,transcrib]'s ,notes      ,text pr9t$ 9 
italics has be5 transcrib$ betwe5       
und]scores1    bold fac$ text betwe5    
equal signs4 ,small capitals h be5      
replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4      ,m     
,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at !   
end ( ?is text4            ,,foods ,,&  
,,_! ,,adult]ation      ,,wiley         
,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4      ,,bev]ages
 ,,& ,,_! ,,adult]ation4        ,,outl9e
 ,,( ,,cont5ts4         ,i4 ,spr+1 well1
 & o!r potable wat]s4        ,,ii4      
,potable m9]al wat]s4       ,,iii4      
,contam9ation ( wat]s & h[ to avoid !m4 
,,iv4 ,c(fee1 ,tea1 ,cocoa1 ,*ocolate1  
etc4         ,v4 ,soda ,wat]s1 ,pops1   
,seltz]s1 etc4        ,,vi4 ,f]m5t$     
,bev]ages--,gr[? ( ,raw ,mat]ials1      
,manufacture1    & ,/orage3      7a7    
,be]s4 7b7 ,w9es4 7c7 ,cid]s1 ,p]rys1   
,meads1 etc4       ,,vii4 ,di/ill$      
,liquors3      7a7 ,:iskey4 7b7 ,br&y4  
7c7 ,rum4 7d7 ,g9 & o!r flavor$         
comp\nds4 7e7 ,imitation & comp\nd      
liquors4 7f7 ,bl5ds4      7g7 ,cordials1

 d5atur$ alcohol1 etc4      ,,viii4     
,s-call$ temp]ance dr9ks4        ,,ix4  
,bev]ages ( a miscellane\s "*4          
,octavo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,9 ,prep>ation4    
,p4 ,,blaki/on',s ,,son  ,,co41         
,publi%]s1 ,philadelphia4               
,,foods ,,&    ,,_! ,,adult]ation       
,,orig91 ,,manufacture1 ,,&             
,,composition ,,(    ,,food ,,products2 
,,description ,,( ,,common              
,,adult]ations1 ,,food ,,/&>ds1 ,,&     
,,national ,,food ,,laws ,,&            
,,regulations      ,,by    ,,h>vey ,w4  
,,wiley1 ,m4,d41 ,,ph4,d4      ,,)      
,,elev5 ,,color$ ,,plates ,,&           
,,eighty-,,six ,,o!r ,,illu/rations     
,,philadelphia    ,p4 ,,blaki/on',s     
,,son  ,,co4    #ajab ,,walnut ,,/reet  
#aijg        ,,copyright1 #aijg1 ,,by   
,p4 ,,blaki/on',s ,,son  ,,co4          
,,wm4 ,f4 ,,fell ,,company              
,,electrotyp]s ,,& ,,pr9t]s    #abbj-bd 
,,sansom ,,/reet    ,,philadelphia1     
,,pa4          ,,preface4      ,?is     
manual is descriptive 9 "* & aims to    

give1 )9 its  scope1 z ?or\ghly &       
intelligibly z possible1 an acc\nt ( !  
v>i\s food-products 9 common use 9 _!   
natural & manufactur$  conditions1 ) !  
usual adult]ations :i* h be5 f\nd !re94 
,x includes in=mation reg>d+ ,me?ods (  
,prep>ation &  ,manufacture1 ,food      
,values1 ,/&>ds ( ,purity1 ,regulations 
=  ,inspection1 ,simple ,te/s =         
,adult]ations1 ,effects ( ,/orage1 &    
simil> matt]s p]ta9+ to ! subject4    ,x
 has be5 design$ to int]e/ ! consum]1 z 
well z !  manufactur]1 ! sci5tific1 z   
well z ! g5]al read]1 all (  :om x is   
hop$ w f9d 9 x some?+ useful4 ,! consum]
 is  entitl$ to "k ! nature ( ! product 
(f]$1 ! manufactur]  & deal] ! be/      
me?ods ( prep>ation4 ,x w give !        
physician  & sanit>ian k ( ! value (    
foods1 _! prop] use &  inspection1 &1   
:ile n analytical 9 purpose1 w provide !
  *emi/ ) in=mation :i* w guide him 9 8 
"w ( detect+  impurities4    ,x has be5 
?\ght advisable to give 9 ! app5dices   
extracts f  ! national laws relat+ to ! 

subject1 z well z ! rules &  regulations
 = _! en=cem5t & (ficial /&>ds ( purity1
  z ^! are n[ ( g5]al int]e/ to all     
classes4 ,9 revis+ !  manuscript & 9    
read+ ! pro(s1 especial recognition is  
made (  ! valuable aid ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4   
,bigel[1 ,*ief ( ! ,division ( ,foods  (
 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture2 ,dr4 ,f4   
,v4 ,coville1 ,botani/ ( !  ,dep>tm5t ( 
,agriculture1 & ,dr4 ,b4 ,w4 ,ev]mann1 (
 ! ,bureau (  ,fi%]ies4 ,ackn[l$gem5t is
 also made ( ! favors ( ! ,bureaus (    
,plant ,indu/ry1 ,animal ,indu/ry1 &    
,=e/ry4 ,_m helpful sugge/ions  f o!r   
s\rces c only be ackn[l$g$ 9 ?is g5]al  
way4 ,all  op9ions respect+             
adult]ations1 misbr&+1 nutritive value1 
&  :olesom5ess are ! individual         
expressions ( ! au?or & are n  to be    
consid]$ 9 any o!r mann]4 ,hone/ &      
tru?ful practices (  manufacture &      
label+ are to be promot$ 9 e possible   
mann]4  ,9 ! end ! true1 ! e?ical1 & ! j
 9 ^! practices w  prevail4      ,,h>vey
 ,w4 ,,wiley4      ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41  

,may #a1 #aijg4          ,,table ,,(    
,,cont5ts4                              
,,page      ,,introduction              
#a-aj      ,prop] ,ration1 #c2 ,social  
,function ( ,food1 #e2 ,def9ition &     
,composition ( ,foods1 #f2              
,classification ( ,foods1 #g2           
,explanation ( ,*emical ,t]ms1 #h4      
,,"p ,i4--,,meats ,,& ,,meat ,,products 
#aa-id      ,def9ition1 #aa2 ,edible    
,animals1 #aa2 ,classification ( ,meat  
,foods1 #ab2 ,prep>ation ( ,animals1    
#ab2 ,inspection1 #ac2    ,tub]culosis1 
#ac2 ,consum]s' ,rights1 #ad2 ,slaught] 
&    ,prep>ation ( ,c>casses1 #ad2      
,names ( ,p>ts1 #ae-bj2 ,deliv]y    (   
,fre% ,meat1 #ba2 ,/orage1 #bc2         
,disposition ( ,fragm5ts1 #bc2          
,detection ( ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,meat1    
#bd2 ,dri$ & ,pickl$    ,meat1 #be2     
,composition ( ,pig's ,fle%1 #bf-cc2    
,pres]v$ ,meats1    #cd-ch2 ,argum5t (  
,small ,quantities1 #ch-dj2 ,prep>ation 
=    ,cann+1 #da2 ,p>boil+1 #da2        
,/]ilization1 #db2 ,special    ,/udies (

 ,cann+1 #dc-dh2 ,relation ( ,cann$ to  
,fre% ,beef1    #dh2 ,cann$ ,ham &      
,bacon1 #dh-ej2 ,cann$ ,tongue1 #ej2    
,fat z a    ,te/ = ,adult]ation1 #ea2   
,pott$ ,meats1 #ea-ef2 ,cann$           
,p\ltry1 #ef2 ,cann$ ,horse-meat1 #eg2  
,cann$ ,cur$ ,meats1 #ei-fj2            
,magnitude ( ,indu/ry1 #fa2 ,g5]al      
,obs]vations1 #fb2 ,l>d1    #fc-gg2     
,s\ps1 #gg-gh2 ,beef ,extract1 #gi-hj2  
,beef ,juice1 #hb2    ,soluble ,meats1  
#hc2 ,prep>ations ( ,blood1 #hc2        
,beef-tea1 #hd2    ,dri$ & ,p[d]$       
,meats1 #he2 ,active ,pr9ciples 9 ,meat 
,extracts1 #hf2 ,relation betwe5 ,juice 
& ,nutritive ,value1 #hg2    ,nitrog5\s 
,bases1 #hh-ij2 ,gelat9e1 #ij-ib2       
,t]re/rial ,animal    ,oils1 #ic4       
,,"p ,,ii4--,,p\ltry ,,& ,,eggs ,,&     
,,game ,,birds                          
#ie-aaf      ,application ( ,"n1 #id2   
,dome/icat$ ,f[ls1 #ie-aaf2 ,*ick51     
#ie-ajd2 ,duck1 #ajd2 ,goose1 #aje2     
,pigeon1 #ajg2 ,turkey1 #ajg2    ,=c$   
,fatt5+1 #aji2 ,slaught]+ & ,prep>+ =   

,m>ket1    #aaa2 ,poison\s ,pr9ciples 9 
,eggs1 #aaf2 ,p>asites 9 ,eggs1    #aaf4
        ,,"p ,,iii4--,,fi% ,,foods      
#aag-aff      ,classification1 #aag2    
,edible ,portion1 #aai2 ,pr9cipal       
,con/itu5ts1 #aai2 ,alewives1 #aba2     
,an*ovy1 #abb2 ,black ,bass1    #abb2   
,bluefi%1 #abb2 ,c>p1 #abc2 ,catfi%1    
#abc2 ,codfi%1 #abd2    ,eels1 #abf2    
,fl\nd]1 #abg2 ,grayl+s1 #abh2 ,haddock1
 #abh2 ,hake1    #abh2 ,halibut1 #abh2  
,h]r+1 #abi2 ,horse ,mack]el1 #acj2     
,hog-fi%1 #acj2 ,mack]el1 #aca2 ,m5had51
 #acb2 ,mullet1 #acb2    ,muskallunge1  
#acc2 ,pick]el or ,pike1 #acc2 ,pompano1
 #acd2 ,r$    ,snapp]1 #acd2 ,rock      
,bass1 #ace2 ,salmon1 #ace-ach2 ,s>d9es1
    #aci-adj2 ,scup1 #ada2 ,%ad1        
#ada-adb2 ,%eep%ead1 #adc2 ,smelt1      
#add2 ,spani% ,mack]el1 #add2 ,/urgeon1 
#add2 ,cavi>1 #ade2    ,/rip$ ,bass1    
#adf2 ,sole1 #adf2 ,tautog1 #adg2       
,tilefi%1 #adg2    ,tr\t1 #adg-adh2     
,turbot1 #adi2 ,weakfi%1 #adi2 ,:itefi%1
 #aej2    ,fluorids 9 ,fi%1 #aea2       

,m>ket+1 #aea2 ,cold ,/orage1 #aea2     
,cann+1 ,dry+1 & ,adult]ation1 #aeb2    
,value z ,food1 #aec2    ,%ellfi%1 #aec2
 ,clams1 #aec2 ,lob/]1 #aee2 ,crabs1    
#aee2    ,crawfi%1 #aef2 ,%rimp1 #aeg2  
,aquatic ,reptiles1 #aeg2 ,turtle1      
#aeg2 ,t]rap91 #aeh2 ,mussel1 #aeh2     
,oy/]s1 #aeh-afd2 ,animal    ,oils1     
#afe2 ,m>9e ,animal ,oils1 #afe-aff4    
,,"p ,,iv4--,,milk ,,& ,,milk ,,products
 ,,& ,,oleom>g>9e             #afi-baf  
,milk1 ,limitation ( ,"n1 #afi2         
,composition1 #afi2 ,me?od (            
,production1 #afi-agd2 ,cream1 #age2    
,curd ,te/ = ,purity1    #agf-agh2 ,:ey 
& ,k\miss1 #agi2 ,butt]milk &           
,bonnyclabb]1    #aha2 ,butt]1 #ahb-ahg2
 ,oleom>g>9e1 #ahg-ahi2 ,*eese1 #aij2   
,k9ds1 #aia2 ,adult]ation & ,misbr&+1   
#aib2 ,color+1 #aic2    ,cottage ,*eese1
 #aie2 ,am]ican ,*eese ,manufacture1    
#aif-bjj2    ,grad+ ,*eese1 #bjj2 ,cream
 ,*eese1 #bja2 ,=eign ,types1           
#bja-bjb2 ,sage ,*eese1 #bjc2 ,engli%   
,*eese1 #bjc-bje2 ,fr5*    ,*eese1      

#bjf-bjh2 ,limburg]1 #bjh2 ,edam1 #baj2 
,bact]ial    ,activity1 #baa2 ,*emical  
,*anges 9 ,rip5+1 #bab-bad2             
,dige/ibility1 #bad2 ,effect ( ,cold    
,/orage1 #bae2 ,prep>ations    ( ,case91
 #bae4        ,,"p ,v4--,,c]eal ,,foods 
#bag-bgc      ,b>ley1 #bag-bah2         
,buck:eat1 #bai-bba2 ,indian ,corn      
7,maize71    #bbb-bcb2 ,oats1 #bcb-bcf2 
,rice1 #bcf2 ,rye1 #bcg-bci2 ,:eat1     
#bci-bdb2 ,:eat ,fl\r1 #bdc-bde2 ,glut51
 #bde-bdg2 ,blea*+1    #bdg2            
,adult]ations1 #bdh2 ,/&>d ,age &       
,sub/itutes1 #bdh2    ,bread1 #bdi2     
,yea/1 #bej2 ,f]m5ts1 #bej2 ,*emical    
,a]at+    ,ag5ts1 #bea2 ,bak+ ,p[d]s1   
#bea-bed2 ,composition ( ,bread1        
#bed-bee2 ,comp>ative ,nutritive        
,prop]ties1 #bef-beg2 ,biscuit1    #beh2
 ,sug> ,lo/ 9 ,f]m5tation1 #bei2        
,texture ( ,loaves1 #bei2    ,mac>oni1  
#bfj-bfd2 ,cakes1 #bfe-bfg2 ,breakfa/   
,foods1 #bfg-bga4        ,,"p           
,,vi4--,,vegetables1 ,,condim5ts1       
,,fruits                       #bgc-chh 

,succul5t ,vegetables1 #bgc2 ,arti*oke1 
#bgd2 ,asp>agus1 #bge2    ,bean1        
#bge-bgf2 ,beets1 #bgg2 ,brussels       
,spr\ts1 #bgh2 ,cabbage1    #bgh2       
,c>rot1 #bgi2 ,caulifl[]1 #bgi2 ,cel]y1 
#bhj2 ,*icory1 #bhj2    ,cranb]ry1 #bha2
 ,cress1 #bha2 ,cucumb]s1 #bha2         
,egg-plant1 ,g>lic1    & ,g\rds1 #bhb2  
,hors]adi%1 ,j]usalem ,arti*oke1 &      
,kale1    #bhb2 ,leek1 ,lettuce1        
,melons1 & ,cantal\pe1 #bhd-bhf2 ,okra &
    ,onion1 #bhf2 ,p>snip1 #bhg2 ,peas1 
#bhg2 ,potatoes1 #bhh-bih2 ,potato      
,/>*1 #bif-bii2 ,rhub>b1 #bii2 ,squa%1  
#bii2 ,sweet ,potato1    #bii-cjd2      
,turnip1 #cjd2 ,yam1 #cjd2 ,cann$       
,vegetables1 #cje-cae2    ,ket*up1 #caf2
 ,use ( ,refuse 9 ,ket*up1 #cag2 ,/>*es 
z    ,foods1 #cag-cba2 ,condim5ts1      
#cba-cbf2 ,fruits1 #cbf-cbi2 ,apples1   
#ccj-cce2 ,*]ries1 #ccf2 ,grapes1       
#ccg-cch2 ,pea*es1 #cci-cda2    ,plums1 
#cda2 ,qu9ce1 #cdb2 ,small ,fruits1     
#cdb-cdc2 ,tropical &    ,subtropical   
,fruits1 #cdc-cdh2 ,citrus ,fruits1     

#cdh-cfi2    ,composition ( ,p9eapple1  
#cfc-cfd2 ,a% ( ,tropical ,fruits1      
#cfg2 ,sug> & ,acid 9 ,fruit1 #cfi2     
,cann$ ,fruits1 #cgj-cgb2    ,fruit     
,sirups1 #cgc-cgd2 ,jams1 ,jellies1 &   
,pres]ves1 #cge-cha2    ,manufacture (  
,jellies1 #cha-chb2 ,comp\nd ,jams &    
,jellies1    #chc2 ,pres]ves1 #chd2     
,fruit ,butt]1 #che2 ,br&i$ ,fruit1     
#chf2    ,importance ( ,pres]v+         
,indu/ry1 #chf-chh4        ,,"p         
,,vii4--,,vegetable ,,oils ,,& ,,fats1  
,,& ,,nuts                   #chi-dbh   
,def9ition1 #chi2 ,*emical ,*>act]i/ics1
 #cij2 ,dry+ &    ,non-dry+ ,oils1 #cia2
 ,physical ,*>act]s1 #cib-cic2 ,edible  
,vegetable ,oils1 #cid-dac2 ,cottonse$  
,oil1 #cig-dja2 ,olive ,oil1            
#djb-dje2 ,peanut ,oil1 #djf2 ,rape     
,oil1 #djg2 ,sesame ,oil1 #djh2         
,sunfl[] ,oil1 #dji2 ,cacao-butt]1 #daj2
 ,coconut ,oil1 #daa2 ,palm    ,oil1    
#dab2 ,nuts1 #dac-dbh2 ,acorn1 #dad2    
,bee*nuts1 ,brazil-nut1    #dae2        
,butt]nut1 ,*e/nut1 #daf2 ,*9ese ,nut1  

#dag2 ,coconut1    ,filb]t1 #dah2       
,hazelnut1 ,hickory-nut1 #dai2 ,peanuts1
 #dbj-dbd2    ,pecan1 #dbd-dbe2         
,pi/a*io1 #dbf2 ,walnut1 #dbf-dbh4      
,,"p ,,viii4--,,fungi ,,z ,,foods       
#dbi-ded      ,mu%rooms1 ,production1   
#dbi-dcj2 ,v>ieties1 #dcj2 ,food ,value1
    #dcj2 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,edible &   
,poison\s1 #dcc-dci2 ,types    ( ,edible
 ,mu%rooms1 #ddj2 ,horse ,mu%room1 #dda2
 ,%aggy    ,mu%room1 #ddc2 ,fairy ,r+   
,mu%room1 #ddc2 ,puff-ball1 #ddd2 ,cepe1
    #dde2 ,fly ,amanita1 #ddf2 ,poison+ 
by ,mu%rooms1 #ddh2 ,cann$    ,mu%rooms1
 #ddi2 ,truffles1 #dej-dec2 ,food ,value
 ( ,fungi1 #ded4        ,,"p            
,,ix4--,,sug>1 ,,sirup1 ,,confection]y1 
,,& ,,honey               #dee-did      
,sug>1 ,orig9 ( ,sug>1 #dee2 ,beet      
,sug>1 #def-dfe2 ,cane ,sug>1    #dff2  
,maple ,sug>1 #dfg-dfh2 ,sug> ,ref9+1   
#dfh-dgj2 ,sug>    ,production1 #dga2   
,adult]ation ( ,sug>1 #dga2 ,sug> z     
,food1    #dgb2 ,sirup1 ,maple1         
#dgb-dgc2 ,cane1 #dge2 ,sorghum1 #dgf2  

,molasses1     #dgg-dgh2 ,mix$ ,sirups1 
#dgi2 ,adult]ation ( ,sirups1 #dhj2     
,confection]y1 #dhb2 ,mat]ials1 #dhb2   
,manufacture1 #dhc2    ,cry/alliz$      
,fruits & ,fl[]s1 #dhc2 ,food ,value (  
,c&y1    #dhc2 ,adult]ation (           
,confections1 #dhc-dhf2 ,honey1         
,def9ition1    ,hi/orical1 #dhf2        
,prep>ation ( ,honey1 #dhg2 ,beehives1  
#dhh2    ,di/ribution ( ,honey ,indu/ry1
 #dhi2 ,comb ,honey1 #dhi2    ,extract$ 
,honey1 #dij2 ,prop]ties ( ,honey1      
#dia-dib2    ,adult]ation ( ,honey1     
#dic-did4        ,,miscellane\s         
#did-dif      ,m9ce ,meat1 #did2 ,pie   
,fill]s1 #dif4        ,,"p              
,x4--,,infants' ,,& ,,invalids' ,,foods 
#dig-ejj      ,modifi$ ,milk1 #dig2     
,solid ,infants' ,food1 #dih2 ,invalids'
 ,food1    #dih-dii2 ,composition       
,infants' & ,invalids' ,foods1 #ejj4    
,,app5dices4        ,,app5dix ,a        
#eja-eba      ,food ,/&>ds1 #eja-eag2   
,law ,relat+ to ,fill$ ,*eese1          
#eag-eba4        ,,app5dix ,b           

#ebb-ecg      ,rules & ,regulations = ! 
,en=cem5t ( ! ,food &    ,drugs ,act1   
#ebb-ecc4 ,! ,food & ,drugs ,act ( ,june
 #cj1 #aijf1    #ecc-ecg4               
,,app5dix ,c                            
#ech-efa      ,regulations ,gov]n+ !    
,meat ,inspection ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #ech-eef2     
,meat ,inspection ,law1    #eef-efa4    
,,app5dix ,d                            
#efb-fae      ,food ,inspection         
,decisions "u ! ,food & ,drugs ,act1    
#efb-fae4 ,food ,inspections ,decisions 
"u ! ,import$ ,foods    ,act ,f4 ,i4    
,d4's #a-ci1 #efb-ehd4 ,food & ,drugs   
,inspections &    ,decisions "u ! ,food 
& ,drugs ,act ,f4 ,i4 ,d4's #dj-fd1     
#ehd-fae4        ,,index1               
#faf-fbe          ,,li/ ,,(             
,,illu/rations4        ,,color$         
,,plates4                               
,,page4     #a4 ,beef ,t5d]lo91         
,fac+  #ae     #b4 ,beef ,sirlo91       
#ae     #c4 ,beef ,ribs--,regul> ,cut1  
#ae     #d4 ,beef ,ribs--,sp5c] ,cut1   

#ae     #e4 ,sirlo9 ,butts1             
#ae     #f4 ,beef ,rib1                 
#ae     #g4 ,beef ,lo91                 
#ae     #h4 ,dry+ ,figs3 ,smyrna1       
,smyrna ,section1 ,adriatic1            
,adriatic ,section1                     
#cdi     #i4 ,olives3 ,mission1         
,sevillano1                             
#djb    #aj4 ,jordan ,almond1           
#dad    #aa4 ,peanut 7,ara*ide71        
#dbj        ,,fig4     #a4 ,cuts (      
,beef1                                  
#af     #b4 ,comm]cial ,cuts ( ,beef1   
#ag     #c4 ,diagram ( ,cuts ( ,veal1   
#ah     #d4 ,diagram ( ,cuts ( ,lamb &  
,mutton1                             #ai
     #e4 ,diagram ( ,cuts ( ,pork1      
#ai     #f4 ,comm]cial ,cuts ( ,pork1   
#bj     #g4 ,graphic ,*>t ,repres5t+ !  
,comp>ative ,influ5ces (        ,foods &
 ,pres]vatives1                         
#ci     #h4 ,l>d ,cry/als1              
#fg     #i4 ,beef ,fat ,cry/als1        
#fg    #aj4 ,kettle = ,r5d]+ ,l>d1      
#gb    #aa4 ,app>atus = ,te/ (          

,adult]ation ( ,l>d1                    
#gd    #ab4 ,*ick5 ,h\se1 ,rhode ,isl&  
,exp]im5t ,/ation1                 #if  
#ac4 ,c[ ,/ables1 ,maplet[n ,f>m1       
,sumn]1 ,wa%+ton1               #agj    
#ad4 ,app>atus = ,cool+ ,milk1          
#agb    #ae4 ,improvis$ ,wiscons9 ,curd 
,te/1                                   
#agg    #af4 ,milk2 ,brok5 ,curd 9 ,:ey2
 ,matt$ ,curd1                          
#agg    #ag4 ,curd f a ,good ,milk1     
#agh    #ah4 ,curd f a ,ta9t$ ,milk1    
#agh    #ai4 ,curd f ,f\l ,milk1        
#agh    #bj4 ,p[] ,*urn1 ,ready = ,use1 
#ahc    #ba4 ,p[] ,*urn1 ,op51          
#ahd    #bb4 ,b>ley ,/>*1               
#bah    #bc4 ,buck:eat ,/>*1            
#bbb    #bd4 ,section ( ,raw ,popcorn1  
#bbd    #be4 ,section ( ,popcorn 9 ,fir/
 ,/age ( ,popp+1 ,%[+        ,p>tially  
,exp&$ ,/>* ,gra9s & ,ruptur$ ,cell     
,walls1      #bbe    #bf4 ,section (    
,fully ,popp$ ,popcorn1                 
#bbf    #bg4 ,indian ,corn ,/>*1        
#bbi    #bh4 ,/>* ,gra9s ( ,indian      

,corn1 "u ,pol>iz$ ,light1              
#bcj    #bi4 ,oat ,/>*1                 
#bce    #cj4 ,rice ,/>*1                
#bcg    #ca4 ,rye ,/>*1                 
#bch    #cb4 ,:eat ,/>*1                
#bdb    #cc4 ,:eat ,/>* "u ,pol>iz$     
,light1                            #bdc 
#cd4 ,k$zie's ,f>9omet] ,%[+ ! ,p>ts1   
#bdf    #ce4 ,k$zie's ,f>9omet] 9 ,use1 
#bdg    #cf4 ,comp>ative ,appe>ance (   
,breads ( ,diff]5t ,k9ds1           #bei
    #cg4 ,a ,field ( ,durum ,:eat1      
#bfa    #ch4 ,dr\ght-resi/ant ,mac>oni  
,:eats 7,heads & ,gra9s71          #bfb 
#ci4 ,potato ,/>*1                      
#bia    #dj4 ,potato ,/>* "u ,pol>iz$   
,light1                           #bia  
#da4 ,rasp+ ,cyl9d] = ,mak+ ,/>*1       
#big    #db4 ,%ak+ ,table = ,sep>at+ !  
,/>* f ! ,pulp$        ,potato1         
#big    #dc4 ,! ,potato ,rasp+ ,cyl9d]  
,arrang$ = ,"w1                 #bih    
#dd4 ,view ( ,indian ,corn ,cann+       
,factory1 ,%[+ ,accumulation (          
,husks & ,cobs1                         

#cjh    #de4 ,m>anta 7,arr[root7 ,/>*1  
#cah    #df4 ,a ,cassava ,field 9       
,georgia1                               
#cai    #dg4 ,cassava ,/>*1             
#cba    #dh4 ,scupp]nong ,grape ,v9e1   
,roanoke ,isl&1                         
#cch    #di4 ,v9ey>d ,ne> ,fresno1      
,cali=nia1                              
#cci    #ej4 ,avocado ,tree1            
#cdf    #ea4 ,fig ,tree ,?irty ,feet    
,high ,ne> ,yuba1 ,cali=nia1            
#cej    #eb4 ,jamaica ,mango ,tree1     
#cef    #ec4 ,an ,edge ( a ,cali=nia    
,orange ,grove1                         
#ceh    #ed4 ,! ,orig9al ,se$less       
,orange ,tree1                          
#cei    #ee4 ,a ,gr\p ( ! ,wa%+ton      
,navel ,orange on ! ,tree1              
#cfj    #ef4 ,cov]$ ,p9eapple1          
#cfa    #eg4 ,remov+ ! ,oil ,cakes f a  
,cottonse$ ,press1                #djj  
#eh4 ,pecan ,tree1 #cj ,ye>s ,old1      
,morgan ,city1 ,la41                    
#dbb    #ei4 ,five ,=ms ( ,*oice1       
,?9-%ell$ ,pecans4 ,also ,wild ,nut     

,%[+ ,diff]5ce 9 ,size1                 
#dbc    #fj4 ,full ,gr[n ,pecan ,tree1  
#dbe    #fa4 ,common ,mu%room1 ,ag>icus 
campe/ris1                        #ddj  
#fb4 ,edible ,mu%rooms 7,ag>icus arv5sis
 ,s*aeff471               #dda    #fc4  
,%aggy ,mu%room1 ,copr9us comatus1      
#ddb    #fd4 ,fairy ,r+ ,=m$ by         
,m>asmius oreades1 an ,edible ,mu%room1 
#ddd    #fe4 ,puff-ball1 ,lycop]don     
cya?i=me1 ,top ,view1                   
#dde    #ff4 ,amanita 7,full ,gr[n71    
#ddf    #fg4 ,fly ,amanita ,buttons     
7,amanita musc>ia71                     
#ddg    #fh4 ,correct ,position ( a     
,mature ,beet 9 ! ,soil1                
#deh    #fi4 ,map ,%[+ ,temp]ature ,zone
 9 ,:i* ! ,sug> ,beet ,atta9s           
,its ,greate/ ,p]fection1               
#dei    #gj4 ,a ,field ( ,beets ,ready =
 ,h>ve/+1                         #dfj  
#ga4 ,beets ,ready = ,transportation to 
,factory1                     #dfa      
#gb4 ,diffusion ,batt]y1                
#dfb    #gc4 ,multiple-effect ,evaporat+

 ,app>atus1                         #dfc
    #gd4 ,vacuum ,/rike ,pan1           
#dfd    #ge4 ,sug> ,cane ,field ,ready =
 ,h>ve/1                            #dfe
    #gf4 ,cane ,field ,p>tly ,h>ve/$1   
#dff    #gg4 ,tapp+ ! ,maple ,trees1    
#dfh    #gh4 ,transport+ ! ,sap to !    
,sug> ,h\se1                       #dfh 
#gj4 ,boil+ ! ,maple ,sap1              
#dfi    #hj4 ,small ,primitive ,mill =  
,extract+ ,juice f ,sug> ,cane =        
,sirup ,mak+1                           
#dgc    #ha4 ,mill & ,evaporat+         
,app>atus = ,sirup ,mak+ 9 ,georgia1    
#dgd    #hb4 ,relative ,l5g? ( ,canes   
,us$ = ,sirup ,mak+1                #dge
    #hc4 ,sw>m ( ,bees on ,b\gh ( ,tree1
                                #dhg    
#hd4 ,artificial ,bee ,hives "u ,%ade ( 
,grape ,v9e1                #dhh    #he4
 ,a ,frame ,conta9+ #bd ,boxes ( ,honey1
                          #dhi    #hf4  
,%[+ ,box ( ,honey ,p>tially ,capp$1    
#dij          ,,introduction4      ,!   
gr[+ importance to manufactur]s1 deal]s1

 & consum]s ( a  k ( food products has  
l$ to ! prep>ation ( ! foll[+  manual4  
,un=tunately1 _m mislead+ /atem5ts      
respect+ ! composition  ( foods1 _!     
nutritive value1 & _! relation to heal? 
&  dige/ion h be5 publi%$ & receiv$ ) m 
or less cr$5ce  by ! public4 ,claims (  
sup]ior excell5ce1 :i* are entirely     
baseless1 are con/antly made = c]ta9    
food products 9 ord] to  call ! att5tion
 ( ! public m directly to _! value &1   
un=tunately1 at times to mislead !      
public ) respect to _!  true wor?4    ,x
 is n uncommon to see foods adv]tis$ z (
 exceptional quality1  ei!r z a :ole or 
= c]ta9 purposes4 ,_m ( ! prep>ations ( 
?is k9d are ( und\bt$ excell5ce1 b fail 
to rea* ! sup]ior  /&>d or p]=m !       
p>ticul> function :i* is attribut$ to   
!m4 ,p>ticul>ly has x be5 notic$ t foods
 are (f]$ =  specific purposes or !     
n\ri%m5t ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body1         
especially ( ! bra9 & n]ves4 ,we are all
 famili> ) !  adv]tisem5ts ( foods to   
fe$ ! bra91 or fe$ ! n]ves1 or fe$  !   

sk94 ,x is h>dly necess>y to call       
att5tion to ! absurdity (  claims ( ?is 
k9d4 ,"o "p ( ! body _c be n\ri%$ if !  
o!r p>ts are neglect$1 & ! true pr9ciple
 ( nutrition requires  a uni=m & equal  
developm5t & n\ri%m5t ( all ! tissues4  
,x is true t _m ( ! tissues h pr$om9ant 
con/itu5ts4  ,= in/ance 9 ! bones are   
f\nd l>ge quantities ( phosphate (      
calcium & 9 ! muscles nitrog5\s tissues 
dom9ate4 ,9 ! bra9  & n]ves !re are     
consid]able quantities ( organic        
phosphorus4  ,all ( ^! bodies1 h[ev]1   
are conta9$ 9 normal food prop]ly       
balanc$4    ,x w\ld be contr>y to !     
pr9ciples ( physiology to attempt to fe$
  ! bones by consum+ a l>ge excess (    
phosphorus 9 ! food or  ! muscles by    
conf9+ ! food to a purely nitrog5\s     
compon5t4  ,su* attempts1 in/ead (      
n\ri%+ ! tissues indicat$1 w s          
unbalance ! rations z to dis>range !    
:ole metabolic process1 &  ?us injure & 
weak5 ! v tissues !y are design$ to     
support4    ,x seems1 !re=e1 advisable  

to prep>e a manual :i* may be us$ 9     
conjunction ) works on dietetics & on   
physiology & hygi5e &  yet ( a "* n     
especially design$ = ! exp]t4    ,!     
,am]ican public is n[ s well educat$ t  
any av]age citiz5 is  fully capable (   
und]/&+ sci5tific problems if pres5t$ to
 him  9 a non-te*nical g>b4    ,x is1   
!re=e1 n difficult to see t ! great army
 (  manufactur]s & deal]s 9 food        
products1 z well z ! /ill  great] army (
 consum]s1 are able to receive & to     
utilize  in=mation conc]n+ food products
 :i* is ( common int]e/  to all4 ,a     
dissem9ation ( k ( ?is k9d w guide !    
manufactur] 9 8 legitimate bus9ess &    
protect ! public aga9/  deceptions su* z
 ^? m5tion$ above4    ,9 ! evolution (  
society1 economy & effici5cy indicate t 
specializations %\ld be made z          
completely z possible4 ,=  ?is reason x 
is advisable t foods ( a c]ta9 "* be    
manufactur$ & prep>$ = consumption on a 
l>ge scale1 s t due  economy & purity   
may be secur$4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are _m  

o!r k9ds ( foods :i*1 by reason ( _!    
prop]ties1 _c be  prep>$ on a l>ge scale
 b mu/ be produc$ ne> or at ! place (   
consumption4 ,milk is a type ( ?is class
 ( foods4 ,x is altoge!r  probable1     
!re=e1 t ! consumption ( manufactur$    
foods w  n decrease b increase ev5 m    
rapidly ?an ! numb] ( our  population4  
,9 ord] t ! p may be able to judge ( !  
quality &  "* ( products ( ?is k9d1     
in=mation readily available  appe>s to  
be highly desirable4    ,9 ! o!r case ( 
! utilization ( raw mat]ials1 x is      
equally  important t ! p ( ?is c\ntry   
und]/& _! nature &  _! functions 9 !    
dige/ive process4 ,! great nutritive    
value (  our food is f\nd 9 ! c]eals1 ! 
meats1 ! fruits1 & vegetables  :i* we   
consume4 ,a description ( foods ( ?is   
class1 ! places (  _! gr[?1 ! conditions
 "u :i* !y are matur$ & m>ket$1  !      
problems :i* relate to _! /orage &      
transportation1  _! composition 9       
respect ( nutrition & dige/ibility1 !   
dang]s :i* may accrue f _! decay1 & !   

adult]ations or  sophi/ications to :i*  
!y may be subject$ are matt]s ( !       
greate/ public importance4    ,a        
treatise ( ?is k9d 9 ord] to be ( its   
full value = :i* x  is int5d$ mu/ be    
concise1 express$ 9 simple language1 9 a
 =m  easily consult$1 & yet be ( a "*   
:i* w be reliable &  :i* w give full    
in=mation on ! subject4    ,x is a      
common habit ( spee* to divide foods    
into two great classes1  namely1 foods &
 bev]ages4 ,?is is n a sci5tific        
division1 b  is "o :i* has be5 s well   
e/abli%$ by cu/om z to r5d] x  advisable
 to divide ?is "w into two portions1 "o 
devot$ to food  9 ! s5se j us$ & ! o!r  
to bev]ages4 ,! fir/ volume (  ?is "w   
devot$ to foods w treat ( ^? bodies     
commonly kn[n  "u ! t]m                 
8foods10--namely1 c]eals1 meats ( all   
k9ds1 milk1  vegetables1 nuts1 & fruits4
 ,! second volume w embrace ! /udy  (   
bev]ages1 namely1 natural & artificial  
m9]al wat]s1 soda  wat]s1 s(t dr9ks1    
c(fee1 tea1 cocoa1 w9es1 cid]1 be] & o!r

  f]m5t$ bev]ages1 di/ill$ bev]ages (   
all k9ds1 & mixtures or  comp\nds !re(4 
,9 connection ) ! description ( ! orig9 
( foods & _!  g5]al *>act]i/ics w be    
giv5 a /atem5t ( _! *emical             
composition1 especially 9 relation to   
nutritive prop]ties4 ,!  pr9cipal       
adult]ations or sophi/ications to :i* ! 
food products  are obnoxi\s w be briefly
 describ$1 & :]e simple me?ods (        
detect+ adult]ations are kn[n1 ( a "* to
 be appli$ )\t  special *emical k or    
skill1 !y w be giv54    ,an attempt is  
?us made to lay be=e ^? int]e/$1 9 z    
compact  a =m z possible1 ! *ief po9ts  
connect$ ) ! production (  food1 its    
manipulation1 & its use = ! n\ri%m5t ( !
 body4    ,x is n ! int5tion ( ?is      
manual to ent] at all into ! subject  ( 
cook+ or ! physiology ( foods &         
nutrition4 ,t is a di/9ct  & sep>ate "p 
( ?is problem & has already be5 treat$ 9
 _m  manuals4 ,9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 
att5tion may be call$ to !  great       
importance ( prop] cook+ 9 ! use ( food4

 ,raw mat]ials  ( ! be/ "*1 prep>$ &    
transport$ 9 ! mo/ approv$  mann]1 may  
be s injur$ 9 ! kit*5 9 ! process (     
cook+  z to be r5d]$ bo? unpalatable &  
difficult ( dige/ion4 ,on  ! contr>y1   
food mat]ials ( an inf]ior quality1     
provid$ !y  conta9 no injuri\s          
sub/ances1 may be s treat$ by ! skill$  
cook z to be bo? palatable & nutriti\s4 
,! desirability ( !  dissem9ation (     
correct pr9ciples ( cook+ is no less ?an
 t (  giv+ in=mation respect+ ! mat]ials
 on :i* ! art ( cook]y  is ex]cis$4 ,x  
may be add$ t ! art ( cook]y at ! pres5t
  "t %\ld n be conf9$ to ! m]e te*nical 
manipulation1 !  application ( heat & ( 
condim5tal sub/ances1 b %\ld also h  "s 
ref]5ce to ! actual process ( nutrition4
    ,foods %\ld be prep>$ 9 ! kit*51 n  
only ( a palatable  "* & prop]ly spic$ b
 also select$ 9 su* a mann] z  to       
safegu>d "o ( ! *ief purposes ( food1   
namely1 ! prop]  nutrition ( ! body & ! 
avoidance ( any injury to dige/ion4     
,x is commonly admitt$ t _m1 p]haps mo/1

 ( ! diseases (  ! dige/ive tract to :i*
 ! ,am]ican p are s subject arise  f !  
consumption ( rations improp]ly balanc$1
 poorly prep>$1  or us$ 9 great excess4 
,to ! intellig5t & sci5tific cook !     
in=mation conta9$ 9 ?is manual w        
especially appeal4      ,a ,,prop]      
,,ration4    ,! /udy ( ! sci5ce (       
nutrition has reveal$ ! "* (  n\ri%m5t  
necess>y to build ! tissues & re/ore _! 
wa/e4  ,! t]m 8food0 9 its broade/      
signification includes all ^?  sub/ances
 :i* :5 tak5 into ! body build tissues1 
re/ore  wa/e1 furni% heat & en]gy1 &    
provide appropriate condim5ts4  ,!      
build+ ( tissues is especially an       
important function dur+ !  e>ly life (  
animals z x is ?r\gh ?is build+ (       
tissues t  gr[? takes place4 ,!         
re/oration ( wa/e ( tissues assumes     
special  importance dur+ t p]iod ( life 
:5 ! weight ( ! body is  suppos$ to be  
reasonably con/ant4 ,at ?is "t ! wa/e ( 
tissue 9  ! natural processes is re/or$ 
by ! assimilation ( new mat]ial  9 !    

same proportion4    ,if ! assimilation (
 new mat]ial goes on at a great] rate   
?an !  wa/e ( old mat]ial x manife/s    
itself dur+ ! p]iod ( expect$           
equilibrium 9 ! deposition ( adipose    
tissue & a consequ5t  abnormal increase 
9 weight4    ,9 ! aft] p]iod ( life !   
process ( wa/e is naturally m  vigor\s  
?an t ( assimilation1 & ! t5d5cy is     
manife/$1  :i* is :olly 9 h>mony ) !    
laws ( ,nature1 to gradually  dim9i% !  
weight ( ! body1 & ?is cont9ues to !    
extreme  emaciation ( old age4    ,x is 
evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! food consum$ %\ld be 
adapt$ to  ^! *ang+ p]iods4 ,! gr[+     
animal ne$s a l>g] quantity (  food 9   
proportion to its actual weight ?an !   
animal :i* is 9 a  /ate ( equilibrium1 t
 is1 ( mature age1 & ! animal :i* is    
ent]+ ^u ! p]iod ( old age ne$s a less  
quantity ( food 9  proportion to its    
weight ?an 9 ei!r ( ! o!r p]iods ( life4
  ,?us1 ! rations ( infants & *ildr5    
%\ld be g5]\s1 !  rations ( mature man  
suffici5t1 & ! rations ( old age limit$4

    ,! food %\ld also conta9 ! v>i\s    
elem5ts :i* ent] into  nutrition 9 !    
prop] quantity4 ,! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts 
9 food1  :5 subject$ to ! ord9>y process
 ( dige/ion1 yield a c]ta9  quantity (  
heat & en]gy b _! m important function  
is to  n\ri% ! nitrog5\s elem5ts ( !    
body1 ( :i* ! muscles1  hair1 sk91 &    
f+]-nails are types4 ,! m9]al con/itu5ts
  ( food1 especially phosphorus & lime1 
h a g5]al utility 9  promot+ ! metabolic
 functions1 especially 9 ! movem5t ( !  
fluids ( ! body ?r\gh ! cell walls1 & at
 ! same "t are  actual n\ri%+ mat]ials1 
ent]+ p>ticul>ly into ! composition  ( !
 bones & tee?4    ,! fats & oils :i* are
 pres5t 9 ! foods h ! capacity (        
produc+ l>ge quantities ( heat & en]gy  
dur+ _! combu/ion  9 ! body1 & ?us s]ve 
z a s\rce ( animal heat & muscul>       
activity4    ,! />*es & sug>s :i* are ! 
mo/ abundant elem5ts ( our  food1 al?\gh
 !y h a heat-=m+ p[] ( less ?an "o-half 
t ( fats1 are l>gely utiliz$ 9 !        
production ( heat & en]gy  & 9 ! =mation

 ( animal fat4    ,to secure a prop] &  
complete nutrition ( ! body x is        
desirable  t all ^! elem5ts %\ld be s   
adju/$ z to provide =  complete n\ri%m5t
 )\t hav+ any "o ( !m 9 great excess4   
,x is evid5t t an excess ( any "o or m (
 ^! nutri5t  mat]ials mu/ necess>ily    
impose on ! organs ( ! body an          
additional "w 9 secur+ _! prop]         
elim9ation4 ,?is t5ds to  ov]burd5 !    
excretory organs & to cause a premature 
breakd[n  !re(4 ,?is giv+ away ( !      
organs may n come = _m ye>s1  n1 p]haps1
 until advanc$ life1 b :5 x comes x     
necess>ily  %ort5s ! p]iod ( human      
exi/5ce4    ,! t]m 8balanc$ ration0     
means ! adju/m5t ( nutri5ts 9 !  food 9 
su* a way z to secure complete & p]fect 
nutrition )\t  load+ ! body ) an excess 
( any "o elem5t4 ,?is is also an        
important po9t on ! score ( economy4 ,a 
l>ge p]c5tage ( all !  e>n+s ( man is   
exp5d$ = food products1 & h5ce ^!       
products  %\ld be us$ 9 a mann] to      
secure ! be/ results possible4 ,if1 by  

a practice ( sci5tific nutrition1 #aj   
p]c5t ( ! value ( foods  c\ld be sav$ x 
w\ld create a fund :i*1 c\ld x be       
utiliz$1  w\ld m9i/] 9 ! highe/ degree  
to ! com=t & welf>e ( !  human family & 
=m an abundant p5sion = old age4        
,,social ,,functions ,,( ,,food4    ,9 !
 above p>agraphs att5tion has be5       
direct$ p>ticul>ly to !  nutritive &    
economic prop]ties ( food4 ,x mu/ n be  
consid]$  t m]e nutrition is ! sole     
object ( foods1 especially = man4  ,x is
 ! fir/ object to be cons]v$ 9 ! fe$+ ( 
dome/icat$  animals1 b is only "o ( !   
objects to be kept 9 view 9 !  fe$+ (   
man4 ,man is a social animal &1 f !     
e>lie/ p]iod (  8 hi/ory1 food has      
ex]cis$ a mo/ important function 9 8    
social  life4 ,h5ce 9 ! /udy ( food & ( 
its uses a failure to consid]  ?is      
factor w\ld be regrettable4 ,= ?is      
reason x is ju/ifiable 9  ! fe$+ ( man  
to exp5d ^u ! m]e social features ( !   
meal  a sum :i* (t5 is equal to or      
great] ?an t exp5d$ = !  m]e purpose (  

nutrition4 ,?is "p ( ! subject1 h[ev]1  
belongs  especially to ! kit*5 & d9+    
room1 &1 !re=e1 w n be  discuss$ at     
great] l5g? at ! pres5t "t4    ,x is    
believ$ t a m c>eful /udy ( ! food he   
consumes w  b5efit man 9 _m ways4 ,x w  
lead to a wid] public int]e/  9 !       
problem ( ! purity ( food & ! magnitude 
( ! crime  committ$ aga9/ mank9d 9 !    
debasem5t1 adult]ation1 &  sophi/ication
 ( food articles4    ,?is /udy w imp>t  
to ! social function ( food an          
additional  *>m1 9 t ! orig9 & "* ( !   
mat]ial consum$ w  be kn[n & ! prop]ties
 :i* !y possess = n\ri%+ ! body         
und]/ood4 ,?is w enable man1 z a social 
animal1 to s conduct  himself at table z
 to secure ! greate/ possible pleasure &
  social b5efit !refrom & at ! same "t  
avoid any injury :i*  ignorance might   
p]mit & invite4    ,x may appe> t !     
in>ti/ic treatm5t ( a subject ( ?is k9d1
  z indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ pages1 is n "o  
:i* is calculat$ to  excite any         
sympa!tic int]e/ or appeal to ! natural 

desire =  lit]>y & arti/ic expression4  
,yet ! importance ( ! subject is  s     
great z to w>rant ! exp]im5t ( pres5t+ !
 matt] 9 ?is  =m r ?an 9 any m elaborate
 & connect$ way4      ,,def9ition ,,&   
,,composition ,,( ,,foods4      ,food1 9
 its g5]al s5se1 is t :i* n\ri%es ! body
 )\t  reg>d to its physical /ate1 t is1 
x may be solid1 liquid1 or  gase\s4 ,m  
p>ticul>ly def9$1 food is t mat]ial tak5
 into  ! body 9 ! ord9>y process ( eat+ 
:i* conta9s ! elem5ts  necess>y = ! gr[?
 ( tissues1 = ! repair ( ! de/ruction   
to :i* ! tissues are subject$ dur+ !    
ord9>y vital processes  & = furni%+ heat
 & en]gy necess>y to life4 ,incid5t to !
  utilization ( ^! elem5ts !re is       
consum$1 also1 a consid]able  quantity (
 matt] inextricably m+l$ ) food 9 a     
natural way1  :i* takes no direct "p 9  
nutrition & yet :i* is useful1 z a      
mass1 9 promot+ ! dige/ive processes4   
,^! bodies are c]ta9  indige/ible       
cellul> tissues :i* are pres5t 9 foods1 
m9]al  matt]1 & o!r mat]ials :i* are    

naturally f\nd 9 food products4         
,includ$ 9 ?is broad def9ition1 !re=e1  
are _m sub/ances  :i* are usually n     
?\ght ( 9 ! s5se ( food2 among ^! are   
wat] & air4 ,air1 h[ev]1 w\ld probably  
be exclud$ because x  is n introduc$    
into ! /oma*1 t is1 n 9 quantities :i*  
h any significance 9 ! vital processes4 
,wat]1 on ! contr>y1  is "o ( ! mo/     
indisp5sable con/itu5ts ( food & is also
  us$ 9 consid]able quantities z a      
bev]age4 ,! wat]1 itself1 is            
indisp5sable to nutrition & is also "o (
 ^? bodies m5tion$  above :i* are       
necess>y to secure ! prop] conduct ( !  
dige/ive  processes4    ,by means ( !   
oxyg5 9 ! air ! combu/ion ( food 9 !    
v>i\s p>ts ( ! body is secur$1 & ?us    
animal heat & en]gy  develop$4 ,9 ?is   
respect ! combu/ion ( a food product is 
simil>  9 e way to ! burn+ ( coal 9 !   
production ( heat &  motion4 ,! same    
calorific laws :i* gov]n ! /eam-eng9e   
are  applicable1 9 all _! rigidity1 to !
 animal eng9e4 ,! quantity  ( heat      

produc$ by ! combu/ion ( a c]ta9 am\nt (
 fat or sug>  is def9itely measur$ 9 a  
calorimet] & is f\nd to correspond      
exactly to ! quantity ( heat produc$ by 
! ord9>y combu/ion (  su* bodies4 ,! t]m
 8food10 !re=e1 9 ?is respect1 w\ld     
include  ! oxyg5 ( ! air )\t :i* !      
developm5t ( animal heat &  en]gy w\ld  
be impossible4 ,x also includes ^?      
bodies ( a liquid  "* :i* are class$ z  
bev]ages r ?an z foods4 ,all (  ^!      
bodies h nutritive prop]ties1 al?\gh _! 
*ief value is  condim5tal & social4     
,t l>ge class ( food products1 also1 :i*
 is kn[n z condim5ts  is prop]ly t]m$   
food1 s9ce !y n only possess nutritive  
prop]ties b ?r\gh _! condim5tal "*      
promote dige/ion  & by mak+ ! food m    
palatable secure to a high] degree !    
excell5ce ( its social function4    ,x  
is n[ possible to cond5se into a di/9ct 
expression !  def9ition ( food 9 !      
foll[+ language3 ,food 9 a g5]al s5se   
embraces ^? sub/ances tak5 into ! body  
:i* build tissues1  re/ore wa/e1 &      

furni% heat & en]gy4                    
,,classification ,,( ,,foods4    ,foods 
may be consid]$ "u diff]5t              
classifications4 ,fir/1 z to  g5]al     
appe>ance & use ?ree classes may be     
made1--foods1 bev]ages  & condim5ts4 ,z 
types ( ! fir/ division ( ^! foods may  
be  m5tion$ c]eals & _! prep>ations1    
meat & its prep>ations  7except meat    
extracts71 fi%1 f[l1 & game4 ,bev]ages  
are ^?  liquid food products :i* are m  
valu$ = _! ta/e & flavor  ?an actual    
nutritive value4 ,z types ( bev]ages may
 be m5tion$  w9es1 be]s1 di/ill$ spirits
 & liquors ( all *>act]s1 tea1  c(fee1  
cocoa1 *ocolate1 etc4 ,"u w9es1 9 ?is   
s5se1 may be  includ$ ! f]m5t$ bev]ages 
made ( fruit juices1 su* z cid]1  p]ry1 
etc4 ,types ( condim5ts are salt1 pepp]1
 spices1 v9eg>1  etc4 ,milk1 al?\gh a   
liquid sub/ance1 is h>dly to be consid]$
  a bev]age1 & on acc\nt ( its high     
nutritive prop]ties may be  class$1     
toge!r ) its prep>ations1 "u ! fir/     
head4    ,foods may also be classifi$ z 

nitrog5\s1 />*y1 oily1 &  condim5tal4   
,nitrog5\s foods are ^? 9 :i* !         
proportion (  _! mat]ial conta9+ nitrog5
 is l>ge4 ,lean meat may be reg>d$  z a 
type ( nitrog5\s food1 s9ce x consi/s   
almo/ exclusively (  tissues kn[n z     
prote9 & conta9s nitrog5 & sulfur z     
ess5tial  +r$i5ts4 ,! :ite ( an egg is  
also a typical nitrog5\s food  &1 to a  
less ext5t1 ! yolk4 ,among vegetables1  
peas & beans are  typical foods conta9+ 
l>ge p]c5tages ( nitrog5\s matt]4 ,!    
glut5 ( :eat is also a typical nitrog5\s
 food & ! ze9 (  ,indian corn1          
correspond+ to glut51 is a nitrog5\s    
mat]ial4    ,practically all !          
vegetables us$ z foods conta9 m or less 
prote9 9 _! con/itu5ts4 ,among ! c]eals 
oats has ! l>ge/  quantity & rice !     
smalle/ ( ?is valuable food mat]ial4  ,(
 oily foods ! fat ( animals1 includ+    
butt]1 is a typical  repres5tative4 ,all
 meats1 fi%1 f[l1 & game conta9 m or    
less  fat4 ,( vegetables & fruits !re   
are _m :i* conta9 l>ge  quantities (    

fat1 su* z nuts1 oily se$s1 etc4 ,all   
vegetables  conta9 m or less fat1 al?\gh
 ! succul5t vegetables usually  conta9 b
 little !re(4 ,( />*y foods !re are no  
types 9  animal food1 ! quantity (      
c>bohydrate mat]ial !re9 be+  extremely 
limit$4 ,! lob/] & horse-fle% conta9    
p]haps a little  m ?an #a p]c5t (       
c>bohydrate food1 b mo/ meats conta9 mu*
  less ?an t4 ,sug> & />* are typical   
c>bohydrate foods4    ,! c]eal gra9s are
 compos$ l>gely ( />*y foods1 & s are   
c]ta9 tub]s1 su* z ! potato1 cassava1   
etc4 ,( ! common c]eals  rice conta9s m 
/>* ?an any o!r & oats ! lea/4 ,sug>s   
are intimately relat$ to />* & are      
includ$ "u ! t]m  />*y food or          
c>bohydrate food4 ,! c>bohydrate matt] 9
 ! fle%  m5tion$ above1 namely glycog51 
is ( ! nature ( a sug>4 ,among  !       
typical sug> foods are beets1 melons1 & 
fruits1 "s ( :i*  conta9 l>ge p]c5tages 
( sug>4 ,all fruits conta9 great] or    
less  quantities ( sug>1 & t is true1   
also1 ( all vegetables4    ,( ! plants  

:i* produce ! sug> ( comm]ce !re may be 
m5tion$ ! sug>-cane1 ! sug>-beet1 !     
maple1 & palm trees4  ,! pr9cipal s\rces
 ( ! sug> ( comm]ce are ! sug>-cane &  !
 sug>-beet4    ,( ! condim5tal foods may
 be m5tion$ spices1 includ+ pepp]1      
mu/>d1 c9namon1 allspice1 & o!r foods ( 
?is class4 ,common salt  occupies a     
unique position 9 food products4 ,x is !
 only m9]al  sub/ance :i* has any value 
z a condim5t 9 human food4 ,b x also    
has a m important function ?an its      
condim5tal "*1 namely1  x furni%es !    
supply ( hydro*loric acid )\t :i*       
dige/ion 9  ! /oma* c\ld n take place4  
,= ?is reason common salt mu/ be  reg>d$
 z an ess5tial food product z well z a  
condim5t4      ,,explanation ,,(        
,,*emical ,,t]ms4    ,inasmu* z ?is     
manual is n solely int5d$ = exp]t *emi/s
 &  physiologi/s b also = ! g5]al       
public1 a simple explanation (  ! use ( 
! t]ms us$ 9 analytical data & tables is
 advisable4    ,"u ! t]m moi/ure is     
includ$ all ! wat] :i* is pres5t  9 a   

free /ate1 t is1 n comb9$ 9 any way ) ! 
+r$i5ts  ( ! mat]ial1 & o!r sub/ances   
volatile at ! temp]ature (  dry+4 ,!    
wat] is det]m9$ by dry+ to a con/ant    
weight at !  temp]ature ( boil+ wat] or 
slightly above4 ,9 bodies :i* are       
easily oxidiz$ ?is dry+ takes place 9 a 
vacuum or 9 an in]t gas  l hydrog5 or   
c>bon dioxid4      ,prote94--,"u ?is t]m
 is includ$ all ! nitrog5\s comp\nds  9 
a food product :i* conta9 9 _!          
composition sulfur1 nitrog51  c>bon1    
hydrog51 & oxyg51 =m+ t class ( tissues 
repres5t$ by ! glut5 9 :eat1 ! :ite ( an
 egg1 muscul> &  t5d9\s fib]s1 etc4     
,e!r ,extract4--,"u ?is t]m is includ$ !
 fats & oils1 !  t]m fat be+ appli$ to  
animal fat & ! t]m oil to vegetable     
products4 ,^! bodies are all soluble 9  
e!r & !re=e are  gr\p$ toge!r "u ! t]m  
8e!r extract40 ,!re are "s fats  bo? 9  
animal & vegetable sub/ances insoluble 9
 e!r1 b !y  exi/ 9 m9ute quantities &   
!re=e are n sep>at$ f !  extracts1 b !  
:ole matt] is giv5 toge!r & repres5ts   

practically ! fats & oils 9 food4       
,!re are also m9ute quantities ( bodies 
n fats 9 foods soluble 9  e!r1 & ^! are 
includ$ 9 ! e!r extract4      ,a%4--,!  
t]m a% is appli$ to ! residue left aft] 
! burn+  ( food products 9 ! air at a l[
 temp]ature until ! c>bon has           
disappe>$4 ,a% is r an indef9ite t]m &  
is appli$ to t  residual mat]ial ( a    
m9]al nature compos$ ( s& or silica &  !
 c>bonates or oxids ( alkal9e e>? or    
alkalies4 ,! a% also  conta9s ! pr9cipal
 "p ( phosphorus pres5t 9 food products 
&  usually a small proportion ( sulfur4 
,^! bodies 9 ! a% exi/ z  phosphoric &  
sulfuric acids or _! salts4             
,fib]4--,! t]m fib] is appli$ to ^?     
c>bohydrate products  9 food :i* are    
insoluble 9 solutions ( dilute acid &   
dilute  alkalies at ! boil+ temp]ature4 
,inasmu* z ^! sep>at$ bodies  are n     
:olly pure cellulose !y are (t5         
designat$ z crude fib]4      ,/>* &     
,sug>4--,! t]ms />* & sug> are appli$ to
 !  c>bohydrates 9 a food product ( a   

/>*y or sac*>9e nature1  toge!r ) ! o!r 
c>bohydrates pres5t :i* are soluble 9   
dilute acids & alkalies4                
,calories4--,! t]m calorie is us$ to    
d5ote ! am\nt (  heat-=m+ mat]ial       
conta9$ 9 "o unit weight ( a food       
product4  ,! numb] giv5 repres5ts !     
numb] ( degrees ( temp]ature  produc$ 9 
a unit mass ( wat] by ! heat =m$ 9 burn+
 !  unit weight ( food4 ,! unit weights 
employ$ are usually z foll[s3  ,( ! food
 product1 "o gram 7#ae gra9s72 unit     
weight ( wat] to be  heat$1 "o kilogram 
7#b4b p\nds72 unit increm5t (           
temp]ature1 #a;,c4  7#a4h;,f474 ,!      
expression #djjj calories !re=e means t 
if "o gram  ( food sub/ance 9 a dry /ate
 be burn$ ! heat produc$ w raise  "o    
gram ( wat] ?r\gh a temp]ature (        
#djjj;,c41 or ! unit (  wat] 7"o        
kilogram7 ?r\gh a temp]ature ( #d;,c4 ,=
 conv5i5ce !  calories are usually      
express$ z small calories1 namely #djjj1
 in/ead  ( l>ge calories1 namely #d4 ,9 
?is manual ! expression 9 t]ms (  small 

calories1 t is1 ! temp]ature increase ( 
"o kilogram (  wat] produc$ by burn+ "o 
gram ( sub/ance1 multipli$ by #ajjj1  w 
be uni=mly employ$4          ,,foods ,,&
 ,,_! ,,adult]ation4          ,,"p ,i4  
,,meats4      ,"o great division ( human
 food is meat4 ,te*nically1 p]haps1 !   
edible fle% ( e animal us$ = human food 
might be describ$  z meat4 ,9 ?is       
manual1 h[ev]1 pref]5ce is giv5 to !    
common  mean+ ( ! t]m4    ,! fle% (     
animals is by common cons5t divid$ into 
?ree pr9cipal  classes1 namely1 ! fle% (
 t]re/rial mammals1 or animals n        
provid$ ) w+s2 second1 a]ial animals1 or
 animals provid$ )  w+s1 &1 ?ird1       
aquatic animals4 ,a v common            
classification (  ^! ?ree k9ds ( food is
 fle%1 f[l1 & fi%4 ,!re are animals1  ! 
fle% ( :i* is eat5 by _m1 :i* are n     
exactly includ$ 9  ?is classification2 =
 in/ance1 animals ( an amphibi\s nature1
  liv+ p>tly on l& & p>tly on sea4 ,also
 _m ( ! animals  class$ z a]ial live    
*iefly ^u ! e>?2 al?\gh hav+ w+s  !y d n

 use !m1 su* z dome/icat$ f[ls4 ,?is    
classification1  h[ev]1 is suffici5tly  
exact = ! practical purposes ( a food   
manual &1 !re=e1 "u ! head ( meat is    
includ$ ! edible  fle% ( mammals liv+ on
 ! l&4      ,animals ,^: ,fle% is       
,edible4--,probably ! only complete     
classification ( ?is k9d w\ld be to     
include e animal liv+ on  ! face ( ! e>?
 s9ce1 p]haps1 ! fle% ( e animal liv+   
has be5 m or less eat5 by man4 ,9 a     
civiliz$ community1 h[ev]1  except 9    
times ( disa/] & dire necessity1 c]ta9  
classes (  animals only furni% !        
pr9cipal meat food4 ,ne>ly all ! meat   
food  consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is d]iv$
 f cattle1 %eep1 & sw9e4  ,goat fle% is 
eat5 only to a limit$ ext5t & horse meat
 sc>cely at  all1 & ! only o!r meats (  
importance are ^? ( wild animals4  ,!   
pr9cipal wild animals us$ = food are !  
de]1 be>1 rabbit1  & squirrel4 ,_m o!r  
wild animals1 h[ev]1 are eat5 & 9 "s    
cases highly priz$4 ,9 ?is manual only !
 pr9cipal meat foods bo?  ( dome/icat$ &

 wild animals w be m5tion$4             
,classification ( ,meat ,food z         
,respects ,age4--,! edible fle% (       
dome/icat$ animals z well z ( wild      
animals is eat5 bo? 9 !  "y & full-gr[n 
/ate4 ,common names1 h[ev]1 designate ^!
  diff]5t classes4 ,= in/ance1 veal 9 ! 
gr[+ & beef = !  full-gr[n animal1 lamb 
= ! "y & mutton = ! full-gr[n  %eep1 pig
 9 ! y\ng] & pork 9 ! full-gr[n sw9e1   
etc4  ,!re is no legal limit ( age = su*
 a di/9ction1 b z long  z ! animal is n 
fully gr[n x may be classifi$ "u ! "n   
repres5t+ ! "y animal4 ,!re is a common 
und]/&+1  h[ev]1 t 9 ! case ( veal &    
lamb ! animal mu/ be "u "o  ye> ( age & 
usually n "u two nor m ?an eight mon?s (
  age4 ,a classification ( ?is k9d is s 
indef9ite1 h[ev]1 t no  /rict def9ition 
c be giv5 o!r ?an t f\nd$ on ! g5]al    
pr9ciples above outl9$4      ,prep>ation
 ( ,animals4--,! prop] sanit>y          
conditions att5d+ !  fatt5+ ( animals   
int5d$ = slaught] are ( great importance
  to ! consum]4 ,x is a common und]/&+ t

 animals int5d$  = slaught] %\ld be     
plump & heal?y4 ,poor animals1 ei!r ^?  
:i* are meag] f lack ( food or f        
disease1 are to be rigidly  exclud$ f ! 
slaught] p54 ,animals int5d$ = slaught] 
%\ld  be fatt5$ "u sanit>y conditions ) 
pl5ty ( fre% wat] &  fre% air z well z  
good food4 ,! /alls 9 :i* !y are fatt5$ 
%\ld be clean & well v5tilat$1 & !      
sanit>y conditions  surr\nd+ !m %\ld be 
su* z to exclude contagi\s & epidemic   
diseases & provide ! mo/ favorable      
environm5t = gr[? &  prep>ation = !     
m>ket4    ,x is evid5t t all ^!         
conditions are to be secur$ by prop]    
inspection ( ! animals :ile prep>+ = !  
m>ket4 ,! "t  w1 d\btless1 soon arrive 9
 ?is c\ntry :5 ! sup]vision (  !        
prep>ation ( animals = ! m>ket1 !       
sanit>y conditions  "u :i* !y live1 & ! 
g5]al environm5t :i* surr\nds  !m %all  
be subjects ( local1 municipal1 & /ate  
inspection4  ,s9ce ! p[] ( ! g5]al      
gov]nm5t _c ext5d to /ates  &           
municipalities1 ^! corporate bodies %\ld

 take uni=m &  sci5tific action conc]n+ 
all ^! matt]s4 ,national & /ate         
conv5tions ( municipal & /ate sanit>y   
au?orities %\ld decide  ^u uni=m sy/ems 
( inspection & sanitation to :i* all    
/ate  & municipal au?orities mu/ agree1 
s t a uni=m & effective  me?od (        
inspection & sanitation w be secur$     
?r\gh\t !  c\ntry4    ,:5 animals are   
transport$ be=e slaught] f "o /ate to   
ano!r  ! national gov]nm5t is !n entitl$
 to inspect & c]tify  respect+ !        
condition ( ! animal ?us to be          
transport$ f  /ate to /ate4 ,by ?us     
comb9+ municipal1 /ate1 & national      
inspection ! rights ( ! consum] may be  
cons]v$1 & ?is is !  only means by :i*  
!y c be kept inviolate4    ,x is assum$1
 !re=e1 t ! animal :i* has be5 br\ght = 
slaught] has be5 fatt5$ "u prop] sanit>y
 conditions1 has n  be5 expos$ to       
epidemic or contagi\s diseases1 &       
outw>dly is n  afflict$ ) any disease ( 
its own4 ,su* a heal?y animal may !n  be
 c]tifi$ z fatt5$ = slaught]4           

,inspection aft] ,slaught]4--,!         
inspection aft] slaught] is ( !  utmo/  
importance1 n ev5 second to t ( ! prop] 
inspection  dur+ fatt5+ & be=e slaught]4
 ,! vet]9>ian1 skill$ 9  8 sci5ce1 c    
tell by ! inspection ( ! vital organs ( 
!  slaught]$ animal :e!r x is affect$ ) 
any organic disease4  ,among cattle !   
mo/ frequ5t organic diseases are lumpy  
jaw &  tub]culosis4 ,9 ! case ( sw9e "o 
( ! mo/ common ( diseases  is tri*9osis4
 ,9 ! latt] case an inspection ( ! vital
 organs (  ! animal is n suffici5t4 ,!  
muscles ( ! sw9e1 fir/ & mo/  commonly  
affect$ by tri*9osis1 mu/ be exam9$     
microscopically 9  ord] to elim9ate !   
possibility ( ! fle% ( su* animals go+  
into comm]ce untagg$ or unnotic$4    ,if
 ! fle% ( ! sw9e impregnat$ ) tri*9osis 
be ?or\ghly  cook$ practically all ( !  
dang] to man is elim9at$4 ,!  consum]1  
h[ev]1 %\ld n be subject$ to ! *ance (  
imp]fect  cook+4 ,a sw9e affect$ )      
tri*9osis %\ld ei!r be refus$  admission
 into consumption or %\ld be s tagg$ t !

 consum]  %\ld "k ! dang] to :i* he is  
expos$ 9 ord] to take !  necess>y       
precaution to safegu>d 8 heal?4         
,tub]culosis4--,!re is a diff]5ce (     
op9ion among vet]9>y &  hygi5ic exp]ts  
respect+ ! disposition :i* is to be made
 (  c>casses affect$ ) tub]culosis4 ,x  
is claim$ by "s t if  ! tub]culosis is  
local1 t is1 does n ext5d beyond !      
lungs1  !re is no reason :y ! fle% ( !  
animal %\ld be refus$ to  ! consum]4 ,! 
basis ( ?is cont5tion is f\nd$ ^u !     
op9ion  ( "s ( ! mo/ em95t vet]9>ians t 
bov9e tub]culosis  & human tub]culosis  
are entirely di/9ct diseases & _c be    
transmitt$ ei!r f ! c[ to man or vice   
v]s4 ,x is n !  prov9ce ( ?is manual to 
decide ?is controv]sy1 al?\gh x is  only
 "r t ! consum] %\ld be giv5 ! b5efit ( 
! d\bt4  ,!re=e1 if ! c>cass ( an animal
 affect$ ) local tub]culosis  is to be  
pass$ into consumption x %\ld be pla9ly 
m>k$ z !  fle% ( a tub]culos$ animal1--n
 only ! c>cass z a :ole1 b  e piece !re(
 t is introduc$ into consumption        

directly or  aft] cann+ or m9c+4 ,!     
consum] is ?us left free to *oose  =    
himself :e!r to eat su* meat or n4 ,!re 
is a univ]sal  agreem5t among hygi5i/s &
 vet]9>ians t :]e tub]culosis  is       
g5]aliz$1 t is1 has affect$ practically 
all ! organs ( !  body1 ! c>casses %\ld 
be condemn$4 ,no "o w take exceptions   
to ?is rul+1 ?\gh x does n appe> v pla9 
to ! ord9>y  consum] :y a little        
tub]culosis is n a bad ?+ if a great    
deal  ( x is a v bad ?+4 ,!re is an     
un=tunate t5d5cy 9 _m  qu>t]s to neglect
 m9ute effects & only pay att5tion to   
mass  action4 ,?is does n seem to be a  
reasonable or desirable me?od (         
proc$ure4      ,! ,"r ( ! ,consum]4--,9 
all ^! cases ( po/ mortem  inspection x 
is ! "r ( ! consum] to be in=m$ respect+
  ! condition ( ! animal admitt$ to     
slaught]4 ,only ! und\bt$ly  s\nd &     
heal?y c>cass %\ld be giv5 a free       
c]tificate4 ,!  badly diseas$ c>cass    
%\ld be condemn$ & refus$ admission to  
consumption4 ,if ! p>tially diseas$     

c>cass is to be consum$1  x %\ld be done
 "u su* a sy/em ( tagg+ z w absolutely  
protect any consum] aga9/ ! use ( !     
p>tially diseas$ c>cass  )\t 8 k4       
,summ>y4--,! g5]al conclusion rea*$ is t
 ! consum] has  ! "r to protection 9 !  
"* ( food :i* comes ^u 8  table4 ,?is   
protection beg9s at ! "t ! animals are  
be+ f$ =  slaught]4 ,x cont9ues dur+ !  
"t ! animals are slaught]$  & aft]w>ds 9
 ! prep>ation ( _! c>casses =           
consumption4  ,x does n end until ! meat
 is deliv]$ to ! consum] prop]ly        
c]tifi$ z be+ s\nd & :olesome & w>rant$ 
to be free f  delet]i\s color+ matt] &  
pres]vatives4 ,! consum]s ( ?is  c\ntry 
c h ?is protection if !y dem& x4 ,!y    
outnumb] !  mak]s ( meat products to su*
 an ov]:elm+ ext5t z to be able  to     
secure prop] legislation1 because !     
manufactur]s !mselves1 z  consum]s1 are 
equally int]e/$ ) o!rs 9 ?is mo/        
important  po9t1 & %\ld !mselves receive
 = _! families ! same  protection t !   
consum] :o has no?+ to d ) ! prep>ation 

( meat products is entitl$ to4    ,s9ce 
! above p>agraph 0 writt5 ! ,congress   
has provid$ = a  complete inspection (  
meats z outl9$ !re94      ,slaught] &   
,prep>ation ( ,c>casses4--,x is n !     
purpose (  ?is manual to ent] into any  
discussion ( ! te*nique ( slaught]  &   
prep>ation ( animals ^: meat is int5d$  
to be eat54 ,x is  believ$ t 9 ?is      
c\ntry ! me*anism ( ?is process is v    
ne> p]fection1 & especially s 9 ! l>g]  
e/abli%m5ts :]e  ! highe/ skill is      
employ$4 ,9 small slaught]+ e/abli%m5ts 
&  9 f>m slaught] !re are f\nd _m po9ts 
( te*nique :i* %\ld  be greatly improv$4
 ,! pr9cipal ?+ to be consid]$ is1 fir/1
  a sudd5 & 9 s f> z possible a pa9less 
dea? ( ! animal2  second1 ! imm$iate    
)drawal ( ! blood ( ! slaught]$ animal  
if slaught]$ o!rwise ?an by op5+ !      
pr9cipal art]y2 ?ird1  ! removal ( !    
inte/9es & hair or hide ( ! animal2     
f\r?1  imm$iate cool+ at a mod]ately l[ 
temp]ature until ! animal heat  is      
entirely radiat$2 fif?1 ! cutt+ ( !     

c>cass into ! usual  =m = consumption & 
! removal & utilization ( ! dbris =     
food or o!r purposes2 six?1 ! deliv]y ( 
! meat1 if to be eat5  9 a fre% /ate1 9 
a condition secur$ f contam9ation &     
decay  until x is 9 ! h&s ( ! consum]2  
sev5?1 ! cur+ ( !  meat 9 a prop] mann] 
by salt1 sug>1 v9eg>1 & wood smoke1 &  !
 deliv]y !re( 9 an uncontam9at$ =m to ! 
consum]4      ,natural ,appe>ance (     
,cuts ( ,heal?y ,beef    ,beef is ! mo/ 
important ( any ( ! meat or fle% foods4 
,to be  able to judge ( its fre%ness &  
fre$om f disease is ( great  practical  
value4 ,! foll[+ color$ plates %[ !     
appe>ance  ( "s ( ! pr9cipal cuts ( beef
 9 ! prop] condition =  cook+4 ,by      
comp>+ ! appe>ance ( ! beef b\ght 9 all 
m>kets  ) ^! plates x is possible to =m 
a s\nd judgm5t ( _!  suitability =      
consumption4      ,^! sev5 ,plates are  
reproduc$ by c\rtesy ( ,arm\r  ,co41    
,*icago    ,illu/ration3 ,,beef         
,,t5d]lo9    ,illu/ration3 ,,beef       
,,sirlo9    ,illu/ration3 ,,beef        

,,ribs--,,regul> ,,cut    ,illu/ration3 
,,beef ,,ribs--,,sp5c] ,,cut            
,illu/ration3 ,,sirlo9 ,,butts          
,illu/ration3 ,,beef ,,rib              
,illu/ration3 ,,beef ,,lo9    ,x is n   
e/abli%$ t any fur!r manipulation ?an t 
above  outl9$ is desirable or necess>y4 
,! use ( any k9d ( dye or  color+ matt] 
directly or indirectly1 ( any s-call$   
pres]vative  sub/ance o!r ?an ^? ( a    
condim5tal nature already m5tion$1  or  
any fur!r manipulation save t to secure 
l[ temp]ature &  fre$om f infection is n
 useful1 necess>y1 nor desirable4 ,!    
soon] ! manufactur] ( ^! products       
und]/&s ! rights (  ! consum] 9 ?is     
respect & recognizes ! fundam5tal v]ity 
(  ! above po/ulates ! bett] x w be =   
all p>ties4 ,:5 ^!  conditions are met  
all ( ! _m & j objections :i* h  be5    
made to ! meats ( ?is c\ntry w pass away
 & !y w  assume 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w t     
position to :i* _! natural  m]its1 :5 n 
int]f]$ ) by maltreat+ dur+ cur+1       
entitle  !m4      ,names ,appli$ to !   

,diff]5t ,pieces ( ,edible ,animals4--,9
 !  prep>ation ( animals = ! m>ket      
exp]i5ce has %[n t !y  are be/ cut 9    
c]ta9 pieces ( a %ape det]m9$ by ! race 
( !  animal itself & to ^! pieces or    
cuts c]ta9 def9ite names h  be5 appli$4 
,! me?od ( mak+ ^! cuts is n ! same 9   
all  p>ts ( ?is c\ntry & v>i\s p>ts (   
diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates ! 
mo/ common cuts are illu/rat$ 9 !       
accompany+  figures1 ) ! names :i* are  
atta*$ !reto4    ,! analyses "h report$ 
apply to cuts z indicat$ by ! foll[+    
diagrams4 ,^! %[ ! positions ( ! diff]5t
 cuts1 bo? 9  ! live animal & 9 ! dress$
 c>cass z f\nd 9 ! m>kets4  ,! l9es (   
division betwe5 ! diff]5t cuts w v>y    
slightly1  accord+ to ! usage ( ! local 
m>ket1 ev5 :]e ! g5]al  me?od ( cutt+ is
 z "h indicat$4 ,! names ( ! same cuts  
likewise v>y 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,cuts ,,(   
,,beef4--7,nutrition ,bullet9s1 ,(fice (
  ,exp]im5t ,/ations47      ,! ,cuts (  
,beef4--,! g5]al me?od ( cutt+ up a side

 ( beef is  illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 :i*   
%[s ! relative position ( ! cuts  9 !   
animal & 9 a dress$ side4 ,! neck piece 
is frequ5tly cut  s z to include m ( !  
*uck ?an is repres5t$ by ! diagram4  ,! 
%\ld] clod is usually cut )\t bone1 :ile
 ! %\ld] 7n  indicat$ 9 diagram7 w\ld   
include m or less ( ! %\ld] blade  & ( !
 upp] end ( ! =e %ank4 ,%\ld] /eak is   
cut f !  *uck4 ,9 _m localities ! plate 
is made to include all ! p>ts (  ! =e   
qu>t] designat$ on ! diagrams z brisket1
 cross ribs1  plate1 & navel1 & diff]5t 
portions ( ! plate1 z ?us cut1 are      
spok5 ( z ! 8brisket end ( plate0 &     
8navel end ( plate40 ,?is  "p ( ! animal
 is l>gely us$ = corn+4 ,! ribs are     
frequ5tly  divid$ into fir/1 second1 &  
?ird cuts1 ! latt] ly+ ne>e/  ! *uck &  
be+ slightly less desirable ?an ! =m]4  
,! *uck  is sometimes subdivid$ 9 a     
simil> mann]1 ! ?ird cut ( ! *uck  be+  
ne>e/ ! neck4 ,! names appli$ to diff]5t
 portions ( !  lo9 v>y consid]ably 9    
diff]5t localities4 ,! "p ne>e/ !  ribs 

is frequ5tly call$ 8small end ( lo90 or 
8%ort /eak40 ,!  o!r end ( ! lo9 is     
call$ 8hip sirlo90 or 8sirlo940 ,betwe5 
! %ort & ! sirlo9 is a portion q g5]ally
 call$ !  8t5d]lo910 = ! reason t ! real
 t5d]lo91 ! v t5d]  /rip ( meat ly+     
inside ! lo91 is f\nd mo/ fully develop$
 9  ?is cut4 ,port]h\se /eak is a t]m   
mo/ frequ5tly appli$ to ei!r  ! %ort    
/eak or ! t5d]lo94 ,x is n uncommon to  
f9d ! flank  cut s z to include m ( !   
lo9 ?an is indicat$ 9 ! figures1  9 :i* 
case ! upp] portion is call$ 8flank     
/eak40 ,! l>g]  "p ( ! flank is1 h[ev]1 
v frequ5tly corn$1 z is also !  case ) !
 rump4 ,9 "s m>kets ! rump is cut s z to
 include a  portion ( ! lo91 :i* is !n  
sold z 8rump /eak40 ,! portion  ( ! r\nd
 on ! outside ( ! leg is reg>d$ z m t5d]
 ?an  t on ! inside1 & is frequ5tly     
pref]r$ to ! latt]4 ,z !  leg lies ^u ! 
but*]'s table ?is outside ( ! r\nd is   
usually  on ! upp]1 or top1 side1 & is  
!re=e call$ 8top r\nd40  ,occasionally !
 plate is call$ ! 8rattle40    ,9 ,fig4 

#b is %[n a side ( beef ) ! v>i\s cuts  
indicat$ z  us$ = comm]cial designation4
    ,illu/ration3      #a4 ,%ank   #e4  
,rib      #i4 ,clod    #b4 ,r\nd   #f4  
,flank   #aj4 ,neck    #c4 ,rump    #g4 
,plate    #d4 ,lo9    #h4 ,*uck         
,t5d]lo9s1 ,sirlo9 ,butts & ,/rips cut f
 ,no4 #d4    ,rib ,rolls cut f ,no4 #e4 
,,fig4 #b4--;,,comm]cial ,,cuts ,,(     
,,beef4--7,c\rtesy ( ,arm\r  ,co47    ,9
 ,fig4 #f 7page #bj7 is %[n ! int]ior   
view ( a hog c>cass )  ! cuts indicat$ z
 kn[n to ! trade4    ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #c4--;,,diagram ,,( ,,cuts ,,(   
,,veal4--7,nutrition  ,bullet9s1 ,(fice 
( ,exp]im5t ,/ations47      ,! ,cuts (  
,veal4--,! me?od ( cutt+ up a side (    
veal diff]s  consid]ably f t employ$ )  
beef4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by  ,fig4 #c1   
:i* %[s ! relative position ( ! cuts 9 !
 animal  & 9 a dress$ side4 ,! *uck is  
mu* small] 9 proportion1 &  frequ5tly no
 di/9ction is made betwe5 ! *uck & !    
neck4 ,!  *uck is (t5 cut s z to include
 a consid]able ( ! portion "h  designat$

 z %\ld]1 foll[+ m ne>ly ! me?od adopt$ 
=  subdivid+ beef4 ,! %\ld] ( veal z "h 
indicat$ includes1  besides ! portion   
correspond+ to ! %\ld] 9 beef1 ! l>g]   
"p ( :at is "h class$ z *uck 9 ! adult  
animal4 ,! "u  "p ( ! =e qu>t]1         
correspond+ to ! plate 9 ! beef1  is (t5
 designat$ z brea/ 9 ! veal4 ,! "p ( !  
veal  correspond+ to ! rump ( beef is "h
 includ$ ) ! lo91 b  is (t5 cut to =m "p
 ( ! leg4 ,9 _m localities ! =e &  h9d  
%anks ( veal are call$ ! 8knuckles40    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,diagram ,,(
 ,,cuts ,,( ,,lamb ,,&                  
,,mutton4--7,nutrition  ,bullet9s1      
,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations47      ,!   
,cuts ( ,lamb & ,mutton4--,fig4 #d %[s !
 relative position (  ! cuts 9 a dress$ 
side ( mutton or lamb & 9 a live animal4
  ,! cuts 9 a side ( lamb & mutton numb]
 b six1 ?ree 9 ea*  qu>t]4 ,! *uck      
includes ! ribs z f> z ! end ( ! %\ld]  
blades1 beyond :i* comes ! lo94 ,! flank
 is made to include all  ! "u side ( !  
animal4 ,"s but*]s1 h[ev]1 make a l>g]  

numb] ( cuts 9 ! =e qu>t]1 includ+ a    
portion ( ! cuts  m>k$ 8lo90 & 8*uck0 9 
,fig4 #d1 to make a cut designat$ z     
8rib10  & a portion ( ! 8flank0 &       
8%\ld]0 to make a cut designat$  z      
8brisket40 ,! t]m 8*ops0 is ord9>ily us$
 to designate portions  ( ei!r ! lo91   
ribs1 *uck1 or %\ld]1 :i* are ei!r cut  
or  8*opp$0 by ! but*] into pieces      
suitable = fry+ or broil+4  ,! *uck &   
ribs are sometimes call$ ! 8rack40      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,diagram ,,(
 ,,cuts ,,( ,,pork4--7,nutrition        
,bullet9s1 ,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations47
      ,! ,cuts ( ,pork4--,! me?od (     
cutt+ up a side ( pork diff]s           
consid]ably f t employ$ ) o!r meats4 ,a 
l>ge portion  ( ! c>cass ( a dress$ pig 
consi/s ( almo/ cle> fat4 ,?is  furni%es
 ! cuts :i* are us$ = 8salt pork0 &     
bacon4 ,fig4 #e  illu/rates a common    
me?od ( cutt+ up pork1 %[+ ! relative   
position ( ! cuts 9 ! animal & 9 !      
dress$ side4 ,! cut  designat$ z 8back  
cut0 is almo/ cle> fat & is us$ = salt+ 

& pickl+4 ,! 8middle cut0 is ! portion q
 g5]ally us$ =  bacon & = 8lean ends0   
salt pork4 ,! belly is salt$ or pickl$1 
or  may be made into sausages4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,comm]cial  
,,cuts ,,( ,,pork4--7,c\rtesy ( ,arm\r  
,co47      #a--;,h9d ,foot    #b--;,ham 
#c--,rib ,belly    #d--;,fat ,back      
#e--,pork ,lo9    #f--;,cala ,ham ,butt 
#g--;,cali=nia ,ham    #h--;,=e ,foot   
#i--,neck    ,b5ea? ! 8back cut0 are !  
ribs & lo91 f :i* are obta9$  8sp>]ibs10
 8*ops10 & roa/+ pieces1 n designat$ 9 !
  figure4 ,! hams & %\ld]s are m        
frequ5tly cur$1 b are also  sold fre% z 
pork 8/eak40 ,! t5d]lo9 prop] is a      
comp>atively  lean & v small /rip ( meat
 ly+ "u ! bones ( ! lo9 &  usually      
weigh+ a fraction ( a p\nd4 ,"s fat is  
usually trimm$ (f  f ! hams & %\ld]s :i*
 is call$ 8ham & %\ld] fat0 &  is (t5   
us$ = sausages1 etc4 ,:at is call$ 8leaf
 l>d10 at lea/  9 "s localities1 comes f
 ! inside ( ! back4 ,x is ! kidney  fat4
    ,z /at$ above1 cuts z %[n 9 !       

diagrams h]e) correspond to  ^? ( :i*   
analyses are report$ 9 ! table beyond1 b
 d n  attempt to %[ ! diff]5t me?ods (  
cutt+ foll[$ 9 m>kets 9  diff]5t p>ts ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates4      ,deliv]y ( ,fre%  
,meat to ,consum]s4--,p]haps ! mo/      
important  aid to ! manufactur]1 z well 
z a protection to ! consum]1  :i* mod]n 
sci5ce has (f]$ to ! public is !        
possibility  ( deliv]+ fre% meats to    
consum]s at a l[ temp]ature4 ,a well    
equipp$ abattoir is provid$ ) app>atus  
by means ( :i* a  con/antly l[          
temp]ature may be ma9ta9$ 9 ! room :]e !
  fre% meat is kept aft] ! prep>ation   
describ$ above4 ,:5 !  meats are to be  
di/ribut$ ov] long di/ances refrig]ator 
c>s or  boats are provid$ :]e l[        
temp]ature may be ma9ta9$4      ,roa/   
,beef4--,! p>ts ( ! beef :i* are us$ =  
roa/+ are  %[n 9 ! diagram1 compris+ a  
consid]able portion ( ! h9d  qu>t] ( !  
beef & "p ( ! ribs4 ,! roa/ is p]haps ! 
mo/  important ( ! p>ts ( ! beef =      
edible purposes4 ,! av]age  composition 

( ! edible "p ( roa/ beef 7be=e cook+7  
is giv5  bel[3      ,wat]1              
#fj4ad p]c5t    ,solids1                
#ci4hf        ,nitrog51          #d4dg  
,phosphoric acid1    4#ed               
,sulfur1             4#bf        ,fat1  
#aj4dh        ,a%1               #a4cj  
,prote91          #bg4ie                
,beef/eak4--,! mo/ important p>ts ( !   
beef next to ! roa/  are ! p>ts us$ =   
/eak4 ,beef/eaks h diff]5t names1 su* z 
t5d]lo9 & sirlo91 & :5 ! latt] two are  
jo9$ toge!r by  ! bone ! :ole is call$  
port]h\se4 ,!re are also r\nd /eaks  &  
rump /eaks :i* are less highly priz$    
portions ( ! meat1  b 9 nutritive value 
are probably q z valuable z ! o!rs      
m5tion$4 ,! av]age composition ( !      
edible "p ( a l>ge numb]  ( samples (   
beef/eak is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3#a    
,wat]1            #fc4ie p]c5t          
,solids1           #cf4je               
,nitrog51          #d4ed                
,phosphoric acid1    4#ei               
,sulfur1             4#bg        ,fat1  

#e4ic        ,a%1               #a4dh   
,prote91          #bh4cg          #a    
,means ( num]\s analyses 9 ,bureau (    
,*emi/ry4    ,x is se5 t ! roa/ beef    
conta9s less wat]1 less prote91 &       
decid$ly m fat ?an ! /eak4      ,roa/   
,lamb4--,! p>ts ( ! lamb :i* are us$ =  
roa/+ are  usually ! h9d qu>t]s1 al?\gh 
all ( ! p>ts are roa/$ at  times4 ,!    
av]age composition ( a numb] ( samples (
 lamb roa/ is  giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3#b 
,wat]1            #eh4ef p]c5t          
,solids1           #da4dd               
,nitrog51          #d4ia                
,phosphoric acid1    4#fa               
,sulfur1             4#bh        ,fat1  
#i4ab        ,a%1               #a4cj   
,prote91          #cj4ga          #b ,f 
num]\s analyses made 9 ! ,bureau (      
,*emi/ry4      ,lamb *ops or mutton *ops
 are ! %ort ribs ) atta*$ fle% (  lamb  
or "y %eep4 ,!y are consid]$ to be ! mo/
 desirable "p  ( ! "y %eep or lamb =    
edible purposes4 ,! av]age composition  
( ! edible portion ( a numb] ( samples (

 lamb *ops is giv5 9  ! foll[+ table3   
,wat]1            #fc4ih p]c5t          
,solids1           #cf4jb               
,nitrog51          #d4ce                
,phosphoric acid1    4#fa               
,sulfur1             4#bd        ,fat1  
#g4ji        ,a%1               #a4di   
,prote91          #bg4ah        ,roa/   
lamb1 z %[n by ! above data1 has less   
wat]1 m fat1 &  m prote9 ?an lamb *ops4 
,pres]vation ( ,fre% ,meats4--,aft]     
deliv]y ! meats are at once  consign$ to
 refrig]ator dep>tm5ts 9 ! m>kets1 :]e  
!y  are pres]v$ until !y pass into !    
consum]'s h&s4 ,?us1 a  prop]ly fatt5$1 
prop]ly slaught]$1 & prop]ly dress$     
piece  ( fre% meat may be br\ght into ! 
consum]'s h&s 9 a mann]  at once        
unobjectionable & at ! same "t "o :i*   
secures x  admirably f contam9ation (   
any k9d4 ,s p]fect are ^! means (       
transportation t fre% meat may be s5t n 
only f city to city  b across ! sea1 &  
rea* ! consum] z ne> p]fection z human  
+5uity c devise4      ,l5g? (           

,/orage4--,! "q ( h[ long meat c be     
safely kept  9 cold /orage ( ?is k9d is 
"o :i* has n be5 decid$4 ,x may  be     
said1 h[ev]1 t ! p]iod %\ld n be ext5d$ 
any long]  ?an is necess>y & t !        
consum]s ( meat %\ld be provid$  9      
ord9>y times1 if transportation is      
undi/urb$1 ) practically  fre% meat4 ,x 
is evid5t t if ! pr9cipal meat-pack+    
c5t]s  are ,*icago1 ,omaha1 & ,kansas   
,city ! cities & p>ts ( ! c\ntry  remote
 f ^! localities mu/ h meat some:at old]
 ?an ^?  :i* are ne> by4 ,if we pass to 
di/ant c\ntries1 z = in/ance1  ,europe1 
:]e fre% meats are receiv$ f ! ,unit$   
,/ates or ev5  f ,au/ralia1 ! "t elaps+ 
betwe5 slaught] & consumption  mu/      
necess>ily be long4 ,?us ! l5g? ( "t 9  
:i* meat %\ld  be left 9 cold /orage    
aft] x is prop]ly matur$ dep5ds ^u its  
geographic di/ribution & is n a matt] to
 be decid$ arbitr>ily4    ,:5 meats are 
n only kept 9 cold /orage =             
transportation b are  actually froz51 z 
is (t5 ! case1 !y c1 ( c\rse1 be kept = 

a mu* long] "t ?an :5 subject$ m]ely to 
a l[ temp]ature at  or slightly above ! 
freez+ po9t4 ,= ?is reason meats t are  
to  be c>ri$ to a long di/ance & n to be
 consum$ = a long "t  aft] prep>ation   
are usually froz5 & kept s dur+         
transport4      ,effect ( ,l[           
,temp]ature on ,enzymic                 
,action4--,att5tion has be5  call$ to ! 
fact t l[ temp]ature does n inhibit     
enzymic  action1 &1 !re=e1 x mu/ be     
admitt$ t ?is cont9u$  activity mu/     
gradually det]iorate ! quality ( !      
product4 ,!  "q1 !re=e1 :i* is ! mo/    
important is n h[ long c  meat be kept 9
 a froz5 condition b h[ %ort a "t mu/ x 
be  kept4 ,9 all cases1 !re=e1 ( ?is k9d
 ! consum] is entitl$ to  "k ! l5g? ( "t
 dur+ :i* 8 meat has be5 kept froz51 &  
?is desirable condition ( affairs is    
easily secur$ by ! necess>y  local1     
/ate1 & national inspection already     
m5tion$4      ,disposition ( ,fragm5ts  
,aris+ ,f ! ,dress+ ( ,beef4--,x is     
evid5t t ! fragm5ts ( s\nd1 :olesome    

meat :i* is dress$  = deliv]y to comm]ce
 are !mselves edible & h5ce !re c  be no
 hygi5ic or o!r objection to prep>ations
 made f ^!  fragm5ts1 su* z sausage &   
o!r m9c$ & comm9ut$ meats :i*  appe> ^u 
! m>ket4 ,9 o!r words1 ! consum] is     
entitl$ to  "k t because a piece ( meat 
is comm9ut$ is no reason =  suppos+ t x 
is n edible4    ,sausage1 m9ce meat1    
comm9ut$ meat1 pott$1 cann$1 & o!r meats
  or prep>ations f ^! s\nd1 clean1      
edible fragm5ts1 necess>ily  reject$ 9 !
 process ( prep>+ fre% meats = cur+ & = 
consumption1 are entitl$ to ! same      
consid]ation & may be look$  ^u ) ! same
 c]ta9ty ( purity by ! consum] :5       
prop]ly  inspect$ & prep>$ z ! l>g]     
pieces4    ,! possibility ( detect+ any 
effects ( disease 9 meats by  inspection
 at ! "t ( or aft] deliv]y is v remote &
  !re=e ! inspection be=e kill+ & dur+ !
 process (  manufacture %\ld be a mo/   
rigid "o 9 ! case ( ^! fragm5ts4  ,su*  
inspection & c]tification w\ld re/ore   
public confid5ce 9  ! purity & hygi5ic  

prop]ties ( ^! meats :i* n only are     
nutriti\s b by ! spic+ & condim5tal     
treatm5t :i* !y  receive are r5d]$      
highly palatable & desirable4           
,,detection ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,(    
,,meat4    ,:5 meats are 9 l>ge pieces  
!y may be recogniz$ by _!  anatomical   
*>act]i/ics4 ,9 ord] t ?is may be done1 
h[ev]1  ! piece ( meat mu/ ei!r be ( a  
suffici5t size to be recogniz$  by its  
%ape & g5]al appe>ance or mu/ h a bone (
 suffici5t  size to indicate its        
anatomical "*4    ,accord+ to ! ,g]man  
law pieces ( meat ( less ?an eight p\nds
  9 weight are n suppos$ to be l>ge     
en\gh to be recogniz$  anatomically or  
o!rwise ) c]ta9ty4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a    
matt]  :i* p]ta9s m to ! meat ( animals 
f :i* ! bone is  tak5 r ?an to its      
actual size4 ,x requires "s little exp]t
  k ( ! anatomy ( animals 9 ord] to     
di/+ui% ^!  pieces1 b "o :o is 9 ! habit
 ( pur*as+ or cutt+ meats  acquires ?is 
k )\t any special /udy4      ,odor &    
,ta/e4--,ea* k9d ( meat may also be     

detect$ bo? by its  odor & ta/e1 z well 
z by its physical appe>ance & %ape4     
,beef1  mutton1 pork1 & o!r meats 9 a   
prop] /ate ( prep>ation &  pres]vation h
 *>act]i/ic odors & flavors by :i* !y   
are  easily detect$4 ,"o ( ! common     
faults ( cook+ is ! putt+  toge!r (     
meats ( v>i\s k9ds 9 ! same ov51 by     
means (  :i* ! odors become s int]m+l$ t
 9 small pieces ev5 !  exp]i5c$ ta/] may
 n always be able to discrim9ate betwe5 
!m4      ,detection ( ,meat by          
,microscopic ,appe>ance4--,meats are s  
ne>ly  relat$ hi/ologically t !         
microscope is n a c]ta9 means (  detect+
 ! diff]5t v>ieties4 ,7 ?is ! case x    
w\ld be easy  to id5tify ! diff]5t k9ds 
( meat :i* may be f\nd 9 a f9ely        
comm9ut$ mixture4 ,! exp]t microscopi/  
may h difficulty 9  discrim9at+ betwe5  
diff]5t microscopic portions ( meat1 b !
  microscope is ( practically no        
advantage to any b an exp]t & n  a v    
great advantage to him4 ,! fib]s ( "s   
animals v>y 9 size1  co>s5ess or f95ess 

( texture1 & o!r *>act]i/ics z mu* z    
fib]s d f diff]5t animals4              
,detection by ,*emical ,exam9ation4--,! 
mo/ satisfactory me?od (  detect+ meats 
is by means ( _! *emical exam9ation4    
,!re are  two di/9ct po9ts :i* are kept 
9 view 9 a *emical exam9ation4  ,"o is !
 pres5ce ( glycog51 :i* 9 quantities ( m
 ?an "o  p]c5t is *>act]i/ic ( horse    
meat4 ,un=tunately1 ?is te/ c  only be  
appli$ to a meat 9 practically a fre%   
/ate1 z ! glycog5  is rapidly *ang$ into
 o!r =ms ( c>bohydrate sub/ances :i*    
make x difficult to id5tify4 ,! *emical 
exam9ation1 !re=e1  :i* is ( ! mo/ value
 is t :i* is p]=m$ ^u ! fat4  ,! fat (  
diff]5t animals has diff]5t physical &  
*emical  *>act]i/ics4 ,! fats cry/allize
 9 diff]5t =ms & h  diff]5t melt+       
po9ts1--also ! fatty acids d]iv$        
!refrom4  ,!y absorb diff]5t quantities 
( iod9 & brom91 & h o!r  physical &     
*emical prop]ties :i* are peculi> to ea*
 v>iety4    ,a c>eful exam9ation ( !    
fat1 !re=e1 w lead to an  approximate   

degree ( k conc]n+ ! "* ( ! fle%  f :i* 
x has be5 d]iv$4 ,= in/ance1 l>d & beef 
fat are  easily di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,9  
case a m9c$ meat is made  :olly ( "o k9d
 ( fle% or ( "o k9d ( animal ! *emical  
exam9ation ( ! fat w1 ) a consid]able   
degree ( c]ta9ty1  lead to its          
id5tification4 ,9 ! same mann]1 if a    
m9c$ meat  be made up ( equal p>ts ( two
 diff]5t k9ds ( animals !  *>act]i/ics (
 ! fats w lead to ! id5tification ( !   
two s\rces ( meat4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o k9d ( 
meat be mix$ 9 only  a small proportion1
 say #aj or #ae p]c5t1 ( ano!r1 !       
*emical  me?ods ( sep>ation are n to be 
reli$ ^u4 ,none ( ^!  *emical or        
physical me?ods1 un=tunately1 is ( value
 9 ! h&s  ( any b an exp]t1 &1 !re=e1 _c
 be reg>d$ z a common  means (          
id5tification4 ,= ?is reason ! only     
common mann] (  id5tification ( ! k9ds (
 meats :i* are s5t out to ! consum]  at 
l>ge mu/ consi/ 9 ! g5]al k ( _!        
anatomical1  physical1 palatable1 &     
gu/atory prop]ties outl9$ above4    ,9  

all cases ! consum] mu/ ev5tually rely  
^u ! (ficial  inspection & ! label :i*  
accompanies ! meat or :i* %\ld          
accompany x4      ,dri$ ,meat4--,a v    
effective me?od ( pres]v+ meat is       
practic$  9 c]ta9 ( ! arid regions ( !  
c\ntry by expos+ x to ! dry  air &      
sunlight4 ,meats prep>$ 9 ?is way are   
(t5 call$ 8j]k$0  meats4 ,! small am\nt 
( aque\s vapor 9 ! air is n suffici5t   
to ma9ta9 ! life ( ! ord9>y f]m5tative  
g]ms1 & !y are1  !re=e1 de/roy$ by      
desiccation4 ,meat :i* is expos$ "u su* 
circum/ances does n become infect$ ) any
 f]m5tative g]m1 &  ! moi/ure :i* x     
conta9s is rapidly giv5 (f 9 ! dry air  
surr\nd+ x4 ,= ?is purpose ! meat is cut
 into ?9 /rips &  susp5d$ by appropriate
 means 9 ! air & expos$ to ! direct     
sunlight4 ,9 a %ort "t ! moi/ure        
disappe>s1 & ! h>d dry  pieces keep     
indef9itely 9 c]ta9 arid regions ( ?is  
c\ntry4 ,!  meat also ma9ta9s a fair    
degree ( palatability & practically  all
 ( its nutri5t prop]ties1 s t :5 prop]ly

 cook$ x is  a palatable & nutriti\s    
di%4 ,probably ( all ! me?ods (  pres]v+
 meat ?is "o is ! lea/ op5 to objection1
 s9ce n  ev5 spices or condim5tal       
sub/ances are necess>y 9 ord] to        
pres]ve ! meat f decay4 ,by reason ( !  
*ange 9 its physical  appe>ance1 h[ev]1 
:i* makes x less attractive1 ?is me?od  
is n  likely to come into g5]al use 9 ! 
ord9>y pres]vation ( meat4    ,dri$ beef
 is also prep>$ by pres]v+ ! meat by    
condim5tal  sub/ances &1 in/ead ( plac+ 
x 9 br9e1 dry+ x artificially4  ,*ipp$  
or dri$ beef is a common article (      
comm]ce & is prep>$  9 ! mann] describ$ 
above4 ,?is meat1 h[ev]1 has already be5
  treat$ ) condim5tal sub/ances1 & h5ce 
! dry+ is only "o  ( ! means (          
pres]vation4 ,dri$ or *ipp$ meats are   
(t5 smok$  also z well z desiccat$1 s t 
9 _! prep>ation m ?an "o  me?od (       
pres]vation is employ$4      ,pickl$    
,meats4--,! me?od ( pres]v+ meats 9 a   
liquid  environm5t is sometimes call$   
pickl+4 ,all k9ds ( meat are pickl$  9  

?is way1 b pork especially4 ,! pickl+   
br9e may be simply  made ( common salt1 
?\gh o!r sub/ances1 su* z sug>1 v9eg>1  
& spices1 are us$4 ,! br9e also         
sometimes conta9s a *emical  pres]vative
 :i* is highly objectionable on ! g5]al 
gr\nd (  ! h>mfulness ( ^! sub/ances4 ,!
 pres]vative commonly us$  is ei!r      
sulfite ( soda or boric acid4 ,! mak+ ( 
a pickl$ meat  ( ?is k9d %\ld be        
disc\rag$4 ,! v9eg> :i* is employ$ or   
acetic acid may be inject$ into ! c>cass
 be=e x is cut up4  ,:5 ! art]ies or    
ve9s are fill$ ) v9eg> 9 ?is way x      
rapidly p]meates to all p>ts ( ! meat & 
acts z an excell5t  & unobjectionable   
pres]vative 9 all cases :]e an acid ta/e
 is  desir$4 ,x is claim$ t c>casses :i*
 h be5 inject$ )  v9eg> 9 ?is way are   
easily pres]v$1 & require f> less salt  
& o!r condim5tal sub/ances ?an :5 n s   
treat$4 ,z v9eg>  is a condim5tal       
sub/ance us$ ev]y:]e1 & "o :i* promotes 
dige/ion :5 us$ 9 prop] quantities1 !   
pres]vation ( meats  or ! pickl+ ( meats

 by a previ\s injection ( v9eg> is n    
objectionable4      ,,composition ,,(   
,,! ,,fle% ,,( ,,pigs4    ,ext5sive     
inve/igation ( ! composition ( ! fle% ( 
pigs has  be5 made 9 ! ,bureau (        
,*emi/ry 7,bullet9 #ec74 ,! pigs ^u  :i*
 ^! exam9ations 7 made 7 specially br$ &
 fatt5$  at ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t   
,/ation ( ,i[a1 & 7 prep>$  = ! m>ket by
 ! mo/ approv$ mod]n /yle ( fe$+4 ,!y  7
 slaught]$ accord+ to ! approv$ me?od & 
imm$iately1  aft] prop] prep>ation1 !   
c>casses 7 plac$ 9 cold /orage1  :]e !y 
7 kept until removal = ! purpose (      
dissection  & prep>ation ( ! samples =  
analyses4 ,exp]t but*]s f  ,wa%+ton 7   
secur$ = ! dissect+ & dress+ ( ! pigs  9
 ! mann] 9 :i* x w\ld be done = ! be/   
m>ket4 ,! pigs  7 ( diff]5t v>ieties1   
namely1 ,b]k%ire1 ,no4 #a2 ,tamwor?1    
,no4 #b2  ,*e/] ,:ite1 ,no4 #c2 ,pol&   
,*9a1 ,no4 #d2 ,duroc ,j]sey1 ,no4 #e1  
,no4 #f1  ,no4 #g2 ,york%ire1 ,no4 #h4  
,,table ,a4--,,weights ,,( ,,:ole ,,cuts
 ,,& ,,data ,,relat+ ,,to ,,!           

,,prep>ation ,,(  ,,air-,,dry ,,samples4
    ,,pig ,,no4 #a4--;,,b]k%ire4        
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,,weights ,,( ,,:ole ,,cuts4            
----------------------------------------
-----                                   
,,names ,,( ,,cuts4          ,*icago4   
,wa%+ton4                               
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
,lbs4 ,oz4 ,grams4  ,lbs4 ,oz4,grams4   
,two ,am]ican cle>                      
backs1             #ce  #j   #af1ajb4h  
#cd      #f  #ae1eib4e        ,meat1    
44          44         44        44     
,two cle> bellies1 #ai  #j    #h1hde4b  
#ai      #d   #h1gca4h        ,meat1    
44          44         44        44     
,two %ort-cut                           
hams1              #bc  #j   #aj1fei4f  
#bc      #e  #aj1egd4f        ,meat1    
44          44         44        44     
,two ,new ,york                         
%\ld]s1         #bj  #j    #i1bih4h     

#bj     #aj   #i1cie4e        ,meat1    
44          44         44        44     
,f\r feet 7sev5                         
ho(s71             #c  #jc #a1eid4bd    
#a1ead4a        ,meat1              44  
44         44        44       ,sp>]ibs1 
#e     #j    #b1bfh4j                   
#b1bab4j        ,meat1              44  
44         44        44       ,t5d]lo9s1
        #a     #j      #dec4f           
#dgj4h    ,neck bones1         #b     #j
      #ijg4b                  #hdb4e    
,meat1              44          44      
44        44       ,backbones1          
#c  #j    #a1ehg4f                      
#a1ehj4j        ,meat1              44  
44         44        44       ,trimm+s1 
#ah     #j    #h1afd4h    #af      #i   
#g1eab4h        ,meat1              44  
44         44        44       ,tail1    
#j      #aac4d                  #cfc4j  
,meat1              44          44      
44        44                            
----------------------------------------
---          ,total1      #acb  #j      

#ei1iie4b               #eh1ghi4f       
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,,prep>ation ,,( ,,air-,,dry ,,samples4 
--------------------------              
,,direct                        ,weight 
(                       ,,det]m9ations  
,,on          ,air-dry  air-dry         
,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4 ,weight sample (   
sample                                  
------------------( fre% orig9alaft] ex-
      ,,names ,,( ,,cuts4   ,wat]4      
,fat4   sample4mat]ial4traction4        
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
,p] ct4,p] ct4,grams4,p] ct4 ,grams4    
,two ,am]ican cle>                      
backs1               44       44        
44      44       44            ,meat1   
#ca4cc    #eh4ba    #hcc4j   #ac4af     
#aji4f      ,two cle> bellies1   44     
44       44      44       44            
,meat1           #cf4ji    #eb4fi       

#gda4b   #ad4cc    #ajf4b      ,two     
%ort-cut                                
hams1                44       44        
44      44       44            ,meat1   
#fj4bi    #bb4ai    #ecb4e   #bb4ie     
#abb4b      ,two ,new ,york             
%\ld]s1           44       44       44  
44       44            ,meat1           
#ed4ig    #bi4ja    #ecb4e   #ag4fe     
#id4j      ,f\r feet 7sev5              
ho(s71              44       44       44
      44       44            ,meat1     
#ei4gh    #ag4jd    #bba4a   #be4aj     
#ee4e      ,sp>]ibs1           44       
44       44      44       44            
,meat1           #ej4cc    #cj4je       
#cei4i   #bj4ha     #gd4i               
,t5d]lo9s1        #fg4ad     #i4ad      
#dbg4i   #bg4aa    #aaf4j      ,neck    
bones1          44       44       44    
44       44            ,meat1           
#ec4hb    #bh4gb    #cij4f   #bj4jb     
#gh4b      ,backbones1           44     
44       44      44       44            
,meat1           #ea4hi    #bg4af       

#cig4e   #bb4bd     #hh4d      ,trimm+s1
           44       44       44      44 
44            ,meat1           #bi4fh   
#fb4jj    #ghc4g    #i4gb     #gf4c     
,tail1                44       44       
44      44       44            ,meat1   
#bc4ii    #fi4be    #aii4b    #h4gc     
#ag4d                                   
----------------------------------------
----          ,total1         44        
44       44      44       44            
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
,,prep>ation ,,( ,,air-,,dry ,,samples4 
----------------------------------------
---                                     
,remov$ 9                               
,air-dry           prep>ation           
sample  ,weight     ( sample4           
,weight   plus  ( wat]------------------
      ,,names ,,( ,,cuts4   ( fat4  fat4
  remov$4  ,wat]4    ,fat4              
----------------------------------------

--------------------                    
,grams4,grams4,grams4,p] ct4,p] ct4     
,two ,am]ican cle>                      
backs1               44      44      44 
44       44        ,meat1               
#deh4j   #efg4f   #bfe4d   #ca4hf       
#ed4ih    ,two cle> bellies1   44       
44      44      44       44             
,meat1           #cfb4a   #dfh4c        
#bgb4i   #cf4hb    #dh4hd    ,two       
%ort-cut                                
hams1                44      44      44 
44       44        ,meat1               
#hh4c   #baj4e   #cbb4j   #fj4dg        
#af4eh    ,two ,new ,york               
%\ld]s1           44      44      44    
44       44        ,meat1               
#aeb4i   #bdf4i   #bhe4f   #ec4fd       
#bh4ga    ,f\r feet 7sev5               
ho(s71              44      44      44  
44       44        ,meat1               
#cc4g    #hi4b   #aca4i   #ei4ff        
#ae4bd    ,sp>]ibs1           44      44
      44      44       44        ,meat1 
#ih4f   #agc4e   #ahf4d   #ea4gh        

#bg4ci    ,t5d]lo9s1         #bf4f      
#adb4f   #bhe4c   #ff4fg     #f4ba      
,neck bones1          44      44      44
      44       44        ,meat1         
#ajj4e   #agh4g   #baa4i   #ed4be       
#be4gc    ,backbones1           44      
44      44      44       44             
,meat1           #ajb4a   #aij4e        
#bjg4j   #eb4jh    #be4fi    ,trimm+s1  
44      44      44      44       44     
,meat1           #dgi4b   #eee4e        
#bbh4b   #bi4aa    #fa4ag    ,tail1     
44      44      44      44       44     
,meat1           #acd4g   #aeb4a        
#dg4a    #bc4fd   #fg4fb                
----------------------------------------
--          ,total1         44      44  
44      44       44                     
----------------------------------------
--------------------      #c ,miss+ ho(1
 #f4f grams4      #d ,correct$ = miss+  
ho(4      ,prep>ation ( ,samples =      
,analyses4--,! meat obta9$ f all (  !   
cuts ( ! same k9d 9 ea* sample 0 pass$  
?r\gh a meat  *opp] two or ?ree times 9 

ord] to get an ev51 f9ely divid$        
condition4 ,a portion ( kn[n weight 0 !n
 plac$ 9 a di% &  dri$ 9 a /eam ov5 at a
 temp]ature ( boil+ wat] or slightly    
above & heat$ until ! fat _h well       
sep>at$ s t x c\ld  be p\r$ (f into a   
flask1 ) c>e n to remove any ( ! wat]   
:i* may h sep>at$ ) x4 ,small samples 7 
remov$ be=e  dry+ = ! det]m9ation ( !   
exact quantity ( fat & wat]  !re91 & !  
results ( ^! analyses 7 us$ = calculat+ 
! relative portion ( ! l>ge samples4    
,samples ( sk91 bones1  m>r[1 sp9al     
cord1 t5dons1 ho(s1 & o!r p>ts ( !      
animal  7 also c>efully secur$ &        
subject$ to analyses4 ,9 ?is way !  :ole
 animal 0 subject$ to exam9ation =      
analytical data1 & at  ! same "t ea*    
p>ticul> "p ( x1 9 s f> z its relation  
to  ! m>ket is conc]n$1 0 kept sep>at$4 
,9 ,table ,a are f\nd !  weight ( ! :ole
 cut & ! data relative to ! prep>ation (
 !  air-dri$ sample4    ,! data %[ t !re
 0 a slight loss ( wat] dur+ !  transit 
f ,*icago to ,wa%+ton4 ,! "p ( ! pig :i*

 has !  l>ge/ p]c5tage ( fat is ! meat (
 ! tail1 :ile ! smalle/  p]c5tage is    
f\nd 9 ! t5d]lo9s4 ,! l>ge/ p]c5tage (  
wat]  9 any "p ( ! meat is 9 ! t5d]lo9s 
& ! smalle/ 9 !  meat ( ! tail4         
,,table ,b4--,,weights ,,( ,,p>ts ,,f   
,,ea* ,,cut ,,& ,,data ,,relat+ ,,to ,,!
  ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,air-,,dry          
,,samples4    ,,pig ,,no4               
#a4--;,,b]k%ire4          ,,names ,,(   
,,p>ts ,,& ,,cuts4                      
,,weights ,,( ,,p>ts4                   
,f      ,total4    ,( entire            
ea* cut4               pig4    ,meat    
7fat & lean73                ,grams4    
,grams4  ,p]c5t4        ,backs1         
#ad1gfg4i      44         44            
,bellies1                               
#h1bcj4f      44         44             
,hams1                                  
#i1djg4i      44         44             
,%\ld]s1                       #h1ddh4b 
44         44        ,feet1             
#cbe4c      44         44               
,sp>]ibs1                       #a1fhc4h

      44         44        ,t5d]lo9s1   
#dgj4h      44         44        ,neck  
bones1                        #dic4b    
44         44        ,backbones1        
#gjd4j      44         44               
,trimm+s1                       #g1jba4e
      44         44        ,tail1       
#bia4g      44         44               
--------   #ea1hdd4i    #hh4ai          
,bones3        ,backs1                  
#aia4a      44         44               
,bellies1                               
#ha4d      44         44        ,hams1  
#hgi4f      44         44               
,%\ld]s1                         #fic4h 
44         44        ,feet1             
#hjb4f      44         44               
,sp>]ibs1                         #ebh4b
      44         44        ,neck bones1 
#ccf4a      44         44               
,backbones1                             
#hcc4e      44         44               
,trimm+s1                          #ga4j
      44         44        ,tail1       
#bg4a      44         44                

--------  ---------    -----            
,total1                           44    
#d1ddd4d      44            ,m>r[1      
#fi4g       #fi4g     #j4ab             
,total bones less m>r[1         44      
#d1cgd4g     #g4dd    ,,table           
,c4--,,analytical ,,data ,,= ,,meats4   
,,pig ,,no4 #a4--;,,b]k%ire4            
-----------------------                 
,air-dry                    sample3     
,p]c5t                      (           
orig9al    ,,names ,,( ,,cuts4mat]ial4  
-----------------------    ,two ,am]ican
               backs1          #ac4af   
,two cle>                  bellies1     
#ad4cc      ,two %ort-cut               
hams1           #bb4ie      7,fat       
extract$             ) e!r71    #af4eh  
,two ,new ,york               %\ld]s1   
#ag4fe                                  
,f\r feet1      #be4aj      7,fat       
extract$             ) e!r71    #ae4bj  
,sp>]ibs1      #bj4ha                   
,t5d]lo9s1    #bg4aa                    
,neck bones1     #bj4jb      7,fat      

extract$             ) e!r71    #ah4fi  
,backbones1      #bb4bd                 
,trimm+s1       #i4gb                   
,tail1            #h4gc                 
-----------------------                 
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,,p]c5t ,,air-,,dry ,,mat]ial4          
----------------------------------------
---------                               
,nitrog54                               
--------------------------              
,( pro-                                 
teids                                   
9-  ,precip-                            
soluble itat$  ,(                       
9 hot  by    fle%,leci-        ,,names  
,,( ,,cuts4,wat]4 ,fat4,total4          
wat]4brom94bases4?94,a%4                
----------------------------------------
--------------------    ,two ,am]ican   
backs1         #c4ad #bj4ee #aa4cb      
#h4ea   #j4fb  #b4ai  #a4afc4hi    ,two 
cle>                                    
bellies1       #c4ad #ba4ei #aa4ae      

#g4gh   #j4fe  #b4gb  #j4iic4he    ,two 
%ort-cut                                
hams1          #d4ad #ae4dc #aa4he      
#i4gg   #j4dh  #a4fj  #a4ajd4ah    7,fat
 extract$                               
) e!r71    44    44   #j4bb  44     44  
44   #b4dc 44                           
,two ,new ,york                         
%\ld]s1     #b4ca  #b4aj #ac4gf #aj4bb  
#j4gc  #b4ha  #j4hee4jc                 
,f\r feet1     #f4df  #f4cb #ac4gc      
#g4ge   #c4jj  #b4ih  #j4gec4bh    7,fat
 extract$                               
) e!r71    44    44   #j4ac  44     44  
44   #b4fh 44                           
,sp>]ibs1     #c4ff  #h4bc #ac4jc #aj4ca
   #j4hi  #a4hc  #a4fhd4hj              
,t5d]lo9s1   #e4ad  #i4dg #ab4ej #aj4ie 
#j4bh  #a4bg  #a4hbd4cj                 
,neck bones1    #g4bc #aj4ic #ab4be     
#i4ig   #j4ei  #a4fi  #a4ccd4jb    7,fat
 extract$                               
) e!r71    44    44   #j4ba  44     44  
44   #b4ag 44                           
,backbones1     #c4cf  #f4hh #ac4jc     

#aj4cf   #j4fb  #b4je  #a4bje4ei        
,trimm+s1     #c4fi  #h4cd #ac4ji  #h4ed
   #a4aa  #c4dd  #a4afd4bc              
,tail1          #d4cj  #f4ig #ac4de     
#aj4ef   #j4ih  #a4ia  #a4ihd4da        
----------------------------------------
--------------------                    
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,,p]c5t ,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4            
----------------------------------------
-------                          ,wat]4 
,fat4                                   
--------------------------------------  
,9                 ,9                   
/eam-             /eam-                 
,9 pre- dry        ,9 pre- dry          
p>+  mate-      p>+  mate-      ,leci-  
,,names ,,( ,,cuts4sample4              
rial4,total4sample4 rial4,total4?94     
----------------------------------------
-----------------    ,two ,am]ican      
backs1         #ca4hf  #j4da  #cb4bg    
#ed4ih  #b4ga  #eg4fi #j4ae    ,two cle>
                                        

bellies1       #cf4hb  #j4de  #cg4bg    
#dh4hd  #c4ji  #ea4ic #j4ad    ,two     
%ort-cut                                
hams1          #fj4dg  #j4ie  #fa4db    
#af4eh  #c4ed  #bj4ab #j4be    7,fat    
extract$                                
) e!r71    44     44    44    44     44 
44   #j4dj                              
----                                    
#j4fe    ,two ,new ,york                
%\ld]s1     #ec4fd  #j4da  #ed4jd #bh4ga
  #j4cg  #bi4jh #j4ae                   
,f\r feet1     #ei4ff  #a4fb  #fa4bh    
#ae4bd  #a4ei  #af4hc #j4bj    7,fat    
extract$                                
) e!r71    44     44    44    44     44 
44   #j4da                              
----                                    
#j4fa    ,sp>]ibs1     #ea4gh  #j4gf    
#eb4ed #bg4ci  #a4ga  #bi4aj #j4ce      
,t5d]lo9s1   #ff4fg  #a4ci  #fh4jf      
#f4ba  #b4eg   #h4gh #j4di              
,neck bones1    #ed4be  #a4de  #ee4gj   
#be4gc  #b4ai  #bg4ib #j4bg    7,fat    
extract$                                

) e!r71    44     44    44    44     44 
44   #j4da                              
----                                    
#j4fh    ,backbones1     #eb4jh  #j4ge  
#eb4hc #be4fi  #a4ec  #bg4bb #j4bf      
,trimm+s1     #bi4aa  #j4cf  #bi4dg     
#fa4ag  #j4ha  #fa4ih #j4aa             
,tail1          #bc4fd  #j4ch  #bd4jb   
#fg4fb  #j4fa  #fh4bc #j4ag             
----------------------------------------
-----------------                       
----------------------------------------
-----                    ,,p]c5t        
,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4                    
-----------------------------           
,nitrog54                               
--------------------------              
,( pro-                                 
teids                                   
9-  ,precip-                            
soluble itat$  ,(                       
9 hot  by   fle%     ,,names ,,(        
,,cuts4,total4 wat]4brom94bases4        
----------------------------------------
    ,two ,am]ican                       

backs1         #a4di   #a4ab   #j4jh    
#j4bi     ,two cle>                     
bellies1       #a4fj   #a4ab   #j4ji    
#j4ci     ,two %ort-cut                 
hams1          #b4gb   #b4bd   #j4aa    
#j4cg     7,fat extract$                
) e!r71   #j4jd    44     44    44      
,two ,new ,york                         
%\ld]s1     #b4dc   #a4hj   #j4ac  #j4ej
                                        
,f\r feet1     #c4de   #a4ie   #j4ge    
#j4ge     7,fat extract$                
) e!r71   #j4jb    44     44    44      
,sp>]ibs1     #b4ga   #b4ae   #j4ah     
#j4ch                                   
,t5d]lo9s1   #c4ci   #b4ig   #j4jh      
#j4cd                                   
,neck bones1    #b4de   #a4ii   #j4ab   
#j4cd     7,fat extract$                
) e!r71   #j4jd    44     44    44      
,backbones1     #b4ij   #b4cj   #j4ad   
#j4df                                   
,trimm+s1     #a4bg   #j4hc   #j4aa     
#j4cc                                   
,tail1          #a4ag   #j4ib   #j4ji   

#j4af                                   
----------------------------------------
                                        
----------------------------------------
-----------------                       
,,p]c5t ,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4            
----------------------------------------
                     ,nitrog5\s         
sub/ances4                              
--------------------------              
,pro-                                   
teids                                   
9-                                      
soluble                                 
9 hot,gelati- ,fle%          ,total4    
,,names ,,( ,,cuts4 wat]4               
noids4bases4,total4,a%4  #e             
----------------------------------------
-----------    ,two ,am]ican            
#ih4df    backs1          #g4jj   #j4ej 
#j4ia   #h4daj4ea #ih4hh    ,two cle>   
#ih4aa    bellies1        #g4jj   #j4ef 
#a4bb   #h4ghj4ee #ih4ec    ,two        
%ort-cut                                
hams1          #ad4jj   #j4fi  #a4ae    

#ae4hdj4if #ii4bh    7,fat extract$     
#ih4cd    ) e!r71    44      44    44   
44   44                                 
,two ,new ,york                         
%\ld]s1     #aa4be   #j4ha  #a4ef       
#ac4fbj4hi #ih4di                       
#ig4fc    ,f\r feet1     #ab4ai   #d4fi 
#b4cd  #ai4bbj4hb #if4hf    7,fat       
extract$                                
#ih4ae    ) e!r71    44      44    44   
44   44                                 
,sp>]ibs1     #ac4dd   #a4ac  #a4ai     
#ae4gfa4jj #ig4ad                       
#ih4dj    ,t5d]lo9s1   #ah4ef   #j4ej   
#a4jf  #bj4aba4ag #ig4eg                
#ih4ac    ,neck bones1    #ab4dd   #j4ge
  #a4jf  #ad4bej4ha #ig4fj    7,fat     
extract$                                
#ih4fh    ) e!r71    44      44    44   
44   44                                 
,backbones1     #ad4ch   #j4hg  #a4dd   
#af4fia4bd #if4ih                       
#ig4ih    ,trimm+s1      #e4ai   #j4fi  
#a4jc   #f4iaj4da #ii4jj                
#ih4gg    ,tail1           #e4ge   #j4ef

  #j4ej   #f4haj4ciajj4dd               
#ii4de                                  
----------------------------------------
-----------      #e ,9 ?is column !     
totals obta9$ by bo? ! direct &    !    
indirect det]m9ation ( wat] & fat are   
giv54 ,! upp]    numb] 9 ea* case 0     
obta9$ by use ( ! results ( direct      
det]m9ations ( ^! con/itu5ts2 = ! l[]   
numb] 9 ea*    case ! results obta9$    
dur+ ! prep>ation ( ! sample1 &    9 !  
analysis ( ! dry-air sample1 7 us$4     
,leci?9 is n    includ$ 9 ! totals giv5 
9 ?is table4    ,,table                 
,d4--,,analytical ,,data ,,= ,,bones1   
,,m>r[1 ,,sk91 ,,sp9al ,,cord1          
,,t5dons1 ,,& ,,ho(s4    ,,pig ,,no4    
#a4--;,,b]k%ire4                        
-----------------------                 
,air-dry                    sample1     
p]c5t                      (            
,,names ,,(     orig9al       ,,p>ts4   
mat]ial4    -----------------------     
,bones1          #eb4fg      7,fat      
extract$             ) e!r71    #aa4dj  

,m>r[1          #d4dd      7,fat        
extract$             ) e!r71    #ag4cf  
,sk91           #cf4ic                  
7,fat extract$             ) e!r71      
#ae4ij                                  
,sp9al cord1     #h4hj      ,t5dons1    
#ca4ic      7,fat extract$             )
 e!r71     #d4ha                        
,ho(s1          #fc4dd                  
-----------------------                 
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,,p]c5t ,,air-,,dry ,,mat]ial4          
----------------------------------------
---------                               
,nitrog54                               
--------------------------              
,( pro-                                 
teids                                   
9-  ,precip-                            
soluble itat$   ,(                      
,,names ,,(                     9 hot   
by   fle%,leci-            ,,p>ts4      
,wat]4,fat4,total4 wat]4brom94bases4?94 
,a%4                                    

----------------------------------------
--------------------    ,bones1         
#e4gbj4eb  #f4ah  #e4cb   #j4aa  #j4ge  
#j4hddi4ei    7,fat extract$            
) e!r71   74#fa7 44   #j4bi   44     44 
44   44  74#bh7    ,m>r[1               
#f4fhj4ai  #h4ca  #g4jh   #j4fe  #j4dh  
44    44     7,fat extract$             
) e!r71     44  44   #j4jg   44     44  
44   #b4fd  44     ,sk91                
#h4cac4bh #ae4jb #aj4ie   #b4hi  #a4ah  
#j4cc #a4gj                             
7,fat extract$                          
) e!r71     44  44   #j4ae   44     44  
44   #a4he  44                          
,sp9al cord1    #f4jah4bh  #h4he  #g4jb 
#a4bf  #j4eg  44    44     ,t5dons1     
#aj4bca4ec #ad4aj #aa4bf   #b4bb  #j4fb 
#j4ci #c4ga    7,fat extract$           
) e!r71     44  44   #j4bc   44     44  
44   #f4fe  44                          
,ho(s1          #g4ada4ce #ad4fc   44   
44    44   44   #a4df                   
----------------------------------------
--------------------                    

----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
,,p]c5t ,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4            
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,wat]4                   ,fat4          
----------------------------------------
----                                    
,9 pre-   ,9          ,9 pre-   ,9      
,,names ,,(     p>+residual       p>+   
residual      ,leci-       ,,p>ts4      
sample4mat]ial4,total4sample4mat]ial4,to
tal4?94                                 
----------------------------------------
-----------------------    ,bones1      
#ce4ic    #c4ja   #ch4id #aa4dj    #j4bg
   #aa4fg #j4dd    7,fat extract$       
) e!r71    44      74#jg7   44    44    
44     44    44     ,m>r[1        #ad4jf
    #j4cj   #ad4cf #ha4ej    #j4ja      
#ha4ea  44     7,fat extract$           
) e!r71    44       44     44    44     
44     44   #j4df    ,sk91              
#dg4ag    #c4jg   #ej4bd #ae4ij    #a4ba
   #ag4aa #j4ab                         

7,fat extract$                          
) e!r71    44       44     44    44     
44     44   #j4bi                       
----                                    
#j4da    ,sp9al cord1   #fe4ag    #j4ec 
#fe4gj #bf4jc    #j4gc   #bf4gf  44     
,t5dons1       #ee4af    #c4bg   #eh4dc 
#ab4ia    #j4di   #ac4dj #j4ac    7,fat 
extract$                                
) e!r71    44       44     44    44     
44     44   #j4cb                       
----                                    
#j4de    ,ho(s1         #cf4ef    #d4ec 
#da4ji  44       44     #j4hf  44       
----------------------------------------
-----------------------                 
----------------------------------------
-----                    ,,p]c5t        
,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4                    
-----------------------------           
,nitrog54                               
--------------------------              
,( pro-                                 
teids                                   
9-  ,precip-                            

soluble itat$  ,(        ,,names ,,(    
9 hot   by   fle%       ,,p>ts4         
,total4 wat]4brom94bases4               
----------------------------------------
    ,bones1         #c4bf   #b4hj       
#j4jf  #j4dj     7,fat extract$         
) e!r71   #j4jc    44     44    44      
,m>r[1        #j4cg   #j4cb   #j4jc     
#j4jb     7,fat extract$                
) e!r71   #j4ja    44     44    44      
,sk91          #e4ee   #d4jd   #a4jg    
#j4dd                                   
7,fat extract$                          
) e!r71   #j4jbd   44     44    44      
,sp9al cord1   #j4gh   #j4fb   #j4aa    
#j4je     ,t5dons1       #d4ej   #c4ei  
#j4ga  #j4bj     7,fat extract$         
) e!r71   #j4ja    44     44    44      
,ho(s1         #i4bh    44     44    44 
----------------------------------------
                                        
----------------------------------------
----------------                        
,,p]c5t ,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4            
----------------------------------------

-                     ,nitrog5\s        
sub/ances4                              
--------------------------              
,pro-                                   
teids                                   
9                                       
soluble                                 
,,names ,,(     9 hot,gelati- ,fle%     
,,p>ts4      wat]4 noids4bases4,total4  
,a%4 ,total4                            
----------------------------------------
------------    ,bones1         #ag4ej  
#j4ch  #a4be #ai4ac #bf4ab  #ie4hf      
7,fat extract$                          
) e!r71    44      44    44    44       
74#jc7   44    ,m>r[1         #b4jj     
#j4ai  #j4jf  #b4be  44    #ih4ab       
7,fat extract$                          
) e!r71    44      44    44    44   44  
44    ,sk91          #be4be   #f4fi     
#a4cg #cc4ca  #j4fcajh4dd               
#aja4hi    7,fat extract$               
) e!r71    44      44    44    44   44  
44                                      
,sp9al cord1    #c4hh   #j4fi  #j4af    

#d4gc  44    #ig4ai    ,t5dons1         
#bb4dd   #d4dd  #j4fb #bg4ej  #a4ah     
#ajj4ea    7,fat extract$               
) e!r71    44      44    44    44   44  
44                                      
,ho(s1          44      44    44  #eh4jj
  #j4ic #ajj4hh                         
----------------------------------------
------------    ,simil> data 7 obta9$ = 
all ( ! o!r samples us$1 b !  *emical   
composition is s ne>ly ! same t x is n  
advisable to  repeat ! data = ! o!r     
v>ieties4 ,! ,b]k%ire = :i* !  data are 
giv5 may be tak5 z a fair repres5tative 
( ! composition  ( ! v>i$ p>ts ( ! meat 
( pigs4 ,! comp>ative weights (  v>i\s  
p>ts ( ! ,b]k%ire pig are giv5 9 ,table 
,b4    ,! data %[ t #hh4ai p]c5t ( !    
weight ( ! c>cass1 aft]  dress+1 is     
compos$ ( meat1 fat1 & lean1 & #g4ef    
p]c5t ( bone4  ,! complete data = !     
v>iety ( ,b]k%ire pig may be tak5 z a   
type = ! o!r v>ieties & is giv5 9 ,table
 ,c4    ,! composition ( ! bone1 m>r[1  
sk91 sp9al cord1 t5dons1 &  ho(s ( !    

,b]k%ire pig is %[n 9 ,table ,d4    ,!  
p]c5tages ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! orig9al    
mat]ial ( !  ,b]k%ire pig are f\nd 9    
,table ,e4    ,,table ,e4--,,revis$     
,,analytical ,,data4    ,,pig ,,no4     
#a4--;,,b]k%ire4    ,p]c5ts orig9al     
mat]ial4                                
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,,nitrog5\s ,,sub/ances4                
-------------------------               
,pro-                                   
teids1                                  
9-                                      
sol-                                    
,,names                uble             
,,leci-           ,,( ,,cuts            
9 hot,gelati- ,fle%      ,,?94          
,,& ,,p>ts4 ,,wat]4 ,,fat4wat]4noids4   
bases4,total4 #f  ,,a%4,,total4         
----------------------------------------
------------------------    ,meat3      
,am]ican                                
backs1     #cb4bgeg4fi  #g4jj  #j4ej    
#j4ia   #h4da #j4ae #j4ea #ii4jc        

,am]ican                                
bellies1   #cg4bgea4ic  #g4jj  #j4ef    
#a4bb   #h4gh #j4ad #j4ee #ih4fg        
,%ort-cut                               
hams1      #fj4bibb4ai #ad4jj  #j4fi    
#a4ae  #ae4hd #j4fe #j4if #ii4ic        
,new ,york    #g                        
%\ld]s1 #ed4igbi4ja #aa4be  #j4ha  #a4ef
  #ac4fb #j4ae #j4hi #ih4fd             
#g                                      
,f\r feet1 #fa4bhaf4hc #ab4ai  #d4fi    
#b4cd  #ai4bb #j4fa #j4hb #ih4gf        
,sp>]ibs1 #eb4edbi4aj #ac4dd  #a4ac     
#a4ai  #ae4gf #j4ce #a4jj #ih4ge        
,t5d]-                                  
lo9s1     #fh4jf #h4gh #ah4ef  #j4ej    
#a4jf  #bj4ab #j4di #a4ag #ih4fb        
,neck                                   
bones1     #ee4gjbg4ib #ab4dd  #j4ge    
#a4jf  #ad4be #j4fh #j4ha #ii4cf        
,back-                                  
bones1     #eb4hcbg4bb #ad4ch  #j4hg    
#a4dd  #af4fi #j4bf #a4bd #ih4bd        
,trimm+s1 #bi4fhfb4jj  #e4ai  #j4fi     
#a4jc   #f4ia #j4aa #j4da #ii4aa        

#g                                      
,tail1      #bd4jbfh4bc  #e4ge  #j4ef   
#j4ej   #f4ha #j4ag #j4ci #ii4fb        
,bones1       #ch4idaa4fg #ag4ej  #j4ch 
#a4be  #ai4ac #j4ddbf4ab #if4cj         
,m>r[1      #ad4cfha4ea  #b4jj  #j4ai   
#j4jf   #b4be #j4df  44  #ih4eh         
#h         ,sk91        #ej4bdag4aa     
#be4be  #f4fi  #a4cg  #cc4ca #j4da      
#j4fcaja4gj    ,sp9al cord1 #fe4gjbf4gf 
#c4hh  #j4fi  #j4af   #d4gc #a4dg #j4dj 
#ig4ai                                  
#i #aj    ,t5dons1     #eh4dcac4dj      
#bb4dd  #d4dd  #j4fb  #bg4ej #j4de      
#a4ahajj4if    ,ho(s1       #da4ji #j4hf
  44     44    44   #eh4jj  44          
#j4icajj4hh                             
----------------------------------------
------------------------      #f ,leci?9
 9 extract$ sample only1 unless o!rwise 
not$4      #g ,result ( direct          
det]m9ation on orig9al mat]ial4 ,o!r    
numb]s 9 ?is column repres5t ! sum ( !  
p]c5t ( wat]    remov$ 9 ! prep>ation ( 
sample & ! p]c5t ( wat]    rema9+ 9 !   

air-dry sample4      #h ,9 fat extract4 
#i ,9 fat extract1 calculat$ f av]ages =
 l cuts4      #aj ,calculat$ f av]ages (
 l cuts4    ,,table ,f4--,,data ,,= ,,! 
,,entire ,,dress$ ,,animal2 ,,! ,,head1 
,,leaf ,,l>d1 ,,&  ,,kidneys ,,hav+     
,,be5 ,,remov$4    ,,pig ,,no4          
#a4--;,,b]k%ire4                        
----------------------------------------
-----------------                       
,,weight ,,( ,,ea*                      
,,weight ,,( ,,p>ts--                   
,,con/itu5t4                            
-----------------                       
------------------                      
,f            ,,(                       
,,names ,,(     ea*          ,,entire   
,,p>ts4      cut4   ,total4  ,,pig4     
,wat]4   ,fat4                          
----------------------------------------
--------------    ,meat 7fat &          
,grams4,grams4,p]-  ,grams4 ,grams4     
lean73                        c5t4      
,backs1      #ad1gfg4i   44     44      
#d1gfe4f  #h1eai4f       ,bellies1      

#h1bcj4f   44     44   #c1jfg4e         
#d1bgd4b       ,hams1        #i1djg4i   
44     44   #e1fgb4i  #b1jhg4f          
,%\ld]s1   #h1ddh4b   44     44         
#d1fdd4b  #b1dej4f       ,feet1         
#cbe4c   44     44     #aii4c     #ed4g 
,sp>]ibs1   #a1fhc4h   44     44        
#hhd4g    #dij4j       ,t5d]lo9s1       
#dgj4h   44     44     #cbj4d     #da4c 
,neck bones1    #dic4b   44     44      
#bgd4g    #acg4g       ,backbones1      
#gjd4j   44     44     #cga4i    #aia4g 
,trimm+s1   #g1jba4e   44     44        
#b1jhd4j  #d1cec4a       ,tail1         
#bia4g   44     44      #gj4a    #aii4a 
----------------------------------------
        ,total =                        
meats1       44   #ea1hdd4i             
#hh4aibb1ced4d #bb1gii4f     ,bones     
7less                                   
m>r[71         44    #d1cgd4g  #g4dd    
#a1gjc4f    #eaj4f     ,m>r[1           
44       #fi4g  #j4ab    #aj4j     #ef4h
                                        
,sk91            44    #b1bcb4e  #c4hj  

#a1aba4f    #cha4i     ,sp9al cord1     
44       #ee4g  #j4ji    #cf4f     #ad4i
                                        
,t5dons1         44      #aei4e  #j4bg  
#ic4b     #ba4d     ,ho(s1           44 
#eb4f  #j4ji    #ba4f      #j4d         
----------------------------------------
        ,total                          
weights1     44   #eh1ghi4f  44         
#be1cda4j #bc1ghe4f         ,total p]-  
c5ts (                                  
orig9al                                 
mat]ial1    44      44     44           
#dc4aj    #dj4df                        
----------------------------------------
--------------                          
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,,weight ,,( ,,ea*                      
,,con/itu5t4                            
----------------------------------------
---------------                         
,nitrog5\s sub/ances4                   
----------------------------------      
,proteids1                              

insoluble                               
,,names ,,(    9 hot   ,gelati-  ,fle%  
,,p>ts4     wat]4    noids4  bases4     
,total4 ,leci?94  ,a%4                  
----------------------------------------
-------------------------    ,meat 7fat 
& ,grams4  ,grams4,grams4,grams4 ,grams4
 ,grams4    lean73                      
,backs1       #a1jcc4h     #gc4h        
#acd4d #a1bdb4j  #bb4ae      #ge4c      
,bellies1       #egf4a     #df4a        
#ajj4d   #gbb4f  #aa4eb      #de4c      
,hams1        #a1cag4b     #fd4i        
#ajh4b #a1dij4c  #fa4ae      #ij4c      
,%\ld]s1     #iej4d     #fh4d   #aca4h  
#a1aej4f  #ab4fg      #ge4b      ,feet1 
#ci4f     #ae4c     #g4f    #fb4e       
#a4ih       #b4g      ,sp>]ibs1         
#bbf4d     #ai4j    #bj4j   #bfe4d      
#e4hi      #af4h      ,t5d]lo9s1        
#hg4d      #b4c     #e4j    #id4g       
#b4ca       #e4e      ,neck bones1      
#fa4d      #c4g     #e4b    #gj4c       
#c4ce       #d4j      ,backbones1       
#aja4c      #f4a    #aj4a   #aag4e      

#a4hc       #h4g      ,trimm+s1         
#cfd4d     #dh4d    #gb4c   #dhe4a      
#g4gb      #bh4h      ,tail1            
#af4h      #a4f     #a4e    #ai4i       
#j4ej       #a4a                        
----------------------------------------
------------        ,total =            
meats1     #d1ggd4h    #cdi4f   #eif4e  
#e1gbj4i #aca4jg     #cec4g    ,bones   
7less                                   
m>r[71         #gfe4f     #af4f    #ed4g
   #hcf4i  #ai4be   #a1adb4f    ,m>r[1  
#a4d      #j4b     #j4a     #a4g   #j4cb
      44                                
#aa    ,sk91            #efc4g    #adi4d
    #cj4f   #gdc4g   #i4ae      #ad4a   
,sp9al cord1       #b4b      #j4d       
#j4a     #b4g   #j4hb       #j4b        
#ab     #ac    ,t5dons1          #ce4h  
#g4a     #a4j    #dc4i   #j4gb          
#a4i    ,ho(s1            44        44  
44     #cj4e    44        #j4e          
----------------------------------------
------------        ,total              
weights1   #f1adc4e    #ebc4c   #fhc4j  

#g1fed4i #afa4cc     #aea4c             
,total p]-                              
c5ts (                                  
orig9al                                 
mat]ial1     #aj4de     #j4hi    #a4af  
#ac4jb  #j4bg       #b4eg               
----------------------------------------
--------------------------      #aa ,9  
fat extract4      #ab ,9 residue & fat  
extract1 calculat$ f av]ages ( l        
cuts4      #ac ,calculat$ f av]age ( l  
cuts4    ,! data = ! entire dress$      
animal aft] ! removal ( ! head1  ho(s1  
l>d1 & kidneys are %[n 9 ,table ,f4     
,g5]al ,conclusions4--,! composition ( !
 fle% ( pigs has be5  giv5 9 detail =   
two reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! data      
relative to  ?is po9t are mu* m complete
 ?an ^? ( any o!r fle% product  & 7     
obta9$ 9 a m sy/ematic way4 ,9 ! second 
place1 pork  is "o ( ! *ief meat        
products ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1--! indu/ry  
be+ "o ( great magnitude1 & pork be+ a  
common article ( diet  among all classes
 ( p4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ! data indicate ! 

g5]al "* ( fre% meat1 & illu/rate z well
 z t ( any  ( ! typical animals !       
nutritive value & prop]ties ( fle%4 ,!  
/udy ( pork1 !re=e1 may be reg>d$ z a   
typical /udy ( meat  products4 ,x is q z
 important t all p %\ld be in=m$        
respect+ ! nature ( ! :olesome meat :i* 
!y consume & its  value z a diet z x is 
t !y %\ld be c]ta9 ^! meats be  procur$ 
f heal?y animals & 9 a sanit>y way4 ,^! 
two classes  ( k toge!r give a complete 
s*eme ( in=mation :i* !  consum]s 9 ?is 
& o!r c\ntries are entitl$ to h4        
,pork1 by _m hygi5i/s1 is reg>d$ z !    
lea/ desirable ( meat  products1 & x is 
n ! purpose "h to combat t idea4        
,grant+1  h[ev]1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t  
pork is a less desirable meat  food ?an 
^? d]iv$ f cattle or %eep1 t is all ! m 
reason = kn[+ p>ticul>ly ev]y?+ connect$
 ) x4 ,mod]n  inve/igations h appe>$ to 
e/abli% ! fact t sw9e are less  subject 
to ^? =ms ( disease1 ) ! exception (    
tri*9osis1  :i* t5d to infect ! meat &  
make x unfit = consumption ?an  cattle  

or %eep4 ,! diseases to :i* sw9e are    
usually subject act  quickly1 z a rule1 
& are spe$ily fatal1 z 9 ! case ( hog   
*ol]a1 :]eas ! diseases mo/ to be fe>$ 9
 cattle & %eep  are ^? ( sl[ activity & 
^? ( a nature :i* is (t5  n reveal$     
until slaught]1 namely1 tub]cul>        
diseases4 ,9 s  f>1 !re=e1 z infection f
 disease is conc]n$1 previ\s to         
slaught]1 x appe>s t ! fle% ( sw9e is   
less objectionable  & less op5 to       
suspicion ?an t ( cattle or %eep4 ,"o ( 
! *ief objections to ! use ( pork 9 any 
=m1 :e!r fre%  or cur$1 has be5 bas$ ^u 
! unsanit>y habits ( ! animals          
!mselves4 ,) ! mod]n me?ods ( cleanl9ess
 & c>e1 h[ev]1  ! conditions "u :i* !   
pigs gr[ & fatt5 are1 or %\ld be1  q z  
sanit>y z ^? surr\nd+ cattle & %eep4 ,! 
consum]1  ( c\rse1 has ! "r to insi/ ^u 
su* sanit>y conditions &  ^!1 "u pres5t 
laws or ^? :i* are to be enact$1 w      
d\btless be suppli$4 ,x is believ$ t 9  
?is c\ntry sanit>y  environm5ts & a     
sanit>y me?od ( fe$+ w develop types  ( 

animals sup]ior to ^? gr[n 9 o!r        
c\ntries1 :]e !  population is d5s] &   
:]e ! facilities = ! prop] gr[?  &      
fatt5+ ( ! animal are less abundant4 ,x 
is hop$ t !  g5]al diffusion ( k        
respect+ all food products among our  p 
w aid greatly 9 secur+ ^! v desirable   
results4      ,,pres]v$ ,,meats4        
,meats :i* _c be eat5 at ! "t ( or soon 
aft] slaught] are  necess>ily pres]v$   
until ! "t ( consumption4 ,x is         
difficult to  draw a def9ite l9e betwe5 
a pres]v$ & a fre% meat4 ,a g5]al       
di/9ction is ! foll[+3 ,fre% meat is    
meat :i* is prep>$ =  consumption )\t ! 
use ( any condim5t or pres]vative1 )\t  
/]ilization1 & ) none ( ! artificial    
me?ods ( keep+1  except cleanl9ess & a  
l[ temp]ature4    ,! above def9ition1 z 
w be se51 cov]s meat plac$ 9 cold       
/orage4 ,a special di/9ction1 h[ev]1 mu/
 be made 9 ?is case  betwe5 meat plac$ 9
 cold /orage = ! purpose (              
transportation  only & meat plac$ 9 cold
 /orage to be kept = an indef9ite  "t4  

,:]e meats are prep>$ = consumption by  
slaught] &  appropriate dress+ & %ipp$  
long di/ances to ! consum] !  cold      
/orage c>1 %ip1 & w>eh\se become a      
necessity4 ,!re is "s  reasonable limit 
= keep+ su* products1 beyond :i* !y %\ld
  be diff]5tiat$ f fre% meats4 ,:5ev]   
meats are kept 9 cold  /orage s long z  
to af=d ! opportunity = ! gr[? ( a m\ld1
  or und]go o!r *anges ( a *emical or   
physical "* :i*  di/+ui% !m f ! fre%    
products1 !y %\ld be plac$ 9 a  diff]5t 
class4 ,fre% meats may1 !re=e1 be divid$
 z foll[s3    ,class ,i4 ,meats int5d$ =
 imm$iate consumption & pass$ to !      
consum] )91 at ! mo/1 "o week aft]      
slaught]4 ,class ,,ii4 ,cold  /orage    
meats1 :i* are plac$ 9 refrig]ators1    
froz51 & kept  = a long] p]iod ?an "o   
week4 ,!re is evid5tly also a limit  to 
! l5g? ( "t :i* meat %\ld rema9 9 cold  
/orage1 no  matt] h[ l[ ! temp]ature may
 be1 s9ce ! action ( organisms  :i*     
produce decay _c be entirely ov]come4 ,!
 exact limit at  :i* froz5 meats c be   

kept )\t becom+ in$ible has n be5       
det]m9$4 ,)\t ?is det]m9ation1 h[ev]1 x 
is advisable t  su* limit %\ld n be     
approa*$4 ,inasmu* z ! supply ( fre%    
meat is practically uni=m1 or c be made 
s by ! deal] !re91  !re seems no good   
reason = ! /orage ( meat 9 refrig]ator  
comp>tm5ts = a long] "t ?an is necess>y 
= transportation &  a reasonable "t     
!reaft] = pass+ into consumption1 except
 9  cases ( em]g5cy4 ,x might be safe to
 say t no meat %\ld be kept  9 a cold   
/orage w>eh\se long] ?an a mon? aft] its
 reception4  ,num]\s in/ances might be  
cit$ 9 :i* meat may be kept = a mu*     
long] "t1 b ! "q = ! consum] is n h[    
long a :ile  meats c be kept b h[ soon  
!y c be plac$ 9 8 h&s4 ,9  ?is          
connection x %\ld n be =gott5 t x is !  
op9ion (  p]haps ! majority ( hygi5i/s &
 connoisseurs t fre% meat1  especially  
beef1 improves = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t 9    
cold /orage4  ,x is probable t ! fre%   
beef :i* is s]v$ to ! p (  ! ,unit$     
,/ates is on an av]age a mon? old1 & is 

said to be  improv$ by keep+ ?is l5g? ( 
"t4 ,?is is a "q1 h[ev]1  :i* is /ill   
undet]m9$1 & x des]ves a fur!r          
inve/igation4  ,"u pres5t conditions x  
is well to "k ! tru? respect+ ^!  matt]s
 & to realize t ! fre% meat we get1 su* 
z beef &  mutton1 is n direct f !       
%ambles b has be5 kept = at lea/  f\r   
weeks 9 cold /orage4      ,effect (     
,long ,cold ,/orage4--,x has be5 /at$ 9 
semi-sci5tific  publications t ! fle% ( 
a mammo? incru/$ 9 pol> ice &           
presumably ?\s&s ( ye>s old has be5 f\nd
 to be intact &  edible4 ,?is /ory1     
lack+ corroboration1 is h>dly 9 h>mony )
  kn[n facts4 ,! au?or _h ! opportunity 
( exam9+ a qu>t] (  beef :i* _h be5 kept
 froz5 9 a w>eh\se = m ?an elev5  ye>s4 
,?is meat 0 f\nd to be :olly in$ible4 ,x
 _h an unpleasant  & mummy-l odor1 0    
light 9 fib] & color1 hav+ evid5tly  lo/
 a l>ge "p ( its weight1 & 0 ( a "*     
:olly  unsuitable = consumption4 ,?is   
fact appe>s to %[ t elev5  ye>s is too  
long a "t 9 :i* to keep meat froz54 ,9  

fact1 x  is sc>cely wor? :ile1 f a      
practical po9t ( view1 to discuss  s    
long a limit4 ,only ! necess>y "t = !   
prep>ation &  transportation ( ! meat is
 to be consid]$1 & ! sanit>y laws  ( !  
nation1 /ates1 & municipalities %\ld    
und\bt$ly regulate  ! "t ( cold /orage &
 see t all packages ( meat expos$ =     
sale are pla9ly tagg$ z to ! date (     
slaught]1 9 ord] t !  consum] may "k4   
,9 ! consid]ation ( ! subject ( pres]v$ 
meats !re are  exclud$ all meats deliv]$
 9 ! fre% /ate = consumption &  meats   
kept 9 cold /orage 9 a fre% /ate dur+ ! 
necess>y "t  ( prep>ation &             
transportation say1 on ! :ole1 f f\r to 
eight weeks4 ,meats kept long] ?an ?is  
may g5]ally be consid]$  z pres]v$      
meats1 ev5 :5 cold is ! only factor     
active 9 _!  pres]vation4      ,me?od ( 
,pres]v+ ,meats4--,aside f cold /orage  
!re are  f\r me?ods 9 vogue = pres]v+   
meats4 ,^! may be classifi$  z foll[s3  
7#a7 ,cur+ ) ! aid ( condim5tal         
sub/ances2 7#b7  treatm5t ) *emical &   

non-condim5tal pres]vatives2 7#c7       
/]ilization ) heat2 7#d7 dry+4 ,^! all  
except ! second may be  reg>d$ z        
legitimate means ( pres]v+ meats4       
,cur+ ) ,condim5tal ,sub/ances4--,?is   
me?od ( pres]v+ meat  has be5 practic$ f
 ! remote/ antiquity4 ,! *ief condim5tal
  sub/ances employ$ are salt1 sug>1     
v9eg>1 & wood smoke4 ,)  ! prop]        
te*nical skill & k ( ! process1 meats c 
be pres]v$ 9 ?is way1 & at ! same "t    
aromas & flavors  develop$ :i* are      
consid]$ mo/ agreeable by ! consum] &   
:i*  give an additional value to !      
product4 ,x is n to be claim$ 9  any    
case t condim5tal pres]vatives add any?+
 to ! nutritive  value ( ! product1     
except 9 s f> z condim5ts !mselves aid !
  dige/ion by excit+ 9 a p]fectly prop] 
way ! activity ( !  gl&s :i* secrete !  
dige/ive f]m5ts4    ,x is n ! purpose "h
 to describe ! te*nical processes us$4  
,9 g5]al x may be said t ! application (
 salt is ! fir/  process1 & ?is is done 
z soon aft] ! slaught] z possible to    

secure ! prop] cool+ ( ! c>cass1 usually
 f tw5ty-f\r  to =ty-eight h\rs4 ,!     
meat1 prop]ly cut into ! =ms kn[n to    
comm]ce1 is c>efully pack$ & heavily    
salt$1 & all[$ to rema9  = "s "t 9      
contact ) ! salt or ) ! br9e :i* is     
produc$ !refrom4 ,! salt p5etrates to ! 
int]ior ( ! fle%  & h>d5s1 to "s ext5t1 
! tissues1 ab/ract+ wat] !refrom1  &1   
)\t be+ :olly g]micidal 9 "*1 prev5ts ! 
introduction ( eggs ( insects & !       
developm5t ( ord9>y g]m  life4 ,! salt1 
h[ev]1 does n entirely inhibit ! enzymic
 action  :i* t5ds to rip5 ! meat & make 
x m palatable4 ,x naturally  gives to ! 
meat ! salty flavor :i* is dem&$ by !   
ta/e 9 a  prep>ation ( ?is k9d4    ,sug>
 is us$1 if at all1 always 9 connection 
) salt z a  pres]vative = meats4 ,x may 
be employ$ 9 ! pure /ate1 b is  usually 
! yell[ or l[-grade sug> or molasses4 ,x
 gives to !  pres]v$ meat1 especially   
ham1 a flavor & quality mu* appreciat$  
by ! consum]4    ,! application ( wood  
smoke is usually ! la/ process aft] !   

meats are prop]ly cur$ 9 salt & sug>4 ,!
 pieces are susp5d$ 9  a conv5i5t room &
 und]nea? is built a fire ( h>d wood1   
:i* is  kept sm\ld]+ z mu* z possible 9 
ord] to produce ! maximum  ( smoke &    
m9imum ( heat4 ,oak1 maple1 & hickory   
woods are mo/  highly priz$ = ?is       
purpose1 s9ce !y develop on burn+ a ri* 
aroma :i* imp>ts to ! fle% a delicate   
flavor4    ,! object ( cur+ ! meat is1  
fir/1 to prev5t decay2 second1 to  imp>t
 ! flavor ( ! well kn[n condim5ts       
m5tion$ above1 &  ?ird1 to favor !      
developm5t ( ! enzymic action :i* has ! 
prop]ty n only to make ! meat m aromatic
 ?an x o!rwise  w\ld be1 b also m       
pleasant to ! ta/e4    ,! cur+ ( meat 9 
?is respect may be comp>$ to !          
developm5t  ( a *eese1 except t !       
enzymic action 9 ! case ( meat is "o  ( 
m9imum ext5t1 :ile 9 ! case ( *eese x is
 "o ( maximum  int5sity4 ,9 addition to 
! condim5tal sub/ances above m5tion$    
spices ( diff]5t k9ds are sometimes     
add$4 ,v9eg> is also us$  at times z a  

condim5tal sub/ance & is1 to a c]ta9    
ext5t1  also a pres]vative sub/ance1 b  
v9eg> is *iefly us$ 9 !  pres]vation (  
vegetable sub/ances r ?an meats 9 bulk4 
,=  meats :i* are spic$ z well z pres]v$
 z above1 v9eg> is (t5  us$ z "o ( !    
+r$i5ts1 int5d$ z a condim5tal sub/ance4
  ,no o!r sub/ances ?an ^? m5tion$ above
 are necess>y to !  prop] cur+ ( meat1 b
 conv5i5ce ( application & c]ta9 o!r    
consid]ations h l$ pack]s ( meats1 :5 n 
prev5t$ by law1  to ab&on ! old me?ods  
to a c]ta9 ext5t & sub/itute :at is     
kn[n z ! quick-ag+ process describ$     
bel[4      ,pres]vation by ,means (     
,non-condim5tal ,*emical                
,pres]vatives4--,!  use ( non-condim5tal
 *emicals 9 ! pres]vation ( meat is     
practically an indu/ry ( ! la/ qu>t] ( a
 c5tury4 ,up to t  "t ! use (           
non-condim5tal *emicals 0 practically   
unkn[n  9 ! meat indu/ry4 ,! *emicals   
employ$ are ^? kn[n z  g]micides4 ,9 !  
quantities us$ !y nei!r imp>t a ta/e nor
  odor to a pres]v$ meat1 b by _!       

g]micidal prop]ties prev5t  ! developm5t
 ( organic f]m5ts & ?us make !          
pres]vation (  meat f> m c]ta9 & v mu*  
less exp5sive4 ,by ! use ( "s  *emicals 
! salt+1 sug>+1 & smok+ ( pres]v$ meats 
may be  done ) v mu* less c>e1 9 a v mu*
 %ort] "t1 & at a  v greatly r$uc$      
exp5se4 ,= ?is reason ! practice has    
ga9$  a great vogue1 n z a means (      
b5efit+ ! consum]s1 b r  z a means (    
enri*+ ! pack] & deal]4 ,*emical        
pres]vatives  are also highly           
objectionable because !y keep meats     
app>5tly fre%1  :ile 9 reality *anges ( 
! mo/ dang]\s "* may be go+  on4 ,!y ?us
 prev5t ! display ( ! r$ light dang]    
signal4      ,pres]vatives ,us$4--,!    
pr9cipal *emical pres]vatives us$ 9  !  
cur+ ( meats are borax & boric acid &   
sulfite ( soda4  ,!re are _m o!r *emical
 pres]vatives :i* h be5 employ$1  b ^!  
are by f> ! mo/ useful1 ! mo/ c]ta91 & !
 mo/  widely employ$4 ,borax & boric    
acid1 ( ! two classes1 are by f>  ! m   
common4 ,sulfite ( soda is us$ m z a    

pres]vative (  color1 & is probably f\nd
 m frequ5tly on fre% ?an on pres]v$     
meats4 ,borax has ! prop]ty ( p>alyz+   
f]m5tative action &  ?us secur+ immunity
 f decay4 ,its use1 h[ev]1 t5ds to      
dim9i%  ! palatability ( ! meat because 
( its re/ra9+ influ5ce ^u  ! condim5tal 
me?od ( pres]vation describ$ above4 ,!  
meats are  m quickly pres]v$1 require   
less condim5tal sub/ances1 & !  borax   
probably inhibits1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ! 
enzymic action ( a  favorable k9d1      
describ$ above4    ,! use ( any k9d ( a 
*emical pres]v+ ag5t on meat is mo/     
repreh5sible1 no matt] :at !y may be4   
,un=tunately1 exp]ts  diff] respect+ !  
influ5ce ( ^! *emical pres]vatives ^u   
heal?4 ,! us]s ( *emical pres]vatives h 
employ$ exp]ts (  kn[n fame & di/9ction 
to te/ify 9 favor ( ^! products1 :ile  !
 consum]1 p]haps1 is n able to g to !   
exp5se ( secur+  exp]t te/imony1 &1     
!re=e1 z respects numb]s ( witnesses1 at
  lea/1 *emical pres]vatives h an       
advantage4 ,9 a case ( ?is k9d  ! accus$

 mu/ be consid]$ guilty until prov5     
innoc5t4 ,x is n  suffici5t to prove 9 a
 giv5 case t borax is n injuri\s4 ,if x 
be prov5 t x is injuri\s 9 a s+le case  
conviction mu/ ensue4  ,!re is no d\bt (
 ! fact t ! injuri\s "* ( borax1  ev5 9 
small quantities1 has be5 fully         
e/abli%$1 & !re=e  any am\nt ( te/imony 
to ! effect t 9 individual cases x has  
n produc$ injuri\s results is ( no value
 :atev]4 ,if a citiz5  be robb$ & 9 !   
c\rse ( ! prosecution x be %[n t !re    
are a million citiz5s :o h n be5 robb$  
by ?is crim9al !  evid5ce w\ld be ( no  
value4 ,if x has be5 %[n t ! individual 
citiz5 has be5 robb$ ! prison] is       
convict$4 ,no exp]t w\ld  te/ify t borax
 has nev] be5 injuri\s1--ev5 ^? :o appe>
  9 its favor admit t1 b plead t x is   
g5]ally us$ 9 small  quantities1 &1     
!re=e1 _c be h>mful4      ,! ,argum5t ( 
,small ,quantities4--,! fallacy ( !     
argum5t =  small quantities is s evid5t 
t x ne$s only to be pres5t$ 9  brief =m 
to %[ ! intellig5t & ?9k+ p ( ?is c\ntry

  ! fallacy ( ! claims ( exp]ts 9 favor 
( *emical pres]vatives4    ,! argum5ts  
:i* h be5 advanc$ 9 excuse ( ! use (    
pres]vatives :5 us$ 9 m9ute quantities  
h1 p]haps1 be5  m vigor\sly urg$ =      
salicylic acid ?an = almo/ any o!r      
sub/ance4 ,?is argum5t has be5 urg$ )   
su* vigor & su*  +5uity t a fur!r       
ref]5ce may n be out ( place "h4 ,!     
pr9ciple :i* is laid d[n is t a sub/ance
 :i* is injuri\s to  heal? :5 add$ to   
foods1 if n a natural con/itu5t !re(1 or
 if  n add$ = condim5tal purposes1 does 
n lose its p[] ( injury  to heal?       
because x is dilut$ or giv5 9 small     
quantities4 ,! only  *ange :i* is made  
is to mask ! injuri\s effects           
produc$--to make  !m m difficult (      
asc]ta9m5t & impossible ( measurem5t4 ,!
  fallacy ( ! argum5t t small quantities
 ( an injuri\s sub/ance  are n injuri\s 
may1 p]haps1 be be/ repres5t$           
graphically4 ,!  accompany+ *>t 7,fig4  
#g7 %[s !oretically ! normal & le?al    
dose ( a food & a drug or1 z 9 ?is case1

 a *emical pres]vative4  ,! *>t %[s two 
curves1 "o repres5t+ a *emical          
pres]vative  & "o repres5t+ a food4 ,!  
normal dose ( a food is t quantity  (   
food :i* ma9ta9s a heal?y adult body 9  
equilibrium4 ,x is  repres5t$ 9 ! *>t on
 ! "r by ! numb] #ajj4 ,if !  quantity (
 food necess>y to ma9ta9 ! equilibrium 9
 a heal?y  adult body is slightly       
dim9i%$1 no app>5t *ange is at fir/     
exp]i5c$ & possibly ev5 no discom=t4    
,if1 h[ev]1 ! quantity  ( food be /ill  
fur!r dim9i%$ progressively1 z indicat$ 
by  foll[+ ! curve d[n to ! left1 ! po9t
 is f9ally rea*$  :5 no food is giv5 at 
all & dea? ensues1 repres5t$ by #j on ! 
left h& ( ! diagram designat$ 8,le?al   
dose40 ,z ! curve beg9s  to deviate f ! 
p]p5dicul> on ! "r ! degree ( injury  is
 v readily notic$ & />vation or symptoms
 ( />vation are  set up4 ,?us if y foll[
 ! p]p5dicul> on ! "r d[nw>d  to ! po9t 
#hj ! div]g5ce ( ! correspond+ po9t ( ! 
curve is already measurable4 ,z y desc5d
 to #j ! magnitude ( !  measurem5t      

increases4 ,x requires b v little fur!r 
illu/ration  to %[ h[ easily ! effect ( 
dim9i%+ ! normal dose ( a food  c be    
measur$ imm$iately aft] ! curve beg9s to
 v>y appreciably  f ! p]p5dicul> on !   
"r4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4             
#g4--;,,graphic ,,*>t ,,repres5t+ ,,!   
,,comp>ative  ,,influ5ces ,,( ,,foods   
,,& ,,pres]vatives4    ,let u n[ consid]
 ! p]p5dicul> on ! left1 :i* is m>k$ at 
! top "u ! t]m 8,le?al dose10 namely1 a 
quantity ( ! add$  pres]vative suffici5t
 to de/roy life4 ,! normal dose ( su* an
  add$ *emical pres]vative is #j & is   
%[n at ! base l9e to !  "r1 m>k$        
8,normal dose40 ,if y add a v m9ute     
quantity ( a  *emical pres]vative1 !    
curve repres5t+ x v>ies s slightly  f ! 
horizontal base z to be impossible (    
measurem5t by ord9>y  means4 ,if we     
foll[ along to ! numb] #ge on !         
horizontal base we  see ! deviation ( ! 
curve is suffici5tly great to measure4  
,at  #ej x is /ill great]1 at #be /ill  
great]1 :ile at ! left ( !  basic l9e x 

is a maximum ext5d+ f #j to #ajj1 or !  
le?al  dose4 ,x is easy to %[ by        
ma!matical data t no matt] h[ small  !  
quantity ( an injuri\s sub/ance or      
pres]vative x w /ill  produce an        
injuri\s effect :i* may be inf9itely    
small if ! dose  be inf9itely small4 ,x 
foll[s1 !n1 z a ma!matical demon/ration 
t any quantity ( an injuri\s sub/ance   
add$ to a food product  mu/ ( necessity 
be injuri\s1 provid$ x is 9 ! nature ( a
 drug  & ! body is 9 a p]fectly heal?y1 
normal condition4    ,h5ce ! argum5t :i*
 has be5 s p]si/5tly urg$ 9 favor (  a  
*emical pres]vative1 t if 9 small       
quantities x is h>mless1  is %[n to be  
:olly unt5able4 ,:ile !re is no         
necessity = !  addition ( a h>mful      
sub/ance1 :]e no p>ticul> b5efit is     
secur$  !reby1 & :]e !re is no          
di/urbance ( ! normal /ate (  heal?1 !re
 c be no possible excuse ( a valid      
nature to (f] =  ! exhibition ( ev5     
m9ute quantities4 ,t ^! m9ute quantities
  w\ld n be dang]\s 9 s f> z produc+ any

 fatal effect is  conc]n$ is conc$$1 b t
 9 ! end !y d n produce an  injury ev5 9
 ^! small quantities is c]ta9ly to be   
d5i$4 ,!  c\rse ( safety1 !re=e1 9 all  
^! cases is to gu>d ! op5+  ( ! door4   
,if ! admission ( small quantities is   
p]mitt$1 !n  !re c nev] be any agreem5t 
among exp]ts or o!rs respect+  !        
magnitude ( ! small quantity1 & cont9u$ 
litigation &  disagreem5t mu/ foll[4 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 :5 ! h>mfulness  ( any       
sub/ance :i* x is propos$ to add to food
 is e/abli%$  & no reason = its use c be
 giv5 o!r ?an ! conv5i5ce1  c>elessness1
 or indiff]5ce ( ! manufactur]1 !       
exclusion (  su* bodies entirely f food 
products foll[s z a logical sequ5ce  & a
 hygi5ic necessity4    ,! ?ird me?od (  
prep>+ or pres]v+ meat is by            
/]ilization4  ,( all ! v>i\s me?ods :i* 
h be5 propos$ !re is probably  none :i* 
is1 !oretically1 s free ( objections z !
 pres]vation  ( meat by /]ilization1 9  
o!r words1 z cann$ meats4 ,! only       
important ?+ is t ! raw mat]ial us$ 9   

cann+ mu/ itself be  meat free (        
disease1 obta9$ "u sanit>y conditions1 &
 subject$  to /]ilization be=e any      
f]m5tation or decay takes place4 ,pure1 
:olesome meat ?us prep>$ & ?or\ghly     
/]iliz$ w rema9 9  an edible condition =
 a reasonable l5g? ( "t4 ,un=tunately1 z
  has be5 %[n 9 ! te/imony respect+ !   
pack+ indu/ry ( !  c\ntry1 cann$ meats h
 n always be5 select$ solely = fre$om  f
 disease & = palatability4 ,! "q (      
diseas$ meat is  discuss$ 9 ano!r "p (  
?is book &1 !re=e1 may n be  tak5 up "h4
 ,!re h be5 us$ = cann+ purposes !      
fragm5ts  &1 p]haps1 in$ible portions ( 
c>casses1 & ?is practice _c  be too     
sev]ely condemn$4 ,?is does n mean t ^! 
fragm5ts  & portions ( c>casses are n   
fit = food1 b !y %\ld be  collect$1     
prep>$1 & sold z su* ) pla9 notices to !
  consum]s ( _! orig94 ,a *eap] supply (
 beef w\ld ?us be  furni%$ = ^? 9 humbl]
 circum/ances1 & no imposition ( any    
k9d w\ld be practic$ because ! nature ( 
! meat w\ld be fully  und]/ood4         

,prep>ation ( ,meat = ,cann+4--,9 !     
foll[+ description x  is und]/ood t !   
ord9>y processes ( cann+ s\nd1 prop]ly  
prep>$ beef are describ$4 ,! "q ( !     
cann+ ( improp]  samples is res]v$ = !  
rem>ks on adult]ations4    ,!re is no   
uni=m practice foll[$1 z has be5        
c>efully  asc]ta9$ by a /udy ( ! diff]5t
 pack+ h\ses & processes  = select+ &   
prep>+ meats = cann+4 ,! exig5cies (    
trade  det]m9e ?is to a great] or less  
ext5t4 ,:5 !re is a dem& 9  ! fre% /ate 
= all ! beef :i* c be suppli$ ! cann+   
indu/ry w necess>ily suff]4 ,:5 !re is a
 surplus ( beef  (f]$ = sale or 9 case (
 w>1 :]e ! army contracts = l>ge        
quantities ( cann$ meat1 ! opposite     
conditions probably prevail1  & ! be/   
meats are us$ = cann+ purposes & ^? ( a 
less  desirable quality (f]$ = sale 9 ! 
fre% /ate4 ,! portions  ( ! c>cass us$1 
z describ$ 9 ,bullet9 #ac1 ,"p #aj1     
,bureau (  ,*emi/ry1 dep5d1 to "s ext5t1
 ^u ! m>ket ( fre% beef4 ,all  ( ! meat 
on ! =e qu>t]1 except ! %ank & ! 8?ird  

rib10  is usually cann$1 & 9 "s cases ^?
 portions are n res]v$4  ,! *eap] cuts f
 ! h9d qu>t] are also us$ = pres]v+     
purposes4 ,v fat1 & !re=e easily m>ket$1
 c>casses are n  us$ = cann+ purposes   
except 9 case ( unusual dem& z above    
/at$4 ,!re are two reasons = ?is1 "o (  
:i* has already be5  outl9$1 namely1 t  
su* meat br+s a bett] price 9 ! fre%    
/ate1 &1 9 ! second place1 lean meat has
 a bett] appe>ance 9  ! cann$ /ate ?an !
 fat meat4 ,= ^! reasons1 9 ! prop]     
prep>ation ( ! meat = cann+1 ! m fatty  
portions1 toge!r  ) ! gri/le1 are remov$
 & s5t to o!r p>ts ( ! factory  = mak+  
up into o!r k9ds ( food4    ,! meat hav+
 be5 select$1 x is cut into pieces (    
approximately  f "o to f\r p\nds 9      
weight1 accord+ to ! size ( !  t9s 9 :i*
 x is to be plac$4 ,x is important1 = ! 
purpose  ( appe>ances1 t ! size ( !     
pieces ( meat 9 ea* t9 be  approximately
 ! same4 ,also = ! process ( /]ilization
 !  pieces ( meat %\ld be practically ! 
same size1 s t !y c  all be ?or\ghly    

/]iliz$ at ! same "t4 ,if ! pieces be ( 
diff]5t sizes ! small ones w\ld become  
?or\ghly cook$ &  dis9tegrat$ be=e !    
l>ge ones became ?or\ghly /]iliz$1 &    
?us ! mass :i* w\ld be pres5t$ to ! view
 on op5+ ! c  w\ld be unpleasant to !   
sight4      ,p>boil+4--,aft] ! pieces h 
be5 select$ & dress$ !y  are p>boil$    
be=e be+ /]iliz$4 ,! "t ( p>boil+ v>ies 
9 diff]5t pack+ e/abli%m5ts f eight to  
tw5ty m9utes1  accord+ to ! size ( !    
pieces ( meat4 ,9 "s cases a uni=m  "t =
 p>boil+ is prescrib$1 irrespective ( ! 
size ( !  pieces4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal      
reasons = p>boil+ ! meat is to  secure !
 %r9kage1 :i* always takes place on     
heat+1 be=e !  meat is plac$ 9 ! t9s4   
,! exp]im5ts h %[n t meats :5 put 9 t9s 
9 a fre% /ate  & /]iliz$ %r9k to ab\t   
two-?irds ( _! orig9al volume4  ,p>boil+
 is1 9 ! ess5ce1 a process ( %r9k+4 ,:5 
! meat is  put at once into boil+ wat]  
!re is less loss ( prote9 matt]  ?an :5 
! meat is plac$ 9 cold wat] & heat$     
gradually4 ,!  sub/ances remov$ 9       

p>boil+ are wat]1 fat1 soluble m9]al    
matt]1 & ! meat bases4 ,! fat is remov$ 
by becom+ r5d]$1  & rises to ! surface  
:]e x c be skimm$ (f4 ,a little ov] "o  
p]c5t ( ! prote9 cont5t ( meat is lo/ by
 p>boil+ :ile !  total meat bases lo/   
am\nt to almo/ "o-?ird ( ! total        
quantity  conta9$ 9 ! meat4 ,( m9]al    
matt] 9 ! meat z high z #ej  p]c5t is   
lo/ 9 p>boil+4    ,by %r9k+1 p>boil+    
t5ds to make a m conc5trat$ article  &  
?us favors transportation4 ,practically 
! nutritive value ( a  p\nd ( prop]ly   
cann$ beef is ab\t "o-?ird great] ?an t 
(  "o p\nd ( ! fre% beef ( ! same k9d4  
,h5ce p>boil+ may be  reg>d$ z a        
p]fectly legitimate & desirable process 
)\t :i*  ! beef c\ld n be prop]ly prep>$
 = cann+4      ,t9n+4--,aft] ! meat is  
prop]ly p>boil$ x is plac$ 9 !  t9s ei!r
 by ma*9]y or by h&4 ,to ea* t9 is add$ 
a small  quantity ( a liquid prep>ation 
made by ! cann]s & kn[n z s\p  liquor4  
,?is liquor g5]ally conta9s salt1 &     
sometimes a little  sug> or molasses4 ,!

 composition ( s\p liquor is z foll[s3  
,solids1       4#ib p]c5t    ,prote91   
4#ji        ,meat bases1   4#bc         
,a%1          4#bh        ,salt1        
4#aa        ,wat]1      #ih4cg          
,?is s\p liquor may be reg>d$ z a ?9    
s\p4 ,! orig9 ( !  liquid analyz$ above 
0 n disclos$1 &1 !re=e1 no expression  c
 be made ( ! way 9 :i* x 0 =m$4 ,x 0    
probably made  f s\p /ock1 namely1 !    
wa/e meat & bones ( ! factory4 ,!re  is 
no objection to a s\p liquor ( ?is k9d  
provid$ x is made f  s\nd1 clean1 &     
:olesome mat]ial4 ,!re are two reasons =
 add+  ?is liquid1 namely1 to fill up ! 
space :i* w\ld o!rwise exi/  betwe5 !   
pieces ( meat & ?us aid 9 ! pres]vation 
( !  mat]ial1 &1 second1 to add a       
condim5tal sub/ance :i* makes !  cont5ts
 ( ! t9 m palatable4                    
,/]ilization4--,aft] ! cans are fill$ 9 
?is way & clos$ by  sold]+ or o!rwise !y
 are plac$ 9 retorts :i* are compos$  ( 
/rong iron or /eel boil]s1 prop]ly cov]$
 & secur$1 &  :5 ^! boil]s are full !y  

are subject$ to ! action ( /eam  heat "u
 pressure4 ,usually a small hole is left
 9 ! c ?r\gh  :i* any gas1 air or o!r   
k9d1 is expell$ f ! c4 ,z soon z  ev]y?+
 is complete ! retorts are op5$ & ! cans
 are seal$4    ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 aft]
 seal+ ! cans !y are subject$ to a      
second heat+ at a temp]ature ( f #bbe to
 #bej degrees ,f4 ,! "t  ( heat+ v>ies f
 "o to two h\rs4 ,aft] removal f !      
retorts  ! cans are wa%$ ) a spray (    
cold wat] = sev]al h\rs1 &  !y are !n   
dri$1 pa9t$1 & label$4    ,! above is a 
g5]al description ( ! process employ$   
:i*1  h[ev]1 is v>i$ to "s ext5t 9      
diff]5t pack+ h\ses4    ,a modification 
( ! above me?od consi/s 9 exhau/+ ! cans
  9 vacuo & automatically seal+ !m 9 !  
exhau/$ /ate1 ?us  remov+ all air & o!r 
gases !refrom4 ,! cans are !n plac$  ^u 
an endless conveyor & dipp$ into an oil 
ba? at a temp]ature  ( #bdj degrees1 !  
spe$ ( ! convey] be+ s regulat$ t  !    
cans rema9 9 ! ba? a suffici5t l5g? ( "t
 to complete  /]ilization be=e be+ c>ri$

 out at ! opposite end4 ,aft]  pass+    
?r\gh ?is ba? !y are c>ri$ automatically
 into ano!r  ba? consi/+ ( a solution ( 
c>bonate ( soda &1 f9ally1 into a  ba? (
 pure wat]4 ,! cans are !n pa9t$ &      
label$ z orig9ally  describ$4           
,,special ,,/udies ,,( ,,me?ods ,,(     
,,cann+ ,,beef ,,made ,,9 ,,bureau ,,(  
,,*emi/ry4      ,composition ( ,beef    
,us$ = ,cann+4--,samples ( fre% beef    
int5d$  = cann+ purposes1 & exam9$ 9 !  
,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 h !  foll[+         
composition3      ,wat]1                
#ga4ag p]c5t    ,insoluble prote91      
#ac4hg        ,globul9s1                
#a4ch        ,proteoses1 peptones1 &    
gelat91   #a4ca        ,meat bases1     
#a4ji        ,fat1                      
#i4hi        ,a%1                       
4#if        ,salt1                      
4#jd        ,undet]m9$1                 
4#cc        ,! sample1 ( :i* ! above    
data are repres5tative1 0 secur$  f a   
mass ( meat weigh+ #cef p\nds1 aft]     
pass+ ?r\gh a  sausage gr9d] & be+      

?or\ghly mix$4 ,! above data may  !re=e 
be reg>d$ z ! repres5tative con/itu5ts (
 ! usual  grade1 mo/ c>efully select$   
cann+ beef4      ,effect ( ,p>boil+4--,a
 simil> lot ( meat secur$ 9 ! same  way 
& f ! same c>cass weigh$ #ceh p\nds & 0 
p>boil$  z foll[s3 ,! meat 0 plac$ 9    
wat] 9 a /eam-jacket$ tank1  !          
temp]ature ( :i* /ood at #aif degrees   
,f4 ,! r$uction 9 !  temp]ature caus$ by
 ! meat 0 re/or$ by heat+ ! cont5ts (  !
 retort1 & x 0 kept at #aif degrees ,f4 
= #ae m9utes4 ,x is  ?us se5 t ?is      
p>boil+ 0 accompli%$ at a temp]ature    
bel[  ! boil+ po9t ( wat]4 ,aft] !      
p>boil+ 0 complet$ x 0  f\nd t ! meat   
weigh$ #bce p\nds1 %[+ a net %r9kage 9  
weight ( #abc p\nds4 ,?is sample ( meat 
0 !n t9n$ 9 two-p\nd  cans ) ! addition 
to ea* c ( two ounces ( cann+ jelly (  !
 foll[+ composition3      ,wat]1        
#ie4ah p]c5t    ,prote91       #a4ge    
,common salt1   #b4he        ,a%1       
4#bb        ,aft] /]iliz+1 ! cans 7 op5$
 & ! cont5ts subject$ to  analysis4 ,!  

data obta9$ are z foll[s3      ,wat]1   
#fb4dg p]c5t    ,total prote91          
#bd4hh            ,insoluble prote91    
#bb4be            ,proteoses1 peptones1 
& gelat91   #b4fc        ,meat bases1   
#a4ae        ,fat1                      
#i4hg        ,a%1                       
4#ia        ,salt1                      
4#ai          ,composition ( ,p>boil+   
,wat]4--,! liquor1 aft] p>boil+ !  above
 sample1 weigh$ #bhj p\nds & _h ! foll[+
 composition3      ,wat]1       #ii4ab  
p]c5t    ,prote91       4#jf            
,meat bases1    4#be        ,a%1        
4#be        ,salt1          4#je        
,! above data %[ t ! g5]al effect (     
p>boil+ ^u !  cann$ meat is to dim9i%   
its cont5t ( wat]4 ,only a small        
quantity  ( ! soluble proteids is f\nd 9
 ! liquor1 & ! o!r pr9cipal  con/itu5ts 
remov$1 aside f wat]1 are ! meat bases &
 m9]al  cont5t or a%4 ,! fat 9 ! s\p    
liquor 0 n det]m9$ because  x rises to !
 surface & is n 9 any s5se a con/itu5t (
  ! liquor itself4 ,consid]able         

quantities ( fat 7 remov$ 9  p>boil+1 ! 
am\nt dep5d+ l>gely ^u ! temp]ature4 ,at
 a l[  temp]ature ( p>boil+1 su* z      
describ$1 ! am\nt ( fat secur$  is f>   
less ?an :5 ! temp]ature ( p>boil+ is   
high]4    ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,comp>ative
 ,,effect ,,( ,,p>boil+ ,,& ,,/]iliz+   
,,^u  ,,! ,,fre% ,,beef4                
----------------------------------------
------                                  
,,composition                           
,,( ,,cann$                             
,,beef ,,z                              
,,extract$        ,,det]m9$             
,,fre%    ,,by   ,,add$ ,,9    ,,by     
,,con/itu5ts4,,beef4 ,,boil+4,,cann+4   
,,analysis4                             
----------------------------------------
------                  ,lbs4  ,lbs4    
,lbs4      ,lbs4    ,wat]1       #bed4h 
#abb4a    #ad4a     #adf4h    ,prote91  
#ei4c     4#a      4#a      #eh4e       
,meat bases1    #c4i     4#g      4#j   
#b4g    ,fat1          #ce4d   #ab4b    
4444      #bc4b    ,a%1           #c4d  

4#g      4#b       #b4a    ,salt1       
4#a     4#a      4#b        4#d         
,undet]m9$1  #a4b   4444    4444        
#a4g                 -----  -----       
-----     -----        ,total1   #ceh4a 
4444    4444     #bce4d                 
----------------------------------------
------      ,prep>ation ( ,cann$ ,beef )
 ,m ,int5sive ,p>boil+4--,9  ano!r      
exp]im5t1 det]m9+ ! effect ( ! *anges   
produc$ ^u  ! fre% meat1 m vigor\s      
prep>atory op]ations 7 p]=m$4  ,samples 
7 secur$ f eight heal?y c>casses = use 9
 ?is  det]m9ation4 ,half ( ! sample 0   
r$uc$ to sausage & secur$  = analysis z 
describ$1 & ! o!r submitt$ to p>boil+1  
/]iliz+1 & analysis4    ,,composition   
,,( ,,! ,,sample ,,( ,,fre% ,,meat4     
,wat]1                                  
#fi4cc p]c5t    ,total prote91          
#af4ha            ,insoluble prote91    
#ab4fi            ,globul9s1            
#c4jf            ,proteoses1 peptones1 &
 gelat91   #a4jf        ,meat bases1    
#a4ab        ,fat1                      

#aj4fh        ,a%1                      
#a4ac        ,salt1                     
4#bd        ,! orig9al sample repres5t$ 
ov] a ?\s& p\nds4 ,! opposite  sides ( !
 c>casses 7 prep>$ = cann+ & produc$ !  
foll[+ am\nt ( articles z sold on !     
m>ket3      ,total weight ( half        
c>casses1  #a1gfa p\nds     #c ribs1    
#ec        #e rolls1                    
#dc        #e lo9s1                     
#aff        #c t5d]lo9s1                
#ac        #c sirlo9 butts1             
#bh        #c boneless /rips1           
#bd        #h rump butts1               
#cf        #h flank /eaks1              
#h        #h kidneys1                   
#i       #bd beef hams1                 
#bfa       ,%ank meat1                  
#he       ,s(t bones1                   
#aih       ,%ank bones1                 
#ajg       ,tank tall[1                 
#acb       ,cann+ meat1                 
#eih       ,! above data %[ t only ab\t 
"o-?ird ( ! :ole c>cass is  suitable =  
cann+ purposes4 ,! be/ & juicie/ pieces1

 x is  notic$1 are cut away & sold = o!r
 purposes4 ,9 explanation (  ! above    
data x %\ld be /at$ t only ! =e-qu>t]s (
 !  c>cass 7 us$ & n ! :ole c>cass4     
,9 ! prep>ation ( ! sample = analysis1 !
 same selection  0 made z = cann+1 &    
only ! cann+ meat 0 us$ 9 !  prep>ation 
( ! sample4      ,p>boil+4--,! p>boil+ (
 ?is sample 0 accompli%$ 9  ! foll[+    
mann]3 ,! meat 0 fir/ plac$ 9 cold wat]1
 #ej  degrees ,f41 & heat$ by means (   
inject$ /eam4 ,9 five m9utes  !         
temp]ature _h rea*$ #abb degrees ,f41 & 
at ! end ( elev5  m9utes ! boil+        
temp]ature 0 rea*$ & cont9u$ = "o  h\r4 
,! s\p liquor result+ f ! p>boil+ weigh$
 #a1ejj  p\nds & _h ! foll[+            
composition3      ,wat]1       #ii4jh   
p]c5t    ,prote91       4#ji            
,meat bases1    4#bc        ,a%1        
4#bh        ,salt1          4#aa        
,^! data %[ t1 z 9 ! o!r cases1 ! *ief  
extraction f  ! meat dur+ p>boil+ is    
wat] & ! next mo/ important removal  is 
( meat bases & m9]al matt] or a%4 ,aft] 

/]ilization 9  ! usual way ! cans 7 op5$
 & ! cann$ beef subject$ to  analysis4  
,! composition ( ! cann$ beef 0 z       
foll[s3      ,wat]1                     
#ef4ah p]c5t    ,total prote91          
#ca4eg            ,insoluble prote91    
#bg4id            ,proteoses1 peptones1 
& gelat91   #c4fc        ,meat bases1   
#a4dd        ,fat1                      
#g4gb        ,a%1                       
4#hb        ,common salt1               
4#jd          ,composition ( ! ,fre% &  
,cann$ ,meat4--,bel[ is f\nd a table    
simil> to t already giv5 = ! o!r sample1
 %[+ !  composition ( fre% beef & !     
result+ cann$ beef4                     
----------------------------------------
------                                  
,,composition                           
,,( ,,cann$                             
,,beef ,,z                              
,,extract$        ,,det]m9$             
,,fre%    ,,by   ,,add$ ,,9    ,,by     
,,con/itu5ts4,,beef4 ,,boil+4,,cann+4   
,,analysis4                             

----------------------------------------
------                  ,lbs4  ,lbs4    
,lbs4      ,lbs4    ,wat]1       #dad4f 
#bdc4b    #ab4i     #ahd4c    ,prote9s1 
#ajj4e    #a4c    4444     #aja    ,meat
 bases1    #f4g    #c4d    4444         
#d4f    ,fat1          #fc4i   #ci4b    
4444      #bd4g    ,a%1           #f4h  
#d4b    4444       #b4f    ,undet]m9$1  
#e4e   4444    4444       #b4h          
-----  -----   -----     -----          
,total1   #eih     4444    4444     #cbj
    ,f ! above table x is se5 t !       
%r9kage dur+ p>boil+  am\nts to #df4di  
p]c5t ( ! weight ( ! fre% meat4 ,( ?is  
%r9kage #hb4he p]c5t is wat]1 #ad4aa    
p]c5t is fat1 #a4ea p]c5t  a%1 & #j4hb  
p]c5t meat bases4 ,x is notic$ t m ?an  
half (  ! wat] orig9ally f\nd 9 ! meat  
is extract$ by p>boil+4    ,x seems r   
anomal\s t boil+ a sub/ance ) wat] w\ld 
extract wat] f x1 b 9 ! case ( meats x  
is se5 t half  ! wat]1 or ev5 m1 :i* a  
meat conta9s is extract$ f x by  boil+ 9
 wat]4    ,! two samples giv5 are       

extreme cases 9 ! me?od ( prep>+  meats 
= cann+4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! meat is    
plac$ at once  into hot wat] j bel[ !   
boil+ po9t & kept !re = only  a %ort "t4
 ,9 ! second case ! meat is plac$ 9 cold
 wat]  & is br\ght to ! boil+ po9t &    
ma9ta9$ !re = "o  h\r4 ,9 ! la/ case !  
l[ temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 :i* !  meat 0  
orig9ally plac$ favors ! extraction ( a 
portion ( !  soluble prote9 matt]1      
namely1 album9s1 globul9s1 etc41 :ile1  
on  ! o!r h&1 ! long-cont9u$ boil+ to   
:i* x 0 subject$  t5ds to decompose !   
connective tissues ( ! meat & causes  ! 
loss ( small p>ticles ( ! insoluble     
prote9 ?us sep>at$  by dis9tegration4   
,al?\gh 9 ! la/ case ! %r9kage 0 mu*    
great] ?an 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1         
practically no insoluble  prote9 matt] 0
 extract$1 me*anically or o!rwise4      
,cann+ ( ,beef )\t ,p>boil+4--,to       
det]m9e ! am\nt (  %r9kage :i* takes    
place & ! g5]al effect :i* is produc$ by
  cann+ meats )\t p>boil+1 samples 7    
prep>$1 /]iliz$1  & cann$ 9 ! usual way1

 ) ! exception ( ! omission (  p>boil+4 
,on op5+ ! cans x 0 f\nd 9 ea* case t ! 
meat  _h %runk to ab\t two-?irds ( its  
=m] volume & t ! place  0 occupi$ by a  
liquid conta9+ a numb] ( p>ticles (     
solid  matt]4 ,! appe>ance ( ! sample 0 
mu* less invit+ ?an t  ( meat cann$ aft]
 p>boil+4    ,an analysis ( ! sample 0  
made1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,total  weight
 ( sample1 #ca ounces2 weight ( cann$   
meat1 #ba ounces4      ,wat]1           
#fc4hc p]c5t    ,prote91       #bg4be   
,meat bases1     #a4ji        ,fat1     
#d4fb        ,a%1            #a4ja      
,salt1            4#jd                  
,undet]m9$1   #a4bj                     
,composition ( ,liquid4--,! liquid 9 ! c
 0 exam9$ ) !  foll[+ result3 ,weight ( 
liquor1 #aj ounces4      ,solids1       
#f4ic p]c5t    ,prote9 & gelat91  #a4id 
,meat bases1           #a4hd        ,a%1
                  #a4bb        ,salt1   
#a4ae        ,! above data %[ t ! beef  
lo/ #cb4jf p]c5t ( its weight 9  !      
cann+1 a little ov] half ( :i* is wat]4 

,x appe>s t less prote9 matt] is        
extract$ :5 ! meat is  p>boil$ by be+   
plung$ into boil+ wat] ?an :5 x is pack$
 9  a c )\t p>boil+ & subsequ5tly       
subject$ to ! temp]ature  ( /]ilization4
 ,9 ! =m] case ! soluble prote9s 9 meat 
ne>  ! surface are coagulat$ be=e !y c  
diffuse into ! surr\nd+  wat]4 ,9 ! o!r 
case1 ow+ to ! l[ conductivity ( meat1 !
  temp]ature at ! surface ( ! c         
p5etrates sl[ly to ! int]ior  & ! juices
 :i* are extract$ f ! meat c>ry ) !m    
prote9 matt] 9 solution :i* is aft]w>ds 
precipitat$ by heat  & rema9s 9 ! liquid
 z matt] coagulat$ at ! temp]ature (    
/]ilization4    ,x is se5 t p>boil+ has 
_m advantages4 ,x extracts less (  !    
valuable matt] f ! meat1 x %r9ks ! meat 
be=e pack+  s t ! t9s conta9 m nutri5t  
matt]1 & x improves !  appe>ance ( !    
meat to ! consum] :5 op5$4              
,relation ( ,cann$ to ,fre% ,meat4--,9 !
 foll[+ table is giv5  ! numb] ( ounces 
( cann$ meat 9 a numb] ( cans comp>$ )  
! equival5t am\nt ( fre% beef us$ 9     

fill+ !m3      ,,no4 ,,( ,,c4           
,,cann$ ,,beef1     ,,equival5t ,,to    
,,fre% ,,beef4                          
,ounces4                ,ounces4    #a1 
#bi                     #dd4b    #b1    
#bi4i                   #db4f    #c1    
#bh4e                   #ch4g    #d1    
#ab4f                   #ai    #e1      
#cj4e                   #eg    #f1      
#cj4f                   #ej4i           
----                   ----             
,means1       #bf4i                     
#db4a    ,x ?us appe>s t a c ( #bf4i    
ounces ( beef conta9s1 z an  av]age     
cont5t1 an am\nt ( meat equival5t to    
#db4a ounces ( fre%  beef1 & reta9s     
practically all ( ! nutri5t value ( !   
l>g]  quantity ( fre% beef4      ,cann$ 
,ham & ,bacon4--,x seems unnecess>y1 z a
 rule1 to c  ham & bacon prop]ly cur$ & 
transport$ 9 a suitable mann]4  ,!re are
 occasions ju/ify+ ! use ( ^! products 9
 tropical  c\ntries & 9 o!r places f>   
remote f ! s\rces (  manufacture1 & :]e 
! pres]vation ( !m1 by reason ( !  "* ( 

