,transcriber ,note ,text emphasis denoted as ,italics and ,bold4 ,table of ,contents added to assist the reader4 ,,geography ,,of ,,new ,,jersey ,henry ,snyder1 ,a4,m41 ,sc4,d4 ,superintendent of ,schools1 ,jersey ,city1 ,new ,jersey ,copyright1 #aiaf1 #aiba1 by ,american ,book ,company4 ,table of ,contents ,section ,,page ,,early ,,history i ,,position ,,and ,,size iv ,,relief iv ,,climate vii ,,drainage viii ,,plants ,,and ,,animals ix ,,agriculture xi ,,minerals xii ,,travel ,,and ,,transportation xiv ,,recreation ,,and ,,health xv ,,government ,,and ,,education xvi ,,population xix ,,cities1 ,,towns1 ,,boroughs1 ,,and ,,villages xx ,,tables xxvii ,,early ,,history ,the original inhabitants of ,new ,jersey ,h were ,indians of the ,delaware tribe1 which belonged to the ,algonquin family4 ,the early white settlers were of different nationalities1--,dutch1 ,swedes1 ,english1 and ,french4 ,the geographical names of the state are interesting reminders of the various occupants4 ,the first exploration of the state was made by ,henry ,hudson1 who1 in the employ of the ,dutch ,east ,india ,company1 sailed for a week in #afji on the waters of ,delaware ,bay and ,delaware ,river1 which the ,dutch called ,south ,river1 in search of a northwest passage to ,india4 ,failing to find it1 he sailed north and entered ,new ,york ,bay and ,hudson ,river1 or ,north ,river1 as it is still called4 ,in #afad the ,dutch founded ,new ,amsterdam1 afterwards ,new ,york1 and1 about the same time1 established a trading post in what is now ,hudson ,county4 ,later the ,swedes attempted settlements in the southwestern part of the state1 but were expelled by the ,dutch4 ,the ,dutch made settlements at various places1 some of which proved to be only temporary4 ,the first permanent settlement in ,new ,jersey was at ,bergen1 now a part of ,jersey ,city1 to which was granted a town form of government1 separate from that of ,new ,amsterdam1 in #affj4 ,in #affd the ,english took possession of ,new ,netherland--the ,dutch ,colony including ,new ,york and ,new ,jersey1 ,king ,charles ,,ii granted it to his brother1 the ,duke of ,york1 who in turn granted that part of it lying between the ,hudson and ,delaware rivers to ,lord ,john ,berkeley and ,sir ,george ,carteret4 ,the latter had been governor of the ,isle of ,jersey1 and their new grant was named ,new ,jersey in his honor4 ,disagreements between ,carteret and ,berkeley led the latter to sell his interest to other proprietors1 among whom afterwards was ,william ,penn4 ,in #afgf the colony was divided into ,east ,jersey and ,west ,jersey by a line running from ,little ,egg ,harbor to the ,delaware in the northern part of the state4 ,it is because of this division that the state is still often referred to as the ,jerseys4 ,in #agjb the proprietors surrendered their proprietary rights to the crown4 ,from that time to its independence the whole of ,new ,jersey was under royal government4 ,five representatives from ,new ,jersey signed the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,the position of the state made it ,the ,war ,path of the ,revolution4 ,paulus ,hook1 ,springfield1 ,morristown1 ,monmouth1 ,princeton1 and ,trenton are famous names in ,revolutionary history4 ,the troops of the state were in every conflict4 ,in the army of ,general ,wayne1 which punished the ,indians after the ,wyoming massacre1 one third were ,new ,jersey soldiers under ,general ,maxwell4 ,illustration3 ,trenton ,battle ,monument ,illustration3 ,physical and ,political ,new ,jersey 7north half7 ,illustration3 ,physical and ,political ,new ,jersey 7south half7 ,,position ,,and ,,size ,new ,jersey lies between #gc #ee and #ge #cb west longitude and between #ch #ef and #da #ba north latitude4 ,its northernmost point is marked by a rock on the shore of the ,delaware ,river just south of ,port ,jervis1 ,new ,york1 known as ,tri-,states ,rock4 ,from this point to ,cape ,may the length of the state is #aff miles4 ,its narrowest part1 between ,trenton and ,raritan ,bay1 is #cce miles wide4 ,its widest part1 measured on a line extending northwest from ,great ,egg ,inlet1 is #eg miles wide4 ,it is the smallest of the ,middle ,atlantic states and has an area of #hbbd square miles1 of which #gead square miles are land surface and #gaj square miles are water surface4 ,it is the forty-fifth of the states in size4 ,,relief ,in a general way the surface of ,new ,jersey may be described as mountainous in the northern part1 undulating in the middle part1 and low and sandy in the southern part4 ,the state is divided into four provinces or zones2 namely1 the ,appalachian zone1 the ,highlands1 the ,piedmont ,plateau1 and the ,coastal ,plain4 ,these zones extend from southwest to northeast4 ,illustration3 ,tri-,states ,rock in the ,delaware ,river4 ,the rock on which the man stands is at the intersection of ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,new ,york boundaries ,illustration3 ,topographic provinces of ,new ,jersey ,the ,appalachian zone1 which consists of ,kittatinny ,mountain and ,kittatinny ,valley1 extends across the northwestern part of the state from the ,delaware ,river in the vicinity of the ,delaware ,water ,gap to the ,new ,york state line4 ,the width of this belt varies from twelve to fourteen miles4 ,the ,kittatinny ,mountain extends along the ,delaware ,river for thirty miles in the northwestern corner of the state4 ,it extends into ,pennsylvania1 where it is known as ,blue ,mountain4 ,the height of this range varies from #aejj feet to #ahjj feet4 ,its highest point and the highest in the state is ,high ,point1 which has an elevation of #ahjd feet4 ,the ,kittatinny ,valley is on the southeast side of ,kittatinny ,mountain and runs parallel with it4 ,illustration3 ,relief map of ,new ,jersey ,the ,appalachian zone1 with its rugged surface1 extensive forests1 and many lakes1 is noted for its beautiful scenery1 which attracts many summer visitors4 ,the ,delaware ,water ,gap is particularly noted on this account4 ,this is a break in the ,kittatinny ,mountain through which the ,delaware ,river flows4 ,because of the rough surface this section of the state is not adapted to agriculture1 although on the bottom lands bordering on the streams and in the ,kittatinny ,valley there are many farms devoted to the raising of crops and to grazing4 ,the second zone1 ,the ,highlands1 immediately southeast of the ,appalachian zone1 extends from the ,delaware ,river into ,new ,york4 ,its southeastern boundary passes near ,morristown and ,boonton4 ,this zone is from ten to twenty miles wide4 ,its height generally varies from #ijj feet to #adjj feet4 ,hamburg ,mountain and ,wawayanda ,mountain reach an altitude of #adfi feet4 ,the ,highlands1 as well as the ,appalachian zone1 belong to the ,appalachian region1 but in ,new ,jersey the term ,appalachian is applied only to the region consisting of ,kittatinny ,mountain and ,valley4 ,the ,highlands contain many irregular mountain masses1 interspersed with fertile valleys1 and much forest land4 ,the zone contains1 besides1 many lakes1 most of which are of glacial origin4 ,the section is consequently one of great natural beauty1 and is a popular resort for many who desire out-door recreation4 ,there is much fertile farm land and land suitable for grazing4 ,parts of it are specially suitable for the raising of peaches and other fruits4 ,it contains many valuable mineral deposits1 including gravel1 cement rock1 zinc1 and iron4 ,next to the ,highlands and parallel with it is the ,piedmont ,plateau4 ,this extends from the ,delaware ,river to the northeast corner of the state and is about thirty miles wide4 ,its southeastern boundary is a line running from ,trenton to ,woodbridge in ,middlesex ,county1 which represents in this state the ,fall ,line 7,sec4 #dg74 ,it comprises about one fifth of the area of the state4 ,its elevation varies from sea level to about #ijj feet4 ,the ,piedmont ,plateau is characterized by the presence of red sandstone and shale4 ,its surface is very irregular4 ,in its eastern part it is undulating or rolling4 ,in the western1 it contains higher lands which may be called plateaus4 ,it contains also irregular ridges such as the ,watchung ,mountains1 the ,palisades1 and the mountains in ,hunterdon ,county4 ,the ,watchung ,mountains and the ,palisades are composed of trap rock1 which in a molten condition was forced up through overlying rock strata4 ,the eastern sides of these trap ridges are steep slopes4 ,the underlying sandstone has been worn away while the harder trap rock has resisted erosion4 ,illustration3 ,the ,palisades of the ,hudson ,the ,falls of the ,passaic ,river at ,paterson are located in this section4 ,these falls1 which are seventy feet high1 were formed by the water passing over the hard trap rock and wearing away the softer rock below4 ,because of the nearness of the ,piedmont ,plateau to the great commercial centers of the country and the excellent facilities for transportation1 most of the larger cities of the state are located in this zone4 ,illustration3 ,barnegat lighthouse ,the fourth zone1 the ,coastal ,plain1 includes the remainder of the state south and east of the ,fall ,line4 ,the land of this zone is highest in the interior along a range of elevations extending from ,atlantic ,highlands in the northeast to ,mount ,holly in the southwest1 and slopes outward from these elevations towards the margins of the zone4 ,the greatest elevation is #cij feet1 which is found in ,monmouth ,county4 ,about three fourths of this portion of the state has an elevation of less than #ajj feet and about one third has an elevation of less than #ej feet4 ,the ,coastal ,plain is bordered along ,delaware ,bay and the ,atlantic ,coast by salt marshes1 or tidal marshes1 often called salt meadows1 whose elevation above sea level is rarely as much as four feet4 ,the total area of these marshes1 including those of the valley of the ,hackensack ,river1 is almost #ffj square miles4 ,along the ,atlantic coast the marshes are separated