,educational ,s]ies #i ,,inside ,,ill9ois ,m9]al ,res\rces ,ill9ois ,/ate ,geological ,survey ,illu/ration3 ,,seal ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,ill9ois ,,aug4 #bf,,? #ahah ,,/ate ( ,,ill9ois ,,dep>tm5t ( ,,regi/ration & ,,education #aife ,,ill9ois ,,/ate ,,geological ,,survey ,john ,c4 ,frye1 ,*ief ,,urbana1 ,,ill9ois ,pr9t$ by ,au?ority ( ,/ate ( ,ill9ois1 ,*4 #abg1 ,,irs1 ,p>4 #eh4be4 ,,inside ,,ill9ois-- ,m9]al ,res\rces ,al?\gh ,ill9ois has be5 nicknam$ ! 8,prairie ,/ate10 _m p>ts ( x are hilly & sc5ic4 ,! idea ( l>ge areas ( ! /ate be+ no?+ m ?an broad1 flat prairies has come ab\t because ! major highways h be5 built to take advantage ( ! comp>atively l[1 g5tly roll+ l&scape r ?an ! r\gh] m sc5ic areas4 ,physiography is ! /udy ( ! creation & gradual *ange ( l& surface =ms 7! l&scape74 ,?us1 ! l& surface z we see x today 9 ea* ( ! physiographic prov9ces 7fig4 #a7 has _h a p>ticul> hi/ory ( developm5t4 ,ill9ois is ab\t #che miles long f nor? to s\? & ab\t #bah miles wide4 ,x has an area ( #ee1idg squ>e miles4 ,! av]age elevation ( ! /ate is ab\t #fjj feet above sea level4 ,*>les ,m\nd1 h[ev]1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,jo ,daviess ,c\nty 9 extreme nor?we/]n ,ill9ois1 has an elevation ( #a1bda feet above sea level & is ! highe/ po9t 9 ! /ate4 ,*eap wat] transportation is available to ,ill9ois indu/ry ?r\gh ,lake ,mi*igan1 ! ,ill9ois ,wat]way1 & ! ,mississippi1 ,ohio1 & ,waba% ,riv]s4 ,^! major riv]s ( ,ill9ois collect ! surface dra9age ( ! /ate f a network ( ab\t #ejj /reams4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,e>? ,,made ,,( ,,b5ea? ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,surface8 ,! e>? is made ( a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t rocks & m9]als 7lime/one1 s&/one1 %ale1 coal1 iron1 granite1 & _m o!rs74 ,^! mat]ials are divid$ into ?ree zones3 core1 mantle1 & cru/ 7fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a--,physiographic prov9ces ( ,ill9ois4 ,,driftless ,,area ,,wiscons9an ,,mora9es ,,ill9oian ,,till ,,pla9 ,,mississippi ,,riv] ,,waba% ,,riv] ,,%awnee ,,hills ,,ohio ,,riv] ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b--,! e>? ) a segm5t remov$ to %[ suppos$ int]nal zones4 ,cru/ 7#f-cj miles7 ,mantle 7#ahjj miles7 ,out] core 7#adjj miles7 ,inn] core 7#gej miles7 ,,:at ,,is ,,core8 ,! core is ! inn]mo/ zone ( ! e>?4 ,x is ma9ly iron ) "s nickel & cobalt4 ,! inn] core probably is solid1 b ! out] core may consi/ ( ! same elem5ts 9 a molt5 =m4 ,! core is ! mo/ d5se 7heavie/7 ( ! ?ree zones4 ,,h[ ,,does ,,! ,,mantle ,,diff] ,,f ,,! ,,core8 ,! mantle1 :i* surr\nds ! core1 is a rigid zone ( mat]ials ri* 9 iron & magnesium4 ,^! mat]ials are n z d5se z ^? f\nd 9 ! core4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,cru/ ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,h[ ,,is ,,x ,,di/+ui%$ ,,f ,,! ,,mantle ,,& ,,! ,,core8 ,! cru/1 ! top "p ( :i* includes ! gr\nd we walk on1 is ! h>d1 out] surface lay] ( ! e>?4 ,al?\gh ! cru/ is ab\t #f to #cj miles deep1 ! scale 7size7 ( figure #b all[s x to be drawn only z ! ?9 out] l9e4 ,! rocks & m9]als t we are all acqua9t$ ) are f\nd 9 ! cru/4 ,^! rocks are n z d5se & d n h z high an iron cont5t z d ! rocks ( ! mantle & ! core4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,cru/ ,,"u ,,ill9ois ,,made ,,(8 ,! e>?'s cru/ "u ,ill9ois is made (3 s$im5t>y rocks deposit$ by wat]1 w9d1 or glaci]s 7lime/one1 s&/one1 %ale1 glacial drift72 igne\s1 or melt$ rocks 7granite1 gabbro72 & metamorphic1 or alt]$ s$im5t>y & igne\s rocks 7qu>tzite1 gneiss74 ,^! v>i\s types ( rocks h a relatively ?9 cov]+ ( brok5 or wea!r$ mat]ial call$ mantle rock & soil4 ,,:5 ,,& ,,h[ ,,0 ,,! ,,l& ,,surface ,,( ,,ill9ois ,,=m$8 ,! gr\nd surface ov] mo/ ( ,ill9ois 0 =m$ dur+ ! ice age 7,quat]n>y ,p]iod7 :i* la/$ f ab\t "o million ye>s ago up to ne>ly #e1jjj ye>s ago4 ,z mu* z #ij p]c5t ( ! /ate 0 cov]$ by "o ( sev]al %eets ( glacial ice 7fig4 #c74 ,! glaci]s smoo!d d[n & cov]$ mu* ( ! old1 rocky1 hilly l& surface & fill$ old valleys ) loose1 unconsolidat$ deposits4 ,,:]e ,,did ,,! ,,loose1 ,,unconsolidat$ ,,deposits ,,come ,,f ,,& ,,:at ,,are ,,!y ,,made ,,(8 ,9 ,canada va/ ?icknesses ( sn[ & ice accumulat$ until ! weight ( ! ice f9ally caus$ x to fl[ sl[ly outw>d1 ma9ly to ! s\? 