! climate1 is difficult4    ,! prop]    
prep>ation ( ^! articles1 pack+ 9 t9s & 
/]iliz+1 makes x possible to s5d !m to !
 mo/ di/ant po9ts  & to h !m consum$ 9 !
 mo/ unfavorable climatic conditions4   
,cann$ ham1 z x is f\nd ^u ! m>ket1 has 
a high] p]c5tage (  fat & a consequ5tly 
l[] p]c5tage ( prote9 ?an cann$ beef4   
,! ham is pack$ closely & ! small]      
pieces add$ = ! purpose  ( fill+ up     
int]/ices betwe5 ! l>g] pieces ( meat & 
keep+  ! c full4 ,x is reasonable to    
inf] t ! add$ meat is pork1  al?\gh v   
probably x may n always be s4           
,composition ( ,cann$ ,ham & ,bacon4--,!
 "* ( ! cann$ ham  & bacon ^u ! m>ket   
may be illu/rat$ by ! composition ( !   
foll[+ samples 7^! samples 7 pur*as$ 9 !
 op5 m>ket &  are presumably            
repres5tative ( ! products z commonly   
sold 9 !  %ops73    ,,composition ,,(   
,,cann$ ,,ham ,,& ,,bacon4              
----------------------------------------
--------------                          
,,composition ,,( ,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4  

------------------------                
,wat] 9                                 
fat-free                                
sub-                      ,,description4
        ,wat]4  /ance4  ,fat4           
----------------------------------------
-----------                             
,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4    ,slic$ ,/> ham1
             #dc4hj   #ga4hd   #ch4bb   
,boneless ham1                #ec4cj    
#fd4ji   #af4hd     ,gold ,b& slic$ ham1
        #dh4cg   #fh4gb   #bi4gh        
,boneless cook$ ham1         #da4ec     
#fc4ej   #cd4fj     ,prosciutto ,scelto 
9 ,fette1  #cf4gg   #eg4bg   #ce4gi     
,lun* ham1                   #dj4gd     
#ei4ec   #ca4ef     ,huck9s s&wi* ham1  
#cf4ef   #gb4ag   #di4cd     ,ham1 8,co9
 ,special10         #ej4hg   #fi4ab     
#bf4db     ,slic$ ,/> bacon1            
#ae4cd   #ba4bd   #bg4gi     ,bee*nut   
bacon1              #ah4ei   #bf4db     
#bi4ei     ,slic$ breakfa/ bacon1       
#bj4gc   #fg4jf   #fi4jg     ,gold ,b&  
slic$ bacon1      #ai4fi   #fb4ii       

#fh4gd     ,fre% pork1 rib & lo91       
#ea4hj   #gh4cb   #cc4hf                
----------------------------------------
-----------                             
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,,composition ,,( ,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4  
-----------------------------------     
,nitrog54                               
--------------------------------        
,coagu-  ,preci-                        
lat$   pitat$                           
pro-     by     ,meat                   
,,description4        ,total4  teids4   
brom94 bases4                           
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4    ,slic$  
,/> ham1              #b4jg    #a4fb    
#j4jf    #j4ci     ,boneless ham1       
#c4ge    #c4ae     4#aj     4#ej        
,gold ,b& slic$ ham1         #b4hb      
#a4hi     4#ji     4#hd     ,boneless   
cook$ ham1          #c4jc    #b4ej      
4#ab     4#da     ,prosciutto ,scelto 9 

,fette1   #c4je    #a4if     4#ai       
4#ij     ,lun* ham1                     
#c4fh    #c4ba     4#af     4#ca        
,huck9s s&wi* ham1         #b4jd        
#a4gg     4#jg     4#bj     ,ham1 8,co9 
,special10          #b4id    #b4ee      
4#cd     4#je     ,slic$ ,/> bacon1     
#f4fh    #d4ge     4#gd    #a4ai        
,bee*nut bacon1               #e4gd     
#d4aj     4#bf    #a4ch     ,slic$      
breakfa/ bacon1       #a4jg     4#ib    
4#jg     4#jh     ,gold ,b& slic$ bacon1
       #a4dj     4#ia     4#aj     4#ci 
,fre% pork1 rib & lo91     #b4ae        
#a4eg     4#be     4#cc                 
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,,composition ,,( ,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4  
-----------------------------------     
,nitrog5\s sub/ances4                   
--------------------------------        
,gelati-                                
noids                                   

& pro-                                  
teids                                   
,coagu-  preci-                         
,prote9 lat$   pitat$                   
7,n     pro-     by     ,meat           
,,description4        #f4be74  teids4   
brom94 bases4                           
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4    ,slic$  
,/> ham1             #ab4id   #aj4ab    
#j4ch    #a4bb     ,boneless ham1       
#bc4dd   #ai4fi     4#fb    #a4ef       
,gold ,b& slic$ ham1        #ag4fb      
#aa4ha     4#ef    #b4fb     ,boneless  
cook$ ham1         #ah4id   #ae4fb      
4#ge    #a4bh     ,prosciutto ,scelto 9 
,fette1  #ai4jf   #ab4be    #a4ai       
#b4ha     ,lun* ham1                    
#bc4jj   #bj4jf    #a4jj     4#ig       
,huck9s s&wi* ham1        #ab4ge        
#aa4jf     4#dd     4#fb     ,ham1 8,co9
 ,special10         #ah4ch   #ae4id     
#b4ab     4#af     ,slic$ ,/> bacon1    
#da4ge   #bi4fi    #d4fb    #c4gb       

,bee*nut bacon1              #ce4hh     
#be4fb    #a4fb    #d4ca     ,slic$     
breakfa/ bacon1       #f4fi    #e4hj    
4#dd     4#be     ,gold ,b& slic$ bacon1
       #h4ge    #e4fi     4#fb    #a4bb 
,fre% pork1 rib & lo91    #ac4dd        
#i4ha    #a4ef    #a4jc                 
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
----------------------------------------
---------------                         
,,composition ,,( ,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4  
------------------------                
,sodium                                 
,,description4         ,a%4  *lorid4    
,total4                                 
----------------------------------------
-----------                             
,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4    ,slic$ ,/> ham1
              #c4hf    #c4bi   #ig4fj   
,boneless ham1                 #e4dc    
#d4cd   #ig4ed     ,gold ,b& slic$ ham1 
#e4jc    #d4aj   #ih4jg     ,boneless   
cook$ ham1          #d4cc    #c4ff      
#ih4be     ,prosciutto ,scelto 9 ,fette1

   #h4cg    #g4ea   #ig4ch     ,lun*    
ham1                    #c4hd    #c4jh  
#ih4bf     ,huck9s s&wi* ham1           
#a4ge     44    #ii4gi     ,ham1 8,co9  
,special10          #c4ee    #b4ci      
#ii4ji     ,slic$ ,/> bacon1            
#ae4jb   #ac4bh   #if4bh     ,bee*nut   
bacon1              #ai4ij   #ag4hd     
#ii4fc     ,slic$ breakfa/ bacon1       
#c4jf    #b4cg   #ii4da     ,gold ,b&   
slic$ bacon1       #b4eg    #b4bg       
#ih4ee     ,fre% pork1 rib & lo91       
4#gh    ,tr4    #ih4hh                  
----------------------------------------
-----------                             
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
,,composition ,,( ,,dry ,,mat]ial4      
--------------------------------        
,prote9                                 
7,n                    ,sodium          
,,description4        #f4be74   ,fat4   
,a%4  *lorid4                           
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     

,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4    ,slic$  
,/> ham1             #bc4jj   #fh4ja    
#f4hg    #e4he    ,boneless ham1        
#ej4ai   #cf4jf   #aa4fc    #i4bi       
,gold ,b& slic$ ham1        #cd4jf      
#eg4eh    #i4gb    #g4ic    ,boneless   
cook$ ham1         #cb4ch   #ei4ag      
#g4dj    #f4bf    ,prosciutto ,scelto 9 
,fette1  #cj4ab   #ef4fj   #ac4bd       
#aa4hh    ,lun* ham1                    
#ch4ha   #ec4bf    #f4dh    #e4ai       
,huck9s s&wi* ham1        #bj4ac        
#gg4gg    #b4gf     44    ,ham1 8,co9   
,special10         #cg4cg   #ec4gg      
#g4bc    #d4hf    ,slic$ ,/> bacon1     
#di4ca   #cb4hb   #ag4gd   #ae4fi       
,bee*nut bacon1              #dd4jf     
#cf4ce   #bd4dd   #ba4ia    ,slic$      
breakfa/ bacon1       #h4dd   #hg4ac    
#c4hf    #b4ii    ,gold ,b& slic$ bacon1
      #aj4hg   #he4fj    #c4bj    #b4hc 
,fre% pork1 rib & lo91    #bg4hg        
#gj4be    #a4fb    ,tr4                 
----------------------------------------
-------------------      ,adult]ation ( 

,cann$ ,ham & ,bacon4--,f ! above data x
 is se5  t ! products are probably true 
to "n1 & are actually ham &  bacon4 ,!  
pr9cipal adult]ations :i* are f\nd 9 ^! 
articles  are pres]vatives & color+     
matt]s4 ,! color+ matt] usually  f\nd is
 saltpet] :i*1 9 "o in/ance1 0 pres5t 9 
quantities  ( "o-t5? ( "o p]c5t & !     
av]age quantity f\nd 0  "o-tw5tie? ( "o 
p]c5t4 ,saltpet] is n us$ z a           
pres]vative1  al?\gh x is (t5 claim$ by 
pack]s t su* is ! case4 ,9 !  m9ute     
quantities 9 :i* x is employ$ x has     
little or no effect z  a pres]vative if1
 inde$1 x c\ld be deem$ a g]micidal     
sub/ance4  ,! pr9cipal pres]vative :i*  
is f\nd is boric acid4 ,9 f\rte5  cases 
exam9$1 h[ev]1 only two conta9$ ?is     
pres]vative1 :i*  %[s t !re is no       
necessity = its use on any occasion4 ,"u
  ! new meat inspection law all meat    
products prep>$ = int]/ate  & =eign     
comm]ce are pack$ "u direct sup]vision (
 !  ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & conta9  
no h>mful color & no *emical            

pres]vative4      ,cann$                
,tongue4--,sev]al v>ieties ( cann$      
tongue are f\nd ^u  ! m>ket kn[n z ox   
tongue1 lamb tongue1 lun*eon tongue1    
etc4 ,!  tongues ( calves1 /e]s1 %eep1  
lambs1 & sw9e are ! ones :i*  are       
usually cann$1 & !y may be previ\sly    
pickl$ be=e cann+4  ,! av]age           
composition ( ! cann$ tongue ^u ! m>ket 
is %[n  f ! foll[+ data bas$ ^u !       
exam9ation ( sev5te5 samples3           
,wat]1                 #ee4ag p]c5t     
,fat1                   #bj4bc          
,prote91               #ai4dc           
,meat bases1             #a4bc          
,glycog51                4#bd           
,total a%1              #c4ga       ,(  
:i* common salt1   #b4ij       ,! data  
%[ t 9 ! cann+ ( tongue a l>ge quantity 
( fat is  pres5t1 m ?an ! true "p ( !   
tongue conta9s4 ,ne>ly all (  ! samples 
exam9$ conta9$ saltpet]1 ! l>ge/        
quantity f\nd  be+ 4#ae p]c5t4          
,adult]ation ( ,cann$ ,tongue4--,x is n 
probable t any meat1  except ! tongue   

itself1 is us$ = cann+1 b ! cont5ts may 
n be true to "n4 ,! fat dress+ employ$  
is n specifi$1 &  probably its "* &     
am\nt re/ alone ) ! ideas ( !           
manufactur] relative !reto4 ,presumably 
! fat %\ld be ( ! same  animal z !      
tongue4 ,a critical exam9ation ( ! fat  
w1 h[ev]1  reveal :e!r or n ?is is !    
case4    ,saltpet] is ! mo/ common      
adult]ation1 & is us$ solely to  imp>t  
or pres]ve ! r$ color ( ! fre% meat4    
,boric acid is also  occasionally       
employ$4 ,"o ( ! samples conta9$ boric  
acid4    ,)\t inspection ( ! process (  
manufacture1 x is n possible  to be     
assur$ ( ! sanit>y conditions ( ! meats 
:i* are sold  z cann$ tongue & also ( ! 
sanit>y conditions ( ! cann+  itself4   
,^! are all matt]s ( ! highe/ importance
 to !  consum]1 & %\ld be atte/$ by     
prop] inspection c]tificates4  ,"u ! new
 meat law only ! prop] articles c be    
c]tifi$ by !  (ficials 9 *>ge (         
inspection4      ,exam9ation ( ,fat z a 
,te/ = ,adult]ations4--,x is evid5t1 f  

:at has already be5 said1 t ! "* ( !    
fats :i* are  us$ 9 ! cann+ ( pres]v$   
meats is n always ! same z t  ( ! meat  
to :i* !y are add$4 ,a c>eful /udy has  
be5 made 9  ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry ( !    
fats extract$ f diff]5t cann$  meats4 ,!
 *emical & physical *>act]i/ics ( ^!    
fats are  giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3        
----------------------------------------
------------------------       ,,s\rce  
,,melt+  ,,*ill+  ,,iod9  ,,maum5       
,,degrees ,,butyro-      ,,( ,,fat4     
,,po9t4   ,,po9t4  ,,numb]4 ,,numb]4    
,,refractomet]4                         
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,c4      ,c4               ,c4          
,cann$ roa/                             
beef1                                   
#cf4e-dc4ibg4h-cg4jcf4a-ej4fce4f-cf4j   
#dg4j-ee4e    ,cann$ smok$              
beef1                                   
#cg4g-da4hbb4j-bi4jej4i-eg4e   44       
#ea4j-eh4e    ,cann$ ham                
& bacon1                                

#bc4f-cj4eag4e-bd4jdh4e-fh4bci4h-dc4e   
#di4j-eh4b    ,f[l1                     
#bh4j-cd4jab4j-cf4efg4j-hf4dch4i-eb4j   
#di4j-fb4e                              
----------------------------------------
------------------------    ,x has be5  
notic$ t ! cry/als deposit$ by !        
evaporation  ( ! e!r solution ( *ick5   
fat resemble beef /e>9 9 %ape1  b are   
mu* small] & m delicate4 ,x is se5 t !  
melt+  po9t ( fat 9 ham & bacon is r l[]
 ?an 9 leaf l>d4 ,x is  evid5t1 !re=e1 t
 ?is fat is n l>d or1 at lea/1 n :olly  
compos$ ( ! be/ l>d1 b probably consi/s 
( ! fat n usually  employ$ = l>d mak+4  
,pott$ ,meats4--,!re is f\nd on ! m>ket 
a l>ge numb] (  v>ieties ( pott$ meat4  
,x is difficult to describe 9 any       
sci5tific  way ^! pott$ meats because ! 
t]m 8pott$0 is employ$ by all           
manufactur]s to describe a mixture ( a  
great _m diff]5t articles1  ! exact     
composition ( :i* is usually a trade    
secret4 ,!re is1  app>5tly1 an und]/&+  
among manufactur]s t ! labels (  pott$  

goods are n int5d$ 9 any way to indicate
 ! v>iety (  meat or pr9cipal meats     
conta9$ 9 ! package4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any  
trade1 sanit>y1 or *emical /&>d x is    
difficult to make any j  criticism ( !  
"* ( ! pott$ goods ^u ! m>ket4    ,!    
pr9cipal object ( m5tion+ !m "h is to   
in=m ! consum]  ( ! probable "* ( !     
pott$ goods :i* he may consume1 &  to   
let him und]/& t x is by no means c]ta9 
t ! "n (  ! meat ^u ! label describes ! 
"* ( ! meat :i* he  is actually eat+4 ,!
 *ief object 9 ! manufacture ( pott$    
meat  is to make a supply ( uni=m "* &  
consi/5cy1 & prop]ly  spic$ & flavor$ to
 attract & hold ! patronage ( ! consum]4
    ,a c]ta9 degree ( consi/5cy is      
e/abli%$ by ea* manufactur]  = ea*      
v>iety ( pott$ goods made1 & to obta9   
?is consi/5ce  m or less fat meat ( "s  
k9d is add$4 ,x may ?us be ( "s         
advantage to add ! fat ( pork r ?an !   
fat ( beef or  mixtures ( ! two4 ,x is  
claim$ by _m manufactur]s t a s+le  k9d 
( meat does n give ! desir$ flavor 9    

pott$ & devil$  goods4 ,!re=e1 meats (  
diff]5t orig9 are f9ely gr\nd & mix$    
toge!r1 & a suffici5t quantity ( oil or 
fat add$ to secure !  requir$ physical  
consi/5ce4 ,= ?is reason cur$ meats1 su*
 z  beef & pork1 are (t5 pref]r$ = mak+ 
pott$ & devil$ meats  because ( !       
agreeable flavor & aroma :i* !y imp>t   
!reto4  ,^! meats are !re=e us$ 9 pott+1
 al?\gh !y co/ m  ?an correspond+       
quantities ( fre% meat4 ,9 a "* ( goods 
s v>iegat$ z ^! x is impossible to lay  
d[n any rule :i* may  guide ! consum] 9 
8 *oice4 ,! wide/ latitude is left to ! 
manufactur]1 & ! only real protection is
 9 a /rict inspection  ( ! factory or   
factories :]e su* goods are made4 ,x is 
!re  only t ! "* ( ! mat]ials employ$ & 
! quality (  ! condim5ts or o!r         
sub/ances add$ c be det]m9$4 ,! day  is 
d\btless rapidly approa*+ :5 consum]s w 
be p]fectly  protect$ 9 ?is matt]1 & :5 
no cann$1 pott$1 or devil$ meats  ( any 
description w be all[$ to ent] into     
comm]ce )\t  be>+ ! c]tificate (        

compet5t inspection (fic]s z to ! k9d  (
 meats us$1 _! sanit>y "*1 etc4         
,pott$ meats %\ld always be c>efully    
/]iliz$ & ! cont5ts (  ! t9s %\ld be    
consum$ z soon z possible aft] !y are   
op5$4      ,pott$ ,beef4--,pott$ beef1 m
 ?an any o!r product be>+ !  label (    
pott$1 corresponds m closely to ! "* ( !
  meat nam$ on its label4 ,( f\r samples
 ( comm]cially pott$ beef  exam9$ 9 !   
,bureau ( ,*emi/ry only "o appe>$ to    
conta9 any  o!r meat ?an beef4 ,!       
composition ( ! pott$ beef is %[n 9  !  
table on page #ec4      ,adult]ation (  
,pott$ ,beef4--,f ! av]age data giv5    
above x  is se5 t ! pr9cipal adult]ation
 9 pott$ beef1 assum+ t  ! meat is beef1
 is />*4 ,two ( ! f\r samples conta9$   
/>*1  "o m ?an #ad p]c5t & "o m ?an #aa 
p]c5t4 ,! admixture  ( />* is evid5tly  
solely = fraudul5t purposes1 to increase
 !  weight & bulk ) a v mu* *eap]       
sub/ance & "o = :i*  no necessity = !   
addition c be claim$4 ,x also increases 
!  quantity ( wat] :i* ! product w c>ry4

 ,saltpet] 0 f\nd  9 "o ( ! f\r samples 
& boric acid 9 two4 ,"o ( ! samples     
conta9$ a l>ge quantity ( t91 due       
probably to ! action ( !  pott$ meat ^u 
! t9 l9+ ( ! c4      ,pott$ ,devil$     
,meats4--,! t]m 8devil$ meat0 is appli$ 
to a  mixture ( f9ely gr\nd meat )      
spices1 condim5ts1 & o!r  sub/ances1 &1 
l ! t]m 8pott$10 is us$ r to indicate a 
miscellane\s mixture ?an any s+le       
comp\nd4    ,all t has be5 said respect+
 ! composition ( pott$ meat  applies )  
equal =ce to devil$ meat4 ,if !re be any
 diff]5ce  at all x is und]/ood by ! t]m
 devil$ t ! spices &  condim5ts are m   
pron\nc$ 9 "* & great] 9 quantity  & !  
miscellane\s "* ( ! goods m pron\nc$4   
,"u  ! t]ms ( 8devil$0 & 8pott$0 may be 
f\nd e k9d ( mix$  & miscellane\s f9ely 
comm9ut$ meat1 flavor$ ) all k9ds (     
condim5tal sub/ances & prep>$ s z to    
appeal z /rongly z  possible to ! ta/e &
 desire ( ! consum]4    ,,composition   
,,( ,,pott$ ,,beef4                     
----------------------------------------

----------              ,,composition   
,,( ,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4                
----------------------------------------
-                                       
,nitrog54                               
----------------                        
,wat]                                   
9 fat-                                  
free                              ,,sam-
           sub-                    ,meat
      ,,ples4 ,wat]4  /ance4  ,fat4     
,total4  bases4                         
----------------------------------------
-----         ,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4  
ct4,p4 ct4                              
#a1    #bh4bd    #ej4cc   #dc4hi        
#c4gf    #j4ef     #b1    #ea4hj        
#fd4dj   #ai4eh     444     444     #c1 
#ed4ib    #fb4bj   #ab4gj    #b4hg      
4#fd     #d1    #fe4ea    #gb4ib        
#aj4bf    #c4ad     4#db                
----------------------------------------
-----                                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           

,,composition ,,( ,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4  
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
,nitrog5\s sub/ances4                   
--------------------------------        
,gelati-                 ,glyco-        
noids                    g51            
,pro-  & pro-                 calcu-    
teids   teids                   lat$    
9-    preci-                 to dry     
,prote9 soluble pitat$                  
fat-free            ,,sam-   7,n    9   
hot    by     ,meat            mate-    
,salt-     ,,ples4 #f4be74  wat]4       
brom94 bases4  ,/>*4  rial4  pet]4      
----------------------------------------
---------------------         ,p4 ct4,p4
 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4 
#a1     #bc4ej   #ai4ej    #j4ej        
#a4ge    444     #j4cb    #j4je     #b1 
444     444      444     444   #ad4bf   
444     444     #c1     #ag4id   #ab4hh 
#a4jf    #b4jj   #aa4ef     4#bb     444
     #d1     #ai4fb   #ae4jf    #a4id   
#a4ca    444      4#be     444          

----------------------------------------
---------------------                   
----------------------------------------
-------------          ,,composition ,,(
 ,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4                   
----------------------------------------
---                                     
,heavy                                  
metals                                  
p]                         ,,sam-       
,total   ,sodium   kilo-    ,pres]-     
,,ples4  a%4  *lorid4  gram4   vatives4 
,total4                                 
----------------------------------------
--------         ,p4 ct4,p4 ct4 ,milli- 
,p4 ct4                          grams4 
#a1      #c4ca    #b4dc ,t9 #ade4a      
,none     #ig4bd     #b1       444      
444  444 444 ,boric acid   444      #c1 
#d4ej     444  444 444     d      #ii4fi
     #d1      #b4cj     444  444 444    
,none     #if4dd                        
----------------------------------------
--------                                
----------------------------------------

              ,,composition ,,( ,,dry   
,,mat]ial4                              
--------------------------------        
,prote9                    ,,sam-   7,n 
,sodium    ,,ples4 #f4be74   ,fat4      
,a%4  *lorid4                           
-------------------------------------   
,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4            
#a1     #cb4ge   #fa4ai    #d4fa        
#c4ci    #b1      444    #dj4fb     444 
444    #c1     #ci4ha   #bh4ag    #i4ih 
444    #d1     #cf4hh   #bi4ge    #f4fg 
444                                     
-------------------------------------   
,x may be said1 9 connection ) ^! goods1
 t !re is no  objection :atev] to _!    
manufacture & sale provid$ ! meat  us$ 9
 _! prep>ation is s\nd & sanit>y1 !     
conditions (  manufacture clean & free (
 infection1 & provid$ ! fraudul5t       
additions = ! purpose ( increas+ bulk & 
weight are exclud$1  toge!r ) injuri\s  
pres]vatives & color+ matt]s1 su* z     
borax1 saltpet]1 sulfite ( soda1 etc4   
,pott$ & devil$ are n ! only t]ms1      

h[ev]1 :i* are us$ to  express          
miscellane\s mixtures ( meat products4  
,! t]m 8pts0 is  also employ$ = a l>ge  
class ( goods1 among :i* ! pr9cipal     
ones are ! famili> pt de foie gras1 :i* 
%\ld be made l>gely  ( fatty goose      
liv]s4      ,composition ( ,pts4--,!    
result ( ! exam9ation ( l>ge  quantities
 ( pts 9 ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry indicates 
t !y  are made up pr9cipally ( ! meat ( 
beef & pork4 ,x is n q  c]ta9 9 any case
 t ! highly priz$ liv]s ( fat geese h   
be5 employ$ at all to any consid]able   
ext5t4 ,!re are no =ms (  comm9ut$ meats
 ( any description :i* are s            
objectionable 9 "n  z ^? t are sold "u !
 "n ( pts1 especially :5 !y  are ascrib$
 to a p>ticul> composition1 z is ! case 
) pt de  foie gras4 ,z has be5 rem>k$   
be=e1 !re is c]ta9ly no objection  to ! 
manufacture ( ^! mixtures1 b mislead+   
/atem5ts  conc]n+ !m are to be condemn$4
 ,! manufactur] & consum] (  pt de foie 
gras %\ld e/abli% "s /&>d ( ! p]c5tage (
  goose liv]s :i* !y %\ld conta91 & ea* 

package %\ld be  accompani$ by an       
(ficial c]tification t x has be5        
inspect$ &  f\nd to be up to ! /&>d4 ,x 
is only 9 ?is way t ! public  c be      
protect$ aga9/ fraud & imposition4 ,:]e 
no descriptive  ^w at all is us$ ) ! ^w 
pt !re is no reasonable limit  to be    
plac$ ^u ! k9d ( meat us$1 provid$ x is 
( a s\nd  & sanit>y "*4 ,! t]m pt itself
 means a mixture &1  !re=e1 x is no     
deception & imposition ^u ! public to   
sell a  pt ( a miscellane\s "*1 provid$ 
x does n be> any false  /atem5t reg>d+  
orig9 or "*4    ,! mean composition (   
=ty-?ree samples ( pts & pures is  f\nd 
9 ! foll[+ data3      ,wat]1            
#de4hg p]c5t    ,wat] 9 fat-free        
sub/ance1  #ga4ah       ,fat1           
#ce4da       ,prote91                   
#aa4ib       ,meat bases1               
4#hb       ,/>*1                        
#g4dd       ,total a%1                  
#b4hh       ,( :i* sodium *lorid1       
4#ig       ,f ! above data x is se5 t ! 
pts are *>act]iz$ by  a v high p]c5tage 

( fat & a correspond+ly l[ p]c5tage  (  
prote94 ,a v l>ge majority ( ! samples  
exam9$ conta9$  />*1 ! highe/ quantity  
f\nd be+ #ae4hj p]c5t4 ,only two ( !    
samples 7 f\nd to conta9 saltpet]2 six  
conta9$ boric acid &  ?ree b5zoic acid4 
,t9 & z9c 7 f\nd 9 a few cases4         
,pr9cipal ,adult]ations ( ,mix$1        
,miscellane\s1 ,pott$1 ,devil$1  &      
,comm9ut$ ,meats4--,z has be5 obs]v$ 9 !
 analyses ( !  comm]cial articles :i* h 
be5 submitt$ x is evid5t t  no detection
 ( ! adult]ation ( ^! m9c$ meats )      
impure  fragm5t>y1 diseas$1 or          
un:olesome articles is possible 9 s f>  
z *emical analysis is conc]n$4 ,a       
microscopic analysis also (t5  fails to 
reveal ! true "* ( ! meats :i* h be5 us$
  9 ! prep>ation ( ^! bodies4 ,h5ce !   
adult]ation ( ^!  bodies ) diseas$1     
un:olesome1 unfit1 & unsanit>y meats _c 
be controll$ nor ev5 positively affirm$ 
aft] ! meats are prep>$  & cann$4 ,su*  
adult]ations are d\btless frequ5t & are 
! mo/  objectionable4 ,! only protection

 to ! consum] is 9 a c]tificate  (      
inspection be=e prep>ation & pack+4 ,!  
consum]1 by refus+  to pur*ase su*      
comm9ut$ meats 9 ! abs5ce ( su* a       
c]tificate1  w\ld soon compel !         
manufactur] to secure (ficial inspection
 &  c]tification ( 8 products4          
,adult]ation ) ,/>*4--,"o ( ! *ief      
adult]ants 9 sausages  & prep>$ meats is
 />*4 ,x has be5 said by "s hygi5i/s  t 
/>* is n an objectionable adult]ant on  
hygi5ic gr\nds4  ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n      
/rictly true4 ,! injection ( l>ge       
quantities  ( />* into meat t5ds to     
unbalance a ration :i* is fix$ )  c]ta9 
quantities ( o!r food & t5ds to increase
 ! proportion  ( />*y matt] !re94 ,!re  
are _m conditions ( disord]$  dige/ion 9
 :i* su* increases ( />*1 unkn[n to !   
physician  or pati5t or ev5 kn[n1 are   
highly objectionable4 ,h5ce ! use  ( />*
 z an adult]ant 9 meat ( ?is k9d is     
repreh5sible on  hygi5ic gr\nds4 ,!     
pr9cipal purpose = us+ />* is deception4
  ,/>* increases ! bulk & weight (      

goods1 &1 9 ! process (  cook+1 prev5ts 
undue %r9kage4 ,! consum]1 !re=e1 ?9ks t
  he has secur$ a l>g] quantity & bett] 
quality ( meat ?an he  really has1 & is1
 to ?is ext5t1 defraud$ & deceiv$4      
,pres]vatives4--,! pres]vatives :i* are 
pr9cipally us$ 9  meat are borax1 boric 
acid1 sulfite ( soda1 & b5zoic acid4    
,all (  ^! pres]vatives h be5 %[n1 by   
rese>*es 9 ! ,bureau (  ,*emi/ry1 to be 
delet]i\s to heal?4 ,!y %\ld be rigidly 
exclud$  f all meat z well z o!r food   
products4      ,color+ ,matt]4--,dyes   
are frequ5tly us$ = color+ sausage &    
o!r m9c$ meats4 ,all su* dye+ mat]ials  
are repreh5sible1 bo?  on acc\nt ( !    
dang] to heal? & deception4 ,pres]v$    
meats  gradually lose ! natural r$ t9t (
 ! fre% meat1 & to t  ext5t ! color is  
an index ( ! "t dur+ :i* !y h be5       
pres]v$4 ,inasmu* z consum]s pref] fre% 
meats pres]v$ z %ort  a "t z possible1  
!y are deceiv$ & to t ext5t injur$ by ! 
use ( dye/uffs :i* imp>t to pres]v$     
meats a fre% appe>ance4      ,indirect  

,color+ ,matt]4--,c]ta9 *emicals1 :i* ( 
!mselves  h no color1 s]ve to fix &     
hold1 or ev5 acc5tuate1 ! natural  color
 ( meat4 ,! two pr9cipal *emicals us$ = 
?is purpose  are saltpet] & sulfite (   
soda4 ,saltpet] is us$ g5]ally 9        
pres]v$ meats to reta9 & acc5tuate ! r$ 
color !re(4 ,sulfite  ( soda is us$     
pr9cipally on fre% meats1 :]e x acts bo?
 z a  pres]vative & z a reta9] ( color4 
,spr9kl$ ov] ! fre%ly  cut surface (    
fre% meat1 sulfite ( soda pres]ves ! r$ 
t9t1 &  ! cu/om] ?9ks x has j be5 cut4  
,9 ?is way he is deceiv$4  ,bo? ( ^!    
sub/ances are highly objectionable n    
only on acc\nt  ( deception b on acc\nt 
( be+ injuri\s to heal?4 ,9 ! case  (   
saltpet]1 ! g5]al op9ion conc]n+ its    
!rapeutic action is  t x is n a prop]   
sub/ance to mix ) foods4 ,x w\ld be     
highly  desirable on ! "p ( ! pack]1 if 
he deem$ x necess>y to use  bodies ( ?is
 k9d1 to pla9ly /ate ^u ea* package ! "*
  & quantity ( pres]vatives & color+    
matt] employ$4 ,!  consum] is !n left to

 judge = himself :e!r or n he desires to
  eat ^! bodies4    ,! pr9cipal         
objection to notifications ( ?is k9d is 
t !  consum]1 n be+ an exp]t z a rule1  
_c =m any intellig5t  op9ion respect+ ! 
desirability ( ^! sub/ances 9 food4 ,he 
is  m apt to be guid$ by common practice
 9 ?is matt] & by 8 own  op9ion ?an by  
any g5]al pr9ciples ( *emi/ry & hygi5e4 
,pott$ ,tongue4--,! t]m 8pott$ tongue0  
may apply equally to tongue  ( a s+le   
"*1 su* z beef1 lamb1 pork1 or sw9e1 or 
!  mixture !re(4 ,! exam9ations :i* h   
be5 made ( ! pott$  tongues ( comm]ce d 
n indicate :e!r !y are ( a s+le  "* or  
:e!r ! tongues are d]iv$ f a v>iety (   
s\rces4  ,! mean composition ( tw5ty-"o 
samples b\ght 9 ! op5 m>ket1  z f\nd 9 !
 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 is giv5 9 ! foll[+ 
table3      ,wat]1                      
#eb4ej p]c5t    ,wat] 9 ! fat-free      
sub/ance1  #fg4fg       ,fat1           
#bb4ii       ,prote91                   
#ag4hj       ,meat bases1               
4#ge       ,total a%1                   

#e4df         ,adult]ation ( ,pott$     
,tongue4--,9 ! samples exam9$ above />* 
0 f\nd 9 f\r cases1 ! l>ge/ am\nt be+   
#aa4f p]c5t4  ,saltpet] 0 f\nd 9 eighte5
 cases1 ! l>ge/ am\nt be+ 4#jf  p]c5t4  
,t9 0 pres5t 9 ?irte5 cases & z9c 9     
eight cases4  ,boric acid 0 f\nd 9      
f\rte5 cases4    ,f ! above x is evid5t 
t ! pr9cipal adult]ations 9  pott$      
tongue1 aside f ! use ( meats :i* are n 
tongue1 &  :i* *emical analysis _c      
disclose1 are ! addition ( />*1         
saltpet]1 t91 & z9c1 ! two latt] d]iv$  
ei!r f ! sold]  or f ! c 9 :i* ! goods  
are plac$4      ,cann$ ,p\ltry4--,o!r   
fre% meats1 9 addition to beef & pork1  
are  cann$ 9 a fre% /ate4 ,9 ! case (   
p\ltry ! f[ls are dress$  & drawn & !   
:ole c>cass boil$ until ! meat is       
suffici5tly  cook$ to facilitate !      
sep>ation f ! bones4 ,! bones are !n    
remov$ & ! meat is cann$ & /]iliz$ by   
practically ! same  me?od z practic$ )  
cann$ beef4 ,game & wild f[l meats are  
also  subject$ to ! same process ( cann+

 z ! dome/icat$ *ick5s1  geese1 ducks1  
turkeys1 etc4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t  
!re are no  diff]5ces 9 ! processes     
employ$1 b ! important "q to  ! consum] 
is ! "* ( ! raw mat]ials us$1 ! sanit>y 
conditions :i* att5d$ _! prep>ation1 &  
_! fre$om f  admixtures ( o!r meats     
*eap] 9 price & ( diff]5t dietetic      
values4      ,adult]ation ( ,cann$ ,fre%
 ,meat4--,=tunately ! process (         
/]ilization is ( su* a "*1 :5 prop]ly   
c>ri$ out1 z to  exclude all necessity =
 ! addition ( any pres]vative sub/ances 
to cann$ fre% meat4 ,! use ( ord9>y     
condim5tal sub/ances 9  mod]ate         
quantities _c be reg>d$ z an            
adult]ation4 ,h5ce1 !  addition ( small 
quantities ( salt1 sug>1 v9eg>1 & !     
ord9>y  spices1 :5 us$ solely = !       
improvem5t ( ! ta/e & flavor  & n =     
pres]vative purposes1 is reg>d$ z       
unobjectionable4    ,! common           
pres]vatives us$ 9 cann$ meat are1 fir/1
 ^? :i*  give color to ! meat & pres]ve 
its natural r$ t9t4 ,= ?is  purpose     

saltpet] & sulfite ( soda are mo/       
commonly employ$4 ,r$  dyes ( any       
description are r>ely1 if ev]1 f\nd4 ,! 
pres]vative  :i* is us$ mo/ frequ5tly 9 
cann$ meat is borax or boric acid4  ,t  
?is use is n necess>y is evid5t f !     
inve/igations :i*  h be5 made 9 !       
,bureau ( ,*emi/ry :i* %[ t 9 mo/  cases
 no pres]vatives at all are us$4 ,!     
addition ( any *emical  pres]vative is1 
!re=e1 to be reg>d$ z unnecess>y & z an 
adult]ation4    ,! use ( any diseas$1   
ta9t$1 decompos$1 or fil?y meat1 ev5 if 
x is ( ! same orig9 z t 9 ! c1 is an    
adult]ation ( !  mo/ s]i\s "* & :i* c   
only be effectually controll$  by !     
inspection m5tion$ above4 ,! adult]ation
 ( ! meat (  f[ls ( all descriptions by 
*eap] meats1 su* z pork or veal1 ev5  if
 !y be ( :olesome & s\nd "*1 is an      
adult]ation said  to be (t5 practic$ &  
"o :i* x is difficult to detect if !    
p>ticles ( meat are f9ely comm9ut$4     
,/&>d = ,pres]v$ ,meats4--,! /&>d =     
pres]v$ meat is !  same z t = fre% meat 

:i* is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix 7,circul>  #ai1
 ,(fice ( ,secret>y1 ,dep>tm5t (        
,agriculture74 ,! meat mu/ be  s\nd1    
:olesome1 clean1 fre%ly tak5 f !        
slaught]$ animal1 &  n "o t has di$ f   
disease1 suffocation1 or o!rwise1 & mu/ 
con=m 9 "n & "* to ! meat ( ! animal4   
,frequ5cy ( ,adult]ation4--,! exam9ation
 made ( num]\s samples  ( cann$ meat 9 !
 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry %[s t ! adult]ation 
( ^! foods is r common b by no means    
g5]al4      ,cann$ ,horse ,meat4--,horse
 meat is commonly us$ = human food 9  _m
 ,european c\ntries1 al?\gh x is believ$
 t x is n us$  to any ext5t 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates4 ,:5 procur$ f heal?y animals  9 
a prop] way !re is no hygi5ic objection 
to its use1 ?\gh x  is consid]$ to be   
some:at t\gh] ?an ! fle% ( o!r animals  
m commonly employ$ z food1 b t is       
probably due to ! fact  t horses are n  
rais$ = food purposes & are usually n   
us$  = su* until !y are worn out 9      
dome/ic s]vice4 ,!re are _m  s5tim5tal &
 (t5 religi\s objections to ! use (     

horse meat1  b exp]i5ce has %[n t x is  
:olesome & nutriti\s4 ,horse  meat is   
*>act]i/ic 9 conta9+ m natural sug>1    
commonly  kn[n z glycog51 ?an any ( !   
o!r ord9>y meats us$ =  human           
consumption4 ,x approa*es 9 its cont5t (
 sug> "s ( !  %ell-fi% fle%1 su* z t ( !
 lob/]4 ,practically all ( !  horse meat
 :i* is prep>$ 9 ?is c\ntry is export$  
to ,europe4  ,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 on  
record ( ! sale ( horse fle% to  dome/ic
 consum]s4 ,especially c\ld x be us$ 9  
?is way 9 ! =m  ( sausage or o!r f9ely  
comm9ut$ products )\t mu* dang] (       
detection4      ,composition ( ,horse   
,meat4--,a numb] ( samples ( horse meat 
(  und\bt$ orig9 & :olesom5ess h be5    
exam9$ 9 ! ,bureau (  ,*emi/ry & ! data 
tabulat$4 ,! av]age composition ( sixte5
  samples ( horse meat1 repres5t+       
diff]5t p>ts ( ! c>cass1 is  %[n 9 !    
foll[+ table3      ,wat]1               
#fi4ha p]c5t    ,wat] 9 fat-free        
sub/ance1     #gf4ia        ,fat1       
#i4fa        ,prote91                   

#ai4dg          ,prote9 insoluble 9     
wat]1    #ad4hc          ,gelat9\s      
prote91             #a4bc        ,meat  
bases1                       #a4gj      
,glycog51                         #a4hb 
,a%1                              #a4ja 
,composition ( ,dry ,mat]ial4--         
,prote91       #fg4ih p]c5t    ,fat1    
#bg4ga        ,a%1            #c4ah     
,undet]m9$1   #a4ac        ,! high      
p]c5tage ( glycog5 9 horse meat is "o ( 
! safe/  me?ods ( det]m9+ its "* :5     
comm9ut$ or cut up into  pieces s small 
z n to be id5tifi$ by ! usual anatomical
  *>act]i/ics4 ,v few o!r k9ds ( edible 
fle% conta9 z mu*  z "o p]c5t ( glycog54
 ,glycog5 is a transitory product :i*   
t5ds naturally to be brok5 up into o!r  
sub/ances1 &1 h5ce1  ev5 9 horse meat   
aft] slaught]1 x may rapidly disappe> & 
?us1  unless ! meat is exam9$ at once1 v
 little glycog5 may be f\nd  9 x4 ,a    
saf] te/ = horse meat is 9 ! nature ( ! 
fat !re94  ,?is fat does n t5d to *ange 
z ! glycog5 does1 &1 !re=e1  9 a pure   

prep>ation ( horse meat ev5 9 a f9ely   
comm9ut$ /ate  ! sep>ation & exam9ation 
( ! fat w lead to a det]m9ation  ( ! "* 
( meat employ$4 ,! fats ( horse meat h a
 l[]  melt+ po9t1 a high] iod9 numb]1 & 
a high] heat value :5  mix$ ) sulfuric  
acid ?an ^? ( beef4    ,inde$1 ^!       
diff]5ces are s m>k$ z to af=d a ready  
means (  detection to ! practical *emi/4
 ,ev5 9 ! mixture ( horse meat  ) o!r   
meat ! v>iation 9 ! "* ( ! fats w be su*
  z to lead to a correct judgm5t        
respect+ ! approximate am\nt (  horse   
meat :i* has be5 us$1 provid$ x =ms any 
notable am\nt (  ! mixture4      ,cann$ 
,cur$ ,meats4--,/]ilization is su* a    
c]ta9 me?od (  prev5t+ ! decay ( meats t
 x has n[ come into use to a l>ge  ext5t
 9 ! f9al pres]vation ( %ipm5ts ( cur$  
meats4 ,!  object ( cur+1 z has already 
be5 /at$1 is n m]ely to prev5t  ! meat f
 decay+1 nor is x int5d$ to inhibit     
entirely enzymic  action4 ,on ! contr>y1
 if ! me?od ( cur+ 7 su* z to  entirely 
/op f]m5tative action1 ! flavors &      

aromas ( pres]v$  meats1 ^u :i* _! value
 s mu* dep5ds1 w\ld be elim9at$1  & we  
w\ld simply h a mass ( ta/eless meat1   
pres]v$ f  decay by ! application (     
*emical pres]vatives ( a "*  to imp>t   
nei!r flavor nor aroma to ! meat & at ! 
same "t  prev5t ! activity ( ! v>i\s    
f]m5ts above describ$4 ,su*  me?ods (   
prep>ation1 naturally1 %\ld nev] be (   
g5]al use1  because 9 cur$ meats !      
consum] dem&s ! flavor :i* naturally    
proce$s f ! ord9>y me?od ( cur+4 ,aft]  
cur+ & :5  subject$ to transportation ! 
meats may und]go decomposition &  rea*  
_! de/9ation 9 a spoil$ /ate4 ,to avoid 
?is x has be5  a cu/om>y practice to    
pack ! meat 9 a *emical pres]vative1 su*
  z borax4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a v          
objectionable practice because  ev5 9 ! 
cur$ /ate ! meat is /ill absorptive1 & !
 borax1  :i* is pack$ ext]nally ^u x1 z 
a precaution dur+ transit1  mu/         
necess>ily p5etrate to a c]ta9 ext5t to 
! int]ior (  ! meat4 ,by pack+ cur$ meat
 9 t9s & subject+ ^! t9s to  /]ilization

 complete immunity f decay may be secur$
 & !re is  no damage done to ! aroma or 
flavor4 ,we1 !re=e1 f9d ^u !  m>ket at !
 pres5t "t 9 t9n$1 cann$1 or pott$ =m   
almo/  e v>iety ( meat t is us$ ei!r 9 a
 fre% /ate or aft] !  usual me?od (     
cur+4      ,cann$ ,sausage4--,"o ( ! mo/
 important ( cur$ meats :i* is  (f]$ =  
sale is sausage4 ,sausage may be cann$  
ei!r 9 ! fre%  or cur$ /ate &1 ( c\rse1 
may be adult]at$ 9 bo? conditions4      
,cann$ sausage %\ld h a clean bill (    
heal? f ! local  inspector ! same z any 
o!r meat food4    ,!re is1 p]haps1 m    
room = deception 9 ! manufacture (      
sausage ?an 9 almo/ any o!r =m (        
comm9ut$ meat4 ,:5 prop]ly  treat$ )    
condim5tal sub/ances1 su* z salt1       
spices1 v9eg>1  etc41 sausages are      
highly priz$ z a food product1 & ju/ly  
s4  ,9 ! cann$ /ate sausage %\ld und]go 
no o!r manipulation  ?an spic+ &        
/]ilization at a temp]ature necess>y to 
kill all  f]m5tative g]ms & prev5t      
decay4      ,composition ( ,cann$       

,sausage4--,tw5ty-five samples ( cann$  
sausage exam9$ 9 ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry _h
 ! foll[+ av]age  composition3          
,wat]1                           #eh4ea 
p]c5t    ,wat] 9 fat-free sub/ance1     
#ge4ei        ,fat1                     
#ba4hb        ,prote91                  
#ac4ib            ,prote9 insoluble 9   
wat]1  #aa4cg            ,gelat9\s      
prote91           #a4ba            ,meat
 bases1                    4#fg         
,a%1                              #b4hf 
,sodium *lorid1                   #a4jb 
,! above data %[ t cann$ sausage diff]s 
f fre% meat l>gely  9 its composition1  
especially 9 ! mu* high] cont5t ( fat & 
l[] cont5t ( wat] :i* is f\nd !re94     
,adult]ation ( ,cann$ ,sausage4--,!     
pr9cipal adult]ation1 z  has already be5
 /at$1 is 9 ! admixture ( meats ( unkn[n
 &  miscellane\s orig9 & possibly       
in$ible 9 "*4 ,! degree (  comm9ution to
 :i* sausage is subject$ r5d]s x        
difficult 9 !  inspection ( sausage     
itself to det]m9e ! "* ( ! animal  f :i*

 x is made4 ,! /udy ( ! fat is ! mo/    
useful guide 9  su* cases4 ,presumably  
sausage is made almo/ exclusively ( beef
 &  pork1 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 mu* :i*  
is n eat5 "u its own  "n may be f\nd 9  
sausage4    ,next to ! introduction (   
meat ( an improp] "* ! mo/  important   
adult]ation is ! common use ( />*4 ,/>* 
is v mu*  *eap] ?an meat1 & its abundant
 use enables a great] pr(it to be  made4
 ,x is highly e/eem$1 also1 z a 8fill]10
 on ! gr\nd t x  prev5ts ! %r9kage (    
sausage :5 fri$4 ,/>* granules "u !     
influ5ce ( heat are gelat9\s1 hold+     
moi/ure ) t5acity &  prev5t+ %r9kage 9  
bulk4    ,! pres5ce ( />* 9 sausage mu/ 
be reg>d$ z an unju/ifiable  adult]ation
 unless ! am\nt !re9 is pla9ly m>k$ on !
 label  ( ! package4    ,! use (        
pres]vatives 9 ! cur+ ( sausage is a v  
common  practice &1 h5ce1 cann$ sausages
 are f\nd to (t5 conta9 boric  acid or  
borax & sulfite ( soda especially4 ,dyes
 ( v>i\s k9ds are  also us$ 9 color+    
sausage or its cov]+1 l>gely ( a coal t>

  orig94    ,! prop] safegu>d = !       
consum] 9 reg>d to ! "* (  sausage is 9 
! inspection ( ! factory4 ,x is highly  
important  t ea* municipality & /ate    
%\ld h a rigid sy/em = !  inspection (  
sausage1 & ! sausage ?us inspect$ %\ld  
be> !  c]tification ( ! k9d ( meat us$ &
 its g5]al "*4  ,! pres5ce ( inspectors 
9 factories w\ld prev5t ! use (         
pres]vatives :i*1 x has be5 %[n by !    
rese>*es ( ! ,bureau  ( ,*emi/ry1 are   
prejudicial to heal?4      ,magnitude ( 
! ,meat ,indu/ry4--,accord+ to ! c5sus (
 #aije1  %[+ ! results ( ! tabulation ( 
! /ati/ics ( slaught]+  & meat pack+ &  
slaught]+1 :olesale1 = ! cal5d> ye>     
#aijd1 =m+ a "p ( ! c5sus ( manufactures
 ( #aije1 :i*  0 tak5 9 con=mity ) ! act
 ( ,congress ( ,m>* #f1 #aijb1  !       
figures indicate t !re has be5 a normal 
increase 9 !  slaught]+ & meat pack+    
indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z  comp>$ ) !
 /ati/ics ( #aijj1 :i* cov]$ ! fiscal   
ye>  end+ ,may #ca/4    ,comp>ative     
figures = #aije & #aijj are %[n 9 !     

foll[+  summ>y3                         
,,p]c5t ,,(                             
#aije4         #aijj4     ,,increase4   
,numb] ( e/abli%m5ts1                   
#ibi           #iba      4#h            
,capital1                               
#bcg1fii1ddj  #ahi1aih1bfd    #be4f     
,sal>i$ (ficials1 cl]ks1    etc43       
,numb]1                                 
#ab1jge        #aj1bbg    #ah4j         
,sal>ies1                               
#ac1cgg1ijh   #aj1abc1bdg    #cb4a      
,wage-e>n]s3      ,av]age numb]1        
#gd1acb        #fh1ecd     #h4b         
,wages1                                 
#dj1ddg1egd   #cc1deg1jac    #bj4i      
,miscellane\s exp5ses1                  
#cj1fbc1ajh    #bd1jfj1dab    #bg4c     
,mat]ials us$3      ,total co/1         
#hje1hef1ifi  #fhc1ehc1egg    #ag4i     
,animals slaught]$3          ,beeves1   
#bhi1jdj1icj  #bdg1cfe1hab    #af4h     
,%eep1                      #dd1cei1hjd 
#cg1acg1edb    #ai4d          ,hogs1    
#cbi1gfc1dcj   #bgh1gcf1ifa    #ah4c    

,calves1                     #ab1fff1idb
     #g1cef1efj    #gb4b          ,all  
o!r1                      #fa1ije       
#eei1hci        ,all o!r mat]ials1      
#abi1ifc1ieh   #aab1dbf1hfc    #ae4d    
,products3      ,total value1           
#iac1iad1fbd  #ghe1efb1dcc    #af4c     
,beef--          ,sold fre%1            
#bdg1ace1jbi  #baa1jfh1icd    #ag4a     
,cann$1                      #g1fig1hae 
#i1afg1eca    #ag4aad          ,salt$ or
 cur$1             #h1ajg1ieb           
#i1ffa1hcd    #af4aad        ,mutton--  
,sold fre%1                #cf1hhj1dee  
#cb1ifc1bai    #aa4i        ,veal--     
,sold fre%1                #ab1hef1cfi  
#g1hab1gad    #fd4f        ,pork--      
,sold fre%1                #ia1ggi1cbc  
#hd1jai1chg     #i4b          ,salt$1   
#aaf1fbf1gaj    #hh1fgd1jaf    #ca4e    
,hams1 smok$ bacon1 etc41               
#acb1baj1faa   #adh1fff1hei    #aa4aad  
,sausage1 fre% or cur$1      #be1jef1cca
    #ba1dgb1dac    #af4g        ,all o!r
 meat sold fre%1     #i1egi1gah         

#g1hac1jgh    #bb4f        ,ref9$ l>d1  
#gd1aaf1iia    #eb1fbj1cdh    #dj4h     
,neutral l>d1                           
#h1dbc1igc     #h1ehh1cej     #a4aad    
,oleom>g>9e oil1            #aj1bja1iaa 
#aa1dhb1edb    #aa4bad        ,o!r oils1
                    #b1eie1iea          
#c1ddj1ceh    #bd4ead        ,f]tiliz]s1
                   #d1cig1fbf           
#c1cjj1acb    #cc4c        ,hides1      
#dd1acg1hjb    #cc1ibe1iaa    #cj4a     
,wool1                                  
#e1bbi1eba     #c1cce1hbd    #ef4h      
,all o!r products1           #gf1hhj1ecf
    #dg1edh1ihc    #fa4g      #ad       
,decrease4      ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations4  
,x is evid5t1 f ! =ego+ description ( ! 
me?ods (  prep>+ & /]iliz+ meat1 t x is 
a process :i* comm5ds  itself bo? on    
acc\nt ( ! economy 9 ! use ( meat :i* x 
secures & because ( ! nutritive value ( 
! products obta9$4    ,! real value ( ! 
products mu/ necess>ily dep5d ^u !      
selection ( ! raw mat]ials & ! sanit>y  
conditions :i* att5d  _! manipulation4  

,exp]i5ce has %[n t x is n safe to leave
  ^! matt]s to ! pack]s !mselves4 ,:ile1
 d\btless1 ! great]  numb] ( pack]s w   
ex]cise all possible c>e 9 ! selection  
( ! mat]ials & 9 _! prep>ation1 human   
nature is ( su* a  "* t :5 opportunity =
 deception1 fraud1 & illegitimate  ga9s 
are pres5t$ !re are always "s :o take   
advantage ( !m4  ,h5ce1 x may be safely 
said t no t9n$ or cann$ or /]iliz$  meat
 ( any description %\ld be all[$ to ent]
 into consumption  except :5 prep>$ "u !
 inspection ( qualifi$ municipal1  /ate1
 or national (fic]s4 ,! heal? ( ! animal
 furni%+  ! meat %\ld be asc]ta9$ by    
inspection bo? be=e & aft]  slaught]4   
,?is inspection %\ld be ( ! mo/ rigid   
k9d1 &  all diseas$ animals %\ld be     
exclud$ f ent]+ into /&>d  products4 ,if
 x be claim$ t !re are c]ta9 diseases   
:i* are  local only 9 "* & :i* d n      
affect ! :olesom5ess  ( ! :ole c>cass1  
special provisions c be made = ?is k9d  
( meat4 ,if admitt$ into consumption at 
all1 x %\ld be "u a  p]man5t label or   

tag by :i* ! int5d$ consum] w\ld be     
in=m$  ( ! "* ( ! cont5ts ( ! package4  
,!re is a reasonable d\bt respect+ !    
suitability = human  food ( c>casses (  
animals afflict$ 9 a mod]ate degree )   
tub]culosis1 pleuro-pneumonia1 lumpy    
jaw1 or o!r contagi\s or  epidemic      
diseases4 ,9 all su* cases ! rights ( ! 
consum]s  dem& t ! b5efit ( ! d\bt %\ld 
be giv5 to !m & n  to ! own]1           
manufactur]1 & deal] 9 any ( ! products 
!y  consume4 ,su* meat w\ld !n ent] !   
m>ket "u a sep>ate grade  & comm& a l[] 
price1 & :5 consum$ no "o w\ld be       
deceiv$  respect+ its "*4    ,x mu/ be  
admitt$1 ev5 if su* meat be reg>d$ z    
:olesome1 t  x is ( inf]ior "*1 & _c 9  
any ju/ice dem& !  "r to pass "u ! "n ( 
high] grades ( ! article4 ,!  sanit>y   
conditions "u :i* su* meats are prep>$  
are ( !  highe/ importance4 ,! slaught] 
h\se %\ld be clean1 & provid$  ) good   
v5tilation & natural light4 ,! workm5   
%\ld be free  ( disease1 neatly dress$1 
& requir$ to obs]ve all necess>y        

sanit>y precautions4 ,! dbris & fragm5ts
 ( ! pack+ h\se  %\ld be c>efully remov$
 & s dispos$ ( z to prev5t any          
suspicion t any "p ( !m ent]s any ( !   
products ( !  factory4 ,municipal1 /ate1
 or national inspection %\ld be frequ5t1
  ?or\gh1 & entirely remov$ f any       
possible influ5ce ( !  pack+ bus9ess    
itself4 ,compet5t vet]9>y exp]ts %\ld   
pass  ^u ! /ate ( heal? ( ea* c>cass1 & 
any "o f\nd diseas$  9 any way %\ld be  
subject$ to a fur!r c>eful inspection to
 see  :e!r x %\ld be admitt$1 "u prop]  
label & notification1  z human food or  
consign$ to ! f]tiliz] heap4 ,x is only 
by su*  inspection z ?is t ! consum] c  
secure adequate protection4  ,aft] !    
meat is once 9 ! c inspection w only    
reveal :e!r  or n pres]vatives & color+ 
matt] h be5 us$1 or :e!r !  cont5ts ( ! 
c are spoil$ or 9 a /ate unfit =        
consumption4 ,no  exam9ation ( ! cont5ts
 ( ! c w reveal 9 a satisfactory  mann] 
! /ate ( heal? ( ! c>cass f :i* ! meat  
has be5  secur$ or ! sanit>y conditions 

"u :i* x has be5 prep>$4 ,x  is hop$ !  
new me?ods ( inspection e/abli%$ by !   
,secret>y (  ,agriculture w secure !    
desir$ purity ( meat products4          
,,l>d4    ,! fat ( sw9e1 prop]ly sep>at$
 f ! o!r tissues1 is kn[n  z l>d4 ,!    
process ( sep>ation is t]m$ 8r5d]+40    
,v>i\s  me?ods ( r5d]+ are practic$1 all
 dep5d+1 h[ev]1 ^u !  use ( heat1 :i*   
liquefies ! fat & gradually frees x f   
its  connective tissues4      ,p>ts (   
,fat ,us$ = ,l>d ,mak+4--,9 ! mak+ ( l>d
 ! highe/  grades are produc$ f ! fat   
l9+ ! back ( ! animal & t  connect$ ) ! 
inte/9es4 ,! %eets ( fat :i* are f\nd   
l9+  ! back ( ! animal furni%es a v>iety
 kn[n z leaf l>d4 ,all  p>ts ( ! fat ( !
 animal n us$ 9 ! meats !mselves may be 
us$ 9 ! manufacture ( l>d4 ,9 !         
prep>ation ( ! c>cass1 !  p>ts cut (f 9 
trimm+ ! pieces & conta9+ fat are s5t to
 !  r5d]+ tank4 ,! leaf l>d is also     
remov$ by te>+ x (f f  ! back ( !       
animal1 & ! inte/9al fat is sep>at$ f ! 
visc]a 9 l mann]4 ,!re is probably no "q

 ( :olesom5ess  betwe5 ! l>ds made f    
diff]5t p>ts ( ! c>cass4 ,! l>d  diff]s 
9 its *emical composition & its physical
 consi/5ce z  det]m9$ by its location 9 
! body4 ,inasmu* z x is important  t l>d
 %\ld h a c]ta9 degree ( consi/5ce ev5 9
 summ]  "t & n become too s(t or liquid 
9 "*1 ! l>d :i* has  a high melt+ po9t  
is pref]r$1 especially dur+ ! summ]4 ,! 
l>ds made f ! feet & "s o!r p>ts ( ! hog
 h l[]  melt+ po9ts4 ,! diff]5t k9ds (  
fat f all p>ts ( ! animal  might be mix$
 toge!r & a l>d made !refrom repres5t+ !
  av]age consi/5ce ( ! fat ( ! :ole     
body4 ,a small quantity (  /e>9 is (t5  
add$ to raise ! melt+ po9t1 b ! addition
 (  ?is sub/ance )\t notice mu/ be      
reg>d$ z an adult]ation4      ,names (  
,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,l>d4--,! names appli$ 
to ! diff]5t  k9ds ( l>d may be ref]r$  
pr9cipally to ! p>ts ( fat us$1  su* z  
leaf l>d1 inte/9al l>d1 etc41 or to !   
me?od ( prep>+  x4 ,! old-fa%ion$ me?od 
( prep>+ l>d = family use consi/$  9    
plac+ ! fat 9 an op5 kettle & heat+     

usually ov] ! op5  fire4 ,! r5d]+ takes 
place z ! mass increases 9 temp]ature1  
s t ! residual tissues become br[n$ by !
 high temp]ature  rea*$4 ,l>d made 9 ?is
 way is ( mo/ excell5t quality &1 (     
c\rse1 be+ made "u family sup]vision1   
its "* is well  und]/ood & ! p>ts ( !   
body us$ are well kn[n4 ,9 ! l>ge  pack+
 e/abli%m5ts ! l>d is usually r5d]$ by !
 application  ( heat 9 ! =m ( /eam "u   
pressure1 ( a suitable temp]ature  to   
make ! "* ( l>d uni=m4 ,l>ge yields c be
 secur$ 9  ?is way ) less *>r+ ( !      
residual tissues1 & consequ5tly  a f9] &
 :it] color 9 ! l>d itself4 ,l>d ( ?is  
k9d is  sometimes kn[n z /eam r5d]$ l>d4
      ,uses ( ,l>d4--,! fat ( sw9e      
prep>$ z above m5tion$1 &  kn[n z l>d1  
f9ds a v ext5d$ use 9 e kit*54 ,x is    
mix$ ) v>i\s =ms ( bread mak+ mat]ials1 
cake1 etc41 &  is (t5 kn[n 9 ?is s5se z 
8%ort5+40 ,x is also employ$  =         
lubricat+ ! pans & o!r cul9>y ut5sils   
us$ = bak+  purposes4 ,x is sometimes   
employ$ = ! purpose ( cook+ by  !       

process ( fry+ or ( introduc+ ! sub/ance
 to be cook$  directly into ! hot l>d1 z
 9 ! fry+ ( oy/]s1 ! mak+ (  d\ghnuts1 &
 simil> op]ations4 ,l>d has come to be  
look$ ^u z a  necessity 9 e kit*51 ev5 (
 ! humble/ citiz54    ,_m objections are
 made to ! use ( l>d on hygi5ic gr\nds1 
&  probably on acc\nt ( its *eapness &  
g5]al utility x is m  freely us$ 9      
,am]ican cook+ ?an x %\ld be4 ,9 o!r    
words1  ,am]ican cook+ is "u ! reproa* (
 be+ too greasy4 ,!re is no  reason to  
"q ! dige/ive & nutritive value ( l>d :5
 us$  9 prop] quantities & 9 prop]      
conditions4 ,x is a typical fat food    
compos$ ( mat]ials :i* are almo/ :olly  
oxidiz$ 9 ! body &  :i* ^u combu/ion    
produce a high] numb] ( units ( heat ?an
  t ( any o!r class ( food sub/ances4   
,,composition ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,v>ieties  
,,( ,,am]ican ,,l>d4                    
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
,,crys-                                 
,,melt- ,,tal-   ,,rise ,,(             

,,saponi-       ,,+ ,,liz+  ,,temp]-    
,,spe- ,,fica-       ,,po9t ,,po9t      
,,ature                        ,,cific  
,,tion   ,,melt-  ,,(   ,,(     ,,)     
,,iod9                ,,grav- ,,equiv-  
,,+ ,,fatty ,,fatty ,,sulfuric  ,,ab-   
,,ity4 ,,al5t4,,po9t4,,acid4 ,,acid4    
,,acid4  ,,sorb$4,,wat]4                
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
,p]-  ,p]-                              
,c4   ,c4  ,c4     ,c4     c5t  c5t     
,leaf l>d1 4#ijeg #bgb4fd #da4f  #dc4j  
#dj4dj   #ci4g   #ei4fj  4#afe    ,pure 
leaf                                    
l>d1      4#ijbh #bha4ja #dd4i  #db4h   
#dj4dj   #cg4a   #ec4jd  4#jbe    ,prime
 /eam                                   
l>d1      4#ijeb #bgi4jf #ch4d  #da4h   
#ci4ec   #cc4g   #fc4hd  4#jdj          
----------------------------------------
----------------------      ,adult]ation
 ( ,l>d4--,! pr9cipal adult]ation to :i*
 l>d  is subject$ is admixture ) o!r &  
*eap] fats4 ,among !  fats :i* are us$ =

 ?is purpose may be m5tion$ beef fat &  
cottonse$ oil4 ,beef fat has a high]    
melt+ po9t ?an l>d &  cottonse$ oil a   
mu* l[] melt+ po9t1 be+ liquid at ord9>y
  temp]atures4 ,a mixture ( beef fat &  
cottonse$ oil may1 !re=e1  be made1 hav+
 approximately ! same melt+ po9t z l>d  
itself4  ,! addition ( ?is mixture to   
l>d w\ld n alt] its melt+  po9t to any  
s5sible ext5t4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! :ole     
cottonse$  oil = ! purpose m5tion$ x may
 be previ\sly *ill$ & its  product ( a  
high] melt+ po9t1 or z x is sometimes   
call$1 !  /e>9 ( cottonse$ oil1 may be  
us$ = admixture ) l>d4 ,l>ge  quantities
 ( ^! mix$ fats 7 =m]ly made 9 ?is      
c\ntry "u  ! "n ( 8comp\nd l>d0 9 :i* ! 
above adult]ants 7 !  *ief con/itu5ts4  
,! laws ( ! v>i\s /ates are happily ( a 
"* :i* =bids ! sale ( a mixture ( a     
comp\nd ( l>d  & o!r fats "u ! "n ( l>d1
 al?\gh !re is no objection  to su*     
admixture f a hygi5ic & dietetic po9t ( 
view4 ,!re  are _m hygi5i/s :o are ( !  
op9ion t ! m ext5d$ use  ( vegetable    

oils in/ead ( l>d w\ld be ( value to !  
heal? (  ! public4 ,if ?is be true1 !   
admixture ( a vegetable oil )  l>d w\ld 
improve x f a hygi5ic /&po9t4 ,!        
pr9cipal1  p]haps ! sole1 objection to  
su* admixtures is _! fraudul5t  "*4     
,vegetable oils1 especially cottonse$   
oil1 be+ v mu*  *eap] ?an l>d1 _! use 9 
l>d )\t notification *eap5s  ! product &
 defrauds ! cu/om]4 ,l>d may also be    
adult]at$  ) its own /e>94 ,9 !         
manufacture ( l>d oil a residue is left 
( a mu* high] melt+ po9t & ?is residue  
may be mix$ ) a  vegetable oil1 su* z   
cottonse$1 9 ! production ( a comp\nd  (
 approximately ! same melt+ po9t z l>d  
itself4 ,9 a case (  ?is k9d bo?        
con/itu5ts are fraudul5t1 9 z mu* z     
nei!r !  cottonse$ oil nor ! l>d /e>9   
may be reg>d$ 9 any s5se z  l>d4        
,detection ( ,adult]ations4--,! pres5ce 
( cottonse$ oil 9 any  =m 9 l>d is at   
once det]m9$ by ! application ( a simple
 color  te/ kn[n z ! ,halph5 te/4 ,?is  
is n a reliable te/ 9 ^?  cases :]e !   

animal has be5 f$ cottonse$4            
,halph5 ,reaction = ,cottonse$          
,oil4--,c>bon disulfid1 conta9+  ab\t "o
 p]c5t ( sulfur 9 solution1 is mix$ ) an
 equal volume  ( amyl alcohol4 ,mix     
equal volumes ( ?is reag5t & ! oil "u   
exam9ation & heat 9 a ba? ( boil+ br9e =
 fifte5 m9utes4 ,9  ! pres5ce ( z little
 z "o p]c5t ( cottonse$ oil an orange or
  r$ color is produc$1 :i* is           
*>act]i/ic4    ,l>d & l>d oil f animals 
f$ on cottonse$ meal w give a fa9t      
reaction2 also ! fatty acids !re(4      
,?is te/ is m s5sitive ?an ! ,be*i te/  
7nitrate ( silv]7  & less liable to give
 unsatisfactory results 9 ! h&s ( an    
inexp]i5c$ p]son4 ,x is n affect$ by    
rancidity4 ,! dep?  ( color is          
proportional1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 to !    
am\nt ( oil  pres5t1 & by mak+          
comp>ative te/s ) cottonse$ oil "s idea 
z to ! am\nt pres5t c be obta9$1 b x mu/
 be rememb]$  t diff]5t oils react )    
diff]5t int5sities1 & oils :i*  h be5   
heat$ f #bjj to #baj ,c4 react ) greatly

 dim9i%$  int5sity4 ,heat+ t5 m9utes at 
#bej r5d]s cottonse$ oil incapable  (   
giv+ ! reaction4    ,cottonse$ oil also 
has ! prop]ty ( r$uc+ silv] 9 silv]     
nitrate to a metallic /ate4 ,:5 mix$ ) a
 solution ( silv]  nitrate "u prop]     
conditions a black5+ or precipitation ( 
black  metallic silv] is obs]v$4 ,?is is
 kn[n z ! ,be*i te/ :i* is  conduct$ z  
foll[s3      ,be*i or ,silv] ,nitrate   
,te/ = ,cottonse$ ,oil4--,reag5t3       
,dissolve  #b grams ( silv] nitrate 9   
#bjj cubic c5timet]s ( #ie p]c5t        
alcohol & #dj cubic c5timet]s ( e!r1    
add+ "o drop ( nitric  acid4    ,mix #aj
 c4c4 ( oil or melt$ fat1 #e c4c4 (     
reag5t1 & #aj c4c4 (  amyl alcohol 9 a  
te/ tube4 ,divide1 heat "o-half 9 a     
boil+ wat]  ba? = t5 m9utes1 & !n comp>e
 ) portion n heat$4 ,any  black5+ due to
 r$uc$ silv] %[s pres5ce ( cottonse$    
oil4    ,o!r oils :i* h become rancid1 &
 l>ds :i* h be5 /eam$  or heat$ at high 
temp]ature1 conta9 decomposition        
products :i*  h a r$uc+ action on silv] 

nitrate4 ,!re 7 f\nd 9 te/+  a l>ge     
numb] ( salad oils "s :i* conta9$ no    
cottonse$ oil1  accord+ to ! ,halph5    
te/1 b gave a br[n coloration ) ,be*i   
reag5t1 & 9 "s cases r$uc$ silv]4 ,^!   
same oils on be+  purifi$ gave no       
reaction4 ,h5ce ! oils or fats %\ld be  
purifi$  be=e te/+4    ,to purify ! oils
 & fats1 heat f #bj to #cj grams on wat]
 ba? =  a few m9utes ) ! addition ( #be 
c4c4 ( #ie p]c5t alcohol1 %ake          
?or\ghly1 decant z mu* ( ! alcohol z    
possible1 & wa% )  two p]c5t nitric     
acid1 & f9ally ) wat]4 ,! oil or l>d ?us
  purifi$ w give no r$uction at all if x
 conta9s no cottonse$  oil4 ,heat+ !    
oils or fats to #ajj ,c4 or simple wa%+ 
) two  p]c5t nitric acid is n suffici5t1
 except 9 a few cases4    ,) oils ! use 
( ! ,halph5 & ,be*i te/s w be f\nd to   
be useful z a means ( approximately     
det]m9+ ! am\nts (  adult]ation pres5t4 
,if ,halph5 gives a reaction & ,be*i    
does n1  ! adult]ation ) cottonse$ oil  
is probably less ?an #aj p]c5t4    ,!   

admixture ( beef fat ) l>d is be/       
detect$ by means (  ! microscope4 ,! fat
 is dissolv$ 9 e!r & all[$ to sl[ly     
cry/allize4 ,if x is compos$ ( pure l>d 
! cry/al assumes a =m  :i* is repres5t$ 
9 ,fig4 #h4    ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 beef   
fat be mix$ ) l>d1 ! cry/als w  assume a
 radiat$ fan-%ap$ appe>ance %[n 9 ,fig4 
#i4 ,ev5 "o  :o is an exp]t ) !         
microscope may n be able )\t "s         
difficulty to detect ^! adult]ations by 
! simple te/s above  m5tion$4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,l>d         
,,cry/als4  #adj4--7;,bureau (          
,*emi/ry47    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#i4--;,,beef ,,fat ,,cry/als4           
#adj4--7;,bureau (  ,*emi/ry47          
,comm]cial ,classification ( ,l>ds4--,9 
addition to ! k9ds ( l>d  m5tion$ above 
o!r v>ieties are kn[n 9 comm]ce4        
,neutral ,l>d4--,?is1 :i* is "o ( ! be/ 
v>ieties ( l>d1 is  made f ! fat d]iv$ f
 ! leaf l>d ( ! slaught]$ animal  9 a   
p]fectly fre% /ate1 t is1 tak5          
imm$iately aft] slaught]  & be=e !      

c>cass is cold4 ,! leaf l>d1 :5 x is    
remov$ f  ! animal1 is at once plac$ 9  
cold /orage or put into cold wat]1  9   
ord] to rapidly remove ! animal heat4 ,z
 soon z x is ?or\ghly  *ill$ x is r$uc$ 
to a pulp 9 a gr9d] & s5t at once to !  
r5d]+ kettle4 ,! fat is r5d]$ at a v l[ 
temp]ature1 f  #aje to #abj degrees ,f4 
7#dj-ej degrees ,c74 ,x is evid5t t only
 a "p  ( ! l>d is sep>at$ at ?is        
temp]ature1 & ?is "p is reg>d$  z be+ ( 
! be/ quality1 almo/ ta/eless1 free (   
acids &  o!r impurities4 ,! residue f ! 
mak+ ( neutral l>d is s5t  to o!r       
kettles1 :]e x is subject$ to a high]   
temp]ature &  ! rema9d] ( ! l>d         
extract$1 :i* is sold "u ! "n (  ano!r  
grade4 ,neutral l>d1 obta9$ z above1    
:ile /ill liquid1 is  wa%$ ) wat]       
conta9+ a trace ( sodium c>bonate1      
common salt1  or a dilute acid4 ,!      
product ?us =m$ is almo/ neutral 9 its  
reaction to litmus pap] conta9+ n to    
exce$ 4#be p]c5t ( free  acid1 b x has m
 wat] & m9]al matt] ?an is f\nd 9 !     

pure r5d]$ untreat$ l>d4 ,! neutral l>d 
made 9 ?is way is n  us$ s commonly =   
cul9>y purposes b *iefly 9 ! manufacture
  ( oleom>g>9e4      ,leaf ,l>d4--,!    
residue ( l>d obta9$ by r5d]+ !         
unsep>at$  "p ( l>d f ! above process at
 a high] temp]ature is also  ( a high   
quality & is sometimes improp]ly        
designat$ leaf l>d1 a  t]m :i* %\ld be  
res]v$ = ! :ole product in/ead ( a "p   
obta9$ by r5d]+ ! residual leaf fat4    
,*oice ,kettle-r5d]$ ,l>d4--,! am\nt (  
neutral l>d :i* is  dem&$ 9 !           
manufacture ( oleom>g>9e does n by any  
means  exhau/ ! supply ( leaf l>d4 ,=   
mak+ *oice kettle-r5d]$ l>d  ! leaf l>d 
toge!r ) ! fat cut f ! back ( ! animal  
is  r5d]$ 9 /eam-jacket$ op5 kettles &  
produces a l>d ( a high  quality kn[n z 
kettle-r5d]$ or *oice kettle-r5d]$ l>d4 
,!  hide is remov$ f ! fat portion ( !  
back us$ = ?is purpose  be=e ! r5d]+4   
,bo? ! leaf & pieces ( ! back are pass$ 
?r\gh a f9e sausage gr9d] be=e !y ent] !
 r5d]+ kettle4  ,accord+ to !           

requirem5ts ( ! ,*icago ,bo>d ( ,trade1 
*oice  l>d1 :i* is ano!r t]m = ! above  
v>iety1 is to be made f  leaf & trimm+s 
only1 ei!r /eam-r5d]$ or kettle-r5d]$1 &
  ! mann] ( r5d]+ to be br&$ on ea*     
package4      ,prime ,/eam ,l>d4--,!    
prime /eam l>d ( comm]ce is made z      
foll[s3 ,! :ole head ( ! hog1 aft] !    
removal ( ! j[l1  is us$ = r5d]+4 ,!    
heads are plac$ 9 ! bottom ( !  r5d]+   
tank4 ,! mes5t]ic fat adh]+ to ! small  
inte/9es is  also us$ 9 ! tank4 ,any fat
 t may be atta*$ to ! he>t or  o!r      
organs ( ! animal may also be us$4 ,9 ^?
 factories :]e  kettle-r5d]$ l>d is n   
made ! scrap fat f ! back ( !  animals &
 trimm+s are also us$4 ,:5 !re is an    
excess ( leaf x  is also put 9 ! r5d]+  
tank &1 9 g5]al1 all ! fat portions  ( !
 body :i* are remov$ 9 ! trimm+ process4
 ,x is ?us se5  t prime /eam l>d is a   
t]m :i* may practically repres5t !      
av]age fat ( ! :ole animal4    ,prime   
/eam l>d is ?us def9$ by ! ,*icago ,bo>d
 ( ,trade3  8,/&>d prime /eam l>d %all  

be solely ! product ( !  trimm+s & o!r  
fat p>ts ( hogs1 r5d]$ 9 tanks by !     
direct  application ( /eam1 & )\t       
subsequ5t *ange 9 gra9 or  "* by ! use (
 agitators or o!r ma*9]y except z su*   
*ange may unavoidably come f            
transportation4 ,x %all h prop]  color1 
flavor1 & s\ndness = keep+1 & no mat]ial
 :i* has  be5 salt$ %all be includ$4 ,! 
"n & location ( ! r5d]]  & ! grade ( !  
l>d %all be pla9ly br&$ on ea* package  
at  ! "t ( pack+40 ,all ! l>d :i* is    
made is subject$ to !  approval (       
inspectors bo? z to ! mat]ial employ$ & 
! me?od  ( proc$ure1 toge!r ) ! "* ( !  
f9al product4      ,disposition ( !     
,inte/9es ( ! ,hog4--,9 ! t]m inte/9es  
is includ$ all ( ! abdom9al visc]a ( !  
animal b n !  ?oracic visc]a1 namely1 ! 
he>t & lungs4 ,! mat]ial is  h&l$ 9 !   
foll[+ way3 ,:5 ! animal is op5$ !      
visc]a  are sep>at$1 includ+ ! fle%     
surr\nd+ ! anus & a /rip  conta9+ !     
ext]nal g5ito-ur9>y organs4 ,! he>t is  
?r[n  to "o side & ! fatty portions     

trimm$ (f = l>d4 ,! re/ (  ! he>t is us$
 = sausage or = f]tiliz]4 ,! lungs &    
liv]  are ei!r us$ 9 ! manufacture (    
sausage or = f]tiliz]4 ,!  rectum & l>ge
 inte/9es are sep>at$ f ! inte/9al fat  
& p]itoneum &1 along ) ! adh]+ fle% &   
g5ito-ur9>y  organs1 s5t to ! trimm]4   
,all fle% f ! above-m5tion$ organs  is  
cut away & ! inte/9e prop] is us$ =     
sausage cas+s4 ,!  trimm+s1 includ+ !   
g5ito-ur9>y organs1 are wa%$ & plac$  9 
! r5d]+ tank :]e l>d is made4 ,! small  
inte/9e is also  sep>at$ f ! fatty      
membrane surr\nd+ x & prep>$ =  sausage 
cas+s4 ,! rema9+ mat]ial1 consi/+ ( !   
p]itoneum1  diaphragm1 /oma*1 & adh]+   
membranes1 toge!r ) !  inte/9al fat1    
con/itutes ! 8guts0 :i* are subject$ to 
wa%+  9 ?ree or f\r diff]5t tanks4 ,9 ! 
fir/ tank ! /oma* &  p]itoneum are split
 op51 & also any portion ( ! inte/9es   
:i*  /ill adh]e to ! p]itoneum4 ,!      
portions !n g f tank to tank1  usually  
f\r 9 numb]1 & are !n ready = ! r5d]+   
tank4 ,!  om5tum fat is cut f ! kidneys1

 & ! kidneys ) any adh]+  fat g into !  
r5d]+ vat4 ,! sple51 pancreas1 vocal    
cords1  tra*ea1 & sophagus also g into !
 tank4    ,9 g5]al x may be said t      
ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! visc]a  g into !    
r5d]+ tank ) ! foll[+ exceptions3 ,fir/1
 t  portion ( ! inte/9es :i* is sav$ =  
sausage cas+s2 second1  ! liv] & lungs2 
?ird1 t "p ( ! he>t free f fat4    ,9 ! 
kill+ ( small hogs1 :]e ! inte/9es are n
 (  suffici5t size to be suitable =     
sausage cas+s1 !y also g into  ! r5d]+  
tank4 ,x %\ld be /at$ "h t ! grease or  
l>d  obta9$ by ! r5d]+ ( ! above        
describ$ visc]a1 accord+ to  ! /atem5ts 
( ! manufactur]s1 is us$ solely 9 !     
manufacture  ( l>d oil & soap1 & does n 
ent] into ! l>d ( comm]ce4    ,:5 !     
processes ( manufacture are prop]ly     
controll$ by (ficial  inspection !      
public may be assur$ t ?is disposition (
 ! fat  obta9$ by ! r5d]+ ( ! inte/9al  
visc]a is secur$4      ,but*]s'         
,l>d4--,a consid]able quantity ( l>d is 
made =  comm]cial purposes by ! small   

but*] = family use1 etc4 ,?is l>d  is   
made almo/ exclusively by r5d]+ 9 ! op5 
kettle4 ,9 !  c\ntry :]e but*]+ is      
conduct$ = family use ! ord9>y op5      
kettle is plac$ ov] an op5 fire4 ,all   
p>ts ( ! fat ( ! animal  :i* c be easily
 sep>at$ & ! scraps d]iv$ f trimm+ !    
animal are us$ = r5d]+4 ,! (fal & refuse
 ( ! animal are  also r5d]$ sep>ately & 
! product us$ = soap grease4 ,!  l>d    
made 9 ?is way is reg>d$ z p]fectly     
:olesome1 b x is  frequ5tly d>k-color$ f
 ! *>r+ due to r5d]+ ov] !  op5 fire &  
by reason ( us+ "s portions ( ! animal1 
su* z  t5dons1 f :i* glue is made4 ,su* 
l>d may conta9 traces or ev5            
consid]able quantities ( glue :i*1      
h[ev]1 _c be reg>d$ z  an un:olesome    
product4 ,! p>tially br[n$ residues 9 ! 
kettle 9  ! c\ntry are kn[n z 8crackl+s0
 & are us$ = soap grease4      ,in$ible 
,hog ,fat ,products4--,9 ! %ipp+ ( hogs 
a great _m  are smo!r$ & o!rs die (     
disease or are 9 a condition1 at !  "t (
 slaught]1 :i* r5d]s !m unfit = human   

food1 ei!r  by ! pres5ce ( disease or   
o!rwise4 ,! fats are sep>at$ f  dead    
animals ( ?is class & are us$ = te*nical
 purposes su* z  burn+ oils1 soap       
grease1 etc4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( 
^!  in$ible fats ( :i* ! foll[+ are !   
pr9cipal3      ,:ite ,grease4--,?is     
grease is made *iefly f hogs :i* die 9  
transit by be+ smo!r$ or f freez+4      
,=m]ly x 0 ! cu/om  to make :ite grease 
also f ! animals :i* di$ ( disease1 b  !
 manufacture ( ?is product has be5      
re/rict$ by c]ta9 /ate  laws :i* =bid ! 
use ( animals :i* die ( p>ticul>        
diseases1  su* z hog *ol]a1 f be+ us$ = 
any purpose :atev] &  _! c>casses are to
 be buri$ s z to remove all dang] (     
infection4      ,br[n ,grease4--,br[n   
grease is a product ( a l[] grade ?an   
:ite  grease & is made usually by r5d]+ 
! :ole animal4 ,x is "o (  ! by-products
 9 ! manufacture ( tankage f condemn$   
animal  c>casses1 ! tankage be+ us$ z   
f]tiliz]4 ,bo? :ite & br[n  grease are  
us$ *iefly 9 ! manufacture ( l[ grade   

l>d oil & 9  ! mak+ ( soap4      ,yell[ 
,grease4--,yell[ grease is a product    
int]m$iate 9 value  betwe5 :ite & br[n  
grease4 ,x is made *iefly f ! c>casses  
( animals t die :ile on ! pack]s' h&s4  
,x is us$ = !  same purpose z :ite &    
br[n grease4      ,pig's-foot           
,grease4--,a special v>iety ( grease is 
made f pigs'  feet z a by-product 9 !   
glue factory4 ,?is grease is us$ also 9 
mak+ l>d oil & soap4 ,x is evid5t t ^!  
v>ieties ( grease  are only in$ible     
v>ieties ( l>d1 & ?r\gh prop] inspection
 !  public is protect$ aga9/ ! use ( ^! 
v>ieties ( grease 9 !  edible product4  
,l>d ,/e>94--,m5tion has already be5    
made ( ! fact t by  melt+ a fat & cool+ 
x sl[ly t[>ds its solidify+ po9t1  c]ta9
 con/itu5ts ( ! fat :i* h a high] melt+ 
po9t  sep>ate fir/1 leav+ ^? con/itu5ts 
) a l[] melt+ po9t  /ill 9 a liquid     
condition4 ,^? portions ( an oil or fat 
:i*  sep>ate fir/ "u su* conditions1 are
 ! con/itu5ts ( !  product :i* is kn[n z
 /e>91 :ile ! "p t rema9s liquid  is !  

con/itu5t kn[n z ole94 ,l>d /e>9 is made
 pr9cipally =  ! manufacture ( mixtures 
& is a by-product ( ! highe/ grade  (   
l>d oil4 ,l>d /e>9 is made z foll[s3 ,! 
l>d is melt$ &  kept 9 a cry/alliz+ room
 at f #ej to #fj degrees ,f41 until x   
is fill$ ) ! cry/als ( ! sep>at$ /e>94  
,! product is  !n wrapp$ 9 ! =m ( cakes 
) clo?4 ,ea* package conta9s  f #aj to  
#bj p\nds4 ,! cakes are !n plac$ 9 a    
l>ge press )  suitable arrangem5ts to   
facilitate ! escape ( ! oil & ma9ta9  ! 
l[ temp]ature4 ,! pressure is appli$ v  
gradually at fir/1  & z ! process       
advances1 ) increas+ p[]4 ,! high grade 
oil  obta9$ 9 ?is way is kn[n z prime or
 extra l>d oil & is us$  = illum9at+ &  
lubricat+ purposes4 ,! result+ solid    
product1  :i* is pr9cipally /e>91 is us$
 z "o ( ! adult]ants (  l>d1 t is1 9    
mak+ a mixture :i* is sometimes call$   
l>d1  compos$ ( l>d /e>9 & cottonse$    
oil4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4       
,tanks ,us$ = ,produc+ ,l>d ,"u         
,pressure4--,!re are v>i\s  =ms ( tanks 

us$ = produc+ /eam r5d]$ l>d4 ,9 ! op5  
kettle !re is a jacket$ arrangem5t by   
means ( :i* /eam1 at  ! prop]           
temp]ature1 is made to act ^u ! cont5ts 
( ! inn]  kettle4 ,9 ! clos$ kettle !   
/eam may be appli$ 9 ! =m (  a jacket$  
arrangem5t or introduc$ directly into ! 
kettle4 ,!  residues :i* rema9 aft] !   
/eam+ is complet$ & aft] !  l>d has be5 
drawn (f are )drawn f ! conical l[]     
portion  ( ! kettle :i* c be op5$ = !   
removal ( ^! residues4 ,a  typical      
kettle = r5d]+ l>d is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4  
,! fragm5ts (  meat to be receiv$ are   
plac$ 9 ! op5+ ,m :i* is !n prop]ly     
clos$ :5 ! tank is full4 ,/eam is       
admitt$ & ! cond5sation  :i* is produc$ 
at fir/ by ! cold cont5ts ( ! tank is   
drawn  (f ?r\gh a wat] pipe4 ,aft] !    
tank is ?or\ghly heat$ & !  fat beg9s to
 sep>ate ! l>d w rise above ! wat] & !  
solid  fragm5ts & at ! end ( ! process w
 fill ! upp] "p ( !  tank4 ,by means ( !
 cocks at ,d x c be det]m9$ to :at dep? 
!  tank is fill$ ) l>d & ! l>d c be     

drawn (f ?r\gh ^!  cocks until wat]     
beg9s to fl[4 ,! bottom ( ! tank at ,g  
is !n  op5$ & ! residues )drawn1 dri$ & 
gr\nd = tankage4      ,physical         
,prop]ties ( ,l>d4--,specific           
,gravity4--,! specific  gravity ( pure  
l>d is to be det]m9$ at "s def9ite      
temp]ature1  inasmu* z a /atem5t ( its  
specific gravity )\t "s  ref]5ce to !   
temp]ature at :i* x is det]m9$ is likely
 to  be mislead+4 ,x is n conv5i5t to   
asc]ta9 ! specific gravity  ( a l>d at a
 temp]ature bel[ its melt+ po9t4 ,x is  
cu/om>y1  !re=e1 ei!r to take ! specific
 gravity at ab\t #dj degrees ,c41  or at
 a temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4    ,! av]age
 specific gravity ( pure l>d at #dj     
degrees ,c4 7#ajd degrees  ,f471 reg>d+ 
wat] z #ajj1 is #hi1 & at #ajj degrees  
,c4 x is #hf1  ! weight ( wat] be+      
det]m9$ at ! po9t ( greate/ d5sity1     
namely1 #d degrees ,c4 7#ci degrees     
,f474 ,un=tunately ! specific  gravity (
 pure l>d is n v greatly diff]5t f t (  
o!r  oils or o!r fats us$ 9 its         

adult]ation4 ,= ?is reason x is n  ( !  
highe/ value = det]m9+ :e!r or n ! pure 
article  has be5 subject$ to            
adult]ation4      ,melt+ ,po9t4--,!     
melt+ po9t ( a pure l>d is a physical   
*>act]i/ic ( great value1 s9ce x is     
*iefly influ5c$ by !  "p ( ! body ( !   
animal f :i* x is made4 ,! fat :i* is   
r5d]$ f ! foot ( ! hog has ! l[e/ melt+ 
po9t1 namely1  ab\t #ce degrees ,c4 7#ie
 ,f474 ,! fat adh]+ to ! inte/9es has  !
 highe/ melt+ po9t1 namely1 #dd degrees 
,c4 7#aaa degrees ,f474 ,!  fat d]iv$ f 
! head ( ! hog has a slightly high]     
melt+  po9t ?an t f ! feet4 ,! kidney   
fat has a melt+ po9t  ( #db4e degrees   
,c4 7#ajh4b degrees ,f474 ,9 ! /eam     
r5d]$ l>ds1  repres5t+ ! av]age ( l>ds  
pass$ ^u by ! ,*icago ,bo>d (  ,trade1 !
 av]age melt+ po9t is f\nd to be ab\t   
#cg degrees ,c4  7#ih4g degrees ,f474 ,!
 melt+ po9t ( sup]ior or leaf l>d has an
  av]age value ( ab\t #dj degrees ,c4   
7#ajd degrees ,f474      ,color         
,reaction4--,a pure high grade l>d :5   

mix$ on a :ite  porcela9 plate ) ! prop]
 am\nt ( sulfuric or nitric acid  %\ld  
give only a v slight coloration4 ,!     
production ( any  consid]able quantity (
 color1 ei!r br[n or black1 indicates ! 
pres5ce ( organic impurities 9 ! l>d4   
,rise ( ,temp]ature ) ,sulfuric         
,acid4--,! v>i\s fats give  diff]5t     
degrees ( heat :5 mix$1 "u c]ta9        
conditions1 )  /rong sulfuric acid4 ,x  
is possible to det]m9e ! approximate    
degree ( ! adult]ation ( l>d by apply+  
?is te/4 ,! op]ation  is a simple "o &  
is conduct$ 9 ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4    
#aa4  ,a common te/ tube ab\t #bd cubic 
c5timet]s 9 l5g? & #e cubic  c5timet]s 9
 diamet] is hung z indicat$ 9 ! figure1 
provid$  ) a /opp] c>ry+ a !rmomet] 9 ! 
c5t] ) a b5t glass  rod /irr] pass$     
loosely ?r\gh ! /opp] on ! side & a     
funnel  = ! introduction ( ! acid on    
ano!r side ( ! !rmomet]4 ,a  coil :i* is
 on ! /irr+ rod is s arrang$ z to p]mit 
! bulb  ( ! !rmomet] to pass ?r\gh its  
c5t]4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4      

,manipulation4--,fifty cubic c5timet]s (
 ! fat or oil to be  exam9$ are plac$ 9 
! te/ tube & w>m$ or cool$1 z ! case    
may be1 until ! temp]ature is ! "o      
requir$ = ! beg9n+  ( ! exp]im5t1 say   
#ce degrees ,c42 #aj cubic c5timet]s ( !
  /ronge/ sulfuric acid at ! same       
temp]ature are plac$ 9 !  funnel1 !     
/opp] be+ firmly fix$ 9 its place2 ! te/
 tube  conta9+ ! oil is plac$ 9 a       
non-conduct+ receptacle2 ! wood5  cyl9d]
 l9$ ) cork1 us$ 9 s5d+ glass bottles by
 mail1 is  f\nd to be conv5i5t = ?is    
purpose4 ,! glass rod or /irr] :i*  fits
 loosely 9 ! /opp]1 s z to be mov$      
rapidly up & d[n1 is  held by ! "r h& ( 
! op]ator2 ) 8 left h& he op5s !  glass 
/op-cock ( ! funnel & all[s ! sulfuric  
acid to fl[ 9  ^u ! oil4 ,! glass /irr+ 
rod is n[ mov$ rapidly up & d[n1  = ab\t
 #bj seconds1 ?us secur+ a ?or\gh       
mixture ( ! oil &  acid4 ,! m]cury rises
 rapidly 9 ! !rmomet] & aft] two or     
?ree m9utes rea*es a maximum1 & !n1 aft]
 two or ?ree m9utes  m1 beg9s to desc5d4

 ,! read+ is made at ! maximum po9t     
rea*$ by ! m]cury4 ,) pure cottonse$    
oil1 l9se$ oil & "s  o!r sub/ances !    
rise ( temp]ature is s great z to       
produce  ebullition 9 ! mass1 caus+ x to
 foam up & fill ! tube4 ,to  avoid ?is1 
small] quantities ( acid %\ld be us$ or 
! oil 9  "q be dilut$ ) a less !rmog5ic 
"o1 s t ! maximum  temp]ature may n be  
high en\gh to produce ! effect cit$4    
,*emical ,prop]ties4--,volatile         
,acids4--,! quantity ( volatile  acid   
aris+ on ! decomposition ( a soap made  
by ! saponification  ( l>d is v m9ute 9 
l>d ( high quality4 ,! total am\nt (    
volatile acid %\ld n be 9 excess ( t    
necess>y to saturate 4#b  cubic c5timet]
 ( deci-normal alkali solution4         
,fix$ ,acid4--,! quantity ( fix$ acid1  
consi/+ pr9cipally (  oleic & /e>ic1 9  
pure l>d %\ld n be less ?an #ic p]c5t4  
,!  total quantity ( free acid 9 l>d1 t 
is1 acid uncomb9$ ) !  glyc]9e1 %\ld n  
exce$ "o-half ( "o p]c5t1 & 9 neutral   
l>d %\ld be mu* less ?an ?is4           

,quantity ( ,iod9 ,absorb$4--,all common
 fats & oils h !  prop]ty ( absorb+1 "u 
giv5 conditions1 c]ta9 quantities (     
iod94 ,l>d ( ! highe/ quality %\ld n    
absorb m ?an #fj  p]c5t ( its weight (  
iod94 ,! l>d made f ! feet & c]ta9  o!r 
p>ts ( ! animal1 h[ev]1 may h a l>g]    
iod9 numb]1  ris+ z high z #ge or ev5   
#hj4      ,prop]ties ( ,l>d4--,! av]age 
prop]ties ( diff]5t classes (  l>d 9    
relation to physical & optical          
conditions are %[n 9 !  foll[+ table3   
,,re-     ,,rise ,,( ,,temp]-           
,,specific   ,,melt+   ,,fractive       
,,ature ,,)                  ,,iod9     
,,gravity4    ,,po9t4    ,,index4       
,,sulfuric ,,acid4     ,,wat]4          
,,absorb$4     #ce ,c4       ,c4     #be
 ,c4          ,c4         ,,p]c5t4      
,,p]c5t4     4#ijec       #dj4g         
#a4dfbj         #da4e           4#jgg   
#fb4dh    ,! above table is ! av]age    
composition ( n9ete5 samples (  l>d     
furni%$ "u affidavits ( purity & :i*    
appe> f _!  *emical & physical prop]ties

 to be compos$ purely ( ! fat (  sw9e   
tak5 f ^? p>ts ( ! animal usually devot$
 to l>d  mak+4 ,! av]age data may be    
reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! prop]ties  ( !     
ord9>y pure comm]cial l>d on ! m>ket4   
,av]age ,prop]ties ( ,/eam ,l>d4--,bel[ 
is giv5 ! av]age  composition ( elev5   
samples ( /eam l>d furni%$ "u affidavit 
&1 app>5tly1 z judg$ by _! *emical &    
physical prop]ties1  compos$ solely ( ! 
fat ( sw9e4 ,/eam l>ds are n ( z high  a
 quality z ! l>ds conta9$ 9 ! prec$+    
table4 ,!y h  usually a di/9ctively     
/rong odor1 q diff]5t f t ( l>ds  :i*   
are r5d]$ 9 op5 kettles at l[ temp]ature
 & f select$  portions ( fat4           
,,re-     ,,rise ,,( ,,temp]-           
,,specific   ,,melt+   ,,fractive       
,,ature ,,)                  ,,iod9     
,,gravity4    ,,po9t4    ,,index4       
,,sulfuric ,,acid4     ,,wat]4          
,,absorb$4     #ce ,c4       ,c4     #be
 ,c4          ,c4         ,,p]c5t4      
,,p]c5t4     4#ijee       #cg4j         
#a4dfbc         #ci4i           4#aji   

#fb4hf      ,prop]ties ( ,adult]at$     
,l>ds4--,x is possible to mix toge!r !  
diff]5t mat]ials us$ 9 mak+ adult]at$   
l>d 9 su* a mann]  z to produce a       
comp\nd :i* 9 "s respects resembles !   
natural  product4 ,?is comp\nd1 h[ev]1  
necess>ily diff]s f ! natural  product 9
 its physical & microscopic prop]ties & 
9 its reaction  ) v>i\s *emicals :i*    
give di/9ct color ) ! diff]5t  fats &   
oils us$ z adult]ants4 ,! mean prop]ties
 ( ?irte5  samples ( mix$ or comp\nd    
l>ds are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3          
,,re-     ,,rise ,,( ,,temp]-           
,,specific   ,,melt+   ,,fractive       
,,ature ,,)                  ,,iod9     
,,gravity4    ,,po9t4    ,,index4       
,,sulfuric ,,acid4     ,,wat]4          
,,absorb$4     #ce ,c4       ,c4     #be
 ,c4          ,c4         ,,p]c5t4      
,,p]c5t4     4#ijfj       #dj4f         
#a4dfcd         #df4e          4#jih    
#fc4eh    ,^! l>ds1 9 addition to !     
above prop]ties1 %[ di/9ct color        
reaction ) sulfuric & nitric acid & ) ! 

reag5ts :i* are  di/9ctive ( cottonse$  
oil4 ,!y are mo/ly mixtures ( l>d &     
tall[ /e>9 ) cotton oil or cotton oil   
/e>94    ,9 addition to ! adult]ations  
already m5tion$ z mix+ )  cottonse$ oil 
may be add$ ! use ( coconut oil4 ,x is n
 probable  t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates any      
adult]ation ( l>d ) coconut  oil has be5
 made = comm]cial purposes4 ,su* an     
adult]ation1  h[ev]1 is practic$ 9 "s   
=eign c\ntries4 ,coconut oil conta9s    
consid]able quantities ( volatile acid1 
&1 !re=e1 :5 us$ z  an adult]ant ( l>d1 
w\ld increase ! normal quantity (       
volatile  acid mat]ially4 ,"o sample    
exam9$ by ,all51 ( ,engl&1 0 f\nd to    
conta9 a quantity ( coconut oil1 am\nt+ 
to #cc p]c5t4      ,summ>y4--,9 ! prec$+
 pages has be5 giv5 a description ( !   
"* ( l>d1 ! s\rces f :i* x is made1 !   
me?od (  its prep>ation1 its *emical &  
physical prop]ties & ! common           
adult]ations to :i* x is subject$4 ,!re 
is no "q ( !  :olesom5ess ( ! usual fats
 & oils1 or p>ts !re(1 :i* are  us$ 9 ! 

sophi/ication ( l>ds4 ,! adult]ation is 
int5d$  solely = fraudul5t purposes1 t  
is1 to sell "u ! "n ( a  high] pric$    
article "o ( a l[] price4    ,!re are _m
 p]sons :o pref] to use vegetable oils &
 fats z  sub/itutes = l>d 9 all cases4  
,x is only fair to ! consum] t  ! "* ( a
 fat & oil1 h[ev]1 = edible purposes be 
pla9ly  made kn[n to ! pur*as]4 ,he is  
!n to judge ( ! propriety or            
impropriety ( us+ ! articles 9 "q4 ,x   
seems q c]ta9  t ! use ( vegetable oils 
& fats w be greatly increas$ 9  ?is     
c\ntry4 ,all hygi5i/s grant t !y are at 
lea/ equally z  :olesome z ! animal fat 
& oil4 ,!y are c]ta9ly less op5 to      
suspicion z hav+ be5 d]iv$ f diseas$    
s\rces4 ,z a rule1  !y are c>efully     
express$ & prop]ly ref9$1 free f        
rancidity  & f any me*anical or *emical 
con/itu5ts :i* r5d] !m  unpalatable or  
un:olesome4 ,!y are g5]ally mu* *eap]1  
p]haps  ! only exception be+ t ( olive  
oil4 ,^! vegetable oils1 z a  rule1 are 
excell5t = salad dress+1 = fry+ & g5]al 

cook+  purposes & = ! ord9>y uses to :i*
 l>d & o!r animal fats  are devot$4 ,a  
prop] label+ ( all su* packages w\ld    
increase !  quantity consum$1 re/or+    
confid5ce to ! public 9 ! "*  ( ! goods 
pur*as$1 & prove ( mutual b5efit to !   
gr[]1 !  manufactur] & ! consum]4 ,x mu/
 be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t  !re are _m p :o 
pref] ! animal fats1 & s !re w  probably
 always be a l>ge field = _! use4 ,su*  
consum]s are  entitl$ to secure ! pure  
article1 prop]ly prep>$ f heal?y        
animals & free f rancidity & organic    
impurities4 ,l>d & o!r  animal fats (f]$
 9 ?is way w h a great] vogue1 comm& a  
great] degree ( confid5ce & secure a    
l>g] trade ?an if sold  "u conditions   
eng5d]+ suspicion & di/ru/4      ,,s\ps4
      ,classification ( ,s\ps4--,! s\ps 
:i* are commonly consum$ are  divid$    
into two great classes--^? ( animal & ^?
 ( vegetable  orig94 ,any liquid or     
semi-liquid prep>ation ( a meat or      
vegetable  or ! two comb9$ :i* may or   
may n c>ry p>ticles ( solid  sub/ances  

is class$ ) ^! prep>ations4 ,s\ps are   
g5]ally us$  at ! beg9n+ ( a meal1      
usually at d9n]-"t1 &1 z a rule1  d n h 
any v high nutritive value4 ,t !y h a   
useful  function _c be d5i$1 s9ce !     
introduction ( a small quantity  ( a    
condim5tal & slightly nutritive w>m     
liquid into ! /oma*  at ! beg9n+ ( d9n] 
t5ds to /imulate ! secretive gl&s (  !  
/oma* walls to great] activity & ?us to 
promote dige/ion4  ,s\p %\ld be reg>d$  
pre-em95tly z a condim5tal & n z a      
nutritive sub/ance4      ,prep>ation (  
,/ock4--,9 ! mak+ ( /ock ! base ( !     
mat]ial1 z a rule1 is t "p ( ! meat &   
bone soluble 9 hot  wat]4 ,! be/ way (  
prep>+ ?is /ock is z foll[s3    ,! meat 
& bones select$ %\ld be fre%1 free f all
 impurities  & be d]iv$ solely f heal?y 
animals z soon z !y h  be5 slaught]$4   
,inasmu* z ! %ape ( ! mat]ial us$ is (  
little consequ5ce ! p>ts ( ! c>cass t   
are cut away 9 !  prep>ation ( ! usual  
cuts ( ! m>ketable meats are utiliz$  = 
/ock mak+4 ,! fle% %\ld be cut into     

fragm5ts ( prop]  size & ! bones brok5  
up into small pieces4 ,?is mat]ial ) !  
appropriate am\nt ( wat] & salt is plac$
 9 a vessel capable (  be+ clos$ 9 su* a
 way t no aque\s vapor w escape1 & a    
slight degree ( pressure1 equal to !    
half ( an atmosph]e1 c be  su/a9$4      
,simple =ms ( dige/]s are made = ?is    
purpose :i*  are p]fectly safe at l[    
pressure & suppli$ ) a safety valve  s z
 to all[ /eam to escape if ! pressure   
runs too high4 ,sev]al  h\rs ( dige/ion 
are necess>y = ! prep>ation ( /ock1 & if
  an ord9>y vessel is us$ c>e mu/ be    
ex]cis$ t ! liquid does  n evaporate s z
 to make ! mass dry4 ,/irr+ f "t to "t  
assi/s ! solution ( ! soluble sub/ances4
 ,aft] ! extraction  is complete !      
liquid cont5ts are p\r$ (f & ! solid    
mat]ial  press$ g5tly to sep>ate !      
liquid held 9 solution4 ,! mass  is !n  
put 9 a cool place & all[$ to /& until  
?or\ghly  cool$ & all ! fat p>ticles are
 collect$ at ! top4 ,! fat is  !n remov$
 & ! result+ liquid /ra9$ to remove any 

solid  p>ticles4 ,! cle> solution ?us   
obta9$ is set aside & us$ z  /ock 9 !   
prep>ation ( ! v>i\s =ms ( s\ps4 ,:5    
prop]ly  flavor$ & us$ by itself x      
produces ! s\p kn[n z consomm4    ,! s\p
 /ock made 9 ?is way usually conta9s n  
less ?an #ie  p]c5t ( wat] & n m ?an #e 
p]c5t ( nutritive matt]4  ,_m ( ! cle>  
s\ps prep>$ 9 ?is way conta9 v mu* less 
nutritive matt]1 sometimes z l[ z "o    
p]c5t4 ,x is evid5t1  !re=e1 t ! s\p    
/ock is valuable z a condim5t & flavor+ 
& n z a food4    ,! numb] ( s\ps :i* c  
be made f s\p /ock is practically       
unlimit$4 ,!y are =m$ by ! admixture1   
*iefly ( vegetables  cut into small     
pieces1 ( />*y mat]ials1 ma%$ peas or   
beans1  p>ticles ( potato1 fragm5ts (   
p>*$ bread1 & 9 fact almo/ any          
nutritive & palatable sub/ance :i* !    
cook may wi% to employ4    ,a s\p made f
 a /ock ( ! above description ) pea fl\r
 0  f\nd to h ! foll[+ composition3     
,wat]1                           #hh4bf 
p]c5t    ,prote91                       

#c4ch        ,fat1                      
4#ic        ,a%1                        
#a4ac        ,/>* & o!r c>bohydrates1   
#f4cj        ,a s\p made ) potatoes f   
/ock ( ! above description 0 f\nd  to h 
! foll[+ composition3      ,wat]1       
#ij4if p]c5t    ,prote91                
#a4cg        ,fat1                      
#a4ec        ,a%1                       
4#ii        ,/>* & o!r c>bohydrates1    
#e4ac        ,! ,fr5* make s\ps :i* are 
v well kn[n & highly valu$  by cutt+    
vegetables1 su* z c>rots1 beets1 radi%es
 & o!r  vegetable sub/ances1 into small 
pieces & add+ !m to ! s\p  /ock4        
,oy/] ,s\p4--,a s\p made ( milk1 cream1 
fl\r1 condim5ts1 oy/]s  & ! liquid (    
oy/]s is v l>gely eat5 9 ! ,unit$       
,/ates4  ,! diff]5ce betwe5 oy/] s\p &  
oy/] /ew is *iefly 9 !  am\nt ( oy/]s   
employ$4      ,gre5 ,turtle ,s\p4--,a   
s\p /ock prep>$ z above describ$ &      
flavor$ ) pieces ( gre5 turtle is a v   
common di%4      ,mock ,turtle ,s\p4--,a
 s\p made 9 imitation ( a turtle s\p 9  

:i*  veal takes ! place ( turtle =      
flavor+ is kn[n z mock turtle  s\p4     
,clam ,s\p or ,clam ,*[d]4--,?is is a   
s\p made ( clams 9 !  same way t oy/]   
s\p is made4 ,:5 ! clams are cut into   
small  pieces & are 9 great abundance & 
:5 potatoes are us$ 9 l>ge  quantities 9
 ! mixture x is kn[n z clam *[d]4       
,beef ,extract4--,x is evid5t t a beef  
extract is only a s\p or  a s\p /ock    
specially prep>$ f beef4 ,beef extract  
fir/ became  kn[n by ! rese>*es ( !     
celebrat$ *emi/ ,liebig1 & has  pass$ f 
a m]e local prep>ation to an article :i*
 is important  9 comm]ce4 ,factories h  
be5 e/abli%$ 9 localities f> remov$  f !
 pr9cipal m>kets ( ! _w1 b :]e cattle   
are extremely  pl5tiful1 z 9 ,s\?       
,am]ica1 & ! prep>ation ( beef extract  
is c>ri$ on on a l>ge scale1 ! meat ( ! 
animal be+ ?r[n  away aft] ! prep>ation 
( ! extract4 ,! me?od ( prep>+  beef    
extract is practically t describ$ = mak+
 a s\p /ock  "u pressure4 ,in/ead ( us+ 
only ! trimm+s & refuse ( !  animal1    

h[ev]1 usually ! :ole ( ! fle% is       
employ$4 ,! bones  are sometimes us$ 9 !
 mak+ ( a beef extract4 ,! s\nd1 fre%   
meat is cut into small pieces & extract$
 "u pressure z already  describ$4 ,aft] 
cook+ & filt]+ ! product x is br\ght1 9 
vacuo1 to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,meat      
extract is1 !re=e1 simply a  conc5trat$ 
s\p /ock4 ,x requires ab\t ?irty-f\r    
p\nds ( meat  to yield "o p\nd (        
conc5trat$ extract1 & ?is extract may be
  dilut$ = consumption s z to make f six
 to sev5 gallons (  beef tea4 ,!        
composition ( ! ord9>y beef extract (   
comm]ce  %[s t x conta9s f #ae to #bj   
p]c5t ( moi/ure1 f #ag to  #bc p]c5t (  
a% & f #ej to #fj p]c5t ( meat bases1 t 
is1  ! soluble nitrog5\s cont5ts ( meat4
 ,! bones & t5dons are  n us$ 9 mak+    
beef extract on acc\nt ( ! introduction 
(  consid]able quantities ( gelat9e into
 ! mat]ial4 ,liebig does  n recomm5d !  
pres5ce ( gelat9e 9 beef extract        
because1 be+  *eap] 9 quality1 x is an  
adult]ation ( ! g5u9e article1 :i*  %\ld

 conta9 only ! pure bases & n ! gelat9\s
 pr9ciple (  ! meat 9 ! t5dons & bones4 
,"* ( ,nitrog5\s ,bodies 9 ,beef        
,extract4--,:5 beef extract  is prep>$  
accord+ to ! ,liebig me?od ^? nitrog5\s 
bodies  commonly kn[n z meat bases are  
f\nd 9 ! conc5trat$ extract4  ,9 a beef 
extract :i* conta9s a total ( #i4bh     
p]c5t ( nitrog5  ! quantity ( nitrog5 9 
! =m ( nitrog5\s comp\nds :i*  7 f\nd   
!re9 is z foll[s3 ,nitrog5 9 ! =m (     
soluble  album91--trace2 9 ! =m (       
albumoses1--#a4ag2 9 ! =m (             
peptone1--trace2 9 ! =m ( meat          
bases1--#f4ha2 9 ! =m (  ammonia        
comp\nds1--4#dg2 9 ! =m ( un5um]at$     
comp\nds1--4#hc4  ,! *ief meat bases :i*
 =m ! pr9cipal "p ( ! sub/ance are      
creat91 creat991 xan?91 c>n9 & c>nic    
acid4    ,!re are _m diff]5t =ms ( beef 
extract ^u ! m>ket1  sometimes call$ by 
fanciful names & sometimes by ! "n ( !  
manufactur]4 ,among ! fanciful names are
 "s :i* indicate orig9  or k9d4 ,!      
extracts :i* be> ! names ( !            

manufactur]s are  v num]\s1 b all ( ^!  
extracts are ess5tially ( !  same "*4   
,"o ( ^! is a meat extract 9 :i* "s ( ! 
meat fib] is conta9$4 ,! quantity ( meat
 fib] :i* is us$  v>ies1 b is n v great4
 ,a comp>ison ( ! dry sub/ance 9 a      
prep>ation ( ! class m5tion$ above ) !  
dry sub/ance 9 meat  %[s ! foll[+       
relation3                               
,,a% ,,&              ,,prote94  ,,meat 
,,bases4  ,,m9]al ,,matt]4              
,p]c5t4   ,p]c5t4       ,p]c5t4         
,extract1    #di4g       #be4f          
#bd4g    ,meat1       #hf4g        #g4h 
#e4c    ,! above data %[ t ! extract is 
ess5tially diff]5t 9 its  composition f 
dri$ meat & has add$ to x a l>ge        
quantity (  meat fib] or ! meat r5d]$   
soluble by "s k9d ( treatm5t4           
,nutritive ,prop]ties4--,x _c be d5i$ t 
meat extract1 z has  be5 said 9 ! case (
 s\p /ock1 conta9s only a small "p (    
nutritive matt]4 ,?is nutritive sub/ance
 is 9 a /ate ( solution  & probably is m
 readily absorb$ ?an a simil> am\nt (   

o!r  nutritives 9 ! =m ( ord9>y meat4   
,its *ief value z a nutri5t1  !re=e1 is 
n 9 ! am\nt ( nutri5t mat]ial :i* x     
conta9s1  b 9 ! ease & spe$ ) :i* x may 
become absorb$ into !  circulation4 ,9  
case ( illness ?is is (t5 a v important 
po9t4  ,x is n a "q s mu* ( !           
utilization ( a l>ge am\nt (  nutri5ts z
 ! absorption & assimilation 9 small    
quantities :i*  w su/a9 life until !    
disord]$ conditions disappe>4 ,= ^!     
reasons ! meat extracts h a value4 ,!re 
is1 h[ev]1 little  d\bt ( ! fact t 9 !  
popul> m9d a great deal m cr$it  is giv5
 to meat extracts ?an %\ld prop]ly      
belong to !m4 ,!y  mu/ be reg>d$        
pr9cipally z condim5tal & incid5t to    
nutrition  r ?an z nutritive sub/ances4 
,! claims :i* are made by !             
manufactur]s are sometimes mislead+1 z1 
= in/ance1 t "o  p\nd ( extract conta9s 
! nutritive prop]ties ( _m p\nds  (     
meat4 ,su* a /atem5t1 ( c\rse1 is absurd
 ^u its face &  %\ld n be all[$ to g    
un*all5g$4 ,ev5 :5 meat extracts are    

re9=c$ by ! addition ( soluble or       
comm9ut$ fib]1 z is (t5  ! case1 !      
quantity ( n\ri%m5t is v small z comp>$ 
) a  simil> weight ( meat itself4    ,x 
is n int5d$ by ! above rem>ks to ca/ any
 discr$it ^u  ! value ( beef extract1 z 
its value has be5 atte/$ 9 num]\s       
cases4 ,x is only design$ to call       
att5tion to ! fact t z food  ^! extracts
 h comp>atively little value4 ,!y may be
 useful  z /imulants or z condim5tal    
sub/ances or z a means ( spe$ily        
introduc+ a soluble nutri5t 9 ! case (  
disease :]e x is  extremely important t 
ev5 small am\nts ( nutriti\s mat]ial    
%\ld ent] ! body4      ,beef ,juice4--,a
 di/9ction is made betwe5 a beef extract
 & a beef  juice4 ,! latt] t]m applies  
solely to ! liquid naturally rema9+  9 !
 fre% meat aft] its prop] prep>ation =  
consumption1 t  is1 aft] ! )drawal ( !  
blood & ! prop] cool+ &  /or+ ( ! fle%4 
,! fre% meat is !n subject$ to /rong    
pressure & ! juices :i* are extract$ are
 conc5trat$ 9 vacuo  to ! prop]         

consi/5ce4 ,! meat ( old bulls is (t5   
us$4 ,a true  beef juice mu/ be extract$
 f ! cold meat & n ) ! aid  ( heat1 hot 
wat] or o!r solv5ts4 ,x is difficult to 
pres]ve an  extract ( ?is k9d )\t       
/]ilization1 & ! heat requir$ =         
/]ilization is likely to coagulate "s ( 
! album9\s mat]ial  :i* is express$4 ,x 
is a great temptation1 !re=e1 9 "s cases
  to pres]ve ! beef juice by a *emical  
pres]vative o!r ?an common  salt4 ,boric
 acid & sulfite ( soda may be us$ = ?is 
purpose1 b  ^! sub/ances are            
objectionable on ! score ( possible     
injury to  heal?4 ,glyc]9e is also us$4 
,inasmu* z ^! juices are usually  giv5  
to invalids or ^? ^: dige/ive functions 
are impair$ x is  mo/ important t       
injuri\s sub/ances %\ld be omitt$4 ,9   
case (  pressure x is advisable1 9 "s   
cases1 to *op ! meat v f9e1  & 9 ?is    
comm9ut$ condition extract ! juice )    
cold wat]4  ,?is does n produce any     
*ange 9 ! "* ( ! juice & !  wat] is     
subsequ5tly remov$ by evaporation at a  

l[ temp]ature 9  vacuo4 ,beef juices are
 usually prep>$ f heat$ meats4          
,composition ( ,beef ,juice4--,!        
composition ( beef juice f  diff]5t p>ts
 ( meat :i* 0 previ\sly heat$ ext]nally 
is %[n  9 ! foll[+ table4               
,,composition ,,( ,,beef ,,juice ,,&    
,,meat ,,extract4                       
,,beef      ,,meat                      
,,juice4   ,,extract4    ,wat]1         
#ij4fe    #ba4ff    ,a%1                
#a4cf    #bj4df    ,na,cl 7salt71       
4#ae     #e4dg    ,p,o 7phosphoric      
acid71              4#cf     #d4ee      
,fat1                                   
4#ai      4#ej    ,acid 7z lactic71     
4#ae     #h4db    ,nitrog5 7total71     
#a4ae     #g4ff        insoluble &      
coagulable1       4#fh      4#dh        
z proteoses1                   4#jd     
#b4jb        z peptones1                
4#ad     #a4ij        meat bases1       
4#cj     #c4je        creat91           
4#ge        xan?9 bases1                
4#jd        ammonia1                    

4#ba    ,! above analyses %[ ! g5]al "* 
( meat juice extract$  fir/ by ext]nally
 heat+ ! meat & !n press+4 ,!y %[ t  !re
 is less nitrog5\s bodies pres5t 9 meat 
juice ?an !re is  9 meat extracts4 ,x is
 evid5t t meat extracts _c be heat$  =  
/]ilization )\t coagulation ( !         
globul9s4 ,:5 x is  advisable to use a  
beef juice 9 a case ( illness x is f>   
bett]  to prep>e x at ! "t :5 x is us$  
?an to prep>e x on a  comm]cial scale & 
pres]ve x by any ( ! *emical means 9    
vogue4  ,meat juice c be v well prep>$ =
 dome/ic use by *opp+  ! meat v f9e1    
plac+ x 9 a vessel1 heat+ to #adj ,f41 &
  press+ x by any simple means1 z1 =    
in/ance1 ) ! h& or by  us+ an ord9>y    
lemon squeez]4 ,! juice obta9$ 9 ?is way
 c  be flavor$ ) salt & spices to suit !
 ta/e ( ! pati5t1 &  us$ imm$iately4 ,9 
"s cases1 9 ord] to get a great] yield1 
pure  cold wat] may be mix$ ) ! *opp$   
meat & a some:at dilute  juice obta9$ b 
giv+ a great] yield ( nutritive mat]ial 
= !  same weight ( meat4    ,v>i\s      

names1 fanciful & o!rwise1 are giv5 to !
 s-call$ beef  juices4 ,^! names are    
ei!r fanciful or1 z 9 ! case ( beef     
extracts1 t ( ! manufactur]4 ,"s ( !    
fanciful names are1  l ^? already       
m5tion$1 sugge/ive ( orig94 ,"s ( ^! h  
l>ge quantities ( coagulable prote91 l  
album91 :ile o!rs  h su* small          
quantities z to indicate t !y are n     
:olly  beef juice4 ,9 ! case ( "s ( ^!  
prep>ations !re is "s  indication t !y  
are prep>$ *iefly f blood & ?us are n   
true meat juices4 ,naturally !re mu/ be 
p>ticles ( blood 9 a meat  juice & ! m]e
 occurr5ce ( blood cells w\ld n be an   
indication  t blood itself _h be5 us$ 9 
its prep>ation4 ,by reason ( ^!  facts !
 use ( s-call$ meat juices is re/rict$4 
,!y conta9  relatively v little         
nutritive mat]ial1 !y are sometimes     
pres]v$  ) h>mful *emicals & !y may be  
made f blood1 & 9 g5]al  !re is su* a   
degree ( secrecy att5d+ _! prep>ation z 
to  w>rant ! physician & pati5t to      
conf9e !mselves to ! dome/ic  article   

prep>$ at ! "t ( us+4 ,ano!r objection  
:i* is n  ( a hygi5ic "* is f\nd 9 !    
great exp5se ( secur+ a  v little       
n\ri%m5t by ?is means4 ,! quantity (    
juice :i* meat  w yield is v small &1   
!re=e1 ! relative exp5se = any  giv5    
quantity ( n\ri%m5t is f> great] ?an x  
is ev5 9 !  case ( beef extract4 ,:ile 9
 ! case ( ri* pati5ts an objection  l   
?is is ( little value1 9 ! great        
majority ( cases x %\ld  be giv5 due    
consid]ation4      ,soluble             
,meats4--,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to  
put soluble meats  ^u ! m>ket = use1    
especially = invalids & 9 cases (       
disord]$ dige/ion4 ,! pr9ciple :i*      
und]lies ! prep>ation  ( ^! meats is to 
subject !m to a c]ta9 degree (          
artificial  dige/ion1 by means ( :i* !  
prote9 matt] becomes conv]t$  into      
soluble =ms1 ei!r albumose1 proteose or 
peptone4 ,!  process :i* is employ$ is a
 simple "o1 namely1 ! comm9ution (  !   
meat into z f9e p>ticles z possible &   
its admixture )  hydro*loric acid &     

peps94 ,x is !n subject$ to artificial  
dige/ion until a consid]able portion ( !
 meat is soluble4 ,ano!r  me?od (       
prep>ation is to omit ! peps9 & aft] !  
addition (  hydro*loric acid to place ! 
meat 9 a dige/or :]e x is subject$  to a
 temp]ature ( /eam "u pressure = a      
consid]able l5g?  ( "t4 ,a goodly       
proportion ( ! meat becomes soluble "u  
?is  process4 ,aft] ! prep>ation is     
complet$ ! residual hydro*loric  acid is
 neutraliz$ by c>bonate ( soda1 =m+     
common salt1 :i*  gives ! prop] flavor  
to ! comp\nd4    ,! composition (       
soluble meat prep>$ 9 ?is way is giv5 9 
! foll[+ table 7,foods & ,pr9ciples (   
,dietetics1 by ,rob]t  ,hut*9son73      
,wat]1         #fg4ba p]c5t    ,fat1    
#e4ic        ,album91       #aa4jj      
,peptone1        #f4ea        ,meat     
extract1   #g4ee        ,a% & salt1     
#a4gd        ,a meat solution ( ?is k9d 
is n really a solution1 s9ce n only  is 
t "p :i* passes into solution conta9$ 9 
x1 b also !  residual meat fib]s :i* are

 n dissolv$ b s s(t5$ by !  process t !y
 lose _! di/9ct =m & c be rubb$ up to a 
?ick pa/y mass4 ,! product1 !re=e1      
consi/s n only ( !  "p ( ! meat r5d]$   
?or\ghly soluble 9 wat] by ! process1  b
 also ( a residual "p1 s(t5$ & r$uc$ to 
a pa/e4 ,!  mass has practically ! same 
nutritive value z an equival5t am\nt  ( 
meat ) ! claim$ advantage t a l>ge      
portion ( x is  already soluble4 ,?is   
p>tial pr$ige/ion may be ( value 9 cases
 (  disease or disord]$ dige/ion ( any  
k9d1 b !re is no reason  = believ+ t !  
heal?y /oma* requires any sort (        
artificial  pr$ige/ion = ! prop] conduct
 ( its functions4 ,on ! o!r  h&1 !re is 
e reason = suppos+ t any k9d (          
pr$ige/ion  :i* is at all effective w 9 
! end prove injuri\s to heal?y  dige/ive
 organs by depriv+ !m ( a "p ( _! normal
 functions  & ?us t5d+ to br+ !m to a   
condition ( feebl5ess :i* may  result 9 
! omission1 9 "p1 ( ! normal functions (
 ! vital  organs4      ,prep>ations (   
,blood4--,!re is no d\bt ( ! valuable   

nutritive  prop]ties ( blood & its      
prep>ations are sometimes us$ z foods4  
,!re is a deep-seat$ prejudice aga9/ !  
use ( blood z human  food1 d\btless bas$
 on old] & m effective gr\nds ?an ev5  !
 laws ( heal? promulgat$ by ,moses4 ,man
 is an animal ( "s  ref9em5t ( "* & !   
sight or use ( blood is repugnant to  8 
f9] in/9cts4 ,sometimes blood is dri$ & 
p[d]$ & !  blood p[d] mix$ ) o!r food4  
,ano!r me?od is to coagulate !  blood1  
!n remove ! coagulat$ portion & use !   
residue = food  purposes4 ,?is          
prep>ation1 ( c\rse1 conta9s no         
coagulable portions  ( blood1 t is1 !   
prote9 !re( kn[n z fibr94 ,!re is no    
reason = believ+ t prep>ations ( blood w
 ev] occupy any  prom95t position 9 !   
food supply1 ei!r ( p]sons 9 heal? or  (
 invalids4      ,beef ,tea4--,a v common
 food prep>ation f beef is t kn[n z     
beef tea4 ,9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s beef
 tea is no?+ m ?an  a ri* unfilt]$ s\p  
/ock4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z x is con/antly 
prescrib$ 9 _m k9ds ( illness & is      

prep>$ "u c]ta9  conditions x %\ld be   
m5tion$ specially "h 9 addition to !    
prep>ations already describ$4 ,z 9 !    
case ( meat juice1 beef tea  %\ld always
 be prep>$ 9 ! home1 & imm$iately be=e  
us+4  ,x is a prep>ation :i* c n be     
prop]ly made & kept )\t  ! addition ( "s
 pres]vative :i* r5d]s x totally unfit =
  human consumption4 ,! v *oice/ portion
 ( ! beef %\ld be  select$ 9 !          
prep>ation ( beef tea & x %\ld be r$uc$ 
to a  f9e /ate ( comm9ution4 ,! removal 
( ! fat & t5dons %\ld  be z complete z  
possible1 z p>ticul>ly ! latt] t5d to   
add to  ! extract m ( ! gelat9e-l       
pr9ciples ?an is desirable4 ,!  fragm5ts
 %\ld be mix$ ) a suffici5t quantity (  
cold wat] to  make ! desir$ am\nt ( beef
 tea1 usually "o p\nd ( wat] to a  p\nd 
( comm9ut$ beef is a good proportion4 ,!
 mixture %\ld be  kept cold = a         
consid]able l5g? ( "t ) frequ5t /irr+s 9
  ord] to extract z mu* z possible ( !  
nitrog5\s matt] :i*  becomes coagulat$  
by heat+4 ,salt may be us$ n only to    

promote  ! solubility b also to give !  
prop] ta/e4 ,aft] ! lapse (  an h\r or m
 ! vessel may be cov]$ & gradually w>m$4
 ,dur+  ?is w>m+ ! mass %\ld be         
frequ5tly /irr$ s to z promote !        
solution4 ,:5 f9ally ! extraction is    
complete1 be=e ! tea is  adm9i/]$ x %\ld
 be cook$1 t is1 heat$ to ! boil+-po9t1 
by :i* process ! soluble prote9 is      
coagulat$ b n h>d5$1  & ! mat]ial is    
r5d]$ m palatable4 ,! beef tea %\ld be  
adm9i/]$ )\t sep>at+ ! coagulat$        
fragm5ts ( album9\s  mat]ial1 :i* is 9 a
 /ate easily dige/ible1 & adds mu* to ! 
nutritive value ( ! mixture4 ,f9ally !  
residue ( beef may be put  into a bag & 
subject$ to pressure to remove z mu* ( !
 juice  conta9$ !re9 z possible4 ,!     
diff]5ce betwe5 beef tea &  s\p /ock1 z 
w be se51 is l>gely 9 ! filt]+4 ,! beef 
tea  %\ld reta9 ! coagulat$ flocks1 :ile
 9 ! s\p /ock !y are  remov$4 ,"o p\nd (
 good lean beef & "o p9t ( wat] yield   
ab\t  "o-half p\nd ( good beef tea4 ,z 9
 ! case ( s\p /ock1 beef  tea is n a v  

nutritive sub/ance4 ,x is1 h[ev]1       
/imulat+1  & ! n\ri%m5t :i* x conta9s is
 quickly absorb$4 ,! s(t1  coagulat$    
flocks ( album9 are readily dige/$1 &   
(t5 a pati5t  may be n\ri%$ = days on a 
prep>ation ( ?is k9d :5 he is 9  a      
condition :i* r5d]s x impracticable to  
use ei!r solid or o!r  liquid foods4    
,beef tea is also made on a l>ge        
comm]cial scale & ) "s degree  (        
approximation to ! home prep>$ article4 
,= v>i\s reasons1  h[ev]1 :i* h already 
be5 advanc$1 a well made dome/ic beef   
tea :i* c be us$ z soon z prep>$ is to  
be pref]r$ 9 all  cases to ! manufactur$
 article4 ,a beef tea prop]ly made      
conta9s  approximately ! foll[+         
composition3      ,wat]1                
#hh4jj p]c5t    ,meat bases1            
#c4ej        ,prote9--soluble &         
flocculat$1   #h4jj        ,a% & salt1  
#a4ej          ,dri$ & ,p[d]$           
,meats4--,! prep>ation ( dri$ meat has  
already  be5 describ$4 ,!re has lately  
be5 plac$ ^u ! m>ket a  numb] (         

prep>ations dri$ & f9ely gr\nd1 "u v>i\s
 names1  fanciful & ^? ( ! manufactur]4 
,inasmu* z ord9>y meats  are l>gely     
compos$ ( wat]1 x is evid5t t if ! wat] 
c  be remov$ )\t impair+ ! quality ( !  
meat1 great exp5se  9 transportation    
w\ld be sav$ & ! use ( pres]vatives w\ld
  be unnecess>y4 ,v>i\s attempts1 !re=e1
 h be5 made to place  dri$ meats ^u !   
m>ket4 ,! meat p[d]s are n only (f]$  9 
_! natural /ate ( desiccation b also are
 prep>$ ) a  m or less previ\s dige/ion4
 ,"o ( ! mo/ common ( ^! meat  p[d]s is 
kn[n z somatose1 :i* has be5 made 9 l>ge
 quantities1  & sold ?r\gh\t all p>ts ( 
! _w4 ,x consi/s l>gely (  albumoses r  
?an ( peptones1 b ?is is true ( a great 
_m  ( ! s-call$ peptone prep>ations4 ,! 
composition ( somatose  is repres5t$ 9 !
 foll[+ table 7,all5's ,comm]cial       
,organic  ,analyses1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page   
#chd73      ,wat]1                      
#ad4be p]c5t    ,album9 r5d]$ soluble by
 alkali1  #ba4hc        ,album91        
#c4dj        ,albumoses1                

#cc4if        ,peptone1                 
#c4jf        ,meat bases1               
#b4fb        ,a% & salt1                
#e4cj        ,! above data %[ t ! meat  
/ill conta9s ne>ly #ae p]c5t (  moi/ure 
& t an alkali has be5 us$ to r5d] !     
prote9 m  soluble4 ,?is alkali has      
increas$ ! quantity ( m9]al matt] ov]  t
 :i* w\ld naturally be pres5t4 ,:atev]  
may be ! relative  value ( ! prep>$     
prote9 matt] z comp>$ ) t 9 !  orig9al  
meat1 x is se5 t a l>ge quantity ( x1   
practically z  mu* z 0 9 ! orig9al meat1
 has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! f9i%$  product4    
,:e!r or n x is advisable to use a      
prep>ation (  ?is k9d is a "q to be left
 ) ! physician4 ,x may be  said         
unhesitat+ly t 9 all cases ( heal?      
somatose c\ld n  possibly pres5t any    
advantage ov] fre% meat4 ,on ! contr>y1 
= !oretical & practical reasons1 x is   
c]ta9 t x is less  valuable4            
,composition ( ! ,a% ( ,meat ,juice &   
,meat ,bro?4--,! pr9cipal  m9]al        
compon5t ( ! natural juice ( meat bro?  

or meat extract  is phosphate (         
potassium1 ?\gh !re are also small      
quantities  ( magnesium & small]        
quantities ( calcium pres5t4 ,9 addition
  to ?is !re is a c]ta9 quantity (      
common salt pres5t1 :i*  is det]m9$1    
h[ev]1 l>gely by ! me?od ( prep>ation4  
,!  foll[+ analysis %[s ! composition ( 
! a% ( a meat juice to  :i* little or no
 common salt has be5 add$3              
,potassium 7,k71           #cd4dj p]c5t 
,sodium 7,na71              #i4gj       
,calcium 7,ca71              4#cf       
,magnesium 7,mg71           #b4ee       
,phosphoric acid 7,p,o71  #bg4jj        
,o!r con/itu5ts are n det]m9$ 9 ?is     
analysis4 ,! phosphate  ( potassium may 
!re=e be reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal natural a% 
con/itu5t ( meat extract & meat juice4  
7,zeits*rift fr ,biologie1  ,vol4 ,,xii1
 #ahgf47      ,adult]ation ( ,meat      
,extract4--,! pr9cipal adult]ations (   
meat  extract h already be5 m5tion$4 ,! 
sub/ances us$ 9 pres]v+  x are ( !      
greate/ hygi5ic consequ5ce4 ,^! are     

*iefly salt  & glyc]ol or alcohol4 ,!   
use ( all ( ^! sub/ances is             
repreh5sible4 ,=tunately !y are seldom  
us$4 ,ano!r adult]ation  :i* has be5    
practic$ is mix+ ! meat extract )       
extracts  ( yea/4 ,! extract ( yea/ has 
valuable dietetic prop]ties &  conta9s !
 active pr9ciples ( f]m5tation4 ,x also 
resembles1 9  _m respects1 physically & 
*emically1 ! extract ( meat1 & c1       
!re=e1 be mix$ ) meat extract1 &1 be+ a 
*eap] article1  =ms a mixture :i* c be  
sold at a great] pr(it4 ,! pres5ce (    
yea/ extract 9 meat extract c easily be 
det]m9$ by treat+ !  mixture ) a /rong  
solution ( sulfate ( z9c & filt]+4 ,9   
meat extract ! filtrate obta9$ is always
 q cle>1 b :5 a  yea/ extract is pres5t 
! filtrate is turbid4      ,active      
,pr9ciples ,conta9$ 9 ,meat             
,extract4--,att5tion has already  be5   
call$ to "s ( ! m important active      
pr9ciples1 namely1  meat bases :i* =m a 
valuable portion ( meat extract4 ,!re   
are  v>i\s =ms ( nitrog5\s bodies1      

h[ev]1 besides meat bases1  :i* become  
soluble naturally 9 meat or by !        
treatm5t ( meat  ) dige/ive f]m5ts4     
,lean meat1 z is well kn[n1 consi/s     
almo/  exclusively ( prote9 matt] &     
wat]4 ,?is prote9 matt] is  pr9cipally  
insoluble4 ,"u ! action ( dige/ive      
f]m5ts !  prote9 ( meat becomes brok5 up
 into m soluble bodies1 kn[n z          
albumoses1 proteoses & peptones1--!     
latt] be+ ! f9al product  ( solution4   
,^! bodies are /ill true prote9 bodies  
conta9+ !  elem5ts ( sulfur z "o ( _!   
ess5tial con/itu5ts4 ,! meat  bases1 on 
! contr>y1 conta9 ! o!r elem5ts t are 9 
prote9  b d n h ! sulfur elem5t4 ,!y    
belong to t class ( bodies  :i* is kn[n 
z simple amido comp\nds4 ,all ( ^!      
bodies are mix$  toge!r 9 meat juice or 
beef extract1 & x is an important task (
  ! *emi/ to sep>ate !m1 bo? f an       
analytical po9t ( view &  ! det]m9ation 
( _! relative abundance4 ,!re is also   
ano!r  soluble or semisoluble prote9    
sub/ance 9 ^! extracts d]iv$  f ! t5d9\s

 tissues & bones1 namely1 ! gelat9e or  
glue4  ,?is is q a common product1 be+ !
 soluble prote9 procur$ by  ! dige/ion (
 ! t5dons & bones4 ,x is important1     
!re=e1  t ! *emi/ %\ld di/+ui% betwe5 ! 
gelat9e & ! amido  bodies4 ,!re is also 
a true & a false prote9 =m ( ^! soluble 
bodies1 ! true "o be+ =m$ by natural    
proteolytic f]m5ts &  ! false "o be+ =m$
 by heat or dige/ion "u pressure (      
/eam4 ,! *emi/ %\ld also be able to     
di/+ui% betwe5 ! true  extract =m$      
directly f ! meat & ! yea/ extract us$ z
 an  adult]ation4    ,x is n ! purpose (
 ?is manual to ent] into ! details ( h[ 
^! diff]5t bodies may be di/+ui%$ f "o  
ano!r1 z t  is purely a *emical /udy4 ,x
 is due1 h[ev]1 to ! g5]al read]  t "s  
explanation be giv5 ( ! diff]5t classes 
( bodies :i*  are conta9$ 9 ^! extracts4
      ,relation betwe5 ! ,price ( an    
,extract & its ,nutritive  ,value4--,!  
/udies made 9 ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry %[ t 
!re  is little relation betwe5 ! price (
 a beef extract & its real  nutritive   

value4 ,9 ?ree cases ( extract :i* are  
all well kn[n  br&s & are ( ! ?ick or   
pa/y v>iety1 %[+ t a dissolv$  meat _h  
be5 add$ to !m1 ! av]age weight ( a     
package co/+  #de c5ts 0 only #ee grams1
 or ne>ly a c5t a gram4 ,9 ano!r ?ree   
samples ( extract1 also well kn[n br&s1 
( ! same pa/y v>iety  & co/+ little m p]
 package1 x 0 f\nd t ! weight (  ! m    
exp5sive v>iety 0 d\ble t ( ! fir/1 co/+
 only  "o-half c5t p] gram4 ,9 ! case ( 
! liquid extracts :]e no  pa/y mat]ial  
is incorporat$ !re is /ill great]       
v>iation 9 !  relation ( ! price to !   
nutritive con/itu5ts4 ,an extract :i*   
retails = "o doll> p] bottle conta9s    
#ia4fi p]c5t ( wat] &  only 4#db p]c5t (
 nitrog54 ,ano!r s-call$ meat extract   
:i*  retails at #fj c5ts p] bottle mu/ h
 be5 :olly an artificial  product1 s9ce 
x conta9$ no creat9 or creat99 at all4  
,x 0  also pres]v$ by ! addition (      
alcohol & conta9$ an artificial  color+ 
matt]4    ,! a% exi/+ 9 ^! extracts is1 
( c\rse1 usually due to !  pres5ce (    

l>ge quantities ( common salt4 ,sodium  
*lorid is add$  to ?is extract )\t any  
def9ite rule at all & sometimes 9 v     
excessive quantities4 ,9 "s cases ?irty 
p]c5t ( ! total extract  is compos$ (   
common salt4 ,9 o!r words1 a p]son tak+ 
a solution  ( ?is k9d w\ld be inject+   
into 8 /oma* a v conc5trat$  br9e4 ,:5  
common salt may be sold at ! rate ( "o  
doll> p]  p\nd1 ! pr(it on ! transaction
 is "o :i* ought to make !  bus9ess     
exce$+ly attractive4    ,! total        
phosphoric acid 9 ! a% also %[s         
v>iations1 & if x  7 n s easy to add    
artificial phosphoric acid ! actual     
am\nt  pres5t might be tak5 z a base by 
:i* quality c\ld be judg$4  ,9 ! natural
 extract ! total phosphoric acid %\ld be
 9 !  proportion to organic phosphoric  
acid z #aj to #a1 :i* is ! natural      
condition 9 :i* x is f\nd 9 meat        
extract4 ,9 _m cases !  am\nt (         
inorganic phosphorus is s great z to    
r5d] x c]ta9 t  a phosphate1 probably ! 
phosphate ( soda1 has be5 add$4 ,9 ano!r

  case ! quantity ( organic phosphoric  
acid 0 v mu* great] ?an  c\ld h possibly
 be5 ! case 9 a natural product1        
indicat+  ! addition ( leci?9 or        
glyc]ophosphoric acid4 ,! am\nt ( fat  9
 beef extract1 :5 prop]ly prep>$1 %\ld  
be v small &  %\ld c]ta9ly n exce$ "o   
p]c5t1 s9ce by ! prop] me?od  (         
prep>ation ! fat is l>gely sep>at$4 ,9 !
 pa/y mat]ial1  h[ev]1 :]e ! meat is    
r$uc$ to a pulp & reta9$ 9 !  package ! 
am\nt ( fat w be v mu* great]4      ,!  
,nitrog5\s ,bases4--,! av]age nitrog5   
cont5t ( ! pa/y or  solid extracts v>ies
 f #f to #i p]c5t4 ,! nitrog5 9 ! meat  
juice is subject to mu* great]          
fluctuation1 dep5d+ l>gely on !  cont5t 
( solids4 ,al?\gh a high nitrog5 cont5t 
is n a gu>antee  ( ! "* or mode (       
manufacture ( an extract1 x is naturally
  expect$ & is desirable4    ,! addition
 ( gelat9e to extracts is n[ l>gely     
practic$ &  has be5 = "s ye>s4 ,by add+ 
gelat9e ! manufactur] raises  or ma9ta9s
 a c]ta9 nitrog5 cont5t1 b supplies !   

nitrog5  9 a =m lack+ 9 all quickly     
/imulat+ qualities1 & !  natural flavor 
( ! meat extract nitrog5 is l[]$4 ,!    
buy]  is consequ5tly depriv$ ( !        
*>act]i/ic ess5tials ( a beef  extract  
al?\gh ! nitrog5 cont5t is relatively   
high4 ,9 _m  cases only a small         
proportion ( ! orig9al gelat9e exi/s 9 !
  extract z su*4 ,! gelat9e is conv]t$  
by a gradual process (  hydration into  
gelatoses & gelat9e peptones4 ,:ile !   
sep>ation  ( gelat9e f prote9 matt] is a
 process 9 any?+ b a  satisfactory      
condition1 x is a f> simpl] process ?an 
! detection  & sep>ation ( gelatoses &  
gelat9e peptones f album9oses &         
peptones4 ,! "q has n be5 ?or\ghly /udi$
 up to date4    ,! "q ( adult]ation (   
meat extracts ) gelat9e is n  ! only =m 
( adult]ation we h to face4 ,! mix+ (   
v>y+  am\nts ( yea/ extract ) meat      
extracts is be+ practic$ at  ! pres5t "t
 9 "s c\ntries4 ,z we h n inve/igat$ ?is
  "q1 we _c /ate :e!r x is practic$ 9   
?is c\ntry at  ! pres5t "t or n4        

,k9ds ( ,prep>ations4--,meat prep>ations
 ( ! above types 9  g5]al may be divid$ 
into ?ree classes1 liquid extracts1 pa/y
  extracts & p[d]$ extracts4 ,9 addition
 to ! above1 )9 !  la/ few ye>s beef    
extract pellets1 "s ( !m be+ enclos$  9 
gelat9e capsules1 h appe>$ ^u ! m>ket4  
,! old-"t  product ( ,liebig's extract  
belongs to ! second class1 9 :i*  we    
also f9d _m ( our be/ kn[n br&s4 ,!     
liquid extracts are  v>i$ & num]\s & _! 
numb] is rapidly increas+4 ,! am\nt  (  
meat extractives 9 "s ( ^! liquid       
products is rem>kably  small1 ! quantity
 ( solids 9 two or ?ree cases be+ "u #aj
  p]c5t4 ,alcohol is sometimes met ) 9  
^! liquid prep>ations4  ,! meat p[d]s   
are f> less num]\s ?an ! extracts ( !   
fir/  two classes4 ,!y consi/ l>gely1 if
 n entirely1 ( album9oses &  peptones 9 
addition to "s insoluble proteid matt]4 
,moreov]1 x is necess>y to di/+ui%      
betwe5 a meat extract  conta9+ l>ge     
am\nts ( /imulat+ amido-acids &         
relatively  small p]c5tages (           

album9oses1 peptones & insoluble proteid
 matt]  on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 an  
extract1 or1 m prop]ly1  a meat product1
 :i* consi/s l>gely ( album9oses1       
peptones &  insoluble matt] & relatively
 small am\nts ( amido-acids4 ,! food    
value ( ?is la/ gr\p ( products is      
und\bt$ly great] ?an t  ( ! =m] gr\p1 b 
be+ sold z meat extracts1 _! value  %\ld
 be bas$ on ! am\nt ( extractives !y    
conta9 & n on  _! food value4    ,!     
value ( ! amido-bodies1 su* z ! meat    
bases1 z food1 is (  unc]ta9 "*1 b we   
mu/ admit1 z 9 ! case ( alcohol1 !y  c  
at lea/ be burn$ & furni% en]gy to !    
body4 ,l alcohol1  ! value ( meat       
extractives lies pr9cipally 9 _!        
/imulat+  qualities4 ,! active pr9ciples
 ( tea & c(fee are on a simil>  basis4  
,z ^! simpl] amido-bodies are ! f9al    
l9ks 9 ! long  *a9 ( hydrolytic products
 ( ! proteid molecule prior to !        
complete resolution ( t molecule into   
c>bon dioxid1 wat]1 etc41  x is readily 
se5 t an ounce ( meat extractives 7!    

v>i\s  amido-bodies7 repres5ts a f> l>g]
 am\nt ( beef ?an an ounce  ( album9oses
 does4 ,! v>i\s prote9 bodies &         
amido-acids are  closely int]wov5 & x is
 impossible to produce amido-acids )\t  
produc+ album9oses & peptones4          
,consequ5tly1 e comm]cial  meat extract 
mu/ consi/ p>tly ( album9oses1 peptones1
 etc4 ,!  be/ ( our extracts on ! m>ket 
to-day conta9 ab\t #ej p]c5t (  _! total
 nitrog5 9 ! =m ( meat base nitrog54 ,:5
 an extract  conta9s less ?an #e p]c5t (
 its nitrog5 9 ! =m ( meat base  nitrog5
 ! t]m 8extract0 seems to be no long]   
applicable4 ,x is  evid5t t ! product   
repres5ts mu* less meat ?an an extract )
  #ej p]c5t ( its nitrog5 9 ! =m ( meat 
base nitrog51 provid$  ! total nitrog5 9
 bo? cases is approximately equal4    ,!
 proteid matt] coagulat$ by heat+ to    
boil+1 z well z !  proteid matt]        
insoluble 9 cold wat]1 are bo?          
undesirable factors  9 an extract (     
meat4 ,z a rule1 ! l[] ! proportion ( ^!
  con/itu5ts1 ! high] ! "* ( ! meat     

extract4 ,! same  ?+ holds true 9 reg>d 
to ! pres5ce ( album9oses & peptones4   
,! quantity ( total nitrog5 9 ! =m (    
meat base nitrog5 9  ! be/ extracts     
rea*es #ej p]c5t4 ,9 "o ( ! poore/ x is 
#c4hb  p]c5t4 ,! food value ( ! latt]   
product might be great] ?an  t ( ! =m]1 
b its co/ ( manufacture & its /imulat+  
value are mu* less4    ,creat9 figures  
are v int]e/+ & ( mu* value 9 det]m9+  !
 s\rce & value ( an extract4 ,creat9 is 
! pr9cipal amido-body  f\nd 9 meat1     
consequ5tly we expect to f9d x or       
creat991 its  hydrat$ =m1 9 /ill l>g]   
quantities 9 meat extracts4 ,9 sev]al   
cases :i* came "u our notice :]e !      
extract act$ suspici\sly1  ! creat9     
values 7 nil1 & 9 su* cases grave d\bts 
exi/ z to  ! s\rce ( ! extract4 ,our be/
 extracts give high creat9 z well  z    
high meat base figures4    ,! xan?9     
bases & ammonia nitrog5 figures pres5t a
 v>iety (  problems4 ,:ile ! xan?9 bases
 are desirable con/itu5ts1 ammonia  9   
any am\nt is n4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r !

 ammonia figures  obta9$ by ! magnesium 
oxid me?od d n give too high results    
7,w4  ,d4 ,bigel[74                     
,gelat9e4--,gelat9e is a sub/ance obta9$
 f ! nitrog5\s  portions ( bones1 hide1 
horns1 ho(s1 connective tissue1 t5dons  
& o!r nitrog5\s matt] ( ! animal4 ,"o ( 
! pr9cipal  con/itu5ts ( ^! bodies is a 
sub/ance kn[n z collag54 ,:5  ?is is    
heat$ ei!r "u pressure or )\t pressure x
 is *ang$  to gelat9e4 ,glue is unref9$ 
gelat9e or impure gelat9e to :i*        
usually "s sub/ance has be5 add$ to     
increase its hold+ p[]4  ,a type (      
gelat9e kn[n z is+lass is made f !      
bladd]s (  /urgeons4    ,! g5]al process
 ( manufactur+ gelat9e is z foll[s      
7,:ipple1  ,te*nology ,qu>t]ly1 ,vol4   
,,xv1 ,no4 #b1 ,june1 #aijb73    8,!    
hide scraps are fir/ mac]at$ & subject$ 
to ! action (  a solution ( lime or     
cau/ic soda 9 pits = two or ?ree weeks4 
,?is dissolves mo/ ( ! blood &          
saponifies ! fats4 ,! excess  ( lime or 
soda is !n l>gely remov$ by wa%+ & !    

solution  /eam$ to dissolve ! gelat9e1 b
 an excess ( heat is avoid$4  ,sulfur\s 
acid is us$ to blea* ! gelat9e4 ,:5 (   
suffici5t  /r5g?1 ! gelat9e is all[$ to 
h>d5 9 molds or on slabs1 &  is         
ultimately dri$ 9 %eets on wire nets4   
,bone gelat9e is made 9 a  some:at      
simil> mann]4 ,! bones are cru%$1 boil$1
 treat$ )  hydro*loric acid1 & ! gelat9e
 is dissolv$ z be=e1 wa%$1  blea*$ &    
dri$ 9 %eets4 ,! process requires a     
numb] ( weeks40    ,gelat9e is also made
 f bones1 fre% z well z old1 & f !      
residues ( bones us$ 9 ! manufacture (  
buttons4 ,! ?9 slices  ( ! bones are    
treat$ ) acid until all ! phosphate (   
lime is  extract$4 ,!y are !n treat$ )  
lime & ! gelat9\s residue  is !n        
dissolv$ 9 w>m wat] & purifi$ = use4    
,! use ( gelat9e z a food has ( late    
ye>s become v common4 ,!  ease ) :i* x c
 be made into jellies1 ! consi/5ce :i* x
  gives to ice-cream & its g5]al utility
 9 ! cuis9e h made x  des]v$ly popul>4  
,gelat9e is ! product ( "s ( ! nitrog5\s

  p>ts ( ! animal & %\ld be made only f 
! edible p>ts  !re(4 ,x is p>ticul>ly   
abundant 9 ! t5d9\s portions ( !  animal
 & 9 ! tissues ab\t ! head1 f :i* a l>ge
 "p (  edible gelat9e is made4 ,no      
portion ( ! animal :i* is fil?y or      
unfit = food %\ld ev] ent] into !       
composition ( ! gelat9e4  ,if ! p>ts f  
:i* ! gelat9e are made are cur$ previ\s 
to  manufacture !y %\ld be cur$ 9 a     
p]fectly sanit>y way1 z  c>efully z any 
o!r "p ( ! meat4 ,!re c be no objection 
to  ! use ( gelat9e made f ^! sanit>y   
mat]ials 9 foods ( all  k9ds4    ,!re   
is1 h[ev]1 a possibility t "s ( !       
gelat9es on !  m>ket may be made f      
mat]ials :olly unfit = food4 ,! food law
  =bids ! use ( animal sub/ances unfit =
 food ei!r directly  or indirectly4 ,z  
an illu/ration ( ?is condition ( affairs
 ,i may  call att5tion to ! fact t a "p 
( ! gelat9es sold 9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates are
 made f p>ts ( animals slaught]$ 9 ,s\? 
,am]ica4 ,x is n kn[n to ! consum] 9 :at
 conditions ^! p>ts  are pres]v$ &      

transport$4 ,!y may be possibly pack$ ) 
!  hide & s5t to ,belgium or o!r        
c\ntries 9 a fil?y1 putrid &  abhorr5t  
/ate & ^! p>ts be cut f ! hides be=e !y 
are  s5t to ! tann]ies & conv]t$ into   
gelat9e & sold z edible  gelat9e4 ,su* a
 possibility %\ld n exi/1 & !re is no   
dang]  ( its exi/5ce ) high class       
manufactur]s4 ,a "p ( ! horns  is also  
us$ = su* purposes1 :i* be+ ( an in$ible
 portion  & unfit = food is n           
admissible1 "u ! law1 z a con/itu5t  (  
edible gelat9e4 ,all su* mat]ials %\ld  
be exclud$ 9 !  manufacture ( su* an    
important product4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 x may
 be  /at$ t ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5   
gelat9e & glue is n  always z well drawn
 z x %\ld be1 & ?is is illu/rat$ 9 !    
report t ! gelat9e & glue are           
manufactur$ 9 ! same factory1  & ! same 
conditions ( odor & insanitation :i*    
adh]e to glue  may atta* !mselves to !  
gelat9e4 ,su* a condition1 ( c\rse1     
w\ld be an exceptional case1 b its      
possibility %\ld be exclud$4  ,"u ! food

 law only ^? =ms ( gelat9e fir/ describ$
 above  c be legally made & sold = use 9
 food4      ,adult]ation ( ,gelat9e4--,!
 adult]ations ( gelat9e are su* z  ^?   
ref]r$ to above 9 ! =m ( raw mat]ials   
employ$ :i*  are insanit>y & unfit =    
food4 ,9 addition to ?is1 blea*+  ag5ts1
 namely1 sulfur\s acid or sulfites &    
m9]al acids1 are  (t5 employ$ 9 !       
manufacture1 portions ( :i* may rema9 9 
! f9i%$ article4 ,all ( ^! sub/ances mu/
 be reg>d$ z  adult]ants & z insanit>y &
 unsuitable to gelat9e1 & to t  ext5t   
unfit = human consumption4      ,pres5ce
 ( ,tetanus 9 ,comm]cial ,gelat9e4--,!  
,public ,heal? &  ,m>9e ,hospital       
,s]vice has inve/igat$ gelat9e to       
det]m9e :e!r  or n x may be infect$ )   
pa?og5ic g]ms4 ,! conclusions (  !      
inve/igation are z foll[s 7,bullet9 ,no4
 #i1 ,hygi5ic ,laboratory73    8,sev5   
samples ( gelat9e exam9$2 "o %[$ tetanus
 spores4    8,two samples %[$ an oval   
end-spore rod1 ^: id5tity 0 n  prov$1 b1
 9 /a9$ specim5s1 x w\ld be h>d to      

di/+ui% f  tetanus1 if inde$ n tetanus )
 dim9i%$ virul5ce4    8,9 tetanus       
inve/igations x is important to use     
fre%ly made  b\illon1 z ! organism is   
apt n to g]m9ate 9 b\illon ov] t5  days 
old4 ,! !rmal dea? po9t ( ! organism    
isolat$ 0 f\nd to  be betwe5 tw5ty &    
?irty seconds at #ajj degrees ,c4    8,x
 is important1 !re=e1 t gelat9e to be   
us$ = injections  %\ld be boil$ at lea/ 
t5 m9utes on acc\nt ( ! v>iability (  ! 
!rmal dea? po9t 9 diff]5t species (     
tetanus4 ,:e!r ?is  am\nt ( heat+       
impairs 9 any way ! hemo/atic p[] (     
gelat9e  has n be5 settl$1 b 9 case x   
does x is believ$ t !  dang] f tetanus m
 ?an ov]balances its !rapeutic value4   
8,x is sugge/$ t :51 z 9 hospitals1 !re 
is likelihood (  gelat9e injections be+ 
us$ = hemo/atic purposes ! gelat9e      
solution be /]iliz$ by ! fractional     
me?od on ?ree successive  days & kept   
ready = use 9 /]ile conta9]s40    ,f !  
data giv5 above x is se5 t gelat9e may  
become infect$  & ! mat]ial f :i* x is  

made = edible purposes %\ld be          
heal?ful1 sanit>y & fit = food4 ,x is n 
likely t tetanus  g]ms w\ld prove       
dang]\s :5 tak5 into ! /oma*1 b fre$om  
f infection %\ld be secur$ if possible4 
,^! inve/igations  %[ ! wisdom ( ! pure 
food law 9 =bidd+ ! use ( p>ts (        
animals unfit = food1 :e!r manufactur$  
or n1 9 ! production  ( food products4  
,x is evid5t t a suffici5t quantity (   
fre%1  sanit>y mat]ial or mat]ial       
prop]ly pres]v$ c be obta9$ 9  ?is      
c\ntry or 9 o!r c\ntries to supply !    
ne$s = edible  gelat9e )\t resort+ to ! 
use ( in$ible p>ts ( hides1  horns1 ho(s
 & o!r wa/e & unfit portions ( ! animal4
      ,summ>y4--,above h be5 pres5t$ "s 
( ! pr9cipal meat  foods1 ! analytical  
data :i* %[ _! composition1 ! processes 
by means ( :i* !y are prep>$ & !        
pr9cipal me?ods1  objectionable &       
o!rwise1 by :i* !y are pres]v$4    ,meat
 is a /aple article ( diet among almo/  
all nations ( m54 ,!  anatomical        
/ructure ( ! human animal indicates t 8 

environm5t  has adapt$ him to eat+ meats
 ( all k9ds4 ,9 o!r words1 man is  an   
omnivor\s animal4 ,he has be5 develop$ 9
 an environm5t 9 :i*  all k9ds ( meats &
 vegetables h m9i/]$ to 8 su/5ance1  &  
?us he is an omnivor\s animal bo? by    
evolution & necess>ily  by h]$ity4 ,t   
man c live & fl\ri% )\t meat has be5    
fully  e/abli%$ by exp]im5ts1 b t man _c
 be n\ri%$ by meat  alone has likewise  
be5 fully e/abli%$1 s t if ! human race 
7 necess>ily to be depriv$ ei!r ( animal
 or vegetable foods1 x  w\ld be ! animal
 food :i* mu/ be sacrific$4    ,x is n !
 purpose ( ?is manual to discuss !      
relative m]its  ( veget>ianism z comp>$ 
) ! common diet ( ! human race4  ,x may 
n be amiss1 h[ev]1 to say t probably 9 !
 ,unit$  ,/ates especially1 a l>g]      
quantity ( meat is eat5 ?an is ei!r     
necess>y or :olesome4 ,! p ( our c\ntry 
are bett] able to  supply !mselves )    
exp5sive foods ?an ^? ( o!r c\ntries1  &
 ( ! common foods meats are f> m        
exp5sive ?an c]eals4 ,!  eat+ ( l>g]    

quantities ( c]eals & small] quantities 
( meat  w\ld probably be conducive bo?  
to economy & heal?4 ,x appe>s  to be    
c]ta9 t ! meat eat+ ( ! future may n be 
reg>d$  s mu* z a necessity z x has 9 ! 
pa/1 b t meats w be  us$ m z condim5tal 
sub/ances ?an z /aple foods4 ,9 all     
meat1  = in/ance1 t co/s #be c5ts a     
p\nd1 su* z /eaks1 !re is  ov] "o-?ird  
or a half ( x :i* is in$ible1 s t !     
edible  portion really co/s d\ble t     
am\nt4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 a p\nd  ( fl\r 
or maize is pur*as$1 ! price ( :i* is   
p]haps only  "o-eigh? t ( meat1 ! :ole (
 x is edible4 ,?us1 f ! m]e  po9t (     
economy z well z ( nutrition !          
sup]iority ( c]eals  & o!r vegetable    
products is at once evid5t4 ,on ! "o h&1
 a  c]eal is almo/ a complete food      
conta9+ all ! elem5ts necess>y  to      
nutrition1 & x co/s only a few c5ts a   
p\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1  a /eak or roa/ is  
only a p>tial food & x co/s mu* m ?an   
c]eals4    ,x is hop$ t "o purpose ( ?is
 manual may be secur$1 namely1 by  %[+ !

 consum] ! actual composition ( !       
diff]5t k9ds (  food & _! me?od (       
prep>ation he may be l$ 9 ! selection ( 
8 food to foll[ ! dictates ( sci5ce &   
economy to a c]ta9  ext5t r ?an m]ely ! 
impulse ( ta/e4 ,! eat+ ( su*  l>ge     
quantities ( meat is m]ely a habit :i*  
(t5 is develop$ 9  *ildr5 ?r\gh !       
c>elessness & ignorance ( p>5ts1 mu* to 
!  detrim5t ( ! *ild z well z to 8      
future heal? & activity4  ,x is believ$ 
t if ! true pr9ciples ( ! use ( meat 7  
prop]ly inculcat$ a l>ge sav+ 9 ! en]gy 
( ! wage e>n] z  well z ^? 9 m afflu5t  
circum/ances w\ld be secur$4    ,s\nd   
pr9ciples ( economy e/abli% a bett]     
condition ( heal? &  lead to great]     
activity & fruitful labor4              
,,t]re/rial ,,animal ,,oils4            
,t]re/rial animal oils are obta9$       
directly f p>ts ( ! animals  :i* yield1 
at ord9>y temp]ature1 a sub/ance :i*    
rema9s liquid4  ,! fats :i* are 9 ! feet
 ( ! animals are usually m liquid  ?an 9
 any o!r "p ( ! body1 & h5ce ! natural  

animal  oils are d]iv$ l>gely f ! feet4 
,among ! mo/ important  are %eep's foot 
oil1 horse foot oil1 & neat's foot oil1 
:i* is  obta9$ f ! feet ( cattle4 ,^!   
oils are all highly valu$ =  te*nical   
purposes1 especially = lubricat+1 & =   
?is purpose  br+ a v high price4 ,!y are
 n us$ or %\ld n be us$ =  edible       
purposes1 ?\gh !y p]haps may sometimes  
be us$ 9 cook+4  ,neat's foot oil1      
especially1 on acc\nt ( its high price1 
is (t5  subject$ to adult]ation1 & is   
mix$ = ?is purpose ) *eap  vegetable    
oils1 su* z cottonse$4 ,fi% oil is also 
(t5 us$ 9 !  adult]ation ( neat's foot  
oil1 ?\gh ! addition ( any ( ^!  oils to
 neat's foot oil raises ! iod9 numb] to 
a v high degree1  & h5ce ?is addition is
 easily detect$ by ! *emi/4      ,l>d   
,oil4--,l>d oil is "o ( ! mo/ important 
( t]re/rial  animal oils4 ,x is made f  
l>d by melt+ x & all[+ x to  sl[ly cool4
 ,! /e>9 9 ! product cry/allizes fir/1 &
 :5 x  rea*es a condition favor+ !      
sep>ation ( ! /e>9 ! mass is  subject$  

to /ra9+ or pressure1 :]eby ! ole9 or   
liquid portion  ( ! oil is sep>at$1 &   
?us1 hav+ be5 fre$ f ! mo/  ( its /e>91 
rema9s liquid at ord9>y temp]ature4 ,!  
residue  is kn[n z l>d /e>9 & is l>gely 
employ$ 9 ! prep>ation  ( l>d to give x 
a high] melt+ po9t & 9 ! manufacture (  
oleom>g>9e4    ,l>d oil is us$ to "s    
ext5t = edible purposes & is itself     
sometimes employ$ 9 ! manufacture (     
oleom>g>9e :5 mix$ )  tall[ or tall[    
/e>94      ,prop]ties ( ,l>d ,oil4--,x  
is evid5t t ! *emical & physical        
prop]ties ( l>d oil are det]m9$ by !    
complet5ess ) :i*  ! /e>9 is sep>at$4   
,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ! conditions (       
manufacture are ne>ly con/ant1 l>d oil  
has *>act]i/ics ( a  physical & *emical 
nature :i* d n v>y greatly4 ,! specific 
gravity ( l>d oil at #ae degrees is ab\t
 4#iaf1 & its iod9 numb]  v>ies f #fh to
 #ge4 ,:5 made ( ! be/ mat]ial x has a  
neutral  ta/e1 n an unpleasant odor1 &1 
!re=e1 c be us$ = edible  purposes )\t  
introduc+ any *>act]i/ic odor or flavor 

into  ! prep>$ food4 ,9 po9t ( fact1    
h[ev]1 x is n us$ to any  ext5t = edible
 purposes except 9 ! manufactur$        
articles above  m5tion$4 ,:5 c>efully   
made & ( ! prop] quality pure l>d oil   
%\ld be practically free f free acid4   
,adult]ations4--,on acc\nt ( ! high     
value ( l>d oil =  lubricat+ & o!r      
purposes x has be5 subject$ to ext5sive 
adult]ations4 ,! addition ( *eap] animal
 oils or vegetable oils  has be5 l>gely 
practic$4 ,fi% oil1 blubb] oil1 & o!r   
m>9e  animal oils h also be5 freely us$ 
9 ! adult]ation ( l>d  oil :5ev] !      
diff]5ce 9 price has r5d]$ x advisable4 
,^!  adult]ations are ( su* a "* t !y c 
be detect$ only by  ! skill$ microscopi/
 & *emi/4 ,! o!r animal oils1 bo? (     
m>9e & t]re/rial orig91 :ile important f
 a te*nical po9t  ( view1 are ( no      
significance 9 respect ( edible         
qualities4          ,,"p ,,ii4          
,,p\ltry ,,& ,,game ,,birds4            
,application ( ,"n4--,! t]m p\ltry =    
descriptive purposes may  be appli$ to  

^? classes ( fea!r$ dome/icat$ birds us$
 =  human food4 ,x1 !re=e1 includes     
practically all ( ! dome/icat$  f[ls4 ,!
 t]m game bird1 = ! purpose ( ?is       
manual1 is appli$  to fea!r$ animals :i*
 are wild & :i* are us$ = human food4   
,?is also may apply to almo/ all wild   
birds1 s9ce at times !y  practically all
 h be5 us$ = food purposes4 ,"h only ^? 
9 common use1 bo? dome/icat$ & wild1 w  
be ref]r$ to4 ,9  connection ) p\ltry ! 
eggs ( ! birds w be consid]$4           
,,dome/icat$ ,,f[ls4    ,! pr9cipal     
dome/icat$ f[ls :i* are us$ = human food
 are  *ick5s1 turkeys1 geese1 ducks1 &  
gu9ea h5s4 ,! mo/ common (  all is !    
*ick51--! next p]haps are turkeys 9 ?is 
c\ntry &  ! goose 9 ,europe4 ,! o!rs are
 m infrequ5tly us$ b are  highly priz$4 
,*ick54--,! *ick5 sci5tifically is kn[n 
z ,gallus dome/icus4  ,= food purposes !
 *ick5 is eat5 at v>i\s ages4 ,! v "y   
*ick5 is commonly call$ a broil] & is   
prep>$ = ! table at  v>y+ ages f six to 
twelve weeks4 ,"y *ick5s are also v     

commonly call$ spr+ *ick5s1 s9ce !y     
occur 9 great] abundance  9 ! spr+ ?an  
at any o!r "t4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( ! 
mod]n me?od ( incubation1 h[ev]1 ! spr+ 
*ick5 may be _h  at all seasons ( ! ye>4
 ,! 8broil]0 & 8spr+ *ick50 may be      
reg>d$ z synonym\s t]ms1 ?\gh ! l>g]    
*icks are usually  call$ spr+ *ick5s    
in/ead ( broil]s4      ,full ,gr[n      
,*ick5s4--,! full gr[n *ick5 is bett]   
suit$ =  food :5 /ill "y4 ,! fle% loses 
flavor & ga9s 9 t\ghness z  ! *ick5 gr[s
 old]4 ,!re is no legal limit fix+ !    
division  ( *ick5s into diff]5t classes 
) respect to age & ! only  crit]ion is !
 price & ta/e ( ! consum]4 ,!re is1     
p]haps1  no objection to ! use ( old    
*ick5s = food purposes1 provid$  !y are 
n sold fraudul5tly z "y *icks4 ,! size &
 t\ghness  ( ! pieces "o (t5 secures :5 
ord]+ spr+ *ick5 is an  indication t !  
age limit is n v def9itely e/abli%$4    
,bo?  h5s & roo/]s are us$ = food       
purposes1 b especially ! "y  roo/]s are 
devot$ to food purposes :ile ! "y h5s   

are (t5  kept = ! production ( eggs4    
,prep>ation ( ,*ick5s = ,food           
,purposes4--,9 =m] times1 :5 !  *ick5s (
 comm]ce 7 d]iv$ *iefly f ! f>m1 no     
special  prep>ation 0 made be=e ! *ick5 
0 m>ket$4 ,! eggs 7  hat*$ 9 !          
old-fa%ion$ way by ! h5s & ! *icks sold 
to huck/]s or 9 m>ket1 at v>i\s ages &  
)\t any special  prep>ation or control4 
,all ?is has be5 *ang$ 9 lat] times by !
  introduction ( sci5tific me?ods (     
bre$+ p\ltry4 ,x has be5  demon/rat$ t !
 bre$+ & c>e ( p\ltry require z mu*     
sci5tific & economic att5tion z is      
devot$ to any o!r successful  bus9ess4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,*ick5     
,,h\se1 ,,rhode ,,isl& ,,exp]im5t       
,,/ation4      ,! ,incubator4--,!       
introduction ( ! incubator = ! hat*+  ( 
eggs ) ! o!r necess>y arrangem5ts = !   
c>+ = "y  *icks has p]haps done m ?an   
any o!r "o ?+ to revolutionize  ! me?od 
( prep>+ p\ltry = ! m>ket4 ,by ! use ( !
  incubator ! hat*+ ( *icks is regulat$ 
) ! utmo/ degree  ( nicety4 ,a l>g]     

p]c5tage ( eggs produce *icks & ! exp5se
  ( ! incubat+ process is greatly       
dim9i%$4 ,! incubator is 9  its wide/   
significance a !rmo/at 9 :i* ! eggs may 
be plac$  & ma9ta9$ con/antly at !      
temp]ature ( ! h5's body1 namely1  ab\t 
#ajb degrees ,f4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! *ick5
 h\se & ! o!r  environm5ts ( ! "y *ick  
are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4      ,c>e ( ,"y    
,*icks4--,! pr9cipal po9ts 9 ! c>e ( "y 
*icks are fre% air1 fre$om f infection  
by epidemic or contagi\s  diseases1     
exclusion ( insect pe/s1 ev5 high       
temp]ature1 &  abundance ( food4 ,! "y  
*ick is especially s5sitive to l[       
temp]atures & mu/ be protect$ f cold1   
especially f cold  ra9s4 ,= ?is reason !
 *icks1 aft] hat*+1 mu/ be kept1 if x   
is n summ] "t1 9 a room :]e ! temp]ature
 c be regulat$  until !y h acquir$ "s   
degree ( /r5g? & vitality4 ,!           
temp]ature ( ! *ick5 h\se = ! "y birds  
%\ld n be  l[] ?an #he or #ij degrees   
,f4    ,a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajb degrees
 ,f4 is f\nd v favorable to !           

developm5t ( ! *icks 9 ! eggs1 al?\gh ! 
temp]ature may  sometimes fall to #aja  
or rise to #ajc degrees ,f4 )\t         
mat]ially  affect+ ! results4 ,exp]im5ts
 %[ t too l[ a temp]ature  arre/s !     
developm5t ( ! *ick4 ,on ! contr>y !re  
seems to  be no indication t an increase
 ( heat1 up to #ajc degrees ,f41 has    
any t5d5cy to kill ! *ick 9 ! la/ /ages 
( developm5t4 ,x  is f\nd be/ 9 all     
cases to set ! eggs 9 ! incubator z soon
  aft] !y are laid z possible4 ,:]e !   
age ( ! egg is n kn[n  x %\ld be        
c>efully c&l$1 t is1 held up betwe5 !   
eye &  a light 9 ord] to det]m9e its    
condition4 ,9 old eggs1 ! yolk1  on     
c&l+1 becomes m or less diffus$ ) ! :ite
 & su*  eggs are to be reject$ =        
incubator purposes z !y are n likely  to
 produce *ick5s4 ,! f]tility ( ! egg mu/
 also be assur$  be=e plac+ 9 !         
incubator4 ,an unf]tiliz$ egg is s mu*  
loss 9  ! incubator s9ce x might h be5  
us$ = food purposes1 s9ce  ! egg1 =     
m>ketable purposes1 :5 fre% is j z good 

z a  f]tiliz$ egg4 ,x is an obs]v$ fact 
t ! complete f]tilization  ( ! egg1 t   
is1 ! prop] union ( ! male & female g]m 
cells1 is n always complete at ! "t !   
egg is laid1 b !  m+l+ ( ! two elem5ts  
takes place "u prop] conditions         
aft]w>ds4 ,! developm5t w also dep5d ^u 
! vitality (  ! g]m & its compon5t p>ts4
 ,j1 = in/ance1 z ! color  ( ! fea!rs1 !
 size ( ! body & ! g5]al "* (  ! *ick   
may be inh]it$ f ei!r p>5t1 s ! vital   
qualities  are mu* m /rongly %[n 9 "s   
eggs ?an 9 o!rs4 ,! prop]  g]m9ation ( !
 egg may also be improv$ by _m ( !      
conditions  ( environm5t4 ,9 ! case (   
eggs1 any slight *ange :i* w\ld  int]f]e
 ) ! functions ( ! yolk or album91 bo? (
 :i*  are extremely s5sitive to *ange1  
w\ld int]f]e ) ! gr[? (  ! embryo ei!r  
by depriv+ x ( food or subject+ x to o!r
  conditions 9 :i* its vitality w\ld be 
dim9i%$ or de/roy$4  ,! f]tiliz$ egg may
 be sep>at$ f ! non-f]tiliz$ also by    
c&l+4 ,at ! ,rhode ,isl& /ation x is    
f\nd t a v good  light = c&l+ is !      

ord9>y calcium c>bide bicycle lamp1     
plac$  9 a prop] c&l+ box4 ,?is is a    
/rong :ite light q equal 9  p[] to !    
electric inc&esc5t light & is n s try+  
to !  eyes4    ,:5 eggs :i* h be5       
submitt$ to incubation p]mit light to   
%9e ?r\gh & %[ ! yolk susp5d$ 9 ! upp]  
half ( !  c5t] z a cle>ly def9$ mass1   
:i* quickly reassumes its position  9   
turn+ ! egg ) its long axis ne>ly       
horizontal1 !y are  probably inf]tile or
 /]ile4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! yolk       
assumes  indef9ite outl9es1 approa*+ ne>
 ! upp] portion ( ! %ell  at ! l>ge end 
or appe>s ) a ?ick spur ^u its upp]     
side1 x  may be reg>d$ z hav+ />t$ to   
incubate4 ,9 ! lat] /ages  ! embryo c be
 pla9ly se51 because x becomes opaque & 
cuts  (f m ( ! light4 ,9 ! incubation ( 
eggs ! c&l+ is  resort$ to dur+ ! fir/  
few days ( ! exp]im5t 9 ord]  t !       
unf]tiliz$ eggs may be sep>at$4 ,! be/  
"t = !  c&l+1 if x is practic$ only     
once1 is on ! six? or sev5? day  (      
incubation4 ,by t "t all ! eggs :i* are 

f]tiliz$ w  be s *ang$ z to be easily   
recogniz$ by ! c&l+ process4  ,exp]i5ce 
has %[n t eggs :i* are m ?an two weeks  
old are  n pr(itable = use 9 incubators 
s9ce ! p]c5tage t does n  hat* is s     
l>ge4 ,! incubat+ "p ( ! plant is       
sometimes plac$  9 ! cell> ov] :i* !    
brood+ h\se is built4    ,! brood+ ( "y 
*icks is ( ! utmo/ significance4 ,9     
,europe  ! *anges 9 temp]ature are mu*  
less viol5t ?an 9 ?is c\ntry4  ,!       
pr9cipal brood+ h\ses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
are 9 ! ,nor?  :]e ! temp]ature (t5     
falls 9 w9t] to bel[ z]o :ile 9 !  summ]
 x may rise to blood heat1 a diff]5ce ( 
ov] #ajj degrees ,f4  ,= ?is reason !   
incubat+ h\ses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are (t5
  plac$ 9 cell>s :]e ! uni=m conditions 
( temp]ature are  m easily secur$4 ,!re 
is no objection to ?is location provid$ 
prop] c>e be tak5 to secure v5tilation &
 ! prop] cont5t (  moi/ure 9 !          
atmosph]e4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! incubat+ 
h\ses  are usually plac$ above gr\nd    
in/ead ( 9 cell>s4 ,! mean range  (     

temp]ature 9 an incubat+ room 9 ,great  
,brita91 f ,m>*  #ab1 #aijc1 to ,m>*    
#cj1 #aijd1 0 #aj degrees4 ,! highe/    
temp]ature  regi/]$ 0 #gj degrees on !  
#bd? ( ,june & ! l[e/ #db degrees  9    
,janu>y4 ,! humidity ( ! air 0 also q   
con/ant1 ! l[e/  degree ( humidity be+  
#ei & ! highe/ #id4 ,^! data %[ a v  ev5
 temp]ature 9 ! room itself4 ,( c\rse ! 
temp]ature 9 !  incubator is necess>ily 
great]1 be+ t already ref]r$ to1  namely
 #ajb degrees4      ,e>ly ,m>ket4--,"o  
pr9cipal object 9 ! rais+ ( *icks is to 
=ce !m to an e>ly maturity 9 s f> z size
 & palatability  are conc]n$4 ,! soon] !
 "y broil]s c be made ready =  ! m>ket !
 m economy !re is 9 _! production4 ,to  
?is end  !y ought to receive a m        
abundant & specially prep>$ k9d (  food 
?an if !y 7 int5d$ = ord9>y f>m         
purposes4 ,9 o!r  words1 ! =c+ process  
%\ld be pu%$ z f> z possible )\t        
int]f]+ ) ! heal? & normal functions ( !
 bird4 ,foods  :i* are nutriti\s &      
/imulat+ & promote vigor\s gr[?  %\ld be

 employ$4 ,birds prep>$ 9 ?is way = !   
m>ket are  extremely t5d] & palatable & 
br+ ! highe/ prices :]e _!  m]its are   
recogniz$4      ,artificial ,fe$+4--,:]e
 *ick5s ( great] age are prep>$ =  !    
m>ket !y are subject$1 dur+ ! la/ two or
 ?ree weeks  previ\s to sale1 to a =c+  
process 9 ord] to produce m fat &  make 
_! fle% m palatable4 ,to ?is end !      
*ick5s are f$ f  "t to "t me*anically by
 pass+ a tube into ! craw & =c+  ! food 
!re94 ,f[ls prep>$ 9 ?is way br+ high   
prices 9 !  m>ket & ! l>ge/ pr(its to ! 
gr[]s4 ,x is a me?od1 h[ev]1  :i* is n  
us$ 9 ! rais+ ( ! ord9>y p\ltry f\nd on 
!  m>ket4      ,prep>+ ,*ick5s = !      
,m>ket4--,*ick5s are sold 9 f\r  diff]5t
 conditions 9 ! m>kets ( ?is c\ntry4    
,fir/1 !y are  (f]$ alive4 ,a great _m  
pur*as]s pref] to get _! p\ltry 9  ?is  
way because !y c !n be c]ta9 t x has n  
be5 long  kill$ & kept 9 cold /orage or 
pres]v$ by means ( *emicals4 ,x  is a v 
common cu/om = consum]s to h _! own     
*ick5 c\ps  & buy a numb] ( birds at a  

"t & fatt5 !m p>ticul>ly =  _! own use4 
,"u ! pres5t sy/em ( law ?is me?od is   
highly  to be comm5d$ z a c]ta9 way (   
kn[+ ! age ( ! p\ltry  consum$4 ,) prop]
 municipal & /ate regulations ( ! m>kets
  x w\ld n be necess>y = ! consum] to g 
to ?is tr\ble s9ce  :5 rigid inspection 
& c]tification are e/abli%$1 ! age ( !  
*ick5 (f]$ on ! m>ket c be easily       
asc]ta9$4 ,until su*  "t comes1 h[ev]1  
on ! "p ( ! consum]1 ! desirability (   
secur+ *ick5s alive _c be d5i$4         
,fre%ly ,kill$ ,*ick5s4--,*ick5s :i* h  
be5 kill$ )9  tw5ty-f\r or =ty-eight    
h\rs & prop]ly kept may be reg>d$  z    
fre%ly kill$4 ,!re is a v wide-spread   
op9ion1 & probably  f\nd$ on reliable   
exp]im5ts1 t f[ls are bett] if !y are   
kept  "s "t aft] slaught]1 provid$ !y   
are kept 9 a prop] way4 ,9  ! w9t] "t x 
is cu/om>y1 especially 9 ,europe1 to    
hang ! f[l  = a week or t5 days expos$  
to ! ord9>y temp]ature1 be=e            
consumption4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a        
practice :i* c\ld n be indulg$  9 9 w>m 

wea!r4 ,f[ls1 h[ev]1 c be hung 9 cold   
/orage ev5 9  ! summ] "t & ) ! same     
advantage :i* accrues by hang+  !m 9    
ord9>y temp]ature 9 ! w9t] "t4 ,j h[    
long f[ls  %\ld be kept aft] slaught] 9 
?is way 9 ord] to secure a maximum      
degree ( palatability has n be5         
sci5tifically det]m9$4 ,!re is  evid5tly
 a limit beyond :i* ! keep+ ( slaught]$ 
f[ls %\ld  n be indulg$ 94 ,if a l[ &   
ev5 temp]ature c\ld be secur$ x  may be 
c]ta9 t ! hang+ ( ! f[l = a week or t5  
days is  n too long4 ,! temp]ature1     
h[ev]1 %\ld n be mu* above !  freez+    
po9t4    ,fre%ly kill$ *ick5s are (f]$ 9
 two =ms1 namely1 drawn &  undrawn4 ,!  
prop] me?od ( keep+ a slaught]$ *ick5   
has  be5 ! subject ( v lively           
discussions4 ,!re are _m :o  are        
advocates ( ! exposure ( ! *ick5 9 !    
undrawn /ate  ass]t+ t 9 ?is condition x
 is less expos$ to infection &  keeps   
bett] dur+ ! necess>y "t elaps+ betwe5  
slaught]  & consumption4 ,?is argum5t is
 advanc$ *iefly by deal]s4 ,on  ! o!r h&

 ! consum]1 z a rule1 is 9 favor ( hav+ 
!  *ick5 drawn be=e x is expos$ = sale1 
t is1 z soon z x is  slaught]$4 ,!re is 
p]haps mu* to be said on bo? sides ( ?is
  "q4 ,if1 h[ev]1 *ick5s are to be      
secur$ by ! consum]  )9 =ty-eight h\rs  
aft] slaught] !re c be no v great  dang]
 ( infection by hav+ !m undrawn4 ,!     
subject is "o (  suffici5t importance to
 w>rant an ext5d$ sci5tific inve/igation
  & ^u ?is inve/igation ! municipal &   
/ate regulations =  ! sale ( p\ltry c be
 bas$4 ,x is n wise 9 su* cases to be   
sway$ solely by prejudice or s5tim5t b r
 by ! facts :i*  c be asc]ta9$ by       
unbias$ sci5tific inve/igation4 ,because
 a  *ick5 weighs m undrawn is probably  
"o ( ! reasons :y deal]s  pref] !m 9 ?is
 /ate4 ,x may be said1 too1 t ! inte/9al
  organs are s imp5etrable to !         
diffusion ( _! cont5ts z n to  create   
any dang] ( contam9ation by rema9+ 9 !  
undrawn /ate4  ,on ! contr>y1 ! keep+ ( 
*ick5s ) ! inte/9al cont5ts  undi/urb$  
does n appeal to ! imag9ation ( !       

consum] any m  ?an ! freez+ ( ! c>cass (
 a beef or hog ) ! visc]a  rema9+ w\ld  
appeal to ! consum]4 ,if ! c>cass ( a   
*ick5 c  be bett] kept undrawn x is     
evid5t t ! c>cass ( a /e] or hog  c also
 be bett] kept if subject$ to ! prop]   
temp]ature4 ,^u  ! :ole x appe>s t !    
saf] way w\ld be to h ! p\ltry  drawn at
 ! "t ( slaught] & deliv]$ to ! consum] 
at an  e>ly date !reaft]4 ,9 ?is way all
 dang] ( infection on ! cut  surfaces   
becomes avoid$4 ,at any rate ! consum]  
%\ld be all[$  ! *oice 9 ! matt] :i*1 at
 ! pres5t "t1 is n ! case 9  _m p>ts (  
?is c\ntry :]e only undrawn p\ltry is   
expos$ =  sale4      ,p\ltry 9 ,cold    
,/orage4--,:5ev] a f[l is kept = a long]
  p]iod ?an ! week or t5 days above     
ref]r$ to = ! purpose  ( improv+ its    
flavor & palatability x is necess>y t x 
be  plac$ 9 cold /orage4 ,?is me?od (   
keep+ p\ltry or o!r foods  is :olly     
unobjectionable unless c>ri$ to excess4 
,p\ltry is a food  product :i* "u !     
pres5t sci5tific me?ods ( production c  

be furni%$ 9 a fre% /ate all ! ye>4 ,!  
necessity = cold  /orage1 !re=e1 is n s 
app>5t 9 ?is case z 9 t (  fruit & o!r  
p]i%able foods4 ,x appe>s !n t cold     
/orage  only %\ld be ext5d$ to t limit  
necess>y to secure its deliv]y  to !    
consum]4 ,!re c sc>cely be any excuse = 
! plac+  ( p\ltry 9 cold /orage at c]ta9
 seasons ( ! ye> :5 !y  are slightly    
less 9 price by reason ( ! abundant     
production ?an  at o!r seasons4 ,!      
me?ods ( produc+ p\ltry are su* at !    
pres5t "t t ?is excess 9 supply c easily
 be avoid$ on !  "p ( ! produc] & ?us   
ma9ta9 an ev5 price & an ev5 supply  !  
ye> r\nd4 ,! produc] z well z ! consum] 
is b5efit$ by  su* a condition4 ,!      
necessity1 (t51 = cold /orage 9 ! limit$
  s5se above ref]r$ to is ackn[l$g$ by  
all & a reasonable degree  ( "t 9 cold  
/orage _c be reg>d$ z 9 any way         
measurably  h>mful ) ref]5ce to ! "* ( !
 product4 ,x is probable  t z long z f\r
 or six mon?s may be reg>d$ z a         
ju/ifiable  limit = secur+ a prop] m>ket

 = p\ltry 9 cold /orage ?\gh  ! exact   
l5g? ( "t 9 :i* x may be left 9 cold    
/orage w  be det]m9$ only by c>eful     
sci5tific inve/igation4 ,!re seems  to  
be no necessity :atev] = c>ry+ f[ls = a 
long] p]iod  & especially1 z has be5    
kn[n1 = a ye> or ev5 two ye>s4 ,!       
det]ioration1 ev5 if ! temp]ature is f> 
bel[ ! freez+ po9t1  is v m>k$ dur+ ^!  
long p]iods ( "t & actual dang]  may    
accrue to ! consum] 9 ! possible        
developm5t ( poison\s  degradation      
products 9 ! fle%4 ,municipal1 /ate1 &  
national  regulations %\ld be ( a "* to 
in=m ! consum] ( !  exact l5g? ( "t :i* 
! p\ltry he proposes to pur*ase has be5 
9 cold /orage4 ,?is is ! lea/ :i* !     
consum] has ! "r  to "k & is a "r :i* ! 
produc] & pack] %\ld conc$e  )\t        
discussion4 ,! unwill+ness :i* has be5  
manife/$ on !  "p ( deal]s 9 p\ltry to  
make public ! l5g? ( "t :i*  x has be5 9
 cold /orage is ( itself a suspici\s    
condition4 ,!  argum5t is con/antly he>d
 t ! l5g? ( "t p\ltry has be5  9 cold   

/orage does n impair its palatability or
 :olesom5ess4 ,if  ?is be true !n a     
/atem5t ( ! l5g? ( "t _c 9 any way      
injure ! m>ket4 ,b to ?is reply is made 
to ! effect t if !  consum] is told !   
f[l has be5 9 cold /orage a c]ta9 l5g?  
( "t he w n pur*ase x4 ,to ?is ! evid5t 
answ] is1--:y  %\ld y deceive ! consum] 
by sell+ him an article :i* if he  knew 
its "* he w\ld n buy8 ,x is evid5t t su*
 deception  is no?+ m nor less ?an      
obta9+ money "u false pret5ses4  ,!     
rem$y = ! evil ( cold /orage is ! label 
:i* w  indicate ! l5g? ( "t :i* has     
elaps$ s9ce ! slaught] (  ! f[l4    ,!re
 is1 p]haps1 no great] bless+ :i* has   
be5 conf]r$ ^u  mank9d dur+ ! la/ qu>t] 
( a c5tury ?an ! developm5t (  cold     
/orage me?ods ( pres]v+ food4 ,! cont9u$
 prosp]ity  & b5efits ( ?is bus9ess     
dep5d ^u a ?or\gh /udy ( !  conditions  
att5dant !reon & ! elim9ation ( any evil
 :i* may  be incid5t !reto4 ,:5 ?is is  
accompli%$ ! absolute confid5ce  :i* !  
consum] w h 9 cold /orage w be su* t !  

magnitude ( ! bus9ess w be imm5sely     
increas$4 ,?us !  int]e/s ( ! consum] & 
! deal] are "o & !y %\ld "w  toge!r to  
promote _! common good4                 
,composition ( ! ,:ite ,meat ( a        
,*ick54--,! meat ( a *ick51  c>efully   
prep>$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,bureau (     
,*emi/ry1  0 analyz$ by sep>ation into !
 :ite & d>k portions4 ,!  composition ( 
! two meats is z foll[s3                
,,wat] ,,9                              
,,fat-,,free                            
,,meat                 ,,wat]4          
,,sub/ance4    ,,fat4    ,,prote94      
,,bases4                ,p]c5t4         
,p]c5t4   ,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4     
,:ite meat1  #fa4ch      #ge4jh         
#ah4be     #ag4jf       4#cg    ,d>k    
meat1   #ei4dh      #gh4dd      #bd4af  
#ae4id      #a4jc    ,! above data %[ t 
!re is a notable diff]5ce 9 !           
composition ( ! :ite & ! d>k meat4 ,!   
:ite meat has mu*  less fat & a         
correspond+ly l>g] quantity ( prote94 ,!
 quantity  ( wat] 9 ! two classes ( meat

 is n v diff]5t al?\gh  !re is a        
slightly less quantity 9 ! d>k meat4 ,! 
d>k meat has  a mu* l>g] proportion (   
meat bases b z ^! bases are (t5         
consid]$ ( little value & sometimes     
deg5]ate into poison\s  con/itu5ts x is 
se5 f ?is po9t ( view t ! :ite meat is  
to be pref]r$ to ! d>k meat4            
,pres]v$ ,*ick54--,practically ! only   
me?ods ( pres]v+  *ick5s are ! cann+    
processes :i* h already be5 describ$  & 
cold /orage4 ,*ick5s may be cann$ 9 !   
same way z has be5  describ$ = beef & 9 
t way may be kept = a c]ta9 l5g?  ( "t  
)\t notable det]ioration4 ,! pickl+ (   
*ick5 is n  v ext5sively practic$ nor is
 x cur$ 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( !  ^w1 t is1  
by ! addition ( salt1 sug>1 v9eg>1      
spices1 &  wood smoke4 ,*ick5 may also  
be put up 9 ! =m ( pott$ *ick51  :i* has
 already be5 describ$4 ,practically !   
only me?ods :i*  are 9 vogue & :i* c be 
comm5d$ = pres]v+ *ick5 are  /]iliz+ or 
cann+ & cold /orage4 ,^! me?ods1 :5 n   
unduly  prolong$1 are op5 to no         

reasonable objection4 ,! pres]v+ (      
*ick5s ) spices & condim5ts may also1   
p]haps1 be consid]$ z  desirable provid$
 no h>mful *emical pres]vatives are     
employ$4 ,!  temptation1 h[ev]1 to      
employ su* pres]vatives is s great z n  
to  be always resi/$4      ,adult]ation 
( ,pott$ ,*ick5 & ,turkey4--,p]haps !re 
is no o!r  =m ( pott$ meat1 ) ! possible
 exception ( pt de foie gras1  :]e su*  
an opul5t field = sophi/ication is f\nd 
z 9 ! case  ( pott$ *ick5 & turkey4 ,!  
av]age composition ( t5 samples (       
alleg$ pott$ *ick5 & turkey1 f\nd ^u !  
m>ket1 is %[n 9  ! foll[+ table3        
,wat]1                        #eh4eb    
p]c5t    ,wat] 9 fat-free sub/ance1     
#ga4bd        ,fat1                     
#ag4ih        ,prote91                  
#ai4ab        ,meat bases1              
4#if        ,glycog51                   
4#bf        ,total a%1                  
#b4fg        ,( :i* sodium *lorid1      
#a4je        ,all b "o ( ! t5 samples   
conta9$ />* b n 9 v  consid]able        

quantities1 ! l>ge/ am\nt be+ #d4ac     
p]c5t4    ,none ( ! samples conta9$     
saltpet]4 ,?is is an int]e/+ po9t       
because ( ! claim ( ! pack]s t saltpet] 
is us$ solely =  pres]vation purposes4  
,:5 a meat is expect$ to be ( a :ite    
color  no saltpet] is f\nd :ile1 on !   
contr>y1 :]e ! meat is ( a  r$ "* x is  
frequ5tly f\nd4 ,t9 0 pres5t 9 f\r      
samples1  d\btless due to "s            
contam9ation ) ! sold] or by corrosion  
( ! t9 c itself4 ,:]e t9 is pres5t due  
to ! corrosion (  ! c itself x is always
 9 great] abundance 9 ! old ?an 9  !    
newly cann$ sample4 ,x is q c]ta9 t !   
cont5ts (  ^! packages 7 n made up (    
*ick5 & turkey exclusively4 ,!          
*>act]i/ic odor & ta/e ( smok$ meats :i*
 are f\nd 9 ^!  packages w\ld indicate t
 !y are us$ to give flavor & aroma  to !
 mixture4 ,! addition ( flavor+ mat]ials
 ( ?is k9d1 or  8=ce0 meats z !y are    
sometimes call$1 is n objectionable f   
any sanit>y or dietetic po9t ( view4 ,x 
is1 h[ev]1 an (f5se  aga9/ an e?ical    

pr9ciple :i* mu/ be closely foll[$ 9 a  
case  ( ?is k9d if ! doors ( fraud &    
adult]ation are n to be left  wide op54 
,?is pr9ciple is t no false idea by     
inf]5ce1 omission  or o!rwise1 %\ld be  
convey$ to ! consum] by ! label4 ,"s  =m
 ( expression = pott$ meat %\ld be us$ 9
 :i* ! label  gives ! pr9cipal or       
dom9ant meat 9 ! mixture1 accompani$ by 
! /atem5t t x is a mixture ) o!r meats  
also nam$1 spic$  & flavor$4 ,"u !      
pres5t condition ( affairs a manufactur]
  :o really wi%es to put into pott$ =m  
*ick5 & turkey )  only spices &         
condim5ts has to und]go an unfair       
competition )  ano!r manufactur] :o uses
 ! same label & r$uces ! quantity  (    
exp5sive meat to a m9imum or may        
possibly leave x out altoge!r4  ,"u !   
new food law ?is unfair competition w be
 prev5t$4      ,adult]ation (           
,*ick54--,! fle% ( *ick5 is n subject$  
to any v ext5sive adult]ations4 ,x has  
be5 claim$ t  pres]vatives are appli$   
ext]nally to fre% f[ls b ! evid5ce  on  

