 bipunctata2 articulis abdominis tribus1 absque lobis lateralibus consuetis1 sed lobo arcuato utrinque apposito4 ,the only portions of this fossil which have yet been found1 are the abdomen and tail4 ,the abdomen is composed of three joints2 the first passes from the side lobes completely over the body1 and on its upper surface1 near the middle of the back1 there is often a minute elevated pimple4 ,the other two1 pass obliquely from the lateral lobes1 and are interrupted in their course over the body4 ,the tail1 or posterior portion1 is expanded1 something like that of the ,isotelus or ,dipleura1 and has a deep puncture on each side1 about half the distance between its terminal border and the last articulation of the abdomen4 ,the lateral lobes are unlike those of any other genus4 ,they form narrow cuneiform appendages to the sides2 near the first joint of the abdomen they are crossed transversely by an elevated ridge1 from which they gradually taper along the sides of the body1 and appear to inosculate in a delicate point at the central border of the tail4 ,the abdominal articulations do not pass over these lobes1 but just below the last joint1 a little transverse furrow1 in perfect specimens1 may be noticed4 ,the largest specimen of this fragment ,i have seen is exactly half an inch in length4 ,this fossil occurs in black shaly limestone1 on the canal near ,cahooes ,falls1 in the ,state of ,new ,york1 and at a number of other places in that ,state4 ,i have named this species in compliment to my early friend1 ,professor ,theodore ,romeyn ,beck1 ,m4 ,d41 well known both at home and abroad1 as the learned author of the work on ,medical ,jurisprudence4 ,some time after commencing this little ,monograph1 ,i communicated my plan to ,dr4 ,beck1 and was surprised and gratified to find that he was also engaged with the same inquiries1 and that he was then busy in arranging and examining the unique collection of trilobites belonging to the ,albany ,institute4 ,without the smallest hesitation1 he placed all his specimens at my disposal1 and has facilitated otherwise my undertaking1 by every means in his power4 ,genus ,nuttainia4 ,eaton4 ,professor ,a4 ,eaton1 in his ,geological ,text ,book1 has proposed the ,genus ,nuttainia1 to include two remarkable trilobites which could not properly be arranged in any of the previously established genera4 ,the two fossils here grouped together1 bear no generic relation to each other4 ,the first species which he calls ,n4 ,concentrica1 belongs to the genus ,cryptolythus1 which was proposed before the appearance of his work1 and has therefore been noticed in another place4 ,the genus ,nuttainia is thus characterized by its author3 ,head in three lobes1 the middle one most prominent2 the two lateral lobes sub-hemispherical1 or sub-quadrantal2 the whole head bordered anteriorly with a punctured fillet2 body distinctly three lobed1 middle lobe sub-cylindric1 and not so broad as the side lobes4 ,nuttainia ,sparsa4 ,eaton4 ,cast ,no4 #ce4 ,fillet nearly straight in front of the middle lobe of the head1 punctures of the fillet scattered irregularly1 without any alternating ridges2 head compressed1 covered with scattered punctures1 having its side lobes much smaller than the middle one2 middle lobe with straight sides1 giving it somewhat the form of a parallelogram4 ,found in third grauwacke1#dg or grit slate in ,coeymans1 sixteen miles south-west of ,albany4 ,i have the head of one before me two and a half inches broad1 and one and a half long4 ,the whole of the animal must have been six or seven inches in length4 ,footnote #dg3 ,in a manuscript note1 ,professor ,eaton states that the third grauwacke1 or grit slate of ,coeymans1 alternates with the underlaying cherty lime rock4 ,this opinion some of our geological friends1 familiar with the formation at ,coeymans1 and with the ,professor's nomenclature of rocks1 have called in question4 ,the above account is copied from the ,text ,book4 ,mr4 ,eaton was kind enough to lend me the only specimen of this curious fossil remain1 which has yet been found2 from which his description was taken1 and of which our cast is an exact copy4 ,his generic characters do not in our opinion at all apply to this fragment4 ,nothing but the head of this singular trilobite remains1 and it is doubtful whether what is said to be the punctured fillet1 nearly straight in front of the middle lobe1 be not the commencement of the articulations of the abdomen4 ,the whole fragment looks very much like the head of some large ,asaph or ,ogygia4 ,genus ,brongniatia4 ,eaton4 ,professor ,eaton has proposed the name ,brongniatia 7,brongniartia87 for a genus of trilobites1 which we think he has not defined with sufficient accuracy to be of any practical use4 ,the ,isotelus gigas of ,dr4 ,dekay1 which has been for a long time so well established1 is here ranked merely as a species under the name of ,b4 isotela4 ,the relic which we described before the ,geological ,text ,book appeared as the ,triarthrus ,beckii1 forms the species ,b4 carcinodea--and the trilobite which is supposed to be the ,asaphus platycephalus of ,stokes1 is the only other species mentioned4 ,the ,a4 platycephalus1#dh we know to be identical with the ,i4 gigas1 and as the animal remain described by ,mr4 ,eaton is entirely different from ,dr4 ,dekay's fine species1 we subjoin the account given in the ,text ,book4 ,footnote #dh3 ,for a figure and description of the ,asaphus ,platycephalus1 by ,mr4 ,stokes1 see ,transactions of the ,geological ,society4 ,second ,series1 vol4 i4 ,genus ,brongniatia--,fore abdomen always1 and post abdomen in some cases1 longitudinally divided into three lobes1 by regular series of undulations traversing the joints1 without grooves2 articulations of the side lobes being manifest continuations of those of the middle lobe1 and consequently1 agreeing in number4 ,brongniatia ,platycephala4 ,eaton4 ,head and fore abdomen very broad and depressed1 the abdomen with ten joints curved forwards at the undulations2 post abdomen and tail with about fifteen joints curved backwards at the undulations2 the three lobes of the tail more distinctly separated2 divisions between the joints of the abdomen double4 ,the representation of ,b4 platycephala1 figure #bj1 plate #b1 of the ,geological ,text ,book1 if it be accurately drawn1 is certainly of a trilobite never before described4 ,on the buckler1 which is without eyes1 there is delineated a figure1 not unlike some of the leaves of the mulberry tree4 ,the tail is also very peculiar4 ,in ,silliman's ,journal1 ,volume #bast1 page #acf1 ,professor ,eaton proposed for this curious fossil the temporary name of ,ogygies latissimus4 ,it is found1 he observes1 in the upper soft slaty variety of the rock which has been so successfully used for the lias cement at ,chitteningo1 c4 ,dr ,smith1 of ,lockport1 7,n4 ,y47 sent me two specimens1 taken from a continuation of the ,chitteningo lias rock1 immediately beneath the geodiferous lime rock on which the cherty 7cornitiferous7 reposes4 ,the whole animal is six inches long1 and three broad4 ,nature of the ,trilobite4 ,every one familiar with the history of the ,trilobites1 is aware that a good deal of controversy has existed among naturalists1 respecting the precise link in the grand chain of organized beings1 these singular fossil animals1 should occupy4 ,professor ,brongniart1 ,dr4 ,dekay1 ,audoin1 and several other acute observers1 have placed them in the vicinity of the ,limuli1 and other ,entomostraca with numerous feet2 while ,p4 ,a4 ,latreille and others1 presuming that these animals were destitute of locomotive organs1 as no vestige of them has ever been discovered1 fix their natural position in the