from the ocean by beaches4 ,these are low ridges of sand1 constructed in the shallow water by the action of the waves and wind4 ,these beaches are absent along the shore of ,delaware ,bay and along the coast from ,manasquan to ,monmouth ,beach4 ,the water between the beaches and the mainland is shallow and is becoming more shallow because of the deposit of sediment which is washed down from the land by streams4 ,although the coast line of the state along the ,atlantic is #abj miles long1 there are no good harbors on this line1 because of the barrier beaches and the shallowness of the water between the beaches and the mainland4 ,the northern fourth of ,new ,jersey was covered by ice during the ,glacial ,period 7,sec4 #cb74 ,it therefore contains many moraines1 or deposits of material carried along by the glacier4 ,these deposits consist of clay1 sand1 gravel1 and bowlders4 ,in some places they take the form of hills or ridges1 in others they are spread out as level sheets4 ,some valleys are partly filled by them4 ,many lakes in the northern part of the state occupy basins which were scooped out by the glacier1 or were formed from river valleys whose outlets were blocked by glacial deposits4 ,the terminal moraine which marks the southern limit of the glacier extends from ,belvidere1 through ,morristown1 to ,perth ,amboy4 ,as the ice passed over the hard rocks of the mountains it polished their surfaces1 and left in them scratches1 which indicate the general southward movement of the glacier4 ,the ,coastal ,plain was once beneath the ocean and was part of the continental shelf which extends along the ,atlantic4 ,the ancient shore is now the ,fall ,line4 ,,climate ,the climate of ,new ,jersey is milder and less subject to extreme fluctuation than that of the interior states in the same latitude1 because it extends along the ocean 7,sec4 #ajg74 ,the average annual temperature of ,new ,jersey is #ea4e4 ,the average annual temperature of the extreme northern part is #e lower than that of the extreme southern end of the state4 ,the lower temperature of the northern part of the state is due to the higher latitude1 its distance from the ocean1 and its greater altitude4 ,the prevailing winds are from the west and northwest4 ,new ,jersey is in the track of storms1 which cross the continent from the west4 ,the south and east winds blowing from the ocean toward the storm centers bring with them much moisture and insure the state an ample rainfall4 ,local showers or thunderstorms which move from the west or northwest are frequent in the spring and summer months4 ,in the summer time all along the coast the benefit of sea breezes is felt 7,sec4 #cgb74 ,the rainfall is sufficient for all kinds of crops which can be grown in the state4 ,it is greatest in the northeastern part of the state1 where the annual precipitation is more than fifty inches2 and least in the southern and southwestern part along ,delaware ,bay1 where it is about forty-one inches4 ,illustration3 ,sandy ,hook from the ,highland ,light ,illustration3 ,drainage basins in ,new ,jersey ,,drainage ,the divide between the streams that flow into the ,delaware ,river and ,delaware ,bay on the west and those that flow into the ,hudson ,river1 ,newark ,bay1 ,new ,york ,bay1 ,raritan ,bay1 ,sandy ,hook ,bay1 and ,atlantic ,ocean on the east is a very irregular line extending from the northwest corner of the state to ,cape ,may4 ,it is so near the ,delaware ,river and ,delaware ,bay that only a little more than one third of the state is drained into these waters4 ,the tributaries which drain this basin are1 therefore1 small4 ,the eastern drainage area contains several rivers of considerable size4 ,the ,wallkill ,river flows northeast through the northwestern part of this state and through the southeast corner of ,new ,york into the ,hudson ,river4 ,the ,hackensack ,river rises in ,new ,york and flows south into ,newark ,bay4 ,the ,passaic ,river1 which has as tributaries ,saddle ,river1 ,pompton ,river1 ,ramapo ,river1 ,wanaque ,river with ,greenwood ,lake1 ,pequannock ,river1 and ,rockaway ,river1 follows a very tortuous course and flows into ,newark ,bay4 ,just north of the middle of the state is the ,raritan ,river1 which rises near the ,delaware ,river and flows into ,raritan ,bay4 ,all the rivers which flow into the ,atlantic ,ocean or into the bays which border the state are affected by the tidal flow1 and the largest are navigable for at least some parts of their courses4 ,in the case of the ,delaware the tide extends to ,trenton4 ,important cities which are located on tidal waters are ,hoboken1 ,jersey ,city1 ,bayonne1 ,newark1 ,elizabeth1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,perth ,amboy1 ,long ,branch1 ,asbury ,park1 ,atlantic ,city1 ,camden1 and ,trenton4 ,between the ,watchung ,mountains on the east and south and the ,highlands on the northwest is a broad1 flat basin1 which is drained by the ,passaic ,river4 ,before the ,glacial ,period the ,passaic ,river did not flow from this basin through the mountains at ,little ,falls and ,paterson1 as it does now4 ,this area was then drained by a stream which crossed the ,watchung ,mountains near ,summit and ,millburn and flowed southeast into the sea4 ,during the ,glacial ,period most of this basin was covered by the ice sheet4 ,as the ice receded1 this gap in the ,watchung ,mountains was filled with glacial drift and there was formed a large lake1 which the geologists call ,lake ,passaic and which was drained for a long time by a stream which flowed southwest through the hills near ,liberty ,corner into the ,raritan ,river4 ,as the ice sheet receded still farther north1 the gaps through the mountains at ,little ,falls and ,paterson were exposed4 ,as these gaps are lower than the older outlets1 the water of ,lake ,passaic escaped through them over the present course of the ,passaic ,river to ,newark ,bay1 and the lake disappeared4 ,these changes in the drainage of the ,passaic basin explain the presence of much swampy land in this section4 ,the water power generated by the rapid descent of the streams in the part of the state lying north of the ,fall ,line has long been utilized for manufacturing purposes1 and mills are found along all the streams in this part of the state4 ,the location of ,paterson as a manufacturing center is due to the water power developed from the ,passaic ,falls4 ,at ,trenton1 water power is secured from the rapids of the ,delaware ,river4 ,in the northern part of the state1 several streams and lakes are used to provide electric power and light4 ,closely connected with drainage systems and dependent largely upon them are the methods of supplying water to the people of towns and cities for domestic purposes4 ,formerly water for such purposes was obtained from near-by springs1 wells1 and streams4 ,as population increased1 the local sources of water supply became contaminated and dangerous to health4 ,this danger and the larger quantity of water required by the increased population and by manufacturing interests have forced the larger cities to make provision for securing their water supply from sources1 more or less remote1 which are not subject to pollution4 ,their water-supply systems include pumping stations1 reservoirs for storage1 and long pipe lines4 ,the drainage basins from which water is taken for municipal purposes are located in the thinly populated parts of the state4 ,the northern mountainous section1 which is not specially profitable for agriculture and other purposes1 is particularly useful in furnishing sources of water supply4 ,the many large cities in the northern part of the state draw their water from the upper parts of the ,hackensack1 ,passaic1 and ,raritan basins4 ,formerly ,newark and ,jersey ,city drew their water from the ,passaic ,river not far above the former city4 ,this river was gradually so polluted by the sewage and the waste of factories discharged into it1 that it had to be abandoned as a source of supply4 ,these cities now bring their water long distances1 ,newark using the ,pequannock basin1 and ,jersey ,city the ,rockaway4 ,in some cases water is obtained from artesian wells4 ,the pollution of streams by city sewers and drains from factories destroys fish in fresh-water streams4 ,the damage extends even into tidal waters1 and many oyster and clam fisheries in the bays have been abandoned4 ,the state is alive to the necessity of protecting its streams against contamination of all kinds and has enacted legislation designed to maintain their purity by preventing the flow of sewage and other objectionable matter into them4 ,it has provided for the construction of a trunk-line sewer along the valley of the ,passaic from ,paterson to the sea1 into which the sewers of the cities along its course will be discharged4 ,in cooperation with ,pennsylvania the state has passed laws to prevent the pollution of the ,delaware ,river4 ,,plants ,,and ,,animals ,forests4--,when the state was first settled it was covered with a vast primeval forest1 consisting of pine1 oak1 maple1 chestnut1 hickory1 ash1 walnut1 tulip1 poplar1 and cedar4 ,for many years lumbering was an important industry1 but it ceased a long time ago1 after the best timber had been cut down4 ,in the northern part of the state1 where agriculture is difficult or impossible1 the mountains are still covered with forests which promise to be of great value in the future4 ,in the southern part1 the section called ,the ,pines is covered with stunted pines mingled with scrub oak4 ,in all parts of the state are isolated forested areas of varied extent4 ,about forty per cent of the total land surface of the state is covered with forest growth4 ,until a very recent period no organized efforts were made to protect forest trees against forest fires or other destructive agencies1 or to provide for reforestation4 ,the state has1 however1 realized the commercial value of its forests and the importance of promoting their growth on lands that are not available for farming purposes4 ,the