?is po9t is n v conclusive4 ,!re is1    
p]haps1 little d\bt  t o!r me?ods h be5 
practic$ b probably )\t any v  great    
vogue4 ,! use ( *emical pres]vatives 9  
pott$ *ick5 is  also repreh5sible4 ,9   
g5]al x may be said t !re is no v       
ext5sive adult]ation ( *ick5 meat4 ,!   
pr9cipal objection to !  comm]ce 9      
pres]v$ *ick5 meat is ! use ( old       
*ick5s1 !  unlimit$ cold /orage1 !      
failure to draw at "t ( slaught]1 &     
exposure 9 ! m>ket 9 an unsanit>y       
condition & = an indef9ite  "t4 ,*eap]  
meats are sometimes sub/itut$ = ! g5u9e 
article  9 pott$ *ick54 ,turkey & pork  
are said to be us$ 9 *ick5 salad4       
,capons4--,! ca/ration ( ! male bird    
produces ! capon1 !  fle% ( :i* is v    
highly valu$ z be+ sup]ior to t (  !    
male or female *ick54 ,capons are mu* m 
ext5sively us$ 9  ,europe ?an 9 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates b are gradually com+ into favor 
9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is difficult to        
describe ! diff]5ce betwe5  ! ta/e ( !  
fle% ( ! capon & ! roo/] & h54 ,a great]

  degree ( t5d]ness & a m delicate ta/e 
*>act]ize ! fle%  ( ! capon4 ,9 ,france1
 especially1 ! production ( capons has  
be5 c>ri$ to its highe/ p]fection4      
,caponiz+ %\ld be practic$  at an e>ly  
date 9 ! life ( ! "y bird4 ,9 fact1 z   
soon  z ! di/9ction 9 sex is well m>k$ 9
 ! "y *ick5 !  removal ( ! te/es %\ld   
take place4 ,! "y f[l is laid ^u  its   
left side & ! sk9 is expos$ by pull+    
back ! fea!rs  & trimm+ !m (f at ! prop]
 place until ! space betwe5 !  fir/ &   
second ribs ( ! "r side is laid b>e4 ,an
 incision is  !n c>efully made & ! te/es
 remov$ by in/rum5ts p>ticul>ly  adapt$ 
= t purpose4 ,! op]ation %\ld be done by
 an exp]t  al?\gh !oretically x appe>s  
easy ( accompli%m5t4 ,9 practice1       
h[ev]1 x requires an exp]t to avoid any 
injury to ! bird & to  insure a spe$y   
recov]y4 ,:5 done 9 ! prop] way1        
app>5tly no  great inconv5i5ce att5ds ! 
op]ation4 ,!re is little blood %$  &    
usually no inflammation :5 ! prop]      
antiseptic measures are  provid$4    ,! 

capon develops a bird t app>5tly has    
little to d except  gr[ fat & prep>e    
itself = ! m>ket4 ,! caponiz$ bird (t5  
develops brood+ in/9cts & :5 eggs are   
hat*$ by ! heat (  ! bird ! capon makes 
a bett] brood] ?an ! h5 because (  !    
great] spread ( ! w+s & ! l>g] numb] (  
eggs t  c be cov]$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,! l>g]
 bre$s ( birds make !  be/ capons su* z 
! brahmas & plym\? rocks4 ,! capons are 
fatt5$ & prep>$ = ! m>ket z 9 ! case (  
o!r birds4  ,:5 skimm$ milk is made a   
l>ge portion ( ! diet ! fle% is         
consid]$ to be ( great] value4 ,! be/   
age = m>ket+ a capon  is at ab\t twelve 
mon?s4 ,at t "t !y h atta9$ _! full     
size & _! maximum degree ( excell5ce z a
 food bird4 ,! fe$+  %\ld be done ^u !  
pr9ciples already describ$1 namely1 to  
keep  ! birds gr[+ 9 ! usual way until  
ab\t ?ree or f\r weeks  be=e ! m>ket :5 
! extra food is giv5 9 z l>ge quantities
  z possible = quick fatt5+4 ,9 ,europe 
?is extra food is usually  giv5         
me*anically "u ! =c$ sy/em ?\gh 9 ?is   

c\ntry !  me*anical me?od ( fe$+ capons 
has n g5]ally be5 introduc$4    ,capons 
br+ a high] price ^u ! m>ket ?an ! o!r  
v>ieties (  *ick51 sometimes ! diff]5ce 
be+ z mu* z f\r or five c5ts a  p\nd4 ,=
 ?is reason ! gr[? ( capons becomes m   
pr(itable to  ! f>m] ?an t ( ! ord9>y   
*ick54      ,duck 7,anas bos*as74--,!   
dome/icat$ duck is us$ v l>gely  = food 
9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,its flavor is n s   
highly priz$  z t ( ! wild duck b x is  
an excell5t article ( diet4 ,!          
production ( ducks is conduct$ 9 ! same 
mann] z ! production  ( p\ltry 9 g5]al4 
,!y are /ill *iefly gr[n ^u ! f>m  )\t  
any special c>e b ! be/ results are     
obta9$ by !  sy/ematic gr[? ( ducks "u  
sci5tific conditions 9 p\ltry  h\ses4 ,!
 duck is n s ext5sively us$ = food z !  
turkey &  *ick5 b p]haps 9 ?is c\ntry   
mu* m ext5sively ?an !  goose4 ,! price 
( ! wild duck1 h[ev]1 is /ill           
suffici5tly l[  to limit to a c]ta9     
ext5t ! production ( ! dome/icat$       
article4      ,v>ieties ( ,ducks4--,!re 

are _m v>ieties ( ducks cultivat$ =  !  
m>ket4 ,! ,pek9 is p]haps ! mo/ abundant
 ( all4 ,x is creamy  :ite 9 color1 has 
a long & graceful body & has be5        
p>ticul>ly  br$ = ! m>ket4 ,:5 ready = !
 m>ket ! av]age weight (  ! drake is    
ab\t eight p\nds & ! duck sev54 ,!      
,aylesbury is  also a favorite v>iety4  
,x is said to be some:at :it] ?an !     
,pek9 9 color4 ,x is specially valu$ 9  
,engl& z a m>ket duck4  ,x is some:at   
l>g] ?an ! ,pek94 ,o!r v>ieties ( ducks 
are  ! ,rov]1 ! ,cayuga1 ! ,gray & ,:ite
 ,call1 ! ,ea/ ,indian1 !  ,cre/$ ,:ite1
 ! color$ & :ite ,muscovy1 & ! ,indian  
runn]4  ,! latt] is a v small duck1 be+ 
only ab\t "o-half ! size (  ! ,pek94    
,usually ! ducks on ! m>ket are n       
designat$ by any  p>ticul> v>iety &1 9  
fact1 mo/ consum]s are n suffici5tly    
acqua9t$ ) ! diff]5t v>ieties ( duck to 
be able to ask =  any p>ticul> "o4 ,!   
mall>d1 canvas-back1 & teal are common  
v>ieties ( ! wild duck4                 
,composition ( ! ,fle% ( ,ducks4--,!    

fle% ( two v>ieties (  ducks1 namely !  
,pek9 duck & ! ,mall>d duck1 0 c>efully 
sep>at$ 9 ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry &        
subject$ to analysis4 ,!  composition ( 
! meat ( ^! two ducks is %[n 9 ! foll[+ 
table3                                  
,,wat] ,,9                              
,,fat-,,free                            
,,meat                   ,,wat]4        
,,sub/ance4    ,,fat4    ,,prote94      
,,bases4                  ,p]c5t4       
,p]c5t4   ,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4     
,pek9 duck1    #dg4df      #gh4bj       
#ci4ca     #ac4cg      4#dc    ,mall>d  
duck1  #fi4jf      #ge4ih       #g4aa   
#ai4be      4#fe      ,! above data %[ a
 /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two v>ieties  
( ducks4 ,! ,pek9 duck has a l>ge excess
 ( fat :ile ! ,mall>d  duck1 :i* is a   
wild duck & evid5tly n v fat1 has a     
small  p]c5tage ( fat & a l>ge p]c5tage 
( prote94 ,x is evid5t  t ! fle% ( wild 
f[l w\ld n1 except at a c]ta9 season (  
! ye>1 approa* t ( dome/icat$ f[ls 9 !  
p]c5tage ( fat  :i* x conta9s4          

,goose 7,ans] ans]74--,! goose is n s   
commonly us$ z a food  product 9 ?is    
c\ntry z 9 ,europe1--! turkey to "s     
ext5t has  tak5 its place4 ,! rem>ks :i*
 are applicable to ! production (       
*ick5s are also applicable to !         
production ( geese4 ,!y1 p]haps1  are   
gr[n m ext5sively 9 ! old-fa%ion$ way 9 
?is c\ntry  ?an *ick5s or turkeys at !  
pres5t "t s9ce !y are us$  *iefly = !   
fea!rs :i* !y produce & n = food4 ,goose
 is  also consid]$ a w9t] di% bo? 9 ?is 
c\ntry & 9 ,europe4 ,x  is cu/om>y 9    
,europe t ! goose be hung ev5 = a long] 
p]iod  be=e consumption ?an ! *ick54    
,its fle% is made m t5d] &  m palatable 
by ?is prelim9>y exposure4 ,f "o to two 
weeks is  n consid]$ too long a "t 9 !  
w9t] = hang+ 9 ! old  c\ntry4 ,! rem>ks 
relative to cold /orage ( turkey & *ick5
  apply also to ! goose4 ,! goose is1   
p]haps1 ! mo/ easily  artificially      
fatt5$ ( any o!r p\ltry birds4 ,?is is  
especially  true 9 ^? regions :]e fatty 
goose liv]s are s highly priz$ 9  !     

manufacture ( pt de foie gras4 ,by      
long-cont9u$ artificial  fe$+ ! goose is
 made excessively fat & ! liv]          
especially  is *ang$ 9 its composition  
by ?is treatm5t s z to make x  peculi>ly
 suitable = ! production ( ?is delicacy4
      ,v>ieties ( ,geese4--,! v>ieties (
 geese ^u ! m>ket comprise  ! foll[+    
lead+ bre$s4 ,! ,t\l\se is p]haps ! mo/ 
ext5sively rais$4 ,x is highly priz$ on 
acc\nt ( its h>dihood1  its size & !    
g5]al appe>ance ( its body4 ,x is ( a   
gray to  :ite color & ! w+s are a deep] 
gray or br[n4 ,! legs are  usually ( a  
deep orange4 ,:5 ready = ! m>ket !      
av]age weight  ( ! g&] is #bj p\nds & ! 
goose #ah4 ,( ! o!r common  v>ieties !re
 are ! ,embd51 ! ,african1 ! br[n & :ite
  ,*9ese1 ! :ite or ,canada1 & !        
,egyptian4 ,! latt] is a small  goose   
only weigh+ ab\t half z mu* z ! ,t\l\se 
:5 ready =  ! m>ket4 ,! wild goose is   
highly e/eem$ z a game bird4      ,fe$+ 
( ,"y ,geese = ! ,m>ket4--,! fe$+ (     
geese =  ! m>ket beg9s z soon z ! hat*+ 

is complete4 ,! fir/ meal  ( ! "y *icks 
consi/s ( oat meal1 middl+s1 f9ely *opp$
  d&elions1 lettuce or "s simil> gre5   
/uff1 & milk4 ,! gosl+s  dur+ ! fir/    
week are kept indoors & %\ld be f$ f\r  
or five  times a day on ! mixture above 
nam$4 ,aft] ?is !y may g into  a y>d :]e
 !re is pl5ty ( grass1 n ov]gr[n1 & !y w
  ?rive on ?is v well = a "t )\t h&     
fe$+4 ,n m ?an  two fe$+s a day are     
necess>y betwe5 ! ages ( "o & six weeks 
:]e pl5ty ( grass is at h&4 ,dur+ ?is "t
 no bett] food ?an  gr\nd oats & skimm$ 
milk c be us$4 ,dur+ all ?is p]iod great
  c>e is tak5 t ! gosl+s are n subject$ 
to any disease or  to cold4 ,!y %\ld be 
c>efully h\s$ 9 sanit>y c\ps :]e !      
temp]ature does n s9k too l[ & :]e !y   
are protect$ f  cold ra9s4 ,aft] !      
gosl+s are eight weeks old !y are       
usually  able to take c>e ( !mselves 9  
respect ( food & ne$1 p]haps  only "o   
fe$+ a day4 ,if ^! gosl+s are hat*$ 9 ! 
e>ly  spr+ !y may be ready = fatt5+ = ! 
,*ri/mas m>ket4 ,!  geese until %ortly  

be=e ! "t = m>ket are all[$ to run free 
9 a field1 n too l>ge1 :]e !re are ponds
 or tr\ghs ( wat]  9 abundance4 ,9 ?is  
way ! frame ( ! goose w be suffici5tly  
develop$ by ! "t ! fatt5+ p]iod comes b 
!re w h  be5 no unusual exp5se 9 !      
production ( ! f[l until x is  prep>$ = 
! m>ket4 ,! l>ge frame is necess>y 9    
ord] t  ! goose may prop]ly fatt54 ,x   
usually requires ab\t ?ree weeks  (     
artificial fe$+ to br+ a goose into     
prop] condition = !  m>ket4 ,if ! geese 
are = ! ,*ri/mas m>ket ab\t ! #be? (    
,novemb] !y are put up 9 %$s = fatt5+ = 
?\gh !y h  be5 well f$ dur+ ! summ] &   
autumn !y _c be call$ fat  geese until  
!y h gone ?r\gh a special c\rse (       
nutrition4 ,:ile  !y are conf9$ =       
fatt5+1 geese require pl5ty ( fre% air b
  v little light & ^! conditions are    
procur$ by h\s+ !m 9  l>ge airy %$s )\t 
w9d[s4 ,be=e ! fatt5+ season ^!  %$s are
 ?or\ghly clean$ & :itewa%$ & ! floor   
cov]$ )  c9d]s1 a%es1 & *>coal4 ,?is    
mixture is n only a good b$d+  b is also

 a good deodoriz]1 :i* is q important4  
,food tr\ghs  are arrang$ along ! walls 
inside ! %$ & tr\ghs = wat]  outside 9  
su* a way t ! birds c rea* ! wat] b _c  
get  into x4 ,clean *>coal is to be put 
into ! %$ e day z x is  con/antly eat5  
by ! geese & is valuable4 ,! foods us$  
are oat  meal1 boil$ potatoes1 l9se$    
meal or o!r oil cakes1 & pl5ty (  milk1 
usually skimm$4 ,! birds %\ld h all (   
?is t !y c  eat1 = 9 ! process we are n[
 describ+ ! artificial =c+  ( food into 
! craw is n practic$4 ,9 ?ree weeks a   
good goose  w increase f\r or five p\nds
 9 weight & ?is increase br+s  ! goose  
up f an ord9>y bird 9 good condition to 
"o :i* is  prop]ly f$ = ! m>ket4    ,!  
kill+ ( geese is practic$ 9 practically 
! same mann] z  t :i* is describ$ =     
slaught]+ f[ls4 ,a goose is a bird  (   
l>ge vitality & dies h>d z is ! case )  
mo/ f[ls4 ,!  fea!rs %\ld be tak5 (f !  
body clean1 z !y are valuable =         
comm]cial purposes4 ,any p9 fea!rs %\ld 
be cut ) a %>p knife  s z to make ! bird

 look z clean z possible :5 br\ght to ! 
m>ket4 ,! c>cass ( ! goose %\ld n be    
pack$ to s5d to m>ket  until x is       
entirely cold & 9 ?is c\ntry1           
especially1 :]e !  di/ances are great1 x
 is advisable to s5d x pack$ 9 ice or 9 
a  cold /orage c>4 ,! av]age weight ( a 
goose ab\t n9e mon?s old  ?us prep>$ = !
 m>ket is ab\t f\rte5 p\nds & ! fle% is 
c]ta9 to be m palatable at ?is age :5   
fatt5$ 9 ! mann]  above describ$4       
,dome/icat$ ,pigeon 7,columba           
livia74--,9 ! la/ few ye>s !  production
 ( dome/icat$ pigeons has be5 ext5sively
 practic$ 9  ?is c\ntry1 & especially ! 
production ( "y pigeons :i* are  kn[n z 
squabs4 ,!y are rapidly tak+ ! place (  
game birds at !  hotels & re/aurants ( !
 c\ntry4 ,! conditions ( production1    
prep>ation1 etc41 are ! same z ^? = !   
ord9>y dome/icat$  f[l4 ,!re are _m     
v>ieties ( ! bird gr[n2 "s1 z ! c>ri]1  
= special purposes4 ,! o!r pr9cipal     
v>ieties are b>bs1  fantails1 jacob9s1  
runts1 trumpet]s1 tumbl]s1 & turbits4   

,turkey 7,meleagris am]icana74--,9 g5]al
 ! /atem5t :i* has  be5 made reg>d+ !   
production ( f[ls or *ick5s may be      
appli$  also to ! production ( turkeys4 
,no fur!r comm5t1 !re=e1 is to  be made 
"u t head4 ,! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( secur+
 turkeys  gr[n "u natural conditions    
has1 to a great ext5t1 giv5 way to !    
production ( turkeys on a l>ge scale &  
"u sci5tific conditions4  ,turkeys1 z a 
rule1 are n eat5 "y1 b practically      
full-gr[n4  ,9 ?is c\ntry ! turkey is a 
di% :i* is p>ticul>ly affect$  = fe/ive 
occasions su* z ,?anksgiv+ & ,*ri/mas1  
?\gh !y  are eat5 l>gely ?r\gh\t ! :ole 
ye>4 ,! m>ket1 h[ev]1 =  turkeys is     
p>ticul>ly a ,novemb] & ,decemb] m>ket &
 ! l>ge  introduction ( turkeys 9 !     
m>ket is s tim$ z to furni% !m 9  prop] 
condition = consumption dur+ ^? two     
mon?s4    ,! me?ods ( prep>+ turkeys = !
 m>ket1 keep+ !m 9 cold  /orage1 ( hang+
 !m previ\s to consumption & expos+ !m  
drawn or undrawn = sale1 are subject to 
! same rem>ks z has be5  made 9 ! case (

 *ick5s4 ,turkeys are said to be m      
difficult to  c>e =1 bo? on ! f>m & 9 ! 
pr(essional p\ltry factory1  ?an *ick5s4
 ,!y are m subject to disease & m       
difficult to  br+ to maturity ?an       
*ick5s4      ,composition ( ,meat (     
,turkey4--,! fle% ( ! turkey 0 sep>at$  
into two portions1 ! :ite & d>k meats1 &
 ^! 7 f\nd to  h ! foll[+ composition3  
,,wat] ,,9                              
,,fat-,,free                            
,,meat                 ,,wat]4          
,,sub/ance4    ,,fat4    ,,prote94      
,,bases4    ,:ite meat1  #ee4ej         
#gd4gj      #be4ga     #ah4ca      #a4ca
    ,d>k meat1   #ed4ac      #ge4gf     
#bg4gf     #af4ge      #a4ae    ,a      
comp>ison ( ^! two analyses %[ t !re is 
little diff]5ce  9 ! cont5t ( wat] 9 !  
:ite & d>k meat4 ,! d>k meat1 z  9 !    
case ( *ick51 has m fat & a             
correspond+ly less am\nt  ( prote94 ,!  
quantity ( prote9 9 ! meat ( turkey is  
ab\t !  same z t ( *ick54 ,! :ite meat (
 turkey diff]s f !  :ite meat ( *ick5 m 

9 its cont5t ( meat bases ?an 9 any  o!r
 way1 except t ! meat ( turkey conta9s m
 fat1 especially  ! :ite meat1 ?an t (  
*ick54      ,composition ( ! ,meat (    
,*ick51 ,turkey1 ,duck1 & ,goose4--,!   
composition ( ! *ick51 turkey1 duck1    
goose1 & pigeon z giv5 by  ,knig is f\nd
 9 ! foll[+ table3                      
,,wat]4  ,,prote94  ,,fat4  ,,a%4       
,*ick5 7lean71     #gf4bb   #ai4gb      
#a4db  #a4cg    ,*ick5 7fat71           
#gj4jf   #ah4di    #i4cd   4#ia    ,"y  
cock 7fat71   #gj4jc   #bc4cb    #c4ae  
#a4ja    ,turkey1             #fe4fj    
#bd4gj    #h4ej  #a4bj    ,duck 7wild71 
#gj4hj   #bb4fe    #c4aa  #a4ji         
,goose 7fat71        #ch4jb   #ae4ia    
#di4ei   4#dh    ,! above data %[ t ) ! 
exception ( ! goose ! p]c5tage  ( fat   
giv5 9 ! fle% ( ! animals is v mu* less 
?an t  f\nd 9 our own "w4 ,ev5 9 ! fat  
*ick5 only a little ov] #i  p]c5t ( fat 
0 f\nd4 ,x is believ$ t ! composition ( 
^!  f[ls z giv5 by ! "w ( ! ,bureau (   
,*emi/ry m ne>ly  repres5ts ! av]age    

composition 9 ?is c\ntry ?an ! data tak5
  f ,knig4      ,importance ( ,animal   
,food 9 ! ,gr[? ( ,p\ltry4--,_m p       
suppose t p\ltry c live ^u vegetables   
alone & ?is is  probably true4          
,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 %[s t p\ltry does n   
?rive  & fatt5 well on purely vegetable 
food4 ,?is fact 0 br\ght out  v         
prom95tly 9 ! exp]im5ts at ! ,cornell   
/ation :]e  p\ltry ( ! same orig9 & "* 0
 f$ two k9ds ( diet1  "o be+ p>tly (    
animal food & ! o!r purely vegetable    
foods4  ,! ration ( ! animal food       
consi/$ ( ,indian corn meal1 :eat  fl\r1
 gr\nd oats1 :eat bran1 :eat middl+s1   
pea meal1 l9se$  meal1 meat1 & fre%     
bone4 ,! vegetable ration consi/$ ( pea 
meal1 l9se$ meal1 :eat bran1 gr\nd oats1
 ,indian corn meal1 :eat  middl+s1 glut5
 meal1 & skimm$ milk4 ,be=e ! exp]im5t  
_h  be5 long "u way x 0 notic$ t ! birds
 receiv+ ! meat  food 7 develop+ rapidly
 & ev5ly :ile ^? t receiv$  ! purely    
vegetable diet 7 becom+ ?9 & unev5 9    
size4 ,!  au?ors ( ! bullet9 say t x 0  

sometimes almo/ pitiful to  see !       
long-neck$1 scrawny1 vegetable-f$ birds1
 ) tr\ghs full  ( abundant good1        
:olesome food be=e !m1 /& on ! al]t  &  
scamp] 9 hot ha/e aft] ! unlucky        
gras%opp] or fly :i*  v5tur$ into _! p51
 :ile ! cont5t$ look+ meat-f$ ducks lay 
lazily 9 ! sun & paid no att5tion to !  
buzz+ bee or crawl+  beetle4 ,!         
vegetable-f$ birds lit]ally />v$ to     
dea?1 at lea/  _m ( !m1 s t only tw5ty (
 ! ?irty-?ree ) :i* !  exp]im5t 0       
comm5c$ 7 alive at ! close ( ! fifte5   
weeks  ( fe$+4      ,! ,=c$ ,fatt5+ (   
,p\ltry4--,allusion has already be5 made
 to  ! =c$ fatt5+ ( p\ltry secur$ by    
inject+ food into ! craw  9 l>g]        
quantities ?an w\ld naturally be tak5 by
 ! f[l if left  to itself4 ,!re is mu*  
to be said bo? = & aga9/ ?is me?od  (   
fatt5+4 ,9 favor ( ?is me?od x may be   
/at$ t ! birds  fatt5$ 9 ?is way are m  
highly priz$ by ! connoisseur1 are      
naturally fatt] by reason ( ! en=c$     
idl5ess ( ! birds dur+  ! fatt5+        

process1 ?us dim9i%+ muscul> activity1 &
 m  t5d] ?an ! birds left at fre$om &   
=c$ to secure _! own  food4 ,f ! po9t ( 
view ( ! sell]1 also1 ! birds are heavi]
  & ! artificially fatt5$ f[l usually   
br+s a high] price1 p\nd  = p\nd1 on !  
m>ket4 ,aga9/ ! me?od x is urg$ t x is  
b>b>\s1 impos+ ^u ! birds a diet f>     
beyond normal capacity  & ?us t5d+ to   
damage & injure ! organs ( ! body *>g$  
) ! assimilation ( food & ! secretion ( 
! wa/e products4    ,! above indictm5t  
is d\btless true is almo/ e respect4 ,9 
explanation x may be said t ! p]iod (   
=c+ food is always  a %ort "o1 r>ely    
ext5d+ beyond ?ree weeks1 &1 !re=e1  any
 injury to ! organs :i* might be induc$ 
is n ( suffici5t  duration to e/abli%   
any real =m ( disease4 ,9 o!r words1 !  
birds are slaught]$ be=e any lesions ( !
 organs are produc$4  ,! liv]s ( !      
animals1 especially geese1 ?us          
artificially  fatt5$1 take on an extra  
quantity ( fat dur+ ?is p]iod b x  _c be
 said t !y become really diseas$4 ,!    

fatty liv]s1 z  is well kn[n1 are us$   
p>ticul>ly 9 ! manufacture ( a mix$     
spic$ meat kn[n z pt de foie gras4      
,^u ! :ole x is believ$ t no injury is  
done ! bird by ?is  process ( fe$+ :i*  
c\ld 9 any way be reg>d$ z detrim5tal to
  ! fle% z a food product4 ,9 reg>d to !
 app>5t b>b>ity ( !  process little ne$ 
be said4 ,! slaught] ( animals = human  
food  9 itself is a b>b>\s practice f "o
 po9t ( view b if ?is  practice is      
ju/ifi$1 z x d\btless is1 by ! exig5cies
 ( human  nutrition1 ! slight degree (  
=ce :i* is employ$ 9 artificial  fatt5+ 
_c be condemn$4 ,moreov] ! artificial   
fatt5+ (  ! f[l is ( necessity a some:at
 limit$ op]ation & conf9$ to  ^?        
e/abli%m5ts t are devot$ exclusively to 
! production  ( high-grade & high-pric$ 
p\ltry = ! m>ket4 ,! fatt5+  is done by 
exp]ts &1 9 s f> z ! exp]i5ce ( fe$+ m5 
9  ! same way is conc]n$1 is n att5d$ ) 
any pa9 or discom=t  o!r ?an t incid5t  
to a *ronically full craw4              
,increase 9 ,weight4--,!re is a l>g]    

increase 9 ! weight (  artificially     
fatt5$ p\ltry ov] ^? f$ 9 ! ord9>y way &
  all[$ to run free ?an is usually      
suppos$4 ,x is /at$ by "s  au?ors t !   
av]age increase 9 weight ( artificially 
fatt5$  birds is z mu* z #ce p]c5t4 ,!re
 is no secret connect$ ) !  me?od (     
artificial fatt5+ z is sometimes        
suppos$4 ,!re are  p]haps propriet>y    
me?ods = prep>+ foods = fatt5+ purposes 
b !re is no secret 9 ! me*anism ( !     
process4 ,9 fact !  process is s simple 
t x might be easily taught 9 a g5]al    
way s t ! f>m h& w\ld become an exp]t 9 
its use & !  f>m]'s p\ltry in/ead ( be+ 
s5t to m>ket 9 a half-emaciat$          
condition might be (f]$ to ! public 9 ! 
be/ possible %ape4  ,p\ltry runn+ at    
l>ge use up a l>ge "p ( ! value ( _!    
food 9 ! heat & en]gy develop$ 9 !      
ord9>y se>* = food4  ,:5 conf9$ & f$    
artificially ?is excess ( heat & en]gy  
is  naturally /or$ z fat4    ,exp]i5ce  
has %[n t ! artificial fe$+ mu/ be a    
limit$  "o & ! bird mu/ be s5t to m>ket 

z soon z x has rea*$ its  maximum (     
p]fection "u ! process4 ,exp]i5ce has   
also %[n  t 9 ! artificial fe$+ x is be/
 to h ea* bird 9 a small  comp>tm5t to  
itself ) ! cage s arrang$ t ! bird c put
  its head ?r\gh a slat 9 front & ?us   
receive ! food f !  ma*9e )\t di/urb+   
any ( its neighbors4 ,t ! birds are     
p]fectly will+ to take ! food 9 ?is way 
is evid5c$ by ! fact  t !y volunt>ily   
put _! heads ?r\gh ! ap]tures to receive
  _! food4 ,ea* individual c\p mu/ be   
kept scrupul\sly clean &  dis9fect$ & ! 
air 9 ! room kept p]fectly fre% & sweet4
  ,lime %\ld be us$ freely 9 all p>ts ( 
! c\p h\se 9 ! =m  ( :itewa% or spr9kl$ 
ab\t ! floor or ^u ! floors ( !  c\ps4  
,gypsum or ord9>y l& pla/] is also      
highly priz$ z ano!r  =m ( lime :i* is  
f\nd to be v valuable4 ,! :itewa% mu/ be
  freely indulg$ 9 & at frequ5t         
int]vals4    ,!re are v>i\s =ms ( fatt5+
 food us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,indian  corn   
meal =ms an important "p4 ,! pres5ce (  
c]ta9 animal  products mu/ n be neglect$

 9 ! food z x has be5 %[n t  f[ls ?rive 
bett] :5 giv51 9 _! food1 a c]ta9 am\nt 
(  animal matt]1 bo? ( fle% & f9ely     
gr\nd bone4 ,! fatt5+ food  mu/ be 9 !  
=m ( a f9ely gr\nd pa/e ( ! prop]       
consi/5cy  to be h&l$ well 9 ! ma*9e4 ,x
 is a univ]sal practice :i*  cu/om has  
%[n to be necess>y to mix ) ! food a    
c]ta9  quantity ( f9ely pulv]iz$ *>coal1
 usually ab\t ?ree p\nds (  ! *>coal to 
#ig p\nds ( food4 ,"s fe$]s pref] to mix
 ! pa/e  ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e x is  
adm9i/]$1 believ+ t !  slight f]m5tation
 ?us produc$ is b5eficial4      ,!      
,cramm+ ,ma*9e4--,v>i\s =ms ( ma*9es are
 employ$ =  introduc+ ! food into !     
craw4 ,! tube c>ry+ ! food is  introduc$
 into ! esophagus ( ! bird 9 a mann] to 
avoid any pa9  & ! app>atus is s adju/$ 
t ) a s+le movem5t ( !  ma*9e1 usually  
op]at$ by ! foot1 ! prop] am\nt ( food  
is  inject$4 ,! birds %\ld be arrang$   
accord+ to size s t all (  a c]ta9 size 
may h exactly ! same quantity ( food    
adm9i/]$4  ,! op]ator w\ld ?us be sav$ !

 difficulty ( guess+ !  diff]5t sizes4  
,! arrangem5t ( ! c\ps & ! k9d ( !      
cramm+ ma*9e v>y greatly4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( 
artificial fe$+  ! birds %\ld n be pu%$ 
to _! full capacity4 ,an increas+       
quantity ( food %\ld be giv5 up to ! end
 ( ! fir/ week or  t5 days be=e ! full  
maximum dose is adm9i/]$4 ,9 g5]al x  is
 f\nd be/ to take ! bird out ( ! c\p =  
fe$+1 hold+  x "u ! arm s t ! neck c be 
made p]fectly /raight &  g5tly ins]t+ ! 
flexible tube :i* c>ries ! food & ?us  )
 ! s+le movem5t ( a lev]1 fill+ ! craw4 
,! use ( !  ma*9e1 h[ev]1 is f\nd to be 
advantage\s f a po9t ( economy  al?\gh x
 is claim$ t ! cramm+ ( birds by means (
 a  funnel has be5 f\nd v efficaci\s4 ,)
 a good ma*9e an exp]t  op]ator c fe$   
ab\t #bej birds 9 an h\r4 ,an important 
po9t 9 !  fatt5+ is t ! food %\ld be    
giv5 regul>ly4      ,slaught]+ ,f[ls = !
 ,m>ket4--,x is important t a uni=m  &  
prop] me?od be us$ = kill+ f[ls int5d$ =
 ! m>ket4  ,!re are two me?ods 9 common 
vogue1 namely1 by ble$+ & by            

dislocation ( ! neck4 ,! me?od ( kill+  
is important 9 ord]  t ! prop] me?od (  
dress+ = ! m>ket may be secur$4 ,a  f[l 
:i* is (f]$ = sale ought to be          
attractively dress$ & any  brutal or    
defac+ me?od ( slaught] makes x         
impossible aft]w>ds  to r5d] ! f[l      
attractive to ! cu/om]4    ,9 kill+ by !
 dislocation ( ! neck ! op]ator takes ! 
bird  by ! ?igh & top ( ! w+ 9 ! left h&
 & ! head 9 !  "r & !n draws x /eadily  
until dislocation takes place4 ,!  sk9  
rema9s unbrok5 & no bruis$ effect is    
produc$ b all !  blood 9 ! body dra9s   
into ! neck & rema9s !re4 ,?is me?od  is
 "o especially practic$ 9 ,engl&        
7,j\rnal1 ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1         
#aijd-e1 page #cjf74 ,:]e ! bird is v   
l>ge1 z is ! case )  turkeys1 x may     
require ! full /r5g? ( a man 9 ord] to  
produce  ! dislocation 9 ! mann]        
m5tion$4 ,9 ?is case x is (t5  necess>y 
to fir/ hang ! bird up by ! leg to      
secure ! be/  results4    ,9 kill+ a f[l
 by ble$+ x is /rung up by ! legs ) its 

head hang+ d[nw>d4 ,! op]ator !n gives x
 a %>p bl[ ) a  /ick on ! back ( ! head 
& :5 he has /unn$ x by ?is means  he    
ins]ts a %>p knife into ! ro( ( ! m\?1  
p5etrat+ !  bra94 ,he also sev]s ! l>ge 
art]y ( ! ?roat by rotat+ !  knife & !  
bird rapidly ble$s to dea?4 ,?is me?od (
 kill+1 x  is se51 is n a v humane "o4  
,if1 = in/ance1 ! s5sation (  ! bird is 
n de/roy$ by ! fir/ bl[ ! o!r process   
mu/ be  ne$lessly pa9ful4 ,?is process1 
simplifi$ some:at by omitt+ !  hang+1 is
 ! "o commonly foll[$ by pr(essionals 9 
?is c\ntry4  ,9 ,engl& turkeys :i* are  
prep>$ = ! m>ket are pluck$ b  n drawn4 
,"o ( ! newe/ me?ods ( pluck+ is kn[n z 
!  ,devon%ire /yle & consi/s 9 /ripp+ ! 
fea!rs clean (f !  brea/ & ?ighs b leav+
 ! neck1 back & w+s cov]$4 ,!  f[ls are 
!n ti$ ar\nd ! legs ) a /rong cord 9 su*
 a mann]  z to %[ ! plumpness ( ! brea/ 
prom95tly4    ,! me?ods ( prep>ation ( !
 f[ls dep5d l>gely on ! dem&s  ( ! m>ket
 to :i* !y are go+4 ,"s require ! f[ls  
to be  clean pluck$ & o!rs pref] "s ( ! 

fea!rs left on4      ,eggs4--,eggs are a
 common article ( diet ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! 
eggs ( dome/icat$ f[ls are ^? :i* are   
pr9cipally us$ =  food1 ?\gh ! eggs (   
wild f[ls1 & birds & reptiles are also  
edible b on acc\nt ( ! difficulty (     
gett+ !m & _!  r>ity are n to be        
consid]$ z a comm]cial article4 ,! *ief 
s\rces ( supply are ! eggs ( *ick5s1    
ducks1 & geese4 ,*ick5  eggs are by f> !
 mo/ important1 duck eggs ! next        
important1 &  goose eggs ! lea/         
important4 ,! eggs ( fi% also con/itute 
an  article ( food ( consid]able value &
 are ext5sively us$4 ,=  in/ance ! fre% 
eggs ( %ad are us$ 9 l>ge quantities    
dur+  ! :ole ( ! %ad season & are (t5   
kept 9 cold /orage =  use at o!r times4 
,! eggs ( /urgeon are us$ ext5sively 9 !
  fre% /ate & :5 pickl$ z cavi> are     
highly e/eem$ ?r\gh\t  ! _w4 ,^! two    
k9ds ( eggs are probably ! mo/ important
 (  fi% eggs us$ = food purposes4 ,*ick5
 eggs v>y greatly 9 size  accord+ to !  
age & v>iety ( ! f[l4 ,! av]age weight (

  *ick5 eggs is #fhj grams p] doz54 ,!y 
v>y also 9 color f pure  :ite to a      
br[ni% yell[4 ,duck eggs are l>g] & also
 v>iegat$ 9  color4 ,! av]age weight (  
duck eggs is #hdg4b grams p] doz54      
,goose  eggs are ! l>ge/ ( ! ?ree       
v>ieties1 v>y+ also 9 color4  ,!y weigh 
on an av]age #bbhd4h grams p] doz54     
,eggs also v>y greatly  9 %ape1 be+     
g5]ally ovoid b "s be+ mu* m sph]ical   
?an  o!rs accord+ to ! species ( ! f[l &
 v>iety4 ,! numb]  ( eggs :i* a *ick5 w 
lay v>ies greatly4 ,attempts h be5      
made1 ) great success1 at exp]im5t      
/ations1 to develop *ick5s  ) high lay+ 
p[]s4 ,a h5 :i* w produce ov] #bjj eggs 
a ye>  is reg>d$ z a high-grade f[l =   
egg-produc+ purposes4 ,eggs are  produc$
 m abundantly dur+ ! e>ly spr+ & summ]  
?an dur+  ! w9t] mon?s4 ,"o ( ! purposes
 ( sci5tific egg produc+ is  !          
developm5t ( f[ls t w produce eggs m    
ev5ly ?r\gh\t  ! :ole ye>1 ?us avoid+ ! 
v great depression 9 ! price (  eggs 9 !
 spr+ & ! excessively high price ( eggs 

9 ! w9t]4      ,composition ( ,eggs4--,a
 l>ge numb] ( eggs h be5 analyz$ 9  all 
qu>t]s ( ! _w & f\nd to v>y b little 9  
composition  9 diff]5t localities1 & v  
little also 9 reg>d to ! v>iety  ( !    
f[l4 ,! egg consi/s ess5tially ( two    
portions1--an  ext]nal highly album9\s  
portion kn[n z ! :ite & an int]nal      
color$ portion1 yell[ or r$di% 9 t9t1   
kn[n z ! yolk4 ,!  :ite ( an egg is     
compos$ almo/ entirely ( album9 p>tially
  dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,! yolk ( ! egg is   
compos$ ( album91 fat1  & a             
phosphorus-be>+ mat]ial ( high nutritive
 value kn[n z  leci?94 ,! yolk ( an egg 
is a mu* ri*] food product ?an !  :ite1 
conta9+ 9 addition to ! nitrog5\s elem5t
 ! fat &  m9]al bodies necess>y to      
nutrition4 ,bo? ! :ite & yolk ( an  egg 
are compos$ pr9cipally ( wat] z w be se5
 by ! foll[+  analytical data3          
,,composition ,,( ,,edible ,,"p ,,(     
,,eggs4               ,,wat]4           
,,prote94    ,,fat4      ,,a%4          
,,calories4            ,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4 

,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4  ,p] p\nd4    ,h51     
#gc4g      #ac4d      #aj4e       #a4j  
4444    ,duck1    #gj4e      #ac4c      
#ad4e       #a4j        #ihe    ,goose1 
#fi4e      #ac4h      #ad4d       #a4j  
#ihe    ,turkey1  #gc4c      #ac4d      
#aa4b       #j4i        #hej            
,pres]vation ( ,eggs4--,fre%ly laid eggs
 may be pres]v$ = sev]al  days )\t any  
notable det]ioration by keep+ 9 a cool  
place4 ,!  temp]ature ( pres]vation %\ld
 be z ne>ly ! freez+ po9t  z c be       
secur$4 ,! vital processes are          
cont9ually go+ on 9  a fre% egg & h5ce  
!re is a developm5t ( a c]ta9 degree (  
heat due to ^! activities4 ,= ?is reason
 eggs c be plac$ 9 an  atmosph]e bel[ ! 
freez+ po9t ( wat] )\t be+ froz54 ,an   
additional reason = ?is is f\nd 9 ! fact
 t ! wat] :i* is  pres5t 9 eggs holds ! 
album9 & o!r bodies 9 solution & !      
freez+ po9t ( a solution is always l[]  
?an t ( ! solv5t  alone4 ,= dome/ic     
purposes :]e refrig]at+ e/abli%m5ts are 
n  available ! fre% eggs %\ld be kept 9 

a cool d>k place :]e !  temp]ature is n 
all[$ to g above #ej or #fj degrees4 ,at
 a high]  temp]ature ?an ?is fre% eggs  
lose _! fre%ness 9 a rem>kably  %ort "t4
 ,! por\s nature ( ! %ell is a condition
 :i* favors  ! det]ioration ( ! egg by !
 admission ( air & microbes into  !     
sub/ance ( ! egg itself4    ,!          
pres]vation ( eggs is1 !re=e1 mat]ially 
assi/$ by coat+  ! egg artificially ) a 
v>ni% or film ( "s k9d :i* r5d]s  ! egg 
imp]vi\s to air & wat]4 ,"o ( ! *eape/1 
simple/1  & be/ ( ^! coat+s1 z has      
already be5 not$1 is soluble  glass4    
,?is is produc$ by dissolv+ ! *emical   
sub/ance kn[n  z silicate ( soda 9 wat]1
 & dipp+ ! egg into ! solution1  remov+ 
& all[+ to dry4 ,! silicate ( soda :i*  
is ?us left  9 a ?9 film ov] ! surface (
 ! egg p5etrates & /ops !  pores & r5d]s
 ! egg %ell practically imp]vi\s bo? to 
air &  wat]4 ,?is mat]ial has ! prop]ty 
( becom+ totally insoluble 9  wat] :5 x 
has once be5 dri$ s t ev5 if ! egg is   
aft]w>ds  subject$ to ra9 or wat] 9 any 

=m ! film is n remov$4 ,_m  o!r me?ods (
 coat+ eggs h be5 employ$ & are dep5d5t 
^u  ! same pr9ciple b are p]haps n s    
effectual & simple z !  inexp5sive me?od
 above describ$4      ,cold             
,/orage4--,eggs ei!r ) or )\t ! coat+ ( 
!  surface1 usually )\t1 may be kept = a
 consid]able l5g? ( "t  )\t det]ioration
 9 cold /orage4 ,9 ?is case x is        
advisable  to r$uce ! temp]ature to !   
l[e/ possible po9t to reta9 !  semi-fre%
 condition ( ! cont5ts4 ,wat] freezes at
 #cb degrees1  b = ! reasons above      
m5tion$ ! temp]ature at :i* ! egg  is   
/or$ may be r$uc$ notably bel[ #cb      
degrees )\t dang] (  solidify+4 ,! eggs 
kept 9 cold /orage gradually acquire a  
ta/e  & aroma :i* are q diff]5t f ! fre%
 article & !  p]iod ( pres]vation %\ld  
nev] be prolong$1 probably a mon? or    
six weeks is ! extreme limit = keep+    
eggs :i* c /ill be  reg>d$ z hav+ !     
qualities ( ! fre% article4 ,9 practice1
  eggs are kept (t5 a v mu* long] "t    
s9ce ! pr9cipal object  ( cold /orage is

 to lay 9 a supply 9 ! spr+ & summ] :5  
!y are abundant & keep !m ov] until !   
next w9t]4 ,! av]age  age ( cold /orage 
eggs is probably m ?an six mon?s4 ,at   
?is  "t ! eggs h acquir$ a di/9ctly     
unpleasant odor & flavor  :i* enables   
ev5 "o :o is n an exp]t to di/+ui%      
betwe5  !m & ! fre% article4 ,su* eggs  
%\ld n be all[$ on !  m>ket except "u _!
 prop] designation s t ! pur*as] may  "k
 ! "* ( ! product he is gett+4 ,!re is a
 det]m9$  opposition on ! "p ( ^? deal+ 
9 cold /orage eggs aga9/  su* m>k+1 an  
opposition :i* c only be expla9$ by !   
fact  t ! am\nt ( det]ioration is fully 
z great z specifi$4 ,if  cold /orage    
eggs h n be5 kept long en\gh to develop 
any (  ! objectionable conditions       
m5tion$ above & are inf]ior only 9      
respect ( ta/e & aroma !re seems to be  
no j reason :y !y  %\ld be =bidd5 sale4 
,!y usually br+ a l[] price ?an fre%    
eggs produc$ at ! "t ( sale & ?us are   
br\ght m readily  )9 ! means ( ^? :o are
 less able to pay ! high] prices4  ,cold

 /orage eggs are ext5sively us$ = bak+  
purposes & 9 ?is  condition escape !    
detection ( ! consum]4 ,?is appe>s1     
h[ev]1  to be no j reason = _! use )\t  
notice4      ,brok5 ,eggs4--,an ext5sive
 indu/ry has be5 practic$ = _m ye>s  9 !
 product kn[n z brok5 eggs4 ,9 !        
prep>ation ( brok5 eggs  at times (     
great abundance1 ! eggs are collect$ &  
brok5 &  !n mix$ toge!r 9 conta9]s (    
v>i\s sizes1 (t5 z l>ge z  b>rels1 &    
pres]v$ by ! admixture ( borax4 ,f two  
to f\r  p\nds ( borax are usually       
employ$ p] #ajj p\nds ( brok5 eggs4  ,9 
?is condition ! eggs are kept f ! "t (  
great abundance  until ! "t ( high]     
prices1 namely1 f six to eight mon?s1 & 
!n s5t into comm]ce4 ,! use ( brok5 eggs
 ( ?is k9d = edible  purposes is totally
 indef5sible4 ,:ile borax prev5ts !     
developm5t  ( bact]ia x does n entirely 
inhibit enzymic action & h5ce t  subtle 
*ange ( nitrog5\s matt] :i* produces    
poison\s bodies may  g on 9 ! pres5ce ( 
borax :ile app>5tly ! egg itself rema9s 

undecompos$4 ,brok5 eggs 7 =m]ly s5t to 
?is c\ntry 9 l>ge  quantities f ,*9a &  
o!r ,asiatic c\ntries b s9ce ! passage  
( food inspection laws z appli$ to =eign
 comm]ce ! importation  ( ?is class (   
food products has be5 prohibit$1 on !   
gr\nd t  !y are unfit = human           
consumption4 ,o!r pres]v+ ag5ts h be5   
us$ 9 place ( borax = ^! products1 b all
 are op5 to simil>  objections4 ,brok5  
eggs are us$ *iefly by bak]s 9 l>ge     
cities4      ,dri$ ,eggs4--,! rapid dry+
 ( fre% eggs is p]haps an               
unobjectionable me?od ( pres]vation4 ,! 
dry+ may take place by  spread+ ! eggs 9
 a ?9 film on a dry surface1 :i* is !   
usual  me?od1 or by =c+ ! egg product   
?r\gh small orifices "u  a high pressure
 into a dry+ *amb] s adju/$ z to        
temp]ature  & size z to secure !        
desiccation ( ! m9ute p>ticles ( egg    
spray be=e !y fall to ! bottom4 ,?is    
me?od is p]haps ! be/  :i* has yet be5  
develop$ 9 ! desiccation ( su* products4
 ,!  egg p[d] ?us =m$ is almo/ devoid ( 

moi/ure & :5 prop]ly  collect$ & /or$   
out ( contact ) ! air1 may be kept =  a 
"t )\t det]ioration4 ,dry egg products  
su* z h be5  describ$ made f fre% eggs1 
may be consid]$ unobjectionable = a     
reasonable l5g? ( "t4 ,un=tunately dri$ 
products are sometimes  made f decay$   
eggs4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> a factory mak+ a  
product  ( ?is k9d 0 discov]$ by ! food 
inspector ( "o ( our l>ge  cities4      
,egg ,sub/itutes4--,_m products h be5   
put ^u ! m>ket ( a  yell[ color &       
conta9+ prote9 "u ! guise ( eggs4 ,!re  
is a  numb] ( s-call$ egg p[d]s (f]$ =  
mak+ cakes1 etc41 :i*  conta9 no egg at 
all4 ,!y are compos$ ( o!r =ms ( prote9 
matt]1 g5]ally case9 f milk1 & color$ to
 resemble ! egg 9  t9t4 ,/>*y sub/ances 
are also color$ & sold z egg p[d]4 ,^!  
sub/ances may be reg>d$ z adult]ations  
:5 sold "u ! "n  or 9 ! guise ( an egg  
product4 ,!re are no o!r adult]ations ( 
eggs ( any consequ5ce practic$ except ! 
simulation ( egg mat]ial  by su*        
products z ^? j m5tion$4      ,poison\s 

,pr9ciples 9 ,eggs4--,:ile fre% eggs =  
mo/ p  =m a food product entirely devoid
 ( dang]1 nutriti\s & easily  dige/ible1
 eggs may easily become injuri\s & ev5  
poison\s4  ,accord+ to exp]im5ts made by
 ,b\*>d 7,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,augu/    
#aa1 #ahif1 page #ie71 ev5 fre% eggs1   
unless ! sanit>y conditions 9  :i* !    
f[ls live are well c>$ =1 may become v  
poison\s4  ,! f[l produc+ eggs1 z a     
rule1 is n a cleanly animal1 & ?is  is  
especially true ( ! duck4 ,?us injuri\s 
organic mat]ial ri*  9 microbes may     
contam9ate ! egg & ! microbes may       
p5etrate  ! %ell ?us r5d]+ ! egg        
unsuitable = consumption4 ,eggs         
contam9at$ 9 ?is way h giv5 evid5ce (   
toxic ph5om5a ev5  9 a fre% /ate4       
,exp]im5ts h %[n too t ! food mat]ial  (
 eggs if directly inject$ into ! blood (
 an animal produces  toxic effects :]eas
 if inject$ into ! /oma* no unfavorable 
effects are produc$4 ,egg album91 t is1 
! album9 ( ! :ite  ( ! egg1 :5 f$ 9     
consid]able quantities to animals       

p>tially  escapes dige/ion & ?us becomes
 a s\rce ( irritation & ev5  ( poison+4 
,!re are _m p :o are rem>kably s5sitive 
to  ! influ5ce ( eggs & ^? :o possess   
?is idiosyncrasy are  injur$ ev5 by eggs
 :i* are p]fectly h>mless to o!r p4 ,a  
l>ge numb] ( species ( injuri\s microbes
 :i* infect eggs h  be5 id5tifi$4 ,^!   
ev5 are f\nd 9 fre% eggs 9 ! unsanit>y  
conditions above m5tion$4 ,eggs kept = a
 long :ile 9 cold /orage  or decay$ 9   
any way are extremely injuri\s4         
,=tunately decay$  eggs are self        
protect+ s9ce !y c only be eat5 by      
accid5t4 ,if1  h[ev]1 decay$ eggs be    
eat5 9 dilut$ =m by mix+ ) o!r  foods !y
 may be eat5 )\t _! *>act]i/ic odor or  
ta/e  be+ kn[n & ?us great injury       
arises4 ,x is advis$ 9 all cases  :]e   
eggs are to be kept = "s "t ev5 9 cold  
/orage to v>ni%  !m ) "s sub/ance       
imp5etrable to air4 ,= ?is purpose1 z   
has  already be5 m5tion$1 soluble glass1
 :i* is *emically a silicate  ( soda1   
has be5 f\nd extremely effective4 ,any (

 ! v>ni%es :i*  make ! %ell ( an egg air
 tight t5ds to re/ra9 ! activities  (   
bact]ial life s9ce ! bact]ia _c live )\t
 air4 ,!  (ficials :o inspect food %\ld 
direct special c>e to ! /or+  ( eggs 9  
ord] t no damage may result f keep+ !m  
too long  9 cold /orage or o!rwise4 ,x  
mu/ n be und]/ood t poison+  by eggs is 
( common occurr5ce4 ,9 fact x is v r>e4 
,! fact  t ! egg itself1 :i* is su* a   
common article ( diet1 may be  unsanit>y
 & improp]ly kept is a matt] ( great    
conc]n to !  consum]4      ,p>asites 9  
,eggs4--,! egg also :5 produc$ 9        
unsanit>y  conditions may become infect$
 ) p>asites4 ,_m ( ^! are  app>5tly     
h>mless1 b "s are injuri\s & ev5        
dang]\s4 ,!  m]e fact t p>asites may    
exi/ 9 eggs is ( itself a suffici5t     
reason = ! consum] to insi/ t ! eggs he 
eats1 l ! milk  he dr9ks1 %all be free f
 all infections due solely to           
c>elessness  9 production4          ,,"p
 ,,iii4    ,,fi% ,,foods4      ,,fi%4   
,fi% furni% a v important & useful "p ( 

! animal food  ( man4 ,bo? ! fi% gr[+ 9 
fre% wat] & 9 salt wat] are  g5]ally    
edible4 ,usually ! small]-siz$ fi% are  
consid]$ m  palatable1 b ?is is n       
univ]sally ! case4 ,! l>ge-siz$ fi%  are
 apt to be co>se1 & h a less desirable  
flavor ?an ^? (  small] size4 ,! size ( 
! fi% usually dep5ds ^u ! magnitude  ( !
 body ( wat] 9 :i* ! species gr[1 !     
l>ge/ be+ 9  ! lakes & oceans1 !        
m$ium-size 9 riv]s1 & ! smalle/ 9       
brooks4 ,fi% are kn[n *iefly by _!      
common names1 & ^! names  are diff]5t = 
! same species ( fi% 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! 
c\ntry4 ,= in/ance1 ! t]m tr\t cov]s a  
multitude ( species1  &1 likewise1 "u ! 
t]m s>d9e a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t        
species or v>ieties ( fi% are consid]$4 
,!re is also a l>ge  numb] ( v>ieties   
kn[n z salmon1 p]*1 bass1 etc4    ,9 !  
foll[+ table are giv5 ! common & !      
sci5tific names (  ! pr9cipal food fi%es
 us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7see ,report (   
,u4  ,s4 ,commission ( ,fi% & ,fi%]ies1 
#ahhh1 pages #fgi-hfh73      ,acip5s]id3

      ,acip5s] /urio oxyrhyn*us1        
,/urgeon4    ,cato/omid3      ,moxo/oma 
velatum1 ,small-m\!d r$-horse4          
,clupeid3      ,clupea h>5gus1 ,h]r+4   
pil*>dus1 ,s>d9e4        v]nalis1       
,alewife4        sapidissima1 ,%ad4     
,salmonid3      ,osm]us mordax1 ,smelt4 
,coregonus clupei=mis1 ,:itefi%4        
sp41 tullibee or art$i1 ,ciscoe4        
,oncorhyn*us *\i*a1 ,cali=nia salmon4   
,salmo sal>1 ,salmon4        subsp4     
sebago1 ,l&-lock$ salmon4               
,salvel9us namaycu%1 ,lake tr\t4        
font9alis1 ,brook tr\t4    ,esocid3     
,esox lucius1 ,pike4        reticulatus1
 ,pick]el4        nobilior1             
,muskellunge4    ,anguillid3            
,anguilla ro/rata1 ,eel4    ,mugilid3   
,mugil albula1 ,mullet4    ,scombrid3   
,scomb] scombrus1 ,mack]el4             
,scomb]omorus maculatus1 ,spani%        
mack]el4      ,orcynus ?ynnus1 ,tunny4  
,c>angid3      ,tra*ynotus c>ol9us1     
,pompano4    ,pomatomid3      ,pomatomus
 saltatrix1 ,bluefi%4    ,/romateid3    

,/romateus triacan?us1 ,butt]-fi%4      
,c5tr>*id3      ,micropt]us salmoides1  
,l>ge-m\!d black bass4        dolomieu1 
,small-m\!d black bass4    ,p]cid3      
,p]ca fluviatilis1 ,yell[ p]*4          
,/izo/$ion vitreum1 ,wall-ey$ pike4     
canad5se1 ,gray pike4    ,s]ranid3      
,roccus l9eatus1 ,/rip$ bass4           
am]icanus1 ,:ite p]*4      ,c5tropri/is 
atr>ius1 ,sea bass4      ,ep9ephelus    
morio1 ,r$ gr\p]4    ,sp>id3            
,lutjanus black=di1 ,r$ snapp]4         
,/5otomus *rysops1 ,porgy4              
,diplodus probatocephalus1 ,%eep%ead4   
,scinid3      ,scina ocellata1 ,r$ bass4
      ,m5ticirrus saxatilis1 ,k+fi%4    
,cynoscion regale1 ,weakfi%4    ,labrid3
      ,hiatula onitis1 ,blackfi%4       
,gadid3      ,phycis *uss1 ,hake4       
,brosmius brosme1 ,cusk4                
,melanogrammus glef9us1 ,haddock4       
,gadus morrhua1 ,cod4      ,microgadus  
tomcod1 ,tomcod4      ,polla*ius vir5s1 
,pollock4    ,pleuronectid3             
,hippoglossus hippoglossus1 ,halibut4   

,platysomati*?ys hippoglossoides1       
,turbot4      ,p>ali*?ys d5tatus1       
,fl\nd]4      ,pseudopleuronectes       
am]icanus1 ,fl\nd]4    ,petromyzontid3  
,petromyzon m>9us1 ,lamprey eel4        
,raiid3      ,raia sp41 ,skate4    ,"s (
 ! sci5tific names 9 ! above li/ h be5  
modifi$  by rec5t rese>*1 b x is        
advisable to pres5t ! above             
classification = purpose ( ref]5ce4 ,!  
v>iations f ^!  names w be giv5 9 ! "p (
 ! discussion relat+ to ! food  value ( 
fi%1 9 :i* ! classification ( ,jordan & 
,ev]mann is  foll[$4      ,edible       
,portion ( ,fi%4--,z 9 ! case ( o!r     
animals l>ge p>ts  ( fi% z tak5 f ! wat]
 are in$ible4 ,9 ! prep>ation (  fi% !  
head is usually remov$1 especially if ! 
fi% be ( any  size1 & ! entrails        
reject$4 ,if ! fi% be scaly1 ! scales   
are  also remov$4 ,! latt] v>y v greatly
 9 diff]5t specim5s  accord+ to species1
 size1 etc4 ,usually ! edible portion ( 
! fi%  is l>g] 9 quantity ?an ! in$ible1
 ?\gh ?is is n by any  means univ]sally 

! case4 ,tak+ fi% ( all k9ds toge!r x   
may be  said t f #ee to #fj p]c5t ( !   
total weight is edible4 ,?is1  ( c\rse1 
excludes ! bones z well z ! o!r portions
 already  ref]r$ to4      ,pr9cipal     
,con/itu5ts ( ! ,fle% ( ,fi%4--,9 ! fle%
 ( cattle1  sw9e1 & o!r edible animals  
already m5tion$ x is se5 t !  prote9 is 
! pr9cipal "p ( ! edible portion4 ,9 _m 
k9ds  ( meat1 h[ev]1 ! fat is ! pr9cipal
 portion1 z 9 bacon4 ,9  ! fle% ( fi% ! 
album9oids occupy a m prom95t "p ?an  9 
! fle% ( dome/icat$ animals or game4 ,9 
o!r words !  proportion ( fat1 :i* is "o
 ( ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts ( !  fle% ( o!r   
animals1 is less ?an 9 ! o!r k9ds (     
fle%4 ,!  prote9 9 ! wat]-free sub/ance 
(t5 con/itutes ov] #ij p]c5t  ( ! total 
matt]1 & r>ely falls bel[ #hj p]c5t4 ,! 
next mo/  important con/itu5t ( ! dry   
fle% ( fi% naturally is ! fat4  ,!      
av]age cont5t ( fat 9 ! dry fle% ( fi%  
is "u #aj1--;x  r>ely goes above #bj &  
sometimes falls z l[ z #b or #c p]c5t4  
,!  m9]al cont5t ( ! dry fle% ( fi% is q

 con/ant4 ,x r>ely  falls bel[ #d or    
goes above #h p]c5t2 #e p]c5t may be    
reg>d$ z a  fair av]age cont5t ( m9]al  
matt]4 ,! m9]al matt] consi/s  *iefly ( 
phosphate ( pota% & lime1 toge!r ) "s   
common  salt4 ,9 ! analyses made by     
,atwat]1 adopt$ 9 ! foll[+ pages1  he   
gr\p$ toge!r ! fi% analyz$ 9 proportion 
to ! quantity (  ! edible portion or    
fle% :i* !y conta9$4 ,gr\p+s 7 also     
made on acc\nt ( ! dry sub/ance 9 ! fle%
 & 9 proportion  to ! wat] & fat :i* !y 
conta9$4 ,^! tables are ( value  %[+ 9 a
 g5]al way ! relative food importance ( 
! diff]5t  specim5s ( fi%4 ,?is         
classification is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3
    ,,classification ,,( ,,fi%es ,,by   
,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,fle%1 ,,*iefly        
,,muscul>  ,,tissue ,,9 ,,entire ,,body4
                                        
----------------------------------------
---------                               
,,no4 ,,(                               
,,specim5s            ,,k9ds ,,( ,,fi%4 
,,analyz$4  ,,fle%4                     

----------------------------------------
---------    ,conta9+ #fj p]c5t or ov]  
,p]c5t4    ( fle%4                      
,spani% mack]el                  #a     
#fe4d    ,salmon                        
#d       #fd4g    ,r$ snapp]            
#a       #fj4j                          
,conta9+ betwe5 #fj & #gj               
p]c5t ( fle%4                           
,smelt                             #b   
#eh4a    ,pike 7pick]el7                
#a       #eg4c    ,cisco                
#a       #eg4c    ,butt]-fi%            
#a       #eg4b    ,sp5t salmon          
#b       #ef4d    ,mack]el              
#e       #ee4d    ,pompano              
#b       #ed4e    ,lamprey eel          
#a       #ed4b    ,h]r+                 
#a       #ed4j    ,pick]el              
#b       #eb4i    ,sp5t l&-lock$ salmon 
#b       #eb4g    ,turbot               
#a       #eb4c    ,brook tr\t           
#c       #ea4i    ,muskellunge          
#a       #ej4h    ,alewife              
#b       #ej4e                          

,conta9+ betwe5 #ej & #dj               
p]c5t ( fle%4                           
,%ad                              #g    
#di4i    ,weakfi%                       
#a       #dh4a    ,cod                  
#b       #dg4e    ,:itefi%              
#a       #df4e    ,small-m\!d black bass
          #a       #df4d    ,/rip$ bass 
#e       #de4a    ,l>ge-m\!d black bass 
#a       #dd4j    ,sea bass             
#a       #dc4i    ,w9t] fl\nd]          
#a       #dc4h    ,lake tr\t1 8,mack9aw 
tr\t0      #a       #dc4g    ,k+fi%     
#a       #dc4d    ,pike p]*1 8,wall-ey$ 
pike0      #a       #db4h    ,mullet    
#a       #db4a    ,tomcod               
#a       #dj4a    ,porgy                
#c       #dj4j                          
,conta9+ betwe5 #dj & #cj               
p]c5t ( fle%4                           
,blackfi%                         #b    
#ci4i    ,:ite p]*                      
#b       #cg4e    ,yell[ p]*            
#a       #cg4c    ,pike p]*             
#a       #cf4h    ,r$ bass              

#a       #cf4e    ,%eep%ead             
#a       #cd4j    ,common fl\nd]        
#a       #cc4b                          
----------------------------------------
---------    ,,classification ,,(       
,,fi%es ,,by ,,proportions ,,( ,,fat ,,9
 ,,! ,,fle% ,,(  ,,specim5s ,,analyz$4  
----------------------------------------
------------------                      
,,no4 ,,(                               
,,specim5s                     ,,k9ds   
,,( ,,fi%4        ,,analyz$4  ,,wat]4   
,,fats4                                 
----------------------------------------
------------------    ,conta9+ ov] #e   
p]c5t            ,p]c5t4,p]c5t4    (    
fats4                                   
,cali=nia salmon                #b      
#fc4f      #ag4i    ,turbot             
#a       #ga4d      #ad4d    ,salmon    
#e       #fc4f      #ac4d    ,lamprey   
eel                      #a       #ga4a 
#ac4c    ,lake tr\t                     
#b       #fi4a      #aa4d    ,butt]-fi% 
#a       #gj4j      #aa4j    ,h]r+      

#a       #fi4j      #aa4j    ,%ad       
#g       #gj4f       #i4e    ,spani%    
mack]el                 #a       #fh4a  
#i4d    ,salt-wat] eel                  
#b       #ga4f       #i4a    ,pompano   
#b       #gb4h       #g4f    ,mack]el   
#f       #gc4d       #g4a    ,:itefi%   
#a       #fi4h       #f4e    ,halibut   
#c       #ge4d       #e4b    ,porgy     
#c       #ge4j       #e4a               
,conta9+ betwe5 #e &                    
#b p]c5t ( fats4                        
,alewife                          #b    
#gd4d       #d4i    ,mullet             
#a       #gd4i       #d4f    ,:ite p]*  
#b       #ge4g       #d4a    ,%eep%ead  
#b       #ge4f       #c4g    ,sp5t      
salmon                     #b           
#gf4g       #c4f    ,cisco              
#a       #gf4b       #c4e    ,sp5t      
l&-lock$ salmon         #b       #gh4e  
#c4j    ,/rip$ bass                     
#f       #gg4g       #b4h               
,muskellunge                      #a    
#gf4c       #b4e    ,small-m\!d black   

bass         #a       #gd4h       #b4d  
,weakfi%                         #a     
#gi4j       #b4d    ,small-m\!d r$-horse
          #a       #gh4f       #b4d     
,brook tr\t                      #c     
#gg4g       #b4a                        
,conta9+ less ?an #b1 !                 
majority less ?an #a p]c5t              
( fats4                                 
,/urgeon                         #a     
#gh4g       #a4i    ,smelt              
#b       #gi4b       #a4h    ,skate     
#a       #hb4b       #a4d    ,blackfi%  
#d       #gi4a       #a4d    ,bluefi%   
#a       #gh4e       #a4c    ,r$ snapp] 
#c       #gh4e       #a4j    ,l>ge-m\!d 
black bass         #a       #gh4f       
#a4j    ,k+fi%                          
#a       #gi4b       #a4j    ,pollock   
#a       #gf4j       #j4h    ,yell[ p]* 
#b       #gi4c       #j4h    ,pike p]*1 
gray pike            #a       #hj4i     
#j4h    ,hake                           
#a       #hc4a       #j4g    ,common    
fl\nd]                  #b       #hd4b  

#j4g    ,gr\p]                          
#b       #gi4d       #j4f    ,pike      
7pick]el87                 #a           
#gi4h       #j4f    ,sea bass           
#a       #gi4c       #j4e    ,pike p]*1 
wall-ey$ pike       #a       #gi4g      
#j4e    ,pick]el                        
#b       #gi4g       #j4e    ,r$ bass   
#a       #ha4f       #j4e    ,tomcod    
#a       #ha4f       #j4d    ,cod       
#e       #hb4f       #j4d    ,w9t]      
fl\nd]                  #a       #hd4d  
#j4d    ,haddock                        
#d       #ha4g       #j4c    ,cusk      
#a       #hb4j       #j4b               
----------------------------------------
------------------    ,,classification  
,,( ,,fi%es ,,by ,,proportions ,,(      
,,wat]-,,free ,,sub/ance ,,9 ,,!  ,,fle%
 ,,( ,,specim5s ,,analyz$4              
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,,no4 ,,(                               
,,specim5s,,wat]-,,free                 
,,k9ds ,,( ,,fi%4                       

,,analyz$4,,sub/ance4                   
----------------------------------------
------------    ,conta9+ ov] #cj p]c5t (
            ,p]c5t4    wat]-free        
sub/ance4                               
,cali=nia salmon                    #b  
#cf4d    ,salmon                        
#e       #cf4d    ,spani% mack]el       
#a       #ca4i    ,h]r+                 
#a       #ca4j    ,lake tr\t            
#b       #cj4i    ,:itefi%              
#a       #cj4b                          
,conta9+ f #cj to #be p]c5t             
( wat]-free sub/ance4                   
,butt]-fi%                          #a  
#cj4j    ,%ad                           
#g       #bi4d    ,lamprey eel          
#a       #bh4i    ,turbot               
#a       #bh4f    ,salt-wat] eel        
#b       #bh4d    ,pompano              
#b       #bg4b    ,mack]el              
#f       #bf4f    ,alewife              
#b       #be4f    ,small-m\!d black bass
             #a       #be4b    ,mullet  
#a       #be4a    ,porgy                

#c       #be4j                          
,conta9+ betwe5 #be & #bj               
p]c5t ( wat]-free sub/ance4             
,halibut                              #c
       #bd4f    ,%eep%ead               
#b       #bd4e    ,:ite p]*             
#b       #bd4c    ,pollock              
#a       #bd4j    ,cisco                
#a       #bc4i    ,muskellunge          
#a       #bc4g    ,sp5t salmon          
#b       #bc4c    ,/rip$ bass           
#f       #bb4c    ,brook tr\t           
#c       #bb4c    ,bluefi%              
#a       #ba4e    ,r$ snapp]            
#c       #ba4e    ,sp5t l&-lock$ salmon 
#b       #ba4e    ,small-m\!d r$-horse  
#a       #ba4d    ,l>ge-m\!d black bass 
#a       #ba4d    ,/urgeon              
#a       #ba4c    ,weakfi%              
#a       #ba4j    ,blackfi%             
#d       #bj4i    ,smelt                
#b       #bj4h    ,k+fi%                
#a       #bj4h    ,yell[ p]*            
#b       #bj4h    ,sea bass             
#a       #bj4g    ,gr\p]                

#b       #bj4f    ,pick]el              
#b       #bj4c    ,pike p]*1 8wall-ey$  
pike0         #a       #bj4c    ,pike   
7pick]el87                     #a       
#bj4b                                   
,conta9+ betwe5 #bj & #ae               
p]c5t ( wat]-free sub/ance4             
,pike p]*1 gray pike                #a  
#ai4b    ,tomcod                        
#a       #ah4e    ,r$ bass              
#a       #ah4d    ,haddock              
#d       #ah4c    ,cusk                 
#a       #ah4j    ,skate                
#a       #ag4i    ,cod                  
#e       #ag4d    ,hake                 
#a       #af4i    ,common fl\nd]        
#b       #ae4h    ,w9t] fl\nd]          
#a       #ae4g                          
----------------------------------------
------------    ,9 ! sci5tific names ( !
 food fi%es describ$ 9 ! foll[+  pages &
 9 ! description ( _! habits1 me?ods (  
spawn+1  geographic di/ribution1 etc41 !
 classification ( ,jordan &  ,ev]mann#ae
 has be5 foll[$4      #ae 8,am]ican     

,food & ,game ,fi%es10 by ,jordan &     
,ev]mann1 #a vol41    l>ge #hvo1 pp4 i  
to l  #a to #egb4 ,twelve color$ plates 
& sev]al    hundr$ full-page plates f   
photographs f life & text-figures4      
,d\bl$ay1 ,page  ,co41 ,new ,york4      
,alewives4--,a fi% belong+ to a g5us v  
close to t to :i*  ! h]r+ belongs is    
kn[n z alewife4 ,! "n ( ! g5us is       
,pomolobus4 ,x is commonly kn[n z a     
h]r+4 ,= in/ance1 !  fre%-wat] skipjack 
or blue h]r+1--! tailor h]r+ or hickory 
%ad1--& ! real alewife or bran* h]r+ are
 all common species (  ?is g5us4 ,"o    
specim5 ( ?is g5us is ! fre%-wat]       
skipjack or  blue h]r+ 7,pomolobus      
*ryso*loris7 f\nd 9 ! l>g] /reams 9  !  
,mississippi valley & also 9 ,lake ,erie
 & ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,x is  /rictly a     
fre%-wat] fi%1 b has also be5 f\nd 9    
salt wat] on  ! ,gulf coa/4 ,! tailor   
h]r+ is f\nd along ! ,atlantic coa/  f  
,cape ,cod to ,florida4 ,9 ! ,potomac   
riv] x is kn[n z tailor  %ad or         
8fre%-wat] tailor10 & is highly e/eem$ z

 a food fi% 9  ,wa%+ton & vic9ity4 ,_!  
value is f\nd r 9 _! com+  e>li] ?an !  
%ad ?an 9 _! true value1 = z soon z !   
%ad come 9 great abundance !re is no    
long] any m>ket = !  alewife4           
,composition ( ,alewife4--              
,,fre%4           ,,dry4    ,wat]1      
#gd4da p]c5t    ,prote91  #ai4ag        
#ge4hg p]c5t    ,fat1       #d4ib       
#ai4jh        ,a%1       #a4dg          
#e4gh        ,?is fi%1 x is se51 has v  
mu* less oil 9 x ?an ! true  h]r+1--9   
fact1 only a little m ?an "o-half z mu*4
 ,x1  h[ev]1 has a correspond+ly l>g]   
p]c5tage ( prote94    ,! tailor h]r+ &  
hickory %ad are di/ribut$ along !  coa/ 
f ,cape ,cod to ,florida4 ,! bran* h]r+ 
7,pomolobus  pseudoh>5gus7 is f\nd along
 ! ,atlantic coa/ z f> s\? z  ,*>le/on1 
ent]+ fre%-wat] /reams to spawn1 usually
 two or ?ree  weeks ahead ( ! %ad4 ,x   
occurs also 9 ,lake ,ont>io & 9 sev]al  
( ! small lakes 9 nor!rn ,new ,york 9   
:i* x is l&-lock$4 ,!  summ] h]r+       
7,pomolobus /ivalis7 also occurs along !

 ,atlantic  coa/4      ,an*ovy4--,!     
an*ovy is a small fi% :i* is eat5 m z a 
reli%  9 ! pickl$ /ate ?an 9 ! fre%     
/ate1 & is highly priz$ by  _m          
connoisseurs4 ,an*ovies ( v>i\s species 
are f\nd on bo? !  ,atlantic & ,pacific 
coa/s1--on ! ,atlantic coa/ f ,cape ,cod
 to  ,brazil & on ! we/]n coa/ f s\!rn  
,cali=nia s\?w>d4  ,^! fi% rea* a l5g? (
 f #b to #g in*es4 ,! v small ones  are 
sometimes kn[n z 8:itebait40 ,^? t are  
pickl$ & us$ =  food are usually f #c to
 #f in*es 9 l5g?4      ,composition (   
,pres]v$ ,an*ovies4--      ,wat]1       
#eg4h p]c5t    ,prote91                 
#bb4c        ,fat1                      
#b4b        ,a% 7pr9cipally salt71      
#bc4g          ,black ,bass4--,two      
species ( black bass are well kn[n to ! 
,am]ican fi%]man & to ! ,am]ican cuis9e4
 ,! "o is call$ !  small-m\? black bass 
7,micropt]us dolomieu7 & ! o!r !        
l>ge-m\? black bass 7,micropt]us        
salmoides74 ,^! fi%es are  f\nd 9 ! fre%
 wat]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 especially 9 !

  nor!rn portion1 almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,bo?   
species h be5 propagat$  bo? by !       
,national & ,/ate ,fi% ,commissions4    
,especially h !y  be5 introduc$ into !  
nor!a/]n wat]s :]e !y orig9ally did  n  
occur1 or only 9 small numb]s4          
,bluefi%4--,! bluefi% 7family           
,pomatomid7 is "o ( ! valuable  food    
fi%es ( our ,atlantic coa/4 ,x is a     
voraci\s1 c>nivor\s fi%1  & app>5tly    
loves to de/roy z well z to eat4 ,x is  
/at$ t  ! bluefi% copies aft] ! /yle :i*
 0 once said to be 9 vogue  9 ,rome1    
viz41 :5 its /oma* is fill$ x disgorges 
x = !  purpose ( eat+ a new ration4 ,!  
size ( ! bluefi% runs f #c to  #e p\nds1
 ?\gh occasionally v mu* l>g] examples  
are tak54 ,z a  food fi% x is said to   
rank 9 ! e/imation ( ! connoisseur )    
pompano & ,spani% mack]el4 ,! bluefi% is
 "o ( ! popul> fi%es  9 all ! l>ge      
m>kets ( ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,! fle% has a
 f9e  flavor1 b1 l ! pompano1 x does n  
keep well4      ,composition4--         
,,fre%4          ,,dry4    ,wat]1       

#gh4df p]c5t    ,prote91  #ai4jb        
#ij4ac p]c5t    ,fat1       #a4be       
#e4gi        ,a%1       #a4bg           
#e4ia        ,a comp>ison ( ! fle% ( ?is
 fi% ) ! pompano %[s t x  is p>ticul>ly 
a prote9 food1 ! fat be+ ev5 less       
abundant ?an  ! m9]al matt]4 ,x1 !re=e1 
is n s well balanc$ a ration  z ! fle% (
 ! pompano & o!r fi% 9 :i* ! fat =ms a  
consid]able portion ( ! edible matt]4   
,c>p4--,! c>p is a fi% us$ v l>gely =   
food purposes1 b  x has n ! f9e flavor &
 "* ( mo/ fi%es4 ,! c>p  cultivat$ 9    
,am]ica is kn[n z ! ,g]man c>p 7,cypr9us
 c>pio74    ,! c>p belongs to ! l>ge    
family ( fi%es kn[n z ! m9n[s or        
,cypr9id4 ,?is family is a l>ge "o1 hav+
 ab\t #bjj g5]a & m  ?an #ajjj species1 
all ( :i* are inhabitants ( fre% wat] 9 
,nor?  ,am]ica & ,eurasia4 ,none ( ?is  
family is highly reg>d$ z food 9  ! s5se
 ( flavor & aroma1 except1 p]haps1 "s ( 
! small]  species4 ,! nutritive value ( 
! c>p1 h[ev]1 is probably z great  z t (
 any1 b x is co>s] & less attractive to 

! ta/e4  ,"s ( ! mo/ common species (   
?is family are ! dace1 fallfi%1  riv]   
*ub1 creek *ub1 squaw-fi%1 & roa*4      
,catfi%4--,catfi%1 ( :i* !re are _m     
species1 belong to !  family ( ,silurid1
 & are among ! mo/ common fre%-wat]     
fi%es  f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y occur
 9 small z well z l>ge  fre%-wat] /reams
 & lakes1 & x is "o ( ! species :i*  !  
,am]ican boy mo/ delights 9 cat*+ ) hook
 & l9e4 ,!  catfi% is mo/ conv5i5tly    
tak5 aft] night1 & ! sm\ld]+  fire &    
small boy on ! bank ( a /ream is a      
frequ5t picture (  ,am]ican c\ntry life4
 ,!re are m ?an #ajj g5]a ( ! catfi%    
family & ab\t #ajjj species4 ,only ab\t 
"o-?ird ( ! species  inhabit salt wat]4 
,! ,nor? ,am]ican fre%-wat] species are 
conf9$  p>ticul>ly to ! ,atlantic coa/1 
! ,mississippi valley1 & !  ,gulf /ates4
 ,!re are no native species ( ! catfi% 9
 ! fre%  wat]s ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,!    
blue catfi%1 kn[n z ! ,mississippi      
catfi%1 is ! mo/ prom95t species        
7,ictalurus furcatus74 ,x is  f\nd      

p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,mississippi riv] & its  
l>ge tribut>ies4  ,sometimes x gr[s to  
an imm5se size1 individuals hav+ be5    
f\nd  rea*+ #aej p\nds 9 weight4 ,if !  
/ream 9 :i* ! catfi%  lives runs nor? & 
s\? x w be f\nd 9 ! s\!rn "p (  ! /ream 
9 ! w9t] & 9 ! nor!rn "p 9 summ]4 ,?is  
fi%  is highly priz$ = edible purposes4 
,9 ! small /reams ! catfi%  is          
correspond+ly small & weighs f less ?an 
"o p\nd to two or  ?ree p\nds only4 ,!  
small catfi%1 especially 9 ! small      
/reams  tribut>y to ! ,ohio &           
,mississippi1 has edible prop]ties :i*  
are  f> sup]ior to ! l>ge catfi% gr[+ 9 
! riv]s !mselves4    ,! catfi% ( ! small
 /reams & lakes are commonly kn[n z     
bullheads1 s9ce ! head is l>ge & wide4  
,! "n ( ! mo/  common or be/ kn[n       
species is ,ameirus nebulosus4 ,?is     
species is  f\nd f ,ma9e we/w>d &       
s\?w>d4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania x is kn[n z  !  
,s*uylkill cat1 & ev]y:]e g5]ally       
?r\gh\t ! c\ntry z  a small catfi%4     
,codfi%4--,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s food fi% ( !

 ,am]ican wat]s  is ! codfi%4 ,x is a   
widely di/ribut$ fi%4 ,!re are said to  
be  ab\t #be g5]a & #adj species4 ,!    
codfi% is p>ticul>ly a fi% (  ! nor!rn  
wat]s4 ,only "o g5us is f\nd 9 fre%-wat]
 lakes &  /reams4      ,! ,common       
,cod4--,! common codfi% 7family ,gadid7 
is ! species  ,gadus call>ias4 ,x is    
r>ely f\nd s\? ( ! ,virg9ia coa/1  b is 
especially abundant (f ! ,new ,engl& &  
,newf\ndl&  coa/4 ,! great c5t] ( !     
codfi% indu/ry is 9 ! vic9ity  (        
,newf\ndl&4 ,gl\ce/]1 ,massa*usetts1 is 
! pr9cipal t[n  devot$ to ! codfi%      
indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! cod is an 
omnivor\s fi% & especially fond (       
cru/aceans1 mollusks1 & small  fi%4 ,x  
also eats vegetation1 & x is /at$ by    
,jordan & ,ev]mann  t all sorts ( ?+s h 
be5 f\nd 9 cod /oma*s1 su* z oil  cans1 
f+] r+s1 rubb] dolls1 rocks1 pieces (   
clo?+1 etc4 ,!  liv]s ( ! cod1          
especially ^? ( ,norwegian orig91 are   
extremely  valuable1 be+ ! s\rce ( cod  
liv] oil1 :i* is consid]$ by  _m to be !

 mo/ valuable m$ic9al food kn[n4 ,cod   
liv] oil1 :ile  n palatable1 is highly  
nutriti\s4 ,! cod liv]s conta91 accord+ 
to "s au?orities1 ov] #fj di/9ct *emical
 sub/ances1 _m (  :i* are highly        
important = _! m$ic9al qualities4 ,! cod
 move  9 s*ools1 b n 9 su* d5se bodies z
 ! mack]el1 h]r+1 &  m5had54 ,_!        
movem5ts are l>gely controll$ by !      
temp]ature (  ! wat] & _! desire = food4
 ,?is species probably does n  rea* a   
great] l5g? ?an #c feet & a weight ( m  
?an #be p\nds4  ,! av]age weight ( !    
l>ge-size cod 9 ,new ,engl& wat]s is    
ab\t  #ae p\nds & on ! ,gr& ,banks (    
,newf\ndl& #bj p\nds4 ,! av]age  weight 
( ! small-size cod 9 ^! wat]s is ab\t   
#ab p\nds4 ,x is  "o ( ! mo/ prolific ( 
fi%es4 ,! ov>ies ( a #ba-p\nd cod 7     
f\nd to conta9 #b1gjj1jjj eggs & ( a    
#ge-p\nd cod #i1ajj1jjj eggs4  ,! eggs  
are v small & require ab\t #ccg1jjj to  
make a qu>t4  ,! cod is "o ( ! mo/      
valuable ( all fi%es f a comm]cial  po9t
 ( view & also on acc\nt ( int]national 

relations4 ,on "s  occasions ?is c\ntry 
has app>5tly be5 on ! v]ge ( w> )       
,great ,brita9 respect+ que/ions relat+ 
to ! fi%]ies on !  banks ( ,newf\ndl&4  
,! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies has       
probably done  m to propagate ! cod ?an 
any o!r v>iety ( fi%4 ,m ?an  five      
hundr$ million cod fry h be5 lib]at$ at 
diff]5t times by  ! ,bureau & ! numb] 9 
"o ye> has approximat$ #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,! 
color ( ! common cod is gre5 or br[n1 b 
is subject to v great                   
v>iations1--sometimes x is yell[ or r$ &
 a v>iety ( t9ts are  assum$4           
,composition4--                         
,,fre%4          ,,dry4    ,wat]1       
#hb4fd p]c5t    ,prote91  #ae4gg        
#ie4ac p]c5t    ,fat1        4#cf       
#b4jg        ,a%1       #a4bc           
#g4jh        ,^! data %[ t ! fle% ( cod 
fi% is p]haps ! mo/  exclusively        
nitrog5\s ( any ( ! m abundant food fi%4
 ,!  quantity ( fat conta9$ !re9 is less
 ?an  ( ! total  weight4 ,! fle% ( !    
fre% cod is m l>gely compos$ ( wat]  ?an

 t ( ! ord9>y fi%1 conta9+ approximately
 #hc p]c5t (  t sub/ance4 ,! fle% ( !   
cod itself is an unbalanc$ ration1  &   
ne$s to be eat5 ) butt] & potatoes 9    
ord] to make a  complete ration4 ,!     
hake1 :i* is sometimes sub/itut$ = ! cod
  )\t ! k ( ! pur*as]1 has v mu* ! same 
*emical  con/itu5ts1 conta9+--          
,,fre%4             ,,dry4    ,wat]1    
#hc4aa p]c5t    ,prote91  #ae4bd        
#ia4jj p]c5t    ,fat1        4#fg       
#c4ig        ,a%1        4#if           
#e4gg        ,x is se5 t !re is v little
 diff]5ce 9 ! *emical  composition ( ^! 
two fi%es4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n ju/ify ! 
sub/itution ( ! hake = ! cod1 inasmu* z 
! hake is inf]ior  9 palatability to !  
cod4      ,salt$ & ,dri$ ,cod4--,9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates ! cod is p>ticul>ly       
devot$ to ! use ( cur+ & salt+1 & 9 ?is 
cur$ /ate is  ev5 m highly valu$1       
especially = ! mak+ ( codfi% balls1  ?an
 x is 9 its fre% /ate4 ,! old-fa%ion$   
me?od ( salt+ &  smok+ produc$ a fle% ( 
v high flavor1 yield+ "u prop]  treatm5t

 9 ! kit*5 a mo/ delici\s base = ! fi%  
ball4 ,"u  ! mod]n sy/em ( quick cur+1 !
 salt+ & smok+ h l>gely  disappe>$ & !  
fi% are cur$ 9 br9e1 & ) ! help ( borax 
a product is produc$ :i* is less        
palatable ?an ! old-fa%ion$  cur$ fi%4  
,composition ( dry ,salt$ & ,dri$       
,cod4--      ,prote91  #de4fe p]c5t     
,fat1        4#ec        ,salt1         
#ec4hb        ,^! data %[ t m ?an half (
 ! weight 9 ! wat]-free  /ate is compos$
 ( salt4 ,! codfi% is also put up z bon$
 fi% 9  :i* no?+ b ! fle% is f\nd1 z    
desiccat$ cod1 z %r$d$  codfi% & 9 v>i\s
 o!r =ms4    ,av]age ,composition (     
,codfi% ,balls4--      ,wat]1           
#fe4dc p]c5t    ,solids1                
#cd4eg        ,nitrog51          #a4je  
,phosphoric acid1    4#be               
,sulfur1             4#aj        ,fat1  
#g4hd        ,a%1               #d4je   
,prote91           #f4eh        ,!      
diff]5ce betwe5 ! composition ( ! fi%   
balls & !  av]age composition ( fi% is  
cle>ly br\ght out by ! data  record$4 ,9

 ! av]age composition ( fi% ! sum ( !   
fat1 a%1  & prote9 is great] ?an !      
solids obta9$ by diff]5ce by #j4cf      
p]c5t4 ,9 ! codfi% balls ! sum ( !      
+r$i5ts m5tion$ is  less ?an ! solids by
 diff]5ce by #af4aj p] c5t4 ,?is is due 
to  ! add$ potato1 salt1 etc4    ,av]age
 ,composition ( ,%r$d$ ,codfi%4--       
,wat]1               #df4eb p]c5t    ,a%
 7*iefly salt71  #bb4ha        ,fat1    
4#cc        ,prote91             #cj4he 
,eels4--,! common eel is a fi% :i* is   
extremely long 9 proportion  to its size
 & gives ! g5]al appe>ance1 to !        
un9itiat$1 (  a snake4 ,! resemblance ( 
! eel to a snake 9 %ape is probably  "o 
( ! reasons :y x is n m highly valu$ z a
 food4 ,!  eels1 p]haps1 are n to be    
consid]$ z true fi%4 ,! common eel      
7,anguilla *rysypa7 is widely di/ribut$ 
?r\gh\t mo/ p>ts (  ! ,unit$ ,/ates1    
especially ! ea/]n "p4 ,x ext5ds s\?w>d 
z f> z ! ,we/ ,indies1 & is f\nd 9 m or 
less abundance on  ! ,gulf coa/4 ,al?\gh
 a salt-wat] fi%1 x diff]s f mo/ o!r    

eels 9 its p5*ant = asc5d+ fre%-wat]    
/reams4 ,x (t5 goes  to ! v headwat]s1  
especially 9 ! riv]s ( ! ,atlantic coa/ 
& ,mississippi valley4 ,eels are (t5    
f\nd 9 lakes :i* seem to  h _h no       
communication ) ! sea1 :i* %[s t !y are 
able to surm\nt b>ri]s :i* seem         
impossible to cross4 ,jordan &  ,ev]mann
 claim t ! eel is really a fre%-wat] fi%
 & t its  real home is 9 ! fre%-wat]    
riv]s & lakes1 & t x runs  d[n to salt  
wat] only at spawn+ "t1 ?us %[+ a       
quality or  *>act]i/ic exactly opposite 
to t ( ! salmon & %ad1 :i*  are true    
salt-wat] fi% & come into fre% wat]s =  
spawn+4 ,eels1  l ! c>p1 are m or less  
scav5g]s1 fe$+ ^u all mann] (  refuse1  
especially dead fi%4 ,!y are v          
de/ructive ( o!r fi%1  especially ( "y  
%ad & h]r+4 ,:5 nets are plac$ = %ad &  
h]r+ & ! fi% are caught !re9 ! eels (t5 
invade ! net1  & :5 x is drawn x is     
fill$ l>gely ) ! skeletons ( !  fi%1 !  
fle% ( :i* has be5 remov$ by ! eels4    
,eels h a high  value z food fi%1 bo? on

 acc\nt ( _! nutritive value & _!       
flavor4 ,! av]age l5g? ( ! eel is f #b  
to #c feet1 ?\gh mu*  l>g] examples are 
sometimes f\nd4      ,composition ( !   
,eel4--                    ,,fre%4      
,,dry4    ,wat]1    #ga4fj p]c5t        
,prote91  #ah4bh         #fe4be p]c5t   
,fat1       #i4aa         #ca4ib        
,a%1       #a4ja          #c4fj         
,^! data %[ t ! eel is r ri*] 9 fat ?an 
! majority  ( fi%1 al?\gh !re are "s t  
exce$ x 9 ?is con/itu5t4      ,cong]    
,eel4--,! cong] eel belongs to ! family 
,leptocephalid4 ,x  inhabits salt wat]  
only1 is scaleless1 & gr[s to mu* l>g]  
sizes  ?an ! common eel1 sometimes z    
long z #g or #h feet4 ,x is n us$  =    
food 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b is to "s ext5t
 9 ,europe & !  ,we/ ,indies4 ,on ! ea/ 
coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !y d n occur  v  
frequ5tly4 ,only a few species are kn[n1
 & ^! are ( small  ext5t & h little food
 value4      ,summ] ,fl\nd]4--,?is fi%  
7,p>ali*?ys d5tatus7 is q  abundant on !
 ,atlantic coa/1 frequ5t+ ! coa/ f ,cape

 ,cod to  ! ,c>ol9as4 ,x rea*es a l5g? (
 f #b to #c feet & has a weight  ( ab\t 
#ae p\nds4 ,x is caught v ext5sively (f 
! ,new ,engl&  coa/4 ,! pr9cipal fi%+   
gr\nds are 9 ! region ( ,block ,isl&1   
,m>?as ,v9ey>d1 & ! ea/]n end ( ,long   
,isl&4 ,!re is ano!r  species kn[n z !  
s\!rn fl\nd] 7,p>ali*?ys le?o/igmus71   
:i* fl\ri%es f ,*>le/on s\?w>d1 & is    
f\nd along !  entire ,gulf coa/4 ,!re is
 also ano!r species on ! ,gulf coa/     
call$ ! ,gulf fl\nd] 7,p>ali*?ys        
albiguttus74 ,!re is also a  wide fl\nd]
 or common flatfi% 7,p>ali*?ys          
am]icanus74 ,x is  f\nd on ! coa/ (     
,labrador & ext5ds d[n to ! ,c>ol9as4 ,x
  is especially abundant along ! coa/ ( 
s\!rn ,new ,engl&4 ,x is  a small       
species1 r>ely be+ ov] #bj in*es 9 l5g?1
 ! av]age  l5g? be+ f #ab to #ae in*es1 
& weighs f #b to #c p\nds4 ,?is  species
 ( fl\nd] has be5 ext5sively propagat$  
by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau  ( ,fi%]ies1 z _m z
 #ajj1jjj1jjj fry hav+ be5 plant$ 9 "o  
season4      ,composition ( ,summ]      

,fl\nd]4--                    ,,fre%4   
,,dry4    ,wat]1    #hd4ba p]c5t        
,prote91  #ac4hb         #hi4jc p]c5t   
,fat1        4#fi          #d4df        
,a%1       #a4bh          #h4ae         
,! fle% ( ?is fi% is p>ticul>ly ri* 9   
wat] & poor 9 fat4      ,grayl+s4--,!   
grayl+s belong to a family v closely    
resembl+  ! ,salmonid4 ,!y occur *iefly 
9 nor!rn or ,arctic wat]s4 ,"o  species 
f\nd 9 ,mi*igan is kn[n z ! ,mi*igan    
grayl+4 ,x is a  fi% t is n only        
di/+ui%$ on acc\nt ( its food value b   
also on acc\nt ( its graceful %ape &    
pleas+ appe>ance4 ,ano!r  species occurs
 9 ,montana1 & has be5 di/ribut$ v      
l>gely by !  ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies4 ,x is n
 a fi% :i* is ( any great economic      
importance4      ,! ,haddock4--,?is is a
 fi% v ne>ly relat$ to ! cod1 b x  has a
 small] m\? & diff]s 9 o!r ess5tials1   
p>ticul>ly 9  its *emical con/itu5ts1 f 
! cod4 ,! haddock has a food value  :i* 
is probably n inf]ior to t ( ! cod4 ,x  
is "o ( our  mo/ abundant fi%es1 & by "s

 consum]s ! fle% is pref]r$  to t ( !   
cod4 ,! usual weight ( ! haddock is ab\t
 #c or  #d p\nds4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a mu*   
small] fi% ?an ! cod4 ,!  species is    
,melanogrammus glef9us4 ,on ! ,atlantic 
coa/ x does n  occur nor? ( ! ,/raits ( 
,belle ,isle4 ,! haddock is p>ticul>ly  
abundant on ! ,massa*usetts coa/ 9      
summ]4 ,l ! cod1 !  haddock is well     
suit$ = salt+1 smok+1 & cur+ 9 v>i\s    
ways4 ,x1 h[ev]1 has n be5 us$ to su* an
 ext5t z ! cod =  ^? purposes1 f9d+ a m 
ready m>ket 9 ! fre% /ate4              
,composition4--      ,wat]1    #ha4fi   
p]c5t    ,prote91  #af4hc        ,fat1  
4#be        ,a%1       #a4bc        ,9 !
 dry sub/ance4      ,prote91  #ic4hi    
p]c5t    ,fat1       #a4cd        ,a%1  
#f4gf        ,! fle% ( ! haddock1 x is  
se51 is ev5 m exclusively  nitrog5\s ?an
 t ( ! cod4 ,! two species resemble ea* 
o!r  v closely 9 composition4      ,!   
,hake4--,!re are sev]al species ( hakes1
 family ,m]luccid4 ,!  common ,european 
hake is ! species ,m]luccius m]luccius4 

,! hake  :i* is f\nd mo/ly 9 ,am]ican   
wat]s is ,m]luccius productus1  & occurs
 v abundantly on ! ,pacific coa/ & is   
l>gely eat5  z food4 ,! fle%1 h[ev]1 is 
r co>se & n v palatable4  ,ano!r species
 :i* is f\nd on our ,atlantic coa/ f    
,new ,engl&  nor?w>d is ,m]luccius      
bil9e>is4      ,halibut4--,! halibut    
7,hippoglossus hippoglossus7 is a fi%   
:i*  is highly e/eem$ & occurs 9 great  
quantities4 ,x is a fi% :i*  frequ5ts   
nor!rn wat]s1 & especially ! ,nor?      
,atlantic on !  ,am]ican coa/4 ,x has n 
be5 tak5 s\? ( ,montauk ,po9t1 b  ext5ds
 z f> nor? z ! coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 & is also
 f\nd  ab\t ,icel& & ,spitzb]g5 9 a     
latitude ( #hj degrees4 ,x does n  l    
wat] above #de degrees ,f41 & is (t5    
f\nd 9 wat] at !  freez+ po9t1 namely1  
#cb degrees4 ,! halibut is also f\nd on 
!  ,pacific coa/1 especially (f ,oregon 
& ,wa%+ton & 9 ,briti%  ,columbia &     
,alaska4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( food fi%4 
,! fi%  weigh+ ab\t #hj p\nds are       
consid]$ ! be/ = food1 al?\gh  ! halibut

 sometimes rea*es a weight ( ov] #ejj   
p\nds4 ,! male is  always small] ?an !  
female & less palatable4 ,! annual value
  ( ! halibut fi%]ies on ! ,nor?        
,atlantic coa/ is probably   million    
doll>s4 ,x is probably slightly m ?an   
?is on ! ,pacific  coa/1--9 fact !      
,pacific coa/ fi%]ies h gr[n s          
ext5sively  t halibut is %ipp$ ea/w>d   
across ! cont95t4 ,va/ freight  tra9s   
kn[n z ! 8,halibut ,express0 h be5 s5t  
across !  cont95t f ,vanc\v] to ,bo/on1 
mak+ ! trip 9 six or sev5  days4        
,composition4--                         
,,fre%4         ,,dry4    ,wat]1        
#ge4db p]c5t    ,prote91  #ah4ce        
#gg4ah p]c5t    ,fat1       #e4ag       
#ai4cb        ,a%1       #a4jf          
#d4ci        ,! halibut is a fi% conta9+
 consid]able quantities ( fat1 &  is n s
 peculi>ly nitrog5\s 9 its "* z ! cod or
 !  haddock4 ,x1 !re=e1 makes a bett]   
balanc$ ration ?an ei!r (  ! o!r fi%4 ,!
 halibut 9 ! fre% /ate is e/eem$ fully z
  highly z ! cod1 & ! halibut /eak is a 

v common "p ( !  fi% sold ^u ! m>ket4   
,h]r+4--,! h]r+s =m a v important gr\p (
 fi%es  belong+ to ! family ,clupeid4   
,!re are ab\t #cj g5]a 9 !  family &    
#aej species4 ,! h]r+s are ess5tially   
salt-wat]  fi%es & are usually f\nd 9   
l>ge s*ools4 ,_m species1 & "s  ( ^! !  
mo/ valuable = food1 asc5d fre%-wat]    
/reams =  spawn+4 ,c]ta9 species1 =     
in/ance1 are caught at ! same season  z 
! %ad 9 ! ,*esapeake & ,susquehanna4    
,!re are a few species  :i* rema9       
p]man5tly 9 fre% wat]4 ,! common h]r+   
7,clupea  h>5gus7 is "o ( ! mo/         
important ( ! food fi%es ( !  :ole      
,atlantic coa/1 & really ov] almo/ all !
 nor? ,atlantic1  ?r\gh\t :i* x is      
g5]ally di/ribut$4 ,! pr9cipal h]r+     
fi%]ies are 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 9 ,d5m>k &  
,norway4 ,important  fi%]ies are also   
f\nd (f ! coa/ ( ,great ,brita91        
,belgium1  ,france1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  
,x is e/imat$ t z _m z ?ree  billion    
h]r+ may be f\nd 9 a %oal cov]+ a doz5  
squ>e miles4  ,h]r+ %oals ( mu* l>g]    

ext5t are on record4 ,! h]r+ d n        
frequ5t s\!rn wat]s1 b are f\nd 9 ! cool
 & m nor!rn  wat]s ( ! ,atlantic4 ,on ! 
coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates x has be5  f\nd z
 f> s\? z ,cape ,hatt]as1 ?\gh x does n 
occur v  abundantly fur!r s\? ?an ,new  
,engl&4 ,! fi% at ! p]iod (  spawn+ are 
consid]$ ! mo/ valuable = food purposes4
    ,! h]r+ is ei!r sold 9 a fre% /ate  
or x may be smok$1  salt$1 or pickl$1 & 
9 ?is condition is v ext5sively us$  z  
food4 ,a species ( h]r+ is f\nd on !    
,pacific coa/ kn[n z  ,cali=nia h]r+    
7,clupea pallasii74 ,x does n diff] v   
greatly  9 its g5]al aspect f its       
relation on ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,?is      
species occurs v abundantly 9 ! region (
 ,puget ,s\nd1 especially  9 summ] "t1 &
 9 s\!a/ ,alaska4 ,!y are extremely     
abundant  9 ,san ,francisco m>kets 9 !  
spr+ "t1 s mu* s t x is  difficult to   
f9d a sale = !m4    ,! ,cali=nia h]r+   
are m highly valu$ & br+ ! highe/  price
 9 ! e>ly w9t]1 :5 !y are ! fatte/4     
,composition ( ,h]r+4--                 

,,fre%4          ,,dry4    ,wat]1       
#fi4jc p]c5t    ,prote91  #ah4df        
#fa4fi p]c5t    ,fat1      #aa4ja       
#ce4ee        ,a%1       #a4ej          
#d4hc        ,! above data %[ t ! fle% (
 h]r+ is p>ticul>ly ri*  9 fat4 ,9 fact 
! h]r+ is sometimes us$ z a s\rce ( oil4
 ,9  s\!a/ ,alaska are ext5sive oil &   
guano works :i* utilize !  h]r+ = ^!    
purposes4      ,horse ,mack]el4--,ano!r 
species belong+ to ! mack]el family  is 
! horse mack]el or tuna 7,?unnus        
?ynnus71 :i* is f\nd 9  consid]able     
abundance on our ,nor? ,atlantic coa/ & 
on ! coa/  ( s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,its      
common "n is 8tuna10 8tunny10 8horse    
mack]el10 or 8great albacore40 ,! horse 
mack]el is a fi% ( v  great size & is ! 
v l>ge/ ( ! :ole mack]el family4 ,!y    
occasionally atta9 a l5g? ( #aj feet or 
m & a weight ( #aejj  p\nds4 ,! av]age  
dim5sions1 ( c\rse1 are v mu* less ?an  
?is4 ,! horse mack]el does n gr[ s l>ge 
9 ,europe or ^u !  ,pacific coa/4 ,9 ^! 
regions a horse mack]el weigh+ #ejj     

p\nds  is consid]$ ( an extraord9>y     
size4 ,! v l>ge ones are nev]  tak5 )   
hook & l9e1 b !re are records ( fi% (   
ov] #bjj  p\nds t h be5 captur$ 9 ?is   
way4      ,! ,hogfi%4--,! hogfi% ( !    
,we/ ,indies & our s\!rn  coa/s is ano!r
 ( ! wrasse-fi%es ^: sci5tific "n is    
,la*nolaimus maximus4 ,x is call$ 9     
,porto ,rico 8el capitan40 ,x  (t5      
rea*es a weight ( #bj p\nds & a l5g? ( f
 #b to #c feet4  ,! "n 8hogfi%0 d\btless
 is d]iv$ f ! %ape ( ! head1  :i*       
resembles some:at t ( ! hog4 ,x is valu$
 z a food fi%  ?r\gh\t ! ,we/ ,indies4  
,lake ,h]r+4--,! s-call$ lake h]r+ is v 
closely relat$ to  ! :itefi%4 ,! "n ( ! 
species is ,argyrosomus art$i4 ,!  lake 
h]r+ has a l>ge numb] ( common names1 ( 
:i* ! mo/  widely appli$ is ! t]m       
8,cisco40 ,! t]ms blueback1 gre5back1 & 
grayback are also appli$ to ^! h]r+4 ,! 
habitat ( ?is fi%  is t ( ! :ole region 
( ! ,great ,lakes & nor? to ,hudson     
,bay4 ,x has mu* ! same habitat z !     
:itefi%4 ,! av]age weight  ( ! lake h]r+

 is ab\t "o p\nd4 ,! subspecies         
7,argyrosomus  art$i sisco7 is f\nd 9   
,lake ,tippecanoe & o!r small lakes 9   
,wiscons9 & nor!rn ,indiana4            
,composition ( ,cisco4--                
,,fre%4          ,,dry4    ,wat]1       
#gf4ae p]c5t    ,prote91  #ai4ab        
#hj4ge p]c5t    ,fat1       #c4dh       
#ad4ei        ,a%1       #a4be          
#e4be          ,mack]el4--,! mack]el is 
a food fi% :i* is v commonly us$  9 a   
cur$ /ate 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry & is   
eat5 fre% on  ! sea coa/4 ,its habitat  
is pr9cipally ! ,nor? ,atlantic ocean4  
,on  ! coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is f\nd 
f ,cape ,hatt]as nor? to  ! ,/rait (    
,belle ,isle4 ,9 ,europe x is f\nd f    
,norway s\?w>d  to ! ,m$it]ranean &     
,adriatic4 ,! mack]el on ! ,atlantic    
coa/  usually appe> fir/ 9 ! spr+ ne>   
,cape ,hatt]as & foll[+ !  cu/om ( ! %ad
 are f\nd lat] f>!r nor? 9 ! ,new ,engl&
  /ates & also 9 ! ,briti% possessions4 
,!y leave ! coa/ 9 !  inv]se ord] 9 !   
autumn1 disappe>+ fir/ 9 ! nor!rn       

regions  & lat] 9 ! s\!rn portion4    ,!
 mack]el is "o ( ! mo/ abundant ( fi%es 
9 ! ,atlantic  ,ocean1 travel+ 9 imm5se 
s*ools4 ,!re is record ( a s*ool :i*  0 
se5 9 #ahdh :i* 0 at lea/ half a mile   
wide & #bj miles long4  ,9 "s seasons ! 
mack]el is extremely abundant & 9 o!rs v
  sc>ce4 ,! av]age cat* is probably ab\t
 #cjj1jjj b>rels4 ,bo/on  & ,gl\ce/] are
 c5t]s ( ! mack]el fi%+ indu/ry4 ,x is  
e/imat$ t f #aej to #cjj vessels (      
,am]ican bottoms are engag$  9 ! mack]el
 indu/ry4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies 
has be5  p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 !         
propagation ( mack]el1 b ! result  has n
 be5 z satisfactory z 9 ! case ( _m o!r 
fi%es4 ,!  "y mack]el or small fi%es are
 kn[n z 8spikes10 8bl9k]s10 &  8t9k]s40 
,:5 !y are ab\t two ye>s old !y measure 
f #e to  #i in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! mack]el    
atta9s its full size at ab\t !  f\r?    
ye>4 ,! sci5tific "n ( ! common mack]el 
is ,scomb]  scombrus ,l9nu4             
,composition ( ,mack]el4--,edible       
portion3                    ,,fre%4     

,,dry4    ,wat]1    #gc4cg p]c5t        
,prote91  #ah4bf         #ga4ga p]c5t   
,fat1       #g4ji         #bd4hh        
,a%1       #a4bh          #d4gh         
,! above data %[ t ! fle% ( ! mack]el is
 compos$ ( ab\t  two-?irds prote9 &     
"o-?ird fat & a%4    ,pickl$ mack]el1   
salt$ mack]el1 & smok$ mack]el are      
p]haps z  highly valu$ = food purposes z
 ! fre% fi% itself4      ,m5had54--,!   
m5had5 is n us$ *iefly z a food fi% b to
  "s ext5t !re=4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/       
abundant fi%es tak5 ^u  our ,atlantic   
coa/ & is us$ almo/ exclusively z a     
s\rce ( oil1  ! residue be+ dri$ & gr\nd
 = f]tiliz+ purposes4 ,9 ?is  s5se x has
 great value because ( ! high nitrog5   
cont5t ( !  residue & also ( !          
consid]able quantity ( phosphoric acid  
:i*  is conta9$ !re94    ,! m5had5 is   
kn[n sci5tifically z ,brevoortia        
tyrannus4 ,up to  #ahhj imm5se          
quantities ( m5had5 7 tak5 (f !         
,atlantic coa/4  ,s9ce t "t ! supply has
 n be5 consid]$ s great4 ,9 !  ye> #ahgg

 x is /at$ by ,jordan & ,ev]mann t "o   
oil company took  #bj million fi% & 9 "o
 t[n alone1 namely ,boo? ,bay1 #ej      
million  fi% 7 caught4    ,! fecundity (
 ! m5had5 is v great1 exce$+ t ( !  %ad4
 ,m ?an #adj1jjj eggs h be5 tak5 f a    
s+le fi%4 ,!  m5had5 are n eat5 v       
ext5sively 9 a fre% /ate z food b       
pres]v$ 9 salt !y h a consid]able value 
= t purpose4  ,an extract has also be5  
made f ! fle% ( ! m5had5 on !  same     
pr9ciple ( manufacture z is utiliz$ 9   
prep>ation ( meat  extracts4 ,! m5had5  
is kn[n "u a great numb] ( common names1
  "s ?irty ( :i* h be5 enum]at$ by ,dr4 
,goode4      ,composition ( ,m5had54--  
,wat]1                  #gg4ae p]c5t    
,fat1                     #c4ia         
,prote9 by diff]5ce1  #ah4id        ,!  
wat]-free fle% conta9s 7includ+ bones7  
#ba4g p]c5t ( m9]al  matt]4             
,composition ( ! ,m9]al ,matt]4--       
,lime1              #h4fg p]c5t         
,phosphoric acid1   #g4gh               
,silicic acid1      #a4cc        ,pota%1

            #a4ed        ,soda1         
#a4jb        ,magnesia1          #j4fg  
,*lor91           #j4fi                 
-----        ,total1        #ba4gj      
,mullet4--,! mullet belongs to !        
,mugilid1 an important family (  fi%es 9
 :i* !re are sev]al g5]a & species4 ,!  
mullet is  n p>ticul> ab\t its food b is
 9 ! habit ( swall[+ l>ge  quantities ( 
mud1 or r p>tially swall[+ x & sep>at+ !
  refuse & mo/ obnoxi\s p>ticles by     
means ( ! gills4 ,! common  mullet or   
/rip$ mullet 7,mugil cephalus7 is a     
widely di/ribut$  species4 ,?is fi% is  
common along ! ,atlantic coa/ & 9       
,hawaii1  usually travel+ 9 l>ge s*ools1
 & is mo/ abundant 9 !  %all[ wat]s ( ! 
coa/4 ,x sometimes rea*es a l5g? ( two  
feet  & is an important food fi%4 ,!    
mullet is v abundant on !  ,florida     
coa/s4 ,:ile ! mullet may be reg>d$ z a 
scav5g]1 liv+  pr9cipally on mud1 x does
 n eat any o!r species ( fi%1 b is      
itself eat5 by ne>ly all fi%es t c ga9  
access to x4      ,composition ( !      

,mullet4--                   ,,fre%4    
,,dry4    ,wat]1    #gd4hg p]c5t        
,prote91  #ai4cb         #gg4ej p]c5t   
,fat1       #d4fd         #ah4de        
,a%1       #a4ag          #d4ff         
,muskallunge4--,a v not$ memb] ( ?is    
family is ! muskallunge  7,esox         
masqu9ongy74 ,x is a native ( ! ,great  
,lakes & is  especially f\nd 9 ! upp]   
,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,x is n a v abundant  fi%1
 b is highly priz$ f ! angl]'s po9t (   
view4 ,x is (  v great size1 hav+ be5   
f\nd z long z #h feet & weigh+  ov] #ajj
 p\nds4 ,two o!r species ( muskallunge  
are kn[n1 "o  7,esox ohi5sis or !       
,*autauqua muskallunge7 9 ! ,ohio riv]  
bas91 p>ticul>ly 9 ,lake ,*autauqua1 :]e
 x has be5 artificially  propagat$ )    
great success1 & ! unspott$ muskallunge 
7,esox  immaculatus71 :i* occurs sp>+ly 
9 c]ta9 small lakes (  nor!rn ,wiscons9 
& ,m9nesota4      ,composition ( !      
,muskallunge4--                         
,,fre%4          ,,dry4    ,wat]1       
#gf4bf p]c5t    ,prote91  #ai4fc        

#hd4hg p]c5t    ,fat1       #b4ed       
#aj4gj        ,a%1       #a4eg          
#f4fc        ,! fle% ( ! muskallunge1 z 
is se51 conta9s ab\t f\r times z  mu*   
fat z t ( ! pick]el1 & =ms a ration :i* 
is n s  unbalanc$ z t ( ! pick]el       
itself4      ,pick]el or ,pike4--,"o    
species 7,esox reticulatus7 is ( common 
occurr5ce along ! ,atlantic coa/ & also 
9 ! fre%-wat] /reams  ( ! s\!rn int]ior 
portions ( ! c\ntry4 ,! pike ( ! ,great 
,lakes belongs to ! species ,esox lucius
 ,l9nu4 ,x is f\nd 9 !  fre% wat]s (    
,nor? ,am]ica1 ,europe1 & ,asia1 b is n 
f\nd on  ! ,pacific coa/ except 9       
,alaska4 ,x rea*es 9 "s cases a l>ge    
size1 hav+ be5 f\nd z mu* z #d feet 9   
l5g? & weigh+ #dj to  #ej p\nds4 ,!     
,kankakee 9 nor!rn ,indiana is a        
well-kn[n fi%+  gr\nd = ?is species (   
pike4      ,composition (               
,pick]el4--,edible portion3             
,,fre%4         ,,dry4    ,wat]1        
#gi4fh p]c5t    ,prote91  #ah4fd        
#ib4ae p]c5t    ,fat1        4#ej       

#b4dh        ,a%1       #a4ah           
#e4hj        ,! fle% ( ! pick]el1 z is  
se51 is almo/ a pure type (  prote94 ,! 
fat falls to an insignificant quantity1 
be+ only ab\t  half z mu* z ! a%4       
,wall-ey$ ,pike4--,! wall-ey$ pike or   
pike p]* 7,/izo/$ion  vitreum7 is a fi% 
mo/ abundant 9 ,lake ,*ampla91 ! ,great 
,lakes1  & 9 ea/]n ,canadian lakes2 x   
occurs also 9 c]ta9 small lakes  &      
/reams 9 ! upp] ,mississippi valley4 ,9 
"s localities x is  kn[n z ! salmon or  
jack salmon1 b ( c\rse ^! are misnom]s4 
,composition4--                         
,,fre%4         ,,dry4    ,wat]1        
#ge4ga p]c5t    ,prote91  #ai4jc        
#gi4ca p]c5t    ,fat1       #d4jg       
#af4gd        ,a%1       #a4ai          
#d4ib          ,common ,pompano4--,!    
pompano 7family ,c>angid7 is "o ( ! food
  fi%es :i* is mo/ highly e/eem$ along !
 ,gulf coa/4 ,x has be5  f\nd z f> nor? 
z ,cape ,cod on ! ,atlantic coa/1 b does
 n  occur 9 suffici5t numb]s to make x (
 any economic value z a food  fi% nor? (

 ,florida4 ,x is tak5 *iefly 9 ! ,gulf  
wat]s4 ,!  av]age weight ( ! pompano is 
f #b to #c p\nds1 ?\gh v mu*  l>g]      
examples are sometimes f\nd4 ,z a food  
fi% !re is none t  is reg>d$ m highly   
?an ! pompano1 especially :5 x is eat5  
fre% f ! wat] & prep>$ 9 ! mann] ( !    
creole cooks (  ,new ,orleans4          
,composition4--                         
,,fre%4           ,,dry4    ,wat]1      
#gb4gh p]c5t    ,prote91  #ah4fe        
#gb4cg p]c5t    ,fat1       #g4eg       
#bd4df        ,a%1       #a4jj          
#c4hb        ,^! data %[ t ! edible     
portion ( ! pompano is valu$  bo? = its 
prote9 & its fat4 ,! latt] exi/s 9      
quantities (  approximately "o-?ird ( ! 
=m]4 ,x is n s mu* its nutritive  value 
:i* makes ! pompano desirable z a food  
fi% b ! extreme  delicacy ( flavor & !  
ri*ness ( its ta/e4 ,x does n be>  %ipp+
 well1 & !re=e is f\nd 9 its greate/    
p]fection only  ne> ! place :]e x is    
tak54    ,9 ,new ,orleans & 9 ,florida !
 pompano is "o ( ! pr9cipal food  fi%es 

furni%$ by ! high-class hotels &        
re/aurants to _!  gue/s4      ,r$       
,snapp]4--,! r$ snapp] 7,lutianus aya7  
is ! mo/ not$ fi%  ( all ! snapp] family
 7,lutianid71 al?\gh !re are o!rs :i*   
are highly priz$1 su* z ! gray snapp]4  
,x sometimes rea*es a  l5g? ( two or    
?ree feet & a weight ( f #aj to #ce     
p\nds4 ,x is  p>ticul>ly abundant 9 !   
deep wat]s ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & (f  !  
we/ coa/ ( ,florida4 ,! r$ snapp] be>s  
%ipp+ bett] ?an  mo/ ( ! ,gulf fi%1 &   
,p5sacola is "o ( ! pr9cipal po9ts  :]e 
! fi% are pack$ 9 ice z soon z possible 
aft] capture &  dispat*$ to nor!rn      
m>kets4      ,composition4--            
,,fre%4         ,,dry4    ,wat]1        
#gh4df p]c5t    ,prote91  #ai4bj        
#ia4ge p]c5t    ,fat1       #a4jc       
#d4gj        ,a%1       #a4ca           
#f4je        ,?is is ano!r "o ( ! fi%es 
9 :i* ! edible portion is almo/         
exclusively prote91 ! fat appe>+ only 9 
small quantities4      ,rock ,bass2     
,r$eye2 ,goggle-eye 7,ambloplites       

rupe/ris74--,!  rock bass is a v common 
fi% p>ticul>ly abundant 9 ! fre%  wat]s 
( ! nor!rn c5tral portions ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates4 ,x is !  fi% :i* ! ,am]ican boy1
 liv+ ne> small /reams1 mo/ delights  to
 cat*4 ,! size ( ! rock bass v>ies      
l>gely accord+ to !  magnitude ( ! body 
( wat] 9 :i* x lives4 ,! av]age weight (
  ! fi% 9 /reams ( ord9>y size is       
probably ab\t a p\nd1 ?\gh  (t5 x is    
consid]ably m4 ,! rock bass has be5     
propagat$ to  "s ext5t by ! ,bureau (   
,fi%]ies & has be5 introduc$ into  wat]s
 :]e x =m]ly did n occur4               
,salmon4--,! salmon is "o ( ! mo/       
important food fi%es (  ! ,unit$ ,/ates4
 ,x belongs to ! g5us ,oncorhyn*us4 ,!  
five  species ( ?is g5us are1 9 ,am]ica1
 conf9$ to our ,pacific coa/4  ,( ^!    
species ! "o kn[n z blueback or sockeye 
is f\nd mo/  abundantly 9 ! ,fras] &    
,columbia riv]s & 9 ,alaska1 ! silv]    
salmon 9 ,puget ,s\nd1 ! *9ook salmon 9 
! ,columbia1 & ! dog  salmon along !    
coa/ f ,cali=nia to ,b]+ ,sea4 ,! salmon

 beg9  runn+ e>ly 9 ! spr+ & ! e>ly run 
is consid]$ ( great]  value ?an ! lat]4 
,! habits ( ! salmon 9 ! deep wat]s (  !
 ocean are n v well kn[n4 ,x is only :5 
!y come into  fre% wat] = spawn+        
purposes t _! life hi/ory c be well     
/udi$4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t !y d n g 
v f> f  ! %ore4 ,! run ( salmon on !    
,pacific coa/ usually beg9s ab\t  !     
latt] "p ( ,m>* & la/s ?r\gh ! spr+ &   
great] "p  ( ! summ]4 ,on acc\nt ( !    
great abundance ( ^! fi% on !  ,pacific 
coa/ & ! di/ance f l>ge m>kets ! cann+  
indu/ry  has develop$ ) great rapidity4 
,9 fact on ! ,pacific coa/ !  product ( 
salmon fi%+ is devot$ almo/ exclusively 
to cann+  purposes4 ,9 ! cann+ ( salmon 
no p>ticul> c>e is tak51 &  p]haps none 
at all to designate ^u ! c :e!r its     
cont5ts are  ( ! e>ly salmon or ! lat]1 
less valuable run4 ,x is claim$ by  _m  
au?orities t ! salmon ( ! ,pacific coa/ 
( ,am]ica1 tak5  all toge!r 9 _!        
relation to ! economic problem ( fi%    
food1  are ! mo/ important & valuable   

fi% 9 ! _w4      ,composition ( a       
,pacific ,coa/ ,species4--              
,,fre%4         ,,dry4    ,wat]1        
#fc4fa p]c5t    ,prote91  #ag4df        
#eb4ca p]c5t    ,fat1      #ag4hg       
#di4je        ,a%1       #a4jf          
#b4ib          ,composition ( ,atlantic 
,salmon4--                    ,,fre%4   
,,dry4    ,wat]1    #fc4fa p]c5t        
,prote91  #ba4fj         #fa4de p]c5t   
,fat1      #ac4ch         #cf4hh        
,a%1       #a4da          #c4ha         
,! above data %[ t ! ,pacific salmon are
 ri*] 9 fat ?an !  ,atlantic salmon4 ,9 
fact 9 ! edible portion ( ! fi% ! fat is
  almo/ z great z ! prote94    ,ano!r   
species ( ,pacific salmon is ! humpback 
salmon 7,oncorhyn*us  gorbus*a71 :i*    
appe>s 9 great abundance 9 ! riv]s (    
,alaska1  b n e ye>1--usually com+ 9    
l>g] quantities 9 alt]nat+  ye>s4 ,z a  
fi% to be eat5 fre%1 ?is is "o ( ! v be/
 (  ! salmons4 ,ow+ to ! pale color ( ! 
fle%1 ?is species does  n hold z high a 
rank = cann+ purposes4 ,x cans well1    

h[ev]1  & ! product is v palatable &    
d\btless v nutriti\s4 ,!  trade-"n ( !  
cann$ product is 8p9k salmon10 z its    
fle% is (  a pal] color ?an t ( ! *9ook 
salmon or r$ salmon4 ,ano!r  species is 
kn[n z dog salmon4 ,x is f\nd 9         
consid]able abundance  f ,cali=nia      
nor?w>d to ,b]+ ,/rait1 spawn+ usually  
late 9  ! fall4 ,x is consid]$ z ! lea/ 
valuable = food purposes1  al?\gh x is  
n[ com+ to be us$ v ext5sively by       
freez+1 9  :i* =m x f9ds a ready m>ket  
bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad4  ,:5 cann$ x 
is put on ! m>ket z 8*um40 ,its *ief    
int]e/ at  ! pres5t "t is on acc\nt ( ! 
fact t x is sometimes sold  "u ! names (
 bett] species4      ,*9ook ,salmon     
7,oncorhyn*us ts*awyts*a74--,?is species
 is also  kn[n z qu9nat1 k+1 ,columbia  
riv]1 & ,sacram5to riv] salmon4 ,x  is1 
next to ! sockeye1 ! mo/ important ( all
 salmon 9 comm]cial  value4 ,!          
individuals ( ?is species rea* a l>g]   
size ?an ^?  ( any o!r4 ,!y h be5 kn[n  
to weigh #ij p\nds1 & fi% (  f #dj to   

#fj p\nds 9 weight are n infrequ5tly    
tak54 ,! av]age  weight ( ! k+ salmon   
:i* are captur$ 9 ! ,columbia riv] is   
probably n f> f #bb p\nds1 :ile ^? t run
 fur!r s\?1  = in/ance 9 ! ,sacram5to   
riv]1 av]age #af p\nds4    ,ano!r       
species1 kn[n z silv] salmon            
7,oncorhyn*us kisut*71 also  has a numb]
 ( o!r names1 mo/ly ( ,ea/]n or ,russian
 orig94 ,x  is q an important memb] ( ! 
g5us & its av]age weight is  ab\t #e    
p\nds4 ,x is v valuable z a food fi%1   
only ! ,*9ook  & blueback salmon go+    
ahead ( x4 ,x is also a species :i*     
be>s %ipm5t 9 a fre% /ate v well4 ,!    
silv] salmon resembles  v closely !     
,*9ook1 b is easily di/+ui%$ !refrom by 
exp]i5c$ fi%]m54 ,! cann$ product ( ?is 
species is usually  put on ! m>ket z    
8m$ium r$0 or 8coho0 salmon1 names :i* h
  n[ come to h a def9ite mean+ & are    
p]fectly und]/ood by !  trade4      ,!  
,sockeye or ,blueback ,salmon           
7,oncorhyn*us n]ka74--,?is is !  species
 :i* has ! greate/ comm]cial value & =ms

 a l>ge "p  ( ! cat* ( ! ,pacific coa/4 
,x is ! mo/ abundant ( all !  species ( 
salmon 9 ,alaska4 ,its fle% has a ri* r$
 or 8salmon0  color1 & l5ds itself      
admirably to cann+ processes4 ,9        
palatability  & attractiv5ess z a cann$ 
product x is n inf]ior to any1  unless1 
possibly1 ! ,columbia riv] *9ook4       
,cann+ ( ,salmon4--,! cann+ ( salmon is 
"o ( ! mo/  important ( ! fi% indu/ries 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! imm5se  coa/ l9e  
possess$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ! we/1   
:i* is s  va/ly ext5d$ by ! ,alaskan    
coa/ & ,aleutian ,isl&s1 af=ds !  mo/   
ext5sive fi%]ies ( salmon 9 ! _w4 ,z has
 already be5  /at$1 !re are no l>ge     
m>kets 9 t region 9 :i* ! fre%  salmon c
 f9d a pur*as]4 ,! fi%1 !re=e1 mu/ be   
neglect$  z a food product or else      
prep>$ 9 "s way to enable !m to be      
%ipp$ to great di/ances4 ,probably ! mo/
 unobjectionable way is  by cann+4 ,!   
pr9ciples ( ! cann+ ( salmon are n      
diff]5t  at all f ^? :i* und]lie !      
/]ilization ( any k9d (  food4 ,!       

e/abli%m5ts 9 :i* ! cann+ takes place   
are p]haps  ! mo/ ext5sive 9 ! _w4 ,!   
prime necessity 9 ^! cases  is to secure
 complete /]ilization4 ,9 ! case ( fi%  
any failure  to secure ! prop]          
/]ilization is ! m repreh5sible1 because
  fi% decompose s readily1 =m+          
f]m5tative products :i* are  extremely  
poison\s4 ,cases ( poison+ f eat+ cann$ 
salmon h  be5 report$1 & 9 "s cases !y  
may prove fatal4 ,e c (  salmon :i* is  
to be eat5 ought to be exam9$ c>efully 9
 ord] to  see if !re are any incipi5t   
signs ( decomposition4 ,a bad smell+  or
 o!rwise imp]fect c %\ld be reject$ )\t 
"q4 ,only  ! fi% :i* is p]fectly fre% to
 ! ta/e & odor & :i* gives  no signs (  
any k9d ( det]ioration %\ld be eat54 ,:5
 prop]ly  prep>$1 cann$ salmon af=ds a  
delicacy z well z a food product  :i* c 
h>dly be too highly priz$4              
,composition ( ,cann$ ,salmon4--,mean ( 
?ree samples4 ,wat]-free  sub/ance3     
,prote91  #ec4eb p]c5t    ,fat1         
#dj4eb        ,a%1       #f4bd          

,! ,salmon ( ! ,atlantic ,coa/4--,z has 
already be5 not$1 !  ,pacific salmon    
belong to a diff]5t g5us f ! common     
,atlantic  salmon1--,salmo sal>4 ,!re is
 a v close resemblance betwe5 !  two    
g5]a1 & ! common "n 8salmon0 is appli$  
to ! individuals  ( ea*4 ,! ,atlantic   
salmon is a fi% :i* has be5 kn[n f !    
e>lie/ "t4 ,! ,roman p became acqua9t$ )
 x 9 ! e>ly  hi/ory ( ! ,republic1 &    
especially :5 !y conqu]$ ,gaul &        
,brita94 ,x is f\nd di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole
 ,nor? ,atlantic coa/1  b especially !  
nor!rn portion f ,massa*usetts nor?w>d4 
,!  salmon ext5ds1 z f> z obs]vations h 
be5 made1 beyond ev5  ! ,arctic circle1 
& ! same species is f\nd ^u ! we/]n &   
nor!rn %ores ( ,europe4 ,! salmon ent]s 
! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & has  be5 f\nd z f> up z
 ,niag>a ,falls4 ,our pr9cipal fi%]ies =
 ?is  species are 9 ,ma9e & 9 ,canada1  
,nova ,scotia1 & ,new ,brunswick4  ,!y d
 n ext5d s\?w>d beyond ! ,delaw>e & h   
r>ely be5  f\nd 9 t riv]4 ,! %ad &      
salmon 7 p>ticul>ly abundant  9 e>ly    

colonial days4 ,! %ad 7 s abundant t !y 
7 n  reg>d$ z useful = food purposes1 b 
_! value z a f]tiliz]  0 taught to !    
:ites by ! ,indians4 ,salmon1 app>5tly1 
7  equally abundant1 & x 0 consid]$ an  
affront to (f] salmon  m ?an twice a    
week ev5 to s]vants4 ,9 ?is respect !y 7
  on ! same plane z ! diamond back      
t]rap9 & canvas back duck1  :i* 7 s     
abundant1 9 ^? days1 t !y 7 a drug on ! 
m>ket4 ,! salmon ent]s ! fre%-wat]      
/reams = ! purpose (  spawn+4 ,! eggs   
are l>gely laid late 9 ! fall1 & 9 t    
case  d n hat* until ! next spr+4 ,!    
,atlantic salmon (t5 rea* a  v l>ge     
size4 ,individuals h be5 kn[n to weigh f
 #dj to ev5  #hj p\nds4 ,! av]age weight
 ( ! salmon tak5 9 ,ma9e wat]s is  ab\t 
#aj p\nds ea*4 ,ano!r valu$ specim5 (   
salmon is kn[n z !  ,sebago salmon      
7,salmo sebago71 f ! lake 9 :i* x       
occurs4 ,x is  a fre%-wat] fi%1 hav+ be5
 d\btless l&lock$ 9 "s way aft]         
orig9ally ent]+ f ! sea4 ,/ill a ?ird   
species is ! fam\s  ouanani*e 7,salmo   

ouanani*e71 inhabit+ ! wat]s ( ! ,lake  
,/4  ,john region nor? ( ,quebec4       
,composition ( ,atlantic ,salmon4--     
,,fre%4         ,,dry4    ,wat]1        
#gf4gd p]c5t    ,prote91  #ah4eb        
#gi4ac p]c5t    ,fat1       #c4fj       
#ae4cb        ,a%1       #a4ad          
#d4ic          ,composition ( ,sebago   
,salmon4--                    ,,fre%4   
,,dry4    ,wat]1    #gh4ed p]c5t        
,prote91  #ag4bd         #gh4jj p]c5t   
,fat1       #b4ih         #ac4gd        
,a%1       #a4bd          #e4gf         
,! above data %[ a /rik+ diff]5ce 9 !   
composition ( !  edible portions (      
,pacific & ,atlantic salmon4 ,?is       
diff]5ce is  %[n *iefly 9 ! relative    
proportion ( fat4 ,9 ! ,pacific salmon  
! fat approa*es 9 quantity ! prote91    
:ile 9 ! ,atlantic  salmon ! prote9 is  
mu* great] ?an ! fat4 ,! ,atlantic      
salmon  is us$ *iefly 9 ! fre% /ate =   
two reasons1 fir/1 because  ! cat* is v 
mu* small] ?an t ( ! ,pacific species   
:ile  ! m>kets are v mu* m num]\s & v   

mu* l>g]2 second1  because x is         
comm]cially m pr(itable to deal]s 9 !   
fre%  /ate4 ,9 ,europe & ,scotl& !      
salmon is con/antly us$ 9 a  fre% /ate  
dur+ ! :ole ( ! summ] & a d9n] is       
sc>cely  consid]$ complete )\t x4 ,x is 
also v commonly us$ at  lun*eon4 ,x is  
g5]ally eat5 cold & (f]s a food product 
( high  palatability & great nutritive  
value 9 s f> z ! prote9 is  conc]n$4    
,eat5 ) pl5ty ( potato1 z x usually is1 
x =ms a  reasonably well-balanc$ ration4
 ,! ,am]ican visitor :o is n us$  to    
eat+ salmon e day is likely to f9d its  
con/ant occurr5ce  ^u ! ,engli% table 9 
! summ] to be a bit try+ to 8 ta/e4     
,s>d9es4--,! s>d9e belongs to ! h]r+    
family--9 fact  small h]r+ along ! coa/ 
( ,ma9e are put up z s>d9es4 ,!  s>d9es 
are v closely relat$ to ! h]r+s1 b !re  
are  r important diff]5ces4 ,! ,european
 s>d9e1 :i* is kn[n  z ! s>d9e1 is !    
,s>d9ia pil*>da1 & does n occur on  !   
coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! species exi/+
 on ! ,pacific  coa/ is kn[n z !        

,cali=nia s>d9e 7,s>d9ia crulea74 ,x is 
q abundant on ! ,cali=nia coa/ & spawns 
9 ! op5 sea4 ,x  resembles v /rongly !  
,european s>d9e1 b has no tee?4 ,!      
,spani% s>d9e 7,s>d9ia pseudohispanica7 
is f\nd r abundantly  9 ,cuba & is (t5  
c>ri$ nor?w>d 9 ! ,gulf ,/ream z f> z   
,woods ,hole or ,cape ,cod4 ,x is ab\t  
#h in*es 9 l5g? & ( high food  value1   
resembl+ v closely ! ,european s>d9e4   
,!re has be5 a  good deal ( discussion z
 to :e!r or n small h]r+ :i* are  pack$ 
z s>d9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be      
all[$1 "u !  food laws ( ! v>i\s /ates &
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to be sold by  t "n4
 ,! answ] to ?is is t any deception 9 ! 
label %\ld  be avoid$4 ,! h]r+1 h[ev]1  
belongs to ! same g5us z !  true s>d9e1 
&1 diff]+ f x only 9 ! v>iation (       
species1  may h "s "r to ! "n4 ,! true  
e?ical pr9ciples ( trade1  h[ev]1 w\ld  
require t !y %\ld be nam$ ,ma9e s>d9es  
or  h]r+ s>d9es & n be> ! "n simply     
s>d9es1 :i* is  res]v$ exclusively = !  
species ,s>d9ia pil*>da4                

,composition ( ,cann$ ,s>d9es4--        
,wat]1                 #ef4cg p]c5t     
,wat]-free sub/ance1  #dc4fc            
,prote91               #bd4hg           
,fats1                  #ab4ga          
,a%1                    #e4jj           
,sodium *lorid1         #j4fa        ,! 
above data are bas$ ^u ! analysis ( !   
sample aft] ! oil  has be5 sep>at$ by   
dra9age4      ,european ,s>d9es4--,!    
s>d9e is eat5 fre% along ! ,spani%  &   
,fr5* coa/1 :]e !y are tak5 9 great     
abundance & =m a  delici\s food 9 ?is   
condition4 ,! numb] :i* is giv5 to a    
s+le  individual is q g5]\s1 z ! writ]  
has _h s]v$ him on !  ,m$it]ranean coa/ 
9 ,spa9 z _m z tw5ty fre% s>d9es at "o  
ord]4 ,! numb]1 h[ev]1 0 n f\nd any too 
l>ge :5 !  palatability ( ! product is  
tak5 into consid]ation4 ,s>d9es are     
pres]v$ by salt & smoke & p>ticul>ly by 
pack+ 9 oil4      ,me?od ( ,pack+ 9     
,oil4--,! s>d9es aft] prop] clean+ are  
heat$ 9 oil = ! purpose ( /]iliz+ !m4   
,olive oil is usually  employ$ = ?is    

purpose1 ?\gh "s pack]s pref] to heat ! 
fi%  9 peanut oil1 claim+ t x gives !m a
 bett] color4 ,!re seems  to be1 h[ev]1 
no suffici5t gr\nd = ?is claim4 ,!      
peanut oil  is probably us$ simply      
because x is *eap]4 ,:5 ! fi% are ?us   
/]iliz$ & ?or\ghly cook$ !y are plac$ 9 
boxes 9 ! well  kn[n mann] 9 :i* !y are 
f\nd & cov]$ ) oil1 seal$1  &1 if       
necess>y1 aga9 /]iliz$ 9 ord] to prev5t 
decomposition4  ,olive oil is ! oil     
usually employ$ = pack+ purposes1 ?\gh  
*eap] grades ( edible oil are v commonly
 f\nd 9 s>d9es4  ,! sub/itutes = olive  
oils :i* are usually employ$ are peanut 
oil1 cottonse$ oil1 & sesame oil1 ei!r  
s+le or mix$4 ,:5 !  s>d9es h be5       
previ\sly boil$ 9 a *eap] oil & !n pack$
  ) olive oil ! olive oil w be          
contam9at$ ) ! *eap] oil  us$ 9 ! boil+4
      ,adult]ation ( ,s>d9es4--,z       
indicat$ above1 ! *ief adult]ation  (   
s>d9es is 9 ! misbr&+ respect+ ! nature 
( ! fi%  & ! oil us$ 9 pack+4 ,a "y h]r+
 pack$ 9 ! mann]  ( a s>d9e prop]ly     

dem&s a special label in/ead ( ! ^w     
8s>d9e0 alone4 ,a diff]5ce respect+ !   
misbr&+ 9 reg>d to  ! oil employ$ is    
avoid$ by ! /atem5t on ! package ( !  "*
 ( ! oil us$4 ,! phrase 8,s>d9es pack$ 9
 oil0 %\ld  be con/ru$ always to mean 9 
! highe/ grade oil1 t is1 olive  oil4   
,?is phrase1 h[ev]1 is usually employ$  
:5 inf]ior oils are  us$4 ,inasmu* z oil
 is n ! "n ( any individual product b ( 
a l>ge class ( products1 includ+ t ( bo?
 animal & vegetable  orig91 x is g5]ally
 held t ! t]m 8oil0 is n a suffici5t    
indication ( ! "* ( ! oil us$4 ,9 all   
cases ! packages  %\ld designate !      
special k9d ( oil us$ 9 ! prep>ation4 ,!
  addition ( *emical pres]vatives to    
s>d9es 9 s f> z ! au?or  kn[s1 is n     
practic$1 at lea/ n to any appreciable  
ext5t4      ,! ,fr5* ,fi%]ies4--,! s>d9e
 fi%]ies 9 ,france are mo/ly  (f ! coa/ 
( ,brittany1 & are subject to _m v s]i\s
  fluctuations4 ,= in/ance1 ! pres5t    
ye>1 #aijf1 has be5 "o  ( disa/] to !   
,fr5* fi%]ies4 ,:at is ! cause ( !      

disappe>ance ( ! pil*>d 7! true s>d9e7  
is n kn[n4 ,!  fi%]m5 ?9k t l>ge fi% h  
driv5 ! small ones ei!r into  ! ,bay (  
,biscay or ! ,m$it]ranean1 or ev5 to !  
we/ %ores (  ,africa4 ,! fi% are ?\ght  
to orig9ate 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 &  _! "n  
is d]iv$ f ! fact t !y 7 orig9ally f\nd 
9  great quantities (f ! coa/ ( ,s>d9ia4
 ,:5 ! spr+ comes &  ! f9e wea!r is     
e/abli%$ !y migrate fir/ along ! coa/ ( 
,spa91 f9ally rea*+ ! ,fr5* coa/ "s "t  
dur+ ! mon?  ( ,may4 ,by ?is "t ! "y fi%
 are ne>ly gr[n to a prop] size  =      
cat*+4 ,! fi%+1 h[ev]1 does n really    
beg9 until ,july  & is usually f9i%$ by 
,novemb]4 ,! little t[n ( ,conc>neau is 
! seat ( ^! fi%]ies4 ,ab\t two ?\s&     
small boats g out  f ?is t[n & at or ne>
 ?is place are also ! l>ge cann]ies  &  
pack+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,! fi%+ gr\nds are   
ab\t five miles  f ! coa/ & ! small     
boats sail out f two to f\r o'clock  9 !
 morn+4 ,! fi%+ is by means ( nets & a v
 important  "p ( ! "w is ! spread+ ( !  
bait ^u ! surface ( !  wat] to attract !

 fi%4 ,! pr9cipal bait or roque is ! roe
 (  ! cod1 :i* sometimes rea*es a price 
( #fj p] b>rel4 ,sometimes  a s+le boat 
w use f #cj to #dj b>rels ( bait4 ,only 
! mo/  skill$ fi%]man1 usually ! ma/]   
himself1 is all[$ to di/ribute  ?is     
preci\s mat]ial4 ,z _m z "o hundr$ ?\s& 
fi% h  be5 caught 9 ! net1 ?\gh ?is     
magnitude ( cat* is1 ( c\rse1           
exceptional4 ,:5 ! fi% are br\ght a%ore 
!y are c\nt$ into  baskets1 ab\t #bjj to
 a basket1 & ^? unfit = use are ?r[n    
out4  ,!y are tak5 to ! cann]ies z      
quickly z possible to be clean$1  boil$1
 dipp$ 9 oil1 & !n h]metically seal$    
into a t9 9 :i*  !y are s5t into        
comm]ce4      ,adult]ation4--,! *ief    
adult]ation ( s>d9es is f\nd 9  misbr&+ 
z to c\ntry ( orig94 ,! ,fr5* cat* has !
 highe/  reputation ( any 9 ! _w & = ?is
 reason ! label is (t5  made to repres5t
 ! fi% z ( ,fr5* orig9 :5 9 reality !y  
are caught on ! %ores ( ,spa9 or ( o!r  
c\ntries4 ,=m]ly !  fi% 7 br\ght 9 great
 numb]s f ! ,spani% coa/ into ,france4  

,!y 7 naturally mu* det]iorat$ 9        
transit4 ,nev]!less !y  7 t9n$ & m>k$ z 
( pure ,fr5* orig94 ,?is practice has n[
  be5 =bidd5 by law 9 ,france4 ,!       
,norwegian fi% kn[n z ,sprtt5  7sprats7 
on ! ,g]man & ,holl& coa/s are pack$ z  
s>d9es &  s5t into ?is c\ntry z s>d9es4 
,scup4--,! scup is a fi% 7family ,sp>id7
 :i* is tak5 9 great  abundance on our  
,atlantic coa/ 9 ! summ] & autumn & is  
br\ght  9 imm5se quantities to ! m>ket4 
,! prop] "n ( ! fi% is  ,/5otomus       
*rysops4      ,composition4--           
,,fre%4          ,,dry4    ,wat]1       
#gd4ii p]c5t    ,prote91  #ah4eb        
#ge4cc p]c5t    ,fat1       #e4aa       
#ai4be        ,a%1       #a4ch          
#e4fd        ,! fle% ( ?is fi% is a     
bett] balanc$ ration ?an t ( ! r$       
snapp]1 ! proportion ( fat be+ mu* l>g]4
      ,%ad4--,"o ( ! mo/ important food 
fi%es on ! ,atlantic coa/  is ! %ad4 ,x 
is f\nd along ! :ole ,atlantic coa/1    
com+ into  fre% wat] = spawn+1 :]e x is 
caught = food purposes4 ,!  %ad beg9 to 

appe> 9 ! /reams ( ! s\? ,atlantic coa/ 
e>ly  9 ! w9t] & z ! spr+ advances !y g 
nor?w>d4 ,!y  appe> 9 ! ,potomac 9      
,april & ,may1 & lat] 9 ! ,delaw>e &    
,connecticut riv]s & o!r fre%-wat]      
/reams fur!r nor?4 ,!  fi% is1 !re=e1 to
 be _h fre% ^u ! m>ket ov] a long p]iod 
( "t4 ,! common %ad is kn[n             
sci5tifically z ,alosa sapidissima      
7,wilson74 ,z a result ( ! "w ( ! ,u4   
,s4 ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies  ! %ad has be5   
introduc$ into ! wat]s ( ! ,pacific coa/
  :]e none 0 f\nd orig9ally4 ,! %ad fry 
7 fir/ introduc$  into ! ,sacram5to riv]
 & aft]w>d into ! ,columbia riv]4 ,!    
environm5ts on ! ,pacific coa/ 7 f\nd   
cong5ial4 ,! fi% soon  f\nd gr\nds on   
:i* !y c\ld spawn1 & !y h spread ov]    
almo/ ! entire l5g? ( ! ,pacific coa/4  
,x has1 ( late1 become  a v common &    
abundant food fi% on ! ,pacific coa/ &  
has lo/  none ( its palatability by     
transplant+4 ,sci5ce has n be5 able to  
asc]ta9 any?+ ( v great int]e/ respect+ 
! life ( !  %ad 9 ! sea4 ,:5 !y leave ! 

riv]s !y practically disappe>1  & are n 
kn[n aga9 until ! next spawn+ season    
returns4 ,=  spawn+ purposes ! %ad pref]
 a wat] temp]ature ( f #ee to #fe       
degrees4 ,:5ev] ! temp]ature goes above 
! latt] figure !y  beg9 to disappe>4 ,! 
males & females g 9 sep>ate s*ools4 ,!  
males usually prec$e ! females4 ,x is   
/at$ by ,jordan & ,ev]mann  t ( #fa1jjj 
%ad receiv$ at ! ,wa%+ton m>ket f ,m>*  
#ai to  #bd1 #ii p]c5t 7 male4 ,z !     
season advanc$ ! males became v  mu*    
less frequ5t & at ! end extremely sc>ce4
 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau (  ,fi%]ies has tak5
 especial pa9s to increase ! numb] ( %ad
 9  all wat]s4 ,dur+ ! spr+ ( #aijj !re 
7 artificially plant$  9 ! ,atlantic    
coa/ /reams ov] #bdj1jjj1jjj "y %ad4 ,"o
 fi%  (t5 conta9s z _m z #aej1jjj eggs4 
,! av]age numb]1 h[ev]1 is  ab\t        
#cj1jjj4 ,%ad roe is ! mo/ valuable "p (
 ! fi% & br+s  a mu* high] price 9 !    
m>ket ?an an equal weight ( fi% itself4 
,plank$ %ad is "o ( ! greate/ delicacies
 ( ! ,wa%+ton  m>kets4 ,at ,m>%all      

,hall1 opposite ,m\nt ,v]non1 !re are   
giv5 a  great _m %ad bakes dur+ !       
season4 ,oak wood is plac$ 9 long  l9es 
& burn$1--oak planks are set up on ea*  
side ( ! l9e (  burn+ wood1 incl9$ at an
 angle ( ab\t #fj or #gj degrees4 ,on ^!
  oak planks ! %ad are cook$1 held      
usually by driv+ a nail ?r\gh  !        
head1--! cut surface be+ expos$ to !    
heat ( ! burn+  fire4 ,9 addition to be+
 cook$ 9 ?is way ! fi% absorbs a small  
am\nt ( ! empyreumatic odors ( ! burn+  
wood4 ,dur+ ! bak+  ! %ad are treat$ f  
"t to "t ) melt$ butt]4 ,!re is no  o!r 
way :i* a %ad c be cook$ :i* r5d]s x s  
delici\s z  by ?is primitive me?od4 ,!  
%ad1 f an economic po9t ( view1 is  ?ird
 9 importance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 only ! 
salmon & ! cod  exce$+ x 9 value4 ,!    
annual cat* ( %ad on ! ,atlantic sea    
coa/ numb]s f #aj to #bj million1 weigh+
 f #dj to #fj million  p\nds & wor? f "o
 & "o-half to two million doll>s4       
,composition ( ,%ad4--                  
,,fre%4          ,,dry4    ,wat]1       

#gj4fb p]c5t    ,prote91  #ah4ef        
#fd4cf p]c5t    ,fat1       #i4dg       
#ca4ic        ,a%1       #a4ce          
#d4fb        ,( ! :ole weight ( %ad !   
av]age edible portion am\nts to #eb4ce  
p]c5t1 & ! refuse1 c\nt+ ! bones1 sk91 &
 entrails is  #dg4fe p]c5t4      ,%ad   
,roe4--,! eggs ( %ad1 z has already be5 
m5tion$1 are  reg>d$ z ! mo/ valuable   
portion ( ! fi%4 ,roe %ad also are  m   
highly priz$ z a food fi% ?an ! male    
%ad4 ,z a result1 roe  %ad sell = a mu* 
high] price on ! m>ket ?an ! male %ad4  
,!  eggs are q small1 & z has already   
be5 said1 occur 9 imm5se  numb]s1 !     
av]age numb] to a fi% be+ ab\t #cj1jjj4 
,composition ( ,%ad ,roe4--      ,wat]1 
#ga4b p]c5t    ,prote91  #bc4d          
,fat1       #c4h        ,a%1       #a4f 
,aside f ! wat] ( ! roe1 x is notic$ t  
by f> ! mo/  abundant compon5t is !     
prote94 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is :at w\ld be   
expect$ ( an egg product4 ,! prote9 is a
 little m ?an six times  z great z !    
fat4 ,! a% conta9s l>ge quantities (    

phosphorus1  :i* exi/s 9 ! orig9al egg1 
l>gely 9 ! =m ( leci?91  9 :i* /ate x is
 reg>d$ z mo/ valuable = n\ri%+ !       
phosphatic tissues ( ! body4 ,%ad roe is
 eat5 almo/ entirely 9  ! fre% /ate4 ,x 
does n produce a pickl$ or cook$ product
 (  any?+ l ! value ( ! /urgeon eggs4 ,s
 f> z ! au?or  kn[s no =m ( %ad egg     
prep>ation simil> to cavi> is on !      
m>ket4    ,!re are ?ree species ( %ad 9 
,am]ica1 b ! only "o ( great  importance
 is ! common ,atlantic %ad :i* has be5  
describ$4      ,! ,%eep%ead4--,?is      
abundant & important food fi% exi/s 9   
l>ge numb]s along ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,x  
also belongs to ! ,sp>id  & its         
sci5tific "n is ,ar*os>gus              
probatocephalus4 ,?is species  is f\nd f
 ,cape ,cod to ,texas4 ,x is especially 
f\nd 9 ! vic9ity  ( oy/] b$s1 :]e x is  
de/ructive to ! oy/]s4 ,x is q  abundant
 9 ! ,indian riv]1 be+1 next to !       
mullet1 ! mo/  frequ5tly f\nd fi% 9 ^?  
wat]s4 ,?\gh /rictly a salt-wat]  fi%1 x
 (t5 runs up into fre% wat]s4 ,! fi% is 

di/+ui%$ by  ! numb] ( broad silv]y     
color$ b&s ext5d+ ar\nd its entire      
body4 ,! av]age weight ( ! %eep%ead is  
?ree or f\r p\nds1  ?\gh occasionally a 
fi% ?ree or f\r times t size is captur$4
      ,composition ( ,%eep%ead4--       
,,fre%4         ,,dry4    ,wat]1        
#ge4ee p]c5t    ,prote91  #ai4ed        
#hc4dg p]c5t    ,fat1       #c4fi       
#ac4ei        ,a%1       #a4bb          
#e4ad          ,! ,smelt4--,! smelt     
belongs to a family :i* has a numb] (   
species1 "s ( :i* are v abundant 9      
,europe1 :]e !y are  highly priz$ ev5 to
 a great] ext5t ?an 9 ?is c\ntry = food4
  ,! smelt is a small fi%1 v long 9     
proportion to its bread?4  ,! ,am]ican  
smelt 7,osm]us mordax7 is f\nd v        
abundantly on !  ,atlantic coa/ nor? (  
,new ,york4 ,al?\gh a sea fi%1 x (t5    
ent]s  riv]s & becomes l&lock$ 9 lakes4 
,x is f\nd abundantly 9 ,lakes  ,*ampla9
 & ,memphremagog & _m ( ! ,new ,engl& & 
,nova ,scotian  lakes4 ,! smelt 9 e>ly  
times 0 a v abundant fi%4               

,composition ( ! ,smelt4--,edible       
portion3                    ,,fre%4     
,,dry4    ,wat]1    #gi4af p]c5t        
,prote91  #ag4cg         #hd4ca p]c5t   
,fat1       #a4gi          #h4fe        
,a%1       #a4fh          #h4af         
,^! data %[ t ! fle% ( ! smelt is v ri* 
9 prote91  ! fat fall+ to a v small     
proportion ( ! total edible  sub/ance4  
,spani% ,mack]el4--,?is is a v highly   
priz$ fi% & is eat5  l>gely 9 ! fre%    
/ate along ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,its       
sci5tific  "n is ,scomb]omorus          
maculatus4 ,! cat* is subject to great  
v>iations4 ,9 e>ly ye>s ! ,spani%       
mack]el 0 sc>cely kn[n on  our coa/1 b 9
 ! la/ =ty ye>s x has assum$ consid]able
  importance4 ,al?\gh m abundant ?an    
=m]ly x /ill comm&s a  v high price4 ,! 
weight ( ! full-gr[n mack]el is usually 
f  five to eight p\nds1 ?\gh            
occasionally v l>ge individuals are     
tak54 ,jordan & ,ev]mann speak ( "o :i* 
0 #da in*es long &  weigh$ #be p\nds4   
,composition4--,edible portion3         

,,fre%4          ,,dry4    ,wat]1       
#fh4aj p]c5t    ,prote91  #bj4ig        
#fg4be p]c5t    ,fat1       #i4dc       
#bi4ef        ,a%1       #a4ej          
#d4ga        ,9 ?is fi% x is se5 t ! fat
 is a little less ?an "o-?ird  !        
quantity ( ! prote94      ,/urgeon4--,! 
/urgeon belongs to ! family (           
,acip5s]id4  ,!y are l>ge fi%es frequ5t+
 ! sea & also ! fre% wat]s  ( nor!rn    
regions4 ,mo/ ( ! species are anadrom\s1
 ent]+  fre% wat] & asc5d+ ! /reams 9   
spr+4 ,!re are two g5]a  belong+ to ?is 
family & #bj species t are well def9$1  
al?\gh  ab\t #ajj nom9al species h be5  
describ$4 ,! :ite /urgeon or  ,oregon   
/urgeon is f\nd on ! ,pacific coa/ f    
,mont]ey nor? to  ,alaska4 ,x asc5ds !  
l>ge riv]s dur+ ! spr+1 notably !       
,sacram5to1 ,columbia1 & ,fras] riv]s4  
,"s ( !m are v l>ge  & _! value = food &
 comm]cial purposes has only be5 lately 
recogniz$4 ,!y are pr9cipally valuable1 
h[ev]1 = _! eggs or  roe1 s9ce x is f ! 
eggs ( /urgeon t cavi> is made4 ,! roe  

9 ! fre% /ate is wor? f #be to #cj c5ts 
a p\nd4 ,! fre% fi%  are froz5 & %ipp$  
to ,ea/]n m>kets4    ,! common /urgeon  
7,acip5s] /urio7 frequ5ts ! ea/ & nor?  
,atlantic coa/ & asc5ds ! riv]s 9 !     
spr+1 especially !  ,delaw>e4 ,!        
quantity ( /urgeon tak51 h[ev]1 has     
con/antly  decreas$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,!   
pr9cipal "p ( ! cavi> made 9  ! ,unit$  
,/ates is procur$ f ! common /urgeon & !
 ,lake  /urgeon1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,great 
,lakes1 ! upp] ,mississippi  ,valley1 & 
! ,lake ( ! ,woods4      ,prep>ation (  
,cavi>4--,aft] ! eggs h be5 remov$ f !  
fi%1 !y are plac$ 9 l>ge masses ^u a /&1
 ! top ( :i*  is =m$ ( a small-me%$     
scre54 ,on ! "u side is plac$ a  z9c-l9$
 tr\gh1 ab\t #ah in*es deep1 #b feet    
wide & #d feet long4  ,! op]ator g5tly  
rubs ! mass ( eggs back & =? ov] !      
scre51 ^: me% is j l>ge en\gh to let !  
eggs drop ?r\gh  z !y are sep>at$ f !   
envelop+ membrane4 ,!y ?us fall  into ! 
tr\gh f :i* !y are drawn (f into tubs   
?r\gh a  slid+ door 9 "o end ( ! tr\gh4 

,aft] all ! roe has be5  sep>at$1 ! tub 
is remov$ & a c]ta9 proportion ( ! be/  
,luneb]g salt is add$ & mix$ ) ! eggs by
 c>eful /irr+  ) ! h&s4 ,?is is ! mo/   
delicate "p ( ! :ole process1  & ! be/  
results c be obta9$ by t pr(ici5cy :i*  
comes  f long exp]i5ce4 ,aft] add+ !    
salt1 ! eggs at fir/ become  dry1 b 9   
#aj or #ae m9utes ! salt has drawn f !  
eggs _!  wat]y con/itu5ts & a copi\s    
br9e is =m$1 :i* is p\r$ (f  :5 ! tub   
becomes too full4 ,! salt$ eggs are !n  
p\r$ into  f9e-me%$ sieves :i* hold ab\t
 #aj p\nds ea*1 :]e !y are  all[$ to    
dra9 = #h to #bj h\rs4 ,! eggs h n[     
become ! cavi>  ( comm]ce1 :i* is put 9 
casks or cans ( v>i\s sizes4            
,composition ( ! ,fle% ( ,/urgeon4--    
,,fre%4           ,,dry4    ,wat]1      
#gh4ga p]c5t    ,prote91  #ag4if        
#he4ai p]c5t    ,fat1       #a4ij       
#h4ij        ,a%1       #a4dc           
#f4gb          ,composition ( ,cavi>4-- 
,wat]1         #ff4je p]c5t    ,prote91 
#ad4cg        ,fat1            #h4ig    

,a%1            #g4bf        ,undet]m9$1
   #c4ce        ,( ! a%1 #f4af p>ts ( ! 
#g4bf pres5t are common salt4           
,composition ( ! ,eggs (                
,fi%4--,att5tion has be5 call$ to !     
valuable food prop]ties ( ! eggs (      
fi%es4 ,! roe ( a numb]  ( fi%es is     
celebrat$ bo? = flavor & food value4 ,! 
two mo/  important roes are ^? ( !      
/urgeon1 us$ 9 ! manufacture (  cavi>1 &
 ! roe ( %ad1 us$ pr9cipally 9 ! fre%   
/ate4      ,composition ( ,roe4--,!     
composition ( %ad roe1 fre% /urgeon     
cavi>1 & pickl$ cavi> is giv5 9 ! foll[+
 table3                                 
----------------------------------------
-----------                     ,,wat]4 
,,prote94   ,,fat4     ,,a%4            
----------------------------------------
-----------                             
,p]c5t,p]c5t,p]c5t,p]c5t    ,%ad roe1   
#ga4be    #bc4dd     #c4gh     #a4ec    
,fre% cavi>1    #ef4ig    #bg4hg        
#b4he     #b4ca    ,pickl$ cavi>1       
#ej4ib    #bg4ib    #ac4ei     #g4eg    

----------------------------------------
-----------    ,! above data %[ a m>k$  
diff]5ce betwe5 ! composition ( %ad  roe
 & /urgeon roe1 ! latt] be+ v mu* ri*] 9
 fat &  also conta9+ a great] quantity (
 a%4 ,! l>ge quantity ( a%  9 ! pickl$  
cavi> is d\btless due to ! common salt  
us$ 9 !  cur+4 ,!re is n a v great      
diff]5ce betwe5 ! composition  ( ! roe &
 t ( ! fle% ( fi%4 ,! roe is ess5tially 
a  nitrog5\s food1 also ) a consid]able 
quantity ( fat & )  a c]ta9 am\nt (     
m9]al matt]4 ,x conta9s less wat] ?an ! 
fle% ( fi%1 &1 !re=e1 p\nd = p\nd 9 !   
fre% /ate has  a l>g] quantity (        
nutri5ts4 ,o!rwise1 = food purposes1 !re
 is  b little diff]5ce4 ,x is d\btless  
true1 h[ev]1 t ! m9]al  matt]s ( ! roe  
are some:at diff]5t f ^? ( ! fle% (  fi%
 9 conta9+ a l>g] quantity ( organic    
phosphorus 9 ! =m  ( leci?94      ,/rip$
 ,bass4--,! /rip$ bass or rock 7,roccus 
l9eatus7 is a fi%  ( ! family ,s]ranid &
 q common 9 ! ,potomac4 ,x occurs       
commonly ar\nd ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,its   

sci5tific "n is ,roccus  l9eatus4 ,x is 
tak5 9 all wat]s along ! coa/ f !       
,c>ol9as  to ,new ,engl&1 & especially  
ne> ! m\? ( ! ,potomac & 9  ,*esapeake  
,bay4 ,x is a fairly common z well z "o 
( ! be/ food  fi%es at ,wa%+ton & 9 _m (
 ! fi% m>kets on ! ,atlantic  coa/4     
,,fre%4         ,,dry4    ,wat]1        
#gg4gj p]c5t    ,prote91  #ah4ca        
#hc4bh p]c5t    ,fat1       #b4hc       
#ab4ej        ,a%1       #a4af          
#e4bb          ,sole4--,! t]m 8sole0 is 
appli$ "h to c]ta9 species (  fl\nd]s & 
! two t]ms are sometimes us$            
synonym\sly4 ,!  true soles1 h[ev]1 (   
:i* !re are sev]al species1 belong to a 
di/9ct ?\gh closely relat$ family4 ,!   
species ( fl\nd] to  :i* ! t]m 8sole0 is
 g5]ally giv5 is ,eopsetta jordani4 ,x  
occurs along ! ,pacific coa/ f ,mont]ey 
to ,puget ,s\nd4 ,l>ge  numb]s are tak5 
9 ,mont]ey ,bay4 ,! av]age weight ( ?is 
8sole0  is ab\t ?ree p\nds4 ,x is highly
 e/eem$ z a food fi%4 ,!y are  dri$ 9   
great numb]s by ! ,*9ese1 :o susp5d !m  

by /r+s on  a frame plac$ on ! ro(s ( ! 
h\ses1 :]e1 aft] !y become  dry1 !y     
/rike aga9/ ea* o!r :5 mov$ by ! w9d1   
produc+  a s\nd :i* is some?+ l t       
emanat+ f ! leaves ( a  =e/4            
,tautog4--,! ,tautoga onitis is "o ( !  
wrasse-fi%es 7family  ,labrid7 & is     
abundant along ! ,atlantic coa/ f ,new  
,brunswick to  ! ,c>ol9as4 ,ea/ ( ,new  
,york x is commonly call$ ! 8tautog40   
,on  ! ,new ,york coa/ x is kn[n z      
8blackfi%10 & fur!r s\? z !  8oy/] fi%40
      ,tilefi%4--,! tilefi% is int]e/+ n
 because ( its high food  value b       
because ( ! fact t x 0 discov]$ by      
accid5t 9  #ahgi :5 a fi%]man (f ! coa/ 
( ,nantucket captur$ #ejjj p\nds  ( a   
fi% :i* 0 new to him4 ,! species 0 also 
new to sci5ce4  ,?is fi% disappe>$ z    
sudd5ly z x came & no m 7 caught  until 
#ahib4 ,s9ce !n !y h be5 tak5 r         
frequ5tly4 ,!  tilefi% rea*es a l5g?    
sometimes ( ?ree feet & a weight ( #cj  
p\nds4 ,x is pron\nc$ by exp]ts to be ! 
equal ( ! pompano4      ,tr\t4--,tr\t1 (

 :i* !re are _m species1 are greatly    
priz$  bo? on acc\nt ( _! value z game  
fi%es1 af=d+ sport =  angl]s1 & because 
( _! high palatable qualities4 ,!y      
belong  to ! same family z ! ,atlantic  
salmon & (t5 x is difficult  to di/+ui% 
by any ( its common *>act]i/ics a tr\t f
 a  salmon4 ,?is is especially true (   
tr\t ( we/]n ,am]ica4 ,!  species ( tr\t
 :i* are mo/ highly priz$ on ! ,pacific 
coa/  are ! cut-?roat tr\t 7,salmo      
cl>kii71 ! ra9b[ tr\t 7,salmo  irid5s71 
& ! /eel-head 7,salmo gairdn]i74 ,!     
famili> silv]  tr\t ( ,lake ,tahoe is   
ano!r closely relat$ species4 ,!y are   
di/+ui%$ by a rem>kable sy/em ( spots ( 
a circul> =m1 black  9 color1 & ( v>y+  
size4 ,! ,lake ,tahoe tr\t :i* is       
commonly  secur$ is n ! same z ! silv]  
tr\t ( ,lake ,tahoe b is ( a  little    
diff]5t "*1 & is also kn[n z ! ,truckee 
,tr\t1  8,pogy10 & 8,snipe40 ,x rea*es a
 weight ( f ?ree to six p\nds  & is     
sometimes s]v$ on ! d9+ c>s ( ! ,c5tral 
,pacific  ,railway1 9 runn+ ?r\gh ,idaho

 & into ,cali=nia4 ,v>i\s o!r  species (
 ! tr\t are f\nd 9 ,utah1 9 ! ,rio ,gr&e
 & !  ,colorado1 & 9 ! lakes (          
,colorado4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important (  ^!
 is ! /eel-head tr\t occurr+ along !    
,pacific coa/4 ,!  ra9b[ tr\t is also a 
fi% t is highly priz$ along ! ,pacific  
coa/4 ,! brook tr\t ( we/]n ,oregon is  
also an important fi%4      ,! ,tr\t ( !
 ,great ,lakes4--,! fi% kn[n z tr\t 9 ! 
,great  ,lakes belong to a diff]5t g5us 
f ^? already m5tion$1 namely1  g5us     
,cri/ivom]4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 ! typical    
spots1 :i* are (  a grayi% color in/ead 
( r$ or black l ^? ( ! o!r tr\t  :i* h  
be5 m5tion$4    ,! pr9cipal species :i* 
ab\nds 9 ! ,great ,lakes is ! ,mack9aw  
tr\t 7,cri/ivom] namaycu%74 ,x is also  
f\nd 9 ! l>ge lakes  f ,ma9e we/w>d to !
 ,pacific ocean & ev5 to nor!rn ,alaska4
  ,?is is ! l>ge/ species ( tr\t4 ,!    
av]age weight ( ! fi%  probably does n  
exce$ #ae or #bj p\nds4 ,individual     
examples h be5  f\nd weigh+ ov] #ajj    
p\nds4 ,!re is only "o common fi% :i*   

exce$s x 9 weight1 namely1 ! /urgeon4   
,next to ! :ite fi% x  is ! mo/         
important comm]cial fi% ( ! ,great      
,lakes4 ,! supply (  lake tr\t has be5  
dim9i%+ & ! price increas+ = sev]al     
ye>s4 ,! spawn+ season ( lake tr\t beg9s
 9 ,septemb] &  cont9ues until ,decemb]4
      ,composition ( ,lake ,tr\t4--     
,,fre%4          ,,dry4    ,wat]1       
#fi4ad p]c5t    ,prote91  #ah4bb        
#fj4aj p]c5t    ,fat1      #aa4ch       
#cf4hj        ,a%1       #a4bf          
#d4ij          ,composition ( ,brook    
,tr\t4--                    ,,fre%4     
,,dry4    ,wat]1    #gg4gb p]c5t        
,prote91  #ah4ig         #hf4fb p]c5t   
,fat1       #b4aj          #i4af        
,a%1       #a4ba          #e4ci         
,! above data %[ t lake tr\t has a fle% 
:i* approximates 9  composition t (     
,pacific salmon1 be+ q ri* 9 fat1 :ile !
  brook tr\t has a composition m l !    
,atlantic salmon1 be+  v ri* 9 prote9 & 
poor 9 fat4 ,tr\t ( all k9ds are us$    
practically 9 only a fre% /ate4 ,! cat* 

is n l>ge en\gh to  w>rant ! e/abli%m5t 
( cann+ factories & all t are caught  9 
! nor!rn & c5tral nor!rn lakes & /reams 
f9d a ready  m>ket 9 a fre% /ate at mu* 
m remun]ative prices ?an c\ld be  obta9$
 by cann+4 ,x is always a =tunate       
circum/ance :5 !  condition ( ! cat* & (
 ! m>ket are su* z to enable ! fi%  to  
be eat5 z fre% z possible f ! wat]4 ,fi%
 is a k9d ( food  :i* is nev] improv$ by
 keep+ 9 any way & is at its be/ !      
m9ute ! fi% is tak5 f ! /ream4 ,! brook 
tr\t d n belong  to ! same g5us z ! lake
 tr\t b to ! g5us ,salvel9us4  ,!y h a  
g5]al resemblance1 h[ev]1 to t g5us4 ,z 
a fi% to  be caught by ! hook & z a     
victim ( sport ! brook tr\t p]haps      
occupies ! highe/ place among ! fi% ( ! 
c\ntry2 especially  is x s\ght = 9 !    
m\nta9 /reams1 & x occurs 9 mo/ p>ts  ( 
! nor!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x ext5ds f   
,ma9e to nor!rn  ,georgia & ,alabama1   
especially 9 ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s &   
we/  ?r\gh ! ,great ,lakes to !         
,mississippi1 :ile 9 ,canada x is f\nd  

f ,labrador to ! ,saskat*ewan4    ,!    
brook tr\t has be5 especially cultivat$ 
by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau (  ,fi%]ies &      
introduc$ into wat]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
:]e x is  n f\nd naturally4 ,! season = 
spawn+ = ! brook tr\t is 9  ! autumn1 :5
 ! wat] is gr[+ cold]1 & cont9ues f     
,augu/  to ,decemb]1 accord+ to !       
latitude4 ,9 spawn+ "t ! fi% come  up   
into ! smalle/ p>ts ( ! /ream :]e %all[ 
wat] c be  f\nd4 ,! eggs rema9 until !  
next spr+1 :5 !y are hat*$4  ,! brook   
tr\t v>ies greatly 9 size1 accord+ to ! 
magnitude (  ! /ream4 ,9 ! small /reams 
x weighs (t5 less ?an  p\nd1  :ile 9    
l>ge /reams x weighs #b or #c p\nds4 ,! 
l>ge tr\t has  almo/ disappe>$ f ! small
 /reams z a result ( ! activity  (      
fi%]m54    ,!re are _m o!r species (    
tr\t :i* are kn[n 9 diff]5t  p>ts ( !   
c\ntry4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,dubl9 ,pond tr\t 
( ,dubl9  ,pond1 ,n4 ,h41 ! ,dolly ,v>d5
 tr\t 9 ! nor!rn ,pacific /ates &       
,alaska1 ! ,sunapee tr\t 9 ! nor!a/]n   
/ates1 & ! ,blueback  tr\t 9 ,ma9e4 ,^! 

fi%es all h practically ! same quality1 
v>y+ only 9 m9ute details1 & h ! same   
value z a food4      ,turbot4--,a       
species ( halibut kn[n z ,gre5l& halibut
  7,re9h>dtius hippoglossoides7 is also 
kn[n z turbot 9 ?is  c\ntry4 ,x occurs  
*iefly (f ! coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 & is tak5  9
 ! v colde/ "p ( ! ye>4 ,! ,european    
turbot is ,psetta  maxima4              
,weakfi%4--,! weakfi% belongs to !      
croak] family 7,scinid7  & has a high   
value z a food fi%1 ! fle% be+ ri* 9    
flavor  & v t5d] & easily dis9tegrat$1 f
 :i* quality x is  believ$ ! "n         
8weakfi%0 is d]iv$4 ,! common weakfi% is
 !  species ,cynoscion regalis4 ,x is   
also kn[n 9 "s localities z  !          
squeteague4 ,! fi% is r long 9          
proportion to its bread?  & sometimes   
gr[s to a l>ge size4 ,examples weigh+   
ov] #be p\nds  h be5 captur$4 ,v r>ely1 
h[ev]1 does a weakfi% weigh m  ?an #aj  
p\nds1 & ! av]age is p]haps n m ?an     
"o-half t4  ,! weakfi% is1 p>ticul>ly :5
 "y1 a victim ( ! bluefi%1  & great     

numb]s succumb to ! ravages ( its m     
p[]ful enemy4  ,! weakfi% is f\nd ov] ! 
entire l5g? ( ! ,atlantic & ,gulf  coa/s
 z f> nor? z ! ,bay ( ,fundy4 ,! weakfi%
 sometimes asc5ds  ! tidal wat]s &      
congregates ar\nd ! riv] m\?s1 :]e !    
food is m abundant4 ,:ile f\nd on !     
m>kets 9 ! ,nor?1 x is  m highly priz$ 9
 ! s\!rn m>kets4      ,composition4--   
,,fre%4         ,,dry4    ,wat]1        
#gh4ig p]c5t    ,prote91  #ag4de        
#hd4fc p]c5t    ,fat1       #b4ci       
#aa4cg        ,a%1       #a4ai          
#e4fd        ,! fle% ( ! weakfi%1 z %[n 
by ! above data1 is "o 9 :i*  ! prote9  
exi/s 9 v mu* great] proportion ?an !   
fat4 ,x is  n s ri* 9 prote91 h[ev]1 z  
"s ( ! o!r species :i*  h be5 m5tion$4  
,:itefi%4--,?is fi% occurs 9 l>ge numb]s
 9 all our ,great ,lakes1  & is an      
abundant article ( food4 ,its sci5tific 
"n is ,coregonus  clupei=mis4 ,x        
inhabits ! :ole ( ! ,great ,lakes       
regions f  ,lake ,*ampla9 to ,lake      
,sup]ior4 ,x does n occur 9 v great     

abundance1 if at all1 we/ ( ,lake       
,sup]ior1 al?\gh x has be5  report$ to h
 be5 f\nd 9 ! fre% wat] lakes bo? to !  
nor?  & we/ ( t region4    ,! common    
:itefi% pref]s ! deep wat] ( ! lakes1   
com+  only into %all[ wat] ne> ! %ore at
 spawn+ "t1 :i*1 9  ! ,great ,lakes1 is 
f ,octob] to ,decemb]4 ,dur+ ! mon?s (  
,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & ,m>* ! fi%+ =      
:itefi% is practically  discont9u$1 s9ce
 ! fi% at t "t h return$ to deep wat]  &
 are n accessible4    ,! size ( !       
:itefi% 9 ! ,great ,lakes is n s great z
  ! ext5t ( wat] w\ld indicate4         
,probably ?ree p\nds w\ld be  an av]age 
size1 al?\gh ! individual fi% range f #a
 to #f  p\nds4 ,! weight r>ely1 h[ev]1  
exce$s #d or #e p\nds4 ,occasionally    
:itefi% h be5 f\nd weigh+ z high z #bj  
p\nds1 b ?is is  v r>e4 ,! :itefi%      
rea*es its full av]age size ab\t ! end  
( ! f\r? ye>4 ,! numb] ( eggs :i* are   
f\nd 9 ! female  fi% is n s l>ge z 9 !  
%ad1 b usually ! numb] does n  fall bel[
 #aj1jjj & sometimes rea*es z high z    

#ge1jjj4 ,! eggs are  v small           
comp>atively1 & ab\t #cf1jjj ( !m make a
 qu>t4 ,! ,u4  ,s4 ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies   
has done a great deal to increase !     
supply (  :itefi% by plant+ millions (  
:itefi% fry 9 suitable wat]4            
,diff]5t ,species ( ,:itefi%4--,!re are 
_m species ( :itefi%  besides ! common  
:itefi% :i* appe> 9 ! ,great ,lakes4    
,c\lt]'s  :itefi% is f\nd 9 ! wat]s (   
,briti% ,columbia1 b x is n  di/ribut$ v
 widely ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! ,rocky     
,m\nta9  :itefi% is v widely di/ribut$1 
occurr+ 9 all suitable wat]s  f ! we/   
slope ( ! ,rockies to ! ,pacific4 ,!re  
is also a  subspecies ( ?is fi% occurr+ 
9 ! headwat]s ( ! ,miss\ri  riv]4       
,m5om9ee :itefi% occur 9 ! lakes ( ,new 
,engl&1 ,new ,york1  & ! ,great         
,lakes1--x is also kn[n z r\nd :itefi%1 
fro/fi%1  %adwait]1 pilotfi%1 *ivey1 &  
blackback4      ,composition (          
,:itefi%4--                    ,,fre%4  
,,dry4    ,wat]1    #fi4hc p]c5t        
,prote91  #bb4jf         #gf4jj p]c5t   

,fat1       #f4di         #ba4ea        
,a%1       #a4fb          #e4cf         
,av]age ,composition ( ,fi%4#af--       
,wat]1            #gf4jf p]c5t          
,solids1           #bc4id               
,nitrog51          #c4ea                
,phosphoric acid1    4#eb               
,sulfur1             4#bd        ,fat1  
#a4de        ,a%1               #a4ba   
,prote91          #ba4ib          #af   
,av]age analysis ( cod1 halibut1 bass1  
etc41 us$ at !    hygi5ic table ( !     
,bureau ( ,*emi/ry4      ,fluorids 9    
,fi%4--,ne>ly all k9ds ( fi% yield a    
di/9ct te/  = fluor9 :i* is n to be     
mi/ak5 = an adult]ation4 ,!  fluor9 is  
f\nd normally 9 ! bones ( ! fi% &       
sometimes 9  traces 9 ! fle%4 ,!        
addition ( fluorid z a pres]vative is   
highly repreh5sible1 & its pres5ce is   
indicat$ by ! increase 9  quantity4     
,m>ket+ ( ,fi%4--,9 ! food act x is     
provid$ t no animals  %all be us$ = food
 :i* h di$ o!rwise ?an by slaught]4     
,:e!r or n ?is w\ld apply to fi% is a   

matt] ( "s d\bt4  ,un=tunately fi%1 z a 
rule1 are all[$ to die by be+ depriv$ ( 
oxyg51 :i* !y get f ! wat] z x passes   
ov] _! gills4  ,! common practice is to 
take ! fi% = comm]cial purposes 9  se9es
 or o!r ge> & all[ !m to die1 z x 71 by 
suffocation4  ,! great] numb] ( fi%     
expos$ ^u our m>kets h di$ 9 ?is  way & 
are !n pack$ 9 ice & kept until sold4 ,!
 ideal way  to treat fi% w\ld be to     
transf] !m f ! se9e to a pool (  wat]1  
fre% or salt1 9 :i* !y are kept alive   
until !y are  want$ = cook+4 ,?is me?od 
is practic$ 9 "s v high-grade           
re/aurants & hotels :]e ! d9] may pick =
 himself f !  pool ! fi% he desires to  
eat4 ,x is evid5t t = comm]cial         
purposes :]e a *eap food is desirable a 
me?od ( ?is k9d c\ld  n be practic$4 ,x 
is a "q :i* ! hygi5i/ z well z !        
practical man %\ld consid]1 t is1 :e!r  
or n x is possible  to slaught] ! fi% &1
 z soon z !y are tak51 dress !m1 pack   
_! c>casses 9 ice1 & 9 ?is way deliv] !m
 to ! m>kets4  ,:]e fi% are us$ = cann+ 

or salt+ purposes !y are (t5  slaught]$ 
z soon z caught4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true
 ( h]r+  captur$ 9 ! ,potomac &         
,susquehanna riv]s4 ,x is an int]e/+    
problem to /udy :e!r or n ! flavor & "* 
( ! fle%  are impair$ by ! suffocation  
process subsequ5t to _! capture4  ,9 all
 cases except 9 cold wea!r1 ! fi% aft]  
capture1 no matt]  :e!r !y are all[$ to 
die by suffocation or slaught]$1 %\ld   
be pack$ 9 ice & kept until ! m>ket is  
rea*$1 :i* %\ld be  at z e>ly a date z  
possible4 ,fi% are nev] s good z :5 fre%
  & ! fre%] ! bett]4      ,cold         
,/orage4--,fi% is a product :i* is (t5  
f\nd 9 cold /orage  9 l>ge numb]s & kept
 !re = a long "t4 ,! usual problem      
att5d+ ! cold /orage ( food is ev5 m    
important :5  appli$ to fi%4 ,9 cold    
/orage fi% are froz5 solid & kept 9  ?is
 /ate until ready = consumption4 ,j h[  
long ! palatability  & :olesom5ess ( fi%
 c be pres]v$ :5 froz5 solid has n  be5 
det]m9$4 ,x foll[s logically t ! cold] !
 temp]ature  ! less ! degree (          

det]ioration1 b x does n foll[ logically
  t ?is temp]ature c be ma9ta9$         
indef9itely )\t injur+  ! "* ( !        
product4 ,"o ?+ appe>s to be c]ta91     
namely1  t ! consum] is entitl$ to "k   
:e!r 9 any giv5 case !  fi% he pur*ases 
is a fre% or a cold /orage article4 ,at 
! pres5t  "t1 9 s f> z ,i "k1 !re are no
 national1 /ate1 or municipal  laws     
:]eby ?is fact c be asc]ta9$4 ,)\t rais+
 ! "q  ( comp>ative value or            
palatability !re is no d\bt b :at !     
consum] is entitl$ to "k ! "* ( ! fi% he
 pur*ases4      ,cann+ ,fi%4--,allusion 
has already be5 made to ! practice (    
cann+ fi%1 especially salmon4 ,great    
precautions mu/ be us$ 9  cases ( ?is   
k9d1 s9ce fi% is a food :i* t5ds to     
develop  poison\s pr9ciples incid5t to  
decomposition4 ,cann$ fi%1 !re=e1  mu/  
be ?or\ghly /]iliz$ s t no f]m5tative   
action t5d+ to  produce ptoma9 poison c 
possibly take place4 ,x %\ld be ! duty  
( inspectors ( food to frequ5tly exam9e 
packages ( cann$ fi% to  det]m9e1 fir/1 

by ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ! c1 &1 second1
  by op5+ a c]ta9 numb] ( !m1 :e!r any  
decomposition has  tak5 place4 ,too     
great c>e _c be ex]cis$ 9 ?is matt]1    
s9ce  dang]\s & (t5 fatal results foll[ 
! consumption ( spoil$  fi%4      ,dry+ 
& ,salt+ ,fi%4--,! pres]vation ( fi% by 
pickl+1  salt+1 dry+1 & smok+ is a great
 indu/ry & produces "s (  ! mo/         
palatable products4 ,mack]el1 h]r+1 &   
cod are types (  fi% :i* ^u prop] cur+  
make a mo/ delectable di%4 ,no?+ b      
enc\ragem5t %\ld be giv5 to indu/ries ( 
?is k9d1 b 9 ord]  t !y be ( _! true    
value !y %\ld be conduct$ prop]ly )  due
 reg>d to hygi5ic pr9ciples & = ! sole  
purpose ( mak+ a  :olesome & palatable  
product4      ,adult]ation ( ,fi%       
,products4--,att5tion has already be5   
call$  to ! adult]ation ( salmon by     
cann+ an inf]ior grade or ev5 a  diff]5t
 k9d ( fi% "u ! "n ( a bett] species4 ,!
 same  rem>k may be made respect+ all   
fi%1 hake1 haddock1 & cusk be+  (t5 (f]$
 z cod4 ,9 ! case ( s>d9es a simil>     

practice is  9 vogue1 & ! small h]r+ :i*
 are captur$ (f ! coa/ (  ,ma9e are (t5 
sold "u ! "n ( s>d9es4 ,! sub/itution ( 
"o v>iety ( fi% = ano!r1 h[ev]1 is      
injuri\s only 9 ! way  ( fraud1 !       
sub/itute fi% presumably be+ ( equal    
:olesom5ess  to ! o!r "u ^: "n x is     
sold4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! =m  (            
sophi/ication :i* p]mits ! introduction 
( delet]i\s  sub/ances into fi% food is 
highly objectionable f ! dietetic  po9t 
( view4 ,foll[+ ! g5]al pr9ciples (     
nutrition1 all  *emical1 non-condim5tal 
pres]vatives are to be rigidly exclud$  
f fi% products4 ,?is rule excludes boric
 acid1 borax1 b5zoic acid  & b5zoates1  
sulfites1 =maldehyde1 & all o!r =ms (   
*emical  pres]vatives4    ,:5 fi% are   
pack$ 9 oil ! "* ( ! oil us$ %\ld  be   
made kn[n to ! consum]4 ,especially is  
?is true if f !  locality :]e ! fi% is  
pres]v$ & ! g5]al me?od ( pack+  !      
consum] is l$ to believe t a high-grade 
oil su* z olive oil  has be5 us$4       
,value ( ,fi% z ,food4--,f ! /atem5ts   

:i* h be5 made  9 connection ) fi% 9    
p>ticul> & ! analyses :i* h  be5 giv5 x 
is se5 t fi% is a food ( a peculi>ly    
nitrog5\s  "*4 ,! edible portions1      
exclusive ( wat]1 are at lea/           
?ree-f\r?s1 & probably m compos$ (      
prote94 ,! o!r edible  nutritive product
 is fat or fi% oil4 ,! m9]al nutri5ts   
compose  ! rema9+ edible portion ( fi%  
aft] ! prote9 & fat are  consid]$4 ,!   
m9]al portions ( fi% _c be reg>d$ z n   
nutriti\s s9ce !y conta9 phosphoric acid
 & lime1 :i* are  ess5tial +r$i5ts (    
food4 ,! fle% ( fi%1 h[ev]1 z x has  be5
 se51 is n a complete ration1 b is lack+
 9 c>bohydrates1  & = ?is reason fi%    
%\ld be eat5 ) potatoes1 rice1 or o!r   
highly />*y foods4 ,! value ( fi% z a   
food is unque/ionable &  its m g5]al    
consumption w\ld d\btless prove         
b5eficial4    ,^? :o live 9 ! int]ior ( 
l>ge & ext5sive regions :]e  fre% wat]  
fi% are n v abundant d n appreciate !   
value (  fi% z food z d ^? :o live ^u ! 
coa/s wa%$ by salt wat]  & ne> ! int]ior

 fre% wat]s :]e an abundant supply ( fi%
 is  secur$4      ,,%ellfi%4            
,clams4--,clams are %ellfi% :i*1 ?\gh n 
s ext5sively us$ z  ! oy/]1 are valu$   
food products4 ,! clams ( comm]ce are ( 
two  k9ds4 ,! species kn[n z long or s(t
 clam is abundant on ! ,new  ,engl&     
coa/1 & is ( consid]able comm]cial      
importance bo? fre%  & z a cann$        
product4 ,?is is ! clam us$ at clam     
bakes1 = :i*  ! ,new ,engl& coa/ is     
fam\s4 ,its te*nical "n is ,mya ar5>ia4 
,! o!r species1 ! r\nd or h>d clam1     
nor?w>d kn[n z quahog1  is ! mo/ common 
clam ( ! m>kets s\? ( ,new ,york4 ,its  
sci5tific "n is ,v5us m]c5>ia4    ,a v  
small r\nd clam is kn[n z ! little neck4
 ,?is has a flavor  :i* is extremely    
delicate & x takes ! place1 9 ! w>m     
mon?s1  ( ! blue po9t oy/] on ! m5us ( !
 hotels & re/aurants4  ,! clam may be   
consid]$ z a supplem5tal %ellfi% to !   
oy/]1  be+ mo/ delici\s & mo/ abundant  
dur+ ! clos$ oy/]  season4 ,! av]age    
weight ( ! r\nd clam is ab\t #fj grams1 

(  :i* ab\t "o-f\r? is fle%1 "o-f\r?    
liquid1 & "o-half %ell  & refuse4 ,!re  
are _m specim5s v mu* l>g] ?an ?is b !  
weight is giv5 = ^? usually eat54       
,composition ( ,clams4--,edible portion3
      ,wat]1         #gh4eg p]c5t       
,prote91       #ad4hf        ,fat1      
#a4gh        ,a%1            #b4di      
,undet]m9$1   #b4cj        ,! liquid :i*
 escapes ^u ! op5+ ( ! %ell is compos$  
*iefly ( wat] & salt & its composition  
is z foll[s3      ,wat]1         #if4jb 
p]c5t    ,prote91         4#fe          
,fat1            ,none    ,common salt1 
#b4ha        ,undet]m9$1    4#eb        
,! fle% ( clams1 x is se51 is n v       
diff]5t f t ( fi%  9 g5]al4 ,x is       
compos$ *iefly ( wat] & ( ! nutri5ts !  
prote9 is ! pr$om9at+ con/itu5t4 ,! a%  
cont5t is some:at  high] ?an is ! case )
 fi%4    ,if ! fle% & fluid sub/ance ( !
 clam be consid]$ toge!r !  composition 
( ! :ole mass is repres5t$ by ! foll[+  
data3      ,wat]1         #hf4aa p]c5t  
,prote91        #h4ga        ,fat1      

#a4ja        ,a%1            #b4fc      
,undet]m9$1   #a4ed                     
,composition ( ,wat]-free ,sub/ance ( ! 
,fle%4--      ,prote91       #fi4cg     
p]c5t    ,fat1            #h4cb         
,a%1           #aa4fd        ,undet]m9$1
  #aj4fg          ,composition ( ! ,dry 
,sub/ance ( ! ,liquid ,portion4--       
,prote91       #af4cg p]c5t    ,fat1    
4#aj        ,a%1           #gj4da       
,undet]m9$1  #ac4ab                     
,composition ( ! ,dry ,sub/ance ( !     
,fle% & ,liquid ,toge!r4--      ,prote91
       #fb4ha p]c5t    ,fat1            
#g4cj        ,a%1           #ah4ib      
,undet]m9$1  #aj4ig          ,! ,lob/]  
7,hom>us am]icanus74--,! lob/] is a     
cru/acean  :i* occurs along ! nor!rn    
,atlantic coa/4 ,=m]ly x 0 s v  abundant
 t x 0 almo/ a drug on ! m>ket4 ,9 ! la/
 qu>t]  ( a c5tury ! increase 9 !       
consumption ( ! lob/] has be5  m rapid  
?an ! increas$ gr[?1 s t ! price has    
become  high] & high]2 & ?is1 to a c]ta9
 ext5t1 is limit+ !  consumption4 ,!    

coa/ ( ,ma9e is especially ! fi%+ gr\nds
 =  ! ,am]ican lob/]1 ?\gh x is f\nd mu*
 fur!r s\? & also  9 great abundance    
fur!r nor?4 ,! lob/] v>ies greatly 9    
size4  ,! law1 at ! pres5t "t1 prev5ts v
 "y lob/]s f be+  s5t into comm]ce4 ,!y 
are usually f #aj4e to #ae in*es 9 l5g?1
  ?\gh occasionally examples ( enorm\s  
size are tak54 ,! edible  portion ( !   
lob/] is ! liquid & ! fle% ( ! body1    
claws1  & tail4 ,only ab\t "o-half !    
weight ( ! lob/]1 includ+ !  liquid1    
!re=e1 is edible4 ,! re/ is refuse4 ,9 a
 lob/] weigh+  a ?\s& grams 7#b4b       
p\nds71 five hundr$ grams 7#a4a p\nd7 w 
be  ! av]age edible portion1 & ! o!r    
half ! refuse & loss4  ,! av]age lob/] (
 ! pres5t day1 p]haps1 weighs sc>cely   
two  p\nds1 ?\gh 9 =m] times ! weight 0 
v mu* great] because  ! y\ng] & small]  
lob/]s 7 n s5t to ! m>ket4 ,! color  ( !
 lob/] z x comes f ! wat] is d>k gre51  
almo/ black  at times4 ,heat *anges !   
color ( ! %ell1 s t aft] boil+ or  bak+ 
! lob/] becomes r$4 ,! fle% ( ! lob/] is

 decid$ly  sweet1 ow+ to ! l>ge quantity
 ( glycog5 :i* x conta9s4 ,!re  is only 
"o k9d ( meat t is eat5 :i* approa*es ! 
lob/] 9  its cont5t ( glycog51 & t is   
horse meat4      ,composition ( !       
,lob/]4--,edible portion3               
,,fre%4          ,,dry4    ,wat]1       
#hd4cj p]c5t    ,prote91   #aa4fc       
#gd4jf p]c5t    ,fat1        #a4hb      
#aa4fb        ,a%1        #a4fc         
#aj4ch        ,glycog51    4#fb         
#c4id          ,crabs4--,! crab is a    
%ellfi% v highly priz$ along ! :ole  ( !
 ,atlantic coa/4 ,num]\s species ( crabs
 are us$ = food4  ,^! are us$ 9 two     
=ms--z h>d-%ell$ or s(t-%ell$ crabs4 ,! 
species mo/ valu$ is ,call9ectes        
ha/atus4 ,x is v abundant on  ! middle &
 s\? ,atlantic coa/4 ,crabs are q       
abundant on !  ,pacific coa/ also4 ,ab\t
 #dd p]c5t ( ! total weight ( ! crab is 
edible & #ef p]c5t %ell & refuse4 ,9 !  
edible portion ab\t #gg  p]c5t is wat] &
 #bc p]c5t solid matt]4                 
,composition ( ! ,wat]-free ,sub/ance ( 

! ,crab4--      ,prote91  #gb4ef p]c5t  
,fat1       #h4ee        ,a%1           
#ac4fd        ,! fle% ( ! crab is1      
!re=e1 ess5tially a nitrog5\s food1     
conta9+ only a small quantity ( fat4 ,a 
consid]able portion ( !  a% is common   
salt4      ,crawfi%4--,! crawfi% may be 
reg>d$ z a fre%-wat] lob/]4 ,x  is f\nd 
practically ov] ! :ole ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 9 ! fre%  wat]s b is n us$ to any ext5t
 = food purposes1 except on !  ,pacific 
coa/4 ,x conta9s ev5 a less proportion (
 edible matt]  ?an ! lob/]4 ,! refuse1  
%ell1 etc41 =m ab\t five-six?s (  its   
weight4 ,9 ! edible portion ! wat]      
con/itutes #ha4bb p]c5t1  :ile ! solid  
matt]s are only #ah4gh p]c5t4           
,composition ( ! ,wat]-free ,sub/ance ( 
! ,crayfi%4--      ,prote91  #he4ai     
p]c5t    ,fat1       #b4de        ,a%1  
#f4ih          ,cann$ ,lob/]1 ,clams1 & 
,crabs4--,z 9 ! case ( oy/]s1 !re  is a 
l>ge indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates engag$ 9 
! cann+ (  ! fle% ( lob/]s1 clams1 &    
crabs4 ,! same precautions %\ld  be     

obs]v$ 9 ! eat+ ( ^! cann$ products z ^?
 m5tion$  9 ! case ( salmon4 ,num]\s    
in/ances ( illness & sometimes (  dea? h
 be5 record$ z ! result ( eat+ ^! cann$ 
products  :i* h be5 imp]fectly /]iliz$4 
,:5 ! fle% is cann$  imm$iately aft] !  
capture ( ! animal1 be=e any incipi5t   
decomposition has tak5 place & :5 !     
/]ilization is p]fect1  ! cann$ product 
c be eat5 )\t fe>4 ,:]e ! heal? ( !  p  
is s s]i\sly involv$1 ! factories :]e ^!
 products  are prep>$ %\ld be c>efully  
inspect$ ei!r by ! municipal1  /ate1 or 
f$]al au?orities4 ,all mat]ial us$ 9    
cann+ :i* is  n p]fectly fre% f ! wat]  
is to be reject$ & ! processes  employ$ 
9 ! prep>ation & /]ilization mu/ be ^?  
:i* w  effectively secure a complete    
immunity f subsequ5t f]m5tation &  !    
developm5t ( ptoma9 products4           
,composition ( ,cann$ ,lob/] 7,dry      
,sub/ance74--      ,prote91  #ha4df     
p]c5t    ,fat1       #d4fd        ,a%1  
#aa4bc        ,z se5 f ! above !        
composition ( ! dry sub/ance 9 cann$    

lob/]1 except cont5t ( wat]1 is n       
p]ceptibly diff]5t f  t ( ! fre% sample4
      ,composition ( ! ,dry ,sub/ance ( 
,cann$ ,crabs4--      ,prote91  #gi4aj  
p]c5t    ,fat1       #g4ee        ,a%1  
#i4fh          ,%rimp 7,crangon         
vulg>is74--,! %rimp is a highly valu$   
article  ( food1 especially :5 x c be _h
 fre% or prop]ly cann$4 ,x  has be5 a   
practice to %ip %rimps 9 bulk pres]v$ ) 
sulfites or  boric acid4 ,?is is a mo/  
repreh5sible =m ( adult]ation4          
,cann$ ,%rimps4--,9 ! total dry edible  
portion1 includ+ solids 9  ! liquid     
cont5ts ( ! c1 are f\nd3      ,prote91  
#hf4hi p]c5t    ,fat1        #c4dd      
,crude a%1  #h4hd        ,9 edible      
portion 7fle% plus liquids73      ,wat]1
                  #gj4hj p]c5t          
,wat]-free sub/ance1   #bi4bj           
,prote91                #be4ch          
,fat1                     #a4jj         
,crude a%1               #b4eh          
,extractives1             #j4bd         
,nitrog51                #d4jf          