7fig4 #d74 ,rocks & surface mat]ials ( all types 7 pick$ up & c>ri$ by ! glaci]s = great di/ances be=e be+ deposit$4 ,pieces ( granite1 qu>tzite1 & native copp] among ! _m local rocks & m9]als are f\nd 9 glacial deposits & indicate t at lea/ "p ( ^! deposits came f ! ,great ,lakes ,region4 ,! mat]ials deposit$ range f clay-size m9]als to l>ge b\ld]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c--;,ext5t ( ! ma9 glacial advances :i* began ) ! ,nebraskan 7a--! olde/7 & end$ ) ! late ,wiscons9an 7f--! y\nge/74 ,diagram 8d0 %[s ! major /ream developm5t dur+ ! "t betwe5 ! ,ill9oian & ! e>lie/ ,wiscons9an glaci]s4 ,! heavy l9es on ! diagrams indicate major /ream valleys t 7 pres5t dur+ ^! times4 a4 ,inf]r$ limit ( ,,nebraskan glaciation b4 ,inf]r$ limit ( ,,kansan glaciation c4 ,,ill9oian glacial advance d4 ,,sangamonian major dra9age e4 ,maximum ,,wiscons9an glacial advance f4 ,late ,,wiscons9an ,valp>aiso front & ,kankakee ,flood ,,h[ ,,did ,,ill9ois ,,get ,,its ,,soils8 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d--,limits ( ice age glaci]s4 ,wea!r+ & bact]ial decay action h modifi$ _m ( ! loose1 unconsolidat$ surface mat]ials into soils4 ,! pres5t soils ( ,ill9ois are f]tile p>tly because !y h m9]als & trace elem5ts 7m9ute am\nts ( elem5ts su* z copp]1 z9c1 manganese7 br\ght 9 by ! glaci]s f adjac5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! y\nge/ & mo/ f]tile soils occur 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! /ate & along ! ,ill9ois & ,mississippi ,riv] valleys4 ,^! "y soils are m f]tile because ! glacial deposits & loess 7w9d-bl[n silt7 ^u :i* !y h develop$ are y\ng] & fre%]4 ,! m9]als & trace elem5ts 9 ^! deposits h n be5 dissolv$ out to ! ext5t t !y h 9 ! old] glacial deposits & soils 9 o!r p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e--,woolly mammo? 7aft] ,c4 ,r4 ,knight74 ,,are ,,animal ,,& ,,plant ,,rema9s ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,! ,,glacial ,,deposits ,,( ,,ill9ois8 ,scatt]$ mammo? 7fig4 #e7 & ma/odon rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 glacial deposits at v>i\s localities 9 ! /ate4 ,peat1 :i* is an accumulation ( p>tially decompos$ plant mat]ials1 has be5 f\nd1 especially 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! /ate4 ,x is m>ket$ z an organic soil condition]4 ,,m9]al ,,weal? ,,h[ ,,weal?y ,,is ,,ill9ois ,,9 ,,m9]al ,,production8 ,9 #aifc1 ,ill9ois m9]al production total$ approximately #fae1jjj1jjj4 ,?is plac$ ! /ate fir/ z a m9]al produc] 9 ! ,upp] ,mississippi ,valley & eigh? 9 ! nation4 ,,:at ,,m9]al ,,commodities ,,are ,,produc$ ,,9 ,,ill9ois8 ,coal & petroleum1 two ( ! _w's mo/ important m9]al res\rces1 are produc$ 9 ,ill9ois4 ,iron ore1 ano!r m9]al ( extreme importance1 is br\ght into ! /eel mills ( ! ,*icago & ,ea/ ,/4 ,l\is areas f deposits 9 ,m9nesota & ,miss\ri4 ,"s ore f =eign c\ntries is also process$ 9 ^! mills4 ,a great v>iety ( m9]al commodities are produc$ 9 ,ill9ois4 ,9 ! ord] ( _! #aifc value 7fig4 #f7 !y are 7#a7 crude oil & natural gas1 7#b7 coal1 7#c7 clay products1 7#d7 cru%$ /one & cem5t1 7#e7 common s& & gravel1 7#f7 special s&s1 7#g7 fluorsp>1 & 7#h7 metals--z9c & lead4 ,,h[ ,,_m ,,ill9ois ,,c\nties ,,produce ,,m9]al ,,commodities8 ,9 #aifc1 #ii ( ! #ajb c\nties ( ,ill9ois report$ m9]al production ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f--,p]c5tage diagram ( ,ill9ois m9]al production value = #aifc4 ,petroleum & ,natural ,gas #cf4c ,coal #ca4i ,/one ,products #ae4b ,clay ,products #h4h ,s& & ,gravel #e4i ,fluorsp> & ,metals #a4i ,,h[ ,,_m ,,p ,,"w ,,9 ,,! ,,m9]al ,,indu/ries ,,( ,,ill9ois8 ,9 #aifc1 approximately #bg1jjj p work$ 9 m9es1 qu>ries1 oil fields1 & direct process+ op]ations su* z cem5t & clay products plants & oil ref9]ies4 ,_m o!r p]sons 7 employ$ 9 transport+ ! mat]ials & 9 plants & g5]al (fices4 ,,h[ ,,does ,,! ,,f>m] ,,9 ,,ill9ois ,,b5efit ,,f ,,m9]al ,,production8 ,! f>m]s ( ! /ate are among ^? receiv+ direct & indirect b5efits f ,ill9ois m9]als4 ,9 #aifc1 m ?an #d1hjj1jjj tons ( ag/one 7cru%$ lime/one & dolomite7 7 spread on ,ill9ois fields to r$uce acidity1 ma9ta9 soil f]tility1 & improve crop production4 ,o!r /one & /one products are us$ 9 con/ruct+ f>m build+s & facilities & 9 ! ma9t5ance ( f>m-to-m>ket roads4 ,9 addition1 petroleum products & coal provide en]gy to p[] ! laborsav+ devices t enable ! f>m] to increase 8 production & scale ( op]ations4 ,,petroleum ,,:at ,,is ,,petroleum ,,& ,,h[ ,,is ,,x ,,=m$8 ,petroleum is a d>k1 oily fluid t is irregul>ly di/ribut$ 9 s$im5t>y rocks ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,!re are sev]al ideas ab\t ! orig9 ( petroleum4 ,! mo/ widely accept$ ( ^! is t billions ( plants & animals liv$ & di$ 9 widespread seas & _! rema9s decompos$ & releas$ fluid1 fatty p>ticles4 ,^! 