state has also recognized the value of forests in preventing floods 7,secs4 #ic1 #acf1 #bbd74 ,in recent years an additional reason for forest protection is the necessity of preserving the soils of the forested areas in the drainage basins from which the cities obtain their supply of water1 so that by the storage of water in the soils and underlying rock strata the supply may at all times be constant and sufficient4 ,the use of trees for shade and wind breaks and their natural beauty also justify their protection and care4 ,for these reasons the state has adopted legislation which provides for the growth of trees and forests4 ,it owns and maintains six forest reserves located in different parts of the state1 containing nearly #ad1jjj acres1 which are being devoted to forest culture4 ,it has authorized the counties to create extensive parks and has provided for the diffusion of important information regarding the care of forests4 ,it maintains lookout stations from which forest fires may be detected1 and a force of firewardens to prevent or extinguish fires and to arrest those who cause them4 ,this state and ,new ,york1 acting together1 have created the ,palisades ,interstate ,park1 which embraces thousands of acres of forest land in the latter state and the ,palisades for a distance of twelve miles along the ,hudson in ,new ,jersey4 ,illustration3 ,shipping tomatoes1 ,swedesboro ,animals4--,the larger wild animals have practically disappeared1 although the red deer is still frequently found in the northern and southern parts of the state because of the protection afforded this animal by the laws4 ,here are1 also1 still many of the smaller animals1 such as the rabbit and squirrel4 ,in many parts of the state wild ducks and quail are numerous4 ,the fresh-water streams and lakes abound in bass1 trout1 pickerel1 and perch4 ,in the spring the shad fisheries along the ,delaware are very profitable4 ,the catch of sturgeon is also very large4 ,all these waters are constantly restocked by means of the hatcheries near ,hackettstown which the state maintains4 ,the shad fisheries of the ,hudson were formerly extensive1 but owing chiefly to destructive methods of fishing and to the pollution of the river this industry has practically disappeared4 ,the sheltered bays and inlets of the state and the nearness of the fisheries to the markets have made the salt water fisheries very successful4 ,bluefish and weakfish for food1 and menhaden for oil and fertilizer are caught along the coast in large quantities1 while in the bays and coves immense quantities of oysters and clams are gathered4 ,important centers of this industry are ,keyport1 ,barnegat ,bay1 ,tuckerton1 ,absecon1 ,maurice ,river ,cove1 and ,bivalve4 ,,agriculture ,soils4--,in the northern part of the state the sides of the higher mountains are steep and are in many places denuded of soil4 ,in the valleys and on the hills north of the terminal moraine the soil consists largely of glacial drift1 which is composed of clay1 sand1 and gravel mixed with bowlders4 ,this soil is fertile1 but a large part of it is not easy to cultivate1 because of the large stones in ,it and because of the rugged surface4 ,south of the terminal moraine1 in the ,highlands and in the ,piedmont ,plateau1 the soil is composed of gravel and sand washed down by streams from the glacial deposits farther north and of disintegrated underlying rocks1 which in the ,highlands consisted largely of gneiss and in the ,piedmont ,plateau of sandstones and shales4 ,the soil of the ,coastal ,plain consists of extensive deposits of gravel1 sand1 clay1 and marl deposited in the ocean1 which once covered this region4 ,the gravel1 sand1 and clay were carried into it by the streams which flowed from the north4 ,the marl consists largely of very small shells of animals that lived in the sea4 ,this mixed soil is very fertile1 particularly that in which there is an abundance of marl4 ,this is found in the ,marl ,belt1 which is a strip of land extending from the ,atlantic ,highlands southwest past ,trenton and ,mount ,holly as far as ,salem4 ,its width varies1 being widest at its northeastern end and becoming narrower and less rich in marl toward the southwest4 ,formerly marl was used extensively as a fertilizer to enrich poorer soils1 but it has been generally displaced by the richer commercial fertilizers4 ,the so-called ,pine ,barrens which cover a large part of the ,plain1 east of the ,marl ,belt1 are comparatively unproductive1 but by proper cultivation and the application of fertilizers1 these areas can be made very productive4 ,illustration3 ,gathering peaches1 ,new ,jersey ,crops4--,in the production of grain crops the state cannot1 on account of its varied surface and its small farms1 compete with the western states with their great plains and large farms4 ,wheat is produced mainly for local consumption4 ,corn is grown in large quantities in all parts of the state4 ,rye and buckwheat are also raised in limited quantities4 ,much of the land1 particularly that which is not adapted to the growth of other crops1 is devoted to pasture and hay4 ,many circumstances are extremely favorable to special agricultural industries whose products are vegetables1 fruits1 flowers1 poultry1 eggs1 milk1 and butter4 ,these are3 the climate1 with its mild winters and generous rainfall2 the fertility of the soil2 the large permanent population of the state2 the presence of thousands of visitors from other states at the summer resorts of the state2 the nearness of the farm lands of the state to the great cities of ,new ,york and ,philadelphia2 and the excellent facilities for the rapid transportation of agricultural products to the markets4 ,the constant demand of the large cities makes market gardening very profitable1 and this industry is carried on in all parts of the state1 but with special intensity in those sections which are near the cities4 ,all kinds of vegetables are raised4 ,of these the potato crop is the most valuable4 ,in the southern counties1 which have a sandy soil1 large crops of sweet potatoes are produced4 ,this section is also prominent in the cultivation of tomatoes1 beans1 and peas1 great quantities of which are used in the canning industry4 ,cabbages1 celery1 and onions are valuable products4 ,the demand for fresh1 early vegetables has encouraged market gardeners to devote increased attention to growing vegetables under glass4 ,fruits of all kinds are raised in all parts of the state4 ,in the northwestern section of the state1 in parts of ,warren1 ,morris1 and ,hunterdon counties1 peaches are grown in great quantities on the stony soil of the glacial drift which is not favorable to general farming4 ,in the western section apples and pears are abundant4 ,while strawberries1 blackberries1 raspberries1 and grapes are grown in all parts of the state1 they are grown in special abundance in the southern part of the state4 ,in this section establishments for the bottling of unfermented grape juice have grown up4 ,huckleberries are common in the wooded sections of the northern and southern parts of the state4 ,cranberry bogs are found in ,atlantic1 ,burlington1 and ,ocean counties4 ,illustration3 ,poultry buildings1 ,new ,jersey ,experimental ,station1 ,new ,brunswick ,animal ,products4--,dairy farming is successful in all parts of the state1 particularly in the sections in which pasture and hay are easily obtained1 and in which facilities for the prompt transportation of milk to the cities are at hand4 ,milk is produced not only by the general farmer but also by special dairy farms1 which1 by devoting special attention to the care and feeding of cattle and to the handling of the milk1 produce milk of a superior quality4 ,poultry raising and the production of eggs are profitable4 ,the poultry industry is especially extensive in ,cumberland1 ,atlantic1 and ,ocean counties4 ,with the increase in the population of the cities the farm land of the state is growing in extent and value1 but it is clear that more rapid growth is possible and desirable4 ,the ,state ,agricultural ,school at ,rutgers ,college1 with ,its ,experiment ,station and practical courses of instruction1 is doing much to improve agriculture in ,new ,jersey4 ,illustration3 ,a dairy farm in ,middlesex ,county4 ,corn for silage is growing in front of the buildings ,,minerals ,iron ore is found in many parts of the state4 ,the mines of ,morris ,county in the ,highlands are the most productive4 ,iron ore was smelted at ,shrewsbury in the seventeenth century by ,colonel ,lewis ,morris1 and in many places at the time of the ,revolution4 ,the iron industry of the state was most extensive and successful during the third quarter of the last century4 ,the greater abundance and richness of western ores has since made it impossible to operate most of the mines and furnaces of ,warren and ,morris counties profitably4 ,the industry has therefore declined4 ,a few mines are still worked1 however1 in these two counties4 ,very rich zinc mines are located in ,sussex ,county1 in the neighborhood of ,franklin ,furnace4 ,in the production of zinc this state ranks fifth among the states of the ,union4 ,illustration3 ,portland cement factories near ,phillipsburg ,granite of good quality is found in the ,appalachian and ,highland zones4 ,the quarrying of this material is a rapidly growing industry4 ,besides granite the sandstone of the ,piedmont ,plateau is widely used for building purposes4 ,slate is quarried to some extent in ,sussex and ,warren counties4 ,talc1 or soapstone1 which1 ground into powder1 is used in making certain kinds of paper and for other purposes1 is found in ,warren ,county4 ,the production of cement from limestone and shale1 found in the western part of the ,highlands near ,phillipsburg1 has grown to be a very important industry4 ,this industry and the quarrying of slate are parts of the great cement and slate industries of the adjacent section of ,pennsylvania1 across the ,delaware1 near ,easton1 which are among the most important