,total edible portion1  #ajj4jj         
,! above data %[ t ! %rimp 9 ! cann$    
/ate has less wat]  9 x ?an 9 ! fre%    
/ate1 & conta9s "o-f\r? ( its weight (  
prote94      ,aquatic ,reptiles4--,all  
=ms ( turtle may be us$ = edible        
purposes1 bo? ( ! fre%-wat] & salt-wat] 
species4 ,bo? !  turtle & t]rap9 are    
amphibi\s animals2 t is1 !y c live  ei!r
 9 ! wat] or on ! l&4 ,among ! turtles !
 m>9e  v>iety kn[n z ! gre5 turtle is   
mo/ highly priz$ = food  purposes4 ,its 
,lat9 "n is ,*elonia mydas4 ,x gr[s     
sometimes to an  enorm\s size1 weigh+   
sev]al hundr$ p\nds1 & specim5s weigh+  
#ej & #ajj p\nds are n unusual4 ,x is   
utiliz$ *iefly = mak+  s\p1 & gre5      
turtle s\p is consid]$ ( high quality by
 exp]ts4  ,! fle% is also edible1 & 9 ! 
mak+ ( "s v>ieties ( gre5  turtles\p    
pieces ( ! fle% are includ$4            
,composition ( ! ,gre5 ,turtle4--,!     
edible portion ( ! gre5  turtle has !   
foll[+ composition3      ,wat]1         
#gi4gh p]c5t    ,prote91  #ai4hc        

,fat1        4#ec        ,a%1           
#a4bj        ,! edible portion ( ! gre5 
turtle is n v l>ge 9 proportion  to its 
weight1 z x =ms only f #bj to #bd p]c5t 
( ! :ole  weight ( ! turtle4    ,among !
 reptiles !re are sev]al aquatic species
 :i* are us$  z food4 ,! mo/ not$ ( ^!  
is ! diamond-back t]rap91 :i*  is f\nd 9
 ! salt-wat] bays1 lagoons1 & m>%es (   
our ,atlantic  coa/ f ,new ,j]sey to    
,texas4 ,its c5t] ( greate/ abundance is
  9 ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,!re is no fi% or  
o!r wat] animal t has  a high] value =  
edible purposes ?an ! t]rap94 ,! extreme
  delicacy ( its flavor1 ! ri*ness ( its
 aroma1 & its easy  dige/ibility give to
 x a rank :i* p]haps no o!r usual food  
product possesses4 ,9 addition to ?is ! 
increas$ sc>city (  ! t]rap91 especially
 ! m fam\s v>iety ( x1 namely1 !        
diamond-back1 has gradually increas$ !  
co/ until at ! pres5t  "t ! t]rap9 is   
eat5 only by ! ri*4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x
  exi/s along ! :ole ,atlantic coa/ f   
,new ,york s\?w>d & also  along ! ,gulf 

coa/4 ,=m]ly x 0 mo/ abundant on !      
,m>yl&  coa/1 b ! ne>ness ( ?is field to
 ! great m>kets ( !  c\ntry has result$ 
9 su* a depletion ( ! /ock z to make !  
t]rap9 v sc>ce4 ,_m attempts h be5 made 
at artificial  gr[+ ( t]rap9 & ^! h be5 
m or less successful1 b  h n met )      
pron\nc$ success :i* has be5 expect$4 ,!
  enclosure 9 :i* ! t]rap9 are kept1    
viz41 ! 8crawl10 is a  feature 9 !      
artificial cultivation or bre$+ ( ^!    
m>9e  v]tebrates4 ,x is to be hop$ t    
great] success 9 ! future w  att5d !    
artificial bre$+ ( t]rap91 s9ce !       
natural /ock  seems well on ! way to    
ext9ction4      ,composition ( !        
,t]rap94--,edible portion3              
,,fre%4          ,,dry4    ,wat]1       
#gd4dg p]c5t    ,prote91  #ba4bc        
#hc4ac p]c5t    ,fat1       #c4dg       
#ac4ei       ,a%1       #a4jb           
#c4ii         ,! ,mussel4--,! mussel may
 be describ$ z a fre%-wat] oy/]4 ,x     
occurs 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates 9 ! fre% wat]s &  9 ext]nal      

appe>ance resembles to "s ext5t ! oy/]1 
b !  %ell is usually smoo!r4 ,9 ! mussel
 is (t5 develop$ concretions  ( !       
c>bonate ( lime 9 a p>ticul> =m kn[n z  
pe>ls4 ,9 fact  ! *ief value ( ! mussel 
is 9 ! supply ( pe>ls :i* !y  furni%1   
s9ce _! fle%1 al?\gh (t5 eat51 is n     
consid]$  v palatable nor desirable4    
,pe>ls may be f\nd 9 mussels 9  e       
locality1 b 9 "s regions !y are m       
abundant ?an 9  o!rs1--= in/ance1 !     
mussels ( ,wiscons9 are especially not$ 
= ! occurr5ce ( ! pe>ls4 ,pe>ls are also
 frequ5tly f\nd 9  oy/]s1 b by no means 
s frequ5tly z 9 ! mussel4               
,composition ( ! ,mussel4--,! edible    
portion ( ! mussel =ms  ab\t "o-half its
 weight4      ,wat]1         #gh4fd     
p]c5t    ,prote91       #ab4ea          
,fat1            #a4fg        ,a%1      
#a4gc        ,undet]m9$1   #e4de        
,oy/]s4--,oy/]s belong to a class (     
animals kn[n z mollusks4  ,!y gr[ 9 salt
 or bracki% wat] & are f\nd along almo/ 
!  :ole ( ! coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y 

exi/ 9 ! greate/  abundance along ! coa/
 9 ! vic9ity ( ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1       
,norfolk1 ,virg9ia1 along ! coa/ ( !    
,gulf ( ,mexico1 (f ! coa/  (           
,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 & ,texas1 &    
along ! ,pacific coa/ f  ,san ,francisco
 to ! nor!rn limits ( ,wa%+ton4         
,size4--,! size ( an oy/] dep5ds greatly
 ^u its food & also  ^u its species4    
,!re are "s v>ieties :i* at a giv5 p]iod
 (  gr[? are naturally v mu* l>g] ?an   
o!rs4 ,! l>g] v>iety  gr[s ne> ,norfolk 
& along ! ,gulf coa/4 ,a small] species 
is  especially abundant on ! ,pacific   
coa/1 ?\gh a numb] ( v l>ge  specim5s ( 
oy/]s h be5 f\nd on t coa/4             
,age4--,an oy/] is eat5 at any "t aft]  
two ye>s4 ,oy/]s1  h[ev]1 ?ree or f\r   
ye>s old are1 p]haps1 9 all respects !  
be/4 ,! age is det]m9$ l>gely by !      
appe>ance ( ! %ell1  exp]ts be+ able to 
practically det]m9e ! age ( an oy/] by  
an  exam9ation ( ! %ell4    ,! oy/] gr[s
 )9 a %ell :i* is compos$ almo/         
exclusively  ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,!      

p]iph]y ( ! %ell is ovoid 9 %ape1       
irregul>1 & ! surface1 especially ( old 
oy/]s1 is corrugat$1  r\gh1 &           
unattractive4 ,! int]ior ( ! %ell is    
smoo? &  g5]ally :ite1 b sometimes has a
 blue or r$di% t+e4 ,! %ells  ( edible  
oy/]s v>y 9 size f #b to #f in*es 9 l5g?
 & f  #b to #d in*es 9 wid?4 ,! oy/]s   
sold 9 ! m>ket are kn[n by  v>i\s names1
 usually d]iv$ f ! location f :i* !y    
come4  ,a small v>iety di/+ui%$ by a    
blue color on ! inside ( !  %ell is kn[n
 z blue po9ts4 ,! real blue po9ts come  
only f ,long  ,isl&4 ,ano!r v>iety nam$ 
,rockaway is also a ,long ,isl& v>iety1 
& %\ld come exclusively f ,rockaway or  
vic9ity4 ,%rewsbury is  ano!r highly    
priz$ v>iety f ! neighborhood (         
,%rewsbury1 ,new  ,j]sey4 ,buzz>ds ,bay1
 ,james ,riv]1 ,norfolk1 ,lynnhav51     
,rappahannock1  ,/ony ,creek1 ,saddle   
,rock1 etc41 are names commonly f\nd 9 !
 trade4  ,un=tunately1 ! "n ( ! location
 is n always an indication (  ! actual  
s\rce f :i* ! oy/]s may h come4 ,=      

in/ance  ! t]m 8blue po9t0 is n[ v      
commonly giv5 to small oy/]s n  exce$+  
#b or #b in*es 9 l5g? ) a correspond+ly 
dim9i%$  bread?4 ,on ! contr>y 8saddle  
rock0 is a "n giv5 to v l>ge  oy/]s no  
matt] f :at region !y may come4 ,x is a 
common  practice to sep>ate ! oy/]s tak5
 f "o location into gr\ps (  simil> size
 & atta* to ea* gr\p a special "n :i*   
may or may  n be indicative ( location4 
,cultivation ( ,oy/]s4--,! natural b$s (
 oy/]s are rapidly  exhau/$ by ! free   
fi%+ :i* is 9 "s cases all[$1 &  !      
supply mu/ be kept up by prop]          
cultivation4 ,oy/] f>m+  has become a   
great indu/ry along all p>ts ( ! coa/s  
:]e !  conditions are well suit$ to     
culture4 ,! ideal conditions are inlets 
:]e ! oy/]s are protect$ f ! action (   
ocean waves &  :]e abundant food c be   
d]iv$ f ! l[ m>%y gr\nds 9 !  vic9ity4  
,! laws 9 =ce 9 ! /ates protect ! oy/]  
f>ms  f poa*]s & de$s are giv5 = oy/]   
b$s :i* are beyond !  l[ wat] l9e4 ,!   
conditions ( culture v>y 9 v>i\s /ates4 

,!  public b$s are also protect$ by law 
9 _m /ates & incipi5t  w> is sometimes  
c>ri$ on betwe5 ! au?orities ( "o /ate &
  ! poa*]s f o!r /ates4 ,m>yl&1         
especially1 has laws ( a  v /rict "*    
respect+ ! tak+ ( oy/]s1 & ! /ate       
furni%es arm$ =ces = ! protection (     
public b$s4      ,season = ,oy/]s4--,!  
be/ season = oy/]s on ! ,atlantic  coa/ 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ext5ds f ,septemb]    
fir/ to ,may4 ,^!  dates may also be    
appli$ to oy/]s ( ! ,gulf & ,pacific    
coa/s4  ,x is commonly said t all mon?s 
:i* h an 8,r0 9 !m are  suitable = eat+ 
oy/]s4 ,9 po9t ( fact oy/]s are eat5 !  
ye> r\nd1 especially on ! ,atlantic     
coa/1 ?\gh to a v limit$  ext5t dur+ !  
spr+ & summ] mon?s4 ,^? :o own _! own   
oy/] b$s are privileg$ to take oy/]s at 
all seasons1 & x is  n unusual t a      
re/aurant furni%es oy/]s dur+ ! :ole    
ye>1  ^? 9 ! clos$ season be+ d]iv$ f   
private b$s4      ,life ( an            
,oy/]4--,aft] an oy/] is tak5 f its b$ x
 may be  kept alive = a long "t at a    

temp]ature :i* does n rise too  high nor
 s9k too l[4 ,! be/ temp]ature = keep+  
oy/]s alive  is ab\t #dj to #ej degrees 
,fahr5heit4 ,! oy/]s %\ld be protect$  f
 ! sunlight by a prop] cov]+ 9 a cool   
place & kept moi/  ) sea wat] or br9e   
:i* is spr9kl$ ov] !m 9 su* a way z  to 
come 9 contact ) ea* oy/] 9 ! heap4     
,oy/]s kept "u  ^! conditions (t5 rema9 
9 an excell5t /ate = consumption =  a   
week or t5 days or ev5 long]4 ,if su*   
conditions are ma9ta9$  oy/]s may be    
%ipp$ 9 bulk to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry 9   
c>s kept  cool1 & ?is is ! be/ way 9 :i*
 oy/]s %\ld be di/ribut$  = consumption 
9 a fre% /ate4    ,! treat+ ( oy/]s )   
fre% wat] 9 ord] to swell !m &  ?us make
 !m appe> l>g] & plump] ?an !y really   
are is a  treatm5t :i* is repreh5sible 9
 e respect4 ,n only does  x deceive !   
cu/om] 9 reg>d to ! size ( ! oy/] b x   
deprives ! oy/] ( its prop] ta/e &      
flavor4 8,soak$0 oy/]s  quickly lose _! 
flavor1 :]eas ! oy/]s kept z above      
describ$  & spr9kl$ ) br9e reta9 _!     

natural flavor & odor4 ,!  objection to 
! transportation ( oy/]s 9 ?is way is t 
!  %ell usually weighs _m times m ?an ! 
oy/] & ! same  rate ( freight mu/ be    
paid ^u x z ^u ! oy/] itself4           
,nev]!less1 ! fact rema9s t fre% oy/]s  
%\ld be eat5  directly aft] removal f ! 
%ells4 ,z soon z ! %ell is remov$  & !  
oy/] kill$ by ?is removal x beg9s to    
det]iorate & 9 a  %ort "t its flavor &  
aroma are impair$4 ,x is a common       
practice  9 _m cities1 ev5 :]e oy/]s are
 deliv]$ fre% daily f  _! b$s1 to op5   
l>ge quantities ( !m & put !m 9 tubs &  
sell !m f ^! tubs to cu/om]s4 ,x ?us    
happ5s t cu/om]s  (t5 buy oy/]s t h be5 
op5$ #bd h\rs or m & :i* are  naturally 
( a v *ang$ flavor4 ,/rict regulations 9
 reg>d to !  use ( fre% oy/]s1 favor+ _!
 be+ op5$ :5 !y are ready  = consumption
 or requir+ t !y %\ld be kept 9 !       
condition  ( palatability & prop]ly kept
 cool until ready = consumption1  %\ld  
be obs]v$4      ,%ipm5t ( ,op5$         
,oy/]s4--,op5$ oy/]s are %ipp$          

ext5sively  to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4     
,aft] removal f ! %ell ! oy/]s  are wa%$
 to remove ! natural wat]1 s9ce ?is     
becomes ropy dur+  %ipm5t4 ,!y are !n   
pack$ 9 wood5 tubs ( v>i\s sizes1 a     
piece ( ice add$1 cov]$1 & deliv]$ to ! 
fa/ express or  freight s]vice4 ,9 ?is  
way ! oy/]s may be kept free ( dang]\s  
det]ioration = sev]al days4 ,9 su* cases
 c>e mu/ be ex]cis$  to keep !          
temp]ature l[ & to secure a sanit>y     
environm5t4  ,?us protect$ ! oy/]s %\ld 
arrive at _! de/9ation )\t  any fur!r   
*ange ?an ! necess>y loss ( flavor caus$
 by !  conditions ( prep>ation &        
transportation4      ,proportion ( ,%ell
 & ,oy/]s4--,! foll[+ illu/ration       
7,report  ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,commission] (    
,fi% & ,fi%]ies = #ahhh1 page #ghd7  %[s
 ! relative proportion ( ! fle%1 liquid1
 & refuse = two  or ?ree v>ieties (     
oy/]s3      ,"n3 ,oy/]s 78,ea/ ,riv]s074
      ,locality3 ,c[ ,bay1 ,long ,isl&  
,s\nd1 ,new ,york4      ,receiv$3 ,april
 #h1 #ahha1 f ,e4 ,g4 ,black=d4         

,description3 ,l5g?1 #b to #e in*es2    
bread?1 #a to #c    in*es4    ,,weigh+s 
,,9 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,analysis4        
,,grms4   ,,lbs4  ,,oz4  ,,p]c5t4       
,fle%1                    #eeh4j   #a   
#c4f   #aj4bg    ,liquid1               
#edc4g   #a    #c4a   #aj4ja    ,refuse 
7%ells1 etc471  #d1bhd4g   #i    #g4b   
#gh4hf    ,loss1                        
#dg4c  44    #a4g     4#hf              
-------  --   ----  ------    ,total1   
#ea oy/]s1      #e1dcc4g  #aa   #ae4f   
#ajj4jj      ,"n3 ,oy/]s 78,s\nds074    
,locality3 ,pr9cess ,bay1 ,/at5 ,isl&1  
,new ,york4      ,receiv$3 ,novemb] #cj1
 #ahha1 f ,dorlon  ,%aff]1 ,new ,york   
,city4      ,description3 ,?irty oy/]s 9
 %ell4    ,,weigh+s ,,9 ,,prep>ation ,,=
 ,,analysis4                            
,,grms4   ,,lbs4  ,,oz4   ,,p]c5t4      
,fle%1                #chd4j   44  #ac4e
    #h4bd    ,liquid1                   
#dcf4j   44  #ae4d    #i4ce    ,refuse1 
#c1haf4j    #h   #f4f   #ha4hg    ,loss1
                  #be4j   44   #j4i     

#j4ed                        -------    
--  ----  ------    ,total1 #cj oy/]s1  
#d1ffa4j   #aj   #d4d  #ajj4jj    ,!    
above data %[ t = #ajj p\nds ( %ell$    
oy/]s only ab\t  #aj p\nds ( meat are   
f\nd4 ,!re is also ab\t #aj p\nds (     
liquid  or juice t escapes :5 ! oy/] is 
op5$4 ,!re is an av]age  ( #hj p\nds (  
%ell & o!r refuse4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t1 
z  w be %[n 9 ! table giv5 bel[1 9 #aj  
p\nds ( ! meat !re  is ov] #hj p]c5t (  
wat] x is se5 t ! actual n\ri%m5t       
conta9$ 9 #ajj p\nds ( oy/]s is r$uc$ to
 a little ov] #a p\nd4  ,!re is a g5]al 
op9ion t oy/]s are a v nutriti\s food & 
?is is true 9 s f> z ! nitrog5\s elem5t 
( food1 t is1 !  prote91 is conc]n$1 & 9
 proportion to ! quantity pres5t4 ,z a  
n\ri%+ food ! oy/] _c be consid]$ z     
wor?y ( any v  great e/eem4 ,x mu/ be   
confess$ t x w cont9ue to be us$ z  x   
has be5 9 ! pa/1 t is1 practically1 z a 
condim5tal food  sub/ance & n to satisfy
 hung] nor provide ! heat & en]gy (  !  
human activities4      ,process (       

,float+4--,ref]5ce has already be5 made 
to ! practice  ( soak+ oy/]s 9 fre% wat]
 = ! purpose ( mak+ !m  m plump &       
increas+ _! weight4 ,?is1 9 ! language (
 !  fi%]man1 is call$ 8float+10 8dr9k+10
 or 8lay+ out40 ,by ?is  process ! body 
( ! oy/] affects a plumpness & l>g5ess  
:i*  mat]ially increases its sell+      
qualities1 z x increases its weight  &  
size &1 !re=e1 ! pr(its ( ! deal]4 ,!   
pr9ciple (  ?is process dep5ds ^u ! fact
 t :5 a s(t sub/ance l an  oy/]1 conta9+
 a m9]al salt 9 its composition1 is     
br\ght 9  contact ) wat]1 a process (   
diffusion takes place :i* is kn[n1  9   
*emical physics1 z osmosis1 :]eby wat]  
passes ?r\gh ! cell  walls & ent]s !    
cells ( ! oy/] & ! m9]al sub/ance  !re( 
is =c$ out into ! ext]nal wat]4 ,l>g]   
volumes ( wat]  pass into ! cells ?an   
accompany ! p>ticles ( m9]al matt] to  !
 outside ( ! cells & ! result is a      
swell+ ( ! oy/]s  & consequ5t increase 9
 ! size & weight by ! addition ( pure   
wat]1 b at ! exp5se ( ! natural salt1   

mo/ly *lorid ( sodium  or common salt1  
:i* ! oy/] conta9s4    ,! ,u4 ,s4       
,bureau ( ,fi%]ies has be5 exp]im5t+ to 
%[ ! *ange  :i* takes place ) ! foll[+  
results3--    ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,weights1 
,,etc41 ,,( ,,specim5s ,,( ,,oy/]s4     
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,,james ,,riv]4#ag                      
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,,con/itu5ts4       ,f b$s4       ,f    
floats4                                 
------------------------------------    
,lab4 ,no4 #hb2 #ca   ,lab4 ,no4 #hc2   
#cd                          oy/]s4     
oy/]s4                                  
----------------------------------------
----------    ,%ell cont5ts3 ,grms4,lbs4
 ,oz4,grms4,lbs4 ,oz4    ,fle% 7body7   
#cab4e      #aa4j  #dab4e      #ad4e    
,liquids 7liquor7  #aha4e       #f4d    
#bjh4j       #g4c                       
----------------------------------      
,total             #did4j  #a    #a4d   

#fbj4e  #a    #e4h                      
,refuse3                                
,%ells           #bggh4j  #f    #b4j    
#bigf4j  #f    #i4a    ,loss#ah         
#ba4j       #j4h   #ag4e       #j4f     
----------------------------------      
,total            #bgii4j  #f    #b4h   
#biic4e  #f    #i4g                     
,total weight (                         
specim5         #cbic4j  #g    #d4b     
#cfad4j  #g   #ae4e                     
----------------------------------------
----------                              
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,,potomac ,,riv]4#ag                    
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,,con/itu5ts4       ,f b$s4        ,f   
floats4                                 
------------------------------------    
,lab4 ,no4 #he2 #ce    ,lab4 ,no4 #hd2  
#da                        oy/]s4       
oy/]s4                                  
----------------------------------------

----------    ,%ell cont5ts3 ,grms4,lbs4
 ,oz4,grms4,lbs4 ,oz4    ,fle% 7body7   
#cjb4e      #aj4g  #dae4e      #ad4g    
,liquids 7liquor7  #bhb4j      #aj4j    
#bfd4c       #i4c                       
----------------------------------      
,total             #ehd4e  #a    #d4g   
#fgi4h  #a    #h4j                      
,refuse3                                
,%ells           #cjag4j  #f   #aj4d    
#cchf4j  #g    #g4d    ,loss#ah         
#bb4e       #j4h   #ae4b       #j4e     
----------------------------------      
,total            #cjci4e  #f   #aa4b   
#cdja4b  #g    #g4i                     
,total weight (                         
specim5         #cfbd4j  #g   #ae4i     
#djha4j  #h   #ae4i                     
----------------------------------------
----------      #ag ,transplant$ to b$s 
9 ,new ,hav5 h>bor1 ,connecticut1 9     
,april1    & tak5 = analysis ! foll[+   
,novemb]4      #ah ,loss 9 op5+ &       
weigh+1 *iefly wat]4    ,,comp>ative    
,,p]c5tage ,,composition ,,( ,,oy/]s    

,,be=e ,,& ,,aft]  8,,float+40          
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,,james ,,riv] ,,oy/]s  ,,potomac ,,riv]
 ,,oy/]s                                
,,transplant$ ,,to      ,,transplant$   
,,to                                    
,,new ,,hav54           ,,new ,,hav54   
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,oy/]s4  ,z tak5  ,z  
tak5  ,z tak5  ,z tak5                  
f      f      f      f                  
b$s4    floats4    b$s4    floats4      
----------------------------------------
                               ,no4 #hb4
   ,no4 #hc4   ,no4 #he4   ,no4 #hd4    
----------------------------------------
-------------------------    ,9 :ole    
specim53                                
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4      ,%ell 
cont5ts3                                
,fle%                    #i4di          
#aa4da      #h4ce     #aj4ah            
,liquids                  #e4ea         

#e4gf      #g4gh      #f4dh             
----------------------------------------
          ,total %ell                   
cont5ts              #ae4jj     #ag4ag  
#af4ac     #af4ff                       
,refuse3                                
,%ells                  #hd4cf          
#hb4ce     #hc4be     #hb4ig            
,loss 9 prep>ation                      
= analysis             #j4fd      #j4dh 
#j4fb      #j4cg                        
----------------------------------------
          ,total refuse          #he4jj 
#hb4hc     #hc4hg     #hc4cd            
,total con/itu5ts1                      
%ell cont5ts1 &                         
refuse               #ajj4jj    #ajj4jj 
#ajj4jj    #ajj4jj                      
,9 fle% 7body73                         
,wat]                   #gg4ii          
#hb4gg     #gg4ij     #hb4jf            
,wat]-free sub/ance    #bb4ja     #ag4bc
     #bb4aj     #ag4id                  
----------------------------------------
          ,total fle%          #ajj4jj  

#ajj4jj    #ajj4jj    #ajj4jj           
,9 wat]-free                            
sub/ance3                               
,nitrog5                 #a4gj          
#a4dj      #a4fe      #a4de             
,prote9 7nitrog5                        
#f4be7                   #aj4fc         
#h4gi     #aj4ca      #i4ji        ,fat 
7e!r extract7      #b4fa      #a4ia     
#b4cc      #a4ic        ,a%             
#b4ba      #a4ee      #b4ag      #a4eh  
,c>bohydrates1 etc4                     
7by diff]5ce7          #f4ef      #d4ih 
#g4bi      #e4cd                        
----------------------------------------
          ,total wat]-free              
sub/ance             #bb4ja     #ag4bc  
#bb4aj     #ag4id                       
,9 liquids3                             
,wat]                   #id4gd          
#ie4bb     #id4ii     #ie4fi            
,wat]-free sub/ance     #e4bf      #d4gh
      #e4ja      #d4ca                  
----------------------------------------
          ,total liquids        #ajj4jj 

#ajj4jj    #ajj4jj    #ajj4jj           
,9 wat]-free                            
sub/ance3                               
,nitrog5                 #j4ca          
#j4cd      #j4bi      #j4cc             
,prote9 7nitrog5                        
#f4be7                    #a4ie         
#b4ji      #a4ha      #b4je        ,fat 
7e!r extract7      #j4jd      #j4ac     
#j4jb      #j4ja        ,a%             
#b4ed      #a4db      #b4dg      #a4ai  
,c>bohydrates1 etc4                     
7by diff]5ce7          #j4gc      #a4ad 
#j4ga      #a4jf                        
----------------------------------------
          ,total wat]-free              
sub/ance              #e4bf      #d4gh  
#e4ja      #d4ca                        
,9 total %ell cont5ts1                  
fle%1 & liquids3                        
,wat]                   #hd4ae          
#hf4ie     #hf4ad     #hg4cf            
,wat]-free sub/ance    #ae4he     #ac4je
     #ac4hf     #ab4fd                  
----------------------------------------

          ,total %ell                   
cont5ts             #ajj4jj    #ajj4jj  
#ajj4jj    #ajj4jj                      
,9 wat]-free                            
sub/ance3                               
,nitrog5                 #a4ai          
#a4je      #j4ii      #a4jb             
,prote9 7nitrog5                        
#f4be7                    #g4dd         
#f4ed      #f4bj      #f4cg        ,fat 
7e!r extract7      #a4ff      #a4ca     
#a4ba      #a4ah        ,a%             
#b4cb      #a4ej      #b4cb      #a4dc  
,c>bohydrates1 etc4                     
7by diff]5ce7          #d4dc      #c4gj 
#d4ac      #c4ff                        
----------------------------------------
          ,total wat]-free              
sub/ance             #ae4he     #ac4je  
#ac4hf     #ab4fd                       
,9 :ole specim53                        
,%ell cont5ts3                          
,wat]                   #ab4fb          
#ad4ic     #ac4hi     #ad4ee            
,wat]-free sub/ance     #b4ch      #b4bd

      #b4bd      #b4aa                  
----------------------------------------
          ,total %ell                   
cont5ts              #ae4jj     #ag4ag  
#af4ac     #af4ff        ,refuse        
#he4jj     #hb4hc     #hc4hg     #hc4cd 
----------------------------------------
          ,total %ell                   
cont5ts & refuse  #ajj4jj    #ajj4jj    
#ajj4jj    #ajj4jj                      
,9 :ole specim53                        
,%ell cont5ts3                          
,nitrog5                 #j4ah          
#j4ah      #j4af      #j4ag             
,prote9 7nitrog5                        
#f4be7                    #a4ab         
#a4ab      #a4jj      #a4jf        ,fat 
7e!r extract7      #j4be      #j4bb     
#j4bj      #j4bj        ,a%             
#j4ce      #j4bf      #j4cg      #j4bd  
,c>bohydrates1 etc4                     
7by diff]5ce7          #j4ff      #j4fd 
#j4fg      #j4fa                        
,total wat]-free                        
sub/ance              #b4ch      #b4bd  

#b4bd      #b4aa        ,wat]           
#ab4fb     #ad4ic     #ac4hi     #ad4ee 
----------------------------------------
    ,total %ell-cont5ts        #ae4jj   
#ag4ag     #af4ac     #af4ff            
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,result ( ,treatm5t4--,z %[n by ! data !
 fir/ result is "o  :i* w\ld naturally  
be expect$1 namely1 t ! total weight (  
! oy/] ?us inflat$ ) wat] is increas$   
relatively to !  total weight ( ! %ell  
s9ce no *ange takes place 9 ! weight  ( 
! %ell dur+ float+4 ,! ga9 ( weight 9 ! 
oy/] is due  to ! absorption ( ! wat]1  
al?\gh !re is a loss ( m9]al  salt4 ,!  
av]age ga9 ( ! oy/] 01 9 r\nd numb]s1   
#aj p]c5t4  ,! dang] ( infect+ oy/]s ?us
 treat$ ) any g]ms1 :i*  may be pres5t 9
 ! wat] or ice us$1 %\ld also be tak5   
into  consid]ation4    ,9 respect ( !   
composition ( ! oy/] itself :5 subject$ 
to  float+ ! *ief *ange is 9 ! increase 
( ! wat] cont5t4 ,z  has already be5    
said ! process ( float+ is fatal to !   

flavor  & palatability ( ! product4     
,adult]ation4--,! *ief adult]ations (   
oy/]s are ! 8float+0  above describ$ & !
 treatm5t ( ! 8%uck$0 oy/]s )           
=maldehyde1 boron comp\nds1 & o!r       
pres]vatives to keep !m  f spoil+4 ,^!  
processes are ?or\ghly repreh5sible &   
are  rapidly disappe>+4 ,! consum] :o   
lives ne> ! s\rce (  supply %\ld nev]   
eat any b fre%ly %ell$ oy/]s & ^? at  a 
di/ance conf9e !mselves to ! prop]ly    
prep>$ & %ipp$  article4 ,! *ief delight
 ( ! epicure is ! fre%ness1 & n !       
quantity ( n\ri%m5t ( ?is ju/ly priz$   
bivalve4      ,av]age ,composition (    
,oy/]s3#ai--      ,wat]1                
#fj4jh p]c5t    ,solids1                
#ci4ib        ,nitrog51          #a4ef  
,phosphoric acid1    4#db               
,sulfur1             4#ai        ,fat1  
#i4dh        ,a%1               #a4gg   
,prote91           #i4gc          #ai   
,av]age ( samples us$ at ,hygi5ic       
,table1 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry4             
,,animal ,,oils4    ,! same di/9ction is

 made betwe5 oils & fats = animal       
products  z has be5 made = ! vegetable  
prep>ations fur!r on4 ,an animal  fat   
rema9s solid or semisolid at ! ord9>y   
temp]ature ( !  liv+ room4 ,an animal   
oil1 on ! o!r h&1 is "o :i* at ord9>y   
temp]ature is a liquid4 ,animal oils1 z 
a rule1 are n us$ =  edible purposes    
directly1 b are us$ to "s ext5t 9 cook+1
 &  to a l>ge ext5t z m$ic9al food4     
,inasmu* z ^! oils are us$  = m$ic9al   
food purposes1 ^? :i* are mo/ important 
9 ?is  use may be v prop]ly describ$ 9  
?is manual4 ,z ^! oils are  d]iv$ bo? f 
sea & l& animals !y are (t5 conv5i5tly  
divid$ into m>9e animal oils & t]re/rial
 animal oils4 ,!re is  also a m>k$      
diff]5ce z a rule betwe5 ! oils ( m>9e  
orig9  & ^? ( t]re/rial orig94 ,! oils (
 m>9e orig91 z a rule1  h a v high iod9 
numb] :ile ! animal oils ( t]re/rial    
orig9 h an iod9 numb] n mu* great] ?an !
 fats f :i*  !y are d]iv$4 ,?is         
di/9ction corresponds some:at closely to
  ^? vegetable oils :i* belong to ! dry+

 & non-dry+ v>iety4  ,! iod9 numb]      
repres5ts ! p]c5tage ( iod9 absorb$ by a
 unit  weight ( sub/ance4 ,if "o gram ( 
an oil absorb #j4fg gram ( iod91  ! iod9
 numb] is #fg4 ,! m>9e oils correspond  
to ! dry vegetable  oils & ! t]re/rial  
oils to ! non-dry+ vegetable oils4 ,:ile
  ?is diff]5ce is "o :i* is m>k$1 x does
 n always exi/ 9  ea* individual case4  
,,m>9e ,,animal ,,oils4    ,! m>9e      
animal oils may be conv5i5tly divid$    
into fi% oils1  liv] oils1 & blubb]     
oils4 ,( ^! ! liv] oils are ! mo/       
important f an edible po9t ( view or a  
m$ic9al edible po9t (  view4 ,! fi% oil 
& blubb] oil are us$ *iefly = illum9at+ 
& o!r te*nical purposes4      ,fi%      
,oils4--,^! are obta9$ by r5d]+ f all   
p>ts ( a fi%  :]e fat exi/s4 ,! h]r+1   
s>d9e1 salmon1 & ! m5had5 are  ! fi% :i*
 are *iefly us$ = gett+ oil ( ?is k9d4  
,! fi%  oils h v mu* improv$ 9 quality  
s9ce ! /eam] has tak5 !  place ( ! sail 
boat = ga!r+ ! fi%4 ,dur+ ! days ( !    
sail boat ! fi% 7 (t5 kept = t5 days    

aft] se9+ be=e  !y 7 br\ght a%ore4 ,!   
decomposition :i* took place w\ld       
naturally affect ! oil4 ,at ! pres5t day
 ! /eam]s fi%+ close  to ! %ores deliv] 
_! products mu* m frequ5tly1 (t5 !  same
 day !y are caught1 & ?us a bett]       
quality ( oil is produc$4  ,9 ?is c\ntry
 m5had5 is ! *ief fi% us$ = obta9+ oil4 
,! sci5tific "n ( m5had5 is ,brevoortia 
tyrannus4 ,^! fi%  appe> 9 enorm\s      
quantities ar\nd ! ,atlantic coa/ f ,may
 until  ,novemb]4 ,x is e/imat$ t ne>ly 
"o-half million tons h be5  tak5 ( ^!   
fi% dur+ a season4 ,m5had5 oil is r>ely 
if ev]  us$ = edible purposes4 ,x is us$
 pr9cipally 9 ! lea!r trade  & sometimes
 9 ! adult]ation ( cod liv] oil made 9  
,newf\ndl&4      ,s>d9e ,oil4--,s>d9e   
oil is pr9cipally prep>$ 9 ,japan f !   
,japan s>d9e 7,clupea s>d9us74 ,x is n  
us$ to any ext5t =  edible purposes4 ,x 
is also prep>$ to "s ext5t 9 ! boil+ (  
s>d9es 9 ,france prep>atory to pack+ 9  
oil4      ,salmon ,oil4--,?is oil is    
obta9$ 9 l>ge quantities on ! ,pacific  

coa/4 ,x is "o ( ! fi% oils :i* has an  
agreeable odor & ta/e  &1 !re=e1 c be   
us$ = edible purposes4 ,x has a specific
  gravity at #ae degrees ( ab\t 4#ibf & 
its iod9 numb] is ab\t #afj4      ,cod  
,liv] ,oil4--,! mo/ important ( all !   
animal oils = food  purposes is ! oil   
:i* is obta9$ f ! liv] ( ! cod 7,gadus  
call>ias74 ,cod liv] oil is valuable =  
food purposes n on acc\nt  ( its odor & 
ta/e1 :i* are usually q disagreeable1 b 
by  reason ( ! specific effect :i* x is 
(t5 said to ex]cise 9  cases (          
emaciation & g5]al disord] ( !          
functional activities  ( ! body4 ,x is a
 food or m$ic9e1 :i*ev] x may be be/    
call$1  :i* is highly priz$ 9           
tub]culosis & simil> diseases4 ,! oil   
is *iefly prep>$ 9 ! ,l(fod5 ,isl&s4    
,diff]5t classes ( oil  are prep>$ :i*  
are diff]5tiat$ *iefly by _! color1 !   
light] ! color ! high] ! quality ( !    
oil4 ,! *emical  composition ( cod liv] 
oil is extremely complex1 _m diff]5t    
k9ds ( sub/ances hav+ be5 f\nd 9 x by   

v>i\s au?orities4  ,! probability is t  
_m ( ^! suppos$ sub/ances are only      
mixtures ( o!rs4 ,yet x _c be d5i$ t !  
numb] ( *emical  comp\nds occurr+ 9 cod 
liv] oil is v mu* great] ?an t  :i*     
occurs 9 ord9>y oils4 ,bo? ! m$ic9al &  
food values (  ! oil are (t5 attribut$  
to ^! bodies :i* occur 9 m9ute          
quantities4      ,prop]ties4--,cod liv] 
oil at #ae degrees has a specific       
gravity (  4#ibb4 ,its iod9 numb] v>ies 
v greatly b is always high1 rang+  f    
#aej to #ahj4 ,its refractive index is  
also v high1 namely #a4dg4    ,an       
important con/itu5t ( cod liv] oil is   
*ole/]ol4 ,cod liv] oil  conta9s        
naturally a small quantity ( iod9 & ?is 
natural comp\nd  ( iod9 is "o ( !       
prop]ties to :i* mu* ( its m$ic9al      
virtue  has be5 attribut$4 ,! quantity  
pres5t is extremely m9ute1 &  probably  
nev] exce$s 4#jjb ( "o p]c5t4           
,adult]ation ( ,cod ,liv] ,oil4--,ow+ to
 its increas+ price cod  liv] oil has   
be5 subject$ to _m =ms ( adult]ation4 ,!

 *ief  adult]ation consi/s 9 ! admixture
 ( fi% liv] oil ( l[]  quality or ! use 
( blubb] oil4 ,seal & :ale oils h be5   
us$  v ext5sively 9 ! adult]ation ( cod 
liv] oil4 ,japan fi%  oil &1 9 fact1 all
 o!r fi% oils :i* are ( a "* n  to      
disguise ! prop]ties ( cod liv] oil h   
be5 us$4 ,x is  evid5t t x is ) extreme 
difficulty t ! pres5ce ( ^!  adult]ants 
c be detect$1 especially if !y are us$ 9
 small  quantities4 ,! only c]ta9 me?od 
( gu>antee ( ! purity ( a cod  liv] oil 
is 9 ! prop] inspection & control ( !   
manufactur+  works4 ,! liv]s ( _m o!r   
k9ds ( fi% are employ$ 9 !  manufacture 
( cod liv] oil1 b ! o!r v>ieties h      
little  value z comp>$ ) ! cod liv] oil 
itself & !y are probably  us$ almo/     
exclusively 9 ! adult]ation ( ! g5u9e   
article4  ,! ,norwegian cod fi% gives a 
mu* bett] "* ( oil ?an ^?  com+ f !     
,atlantic coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,9 fact !     
latt] product  is ( little m$ic9al food 
value & is us$ *iefly 9 ! lea!r  trade4 
,blubb] ,oil4--,blubb] oil includes !   

oils made f seals1 :ales1  turtles1     
etc41 & is us$ exclusively = te*nical   
purposes1 unless  surreptiti\sly plac$ 9
 cod liv] oil z an adult]ant4           
,,"p ,,iv4    ,,milk ,,& ,,milk         
,,products ,,& ,,oleom>g>9e4            
,,milk4      ,limitation ( ,"n4--,by !  
t]m 8milk10 unless qualifi$ 9 "s  way1  
is meant a lacteal secretion ( ! heal?y 
c[1 free ( colo/rum  & ( /&>d quality4  
,if ! milk ( o!r mammals is meant !  "n 
( ! class ( animal is us$ 9 connection )
 ! t]m1 su*  z ewe's milk1 goat's milk1 
etc4 ,milk is "o ( ! mo/ important      
articles ( comm]ce &1 by reason ( its   
composition1 high nutritive  "*1 & easy 
dige/ibility1 x is n only ! natural food
 (  infants b a mo/ important food =    
*ildr5 & adults4 ,x is also  an         
indisp5sable food 9 _m1 if n mo/1 cases 
( disease :]e  nutrition is impair$4 ,9 
"s cases life may (t5 be su/a9$ ov] a   
critical p]iod by ! use ( milk z a food 
:]e o!r =ms ( food  w\ld fail ( dige/ion
 & prove injuri\s in/ead ( b5eficial4   

,! ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d = milk is f\nd 9  
,app5dix ,a4      ,av]age ,composition (
 ,milk4--,p]haps !re is no food sub/ance
  :i* has be5 subject$ to s _m & su*    
sev]e analytical te/s z  milk4 ,hundr$s 
( ?\s&s ( analyses h be5 made 9 all     
civiliz$  c\ntries1 n only ( ! milk ( ! 
individual c[ b ( h]ds (  great] or less
 size4    ,!re is a great v>iation 9 !  
composition ( milk 9 diff]5t  bre$s (   
cattle & also 9 diff]5t individuals ( ! 
same bre$4  ,= in/ance1 ! ,hol/e9 bre$ (
 cattle af=ds a milk ) a v  l[ cont5t ( 
fat1 sometimes z l[ z #c4be p]c5t1 & 9  
individual  cases l[]4 ,on ! o!r h& !   
,j]sey bre$ ( cattle af=ds a  milk ( a v
 high cont5t ( fat1 sometimes rea*+ z   
high z #f  p]c5t1 & 9 individual cases v
 mu* high]4 ,! cont5t ( !  nitrog5\s    
elem5t 9 milk is m /able ?an t ( fat & !
  common cont5t ( case9 9 milk ranges f 
#b to #c p]c5t4  ,! sug> 9 ! milk is    
usually ! complem5t>y sub/ance ) !  fat1
 dim9i%+ 9 relative proportions z ! fat 
increases & vice  v]sa4 ,! av]age cont5t

 ( sug> 9 c['s milk is approximately  #d
 p]c5t4 ,! cont5t ( m9]al sub/ances 9   
milk is also q  con/ant1 be+ ab\t #j4gj4
 ,! a% conta9s ! phosphoric acid :i*  is
 "o ( ! ess5tial food compon5ts ( milk4 
,a milk ( fair av]age  quality conta9s  
#ab p]c5t ( solids & #hh p]c5t ( wat]4  
,?is  is an expression = milk dur+ !    
v>i\s seasons ( ! ye> &  f all bre$s &  
k9ds ( c[s4 ,! influ5ce ( season has mu*
  to d ) ! quantity ( milk produc$4 ,x  
is always great] 9 !  spr+ & summ]      
mon?s1 :5 ! c[s are turn$ out to pa/ure 
&  ! gr[? on :i* !y fe$ is unusually    
succul5t4 ,! increase 9  volume is n    
att5d$ ) a proportionate increase (     
solids1 &  ?us ! p]c5tage ( solids 9    
spr+ & summ] milk is less ?an  t 9 !    
w9t] milk unless ! c[s are p>ticul>ly   
well f$  dur+ ! w9t] on a g5]\s diet1   
includ+ l>ge quantities (  roots4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,c[        
,,/ables1 ,,maplet[n ,,f>m1 ,,sumn]1    
,,wa%+ton4    ,! "* ( ! milk is greatly 
influ5c$ by ! environm5t  9 :i* ! c[    

lives4 ,! /able 9 :i* ! c[ is kept %\ld 
be clean1 well v5tilat$1 & protect$     
aga9/ extreme *anges 9  temp]ature1 ?us 
be+ cool] 9 ! summ] ?an ! hot air on !  
outside & mu* w>m] 9 ! w9t]4 ,an        
excell5t arrangem5t ( !  /ables to      
secure cleanl9ess & good v5tilation is  
%[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4  ,c[s %\ld be suppli$ )
 an abundant quantity ( pure wat] &     
%\ld n be all[$ access to /agnant pools 
:5 pa/ur+ 9 !  summ]4 ,e animal giv+    
milk %\ld be exam9$ f "t to "t  by a    
compet5t vet]9>ian to det]m9e1 by !     
injection ( s]um or  o!rwise1 :e!r or n 
! animal is afflict$ ) tub]culosis4  ,e 
animal infect$ ) tub]culosis %\ld be    
sep>at$ f !  h]d & de/roy$4 ,tub]culosis
 is an infecti\s disease & may  spread f
 a s+le c[ to e "o 9 ! h]d4 ,x is /ill  
by "s  au?orities claim$ t !re is no    
au!ntic case ( transmission  ( bov9e    
tub]culosis to ! human sy/em4 ,o!r      
au?orities hold  t su* transmission is  
possible1 ev5 if x has n be5 prov5 9  a 
p>ticul> case4 ,s9ce exp]ts disagree on 

?is po9t ! same rule  is applicable "h z
 9 o!r cases ( ! same k9d1 namely1 :]e  
exp]ts disagree on a po9t relat+ to !   
public heal? ! b5efit  ( ! d\bt1 if any1
 %\ld be giv5 to ! public1 & ! advice  (
 ^? exp]ts foll[$ :i* is ! mo/ radical  
respect+ !  protection ( heal? f        
infection ( any k9d4 ,x w\ld be         
difficult  to prove1 = example1 9 any   
case ( tub]culosis 9 man t x _h  be5    
contract$ f ! sputa ( tub]culos$        
pati5ts1 yet because x  is possible1 9 !
 op9ion ( _m exp]ts1 t su* infection &  
transmission ( disease c take place1 x  
is ! "p ( wisdom to  gu>d aga9/ x4    ,x
 is1 ,i ?9k1 a /atem5t :i* w be accept$ 
by all t x  is possible 9 ?is c\ntry to 
secure & keep a suffici5t numb]  (      
heal?y c[s to give ! milk supply ( !    
nation4 ,!re=e1  x is ! duty ( ! /ate1  
ei!r by municipal1 /ate1 or f$]al       
inspection1 to elim9ate1 z f> z         
possible1 &1 if necess>y1 at !  exp5se (
 ! /ate1 e diseas$ animal f ! dairy h]d4
 ,!  f>m] ^: h]d becomes infect$ ?r\gh  

no fault ( 8 c ju/ly  claim a           
comp5sation = ! de/ruction ( 8 animals =
 ! common  good4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no m  
important po9t connect$ ) !  keep+ (    
sanit>y conditions ?an ! prop]          
inspection ( ! dairy1  n only furni%+   
milk = family use1 b especially = sale4 
,x  is ! pla9 duty ( e municipality &   
/ate to prohibit !  sale ( milk to its  
citiz5s f dairies :i* are n p]iodically 
& frequ5tly subject$ to ! mo/ rigid     
exp]t inspection4 ,su*  inspection w\ld 
n only secure ! heal? ( ! animals b t5d 
directly t[>d ! cleanl9ess ( ! dairy4   
,only by ! ex]cise (  unusual c>e is x  
possible to keep milk f becom+          
contam9at$4      ,prep>ation (          
,milk4--,e "p ( ! animal1 especially !  
udd]s1 %\ld be kept scrupul\sly clean by
 prop] curry+ &  wa%+4 ,! milk %\ld be  
collect$ 9 vessels ) z small an  orifice
 z possible4 ,z soon z drawn ! milk %\ld
 be /ra9$ &  artificially cool$ to a    
temp]ature ( at lea/ #ej degrees ,f41 if
 n  l[]4 ,a conv5i5t app>atus = cool+ ! 

milk is %[n 9 ,fig4  #ad4 ,9 ?is        
condition1 )\t be+ expos$ to infection &
 be+  protect$ f e po9t by clos$        
vessels1 /opp]$ :5 necess>y  by /]iliz$ 
cotton1 ! milk is conduct$ into /]iliz$ 
bottles &  aga9 /opp]$ ) a /]iliz$ cork 
( "s description4 ,! milk is  kept cold 
until deliv]$ to ! consum] & by !       
consum] %\ld  be kept cold until us$4   
,by foll[+ ^! precautions x is possible 
to deliv] a pure1 :olesome1 unpa/euriz$ 
milk 9 a condition :i*  keeps           
practically un*ang$ = ev5 a long] p]iod 
?an tw5ty-f\r  h\rs4    ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #ad4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,cool+    
,,milk4      ,c]tifi$ ,milk4--,dairies  
:i* are inspect$ ei!r by op]ation  ( !  
law or1 volunt>ily1 by a compet5t body (
 m$ical &  sci5tific exp]ts duly        
au?oriz$ to make su* inspection furni%  
to  ! m>ket :at is kn[n z c]tifi$ milk4 
,ea* bottle ( ?is milk  be>s ! /amp (   
c]tification & ?is /amp may be us$ f !  
"t ( "o inspection until a c]ta9 date   
specifi$ on ! /amp  :5 ! next inspection

 takes place4 ,! duty ( ! inspectors is 
to see t diseas$ animals are at once    
remov$ f ! dairy1 t  ! sanit>y          
conditions ( ! /able are p]fect1 t !    
food is  abundant & :olesome1 t ! milk+ 
process is conduct$ accord+  to !       
pr9ciples above outl9$1 & t ! prop]     
precautions are  tak5 to prev5t         
infection dur+ ! prep>ation ( ! milk = !
  m>ket4 ,! milk %\ld be exam9$         
*emically & bact]iologically at  ea*    
inspection1 or (t5]1 to see t x is ( a  
/&>d quality1  bo? 9 respect ( ! numb] &
 "* ( ! organisms :i*  x conta9s & ( its
 *emical con/itu5ts4 ,c]tifi$ milk is1 (
  c\rse1 m exp5sive ?an non-c]tifi$1    
inasmu* z ! dairy is  necess>ily call$  
^u to be> ! exp5se ( inspection4 ,h[ev]1
 !  sup]ior quality ( su* milk & its    
c]ta9 fre$om f infection  m ?an (fsets !
 increas$ price1 & makes c]tifi$ milk ! 
ideal food ( a milk "*1 n only 9 !      
family1 b especially  9 ! hospitals1    
orphan asylums & o!r public in/itutions4
 ,x  seems q c]ta9 t 9 ! ne> future     

practically all ! milk  t is sold ^u !  
m>ket ( ! c\ntry w be ( a c]tifi$       
quality4      ,pa/euriz$ ,milk4--,:5    
milk is heat$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t    
#adj to #afj degrees ! great] "p ( !    
liv+ organisms conta9$  !re9 are        
de/roy$4 ,at ! same "t ! temp]ature is n
 high  en\gh to give to ! milk t peculi>
 ta/e :i* x acquires :5  boil$4 ,su*    
pa/euriz$ milk1 plac$ 9 /]iliz$ bottles1
 /opp]$  ) /]iliz$ /opp]s & kept 9 a    
cool place1 w keep _m  days & ev5 weeks 
)\t app>5t det]ioration4 ,physicians &  
hygi5i/s are q agre$ t pa/euriz$ milk is
 n s :olesome1  especially = *ildr51 z  
c]tifi$ milk :i* has n be5 subject$  to 
a heat suffici5tly high to kill !       
organisms conta9$ !re94  ,! natural     
f]m5ts ( ! milk1 namely1 ! enzymes :i*  
produce  ! lactic f]m5tations1 promote r
 ?an int]f]e ) !  dige/ion ( ! product4 
,! kill+ ( ! b5eficial organisms (  !   
milk is only ju/ifi$ :5 !re is dang] (  
pa?ological g]ms  be+ pres5t4 ,h5ce !   
pa/eurization ( milk mu/ 9 ?is s5se be  

reg>d$ z a sub/itute = inspection &     
c]tification4    ,!re may arise cases   
:]e pa/euriz+ ev5 ( c]tifi$ milk may  be
 desirable1 namely1 :5 f necessity x mu/
 be kept = a  consid]able p]iod be=e    
use1 z on %ipbo>d1 & o!r places         
inaccessible to a daily supply ( fre%   
milk4 ,pa/euriz+ is also  ju/ifiable 9  
miscellane\s milk supplies1 ! orig9 (   
:i* is  unkn[n4 ,x is saf]1 by f> 9 ?is 
case1 to pa/eurize ?an take !  *ance (  
consum+ pa?ological g]ms4               
,pa/euriz+ ( ,milk4--,a conv5i5t me?od (
 pa/euriz+ milk is  recomm5d$ by !      
,dairy ,division ( ! ,dep>tm5t (        
,agriculture1  :i* is z foll[s3         
,directions = ! ,pa/eurization (        
,milk4#bj--,! pa/eurization  ( milk =   
*ildr51 n[ q ext5sively practic$ 9 ord] 
to  de/roy ! injuri\s g]ms :i* x may    
conta91 c be satisfactorily  accompli%$ 
) v simple app>atus4 ,! vessel conta9+ !
  milk1 :i* may be ! bottle f :i* x is  
to be us$ or any o!r  suitable vessel1  
is plac$ inside ( a l>g] vessel ( metal1

 :i*  conta9s wat]4 ,if a bottle1 x is  
plugg$ ) absorb5t cotton1 if  ?is is at 
h&1 or 9 its abs5ce o!r clean cotton w  
answ]4 ,a  small fruit j> loosely cov]$ 
may be us$ in/ead ( a bottle4 ,!        
requirem5ts are simply t ! int]ior      
vessel %all be rais$ ab\t  half an in*  
above ! bottom ( ! o!r1 & t ! wat] %all 
rea* ne>ly or q z high z ! milk4 ,!     
app>atus is !n  heat$ on a range or /ove
 until ! wat] rea*es a temp]ature ( #aee
  degrees ,fahr5heit1 :5 x is remov$ f !
 heat & kept tightly  cov]$ = half an   
h\r4 ,! milk is rapidly cool$ )\t remov+
  x f its conta9]s & kept 9 a cool      
place4 ,x may be us$ any  "t )9         
tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,a temp]ature ( #aej    
degrees ma9ta9$  = half an h\r is       
suffici5t to de/roy any g]ms likely to  
be  pres5t 9 ! milk1 9 cold wea!r1 or :5
 x is kn[n t ! milk  rea*es ! consum]   
soon aft] milk+1 & x is g5]ally safe to 
adopt ?is limit4 ,x is f\nd 9 practice t
 rais+ ! temp]ature  to #aee degrees &  
!n all[+ ! milk to /& 9 ! heat$ wat]  = 

half an h\r insures ! prop] temp]ature =
 ! requir$ "t4  ,if ! temp]ature is     
rais$ above #aee degrees ! ta/e &       
quality (  ! milk w be affect$4      #bj
 ,by ,dr4 ,de ,s*we9itz4    ,inasmu* z !
 milk furni%$ to consum]s 9 l>ge cities 
9 summ]  conta9s at ! "t ( deliv]y an   
imm5se numb] ( miscellane\s  bact]ia1   
?is proc$ure may n fully meet !         
requirem5ts dur+  hot wea!r1 n only     
because su* milk w n rema9 sweet =      
tw5ty-f\r h\rs unless kept 9 a good     
refrig]ator1 b also because  ! bact]ia n
 de/roy$ by ! heat+ may at times produce
  dige/ive di/urbances 9 ! v "y4 ,"u su*
 circum/ances x  is be/ to keep !       
bottles 9 ! wat] until x boils or to use
 "o  ( ! _m /eam]s n[ on ! m>ket4 ,aft] 
! bottles h be5  kept at ! boil+ po9t = 
?ree to five m9utes 7or long] if !y  are
 l>ge7 !y %\ld be cool$ z promptly z    
possible & kept 9 a  refrig]ator until  
us$4    ,! simple/ plan is to take a t9 
pail & inv]t a p]=at$ t9  pie-plate 9 ! 
bottom1 or h made = x a removable false 

bottom  p]=at$ ) holes & hav+ legs half 
an in* high to all[  circulation ( !    
wat]4 ,! milk-bottle is set on ?is false
 bottom1  & suffici5t wat] is put into !
 pail to rea* ! level ( !  surface ( !  
milk 9 ! bottle4 ,a hole may be pun*$ 9 
! cov]  ( ! pail1 a cork ins]t$1 & a    
*emical !rmomet] put ?r\gh  ! cork1 s t 
! bulb dips into ! wat]4 ,! temp]ature c
  ?us be wat*$ )\t remov+ ! cov]4 ,if   
pref]r$1 an ord9>y  dairy !rmomet]#ba   
may be us$ & ! temp]ature read f "t to  
"t by remov+ ! lid4 ,?is is v easily    
arrang$1 & is j z  satisfactory z !     
pat5t$ app>atus sold = ! same purpose4  
,any  o!r simple me?od ( proc$ure w give
 ! same result4      #ba ,be=e us+ !    
dairy !rmomet] x is be/ to h x te/$1    
z x may be unreliable 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! 
scale4      ,av]age ,cont5t ( ,fat 9    
,am]ican ,milk4--,f ! ?\s&s (  analyses 
( ,am]ican milks t h be5 made x appe>s t
 !  av]age cont5t ( fat !re9 is ab\t    
#c4ij p]c5t4 ,( ! diff]5t  bre$s ( c[s !
 ,hol/e9s produce milk ) ! lea/ cont5t (

 fat  & ! ,j]seys ) ! greate/4 ,x is n  
unusual to f9d 9 !  milk ( a ,j]sey c[ a
 cont5t ( #f or #g p]c5t ( fat4         
,comp>ison ( ,c['s ,milk ) ,o!r         
,v>ieties4--,human milk diff]s  f milk  
*iefly 9 hav+ a mu* l[] cont5t ( case9 &
 a high]  cont5t ( milk sug>4 ,goat's   
milk has a high] cont5t ( case9 ?an     
milk1 some:at high] cont5t ( fat1 &     
slightly less sug>4 ,ewe's  milk is v   
ri* bo? 9 prote9 & fat4 ,m>e's has a l[ 
case9 &  fat cont5t & is exceptionally  
ri* 9 sug>4 ,ass's milk has less  case9 
& prote9 ?an milk b m sug>4             
,cream4--,:5 milk is all[$ to /& = "s   
h\rs 9 a cool place  or :5 x is         
me*anically treat$ 9 a sep>ator ! fat   
p>ticles1  be+ ( a less specific        
gravity1 are sep>at$1 & :5 !y rea* a    
c]ta9 degree ( consi/5ce !y =m a product
 kn[n z cream4 ,!  quantity ( fat 9     
cream v>ies accord+ to ! me?od (        
sep>ation4  ,on /&+ = a p]iod ( ab\t    
twelve h\rs 9 a cool place !  sep>at$   
cream may be remov$ by skimm+ & %\ld    

conta9 at lea/  #ah p]c5t ( milk fat4   
,"u ! action ( ! sep>ator1 cream (  a   
mu* great] cont5t ( fat is usually      
produc$1 (t5 rea*+ z  mu* z #cj p]c5t or
 m4 ,! sep>ation ( cream me*anically 9 a
  sep>ator is pref]able to ! me?od ( "t 
sep>ation by gravity  alone4 ,! cream   
secur$ by ! sep>ator is v mu* fre%]1 z x
  c be remov$ z soon z ! milk is drawn &
 cool$4 ,its cont5t  ( butt] fat c also 
be regulat$ to ! desir$ am\nt &1 9 !    
?ird place1 a m complete sep>ation is   
secur$ ?an by gravity4  ,by ! prop]     
manipulation ( ! sep>ator almo/ all ( ! 
fat 9  milk is readily remov$4 ,cream   
%\ld be kept "u ! same conditions  z has
 be5 describ$ = sanit>y milk4 ,:5 plac$ 
9 /]iliz$  conta9]s1 prop]ly /opp]$ &   
kept cool1 fre% cream w keep  sweet z   
long z milk "u simil> circum/ances4     
,9 l>ge dairy indu/ries ! sep>ator is   
practically ! only me?od  n[ employ$ =  
secur+ cream :ile = f>m use ! gravity   
me?od  ( /&+ 9 a cool place = twelve or 
tw5ty-f\r h\rs is !  commonly practic$  

me?od4    ,cream is us$ on ! table )    
fruit & c]eal foods & especially  9     
bev]ages su* z tea & c(fee4 ,x is also  
prescrib$ by  physicians = c]ta9        
diseases & d]angem5t ( ! dige/ive organs
  :]e ! nitrog5 cont5t ( milk produces  
irritation & fails (  dige/ion4 ,cream  
is n a complete food 9 ! s5se t milk is 
inasmu* z ! o!r con/itu5ts ( milk are   
less 9 proportion z  ! p]c5tage ( fat is
 increas$1 yet cream conta9s at lea/ a  
"p ( all ! food elem5ts 9 milk1 z1 =    
example1 nitrog5\s  con/itu5t1          
pr9cipally1 case91 milk1 sug>1 & m9]al  
matt]s4    ,x mu/ be rememb]$ 9 ?is case
 t ! fat is ! v>iable  elem5t & z t is  
increas$ ! proportion ( o!r +r$i5ts1    
necess>ily1 is dim9i%$4    ,! mo/       
important use ( cream is 9 ! manufacture
 ( butt]4      ,/&>ds ( ,cream4--,!     
composition ( cream v>ies ) almo/  e    
sample4 ,! /&>ds = cream v>y 9 diff]5t  
/ates &  cities4 ,! national /&>d       
requires #ah p]c5t ( fat4      ,skimm$  
,milk4--,! residue :i* is left f !      

removal ( cream  is kn[n z skimm$ milk4 
,skimm$ milk conta9s ! pr9ciple "p  ( ! 
nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( milk1 ! great]   
quantity ( its  sug> & a v l>ge quantity
 ( its m9]al matt]4 ,x is /ill a  v     
valuable food product1 lack+ only !     
elem5t ( fat4 ,:5 eat5  ) nuts or o!r   
oily food skimm$ milk w\ld complete !   
ration &  make a well balanc$ food4 ,!  
*ief prejudice aga9/ skimm$ milk is  t x
 has be5 s (t5 sold = :ole milk4 ,:5    
sold & consum$  "u its own "n x is n a  
fraudul5t body & is des]v+ ( a  high]   
place 9 ! diet>y ?an has be5 ascrib$ to 
x4 ,9 ! l>ge  cream]ies ( ! c\ntry !    
skimm$ milk is usually f$ to animals4   
,x is "o ( ! mo/ highly e/eem$ foods =  
pigs & p\ltry1 &  is l>gely us$ = ^?    
purposes4      ,composition ( ,skimm$   
,milk4--,naturally ! composition (      
skimm$  milk w\ld be t ( milk correct$ =
 ! ab/raction ( fat4 ,x  conta9s "s     
little fat :5 prep>$ by ! gravity me?od 
& only a  v small portion :5 sep>at$    
me*anically4 ,! ab/raction ( !  fat     

increases ! relative proportions ( sug> 
& case94      ,curd ,te/ = ,purity (    
,milk4--,! ,wiscons9 curd te/ is        
conduct$  z foll[s3 #a4 ,/]ilize milk   
conta9]s s z to de/roy all bact]ia  9   
vessels4 ,?is /ep is v important1 & c be
 done by heat+  cans 9 boil+ wat] or    
/eam = n less ?an "o-half h\r4    #b4   
,place ab\t "o p9t ( milk 9 cov]$ j> &  
heat to ab\t #ih  degrees ,f4 7,figs4   
#ae & #af74    #c4 ,add t5 drops ( /&>d 
r5net extract & mix ?or\ghly ) !  milk  
to quickly coagulate4    #d4 ,aft]      
coagulation1 cut curd f9e ) case knife  
to facilitate  sep>ation ( :ey2 leave   
curd 9 :ey "o-half h\r to an h\r2 !n    
dra9 (f :ey at frequ5t int]vals until   
curd is well matt$4    #e4 ,incubate    
curd mass at #ih to #ajb degrees ,f4 by 
imm]s+ j> 9 w>m  wat]4 ,keep j>s cov]$  
to reta9 odors4    #f4 ,aft] #f to #i   
h\rs incubation1 op5 j> & obs]ve odor2  
exam9e  curds by cutt+ ! same ) %>p     
knife & obs]ve texture z to  pres5ce (  
p9 holes or gas holes4 ,obs]ve odor4    

#g4 ,v bad milks w betray pres5ce (     
gas-produc+ bact]ia by !  spongy texture
 ( ! curd & w h an (f flavor4    #h4 ,if
 m ?an "o sample is te/$ at ! same "t1  
dip knife &  !rmomet] 9 hot wat] be=e   
ea* "t us$4    8,normal milk conta9s    
practically no organisms b ! /raight    
lactic  acid bact]ia4 ,^! g]ms produce  
no gas & no bad odors1 b purely  lactic 
acid & ! curd =m$ !refrom is su* z is   
repres5t$ 9  ,fig4 #ag4    ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,,improvis$ ,,wiscons9   
,,curd ,,te/4    ,c1 ,c us$ to hold     
sample2 ,p1 pipette = measur+ r5net2 ,k1
 knife  = break+ curd4    ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #af4--;,a1 ,,milk2 ,b1 ,,brok5   
,,curd ,,9 ,,:ey2 ,c1 ,,matt$  ,,curd4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,curd ,,f  
,a ,,good ,,milk4 ,,l>ge1 ,,irregul>    
,,holes  ,,me*anical4    ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #ah4--;,,curd ,,f ,a ,,ta9t$     
,,milk4 ,,l>ge1 ,,irregul>  ,,holes     
,,me*anical2 ,,small ,,p9holes ,,due    
,,to ,,gas4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     
#ai4--;,,curd ,,f ,,f\l ,,milk4         

8,milk contam9at$ by ! introduction (   
du/1 dirt1 fecal matt]1  or kept 9      
imp]fectly clean$ cans becomes f\l$ )   
gas-produc+  bact]ia t break d[n ! milk 
sug> & s produce gases &  usually       
undesirable odors4444 ,!re=e milks %[+ !
 pres5ce (  gas or bad odors 9 any      
consid]able degree are milks t h be5  m 
or less pollut$ ) extrane\s organisms or
 c>elessly h&l$1  & z a consequ5ce su*  
milks %[ a type ( curd reveal$ 9 ,figs4 
#ag1 #ah1 & #ai4      ,:ey4--,! residue 
left f milk 9 ! process ( ! mak+ (      
*eese is kn[n z :ey4 ,:ey consi/s ( t   
portion ( milk :i*  is n precipitat$ by 
! r5net & :i* sep>ates :5 ! case9  (    
milk is coagulat$ & sets 9 ! process (  
*eese mak+4 ,!  :ey conta9s ! pr9cipal  
portion ( ! wat] 9 milk1 ! mo/ (  ! milk
 sug> !re91 & small quantities ( butt] &
 soluble  nitrog5\s portions 7album97 & 
solid p>ticles :i* rema9  susp5d$ 9 !   
solution4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be prop]ly     
consid]$  z milk f :i* ! great] "p ( !  
nitrog5\s portions &  fat p>ticles has  

be5 sep>at$4 ,! value ( :ey z a food    
product  consi/s *iefly 9 ! milk sug>   
:i* x conta9s4 ,x is n  v l>gely us$ =  
human food b is valu$ z a food = "y     
dome/icat$ animals1 especially pigs &   
p\ltry4      ,composition ( ,:ey4--,!   
:ey result+ f ! manufacture (  *eese    
conta9s ne>ly all ! foods ( ! :ole milk 
) !  exception ( ! case9 & fat4 ,x is   
compos$ ( f #f to #h p]c5t  ( solids    
consi/+ *iefly ( milk sug>1 "s album91 a
 little fat1  & ab\t #j4f p]c5t ( m9]al 
matt]4      ,k\miss4--,k\miss orig9at$ 9
 ,asia ,m9or 9 ! production ( a  f]m5t$ 
dr9k f m>e's milk1 :i* is ri*] 9 milk   
sug> ?an  ! lactic secretions ( mo/ o!r 
mammals4 ,by ! f]m5tation (  ! milk sug>
 m>e's milk is conv]t$ into a f]m5t$    
bev]age  conta9+ a small p]c5tage (     
alcohol4 ,9 ?is c\ntry k\miss is  made  
almo/ exclusively f c['s milk & by      
special f]m5tation at  a l[ temp]ature4 
,x is a bev]age valu$ especially by     
convalesc5ts  & invalids & frequ5tly is 
capable ( n\ri%+ ! body 9  diseases :i* 

affect ! dige/ive organs :5 o!r foods   
fail (  assimilation4 ,x is also a cool+
 & delici\s bev]age = ^? 9  heal? :5    
prop]ly prep>$ & /or$4      ,modifi$    
,k\miss or ,kephir4--,k\miss made f c['s
 milk ) !  previ\s addition ( milk or   
cane sug> to increase ! alcoholic       
cont5t _c be reg>d$ z a natural product 
b r "o to :i*  ! t]m 8modifi$0 may be   
appli$4 ,! great] "p ( k\miss made 9  ! 
,unit$ ,/ates f c['s milk is ( ?is      
modifi$ v>iety4 ,c['s  milk conta9s on  
an av]age ab\t #d or #e p]c5t ( sug> &  
does n  yield a f]m5t$ bev]age ( a      
suffici5t alcoholic cont5t )\t  r$uc+ ! 
actual sug> cont5t ( ! bev]age bel[ !   
po9t (  palatability4 ,cane sug> is     
usually employ$ z ! modify+ ag5t4  ,:ile
 modifi$ k\miss _c be reg>d$ z ( equal  
value ) !  natural article made f m>e's 
milk x is a palatable & :olesome        
bev]age :5 produc$ & /or$ "u prop]      
conditions4 ,! quantity  ( alcohol      
produc$ 9 any case is n v great & !     
*ange 9  composition :i* r5d]s k\miss s 

easily assimilable 9 _m cases  _c be due
 alone to ! alcohol =m$ b to !          
f]m5tative  *anges produc$ by enzymic   
action :i* takes place 9 ! o!r          
con/itu5ts ( k\miss1 especially case9   
dur+ ! process (  f]m5tation4    ,k\miss
 or kephir1 :i* is ! "n appli$ to k\miss
 made f c['s  milk1 is also prep>$ ) !  
addition ( honey1 9 ! place (  sug>1 &  
small quantities ( :eat fl\r1 n exce$+  
#bj p>ts to  #aejj p>ts ( o!r           
con/itu5ts4 ,k\miss is sometimes        
artificially  =tifi$ by ! addition (    
small quantities ( alcohol1 b ?is       
practice mu/ be reg>d$ z extremely      
repreh5sible4 ,! alcohol (  k\miss is   
incid5t to its f]m5tation & %\ld n be   
increas$  beyond ! normal am\nt4 ,"o ( !
 important po9ts 9 ! mak+ (  k\miss is !
 control ( ! temp]ature :i*1 dur+       
f]m5tation1  ought n to rise above #ej  
degrees 9 ord] to get ! be/ results4    
,k\miss may be made 9 ! bottle 9 :i* x  
is kept1 9 fact1 x is  be/ made s1 & its
 f]m5tation !n resembles t ( *ampagne4  

,dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation ! bottle   
%\ld be %ak5 at lea/  once a day 9 ord] 
t ! "p :i* coagulates _c be unev5ly     
di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,! bottle %\ld
 be /rong en\gh  to resi/ ! pressure    
produc$ by ! c>bon dioxid :i* is =m$  & 
! cork %\ld be securely ti$ 94 ,z 9 !   
case ( *ampagne  x is be/ to place !    
bottle ) ! cork d[n4 ,be=e us+1  !      
bottle conta9+ ! k\miss %\ld be well    
%ak5 9 ord] to  ?or\ghly mix ! cont5ts  
:i* =m a creamy1 foamy mass extremely   
palatable1 highly nutriti\s1 & valuable 
n only z a bev]age b  9 _m cases (      
disease & disord]$ dige/ion z a food4 ,9
 fact  ! value ( k\miss = m$ic9al       
purposes1 t is = m$ic9al  food1 is n    
?or\ghly appreciat$ by ! m$ical         
pr(ession4 ,?is  may be due to ! fact t 
! art ( mak+ k\miss is n g5]ally  kn[n1 
& :ile ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* its     
manufacture is  bas$ h be5 set =? x     
requires an exp]t to make a palatable  &
 useful article 78,briti% ,dairy ,f>m+0 
by ,jas4 ,long74 ,x is  wor?y (         

sugge/ion n[ t ! use ( horses = draft   
purposes has  practically be5 sup]s$$ by
 ! automobile & ! trolley t !           
production ( real k\miss f m>e's milk   
might become a v useful  field ( indu/ry
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is p]fectly c]ta9
 t  ! g5u9e article mu/ possess         
prop]ties :i* are n :olly f\nd  9 !     
imitations ( k\miss :i* are s common 9  
?is c\ntry4 ,x  is well und]/ood by     
physicians t a natural product produc$ f
  natural mat]ial is always sup]ior 9 "*
 bo? z a food &  m$ic9e to ! syn!tic or 
artificial product4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1  a   
f]m5t$ bev]age produc$ f natural s\rces 
is contam9at$  by artificial products ! 
result+ comp\nd is n s useful nor       
dige/ible4 ,= in/ance1 w9e :i* is made  
p>tially f sug> &  be] made p>tially f  
dextrose1 al?\gh !y may be heal?ful &   
:olesome bev]ages1 are inf]ior 9 quality
 & "* to ! real  product made f grape   
juice or b>ley malt4                    
,butt]milk4--,! residue left 9 ! *urn 9 
! manufacture (  butt] is t]m$          

butt]milk4 ,!re are two di/9ct v>ieties 
(  butt]milk1 namely1 t result+ f !     
*urn+ ( uns\r$ cream  & t rema9+ f !    
*urn+ ( s\r$ & rip5$ cream4  ,! fir/ k9d
 ( butt]milk does n diff] 9 its         
*>act]i/ic  ess5tials f skimm$ milk &   
!re=e is n consid]$ "h4  ,! second class
 ( butt]milk is f> m common & is a      
bev]age  ( pleas+ acid ta/e4 ,:5 made f 
prop]ly rip5$ cream x is  :olesome &    
delici\s1 especially 9 summ] "t4 ,its   
composition  is t ( cream subject$ to   
enzymic action dur+ ! rip5+  process by 
:i* an agreeable degree ( acidity is    
produc$ due to  lactic acid1 toge!r ) ! 
incid5tal *anges :i* take place 9  !    
composition ( o!r p>ts ( ! liquid due to
 enzymic action4  ,butt]milk also       
usually conta9s small p>ticles ( butt]  
itself  :i* escape aggregation dur+ !   
f9al process ( *urn+4 ,9 well  prep>$   
butt]milk1 h[ev]1 ^! p>ticles ( butt]   
are n v  num]\s & !y add no?+ to !      
palatability1 al?\gh !y d add  some?+ to
 ! nutritive prop]ties ( ! bev]age4 ,!  

butt]milk  repres5ts t portion ( milk   
:i* is "o ( ! *ief con/itu5ts  ( cream z
 f> z bulk is conc]n$1 fre$ practically 
f its butt]  fat4 ,x does n diff]       
greatly1 !re=e1 9 its *emical prop]ties 
f skimm$ milk1 al?\gh !re is a slight   
diff]5ce 9 !  relative p]c5tages ( !    
milk solids 9 cream z comp>$ ) !  same  
con/itu5ts 9 :ole milk4 ,! composition (
 butt]milk is %[n  9 ! foll[+ table3    
,,composition ,,( ,,butt]milk4          
,,f ,,sweet   ,,f ,,s\r                 
,,cream4      ,,cream4                  
,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4    ,wat]1              
#hi4gd        #ij4ic    ,fat1           
#a4ba         #j4ca    ,milk sug>1      
#d4ih         #d4eh    ,prote91         
#c4bh         #c4cg    ,a%1             
#j4gi         #j4ha    ,acidity1        
444         #j4hj                       
,bonnyclabb]4--,bonnyclabb] is a t]m    
appli$ to milk :i*  has become s\r$ by  
lactic f]m5tation1 produc+ a gelat9\s   
coagulation ( case9 :i* is suffici5tly  
firm at times to prev5t  ! liquid f be+ 

p\r$4 ,clabb] may be reg>d$ z a natural 
*eese curd except t ! fat is *iefly on  
top4 ,x is a bev]age  or food ( a v     
agreeable ta/e to mo/ p]sons & is (t5   
eat5  ) sug>4 ,9 ! summ] x is (t5 =m$   
dur+ hot murky  wea!r1 especially ( t "*
 :i* produces ?und] /orms4  ,= ?is      
reason x is a common supposition t ?und]
 or lightn+  s\rs milk4 ,! ?und] &      
lightn+1 h[ev]1 h no?+ to d  ) ?is      
process4 ,! condition ( ! atmosph]e :i* 
produces an  environm5t favorable to    
electrical di/urbances ( ?is k9d also   
favors 9 ! highe/ degree ! gr[? ( !     
organisms :i* produce  ! lactic f]m5ts4 
,h5ce ?und] /orms & ! rapid s\r+ ( milk 
are frequ5tly co9cid5t lead+ to ! popul>
 impression z above  m5tion$4 ,inasmu* z
 ! s\r+ ( milk usually takes place aft] 
! cream has ris5 ! composition ( clabb] 
is practically t (  skimm$ milk modifi$ 
by ! lactic f]m5tation :i* has tak5     
place4      ,,butt]4    ,:5 cream1      
especially cream 9 :i* incipi5t lactic  
f]m5tation  has be5 set up1 is subject$ 

to agitation 9 a *urn "u prop]          
conditions ( temp]ature ! p>ticles (    
butt] !re9 conta9$  are collect$ into   
masses s t ! butt] c be sep>at$ f  !    
residual liquid4 ,?is process is        
te*nically call$ *urn+4 ,!  dome/ic *urn
 9 its simple/ =m is p]haps well kn[n to
 almo/  ev]yone1 especially ^? :o h liv$
 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 !  dome/ic manufacture (
 butt] ! cream is collect$ & set aside  
until s\r1 t is1 until lactic f]m5tation
 has set up4 ,:5 ?is is  suffici5tly    
advanc$ ! cream is plac$ 9 a *urn1 !    
simple/ =m  ( :i* is a wood51 cyl9drical
 vessel ( appropriate size1 be+  mu*    
long] ?an its horizontal diamet]4 ,!    
*urn is provid$ )  a da%]1 namely a     
p]=at$ wood5 disk ) a h&le :i* passes   
?r\gh a hole 9 ! cov]4 ,:5 ! *urn is    
*>g$ ! butt] is  produc$ by agitation ) 
! da%]4 ,9 w9t] "t w>m wat] is  add$ to 
! mixture 9 ord] to raise ! temp]ature  
to ! prop]  ga!r+ po9t ( butt]1 namely  
#fe to #gj degrees ,f4 ,= ! same  reason
 cold wat] is add$ 9 ! summ] "t4 ,! art 

( ! dairy  maid is %[n 9 ! prop]        
regulation ( ! temp]ature to secure !   
be/ results4 ,:5 ! cream is prop]ly     
rip5$ & ! temp]ature is  suitable !     
ga!r+ ( butt] w be accompli%$ 9 f twelve
 to  ?irty m9utes4 ,9 unfavorable       
conditions ! duration ( *urn+ may  be = 
a mu* long] p]iod4    ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #bj4--,,p[] ,,*urn ,,ready ,,=   
,,use4--7,c\rtesy ( !  ,bureau ( ,animal
 ,indu/ry47    ,9 dairies & l>ge        
e/abli%m5ts *urn+ is accompli%$ by      
ma*9]y ) v diff]5t me*anical appliances1
 b ! pr9ciple  :i* und]lies ! process is
 ! same z ^? outl9$ above4 ,!           
accompany+ figures illu/rate ! process (
 *urn+ by me*anical  means 9 a mod]n    
dairy 7,figs4 #bj & #ba74               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,p[] ,,*urn1
 ,,op54--7,c\rtesy ( ! ,bureau  (       
,animal ,indu/ry47      ,treatm5t (     
,butt]4--,! crude butt] secur$ by *urn+ 
is  subject$ to wa%+ & season+ processes
 9 ord] to prep>e x  = ! m>ket4 ,! wa%+ 
or work+ ( butt] is accompli%$ by  means

 ( wat]4 ,! object ( ?is 8work+0 is to  
sep>ate f !  crude butt] z mu* ( ! curd 
& o!r non-fatty con/itu5ts (  ! cream z 
c be conv5i5tly accompli%$4 ,! removal (
 ^!  me*anical p>ticles n only makes a  
butt] ( a high] grade b  also "o ( bett]
 keep+ qualities4 ,! work+ ( butt] also 
has  mu* to d ) its gra9 or texture1 :i*
 is "o ( ! *>act]s  ( butt] to :i* great
 att5tion mu/ be paid4 ,! be/ grade (   
butt] & t :i* br+s ! highe/ price 9 !   
m>ket is t  :i* receives no treatm5t o!r
 ?an t ( ! wa%+ & work+  process to :i* 
att5tion has be5 call$4 ,?is k9d ( butt]
 is  kn[n z natural or unsalt$ or       
uncolor$ butt]1 t is1 a fre%1  sweet    
product ( an agreeable aroma1 palatable1
 ( f9e texture &  gra91 & is ! be/      
product ( its k9d = human consumption4  
,x  also br+s ! highe/ price on ! m>ket 
&1 by reason ( its  me?od ( prep>ation1 
! consum] c usually be assur$ t x is    
fre% 9 "*4      ,salt+ ,butt]4--,9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates1 especially1 consum]s (   
butt] g5]ally require t x %all be salt$4

 ,= ?is purpose  f9e grades ( dairy salt
 are us$ z free z possible f impurities 
& consi/+ ( f9e p>ticles or cry/als :i* 
rapidly dissolve 9  ! residual moi/ure (
 butt]4 ,?is promotes a uni=m           
di/ribution  ( ! salt 9 ! =m ( br9e     
?r\gh\t ! mass ( butt]4  ,! exi/5ce 9   
butt] ( undissolv$ p>ticles ( salt is   
highly  prejudicial to its ta/e & "*4 ,!
 quantity ( salt us$ 9  butt] is det]m9$
 by ! ta/e ( ! consum]4 ,! m salt !     
butt] conta9s ! less value x is z butt] 
& h5ce ! quantity  %\ld be limit$ to !  
smalle/ possible am\nt dem&$ by !       
consum]'s ta/e4 ,(t5 butt]s are f\nd 9  
comm]ce :i* are s full  ( salt z to be  
:olly unpalatable & !re is a t5d5cy on !
 "p  ( ! gre$y manufactur] to add       
excessive quantities ( salt because  x  
is v mu* *eap] ?an ! butt] itself & ?us 
he hopes to add  to ! pr(it ( ! indu/ry4
 ,on ! contr>y ?is practice usually     
results 9 loss1 s9ce su* highly salt$   
butt] naturally br+s !  l[e/ price4 ,!  
am\nt ( salt :i* is us$ 9 butt] %\ld n  

exce$ two p]c5t4    ,x is a common      
supposition t salt 9 butt] is a         
pres]vative4 ,?is  is true :5 us$ 9 l>ge
 quantities1 t is1 9 quantities :i*     
r5d] ! butt] some:at unpalatable4 ,! v  
small quantity ( salt  us$ purely =     
condim5tal purposes _c be reg>d$ z aid+ 
9  any mat]ial way ! pres]vation ( !    
product4      ,color+                   
,butt]4--,un=tunately ! practice (      
artificially color+  butt] is v preval5t
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,practically all !  
butt] f\nd ^u ! m>ket1 ev5 9 ! spr+ &   
summ]1 is m or  less artificially       
color$1 (t5 ) coal t> 7anil97 dyes :i*1 
to  say ! lea/ h>m ( !m possible1 are   
op5 to suspicion 9 respect  (           
:olesom5ess4 ,! practice ( color+ butt] 
produc$ 9 w9t]  may be reg>d$ z         
univ]sal1 ?\gh none ! less repreh5sible 
on  t acc\nt4 ,! object ( color+ butt]  
is1 und\bt$ly1 to make  x appe> 9 ! eyes
 ( ! consum] bett] ?an x really is1 &   
to ?is ext5t c only be reg>d$ z an      
attempt to deceive4 ,if c[s  are prop]ly

 f$ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s ) :olesome1       
nutriti\s  food to :i* a small          
proportion ( roots su* z c>rots or ruta 
bagas  are add$ or ) yell[ maize & clov]
 hay1 ev5 9 w9t] "t !  butt] produc$ w h
 an attractive light amb] t9t :i*       
appeals  /rongly to ! /hetic s5se ( !   
consum]4 ,! natural t9t (  butt] is z   
mu* m attractive ?an ! artificial z any 
natural  color is sup]ior to !          
artificial4 ,!re is ! same diff]5ce     
betwe5 ! natural t9t ( butt] & !        
artificial z !re is  betwe5 ! natural   
rose ( ! *eek & its pa9t$ sub/itute4 ,x 
is claim$1 & p]haps ju/ly1 t ! use (    
c]ta9 vegetable  colors1 su* z annotto1 
does n introduce any un:olesome sub/ance
  into ! product4 ,admitt+ ?is1 we mu/  
next ask :e!r x deceives  ! consum]4 ,if
 s1 x is difficult to und]/& ^u :at     
e?ical  pr9cipal any plea = ! artificial
 color+ ( butt] c re/4  ,if x is admitt$
 t !re is no valid reason :y butt] %\ld 
be  color$ o!r ?an ! artificial color+ (
 foods 9 g5]al1 :i*  is a practice s    

repreh5sible t x is almo/ univ]sally    
d5\nc$1  its practice _c be easily      
def5d$4 ,! dairym5 ( our c\ntry  are    
hone/ & honorable & evid5tly d n cle>ly 
see ! false  position 9 :i* ! practice (
 color+ butt] puts !m4 ,:5 !  dairym5 ( 
our c\ntry und]/& t ! naturally color$  
products  w br+ ! highe/ price on !     
m>ket & appeal m /rongly to  ! confid5ce
 ( ! consum] x is believ$ ! artificial  
color+  9 butt] w be relegat$ to ! scrap
 pile ( useless processes4 ,x  _c be    
claim$ 9 any s5se t color+ ( butt]      
artificially  ev] adds any?+ to its     
value z a nutritive sub/ance4    ,"o ( !
 claims = ju/ify+ ! color+ ( butt] is t 
x  di/+ui%es x f oleom>g>9e4 ,?is1      
h[ev]1 is n ! case  s9ce1 "u ! law1     
oleom>g>9e may be color$ ^u ! paym5t (  
a tax ( t5 c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! consum] has 
at 8 disposition a  complete protection 
aga9/ fraud 9 ! use ( oleom>g>9e by !   
op]ation ( /ate & f$]al laws1           
irrespective ( ! t9t ( !  product4      
,oleom>g>9e & butt] are di/+ui%$ f ea*  

o!r by  _! natural colors & also by _!  
*emical & physical prop]ties  &1 !re=e1 
!re c be no ju/ification = ! color+ (   
butt] on ! plea t x di/+ui%es x f       
oleom>g>9e4 ,?us1  f e po9t ( view x is 
evid5t t ! artificial color+ (  butt] is
 undesirable4 ,x int]f]es ) ! "r ( !    
consum]1  :o %\ld "k ! exact "* ( !     
product he buys1 & x  /&s 9 ! way ( !   
prosp]ity ( ! manufactur] by keep+ ^u  !
 m>ket a *eap] product :i* t5ds to      
decrease ! price ev5 (  t ( bett]       
quality4      ,/&>d ,butt]4--,accord+ to
 ! /&>d e/abli%$ by ,congress  butt] mu/
 conta9 m ?an #af p]c5t wat] & n less   
?an #hb4e  butt] fat4      ,r5ovat$     
,butt]4--,! law ( ,congress :i* controls
 ! manufacture  ( r5ovat$ butt] is      
execut$ jo9tly by ! ,treasury &         
,agricultural ,dep>tm5ts4 ,! quantity ( 
r5ovat$ butt] produc$  dur+ ! ye> end+  
,june #cj1 #aije1 0 #fj1bij1dba p\nds4  
,adult]at$ ,butt]4--,! quantity (       
adult]at$ butt] :i* 0  produc$ "u !     
au?ority ( ! ,act regulat+ ! manufacture

  ( oleom>g>9e & butt] & on :i* is laid 
a tax ( #aj c5ts  p] p\nd dur+ ! fiscal 
ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aije1 0 #c1fga     
p\nds4 ,^! data %[ t ! tax ( #aj c5ts p]
 p\nd laid ^u  adult]at$ butt] has      
practically de/roy$ ! manufacture (  t  
article4 ,normal butt] has f #ab to #ad 
p]c5t ( wat]4 ,x  is sometimes re*urn$ )
 wat] to raise ! wat] cont5t to #af     
p]c5t4 ,su* a practice results 9        
adult]ation :e!r ! cont5t (  wat] exce$s
 #af p]c5t or n4      ,influ5ce ( ,food 
^u ,butt]4--,! "* ( butt] is v  easily  
affect$ by ! nature ( ! food consum$ by 
! c[4 ,butt]  has ! faculty ( absorb+ v 
readily odors ( all k9ds4 ,foods1       
!re=e1 :i* h *>act]i/ic odors imp>t !m  
to ! butt]4 ,a  mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ?is 
is 9 ! eat+ ( wild g>lic4 ,9 ?is  case  
bo? ! milk & ! butt] are affect$ to su* 
a degree z to  be 9 _m cases            
unpalatable4 ,h5ce foods or sub/ances 9 
foods :i*  are aromatic or odorif]\s are
 likely to imp>t _! peculi> odor to  !  
milk1 cream1 & butt]4 ,( all !          

con/itu5ts ( milk ! fat  appe>s to h !  
highe/ faculty ( absorb+ ^!             
objectionable  odors4 ,!re=e1 ! fe$+ (  
di/ill]y slops is also apt to imp>t  an 
unpleasant odor to milk & butt]1 :]eas  
if ^! slops be dri$  & _! volatile      
aromatic pr9ciple expell$ little        
discom=t is  exp]i5c$ 9 _! use4 ,!      
physical *>act]i/ics ( butt] are  also  
*ang$ 9 a m>k$ degree by ! "* ( ! food4 
,butt]  fat1 z has already be5 indicat$1
 is di/+ui%$ f o!r animal  fats by its  
cont5t ( soluble & volatile acids ( :i* 
butyric is  ! *ief4 ,!re are c]ta9 k9ds 
( foods :i* decrease or t5d to  decrease
 ! cont5t ( butyric acid 9 butt]4       
,influ5ce on ,melt+ ,po9t4--,! "* ( !   
food also has a  m>k$ influ5ce ^u !     
melt+ po9t ( butt]4 ,! au?or %[$  _m    
ye>s ago t ! use ( cottonse$ meal z food
 = c[s t5ds  to raise ! melt+ po9t (    
butt]4 ,?is 0 reg>d$ z an index  ( "s   
value = ! s\!rn portion ( ! c\ntry1 :]e 
a high  temp]ature obta9s ov] a p]iod ( 
six or sev5 mon?s ( ! ye>4  ,if ! melt+ 

po9t ( butt]1 :i* :5 normal is ab\t #cc 
degrees  ,c4 7#ia ,f471 c\ld be increas$
 to #ce or #cf degrees ,c4 7#ie ,f471 x 
w\ld be ( imm5se advantage 9 ^! w>m     
climates &1 9 fact1  9 all p>ts ( !     
c\ntry dur+ ! mon?s ( ,july1 ,augu/1 &  
,septemb]4 ,!re is no app>5t t5d5cy to  
increase ! melt+ po9t  ( butt] by fe$+  
o!r oil cakes4      ,transmission ( ,o!r
 ,pr9ciples 9 ! ,food to !              
,butt]4--,exp]i5ce has %[n t :5 c[s are 
f$ cottonse$ meal  or its products !    
quality ( cottonse$ oil :i* responds to 
!  color te/ kn[n z ! ,halph5 te/1      
namely1 ! production ( a r$  color )    
c>bon disulfid & amyl alcohol1 is       
transmitt$ also to  ! butt]4 ,9 "s cases
 ?is reaction is extremely fa9t :ile 9  
o!rs x is display$ ) an int5sity :i* is 
claim$ by "s to be  equal to t ( !      
admixture ( #e p]c5t ( cottonse$ oil ) !
  butt]4 ,! use ( cottonse$ meal1 on !  
contr>y1 does n seem to  notably affect 
ei!r ! cont5t ( volatile acid 9 ! butt] 
nor  its refractomet] read+4            

7,exp]im5tal ,/ation ,record1 ,volume   
#be1  ,page #gaf47      ,,oleom>g>9e4   
,oleom>g>9e is ! "n appli$ to any fatty 
sub/ance :i* is  prep>$ to be us$ 9 !   
same mann] z butt]4 ,oleom>g>9e is      
def9$ by ,act ( ,congress z foll[s3     
,an ,act def9+ butt]1 also impos+ a tax 
^u & regulat+ !  manufacture1 sale1     
importation1 & exportation ( oleom>g>9e4
  7,approv$ ,augu/ #b1 #ahhf47    8,t = 
! purposes ( ?is act c]ta9 manufactur$  
sub/ances1  c]ta9 extracts1 & c]ta9     
mixtures & comp\nds1 includ+ su*        
mixtures & comp\nds ) butt]1 %all be    
kn[n & designat$  z 8oleom>g>9e10       
namely3 ,all sub/ances h]et(ore kn[n z  
oleom>g>9e1 oleo1 oleom>g>9e oil1       
butt]9e1 l>d9e1 su9e1  & neutral2 all   
mixtures & comp\nds ( oleom>g>9e1 oleo1 
oleom>g>9e oil1 butt]9e1 l>d9e1 su9e1 & 
neutral2 all l>d  extracts & tall[      
extracts2 & all mixtures & comp\nds (   
tall[1  beef fat1 suet1 l>d1 l>d oil1   
vegetable oil1 annotto1 & o!r  color+   
matt]1 inte/9al fat1 & (fal fat made 9  

imitation or  semblance ( butt]1 or1 :5 
s made1 calculat$ or int5d$ to be  sold 
z butt] or = butt]40    ,! manufacture (
 oleom>g>9e c only take place 9 ! ,unit$
  ,/ates "u ! sup]vision ( (ficials ( ! 
,int]nal ,rev5ue4  ,all oleom>g>9e :i*  
is artificially color$ a yell[ or       
yell[i%  t9t 9 semblance ( natural butt]
 pays an int]nal rev5ue tax (  #aj c5ts 
p] p\nd4 ,oleom>g>9e uncolor$ pays a    
rev5ue tax (  "o-f\r? c5t p] p\nd4      
,oleom>g>9e :5 made "u prop]  sanit>y   
conditions f sanit>y raw mat]ials is a  
:olesome &  nutriti\s article ( diet &  
usually c be sold at a small] price  ?an
 butt]4 ,x is especially a food product 
:i* comm5ds itself to  ^? :o are "u !   
necessity ( practis+ /rict economy 9 !  
co/ ( food 9 ! family4 ,! pr9cipal      
objection1 & 9 fact !  only valid       
objection1 to its use is f\nd 9 ! frauds
 :i* h  be5 committ$ 9 its manufacture &
 sale4 ,!re has be5 a con/ant           
disposition on ! "p ( di%one/           
manufactur]s & deal]s1 s9ce  ! "t :5    

oleom>g>9e became a comm]cial commodity1
 to sell  x z butt]4 ,al?\gh ! p5alties 
( national & /ate laws are  v sev]e 9   
?is respect ! practice is cont9u$4 ,!   
opportunity  = ga9 is s great t !       
cupidity ( ! manufactur] ov]comes  8 fe>
 ( puni%m5t & disgrace4 ,) a m rigid    
national &  /ate inspection1 x is       
reasonable to hope t ?is fraudul5t use (
  oleom>g>9e c be avoid$ & ! pure1      
unadult]at$ article "u  its own "n be   
suppli$ to ^? :o pref] x ei!r on acc\nt 
(  its prop]ties or its price4          
,mat]ials ,us$ 9 ! ,manufacture (       
,oleom>g>9e4--,neutral  ,l>d4--,"o ( !  
pr9cipal basic compon5ts ( oleom>g>9e is
  neutral l>d or l>d /e>91 ! prop]ties (
 :i* h already  be5 describ$4 ,beef fat 
/e>9 is ano!r basic +r$i5t (  oleom>g>9e
 & is ! /e>9 d]iv$ f tall[ or tall[     
itself4  ,beef fat has a high] melt+    
po9t ?an l>d & beef fat /e>9 a  /ill    
high] melt+ po9t ?an ! tall[4 ,h5ce x   
=ms an ideal  +r$i5t ) :i* to mix ! oily
 compon5ts :i* ent] s l>gely  into !    

manufacture ( oleom>g>9e4 ,! beef fat or
 beef fat /e>9  is easily di/+ui%$ by   
means ( ! microscope4 ,x =ms beautiful  
radiat$ fan-l cry/als1 ! *>act]i/ic     
appe>ance ( :i* is  %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 page
 #fg4      ,cottonse$ ,oil & ,cottonse$ 
,oil ,/e>94--,^! are also  important    
+r$i5ts ( oleom>g>9e af=d+ ! oily or m  
liquid con/itu5ts :i*1 :5 mix$ ) ! l>d &
 /e>9 above  m5tion$1 =m a comp\nd !    
melt+ po9t ( :i* is slightly above  t ( 
butt] & suffici5t to ma9ta9 x 9 an      
unmelt$ /ate ev5  9 w>m wea!r4 ,!       
quantities 9 :i* ^! diff]5t +r$i5ts  are
 us$ v>y greatly 9 diff]5t manufactur+  
e/abli%m5ts &  dep5d l>gely ^u !        
location :]e ! oleom>g>9e is to be us$4 
,:5 manufactur$ = tropical or           
subtropical regions l>g] quantities  (  
/e>9 are employ$ ?an :5 us$ 9 temp]ate  
zones or = w9t]  consumption1 9 :i* case
 l>g] quantities ( cottonse$ oil &      
cottonse$ oil /e>9 are employ$ ) !      
mixture4 ,aft] ! fats  are mix$ x is    
usually ! practice to *urn !m ) milk 9  

ord]  to give a flavor ( butt] to !     
product4 ,9 "s cases ! yolk (  eggs is  
mix$ ) oleom>g>9e1 z x is claim$ t !y   
imp>t  !reto a firm] & m homog5e\s      
/ructure :i* r5d]s ! mass  bett]1       
especially = cook+ purposes4 ,all !     
+r$i5ts :i* are  us$ 9 ! manufacture (  
oleom>g>9e are made kn[n & record$  9 ! 
books ( ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal       
,rev5ue & ?us x is a  product :i* x may 
be said is /rictly "u gov]nm5t          
sup]vision4      ,description ( ,process
 ( ,manufacture4--,! fat is tak5 f !    
cattle 9 ! process ( slaught]+1 & aft]  
?or\gh wa%+ is  plac$ 9 a ba? ( clean1  
cold wat]1 & surr\nd$ ) ice1 :]e  x is  
all[$ to rema9 until all animal heat has
 be5 remov$4 ,x is  !n cut into small   
pieces by ma*9]y & cook$ at a temp]ature
 (  ab\t #aej degrees until ! fat1 9    
liquid =m1 has sep>at$ f  ! fibr9e or   
tissue1 !n settl$ until x is p]fectly   
cle>4 ,!n  x is drawn into gra9+ vats & 
all[$ to /& a day1 :5 x is  ready = !   
presses4 ,! press+ extracts ! /e>91     

leav+ !  rema9+ product1 :i* is         
comm]cially kn[n z oleo oil1 :i*1 :5    
*urn$ ) cream or milk or bo? & ) or )\t 
a proportion (  cream]y butt]1 ! :ole   
be+ prop]ly salt$1 gives ! well-kn[n    
food-product1 oleom>g>9e4               
,adult]ation ( ,oleom>g>9e4--,s9ce !    
color+ ( oleom>g>9e  is p]mitt$ ^u !    
paym5t ( a tax1 oleom>g>9e :i* is       
color$ _c be said to be adult]at$ :5 !  
tax has be5 paid1  al?\gh if color+ 7 n 
a legaliz$ op]ation x w\ld be an        
adult]ation4 ,yell[ oleom>g>9e is an    
imitation ( natural butt]  & its        
manufacture %\ld be prohibit$ unless !  
product is m>k$  8imitation40 ,! "* ( ! 
color+ mat]ials us$ is n  prescrib$ by !
 ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue b z a  
rule !  coal t> dyes are pref]r$ 9 !    
color+ ( oleom>g>9e to !  vegetable     
color+ matt] su* z annotto & saffron4 ,!
 rem>ks  :i* h be5 made 9 connection ) !
 use ( poison\s mat]ials  9 o!r products
 apply to oleom>g>9e4      ,adult]ation 
) ,egg ,yolks4--,an adult]ation :i* has 

be5  practic$ 9 ?is c\ntry is !         
admixture ( pres]v$ egg yolks4  ,usually
 ^! yolks are secur$ 9 ,*9a1 brok51 &   
plac$ 9  vessels & pres]v$ ) borax or   
boric acid or salt4 ,^! eggs are        
g5]ally collect$ dur+ ! e>ly spr+ &     
summ] mon?s & are  n s5t to ! ,unit$    
,/ates until ! fall or w9t]4 ,!         
importation  ( su* articles is n[       
prohibit$ "u ! food laws ( ! c\ntry  s t
 ! adult]ations ) ! import$ article is  
no long] to be  fe>$4 ,x is possible to 
pres]ve dome/ic eggs 9 ! same way1 &  ! 
use ( !m 9 ?is mann] is reg>d$ z an     
adult]ation1 s9ce  su* pres]v$ egg      
products _c be reg>d$ z suitable = human
  food4      ,adult]ation )             
,pres]vatives4--,=tunately pres]vatives 
are n  us$ to any ext5t 9 ! manufacture 
( oleom>g>9e :5 int5d$  = dome/ic use4  
,! mo/ suitable pres]vative 9 su* a case
 z  ?is w\ld be borax or boric acid4 ,x 
is n believ$ t ^!  pres]vatives are us$ 
to any ext5t :5 ! product is int5d$ =   
dome/ic consumption4 ,:e!r or n         

pres]vatives are us$ 9 !  product s5t   
abroad ,i am unable to say4             
,production ( ,oleom>g>9e4--,accord+ to 
! report ( !  ,commission] ( ,int]nal   
,rev5ue ! quantity ( oleom>g>9e tax$  at
 #aj c5ts a p\nd produc$ 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates = ! fiscal ye>  end+ ,june #cj1  
#aije1 0 #e1ehd1fhd p\nds1 & = #aijf1   
#d1hhh1ifh  p\nds4 ,! quantity produc$ 9
 #aijf tax$ at "o-f\r? c5t a p\nd  0    
#ej1ede1iad p\nds4    ,,composition ,,( 
,,oleom>g>9e4                           
,,sol4     ,,sol4    ,,specific         
,,9-    ,,acid ,,by  ,,acid ,,by        
,,gravity          ,,soluble  ,,wa%+    
,,di/il-           ,,albu-    ,,at      
#dj;,c4  ,,wat]4   ,,acid4     ,,out4   
,,lation4  ,,salt4  ,,m9oids4           
4#ijdij    #i4cd    #ic4ei     #j4ab    
#j4be     #c4fd    #j4ce    ,f ! above  
data x is se5 t ! objections to ! use ( 
oleom>g>9e are m on ! gr\nds ( fraud &  
deception ?an 9  reg>d to nutritive &   
dietetic value4 ,! compon5ts us$ 9 !    
manufacture ( oleom>g>9e1 :5 prop]ly    

made1 are all :olesome  & dige/ible     
mat]ials su* z are consum$ 9 eat+ v>i\s 
food  products4 ,x does n appe>1 !re=e1 
t any valid objection  c be made aga9/ !
 use ( oleom>g>9e f a physiological or  
hygi5ic /&po9t4      ,,*eese4           
,hi/orical4--,! prep>ation ( *eese is "o
 ( ! olde/ ( !  te*nical processes4 ,x  
appe>s t x 0 kn[n dur+ ! "t (  ,k+      
,david1 at lea/ a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 
& ! ,greeks  7 acqua9t$ ) x be=e !      
writ+s ( ,hom]4 ,ari/otoles &           
,hypocrates describe ! curdl+ ( milk :i*
 at t "t appe>s  to h be5 accompli%$ by 
! use ( ! juice ( ! fig4 ,!  use ( *eese
 0 v common 9 ,rome 9 ! e>li] hi/orical 
days  b ! mo/ ( x 0 import$ f ! ,nor?4  
,cs> speaks ( !  prep>ation ( *eese     
among ! ,g]man tribes4 ,*eese mu/1      
!re=e1  be reg>d$ z "o ( ! v olde/ =ms (
 prep>$ food us$  by man4 ,x probably is
 almo/1 if n q1 z old z w9e4 ,^!        
hi/orical facts are int]e/+ 9 %[+ h[ f !
 e>lie/ times  man has made use ( !     
natural f]m5ts to prep>e food f ! raw   

mat]ial4 ,att5tion mu/ be call$ 9 ?is   
connection to ! fact t  _m p claim t su*
 foods z ^! are n natural foods b  :olly
 artificial4 ,! fallacy ( su* a claim is
 n difficult to  %[4 ,an artificial food
 is "o :i* is prep>$ out ( mat]ials     
:i*1 !mselves1 are n edible food        
products or1 at lea/1 are n  dige/ible  
or ( a "* :i* does n naturally occur by 
ord9>y  processes4 ,artificial foods1   
!re=e1 are purely syn!tic1 t  is1 made  
up f ! elem5tal sub/ances1 or !y are    
mixtures or  comp\nds4 ,on ! contr>y a  
food l *eese or w9e is n a mixture  or  
comp\nd b a natural product f mat]ials  
:i* !mselves are  food products4 ,milk  
is ! raw mat]ial ( *eese z ! mu/ ( !    
grape is ( w9e4 ,bo? milk & mu/ are ri* 
& nutriti\s foods4 ,!  *anges :i* ea*   
und]goes are 9 _m respects ! same4 ,!   
mu/ (  w9e und]goes an alcoholic        
f]m5tation & ! milk sug> ( *eese  is    
subject$ to a lactic f]m5tation & its   
case9 to a proteolytic  *ange :i*       
mat]ially alt]s its "*4    ,*eese       

products are a v important "p ( food    
mat]ials ( !  dairy4 ,! t]m *eese is    
appli$ to ! solid product produc$ f     
milk by coagulation ( ! case9 ) r5net or
 lactic acid &  subject+ ! solid product
 ?us produc$ to a process ( f]m5tation  
& rip5+ by ! addition ( appropriate se$ 
mat]ial1 season+1  & /orage at conv5i5t 
temp]ature = v>y+ p]iods ( "t4  ,9 !    
precipitation ( ! case9 ( milk ! fat    
p>ticles become  me*anically entangl$ & 
=m a "p ( ! precipitate4 ,!re is  a     
c]ta9 quantity ( o!r milk con/itu5ts    
incorporat$ 9 !  =m ( wat]1 milk sug>1 &
 m9]al matt] 9 ! precipitat$  mass4 ,!  
great] "p ( ! o!r bodies :i* ! milk     
conta9s1  consi/+ ( ! milk sug> & a     
consid]able portion ( ! soluble  m9]al  
matt]1 are sep>at$ 9 ! =m ( :ey4 ,!     
composition (  fre% *eese is t ( t "p ( 
! milk :i* is precipitat$  & :i* is     
entangl$ me*anically 9 ! precipitat$    
matt]4 ,!  rip5$ *eese is *ang$ 9 its   
*emical con/itu5ts mo/ly z !  result (  
f]m5tative action ^u its nitrog5\s      

con/itu5ts1 t  is1 ! case91 album91     
etc41 conta9$ !re94 ,! f]m5ts t5d to    
*ange ! case9 into a m soluble =m (     
prote91 :ile at !  same "t !y develop a 
flavor & aroma 9 a way agreeable to !   
no/ril & palate4 ,v>i\s =ms ( m\lds &   
o!r organisms gr[ on  & 9 *eeses :i*    
influ5ce _! palatability & "*4 ,!  f9al 
product ( ! rip5$ *eese v>ies n only ) !
 nature  ( ! orig9al mat]ial z det]m9$  
by ! milk itself b )  ! "* ( !          
prep>ation & ! nature ( ! organisms &   
f]m5ts :i* are active dur+ ! rip5+      
p]iod1 & also ) !  "t & temp]ature (    
/orage4      ,k9ds ( ,*eese4--,x is n   
necess>y & p]haps x w\ld be  impossible 
to attempt an enum]ation ( all ! v>i\s  
k9ds ( *eese  :i* are (f]$ on ! m>ket4  
,! fir/ classification ( *eese  dep5ds  
^u ! "* ( ! milk us$4 ,! t]m 8*eese0 9  
?is  c\ntry naturally ref]s to a product
 made f c['s milk s9ce t  is ! pr9cipal 
milk us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = *eese mak+4
  ,! t]m is us$ 9 ?is manual 9 t s5se & 
:5 !re is no  qualify+ ^w employ$ x is  

always und]/ood t ! product 9  "q is    
made f ! c['s milk4 ,?is implies t !    
milk is at  lea/ a /&>d milk1 t is1 a   
:ole milk1 unskimm$ & conta9+  n less   
?an #c4be p]c5t ( butt] fat4 ,accord+ to
 ! def9ition  fix$ by ! ,congress ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates ! t]m *eese is appli$  n  
only to ?is product b also to "o conta9+
 a l>g] p]c5tage  ( fat ?an ?is4 ,! t]m 
*eese applies bo? to *eese made f milk  
& *eese made p>tially f milk & p>tially 
f cream4 ,! t]m  8full cream *eese0 is  
also (t5 us$ 9 ! trade b is likely to   
be mislead+ & deceptive4 ,! real        
significance ( ! t]m full  cream *eese  
is t x is made ( :ole milk or milk      
unskimm$ :i*  conta9s its full complem5t
 ( cream4 ,! t]m 8cream *eese0 is also  
(t5 us$ to indicate a *eese made        
p>tially ( milk & cream4 ,x is  evid5t t
 ! t]m cream *eese 9 ?is s5se is        
mislead+1 s9ce  x c be prop]ly appli$   
only to a *eese made f cream alone4     
,su* *eeses are made b1 inasmu* z cream 
mu/ h n less ?an  #ah p]c5t ( fat 9 ord]

 to be call$ cream accord+ to ! ,unit$  
,/ates /&>d1 ! *eeses made f su* a s\rce
 are too oily &  fatty = ord9>y         
consumption4      ,*eese ,made f ,goat's
 ,milk4--,goat's milk is also frequ5tly 
us$  9 mak+ *eese4 ,x is ext5sively     
employ$ 9 ,france & ,switz]l&  = *eese  
mak+ & also 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 & to a
 limit$  ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"s ( !    
v>ieties ( *eese :i* are mo/  highly    
priz$ are made f goat's milk1 su* z     
,roque=t4      ,adult]ation & ,misbr&+ (
 ,*eese4--,! mo/ common =m (            
adult]ation or sophi/ication ( *eese is 
! misbr&+ !re( 9  respect ( ! c\ntry :]e
 made or 9 respect ( "*4 ,?is is  a =m (
 deception :i* has long be5 e/abli%$ 9 !
 trade &  "o :i* _c be condon$ or       
excus$4 ,!re are c]ta9 v>ieties (  *eese
 ^: names %\ld be respect$ & 9 fact1 9 !
 case ( all  v>ieties t h an e/abli%$ "*
 & reputation1 _! "n  %\ld n be appli$  
to o!r articles made 9 imitation !re(4  
,9  ?is c\ntry !re is a national law :i*
 prohibits ! m>k+ ( a  food or dairy    

product falsely z to ! /ate or t]ritory 
:]e made4  ,= in/ance1 a *eese made 9   
,ohio _c be m>k$ ,new ,york *eese  &    
pea*es gr[n 9 ,delaw>e _c be m>k$       
,cali=nia pea*es1  maple sirup made 9   
,indiana _c be label$ ,v]mont maple     
sirup1 etc4  ,! e?ical pr9ciple und]ly+ 
?is law is "o :i* w meet !  approbation 
( e well mean+ man & !re=e ! ext5d+ (   
?is pr9ciple to o!r =ms ( misbr&+ is an 
easy /ep4 ,if x is  a violation ( ! law 
to m>k a *eese made 9 ,ohio z made 9    
,new  ,york x is c]ta9ly a violation ( !
 e?ical pr9ciple und]ly+  t law to "n a 
*eese made 9 ,connecticut ,camm]b]t4    
,unhappily1  h[ev]1 !re are *eeses made 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to :i* =eign  names   
are giv51 ! univ]sal excuse be+ t !y are
 *eeses (  ! same type4 ,9 _m cases ?is 
excuse is n a valid "o & 9  no case is x
 an accept$ "o4 ,to "n a *eese made f   
c['s milk  ! same z t made f ewe's milk 
is a di/9ct misbr&+ 9  e s5se ( ! t]m4  
,!re %\ld be no difficulty 9 e/abli%$   
v>ieties ( *eese made 9 ?is c\ntry hav+ 

names :i* are n  deceptive & n int5d$ to
 mislead ! consum] z to ! /ate1         
t]ritory1 or c\ntry :]e made4 ,9 "o s5se
 all *eese may be said  to be ( ! same  
type1 b because ! ta/e & odor ( a *eese 
made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates imitates to "s   
ext5t t ( a *eese  made 9 ,france is no 
excuse = giv+ ! ,fr5* "n to ! ,am]ican  
product4 ,a fur!r illu/ration ( ?is     
pr9ciple is f\nd 9 !  foll[+3 ,! t]m    
,roque=t1 = in/ance1 is n prop]ly appli$
 to  any *eese product except t :i* is  
made at or 9 ! vic9ity (  ,roque=t4 ,9  
no o!r "p ( ,france c *eese be made be>+
 !  "n ( ,roque=t4 ,! use ( ! t]m       
,roque=t1 !re=e1 9 any  way ^u ,am]ican 
*eese is a misbr&+ & an attempt to      
deceive  :i* usually is successful4 ,!re
 is n s great an objection to !  t]m    
,swiss *eese z to ,roque=t1 b !re is !  
same k9d ( an  objection4 ,! *eese :i*  
be>s ! "n ( ,s*weitz]-,kse is v         
ext5sively manufactur$ 9 ,g]many & sold 
"u t "n4 ,a simil>  *eese is also       
ext5sively made 9 ?is c\ntry & sold "u !

 "n  ( ,s*weitz]-,kse4 ,9 ?is case !re  
is no p>ticul> location or  place :i*   
orig9at$ ! "n & has ! sole "r to use !  
"n  ,swiss *eese4 ,x is ! "n ( a :ole   
c\ntry & n ( a location1  & yet x is    
evid5t t ,swiss *eese prop]ly c only be 
made 9  ,switz]l& & n 9 ,g]many or 9 !  
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,any h>d1 t\gh  *eese 9  
:i* a l>ge numb] ( holes is f\nd & :i*  
on cutt+  makes a flexible1 semi-lea!ry 
slice has to a c]ta9 ext5t !  appe>ance 
& p]haps ! ta/e & flavor ( g5u9e ,swiss 
*eese4    ,x %\ld n be difficult to f9d 
a m>ket = all good *eese made 9  ?is    
c\ntry1 "u appropriate ,am]ican names   
indicat+ _! orig94  ,if ! t]m ,swiss    
*eese is at all all[able on a package x 
%\ld be  plac$ z a m9or "p ( ! label & )
 ! /atem5t t x is  ( t type4 ,ev5 ?is   
transgression is p]haps difficult (     
excuse4      ,artificial ,color+4--,next
 to misbr&+ & misnam+ ( *eeses1  p]haps 
! mo/ common adult]ation is t (         
artificial color+4  ,! public ta/e has  
be5 l$ 9 ! matt] ( *eeses1 especially  (

 ,am]ican orig91 to look = a deep yell[ 
color4 ,?is is also  associat$ ) ! idea 
( ! use ( a l>ge quantity ( ri*1        
naturally yell[-color$ cream4 ,!        
addition ( an artificial color to  a    
*eese nev] adds any?+ to its value1 & to
 ! really /hetic  eye detracts mu* f its
 appe>ance4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is ri*        
artificial t9t is calculat$ 9 _m        
in/ances to excite a suspicion  9 reg>d 
to ! "* ( ! *eese & ?us int]f]es ) its  
prop] gu/ation4 ,!re is ano!r m s]i\s   
objection ?an ! "o  j m5tion$1 namely1 t
 x is possible f skimm$ milk to make  a 
highly color$ *eese :i* w\ld appe> to ! 
consum] to be made  ( :ole milk or (    
milk & cream1 & ?us a delib]ate         
deception  is p]petrat$4 ,! consum] (   
*eese %\ld dem& t artificial  color+ (  
all k9ds be omitt$ f *eese products4    
,moreov]1 ^! colors may ( !mselves be   
delet]i\s 9 "*  & !re is no re/riction1 
s f> z ,i "k1 at ?is "t 9 !  ,unit$     
,/ates to prev5t a manufactur]1 if he s 
desires or ?r\gh  8 ignorance ( ! use ( 

color+ mat]ials ( a poison\s  "*1 f us+ 
any am\nt4#bb ,! coal t> dyes are *eap] 
&  produce fa/] & m natural look+ t9ts  
?an ! vegetable colors  su* z annotto & 
saffron1 & h5ce1 unless !y are prohibit$
  by law1 !y are almo/ univ]sally       
employ$4 ,all ( ^! dyes 9  a conc5trat$ 
=m are highly poison\s & injuri\s &     
sev]al  in/ances are on record ( dea?1  
especially 9 ! case ( "y  *ildr51 f eat+
 conc5trat$ colors4 ,! fact t a poison (
  ?is k9d is dilut$ by ! *eese is no    
excuse = its use4 ,! only  protection   
:i* ! consum] has1 :i* is reliable 9 all
 cases1 is  ! prohibition ( color+ matt]
 9 *eese4      #bb ,writt5 be=e !       
passage ( ! food-bill4    ,by ,act (    
,congress ( ,june #f1 #ahif1 color+     
matt] is p]mitt$ to be  us$ 9 *eese 9 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates & d\btless x w cont9ue to 
be us$ "u ?is au?ority until t portion (
 ! ,act is repeal$  or until ! consum]  
dem&s an uncolor$ article4 ,! pure1     
natural  color ( ! *eese is univ]sally  
ackn[l$g$ to be be/1 mo/  palatable1 &  

mo/ desirable4                          
,pres]vatives4--,=tunately !re is little
 to be said 9 reg>d to  pres]vatives 9  
*eese because !y are almo/ unkn[n4 ,!   
addition  ( a pres]vative to a *eese at 
! "t ( its production w\ld s  s]i\sly   
int]f]e ) ! rip5+ process z to defeat ! 
purpose  ( /orage altoge!r4 ,h5ce 9 s f>
 z pres]vatives are conc]n$  !re is     
little dang] ( adult]ation4      ,impure
 ,raw ,mat]ials4--,if *eese be made (   
/&>d milk z provid$  = by ! commission]s
 x mu/ be made ( pure1 :olesome mat]ial4
  ,on ! contr>y1 inasmu* z !re is no    
(ficial inspection ( *eese  factories1 x
 is entirely possible ?r\gh c>elessness1
 ignorance1  or design to use 9 ! mak+ (
 *eese milk :i* may itself be  infect$4 
,*eese made f su* milk ( c\rse w\ld c>ry
 !  infection ( ! milk4 ,?is is a sort (
 adult]ation :i* c only be  exclud$ by  
c>eful sanit>y inspection ( *eese       
factories4      ,fill$ ,*eese4--,=m]ly  
!re 0 a v consid]able adult]ation  (    
*eese by manufactur+ x f skimm$ milk &  

supply+ f an  artificial s\rce !        
necess>y fat4 ,cottonse$ oil1 l>d1 & o!r
  edible oils are us$ = ?is purpose4    
,composition ( ,fill$ ,*eese 7,circul>  
,no4 #aa1 ,bureau ( ,animal             
,indu/ry74--,neutral l>d is ! pr9cipal  
fat :i* is sub/itut$ =  milk fat 9 fill$
 *eese4 ,x is us$ to ! ext5t ( two or   
?ree  p\nds = e #ajj p\nds ( skimm$     
milk4 ,! pr9cipal objection  to a fill$ 
*eese is n on acc\nt ( its conta9+ l>d1 
:i* 9  itself is n un:olesome4 ,b l>d is
 an entirely diff]5t fat f  milk fat1 & 
diff]s 9 ! "* ( ! f]m5tation :i* takes  
place4 ,! *>act]i/ic flavors & odors :i*
 are contribut$  by ! milk fat 9 ! *eese
 are entirely want+1 & ! *eese  is      
devoid ( aroma & flavor & is no?+ m ?an 
a mixture (  case9 ) l>d4 ,fill$ *eese  
is su* a poor imitation ( ! g5u9e       
article t x c nev] h any v great vogue1 
& especially  "u ! pres5t law :i*       
requires x to be label$ & ! paym5t  ( a 
tax4 ,! law relat+ to fill$ *eese is    
f\nd 9 ! app5dix4    ,a fill$ *eese :i* 

is on ! m>ket n prop]ly /amp$ & duty    
paid 9 h>mony ) ?is ,act ( ,congress is 
adult]at$1 & !y :o  make & sell x are   
am5able to ! law4 ,! annual report ( !  
,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue = ! ye> 
end+ ,june #cj1 #aije1  %[s t no        
receipts 7 obta9$ by ! tax on fill$     
*eese dur+  t ye>4 ,if any 0 made x 0   
made surreptiti\sly & 9 defiance  ( !   
law4    ,f ! above data x is se5 t !    
manufacture & sale ( fill$  *eese 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates is almo/ a ?+ ( ! pa/ &   
?is =m  ( adult]ation1 assum+ t ! law is
 ?or\ghly execut$1 is n  n[ likely to be
 (t5 met )4      ,cottage               
,*eese4--,cottage *eese is a t]m appli$ 
to a product  :i* is usually only a raw 
mat]ial ( *eese4 ,x is ! fre%1          
precipitat$1 & unripe milk product1     
above describ$ z us$  9 *eese mak+4 ,x  
is a highly nutriti\s & v palatable     
product1 usually prep>$ at home & n     
suitable = keep+ or  transportation4 ,x 
is (t5 made f s\r milk 9 :i* ! case9 is 
coagulat$ by ! natural developm5t (     

lactic acid4 ,! s\r milk is  plac$ 9 a  
clo? bag & ! :ey all[$ to escape by     
gravitation4  ,! f9al portion ( ! :ey   
may be =c$ out by pressure4 ,!  residue1
 :5 prop]ly season$ ) salt or 9 any way 
to suit !  ta/e ( ! consum]1 is v       
palatable4 ,cream is (t5 add$ to ?is    
residue :i* increases ! normal am\nt (  
fat :i* x conta9s4    ,,comp>ative      
,,composition ,,( ,,am]ican ,,& ,,edam  
,,*eese4    ,! *emical composition ( "s 
( ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( *eese  are %[n 9
 ! foll[+ table3                        
,,wat]4     ,,a%4      ,,fat4           
,,prote94                      ,p]c5t4  
,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4      ,am]ican 
*eese1   #bg4e       #d4a      #cb4e    
#bh4ch    ,edam *eese1       #cf4cd     
#d4bd     #ca4ag     #bb4bh    ,! data  
%[ t *eese is ess5tially a nitrog5\s &  
fat food1  conta9+ only small quantities
 ( c>bohydrates1 & !re=e x is  n a      
complete ration4 ,x is a ration1 h[ev]1 
:i* is complem5t>y  to a highly />*y    
diet su* z rice or maize bread or       

potatoes4  ,bread & *eese or potatoes & 
*eese or rice & *eese1 !re=e1  make a   
well balanc$ diet1 highly nutriti\s1    
easily dige/ible1 &  q palatable4       
,manufacture ( ,am]ican ,*eeses4--,!    
l>ge *eeses :i* are  pr9cipally f\nd ^u 
! ,am]ican m>ket may be said1 9 g5]al1  
to  resemble ! ,*$d> type1 al?\gh !     
call+ ( ^! *eeses by !  "n 8,*$d>0 is   
mislead+1 & to t ext5t a misbr&+ ( !    
product4    ,!re are two common me?ods (
 mak+ ^! *eeses :i* are 9  vogue 9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates1 namely1 ! 8/irr$ curd0 or
 8granul>0  me?od &1 second1 ! ,*$d>    
me?od4 7,bullet9 #ajd1 ,dep>tm5t  (     
,agriculture ( ,p5nsylvania1 #aijb47 ,! 
latt] "o is ! m  ext5sively us$4 ,!     
second product does n diff] ess5tially 9
  "* f ! fir/1 ?\gh ! latt] me?od1 x is 
claim$1  gives a m solid *eese & "o ( m 
uni=m "* &  ) a slightly less cont5t (  
moi/ure4 ,s9ce ! ,*$d> me?od  has       
practically come into sole use1 displac+
 ! fir/ me?od1  a description ( ! ,*$d> 
me?od alone w be suffici5t to  illu/rate

 ! me?od ( mak+ l>ge *eeses :i* are n[ s
 common  on ! ,am]ican m>ket & :i* h su*
 a well m]it$ reputation4  ,! process is
 divid$ into eight p>ts3 ,fir/1         
coagulat+ ! milk2  second1 cutt+ ! curd2
 ?ird1 heat+ ! curd2 f\r?1 remov+ !     
:ey2 fif?1 *$d>+ ! curd2 six?1 mill+ !  
curd2 sev5?1  salt+ & press+ ! curd2    
eigh?1 cur+ ! *eese4      ,r5net4--,z   
has be5 said 9 ! description ( *eese    
mak+1 !  mat]ial :i* is mo/ useful 9 !  
precipitation ( ! curd is  r5net4 ,!    
r5net is ! secretion ( ! /oma* ( v>i\s  
animals1  t ( ! calf be+ mo/ highly     
pric$ = *eese mak+4 ,! f\r?  /oma* ( !  
animal is ! "o :i* is us$ 9 !           
manufacture (  r5net4 ,! aque\s extract 
made f ^! /oma*s conta9s a f]m5t  :i*   
has ! prop]ty ( coagulat+ case9 9 a v   
high degree4  ,"o "p ( good r5net       
prep>ation f heal?y /oma*s ( calves  w  
coagulate #ajjj p>ts ( milk4 ,9 =m] days
 r5net 0 fre%ly  made & us$ at !        
factories4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is l>gely  
prep>$ on a comm]cial scale & sold to ! 

*eese mak]4 ,x is  highly important t ! 
r5net us$ 9 *eese mak+ %\ld be (  ! be/ 
quality1 z an inf]ior grade gives a bad 
ta/e & color  to ! *eese4 ,j z 9 !      
manufacture ( f]m5t$ bev]ages &  mak+ ( 
bread ! "* ( ! yea/ is a dom9ant factor 
9 !  nature ( ! f9i%$ product1 s x is   
ev5 to a great] degree 9  ! case (      
r5net4 ,^? :o pur*ase ! r5net already   
made %\ld  !re=e be c]ta9 x is ( a      
quality to give ! desir$ "*  to ! *eese4
 ,! great] ! am\nt ( milk fat 9 milk !  
l>g]  ! proportion ( r5net1 s9ce ! milk 
fat protects to "s ext5t  ! case9 f !   
action ( ! f]m5t4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n also
  t dur+ ! summ] ! r5net acts m readily 
^u ! milk1  probably due to ! high]     
temp]ature4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid  
! use ( any excess ( r5net1 s9ce any?+ m
 ?an ! am\nt  necess>y to conduct !     
coagulation is apt to add an unpleasant 
flavor  to ! *eese4 ,! curd also 9 su*  
cases is less cohesive & makes a  t\gh] 
& dri] product :i* does n l5d itself s  
readily to !  rip5+ process4 ,= ?is     

reason ! r5net :i* is to be us$ %\ld    
always be te/$ 9 small quantities ( milk
 be=eh& 9 ord] t  ! prop] proportion to 
be us$ may be kn[n s t ! process 9 a    
l>ge way may be conduct$ ) c]ta9ty & n  
by guess4 78,briti%  ,dairy ,f>m+10 by  
,jas4 ,long47    ,r5net is sometimes    
treat$ ) borax to pres]ve x dur+        
transit4  ,9 su* cases ! borax may n all
 be remov$ by ! :ey & is  consequ5tly   
f\nd 9 rip5$ *eese4 ,its introduction 9 
?is way  %\ld be avoid$4      ,coagulat+
 ! ,milk by ,r5net ,extract4--,?is      
process is (t5  t]m$ by ! *eese mak]s   
8sett+ ! milk ) r5net40 ,! milk  :i* is 
us$ = ! purpose ( *eese mak+ %\ld be1 9 
!  te*nical language ( ! *eese mak]1    
8ripe10 t is1 conta9+ a  suffici5t      
quantity ( lactic acid4 ,! pr9cipal     
me?od ( produc+  ! prop] am\nt ( lactic 
acid 9 milk is by keep+ x w>m1 namely1  
at a temp]ature ( ab\t #hd degrees4 ,at 
?is temp]ature ! mo/  favorable         
conditions exi/ 9 milk = ! rapid gr[? ( 
! lactic  acid f]m5ts4 ,if ! natural    

f]m5ts :i* produce lactic acid are  n 9 
suffici5t quantity 9 ! orig9al milk x is
 bett]1 r  ?an to wait too long a "t1 to
 />t ! developm5t ( ! lactic  acid by   
add+ an artificial f]m5t4 ,lactic f]m5ts
 are specially  prep>$ = ?is purpose1 or
 "s previ\sly rip5$ milk may be add$  to
 ! mass4 ,?is is call$ a 8/>t]40 ,f two 
to five p\nds (  8/>t]0 are usually     
requir$ = ea* "o hundr$ p\nds ( milk4   
,! degree ( rip5+ is asc]ta9$ by measur+
 ! quantity (  lactic acid pres5t4 ,!   
prop] condition ( ! milk is te/$ by     
means ( a r5net prep>ation & if ! milk w
 coagulate1 :5  ?us te/$1 9 ab\t "o     
m9ute or a little m x is an indication  
t a suffici5t am\nt ( acid has be5      
develop$ to add ! r5net  = ! prop]      
coagulation ( ! milk4 ,x is important to
 h !  milk 9 j ! "r condition 9 ord] t !
 prop] op]ations  9 *eese mak+ may g on 
uni=mly4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 h[ev]1 n  to 
h too mu* lactic acid 9 ! milk4 ,=      
in/ance1 #j4b ( "o  p]c5t is too great1 
& su* a milk is v liable to give tr\ble 

9  subsequ5t op]ations4 ,9 ! curd+ (    
milk by r5net ! temp]ature  %\ld be kept
 betwe5 #hb & #hf degrees4 ,! am\nt (   
r5net extract1  ( c\rse1 v>ies ) its "* 
& /r5g?1 & ?is is be/  det]m9$ by !     
*eese mak]'s exp]im5t+ 9 ord] t ! prop] 
quantity to be add$ to ! great mass (   
milk may be kn[n be=eh&4  ,a suffici5t  
quantity ( r5net extract %\ld be us$ to 
curdle !  milk 9 fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes 
= a quick-cur+ *eese1 & 9  ?irty to =ty 
m9utes = a sl[-cur+ *eese4 ,! r5net     
extracts  9 common use are add$ at !    
rate ( f "o-half to five ounces  = #ajjj
 p\nds ( milk4 ,be=e add+1 ! extract    
%\ld be dilut$  ) f #bj to #dj times its
 volume ( wat] at a temp]ature ( f  #he 
to #ij degrees4 ,! r5net ?us dilut$ acts
 ) uni=mity on !  milk1 prev5t+ !       
production ( curd ( a lumpy "*4 ,previ\s
  to add+ ! r5net extract ! mass ( milk 
is ?or\ghly /irr$ 9  ord] to mix ! fat  
!re) & ! dilute r5net add$ ev5ly &      
sl[ly ) con/ant /irr+ :i* is cont9u$ =  
sev]al m9utes4  ,a g5tle /irr+ ( !      

surface ( ! milk %\ld be cont9u$  until 
! curd is at lea/ half =m$1 9 ord] t !  
fat may n  sep>ate4 ,aft] ! /irr+ is    
f9i%$1 a clo? is plac$ ov] !  top ( !   
vat to keep ! surface ( ! milk f cool+1 
& !  milk is !n left undi/urb$ until !  
coagulation is complete4 ,!  coagulation
 goes on gradually until ! :ole mass (  
milk is "o solid  coagulum produc$ by ! 
*ang+ ( case9 into p>acase94      ,cutt+
 ! ,curd4--,9 ord] t ! :ey may be       
sep>at$ x is  necess>y t ! curd be cut  
into pieces4 ,! small] ! pieces (  curd1
 ! m rapidly w ! :ey escape4 ,z soon z !
 curd is  =m$ x %[s a t5d5cy to contract
 & ?is t5ds to =ce out  ! :ey4 ,by cutt+
 ! ext5t ( ! surface f :i* ! :ey  c     
exude is amplifi$ & ! rapidity ( !      
process is enorm\sly  increas$4 ,! "t at
 :i* ! curd is to be cut is "o ( great  
importance & is det]m9$ by ! skill &    
exp]i5ce ( ! *eese  mak]4 ,if ! curd is 
cut :5 x is too s(t !re may be l>ge loss
  ( fat & a decreas$ yield ( *eese4 ,if 
! curd is too h>d !  :ey is m           

difficultly remov$ & ! quality ( !      
*eeses is n  s f9e4 ,! foll[+ te/ is us$
 to det]m9e :5 ! curd is 9  ! "r        
condition to cut4 ,! end ( ! index f+]  
is ins]t$  obliquely into ! curd half an
 in* or m & !n sl[ly rais$  t[>d !      
surface4 ,if ! curd breaks ap>t ) a     
clean fracture  )\t leav+ any p>ticles  
on ! f+] & ! :ey :i* exudes  f ! brok5  
surface is cle> & n milky x %[s ! prop] 
"t  has come = cutt+4 ,specially devis$ 
knives are us$ = cutt+ !  curd1 :i*     
leave x 9 small cubes ( ab\t "o-half in*
 surface4  ,skill 9 ! use ( ! cutt+     
knife is important & c only be  acquir$ 
by prop] exp]i5ce4      ,heat+ !        
,curd4--,z soon z ! curd is cut ! :ey   
beg9s to  g out ( x & ! curd settles to 
! bottom ( ! vat1 ! :ey  be+ ( a high]  
specific gravity ?an ! curd4 ,aft] !    
pieces (  curd s9k to ! bottom ! surface
 easily reunites &1 :5 brok5  ap>t1     
additional fat is lo/4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z
 ! curd is cut  ! :ole mass is kept 9   
g5tle motion by h& /irr+ or ) a wire    

basket design$ = ! purpose1 c>e be+ tak5
 to avoid break+ or  comm9ut+ ! cubes4  
,:5 prop]ly /irr$ ! :ey appe>s cle> &   
is free ( small p>ticles ( curd4    ,!  
curd contracts & h>d5s dur+ ?is process1
 & soon rea*es  a condition :5 ! surface
 does n adh]e s readily4 ,! vat  %\ld be
 kept w>m dur+ ! process ( sep>ation ( !
 :ey1 !  temp]ature be+ rais$ to ab\t   
#ij degrees & f9ally1 t[>d !  la/1 to   
#ih degrees1 ab\t blood heat4           
,sep>at+ ! ,curd4--,! precipitat$ curd  
is left 9 contact )  ! :ey = "s "t1 &   
dur+ ?is p]iod "s ( ! lactic  acid 9 !  
:ey unites ) ! p>acase94 ,! sett+ ( !   
curd  is f9i%$ :5 a small mass :i* has  
be5 squeez$ 9 ! h& to  remove ! :ey is  
press$ aga9/ a b> ( iron heat$ to little
 %ort  ( r$ness1 & x is f\nd t !re is   
left1 adh]+ to ! iron1  f9e silky       
?reads4 ,^! ?reads are =m$ by ! comp\nd 
( lactic  acid & p>acase91 & ! m ( ?is  
comp\nd !re is ! long]  w ! /r+s be4 ,:5
 ! curd %[s by ! hot iron te/ /r+s      
"o-eigh? in* long x is an index t ! "t  

has arriv$ = !  sep>ation ( ! curd f !  
:ey4      ,ga!r+ ! ,curd4--,aft] ! :ey  
is remov$ ! cubes ( curd  are left 9 !  
bottom ( ! vat until !y mat or pack     
toge!r1 a  process :i* is te*nically    
kn[n z *$d>+4 ,! curd is sometimes      
remov$ f ! vat & plac$ on a special     
app>atus = ?is purpose  call$ a         
curd-s9k4 ,:5 ! curd has matt$ toge!r1  
=m+ a solid  mass1 x is cut into blocks 
#h  #h  #ab in*es4 ,^! blocks are turn$ 
9 ! vat 9 ord] to facilitate ! removal (
 m :ey4 ,! blocks  ( curd are c>efully  
plac$1 "o ov] ! o!r until !y =m a  l>ge 
mass4    ,! process ( solidify+ or *$d>+
 accompli%es two purposes3    ,fir/1 !  
:ey is expell$ to a consid]able ext5t &1
 second1  ! lactic acid unites ) m ( !  
curd1 *ang+ n only its  *emical         
composition b also its physical /ate f a
 spongy1 t\gh1  rubb]-l consi/5ce1 ) a  
high wat] cont5t1 to a mass hav+ a      
smoo?1 velvety appe>ance & feel+1 & a   
s(t1 some:at pla/ic  consi/5cy4         
,mill+ ! ,curd4--,?is process consi/s 9 

cutt+ ! lumps ( curd  into small pieces 
9 ord] to introduce ! salt & to h&le x m
  readily :5 x is to be plac$ into hoops
 = press+4 ,?is process  is done by     
special mills :i* avoid1 9 s f> z       
possible1 ! loss  ( fat4      ,salt+ &  
,press+4--,salt is add$ = sev]al        
purposes1 *iefly  = flavor+1 b x also   
has o!r uses4 ,x aids 9 remov+ !        
:ey1--x h>d5s ! curd & x *ecks or ret>ds
 ! =mation (  lactic acid4 ,excessive   
salt+1 h[ev]1 is injuri\s4 ,f #b to #c  
p\nds ( salt %\ld be add$ to ! curd made
 f #ajjj p\nds (  milk4 ,be=e putt+ 9 ! 
press ! curd is cool$ to a temp]ature  (
 ab\t #hj degrees1 & aft] putt+ into !  
mold x is subject$ to  pressure to give 
x a prop] =m1 r ?an to remove ! :ey :i* 
is practically all gone by ?is "t4 ,if !
 :ey has n be5 prop]ly  remov$ be=e !   
*eese goes into ! press x is almo/      
impossible  to get x out !n4 ,! pressure
 %\ld be uni=m & cont9u$ =  at lea/     
tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,if a screw is us$ !    
pressure %\ld be  light at fir/ &       

gradually increas$4 ,aft] ! *eese has   
be5 9  ! press ab\t an h\r x is remov$1 
turn$1 a clo? adju/$ ab\t  x1 & ! entire
 surface wip$ c>efully ) a clo? wrung   
out (  hot wat]4    ,! sizes 9 :i*      
,am]ican *eeses are made dep5ds l>gely  
^u  ! m>ket1 ! m common size be+ #ae    
in*es 9 diamet]1 &  ! *eese weighs f #fj
 to #fe p\nds4 ,!re is also a v l>ge    
manufacture ( *eese sev5 in*es 9        
diamet]1 kn[n z 8,"y  ,am]icas0 & weigh+
 only f #h to #aj p\nds4      ,cur+4--,!
 high] ! temp]ature to :i* *eese is     
expos$ 9  cur+ ! m rapid ! cur+ process 
w take place1 b !  poor] ! quality ( !  
*eese4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t a l[         
temp]ature1 #ee degrees ,f4 or ev5 less1
 gives mu* bett] results1  al?\gh x     
requires a great] l5g? ( "t4 ,if cur$ at
 a high]  temp]ature ! fat is apt to    
exude1 & w n be ev5ly di/ribut$  9 !    
*eese4 ,x is1 !re=e1 m pr(itable1 z well
 z bett] =  ! consum]1 to cure at l[    
temp]atures1 produc+ a sup]ior quality  
) less loss ( moi/ure & a *eese :i*     

sells = a bett] price4      ,moi/ure 9 !
 ,cur+ ,cell>4--,! cell> 9 :i* ! cur+   
takes place %\ld conta9 air ) a prop]   
degree ( moi/ure4 ,!  relative p]c5tage 
( moi/ure 9 ! air z comp>$ ) ! total    
am\nt :i* x c hold %\ld be f #fe to #ge4
 ,?is is det]m9$ by  plac+ 9 ! cur+ room
 a hygromet] :i* regi/]s ! degree (     
saturation4      ,qualities ( ,am]ican  
,*eese4--,! quality ( *eeses is judg$   
by 7#a7 flavor1 7#b7 body1 7#c7 texture1
 7#d7 color1 & 7#e7 g5]al  appe>ance4 ,9
 reg>d to flavor x is impossible to     
describe :at is  meant4 ,only !         
connoisseur c det]m9e prop]ly :e!r a    
*eese  has a flavor :i* is s\nd1 heal?y1
 & indicative ( ! highe/  quality4 ,!   
*eese flavor %\ld be free f any         
admixture ( o!r  flavors4 ,*eese        
resembles butt] 9 ?is respect1 t x      
absorbs &  !n gives (f =eign flavors )  
great facility4 ,!re=e 9 !  :ole process
 ( *eese mak+ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to     
exclude e  odor or flavor ( an          
undesirable "* f ! *eese h\se4          

,flavor4--,"u flavor also may be        
describ$ ta/e1 :i* %\ld be (  t bit+1   
incisive "* due to prop] developm5t (   
rip5+  & its att5dant bact]ial & enzymic
 products4 ,! v>i\s =eign  flavors 9    
*eese may be due to ! odor ( c[s or !   
/able or may  sugge/ 8rott5 eggs10 or x 
may be ! flavor ( rancid butt] due to  !
 decomposition ( butt] fat 9 ! *eese4   
,body4--,?is is also a t]m :i* x is     
difficult to def9e4 ,an  ,am]ican *eese 
is said to h a p]fect body :5 x is      
solid1 firm1  & smoo? 9 sub/ance4 ,?is  
quality is asc]ta9$ by press+ !  *eese  
betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,:5 x does n press d[n   
ev5ly betwe5  ! f+] & ?umb x is said    
te*nically to be 8corky40 ,x is  smoo?  
:5 x feels velvety-l & is n h>% or      
gritty4      ,texture4--,! t]m texture  
appli$ to ,am]ican *eese ref]s ma9ly  to
 its compactness4 ,x is ne>ly relat$ to 
body4 ,! texture may be  f9e & close or 
por\s4 ,! texture is p]fect :5 a cut    
surface  ( ! inside ( ! *eese pres5ts to
 ! eye a solid1 compact1  cont9u\s      

appe>ance1 free f breaks1 holes1 or     
lumps4 ,*eese %\ld  n %[ any visible or 
sep>at$ moi/ure or fat4 ,! texture (    
,am]ican *eese %\ld be smoo?1 free f    
breaks1 & fairly h>d4  ,! b&age %\ld be 
smoo? & neat1 ext5d+ ov] ! edge on ea*  
end ( ! *eese ab\t two in*es4           
,color4--,a true & unadult]at$ *eese    
%\ld h only ! color  ( ! milk f :i* x is
 made1 & any o!r color incid5t to  rip5+
 :i* is usually gre54 ,un=tunately      
*eeses ( ,am]ican  orig9 are (t5        
artificially color$4 ,an ov]-deep       
yell[i% or  r$di% t9t1 !re=e1 %\ld be   
reg>d$ z a m>k ( inf]iority4            
,artificially color$ *eese %\ld n rank z
 high on ! m>ket z  t ( a natural t9t1  
:i* is mu* m pleas+ to ! eye &  mu* less
 objectionable to ! /hetic ta/e4 ,color 
is (t5 add$ to  conceal inf]iority 9 !  
milk us$4    ,! sides ( ! *eese %\ld be 
/raight & ( uni=m height all  ar\nd4    
,! foll[+ scale ( po9ts is us$ 9 judg+  
*eese1 accord+ to  ! above qualities3   
,flavor1 #de to #ej2 texture1 #cj to    

#ce2 color1 #aj to  #ae2 g5]al          
appe>ance1 #e to #ae4      ,cream       
,*eese4--,?is is a s(t *eese :i* is     
rapidly gr[+ 9  popul>ity4 ,x is made f 
ri* milk or milk & cream mix$ toge!r4   
,x resembles 9 g5]al ,neuf*atel1 b x is 
ri*] 9 butt] fat &  is put up 9 a       
diff]5t =m4 ,! temp]ature ( ! room 9 :i*
  ! *eese is made is q important4 ,x    
%\ld be kept z ne>ly z  possible at #ge 
degrees4 ,! milk is fir/ w>m$ to #gj    
degrees & run  ?r\gh a sep>ator by means
 ( :i* ! cream is tak5 out1 toge!r  )   
"o-half ! volume ( milk4 ,?is makes ei!r
 dilute cream or  v ri* milk1 z y may   
*oose to call x4 ,! cream is heat$ to   
#hd degrees & ab\t f\r or five ounces ( 
r5net extract add$ p]  ?\s& p\nds4 ,!   
r5net is c>efully & gradually /irr$ into
  ! mixture1 us+ ab\t fifte5 m9utes = ! 
addition4 ,! mass is  !n all[$ to rema9 
at re/ until :ey is se5 ar\nd ! sides4  
,! :ey is !n remov$ by dra9+1 ! result+ 
curd press$ &  mix$ ) ab\t #c p]c5t (   
salt4 ,! *eese is n subject$ to a  cur+ 

process4 ,x is mold$ into flat1 ?9 cakes
 ab\t #c by #d in*es1  wrapp$ 9 p>*m5t  
pap]1 & 9 ?is condition pack$ = %ipm5t4 
,manufacture ( ,=eign ,types ( ,*eese 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,!  improvem5t (      
*eeses made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by secur+ 
diff]5t  =ms ( f]m5ts & utiliz+ ! be/   
me?od ( sett+1 press+  ! curd1 & rip5+  
us$ 9 o!r c\ntries is wor?y ( all       
enc\ragem5t4 ,un=tunately a disposition 
has aris5 9 our c\ntry  ( giv+ ! names (
 =eign v>ieties to ! dome/ic articles4  
,_m fancy dome/ic *eeses are sold "u    
/rictly =eign names  su* z ,*$d>1       
,/ilton1 ,*e%ire1 ,s*weitz]1 ,limburg]1 
,camemb]t1  ,brie1 ,roque=t1 etc4 ,9    
fact !re seems to be no limitation ^u  !
 adoption ( a "n already id5tifi$ ) a   
di/9ct type &  locality4 ,su* a t5d5cy  
is greatly to be regrett$ & p]haps x is 
only necess>y to po9t out to our p !    
e?ical (f5se :i*  !y are committ+ by su*
 practices to secure _! discont9uance4  
,x is1 h[ev]1 a p]fectly legitimate     
und]tak+ to import !  f]m5ts :i* produce

 ! fam\s *eeses ( ! _w & utilize !m  to 
! fulle/ ext5t 9 *eeses ( ,am]ican      
orig94 ,?is1 h[ev]1  %\ld be done 9 su* 
a way z to c>efully avoid apply+ ! "n ( 
! orig9al article to ! dome/ic product4 
,p]haps x w\ld be no  e?ical (f5se or no
 v great (f5se to place ^u ! labels (  !
 *eese products a /atem5t t !y are ( !  
same type z !  =eign product !y imitate4
 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld be an explanatory    
phrase & n a "p ( ! label :i* attracts  
pr9cipal att5tion4  ,x is f> bett] t a  
manufactur] %\ld adopt "s local "n :i*  
w\ld become id5tifi$ ) 8 product1 & ?us 
become a valuable  trade-m>k4 ,! attempt
 to pass dome/ic *eese "u =eign names is
  an (f5se aga9/ good e?ics & also aga9/
 ! law4 ,x is no?+  m nor less ?an      
misbr&+1 & _c be ju/ifi$ ev5 9 !  abs5ce
 ( a law =bidd+ x4      ,success )      
,=eign ,f]m5ts4--,consid]able success   
has att5d$  ! introduction ( ! =eign    
processes into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  toge!r 
) ! f]m5ts :i* produce ! *eeses abroad4 
,!  environm5t1 h[ev]1 _c be import$ &  

!re=e ! f]m5ts  may rapidly assimilate  
diff]5t prop]ties "u *ang$ conditions1  
& ! cont9u$ importation ( fre% f]m5ts   
may be necess>y to  pres]ve ! type (    
*eese4 ,"s ( ! pr9cipal types ( =eign   
*eeses made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ^? :i*
 are m5tion$ above4  ,a p>ticul>ly      
excell5t /udy has be5 made ( ! process (
 mak+ a  ,camemb]t type ( *eese 9 ?is   
c\ntry4 7,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1    
,bullet9 #ga1 #aije47 ,?is p>ticul>     
*eese is a type ( ,camemb]t :i*  is made
 at ! ,/orrs ,agricultural ,exp]im5t    
,/ation ( ,connecticut4  ,= ^! exp]im5ts
 a *eese mak] famili> ) ! ,camemb]t     
manufacture 9 ,france 0 secur$4 ,! me?od
 ( mak+ ! *eese &  also ( sep>at+ ! curd
 & rip5+ 0 z ne>ly z possible l  t us$ 9
 ,france4 ,! /yle ( ! packages 0 ! same1
 s t  f ext]nal appe>ances x w\ld be q  
difficult to di/+ui%  !m f ! g5u9e      
,camemb]t *eese ( ,france4 ,! success   
att5d+  ^! exp]im5ts %[s t x is possible
 to improve dome/ic  *eeses by sci5tific
 ef=t 9 ! direction ( us+ ! prop]       

f]m5ts4 ,^! s(t *eeses made 9           
,connecticut 7 ( good quality  & _h     
some?+ ( ! flavor & type ( ! ,camemb]t  
itself1  ?\gh x 0 n difficult = ev5 a   
novice to di/+ui% ! two  v>ieties f "o  
ano!r4    ,^! /udies above ref]r$ to h  
result$ 9 a m>k$ degree (  progress 9 ! 
k ( ! real *anges :i* take place 9  !   
rip5+ ( *eeses4 ,! (ficials 9 *>ge ( !  
"w diff]  some:at ) ! au?or 9 respect to
 ! "* ( ! product1  claim+ t ! mak+ (   
,camemb]t *eese is n dep5d5t ^u  uni=m  
conditions obta9$ only 9 c]ta9          
localities b r  on secur+ ! prop]       
cultures & conditions :i* are possible  
almo/ any:]e4 ,! fact ( ! case is t !   
*eeses made at  ! ,connecticut /ation   
are probably made "u mu* m sci5tific    
conditions & mu* m rigid control ?an !  
real ,camemb]t *eese  made 9 ,france4 ,!
 success :i* att5d$ ^! ef=ts is only a  
pro( ( ! /atem5t made above t !         
introduction ( ^!  processes = mak+     
fancy *eeses 9 ?is c\ntry w d\btless    
result 9 ! developm5t ( types ( ,am]ican

 orig9 ( peculi>  flavor & quality4 ,su*
 *eeses :5 prop]ly nam$ & n confus$  )  
^? ( =eign orig9 w become q z famili> & 
well  kn[n1 bo? at home & abroad4       
7,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,bullet9   
#hb1 #aijf47      ,sage ,*eese4--,!     
consumption ( ! v>iety ( *eese kn[n z   
sage  *eese is n v l>ge at ! pres5t "t 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates &  is re/rict$ to c]ta9
 localities1 yet x is rapidly gr[+ 9    
favor4 ,consum]s :o are accu/om$ to x   
are will+ to pay a l>g]  price = x ?an =
 ord9>y *eese4 ,sage *eese is made      
exactly 9  ! same mann] z t describ$ = !
 manufacture ( ,*$d>4 ,!  flavor ( sage 
is imp>t$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways1 fir/1 by 
add+  ! sage extract or tea to ! milk2  
second1 by add+ ! extract to  ! curd    
be=e salt+2 ?ird1 by add+ ! sage leaves 
to ! curd  be=e salt+4 ,! latt] me?od is
 f\nd to be ! mo/ satisfactory  requir+ 
! lea/ am\nt ( sage to give any def9ite 
flavor4 ,?ree  ounces ( sage leaves are 
f\nd to be suffici5t to flavor ! curd  f
 #ajjj p\nds ( milk4 ,! /ems &          

impurities ( ! sage leaves  are c>efully
 remov$ & ! leaves gr\nd to a f9e p[d]  
be=e  mix+ ) ! curd 7,mi*igan ,bo>d (   
,agriculture1 #aijd74      ,pr9cipal    
,*eeses ( ,engl&4--,! pr9cipal ,engli%  
*eeses are  ,/ilton1 ,*e%ire1 ,*$d>1    
d\ble & s+le1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,d]by1 &        
,leice/]4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,voelck]1 !  
f9e/ flavor$ *eese is  ,*e%ire1 :i*     
diff]s f any o!r 9 be+ made f milk :i*  
is p]fectly sweet1 & "s au?ors ?9k its  
peculi> aroma is due  to ?is fact4 ,on !
 contr>y1 ! m g5]al op9ion is t !  be/  
*eeses are made f milk slightly s\r r   
?an t :i* is  p]fectly sweet4    ,*e%ire
 *eese is manufactur$ by mix+ ! ev5+    
milk1 :i* is  kept cool ov] night1 ) !  
morn+ milk1 & !n w>m+ !  mixture until !
 temp]ature is ab\t #ij degrees4 ,!     
prop] quantity  ( r5net is add$ & :5 !  
*eese is to be extremely yell[ also  "s 
annotto4 ,aft] ?or\ghly mix+1 ! mass is 
left = ne>ly an  h\r1 by :i* "t !       
coagulation is complet$4 ,! next        
op]ation  is ! break+ d[n or cutt+ up ( 

! fre% curd1 & ?is is an  important     
process4 ,^u ! c>e :i* is ex]cis$ 9 do+ 
?is  dep5ds 9 a l>ge measure ! ri*ness &
 quality ( ! f9i%$  product4 ,:5 prop]ly
 manipulat$ ! :ey :i* is sep>at$ w be  (
 a gre5i% color & cle>1 :ile ! prop]    
comb9ation ( milk  fat & case9 :i* is   
secur$ 9 sep>at+ ! :ey w make a  *eese (
 fir/ class quality4 ,! curd is s d5se z
 to naturally  sep>ate f ! :ey by       
deposition1 & ! latt] is ?us drawn (f   
by a /opcock prop]ly plac$ 9 ! vat4 ,!  
curd is !n plac$ ^u  a clo? /ret*$ ov]  
lattice "w 9 ord] t ! sep>ation (  ! :ey
 may be complete4 ,f9ally be=e pass+ to 
! *eese h\se  ! curd is treat$ ) eight  
ounces ( salt to tw5ty p\nds (  curd4   
,aft] ! *eese is mold$ x is plac$ 9 a   
w>m room = "o  or two days1 & !n tak5 to
 ! press h\se :]e x is subject$  to !   
usual pressure4 ,! press+ process is    
cont9u$ by wrapp+  ! *eese 9 dry clo?s &
 subject+ to new pressure e day =  five 
or six days4 ,! *eese is !n remov$ to ! 
rip5+ cell>  :]e x is turn$ two or ?ree 

times a week4 ,x is ripe & ready =      
consumption 9 less ?an "o ye>4 ,!re are 
a great _m v>iations  f ?is me?od ( mak+
 ,*e%ire *eese1 b !y all foll[ !  same  
g5]al plan4      ,manufacture ( ,*$d>   
,*eese4--,! *eese is made 9 v>i\s p>ts  
( ,engl& ?\gh *iefly 9 ,som]set1 ! p]iod
 ( manufacture  ext5d+ f ,april to      
,novemb]4 ,*$d> *eeses are made 9  l>ge 
sizes v>y+ f #fj to #ajj p\nds ea*4 ,!  
temp]ature  ( precipitation = ,*$d>     
*eese is some:at less ?an = !  ,*e%ire  
*eese1 be+ ab\t #hj degrees4 ,r5net is  
us$ solely 9 !  coagulation1 lactic acid
 n be+ lik$ = t purpose4 ,9 !  mak+ (   
,*$d> (t5 "s ( ! fat escapes 9 ! :ey &  
?is is  aft]w>ds collect$ & made into   
butt]4 ,two p\nds ( salt to #ajj  p\nds 
( curd are us$4      ,d]by *eese is a "n
 appli$ to *eese made 9 ,d]by4 ,! ,*$d> 
sy/em ( mak+ x is usually employ$4      
,glo/] *eeses are made on ! same plan z 
t ( ! ,d]by & d  n ne$ any fur!r        
description4      ,leice/] *eese is a   
v>iety ( *eese :i* is v popul> &  made  

*iefly 9 ! c\nty ( ,leice/]4 ,!         
coagulation ( ,leice/]  *eese is made at
 a little l[] temp]ature ?an t previ\sly
  describ$1 v>y+ f #gf to #hd degrees4  
,! curd is all[$ to /&  = ab\t "o-half  
h\r be=e x is brok5 up & ! :ey sep>at$4 
,! be/ manufactur]s ( *eese disapprove (
 ! use ( artificial  color+ & x may be  
said t ev5tually x is pretty c]ta9 t    
all *eese mak]s w come to ! same        
conclusion4 ,! use ( color+  matt] 9    
*eese1 ev5 ( annotto1 adds no?+ to its  
ri*ness1 &  t5ds to deceive ! cu/om]    
into ?9k+ t ! milk employ$ 0  ri*] 9    
cream ?an x really 04 ,! ,leice/] *eeses
 are small 9  size comp>$ ) ,*$d>4 ,ab\t
 elev5 p\nds ( milk are us$ to  make an 
ord9>y *eese4      ,/ilton *eese is     
probably ! mo/ famili> & highly priz$ ( 
all ,engli% v>ieties4 ,x is n always to 
be obta9$1 & _m  imitations ( ,/ilton   
are made & be> its "n4 ,! "n x be>s is  
f ! "n ( ! t[n :]e x 0 fir/1 & is n[1   
made4 ,x is  a *eese :i* has be5 kn[n = 
ab\t a c5tury & a qu>t]4 ,x is          

pr9cipally made betwe5 ,m>* & ,septemb] 
& solely f ! milk  ( c[s f$ on natural  
pa/ure1 t is1 = ! f9e/ v>iety4 ,!  use (
 artificial food = ! c[s is at once     
detect$ 9 a *ange =  ! worse 9 ! "* ( ! 
*eese4 ,at fir/ ! r5net employ$  0 made 
f ! /oma*s ( lambs in/ead ( c[s & 9 !   
old5  times ! *eeses 7 n consid]$ to be 
suffici5tly mell[ &  ripe until !y 7 two
 ye>s old & exhibit$ spots ( gre5 9 !   
int]ior4    ,! mo/ approv$ mod]n process
 ( manufacture is mix+ ! morn+  & ev5+  
milk & br++ x to a temp]ature ( #gi     
degrees4 ,r5net  is !n add$ & ! mass    
all[$ to /& = ab\t an h\r & a  half4 ,! 
curd is remov$ into clo?s set 9 frames =
 ! purpose  ( all[+ ! :ey to sep>ate4   
,usually ab\t an h\r is all[$  = !      
natural sep>ation4 ,! clo?s are !n      
tight5$ & br\ght  clos] toge!r to       
produce slight pressure & plac$ 9 a     
*eese tub1  sev]al ( !m toge!r1 :]e !y  
are all[$ to rema9 = twelve  h\rs4      
,usually a long] "t is all[$ be=e ! curd
 is cut up4 ,!  salt is add$ 9          

proportion ( "o p\nd to #fj p\nds ( fre%
 curd4  ,! curd is !n plac$ 9 t9 cyl9d]s
 ) p]=at$ sides1 !  cyl9d] be+ #ab in*es
 deep & #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 & put 9  a 
room at ab\t #fe degrees to favor !     
sep>ation ( ! :ey :i*  requires f six to
 sev5 days4 ,! *eeses are !n remov$ f ! 
cyl9d]s1 br\ght into prop] %ape by a    
knife & wrapp$ ) /rong  cotton clo? &   
all[$ to rema9 = twelve days long] :5 !y
 are  remov$ to ! dry+ room & kept at   
#fe degrees4 ,dur+ ?is process  !       
orig9al curd plac$ 9 ! cell loses ab\t  
"o-half its weight  s t t5 p\nds ( curd 
9 ! end make five p\nds ( *eese4 ,a  v  
common me?od also is to make *eese twice
 a day f morn+  milk & ev5+ milk        
sep>ately4 ,extra cream is (t5 add$ 9   
mak+  ,/ilton *eese1 only :ole milk or  
milk & add$ cream be+ us$4 ,!  pr9cipal 
po9t to be consid]$ ) cur+ is !         
regulation ( !  temp]ature4    ,o!r     
v>ieties ( *eese :i* are kn[n 9 ,engl&  
are mo/ly nam$  f ! localities :]e !y   
are produc$ & p>take 9 g5]al (  ! "* (  

*eeses already describ$4 ,^! are        
,lanca/]%ire1  ,w5sleydale1 skimm$ milk 
*eese1 butt] milk *eese1 potato *eese1  
& v>i\s =ms ( s(t *eese or ^? us$ )\t   
be+ all[$ to  rip5 = any l5g? ( "t4     
,v>ieties ( ,*eese ,made 9              
,france4--,!re is a g5]al idea t        
,france is pre-em95tly a *eese mak+     
c\ntry & ?is is true 9 s  f> z ! mak+ ( 
c]ta9 br&s ( *eese :i* h int]national   
reputations is conc]n$4 ,france1 h[ev]1 
accord+ to /ati/ics1  imports a l>g]    
quantity ( *eese ?an %e exports ?\gh    
probably  ! value ( h] exports is great]
 ?an ! imports because ( !  high "* &   
price ( ! export$ articles4             
,manufacture ( ,camemb]t4--,! fir/ *eese
 ( ?is v>iety 0 made  9 #agia by ,m>ie  
,fonta9e on a f>m 9 ! community (       
,camemb]t1 ne>  ,vimonti]s4 ,! p]iod (  
manufacture ( ,camemb]t *eese ext5ds f  
,m>* to ,septemb]4 ,x is made f :ole    
c['s milk f :i* none (  ! cream has be5 
extract$4 ,! r5net is add$ at !         
temp]ature at  :i* ! milk comes f ! c[ z

 ne>ly z possible & ! milk is           
artificially heat$1 ! morn+ & ev5+ milk 
be+ mix$1 to ?is  temp]ature4 ,aft] !   
addition ( r5net ! milk is g5tly /irr$  
= two or ?ree m9utes1 a wood5 cov] plac$
 ov] ! pan1 &  left = five or six h\rs4 
,! curd is suffici5tly set :5 t\*$  ) ! 
f+] x does n adh]e !reto4 ,! curd is    
remov$ f  ! pan by a spoon & put into   
cyl9drical metal molds op5 at !  end & f
 ^! molds ! :ey is all[$ to escape4 ,x  
requires  ab\t two lit]s ( milk to make 
"o *eese4 ,! :ey is all[$ to  dra9 =    
ab\t two days4 ,aft] t "t ! mold is     
turn$1 a little  f9e :ite salt plac$ ^u 
! top & all[$ to dra9 = ano!r  day4     
,aft] ab\t #dh h\rs ! *eeses are tak5 f 
! molds &  salt$4 ,!y are !n plac$ 9 !  
dry+ room ^u racks cov]$  ) /raw4 ,!    
dry+ room mu/ be well v5tilat$ & ! air  
:i*  is bl[n 9 = v5tilation mu/ be /ra9$
 to be free ( du/ &  insects4 ,c>e is   
tak5 also to exclude ! sunlight1 z ?is  
is v  injuri\s to ! prop] developm5t &  
rip5+ ( *eese4 ,! *eese  rema9s 9 ! dry]

 f #bj to #be days4 ,! rip5+ cell> is ! 
next po9t to :i* ! *eese is remov$1 &   
?is cell> is kept z  ne>ly z possible at
 #ej degrees ,f4 ,! *eeses rema9 9 !    
rip5+  cell> ab\t #cj days1 dur+ :i* "t 
!y are frequ5tly turn$ &  c>efully      
wat*$4 ,! progress ( ! f]m5tation :i*   
takes place  9 ! *eese is indicat$ by   
its appe>ance4 ,9 mod]n times !         
manufacture ( ,camemb]t *eese is cont9u$
 practically ?r\gh\t !  :ole ye>1 b !   
artificially rip5$ *eese1 t is1 made    
dur+  ! w9t] by ! aid ( artificial heat1
 does n comp>e 9 quality  ) ! product   
:i* is naturally rip5$ dur+ ! summ]     
mon?s4  ,! manufacture ( ,camemb]t *eese
 has ext5d$ to a consid]able  di/ance f 
! orig9al village1 b x is all made 9 t  
"p (  ,france4      ,emm5?al]           
,*eese4--,emm5?al] *eese is a v>iety (  
,swiss *eese  ( ! same type z ,gruyre4  
,x is sometimes call$ ! 8c>t-:eel0      
*eese on acc\nt ( its imm5se size4 ,^!  
*eeses are sometimes  ?ree or f\r feet 9
 diamet] & ( a disk-l %ape1 some?+  l a 

wood5 :eel saw$ out ( a r\nd tree4 ,x is
 a *eese :i*  0 orig9ally made 9        
,switz]l&1 al?\gh ! manufacture ( x has 
spread ov] into t "p ( ,france bord]+   
,switz]l&4 ,x has !  g5]al "* ( ,swiss  
*eese 9 texture1 also 9 composition &   
nutritive value4      ,brie             
,*eese4--,?is is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s (     
,fr5* *eeses4 ,x  is made 9 ! =m ( a    
r\nd flat mass ab\t #af in*es 9 diamet] 
= ! gr&e ,brie & #ab in*es 9 diamet] = !
 petite ,brie4 ,!  ?ickness ( ! *eese is
 ab\t "o in*4 ,! me?od ( prep>ation is  
n v greatly diff]5t f t ( *eeses 9      
g5]al4 ,dur+ !  cur+ process1 z 9 ! case
 ( ,camemb]t1 m\ld develops1 especially 
on ! outside ( ! *eese1 & ! *ange :i*   
goes on 9 !  int]ior breaks d[n ! case91
 =m+ a creamy mass ( a /rong1  piquant  
flavor4 ,! m\ld :i* gr[s ^u ! outside ( 
,brie *eese  gives x a /rong odor :i*   
rem9ds "o ( decomposition4 ,brie *eese  
might be said to resemble 9 g5]al       
prop]ties ! ,camemb]t v>iety  ( *eese4  
,roque=t *eese is a v popul> *eese made 

9 ,france f %eep's  milk4 ,:5 prop]ly   
rip5$ x %[s a gre5 m\ld4 ,x is made 9 a 
p>ticul> way at ,roque=t1 & accord+ to  
,knig has ! foll[+  composition3        
,wat]1        #cf4he p]c5t    ,fat1     
#cj4fa        ,proteids1     #be4be     
,lactic acid1   #a4ij        ,a%1       
#e4ci          ,port ,du ,salut4--,?is  
v>iety ( *eese has a mo/ des]v+         
popul>ity1 n only ^u ! ,cont95t b 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x  is1 h[ev]1 n s       
g5]ally kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry z ! ,roque=t  
& ,camemb]t v>ieties4 ,x 0 long         
manufactur$ by a secret process  by !   
,trappi/ monks ( ,bricquebec 9 !        
,dep>tm5t ( ,man*e4    ,! secret ( !    
manufacture ( ?is v>iety ( *eese is     
gu>d$  ) ! same jeal\sy by ! monks z is 
! secret ( mak+ !  *>treuse liqueur4    
,port ,du ,salut is always put up 9 v   
small  packages ( cyl9drical =m1 flat1 &
 ab\t "o in* 9 ?ickness4  ,! *eese has a
 numb] ( holes1 9 :i* x resembles !     
,swiss  *eese4 ,its fle%1 h[ev]1 is     
mell[1 & does n h ! t\ghness  nor       

solidity :i* *>act]izes ! fle% ( ,swiss 
*eese4 ,al?\gh  ! monks' secret has be5 
well gu>d$ ! g5]al me?od ( its          
manufacture has be5 describ$ 78,*eese & 
,*eese ,mak+10 by ,jas4  ,long & ,john  
,b5son74 ,! milk is br\ght to a         
temp]ature ( #hf  degrees ,f41 & is     
treat$ ) r5net 9 su* a way z to sep>ate 
!  curd 9 ab\t "o-half h\r4 ,! sep>ation
 ( :ey is secur$ 9 !  usual mann]1 fir/1
 by all[+ brok5 curd to /&1 & aft]w>ds  
by pressure4 ,a peculi> =m ( pressure is
 said to be us$ by !  monks1--a numb] ( 
screws are plac$ side by side on a beam 
& a  numb] ( *eeses may be press$ at !  
same "t4 ,! pressure is  appli$ solely  
by ! h&s & s is n v sev]e4 ,aft]        
pressure  ! *eeses are plac$ 9 a rip5+  
cell>1 :i* is kept at ab\t  #ed degrees 
,f4 ,c>e is tak5 9 ! rip5+ t ! *eese    
does n  become too dry4      ,pont      
,l',evque *eese is well kn[n ^u !       
,cont95t1 especially 9  ,france :]e x is
 made4 ,x takes its "n f ! village :]e !
  manufacture is c>ri$ on1 :i* is n v f>

 f ,havre4 ,! *eese  is usually put up 9
 a squ>e or oblong package ab\t "o in* 9
  ?ickness & ( a size weigh+ ab\t "o    
p\nd4 ,x has a t\gh cru/  & may be kept 
= "s "t aft] x is ripe ) safety4 ,! milk
 is  set at a temp]ature ( #hh degrees &
 a suffici5t am\nt ( r5net  add$ to     
produce precipitation ( ! curd 9 ab\t   
fifte5 m9utes4    ,:5 ! curd is /iff    
en\gh to be cut & remov$ x is plac$ ^u  
a mat made ( rye /raw ?r\gh :i* ! :ey is
 all[$ to filt]4  ,z ! :ey runs (f !    
curd becomes t\gh] & ! mat is br\ght    
toge!r 9 su* a way z to ex]t g5tle      
pressure4 ,?is sep>ation (  ! :ey is    
cont9u$ until ! curd c be plac$ 9 metal 
molds :i*  v>y 9 size accord+ to ! size 
( ! int5d$ *eeses4 ,! *eese  is rip5$ at
 a temp]ature ( ab\t #eh degrees 9 a    
humid cell> s z  n to lose too mu* wat]4
      ,g]vais *eese belongs /rictly to !
 family ( fancy *eese1 be+  made ( a    
mixture ( milk & cream4 ,x is produc$ 9 
l>ge quantities  9 ,france & f9ds almo/ 
an exclusive dome/ic m>ket4 ,x is nam$  

= its manufactur]1 ,m4 ,g]vais4 ,!      
mixture is set at a v l[  temp]ature1   
ab\t #fe degrees4 ,! r5net :i* is us$ is
 dilut$ )  wat] & add$ 9 small          
quantities s t ! curd does n sep>ate  = 
eight or t5 h\rs4 ,! :ey is sep>at$ 9 a 
clo? bag & "u  v g5tle pressure4 ,!     
*eeses are usually sold 9 only a        
p>tially  ripe /ate & ! *eese comb9es ! 
flavor ( bo? *eese & cream4      ,bondon
 *eese is ano!r *eese :i* is made l>gely
 9 ! region  ( ,r\54 ,! size ( ! *eese  
is usually v small1 f sev5 to  n9e be+  
made f a gallon ( milk4 ,! me?od (      
manufacture is  m l t ( ,g]vais & diff]s
 f x *iefly 9 be+ made  solely f milk   
in/ead ( a mixture ( milk & cream4      
,limburg] ,*eese4--,limburg] *eese is "o
 ( ! mo/ fam\s ( !  diff]5t v>ieties (  
=eign *eese1 *iefly because ( its bad   
odor4  ,?is odor is due to specific =ms 
( f]m5ts introduc$ dur+ !  rip5+        
process4 ,g5]ally ,limburg] *eese is    
made f pure milk1  b occasionally skimm$
 or p>tially skimm$ milk is us$4 ,! milk

  is set at r a high temp]ature1 f #ib  
to #ajj degrees4 ,aft] !  coagulation   
has tak5 place ! curd is brok5 into     
pieces ! size  ( a h5's egg & all[$ to  
settle to ! bottom ( ! kettle z  ! :ey  
sep>ates4 ,9 ,engl& a copp] kettle is   
usually employ$ =  ! te/+ vessel4 ,aft] 
! :ey has sep>at$ ! curd is tak5 out  & 
plac$ 9 rectangul> molds ) p]=at$       
bottoms1 !n laid on  tables s t ! rema9+
 portion ( ! :ey may dra9 (f4 ,!  molds 
are turn$ f "t to "t to promote !       
sep>ation ( !  :ey & to make ! *eeses   
keep _! =m4 ,! *eeses are next  plac$ 9 
r[s on a flat table ) ?9 pieces ( bo>ds 
betwe5 !m  & subject$ to light pressure4
 ,dur+ ?is "t !y are salt$  by apply+   
salt ext]nally & rubb+ ! surface at     
frequ5t  int]vals = ?ree or f\r days4 ,!
 salt dissolves & p]meates  ! mass4     
,dur+ ! salt+ & press+ ! *eeses are kept
 at a  uni=m temp]ature ( ab\t #fj      
degrees4 ,! cur+ takes place 9  cell>s1 
well v5tilat$ b v moi/1 at a temp]ature 
( ab\t #fj  degrees4 ,z ! *eeses rip5 !y

 gr[ s(t4 ,! curd takes on its          
*>act]i/ic greasy appe>ance at ! "t ( ! 
rip5+1 becom+1  at fir/1 a yell[ & !n a 
r$di% yell[4 ,! s(t5+ beg9s on  !       
outside & proce$s t[>d ! c5t] & ! *eese 
is consid]$  to be m>ketable :5 "o-f\r? 
( x has tak5 on its *>act]i/ic  texture4
 ,! s(t5+ ( ,limburg] *eese is due to a 
f]m5t :i*  breaks d[n into a s(t mass ! 
case9 or p>acase9 ( :i* !  *eese is     
l>gely compos$4 ,by us+ ! same k9d (    
f]m5ts & by  foll[+ ! same process1     
imitations ( ,limburg] *eese are made 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r c\ntries4 ,^!     
imitations1 h[ev]1 nev]  equal ! orig9al
 9 ! "* ( ! product nor 9 flavor or     
ta/e1 & %\ld n be> ! "n ( ! real        
article4    ,,composition ,,( ,,limburg]
 ,,*eese4      ,wat]1                   
#ce4g p]c5t    ,fat1                    
#cd4b        ,case9 products1           
#bd4b        ,milk sug> & undet]m9$1    
#c4j        ,a%1                        
#b4i        ,limburg] *eese 0 fir/ made 
9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,lttick 9 ,belgium4  ,x  

has1 h[ev]1 come to be consid]$ *iefly z
 ( ,g]man production4  ,! *ief cause ( !
 putrefactive f]m5tation :i* takes place
 9  ,limburg] *eese is ! extremely moi/ 
condition 9 :i* x is kept4  ,= ?is      
purpose ! atmosph]e ( ! rip5+ cell> %\ld
 be almo/  saturat$ ) aque\s vapor1     
conta9+ at lea/ #ie p]c5t ( its  maximum
 degree ( saturation4 ,?is moi/         
atmosph]e1 toge!r ) !  l[ temp]ature at 
:i* ! cur+ takes place1 keeps ! *eese   
s(t  & promotes ! putrifactive f]m5ts4  
,"u ^! conditions !  surface soon beg9s 
to get %9y & s(t & *anges f :ite to a   
r$di% yell[4 ,?is *ange makes its way to
 ! c5t]1 conv]t+ !  h>% curd to a s(t   
condition4 ,! "t requir$ = ?is s(t5+  ( 
! *eese is f f\r to six weeks4 78,*eese 
,mak+10 by ,john ,w4  ,deck]47          
,edam ,*eese4--,edam *eese is "o ( ! mo/
 fam\s ( ! *eeses  ( ,holl&4 ,x is made 
at ! t[n ( ,edam1 situat$ on ! ,zuyd]   
,zee1 ab\t twelve miles nor!a/ (        
,am/]dam4 ,! milk f :i*  ,edam *eese is 
made %\ld be prop]ly acidifi$ z has     

already be5  describ$4 ,! coagulation   
takes place & ! curd is sep>at$ mu*  9 !
 same mann] z is us$ 9 ! manufacture (  
,*$d> *eese4 ,!  curd is held = a "t 9 !
 vat 9 a granul> condition 9 ord] to    
develop great] acidity & until x w /r+  
"o-half in* or "o  in* on ! hot iron    
already describ$4 ,x is !n ready = !    
mold4  ,! molds are ( su* a "* z to give
 ! *eese a sph]ical  %ape ab\t six in*es
 9 diamet]4 ,ea* *eese weighs ab\t f\r  
p\nds4 ,x has a p]fectly solid texture &
 its flavor is some?+  l t ( old ,*$d>1 
except t x is a little m salty &        
some:at h>d]4 ,x is cur$ at a temp]ature
 ( ab\t #fj degrees &  at a humidity (  
ab\t #hj degrees4 ,! cur+ p]iod is      
some:at long]  ?an = mo/ *eeses1 la/+   
ab\t eight or t5 mon?s & ev5 a  ye>4 ,a 
sl[ cur+ is p>ticul>ly necess>y 9 !     
production ( ,edam  *eese4      ,coat+ )
 ,p>aff9e4--,9 ! cur+ ( *eese sometimes 
x is  coat$ ) p>aff9e to avoid loss (   
weight4 ,coat+ ) p>aff9e  does n        
necess>ily int]f]e ) ! "* ( ! *eese1    

?\gh  x is probable t x mu/ int]f]e 9 "s
 way ) ! normal  f]m5ts4 ,p>aff9e is    
:olly indige/ible & may produce injuri\s
  effects if swall[$ ) ! *eese4         
78,f>m]s' ,bullet9s10 ,nos4  #ahf-aij47 
,fancy ,*eeses4--,!re is a l>ge numb] ( 
*eeses made 9 :i*  cream ent]s z a      
prom95t "p4 ,x is difficult to give ^!  
any  p>ticul> "n & ! t]m 8fancy *eese0  
has be5 appli$ to ?is  =m ( *eese z a   
:ole4 ,!y are usually put up 9 small    
packages  or little pots & ?us =m an    
article ( diet q di/9ct f  ! l>ge press 
*eese ( comm]ce4 ,9 fact !y are int5d$ m
 =  condim5tal purposes & to be eat5 9  
some?+ ( ! same mann] z  butt] r ?an    
*eese4 ,^! *eeses usually are sold = a  
mu*  high] price &1 !re=e1 c be reg>d$ m
 z a luxury ?an z a  regul> article (   
diet4    ,x might be well to m5tion "s (
 ! m p>ticul> v>ieties (  ^! fancy      
*eeses4      ,gruyre4--,gruyre is a     
*eese made 9 ,switz]l&1 :]e x is mu*    
priz$ & f :]e x is s5t to ! v>i\s p>ts (
 ! _w4  ,x is a press$ *eese & is r ( a 

l>g] size ?an ! fancy  *eeses already   
describ$1 & x is difficult to say :e!r  
or n x  %\ld f9d a place among !m4      
,p>mesan4--,p>mesan is a v>iety ( *eese 
made 9 ,italy4 ,x is  ab\t ! same size z
 ,gruyre & ?us has an int]m$iate place  
betwe5 ! l>ge press$ *eeses ( comm]ce & 
! fancy *eeses  above m5tion$4          
,gorgonzola *eese is a v famili> *eese  
made 9 ,italy & belongs  to ! same class
 z ! two prec$+ ones4 ,x is 9 "o s5se a 
fancy  *eese & yet is made 9 su*        
quantities z to belong r to !  comm]cial
 v>iety4      ,bact]ial ,activity 9     
,*eese4--,mod]n sci5ce has l$ to !      
conclusion t ! rip5+ ( *eese is due     
pr9cipally to bact]ial  activity4 ,!    
*anges :i* take place 9 ! *emical &     
physical  prop]ties ( *eese mat]ials1 ! 
flavor & aroma :i* are  develop$1 !     
production ( m\ld & o!r gr[?s are m>ks (
 !  activity ( organisms ( diff]5t "*1  
liv+ & unorganiz$4  ,due cr$it mu/ be   
giv5 to ! enzymic 7unorganiz$7 action 9 
^!  processes & ! enzymes are n reg>d$ z

 liv+ organisms b1  on ! o!r h&1 z      
catalytic ag5ts induc+ *emical *anges   
simil> to ^? produc$ 9 />* by ! action (
 dia/ase4 ,!  peculi> flavors ( *eeses  
:i* are f\nd 9 diff]5t k9ds h  be5      
ascrib$ 9 late ye>s almo/ exclusively to
 ! "* (  bact]ial activity4 ,?is        
assumption is p]haps correct1 b x mu/  n
 be =gott5 9 ?is connection t ! same    
species ( bact]ia1  9 *ang$ environm5ts1
 does n always produce ! same results4  
,!  activities ( bact]ia are peculi>ly  
s5sitive to ! environm5t1  su* z *ange (
 temp]ature1 physical conditions (      
diff]5t k9ds1  locality1 & o!r factors (
 a complex nature1 mak+ up ! total      
conditions 9 :i* ! organisms live4 ,=   
?is reason ! attempts to  produce       
peculi> *eeses :i* belong 9 p>ticul>    
localities 9 o!r  localities h n be5    
gu/atorily ev5 if te*nically successful4
 ,x  is true t *eeses may be made ( !   
types m5tion$1 hav+ "s (  ! g5]al       
*>act]i/ics b lack+ t indescribable     
some?+  :i* aft] all gives true "*4 ,j z

 x is impossible to make  a ,rh9e w9e 9 
,cali=nia or a ,bordeaux w9e 9 ,new     
,york s is x  impossible to make a ,*$d>
 *eese 9 ,ohio or a ,camemb]t *eese 9   
,connecticut4      ,numb] (             
,bact]ia4--,! numb] ( bact]ia1 p] gram1 
:i* appe>  9 *eese v>ies accord+ to !   
age ( ! *eese1 conditions "u  :i* x is  
made1 temp]ature1 etc4 ,! usual numb] ( 
bact]ia 9 "o  gram ( *eese v>ies f five 
hundr$ ?\s& to ne>ly "o hundr$  million 
7#ba/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,wiscons9     
,agricultural ,exp]im5t  ,/ation74      
,age+ does n seem to increase ! numb] ( 
organisms1 s9ce x has  be5 f\nd by "s   
obs]v]s t ! maximum numb] pres5t 9 *eese
  is f\nd at ! "t x is tak5 f ! press4  
,x is difficult also  to prop]ly sample 
a *eese = ! numb] ( bact]ia1 s9ce !y    
are unequally di/ribut$ 9 diff]5t p>ts  
!re(1 & ! tri]1  by means ( :i* ! sample
 is secur$1 may %[ l>gely diff]+  numb]s
 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same *eese4 ,dur+ ! 
process (  cur+1 especially if ! cur+ be
 at a high temp]ature1 ! numb]  (       

organisms decreases4 ,at fir/ ! decrease
 is v rapid & !n  becomes sl[] z ! *eese
 becomes rip]4 ,! decrease 9 ! numb]  ( 
bact]ia :5 ! temp]ature ( cur+ is rais$ 
is some:at  contr>y to expectations4 ,x 
has be5 f\nd t :5 a *eese is tak5  f    
cold /orage1 say at #bd degrees ,f41 &  
plac$ 9 a temp]ature  ( #fj degrees ,f41
 ! decl9e 9 ! numb] ( bact]ia is always 
great] ?an :5 ! *eese is reta9$ at ! l[]
 temp]ature4 ,?is  may be due to ! fact 
t bact]ia :i* h be5 develop$ at a  l[   
may lose _! vitality at a high]         
temp]ature4 ,on ! contr>y1  ! developm5t
 ( flavor does n seem to dep5d ^u !     
numb] (  organisms s9ce ! peculi> flavor
 ( *eese is m rapidly develop$  at !    
high] temp]ature1 provid$ x be n too    
high1 al?\gh ?is  be att5d$ ) a         
dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( organisms4        
,evid5tly !  conditions :i* favor !     
metabolic activities ( organisms also   
favor  _! de/ruction1 s9ce :5 !y h p]=m$
 _! functions !y  und]go natural        
dis9tegration4 ,! "* ( *eese is su* t   

:5 x is once =m$ !re is no m opportunity
 giv5 = a rapid  prolif]ation ( !       
organisms4    ,x may be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t !
 developm5t ( bact]ial life is  n ! sole
 or p]haps n ! dom9ant factor 9 !       
developm5t (  flavors & aromas 9 *eeses 
b t ?is process is due v l>gely  to !   
enzymic activities obta9$ f ! r5net &   
:i* pre-exi/  9 ! milk4      ,*emical   
,*anges ,:i* ,take ,place ,dur+ ! ,rip5+
 ( !  ,*eese4--,loss ( ,weight4--,dur+ !
 process ( rip5+ ( *eese  !re is        
consid]able loss ( weight1 am\nt+ to f  
#ae to #bj  p]c5t ( ! total weight ( !  
fre% product4 ,?is loss is due  *iefly  
to ! evaporation ( wat]1 :ile 9 !       
f]m5tation :i*  takes place volatile    
bodies are =m$ :i* also escape ) !      
wat]4 ,= in/ance1 any free gas1 ei!r    
c>bon dioxid1 hydrog51 or  nitrog51 :i* 
is produc$ w escape1 likewise any       
alcohol :i* is  =m$ w at lea/ p>tially  
volatilize4 ,!re may be also a slight   
loss due to me*anical attrition1 b t is 
n ( any consequ5ce4  ,ow+ to ! loss (   

wat] "s ( ! con/itu5ts :i* may dim9i%  9
 actual quantity h _! p]c5tages         
proportionately increas$4  ,^! *anges   
are illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ analytical    
data3                                   
,,milk                                  
,,wat]4  ,,prote94  ,,fat4  ,,sug>4     
,,a%4    ,fre% *eese1                   
#dj4db    #bd4hj  #bh      #a4fe   #e4dc
    ,9 ! dry sub/ance1       4444       
#da4fb  #df4ii   4444   4444    ,same   
*eese "o ye> old1  #cc4ab    #bg4ce     
#ca4gj   #b4if   #d4hg    ,9 ! dry      
sub/ance1       4444    #dj4hi  #dg4dj  
4444   4444    ,! quantity ( wat] :i* is
 lo/ 9 "p dep5ds ^u !  temp]ature ( !   
/ore h\se & ! dryness ( ! air4 ,! loss (
  wat] %\ld n be too great1 o!rwise !   
*eese w\ld be dry &  ! rip5+ process    
w\ld n g on 9 a prop] mann]4 ,9 "s (  ! 
processes :i* take place dur+ ! rip5+ ( 
*eese wat] is  =m$4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re is  
no loss ( weight dur+ ! process  (      
rip5+1 ! rip5$ *eese w\ld h m wat] ?an !
 fre%  *eese & ?is w\ld impair ! quality

 ( ! product4 ,! loss ( a  c]ta9 "p (   
wat]1 namely1 f #ae to #bj p]c5t mu/ be 
reg>d$  z an advantage 9 ! production ( 
*eese4      ,*anges 9 ! ,prote94--,! mo/
 important *emical *anges1 f  a dige/ive
 po9t ( view1 :i* take place 9 ! *eese  
are ^?  :i* ! prote9 und]goes4 ,?is     
prote9 sub/ance consi/s *iefly  ( case9 
& und]goes pr(\nd alt]ation due to      
enzymic action  dur+ ! process ( rip5+4 
,! case9 :i* :5 dry naturally  =ms a    
lea!ry1 t\gh mat]ial *anges into a m    
soluble & s(t]  product1 & dur+ ?is     
*ange !re are produc$ aromas & flavors  
:i* add mu* to ! value ( ! *eese =      
edible purposes4    ,! "* ( !           
coagulation ( ! *eese orig9ally has mu* 
to d ) ! g5]al *anges :i* ! product     
und]goes dur+  f]m5tation4 ,! *eese     
mak]s = ?is reason mu/ pay special      
att5tion to ! r5net :i* !y employ 9 !   
production ( !  precipitate4 ,"o ( ! mo/
 important ( ! *anges :i* ! case9       
und]goes is t :i* results 9 ! production
 ( ammonia4 ,?is  indicates a complete  

decomposition ( ! prote9 sub/ance1 at   
lea/  9 "p1 s t ! total am\nt ( prote9  
:i* is lo/ z su*  may rea* z high z #be 
or #cj p]c5t ( t pres5t 9 ! orig9al     
*eese4 ,!re are also produc$ notable    
quantities ( luc9 & o!r  nitrog5\s      
comp\nds soluble 9 alcohol4 ,9 g5]al x  
may be said  t ! *anges 9 ! nitrog5     
con/itu5ts ( *eese are extremely        
helpful to dige/ion4 ,n only is ! prote9
 ( rip5$ *eese m  soluble b ev5 ! p>ts  
:i* rema9 un*ang$ z f> z ! prote9       
con/itu5t is conc]n$ are s affect$ by ! 
action ( f]m5tation  z to r5d] !m m     
readily subject to ! action ( ! dige/ive
  f]m5ts 9 ! alim5t>y canal4 ,!re is a  
popul> sup]/ition t  ! use ( *eese at ! 
end ( a meal helps to dige/ ! o!r food  
:i* has giv5 rise to ! adage 8,*eese1 ?\
 mighty elf1 dige/+  all ?+s b ?yself40 
,!re is a base ( sci5tific tru? 9 ?is   
expression s9ce 9 ripe *eese ! enzymes  
rema9 /ill 9 an active  =m & :5 tak5    
into ! /oma* mu/ necess>ily ex]cise an  
influ5ce ( consid]able magnitude ^u !   

process ( dige/ion4 ,!  cu/om1 !re=e1   
:i* is s univ]sal1 ( f9i%+ a d9n] ) a   
bit ( *eese is evid5tly bas$ ^u s\nd    
physiological z well z  ga/ronomical    
pr9ciples4      ,*anges 9 ! ,fat4--,!   
*emical *anges :i* ! fat und]goes 9  !  
process ( rip5+ ! *eese are also (      
consid]able importance4  ,x is claim$ by
 "s au?ors t additional fat is produc$ f
  ! case9 dur+ ! process ( rip5+1 :i* is
 ! cause ( !  l>dy appe>ance ( "s       
*eeses4 ,_m obs]v]s h f\nd 9 rip5$      
*eese a l>g] p]c5tage ( fat ?an t :i* 0 
notic$ 9 !  fre% *eese4 ,?is app>5t     
increase1 h[ev]1 may be due to          
analytical  error1 s9ce 9 ! fre% *eese !
 fat becomes entangl$ ) highly          
insoluble case\s matt] & is difficult ( 
extraction1 :]eas aft]  ! rip5+ ( !     
*eese & degradation & break+ up ( !     
case\s tissues ! fat is mu* m readily   
extract$4 ,:ile x is n  impossible t fat
 %\ld be =m$ by ! f]m5tation ( ! case9  
x does n seem t x is probable4    ,9    
exam9ations :i* 7 made ( fre% & rip5$   

*eese ( !  v>iety kn[n z ,roque=t !re 0 
f\nd 9 ! dry sub/ance (  ! fre% *eese   
#dj4hj p]c5t ( prote9 & #ec4ia p]c5t (  
fat4  ,9 ! same *eese aft] x 0 q old !re
 0 f\nd 9 ! dry  sub/ance #cg4gh p]c5t (
 prote9 & #ef4ad p]c5t ( fat4 ,^! data  
s]ve to be> out ! !ory t fat is =m$ f ! 
prote94 ,on  ! contr>y1 x mu/ be        
rememb]$ t 9 ! f]m5tation ( !  prote9 a 
numb] ( volatile bodies are =m$1        
especially ammonia1 &  ?us ! dim9ution 9
 ! p]c5tage ( prote9 is probably due to 
! loss ( volatile bodies1 & ! increase 9
 ! quantity ( fat  is !re=e a relative  
"o1 probably1 & n absolute4 ,!re is no  
d\bt1 h[ev]1 ( ! fact t ! quantity or "*
 ( ! fat  does *ange consid]ably dur+ ! 
process ( rip5+4 ,!re is no  reason =   
suppos+ t ! fat alone ( all ! cont5ts ( 
*eese  escapes enzymic action4 ,x is    
pr(\ndly *ang$ 9 its "* by  !           
f]m5tations to :i* x is subject$1 & ?is 
*ange1 :ile x  unsuits ! fat = butt]1   
may probably make x m palatable &       
desirable 9 *eese4      ,dige/ibility ( 

,*eese4--,ref]5ce has already be5 made  
to ! fact  t 9 ! rip5+ ( *eese ! prote9 
( ! milk1 consi/+  pr9cipally ( case91  
und]goes c]ta9 *anges :i* app>5tly1 at  
lea/1 increase its dige/ibility4 ,i use 
! ^w 8app>5t0 because  ! flavor & aromas
 :i* are produc$ 9 ! rip5+ ( a *eese    
act z condim5tal sub/ances & ?us        
naturally excite ! gl&s  :i* secrete !  
dige/ive enzymes to great] activity4    
,!re=e !  increas$ dige/ibility may be  
due 9 "p to ! increas$ activity (  !    
dige/ive f]m5ts z above describ$ r ?an  
to ! *anges  9 ! case9 itself4 ,x mu/ be
 admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ^! *anges  dur+ rip5+
 t5d to make ! case9 m granul>1 s(t]1 & 
to conv]t x into comp\nds m easily act$ 
^u1 & are ?us  favorable to increas$    
dige/ibility4 ,exp]im5tal /udies h %[n  
t 9 a well rip5$ ,am]ican *eese ( !     
,*$d> type #ic p]c5t  ( ! prote9 pres5t 
9 ! *eese & #ie p]c5t ( ! fat are       
dige/$4 ,artificial dige/ion exp]im5ts h
 also %[n t !  pancreas f]m5ts h mu* m  
effect ^u *eese dige/ion ?an  ! peptic1 

%[+ t ! *eese is m act$ ^u 9 ! small    
inte/9es1 p]haps1 ?an 9 ! /oma*4        
,att5tion mu/ also be paid  to          
idiosyncrasies 9 ^! cases1 z !re are _m 
p :o f9d  x impossible to dige/ *eese 9 
any =m4 ,! eat+ ( l>g]  quantities ?an  
are necess>y also t5ds to d]ange !      
dige/ive  organs4 ,a well rip5$ *eese1  
!re=e1 %\ld be eat5 r z a  condim5tal   
sub/ance ?an z an actual food product1  
?\gh its value  z a food is fully       
atte/$4 78,f>m]s' ,bullet910 ,no4 #afb47
      ,effect ( ,cold ,/orage on ! ,cur+
 ( ,*eese4--,att5tion has be5  call$1 9 
! description ( diff]5t me?ods ( mak+   
v>ieties (  *eeses1 to ! ord9>y         
temp]ature at :i* *eeses are cur$4 ,9   
,european c\ntries ^! temp]atures are   
ma9ta9$ )\t ! use  ( artificial means4  
,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is difficult to    
ma9ta9  a v l[ temp]ature 9 summ] "t )\t
 ! use ( artificial  refrig]ators4      
,exp]im5tal /udies h det]m9$ t :5 !     
temp]ature ( rip5+ or /orage is r$uc$ to
 a consid]able ext5t  bel[ t usually    

specifi$ = ! /&>d v>ieties ( *eese !    
quality ( ! *eese is sup]ior al?\gh ! "t
 = /orage or  rip5+ is v mu* prolong$4  
,! artificial cur+ ( *eese has  be5     
secur$ at z l[ a temp]ature z #dj       
degrees4 ,!re is also a  less loss (    
weight 9 *eese cur$ at ?is l[           
temp]ature4 ,a *eese  :i* 0 cur$ at #dj 
degrees :5 exam9$ by exp]ts scor$ a m>k 
( #ib4d :ile ! same *eese rip5$ at #fj  
degrees scor$ #ie4 ,ano!r  te/ ( a *eese
 cur$ at #dj degrees scor$ #ie4g :ile ! 
same *eese  cur$ at #ej degrees 0 m>k$  
#id4b & ! *eese cur$ at #fj degrees     
#ia4g4      ,prep>ations (              
,case94--,prop]ly 9 connection ) *eese  
prep>ations may be m5tion$ ^? products  
:i* are ( a food value1  procur$ f case9
 itself4 ,! precipitat$ case9 is prep>$ 
=  ! m>ket by wa%+1 dry+1 & gr9d+ to a  
f9e p[d]1 & is  !n sometimes call$      
prote9 fl\r4 ,sanose is a mixture       
consi/+  ( ab\t #hj p]c5t ( case9 & #bj 
p]c5t ( ! prote9 d]iv$  f ! :ite ( egg4 
,! addition ( ! :ite ( egg enables !    

case9 to rema9 9 susp5sion :5 mix$ )    
wat] & ?us causes  ! prep>ation to      
resemble milk4 ,case9 prep>ations ( ?is 
=m are  practically insoluble 9 wat] &1 
!re=e1 are n p]haps ( !  be/ =ms (      
nitrog5\s food = invalids4 ,to avoid ?is
 insolubility  ! case9 has be5 comb9$ ) 
alkalies & ! prep>ations are  kn[n z    
nutrose & eucase94 ,plasma is also a    
prep>ation (  case9 ) alkalies :i* are  
add$ 9 suffici5t quantities to give  #g 
p]c5t ( a%4 ,^! case9ates1 z !y are     
sometimes call$1  t is1 comb9ations (   
case9 ) alkalies1 are soluble 9 wat]  & 
are f\nd to be to a c]ta9 ext5t         
dige/ible & nutritive  prep>ations4     
,casum5 & sanatog5 are o!r prep>ations (
 case9  ) alkalies or glyc]o-phosphate4 
,wond]ful claims are made by            
manufactur]s conc]n+ ! dige/ibility &   
nutritive prop]ties (  ^! prep>ations4  
,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 if !y h mu* great]
  value1 if any1 ?an natural case9 9 !  
=m ( milk or z rip5$  9 *eese4          
,prep>ations ( ?is k9d usually appeal   

/rongly to ^?  :o suff] f dige/ive      
disord]s & !re=e high-s\nd+ names1  :i* 
are giv5 to practically ! same          
prep>ations1 lead ! seek]  aft] heal?   
(t5 to try ! same sub/ance "u a doz5    
diff]5t  appellations4 ,^! rem>ks are n 
made = ! purpose ( decry+  9 any way !  
m]its :i* ^! prep>ations may h b only   
to illu/rate a v m>k$ t5d5cy on ! "p (  
_m p to  attribute extreme virtues to   
ord9>y food sub/ances :i* are sold  "u  
attractive & sometimes deceptive names &
 ^: prop]ties &  virtues are adv]tis$ 9 
an exp]t mann]4 ,because a food sub/ance
  consi/s almo/ :olly ( pure prote9 is  
no indication :atev] (  its             
exceptionally high food value4 ,prote9  
is only "o =m ( food  & a conc5trat$    
ration ( prote9 9 any ( ^! =ms is j  z  
likely to d h>m z good4 ,= em]g5cy      
rations1 = economy 9  transportation1 & 
= c]ta9 diseas$ conditions ( ! dige/ive 
organs ^! prep>ations are und\bt$ly     
valuable1 b !y h  little claim ^u !     
g5]al public 9 a /ate ( heal? z /aple   

articles ( diet4 ,!y are mu* m nutritive
 ?an ! extracts  ( beef & o!r meats :i* 
h obta9$ a vogue :olly out (  proportion
 to _! dietetic or m$ic9al value4       
78,foods & ,pr9ciples  ( ,dietetics10 by
 ,rob]t ,hut*9son47          ,,"p ,v4   
,,c]eal ,,foods4      ,,b>ley 7,,g5us   
,hordeum74    ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates b>ley  
is n us$ to any ext5t z human food4  ,x 
has all ! nutritive prop]ties ( ! common
 c]eals & may be  consid]$ z a food     
product1 al?\gh its *ief use is 9 ! mak+
  ( f]m5t$ bev]ages :i* w be describ$ 9 
full 9 ! second  volume4    ,b>ley is   
cultivat$ *iefly 9 ! nor!rn & we/]n     
portions (  ! ,unit$ ,/ates & is simil> 
to ! oat 9 ?is respect1 t :5  ! gra9 is 
?re%$ by ! ord9>y process ! fir/ lay] ( 
*aff  is n sep>at$1 &1 !re=e1 x goes    
into ! m>ket unhull$4  ,!re are v>ieties
 ( nak$ b>ley :i* are n mu* cultivat$4  
,!  cultivat$ v>ieties 7,hordeum sativum
 ,p]s47 belong practically to  "o       
species1 al?\gh !re are v _m diff]5t    
v>ieties gr[n4    ,! "* ( b>ley be/     

suit$ to malt+ w be discuss$ 9 !  second
 volume4      ,acreage & ,yield (       
,b>ley4--,! area plant$ to b>ley 9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates & o!r /ati/ical data      
relat+ !reto = ! ye>  #aijf are z       
foll[s3      ,acreage1                  
#f1cbc1geg    ,yield p] acre1           
#bh4c bu%els    ,total production1      
#agh1iaf1dhd         ,price p] bu%el1   
#da4e c5ts    ,value ( crop1            
#gd1bce1iig   doll>s      ,composition (
 a ,typical ,unhull$ ,b>ley4--,f a      
comp>ative /udy  ( a numb] ( samples (  
,am]ican b>ley ! foll[+ numb]s are      
reg>d$ z typical ( ! composition ( !    
unhull$ b>ley gr[n 9  ! ,unit$ ,/ates3  
,weight ( #ajj k]nels1    #d4ec grams   
,moi/ure1                #aj4he p]c5t   
,prote91                 #aa4jj         
,e!r extract1            #b4be          
,crude fib]1              #c4he         
,a%1                      #b4ej         
,/>* & sug>1 etc41  #fi4ee        ,!    
important po9ts br\ght out 9 ! above    
data are t !  p]c5tage ( fib] 9 !       

unhull$ b>ley is less ?an "o-half t  ( !
 unhull$ oat1 z /at$ fur!r on1 :ile !   
p]c5tage (  e!r extract is only ab\t    
"o-half t ( ! unhull$ oat1 & !  prote9  
is also decid$ly less ?an 9 ! :ole oat4 
,z has be5 /at$1 b>ley is n v g5]ally   
us$ 9 ?is c\ntry  = human food1 b is us$
 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries z an  +r$i5t (    
s\p4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#bb4--;,,b>ley ,,/>*4  #bjj4--7;,bureau 
(  ,*emi/ry47      ,prote9 ( ,b>ley4--,!
 foll[+ prote9 comp\nds are f\nd 9      
b>ley 9 proportionate weight to ! total 
weight ( ! se$3      ,leucos91          
#j4cj p]c5t    ,horde91            #d4jj
        ,ede/91            #a4ie        
,proteose1           #a4ie              
,insoluble prote91  #d4ej        ,z se5 
f ! above table ! mo/ important ( !     
soluble prote9s  is horde91 :i* 9       
quantity is almo/ equal to ! insoluble  
prote9  ( ! b>ley gra94 ,! />* granules 
( b>ley are recogniz$ by  _! di/9ctive  
%ape & size1 z reveal$ by ! microscope4 
,a  typical microphotographic view (    

b>ley />* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4           
,,buck:eat 7,polygonum fagopyrum ,l474  
,buck:eat is usually class$ ) ! c]eals1 
b botanically x  does n belong to ! ord]
 ( true grasses to :i* ! c]eals  belong4
    ,buck:eat is commonly gr[n 9 _m p>ts
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & its  se$ is highly
 priz$ = bread & cake mak+ purposes4 ,! 
buck:eat  is gr\nd & ! out] black t\gh  
hull sep>at$1 & ! fl\r is  us$ *iefly = 
mak+ hot breakfa/ cakes :i* are mu*     
priz$  ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,prop]ly gr\nd 
buck:eat fl\r has a m  or less d>k t9t1 
due to f9e p>ticles ( ! out] envelope   
:i*  escape ! bolt+ process4            
,acreage & ,yield ( ,buck:eat4--,?is    
crop is n gr[n 9 _m  /ates4 ,new ,york1 
,p5nsylvania1 & ,mi*igan produce ! l>ge/
  quantities4 ,! /ati/ical data =       
buck:eat gr[n 9 ! ,unit$  ,/ates 9 #aijf
 are z foll[s3      ,acreage1           
#ghi1bjh    ,yield p] acre1             
#ah4f bu%els    ,production1            
#ad1fda1icg         ,price p] bu%el1    
#ei4f c5ts    ,total value1             

#h1gbg1ddc   doll>s      ,composition ( 
,buck:eat ,fl\r4--,! composition ( f9ely
 bolt$  buck:eat fl\r is z foll[s3      
,moi/ure1              #aa4hi p]c5t     
,prote91                #h4ge           
,e!r extract1          #a4eh        ,a%1
                    #a4he        ,fib]1 
4#eb        ,/>* & sug>1      #ge4da    
,calories p] gram1  #c1hed    ,! above  
is ! composition ( a :ite fl\r m f9ely  
gr\nd &  bolt$ ?an is advisable =       
palatable purposes4 ,9 ! gr9d+ ( !      
above fl\r ! g]m :i* conta9s a great] "p
 ( e!r extract is  elim9at$ & also a    
l>ge quantity ( ! bodies ri* 9 prote94  
,! composition ( a less highly ref9$    
fl\r & "o :i* is m  palatable & m       
nutriti\s is giv5 9 ! foll[+ data3      
,moi/ure1              #aa4ai p]c5t     
,prote91                #i4ha           
,e!r extract1          #b4cc        ,a%1
                    #a4ec        ,fib]1 
4#gc        ,/>* & sug>1      #gd4da    
,calories p] gram1  #c1ied      ,mill+  
,process4--,9 ! prep>ation ( ! s-call$  

highe/ grade  ( buck:eat fl\r1 t is1 t  
:i* is mo/ c>efully gr\nd &  ?or\ghly   
bolt$1 ! process employ$ is z foll[s3   
,dur+ !  process ( mill+ ! buck:eat     
gra9s pass to a receiv+ sep>ator  :i*   
removes all ! co>se p>ticles1 /ones1    
/raws1 etc41 by means  ( a s]ies (      
sieves4 ,at ! same "t any du/ :i* !y    
conta9  is bl[n out by a curr5t ( air4  
,! sift$ gra9s pass next to !  sc\r+    
ma*9es1 9 :i* !y are ?or\ghly sc\r$1    
clean$1 &  poli%$4 ,f ^! ma*9es ! gra9s 
pass to a sep>ator conta9+  magnets1 by 
means ( :i* any pieces ( metal1 9 ! =m (
 nails1  screws1 pieces ( wire1 etc41   
are remov$4    ,! gra9s next pass ?r\gh 
a /eam dry] = remov+ ! great]  portion (
 ! wat] employ$ = ! sc\r+4 ,z soon z !y 
are dry  !y are aga9 treat$ to a bla/ ( 
air1 :i* removes any dirt1 du/1  or     
light p>ticles :i* may h be5 deta*$ dur+
 ! process (  dry+4 ,! gra9s next pass  
to ! %ell+ rolls1 :]e ! great]  "p ( !  
out] hulls is remov$4 ,?is process is   
accompli%$ by  means ( an app>atus :i*  

is call$ a sieve scalp]4 ,aft] !        
sep>ation ( ! out] hulls ! residue ( !  
mat]ial passes to  a dry+ *amb]1 :]e !  
moi/ure is r$uc$ to ab\t #aj p]c5t1  ?us
 insur+ ! keep+ qualities ( ! fl\r4     
,aft] dry+ !  gra9s are ready = ! rolls4
 ,aft] ent]+ ! rolls ! process  is      
practically ! same z t :i* is employ$ 9 
mill+ :eat1  consi/+ ( a s]ies ( breaks 
& r$uctions1 ) ! att5dant  bolt+ &      
grad+1 & ?is process is prolong$ until !
 fl\r is  practically remov$ f ! fe$ or 
middl+s4 ,! sift+ clo?s us$  9 ! bolt+ (
 buck:eat fl\r are some:at co>s] ?an ^? 
=  :eat1 & ?is all[s "s ( ! d>k p>ticles
 ( ! inn] hulls  to pass into ! fl\r1   
:i* gives x a d>k color on bak+4 ,x is  
q possible to make a buck:eat fl\r z    
:ite z t f :eat1  b 9 ?is c\ntry !      
public ta/e requires a d>k] product1 s  
t ! :ite fl\r does n readily sell4 ,!   
requisite degree (  d>kness is secur$ by
 us+ bolt+ clo?s :i* w all[ a "p  ( !   
inn] hulls 7middl+s7 to pass into !     
fl\r4 ,two grades (  fl\r are g5]ally   

produc$--a :it] "o 9 :i* f9] clo?s are  
us$1 & a d>k] fl\r made by us+ co>s]    
bolt+ clo?s1 all[+  l>g] quantities (   
middl+s to pass ?r\gh4 ,! out] hulls :i*
  are fir/ remov$ are us$ = fuel1 al?\gh
 f _! composition x  is se5 t !y conta9 
a l>ge quantity ( c>bohydrates & might  
be v pr(itably us$ 9 connection ) "s    
highly nitrog5\s  food1 su* z cottonse$ 
meal or flaxse$ meal = fe$+ cattle4  ,! 
middl+s are us$ pr9cipally z cattle     
food1 & especially by  dairym54    ,!   
above process1 :ile x makes a :ite &    
f9e-look+ fl\r1 is  n to be comp>$ ) !  
meal made 9 ! old-fa%ion$ way (  gr9d+  
betwe5 /ones & sep>at+ ! pr9cipal "p ( !
 out]  hull by bolt+4 ,?is old-fa%ion$  
fl\r is m nutriti\s1 t is1  x conta9s m 
fat & prote91 has a great] fuel value1  
or 9 o!r  words has a great] numb] (    
calories & makes a mu* m palatable  cake
 ?an ! f9e mod]n fl\r4      ,buck:eat   
,cakes4--,buck:eat cakes are prep>$ f   
batt] made by  mix+ buck:eat fl\r into a
 pa/e ( ! prop] consi/5cy1 se$+  x )    

yea/1 & all[+ x to rema9 9 a mod]ately  
w>m place  until f]m5tation takes place4
 ,! prote9s ( buck:eat h "s  agglut9at+ 
p[]1 & ?us1 :5 treat$ z above1 make a   
cake  capable ( a consid]able degree (  
a]ation4 ,bak+ p[d]s are  (t5 us$ z a   
sub/itute = yea/ & p]mit ( prep>ation 9 
a  few m9utes in/ead ( wait+ = !        
f]m5tation above m5tion$4  ,! product   
made 9 ?is way _c be consid]$ s         
palatable or  nutriti\s z ! old-fa%ion$ 
product4 ,! batt] is bak$ on a  smoo?   
hot iron or soap/one1 poli%$ & kept     
bright 9 ord] to  prev5t ! /ick+ ( !    
cake4 ,! prop] poli%+ ( ! iron is  a    
bett] means ( prev5t+ /ick+ ?an greas+4 
,! batt] is  p\r$ ov] ! smoo? iron & is 
( a consi/5cy to flatt5 out  )\t help & 
to =m a film ov] ! bak+ iron1 :i*       
produces a  cake ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* 9
 ?ickness4 ,! cake is to be turn$  z    
soon z ! side 9 contact ) ! iron is     
br[n4 ,x is evid5t  t 9 ?is bak+ process
 !re c be no v pr(\nd *ange 9  ! />*    
granules1 b ?is does n appe> to         

mat]ially int]f]e  ) ! dige/ibility ( ! 
product4 ,buck:eat cakes are eat5 hot1  
usually ) butt] & sirup4 ,maple sirup1  
sorghum sirup1 or cane  sirup 9 a pure  
/ate are highly priz$ = use ) buck:eat  
cakes4  ,^! sirups are bo? condim5tal & 
nutriti\s4 ,mix$ sirups made  ( glucose1
 melt$ br[n sug>1 or molasses1 or       
mixtures ( all ^!  bodies are m commonly
 furni%$ to ! consum] ?an ! pure sirup  
m5tion$ above4 ,honey is also us$ v     
ext5sively z a condim5tal  flavor =     
cakes ( ?is k9d4                        
,adult]ations4--,!re is probably no     
bread or cake mak+ mat]ial  :i* is      
subject$ to m ext5sive adult]ation ?an  
buck:eat fl\r4  ,mu* ( :at is sold z    
buck:eat fl\r may be reg>d$ z imitations
  ( t sub/ance4 ,mixtures ( rye fl\r1   
,indian corn fl\r1 :eat  fl\r1 & o!r    
gr\nd c]eals are us$ z a sub/itute =    
buck:eat4  ,!re c be no objection f !   
hygi5ic po9t ( view to su*  sub/itutes b
 ! use ( ^! mixtures "u ! "n ( buck:eat 
c be reg>d$ 9 no o!r light ?an z an     

unp>donable fraud4      ,detection (    
,adult]ations4--,!re is r>ely any m9]al 
adult]ation  practic$ ) buck:eat fl\r & 
if s x is easily detect$ by  inc9]ation4
 ,any cont5t ( a%1 unless bak+ p[d] has 
be5  us$1 above #b p]c5t may be reg>d$ )
 suspicion z indicat+  an admixture ( "s
 m9]al sub/ance4 ,! c]eal fl\rs us$ =   
adult]ation are readily detect$ by !    
microscope 9 ! h&s (  an exp]i5c$       
obs]v]4 ,! field ( ! microscope has only
 to be  comp>$ ) ! microscopic appe>ance
 ( g5u9e buck:eat />* 9  ord] to detect 
! add$ sub/ance4      ,buck:eat         
,/>*4--,! microscopic appe>ance (       
buck:eat />*  is %[n 9 ! accompany+     
figure4 ,! granules ( buck:eat />*  are 
v *>act]i/ic4 ,!y consi/ ( *a9s or gr\ps
 ( m or  less angul> granules ) a well  
def9$ nucleus1 & )\t r+s or  ) v fa9t   
r+s4 ,! cont\r ( buck:eat />* is m      
angul>  ?an t ( any o!r common c]eal )  
exception ( maize & rice1  & x is ?is & 
! relative size :i* enable ! obs]v] to  
di/+ui% x f o!r />*es4 ,! size ( !      

granules is q  uni=m1 v>y+ usually only 
f #aj to #ae microns#bc 9 diamet]4 ,9  s
 f> z ! angul> appe>ance is conc]n$ !   
granules ( buck:eat  />* h a g5]al      
resemblance to t ( maize & rice & oats1 
b a comp>ison "u ! microscope ( ! ?ree  
/>*es reveals  l9es ( di/9ction :i* ) a 
little practice w\ld prev5t !  obs]v] f 
draw+ a false conclusion4      #bc ,a   
micron is "o ?\s&? ( a millimet]4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,,buck:eat  
,,/>*4  #bjj4--7;,c\rtesy ( ,bureau  (  
,*emi/ry47      ,,indian ,,corn 7,zea   
mays74    ,next to :eat ! mo/ important 
c]eal us$ z a human food 9 !  ,unit$    
,/ates is ,indian corn4 ,accord+ to !   
magnitude ( ! crop1  ,indian corn is !  
lead+ c]eal ( ! c\ntry4 ,/ati/ical data 
on  ! production ( ,indian corn 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates dur+ #aijf are  giv5 9 !  
foll[+ table3      ,acreage1            
#if1gcg1eha    ,yield p] acre1          
#cj4c bu%els    ,production1            
#b1ibg1daf1jia         ,value p] bu%el1 
#ci4i c5ts    ,total value1             

#a1aff1fbf1dgi   doll>s      ,indian    
corn is univ]sally employ$ z food       
?r\gh\t all p>ts  ( ! c\ntry1 b m       
especially 9 ! ,s\?1 :]e ! daily  diet>y
 is r>ely complete )\t "o or m meals 9  
:i* ,indian  corn is s]v$ 9 "s =m or    
o!r4 ,al?\gh x is gr[n mu* m  ext5sively
 9 ! ,nor? ?an 9 ! ,s\?1 x is n s       
g5]ally us$  z human food4 ,indian corn 
gr[s 9 all k9ds ( soil & produces1  "u  
favorable conditions1 l>ge yields 9 all 
p>ts ( ! c\ntry4  ,x is ! mo/ important 
agricultural crop ( _m /ates1 namely1   
,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 ,miss\ri1 &   
,kansas4 ,x is plant$ 9 !  late w9t] &  
spr+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,!      
plant+  season v>ies f ,janu>y 9        
,florida to ,june 9 ,ma9e & ,m9nesota  &
 ! e>li] v>ieties w mature 9 #abj days4 
,maize is a crop :i* requires an        
abundance ( ra9fall & a high  temp]ature
 dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,maize is plant$ 9 
r[s ab\t  ?ree & "o-half feet ap>t & 9  
hills ( ab\t ! same di/ance  ap>t1 or x 
may be drill$ betwe5 ! r[s s t "o /alk  

gr[s  a di/ance ( ab\t f n9e in*es to a 
foot f its fell[s4 ,x  requires con/ant 
cultivation dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( its gr[?
 &  a c>eful prep>ation ( ! se$ b$4     
,good f>m]s give f f\r to  sev5         
cultivations to ! gr[+ crop4 ,! field   
mu/ be kept free (  we$s & 9 good til?  
to secure ! be/ results4    ,_m hundr$s 
( analyses ( ! maize k]nel h be5 made1 b
  a comb9ation ( !m all 9 ! foll[+ data 
may be reg>d$ z  typical ( ! ,indian    
corn gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry4      ,weight (  
#ajj k]nels1   #ch    grams    ,moi/ure1
                #aj4ge p]c5t    ,e!r    
extract1            #d4be               
,prote91                 #aj4jj         
,fib]1                    #a4ge         
,a%1                      #a4ej         
,/>* & sug>1 etc41  #ga4ge        ,!    
consid]ation ( ! above data %[s t       
,indian corn is a ration  9 :i* ! prote9
 is r l[4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ratio (       
prote9 to ! c>bohydrates & fat is r     
l>ge4 ,x is a food  product :i* is      
p>ticul>ly well suit$ to furni% heat &  

en]gy  & support a high degree ( muscul>
 ex]tion4 ,= ?is reason x is a  food    
product :i* is p>ticul>ly well adapt$ to
 m5 engag$ 9 h>d  manual labor4         
,v>ieties4--,!re are _m di/9ct v>ieties 
( ,indian corn4  ,/urtevant has publi%$ 
a description ( sev]al hundr$4 ,^!      
v>ieties are classifi$ "u v>i\s         
subspecies4 ,! polymorphic  species1    
,zea mays1 accord+ to ,/urtevant1 c be  
divid$ into a  numb] ( gr\ps :i*1 on    
acc\nt ( _! well def9$ & p]si/5t        
*>act]s1 may be consid]$ z pres5t+      
specific claims & may  prop]ly receive  
specific nom5clature4 ,! gr\p+ adopt$ is
 f\nd$  ^u ! int]nal /ructure ( ! k]nel 
= cultivat$ v>ieties1 &  ! pres5ce ( a  
husk to ! k]nel 9 ! assum$ aborig9al =m4
  ,h5ce ,/urtevant (f]s ! names ,zea    
tunicata = ! husk-k]nel  =ms1 ,zea ev]ta
 = ! popcorn1 ,zea indurata = ! fl9t    
corns1 ,zea ind5tata = ! d5t corns1 ,zea
 amylacea = ! s(t  corns1 & ,zea        
sac*>ata = ! sweet corns4               
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,section ,,(

 ,,raw ,,popcorn4  #aej4--7;,c\rtesy (  
,bureau ( ,*emi/ry47 ,%[s cells ) !     
small angul> />* gra9s  closely pack$   
toge!r )9 !m4    ,argum5t 9 favor ( !   
specific claims = ^! gr\ps is bas$      
prim>ily on ! conv5i5ce ?us atta9$2     
second>ily1 on ! abs5ce  or r>ity (     
int]m$iate or connect+ =ms1 s f> z      
pres5t data  ext5d1 & also on !         
antiquity ( ! sep>ation4 ,x seems almo/ 
c]ta9 t 9 ! ord] ( evolution 7exclud+ f 
consid]ation  ! puzzl+ sweet corn gr\p7 
progress has be5 f ! pops1 ?r\gh  !     
fl9ts & ! d5ts1 to ! s(ts4 ,c]ta9ly !   
s(t corns 9  "s ( _! v>ieties pres5t a  
k]nel t is l>g]1 s(t]1 &  less fitt$ to 
! /ruggle ) natural conditions ?an is ! 
k]nel  f any ( ! o!r gr\ps4 ,yet s(t    
corns are ! prevail+ =m 9  ! mummy      
burials ( ,p]u & ( our ,s\?we/]n /ates4 
,! popcorn1  on ! contr>y1 has /rong]   
reg]m9ative p[]s ?an h ! o!r  gr\ps1 is 
bett] fitt$ to cont5d aga9/ natural     
vicissitudes1 &  is ! k9d t has be5     
report$ z f\nd gr[+ wild 9 ,mexico  "u !