7 di/ill$ into 8hydroc>bons0 7a mixture ( ! elem5ts hydrog5 & c>bon1 su* z gas & oil74 ,,h[ ,,& ,,:]e ,,did ,,oil ,,collect ,,9 ,,rocks8 ,! hydroc>bons1 or oil & gas droplets1 7 buri$ by c\ntless tons ( s$im5ts t accumulat$ on anci5t sea bottoms4 ,z ^! s$im5ts h>d5$ into s$im5t>y rocks1 ! hydroc>bons 7 squeez$ into :atev] empty spaces 7 available 9 ! rocks4 ,z ! lay]s ( s$im5t>y rocks lat] became fold$ & brok51 oil & gas droplets & salt wat] mov$ upw>d ?r\gh any int]connect+ op5 spaces4 ,"s droplets escap$ to ! surface z 8seeps10 b _m 7 trapp$ :5 !y came up aga9/ a nonpor\s b>ri]4 ,gas1 be+ light] ?an ei!r oil or wat]1 0 trapp$ at ! top1 & oil 0 /opp$ 9 ! middle1 above ! salt wat]4 ,an accumulation ( ?is k9d is t]m$ a 8pool0 or a 8field40 ,,:]e ,,did ,,oil ,,accumulate ,,9 ,,ill9ois8 ,conditions "u :i* oil is f\nd 9 ,ill9ois 7fig4 #g7 are z foll[s3 7a7 coral reefs1 7b7 anticl9es 7upfolds or ar*es ( rock lay]s71 7c7 8p9*+0 or 8l5s+0 out ( dipp+1 ov]lapp+ por\s rock lay]s1 & 7d7 buri$ s&/one-fill$ anci5t /ream *annels4 ,,are ,,!re ,,lakes ,,or ,,riv]s ,,( ,,oil ,,und]gr\nd8 ,no4 ,oil & gas accumulate 9 ! pores 7op5+s7 betwe5 silt & s& gra9s & 9 small op5+s 9 lime/one & dolomite4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g--,places :]e oil is f\nd 9 ,ill9ois3 7a7 coral reefs1 7b7 anticl9es1 7c7 p9*-outs1 & 7d7 *annel s&/ones4 ,,explanation ,glacial drift ,dolomite ,%ale ,gas saturat$ zone ,s&/one ,oil saturat$ zone ,lime/one ,wat] saturat$ zone ,,h[ ,,is ,,oil ,,discov]$8 ,al?\gh prospect 7te/7 drill+ is /ill ! only way to prove ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( comm]cial quantities ( oil b5ea? ! surface1 c>eful /udy by a geologi/ ( all available in=mation may indicate ! mo/ favorable places = te/+4 ,s9ce oil & gas migrate to ! highe/ p>ts ( ! por\s rock zones1 ! geologi/ tries to f9d ^! high places ev5 ?\gh !y may be sev]al hundr$ feet und]gr\nd4 ,sometimes dipp+ rocks c be se5 9 outcrops1 & sev]al geophysical me?ods h be5 us$ to indicate :]e su* high places may occur und]gr\nd4 ,at o!r times1 high places are f\nd by /udy+ ) a microscope samples ( rocks collect$ f wells already drill$ 9 ! surr\nd+ area4 ,! geologi/ notes ! type & ord] ( ! =mations :i* h be5 drill$4 ,_m holes h be5 drill$ bas$ on su* in=mation4 ,:e!r or n ! te/ drill+ is successful z a produc+ well1 small samples ( cutt+s ( ! rock be+ drill$ are collect$ & sav$ to be /udi$ at a lat] "t4 ,v>i\s in/rum5ts are also put d[n into ! hole to record temp]atures1 pressures1 electrical prop]ties1 & o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! rocks4 ,?is type ( in=mation1 :5 c>efully plott$ on maps1 s]ves to locate new areas = te/ drill+4 ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,oil ,,c ,,be ,,obta9$ ,,f ,,an ,,oil ,,pool8 ,!re is no way to tell be=e a hole is drill$ :e!r or n oil w be f\nd1 h[ mu* oil is pres5t1 or :at w be ! be/ way to get x to ! surface4 ,:]e subsurface pressures are great en\gh1 oil may fl[ to ! surface4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! oil actually pres5t 9 ! rocks c be pump$ be=e ! well becomes uneconomical to op]ate4 ,?is is call$ prim>y production4 ,oil op]ators h le>n$ t by pump+ wat] or gas d[n "s wells into ! oil-be>+ =mation1 ano!r ?ird ( ! oil may be =c$ out ?r\gh neighbor+ wells4 ,?is is call$ second>y production4 ,exp]im5ts t use /eam or t burn "s ( ! oil und]gr\nd 9 an oil-be>+ =mation are attempts to recov] ! rema9+ ?ird4 ,^! me?ods us+ heat are (t5 ref]r$ to z t]ti>y production me?ods4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! 8,,bigge/0 ,,oil ,,well ,,on ,,record ,,9 ,,ill9ois8 ,ill9ois' l>ge/ well1 ne> ,c5tralia1 fl[$ #ab1jjj b>rels ( oil 9 a #bd-;h\r p]iod4 ,mo/ ,ill9ois oil wells1 h[ev]1 h to be pump$1 & ! majority ( !m are n[ produc+ #aj b>rels or less a day4 ,! deepe/ produc+ well1 #e1ced feet1 0 drill$ 9 #aifj 9 ,wayne ,c\nty1 ne> ,fairfield4 ,9 ! same ye> ! deepe/ oil te/ 0 drill$ to a dep? ( #h1faf feet & 0 /opp$ 9 granite4 ,?is te/ is locat$ 9 ,fayette ,c\nty ne> ,bee*] ,city & has its oil production f a zone ov] #d1jjj feet above ! bottom ( ! hole4 ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,oil ,,is ,,produc$ ,,9 ,,ill9ois ,,& ,,h[ ,,valuable ,,is ,,x8 ,9 #aifc1 ab\t #ge million b>rels ( oil1 #b4g p]c5t ( ! nation's total1 7 produc$ 9 ,ill9ois 7fig4 #h74 ,?is oil is valu$ at ov] #bba1jjj1jjj4 ,,is ,,oil ,,production ,,increas+ ,,or ,,decreas+ ,,9 ,,ill9ois8 ,9 #aidj1 our /ate _h its highe/ yield ( oil :5 #adg1fdg1jjj b>rels 7 produc$4 ,al?