in the country4 ,the trap rock of the ,piedmont ,plateau is used for building purposes1 road making1 and railroad beds4 ,its hardness makes it particularly valuable for macadam roads4 ,in all parts of the state are found deposits of sand and gravel necessary in building operations4 ,the beds of marl found in the ,coastal ,plain have already been mentioned4 ,this region also contains very valuable beds of white sand and fine clay4 ,this sand is used in the making of glass1 and has caused the establishment of many glass factories in the southwestern part of the state4 ,molding sand is also found in great quantity4 ,the most extensive beds of clay are found in ,mercer and ,middlesex counties4 ,in the former they are used in the making of pottery and in the latter in the making of brick1 terra cotta1 tile1 and other clay products4 ,the enormous industries of ,trenton and of ,perth ,amboy and its vicinity are due to the presence of these clays4 ,for the finer pottery1 clays brought from other states or countries are used4 ,much clay is shipped from this state to other states4 ,illustration3 ,pottery works1 ,trenton ,manufacturing4--,new ,jersey is an important manufacturing state4 ,in this state the manufacturing industries have been developed in a remarkable degree by a combination of conditions and causes4 ,very early in the history of ,new ,jersey the people of the state were forced by their own needs and the demands of their neighbors to establish manufacturing1 and thus this industry has the advantage of many years of growth4 ,the state is rich in certain important natural resources1 which have been mentioned4 ,it has profited greatly by its nearness to the coal and iron fields of ,pennsylvania and to the two great cities of ,new ,york and ,philadelphia1 with their enormous demands for manufactured products4 ,the number of intelligent and skillful workers in the state is unusually large4 ,the facilities for rapid transportation1 both of raw materials from all sources and of finished products to all markets1 are unusually abundant4 ,the navigable waters which fringe the state1 and the transcontinental railroad systems with their branches1 which cross it1 facilitate shipments to every part of the world4 ,among the most important manufactures of ,new ,jersey are refined copper1 silk and silk goods1 foundry and machine shop products1 petroleum products1 packed meats1 woolen and felt goods1 wire1 leather and leather goods1 electrical machinery1 tobacco manufactures1 chemicals1 and ships4 7,see ,table ,,ii for other manufactures47 ,illustration3 ,warping silk1 silk mills1 ,paterson ,illustration3 ,weaving silk1 ,paterson ,nearly one sixth of the people of the state are engaged in the manufacturing industries4 ,only four states1 ,massachusetts1 ,rhode ,island1 ,connecticut1 and ,new ,hampshire1 show a larger proportion of workers engaged in manufacturing4 ,although ,new ,jersey is forty-fifth in area and ninth in population1 this state is sixth in the total value of manufactured goods1 first in the manufacture of silk and silk goods1 in the smelting and refining of copper1 in the manufacture of oil cloth and linoleum and of sewing machines1 second in the manufacture of chemicals1 rubber goods1 pottery1 terra cotta1 and fine clay products1 and of paint and varnish1 third in the manufacture of electrical machinery and supplies1 and fourth in the manufacture of soap and gold and silver articles4 ,,travel ,,and ,,transportation ,in the early days of the state communication between the settlements was by ,indian trails1 which1 as travel increased1 expanded into roads4 ,settlements on the coast were also connected by sailing vessels4 ,the roads gradually increased in number and length as the interior of the state was developed4 ,little effort was made1 however1 toward keeping the public roads in good condition4 ,the difficulties of travel and transportation led to the construction of many turnpikes1 or roads built by private companies1 which charged tolls for their use4 ,with very few exceptions these have been made public roads4 ,in the early part of the nineteenth century the foundations of transportation by steamboat1 canals1 and railroads were laid4 ,the ,morris ,canal1 from ,phillipsburg to ,jersey ,city1 was projected and constructed to bring anthracite coal from ,pennsylvania to the iron forges of northern ,new ,jersey and to ,new ,york ,bay1 and to connect the towns along its route with the city of ,new ,york4 ,the ,delaware and ,raritan ,canal1 from ,bordentown to ,new ,brunswick1 the ,camden and ,amboy ,railroad1 and the ,new ,jersey ,railroad were constructed in order to increase transportation facilities between ,philadelphia and ,new ,york harbor4 ,now all parts of the state are connected with each other and with those great centers by many railroad lines4 ,the importance of our railroads has been much increased by the development of the ,west and by the geographical location of the state in the path of direct communication between the western states and the city of ,new ,york4 ,all the trunk lines from the ,middle ,west1 with one exception1 pass through ,new ,jersey1 and have terminals in ,jersey ,city1 ,hoboken1 and ,weehawken4 ,the state has #bdfd miles of railroad1 a greater mileage compared with its area than any other state4 ,besides1 there are #abid miles of electric railway which traverse all parts of the state and connect all important points4 ,illustration3 ,oil refinery and tanks1 ,elizabethport ,because of the superior advantages of railroads1 the canals are now obsolete1 the ,morris ,canal being practically abandoned4 ,the traffic between ,new ,york and ,philadelphia is growing so rapidly that it is probable that the ,delaware and ,raritan ,canal may be widened and deepened and thus may become a barge or ship canal4 ,communication with ,pennsylvania over the ,delaware is by means of many ferries and bridges4 ,there is no bridge between ,new ,jersey and ,new ,york over the ,hudson1 but the construction of one has been proposed4 ,until #aijh the only means of communication was by ferries4 ,the ,pennsylvania ,railroad now enters ,new ,york by tunnels extending from the ,hackensack meadows to its terminal in the city1 and ,jersey ,city and ,hoboken are also connected with ,new ,york by tunnels4 ,in cooperation with the ,state of ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey has provided for the construction of a tunnel for vehicles between ,jersey ,city and ,new ,york1 and1 in cooperation with ,pennsylvania1 of a bridge over the ,delaware between ,camden and ,philadelphia4 ,the state is noted for its excellent roads4 ,the state and municipalities are spending vast sums of money on their construction and maintenance4 ,funds for state roads1 which are in charge of a ,state ,highway ,commission1 are obtained from the issuance of automobile licenses and from a special road tax4 ,,recreation ,,and ,,health ,new ,jersey is rich in its facilities for recreation and recuperation4 ,the long sea coast is one long line of attractive summer resorts1 which are famous all over the world1 while some places are pleasure and health resorts all the year round1 and attractions of a different kind are found in abundance among the mountains1 woods1 lakes1 and streams of the northern part of the state4 ,under authority given by state law the counties and cities have provided many parks and playgrounds and have adopted progressive plans for extending these healthful provisions4 ,illustration3 ,the ,board ,walk1 ,atlantic ,city ,the state has adopted stringent measures regarding sanitation1 protection against disease1 protection against injury in manufacturing1 housing conditions1 safety in travel1 protection of minors in permissible occupations1 and the segregation and treatment of the tuberculous4 ,state laws provide for the payment of damages to persons injured in the industries1 and of pensions to dependent widows4 ,the salt marshes are a menace to health and comfort because they are breeding places for mosquitoes4 ,the counties are authorized by law to spend large sums of money for the purpose of destroying these pests4 ,,government ,,and ,,education ,government4--,the ,constitution of ,new ,jersey divides the government into three departments1--legislative1 executive1 and judicial4 ,the legislative department is vested in the legislature1 which is composed of the senate and the general assembly4 ,the senate is composed of one senator from each county1 elected by the voters for three years4 ,the general assembly is composed of sixty assemblymen apportioned among the counties according to population and elected by the voters for one year4 ,the executive power is vested in the governor1 who is elected for a term of three years4 ,a person cannot be governor for two successive terms4 ,the judicial power is vested in many courts1 of which the principal are the court of errors and appeals1 which is the highest court1 court of chancery1 supreme court1 circuit court1 and courts of common pleas or county courts4 ,the judges are appointed by the governor with the approval of the senate4 ,illustration3 ,state ,capitol1 ,trenton ,the principal state officers1 besides the governor1 are secretary of state1 state treasurer1 state comptroller1 and attorney-general4 ,the state is divided into twenty-one counties1 which are again divided into townships1 cities1 boroughs1 and towns4 ,each of these has its own government1 which is administered in accordance with laws passed by the legislature4 ,the principal county officers besides the judge are sheriff1 county clerk1 surrogate1 coroner1 county collector1 and members of the board of freeholders who are elected by vote of the people4 ,the counties maintain courthouses1 penitentiaries1 farms or homes for the aged poor1 and may provide parental homes or detention homes for juvenile delinquents or juvenile witnesses4 ,the state is represented in the ,united ,states ,congress by two senators and twelve representatives4 ,illustration3 ,state ,normal1 ,montclair ,state ,normal1 ,trenton ,state ,normal1 ,newark ,education4--,the ,constitution requires that the legislature shall provide for the maintenance and support of a thorough and efficient system of free public schools for the instruction of the children of the state4 ,it is because of this requirement and the desire of the people to enforce it that the state has such excellent schools4 ,the principal officers of the state department of public instruction are the members of the state board of education1 the commissioner of education1 and four assistant commissioners4 ,each county has a county superintendent of schools1 and each city and large town has its own board of education and superintendent of schools or supervising principal4 ,illustration3 ,nassua ,hall1 ,princeton ,university ,in the school year #aiai-aibj the number of pupils who attended the public schools was #eia1gih4 ,the number of teachers was #ah1hgc4 ,because of good schools and of compulsory school attendance1 there were in #aiaj1 only #aac1ejb illiterates1 or persons of ten years of age and over who could not read or write1 or #e4f per cent of the total population4 ,of these illiterates1 #ic1jjj were of foreign birth and less than one per cent were of native white parentage4 ,state normal schools for the training of teachers are located at ,trenton1 ,montclair1 ,newark1 and ,glassboro4 ,city normal schools are maintained for the same purpose by ,jersey ,city1 ,paterson1 ,trenton1 and ,camden4 ,the state maintains summer schools for the preparation of teachers and makes appropriations to the ,state ,agricultural ,college1 a department of ,rutgers ,college at ,new ,brunswick4 ,special schools maintained by the state are3 ,farnum ,school1 at ,beverly1 which is associated with the ,trenton ,normal ,school2 the ,school for the ,deaf at ,trenton2 and the ,manual ,training and ,industrial ,school for ,colored ,youths at ,bordentown4 ,higher institutions of learning which are located in ,new ,jersey are3 ,princeton ,university at ,princeton1 ,rutgers ,college at ,new ,brunswick1 ,stevens ,institute of ,technology at ,hoboken1 ,st4 ,peter's ,college at ,jersey ,city1 ,college of ,st4 ,elizabeth at ,convent ,station1 ,mount ,st4 ,mary's ,college at ,plainfield1 ,drew ,theological ,seminary at ,madison1 ,seton ,hall ,college at ,south ,orange1 ,upsala ,college at ,kenilworth1 ,bloomfield ,theological ,seminary at ,bloomfield1 and ,college of ,jersey ,city4 ,illustration3 ,the metropolitan district including northeastern ,new ,jersey and southeastern ,new ,york ,,population ,the population of ,new ,jersey in #aiaj1 according to the ,united ,states ,census1 was #b1ecg1afh2 and the density of population1 or the number of people per square mile1 was #ccg4g4 ,in #aibj1 according to the ,united ,states ,census1 the population was #c1aee1ijj1 an increase of #bd4d per cent41 giving a density of #dbj4 ,compared with other states4 ,new ,jersey was tenth in population1 and third in density of population1 ,rhode ,island being first and ,massachusetts second4 ,the area of greatest density of population is the northeastern section1 including ,bergen1 ,hudson1 ,passaic1 ,essex1 ,union1 and ,middlesex counties1 which with an area of #ajah square miles had a population of #b1aab1icc1 or more than sixty-five per cent1 of the total population of the state4 ,in this section there were more than #bjjj persons per square mile4 ,hudson ,county1 the smallest in the state1 had the largest population1 which was #fbi1abd or #ad1fcj per square mile4 ,in ,hoboken1 with an area of less than two square miles1 the population was more than #fh1jjj or more than #cd1jjj to the square mile4 ,other thickly populated sections are those of which ,trenton and ,camden are centers4 ,cape ,may ,county had the smallest and ,ocean ,county the most scattered population1 which was #bb1aee or #ce per square mile4 ,the urban population1 that is1 the number residing in towns of more than #bejj people1 was #b1dhf1cgh in #aibj1 or #gi per cent1 of the total population4 ,this still leaves a rural population of #ffi1ebb1 or about #ij per square mile1 who are largely engaged in cultivation of the soil or the raising of stock4 ,the chief occupations of the people of the state are agriculture1 fishing1 manufacturing1 and commerce4 ,many thousands of people of ,new ,jersey are engaged in commercial and industrial enterprises and other business pursuits1 in the large cities of the neighboring states4 ,many opportunities for comfortable residence with all conveniences and advantages and unsurpassed facilities for rapidly traveling back and forth attract many to this state who are employed in the cities of ,new ,york and ,philadelphia4 ,illustration3 ,population of ,new ,jersey ,according to the ,united ,states ,census of #aibj the population of the ,new ,york ,city ,metropolitan ,district was #g1gej1bcg4 ,included in this district are the cities and towns in ,hudson ,county and in parts of ,bergen1 ,passaic1 ,essex1 ,union1 and ,middlesex counties1 with a population of #a1gie1eij4 ,in the ,metropolitan ,district of ,philadelphia1 with a population of over #b1jjj1jjj1 are parts of ,burlington1 ,camden1 and ,gloucester counties with a population of #bci1gdj4 ,it is clear1 therefore1 that the occupations of two thirds of our people1 at least1 are subject to the direct influence of the commercial and industrial activities of these cities4 7,the ,united ,states ,census ,bureau defines a ,metropolitan ,district as that which embraces the central city and all cities or parts of cities which lie within ten miles of its boundaries47 ,illustration3 ,broad and ,market ,streets1 ,newark ,,cities1 ,,towns1 ,,boroughs1 ,,and ,,villages ,the cities1 towns1 boroughs1 and villages of ,new ,jersey may be placed in six groups3 first1 those in the ,new ,york ,city ,metropolitan ,district2 second1 places lying just outside the ,metropolitan ,district of ,new ,york2 third1 ,trenton and the towns of the ,upper ,delaware ,valley2 fourth1 places in the ,philadelphia ,metropolitan ,district2 fifth1 places in the southern part of the state1 near ,delaware ,bay2 sixth1 cities and towns on the ,atlantic coast4 ,metropolitan ,district of ,new ,york4--,the following are the chief cities of ,new ,jersey in the ,metropolitan ,district of ,new ,york3 ,newark1 ,jersey ,city1 ,hoboken1 ,bayonne1 ,paterson1 ,elizabeth1 and ,perth ,amboy4 ,newark and its ,environs4--,newark1 in #aiaj1 had a population of #cdg1dfi and in #aibj of #dad1baf4 ,it is the largest city in the state and fifteenth in the ,united ,states4 ,it was settled in #afff by settlers from ,connecticut4 ,it is located on the ,passaic ,river and ,newark ,bay and has a frontage on the river and bay of eleven miles4 ,it has water communication with ,new ,york ,bay by way of ,newark ,bay and ,kill van ,kull4 ,the ,united ,states government has dredged a channel in the bay three hundred fifty feet wide by twenty feet deep4 ,this great improvement and improvements made by the city at great expense will greatly increase the commerce of the city4 ,the city enjoys excellent railroad facilities4 ,nine railroads including the great trunk lines have fourteen stations in the city4 ,it is directly connected with the city of ,new ,york by passenger trains which pass through the ,hudson tunnels4 ,it has numerous banks1 fine office buildings1 and large department stores4 ,many trolley lines which radiate from it bring to it the trade of the many neighboring cities4 ,newark is the first city in the state in the variety of its manufactures and in the value of its manufactured products4 ,it is eleventh among the cities of the ,united ,states in the value of such products4 ,its great progress in manufactures is due to an early start1 to the stimulus given by the opening of the ,morris ,canal and by railroad and water transportation4 ,it has a large number of important industries which include smelting and refining1 the making of shoes1 leather goods of all kinds1 hats1 jewelry1 iron1 steel1 and brass products of all kinds1 watch cases1 paints and varnishes1 clothing1 electrical machinery and appliances1 automobile supplies1 tinware1 advertising novelties1 celluloid products1 trunks1 fertilizers1 furs1 brewery products1 and cigars4 ,illustration3 ,storage-battery factory1 ,west ,orange ,newark has an excellent supply of water which is drawn from the valley of the ,pequannock ,river in the northern part of the ,passaic basin1 twenty-six miles from the city4 ,surrounding ,newark are many important cities and towns which reflect the social1 commercial1 and industrial influences of that city as well as those of ,new ,york4 ,among these are ,belleville1 ,nutley1 ,montclair1 ,glen ,ridge1 ,bloomfield1 ,orange1 ,east ,orange1 ,west ,orange1 ,south ,orange1 ,irvington1 and ,summit4 ,these are all largely residential towns whose location and abundance of eligible sites for homes are attractive4 ,they are all exceptionally active in providing educational facilities4 ,they are all closely connected with ,newark and the city of ,new ,york by many railroad and trolley lines4 ,in most of them land is in such demand for residential purposes1 that it cannot be used profitably for manufacturing purposes1 so that this industry is naturally discouraged4 ,in some of them1 however1 especially those nearest to ,newark1 large industrial establishments have grown up4 ,belleville1 just north of ,newark1 has long been noted for its industrial activity and is rapidly growing in importance in this respect4 ,nutley1 farther to the north1 is well known as a town of beautiful homes4 ,montclair1 located on the slope of the ,orange ,mountains1 is noted for its beautiful scenery1 its commanding view of many square miles of surrounding country with many populous cities1 and its multitude of beautiful homes1 and is the home of one of the state normal schools4 ,glen ,ridge and ,bloomfield1 similarly situated1 are also characterized by their fine dwellings4 ,bloomfield contains many extensive manufacturing establishments4 ,among the products are electrical lamps and appliances1 woolen and worsted goods1 colored labels1 cream separators1 chemicals1 rubber goods1 and iron and steel products4 ,besides being an attractive center for residences4 ,orange is a very productive industrial center4 ,its principal industry is the manufacture of hats4 ,east ,orange has long been famous because of its superior attractiveness for dwelling purposes and is filled with beautiful homes4 ,while the high cost of land does not invite manufactures1 several large industries are located here4 ,electrical motors and generators1 surgical appliances1 electrical appliances1 machinery1 lamps1 and hats are manufactured in large quantities4 ,west ,orange is noted for the manufacture of phonographs1 phonograph records1 moving picture instruments and films1 and storage batteries4 ,hats are also extensively manufactured4 ,south ,orange and ,summit are most attractive residential places1 and are developing rapidly along this line rather than in the line of manufactures4 ,summit has an important silk industry4 ,irvington1 while long known as a town devoted to residences1 is feeling the industrial impulse of ,newark1 of which it is a suburb1 and is rapidly becoming a manufacturing center of great importance4 ,its industries are varied and include the production of castings1 graphite products1 tools1 cutlery1 and gold1 silver1 and platinum products4 ,across the ,passaic ,river from ,newark are ,east ,newark1 ,harrison1 and ,kearney1 the last including ,arlington4 ,these municipalities are located in ,hudson ,county and are1 therefore1 officially connected with ,jersey ,city as its county seat4 ,but they are much nearer ,newark1 with which they are closely connected by industrial and commercial ties4 ,they are prosperous manufacturing centers with industries of national importance4 ,in ,east ,newark the most important manufactures are sewing thread and shade rollers4 ,in ,harrison the industries are varied and the products include iron and steel1 incandescent lamps1 steam pumps1 roller bearings1 elevators1 steel and tin toys1 electric wire1 trunks1 brass products1 tools1 metal novelties1 castings1 and machinery4 ,in ,kearney the important manufactures are linoleums1 yarns1 twine1 glue1 oils1 fertilizers1 ships1 and castings4 ,illustration3 ,jersey ,city as seen from the ,hudson ,jersey ,city and its ,environs4--,a long narrow peninsula lies between the ,hudson ,river and ,new ,york ,bay on the east1 and the ,hackensack ,river and ,newark ,bay on the west4 ,on this peninsula are located many prosperous cities4 ,on the southern half1 which is in ,hudson ,county1 is found the most densely populated part of the state1 with many large cities of great industrial and commercial importance4 ,jersey ,city1 the largest of this group1 had1 in #aiaj1 a population of #bfg1ggi1 and in #aibj1 according to the ,united ,states ,census1 #big1hfd4 ,it is the second city of the state in size1 and twenty-first in the ,united ,states4 ,parts of it were occupied by the ,dutch soon after ,new ,york was settled1 but the first permanent government was established in #affj at ,bergen1 which is now a part of the city4 ,here were also established the first school and the first church in the state4 ,it is located on ,new ,york ,bay and the ,hudson ,river and extends westward from these waters to ,newark ,bay and the ,hackensack ,river4 ,it has a frontage on tidal waters of about twelve miles and has therefore unexcelled facilities for transportation by vessels of any size to all the seaports of the world4 ,thirteen railroads have terminals in the city4 ,besides these1 there are eleven other passenger and freight stations in the city4 ,here the railroads bring the products of all parts of the country directly to the ships which sail to all parts of the world4 ,the city is connected directly with the city of ,new ,york by railroads which pass through tunnels under the ,hudson4 ,numerous trolley lines connect the different parts of the city with each other and with other parts of the state4 ,there are nineteen banks and trust companies4 ,in manufacturing1 ,jersey ,city ranks second in the state4 ,its great commercial and industrial growth is due to its nearness to ,new ,york1 to its connection with that city by ferries and railroad tunnels1 by which passengers and freight are carried to the heart of the city of ,new ,york in a few minutes1 and to the abundance of facilities for all kinds of transportation4 ,the most important products are sugar1 printers' type1 soaps and perfumes1 meats1 silks and embroideries1 graphite products1 lead pencils1 tobacco1 cigars1 iron1 steel and brass products1 fire hose1 rubber goods1 soups1 watches1 chemicals1 electrical supplies1 heating and lighting apparatus1 rope1 and paints and varnishes4 ,the water used by the city is of excellent quality and is brought from the basin of the ,rockaway ,river in the northern part of the state4 ,the city has eight municipal parks and one county park1 containing nearly two hundred fifty acres4 ,the city maintains a normal school for the training of its teachers and has an excellent public library4 ,besides being an active industrial center it is a residential city4 ,many thousands whose occupations are in the city of ,new ,york live in ,jersey ,city4 ,north of ,jersey ,city and adjacent to it is ,hoboken4 ,it is the most densely populated city in the state4 ,it has connections with several railroads1 and one of the great trunk lines has its terminal station here4 ,the steamships of several of the most important transatlantic lines1 including ,scandinavian and ,dutch1 dock in ,hoboken4 ,hoboken is connected with the city of ,new ,york by the ,hudson ,river tunnels and by ferries and with other cities of the state by many trolley lines4 ,its manufacturing industries include shipbuilding and repairing and the making of lead pencils1 surveying and nautical instruments1 marine engines and boilers1 silk goods1 furniture1 and wall paper4 ,here is located the well-known ,stevens ,institute of ,technology4 ,north of ,hoboken and ,jersey ,city are several cities and towns which are very important industrially and are rapidly growing in population4 ,their nearness to these cities and to each other makes their industries and interests similar4 ,these are ,west ,hoboken1 ,union1 ,west ,new ,york1 ,north ,bergen1 ,weehawken1 ,guttenberg1 and ,secaucus4 ,these are all populous and thriving communities4 ,there are many valuable industries1 among which the manufacture of silks and embroideries is the most important4 ,this section leads the state in the manufacture of embroideries and is second only to ,paterson in that of silk goods4 ,other industries are machine shops1 marine construction1 and the manufacture of pianos1 lamps1 lard1 and rubber goods4 ,in ,secaucus vegetable gardening is important4 ,south of ,jersey ,city lies the city of ,bayonne1 which is the third city of the state in the value of manufactured products4 ,its frontage on ,new ,york ,bay on the east1 ,newark ,bay on the west1 and ,kill van ,kull on the south1 gives it exceptional facilities for deep-water transportation4 ,it has1 besides1 ample railroad facilities4 ,it is the most important center for the refining of petroleum in the world4 ,the oil is brought in pipe lines from the oil fields of ,pennsylvania and ,ohio to the refineries1 from which the many refined products are carried to all parts of the world4 ,there are many other extensive industries1 of which the following may be mentioned3 the manufacturing of steam boilers1 iron1 steel1 and bronze products1 cottonseed oil1 nickel and copper products1 borax1 insulated wire1 and silk goods4 ,the northern part of the peninsula1 which is in ,bergen ,county1 contains many attractive towns which are largely residential in character4 ,among them are ,englewood and ,fort ,lee4 ,edgewater on the ,hudson at the foot of the ,palisades has important industries4 ,the chief products are sugar and sirups4 ,paterson and ,neighboring ,cities and ,towns4--,paterson1 located at the ,falls of the ,passaic ,river1 had a population in #aibj of #ace1hff and is the third city of the state in size4 ,the founding of the city was suggested by ,alexander ,hamilton1 who foresaw the value of the power generated by the falls and made plans to use it for manufacturing purposes4 ,its great growth as a manufacturing center is largely due to this power4 ,in the value of its manufactures1 it is the fifth among the cities of the state4 ,its most important industry is the manufacture of silk products of all kinds4 ,in this industry it stands first among the cities of the country4 ,it has many other extensive industrial plants1 which include machine shops1 foundries1 rolling mills1 locomotive works1 dyeing establishments1 and thread and cordage mills4 ,passaic1 located on the ,passaic ,river a few miles southeast of ,paterson1 is specially noted for its manufacture of woolen and worsted goods1 in which it is the first city of the state4 ,it has other extensive industries1 including the manufacture of handkerchiefs and other cotton goods1 rubber goods1 belting and packing material1 machinery1 metal1 leather and silk goods1 and print and chemical works4 ,passaic is1 besides1 an attractive residential city4 ,illustration3 ,docks at ,hoboken4 ,the principal port of embarkation and debarkation of ,united ,states troops in the ,world ,war ,northeast of ,passaic is ,hackensack on the ,hackensack ,river1 which is a prosperous residential town4 ,between ,paterson and ,passaic are ,clifton1 a growing manufacturing town1 ,lodi1 with its extensive dyeing industry1 and ,garfield with its large establishments for the manufacture of woolen and worsted goods1 waxed paper1 embroideries1 and yarns4 ,southwest of ,paterson is ,little ,falls1 whose principal manufactures are carpets and rugs4 ,rutherford1 ,hasbrouck ,heights1 ,ridgewood1 and ,westwood are towns in this section which are specially inviting to residents4 ,elizabeth and ,neighboring ,towns4--,elizabeth is one of the oldest towns in the state4 ,it was settled in #affd and was the residence of ,sir ,philip ,carteret1 the first ,governor of ,new ,jersey4 ,it is most favorably situated for both manufacturing and residential purposes4 ,its location on ,arthur ,kill and ,newark ,bay gives it deep water connection through ,kill van ,kull with ,new ,york ,bay1 and it has besides ample railroad facilities4 ,it has many industries1 the largest of which1 and the largest of its kind in the world1 is the manufacture of sewing machines4 ,other industries are the manufacture of iron and steel products of all kinds1 and of electrical appliances1 tanning1 printing1 and shipbuilding4 ,it has always been popular as a place of residence with many whose business is in ,new ,york4 ,rahway1 a few miles southwest of ,elizabeth1 is a flourishing city whose chief industries are the manufacture of felt1 cereals1 steel products1 clothing1 music boxes1 and printing and book binding4 ,roselle1 ,roselle ,park1 ,cranford1 and ,westfield are attractive residential towns west of ,elizabeth1 with excellent educational facilities4 ,garwood1 in this vicinity1 is an important manufacturing town4 ,perth ,amboy and ,neighboring ,towns4--,perth ,amboy was settled in #afhd and alternated with ,burlington as the meeting place of the ,new ,jersey assembly after the union of the provinces in #agjb4 ,its great industrial activity has increased its population by more than #ajj per cent in the last fifteen years4 ,its rapid industrial growth is due to its location at the mouth of the ,raritan ,river and on ,raritan ,bay and ,arthur ,kill1 as well as to its railroad facilities1 and to the extensive deposits of clay which are found here4 ,the development of these has led to the establishment of large manufacturing plants whose products are terra cotta1 earthenware1 and tile of all kinds4 ,other important industries are the refining of gold1 silver1 copper1 and lead1 the preparation of vaseline1 boat building1 the shipping of coal1 and the manufacture of cigars1 insulated wire1 chemicals1 and steel products4 ,it is the fourth city in the state in the value of manufactured products4 ,near ,perth ,amboy are ,metuchen1 ,woodbridge1 ,south ,amboy1 ,sayreville1 and ,south ,river1 which are populous towns and have extensive industries similar to those of ,perth ,amboy4 ,in ,woodbridge the output of fire brick is specially important4 ,in ,sayreville and ,south ,river special attention is given to the manufacture of building brick4 ,in all there is considerable shipping of clays to other points4 ,many varied industries are found in ,carteret to the northeast of ,woodbridge4 ,places on the ,outskirts of the ,metropolitan ,district of ,new ,york4--,lying just beyond the ,new ,york ,city ,metropolitan ,district1 yet feeling its influence more and more as the facilities for communication are increased1 are a number of important towns4 ,morristown1 in ,morris ,county1 is famous because of ,its ,revolutionary associations4 ,it is distinctively a residential town1 which possesses great municipal and educational advantages4 ,madison is another residential town1 whose peculiar and most important industry is the cultivation of roses4 ,boonton and ,dover have picturesque locations and are industrially active4 ,their chief products are boilers1 furnaces1 hosiery1 iron1 hats1 and silk goods4 ,in ,union ,county is ,plainfield1 which is well known on account of its residential advantages1 its unexcelled schools1 and its industrial importance4 ,its principal manufactures are printing presses1 electrical appliances1 garments1 machine tools1 and machine shop products4 ,north ,plainfield is a residential suburb4 ,somerville is an attractive and prosperous town with industries which manufacture clothing1 laces1 and iron pipe4 ,bound ,brook is at the junction of three trunk line railroads and is located on the ,raritan ,canal4 ,it is therefore an active industrial center4 ,at ,finderne1 between ,somerville and ,bound ,brook1 are large asbestos works4 ,new ,brunswick1 which was built up about the ferry established here in #afig1 is situated on the ,raritan ,river and at the eastern end of the ,raritan ,canal1 and enjoys superior facilities for water and railroad transportation4 ,its most extensive industry is the manufacture of surgical dressings4 ,other manufactured products are machinery1 woolen goods1 iron and steel products1 automobiles1 cigars1 and wall paper4 ,here is situated ,rutgers ,college1 which includes the ,state ,agricultural ,college and ,experiment ,station4 ,the ,state ,home for ,boys is located at ,jamesburg4 ,keyport1 with its fisheries and growing manufacturing industries1 is situated on lower ,new ,york ,bay and has rail and water connections with that city4 ,freehold is always associated with the battle of ,monmouth4 ,it has important canning and rug-making industries4 ,trenton and the ,towns of the ,upper ,delaware ,valley4--,trenton1 the capital of the state since #agij1 was settled about #afgi4 ,here occurred the ,battle of ,trenton1 which is commemorated by an imposing monument4 ,it is situated on the ,delaware at the head of navigation4 ,the ,delaware and ,raritan ,canal passes through the city4 ,it thus has the advantage of transportation by water and railway4 ,the water power developed by the ,falls of the ,delaware encouraged the establishment and growth of the city's industries1 but these have grown so extensive that they do not rely upon it4 ,in the neighborhood of ,trenton are deposits of clay which were the basis of the pottery industry4 ,it has forty-eight potteries and in this industry it is rivaled by only one city in the ,united ,states4 ,the local clay is now used very little4 ,the better grades of pottery require the finer clays which are obtained from ,england1 ,france1 and some states of this country4 ,it manufactures more sanitary earthenware than any other city in the country4 ,other extensive industries are automobile factories1 iron and steel works1 machine shops1 foundries1 rubber works1 woolen mills1 watch factories1 and oilcloth and linoleum factories4 ,the state and city acting together have created a large public park which extends along the ,delaware ,river and includes the grounds around the state capitol4 ,the trade of the surrounding country makes the city a thriving business center4 ,northeast of ,trenton is ,princeton1 memorable as the scene of the ,battle of ,princeton and rich in historic associations4 ,here is located ,princeton ,university1 founded in #agdf4 ,lambertville1 on the ,delaware northeast of ,trenton1 is a prosperous town with considerable water power1 whose principal industries are rock quarries1 rubber works1 and canning factories4 ,pennington and ,hopewell in the interior are industrious canning centers4 ,at ,phillipsburg1 on the ,delaware1 opposite the mouth of the ,lehigh1 five railroads meet4 ,it is the western terminus of the ,morris ,canal4 ,these transportation facilities make it a strongly industrial town4 ,its principal products are air compressors and rock drills1 horseshoes1 canisters1 iron pipe1 boilers1 and silks4 ,the principal cement works of the state are located near ,phillipsburg4 ,belvidere1 on the ,delaware above ,phillipsburg2 ,washington1 ,hackettstown1 and ,blairstown1 in the interior1 are popular residential towns4 ,in ,washington pianos and organs1 and in ,hackettstown saws and leather1 are the chief industrial products4 ,in ,hackettstown and ,blairstown well-known educational institutions are located4 ,newton is located in the picturesque mountain region of ,sussex ,county4 ,here dairy farming is important4 ,its chief manufactures are shoes1 silks1 and dyeing4 ,flemington and ,high ,bridge1 in ,hunterdon ,county1 though not located in the ,delaware ,valley1 are near it4 ,they are important centers of trade in agricultural sections with growing industries4 ,high ,bridge is in the heart of the peach-growing section and has large steel works4 ,so also ,franklin ,furnace1 in ,sussex ,county1 is in the ,wallkill ,valley and is the center of the zinc-mining industry4 ,camden and ,neighboring ,cities and ,towns4--,in this group are included the towns which are located in the southwestern part of the state and which are usually considered as belonging to the ,metropolitan ,district of ,philadelphia or are near it4 ,all are vitally affected by its stimulating commercial and industrial impulse4 ,the largest city of this group is ,camden1 on the ,delaware opposite ,philadelphia1 founded about #afhj and known in colonial days as ,cooper's ,ferry4 ,it shares with ,philadelphia the advantages of the deep-water route to the ocean through the ,delaware ,river and ,bay4 ,it owes ,its first industrial impulse to the opening of the ,camden and ,amboy ,railroad4 ,from ,it many railroads radiate to all parts of the state and one crosses the ,delaware to ,pennsylvania4 ,direct communication with ,philadelphia is maintained by ferries4 ,more rapid communication will soon be obtained when the proposed tunnels under the ,delaware are completed4 ,its industries1 which are of the most varied character1 have increased with astonishing rapidity4 ,the most extensive are the manufacture of talking machines and shipbuilding4 ,here the largest battleships and merchant vessels can be built4 ,one of the shipbuilding plants is the largest in the country4 ,other extensive industries are foundries1 machine shops1 woolen mills1 chemical works1 factories for the manufacture of cigars1 paints1 candies1 leather1 licorice1 linoleum1 writing pens1 and the preparation of soups4 ,illustration3 ,canning factory1 filling and capping cans1 ,camden ,illustration3 ,camden1 ,philadelphia1 and vicinity ,northeast of ,camden1 on the ,delaware1 are ,riverside and ,beverly1 which are important centers of manufacture and of truck farming4 ,farther up is ,burlington1 which was settled in #afgg and was the capital of ,west ,jersey4 ,it has ample facilities for transportation by rail and water4 ,its