 "n ( ,coyote corn1 ,zea can9a ,watts4  
,"s ( ^! subdivisions may n be accept$  
by botani/s1 b !y  are conv5i5t =       
purposes ( description4 ,! pr9cipal     
field  v>ieties :i* are gr[n are ! fl9t 
corn1 ,zea indurata1 & !  d5t corn1 ,zea
 ind5tata4      ,,popcorn4    ,?is      
v>iety ( maize is us$ v l>gely 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates z  a delicacy1 & ) sug> & 
cream z a dess]t4 ,x is a h>d1          
small-gra9$ v>iety :i* has ! prop]ty1 :5
 heat$1 ( explod+  ) a v great enl>gem5t
 ( ! />* gra91 produc+ a s(t &  v       
delicate edible mat]ial :i* is highly   
priz$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#be4--,,section ,,( ,,popcorn ,,9 ,,fir/
 ,,/age ,,( ,,popp+1  ,,%[+ ,,p>tially  
,,exp&$ ,,/>* ,,gra9s ,,& ,,ruptur$     
,,cell ,,walls4   #aej4--7;,c\rtesy (   
,bureau ( ,*emi/ry47    ,9 ! raw popcorn
 ! />* gra9s are pack$ toge!r v closely 
)9 ! cells4 ,:5 popp+ beg9s !re is an   
exp&+ ( !  />* gra9s1 produc+ a cavity  
ne>ly circul> 9 =m 9 ea*  gra94 ,?is    
causes a ruptur+ ( ! cell walls1 ?\gh   

fragm5ts  are pla9ly visible 9 ! e>ly   
/ages4 ,9 ! fully exp&$ or  popp$ k]nel 
! />* gra9s h exp&$ until ea* is ab\t   
half or two-?irds z l>ge z ! orig9al    
cells ( ! endosp]m4  ,! cell walls 9 ?is
 /age are practically oblit]at$ z f> z  
detect+ 9 a section is conc]n$4 ,!      
explod+ ( ! />*  gra9s is influ5c$ by ! 
wat] cont5t ( ! k]nel4 ,x mu/ n  be too 
wet nor too dry2 ab\t #aj or #ab p]c5t  
is ! prop] cont5t  ( moi/ure4 ,^! *anges
 are beautifully %[n 9 ! accompany+     
microphotographs1 ,figs4 #bd1 #be1 &    
#bf1 by ,mr4 ,h[>d1 ( ! ,bureau (       
,*emi/ry4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#bf4--,,section ,,( ,,fully ,,popp$     
,,popcorn4   #aej4--7;,c\rtesy ( ,bureau
 ( ,*emi/ry47 ,! fully exp&$ />*  gra9s 
are ne>ly half z l>ge z ! orig9al cells 
9 :i* !y  7 conta9$4      ,,sweet       
,,corn4    ,?is is a v>iety ( maize :i* 
develops a high sug> cont5t &  is eat5  
:ile ! />* is yet s(t1 9 o!r words1 9 an
 unripe  /ate4 ,x is a food product (   
imm5se importance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1    

al?\gh almo/ unkn[n 9 ,europe4 ,! cont5t
 ( sug> v>ies f  #e to #h p]c5t 9 !     
fre%1 s(t k]nel4 ,! sug> :i* is pres5t  
9 ! k]nel rapidly disappe>s aft] ! husk+
 or removal f  ! /alk4 ,9 ord] to secure
 ! maximum sweetness ! corn %\ld  be    
cook$ & eat5 z soon z possible aft]     
removal f ! /alk4  ,:]e x is n possible 
to d ?is x %\ld be plac$ 9 cold /orage  
aft] removal f ! /alk & rema9 unhusk$   
until x is ready =  cook+4 ,gre5 corn is
 univ]sally eat5 hot4 ,x is usually     
cook$ by  boil+ 9 wat]1 al?\gh x may    
also be roa/$ be=e ! fire4 ,x  has a    
high food value1 & ! composition ( !    
gra9s ( fre%1  s(t1 gre5 corn is %[n 9 !
 foll[+ table3      ,composition ( ,fre%
 ,gre5 ,indian ,corn3      ,moi/ure1    
#gc4jj p]c5t    ,/>*1       #ac4ej      
,sug>s1        #f4jj        ,prote91    
#e4jj        ,crude fib]1   #a4bj       
,a%1            4#gj        ,fat1       
4#fj          ,maize ,prote9s4--,!      
prote9s ( maize are compos$ pr9cipally (
  two ze9s4 ,! two =ms are diff]5tiat$  

by _! behavior t[>d  alcohol4 ,! fir/ =m
 con/itutes ! ze9 soluble 9 alcohol &  !
 second ! ze9 insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,!re 
are two o!r prote9s  9 maize exi/+ 9    
small quantities :i* h be5 nam$ myos9 & 
vitell91 respectively4 ,!re is also a   
?ird unnam$ v>iety & small  quantities (
 album94      ,v>iation 9 ,maize1 "u    
,diff]5t ,climatic ,conditions4--,x  is 
possible t mo/ ( ! v>ieties &           
subv>ieties ( maize  are simply ! exi/+ 
/&>d v>ieties modifi$ by *ang+          
environm5ts4 ,!re are c]ta9 conditions (
 climate1 soil1 &  di/ribution ( ra9fall
 :i* t5d to produce a l>ge1 />*y1 s(t   
gra91 :ile o!r conditions t5d to produce
 a small1 h>d gra9  ri*] 9 prote94 ,!   
v>iations ( importance are ^? ( !       
c>bohydrates & ! prote91 :i* are        
complem5t>y1 s9ce z !  prote9 rises !   
c>bohydrates fall 9 relative proportion4
 ,!re  is also a m>k$ v>iation 9 !      
c>bohydrates1 due to v>iety &  climatic 
conditions comb9$4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 !  
increase ( !  sug> at ! exp5se ( ! />* t

 produces ! body kn[n z  sweet maize    
eat5 9 ! gre5 /ate1 z already describ$4 
,ev5 9  ! sweet v>iety ! relative       
proportion ( sug> v>ies 9 diff]5t       
localities & "u diff]5t conditions (    
gr[?4      ,e>ly ,v>ieties4--,!re are   
c]ta9 v>ieties ( maize :i* are  (       
especial value on acc\nt ( _! e>ly      
maturation4 ,?is is a  prop]ty extremely
 valuable 9 ! sweet v>iety ( maize or t 
eat5 9 ! gre5 /ate1 s9ce x is important 
to get ^! v>ieties  into ! m>ket z e>ly 
z possible & to cont9ue !m z long z     
possible4 ,?is is secur$ by plant+ !    
e>ly v>iety at z e>ly  date z possible &
 plant+ lat] matur+ v>ieties at int]vals
  !reaft]4 ,by ! selection ( v>ieties ( 
diff]5t p]iods (  matur+ x is possible 9
 ! climate ( ,wa%+ton to (f] gre5  corn 
f neighbor+ fields on ! m>ket f ,july   
until ! adv5t  ( a kill+ fro/ :i* is    
usually ! la/ ( ,octob] or fir/ (       
,novemb]4 ,?is gives a p]iod ( ne>ly f\r
 mon?s dur+ :i* !  gre5 corn may be     
deliv]$ to ! local m>ket4 ,fur!r s\? !  

p]iod ( supply is long]4      ,cann$    
,corn4--,imm5se quantities ( gre5 corn  
are gr[n = !  purpose ( cann+ 9 ord] to 
supply ! m>ket dur+ ! clos$  season4 ,! 
cann+ indu/ry = gre5 corn is locat$     
*iefly 9 !  nor?4 ,9 ! ea/]n /ates !    
indu/ry is ( great importance1 f  ,m>yl&
 to ,ma9e4 ,! nor!rn-gr[n corns are (t5 
pref]r$ z  !y are suppos$ to be sweet] &
 m palatable4 ,9 ! c5tral  we/]n /ates1 
nor!rn ,indiana1 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91   
nor!rn  ,ill9ois1 & ,i[a are ! pr9cipal 
c5t]s ( ! cann+ indu/ry1  al?\gh x is   
practis$ to a great] or less ext5t 9    
almo/ all  p>ts ( ! c\ntry4             
,adult]ations ( ,cann$                  
,corn4--,un=tunately 9 ! cann+ process  
( corn additions h be5 made to ! product
 :i* are ( an  objectionable nature4    
,*ief among ^! is ! use ( blea*+ ag5ts  
su* z sulfur 9 ! =m ( burnt sulfur or ( 
sulfite or bisulfite  ( soda or pota%4  
,^! blea*+ ag5ts imp>t to ! corn a :ite 
color :i* "s consum]s pref]1 b at !     
exp5se ( introduc+  a sub/ance :i* mu/  

be reg>d$ z delet]i\s to heal?4 ,/ill  m
 objectionable is ! practice ( us+      
sac*>9 in/ead ( sug>  z a sweet5+ ag5t4 
,sac*>9 is a coal t> product :i* has an 
int5se1 sweet ta/e1 v p]si/5t1 & :5 us$ 
alone becomes  disagreeable4 ,a v small 
quantity ( x is suffici5t to imp>t  a v 
sweet ta/e to ! cann$ corn at a mu* less
 exp5se ?an  c\ld be secur$ by us+ !    
pure sug>4 ,?is =m ( adult]ation  is    
extremely repreh5sible bo? because x    
deceives ! consum] &  adds a sub/ance   
:i* by mo/ hygi5i/s is reg>d$ z         
prejudicial  to heal?4 ,! blea*+ ag5t & 
! artificial sweet5] are :olly          
unnecess>y4 ,! manufactur]s ( sweet corn
 are expect$ to use !  be/ & fre%e/ &   
sweete/ mat]ials & _c be excus$ =       
tamp]+ ) !m 9 any way :i* ei!r produces 
deception or  injury to heal?4    ,sug> 
add$ to make an ord9>y corn ta/e l sweet
 corn is to be  reg>d$ z an adult]ation 
unless its use is not$ on ! label4      
,maize />* is also (t5 add$ to sweet    
corn at ! "t ( cann+  & ?is practice c  

only be reg>d$ z an adult]ation4        
,detection ( ,adult]ations 9 ,sweet     
,corn4--,te/ = ,sulfur\s  ,acid4--,to   
ab\t #be grams ( ! sample 7) ! addition 
( wat]1 if  necess>y7 plac$ 9 a         
#bjj-;c4c4 ,erl5mey] flask1 add "s pure 
z9c  & sev]al cubic c5timet]s (         
hydro*loric acid4 ,9 ! pres5ce  (       
sulfites1 hydrog5 sulfid w be g5]at$ &  
may be te/$  = ) lead pap]4 ,traces (   
metallic sulfids are occasionally       
pres5t 9 vegetables1 & by ! above te/ w 
indicate sulfites4  ,h5ce positive      
results obta9$ by ?is me?od %\ld be     
v]ifi$  by ! di/illation me?od4#bd ,x is
 always advisable to make !             
quantitative det]m9ation ( sulfites1 ow+
 to ! dang] t !  te/ may be due to      
traces ( sulfids4 ,a trace is n to be   
consid]$  suffici5t z indicat+ ei!r a   
blea*+ ag5t or a pres]vative4      #bd  
,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1
 ,circul> ,no4 #bh1 pp4 #aa-ab4         
,detection ( ,sac*>94#be--;,add f #be to
 #dj c4c4 ( wat] to ab\t  #bj grams ( ! 

sample2 mac]ate & /ra9 ?r\gh musl92     
acidify  ) #b c4c4 ( sulfuric acid 7#a  
to #c7 & extract ) e!r4 ,sep>ate  ! e!r 
lay]1 all[ ! e!r to evaporate           
spontane\sly1 & take  up ! residue )    
wat]4 ,if sac*>9 be pres5t its pres5ce w
  be indicat$ by ! sweet ta/e imp>t$ to 
! wat]4 ,to confirm ?is  te/ add f "o to
 two grams ( sodium hydroxid1 & place ! 
di%  9 an oil ba?4 ,ma9ta9 ! temp]ature 
( ! oil at #bej ,c4 = #bj  m9utes1 :5 ! 
sac*>9 w be conv]t$ into salicylic acid4
  ,aft] cool+ & acidify+ ) sulfuric     
acid1 extract 9 ! usual  way & te/ =    
salicylic acid4 ,?is te/1 ( c\rse1      
presupposes !  abs5ce ( salicylic acid 9
 ! orig9al sample4 ,if salicylic acid is
  pres5t 9 ! orig9al sample x mu/ be    
remov$ be=e mak+ !  te/ = sac*>94       
#be ,ibid41 ,bul4 #fe1 p4 #ea4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,,indian    
,,corn ,,/>*4  #bjj4--7;,bureau (       
,*emi/ry47      ,/>* ( ,indian          
,corn4--,maize />* has *>act]i/ics :i*  
enable  x to be easily detect$ by !     

microscope4 ,! granules ( ?is  />* are (
 a m uni=m size ?an ^? ( :eat & v>y f   
#bj to #cj microns 9 diamet]4           
,occasionally v mu* small] granules     
occur :i* probably are m ( ! orig9al    
size & :i* h  be5 arre/$ 9 gr[? by !    
rip5+ ( ! gra94 ,! granules (  maize />*
 are m or less polyh$ral 9 =m ) r\nd    
angles4  ,! only common c]eal />* :i* !y
 c be mi/ak5 = is rice1  b !y are       
g5]ally l>g] ?an ! granules ( rice4 ,"u 
!  microscope ) ord9>y light !y give    
only ! fa9te/ sign (  r+s b %[ 9 mo/    
cases a well develop$ hilum1 :i* is at  
times  />-%ap$ or l an irregul> cross1  
:ile at o!r times x has  ! appe>ance ( a
 circul> depression4 ,! maize />*       
granul> is  a type ( ! angul>1 z ! :eat 
is ( ! sph]e or sph]oid =m4  ,!         
*>act]i/ic appe>ance ( maize />* k]nels 
is %[n 9 !  accompany+ ,fig4 #bg4 ,view$
 ) pol>iz$ light ! />* gra9s  ( ,indian 
corn pres5t deep1 well m>k$ crosses1 :i*
 divide ea*  gra9 into f\r di/9ct p>ts z
 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,x is int]e/+  to note

 t ! angul>ity ( maize />* is greatly   
influ5c$ by  ! h>dness ( ! k]nels f :i* 
! gra9s are tak54 ,! h>d  v>ieties1 su* 
z popcorn1 h v angul> gra9s :ile ^? f   
s(t v>ieties h a great _m almo/ sph]ical
 =ms4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4           
#bh4--,,/>* ,,gra9s ,,( ,,indian ,,corn1
 ,,"u ,,pol>iz$  ,,light4               
#bjj4--7;,c\rtesy ( ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry47
      ,maize ,fl\r 7,corn               
,meal74--,=m]ly ! maize k]nel 0 gr\nd   
betwe5 /ones1 bolt$ to remove ! bran1 & 
! maize fl\r or  corn meal ?us produc$  
us$ directly z a human food4 ,mod]n     
mill+  op]ations h *ang$ ! me?od (      
produc+ maize fl\r s t n  only is ! out]
 bran remov$ b also1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ! 
g]m  itself1 ?us dim9i%+ ! quantity (   
fat 9 ! prep>$ meal4 ,?is  is notably   
true ( ! maize fl\r :i* is prep>$ =     
exportation4  ,leav+ 9 ! fl\r su* a l>ge
 quantity ( fat t5ds to produce         
rancidity dur+ %ipm5t4 ,to avoid any    
*ange ( a delet]i\s nature  :i* ! fl\r  
may und]go dur+ %ipm5t1 x is also       

frequ5tly  kiln-dri$ be=e be+ s5t to    
=eign %ores & ev5 :5 int5d$  = dome/ic  
consumption at po9ts remote f ! mill4   
,:ile ?is prep>ation ( maize fl\r is    
d\btless important =  transportation    
purposes1 x impairs ! palatability &    
nutritive  value ( ! product4 ,x is     
advisable to cont9ue to h ! maize  fl\r 
prep>$ 9 ! old-fa%ion$ way & s5t        
directly into  consumption4      ,me?od 
( ,prep>ation4--,"o me?od ( prep>+ !    
maize fl\r is z  foll[s3 ,! gra9s are   
brok5 into l>ge pieces & dri$ ) /eam    
heat at a temp]ature ( f #aje to #aaj   
,c4 7#bba-bci ,f474 ,! mass  :ile /ill  
hot passes into a mill compos$ ( two    
/ones :i* revolve  rapidly 9 opposite   
directions4 ,! small] portions ( ! meal1
  :i* h be5 r$uc$ to a k9d ( gum by !   
high temp]ature1 are  sep>at$ by ?is    
process f ! cov]+ or ! bran ( ! k]nel4  
,a small mass ( ! />*y matt] leaves !   
mill 9 ! =m ( small  noodles1 :i* are   
fre$ f any p>ticles ( bran by sift+4 ,9 
?is  mann] a mass is obta9$ :i* is q    

free f fib] & fat4    ,! composition (  
maize meal prep>$ by ! above process is 
z  foll[s3      ,moi/ure1               
#i4gj p]c5t    ,prote91                 
#ab4fh        ,e!r extract1             
#a4ai        ,a%1                       
4#fj        ,fib]1                      
4#ce        ,/>*1 sug>1 & dextr91       
#ga4dh        ,?is me?od ( prep>+ maize 
meal is n us$ to any ext5t 9 ?is        
c\ntry1 b is said to be commonly employ$
 9 ,g]many4      ,composition ( ,maize  
,fl\r4--,! color ( maize fl\r dep5ds ^u 
! color ( ! corn f :i* x is produc$1--x 
may be :ite or  yell[4 ,! />* granules  
:5 heat$ 9 wat] to #fb4e ,c4 swell up  &
 become de=m$1 except a few1 usually !  
small ones1 :i* resi/  ! action ( wat]  
at t temp]ature4 ,! />* granules ( maize
  fl\r "u pol>iz$ light pres5t a black  
cross1 v m>k$ & v  di/9ct :5 ! field is 
obscur$4 ,:5 view$ "u pol>iz$ light  ) a
 sel5ite plate ! />* gra9s ( maize are  
color$ r$ ) a  gre5 cross or            
reciprocally1 & ?is coloration is v     

brilliant4    ,z has already be5 said1 !
 composition ( ,indian corn meal made by
  ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( gr9d+ & remov+  
only ! bran is  practically t ( ! :ole  
gra9 itself4    ,! composition (        
deg]m9at$ maize meal 7,indian corn fl\r7
 is %[n  by ! foll[+ av]age data3       
,moi/ure1                               
#ab4eg p]c5t    ,prote91                
#g4ac        ,e!r extract1              
#a4cc        ,a%1                       
4#fa        ,fib]1                      
4#hg        ,/>* & sug>1                
#gh4cf        ,calories calculat$ on !  
moi/ meal1  #c1hcg    ,! above data %[ t
 ! ref9$ ,indian corn meal has lo/ m    
?an ?ree-f\r?s ( its fat1 a l>ge portion
 ( its m9]al matt]1  & also a v         
consid]able proportion ( its prote91 due
 to !  sep>ation ( ! bran :i* is        
extremely ri* 9 prote9 & ! g]m  :i* is  
ri* bo? 9 oil & prote94 ,a m]e glance at
 ! data %[s  t ?is ref9$ ,indian corn   
meal is mu* less nutriti\s ?an !        
natural meal 9 s f> z its cont5t (      

tissue-=m+ bodies & its  faculty to     
furni% heat & en]gy are conc]n$4 ,9 o!r 
words1 !  calories are v mu* l[] ?an 9 !
 natural corn meal4 ,?is is  ano!r      
reason = urg+ our p to return to !      
consumption (  ! old-fa%ion$ mat]ial4   
,! ,adult]ation ( ,indian ,corn         
,meal4--,ow+ to ! *eapness (  ,indian   
corn 9 s f> z is kn[n !re is no         
adult]ation practic$4  ,! ref9$ ,indian 
corn fl\r itself is sometimes us$ z an  
adult]ation = buck:eat fl\r1 :eat fl\r1 
& o!r c]eal fl\rs1  b has n itself be5  
subject$ to adult]ation4      ,corn     
,bread 7,indian ,corn ,bread74--,corn   
bread is a v common diet  among all     
classes ( p 9 ! s\!rn /ates & also to a 
consid]able ext5t 9 ! nor?4    ,ow+ to !
 lack ( agglut9at+ p[]s ( ! nitrog5\s   
con/itu5ts ( ,indian corn fl\r1 corn    
bread _c be a]at$ or  rais$1 z is ! case
 ) :eat bread4 ,x is (t5 eat5 9 an      
unleav5$ /ate4 ,x may be p>tially leav5$
 by ! usual ag5t1  namely1 yea/ or a    
*emical bak+ p[d]4 ,two v>ieties ( bread

 are  v commonly us$1 namely1 t made (  
:ite fl\r or meal & t  made ( yell[4    
,!re is app>5tly no diff]5ce 9 !        
nutritive  values ( ^! two k9ds4 ,"s    
consum]s pref] ! :ite loaf &  "s !      
yell[4      ,composition ( ,indian ,corn
 ,bread4--,! composition ( bread dep5ds 
^u :e!r ! :ole gra9 fl\r is us$ f :i*   
only ! co>se  bran has be5 remov$ by    
bolt+ or :e!r ! decorticat$ &  deg]m9at$
 meal is us$4 ,9 ! fir/ case bread is   
made ri*] 9  fat & prote9 & 9 ! second  
case ri*] 9 />*4 ,9 ! bread  w also be  
f\nd ! mat]ials us$ 9 its prep>ation1   
namely1  salt1 l>d or o!r fats1 milk1   
yea/1 or bak+ p[d] residues4 ,!  be/    
bread is made f ! fre%ly gr\nd fl\r ( ! 
:ole gra9  f :i* only ! out] cov]+1     
namely1 ! co>se bran has be5  remov$4 ,z
 (f]$ at _m ( our hotels & "s private   
h\ses1  corn bread has be5 s manipulat$ 
z to lose a l>ge "p ( its  palatability1
 )\t any comp5sat+ improvem5t ( its     
nutritive  prop]ties4      ,,oats       
7,,g5us ,av5a74    ,?is c]eal is an     

important food product1 be+ us$ v l>gely
 9  ,europe1 especially 9 ,scotl&1 &    
also v ext5sively 9 ?is  c\ntry z human 
food4 ,! *ief use ( oats is = cattle    
food1  especially = horses4 ,x is       
extraord9>ily ri* 9 its nutritive       
con/itu5ts &1 !re=e1 is priz$ highly z a
 food 9 ! build+  & re/oration ( nitrog5
 tissues1 su* z ! muscles4 ,! v>iety  9 
common cultivation is ,av5a sativa ,l4  
,oats are gr[n 9 almo/ e "p ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 b *iefly  9 ! nor!rn & we/]n    
portions4 ,9 ! s\!rn /ates ! crop  is   
plant$ 9 ! late autumn or e>ly w9t]4 ,9 
! nor!rn /ates  x is *iefly a spr+ crop1
 be+ s[n e>ly 9 ! spr+ z soon z  ! gr\nd
 is 9 fair condition4 ,! oat crop is "o 
:i* requires a  r abundant &            
well-di/ribut$ ra9fall4 ,a spr+ dr\ght  
is v  detrim5tal to ! gr[? ( oats1 mu* m
 s ?an :eat or rye4 ,x  is a crop :i* is
 well suit$ to be gr[n "u irrigation4   
,!re are _m v>ieties ( oats 9           
cultivation1 b 9 g5]al  *>act]i/ics !y  
all correspond to "o description4 ,!    

husk  adh]es firmly to ! gra91 & :5     
?re%$ ! gra9 ( a common  v>iety ( oat   
c>ries ! fir/ lay] ( husk or *aff ) x4  
,oats1  z b\ght 9 ! m>ket1 !re=e1 consi/
 n only ( ! k]nel or  gra9 b also ( ?is 
out]1 *affy envelope4 ,! magnitude ( !  
crop 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is v great1 b    
only an inconsid]able  proportion ( !   
:ole is us$ = human food1 & ?is *iefly 9
  "s =m ( oatmeal4 ,! /ati/ics ( ! crop 
gr[n 9 ! ,unit$  ,/ates dur+ #aijf are  
giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3      ,acreage1   
#cj1ieh1gfh    ,yield p] acre1 bu%els1  
#ca4b    ,total yield1 bu%els1          
#ifd1ijd1ebb    ,price p] bu%el1 c5ts1  
#ca4g    ,total value at f>m1           
#cjf1bib1igh      ,ratio ( ,k]nel to    
,hull4--,num]\s exam9ations ( unhull$   
oats %[  t ! av]age p]c5tage ( k]nel to 
hull = #ajj p>ts is z #gc to  #bg4 ,9 ! 
oats gr[n 9 ! we/]n /ates ! proportion (
 k]nel is  relatively high] & 9 ! s\!rn 
/ates l[]4    ,9 ! analytical process if
 ! hull or *aff is gr\nd ) !  gra9 !    
proportion ( fib] or crude cellulose is 

v consid]ably  high] ?an 9 ! class (    
c]eals gr\nd )\t ! *aff4 ,!  mean       
composition ( unhull$ k]nels ( oats (   
,am]ican gr[? is  repres5t$ by ! foll[+ 
table3      ,weight ( #ajj unhull$      
gra9s1  #b4ib grams    ,moi/ure1        
#aj4jf p]c5t    ,prote91                
#ab4ae        ,e!r extract1             
#d4cc        ,crude fib]1               
#ab4jg        ,a%1                      
#c4df        ,/>* & sug>1               
#eg4ic        ,a /udy ( ! above data %[s
 t ! fl\r ( unhull$ oats is ri*  9 fat1 
fib]1 & a%4 ,! l>ge p]c5tage ( fib] & a%
 is due to  a great degree to !         
composition ( ! hulls or *aff4 ,! fat or
  oil comes *iefly f ! g]m4             
,composition ( ,hull$ ,oats4--,inasmu* z
 ! *aff is always  sep>at$ f ! oat fl\r 
:5 ! latt] is to be us$ = human  food1 !
 composition ( ! oat 9 ! hull$ /ate is (
 great]  importance to ! pres5t purpose 
?an 9 ! unhull$ condition4  ,! means (  
#agi analyses %[ ! hull$ oats to h !    
foll[+  compositions3      ,moi/ure1    

#f4ic p]c5t    ,prote91           #ad4ca
        ,e!r extract1      #h4ad        
,crude fib]1        #a4ch        ,a%1   
#b4ae        ,/>* & sug>1  #fg4ji       
,! removal ( ! hulls1 z is se51 & !     
p>tially dri$ condition  ( ! gra9 9 !   
above analysis increases ! p]c5tage (   
o!r  +r$i5ts4 ,! prote9 & fat are       
especially l>ge 9 quantity4  ,oatmeals  
may be reg>d$ z ! ri*e/ ( ! c]eal fl\rs1
 bo? 9  prote9 & 9 oil4      ,! ,prote9 
( ,oat ,k]nels4--,!re are ?ree pr9cipal 
products 9  ! oat k]nels *>act]iz$ by _!
 diff]5t degrees ( solubility1  namely1 
prote9 soluble 9 alcohol1 prote9 soluble
 9 dilute salt  solution1 & prote9      
soluble 9 alkali4 ,! prote9 soluble 9   
alcohol  con/itutes ab\t #a4be p]c5t ( !
 :ole gra91 ! prote9 soluble  9 dilute  
salt solution ab\t #a4e p]c5t1 & !      
prote9 soluble 9  alkali ! rema9d]1     
viz41 #aa4be p]c5t4 ,! prote9 ( oats has
 v  little agglut9at+ p[] &1 !re=e1 oat 
fl\r is n suitable  = mak+ bread1 or r x
 is v little us$ = t purpose4      ,oat 

,products4--,z has be5 intimat$ be=e1 ! 
pr9cipal oat  products1 z f> z food is  
conc]n$1 are ! v>i\s =ms ( oatmeal      
commonly class$ z breakfa/ foods4 ,^!   
products are prep>$ 9  v>i\s =ms (      
agglut9ation & physical texture b if    
made f  g5u9e oats1 z !re is little     
cause = d\bt1 !y h ess5tially  ! same   
composition & nutritive p[]4 ,x is      
d\btful if !re is  any prep>ation (     
oatmeal any m nutriti\s or palatable ?an
 !  pla9 oat gra9 prop]ly cook$4 ,! =ms 
9 :i* ! oat products  are (f]$ to !     
public are p]haps m conv5i5t = use & 9  
"s cases by reason ( heat+ & prep>ation 
require less tr\ble1  b o!rwise !y      
app>5tly h no advantage ov] ! simple    
product4    ,! mean composition ( a     
numb] ( oat fl\r products is %[n 9 !    
foll[+ table3      ,moi/ure1            
#g4ff p]c5t    ,prote91           #ae4dh
        ,e!r extract1      #g4df        
,crude fib]1        #a4bj        ,a%1   
#a4bi        ,/>* & sug>1  #fg4fa       
,9 ! dry sub/ance3      ,prote91        

#af4gg p]c5t    ,e!r extract1           
#h4jh        ,crude fib]1               
#a4ch        ,a%1                       
#a4id        ,/>* & sug>1     #gc4bj    
,calories1          #d1hge    ,x is     
evid5t f ! above av]age analysis t !    
products  exam9$ are made f ! :ole k]nel
 )\t ! removal ( ! g]m  b ) a v c>eful  
removal ( ! hull & bran4 ,! composition 
( ^! products comp>es v favorably ) !   
typical composition  ( ! k]nel itself4  
,^! data %[ ! high nutritive value ( ^! 
oat products1 bo? 9 respect ( fat &     
prote94    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#bi4--,,oat ,,/>*4  #bjj4--7;,c\rtesy ( 
,bureau (  ,*emi/ry47                   
,adult]ations4--,!re are v few          
adult]ations ( oatmeal4  ,=tunately !   
price ( ?is c]eal is su* t ! admixture (
  o!r c]eals w\ld n be pr(itable4       
,d\btless su* admixtures h  (t5 be5 made
 b evid5tly1 f ! exam9ation ( ! products
  ^u ! op5 m>ket1 !y are n v frequ5t4 ,!
 *>act]i/ic  appe>ance ( oat />* is %[n 
9 ,fig4 #bi4    ,oat />* gra9s av]age   

ab\t #aj microns 9 diamet]4 ,!re are    
usually pres5t "s gra9s ( some:at oval  
%ape1 :i* assi/ 9  id5tify+ oat products
 :5 pres5t4 ,! />* granules also h  a   
t5d5cy to agglut9ate into masses ( v>y+ 
size1 z %[n 9 !  photograph4            
,detection ( ,adult]ations4--,!         
adult]ation ( oatmeal ) !  fl\r ( o!r   
c]eals c easily be detect$ by ! use ( ! 
microscope4 ,oat />* :5 highly magnifi$ 
pres5ts a peculi>  cellul> /ructure (   
p5tagonal "* :i* might be comp>$  to !  
effect produc$ by gr9d+ a l>ge numb] (  
faces ^u a  preci\s /one4 ,?is peculi>  
appe>ance is caus$ by ! t5d5cy (  ! />* 
granules 9 oats to become compact$ 9    
l>ge masses4 ,!  appe>ance ( ! sep>ate  
granules & also ! compact aggregate  are
 %[n 9 ! figure on ! prec$+ page4 ,!    
l>ge aggregat$  masses are ( diff]5t    
sizes1 rang+ f 4#jb to #a4b millimet]s 9
  l5g?4 ,^! masses are usually brok5 up 
by gr9d+ or pressure &1  !re=e1 are n   
f\nd 9 v great abundance 9 ! comm]cial  
oatmeal4 ,:5 sep>at$ into s+le granules 

^! are f\nd to be  irregul> 9 outl9e1   
due to ! compression to :i* !y h be5    
subject$1 m or less p5tagonal 9         
/ructure1 & f 4#jae to 4#jb  millimet] 9
 diamet]4 ,! />* granules d n %[ any v  
m>k$  *>act]i/ics "u pol>iz$ light & h  
nei!r l9es nor hilum4  ,! above /atem5ts
 c easily be v]ifi$ by any "o :o c      
op]ate  an ord9>y microscope1 b be=e    
attempt+ to detect adult]ation a  c>eful
 exam9ation ( />* granules1 prep>$ by ! 
inve/igator  himself1 %\ld be made4     
,,rice 7,oryza sativa74    ,rice is "o (
 ! mo/ important food c]eals4 ,x        
furni%es a l>ge  "p ( ! food ( !        
inhabitants ( ,*9a & ,japan4 ,x is a    
food  ri* 9 />* & poor 9 prote91 &      
furni%es1 !re=e1 heat &  en]gy1 & is    
well adapt$ = ! n\ri%m5t ( ^? engag$ 9  
h>d labor or :o und]go extreme physical 
ex]tion4 ,! cultivation (  rice is      
rapidly ext5d+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1       
especially 9 ,l\isiana  & ,texas4 ,!    
/ati/ical data relat+ to ! rice crop =  
#aijf are  z foll[s3      ,acreage1     

#ege1jad   acres    ,production1        
#ag1hed1gfh   bu%els    ,yield p] acre1 
#ca4a       ,price p] bu%el1            
#ij4c c5ts    ,total value1             
#af1aba1bih   doll>s    ,! adult]ation (
 rice is conf9$ to coat+ x ) talc1      
p>aff91 & glucose4 ,! object ( ?is      
treatm5t is to give a  bett] appe>ance  
to ! gra9 & to protect x f ! ravages (  
insects4 ,! use ( indige/ible sub/ances 
su* z talc & p>aff9  is sc>cely         
ju/ifiable4 ,! />* granules ( rice h    
di/9ctive  prop]ties :i* enable !m to be
 readily recogniz$ "u !  microscope1 z  
%[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4    ,! rice />* gra9s   
are polygonal 9 =m & h %>p angles4  ,!  
gra9s v>y 9 size f #b to #aj microns1   
?\gh ! latt] size  is seldom rea*$1 !   
mo/ ( ! gra9s be+ ab\t #f microns4 ,!   
hilum is seldom visible4 ,! gra9s occur 
9 ! rice k]nels mo/ly 9  gr\ps ( a      
consid]able numb] ( ! individual gra9s  
=m+ />*  masses ( ovoid or angul> =m4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,rice ,,/>*4
  #bjj4--7;,c\rtesy ( ,bureau (         

,*emi/ry47      ,,rye4    ,?is is !     
s\rce ( ! pr9cipal supply ( bread 9 _m  
,european  c\ntries1 b is n ext5sively  
us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates except  among our 
citiz5s ( =eign bir?4 ,x is also        
ext5sively us$ =  mak+ :isky4 ,rye      
belongs to ! g5us ,secale4 ,only "o     
species  7,secale c]eale ,l47 is        
commonly cultivat$1 b ?is species has  a
 great _m diff]5t v>ieties or races4    
,accord+ to ! "t (  s[+ !re are two     
great classes ( rye1 namely1 t plant$ 9 
!  autumn or e>ly w9t] & t plant$ 9 !   
e>ly spr+1 g5]ally  kn[n respectively z 
w9t] & spr+ rye4 ,?is is "o ( !  h>die/ 
( c]eals1 & gr[s well 9 all locations   
:]e :eat &  o!r common c]eals fl\ri%4 ,!
 area plant$ 9 rye 9 ! ,unit$  ,/ates 9 
#aijf & ! quantity h>ve/$ are giv5 9 !  
foll[+  table3      ,acreage1           
#b1jja1ijd    ,yield p] acre1           
#af4g bu%els    ,production1            
#cc1cgd1hcc         ,price p] bu%el1    
#eh4i c5ts    ,total value1             
#ai1fga1bdc   doll>s      ,composition (

 ,rye4--,f a /udy ( _m hundr$s (        
analyses ( rye  ( ,am]ican orig9 !      
foll[+ table may be giv5 z approximat+  
! composition ( a typical ,am]ican rye3 
,weight ( #ajj k]nels1   #b4ej grams    
,moi/ure1               #aj4ej p]c5t    
,e!r extract1           #a4ej           
,prote91                #ab4be          
,fib]1                   #b4aj          
,/>* & sug>1       #ga4ge        ,a%1   
#a4ij        ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#ca4--,,rye ,,/>*4  #bjj4--7;,c\rtesy ( 
,bureau (  ,*emi/ry47    ,! p]c5tage (  
moi/ure 9 ,am]ican gr[n rye is usually  
less ?an  t ( ,european orig94 ,!       
,am]ican rye1 also1 has small] k]nels  z
 a rule ?an t ( =eign gr[?4 ,9 ! cont5t 
( prote9 !  ,am]ican samples ( rye are  
fully equival5t to ^? ( =eign  orig91 & 
9 _! mean composition1 except z not$    
above1 d n  diff] greatly f t ( /&>d    
v>ieties collect$ abroad4      ,prote9 (
 ,rye4--,z is ! case ) o!r c]eals m ?an 
"o  nitrog5\s con/itu5t exi/s 9 ! rye4  
,?ree ( ! pr9cipal  ones h be5 sep>at$ &

 nam$ z foll[s3 leucos91 gliad91  &     
ede/94 ,o!r prote9s belong+ to !        
globul91 album91 &  proteose family are 
also f\nd 9 small proportions4 ,! gliad9
 (  rye resembles 9 its *emical &       
physical prop]ties ! gliad9 (  :eat4    
,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ! rye no prote9       
comp\nd correspond+  to ! glut59 ( :eat1
 &1 !re=e1 rye fl\r does n =m a  glut5  
simil> 9 quality to t ( :eat1 al?\gh x  
comes m  ne>ly do+ s ?an any o!r c]eal4 
,! gliad9 ( rye is soluble 9  alcohol1 !
 leucos9 ( rye is soluble 9 wat]1 & !   
ede/9 is  soluble 9 a salt solution4    
,9 a typical sample ( ,am]ican rye !re w
 be f\nd ab\t #e4af  p]c5t ( gliad91    
#b4bg p]c5t ( ede/9 & proteose1 #j4ee   
p]c5t  ( leucos91 & #c4ad p]c5t ( prote9
 soluble 9 salt solution4               
,adult]ation ( ,rye ,fl\r4--,rye fl\r is
 frequ5tly adult]at$  by ! admixture (  
fl\rs ( o!r c]eals4 ,real rye fl\r is   
di/+ui%$ by ! "* ( ! />* granules1 z %[n
 9 ,fig4  #ca4    ,rye />* gra9s are    
l5ticul> 9 =m1 & ! l>ge/ gra9s are  (   

ab\t #ej microns diamet]4 ,!y av]age    
some:at l>g] ?an :eat  />* gra9s & are  
*>act]iz$ by _m ( ! l>ge gra9s hav+  a  
fissure 9 ! =m ( a slit1 cross1 or />1  
:i* is r>e 9 :eat  & b>ley4 ,! r+s &    
hilum are indi/9ctly se5 9 "s ( !       
gra9s4      ,rye ,bread4--,?is bread may
 be made leav5$ or unleav5$1 s9ce !     
analogy 9 ! prop]ty ( its prote9 to t ( 
:eat r5d]s !  leav5+ ( rye bread some:at
 m easy ( accompli%m5t ?an t  ( ! o!r   
c]eals1 ) ! exception ( :eat4    ,rye   
bread made ( pure rye fl\r has a d>k    
color1 sometimes almo/  black4 ,x is (t5
 bak$ long 9 advance ( ! "t ( eat+ &    
keeps well1 is highly nutriti\s1 & is ! 
/aple bread ( _m  ,european c\ntries4   
,a p>tial rye fl\r bread is made by mix+
 rye fl\r ) o!r  fl\rs1 su* z :eat1     
b>ley1 ,indian corn1 etc41 & ?is is !   
k9d  :i* is commonly us$ 9 ?is c\ntry & 
9 _m portions ( ,europe  :]e !          
light-color$ breads are pref]r$ to !    
d>k4    ,! l>ge consumption ( bread made
 f rye & ,indian corn indicates  t ev5  

if ! supply ( :eat %\ld become limit$   
!re is no  reason to fe> a fam9e (      
bread4 ,x w\ld be easy to sub/itute     
bread  made :olly or 9 "p ( ,indian corn
 & rye = t made :olly (  :eat & ?us to  
supply practically any dem& = bread :i* 
!  increas+ population ( ! e>? may make4
      ,,:eat 7,,g5us ,triticum74    ,9  
respect ( human nutrition :eat is ! mo/ 
important ( !  c]eals4 ,x is gr[n 9 !   
temp]ate regions ( almo/ e c\ntry1  b   
does n fl\ri% 9 tropical or subtropical 
c\ntries4    ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! :eat  
is divid$ 9 respect ( ! p]iod (  its    
gr[? into two great classes1 namely1    
w9t] or fall plant$ :eat  & spr+ or spr+
 plant$ :eat4 ,w9t] :eat is usually     
plant$  f ,septemb] to ,novemb] & spr+  
:eat f ! la/ ( ,m>* to  ! la/ ( ,april4 
,9 ?is c\ntry :eat is n cultivat$1 t is1
 !re is no  cultivation ( ! soil aft]   
se$+4 ,! soil is1 h[ev]1 pl[$ &  h>r[$  
be=e plant+4 ,9 ! w9t] :eat regions !   
h>ve/+  is 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 ?\gh 9 !   
s\!rn localities x comes  some:at e>li] 

& 9 ! m nor!rn localities may ext5d into
  ,july4 ,9 ! spr+ :eat regions ! h>ve/+
 is f ! la/ (  ,july to ! middle or end 
( ,augu/4 ,! /ati/ics ( :eat gr[n 9  !  
,unit$ ,/ates dur+ #aijf are z foll[s3  
,,w9t]4         ,,spr+4    ,acreage1    
#bi1eii1ifa      #ag1gje1hfh    ,yield  
p] acre 7bu%els71            #af4g      
#ac4g    ,total yield 7bu%els71         
#dib1hhh1jjd     #bdb1cgb1iff    ,total 
value at f>m1       #ccf1dce1jha        
#aec1hig1fgi    ,price p] bu%el 7c5ts71 
#fh4c            #fc4e    ,all ! diff]5t
 v>ieties ( :eat :i* are n[ kn[n are    
cultivat$4 ,! simple/ =m1 namely1 ! "o  
gra9 :eat is ! only  "o :i* gr[s wild1 &
 ! orig9 ( ! o!r v>ieties ( :eat is     
unkn[n4    ,botani/s recognize ?ree     
species1 namely--,species #a1 "o gra9   
:eat  7,triticum monococcum ,lam472     
species #b1 ,poli% :eat 7,triticum      
polonicum ,l472 species #c1 common :eat 
7,triticum sativum ,lam474 ,all  ( ^!   
species are di/9ct1 especially ! ?ird   
"o1 ( :i* !  mo/ valuable v>iety is !   

common :eat1 ,triticum vulg>e ,vill4    
,! quality & prop]ties ( :eat dep5d m ^u
 ! environm5t  9 :i* x is gr[n ?an ^u ! 
species to :i* x belongs4 ,!re  is      
p]haps no o!r field crop 9 :i* !        
environm5t1 namely1  condition ( ! soil1
 temp]ature1 precipitation1 etc41 makes 
a  great] diff]5ce ?an 9 :eat4 ,9 g5]al1
 ! environm5t & !  species toge!r       
produce two k9ds ( :eat z f> z mill+ &  
bread  mak+ are conc]n$1 namely1 ! s(t  
or />*y :eat & ! h>d or  glut9\s :eat4  
,9 ! fir/ v>iety !re is a l>g] p]c5tage 
(  />* 9 relation to ! cont5t or prote9 
matt] ?an 9 ! second4  ,tak+ ! :eat z a 
:ole its av]age composition is %[n 9 !  
foll[+ table3      ,weight ( #ajj       
k]nels1                  #c4he grams    
,moi/ure1                               
#aj4fj p]c5t    ,prote91                
#ab4be        ,e!r extract1             
#a4ge        ,crude fib]1               
#b4dj        ,a%1                       
#a4ge        ,c>bohydrates o!r ?an crude
 fib]1  #ga4be        ,dry glut51       

#aj4be        ,moi/ glut51              
#bf4ej        ,9 reg>d to prote9        
,am]ican :eat1 z a rule1 is q equal to  
t ( =eign orig94 ,?is is an important   
*>act]i/ic :5 x  is rememb]$ t bo? !    
mill+ & food value ( a :eat dep5d       
l>gely ^u ! nitrog5\s matt] :i* is      
pres5t4 ,x mu/ n be  =gott51 h[ev]1 t   
m]ely a good p]c5tage ( prote9 is n (   
itself a sure indication ( ! mill+ value
 ( a :eat4 ,! ratio  ( glut5 to ! o!r   
prote9 con/itu5ts 9 a :eat is n always  
con/ant1 b x is ! glut5 cont5t ( a fl\r 
on :i* ! bread  mak+ qualities *iefly   
dep5d4      ,glut54--,! pr9cipal "p ( ! 
prote9 9 :eat is kn[n z  glut54 ,glut5 z
 su* does n exi/ 9 ! :eat b is =m$ :5  !
 pulv]iz$ :eat1 t is1 ! :eat fl\r1 is   
mix$ ) wat]  by ! union ( two elem5ts 9 
! :eat1 namely1 gliad91 :i* is  soluble 
9 dilute alcohol & =ms ne>ly half ( !   
:ole prote9  matt] ( ! :eat k]nel1 &    
glut591 a comp\nd insoluble 9  wat]1    
dilute salt solutions1 & dilute alcohol 
& :i* is q z  abundant z gliad9 9 ! :eat

 k]nel4 ,9 fact1 ! gliad9 & !  glut59   
toge!r make ! :ole ( ! prote91 except a 
little ov]  "o p] c5t4    ,!re are ?ree 
o!r =ms ( prote91 z po9t$ out by        
,osborne1  9 ! :eat k]nel1 mak+ altoge!r
 ne>ly #a p]c5t ( total  prote9 cont5t4 
,! av]age quantity ( ^! comp\nds 9 !    
prote9  ( :eat is z foll[s4             
,con/itu5ts3      ,globul91   #j4gj     
p]c5t    ,album91    #j4dj              
,proteose1   #j4cj        ,gliad91      
#d4be        ,glut591   #d4ce           
-----               #aj4jj      ,/>* 9 !
 ,:eat ,k]nel4--,! mo/ abundant         
con/itu5t ( !  :eat k]nel is ! />*4 ,!  
appe>ance ( :eat />* is %[n 9  ! figure4
 ,:eat />* gra9s ord9>ily %[ ! r+s &    
hilum 9  a few cases only "u ! mo/      
favorable conditions1 ?\gh !re are      
sometimes cases :]e ! /riations are q   
di/9ct4 ,! granules  ( />* v>y greatly 9
 size1 be+ f #e to #aj microns 9        
diamet]4  ,!re are1 9 fact1 two k9ds (  
granules 9 :eat />*1 "o hav+  !         
appe>ance "u ! microscope ( irregul>ly  

r\nd$ p>ticles  9 sections l a circul>  
disk1 & ! o!r ( elongat$ p>ticles  ) a  
di/9ct hilum1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,!     
appe>ance ( !  granules "u pol>iz$ light
 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4    ,:eat />* is n v
 commonly us$ = comm]cial purposes b is 
highly priz$ = "s ?+s1 especially 9 !   
siz+ ( textile  fabrics4 ,! g]m 9 :eat  
is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 oil & ! bran or     
outside cov]+ 9 prote94 ,! common idea t
 ! bran is compos$  mo/ly ( silici\s    
matt] is :olly errone\s4 ,on ! contr>y !
  bran is a highly nutriti\s food1 & !  
objection to x = human  food is mo/ly ( 
a me*anical nature4                     
,adult]ations4--,:eat gra9s are nev]    
adult]at$ b !y may  sometimes conta9    
dirt & =eign se$s1 due to ! gr[? ( "s   
body 9 connection ) ! :eat itself4      
,/&>ds4--,:eat1 comm]cially1 is sold "u 
?ree /&>ds1  namely1 "o1 two1 ?ree4 ,!  
diff]5ce is an arbitr>y "o & n  f\nd$ ^u
 any *emical data b :olly ^u ! physical 
appe>ance1  degree ( moi/ure1 & fre$om f
 extrane\s admixtures4      ,:eat       

,products4--,! pr9cipal product ( :eat  
is fl\r4 ,!  mill+ process = :eat is    
highly int]e/+ bo? f a *emical  &       
te*nical po9t ( view1 b _c be describ$ 9
 full 9 ?is  manual4 ,! old-fa%ion$     
mill+ ( :eat1 namely1 press+ betwe5     
/ones & sep>ation ( ! fl\r by bolt+ has 
be5 almo/ entirely  sup]s$$ by ! mod]n  
mill+ ) metal roll]s4    ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #cb4--,,:eat ,,/>*4              
#bjj4--7;,c\rtesy ( ,bureau (           
,*emi/ry47    ,altoge!r ne>ly a hundr$  
diff]5t products are made incid5t or    
f9al to ! mill+ ( :eat4 ,only ^?        
products1 h[ev]1 :i* are  us$ = human   
food int]e/ u at ! pres5t "t4      ,*ief
 ,v>ieties ( ,fl\r4--,! highe/ grade (  
:eat fl\r is kn[n  usually by ! t]m     
8pat5t02 a l[] grade is kn[n z 8bak]s'  
fl\r0  & a ?ird z l[ grade fl\r4 ,a     
b>rel ( fl\r weighs #aif p\nds  &       
requires ab\t #beh p\nds ( :eat = its   
manufacture4 ,! :ole  product f !       
#beh4ce p\nds ( :eat is %[n 9 ! app5d$  
table4    ,9 g5]al x may be said t ab\t 

#ge p]c5t ( ! weight ( !  :eat is obta9$
 z m]*antable fl\r ( "s k9d1 ab\t #fj to
 #gj  p]c5t be+ good grade or /raight   
fl\r4 ,ab\t #bd p]c5t ( !  weight ( !   
:eat is obta9$ z cattle food & ab\t #a  
p]c5t is  lo/ dur+ ! process (          
manufacture4      ,,product4            
,,p\nds4  ,,p]c5tage4    ,pat5t fl\r1   
#adi4cg    #eg4hb    ,bak]s' fl\r1      
#bi4ac    #aa4bh    ,l[ grade fl\r1     
#ag4ej     #f4gg                        
------   ------    ,total fl\r1         
#aif4jj    #ge4hg    ,bran1             
#de4ef    #ag4fd    ,%orts1             
#i4hj     #c4gi    ,scre5+s1            
#d4ii     #a4ic    ,wa/e1               
#b4jj     #j4gg                         
------   ------      ,total weight1     
#beh4ce   #ajj4jj    ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #cc4--,,:eat ,,/>* ,,"u ,,pol>iz$
 ,,light4   #bjj4--7;,c\rtesy ( ,bureau 
( ,*emi/ry74      ,special ,names (     
,fl\r4--,9 addition to ! classification 
above  m5tion$ o!r names are us$ 9 _m   
comm]cial s5ses = fl\r4  ,^! additional 

names are 8family10 8r$ dog10 8bl5d$10  
glut51 etc4  ,_m fl\rs are also nam$    
aft] ! "n ( ! mill or locality or  be>  
simply fanciful names4      ,graham     
,fl\r4--,?is t]m 0 orig9ally appli$ to !
 co>se1  unbolt$ fl\r :i* 0 made by     
gr9d+ ! :ole :eat4 ,! "n1  !re=e1 %\ld  
be appli$ to all fl\r made f well gra9$ 
:eat1 gr\nd1 & unbolt$4 ,mo/ ( ! fl\rs  
h[ev]1 :i* are  sold n[adays z graham   
fl\rs are produc$ by a m or less p]fect 
bolt+ process4 ,f ! above x is se5 t    
true graham fl\r w  conta9 practically !
 same con/itu5ts z ! :eat k]nel itself  
& 9 ! same proportion & h ! same        
composition z :eat4      ,entire ,:eat  
,fl\r4--,?is "n w\ld naturally c>ry !   
idea (  a fl\r correspond+ to ! graham  
fl\r above m5tion$4 ,x is1  h[ev]1 a    
misnam$ trade-m>k = a fl\r produc$ 9 a  
special mann]  :i* consi/s 9 ! removal (
 ! out] or purely branny cov]+  ( !     
gra94 8,entire :eat0 fl\r1 !re=e1       
conta9s all !  +r$i5ts ( :eat gra9s1    
save ^? :i* are f\nd 9 ! out]  branny   

cov]+4      ,glut5 ,fl\r4--,?is is a "n 
appli$ to a fl\r :i* is produc$  by     
remov+ ! great] "p ( ! />* f ord9>y     
fl\r4 ,x is  especially recomm5d$ = !   
use ( diabetic pati5ts4 ,un=tunately1  !
 "n is v commonly appli$ to fl\rs made f
 :eat conta9+  a little high] p]c5tage (
 prote9 ?an ! ord9>y & sometimes  ev5 to
 an ord9>y :eat fl\r4 ,its use ) su* a  
product is purely  fraudul5t4      ,mix$
 ,fl\r4--,! act ( ,congress ( ,june #ac1
 #ahih1 def9es mix$  fl\r & imposes a   
tax ^u ! manufacture1 sale1 importation1
 &  exportation ( t article4 ,! maximum 
tax laid ^u mix$ fl\r is #d  c5ts on a  
b>rel ( #aif p\nds4 ,! total numb] (    
b>rels ( mix$  fl\r return$ = taxation =
 ! fiscal ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aije1  0 
#cfb2 half b>rels1 #ei1ddc2 qu>t]       
b>rels1 #f1bfe2 eigh? b>rels1  #bd1igd4 
,! total quantity ( mix$ fl\r return$ = 
taxation dur+  ! ye> is #e1die1icg      
p\nds4 ,! above data %[ t ! am\nt (     
mix$ fl\r (f]$ = sale is a v small "p ( 
! total fl\r  manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$    

,/ates4 ,x may be t !re is a great  deal
 ( fl\r mix$ & sold 9 violation ( ! law 
s9ce x is  q impossible 9 ! inspection (
 ! /ores to sup]vise all !  transactions
 ( bus9ess deals 9 fl\r2 especially is x
 believ$ t  rye fl\r & buck:eat fl\r are
 (t5 adult]at$ by mix+ )  !m ! fl\r (   
o!r c]eals4 ,?is adult]ation is n "o :i*
 is  at all injuri\s to heal? b is      
simply practic$ = ! purpose (  mak+ a   
rye or buck:eat fl\r look :it] or       
because ! add$ fl\rs  are *eap] ?an !   
real rye or buck:eat4      ,prop]ties   
,affect+ ! ,comm]cial ,value (          
,fl\r4--,aside f its  nutritive         
prop]ties :eat fl\r has a comm]cial     
value dep5d+  ^u its color & texture &  
^u ! glut5 :i* x conta9s4 ,!  "* ( glut5
 also v>ies l>gely 9 diff]5t v>ieties ( 
:eat  & 9 :eat gr[n 9 diff]5t           
localities4 ,a *emical exam9ation  w n  
always tell ! bread mak+ prop]ties ( a  
fl\r1 & !  "* ( ! bread itself dep5ds   
(t5 q z mu* ^u !  skill ( ! bak] z ^u ! 
fl\r :i* is us$4    ,9 cases :]e loaves 

are sold by weight1 a fl\r ) a high     
p]c5tage ( t5aci\s glut5 is (t5 pref]r$1
 s9ce x p]mits (  ! =m+ ( loaves conta9+
 a maximum p]c5tage ( wat]4 ,) a  fl\r  
ri* 9 glut5 x is n difficult to make a  
palatable loaf :i*  does n be> any      
evid5ce ( an excess ( wat]1 conta9+ z   
mu*  z #dj p]c5t ( moi/ure4 ,! bak+ (   
bread is an art :i* is mo/  successfully
 practic$ by pr(essionals1 & ! ,am]ican 
me?od (  home bread mak+ does n always  
lead to ! happie/ results4    ,! ideal  
fl\r = bread mak+ is "o :i* conta9s a   
suffici5t  quantity ( glut5 to make a   
por\s & spongy loaf1 b n "o :i*  p]mits 
an excessive quantity ( moi/ure to be   
incorporat$ 9 !  loaf itself4           
,av]age ,composition ( ,diff]5t         
,v>ieties ( ,fl\r4--,analyses ( a  great
 numb] ( samples ( diff]5t v>ieties (   
fl\rs lead to !  foll[+ data1 :i* may be
 accept$ z a v close approximation  ( ! 
av]age v>iety ( diff]5t grades ( fl\r   
(f]$ ^u !  ,am]ican m>ket3              
----------------------------------------

-----------------                       
,,pro-    ,,pro-                        
,,teids   ,,teids                       
,,mois-    ,n      ,n     ,,moi/        
,,"n ,,( ,,fl\r4       ,,ture4   #f4be4 
#e4gj4  ,,glut54                        
----------------------------------------
-----------------                       
,p]ct4,p]ct4,p]ct4,p]ct4    ,pat5t fl\r1
              #ab4gg   #aj4ee    #i4fb  
#be4ig     ,bak]s' & family fl\r1       
#aa4fi   #ab4bh   #aa4bj   #cd4gj       
,common m>ket fl\r1       #ab4bh        
#aj4ah    #i4bh   #bd4ee                
,miscellane\s fl\r1       #ab4gc        
#aj4de    #i4eb   #bf4hj     ,self-rais+
 fl\r1        #aa4de    #i4ge    #h4hi  
#bf4ig     ,glut5 fl\r1                 
#ab4ii   #ac4cj   #ab4ac   #ci4fh       
----------------------------------------
-----------------                       
----------------------------------------
-----------------                       
,,/>*                                   
,n                                      

,,dry                   #f4be4          
,,"n ,,( ,,fl\r4      ,,glut54  ,,oil4  
,,a%4    #bf                            
----------------------------------------
-----------------                       
,p]ct4,p]ct4,p]ct4,p]ct4    ,pat5t fl\r1
               #i4ii    #a4jb    #j4dd  
#gd4gf     ,bak]s' & family fl\r1       
#ac4jg    #a4cj    #j4eg   #gc4hg       
,common m>ket fl\r1        #i4ba        
#a4cj    #j4fa   #ge4fc                 
,miscellane\s fl\r1       #aj4bb        
#a4jh    #j4di   #ge4bc     ,self-rais+ 
fl\r1         #i4fe    #j4gj    #d4de   
#gc4ff     ,glut5 fl\r1                 
#ad4hd    #a4je    #j4ee   #gb4aa       
----------------------------------------
-----------------                       
----------------------------------------
--------                                
,,/>*                                   
,n                                      
#e4gj4    ,,crude  ,,calo-          ,,"n
 ,,( ,,fl\r4       #bf   ,,fib]4        
,,ries4                                 

----------------------------------------
--------                                
,p]ct4,p]ct4    ,pat5t fl\r1            
#gf4ad    #j4ba #c1heh4j    ,bak]s' &   
family fl\r1  #gd4ih    #j4bb #c1ibi4f  
,common m>ket fl\r1       #gf4ec        
#j4bh #c1hhb4e    ,miscellane\s fl\r1   
#gf4ae    #j4be #c1hdf4c    ,self-rais+ 
fl\r1        #gd4ea    #j4ba #c1gai4c   
,glut5 fl\r1              #gc4bh        
#j4cb #c1hia4a                          
----------------------------------------
--------      #bf ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! columns
 ! />* is calculat$ by    diff]5ce1     
assum+ ! prote9 to be ! quantity (      
nitrog5    pres5t multipli$ by #f4be1 & 
9 ! second column ! figure is    obta9$ 
9 ! same way1 us+ #e4gj z ! prote9      
factor4      ,sep>ation ( ,glut54--,! "*
 ( a :eat fl\r1 z has already  be5      
intimat$1 is measur$ l>gely by !        
quantity ( glut5 :i*  x may conta94 ,!  
sep>ation ( glut5 may be accompli%$ by  
any  "o1 ev5 )\t a *emical tra9+1 by a  
little practice4 ,x is1  !re=e1 "o ( !  

te/s = ! value ( a :eat fl\r :i* c be   
easily & g5]ally appli$4 ,! pr9ciple (  
sep>ation ( ! glut5  re/s ^u ! fact t :5
 :eat fl\r is moi/5$ & knead$ into  a   
/icky mass x may be wa%$ ) pure wat] )  
con/ant knead+  until ne>ly all ! />*   
has be5 remov$ f ! mass4 ,mean:ile  only
 t portion ( ! prote9 is remov$ :i* is  
soluble 9 !  wat] & ! glut5 :i* is =m$  
by ! process ( knead+ rema9s  z a /icky 
mass4 ,:5 ?is moi/ mass is knead$ &     
roll$ until all  ! moi/ure is tak5 out (
 x t c be remov$ 9 ?is way1 x may  be   
weigh$ & ! proportion ( moi/ glut5 9 !  
sample det]m9$4  ,x may !n be plac$ 9 an
 ov5 & dri$1 & !n ! proportion  ( dry   
glut5 secur$4 ,! foll[+ me?od is "o :i* 
is easily  appli$4 ,place #aj grams ( ! 
sample 9 a porcela9 di% & moi/5  ) f #f 
to #g cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 knead1 &  
all[ to /&  = an h\r4 ,"w into a ball1  
be+ c>eful t none ( ! mat]ial  adh]es to
 ! di%4 ,hold+ ! mass 9 ! h& knead x 9 a
 sl[  /ream ( cold wat] until ! />* &   
all soluble matt] are wa%$  out4 ,place 

! ball ( glut5 ?us =m$ 9 cold wat] &    
all[ to  /& = "o h\r2 remove f wat]1    
press z dry z possible betwe5  ! h&s1   
roll into a ball1 & weigh 9 a           
flat-bottom$ di%4 ,aft]  weigh+1 place !
 ball ( moi/ glut5 9 ! dry+ ov5 = tw5ty 
h\rs2 cool & weigh4    ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #cd4--,,k$zie',s ,,f>9omet] ,,%[+
 ,,!  ,,p>ts4--7,bullet9 #ac1 ,u4 ,s4   
,dept4 ( ,agriculture47      ,glut5     
,te/]4--,a simple te/ = det]m9+ !       
approximate  p]c5tage ( glut5 9 fl\r may
 be us$1 bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple  t !        
viscosity ( d\gh is a measure ( its     
practical glut5  cont5t4 ,! "n appli$ to
 a glut5 te/] is f>9omet]4    ,a        
conv5i5t =m ( f>9omet] devis$ by ,k$zie 
is %[n 9 !  accompany+ figure4 ,x is    
patt]n$ some:at ^u ! plan ( ,jago's     
viscomet]4 ,! in/rum5t is %[n 9 p>ts 9  
,fig4 #cd4 ,! in/rum5t  z 9 use is      
exhibit$ 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,p>ts %[n 9 ,fig4 
#cd are z  foll[s3 ,no4 #a is ! /& or   
support ( ! p>ts4 ,no4 #b is ! cap  (   
,no4 #a1 & discloses ! half-in* op5+    

7half clos$ by !  slide7 ?r\gh :i* !    
d\gh is =c$ by ! pressure ( ! rod ,no4  
#d4 ,! slide by :i* ?is op5+ is clos$ is
 pla9ly %[n2 also  ! socket = hold+ ,no4
 #c4 ,no4 #c is a brass tube #c in*es   
high &  #a in* int]nal diamet]1 ) a     
small knob to fit into ! not*$  op5+ 9 !
 side ( ! socket se5 9 ,no4 #b1 to hold 
,no4 #c firmly  9 place4 ,no4 #d is a   
/eel rod  in* 9 diamet] & #ab in*es     
long1 ) a ?9 brass cap #a in* 9 diamet]1
 bevel$ slightly s  t ! front edge fills
 ! b>rel ( ,no4 #c )\t friction1 & is   
yet d\gh-tight4 ,ne> ! top ! rod is m>k$
 into in* spaces4    ,9 us+ ! f>9omet]  
two po9ts are consid]$3    #a4 ,!       
wat]-absorb+ p[] ( a fl\r1 or ! p]c5tage
 ( wat] x  w take up to =m a d\gh ( a   
c]ta9 consi/5cy4    #b4 ,! viscosity (  
su* d\gh1 or its resi/ance to *ange ( =m
  "u a uni=m =ce2 e4 g41 ! l5g? ( "t 9  
seconds requir$  to =ce a cyl9d] ( d\gh 
#a in* high ?r\gh a hole "o-half in*  9 
diamet] "u ! pressure ( a v]tical /eel  
rod #ac in*es long  & weigh+ #b p\nds   

avoirdupois4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#ce4--,,k$zie',s ,,f>9omet] ,,9         
,,use4--7,bullet9 #ac1  ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 (
 ,agriculture47      ,blea*+ (          
,fl\r4--,at ! pres5t "t fl\r is         
ext5sively  blea*$ = ! purpose ( mak+ an
 inf]ior article resemble a  sup]ior "o4
 ,by ?is means a great] p]c5tage ( !    
fl\r produc$  c be rat$ z ( fir/        
quality4 ,ozone & oxids ( nitrog5       
develop$  by electrical dis*>ges are !  
pr9cipal blea*+ ag5ts employ$4  ,blea*$ 
fl\r %\ld be> a label indicat+ to !     
pur*as] !  "* ( ! manipulation to :i* x 
has be5 subject$4      ,adult]ations (  
,fl\r4--,! adult]ation ( :eat fl\r is n 
practic$ to any ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!  
mo/ common adult]ation  arises f gr9d+ )
 :eat =eign se$s & o!r =eign  matt]1    
ru/1 smut1 etc41 :i* may be pres5t 9 !  
gra94 ,o!r  adult]ations are ! mixture )
 :eat fl\r ( ! />* or  fl\r ( maize &   
o!r c]eals4 ,! adult]ation ) any =m (   
t]ra alba or :ite p[d]$ e>?y sub/ance is
 exce$+ly r>e4  ,al?\gh "s attempts h   

be5 made to introduce su* adult]ations  
9 ?is c\ntry !y h n rea*$ any comm]cial 
success4 ,!  adult]ations1 ) ! exception
 ( ^? ) :ite e>?y p[d]s1  are mo/       
readily asc]ta9$ by microscopic         
exam9ation = =eign  matt]s & o!r        
v>ieties ( />* ?an gr[ naturally 9 !    
:eat4      ,/&>d4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d
 = fl\r is z foll[s3      ,fl\r is !    
f9e1 s\nd product made by bolt+ :eat    
meal &  conta9s n m ?an ?irte5 & "o-half
 7#ac4e7 p]c5t (  moi/ure1 n less ?an "o
 & tw5ty-five hundr$?s 7#a4be7 p]c5t  ( 
nitrog51 n m ?an "o 7#a4j7 p]c5t ( a%1 &
 n m ?an  fifty hundr$?s 7#j4ej7 p]c5t (
 fib]4      ,graham fl\r is unbolt$ :eat
 meal4      ,:ole :eat fl\r1 entire :eat
 fl\r1 improp]ly s call$1 is  f9e :eat  
meal f :i* a "p ( ! bran has be5 remov$4
      ,glut5 fl\r is ! product made f   
fl\r by ! removal ( />*1  & conta9s n   
less ?an five & six-t5?s 7#e4f7 p]c5t ( 
nitrog5 & n m ?an t5 7#aj7 p]c5t (      
moi/ure4      ,age ( ,fl\r4--,! fre%ly  
gr\nd fl\r is mo/ highly e/eem$ by  _m  

consum]s on acc\nt ( palatability &     
fre$om f all dang]  ( mold & f]m5ts4    
,old] fl\rs are likely to lose flavor1  
become  moldy & infe/$ ) weavil & o!r   
insect pe/s4 ,! la/-nam$  evils are     
avoid$ by ! use ( :eat conta9+ no       
fungus1 none ( !  eggs ( ! weavil1 nor (
 o!r insects1 & enclos+ ! fre%ly  gr\nd 
fl\r 9 packages n accessible to         
infection4 ,ev5 !n x  is advisable to   
consume ! fl\r z soon z conv5i5t aft] ! 
mill+ process4 ,_m manufactur]s & exp]ts
 cont5d t fl\r is  improv$ by keep+ = a 
c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 & ?is cont5tion  is    
bas$ on ! assumption t ! fl\r assumes a 
light] color &  improves 9 flavor on    
keep+4 ,!re is ( c\rse a c]ta9 limit to 
improvem5ts ( ?is k9d4      ,sub/itutes 
= ,fl\r4--,:olesome +r$i5ts are us$ 9 "p
  in/ead ( fl\r 9 bread mak+1 & :5 t    
fact is cle>ly made  kn[n ! admixture ( 
^! sub/ances ) fl\r is n consid]$  an   
adult]ation4 ,bread :i* is made ( an    
admixture ( ,indian corn  meal ) fl\r or
 rye fl\r ) fl\r or o!r c]eal products  

is  well lik$ by _m p4 ,potatoes are    
also us$ v (t5 9 bread  mak+4 ,acorns1  
buck:eat1 & o!r f>9aci\s & oily         
sub/ances  are also employ$4 ,!         
admixture ( in]t sub/ances ) fl\r m]ely 
to increase ! bulk & weight ( ! loaf1   
ev5 if notifi$1 _c  be reg>d$ z o!r ?an 
an adult]ation4    ,9 times ( fam9e su* 
admixtures are sometimes made 9 ord] to 
increase ! size & weight ( ! loaf4 ,su* 
sub/ances are kn[n  9 times ( fam9e z   
8hung] bread40 ,f9ely gr\nd /raw1 b>k1 !
  hulls ( nuts1 etc41 are (t5 us$ = ?is 
purpose4 ,^! bodies  practically h no   
nutritive value & s]ve no useful purpose
 except  to deceive ! eat] respect+ !   
quantity ( bread he consumes4           
,,bread4    ,! t]m 8,bread0 :5 us$ alone
 is und]/ood 9 ?is c\ntry to apply  to  
bread made f :eat fl\r or "s =m ( :eat4 
,if made f  o!r c]eals a prefix is us$  
to di/+ui% ?is fact1 z ,indian  corn    
bread1 rye bread1 etc4 ,! t]m bread     
includes also ! mat]ials  :i* are us$   
necess>ily !re) 9 ! ord9>y process (    

bak+4  ,?us1 ! t]m bread w\ld apply to a
 loaf :i* conta9s n only  ! :eat fl\r z 
! base & *ief "p ( its mass b also !    
yea/ or o!r leav5+ ag5t employ$1 toge!r 
) salt1 l>d1 or  butt] us$ 9 its        
prep>ation4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! bodies1 us$ 
9  ! s5se above describ$1 is n reg>d$ z 
an adult]ation4 ,!  t]m 8bread10 h[ev]1 
is n to be us$ to include ^? o!r =ms  ( 
nutrim5t made f :eat fl\r 9 :i*         
condim5tal sub/ances1  especially sug>1 
are us$ to su* an ext5t z to give !     
dom9ant  ta/e ( ! condim5t or condim5ts 
employ$4 ,?us1 ! ord9>y cake  ( all     
descriptions1 t>ts1 pudd+s1 & o!r edible
 sub/ances made  l>gely f :eat fl\r1 b  
to :i* ! condim5t or condim5ts  imp>t a 
di/9ct ta/e1 are n includ$ "u ! t]m     
bread4    ,9 ! g5]ic s5se ! t]m bread   
may be us$ 9 ! l>ge/  signification to  
signify food 9 g5]al4      ,v>ieties (  
,bread4--,9 g5]al all =ms ( bread may be
 divid$  into two great classes1 leav5$ 
& unleav5$4 ,by f>1 ! great]  quantity (
 bread consum$ belongs to ! =m] class4  

,unleav5$  bread is us$ *iefly = c]ta9  
religi\s fe/ivals1 9 ! =m  ( biscuits or
 9 c]ta9 v>ieties ( ,indian corn bread  
su* z hoe  cake1 johnnie cake1 etc4 ,( !
 leav5$ bread !re are two di/9ct        
classes1 namely1 bread :i* is bak$ &    
eat5 cold & bread :i*  is consum$ hot f 
! ov54 ,bread int5d$ to be consum$ cold 
is  g5]ally eat5 )9 tw5ty-f\r or        
=ty-eight h\rs f ! "t  ( mak+ ?\gh "s   
v>ieties may be kept = an indef9ite     
p]iod4  ,! use ( hot bread is n comm5d$ 
by hygi5i/s ?\gh x is  difficult to see 
:y1 :5 prop]ly made1 ! consumption ( a  
good hot  roll c be reg>d$ z injuri\s4  
,! app>5t injury :i* may result  !refrom
 is probably due to ! l>g] quantity eat5
 on acc\nt (  great] palatability ?an is
 ! case ) cold bread4 ,t v>iety  ( bread
 :i* is bak$ s z to pres5t a maximum (  
cru/ & made  ( fl\r :i* gives a t\gh    
consi/5cy to ! loaf is mo/ highly       
reg>d$ bo? = palatability & nutritive   
purposes4 ,?is =m (  bread is improp]ly 
call$ ,fr5* or ,vi5na rolls 9 ?is       

c\ntry4    ,unleav5$ bread is p>ticul>ly
 advisable = use 9 em]g5cy rations  =   
m>*+ soldi]s1 9 logg+ camps1 etc4 ,?is  
bread is compact1  comp>atively free (  
moi/ure & has a high nutritive value4 ,!
  leav5$ bread may be divid$ into di/9ct
 classes 9 respect ( !  leav5+ ag5t     
employ$4    ,class #a is bread 9 :i* !  
leav5+ ag5t is yea/4 ,class #b is  bread
 9 :i* ! natural f]m5ts resid+ 9 ! fl\r 
or :eat are  utiliz$ = ! leav5+ ag5t z 9
 ! mak+ ( t v>iety kn[n  z salt ris+    
bread4 ,class #c includes t =m ( bread 9
 :i* !  leav5+ is secur$ by *emical     
reag5ts mix$ ) ! d\gh4 ,class  #d       
includes t v>iety 9 :i* a leav5+ reag5t 
su* z c>bon  dioxid or air is           
me*anically incorporat$ ) ! d\gh dur+ ! 
knead+ process4    ,unleav5$ bread is   
also divid$ into sev]al te*nical =ms4 ,!
  fir/ class includes ! biscuit (       
comm]ce1 sometimes incorrectly  call$   
crack]s1 & int5d$ to be us$ soon aft]   
prep>ation4 ,!  second class includes   
biscuits :i* are int5d$ = long /orage  &

 transportation4 ,! ?ird class includes 
waf]s & o!r  delicate =ms ( unleav5$    
bread = special use4 ,class #d is !     
unleav5$ loaves :i* are made mo/        
frequ5tly f ,indian corn  meal & int5d$ 
to be eat5 :ile /ill hot4 ,class #e     
includes any  miscellane\s unleav5$     
loaves or cakes made 9 v>i\s ways & =   
diff]5t purposes4    ,9 ne>ly all =ms ( 
unleav5$ bread made f :eat fl\r ! d\gh  
is ?or\ghly beat51 & me*anically mix$ or
 knead$1 9 ord] to  make x light] 9     
color & m crisp & h>d aft] bak+4        
,yea/4--,bak]s' yea/ is "o =m ( ! ord9>y
 yea/ f]m5ts  or a mixture !re( produc+ 
alcoholic f]m5tation "u prop]           
conditions4 ,all fl\r conta9s a c]ta9   
quantity ( sug> :i* is  easily f]m5t$4  
,by ! action ( ! yea/ ^u ?is sug> c>bon 
dioxid & alcohol are =m$4 ,! p>ticles ( 
c>bon dioxid become  entangl$ 9 ! glut5 
( ! :eat fl\r :5 x is mix$ into a  d\gh 
& ?us make ! mass spongy & light4 ,:5   
plac$ 9 ! ov5  to be bak$ ^! m9ute      
p>ticles ( c>bon dioxid exp& /ill m  &  

produce additional lightness & spong9ess
 ( ! loaf4 ,! yea/  may be propagat$ f  
"o mass ( d\gh to ano!r1 may be us$ 9 a 
moi/ /ate or1 z is v commonly ! case1   
manufactur$ 9 l>ge  quantities1 & sold  
ei!r moi/ or m commonly 9 a p>tially    
dri$  & press$ cake4      ,spontane\s   
,f]m5ts4--,all c]eals conta9 f]m5ts ( a 
"* to  produce alcoholic f]m5tation     
spontane\sly "u prop] conditions4  ,x is
 possible ev5 to f]m5t d\gh by se$ f "o 
loaf to ano!r  or by develop+ a         
spontane\s f]m5tation4 ,?is me?od is q a
  common "o 9 ! rural di/ricts1 & all   
bread made 9 ?is way is  kn[n z salt    
ris+ bread4 ,x may be made accord+ to ! 
foll[+  receipt3    ,a qu>t] ( a p9t (  
fre% :ole milk is sl[ly heat$ to ne> !  
boil+ po9t1 b n all[$ to boil4 ,?is     
process w /]ilize !  milk & prev5t !    
developm5t ( a too rapid lactic         
f]m5tation  9 ! subsequ5t processes4 ,! 
heat$ milk is add$ to a quantity  (     
maize meal suffici5t to make ) ! milk a 
/iff batt]1 &  ! :ole is ?or\ghly mix$4 

,! vessel conta9+ ! batt] is  wrapp$ )  
pap] & !n ) a heavy flannel clo?1 & kept
 9 a  w>m place at a uni=m temp]ature ( 
ab\t blood heat = sev]al  h\rs1 until   
f]m5tation is fully e/abli%$ & ! batt]  
assumes  a def9ite s\r odor4 ,at ?is    
po9t a teaspoonful ( salt is /irr$  into
 a p9t ( blood-w>m wat] & into ?is a    
suffici5t quantity (  high-grade :eat   
fl\r is /irr$ to make a mod]ately /iff  
batt]4  ,?is is ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! s\r   
mass obta9$ by ! previ\s  f]m5tation & !
 mixture expos$ = f ?ree-f\r?s to "o    
h\r to a blood heat z be=e4 ,if !       
f]m5tation has be5 well  conduct$ ! mass
 w n[ be 9 a suffici5tly active /ate to 
secure  a prop] porosity ( ! loaf4 ,!   
salt ris+ ?us prep>$ is mix$  ) a :eat  
fl\r d\gh made ) w>m wat] 9 suffici5t   
quantities  to make f f\r to six loaves1
 ! :ole mass well knead$1 mold$  into   
loaves & put aside at a temp]ature (    
blood heat until !  f]m5tation has      
proce$$ f> en\gh to make ! loaf light & 
spongy4 ,! loaf is !n bak$ 9 ! ord9>y   

way4      ,*emical ,a]at+ ,ag5ts4--,9   
?is c\ntry a v common me?od (  a]at+    
bread is practic$1 bas$ ^u ! use ( c]ta9
 *emical  reag5ts :i* :5 mix$ 9 ! d\gh  
set free c>bon dioxid4 ,^!  reag5ts are 
kn[n z bak+ or yea/ p[d]s & are         
especially priz$  by reason ( ! fact t x
 is possible ) _! aid to prep>e  9 a few
 mom5ts a light spongy loaf or roll :i* 
w\ld require f  #aj to #bd h\rs to make 
by ! ord9>y f]m5t+ ) yea/4 ,!  pr9cipal 
objection to ! use ( bak+ p[d] lies 9 ! 
fact t  ! residues aris+ f ! *emical    
reaction are necess>ily left 9  ! loaf4 
,:ile ^! residues may n h any specific  
or poison\s  prop]ties !y increase !    
quantity ( m9]al matt] 9 ! bread1  & ?is
 m9]al matt] is 9 ! inorganic /ate & z  
su* does n  take any "p 9 ! process (   
nutrition4 ,x c only be reg>d$ z a  wa/e
 product1 burd5+1 to t ext5t1 !         
excretory organs ( !  body4             
,con/itu5ts ( ,bak+ ,p[d]4--,! ess5tial 
con/itu5ts ( bak+  p[d] are a c>bonate (
 "s k9d & an acid reag5t capable (      

decompos+ ?is c>bonate & sett+ ! c>bon  
dioxid free4 ,!  common c>bonate ( a    
bak+ p[d] is bic>bonate ( soda4 ,!      
classification ( bak+ p[d]s re/s ^u !   
acid elem5ts :i*  !y conta94 ,!y may be 
classifi$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,cream ( t>t>  
bak+ p[d]1 9 :i* ! acid con/itu5t is    
cream ( t>t>  :i* is kn[n *emically z   
acid potassium t>trate4 ,o!r =ms (      
t>t>ic acid may be us$ 9 bak+ p[d]s (   
?is class b !y  are n common4 7#b7      
,phosphate p[d]s1 9 :i* ! acid con/itu5t
  is phosphoric acid usually 9 ! =m ( ! 
acid phosphate ( lime4  7#c7 ,alum p[d]s
 9 :i* ! acid con/itu5t is alum or "s =m
 (  alum9ium sulfate1 usually ! basic   
sulfate ( alum9a4    ,! acid & basic    
con/itu5ts ( ^! p[d]s may be kept 9     
sep>ate conta9]s & mix$ toge!r at ! "t (
 mak+ ! d\gh4  ,a m common =m is to use 
!m 9 su* a way t until !y mix  ) ! d\gh 
!y d n ex]t any notable effect ^u ea*   
o!r4  ,= in/ance1 p]fectly dry          
bic>bonate ( soda & p]fectly dry acid   
potassium t>trate may be mix$ toge!r &  

kept = q a :ile  )\t any notable        
decomposition ( ! bic>bonate tak+ place4
    ,9 ord] to r5d] any su* possible    
action m9imum 9 its effect x  is cu/om>y
 to add to ! mixture a small quantity ( 
/>*1 milk  sug>1 or "s o!r dilu5t4 ,^!  
mat]ials t5d to keep ap>t !  p>ticles ( 
acid & base & r5d] x possible to make a 
mixture  ( !m :i* may be kept = a long  
:ile )\t any notable loss  ( leav5+ p[]4
 ,:5 a cream ( t>t> bak+ p[d] is mix$  )
 d\gh ! moi/ure ( ! d\gh gradually      
dissolves ! two  +r$i5ts & 9 ?is /ate a 
*emical reaction occurs betwe5 !m4  ,!  
c>bon dioxid is set free z a gas1       
commonly kn[n z c>bonic  acid4 ,! m9]al 
sub/ance :i* results is a t>trate (     
sodium &  potassium t is a union (      
t>t>ic acid ) pota% & soda4 ,?is        
comp\nd is commonly kn[n "u ! t]m (     
,ro*elle salts4 ,if !re  be a suffici5t 
quantity ( wat] 9 ! bread to all[ !     
,ro*elle  salts to cry/allize 9 ! usual 
way a portion ( ! wat] becomes          
incorporat$ ) ! salt4 ,two teaspoonsful 

( a t>trate bak+  p[d] leave a residue (
 ab\t #aa grams 7#afe gra9s7 (          
cry/alliz$  ,ro*elle salts 9 ! loaf4    
,phosphate ,p[d]s4--,z has already be5  
said1 ! acid con/itu5t  ( phosphate p[d]
 is *iefly acid phosphate ( lime4 ,9 ?is
 case  ! acid phosphate ( lime          
decomposes ! bic>bonate ( soda )  !     
production ( c>bon dioxid & leaves a    
residue consi/+ (  a mixture ( sodium & 
lime phosphate4 ,if 9 two teaspoonsful (
  phosphate p[d] !re are approximately  
#af grams 7#bej gra9s7 !re is  =m$ a    
cry/alliz$ residue1 ab\t an equal weight
 ( phosphate (  soda & lime1 :i* is left
 9 ! loaf4      ,alum ,p[d]s4--,p]haps  
by f> ! l>ge/ "p ( bak+ p[d]s us$       
conta9 alum 9 "s =m z ! acid con/itu5t4 
,=m]ly ! common  sub/ance kn[n z alum or
 burnt alum 0 employ$ b 9 late ye>s an  
alum9ium basic salt kn[n z basic sulfate
 ( alum9ium has l>gely  succe$$ ! old =m
 ( alum4 ,:5 ! reaction takes place 9 ! 
d\gh betwe5 ^! two con/itu5ts ( alum    
bak+ p[d] !re  is =m$ an equival5t      

quantity ( sulfate ( soda & hydroxid (  
alum9a if ! acid con/itu5t be basic     
alum9ium sulfate4    ,! quantity (      
residue left 9 ! loaf if two            
teaspoonsful ( bak+  p[d] be us$ is ab\t
 #aa grams 7#afe gra9s74                
,h>mfulness ( ,bak+ ,p[d] ,residues4--,!
 "q ( !  h>mfulness ( ! residues left by
 ! v>i\s =ms ( bak+ p[d]  is "o :i* has 
be5 ( mu* int]e/ to ! hygi5i/ &         
physician4  ,x is n claim$ 9 any case t 
^! residues are b5eficial4 ,!  pr9cipal 
"q :i* has be5 discuss$ is :i* ( !m is !
  lea/ h>mful4 ,?is is a "q :i* x is n  
prop] to ent] into  9 ?is manual4 ,x    
might1 h[ev]1 n be out ( place to say t 
!  use ( *emical reag5ts = leav5+ bread 
is n z advisable z !  use ( ! ord9>y    
f]m5tation4 ,x w\ld be bett]1 evid5tly1 
if all  p us$ m yea/ bread & less bak+  
p[d] rolls4 ,at ! same  "t ! utility &  
conv5i5ce ( bak+ p[d] _c be d5i$1 &  ?is
 is a factor :i* mu/ be tak5 into       
consid]ation 9 ! g5]al  discussion &    
f9al resolution ( ! "q4      ,"* ( ,alum

 ,residues4--,e "o is agre$ t ! sub/ance
  kn[n z alum1 namely1 ! sulfate (      
alum9a 9 conjunction )  ano!r m9]al or  
base1 su* z soda1 pota%1 or ammonia1 is 
n  a desirable con/itu5t ( food         
products4 ,9 ! manufacture (  bak+ p[d]s
 conta9+ alum an ef=t is made to s      
balance !  con/itu5ts t :5 ! reaction is
 complet$ no undecompos$  alum rema9s4  
,if ?is condition is secur$ 9 e in/ance 
!  mat]ials :i* rema9 9 ! bread are n   
alum b ! residues above  m5tion$1       
consi/+ ( alum9ium hydrate1 & sulfates (
 soda1  pota%1 or ammonia4    ,! residue
 ( *ief importance is ! hydroxid or     
hydrate (  alum9a1 :i* is ! =m 9 :i* !  
alum9a itself %\ld appe>  :5 a complete 
reaction l t def9$ above takes place4   
,:5  ! hydroxid ( alum9a is dri$ &      
especially :5 ignit$ x is  conv]t$ into 
an oxid ( alum9a :i* is highly insoluble
 9 wat]  & only slightly soluble 9 a v  
dilute acid solution4 ,! claim is  made 
by ! manufactur] ( alum p[d]s t !       
alum9ium residue  :i* is =m$ is         

insoluble 9 ! dige/ive juices & !re=e   
_c produce any effect usually ascrib$ to
 ! soluble salts (  alum9ium4 ,x is     
important t ! conditions :i* are f\nd 9 
!  bak+ ( a loaf are su* z to produce   
?is highly desirable result4  ,!        
temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! loaf dur+    
bak+ does n rise  mu* above t ( boil+   
wat]1 al?\gh ! ext]ior temp]ature1  :i* 
is suffici5t to produce ! br[n+ ( !     
cru/1 is v mu*  above t temp]ature4 ,x  
is evid5t t z long z any consid]able    
proportion ( wat] rema9s 9 ! loaf x w be
 difficult to raise  ! int]ior ( ! loaf 
to ! temp]ature j m5tion$1 & if ?is  7  
done ! c>amelization w\ld take place    
?r\gh\t ! :ole  loaf4 ,un=tunately1 f a 
sci5tific po9t ( view ! inve/igation  ( 
?is subject has n be5 always und]tak5 "u
 conditions :i*  are :olly beyond       
criticism4 ,_m ( ! inve/igations h be5 9
  ! int]e/ ( rival bak+ p[d] companies1 
& x is v desirable  t ?is matt] %\ld be 
und]tak5 9 a :olly unbias$ way &        
conduct$ 9 su* a mann] z to lead to     

results :i* all w accept4  ,*emical &   
physiological inve/igations1 :i* h ev5 z
 a remote  object ! promotion ( ! sale (
 "o comp\nd & ! repression  ( ! sale (  
ano!r1 lose at ! outset mu* ( t claim ^u
  ! public confid5ce :i* su*            
inve/igations made f a purely  sci5tific
 po9t ( view %\ld h4      ,g5]al        
,/atem5t4--,9 respect ( ! use ( *emical 
leav5+  ag5ts 9 g5]al x may be said t !y
 introduce an extrane\s  product into ! 
bread :i* is n likely to promote ! heal?
 &  :i*1 !re=e1 on g5]al pr9ciples %\ld 
be exclud$4 ,on !  o!r h&1 l>ge exp]i5ce
 has %[n t ! consumption ( bread  made  
by ^! leav5+ ag5ts does n produce any   
g5]al effect  ^u ! public heal? :i* is  
noticeable4 ,?is1 x is und]/ood1  is n  
any valid argum5t 9 favor ( ! process4  
,x mu/ also be  ackn[l$g$ t a f]m5tation
 ( a bread ) yea/ also introduces       
extrane\s matt] into ! food1 viz41      
alcohol & cong5]ic products  (          
f]m5tation1 & h5ce ?is process may be   
op5 to a c]ta9  ext5t to ! same         

objection z ! "o above4 ,x is too e>ly  
yet to  =mulate def9ite pr9ciples ei!r (
 inclusion or exclusion ( ^!  products1 
& ! purpose ( ?is manual is secur$ :5 ! 
g5]al  "* & effects !re( are briefly    
outl9$4      ,composition (             
,bread4--,because ( ! _m diff]5t me?ods 
( bread  mak+ :i* are practis$ x is n   
possible to give 9 a *emical  =m an     
analysis :i* w\ld d m ?an repres5t 9    
g5]al !  "* ( ! bread 9 common use4 ,=  
in/ance1 ! quantity (  wat] :i* is f\nd 
9 bread v>ies greatly & ! nature ( bread
  itself mu/ be influ5c$ by ! "* ( !    
fl\r f :i* x  is made4 ,! fl\r dep5ds ^u
 ! quality ( ! :eat us$ 9 its           
manufacture4 ,h5ce ! same br& ( bread   
prep>$ 9 ! same way  & bak$ 9 ! same    
mann] mu/ necess>ily v>y 9 composition f
  season to season & ev5 f day to day4  
,x mu/ be und]/ood also  t x is a v     
common cu/om 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to use   
milk 9  ! mix+ ( d\gh1 & ?us a food     
product is introduc$ :i* (  itself is n 
( con/ant "*4 ,"s bak]s use :ole milk1  

o!rs  skimm$1 & o!rs s\r milk4    ,a v  
good =mula = mix+ d\gh = bread mak+     
consi/s 9 us+  ! foll[+ proportions (   
+r$i5ts m5tion$3      ,fl\r1            
#b1jjj grams    ,:ole milk1    #ejj     
,wat]1         #fej       ,salt1        
#be       ,yea/ cake1     #aj       ,:5 
prop]ly leav5$ & knead$ & bak$ ^!       
quantities (  mat]ials w make a loaf (  
bread weigh+ #bgej grams4      ,av]age  
,composition ( ,bread4--,9 ! foll[+     
tables are giv5 !  av]age composition ( 
bread ( diff]5t classes4 ,class #a is   
compos$  ( loaves ( ! s-call$ ,vi5na or 
,fr5* type2 ,class #b consi/s (  :at is 
kn[n z home made bread or bread bak$ at 
! home & n 9  ! bak]y2 ,class #c consi/s
 ( bread made f graham fl\r2 ,class  #d 
consi/s ( bread made l>gely ( rye fl\r2 
,class #e is a second  collection ( home
 made bread :i* may be v prop]ly comp>$ 
)  ,class #b2 ,class #f consi/s ( bread 
( miscellane\s orig9 b\ght on  ! op5    
m>ket4 ,! data giv5 repres5t ! mean     
composition (  numb]s ( samples 7,bull4 

#ac1 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry73               
,,mois-              ,,e!r              
,,ture4   ,,prote94  ,,extract4         
,,fib]4                           ,p]ct4
  ,p]ct4  ,p]ct4  ,p]ct4    ,,class #a4 
#ch4ga       #h4ji     #a4jf       4#fb 
,9 ! dry sub/ance1    44        #ac4bc  
#a4gc       4#ig      ,,class #b4       
#cc4jb       #g4bd     #a4ie       4#bd 
,9 ! dry sub/ance1    44        #aj4hj  
#b4ia       4#cf      ,,class #c4       
#cd4hj       #h4ae     #b4jc      #a4ac 
,9 ! dry sub/ance1    44        #ab4ea  
#c4ac      #a4gd      ,,class #d4       
#cc4db       #g4hh      4#ff       4#fb 
,9 ! dry sub/ance1    44        #aa4hf  
#a4jb       4#ie      ,,class #e4       
#cf4af       #g4aj     #a4ad       4#bf 
,9 ! dry sub/ance1    44        #aa4ag  
#a4ge       4#da      ,,class #f4       
#cd4da       #f4ic     #a4dh       4#cj 
,9 ! dry sub/ance1    44        #aj4ei  
#b4ba       4#df                        
,,/>*                                   
,,&               ,,calo-               

,,a%4     ,,sug>4     ,,salt4   ,,ries4 
,p]ct4  ,p]ct4  ,p]ct4    ,,class #a4   
#a4ai      #ec4gb     4#eg       44     
,9 ! dry sub/ance1    #a4ie      #hc4aj 
4#ic      #ddeh      ,,class #b4        
#a4je      #ef4ge     4#ef       44     
,9 ! dry sub/ance1    #a4ee      #hd4ge 
4#hd      #ddig      ,,class #c4        
#a4ei      #ec4dj     4#fi       44     
,9 ! dry sub/ance1    #b4bi      #hb4jf 
#a4jg      #ddcd      ,,class #d4       
#a4hd      #ef4ba    #a4jj       44     
,9 ! dry sub/ance1    #b4gi      #hd4cf 
#a4ej      #dcie      ,,class #e4       
#a4jf      #ed4ec     4#eh       44     
,9 ! dry sub/ance1    #a4fh      #he4da 
4#ib      #dcie      ,,class #f4        
#a4jj      #ef4ah     4#di       44     
,9 ! dry sub/ance1    #a4ec      #he4ff 
4#gf      #ddja      ,a ,typical        
,am]ican ,high-grade ,yea/ ,bread4--,9  
conjunction )  ! actual analyses giv5   
above x is ( int]e/ to comb9e z _m      
analytical data z c be conv5i5tly secur$
 = ! purpose (  det]m9+ :at ! av]age    

composition ( a high-grade typical yea/ 
bread is4 ,?is comp>ison leads to !     
foll[+ composition3      ,moi/ure1      
#ce4jj p]c5t    ,prote91                
#h4jj        ,e!r extract1       4#ge   
,/>* & sug>1  #ed4de        ,fib]1      
4#cj        ,a%1                #a4ej   
,( ! a% m5tion$ 9 ! above analysis 4#ej 
p]c5t may be ascrib$  to ! natural m9]al
 +r$i5t ( fl\r & #a p]c5t to add$ salt4 
,! *ief v>iations f ! typical           
composition ( bread made f  high-grade  
fl\r are f\nd 9 ! moi/ure & e!r extract4
 ,!  moi/ure may rise above #dj p]c5t 9 
breads made ( fl\r ri* 9  glut5 or s9k  
to #cj p]c5t or "u :5 fl\r ( an inf]ior 
glut5  cont5t is employ$4 ,! quantity ( 
e!r extract dep5ds *iefly ^u  ! am\nt ( 
milk :i* is us$ 9 ! mak+ ( bread & !    
am\nt  ( fat employ$ ei!r 9 ! bread     
itself or 9 greas+ ! pan 9  :i* x is    
bak$4 ,!re is great difficulty 9        
extract+ a fatty  body :i* has be5 mix$ 
) a glut9\s mat]ial l fl\r4 ,!          
analytical data1 !re=e1 d n repres5t 9 !

 e!r extract all  ! fat naturally pres5t
 9 ! fl\r plus t add$ 9 ! mak+ (  d\gh  
or 9 bak+4    ,! quantity ( moi/ure 9   
bread may also be det]m9$ l>gely by  !  
"t ( bak+ & ! temp]ature ( ! ov54 ,a    
bread bak$ =  a long :ile at a l[       
temp]ature w be mu* dri] ?an a bread    
bak$ quickly at a high temp]ature4 ,!   
high temp]ature solidifies  ! ext]ior ( 
! loaf s z to make x difficult = !      
int]ior  moi/ure to escape4 ,by quickly 
bak+ ! bread ! temp]ature ( !  int]ior  
does n rea* s high a temp]ature z 9 an  
ov5 ) a l[  temp]ature & a long-cont9u$ 
heat4      ,/&>d = ,moi/ure4--,!        
quantity ( moi/ure 9 bread ( /&>d       
quality 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia may n  
exce$ #ca p]c5t4    ,! av]age temp]ature
 ( ! bak+ ov5 is ab\t #bdj ,c4 7#dfd    
,f474      ,quantity ( ,sug> 9          
,bread4--,! quantity ( sug> f\nd 9      
f]m5t$  bread is always less ?an t      
pres5t 9 ! fl\r1 add$ 9 milk1  or       
o!rwise introduc$ 9 ! prep>ation ( !    
d\gh4 ,! sug>  disappe>s l>gely "u !    

influ5ce ( ! f]m5tation due to !  yea/4 
,quantity ( ,a%4--,! quantity ( a% 9    
bread is uni=mly high]  ?an ! cont5t (  
m9]al matt] 9 ! fl\r4 ,?is is due to !  
addition ( common salt :i* is uni=mly   
employ$ 9 all bread1 &  9 ! case ( bread
 made f bak+ p[d] ! ret5tion ( !  m9]al 
residues 9 ! loaf increases to t ext5t !
 cont5t (  a%4 ,) ! exception ( ! a%1 ! 
e!r extract or fat1 !  sug>1 & ! dry    
mat]ial ( bread correspond 9 quantity to
 ! same  mat]ials 9 ! fl\r f :i* x is   
made1 except ! loss due to  !           
c>amelization ( ! cru/4      ,acidity ( 
,bread4--,! developm5t ( ! lactic acid  
f]m5ts is  important 9 reg>d to hygi5ic 
conditions & to palatability4 ,fl\r     
conta9s practically no acid 9 a free    
/ate1 & ! acidity ( bread  is itself due
 to ! *anges :i* take place 9 its       
prep>ation  "u ! influ5ce ( ! f]m5ts    
!re94 ,bread bak$ 9 ! usual  mann] aft] 
! yea/ f]m5ts h ex]t$ _! activity %[s ! 
pres5ce ( acetic acid1 lactic acid1 &   
o!r acids & salts4 ,!  acidity ( bread  

adds to its palatability & also1        
d\btless1 to its  dige/ibility4 ,bread1 
conta9+1 z x does1 a l>ge p]c5tage (    
prote91 is dige/$ 9 an acid m$ium4 ,!   
natural acidity ( bread1  !re=e1 mu/ be 
reg>d$ z b5eficial4      ,comp>ative    
,nutritive ,prop]ties ( ,indian ,corn   
,bread & ,:eat  ,bread4--,!re is a      
widespread op9ion t ! products ( ,indian
  corn are less dige/ible & less        
nutriti\s ?an ^? ( :eat4 ,?is  op9ion   
am\nts to a conviction 9 mo/ ,european  
c\ntries1 :]e !  products obta9$ by !   
mill+ ( ,indian corn are n reg>d$ z fit 
= human food 9 an unmix$ /ate4 ,! above 
op9ion1 x appe>s1 has  no ju/ification  
ei!r f ! *emical composition ( ! two    
bodies  or f record$ dige/ive &         
nutritive exp]im5ts4    ,a /udy ( !     
analytical data ( ! :ole gra9 %[s t 9 s 
f> z actual nutrition is conc]n$ ! maize
 is fully z nutriti\s  z :eat4 ,9       
respect ( its cont5t ( fat ,indian corn 
& its direct  products easily take      
prec$5ce ( all ! o!r c]eals1 ) !        

exception ( hull$ oats4 ,9 r\nd numb]s  
,indian corn fl\r or bread  made !refrom
 conta9s twice z mu* fat or oil z :eat1 
?ree times  z mu* z rye1 twice z mu* z  
b>ley1 & ne>ly z mu* z hull$  oats4 ,9  
reg>d to dige/ible c>bohydrates1 t is   
dige/ible />*1  sug>1 dextr91 & fib]1   
,indian corn fl\r possesses a high]     
cont5t  ?an hull$ oats & almo/ ! same   
cont5t z :eat4 ,9 reg>d to  dige/ible   
prote9 ,indian corn has ne>ly ! same    
quantity z !  o!r lead+ c]eals1 except  
oats4 ,:at x lacks1 h[ev]1 9 its        
quantity ( prote9 9 s f> z nutrition is 
conc]n$ is m ?an  made up 9 its excess (
 fat4      ,comp>ative ,dige/ibility &  
,nutrition ( ,:eat & ,indian ,corn f    
,exp]im5ts ,made 9 ,s\? ,dakota ,/ation1
 ,bullet9 #ch4--,pigs 7 f$  ) ,indian   
corn & :eat1 or r ! gr\nd ,indian corn &
 gr\nd  :eat1 & x 0 f\nd t p\nd = p\nd  
!re 0 a great] ga9  9 ! case ( ,indian  
corn fl\r ?an :eat4 ,= #ajj p\nds ( fl\r
  f$ ! av]age ga9 ) ,indian corn 0      
#ba4hc p\nds & :]e :eat  fl\r 0 us$     

#bj4gi p\nds4 ,^! exp]im5tal data %[ t 9
  reg>d to nutritive prop]ties ,indian  
corn fl\r _c be consid]$  inf]ior to    
:eat fl\r4 ,indian corn bread is        
p>ticul>ly well suit$  = p]sons engag$ 9
 h>d manual labor4 ,a ration :i* is     
compos$  l>gely ( ,indian corn products 
& oatmeal is f\nd to be p>ticul>ly      
valuable = ^? engag$ 9 lumb]+1 h>ve/+   
sug>-cane1 etc4      ,indian ,corn ,fl\r
 ,pudd+4--,v>i\s =ms ( pudd+ are prep>$ 
f ,indian corn fl\r4 ,among ! mo/       
important is t kn[n 9  ! ,new ,engl&    
,/ates z ha/y pudd+ & 9 ! we/ & s\?  z  
mu%4 ,a simple me?od ( prep>+ ,indian   
corn pudd+1 ha/y  pudd+1 or mu% is to   
/ir into wat]1 v sl[ly1 ! ,indian corn  
fl\r 9 su* a way z to avoid ! =mation ( 
lumps4 ,! fl\r  %\ld be sift$ into !    
wat] ei!r cold or at boil+ temp]ature  &
 ! mixture vigor\sly /irr$ mean:ile4 ,by
 ?is means a ?91  uni=m pa/e is secur$  
:i* is all[$ to cook sl[ly until q  ?ick
 9 consi/5ce & until all ! />* granules 
are ?or\ghly  dis9tegrat$4 ,! product is

 improv$ by all[+ to /& = sev]al  h\rs  
at ne> ! boil+ po9t aft] ! cook+ is     
f9i%$1 provid$  precautions are tak5 n  
to all[ ! mass to become too solid4 ,?is
  product is eat5 hot ) butt]1 milk1 or 
cream1 or is mu* priz$  :5 all[$ to     
cool1 cut into ?9 slices & fri$4 ,a v   
important  di% = ! *ildr5 ( work+ p &   
f>m]s ( ! s\? &  we/ is mu% & milk1     
namely ! product above m5tion$ eat5 )   
skim milk4 ,?is mixture =ms a palatable 
& :olesome diet4 ,v>i\s  o!r =ms ( pudd+
 are made into :i* ,indian corn ent]s to
 a  great] or less degree4              
,composition ( ,biscuits4--,!           
composition ( a biscuit or dry  unleav5$
 bread does n diff] ess5tially f t ( !  
ord9>y  bread except 9 ! cont5t (       
moi/ure4 ,! biscuits are usually bak$  9
 ?9 cakes or loaves :i* become heat$    
?r\gh\t & sometimes  c>amelize ?r\gh\t a
 l>ge "p ( _! sub/ance4 ,?is favors  !  
expulsion ( ! great] "p ( ! moi/ure :i* 
! d\gh  orig9ally conta9$4 ,! av]age    
composition ( biscuits is %[n 9  !      

foll[+ data3      ,moi/ure1             
#g4ac p]c5t    ,prote91            #i4dc
        ,e!r extract1      #h4fg        
,fib]1               4#dg        ,a%1   
#a4eg        ,salt1                4#ii 
,/>* & sug>1  #gc4gg        ,9 ! dry    
sub/ance3      ,prote91                 
#aj4ah p]c5t    ,e!r extract1           
#i4cc        ,fib]1                     
4#ec        ,a%1                   #a4gj
        ,salt1                  #a4jh   
,/>* & sug>1     #gh4gi                 
,calories1          #d1gee    ,! above  
data %[ t biscuits v>y 9 composition f  
bread  *iefly 9 _! cont5t ( moi/ure &   
fat or oil4 ,! moi/ure1 z  is not$1 is v
 l[1 :ile ! quantity ( fat :i* ! biscuit
  conta9s is f #h to #aj times z great z
 t conta9$ 9 fl\r  f :i* !y are made4 ,!
 salt cont5t & ! m9]al +r$i5ts  ( !     
biscuit are (t5 high] ?an 9 bread or    
fl\r4 ,inasmu* z a  l>ge quantity ( fat 
& salt are us$ commonly 9 ! manufacture 
(  biscuits ! pres5ce ( ^! bodies _c 9  
any s5se be reg>d$  z an adult]ation4 ,9

 =ty-eight samples exam9$ only f\r 7    
free  ( notable quantities ( add$ fat4  
,9 "o case ov] #af p]c5t ( fat  0 f\nd1 
& z x has be5 %[n t all ! fat :i* is    
add$ is  n extract$ by e!r x is evid5t t
 9 ?is case an am\nt ( fat  equal to #bj
 p]c5t ( ! weight ( ! fl\r may h be5    
us$4    ,x appe>s1 f a /udy ( !         
composition ( biscuits1 t x is          
advisable to use !m z a reli% or        
delicacy = eat+ ) *eese1  etc41 9 ord9>y
 daily life1 :ile !y become almo/ a     
necessity 9  "s =m or o!r 9 ! prep>ation
 ( em]g5cy rations = m>*+  armies1 on   
%ipbo>d1 9 logg+ camps1 etc4 ,x is n    
advisable to  employ !m 9 ! daily diet  
to ! exclusion ( bread4 ,_! nutri5t     
cont5ts h1 9 comp>ison ) bread1 a l[]   
coeffici5t (  dige/ibility1 due l>gely  
to ! add$ fat4      ,am\nt ( ,sug> ,lo/ 
9 ,f]m5tation4--,! total quantity ( sug>
  & o!r c>bohydrates lo/ 9 f]m5tation   
am\nts to ab\t #b p]c5t  ( ! weight (   
fl\r us$4 ,sometimes x is mu* great] &  
sometimes  less ?an ?is4 ,! nutritive   

value ( ! product is dim9i%$ 9          
proportion to ! ext5t ( ! loss ( sug>4  
,! c>bon dioxid  produc$ dur+ f]m5tation
 has no food value1 & ! alcohol is      
l>gely lo/ 9 ! =m ( vapor dur+ ! process
 ( bak+4 ,ab\t  half ! loss is due to   
c>bon dioxid & half to alcohol4 ,!      
alcohol1  al?\gh lo/ mo/ly dur+ ! bak+1 
s]ves a useful purpose1--9  ! expansion 
( ! vapor x aids ! c>bon dioxid 9 mak+ !
  bread m por\s4 ,! hydrolysis :i* takes
 place 9 bak+ conv]ts  "s ( ! />* to    
dextr9oid or sac*>oid conditions4 ,x is 
evid5t t f #f to #h p]c5t ( total />*   
pres5t 9 ! fl\r  is *ang$ dur+ !        
f]m5tation & bak+ into m or less soluble
  =ms4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#cf4--;,,comp>ative ,,appe>ance ,,(     
,,breads ,,( ,,diff]5t  ,,k9ds4         
,texture & ,size ( ,loaves ,made f      
,diff]5t ,k9ds ,( ,fl\r4--,!  v>iations 
9 bread & size ( loaves made f diff]5t  
k9ds (  fl\r :5 ! conditions (          
f]m5tation & bak+ are ! same  dep5ds ^u 
! texture & quantity ( ! glut5 mat]ial 9

 !  fl\r4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance &   
size ( loaves is %[n by  a photograph ( 
! cross-sections ( ?ree loaves ( bread 9
 ,fig4 #cf4    ,x is se5 t ! loaves made
 f graham fl\r & entire :eat  fl\r are  
some:at co>s] 9 /ructure & are less 9   
size ?an ^?  made f ! same quantity (   
/&>d pat5t fl\r4      ,,mac>oni4    ,!  
prep>ation ( :eat fl\r ( a high glut5\s 
"* & mold$  into v>i\s =ms1 usually     
tubes1 cyl9droids1 or f9e %r$s1 is  kn[n
 9 ! trade "u v>i\s names su* z noodles1
 spaghetti1 &  mac>oni4 ,an exam9ation (
 a numb] ( ^! bodies %[s !m to h  !     
foll[+ av]age composition3              
,moi/ure1           #i4ff p]c5t         
,prote91           #ab4jb        ,e!r   
extract1       4#db        ,crude fib]1 
4#ef        ,a%1                 4#gh   
,/>* & sug>1  #gg4ab        ,9 ! dry    
sub/ance3      ,prote91                 
#ac4cc p]c5t    ,e!r extract1           
4#dg        ,crude fib]1            4#fb
        ,a%1                    4#hf    
,/>* & sug>1     #he4cd                 

,calories1          #d1dbh    ,^!       
bodies1 x is se51 d n h a composition v 
diff]5t f  t ( a fir/-class bread except
 9 _! cont5t ( moi/ure &  prote94 ,!y   
are made f v>i\s k9ds ( :eat1 especially
 h>d  :eat :i* =ms a t5aci\s glut5      
product well suit$ to mold+  into !     
diff]5t =ms :i* ^! bodies h4 ,_!        
nutritive  value is practically ! same z
 t ( good :eat bread ( ! same  moi/ure  
cont5t4      ,dome/ic ,mac>oni4--,!     
introduction ( v>ieties ( :eat ) !      
prop]ties suitable = mak+ mac>oni has   
be5 ?or\ghly exploit$  by ! ,dep>tm5t ( 
,agriculture4 ,! mac>oni :eat gr[n z a  
subv>iety is kn[n botanically z         
,triticum durum4 ,! durum :eats  are n  
reg>d$ z ( equal value to ! ord9>y :eats
 = g5]al  mill+ purposes & comm& a l[]  
price4 ,! ,fr5* "n is ,bl dur  & !      
,g]man "n is ,h>tweiz54 ,! :eat ( ?is   
subspecies gr[s  r tall1 hav+ broad1    
smoo? leaves ( a :iti% gre5 color  & a v
 h>d cuticle4 ,! heads are comp>atively 
slight 9 mo/  v>ieties1 compactly =m$1 &

 occasionally v %ort4 ,all ! durum  :eat
 is be>d$ & ! be>ds are exceptionally   
long4 ,! k]nels  are h>d & glassy1 (t5  
p>tly transluc5t4 ,!y are g5]ally       
yell[i% :ite 9 color1 occasionally      
incl9$ to r$1 & ! gra9s  are g5]ally r  
l>ge4 ,9 o!r aspects ?is :eat resembles 
b>ley & = ?is reason 9 ,g]many x is (t5 
call$ ,g]/5weiz54  ,! g5]al appe>ance ( 
^! :eats bo? 9 ! field & 9 !  individual
 heads is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figures4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,a ,,field  
,,( ,,durum ,,:eat4--7,c\rtesy ( ,bureau
  ( ,plant ,indu/ry47    ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #ch4--;,,dr\ght-,,resi/ant       
,,mac>oni ,,:eats 7,,heads ,,&          
,,gra9s74    #a1 ,kubanka2 #b1          
,nic>agua2 #c1 ,velvet ,don2 #d1 ,black 
,don2 #e1 ,wild  ,goose4--7,bullet9 ,no4
 #c1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 
,dept4 (  ,agriculture47    ,mac>oni    
:eats are well adapt$ to semi-arid      
regions2 9 fact x  may be said t !y are 
! product ( su* an environm5t r  ?an    
adapt$ to x4 ,= ?is reason !y are :eats 

:i* are able to  resi/ cont9u$ dry wea!r
 & high temp]ature4 ,^! :eats d n  gr[  
well 9 acid soils b fl\ri% be/ 9 an     
alkal9e soil ( f9e  texture & well      
suppli$ ) humus & ! necess>y plant      
foods4 ,!  l>ge/ quantity ( mac>oni :eat
 is gr[n 9 ea/ & s\? ,russia4  ,^! :eats
 h giv5 v good results 9 ! semi-arid    
regions (  ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! appe>ance
 ( ! :eat z x gr[s 9 ! field  is %[n 9 !
 accompany+ plate4    ,! dome/ic mac>oni
 is n[ made 9 _m factories 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates & !re is a cont9ually increas+   
dem& = ! dome/ic  article4 ,! h>die/    
v>ieties ( :eat are us$ 9 ! manufacture 
(  ?is article 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1       
especially ! h>d ,kansas w9t]  :eat4    
,composition ( ,dome/ic ,mac>oni4--,9 ! 
table bel[ is giv5 !  mean composition (
 tw5ty samples ( mac>oni ( dome/ic      
orig91 made  f dome/ic :eat4 ,9 ! second
 column is giv5 ! mean composition  (   
five samples ( import$ mac>oni4         
,,dome/ic  ,,=eign                      
,,product4  ,,product4    ,moi/ure1     

#aj4bg     #aj4cb    ,fat or e!r        
extract1     4#dj       4#ce    ,crude  
fib]1              4#di       4#ec      
,prote91                #aa4fa          
#ab4bg    ,/>* & sug>1       #gf4eb     
#gf4aj      ,prep>ation ( ,fl\r =       
,mac>oni4--,! t]m ,semol9a or ,semola   
7,italian7 or ,sem\le 7,fr5*7 is usually
 appli$ to ! fl\r us$  9 ! manufacture (
 mac>oni4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! fl\r :i* 
is us$ is obta9$ by select+ ! h>de/ :eat
 & prep>+ !  fl\r 9 ! usual mann]4 ,9   
,france & ,italy ! prep>ation (  semol9a
 is accompli%$ 9 sep>ate mills4 ,!      
devices = gr9d+  are ess5tially ! same z
 ^? = produc+ ! be/ grade fl\r1  ! ma9  
diff]5ce be+ t ! :eat is moi/5$ slightly
 be=e  gr9d+ & ! fl\r is less f9e ?an   
ord9>y bak+ fl\r4    ,evid5tly v slight 
*anges 9 ! me?od ( mill+ w\ld enable !  
ord9>y mill to produce a f9e grade (    
mac>oni fl\r ei!r f  ! mac>oni :eat or f
 any v h>d glut9\s :eat gr[n 9 !  ,unit$
 ,/ates4      ,manufacture (            
,mac>oni4--,z practic$ 9 ! be/ di/ricts 

(  ,italy1 mac>oni is manufactur$       
accord+ to ! foll[+ me?od3#bg      #bg  
,fair*ild1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,bureau
 ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,bullet9    #be4    
,! durum :eat is gr\nd into semola &    
siev$ to remove ! />*y  "p ( ! gra9s &  
leave ! cle>1 light amb]1 or glut9\s "p4
  ,?ree or f\r grades ( quality are     
made1 & ^! dep5d on ! size  ( ! sieve   
me%es4    ,! semola is put into a       
special iron mix]1 %ap$ l an            
old-fa%ion$ artill]y mort>1 except t x  
is squ>e in/ead (  cyl9drical1 & furni%$
 9 ! bottom ) special screw-%ap$ fans  )
 :i* to /ir ! pa/e or d\gh4 ,boil+ wat] 
is add$ to !  semola & ! d\gh is mix$ = 
ab\t sev5 m9utes4 ,! mass is !n  put on 
a flat1 circul> knead+ bo>d & knead$ by 
two %>p-edg$  p>allel beams :i* rise &  
fall z ! table turns & press into  !    
d\gh z !y desc5d4 ,a few m9utes ( knead+
 are suffici5t  & ! homog5e\s d\gh is !n
 put into ! cyl9d] & ! pi/on  desc5ds ^u
 ! mass1 =c+ x 9 /r+s sl[ly ?r\gh !     
p]=at$ plate at ! bottom4 ,fifte5 m9utes

 are requir$ to conv]t  ! gallons ( d\gh
 into ?\s&s ( feet ( yell[ mac>oni4 ,!  
yell[ color is produc$ by ! use (       
saffron or ( a coal t> dye (  :i* a v   
small quantity is put into ea* bat* (   
d\gh4 ,?is is a  repreh5sible practice4 
,z soon z ! /r+s ( fre% pa/e :i* issue  
cont9ually f  ! die are ( ! prop] l5g?  
!y are cut & ?r[n ov] a re$  pole &     
c>ri$ into ! sunlight1 if ! wea!r is    
fair1 or into  %elt]$ t]races1 protect$ 
by curta9s f ! ra91 if ! wea!r  is      
unfavorable4 ,on bright days ! /r+s (   
mac>oni are expos$  to ! sunlight only  
two h\rs4 ,!y mu/ be dri$ out only      
slightly  be=e be+ cell>$ = ! night 9   
dungeon-l und]gr\nd vaults  simil> to ! 
,bav>ian be] cell>s4    ,= twelve h\rs  
or m ! poles ( mac>oni are kept 9 ^!    
damp  places1 until ! d\gh has become   
moi/ & pliable aga9 & !  /r+s h lo/ !   
brittl5ess t ! exposure to ! sunlight   
has giv5 !m4 ,f ! cell>s ! poles are    
c>ri$ to %ad$  /oreh\ses op5 on all     
sides to ! air b n light$ f above4  ,"h1

 9 great masses ( millions ( /r+s1 !y   
hang = sev]al  days1 f eight to tw5ty   
be+ requir$1 dep5d+ ^u ! dryness  ( !   
atmosph]e4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( a   
manag] ( a  factory ?is process ( dry+  
is necess>y to give to ! brittle  pa/e a
 horn-l t\ghness & fit x to )/& ! r\gh  
h&l+  to :i* x w be subject$ )\t break+ 
into small pieces4    ,9 all ?is simple 
process ! "o po9t at :i* bact]ia might h
 a  *ance to play a rle is 9 ! fir/     
dry+1 cell>+1 & subsequ5t  sl[ dry+ 9 ! 
%ade4 ,! !ory t ! wat] is responsible = 
! flavor mu/ re/1 x seems to ! writ]1 on
 o!r ?an bact]ial  gr\nds1 = f !        
appe>ance ( ! tank :i* suppli$ ! hot    
wat] ! inf]5ce is easy t ! wat] is      
*alybeate1 = ! tank  0 incru/$ ) iron4  
,,rolls4    ,! t]m rolls is giv5 to     
bread usually leav5$ ) yea/ or bak+     
p[d]1 & usually eat5 w>m1 or hot4 ,! t]m
 biscuit is g5]ally  b improp]ly us$ 9  
?is c\ntry = hot bread made ) bak+      
p[d]4 ,! composition ( rolls v>ies      
greatly ) _! me?od  ( prep>ation4 ,^?   

made ) yea/ h practically ! same        
composition z ord9>y f]m5t$ bread1 :ile 
^? made ) a  bak+ p[d] or )             
exceptionally l>ge additions ( milk1    
butt]1  or l>d v>y 9 composition        
accord+ly4 ,9 ! mak+ ( hot rolls  ) bak+
 p[d]1 l>d or butt] is commonly us$ to a
 v l>ge  ext5t z 8%ort5+40 ,^! fatty    
bodies r5d] ! glut5 less  t5aci\s1 & !  
roll is ?us easily brok5 & is )\t       
t\ghness  or ela/icity4 ,ow+ to ?is     
irregul> use ( %ort5+ & ( m9]al  matt]1 
includ+ salt1 ! composition ( rolls (   
comm]ce is  extremely v>iable4 ,9 elev5 
samples ( rolls analyz$1 = in/ance1  !  
cont5t ( moi/ure v>i$ f #g to #cd4      
,evid5tly ! sample sold  z a roll :i*   
conta9$ only #g p]c5t ( moi/ure 0 9 po9t
 (  fact a biscuit & n a roll4 ,!       
p]c5tage ( e!r extract 9 ^!  samples    
v>i$ f 4#dc to #g4ee4 ,! av]age         
composition ( ! elev5  samples is z     
foll[s3      ,moi/ure1          #bg4ih  
p]c5t    ,prote91            #g4dh      
,e!r extract1      #c4da        ,crude  

fib]1         4#fj        ,a%1          
#a4ca        ,salt1                4#fi 
,/>* & sug>1  #ei4hb        ,9 ! dry    
sub/ance3      ,prote91           #aj4df
 p]c5t    ,e!r extract1      #d4gd      
,crude fib]1         4#gg        ,a%1   
#a4ha        ,salt1                4#ha 
,/>* & sug>1  #hb4ii        ,calories1  
#d1ech      ,,cakes4    ,:eat fl\r is "o
 ( ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( t class (    
sweet5$ bread kn[n g5]ally z cake4 ,!   
k9d & "* (  cake v>y s greatly t no     
g5]al /atem5t ( any v great value  c be 
made respect+ ! av]age composition4 ,9  
addition to !  sug> & fl\r :i* are us$ 9
 ! manufacture ( cake v>i\s  flavor+    
+r$i5ts or ess5ces are employ$1 &       
usually excessive  quantities ( butt] or
 l>d = %ort5+ purposes4 ,9 addition to  
?is1 o!r =ms ( cake are cook$ 9 oil aft]
 ! d\gh is made1  ?us add+ an additional
 quantity ( fatty matt] to ! mat]ial4   
,eggs are also a common con/itu5t (     
cakes & ^! introduce into  _!           
composition additional quantities (     

prote9 & fat4 ,bak+  p[d] is v g5]ally  
us$ 9 ?is c\ntry in/ead ( yea/ = !      
leav5+ ( ! cake & ?us an additional     
quantity ( m9]al matt]  is introduc$    
into _! composition4    ,9 ! manufacture
 ( sweet5$ cakes ! fl\r is mix$ ) eggs &
  sug> & butt] or l>d to ! prop]        
consi/5cy ) or )\t  ! use ( milk or     
cream4 ,! cakes are bak$ 9 all k9ds (   
sizes  & %apes & may be eat5 pla9 or 9  
lay]s sep>at$ by a jelly1  m>malade1 or 
"s o!r pres]ve4 ,! ext]ior ( ! cake is  
(t5  fro/$ ) a mixture consi/+ ( ! :ite 
( egg beat5 up )  :ite sug>4 ,! me?ods (
 mix+ ! +r$i5ts ( ^! cakes z  well z !  
me?od ( fro/+ are s v>i\s t x w\ld n be 
possible to und]take any m9ute          
description ( !m4    ,= flavor+ v>i\s   
mat]ials are employ$1 ei!r ! real       
article  or ! imitation !re(1 su* z     
artificial /rawb]ry1 vanilla1 etc4  ,!  
cake or sweet cake is a v common da9ty  
:i* is s]v$ at  dess]t4 ,! ord9>y cane  
sug> ( comm]ce is ! common sweet5+      
matt] usually employ$ 9 ! ref9$ /ate    

al?\gh sometimes yell[  sug> is us$4    
,honey is n s commonly us$ z a sweet5+  
ag5t 9  ?is c\ntry z x is 9 ,european   
c\ntries4    ,9 ! manufacture ( "o ( !  
common v>ieties kn[n z g+] cake         
sug>-cane sirup or molasses is a common 
+r$i5t4    ,an exam9ation ( a l>ge numb]
 ( samples ( cake %[s ! foll[+  av]age  
composition3      ,moi/ure1       #aa4fe
 p]c5t    ,prote91         #f4bi        
,e!r extract1   #i4ha        ,crude     
fib]1     #j4ej        ,a%1             
#a4ag        ,salt1            #j4ci    
,sug>1          #bd4eg        ,/>*1     
#df4ja        ,9 ! dry sub/ance3        
,prote91         #g4bi p]c5t    ,e!r    
extract1  #aa4da        ,crude fib]1    
#j4eg        ,a%1             #a4cj     
,salt1            #j4dd        ,sug>1   
#bg4hd        ,/>*1         #ea4ei      
,calories1       #d1hje    ,a /udy ( !  
individual data %[s extremely wide      
v>iations f !  mean4 ,! e!r extract 9 ! 
moi/ure samples 9 "s cases am\nt$  to   
ov] #ai p]c5t & 9 ! dry sub/ance to ov] 

#bd p]c5t4 ,!  moi/ure 9 "o case 0 ov]  
#fd p]c5t :ile 9 ! dry cake (  biscuit  
"* x s9ks bel[ #e p]c5t & 9 "o case bel[
 #d  p]c5t4 ,! av]age data1 !re=e1 are  
to be consid]$ only z  a repres5tative (
 ?is class ( bodies & n z a type ( any  
p>ticul> v>iety4      ,adult]ations4--,x
 is difficult to speak ( adult]ations ( 
a  sub/ance ( ! composition ( cake4 ,any
 :olesome flavor+ or  sweet5+ +r$i5t or 
o!r :olesome +r$i5t may be us$ 9 !      
manufacture ( a cake ( ?is k9d )\t be+  
an adult]ant4 ,f  ?is class ( bodies1   
h[ev]1 !re is exclud$ artificial colors 
& artificial flavor+ ess5ces be>+ ! "n (
 g5u9e4 ,a  yell[ cake :i* does n owe   
its color to ! eggs or o!r normal       
+r$i5ts employ$ mu/ be reg>d$ z an      
adult]at$ article1  especially if ! dye 
us$ 9 produc+ ! yell[ is "o ( ! coal    
dyes or coal t> d]ivatives su* z naph?ol
 yell[4 ,! use (  imitation fruit       
flavors su* z ! s-call$ /rawb]ry1       
blackb]ry1  raspb]ry1 vanilla1 etc41 is 
also to be reg>d$ z an adult]ation4  ,! 

adult]ation ( cakes may be reg>d$ z     
conf9$ p>ticul>ly to  ^! two classes (  
article assum+ t all ! o!r +r$i5ts  are 
:olesome & )\t injuri\s effects ^u !    
dige/ion4 ,!  eggs us$ 9 cake mak+ %\ld 
be fre% & palatable4 ,too (t5 pass      
/orage eggs & eggs brok5 & pres]v$ )    
borax or =maldehyde  & unfit =          
consumption h be5 us$ by ! bak]s (      
cakes4    ,m9]al color+ matt]s h        
sometimes be5 f\nd 9 cakes &  ^! are m  
objectionable by f> ?an ! artificial    
colors above  m5tion$4 ,:]e molasses f  
sug>-cane factories is us$ 9 !          
manufacture ( cake a consid]able trace (
 *lorid ( t9 or (  z9c salts may be f\nd
 !re91 d]iv$ f ! wa% us$ 9 !  c5trifugal
 :5 dry+ sug> cry/als or f ! process (  
blea*+  ! molasses4 ,?is mu/ be reg>d$ z
 a v s]i\s adult]ation &  molasses ( ?is
 k9d %\ld nev] be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( 
cake  nor = edible purposes ^u ! table4 
,sulfur\s acid may also be  absorb$ dur+
 ! process ( blea*+ ! sug>-cane juices4 
,x is ne$less to add t cake ) its       

complex "* %\ld be  eat5 z a reli% r ?an
 a diet4 ,!re is no hygi5ic or dietetic 
objection to ! mixture ( sug> ) ! fl\r 9
 ! mak+ (  ord9>y sweet5$ bread4 ,su*   
bread mu/ be reg>d$ z highly  nutriti\s 
& z diff]+ f ord9>y bread only 9 a      
di/urbance  ( ! natural food cont5t ( ! 
loaf caus$ by ! addition ( a            
c>bohydrate to ! bread4 ,_m ( ! cakes   
:i* are sold conta9  s small a quantity 
( sug> t !y ought n to be class$ )  !   
sweet cake4 ,out ( ! :ole numb] (       
samples us$ 9 ! mak+  up ( ! above      
av]age only f\r conta9$ s little sug> z 
to be  ineligible to be> ! "n ( sweet   
cake or sweet5$ bread4      ,breakfa/   
,foods4--,a v l>ge v>iety ( c]eal       
prep>ations  are on ! m>ket "u ! g5]al  
"n ( breakfa/ foods4 ,^!  prep>ations   
are made directly f ! c]eals m or less  
completely  gr\nd by subject+ !m to     
c]ta9 manipulations ( a f]m5tative or   
cul9>y "* by means ( :i* ! prep>ations  
are made ready  = imm$iate consumption  
or at lea/ ) only a mod]ate degree (    

additional cook+4 ,! *anges :i* take    
place 9 ! prep>ation  ( c]eals =        
breakfa/ foods are ( two g5]al *>act]s1 
namely1  ^? produc$ by f]m5tative action
 ) malt1 yea/1 or o!r  f]m5ts1 &1       
second1 *anges produc$ by heat+1 ei!r 9 
!  moi/ or dry /ate4 ,(t5 bo? sets (    
*anges are produc$ 9 !  same product4 ,!
 g5]al diff]5ce1 !re=e1 betwe5 a s-call$
  breakfa/ food & ! raw mat]ial f :i* x 
is made is f\nd 9  ! conv]sion ( m or   
less />* into sug> & ! *ange 9 !        
composition ( ! mat]ial produc$ by moi/ 
heat or dry heat4 ,9 !  latt] case !    
temp]ature may be rais$ to ! /ate (     
consid]able  c>amelization4    ,breakfa/
 foods may also conta9 add$ condim5tal  
sub/ances1 su*  z salt1 sug>1 etc41     
sometimes us$ 9 _! prep>ation4 ,ne>ly   
all  ! c]eals or mixtures ( c]eals are  
repres5t$ 9 ^! prep>$  foods4 ,oats     
probably occupy ! fir/ rank & !         
prep>ations (  oatmeal h to a l>ge ext5t
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates tak5 ! place  (      
home-prep>$ oatmeal = ! breakfa/ table4 

,:eat1 b>ley1 &  ,indian corn are n f>  
beh9d oats 9 _! contributions to !      
num]\s v>ieties ( breakfa/ foods4    ,! 
p>ticul> me?ods ( prep>ation are usually
 trade secrets & at  any rate !         
description ( ! ext5sive te*nical       
processes w\ld be  improp] 9 ?is manual4
 ,! secrets1 h[ev]1 are m]ely me?ods (  
manipulation1 s9ce x is c]ta9 t ! *anges
 ( a *emical nature  :i* take place are 
( ! g5]al "* or class describ$ above4   
,breakfa/ foods are usually sold "u     
trade-m>k names :i* may or  may n give  
an indication ( _! orig9 or "*4         
,sometimes1 9  fact1 ! trade "n gives a 
false indication & ! use ( su* trade    
names mu/ be consid]$ z entirely        
repreh5sible4 ,:5ev] a "n  us$ is       
descriptive x %\ld be us$ 9 a practical 
s5se & n =  ! purpose ( mislead+ or     
deceiv+4 ,breakfa/ foods may repres5t   
practically ! :ole gra9 or ! gra9 ) a   
removal ( a proportion  ( ! out] cov]+  
or !y may repres5t ! ref9$ fl\r f  :i*  
all or a consid]able proportion ( ! g]m 

& "s ( ! ri*  nitrog5\s +r$i5ts h be5   
remov$4    ,! attempt to give a li/ ( ! 
names :i* h be5 appli$ to  breakfa/     
foods w\ld consume _m pages & be (      
little value4      ,composition (       
,breakfa/ ,foods4--,9 s f> z possible ! 
breakfa/  foods not$ 9 ! foll[+ tables h
 be5 arrang$ 9 accordance  ) ! raw      
mat]ial f :i* !y h be5 produc$ & ! data 
giv5 repres5t ! av]age composition (    
breakfa/ foods ( !  classes m5tion$4    
,individual v>iations f ! av]age are (t5
  v great4      ,class   ,i4--,breakfa/ 
foods made f ,indian corn products4     
,class  ,,ii4--,breakfa/ foods made f   
:eat products4    ,class                
,,iii4--,breakfa/ foods made f oat      
products4    ,class  ,,iv4--,breakfa/   
foods made f />* & tapioca4    ,class   
,v4--,breakfa/ foods made f noodles1    
spaghetti1 &                mac>oni4    
,class  ,,vi4--,breakfa/ foods made f   
b>ley4    ,class ,,vii4--,breakfa/ foods
 ( miscellane\s orig91 t is             
consi/+ ( ^? comp\nds ( raw mat]ial n   

specifi$4    ,,composition ,,(          
,,breakfa/ ,,foods4#bh                  
,,e!r                                   
,,mois-     ,,pro-       ,,ex-          
,,ture4    ,,teids4    ,,tract4         
,,fib]4    ,,class ,i1 ,indian ,corn    
,products3                              
,p]ct4  ,p]ct4  ,p]ct4  ,p]ct4      ,9 !
 orig9al sub/ance1    #ab4cc      #g4ib 
#j4eh      #j4fg      ,9 ! dry sub/ance1
           44       #i4jb      #j4ff    
#j4gf      ,,class ,,ii1 ,:eat          
,products3      ,9 ! orig9al sub/ance1  
#aj4jh     #ab4ja      #a4hj      #a4dh 
,9 ! dry sub/ance1           44         
#ac4cf      #b4ja      #a4fe            
,,class ,,iii1 ,oat ,products3      ,9 !
 orig9al sub/ance1     #g4ff     #ae4cb 
#g4df      #a4bj      ,9 ! dry sub/ance1
           44      #af4fj      #h4jh    
#a4ch      ,,class ,,iv1 ,/>* & ,tapioca
 ,products3      ,9 ! orig9al sub/ance1 
#aa4bi       4#ci       4#jc       4#ac 
,9 ! dry sub/ance1           44         
4#dc       4#jd       4#ae      ,,class 

,v1 ,noodles1 ,spaghetti & ,mac>oni3    
,9 ! orig9al sub/ance1     #i4ff        
#ab4jb       4#db       4#ef      ,9 !  
dry sub/ance1           44      #ac4cc  
4#dg       4#fb      ,,class ,,vi1      
,b>ley ,products3      ,9 ! orig9al     
sub/ance1    #aj4ib      #g4ej          
4#hi       4#fg      ,9 ! dry sub/ance1 
44       #h4db      #a4jj       4#ge    
,,class ,,vii1 ,miscellane\s ,products3 
,9 ! orig9al sub/ance1     #f4da        
#ab4ha      #a4je       4#ii      ,9 !  
dry sub/ance1           44      #ac4fh  
#a4ab      #a4jd                        
,,/>*                                   
,,&     ,,calories4                     
,,a%4     ,,sug>4   ,p] ,gram4          
,,class ,i1 ,indian ,corn ,products3    
,p]ct4  ,p]ct4      ,9 ! orig9al        
sub/ance1       #j4ff     #gh4ea      44
      ,9 ! dry sub/ance1                
#j4ge     #ih4eg     #dche      ,,class 
,,ii1 ,:eat ,products3      ,9 ! orig9al
 sub/ance1       #a4ee     #ge4fb       
44      ,9 ! dry sub/ance1              

#af4gc     #hd4jh     #ddfb      ,,class
 ,,iii1 ,oat ,products3      ,9 !       
orig9al sub/ance1       #a4gi     #fg4fa
      44      ,9 ! dry sub/ance1        
#a4id     #gc4bj     #dhge      ,,class 
,,iv1 ,/>* & ,tapioca ,products3      ,9
 ! orig9al sub/ance1        4#ad        
#hh4ae      44      ,9 ! dry sub/ance1  
4#af     #ii4cg     #daic      ,,class  
,v1 ,noodles1 ,spaghetti & ,mac>oni3    
,9 ! orig9al sub/ance1        4#gh      
#gg4ab      44      ,9 ! dry sub/ance1  
4#hf     #he4cd     #ddbh      ,,class  
,,vi1 ,b>ley ,products3      ,9 !       
orig9al sub/ance1        4#hf     #hj4ce
      44      ,9 ! dry sub/ance1        
4#ig     #ij4ai     #dcdd      ,,class  
,,vii1 ,miscellane\s ,products3      ,9 
! orig9al sub/ance1       #a4jf         
#gh4fh      44      ,9 ! dry sub/ance1  
#a4ac     #hd4jg     #dddi      #bh ,u4 
,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1   
,bull4 #ac1 ,"p ,,ix1 p4    #acde4      
,rem>ks on ,table ( ,analyses4--        
,class ,i1 ,indian ,corn ,products4--,! 

analytical data %[ t 9  ! breakfa/ foods
 made f ,indian corn products ! g]m has 
be5  q uni=mly remov$4 ,! quantity (    
fib] also %[s t !  maize fl\r produc$   
has be5 v c>efully bolt$4 ,! a% is almo/
  normal1 %[+ only a small addition1    
probably ( salt4 ,! mean  quantity (    
prote9 is t :i* w\ld be pr$ict$ ( an    
,indian  corn product gr\nd by ! mo/    
approv$ mill+ process 9 ord] to  make z 
:ite a fl\r z possible4 ,^! me?ods (    
prep>+ !  fl\r1 al?\gh s common1 are n  
to be pref]r$ ei!r by reason (          
palatability or nutritive prop]ties ( ! 
products4 ,! old-fa%ion$  mill+ process 
makes a m palatable & m nutriti\s diet &
  af=ds a high] degree ( heat & en]gy4  
,! analysis ( ! ,indian corn products %[
 t !y are v mu*  l[] 9 prote9 ?an w\ld  
be expect$ f an analysis ( ! :ole       
k]nels4 ,! l[ cont5t ( fat 9 ! products 
is d\btless due to  ! complete          
deg]m9ation ( ! gra9 dur+ ! mill+ & to !
  fur!r fact t ! bak+ & o!r prep>ation (
 ! mat]ial t5d  to occlude ! fat        

p>ticles1 mak+ _! extraction q          
difficult4      ,class ,,ii1 ,:eat      
,products4--,! /udy ( :eat products us$ 
z  breakfa/ foods %[s t ! :eat g]m is n 
remov$ to any v  great ext5t dur+ !     
prep>ation ( ! raw mat]ial4 ,9 fact !   
quantity ( e!r extract appe>s some:at   
great] ?an w\ld be  expect$ 9 pure :eat 
products1 & ?is leads to ! supposition  
t oatmeal or ,indian corn mu/ be mix$ ) 
! food product  9 small quantities1 s9ce
 ! e!r extract 9 ! case ( :eat  products
 is m ?an ?ree times z great z 9 ! case 
( ,indian  corn products ( a simil> "*4 
,?is is an indication ei!r (  ! use (   
me*anical me?ods z /at$ above or else to
 ! admixture  ( o!r bodies )\t m5tion4  
,!re does n appe> to h be5  any notable 
quantity ( m9]al sub/ance1 common salt  
or o!rwise1  add$ dur+ ! process (      
prep>ation4 ,! quantity ( prote9 9 !    
product is t :i* w\ld be pr$ict$ f !    
composition ( :eat  fl\r f :i* ! samples
 are suppos$ to be made4      ,class    
,,iii1 ,oat ,products4--,! oat products 

h evid5tly be5 made  )\t any ext5sive   
deg]m9ation1 z is %[n by ! high cont5t (
  fat or oil4 ,! av]age composition (   
oat products %[s t g5u9e  oatmeal is us$
 9 _! prep>ation & ! probability is t   
little  adult]ation is practic$4 ,! high
 cont5t ( oil & prote9 produces  a      
correspond+ depression 9 ! quantity (   
c>bohydrates4 ,! high  nutritive value (
 ! product1 bo? 9 respect ( fat & (     
prote9s1  is fully illu/rat$ by !       
analytical data obta9$4 ,! calories1 z  
w be notic$1 are v mu* high] ?an 9 !    
correspond+ product  f ,indian corn1    
:eat1 or 9 fact ( any o!r ( ! breakfa/  
foods4      ,class ,,iv1 ,products made 
( />* & tapioca %[1 9 ! analytical      
data1 t v high-grade />* mat]ials are   
employ$ 9 !  prep>ation ( ^! bodies4 ,! 
prote91 e!r extract1 fib]1 & a%  almo/  
disappe>4 ,z %[n 9 ! data = ! dry       
sub/ance1 m ?an  #ii p]c5t ( ! :ole     
mat]ial consi/s ( c>bohydrates1 *iefly  
/>*4 ,! calories are correspond+ly      
dim9i%$ s9ce />* &  sug> h ! lea/ heat  

value ( any class ( food products1      
except  ^? ( a m9]al "*4 ,foods ( ?is   
k9d are highly unbalanc$1  t is1 conta9 
a l>ge excess ( />* & sug>1 & are (t5 v 
prejudicial to ! heal? ( p]sons ^:      
ability to dige/ />* &  sug> has be5    
less5$ by disease4      ,class ,v1      
,noodles1 spaghetti1 & mac>oni are (t5  
us$ z breakfa/  foods1 ?\gh n by any    
means s univ]sally z _m o!rs 9 ?is      
category4 ,! analytical data %[ t ^!    
bodies correspond v  well to ! mat]ial1 
t is to ! fl\r1 ri* 9 glut51 f  :i* !y  
are suppos$ to be made4 ,! prote9 cont5t
 is high1--!  e!r extract1 fib]1 & a%   
l[1 & ! calories correspond to !        
*emical composition ( ! mat]ial4        
,class ,,vi1 ,b>ley ,products4--,b>ley  
products are n v commonly  us$ z        
breakfa/ foods1 b ! malt us$ 9 !        
prep>ation ( o!r  breakfa/ foods is     
usually made ( b>ley1 s9ce ! b>ley malt 
has  ! highe/ dia/atic value ( any ( !  
c]eals4      ,class ,,vii1 ,miscellane\s
 breakfa/ foods are s call$ because !   

"* ( ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are made is n  
kn[n or no  /atem5t is made by !        
manufactur] or deal] conc]n+ !m4 ,!     
analytical data1 ( c\rse1 d n lead to   
any decision reg>d+  ! nature ( ! raw   
mat]ial employ$4 ,! p]c5tage ( prote91  
h[ev]1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! r l[ e!r  
extract1  indicates t !y are probably   
made *iefly f :eat products4    ,mu* may
 be said 9 favor ( ! use ( prep>$       
breakfa/ foods1  =1 9 s f> z ,i "k1 !y  
are usually palatable1 :olesome1 &      
nutriti\s4 ,!re are _m po9ts :i* may be 
urg$ aga9/ _!  g5]al use1 *ief ( :i* is 
9 reg>d to _! co/4 ,!re is no  c]eal n[ 
9 g5]al use = edible purposes :i* is    
wor? z mu*  z two c5ts p] p\nd 9 !      
m>kets ( ?is c\ntry1 yet breakfa/       
foods1 :i* are only prep>$ c]eals1 are  
(t5 sold = #aj or #ae  c5ts p] p\nd4    
,?is is a high price 9 comp>ison ) ! co/
  ( ! raw mat]ial1 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t
 ! co/ (  manufacture is to be consid]$4
 ,9 ! second place ! c]eal foods  are   
und\bt$ly be/ at ! mom5t !y are prep>$4 

,unless c>efully  pack$1 !y may become  
infect$ ) insects ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i*     
c]ta9ly add no?+ to _! value & detract v
 mu* f _!  desirability4 ,9 moi/        
climates !y become infe/$ ) m\ld &  ev5 
) bact]ial gr[?s4 ,inasmu* z necess>ily 
a l>ge proportion  ( ! prep>$ c]eals    
rema9 = an indef9ite "t unsold1 !       
consum] is liable at any "t to come into
 possession ( "o ( ^!  det]iorat$       
packages4 ,9 ! ?ird place !re is no     
reason to believe  t a prep>$ breakfa/  
food is any m dige/ible1 nutriti\s1  or 
favorable to ! heal? ( ! heal?y         
individual ?an ! brok5  c]eal itself    
prop]ly cook$4 ,fur!r ?an ?is x may be  
/at$ t  !re is no prep>ation ( c]eals   
bett] ?an ^? :i* are fre%ly  made f !   
fre%ly brok5 or gr\nd gra94 ,if1 !re=e1 
"o has  ! "t to prop]ly prep>e ! fre%   
gra9s ( ! c]eals !y w  be m palatable & 
m nutriti\s & equally z dige/ible z  any
 ( ! prep>$ articles4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 
are cases (  diseas$ or disord]$        
dige/ion 9 :i* ! prep>$ c]eals w  be m  

dige/ible1 b ?is is c]ta9ly n ! case 9 a
 /ate  ( heal?4 ,!re is reason to       
believe1 !re=e1 t ! dem&  = prep>$      
c]eals w cont9ue1 b ! old-fa%ion$ me?od 
(  prep>ation ( ! c]eal f ! gra9 w /ill 
h its advocates4    ,i ?9k x may be said
 ) c]ta9ty t ! prop] home prep>ation  ( 
a c]eal z a breakfa/ food w n co/ any m 
?an !  orig9al c]eal itself1 & h5ce !   
price ( ?is food ought n to  be mu* m   
?an #d c5ts p] p\nd )\t c\nt+ ! add$    
wat] 9  its prep>ation4    ,i believe1  
!re=e1 t our p ( limit$ means c be      
safely  advis$ on ! score ( economy1    
palatability1 & nutrition to prep>e  _! 
own c]eals = ord9>y breakfa/ purposes4  
,,"p ,,vi4    ,,vegetables1 ,,condim5ts1
 ,,fruits4      ,,succul5t ,,vegetables4
    ,! t]m vegetable z appli$ to food 9 
! broade/ s5se ( !  ^w means t class :i*
 di/+ui%es x f animal food4 ,9  a n>r[] 
s5se1 h[ev]1 ! t]m vegetable is us$ to  
d5ote a  c]ta9 class ( food :i* is ( a  
succul5t or juicy nature4 ,:ile  c]eals 
& fruits are vegetables 9 ! broade/ s5se

 ( ! ^w  !y are n 9 ! n>r[ & common     
mean+4 ,! t]m 8vegetable0 9  ?is section
 !re=e ref]s to ^? sub/ances commonly   
kn[n z  vegetables ^u ! m>ket & :i* are 
*>act]iz$ by _! high  wat] cont5t4 ,on  
acc\nt ( ?is abundance ( liquid or juice
 ! t]m  succul5t is appli$ to !m4 ,!    
common vegetables :i* are includ$  9 ?is
 class consi/ ( lettuce1 sp9a*1         
potatoes1 caulifl[]1  beets1 radi%es1   
turnips1 cabbage1 gre5 ,indian corn1    
peas1 beans1  tomatoes1 yams1 etc4 ,^!  
vegetables conta9 9 a fre% /ate f  #gj  
to #ie p]c5t ( wat]4 ,_m ( !m c be kept 
= a l5g? (  "t )\t det]ioration1        
especially ! potato & beet1 & =  a %ort 
"t cabbage1 radi%es1 etc41 if kept cool 
& moi/4 ,o!r  k9ds ( vegetables are n   
easily pres]v$ = any l5g? ( lime  except
 9 cold /orage1 su* z lettuce1 peas1    
beans1 tomatoes1 etc4  ,if ! potato &   
o!r />*y tub]s are kept out ( acc\nt ^! 
vegetables d n h a v high nutritive     
value1 z w be se5 by  ! analysis :i*    
foll[s4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 an important "p 9 

! ration because ( _! palatability & !  
effect :i* !y h  ^u ! g5]al activity ( !
 alim5t>y canal4 ,= in/ance1 !re  is v  
little n\ri%m5t obta9$ 9 eat+ a turnip  
:i* p]haps is  #ie p]c5t wat]1--yet its 
palatability1 its condim5tal "*1 &  its 
g5]al salut>y effect ^u dige/ion is su* 
z to make x wor?  :ile to pay ev5 a high
 price 9 proportion to its nutrim5t4 ,= 
?is  reason1 z well z = _! nutritive    
value1 ! use ( succul5t  vegetables is  
to be v highly comm5d$4    ,9 g5]al1 z  
has be5 said1 ^! vegetables are eat5 9 a
 fre%  /ate or aft] be+ kept = a        
consid]able "t 9 cold /orage  or        
o!rwise4 ,! potato1 = in/ance1 c be kept
 by prop]ly  cov]+ x 9 ! e>? or 9 b9s   
?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,cabbages  are also kept 9
 ! same way & _m o!r vegetables )\t     
app>5t det]ioration4 ,^! vegetables are 
(t5 desiccat$1 &  9 ?is way c be kept = 
a mu* long] p]iod4 ,un=tunately no      
me?od ( desiccation has be5 develop$ :i*
 pres]ves entirely !  palatability ( !  
vegetable1 al?\gh its nutri5t prop]ties1

 :i*  are p]haps ! lea/ important ( its 
prop]ties 9 _m respects1 are  pres]v$ to
 a c]ta9 ext5t by desiccation4    ,we   
may1 h[ev]1 leave out ( consid]ation !  
desiccation ( fre%  vegetables4 ,c]ta9 (
 ! vegetables above m5tion$ naturally   
become  desiccat$ on maturity z 9 ! case
 ( peas & beans1 b !n !y  are remov$ f !
 category ( succul5t vegetables4 ,gre5  
,indian  corn is also (t5 dri$1 b 9 ?is 
process its palatability is to a  c]ta9 
ext5t impair$ ev5 :5 x is prep>$ = cook+
 9 su*  a way z to re/ore practically   
all ( ! wat] :i* has be5 lo/4  ,succul5t
 vegetables are eat5 ei!r 9 a raw /ate  
or aft] cook+4  ,= in/ance radi%es &    
vegetables ( ?is class are r>ely cook$4 
,on ! o!r h&1 potatoes1 peas1 & beans   
are always cook$ &  practically nev]    
eat5 raw4 ,gre5 ,indian corn is also    
univ]sally  cook$ be=e eat+4 ,!re are   
o!r vegetables :i* are sometimes  eat5  
raw & sometimes cook$1 z1 = in/ance1 !  
turnip1 :ile on  ! o!r h& ! beet1 :i* is
 v sweet & naturally w\ld be  consid]$ a

 suitable food = eat+ 9 a raw /ate1 is  
always cook$  be=e x is consum$4        
,arti*oke4--,?is vegetable1 :ile n v    
ext5sively gr[n 9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates1 is  
cultivat$ to a v ext5sive degree 9      
,europe4  ,! tub]s ( ! arti*oke 7,cyn>a 
,scolymus7 are ess5tially  a c>bohydrate
 food1 gr[+ und]gr\nd1 & ?us belong1 9 a
  measure1 to ! same class z ! potato1 !
 yam1 & ! beet4 ,!  c>bohydrates :i* are
 pres5t 9 arti*okes d n conta9 v  mu*   
/>*4 ,9 ?is respect !y diff] f ! potato 
& ! yam4  ,:5 ! />* ( ! potato & yam is 
conv]t$ by f]m5tation or  o!rwise into  
sug> x =ms *iefly dextrose or maltose4  
,on ! o!r  h&1 :5 ! c>bohydrates (      
arti*okes are conv]t$ into sug>  !y =m  
*iefly levulose4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( !     
c>bohydrate  is kn[n z inul9 or levul94 
,! arti*oke c be easily kept ov]  a long
 p]iod ( "t1 & may rema9 )\t mu*        
detrim5t 9 !  gr\nd1 :]e ! w9t]s are n  
sev]e1 f autumn until spr+4  ,aft]      
h>ve/+ x may be kept = "s "t )\t any v  
great  loss 9 its food value4    ,9 !   

foll[+ table are giv5 ! data %[+ !      
composition (  ! arti*oke1 h>ve/$ 9 !   
autumn & also 9 ! spr+3      ,spr+3     
,wat]1              #gi4jc p]c5t        
,inul9 or levul91  #ag4gf               
,prote91             #a4bg          ,e!r
 extract1        4#ah          ,a%1     
4#ii          ,fall3      ,wat]1        
#gi4gj p]c5t      ,inul9 or levul91     
#af4ic          ,prote91                
#a4dh          ,e!r extract1        4#ad
          ,a%1                 #a4jh    
7,behr5d1 ,j4 fr ,l&wirts*aft1 vol4 #eb1
 p4 #acd1 #aijd47    ,! above data %[ t 
! arti*oke1 l ! potato1 is a food       
product poor 9 prote9 & 9 fat & ri* 9   
c>bohydrate mat]ial4  ,9 s f> z kn[n !  
c>bohydrates ( arti*okes are equally z  
dige/ible & nutriti\s z ^? ( o!r tub]s4 
,asp>agus4--,asp>agus 7,asp>agus        
(fic9alis ,l47--,fr5*1 asp]ge2  ,g]man1 
sp>gel2 ,italian1 sp>agio2 ,spani%1     
esp>rago--is a highly  priz$ vegetable &
 is a native ( ,europe4 ,! edible       
asp>agus is  ! "y1 fre%1 undevelop$     

%oots tak5 at an e>ly p]iod (  gr[?4 ,!y
 are highly valu$ :5 /ew$ or = use z a  
salad4 ,!re  is a numb] ( v>ieties (    
asp>agus1 among :i* may be m5tion$  !   
,giant ,dut* asp>agus1 ! common gre5    
asp>agus1 :ite ,g]man  asp>agus1 etc4   
,^! are diff]5t 9 k9d only1 s9ce !y all 
belong  to ! same botanical species & ! 
v>iations are produc$ *iefly  by diff]5t
 me?ods ( cultivation4                  
,composition4--      ,wat]1             
#ic4if p]c5t    ,a%1                    
4#fg        ,prote91               #a4hc
        ,fib]1                  4#gd    
,sug>1 />*1 etc41   #b4ee        ,fat1  
4#be        ,asp>agus is compos$ *iefly 
( wat]1 :i* am\nts1 9 r\nd  numb]s1 to  
#id p]c5t ( its entire weight4 ,its     
edible portion is ri*  9 prote9 z comp>$
 ) ! beet & _m o!r vegetables4 ,x  is   
some:at ri*] also 9 fat ?an ! beet or ! 
turnip4 ,its food  value1 z w be se51 is
 l>gely ( a condim5tal "*4      ,!      
,bean4--,! bean belongs to ! family     
,fabace4 ,x is a native  ( ,am]ica & has

 be5 cultivat$ f ! e>lie/ times4 ,!re   
are  _m diff]5t v>ieties ( ! bean :i*   
are cultivat$ 9 ?is  c\ntry4 ,!y gr[ ov]
 ! :ole range ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re   
are e>ly & late matur+ v>ieties4 ,beans 
are us$ = food bo? 9  ! fre% /ate1 :ile 
! pods are t5d] & c be eat5 ) !         
immature beans1 & also 9 ! dry /ate1 9  
:i* condition !y are  a /aple article ( 
food4 ,!re are _m diff]5t v>ieties (    
beans  :i*1 :ile n always botanically   
id5tical1 are suffici5tly s to  w>rant !
 use ( ! common "n4 ,two g5]al classes1 
h[ev]1 may  be di/+ui%$1 namely1 ^? t   
gr[ 9 small clu/]s or bun*es  & ^? t gr[
 ^u v9es or t5drils :i* h to be         
support$4  ,9 reg>d to ! k9ds ( culture 
to :i* beans are subject$ !re  may be   
m5tion$ field beans1 :i* are cultivat$  
ov] a l>ge area1  & g>d5 beans1 :i* are 
cultivat$ 9 small g>d5s = ! gre5        
m>kets4      ,kidney ,bean4--,! kidney  
bean1 or ,fr5* bean1 is a special       
botanical  v>iety 7,phaseolus vulg>is   
,l474 ,x is :at is kn[n 9 ,fr5* z       

h>icot2 9 ,g]man z ,bohne2 ,dut*1 ,boon2
 ,italian1 fag9olo2 ,spani%1  habi*uela4
 ,?is v>iety ( bean is commonly call$ a 
,fr5* bean &  is a native ( ,s\?        
,am]ica4 ,x does n seem to h be5 kn[n   
be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,am]ican cont95t &  
h5ce is n ?\ght  to h gr[n wild 9 any   
o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,! kidney bean  is n v   
well suit$ to v high nor!rn latitudes1  
s9ce x is  p>ticul>ly s5sitive to !     
cold1 ev5 if ! temp]ature is n l[  en\gh
 to produce fro/4 ,! kidney bean is     
cultivat$ ov] l>ge areas  & is also a   
g>d5 crop4 ,!re are e>ly & late         
v>ieties1 s t  ! season = ! kidney bean 
is a long "o4 ,! pods ( ?is bean  are   
di/+ui%$ by be+ long & sl5d]1 & x is    
p>ticul>ly  valuable = edible purposes  
:ile gre5 & is also priz$ =  cann+4 ,?is
 is true1 especially1 ( t v>iety :i* has
 a t5d]  pod4    ,!re is ano!r v>iety ( 
bean 9 :i* ! pod is t\gh1 & ?is1  (     
c\rse1 is n s well suit$ = eat+ gre51   
al?\gh :5 v  "y1 ev5 ! t\gh-podd$ bean c
 be us$4 ,!re are a great _m  diff]5t   

v>ieties ( kidney beans kn[n1 "o ( :i*  
is call$ !  8dw>f kidney bean0 on acc\nt
 ( its gr[+ only on l[ bu%es &  ne$+ no 
support = ! v9es4 ,9 ?is v>iety ! pods  
hang 9  ?ick clu/]s1 ! l[] ends (t5 t\*+
 ! gr\nd4      ,butt] ,beans4--,!re is  
ano!r l>ge class ( beans kn[n z butt]   
beans4 ,?is v>iety is also kn[n z       
,g5eva1 or pla9palais1 or wax  bean4    
,lima ,beans4--,! ,lima bean is also a  
diff]5t botanical species  kn[n z       
,phaseolus lunatus ,l4 ,x is ne>ly      
relat$ to ! kidney  bean1 be+ also a    
native ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! v9e is a v    
long  "o1 (t5 rea*+ m ?an #aj feet if a 
prop] support be (f]$  x4 ,! common     
,lima bean is "o :i* matures r late 9 ! 
season1 b x is mo/ highly valu$ = its   
product1 :i* is eat5  %ell$4 ,!re are   
small] v>ieties ( ?is bean kn[n z ! dw>f
  ,lima or small ,lima4    ,! total     
numb] ( v>ieties ( beans :i* are kn[n & 
cultivat$  is1 p]haps1 m ?an #ajj1 b !y 
belong 9 g5]al to ! l>ge  classes       
specifi$4      ,av]age ,composition (   

,gre51 ,/r+1 & ,lima ,beans4--          
,lima beans3      ,wat]1          #fh4df
 p]c5t      ,a%1             #a4fi      
,prote91         #g4ae          ,crude  
fib]1     #a4ga          ,c>bohydrates1 
#bj4cj          ,fat1              4#fi 
,/r+ beans3      ,wat]1          #hg4bc 
p]c5t      ,a%1              4#gf       
,prote91         #b4bj          ,crude  
fib]1     #a4ib          ,c>bohydrates1 
#g4eb          ,fat1              4#cg  
,! above data are = gre5 ,lima beans ) !
 pod remov$ &  = /r+ beans includ+ !    
pod4 ,! latt]1 x is se51 are  compos$   
l>gely ( wat]1 conta9+ less ?an #ac     
p]c5t ( dry  matt]4 ,( ! dry matt] almo/
 #bj p]c5t is prote94 ,! soluble        
c>bohydrates1 includ+ ! />* & sug>1 are 
! mo/ important  ( ! +r$i5ts ( ! dry    
sub/ance 9 s f> z actual weight  is     
conc]n$4 ,9 ! ,lima bean ! prote9 is m  
?an ?ree times  z great z 9 ! /r+ bean1 
& ! />* & sug> almo/  ?ree times z mu*4 
,z a nutri5t1 !re=e1 ! ,lima beans are  
f> m valuable ?an ! /r+ beans4 ,^! data 

may be tak5 z  repres5tative ( all      
v>ieties ( gre5 beans1 hull$ & unhull$1 
! ,lima beans be+ types ( hull$ beans & 
! /r+ v>iety be+  ! type ( beans includ+
 ! pod4      ,composition ( ! ,dry      
,bean4--      ,wat]1                    
#ae4hf p]c5t4    ,a%1                   
#c4ec        ,prote91                   
#bj4eg        ,fib]1                    
#c4hf        ,sug>1 />*1 etc41  #ee4di  
,fat1                    4#fi        ,! 
analyses %[ t ! dry bean is mu* ri*] 9  
prote9 ?an !  c]eals4      ,beets4--,all
 ! v>ieties ( edible beets belong to !  
common  species ,beta vulg>is ,l4 ,fr5*1
 bett]ave2 ,g]man1 ,salat-,rbe2  ,dut*1 
,betwortel2 ,italian1 b>babietola2      
,spani%1 remola*a4    ,! mo/ important (
 ^! beets1 economically1 is ! v>iety :i*
  has be5 cultivat$ = ! purpose (       
produc+ sug>4 ,by long ye>s  ( selection
 & improvem5t ! sug> cont5t ( ! natural 
beet1  :i* is n m ?an f f\r to six      
p]c5t1 has be5 br\ght up to  an av]age (
 ab\t #ad p]c5t1 (t5 rea*+ mu* l>g]     

quantities4  ,! sug> beet itself1 9 its 
e>li] /ages1 makes an excell5t          
vegetable = ! table1 be+ p>ticul>ly     
sweet & palatable4 ,its  tann9 cont5t1  
h[ev]1 is v high1 & be=e cook+1         
especially1  x has q a bitt] ta/e1 at   
times4 ,?is disappe>s 9 ! "y  beets :5  
!y are cook$4 ,! sug> beet has a        
p]fectly :ite fle%1  inasmu* z ! attempt
 0 made 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( cultivation  to
 develop a beet )\t color 9 ord] to     
produce a :ite sug>  ) z little tr\ble z
 possible4 ,on ! o!r h& ! g>d5 beet  is 
usually highly color$1 ! r$ beet be+    
especially priz$4 ,!  numb] ( v>ieties (
 beets 9 cultivation is v great4 ,among 
!  mo/ important may be m5tion$ ! long  
blood-r$ beet1 :i* is !  common g>d5    
beet1 ! r\gh-sk9n$ r$ beet1 ! pe>-%ap$  
beet1  ! turnip-%ap$ beet1 all ( :i* are
 ( ! r$ color4 ,!re is  also cultivat$ =
 eat+ purposes a beet ) yell[ fle%1 ?\gh
 x  is n by any means s common z ! r$   
g>d5 beet4      ,composition ( !        
,beet4--,! foll[+ data repres5ts !      

av]age  composition ( ! r$ beet us$ z a 
vegetable3      ,wat]1                  
#hh4dg p]c5t    ,a%1                    
#a4jd        ,prote91                   
#a4ec        ,fib]1                     
4#hh        ,sug>1 />*1 etc41   #g4id   
,fat1                    4#ad        ,! 
above data %[ t ! av]age g>d5 beet has a
 little less ?an  #ab p]c5t ( solid     
matt] & a little m ?an #hh p]c5t ( wat]4
  ,x is r poor 9 prote91 ?\gh x is n a  
vegetable :i* c be  class$ z be+        
excessively defici5t 9 nitrog5\s        
con/itu5ts4 ,its  *ief food value1      
h[ev]1 is 9 ! sug> :i* x conta9s1 :i* is
  m ?an #g p]c5t4 ,x is q defici5t 9    
fat4      ,brussels ,spr\ts4--,brussels 
spr\ts is a v>iety ( cabbage :i* is     
gr[n ov] l>ge areas 9 diff]5t c\ntries &
 has a des]v$ly high  reputation on !   
table4 ,! ,fr5* "n is *\ de ,bruxelles2 
,g]man1  ,brssel] ,spross5-,kohl2       
,italian1 cavolo a g]moglio2 ,spani%1   
bretones  de ,bruselas4 ,! composition (
 ,brussels spr\ts is practically !  same

 z t ( cabbage4      ,cabbage4--,!      
botanical "n ( ! cabbage is ,brassica   
ol]acea  ,l4 & x belongs to ! family    
,brassicace4 ,x is a plant :i* is       
indig5\s to bo? ,europe & ,asia1 & /ill 
gr[s wild 9 "s p>ts  ( ! ,european      
cont95t4 ,x is eat5 bo? raw1 9 ! =m (   
salad1  slaw1 etc41 & cook$ 9 v>i\s     
me?ods4 ,x is also subject$ to a        
f]m5tation1 produc+ ! highly priz$ di%  
kn[n z sau]-kraut4  ,its ,fr5* "n is *\ 
cabus2 ,g]man1 ,kopfkohl2 ,italian1     
cavolo  cappuccio2 ,spani%1 col repollo4
    ,! cabbage is a plant :i*1 z x      
approa*es maturity1 has its leaves      
fold$ ^u ea* o!r 9 a solid mass1 produc+
 ! head4 ,^!  leaves naturally become   
blea*$ & are extremely crisp & t5d]4  ,!
 ext]nal1 free leaves are n priz$ z a   
food4 ,! v>ieties (  ! cabbage are almo/
 legion & are produc$ by diff]5t me?ods 
(  cultivation4      ,composition4--    
,wat]1                #ij4eb p]c5t      
,a%1                   #a4dj            
,prote91               #b4ci            

,fib]1                 #a4dg            
,/>*1 sug>1 etc41   #c4he        ,fat1  
4#cg        ,! above data %[ t cabbage  
is compos$ *iefly ( wat]1  am\nt+ to z  
mu* z #ia p]c5t ( its weight4 ,its      
pr9cipal food  con/itu5ts are />*1 sug>1
 & dige/ible fib]4 ,its mo/ valuable    
food con/itu5t is mo/ probably ! prote91
 ( :i* x conta9s a  l>ge proportionate  
quantity4 ,9 all its =ms cabbage is a   
:olesome1  if n v nutriti\s1 di%4       
,c>rot4--,! botanical "n ( ! c>rot is   
,daucus c>ota ,l4  ,fr5*1 c>otte2       
,g]man1 ,mohre2 ,italian1 c>ota2        
,spani%1 zanahoria4    ,?is plant is    
indig5\s to ,europe4 ,! c>rot is        
naturally a bi5nial  plant1 ?\gh x is   
(t5 produc$ 9 a s+le season1 & especial 
ef=ts are made to produce quick-gr[+    
c>rots4 ,?is vegetable is  mu* m common 
9 ,europe ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :5   
gr[n  "h at all x is us$ *iefly 9 s\ps &
 (t5 = cattle food4  ,!re is a l>ge     
numb] ( v>ieties ( c>rots1 b practically
 all  belong to ! same botanical        

species4 ,! fle% is (t5 ( a yell[  t9t1 
?\gh blood-r$ c>rots are gr[n & highly  
priz$4      ,composition4--      ,wat]1 
#hh4ei p]c5t    ,a%1                    
#a4jb        ,prote91                   
#a4ad        ,fib]1                     
#a4bg        ,/>*1 sug>1 etc41   #g4ef  
,fat1                    4#db        ,x 
is se5 f ! above data t ! c>rot has     
almo/ exactly !  composition ( ! g>d5   
beet4 ,its pr9cipal food value is 9 !   
sug> & o!r c>bohydrates :i* x conta9s4  
,x also has a notable  proportion (     
prote9 & has almo/ #ab p]c5t ( solid    
matt]4      ,caulifl[]4--,caulifl[] is a
 v>iety ( cabbage ! edible portion  (   
:i* is ! extraord9>ily modifi$ & ?ick5$ 
fl[] clu/]4  ,x is m t5d] & delicate 9  
its /ructure ?an ! common  cabbage4 ,!  
,fr5* "n is *\fleur2 ,g]man1 ,blum5kohl2
 ,italian1  cavolfiore2 ,spani%1        
coliflor4    ,x is highly priz$ :5      
prep>$ = ! table ) a sauce4 ,x is a  di%
 :i* is mu* m common 9 ,europe ?an 9 ?is
 c\ntry1 :]e  x is n appreciat$ z x %\ld

 be4 ,!re is a l>ge numb] (  v>ieties   
produc$1 *iefly by ! diff]5t me?ods (   
cultivation &  ! effect ( environm5t 9  
:i* !y are gr[n4      ,composition4--   
,wat]1                #ij4hb p]c5t      
,a%1                    4#ha            
,prote91               #a4fb            
,fib]1                 #a4jb            
,sug>1 />*1 etc41   #d4id        ,fat1  
4#gi        ,! caulifl[] is v close to !
 cabbage 9 composition1 hav+1  h[ev]1 a 
slightly l>g] proportion ( dige/ible    
c>bohydrates &  a mu* l>g] proportion ( 
fat4 ,its dietetic value1 h[ev]1 is n   
notably diff]5t f t ( ! cabbage4        
,cel]y4--,"o ( ! mo/ important          
vegetables ^u ! table 9 ?is  c\ntry is  
cel]y4 ,! botanical "n ( cel]y is ,apium
 graveol5s  ,l4 ,! ,fr5* "n is cel]i2   
,g]man1 ,sell]ie2 ,italian1 s$ano2      
,spani%1 apio4    ,cel]y is indig5\s to 
,europe4 ,x is eat5 9 its "y /ate1 &  is
 mo/ valu$ :5 ! /alks are blea*$4 ,?is  
is accompli%$ by  hill+ up ! e>? ar\nd  
!m or protect+ !m f ! light by  bo>ds or

 o!rwise4 ,kept 9 ! d>k 9 ?is way ! gre5
 color fades  & ! /alks becomes m crisp 
& brittle4 ,!re is a numb] (  v>ieties (
 cel]y1 & ^! are *iefly due to ! diff]5t
 me?ods  ( cultivation4 ,cel]y is n only
 eat5 raw b also /ew$ & is a  common    
con/itu5t ( s\p4 ,cel]y se$s are suppos$
 to h n only  a condim5tal b a m$ic9al  
value4      ,*icory4--,! botanical "n ( 
*icory is ,ci*orium intybus ,l4  ,9     
,fr5* x is call$ *icore sauvage2 ,g]man1
 wilde or bitt]e  ,*i*orie2 ,italian1   
cicoria selvatica2 ,spani%1 a*icoria    
am>ga o  agre/e4    ,! wild *icory is   
us$ *iefly1 ev5 9 its cultivat$ /ate1 = 
salad purposes1 ! roots n be+ ( any     
value on acc\nt ( _!  smallness4 ,!     
*icory1 h[ev]1 develops "u cultivation a
 l>ge  root l ! c>rot or turnip1 & ?is  
v>iety ( *icory is us$  *iefly on acc\nt
 ( ! roots1 :i*1 :5 !y are roa/$        
prop]ly1  are highly priz$ z a sub/itute
 = c(fee4 ,! common wild *icory  has be5
 us$ f "t immemorial z a salad4 ,!      
leaves h r a  bitt] ta/e & are m highly 

priz$ = salad purposes :5 mix$  )       
lettuce or o!r leaves :i* h a less      
pron\nc$ flavor4 ,!  v>iety ( *icory (  
:i* ! roots are us$ z a sub/itute =     
c(fee is kn[n z 8,brunswick *icory10 or 
,magdeburg l>ge-root$  *icory4          
,composition ( ! ,root4--      ,wat]1   
#gi4bj p]c5t    ,a%1                    
#a4aa        ,sug>s1                    
4#fj        ,inul91                     
#ad4jj        ,fib]1                    
#a4bi        ,prote9 & undet]m9$1       
#c4ej        ,/>* does n appe> to be    
among ! c>bohydrates 9 *icory b  inul9  
takes its place4 ,9 ?is respect *icory  
resembles ! arti*oke  9 its composition4
      ,roa/$ ,*icory4--,:5 *icory is us$
 z a sub/itute = c(fee or  z a sub/ance 
add$ to c(fee x is roa/$1 & its         
composition is  ?us mat]ially *ang$1 z  
is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ data3          
,moi/ure1                  #ac4c p]c5t  
,a%1                        #e4i        
,sug>1                     #ab4d        
,inul91                     #d4c        