\gh production figures rema9$ fairly high = "s "t1 !y h decl9$ 9 ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,s9ce no new l>ge oil discov]ies h be5 made rec5tly1 ,ill9ois' total kn[n oil res]ves are decreas+ ye>ly4 ,9 #aifc1 ,ill9ois rank$ eigh? among ! oil-produc+ /ates1 ) #dbj oil fields consi/+ ( #cj1adi wells4 ,,coal ,,:at ,,is ,,coal ,,& ,,h[ ,,is ,,x ,,=m$8 ,coal is a combu/ible rock t 0 =m$ by ! accumulation & p>tial decay ( vegetation4 ,:5 coal 0 =m+ millions ( ye>s ago1 mo/ ( ! /ate 0 a l[ coa/al pla9 bord]$ on ! we/ & s\?we/ by a %all[ sea4 ,a l>ge v>iety ( plants grew 9 great swamps :i* cov]$ ?is coa/al pla9 7fig4 #i74 ,:5 ! plants di$1 !y accumulat$ 9 ! swamps to =m ?ick masses ( peat t 7 ev5tually cov]$ by %all[ seas & buri$ b5ea? mud & s&4 ,p]iodically1 ! region 0 above sea level1 new swamps develop$1 new peat deposits accumulat$1 & m s$im5ts 7 laid d[n4 ,?is process occurr$ repeat$ly until ov] #c1jjj feet ( s$im5ts _h be5 deposit$4 ,!n ! s$im5ts 7 sl[ly compact$ & h>d5$ s t s&/ones1 %ales1 lime/ones1 & coals 7 =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h--;,e/imat$ total oil production by c\nties f #ahhh ?r\gh #aifc4 ,c\nties produc+ oil 9 ,janu>y #aife ,total ,production #b1dfd1geh1jjj b>rels #df c\nties produc+ ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i--,recon/ruction ( coal-=m+ swamp4 ,,h[ ,,d ,,we ,,"k ,,t ,,coal ,,0 ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,plant ,,mat]ials8 ,al?\gh plant impressions or fossiliz$ wood c be se5 9 coal1 !y are m common 9 %ales & s&/ones associat$ ) ! coal4 ,(t5 roots c be se5 9 ! clay t lies j "u ! coal1 & 9 "s places /umps ( trees f ! coal swamp =e/ are pres]v$ 9 ! s$im5ts adjac5t to ! coal 7fig4 #aj74 ,:5 pieces ( coal are exam9$ ) a microscope1 c>boniz$ plant rema9s c be se54 ,,h[ ,,_m ,,coal ,,seams ,,are ,,pres5t ,,9 ,,ill9ois8 ,!re are at lea/ #dj diff]5t coal seams 9 ,ill9ois1 b mo/ are relatively ?94 ,sev5 coal seams h be5 m9$ ext5sively1 & all toge!r #bj or m h be5 m9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj--,"s root1 /em1 & leaf fossils f\nd 9 ,ill9ois coal-be>+ rocks4 ,neuropt]is ,nosopt]is /em ,neuropt]is ,lepidod5dron ,pecopt]is ,/igm>ia ,annul>ia ,spiropt]is ,sph5ophyllum #a ,,h[ ,,is ,,ill9ois ,,coal ,,m9$8 ,9 ,ill9ois !re are two ma9 ways ( m9+ coal3 /rip 7op5-cut7 & und]gr\nd4 ,/rip or op5-cut m9es 7fig4 #aa7 usually op]ate :]e ! coal is at v %all[ dep?s1 al?\gh su* m9+ is done z mu* z #ajj feet deep or m 9 "s places4 ,_m old und]gr\nd m9es produc$ coal f seams t 7 less ?an #ajj feet deep because !y did n h ! l>ge ma*9]y = /rip m9+ :5 ^! m9es 7 />t$4 ,an ab&on$ m9e1 #a1jjd feet deep1 ne> ,assumption is ! deepe/ und]gr\nd coal m9e 9 ! /ate4 ,coal is n[ be+ m9$ at dep?s some:at ov] #hjj feet 9 ,jeff]son ,c\nty4 ,,h[ ,,does ,,ill9ois ,,rank ,,z ,a ,,coal ,,produc]8 ,ill9ois ranks f\r? 9 production ( coal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is exce$$ only by ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 & ,p5nsylvania4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ effici5t m9es 9 ! c\ntry are op]at$ 9 ,ill9ois4 ,und]gr\nd m9es 9 ,ill9ois h ! highe/ rate ( tons m9$ p] man ea* day 9 ! c\ntry1 & ?is rate is increas+4 ,increas$ m9+ effici5cy has made x possible to hold ! price ( coal l[ en\gh s t x c successfully compete aga9/ o!r fuels = _m uses4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa--;,diagram ( /rip m9e %[+3 7a7 /ripp+ %ovel1 & 7b7 coal-load+ %ovel4 ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,coal ,,is ,,produc$ ,,9 ,,ill9ois ,,annually ,,& ,,h[ ,,valuable ,,is ,,x8 ,9 ! la/ #aj ye>s1 an av]age ( ab\t #df million tons ( coal has be5 m9$ ea* ye> 7fig4 #ab74 ,9 #aifc1 approximately #ea4f million tons 7 produc$1 :i* 7 valu$ at ab\t #aif1jjj1jjj at ! m9e4 ,s9ce #aifa1 /rip m9es h produc$ ov] half ( ! coal m9$ 9 ,ill9ois4 ,,h[ ,,long ,,w ,,our ,,coal ,,supplies ,,la/8 ,x w take well ov] #a1jjj ye>s at ! pres5t rate ( m9+ 9 ,ill9ois to exhau/ our coal res]ves4 ,an e/imat$ #adj billion tons ( coal 9 seams ( m9able ?ickness rema9 9 ! gr\nd 9 our /ate2 ^! are ! l>ge/ kn[n res]ves ( bitum9\s coal ( any /ate 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,:at ,,is ,,coal ,,us$ ,,=8 ,electric p[] g5]ation consumes ! great] "p ( ! annual coal production 9 ,ill9ois4 ,coal is also us$ = home & comm]cial heat+1 = production ( coke1 & = manufactur+ v>i\s *emical comp\nds f coal t>4 ,products d]iv$ f coal t> include drugs & m$ic9es1 pla/ics1 syn!tic fibres1 p]fumes1 flavor+s1 dyes1 syn!tic rubb]s1 explosives1 specializ$ oils1 solv5ts1 wood pres]vatives1 t>like pav+ & ro(+ mat]ials1 & "s gas4 ,! gas is bo? produc$ & utiliz$ 9 ! coke indu/ry4 ,,:at ,,is ,,coke8 ,coke is a mat]ial produc$ by burn+ coal 9 ! abs5ce ( air s t mo/ ( ! gases & wat] are driv5 (f )\t consum+ ! solid portion4 ,! result+ solid coke is a /rong1 por\s1 combu/ible sub/ance4 ,,h[ ,,important ,,is ,,coke ,,& ,,h[ ,,is ,,x ,,us$8 ,! /ructure & nature ( coke make x a valuable fuel = bla/ furnace use 9 ! production ( /eel4 ,9 ! pa/1 mo/ ( ! coal us$ 9 ! manufacture ( coke has come f areas ( high] quality coal outside ( our /ate4 ,h[ev]1 at pres5t1 ov] #a1jjj1jjj