interests are both agricultural and manufacturing4 ,its principal products are shoes1 iron pipe1 and hardware4 ,bordentown1 the southwestern terminus of the ,delaware and ,raritan ,canal1 also has excellent transportation facilities4 ,its most important industries are the canning of vegetables and the manufacture of yarns and clay products4 ,in the interior1 the old town4 ,mount ,holly1 is rich in agricultural products and has industries which produce hosiery1 shoes1 and tapestry goods4 ,east and southeast of ,camden are ,merchantville1 ,moorestown1 ,collingswood1 and ,haddonfield1 which are distinctively residential towns1 but in which vegetable raising is an important industry4 ,gloucester1 on the ,delaware south of ,camden1 is a growing industrial center4 ,its products are yarns1 paper1 and gas mantles4 ,it has communication with ,philadelphia by ferries1 which transport the produce of the rich truck and fruit farms of the surrounding country to that city4 ,woodbury is a prosperous residential town with industries which make pianos and glass bottles4 ,next to the southward are ,swedesboro1 ,glassboro1 and ,clayton1 whose principal industrial activities are connected with the making of glass and the raising and canning of vegetables and fruits4 ,towns near ,delaware ,bay4--,farther south on the outskirts of the ,philadelphia ,metropolitan ,district are the very active business and industrial center1 ,salem1 settled by the ,quakers in #afge1 ,bridgeton1 ,vineland1 and ,millville4 ,in these towns the glass factories are extensive and make all kinds of glass articles4 ,in ,bridgeton and ,millville many persons are employed in the mining and shipping of glass sand4 ,molding sand is also a product4 ,in and surrounding these towns are large areas of farm land devoted to the raising of all kinds of vegetables1 berries1 and tree fruits for the markets4 ,great quantities of these are preserved in the many large canning factories which are located in them4 ,vineland produces much bottled grape juice4 ,these towns have also diversified industries of other kinds4 ,in ,cape ,may ,court ,house the important industrial activities are the making of glass bottles and the raising of berries and other fruits4 ,cities and ,towns on the ,atlantic ,coast4--,along the ,atlantic coast are many cities and towns which are popular health and pleasure resorts4 ,the many railroads which connect them with the large cities have made them convenient of access so that thousands of people visit them in the summer time4 ,the largest of these is ,atlantic ,city1 which is the largest seaside resort in the country and is devoted entirely to the entertainment of visitors4 ,it is said to contain more than one thousand hotels4 ,its permanent population numbers somewhat more than #ej1jjj1 but in the summer time its population is estimated at about #cjj1jjj4 ,it has a climate favorable to those who are convalescing from illness or seek to recuperate their health4 ,on this account it is a popular resort during the entire year4 ,it has a superior school system and all the other facilities and institutions which mark the progressive city4 ,long ,branch1 farther north1 is the oldest resort on the coast4 ,another resort of many years standing is ,cape ,may ,city4 ,other well-known resorts are ,ocean ,city1 ,point ,pleasant1 ,sea ,girt1 ,manasquan1 ,spring ,lake1 ,belmar1 ,ocean ,grove1 ,asbury ,park1 ,sea ,bright1 and ,atlantic ,highlands4 ,red ,bank1 with its many attractive country homes1 is situated on the ,navesink and is classed as a seaside resort4 ,lakewood1 among the pines of ,ocean ,county1 is a popular winter health resort4 ,,tables ,table ,i4--,references on the ,geography of ,new ,jersey #a4 ,reports and other publications of the ,department of ,conservation and ,development of ,new ,jersey1 including a4 ,reports of the ,state ,geological ,survey and of the ,state ,geologist4 b4 ,the ,geologic ,atlas of ,new ,jersey4 c4 ,topographic ,atlas1 including state1 geologic1 and railroad maps4 d4 ,reports of the ,forest ,park ,reservation ,commission4 e4 ,reports of the ,state ,water ,supply ,commission4 #b4 ,reports of the ,palisades ,interstate ,park ,commission4 #c4 ,reports of the ,state ,board of ,agriculture4 #d4 ,the ,industrial ,directory of ,new ,jersey1 published by the ,bureau of ,statistics4 #e4 ,publications of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey4 #f4 ,reports and bulletins of the ,united ,states ,census ,bureau4 #g4 ,publications of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 including those of the ,weather ,bureau4 #h4 ,legislative ,manual1 ,state of ,new ,jersey4 #i4 ,new ,jersey as a ,colony and as a ,state--,lee4 #aj4 ,a ,brief ,history of ,new ,jersey--,ellis and ,snyder4 #aa4 ,local histories and transactions of local historical societies4 ,table ,,ii4--,leading ,manufacturing ,industries of ,new ,jersey1 ,according to the ,united ,states ,census of #aiad ,industry ,value of ,products ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,all industries #a1djf1fcc1dad ,smelting and refining copper #aei1aih1hgf ,petroleum products #ij1hgf1iic ,silk and silk goods #ge1gjf1ddi ,foundry and machine shop products #gd1abf1ida ,electrical machinery and supplies #dj1gdj1haj ,slaughtering and meat packing #dj1ajh1dga ,tobacco #ci1fie1iig ,woolen1 worsted1 and felt goods #cf1bfh1efa ,rubber goods1 rubber hose1 and belting #ce1gih1gic ,chemicals #ca1fhf1hfe ,leather #ca1fea1hca ,dyeing and finishing textiles #bg1ihf1eab ,bread and bakery products #be1deh1baf ,cotton goods #af1ghb1afd ,pottery1 brick1 tile1 terra cotta #af1fic1ddg ,soap #af1fib1djf ,food preparations1 confec'y1 chocolate #af1ebi1dbi ,paint and varnish #af1jhf1gag ,printing and publishing #ad1jhc1jaa ,gas1 illuminating and heating #ad1jbj1jej ,canning and preserving #ac1gfd1iee ,copper1 tin1 and sheet iron products #ab1dii1gbh ,lumber and timber products #ab1dhb1eec ,ship and boat building #aa1hfj1ife ,clothing1 men's1 including shirts #aa1edg1cfc ,oilcloth and linoleum #aa1chd1caa ,jewelry #aa1cdg1dee ,boots and shoes #aa1bjd1cbc ,fertilizer #aa1aig1fij ,paper and wood pulp #aj1ica1dca ,hats and hat materials #aj1efi1eig ,millinery and lace #aj1dhe1gbc ,oils1 grease and tallow #aj1dge1cgi ,iron and steel #aj1dbj1deb ,railway cars and shop products #aj1cdd1fei ,gold and silver refining #aj1jgh1agf ,automobiles1 incl4 bodies and parts #h1bcg1daf ,table ,,iii4--,area and ,population of the ,counties of ,new ,jersey1 ,according to the ,united ,states ,census of #aibj ,area ,area ,county ,square ,population ,county ,square ,population ,miles #aibj ,miles #aibj ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ,atlantic #efi #hc1hhc ,middlesex #cab #afb1ccd ,bergen #bcg #baj1fhh ,monmouth #dgi #ajd1ijf ,burlington #hae #ha1ggj ,morris #dge #hb1bid ,camden #bbb #aij1dfj ,ocean #fcg #bb1aee ,cape ,may #bfe #aj1dfj ,passaic #aif #bej1adh ,cumberland #ejj #fa1cdh ,salem #cdc #cf1egb ,essex #abg #fea1hjg ,somerset #cje #dh1jae ,gloucester #ccb #dh1bbd ,sussex #ebi #bd1ije ,hudson #dc #fbj1abd ,union #ajc #aii1hcb ,hunterdon #dcg #cb1hhe ,warren #cfb #de1jeg ,mercer #bbf #aei1hha ,the ,state #g1ead #c1aee1ijj ,table ,,iv4--,cities1 ,towns1 ,boroughs1 and ,villages of ,new ,jersey ,having #bjjj or ,more ,people in #aibj ,cities1 ,towns1 etc4 ,population ,cities1 ,towns1 etc4 ,population ------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,newark #dad1baf ,haddonfield #e1fdf ,jersey ,city #bih1jgi ,madison #e1ebc ,paterson #ace1hff ,east ,rutherford #e1dfc ,trenton #aaj1bhi ,roselle ,park #e1dch ,camden #aaj1cji ,secaucus #e1dbc ,elizabeth #ie1fhb ,boonton #e1cgb ,bayonne #gf1ged ,wrightstown #e1bhh ,hoboken #fh1aff ,hawthorne #e1ace ,passaic #fc1hbd ,fairview #d1hhb ,east ,orange #ej1gaj ,highland ,park #d1hff ,atlantic ,city #ej1fhb ,freehold #d1gfh ,perth ,amboy #da1gjg ,merchantville #d1ged ,west ,hoboken #dj1jfh ,audubon #d1gdj ,orange #cc1bfh ,lambertville #d1ffj ,new ,brunswick #cb1ggi ,glen ,ridge #d1fbj ,west ,new ,york #bi1ibf ,carlstadt #d1dgb ,montclair #bh1haj ,raritan #d1deg ,plainfield #bg1gjj ,keyport #d1dae ,kearney #bf1gbd ,bordentown #d1cga ,clifton #bf1dgj ,paulsboro #d1ceb ,irvington #be1dhj ,prospect ,park #d1bib ,bloomfield #bb1jai ,newton #d1abe ,union #bj1fea ,franklin #d1jge ,garfield #ai1cha ,caldwell #c1iic ,hackensack #ag1ffg ,bogota #c1ijf ,phillipsburg #af1ibc ,bergenfield #c1ffg ,harrison #ae1gba ,edgewater #c1ecj ,belleville #ae1ffj ,haledon #c1dce ,west ,orange #ae1egc ,dunellen #c1cid ,millville #ad1fia ,pitman #c1che ,bridgeton #ad1cbc ,washington #c1cda ,long ,branch #ac1eba ,metuchen #c1ccd ,morristown #ab1edh ,east ,newark #c1jeg ,asbury ,park #ab1djj ,verona #c1jci ,gloucester #ab1afb ,cape ,may #b1iii ,englewood #aa1fag ,leonia #b1igi ,roosevelt #aa1jdg ,haddon ,heights #b1iej ,rahway #aa1jdb ,hackettstown #b1icf ,summit #aj1agd ,wanaque #b1iaf ,dover #i1hag ,hasbrouck ,heights #b1hie ,rutherford #i1dig ,butler #b1hhf ,nutley #i1dba ,wharton #b1hgg ,red ,bank #i1bea ,wildwood #b1gij ,burlington #i1jdi ,little ,ferry #b1gae ,westfield #i1jbf ,hightstown #b1fgd ,collingswood #h1gad ,jamesburg #b1fga ,ridgefield ,park #h1egj ,rockaway #b1fee ,lodi #h1age ,palisades ,park #b1fcc ,south ,amboy #g1hig ,egg ,harbor #b1fbb ,ridgewood #g1ehj ,westwood #b1eig ,salem #g1dce ,flemington #b1eij ,south ,orange #g1bgd ,milltown #b1egc ,north ,plainfield #f1iaf ,beverly #b1efb ,vineland #f1gii ,dumont #b1ecg ,guttenberg #f1gbf ,ocean ,city #b1eab ,somerville #f1gah ,east ,paterson #b1dda ,south ,river #f1eif ,chatham #b1dba ,hammonton #f1dag ,westville #b1chj ,pennsgrove #f1jfj ,riverton #b1cda ,princeton #e1iag ,bradley ,beach #b1cjg ,boundbrook #e1ijf ,midland ,park #b1bdc ,pleasantville #e1hhg ,ventnor #b1bjc ,woodbury #e1hja ,bloomingdale #b1aic ,fort ,lee #e1gfa ,glen ,rock #b1aha ,roselle #e1gcg ,alpha #b1adj ,wallington #e1gae ,ramsey #b1jij ,cliffside ,park #e1gji ,pompton ,lakes #b1jjh ,tenafly #e1fej 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber ,note ,minor typos were corrected4