,fib]1                      #f4i        
,c>amel & undet]m9$1  #eg4b        ,f ! 
data ( ! above analysis ! inul9 does n  
appe> to h  be5 v l>gely conv]t$ into   
levulose by roa/+1 b r into  ! insoluble
 c>bohydrate matt]4 ,:e!r or n1 !re=e1 !
  inul9 exi/s 9 ! l>ge proportion giv5 9
 ! analysis ( !  fre% *icory is a matt] 
( "s d\bt4      ,cranb]ry4--,! cranb]ry 
is gr[n ext5sively 9 ! swampy gr\nds  ( 
! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1          
especially 9 ,new ,engl&1  ,new ,j]sey1 
& ,wiscons94 ,x is a r$1 h>d b]ry1 n at 
all pleasant  to ! ta/e 9 its fre% /ate1
 v acid1 b greatly valu$ dur+  ! autumn 
& w9t] mon?s :5 /ew$ ) sug> & s]v$ z a  
sauce1 especially ) turkey4 ,its *ief   
use1 9 fact1 is to eat )  turkey or     
*ick54 ,! cranb]ry is a fruit :i*       
conta9s naturally a  small quantity (   
b5zoic acid4      ,composition4--       
,wat]1           #hf4aj p]c5t           
,solids1          #ac4ij        ,soluble
 solids1   #h4dc        ,acidity1       
#a4ih          7,measur$ z grams (      

sulfuric acid p] #ajj grams ( mat]ial47 
,cress4--,! botanical "n ( cress is     
,lepidium sativum ,l4 ,fr5*1  cresson   
al5ois2 ,g]man1 ,g>t5-,kresse2 ,italian1
 agretto2 ,spani%1  ma/u]zo4    ,x is a 
plant :i* is indig5\s to ,p]sia4 ,x gr[s
 9 ?is c\ntry  9 moi/ g>d5s & p>ticul>ly
 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! c\ntry4  ,! real wat]
 cress belongs to a diff]5t species1 its
 botanical  "n be+ ,rorippa na/urtium4  
,x gr[s only 9 wat]1 9 :i* x  diff]s f !
 prec$+ v>iety4 ,x is highly priz$ z an 
aromatic  flavor+ mat]ial & = table use4
 ,!re are v _m v>ieties 9  cultivation4 
,cucumb]s4--,! botanical "n ( cucumb] is
 ,cucumis sativus ,l4  ,fr5*1 concombre2
 ,g]man1 ,gurke2 ,italian1 cetriulo2    
,spani%1 cohombro4    ,! cucumb] is     
indig5\s to ,ea/ ,india1 b is n[        
cultivat$ 9 all  c\ntries4 ,x is a plant
 :i* develops v9es :i* (t5 run to great 
di/ances4 ,! cucumb] is us$ almo/       
exclusively 9 its gre5 /ate1  & ! v "y  
cucumb]s are mo/ highly priz$ = mak+    
pickles1  ?\gh all sizes are us$ = t    

purpose1 f ! v smalle/ to  ! giant      
v>iety4 ,! numb] ( v>ieties cultivat$ is
 extremely  great4 ,! v>iety kn[n z !   
gh]k9 is highly priz$ = pickl+4         
,composition ( ! ,cucumb]4--      ,wat]1
                #ie4ii p]c5t    ,a%1    
4#df        ,prote91                4#ha
        ,fib]1                  4#fi    
,/>*1 sug>1 etc41   #a4hc        ,fat1  
4#bb        ,! above data %[ t ! cucumb]
 is n mu* m ?an solid  wat]1 !re be+ j  
en\gh ( o!r mat]ial to give x a flavor  
& consi/5ce4      ,egg ,plant4--,ano!r  
vegetable :i* is highly priz$ = ! table 
is ! egg plant1 ,solanum melong5a ,l4   
,fr5*1 aub]g9e2 ,g]man1  ,ei]pflanze2   
,italian1 petronciano2 ,spani%1 b]5g5a4 
,! egg plant is indig5\s to ,india4 ,its
 "n is d]iv$ f !  %ape ( "s ( its       
v>ieties1 ?\gh _m ( !m h ceas$ to       
resemble ! egg 9 appe>ance4 ,!re is a   
l>ge numb] ( v>ieties1  b ! "o :i* is   
kn[n z ! :ite egg plant looks m l an    
egg bo? 9 %ape & color ?an mo/ ( ! o!rs4
      ,composition4--      ,wat]1       

#ib4ic p]c5t    ,a%1                    
4#ej        ,prote91               #a4ae
        ,fib]1                  4#gg    
,/>*1 sug>1 etc41   #d4cd        ,fat1  
4#ca        ,! egg plant is a highly    
succul5t vegetable conta9+ only a little
  m ?an #g p]c5t ( solid matt]1 & ?is is
 *iefly sug>1 />*1  & o!r dige/ible     
c>bohydrates4      ,g>lic4--,! botanical
 "n ( g>lic is ,allium sativum ,l4      
,fr5*1  ail ord9aire2 ,g]man1 ,gewhnli*]
 ,knoblau*2 ,italian1 aglio2 ,spani%1   
ajo vulg>4    ,?is highly priz$ aromatic
 vegetable is indig5\s to s\!rn ,europe4
  ,x is a p]5nial plant1 & ! edible     
bulb\s portion gr[s *iefly  und]gr\nd4  
,?is "p is us$ = spic+ food4 ,x is eat5 
9 l>ge  quantities by ! ,lat9 nations ( 
s\!rn ,europe1 & is employ$  ?r\gh\t !  
_w z a season+ or flavor+ = _m di%es4   
,:5  eat5 9 excess x makes ! brea?      
extremely disagreeable1 z c be  witness$
 by all :o h travel$ 9 ! ,lat9 c\ntries 
( ,europe &  ev5 among ! ,s\? ,g]mans4  
,g>lic is n eat5 to any ext5t by our    

native citiz5s1 b is us$ by our         
fir/-class cooks ext5sively z a         
season+4 ,a little ( x is kn[n to g a   
great way4 ,its composition  is v mu* l 
t ( ! onion4 ,a wild g>lic gr[s 9 !     
,unit$  ,/ates ov] wide areas4 ,x is (t5
 eat5 by c[s1 & x imp>ts to  ! milk a v 
disagreeable flavor & smell4            
,g\rds4--,g\rds !mselves are n v mu* us$
 = edible  purposes1 b ! v>ieties :i*   
include all ! species ( pumpk9  & squa% 
belong to ! important vegetable foods 9 
! ,unit$  ,/ates4 ,! mo/ important memb]
 ( ?is family is ! pumpk91  ,cucurbita  
pepo ,l41 :i* gr[s (t5 to an enorm\s    
size & has a  beautiful yell[ color4 ,! 
,fr5* "n = ! pumpk9 is potirons2        
,g]man1 ,melon5 od] ,c5tn] ,kurbiss2    
,italian1 zucca2 ,spani%1 calabaza      
totan]a4    ,! pumpk9 ( ,cali=nia1      
especially1 is not$ = its gigantic      
proportions4 ,! pumpk9 is us$ v         
ext5sively 9 ,new ,engl&1 z  well z o!r 
p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 = mak+ pies1 & is also 
us$  z a sauce4 ,! pumpk9 is n eat5 raw4

 ,z a cattle food x is highly  priz$ 9  
all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & :5 f$ to mil* c[s
 x  imp>ts to ! butt]1 ev5 9 ! w9t]1 a  
delicate amb] t9t4      ,composition ( !
 ,fle% ( ! ,pumpk94--      ,wat]1       
#ic4ci p]c5t    ,a%1                    
4#fg        ,prote91                4#ia
        ,fib]1                  4#ih    
,sug>1 />*1 etc41   #c4ic        ,fat1  
4#ab        ,x is se5 t ! fle% ( !      
pumpk9 is ess5tially a wat]y food1  !   
*ief +r$i5t ( ! solid matt] be+ sug>4   
,its value1  !re=e1 z a food is m       
condim5tal ?an nutritive4               
,horse-radi%4--,! botanical "n (        
horse-radi% is ,co*le>ia  armoracia ,l4 
,fr5*1 rai=t sauvage2 ,g]man1 ,me]ettig2
 ,italian1  rafano2 ,spani%1 t>amago4   
,! horse-radi% is priz$ z "o ( !        
pr9cipal condim5tal  vegetable sub/ances
 9 common use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is  
p>ticul>ly us$ ) oy/]s & o!r foods (    
simil> "*  & z a sauce or spice 9 a     
salad4 ,x is indig5\s to ,europe1 b is  
n[ cultivat$ ev]y:]e4 ,!re are _m       

v>ieties1 b !y are all  *>act]iz$ by a  
%>p1 pung5t ta/e & odor4                
,adult]ation ( ,horse-radi%4--,o!r      
vegetable sub/ances1 z1  = in/ance1 ! m 
highly spic$ aromatic turnips1 are (t5  
sub/itut$ = horse-radi%4      ,j]usalem 
,arti*oke4--,?is is a plant ( ! a/]     
family  7,helian?us tub]osus ,l47       
produc+ a heavy ovoid head ! fle%y  p>ts
 ( :i*1 includ+ ! base to :i* !y are    
atta*$1 are  highly valu$ z food1 be+   
usually eat5 ) a sauce4 ,?is plant is  m
 l>gely cultivat$ 9 ,france & o!r       
,european c\ntries ?an 9  ! ,unit$      
,/ates4      ,kale4--,kale is a v>iety (
 cabbage :i* is some:at diff]5t         
botanically f ! common cabbage4 ,?is =m 
( cabbage does n make  a firm head1 b   
gr[s only ) free leaves4 ,x is          
especially adapt$  = use 9 mu* ! same   
mann] z ! common sub/ance kn[n by !     
h\sewife z gre5s4 ,x is a h>dy plant &  
gr[s well ev5 9 cold  climates4 ,!re are
 a great _m v>ieties ( kale1 & !        
composition  is practically t ( !       

cabbage4      ,leek4--,! leek is ( !    
same v>iety ( plant z ! g>lic4 ,its     
botanical "n is ,allium porrum ,l4      
,fr5*1 poireau2 ,g]man1 ,lau*2          
,italian1 porro2 ,spani%1 pu]ro4    ,!  
leek is ?\ght to be indig5\s to         
,switz]l&1 ?\gh ?is is n  q c]ta94 ,x is
 closely relat$ to ! g>lic & onion & is 
valu$ = ! same purposes1 namely1 its    
highly aromatic condim5tal  "*4         
,lettuce4--,among ! mo/ valu$ ( !       
succul5t vegetables is !  lettuce4 ,its 
botanical "n is ,lactuca sativa ,l4     
,fr5*1 laitue  cultive2 ,g]man1 ,latti*2
 ,italian1 lattuga2 ,spani%1 le*uga4    
,lettuce is ?\ght to be indig5\s to     
,india or ,c5tral ,asia4 ,x has  be5    
cultivat$1 h[ev]1 = s long t its orig9  
is a matt] (  d\bt4 ,!re is a legion (  
v>ieties ( lettuce1 b !y all h          
ess5tially ! same *>act]i/ics & h little
 food value4  ,lettuce is n[ f\nd       
practically ?r\gh\t ! :ole ye> 9 all    
civiliz$ c\ntries1 be+ gr[n "u glass 9  
w9t] s z to furni%  a cont9u\s supply = 

! m>kets ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,x is us$       
*iefly z salad1 & among ! v>ieties :i*  
are mo/ highly priz$  = ?is purpose are 
! cabbage lettuce & ! v>iety kn[n z     
,roma9e4 ,! ,roma9e is di/+ui%$ f !     
common lettuce by !  %ape ( ! leaves1   
:i* are mu* long] & n>r[] ?an ^? (      
ord9>y lettuce4 ,! ,roma9e lettuce is m 
highly priz$ by mo/  connoisseurs z be+ 
m t5d] & brittle ?an ! fir/ v>iety4     
,composition4--      ,wat]1             
#ic4fh p]c5t    ,a%1                    
#a4fa        ,prote91                   
#a4da        ,fib]1                     
4#gd        ,sug>1 />*1 etc41   #b4ah   
,fat1                    4#ch        ,! 
data %[ t lettuce is a highly succul5t  
vegetable4 ,its *ief  food con/itu5ts   
are prote9 & sug>4 ,its real value z a  
food is  n %[n by *emical analysis      
because x consi/s 9 a delicate1         
aromatic flavor :i* is n reveal$ by !   
crucible4      ,melons4--,!re are two   
k9ds ( melons eat5 9 ! ,unit$           
,/ates1--! fir/ ! wat]melon1 & ! second 

! cantal\pe or  muskmelon4 ,9 ,europe ! 
pr9cipal melon :i* is us$ is "o hav+    
deep yell[ fle% resembl+ ! color ( a    
pumpk9 & kn[n z !  ,fr5* melon4 ,!      
botanical "n is ,cucumis melo ,l4 ,fr5*1
 melon2  ,g]man1 ,melone2 ,italian1     
popone2 ,spani%1 melon4    ,! ,fr5*     
melon is indig5\s to ,asia1 b only !    
cultivat$  v>ieties are kn[n n[4 ,! fle%
 is v sweet & is1 z has already  be5    
said1 usually ( a deep yell[ color1 ?\gh
 !re are _m  diff]5t v>ieties4          
,cantal\pe4--,?is is a g5]al "n giv5 to 
! melons ( !  ,fr5* type or v>ieties    
!re( gr[+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is      
suppos$ to h _h its orig9 9 ,italy1 ?\gh
 its hi/ory is s old  z n to be c]ta94  
,! cantal\pe is ( v>i\s sizes & %apes  &
 v>i\s degrees ( sweetness4 ,9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ! v>iety  gr[n at ,rocky ,=d1    
,colorado1 is not$ = its sweetness &    
g5]al  palatability4 ,= ?is reason _m   
melons n gr[n at ,rocky ,=d are         
improp]ly sold "u t "n4 ,!re are a great
 _m v>ieties (  cantal\pes4 ,g5]ally !  

fle% ( ! cantal\pe is gre5 in/ead (     
yell[4 ,! cantal\pe is (t5 call$        
muskmelon4    ,,analysis ,,( ,,juice ,,(
 ,,muskmelons4                     ,,f  
,,r9d ,,( ,,melon4                      
----------------------------------------
-----     ,,s]ies       ,,nitro-        
,,r$uc+       ,,no4  ,,brix4  ,,g54     
,,a%4  ,,sucrose4 ,,sug>4               
----------------------------------------
-----                                   
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4    #die1   
#aa4e  4#ajf    #a4bc    #c4ii    #c4ig 
#eed1      #h4d  4#jah    #j4ff    #b4dg
    #c4fb    #ehg1      #e4j  4#jec     
#j4dg    #b4be    #b4hd    #fac1        
#aj4c  4#aef    #j4ic    #b4gg    #c4fd 
----  ----    ----    ----    ----      
,av]age1  #h4h  4#jhc    #j4hb    #b4hg 
#c4eb                                   
----------------------------------------
-----            ,,juice ,,( ,,edible   
,,portion ,,( ,,melon4                  
----------------------------------------
-----     ,,s]ies       ,,nitro-        

,,r$uc+       ,,no4  ,,brix4  ,,g54     
,,a%4  ,,sucrose4 ,,sug>4               
----------------------------------------
-----                                   
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4    #die1   
#ab4i  4#acj    #a4bj    #f4fj    #b4hh 
#eed1      #h4b  4#jfi    #j4hg    #d4if
    #b4dg    #ehg1      #e4h  4#jdc     
#j4ej    #b4bf    #b4eg    #fbc1        
#aa4e  4#acd    #j4ie    #e4ai    #b4be 
----  ----    ----    ----    ----      
,av]age1  #i4f  4#jid    #j4hh    #d4ge 
#b4ed                                   
----------------------------------------
-----      ,wat]melons4--,?is is an     
entirely diff]5t v>iety f ! ,fr5*  melon
 or cantal\pe4 ,its botanical "n is     
,citrullus citrullus ,l4  ,fr5*1 melon  
d'eau2 ,g]man1 ,wass]-,melone2 ,italian1
 cocom]o1 ,spani%1  s&ia4    ,!         
wat]melon is said to be indig5\s to     
,africa4 ,x is gr[n  ext5sively 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 especially 9 ! s\!rn "p4 
,x  is a field crop ( consid]able       
importance1 especially 9 ! /ate  (      

,georgia4 ,! wat]melon gr[s be/ on a s&y
 soil1 ?\gh x  requires x to be well    
f]tiliz$4 ,! v9es1 :5 !y rea* _!  full  
gr[?1 cov] ! entire field4 ,! melons (t5
 gr[ to a v  l>ge size1--specim5s weigh+
 f #ej to #fj p\nds be+ n unusual4  ,!  
av]age size1 h[ev]1 is mu* less ?an t4  
,! ,georgia melon  is some:at oval 9    
%ape1 rea*+ g5]ally f a foot to eighte5 
in*es 9 l5g? & f a foot to fifte5 in*es 
9 diamet]4 ,!  fle% is g5]ally r$ & !   
se$s usually black4 ,! wat]melon  is 9 !
 m>ket f e>ly summ] until ! late autumn4
 ,x be>s  %ipp+ q well1 & is s5t usually
 9 box c>s )\t crat+1  &1 if kept at a  
l[ temp]ature1 w rema9 palatable = _m   
days or ev5 weeks4 ,! fre% ripe melon1  
h[ev]1 is f> sup]ior 9  quality to any t
 are h>ve/$ p>tly gre5 & kept = a long  
"t4 ,ab\t =ty or fifty v>ieties (       
wat]melons gr[ 9 ! ,unit$  ,/ates4      
,composition ( ,melons4--,! foll[+ data 
%[ ! composition (  ! fle% ( ! muskmelon
 & ! wat]melon3      ,muskmelon3        
,wat]1                #hi4ej p]c5t      

,a%1                    4#fj            
,prote91                4#fj            
,fib]1                  4#ib            
,/>*1 sug>1 etc41   #h4bj          ,fat1
                    4#ah                
,wat]melon3      ,wat]1                 
#ia4hg p]c5t      ,a%1                  
4#cc          ,prote91                  
4#dj          ,fib]1                    
4#ee          ,/>*1 sug>1 etc41   #f4fe 
,fat1                    4#bj        ,! 
above data %[ t ! edible portion ( !    
muskmelon conta9s  m nutri5t matt] ?an t
 ( ! wat]melon1 ! diff]5ce be+  *iefly 9
 ! cont5t ( wat] & c>bohydrates4        
,okra4--,! ,fr5* "n = okra is gombo2    
,italian1 ibisco2 ,spani%1  gombo4      
,okra is a vegetable gr[n v l>gely 9 !  
,unit$ ,/ates &  especially valu$ = use 
9 s\p mak+4 ,= ?is purpose ! "y         
se$-vessels are employ$4 ,! se$ pods ( !
 okra are long1  tap]+1 & rigid by      
reason ( q %>p angles4 ,! okra is (t5   
kn[n z gombo or gumbo4                  
,composition4--      ,wat]1             

#hg4da p]c5t    ,a%1                    
4#gd        ,prote91               #a4ii
        ,fib]1                 #c4db    
,/>*1 sug>1 etc41   #f4jd        ,fat1  
4#dj          ,onion4--,! botanical "n (
 ! onion is ,allium cepa ,l4 ,!  ,fr5*  
"n is ognon2 ,g]man1 ,zwiebel2 ,italian1
 cipolla2 ,spani%1  cebolla4    ,! onion
 is a plant :i* is valu$ = edible       
purposes ?r\gh\t  ! :ole _w4 ,x is      
suppos$ to h be5 indig5\s to ,asia1 b   
its exact orig9 is n kn[n ) c]ta9ty4    
,bo? ! pulp & !  "p ( ! /em imm$iately  
atta*$ !reto are edible4 ,9 fact  9 v "y
 plants ! :ole plant is edible4 ,its    
highly aromatic  "* & flavor r ?an its  
nutritive qualities give x its  *ief    
value4 ,! onion is eat5 bo? raw & 9     
v>i\s cook$ =ms4  ,cook+ ! onion1       
especially boil+1 expels a l>ge "p ( its
 mo/  pung5t "*1 s t ! cook$ onion does 
n manife/ itself  s unpleasantly 9 !    
brea? :5 eat5 z is ! case ) ! raw       
onion4 ,! onion is also v commonly eat5 
9 ?is c\ntry fri$1  especially )        

beef/eak4 ,! v>iety ( onions cultivat$  
is legion1  b !y are due r to diff]5t   
me?ods ( cultivation1 etc41 ?an  to     
botanical "*4      ,composition4--      
,wat]1                #hg4ee p]c5t      
,a%1                    4#eg            
,prote91               #a4dj            
,fib]1                  4#fi            
,sug>1 />*1 etc41   #i4ec        ,fat1  
4#bf        ,! onion1 x is se51 is r    
poor 9 prote9 b ri* 9 sug> &  alli$     
bodies4      ,p>snips4--,! botanical "n 
( ! p>snip is ,pa/9aca sativa  ,l4      
,fr5*1 panais2 ,g]man1 ,pa/9ake2        
,italian1 pa/9aca2 ,spani%1  *irivia4   
,! p>snip is ne>ly relat$ to ! c>rot 9  
its appe>ance & also  its prop]ties4 ,! 
root is usually long & /raight &        
gradually  tap]+4 ,x1 h[ev]1 (t5 has o!r
 %apes1 z is ! case ) !  c>rot & beet4  
,composition4--      ,wat]1             
#hj4cd p]c5t    ,a%1                    
#a4jc        ,prote91                   
#a4ce        ,fib]1                     
4#ec        ,sug>1 />*1 etc41  #af4ji   

,fat1                    4#ff        ,! 
above data %[ t ! p>snip is n mu* ri*] 9
 nutri5ts  ?an mo/ ( ! roots gr[n1      
except 9 sug> & />* cont5t4 ,!  l>ge    
quantity ( c>bohydrates gives x its *ief
 food value4 ,^!  c>bohydrates are n by 
any means all sug> & />*1 b include  a v
 consid]able proportion ( cellulose :i* 
is m or less  dige/ible4      ,peas4--,!
 botanical "n ( ! pea plant is ,pisum   
sativum ,l4  ,fr5* pois2 ,g]man1 ,erbse2
 ,italian1 pisello2 ,spani%1 guisante4  
,! pea is q z highly valu$ = table use z
 ! bean1 &1  p]haps1 is almo/ z         
ext5sively cultivat$4 ,! pea1 h[ev]1 is 
n  usually eat5 9 ! pod4 ,x is probably 
indig5\s to ,c5tral ,europe1  b has be5 
s long cultivat$ t an exact hi/ory ( its
 orig9al  di/ribution is n kn[n4 ,!re   
are _m diff]5t v>ieties ( !  pea1 b ! "o
 mo/ highly priz$ is a small & v sweet  
pea4 ,!  l>g] v>iety does n h !         
palatability & o!r highly priz$  edible 
qualities t di/+ui% ! small] v>iety4 ,! 
pea is f\nd  9 ! m>kets ( ! ,unit$      

,/ates ?r\gh\t ! :ole ye>1 be+  gr[n "u 
cov] 9 ! w9t] "t4 ,x becomes an abundant
 crop f  e>ly 9 ! spr+ until v late 9 ! 
autumn4 ,imm5se quantities  ( peas are  
pres]v$ by cann+1 & 9 ?is condition !y  
reta9  _! edible prop]ties almo/ )\t    
impairm5t ?r\gh\t ! entire  w9t]4 ,! pea
 is valu$ z a food 9 _m =ms4            
,composition4--                         
,,/>*1                                  
,,sug>1                 ,,wat]4         
,,a%4    ,,prote94   ,,fib]4     ,,etc4 
,,fat4                ,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4  
,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4      
,gre5 pea1   #gi4ic       4#gh          
#c4hg      #a4fc     #ac4cj       4#di  
,dry pea1     #ab4fb      #c4aa         
#bg4jd      #c4ij     #ea4ge      #a4eh 
,! above data %[ t ! pea is a m>k$ly    
nitrog5\s food1  especially ! dry pea4  
,ev5 9 ! gre5 pea ne>ly f\r p]c5t (  its
 weight is prote94    ,a comp>ison ( !  
composition ( ! pea ) t ( ! bean %[s  t 
! pea is ev5 m nitrog5\s 9 "* ?an !     
bean4      ,potatoes4--,"o ( ! mo/      

important vegetables z well z food      
products 9 g5]al is t class ( products  
to :i* ! t]m  potato is giv54 ,! t]m    
/rictly %\ld apply only to t class  kn[n
 z :ite or ,iri% potato 7,solanum       
tub]osum ,l474 ,! potato1  z indicat$ by
 ! "n1 belongs to a family ( plants :i* 
is  consid]$ poison\s1 b 9 ! cultivat$  
v>iety ! poison\s  pr9ciple has be5     
practically elim9at$4 ,! potato belongs1
  ess5tially1 to ! />*y gr\p ( foods4   
,if we assume1 :i* is  v ne>ly correct1 
t ! av]age cont5t ( wat] 9 diff]5t      
v>ieties ( potatoes at ! "t !y are mo/  
suitable = edible  purposes is #hj      
p]c5t1 x is f\nd t at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( 
! rema9+ solid dry matt] is />*4 ,!     
potato conta9s a trace  ( sug> & notable
 quantities ( o!r c>bohydrates ?an />*  
& sug>1 namely1 fib]4 ,x also conta9s a 
v small proportion (  nitrog5 & m9]al   
matt]4    ,! potato is gr[n *iefly 9    
temp]ate climates4 ,x fl\ri%es          
p>ticul>ly well 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,europe1
 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1  & ,irel&1 & 9 !    

nor!rn portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!    
nor!rn "p ( ,ma9e1 especially1 is not$ =
 ! production (  potatoes ( high edible 
qualities4 ,x gr[s v well also 9 !      
s\!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! potato   
may be produc$ f  se$1 b t me?od (      
propagation has long s9ce ceas$ to be   
practic$ = agricultural purposes4 ,!    
potatoes ( comm]ce are  produc$ f ! eyes
 ( ! tub]s4 ,! be/ results 9 ! gr[? (   
potatoes are secur$ 9 ! loose some:at   
s&y soil into :i* !  roots ( ! plant c  
easily p5etrate & :i* gives way readily 
to  make place = ! gr[+ tub]4 ,h>d1 clay
 soils are unsuit$ to !  gr[? ( ?is     
vegetable4 ,! plant+ is accompli%$ 9 !  
e>ly  spr+ aft] a ?or\gh prep>ation ( ! 
se$ b$ by pl[+ to !  usual dep?1 (t5    
subsoil+ & r$uc+ ! surface ( ! soil  to 
! prop] til?4 ,! cutt+s ( potatoes or ! 
:ole potatoes  are plant$ 9 r[s to a    
dep? ( two or ?ree in*es1 :]e !y may    
spr\t & ev5 rea* ! surface at a         
temp]ature :i* at times may  fall bel[ !
 fro/ po9t on ! surface ( ! soil4 ,!    

leaf ( !  potato1 :5 x has once appe>$  
above ! surface ( ! soil1 is  v         
susceptible to ! action ( fro/4 ,if     
kill$ at an e>ly /age  x may gr[ aga9   
)\t replant+4 ,! potato is a crop :i* ! 
f>m] may plant e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,!re are  
o!r v>ieties :i*  are plant$ lat]1 ev5 9
 ! middle ( summ]1 & produce good       
results4 ,! plant+ season may cont9ue   
ov] a p]iod ( two or ?ree  mon?s4 ,dur+ 
! gr[? ( ! crop by ! cultivation ( !    
soil  ! surface is kept 9 good til?1 !  
we$s & grass prev5t$ f  gr[+1 & ! soil  
gradually drawn up ar\nd ! gr[+ tub]s ) 
! hoe or pl[ 9 ! =m ( ridges4 ,?is heap+
 up ( ! soil  t5ds to promote !         
developm5t ( ! tub]s1 af=d+ !m a loose  
& m abundant b$d+ & a great] supply (   
plant food4    ,! greate/ enemies to :i*
 ! potato crop is obnoxi\s are f\nd  9 !
 v>i\s =ms ( ! potato bug 7,doryphora   
deceml9eata71  :i* fe$ ^u _! leaves4 ,to
 prev5t ! ravages ( ^! insects  x       
becomes necess>y to du/ ov] ! leaves ( !
 gr[+ plants  "s p[]ful insecticide :i* 

w de/roy ! life ( ! insects  fe$+ ^u !m4
 ,! active +r$i5t ( ^! insecticides is  
usually ars5ic4 ,=tunately ! gr[+ tub]  
does n absorb1 s  f> z kn[n1 ev5 traces 
( ars5ic1 or at lea/ n m ?an !  m]e/    
trace1 :i* may be us$ = insecticidal    
purposes4 ,x is q  impossible 9 mo/     
localities to secure a crop ( potatoes  
)\t su*  treatm5t4 ,! alt]native is a   
con/ant inspection ( ! gr[+  plant & !  
removal & kill+ ( ! bugs z !y appe>1 b  
?is  is only practicable ov] v small    
areas z its g5]al application  w\ld     
increase ! co/ ( ! product beyond ! rea*
 ( ! av]age  consum]4                   
,yield4--,potatoes are produc$ 9 e /ate 
& t]ritory ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!       
/ati/ics = ! ye> end$ ,decemb] #ca1     
#aije1  %[ t ! total area devot$ to     
potatoes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is           
#b1iif1geg acres4 ,! l>ge/ area 9 any "o
 ,/ate is f\nd 9 ,new  ,york1 namely1   
#dbh1ihf acres1 & ! smalle/ area1 aside 
f ,arizona1  n report$1 is f\nd 9 ,new  
,mexico1 namely1 #a1dgj acres4 ,! yield 

( potatoes = ! ye> is giv5 z            
#bfj1gda1bid bu%els4 ,! l>ge/  total    
yield 0 9 ,new ,york1 ! av]age yield p] 
acre = !  c\ntry be+ #hg bu%els4 ,!     
l>ge/ yield p] acre is report$ f  ,ma9e1
 namely1 #age bu%els1 & ! smalle/ f     
,l\isiana & ,texas1  namely1 #fd bu%els 
p] acre4 ,! av]age price p] bu%el = !   
:ole  c\ntry at ! f>m is #fa4g c5ts1    
mak+ ! total value ( ! crop             
#afj1hba1jhj4 ,! highe/ price p] bu%el 0
 obta9$ 9 ,florida1  namely1 #a4bj1 & ! 
l[e/ price p] bu%el 9 ,nebraska1 namely1
 #cg  c5ts4 ,! weight ( a bu%el (       
potatoes is #fj p\nds4 ,z ! av]age      
am\nt ( f]m5table matt] 9 potatoes gr[n 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  is #bj p]c5t1 ! total
 weight ( f]m5table matt] 9 a bu%el (   
potatoes is #ab p\nds1 :i* w\ld yield   
approximately #f p\nds or #c4f  qu>ts ( 
alcohol4      ,composition4--,/>*       
cont5t3 ,! quantity ( />* 9 ,am]ican    
gr[n potatoes v>ies f #ae to #bj p]c5t4 
,probably #ah p]c5t might  be /at$ z !  
g5]al av]age ( ! be/ grades ( potatoes4 

,9  ?is connection x mu/ be rememb]$ t  
at ! pres5t "t potatoes  are gr[n 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates *iefly = table use4       
,g5]ally1 only  ! imp]fect or injur$    
samples are us$ = /ock fe$+ or =  />*   
mak+1 & ?is condition w probably cont9ue
 z long z  good edible potatoes br+ a   
high] price = table use ?an c be  obta9$
 by utiliz+ !m = />* or = fe$+ purposes4
    ,"u ! microscope ! granules ( potato
 />* h a di/9ctive  appe>ance4 ,!y appe>
 z egg-%ap$ bodies on :i*1 especially  !
 l>g] ones1 v>i\s r+-l l9es are se54 ,) 
a modifi$  7pol>iz$7 light "u c]ta9     
conditions ( obs]vation a black  cross  
is develop$ ^u ! granule4 ,x is n       
difficult = an exp]t  microscopi/ to    
di/+ui% potato f o!r =ms ( />* by  its  
appe>ance1 :i* is well %[n 9 ,figs4 #ci 
& #dj4 ,_m ( !  granules are q l>ge1 &  
mo/ ( !m are ovoid 9 %ape4    ,!        
quantity ( prote9 9 ! potato is q l[    
comp>$ ) t  ( c]eal foods2 9 r\nd numb]s
 x may be said to be #b4e p]c5t4 ,!     
potato conta9s v little mat]ial :i* is  

capable ( f]m5tation  aside f />* &     
sug>s4      ,sug> cont5t3 ,al?\gh !     
potato is n sweet to ! ta/e 9 a  fre%   
/ate1 x conta9s notable quantities (    
sug>4 ,?is sug> is  lo/ :5ev] ! potato  
is us$ = />*-mak+ purposes1 b is        
utiliz$ :5 x is us$ = ! manufacture (   
indu/rial alcohol4  ,! p]c5tage ( sug> (
 all k9ds 9 ! potato r>ely goes above #a
  p]c5t4 ,! av]age quantity is probably 
n f> f #j4ce p]c5t1  includ+ sug>1 r$uc+
 sug>1 & dextr91 all ( :i* are soluble  
9 wat]4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( potatoes = />*  
mak+ !re=e x  may be e/imat$ t #j4ce    
p]c5t ( f]m5table matt] is lo/ 9 !  wa% 
wat]4    ,"o ,g]man au?or1 ,sa>e1 claims
 to h f\nd mu* l>g] quantities  ( sug> 9
 potatoes ?an ^? j m5tion$4 ,! m9imum   
quantity  f\nd by ?is au?or is #j4d     
p]c5t1 & ! maximum #c4d p]c5t1  giv+ a  
mean ( #a4i p]c5t4 ,t5 v>ieties (       
potatoes us$ = !  manufacture (         
indu/rial alcohol 7 exam9$ 9 ! secur+ ( 
^! data4 ,x appe>s t "s v>ieties h a    
great] t5d5cy to  produce sug> ?an o!rs4

 ,! ,g]man v>iety kn[n z 8,dab]0 conta9s
  ! smalle/ quantities ( sug>1 :ile !   
v>iety kn[n z 8,juno0  conta9s ! l>ge/  
quantities4 ,! p]c5tages ( sug>1 z      
report$  by ,sa>e1 h[ev]1 are l>g] ?an  
^? report$ by o!r obs]v]s1  & probably  
are l>g] ?an are usually f\nd4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,,potato     
,,/>* 7 #bjj74--7;,c\rtesy ,bureau (    
,*emi/ry47    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#dj4--,,potato ,,/>* ,,"u ,,pol>iz$     
,,light 7  #bjj74--7;,c\rtesy ,bureau ( 
,*emi/ry47      ,av]age composition3    
,frazi]1 ( ! ,cornell /ation1 has       
collect$  analyses ( a l>ge numb] (     
diff]5t v>ieties ( potatoes1 &  f9ds !m 
to h ! foll[+ av]age composition3       
,wat]1               #ge4jj p]c5t       
,/>*1              #ai4hg        ,sug>s 
& dextr91    4#gg        ,fat1          
4#jh        ,cellulose1             4#cc
        ,a%1                  #a4jj     
,! foll[+ analyses %[ 9 detail !        
composition ( potatoes f  diff]5t       
localities3      ,analysis ( ,ma9e      

potatoes3 ,! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry a few   
ye>s  ago made an inve/igation 9        
connection ) ! exp]im5t /ation  9 ,ma9e 
( ! composition ( potatoes gr[n 9 t /ate
 us$ =  table purposes & = />* mak+4 ,"s
 ( ! be/ v>ieties gr[n  9 diff]5t p>ts (
 ! /ate 7 subject$ to analysis1 & !     
foll[+ results %[ !m to be ( q uni=m    
composition3    ,,analyses ,,( ,,ma9e   
,,potatoes4#bi                          
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,,prote9                 ,,v>iety4      
,,wat]4  ,,/>*4 ,,fib]4 7,,nitrog5      
,,a%4  ,,specific                       
#f4be74         ,,gravity4              
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4 ,p]c5t4,p]c5t4    
,hebron1         #gi4gb   #af4id        
#j4ij    #b4ab     #j4gf   #a4jfjd      
,d4           #gh4ac   #ah4ei     4#gb  
#b4jf      4#gh   #a4jgie    ,:ite      
,elephant1 #gf4ha   #ai4if     4#hd     
#b4ai      4#ii   #a4jhfg          ,d4  

#gf4ib   #bj4ch     4#ij    #b4ca       
4#hg   #a4jgdb          ,d4       #gh4gd
   #ae4if     4#fd    #b4be      4#ib   
#a4jhjc          ,d4       #ge4ba       
#ai4ca     4#fa    #b4ab      4#hc      
#a4ajeh          ,d4       #ge4hh       
#ah4ha     4#ef    #b4be      4#if      
#a4jiba          ,d4       #gg4dd       
#ah4ab     4#fc    #b4jf      4#hh      
#a4jijf          ,d4       #ge4ef       
#ah4ad     4#ef    #a4ha     #a4jd      
#a4aabi          ,d4       #gh4ac       
#ah4fb     4#fc    #a4ge      4#ih      
#a4jhha    ,delaw>e1       #gf4jb       
#ai4bj     4#fa    #b4jf     #a4ja      
#a4jheb       ,d4          #gf4ic       
#ah4fc     4#fa    #b4ai      4#id      
#a4jijd       ,d4          #ge4gb       
#ah4fc     4#ee    #b4ca      4#ie      
#a4jgde       ,d4          #gg4fd       
#af4bf     4#fa    #b4ef      4#ia      
#a4aabj    ,c>m51         #gf4hg        
#ah4jc     4#ff    #b4jf      4#ij      
#a4jifg      ,d4           #gf4eg       
#ag4jg     4#ei    #b4ch      4#gf      

#a4jhjd                                 
----------------------------------------
---------      ,av]age1      #gg4jb     
#ah4bi     4#ff    #b4af      4#ia      
#a4jhha                                 
----------------------------------------
------------------------      #bi ,ma9e 
,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a41 ,bul4 #eg1 p4 #adg4   
,analysis ( ,v]mont potatoes3 ,analyses 
made 9 ,v]mont & publi%$  9 ! report ( !
 ,v]mont ,exp]im5t ,/ation = #aija %[ an
  av]age cont5t ( />* consid]ably less  
?an t above giv51  namely3      ,wat]1  
#gi4da p]c5t    ,/>*1                   
#ad4ea        ,sug>s & dextr9s1   #a4dd 
,cellulose1              4#cf           
,prote91               #b4bh        ,e!r
 extract1          4#jf        ,a%1     
#a4bf        ,undet]m9$1           4#fh 
,composition ( ,potatoes us$ 9 ,france =
 ,indu/rial ,purposes4--,!  foll[+ is   
reg>d$ 9 ,france z an av]age composition
 ( ! potato  suitable = indu/rial       
purposes3#cj      ,wat]1        #ga4jj  
p]c5t    ,/>*1       #ah4jj             

,sug>1 etc41   #a4jf        ,cellulose1 
#a4fe        ,prote91       #b4ab       
,fat1            4#aa        ,a%1       
#a4fj          #cj 8,encyclopdie        
,agricole10 ,e4 ,saill>d4    ,! total   
f]m5table matt]1 z se5 above1 is a      
little ov] #ai  p]c5t1 n all[+ any?+ = !
 cellulose :i* is f]m5t$4 ,z  a portion 
( ! cellulose may also become a s\rce ( 
alcohol1 x is  obs]v$ t ! av]age        
p]c5tage ( f]m5t$ matt] 9 ! ,fr5*       
potato us$ = indu/rial purposes is n f> 
f #bj p]c5t4    ,! foll[+ v>ieties %[ a 
v>iation 9 />* cont5t ( #f4h  p]c5t1 !  
m9imum be+ #ae4i & ! maximum #bb4g      
p]c5t3      ,r$ />*y1            #bb4g  
p]c5t ( />*    ,%aw1                    
#bj4e                 ,in/itute (       
,beauvais1  #ag4g                       
,k]n\rs1               #ag4i            
,:ite ,elephant1         #af4j          
,briti% ,r$1            #af4j           
,giant ,blue1             #ae4i         
,analysis ( ,potatoes f ,g]man          
,s\rces4--,av]age composition &  />*    

cont5t3 ,! cont5t ( />* 9 potatoes      
exam9$ 9 !  laboratory ( ! ,association 
( ,g]man ,_s ,manufactur]s dur+  ! ye>  
#aije v>i$ f #ab4a to #be4a p]c5t4      
,elev5 p]c5t ( !  total numb] exam9$    
conta9$ betwe5 #ab & #ad p]c5t ( />*1   
#bj  p]c5t betwe5 #ad & #af p]c5t ( />*1
 #ac p]c5t betwe5 #af &  #ah p]c5t (    
/>*1 #bd p]c5t betwe5 #ah & #bj p]c5t1  
#bd p]c5t  also betwe5 #bj & #bb p]c5t1 
& #h p]c5t betwe5 #bb & #be4a  p]c5t4   
,^! data %[ t #ef p]c5t ( ! total numb] 
( samples  exam9$ conta9$ betwe5 #ah &  
#be p]c5t ( />*4 ,x is evid5t1  !re=e1 t
 ! g5]al av]age cont5t ( />* 9 !        
potatoes  us$ 9 ! ,g]man di/ill]ies is n
 f> f #ah to #bj p]c5t4    ,! mean      
composition ( potatoes z giv5 by ?ree   
,g]man au?orities1  namely1 ,knig1      
,l9tn]1 & ,wolff1 is z foll[s3          
,,av]age ,,analysis ,,( ,,potatoes ,,by 
,,?ree ,,g]man ,,au?orities4            
,k,,nig4   ,,l9tn]4   ,,wolff4          
,,con/itu5t4    ,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4        
,p]c5t4    ,wat]1              #ge4dh   

#gf4j      #ge4j    ,prote91            
#a4ie      #b4a       #b4a    ,fat1     
4#ae       4#b        4#b    ,/>* &     
sug>1   #bj4fi     #ai4g      #bj4g     
,crude cellulose1      4#ge       4#h   
#a4a    ,a%1                  4#ih      
#a4b        4#i    ,! above data %[ !   
av]age cont5t ( f]m5table matt] 9 ,g]man
  potatoes1 z det]m9$ by ?ree ( _! lead+
 au?orities1 to be  ab\t #bj p]c5t4 ,!  
potatoes us$ = ! manufacture ( alcohol 9
  ,g]many are n ( ! v>iety rais$ =      
edible purposes4 ,9 a l>ge  numb] (     
exp]im5t /ations 9 ,g]many sy/ematic    
ef=ts h be5  made = _m ye>s to gr[ a    
potato ri* 9 />* )\t respect  to its    
edible qualities4 ,^! potatoes are co>s]
 9 /ructure &  less palatable ?an ^?    
gr[n = ! table4 ,! object ( !           
cultivation ( ?is class ( potatoes is to
 produce z mu* />* &  o!r f]m5table     
matt]s p] acre z possible4 ,x is evid5t 
t our  own exp]im5t /ations %\ld        
und]take "w ( a simil> "*  if ! potato  
is to be us$ to any great ext5t 9 !     

manufacture (  indu/rial alcohol4 ,!re  
is no d\bt ( ! fact t success equal to  
t atta9$ by ! ,g]man exp]im5t]s w att5d 
any sy/ematic  ef=ts ( ?is k9d 9 our    
c\ntry4 ,n only w l>g] crops p]  acre ( 
potatoes be gr[n1 b ^! potatoes w conta9
 l>g]  quantities ( />* & o!r f]m5table 
sub/ances4 ,if ! crop (  potatoes is to 
rema9 at ! pres5t av]age1 namely1 less  
?an #ajj  bu%els p] acre1 pr(itable     
returns = alcohol mak+ c n be  expect$1 
ei!r by ! f>m] or by ! manufactur]4 ,a  
mu* l>g]  quantity mu/ be gr[n &1 if    
possible1 at less exp5se1 9 ord] t      
enc\rag+ pr(its may be realiz$4         
,ma]ck]1 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ,g]man  
au?ors1 /ates t  9 c]ta9 in/ances !     
potato 9 ,g]many rea*es a v high />*    
cont5t4 ,"s v>ieties1 9 exceptional     
in/ances1 h %[n z high  z #bi4d p]c5t1  
#bh4a p]c5t1 & #bg4c p]c5t1             
respectively4 ,9  w>m1 dry seasons      
potatoes (t5 are f\nd conta9+ f #be to  
#bg  p]c5t ( />*4 ,accord+ to ,ma]ck]1 !
 sug> cont5t1 includ+  all =ms ( sug>1  

v>ies greatly4 ,p]fectly ripe potatoes  
conta9  g5]ally no sug> or only a       
fractional p]c5tage4 ,:5 potatoes are   
/or$ "u unfavorable conditions1 l>ge    
quantities ( sug> may be  develop$1     
am\nt+ to z high z #e p]c5t altoge!r4 ,9
 g5]al1 x  may be /at$ t ! cont5t ( sug>
 ( all k9ds w v>y f #j4d  p]c5t to #c4d 
p]c5t1 accord+ to conditions4    ,:ile  
potatoes gr[n ?us to increase ! cont5t (
 />* are n  g5]ally us$ z food1 yet !y  
are nutriti\s b n z palatable z  ^? gr[n
 especially = table purposes4      ,a%  
analyses3 ,! m9]al matt]s :i* ! potato  
extracts f !  soil or f ! f]tiliz]s :i* 
are add$ !reto consi/ *iefly  (         
phosphate ( pota%4 ,! mean av]age       
composition ( ! a% ( !  potato is %[n 9 
! foll[+ table3#ca      ,pota% 7,k,o71  
#fj4cg p]c5t    ,soda 7,na,o71          
#b4fb        ,lime 7,ca,o71             
#b4eg        ,magnesia 7,mg,o71         
#d4fi        ,iron oxid 7,fe,o71        
#a4ah        ,phosphoric acid 7,p,o71   
#ag4cc        ,sulfuric acid 7,,s71     

#f4di        ,silicic acid 7,si,o71     
#b4ac        ,*lor91                    
#c4aa          #ca ,ma]ck]1 8,h&bu* d]  
,spiritusfabrikation10 p4 #ii4    ,?is  
analysis 0 made ^u ! s-call$ pure a%1   
depriv$ ( its  unburn$ c>bon1 & fre$ (  
s& & c>bon dioxid4      ,effect (       
f]tilization on ! yield & />* cont5t3   
,exp]i5ce  9 ,g]many has %[n n only t   
lib]al f]tilization ) nitrog5  is       
favorable to ! production ( a l>ge crop 
( potatoes1 b also  t ?is is accompli%$ 
)\t decreas+ ! p]c5tage ( />*  !re94 ,! 
foll[+ table %[s ! increase 9 yield1    
p]c5tage (  />*1 & am\nt ( />* obta9$ by
 nitrog5 f]tilization1 !  results be+   
express$ 9 hect>es#cb & kilograms3      
,,effect ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,f]tilization   
,,on ,,yield ,,& ,,/>* ,,cont5t ,,(     
,,potatoes4                             
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
,,)\t ,,nitrog54         ,,) ,,nitrog54 
----------------------------------------
------                            ,yield

   ,yield          ,yield   ,yield      
(      (             (      (           
tub]s  />*         tub]s  />*           
,,v>iety ,,(             p]     p]      
p]     p]        ,,potato4              
,/>*4hect>e4hect>e4,/>*4hect>e4hect>e4  
----------------------------------------
---------------------                   
,p]-    ,kilo-   ,kilo-  ,p]-    ,kilo- 
,kilo-                    c5t4  grams4  
grams4  c5t4  grams4  grams4            
----------------------------------------
---------------------    ,se$1          
#ah4ja  #bj1ijj   #c1ghj  #ah4ag        
#bd1hgj  #d1ejg    ,*ampion1            
#ba4cc  #ai1eaj   #d1aeb  #ba4dh        
#bd1dgj  #e1bcc    ,imp]ator1           
#ai4jj  #bb1efj   #d1bce  #ah4gj        
#bf1hcj  #e1jjg    ,magnum ,bonum1      
#ah4da  #ai1agj   #c1ebb  #ah4jg        
#bb1eaj  #d1jeg    ,aurelie1            
#ai4dg  #ah1iej   #c1fec  #ai4ge        
#bc1eej  #d1fji    ,rei*skanzl]1  #bb4gh
  #ad1cjj   #c1bcf  #bb4fa  #ag1bej     
#c1hge    ,juno1           #ai4cc       

#ag1eij   #c1dbb  #ai4ib  #bj1ijj       
#d1aii    ,am>an?1       #bb4dg  #af1ahj
   #c1fai  #bb4hd  #ah1caj  #d1ahh      
,*>lotte1      #ai4db  #ag1jda   #c1cje 
#ai4fg  #bj1ggd  #d1jha                 
,gelbfleis*ige                          
,zwiebel1        #ai4ig  #ai1hhh        
#c1idf  #ai4ia  #ba1ggb  #d1cbc         
,dab]s*e1      #ba4hb  #ag1cgg   #c1ggh 
#ba4hj  #bj1cac  #d1cii                 
,weissfleis*ige                         
,zwiebel1        #bj4ea  #af1hgg        
#c1ddb  #bj4eh  #ai1eja  #c1icf         
,s*ne]ose1     #ah4hd  #ai1fec   #c1gbd 
#ah4ff  #bb1cdc  #d1ahf    ,nass5grund]1
  #ai4jh  #ai1gja   #c1gbe  #bb4ab      
#ba1hhi  #d1hac    ,gelbe ,rose1        
#ba4ji  #af1hdg   #c1edg  #bj4fj        
#bj1agg  #d1abi    ,hort5sie1           
#ag4gb  #bb1daf   #c1ijg  #ag4de        
#bf1cha  #d1ecb    ,ri*t]'s ,lange      
,weisse1         #ai4cg  #bb1acd        
#d1bfg  #ai4ai  #bd1dij  #d1ffd         
,rosalie1        #ah4bg  #ai1hff        
#c1eeg  #ah4be  #bb1ahf  #d1jjc         

,a*illes1       #ba4jb  #ah1hhf   #c1ifb
  #bj4ic  #bj1iac  #d1cgf    ,alcohol1  
#af4dg  #af1bgj   #b1fgc  #af4ca        
#bj1cci  #c1cbg                         
----------------------------------------
------      ,av]age1      #ai4gg        
#ah1hjf   #c1fgc  #ai4he  #ba1iih       
#d1ccb                                  
----------------------------------------
---------------------      #cb #a hect>e
  #b4dga acres4 #a kilogram  #b4bje     
p\nds4    ,x is evid5t f ! data giv5 9 !
 table t ! lib]al  application (        
nitrog5\s f]tiliz]s increases ! yield p]
  acre ( tub]s & ( />* to a v m>k$      
ext5t1 al?\gh !  av]age p]c5tage ( />*  
pres5t is increas$ v little4  ,conv]t+ !
 av]age data giv5 9 ! =ego+ table into  
_!  equival5ts 9 p\nds p] acre1 we h !  
foll[+ results3 ,)\t  nitrog5--yield (  
tub]s1 #af1gha p\nds p] acre2 yield (   
/>*1  #c1bgg p\nds p] acre4 ,)          
nitrog5--yield ( tub]s1 #ai1fbi p\nds   
p] acre2 yield ( />*1 #c1hef p\nds p]   
acre4    ,! foll[+ v>ieties ( potatoes  

are consid]$ 9 ,g]many ! be/  = !       
manufacture ( alcohol3 ,wohltman1       
,silesia1 ,agricultural ,union1  ,a!n5a1
 ,pr9ce ,bism>ck1 ,ri*t]'s ,imp]ator1 & 
,ma]ck]4 ,!  late/ consul> report on !  
potato z a s\rce ( alcohol 9 ,g]many    
%[s ! foll[+ yields p] acre & p]c5tages 
( />*3    ,,yield ,,& ,,/>* ,,cont5t ,,(
 ,,potatoes ,,gr[n ,,9 ,,g]many ,,=     
,,alcohol  ,,production4                
,,yield ,,p]   ,,/>*4        ,,v>ieties4
           ,,acre4                      
,kilograms4  ,p]c5t4    ,pr(essor       
,wohltman1      #c1dbj       #af4c      
,iduna1                   #b1hde        
#af4d    ,topaz1                        
#c1bfj       #ag4c    ,sas1             
#c1iij       #ah4c    ,leo1             
#d1abj       #ag4j    ,ri*t]'s          
,imp]ator1     #d1gfj       #ae4d       
,silesia1                 #c1fge        
#af4c    ,pr(essor ,ma]ck]1      #d1bhj 
#ad4e      ,use ( ! ,potato4--,9        
addition to its value z human food !    
potato  has o!r economical relations4 ,x

 is us$ 9 _m c\ntries almo/  exclusively
 9 ! production ( />* = ! laundry & =   
g5]al  dome/ic uses4    ,! potato is n v
 ext5sively us$ = />* production 9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates except 9 ! /ate ( ,ma9e & 
p]haps 9 "o or two  o!r localities4 ,!  
/>* ( ! potato has a p>ticul> value =   
use 9 ! textile indu/ry 9 ! siz+ ( clo?4
 ,practically all (  ! potato />* :i* is
 produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is devot$ to 
t purpose1 & = ?is reason x br+s a high]
 price ?an !  ord9>y />* made ( ,indian 
corn4      ,te*nique ( ! ,production (  
,/>* f ,potatoes4--,!re is  sc>cely any 
manufactur+ process :i* is m simple 9   
its me?od  ?an ! manufacture ( />* f    
potatoes4 ,! process consi/s  simply 9 !
 rasp+ or gr9d+ ( ! potato to a f9e     
pulp1 :i*  is aft]w>d plac$ ^u sieves 9 
a ?9 lay] & spr9kl$ )  wat] :i* deta*es 
! />* granules f ! pulp matt]1 c>ries   
!m ?r\gh ! sieve1 & ?us sep>ates !m f ! 
fibr\s  portion4    ,x w be int]e/+ to !
 g5]al read]1 on acc\nt ( !  importance 
( ?is product1 to give a brief          

description ( ! me?od  employ$ & !      
results obta9$4      ,potato ,/>*4--,9  
?is c\ntry potato />* is manufactur$    
*iefly 9 ,ma9e1 ,wiscons91 & ,colorado4 
,! factories are ( a  v primitive type1 
! ma*9]y consi/+ ( a rasp] con/ruct$    
usually by wrapp+ a wood5 cyl9d] )      
%eet-iron punctur$ s  t ! ragg$ edges ( 
! hole are on ! ext]ior surface z %[n  9
 ,fig4 #da4 ,wat] is add$ at ! "t (     
rasp+1 & ! />*  pulp goes onto gauze    
%ak+ tables :]e ! />* gra9s are wa%$    
?r\gh ! sieve1 z indicat$ 9 ,figs4 #db &
 #dc4 ,! sep>at$  />* & wat] g into     
settl+ tanks4 ,:]e ! />* has settl$     
into a firm mass x is brok5 up & s5t to 
! dry+ kiln4 ,potato  />* is highly     
priz$ z a siz+ 9 ! textile indu/ry4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,,rasp+      
,,cyl9d] ,,= ,,mak+ ,,/>*4--7,c\rtesy   
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,,%ak+       
,,table ,,= ,,sep>at+ ,,! ,,/>* ,,f  ,,!
 ,,pulp$ ,,potato4--7,c\rtesy ,dep>tm5t 
( ,agriculture47      ,use ( ! ,potato 9

 ! ,manufacture ( ,spirits4--,a mu* m   
important te*nical use ( ! potato is 9 !
 manufacture (  di/ill$ spirits4        
,di/ill$ spirits made f ! potato are n  
g5]ally us$ = potable purposes b are    
devot$ to indu/rial  uses4 ,9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 v little if any di/ill$ spirits 
are  made f ! potato4 ,9 ,europe1 h[ev]1
 especially 9 ,g]many1 !  indu/ry is "o 
( great magnitude4 ,practically all ( ! 
indu/rial  spirits us$ 9 ,g]many & 9 _m 
p>ts ( ,europe are made f  ! potato4 ,! 
process is a simple "o4 ,! pulp ( !     
potato1 or  />*1 sep>at$ !refrom is     
subject$ to ! action ( malt or o!r      
dia/atic action = ! purpose ( conv]t+ ! 
/>* into sug>4  ,9 "s cases ?is         
conv]sion takes place by m /rictly      
*emical  means1 namely1 by heat+ ! pulpy
 matt] or ! />* sep>at$  !refrom 9 a    
prop] /ate ( dilution1 9 contact ) an   
acid at  a high temp]ature & pressure4  
,hydro*loric acid or sulfuric acid  is  
usually employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,! action
 ( ! acid conv]ts  ! />* into f]m5table 

sug>1 namely1 dextrose1 a =m ( sug>     
diff]+ 9 its quality & "* f t produc$ by
 malt  kn[n z maltose4 ,bo? sug>s1      
h[ev]1 are f]m5table to ! same  degree &
 produce1 = equal quantities ( sug>1 !  
same quantity (  alcohol4 ,:5 ! />* is  
conv]t$ into sug> by "o or ! o!r  ( ^!  
me?ods x is subject$ to f]m5tation by an
 appropriate  quantity ( yea/ :i* is ( !
 same family z t us$ 9 !  alcoholic     
f]m5tation ( o!r sac*>9e products4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,,! ,,potato 
,,rasp+ ,,cyl9d] ,,arrang$ ,,=          
,,"w4--7,c\rtesy ,dep>tm5t (            
,agriculture47    ,special *>act]s (    
yea/1 h[ev]1 are res]v$ = special       
purposes1 s9ce ! v>iety ( yea/ det]m9es 
to a c]ta9 ext5t  ! "* ( ! second>y     
products :i* are =m$ dur+  f]m5tation & 
?us det]m9e ! "*1 flavor1 & aroma ( !   
f9i%$ product4 ,aft] ! f]m5tation has   
be5 complet$ ! residue  is te*nically   
kn[n z be]1 & is subject$ to di/illation
 = !  sep>ation ( ! _s4    ,a           
description ( ! process ( di/illation w 

be f\nd 9 !  second volume ( ?is manual 
& is !re=e omitt$ "h4      ,radi%4--,!  
botanical "n ( ! radi% is ,raphanus     
sativus ,l4  ,! ,fr5* "n is radis2      
,g]man1 ,radies2 ,italian1 ravanello2   
,spani%1  rabanito4    ,! radi% is a    
vegetable :i* is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole ye>
 9  all ! pr9cipal m>kets ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 be+ gr[n "u cov]  dur+ ! cold   
wea!r4 ,x is ready = m>ket )9 a %ort "t 
aft] s[+1 s t crop aft] crop c be gr[n  
dur+ ! ye> on  ! same soil4 ,x is mo/   
highly priz$ :5 x is "y1 z x t5ds  to   
acquire a pung5t & bitt] ta/e z x       
approa*es maturity4 ,!  two pr9cipal    
v>ieties gr[n1 z respects ! roots1 is ! 
"o hav+  a long1 tap]+ root1 & ! o!r a  
%ort1 sph]ical bulb4 ,!  latt] are m    
priz$ = eat+ purposes4 ,!re are _m      
v>ieties  gr[n4      ,composition (     
,edible ,portion4--      ,wat]1         
#ia4h p]c5t    ,prote91                 
#a4c        ,fat1                       
#j4a        ,sug>1 & o!r c>bohydrates1  
#e4h        ,a%1                        

#j4g          ,rhub>b4--,! botanical "n 
= rhub>b is ,rheum ,l4 ,! ,fr5*  "n is  
rhub>be2 ,g]man1 ,rhab>b]2 ,italian1    
rab>b>o2 ,spani%1  ruib>bo4    ,rhub>b  
is a vegetable :i* is widely di/ribut$ 9
 ! ,unit$  ,/ates & gr[s g5]ally v e>ly 
9 ! spr+4 ,x is a highly  acid plant1 & 
is us$ *iefly z a sauce & = mak+ pies4  
,x  requires a v l>ge addition ( sug> to
 make x palatable4 ,x has  m$ic9al      
prop]ties :i* give x additional value4  
,!re are _m  v>ieties gr[n4 ,x is a     
plant t is ready = use v e>ly 9 !  spr+1
 be+ available 9 ! f>m]'s g>d5 almo/    
be=e any o!r  vegetable1 & ?is makes x (
 /ill great] value4      ,composition ( 
! ,edible ,/em4--      ,wat]1           
#ib4fg p]c5t    ,a%1                    
4#id        ,prote91                4#hc
        ,fib]1                 #a4aa    
,sug>1 />*1 etc41   #c4bf        ,fat1  
#a4ai        ,! above data %[ t ! rhub>b
 is practically valueless z food  & is  
*iefly condim5tal4 ,9 reg>d to its      
nutri5ts ! fat is 9 a  l>g] proportion  

?an 9 t ( almo/ any o!r succul5t        
vegetable4      ,squa%4--,ano!r v>iety (
 ! g\rd family :i* is highly priz$  z a 
food product is ! squa%4 ,x is us$ 9 !  
same mann] z !  pumpk91 & is highly     
valu$ bo? z a food = man & dome/icat$   
animals4      ,composition ( ! ,fle% ( !
 ,squa%4--      ,wat]1                  
#hh4ji p]c5t    ,a%1                    
#a4gb        ,prote91                   
4#ib        ,fib]1                 #a4jd
        ,sug>1 />*1 etc41   #h4je       
,fat1                    4#ah        ,! 
above data %[ t ! squa% is a mu* m      
nutritive sub/ance  ?an ! pumpk94 ,9 o!r
 respects x is little diff]5t 9 its     
composition1 be+ only a dry] =m (       
pumpk94      ,sweet ,potato4--,!        
vegetable kn[n z sweet potato is kn[n   
botanically z ,convolvulus batatas ,l4  
,f ! "n x is se5 t ! sweet potato does n
 belong to !  same botanical family z ! 
potato itself4 ,by reason1 h[ev]1 ( its 
simil> condition ( gr[? &1 to a c]ta9   
ext5t1 its *emical  composition & uses1 

! t]m potato has1 9 ?is c\ntry at lea/1 
become to be univ]sally appli$ to bo?1  
al?\gh ! prefix 8sweet0  is q commonly  
us$ ) ! sweet potato1 :]eas if any      
prefix is  us$ ) ! potato1 prop]ly      
s-call$1 x is ! ^w 8:ite0 or  8,iri%40  
,! sweet potato is gr[n ext5sively 9 !  
,unit$ ,/ates &  9 o!r respects1        
agriculturally1 may be reg>d$ z         
complem5tal to  ! potato4    ,:ile !    
potato gr[s be/ 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( !     
c\ntry & 9  mild climates1 ! sweet      
potato fl\ri%es 9 ! greate/ abundance 9 
! s\!rn & w>m] portions4 ,9 respect to !
 "* ( !  soil ! two vegetables are q    
simil>1 bo? do+ be/ 9 a s&y  or loose   
soil1 provid$ x is suffici5tly suppli$ )
 plant food =  ! use ( ! gr[+ plant4 ,! 
sweet potato is a ?ick5$ root1 &  is    
propagat$ almo/ exclusively by means (  
%oots call$ 8slips40      ,plant+ &     
,cultivation4--,!re is a v di/9ct       
diff]5ce  betwe5 ! plant+ ( ! sweet     
potato & t ( ! potato4 ,!  =m] are r>ely
 plant$ 9 ! field :]e ! crop is to      

mature4 ,x  is q a univ]sal cu/om to    
plant ! sweet potato 9 b$s :]e  ! "y    
gr[? c be =c$ bo? by means ( artificial 
heat &  by a g5]\s mul* ( highly        
nutriti\s soil4 ,! plants c !n  be set v
 e>ly 9 ! spr+ & by ! "t !y are ready to
 be  transplant$ to ! field h acquir$ a 
consid]able size4 ,:5 ready  =          
transplant+ ! se$ b$ is prep>$ ) ! same 
c>e z t  requir$ = ! potato4 ,! ridg+ ( 
! r[s1 :i* 9 ! case  ( potatoes takes   
place dur+ cultivation1 is accompli%$ 9 
!  case ( sweet potatoes be=e plant+4   
,if ! soil is moi/ & !  temp]ature n too
 high ! "y plants are remov$ f ! se$ b$ 
& set on top ( ! apexes 9 ! =m$ r[s4 ,! 
cultivation ( !  field dur+ ! gr[? ( !  
crop is suffici5t to keep ! surface  9  
good til? & prev5t ! gr[? ( we$s1 grass1
 etc4 ,c>e mu/  be ex]cis$ 9 !          
cultivation n to draw ! e>? away f !    
ridges :i* h be5 =m$1 b to increase _!  
size by draw+  ! e>? m & m t[>d ! apex (
 ! ridge4 ,! cultivation  is cont9u$    
until ! gr[+ v9es practically cov] !    

surface (  ! soil & ?us =m a natural    
mul*1 :i* n only cons]ves !  moi/ure &  
til? ( ! soil b also prev5ts ! gr[? (   
we$s  & grass4 ,! sweet potato1 9       
respect ( its flavor1 is p>ticul>ly     
s5sitive to ! influ5ce ( fro/1 also !   
leaves are m s5sitive  to fro/ ?an ^? ( 
! potato4 ,if a heavy fro/ is exp]i5c$  
be=e ! tub]s are h>ve/$ x is apt to     
imp>t an unpleasant ta/e  to ! potato & 
injure its edible qualities4 ,= ?is     
reason1 if x  is n possible to h>ve/ !  
potato be=e ! adv5t ( fro/1 x  is       
advisable to cut ! v9es at ! po9t :]e !y
 em]ge f !  soil4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done !
 injuri\s effects ( ! fro/1 above       
m5tion$1 are n exp]i5c$4 ,9 ! s\!rn     
portion ( ! c\ntry  ! sweet potato is   
(t5 all[$ to rema9 9 ! soil dur+ !      
great] "p ( ! w9t]1 &1 if ! v9es are    
remov$1 x keeps 9  excell5t condition4  
,yield & ,composition ( ! ,sweet        
,potato4--,z has already be5  m5tion$1  
!re is a g5]al resemblance1 9 s f> z    
*emical &  nutritive prop]ties are      

conc]n$1 betwe5 ! sweet potato & !      
potato4 ,! sweet potato is usually      
color$ a yell[i% t9t1 due to  !         
di/ribution ( m or less xan?ophyll      
?r\gh\t its sub/ance4  ,! sweet potato  
also conta9s notable quantities ( cane  
sug>1 to  :i* its "n is due4 ,x1 h[ev]1 
conta9s l>ge quantities ( />*  & fib] & 
small quantities ( prote91 resembl+ 9   
?is g5]al  mann] ! potato itself4 ,!    
sweet potato has n be5 us$ 9 !  ,unit$  
,/ates = ! mak+ ( alcohol4 ,9 ! ,azores 
great quantities  ( sweet potatoes are  
gr[n = ?is purpose1 & make an alcohol ( 
f9e quality1 :i* is us$ to a l>ge ext5t 
9 =tify+ port w9es4  ,!re are l>ge areas
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 especially 9 !      
,s\!rn  ,/ates1 :]e ! sweet potato c be 
gr[n 9 great abundance4 ,!  exp]im5ts at
 ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a /ation %[ t z high z    
#aa1jjj  p\nds ( sweet potatoes c be    
gr[n p] acre4 ,! p]c5tage (  />* is     
m>k$ly great] ?an 9 ! :ite or ,iri%     
potato4 ,9 all  cases ov] #bj p]c5t (   
/>* 0 obta9$ 9 ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a  sweet    

potatoes1 & 9 "o in/ance ov] #bd p]c5t4 
,z high z #b1fjj  p\nds ( />* 7 produc$ 
p] acre4    ,9 addition to />*1 ! sweet 
potato conta9s notable quantities  (    
sug>1 sometimes z high z six p]c5t be+  
pres5t1 s t !  total f]m5table matt] 9 !
 sweet potato may be reckon$ at !       
m9imum at #be p]c5t4 ,a bu%el ( sweet   
potatoes weighs #ee p\nds1 &  "o-qu>t] (
 ?is is f]m5table matt]1 or ne>ly #ad   
p\nds4 ,?is  w\ld yield1 approximately1 
#g p\nds1 or a little ov] "o gallon (   
#ie  p]c5t alcohol4 ,x may be fairly    
/at$1 !re=e1 9 a g5]al way1  t a bu%el (
 sweet potatoes w yield "o gallon (     
indu/rial  alcohol4 ,! av]age yield (   
sweet potatoes1 ( c\rse1 is v  mu* less 
?an t giv5 9 ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a reports1 :]e
 heavy  f]tilization 0 practis$4 ,on    
plots to :i* no f]tiliz] 0 add$  ! yield
 0 ab\t #h1jjj p\nds ( sweet potatoes p]
 acre1 yield+  9 r\nd numb]s #a1ijj     
p\nds ( />*4 ,! quantity ( sug> 9 !     
#h1jjj p\nds is ab\t #cej p\nds1 :i*1   
add$ to ! />*1 makes  #b1bej p\nds (    

f]m5table matt] p] acre4 ,?is w yield   
#a1abe  p\nds ( indu/rial alcohol ( #ie 
p]c5t /r5g?1 or approximately  #afj     
gallons p] acre4    ,! yield ( sweet    
potatoes 9 ! above computation mu/ be   
reg>d$  z exceptionally high4 ,a saf]   
calculation w be bas$ ^u !  yield ( #ajj
 bu%els ( sweet potatoes p] acre1 a     
little above  ! av]age ( ! yield ( !    
potato1 or a total ( #e1ejj p\nds  p]   
acre4 ,"o-qu>t] ( ?is am\nt is f]m5table
 matt]--ab\t  #a1djj p\nds--:i* w\ld    
yield1 approximately1 #gjj p\nds ( #ie  
p]c5t alcohol1 or #ajj gallons ( #ie    
p]c5t alcohol p] acre4 ,9  addition to !
 sug> 9 ! =m ( sucrose1 or common sug>1 
:i*  ! sweet potato conta9s1 !re is also
 an appreciable am\nt (                 
non-cry/allizable sug>s4 ,! total sug>s 
9 ! sweet potato h  n be5 ov]/at$ 9 !   
above e/imate4 ,9 fact1 ! contr>y1  r1  
is true1 s9ce ! two sug>s toge!r        
probably av]age ab\t  six p]c5t ( !     
weight ( ! potato4 ,if ! av]age quantity
  ( />* 9 ! sweet potato is #bj p]c5t1  

:i* is r a l[  e/imate1 ! total         
f]m5table matt] 9 ! sweet potato is #bf 
p]c5t in/ead ( #be p]c5t1 z e/imat$     
above4    ,,*anges ,,9 ,,composition ,,(
 ,,! ,,sweet ,,potato ,,( ,,diff]5t     
,,v>ieties ,,on  ,,/or+4#cc    ,,fir/   
,,lot 7,novemb] #bh74                   
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,,orig9al4                              
--------------------------------        
,,"n ,,(                          ,inv]t
             ,,v>iety4          ,wat]4  
,/>*4 sug>4 ,sucrose4                   
----------------------------------------
---------                               
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4    ,georgia
 ,buck       #ge4ce   #ac4ac   #j4gg    
#d4ca      ,bun* ,yam          #gb4cg   
#ae4ab   #a4ji    #d4de         ,d4     
#fg4ii   #ai4eh    4#ef    #d4di        
,horton ,yam         #gj4bi   #ae4jf    
#a4je    #f4bc      ,georgia ,buck      
#ga4ef   #ad4ce    4#gc    #f4fa        
,v9eless ,yam       #gj4jc   #af4he     

4#ed    #e4ja      ,hanov] ,yam         
#gf4af   #ac4fa   #a4aj    #d4bb        
,georgia ,yam        #gj4ja   #ah4hg    
#a4jj    #d4jh                          
--------------------------------        
,av]age            #ga4gb   #ae4hb      
4#hf    #d4ic                           
----------------------------------------
---------                               
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,,air-,,dry4                            
--------------------------------        
,,"n ,,(                          ,inv]t
             ,,v>iety4          ,wat]4  
,/>*4 sug>4 ,sucrose4                   
----------------------------------------
---------                               
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4    ,georgia
 ,buck       #f4gi    #di4fe   #b4ic    
#af4ca     ,bun* ,yam          #f4fg    
#ea4jf   #c4fg    #ae4jd        ,d4     
#g4bd    #ef4gj   #a4fa    #ac4jb       
,horton ,yam         #f4bd    #dg4eb    
#c4ca    #ai4fg     ,georgia ,buck      

#f4hh    #df4ih   #b4dj    #ba4fc       
,v9eless ,yam       #g4ij    #ea4gh     
#a4fg    #ae4dj     ,hanov] ,yam        
#g4cg    #eb4hi   #d4bi    #af4dj       
,georgia ,yam        #g4eg    #eh4ag    
#c4jg    #ab4ei                         
--------------------------------        
,av]age            #g4jh    #ea4hd      
#b4hg    #af4bf                         
----------------------------------------
---------                               
----------------------------------------
---                                     
,,wat]-,,free4                          
------------------------     ,,"n ,,(   
,inv]t     ,,v>iety4          ,/>*4     
sug>4 ,sucrose4                         
----------------------------------------
-                                       
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4    ,georgia ,buck 
#ec4bg   #c4ad    #ag4ej    ,bun* ,yam  
#ed4ga   #c4ic    #af4aa       ,d4      
#fa4ah   #a4gd    #ad4jd    ,horton ,yam
         #ej4fh   #c4ec    #bj4ih       
,georgia ,buck       #ej4de   #b4eh     

#ac4bc    ,v9eless ,yam       #ef4bb    
#a4ha    #af4gb    ,hanov] ,yam         
#eg4aj   #d4fc    #ag4gj    ,georgia    
,yam        #fb4ic   #c4cb    #ac4fb    
------------------------    ,av]age     
#ee4hb   #c4ji    #af4af                
----------------------------------------
-    ,,second ,,lot 7,janu>y #g74       
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,,orig9al4                              
--------------------------------        
,,"n ,,(                          ,inv]t
             ,,v>iety4          ,wat]4  
,/>*4 sug>4 ,sucrose4                   
----------------------------------------
---------    ,georgia ,buck       #fi4gd
   #ab4gb   #a4ge    #i4be      ,bun*   
,yam          #fg4ca   #ac4ff   #b4jb   
#i4ij         ,d4             #fg4bi    
#ac4hc   #b4dj    #i4dc      ,horton    
,yam         #ga4ci    #i4eg   #b4eg    
#i4fi      ,georgia ,buck       #fg4fc  
#ad4dc   #b4ab    #g4he      ,v9eless   
,yam       #fg4cc   #ab4jc   #b4ij      

#aj4ji      ,hanov] ,yam        #gj4ac  
#ad4ac   #a4ff    #f4eh      ,georgia   
,yam        #ga4gh   #aa4ba   #b4bf     
#h4aj                                   
--------------------------------        
,av]age            #fi4jh   #ab4gj      
#b4ba    #h4hf                          
----------------------------------------
---------                               
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,,air-,,dry4                            
--------------------------------        
,,"n ,,(                          ,inv]t
             ,,v>iety4          ,wat]4  
,/>*4 sug>4 ,sucrose4                   
----------------------------------------
---------    ,georgia ,buck       #h4hj 
#ch4cd   #e4bg    #bg4hg     ,bun* ,yam 
#i4di    #cg4hc   #e4fj    #bg4dj       
,d4            #aj4jj    #ch4jd   #f4fa 
#be4id     ,horton ,yam         #g4ah   
#ca4je   #h4ce    #ca4dc     ,georgia   
,buck       #h4df    #dj4hj   #f4jj     
#bb4ba     ,v9eless ,yam       #g4ij    

#cc4ij   #h4ai    #bh4dd     ,hanov]    
,yam        #i4bi    #db4ij   #e4je     
#ai4ii     ,georgia ,yam        #h4fb   
#cf4cj   #g4ca    #bf4bd                
--------------------------------        
,av]age            #h4gb    #cg4dj      
#f4ee    #bf4ai                         
----------------------------------------
---------                               
----------------------------------------
---                                     
,,wat]-,,free4                          
------------------------     ,,"n ,,(   
,inv]t     ,,v>iety4          ,/>*4     
sug>4 ,sucrose4                         
----------------------------------------
-    ,georgia ,buck       #db4jd   #e4gh
    #cj4ef    ,bun* ,yam          #da4hj
   #f4ai    #cj4bg       ,d4            
#db4bg   #g4cd    #bh4hb    ,horton ,yam
         #cc4de   #i4jj    #cc4hf       
,georgia ,buck       #dd4eg   #f4ee     
#bd4bf    ,v9eless ,yam       #cf4ha    
#h4hi    #cj4hh    ,hanov] ,yam         
#dg4bi   #e4eg    #bb4jd    ,georgia    

,yam        #ci4gb   #h4jj    #bh4gb    
------------------------    ,av]age     
#dj4ii   #g4ag    #bh4fh                
----------------------------------------
-      #cc ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,agr4 ,exp4     
,/a41 ,bul4 #fc1 p4 #be4      ,effect ( 
,/orage on ,composition4--,exp]im5ts h  
%[n t !  quantity ( />* dim9i%es & !    
quantity ( sug> increases on  /or+4     
,fur!r1 x may be /at$ t 9 ! v>ieties (  
sweet  potatoes :i* are mo/ e/eem$ =    
table use !re is less />*  & p]haps m   
sug> ?an are /at$ 9 ! above examples4 ,9
 "o  in/ance ( an analysis made on ! #g?
 ( ,janu>y ( /or$ potatoes1  ! />* _h   
fall5 to a little less ?an #ac p]c5t1   
:ile !  sug>s _h increas$ to ov] #aa    
p]c5t 9 less ?an six weeks4 ,!  total   
quantity ( f]m5table matt]1 h[ev]1 z w  
be se51 _h n  be5 greatly *ang$1 al?\gh 
!re 0 probably a slight loss4 ,9 !      
s\!rn agricultural "w ref]r$ to1 ! yam &
 ! sweet potato  are consid]$ toge!r4 ,!
 composition & ! *anges on keep+ are    
well illu/rat$ by ! prec$+ data4    ,!  

above data app>5tly are suffici5t to %[ 
! high value :i*  atta*es to ! sweet    
potato & ! yam1 n only z edibles1 b     
especially = ! purpose ( mak+ alcohol4  
,x is also se5 t !  sweet potato w\ld n 
be a valuable mat]ial = mak+ />* alone1 
because 9 />* mak+ ! sug> :i* ! sweet   
potato conta9s is  lo/1 :]eas 9 !       
manufacture ( alcohol ! sug> & ! />*1  z
 well z any f]m5table celluloses or gums
 9 ! potato1 are  utiliz$4 ,! foll[+    
table %[s ! ext5t to :i* ?is crop is    
gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3    ,,acreage ,,&
 ,,production ,,( ,,sweet ,,potatoes    
7,,includ+ ,,yams7 ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$      
,,/ates ,,by ,,/ates1 ,,9 #ahii1 ,,z    
,,report$ ,,by ,,! ,,twelf? ,,c5sus4    
-------------------------------------   
,,/ates4       ,,acres4 ,,bu%els4       
-------------------------------------   
,unit$ ,/ates       #ecg1ddgdb1ebf1fif  
,alabama              #ej1hfe #c1deg1chf
    ,arizona                  #ea       
#d1bii    ,arkansas             #ac1bga 
#iih1gfg    ,cali=nia            #a1fjg 

#bci1jbi    ,colorado                   
#bj     #b1bia    ,connecticut          
#b       #acj    ,delaw>e               
#b1bfe   #bbb1afe    ,di/rict (         
,columbia      #e    #ai1icf    ,florida
              #bb1gia #b1jdi1ghd        
,georgia              #gj1fbj #e1jhg1fgd
    ,hawaii                  #ace       
#i1bhd    ,idaho                     #f 
#dac    ,ill9ois              #g1ecd    
#eaa1fie    ,indiana                    
#c1ihi   #bci1dhg    ,indian ,t]ritory  
#a1jfd    #hj1cfd    ,i[a               
#b1fhh    #bd1fbb    ,kansas            
#d1egj    #gd1haj    ,k5tucky           
#ad1agh   #ibe1ghf    ,l\isiana         
#bg1cgb #a1hfe1dhb    ,m>yl&            
#f1dfi   #fgg1hdh    ,massa*usetts      
44444        #bc    ,mi*igan            
#ga     #c1bdb    ,m9nesota             
#d       #acf    ,mississippi           
#ch1afi #b1hag1chf    ,miss\ri          
#i1hdd   #gdc1cgg    ,nebraska          
#eea    #dh1bbd    ,nevada              
#e       #ibc    ,new ,hamp%ire         

#a         #f    ,new ,j]sey            
#bj1ehh #b1dah1fda    ,new ,mexico      
#dg     #f1ahj    ,new ,york            
#gc     #h1fha    ,nor? ,c>ol9a         
#fh1gcj #e1gha1ehg    ,nor? ,dakota     
44444         #a    ,ohio               
#c1gif   #bdi1gfg    ,oklahoma          
#b1eab   #aie1gii    ,oregon            
#bg     #b1hbe    ,p5nsylvania          
#c1ddc   #bcd1gbd    ,rhode ,isl&       
#a       #ajb    ,s\? ,c>ol9a           
#dh1hca #c1cfi1ieg    ,s\? ,dakota      
#c       #aje    ,t5nessee              
#bc1cgd #a1ega1ege    ,texas            
#dc1efa #c1bii1ace    ,utah             
#dj     #d1ieh    ,v]mont               
#d       #cjf    ,virg9ia               
#dj1fha #d1dgj1fjb    ,wa%+ton          
#eb     #d1fgb    ,we/ ,virg9ia         
#c1cic   #bjb1dbd    ,wiscons9          
#d        #hf                           
-------------------------------------   
,av]age ,composition ( ,sweet           
,potatoes4--,! mean composition (       
v>ieties ( sweet potatoes z det]m9$ by !

 ,cali=nia & ,texas  ,exp]im5t /ations  
is %[n 9 ! foll[+ data3                 
,,cali=nia ,,/ation  ,,texas ,,/ation   
7#ag v>ieties74     7#ba v>ieties74     
,wat]1           #fi4jj p]c5t           
#gj4bg p]c5t    ,a%1              #a4ae 
#a4ad        ,prote91          #b4jh    
#b4da        ,fat1              #a4jj   
#j4ii        ,total sug>s1     #e4ee    
#f4ha        ,/>*1 etc41    #bd4bc      
#bd4jj        ,crude fib]1      #b4fb   
#a4bf        ,includ$ 9 ! />* ( ! above 
data are ! sub/ances soluble 9  boil+   
dilute acid & alkali4      ,turnip4--,! 
botanical "n ( ! turnip is ,brassica    
napus ,l4 ,!  ,fr5* "n is navet2 ,g]man1
 ,h]b/-,rbe2 ,italian1 navone2 ,spani%1 
nabo4    ,! turnip is gr[n v l>gely 9 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates bo? z a  vegetable & z a  
field crop = fe$+ purposes4 ,! turnip   
us$ z  a vegetable usually has a        
sph]ical bulb4 ,x is a crop t gr[s late 
9 ! autumn4 ,9 ! c5tral "p ( ! c\ntry x 
is usually s[n z  a field crop aft] !   
h>ve/+ ( "s ( ! e>ly crops z1 =         

in/ance1 e>ly potatoes1 & is ready =    
h>ve/ late 9 ! autumn1  j be=e freez+   
wea!r beg9s4 ,gr[n z a vegetable1 h[ev]1
 x  is gr[n e>ly z well z late4 ,x has a
 spicy1 pung5t ta/e :i*  makes x        
extremely palatable4 ,x is sometimes    
eat5 raw1 b g5]ally  /ew$4              
,composition4--      ,wat]1             
#ij4df p]c5t    ,a%1                    
4#hj        ,prote91               #a4ad
        ,fib]1                 #a4ae    
,sug>1 />*1 etc41   #f4bg        ,fat1  
4#ah        ,! above data %[ t ! turnip 
is n a v nutriti\s vegetable  & t its   
*ief nutri5ts are c>bohydrates4         
,yam4--,ano!r v>iety ( edible root or   
sub/ance belong+ to !  sweet potato     
class is kn[n z ! yam4 ,x is also1 l !  
sweet  potato1 p>ticul>ly suit$ to gr[+ 
9 ! subtropical or w>m  climates4 ,! "n 
yam prop]ly belongs to a tropical root  
simil>  9 appe>ance to ! sweet potato b 
produc$ by v>i\s species (  v9es ( !    
g5us ,dioscorea1 n belong+ ev5 to ! same
 family  z ! sweet potato4 ,9 ! s\!rn   

,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1 ! "n  yam is      
appli$ to c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! sweet      
potato ) l>ge  co>se /ems4 ,x is        
cultivat$ ext5sively 9 ! s\!rn "p ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 & is valu$ bo? z a food =
 man & specially =  dome/icat$ animals4 
,! "* ( ! soil1 me?od ( plant+1  &      
cultivation are ! same z 9 ! case ( !   
sweet potato4 ,x  is p>ticul>ly valu$ = 
fatt5+ ! v>iety ( sw9e s common  9 !    
,s\?1 kn[n z ! 8razor-back0 hog4 ,?is   
animal does 8 own  h>ve/+1 & ?us removes
 f ! agriculturi/ a portion ( 8  labor  
:i* is n ( ! mo/ agreeable k9d4         
,composition ( ,yams4--,! composition ( 
yams does n diff] to any  notable ext5t 
f t ( ! sweet potato4      ,o!r ,uses ( 
! ,yam & ,sweet ,potato4--,9 addition to
 ! use (  ! yam & sweet potato = human  
food1 ref]5ce has already be5  made to  
_! value z food = dome/icat$ animals4   
,^! bodies are  p>ticul>ly reli%$ by    
hogs & cattle4 ,! fe$+ ( sweet potatoes 
or yams to milk c[s insures a heal?y    
condition ( ! body1 & also  imp>ts to ! 

milk1 cream1 & butt] ! di/9ct amb] t9t  
:i*  is reg>d$ z a m>k ( excell5ce4 ,?us
 ev5 9 ! w9t] mon?s  ! butt] :i* is made
 f milk produc$ 9 ?is way w h !  light  
amb] t9t1 :i* %\ld di/+ui% x f ! highly 
t9t$  artificially color$ product :i*   
does s mu* to br+ good butt]  into bad  
repute4 ,bo? sweet potatoes & yams are  
capable ( yield+  abundant supplies (   
di/ill$ spirits4 ,x is probable t "u !  
new law :i* p]mits ! use ( d5atur$      
alcohol free ( taxation 9  ! arts an    
abundant supply ( ?is product c be      
secur$ f !  sweet potato & ! yam4 ,!re  
are millions ( acres ( *eap l& (  a s&y 
"* 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf /ates :]e 
potatoes  & yams c be successfully gr[n 
"u sci5tific pr9ciples (  agriculture4  
,if n ne$$ = food purposes z above      
m5tion$1 !  residue c be v pr(itably    
devot$ to ! manufacture ( indu/rial     
alcohol4      ,,cann$ ,,vegetables4     
,x probably w excite no opposition to   
/ate t if fre%1 succul5t  vegetables c  
be plac$ ^u ! table ( ! consum] !y are  

to be  pref]r$ to ! same k9d (          
vegetables pres]v$ 9 any mann]4 ,!re    
are _m circum/ances1 h[ev]1 :i* r5d] x  
difficult1 if n  impossible1 to secure a
 regul> supply ( fre%1 succul5t         
vegetables  ^u ! consum]'s table4 ,^? :o
 possess abundant weal? may h  a prop]  
supply ( vegetables at all seasons ( !  
ye> )\t  resort+ to any pres]v+ process 
o!r ?an ! refrig]ation  incid5t to      
transportation4 ,b ! great majority (   
consum]s mu/  ( necessity adapt !mselves
 to ! conditions ( ! m>ket &  !         
proximity ( supply4 ,succul5t vegetables
 prop]ly h>ve/$  & refrig]at$ may be s5t
 long di/ances & ov] a consid]able      
p]iod ( "t1 & rea* ! consum] 9          
practically ! same /ate  ( fre%ness &   
palatability z :5 fir/ h>ve/$4 ,ow+ to !
  exig5cies ( int]m$i>y supply & ! co/ (
 transportation !  great indu/ry ( keep+
 succul5t vegetables by /]ilization has 
be5 f\nd$4 ,commonly vegetables prep>$ 9
 ?is way are kn[n  z 8cann$0 vegetables 
9 ?is c\ntry & 8t9n$0 9 ,engl&4 ,by     

avail+ himself ( ?is process ! consum]1 
ev5 ( mod]ate means1  is able to comm&  
at all seasons ( ! ye> & 9 all locations
 an  abundant supply ( :olesome1 fre%1  
succul5t vegetable mat]ials4            
,pr9ciples & ,process ( ,cann+4--,!     
/]ilization ( succul5t  vegetables      
dep5ds ^u ! same pr9ciples z t ( meat1  
already  describ$4 ,! decay ( ^!        
vegetable sub/ances is due to !  action 
( c]ta9 f]m5ts1 ei!r organic or         
inorganic1 :i* act z  ag5ts 9 secur+ !  
oxidation & decay ( ! organic mat]ial4  
,if  ! action ( ^! organisms c be       
prev5t$ or inhibit$ ! food  mat]ial w   
rema9 = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 n yet        
def9itely  det]m9$1 9 an excell5t1 almo/
 p]fect /ate ( pres]vation &  )\t los+1 
notably1 any ( its nutritive or         
palatable prop]ties4    ,x is n !       
purpose ( ?is manual to describe !      
te*nique (  cann+1 fur!r ?an to         
illu/rate ! pr9ciples !re( 9 _!         
relations to :olesome & nutritive food4 
,selection ( ,mat]ials4--,x is ( !      

highe/ importance 9 !  cann+ indu/ry1   
bo? = ! reputation ( ! manufactur] & !  
heal? & com=t ( ! consum]1 t !          
vegetables select$ =  cann+ be fre%1    
free f disease1 & prep>$ 9 su* a way t  
all adh]+ dirt or o!r =eign sub/ances be
 exclud$4 ,! process  ( prep>ation =    
cann+ %\ld beg9 z soon z possible aft] !
  h>ve/+ ( ! vegetables1 s9ce a delay1  
especially at ! high  temp]ature :i*    
usually prevails at ! "t ( cann+1       
produces  rapid det]ioration1 bo? z     
respects ! quality ( ! vegetable  & its 
flavor4 ,aft] ! prop] clean+ &          
prep>ation ( !  fre% vegetables !y are  
next subject$ to ! process ( cann+4  ,x 
is !n ! vegetables are heat$ to a       
temp]ature (1 or above1  t ( boil+ wat] 
= a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to ?or\ghly     
de/roy all ! liv+ g]ms & spores conta9$ 
!re94 ,! degree  ( temp]ature & ! l5g? (
 "t ( heat+ dep5d ^u !  nature ( !      
vegetable sub/ance1 ! size ( its        
p>ticles & (  ! package & ! relative    
difficulty ( pres]vation4 ,:]e only     

liv+ organisms are pres5t ! prop]       
temp]ature is t :i* w  de/roy ! life ( !
 g]m4 ,x is well kn[n t spores f :i*    
f]m5tative g]ms may be develop$ are m   
resi/ant to ! action  ( heat ?an ! g]m  
itself4 ,:51 !re=e1 spores ( ?is k9d    
are pres5t1 ! temp]ature ( heat+ mu/ be 
high] & ! "t  m prolong$1 or1 9 lieu (  
?is1 ! food %\ld be heat$ on two  or    
?ree consecutive days dur+ :i* "t any   
spores :i* may h  be5 pres5t w h        
develop$ into organisms & be5 kill$4 ,"s
  =ms ( vegetable mat]ials are /]iliz$  
mu* m readily ?an  o!rs4 ,= in/ance1 !  
k]nels ( gre5 ,indian corn are ( su* a  
"* & degree ( h>dness z to resi/1 ) a   
consid]able  degree ( success1 !        
influ5ce ( heat on ! life ( ! g]ms  :i* 
!y conta94 ,9 su* cases x is cu/om>y to 
previ\sly cook  ! vegetable sub/ance    
be=e plac+ x 9 ! cans4 ,! cans %\ld     
conta9 en\gh wat] to fill ! int]/ices   
betwe5 ! p>ticles (  vegetable matt]4 ,x
 is ! practice 9 _m in/ances to add a   
little  salt & sometimes also sug> to   

?is liquid4 ,:5 ! c is fill$  & clos$ ! 
/]iliz+ is be/ complet$ by plac+ x 9 a  
/rong  boil]1 :i* is !n clos$ & heat$ by
 /eam "u a pressure (  two or ?ree      
atmosph]es or ev5 high]1 namely1 f #cj  
to #de p\nds  & ov] p] squ>e in*4 ,by   
heat+ "u pressure 9 ?is way !           
developm5t ( any pressure 9 ! c due to !
 production ( /eam  is c\nt]balanc$ by !
 pressure )\t ! c1 s t a swell+  or     
crack+ ( ! c _c take place4 ,if ! cans  
are heat$  9 an op5 ba? ( wat] or br9e x
 is cu/om>y to leave a small  p]=ation 9
 ! top ( ! c ?r\gh :i* ! comb9$ gas ( ! 
int]ior ( ! c may escape1 & ?is v5t is  
clos$ by a small drop  ( sold] appli$   
be=e or at ! "t ( tak+ ! cans f !  ba?4 
,! cann+ ( vegetables may also be done 9
 a small way 9 !  h\sehold & ! pr9ciple 
on :i* ?is process is bas$ is exactly  !
 same z t set =?4 ,! vegetables mu/ be  
prop]ly prep>$1  plac$ 9 ! cans1 & heat$
 a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to de/roy  g]ms &
 spores1 & ! v5t 9 ! c /opp$ ) sold]4 ,=
  family purposes ! use ( clos$ boil]s =

 heat+ is n practical  on acc\nt ( !    
exp5se ( secur+ su* app>atus4 ,all k9ds 
(  vegetables :i* are eat5 9 a cook$    
/ate c be pres]v$ by !  cann+ process4  
,?is _c be appli$1 h[ev]1 to ^? =ms (   
vegetables :i* are eat5 raw1 su* z      
lettuce1 radi%es1 etc4    ,! pr9cipal   
=ms ( cann$ vegetables are describ$     
bel[3      ,cann$ ,beans4--,fre%1 gre5  
beans us$ = cann+ purposes are  g5]ally 
pres]v$ 9 ! pod & n %ell$1 z is ! case )
 !  pea4 ,! raw mat]ial %\ld be select$ 
) ! same c>e z t  :i* att5ds ! selection
 ( o!r vegetable products int5d$ =      
pres]v+ purposes4 ,if ! pods are small  
!y may be plac$ :ole  9 ! c4 ,sometimes 
!y are cut into small l5g?s 9 ord] to   
fit  bett] 9 ! package4 ,z 9 ! case (   
peas1 ! int]/ices betwe5  ! p>ticles (  
beans are fill$ by ! addition ( a       
suffici5t  quantity ( br9e ( ! prop]    
/r5g? to fill ! c to ! top4  ,! process 
( /]ilization is ! same z t = o!r       
vegetable  sub/ances4 ,cook$ beans are  
also pres]v$ by cann+ & are (t5         

improp]ly call$ bak$ beans4             
,composition ( ,typical ,samples (      
,cann$ ,beans4--,! composition (        
typical samples ( cann$ beans is %[n 9 !
 foll[+ table3                          
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,,/>*                                   
,,& ,,pro-             ,,sub/ance4      
,,wat]4 ,,fat4,,fib]4,,sug>4,,te94 ,,a%4
 ,,salt4                                
----------------------------------------
------------                   ,p]- ,p]-
  ,p]-  ,p]- ,p]-  ,p]- ,p]-            
c5t4c5t4 c5t4 c5t4c5t4 c5t4c5t4    ,/r+ 
beans1#id4cc  4#jf   4#ea  #c4jc  4#ib  
#a4af  4#hj    ,un/r+$                  
beans1       #ic4ia  4#jg   4#eh  #b4ia 
#a4ad  #a4dj  4#ib    ,lima beans1      
#gi4fh  4#cj  #a4af #ac4bd #d4jj  #a4fb 
4#gg    ,cann$ bak$                     
beans1       #fg4ai #c4ah  #b4df #ag4hh 
#g4ad  #b4ae #a4jc                      
----------------------------------------
------------    ,z 9 ! case ( peas x is 

notic$ t ! beans 9 ! hull are  n a      
p>ticul>ly nutriti\s vegetable 9        
proportion to ! quantity  consum$ & t ! 
prote9 is ! mo/ valuable con/itu5t 9 !  
dry matt]4      ,adult]ation ( ,cann$   
,beans4--,! same adult]ations may be    
f\nd 9  cann$ beans z 9 cann$ peas4 ,no 
additional rem>ks1 !re=e1 are  ne$$ on  
?is po9t4    ,bo? cann$ peas & beans =m 
condim5tal1 palatable1 :olesome1 &      
desirable =ms ( ^! legum9\s vegetables4 
,! great *eapness  ) :i* !y c be gr[n & 
! improv$ me?od ( cann+ make  x possible
 to produce ^! articles ( food 9        
quantities1 & =  a price :i* br+ !m )9 !
 rea* ( ^? ev5 9 ! mo/  humble          
circum/ances4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#dd4--,,view ,,( ,,indian ,,corn ,,cann+
 ,,factory1 ,,%[+  ,,accumulation ,,(   
,,husks ,,& ,,cobs4    ,z soon z !      
manufactur] re/ores absolute confid5ce 9
 ! purity  ( 8 products by completely   
exclud+ all adult]ations ! trade  9 ^!  
articles w be greatly increas$ &        
imm5sely great]  quantities !re(        

consum$4      ,cann$ ,indian ,corn4--,9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates a di% :i* is v          
ext5sively consum$ ?r\gh\t all p>ts ( ! 
c\ntry is "o almo/  unkn[n 9 ,europe1   
namely1 succul5t ,indian corn4 ,9 ! gr[?
 (  ,indian corn1 at ! p]iod :5 ! />* is
 =m$ 9 ! gra9 &  be=e x becomes set or  
h>d1 ! immature gra9s make a palatable  
& excell5t food product4 ,9 !           
appropriate season ?is delici\s         
vegetable sub/ance is eat5 pr9cipally on
 ! cob4 ,a v>iety (  ,indian corn1 :i*  
has already be5 describ$1 namely1 sweet 
corn1 is  ! "o *iefly us$ = edible      
purposes 9 ?is immature /ate4 ,!        
,indian corn cann+ indu/ry is a mo/     
ext5sive "o 9 ?is c\ntry4  ,! e/imate ( 
! numb] ( cans ( ,indian corn produc$   
dur+ !  ye> end$ ,dec4 #ca1 #aije1 is   
#ac1ici1fhc cases ( #bd cans ea*4    ,! 
pr9cipal c5t]s ( ! indu/ry are f\nd 9 ! 
,new ,engl&  ,/ates1 especially 9 ,ma9e1
 ,new ,j]sey1 ,m>yl&1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1
  ,i[a1 ,ill9ois1 & ,indiana4 ,by plant+
 diff]5t v>ieties ( ,indian  corn :i*   

mature at diff]5t ages & ext5d+ ! plant+
 season  ov] a long p]iod1 ! cann+      
season1 = in/ance1 9 ,m>yl&1 may  be    
cont9u$ f ! la/ ( ,july to ! adv5t (    
kill+ fro/1  usually ! middle or la/ (  
,octob]4      ,te*nique ( !             
,process4--,! e>s ( sweet ,indian corn  
are pluck$  f ! /alk toge!r ) ! husks1 &
 br\ght 9 wagons 9 ?is  condition to !  
factory4 ,! husks are remov$ by h& or   
ma*9]y  & ! e>s pass$ ?r\gh ma*9]y by   
means ( :i*1 ow+ to !  op]ation (       
knives1 ! gra9s are z ev5ly z possible  
remov$ f  ! cob4 ,c>e is tak5 n to cut  
too close to ! cob s z to avoid  m+l+   
any ( its p>ticles ) ! corn4 ,! sep>at$ 
gra9s are  put into cans1 treat$ ) a    
suffici5t quantity ( wat] to fill  !    
int]/ices1 sold]$1 & subject$ to        
/]ilization4 ,ne>ly all  ( ^! op]ations 
are conduct$ by ma*9]y4 ,! /]ilization  
is  (t5 effect$ by plac+ ! cans ^u an   
endless convey] dipp+  into wat] or br9e
 ( ! prop] temp]ature & mov+ sl[ly ?r\gh
  ?is ba? at a pace det]m9$ by ! l5g? & 

temp]ature !re(1  s t ^u em]g+ !        
/]ilization is complete4 ,! cans may    
also be heat$ 9 clos$ vessels z already 
describ$4 ,a typical view  ( a factory  
employ$ 9 ! cann+ ( ,indian corn is giv5
 9 !  accompany+ illu/ration1 ,fig4 #dd4
      ,composition ( ,cann$ ,indian     
,corn4--,! composition ( cann$ ,indian  
corn v>ies s greatly t x is only        
possible to give analyses ( a  some:at  
g5]al "*1 )\t attempt+ to express !     
extremes  ( composition :i* may be f\nd4
 ,! immature ,indian corn diff]s  f !   
dry mature v>iety pr9cipally 9 ! foll[+ 
respects3  ,!re is usually m sug>1 z    
comp>$ ) ! same am\nt ( dry  sub/ance1 &
 less />* & prote9 ?an 9 ! matur$       
v>iety4  ,9 fact1 ! con/itu5t :i* is (  
*ief value 9 ! gre5 ,indian  corn is !  
natural sug> :i* x conta9s4 ,?is natural
 sweet5+  _c be imitat$ by ! addition ( 
sug> al?\gh ! mixture may  be made v    
sweet by ?is me?od4 ,!re is a delicacy (
 flavor &  a peculi> palatability 9 !   
natural sweetness ( ,indian corn :i*    

mu/ necess>ily be due to ! =m (         
comb9ation ) o!r natural  +r$i5ts 9 :i* 
! sug> is f\nd1 & n solely to ! sug>    
itself1 :i* is practically ord9>y sug>1 
sucrose1 or its inv]t$  product4 ,:ile  
!re is less />* 9 ! immature k]nel (    
,indian  corn ! />* is 9 a diff]5t      
physical /ate4 ,9 o!r words1 x  has n   
become solidifi$ into aggregates ( solid
 p>ticles4 ,!  />* 9 ?is =m also appe>s 
to be m palatable1 & p]haps  some:at m  
dige/ible1 ?an 9 its aggregate &        
solidifi$  condition4 ,z a nutri5t !    
gre5 corn is n s valuable by any means  
z its equal weight :5 dry4 ,! p]c5tage (
 wat] 9 gre5 corn is  _m times z great z
 9 ! dry v>iety4 ,= m]e nutritive       
purposes1  !re=e1 x w\ld n be wor? :ile 
to g to ! tr\ble ( cann+  gre5 ,indian  
corn4 ,its value is t :i* is atta*$ to a
 succul5t  fre% vegetable1 t is1 x is   
condim5tal & hygi5ic z well z           
nutritive4    ,! mean analysis ( _m     
samples ( cann$ sweet ,indian corn is   
giv5  bel[3      ,wat]1                 

#ge4ej p]c5t    ,dry matt]1             
#bd4ej          ,oil & fat1        #a4bf
        ,cellulose1           4#gi      
,a%1                 4#ic        ,salt1 
4#bc        ,prote91            #c4ea   
,sug> & />*1  #ag4eh        ,^! data 7  
obta9$ on samples b\ght 9 ! op5 m>ket1  
"s (  :i* _h be5 artificially sweet5$ & 
to "s ( :i* />* _h  probably be5 add$4  
,! analysis ( ! fre% gre5 corn is giv5  
on  page #bbg4      ,adult]ation (      
,cann$ ,corn4--,un=tunately _m          
adult]ations h  be5 practic$ 9          
connection ) ! cann+ ( ,indian corn :i*1
  :ile n ext5sive or applicable to !    
great mass ( mat]ial1 h  ca/ an unju/   
suspicion on ! unadult]at$ product4 ,!  
trade 9  ?is cann$ product w\ld be va/ly
 increas$ if ! consum] c\ld be  assur$ t
 all =ms ( adult]ation _h be5 elim9at$ f
 !  indu/ry4 ,! pr9cipal adult]ants us$ 
are m5tion$ on page #bbh1 b  ! foll[+   
additional /atem5ts are p]t95t3         
,adult]ation ) ,/>*4--,9 ord] to make a 
m creamy liquid  9 ! c ! addition ( />* 

has be5 l>gely practic$4 ,!re  are two  
objections to ! addition ( />* to cann$ 
corn4 ,9  ! fir/ place x unbalances !   
ration & makes x m or less  un:olesome4 
,/>* itself is an unbalanc$ food        
product1 b ,nature  has s di/ribut$ !   
/>*es 9 v>i\s foods z to pres5t !m 9  ! 
mo/ favorable =m = dige/ion &           
assimilation1 & :5 ?is  natural balance 
is di/urb$ by artificial means ! result 
is m  or less injuri\s to ! organs (    
dige/ion4 ,!re are _m p]sons  to :om    
/>*y foods are n nutriti\s nor easily   
dige/$1 &  :5 p]sons ( ?is k9d consume  
cann$ ,indian corn to :i* />*  has be5  
add$ _! heal? may be injur$4 ,! addition
 ( />*1  !re=e1 is repreh5sible =       
hygi5ic reasons4 ,9 ! second place  x is
 objectionable because x is deceptive1  
s9ce ! cann$ product  has a ri*] & bett]
 appe>ance to ! eye by ?is addition ?an 
x  o!rwise w\ld h1 & because m wat] c be
 us$ 9 ! c4      ,adult]ation )         
,sug>4--,x seems /range to speak (      
adult]at+  ) sug>1 & yet ! addition (   

sug> )\t notice to cann$  ,indian corn  
may become an adult]ation4 ,x has       
already be5 m5tion$  t ! nature (       
,indian corn = cann+ purposes dep5ds v  
l>gely ^u its natural sug> cont5t1 & :5 
corn ( ! prop]  sweet v>iety is select$ 
! addition ( o!r sweet5+ mat]ial is     
unnecess>y4 ,! use ( sug>1 !re=e1 9     
connection ) cann$  ,indian corn s]ves  
to cov] up ! defects ( a corn ^: natural
  sweetness is bel[ ! /&>d & ?us !      
consum] is deceiv$4 ,9  addition to ?is1
 att5tion is also call$ to ! fact       
already /at$  t no artificial sweet5+1  
ev5 ) sug>1 c produce t  delicate &     
desir$ sac*>9e quality :i* ! natural    
sweet corn  possesses4 ,! addition (    
sug>1 !re=e1 to cann$ ,indian corn  )\t 
! notice !re( be+ pla9ly /at$ on ! label
 is n to  be enc\rag$4      ,addition ( 
,sac*>94--,! use ( b5zoic sulf9id1 or1 z
 x is  commonly kn[n1 sac*>91 to cann$  
corn unhappily is too (t5  practic$4    
,?is body1 :i* has no relation *emically
 or hygi5ically  to sug>1 :i* is n a    

food1 :i* is :olly indige/ible1 & :i*  !
 majority ( exp]ts reg>d z h>mful to    
heal?1 %\ld nev] be  plac$ 9 cann$      
,indian corn1 ev5 if its use is notifi$ 
^u !  label4 ,x produces an int5se1 b n 
agreeable1 sweet ta/e &  yet "o :i* !   
unw>y consum] w\ld naturally attribute  
to !  sug> pres5t 9 ! corn itself4 ,?us 
! consum] is deceiv$1 &  at ! same "t he
 is consum+ a drug :i* has valuable uses
 9  m$ic9e b :i* %\ld only be adm9i/]$ )
 ! cons5t &  by ! advice ( a physician4 
,x is believ$ t "u ! scrut9y  (         
municipal1 /ate1 & national inspection !
 use ( sac*>9 9  food products w        
disappe>4 ,moreov]1 ! "n sac*>9 itself  
is mislead+4 ,x is an application ( a ^w
 :i* by common usage  is attribut$ to   
natural sug> sub/ances to a sub/ance :i*
 has  no relation ( any k9d to sug>4 ,! 
use ( a ^w ( ?is k9d is  evid5tly       
objectionable4 ,! cann] himself :o uses 
?is product (t5  buys x "u ano!r "n1 :i*
 gives no indication ( its true  "*4    
,"* ( ! ,cans4--,x is important t !     

conta9]s 9 :i*  cann$ vegetables are    
pres]v$ %\ld be ( a "* to yield no      
poison\s or injuri\s sub/ance to !      
cont5ts !re94 ,:at is said  "h 9 respect
 ( cann$ ,indian corn is g5]ally        
applicable to cann$  products ( all     
descriptions4    ,! approv$ /&>ds = food
 products 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates require  !  
foll[+ prop]ties = ! conta9]s3      8,i4
 ,suitable conta9]s = keep+ moi/ food   
products su*    z sirups1 honey1 cond5s$
 milk1 s\ps1 meat extracts1 meats1      
manufactur$ meats1 & undri$ fruits &    
vegetables & wrapp]s 9    contact ) food
 products conta9 on _! surfaces1 9      
contact )    ! food products1 no lead1  
antimony1 ars5ic1 z9c1 or copp] or      
any comp\nds !re( or any o!r poison\s or
 injuri\s sub/ance4    ,if ! conta9]s   
are made ( t9 plate !y are outside      
sold]$    & ! plate 9 no case conta9s   
less ?an "o hundr$ & ?irte5    7#aac7   
milligrams ( t9 on a piece five 7#e7    
c5timet]s squ>e or "o    & eight-t5?s   
7#a4h7 gra9s on a piece two 7#b7 in*es  

squ>e4 ,!    inn] coat+ ( ! conta9]s is 
free f p9-holes1 bli/]s1 &    cracks4   
8,if ! t9 plate is lacqu]$1 ! lacqu]    
completely cov]s !    t9n$ surface )9 ! 
conta9] & yields to ! cont5ts ( !       
conta9] no lead1 antimony1 ars5ic1 z9c1 
copp]1 or any comp\nds    !re(40        
,s\r+ & ,swell+ ( ,cann$ ,corn4--,9 all 
cases :]e  /]ilization is n complete1 or
 :]e spores rema9 unde/roy$  :i* aft]w>d
 develop & produce v>i\s k9ds ( f]m5ts1 
!  cann$ corn spoils4 ,! cont5ts usually
 become s\r & acquire a bad  ta/e1 &1 9 
_m cases1 on punctur+ ! conta9] gas     
escapes4  ,! pressure ( ?is gas 9 ! c is
 sometimes great en\gh to  produce a    
swell+1 & h5ce ! te*nical t]m 8swell$0  
appli$ to  cans ( ?is k9d4 ,v>i\s =ms ( 
f]m5ts are active 9 produc+  ^!         
conditions4 ,! usual alcoholic f]m5t    
does n usually occur  by reason ( ! fact
 t ! yea/s :i* produce ?is =m (         
f]m5tation are readily de/roy$ 9 !      
/]iliz+ process4 ,f]m5ts  :i* produce   
lactic1 butyric1 & o!r acids1 & ^? :i*  

act  ^u ! nitrog5\s matt] & t5d to =m   
v>i\s decomposition  products are ! mo/ 
common4    ,9 ! case ( cann$ corn & o!r 
cann$ vegetables ! nitrog5\s  decompos$ 
products are n usually v poison\s4 ,on !
 o!r h&  9 ! case ( meat1 & especially (
 fi% & cru/aceans1 !  degradation       
products f ! nitrog5 con/itu5ts ( ! food
 become  poison\s & are kn[n            
collectively "u ! "n ( ptoma9s4    ,if !
 /]ilization has n be5 complete at ! "t 
( prep>ation1  sweet corn z well z o!r  
food/uffs 9 simil> circum/ances         
und]goes a k9d ( f]m5tation :i* r5d]s x 
unfit = food4 ,!  f]m5tation is usually 
due to ! great] vitality ( spores &     
fungi1 ! real bact]ia usually succumb+  
to ! heat ( prep>ation4  ,v>i\s gases   
beside c>bon dioxid are produc$1 caus+ !
 corn to  swell4 ,all swell$ goods %\ld 
be reject$ = food purposes4      ,cann$ 
,peas & ,beans4--,^! legum9\s products  
l5d !mselves  readily to cann+ purposes1
 & are pres]v$ 9 great quantities 9  !  
,unit$ ,/ates 9 ?is way4 ,peas are      

always %ell$ be=e cann+1  & are h>ve/$  
at a "t to secure _! greate/ succul5ce4 
,if !  peas be too ripe !y make a h>d1  
unpalatable b]ry :i* detracts  f ! value
 ( ! cann$ product4 ,! small] v>iety (  
pea is  pref]r$ to ! l>g] = cann+1 b1   
irrespective ( size1 !y  %\ld be fre%1  
succul5t1 & n too mature4 ,9 ! l>ge     
cann+  factories ! peas are h>ve/$ )    
ma*9es su* z are us$ =  ! c]eals4 ,!    
h>ve/$ mat]ial is pass$ ?r\gh a %ell+   
ma*9e1 by means ( :i* ! pods are op5$ & 
! peas sep>at$4  ,! re/ ( ! pods1 /alks1
 leaves1 etc41 are v valuable =  cattle 
food or f]tiliz+ purposes4 ,peas1 be=e  
cann+1 %\ld be  sep>at$ into diff]5t    
sizes s t all ^? ent]+ "o c may  be z   
ne>ly uni=m 9 size z possible4 ,?is     
sep>ation n only  makes ! cont5ts ( ! c 
appe> m attractive b also r5d]s  !      
/]ilization m c]ta9 & easy4 ,if a l>ge &
 small pea are  put 9 ! same c ! heat ( 
/]ilization mu/ be high en\gh &  cont9ue
 long en\gh to /]ilize completely ! l>ge
 pea1 & ?is  might induce an ov]-cook+ &

 impair ! edible prop]ties ( !  small   
"o4    ,! te*nique ( ! cann+ process is 
n at all diff]5t except 9  ! prep>ation 
( ! mat]ial1 z describ$ above1 f t ( o!r
  vegetable cann+ factories4            
,composition ( ,cann$ ,peas4--,!        
composition ( typical v>ieties (  cann$ 
peas compil$ f a l>ge numb] ( analyses  
is %[n 9 !  foll[+ table3      ,wat]1   
#he4dg p]c5t    ,fat1                   
4#ba        ,fib]1              #a4ah   
,prote91            #c4eg        ,/>* & 
sug>1   #g4gi        ,a%1               
#a4aa        ,salt1                4#fg 
,f ! above data x is se5 t ! cann$ pea  
does n h a high  nutritive value1       
consid]+ its bulk4 ,9 ! cann$ pea "o ( !
  pr9cipal food elem5ts 9 ! wet mat]ial 
is ! prote9 :i* x  conta9s1 bo? ! pea & 
! bean be+ v ri* 9 ?is important  food  
mat]ial4      ,adult]ation ( ,cann$     
,peas4--,! pr9cipal =m ( adult]ation    
:i* is practic$ 9 ! cann+ ( peas is !   
addition ( sulfate  ( copp] = ! purpose 
( produc+ an int5se gre5 color4 ,!      

delicate %ade ( gre5 ( ! fre%1 succul5t 
pea t5ds to assume a  yell[i% t9t on    
cann+1 & especially aft] keep+ = "s "t4 
,to su* an ext5t does ?is oxidation ( ! 
natural *lorophyl g  on t 9 _m samples  
:5 op5$1 in/ead ( a gre51 we discov]  a 
decid$ly yell[i% t9t4 ,:5 a copp] salt1 
su* z sulfate1 is  heat$ 9 contact ) a  
nitrog5\s sub/ance1 su* z t :i*  exi/s 9
 ! pea1 a *emical comb9ation is =m$     
betwe5 ! copp]  & nitrog5\s bodies :i*  
has an int5sely gre5 t9t4    ,x is (t5  
suppos$ t ! sulfate ( copp] is add$ to  
cann$  peas to pres]ve _! natural color4
 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4  ,! copp]    
comb9ation1 z above m5tion$1 produces a 
dye ( a v  bright gre5 hue4 ,sulfate (  
copp] is a highly poison\s sub/ance1  & 
= ?is reason %\ld be exclud$ f food     
products4 ,x is only  fair to /ate t ^? 
:o use ?is mat]ial claim t 9 ! =m  ( !  
comb9ation produc$ x rema9s insoluble   
dur+ ! process  ( dige/ion1 & !re=e !   
copp] is in]t4 ,?is claim is n  su/a9$  
by ! facts 9 ! case4 ,x is q c]ta9 t !  

copp]  product =m+ ! dye or ! excess ( !
 copp] :i* is us$  rema9s 9 a /ate ( v  
un/able composition :i* is easily brok5 
up "u ! action ( ! acids & enzymes 9 !  
dige/ive organs4    ,x is greatly to !  
cr$it ( ! cann]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t  ! 
use ( sulfate ( copp] has nev] come into
 use 9 ?is c\ntry4      ,te/s =         
,copp]4--,=tunately ! pres5ce ( copp] 9 
cann$ peas  is easily asc]ta9$ ev5 by ! 
novice4 ,if a portion ( ! peas be  rubb$
 9 a mort> to a f9e pa/e & mix$ ) wat]  
acidulat$ )  two or ?ree drops (        
hydro*loric acid1 a pa/e w be =m$ :i*   
on boil+ w deposit copp] on a clean     
metallic sub/ance su* z  silv]1 /eel1 or
 iron4 ,if a bright /eel knife or a     
clean iron nail be  plac$ 9 ?is pa/e1 ! 
surface w soon be cov]$ ) metallic      
copp]4 ,?is simple te/ %[s t ! copp] is 
n comb9$ 9 any  su* p]man5t =m z is     
claim$4      ,sac*>94--,! use ( sac*>9 z
 an imitation ( ! natural sweet  ( ! pea
 is1 un=tunately1 v l>gely practic$ & is
 op5 to !  same objections z 7 po9t$ out

 9 ! case ( ,indian corn4 ,! use  (     
sug>1 salt1 & o!r condim5tal sub/ances 9
 cann$ peas _c  be reg>d$ z an          
adult]ation unless deception results    
!refrom4 ,x  is claim$ !re is no special
 v>iety ( pea di/+ui%$ by its  cont5t ( 
sug>1 & !re=e ! addition ( sug> does n  
cause  "o v>iety ( pea to imitate !     
prop]ties ( ano!r4 ,if ?is be  true no  
deception is practic$1 &1 if ! sug> is  
pure1 no injury  is done4 ,9 all cases (
 ?is k9d1 p]haps1 x w\ld be bett] if !  
manufactur] w\ld pla9ly m>k on ! label !
 "n ( ! add$  mat]ials4 ,!n !re c\ld be 
no "q ( ! nature ( ! product4           
,cann$ ,tomatoes4--,next1 p]haps1 9     
importance to ! indu/ry (  cann$ corn1  
is ! pres]vation ( tomatoes4 ,imm5se    
quantities (  ^! goods are produc$      
annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! te*nique 
( ! cann+ process is n at all diff]5t f 
t ( cann$  corn4 ,by reason ( ! pulpy   
condition ( ! mat]ial & its fre$om  f   
h>d & imp5etrable matt] 9 ! prep>ation =
 cann+1 !  /]ilization is accompli%$ 9  

less "t & ) great] c]ta9ty  ?an 9 ! case
 ( ,indian corn4      ,prep>ation ( !   
,raw ,mat]ial4--,only fre%1 ripe1       
mature1 & s\nd  tomatoes %\ld be us$ 9 !
 prep>ation ( ! cann$ goods4 ,^!  are   
deliv]$ by ! f>m] or contractor 9       
baskets or o!rwise to  ! factory4 ,aft] 
sort+ & reject+ all ^? t are unfit1 !   
portions select$ = pres]vation are      
treat$ 9 ! usual mann] to  secure       
/]ilization4    ,! sk9s1 cores1 &       
reject$ portions ( ! tomatoes %\ld be   
remov$ to a suffici5t di/ance f !       
factory to prev5t any bad  odor or dang]
 ( infection4      ,composition ( ,cann$
 ,tomatoes4--,! *emical composition (   
cann$  tomatoes is %[n 9 ! foll[+       
analysis3      ,wat]1             #ic4ei
 p]c5t    ,fat1                 4#bc    
,fib]1               4#fj        ,/>* & 
sug>1   #c4dg        ,prote91           
#a4bi        ,a%1                 4#ff  
,salt1                4#ad        ,f !  
above data x is se5 t ! tomato is n     
p>ticul>ly  valuable on acc\nt ( its    

nutri5t prop]ties4 ,x consi/s *iefly (  
wat]1 & its value z a food product is   
pr9cipally condim5tal4 ,x  mu/ n be     
d5i$1 h[ev]1 t x has t peculi> value :i*
 is  possess$ by all edible succul5t    
vegetables & fruits1 namely1 x is  a    
means ( keep+ ! dige/ive processes 9    
good =m1 prev5t+  con/ipation1 & promot+
 ! g5]al metabolic activity4 ,9 ?is     
s5se x is se5 t x is m ?an condim5tal4  
,x also1 ( c\rse1  has a di/9ct food    
value1 due *iefly to ! c>bohydrates x   
conta9s4      ,addition ( ,sug> &       
,spices4--,sug> & o!r condim5tal        
sub/ances  are (t5 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( 
tomatoes4 ,9 ?is case x is  d\btful :e!r
 ! addition ( pure sug> c be reg>d$ 9   
any  s5se z an adult]ation if prop]ly   
notifi$ on ! label4 ,x is  claim$ t !re 
is no di/9ction 9 ! classification (    
tomatoes  bas$ ^u _! sug> cont5t4 ,if   
!re 0 a v>iety ( di/9ctly  sweet tomato 
z di/+ui%$ f ! ord9>y field crop1 !n  ! 
addition ( sug> to ! field crop to      
imitate ! sweet ( !  naturally sweet    

article w\ld be an adult]ation4 ,b ev5 9
 ?is case  unripe or imp]fect tomatoes  
may be us$ & sug> add$ to conceal       
inf]iority4 ,! use ( common condim5tal  
sub/ances1 su* z salt1  spices1 v9eg>1  
etc41 9 ! prep>ation ( v>i\s products ( 
tomatoes mu/ be reg>d$ z a p]fectly     
legitimate op]ation4      ,adult]ation (
 ,cann$ ,tomatoes4--,=tunately !re are  
few  adult]ations practic$ 9 ! case (   
cann$ tomatoes4 ,! use (  antiseptics to
 insure ! cons]vation ( ! cont5ts ( ! c 
0  =m]ly practic$ to "s ext5t1 salicylic
 & b5zoic acids be+  ! *ief antiseptics 
employ$4 ,s9ce x has be5 made possible  
to  easily1 spe$ily1 & economically     
/]ilize ! cont5ts ( ! cans1  ! use (    
antiseptics is practically a ?+ ( ! pa/4
 ,! mo/  common adult]ation ( tomatoes1 
p]haps1 has be5 artificial color+4  ,!  
use ( artificial color+ is resort$ to   
solely = deceptive  purposes4 ,:]e gre5 
or immature tomatoes are us$1 or o!r    
portions  & p>ts ( su* fruits z are n   
suitable = ! production (  ! highe/     

grade products1 ! naturally r$ color ( !
 tomato is  imitat$ artificially1       
usually by ! addition ( co*9eal or a    
coal  t> dye4 ,! use ( artificial color 
9 cann$ tomatoes has almo/  ceas$ 9 ?is 
c\ntry4    ,sac*>9 is also sometimes us$
 z an adult]ant to imitate !  prop]ties 
( pure sug>4    ,x has already be5      
intimat$ t gre5 or unfit tomatoes or !  
residue ( bett] grades are sometimes    
prep>$ & sold z ! real  article4 ,?is is
 a =m ( adult]ation :i* is mo/          
repreh5sible4  ,un=tunately1 except 9 s 
f> z ! artificial color is conc]n$1  ?is
 adult]ation is n readily reveal$ by    
ei!r *emical or  microscopic exam9ation1
 al?\gh ! latt] is exce$+ly valuable  9 
detect+ c]ta9 =ms ( ?is k9d ( mat]ial4  
,only by a rigid  inspection ( !        
factories c ?is =m ( adult]ation be     
exclud$  ) c]ta9ty4 ,! use ( su*        
immature fruits or scraps )\t  notice to
 ! consum] is1 )\t d\bt1 an adult]ation 
( an  exce$+ly bad type4 ,if !re be a   
desire to make a v *eap grade  ( !      

product out ( ^! mat]ials ! nature ( !m 
%\ld be  pla9ly /at$ ^u ! label & !n1   
p]haps1 !re w\ld be a valid  excuse = _!
 appe>ance on ! m>ket4      ,o!r ,cann$ 
,vegetables4--,!re is no necessity to   
ent] into !  detail ( ! prep>ation ( o!r
 cann$ vegetables fur!r ?an to  say t   
practically all vegetables :i* are (f]$ 
on ! m>ket1  except ^? :i* are          
necess>ily eat5 9 a raw /ate1 are       
pres]v$  or c be pres]v$ by ! /]iliz+   
process4      ,tomato ,ket*up4--,a sauce
 :i* is us$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 !       
,unit$ ,/ates & 9 o!r c\ntries is kn[n z
 tomato ket*up & is  manufactur$ 9 _m   
p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,tomato ket*up is !    
pulp  ( s\nd1 ripe tomatoes mix$ ) v>i\s
 condim5tal sub/ances &  flavor+ matt]s 
to make x palatable & desirable z a     
sauce4 ,!  "* ( flavor & condim5tal     
sub/ances employ$ is left to !  judgm5t 
( ! manufactur] & ! ta/e ( ! consum]1   
provid$  ! mat]ials are :olesome &      
sanit>y4 ,x has be5 claim$ by "s        
manufactur]s t x is impracticable to    

place ?is desirable product  ^u ! m>ket 
)\t ! use ( *emical antiseptics4 ,!y    
admit1  z 9 ! case ( ! manufacture (    
fruit sirups1 t tomato ket*up  c be     
/]iliz$ & kept prop]ly until ! bottle is
 op5$ =  consumption2 b1 inasmu* z x is 
us$ 9 small quantities & a  bottle ( x  
la/s = _m days1 x _c be kept 9 a prop]  
/ate  except by ! use ( su*             
pres]vatives4 ,! pr9cipal antiseptics   
:i* are us$ 9 connection ) tomato ket*up
 are salicylic &  b5zoic acids4         
,exp]i5ce has %[n t ^! claims are n (   
suffici5t value to  w>rant ! exception (
 tomato ket*up f ! ord9>y regulations   
respect+ pure food4 ,! habit ( leav+ a  
tomato ket*up bottle ^u  ! table :]e !  
mat]ial adh]es to ! rim & becomes h>d5$ 
to  a gummy pa/e1 s]v+ z a pabulum =    
flies1 does n appeal ) any  great =ce to
 ! /hetic s5se relative to d9+ rooms4 ,a
 ket*up  bottle c>efully op5$ & us$ 9   
su* a way z to avoid infection  & !n    
return$ to ! ice box c be kept = _m days
 )\t  dang] ( f]m5tation4               

,artificial ,colors4--,tomato ket*up is 
sometimes subject$ to  artificial       
color+4 ,?is is done to imitate ! color 
( ! be/ raw  mat]ial4 ,if r$1 ripe1 s\nd
 tomatoes are us$ no artificial color is
  necess>y4      ,use ( ,refuse = ,mak+ 
,ket*up4--,x has be5 /at$ t !  ripe1    
imp]fect tomatoes at ! "t ( h>ve/+ are  
cook$ 9  l>ge quantities & treat$ )     
b5zoic acid & /or$ 9 l>ge  conta9]s     
until ! cann+ season is ov]1 aft] :i*   
?is mat]ial  is made into ket*up &      
artificially color$4 ,fur!r /atem5ts h  
also be5 made to ! effect t ! sk9s1     
cores1 & refuse ( !  cann]y h be5 treat$
 9 ! same way z indicat$ bel[4 ,!  prop]
 inspection ( ! factories w\ld exclude f
 ! prep>ation  ( ket*up unfit mat]ial ( 
! k9d m5tion$4 ,x is d\btless true  t :5
 ! p are f9ally conv9c$ t ! ket*up :i*  
is  us$ is made ( ! be/ mat]ial &       
conta9s no artificial color or  no      
h>mful antiseptic1 its use w be imm5sely
 increas$4    ,a manufactur] ( ket*up   
rec5tly made ! foll[+ /atem5t  respect+ 

! utilization ( ! refuse matt] at !     
cann]y3    8,we use 9 our /&>d catsup ! 
peel+s & small tomatoes4 ,we  pres]ve ! 
pulp ) f\r ounces ( sodium b5zoate to   
ea* #ej gallon  b>rel1 cook$ & :ipp$    
?r\gh a cyclone pulp ma*9e4 ,x takes two
  b>rels ( ?is /ock to produce #fj      
gallons ( catsup1 & we use eight  ounces
 m ( sodium b5zoate to pres]ve x40      
,if wa/e mat]ial ( ?is k9d is s\nd &    
:olesome1 !re c be no  valid objection  
to its use if ! product be (f]$ = sale  
"u its  prop] designation4      ,,/>*es 
,,us$ ,,z ,,foods4      ,edible         
,/>*es4--,att5tion has already be5 call$
 to ! fact  t />* is ! pr9cipal         
con/itu5t ( _m ( ! common foods1  su* z 
c]eals & ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ! potato &
 o!r  vegetables4 ,/>* is (t5 sep>at$ f 
! "p ( ! plant  produc+ x1 & is !n      
l>gely consum$ z food 9 practically a   
pure /ate4 ,/>*es us$ 9 ?is way are     
pres5t$ 9 ! =m (  pudd+ or dess]ts ( "s 
k9d1 & are (t5 ri*ly spic$1 highly      
sweet5$1 & (t5 eat5 ) cream4 ,/>* also  

appe>s 9 !  m>ket "u o!r names su* z    
tapioca1 arr[root1 etc4                 
,arr[root4--,! plant :i* furni%es !     
sub/ance kn[n z  arr[root belongs to !  
natural family ,cannace & is pr9cipally 
native ( tropical regions4 ,! mo/       
important s\rce ( ! arr[root  ( comm]ce 
is ! ,canna indica4 ,! />* ( ?is plant  
exhibits 9  a /rong degree c]ta9        
*>act]i/ic qualities ( />*es d]iv$  f   
?is natural family4 ,! hilum 9 ?is />*  
is r\nd & 9 "s  v>ieties d\ble4 ,!      
appe>ance ( ?is />* "u ! microscope  is 
%[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,! product ( comm]ce is
 obta9$ f !  rhizome & tub]s4           
,b]muda ,arr[root4--,! ,b]muda arr[root 
is obta9$ pr9cipally  f ! ,m>anta       
arund9acea4 ,?is arr[root is also       
produc$ v  l>gely 9 ,/4 ,v9c5t & o!r    
,we/ ,indian localities4 ,! granules  ( 
! />* are v mu* small] ?an 9 ! two      
species j  describ$4 ,! hilum is        
prom95t1 & frequ5tly takes ! %ape (  a  
well def9$ slit in/ead ( ! usual r\nd   
spot4 ,^! arr[roots  & ^? ( ,s\?        

,african orig9 are v ext5sively us$ =   
invalid  foods :]e />*y foods are       
indicat$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n  v (t5 !     
case4 ,^! />*es =m a firm &             
semitransluc5t  jelly-l body :5 heat$ to
 ! boil+ po9t 9 a small quantity  (     
wat]4 ,! t]m arr[root is appli$ to />* f
 plants ( !  orig9 m5tion$ because !    
natives ( ! c\ntry produc+ !m use  !    
bruis$ rhizomes z a p\ltice = w\nds     
caus$ by arr[s4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 
#de4--,,m>anta 7,,arr[root7 ,,/>* 7     
#bjj74--7;,c\rtesy  ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry47
      ,canna edulis4--,?is species (    
,cannace also furni%es a />* (  comm]ce 
ne>ly alli$ to ! ,canna indica4 ,!      
common comm]cial  "n ( ?is v>iety ( />* 
is 8,t\s les mois40 ,! />* granules  (  
?is species are r l>g] ?an ^? ( ! ,canna
 indica1 &  ! conc5tric m>k+s are m     
delicate & regul>4      ,madagasc>      
,arr[root4--,!re is also produc$ 9      
,madagasc> an  arr[root f a diff]5t =m (
 plant1 namely ,tacca p9natifida4  ,x is
 n1 h[ev]1 ( any v great comm]cial      

importance4 ,a simil>  />* is made f !  
same plant 9 ,otaheite4      ,planta9   
,meal4--,! plants ( ! natural family    
,musace are  important articles ( food 9
 _m tropical regions1 ! plant  yield+   
also1 9 addition to ! />*1 fib]s        
suitable = textile  use4 ,! fruit ( !   
,musa p>adisiaca is *iefly employ$ =    
?is purpose4 ,x is q simil> 9 its "* to 
! fruit (  ! alli$ species1 ,musa       
sapi5tum1 or common banana4 ,! />*      
granules :i* make up ! planta9 meal are 
rem>kable = _! long  & n>r[ %ape4 ,!    
l9es m>k+ _! surface are only fa9tly    
di/+ui%able1 & ! hilum is small &       
some:at indi/9ct4  ,planta9 meal is n   
us$ to any v great ext5t outside ( !    
c\ntry :]e x is produc$4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--;,a ,,cassava
 ,,field ,,9 ,,georgia4--7,photograph by
  ,h4 ,w4 ,wiley47      ,sago4--,ano!r  
=m ( />* :i* has a high value z a food  
product is made f ! natural family      
,palmace4 ,! palm />* or  sago is       
consum$ 9 imm5se quantities 9 _m p>ts ( 

! _w1 &  is probably 9 importance only  
second to ! />* d]iv$ f !  c]eals z     
human food4 ,! />* granules are r l>ge &
 co>se1  al?\gh v _m small granules are 
f\nd mix$ ) !m4 ,"s (  ! l>g] granules  
appe> to be p>tially divid$ or brok54 ,!
 hilum  is di/9ct & v long4 ,! sago (   
comm]ce is l a tapioca  made f ! palm   
/>*4 ,x has be5 subject$ to heat :ile   
/ill  moi/ 9 ! process ( manufacture1 s 
t x is q difficult1  z a rule1 to f9d ! 
di/9ct />* granules ( ! palm 9 !        
comm]cial article4 ,sago is gr[n        
pr9cipally 9 ! ,moluccas &  ,sumatra4   
,s\? ,african ,arr[root4--,!re are _m   
species ( ,m>antace  cultivat$ 9 ,s\?   
,africa f :i* arr[root is manufactur$4  
,!y  are ( ! same v>iety z t us$ 9      
,b]muda & ! ,we/ ,indies4  ,!           
cultivation ( ! plant has modifi$ to "s 
ext5t ! action  ( ! />* granules z      
orig9ally f\nd 9 ! uncultivat$ plant4   
,! />* granules 9 ! cultivat$ v>iety    
approa* m ne>ly a  sph]ical =m4 ,!      
conc5tric l9es are mu* m di/9ct & !     

hilum m prom95t ?an 9 ! wild v>iety4    
,tapioca4--,! mo/ important ( ! />*     
products us$ z food is  ! tapioca4 ,x is
 made f ! plant belong+ to ! natural    
family  ,euphorbiace1 & is d]iv$        
p>ticul>ly f ! v>iety ( cassava  plant  
kn[n z ,manihot4 ,att5tion has be5 call$
 to ! fact t  _m ( ! v>ieties ( cassava 
plant are highly poison\s1 due to  !    
natural developm5t dur+ gr[? (          
hydrocyanic acid1 "o ( !  mo/ viol5t (  
kn[n poisons4 ,?is sub/ance1 h[ev]1 is (
 q  a volatile "*1 & :5 comm9ut$ cassava
 root is heat$ or  boil$1 all or at lea/
 ! pr9cipal "p ( ! hydrocyanic acid     
7prussic acid7 disappe>s4 ,none ( x or  
at lea/ n m ?an a trace  is f\nd 9 !    
food product tapioca4 ,a comp>atively   
sweet v>iety (  cassava t is conta9+ b a
 small proportion ( prussic acid is     
gr[n 9 ,florida & ,georgia4 ,! appe>ance
 ( a field ( cassava is  %[n 9 ,fig4    
#df4 ,! tapioca ( comm]ce is prep>$ by !
 sep>ation  ( ! />* 9 ! usual way by    
gr9d+ & wa%+ ) wat]4  ,be=e ! />*       

becomes dry1 9 fact1 :ile x is /ill     
conta9+  its maximum degree ( moi/ure1 x
 is submitt$ to heat fir/ at a  l[      
temp]ature1 gradually increas$ until !  
/>* granules are  dis9tegrat$ or        
agglut9at$ into a some:at firm &        
gelat9\s mass4  ,! heat is !n cont9u$ at
 ! prop] temp]ature until ! wat] is     
ne>ly all driv5 (f4 ,! />* f ?is plant  
is sometimes kn[n z  ,brazilian         
arr[root4    ,! />* granules ( ! bitt]  
cassava are v small & (t5  angul> 9     
%ape1 al?\gh "s ( !m appe> z well r\nd$ 
sph]oids4 ,! hilum is1 z a rule1 cle>ly 
di/+ui%$4 ,!  microscopic appe>ance ( ! 
gra9s ( cassava />* is %[n 9 ,fig4  #dg4
      ,adult]ation ( ,tapioca4--,! true 
tapioca %\ld only be made f  />* ( !    
cassava4 ,any />*1 d]iv$ f any s\rce    
:atev]1  if tak5 9 ! moi/ /ate may be   
subject$ to ! same process (  heat+1 &  
=ms an imitation tapioca :i* possesses  
_m ( !  physical & probably all ( !     
edible prop]ties ( ! g5u9e  article4 ,! 
sub/itution1 h[ev]1 ( any ( ! o!r />*es 

=  t ( ! cassava is at lea/ an          
imitation1 if n an adult]ation1  ( !    
g5u9e article4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#dg4--;,,cassava ,,/>* 7                
#bjj74--7;,c\rtesy ,bureau (  ,*emi/ry47
      ,food ,/>*es ,d]iv$ f ,c]eals4--,!
 />*es :i* are d]iv$  f ! common c]eals 
are also ext5sively us$ z food products1
  especially ! maize />* 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates4 ,x is commonly  sold z 8corn0   
/>*1 & is l>gely us$ = ! purpose already
  m5tion$4 ,x may be 9 its natural /ate 
or x may be previ\sly  submitt$ to !    
action ( heat :ile /ill moi/1 s t x     
takes  on ! "* ( tapioca or sago4 ,9 !  
,unit$ ,/ates ! ,indian  corn is        
practically ! only c]eal :i* furni%es ! 
food />* 9  v l>ge quantities1 al?\gh   
rye />* is ext5sively us$ = ?is  purpose
 9 o!r c\ntries4    ,! />*es ( c]ta9 ( !
 legumes1 su* z peas & beans1 h  also   
be5 sep>at$ & us$ = food purposes4 ,!y  
are n1 h[ev]1  us$ to any su* ext5t z   
w\ld w>rant any especial ref]5ce to  !m 
at ?is po9t4      ,/>* f ! ,peanut4--,! 

peanut also yields a />* :i* has        
sometimes be5 sep>at$ & us$ = food      
purposes4 ,! quantity s  employ$1 h[ev]1
 is ( no consequ5ce z f> z magnitude (  
product  is conc]n$4      ,food ,/>*    
,d]iv$ f ! ,potato4--,potato />* is also
 us$  v ext5sively = food purposes1 ei!r
 9 its natural =m or :5  subject$ to    
heat :ile /ill moi/1 z 9 ! prep>ation ( 
tapioca  & sago4      ,adult]ation (    
,/>*es4--,! mo/ common adult]ation (    
/>*es  is r a misbr&+ ?an adult]ation4  
,! practice ( add+ in]t  :ite p[d]$     
m9]al matt]s to />*es is practically    
unkn[n  9 ?is c\ntry4 ,/>* sometimes    
conta9s sulfur\s acid us$ z a  blea* 9  
its prep>ation4 ,?is is an injuri\s     
sub/ance & %\ld  be exclud$ f edible    
/>*es4 ,! nam+ ( a />* ( "o k9d  by ! "n
 ( ano!r & m valuable k9d is simple     
deception4 ,x  is practic$ to "s ext5t 9
 ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,/>* itself  may be
 us$ z an adult]ant1 z :5 maize />* is  
mix$ ) :eat  fl\r or p[d]$ />* mix$ )   
granulat$ sug>4 ,?is k9d (  adult]ation 

is q unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! sell+ (    
*eap]  />*es = tapioca & sago is m      
common ?an x %\ld be4      ,,condim5ts4 
,condim5ts o!r ?an ,sug>1 ,salt1 ,v9eg>1
 & ,wood ,smoke4--,!  pr9cipal          
condim5tal sub/ances :i* are us$ = food 
are (  vegetable orig9 & ( a highly     
aromatic "*4 ,condim5tal  sub/ances     
!mselves may h food value1 t is1 conta9 
dige/ible  mat]ial :i* takes "p 9 !     
metabolic processes4 ,_! utility1       
h[ev]1 & _! value d n dep5d ^u ! am\nt (
 food :i*  !y conta91 b ^u _! aromatic &
 condim5tal pr9ciples above  m5tion$4   
,condim5tal sub/ances are us$ 9 a v>iety
 ( ways1 b  9 g5]al x may be said t 9 an
 air-dri$ /ate !y are r$uc$  to a f9e   
p[d] & employ$ 9 ?is way4 ,extracts may 
also be made  f ^! condim5tal sub/ances1
 ei!r ) wat] or usually )  alcohol1 &   
?is extractable matt] us$ z a condim5t4 
,! ess5tial  oils :i* !y conta9 are also
 frequ5tly sep>at$ by di/illation1  & 9 
?is purifi$ & conc5trat$ /ate are1 aft] 
dilution )  alcohol1 us$ = condim5tal   

purposes4 ,pepp]m9t oil is a type (  ?is
 "* ( condim5ts4    ,x w be suffici5t = 
! purpose ( ?is manual to m5tion !      
pr9cipal condim5tal sub/ances & ref] = !
 "* ( _!  composition to ! /&>ds (      
purity e/abli%$ = !m "u  au?ority (     
,congress 9 ,app5dix ,a4      ,allspice1
 also kn[n z pim5to1 is ! dri$ fruit ( !
 ,pim5ta  pim5ta ,l4      ,anise4--,!   
anise is a plant :i* gr[s f #ad to #af  
in*es 9  height4 ,its botanical "n is   
,pimp9ella ,anisum ,l4 ,fr5*1 anis2     
,g]man1 ,anis2 ,italian1 aniso2 ,spani%1
 anis4    ,! anise produces abundant    
se$s1 :i* are ! pr9cipal condim5tal  "p4
 ,! se$s are us$ ei!r directly 9 bread &
 o!r foods or  especially 9 !           
manufacture ( liqueurs & confections4   
,anise se$  is "o ( ! olde/ ( condim5tal
 sub/ances ( :i* hi/orical  acc\nt has  
be5 pres]v$4      ,bay leaf is ! dri$   
leaf ( ! ,laurus nobilis ,l4 ,9 a p[d]$ 
=m x is us$ z a condim5tal sub/ance 9   
food1 b x is *iefly  employ$ 9 flavor+  
alcohol 9 ! manufacture ( ! mat]ial kn[n

  z bay rum4      ,cap]s4--,! cap]s are 
obta9$ by dry+ ! fl[] buds ( !  cap]    
bu%4 ,! botanical "n is ,capp>is sp9osa 
,l4 ,fr5*1  capri]2 ,g]man1 ,kap]n/rau*2
 ,italian1 capp]o2 ,spani%1 alcap>ra4   
,! cap] is a plant :i* is a native (    
s\!rn ,europe ( %rub-l  proportions1    
gr[+ to a height ( f ?ree to five feet4 
,!  fl[] buds are ga!r$ :5 !y are ab\t z
 l>ge z peas & are  pres]v$ by pickl+ 9 
v9eg>4      ,c>away4--,?is is a plant   
:i* is native to ,europe1 is ei!r annual
  or bi5nial1 & belongs to ! botanical  
species ,c>um ,c>vi ,l4  ,fr5*1 c>vi2   
,g]man1 ,feld-,kmmel2 ,italian1 c>vi2   
,spani%1 alc>avea4    ,! se$s conta9 !  
aromatic pr9ciples :i* make ! c>away    
valuable z a condim5t4 ,! plant (t5 gr[s
 wild4 ,! roots h  "s value z food & are
 also highly spic$1 b are seldom eat54  
,! se$s are us$ v l>gely = flavor+      
bread1 especially among  ! ,g]mans4 ,!y 
are also us$ 9 c]ta9 v>ieties ( *eese1  
especially t made 9 ,holl&4 ,(t5 !y are 
f\nd 9 c]ta9  c&ies & o!r confections4  

,cassia is t v>iety ( c9namon obta9$ f  
o!r species (  c9namon ?an ,c9namomum   
zeylanicum1 & is n s highly valu$ =     
condim5tal & o!r purposes z ! true      
c9namon4    ,cassia buds1 :i* are (t5   
us$ = condim5tal purposes1 are !  dri$  
immature fruit ( any species ( !        
c9namomum plant4 ,!  c9namon1 z x is    
(f]$ = condim5tal purposes1 is usually  
f9ely  gr\nd1 & ! same is true ( cassia4
      ,cel]y ,se$4--,! se$s ( cel]y are 
highly priz$ = condim5tal  purposes1    
ei!r directly or 9 ! =m ( an extract4 ,!
 se$s or  _! extracts are also (t5      
recomm5d$ = m$ic9al purposes4           
,c9namon4--,! c9namon is ! b>k ( v>i\s  
species ( plants  belong+ to ! g5us     
,c9namomum4 ,! true c9namon is d]iv$    
solely f ! b>k ( ,c9namomum zeylanicum  
,breyne4      ,cloves4--,cloves are dri$
 buds ( ! ,c>yophyllus aromaticus ,l4   
,!y are us$ ei!r 9 ! orig9al dri$ /ate  
or z a f9ely gr\nd  p[d]4               
,cori&]4--,! aromatic pr9ciples ( cori&]
 :i* is us$ =  condim5tal purposes are !

 dri$ se$s ( ! ,cori&rum sativum  ,l4   
,?is is a plant :i* is indig5\s to s\!rn
 ,europe1 gr[+  f two to two & a half   
feet high4 ,! se$s are us$ 9 !          
manufacture ( liqueurs & = season+ a    
great numb] ( cul9>y  prep>ations4 ,x is
 /at$ by "s au?orities t ! leaves are   
us$  = condim5tal purposes1 b ?is is n !
 case4 ,! leaves z well  z ! o!r gre5   
p>ts ( ?is plant h a v unpleasant odor f
  :i* ! "n ( ! plant is d]iv$4 ,?is odor
 is ( a "*  :i* w\ld exclude ! leaves f 
use = condim5tal purposes4      ,cum9   
,se$4--,! cum9 plant 7,cum9um ,cym9um   
,l47 is ?\ght to  be indig5\s to ,egypt4
 ,x is an annual plant1 sometimes gr[+ f
  f\r to five in*es high4 ,! se$s are ! 
aromatic "p & are us$  = condim5tal     
purposes4 ,!y h a hot1 acrid ta/e & a   
/rong  aromatic flavor4 ,!y are us$     
*iefly = flavor+ s\ps & 9 !  manufacture
 ( pa/ry ( all k9ds4 ,!y are also f\nd 9
 _m k9ds  ( liqueurs4      ,dill4--,!   
dill plant 7,ane?um graveol5s ,l47 is   
indig5\s to  s\!rn ,europe4 ,x is an    

annual plant & gr[s f two to two & a    
half feet high4 ,! se$s1 :i* are !      
condim5tal "p ( ! plant1  are flat & h a
 /rong & bitt] flavor4 ,!y are us$ 9 ?is
  c\ntry pr9cipally = flavor+ a k9d (   
pickle kn[n z ! dill  pickle4           
,f5nel4--,! f5nel plant 7,fniculum      
fniculum ,l47 is indig5\s  to s\!rn     
,europe4 ,x gr[s bo? wild & "u          
cultivation4 ,!  common g>d5 f5nel is   
bi5nial 9 its habits4 ,! se$s conta9 !  
condim5tal prop]ties ( ! plant1 & ! se$s
 ( ! cultivat$  f5nel are usually ab\t  
twice z long z ^? ( ! wild v>iety4  ,!y 
are flat on "o side & convex on ! o!r & 
cross$ by ?ick  yell[-color$ ribs4 ,!   
se$s are us$ *iefly 9 ! manufacture (   
liqueurs4      ,g+]4--,! g+] is ! root (
 ! plant ,z+ib] z+ib] ,l41  & is "o ( ! 
mo/ highly priz$ ( ! condim5tal         
sub/ances4 ,x  is a plant :i* naturally 
conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( />*1 :i*  =ms    
ne>ly half ( its weight 9 ! dri$ /ate4  
,! roots are  (t5 s5t into comm]ce cov]$
 ) lime1 ei!r = ! purpose (  pres]v+ !m 

or blea*+ !m4 ,?is is su* a common      
condition  t ! lim$ g+] or blea*$ g+] is
 recogniz$ z a legitimate  article (    
comm]ce4      ,mace4--,! mace ( comm]ce 
is compos$ ( ! dri$ arillus (  ,myri/ica
 fragrans ,honttyn4 ,mace conta9s a l>ge
 quantity ( fatty  sub/ance1 usually n  
less ?an #bj nor m ?an #cj p]c5t ( its  
total weight4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties (
 mace on ! m>ket1 !  pr9cipal "o be+    
,macass> mace1 :i* is obta9$ f ! dri$   
arillus ( ,myri/ica arg5tea ,w>b4 ,!    
,bombay mace is d]iv$ f  ! dri$ arillus 
( ,myri/ica malab>ica4      ,m>joram is 
! dri$ leaf ( ! plant kn[n by !         
botanical "n  ( ,majorana majorana 7,l47
 ,k>/4 or ,origanum vulg>e ,l4 ,?is     
plant  is a native ( ,europe & is a v   
common wild plant 9 ,france1  especially
 on ! bord]s ( ! =e/s4 ,x is also       
ext5sively  cultivat$4 ,x is a p]5nial4 
,! leaves ( ! plant are !  condim5tal   
portions4 ,a plant kn[n z m\nta9 m9t is 
frequ5tly sold  z m>joram & has "s ( its
 condim5tal prop]ties4      ,mu/>d4--,! 

mu/>d se$ is d]iv$ f v>i\s species1     
di/+ui%$ l>gely by ! color ( ! se$s4 ,= 
in/ance1 !  :ite mu/>d is ! se$ (       
,s9apis alba ,l41 ! black mu/>d !  se$ (
 ,brassica nigra 7,l47 ,ko*1 & ! black  
or br[n mu/>d  ! se$ ( ,brassica juncea 
7,l47 ,cosson4 ,! mu/>d is a widely     
di/ribut$ plant probably indig5\s to    
,europe4 ,x gr[s ext5sively  wild & is  
also l>gely cultivat$4 ,! mu/>d se$ =ms 
"o ( !  mo/ important condim5ts (       
comm]ce4 ,! mu/>d is (t5 gr\nd  be=e x  
is sold1 & frequ5tly x is mix$ ) o!r    
spices &  ) oils & is kn[n z prep>$     
mu/>d4 ,?is latt] v>iety is  subject$ to
 all k9ds ( adult]ations1 frequ5tly     
conta9+ v  little mu/>d b ) en\gh       
turm]ic to give ! prep>ation a  yell[   
color resembl+ t attribut$ to ! pure    
article4 ,prep>$  mu/>d %\ld be a ?ick  
pa/e compos$ l>gely ( gr\nd mu/>d se$   
toge!r ) salt1 spices ( diff]5t k9ds1 & 
v9eg>4 ,x may also  be gr\nd 9 oil4     
,nutmeg4--,nutmeg is ! se$ ( ,myri/ica  
fragrans4 ,! se$ is  s5t into comm]ce ) 

a ?9 coat+ ( lime1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 mu/  be
 remov$ be=e ! nutmeg is us$4 ,x is     
pr9cipally us$ z !  ungr\nd nut & by    
grat+ x into ! food :i* is to be flavor$
 at  ! "t ( use4 ,! nut ?us reta9s its  
flavor mu* bett] ?an :5  all gr\nd at   
once & kept = "s "t4 ,!re are _m        
v>ieties (  nutmeg on ! m>ket1 !        
pr9cipal ones be+ ! ,macass>1 ,papua1   
male1 & long nutmegs4 ,^! are all ! dri$
 se$s ( ! ,myri/ica  arg5tea4           
,pepp]4--,pepp] is "o ( ! mo/ important 
( ! pr9cipal  aromatic condim5tal       
sub/ances4 ,!re are _m /&>d v>ieties    
:i* are kn[n to ! trade & :i* are d]iv$ 
f di/9ct  botanical species4 ,! pr9cipal
 v>ieties are black pepp]1 :ite  pepp]1 
& paprika pepp]4 ,black pepp] is ! dri$ 
immature b]ry  ( ,pip] nigrum ,l4 ,:ite 
pepp] is ! dri$ mature b]ry ( ,pip]     
nigrum ,l4 f :i* ! out] & ! inn] coat+s 
( ! se$ h  be5 remov$4 ,paprika pepp] is
 a r$ pepp] ( v mild aromatic  qualities
 gr[n *iefly 9 ,hung>y & 9 ,spa94       
,cay5ne pepp] is a v active aromatic r$ 

pepp] :i* is ! dri$  fruit ( ,capsicum  
frutesc5s ,l4 or ,capsicum baccatum ,l4 
,! r$ pepp]s1 !re=e1 may be divid$ into 
two di/9ct classes1  namely1 cay5ne or  
hot1 acrid pepp] & ! paprika or         
mild-flavor$  pepp]4 ,!re is ano!r      
v>iety ( pepp] kn[n on ! m>ket z long   
pepp] :i* is ! dri$ fruit ( ,pip] longum
 ,l4      ,saffron is ! dri$ /igma (    
,crocus sativus ,l4      ,sage is a     
common g>d5 plant :i* is v ext5sively   
us$ =  condim5tal purposes1 belong+ to !
 species ,salvia (fic9alis ,l4  ,sage is
 us$ v ext5sively by ! h\sewife 9 !     
prep>ation (  dome/ic sausage1 & is     
p]haps m commonly us$ 9 meat products ( 
?is description ?an 9 o!r foods4        
,savory or summ] savory is a prep>ation 
f ! leaf1 !  blossom1 & t5d] tips ( !   
bran*es ( ,satureja hort5sis ,l4        
,sweet ,basil4--,?is plant is indig5\s  
to ,india1 gr[+ usually  ab\t "o foot   
high4 ,! botanical "n is ,ocymum        
,basilicum ,l4  ,fr5*1 basilic gr&2     
,g]man1 ,basilikum2 ,italian1 basilico2 

,spani%1  albaca4    ,! leaves ( ! plant
 are ! aromatic "p & are ext5sively us$ 
= condim5tal purposes ( diff]5t k9ds4   
,!re are _m v>ieties  ( basil 9 use4    
,?yme4--,?yme is a plant indig5\s to    
s\!rn ,europe & belongs to  ! botanical 
species ,?ymus vulg>is ,l4 ,x is a      
p]5nial plant &  gr[s 9 ! =m ( a small  
dw>f %rub4 ,! plant may be propagat$    
ei!r by cutt+s or may be gr[n f ! se$4  
,! leaves & "y  %oots ( ! ?yme may be   
us$ = condim5tal purposes4 ,"s o!r      
species ( ! ?yme are also us$ =         
condim5tal purposes1 especially  !      
v>ieties kn[n z lemon ?yme & "m-(-?yme4 
,vegetable ,flavor+ ,extracts4--,9      
speak+ ( condim5tal sub/ances  x 0 /at$ 
t !y 7 ei!r us$ directly 9 a /ate ( f9e 
subdivision = flavor+ purposes or _!    
extracts 7 employ$4  ,! use ( ! extract 
is (t5 m conv5i5t ?an ! use ( !  p[d]$  
mat]ial1 &1 also1 x secures a m ev5     
di/ribution (  ! flavor+ pr9cipal       
?r\gh\t ! food product4 ,x is d\btful1  
h[ev]1 if = really condim5tal purposes  

!re is any advantage 9  ! use ( !       
extract$ mat]ials4 ,nev]!less !re are _m
 food  products 9 :i* x w\ld be         
inconv5i5t to use ! p[d]$ aromatic      
sub/ance itself & ! flavor+ extract has 
become e/abli%$ z a  legitimate article 
( a condim5tal nature4    ,all ! common 
extracts us$ 9 foods are describ$ 9 !   
/&>ds  ( purity e/abli%$ by ! ,secret>y 
( ,agriculture by au?ority (  ,congress1
 & w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,a4             
,,fruits4      ,def9ition4--,"u ! t]m   
8fruit0 is includ$ ! edible products  ( 
_m trees & %rubs4 ,! t]m 8fruit0 9 its  
g5]al s5se c be  appli$ to any k9d ( a  
food product1 z = in/ance ! fruit (  !  
f>m1 ! fields1 & ! =e/1 b 9 a re/rict$  
s5se1 z  x w be us$ "h1 x is appli$ to !
 class ( or*>d products  repres5t$ by   
apples1 pea*es1 pe>s1 etc4 ,fruits1 9 a 
g5]al s5se1  include also t class ( wild
 or cultivat$ edible bodies kn[n  z     
b]ries4 ,! t]m 8b]ry0 is re/rict$ 9 its 
pres5t s5se to  ! products ( c]ta9 small
 %rubs or v9es1 su* z gooseb]ries1      

blackb]ries1 raspb]ries1 etc4 ,! fruits 
t gr[ ^u small  bu%es1 su* z ! currant &
 gooseb]ry1 occupy an int]m$iate        
position betwe5 ! or*>d fruits :i* h be5
 m5tion$ &  b]ries4 ,or*>d fruits are   
conv5i5tly divid$ into l>ge & small     
fruits1 ! l>ge fruits be+ repres5t$ by !
 apple1 pe>1 pea*1  qu9ce1 etc41 & !    
small fruit by ! *]ry & plum4 ,fruits 7 
d\btless among ! e>lie/ foods ( man1 &  
?is leads to ano!r  classification (    
fruits1 namely1 wild & cultivat$4 ,wild 
fruits1  at ! pres5t "t1 d n include any
 l>ge proportion ( human  foods4 ,!re   
are c]ta9 trees gr[+ wild1 su* z !      
mulb]ry1 !  wild *]ry1 & o!rs1 :i*      
produce delici\s fruits1 usually (      
small size4 ,! t]m 8fruit0 z us$ h]e9   
does n include t v  valuable class (    
foods kn[n z nuts1 :i* is consid]$ "u a 
sep>ate classification4      ,g5]al     
,*>act]i/ics ( ,fruits4--,! g5]al       
*>act]i/ics (  fruits include _! color1 
flavor1 odor1 & nutritive prop]ties 9  s
 f> z we are conc]n$ ) !m 9 ?is manual4 

,!y are compos$  v l>gely ( wat]1 p]haps
 #hj p]c5t or m4 ,! solid matt]  consi/s
 ( ! usual cellulose /ructure (         
vegetable bodies1 sug>s1  gums1 organic 
acids1 & m9]al matt]s4 ,fruits are all  
succul5t1  t is1 by reason ( _! high    
cont5t ( wat]1 compos$ *iefly  ( matt]s 
9 solution :i* con/itute _! juices4 ,all
 fruits1  !re=e1 :5 subject$ to pressure
 yield a juice :i* conta9s !  pr9cipal  
portion ( _! dietetic con/itu5ts4 ,!    
/udy ( !  composition ( ! fruit juices  
w\ld1 !re=e1 naturally accompany  a /udy
 ( ! fruits !mselves4 ,! *ief           
*>act]i/ics ( fruit  f a dietetic po9t (
 view & also a palatable /&po9t are  _! 
sug>s & acids4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ta/e     
dep5ds on ^!  two con/itu5ts pr9cipally4
 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! fruits conta9    
aromatic sub/ances belong+ to ! class ( 
ess5tial oils &  comp\nd e!rs :i* give  
to !m ! agreeable odor :i* adds s  mu*  
to _! value4 ,fruits are naturally      
color$ & ^! colors1 to  :i* ! eye is    
accu/om$1 become m>ks ( di/9ction &     

excell5ce  9 _m cases4 ,! prevail+      
colors ( fruits are r$1 yell[1 &  gre54 
,all %ades ( colors1 h[ev]1 are         
repres5t$ by ! m+l+  ( ! prim>y t9ts4   
,c]ta9 colors are associat$ ) c]ta9     
fruits  z1 = in/ance1 r$ ) ! *]ry1      
raspb]ry1 etc41 gre51 r$1  & yell[ )    
apples1 & %ades ( r$ & yell[ ) pea*es4  
,^! colors are due to ! diff]5t         
conditions ( ! *lorophyll  or vegetable 
color+ matt] :i* ! sk9 ( ! fruit        
conta9s4  ,! ?ree pr9cipal color t9ts   
:i* are produc$ are kn[n z  *lorophyll1 
gre51 xan?ophyll1 yell[1 & ery?rophyll1 
r$4 ,!  m+l+ ( ^! ?ree di/9ct colors 9 !
 plant color+ matt]  =ms ! v>i\s t9ts   
:i* are se5 9 fruits & :i* r5d] !m  s   
attractive to ! eye4    ,! sug>s 9 fruit
 include bo? ! common sug> 7sucrose7 &  
inv]t  sug>1 :i* conta9s equal          
quantities ( dextrose & levulose4 ,z !  
sug> is m or less abundant 9 proportion 
to ! o!r +r$i5ts  ! fruit is m or less  
sweet4 ,! diff]5t fruits conta9 diff]5t 
quantities ( sug>1--! ri*e/ p]haps is ! 

grape :i* (t5 9  a /ate ( complete      
maturity may h f #be to #cj p]c5t (     
sug>4  ,apples conta9 f five to #ae     
p]c5t ( sug>1 & pea*es & pe>s  some:at  
less4 ,9 fact ?is range 9 sug> w cov]   
ne>ly all !  fruits1 l>ge & small1 z    
well z mo/ ( ! b]ries4 ,! quantity  (   
sug> conta9$ 9 ea* ( ! fruits w be      
especially not$ 9  treat+ ( !m          
individually4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important     
con/itu5ts  ( fruit f a palatable po9t (
 view is f\nd 9 its organic acids4  ,^! 
v>y 9 diff]5t classes ( fruits4 ,! mo/  
common organic acid  9 fruit is malic1  
:i* is ! *ief acid 9 ! apple & alli$    
=ms4 ,9 citrus fruits1 su* z ! lemon &  
orange1 citric acid is  ! pr9cipal      
organic acid4 ,9 grapes ! pr9cipal      
organic acid is  t>t>ic4 ,m ?an "o ( ^! 
acids is1 h[ev]1 usually conta9$  9 a   
s+le fruit1 & o!r organic acids ?an ^?  
nam$ are f\nd  9 small quantities 9     
v>i\s fruits4 ,! ?ree m5tion$ may be    
reg>d$ z ! typical acids 9 fruits4 ,^!  
acids1 if prep>$  *emically & adm9i/]$ 9

 a pure /ate1 h practically no food     
value at all1 & _c be consid]$ z        
:olesome mat]ial to place  9 ! /oma*4   
,:51 h[ev]1 !y are eat5 9 _! natural    
/ate  9 comb9ation ) ! pota% & o!r bases
 :i* fruits conta91  & m+l$1 z ,nature  
has done1 ) ! o!r con/itu5ts1 !y  add n 
only to ! palatability b also to !      
:olesom5ess ( !  product4 ,?is is only  
ano!r illu/ration ( ! fact t natural    
products are (t5 :olesome & desirable   
:]e artificial products  ( ! same k9d   
*emically are hurtful & undesirable4 ,_m
 fruits  conta9 consid]able quantities (
 a c>bohydrate alli$ to "s ext5t  9 its 
composition to sug> & />* b :i* has !   
prop]ty (  sett+ to a semi-resili5t mass
 kn[n z jelly4 ,?is con/itu5t 9  fruit  
is kn[n z pect9 or pectose & is pres5t 9
 great] or less  quantities 9 almo/ all 
fruits4 ,x is by ! utilization ( ?is    
compon5t ( fruit t ! jellies :i* are s  
common an article (  food are prep>$4   
,:ile 9 its physical prop]ties ! jelly (
 fruits  has "s resemblance to ! gelat9e

 or jelly ( animals1 its *emical        
composition & nutritive values are      
entirely diff]5t4 ,! gelat9e  or jelly (
 animals is ess5tially a nitrog5\s      
product :ile !  pect9 or jelly ( fruit  
is ess5tially a c>bohydrate product4 ,! 
two1 !re=e1 are n to be conf\nd$4       
,nutritive ,uses4--,! edible fruits are 
n only valuable on acc\nt  ( ! n\ri%m5t 
!y conta9 b p>ticul>ly s because (  !   
g5]al effect :i* !y h ^u ! dige/ive     
op]ations4  ,_! judici\s use is         
conducive to heal? 9 _m ways4 ,! fruits 
are mildly laxative1 z a rule1 al?\gh   
!re are "s exceptions  to ?is4 ,=       
in/ance1 9 "s b]ries1 l ! blackb]ry1 !  
quantity ( tann9 pres5t is suffici5t to 
cause a /yptic or b9d+  action4 ,:ile   
all ! fruits conta9 tann9 x is usually n
 9 su*  proportions z to produce a      
con/ipat+ effect4 ,on ! o!r h& !        
comb9ation ( ! acids1 bases1 pect9s1 &  
sug>s favors a free  & natural progress 
( ! food ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal4 ,!     
entire )drawal ( fruit f ! diet>y1 ev5  

if ! n\ri%m5t  x supplies be provid$ 9  
"s o!r way1 w\ld "w great damage  to    
heal?4 ,!re are c]ta9 dang]s1 h[ev]1 to 
be avoid$ 9 !  g5]al use ( fruit4       
,immature & imp]fect fruits are         
un:olesome4  ,fruits are (t5 subject$1  
moreov]1 to infection ) eggs ( v>i\s    
k9ds ( insects1 & ^! organisms & ! l>v  
or eggs !re( may  be introduc$ into !   
/oma* ) m or less injuri\s effects4 ,9  
! eat+ ( fruit1 c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! 
inspection &  prop] prep>ation ( !      
article2 x %\ld be free f infection1    
decay1 & insect life4 ,! natural        
condition 9 :i* fruit is eat5  is 9 !   
raw /ate1 & 9 g5]al x may be said t ?is 
is !  m :olesome & pref]able way ( eat+ 
x4 ,on ! o!r h& !  cook+ ( fruit        
/]ilizes x & makes ! consum] secure     
aga9/  any infection f bact]ia & insect 
life1 & 9 "s ways promotes  to a c]ta9  
degree ! dige/ive processes4 ,?is is    
especially true (  fruits ( a h>d or    
unyield+ nature4 ,cook$ fruits1 z a     
rule1 may be  consid]$ less desirable   

?an ! natural article1 b !y des]ve      
m5tion on acc\nt ( _! fre$om f          
infection1 :olesom5ess1 &  g5]al        
dietetic value4 ,"s fruits1 su* z apples
 & pe>s1 conta9  notable quantities (   
/>*1 especially 9 ! immature /ate1 &    
?is disappe>s to a great] or less ext5t 
dur+ ! process (  rip5+4 ,at ! p]iod (  
complete maturity ! />* is r$uc$ to  a  
m9imum & ! sug> 9 ! fruit rea*es a      
maximum4 ,aft] ?is  p]iod ! fruit beg9s 
to lose 9 dietetic value1 due to !      
natural  process ( decay1 :i* is n ev5  
entirely *eck$ by plac+ !  fruit 9 cold 
/orage4 ,! sug> gradually f]m5ts &      
disappe>s4 ,!  fruit becomes m spongy & 
less palatable & its g5]al prop]ties    
are impair$4 ,o!r fruits1 su* z ! orange
 & lemon1 b]ries1  etc41 conta9 little  
or no />* at any p]iod ( _! gr[?4 ,by   
c>eful /orage ! p]iod ( maturity may be 
prolong$ = weeks or  ev5 mon?s1 & ?us ! 
fruit made available ov] a v mu* long]  
p]iod ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,"u ! 
exi/+ conditions  ( communication ) all 

p>ts ( ! _w x is n impracticable  = ev5 
^? :o are n ble/ ) weal? to h a daily   
supply (  fre% fruits gr[n 9 diff]5t    
p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 temp]ate climes  fre%   
fruits are available f ,june until ,may 
( ! foll[+ ye>1  ei!r furni%$ directly f
 ! or*>d or prop]ly pres]v$ by  /orage4 
,apples4--,! apple is "o ( ! pr9cipal   
fruits 9 ! m>ket bo?  = its crop value &
 = its g5]al prop]ties4    ,x is ! mo/  
abundant z well z ! mo/ valuable (      
fruits4 ,!  apple is gr[n practically 9 
all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b  !re are  
"s localities 9 :i* ! apple tree        
fl\ri%es 9 great  abundance4 ,among !   
/ates :i* are fam\s = apple gr[+ may be 
m5tion$ ,new ,york1 ,virg9ia1 ,mi*igan1 
& ,miss\ri4    ,! v>ieties ( apples are 
s num]\s t x w be useless to  attempt to
 m5tion !m4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important are ! 
,b5 ,davis1  ! ,pipp91 ! ,w9esap1       
,jona?an1 ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+1 ,york1   
,albem>le ,pipp91 ,clayton1 ,e>ly       
,h>ve/]1 ,sweet ,june1 ,tompk9s ,k+1    
,nor!rn ,spy1 ,russet1 ,yell[ ,bellfl[]1

 etc4      ,acidity ( ,apples4--,"o ( ! 
*ief po9ts 9 ! palatability (  apples z 
well z 9 _! g5]al "* is _! acidity4     
,:ile  apples are n reli%$ :5 too s\r !y
 are z little reli%$  :5 too sweet4 ,!  
sug> & acid 9 apples are ! *ief factors 
9 _! palatability1 n exclud+ ! delicate 
flavor imp>t$ by  ess5tial oils & e!real
 sub/ances :i*1 ?\gh pres5t 9 su*  small
 quantities z n to be measur$ *emically1
 nev]!less are  highly important 9 mak+ 
up ! total effect ( palatability &      
:olesom5ess4 ,! *ief acid 9 apples is   
malic4 ,x exi/s dur+ all  p]iods ( !    
gr[? ( ! apple1 b is m app>5t 9 ! gre5  
& immature /ate ?an 9 ! ripe fruit4 ,!  
relative quantity (  malic acid 9       
respect ( sug> & />* is giv5 "u ! head+ 
(  8,behavior ( ,apples ,dur+ ,/orage40 
,adult]ation ( ,apples4--,!re is1 (     
c\rse1 no adult]ation (  apples 9 _!    
natural /ate except ! attempt :i* is    
sometimes  made to deceive ! pur*as]    
respect+ ! "* ( ! :ole  package by plac+
 ! be/ & mo/ attractive fruit on ! top4 

,?is  is su* a well kn[n practice1 ?\gh 
regrettable1 z n to dem& any  p>ticul>  
comm5t4 ,! pur*as] :o has 8 own int]e/  
at /ake  w usually inspect ! bottom z   
well z ! top ( ! package  be=e buy+4 ,! 
*ief =ms ( debasem5t are ^? :i* are n   
practic$ ) any attempt to deceive4 ,!y  
consi/ 9 (f]+ apples  :i* are bruis$ by 
c>elessness 9 ga!r+1 or :i* are infect$ 
by insect life4 ,9 fact ! greate/ damage
 to :i* ! apple is  subject is t ( !    
ravages ( insects4 ,!re are c]ta9 k9ds  
( insects :i* naturally bre$ 9 ! apple4 
,! egg is (t5 laid  9 ! e>ly developm5t 
( ! fruit & by ! "t ! apples are  ready 
= consumption ! l>v /age has be5 rea*$ &
 ! worm has  produc$ ravages to a great 
ext5t :i* are (t5 n indicat$ by  any    
ext]nal appe>ance4 ,x is evid5t t ! f>m]
 _c be held  responsible 9 all cases =  
?is condition ( ! fruit4 ,nev]!less  x  
is only fair to /ate t 9 ! mod]n        
developm5t ( ! spray+  indu/ry ! ravages
 ( insect pe/s c be re/ra9$ & controll$1
  if n entirely prev5t$1 by ! prop]     

spray+ ( ! fruit4 ,?is  spray+          
introduces ano!r dang] :i* _c be =gott51
 namely1  ! rema9+ ^u ! surface ( !     
fruit ( "s ( ! spray+  mat]ial itself4  
,if pres5t at all ?is mat]ial is apt to 
be ei!r at  ! po9t ( ! junction ( ! /em 
) ! fruit or at ! opposite  extremity ( 
! apple4 ,= ?is reason ! fruit :5 eat5  
raw %\ld  be peel$ 9 ord] t any rema9+  
p>ticles ( ! poison\s  mat]ial us$ 9    
spray+ may be remov$4 ,x is to ! int]e/ 
( !  m]*ant to pres5t fruit ( ?is k9d 9 
! mo/ attractive =m1 by  ! exclusion (  
bruis$1 rott51 or infect$ apples & !    
(f]+  ( ! s\nd1 ripe fruit 9 z          
pres5table a condition z possible4      
,composition ( ,apples at ,v>i\s ,/ages 
( ,maturity4--,! foll[+  table %[s !    
analysis made ( "o v>iety ( apple1 !    
,baldw91 at  v>i\s /ages ( maturity3    
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,,acidity                               
,,z ,,malic                             
,,inv]t ,,cane          ,,acid4         

,,condition4                            
,,solids4,,sug>4,,sug>4,,/>*4,,p] ,,c5t4
 ,,a%4                                  
----------------------------------------
-------------                 ,p]- ,p]- 
,p]-  ,p]-   ,p]-  ,p]-                 
c5t4c5t4c5t4 c5t4  c5t4 c5t4    ,v gre51
  #ah4dg  #f4dj  #a4fc   #d4ad    #a4ad 
#j4bg    ,gre51       #bj4ai  #f4df     
#d4je   #c4fg    4444   4444    ,ripe1  
#ai4fd  #g4gj  #f4ha    4#ag     4#fe   
4#bg    ,ov]ripe1    #ai4gj  #h4ha      
#e4bf   ,none     4#dh    4#bh          
----------------------------------------
-------------    ,! *ief po9t ( int]e/ 9
 ! above analysis is ! gradual  decl9e (
 ! />*4 ,:5 ! apple is ov]ripe ! />* is 
entirely gone4 ,:5 ! apple is ripe only 
a small "p ( ! />*  is f\nd4 ,9 ! gre5  
apple v l>ge quantities ( />* are f\nd4 
,! sug> increases z ! />* dim9i%es4 ,!re
 is a little ov]  #ad p]c5t ( sug> 9 !  
p]fectly ripe apple b mu* less 9 !      
gre54 ,! acidity calculat$ z malic acid 
dim9i%es z maturity is  approa*$4 ,9    

g5]al x may be said t 9 ! rip5+ ( an    
apple  ! />* is conv]t$ into sug> & !   
acidity is dim9i%$4    ,! composition ( 
apples v>ies v greatly1 z may be easily 
und]/ood1 ) ! v>iety ( ! apple exam9$1 !
 "* (  ! season 9 :i* x grew1 & ) !     
individual apple or sample4  ,! be/ t c 
be done 9 %[+ ! composition ( apples is 
to  give "s ( ! mo/ reliable analyses1  
cov]+ ! l>ge/ range (  exam9ations 9 ?is
 & o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ! foll[+ table are  
giv5 ?ree sets ( analyses ( ,am]ican    
apples & two sets ( =eign  apples1 !    
fir/ ?ree be+ ,am]ican & ! second s]ies 
be+  =eign4    ,! table gives ! numb] ( 
samples includ$ 9 ! analytical data1  & 
! mean1 maximum1 & m9imum results ( !   
analyses4                               
----------------------------------------
--------------------                    
,,acidity                               
,,no4                ,,ex-    ,,pro-    
,,(              ,,press$  ,,te9 ,,re-  
,,sam- ,,total         ,,z     ,n       
,,duc+ ,,cane  ,,crude                  

,,ples4,,solids4 ,,a%4  ,h,,s4          
#f4be4,,sug>4,,sug>4,,fib]4             
----------------------------------------
--------------------                    
,p]- ,p]-  ,p]- ,p]- ,p]-  ,p]-,p]-     
c5t4c5t4 c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4    ,s]ies 
#a3                                     
,av]age1       #ac4gg  4#bdj   4#cgf    
4#eij  #g4jd #d4ei  4444      ,maximum1 
#ac  #af4dg  4#cbj   4#fgj   4#hjf  4444
 #g4gi  4444      ,m9imum1        #i4cg 
4#agj   4#aij   4#cef  4444 #a4hj  4444 
,s]ies #b3                              
,av]age1       #af4dc  4#bg    4#dhf    
4444  #g4ib #c4ii  4444      ,maximum1  
#bg  #bc4cf  4#cd    4#haa   4444 #aa4ge
 #f4ha  4444      ,m9imum1       #ac4df 
4#ag    4#jgc   4444  #e4cd #a4gd  4444 
,s]ies #c3                              
,av]age1       #ac4fe  4#bhh   4#deb    
4#fid  #h4gc #a4ec  #j4if      ,maximum1
   #bc  #af4ee  4#djd   4#hfc  #a4jid   
#aj4hj #b4ha  #a4bi      ,m9imum1       
#aj4fj  4#bbh   4#aci   4#dba  #f4hi    
4#ae   4#gj                             

,,=eign                                 
,,v>iety4                               
,s]ies #a3  #ag  #af4db  4#caj   4#fad  
4#ci   #g4gc 4444  #a4ih    ,s]ies #b3  
,av]age1       #ae4jg  4#bij   4#bcd    
4444 #aj4ab  4#ee  4444      ,maximum1  
#e  #af4jc  4#cfj   4#cbi   4444 #aj4fi 
#a4aa  4444      ,m9imum1       #ad4jd  
4#bdj   4#aij   4444  #i4gg ,none  4444 
----------------------------------------
--------------------    ,! comb9ation ( 
! av]age data ( ! ,am]ican s]ies %[s a  
mean  p]c5tage ( r$uc+ or inv]t sug> (  
#g4ij & ( cane sug> (  #c4dj4 ,! av]age 
,am]ican apple !re=e conta9s #aa4cj     
p]c5t sug>4      ,dietetic ,value4--,!  
:olesom5ess ( apples is well recogniz$  
by  all au?ors on physiology & hygi5e1 &
 ! necessity ( at lea/ a  p>tial fruit  
diet is ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,inasmu* z !  
apple is "o  ( ! mo/ abundant ( fruits1 
be+ produc$ 9 enorm\s quantities  & sold
 (t5 at a v l[ rate1 its value z a food 
product is  probably n z fully ackn[l$g$
 by our own p z x %\ld be4  ,?r\gh a    

great] "p ( ! ye> apples c be made a    
/aple article  ( diet4 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1
 to be mo/ highly recomm5d$ uncook$1  & 
especially ^? v>ieties :i* h high       
palatable qualities &  a suitable       
s(tness ( texture4 ,v h>d apples1 ev5 if
 palatable1  are n recomm5d$ = eat+ raw4
 ,9 a cook$ /ate ! apples are  sc>cely  
less :olesome & nutriti\s ?an 9 ! raw   
/ate4 ,x is  true t 9 pa/ry _! good     
qualities are (t5 c\nt]act$ by !  poor  
quality ( ! pa/ry envelop :i*1 by reason
 ( ! me?od (  its prep>ation1 usually ) 
an excessive quantity ( l>d or "s  o!r  
oil or fat1 is r5d]$ sometimes n only   
unpalatable b also  difficult (         
dige/ion4 ,9 a /ew$ condition or prep>$ 
9 "s  o!r unobjectionable mann] no      
adv]se criticism c be made ^u !  quality
 ( ! apple z an edible product4 ,x may  
also be pres]v$ 9  cans by /]ilization  
by ! process describ$ "u cann$ fruits4  
,9  ?is condition ! product is kn[n z   
8cann$ apples40 ,:5 prep>$  9 ?is way ! 
apples are (t5 flavor$ ) sug> &         

sometimes )  spices4    ,_m sugge/ions  
are (t5 giv5 z to ! prop] "t = eat+     
apples1 b x probably makes little       
diff]5ce1 s f> z _!  diet>y or hygi5ic  
"* is conc]n$1 :e!r !y are eat5  be=e or
 aft] meals or dur+ meals4 ,s9ce x is   
advisable1 z a  rule1 n to introduce    
into ! /oma* cont9ually fre% portions ( 
food1 x may be reg>d$ z safe advice to  
sugge/ t ! consumption  ( fruit be made 
practically a function ( ! meal & t x be
  n us$ indiscrim9ately1 load+ ! /oma*  
betwe5 meals )  additional quantities ( 
mat]ial :i* require dige/ion4      ,l5g?
 ( ,h>ve/4--,by select+ v>ieties t      
mature e>ly 9  ! summ]1 9 ! e>ly autumn1
 & 9 ! late autumn ! p]iod  = h>ve/+    
apples may be prolong$ 9 ! nor!rn /ates 
f  ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 
if ! diff]5t v>ieties are  prop]ly      
select$ = ! matur+ "t1 ! ripe apple c be
 (f]$  to ! m>kets fre% f ! tree dur+ ! 
entire season4 ,z a rule  ! lat] matur+ 
v>ieties are m palatable1 m aromatic1 & 
m nutriti\s ?an ^? t mature e>ly4       

,pectose ,cont5t ( ,apples4--,! juice ( 
apples l ! juice  ( _m o!r fruits has ! 
prop]ty ( coagulat+ to a solid or       
semi-solid mat]ial on boil+ to a prop]  
consi/5ce & all[+ to  /&4 ,x is due1    
ess5tially1 to ! exi/5ce ( pect9 or     
pectose  bodies z describ$ 9 !          
introduction on ! *apt] on fruits4 ,?is 
is a body alli$ to ! c>bohydrates & mu/ 
be reg>d$ z "o  ( ! ess5tial con/itu5ts 
( apples & z imp>t+ to !m a  *>act]i/ic 
flavor & quality4      ,pick+ & ,c>e (  
,apples4--,! greate/ difficulty exp]i5c$
 9  m>ket+ apples is 9 ! dang] ( bruis+ 
ei!r at ! "t (  pick+ or dur+           
transportation4 ,! apple :5 remov$ f !  
tree  /ill rema9s a liv+ organism ) all 
( its functional activities1  except    
additional gr[?1 cont9u+ 9 full p[]4 ,z 
a rule1 at !  "t ( pick+ ! apple is n   
yet mature1 & unless int5d$ =  imm$iate 
consumption ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 
t ! sk9  be n brok5 or ! fle% bruis$4   
,:]ev] ! fle% ( ! apple is  bruis$ x    
less5s its vitality & decay soon beg9s4 

,?is is %[n  v conclusively 9 ! /udies 9
 ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 :]e  x 0 f\nd t !
 />* :i* is /ill pres5t 9 apples at !   
"t ( pick+ is gradually conv]t$ into    
sug> dur+ ! /orage  ( ! apple1 ?us      
increas+ ! palatability ( ! fruit4 ,9 ^?
  p>ts ( ! fle% t h be5 bruis$ & !      
vitality impair$ !  />* rema9s un*ang$  
dur+ ! process ( rip5+4 ,by ! c>eful    
pick+ ( ! fruit & wrapp+ 9 s(t pap]s1 s 
z to prev5t  bruis+ 9 transit1 apples ( 
! prop] "* c be transport$  long        
di/ances1 ev5 beyond ! seas1 & arrive 9 
good condition4  ,?is is an especially  
important fact 9 ! ,am]ican product1    
because  our =eign trade 9 fre% apples  
is v l>ge & con/antly  gr[+4 ,x is      
useless to attempt to s5d a bruis$ or   
decay+ apple  on a long j\rney1 s9ce x w
 arrive 9 a condition unfit =           
consumption &1 fur!r ?an ?is1 !         
organisms :i* are active 9  decay are   
convey$ to ! s\nd fruit1 & ?us a :ole   
package may be  infect$ f a s+le apple 9
 bad condition4      ,/orage (          

,apples4--,! apple is a crop :i* is     
capable ( be+  /or$ ?r\gh _m mon?s1     
especially 9 w9t] "t1 )\t any  mat]ial  
det]ioration4 ,! subject ( ! /orage (   
apples has be5  c>efully /udi$ 9 !      
,bureau ( ,*emi/ry & ! ,bureau ( ,plant 
,indu/ry1 & ! foll[+ are "s ( !         
conclusions :i* h be5  rea*$3           
,tann9 ,pr9ciple4--,apples1 z is ! case 
) o!r fruits1 h a  notable cont5t (     
tann9 9 "s =m4 ,?is con/itu5t ( apples  
is  also active 9 giv+ flavor &         
palatability to ! product4 ,x is  n     
pres5t 9 quantities :i* r5d] ! apple    
unusually bitt] or  /yptic 9 its "*4    
,inasmu* z tann9 is practically a       
univ]sal  con/itu5t ( all vegetable     
sub/ances x mu/ n be neglect$ z  a      
normal con/itu5t ( fruit1 :ile "s ( !   
fruits1 especially  ! grape1 owe "s ( _!
 *ief *>act]i/ics z to flavor &         
palatability to _! tann9 cont5t4        
,prep>ation ( ,apples = ,dry+4--,!      
apples usually are br\ght to  ! l>ge    
factories 9 wagons or by railway & are  

p>$ & slic$  by ma*9]y4 ,:]e prop]      
control is ex]cis$ all ! imp]fect1      
rott51 & infect$ apples are reject$1 &  
are us$ ei!r =  cattle fe$+ or          
sometimes1 un=tunately1 9 cid] mak+4 ,! 
s\nd  apples1 aft] !y are p>$ & slic$1  
are plac$ 9 trays & pass$  to a sulfur+ 
app>atus :]e !y are expos$ to ! fumes ( 
burn+  sulfur to prev5t _! becom+ d>k ^u
 evaporation4 ,9 o!r  words x is        
ess5tially a blea*+ process4 ,! fumes ( 
sulfur are  also /rongly antiseptic 9   
"*1 & ?us ! f9i%$ product  is less      
likely to decay or become infect$ ) m\ld
 ?an a simil>  product n expos$ to !    
fumes ( sulfur4 ,?is process is         
ext5sively  practic$1 b its ext5t does n
 r5d] x immune f prop]  criticism4 ,(   
#bd samples ( evaporat$ fruits pur*as$  
on ! op5  m>ket #ac samples _h be5      
treat$ ) sulfur fumes4 ,?is %[s t  ov]  
#ej p]c5t ( evaporat$ fruits are sulfur$
 dur+ ! process  ( prep>ation &         
evaporation4 ,! great] numb] (          
physiological  & hygi5ic exp]ts agree t 

! fumes ( burn+ sulfur1 commonly  kn[n z
 sulfur\s acid1 are injuri\s to heal?4  
,x has be5 %[n by  rese>*es 9 ! ,bureau 
( ,*emi/ry t sulfur\s acid or sulfites  
h a specific influ5ce ^u ! r$ corpuscles
 ( ! blood1 t5d+  to dim9i% !m v l>gely 
9 relative numb]s4 ,?is acid has also   
_m o!r influ5ces ^u metabolism ( an     
objectionable "*4  ,! "q is "o wor?y ( v
 c>eful consid]ation--:e!r =  ! sake (  
pres]v+ a light color & secur+ immunity 
f m\ld  or decay x is advisable to      
introduce into a food product any       
quantity  :atev] ( a sub/ance injuri\s  
to heal?4 ,! answ] to ?is  "q seems     
almo/ unavoidable1 & x is1 & %\ld be1   
negative4  ,x is highly advisable t !   
manufactur] ( evaporat$ apples1 z  well 
z o!r fruits treat$ 9 a simil> mann]1   
%\ld at once beg9  a s]ies ( exp]im5tal 
det]m9ations = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+     
:e!r or n a product equally z palatable 
& m :olesome  _c be made )\t ! use (    
sulfur\s acid4 ,! result ( ?is          
inve/igation _c be d\bt$4 ,!re is no    

d\bt :atev]1 ev5 at  ! pres5t "t1 t by !
 elim9ation ( ! sulfur+ process  a      
product c be made :i* is f> m :olesome1 
al?\gh p]haps  n s pres5table z t :i* is
 n[ made4 ,if all manufactur]s (        
evaporat$ fruits practice ! same me?od  
!re c be no injury 9  ! m>ket z a result
 ( a d>k] color :i* ! f9i%$ product     
w\ld assume4 ,on ! contr>y ! consum] (  
?is product w\ld soon  und]/& t ! d>k]  
color 0 due to a m hygi5ic me?od (      
prep>ation1 & h5ce ! product w\ld be    
comm5d$ 9 su* a way  z d\btless to ent] 
m l>gely into consumption4 ,in/ead ( !  
manufactur] be+ injur$ by ! prohibition 
( ! use ( sulfur he  w\ld 9 a v %ort "t 
be greatly b5efit$4 ,x is hop$ t by  !  
means ( g5]al in=mation :i* is spread   
abroad conc]n+  matt]s ( ?is k9d among  
our p & also ?r\gh ! op]ations  (       
national & /ate laws ! use ( injuri\s   
sub/ances1 su* z  ! fumes ( burn+ sulfur
 9 connection ) food products1 may be   
entirely discont9u$4      ,dri$         
,apples4--,a v important indu/ry 9 ?is  

c\ntry is !  pres]vation ( apples by    
dry+ or evaporation4 ,! t]m 8dri$0      
apples is usually appli$ to ! product   
:i* is naturally dri$  by cutt+ ! apples
 into conv5i5t sizes & expos+ !m to  !  
action ( ! sun4 ,?is is m ( a dome/ic   
?an a comm]cial  indu/ry1 & until !     
introduction ( artificial dry+ 0        
practic$  v g5]ally by ! f>m]s' wives ( 
! c\ntry4 ,x 0 n an  unusual ?+ 9 !     
autumn to see ! ro(s ( smoke h\ses or   
kit*5s practically cov]$ ) slic$ apples 
expos$ to ! dry+  influ5ce ( ! autumnal 
sun4 ,9 su* cases c>e mu/ be ex]cis$    
always to h ! expos$ articles "u su*    
control z to enable  !m to be ga!r$ up &
 put away :5 ra9 is ?reat5+4 ,!  dri$   
apple is a :olesome fruit1 al?\gh       
some:at unattractive 9  appe>ance ow+ to
 ! d>k5+ ( ! surface dur+ ! long        
exposure necess>y to secure ! prop]     
degree ( evaporation4 ,:5  prop]ly      
prep>$ ! dri$ apple has its moi/ure     
cont5t r$uc$ to  approximately #cj p]c5t
 or less4      ,evaporat$ ,apples4--,!  

t]m 8evaporat$0 is appli$ to apples     
produc$ on ! same pr9ciple z 8dri$10 b  
in/ead ( be+ expos$  to ! heat ( ! sun  
!y are artificially dri$ by evaporation4
 ,?is  indu/ry has rea*$ a great        
magnitude 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ,wayne ,co41  
,new ,york1 especially1 may be reg>d$ z 
"o ( ! c5t]s ( !  evaporat+ indu/ry4    
,*]ries4--,! cultivat$ *]ry tree is     
believ$ by ,bailey &  ,p[ell to h be5   
d]iv$ f its ance/ral type1 ! s\r *]ry   
7,prunus c]asus ,l471 :i* is *>act]iz$  
by a diffuse &  mo/ly l[1 r\nd-head$    
gr[? ) fruit :i* is always r$1 )  s(t   
fle% & v s\r ta/e1 & f ! sweet *]ry     
7,prunus  avium ,l471 a tall gr[+ tree )
 ! b>k t5d+ to peel (f  9 bir*-l r+s & )
 v>i\sly color$ fruit1 sph]ical or      
he>t-%ap$1 ) ! fle% h>d or s(t & g5]ally
 sweet4 ,!re  are a great _m v>ieties ( 
^! trees4 ,! *]ry or*>d beg9s to  be>   
pr(itably at ab\t ! age ( five ye>s2 !  
trees (t5 live to  a great age & cont9ue
 to be> fruit4 ,records ( *]ry trees ov]
 a  hundr$ ye>s old are kn[n4 ,h[ev]1 x 

is believ$ t ab\t ?irty  ye>s is ! limit
 = pr(itable be>+4 ,*]ries gr[ 9 all    
p>ts  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,=m]ly ! crop 0
 a v important "o 9 !  ,ea/1 especially 
,new ,york1 b ( late ye>s ! ,cali=nia   
*]ries  h be5 m & m occupy+ ! m>ket4 ,z 
a rule ! ,cali=nia  *]ries are f9] 9    
appe>ance1 l>g]1 & fre] f worms &       
imp]fections1 & possess a flavor :i* is 
(t5 equal to t ( !  be/ flavor$ *]ries  
gr[n 9 ! ,ea/4      ,composition (      
,*]ries4--,:at has be5 said respect+ !  
v>iations 9 ! composition ( apples is   
applicable ) equal =ce  to *]ries4 ,9 ! 
foll[+ table is giv5 fir/ ! mean        
composition  ( six samples ( *]ries (   
,am]ican orig9 ) ! maximum &  m9imum4   
,foll[+ ?is is ! mean composition ( n9e 
samples (  =eign *]ries4                
----------------------------------------
-----------------                       
,,acidity                               
,,ex-   ,,pro-                          
,,no4 ,,(             ,,press$ ,,te9    
,,sam-  ,,total          ,,z    ,n      

,,total                                 
,,ples4,,solids4 ,,a%4  ,h,,s4          
#f4be4,,sug>s4                          
----------------------------------------
-----------------                       
,p]-,p]-  ,p]- ,p]-                     
c5t4c5t4 c5t4c5t4    ,am]ican orig93    
,av]age1              #bj4ac  4#ddc     
4#dcb  #a4dbe #aa4aj       ,maximum1    
#f   #ch4hd  4#eba   4#fje  #a4gbg      
#ab4ge       ,m9imum1                   
#aa4df  4#djc   4#cbh  #a4ajj  #h4ih    
,=eign orig93                           
,av]age1           #i   #ai4gd  4#gc    
4#ffe   4#fbj #aj4bd                    
----------------------------------------
-----------------    ,! data %[ t !     
av]age quantity ( insoluble matt] 9     
*]ries  is ab\t ! same :e!r ( ,am]ican  
or =eign orig94 ,! total  solids        
repres5t t "p ( ! *]ry :i* is n wat]1   
includ+  pr9cipally ! cellulose1 ! a%1 &
 ! prote94 ,! quantity (  prote91 z is  
se51 is q small1 ! av]age be+ a little  
less  ?an #a p]c5t4 ,! total sug>       

pres5t1 includ+ cane sug> &  r$uc+ sug>1
 is a little ov] #aa p]c5t4 ,!          
analytical table does  n give ! m9ute   
portions ( ess5tial oils1 e!real        
sub/ances1  & acids to :i* ! juice owes 
its di/9ctive flavor4                   
,v>ieties4--,!re are a great _m         
trade-names giv5 to diff]5t  v>ieties ( 
*]ries4 ,9 ,new ,york ! common v>ieties 
are ! ,black  ,t>t>ian1 ,black ,eagle1  
,napoleon1 ,yell[ ,spani%1 ,w9dsor1 ,may
 ,duke1  ,rob]t's ,r$ ,he>t1 ,gov]nor   
,wood1 ,e>ly ,ri*mond1 etc4    ,a great 
_m *]ry trees are also gr[n 9 ,i[a4 ,!  
v>ieties  mo/ priz$ 9 ,i[a are !        
,malaheb1 ! ,mazz>d1 ,wild ,bird ,*]ry1 
,s& ,*]ry1 ,am]ican ,morello1 ,russian  
,se$l+1 ,nor?we/1 ,du*ess  d',ang\lme1 &
 v _m o!rs4    ,9 ,virg9ia ! pr9cipal   
v>ieties1 9 addition to ^? m5tion$1  :i*
 are cultivat$1 are ! ,coe1 ,e>ly       
,purple1 ,kirtl& ,m>y1  ,rockport1      
,olivet1 ,philippe1 etc4    ,! *]ry owes
 "o ( its *ief values to ! fact t x is  
"o  ( ! fir/ or*>d fruits to rip54 ,9 ! 