tons ( ,ill9ois coal are m9$ annually = ! production ( metallurgical coke4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab--;,e/imat$ total coal production by c\nties f #ahhb ?r\gh #aifc4 ,area und]la9 by coal-be>+ rocks ,c\nties produc+ coal 9 ,janu>y #aife ,total ,production #c1gdi1dbc1ecd tons #ga c\nties produc+ ,,/one ,,& ,,/one ,,products ,,:at ,,types ,,( ,,/one ,,are ,,produc$ ,,9 ,,ill9ois8 ,lime/one & dolomite are ! mo/ abundant rocks qu>ri$ 9 ,ill9ois4 ,small am\nts ( m>ble1 lime/one1 & s&/one = build+ /one are also produc$4 ,9 addition1 "s glacial b\ld]s & cobbles are us$ = rock g>d5s & 9 home con/ruction4 ,! cru%$ lime/one indu/ry is ,ill9ois' mo/ important rock products indu/ry4 ,,:at ,,are ,,lime/one ,,& ,,dolomite8 ,lime/one is a s$im5t>y rock t consi/s *iefly ( calcite1 :i* is compos$ ( calcium1 c>bon1 & oxyg54 ,dolomite is a v>iety ( lime/one t conta9s consid]able magnesium 9 addition to ! o!r elem5ts4 ,lime/ones 7 deposit$ on ! floors ( anci5t seas t repeat$ly cov]$ mo/ p>ts ( ,ill9ois4 ,%ell$ creatures1 corals1 & coral reefs help$ build up ! ?ick lime/one deposits 7figs4 #ac & #ad74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac--,piece ( lime/one l>gely made up ( fossil bra*iopod %ells4 ,,:]e ,,are ,,lime/one ,,& ,,dolomite ,,qu>ries ,,locat$ ,,9 ,,ill9ois8 ,lime/one & dolomite qu>ries are locat$ along ! s\!rn1 we/]n1 & nor!rn m>g9s ( ! /ate :]e ! ?ick deposits ( ^! rocks crop out at ! surface4 ,al?\gh b$rock 0 deposit$ 9 horizontal lay]s1 x has s9ce be5 d[nfold$ into ! ,ill9ois ,bas9 ^: c5t] is 9 s\!a/]n ,ill9ois4 ,?us1 ! ?ick lime/ones & dolomites t are qu>ri$ along ! m>g9s ( ! /ate are too deeply buri$ to be qu>ri$ 9 ! c5tral "p ( ?is bas9 7fig4 #ae74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad--;,fossils commonly f\nd 9 ,ill9ois rocks4 ,/rophom5a #a ,paleoneilo #a ,ct5odonta ,dolmanites ,ar*im$es #a ,hormotoma ,polygyra #a ,mucrospirif] #a ,atrypa ,cr9oid ,columnais #a ,halysites ,hexagon>ia #a ,microcylus #a ,/reptelasma ,li?o/rationella ,lophophyllum #a ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae--;,diagrammatic cross section ( ! ,ill9ois ,bas94 ,,miss4 ,,riv] ,wat]loo ,mt4 ,v]non ,,ill9ois ,,waba% ,,riv] ,,indiana ,new ,albany ,,ohio ,,riv] ,,are ,,any ,,/one ,,qu>ries ,,locat$ ,,9 ,,! ,,area ,,und]la9 ,,by ,,! ,,ill9ois ,,bas98 ,yes4 ,9 ! area und]la9 by ! bas91 /one qu>ries are op]at$ 9 y\ng]1 ?9n] rock /rata ( ,p5nsylvanian age4 ,^! /rata also ov]lie ! ?ick lime/ones & dolomites qu>ri$ along ! m>g9s ( ! /ate4 ,! qu>ries locat$ )9 ! bas9 area produce /one = agricultural lime/one1 roads1 & o!r purposes4 ,,h[ ,,& ,,:]e ,,are ,,lime/one ,,& ,,dolomite ,,us$8 ,millions ( tons ( /one are cru%$ annually to produce aggregate = use 9 mak+ concrete roads & build+s1 = road surfac+1 & = agricultural lime/one4 ,ag/one is appli$ to f>ml&s to neutralize soil acidity1 improve soil /ructure1 add calcium & magnesium1 & promote conditions favorable = ! utilization ( soil mat]ials by plants4 ,l>ge quantities ( lime/one are us$ 9 mak+ lime & cem5t4 ,!re are ?ree cem5t plants 9 nor!rn ,ill9ois--two at ,la,salle & "o at ,dixon--& "o 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 at ,joppa4 ,small am\nts ( /one are us$ = mak+ alkalies & glass1 = railroad balla/1 = build+ /one1 = du/+ coal m9es to prev5t coal du/ explosions1 & = +r$i5ts 9 m9]al fe$s = live/ock4 ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,/one ,,does ,,ill9ois ,,produce8 ,a production ( ab\t #cf million tons ( /one 9 #aifc 0 valu$ at almo/ #dh1jjj1jjj4 ,! cem5t made f ,ill9ois lime/one 9 ! same ye> 0 valu$ at #cb1jjj1jjj4 ,,clay ,,:at ,,is ,,clay ,,& ,,h[ ,,is ,,x ,,=m$8 ,wea!r+ or alt]ation ( "s rocks produces clay :i* is a v f9e-gra9$1 unconsolidat$ rock4 ,clay is made up ( a gr\p ( m9]als1 ( :i* illite1 montmorillonite1 kaol9ite1 & *lorite are ! mo/ abundant4 ,,h[ ,,ext5sive ,,are ,,clay ,,deposits ,,9 ,,ill9ois8 ,clay deposits 9 ,ill9ois consi/ ( ,quat]n>y clays1 :i* 7 deposit$ by glaci]s1 lakes1 & w9ds2 & ( fireclay1 %ale1 kaol91 & 8full]'s e>?10 all ( :i* are b$rock deposits4 ,quat]n>y clay1 fireclay1 & %ale res\rces occur widely 9 v l>ge quantities2 8full]'s e>?0 & kaol9 deposits are small 9 relation to o!r clay res\rces4 ,,h[ ,,is ,,ill9ois ,,clay ,,us$8 ,surface clay1 %ale1 & fireclay are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( /ructural clay products1 su* z brick1 dra9 tile1 & holl[ block 7fig4 #af74 ,fireclay is us$ = a bond+ ag5t 9 mold+ s&1 = ! mak+ ( /onew>e vessels1 = a pla/] on ! walls ( indu/rial furnaces1 & = mak+ refractory brick4 ,refractory brick mu/ be able to )/& v high temp]atures & is us$ to l9e indu/rial furnaces1 boil]s1 kilns1 & ladles = molt5 /eel4 ,%ale & clay are gr\nd up & mix$ ) lime/one 9 ! manufacture ( cem5t4 ,crucibles1 refractories1 *9a1 & porcela9 are made f kaol94 8,full]'s e>?0 is us$ z a sweep+ comp\nd & z an animal litt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af--,typical ,ill9ois bee-hive kiln4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,clay ,,products ,,manufactur$ ,,9 ,,ill9ois8 ,ab\t #ec1ijj1jjj wor? ( clay products 7 manufactur$ 9 ,ill9ois 9 #aifc4 ,,s& ,,& ,,gravel ,,:]e ,,d ,,s& ,,& ,,gravel ,,come ,,f8 ,glacial deposits ( s& & gravel are ! *ief s\rce ( ^! mat]ials 9 ,ill9ois1 b *]t or fl9t gravels t are old] ?an ! glacial deposits are kn[n & utiliz$ locally 9 we/]n & extreme s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,s&s ( rec5t orig9 are dr$g$ f deposits 9 ! l>g] riv]s & /reams 7fig4 #ag71 & comm]cial silica s& is produc$ f s&/one b$rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag--;,dr$ge equipm5t us$ 9 produc+ s& & gravel4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,common ,,ill9ois ,,s& ,,& ,,gravel ,,production8 ,production ( common s& & gravel total$ #bg1aae1jjj tons at a value ( #bd1hjj1jjj 9 #aifc4 ,,silica ,,s& ,,:at ,,is ,,silica ,,s&8 ,al?\gh natural s&s are aggregations ( _m k9ds ( small rock & m9]al fragm5ts1 silica s& consi/s almo/ entirely ( f9e gra9s ( a s+le m9]al1 qu>tz4 ,! pr9cipal s\rces ( ,ill9ois silica s& are 9 ,la,salle 7,ottawa1 ,utica1 ,w$ron1 & ,troy ,grove areas7 & ,ogle 7,oregon area7 ,c\nties4 ,,h[ ,,is ,,silica ,,s& ,,us$8 ,silica s&1 produc$ 9 nor!rn ,ill9ois1 is fam\s = its high purity1 & is widely us$ 9 mak+ glass4 ,m ?an two-?irds ( ! raw mat]ial 9 common glass is silica s&4 ,quantities ( silica s& are us$ z mold+ s&1 because x c )/& ! high temp]atures produc$ 9 ca/+ /eel & o!r metals4 ,x also is us$ = gr9d+ & smoo?+ plate glass1 = s& bla/+1 & = fractur+ s& us$ to increase ! production ( oil wells4 ,"s silica s& is gr\nd to a f9e p[d] & utiliz$ z an +r$i5t 9 sc\r+ comp\nds1 pa9t fill]s1 pott]y1 glazes1 & enamels4 ,a specially siz$ s& is produc$ f ! ,/4 ,pet] ,s&/one ,=mation 7,ordovician 9 age7 t is us$ 9 te/+ ! /r5g? ( cem5ts & z a laboratory /&>d 9 v>i\s k9ds ( te/s4 ,,h[ ,,valuable ,,is ,,silica ,,s& ,,to ,,! ,,economy ,,( ,,! ,,/ate8 ,ill9ois is a major produc] ( silica s&1 hav+ produc$ #b1ijj1jjj tons 9 #aifc4 ,! silica s& & gr\nd silica produc$ 9 ! same ye> 0 valu$ at #aa1djj1jjj4 ,,tripoli ,,:at ,,is ,,tripoli ,,& ,,:]e ,,is ,,x ,,f\nd8 ,tripoli1 also kn[n z amorph\s silica1 is m9$ 9 ,alex&] ,c\nty 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,x is prep>$ = m>ket by be+ gr\nd to a f9e p[d]4 ,x consi/s ( t9y p>ticles ( qu>tz4 ,,:at ,,are ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,uses ,,= ,,tripoli8 ,tripoli is us$ z 8:ite r\ge0 9 optical l5s poli%+1 z a pa9t fill]1 z a f9e abrasive1 9 ! c]amic indu/ry1 & = _m o!r purposes4 ,,fluorsp> ,,:at ,,is ,,fluorsp>8 ,fluorsp>1 or fluorite1 is a glassy m9]al t is commonly gray1 :ite1 or colorless1 b may be gre51 blue1 purple1 yell[1 or black4 ,x is compos$ ( calcium & fluor9e4 ,fluorite is n a gem because x is too fragile & s(t4 ,m9]al collectors seek x because x is attractive & because "s v>ieties h ! ability to gl[ "u invisible ultraviolet light 7h5ce ! t]m 8fluoresc5ce074 ,,:]e ,,are ,,fluorsp> ,,deposits ,,locat$ ,,& ,,h[ ,,important ,,is ,,ill9ois ,,production8 ,fluorsp> produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates comes *iefly f a small area 9 ,ill9ois & ,k5tucky :]e x has be5 m9$ s9ce #ahdb4 ,ill9ois produc$ ab\t #ff p]c5t ( ! nation's total 9 #aifc4 ,! /ate's production am\nt$ to m ?an #acb1jjj tons1 valu$ at ab\t #f1edg1jjj4 ,! crude ore is extract$ f ne>ly horizontal b$d$ deposits & f ne>ly v]tical ve9s 9 m9es up to #hjj feet deep 9 ,pope & ,h>d9 ,c\nties4 ,f9i%$ fluorsp> is produc$ f ! crude ore by sep>at+ & conc5trat+ me?ods4 ,,:at ,,are ,,fluorsp> ,,pellets8 ,9 ! sep>ation ( fluorsp> f ! o!r mat]ials ) :i* x naturally occurs1 a process is us$ t involves gr9d+ ! sp> to a v f9e p[d]4 ,! p[d]$ sp> has a numb] ( uses1 b to suit x = use z a flux 7a sub/ance :i* promotes fusion7 x is made into pellets by ! use ( a b9d]4 ,,:at ,,is ,,fluorsp> ,,us$ ,,=8 ,fluorsp> is us$ ext5sively z a flux 9 ! /eel indu/ry1 b ov] #ej p]c5t ( ! sp> produc$ 9 ,ill9ois 9 #aifc 0 consum$ 9 ! manufacture ( hydr(luoric acid4 ,a l>ge portion ( ?is acid production is us$ 9 ! alum9um indu/ry4 ,hydr(luoric acid is also employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( _m fluor9e comp\nds1 p>ticul>ly ^? us$ 9 ! production ( fluoroc>bons 7refrig]ants1 pla/ics1 a]osols71 insecticides1 & high-en]gy fuels = rockets & missiles4 ,! fluoroc>bons utilize ab\t #dj p]c5t ( ! hydr(luoric acid production4 ,,lead ,,& ,,z9c ,,:at ,,ores ,,yield ,,lead ,,& ,,z9c ,,9 ,,ill9ois8 ,! m9]al gal5a is ! pr9cipal ore ( lead4 ,gal5a is gray 9 color1 v heavy1 has a bright metallic lu/]1 & breaks into cubes along /eplike cleavage surfaces 7fig4 #ah74 ,x is compos$ ( lead & sulfur4 ,! *ief ore ( z9c is ! m9]al sphal]ite4 ,x may be br[n1 yell[1 or black4 ,sphal]ite is a comb9ation ( z9c & sulfur1 has a res9\s lu/]1 & is n z heavy z gal5a4 ,,:]e ,,are ,,lead ,,& ,,z9c ,,m9es ,,locat$ ,,& ,,h[ ,,long ,,h ,,^! ,,ores ,,be5 ,,m9$8 ,al?