,! ,,atom & ! ,,ocean by ,e4 ,w4 ,seabrook ,hull ,u4,s4 ,,atomic ,,en]gy ,,commission ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation ,und]/&+ ! ,atom ,s]ies ,! ,und]/&+ ! ,atom ,s]ies ,nucle> en]gy is play+ a vital role 9 ! life ( e man1 woman1 & *ild 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates today4 ,9 ! ye>s ahead x w affect increas+ly all ! peoples ( ! e>?4 ,x is ess5tial t all ,am]icans ga9 an und]/&+ ( ?is vital =ce if !y are to dis*>ge ?\ghtfully _! responsibilities z citiz5s & if !y are to realize fully ! myriad b5efits t nucle> en]gy (f]s !m4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission provides ?is booklet to help y a*ieve su* und]/&+4 ,edw>d ,j4 ,brun5kant ,edw>d ,j4 ,brun5kant1 ,director ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,atomic ,,en]gy ,,commission ,dr4 ,gl5n ,t4 ,seaborg1 ,*airman ,james ,t4 ,ramey ,wilfrid ,e4 ,johnson ,dr4 ,!os ,j4 ,?ompson ,dr4 ,cl>5ce ,e4 ,l>son ,! ,,atom & ! ,,ocean by ,e4 ,w4 ,seabrook ,hull ,,cont5ts ,,seek+ ,,answ]s #a ,en]gy = ,exploration #c ,,! ,,_w ,,ocean #f ,ocean ,movem5ts #g ,a ,mix ( ,elem5ts #aj ,! ,sea's ,int]faces #aa ,! ,sea's ,res\rces #aa ,,nucle> ,,en]gy',s ,,role #ac ,radionuclides 9 ! ,sea #ac ,rese>* ,projects #bc ,oceanographic ,in/rum5ts #ce ,environm5tal ,safety ,/udies #da ,! ,atom at ,"w 9 ! ,sea #db ,ocean ,eng9e]+ #ea ,fre% ,wat] f ,seawat] #eb ,radiation ,pres]vation ( ,seafood #ed ,project ,pl[%>e #ef ,a ,new ,fram #ef ,,! ,,?ree-,,dim5sional ,,ocean #eg ,,sugge/$ ,,ref]5ces #eh ,unit$ ,/ates ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog ,c>d ,numb]3 #fg-fbdgf #aifh ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ frontispiece ,! ,,atom & ! ,,ocean ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,,seabrook ,,hull ,,seek+ ,,answ]s ,hi/orians ( ! future w record t man almo/ simultane\sly unlock$ ! secret ( atomic en]gy & v5tur$ into new doma9s b5ea? ! clos$ doors ( ! _w ocean1 9 "o ( ! greate/ exploration endeavors ( all "t4 ,hi/ory may also %[ h[ ^! two ef=ts to b5efit mank9d became closely int]?read$--h[ nucle> en]gy1 9 its _m =ms & applications1 play$ a major role 9 ! ef=ts to explore & exploit 8! o!r ?ree-qu>t]s0 ( our planet1 & moreov]1 h[ ! v developm5t ( a nucle> te*nology en=c$ our ne$ to "k m ab\t ! sea ar\nd u4 ,nucle> en]gy is a fundam5tal physical ph5om5on1 l ! actions ( ! :eel1 ! lev]1 or ! incl9$ plane4 ,l *emical combu/ion or electricity1 x is b ano!r means = m5 to d useful "w1 :e!r t "w be 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 comm]ce1 recreation1 or w>4 ,to ?is ext5t1 nucle> en]gy is univ]sal1 z applicable 9 ! sea z x is on l& or 9 out] space4 ,:]ev] man goes & :atev] he does1 he requires en]gy to get him !re & en]gy = 8 "w or play :5 he arrives4 ,"s ( ! places he n[ seeks to pione] are h>d to inve/igate by anyone encumb]$ ) bulky traditional en]gy s\rces--coal1 fuel oil1 or /orage batt]ies4 ,! ocean 9 its full ?ree-dim5sional scope is "o ( ^! places4 ,! atom is ! mo/ conc5trat$ s\rce ( en]gy1 & "o ( ! mo/ div]se4 ,?us1 n only are we able to d famili> ?+s bett] ) nucle> en]gy 7! nucle>-p[]$ subm>9e is a dramatic example71 b we are also able to d ?+s nev] be=e possible 7su* z /udy+ ! diffusion ( dissolv$ salts 9 ! op5 ocean or ext5d+ ! useful life ( seafoods ?r\gh irradiation74 ,nucle> en]gy has at la/ enabl$ u to realize ! pr$ictions ( ,jules ,v]ne's adv5ture tale1 ,tw5ty ,?\s& ,leagues ,"u ! ,sea1 & to build a true subm>9e--a craft ^: subm]g$ exi/5ce is limit$ only by ! physiological & psy*ological endurance ( its human crew4 ,?is fact 9 itself has add$ greatly to our ne$ to le>n mu* m ab\t ! ocean1 = ! sea is an opaque & /range environm5t 9 :i* ! deadly game ( hunt-&-be-hunt$ w be won by :oev] kn[s ! ocean be/4 ,! v fact t we h nucle> en]gy means we h nucle> wa/es2 _m ( ^! inevitably f9d _! way into ! ocean1 z all ?+s d4 ,we ne$ to "k m ab\t ! wat]y _w be=e we c safely all[ ?is infl[ to cont9ue4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 #aijj ! ,u4 ,s4 ,navy commission$ its fir/ subm>9e1 ! ,,uss ,holl&1 :i* 0 built by ,john ,p4 ,holl&4 ,x is %[n 9 dry dock at ,p]? ,amboy1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 #ahih4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,uss ,plung]1 nam$ aft] an e>ly ,john ,holl& subm>9e1 :i* is an example ( ! ,navy's pres5t fleet ( nucle> subm>9es4 ,9 ! wat]s ( ! sev5 seas are en\gh deut]ium & tritium to p[] tomorr['s !rmonucle> p[] plants#a = millions ( ye>s4 ,^! r>e1 heavy v>ieties ( hydrog51 enorm\sly abundant 9 ! va/ness ( ! sea1 comprise an en]gy s\rce )\t limit = all nations1 :i* ne$ only develop ! te*nological ability to extract !m & put !m to "w4 ,en]gy = ,exploration ,= ?is exploration1 m5 ne$ to put in/rum5ts1 navigation beacons 7see figures on pages #df & #dg71 & o!r devices on ! deep ocean floor1 :]e !y mu/ op]ate = long p]iods ( "t unatt5d$ & ) no ext]nal s\rce ( p[]4 ,radioisotope-p[]$ g5]ators1 capitaliz+ on ! en]gy ( dis9tegrat+ radioactive atoms1 are almo/ ! only devices capable ( fulfill+ ^! requirem5ts4#b ,man also wants to d productive "w "u ! ocean1 su* z drill+ seafloor oil wells1 m9+1 & salvag+ = pr(it "s ( ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( c>goes lo/ at sea dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s ( ocean comm]ce4 ,ev5tually1 he ev5 wants to f>m ! ocean floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,an arti/ draws 7us+ p5cil & fro/$ pla/ic %eet7 ! position ( objects 9 ! wreck ( a #g? c5tury ,byzant9e %ip #abj feet d[n 9 ! ,aegean ,sea4 ,nucle> p[] w p]mit hi/orians ( ! future to rema9 und]wat] = long p]iods explor+ %ipwrecks or old cities f> bel[ ! surface4 ,all ^! activities require en]gy--en]gy 9 an environm5t :]e mo/ s\rces _c be appli$4 ,above all1 man wants to g d[n himself to explore1 to "w1 & p]haps to direct nucle>-p[]$ robots to d ev5 m "w4 ,?is means t small1 mann$1 nonmilit>y subm]sibles w be ne$$--vessels ^: endurance %\ld n be limit$ by ! %ort life ( traditional p[] s\rces1 b %\ld draw on ! fission+ atomic nucleus1 h>ness$ 9 small reactors4#c ,to "w effectively 9 any environm5t1 we mu/ fir/ "k & und]/& x4 ,?is is ! job ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! que/ = k & und]/&+ ( ! ocean1 nucle> en]gy provides sci5ti/s ) bett] in/rum5ts to put d[n into ! dep?s & :olly new te*niques = ! direct /udy ( ! _m oceanic processes4 ,= example1 take ! role ( radioisotope trac]s3 ,= ! fir/ "t1 ^! telltale atoms p]mit u to /udy ! metabolism ( t9y plankt]s1 ! (t5 microscopic drift+ creatures ( ! sea t 9 _! incr$ible abundance =m ! base ( ! entire m>9e food *a91 includ+ fi% eat5 by humans4 ,ev5 fall\t isotopes f nucle> te/s enable u to trace important physical oceanographic ev5ts1 su* z ! pond]\s process kn[n z ov]turn+1 :i* transports oxyg5-ri* surface wat] to ! deeps & nutri5t-ri* bottom wat] to ! surface4 ,radioisotope trac]s also provide a tool = /udy+ ! me*anics ( littoral transport1 :i* cont9ually te>s d[n "s bea*es & builds up o!rs4 ,!y also enable u to det]m9e if oceanic processes are likely to conc5trate fall\t p>ticles & deliv] !m 9 dang]\s doses ?r\gh ! food *a9 to our d9n] tables4#d ,by us+ o!r nucle> en]gy te*nology1 we are bett] able to asc]ta9 ! age & composition ( deep ocean s$im5ts & ! rate at :i* !y are deposit$1 h[ a tsunami 7tidal wave7 propagates across va/ di/ances1 h[ tides op]ate 9 ! op5 ocean1 :]e ! br[n %rimp ( ! ,c>ol9a coa/ g e fall1 & ! migration patt]ns ( tuna1 swordfi%1 & o!r valuable food fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,navy m5 prep>+ = und]sea rese>* by fe$+ ,tuffy1 a fri5dly porpoise1 :i* lat] c>ri$ messages = !m dur+ ! 8,man-,9-,!-,sea0 exp]im5t4 7,also see photos on page #ab47 ,^! are j a few ( ! answ]s we seek f ! _w ocean--answ]s important = m productive fi%]ies1 m accurate long-range wea!r =eca/+1 possible control ( hurricanes & typhoons1 pollution control1 saf] & m economical %ipp+1 bett] recreation1 & num]\s o!r matt]s t be> on our heal?1 well-be+1 & day-to-day lives4 ,on all ^! endeavors ! ocean ex]ts a major influ5ce4 ,& 9 ea*1 atomic en]gy is help+ assemble & int]pret answ]s4 ,,! ,,_w ,,ocean ,b :at ( ?is environm5t into :i*1 arm$ ) ! atom1 we plunge ) su* en?usiasm & expectations8 ,a portrait is 9 ord]1 :i* mu/ be brief1 = n all ! books ev] writt5 ab\t ! sea h yet describ$ x fully4 ,! _w ocean cov]s #gj4h ( our planet4 ,x conta9s #cbd1jjj1jjj cubic miles ( seawat]4 ,liv+ 9 x are upw>ds ( a million diff]5t species ( plants & animals4 ,!y range f "o-cell$ organisms t c only be se5 ) a microscope to ! l>ge/ creature ev] to h liv$ on ?is e>?--! giant blue 7or sulfur-bottom7 :ale1 captur$ specim5s ( :i* h exce$$ #ij feet 9 l5g? & #ajj tons 9 weight4 ,! ocean's dep? ranges f #fjj feet or less above cont95tal %elves to m ?an #ce1jjj feet at ! ,m>ianas ,tr5*4 ,! mean dep? is #ab1dea feet4 ,sea bottom topography includes wide pla9s1 ! _w's longe/ m\nta9 range1 /eeply ris+ individual truncat$ peaks call$ guyots 7pron\nc$ gee-ohs71 g5tle slopes1 n>r[ canyons1 & precipit\s esc>pm5ts4 ,m\nta9s high] ?an ,ev]e/ rise f ! ocean floor & nev] pi]ce ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,und]wat] m\nta9 trac$ by ! ,woods ,hole ,oceanographic ,in/itution e*o s\nd] 9 ! ,c>ibbean area4 ,dep? is det]m9$ by ! "t x takes ! s\nd emitt$ by ! in/rum5t to g to ! bottom & return to ! surface4 ,ocean ,movem5ts ,illu/ration3 ,six %ips *eck+ ! ,gulf ,/ream's c\rse ?r\gh ! ,atlantic ,ocean ov] a #b-week p]iod f\nd ! v>iations %[n above4 ,illu/ration3 ,! infr>$ film photograph %[s ! edge ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,! visible l9e betwe5 ! ,gulf ,/ream1 :i* is on ! "r1 & ,labrador wat] is made by ,s>gassum we$ conc5trat$ at ! int]face4 ,! ocean is con/antly 9 motion--n j 9 ! waves & tides t *>act]ize its surface b 9 great curr5ts t swirl betwe5 cont95ts1 mov+ 7among o!r ?+s7 great quantities ( heat f "o "p ( ! _w to ano!r4 ,b5ea? ^! surface curr5ts are o!rs1 deeply hidd51 t fl[ z (t5 z n 9 an entirely diff]5t direction f ! surface c\rse4 ,^! enorm\s 8riv]s0--q uncon/ant1 sometimes %ift+1 (t5 bran*+ & eddy+ 9 a mann] t defies explanation & pr$iction--occasionally create disa/r\s results4 ,"o example is ,el ,nio1 ! p]iodic cata/rophe t plagues ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?is coa/ normally is c>ess$ by ! cold1 ri* ,humboldt ,curr5t4 ,usually ! ,humboldt hugs ! %ore & ext5ds #bjj to #cjj miles out to sea4 ,x is ri* 9 life4 ,x fo/]s ! l>ge/ comm]cial fi%]y 9 ! _w & is ! home ( "o ( ! mightie/ game fi% on record1 ! black m>l94 ,! dropp+s ( m>9e birds t fe$ f its wat]s are responsible = ! f]tiliz] 7guano7 exports t und]gird ! ,*ilean1 ,p]uvian1 & ,ecuadorian economies4 ,e few ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! ,humboldt disappe>s4 ,x moves out f %ore or simply s9ks1 & a fl[ ( w>m1 exhau/$ surface wat] kn[n z ,el ,nio takes its place4 ,simultane\sly1 torr5tial ra9s assault ! coa/4 ,fi%es & birds die by ! millions4 ,comm]cial fi%]ies are clos$4 ,! bea*es reek ) dea?4 ,el ,nio is a />k demon/ration ( man's dep5d5ce on ! sea & :y he mu/ le>n m ab\t x4 ,!re are o!r motions 9 ! re/less sea4 ,! wat] masses are con/antly 8turn+ ov]0 9 a cycle t may take hundr$s ( ye>s1 yet is ess5tial to br+ oxyg5 d[n to ! creatures ( ! deeps1 & nutri5ts 7f]tiliz]s7 up f ! sea floor to ! surface4 ,"h ! float+ phytoplankton 7! plants ( ! sea7 build ?r\gh photosyn!sis ! organic mat]ial t w />t ! nutri5t cycle all ov] aga94 ,enorm\s tonnages ( ^! t9y sea plants1 r ?an be+ root$ 9 ! soil1 are sep>at$ f solid e>? by up to sev]al v]tical miles ( saltwat]4 ,sometimes1 too1 !re is a m rapid surge ( deep wat] to ! surface1 a process kn[n z upwell+4 ,int]nal waves1 f> bel[ ! surface1 develop betwe5 wat] masses t h diff]5t d5sities & betwe5 :i* !re is relative motion4 ,^! waves are mu* l ! w9d-driv5 waves on ! surface1 ?