vic9ity ( ,wa%+ton  *]ries rip5 9 ,may1 
& fur!r nor? n lat] ?an ,june4 ,!  *]ry1
 !re=e1 (f]s a delici\s & :olesome fruit
 e>ly 9 !  season1 & is ! precursor ( ! 
crops ( or*>d fruits :i* beg9  e>ly 9   
,may & la/ until ! fro/s ( autumn4 ,x is
 eat5 raw1  /ew$1 or 9 ! =m ( pie or    
pudd+4 ,= cook+ purposes x is  desirable
 t ! pit ( ! *]ry be remov$4            
,grapes4--,!re is no fruit m highly     
e/eem$ 9 ?is & o!r  c\ntries ?an grapes4
 ,! utilization ( grapes = w9e mak+ is  
res]v$ = discussion 9 ! companion volume
 to ! pres5t manual  devot$ to bev]ages4
 ,table grapes are gr[n ext5sively 9 ?is
  c\ntry 9 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,virg9ia1 
,miss\ri1 & ,cali=nia4 ,9  fact1 su*    
grapes are gr[n 9 almo/ e /ate1 b ^?    
m5tion$  embrace ! pr9cipal grape-gr[+  
di/ricts4 ,! ,catawba & ,delaw>e        
v>ieties are ! *ief products ( ! nor!rn 
v9ey>ds4 ,_m o!r  v>ieties are produc$ 9
 ,cali=nia1 su* z ! ,tokay1 ,muscat1 &  
,malaga1 :ile 9 ! ,s\? "o ( ! pr9cipal  
v>ieties is !  ,scupp]nong4 ,! olde/    

grape v9e kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is !   
orig9al ,scupp]nong /ock4    ,i am      
indebt$ to ,dr4 ,b4 ,w4 ,kilgore1 (     
,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c41 = !  foll[+          
description ( ! v9e & also = ,fig4 #dh4 
8,,! ,,scupp]nong ,,v9e ,,on ,,roanoke  
,,isl&1 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4      8,! old   
scupp]nong grape v9e on ,roanoke ,isl&  
is probably !    olde/ fruit+ plant 9   
,am]ica--c]ta9ly "o ( ! olde/ (    :i*  
!re is def9ite k4 ,a cle> record ( x    
beg9s 9    #agig1 :5 ! l& on :i* x 0    
gr[+ 0 pur*as$ by ,maurice    ,baum4    
,previ\s to 8 pur*ase no?+ def9ite is   
kn[n z to its    age or to :om x        
belong$1 save ! fact t x 0 !n a v old   
v9e1 z ,maurice ,baum 0 told by 8 fa!r t
 he _h eat5 grapes    f x :5 a boy4 ,f  
,maurice ,baum ! e/ate1 ( :i* !    v9e 0
 a "p1 desc5d$ to 8 daught]1 ,mahala1 & 
f h] to    ,b5jam9 ,f4 ,meek9s1 h] son1 
:o is ! pres5t own]4      8,! v9e is    
situat$ on ! nor!rn end & on ! ea/]n    
%ore    ( ! isl&1 ab\t two miles s\? ( !
 suppos$ site ( ,=t    ,raleigh4 ,x     

cov]s an area ( ab\t "o-f\r? ( an acre1 
& z f>    back z c be rememb]$ its gr[? 
has be5 /ation>y1 probably    due to a  
lack ( prop] tra9+ & inducem5t to       
spread4 ,! v9e    has five l>ge trunks  
av]ag+ two feet 9 circumf]5ce :i*    are
 indescribably gn>l$ & twi/$4 ,x is /ill
 vigor\s &    yields abundantly1 seem+ly
 unaffect$ by age 9 ?is respect4 ,a     
cons]vative e/imate ( its yield is an   
av]age ( sixty bu%els (    grapes a     
season40    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#dh4--,,scupp]nong ,,grape ,,v9e1       
,,roanoke  ,,isl&4--7,c\rtesy ,b4 ,w4   
,kilgore47    ,!re is no "p ( ! c\ntry1 
h[ev]1 t gr[s grapes s  abundantly z    
,cali=nia4 ,_m ?\s&s ( acres are cov]$ )
  v9es1 bo? = table use & w9e mak+4 ,!  
climate is rem>kably  well suit$ to     
produce a grape v ri* 9 sug>4 ,! edible 
grapes d  n h s high a cont5t ( sug> z  
^? us$ = w9e mak+1 z  is %[n by ! data  
bel[4      ,composition ( ,cali=nia     
,grapes 7?ree samples7 7edible portion73
      ,wat]1             #hj4ab p]c5t   

,prote91            #a4bf        ,sug>1 
#af4ej        ,pure a%1           #j4ej 
,fat1 fib]1 etc41   #a4fb        ,!     
prec$+ analyses are evid5tly ( grapes = 
table use4 ,! juice  ( ! w9e-mak+ grapes
 ( ,cali=nia1 accord+ to ! composition  
( ! w9e1 conta9s ab\t #bd p]c5t ( sug>s4
    ,! luxuri\s gr[? ( ! v9e 9 ,cali=nia
 is illu/rat$ by ,fig4  #di1 %[+ a sc5e 
9 a v9ey>d ne> ,fresno1 ,cali=nia4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,,v9ey>d     
,,ne> ,,fresno1                         
,,cali=nia4--7,photograph  by ,h4 ,w4   
,wiley47      ,pea*es4--,"o ( ! mo/     
valu$ or*>d fruits 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  is
 ! pea*4 ,! pea* is a tree :i* is       
p>ticul>ly s5sitive to  ! environm5t 9  
respect ( be>+ a crop4 ,9 _m localities 
:]e  pea*es h once be5 valuable !y h    
ceas$ to produce ) any  regul>ity1 :i*  
r5d]s ! plant+ ( an or*>d inadvisable4  
,!  pr9cipal dang] 9 ! pea* tree is !   
too e>ly bloom+ & !  exposure ( ! t5d]  
fruit to late fro/s4 ,! pea* tree is    
also  subject to _m =ms ( disease1 "o ( 

:i*1 namely1 ! yell[s1  has baffl$ up to
 ! pres5t "t ! ef=ts ( ! exp]ts to      
diagnose & treat4 ,9 plant+ a pea* or*>d
 exp]i5ce has %[n  t x is well to plant 
! trees ^u high gr\nd or ^u ! sides  (  
hills4 ,by be+ plac$ on high gr\nd ne>  
deep rav9es x has be5  f\nd t ! *ill+ ( 
! air1 :i* w\ld naturally come )  fro/s1
 makes ! air heavi]1 s t x rolls d[n    
into ! valleys1  replac+ ! air on !     
hills ) fre% portions un*ill$ & ?us     
protect+ ! high gr\nd f fro/ :ile ! l[  
gr\nd is *ill$  bel[ ! freez+ po9t4     
,ev]yone mu/ h notic$1 especially 9  !  
autumn at ! "t ( ! fir/ fro/s1 t !      
vegetation 9  l[ ly+ l& is usually kill$
 be=e t on ! adjac5t hills4  ,! peculi> 
susceptibility ( ! pea* tree to !       
environm5t  m5tion$ above has           
practically conf9$ ! culture ( pea*es to
  c]ta9 def9ite localities1 z = in/ance 
to ,mi*igan1 ,connecticut1  ,delaw>e1   
,m>yl&1 ,t5nessee1 & ,georgia4 ,! dang] 
( late fro/s  ( c\rse does n atta* to ! 
pea* tree gr[n 9 ,cali=nia &  simil>ly  

situat$ localities4 ,at ! pres5t "t     
,georgia is probably  ! mo/ important   
pea*-gr[+ /ate 9 ! ,union1 bo? on acc\nt
 (  ! reasonable c]ta9ty ( ! crop & also
 because ( ! e>ly date  at :i* ! pea* c 
rea* ! m>kets ( ! l>ge cities ( !  ea/ &
 c5tral portions ( our c\ntry4    ,_m   
attempts h be5 made to protect ! pea*   
tree aga9/ !  dang] ( premature blossom+
 & consequ5t exposure to ! late  fro/s4 
,9 ! cultivation ( ! trees x has be5    
desirable to secure  a v>iety :i* blooms
 z late 9 ! spr+ z possible4 ,! build+  
( fires ar\nd a pea* or*>d 9 ! spr+ :5 a
 fro/ is imm95t  has sometimes protect$ 
! or*>d f disa/]4 ,?is process is  kn[n 
z smudg+4 ,ano!r me?od ( protect+ !     
trees f !  dang] ( late fro/s is by     
:itewa%+4 ,! colors :i* absorb heat  mo/
 readily are black & purple4 ,:ite is "o
 ( ! be/ protections  by reason ( its   
reflective p[]4 ,a :itewa%+ ( ! bran*es 
(  ! trees & 9 fact ( all ! tree has be5
 practic$ ) "s  success z ret>d+ ! e>ly 
bloom ( ! buds4 ,elaborate /udies (  ?is

 me?od ( treatm5t h be5 c>ri$ on by !   
,miss\ri /ation1  & x has be5 develop$ t
 !re is a consid]able diff]5ce  betwe5 !
 temp]ature ( :itewa%$ & un:itewa%$ pea*
 twigs4  ,! :itewa% is !re=e recomm5d$ z
 a means ( ret>d+ !  developm5t ( !     
buds4 ,! :itewa%$ trees bloom f a week  
to  t5 days lat] ?an ^? :i* are n ?us   
treat$4 ,x is reasonably  c]ta9 t by    
means ( ?is k9d or by cultivation a pea*
 tree may  be produc$ 9 any giv5        
locality :i* w put =? its buds f  a week
 to t5 days lat] ?an ! normal p]iod (   
bloom+ 9 t  neighborhood4 ,9 regions :]e
 ! w9t]s are sev]e1 ! developm5t  ( !   
tree 9 ! e>ly spr+ may also be prev5t$  
by plac+ /raw  r\nd ab\t x :5 ! gr\nd is
 froz54 ,! /raw protects ! froz5  gr\nd 
f rapid ?aw+ & ?us delays ! developm5t (
 ! buds4  ,! v>ieties ( pea* trees are  
legion1 & x is useless to try to  "n !m 
"h4 ,"s ( ! v>ieties mo/ priz$ 9        
,georgia are !  ,bi%op1 ,*ampion1       
,craw=d's ,e>ly1 ,*9ese ,free1 ,crimson 
,beauty1  ,crosby1 etc4                 

,composition ( ! ,pea*4--,naturally1 !  
pea* v>ies greatly 9  its composition   
accord+ to ! v>iety1 environm5t1 & g5]al
  accid5tal conditions4 ,its *ief       
*>act]i/ics1 ( c\rse1 are !  acid :i* x 
conta9s1 its sug> cont5t1 & ! ta/e &    
aroma due  to ! ess5tial oils1 e!rs1    
etc41 :i* are develop$ ) prop]  delicacy
 9 ! fruit4 ,! pea* also has a di/9ct   
flavor associat$  ) small quantities (  
hydrocyanic acid4 ,?is poison\s comp\nd 
is develop$ 9 consid]able quantities 9 !
 k]nel ( ! fruit1  & !re are suffici5t  
traces ( ! flavor above m5tion$ 9 !     
fruit itself to give a di/9ct &         
*>act]i/ic ta/e4 ,! mean  composition ( 
"s ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( pea*es is giv5
  bel[3      ,wat]1                     
#hh4a p]c5t    ,prote91                 
4#g        ,fat1                        
4#a        ,a%1                         
4#g        ,sug> & o!r c>bohydrates1    
#aj4h          ,free & ,cl+             
,pea*4--,pea*es may be divid$ into two  
great classes  9 respect ( p]si/5ce )   

:i* ! fle% adh]es to ! pit  ( ! fruit4  
,pea*es 9 :i* ! fle% is sep>at$ easily f
  ! pit1 leav+ ! ext]nal surface ( ! pit
 dry & clean1 are  call$ free/ones1 :ile
 9 ! o!r v>iety1 :]e ! fle% is  firmly  
atta*$ to ! pit & on ! removal ( ! fle% 
a portion  adh]es !reto1 ! t]m 8cl+/one0
 is appli$4 ,!re is probably no         
diff]5ce 9 ! value ( ! two v>ieties1 b  
by reason ( ! ease  ) :i* ! free/one    
pea* c be utiliz$ = eat+ & cook+        
purposes x is sometimes pref]r$4        
,s9ce ! developm5t ( rapid means (      
transportation & !  effective mann] (   
cold /orage ! pea* is expos$ 9 ! city   
m>kets f e>ly spr+ to late autumn4 ,!   
pea*es 9 ,florida are  ready = ! m>ket 9
 ,may & 9 ,georgia f ,june on1 :ile 9 ! 
nor? ! pea* rip5s at lat] p]iods up to  
,octob]4 ,9 fact 9 !  nor? ! late pea*es
 are e/eem$ z bett] 9 flavor & quality1 
& especially suitable = cann+ & pres]v+ 
purposes4      ,uses ( ! ,pea*4--,pea*es
 are p]haps ! mo/ e/eem$ ( all !  common
 fruits = eat+ purposes4 ,on ! table !  

slic$ pea*es )  sug> & cream is a common
 di% ?r\gh ! :ole summ] 9 almo/  e "p ( 
! c\ntry4 ,pea* cobbl] 7a deep pie7 &   
pea* pudd+  are di%es :i* are highly    
e/eem$4      ,plums4--7,native ,plums47 
,! foll[+ data repres5t ! mean          
composition ( ?ree samples ( ,cali=nia  
plums3      ,total solids1  #ba4fj p]c5t
    ,a%1             4#eb               
,acidity1        #a4jj        ,prote91  
4#dj        ,total sug>s1  #ac4be       
,! plums import$ f ,japan & ! hybrids   
produc$ !refrom  are consid]$ ( high]   
value ?an ! native plum4 ,! ,japan plum 
7,prunus triflora7 has be5 introduc$    
into ?is c\ntry = _m  ye>s4 ,!y are l>g]
 & h&som] & h bett] %ipp+ qualities  ?an
 ^? ( native orig91 except p]haps 9 a   
few cases4 ,! trees  are also less      
subject to t great enemy ( ! plum1 !    
curculio1  ?an ! native plum4 ,( ! plum 
trees gr[n 9 ,georgia ! v>ieties  (     
native trees :i* are recomm5d$ are !    
,clif=d & ! ,wild]1  ( ,japan trees !   
,lutts1 ,r$ ,june1 ,abundance1 & ,*abot1

 & ( !  hybrid v>ieties1 ! ,wickson4    
,plums 9 ,georgia mature f ! fir/  (    
,june until ! middle ( ,july4 ,fur!r    
nor? ! date ( maturity  is lat]4 ,!     
plum1 z well z ! *]ry1 fl\ri%es         
especially 9  ,cali=nia1 :i* is m fam\s 
= ^! fruits ?an any o!r /ate4           
,qu9ce4--,! qu9ce is a fruit :i* is n v 
ext5sively us$  raw1 b is valu$ *iefly z
 a pres]ve4 ,! qu9ce fl\ri%es 9         
localities t produce good apples1 b !   
magnitude ( ! crop is  v re/rict$ z     
comp>$ ) apples4      ,,small ,,fruits4 
,blackb]ries 7,rubus nigrobaccus v>4    
,sativus ,bailey74--,among !  small     
fruits "o ( ! mo/ common & abundant is !
 blackb]ry4  ,?is fruit gr[s wild ov]   
l>ge areas 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 mo/ly 9  !
 middle portion betwe5 ! extreme nor? & 
s\?4 ,! bri] on  :i* x gr[s is an annual
 plant1 spr++ ea* ye> f ! roots  & dy+  
aft] be>+ fruit4 ,! plant is v l>gely   
cultivat$1  be>+ l>g] & m pres5table    
b]ries1 b ga9+ no?+ 9  flavor &         
palatability4 ,! b]ries are g5]ally     

black :5 fully  ripe1 ?\gh r$ dur+ !    
rip5+ /age & sometimes :5 mature4  ,!y  
are eat5 raw1 /ew$1 & 9 pies or         
8cobbl]s40 ,! b]ry is  ext5sively us$ = 
mak+ jams1 jellies1 & pres]ves1 & =     
cann+ purposes4 ,! juice ( ! b]ry is us$
 = mak+ a w9e1  usually ) ! admixture ( 
sug>4 ,blackb]ry cordial is blackb]ry   
juice pres]v$ 9 :isky or br&y4          
,dewb]ry4--,?is is a v>iety ( blackb]ry 
9 :i* ! v9es lie on  ! gr\nd in/ead (   
/&+ upright4 ,"s ( ! dewb]ries possess  
unusual fragrance & palatability4 ,9 o!r
 respects !y con=m to  ! /atem5ts relat+
 to blackb]ries4      ,gooseb]ry 7,ribes
 oxyacan?oides ,l474--,! gooseb]ry      
resembles  v closely ! currant 9 its    
g5]al prop]ties4 ,9 ! ,european         
gooseb]ry ! surface is cov]$ ) prickles1
 b ! ,am]ican  v>iety is smoo?4 ,!      
gooseb]ry bu% is f\nd 9 mo/ g>d5s1      
af=d+ a fruit ( high condim5tal value4  
,! fruit is eat5 raw1  b pr9cipally 9   
pies & z pres]ves4      ,huckleb]ry     
7,gaylussacia res9osa ,torr4 &          

,gray74--,! fruit  ( ! huckleb]ry bu% is
 us$ v ext5sively = mak+ pies1          
especially 9 ! nor!a/]n p>ts ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4 ,!re  are _m v>ieties ( ! b]ry  
on ! m>kets4 ,! blueb]ry is "o  v>iety t
 is v abundant4 ,! t]m :ortleb]ry is    
also appli$ to  ?is fruit4      ,mulb]ry
 7,morus nigra74--,! mulb]ry gr[s wild  
ov] ext5sive  areas 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  
especially 9 ! ,ohio valley4 ,x is a    
tree valu$ highly = its wood1 :i* is    
la/+ & excell5t =  f5ce-po/s4 ,! b]ries 
rip5 e>ly 9 ! summ] or late 9 !  spr+ & 
are us$ z food to a limit$ ext5t4       
,raspb]ry 7,rubus /rigosus ,mi*x474--,! 
raspb]ry is ne>ly  relat$ to ! blackb]ry
 9 all ( its *>act]s4 ,x is *iefly a    
cultivat$ plant1 be+ less h>dy ?an !    
blackb]ry1 & !re=e  n gr[+ wild to su*  
an ext5t4 ,! fruit matures j be=e  !    
blackb]ry1 & is usually ( a r$ color & (
 a pleasant  *>act]i/ic ta/e4           
,/rawb]ry 7,frag>ia ,*ilo5sis           
,ehrh474--,= edible purposes 9 its  fre%
 /ate ! /rawb]ry is ! mo/ important ( ! 

small fruits4  ,x is (f]$ on ! m>kets at
 all seasons ( ! ye>--rip5+ 9  ! w9t] "t
 9 ,florida & ,cali=nia & com+ into !   
m>kets  9 ! late summ] 9 ! nor!rn &     
nor!a/]n /ates4 ,x gr[s  on v9es ly+ on 
! gr\nd & rip5s e>ly 9 ! spr+ 9 !       
latitude ( ,wa%+ton1 viz41 f ab\t !     
middle ( ,may4 ,x is eat5  raw--(t5 )   
sug> & cream--m ext5sively ?an any o!r  
small  fruit4 ,! wild /rawb]ry is n s   
l>ge z ! cultivat$ v>iety1  b is m      
highly priz$ = its aroma & ta/e4        
,composition ( ,small ,fruits4--        
,,sug>1                                 
,,/>*                     ,,wat]4       
,,prote94    ,,fat4      ,,etc4         
,,a%4                    ,p]c5t4        
,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4  ,p]c5t4      
,blackb]ries1    #hf4c       #a4c       
#a4j      #aj4i       #j4e              
,cranb]ries1     #hh4i       #j4d       
#j4f       #i4i       #j4b              
,huckleb]ries1   #ha4i       #j4f       
#j4f      #af4f       #j4c              
,raspb]ries1     #hd4a       #a4g       

#a4j      #ab4f       #j4f              
,/rawb]ries1    #he4i       #j4i        
#j4f       #g4j       #j4f              
,,tropical ,,& ,,subtropical ,,fruits4  
7,bullet9 #hg1 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry47     
,anona4--,?is is a v>iety ( edible fruit
 gr[n 9 ! tropics1  especially 9 ,cuba1 
b on acc\nt ( its re/rict$ production is
  ( little importance4 ,!re are ?ree    
v>ieties1 kn[n z foll[s3  ,sweet-sop    
7anona7 7,anona squamosa ,l471 s\r-sop  
7guanabana7 7,anona  muricata ,l471 &   
cu/>d apple 7*irimoya7 7,anona          
reticulata ,l474  ,! s\r-sop is a gre51 
irregul>-%ap$1 pod-l fruit1 v>y+  f #c  
in*es to #ab in*es 9 l5g? & ab\t        
two-?irds z broad  ne> ! top1 & curv+ to
 a blunt po9t at ! l[] end4 ,! sk9  is  
?ick & cov]$ ) num]\s small1 hook$      
bri]s4 ,! pulp has  ! appe>ance ( wet   
cotton & surr\nds ! num]\s se$ sacs     
conta9+ ! small br[n se$s4 ,a fibr\s    
core runs ?r\gh ! fruit  f ! /em to !   
l[] po9t4 ,! fruit weighs f #c4e ounces 
to  #b4b p\nds4 ,! flavor is acid1 b n  

too mu* s4 ,?is fruit is  m ext5sively  
us$ 9 ! manufacture ( cool+ bev]ages ?an
  directly z a food1 b x is also us$ v  
ext5sively = mak+  pres]ves4 ,!         
sweet-sop resembles ! s\r-sop 9 g5]al   
"*1  b does n atta9 by any means to s   
l>ge a size4 ,! fruit is  he>t-%ap$ &   
deeply creas$4 ,! pulp conta9s m sug> & 
less  acid ?an t ( ! s\r-sop4 ,?is      
v>iety is eat5 fre% & is also  us$ =    
flavor+ bev]ages1 b is n ext5sively us$ 
= mak+  pres]ves4 ,! ?ird v>iety1 kn[n z
 ! cu/>d apple1 v>ies 9  color f light  
gre5 to r$di% br[n1 & is %ap$ some?+ l  
a /rawb]ry4 ,x has a ?ick sk9 & black   
se$s1 & a pulp v  simil> to t (         
sweet-sop 9 flavor4 ,x is eat5 *iefly   
raw1 & is  n v ext5sively us$ 9 !       
manufacture ( pres]ves4                 
,composition ( ! ,s\r- & ,sweet-sop     
,v>ieties4--                            
----------------------------------------
----------           ,,edible           
,,total                                 
,,portion4,,solids4,,sug>4 ,,prote94    

,,a%4 ,,acidity4                        
----------------------------------------
----------            ,p]-   ,p]-  ,p]- 
,p]-  ,p]-  ,p]-           c5t4  c5t4   
c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4                     
----------------------------------------
----------    ,s\r-                     
sop1   #gb4cj   #ai4jc  #ac4jg   #a4fe  
4#da     4#ea    ,sweet-                
sop1   #cj4jj   #bh4aj  #aj4jg   #b4ac  
4#ib     4#bj                           
----------------------------------------
----------    ,! above analyses %[ t !  
anona is a fruit :i* has ab\t half  !   
nutritive value ( ! banana4 ,x has a mu*
 l>g] p]c5tage (  wa/e1 especially !    
sweet-sop v>iety1 :]e ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s (
  ! fruit is n edible4      ,anona      
,pres]ves4--,! anona pres]ves %\ld be   
made exclusively  ) sug> & ?us h ! "* ( 
! fruit modifi$ only by  ! am\nt ( sug> 
add$4 ,9 "o sample ( pres]ves analyz$ ! 
foll[+ data 7 obta9$3      ,total       
solids1  #ed4cc p]c5t    ,total sug>1   
#di4ff        ,prote91         4#gc     

,a%1             4#dc        ,acidity1  
4#ai        ,! above data %[ t ! natural
 con/itu5ts ( ! fruit h  be5 dim9i%$ 9  
quantity 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( sug> 
add$4      ,! ,avocado 7,p]sea          
p]sea74--,! avocado is a fruit :i* has  
only lately be5 introduc$ into ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4 ,its common "n is  alligator pe>
 & x is already v highly priz$4    ,!   
cultivation ( ! alligator pe> 0 fir/    
und]tak5 z a  novelty1 & its real value 
z a dess]t fruit is only beg9n+ to be   
appreciat$4 ,x is evid5t t ?is fruit w h
 a great vogue 9  ! ne> future1 & w be 9
 mu* dem& z soon z its production  is on
 a scale :i* makes x accessible to ! p (
 ord9>y  means4 ,! edible "p ( ! fruit  
is a sweet1 s(t sub/ance )  an agreeable
 ta/e & ( a semi-solid consi/5ce4 ,x has
 a nutty &  peculi> flavor :i* is highly
 priz$4    ,9 ! regions :]e ! alligator 
pe> is gr[n x is (t5 us$ 9  ! raw /ate  
or aft] hav+ be5 treat$ ) a little salt4
 ,x is  highly priz$ :5 s]v$ 9 ?is      
mann]4 ,x is also (t5 cut into  small   

pieces & put into s\p & is said to give 
a mo/ agreeable  odor & flavor !reto4 ,!
 ripe fruit has diff]5t colors2 x may be
  gre51 yell[1 br[n or d>k purple or a  
comb9ation ( any ( ^!  colors4 ,!       
alligator pe> is p>ticul>ly valu$ z a   
salad fruit4      ,composition ( !      
,avocado4--      ,wat]1                 
#ha4aj p]c5t    ,prote91                
#a4jj        ,fat1               #aj4bj 
,/>* & sug>1   #f4hj        ,a%1        
4#ij        ,! above data %[ t !        
alligator pe> is n a fruit :i* is  v    
highly nutriti\s4 ,its pr9ciple nutri5t 
is fat1 ! next mo/  important be+ />* & 
sug>1 b x is extremely defici5t 9       
prote91 & !re=e c\ld n be reg>d$ z a    
balanc$ ration4 ,its  pr9ciple value1   
!re=e1 is mo/ly on acc\nt ( its         
condim5tal  prop]ties r ?an = its       
nutri5ts4 ,bullet9s #fa & #gg ( !       
,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,dep>tm5t (  
,agriculture1 give important  in=mation 
reg>d+ ! avocado4 ,! accompany+         
illu/ration is  tak5 f ,bullet9 #gg1    

above m5tion$4    ,f ! am\nt ( fat 9 !  
alligator pe> x might be reg>d$ z  a nut
 in/ead ( a fruit1 b its paucity (      
nitrog5\s con/itu5ts  excludes x f t    
category4      ,bananas 7,musa74--,"o ( 
! mo/ abundant & mo/ important (  !     
tropical fruits1 = food purposes1 is !  
banana4 ,! banana  is n gr[n to any     
ext5t = food purposes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
  ?\gh x is produc$ on a limit$ scale 9 
s\!rn ,florida4 ,imm5se  quantities (   
bananas come into ?is c\ntry f ! ,c5tral
 ,am]ican  /ates1 p>ticul>ly f          
,guatemala & ,nic>agua4 ,?is fruit c be 
l&$ at ,new ,orleans at v small exp5se =
 transportation1 & =  ?is reason c be   
di/ribut$ all ov] ! c\ntry at a price   
:i*  looks to be ridicul\sly small :5 x 
is consid]$ t ! fruit  comes f s great a
 di/ance4 ,x is also s5t 9 l>ge         
quantities  to o!r ports1 notably ,new  
,york1 ,bo/on1 & ,baltimore4 ,= %ipp+   
purposes ! banana is ga!r$ :ile /ill    
gre51 & (t5 !  rip5+ has n rea*$ ! /age 
:5 ! ord9>y yell[ color  :i* *>act]izes 

! ripe fruit is se5 :5 x rea*es ! m>kets
  9 ! c5t] ( ! c\ntry4 ,! banana is n   
only valu$ = its  peculi> flavor1 :i* is
 pleasant & sweet1 sometimes almo/ too  
mu*  s1 b x also has a high nutritive   
value1 be+ a sub/ance ri* 9             
c>bohydrates & gr[+ 9 su* abundance t   
its price is )9  ! rea* ( ! poore/      
classes4 ,great quantities ( bananas are
 also  gr[n 9 ,cuba1 b !y are mo/ly     
consum$ by ! native population1  =m+ "o 
( ! pr9cipal foods ( ! isl&4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,,avocado   
,,tree4--7,c\rtesy ,dep>tm5t (          
,agriculture47    ,! banana has p]haps  
less wa/e ?an almo/ any o!r fruit1 z  ! 
:ole ( ! inn] portion is edible4 ,9 !   
gre5 fruit !re  is a l>ge proportion (  
/>*1 :i* gradually *anges into inv]t    
sug> 9 ! ripe fruit4 ,9 ?or\ghly mature 
bananas ! quantity (  sug> is relatively
 high & ! quantity ( />* correspond+ly  
l[4 ,bananas are n only eat5 raw b also 
fri$ & 9 v>i\s  o!r =ms4 ,! banana is a 
fruit :i*1 :5 prop]ly c>$ =1  c be      

transport$ ov] long di/ances & kept = a 
long "t4 ,:5  prop]ly prep>$ ! banana   
=ms a nutriti\s diet1 probably equal  9 
value to ! same am\nt ( solid matt]     
conta9$ 9 ! common  fre% fruits4 ,"o    
hundr$ grams may be tak5 z ! av]age     
weight  ( ! banana1 al?\gh "s ( !m are v
 mu* l>g]4 ,ab\t #gj  p]c5t ( ! banana  
is edible & #cj p]c5t in$ible1 t is1 !  
sk91 :i* :ile n :olly in$ible is usually
 reject$4 ,! banana  is ess5tially a    
c>bohydrate food1 ! p]c5tage ( prote9 n 
usually ris+ above #a4c4 ,ne>ly all !   
c>bohydrates 9 ! ripe  fruit consi/ (   
sug>s :i* are pres5t bo? z r$uc+ & z    
cane  sug>s4 ,! av]age total p]c5tage ( 
sug> pres5t 9 ! banana is  a little ov] 
#bj4    ,! composition ( ! banana is %[n
 9 ! foll[+ table :i*  conta9s ! data ( 
analyses ( two samples b\ght 9 ! op5    
m>ket  9 ,wa%+ton4                      
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
,,edible    ,,solids4    ,,total        
,,prote94    ,,a%4                      

,,portion4             ,,sug>s4         
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4     
,sample #a1  #fb4aj     #bf4ac          
#ba4ga      #a4ac       4#hd    ,sample 
#b1  #fd4ej     #bf4bd     #ba4gf       
#a4ba       4#hf                        
----------------------------------------
-------------------    ,! analytical    
data 7 obta9$ ^u ! edible portion & n ^u
  ! :ole fruit4    ,! bananas :i* are   
import$ f ,jamaica & ,c5tral ,am]ica are
  repres5t$ by ! analyses giv5 above4   
,!y are commonly kn[n z  ! ,johnson     
banana4 ,small] fruits ) bett] flavors  
are gr[n 9  ,cuba1--"s ( !m are ( a r$  
color l ! oronoco & colorado4  ,!       
indiano is a l>ge1 yell[1 angul> fruit )
 a salmon-color$  pulp & a r            
disagreeable acid flavor4    ,) ref]5ce 
to ! banana z a food product x is se5 t1
  includ+ ! />* & dige/ible cellulose1 x
 consi/s ( at lea/  #be p]c5t1 9 its    
edible portion1 ( c>bohydrates suitable 

= food  purposes4 ,its l[ cont5t (      
prote9 indicates t x is n a well        
balanc$ ration1 b %\ld be eat5 9        
connection ) beans1 peas1  or o!r       
vegetables ri* 9 prote91 or ) lean meat 
9 ord] to  secure a prop] quantity (    
prote9 9 ! diet4    ,on acc\nt ( ! great
 abundance ( ! product & luxuriance (   
gr[? 9 ! ,c5tral ,am]ican /ates1 x is   
evid5t t ! banana  might become a       
pr(itable s\rce ( indu/rial alcohol 9 t 
locality4      ,ca%ew 7,m>anon7         
7,anac>dium occid5tale74--,! ca%ew1 (   
:i*  ! pr9cipal habitat is ,cuba1 is a  
small1 oddly %ap$1 yell[ &  r$ fruit f  
two to ?ree in*es long & f  to two in*es
  9 diamet] at ! bottom1 decreas+       
gradually 9 diamet] t[>d  ! top4 ,! se$ 
is small & kidney-%ap$ & gr[s outside ( 
!  fruit at ! l[] end4 ,! se$ is reg>d$ 
z poison\s until x has  be5 roa/$1 due  
probably to ! pres5ce ( hydrocyanic     
acid4 ,aft]  roa/+ x is reg>d$ z a      
delectable edible4 ,! meat ( ! se$ (  ! 
ca%ew resembles ! roa/$ *e/nut1 b       

conta9s m oil4 ,!  pulp is ( a dull     
yell[ color1 is t\gh & v juicy1 ) an    
acid  a/r+5t flavor & a disagreeable    
odor4 ,! fruit is n eat5 raw  b *iefly 9
 pres]ves4 ,! composition ( ! ca%ew is  
%[n 9 !  foll[+ table3      ,composition
 ( ,edible ,portion--#he4i p]c5t4--     
,solids1  #ab4hd p]c5t    ,sug>1        
#f4gf        ,acid1      4#ca           
,a%1       4#cf        ,! composition is
 some:at l t ( ! hicaco1 b ! ca%ew      
conta9s a l>g] proportion ( acid & h5ce 
is bett] suit$ =  pres]ves4 ,! sample ( 
ca%ew pres]ves exam9$ _h ! foll[+       
composition3      ,solids1   #ga4bb     
p]c5t    ,sug>1    #ff4hi               
,prote91    4#bf        ,acidity1       
4#jh        ,a%1        4#ad            
,citrus ,fruits4--,! t]m 8citrus fruit0 
is appli$ to t class  ( fruits repres5t$
 by ! orange1 lemon1 grape fruit1 &     
lime4  ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ext5sive areas
 are devot$ to ! production  ( citrus   
fruits1 & x is claim$ by connoisseurs t 
"s ( !  be/ v>ieties gr[n any:]e 9 ! _w 

are ! products ( ?is  c\ntry4 ,florida &
 s\!rn ,cali=nia are two localities :]e 
! developm5t ( ! citrus fruit indu/ry   
has be5 c>ri$ to !  greate/ ext5t4 ,!   
ph5om5ally cold w9t] :i* occurr$ 9      
,florida  "s t5 ye>s ago almo/ ru9$ !   
citrus fruit indu/ry 9 t  /ate = ! "t   
be+4 ,9 ! re/abli%m5t ( x ! c5t] (      
production has be5 ext5d$ f>!r s\? ?an x
 0 be=e4 ,x  is believ$ t at ! pres5t "t
 ! indu/ry has be5 ext5d$  suffici5tly  
f> s\? 9 ! ,florida p59sula to avoid any
 repetition  ( ! great disa/] :i* ru9$ !
 citrus groves 9 c]ta9  portions ( !    
/ate at ! "t m5tion$4 ,! climate ( s\!rn
  ,cali=nia is m equable1 & no injury   
has ev] be5 exp]i5c$ 9  t location f v  
l[ temp]ature4 ,9 ,florida ! oranges are
  cultivat$ )\t irrigation1 :ile 9 s\!rn
 ,cali=nia irrigation  is univ]sally    
practic$4 ,! seasonal conditions are    
!re=e "u  bett] control 9 ,cali=nia ?an 
9 ,florida4    ,illu/ration3 ,,dry+     
,,figs      #a4 ,,smyrna          #c4   
,,adriatic    #b4 ,,smyrna ,,section    

#d4 ,,adriatic ,,section    ,f ,ye>book1
 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 #ahig   
,figs 7,ficus c>ica ,l474--,! fig is a  
fruit :i* is well kn[n 9  biblical &    
pr(ane hi/ory4 ,toge!r ) ! grape x is ! 
fruit  :i* is mo/ (t5 m5tion$ 9 !       
,bible4    ,! importance ( ! fig z a    
fruit & food is recogniz$ 9 all  ! e>li]
 writ+s1 bo? sacr$ & pr(ane4 ,:5 dri$ & 
press$  into conv5i5t =ms x is a food   
:i* c be easily transport$1  & makes a  
ration well suit$ to supply heat &      
en]gy1 al?\gh  defici5t 9 nitrog5 9 s f>
 z a complete ration is conc]n$4  ,! fig
 tree is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 all     
localities :]e !  temp]ature p]mits its 
gr[?4 ,x gr[s 9 ! op5 9 ! :ole  s\!rn "p
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,i h se5 fig trees
 ( l>ge  size gr[ 9 ! y>d z f> nor? z   
,wa%+ton4    ,! fig tree gr[s           
luxuriantly & to a great size 9         
,cali=nia1 &  ! fruit1 bo? fre% & dri$1 
is ( sup]ior excell5ce4 ,a typical      
illu/ration ( a ,cali=nia fig tree is   
%[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4    ,! ,smyrna fig has  

lately be5 introduc$ into ! s\!rn &     
we/]n  "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) great     
success4 ,x gr[s especially well  9 !   
s\!rn "p ( ,cali=nia & ,arizona4 ,!     
,smyrna fig is "o  ( ! v>ieties :i*     
requires f]tilization ( ! fl[] ?r\gh !  
m$iation ( an insect4 ,?is process is   
call$ caprification4 ,al?\gh  ?is v>iety
 ( fig has only be5 introduc$ into      
,cali=nia to any  ext5t 9 ! la/ five or 
six ye>s1 ! gr[? ( ?is mo/ highly       
e/eem$ v>iety has s increas$ t at !     
pres5t "t ! output  ( ,cali=nia alone   
am\nts to ab\t twelve million p\nds p]  
annum4  ,! ,smyrna & ,adriatic figs1 us$
 l>gely = dry+ & pres]v+  purposes1 are 
se5 9 _! natural colors 9 ! app5d$      
color$  plate4      ,composition ( ,fre%
 ,figs 7,edible ,portion74--      ,wat]1
             #gi4aa p]c5t    ,prote91   
#a4eb        ,sug>1             #ae4ec  
,pure a%1            4#eh        ,fat1  
fib]1 etc41   #c4bf                     
,composition ( ,dri$ ,figs4--           
,wat]1            #bh4gh p]c5t    ,total

 sug>1      #ea4dc        ,acid z malic1
      4#ga        ,prote91              
#c4eh        ,e!r extract1     #a4bg    
,cellulose1 etc41   #e4bi        ,crude 
fib]1       #f4ai        ,a%1           
#b4ge        ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#ea4--;,,fig ,,tree ,,?irty ,,feet      
,,high ,,ne> ,,yuba1                    
,,cali=nia4--7,photograph by ,h4 ,w4    
,wiley47    ,! int]e/+ process (        
caprification is ?us describ$ by        
,pr(essor  ,hugh ,n4 ,/>nes ( ! ,georgia
 ,exp]im5t ,/ation3    8,9 ! base or    
false ov>y ( ! gall fl[]s1 :i* are m]ely
  deg5]ate pi/illates1 ! egg ( !        
,bla/ophaga grossorum or fig  wasp--a   
m9ute insect--is deposit$ & develops to 
maturity4 ,!  w+less males em]ge fir/ &1
 ) _! p[]ful m&ibles1 cut  into ! fl[]s 
conta9+ ! female wasps1 p>tially release
 !m1  & impregnate !m4 ,! gravid females
 %ortly complete ! lib]at+  process &1  
be+ w+$1 at once seek to escape = !     
in/9ctive  purpose ( lay+ _! eggs4 ,!y  
em]ge f ! eye ( !  caprifig1 aft]       

squeez+ ?r\gh ! mass ( poll5-cov]$ an!rs
  protect+ ! exit1 & seek o!r fruit 9   
:i* to lay _! eggs4  ,naturally !y w\ld 
ent] ! ne>e/ caprifig 9 ! prop] /age (  
developm5t4 ,b1 mean:ile1 if ! caprifig 
conta9+ ! colony has  be5 pluck$ f its  
/em & susp5d$ 9 ! bran*es ( an adjac5t  
,smyrna tree1 ! female on em]g+ =ces h] 
way 9 a fruit ( !  latt] class1 los+ h] 
w+s 9 ! process1 & at once beg9s a      
frantic scramble ar\nd ! int]ior1 se>*+ 
= ! anticipat$  gall fl[]s 9 :i* to     
deposit h] eggs4 ,fail+1 necess>ily1 to 
f9d !m1 & incapable ( aga9 tak+ flight1 
%e f9ally curls up  & dies he>tbrok51 b 
n until %e & h] companions h betwe5  !m 
poll9at$ e female fl[] 9 ! cavity ) !   
pl5tiful  /ore ( poll5 convey$ f !      
caprifig--!reby insur+ !  developm5t ( !
 fruit40      ,grape ,fruit 7,pomelo7   
7,citrus decumana74--,! s-call$ grape   
fruit or pomelo is "o ( ! bigge/        
products ( ! citrus family &  also      
possesses prop]ties :i* may be reg>d$ z 
a cross betwe5 !  lemon & ! orange4 ,x  

is m acid ?an ! orange & m sweet  ?an ! 
lemon4 ,?is fruit is p]haps m highly    
e/eem$ ?an any  o!r citrus v>iety =     
direct edible purposes1 =m+ a breakfa/  
di% :i* is eat5 v ext5sively ?r\gh\t all
 p>ts ( ! ,unit$  ,/ates by ^? :o are   
able to af=d ! luxury1 = s x /ill is  by
 reason ( ! high price ( ! product4     
,grape fruit gr[s to a  l>ge ext5t 9 !  
,unit$ ,/ates1 & its culture is conf9$  
to !  same region z t :]e ! orange &    
lemon are gr[n4      ,composition (     
,grape ,fruit 7,pomelo74--,! composition
 ( ! pomelo  z giv5 = ! ,cali=nia       
product 7,/ation ,report1 #ahib1 p4     
#bef7  %[s ?is fruit to h ! foll[+      
composition3      ,av]age weight1       
#ceg4jj grams    ,r9d1                  
#bc4ej p]c5t    ,se$s1             #c4gj
        ,edible portion1   #gb4hj       
,composition ( ! juice f ! edible       
portion3      ,total solids1            
#ac4bj p]c5t    ,total sug>s1           
#i4ej        ,acids 7z citric71   #b4gj 
,pr(essor ,colby says 9 discuss+ ^!     

analyses t ! proportion  ( acid is l>g] 
9 ^! samples ?an ! g5]al ta/e dem&s4    
,cuban ,grape ,fruit4--,! grape fruit   
:i* is gr[n 9 ,cuba has q  a diff]5t "*4
 ,its flavor is mild1 & x is almo/      
devoid (  ! bitt] ta/e :i* is f\nd 9 !  
,am]ican product1 & :i*  adds greatly to
 its palatable prop]ties :5 ! consum]   
becomes  accu/om$ to x4    ,a m>malade  
is made f ! grape fruit simil> 9 all    
respects1  except ! peculi> flavor giv5 
by ! raw mat]ial1 to t made  f oranges4 
,x is evid5t f its high palatable       
prop]ties & its  :olesom5ess t grape    
fruit w become m & m an article (  value
 & be consum$ 9 l>ge quantities ?r\gh\t 
! c\ntry4      ,guava 7,psidium         
,guajava74--,?is fruit is gr[n v        
ext5sively 9  bo? ,cali=nia & ,florida1 
also 9 ,cuba1 :]e a numb] ( v>ieties    
gr[ wild4 ,! :ite guava is a small1 r\nd
 fruit1 grayi%-:ite  or yell[ 9 color1 &
 hav+ an av]age weight ( #a4e ounces4 ,!
  pe>-%ap$ fruit1 ! guava ( ,p]u1 is    
ab\t twice ! size (  ! :ite v>iety1 b   

o!rwise resembles x v closely4 ,bo?     
v>ieties conta9 l>ge numb]s ( small se$s
 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t  ! yell[i%-:ite pulp4  
,z a rule ! guava is n eat5 raw1 b x  is
 a fruit f :i* "s ( ! mo/ highly priz$  
jelly pa/es &  pres]ves are made4       
,composition ( ! ,guava4--,! guava      
conta9s1 9 its fre% /ate1  an av]age ( a
 little less ?an #hj p]c5t ( wat] & a   
little  m ?an #bj p]c5t ( solid matt]4  
,! solid mat]ials 9 guavas  are q       
insoluble 9 wat]1 m ?an "o-half ( !m n  
pass+  into solution4 ,! *ief "p ( !    
soluble con/itu5ts ( guavas  are !      
sug>s1 & ^! exi/ *iefly 9 ! inv]t /ate4 
,! total  p]c5tage ( sug> 9 guavas 9 !  
fre% /ate av]ages ab\t six1  ! prote9   
am\nts to ab\t "o p]c5t1 & ! a% to a    
little ov]  "o-half ( "o p]c5t4 ,! value
 ( ! guava1 !re=e1 is m  condim5tal ?an 
nutritive1 & = ?is reason x is se5 :y x 
is  n a valuable food product eat5 9 !  
raw /ate4      ,guava ,pres]ves4--,a    
l>ge numb] ( pres]ves are made f !      
guava1 & ^! products are well kn[n &    

reli%$ ?r\gh\t !  c\ntry4 ,! pres]ves   
are 9 v>i\s =ms1 be+ *iefly pa/es1      
m>malades1 & jellies4 ,^! prep>ations   
conta9 ! aromas &  flavor+ qualities ( !
 fruit1 & :5 pure conta9 no add$        
product save sug>4 ,!y conta9 f #fj to  
#ge p]c5t ( add$  sug>4 ,! pres]v$      
products ( ! guava are g5]ally pack$ 9  
wood5 boxes1 l9$ ) pap]1 ?\gh "s are    
pack$ 9 glass4 ,!  cry/alliz$ guava1 !  
guava cream1 & ! pa/es conta9 l>ge      
quantities ( add$ sug>1 namely1 ab\t #hj
 p]c5t4 ,^! pres]ves  naturally h a v l[
 acid cont5t by reason ( ! quantity (   
sug> :i* has be5 add$ 9 _! prep>ation4  
,9 ?is c\ntry (t5  ! :ole fruits are    
pres]v$ 9 sug> sirup4      ,hicaco      
7,*rysobalanus icaco74--,! fruit ( !    
hicaco is small &  r\nd1 v>y+ f "o to   
?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! av]age weight  
( ea* fruit is ab\t  oz4 ,! sk9 is ?9 & 
gre5 9 color1  %ad+ to r$ on ! side     
expos$ to ! sun4 ,x gr[s on a small     
%rub & is sometimes call$ ! cocoa plum4 
,! surface is some:at  %rivell$ &       

wr9kl$1 & ! se$ weighs almo/ half z mu* 
z !  :ole fruit4 ,! fruit is n eat5 9 a 
fre% /ate1 b is us$ =  mak+ pres]ves4 ,x
 is sweet to ! ta/e & has a l[ acid     
cont5t4  ,! composition ( ! fre% fruit  
is %[n by ! foll[+ table3               
,composition ( ,edible ,portion--#fh4i  
p]c5t4--      ,total solids1  #ad4bi    
p]c5t    ,total sug>1    #e4ah          
,prote91         4#df        ,acidity1  
4#aj        ,a%1             4#if       
,^! data %[ t ! hicaco is a fruit l[ 9  
nutritive value1 9  s f> z sug> is      
conc]n$1 ( a l[ cont5t ( prote9 & v     
slight acidity4      ,hicaco            
,pres]ves4--,a sample ( hicaco pres]ves 
0 f\nd to h !  foll[+ composition3      
,total solids1  #fe4jg p]c5t    ,sug>1  
#fj4jh        ,prote91         4#ab     
,a%1             4#ad        ,acidity1  
4#je        ,! above data indicate only 
! *ange 9 composition :i* w\ld  come f  
add+ ! sug> 9 ! process ( manufacture4  
,by reason  ( ! l[ acidity ( ! fruit !  
sug> 9 ! pres]ves w\ld1  !oretically1 be

 l>gely cane sug>4 ,9 ! case m5tion$1   
h[ev]1  "o-?ird ( ! sug> 0 inv]t$4 ,:e!r
 ?is 0 accompli%$ by  ! action ( ! acid 
on ! sug> dur+ ! process ( manufacture  
or :e!r by ! use ( molasses in/ead (    
sug> 9 ! pres]ves  does n appe>4 ,m     
likely x is due to ! latt]4             
,kumquat 7,citrus japonica74--,! kumquat
 is "o ( ! smalle/ (  citrus fruits4 ,x 
/&s z "o extreme ( t important family ( 
:i* ! grape fruit or pomelo repres5ts ! 
o!r4 ,! fruit is  oval 9 %ape1 ab\t "o  
in* 9 diamet]1 & is "o & "o-half  in*es 
long4 ,x may be reg>d$ z a dw>f orange1 
& 0 br\ght  into ! ,unit$ ,/ates f      
,japan1 al?\gh x is a native ( ,*9a4  ,!
 "n--kumquat--is ( ,*9ese orig9 & is    
int5d$ to mean 8,gold  ,orange40 ,!     
kumquat tree1 "u favorable circum/ances1
 rea*es a  height ( #aj or #ab feet &   
=ms a compact1 symmetrical1 & h&some    
head4 ,! pulp ( ! fruit is v t5d] &     
agreeably acid & !  r9d is spicy1 z is !
 case ) mo/ ( ! acid fruits4 ,x is  n   
only valu$ z a fruit1 b ! tree is also  

highly priz$ z an  ornam5t4 ,its        
beautifully color$ fruit1 9 contra/ )   
its gre5  leaves1 pres5ts a mo/         
agreeable spectacle4 ,x is gr[n 9 !     
,unit$  ,/ates pr9cipally 9 ,florida4 ,!
 composition ( ! kumquat is  practically
 t ( ! orange4      ,lemons4--,! citrus 
fruit1 next 9 importance to ! orange1 if
 n  m important1 is ! lemon 7,citrus    
limonum74 ,?is fruit is gr[n  ext5sively
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! same localities t
 produce  ! orange1 t is1 *iefly 9      
,florida & s\!rn ,cali=nia4  ,its me?od 
( cultivation1 g5]al treatm5t1 "t (     
rip5+ &  h>ve/+ are ! same z t ( !      
orange4 ,its pr9cipal diff]5ce  f !     
orange is 9 its great] acidity & 9 c]ta9
 peculi>ities  ( its aromatic & oily    
sub/ances4 ,f ! r9d is produc$ an       
ess5tial oil :i*1 :ile resembl+ t ( !   
orange 9 g5]al  "*1 has di/9ct prop]ties
 :i* easily discrim9ate x  f ! orange   
product4 ,! lemon also has a            
correspond+ly less  proportion ( sug>   
?an ! orange4 ,9 #bb analyses (         

,cali=nia  lemons !y 7 f\nd to conta9   
#e4bf p]c5t ( acid & only #b4cc  p]c5t (
 sug>4 ,! di/9ct feature ( ! lemon1     
!re=e1 is its  acidity4 ,! pr9cipal acid
 pres5t 9 lemons is citric acid1 ?\gh   
o!r organic acids are also f\nd4 ,!     
acids are ei!r free or 9  comb9ation ) a
 base1 ! pr9cipal base be+ pota%4 ,on   
acc\nt  ( its high acidity & l[ sug>    
cont5t ! lemon is us$ m z  a reli% & 9 !
 manufacture ( acid bev]ages ?an        
directly z a  food4 ,!re are "s v>ieties
 kn[n z sweet lemons :i* are eat5 z     
oranges or us$ directly = food purposes1
 b g5]ally ! lemon is  too s\r & acid = 
consumption 9 ?is mann]4      ,lime4--,a
 species ( citrus fruit :i* is ev5 m    
acid ?an !  lemon is kn[n z ! lime      
7,citrus hysrix acida74    ,limes are n 
eat5 directly z food on acc\nt ( _! high
 acidity1  b _! express$ juice is sold  
?r\gh\t ! _w = bev]ages  & m$ic9al      
purposes4 ,! lime also yields an        
ess5tial oil1 :i*  is v simil> 9 "* to t
 d]iv$ f lemons4 ,9 fact !  lime may be 

reg>d$ z a v s\r lemon1 j z ! orange may
 be  reg>d$ z a v sweet "o4             
,adult]ation ( ,lime                    
,juice4--,un=tunately lime juice is (f]$
  on ! m>ket (t5 9 entirely spuri\s =ms1
 t is1 a mixture  made up ) flavor+ ( an
 acid "* resembl+ t ( !  natural juice4 
,! natural juice is also frequ5tly      
adult]at$ by !  addition ( pres]vatives4
 ,among ^!1 sulfur\s & salicylic acids  
are p]haps ! mo/ frequ5t4 ,lime juice c 
be p]fectly pres]v$ by  /]ilization1 &  
!re is no necessity = ! use (           
pres]vatives  !re94    ,9 ! tropics !re 
is also f\nd a lime ( a sac*>9e "*  kn[n
 z ! sweet lime1 b ?is fruit does n h a 
v great  vogue4      ,mamey             
,colorado4--,?is is a tropical fruit :i*
 is v ext5sively  gr[n 9 ,cuba1 & d]ives
 its local "n f a v slight outw>d       
resemblance to ! mammee 7,mammea        
am]icana74 ,^! two fruits1  h[ev]1 h no 
botanical or o!r relation to ea* o!r1   
nor d !y  h any int]nal resemblance4 ,! 
mamey colorado is *ocolate br[n  9      

color1 oval or r\nd 9 %ape1 & its av]age
 weight is ab\t #a4e  p\nds4 ,! sk9 is  
?ick & co>se4 ,! pulp has a yell[i%     
color1  v>y+ to a deep sc>let1 & is     
slightly fibr\s & firm1 b  mealy & r    
dry4 ,x has a sweeti% ta/e ) v little   
acid  flavor4 ,x is eat5 *iefly 9 ! fre%
 /ate & is also /ew$ )  sug>4 ,! fruit  
usually conta9s b "o se$1 ?\gh z _m z   
f\r  are sometimes f\nd4 ,! se$s are    
imb$d$ 9 a s(t core & are  irregul>ly   
oval4 ,! natural season is f ,decemb] to
 ,augu/4 ,^!  fruits are v l>gely us$ = 
mak+ pres]ves4    ,! composition ( !    
mamey colorado is z foll[s3             
,composition ( ,edible ,portion--#hf4aj 
p]c5t4--      ,solids1       #cd4ja     
p]c5t    ,total a%1      4#hj           
,acid1           4#aj        ,total     
sug>1  #bb4je        ,! analysis %[s t !
 mamey colorado is a fruit :i* 9 its    
edible prop]ties & nutritive value v    
closely resembles ! banana4      ,mamey 
de ,santo ,dom+o 7,mammea               
am]icana74--,?is is a fruit  ext5sively 

us$ 9 ,cuba & o!r tropical c\ntries4 ,x 
is ( a  light br[n color1 f ?ree to t5  
in*es 9 diamet]1 & weighs  sometimes z  
mu* z #a p\nds4 ,! sk9 is ?ick & fibr\s1
 !  out] surface be+ t\gh & cov]$ )     
small br[n spots4 ,!  pulp is d>k yell[ 
9 color1 firm1 & v juicy4 ,x has a sweet
  *>act]i/ic flavor & a pleasant        
aromatic odor4 ,! se$s sometimes        
measure ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & cl+      
t5aci\sly to ! pulp4  ,x is v commonly  
eat5 raw & is highly e/eem$ = pres]v+   
purposes4    ,! composition ( ! mamey de
 ,santo ,dom+o is %[n 9 ! foll[+  table3
      ,composition ( ,edible            
,portion--#fj4gj p]c5t4--      ,solids1 
#ad4ab p]c5t    ,total a%1      4#ca    
,acids1          4#db        ,prote91   
4#di        ,total sug>1   #i4dg        
,! above data %[ t ?is fruit is v mu*   
less sweet & v  mu* m acid ?an ! mamey  
colorado & = nutritive purposes is  (   
mu* less value1 b by reason ( its great]
 acidity & high]  flavor+ x is m        
suitable = ! manufacture ( pres]ves ?an 

! fruit resembl+ x 9 ext]nal appe>ances 
& "n4 ,x is us$  ext5sively 9 !         
manufacture ( pres]ves & m>malades :i*  
are s  simil> 9 composition z n to be   
di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by  _! *emical       
analyses4    ,! compositions ( a pres]ve
 kn[n z mamey en almib> & a  m>malade   
kn[n z m]melade de mamey are %[n 9 !    
foll[+ table3                           
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
,,total                         ,,total 
,,solids4    ,,a%4     ,,acids4         
,,prote94  ,,sug>s4                     
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4     
,mamey en                               
almib>1   #fj4je      4#aed      4#aid  
4#cfc     #eg4de    ,m]melade           
de mamey1  #fi4gd      4#adi      4#abc 
4#bfi     #fb4fh                        
----------------------------------------
-------------------    ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #eb4--;,,jamaica ,,mango         

,,tree4--7,by p]mission ,am]ican  ,nut &
 ,fruit ,co47      ,mango 7,magnif]a    
indica ,l474--,! mango is a fruit :i* is
 highly  priz$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x is a    
native ( s\!rn ,asia1 :]e x  has be5    
kn[n f e>lie/ times4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
! mango is  *iefly gr[n 9 ,florida z a  
horticultural crop4 ,! mango is a tree  
peculi>ly s5sitive to fro/1 & !re=e does
 n gr[ z f> nor?  z oranges4 ,its       
pr(itable cultivation at pres5t is      
conf9$ to !  extreme s\!rn "p ( !       
,florida p59sula4    ,! mango is an     
ev]gre5 tree4 ,9 ,florida1 "u favorable 
conditions  ( gr[?1 x rea*es z high z   
#dj or #ej feet4 ,x makes a tree (      
graceful appe>ance ) a d5se1 dome-%ap$  
top4 ,! color ( !  mango fruit is v>i$2 
x may be r$1 gre51 or yell[1 or a       
mixture (  ^! colors4 ,! tree & fruit   
bo? possess an agreeable odor1 &  e "p (
 ! tree1 almo/1 c be ( "s economic      
value4 ,! ripe  fruit is a delici\s     
dess]t & is :olesome4 ,x is (t5         
recomm5d$  = its m$ic9al prop]ties4 ,!  

r9d & fib]1 z well z ! unripe  fruit1   
are acid & full ( tann91 :i* makes !m   
a/r+5t to !  ta/e4 ,mangos may be eat5 9
 ! raw /ate1 & !y are also valu$  = mak+
 pres]ves1 pickles1 m>malades1 & jelly4 
,a v popul>  sauce kn[n z mango *utney  
is prep>$ f ! mango & is l>gely  us$ 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&1 be+ mo/ly      
import$ f  ,india4 ,! appe>ance ( ! tree
 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb4      ,oranges      
7,citrus aurantium74--,?is fruit is     
*>act]iz$ by its  delightful flavor & by
 ! di/ribution ( c]ta9 aromatic oils1   
especially 9 ! r9d1 :i* give x a peculi>
 aroma & flavor4 ,!  orange has a ?ick  
yell[ r9d :i*1 :ile edible1 is n usually
  eat51 b is ! s\rce ( valuable ess5tial
 oils4 ,a l>ge "p  ( ! orange1 z f> z   
weight is conc]n$1 is n usually eat52   
usually f #be to #dj p]c5t ( ! weight is
 9 ! r9d or "s  in$ible portion4 ,! a% (
 ! orange is usually less ?an "o-half  (
 "o p]c5t4 ,! pr$om9ant organic acid ( !
 orange is citric1  al?\gh o!r organic  
acids are pres5t4 ,! quantity ( prote9  

pres5t 9 an orange is v small1 usually n
 exce$+ v mu* a  half ( "o p]c5t4 ,!    
quantity ( sug> v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t 
samples4 ,x is pres5t bo? z cane sug> or
 sucrose & z r$uc+  or inv]t sug>4 ,9 ! 
v sweet orange ! quantity rea*es z  high
 z #aj p]c5t or ev5 great]1 :ile 9 ! s\r
 orange x is  less4 ,! pr9cipal food    
value ( ! orange1 z f> z nutrim5t  is   
conc]n$1 is its sug>4 ,! orange1 h[ev]1 
has o!r valuable  prop]ties1 especially 
f a hygi5ic /&po9t1 aside f its         
nutrim5t4 ,! organic salts :i* x        
conta9s1 ! organic acids1 &  o!r        
condim5tal mat]ial make ! orange an     
exceptionally :olesome  fruit1 ex]cis+ a
 b5eficial effect ^u ! dige/ive process 
&  especially aid+ 9 ! passage ( !      
undige/$ food ?r\gh !  alim5t>y canal4  
,! orange is a fruit :i* has la/+ keep+ 
qualities4 ,x is n unusual to see ripe  
oranges :i* are edible  hang+ on ! same 
tree ) ! blossoms :i* are bloom+ = !    
next ye>'s crop4 ,9 ,cali=nia & ,florida
 ! oranges beg9 to rip5  9 ,novemb] &   

may be cont9u\sly h>ve/$ until ! foll[+ 
,april1 if x be advisable to leave !m on
 ! tree = t l5g? (  "t4 ,ow+ to ! ?ick &
 resi/ant sk9 ( ! orange1 x c be  kept =
 a long "t )\t mat]ial det]ioration aft]
 h>ve/+1  if c>e be tak5 to avoid bruis+
 or injur+ ! fruit 9 any way  :ile h&l+4
 ,oranges ?us h>ve/$ & wrapp$ 9 pap] &  
kept  at a l[ temp]ature w keep = weeks 
& ev5 mon?s1 & /ill be  edible & n\ri%+4
 ,?is prop]ty ( ! orange makes x        
possible  to supply ! m>kets ( ! _w     
practically ?r\gh\t ! entire  ye> ) "o (
 ! mo/ delici\s & nutriti\s ( fruits4 ,9
 =m]  ye>s ! orange 0 reg>d$ z a luxury1
 b at ! pres5t "t x  is a /aple article 
( diet ev5 = p 9 mod]ate circum/ances1  
& is (t5 eat5 by ^? :o are poor4 ,9     
,fig4 #ec is giv5 a typical  illu/ration
 ( a ,cali=nia orange grove4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,,an ,,edge 
,,( ,a ,,cali=nia ,,orange              
,,grove4--7,bureau  ( ,plant ,indu/ry47 
,! culture ( ! orange has dem&$ ! highe/
 agricultural &  sci5tific skill1 &     

p]haps !re is no crop produc$ to :i*    
great] att5tion has be5 paid4 ,9        
,florida1 especially1 ! oranges  are    
gr[n on soil :i* is n mu* m ?an poor s&1
 & h5ce !  sci5tific fe$+ ( ! trees1 t  
is1 ! f]tilization ( !  soil 9 :i* !y   
gr[1 is necess>y to success4 ,z a result
 ( ?is  application ( sci5ce luxuriant  
crops ( oranges are f\nd gr[+  ^u s&y   
soil :i* )\t sci5tific treatm5t w\ld be 
almo/  b>r54 ,! soils 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1
 on ! o!r h&1 are v  ri* 9 natural plant
 food1 b ?is does n obviate ! necessity 
( sci5tific manur+4 ,oranges gr[ ?r\gh\t
 ! ye> 9 tropical  & semi-tropical      
regions4 ,x is consid]$ by connoisseurs1
 h[ev]1  t ! oranges gr[n 9 !           
semi-tropical regions1 t is f> en\gh    
nor? = a little fro/ to come dur+ !     
w9t]1 b )\t a  suffici5t degree ( cold  
to injure ! trees1 are ( bett] quality  
?an ^? gr[n 9 tropical regions :]e fro/ 
is unkn[n4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#ed4--,,! ,,orig9al ,,se$less ,,orange  
,,tree4--7,c\rtesy  ,bureau ( ,plant    

,indu/ry47      ,! ,se$less ,orange4--,!
 v>iety ( orange :i* conta9s no se$  has
 be5 widely cultivat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 & by reason ( !  abs5ce ( se$s is m    
highly priz$ by _m ?an ! ord9>y orange  
= edible purposes4 ,s9ce ! orange tree  
has be5 cultivat$ by  graft+ r ?an by   
direct production ( ! diff]5t v>ieties  
f ! natural se$1 x has be5 possible to  
secure a fruit )\t  se$s4 ,:e!r su* an  
unnatural product w cont9ue to ma9ta9   
its  high rank z an edible product      
rema9s to be se54 ,! se$less orange     
tree1 f :i* are desc5d$ ! great] "p ( ^!
 trees 9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 secur$ by  
,mr4 ,william ,s&]s f ,bahia4 ,its      
pres5t appe>ance 9 ! gre5h\se ( !       
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture  is %[n 9 ,fig4
 #ed4 ,! naval orange is exce$+ly       
beautiful z x  gr[s ^u ! tree4 ,a bun* (
 ^! oranges gr[+ on ! p>5t  tree 9      
,wa%+ton is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,a ,,gr\p   
,,( ,,! ,,wa%+ton ,,navel ,,orange ,,on 
,,!  ,,tree4--7,c\rtesy ,bureau ( ,plant

 ,indu/ry47      ,p9eapple4--,! p9eapple
 is a fruit gr[n v ext5sively 9         
tropical & also subtropical c\ntries4 ,x
 is a crop ( great  importance 9        
,florida4 ,! flavor & aroma ( ! p9eapple
 gr[n  9 subtropical c\ntries is (t5    
pref]r$ to t ( ! tropical  gr[n fruit4  
,p9eapples gr[ be/ :5 %elt]$ to "s ext5t
 f  ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,9 ,florida x
 is plant$ ne> live oaks1  :]e a p>tial 
%ade is secur$4 ,x is (t5 artificially  
cov]$ by  means ( n>r[ bo>ds plac$ ne>  
toge!r & yet leav+ abundant  space = !  
sunlight4 ,sometimes ^! cov]$ fields are
 two or ?ree  acres 9 ext5t4 ,9 ,fig4   
#ef is giv5 a repres5tation ( ! p9eapple
  gr[+ "u a cov]+ ( ?is k9d 9 ,florida  
at ! ,agricultural  ,exp]im5t ,/ation1  
,lake ,city4    ,=m]ly p9eapples 7      
reg>d$ z great luxuries1 & (t5 7 set  up
 9 ! c5t] ( ! table z an ornam5t r ?an z
 a dess]t4  ,!y h n[ become v common &  
are frequ5tly us$ z a dess]t1  = flavor+
 ice cream1 = pres]v+1 & = g5]al use z a
 fruit4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         

#ef4--;,,cov]$ ,,p9eapple4--7,c\rtesy ( 
,florida  ,exp]im5t ,/ation47           
,adult]ation ( ,p9eapples4--,! only     
adult]ations :i* are f\nd  9 p9eapples  
are ( c\rse 9 ! cann$ product4          
,inve/igations 9  ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry  
%[ t adult]ation is n ext5sively        
practic$1 unless ! addition ( cane sug> 
)\t notice c be s  reg>d$4    ,f ! po9t 
( view ( ! collection ( duties1 !       
addition (  cane sug> )\t notice is an  
adult]ation1 s9ce "u provision  ( law   
p9eapples cann$ 9 _! own juice pay "o   
rate ( duty &  :5 pres]v$ ) sug> pay    
ano!r4 ,inasmu* z ! label ( a food      
product %\ld tell ! :ole tru? conc]n+ x1
 ! addition (  cane sug>1 )\t notice to 
t effect ^u ! label1 is calculat$  to   
deceive & %\ld n be practic$4 ,!re is no
 objection ( any  k9d to ! use ( cane   
sug> 9 ! cann+ ( p9eapples if !  label  
indicates t ?is has be5 done4 ,on ! o!r 
h& !re is no  reason :y ! addition (    
sug> %\ld be practic$4 ,! p9eapples  are
 b\ght & consum$ = _! natural flavor1 & 

n on acc\nt (  ! add$ sug> :i* !y may   
conta94 ,9 ! cann+ ( p9eapples x  is j z
 easy to secure complete /]ilization 9  
_! own juice z  x is to secure x ) !    
add$ sirup4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 x is  m 
conv5i5t aft] fill+ ! cans ) ! pieces ( 
p9es to add  a sug> sirup to fill up !  
spaces ?an to secure /]ilization by !   
application ( heat alone1 :i* w\ld n    
cause a suffici5t quantity  ( juice to  
exude to fill up ! int]/ices ( ! cans1 &
 !y1  !re=e1 w\ld be p>tially empty4    
,cann$ ,p9eapples4--,!re is a v l>ge    
trade 9 ?is c\ntry 9  cann$ p9eapples   
import$ f ,s+apore & ! ,/raits          
,settlem5ts  & ! ,bahamas4 ,! p9es are  
usually cann$ ) ! addition (  sug>1 & ^?
 t come to our ports are z a rule       
sweet5$ only  ) cane sug>4    ,a l>ge   
numb] ( analyses has be5 made ( ^! cann$
 p9eapples 9  ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry & !  
g5]al data :i* 7 secur$ are  pres5t$    
bel[3    ,cann$ p9eapples f ,s+apore1   
av]age1 maximum1 & m9imum  composition3 
----------------------------------------

------------------                      
,,solids4   ,,sug>4   ,,prote94    ,,a%4
    ,,acidity4                          
----------------------------------------
------------------                      
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4     
,av]age1  #bj4ae     #ag4ij       4#df  
4#bh      4#cj    ,maximum1  #be4cj     
#be4aj       4#fj       4#cf      4#dc  
,m9imum1  #ah4ah     #ad4hg       4#ci  
4#ba      4#af                          
----------------------------------------
------------------    ,! above data %[ t
 x is possible to compute ! av]age      
quantity  ( sug> :i* is add$ 9 !        
prep>ation ( ! sample4 ,if we assume  9 
r\nd numb]s t ! natural p9e conta9s #ab 
p]c5t ( sug>1  we f9d t approximately   
eight p\nds p] hundr$ ( fruit h be5     
add$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! p9es f ,s+apore4
    ,bel[ is f\nd ! av]age1 maximum1 &  
m9imum composition ( t5  samples ( cann$
 p9eapples f ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts3     
----------------------------------------
------------------                      

,,solids4   ,,sug>4   ,,prote94    ,,a%4
    ,,acidity4                          
----------------------------------------
------------------                      
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4     
,av]age1  #ba4jd     #ah4de       4#dg  
4#bf      4#bf    ,maximum1  #bd4bh     
#ba4id       4#eg       4#cb      4#cb  
,m9imum1  #ag4cb     #ad4ed       4#ci  
4#bb      4#ag                          
----------------------------------------
------------------    ,^! data %[ t !   
prep>ation ( ! p9es 9 ! ,/raits         
,settlem5ts = %ipm5t 9 cans is ! same z 
t 9 ,s+apore4 ,!  av]age am\nt ( sug>   
add$ appe>s to be ab\t "o p]c5t great]4 
,av]age composition ( cann$ p9eapples f 
! ,bahamas3                             
----------------------------------------
------------------                      
,,solids4   ,,sug>4   ,,prote94    ,,a%4
    ,,acidity4                          
----------------------------------------
------------------                      
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4     

,av]age1  #ac4gh     #aj4fi       4#cd  
4#ch       4#eg    ,maximum1  #bf4gh    
#bb4dc       4#df       4#ej      #a4ah 
,m9imum1   #h4ed      #f4cc       4#bj  
4#bb       4#bb                         
----------------------------------------
------------------    ,! above data %[ t
 ne>ly all ! cann$ p9eapples com+ f  !  
,bahamas mu/ be reg>d$ z cann$ 9 _!     
natural juice )\t  ! addition ( sug>4 ,(
 ! :ole numb] ( samples exam9$1 only    
f\r gave any indication ( conta9+ add$  
sug>4      ,composition ( !             
,p9eapple4--,! av]age composition (     
tw5ty-two  samples ( fre% p9eapple gr[n 
9 ,florida1 z det]m9$ 9 !  ,bureau (    
,*emi/ry1 is z foll[s3      ,total      
solids1  #ac4he p]c5t    ,total sug>1   
#aa4fi        ,prote91         4#dj     
,a%1             4#db        ,acidity1  
4#eb        ,( ! sug>s #d4dd p]c5t exi/$
 9 ! =m ( inv]t or r$uc+  sug> & #f4hh  
p]c5t z cane sug>4 ,^! data %[ t ! value
  ( a p9eapple z a food product lies    
*iefly 9 ! sug> :i* x  conta9s4 ,!      

e!real & aromatic prop]ties ( ! p9eapple
 give to  x its *ief value z a food1    
s9ce x is ! flavor & aroma r  ?an !     
nutrim5t 9 ! fruit :i* make x valu$ z a 
food4 ,^!  flavors & aromas are due to  
ess5tial oils & e!rs or comp\nd  e!rs1 &
 !y exi/ 9 su* m9ute quantities z to    
escape ord9>y  *emical inve/igation4 ,a 
/udy ( ! details ( analyses %[ t  !re is
 a wide v>iation 9 ! p]c5tage ( sug>4 ,9
 two in/ances  ! total sug> fell bel[   
eight p]c5t1 b ^? evid5tly 7  gre5 &    
imp]fect samples & 7 n includ$ 9 ! g5]al
  av]age4    ,! highe/ quantity ( sug>  
f\nd 9 any case ( a ,florida p9eapple  0
 #ae4bh p]c5t4    ,! data %[ t 9 g5]al x
 may be said t ! ,florida p9eapple      
conta9s ne>ly #ab p]c5t ( its weight (  
sug>4      ,av]age ,composition ( ,cuban
 ,p9eapples4--,! av]age composition (   
#aj samples ( ,cuban p9eapples exam9$ 9 
! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry is  %[n 9 ! foll[+ 
data3      ,total solids1  #ad4eb p]c5t 
,sug>s1        #aa4hg        ,prote91   
4#dj        ,a%1             4#ce       

,acidity1         4#ef        ,^! data  
%[ t ! ,cuban p9eapple is only a trifle 
sweet] ?an  t gr[n 9 ,florida & has 9   
g5]al ! same composition4    ,! ,florida
 p9eapples :5 plac$ on ! m>ket h        
qualities :i*  are by mo/ connoisseurs  
judg$ to be sup]ior to ^? ( ,cuban      
orig91 al?\gh ^! qualities are n        
indicat$ by any m>k$  diff]5ce 9 !      
analytical results4    ,! av]age        
composition ( ,bahama p9eapples1 exam9$ 
9 ! ,bureau (  ,*emi/ry1 is giv5 9 !    
foll[+ table3      ,total solids1       
#ad4ha p]c5t    ,sug>1         #ab4bb   
,prote91         4#dh        ,a%1       
4#dj        ,acidity1         4#gg      
,! ,bahama p9eapple1 z is se5 by ! above
 data1 is some:at sweet]  ?an ! ,florida
 or ,cuban gr[n fruit & also has a high]
 acidity4      ,av]age ,composition (   
,porto ,rican ,p9eapples4--,two samples 
( ,porto  ,rican p9es1 exam9$ 9 !       
,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 _h ! foll[+         
composition3      ,total solids1  #ae4ia
 p]c5t    ,total sug>1   #ae4cf         

,prote91         4#dh        ,a%1       
4#cg        ,acidity1         4#gb      
,! o!r samples ( p9es com+ f ,porto     
,rico 7 s immature t  x 0 f\nd !y       
conta9$ only ab\t "o-half ! p]c5tage (  
sug>  & "o-half ! total solids ( ! rip5$
 fruits4 ,!y 7 probably  h>ve/$ 9 an    
immature /ate 9 ord] to )/& !           
vicissitudes  ( transportation4 ,! above
 data %[ t ! ripe p9es ( ,porto  ,rico  
are ev5 ri*] ?an ^? ( ! ,bahamas 9 sug> 
& nutritive  value4    ,! av]age1       
maximum1 & m9imum ( all samples ( ! fre%
 p9e f  all c\ntries exam9$ 9 ! ,bureau 
( ,*emi/ry %[ ! foll[+  composition3    
----------------------------------------
------------------                      
,,solids4    ,,sug>4  ,,prote94    ,,a%4
    ,,acidity4                          
----------------------------------------
------------------                      
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4     
,av]age1  #ad4ag     #aa4ij       4#db  
4#dj      4#fj    ,maximum1  #ah4hf     
#ae4bh       4#eg       4#ee      4#he  

,m9imum1  #aj4gh      #h4bj       4#ba  
4#bg      4#cj                          
----------------------------------------
------------------    ,9 ord] t "s idea 
might be obta9$ ( ! composition ( !     
p9es gr[n at ,s+apore & ,nassau1 !      
consuls 9 ^? localities  7 reque/$ to   
secure ! pres]vation ( ! p9es by        
/]ilization  )\t ! addition ( any       
sub/ance1 t is1 _! pres]vation 9  _!    
natural juice4 ,9 ?is condition ! fruit 
( ! p9e1 naturally  pres]v$1 0 s5t to ! 
,bureau ( ,*emi/ry & subject$ to        
analysis ) ! foll[+ av]age results3     
,av]age ,composition 7t5 samples f      
,s+apore74--      ,solids1   #ac4ci     
p]c5t    ,sug>s1   #aa4gc               
,prote91    4#dh        ,a%1        4#ch
        ,acidity1    4#ci               
,av]age ,composition 7two samples f     
,nassau74--      ,solids1   #ac4ah p]c5t
    ,sug>s1   #aj4hf        ,prote91    
4#dj        ,a%1        4#da            
,acidity1    4#eh        ,! above data  
%[ t ! p9eapples gr[n 9 ,s+apore &      

,nassau  are n notably diff]5t 9        
composition f ^? gr[n 9 ,florida1       
,cuba1 & ,jamaica4 ,all ! data indicate 
t ! p9eapples gr[n 9  diff]5t p>ts ( !  
_w h practically ! same composition at  
! same /ate ( maturity4      ,sapota    
7,sapodilla7 7,sapota zapotilla 7,jacq47
 ,coville74--,?is is  a tropical fruit  
:i* is gr[n 9 l>ge quantities 9 ,cuba1  
:]e two  v>ieties are kn[n1 diff]+ only 
9 %ape1 "o be+ r\nd & !  o!r oval4 ,9 ! 
,havana m>kets ! latt] v>iety is        
incorrectly  kn[n z ! nisp]o4 ,?is "n1  
h[ev]1 is prop]ly appli$ to !  fruit    
loquat 7,eriobotrya japonica74 ,! fruit 
is small1 weigh+  usually "u two ounces1
 has a br[n or br[ni%-gre5 color &  9   
g5]al appe>ance resembles a smoo?1 d>k  
potato4 ,! sk9 is  ?ick & co>se 9       
texture1 ! pulp is yell[i%-br[n 9 color1
  granul> 9 texture1 & ri* 9 juice4 ,!  
odor is *>act]i/ic1  & ! ta/e is q      
sweet4 ,! se$s numb] f "o to five &  are
 conta9$ 9 a s(t op5 core1--!y are ( a  
br[ni%-black color  ) a s+le :ite /ripe4

 ,!y measure f ?ree-qu>t]s to "o  in* 9 
l5g?4 ,! fruit comes into use ab\t !    
fir/ ( ,april &  la/s until ! end (     
summ]4 ,x is a v popul> fruit 9 summ]  &
 des]ves m att5tion 9 ! v>i\s m>kets ?an
 x has yet  receiv$4 ,! sap ( ! sapota  
tree & juice ( ! gre5 fruit  :5         
conc5trat$ furni% ! mat]ial kn[n z      
*icle1 f :i*  *ew+-gum is made4 ,!      
compositions ( ! r\nd & long sapota &  !
 natural pres]v$ pulp ( ! sapota are    
giv5 9 ! foll[+  table3                 
,composition ( ,edible ,portion4--      
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,,composition ,,( ,,edible ,,portion4   
-------------------------------         
,,edible         ,total       ,pro-     
,total                                  
,,portion4,solids4 a%4 ,acids4 te94sug>4
                                        
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,p]-  ,p]-  ,p]-,p]-  ,p]- ,p]-         
c5t4 c5t4 c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4    ,r\nd     

sapota1              #gf4dj  #bc4jg     
#j4chd #j4acb #j4cej #aj4he    ,long    
sapota1               #hj4ij  #ba4ja    
4#eee  4#afb  4#fej #ab4gf    ,natural  
sapota pres]ves1  4444   #bb4ie   4#cii 
4#jhf  4#bca #aa4cj                     
----------------------------------------
------------------------    ,! sapota is
 also us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pres]ves by 
boil+ x  ) sug> 9 ! usual way4 ,!       
analyses %[ t ! sapota is a  fruit :i*  
is pr9cipally valuable z a c>bohydrate  
food4 ,x has1  h[ev]1 v little acid1 &  
is a mu* sweet] fruit ?an ! anona  &1   
!re=e1 m pleasant to ! ta/e4            
,/>-apple 7,ca9ito7 7,*rysophyllum      
ca9ito74--,! />-apple is  "o ( ! less   
important fruits :i* ab\nd 9 ,cuba4 ,x  
is n v  ext5sively us$1 b m$ic9al       
prop]ties are attribut$ to x4 ,?ree     
diff]5t v>ieties are sold 9 ! ,havana   
m>kets1--"o ( a :ite  color & two       
purple4 ,! fir/ atta9s ! size ( a small 
apple1  approa*+ ab\t sev5 ounces 9     
weight4 ,!re are two k9ds ( meat  9 !   

pulp2 ! out] portion is a :ite1 gelat9\s
 matt] :i*  conta9s ! small black se$ & 
is really ! edible portion1 &           
con/itutes ab\t "o-?ird ! weight ( !    
fruit4 ,! out] fibr\s  & purple portion 
( ! fle% is in$ible4 ,! inn] pulp has a 
sweet  *>act]i/ic flavor & is eat5 raw4 
,no pres]ves 7 f\nd made (  ?is 9 ,cuban
 m>kets4 ,! composition ( ! :ite        
/>-apple is %[n  9 ! foll[+ table3      
,composition ( ,edible ,portion--#da4hj 
p]c5t4--      ,solids1   #ad4bc p]c5t   
,sug>1     #g4ia        ,prote91    4#fg
        ,a%1        4#ce                
,acidity1    4#je        ,^! data %[ t !
 fruit is n ( a v high nutritive ord]1  
& on acc\nt ( its l[ acidity x is n     
suitable = ! mak+ (  pres]ves4          
,tam>9d 7,tam>9dus ,indica74--,?is fruit
 belongs to ! legum9\s  family & =ms a  
d>k br[n pod f "o to six in*es 9 l5g?  &
 f ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* to "o in* 9 wid?4
 ,! r9d is  ?9 & v brittle4 ,)9 ! pod is
 f\nd a d>k-color$ pa/y  mat]ial1       
closely atta*$ to ! se$ sacks & jo9$ to 

! /em (  ! pod by co>se fib]s4 ,?is pa/y
 mat]ial con/itutes ! edible  portion ( 
! fruit & has a v s\r ta/e :i* s]ves to 
mask  ! l>ge am\nt ( sug>1 sometimes z  
mu* z #cj p]c5t1 :i* x  conta9s4 ,!     
tam>9d is rem>kable z hav+ ! highe/     
cont5t bo?  ( acid & sug> ( any ( !     
edible fruits :i* are 9 common use4  ,x 
conta9s m acid1 = in/ance1 ?an ! s\re/  
lime & m  sug> ?an ! sweete/ fruit4 ,!  
tam>9d is n v l>gely us$  directly =    
edible purposes b is a compon5t ( _m    
refre%+  summ] bev]ages & is us$ =      
flavor+ o!r products4 ,x has  mild      
purgative prop]ties1 & h5ce its         
int]mitt5t use 9 small  quantities t5ds 
to keep 9 prop] regulation ! me*anical  
movem5ts  :i* are s necess>y to normal  
dige/ion4      ,composition ( !         
,tam>9d4--      ,wat]1    #dg4dg p]c5t  
,acid1      #f4jc        ,sug>1         
#ca4dc        ,prote91   #a4cf          
,a%1       #a4ef        ,! above data %[
 t ! tam>9d is ess5tially ( a           
c>bohydrate  nature1 its *ief food value

 be+ 9 ! sug> :i* x conta9s4 ,on  acc\nt
 ( its high acidity v little ( ! sug>   
:i* is pres5t  is 9 ! =m ( sucrose or   
cane sug>1 b is mo/ly 9 an inv]t        
condition4      ,prep>ation (           
,tam>9ds4--,tam>9ds are n only us$      
directly  b mo/ ext5sively 9 ! =m (     
tam>9d pa/e :i* is made up  *iefly by ! 
addition ( cane sug> to ! pulp2 z mu* z 
#ge  p]c5t ( sug> is (t5 add$ to ! mak+ 
( pa/e4 ,ano!r =m  ( prep>ation is call$
 tam>9d pulp1 :i* has practically ! same
  composition z ! pa/e4 ,^! two bodies  
may be call$ tam>9d  pres]ves4 ,!       
proportion ( pulp to add$ sug> is ab\t z
 #bj to #hj4      ,m9]al ,con/itu5ts (  
,tropical ,fruits4--,! m9]al cont5t (  !
 edible portions ( fruits is important1 
bo? f a dietetic &  *emical po9t ( view4
    ,! m9]al sub/ances 9 fruits n only  
add to _! palatability  b also h        
important functions 9 dige/ion &        
assimilation4 ,!  lime & phosphoric acid
 :i* ! a% ( fruits conta9 are foods  t  
n\ri% c]ta9 tissues ( ! body1 su* z !   

bones4 ,! o!r  m9]al +r$i5ts ( fruits   
take an active "p 9 ! circulation (  !  
fluids ( ! body4 ,s9ce ! mod]n          
developm5t ( physiological  *emi/ry1 :at
 is kn[n z osmotic =ce1 or ! p[] t      
causes  solutions to pass ?r\gh         
membranes1 is believ$ to be due l>gely  
to ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! juices ( !    
body4 ,^! m9]al  con/itu5ts are !re=e   
necess>y 9 ! food4 ,! foll[+ table      
gives ! total quantity ( a% 9 ! edible  
portion ( ! tropical  fruits nam$1      
toge!r ) ! composition ( ! a% 9 respect 
(  its mo/ important con/itu5ts         
7,bullet9 #hg1 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry73     
,,analyses ,,( ,,! ,,a% ,,( ,,! ,,edible
 ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,fruits4   
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,,description         ,,total           
,,silica,,pota% ,,lime ,,magnesia    ,,(
 ,,sample4           ,,a%4              
7,si,o747,k,o747,ca,o74 7,mg,o74        
----------------------------------------
-------------                           

,p]-  ,p]- ,p]- ,p]-  ,p]-              
c5t4 c5t4c5t4c5t4 c5t4     ,orange      
7*9a71      #j4eb   #a4ja  #dj4ffaj4bf  
#e4bg      ,orange 7r\gh sk971  4#ee    
44   #di4ae #b4fb   #a4da      ,orange  
7s\r71        4#eg    44   #de4ji #g4ie 
#b4ag      ,grape fruit1          4#ci  
44   #dd4ai #g4cd   #c4ib      ,lime1   
4#ih    44   #dc4ja #g4hd   #b4cf       
,sweet lemon1          4#ih    44       
#ed4ce #d4bi   #a4jh      ,tam>9d1      
#a4ef  #ae4eg    44   4#fh   #b4ai      
#cd                         ,guava1     
4#hd   #a4ac  #ee4jj #b4dh   #a4fd      
,banana 7nio71        4#gj    44        
#df4df  4#ie    4#db      ,banana       
7oronoco71    #a4jh    44   #eb4da #a4jb
   #a4ij      ,banana 7colorado71       
4#hc    44   #ea4dg  4#cg    4#fe       
,mango 7,fr5*71       4#ec    44        
#dg4cg #f4ch   #a4fb      ,mango        
7,filip9o71     4#da   #a4ge  #ea4gi    
#a4gd   #c4be      ,manga1              
4#gh   #b4ad  #di4cg #b4ch    44        
,guanabana1            4#hf   #a4dh     

#dh4ic  4#dd   #b4ag      ,anona1       
4#hj    4#fc  #dg4bg  4#ha   #b4jg      
,*irimoya1           #a4jd    44        
#di4gc #b4ba    4#ff      ,sapota1      
4#ej    44   #dc4ac #g4di   #b4hc       
,mamey 7colorado71     4#hj    44       
#ej4eg #a4ch   #a4cf        ,d41        
4#hi    44   #dh4bj #a4gc   #c4ce       
,hicaco1               4#ia    44       
#ce4ae #e4hd   #d4ea      ,ca9ito1      
4#ce    44   #ed4ge #a4ca    44         
,p9eapple1            44     44   #ei4ah
 #i4dd   #e4eb       ,d41               
44     44   #eg4ac #d4hj   #c4dd        
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,,f]ric ,,phosphoric,,sulfuric          
,,description           ,,oxid          
,,acid     ,,acid  ,,*lor9    ,,(       
,,sample4          7,fe,o74  7,p,o74    
7,,s74  7,cl74                          
----------------------------------------
-------------                           

,p]-    ,p]-    ,p]-   ,p]-             
c5t4   c5t4   c5t4  c5t4    ,orange     
7*9a71       #a4ji      #h4ef    #b4hd  
#b4dd    ,orange 7r\gh sk971  #d4ea     
#g4db    #c4db    #a4ej    ,orange      
7s\r71        #b4dj      #h4gj    #b4gb 
4#ih    ,grape fruit1          #a4bh    
#aa4ji    #c4ci    #a4ch    ,lime1      
44       #h4de    #b4fb    #d4jg        
,sweet lemon1           44       #i4hc  
#d4ji    #a4cb    ,tam>9d1              
44       #d4ii    #a4dj     4#dh        
,guava1                 44       #h4bi  
#c4eh    #e4cc    ,banana 7nio71        
44      #aj4cf    #b4cf    #f4ei        
,banana 7oronoco71      44       #e4af  
#c4cb    #h4dh    ,banana 7colorado71   
44       #c4be    #b4gg    #g4fc        
,mango 7,fr5*71        44       #f4di   
#c4fg    #c4hh    ,mango 7,filip9o71    
44       #i4jd    #d4hh    #a4ef        
,manga1                 44       #e4eg  
#c4hd    #d4bj    ,guanabana1           
44       #i4ae    #d4ed    #c4dj        
,anona1                 44      #ac4fc  

#c4ai    #c4ea    ,*irimoya1            
44       #f4eg    #d4di    #g4dj        
,sapota1                44       #b4gd  
#d4ee   #ag4da    ,mamey 7colorado71    
44       #d4ij    #c4ed   #ag4cd        
,d41                 44       #i4ff     
#c4hj   #af4jj    ,hicaco1              
44       #c4ji    #d4gg   #ah4fb        
,ca9ito1               44      #aa4jj   
#e4ej    #i4df    ,p9eapple1            
44       #f4ea    #c4jd    #c4bb        
,d41                  44       #d4bi    
#c4fe    #d4jh                          
----------------------------------------
-------------      #cd #b4hh p]c5t s&4  
,! above data %[ t ! p]c5tage ( a% 9 !  
edible portion  ( tropical fruits is    
nev] v high4 ,9 only ?ree in/ances 9  ! 
above table does x exce$ "o p]c5t & 9   
two ( ^? only  slightly4 ,! pr9cipal    
m9]al con/itu5t is pota%1 :i* 9 r\nd    
numb]s may be said to con/itute "o-half 
( ! total a%4 ,( !  acid con/itu5ts     
phosphoric acid is ! mo/ important4 ,9  
f\r cases  ! am\nt ( phosphoric acid is 

great] ?an #aj p]c5t ( ! total  weight (
 ! a%4 ,! proportion ( sulfuric acid 9 !
 a% is q  con/ant1 :ile ! am\nt ( *lor9 
v>ies f less ?an "o-half (  "o p]c5t to 
m ?an #ah p]c5t4    ,9 ?is case ( high  
a% !re is a l[ cont5t ( phosphoric acid1
  :i* leads to ! supposition t ! *lor9  
is p>tially or :olly  comb9$ ) sodium & 
potassium4 ,9 addition to ! elem5ts     
m5tion$ above ! a% ( edible fruits (t5  
conta9s notable  quantities ( silica &  
sometimes consid]able quantities ( s&1  
add$ accid5tally or by ! collection (   
du/4 ,! a% ( fruit also  q univ]sally   
conta9s iron4 ,9 "s cases ! quantity (  
iron  am\nts to z mu* z f\r p]c5t ( !   
total weight ( ! a%4 ,!  data 9 ! above 
table are calculat$ on ! p]c5tage (     
total a%  & n on ! p]c5tage ( pure a%1 t
 is1 a% depriv$ ( its  c>bon1 s&1 &     
c>bonic acid4    ,!re are "s            
peculi>ities 9 ! composition ( ! a% (   
tropical  fruits to :i* att5tion may be 
call$4 ,! citrus fruits conta9  some:at 
l>g] am\nts ( lime & iron ?an ord9>y    

fruits4 ,!  a% ( ! tam>9d conta9s l>ge  
quantities ( silica4 ,! a% (  ! banana  
has a l[ cont5t ( lime & magnesia & a   
high cont5t  ( *lor94 ,att5tion is also 
call$ to ! fact t 9 ! ord9>y  combu/ion 
( an organic sub/ance to secure ! m9]al 
matt] notable  quantities ( ! phosphoric
 acid & *lor9 conta9$ may be lo/4       
,!re=e1 ! data = phosphoric acid & =    
*lor9 are probably  l[] ?an w\ld be !   
case if all ( ^! sub/ances pres5t 9  !  
fruit _h be5 secur$ 9 ! a%4 ,! a% (     
p9eapples is n  peculi> 9 any respect1  
nor does x conta9 any m>k$ am\nt ( a    
con/itu5t by :i* x c be id5tifi$4 ,!    
p9eapple1 z is se51  conta9s slightly m 
pota% ?an ! o!r tropical fruits4        
,,sug> ,,& ,,acid ,,9 ,,fruit4    ,!    
palatable quality ( fruit dep5ds l>gely 
^u ! aromatic  sub/ances :i* !y conta9 9
 ! =m ( ess5tial oils1 e/]s1  & e!rs1 & 
especially ^u _! sug> & acid cont5t4 ,! 
sweet ta/e ( sug> 9 fruits & also (t5 9 
nuts is modifi$ &  reliev$ by ! acid or 
a/r+5t mat]ials1 *iefly tann91 )  :i* x 

is associat$4 ,9 ! analyses indicat+ !  
composition (  fruits & ( nuts & also ( 
vegetables ! sug> has n always be5  giv5
 sep>ately1 b z "o memb] ( a gr\p       
consi/+ ( sug>1  />*1 & cellulose       
mat]ials soluble 9 weak acid & alkalies1
  & = ?is reason deem$ to be dige/ible4 
,x seems advisable to  supplem5t ?is    
in=mation ) a special table giv+ !      
av]age  quantity ( sug> & acid f\nd 9 "s
 ( ! pr9cipal fruits4 ,x  mu/ n be      
=gott5 t 9 individual cases ! quantity (
 sug>  & acid may v>y l>gely f ! av]age1
 b ! foll[+ data may  be reg>d$ z       
express+ v accurately ! av]age cont5t ( 
sug>  & acid 9 ! common fruits4         
,,sug>4           ,,acid4               
,p]c5t4      ,p]c5t4    ,apples1 ,rhode 
,isl& ,gre5+1   #aj4ie         4#gj z   
malic           ,w9esap1                
#aa4ie         4#ej                     
,nor!rn ,spy1            #aa4hj         
4#gj         ,apricots1 fre%1           
#aa4ja        #a4ae                     
dri$1                 #bi4ei            

#b4eb         ,bananas1                 
#bj4bh         4#cj   sulfuric          
,blackb]ries1                     #e4gh 
4#gg   malic    ,cranb]ries1            
#a4eb        #b4cd         ,currants1   
#f4gj        #b4bd         ,grapes1     
#g4ij-bf4dj   4#ei   t>t>ic    ,lemons1 
4#cg        #e4ci   citric    ,oranges1 
#e4fe        #a4ce         ,pea*es1     
#g4hh         4#ef   sulfuric    ,pe>s1 
#i4aa         4#ai   malic              
,p9eapples1                      #aa4ej 
4#fj   sulfuric    ,plums1              
#ad4ga         4#gg   malic    ,prunes1 
#af4aa         4#cb         ,raspb]ries1
                      #e4cc        #a4dh
         ,/rawb]ries1                   
#f4bd        #a4aj         ,9 ! above   
data ! acidity is det]m9$ z malic acid 9
 apples1  blackb]ries1 & /rawb]ries1 9  
:i* ! pr$om9ant acid is malic4  ,9      
cranb]ries "o ( ! acids is b5zoic1      
am\nt+ sometimes to z  mu* z #j4je      
p]c5t1 9 grapes t>t>ic1 9 lemons &      
oranges citric4  ,9 ! o!r fruits :]e !  

"* ( ! organic acid is n  di/9ctly ( "o 
k9d1 ! total organic acid is e/imat$ z  
sulfuric  acid 7,,s71 n mean+ by t1     
h[ev]1 t ! acids are pres5t 9  ! =m (   
sulfuric acid b m]ely t _! quantity 0   
measur$  9 t]ms ( sulfuric acid4        
,,cann$ ,,fruits4    ,! indu/ry devot$  
to cann+ fruits is ( less importance 9 !
  ,unit$ ,/ates ?an t id5tifi$ ) cann$  
vegetables4 ,practically1  nev]!less1 e 
fruit :i* has be5 produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry  
has  become a comm]cial article 9 ! =m (
 cann$ goods4 ,) !  exception ( ! me?od 
( prep>ation1 ! process ( cann+ &  o!r  
treatm5ts are ess5tially ! same z t (   
vegetables &  !re=e does n w>rant any   
fur!r description4    ,9 ! foll[+ data  
are f\nd a brief description & !        
composition  ( ! lead+ v>ieties ( cann$ 
fruit3      ,cann$ ,*]ries4--,*]ries are
 "o ( ! fruits :i* are valu$ =  cann+   
purposes4 ,! pits may or may n be       
remov$1 accord+ to !  desire ( !        
manufactur] & ! dem& ( ! consum]4 ,!    
galvanic  action :i* ! *]ry juice sets  

up on ! t9 plate t5ds to blea*  !       
natural color ( ! *]ry1 & ?is action c  
be avoid$ by  coat+ ! int]ior ( ! c ) a 
gum or "s simil> sub/ance  :i* entirely 
protects ! metallic surface f contact ) 
!  juice ( ! fruit4 ,:5 treat$ 9 ?is way
 ! natural color ( !  *]ry is pres]v$ = 
a reasonable l5g? ( "t4                 
,adult]ation ( ,cann$ ,*]ries4--,! only 
adult]ation ( cann$  *]ries :i* is ( any
 consequ5ce is t :i* relates to         
artificial color+4 ,by reason ( ! t5d5cy
 to blea* ! color1  m5tion$ above1 x has
 be5 q cu/om>y to add an artificial     
color  to ! *]ry s t ! r$ color may be  
pres]v$4 ,coal t> dyes1  "u v>i\s names1
 & an animal dye1 co*9eal1 h be5 us$ =  
?is purpose4 ,! practice ( artificial   
color+ is repreh5sible &  may1 9 ! case 
( "s colors1 be h>mful to heal?4 ,by    
obs]v+ !  precautions already m5tion$1 !
 natural color ( ! *]ry may be  pres]v$ 
)\t artificial color1 & 9 g5]al ?is is  
desirable4  ,! consum] %\ld at all times
 dem& cann$ *]ries :i* h n  be5         

artificially color$4      ,m>as*9o      
,*]ries4--,a v common me?od ( treat+    
*]ries is to  blea* !m 9 a br9e ( common
 salt & sulfur\s acid until all !       
natural color has disappe>$4 ,! *]ries  
are !n ?or\ghly wa%$  = ! removal ( !   
salt & sulfur\s acid & at ! same "t !   
juice & soluble portions ( ! *]ry are   
remov$1 s t at !  end ( ! wa%+ !re is   
little left b ! cellul> /ructure4 ,!    
*]ries are !n saturat$ ) sug> or sug> & 
glucose & color$  a deep artificial r$  
by coal t> dye or co*9eal4 ,if ! natural
  flavor ( *]ries has be5 de/roy$ by !  
blea*+ an artificial  flavor is (t5     
add$4 ,! product is a *]ry ( an ev5 deep
 r$  t9t1 m or less sweet1 accord+ to ! 
use ( great] or less  quantities ( sug> 
or glucose1 & hav+ a flavor ( almond    
oil4 ,:5  *]ries ( ?is k9d are pres]v$ 9
 a solution ( alcohol1 flavor$  or      
unflavor$1 !y are call$ m>as*9o *]ries4 
,! "n is tak5  f a k9d ( *]ry fir/ us$ 9
 mak+ ! product4 ,!y are us$  to a v    
l>ge ext5t ) c]ta9 bev]ages su* z       

cocktails1 soda  wat]1 m9t juleps1 etc41
 & also 9 ice cream & o!r prep>ations  =
 ! table4 ,little c be said 9 praise    
ei!r ( ! ta/e or  :olesom5ess ( ^!      
prep>ations & !y are valuable *iefly =  
_! suppos$ attractive appe>ance4 ,!     
(f5se :i* is committ$  aga9/ ! /hetic   
ta/e ( ! individual 9 ! prep>ation (    
su* a product probably (fsets any good  
effect :i* comes f  attractiv5ess or    
ornam5tation4 ,! product _c be reg>d$ 9 
any  s5se z resembl+ ev5 9 color !      
natural fruit1 s9ce practically  ! :ole 
( ! natural fruit1 except its cellul>   
/ructure1 has be5  )drawn & artificial  
sub/ances sub/itut$ 9 place !re(4       
,cann$ ,pea*es4--,a great indu/ry 9 ?is 
c\ntry is ! cann+ (  pea*es4 ,"s ( !    
f9e/ & mo/ p]fect v>ieties are us$ =    
?is purpose4 ,pea*es may be cann$ :ole  
or by slic+ 9 half or  qu>t]s & remov+ !
 pit4 ,! pr9ciples ( /]ilization are n  
diff]5t f ^? :i* h already be5 describ$4
 ,s9ce ! pea*  is a fruit :i* decays    
easily & is ?us difficult (             

transportation1  ! e/abli%m5t ( cann+   
factories 9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge pea*       
or*>ds r5d]s x possible to pres]ve ?is  
delicate fruit 9 a  condition           
practically z good z t ( ! natural      
article1 & ?us  makes x accessible to ! 
p 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry at all  seasons 
( ! ye>4      ,adult]ation ( ,cann$     
,pea*es4--,=tunately 9 ?is case !re  is 
no record ( adult]ations :i* is ( any   
consequ5ce4 ,!  p]fection ( ! me?od (   
/]ilization has r5d]$ x unnecess>y  to  
make fur!r use ( antiseptics = cann$    
pea*es4 ,! use (  ! artificial sweet5+  
ag5t1 sac*>91 is almo/ unkn[n & is  ab\t
 ! only adult]ation :i* at ! pres5t "t c
 be practic$  )\t easy detection4 ,x may
 be confid5tly /at$ t ! consum]  c rely1
 ) a fair degree ( assurance1 ^u !      
purity ( !  product :i* is tak5 f ! c4  
,! only real dang] is 9 !  action ( !   
fruit juice ^u ! imp]fect t9 plate1 &   
?is is a  dang] :i* probably w soon pass
 away1 s9ce !re is a t5d5cy  manife/$ n[
 to s protect ! t9 by a v>ni% ( "s k9d z

  to r5d] x impossible = any electric   
action to take place :i*  impairs !     
color or flavor ( ! fruit & also to     
exclude !  poison\s salts ( t9 & lead f 
! cont5ts ( ! c4      ,adult]ation (    
,cann$ ,fruit4--,artificial color+3 ,!  
pr9cipal  adult]ation ( cann$ fruit is t
 due to artificial color+4  ,!re is1    
p]haps1 no o!r =m ( adult]ation :i* has 
s little  excuse4 ,x only ne$s a cursory
 obs]vation ( ! fruits ( ,nature  to %[ 
t ev5 9 ! same v>ieties !y diff] to a   
va/ degree  9 natural t9t4 ,bright      
colors are especially priz$ 9 fruits4 ,=
  in/ance1 ! yell[ ( ! pea*1 ! r$ ( !   
*]ry1 ! purple (  ! plum1 etc4 ,! object
 ( artificial color+ is to make all k9ds
  & v>ieties ( ^! fruits imitate ^? (   
naturally ri* color4  ,its sole purpose 
is deception1 s9ce x c add no?+ :atev]  
to  ! nutritive value4 ,! claim t x adds
 to ! dietetic value (  ! fruit1 z 9 o!r
 cases ( ! same k9d ( argum5t1 is pla9ly
  fallaci\s4 ,! v mom5t ! consum]       
realizes he is eat+ an  artificially    

t9t$ fruit1 if 8 temp]am5t be z arti/ic 
z %\ld  always be ! case1 he becomes    
s5sitive to ! ef=t made to deceive  him4
 ,su* artificially color$ foods1 ?us1   
in/ead ( ta/+ bett]  ?an !y o!rwise     
w\ld1 h a worse ta/e due to ! feel+ (   
antipa?y excit$ by _! pres5ce4 ,h5ce !re
 c be no excuse1  "u any circum/ances1 =
 ! addition ( artificial colors to food 
products ( ?is k9d1 or 9 fact1 ( any k9d
 except ^? :i* are  purely syn!tic & h  
no relation 9 composition or 9 quality  
to  a natural product4 ,) ! exception ( 
*]ries & b]ries1 !  addition (          
artificial color to cann$ fruits is n   
common4    ,ano!r =m ( adult]ation1 :i* 
=tunately is seldom practic$ 9  fruit1  
is "o :i* has already be5 describ$ 9    
suffici5t detail1  t is1 ! addition (   
sac*>91 a sub/ance :i* has ev5 less     
place 9 fruits ?an 9 vegetables4 ,!     
addition ( a non-sug>1 su*  z sac*>91 ) 
an int5sely sweet ta/e = ! purpose (    
induc+  ! consum] to believe t ! article
 is a natural sweet product1  is an     

adult]ation ( ! mo/ repreh5sible type1  
to say no?+ (  ! evil effects ( !       
adult]ant employ$ ^u heal?4 ,! addition 
( spices & o!r condim5tal sub/ances to  
fruit products _c  be reg>d$ z an       
adult]ation1 because !y reveal _! own   
pres5ce  & are n add$ = ! purpose (     
imitation or deception4 ,z has  be5     
m5tion$ above1 ! manufactur] w\ld save  
all criticism 9  su* cases by a pla9    
/atem5t ^u ! label ( ! nature ( !       
sub/ance add$4    ,cann$ fruits prop]ly 
pres]v$ reta9 _! natural aroma &  flavor
 bett] ?an any o!r =m ( cann$ food &    
des]ve ! high  e/imation 9 :i* !y are   
held by ! consum]4 ,! "t is n[  rapidly 
approa*+ :5 all su* goods w be free (   
any imitation  or adult]ation1 & ?is w  
add greatly to _! value 9 !  m>kets ( ! 
c\ntry4 ,! consum] w !n only ne$ to h ! 
date ( pres]vation m>k$ on ! c to be    
fully protect$4      ,,fruit ,,sirups4  
,! express$ juice ( fruits mix$ ) !     
prop] proportion (  sug> produces an    
important article ( comm]ce kn[n z fruit

 sirup4  ,^! fruit sirups are us$       
pr9cipally 9 ! prep>ation ( cool+1      
non-alcoholic bev]ages su* z are drunk  
at ! 8soda f\nta9s0  s-call$ 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( fruit sirups  
only ! *oice/ & be/ fruits are to be    
us$4 ,! juice1 aft]  expression1 is     
prop]ly fre$ f susp5d$ matt] by         
filtration or  s$im5tation & is br\ght  
to a prop] consi/5ce by mix+ at  once ) 
pure sug>4 ,:5 x is us$ z soon z prep>$ 
no fur!r  prep>ation 9 reg>d to its     
pres]vation is necess>y1 s9ce juice     
prep>$ 9 ?is way & kept 9 an ice-box w  
keep sev]al days  )\t f]m5t+4 ,:5 prep>$
 on a l>ge scale = comm]cial  purposes x
 becomes necess>y to prep>e ^! sirups 9 
"s m  p]man5t =m4 ,to ?is end !y are    
subject$ to ! usual process (           
pa/eurization4 ,on acc\nt ( _! liquid   
condition1 /]ilization1  t is1 ! use ( a
 temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 is r>ely      
necess>y4 ,if1 on pa/eurization1 a      
precipitate is =m$ 9 ^!  sirups1 !y %\ld
 be heat$ to ! temp]ature (             

pa/eurization  previ\s to ! f9al        
process+ & any deposit$ matt] be sep>at$
  by filtration or deposit4 ,! sirup ?us
 cl>ifi$ is plac$ 9  bottles or sep>ate 
conta9]s & subject$ to ! pa/euriz+      
process = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 & is !n
 ready = !  m>ket4 ,^! pa/euriz$ sirups1
 if /or$ 9 a cool place1 w keep  almo/  
indef9itely4 ,9 all cases :]e           
pa/eurization is practic$  at a v l[    
temp]ature x is necess>y to keep !      
product at a  l[ temp]ature1 s9ce1 z is 
well kn[n1 pa/eurization does n  kill   
all ! spores1 b does act ) deadly effect
 ^u ! yea/s  :i* produce alcoholic      
f]m5tation4 ,fre% sirups ?us prep>$ &   
pa/euriz$ are :olesome & palatable & are
 unobjectionable4      ,composition (   
,fruit ,sirup4--,naturally ! pr9cipal   
con/itu5t  ( fruit sirup is ! add$ sug>4
 ,! o!r con/itu5ts correspond  to ^? ( !
 juice f :i* ! sirup is made4 ,z "o ( ! 
pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( fruit juice is    
sug>1 x is se5 t !  natural sug> plus ! 
addition makes up practically ! total   

solid  compon5ts 9 articles ( ?is k9d4  
,adult]ation ( ,fruit ,sirup4--,fruit   
sirups h be5 ext5sively &  unnecess>ily 
adult]at$4 ,! pr9cipal adult]ation is ! 
omission  ( ! pa/eurization process & ! 
pres]v+ ( ! fruit juice  by means ( an  
antiseptic4 ,! two antiseptics :i* h be5
 mo/  commonly employ$ = ?is purpose are
 salicylic & b5zoic acids4 ,at  ! pres5t
 "t1 by reason ( prohibitive legislation
 9 respect (  salicylic acid1 b5zoic    
acid or its comp\nds are q univ]sally   
employ$4 ,^! antiseptics are injuri\s to
 heal? & ev5 9 small  quantities _c fail
 to h "s delet]i\s effect ^u ! sy/em4   
,z !y are n necess>y 9 ! pres]vation (  
fruit sirups1 !y  %\ld be rigidly       
exclud$ !refrom4 ,9 ju/ice to ^? :o use 
antiseptics ( ?is k9d x is said t1 z a  
rule1 !y frankly admit  t ^! sirups c be
 pres]v$ by /]ilization1 b t :5  consum$
 !y are us$ only 9 small quantities1 &  
:5 ! air has  access to ! rema9+ portion
 f]m5tation is set up4 ,to ?is !  answ] 
may be made t if un/opp]$ & us$ "u prop]

 conditions  to avoid ! admission (     
g]ms1 & if kept on ice or 9 a cool      
place1  f]m5tation w n set up = sev]al  
days1 dur+ :i* "t  opportunity w be _h =
 dispos+ ( ! cont5ts ( ! bottle4  ,x    
does n appe> t !re is any conv9c+ reason
 to w>rant !  cont9uance ( ! use (      
pres]vatives 9 ?is k9d ( products4      
,imitation ,fruit ,sirups4--,by f> ! mo/
 g5]al adult]ation (  fruit sirups is t 
( ! imitations !re(1 pure & simple1 by  
syn!tic products4 ,! flavors :i* give to
 fruits _! "*  & aroma are *emical      
comp\nds produc$ by ,nature & are *iefly
 (  ! nature ( a volatile oil or comp\nd
 e!r4 ,( ^! flavors1 !  comp\nd e!rs    
especially are readily produc$ by purely
 syn!tic  processes4 ,x is possible1    
!re=e1 = ! *emi/ to make an  approximate
 imitation ( ! natural fruit flavor4 ,no
 diff]5ce  h[ great 8 skill1 h[ev]1 or !
 skill ( ! mix]1 !re is  always a       
gu/atory & hygi5ic diff]5ce betwe5 !    
syn!tic  & ! natural product1 & !       
natural product always has !  advantage 

( ! diff]5ce4 ,:ile ,i d n g s f> z to  
say t  syn!tic flavors or sirups %\ld be
 exclud$ 9 ! prep>ation (  non-alcoholic
 bev]ages1 ,i d say ) emphasis t !y %\ld
 nev]  be us$1 except ) notification to 
! consum]1 & nev]1 "u any  circum/ance1 
if !y conta9 any +r$i5t :i* is          
prejudicial to  heal?4    ,"o ( !       
pr9cipal argum5ts :i* has be5 made aga9/
 !  enactm5t ( ! pure food bill has be5 
t x w\ld exclude f !  m>ket ^! syn!tic  
products4 ,at lea/ let !m be sold "u _! 
prop] designations4 ,a law :i* requires 
pla9 & hone/ br&+ c  h>dly be object$ to
 on any gr\nd :atev]4      ,,jams1      
,,jellies1 ,,& ,,pres]ves4    ,!        
prep>ation ( v>i\s fruits or fruit      
juices ) sug> is an  important indu/ry  
bo? = dome/ic purposes & = comm]ce 9 !  
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 ! fle%y portion ( !  
fruit is treat$ )  sug> sirup & boil$1 x
 produces ! product kn[n z pres]ves4    
,:5 a fruit is r$uc$ to a pulp & treat$ 
) sug> sirup &  boil$1 x makes a product
 kn[n z jam4 ,:5 ! fruit juice itself   

is treat$ ) sug> & boil$1 x =ms a       
product kn[n z jelly4  ,! above are     
g5]al def9itions ( ?ree important       
classes ( fruit  products1 ?\gh x is n  
int5d$ by any means 9 ! def9itions  to  
describe ! details ( prep>ation4 ,^! v>y
 greatly 9 respect  ( ! me?od (         
prep>ation1 ! fruit1 ! quantity ( sug>  
us$1  ! l5g? ( "t ! boil+ is cont9u$1 & 
! consi/5cy (  ! f9al product4 ,^!      
def9itions m]ely outl9e ! ?ree di/9ct   
classes ( products :i* are made f       
fruits4      ,selection ( ! ,fruit4--,9 
! selection ( ! fruit = mak+  ^! sweet  
products x is highly important t only ! 
v be/  quality %\ld be us$4 ,! fruit    
%\ld be ( a prop] degree (  maturity1 & 
yet n ov]ripe4 ,! practice ( us+        
immature1 wa/e1  or p>tially de=m$ or   
decay$ fruit = ! purposes nam$ _c be    
too /rongly condemn$4 ,! great advantage
 ( prep>+ ^! products  at ! home consi/s
 9 ! fact t ! "* ( ! mat]ial  us$ is "u 
! imm$iate sup]vision ( ! h\sewife4 ,9  
l>ge  factories :]e no (ficial          

inspection is ex]cis$ x is possible t   
any k9d ( fruit or any portion ( ! fruit
 may be devot$ to !  purpose4 ,all      
det]iorat$ raw mat]ial %\ld be rigidly  
exclud$ f  ! factory4 ,v>i\s fruits are 
utiliz$ 9 diff]5t mann]s 9 !  prep>ation
 ( ! above-nam$ products4 ,l>ge fruits )
 t\gh sk9s1  su* z apples1 pea*es1 &    
pe>s1 are p>$1 ! cores remov$1 &  all   
decay$ or infect$ portions cut away1 & !
 clean1 fre%1 fle%y  portion ( ! fruit  
us$ = manufactur+ purposes4 ,small      
fruits1  su* z b]ries1 aft] ! exclusion 
( all dirt1 immature or imp]fect        
samples1 & ! removal ( ! /em1 are us$ 9 
! :ole /ate =  ! purposes nam$4    ,x   
w\ld be manife/ly impracticable1 z a    
rule1 to remove ev5 !  se$s ( small     
fruits1 except :]e jelly is to be       
manufactur$4 ,!  fruits1 hav+ be5       
prop]ly prep>$1 are mix$ ) sug> or ?ick 
sug> sirup & subject$ to heat = two     
purposes4 ,! fir/ purpose  ( heat is to 
/]ilize completely ! mat]ial s t no     
bact]ia1  g]ms1 or spores may be left   

alive 9 ! f9i%$ product4 ,!  second     
purpose ( heat+ is to conc5trate !      
mat]ial to a prop]  consi/5ce & to      
?or\ghly saturate all portions ) sug>   
sirup4  ,incid5tally1 ! heat+ also by ! 
comb9$ action ( temp]ature  & free acids
 9 ! fruit inv]ts a l>ge quantity ( !   
cane sug>  t is us$ & ?us prev5ts !     
f9i%$ product f granulat+4  ,!          
cry/allization ( ! sug> 9 ^! bodies     
r5d]s !m v  mu* less desirable &        
suitable = consumption4 ,= ?is reason1  
among o!rs1 ! precaution above m5tion$1 
namely1 t ! fruit  %\ld n be ov]ripe1   
%\ld be obs]v$4 ,x has be5 se5 t        
ov]ripe fruit dim9i%es 9 acidity1 & h5ce
 x is less suitable =  conv]t+ ! cane   
sug> ?an fruit j %ort ( complete        
maturity4  ,= ?is reason1 too1 ! m      
/rongly acid fruits are bett] suit$  =  
mak+ ^! sweet5$ products ?an ^? 9 :i* ! 
acidity is  less /rongly develop$4      
,jams4--,z has already be5 said1 jams   
diff] f jellies 9 t  !y conta9 n only ! 
juice ( ! fruit b ! :ole pulp ( !  fruit

 or ! :ole fruit4 ,! me?ods ( prep>ation
 9 effect produce  ! same *anges ^u !   
sug>s t are produc$ by ! fruit juice4   
,! fruit aft] prop] comm9ution is boil$ 
) l>ge quantities (  sug> a suffici5t   
l5g? ( "t to r$uce ! fruit fle% to a    
pulp  & to inv]t m or less ( ! sug> :i* 
is us$4 ,! insoluble  matt] :i* jam     
conta9s consi/s *iefly ( ! cellulose &  
pectose  matt] 9 ! fruit1 toge!r ) !    
se$s ( ! small fruit4 ,!  v>i\s solids  
are made up ( ! solid bodies 9 ! fruits1
 includ+  ! sug>s :i* are add$4 ,! "* ( 
! a% ( ! jams is  a good indication :e!r
 or n !y are pure1 t is1 made out (     
sug> & fruit only4 ,:ile x is true t !  
a% ( fruit v>ies1 x  is also true t !   
real a% ( fruit has c]ta9 *>act]i/ics 9 
reg>d to alkal9ity :i* are n possess$ by
 ! a% ( adult]at$  fruit products4 ,= ! 
sake ( conv5i5ce & ref]5ce x is se5     
advisable to app5d a table %[+ !        
composition ( ! a% ( "s  ( ! fre% fruits
 7,bullet9 #ff1 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry74    
----------------------------------------

--------------                          
,p,o4 ,,s4                              
,,phos- ,,sul-               ,,pure     
,k,o4  ,na,o4 ,ca,o4 ,,phoric ,,furic   
,cl4    ,,fruit4    ,,a%4 ,,pota%4      
,,soda4 ,,lime4 ,,acid4 ,,acid4,,*lor94 
----------------------------------------
--------------              ,p]-  ,p]-  
,p]- ,p]- ,p]- ,p]- ,p]-                
c5t4 c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4    ,apple1
    #j4bfd #ee4ba  #aa4fi  #d4gi #ab4hc 
#d4fb   #j4hc    ,apricots1  4#ejh      
#ei4cf  #aj4bf  #c4ag #ac4ji #b4fc      
4#de    ,banana1   #a4jgh #fc4jf   #b4cd
   4#hf  #a4fb #b4cb  #bf4ic    ,*]ries1
 #j4ddj #eg4fg   #f4hj  #d4bj #ae4aa    
#e4hc   #a4hc    ,figs1      4#fhb      
#eg4af   #b4ch #aj4ij #ab4gf #c4ij      
#b4je    ,grapes1    4#ejj #ej4ie       
#f4cb  #d4if #ba4bg #d4bh   #a4ed       
,lemons1    4#ebf #dh4bf   #a4gf #bd4hg 
#aa4ji #b4hd    4#ci    ,oranges1       
4#dcb #dh4id   #b4ej #bb4ga #ab4cg #e4be
    4#ib    ,prunes1    4#dhf #fc4hc    
#b4fe  #d4ff #ad4jh #b4fh    4#cd       

----------------------------------------
--------------    ,f ! above table x is 
se5 t !re is n a v l>ge  p]c5tage (     
sulfuric acid 9 ! natural a% 9 fruits1 &
 v  little *lor91 ) ! exception ( !     
banana1 9 :i* ! a%  is pr9cipally       
potassium *lorid4 ,s9ce ! a% ( glucose1 
z x is  made at ! pres5t "t1 consi/s    
almo/ entirely ( sulfates &  *lorids1   
any consid]able increase ( ^! +r$i5ts ( 
an a% ov]  ! normal may be reg>d$ z an  
indication t ! fruit product  f :i* ! a%
 is obta9$ conta9s add$ glucose4        
,inasmu* z  !re are *emical & physical  
me?ods ( detect+ glucose :i*  are       
entirely reliable1 ! utility ( !        
composition ( a% = ?is  purpose is r    
confirmatory ?an o!rwise4 ,s9ce ! add$  
sug>  is ! *ief con/itu5t ( jams !re is 
little diff]5ce 9 o!r  respects 9 !     
composition ( jams made f diff]5t       
fruits1 z w  be se5 by ! table (        
analysis giv5 bel[3                     
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  

,,total             ,,r$uc+    ,,cane   
,,total    ,,description4  ,,solids4    
,,acidity4  ,,sug>4     ,,sug>4         
,,sug>4                                 
----------------------------------------
----------------------      ,jams4      
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4     
,apple1        #fc4bb      #j4bhb       
#be4eb     #bi4aa    #ed4fc             
,blackb]ry1   #ee4db       4#hea        
#ah4gg     #bi4jj    #dg4gg    ,grape1  
#ef4fd       4#gdd     #cc4dd     #aa4cc
    #dd4gg    ,orange1       #hj4eb     
4#dcc     #ac4fa     #ed4bc    #fg4hd   
,pe>1         #fa4eb       4#afc        
#ac4bj     #cc4gd    #df4id    ,pea*1   
#fe4fe       4#ejj     #cf4dh     #bc4af
    #ei4fd    ,p9eapple1    #gc4ib      
4#cad     #ad4je     #df4dj    #fj4de   
,plum1         #ej4dc      #a4jab       
#bh4bi      #i4gj    #cg4ii             
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,! *>act]i/ics
 ( fruit :i* give ! special flavors to !
 jams  are imp>t$ by con/itu5ts su* z   

e!rs1 ess5tial oils1 & o!r  aromatic    
sub/ances1 toge!r ) ! free acids :i* are
 pres5t  9 su* quantities z n to be     
susceptible ( easy quantitative         
det]m9ation by *emical means4 ,!        
relation :i* exi/s betwe5 !  cane sug> &
 ! inv]t sug> is n a safe index ( !     
me?od (  prep>ation1 b is r an          
indication ( ! excess or defici5cy  ( ! 
acid 9 ! fruit employ$4 ,! great] !     
quantity ( active  acids1 o!r ?+s be+   
equal1 ! l>g] ! quantity ( inv]t$  sug> 
& ! small] ! quantity ( cane sug> 9 !   
f9i%$  product4    ,9 ! foll[+ table is 
giv5 ! composition ( a numb] ( jams     
made 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,bureau (       
,*emi/ry4 ,^! analyses are  select$ f a 
great _m :i* are available because ! "* 
& am\nt ( sug> 9 ! composition ( ! jam 7
 c>efully  controll$1 & ?us ! *emical   
data af=d a base ( direct  composition4 
----------------------------------------
--------------------                    
,,total                                 
,,acids                                 

,,ex-              ,,s]ial              
,,press$,,proteids     ,,num-           
,,description ,,(          ,,total      
,,z     7,n        ,,b]4 ,,sample4      
,,solids4  ,,a%4   ,h,,s4  #f4be74      
----------------------------------------
--------------------                    
,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4    #bjddf  
,apple 7fall pipp97     #fc4bb   #j4bj  
#j4bhb   #j4age     #bjdad ,blackb]ry   
#ee4db    4#dh     4#hea    4#gcg       
#bjdde ,grape 7fox7             #fa4hj  
4#ai     4#fih    4#bjj     #bjdaf      
,grape 7,ives se$l+7   #ef4fd    4#dh   
4#gdd    4#ebe     #bjddc ,orange       
7,florida navel7  #hj4eb    4#dd        
4#dcc    4#idd     #bjddh ,pe>          
7,b>tlett7         #fa4eb    4#bh       
4#afc    4#cab     #bjddb ,p9eapple     
#gc4ib    4#cj     4#cae    4#cab       
#bjdba ,plum 7damson7           #ej4dc  
4#ed    #a4ajb    4#ebe     #bjdbc ,plum
 7wild fox7         #fb4aj    4#df      
#a4cee    4#bab                         
----------------------------------------

--------------------                    
----------------------------------------
--------------                          
,,sug>s4                                
------------------------                
,,s]ial                                 
,cane    ,cane       ,,num-             
,,description ,,(        ,r$uc+  sug>   
sug>      ,,b]4 ,,sample4               
sug>4  add$4  f\nd4                     
----------------------------------------
------------                            
,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4    #bjddf ,apple  
7fall pipp97     #be4eb   #ea4ca        
#bi4aa     #bjdad ,blackb]ry            
#ah4gg   #dc4ii   #bi4jj     #bjdde     
,grape 7fox7             #ej4jf   #ed4ba
    #c4gj     #bjdaf ,grape 7,ives      
se$l+7   #cc4dd   #db4de   #aa4cc       
#bjddc ,orange 7,florida navel7  #ac4fa 
#fi4ac   #ed4bc     #bjddh ,pe>         
7,b>tlett7         #ac4bj   #df4eb      
#cc4gd     #bjddb ,p9eapple             
#ad4je   #fj4bj   #df4dj     #bjdba     
,plum 7damson7           #bh4bi   #cg4ge

    #i4gj     #bjdbc ,plum 7wild fox7   
#bh4gh   #dg4hf   #bc4bf                
----------------------------------------
------------                            
----------------------------------------
-----------------                       
,,pol>izations4                         
--------------------------              
,cane                  ,,s]ial          
sug> ,direct,inv]t,inv]t     ,,num-     
,,description ,,(           9-    at    
at    at     ,,b]4 ,,sample4            
v]t$4#ah ,c4#ah ,c4#hf ,c4              
----------------------------------------
--------------                          
,p4 ct4 ,v4 ,v4 ,v4    #bjddf ,apple    
7fall pipp97     #dc4bb  #bf4c -#ac4j   
#d4h    #bjdad ,blackb]ry               
#cd4jh  #bd4f -#ad4f  #a4f    #bjdde    
,grape 7fox7             #ib4if   -#i4j 
-#ad4j  #b4b    #bjdaf ,grape 7,ives    
se$l+7   #gc4ch   #c4e -#aa4h   #j      
#bjddc ,orange 7,florida navel7  #ba4ee 
#ee4i -#ag4e  #b4j    #bjddh ,pe>       
7,b>tlett7         #ah4hg  #cb4c -#ac4b 

#a4j    #bjddb ,p9eapple                
#bb4ij  #eb4c -#aj4c  #f4b    #bjdba    
,plum 7damson7           #gd4db   #c4a  
-#aj4j  #a4b    #bjdbc ,plum 7wild fox7 
#ec4dc  #ac4i -#ag4e   #j               
----------------------------------------
--------------    ,! foll[+ table       
repres5ts ! data relat+ to ! composition
 (  jams f samples pur*as$ 9 ! op5      
m>ket1 free f glucose &  app>5tly pure3 
----------------------------------------
-----------------------                 
,,total             ,,r$uc+    ,,cane   
,,total    ,,description4   ,,solids4   
,,acidity4   ,,sug>4    ,,sug>4         
,,sug>4                                 
----------------------------------------
-----------------------                 
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4     
,apricots1       #gj4ae      4#djg      
#ch4if     #bf4jj     #fd4if            
,currants1       #ff4cb     #a4aag      
#eb4de      #a4fd     #ed4ji    ,figs1  
#fi4hi      4#gdd      4444     #de4ib  
4444    ,grape fruit1    #fi4bj         

4#chg     #bg4jj     #ce4ea     #fb4ea  
,guava1          #hb4df      4#bii      
#be4ad     #eb4gc     #gg4hg    ,pea*1  
#fe4fe      4#ejj     #cf4dh     #bc4af 
#ei4fd    ,/rawb]ries1   #ge4hc         
4#dhj     #cg4ae     #ca4dc     #fh4eh  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------    ,! av]age    
composition ( a l>ge numb] ( pure jams1 
"s ( :i*  7 made 9 ! laboratory & "s    
pur*as$ 9 ! op5 m>ket1 is  z foll[s3    
----------------------------------------
------------------               ,,total
             ,,r$uc+    ,,cane          
,,total              ,,solids4          
,,acidity4   ,,sug>4    ,,sug>4         
,,sug>4                                 
----------------------------------------
------------------                      
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4     
,av]age1  #fe4ih       4#ecf    #cf4da  
#bb4ae     #eh4ef    ,maximum1  #hb4df  
#a4cee    #fa4jb     #ed4bc      4444   
,m9imum1  #ej4dc       4#afc    #ac4bj  
4#cj      4444                          

----------------------------------------
------------------    ,! analytical data
 %[ t ! jams1 9 s f> z active food      
con/itu5ts are conc]n$1 are compos$     
*iefly ( sug>4 ,^! sug>s  include bo? t 
natural to ! fruit & t :i* has be5 add$4
  ,! av]age cont5t ( sug> 9 r\nd numb]s 
is #eh4e p]c5t1 :ile 9  r\nd numb]s !   
av]age cont5t ( solids1 n sug>1 is #g4e 
p]c5t4  ,x is ?us se5 t ! am\nt ( sug>  
pres5t 9 r\nd numb]s is  eight times z  
great z t ( ! o!r solids4 ,x is also    
notic$  t ! p]c5tage ( r$uc+ sug> is    
ab\t "o-?ird great] ?an  ! cane sug>1   
indicat+ t ! inv]sion ( ! sug>1 :5 !    
real fruits h be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture1  
has be5 c>ri$ to su*  an ext5t z to     
avoid any dang] ( cry/allization4 ,^!   
data are all  9 complete refutation ( ! 
claims made by _m manufactur]s t  x is  
necess>y to add glucose 9 ! manufacture 
( complex products  ( ?is k9d 9 ord] to 
prev5t cry/allization4 ,if ! real fruit 
is  us$ 9 ! prop] quantity & !          
manufacture conduct$ accord+ to  !      

approv$ me?od1 !re is no dang] (        
cry/allization except 9  ^? r>e cases   
:]e ! fruits us$ h little or no acid4   
,adult]ation ( ,jams4--,! adult]ations (
 jams are practically  ! same z ^? :i*  
are practic$ ) jellies4 ,artificial     
colors  h be5 v ext5sively us$ toge!r ) 
! artificial flavors  resembl+ ! fruits1
 ! names ( :i* appe> errone\sly ^u !    
packages4 ,glucose is us$ to a l>ge     
ext5t 9 ^! adult]at$ goods4  ,9 !       
adult]at$ articles a pres]vative is     
ne>ly always pres5t4  ,/>* is us$ b v   
r>ely = adult]at+ articles ( ?is k9d4   
,fifty-eight samples ( jams :i* prov$ to
 be adult]at$ 7 b\ght  on ! op5 m>ket by
 ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 none ( :i* bore  
any  label or description indicat+ t x 0
 an adult]at$ article4  ,! "* ( !       
pr9cipal adult]ant 7glucose7 9 ea* case 
is reveal$ at once by ! pol>ization1 :i*
 is always /rongly  "r-h&$1 & also by   
o!r *emical te/s = glucose4 ,!  quantity
 ( sulfate & *lorid 9 ! a% ( ^! samples 
is always  v consid]ably increas$ ov] t 

( ! natural product4 ,!  quantity (     
glucose 9 "s ( ! samples is s great z to
 indicate  t practically ! :ole ( !     
solid matt] is compos$ ( ?is  sub/ance4 
,9 two samples ! alleg$ jam conta9$ no  
fruit product  :atev]4 ,9 _m cases m ?an
 #gj p]c5t ( glucose is f\nd &  9 "o    
in/ance z high z #gf p]c5t4 ,9 a great  
majority ( !  cases ! glucose is        
approximately "o-half ( ! :ole weight ( 
! jam4 ,9 a great _m cases ! glucose 0  
pres5t 9 quantities  :i* indicat$ !     
utilization ( "s fruit product4 ,!re 7 a
 few  cases :]e ! am\nt ( glucose fell  
bel[ #aj p]c5t4 ,artificial  color+     
matt] 0 pres5t 9 almo/ e case1 & 9 !    
great  majority ( cases ei!r b5zoic acid
 or salicylic acid is pres5t z a        
pres]vative4 ,! colors us$ are coal t>  
dyes & co*9eal4    ,x is evid5t t       
articles ( food adult]at$ 9 ?is mann]   
%\ld  n be p]mitt$ to be> ! "n ( !      
natural product1 & 9 _m  ( ! /ates !    
local laws =bid ! use ( a mislead+ "n4  
,! national law1 :i* 0 approv$ on ! #cj?

 ( ,june1 #aijf1 also  =bids misbr&+ (  
?is description4    ,9 addition to !    
jams :i* on _! labels bore no indication
 (  ! adult]ations1 a numb] ( samples ( 
jam 7 pur*as$ label$  8,comp\nd10 or 9  
"s way indicat+ t !y 7 n ! pure         
article4 ,?irte5 samples ( ?is k9d 7    
exam9$ 9 ! ,bureau (  ,*emi/ry & all (  
!m _h v l>ge quantities ( glucose1 !    
l>ge/ am\nt pres5t 9 any "o case be+ #cg
 p]c5t4 ,!y 7 all  artificially color$1 
& t5 ( !m conta9$ pres]vatives1 ei!r    
b5zoic or salicylic acid4               
,jellies4--,9 addition to ! jellies :i* 
7 made 9 !  laboratory ( ! ,bureau (    
,*emi/ry = ! purpose ( controll+  !     
manufacture1 #dd samples ( jelly 7 b\ght
 ^u ! op5 m>ket4  ,( ^! comm]cial       
samples #ai conta9$ no glucose1 #ac ( !m
  conta9$ glucose1 b 7 n s label$1 & #ab
 7 label$ z  comp\nd or adult]at$       
articles4 ,ne>ly all ( ! comm]cial      
jellies  7 made ) apple jelly z ! base4 
,! apple jelly & glucose  made up       
practically ! total solids1 no matt] :at

 "n 0 appli$4  ,! flavors 7 artificial1 
& a v l>ge numb] ( ! samples  conta9$   
pres]vatives4 ,! samples ( jelly :i*    
conta9$ no  glucose 7 evid5tly made ( ! 
natural fruit1--!y conta9$ no           
artificial color+ matt] & 9 only a few  
in/ances did !y conta9  pres]vatives4   
,on ! o!r h& ! jellies :i* 7 made (     
glucose  7 uni=mly color$ & conta9$     
pres]vatives4    ,x is ( int]e/ "h to   
say a few words ab\t ! v *eape/ (       
adult]at$ jellies :i* are f\nd ^u !     
m>ket4 ,^! jellies 7  made ) "s apple   
juice1 b *iefly ( glucose4 ,!y conta9$  
l>ge quantities ( pres]vatives1 & ! a% 0
 ri* 9 sulfates &  *lorids except 9 two 
in/ances4 ,9 ^! cases x is possible t  !
 glucose :i* 0 us$ 0 manufactur$ by "s  
special process n  involv+ ! use ( ei!r 
sulfuric or hydro*loric acid4           
,adult]ation ( ,jelly4--,jellies are ( !
 class ( fruit products  :i* h be5      
ext5sively adult]at$4 ,! m>kets ( !     
c\ntry  h be5 flood$ = ye>s ) s-call$   
8comp\nd jellies0 or  imitations (      

jelly4 ,! *ief =ms ( adult]ation are !  
foll[+3  ,! use ( apple /ock = mak+ all 
k9ds ( jelly4 ,att5tion has  already be5
 call$ to ! fact t apples conta9 a l>ge 
numb]  ( pectose bodies :i* favor       
jellification4 ,a common me?od (        
manufactur+ jelly has be5 to use a /ock 
( apple juice or cid]  or a prep>ation  
made f ! cores1 sk9s1 & reject$ portions
  ( ! apple at evaporat+ factories or f 
:ole reject$ apples4  ,?is /ock is us$ z
 a common base = ! manufacture ( jellies
  ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,:5ev] apple juice    
ent]s into ! composition  ( a jelly made
 f any o!r fruit ?an ! apple x becomes  
an  adult]ation4 ,apple juice is n an   
adult]ation 9 ! s5se ( be+  an injury to
 heal?1 b 9 ! s5se ( be+ sub/itut$ = o!r
  fruit juices4      ,artificial        
,color+4--,9 z mu* z ea* k9d ( fruit    
t5ds to give  to a jelly a p>ticul>     
color1 x is evid5t t if apple /ock is   
us$ ! natural colors ( ! o!r fruits mu/ 
be imitat$4    ,to ?is end coal t> dyes 
h be5 g5]ally employ$1 & sometimes      

vegetable or animal color+ matt] to     
imitate ! color ( ! fruit  ^: "n is giv5
 to ! product4      ,artificial         
,flavors4--,s9ce :5 apple /ock is us$ z 
a base (  manufacture x imp>ts to !     
f9i%$ product only ! flavor (  apples1  
artificial *emical flavors resembl+ o!r 
fruits are  employ$4 ,?us ! jellies :i*1
 presumably1 are made f o!r  fruits1 h !
 p>ticul> flavor ( ^? fruits imitat$ 9 a
 :olly  artificial way4                 
,composition ( ,jelly4--,! prop]ties ( a
 jelly1 9 respect ( its  di/9ct "*1 are 
due solely to ! fruit f :i* x is made4  
,ea* "o ( ! fruits conta9s ess5tial     
oils1 e!real sub/ances1  acids1 etc41   
:i* give to x a di/9ct "*4 ,^! bodies   
are  c>ri$ ) ! fruit juice into ! f9i%$ 
product & give to  x its di/9ct         
*>act]i/ics4 ,! sug>1 ( c\rse1 9 all ^! 
products is ! same4 ,9 ! foll[+ table   
are f\nd ! data %[+  ! composition (    
jellies made f diff]5t fruits 9 !       
,bureau (  ,*emi/ry4    ,,composition   
,,( ,,jelly4                            

----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,,total                                 
,,acids              ,,se-              
,,ex-               ,,rial              
,,press$,,proteids     ,,num-           
,,description     ,,total            ,,z
     7,n        ,,b]4   ,,( ,,sample4   
,,solids4  ,,a%4   ,h,,s4  #f4be74      
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4            
#bjdjh;,apple 7fall                     
pipp97           #ei4ah   #j4bb         
#j4bgi   #j4age     #bjdje;,blackb]ry   
#ei4fc    4#cc     4#dge    4#bdc       
#bjdaj;,crab apple        #fc4bh    4#aa
     4#aga    4#acg     #bjdje;,grape   
7,ives                                  
se$l+7         #fc4ff    4#de     4#ebd 
4#age     #bjdab;,huckleb]ry            
#fc4jb    4#bh     4#bde    4#jfi       
#bjdce,orange 7,florida                 
navel7            #fh4ef    4#cj        
4#aga    4#dah     #bjdcg,pea*          

#fi4ih    4#ba     4#bde    4#age       
#bjdcd,pe> 7,b>tlett7   #fi4ab    4#cd  
4#aha    4#aef     #bjdcf,p9eapple      
#hj4bh    4#dc     4#cbh    4#chg       
#bjdcc,p9eapple husk    #gf4cd    4#gc  
4#ceb    4#cej     #bjdjd,plum 7damson7 
#de4ef    4#fh    #a4abg    4#cej       
#bjdji,plum 7wild fox7   #ed4di    4#dj 
#a4jbi    4#ach     #bjdaa,plum 7wild   
fox71                                   
boil$ d[n       #gc4ja    4#fe    #a4ebi
    4#age     #bjdjg,mix$ fruit         
#ff4eh    4#ba     4#cfg    4#jfi       
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
----------------------------------------
----------------                        
,,sug>s4                                
--------------------------------        
,,se-                                   
,cane       ,,rial                      
,cane    ,cane    sug>      ,,num-      
,,description   ,r$uc+ sug>   sug>      
9-       ,,b]4   ,,( ,,sample4          
,sug>s4 add$4  f\nd4  v]t$4             

----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4,p4 ct4            
#bjdjh;,apple 7fall                     
pipp97           #bj4gh   #ea4gf        
#cc4jd   #cf4ag     #bjdje;,blackb]ry   
#ab4ea   #ed4hi   #dd4ij   #ah4bj       
#bjdaj;,crab apple        #cd4ic        
#eg4fa   #bc4fh   #eh4hh                
#bjdje;,grape 7,ives                    
se$l+7         #cb4bi   #fj4bi   #cj4eb 
#di4cc     #bjdab;,huckleb]ry           
#bd4bg   #ec4ci   #cb4gd   #cg4ed       
#bjdce,orange 7,florida                 
navel7             #c4ie   #fe4ei       
#fb4eb    #d4ia     #bjdcg,pea*         
#h4ge   #fc4gj   #ef4ei   #aa4af        
#bjdcd,pe> 7,b>tlett7    #f4eh   #fc4ji 
#eh4df    #g4cc     #bjdcf,p9eapple     
#bb4ac   #gb4ih   #ef4gj   #bh4de       
#bjdcc,p9eapple husk     #g4dj   #gj4bb 
#fe4bb    #g4ab     #bjdjd,plum 7damson7
     #ai4ah   #ch4jj   #bb4fg   #dj4ch  
#bjdji,plum 7wild fox7   #bd4jj   #dh4je
   #be4dh   #df4ig     #bjdaa,plum 7wild

 fox71                                  
boil$ d[n       #dd4bb   #fd4ff   #bb4cg
   #ff4ah     #bjdjg,mix$ fruit         
#ci4gj   #ei4gb   #bd4bb   #dj4ch       
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
----------------------------------------
-                                       
,,pol>izations4                         
------------------     ,,se-            
,,rial                                  
,direct,inv]t,inv]t     ,,num-          
,,description     at    at    at        
,,b]4   ,,( ,,sample4   #ah ,c4#ah      
,c4#hf ,c4                              
--------------------------------------- 
,v4 ,v4 ,v4    #bjdjh;,apple 7fall      
pipp97          #bd4j -#bj4f -#a4b      
#bjdje;,blackb]ry       #dg4j -#bj4a  #j
    #bjdaj;,crab apple       #ac4j      
-#ai4j  #j    #bjdje;,grape 7,ives      
se$l+7        #bb4c -#ah4i  4#b         
#bjdab;,huckleb]ry      #bd4a -#bj4a -  
4#d    #bjdce,orange 7,florida          
navel7           #fa4c -#bc4a - 4#b     

#bjdcg,pea*            #ec4d -#bc4j -   
4#f    #bjdcd,pe> 7,b>tlett7  #eb4g     
-#bf4b -#a4h    #bjdcf,p9eapple         
#ej4d -#bf4a  #j    #bjdcc,p9eapple husk
   #fc4g -#bd4c - 4#f    #bjdjd,plum    
7damson7    #ag4h -#ab4h  #j            
#bjdji,plum 7wild fox7  #af4g -#ag4h  #j
    #bjdaa,plum 7wild fox71             
boil$ d[n       #g4f -#bb4f - 4#f       
#bjdjg,mix$ fruit      #ad4h -#ag4i #b4b
                                        
--------------------------------------- 
,z is to be expect$ ! *ief con/itu5t (  
^! jellies is !  sug> :i* is d]iv$ bo? f
 ! sug> pres5t 9 ! natural juice  & f t 
add$ 9 ! manufacture4 ,! data %[ t !    
quantity  ( cane sug> inv]t$ v>ies      
greatly ) ! diff]5t fruits4 ,"s  ( !    
fruit juices appe> to h little or no    
effect :atev] 9 !  inv]sion ( sug>4 ,?is
 is p>ticul>ly true ( ! orange1 ! pe>1  
& ! jelly made f ! husks ( p9eapples4   
,manufacture ( ,jellies4--,9 !          
manufacture ( jellies ! fruit  juices   
are sep>at$ f ! pulpy mass ( ! fruit1 & 

^! alone  are us$ 9 ! process4 ,! mo/   
common me?od ( proc$ure is to boil  !   
fruit ) m or less wat] until ! juices   
are m or less  sep>at$ & !n to remove !m
 by /ra9+ or pressure4 ,! fruits  are   
heat$ = ?is purpose ) suffici5t wat] to 
prev5t scor*+  until !y are ?or\ghly    
s(t5$ & !n r$uc$ to a pulp4 ,! be/      
jellies are made f juices :i* are obta9$
 by simply all[+ !  pulpy mass to dra9  
?r\gh clo?4 ,! juices ?us obta9$ are    
cle>  & free ( any susp5d$ matt]4 ,:5   
pressure is us$ ! juices are  less cle> 
& conta9 m or less susp5d$ solid matt]4 
,9 !  prep>ation ( jellies approximately
 equal portions ( pure cane sug>  & !   
/ra9$ juices are us$1 & ! mixture is    
heat$ to !  boil+ po9t4 ,x is evid5t t 9
 ! manufacture ( jelly :]e  boil+ is n  
cont9u$ = any l5g? ( "t ! am\nt ( sug>  
inv]t$ is less ?an 9 ! manufacture (    
jams & pres]ves :]e  ! boil+ is cont9u$ 
= a great] l5g? ( "t4    ,! quantity (  
non-cry/alliz+ mat]ial 9 ! juices f :i* 
!  jellies are made1 namely1 ! pectose  

bodies 9 fruits1 is suffici5t  9 mo/    
cases to prev5t ! cry/allization ( !    
cane sug> 9 !  jelly4 ,! jelly is =m$ by
 ^! pectose bodies be+ pres5t 9 !  juice
 9 suffici5t quantities to become       
semi-solid on cool+ aft]  manufacture4  
,! solidify+ may take place 9 a %ort "t 
or only  aft] sev]al h\rs4 ,! juice at !
 "t ( completion ( ! boil+  is ?or\ghly 
/]iliz$1 & 9 ?is hot condition %\ld be  
plac$  9 /]iliz$ vessels & cov]$ be=e   
sett+ away ) /]iliz$  p>*m5t pap] or a  
?9 film ( /]iliz$ p>aff9e4 ,! cov]+  ( !
 surface w prev5t ! deposition ( ! se$ (
 m\lds &  bact]ia :i* (t5 infect ! top  
lay] ( jellies or o!r fruit  products   
prep>$ 9 a simil> mann] ^: surface is n 
prop]ly  protect$4                      
,pres]vatives4--,s9ce ! c>e :i* is      
necess>y to prep>e a jelly  9 a ?or\ghly
 /]iliz$ condition & to protect ! expos$
 surface  s t infection !re( _c take    
place is a matt] ( exp5se &  requires   
great att5tion to details1 x has be5    
s\ght to avoid ^!  by ! use ( *emical   

pres]vatives4 ,salicylic acid & b5zoic  
acid  or b5zoate ( soda h be5 ! pr9cipal
 pres]vatives employ$1  & until /ate &  
municipal laws introduc$ a prop]        
inspection or  analysis ( ^! products ! 
use ( ^! *emical pres]vatives 0  v      
common4 ,9 lat] ye>s _! use has be5     
gradually dim9i%$1  ow+ to ! objections 
on ! "p ( ! laws & ! public to !        
pres5ce ( ^! bodies 9 ! f9i%$ products4 
,!re are1 h[ev]1  /ill on ! m>ket _m    
products :i* are pres]v$ by salicylic   
acid1 b5zoic acid1 or b5zoate ( soda or 
"s simil> active ag5t4    ,f ! above    
rsum x is se5 t ! consum] :o buys 9 !   
op5 m>ket is n q c]ta9 t he is gett+ !  
product =  :i* he pays4 ,?is condition (
 affairs w d\btless pass away  ) ! adv5t
 ( ! prop] inspection ( fruits :i* are  
us$  9 manufactur+ on a l>ge scale & a  
prop] sup]vision ( !  manufactur+       
e/abli%m5ts1 toge!r ) a rigid execution 
( !  national & /ate food laws4 ,"u su* 
conditions ! adult]ations  w ei!r       
disappe> f ! m>ket or be s label$ z to  

practically in=m ! pur*as] ( _! "*4     
,m>malade4--,! t]m 8m>malade0 is appli$ 
to a special "*  ( fruit product prep>$ 
9 ! same mann] z jam 9 :i* ! fruit  is n
 s ?or\ghly pulp$4 ,! orange is a fruit 
:i* is us$ v  ext5sively = mak+         
m>malade1--an orange m>malade1 9 o!r    
words1  is only a fruit product ( ! "* (
 jam & made aft] ! same  mann]4 ,?is    
class ( fruit products is s ne>ly ! same
 z jam z  n to ne$ any special          
description4      ,adult]ation4--,!     
adult]ations to :i* ! m>malades are     
subject$ are practically ! same z =     
jams4 ,9 ! /udy (  m>malade 9 ! ,bureau 
( ,*emi/ry #if samples 7 exam9$4 ,(  ?is
 numb] #hf 7 comm]cial products & #aj 7 
prep>$ 9 !  laboratory ( ! ,bureau4 ,( !
 comm]cial articles #ah samples1        
some:at less ?an #bj p]c5t1 conta9$ no  
glucose4 ,fifty-?ree  conta9$ glucose1 b
 7 n s label$1 & #ae 7 label$ z  comp\nd
 or artificial4 ,! p]c5tage ( solids 9  
^! products  v>i$ )9 a wide limit4 ,!   
maximum p]c5tage ( solids f\nd  0 #hb4df

 & ! m9imum #ec4dc4 ,! av]age p]c5tage (
 a% 9 !  m>malade n conta9+ glucose 0   
#j4cb1 & ! av]age alkal9ity  ( ! a% z   
measur$ by a /&>d acid 0 #j4bf4 ,9 !    
adult]at$  m>malade conta9+ glucose !   
av]age p]c5tage ( a% 0 #j4ei1  almo/ z  
great z 9 ! pure article1 & ! av]age    
alkal9ity 0  #j4bi1 some:at great] ?an 9
 ! pure article4      ,comp\nd ,jams &  
,jellies4--,a ^w %\ld be said respect+  
! mean+ ( ! ^w 8comp\nd0 z atta*$ to    
fruit products1  especially jams &      
jellies1 s9ce x is a ^w :i* has be5     
select$ z some:at m euphoni\s ?an ! t]m 
8adult]at$0 or  8misbr&$40 ,s true is   
?is t ! ^w 8comp\nd0 :5 plac$  ^u a food
 product indicates at once to ! pur*as] 
t !  article is a mixture or sub/itute4 
,! t]m1 !re=e1 indicates !  "* (        
sophi/ication4 ,to su* an ext5t may ?is 
be practic$  t ! actual mat]ial nam$ 9  
connection ) ! ^w 8comp\nd0  may be     
abs5t f ! mixture altoge!r4 ,! t]m arose
 fir/ on  acc\nt ( ! desire ( !         
manufactur] to leave (f ( ! labels  a   

/atem5t ( ! exact composition ( !       
cont5ts ( ! package  & to sub/itute a ^w
 ( less significance1 & at ! same "t to 
comply ) c]ta9 /ate laws :i* require t  
all fruit products  conta9+ glucose be  
label$ ) ! ^w 8comp\nd0 or "s simil>    
t]m4 ,a mu* simpl] & m direct me?od w\ld
 be to make ! label  a tru?ful "o1      
indicat+1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! "* ( !  
product4 ,a comp\nd g5]ally means a     
jelly or jam made )\t !  fruit nam$1 t  
is1 l>gely ( glucose4 ,x also indicates1
 z a rule1  t ! product is artificially 
color$ & artificially flavor$4 ,9  ^!   
cases ! ^w 8imitation0 is to be pref]r$1
 inasmu* z !  mixtures be>+ ! ^w        
8comp\nd0 c only be reg>d$ 9 reality z  
a mixture ( unlike sub/ances4           
,g5]al ,conclusions4--,9 reg>d to fruit 
products made by boil+  ) sug>1 ! g5]al 
/atem5t t !y %\ld be true to "n &  free 
f artificial colors1 pres]vatives1 or   
o!r adult]ations  app>5tly cov]s ! :ole 
gr\nd4 ,if x is desir$ to make a *eap]  
article = ! b5efit ( consum]s ( small   

means1 ! pr9ciples  :i* %\ld guide !    
manufactur]s are pla94 ,! mat]ials :i*  
are add$ %\ld be :olesome & free (      
delet]i\s or injuri\s  matt]4 ,! poor   
man1 :ile entitl$ to get a *eap]        
article1 is  likewise entitl$1 z well z 
! ri* man1 to protection aga9/          
delet]i\s sub/ances4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( 
our k1 glucose  is n reg>d$ by !        
majority ( hygi5i/s z a sub/ance        
injuri\s  to heal?4 ,if x be injuri\s x 
is due m to a lack ( c>e 9  manufacture 
?an to any inh]5t prop]ties4 ,pure      
glucose1 be+ simply  a hydrolyz$        
production ( />*1 _c be reg>d$ z a      
sub/ance  injuri\s to heal?4 ,!         
objections to glucose :i* h be5         
legitimately made are due to ! fact t ! 
acids :i* h be5  us$ 9 conv]t+ ! />* &  
also ! sulfur\s acid :i* has  be5 us$ 9 
blea*+ ! product h n be5 entirely       
remov$4 ,x  appe>s t ! glucose us$ =    
food purposes c be fre$ f all  objection
 by inv]t+ ! />* ) :i* x is made )      
dia/ase  & avoid+ ! use ( all blea*+    

reag5ts4 ,! glucose ?us made  w\ld n be 
wat]-:ite1 nor is x desirable = edible  
purposes t  x be s1 s9ce x is always1   
except1 p]haps1 9 ! manufacture  ( c]ta9
 c&ies1 us$ 9 connection ) naturally    
color$ food  products4 ,!re is no reason
 to believe t a glucose made z above  & 
possess+1 z x naturally w\ld1 an amb] or
 r$di% color w\ld  be made less         
desirable ?an a product :i* is          
absolutely colorless4  ,?is sugge/ion1  
!re=e1 is made to ! manufactur] (       
glucose  = edible purposes 9 ! int]e/ ( 
public heal? & to avoid  any possible   
condemnation ( ! glucose by reason ( !  
me?od  ( manufacture1 namely1 t ! use ( 
acid 9 ! manufacture (  glucose be      
discont9u$1 t malt or "s o!r =m (       
dia/ase  be sub/itut$ & t blea*+1 except
 by pass+ ?r\gh animal  *>coal1 be      
entirely omitt$4 ,! product made 9 ?is  
way w\ld be  free f ! objections :i* h  
be51 & may 9 ! future /ill  be1 urg$ )  
reason aga9/ ! use ( ! article at !     
pres5t  "t4      ,pres]ves4--,! t]m     

8pres]ves0 is a g5]al "o :i* is appli$  
9 common language to a prep>ation (     
fruit pres]v$ by boil+  ) sug> until    
complete /]ilization is accompli%$4 ,!  
t]m 9  its g5]al application includes ! 
diff]5t v>ieties ( pres]ves  :i* h      
already be5 m5tion$1 namely1 jams1      
m>malades1 etc4 ,x  mu/ also be ext5d$  
to include ! class ( fruit products kn[n
 z  jellies1 ?\gh1 z a rule1 x is n made
 s compreh5sive 9 mean+1  inasmu* z !   
jelly does n conta9 any ( ! solid       
p>ticles  ( fruit4 ,p]haps !re is no o!r
 "p ( ! food-manufactur+  indu/ry :i* is
 s univ]sally practic$ 9 ! h\sehold z ! 
manufacture ( pres]ves4 ,n only is ?is  
true ( f>m life 9 !  c\ntry b also ( ^? 
liv+ 9 ! city4 ,! /]ilization (  fre%   
fruit )\t ! use ( sug> is n ne>ly s     
common z !  mak+ ( ! dome/ic supply (   
pres]v$ fruits 9 ! s5se above  m5tion$4 
,!re is only "o suffici5t reason = !    
prep>ation (  su* foods1 namely1 !      
suspicion :i* atta*es to ! manufactur$  
article appe>+ ^u ! m>ket4 ,s univ]sal  

has be5 ! cu/om  ( artificially color+ !
 product1 & ( ! use ( glucose &         
pres]vatives1 z to create a g5]al       
impression among consum]s t  ! articles 
?us pur*as$ 9 ! op5 m>ket are adult]at$ 
&  misbr&$4 ,:5 ^! prep>ations are made 
9 ! h\sehold we are at  lea/ assur$ ( ! 
g5u95ess ( ! product4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ 
t ! art & te*nique ( manufacture _c     
possibly be s p]fect  9 ! home z 9 !    
l>ge factories4 ,x foll[s z a necess>y  
consequ5ce t su* goods z ^? indicat$    
ought to be bett] &  *eap] & m readily  
pres]v$ if made 9 l>ge manufactur+      
c5t]s ?an :5 made at home4 ,ev5 ^? :o   
make ! g5u9e product  suff] 9 common )  
^? :o make adult]at$ articles1 s9ce !   
suspicion ( adult]ation atta*es to !    
:ole output4 ,! practice  ( dome/ic     
manufacture w und\bt$ly cont9ue until ! 
public is  fully conv9c$ t bett] & *eap]
 articles c be pur*as$ 9  ! op5 m>ket4  
,pea* ,pres]ves4--,a common practice    
among ! h\sewives ?r\gh\t  ! ,unit$     
,/ates is to boil pea*es ) sug> or sug> 

sirup1 =m+  ! well kn[n product1 pea*   
pres]ves4 ,pres]ves ( ?is k9d are       
consid]$ a delicacy1 &1 z !y are easily 
made & kept1 !y are  a v common article 
( diet ?r\gh\t all p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e  
pea*es are gr[n4      ,fruit            
,butt]4--,!re are sev]al prep>ations (  
fruit :i* diff]  9 "s respect f ^? j    
m5tion$1 to :i* ! t]m 8butt]0  has be5  
appli$1 su* z apple butt]1 pea* butt]1  
etc41 & ^!  are common articles (       
dome/ic manufacture4 ,?is type ( article
 is  illu/rat$ by a description ( apple 
butt]4    ,apple butt] is made by boil+ 
comm9ut$1 s\nd1 c>efully select$  apples
 ( a prop] degree ( maturity ) cid]     
until ! :ole mass  =ms a bulk ( ! prop] 
consi/5ce4 ,! prep>ation ?us made is    
treat$ ) c]ta9 spices accord+ to !      
desire ( ! manufactur]  & ! ta/e ( !    
consum]4 ,!re is q a quantity ( mat]ial 
insoluble 9 wat] 9 g5u9e fruit butt]4 ,!
 re/ consi/s ( wat]1  ! add$ sug>1 if   
any1 & ! fruit juice ) :i* ! butt] is   
made4      ,adult]ation ( ,fruit        

,butt]4--,v ext5sive adult]ations are   
practic$ ) fruit butt] (f]$ 9 ! op5     
m>ket4 ,9 ! ,bureau  ( ,*emi/ry z high z
 #cj p]c5t ( glucose has be5 f\nd z an  
add$ product4 ,! addition ( cane sug> _c
 be reg>d$ z an  adult]ation b ! be/    
fruit butt]s are made )\t x4 ,artificial
  colors are sometimes us$1 &           
pres]vatives1 especially b5zoic acid1   
are q common 9 ! comm]cial article4     
,br&i$ ,fruit4--,! use ( br&y 9 common )
 sug> 9 !  pres]vation ( fruit is widely
 practic$4 ,sometimes alcohol alone  is 
reli$ ^u z a pres]v+ ag5t4 ,at o!r times
 great] or less  quantities ( cane sug> 
are us$4 ,usually heat is employ$ 9     
addition  to ! o!r pres]v+ ag5ts to     
complete /]ilization4 ,ne>ly all  =ms ( 
fruit may be pres]v$ 9 ?is way4 ,br&i$  
*]ries &  pea*es are p]haps ! mo/       
abundant4 ,! quantity ( alcohol employ$ 
v>ies betwe5 #ae & #bj p]c5t ( ! total  
weight ( ! goods4 ,!  quantity ( cane   
sug> us$ has be5 f\nd to range f six to 
#bj  p]c5t ( ! weight ( ! fruit4 ,fruit 

pres]v$ 9 ?is way _c  be reg>d$ 9 !     
light ( food solely1 b only z a         
condim5tal  sub/ance4 ,! eat+ ( any l>ge
 quantity ( food conta9+ t  p]c5tage (  
alcohol c\ld n be accompli%$ )\t dang] (
  intoxication4 ,! utilization ( su*    
foods ^u ! table %\ld be (  a re/rict$  
"*1 &1 especially1 !y %\ld n be us$ )   
*ildr5 or v "y p :]e ! dang] f ! direct 
effects  ( ! alcohol is magnifi$ & !    
possibility ( =m+ ! alcohol  habit is   
also pres5t4      ,adult]ation ( ,br&i$ 
,fruits4--,! pr9cipal adult]ation (     
br&i$ fruit is 9 ! use ( alcohol :i* is 
n g5u9e br&y4  ,x is well kn[n t mu* ( !
 br&y (f]$ 9 comm]ce is  fictiti\s1 t   
is1 is n ! pure di/ill$ alcoholic       
product  f s\nd w9e prop]ly ag$ 9 wood  
be=e us+4 ,:5 br&y is  pur*as$ = pres]v$
 fruit1 unless special c>e is tak5 to   
secure  ! g5u9e article ! imitation     
article may be suppli$4 ,in/ead (  !    
real br&y ! manufactur]s may use an     
article :i* is entirely  devoid ( any   
product ( ! di/illation ( w9e or conta9+

 only  a small am\nt !re(4 ,! t]m 8br&y0
 us$ ) ! fruit 9 su*  a case is a       
misnom] & ! article w\ld be deem$       
misbr&$ "u  ! provisions ( ! law4 ,!    
manufactur] c assure himself ( !  purity
 ( ! br&y by obta9+ x f a bond$ w>eh\se1
 s9ce x  is made "u ! sup]vision ( !    
(ficials ( ! int]nal rev5ue  & kept "u  
su* sup]vision until deliv]$ to !       
consum]4  ,inasmu* z prep>ations ( ?is  
k9d are reg>d$ z delicacies &  ! co/ ( !
 product does n ent] mat]ially into     
consid]ation x  is highly advisable t   
only g5u9e br&y1 di/ill$ f s\nd w9e  &  
ag$ 9 wood = a p]iod ( n less ?an f\r   
ye>s1 be employ$  9 ! manufacture4      
,importance ( ! ,cann+ & ,pres]v+       
,indu/ries4--,! /ati/ics  = ! cann+ &   
pres]v+ indu/ries = ! cal5d> ye> end+   
,decemb] #ca1 #aijd1 =m a "p ( ! c5sus (
 manufactures1 :i* is  made 9 con=mity )
 ! act ( ,congress ( ,m>* #f1 #aijb1 &  
are  comp>$ ) simil> /ati/ics = ! c5sus 
( #aijj1 :i* cov]$  ! fiscal ye> end+   
,may #ca/4    ,!re has be5 a l>ge       

increase 9 ^? indu/ries4 ,! slight      
decrease 9 ! av]age numb] ( wage-e>n]s  
is m app>5t ?an  real1 & is due l>gely  
to ! fact t a consid]able numb] 7       
employ$ 9 fi% cann]ies "u a contract    
sy/em4 ,! contractor  furni%es ! labor]s
 & is paid = an agre$ quantity (        
product4  ,! e/abli%m5t report+ has no  
record ( ! numb] employ$ by  !          
contractors1 & !y 7 n includ$ 9 ! numb] 
report$1  ! am\nt paid = su* contract "w
 be+ includ$ 9 ! item (  miscellane\s   
exp5ses4 ,fi%]m5 7 n includ$ 9 ! c5sus1 
&  x is possible t a l>g] proportion ( !
 salt$ fi% 0 prep>$  9 connection ) !   
actual cat* ?an at ! c5sus ( #aijj1 ?us 
acc\nt+ 9 "p1 at lea/1 = ! decrease 9 ! 
quantity4    ,,cann+ ,,& ,,pres]v+      
,,fruits ,,& ,,vegetables1 ,,& ,,fi% ,,&
 ,,oy/]s4    ,,comp>ative               
,,summ>y--,,c5suses ,,( #aijd ,,& #aijj4
                                        
----------------------------------------
--------------------                    
,,p]c5t                                 

,,( ,,9-                                
#aijd4         #aijj4   ,,crease4       
----------------------------------------
--------------------    ,numb] (        
e/abli%m5ts1          #b1fhg            
#b1ahb  #bc4a     ,capital1             
#fi1ehi1caf  #dg1igj1ghg  #de4a         
,sal>i$ (ficials1 cl]ks1                
etc43                                   
,numb]1                          #c1fjd 
#b1dah  #di4j       ,sal>ies1           
#c1baf1ggc   #a1ibf1fci  #fg4j          
,wage-e>n]s3                            
,av]age numb]1                 #ej1beh  
#ea1iee   #c4c                          
#ce       ,wages1                       
#ad1aed1gcj  #ab1gei1dei  #aj4i         
,miscellane\s exp5ses1        #h1edd1dig
    #c1bij1dei #aei4g     ,mat]ials us$1
               #fi1had1ccj   #eb1bdc1idh
  #cc4f     ,products3#cf               
,aggregate value1          #ajg1ecd1dfd 
#ha1jbj1chd  #cb4g         ,fruits &    
,vegetables--                           
,total value1           #gb1egj1igd     

#dd1dfj1ffe  #fc4b             ,cann$   
,vegetables--                           
,p\nds1                                 
#a1fgb1gei1dcha1adb1cbg1bfe  #df4d      
,value1             #de1bfb1adh         
#bh1gcd1eih  #eg4e             ,cann$   
,fruits--                               
,p\nds1            #bie1gfj1cee         
#bic1fcg1bgc    4#g                     
,value1             #aa1fdd1jdb         
#aa1caa1jfb   #b4i             ,dri$    
,fruits--                               
,p\nds1            #cdc1egi1fbc         
#ha1ahi1djf #cbc4b               ,value1
             #ae1ffd1ghd   #d1dae1jje   
#bed4h           ,fi%--                 
,total value1         #bd1deb1ecc       
#bj1edb1fia  #ai4j                      
,cann$--                                
,p\nds1          #bei1dfi1hfa           
#afg1hcf1hjh  #ed4f                     
,value1           #ae1iff1eac           
#ad1cjh1gbc  #aa4f                      
,smok$--                                
,p\nds1           #ce1dci1fai           

#ba1beb1jff  #ff4h                      
,value1            #b1cfb1gdj           
#igc1jda #adb4h               ,salt$--  
,p\nds1          #aab1aef1fee           
#abe1ffi1aca  #aj4h                     
#ce                 ,value1             
#f1abc1bhj   #e1bfj1ibg  #af4d          
,oy/]s--                                
,value1                #c1gii1dab       
#b1jed1hjj  #hd4i          ,all o!r     
products1       #f1gaa1ede  #ac1ifb1bbh 
#ea4i                                   
#ce                                     
----------------------------------------
--------------------      #ce ,decrease4
      #cf ,exclusive ( fruits &         
vegetables valu$ at #gae1ibj1 fi% at    
#bgd1djc1 & oy/]s at #ab1ijj1           
manufactur$ by e/abli%m5ts    classifi$ 
z food prep>ations1 pickles1 pres]ves & 
sauces1    slaught]+ & meat pack+1      
:olesale1 etc4      ,importance ( !     
,indu/ry4--,! importance ( ! cann+      
indu/ry  is n to be measur$ solely by   
its comm]cial ext5t4 ,! pr9ciple (  !   

cons]vation ( food products by          
/]ilization or pa/eurization is  (      
imm5se significance 9 ! nutrition ( man4
 ,x enables n\ri%+  foods ( a p]i%able  
"* to be kept & transport$ to great     
di/ances & to be us$ 9 localities :]e   
fre% foods ( simil>  k9ds are o!rwise   
unobta9able4 ,su* pres]v$ foods mean    
ev]y?+  to pione]s1 explor]s1 armies1 & 
navies4 ,! 8w9n+ ( ! we/0  9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates has be5 m>k$ by ! dbris ( ! ru/y 
cans4  ,! roads along :i* ! pione]s :o  
settl$ ! great ,am]ican  des]t m>*$ s9ce
 #ahfe h be5 bord]$ ) ! disc>d$         
packages 9 :i* !y c>ri$ _! foods4    ,x 
is d\btless true t foods :5 !y c be _h  
fre% are to  be pref]r$ to ^? :i* h be5 
/]iliz$4 ,x is also true  t _m un/]iliz$
 foods f unsanit>y environm5ts are m    
dang]\s 9 ! fre% /ate ?an :5 !y h be5   
expos$ to a  high temp]ature4 ,tak+ into
 consid]ation all ! circum/ances  9 !   
case1 x mu/ be conc$$ t ! process (     
/]ilization1  fir/ practic$ by ,app]t & 
aft]w>d plac$ on a sci5tific basis  by  

,pa/eur1 has prov$ ( almo/ immeasurable 
advantage to mank9d4  ,?us = ?is great] 
reason ! "* & quality ( foods ?us       
pres]v$ %\ld be :olly above suspicion1 &
 no adult]ation  or sophi/ication ( any 
k9d %\ld be practic$ !re)4 ,!           
manufactur] is q z mu* int]e/$ z !      
consum] 9 plac+ !  :ole output ( /]iliz$
 foods on a plane above suspicion4      
,,"p ,,vii4    ,,vegetable ,,oils ,,&   
,,fats1 ,,& ,,nuts4      ,,vegetable    
,,oils ,,& ,,fats4    ,! production ( a 
sub/ance kn[n z fat or oil1 compos$ (   
oxyg51  hydrog51 & c>bon 9 ! =m ( a     
fatty acid & comb9$ )  glyc]9e1 is a    
function ( almo/ e plant4 ,! fat acids  
are  usually 9 comb9ation ) glyc]9e1 :i*
 plays ! "p ( a  base & 9 s f> z its    
proportion by weight is conc]n$ is mu*  
less important ?an ! fatty acid itself4 
,9 r\nd numb]s x may  be said t n9e-t5?s
 ( all glyc]ids or fats are compos$ ( a 
fatty acid & "o-t5? ( glyc]9e4 ,:5 at   
ord9>y temp]ature  ?is comb9ation is 9 a
 liquid =m x is call$ an oil1 & :5  at  

ord9>y temp]ature x is 9 a solid or     
semi-solid condition x  is kn[n z a fat4
 ,! t]m 8ord9>y temp]ature0 means 9 ?is 
connection t ( an ord9>y liv+ room & n !
 extremes  ( outside temp]ature4 ,9     
g5]al t]ms x may be said t !            
temp]atures ref]r$ to are includ$ betwe5
 ! m9imum ( #ej degrees  & ! maximum (  
#he degrees ,f4 ,9 s f> z *emical       
composition &  dietetic prop]ties are   
conc]n$1 !re is no di/9ction betwe5  !  
oils & ! fats4 ,! names are simply a    
means ( ord9>y  discrim9ation :i* has   
assum$ importance by reason ( common    
usage4    ,!re are ?ree ( ! fatty acids 
:i* are p>ticul>ly important  f a       
dietetic po9t ( view :i* g to make up ! 
great] "p  ( ^! fatty & edible vegetable
 oils & fats4 ,^! ?ree acids  are oleic1
 /e>ic1 & palmitic4 ,( ! ?ree1 oleic    
acid is by f>  ! mo/ important1 z x     
con/itutes ! great] "p ( ne>ly all  ^!  
bodies1 especially ( oils4 ,9 fact ! t]m
 8ole90 & oil  are ( common orig94      
,palmitic acid exi/s *iefly 9 c]ta9 =ms 

( vegetable oil & fats1 :ile /e>ic acid 
is a v important  con/itu5t ( animal    
oils & fats4    ,^! ?ree acids unit+ )  
glyc]9e =m ! glyc]ids :i*  make up !    
great body ( edible & animal oils &     
fats1 & ^!  pr9cipal glyc]ids are kn[n z
 ole91 palmit91 & /e>91  respectively4  
,*emical ,*>act]i/ics4--,! *emical      
composition ( ^! bodies  has be5 po9t$  
out above4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 almo/ all  
cases1  "s free acid pres5t 9 ! comp\nd1
 t is1 an acid :i* is  pres5t uncomb9$ )
 ! glyc]9e4 ,?is free acid is usually   
pres5t 9 small quantities & is m        
abundant 9 ! ov]ripe &  old] plants ?an 
9 ! fre%ly matur$ p>ts4 ,! natural oil  
also  conta9s c]ta9 o!r +r$i5ts :i* may 
be reg>d$ z impurities1  & :i* x is     
necess>y to remove f ! oils by a process
 (  purification or ref9+ be=e !y are   
ready = ! table4 ,^!  impurities may be 
( a me*anical nature1 t is1 consi/+ (   
p>ts ( ! mat]ial itself f :i* ! oil is  
express$ or  ( c]ta9 juices n oils :i*  
are f\nd 9 ! animal tissue1  portions ( 

prote9 & o!r =ms ( nitrog5\s matt]1 &   
traces  ( c>bohydrates & gums4 ,! oils h
 c]ta9 def9ite *emical  reactions :i*   
are common to !m z a class4 ,among ^!   
may be  cit$1 pr9cipally1 ! faculty (   
absorb+1 "u c]ta9 conditions1  !        
halog5s1 namely iod91 brom91 & *lor94   
,)\t ent]+ into any te*nical description
 ( ?is process x is  suffici5t to say "h
 t ! degree ( absorption ( iod9 is 9  a 
measure ! te/ = ! v>ieties ( oil4 ,!    
diff]5t vegetable  oils h1 z a rule1    
c]ta9 def9ite relations to ! absorption 
(  iod9 by means ( :i* !y may be to a   
c]ta9 ext5t id5tifi$ or  sep>at$ f      
simil> bodies4 ,! degree ( absorption is
 express$  9 ! p]c5tage by weight ( !   
oil itself & is kn[n z !  iod9 numb]4   
,if1 = in/ance1 a gram ( any p>ticul>   
oil absorbs  "o gram ( iod91 x is said  
to h an iod9 numb] ( #ajj4 ,_m  oils    
absorb m ?an _! own weight ( iod91 :ile 
_m o!rs  absorb v mu* less4 ,ano!r      
*>act]i/ic ( oil is f\nd 9 !  fact t )  
c]ta9 reag5ts1 su* z an acid ei!r 9 a   

dilute  /ate or 9 a conc5trat$ /ate1    
def9ite colors are produc$ :i*  are     
*>act]i/ic ( ! v>iety ( oil 9 "q4 ,z an 
example  ( ?is may be cit$ ! faculty :i*
 cottonse$ oil has ( r$uc+  nitrate (   
silv] to ! metallic /ate1 leav+ ! silv] 
9 t  f9ely divid$ =m :i* has a black    
color4 ,?is is ! only oil 9  common use 
:i* has ?is faculty1 & h5ce x may be    
reg>d$ z a  *>act]i/ic te/4    ,ano!r   
*>act]i/ic *emical prop]ty ( cottonse$  
oil is ! color  :i* is produc$ 9 !      
,halph5 reaction1 :i* has already be5   
describ$4    ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable       
*emical prop]ties ( oil is ! am\nt  (   
heat :i* is produc$ :5 x is burn$4      
,inasmu* z oils 9  relation to _! food  
value are useful *iefly = ! production  
( animal heat1 ?is *emical prop]ty      
becomes ( great hygi5ic &  dietetic     
significance4 ,( all classes ( food     
products ! oils &  fats h ! highe/      
calorific p[]4 ,if1 = in/ance1 x is said
  9 g5]al t "o gram ( c>bohydrates1 su* 
z sug> or />*1  on complete combu/ion w 

yield #d1jjj calories1 "o gram ( prote9 
#e1ejj calories1 !n "o gram ( oil or fat
 w yield #i1cjj calories4  ,! fats &    
oils v>y among !mselves 9 respect ( !   
numb] (  calories yield$1 b all ( !m    
give1 approximately1 ! numb]  la/       
m5tion$4 ,x !re=e foll[s t oils & fats  
are ! mo/  valuable con/itu5ts ( food 9 
respect ( ! production ( heat &  en]gy4 
,cry/all9e ,*>act]i/ics4--,! =ms (      
cry/als :i* ! fats  assume on solidify+ 
are valuable indicators ( ! nature ( !  
oil4  ,:ile ^! cry/al =ms are n 9 all   
cases di/9ct1 yet !y are  influ5c$ to a 
great] or less ext5t by ! nature ( ! oil
 itself4  ,?us ! pres5ce ( any p>ticul> 
oil may v (t5 be asc]ta9$  by !         
exam9ation ( ! cry/als produc$ by l[]+ !
 temp]ature  v sl[ly or by dissolv+ !   
oil 9 a volatile solv5t &  gradually    
evaporat+ ! solv5t4 ,te/s ( ev5 great]  
delicacy may  be obta9$ by fir/         
saponify+ ! fat or oil1 sep>at+ ! fatty 
acid1 & subject+ x to cry/allization4   
,di/ribution ( ,oils 9 ,plants4--,9     

ne>ly all cases ! "p ( !  plant :i*     
conta9s ! mo/ oil is ! se$s4 ,9 fact all
 ( !  vegetable oils :i* are us$ =      
edible purposes are extract$ f  ! se$ ( 
! plant4 ,9 ! case ( olives ! meaty     
portion ar\nd  ! se$ yields ! edible oil
 ( highe/ value1 b 9 all o!r  cases (   
edible oils !y are d]iv$ f ! se$s       
!mselves4 ,x is  a mi/ake to suppose t !
 se$s are ! only p>ts ( ! plant  t      
conta9 oil4 ,x is f\nd 9 all p>ts (     
vegetable sub/ances1  b is usually      
conc5trat$ 9 ! se$4 ,x is r an int]e/+  
fact to "k t 9 ! se$s ( plants bo? !    
prote9 & fats or  oils are f\nd1 z a    
rule1 9 a highly conc5trat$ /ate1 :ile !
  c>bohydrates are n f\nd *iefly 9 ! se$
 itself1 t is !  g]m1 b di/ribut$ 9 !   
fle%y envelope surr\nd+ x or 9 roots  or
 tub]s4    ,! oils & fats are almo/ all 
soluble 9 e!r & petroleum e!r1  ?\gh !re
 are "s exceptions to ?is1 z 9 ! case ( 
ca/or  oil1 :i* is also insoluble 9     
petroleum e!r or gasol9e4 ,on !         
contr>y1 oils & fats1 z a rule1 are n   

soluble 9 alcohol1 b !  fatty acids     
d]iv$ f !m are4 ,ca/or oil is also an   
exception to  ?is rule1 s9ce x is q     
soluble 9 pure alcohol4      ,dry+ &    
,non-dry+ ,vegetable ,oils4--,x might be
 suppos$ t if  "o vegetable oil be      
edible !y all w\ld be4 ,?is w\ld        
probably be  ! case if vegetable oils 7 
all compos$ almo/ exclusively ( !  ?ree 
classes ( glyc]ids1 :i* h be5 m5tion$   
above1 b su*  is n ! case4 ,!re are o!r 
fatty acids 9 comb9ation ) !  glyc]ids  
:i* exi/ 9 vegetable oils1 & *ief among 
^! may be  m5tion$ l9oleic acid1 :i*    
exi/s 9 consid]able quantities 9 !  oil 
( flax se$1 & gives to x its valuable   
prop]ty ( a dry+  oil :i* makes x s     
useful 9 ! manufacture ( pa9ts4 ,:5ev]  
vegetable oils & fats conta9 any        
especial quantity ( l9oleic acid1  or   
any o!r fatty acid :i* has dry+         
prop]ties1 !y are r5d]$  m or less unfit
 = human consumption4 ,! numb] ( dry+   
oils is  v great1 b ! mo/ important are 
l9se$ oil1 hempse$ oil1 &  poppyse$ oil4

 ,o!r vegetable oils h1 to a c]ta9      
degree1 dry+  prop]ties1 & among ^? :i* 
are mo/ m>k$ 9 ?is p>ticul>  may be     
m5tion$ cottonse$ oil1 sesam oil1 maize 
or corn oil1 &  rapese$ oil4 ,types ( ! 
oils :i* h ! lea/ dry+ prop]ties  & :i* 
are reg>d$ z types ( non-dry+ oils are  
olive oil &  peanut oil4 ,! ca/or oil   
gr\p is di/+ui%$ p>tially f !  o!r      
vegetable oils because x conta9s1 or is 
likely to conta91 m  or less ( a some:at
 poison\s sub/ance1 namely1 ric9ole91   
:i* is  peculi> to ca/or oil & to :i*   
its purgative value z a m$ic9e  is due4 
,! ca/or bean also conta9s a v poison\s 
nitrog5\s  base1 ric91 v small          
quantities ( :i* may be incorporat$ 9 ! 
oil itself4      ,melt+ ,po9t &         
,solidify+ ,po9t4--,! oils & fats diff] 
greatly among !mselves 9 ! temp]ature at
 :i* !y become solid  or liquid4 ,if a  
solid fat or oil is subject$ to a       
gradual rise (  temp]ature x does n pass
 at once or sudd5ly f a solid to a      
liquid /ate1 b !re is a gradual         

liquefy+1--?us ole9 fir/  becomes liquid
 & ! /e>9 & palmit9 become liquid at a  
high]  degree ( temp]ature4 ,! same     
ph5om5on 9 its inv]se ord] occurs  :5 a 
liquid fat is cool$ until x solidifies4 
,! mom5t at :i*  ! fats become          
semi-liquid1 liquid1 or semi-solid1     
!re=e1 is n  to be det]m9$ ) absolute   
precision1 b only approximately1 &  t   
temp]ature is designat$ z ! melt+ or    
solidify+ po9t  respectively4 ,:5 !     
process is c>efully conduct$ "u /&>d    
conditions ! diff]5t fats & oils h v    
def9ite melt+  or solidify+ po9ts1 z    
det]m9$ 9 ! mann] describ$ above1  & ^! 
temp]atures %\ld be suffici5t to make ! 
melt+ &  solidify+ po9ts valuable       
indications ( ! "* or k9d ( oil4        
,physical ,*>act]i/ics4--,! diff]5ce 9 !
 physical  *>act]i/ics ( vegetable fats 
& oils is ev5 great] ?an  9 _! *emical  
composition4 ,un=tunately = ! *emi/1 !  
vegetable fats & oils naturally h ab\t !
 same color or at lea/  v slight        
v>iations !refrom1 namely1 an amb] t9t1 

s t1 z a  rule1 x is impossible to      
discrim9ate betwe5 ^! oils by _! m]e    
color alone4 ,! edible oils also h v mu*
 ! same ta/e1 s  t ?is physical prop]ty 
is n ( any v great diagno/ic value4  ,"s
 ( ! m important physical prop]ties by  
:i* ! oils are  di/+ui%$ are ! foll[+3  
,refractive ,index4--,! well-kn[n       
ph5om5on :i* is %[n by wat]  ( b5d+     
%>ply a ray ( light fall+ ^u x 9 a      
direction  oblique to its surface is    
kn[n z refraction1 & ! degree (         
deflection ( ! ray is a measure ( !     
refractive index4 ,?is is  easily       
illu/rat$ by putt+ a /raight /ick or rod
 into /ill wat]  at an angle to its     
surface4 ,! /ick or rod w appe> to be   
brok5  or b5t at ! surface4 ,oils h a   
high] faculty ( deflect+  ! ray ( light 
?an wat]4 ,= in/ance1 if 9 r\nd numb]s !
  refractive index ( wat] is repres5t$  
by #a4cc1 ! refractive  index ( oil may 
be repres5t$ by #a4dd4 ,! oils diff]    
greatly  among !mselves 9 ! magnitude ( 
! refractive index1 b ^!  indexes are   

all approximately ( ! magnitude la/     
m5tion$4 ,h5ce a  det]m9ation ( !       
refractive index is a valuable means (  
help+ to  discrim9ate betwe5 oils (     
diff]5t k9ds4      ,rei*]t-,meissl      
,numb]4--,att5tion 0 call$ above to !   
fact t  9 addition to ?ree special =ms (
 fatty acids !re 7 _m  o!rs pres5t 9    
oils 9 small quantities4 ,among ^! are  
f\nd acids  :i* are volatile 9 a curr5t 
( /eam1 :i* is n ! case )  ! oleic1     
palmitic1 & /e>ic acids4 ,among ! mo/   
important ( !  volatile acids is ! "o   
:i* exi/s 9 l>ge quantities 9 butt]1    
namely butyric acid4 ,! quantity (      
volatile acid is det]m9$  arbitr>ily by 
! am\nt ( a /&>d alkali solution :i* w  
be  neutraliz$ by ! volatile acid f five
 grams ( fat4 ,9 ! case (  butt]1 =     
in/ance1 x may be said t 9 r\nd numb]s x
 requires  #bh cubic c5timet]s ( /&>d   
alkali to neutralize ! volatile acid    
produc$ accord+ to ! above me?od (      
proc$ure4 ,9 cottonse$ oil  ! am\nt (   
/&>d solution requir$ to neutralize !   

volatile  acid obta9$ 9 ! same way is   
extremely m9ute1 am\nt+ to less  ?an    
"o-half cubic c5timet]4    ,i h giv5    
above a brief description ( "s ( !      
physical &  *emical *>act]i/ics ( oils &
 fats 9 ord] t ! read] n  specially     
tra9$ 9 *emi/ry may und]/& ?or\ghly !   
ref]5ces  made to ^! prop]ties 9 ! g5]al
 description giv5 ( vegetable  fats &   
oils4 ,x is n necess>y to be a skill$   
*emi/ 9 ord]  to h a g5]al k ( "s ( !   
po9ts :i* are ( mo/  int]e/ 9 ?is       
respect4      ,saponification           
,value4--,z is well kn[n1 "o ( ! mo/    
common uses  ( oils & fats is 9 soap    
mak+4 ,soap consi/s ( ! products  (     
*emical reactions by means ( :i* !      
glyc]9e conta9$ 9  an oil or fat are set
 free & a m9]al or o!r base sub/itut$   
!re=4 ,= in/ance1 lye consi/s ( !       
hydrate or c>bonate (  pota% & soda4 ,:5
 an oil is heat$ ) a lye ! fatty acid   
leaves ! glyc]9e 9 ! oil & comb9es ) !  
pota% or soda  ( ! lye4 ,! numb] (      
milligrams ( pota% or soda requir$ to   

saponify "o gram ( fat or oil is call$  
its saponification value4 ,=  in/ance1 9
 ! case ( cottonse$ oil x requires1 9   
r\nd numb]s1  #aij milligrams ( pota% or
 hydrate ( pota% 7,,koh7 to replace !   
glyc]9e 9 "o gram ( oil4 ,! quantity (  
pota% requir$ = an  edible oil to make a
 complete saponification v>ies1 & h5ce  
?is  numb] becomes "o ( ! means (       
di/+ui%+ betwe5 !m4      ,specific      
,gravity4--,! relative weight ( a giv5  
volume ( oil  comp>$ ) ! weight ( ! same
 volume ( wat] at ! same  temp]ature or 
at "s /&>d temp]ature is kn[n z its     
specific  gravity4 ,! oils & fats are   
univ]sally light] ?an wat]1 & 9  !      
comp>ison ! unit weight ( wat] is assum$
 to be unity or #ajj  or #ajjj--usually 
unity or #ajjj4 ,if ! relative weight ( 
wat] is  unity1 !n ! relative weight or 
specific gravity ( oil is express$  z a 
decimal fraction4 ,= in/ance1 if wat] is
 tak5 z unity !  specific gravity ( oil 
equals 4#iab2 if ! relative weight (    
wat] is  assum$ to be "o ?\s& !n !      

specific gravity express$ above  is     
#iab4 ,unless x is /at$ o!rwise1 9 all  
ref]5ces to specific  gravity ( ^! oils 
x is assum$ t ! comp>ison is betwe5 !   
unit weight ( wat] & oil at ! same      
temp]ature4 ,?is is ! mo/  conv5i5t =m =
 comp>ison = g5]al use1 ?\gh = /rictly  
sci5tific purposes x is cu/om>y to ref] 
all specific gravity  numb]s to wat] at 
! temp]ature ( its maximum d5sity1      
namely #d  degrees ,c4 7#ci degrees     
,f474 ,at ?is temp]ature a giv5 weight (
 wat]  has its smalle/ volume1 9 o!r    
words its greate/ d5sity4 ,:5  wat] is  
rais$ to a temp]ature above t m5tion$1 x
 exp&s &  its volume becomes l>g]4 ,:5 x
 is cool$ to a temp]ature bel[  f\r     
degrees ,c41 its volume also exp&s4     
,! v>iations 9 ! specific gravity ( !   
common oils is n v  great1 & !re=e !    
specific gravity is n ! mo/ valuable    
indication 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 ^! oils4
      ,,edible ,,vegetable ,,oils4      
,:ile !re is v little *emical diff]5ce  
betwe5 ! fats  ( animals & ! oils (     

plants1 ! diff]5ce is suffici5tly       
di/+ui%$ to secure a prop] degree (     
id5tification &  classification4 ,bo?   
classes ( bodies are compos$ ( ! fatty  
acids  comb9$ ) glyc]9e4 ,! ?ree fatty  
acids :i* are mo/ important  f ! edible 
po9t ( view & also f ! *emical are      
oleic1  /e>ic1 & palmitic4 ,:5 ^! acids 
are unit$ ) glyc]9e z  ! basic elem5t1  
!y =m ?ree classes ( oils or fats to :i*
  ! names ole91 /e>91 & palmit9 are     
respectively giv54 ,a  di/9ction may    
also be made betwe5 a fat & an oil by   
obs]v+ its  physical consi/5ce at ord9>y
 room temp]ature ( approximately  f #gj 
to #hj degrees ,f4 ,x is usual to speak 
( ! bodies :i* are  liquid at su*       
temp]ature z oils1 :ile ^? t are solid  
"u  l conditions are kn[n z fats4 ,a    
comp\nd ( ?is description does  n pass  
sudd5ly f "o /ate to ano!r4 ,9 ! case ( 
a fat1 =  in/ance1 :i* is solid at      
ord9>y temp]ature1 x passes by gradual  
/ages f t condition to a sl[ly s(t5+    
mass & !n to a  complete liquid z !     

temp]ature is rais$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an   
oil  passes gradually ?r\gh ! same /ages
 to ! condition ( a solid  body z !     
temp]ature is l[]$4 ,( ! diff]5t        
con/itu5ts !  ole9 has ! l[e/ melt+     
po9t1 pure ole9 be+ /ill liquid at  q a 
l[ temp]ature1 approa*+ ev5 ! freez+    
po9t ( wat]4  ,/e>9 & palmit9 on !      
contr>y1 if 9 a pure /ate1 are solid  at
 a temp]ature ev5 above t ( ! room &    
above t ( blood  heat4 ,9 ! mixture ( ^!
 bodies x is evid5t t a complicat$      
/ructure mu/ be pres5t :i* is compos$ ( 
diff]5t bodies (  v>y+ melt+ po9ts &    
pass+ ?r\gh all diff]5t degrees (       
temp]ature f a solid to a liquid /ate or
 vice v]s4 ,x is evid5t  t an oil has a 
l>g] proportion ( ole9 9 its composition
 & a  fat a l>g] proportion ( /e>9 &    
palmit94    ,animal fats are compos$    
*iefly ( ole9 & /e>91 :ile /rictly      
vegetable oils are pr9cipally ole91 &   
palm oil is compos$ *iefly  ( /e>9 &    
palmit94    ,9 butt] fat !re is         
introduc$ an important additional       

comp\nd ( a  fatty acid ) glyc]9e1      
namely butyr91 :i* is made up ( a union 
( glyc]9e ) butyric acid4 ,butt] also   
conta9s o!r compon5ts  or glyc]ids1 b 9 
small quantities4 ,oleic1 /e>ic1 &      
palmitic  acids are insoluble 9 wat] & n
 volatile at ! boil+ po9t (  wat]4      
,butyric acid is soluble 9 wat] & is    
volatile at ! boil+  po9t ( wat]4 ,!    
fir/ k9ds ( acid are !re=e call$ 8fix$0 
& ! second 8volatile40    ,! edible     
vegetable oils l ! animal fats are      
highly nutriti\s  9 ! s5se t !y af=d to 
a great] degree ?an any o!r k9d  ( food 
product ! elem5ts necess>y to !         
production ( heat &  en]gy4 ,! av]age   
numb] ( calories to "o gram ( edible oil
 is  9 r\nd numb]s #i1cjj4 ,:5 ?is numb]
 is comp>$ ) ! av]age  numb] ( calories 
9 "o gram ( sug> or />*1 namely #d1jjj1 
x is  se5 t fats & oils are two &       
"o-f\r? times z valuable z  sug> 9 !    
production ( heat & en]gy4 ,s9ce !      
great] "p (  ! food consum$ by an animal
 is utiliz$ 9 ! production ( heat  &    

en]gy1 x is se5 t ! fats & oils mu/ be  
class$ z !  mo/ conc5trat$ & 9 t s5se ! 
mo/ valuable human foods4    ,! use (   
edible vegetable oils is also advisable 
= hygi5ic  purposes4 ,!y are readily    
assimilat$ & dige/$1 & !y produce  a    
physical effect ^u ! process ( dige/ion 
:i* is a matt] (  importance4 ,! free   
use ( edible vegetable oils is to be    
recomm5d$  9 cases ( con/ipation or :]e 
!re are me*anical difficulties  9 !     
dige/ive process4 ,9 ^! cases x is      
consum$ 9 l>g]  quantities ?an w\ld     
ord9>ily be ! case4      ,use ( ,edible 
,oils4--,! edible oils are us$ mo/      
ext5sively on  ! table z ! base (       
salad-dress+4 ,_m succul5t vegetables1  
z has already be5 /at$1 are eat5 v      
commonly ) condim5tal  sub/ances su* z  
v9eg>1 salt1 spices1 etc41 & z a vehicle
 =  ^! condim5tal sub/ances !re is no?+ 
sup]ior or ev5 equal to  ! edible       
vegetable oils4 ,v9eg>1 itself1 owes its
 active pr9ciple1  namely1 its acid1 to 
a memb] ( ! fatty acid s]ies1 s t !     

mixture ( v9eg> ) oil is n a br++ toge!r
 ( two :olly  diff]5t sub/ances b ( two 
sub/ances belong+ to ! same  g5]al      
family4 ,v9eg> itself has no value z a  
food1 b is useful  solely = condim5tal  
purposes4 ,on ! o!r h& ! edible oil is  
n only condim5tal1 increas+ ! pleasant  
ta/e ( ! comp\nd1  b also has a high    
food value4 ,edible oils may also be us$
 9 !  place ( l>d & o!r animal fats 9 ! 
prep>ation ( bread &  pa/ry1 s]v+ !     
purpose ( %ort5+4 ,edible oils are also 
highly  useful z a vehicle = fry+ foods1
 su* z oy/]s1 croquettes1  d\ghnuts1    
etc4    ,! heat+ ( an oil or fat to a   
high temp]ature produces a c]ta9  degree
 ( decomposition ) a developm5t ( an    
aromatic & sometimes  unpleasant product
 kn[n z acrole94 ,x is n believ$ t ?is  
*ange is z detrim5tal to dige/ion z is  
commonly suppos$4 ,products  :i* are    
fri$ 9 oil1 or boil$ 9 oil1 :i* is      
probably a bett]  t]m1 z describ$ above1
 are n to be consid]$ :olly indige/ible1
  ?\gh x _c be d5i$ t !y are n ! be/ ?+s