\gh ! lead deposits ( extreme nor?we/]n ,ill9ois 7n[ ,jo ,daviess ,c\nty7 7 report$ by ! ,fr5* explor]s 9 #afeh & are said to h be5 work$ by ! ,indians1 ! influx ( :ite settl]s 9 ! e>ly #ahjj's m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( an ext5sive m9+ indu/ry1 :i* 0 an important factor 9 ! e>ly developm5t ( t "p ( ! /ate4 ,! t[n ( ,gal5a takes its "n f ! m9]al gal5a1 :i* 0 ! pr9cipal ore m9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah--;,gal5a cubes4 ,9 #ahde1 ! ,upp] ,mississippi ,valley produc$ #fj p]c5t ( all lead m9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* !n rank$ fir/ 9 _w lead production4 ,until ab\t #ahfj1 ! z9c ore 0 consid]$ useless1 b today its total value is sev]al times t ( lead4 ,lead m9+ began 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois 9 #ahdb4 ,lead & z9c production 9 ?is area is a by-product ( fluorsp> m9+4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,^! ,,metals ,,produc$ ,,9 ,,ill9ois8 ,9 #aifc1 ,ill9ois produc$ #bj1cgg tons ( z9c valu$ at ab\t #d1fgg1ejj & #b1ija tons ( lead wor? ab\t #fbf1fjj4 ,,gr\nd ,,wat] ,,:at ,,is ,,gr\nd ,,wat]8 ,gr\nd wat] is wat] t fills all op5+s 9 e>? mat]ials 9 ! zone ( p]man5t saturation4 ,! top ( ! zone ( saturation is call$ ! wat] table4 ,! s\rce ( gr\nd wat] is precipitation 7ra9 & sn[7 t seeps into ! soil & p]colates d[nw>d4 ,bel[ ! wat] table1 gr\nd wat] moves sl[ly t[>d places ( dis*>ge su* z spr+s1 lakes1 riv]s1 m>%es1 & wells4 ,wat] falls to ! gr\nd1 moves ?r\gh ! rocks1 returns to ! surface1 & f9ally gets back to ! atmosph]e by evaporation & f plants 7fig4 #ai74 ,?is cycle is cont9u\sly repeat$4 ,,:at ,,k9ds ,,( ,,rocks ,,yield ,,gr\nd ,,wat]8 ,gr\nd wat] is mo/ readily obta9$ f saturat$ rocks t h fairly l>ge op5+s betwe5 gra9s 7su* z s&1 gravel1 & s&/one7 or h int]connect$ cracks or *annels 7su* z lime/ones74 ,rocks t conta9 gr\nd wat] & t w yield x to wells are call$ aquif]s4 ,s& & gravel b$s are widely us$ aquif]s 9 ,ill9ois4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai--,s\rce1 movem5t1 & occurr5ce ( gr\nd wat]4 ,arr[s 9 aquif]s %[ direction ( fl[ ( wat]4 ,,evaporation ,,s& ,,& ,,gravel ,,well ,wat] ,table ,riv] s& & gravel ,,artesian ,,wells ,,evaporation ,riv] ,,well ,,collect+ ,,area ,,= ,,artesian ,,wat] ,,precipitation ,crat] ,,wat] ,,table ,,well ,lake ,glacial pebbly clay ,glacial s& & aquif] ,%ale ,s&/one aquif] ,lime/one aquif] ,%ale ,,gr\nd-,,wat] ,,res]voir ,,is ,,wat] ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,und]gr\nd ,,lakes ,,& ,,riv]s ,,9 ,,ill9ois8 ,no4 ,!re are a few l>ge spr+s t fl[ f rocks along riv] bluffs 9 ,ill9ois1 b mo/ gr\nd wat] occurs 9 t9y op5+s )9 ! rocks4 ,gr\nd wat] res]voirs may be reg>d$ z simil> to sponges r ?an z und]gr\nd lakes or riv]s4 ,,:y ,,d ,,wells ,,sometimes ,,g ,,dry8 ,! wat] table rises & falls seasonally & f ye> to ye>1 dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( precipitation4 ,sometimes ! wat] table may fall bel[ ! bottom ( ! well or bel[ ! pump4 ,sometimes ov]pump+ ! well or pump+ too _m wells 9 a small area l[]s ! wat] table suffici5tly to *eck ! yield ( ! well4 ,,:at ,,is ,,an ,,artesian ,,well8 ,an artesian well is "o 9 :i* pressure =ces wat] to rise 9 ! well above ! level :]e x 0 f\nd4 ,9 "s artesian wells wat] fl[s out at ! surface4 ,conditions = artesian wells are illu/rat$ 9 figure #ai4 ,! %ale above ! s&/one & lime/one aquif]s 9 ! figure is 8tight0 & does n p]mit wat] to escape upw>d to ! level at :i* x ent]s ! aquif]s 9 ! intake areas4 ,! wat] is "u natural pressure4 ,:5 a well is drill$ ?r\gh ! %ale & into ! aquif]s1 wat] rises1 seek+ its own level4 ,mo/ ( ! deep wells 9 nor!rn ,ill9ois are artesian wells1 ?