\gh mu* bigg]3 ,int]nal waves may h heights ( #cjj feet or m & be #f miles or m 9 l5g?6 ,illu/ration3 ,a divid+ cell ( ! diatom ,core?ron hy/rix4 ,diatoms1 "o-cell$ photosyn!tic plants1 are ! prim>y produc]s ( organic matt] 9 fre% wat]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,ocean curr5ts fe$ s& f ne>by bea*es into ?is 8s&fall01 :i* is ab\t #cj feet high1 9 a subm>9e canyon (f ,baja ,cali=nia4 ,among o!r motions ( ! sea !re are l&slides1 or turbidity curr5ts1 :i* are great boil+ mixes ( mud1 rock1 s&1 & wat] ru%+ d[n subm>9e m\nta9sides at spe$s ( a mile a m9ute4 ,!y de/roy ev]y?+ 9 _! pa?s & spread cl\ds ( debris ov] ! abyssal pla9s l a s&/orm1 produc+ fanlike deposits radiat+ f> out f ! base ( ! slope4 ,& !re are tsunamis1 or seismic sea waves--popul>ly misnam$ 8tidal waves0--t transmit en]gy f und]sea e>?quakes or volcanic eruptions4 ,at sea1 ^! waves are only a few in*es high1 b !y may travel great di/ances at #ejj miles an h\r4 ,z !y approa* ! %oal+ wat]s ( a coa/1 !y are sl[$ to ab\t #cj miles an h\r & build up great surface waves capable ( de/roy+ h>bor & coa/al in/allations4 ,a ,mix ( ,elem5ts ,! sea is a *emi/ry1 too4 ,ov] #fj elem5ts h be5 discov]$ 9 measurable am\nts 9 solution or 9 susp5sion 9 ! ocean4 ,_m ( ^! are 9 ! =m ( salts1 mak+ seawat] a highly effici5t electrolyte1 & a mo/ corrosive fluid4 ,! /udy ( corrosion & te*niques = combatt+ x is a cont9u\s "o 9 :i* nucle> en]gy already has a pr9cipal role4 ,because ! sea is s mu* a *emi/ry1 x is a pot5tial s\rce ( m9]als = ! _w's gr[+ indu/rial appetite4 ,all ( our magnesium & mo/ ( our brom9e already are extract$ directly f seawat]4 ,oil & sulfur are m9$ f ! sea floor or b5ea? x1 z are coal 7,unit$ ,k+dom & ,japan71 iron ore 7,japan71 t9 7,?ail& & ,unit$ ,k+dom71 diamonds 7,s\?we/ ,africa71 & gold 7,alaska74 ,9 ! lay]$ s$im5ts t cov] ! ocean-bas9 floors to dep?s ( ?\s&s ( feet1 geologi/s believe !re also may be f\nd "s miss+ *apt]s ( e>? hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,nodules su* z ^! conta9+ manganese cov] millions ( und]sea acres on ! ocean floor4 ,_m nodules are ri* 9 nickel1 cobalt1 zirconium1 & copp]4 ,metallurgi/s are seek+ ways to recov] ! metals f ^! deposits4 ,! ocean1 by & l>ge1 is an opaque fluid ?r\gh :i* light travels only a few hundr$ feet & mo/ o!r radiant en]gy n mu* m ?an a few y>ds2 yet ?r\gh ?is same fluid1 s\nd waves1 by contra/1 h be5 transmitt$ & receiv$ ov] di/ances ( _m ?\s& miles4 ,! ,sea's ,int]faces ,:at ( ! int]faces ( ! sea8 ,above ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! globe1 wat] & air are 9 con/ant contact1 cont9ually ex*ang+ heat & moi/ure4 ,?is is a major factor 9 ! mak+ ( wea!r & climate4 ,! sea con/antly fe$s electricity into ! atmosph]e1 prim>ily ?r\gh ! electron-scrubb+ action ( t9y popp+ bubbles at ! sea surface4 ,x also lifts t9y cry/als ( salt & ! rema9s ( microscopic sea creatures into ! air4 ,p]haps ^! are ! nuclei on :i* moi/ure cond5ses to trigg] hurricanes1 s9ce x is ! lat5t heat ( vaporization ( air1 made ov]-moi/ by long travel ov] ! tropical sea1 t provides a hurricane's en]gy4 ,along its l& edges1 ! sea is con/antly work+ on ! %ore--sometimes g5tly1 sometimes viol5tly--break+ d[n rock cliffs1 op5+ bays & h>bors1 clos+ *annels & inlets1 sma%+ breakwat]s & seawalls1 & mov+ s& up & d[n & to & f bea*es4 ,! ,sea's ,res\rces ,9 summ>y1 !n1 ! ocean1 ! l>ge/ s+le geographical feature ( our planet1 is inf9itely v>i$ & inf9itely complex4 ,we are le>n+ x be>s on our day-to-day liv+ 9 ways we nev] suspect$4 ,x is ! l>ge/ res\rce ( food = our explod+ population1 ! l>ge/ res\rce ( m9]als ) :i* to support ! _w's burgeon+ indu/ries1 ! l>ge/ res\rce ( en]gy1 &1 ( c\rse1 x is ! l>ge/ supply ( wat]4 ,x is mank9d's l>ge/ dump+ gr\nd = ! wa/es ( cities & indu/ries4 ,x is ! s\rce ( mu* pleasure & recreation4 ,m5 already h liv$ exp]im5tally = weeks at a "t on ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,bo? sea floor laboratories & milit>y bases are be+ plann$ or1 9 a few cases1 in/all$4 ,sea floor m9+ complexes are 9 ! conceptual design /age4 ,x is only a matt] ( "t be=e recreational 8aquotels0 are built safely bel[ ! sea's re/less surface4 ,private sports subm>9es are an actual1 ?\gh co/ly1 reality4 ,x is n inconceivable t 9 ! n-too-di/ant future human be+s may ov]fl[ ! l& into complete1 self-suffici5t communities bel[ ! oceans4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 #aife ! ,u4 ,s4 ,navy conduct$ a #de-;day exp]im5t 9 its 8,man-,9-,!-,sea0 program 9 :i* #aj aquanauts liv$ & work$ #bje feet bel[ ! surface ( ! sea (f ,la ,jolla1 ,cali=nia4 ,_! und]sea base 0 ,sealab ,,ii %[n at h] *ri/5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,sealab ,,ii %[n dur+ f9al *eck\t be=e desc5t4 ,! aquanauts conduct$ exp]im5tal salvage op]ations1 m>9e rese>*1 & und]w5t a s]ies ( physiological & human p]=mance te/s4 ,,nucle> ,,en]gy',s ,,role ,! role ( nucle> en]gy 9 ! /udy1 exploration1 & utilization ( ! _w ocean is be/ def9$ by cit+ ! specific oceanographic int]e/s ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission 7,,aec73 ,developm5t ( bett] in/rum5ts & devices = "w & /udy 9 ! ocean1 developm5t ( ev]-/rong] national sea p[]1 conv]sion ( seawat] to fre% wat]1 possible modification ( ocean b\nd>ies1 purely sci5tific /udies to advance k1 &1 indirectly at lea/1 improv+ ! /ate ( oceanographic eng9e]+4 ,among ! te*nological products ( ! nucle> age are radionuclides1 neutron s\rces & o!r radiation s\rces1 radioisotope heat & electric g5]ators1 & nucle> reactors4 ,all ^! are appli$ to ocean-relat$ endeavors4 ,sev]al divisions ( ! ,,aec h important oceanic int]e/s4 ,^! range f pure oceanographic rese>* to developm5t ( specific in/rum5ts1 nucle> reactors1 radioisotopic p[] s\rces1 & o!r devices = use 9 or "u ! ocean4 ,! ,,aec also conducts ext5sive m>9e environm5tal /udies to monitor ! effects or ensure ! safety ( specific projects involv+ nucle> en]gy4 ,a /ati/ical summ>y ( specific ,,aec programs 9 oceanography is %[n 9 ,table ,i on page #ad4 ,radionuclides 9 ! ,sea ,be=e we c foll[ ! atom d[n into ! sea1 we mu/ und]/& some?+ ab\t ! pot5tials1 bo? good & bad1 ( ?is incursion ( "o ( our mo/ advanc$ te*nologies into "o ( e>?'s lea/ und]/ood environm5ts4 ,?is adv5tur\s prob+ has ramifications = /udy+ bo? man-produc$ radioactivity 9 ! sea & ! ocean itself z an uncontam9at$ environm5t4 ,,table ,i ,,aec ,,oceanography ,,program #aifh ,exp5ditures ,e/imate ,rese>* ,activities ,division ( ,biology & ,m$ic9e #d1jjj1jjj ,/udies ( uptake1 conc5tration1 di/ribution & effects ( radioisotopes on m>9e life1 ( geo*emical cycl+ ( elem5ts1 & ( geophysical diffusion & transport4 ,division ( ,rese>* #be1jjj ,geological dat+ ( corals & o!r m>9e & t]re/rial mat]ials4 ,division ( ,isotopes ,developm5t #aij1jjj ,radioisotope applications to devices = m>9e sy/ems1 su* z curr5t met]s1 analysis & recov]y ( s$im5t>y m9]als1 & und]wat] s\nd transmission4 ,division ( ,reactor ,developm5t & ,te*nology #aig1jjj ,/udies ( factors affect+ dissolution & disp]sal ( accid5tally releas$ radionuclides1 & site evaluations4 ,division ( ,space ,nucle> ,sy/ems #bge1jjj ,nucle> p[] s\rces = a]ospace applications4 ,division ( ,milit>y ,applications #hej1jjj ,ocean environm5tal obs]vation & pr$iction4 ,total--,rese>* ,activities #e1ecg1jjj ,eng9e]+ ,activities ,division ( ,reactor ,developm5t & ,te*nology #e1ijj1jjj ,radioisotope & reactor p[] developm5t4 ,division ( ,naval ,reactors #a1cbj1jjj ,deep subm]g5ce rese>* vehicle4 ,total --,eng9e]+ ,activities #g1bbj1jjj ,total--,,abc ,oceanographic ,activities #ab1geg1jjj ,radionuclides 7radioactive atoms7 c f9d _! way into ! sea f natural radiation s\rces or f nucle> en]gy op]ations und]tak5 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r c\ntries s9ce #aide4 ,specific man-made s\rces 9 ! pa/ may h includ$ nucle> weapons te/$ 9 ! atmosph]e & "u wat]1 ! cool+ wat] & wa/es ( nucle> reactors1 laboratories & nucle>-p[]$ %ips1 conta9]s ( radioactive wa/e dispos$ ( at sea#e1 radioisotope en]gy devices1 & int5tional injection ( radioisotope trac]s = sci5tific rese>*4 ,9 ! future1 !y may also include re5try f space ( upp]-/age nucle> rockets or satellite-borne nucle> en]gy s\rces4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,nans5 bottle1 %[n be+ atta*$ to a hydrographic wire1 is "o ( ! /&>d tools ( oceanology4 ,:5 a bottle rea*es a desir$ dep?1 a slid+ weight tips x upside d[n to collect seawat] samples4 ,!rmomet]s on ! sides ( ! bottles record temp]ature4 ,! device 0 design$ by ! ,norwegian oceanograph] & explor]1 ,fridtj( ,nans54 7,see photo on page #ef47 ,9 ord] to evaluate ! effects ( ^! mat]ials 9 ! ocean environm5t1 x is necess>y to "k _m ?+s4 ,j h[ mu* radiation is introduc$8 ,9 :at =m8 ,:]e geographically8 ,h[ are ^! radionuclides disp]s$ or conc5trat$ physically1 *emically1 biologically1 & geologically8 ,:at is ! net result 9 ea* case n[1 & :at w x be _m ye>s h5ce8 ,^! que/ions are n answ]$ easily4 ,!re is1 z yet1 no satisfactory laboratory sub/itute = ! op5 ocean4 ,rese>* = ! mo/ "p mu/ be conduct$ at sea1 :]e te/s & measurem5ts are difficult at be/1 & :]e results !re=e are (t5 suspect4 ,fur!r1 if we are to /udy ! effects ( man-induc$ *anges 9 a natural environm5t1 x w\ld h be5 advantage\s to h kn[n ! nature ( t environm5t be=e ! *anges 7 introduc$--:i*1 by & l>ge1 9 ! case ( ! ocean we d n4 ,s we mu/ />t ) a contam9at$ environm5t & try to sep>ate :at we h put !re ourselves f :at w\ld h be5 !re anyway4 ,x isn't an easy task to make ! physical & biological obs]vations t w make ?is di/9ction4 ,table ,,ii ,,conc5tration ,,& ,,am\nts ,,( #db ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,seawat] ,elem5t ,conc5tration ,am\nt ( elem5t 9 ,total am\nt 9 7mg_/l7 seawat] 7tons mile7 ! oceans 7tons7 ,*lor9e #ai1jjj4j #hi4e #aj #bi4c #aj ,sodium #aj1ejj4j #di4e x-#aj #af4c #aj ,magnesium #a1cej4j #f4d #aj #b4a #aj ,sulphur #hhe4j #d4b #aj #a4d #aj ,calcium #djj4j #a4i #aj #j4f #aj ,potassium #chj4j #a4h #aj #j4f #aj ,brom9e #fe4j #cjf1jjj #j4a #aj ,c>bon #bh4j #acb1jjj #j4jd #aj ,/rontium #h4j #ch1jjj #ab1jjj #aj ,boron #d4f #bc1jjj #g1ajj #aj ,silicon #c4j #ad1jjj #d1gjj #aj ,li?ium #j4ag #hjj #bfj #aj ,rubidium #j4ab #egj #aij #aj ,phosphorus #j4jg #ccj #aaj #aj ,iod9e #j4jf #bhj #ic #aj ,b>ium #j4jc #adj #dg #aj ,indium #j4jb #id #ca #aj ,z9c #j4ja #dg #af #aj ,iron #j4ja #dg #af #aj ,alum9um #j4ja #dg #af #aj ,molybd5um #j4ja #dg #af #aj ,sel5ium #j4jjd #ai #f #aj ,t9 #j4jjc #ad #e #aj ,copp] #j4jjc #ad #e #aj ,ars5ic #j4jjc #ad #e #aj ,uranium #j4jjc #ad #e #aj ,nickel #j4jjb #i #c #aj ,vanadium #j4jjb #i #c #aj ,manganese #j4jjb #i #c #aj ,antimony #j4jjje #b #j4h #aj ,cobalt #j4jjje #b #j4h #aj ,caesium #j4jjje #b #j4h #aj ,c]ium #j4jjjd #b #j4f #aj ,silv] #j4jjjc #a #e #aj ,cadmium #j4jjja #j4e #aej #aj ,tung/5 #j4jjja #j4e #aej #aj ,*romium #j4jjjje #j4b #gh #aj ,?orium #j4jjjje #j4b #gh #aj ,lead #j4jjjjc #j4a #df #aj ,m]cury #j4jjjjc #j4a #df #aj ,gold #j4jjjjjd #j4jb #f #aj ,radium #a #aj #e #aj #aej ,adapt$ f ,! ,m9]al ,res\rces ( ! ,sea1 by ,john ,l4 ,m]o1 ,am]ican ,elsevi] ,publi%+ ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aifd4 ,_m sea creatures are effici5t1 selective conc5trators ( 8trace elem5ts01 :i* occur 9 seawat] only 9 m9ute portions4 ,^! elem5ts are difficult en\gh to detect qualitatively & all b impossible to analyze quantitatively4 ,yet among ! elem5ts ! sea's plants & animals conc5trate are ! v mat]ials ) :i* we are apt to be mo/ conc]n$3 ,/rontium1 cesium1 c]ium1 ru!nium1 cobalt1 iod9e1 phosphorus1 z9c1 manganese1 iron1 *romium1 & o!rs4 ,radioisotopes#f ( all ^! elem5ts occur z by-products ( human nucle> activities4 ,_m conc5trat+ organisms are microscopic 9 size & are frequ5tly impossible to raise 9 captivity4 ,x is app>5t t we are fac$ ) a rese>* program ( consid]able *all5ge & proportion4 ,we ne$ to "k h[ ea* m>9e species conc5trates4 ,is x f ! food x eats1 by absorption f ! wat]1 or bo?8 ,does x conc5trate an elem5t by cont9u\s accumulation1 or is !re a con/ant turnov] ( ! mat]ial 9 ! organism's sy/em8 7,9 ! fir/ case1 once ! creature became radioactive x w\ld rema9 s ?r\gh\t its life or until ! radioactivity decay$4 ,9 ! second case1 h[ev]1 ! radioactivity might be a transi5t condition1 assum+ ! creature c\ld f9d its way into uncontam9at$ wat] & 7 able to flu% itself47 ,obvi\sly1 bo? ! cycl+ "t ( ! radioisotope 9 ! organism & its radioactive half-life#g mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,ev5 if we %\ld manage to id5tify all ! m>9e conc5trators & ga9 "s insight into _! metabolic processes1 ?is w\ld be only a fir/ /ep4 ,= example1 "o t9y =m ( planktonic protozoan1 acan?>ia1 conc5trates up to #ae ( its own weight ( /rontium1 includ+ ! radioisotope /rontium-#ij4 ,x is eat5 by l>g] zooplankton 7animals71 su* z copepods1 :i* are eat5 by little fi%1 :i*1 9 turn1 are eat5 by bigg] fi%1 etc4 ,some:]e along ?is food *a91 p]haps1 a fi% w come along t is favor$ = human d9n] tables4 ,h[ mu* /rontium-#ij has t fi% accumulat$ ?r\gh swall[+ its prey & by absorption f ! wat]8 ,is ! radioactivity 9 its scales1 bones1 visc]a1 & o!r usually uneat5 portions1 or 9 its fle%8 ,x is probable1 ?\gh z yet by no means prov51 t among ! million or s oceanic species ( plant & animal life1 !re are conc5trators ( virtually all ! #fj or m elem5ts f\nd 9 seawat]4 ,to id5tify & /udy !m is an enorm\s und]tak+1 :i* is (t5 possible only by us+ radioisotopes z tools4 ,& :at ( ! imm$iate & g5etic effects ( radiation on ea* species8 ,/udies ( reef fi% 9 ! nucle> te/+ area 9 ! ,m>%all ,isl&s h %[n t radioiod9e 9 ! wat] caus$ ?yroid gl& damage long aft] ! am\nt ( radioiod9e rema9+ 9 ! wat] 0 too l[ to be detect$4 ,/udies ( salmon 9 ! ,columbia ,riv] h %[n "s physiological v>iations betwe5 ^? fi% ^: eggs & "y 7 re>$ 9 radioactive wat]s & ^? t 7 n1 ?\gh ^! v>iations h n be5 det]m9$ to be /ati/ically significant or diff]5t f v>iations caus$ by o!r contam9ants4 ,/udies are be+ made ( ! reproductive effici5cy & patt]ns ( sea creatures 9 a radiation-contam9at$ environm5t1 comp>$ ) ^? 9 an uncontam9at$ environm5t1 to le>n su* ?+s z ! numb]s1 survival rates1 & sex ratios ( ! (fspr+1 & any g5etic abnormalities or mutations4 ,_m m /udies are ne$$4 ,always1 ! task is made difficult by insuffici5t detail$ k ( ! orig9al natural environm5t1 ! limitations ( laboratory exp]im5ts1 & ! me*anics ( try+ to foll[ ! reproductive cycles ( free-float+ or swimm+ organisms 9 any /ati/ically mean+ful mann] ?r\gh successive g5]ations4 ,"o obvi\sly important k9d ( rese>* deals ) ! rate1 patt]n1 & means by :i* radionuclides are di/ribut$ into ! sea f a po9t s\rce1 su* z ! m\? ( a riv] or a nucle> te/ site4 ,transport & diffusion ( radioactivity c be1 & are1 influ5c$ by physical1 *emical1 biological1 or geological means1 sep>ately or all at once4 ,?is has l$ ! ,,aec to support sci5tific /udies ( curr5ts1 upwell+1 d[nwell+1 conv]g5ce1 diffusion1 mix+ rates1 air-sea int]actions1 *emical & geological processes 9 ! sea1 & ! horizontal & v]tical migrations ( sea life4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is s\nd in/rum5t record reveals ! lay]s ( planktonic s\nd scatt]]s on ! cont95tal slope ea/ ( ,new ,engl&4 ,ea* peak orig9ates f an individual gr\p ( organisms4 ,9 mu* ( ! ocean !re is an ac\/ic 8floor01 kn[n z ! deep scatt]+ lay] 7because ( :at x does to s\nd waves71 :i* is believ$ to consi/ prim>ily ( zooplankton4 ,e #bd h\rs ! lay] migrates up & d[n ?r\gh sev]al hundr$ feet ( wat]4 ,at night ! c\ntless small animals graze 9 ! ri* sea-plant pa/ures ne> ! surface2 dur+ daylight1 back at ! l[] level1 !y und\bt$ly are heavily f$ ^u by l>g] animals4 ,ov] a p]iod ( "t1 ! lay] acc\nts = consid]able v]tical transport ( mat]ials4 7,see figure above47 ,o!r life =ms may move mat]ials /ill f>!r d[n1 or1 9 "s in/ances1 back up--z :5 ! sp]m :ale desc5ds to ! dep?s to fight & be/ a giant squid1 & !n returns to ! surface to eat x4 ,con/antly drift+ d[nw>d is a great volume ( mat]ial--! dead bodies1 skeletons1 excrem5t1 & o!r wa/e f sea life at all dep?s4 ,z x s9ks !re is a con/ant ex*ange ( matt] betwe5 x & ! surr\nd+ wat] ?r\gh *emical1 physical1 & biological processes4 ,ev5tually1 ! molecules ( mat]ial add$ to ! bottom s$im5ts may be return$ to ! wat] mass by bact]iological action or ! eat+ & liv+ habits ( sea floor animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,a s*ool ( skipjack tuna photograph$ f an und]wat] obs]vation *amb] on ! rese>* vessel ,*>les ,h4 ,gilb]t4 ,biological transport works 9 o!r ways1 too4 ,mo/ pelagic 7free-swimm+7 fi% are great travel]s4 ,!y acc\nt = a trem5d\s movem5t ( mat]ial1 namely !mselves1 f "o place to ano!r4 ,tuna1 swordfi%1 :ales1 porpoises1 & sea birds may travel ?\s&s ( miles 9 a s+le ye>4 ,su* migrations may s]ve1 v>i\sly1 z me*anisms = ei!r disp]sal or conc5tration ( elem5ts or nutri5ts4 ,! anadrom\s 7riv]-asc5d+7 fi%es1 su* z salmon1 h]r+1 /urgeon1 & %ad1 conc5trate 9 fre%wat] /reams 9 untold numb]s to spawn4 ,aft] hat*+1 ! "y seek ! ocean & scatt] widely until !y1 too1 feel ! urge to return to ! riv]s & lakes :5ce !y came1 to spawn & die !re z did _! ance/ors4 ,ocean curr5ts may transport conc5trations ( radionuclides ess5tially undilut$ = ?\s&s ( miles4 ,surface curr5ts move at spe$s ( up to five knots 7nautical miles p] h\r74 ,normally curr5t wat]s d n mix readily ) ! wat] mass ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,because ( ! sl[ness ( v]tical circulation 9 ! ocean1 radionuclides deposit$ on ! surface ( ! ocean may take a ?\s& ye>s to rea* ! bottom4 ,b ! v]tical transport sometimes is mu* m rapid3 ,:5 ! w9d piles too mu* wat] aga9/ a coa/l9e1 ! resultant d[nwell+ 7s9k+7 may move radionuclides sudd5ly into ! deep] ocean4 ,or1 conv]sely1 :5 ! w9d & ! rotation ( ! e>? comb9e to =ce ! surface wat] away f ! coa/1 deep wat] may sudd5ly rise to replace x1 a process kn[n z upwell+4 ,illu/ration3 ,me*anisms ( nutri5t turnov] 9 ! sea4 ,light en]gy ,dissolv$ gases ,birds & man ,riv]s & ice ,wave action ,surface mix$ lay] #bj-ajjm ,susp5d$ matt] ,elem5ts 9 true solution ,plants phytoplankton ,animals ,deep wat] ,elem5ts 9 true solution 9 deep wat] ,buri$ 9 s$im5t ,physical ,processes ,transport by w9d ,transport by curr5t ,turbul5t mix+ ,s$im5tation ,transport by animals ,volcanic action ,diffusion ,*emical or ,biological ,processes ,photosyn!sis ,dissolv+ ,upwell+ ,decomposition & respiration ,sorption by s$im5t surface ,r$issolv+ f s$im5t ,*emical precipitation ,comb9$ ,processes ,s$im5tation & decomposition by bact]ia ,scav5g+ ,"s rec5t evid5ce indicates t ! passage ( a hurricane across ! ocean drives surface wat] out f ! /orm c5t] 9 all directions4 ,?is1 too1 produces upwell+4 ,if radionuclides fall on ! ,arctic ice pack or on ! ,gre5l& or ,ant>ctic ice caps1 x may be ye>s be=e !y are releas$ to ! sea4 ,9 m or less /able conditions at sea1 radionuclides may rema9 trapp$ above ! !rmocl9e 7a lay] ( %>p temp]ature *ange usually less ?an #ajj met]s bel[ ! surface7 = a consid]able p]iod4 ,!n a sev]e /orm may de/roy ! !rmocl9e & mix ! wat]s to mu* great] dep?s4 ,! process ( diffusion 9 ! ocean is n well und]/ood1 due bo? to ! difficulty ( ! measurem5ts t h to be made & to ! v>iety ( o!r factors affect+ bo? v]tical & horizontal transport ( mat]ials4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 ! exi/5ce ( radionuclides1 introduc$ artificially at a kn[n "t & place1 is mat]ially aid+ ^! inve/igations by mak+ a p>ticul> wat] mass detectable & traceable4 ,illu/ration3 ,w9ds ( #ajj knots 7ab\t #aae mph7 :ip high waves 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea ea/ ( ,guadel\pe ,isl& dur+ a hurricane4 ,9 *emical oceanography1 ! ,,aec is conc]n$ ) ! fact t 9 "s in/ances our society is introduc+ elem5ts1 ions1 & comp\nds t h n be5 naturally f\nd 9 ! sea1 z well z natural mat]ials 9 great] conc5tration ?an is normal4 ,^! may comb9e ) o!r mat]ials 9 ! sea1 *ang+ into new =ms or sub/ances1 or remov+ !m f solution entirely4 ,any *ange 9 ! *emical composition ( ! ocean is q likely to h biological effects1 "s ( :i* may prove detrim5tal to man4 ,a di/urbance ( ! *emical balance ( ! sea is ?\ght to be responsible1 at lea/ 9 "p1 = ! p]iodic1 disa/r\s plankton 8blooms0 kn[n z 8r$ tides04 ,su* a sudd51 explosive ov]population ( plankton is a natural ph5om5on1 b "o t c be trigg]$ by man-made pollution4 ,:5 x occurs1 plankton multiply s rapidly t ! oxyg5 9 ! wat] is deplet$ & _m fi% die f suffocation4 ,=tunately1 nucle> en]gy op]ations acc\nt = an extremely small portion ( ! *emical contam9ation ( ! sea1 :5 contra/$ ) ! trem5d\s volume ( poisons dump$ daily into x 9 ! =m ( o!r indu/rial & municipal wa/e & agricultural pe/icides4 ,rese>* ,projects ,! ,,aec supports oceanographic rese>* conduct$ by its own laboratories & by o!r f$]al ag5cies1 z well z by non-gov]nm5t rese>* sci5ti/s4 ,! ,environm5tal ,sci5ces ,bran* ( ! ,division ( ,biology & ,m$ic9e has begun ! long & complex task ( unravel+ ! my/]y ( ! fate ( radionuclides 9 ! ocean4 ,valuable te*niques h be5 develop$ = ! int5tional injection ( radioisotopes into ! sea = specific rese>*4 ,sci5ti/s are n[ able to conduct inve/igations t 7 nev] be=e possible4 ,9 "s in/ances1 traditional sci5tific concepts & !ories h be5 %att]$1 or at lea/ sev]ely %ak51 by new evid5ce ga!r$ by radioisotope te*niques4 ,s9ce #gj ( ! e>?'s surface is wat]1 at lea/ #gj ( ! radioactive debris l(t$ into ! /ratosph]e dur+ atmosph]ic nucle> weapons te/s falls into ! ocean4 ,an additional small proportion f9ds its way into ! sea z ! run-(f f ! l&4 ,9 ! case ( te/s at sea1 ! majority ( radiation imm$iately falls into ! wat] ne>by4 ,= ?is reason1 ! ocean ar\nd ! sites 9 ! ,m>%all ,isl&s :]e ,u4 ,s4 te/s 7 conduct$ has provid$ a unique opportunity to /udy ! effect ( l>ge conc5trations ( radionuclides4 ,p>ticul>ly significant /udies h be5 conduct$ ( ! absorption ( radionuclides by plants & animals liv+ on ne>by reefs & isl&s1 & ( bo? lat]al & v]tical diffusion rates ( elem5ts 9 ! op5 ocean4#h ,! #aied nucle> te/ at ,eniwetok ,atoll