neighbourhood of the ,chitones2 or rather that they constituted the original stock of the ,articulata1 being connected on the one hand with these latter ,mollusca1 and on the other with those first mentioned1 and even with the ,glomeris4#di ,it was our original intention to have closed this ,monograph with a short history of these theories--and of the notion advanced by ,latreille and others1 that the ,trilobites have been annihilated by some ancient revolution of our planet4 ,all these matters1 we think1 are now put to rest by the late discovery of some living ,trilobites in the southern seas1 near the ,falkland ,islands4 ,in the cabinet of the ,albany ,institute1 we have examined some of these recent animals1 which have very nearly the size and general appearance of the ,paradoxides ,boltoni1 as represented on our frontispiece2 the species cannot1 however1 belong to that genus1 as the buckler is furnished with eyes very similar to those of the ,calymene ,bufo2 its organs of locomotion are short1 numerous1 and concealed under the shell--but ,i do not feel at liberty to notice the interesting animal more minutely4 ,it will probably be described and figured shortly1 in a perfectly full and satisfactory manner1 by ,dr4 ,james ,eights1 the enterprising discoverer1 together with several other new and remarkable genera and species belonging to the ,entomostraca4 ,footnote #di3 ,see ,cuvier's ,animal ,kingdom1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ace-f4 ,,finis4 ,index to the ,species4 -------- ,,calymene ,blumenbachii1 page #bh ,callicephala1 #cj ,selenecephala1 #ca ,platys1 #cb ,microps1 #cd ,anchiops1 #ce ,diops1 #cg ,macrophthalma1 #ci ,bufo1 #da ,rana1 #db ,,asaphus ,laticostatus1 #de ,selenurus1 #df ,limulurus1 #dh ,caudatus1 #ej ,hausmanni1 #eb ,pleuroptyx1 #ee ,micrurus1 #ef ,wetherilli1 #eg ,,paradoxides ,boltoni1 #fj ,,ogygia ,sillimani1 #fc ,,isotelus ,gigas1 #fg ,planus1 #fh ,cyclops1 #fi ,megalops1 #gj ,stegops1 #ga ,,cryptolithus ,tessellatus1 #gc ,bigsbii1 #gf ,,dipleura ,dekayi1 #gi ,,trimerus ,delphinocephalus1 #hb ,,ceraurus ,pleurexanthemus1 #hd ,,triarthrus ,beckii1 #hg ,,nuttainia ,sparsa1 #hi ,,brongniatia ,platycephala1 #ia ,,joseph ,,brano1 ,no4 #ab1 ,,castle ,,street1 ,,philadelphia1 ,teacher of the ,art of ,preparing ,birds1 ,quadrupeds1 ,reptiles1 c4 c4 ,,and ,,of ,,the ,art of making ,moulds and ,casts in ,wax1 ,plaster1 and ,compositions4 ,in addition to the casts taken from the originals of the ,trilobites1 he has also a few fine casts of the bones of the ,megalonix ,laqueatus1 ,harlan4--,scaphites ,cuvieri1 ,morton4--,mosasaurus tooth1 and of several rare fossil ,american ,plants2--all taken from the original fossils1 in the ,cabinet of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 c4 c4 ,these models are fac similes of the real objects1 coloured according to nature4 ,as the originals of the above are in the possession of different public and private cabinets throughout the ,united ,states1 ,i have at great trouble and expense1 taken from them exact patterns1 so as to accommodate museums and scientific gentlemen with them on very reasonable terms4 ,this practice is now used in several parts of ,europe2 and thus the curious are able to supply their cabinets with rare specimens1 often superior to the originals4 ---- ,,joseph ,,brano having finished for us a number of models of different objects in ,natural ,history1 we have no hesitation in recommending him as an exceedingly skilful artist4 ,jacob ,green1 ,m4 ,d4 ,rich'd4 ,harlan1 ,m4 ,d4 ,p4 ,a4 ,browne1 ,,esq4 ,chas4 ,a4 ,poulson4 ,isaac ,parrish1 ,m4 ,d4 ,s4 ,g4 ,morton1 ,m4 ,d4 ,philadelphia1 ,october #c;d1 #ahcb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber ,note ,minor typos corrected4 ,the quotation on page #ia has been corrected based on the original article found at ,the ,internet ,archive4