\gh few ( !m fl[ at ! surface anymore4 ,,w ,,y ,,always ,,f9d ,,wat] ,,if ,,y ,,g ,,deep ,,en\gh8 ,?is is g5]ally true4 ,h[ev]1 9 mu* ( ! s\!rn two-?irds ( ,ill9ois ! deep] wat]s are q salty4 ,!re=e1 only ! upp] few hundr$ feet ( rocks are wor? explor+ = wat]4 ,9 ! nor!rn ?ird ( ,ill9ois1 :]e ! deepe/ wat] wells are locat$1 fre% wat] ext5ds 9 "s places to m ?an #b1jjj feet4 ,,h[ ,,c ,,gr\nd ,,wat] ,,be ,,f\nd8 ,! mo/ effective way ( locat+ a gr\nd wat] supply is by us+ k ( ! geology & gr\nd wat] conditions--ga9$ p>tly f /udy ( exi/+ well records--to det]m9e ! mo/ favorable areas & dep?s to drill to4 ,an additional tool t has be5 us$ successfully 9 ,ill9ois is ! electrical e>? resi/ivity survey4 ,! resi/ivity survey attempts to locate buri$ s& & gravel lay]s t commonly are s\rces ( gr\nd wat]4 ,te/ drill+ is recomm5d$ at sites t appe> to be und]la9 by s& & gravel4 ,!re is no kn[n me?od t w positively 8f9d0 gr\nd wat] )\t drill+4 ,,ill9ois ,,/ate ,,geological ,,survey ,,:y ,,is ,,geology ,,important8 ,geology & alli$ sci5ces are be+ call$ ^u increas+ly to aid 9 m intellig5t & effici5t discov]y & utilization ( m9]al weal?4 ,our national life & welf>e are m & m dep5d5t ^u ! fur!r discov]y & prop] use ( ! e>?'s natural res\rces4 ,ill9ois is widely recogniz$ by sci5ti/s1 indu/riali/s1 & educators z be+ out/&+ 9 its promotion ( rese>* & indu/rial developm5t4 ,,:at ,,are ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,s]vices ,,available ,,f ,,! ,,survey8 ,! occurr5ce & di/ribution ( rock & m9]al deposits 9 ,ill9ois are /udi$ by ! ,/ate ,geological ,survey ,division ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,regi/ration & ,education 7fig4 #bj74 ,9 seek+ new in=mation conc]n+ ! /ate's natural m9]al res\rces1 physical & *emical /udies ( useful rocks1 m9]als1 & m9]al products are made4 ,te*niques & me?ods are develop$ & exp]im5ts are conduct$ to f9d & prep>e ,ill9ois' m9]al sub/ances = use4 ,! results ( ! ,survey's field & laboratory f9d+s are publi%$ & made available to all citiz5s ^u reque/4 ,mu* in=mation t has n be5 publi%$ is 9 ! op5 files ( ! ,geological ,survey :]e x may be exam9$ by ! public4 ,memb]s ( ! ,survey's sci5tific & te*nical /aff answ] reque/s = in=mation receiv$ by lett]1 telegram1 telephone1 or p]sonal int]view4 ,s9ce ! ma9 ideas ( geology are easy to und]/& & greatly increase "o's enjoym5t & appreciation ( ! _w 9 :i* we live1 ! ,geological ,survey publi%es popul> & educational booklets design$ = ! use ( ,ill9ois tea*]s & /ud5ts4 ,! ,survey also di/ributes a label$ collection ( rocks & m9]als = class use 9 ,ill9ois s*ools4 ,six geological sci5ce field trips are conduct$ ea* ye> ?r\gh\t v>i\s sections ( ! /ate = tea*]s & int]e/$ laym54 ,memb]s ( ! ,survey /aff give illu/rat$ lectures to organiz$ gr\ps ab\t ! geology & m9]al res\rces ( ! /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj--;,geological ,survey (fices are locat$ 9 ! ,natural ,res\rces ,build+1 ,urbana1 ,ill9ois4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,*>ge ,,= ,,^! ,,s]vices8 ,all ( ! ,survey's publications are di/ribut$ free to s*ools & tea*]s4 ,only topographic maps & c]ta9 base maps1 :i* are prep>$ & pr9t$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey 9 ,wa%+ton1 are sold at nom9al prices4 ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,illu/ration3 ,geologic column ,era ,g5]al ,types ( ,rocks ,p]iod or ,sy/em & ,?ickness ,epo* ,,c5ozoic 8,rec5t ,life0 ,age ( ,mammals ,quat]n>y #j-ejj ,plei/oc5e or ,glacial ,age ,rec5t--alluvium 9 riv] valleys ,glacial till1 glacial outwa%1 gravel1 s&1 silt lake deposits ( clay & silt1 loess & s& dunes2 cov]s ne>ly all ( /ate except nor?we/ corn] & s\!rn tip ,t]ti>y #j-ejj ,plioc5e ,*]t gravel2 pres5t 9 nor!rn1 s\!rn1 & we/]n ,ill9ois ,eoc5e ,mo/ly micace\s s& ) "s silt & clay2 pres5t only 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois ,paleoc5e ,mo/ly clay1 little s&2 pres5t only 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois ,,mesozoic 8,middle ,life0 ,age ( ,reptiles ,cretace\s ,mo/ly s&1 "s ?9 b$s ( clay &1 #j-cjj locally1 gravel2 pres5t only 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois ,,paleozoic 8,anci5t ,life0 ,age ( ,amphibians & ,e>ly ,plants ,p5nsylvanian ,l>gely %ale & s&/one ) b$s ( coal1 #j-c1jjj lime/one1 & clay 78,coal ,measures07 ,mississippian ,black & gray %ale at base2 middle zone ( #j-c1ejj ?ick lime/one t grades to silt/one1 *]t1 & %ale2 upp] zone ( int]b$d$ s&/one1 %ale & lime/one ,age ( ,fi%es ,devonian ,?ick lime/one1 m9or s&/ones & %ales2 #j-a1ejj l>gely *]t & *]ty lime/one 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois ,age ( ,inv]tebrates ,silurian ,pr9cipally dolomite & lime/one #j-a1jjj ,ordovician ,l>gely dolomite & lime/one b conta9s #ejj-b1jjj s&/one1 %ale1 & silt/one =mations ,cambrian ,*iefly s&/ones ) "s dolomite & %ale2 #a1ejj-c1jjj expos$ only 9 small areas 9 nor?-c5tral ,ill9ois ,,ar*eozoic & ,,prot]ozoic ,igne\s & metamorphic rocks2 kn[n 9 ,ill9ois only f deep wells ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,ill9ois ,/ate ,geological ,survey ,educational ,s]ies #i ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4