produc$ heavi]-?an-expect$ local radioactive fall\t4 ,s9ce !n1 bo? ,am]ican & ,japanese sci5ti/s h /udi$ wat]-mass movem5t rates1 us+ ! fall\t radionuclides /rontium-#ij & cesium-#acg !mselves z trac] elem5ts4 ,^! nuclides produc$ 9 ! te/ h be5 detect$ at dep?s d[n to #gjjj met]s 9 ! f> nor?we/]n ,pacific 9 ! vic9ity ( ,japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,autoradiograph ( a plankton sample collect$ f a ,pacific lagoon a week aft] a #aieb nucle> te/1 %[+ conc5tration ( radioisotopes 7bright areas74 ,if ?is results f simple eddy diffusion1 z "s sci5ti/s believe1 x is a case ( diffusion at a v high rate4 ,o!r sci5ti/s sugge/ t o!r factors may h contribut$ to ! v]tical transport ( ! radionuclides to ^! dep?s4 ,/ill o!rs believe t ! /rontium-#ij & cesium-#acg might n h orig9at$ ) ! ,u4 ,s4 ,pacific te/s at all1 b r ) ,russian te/s 9 ! ,arctic tak+ place at ab\t ! same "t4 ,!y propose ! !ory t a syphon+ effect 9 ! ,b]+ ,/rait causes a curr5t to fl[ out ( ! ,arctic ,ocean & d[n "u ! surface wat]s ( ! we/]n ,pacific4 ,9 support ( ?is1 ,japanese rese>*]s cite a dissolv$ oxyg5 cont5t :]e ^! measurem5ts 7 made t is diff]5t f t ( o!r deep wat] 9 ! area4 ,if ?is !ory %\ld be prov$ correct1 x w\ld be ! fir/ indication t su* a curr5t exi/s4 ,simil> inve/igations h be5 conduct$ ( ! v>iations 9 dep? ( /rontium-#ij conc5tration 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,9 ,febru>y #aifb1 :5 fall\t f #aifa nucle> te/s 0 high1 te/s s\? ( ,gre5l& %[$ t mix+ ( fall\t 0 fairly rapid ?r\gh ! top #hjj met]s ( wat]4 ,at great] dep?s a cold]1 salti] lay] ( wat] conta9$ only ab\t half z mu* /rontium-#ij1 confirm+ o!r evid5ce t int]*ange betwe5 wat] masses ( diff]5t physical & *emical prop]ties is comp>atively l[4 ,"w su* z ?is has emphasiz$ ! difficulty 9 mak+ mean+ful measurem5ts ( man-made radiation 9 ! ocean4 ,"o problem is to sep>ate ! artificially produc$ radiation f ! natural radiation1 namely t f potassium-#dj 7:i* acc\nts = #ig ( oceanic radiation7 & f ! radionuclides1 su* z tritium1 c>bon-#ad1 b]yllium-#g1 b]yllium-#aj1 alum9um-#bf1 & silicon-#cb1 creat$ 9 ! /ratosph]e naturally by cosmic-ray bomb>dm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 #aiee a sci5tific team abo>d ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,gu>d vessel ,rog] ,b4 ,taney conduct$ a survey ( ocean fall\t 9 ! we/]n ,pacific4 ,!y collect$ m>9e organisms & wat] samples at v>i\s dep?s on _! #ag1ejj-mile1 #g-week j\rney4 ,ano!r problem is ! %e] physical size ( ! wat] sample requir$ to get any measurem5ts at all4 ,up to n[ !re has be5 no truly effective radiation c\nt] t c be l[]$ ov] ! side ( a %ip to ! desir$ dep?4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to collect a sample ( _m gallons at great dep?s & return x to ! surface )\t its be+ mix$ by any ( ! int]v5+ wat]4 ,?is is difficult at be/1 & only r primitive me?ods h be5 develop$4 ,none is m ?an p>tly satisfactory4 ,a /&>d sy/em is to l[] a l>ge1 collaps$ polye?yl5e bag to ! desir$ dep?1 op5 x1 fill x1 & close x aga91 all by remote control1 & !n g+]ly & hopefully return x to ! surface4 ,results d n always agree among samples tak5 at ! same location by diff]5t me?ods or by diff]5t sci5ti/s4 ,!re is /ill no univ]sal agreem5t among sci5ti/s z to ! quantitative validity ( any ( ! measurem5ts1 al?\gh z m & bett] data are ga!r$ !re t5ds to be a great] concurr5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fifty-gallon sampl] ready to be l[]$ ov] ! side ( ! rese>* vessel ,atlantis ,,ii 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,su* devices are us$ to obta9 samples at fix$ int]vals f ! sea surface to ! bottom4 ,! wat] is analyz$ = radioisotope cont5t4 ,rec5tly1 "u an ,,aec contract1 a detector = direct measurem5ts ( gamma radiation#i 9 ! deep ocean 0 develop$ = ! ,in/itute ( ,m>9e ,sci5ces1 ,univ]sity ( ,miami1 by ! ,frankl9 ,,gno ,corp4 7,see figure above47 ,?is unit incorporates two ( ! l>ge/ pla/ic sc9tillation c\nt]s#aj ev] us$ 9 ! ocean--ea* is #af in*es 9 diamet] by #ab in*es ?ick4 ,?is app>atus may p]mit direct qualitative & quantitative measurem5t ( radiation at great dep?s by te*niques t w be em95tly m satisfactory ?an wat] sampl+4 ,already te/s ) ! detector h disclos$ ! exi/5ce ( cosmic-ray effects at mu* great] dep?s ?an h]et(ore kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,sc9tillation c\nt] = use 9 ! deep ocean4 ,illu/ration3 ,con/itu5t p>ts4 ,! pla/ic discs are ! radiation detectors4 ,biologi/s f ,woods ,hole ,oceanographic ,in/itution 9 ,massa*usetts = ! fir/ "t h be5 able to measure ! rate ( excretion ( physiologically important fall\t radionuclides by sev]al species ( zooplankton--pt]opods1 pyrasomes1 copepods1 & euphausids4 ,radioactive z9c & iod9e1 x 0 le>n$1 are excret$ z soluble ions1 :ile iron & manganese appe> z solid p>ticles4 ,h[ev]1 ! ext5t to :i* ! intake & excretion ( radionuclides & ! v]tical migration ( zooplankton contribute quantitatively to ! transport ( radioactivity across ! !rmocl9e 7& into ! ocean deeps7 /ill c only be guess$4 ,illu/ration3 ,zooplankton1 mo/ly copepods1 collect$ ) automatic und]wat] sampl+ equipm5t on bo>d ! nucle> subm>9e ,seadragon :ile cruis+ "u ! ,arctic ice4 ,o!r plankton rese>* at ,woods ,hole uses radioactive c>bon-#ad & phosphorus-#cb z trac]s to evaluate rates ( gr[? & nutri5t assimilation by algae 7float+ gre5 plants74 ,^! inve/igations h reveal$ t ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( m9ute quantities ( nutri5t m9]als 9 seawat] affects ! rate at :i* ! algae produce oxyg5 by ! process ( photosyn!sis4 ,s9ce ! en]gy ( all liv+ ?+s--includ+ man--is also made available by photosyn!sis1 & s9ce mo/ ( ! photosyn!sis on e>? is p]=m$ by algae afloat 9 ! oceans1 x is app>5t t ?is rese>* is ( m ?an academic int]e/4 ,algae1 ! orig9al en]gy-fix]s ( ! 8mead[s ( ! sea01 are also ! orig9al food s\rce = ! billions ( aquatic animals1 & may "s day prove a s\rce ( food = a mu%room+ human population4 ,9 a project ) m imm$iate application1 ext5sive biological & environm5tal /udies ( ! ,eniwetok ,atoll area 9 ! ,pacific 7 conduct$ prior to ! fir/ nucle> te/+ !re 9 #aidh1 & ^! /udies h cont9u$ ev] s9ce4 ,e>ly 9 ! te/ s]ies ! ,japanese1 :o 7 at fir/ conc]n$ ) ! possible contam9ation ( _! traditional m>9e food supplies1 7 invit$ to p>ticipate 9 ^! /udies4 ,fi%]ies radiological monitor+ in/allations 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,japan & ! ,u4 ,s4 7,! latt] 0 e/abli%$ by ! ,,aec & adm9i/]$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,food & ,drug ,adm9i/ration47 ,nei!r /ation enc\nt]$ any radiological contam9ation ( tuna or o!r food fi%1 & ! ,am]ican unit has n[ be5 clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is %ell ( ! giant clam ,tridacna gigas %[s ! position ( a lay] ( /rontium-#ij absorb$ 9 #aieh 7black l9e7 & 9 #aief 7:ite l9e74 ,! inside ( ! %ell 7light lay]s7 0 deposit$ 9 #aifd :5 ! clam 0 collect$ at ,bik9i ,atoll by sci5ti/s f ! ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton1 ,seattle4 ,gr\ps t h coop]at$ ) ! ,,aec 9 m>9e radiobiological rese>* are ! ,univ]sity ( ,hawaii1 ,univ]sity ( ,connecticut1 ,virg9ia ,fi%]ies ,laboratory1 ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton1 ,u4 ,s4 ,(fice ( ,naval ,rese>*1 & ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,comm]cial ,fi%]ies4 ,at ! ,bureau ( ,comm]cial ,fi%]ies ,radiobiological ,laboratory 9 ,beau=t1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 a coop]ative ef=t ( ! ,,aec & ! ,,bcf is conc]n$ ) le>n+ ! effects ( radioactive wa/es on "o ( ,am]ica's mo/ valuable m>9e res\rces--! tidal m>%l&s & e/u>ies t are ess5tial to ! cont9u$ well-be+ ( "s ( our important comm]cial fi%]ies4 ,table ,,iii ,,radioisotopes ,,t ,,might ,,be ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,an ,,e/u>9e ,,environm5t ,isotope ,half-life ,iod9e-#aca #h4je days ,b>ium-#adj--,lan?anum-#adj #ab4h days--#dj h\rs ,cesium-#ada #cb4e days ,ru!nium-#ajc--,rhodium-#ajc #aj days--#eg m9utes ,zirconium-#ie--,niobium-#ie #fe ,days--#ce days1 ,z9c-#fe #bde days ,c]ium-#add #bhe days ,manganese-#ed #cad days ,ru!nium-#ajf--,rhodium-#ajf #a ye>--#cj seconds ,cesium-#acg #cj ye>s ,potassium-#dj #a4c #aj ye>s 7,repr9t$ f ,radiobiological ,laboratory ,annual ,report1 ,april1 #a1 #aifd1 page #ej47 ,! project has det]m9$ t radionuclides are remov$ f wat]s 9 an e/u>9e environm5t by sev]al physical1 *emical1 & biological means4 ,= example1 radionuclides are absorb$ 9 riv]-b$ s$im5ts at a rate v>y+ directly ) s$im5t p>ticle size4 ,mollusks1 su* z clams1 m>% mussels1 oy/]s1 & scallops1 n only assimilate radionuclides selectively1 b d s 9 suffici5t quantity & ) suffici5t reliability to be useful z indicators ( ! quantity ( ! isotopes pres5t4 ,clams & mussels are indicators = c]ium-#add & ru!nium-#ajf1 scallops = manganese-#ed1 & oy/]s = z9c-#fe 7mo/ ( :i* w9ds up 9 ! oy/]'s edible portions74 ,x 0 le>n$ t scallops assimilate m radioactivity ?an any o!r mollusk4 ,( ! total radioactivity1 manganese-#ed acc\nts = #fj3 ,! scallop's kidney conta9s #ajj times z mu* manganese-#ed z any ( ! o!r tissues & #cjj times z mu* z ! muscle1 ! only "p ( ! scallop usually eat5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,on ! left are mussels collect$ ne> ! ,columbia ,riv] 9 an environm5t conta9+ abnormal am\nts ( z9c-#fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,mussels susp5d$ 9 seawat] 9 rese>* to det]m9e h[ fa/ !y lose _! z9c-#fe radioactivity4 7,photograph tak5 at l[ tide47 ,9 a surpris+ un9t5d$ result1 x 0 det]m9$ t "o acre ( oy/] b$s1 compris+ #cjj1jjj individual oy/]s1 may filt] out ! radionuclides f approximately #aj1jjj cubic met]s 7#ah cubic miles7 ( wat] p] week6 ,! ,radiological ,laboratory sci5ti/s also h f\nd t plankton are high conc5trators ( bo? *romium-#ea & z9c-#fe1 & t z9c app>5tly is an ess5tial nutri5t = all m>9e organisms4 ,"s plants & animals appe> to rea* a peak ( radionuclide accumulation quickly1 :i* !n tap]s (f ev5 ?\gh ! radiation conc5tration 9 ! wat] is un*ang$4 ,:ile ! ,,aec's oceanographic rese>* budgets h n be5 l>ge1 !y h contribut$ mat]ially to k ( ! oceanic environm5t4 ,,aec-sponsor$ rese>* at ,scripps ,in/itution ( ,oceanography has det]m9$ by a process kn[n z neutron activation analysis#aa t ! conc5tration ( r>e e>? elem5ts 9 ,pacific ,ocean wat]s appe>s to be only ab\t "o hundr$? ( ! level previ\sly report$4 ,by analysis ( naturally occurr+ radioisotopes1 !y h also discov]$ t x takes f "o million to #ajj million ye>s = li?ium1 potassium1 b>ium1 /rontium1 & simil> elem5ts introduc$ into ! ocean f riv]s to be deposit$ 9 ! bottom s$im5ts4 ,alum9um1 iron1 & titanium are deposit$ 9 f #ajj to #ajjj ye>s4 ,!y h also f\nd t s$im5tation occurs 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific at a rate ( f #j4c to #j4f millimet] p] ?\s& ye>s1 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific at a rate sev]al times t figure1 & 9 ! bas9s on ei!r side ( ! ,mid-,atlantic ,ridge at a rate ( sev]al millimet]s p] ?\s& ye>s4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,miami has successfully develop$ two me?ods = det]m9+ ! ages ( successive lay]s ( deep ocean s$im5ts bas$ on ! relative abundances ( natural radioelem5ts1 & !reby has e/abli%$ a *ronology ( climatic *anges dur+ ! la/ #bjj1jjj ye>s dur+ :i* ! s$im5ts 7 laid d[n4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 is n alone 9 its use ( nucle> en]gy z a tool ( sci5ce4 ,! ,unit$ ,k+dom has c>ri$ out radiological /udies ( ! m>9e environm5t = _m ye>s1 p>ticul>ly conc5trat+ on ! effects ( radionuclides f nucle> p[] plants on ! sea imm$iately contigu\s to ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,bo? ! ,european ,atomic ,en]gy ,community & ! ,int]national ,atomic ,en]gy ,ag5cy also enc\rag$ m>9e radiological /udies4 ,_m laboratories & gov]nm5t ag5cies 9 ,europe1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ! ,middle ,ea/ & ,f> ,ea/ h well-e/abli%$ & productive programs "u way4 ,sci5ti/s 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w h us$ bo? natural & int5tionally inject$ radiation to /udy ! coa/wise movem5t ( bea* mat]ials4 ,briti% exp]im5t]s1 = example1 activate s& ) sc&ium-#df & are ?us able to foll[ its movem5t = up to f\r mon?s4 ,pebbles 7%+le7 coat$ ) b>ium-#adj & lan?anum-#adj are also us$ z trac]s & are good = #f weeks4 ,sci5ti/s at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia trace naturally occurr+ radioisotopes ( ?orium1 :i* may be introduc$ f deposits ( ?orium s&s along riv] banks4 ,^! /udies are ( imm$iate practical importance1 = ea* ye> ! ocean moves billions ( cubic y>ds ( s&1 gravel1 %+le1 & rock to & f bea*es & along %ores4 ,?is action de/roys recreational bea*es1 fills *annels1 blocks (f h>bors1 & 9 g5]al re>ranges ! t]ra91 (t5 at consid]able co/ & inconv5i5ce to m>9]s & o!r p :o use ! coa/4 ,9 ano!r use ( radioisotopes 9 m>9e rese>*1 /udies at ! ,,aec's ,oak ,ridge ,national ,laboratory 9 ,t5nessee h reveal$ radioactivity 9 ! scales ( fi% tak5 f wat]s affect$ by ! laboratory's radioactive wa/e efflu5t4 ,x 0 sugge/$ t ?is ph5om5on might be put to use z a tagg+ te*nique 9 fi%-migration /udies1 & sci5ti/s are n[ work+ on a me?od us+ cesium-#acd introduc$ into ! fi%es' natural diet4 ,illu/ration3 ,isaacs-,kidd midwat] trawl collects samples ( oceanic animals (f ! ,oregon ,coa/4 ,^! animals are !n radioanalyz$ to comp>e ! quantity ( radioisotopes associat$ ) animals f v>i\s dep?s4 ,! record] at ! trawl m\? indicates ! volume ( wat] filt]$4 ,"s ( ! mo/ ext5sive /udies ( a m>9e environm5t ev] conduct$ are ^? by ! ,,aec1 ! ,bureau ( ,comm]cial ,fi%]ies1 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton 9 ! ,columbia ,riv] sy/em & ! ne>by ,pacific ,ocean4 ,op]ations at ! ,,aec's giant ,han=d facilities "s #cjj miles up/ream f ! ocean result 9 ! release ( small am\nts ( radioactivity to ! riv] & also 9 rais+ ! riv]-wat] temp]ature4 ,?is d[n/ream rese>* is to det]m9e any effects ( ^! *anges1 includ+ any t might be detrim5tal to man4 ,! rese>* encompasses /udies ( ! v>iations & di/ributions ( ! fre%wat] 8plume0--! outfl[ f ! riv]m\?--ext5d+ into ! ne>by ,pacific1 s$im5t analyses1 /udies ( ! population dynamics ( phytoplankton1 & ! transport ( radionuclides ?r\gh ! food *a94 ,illu/ration3 ,?is core sampl] is us$ to obta9 /ream b$ samples up to #e feet long 9 ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,! samples are !n analyz$ = radioisotope cont5t4 ,z s (t5 happ5s ) basic programs1 ?is rese>* has produc$ imm$iate b5efits4 ,new res\rces ( m>ketable oceanic fi% 7 discov]$ by ! sci5ti/s at dep?s nev] be=e fi%$ comm]cially 7f ! edge ( ! cont95tal %elf to dep?s ( #ejj fa?oms & great]74 ,simil>ly1 comm]cial quantities ( "o species ( crab h be5 discov]$ 9 ! deep] ocean4 ,o!r f9d+s indicate t crab populations may h seasonal up-&-d[n migrations t v>y accord+ to sex4 ,x appe>s1 9 fact1 t1 except :ile mat+ & z juv5iles1 ! male & female crab populations lead sep>ate lives4 ,?is in=mation is important bo? = m effici5t fi%]ies & = improv$ cons]vation ( ! crab z a food res\rce4 ,! ,,aec is1 9 %ort1 conc]n$ ) virtually e facet ( basic oceanography1 & ) /udy ( ! sea z a :ole1 = radionuclides1 l _! nonradioactive c\nt]p>ts1 c & d become involv$ 9 e phase ( ! va/ & complex ocean ecology4 ,9 ! process ( pursu+ its rese>* int]e/s1 x also provides oceanograph]s ) a :ole new family ( tools = /udy4 ,let u n[ see h[ atomic in/rum5ts contribute to ! gr[+ k ( ! sea4 ,oceanographic ,in/rum5ts ,illu/ration3 ,?is radioisotope p[]$ swimsuit heat] uses plutonium-#bch to produce #dbj watts ( heat4 ,wat]1 heat$ by ! decay ( ,pu1 is pump$ ?r\gh pla/ic ve9s p>tially visible 9 ! und]g>m5t4 ,! cyl9d] "u ! div]'s arm conta9s #d capsules ( ,pu1 & a batt]y-pump assembly is conta9$ 9 ! box at 8 feet4 ,aft] prelim9>y te/s at ! ,naval ,m$ical ,rese>* ,in/itute 9 ,be!sda1 ,m>yl&1 ! unit w be us$ 9 ,sealab ,,iii1 ! ,navy's und]wat] rese>* laboratory4 ,! heat] 0 develop$ by ! ,,aec ,division ( ,isotopes ,developm5t4 ,! ocean is bo? a complex & a h>% environm5t & its /udy has always dem&$ t design]s ( seawor?y in/rum5ts & sampl+ devices be bo? +5i\s & exp]i5c$ 9 %ipbo>d requirem5ts4 ,until rec5tly1 ^! devices t5d$ to be rugg$ & simple1 if n inde$ crude4 ,m ref9$1 electronic in/rum5tation has begun to appe> 9 rec5t ye>s1 b mo/ designs /ill fail to pass ! te/ ( use at sea4 ,ev5 among ^? t d pass1 !re is p]si/5t difficulty 9 sep>at+ desir$ in=mation-c>ry+ signals f backgr\nd & sy/em-induc$ 8noise04 ,?is has be5 a specific problem ) curr5t met]s design$ to be moor$ 9 ! op5 ocean & also ) "o q sophi/icat$ gamma-ray detector4 ,to meet ! cle> ne$ = improv$ devices1 z well z to support its own rese>* & increase utilization ( nucle> mat]ials & te*niques1 ! ,,aec ,division ( ,isotopes ,developm5t enc\rages ! developm5t ( oceanographic in/rum5tation4 ,?is comp>atively "y te*nology already has produc$ excit+ results4 ,! future may be ev5 m reveal+ z nucle> en]gy is appli$ m & m to ! /udy1 exploration1 & exploitation ( ! ocean4 ,in/rum5ts t h be5 develop$ "u ! ,,aec program include a curr5t met]1 a dissolv$-oxyg5-cont5t analyz]1 & a s$im5t-d5sity met]4 ,a new1 fa/ me?od = det]m9+ ! m9]al cont5t ( geological samples also has be5 p]fect$4 ,! ,,deep ,,wat] ,,isotopic ,,curr5t ,,analyz] 7,,dwica7 0 develop$ "u a contract ) ,william ,h4 ,johnson ,laboratories1 ,inc4 ,x relies on radioisotope drift "t ov] a fix$ c\rse to measure seawat] fl[ rates rang+ f #j4jjb to #aj4j knots4 ,! device embodies #ab radiation s5sors spac$ equally 9 a circle ar\nd a radioisotope-injection nozzle4 ,curr5t direction c be det]m9$ to )9 #ae degrees4 ,! mass ( trac] isotope inject$ is v small--less ?an #aj picograms#ab p] injection--& ! in/rum5t c /ore en\gh trac] mat]ial to op]ate = a ye>4 ,! trac] c be inject$ automatically at int]vals f #b to #bj m9utes1 dep5d+ on ! curr5t4 ,! device sits on ! sea floor1 :]e its ori5tation to magnetic nor? c be det]m9$ )9 #b4e degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,deep ,wat] ,isotopic ,curr5t ,analyz]4 ,isotope ,res]voir & equipressure sy/em ,electric logic circuitry ,pressure protective case ,compass ,s5sor r+ ,fl[ baffle plate ,isotope injection po9t ,illu/ration3 ,! ,deep ,wat] ,isotopic ,curr5t ,analyz]4 ,a ,,s$im5t ,,d5sity ,,probe1 develop$ "u an ,,aec contract by ,lane-,wells ,company1 employs gamma-ray absorption & backscatt] prop]ties#ac to det]m9e ! d5sity ( ! s$im5ts at ! bottom ( lakes1 riv]s1 or ! ocean1 )\t ! necessity ( return+ a s$im5t sample to ! surface4 ,x is expect$ t x c be modifi$ to s5se ! wat] cont5t ( ! s$im5ts4 ,^! det]m9ations are valuable n only = rese>*1 b also = activity t requires /ructures on ! ocean floor1 su* z petroleum exploration & naval op]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,s$im5t ,d5sity ,probe4 ,! draw+ %[s ! complete probe4 ,! unit consi/s ( a rocket-l tube #bf feet long & ab\t #d in*es 9 diamet]1 conta9+ a gamma-ray-emitt+ cesium-#acg s\rce1 a lead %ield1 & a radiation detector4 ,! device is l[]$ ov] ! side ( a %ip & all[$ to p5etrate ! s$im5t4 ,once 9 place1 ! gamma ray s\rce1 %ield1 & detector move toge!r up & d[n1 inside ! probe1 = a di/ance ( #aa feet1 /opp+ e #bd in*es = #d m9utes to take a measurem5t4 ,gamma rays are absorb$ 9 any mat]ial ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 accord+ to its d5sity4 ,a l[ radiation c\nt at ! detector indicates a high-d5sity s$im5t3 ,m radiation is absorb$ & less is reflect$ back to ! detector4 ,conv]sely1 a high c\nt indicates l[ d5sity4 ,data are record$ on special cold-resi/ant film4 ,a numb] ( diff]5t s$im5t measurem5ts c be made 9 sev]al locations be=e ! unit mu/ be return$ to ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,oxyg5 analyz] equipm5t includes ! deep-sea probe 7l>ge device1 c5t]1 includ+ a special ,geig] c\nt]1 ! electronic assembly1 a pump1 & p[] supplies71 cable = transmission ( ,geig] c\nt] signals 7back71 & portable scal] 7left74 ,illu/ration3 ,! latt] is also %[n abo>d a rese>* vessel 7inset7 dur+ te/s made at sea4 ,,oxyg5 ,,analyz] ,! am\nt ( dissolv$ oxyg5 9 any "p ( ! ocean is a basic quantity t mu/ be det]m9$ be=e "s k9ds ( rese>* c be und]tak54 ,= example1 oxyg5 conc5tration is important 9 det]m9+ ! life-support capability ( seawat] & 9 measur+ deep-wat] mix+4 ,9 ! pa/ ?is measurem5t has _h to be det]m9$ by labori\s *emical me?ods t may subject ! wat] sample to contam9ation by exposure to atmosph]ic oxyg54 ,"u an ,,aec contract1 ! ,rese>* ,triangle ,in/itute has develop$ a dissolv$ oxyg5 analyz] t relies on ! quantitative oxidation by dissolv$ oxyg5 ( ?allium metal conta9+ a kn[n ratio ( radioactive ?allium-#bjd4 ,! seawat] sample passes ?r\gh a column l9$ ) ?allium4 ,! ?allium is oxydiz$ & goes into solution4 ,x !n passes betwe5 two fac+ pancake-%ap$ radiation c\nt]s t record ! level ( beta radiation f ! ?allium-#bjd4 ,s9ce ! rate ( oxidation1 & !re=e ! rate ( release ( ! ?allium to solution1 is proportional to ! am\nt ( dissolv$ oxyg5 9 ! wat]1 x is simple to calibrate ! device to %[ oxyg5 cont5t4 ,! sy/em is s5sitive en\gh to detect "o "p ( oxyg5 9 #aj billion ( wat]4 ,&1 ! device c be t[$ & take read+s at dep?s ( up to "o mile1 an add$ advantage t obviates ! *ances ( surface-air contam9ation4 ,,neutron ,,activation ,,analysis ,nucle> en]gy is contribut+ to ! m accurate & m rapid analysis ( m9]als 9 ! sea 9 at lea/ two diff]5t ways4 ,! fir/ employs neutron activation analysis1 :i* we h already m5tion$4 ,?is me?od is valuable n only 9 analyz+ s$im5ts cor$ f ! ocean floor1 b also 9 ! detection & quantitative analysis ( trace elem5ts 9 ! wat]4 ,k ( ! role ( all natural con/itu5ts 9 ! ocean is ess5tial to an und]/&+ ( ! complex int]relation%ips ( ! ocean environm5t1 z we h se54 ,id5tification ( trace elem5ts also is a necess>y prelim9>y to det]m9+ ! effects ( purposely introduc$ radionuclides4 ,collection ( ! m9ute quantities ( trace elem5ts is v difficult at be/4 ,once !y h be5 collect$ & conc5trat$1 neutron activation analysis provides a means = _! id5tification & measurem5t4 ,x-,,ray ,,fluoresc5ce is ano!r te*nique1 us$ to id5tify ! m9]al cont5t ( ore or s$im5t4 ,?is sy/em 0 develop$ 7= ! purpose ( spott+ gold be+ smuggl$ ?r\gh ,cu/oms7 by ,trac]lab ,division ( ,laboratory = ,electronics1 ,inc4 7,,lfe71 "u an ,,aec contract4 ,simil> equipm5t 0 develop$ simultane\sly 9 ,engl& = use by prospectors1 geologi/s & m9+ eng9e]s4 ,x n[ may be us$ at sea 9 analyz+ samples f ! sea floor4 ,z is (t5 ! case ) isotope-bas$ devices1 its op]ation is really q simple4 ,:5 excit$ by radiation f an isotope 7or any o!r radiation s\rce71 ea* elem5t produces its own unique patt]n ( ,x-ray fluoresc5ce1 t is1 x radiates *>act]i/ic ,x rays4 ,by v>y+ filt]s & measur+ ! c\nt rate1 oceanograph]s c detect & measure mat]ials1 su* z t91 copp]1 lead1 & z9c4 ,! ,briti% unit is completely transi/oriz$1 batt]y p[]$1 & weighs only #af4e p\nds4 ,,rhodam9e-,b ,,dye ,! ,,aec also has improv$ oceanographic rese>* 9 ways t d n involve ! use ( nucle> en]gy4 ,"s ye>s ago "u ! jo9t sponsor%ip ( ! ,,aec ,division ( ,reactor ,developm5t & ,te*nology & ! ,division ( ,biology & ,m$ic9e1 ! ,wat]lift ,division ( ,clevel& ,pneumatic ,tool ,company develop$ in/rum5tation & te*niques = detect+ ! pres5ce ( ! r$ dye1 rhodam9e-,b1 9 conc5trations z l[ z "o-t5? "p p] billion4 ,?is me?od is n[ widely us$ bo? = gr\ndwat] /udies & 9 ! /udy ( curr5ts1 diffusion1 & pollution 9 riv]s1 lakes1 & ! ocean4 ,9 _m cases1 rhodam9e-,b is a bett] trac] 9 wat] ?an radioisotopes1 due to ! great] ease ) :i* x is detect$4 ,environm5tal ,safety ,/udies ,! ,,aec ,division ( ,reactor ,developm5t & ,te*nology has support$ ext5sive environm5tal /udies to assess ! safety ( isotopic p[] s\rces 7to be discuss$ lat]7 9 oceanic environm5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! is be+ conduct$ by ! ,naval ,radiological ,def5se ,laboratory at an ocean environm5tal te/+ complex ne> ,san ,clem5te ,isl& (f ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia1 :i* includes a %ore in/allation & a float+ ocean plat=m4 ,^! /udies are to det]m9e seawat] corrosion ( conta9m5t alloys & fuel solubility 9 seawat]2 ! disp]sion ( ! fuel 9 ! ocean2 ! effect ( ! radioactive mat]ial on m>9e life2 & ! radiation haz>d to man1 :5 all significant exposure pa?ways are consid]$4 ,9 ano!r /udy ! ,*esapeake ,bay ,in/itute ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity inve/igat$ pot5tial haz>ds t might result if radioactive mat]ials 7 releas$ (f ! ,atlantic ,coa/4 ,five areas along ! ,cont95tal ,%elf 7 exam9$ 9 detail = environm5tal factors su* z v]tical diffusion4 ,! same ,in/itute made environm5tal & physical disp]sion /udies (f ,cape ,k5n$y1 ,florida1 to pr$ict ! fate ( any radioactive mat]ials t might be releas$ 9 abort$ laun*+s ( nucle> rockets or nucle> auxili>y p[] devices = space uses4 ,fluoresc5t dye 0 releas$ into (f%ore1 surf zone1 & in%ore locations2 ! diffusion 0 obs]v$1 sampl$1 & comp>$ ) exi/+ diffusion !ory4 ,ma!matical models h be5 develop$ t c n[ be us$ to pr$ict ! rate & ext5t ( diffusion 9 ! ,cape ,k5n$y area 9 ! ev5t ( any radioactivity release f abort$ te/ flights4 ,simil> /udies h be5 c>ri$ out ne> ! space laun*+ site at ,po9t ,arguello1 ,cali=nia1 by ! ,scripps ,in/itution ( ,oceanography4 ,^! includ$ collection ( data on disp]sion1 m>9e s$im5ts1 & ! biological uptake ( radioactive plutonium1 polonium1 cesium1 & /rontium4 ,! ,atom at ,"w 9 ! ,sea ,,nucle> ,,reactor ,,propulsion ,! trans=mation 9 und]sea w>f>e tactics & national def5se /rategy effect$ by ! introduction ( nucle>-p[]$ subm>9es is n[ well kn[n4 ,navy subm>9es employ+ ! late/ reactors & fuel elem5ts c /ay at sea = m ?an #c ye>s )\t refuel+4 ,pol>is subm>9es on patrol rema9 subm]g$ = #fj to #gj days4 ,! nucle> subm>9e ,triton1 trac+ ,magellan's r\te ( #djj ye>s e>li]1 travel$ #cf1jjj miles "u wat]1 mov+ ar\nd ! _w 9 #hc days & #aj h\rs4 ,"u-ice transits ( ! ,arctic ,ocean by nucle> subm>9es are n[ commonplace4 ,^! feats all are possible because ( ! nucle> reactors & propulsion sy/ems develop$ by ! ,,aec ,division ( ,naval ,reactors1 :i* also develop$ ! propulsion plants = ! ,navy's nucle> surface vessels4#ad ,illu/ration3 ,,uss ,seadragon & ,skate sit nose to nose on top ( ! _w aft] "u-ice voyages f ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans to ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,illu/ration3 ,a frogman f ! ,seadragon swims "u ! ,arctic ice 9 "o ( ! fir/ photographs made b5ea? ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,,deep ,,subm]g5ce ,,rese>* ,,vehicle ,on ,april #ah1 #aife1 ,presid5t ,johnson ann\nc$ t ! ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission & ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,navy 7 und]tak+ developm5t ( a nucle>-p[]$ deep subm]g5ce rese>* & eng9e]+ vehicle4 ,?is mann$ vehicle1 designat$ ! ,,nr-#a1 w h va/ly great] endurance ?an any o!r yet develop$ or plann$1 because ( its nucle> p[]4 ,its developm5t w provide ! basis = future nucle>-p[]$ oceanographic rese>* vehicles ( ev5 great] v]satility & dep? capability4 ,! ,,nr-#a w be able to move at maximum spe$ = p]iods ( "t limit$ only by ! am\nt ( food & supplies x c>ries4 ,) a crew ( five & two sci5ti/s1 ! vehicle w be able to make detail$ /udies ( ! ocean bottom1 temp]ature1 curr5ts1 & o!r ph5om5a = milit>y1 comm]cial1 & sci5tific uses4 ,! nucle> propulsion plant w give x great indep5d5ce f surface support %ips & ess5tially unlimit$ endurance = exploration4 ,! subm>9e w h view+ ports = visual obs]vation ( its surr\nd+s & ( ! ocean bottom4 ,a remote grapple w p]mit collection ( m>9e samples & o!r objects4 ,! ,,nr-#a is expect$ to be capable ( explor+ areas ( ! ,cont95tal ,%elf1 :i* appe>s to conta9 ! mo/ accessible weal? 9 m9]al & food res\rces 9 ! seas4 ,exploratory *>t+ ( ?is k9d may help ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 e/abli%+ sov]eignty ov] p>ts ( ! ,cont95tal ,%elf2 a %ip ) its dep? capability c explore an ocean-bottom area sev]al times l>g] ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! reactor plant = ! vehicle is be+ design$ by ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company's ,knolls ,atomic ,p[] ,laboratory1 ,s*5ectady1 ,new ,york4 ,! rema9d] ( ! propulsion plant is be+ design$ by ! ,electric ,boat ,division1 ,g5]al ,dynamics ,corporation1 ,groton1 ,connecticut4 ,sci5ti/s are already beg9n+ to implant small sea floor laboratories4 ,9 ! future1 :5 l>ge p]man5t und]sea in/allations = sci5tific inve/igation1 m9+1 or fi% f>m+ become a reality1 nucle> reactors l ! "o design$ = rese>* subm]sibles or ! "o already 9 use 9 ,ant>ctica & o!r remote locations#ae w s]ve z _! p[] plants4 ,,isotopic ,,p[] ,,s\rces ,! ocean is a logi/ically remote environm5t1 9 ! s5se t conv5tional combu/ible fuels c't be us$ und]wat] unless suppli$ ) _! own s\rces ( oxyg54 ,x is usually extremely co/ly to take any?+ heavy or bulky into ! deep ocean4 ,ev5 if ! two ess5tial compon5ts ( combu/ion--fuel & oxyg5--c\ld be deliv]$ economically to an und]sea base or craft1 ! extreme back pressure ( ! dep?s w\ld pres5t s]i\s exhau/ problems4 ,yet deep b5ea? ! sea is j :]e we n[ propose to d l>ge am\nts ( "w requir+ huge supplies ( reliable en]gy4 ,! lack ( reliable & ext5d$ duration p[] s\rces is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ critical requirem5ts = expansion ( und]wat] & m>9e te*nology4 ,= example1 ! press+ ne$ = measurem5ts ( atmosph]ic & oceanic data to support sci5tific1 comm]cial1 & milit>y op]ations w 9 ! future require lit]ally hundr$s ( oceanographic & meteorological buoys deploy$ ?r\gh\t ! _w to take simultane\s measurem5ts & "t-s]ies obs]vations at specific sites4 ,"s ( ^! buoys w support & monitor up to #ajj s5sors ea*4 ,^! devices record a v>iety ( physical1 *emical1 & radiological ph5om5a above1 at1 or bel[ ! surface4 ,p]iodically ! s5sor data w be conv]t$ to digital =m & /or$ on magnetic tape = lat] retrieval by di/ant %ore-bas$ or %ipbo>d radio comm&1 by satellite comm& 7= retransmittal to gr\nd /ations71 or by physical recov]y ( ! tapes4 ,individually1 ea* buoy w n require a great deal ( en]gy to op]ate1 b w h to op]ate reliably ov] long p]iods ( "t4 ,conv5tional p[] s\rces are be+ us$ = ! prototype buoys n[ "u developm5t & te/+1 b ^! robot ocean plat=ms 9 ! future w make excell5t use ( nucle> en]gy suppli$ by isotopic p[] s\rces4 ,illu/ration3 ,! _w's fir/ nucle>-p[]$ wea!r buoy locat$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,?is wea!r /ation1 "p ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,navy's ,,nomad sy/em1 is on a b>ge #aj feet #bj feet1 & is an*or$ 9 #ab1jjj feet ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 diagram ,,radio ,,ant5na ,,wea!r ,,s5sors ,,w>n+ ,,beacon ,,nucle> ,,g5]ator ,! ,,snap-#g;,d isotope p[] g5]ator has be5 op]at+ unatt5d$ s9ce ,janu>y #aifd on a deep-ocean moor$ buoy 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,?is ,u4 ,s4 ,navy ,,nomad 7,navy ,oceanographic & ,meteorological ,automatic ,device7 buoy is p[]$ by a #fj-watt1 /rontium-#ij radioisotope s\rce1 :i* 0 develop$ by ! ,,aec ,division ( ,reactor ,developm5t & ,te*nology4 ,?is wea!r /ation transmits data = #b m9utes & #bj seconds e #c h\rs4 ,?is data includes air temp]ature1 b>ometric pressure1 & w9d velocity & direction4 ,/orm detectors trigg] special h\rly transmissions dur+ sev]e wea!r conditions4 ,! g5]ator op]ates cont9u\sly & *>ges /orage batt]ies betwe5 transmissions4 ,"s p[] is us$ to light a navigation beacon to al]t pass+ %ips4 ,en]gy f ! heat ( radioisotope decay has be5 us$ on a 8pro(-(-pr9ciple0 basis 9 sev]al o!r in/ances involv+ ocean or m>9e te*nology4 ,an exp]im5tal ,sr isotope-p[]$ ac\/ic navigation beacon 7,,snap-#g;,e7 n[ re/s on ! sea floor 9 #ae1jjj feet ( wat] ne> ,b]muda4 ,devices su* z ^! n only w enable ne>by surface rese>* or salvage vessels to locate _! positions precisely 7some?+ v difficult to d at sea7 & to return to ! same spot1 b ! beacons also w aid subm>9e navigation 7see page #dh74 ,a ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,gu>d ligh?\se locat$ 9 ,*esapeake ,bay has be5 p[]$ by a #fj-watt1 ,sr p[] s\rce1 ,,snap-#g;,b1 = #b ye>s )\t ma9t5ance or s]vice4 ,?is unit 0 subsequ5tly relocat$ = use 9 ano!r application 7describ$ bel[74 ,illu/ration3 ,eng9e]s prep>e to in/all ! ,,snap-#g;,d g5]ator4 ,! fir/ comm]cial use ( "o ( ^! 8atomic batt]ies0 began 9 #aife :5 ! ,,snap-#g;,b #fj-watt g5]ator w5t into op]ation on an unmann$ ,phillips ,petroleum ,company (f%ore oil plat=m1 #dj miles s\!a/ ( ,cam]on1 ,l\isiana4 ,! g5]ator op]ates fla%+ navigational lights &1 9 bad wea!r1 an electronic foghorn 7see page #di74 ,?is unit w be te/$ = #b ye>s to det]m9e ! economic feasibility ( r\t9ely us+ isotopic p[] devices on a comm]cial basis4 ,illu/ration3 ,ac\/ic pulses4 ,buoyancy tank ,s\nd amplifi] ,nucle>-p[]$ s\nd s\rce ,ocean bottom ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,snap-#g;,e isotopic g5]ator p[]s an und]sea ac\/ic beacon1 :i* produces an ac\/ic pulse once e #fj seconds4 ,9 addition to be+ a navigation aid1 ! beacon is us$ to /udy ! effects ( a deep-ocean environm5t on ! transmission ( s\nd ov] long di/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram4 ,total height3 #aj ft #b 9 ,armor$ cable ,pressure vessel ,capacitor bank ,fuel capsules ,biological %ield ,equipm5t package ,voltage conv]t] ,deplet$ uranium ,!rmoelectric g5]ator ,sy/em support /ructure ,illu/ration3 ,details ( ! ,phillips ,petroleum plat=m1 :i* uses ! ,,snap-#g;,b nucle> g5]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,! f9al electrical connection is made f ! nucle> g5]ator to ! plat=m's electronic foghorn & two fla%+ light beacons4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,fog ,horn ,beacon ,beacon ,snap-#g;,b nucle> g5]ator ,! radioisotope-p[]$ devices previ\sly describ$ 7 develop$ by ! ,,aec "u ! ,,snap-#g ,program4#af ,! te/+ ( ^! units has demon/rat$ ! advisability ( develop+ reliable & unatt5d$ nucle> p[] s\rces = use 9 remote environm5ts )\t compromise to nucle> safety /&>ds4 ,z a result ( ! success ( ^! te/s1 a v>iety ( pot5tial oceanographic applications h be5 id5tifi$4 ,a /udy1 conduct$ by ,a]ojet-,g5]al ,corporation 9 conjunction ) ,global ,m>9e ,exploration ,company & ,nor?we/ ,consultant ,oceanograph]s1 ,inc41 describ$ ocean applications includ+ und]wat] navigational aids1 ac\/ic beacons1 *annel m>k]s1 cable boo/]s1 wea!r buoys1 (f%ore oil well controls along ) innum]able oceanographic rese>* applications4 ,?is /udy 0 sponsor$ by ! ,,aec ,division ( ,isotopes ,developm5t4 ,9 ord] to satisfy ! requirem5ts = ^! & o!r applications1 ! ,,aec has begun develop+ a s]ies ( compact & highly reliable isotope p[] devices t are design$ to be economically competitive ) alt]native p[] s\rces4 ,curr5tly und]way are two specific projects1 ,,snap-#ba & ,,snap-#bc4 ,,snap-#ba is a two-phase project to develop a s]ies ( compact /rontium-#ij p[] sy/ems = deep-sea & ocean-bottom uses 7#bj1jjj-;foot dep?s74 ,! fir/ phase ( design & compon5t developm5t on a basic #aj-watt sy/em already has be5 complet$1 & a second phase developm5t & te/ ef=t n[ "u way w ext5d ?r\gh #aigj4 ,a s]ies ( p[] s\rces 9 ! #aj- & #bj-watt range w be available = g5]al purpose deep-ocean application4 ,! ,,snap-#bc project involves ! developm5t ( a s]ies ( economically attractive /rontium-#ij p[] sy/ems = remote t]re/rial uses4 ,?is project w result 9 #be-watt1 #fj-watt1 & #ajj-watt units capable ( long-t]m op]ation 9 surface buoys1 (f%ore oil plat=ms1 wea!r /ations1 & micr[ave repeat] /ations4 ,9 addition to ! above1 ef=t is und]way by ! ,,aec to develop an isotope-fuel$ heat] t w be us$ by aquanauts 9 ! ,navy's ,sealab ,program 7see page #ab74 ,future activities1 n[ be+ plann$1 w involve ! developm5t ( l>ge isotope p[] s\rces 7#a-aj electric kil[atts7 & small nucle> reactors 7#ej-ajj kil[atts7 = use 9 mann$ & unmann$ deep-ocean plat=ms4 ,ocean ,eng9e]+ ,consid]able eng9e]+ exp]i5ce has be5 d]iv$ f ! "w ( f$]al ag5cies 9 developm5t ( ! l>ge/ taut-moor$ in/rum5t$ buoy sy/em ev] deploy$ 9 ! deep ocean4 ,develop$ by ,ocean ,sci5ce #ha ,eng9e]+1 ,inc41 x is useful 9 obs]vation & pr$iction ( environm5tal *anges4 ,! sy/em embodies sub/antial advances 9 design4 ,x incorporates1 among o!r features1 an ac\/ically comm&$ und]wat] w9* = adju/m5t ( ! moor+ dep? aft] ! buoy is deploy$1 & = recov]+ a #af1jjj-p\nd subm]g$ data-record+ in/rum5t cani/]4 ,?is buoy sy/em c survive be+ moor$ 9 up to #ah1jjj-;foot dep?s ( ! op5 ocean = upw>d ( #cj days4 ,! v fir/ deep-ocean1 taut-moor$ buoy sy/em 0 develop$ = ! gov]nm5t 9 #aied1 & has s9ce become an important tool = oceanograph]s & o!rs :o seek /able in/rum5t plat=ms at sea4 ,! buoys h ! advantage ( m9imiz+ horizontal movem5t due to curr5ts1 w9ds1 & waves4 ,! ,national ,m>9e ,consultants ,division ( ,int]/ate ,electronics ,corporation has develop$ = ! gov]nm5t a sy/em = measur+ ! propagation ( seismic sea waves 7tsunamis74 ,"w ( ^! sorts contributes mat]ially to reliable ocean eng9e]+4 ,& ! measurem5ts made by ^! sophi/icat$ in/rum5ts contribute to our k ( ocean fluid dynamics & wave me*anics4 ,corrosion is a huge1 ev]-pres5t problem plagu+ oceanographic eng9e]s1 %ip design]s1 m>9]s1 op]ators ( desal9ation plants1 petroleum companies ) (f%ore facilities1 &1 9 fact1 ev]yone :o places /ructures 9 salt wat] to d useful "w4 ,:ile ! basic me*anisms ( corrosion are kn[n1 !re are _m detail$ aspects t are n3 ,= example1 ! precise role ( bact]iological slimes 9 caus+ corrosion on suppos$ly protect$ /ructures4 ,radioisotope trac]s n[ are help+ eng9e]s foll[ ! *emical1 physical1 & biological actions 9 corrosion processes4 ,fre% ,wat] f ,seawat] ,9 #aifj ! *airman ( ! bo>d ( a l>ge ,u4 ,s4 corporation made a fundam5tal policy decision = 8 company3 ,s9ce ! greate/ critical ne$ ( man 9 ! next decade w\ld be fre% wat]1 8 company w\ld beg9 work+ to produce l>ge volumes ( fre% wat]--includ+ ! developm5t ( me?ods = desalt+ seawat]4 ,8 pione]+ analysis prov$ to be prophetic4 ,?r\gh\t ! _w1 m p are us+ m wat] = m purposes ?an ev] be=e4 ,_m areas ( ! _w1 includ+ "s t are d5sely populat$1 h be5 p>*$ s9ce ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,9 o!rs :]e wat] 0 once abundant1 n only are natural s\rces be+ deplet$ fa/] ?an !y are replac$1 b _m riv]s & lakes h be5 s pollut$ t !y c n[ sc>cely be us$4 ,! _w's greate/ res\rce ( wat] is ! ocean1 b en]gy is requir$ to remove ! salt f x & make x potable or ev5 useful = agriculture & indu/ry4 ,! en]gy produc$ by nucle> reactors is consid]$ economical 9 ! l>ge quantities t soon w be requir$4 ,! ,,aec & ! ,(fice ( ,sal9e ,wat] ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 aft] a prelim9>y /udy1 h jo9$ ) ! ,metropolitan ,wat] ,di/rict ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia & ! electric utility firms s]v+ ! area1 to beg9 con/ruction ( a v l>ge nucle>-p[] desalt+ plant on a man-made isl& (f ! ,cali=nia coa/4 ,! plant1 :5 complet$ 9 ! #aigjs1 w h an initial wat] capacity ( #ej million gallons p] day & also w g5]ate ab\t #a1hjj1jjj kil[atts ( electricity4 ,additional desalt+ capacity is plann$ = addition lat] to a*ieve a total wat] capacity ( #aej million gallons p] day4 ,illu/ration3 ,plans to con/ruct a nucle> desalt+ plant 9 ,cali=nia 7 ann\nc$ 9 ,augu/ #aiff by 7f left7 ,,aec ,commission] ,james ,t4 ,ramey1 ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior ,/ew>t ,l4 ,udall1 ,mayor ,samuel ,yorty ( ,los ,angeles1 & ,joseph ,j5s51 ,bo>d ,*airman ( ! ,metropolitan ,wat] ,di/rict ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,plans = o!r nucle>-p[]$ desalt+ projects ar\nd ! _w are be+ discuss$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t1 ! ,int]national ,atomic ,en]gy ,ag5cy & ! gov]nm5ts ( _m o!r nations4 ,"s ( ^! also may be 9 op]ation dur+ ! e>ly #aigjs4#ag ,illu/ration3 ,model ( ! nucle> p[] desalt+ plant to be built on ! coa/ ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,^! projects foll[$ ext5d$ detail$ /udies1 includ+ "o 8mile/one0 inve/igation at ! ,,aec's ,oak ,ridge ,national ,laboratory 9 ,t5nessee1 9 :i* ! economic feasibility ( us+ v l>ge nucle> reactors c\pl$ to v l>ge desalt+ equipm5t to produce p[] & wat] 0 det]m9$4 ,! significance ( ^! /udies 0 recogniz$ by ,presid5t ,johnson 9 #aifd1 :5 he told ! ,?ird ,int]national ,conf]5ce on ,peaceful ,uses ( ,atomic ,en]gy3 8,! "t is com+ :5 a s+le desalt+ plant p[]$ by nucle> en]gy w produce hundr$s ( millions ( gallons ( fre% wat]--& l>ge am\nts ( electricity--e day40 ,x is obvi\s t today realization ( t goal is mu* ne>]4 ,! in/allation ( new & l>g] desalt+ plants w 9 itself require ext5sive additional oceanographic rese>*4 ,by ! nature ( _! op]ation ^! plants w be dis*>g+ consid]able volumes ( heat$ wat] ) a salt cont5t high] ?an t ( ! sea4 ,?r\gh\t ! ocean1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! e/u>ies1 sea life is s5sitive to ! conc5tration ( ocean salts & temp]ature4 ,/udies ( ! effect ( su* dis*>ges w be an ess5tial "p ( any l>ge-scale desal9ation program4 ,radiation ,pres]vation ( ,seafood ,! use ( nucle> radiation = ! pres]vation ( food is a new process ( p>ticul> importance = seafood4 ,! ocean con/itutes ! _w's l>ge/ s\rce ( animal prote9 food4 ,yet ! h>ve/s ( ! sea c be /or$ safely1 ev5 ) refrig]ation1 = f> %ort] p]iods ?an c mo/ o!r foods4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 ?is t5d5cy to spoil makes fi% products available only to p :o live ne> seacoa/s4 ,_m types ( seafood1 h[ev]1 :5 expos$ to radiation f radioisotopes or small accel]ators1 c be /or$ "u normal refrig]ation = up to f\r weeks )\t det]ioration4 ,! process does n alt] ! appe>ance or ta/e ( ! seafood2 x m]ely de/roys bact]ia t cause spoilage4 ,?is fact holds promise n only = ! _w's prote9-/>v$ populations1 b also = ! economic well-be+ ( comm]cial fi%]m51 ^: m>kets w\ld be mu* exp&$4 ,9 support ( ?is program1 ! ,,aec has built & is op]at+ at ,gl\ce/]1 ,massa*usetts1 a prototype comm]cial seafood irradiator plant capable ( process+ #bjjj p\nds ( seafood an h\r4 ,! radiation is suppli$ by a cobalt-#fj s\rce4 ,private indu/ry is coop]at+ ) ! ,,aec 9 ! evaluation ( ?is facility4#ah ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ %ipbo>d irradiator 0 on ,! ,delaw>e1 a rese>* fi%+ vessel4 ,fi%1 pres]v$ ?r\gh irradiation soon aft] !y are caught1 h a refrig]at$ /orage life two or ?ree times long] ?an nonirradiat$ fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ %ipbo>d irradiator4 ,project ,pl[%>e ,nucle> explosives are1 among o!r ?+s1 l>ge-scale1 l[-co/ excavation devices4 ,9 ?is respect1 ) ! prop] pre-detonation /udy & eng9e]+1 !y are ideally suit$ = massive e>?-mov+ & 8geological eng9e]+0 projects1 includ+ ! con/ruction ( h>bors & canals4 ,! we/]n coa/s ( ?ree cont95ts1 ,au/ralia1 ,africa1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 are sp>sely suppli$ ) good h>bors4 ,a numb] ( /udies h be5 und]tak5 z to ! feasibility ( us+ nucle> explosives = digg+ deepwat] h>bors4 ,und\bt$ly at "s "t 9 ! future1 ^! projects w be c>ri$ out4 ,9 addition1 !re are _m places 9 ! _w :]e ! con/ruction ( a sea-level canal w\ld provide %ort] & saf] r\tes = ocean %ipp+1 exp$ite trade & comm]ce1 or op5 up b>r5 & unpopulat$1 b m9]al-ri* l&s to settl]s & pr(itable developm5t4 ,! ,,aec ,division ( ,peaceful ,nucle> ,explosives op]ates a cont9u+ program to develop eng9e]+ skills = su* projects4#ai ,con/ruction ( a sea-level canal across ! ,c5tral ,am]ican i/hmus is "o well-kn[n proposal = ?is 8,pl[%>e0 program4 ,! use ( nucle> explosives 9 ?is mann] may "o day *ange ! v %ape ( ! _w ocean4 ,a ,new ,fram ,illu/ration3 ,fridtj( ,nans5 ,j ab\t #gj ye>s ago1 ! oceanograph] & explor]1 ,dr4 ,fridtj( ,nans5 complet$ 8 fam\s voyage abo>d ! rese>* vessel ,fram1 :i* rema9$ lock$ 9 ! ,arctic ice pack = #c ye>s1 drift+ ar\nd ! top ( ! _w :ile ! m5 abo>d h] /udi$ ! oceanography ( ! pol> sea4 ,n[ ! ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation has tak5 ! fir/ /eps t[>d build+ a mod]n v]sion ( ,fram = ,arctic /udies4 ,?is "t ! vessel w be an ,arctic ,drift ,b>ge conta9+ ! be/ equipm5t mod]n te*nology c (f]--includ+1 x is propos$1 a c5tral nucle> p[] plant to gu>antee heat & p[]4 ,s*$ul$ = completion sometime 9 ! #aigjs1 ?is project repres5ts yet ano!r use ( ! atom 9 ! /udy ( ! ocean4 ,,! ,,?ree-,,dim5sional ,,ocean ,! ocean is no long] an area ( isolat$ sci5tific int]e/1 nor m]ely a turbul5t two-dim5sional surface ov] :i* man conducts 8 comm]ce & occasionally fights 8 w>s4 ,9 today's _w1 ! ocean has assum$ its full ?ird dim5sion4 ,m5 & wom5 are go+ d[n into x to /udy1 to play1 to "w1 &1 alas1 sometimes to fight4 ,z !y g1 !y are tak+ atomic en]gy ) !m4 ,9 _m in/ances1 only ! h>ness$ p[] 9 ! nuclei ( atoms p]mits !m to p5etrate ! dep?s ( ! mighty sea & !re atta9 _! objectives4 ,illu/ration3 ,arti/'s conception ( "o ( ?ree propos$ designs = ! ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation's ,arctic ,drift ,b>ge4 ,all ?ree designs incorporate a nucle> p[] s\rce4 ,,sugge/$ ,,ref]5ces ,books ,! ,b\ntiful ,sea1 ,seabrook ,hull1 ,pr5tice-,hall1 ,inc41 ,englewood ,cliffs1 ,new ,j]sey #jgfcb1 #aifd1 #cdj pp41 #f4ie4 ,?is ,great & ,wide ,sea1 ,r4 ,e4 ,cok]1 ,h>p] ,r[1 ,new ,york #ajjaf1 #aifb1 #bce pp41 #b4be 7pap]back74 ,explor+ ! ,secrets ( ! ,sea1 ,william ,j4 ,cromie1 ,pr5tice-,hall1 ,inc41 ,englewood ,cliffs1 ,new ,j]sey #jgfcb1 #aifb1 #cjj pp41 #e4ie4 ,! ,sea ,ar\nd ,u1 ,ra*el ,l4 ,c>son1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 ,inc41 ,new ,york #ajjaf1 #aifa1 #bcg pp41 #e4jj 7h>dback72 #j4fj 7pap]back7 f ! ,new ,am]ican ,libr>y ( ,_w ,lit]ature1 ,inc41 ,new ,york #ajjbb4 ,! ,ocean ,adv5ture1 ,g>dn] ,s\le1 ,appleton-,c5tury1 ,new ,york #ajjag1 #aiff1 #bgh pp41 #e4ie4 ,prov+ ,gr\nd3 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,radiobiological ,/udies 9 ! ,pacific1 #aidf-aifa1 ,neal ,o4 ,h9es1 ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton ,press1 ,seattle1 ,wa%+ton #ihaje1 #aifb1 #cff pp41 #f4ge4 ,! ,effects ( ,atomic ,radiation on ,oceanography & ,fi%]ies 7,publication #eea71 ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces--,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjdah1 #aieg1 #acg pp41 #b4jj4 ,oceanography3 ,a ,/udy ( ,inn] ,space1 ,w>r5 ,e4 ,yasso1 ,holt ,r9eh>t & ,w9/on1 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 #ajjag1 #aife1 #agf pp41 #b4ej 7h>dback72 #a4bh 7pap]back74 ,booklets ,oceanography ,in=mation ,s\rces 7,publication #adag71 ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces--,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjdah1 #aiff1 #ch pp41 #a4ej4 ,a ,read]'s ,guide to ,oceanography1 ,jan ,hahn1 ,woods ,hole ,oceanographic ,in/itution1 ,woods ,hole1 ,massa*usetts #jbedc1 ,augu/ #aife 7revis$ p]iodically7 #ac pp41 free4 ,! foll[+ booklets are available f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjdjb3 ,und]sea ,vehicles = ,oceanography 7,pamphlet ,no4 #ah71 ,int]-ag5cy ,committee on ,oceanography ( ! ,f$]al ,c\ncil = ,sci5ce & ,te*nology1 #aife1 #ha pp41 #j4fe4 ,m>9e ,sci5ces ,rese>*1 ,,aec ,division ( ,biology & ,m$ic9e1 ,m>* #aiff1 #ah pp41 #j4ae4 ,articles ,tools = ! ,ocean ,dep?s1 ,=tune1 ,,lxxii3 #bac 7,augu/ #aife74 ,j\rney to ,inn] ,space1 ,"t1 #hf3 #ij 7,septemb] #ag1 #aife74 ,work+ = ,weeks on ! ,sea ,floor1 ,jacques-,yves ,c\/eau1 ,national ,geographic1 #abi3 #dih 7,april #aiff74 ,nucleonics1 #bd 7,june #aiff74 ,?is special issue on ! use ( ! atom und]sea conta9s ! foll[+ articles ( int]e/3 ,reactors3 ,key to ,l>ge ,scale ,und]wat] ,op]ations1 ,j4 ,r4 ,wet*1 #cc4 ,und]sea ,role = ,isotopic ,p[]1 ,k4 ,e4 ,buck1 #ch4 ,radioisotopes 9 ,oceanographic ,rese>*1 ,r4 ,a4 ,p$rick & ,g4 ,b4 ,mag91 ,jr41 #db4 ,motion ,pictures #ajjj ,feet ,deep = ,sci5ce1 #bg m9utes1 color1 #aife4 ,produc$ by & available f ,we/+h\se ,electric ,corporation1 ,visual ,communications ,dep>tm5t1 #c ,gateway ,c5t]1 ,box #bbgh1 ,pittsburgh1 ,p5nsylvania #aebcj4 ,?is film describes ! ,we/+h\se ,div+ ,sauc]1 :i* is a two-man laboratory us$ = und]wat] rese>*4 ,?is is ! sauc] t is us$ by ,jacques-,yves ,c\/eau & 0 featur$ 9 8 motion picture ,_w ,)\t ,sun4 ,available = loan )\t *>ge f ! ,,aec ,headqu>t]s ,film ,libr>y1 ,division ( ,public ,in=mation1 ,u4 ,s4 ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjede & f o!r ,,aec film libr>ies4 ,bik9i ,radiological ,laboratory1 #bb m9utes1 s\nd1 color1 #aidi4 ,produc$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton & ! ,,aec4 ,?is film expla9s /udies ( effects ( radioactivity f ! #aidf atomic te/s at ,bik9i ,atoll on plants & m>9e life 9 ! area #c ye>s lat]4 ,return to ,bik9i1 #ej m9utes1 s\nd1 color1 #aifd4 ,produc$ by ! ,laboratory ( ,radiation ,biology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton = ! ,,aec4 ,?is film records ! ecological resurvey ( ,bik9i 9 #aifd1 #f ye>s aft] ! la/ weapons te/4 ,desalt+ ! ,seas1 #ag m9utes1 s\nd1 color1 #aifg4 ,produc$ by ,,aec's ,oak ,ridge ,national ,laboratory4 ,describes v>i\s me?ods ( purify+ sal9e wat] ?r\gh ! use ( l>ge dual-purpose nucle>-electric desalt+ plants4 ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,,photo ,,cr$its ,page #b ,u4 ,s4 ,navy 7,,usn7 #c ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,museum--,national ,geographic ,exp$ition #e ,,usn #f ,woods ,hole ,oceanographic ,in/itution 7,,:oi7 #g ,diagram1 ,,:oi2 photo1 ,s4 ,hull #i ,top1 ,oregon ,/ate ,univ]sity 7,,osu72 bottom1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,san ,diego1 ,scripps ,in/itution ( ,oceanography 7,,sio7 #aj ,lamont ,geological ,obs]vatory ( ,columbia ,univ]sity #ab ,,usn #ae ,,sio #ai ,r4 ,h4 ,backus4 ,physics ,today 7,novemb] #aife71 8,s\nd ,reflections ,9 & ,"u ,oceans10 ,j4 ,b4 ,h]sey #bj ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,comm]cial ,fi%]ies ,biological ,laboratory1 ,honolulu1 ,hawaii #bb ,,usn #bd ,laboratory ( ,radiation ,biology1 ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton 7,,lrb7 #bf ,jan ,hahn #bg ,frankl9 ,,gno ,corporation #bh ,george ,d4 ,grice1 ,,:oi #ca ,,sio #cc ,,osu #ce ,monsanto ,rese>* ,corporation #cg ,,usn #ch ,lane-,wells ,company #ci ,rese>* ,triangle ,in/itute #dc ,,usn #df1 #dg #dh ,m>t9-,m>ietta ,company #di ,! ,photo ,m>t #ec ,top1 ,metropolitan ,wat] ,di/rict ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia2 bottom1 ,be*tel ,corporation #ee ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,comm]cial ,fi%]ies1 ,fi% & ,wildlife ,s]vice2 inset1 ,brookhav5 ,national ,laboratory #ef ,norsk ,folkemuseum1 ,oslo1 ,norway1 c\rtesy ,! ,m>9]s ,museum1 ,newport ,news1 ,virg9ia #eg ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation #fa ,s4 ,hull ,cov] photo c\rtesy ,james ,butl]1 ,,usn ,au?or's photo c\rtesy ,g5]al ,dynamics ,corporation ,frontispiece f ,jan ,hahn ,,! ,,cov] ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,atom & ! ,,ocean ,! %ip on ! cov] is ! trim ,atlantis rid+ ! waves ab\t #bjj miles s\? ( ,b]muda4 ,! fir/ craft built by ! ,unit$ ,/ates z an oceanographic rese>* vessel1 %e travel$ m ?an #a1bjj1jjj miles across ! sev5 seas = a p]iod ( #cj ye>s4 ,%e 8ran0 ov] #fjjj hydrographic /ations & 0 us$ = innum]able dr$g+1 cor+1 biological1 physical1 & ac\/ical rese>* op]ations4 ,aft] %e 0 retir$ f active s]vice at ! ,woods ,hole ,oceanographic ,in/itution 9 ,massa*usetts1 %e 0 sold to ,arg5t9a1 :]e %e has resum$ h] role z an oceanographic rese>* vessel4 ,,! ,,au?or ,e4 ,w4 ,,seabrook ,,hull is an exp]i5c$ writ] & editor 9 te*nical & eng9e]+ fields4 ,he is ! au?or ( ,! ,b\ntiful ,sea1 publi%$ 9 #aifd by ,pr5tice-,hall1 & ,pl[%>e1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is ,und]/&+ ! ,atom ,s]ies4 ,he is ! editor ( ,ocean ,sci5ce ,news & editor & publi%] ( ,geo,marine ,te*nology4 ,illu/ration3 ,e4 ,w4 ,seabrook ,hull ,footnotes #a;,= a description ( h[ ^! w "w1 see ,controll$ ,nucle> ,fusion1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies4 #b,^! devices1 :i* w be frequ5tly m5tion$ lat] 9 ^! pages1 are describ$ 9 detail 9 a companion booklet ,p[] f ,radioisotopes4 #c,see ,nucle> ,reactors1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies1 = a description ( ! fission process & h[ reactors op]ate4 #d;,= a full discussion ( o!r aspects ( ?is topic1 see ,fall\t f ,nucle> ,te/s1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies4 #e;,= a full discussion ( ?is topic1 & ! safety measures tak5 by ! ,,aec 9 connection ) x1 see ,radioactive ,wa/es1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies4 #f,radioisotopes1 un/able =ms ( ord9>y atoms1 are di/+ui%able by reason ( _! radioactivity1 n by _! biological or *emical activity4 #g,! "t 9 :i* half ( ! atoms 9 a quantity ( radioactive mat]ial lose _! radioactivity4 #h;,= m details ( ^! /udies1 see ,atoms1 ,nature1 & ,man1 a companion booklet 9 ?is s]ies4 #i;,gamma rays are high-en]gy electromagnetic radiation1 simil> to ,x rays1 orig9at+ 9 ! nuclei ( radioactive atoms4 #aj;,in/rum5ts t detect & measure radiation by record+ ! numb] ( light fla%es or sc9tillations produc$ by ! radiation 9 pla/ic or o!r s5sitive mat]ials4 #aa;,a me?od involv+ use ( nucle> reactors or accel]ators = id5tify+ extremely small am\nts ( mat]ial4 ,see ,neutron ,activation ,analysis1 a companion booklet 9 ?is s]ies4 #ab;,a picogram is "o trillion? 7#aj7 ( a gram4 #ac;,= an explanation ( h[ simil> in/rum5ts "w1 see ,radioisotopes 9 ,indu/ry1 a companion booklet 9 ?is s]ies4 #ad;,= a discussion ( propos$ nucle> m]*ant subm>9es1 see ,nucle> ,p[] & ,m]*ant ,%ipp+1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies4 #ae,^! are describ$ 9 ,p[] ,reactors 9 ,small ,packages1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies4 #af,see ,p[] f ,radioisotopes1 a companion booklet 9 ?is s]ies1 = a m complete discussion ( radioisotopes 9 use4 #ag;,= an explanation ( h[ ^! w function1 see ,nucle> ,en]gy = ,desalt+1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies4 #ah,see ,food ,pres]vation by ,irradiation1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies1 = a full acc\nt ( ?is in/allation4 #ai;,details are describ$ 9 ,pl[%>e1 ano!r booklet 9 ?is s]ies4 ,?is booklet is "o ( ! 8,und]/&+ ! ,atom0 ,s]ies4 ,comm5ts are invit$ on ?is booklet & o!rs 9 ! s]ies2 please s5d !m to ! ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation1 ,u4 ,s4 ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjede4 ,publi%$ z "p ( ! ,,aec's educational assi/ance program1 ! s]ies includes ^! titles3 ,accel]ators ,animals 9 ,atomic ,rese>* ,atomic ,fuel ,atomic ,p[] ,safety ,atoms at ! ,sci5ce ,fair ,atoms 9 ,agriculture ,atoms1 ,nature1 & ,man ,books on ,atomic ,en]gy = ,adults & ,*ildr5 ,c>e]s 9 ,atomic ,en]gy ,comput]s ,controll$ ,nucle> ,fusion ,cryog5ics1 ,! ,uncommon ,cold ,direct ,conv]sion ( ,en]gy ,fall\t ,f ,nucle> ,te/s ,food ,pres]vation by ,irradiation ,g5etic ,effects ( ,radiation ,index to ! ,,uas ,s]ies ,las]s ,micro/ructure ( ,matt] ,neutron ,activation ,analysis ,nonde/ructive ,te/+ ,nucle> ,clocks ,nucle> ,en]gy = ,desalt+ ,nucle> ,p[] & ,m]*ant ,%ipp+ ,nucle> ,p[] ,plants ,nucle> ,propulsion = ,space ,nucle> ,reactors ,nucle> ,t]ms1 ,a ,brief ,gloss>y ,our ,atomic ,_w ,pl[%>e ,plutonium ,p[] f ,radioisotopes ,p[] ,reactors 9 ,small ,packages ,radioactive ,wa/es ,radioisotopes & ,life ,processes ,radioisotopes 9 ,indu/ry ,radioisotopes 9 ,m$ic9e ,r>e ,e>?s ,rese>* ,reactors ,,snap1 ,nucle> ,space ,reactors ,s\rces ( ,nucle> ,fuel ,space ,radiation ,spectroscopy ,syn!tic ,transuranium ,elem5ts ,! ,atom & ! ,ocean ,! ,*emi/ry ( ! ,noble ,gases ,! ,elusive ,neutr9o ,! ,fir/ ,reactor ,! ,natural ,radiation ,environm5t ,:ole ,body ,c\nt]s ,y\r ,body & ,radiation ,a s+le copy ( any "o booklet1 or ( no m ?an ?ree diff]5t booklets1 may be obta9$ free by writ+ to3 ,,usaec1 ,p4 ,o4 ,,box #fb1 ,,oak ,,ridge1 ,,t5nessee #cghcj ,complete sets ( ! s]ies are available to s*ool & public libr>ians1 & to tea*]s :o c make !m available = ref]5ce or = use by gr\ps4 ,reque/s %\ld be made on s*ool or libr>y lett]heads & indicate ! propos$ use4 ,/ud5ts & tea*]s :o ne$ o!r mat]ial on specific aspects ( nucle> sci5ce1 or ref]5ces to o!r read+ mat]ial1 may also write to ! ,oak ,ridge address4 ,reque/s %\ld /ate ! topic ( int]e/ exactly1 & ! use int5d$4 ,9 all reque/s1 include 8,zip ,code0 9 return address4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,usaec ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation ,ext5sion1 ,oak ,ridge1 ,t5nessee ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4