 =  delicate /oma*s or ^? :i* are 9 any 
way weak5$ by disease4  ,9 ! case ( a   
heal?y individual1 h[ev]1 a mod]ate     
quantity (  su* products may be eat5 )\t
 any great dang] ( produc+ a  d]angem5t 
( dige/ion4 ,if ^! bodies are f\nd to be
 indige/ible1  x is probably n due to ! 
fact t !y conta9 l>ge quantities  ( oil 
b r to ! decomposition effect$ by ! high
 temp]ature  & ! h>d5+ ( ! p]iph]y ( !  
bodies to su* an ext5t z  to make !m    
difficultly am5able to ! activities ( ! 
dige/ive  f]m5ts4      ,acorn ,oil4--,! 
oil ( ! acorn is sometimes us$ = edible 
purposes4 ,x is extract$ by pressure1 & 
! nature ( ! product  dep5ds ^u ! v>iety
 ( ! acorn4 ,acorn oil has at #ae       
degrees a  specific gravity ( 4#iaf & an
 iod9 numb] ( #ajj4 ,x is n ( any       
comm]cial importance z an edible oil4   
,almond ,oil4--,almond oil is n s       
commonly us$ = edible purposes  z x is =
 ph>maceutical prep>ations4 ,by reason (
 its flavor+  prop]ties1 h[ev]1 x may   
sometimes be us$ = food purposes1 & a   

brief description1 !re=e1 is advisable4 
,almond oil is obta9$ f ! se$ ( ! bitt] 
almond1 a v>iety (  ,amygdalus communis 
,l4 ,x may also be extract$ f ! se$s ( !
  sweet almond1 b ^! conta9 less oil ?an
 ! bitt] almond se$  & ! oil is n s     
useful = flavor+ purposes4 ,! bitt]     
almond  ^: se$s are us$ = ! extraction (
 oil are gr[n *iefly 9  ,morocco1 !     
,can>y ,isl&s1 ,portugal1 ,spa91        
,france1 ,italy1 ,sicily1  ,syria1 &    
,p]sia4 ,! almond k]nel conta9s ab\t #dj
 p]c5t ( oil4  ,almond oil is said by   
mo/ obs]v]s to be free f /e>91 & x  is  
!re=e an oil :i* is compos$ almo/       
exclusively ( ole94  ,! specific gravity
 ( almond oil at #ae degrees ,c4 is     
almo/ exactly  t ( rapese$ oil1 be+ only
 a trifle high]4 ,! av]age numb]        
express+ ! specific gravity at t        
temp]ature is 4#iah4 ,its iod9  value is
 slightly l[] ?an t ( rapese$ oil1 be+  
ab\t #ig4      ,adult]ations4--,almond  
oil is (t5 adult]at$ ) o!r *eap]  oils4 
,among ^! ^? :i* are pr9cipally us$ are 

cottonse$  oil1 walnut oil1 poppyse$    
oil1 sesam1 peanut1 apricot-k]nel &     
pea*-k]nel oil1 & l>d oil4 ,^? mo/      
frequ5tly us$ are  ! apricot & pea*1    
s9ce ^! oils conta9 ! *>act]i/ic        
pr9ciple :i* gives ! bitt] ta/e to !    
k]nels ( ?is class 9  fruits4 ,(t5      
almond oils are (f]$ to ! trade :i* are 
compos$  exclusively ( pea*-k]nel or    
apricot-k]nel oil4 ,:5ev] ! iod9  numb] 
( an almond oil runs v high x is an     
indication t x  is compos$ l>gely ( pea*
 or apricot oil4 ,! detection ( small   
quantities ( ^! oils :5 add$ to almond  
oil is a v difficult  matt] & c only be 
accompli%$ by ! exp]t *emi/4            
,cottonse$ ,oil4--,"o ( ! mo/ important 
edible oils 9 ! _w1  & especially f !   
po9t ( view ( production 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates1 is t d]iv$ f ! se$ ( ! cotton   
plant 7,gossypium  h]baceum74    ,!     
cotton plant gr[s ov] a wide area 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+  all ( ! s\!rn   
/ates & ext5d+ into s\!rn ,virg9ia1     
s\!rn ,k5tucky1 s\!rn ,miss\ri1 &       

,oklahoma4 ,9 =m] ye>s  ! cotton plant 0
 cultivat$ solely = its fib]4 ,x is only
 9  ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury t ! high     
value ( its se$ =  _m purposes has be5  
realiz$4 ,! se$ ( ! cotton plant is     
prem95tly ri* 9 oil & prote94 ,x conta9s
 traces ( c]ta9  poison\s alkaloids1    
beta9 & *ol91 ! pres5ce ( :i* r5d]s  its
 indiscrim9ate use = cattle food 9 "s   
cases dang]\s4 ,9 !  prep>ation ( oil1  
h[ev]1 no trace ( ^! poison\s sub/ances 
is  f\nd1 s9ce !y exi/ solely 9 !       
non-fatty tissues ( ! se$4  ,!          
production & ref9+ ( ! oil has n[ gr[n  
to be a great  indu/ry & has already    
add$ mu* to ! weal? ( ! cotton gr[]s  & 
! com=t & nutrition ( ! p 9 g5]al4      
,magnitude ( ! ,cottonse$ ,oil          
,indu/ry4--,! av]age cotton crop (  !   
,unit$ ,/ates is ab\t #ab1jjj1jjj bales 
( ab\t #ejj p\nds ea*4  ,= e bale (     
cotton !re is produc$ #a1jjj p\nds (    
se$4 ,?is  w\ld make ! av]age cottonse$ 
crop ( ! c\ntry ab\t #f1jjj1jjj  tons4  
,x is e/imat$ t n ov] two-?irds ( ?is is

 us$ 9 !  mills2 ?is w\ld make ab\t     
#d1jjj1jjj tons4 ,! av]age yield ( #dj  
gallons to a ton %[s ! production (     
crude oil to be #c1bjj1jjj  b>rels ( #ej
 gallons ea*4 ,?is oil 9 ref9+ loses on 
! av]age  ab\t #h p]c5t1 :i* w\ld leave 
#b1idd1jjj b>rels ( ref9$ oil =  edible 
& o!r purposes4 ,n less ?an two-?irds ( 
?is oil is us$  = edible purposes4 ,a   
cons]vative e/imate w\ld place !        
quantity  us$ = food betwe5 two millions
 & two millions & a half b>rels  p]     
annum4 ,! quantity v>ies ) ! prices (   
o!r fats4    ,cotton se$ is br\ght to ! 
mills f ! g9s ei!r by rail 9  box c>s or
 9 wagons4 ,on arrival at ! mills1 x is 
/or$ 9 l>ge  %$s1 kn[n z se$ h\ses4 ,a  
s+le se$ h\se w (t5 conta9  z mu* z     
#e1jjj to #aj1jjj tons4 ,! se$ is c>ri$ 
into ! mill by  means ( convey]s4 ,x    
fir/ goes ?r\gh co>se scre5s :i* remove 
! great] "p ( ! tra% & s&1 aft] :i* x is
 pass$ ov]  magnetiz$ iron plates :i*   
remove nails & pieces ( iron :i* may  h 
accid5tally gott5 into ! se$4 ,aft] !   

se$ is ?or\ghly  clean$ x passes ?r\gh  
g9s kn[n z l9t]s1 :i* remove f #dj  to  
#ej p\nds ( %ort /aple cotton kn[n 9 !  
trade z 8l9t]s40  ,?is cotton is us$ =  
prep>+ cotton batts1 mattresses1 etc4   
,convey]s c>ry ! se$ f ! l9t]s to !     
hull]s1 :i* are  rapidly revolv+ drums  
cov]$ ) cutt+ knives :i* *op up !  se$4 
,f ! hull]s ! cut-up se$ pass ov] a     
s]ies ( scre5s  :]e ! meats are %ak5 out
 :ile ! conveyors c>ry ! hulls to  a    
suitable /ore h\se4 ,! hulls are us$ =  
cattle food4 ,! meats  are c>ri$ to !   
cru%] rolls1 ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,^!     
rolls  break up oil cells to a l>ge     
ext5t & leave ! meats 9 a f9ely  divid$ 
condition4 ,f ! cru%] rolls ! meats are 
c>ri$ to  /eam-jacket$ kettles provid$ )
 agitators4 ,!re !y are cook$  to !     
prop] po9t1 :i* is det]m9$ by feel &    
smell4 ,f !  heat]s ! meats are dropp$  
into cake =m]s1 :]e !y are =m$  into    
%ape ( cakes betwe5 camel's hair press  
clo?s 9 :i* !y are  plac$ 9 ! heavy     
hydraulic presses :i* press out ! oil4  

,good  press-room "w w give out #de     
gallons ( oil to ! ton & leave 9  ! cake
 betwe5 #f & #g p]c5t ( oil4    ,! crude
 oil z x leaves ! presses v>ies 9 color 
f light  %]ry to deep cl>et4 ,! v>iation
 is due to local conditions  affect+ !  
se$1 also ! mann] ( treatm5t 9 cook+4 ,!
 flavor  ( ! crude oil v>ies greatly 9 !
 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4  ,t made 9    
,georgia & ,c>ol9a has a /rong flavor ( 
peanut1 :ile  t made 9 ! ,mississippi   
,valley & ,texas has m ! flavor (  sweet
 ,indian corn4    ,to prep>e crude oil =
 edible purposes1 x mu/ g ?r\gh a       
process  ( ref9+2 ?is is accompli%$ by  
agitat+ 9 l>ge tanks )  cau/ic soda     
solution4 ,:5 ! soda is add$ 9 ! prop]  
am\nt1  ! color+ matt]1 free fatty      
acids1 & vegetable matt] conta9$  9 !   
oil are conv]t$ into a mucilag9\s soap  
:i* sep>ates 9  d>k-color$ flakes ?r\gh 
! oil :5 heat is appli$4 ,:5 !          
granulation has rea*$ ! prop] po9t1     
agitation is /opp$1 & !  flaky soap /ock
 settles at ! bottom ( ! tank1 leav+ a  

cle>1  light1 gre5i%-gold5 oil on top4  
,! be/ practice all[s tanks to  settle  
ab\t #ab h\rs1 aft] :i* ! soap /ock has 
drawn (f &  ! well settl$ yell[ oil is  
remov$ to a settl+ tank :]e x  is g5tly 
heat$ to remove moi/ure & rema9+ soap   
/ock4 ,?is  produces :at is kn[n z prime
 summ] yell[ oil4 ,?is oil has a sweet  
flavor & light yell[ color4 ,un=tunately
 :5 us$ = cook+  x gives (f a v         
disagreeable odor & leaves a bad flavor 
9 !  article ( food cook$ ) x4 ,?is     
r5d]s fur!r purification  necess>y4 ,!  
oil is heat$ to temp]atures v>y+ f #aej 
to #bjj  degrees ,f4 & agitat$ 9 kettles
 ) full]'s e>?1 aft] :i*  x passes ?r\gh
 filt] presses1 :i* remove ! full]'s e>?
  & leave ! oil v ne>ly :ite4 ,9 ?is    
condition ! oil is  /ill unfit = cook+  
purposes1 on acc\nt ( ! peculi> flavor  
giv5 by ! full]'s e>? treatm5t1 :i* is  
commonly remov$ by  treatm5t ) /eam4    
,details ( ?is deodoriz+ process v>y &  
are  reg>d$ z trade secrets4 ,! oil s   
prep>$ is l>gely us$ 9 !  prep>ation (  

sub/itutes = l>d & simil> cook+ fats4   
,su* oil  is a great improvem5t ov] !   
ord9>y summ] yell[ & blea*$  oils1 b    
falls %ort ( be+ an ideal oil4    ,)9 ! 
la/ few ye>s a cottonse$ oil has be5 put
 on ! m>ket  9 :i* ! objections to ! use
 ( cottonse$ oil z food h be5  z ne>ly  
ov]come z ! *emical nature ( ! oil w    
p]mit4 ,!  oil produc$ by ?is process is
 practically odorless & ta/eless &  c be
 us$ satisfactorily = all cul9>y        
purposes4 ,l>ge quantities  are us$ by !
 bak]s 9 place ( l>d4 7,david ,wesson47 
,fur!r ,details4--,! cotton se$ f v>i\s 
s\rces is put ?r\gh  a scre5 to take out
 ! bolls & co>se mat]ial4 ,! se$ is !n  
put ?r\gh a g9 to remove z f> z possible
 any rema9+ l9t1 (  :i* ab\t #bj p\nds  
p] ton ( se$ are obta9$4 ,! clean se$ is
  next s5t to a hull] compos$ ( revolv+ 
cyl9d]s cov]$ )  knives1 :i* cut up bo? 
se$ & hull4 ,! *ips are !n convey$  to a
 scre5 plac$ on a vibrat+ frame1 ?r\gh  
:i* ! k]nels  fall4 ,! hulls are c>ri$  
by an endless belt to ! furnaces1 :]e   

!y are burn$4 ,! k]nels ( ! se$ are     
convey$ to cru%]  rolls1 :]e !y are     
gr\nd to a f9e meal4 ,! meal is !n s5t  
to  a heat]1 :]e x rema9s f tw5ty to =ty
 m9utes4 ,^! heat]s  h a temp]ature (   
#baj to #bae degrees ,f4    ,! hot meal 
is =m$ into cakes by ma*9]y2 ^! are     
wrapp$ 9  clo? & plac$ 9 ! press4 ,ab\t 
sixte5 p\nds ( meal are put 9  ea* cake4
 ,! cakes are plac$ 9 a hydraulic press1
 :]e a pressure  ( f #c1jjj to #d1jjj   
p\nds p] squ>e in* is appli$4 ,! press  
is  also kept w>m4 ,! express$ cakes    
conta9 only ab\t #aj p]c5t (  oil4 ,!   
cake is sold z cattle food or = f]tiliz+
 purposes4 ,!  crude oil z ?us express$ 
conta9s ab\t #a4e p]c5t ( free acid1    
also a notable quantity ( wat] & solid  
matt]s 9 susp5sion4 ,!  manufacture (   
cottonse$ oil usually takes place 9 !   
w9t] mon?s  imm$iately aft] ! g9n+ ( !  
cotton is complet$4 ,! oil is  likely to
 become rancid if kept unpurifi$ until !
 hot mon?s4 ,!  crude oil is collect$ 9 
oil tanks at ! press & %ipp$ to !  ref9+

 h\ses4 ,9 w9t] "t :5 tanks are s5t to !
 nor? :]e  ! temp]ature is v l[ !       
cont5ts ( ! tank become solid  unless   
protect$ f ! action ( ! cold4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,,remov+ ,,! 
,,oil ,,cakes ,,f ,a ,,cottonse$        
,,press4--7,c\rtesy ( ,david ,wesson47  
,ref9+ ,process4--,! fir/ /ep 9 ! ref9+ 
( a crude  cottonse$ oil is to h x /or$ 
9 l>ge & deep tanks :]e x  rema9s at re/
 = a prop] l5g? ( "t4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( 
re/ ! heavy me*anical impurities & wat] 
settle to ! bottom  ( ! tank & are      
typically kn[n z 8foots40 ,! oily       
portions (  ^! fats are us$ 9 !         
manufacture ( soap & = o!r te*nical     
purposes4 ,! tanks may be connect$ )    
/eam jackets 9 ord] to  keep ! oil at a 
prop] temp]ature4 ,dur+ ! process (     
deposition  ! oil is also treat$ ) an   
alkali to neutralize ! free acid  :i* x 
conta9s4 ,! precipitate =m$ by ?is      
process toge!r  ) ! pr9cipal "p ( !     
soaps produc$ are recov]$ ) !  8foots40 
,a solution ( cau/ic or c>bonat$ soda is

 "o g5]ally  employ$ 9 ?is process (    
ref9+4 ,if ! admixture ( cau/ic  soda   
occurs at ! "t ( fill+ ! tank1 ! cont5ts
 are kept  well agitat$ = a suffici5t   
l5g? ( "t to secure an intimate  mixture
 ( ! oil ) ! lye4 ,usually ! deposition 
( ! solid  matt] is accompli%$ 9 f two  
to ?ree days4 ,! sup]natant oil  is ( a 
light yell[ color1 b n suffici5tly pure 
to admit (  be+ us$ = edible purposes4  
,?is yell[ oil is treat$ aga9 9  a      
simil> mann] & all[$ to settle a second 
"t1 or x is mix$  ) "s sub/ance :i* w   
facilitate ! op]ation1 & subject$  to   
filtration by means ( :i* a p]fectly    
bright oil is secur$4 ,if1  dur+ ?is    
process1 ! oil has nev] be5 *ill$ s z to
 sep>ate  a "p ( its /e>91 x is call$   
summ] oil1 z an indication t  x only    
rema9s cle> dur+ ! hot wea!r4 ,oils     
int5d$ = w9t]  use are *ill$ be=e f9ally
 be+ put into packages1 & ! /e>9  :i* is
 sep>at$ at ?is l[ temp]ature is remov$ 
by filtration4  ,! residual oil :i* is  
capable ( rema9+ liquid at a l[         

temp]ature by reason ( ! removal ( a    
portion ( its /e>91 z  above describ$1  
is kn[n 9 ! trade z w9t] oil4 ,9 ?is    
process  ( filtration full]'s e>? is    
frequ5tly employ$1 :i* n only  promotes 
! filtration b also absorbs & reta9s a  
l>ge "p (  ! color ( ! oil1 :i* ?us     
treat$ is almo/ colorless4 ,:]e         
cottonse$ oil is us$ = mix+ ) l>d x is  
highly important t  x be practically    
free ( color4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is us$ =    
mix+  ) oleom>g>9e ! m yell[ x is ! m   
highly priz$4      ,extraction ( ,oil by
 ,means ( ,petroleum4--,! light oils :i*
 are  produc$ 9 ! ref9+ ( petroleum &   
commonly call$ gasol9e are  typical     
solv5ts = fat & oil4 ,in/ead ( extract+ 
! oil by !  pressure process1 z describ$
 above1 a practically complete          
extraction  may be secur$ by successive 
treatm5ts ) ! light petroleum oils4  ,! 
pr9ciple ( ! process is exactly t ( !   
extraction ( sug>  f sug> beets by hot  
wat] 9 ! process ( ! manufacture ( beet 
sug>4 ,! cottonse$ cake or press$ meal  

is brok5 into fragm5ts (  approximate   
size1 plac$ 9 tanks1 & treat$ )         
successive portions  ( light petroleum4 
,! extraction is arrang$ 9 su* a way z  
to be  a cont9u\s "o1 t is1 ! vessels = 
h&l+ ! oil cakes are  arrang$ en batt]ie
 z 9 ! case ( beet sug> extraction4 ,by 
?is  me?od all except a m]e trace ( !   
oil is extract$ f ! cake4  ,! light     
petroleum oils are subsequ5tly sep>at$ f
 ! cottonse$  oil by di/illation & are  
us$ aga9 9 ! process4 ,!re is little    
loss ( petroleum oil4 ,:]e cottonse$ oil
 is us$ = te*nical  purposes !re is no  
objection to ?is me?od ( extraction1 &  
mu*  is to be said 9 its favor s9ce     
great] yields ( oil are secur$4  ,:5 us$
 = edible purposes1 h[ev]1 petroleum    
extract$ cottonse$  oil is n ( z high a 
quality z t extract$ by pressure4 ,x is 
difficult to remove all traces (        
petroleum1 especially ! odor1 &  !re are
 con/itu5ts extract$ by petroleum :i*   
are n mix$ )  ! oil :5 x is sep>at$ by  
pressure4 ,x is advisable1 !re=e1  t    

cottonse$ oil us$ = edible purposes be  
cold-press extract$  & n petroleum      
extract$ oil4      ,/&>d = ,cottonse$   
,oil4--,! (ficial /&>ds = cottonse$  oil
 are z foll[s3    8,cottonse$ oil is !  
oil obta9$ f ! se$s ( cotton plants     
7,gossypium hirsutum ,l41 ,g4 ,b>bad5se 
,l41 or ,g4 h]baceum  ,l47 & subject$ to
 ! usual ref9+ processes2 x is free f   
rancidity2 has a refractive index 7#be  
degrees ,c47 n less ?an "o  & =ty-sev5  
hundr$ t5-?\s&?s 7#a4dgjj7 & n exce$+ "o
  & =ty-sev5 & tw5ty-five t5-?\s&?s     
7#a4dgbe72 & an iod9  numb] n less ?an  
"o hundr$ & f\r 7#ajd7 & n exce$+ "o    
hundr$ & t5 7#aaj74    8#8,w9t]-yell['  
cottonse$ oil is express$ cottonse$ oil 
f :i*  a portion ( ! /e>9 has be5       
sep>at$ by *ill+ & pressure40           
,hazelnut ,oil4--,! oil ( ! hazelnut is 
to a limit$ ext5t us$  = edible         
purposes4 ,x is extract$ f ! se$ ( !    
hazelnut  tree 7,corylus avellana ,l74  
,! se$s are v ri* 9 oil & are  said to  
conta9 f #ej to #fj p]c5t !re(4 ,! oil  

is almo/ free  ( /e>9 & is said to      
conta9 only ab\t "o p]c5t4 ,! re/ (  x  
consi/s *iefly ( ole91 !re be+ b #ab    
p]c5t ( palmit94  ,:ile x is an edible  
oil1 x is us$ *iefly 9 ! manufacture (  
p]fumes & z a lubricat+ oil4 ,its high  
price1 h[ev]1 excludes x  f any g5]al   
use1 except = special purposes4 ,its    
specific gravity  at #ae degrees is     
4#iaf1 & x absorbs ab\t #hf p]c5t ( its 
weight (  iod94      ,olive ,oil4--,by  
f> ! mo/ important ( edible oils1 bo? on
 acc\nt  ( its abundance & ( its        
palatability1 is olive oil4 ,olive oil  
has  be5 us$ f ! e>lie/ hi/orical times 
& probably 0 ! fir/  vegetable oil t 0  
manufactur$ to any consid]able ext5t 9  
! e>ly hi/ory ( civilization4 ,its      
qualities h ma9ta9$ =  x a m>ket among !
 nations ( ! _w 9 spite ( ! fact t  _m  
o!r palatable & :olesome vegetable oils 
h be5 produc$  :i*1 :ile n inf]ior 9    
nutritive value to olive oil1 are s v   
mu* *eap] t unless ! olive oil possess$ 
peculi> prop]ties  x w\ld be =c$ out ( !

 m>ket4 ,its delicate flavor1 extreme   
palatability1 high nutritive p[]1 & o!r 
g5]al *>act]i/ics  h ma9ta9$ = x a m>ket
 aga9/ ! /ronge/ competition4    ,olive 
oil is procur$ f ! fruit ( ! olive tree 
7,olea ,europa  ,l471 & :5 x is to be   
us$ = edible purposes ! me?od (         
extraction is by pressure4 ,:5 olive oil
 is us$ = te*nical  purposes1 su* z     
lubricat+ & ! manufacture ( soap1 x is  
v commonly secur$ by extraction ) a     
volatile solv5t1 su* z  petroleum4 ,!   
olive is v ri* 9 oil1 ! quantity v>y+ f 
#dj to #fj p]c5t4 ,! quality ( olive oil
 ^u ! m>ket v>ies 9  a v great degree   
accord+ to ! c\ntry f :i* x comes1  !   
degree ( maturity ( ! olive f :i* ! oil 
is extract$1  ! me?od ( expression      
employ$1 & ! "* ( ! ref9+  process to   
:i* ! express$ oil has be5 subject$4    
,botanically1  !re are v _m v>ieties (  
olive trees & ?us nature w\ld  imp>t to 
! olive peculi>ities due to ! orig9 ( ! 
oil itself4  ,! environm5t also has a   
great deal to d ) ! "* ( !  olive &     

necess>ily ) ! "* ( ! oil produc$4 ,!   
olive  tree fl\ri%es be/ 9 semi-arid    
regions :]e ! ra9fall is n  v abundant &
 ! sunlight is n greatly obscur$ by     
cl\ds &  ! heat is reasonably high4 ,!  
pr9cipal regions1 at ! pres5t  "t1 f :i*
 ! comm]cial olive oils are obta9$ are  
,spa91  ,italy1 ,greece1 s\!rn ,france1 
& s\!rn ,cali=nia4    ,illu/ration3     
,,olives      #a4 ,,mission  #b4        
,,sevillano    ,f ,ye>book1 ,u4,s4      
,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 #ahig            
,adult]ation ( ,olive ,oil4--,by reason 
( its great value z an edible  oil & its
 high price !re is no "o ( ! edible oils
 :i* has  be5 subject$ to su* a         
sy/ematic & ext5sive adult]ation4 ,by   
reason ( ! resemblance 9 g5]al "* ( _m (
 ! edible  vegetable oils to olive oil1 
adult]ations ( ! mo/ ext5sive  "* may be
 practic$ )\t indicat+ to ! eye any     
*ange  9 composition4 ,ne>ly all !      
edible vegetable oils h ! light  amb]   
t9t :i* is *>act]i/ic ( _m grades (     
olive oil1 & !  diff]5ce betwe5 ! color 

( ! olive oil & o!r edible oils is  n   
great] ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! t9ts ( ! 
v>i\s olive  oils !mselves4 ,!          
connoisseur ( extremely delicate ta/e is
 usually  able to di/+ui% by ! ta/e any 
giv5 edible oil f olive  oil4 ,if1      
h[ev]1 any giv5 edible oil be mix$ )    
olive oil 9 small  proportions n exce$+ 
#be to #cj p]c5t1 ev5 ! skill$ ta/]  w  
be deceiv$4 ,9 su* cases only ! *emi/ :o
 has mu* skill &  practice is able to   
detect ! adult]ation4      ,adult]ation 
) ,cottonse$ ,oil4--,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !
 pr9cipal  adult]ation ( olive oil is ) 
cottonse$ oil4 ,?is is an oil :i*  has  
already be5 describ$ z ( high nutritive 
value & to :i* no  objection c be made f
 any hygi5ic or dietetic po9t ( view4 ,x
  is made 9 great quantities 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates1 & :5 subject$ to  ! mo/ c>eful  
ref9+ processes c be (f]$ to ! consum]  
at  a price probably n great] ?an       
"o-fif? t ( high-grade olive  oil4 ,x   
becomes ! ideal mat]ial ) :i* to        
adult]ate olive oil4  ,?is adult]ation  

ext5ds (t5 to complete sub/itution1 !   
oil 9  "q1 ?\gh repres5t$ z olive oil   
bo? by ! deal] & !  label1 conta9+ no   
trace :atev] ( t sub/ance4 ,su* b>e-fac$
  sub/itution has app>5tly almo/ pass$  
away "u ! quick5+  e?ical s5se ( !      
manufactur] & m]*ant & ! "*  ( !        
national & /ate laws4 ,_m ( ! oils :i*  
are us$ to  adult]ate olive oil h a     
great] specific gravity1 h5ce :5ev]  !  
specific gravity ( an olive oil at #ae  
degrees goes above 4#iag x  is gr\nd =  
suspicion ( adult]ation ?\gh by no means
 a positive  pro(4 ,! pres5ce (         
cottonse$ oil 9 olive oil is easily     
detect$  by ! ,halph5 te/1 :i* has      
already be5 describ$4 ,9 ,europe a  v   
common me?od ( adult]ation is ) sesam   
oil1 ! prop]ties  ( :i* are describ$    
bel[4 ,peanut oil is also ext5sively us$
 =  ! same purpose4 ,^! two oils are    
easily detect$ :5 mix$ )  olive oil4 ,! 
sesam oil is di/+ui%$ by ! color        
reaction to be  describ$4 ,peanut oil is
 di/+ui%$ by ! saponification ( !  oil1 

sep>ation ( ! fatty acids1 & consequ5t  
cry/allization  ( ! ara*idic acid1 :i*  
produces a cry/all9e =m :i* is  readily 
recogniz$ by an exp]t4 ,rapese$ oil &   
poppy-se$ oil  are also ext5sively us$ z
 adult]ants 9 ,europe1 b n v  ext5sively
 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ne>ly all ! oils :i* are
 employ$ 9  ! adult]ation ( olive oil h 
high iod9 numb]s1 & !re=e  :5ev] an iod9
 numb] is above #hi or #ij x may be     
reg>d$ z  a suspici\s circum/ance4 ,!re 
are1 h[ev]1 _m g5u9e olive  oils :i*    
w\ld be condemn$ z adult]at$ if ?is te/ 
alone 7  employ$4 ,9 addition to ! oils 
m5tion$1 small quantities ( ca/or  oil1 
l>d oil1 fi% oil1 & ev5 ( petroleum oil1
 h be5 f\nd z  adult]ants 9 olive oil4  
,^!1 h[ev]1 occur v infrequ5tly1 &  x is
 n likely t !y h be5 employ$ 9 ?is      
c\ntry4    ,if ! exam9ation %[s t a giv5
 sample is free ( cottonse$1  sesam1 &  
peanut oil1 & o!r *>act]i/ics 9 ! sample
 are  ^? ( olive oil1 x may be safely   
accept$ z a pure sample4      ,color (  
,olive ,oil4--,! color ( ! fre%ly       

express$ olive oil is  usually gre5 or  
d>k f ! *lorophyl & o!r color+ matt]    
d]iv$ f ! olive4 ,:5 ref9$ & ready =    
comm]ce ! oil  is ( a yell[i%-gre5 t9t  
usually4 ,sometimes ! oil obta9$ f  !   
fir/ press+ is almo/ colorless1 b z a   
rule an amb]-gre5  t9t is obs]v$ 9 mo/ (
 ! comm]cial v>ieties4 ,l[] grade oils  
are (t5 decid$ly gre51 b /ill edible1   
due to ! admixture (  *lorophyl f ! gre5
 olive employ$4 ,! flavor ( olive oil   
is a pleasant & agreeable "o1 b diff]s  
greatly 9 oils f  diff]5t s\rces4 ,!    
fur!r nor? ! oils are produc$ ! less    
pron\nc$ ! flavor & ! sweet] ! ta/e4 ,! 
m s\!rn  oils1 su* z are obta9$ 9 ! s\? 
( ,italy & ,spa91 h a  /rong] & m       
pron\nc$ flavor :i*1 h[ev]1 is v mu*    
priz$  by ^? accu/om$ to x4 ,l>ge       
quantities ( olive oil are produc$  also
 9 ! ,fr5* & o!r possessions 9 ! nor? ( 
,africa4  ,^!1 h[ev]1 h a /rong] flavor 
?an ^? produc$ ^u !  cont95t ( ,europe &
 are n s highly priz$ :5 us$ alone4     
,olive oil is almo/ free ( /e>91 be+    

compos$ *iefly ( ole9  ) "s palmit94 ,! 
am\nt ( free acid 9 olive oil v>ies )  !
 "* ( ! olives employ$ & ! age ( ! oil4 
,on long  /&+1 )\t becom+ rancid1 olive 
oil develops a l>ge quantity  ( free    
acid4 ,x is a common supposition t      
rancidity 9 an oil  dep5ds ^u !         
developm5t ( free fatty acid1 b ?is is n
 !  case4 ,if an oil be free ( rancidity
 x may conta9 a l>ge p]c5tage  ( free   
acid )\t becom+ in$ible4 ,x is n        
uncommon to f9d 9  olive oil z high z #c
 p]c5t or m ( free acid4 ,?is is due to 
! fact t 9 ! ref9+ ( olive oil alkalies 
are n usually  employ$1 & !re=e any free
 acid :i* ! natural olive possesses  is 
n neutraliz$ by ! alkalies1 z is ! case 
9 ! ref9+ (  cottonse$ oil & "s o!r     
vegetable oils4      ,con/itu5ts (      
,olive ,oil4--,olive oil consi/s almo/  
exclusively  ( ole9 & palmit94 ,!re is v
 little1 if any1 /e>9 9 !  highe/ grade 
oil4 ,if all ! solid fatty acid at      
ord9>y temp]ature  be reg>d$ z d]iv$ f  
palmit91 ! quantity ( palmit9 may be    

reg>d$ z v>y+ f ?ree to #bj p]c5t1      
accord+ to ! orig9  & "* ( ! sample4    
,:ile ! ole9 & palmit91 !re=e1  may be  
reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( olive  
oil1 !re are  o!rs1 also1 exi/+ 9 small]
 quantities4 ,! quantity ( free  fatty  
acid v>ies v greatly 9 olive oil4 ,x is 
highly important  t ! oil be sep>at$ f !
 pomace z spe$ily z possible1  s9ce any 
f]m5tation ( ! pomace increases !       
quantity ( free  fatty acid4 ,! l>ge/   
numb] ( high-grade oils conta9 less ?an 
?ree p]c5t ( free fatty acid1 b a l>g]  
quantity1 z has be5  /at$1 does n r5d] !
 oil in$ible unless actual f]m5tation   
has  tak5 place produc+ rancidity4      
,rancidity appe>s to be ! result (  !   
g5]ation ( o!r acids ?an oleic1 & also  
aldehyds1 =mic1  butyric1 acetic1 &     
nan?ylic acids h be5 f\nd4 ,olive oil is
 a  typical non-dry+ oil & !re=e %[s a  
less rise 9 temp]ature  :5 mix$ )       
sulfuric acid ?an o!r vegetable oils4 ,!
 specific  gravity ( olive oil at #ae   
degrees may be plac$ at ! av]age  figure

 ( 4#iag4 ,x sometimes falls z l[ z     
4#iab & rises z high  z 4#iai4 ,x       
absorbs f #hj to #ij p]c5t ( its weight 
( iod94 ,9  "s samples ! weight ( iod9  
absorb$ is less1 fall+ z l[ z #gg       
p]c5t1 b ?is is only 9 v extraord9>y    
cases4 ,occasionally x  goes above #ij  
p]c5t4 ,probably ! numb] #hg w\ld       
repres5t ab\t !  mean p]c5tage ( iod9   
absorb$ by mo/ edible oils4      ,me?od 
( ,prep>ation4--,! v f9e/ quality (     
olive oil is  t d]iv$ f ! h&-pick$      
olive4 ,j z 9 ! prep>ation  ( fruits = !
 m>ket ! v be/ qualities are c>efully   
pick$  "o by "o f ! tree1 s 9 !         
prep>ation ( ! highe/ grade  ( oil !    
olives are pick$ "o by "o1 only ^? (    
uni=m  maturity & "* be+ select$4 ,?is  
specially select$ fruit  is press$ cold1
 & ! fir/ runn+ f ?is pressure collect$ 
sep>ately is designat$ 9 ,engli% by !   
t]m 8virg9 oil40 ,virg9  olive oil1     
!re=e1 ranks ! highe/ 9 quality4        
,un=tunately !  use ( ! t]m = comm]cial 
purposes has n be5 re/rict$ to  !       

quality ( oil to :i* x actually belongs1
 & at ! pres5t  "t ! expression 8pure   
virg9 olive oil0 :i* is plac$ ^u !      
bottles or conta9]s is no gu>antee t ?is
 quality ( oil is f\nd  !re94 ,9 fact1  
?is expression ^u ! label has be5 f\nd 9
 _m  in/ances ( olive oil highly        
adult]at$ & belong+ to ! *eape/  grade4 
,x w\ld be impossible "h to enum]ate all
 ! diff]5t names  by :i* olive oil is   
f\nd ^u ! m>ket4 ,! consum] has to dep5d
  = protection ^u 8 k ( ! "* ( ! deal] &
  h]eaft]1 to a great] ext5t ?an ev]    
be=e1 he may be protect$ by  !          
application ( ! pure food laws ( ! v>i\s
 c\ntries4    ,aft] ! fir/ press+ f :i* 
! be/ oil is secur$ !  result+ pomace is
 remov$ f ! press1 heat$ or mix$ ) hot  
wat]1 & aga9 subject$ to a mu* high]    
pressure f :i* a  second quantity ( oil 
is secur$1 /ill suitable = edible       
purposes  b ( a l[] quality ?an t fir/  
produc$4 ,:ile ! oils :i*  are obta9$ 9 
?is way are us$ l>gely = te*nical       
purposes su*  z lubricat+1 soap mak+1   

etc41 !y are n infrequ5tly employ$  z   
edible oils4    ,9 ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5ts =
 ! prep>ation ( olive oil !  k]nels are 
sep>at$ f ! pulp1 b 9 ! small] works !  
pulp & k]nel are press$ toge!r4 ,f9ally 
! residue f !  second pressure may be   
dri$ & extract$ ) bisulfid ( c>bon or   
petroleum e!r1 by :i* means practically 
all ! residual oil :i*  ! cake conta9s  
may be secur$4 ,oils extract$ 9 ?is     
mann] are  :olly unfit = edible purposes
 & are us$ or %\ld be us$ solely  =     
te*nical purposes1 among :i* soap mak+  
is p]haps ! mo/  important4             
,olive-k]nel ,oil4--,an oil is extract$ 
f ! k]nel ( ! olive  :i* 9 "s respects (
 physical & *emical prop]ties resembles 
olive oil itself4 ,x is usually n       
consid]$ suitable = edible  purposes4   
,its ta/e resembles m t ( almond oil ?an
 t (  olive oil4 ,"s ( ?is oil is       
d\btless mix$ ) olive oil :5 !  pulp &  
k]nel ( ! olive are press$ toge!r1 b !  
quantity  ?us secur$ is n v great & does
 n introduce into !  sub/ance any?+ :i* 

gives a specific reaction4 ,x is by no  
means  z high a grade ( oil z t express$
 f ! fle% ( ! olive  alone4      ,peanut
 ,oil4--,peanut oil is ! ref9$ express$ 
oil ( ! peanut1  prep>$ 9 ! mann] above 
describ$1 & is highly valu$ z a table   
or salad oil &1 un=tunately1 is us$ v   
(t5 z an adult]ant (  olive oil1 !      
mixture be+ sold "u ! "n ( ! m valuable 
( its con/itu5ts4    ,peanut oil conta9s
 ara*idic acid1 :i* 9 comb9ation )      
glyc]9e =ms "o ( ! con/itu5ts :i* s]ves 
to di/+ui% x  p>ticul>ly f o!r edible   
oils4 ,!re is no o!r edible oil :i*     
conta9s ara*idic acid 9 suffici5t       
quantities to lead to any mi/ake        
conc]n+ its relation%ip to peanut oil4  
,r5>d's ,te/ = ,peanut ,oil z ,modifi$  
by ,tolman4--,place #bj  grams ( oil 9  
an ,erl5mey] flask4 ,saponify )         
alcoholic pota%1  neutralize exactly )  
dilute acetic acid1 us+ ph5olph?ale9  z 
indicator1 & wa% into a #ejj c4c4 flask 
conta9+ a boil+  mixture ( #ajj c4c4 (  
wat] & #abj c4c4 ( a #bj p]c5t lead     

acetate  solution4 ,boil = a m9ute1 & !n
 cool ! precipitat$ soap by  imm]s+ !   
flask 9 wat]1 occasionally giv+ x a     
:irl+ motion  to cause ! soap to /ick to
 ! sides ( ! flask4 ,aft] ! flask  has  
cool$1 ! wat] & excess ( lead c be p\r$ 
(f & ! soap  wa%$ ) cold wat] & ) #ij   
p]c5t 7by volume7 alcohol4 ,n[ add  #bjj
 c4c4 ( e!r1 cork ! flask1 & all[ to /& 
= "s "t  until ! soap is dis9tegrat$1 !n
 heat on ! wat] ba?1 us+ a  reflux      
cond5s]1 & boil = ab\t five m9utes4 ,9 !
 oils mo/  ( ! soap w be dissolv$1 :ile 
9 l>ds1 :i* conta9 s mu*  /e>91 "p w be 
left undissolv$4 ,cool ! e!r solution ( 
soap  d[n to f #ae to #ag ,c41 & let /& 
until all ! insoluble soaps  h          
cry/alliz$ out--ab\t twelve h\rs are    
requir$4    ,filt] & ?or\ghly wa% !     
precipitate ) e!r4 ,save !  filtrate = !
 det]m9ation ( ! iod9 numb] ( ! liquid  
fatty  acids by ! ,mut] me?od4 ,! soaps 
on ! filt] are wa%$ back into  ! flask  
by means ( a /ream ( hot wat] acidifi$ )
 hydro*loric  acid4 ,add an excess (    

dilute hydro*loric acid1 p>tially fill !
  flask ) hot wat]1 & heat until fatty  
acids =m a cle>1 oily  lay]4 ,fill !    
flask ) hot wat]1 all[ ! fatty acids to 
h>d5  & sep>ate f ! precipitat$ lead    
*lorid2 wa%1 dra91 repeat  wa%+ ) hot   
wat]1 & dissolve ! fatty acids 9 #ajj   
c4c4 (  boil+ #ij p]c5t 7by volume7     
alcohol4 ,cool d[n to #ae ,c41 %ak+     
?or\ghly to aid cry/allization4 ,f #e to
 #aj p]c5t ( peanut oil  c be detect$ by
 ?is me?od1 z x effects a complete      
sep>ation  ( ! soluble acid f !         
insoluble1 :i* int]f]es ) !             
cry/allization ( ! ara*idic acid4       
,filt]1 wa% ! precipitate  twice ) #aj  
c4c4 ( #ij p]c5t 7by volume7 alcohol1 & 
!n )  alcohol ( #gj p]c5t 7by volume74  
,dissolve (f ! filt] ) boil+  absolute  
alcohol1 evaporate to dryness 9 a weigh$
 di%1 dry &  weigh4 ,add to ?is weight  
#j4jjbe gram = ea* #aj c4c4 ( #ij p]c5t 
alcohol us$ 9 ! cry/allization & wa%+ if
 done at #ae ,c42  if done at #bj1      
#j4jjde gram = ea* #aj c4c4 ,! melt+    

po9t (  ara*idic acid obta9$ 9 ?is way  
is betwe5 #ga & #gb ,c4 ,tw5ty  times ! 
weight ( ara*idic acid w give !         
approximate am\nt  ( peanut oil pres5t4 
,no exam9ation = adult]ants 9 olive oil 
is  complete )\t mak+ ! te/ = peanut    
oil4    ,! above process to be ( any    
p>ticul> value c only be c>ri$  out by  
an exp]i5c$ *emi/1 b ! pres5ce ( peanut 
oil may be  readily det]m9$ by any "o :o
 is exp]i5c$ by foll[+ out !  above     
process4    ,:]e only small quantities (
 peanut oil are conc]n$1 namely1 n to   
exce$ five p]c5t1 ev5 9 ! h&s ( an      
exp]i5c$ *emi/1 !  above process may n  
lead to c]ta9 results4    ,peanut oil is
 obta9$ f ! peanut by ! ord9>y me?od (  
hydraulic pressure4 ,! fir/ cold press+ 
furni%es ! oil ( f9e/  "* = edible      
purposes4 ,subsequ5t pressures or       
pressure )  heat furni% an additional   
supply or a great quantity ( oil b n  ( 
! same palatability4 ,peanut oil is     
highly priz$ z a salad oil  ei!r alone  
or mix$ ) o!r oil1 notably olive oil &  

sesam4  ,! oil is purifi$ by a l>ge     
settle & by filtration & by !  processes
 usually practic$ ) o!r oils ( vegetable
 orig94 ,!  oil is easily & completely  
dige/$ & furni%es an abundant s\rce  (  
heat & en]gy to ! sy/em4 ,! numb] (     
calories produc$ by  ! combu/ion ( "o   
gram ( oil1 ei!r by ord9>y burn+ or by  
oxidation 9 ! body is ab\t #i1cjj4    ,!
 cake :i* is left aft] ! press+ out ( ! 
oil is v highly  nutriti\s1 conta9+ /ill
 consid]able quantities ( oil1 ! :ole  (
 ! prote9 matt]1 & o!r dige/ible solids 
( ! nut4    ,z be=e /at$1 x is          
ext5sively us$ z cattle food & z        
f]tiliz]4 ,x may also be gr\nd to a meal
 & us$ z human food1 b  furni%es an     
unbalanc$ ration 9 :i* ! prote9 is f> 9 
excess4      ,rape ,oil 7,colza ,oil7   
7,brassica campe/ris ,l474--,!re are    
diff]5t k9ds ( oil :i* belong to ! g5]al
 class :i* is  kn[n z rape oil or       
rapese$ oil4 ,! diff]5t k9ds are d]iv$  
f diff]5t v>ieties ( ,brassica          
campe/ris4 ,! ,engli% names  ( ! ?ree   

mo/ important v>ieties are--7#a7 colza  
oil1 d]iv$ f  ! se$s ( ,brassica        
campe/ris2 7#b7 rape oil1 d]iv$ f !     
se$s ( ,brassica napus ,l42 7#c7 rbs5   
oil1 d]iv$ f ! se$s  ( ,brassica rapa   
,l4 ,! "* ( ! oil also v>ies accord+  to
 ! mann] ( its extraction4 ,! fir/      
press+s f ! cold  p[d]$ se$s is ( a f9] 
quality = salad purposes ?an !  heavi]  
lat] press+s f ! hot se$s4 ,! oil is    
also sometimes  *ill$ & ! cry/alliz$    
/e>9 sep>at$ 9 ord] to keep x 9  a      
liquid /ate dur+ ! w9t] "t1 s t ! w9t] &
 summ]  v>ieties are sometimes recogniz$
 9 trade4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no  diff]5ce 9
 ! o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! oil4    ,!       
specific gravity ( rape oil at #ae4e    
degrees ,c41 comp>$ )  wat] at ! same   
temp]ature1 is ab\t 4#iaf4 ,! v>iations 
f ?is  mean numb] are n v great4        
,rapese$ oil absorbs almo/ its exact    
weight ( iod91--! av]age iod9 numb] be+ 
n f> f #ii4      ,! ,*ief ,adult]ations 
( ,rape ,oil4--,! *ief adult]ation (    
rape  oil consi/s 9 ! admixture ( *eap] 

or flavor+ oils4 ,among  ^? :i* are (t5 
us$ 9 ! adult]ation ( rape oil are l9se$
  oil1 hempse$ oil1 poppy-se$ oil1      
*amomile oil1 cottonse$ oil1 !  v>i\s   
mu/>d oils1 ref9$ fi% & blubb] oils1    
ros9 oil1 &  p>aff94 ,"s ( ^!           
adult]ations1 x is se51 _c be add$ to   
rapese$ oil :5 us$ = edible purposes4 ,!
 *ief adult]ation (  rapese$ oil1 :5    
int5d$ = edible purposes1 is ! addition 
(  cottonse$ oil4 ,! detection ( ^!     
v>i\s adult]ations1 ) !  exception ( t (
 cottonse$ oil1 c be accompli%$ only by 
an  exp]t *emi/4 ,! pres5ce ( cottonse$ 
oil c be detect$ by !  application ( !  
,halph5 te/ already describ$4           
,te*nique ( ,extraction4--,! extraction 
( oil f ! rape  se$ is n diff]5t f t (  
o!r oily se$s4 ,x is ei!r  extract$ by  
pressure1 :i* is ! prop] way always :5 x
 is to  be us$ = edible purposes1 or :5 
us$ = te*nical purposes x  may be       
extract$ by means ( c>bon bisulfid or   
petroleum e!r4 ,:5  extract$ by pressure
 = edible purposes ! oil %\ld be ref9$  

by a simil> treatm5t to t appli$ to     
cottonse$ oil & f9ally  filt]$1         
pref]ably aft] mix+ ) full]'s e>? or o!r
 simil>  mat]ial1 9 ord] t x may be     
p]fectly pure & bright & free  f susp5d$
 matt] :i* int]f]es ) its utility z an  
edible  oil4    ,a v common treatm5t ( !
 express$ oil1 9 ord] to coagulate &    
sep>ate ! mucilag9\s matt] :i* x        
conta9s1 is ) sulfuric  acid4 ,?is acid 
has ! v valuable prop]ty ( coagulat+ ?is
  class ( bodies4 ,:5 treat$ ) sulfuric 
acid x is necess>y t  ! oil be ?or\ghly 
wa%$ _m times 9 pure wat] 9 ord] to     
remove ! la/ trace ( ! acid4    ,!      
residue or oil cake is priz$ z a cattle 
food or z a f]tiliz]4  ,! av]age cont5t 
( oil 9 rape se$ is ab\t #cg p]c5t4     
,sesam ,oil4--,sesam oil is v commonly  
us$ = salad oil & =  ! o!r purposes to  
:i* ! edible oils are devot$4 ,x is also
  kn[n z g+ili oil & teel oil4 ,sesam   
oil is obta9$ by pressure  f ! se$ ( !  
sesame plant1--,sesamum ori5tale ,l4    
,sesam oil possesses a light amb] color 

:5 prop]ly made1 is free  f any         
unpleasant odor1 has an agreeable ta/e1 
& :5 express$  cold produces :at is kn[n
 z ! cold-drawn oil :i* is reg>d$  by _m
 z ( equal palatable value ) olive oil4 
,sesam oil1 9  addition to conta9+ /e>91
 palmit91 & ole91 also conta9s  a small 
quantity ( a glyc]id :i* exi/s 9 l>ge   
quantities 9  flaxse$ oil1 namely1      
l9ole94 ,:5 prep>$ = edible purposes x  
conta9s only a small quantity ( free    
acid1 is free f rancidity1  cle>1 &     
brilliant 9 appe>ance & has a sweet     
agreeable ta/e4 ,!  specific gravity (  
sesam oil at #ae degrees ,c4 v>ies f    
4#ibbe to  4#ibcg4 ,x absorbs f #ajc to 
#ajh p]c5t ( its weight ( iod9 &  has a 
refractive index at #ae degrees ( ab\t  
#a4dgdh4      ,adult]ation ( ,sesam     
,oil4--,"s ( ! o!r vegetable oils are   
*eap] ?an sesam & are add$ to x = !     
purpose ( adult]ation  & *eap5+ !       
product4 ,among ! mo/ common oils us$ = 
!  adult]ation ( sesam are poppyse$ oil1
 cottonse$ oil1 & rape oil4  ,! pres5ce 

( cottonse$ oil 9 sesam oil is easily   
di/+ui%$  by ! ,halph5 te/ already giv54
 ,! pres5ce ( poppyse$ oil is  reveal$  
by ! high iod9 numb] & ! high degree (  
heat produc$  :5 mix$ ) sulfuric acid4  
,only ! be/ v>iety ( cold-drawn sesam   
oil is us$ = edible  purposes & = mak+  
oleom>g>9e4 ,! inf]ior qualities are us$
  9 soap mak+1 ! mak+ ( p]fumes1 etc41 &
 ! l[e/ quality (  oil is us$ = burn+   
purposes4      ,*>act]i/ic              
,reaction4--,a te/ :i* is kn[n z        
,baud\9's is  extremely delicate &      
reliable & is easily appli$4 ,x consi/s 
9  ! developm5t ( a r$ color :5 a small 
quantity ( sesam oil is  treat$ )       
hydro*loric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( furfural4
 ,! te/  is easily c>ri$ out z foll[s3  
,place a few drops ( a two p]c5t        
solution ( furfural 9 a te/-tube ) #aj  
cubic c5timet]s ( sesam  oil or ! oil to
 be te/$ = sesam & #aj cubic c5timet]s (
  hydro*loric acid ( #a4ai specific     
gravity1 & %ake ! mixture well  = half a
 m9ute4 ,:5 ! tube is left at re/1 if   

sesam oil be  pres5t ! aque\s acid lay] 
:i* =ms w h a di/9ct crimson  color4    
,any coloration :i* is produc$ by o!r   
oils is entirely  di/9ct f ?is "o &     
!re=e c be easily di/+ui%$4             
,geographical ,di/ribution4--,! sesam   
plant is gr[n *iefly =  comm]cial       
purposes 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,we/ 
,africa4 ,!  te*nical prep>ation ( !    
oil1 9 s f> z is kn[n1 is n  practic$ 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is press$ & prep>$ =
 comm]ce  *iefly 9 ,france4 ,! se$s are 
ri* 9 oil1 yield+ a l>g]  p]c5tage by   
pressure or extraction ?an mo/ ( !      
oil-be>+ se$s4      ,sunfl[] ,oil4--,!  
oil extract$ f ! se$ ( ! sunfl[] is  (  
high quality = edible purposes4 ,al?\gh 
n 9 g5]al use 9  ?is c\ntry1 x is v     
ext5sively us$ 9 ,russia & "s o!r  p>ts 
( ,europe4 ,!re is e reason to believe t
 a pr(itable  indu/ry c\ld be e/abli%$ 9
 ! prep>ation ( edible oils f  sunfl[]  
se$s4 ,! plant gr[s 9 ! greate/         
luxuriance 9 ne>ly  all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1
 & ! yield is suffici5tly great to make 

x an object ( m int]e/ to our           
agricultural population ?an x is  at !  
pres5t "t4    ,! oil is obta9$ f ! se$ (
 ! sunfl[] 7,helian?us annuus  ,l474 ,x 
is ( a pure amb] t9t ) an agreeable odor
 & pleasant  ta/e4 ,z has already be5   
said x is gr[n l>gely 9 ,russia &  also 
9 ,indo-,*9a4 ,! se$s are v ri* 9 oil4  
,be=e expression  ! hulls %\ld be       
remov$1 s9ce ^! =m a por\s sub/ance1 &  
if ! se$s are cru%$ ) ! hulls l>ge      
quantities ( oil are  absorb$ & _c be   
recov]$4    ,! me?od ( prep>ation is !  
same z t = o!r edible  oils1 ! k]nel1   
aft] ! removal ( ! hull1 be+ gr\nd &    
cold-press$ = ! highe/ grade4 ,by heat+ 
& r5ew+ pressure  l[] grades ( oil are  
secur$ suitable = soap mak+4 ,:]e all  !
 oil is requir$ ! extraction ) bisulfid 
( c>bon or gasol9e  is advis$4 ,su*     
oils1 h[ev]1 are n suitable = edible    
purposes  because ( ! difficulty (      
remov+ ! la/ traces ( ! solv5t4  ,!     
specific gravity ( sunfl[] oil at #ae   
degrees is approximately  4#ibe4 ,x     

absorbs a v high p]c5tage ( iod91 & 9   
?is respect  x may be classifi$ ) ! dry+
 oils4 ,its iod9 numb] ranges f  #abj to
 #acj4 ,no specific color reactions h   
be5 e/abli%$ by means  ( :i* sunfl[] oil
 may be readily di/+ui%$ f ! o!r  edible
 oils4    ,9 fact sunfl[] oil has n be5 
subject$1 by any means1 to z  critical a
 /udy z _m o!r vegetable oils4          
,,vegetable ,,fats4    ,! fatty         
pr9ciples 9 vegetables :i* are solid at 
ord9>y  temp]atures are commonly t]m$   
fats in/ead ( oils4 ,!y pres5t1  z a    
rule1 a s(t mass1 usually ( an amb] t9t 
& some:at ( !  consi/5ce ( butt]4 ,only 
a few ( ^! solid fats or semi-solid     
fats are us$ = food4 ,among !m ! mo/    
important are palm-nut oil  or coconut  
oil or fat1 ?\gh ! fat ( ! cacao also   
may be reg>d$  z belong+ to ?is gr\p4   
,^! solid or semi-solid fats are us$ to 
a consid]able ext5t = edible purposes 9 
_m p>ts ( ! _w4  ,coconut fat & cacao   
fat are us$ v ext5sively 9 ?is c\ntry   
ei!r 9 a pure /ate or 9 *ocolate or     

cocoa4      ,cacao ,butt]4--,cacao butt]
 is ! semi-solid fat obta9$ by  pressure
 f cacao beans1 ! se$s ( ! cacao tree   
7,!obroma  cacao ,l474 ,^! beans are    
extremely ri* 9 fat1 ! cont5t ( :i*     
v>ies f #ce to #ej p]c5t4 ,on a l>ge    
scale ! cacao beans are  roa/$1 gr\nd1 &
 ! fat express$ :ile /ill hot by        
hydraulic  pressure4 ,9 ord] to remove !
 free acid :i* x conta9s !  c>bonates ( 
! alkalies are mix$ ) ! mat]ial aft]    
gr9d+  & be=e extraction4 ,9 ^! cases ! 
express$ fat naturally does  n conta9   
any free acid1 ?\gh ! soaps :i* are =m$ 
by ?is  process are apt to contam9ate ! 
express$ fat4      ,adult]ations4--,by  
reason ( its high price cacao butt] is  
(t5  adult]at$ by ! addition ( v>i\s    
fats usually ( a vegetable  "*4 ,^? mo/ 
g5]ally employ$ are ! /e>9 d]iv$ f  !   
coconut fat & ! palm-nut fat4 ,!        
addition ( ord9>y edible  vegetable oils
 is easily detect$ by ! usual *emical   
te/s &  is especially recogniz$ by !    
increase 9 ! p]c5tage ( iod9  absorb$4  

,!y also r$uce ! melt+ po9t ( cacao     
butt]1 & =  ?is reason ^! oils1 ) !     
exception ( coconut1 are n us$  v       
ext5sively z adult]ants4 ,beeswax &     
p>aff9e wax are also  us$ to "s ext5t z 
adult]ants1 & :5 us$ 9 connection )     
vegetable oils !y s]ve to keep ! melt+  
po9t f go+ too  l[4 ,tall[ has also be5 
us$ q ext5sively z an adult]ant4 ,!     
detection ( ^! adult]ants is s difficult
 z to be accompli%$  only by a skill$   
*emi/4      ,composition4--,cacao butt] 
is compos$ *iefly ( /e>9 &  palmit91    
?\gh o!r fats & oils are pres5t 9 small 
quantities4  ,al?\gh x is g5]ally       
suppos$ t cacao butt] does n t5d to     
become rancid1 ?is is a mi/ake1 s9ce1 :5
 expos$ to ! conditions  :i* favor      
rancidity1 ! f]m5tation :i* produces ?is
 condition  takes place 9 ! butt]1 ?\gh 
some:at m sl[ly & m  incompletely ?an 9 
_m o!r fats4 ,! specific gravity ( cacao
  butt] at #ej degrees ,c4 is 4#hib4 ,x 
absorbs ab\t #ce p]c5t ( its  weight (  
iod94 ,x has a mu* l[] melt+ po9t ?an   

palm fats &  ev5 l[] ?an butt]4 ,its    
melt+ po9t v>ies f #cj to #cc degrees   
,c4 ,cacao butt] has "s ( ! prop]ties ( 
ord9>y butt] & has  be5 recomm5d$ z a   
sub/itute !re=1 b x is n likely t x  w  
ev] come into common use bo? because x  
is less desirable ?an  butt] & also     
because ( its high price4               
,prop]ties4--,cacao butt] has a light   
amb] t9t & t5ds to become  blea*$ on    
long /&+4 ,x has a v pleasant flavor1   
rem9d+  "o ( ! flavor ( ! prep>ations ( 
*ocolate4 ,at ord9>y  temp]ature1 #gj   
degrees ,f41 x is q solid & sometimes   
ev5  brittle4      ,coconut ,oil or     
,butt]4--,?is is a v abundant natural   
fat & is  obta9$ f ! k]nel ( ! coconut1 
especially ! two species  ,cocos nucif]a
 ,l4 & ,cocos butyracea ,l4 ,at ord9>y  
temp]ature  coconut oil is ( ! consi/5cy
 ( fat4 ,its ta/e is pleasant1 & x      
possesses an odor :i* is n disagreeable 
or undesirable4 ,x diff]s  f cacao butt]
 9 ! ease ) :i* x becomes rancid1 at :i*
  "t x takes on a v disagreeable flavor 

& ta/e4 ,! coconut  oil ( comm]ce is    
di/+ui%$ by diff]5t names1 accord+ to ! 
c\ntry 9 :i* x is made4    ,co*9 oil is 
a v>iety :i* is reg>d$ z ( ! f9e/       
quality1  be+ almo/ colorless1 & is     
prep>$ 9 ,malab>4    ,ceylon oil is     
ano!r v important v>iety made 9 !       
neighborhood  ( & import$ f ,ceylon4 ,x 
is reg>d$ z ( some:at inf]ior  v>iety to
 ,co*9 oil1 due probably to less c>e    
tak5 9 !  cultivation ( ! plant & !     
prep>ation ( ! oil4    ,ano!r v>iety (  
coconut oil is kn[n z copra oil4 ,! t]m 
8copra0  is appli$ to ! sun-dri$ or     
kiln-dri$ k]nel ( ! coconut4 ,9  ?is    
dri$ /ate ! fruit c be %ipp$ 9 bulk &   
l>ge quantities  ( x c be s5t to ,europe
 or o!r c\ntries1 :]e ! oil is ei!r     
obta9$ by extraction or by compression 9
 a hydraulic press4 ,?is is  reg>d$ z ( 
! lea/ desirable quality4    ,coconut   
oil resembles palm-nut oil 9 its *emical
 composition1  ) ! exception ( !        
relative proportion ( palmitic acid4 ,! 
specific gravity ( coconut oil or fat at

 #dj degrees ,c4 is ab\t 4#iab  & r$uc$ 
to #ae degrees ,c4 ab\t 4#ibe4 ,coconut 
oil absorbs v  little iod91 :i* is "o ( 
its pr9cipal *>act]i/ic *emical         
prop]ties4 ,! quantity ( iod9 absorb$   
may be tak5 z ab\t eight  p]c5t ( !     
weight ( ! oil4 ,coconut oil is "o ( !  
vegetable  fats :i* resembles butt] to  
"s ext5t 9 ! high cont5t (  volatile    
acid :i* x conta9s4 ,if1 "u giv5        
conditions1 butt]  may be reg>d$ z hav+ 
a volatile acid numb] ( #bg1 coconut oil
  w h ^u ! same scale a volatile acid   
numb] ( ab\t #g1  :]eas ord9>y vegetable
 oils & fats w h less ?an #j4e on  a    
simil> scale4 ,coconut oil may be reg>d$
 z ! "o edible oil  :i* approximates 9  
con/itution ord9>y butt]4 ,coconut oil  
has  be5 us$ v ext5sively z an adult]ant
 = oleom>g>9e1 s9ce  by reason ( its    
high volatile acid x br+s t sub/ance mu*
  ne>] to ! composition ( butt] or      
indicates a l>g] p]c5tage (  butt] !re9 
?an is actually pres5t4 ,:ile x is us$  
ext5sively  z human food its pr9cipal   

value is = soap mak+4 ,x appe>s z an    
edible fat "u v>i\s names1 su* z        
8vegetable butt]10 8lact9e10  8nucol9e10
 8palm910 etc4 ,coconut oil is also v   
ext5sively us$ 9  ! manufacture ( c&ies 
& confections4                          
,adult]ations4--,coconut oil is r>ely   
adult]at$4 ,ab\t !  only adult]ation (  
any consequ5ce is t ( ! admixture )     
palm-k]nel oil1 :i* has prop]ties v mu* 
l t ( coconut  oil4 ,^! two oils are    
ord9>ily ab\t ! same price & !re=e  !re 
is no inducem5t to practice adult]ation4
      ,palm ,oil or ,fat4--,?is oil is  
obta9$ f ! fle%y "p ( !  fruit ( ! palm 
tree ,elis ,gu9e5sis ,jacq4 & ,elis     
melanococca  ,ga]tn4 ,ext5sive groves ( 
^! trees are f\nd 9 ,africa & also  9 ! 
,philipp9es4 ,9 ,africa !y gr[          
p>ticul>ly ^u ! we/]n  coa/4 ,!re is a  
l>ge numb] ( v>ieties ( palm trees t    
af=d  ?is fat1 b ! two m5tion$ are !    
pr9cipal ones4 ,?is fat  becomes solid  
at ab\t ! temp]ature ( ! body4 ,x has a 
some:at  high] melt+ po9t ?an butt]1 :i*

 becomes liquid at a temp]ature  ( f #cd
 to #cf degrees ,c4 ,:5 once solid ! fat
 may be heat$ to  #da or #db degrees    
be=e x aga9 becomes liquid4 ,palm oil   
has r a  pleasant ta/e & is reg>d$ z an 
edible fat ( high quality1 &  is l>gely 
us$ z su* by ,europeans & 9 ,africa &   
o!r c\ntries  :]e ! fat is produc$4 ,!  
fat also has a v pleasant odor :i*  is  
said to resemble some:at t ( violets4   
,?is pleasant odor is  q p]si/5t &      
rema9s ev5 9 ! fatty acids aft] !y h    
be5 conv]t$ into soap4 ,palm oil is     
manufactur$ 9 ! crude/  possible way by 
! natives1 & imm5se quantities are lo/ =
 ?is  reason4 ,by reason ( ?is crude    
me?od1 :i* leaves ! oil 9 contact  ) !  
putrescible matt]1 palm oil (t5 comes   
into ! m>ket 9  a rancid /ate or at lea/
 ) a high cont5t ( free fatty acid4     
,appreciable quantities ( wat] are also 
f\nd 9 ! crude article4    ,inasmu* z ! 
natural color ( palm oil is some:at too 
deep =  ! ta/e ( ! ord9>y consum]1 rang+
 f yell[ to a dirty  r$ color1 x is (t5 

blea*$ 9 ! ref9+ process be=e be+  s5t  
into comm]ce4 ,ord9>y exposure to ! air 
t5ds to blea* ?is  oil1 due probably to 
! blea*+ prop]ties :i* ! air sometimes  
possesses4 ,ozone is also employ$ z a   
blea*+ ag5t4 ,! bi*romate  process (    
blea*+ palm oil is v commonly practic$4 
,by ?is  me?od ! oil is fre$ f its      
pr9cipal impurities & treat$ )  f "o to 
?ree p]c5t ( potassium bi*romate & )    
hydro*loric  acid :i* decomposes !      
8*rome0 liquor1 & 9 ! *emical process   
:i* att5ds ?is reaction decid$ blea*+   
effects are produc$4 ,!  blea*+ ag5ts   
are )drawn & ! oil ?or\ghly wa%$ ) wat] 
until all traces ( *romate & m9]al acid 
are remov$4      ,adult]ations4--,on    
acc\nt ( its great *eapness & ! fact t  
! admixture ( o!r oils ( l[] melt+ po9t 
w\ld detract  f its value1 palm oil has 
n be5 subject$ to any ext5sive          
adult]ation4 ,! mo/ common adult]ations 
are ! impurities :i*  are left 9 ! oil 9
 ! slov5ly me?od ( manufacture employ$  
by  ! natives ( ,africa4                

,con/itu5ts4--,z w\ld be expect$ f ! "n1
 "o ( ! *ief  con/itu5ts ( palm oil is  
palmit94 ,if palm oil is saponifi$ &  ! 
solid sep>at$ f ! liquid fatty acid1 !  
=m] is f\nd to  consi/ almo/ exclusively
 ( palmitic acid4 ,! specific gravity ( 
palm oil is tak5 at a high temp]ature1 z
 mu* z #ej degrees ,c4 or  above4 ,!    
specific gravity at ?is temp]ature is   
ab\t 4#hic4 ,palm oil  absorbs a little 
ov] "o half its weight ( iod94 ,! av]age
 iod9  numb] may be reg>d$ z v>y+ f #ec 
to #ee4 ,aside f ! limit$  use ( palm   
oil = human food x is us$ *iefly 9 !    
manufacture  ( soap & ( c&les4 ,x is    
also us$ ext5sively 9 ! t9 plate        
indu/ry to spread ov] ! hot iron surface
 to pres]ve x f  oxidation until x is   
dipp$ into ! ba? ( melt$ t94            
,,nuts4      ,! ,acorn4--,_m v>ieties ( 
acorns are us$ = human food4 ,all  ( !  
nuts ( ! oak family are edible1 b "s ( !
 l>g] &  m common v>ieties conta9 su* a 
quantity ( tann9 z to be r  bitt] to !  
ta/e4 ,! wild acorns 7 =m]ly utiliz$ v  

ext5sively = ! fatt5+ ( sw9e1 produc+ an
 article ( pork (  high palatable value 
b ) ! production ( a fat ( a l[ melt+   
po9t1 unsuitable = ! manufacture ( l>d =
 summ] use4 ,! t]m  appli$ to ! natural 
nuts eat5 by sw9e = ?is purpose is      
8ma/10  & =m]ly 8ma/-f$0 pork 0 an      
ext5sive article ( comm]ce4 ,!          
disappe>ance ( ! oak & bee* =e/s1 h[ev]1
 h practically  elim9at$ ?is v>iety (   
pork f ! m>kets1 at lea/ to any  ext5t  
:i* c be call$ comm]cial4               
,composition ( ! ,acorn4--,edible       
portion1 #fd4d2 refuse1 #ce4f4          
,,edible ,,portion4    ,wat]1           
#d4a p]c5t    ,prote91                  
#h4a        ,fat1                  #cg4d
        ,/>* & sug>1     #dh4j          
,a%1                   #b4d             
,calories p] p\nd1  #b1gah    ,! acorn  
resembles ! *e/nut 9 its composition1   
conta9+ m  c>bohydrates ?an fat4 ,x is  
!re=e n an oily se$1 b "o ( a  f>9ace\s 
"*4      ,almonds4--,!re are two species
 ( almond trees1 ! ,amygdalus  communis1

 :i* is ! common or sweet almond1 & !   
,amygdalus  am>a1 or ! bitt] almond :i* 
fl\ri%es v ext5sively 9  ! s\? (        
,europe4 ,cali=nia has a climate :i*1 ) 
artificial  irrigation1 is favorable to 
! gr[? ( ! almond1 & practically  all t 
are produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates =         
comm]cial purposes gr[  9 t /ate4 ,x is 
also cultivat$ ext5sively 9 ,france1    
,italy1 &  ,spa91 l>ge supplies ( !     
almonds ( comm]ce com+ f ^?  localities4
 ,! almond is delici\s :5 eat5 9 ! gre5 
/ate1 t  is :5 ! se$ is fully =m$ b be=e
 ! hull is h>d5$4 ,x is  r>ely eat5 9   
?is condition 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b =ms a
 common  article ( diet ^u ! table ( !  
,europeans 9 ! e>ly summ]4              
,composition ( ! ,almond4--             
----------------------------------------
---------------                         
,,total                                 
,,c>bo-                         ,,wat]4 
,,prote94,,fat4  ,,hydrates4 ,,a%4      
----------------------------------------
---------------                         

,p]-   ,p]- ,p]-   ,p]-  ,p]-    ,edible
 portion3     c5t4  c5t4c5t4  c5t4 c5t4 
,cali=nia almonds1 #d4h     #ba4j  #ed4i
    #ag4c   #b4j    ,european almonds1  
#f4j     #bc4e  #ec4j    #ad4d   #c4a   
----------------------------------------
---------------    ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! 
almond is eat5 v ext5sively1 (t5  roa/$ 
& salt$4 ,9 ?is condition x is f\nd z a 
reli% 9 _m  m5us4 ,! roa/+ improves to a
 c]ta9 ext5t ! flavor ( !  nut1 b !     
quantity ( salt :i* is us$ is n always  
b5eficial1  inasmu* z an abundance (    
salt is eat5 ) o!r portions (  ! food4  
,"o ( ! mo/ valu$ v>ieties is ! ,jordan 
almond1  illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ color$
 plate4    ,illu/ration3 ,,jordan       
,,almond      ,f ,ye>book1 ,u4 ,s4      
,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 #aijb            
,bee*nuts4--,! bee* tree is a v common  
=e/ tree ?r\gh\t  ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates4 ,=m]ly imm5se areas 9  s\!rn   
,ohio & ,indiana 7 cov]$ almo/          
exclusively by ! bee*  tree 7,fagus     
am]icana ,sweet74 ,! bee*nut is         

triangul> 9 %ape1  resembl+ buck:eat1 & 
=m]ly 0 produc$ 9 imm5se quantities  ov]
 ! region m5tion$ above4 ,9 ! e>ly days 
x 0 ! pr9cipal  food = sw9e4 ,! hogs :i*
 are fatt5$ by eat+ ! bee*nut &  acorn  
produce a species ( pork ( a peculi> & v
 highly priz$  flavor4 ,! celebrat$ hams
 & bacons ( ! s\!rn ,appala*ian  ranges 
7 produc$ f ! v>iety ( hogs kn[n z      
razor-backs  fatt5$ on ma/1 namely1 !   
*e/nut1 bee*nut1 & acorn4 ,!  bee*nut is
 also "o ( ! pr9cipal w9t] foods ( !    
squirrel &  o!r animals :i* /ore _! food
 = w9t] use4 ,9 ! cutt+ (  ! =e/s 9 !   
w9t] (t5 l>ge /ores ( bee*nuts are f\nd 
/or$ away by squirrels & birds4 ,!      
bee*nut is n v abundant  ^u ! m>kets ( !
 c\ntry1 b is eat5 v l>gely by ^? :o    
live 9 ! vic9ity ( bee* woods4          
,composition ( ! ,bee*nut4--            
----------------------------------------
-----------------------                 
,,total                                 
,,c>bo-                                 
,,pro-         ,,hy-         ,,calo-    

,,refuse4,,wat]4 ,,te94 ,,fat4 ,,drates4
 ,,a%4  ,,ries4                         
----------------------------------------
-----------------------                 
,p]- ,p]- ,p]- ,p]-  ,p]- ,p]- ,p]      
,fagus ,am]icana3  c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4     
c5t4c5t4p\nd      ,edible portion1      
4444   #d4j  #ba4i  #eg4d   #ab4b   #c4e
  #c1bfc      ,z pur*as$1      #dj4h    
#b4c  #ac4j  #cd4j    #g4h   #b4a       
#a1icb    ,fagus sylve/ris3             
,edible portion1    4444   #i4a  #ba4g  
#db4d   #bb4i   #c4i  4444      ,z      
pur*as$1      #cc4j   #f4a  #ad4e  #bh4d
   #ae4d   #b4f  4444                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------      ,brazil-nut
 7,b]?olletia excelsa ,humb4 &          
,bonpl474--,l>ge  quantities ( ?is nut  
are import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates f      
,brazil  & =m an important article (    
food 9 _m localities4 ,?is nut is  n    
gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is also kn[n 
z cream nut4 ,! nut  is triangul> 9 %ape
 & has a d>k br[n r\gh ext]ior4 ,! k]nel

  is highly flavor$ & q oily4 ,! tree is
 s s5sitive to ! cold  t x w n gr[      
successfully ev5 9 s\!rn ,florida1      
al?\gh  _m attempts h be5 made to       
introduce x into t locality4            
,composition ( ! ,brazil-nut4--,edible  
portion1 #ej4d2 refuse1 #di4f4          
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
,,total                                 
,,c>bo-                                 
,,pro-         ,,hy-         ,,calo-    
,,refuse4,,wat]4 ,,te94 ,,fat4 ,,drates4
 ,,a%4  ,,ries4                         
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
,p]- ,p]- ,p]- ,p]-  ,p]- ,p]- ,p]      
c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4 c5t4c5t4p\nd    ,edible
 portion1  4444   #e4c  #ag4j  #ff4h    
#g4j   #c4i  #c1cbi    ,z pur*as$1      
#di4f   #b4g   #h4f  #cc4f    #c4e      
#b4j  #a1fgh                            
----------------------------------------
-------------------      ,butt]nut      
7,juglans c9]ea ,l474--,! butt]nut is   

ano!r v>iety  ( walnut :i* gr[s v       
ext5sively 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & has  !   
same geographical di/ribution z !       
walnut1 except t !  butt]nut is n s     
common we/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! tree    
does n  gr[ s l>ge z ! walnut tree1 nor 
is its wood s highly valu$ =  comm]cial 
purposes4 ,:ile ! walnut is a r\nd nut !
 butt]nut is  v mu* elongat$1 =m+ an    
oval-%ap$ nut :i* is v highly  valu$ z a
 food4 ,! color+ matt] ( ! butt]nut is  
practically  ! same z t ( ! walnut4 ,!  
butt]nut also has a fle%y out]  cov]+ n 
s ?ick z t ( ! walnut & :i* is remov$ 9 
!  same way 9 ! h>ve/+4                 
,composition ( ! ,dry ,butt]nut4--      
,,edible ,,portion4  ,,z ,,pur*as$4     
,refuse1             4444        #hf4d  
p]c5t    ,wat]1            #d4d p]c5t   
4#f        ,prote91         #bg4i       
#c4h        ,fat1             #fa4b     
#h4c        ,sug>1 etc41      #c4e      
4#e          ,! ,*e/nut 7,ca/anea d5tata
 7,m>%47 ,bork74--,! *e/nut tree  gr[s 9
 great abundance wild 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1

 especially 9 !  ea/]n portion on !     
foo?ills ( ! ,alleghanies4 ,9 "s        
localities  x orig9ally =m$ va/ =e/s4 ,!
 value ( ! timb] & ! fact  t ! *e/nut   
gr[s only on good soil 7 prom95t factors
 9 !  de/ruction ( _m ( ! orig9al =e/s1 
especially ^? cov]+  ! arable l&s4 ,!   
trees /ill gr[ 9 great abundance1       
especially  9 ! hilly regions4    ,9    
,france ! *e/nut is v widely gr[n1 & !  
nut is us$ v  ext5sively z food by !    
poor classes4 ,! nuts are (t5 dri$ &    
gr\nd to a fl\r :i* is mix$ ) wat] &    
bak$ 9 ?9 %eets1  =m+ a v heavy b a     
sweet & nutriti\s cake4 ,! *e/nut is    
us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( _m di%es1 priz$ ev5
 by ^? 9 easy  circum/ances4 ,9 ,italy !
 *e/nut is also widely cultivat$1 &  !  
nut is gr\nd to =m a k9d ( porridge kn[n
 z pol5ta :i* is  v ext5sively us$ z    
food4 ,9 ! ,ap5n9es a cake made ( *e/nut
  fl\r & bak$ on hot /ones is us$ "u !  
"n ( necci4 ,9 ,corea  ! *e/nut is said 
to be a v ext5sive article ( food1 tak+ 
! place ( ! potato4 ,x is eat5 raw1     

boil$1 roa/$1 or cook$  ) meats4 ,!     
*e/nut diff]s f ! oily nuts 9 ! small]  
proportion ( fat & ! v mu* l>g]         
proportion ( sug> &  />*1--9 fact1 />*  
is almo/ miss+ 9 "s ( ! oily nuts1  !   
c>bohydrates pres5t 9 ! v oily be+      
*iefly sug>s4 ,9  ! *e/nut ! />* is m   
abundant ?an ! sug>1 & = ?is  reason !  
*e/nut meal is m l ! meal ( ! ord9>y    
c]eal  ?an t ( ! oily se$s4 ,! *e/nut1  
also1 z x is ga!r$  fre% conta9s a great
 deal m wat] ?an ! ord9>y fre% se$s1  ! 
quantity rang+ f #dj to #ej p]c5t4    ,!
 av]age composition ( ! fre% *e/nut1    
edible portion1 is  repres5t$ by !      
foll[+ data3      ,wat]1                
#db4g p]c5t    ,prote91            #f4e 
,fat1                #f4c        ,/>* & 
sug>1  #dc4a        ,a%1                
#a4d        ,! dri$ *e/nuts1 t is1 ^?   
:i* h be5 kept = sev]al  mon?s or :i* h 
be5 artificially dri$1 h a composition  
repres5t$ by ! foll[+ data3      ,wat]1 
#d4h p]c5t    ,prote91           #aa4f  
,fat1               #ae4c        ,sug> &

 />*1  #fe4g        ,a%1                
#b4f        ,! av]age weight ( ! hull ( 
! *e/nut is #ae4i p]c5t ( !  total      
weight ( ! fre% nut1 & #bc4d p]c5t ( !  
av]age weight  ( ! dri$ nut4 ,! above   
data are confirmatory ( ! /atem5t t  !  
meal ( ! *e/nut 9 its composition is v  
mu* l t  ( ! oily c]eals1 = in/ance1 (  
,indian corn meal or oats4 ,x1  h[ev]1  
conta9s m oil & less prote9 ?an ! c]eals
 ref]r$  to4 ,x is readily se5 f ! above
 data t *e/nut meal may n  prop]ly take 
! place ( ,indian corn z human food4 ,! 
nut ( !  *e/nut tree rip5s at ! "t (    
fro/4    ,! wild *e/nut %rub1 :i* spr+s 
up 9 great numb]s :]e !  orig9al trees  
are cut away1 is n[ ext5sively graft$ ) 
cultivat$  v>ieties4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania !re
 are l>ge or*>ds ( ! ,p>agon  *e/nut :i*
 h be5 gr[n 9 ?is mann]4      ,*9ese    
,nut 7,nephelium lit*i ,cambess474--,?is
 is n a true nut  9 ! ord9>y s5se ( !   
^w1 b is usually class$ ) nuts4  ,x is a
 product ( ,*9a & is import$ into !     
,unit$ ,/ates =  consumption by our     

,*9ese population4 ,9 ! fre% /ate 9 ,*9a
 x  has ! reputation ( be+ "o ( ! be/   
fruit products ( t  c\ntry1 hav+ fle% ( 
a :ite color & a flavor resembl+ t (    
high-grade grapes4 #da4f p]c5t ( ! fre% 
nut is refuse matt]4 ,!  edible portion 
has ! foll[+ composition3      ,wat]1   
#ag4i p]c5t    ,prote91                 
#b4i        ,fat1                    4#b
        ,/>* & sug>1     #gg4e          
,a%1                   #a4e             
,calories p] p\nd1  #a1dec    ,! above  
data %[ t 9 *emical composition ! ,*9ese
 nut does  n belong to ! class ( nuts at
 all4 ,x is a fruit1 its nutritive      
mat]ial be+ almo/ exclusively           
c>bohydrates1 :ile 9 ! true nut  !      
pr9cipal nutritive sub/ances are !      
prote9 & ! oil4      ,coconut4--,!      
coconuts :i* are consum$ 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates are  mo/ly import$4 ,x is e/imat$
 t ?ree hundr$ ?\s& coconut  trees      
7,cocos nucif]a ,l47 h be5 plant$ 9     
,florida1 & f #ae  to #bj p]c5t ( !m are
 already be>+4 ,! common "n ( ! tree  is

 ! coconut palm4 ,! fruit ( ! coconut   
palm is us$ = _m  purposes4 ,! immature 
nuts are (t5 us$ m$ic9ally1 =m+ !  base 
( a valuable o9tm5t = ext]nal use4 ,!   
jelly :i* l9es !  %ell ( ! m mature nut 
furni%es a food product ( great delicacy
  & high nutritive value4 ,! milk ( !   
coconut is itself highly  e/eem$ z a    
delici\s article ( food4 ,grat$ coconut 
is "o ( !  basic con/itu5ts ( t famili> 
condim5tal sub/ance1 ,ea/ ,indian       
curry4 ,coconut oil is a v highly edible
 fat f :i* butt] is  made4 ,! fat itself
 is valuable = cook+ purposes4 ,!       
composition  ( ! coconut is %[n 9 !     
foll[+ table3                           
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
,,total                                 
,,c>bo-                                 
,,pro-         ,,hy-         ,,calo-    
,,refuse4,,wat]4 ,,te94 ,,fat4 ,,drates4
 ,,a%4  ,,ries4                         
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     

,p]- ,p]- ,p]- ,p]-  ,p]- ,p]- ,p]      
c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4 c5t4c5t4p\nd    ,edible
 portion1  4444  #ad4a   #e4g  #ej4f    
#bg4i   #a4g  #b1ihf    ,z pur*as$1     
#dh4h   #g4b   #b4i  #be4i   #ad4c      
4#i  #a1ebi                             
----------------------------------------
-------------------    ,! solid edible  
portion ( ! nut is highly oleag9\s &    
conta9s  also a consid]able quantity (  
/>* & sug>4 ,coconut milk is mu*  poor] 
9 nutri5ts ?an c['s milk1 conta9+ ov]   
#ib p]c5t (  wat]1 only 4#d p]c5t (     
prote91 & only #a4e p]c5t ( fat4 ,!     
c>bohydrates conta9$ !re9 are *iefly    
sug>s4      ,filb]ts4--,! t]m filb]t1   
accord+ to "s etymologi/s1 is a         
corruption ( ! t]m 8full be>d10 & is s  
nam$ on acc\nt (  its hav+ _m long be>ds
 or husks4 ,! filb]t is ! fruit ( !     
cultivat$ hazel tree 7,corylus avellana 
,l474 ,! nut conta9s a  k]nel hav+ a    
pleasant ta/e & is q oily & nutriti\s4  
,x is  n cultivat$ to any ext5t 9 ?is   
c\ntry :]e we rely pr9cipally  ^u ! wild

 hazel = ! hazelnut4 ,! composition ( ! 
filb]t is  %[n 9 ! foll[+ table 7edible 
portion1 #dg4i2 refuse1 #eb4a73         
,,edible ,,portion4    ,wat]1           
#c4g p]c5t    ,prote91                  
#ae4f        ,fat1                      
#fe4c        ,sug> & />*1      #ac4j    
,a%1                    #b4d            
,calories p] p\nd1   #c1dcb    ,! filb]t
 is produc$ 9 l>ge quantities on !      
,asiatic %ore ( !  ,black ,sea4 ,!      
region ( ,trebizond is ! mo/ prolific   
s\rce ( !  filb]t4      ,hazelnut4--,!  
hazelnut gr[s on a small tree or l>ge   
%rub  7,corylus avellana ,l474 ,!       
species :i* gr[s wild 9 ! ,unit$  ,/ates
 is kn[n *iefly z ,corylus am]ica ,walt4
 ,x is f ?is  %rub t ! common wild      
hazelnut is obta9$4 ,!re is also ano!r  
v>iety gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,corylus      
ro/rata ,ait4 ,! hazelnut  is a small1  
nutriti\s1 & palatable nut ( a br[n     
color & gr[s  ov] a v l>ge area ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 especially 9 ! nor!rn  "p
 ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is q an article (       

comm]ce1 b is n  cultivat$ to any great 
ext5t4 ,! cultivat$ v>iety1 z has       
already  be5 /at$1 is kn[n z ! filb]t4  
,composition ( ! ,hazelnut4--           
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
,,total                                 
,,c>bo-                                 
,,pro-         ,,hy-         ,,calo-    
,,refuse4,,wat]4 ,,te94 ,,fat4 ,,drates4
 ,,a%4  ,,ries4                         
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
,p]- ,p]- ,p]- ,p]-  ,p]- ,p]- ,p]      
c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4 c5t4c5t4p\nd    ,edible
 portion1  4444   #c4g  #ae4f  #fe4c    
#ac4j   #b4d  #c1dcb    ,z pur*as$1     
#eb4a   #a4h   #g4e  #ca4c    #f4b      
#a4a  #a1fdd                            
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
,hickory-nut4--,! hickory-nut is ano!r  
"o ( ! nuts :i*  sometimes is class$ )  
walnuts & gr[s v ext5sively wild        
?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 hav+ ! same    

geological di/ribution  z ! walnut &    
butt]nut4 ,! hickory tree 7,hicoria     
ovata 7,mill47  ,britton7 produces a nut
 ( highe/ quality4 ,on acc\nt ( ! "*  ( 
! b>k1 :i* becomes deta*$ & (t5 widely  
sep>at$ f !  trunk1 x is kn[n z ! %agb>k
 or %ellb>k hickory4    ,ano!r v>iety ( 
! hickory tree is kn[n z ! pignut 7,c>ya
  glabra74 ,! nut produc$ by ?is tree is
 mu* less priz$ ?an !  o!r hickories1   
(t5 conta9+ a suffici5t am\nt ( tann9 to
 make  x di/9ctly bitt]4 ,! wood ( !    
hickory is v t\gh & ela/ic  & is us$    
ext5sively 9 ! manufacture ( spokes =   
wagon-:eels1  axe-h&les1 etc4 ,! "y     
hickory trees gr[ ?ickly toge!r &  h a  
sl5d] re$-l gr[?4 ,!y are us$ ext5sively
 9 !  manufacture ( hoop-poles4 ,!      
hickory has suff]$ f ! advance  ( ! f>m]
 mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! walnut & o!r    
valuable  timb] trees4 ,! orig9al trees 
h almo/ entirely disappe>$4 ,!  "y trees
 gr[ vigor\sly & 9 a few ye>s w be>     
nuts1 & 9  "s localities ! c>e &        
cultivation ( ! wild tree has be5       

e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( secur+ new =e/s (
 nut-be>+  trees4 ,! hickory-nut is ev5 
m highly priz$ = eat+ purposes  ?an !   
butt]nut & walnut1 b %\ld be eat5 "u !  
same  conditions1 namely1 be=e ! pass+ (
 ! fir/ w9t] aft] _!  production4 ,!y1  
also1 on acc\nt ( _! high cont5t ( oil1 
t5d  to become rancid :5 !y are kept    
?r\gh ! w>m summ]4      ,composition ( !
 ,dry ,hickory-nut4--,edible portion1   
#cg4h2 refuse1  #fb4b4                  
,,edible ,,portion4    ,wat]1           
#c4g p]c5t    ,prote91                  
#ae4d        ,fat1                      
#fg4d        ,sug> & />*1     #aa4d     
,a%1                   #b4a             
,calories p] p\nd1  #c1die              
,peanuts4--,! peanut is a widely        
cultivat$ plant4 ,x gr[s  ext5sively 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 & is especially reg>d$ z
 a crop  ( high value 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & 
,virg9ia4 ,v l>ge quantities (  peanuts 
are gr[n 9 ,s5egal1 9 ,algi]s1 9 ,egypt1
 & 9 _m o!r  localities4    ,! pod      
conta9+ ! se$ gr[s und]gr\nd1 b is n a  

"p (  ! roots1 prop]ly s-call$4 ,! pods 
are atta*$ by sl5d] /ems  to ! /alk ( ! 
peanut4 ,! pod ( ! peanut matures       
und]gr\nd1  & x may1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z 
! se$ ( ! plant1 ent]+  & matur+        
und]gr\nd4 ,! se$s are imm$iately cov]$ 
by a s(t  envelope & !n by sev]al simil>
 cov]+s4 ,= edible purposes  !y are mu* 
improv$ by roa/+1 :i* gives !m an       
aromatic1 nutty  flavor :i* is mu*      
admir$4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! peanut 
is  %[n 9 ! accompany+ color$ plate4    
,peanuts are us$ z food bo? directly1 z 
aft] roa/+1 &  indirectly1 by !         
expression ( oil1 :i* aft] prop] ref9+  
is  consid]$ ( high value = edible      
purposes4 ,! oil ( ! peanut  =ms an     
edible oil ( ri* flavor1 pleasant ta/e1 
& high nutritive  value4 ,x is us$1 ei!r
 alone or mix$ ) o!r edible oils1       
notably ) olive oil = table purposes & =
 ! mak+ ( salad  dress+4 ,! residue ( ! 
press+s = peanut oil are highly valu$  z
 a cattle food1 conta9+ l>ge quantities 
( nitrog5\s nutrim5t1  & also z a       

manure4    ,! composition ( ! peanut    
v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t localities4     
,its *ief value z a food mat]ial lies 9 
! high p]c5tage (  prote9 x conta9s & ! 
high p]c5tage ( fat4 ,! composition (  !
 typical hull$ peanut is %[n 9 ! foll[+ 
table3      ,wat]1                 #i4b 
p]c5t    ,prote91              #be4h    
,fat or oil1           #ch4f            
,sug>1 />*1 etc41  #bd4d                
,insoluble cellulose1   #b4e        ,a%1
                   #j4i        ,only !  
blossoms :i* =m on ! l[] "p ( ! /alk    
produce  ! fruit1 s9ce x is necess>y t !
 long /em %\ld /rike  ! e>? & ! "y fruit
 p5etrate to ! dep? ( f five to  six    
c5timet]s 9 ord] t ! fruit may mature4  
,?is me?od (  p5etrat+ ! e>? is %[n v   
well 9 ! color$ figure already  m5tion$4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,peanut 7,,ara*ide7  
,f ,huill]ies ,calv-,delft 7,holl&7     
,! orig9al home ( ! peanut is n         
def9itely kn[n1 b is  suppos$ to be     
,africa4 ,x 0 fir/ describ$ z occurr+ on
 !  ,am]ican cont95t by ,f]d9& de ,ovi$o

 9 ,san ,dom+o 9 !  beg9n+ ( ! #af?     
c5tury4 ,x is n[ v g5]ally di/ribut$ 9  
all ! tropical c\ntries 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 
,asia1 & ,africa1 &1 z  be=e describ$1  
gr[s v well z f> nor? z ! nor!rn b\nd>y 
( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & 9 s\!rn ,virg9ia4     
,peanuts are us$ = food  9 all !        
c\ntries m5tion$ ) previ\s prep>ation & 
roa/+4    ,! above data %[ t ! peanut is
 a food product extremely ri* 9  oil &  
prote9 & comp>atively poor 9            
c>bohydrates4 ,= dietetic  purposes x   
%\ld be eat5 ) "s highly amylace\s      
sub/ance1 su*  z potato1 rice1 or       
tapioca4    ,! value ( ! peanut = food  
purposes is n fully realiz$ 9 ?is       
c\ntry1 :]e x is eat5 r z a reli% & z an
 incid5t to !  circus or ! picnic4 ,9   
su* cases !y are usually consum$ 9 too  
l>ge quantities & by unbalanc+ ! ration 
may produce unpleasant  effects f :i* an
 unreasonable prejudice aga9/ ?is       
valuable food  product might arise4     
,peanut ,butt]4--,an oily prep>ation ( !
 peanut or ! oil  !refrom depriv$ ( a "p

 ( its /e>9 is kn[n z peanut butt]  & is
 us$ z a sub/itute = ord9>y butt]4 ,:at 
has be5 said  ( ! nutritive value ( !   
oil ( ! peanut applies also to ?is      
product4 ,! butt] has ! peculi> flavor (
 ! peanut :i* is  n agreeable to all    
p]sons1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 ?is fact does n   
mat]ially int]f]e ) ! nutritive value ( 
! product4 ,!  nuts are also p[d]$ m or 
less f9ely & mix$ ) o!r food  products4 
,peanuts :i* gr[ 9 nor!rn ,s5egambia are
 reg>d$ v  highly = ! manufacture ( f9e 
salad oil1 & peanut oil is us$          
ext5sively = ?is purpose4      ,peanut  
,butt] & ,peanolia4--,peanut butt] &    
peanolia are us$ to  a consid]able ext5t
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z food products4 ,!y 
are  prep>$ f peanuts1 prop]ly roa/$1   
gr\nd to a f9e p[d]1 &  mix$ ) an       
appropriate quantity ( salt4 ,! analyses
 ( ! samples  ( ^! products1 made 9 !   
,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t    
,/ation1 %[ ! foll[+ composition3       
,,peanut ,,butt]4  ,,peanolia4    ,wat]1
                #b4aj          #a4ih    

,prote91             #bh4ff             
#bi4id    ,fat1                 #df4da  
#df4fh    ,sug> & dextr91    #f4ac      
#e4fc    ,/>*1               #f4ae      
#e4eh    ,insoluble cellulose1  #b4cj   
#b4aj    ,common salt1          #c4bc   
#d4ie    ,a%1                   4#hj    
#a4jh    ,! above analyses %[ t !       
prep>ations are produc$ f !  roa/$      
peanuts1 :i* process r$uces ! wat] to   
ab\t #b p]c5t4  ,! gr\nd1 roa/$ product 
is mix$ ) ab\t #d p]c5t ( common  salt4 
,! o!r con/itu5ts are ! same z ^? ( !   
peanuts f  :i* ! prep>ations 7 made4 ,( 
! c>bohydrate cont5t ( !  peanut ab\t #d
 p]c5t has be5 f\nd to be p5tosans4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,,pecan      
,,tree1 #cj ,,ye>s ,,old1 ,,morgan      
,,city1  ,,la4--7,c\rtesy ( ,h4 ,e4 ,van
 ,deman47      ,:]e ,peanuts are        
,gr[n4--,virg9ia is "o ( ! mo/ important
 (  ! peanut-gr[+ /ates1 especially 9   
its s\!a/]n portion4 ,!  ,commission] ( 
,agriculture ( ,virg9ia reports t ab\t  
"o hundr$  ?\s& acres are plant$        

annually 9 ! /ate ( ,virg9ia1 produc+   
ov] f\r million bu%els4 ,fifty bu%els p]
 acre is consid]$ a good  av]age yield4 
,an important po9t 9 ! production ( good
 peanuts is  ! selection ( ! se$s4 ,!   
mo/ vigor\s & well =m$ k]nels  are to be
 select$ = plant+1 & especially ^? t are
 produc$  by plants ( id5tical size &   
%ape4 ,by a selection ( ?is k9d !       
quality ( ! crop c be greatly improv$4  
,illu/ration3               ,,wild ,,nut
    ,,russell            ,,/u>t         
,,van ,,deman    ,,frots*]              
,,pab/    ,,fig4 #ei4--;,,five ,,=ms ,,(
 ,,*oice1 ,,?9-,,%ell$ ,,pecans4 ,,also 
,,wild ,,nut  ,,%[+ ,,diff]5ce ,,9      
,,size4--7,by p]mission ,am]ican ,nut & 
,fruit  ,co47    ,"o ( ! peculi>ities ( 
! peanut is t x is an und]gr\nd  legume4
 ,all o!r legum9\s fruits mature above !
 soil4 ,its  und]gr\nd habitat is !     
reason = its botanical "n1 hypoga4 ,if  
! /em c>ry+ ! small1 yell[1             
butt]fly-%ap$ fl[]s & :i*  spr+s f !    
axis ( ! bran* above ! gr\nd fails to   

rea*  ! soil no fruit is =m$4 ,if ! soil
 is prop]ly cultivat$ !  g]m may        
p5etrate ( its own accord4 ,h[ev]1 art  
assi/s nature 9  ?is matt] & cov]s up ! 
pods s z to give !m a bett] />t4  ,!    
peanut1 l "s o!r legum9\s crops1        
develops nodules ^u  its roots 9 :i* !  
bact]ia t assimilate free nitrog5 live 9
  symbiotic union ) ! plant itself4     
,pecan-nut 7,hicoria pecan 7,m>%47      
,britton2 ,c>ya oliv=mis  ,nuttall74--,!
 pecan is a nut :i* is v mu* valu$ &    
gr[s1  ) a mo/ excell5t flavor1 9 !     
s\!rn "p ( ! ,unit$  ,/ates4 ,texas1    
,l\isiana1 s\!rn ,alabama1 ,mississippi1
 ,georgia1 &  ,florida are ! pr9cipal   
regions :]e ! pecan gr[s1 al?\gh x is   
cultivat$ 9 "s in/ances mu* fur!r nor?4 
,! pecan belongs to ! same family z !   
hickory-nut & is  indig5\s to ! ,unit$  
,/ates4 ,x gr[s wild ov] a l>ge area1   
ext5d+ f s\!rn ,ill9ois & ,indiana to ! 
,gulf4 ,x (t5  =ms v l>ge trees 9 !     
=e/s4 ,!re are sev]al species (         
,hicoria4 ,! fruit ( ! pecan is         

especially valu$ on acc\nt (  ! ?9ness (
 ! %ell & its extremely pleasant &      
aromatic  flavor4 ,z is ! case ) mo/    
nuts1 x is compos$ *iefly ( oil  &      
proteids1 ! sug> & />* be+ 9 m9ute      
proportions4 ,!  composition ( ! fruit (
 ! pecan1 :5 dive/$ ( its h>d %ell1  is 
giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3                  
,,edible ,,portion4    ,wat]1           
#b4i p]c5t    ,prote91                  
#aj4c        ,fat1                      
#gj4h        ,sug>1 />*1 etc41   #ad4c  
,a%1                    #a4g            
,calories p] p\nd1   #c1dde    ,= m>ket+
 purposes ! pecans are n[ l>gely gr[n 9 
or*>ds1  z ! supply ( ! wild nut is     
unc]ta91 & its texture & flavor  are n s
 f9e z ! cultivat$ v>iety4 ,! cultivat$ 
v>iety may  also be graft$ ^u ! wild    
tree ) good effects4 ,! tree beg9s  to  
be> at f\r or five ye>s ( age4 ,a       
comp>ative appe>ance ( !  wild &        
cultivat$ nut is %[n 9 ! accompany+     
,fig4 #ei4 ,! tree1  :5 full gr[n1 is   
h&some 9 appe>ance1 & is valu$ z a %ade 

tree z well z a fruit produc]4 ,! full  
gr[n tree is %[n 9 !  accompany+ ,figs4 
#eh & #fj4      ,p9e-nuts4--,9 _m       
portions ( ! we/]n "p ( our c\ntry      
p9e-nuts are consum$ l>gely z food4 ,!re
 are sev]al species (  p9es yield+      
edible nuts on ! ,pacific coa/ ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates  & z f> ea/ z ,colorado & 
,new ,mexico4 ,^! nuts are articles  (  
consid]able importance 9 ! comm]ce ( _m 
( ! cities (  ,cali=nia4 ,! pr9cipal    
specim5s ( p9e :i* yield edible nuts    
are ,p9us monophylla ,torr4 & ,frem41   
,p9us edulis ,engelm41 ,p9us  sab9iana  
,d\gl4 ,! refuse is usually less ?an #ej
 p]c5t ( !  total weight ( ! nut4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,,full      
,,gr[n ,,pecan ,,tree4--7,by p]mission  
,field  ,columbian ,museum47            
,composition ( ! ,edible ,portion4--    
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,,/>*    ,,calories                     
,,&       ,,p]                          
,,wat]4,,prote94,,fat4,,sug>4,,a%4      

,,p\nd4                                 
----------------------------------------
-------------    ,p9us monophylla1  #c4h
    #f4e  #fj4g #bf4b  #b4h #c1cbg      
edulis1      #c4d   #ad4f  #fa4i #ag4c  
#b4h #c1cfd         sab9iana1   #e4a    
#bh4a  #ec4g  #h4d  #d4g #c1afa         
----------------------------------------
-------------      ,pi/a*io4--,! nut ( !
 pi/a*io 7,pi/a*ia v]a7 is us$ v  l>gely
 = flavor+ purposes & also = food4 ,!   
tree is a native  ( ,syria b has be5    
cultivat$ 9 s\!rn ,europe = _m ye>s4 ,! 
nut produc$ 9 ,am]ica1 ?\gh some:at l>g]
 ?an ! native ,syrian  fruit1 has n half
 s high a palatable value4 ,! pi/a*io is
 gr[n  to "s ext5t 9 ! s\!rn "p ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates & also 9  ,cali=nia4 ,!   
k]nel ( ! fruit is gre5 9 color & has a 
flavor  :i* 9 "s respects is rem9isc5t (
 almonds4 ,x is us$ *iefly 9  ?is c\ntry
 9 ! manufacture ( confection]y & ice   
creams4      ,composition ( !           
,pi/a*io4--                             
,,edible ,,portion4    ,wat]1           

#d4b p]c5t    ,prote91                  
#bb4c        ,fat1                  #ed4
         ,/>* & sug>1     #af4c         
,a%1                   #c4b             
,calories p] p\nd1  #c1bce      ,walnuts
 7,juglans nigra ,l474--,! ,am]ican     
walnut gr[s wild ov] a  v l>ge portion (
 ! c\ntry1 especially ! middle section  
we/  ( ,m>yl& to ! ,mississippi riv]4 ,!
 walnut tree is especially  abundant    
along ! ,ohio riv]1 :]e x =ms 9 ! e>ly  
summ] a  d5se foliage4 ,! trees (t5     
atta9 a v great size1 rea*+ a  diamet] z
 great z five feet4    ,! walnut trees  
gr[ only on ri* soil1 h5ce1 unless !    
c\ntry 0  v hilly & unsuitable =        
cultivation1 ! walnut =e/s 7  ! fir/ to 
fall be=e ! axe ( ! pione]4 ,lat] ! dem&
 =  walnut lumb] complet$ ! deva/ation (
 ! walnut =e/s1 until  n[ v (t5 9 !     
regions :]e fifty ye>s ago ! trees 7    
extremely abundant a l>ge walnut tree is
 r>ely se54 ,! walnut  lumb] has peculi>
 la/+ p[]s1 & on acc\nt ( its natural   
color  & gra9 is ( ! highe/ value =     

build+ & ornam5tal purposes4  ,! e>ly   
f>m]s 9 ! ,ohio valley made _! rail     
f5ces out (  walnut trees4 ,! wild nut  
gr[s 9 a d5se k]nel & is cov]$ )  a ?ick
 p]ic>p :i* is gre5 ev5 at ! "t :5 !    
fruit is  ripe4 ,aft] a fro/ :5 ! fruit 
naturally falls f ! trees !  out] cov]+ 
dis9tegrates4 ,:5 ! nuts are ga!r$ by   
boys !  out] cov]+ is usually beat5 (f )
 clubs4 ,x conta9s a color+  matt] ( a  
br[n or br[ni%-black t9t :i* ! e>ly     
h\sewives  us$ = dye+ homespun clo?4 ,! 
b>k ( ! tree also conta9s  to a great]  
or less ext5t ! same color+ matt]4 ,!   
k]nel (  ! walnut1 t is1 ! edible       
portion1 is extremely ri* 9 oil &       
prote9 & has a v pleasant ta/e4 ,l o!r  
nuts ! walnut is  be/ dur+ its fir/     
w9t]1 s9ce on long] keep+ ! oil t5ds to 
become rancid & ! fruit unpalatable4    
,:ite ,walnut 7,juglans regia ,l474--,! 
:ite walnut1 commonly kn[n  z ! ,engli% 
walnut1 is gr[n v ext5sively 9 ,france4 
,all !  dep>tm5ts ( s\? c5tral & s\!a/]n
 ,france gr[ ^! walnuts  z a valu$ crop4

 ,! be/ walnut or*>ds are at an altitude
 ( f  #fjj to #ijj feet4 ,only ! out] or
 expos$ limbs produce p]fect  nuts4 ,9  
plant+ ! mo/ important precaution is to 
give ! trees  pl5ty ( room1 #ae y>ds is 
ab\t ! usual di/ance at :i* !y  are     
plant$4 ,! trees are cultivat$ &        
f]tiliz$ ) manure &  comm]cial f]tiliz]s
 e two or ?ree ye>s4 ,a be>+ or*>d  ( ^!
 :ite walnuts 9 ,france is wor? f f\r to
 five hundr$  doll>s p] acre & may yield
 a rev5ue ( f sev5ty-five to "o  hundr$ 
doll>s a ye> p] acre4 ,! nuts rip5 f !  
middle (  ,septemb] to ! end ( ,octob]4 
,^! nuts are us$ l>gely 9 ,am]ica  z a  
food1 = :i* purpose ! k]nels are        
c>efully extract$ 9  halves1 commonly   
kn[n z 8walnut halves40 ,9 ,france an   
excell5t table  oil is express$ f ! dry 
nut :i* = _m cul9>y purposes is  valu$ z
 highly z olive oil4 ,aft] extraction ! 
oil cake is us$  = /ock food4 ,! :ite   
walnut is suppos$ to h be5 orig9ally    
introduc$ f ,p]sia1 ?\gh x is commonly  
kn[n z ! ,engli%  walnut4 ,9 ! ,unit$   

,/ates ! butt]nut tree is commonly kn[n 
z  ! :ite walnut4    ,! composition ( ! 
k]nel ( ! dry walnut is %[n by !  foll[+
 data3    ,edible portion3      ,wat]1  
#b4e p]c5t    ,prote91                  
#af4f        ,fat1                      
#fc4d        ,total c>bohydrates1  #af4a
        ,a%1                   #a4d     
,z pur*as$3      ,refuse1               
#eh4a p]c5t    ,wat]1                   
#a4j        ,prote91               #g4j 
,fat1                  #bf4f            
,total c>bohydrates1   #f4g        ,a%1 
4#f          ,g5]al ,discussion4--,a    
brief description has be5 giv5 above (  
! pr9cipal edible nuts us$ 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 accompani$ by  a /atem5t ( _!   
*emical composition4 ,! "* ( ! food     
products is well %[n by ! analytical    
data4 ,nuts z a :ole are  extremely oily
 sub/ances & conta9 next 9 importance z 
a food  mat]ial1 prote94 ,alone !y      
con/itute an unbalanc$ ration 9 :i*  !  
fat & prote9 are abundantly pres5t at ! 
exp5se ( !  />* & sug>4 ,= ?is reason an

 exclusively nut diet _c be  recomm5d$1 
z x surely t5ds to unbalance ! ratio &  
to di/urb  ! dige/ion 9 ! great majority
 ( cases4 ,!re are d\btless  individuals
 ( a peculi> temp]am5t :o c ?rive on a  
diet ( nuts  alone1 b su* a case is     
exceptional4 ,on ! o!r h& ! value (  !  
nut z a food is und5iable1 bo? z a      
nutri5t & z a pleasant  condim5tal      
addition to ! food4 ,! l>ge p]c5tage (  
oil 9 nuts  also 9 _m cases is b5eficial
 f ! well-kn[n effect ( oil 9  promot+ !
 dige/ive activities1 me*anical &       
o!rwise4 ,nuts  %\ld be eat5 9 z fre% a 
/ate z possible1 especially ^?  ( a     
highly oily "*4 ,rancidity n only spoils
 ! ta/e b  int]f]es l>gely ) _! dietetic
 value4 ,on acc\nt ( ! high  am\nt (    
oil1 nuts are prem95tly a heat-=m+ food 
& ?us c  be eat5 v freely by ^? engag$ 9
 vigor\s bodily ex]cise &  dur+ cold    
wea!r4 ,!y also =m a food especially    
useful dur+  p]iods ( extreme ex]tion1  
s9ce by _! combu/ion !y furni%  abundant
 /ores ( heat & en]gy4    ,_m fads      

relat+ to foods fl\ri% 9 v>i\s          
localities4 ,among !m  ! s*ool (        
dietetics1 :i* advises a diet solely (  
nuts1 is wor?y  ( m5tion4 ,x is true t  
life c be su/a9$ = an indef9ite  "t on a
 diet ( nuts alone4 ,if ! nuts are s\ght
 9 ! =e/s  & fields ! good effects ( !  
ex]cise & outdoor life are to be  tak5  
into consid]ation4 ,!re is no reason to 
believe1 h[ev]1 t  ! g5]al condition (  
mank9d1 f a dietetic po9t ( view1 w\ld  
be improv$ by an exclusive nut diet4 ,! 
impossibility ( supply+  man ) su* a    
food product is also a factor 9 !       
discussion ( !  problem t %\ld n be     
=gott54          ,,"p ,,viii4    ,,fungi
 ,,z ,,foods4      ,mu%rooms4--,c]ta9   
fungi gr[+ wild or 9 cultivat$ soils &  
hav+ an exp&$ top on a hood$ /em are    
kn[n z mu%rooms4 ,!  common =m ( mu%room
 7,ag>icus campe/ris ,l47 gr[s wild ov] 
a l>ge portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is 
especially abundant 9  ! autumn1 gr[+   
sometimes dur+ ! night aft] a w>m ra91  
ov] l>ge areas4 ,:5 prop]ly cook$ x =ms 

a delici\s food &  condim5tal sub/ance1 
highly priz$ by connoisseurs & o!rs4    
,belong+ to ! family ( mu%rooms1 h[ev]1 
are _m poison\s  v>ieties :i*1 :5 eat5  
inadv]t5tly1 (t5 cause s]i\s illness  & 
sometimes dea?4 ,= ?is reason mu%rooms  
sold 9 ! op5 m>ket  %\ld be c>efully    
inspect$ by exp]ts au?oriz$ to see t !  
poison\s v>ieties are exclud$4 ,x n only
 requires a good botani/1  b also "o    
skill$ 9 ! practical diff]5tiation ( !  
diff]5t  v>ieties by physical appe>ance 
r ?an by botanical analysis1 to  prop]ly
 sep>ate ! poison\s f ! edible v>ieties4
      ,hi/orical4--,mu%rooms h be51 s9ce
 hi/orical times1 ext5sively  us$ z     
human food4 ,9 a book writt5 five       
c5turies be=e !  ,*ri/ian era1 ,a!ne1 9 
8 8,banquet ( ,le>n$ ,m510 speaks ( !   
poison+ ( a "m & h] ?ree *ildr5 by      
mu%rooms4 ,hippocrates  speaks ( a girl 
:o _h be5 poison$ by mu%rooms & :o 0    
cur$  by ! adm9i/ration ( hot honey & by
 a hot ba?4 ,!ophra/es  & ,nic&re also  
speak ( mu%rooms & ! poison+ t occurs   

!refrom4 ,bo? ,cic]o & ,horace make     
ref]5ce to mu%rooms4 ,horace  advises t 
,epicureans %\ld conf9e !mselves to !   
mu%rooms t  gr[ ^u mead[s & refuse to   
eat all o!rs on acc\nt ( ! dang]  f     
poison+4 ,ovid also makes frequ5t       
allusions to mu%rooms &  speaks ( !     
influ5ce ( w>m ra9s ^u _! gr[?4 ,tacitus
 ref]s  to ! use ( mu%rooms = food1 &   
,sutonius1 9 8 8,hi/ory (  ! ,twelve    
,cs>s10 relates t ! ,emp]or ,claudius 0 
poison$ by  a di% ( mu%rooms4 ,x is1    
!re=e1 evid5t t f ! e>lie/  times       
mu%rooms 7 ext5sively us$ & ! poison\s  
prop]ties (  "s ( ! v>ieties und]/ood4  
,production ( ,mu%rooms4--,z has already
 be5 m5tion$1 mu%rooms  gr[ wild ov] a  
l>ge area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y are    
also  cultivat$ v ext5sively1 ?\gh n s  
ext5sively "h z 9  ,european c\ntries4  
,! be/ place = gr[+ cultivat$ mu%rooms  
is  "o :]e ! light is exclud$ or diffus$
 & :]e ! temp]ature  rema9s reasonably  
con/ant4 ,cell>s1 caves1 & ! artificial 
cav]ns made by qu>ry+ are peculi>ly well

 suit$ = ! gr[? (  diff]5t v>ieties (   
fungi1 su* z mu%rooms4    ,! art ( gr[+ 
mu%rooms is n easily acquir$4 ,!        
directions  giv5 by ! be/ au?orities may
 be rigidly foll[$ & failure  ensue4 ,! 
skill ( ! gr[] appe>s to be born1 n     
made1 & ^?  :o h acquir$ ! art succe$   
:]e !oretical k fails4  ,= cultural     
purposes1 ! ,ag>icus campe/ris is mo/   
univ]sally  employ$4      ,soil4--,!    
soil be/ suit$ = ! gr[? ( mu%rooms is "o
  ri* 9 decay$ or decay+ vegetable      
matt]4 ,mu%rooms are (t5  f\nd gr[+ 9   
localities :]e a log or /ump has decay$ 
or :]e  ! inorganic matt] f ! manure (  
cattle or horses has be5  di/ribut$ on !
 soil4 ,artificial b$s = ! gr[? (       
mu%rooms  are made up l>gely ( organic  
manurial sub/ances4                     
,spores4--,mu%rooms are gr[n f spores4  
,! mu%room produces a  br[n p[d]y       
mat]ial :i* consi/s ( almo/ innum]able  
simple  cells ( ovate %ape to :i* ! t]m 
8spore0 has be5 appli$4  ,a spore is n 9
 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w a se$1 b simply  a 

cell :i* by prolif]ation produces ! new 
fungus4 ,g5]ally  gr[]s d n use ^!      
spores directly 9 se$+ mu%room b$s4     
,ea* complete spore1 h[ev]1 is1 "u      
favorable conditions1 capable  (        
prolif]ation or g]m9ation1 produc+ a    
?read-l gr[? ( a  spid]-web "* :i*      
p5etrates ?r\gh ! soil1 prep>$ &        
manur$1 ^u :i* a spore is g]m9at$4 ,?is 
spid]-web-l gr[?1  9 ! common language (
 mu%room gr[]s1 is call$ ! spawn1 m     
prop]ly call$ ! mycelium ( ! mu%room4   
,:5 ! conditions are  favorable1 !re are
 =m$ on ! ?reads ( ?is mycelium small   
nodules1 :i* are ! e>li] /ages ( !      
complete fungus itself4  ,f ! beg9n+ (  
?is gr[? until ! f9al production ( !    
mu%room two or ?ree days or ev5 a week  
may elapse4 ,! e>li]  p]iods ( ?is gr[? 
take place "u ord9>y circum/ances1 b !  
adv5t ( a w>m ra9 or o!r extremely      
favorable conditions causes  ! budd+    
mu%room to gr[ at an enorm\sly rapid    
rate4 ,! mu%room  may n be said to h a  
root1 /em1 & leaf1 z is ! case ) an     

ord9>y gre5 plant1 b is practically a   
s+le organism1 assum+  diff]5t %apes :i*
 are repres5t$ by ! diff]5t v>ieties &  
species ( gr[?4      ,diff]+ ,v>ieties (
 ,edible ,mu%rooms4--,!re is a v l>ge   
v>iety ( edible mu%rooms diff]+ 9 =m1   
size1 & %ape f  ! ,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,9
 ! ,wa%+ton m>kets !re are f\r  pr9cipal
 k9ds ( mu%rooms :i* are f\nd gr[+ wild 
9 !  vic9ity ( ! city4 ,^! comprise !   
common mu%room--,ag>icus  campe/ris1 !  
horse mu%room--,ag>icus arv5sis1 %aggy  
mu%room--,copr9us comatus1 & !          
puff-ball--,lycop]don  cya?i=me4        
,conditions ( ,gr[?4--,! prop] %$ or    
cell>s hav+ be5  select$1 ! fir/ ?+ to d
 is to see t ! temp]ature is  favorable 
to ! gr[? ( ! fungi4 ,temp]atures above 
#fj degrees  ,f41 or bel[ #ej degrees   
,f41 are n favorable to ! gr[?4 ,!  be/ 
temp]atures are f #ee to #eh degrees4 ,!
 locality :]e !  mu%rooms are gr[n %\ld 
be kept v damp & ! air highly  saturat$ 
) aque\s vapor4 ,! reason t mu%rooms gr[
 be/ 9  cov]$ places1 su* z has be5     

m5tion$1 is due to ! p>ticul>ly         
favorable influ5ce :i* ! ev5 temp]ature 
m5tion$ & a  practically saturat$       
atmosph]e h ^u ! gr[?4 ,9 localities    
:]e ! *anges ( temp]ature are n v sev]e1
 mu%rooms gr[  v well 9 ! op54 ,9 !     
c\nty ( ,k5t1 ,engl&1 ,i h se5  mu%rooms
 gr[+ 9 ! op5 g>d51 :]e1 by cov]+ )     
/raw1  !y fl\ri% dur+ ! great] "p ( !   
ye>4 ,9 ! w9t] "t  ! temp]ature may be  
kept q ev5 by ! cov]+ to make abundant  
crops1 :ile 9 ! mon?s ( ,augu/1         
,septemb]1 & ,octob] !y gr[  9 ! op5 9  
great abundance4      ,prep>ation ( ,se$
 ,b$4--,! se$ b$ = ! gr[? ( mu%rooms1  z
 has already be5 indicat$1 is made      
pr9cipally ( well decay$  /able or /all 
manure4 ,! manure mu/ be well f]m5t$1   
?or\ghly  dis9tegrat$1 & expos$ = a     
suffici5t l5g? ( "t to be 9 !  prop]    
condition4 ,mu%rooms _c be obta9$ until 
! heat att5d+  ! f]m5tation ( manure has
 entirely disappe>$4    ,directions =   
gr[+ mu%rooms _c be giv5 "h1 b ^? :o    
are int5d+ to ent] ! bus9ess %\ld       

consult ! be/ au?orities  & beg9 9 a    
small way until !y acquire ! necess>y   
skill be=e  comm]cial success c be      
obta9$4      ,gr[? ( ,mu%rooms 9        
,france4--,p]haps 9 no c\ntry has !     
cultivation ( mu%rooms be5 c>ri$ to su* 
a l>ge ext5t z 9  ,france4 ,! pr9cipal  
indu/ries 9 ,france are conf9$ to ^?    
regions :]e artificial caves h be5 made 
by ! qu>ry+ (  build+ /one4 ,! mo/      
ext5sive cav]ns ( ?is k9d exi/ 9  !     
neighborhood ( ,p>is1 ne> ,bordeaux1 &  
p>ticul>ly 9 !  neighborhood ( ,sceaux4 
,^! artificial cav]ns are (t5 miles 9   
ext5t & furni% exceptionally favorable  
opportunities = ! gr[?  ( mu%rooms4 ,!  
soils or manures on :i* !y are gr[n mu/ 
be  c>ri$ into ^! cav]ns1 & exp]i5ce has
 %[n t mu%rooms d  n cont9ue to gr[ well
 9 ! same locality1 &1 !re=e1 !  place (
 gr[? mu/ be mov$ f "t to "t to diff]5t 
p>ts (  ! caves4 ,! gall]ies ( ^! ab&on$
 qu>ries are sometimes (  enorm\s ext5t 
& are f #cj to #aej feet bel[ ! surface4
 ,!y are  g5]ally f sev5 to t5 feet     

high1 b occasionally s l[ t a  man _c /&
 upright 9 !m4 ,9 g5]al !y are wide     
en\gh =  two r[s ( b$s ) a foot way #ah 
in*es wide 9 ! c5t]4 ,:]e a  mu%room b$ 
has be5 well prep>$ & prop]ly se$$1 x   
produces  ab\t six p\nds ( mu%rooms p]  
squ>e y>d4 ,^! mu%rooms br+1  9 ! m>ket1
 an av]age ( ab\t #ae c5ts p] p\nd4 ,x  
is /at$ by  "s au?orities t ! reason !  
b$ ceases to be> aft] a "t  & has to be 
ab&on$ or mov$ is n because ( !         
exhau/ion (  ! food b is due to !       
ravages ( an insect or fly :i* produces 
a worm :i* is fatal to ! gr[? ( !       
fungus4 ,at any rate1 x is  cu/om>y to  
ab&on ! b$s aft] !y h be5 be>+ = six or 
eight mon?s & to return to !m aft] a    
ye>1 :5 !y are f\nd to  aga9 be         
productive4    ,x is n expect$ t ! g5]al
 consum] w become an exp]t 9  !         
selection ( mu%rooms4 ,:]e mu%rooms are 
expos$ 9 a public  m>ket1 x is ! duty ( 
! municipal (fic]s 9 *>ge ( food        
products to see to x t poison\s v>ieties
 are n expos$ =  sale4 ,x w be ( value1 

h[ev]1 to ! read] to h "s idea  ( !     
g5]al %ape ( "s ( ! m common edible &   
poison\s  v>ieties4 ,x is g5]ally       
suppos$ t mu%rooms1 toad/ools1 &        
puff-balls are entirely di/9ct species &
 t only ! mu%room1  s-call$1 is edible4 
,on ! contr>y1 !re are _m edible        
toad/ools  & _m edible puff-balls1 & all
 ?ree classes ( fungi belong to  ! same 
g5]al family4      ,food ,value (       
,mu%rooms4--,! nutritive value (        
mu%rooms is  n exceptionally high1      
al?\gh !re is a popul> op9ion to !      
contr>y4 ,frequ5tly x has be5 /at$ t !  
mu%room 9 !  vegetable _w holds a simil>
 position to beef/eak among meats1  be+ 
p>ticul>ly ri* 9 dige/ible prote94 ,!   
analytical data  :i* h be5 collect$ f   
num]\s s\rces on ! composition  (       
mu%rooms d n be> out ?is popul>         
impression1 b1 on !  contr>y1 %[ t !    
mu%room is a food product consi/+ v     
l>gely ( wat] & ( only v small          
quantities ( prote91 fat1 &             
c>bohydrates4    ,! composition ( "s ( !

 common mu%rooms is %[n 9 !  foll[+     
table 7,f>m]s' ,bullet91 ,no4 #gi1      
,mu%rooms z ,food73                     
----------------------------------------
-------------------                     
,,non-                                  
,,albu- ,,albu-                         
,,total,,m9oid,,m9oid          ,,c>bo-  
,,nitro-,,nitro-,,nitro- ,,pro-         
,,hy-                     ,,wat]4 ,,g54 
,,g54  ,,g54                            
,,te94,,fat4,,drates4,,fib]4,,a%4       
----------------------------------------
-------------------    ,common          
mu%room1#ia4cj  #j4fj  #j4cf  #j4bd     
#c4gej4bj  #c4ej  #j4hj #j4ej    ,%aggy 
,copr9us1#ib4ai   4#de   4#ae   4#cj    
#b4ha 4#bf  #a4dj   4#eg  4#ih    ,inky 
,copr9us1#ib4ca   4#cf   44    44       
#b4be 4#bd  4444   4#gb #a4bi    ,common
                                        
,morel1   #hi4ed   4#di   4#cg   4#ab   
#c4jf 4#ej  #a4fj   4#ia #a4jh          
----------------------------------------
-------------------    ,^! data may be  

comp>$ ) ! composition ( ! beef/eak3    
,wat]1    #fb4e p]c5t    ,prote91  #ai4e
        ,fat1      #ag4j        ,a%1    
#a4j        ,f ! above data x is se5 t !
 mu%room does n conta9  any?+ l ! am\nt 
( prote9 f\nd 9 beef/eak4 ,x has        
"o-?ird m wat]1 "o-six? z mu* prote91 & 
only "o-=tie?  z mu* fat4 ,beef/eak     
conta9s no c>bohydrates except less ?an 
"o  p]c5t ( glycog51 :ile ! am\nt (     
c>bohydrates 9 ! mu%room  v>ies f #a4e  
to #c4e p]c5t4 ,x is evid5t t ! mu%room 
is  pr9cipally valuable z a condim5tal  
sub/ance & n z a food  product4         
,di/9ction betwe5 ,poison\s & ,edible   
,v>ieties4--,x has already  be5 /at$ t  
only ! exp]t is able to di/+ui% betwe5 !
  poison\s v>ieties ( mu%rooms & ^? t   
are edible4 ,ev5 !  skill$ botani/1 z   
well z ! exp]t1 may sometimes make      
mi/akes  9 ?is matt]4 ,h5ce ! only      
p]fectly sure me?od ( protection  aga9/ 
! poison\s v>ieties is ! eat+ ( only ^? 
:i* are  cultivat$ & :i* are kn[n to be 
free ( poison\s prop]ties4  ,on ! o!r   

h&1 ! wild v>iety1 by _m connoisseurs1  
is mu*  m highly valu$ z be+ m delicate 
& palatable4 ,x %\ld  also be rememb]$ t
 ! cultivation ( mu%rooms is n v  widely
 ext5d$1 & if ! supply ( ! wild v>iety  
%\ld be  exclud$ !re w\ld be a great    
dim9ution ( ! quantity :i* is           
accessible to ! consum]4 ,?is w\ld be an
 especial h>d%ip 9  ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e
 mu%rooms gr[ wild ov] su* wide areas  &
 s abundantly & :]e ! cultivation ( !m z
 comp>$ )  "s o!r c\ntries is some:at   
re/rict$4 ,!re are "s g5]al  *>act]i/ics
 by means ( :i* a di/9ction c be made   
betwe5 !  edible & ! poison\s v>ieties4 
,! foll[+ rules are giv5 = ! rejection (
 ! probably  poison\s mu%room by ,george
 ,francis ,atk9son 78,/udies ( ,am]ican 
,fungi--#aijj073 8,9 ! selection (      
mu%rooms to eat1 great caution  %\ld be 
employ$ by ^? :o are n reasonably       
famili> )  ! means ( det]m9ation ( !    
species1 or ^? :o h n an  intimate      
acqua9tance ) c]ta9 =ms4 ,r>ely %\ld !  
beg9n]  be enc\rag$ to eat !m ^u 8 own  

det]m9ation4 ,x is be/ at  fir/ to      
consult someone :o kn[s or to s5d fir/  
specim5s away =  det]m9ation1 ?\gh 9 _m 
cases a c>eful comp>ison ( ! plant  ) ! 
figures & descriptions giv5 9 ?is book w
 enable a  novice to recognize x4 ,9    
tak+ up a species = ! fir/ "t x  w\ld be
 well to exp]im5t cauti\sly40      ,no  
,c]ta9 ,rule to ,di/+ui% ! ,poison\s f !
 ,edible4--8,!re  is no te/ l !         
#8silv]-spoon te/' :i* w enable "o to   
tell  ! poison\s mu%room f ! edible     
ones4 ,nor is ! pres5ce ( !  s-call$    
#8dea?-cup' a sure sign t ! fungus is   
poison\s1 =  ,amanita cs>ea has ?is cup4
 ,= ! beg9n]1 h[ev]1 !re are  c]ta9     
g5]al rules1 :i*1 if c>efully foll[$1 w 
enable him to  avoid ! poison\s ones1   
:ile at ! same "t necess>ily exclud+  _m
 edible ones4    8#a/4--,reject all     
fungi :i* h begun to decay1 or :i* are  
infe/$ ) l>v4    8#b;d4--,reject all    
fungi :5 9 ! button /age1 s9ce ! *>act]s
  are n yet %[n :i* enable "o to di/+ui%
 ! g5]a &  species4 ,buttons 9 pa/ure   

l&s :i* are at ! surface ( !  gr\nd1 & n
 deep-seat$ 9 ! soil1 w\ld v likely n   
belong  to any ( ! v poison\s k9ds4     
8#c;d4--,reject all fungi :i* h a cup or
 sac-l envelope at !  base ( ! /em1 or  
:i* h a scaly or closely fitt+ lay] at  
! base ( ! /em & r loose w>ts on !      
pileus1 especially  if ! gills are :ite4
 ,amanita cs>ea1 h[ev]1 has a sac-l     
envelope at ! base ( ! /em & yell[ gills
 z well z a yell[  cap1 & is edible4    
,amanita rubesc5s has remnants ( a scaly
  envelope on ! base ( ! /em & loose    
w>ts on ! cap1 & !  fle%1 :]e w\nd$1    
becomes r$di%4 ,x is edible4            
8#d?4--,reject all fungi ) a milky juice
 unless ! juice is r$di%4  ,sev]al      
species ) copi\s :ite milk1 sweet or    
mild to ! ta/e1  are edible4            
8#e?4--,reject v brittle fungi ) gills  
ne>ly all ( equal l5g?  :]e ! fle% ( !  
cap is ?91 especially ^? ) bright caps4 
8#f?4--,reject all ,boleti 9 :i* ! fle% 
*anges color :]e bruis$  or cut1 or ^? 9
 :i* ! tubes h r$di% m\?s1 also ^? !    

ta/e ( :i* is bitt]4 ,/robilomyces      
/robilaceus 7,scop47 ,b]k4  *anges color
 :5 cut1 & is edible4    8#g?4--,reject 
fungi :i* h a cobwebby veil or r+ :5 "y1
 &  ^? ) slimy caps & clay-color$       
spores4    8,9 addition1 proce$         
cauti\sly 9 all cases1 & make x a po9t  
to  become v famili> ) a few species    
fir/1 & gradually ext5d !  range (      
species r ?an attempt ! fir/ season to  
eat a l>ge  numb] ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,all  
puff-balls are edible s long z !y  are  
:ite inside1 ?\gh "s are bett] ?an o!rs4
 ,all coral-l or  club fungi are        
edible40      ,popul> ,di/9ction betwe5 
,toad/ools & ,mu%rooms4--,!re is a      
g5]al op9ion t ! toad/ool is poison\s & 
! mu%room is  n4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no     
sci5tific di/9ction betwe5 ! two k9ds  (
 fungi1 popul>ly kn[n z toad/ools &     
mu%rooms4 ,! di/9ction  is purely an    
arbitr>y "o4 ,! small toad/ools are (t5 
z delici\s  & z h>mless z ! small       
mu%room4 ,! small mu%room1 on !  o!r h&1
 may be z deadly & z undesirable z !    

wor/ specim5  ( toad/ool4 ,!re is dang] 
especially to two classes ( p  9 !      
discrim9ation betwe5 ! poison\s & edible
 v>ieties (  mu%rooms & toad/ools4 ,!   
fir/ class is compos$ ( ^? :o  are      
practically unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce (        
poison\s v>ieties &  ! second class (   
p]sons are ^? :o claim to be able to    
tell an  edible mu%room f a c]ta9 numb] 
( te/s or claims :i* !y  reg>d z        
infallible4 ,bo? ( ^! classes ( p]sons  
are apt to be  deceiv$ or injur$ by     
dang]\s v>ieties4    ,! foll[+ popul>   
signs ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! poison\s &    
non-poison\s v>ieties are pron\nc$      
wor?less by ,gibson 78,our ,edible      
,toad/ools & ,mu%rooms & ,h[ to ,di/+ui%
 ,!m073      8,,favorable ,,signs4      
#a4 ,pleasant ta/e & odor4      #b4     
,peel+ ( ! sk9 ( ! cap f rim to c5t]4   
#c4 ,p9k gills1 turn+ br[n 9 old]       
specim5s4      #d4 ,! /em easily pull$  
out ( ! cap & ins]t$ 9 x l a    p>asol  
h&le4      #e4 ,solid /ems4      #f4    
,mu/ be ga!r$ 9 ! morn+4      #g4 #8,any

 fungus hav+ a pleasant ta/e & odor1 be+
 f\nd    simil>ly agreeable aft] be+    
pla9ly broil$ )\t ! lea/    season+ is  
p]fectly safe4'      8,,unfavorable     
,,signs4      #h4 ,boil+ ) a #8silv]    
spoon1' ! /a9+ ( ! silv]    indicat+    
dang]4      #i4 ,*ange ( color 9 !      
fraction ( ! fre% mu%room4      #aj4    
,slimy or /icky on ! top4      #aa4     
,hav+ ! /ems at _! sides4      #ab4     
,gr[+ 9 clu/]s4      #ac4 ,f\nd 9 d>k1  
damp places4      #ad4 ,gr[+ on wood1   
decay$ logs1 or /umps4      #ae4 ,gr[+  
on or ne> manure4      #af4 ,hav+ bright
 colors4      #ag4 ,conta9+ milky juice4
      #ah4 ,hav+ ! gill plates ( ev5    
l5g?4      #ai4 ,melt+ into black fluid4
      #bj4 ,bit+ ! tongue or hav+ a     
bitt] or nauseat+ ta/e4      #ba4 ,*ang+
 color by imm]sion 9 salt-wat]1 or ^u   
be+ du/$    ) salt4      8,^! pres5t b a
 selection ( ! m preval5t notions4 ,tak5
    9 toto1 !y w\ld prove entirely safe1
 z !y w\ld practically    exclude e     
species ( toad/ool or mu%room t gr[s4 ,b

 z a    rule ! village oracle bases 8   
infallibility ^u two or ?ree    ( !     
above #8rules1' & inasmu* z ! entire li/
 absolutely    omits ! only "o te/ by   
:i* dang] is to be avoid$1 x is    a    
sev5 days' wond] t ! grewsome toad/ool  
epitaph is n m    frequ5t40    ,! foll[+
 te/s are reg>d$ z favorable by ,gibson3
    #a4 ,avoid e mu%room hav+ a cup or  
sugge/ion ( su*1 at base2  ! di/9ctly   
fatal poisons are ?us exclud$4    #b4   
,exclude ^? hav+ an unpleasant odor1 a  
pepp]y1 bitt]1 or o!r  unpalatable      
flavor1 or t\gh consi/5cy4    #c4       
,exclude ^? infe/$ ) worms or 9 advanc$ 
age or decay4    #d4 ,9 te/+ o!rs :i* w 
pass ! above probation let !  specim5 be
 kept by itself1 n 9 contact ) or       
enclos$ 9 ! same  basket ) o!r species4 
,beg9 by a m]e nibble1 ! size ( a pea1 &
 g5tle ma/ication1  be+ c>eful to swall[
 no saliva1 & f9ally expell+ all f  !   
m\?4 ,if no noticeable results foll[1 ! 
next trial1 ) !  int]val ( a day1 ) !   
same quantity may p]mit ( a swall[ ( a  

little ( ! juice1 ! fragm5ts ( ! fungus 
expell$ z be=e4  ,no unpleasantness     
foll[+ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! ?ird trial   
may p]mit ( a simil> entire fragm5t be+ 
swall[$1 all ( ^!  exp]im5ts to be made 
on an empty /oma*4 ,if ?is introduction 
(  ! actual sub/ance ( ! fungus into !  
/oma* is succe$$ by  no di/urbance 9    
tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 a l>g] piece1 ! size ( a
  hazelnut1 may be attempt$1 & ?us !    
am\nt gradually increas$ day  by day    
until ! demon/ration ( edibility1 or at 
lea/ h>mlessness1  is complete & !      
species ?us admitt$ into ! 8safe0 li/4  
,by  foll[+ ?is me?od ) ! utmo/ caution 
! exp]im5t] c at  be/ suff] b a slight  
tempor>y indisposition z ! result ( 8   
h>dihood1 9 ! ev5t ( a noxi\s species   
hav+ be5 enc\nt]$1  & w at lea/ ?us h ! 
satisfaction ( discov]y ( an enemy  if n
 a fri5d4    ,x may be said t any       
mu%room1 omitt+ ! ,amanita1 :i* is      
pleasant to ! ta/e & o!rwise agreeable z
 to odor & texture  :5 raw1 is probably 
h>mless & may safely be ?us v5tur$ on  )

 a view ( e/abli%+ its edibility4 ,a    
prom95t au?or on our  edible mu%rooms   
7,mc,ilvaine7 applies ?is rule to all ! 
,ag>ics  ) confid5ce4 8,?is rule may be 
e/abli%$10 he says3 8,all               
,ag>ics--except+ ! ,amanit--mild to !   
ta/e :5 raw1 if !y  comm5d !mselves 9   
o!r ways1 are edible40 ,?is claim is    
borne out  9 8 exp]i5ce1 ) ! result t he
 n[ numb]s ov] "o hundr$  species among 
8 habitual edible li/ out ( ! ?ree      
hundr$ :i*  he has actually f\nd by     
p]sonal te/ to be edible or h>mless4 8,s
  num]\s are toad/ools10 he cont9ues1 8&
 s well does a /udy (  !m def9e _!      
habits & habitats1 t ! writ] nev] fails 
^u any day f ,april to ,decemb] to f9d  
ample supply ( heal?y1  nutriti\s1      
delicate toad/ools = himself & family40 
8,9 ga!r+ mu%rooms "o %\ld be suppli$ ) 
a %>p knife4 ,!  mu%rooms %\ld be       
c>efully cut (f an in* or s bel[ ! cap1 
or at lea/ suffici5tly f> above ! gr\nd 
to escape all signs (  dirt on ! /ems4  
,!y %\ld !n be laid gills upw>d 9 _!    

receptacle1 & x is well to h a special  
basket1 arrang$ )  "o or two removable  
bottoms or horizontal p>titions1 :i* are
 kept  9 place by upright props )91 ?us 
reliev+ ! l[] lay]s (  mu%rooms f !     
weight ( ^? above !m4 ,su* a basket is  
almo/  indisp5sable4    8,be=e prep>+   
mu%rooms = ! table1 ! specim5s %\ld be  
c>efully scrut9iz$ = a class ( fungus   
speciali/s :i* we h  n tak5 into acc\nt1
 & :i* h probably anticipat$ u4 ,!      
mu%room is prov]bial = its rapid        
developm5t1 b nature has n  all[$ x ?us 
to escape ! usual p5alties ( lu%        
vegetation1 z  witness ?is sw>m+1       
squirm+ ho/1 m9ute grubs1 :i*           
occasionally  honey-comb or holl[ its   
entire sub/ance ere x has rea*$ its     
prime2  inde$1 9 _m cases1 ev5 be=e x   
has fully exp&$ or ev5  protrud$ above  
gr\nd4    8,l ! c>rion flies1 ! bees1 & 
wasps1 :i* 9 e>ly times  7 believ$ to be
 ( spontane\s orig9--flies be+ g5]at$ f 
putrefaction1 bees f dead bulls1 & !    
m>tial wasps f defunct  8w>-horses0--^! 

fungus sw>ms1 :i* s spe$ily r$uce a fair
  specim5 ( a mu%room to a melt+        
loa?some mass1 7 also suppos$  to be !  
natural prog5y ( ! #8poison\s toad/ool4'
 ,b sci5ce has  solv$ ! riddle ( _!     
my/]i\s omnipres5ce among ! fungi1  ea* 
p>ticul> sw>m ( grubs be+ ! witness ( a 
=m] visit  ( a mat]nal p>5t insect1 :i* 
has s\ght ! budd+ fungus 9  its haunts  
(t5 be=e x has fully reveal$ itself to  
human gaze1  & implant$ )9 its sub/ance 
h] hundr$ or m eggs4 ,to !  un$ucat$ eye
 ^! l>v all appe> simil>1 b ! speciali/ 
9  entomology readily di/+ui%es betwe5  
!m z ! "y ( ?is or  t species ( fly1    
gnat1 or beetle4    8,z an illu/ration (
 ! assiduity ) :i* ! hi/ory ( ^!  t9y   
scav5g] insects has be5 foll[$ by       
sci5ce1 ,i may m5tion t  9 ! gnat gr\p  
alone ov] sev5 hundr$ species h be5     
discov]$  & sci5tifically describ$1 _m (
 !m requir+ a p[]ful  magnifi] to reveal
 _! id5tities4    8,specim5s ( infect$  
or decay+ mu%rooms pres]v$ )9 a  tightly
 clos$ box--&1 we w\ld sugge/1 duly     

qu>ant9$--w at  l5g? reveal ! imago =ms 
( ! voraci\s l>v2 g5]ally a  sw>m ( t9y 
gnats or flies1 ) an occasional spr9kl+ 
( small  glossy black beetles1 or p]haps
 a beautiful indigo-blue insect half  an
 in* 9 l5g? ( mo/ n]v\s habit1 &        
possess$ ( a long &  v active tail4 ,?is
 insect is an example ( ! curi\s gr\p ( 
rove-beetles--/aphyl9us--a family (     
insect scav5g]s1 _m ( ^:  species dep5d 
^u ! fungi = subsi/5ce4    8,ev5 ! l>ge 
woody gr[? kn[n z #8punk' or #8t\*wood1'
 s  frequ5tly se5 ^u decay+ trunks1 is n
 sp>$4 ,a huge specim5 9  my keep+ 0    
lit]ally r$uc$ to du/ by a s+le species 
( beetle4    8,consid]+ ! preval5ce ( ^!
 fungus ho/s1 x is well 9  all mu%rooms 
to take ! precaution ( mak+ a v]tical   
section  ?r\gh /em & cap1 exclud+ su*   
specim5s z are conspicu\sly  monopoliz$1
 & n be+ too critical ( ! re/1 = !      
ov]-fa/idi\s g\rmet w (t5 ?us h little  
to %[ = 8  morn+ walk4 ,i h ga!r$ a     
hundr$ specim5s ( fungi 9 "o  /roll1    
p]haps n a qu>t] ( :i*1 ^u c>eful       

scrut9y1 ?\gh  fair ( ext]ior w\ld be   
fit = ! table4 ,! fungus hunt] p>       
excell5ce has usually be5 !re be=e u &  
left 8 m>k--a m]e  f9e br[n /reak or    
tunnel1 p]haps w9d+ ?r\gh ! pulp or /em1
  :]e 8 m9ute fungoid id5tity is ev5 yet
 secret$4 ,b we bigg]  fungus eat]s     
gradually le>n to accept him--if n too  
outrage\sly  promiscu\s--z a natural "p 
& p>cel ( our ,ha*is aux  ,*ampignons1  
or our simple mu%rooms on toa/1 ev5 z we
 w9k at !  simil> lively accessories :i*
 sophi/icate our delectable rais9s1     
prunes1 & figs1 to say no?+ ( prime old 
,ro*e=t0 7pages #cc-cd74    ,e4 ,faup91 
! au?or ( ! "w 8,les ,*ampignons        
,come/ibles et  ,vnneux10 gives "s      
valuable h9ts respect+ ! confusion (    
edible  & poison\s v>ieties ( mu%rooms4 
,he also says t ! s-call$  rules :i* are
 (t5 =mulat$ to di/+ui% ! good mu%rooms 
f  ! bad are ne>ly all mislead+4 ,if !y 
are applicable 9 a few  p>ticul> cases  
!y surely are n 9 all1 & consequ5tly    
ought to  be judg$ z ( no value4 ,=     

in/ance1 x has be5 commonly said t  !   
mu%rooms ^: fle% *anges color :5 expos$ 
are poison\s4  ,?is is true = c]ta9 k9ds
 b x is n true = o!rs4 ,!re  are1 inde$1
 "s mu%rooms ^: fle% und]goes an        
alt]ation :5  x is expos$ & :i* are1    
nev]!less1 ( mo/ excell5t quality4  ,z  
an example ( ?is1 ! v>iety kn[n z       
8delici\s lactaire0 may  be cit$4 ,on ! 
contr>y !re are o!r k9ds ^: fle% rema9s 
:ite on exposure & :i* are decid$ly     
poison\s1 z = example  ,amanita citr9a  
,p]s4 ,x is also said t a mu%room ^: /em
  is surr\nd$ by a r+ is to be consid]$ 
edible4 ,?is indication  is altoge!r    
deceptive4 ,"s ( ! mo/ poison\s v>ieties
 h  well =m$ r+s4 ,x is also mislead+ to
 cr$it ! action ( !  juice ( ! mu%room 9
 color+ a piece ( silv]4 ,x is said t   
^? mu%rooms ^: juice black5s silv] are  
poison\s1 :ile ^?  :i* d n are h>mless4 
,?is p]haps is ! mo/ dang]\s ( all  !   
rules to g by1 z "s ( ! mo/ poison\s    
v>ieties w\ld be  admitt$ on ?is te/4 ,x
 is also mislead+ to suppose1 z is      

commonly  ! case1 t mu%rooms :i* are    
attack$ by insects1 l>v1 etc41  c be    
eat5 )\t dang]4 ,likewise mislead+ is ! 
g5]al op9ion  t mu%rooms ^: odor is     
agreeable or :i* h no appreciable  odor 
are n poison\s4 ,x is high "t to        
eradicate ^! mislead+  notions & to let 
! p "k ) c]ta9ty t aside f  ! botanical 
"* !re does n exi/ any p>ticul> sign nor
  any p>ticul> means ( affirm+ t a giv5 
mu%room is edible or  poison\s4 ,sci5ce 
alone1 !re=e1 has ! sole p[] ( tea*+ to 
di/+ui% ! poison\s f ! non-poison\s     
v>ieties4 ,= _m  ye>s attempts h be5    
made to popul>ize ! sci5ce :i* w give   
to ! p ! desir$ in=mation1 b 9 spite (  
^! ef=ts  ! numb] ( cases ( poison+ does
 n seem to dim9i%1 & :y8  ,! response is
 evid5t4 ,x is because ! ef=ts :i* h be5
 made  by mycologi/s h n yet be5        
appreciat$ by ! mass ( p1  & because x  
has n yet be5 possible to po9t out to ! 
public  at l>ge ! poison\s species4 ,!  
numb] ( species ( poison\s  mu%rooms :i*
 are capable ( caus+ dea? is happily n v

 great4  ,! ,amanitas & ! ,volv>ias are 
almo/ exclusively ! poison\s  species4  
,let x be und]/ood1 !re=e1 by ! p t !re 
d  exi/ mu%rooms :i* are capable (      
kill+4 ,if ! p desire  to place !mselves
 out ( dang] let !m beg9 by le>n+ ^!    
v>ieties4 ,_! numb] is v limit$1 z !re  
are only five or  six species at mo/4   
,:5 !y are well kn[n x w be v easy to   
di/+ui% !m & to recognize all o!rs z    
edible4 ,foll[+ is a  li/ ( ! mo/       
poison\s mu%rooms kn[n1 & all t are     
likely at  any "t to produce dea?3      
,amanita phalloides ,fr4    ,amanita    
citr9a ,p]s4    ,amanita v]na ,bull4    
,amanita virosa ,fr4    ,volv>ia        
gloiocephala1 v>4 speciosa 7,fr474      
,amanita musc>ia 7,l47 ,p]s4    ,amanita
 pan!r9a ,,dc4    ,lact>ius torm9osus   
7,s*aeff47 ,fr4    ,lact>ius rufus ,fr4 
,lact>ius zon>ius 7,bull47 ,fr4         
,lact>ius pyrogalus 7,bull47 ,fr4       
,russula emetica ,fr4    ,russula       
queletii ,fr4    ,russula ft5s 7,p]s47  
,fr4    ,boletus felleus ,bull4         

,boletus satanus ,l5z4    ,boletus      
ery?ropus ,cke4    ,boletus luridus     
,s*aeff4    ,entoloma lividum ,bull4    
,! ,mo/ ,poison\s ( ,mu%rooms4--,! mo/  
poison\s ( ! common  mu%rooms is kn[n z 
,amanita v]na ,bull4 ,s active is its   
poison  t ?is v>iety has become kn[n z !
 8deadly ,amanita40      ,types (       
,edible ,mu%rooms4--,:ile x is q        
impossible =  a manual ( ?is k9d to give
 any directions by :i* a p]son1  n an   
exp]t1 may make c]ta9 di/9ctions betwe5 
! edible  & poison\s v>ieties (         
mu%rooms1 x is ?\ght advisable to  give 
a fair te*nical illu/ration ( ! two     
classes4 ,! common  mu%room1 ,ag>icus   
campe/ris1 is %[n 9 ! accompany+ ,fig4  
#fa1--?ree-f\r?s its natural size4 ,!   
second specim5 f ! left  is "y & is 9 a 
/ate ( developm5t kn[n z a button4 ,!   
figure  at ! extreme left is a l>g]     
specim51 %[+ ! slightly *eck$  surface t
 sometimes occurs 9 ?is species4 ,9 fre%
 specim5s !  surface is :ite1 b v>i\s   
%ades ( light br[n1 ei!r *eck$ or  pla91

 are (t5 f\nd4 ,! specim5 at ! "r %[s ! 
gills on  ! l[] surface ( ! cap4 ,^!    
gills 9 a newly exp&$ mu%room1  fre% f !
 field1 are ( a beautiful delicate pale 
p9k color1  (t5 ) a t\* ( salmon4 ,9 !  
old] samples ! gills turn to a  light   
br[n & f9ally almo/ to a black color4   
,?is discoloration is  *iefly due to !  
developm5t ( almo/ innum]able spores f  
:i*  new plants are propagat$4 ,if ! /em
 ( a common mu%room be brok5  (f & ! cap
 be laid gills d[nw>d on a piece ( :ite 
pap]1 !  spores w drop (f & aft] a few  
h\rs w appe> z a br[n du/4  ,! usual    
diamet] ( full-gr[n specim5s ( ?is      
v>iety ( mu%room  is f #a to #c in*es1  
?\gh _m small] & _m l>g] samples  are   
f\nd4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4           
#fa4--;,,common ,,mu%room1 ,ag>icus     
campe/ris4  ,,edible4 7,,?ree-,,f\r?s   
,,natural ,,size47--7,f4 ,v4 ,coville1  
,circul> ,no4  #ac1 ,division ( ,botany1
 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47    ,?is     
v>iety ( mu%room is ! pr9cipal "o :i* is
 expos$ ^u !  m>kets ( ,wa%+ton4 ,!y are

 especially abundant 9 ! autumn aft]    
copi\s ra9s (t5 succe$+ ! usual p]iod ( 
dr\ght 9 t  region4 ,octob] is ! bann]  
mon? = ?is v>iety ( mu%room4 ,!         
mycelium f :i* ! autumn mu%room gr[s is 
=m$ 9 ! spr+1  & aft] ! dry p]iod (     
summ] ! little sph]oid granules =m$  ^u 
! mycelium are capable ( absorb+ !      
moi/ure ( ! w>m  autumnal ra9s & rapidly
 exp& to ! full-gr[n mu%room4 ,aft]  all
 ! conditions ( gr[? are fulfill$ x     
usually requires only a  s+le night = a 
button to pu% ?r\gh ! surface ( ! soil &
  exp& its cap4 ,mu%rooms are p>ticul>ly
 obnoxi\s to ! ravages  ( insects1 & x  
is always advisable t !y %\ld be ga!r$  
& eat5 imm$iately aft] !y are =m$4 ,!   
insect l>v attack  ! mature mu%room1    
travell+ up ?r\gh ! /em into ! cap1 &   
decomposition rapidly foll[s4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,,edible    
,,mu%rooms 7,ag>icus arv5sis            
,s*aeff474--7,f4 ,v4 ,coville47    ,x is
 easy to det]m9e :e!r a mu%room is wormy
 or n by break+  (f ! /em close to ! cap

 & obs]v+ if !re are little  holes ?r\gh
 :i* ! l>v h pass$ upw>d into ! cap4 ,! 
common mu%room occurs mo/ frequ5tly on  
lawns & 9 pa/ures1 &  especially 9      
neglect$ fields :]e we$s h be5 succe$$  
by a  scant cov]+ ( grass4 ,sometimes   
dur+ ! spr+ & summ]1 z  well z 9 !      
autumn1 ! common mu%room is f\nd ^u !   
m>ket4  ,^! mu%rooms usually are produc$
 ^u ! g>bage dump+ gr\nds  ne> ! city4  
,! g>bage & refuse f ! city furni% !    
manurial conditions requir$ = a spe$y   
developm5t ( ! mu%room  f ! mycelium4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,,%aggy      
,,mu%room1 ,copr9us comatus4 ,,edible4  
7,,?ree-,,f\r?s ,,natural               
,,size47--7,coville1 ,circul> #ac1      
,division (  ,botany47      ,! ,horse   
,mu%room 7,ag>icus arv5sis              
,s*aeff474--,?is v>iety (  mu%room is   
also "o :i* gr[s 9 great abundance 9 !  
neighborhood  ( ,wa%+ton & 9 o!r        
latitudes af=d+ a simil> environm5t4    
,?is specim5 is 9 _m respects l ,ag>icus
 campe/ris b  ! surface ( ! cap is      

some:at d>k] color$4 ,! r+ on !  /em is 
also wid] & ?ick] ?an 9 campe/ris4 ,?is 
v>iety  also gr[s l>g] ?an campe/ris1 & 
! diamet] ( ! cap is  commonly f ?ree to
 six in*es4 ,! figure is only ab\t      
"o-half  ! natural size4 ,! horse       
mu%room is frequ5tly conf\nd$ )  !      
common mu%room1 & !re is practically no 
diff]5ce 9 _!  edible qualities4 ,x gr[s
 pref]ably 9 g>d5s r ?an fields1  &     
especially 9 g>d5s :i* h be5 heavily    
f]tiliz$4 ,x also  frequ5tly appe>s 9   
old b$s compos$ ( decay$ /able manure   
:i*  has be5 us$ = =c+ b$s = e>ly       
vegetables4      ,%aggy ,mu%room        
7,copr9us comatus ,fr474--,! accompany+ 
,fig4  #fc repres5ts a gr\p ( ?ree      
specim5s ( ?is v>iety ( mu%room  gr[+ f 
a s+le base4 ,! l>ge/ "o is already %[+ 
signs  ( liquefaction & decomposition & 
a "p ( ! cap has already  disappe>$4 ,"o
 ( ! peculi>ities ( ?is species is t    
beg9n+  ) ! edge ( ! cap ! :ole mu%room 
dissolves sometimes )9  a day1 :5 x is  
full gr[n1 into an inky-black fluid4 ,a 

portion (  ?is inky fluid has run p>tly 
d[n ! :ite /em ( ! l>ge/  mu%room4 ,!   
cap ( ?is mu%room1 except :5 x beg9s to 
liquefy1  resembles some:at ! =m ( a    
p>tially clos$ umbrella4 ,9 !  e>ly     
/ages ( gr[? ! cap1 gills1 & /em are    
:ite1 except !  apex ( ! cap1 :i* is    
g5]ally d>k-color$4 ,! surface ( !  cap 
is cov]$ ) delicate lac]at$ scales1 !   
*>act]i/ic f  :i* ! "n comatus or %aggy 
is d]iv$4 ,! juice f !  fre% sample is  
colorless z wat]4 ,:5 x fir/ beg9s to   
turn x is  w9e-color$1 & until ! juice  
is v deeply discolor$ ! sample  is /ill 
edible4 ,aft] ! juice has turn$         
completely black x is  consid]$ too old 
to be eat54 ,?is species ( mu%room gr[s 
be/ 9  %ady places1 9 a soil well       
suppli$ ) humus4 ,! season 9 :i*  ?is   
v>iety ( mu%room is mo/ abundant is late
 9 ! autumn or  e>ly 9 ! w9t]1 :5 !     
nights are cold b ! gr\nd is n yet      
froz54 ,! liquefaction & decay ( ?is    
mu%room come on s quickly  t x is n     
usually infe/$ ) l>v :i* d n h "t to    

develop be=e ! mu%room is r$uc$ to a    
%apeless mass4 ,! mo/  common organism  
f\nd is ! myriapod1 a ?\s&-legg$ worm1  
:i*  (t5 f9ds its way betwe5 ! gills &  
/em4 ,?is cavity %\ld  always be exam9$ 
= worms ( ?is k9d :5 ! mu%room is be+   
prep>$ = ! table4      ,fairy ,r+       
,mu%room 7,m>asmius oreades ,fr474--,?is
 v>iety is "o  :i* is int]e/+ bo? on    
acc\nt ( its edible prop]ties & by      
reason ( ! circul> areas 9 :i* x (t5    
gr[s4 ,?is illu/ration  is ab\t         
?ree-f\r?s ( ! natural size4 ,! t5d5cy (
 ?is  v>iety to gr[ 9 ! annual =m       
designat$ is beautifully %[n  9 !       
accompany+ figure1 f a photograph tak5  
on ! gr\nds  ( ! ,dep>tm5t (            
,agriculture4 ,! r+ 9 "q is sev5 feet  9
 diamet] & ! photograph 0 tak5 e>ly 9   
,novemb]4 ,! /em  9 ?is v>iety has no   
r+1--! gills are few & widely sep>at$  &
 ! cap z x becomes fully exp&$ has a    
peculi> knob-l  projection 9 ! c5t]4    
,?is gives a *>act]i/ic appe>ance to    
?is v>iety ( mu%room4 ,! cap & /em are  

color$ a p9ki%-buff1  & ! gills h a     
light] %ade ( ! same color v>y+ 9 e>ly  
gr[? t[>d a cream t9t4 ,! spores are    
:ite & c be obs]v$  by plac+ ! cap1 z   
already indicat$1 on a d>k-color$ pap]1 
pref]ably black glaz$ pap]4 ,! fairy r+ 
mu%room is "o (  ! commone/ species :i* 
gr[s on ! lawns 9 ,wa%+ton &  vic9ity4  
,z _m z tw5ty ( ^! fairy r+s h be5 f\nd 
on  ! gr\nds ( ! ,dep>tm5t (            
,agriculture 9 "o season4 ,9 !  e>li]   
days1 :5 sup]/ition 0 m rife ?an at     
pres5t1 ^!  r+s 7 suppos$ to m>k !      
places ( ! dances ( ! fairies4  ,ano!r  
fanciful cause assign$ = ! production ( 
! r+s 0  t x 0 due to ! effect ( lightn+
 /rik+ ! gr\nd &  burn+ ! grass 9 a     
circle1 & ?us favor+ ! gr[? ( fungi4    
,inve/igations1 h[ev]1 %[ t ! fairy r+  
is due to a peculi>  way 9 :i* !        
mycelium is produc$1 :i* beg9s at a     
c5tral po9t1  gr[+ uni=mly 9 all        
directions a few in*es ea* ye>4 ,aft]  a
 :ile ! c5tral portion1 be+ old]1 beg9s 
to die1 & ?us  a small circul> b& is =m$

 :i* ea* ye> increases 9 size1  gr[+    
regul>ly on ! outside & dy+ z regul>ly  
on ! inside4  ,! fairy r+s are n always 
complete circles1--!y are sometimes     
brok5 & (t5 are cresc5t-%ap$4 ,?is      
v>iety ( mu%room is q  p]man5t1 does n  
t5d to decay z rapidly z "s1 & resi/s   
bett] ?an mo/ v>ieties ! attacks (      
insects4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 are  v small z     
comp>$ ) ! o!r common v>ieties4         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--;,,fairy ,,r+
 ,,=m$ ,,by ,m>asmius oreades1 ,,an     
,,edible ,,mu%room4--7,coville1 ,circul>
 #ac1 ,division ( ,botany47             
,puff-balls4--,a typical mu%room kn[n z 
! puff-ball is !  v>iety kn[n z         
,lycop]don cya?i=me ,bosc4 ,! puff-ball 
is s  pla9 9 its =m t a description (   
its appe>ance is difficult4  ,usually ! 
outside is color$ br[n & ! cov]+ is m or
 less  irregul>ly *eck$1 ! :ite color ( 
! int]ior %[+ betwe5  ! d>k]1 elevat$   
areas4 ,:5 /ill q "y ! fle% is solid1  (
 a milk-:ite color1 & app>5tly q dry4   
,aft] two or ?ree  days x becomes s(t1  

has a yell[i% t9t1 develops a wat]y &   
lat] an amb]-color$ juice z x cont9ues  
its developm5t ?r\gh  to ! lat] /ages4  
,if ! mu%room rema9s unga!r$1 ! int]ior 
dries up into a f9e br[n p[d] :i* is    
project$ into ! air :5  press$ by ! f+]4
 ,x is (t5 bl[n away by ! w9d4 ,:5 !    
fungus rea*es ?is /age ( decay x is v   
commonly kn[n z 8!  devil's snuff-box40 
,f9ally ! spores & o!r du/-l bodies  are
 bl[n away1 & !re is left only a dry &  
lea!ry framework4  ,9 ! latt] /ages !   
puff-ball is n reg>d$ z edible1 n       
because ( its be+ poison\s1 b on acc\nt 
( its dry & lea!ry  consi/5cy4 ,9 !     
neighborhood ( ,wa%+ton puff-balls are  
f\nd  commonly 9 ! autumn on lawns & 9  
g>d5s1 & especially on  vacant lots :]e 
! soil has rema9$ uncultivat$ & be5     
closely  graz$ by cattle4 ,! puff-ball  
also t5ds to gr[ 9 a fairy r+  =m1 & 9 !
 circul> area 9 :i* x gr[s ! grass is   
likely  to be d>k] 9 color1 %[+ !       
exi/5ce ( a ri*] soil4 ,x is  only :ile 
! int]ior ( ! puff-ball is /ill solid & 

:ite1 )  some?+ l ! texture ( *eese1 t x
 has its highe/ edible  prop]ties4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4                    
#fe4--,,puff-,,ball1 ,lycop]don         
cya?i=me1 ,,top ,,view4  ,,edible4      
7,,?ree-,,f\r?s ,,natural               
,,size47--7,coville1 ,circul> #ac1      
,division  ( ,botany47      ,cepe       
7,boletus edulis ,bull474--,?is v>iety (
 mu%room is "o (  ! mo/ highly e/eem$1  
especially 9 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,x is     
l>ge & has a v l>ge1 half-pe> %ap$ /em4 
,! fle% ( ?is  v>iety ( mu%room is :ite 
& q firm 9 ! "y mu%room1  b becomes s(t]
 ) age & assumes on ! outside a w9e t9t4
  ,x gr[s1 especially 9 ! late summ] &  
?r\gh ! autumn1 wild  9 ! =e/4 ,9 !     
extreme s\? ( ,france x sometimes appe>s
  z e>ly z ,april4 78,n\vel ,atlas de   
,*ampignons10 ,paul ,dume1 page  #de47  
78,! ,mu%room ,book10 by ,n9a ,l4       
,m>%all1 page #aji47 ,! cap is  usually 
f f\r to six in*es 9 diamet] & is a     
gray1 br[ni%-r$  or tawny-br[n 9 color4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--;,,amanita   

7,,full-,,gr[n74 7,,"o-,,half ,,natural 
,,size47--7,coville1 ,circul> #ac1      
,division ( ,botany47      ,! ,fly      
,amanita 7,amanita musc>ia 7,l47        
,fr474--,?is is "o ( !  v poison\s      
v>ieties ( mu%rooms4 ,9 ! illu/ration ! 
fully  matur$ mu%room is %[n at "o-half 
its natural size4 ,?is is !  mo/ common 
poison\s mu%room :i* gr[s 9 ! ,di/rict (
 ,columbia  & o!r ne>by localities4 ,!  
po9ts especially to be notic$ are  !    
bulb\s enl>gem5t at ! base ( ! /em1     
break+ into ?ick  scales above1 ! v     
broad droop+ r+ ne> ! top ( ! /em1  & ! 
corky p>ticles loosely atta*$ to !      
smoo?1 glossy upp]  surface ( ! cap4 ,! 
/em1 gills1 & ! spores are :ite1 !      
corky p>ticles commonly ( a buff color1 
b sometimes v>y+ almo/  to :ite4 ,!     
glossy upp] surface ( ! cap1 b5ea? !    
corky  p>ticles1 v>ies f a brilliant r$ 
to orange-yell[1 buff1 & ev5  :ite4     
,commonly 9 ! vic9ity ( ,wa%+ton !      
coloration is orange  9 ! c5t]1 %ad+ to 
yell[ t[>d ! m>g94 ,brilliant r$ ones   

are r>ely se5 9 ?is locality1 b :ite    
ones are n infrequ5t1  especially late 9
 ! season4 ,?is 0 ! v>iety ( mu%room t  
lately caus$ ! dea? ( a well kn[n man 9 
,wa%+ton4 ,?is  poison\s v>iety is "o ( 
! l>ge/1 h&some/1 & mo/ dang]\s  (      
mu%rooms1 & is "o ^: poison\s "* has be5
 mo/ fully  /udi$4 ,x is abundant 9 !   
vic9ity ( ,wa%+ton 9 ! fall1  gr[+      
*iefly 9 ! p9e woods &1 especially1 9 ! 
localities  :i* h be5 frequ5t$ by hogs4 
,! *ief active poison\s  pr9ciple ( !   
fly amanita is an alkaloid call$        
musc>9e1  b o!r poison\s sub/ances ^:   
exact nature has n yet be5  discov]$    
also occur 9 ! plant4    ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #fg4--;,,fly ,,amanita ,,buttons 
7,amanita musc>ia74  7,,natural ,,size47
    ,:5 ?is v>iety ( mu%room is r$uc$ to
 a pa/e & expos$ :]e  x c be eat5 by    
flies ! latt] are readily poison$1 &    
h5ce !  common "n ( 8fly amanita40      
,symptoms ( ,mu%room ,poison+4--,!      
symptoms ( poison+ f !  fly amanita1 z  
d$uc$ f a numb] ( cases1 are v>i$4 ,9 "s

  in/ances !y beg9 only aft] sev]al     
h\rs1 b usually 9 f  "o-half to "o or   
two h\rs4 ,vomit+ & di>rhea almo/ always
  occur1 ) a pron\nc$ fl[ ( saliva1     
suppression ( ! ur9e1  & v>i\s c]ebral  
ph5om5a1 beg9n+ ) gidd9ess1 loss (      
confid5ce 9 "o's ability to make ord9>y 
movem5ts1 & d]angem5t  ( vision4 ,?is is
 succe$$ by /upor1 cold sweats1 & a v   
m>k$  weak5+ ( ! he>t's action4 ,9 case 
( rapid recov]y ! /upor  is %ort &      
usually m>k$ ) mild delirium4 ,9 fatal  
cases !  /upor cont9ues f "o to two or  
?ree days1 & dea? at la/  ensues f !    
gradual weak5+ & f9al /oppage ( ! he>t's
  action4      ,treatm5t = ,poison+4--,!
 treatm5t = poison+ by ,amanita  musc>ia
 consi/s prim>ily 9 remov+ ! unabsorb$  
portion ( !  ,amanita f ! alim5t>y canal
 & 9 c\nt]act+ ! effect  ( ! musc>9e on 
! he>t4 ,! action ( ?is organ %\ld be   
=tifi$ at once by ! subcutane\s         
injection1 by a physician1 (  atrop91 9 
doses ( f "o "o-hundr$? to "o-fiftie? ( 
a gra94  ,! /ronge/ emetics1 su* z      

t>t>iz$ antimony or apomorph91  %\ld be 
us$1 ?\gh 9 case ( pr(\nd /upor ev5 ^!  
may n  produce ! desir$ action4 ,fre%ly 
ignit$ *>coal or two gra9s (  a "o p]c5t
 alkal9e solution ( p]manganate ( pota% 
may !n be  adm9i/]$ 9 ord]1 9 ! case ( !
 =m] sub/ance1 to absorb  ! poison1 or 9
 case ( ! latt]1 to decompose x4 ,?is   
%\ld be  foll[$ by oils & oleag9\s      
purgatives1 & ! inte/9es %\ld  be clean$
 & wa%$ out ) an enema ( w>m wat] &     
turp5t9e4    ,exp]im5ts on animals      
poison$ by ! fly amanita & ) pure       
musc>9e %[ v cle>ly t :5 ! he>t has     
ne>ly ceas$ to  beat x may be /imulat$  
to /rong action almo/ in/antly by !  use
 ( atrop94 ,its use z ?us demon/rat$ has
 be5 ! means (  sav+ num]\s lives4 ,we h
 9 ?is alkaloid an almo/ p]fect         
physiological antidote = musc>9e1 &     
!re=e 9 su* cases (  poison+ its use    
%\ld be pu%$ z h]oically z ! symptoms ( 
!  case w w>rant4    ,! pres5ce ( phall9
 9 ,amanita musc>ia is possible & its   
effects %\ld be look$ = 9 ! r$ color ( !

 blood s]um  dis*>g$ f ! inte/9es4      
7,circul> #ac1 ,div4 ( ,botany47        
,removal ( ! ,poison\s ,pr9ciple4--,9 "s
 p>ts ( ,europe ! fly  amanita is soak$ 
9 v9eg> & !n is eat5 ) impunity4 ,"s (  
! color$ p 9 ,wa%+ton & vic9ity are     
acqua9t$ ) ?is  me?od ( treatm5t1 & !   
practice ( soak+ ^! fungi 9 v9eg>  & !n 
eat+ !m is n unkn[n1 ?\gh ! majority (  
color$  wom5 9 ! m>kets :o deal 9       
mu%rooms look ^u ?is species )          
unre/ra9$ horror4    ,! poison\s v>iety 
is d5atur$ z foll[s3 ,! /em is well     
scrap$1 & ! gills are remov$ f ! cap & !
 upp] surface  peel$ (f4 ,! mu%rooms    
prep>$ 9 ?is way are boil$ 9 salt &     
wat] & aft]w>d /eep$ 9 v9eg>4 ,!y are   
f9ally wa%$ 9  cle> wat] & !n cook$ 9 ! 
ord9>y mann] & eat5 )\t  any injuri\s   
results4 ,x is n recomm5d$1 h[ev]1 t a  
mu%room  :i* conta9s s mu* deadly poison
 %\ld be eat5 at all1 ev5 aft]  a       
prep>ation ( ?is k9d4 ,any c>elessness 9
 ! prep>ation or any  failure to c>ry   
out ! process completely w\ld result    

fatally4      ,cann$ ,mu%rooms4--,!     
cann+ ( mu%rooms is an indu/ry ( l>ge   
magnitude1 especially 9 ,france4 ,! "y1 
unexp&$ mu%rooms 9 !  =m ( buttons are  
^? :i* are usually subject$ to ! cann+  
process4 ,mu%rooms are br\ght to !      
factory :]e !y are clean$  & scrap$1 !  
/em cut to a prop] l5g?1 ?or\ghly wa%$ 9
  sev]al wa%+s ( clean wat]1 & tak5 to a
 sulfur+ furnace  :]e !y are expos$ to !
 fumes ( burn+ sulfur = "s "t4  ,!      
purpose ( ?is treatm5t is to blea* !    
mu%room & make x  z :ite z possible4    
,decay$ or de=m$ buttons are n includ$ 9
  ! cans ( highe/ quality4 ,! prep>$    
mu%rooms are !n plac$ 9  cans1 usually (
 t91 & pres]v$ by subject+ !m to a      
temp]ature  at or above boil+ wat] until
 ?or\ghly /]iliz$4      ,cann$ ,pieces &
 ,/ems ( ,mu%rooms4--,! imp]fect        
portions1  ! pieces :i* are cut away1 & 
o!r fragm5ts ( ! mu%room1  result+ f !  
prep>ation ( ! product describ$ above1  
are  treat$ practically 9 ! same mann] =
 /]iliz+ purposes &  are sold to ! trade

 "u v>i\s names1 ! mo/ common ( :i*  is 
,*ampignons d',hotel4 ,!y also frequ5tly
 appe> "u ! "n (  ,*ampignon ,*oix & o!r
 deceptive labels4      ,adult]ation (  
,mu%rooms4--,!re is no adult]ation      
practic$ (  fre% mu%rooms unless !      
occasional occurr5ce ( poison\s v>ieties
  may be s consid]$4 ,x is evid5t1      
h[ev]1 t ! introduction  ( poison\s     
v>ieties is ! result ( c>elessness or   
mi/ake &  n = any purpose4 ,nev]!less a 
mo/ exact+ sup]vision ov] !  prep>ation 
( fre% mu%rooms = ! m>ket %\ld be       
requir$1 &  any failure to ex]cise ?is  
c>e may be consid]$ z result+ 9         
adult]ation or depreciation ( ! "* ( !  
product4    ,9 cann$ mu%rooms ! pres5ce 
( sulfur\s acid may be reg>d$  z an     
adult]ant1 & su* a sub/ance1 believ$ to 
be inimical to  heal?1 is n necess>y 9 !
 prep>ation ( ! goods4 ,x is q  c]ta9 t 
! public ta/e w\ld soon adapt itself to 
an amb]-  or br[n-color$ product 9 cann$
 mu%rooms & value x z highly  z !       
buttons :i* are :ite4 ,s9ce ! sole      

purpose ( ! use  ( sulfur is = blea*+1 !
 end secur$ sc>cely ju/ifies !  means4  
,x is claim$1 naturally1 t ! use (      
sulfur is also a  safegu>d 9 secur+ a   
bett] keep+ ( ! product1 b su* an       
adjunct = keep+ purposes is only        
necess>y :5 ! /]ilization  is n         
complete4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! day w    
soon come :5  mu%rooms blea*$ ) sulfur\s
 acid %all no long] be f\nd ^u  our     
m>ket4 ,! use ( o!r pres]vatives ?an    
sulfur\s acid has  at times be5         
practic$1 b x is n believ$ t !re are _m 
cans ( mu%rooms (f]$ ^u ! m>ket :i*     
conta9 any *emical  pres]vatives :atev] 
save ! sulfur\s acid above not$4 ,s9ce !
  cann$ mu%rooms are valu$ pr9cipally z 
a condim5t1 ! inclusion  ( imp]fect or  
p>tially decay$ or mal=m$ buttons is    
extremely  unusual4 ,! buttons are      
sep>at$ into sizes ( approximately !    
same  magnitude1 s t a c ( ! product is 
uni=m 9 size z well z  9 quality4 ,!    
cu/om] may be reasonably c]ta9 t he is  
gett+  a good1 "y1 c>efully select$     

product1 free f disease & f  accid5tal  
impurities :i* might r5d] ! product     
un:olesome or  unpalatable4             
,truffles4--,! truffle has be5 kn[n     
almo/1 if n q z long  z ! mu%room z an  
edible delicacy4 ,! use ( truffles 9    
,france  became v common dur+ ! #ad?    
c5tury1 b on acc\nt ( _!  high price !y 
rema9$ = a long "t a luxury & n a g5]al 
article ( comm]ce4 ,x is only )9 ! #ai? 
c5tury1 aft] #ahdj1  t _! consumption   
became g5]al4 ,! truffle belongs to !   
botanical family ,tub]ace4    ,!        
propagation ( truffles is simil> to t ( 
mu%rooms1 by spores1  :i* fir/ give rise
 to a mycelium :i* by fur!r cond5sation 
=ms ! body ( ! truffle4 ,?is mycelium   
furni%es ! nutriti5ts  = ! tub]cle dur+ 
a c]ta9 "t ( its e>ly gr[?4 ,9 !        
cultivation ( ! truffle1 artificially1 x
 is necess>y to make use  ( a =e/ or o!r
 simil> artificial cov]+4 ,if trees are 
plant$  especially = ! developm5t (     
truffles x requires six or eight  ye>s  
gr[? be=e ! cultivation ( truffles is   

successful4 ,!  truffle gr[s v readily 9
 ! %ade ( nut-be>+ trees & 9  ! %ade ( !
 oak4 ,! mycelium does n produce        
truffles until  aft] sev]al ye>s (      
vegetation4 ,:5 x once beg9s to fructify
 &  produce ! truffle x cont9ues to be> 
= _m ye>s4 ,! truffle1  l ! mu%room1    
gr[s rapidly4 ,at fir/1 z has already   
be5  /at$1 x is n\ri%$ by ! mycelium1 b 
:5 ?is is exhau/$  x is n\ri%$ by       
absorb+ ! nutriti\s elem5ts f ! soil  & 
air4 ,:5 x rea*es maturity & its spores 
are well =m$ !  truffle acquires its    
maximum ( aroma & palatability4 ,aft] x 
has  rea*$ maturity x c rema9 a c]ta9 "t
 9 ! soil )\t be+  *ang$4 ,h[ev]1 aft] a
 "t x is rapidly decompos$ & its tissues
  become ! seat ( v>i\s *emical         
reactions or x is dev\r$ by  insects4   
,cultivation ( ,truffles4--,! truffle   
may only be gr[n 9 ! mid/  ( v favorable
 conditions ( climate1 altitude1        
mell[ness ( !  soil1 moi/ure1 & prop]   
%ade4 ,! plant+ ( truffle trees s]ves  z
 a vehicle = ! spores :i* are lat] to   

give bir? to !  mycelium :i* itself     
produces ! truffle4 ,! spores ( !       
truffles  usually rea* ! =e/s 9 :i* !y  
are gr[n by natural means  )\t be+      
p>ticul>ly plant$4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! 
spores are  c>ri$ directly to ! soil :]e
 ! new crop is to be gr[n4              
,geographic ,di/ribution4--,! truffle1 l
 ! mu%room1 is spread  ov] all p>ts ( ! 
e>?4 ,9 ,europe x is especially abundant
 9  ,france & ,italy4 ,! prov9ces 9     
,france :]e x gr[s 9 greate/  abundance 
are ,prov5ce1 ,dauph91 ,langu$oc1 &     
,prigord4      ,pr9cipal ,v>ieties4--,! 
v>ieties ( truffles are n s num]\s  z   
mu%rooms1 ( :i* p]haps a ?\s& diff]5t   
v>ieties are  kn[n1 b /ill !y are       
suffici5tly num]\s4 ,"o ( ^?  frequ5tly 
cultivat$ 9 ,france is kn[n z truffles (
 ,prigord  7,tub] melanosporum          
,vittad474 ,x gr[s be/ "u ! %ade ( a    
gr[+ walnut or a "y oak4 ,! tub]s ( ^!  
plants1 :i* are  ! "p valuable = food1  
may weigh f #fj to #ejj grams4 ,o!r     
botanical v>ieties :i* are mu* cultivat$

 are ,tub] brumale  ,vittad41 ,tub]     
/ivum ,mi*41 ,tub] magnatum ,vittad41 & 
_m  o!rs4      ,h>ve/+ ( ,truffles4--,! 
truffle comes into production f !  six? 
to ! t5? ye> aft] plant+ ! appropriate  
=e/ trees4  ,x is easy to det]m9e ! ye> 
:5 ! h>ve/ %\ld beg91 s9ce  dur+ !      
prec$+ ye> !re is f\nd 9 ! soil "s      
hypogan  mu%rooms :i* may be consid]$ z 
precursors ( ! truffles4  ,moreov]1 !   
soil "u ! tree becomes practically free 
( all  vegetation4 ,! truffle rip5s f   
,novemb] to ,april1 accord+ to  its     
v>iety4 ,x is important t x %\ld n be   
h>ve/$ except  at ! p]iod ( complete    
maturity4 ,= h>ve/+ purposes c]ta9      
animals are made use (1 su* z ! dog &   
hog4 ,^! animals h  a delicate smell 9  
^! matt]s & only br+ out ( ! soil !     
ripe truffles :ile !y leave ! o!rs4 ,man
 is n able to make  ?is nice di/9ction1 
& h>ve/s all indiscrim9ately1 f :i*  !re
 results great f9ancial loss4 ,9 !      
h>ve/+ ( truffles !  gr\nd %\ld be gone 
ov] ab\t once 9 eight days 9 ord] t !   

tub]cles may be secur$ dur+ ! :ole w9t] 
at ! prop] "t (  maturity4 ,:5 !        
truffles are develop$ ! soil above !m is
 hill$  or crack$1 especially aft] ra9s4
 ,^! are ! places :i* are  select$ = !  
h>ve/+ :5 x is done by ! h& ( man4      
,h>ve/+ by ,means ( ,flies4--,:5 ! wea!r
 is w>m & cle>  !re is se5 above ! place
 :]e ! tub]s are ly+1 a multitude  (    
flies1--^! m>k ! place :]e ! h>ve/ %\ld 
be made4 ,!  be/ "t = ?is k9d ( a h>ve/ 
is ab\t n9e o'clock 9 !  morn+4 ,good   
results are n obta9able f ?is sign      
except :5  ! sun rises cle> & becomes   
aft]w>d w>m4 ,9 ord] to f9d !  flies !  
husb&man /oops d[n ne> ! surface ( !    
soil &  looks horizontally ov] x4 ,!    
colonies ( flies are ?us easily         
di/+ui%$1 & bel[ ea* "o ( ^! colonies ! 
truffles are  f\nd4 ,?is is also an     
ineffective me?od because only !        
ov]rip5$  tub]cles attract ! flies :ile 
^? 9 _! v prime are n  ?us m>k$4        
,h>ve/+ ) ,hogs4--,! utilization ( hogs 
= h>ve/+  purposes is by f> ! be/ & mo/ 

economical me?od4 ,x is employ$         
especially 9 ,prigord & ,midi4 ,! h>ve/+
 c be ei!r 9 !  morn+ or aft]noon4 ,!   
hogs :i* are us$ = h>ve/+ %\ld be       
previ\sly well f$ 9 ord] to prev5t !m f 
eat+ ! truffles  :i* !y dig out ( !     
gr\nd4 ,ea* animal is l$ ) a rope4 ,z   
soon z ! hog gets ! sc5t ( truffles x   
p\nces ^u !m &  rapidly uncov]s !m ) its
 sn\t4 ,:5 ! wea!r is favorable a  hog c
 easily smell a truffle at a di/ance (  
#aej feet4 ,z soon z  ! animal has      
br\ght ! truffle to ! surface in/ead (  
all[+  him to eat x he %\ld be recomp5s$
 by giv+ him "s suitable food  su* z    
maize4 ,if ?is little att5tion is       
neglect$ ! animal soon  becomes         
disc\rag$ & refuses to "w any long]4    
,be=e leav+ !  spot ! hog assures       
himself t no o!r truffles are conta9$ 9 
t neighborhood4 ,:5 ! hog becomes v tir$
 he walks v sl[ly  & ) 8 m\? op54 ,x is 
!n necess>y to give him a p]iod (  re/  
be=e cont9u+ ! h>ve/4 ,if ! se>* =      
truffles does n  br+ good results !     

animal becomes morose1 indol5t1 &       
refuses to  obey4 ,sometimes :5 ! hog is
 hungry & wants to eat ! truffles  x is 
necess>y to give him a sm>t bl[ on !    
sn\t ) a /ick4 ,a  special race ( hogs  
is us$ 9 ?is h>ve/+ ^: p>5ts h also     
possess$ ! skill1 & ?us x becomes       
h]$it>y4 ,a good hog is able  to engage 
9 ! h>ve/+ f ! age ( two to #be ye>s b  
!y d  _! be/ "w at ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,a 
s+le animal may be able to  h>ve/ f six 
to #dj p\nds ( truffles p] day1 accord+ 
to _!  abundance 9 ! soil4 ,?is class ( 
hogs h a v high value1 &  are (t5 sold 9
 ! s\? ( ,france = ?is sole purpose at f
  #cj4jj to #gj4jj p] head4      ,h>ve/+
 ) ! ,dog4--,! dog is also employ$ 9    
regions :]e  truffles are produc$1 &    
especially 9 ^? regions :]e ! yield  is 
n s great & :]e ! area to be gone ov] is
 v l>ge4 ,!  dog is us$ especially 9 !  
,dauph91 ,*ampagne1 ,b\rgogne1 ,prov5ce1
  & ,langu$oc1 & also 9 ! neighborhood (
 ,p>is4 ,^! dogs are  tra9$1 z 9 ! case 
( hogs1 especially = ?is purpose & %\ld 

be rew>d$ :5 a f9d is made1 9 ! same    
mann] z ! hog4 ,?is  recognition ( _!   
s]vices %\ld nev] be =gott5 if animals (
  ! greate/ skill are to be secur$4 ,!  
dog1 z is ! case ) !  hog1 locates !    
truffles by ! sc5t & digs ) 8 f\r paws  
until ! truffles are laid b>e1--!       
husb&man !n draws !m out  ( ! soil )    
long =ceps4 ,! hog is pref]able to ! dog
 because  x does ! :ole h>ve/+ itself1  
:]eas 9 ! case ( ! dog !  husb&man mu/  
f9i% ! op]ation4    ,! yield ( ! truffle
 f>m is naturally extremely valuable1   
v>y+  ) ! relative abundance ( gr[? & "*
 ( ! soil itself4  ,sometimes ! yield   
drops z l[ z five p\nds p] acre &       
sometimes  rises z high z #gj p\nds p]  
acre4 ,! av]age price ( truffles is     
#b4jj p] p\nd4 ,! l>ge/ yield is f\nd 9 
! truffle f>ms f  ! t5? to ! tw5tie?    
ye>4      ,prop]ties ( ,truffles4--,x is
 difficult to describe ! prop]ties  (   
truffles4 ,!y are1 :5 prep>$ = ! table1 
black1 r  firm 9 fle%1 & h a di/9ct &   
mo/ agreeable odor & ta/e4  ,a good     

truffle is extremely firm & resi/s !    
ord9>y pressure  ( ! f+]4 ,if x is s(t x
 %[s t x is lack+ 9 its be/  *>act]i/ic4
    ,! size ( ! truffle has a m>k$      
influ5ce ^u its value because  ! small  
truffle loses a l>ge "p ( its weight 9 !
 prep>ation  = eat+4 ,truffles ( good   
size are ^? :i* weigh f #dj to  #ej     
grams1 ^? ( fir/ *oice weigh+ f #fj to  
#ajj grams4 ,aft]  ! truffle passes #ajj
 grams 9 weight ! increas$ weight does n
  proportionately increase ! value4 ,!  
truffles :i* come f light  soil are     
consid]$ sup]ior to ^? :i* come f ri*   
soil4 ,if  ! soil conta9s a l>ge        
quantity ( iron ! truffles are usually (
  f9] quality4 ,all truffles are n      
black1 ?\gh ! be/ ones1 l  ^? (         
,prigord1 are black4 ,o!rs are gray or  
br[n4      ,adult]ation (               
,truffles4--,comm]ce 9 truffles is !    
subject (  consid]able fraud on acc\nt (
 ! v high price ( ! g5u9e  article4 ,!  
pr9cipal adult]ations are ! mixture ( ! 
inf]ior  or imp]fect v>ieties ) ! *oice/

 or be/ v>ieties4 ,?is  adult]ation is  
easily discov]$ by mak+ a c>eful        
exam9ation (  ! tub]cles individually4  
,ano!r fraud :i* is v mu* practic$  is !
 introduction ( soil into ! cracks or   
crevices 9 ord]  to increase _! weight4 
,?is adult]ation1 ( c\rse1 is easily    
discov]$ by anyone :o prep>es ! truffles
 = ! table4 ,ano!r  =m ( adult]ation is 
! m+l+ ) ! ripe truffle ( ^?  :i* h n   
rea*$ maturity4 ,! unripe tub]cles h v  
little  flavor or ta/e & are ?us easily 
di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* are  mature4 ,also    
practic$ is ! press+ toge!r ) "s k9d ( a
  glue ( a numb] ( small] truffles 9    
ord] to =m a l>ge mass1 z  if x 7 an    
entire truffle1 & ?us secur+ a l>g]     
price4 ,?is is  also a fraud easily     
discov]$4 ,/ill ano!r =m ( sophi/ication
 is  ! production ( artificial truffles 
made f potatoes & especially  ^? :i* are
 p>tially spoil$ :i* are color$ 9       
imitation (  ! truffle itself4 ,only ^? 
:o are ignorant ( ! texture (  ! truffle
 c be deceiv$ by ?is gross imitation4   

,ano!r =m  ( adult]ation is ! sale ( !  
truffle com+ f regions less  e/eem$ = _!
 products = ^? ( o!r m e/eem$ regions  z
 = in/ance1 ! sale ( truffles f         
,s>ladais or f ,domme =  ^? ( ,prigord4 
,pres]vation ( ! ,truffle ,dur+         
,transit4--,= ! purpose (  keep+        
truffles 9 good condition dur+ transit  
!y may be plac$ 9  moss1 f9e s&1 or     
p[d]$ *alk4 ,!y c be kept 9 ?is way =  a
 few days dur+ transit1 b %\ld n be long
 pres]v$ 9 ?is  mann]4 ,truffles may    
also be pres]v$ indef9itely by          
/]ilization4  ,x is necess>y to d ?is   
:5ev] !y are to be s5t ov] long         
di/ances or kept = a long "t4 ,! me?ods 
( /]iliz+ are n  diff]5t f ^? describ$ =
 ord9>y vegetables4 ,truffles are  also 
pres]v$ by desiccation1 b 9 ?is case !y 
lose some?+  ( _! odor & ta/e & are n s 
highly e/eem$4 ,f9ally !  truffles are  
sometimes pres]v$ by cook+ !m & pres]v+ 
!m 9  w9e or olive oil4 7,raymond       
,brunet1 8,manuel ,pratique de la       
,culture des  ,*ampignons et de la      

,truffe407      ,food ,value (          
,fungi4--,:ile ! mu%room & ! truffle are
 !  pr9cipal fungi us$ z food !y are by 
no means ! only k9ds4  ,_! value1 z has 
already be5 indicat$1 is r condim5tal   
?an  nutritive4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o h eat5   
fre% or well pres]v$  mu%rooms or       
truffles1 cook$ 9 ! be/ /yle ( ! cul9>y 
art1  are fully acqua9t$ ) _! value4 ,! 
fe> ( poison+ does mu*  to re/rict ! use
 ( ! wild mu%rooms4 ,! fields & =e/s are
  full ( _m v>ieties ( ^! fungi1        
especially 9 ! autumn4 ,v  few ( !      
v>ieties are poison\s1 b ! cons]vative  
g\rm&  hesitates to consume ! fruits ( 8
 own activity z a collector4  ,9 ! hills
 ( ! ,blue ,ridge ,m\nta9s ne> ,h>p]'s  
,f]ry ,i h  se5 l>ge areas ( ! =e/ almo/
 cov]$ ) ^! gr[?s 9  ,augu/ & ,septemb]1
 b ! c\rage lead+ to _! consumption 0   
want+4          ,,"p ,,ix4    ,,sug>1   
,,sirup1 ,,confection]y1 ,,& ,,honey4   
,,sug>4    ,! t]m 8sug>0 is appli$ by   
common cons5t to ! pure sug>            
comm]cially prep>$ f ! sug> cane & !    

sug> beet4 ,^!  two k9ds ( sug> are     
sometimes designat$ by _! own "n1 z1 =  
in/ance1 ! pur*as] w ask = cane sug> or 
beet sug>4 ,:5 no  o!r "n appe>s ! t]m  
sug> is appli$ z above4    ,9 ,europe ! 
pr9cipal sug> us$ is t d]iv$ f ! sug>   
beet4  ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! pr9cipal    
sug> is t d]iv$ f ! sug>  cane4 ,notable
 quantities ( sug> are also f\nd 9      
comm]ce d]iv$  f ! maple tree1 a small  
quantity f sorghum1 & 9 ,asia a         
consid]able quantity is made f ! palm4  
,*emically1 sug> belongs to ! class (   
bodies kn[n z sucrose or  sac*>ose & is 
a comp\nd 9 a pure /ate consi/+ solely (
  c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog51 typical ( t  
class ( foods ( :i*  />* is ! mo/       
important memb]1 kn[n z c>bohydrates4 ,!
  elem5ts m5tion$ are comb9$ 9 sug> 9 ! 
proportion ( #ab p>ts  ( c>bon1 #bb (   
hydrog51 & #aa ( oxyg54    ,! quantity (
 sug> consum$ by ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
is v l>ge4 ,exclud+ molasses1 honey1 &  
sirups ! quantity  consum$ 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates 9 ! ye> end+ ,decemb] #ca1 #aije1

 0  #b1fcb1baf tons4 ,!re %\ld be add$  
to ?is ! total quantity (  sug> f\nd 9 !
 articles ( diet :i* are s common 9 ?is 
c\ntry  9 ! =m ( honey1 sirups1 &       
molasses4      ,orig9 ( ,sug>4--,9 !    
e>lie/ times practically ! only sug>    
:i* 0 us$ by man 0 t /or$ by ! bees1    
namely1 honey4 ,!  sug> cane is indig5\s
 to ,asia & 0 n kn[n z a s\rce (  sug> 9
 ,europe until ! #ac? or #ad? c5tury1 :5
 x 0 br\ght  by ,ea/]n m]*ants to       
,europe4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica & !      
introduction ( sug> cane into ! isl&s   
adjac5t !reto op5$  up a new field = !  
culture ( t plant & laid ! f\ndation  ( 
! great indu/ry :i* foll[$4 ,x 0 n1     
h[ev]1 until  #ajj ye>s ago t ! sug>    
cane indu/ry assum$ any?+ l  !          
proportions :i* indicat$ its subsequ5t  
gr[?4 ,ab\t #agdg  sug> cane 0 introduc$
 into ,l\isiana & soon !reaft]1 ab\t    
#agij1 became "o ( ! mo/ important crops
 ( t /ate4 ,until  ! beg9n+ ( ! ,civil  
,w> ,l\isiana produc$ a l>ge proportion 
( ! cane sug> consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4

 ,dur+ ! ,civil  ,w> ! indu/ry 0 almo/  
totally de/roy$1 b s9ce !n x has  gr[n  
until x has assum$ great] proportions   
?an ev] be=e b  con/antly dim9i%+       
proportions 9 relation to ! total       
supply4  ,l\isiana is some:at too f>    
nor? = ! mo/ economic production  ( sug>
 cane1 s9ce x is subject to injury by   
fro/s4 ,sug> cane is  a plant :i* is v  
s5sitive to cold wea!r & is usually     
kill$  by a h>d fro/4 ,= ?is reason its 
greate/ developm5t has occurr$  9       
tropical c\ntries1 especially 9 ,cuba1 !
 ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 & 9  o!r simil>      
localities4 ,at ! pres5t "t by f> !     
l>ge/ "p  ( ! sug> made f sug> cane 9 ! 
_w is produc$ 9 ,cuba &  ! ,hawaiian    
,isl&s1--! ,cuban crop am\nt+1 9 r\nd   
numb]s1 to  #a1bjj1jjj tons & !         
,hawaiian to ab\t #djj1jjj tons4        
,beet ,sug>4--,! fact t beet sug> is    
conta9$ 9 ! common  g>d5 beet 0 fir/    
discov]$ by a ,g]man *emi/1 ,m>graff1 9 
#agdg4 ,?is important discov]y rema9$   
dormant = ne>ly half a  c5tury :5 "o (  

,m>graff's pupils1 ! son ( a ,fr5*      
refugee f  ,prussia1 nam$ ,a*>d1 resum$ 
! rese>*es :i* _h be5 />t$  by ,m>graff 
& obta9$ results :i* 7 !n reg>d$ z ( an 
a/oni%+ "*4 ,a*>d's /atem5ts 7 ! subject
 ( d\bt  & ( ridicule & ev5 8 ,fr5*     
co-labor]s1 memb]s ( ! academy  d\bt$ ! 
accuracy ( 8 "w1 :ile ?9k+ x ( suffici5t
  int]e/ to look into fur!r4 ,a         
commission consi/+ ( "s ( !  mo/        
important memb]s ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce1
 among !m ,*aptal  & ,vauquel91         
inve/igat$ ! matt] & ann\nc$ t ! attempt
  to make sug> 0 unsuccessful b ?\ght   
p]haps ! maple tree might  be gr[n 9    
,france4 ,nev]!less ! commission modifi$
 ! me?ods (  ,a*>d & obta9$ bett]       
results4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( t long  s]ies
 ( inve/igations :i* has result$ 9 !    
e/abli%m5t ( a  beet sug> indu/ry1 mak+ 
9 r\nd numb]s six million tons ( sug>   
p] ye>1 a quantity consid]able great]   
?an t produc$ f !  sug> cane4 ,! "n (   
,*aptal has be5 m5tion$ z belong+ to !  
commission :i* 0 appo9t$ to /udy ,a*>d's

 process because x 0  ?r\gh ! influ5ce (
 ,*aptal1 :o _h !n become a ,c\nt1 t !  
,emp]or ,napoleon on ,janu>y #ae1 #ahaa1
 issu$ 8 decree e/abli%+  ! beet sug>   
indu/ry z a national indu/ry ( ,france &
 grant+  a subv5tion !reto4 ,?is decree 
ord]$ t "o hundr$ ?\s&  hect>es %\ld be 
plant$ 9 beets 9 ,france4 ,bo? ! taxes &
 !  octroi 7 )drawn ^u all sug> produc$ 
f beets = a p]iod  ( f\r ye>s4 ,!re 7   
also to be e/abli%$1 accord+ to !       
decree1 f\r c5tral beet sug> factories1 
& x 0 ord]$ t !  crop ( sug> beets 9    
#ahab & #ahac %\ld rea* two million     
kilograms  ( raw sug>4 ,! disa/r\s      
,russian campaign & ! subsequ5t fall  ( 
! ,napoleonic dyna/y int]rupt$ b did n  
de/roy ! indu/ry4    ,! e/abli%m5t ( an 
indu/ry by imp]ial decree is p]haps a   
novel  me?od ( proc$ure & gave rise at t
 "t to a c>icature 9 :i*  ! ,emp]or     
,napoleon & ! "y ,k+ ( ,rome figur$ z ! 
mo/  important *>act]s4 ,! ,emp]or 0    
repres5t$ z seat$ 9 !  nurs]y ) a cup ( 
c(fee be=e him into :i* he 0 squeez+ !  

juice ( a beet4 ,ne> him 0 seat$ ! "y   
,k+ ( ,rome voraci\sly  suck+ a beet    
root :ile ! nurse /&+ ne> & /eadfa/ly   
obs]v+ ! process is say+ to ! y\?ful    
mon>*--8,suck1 de>1  suck1 y\r fa!r says
 x's sug>40    ,by reason ( ! emb>go    
laid on comm]ce by ,engl& ! cane sug>   
com+ f tropical isl&s _h be5 kept out ( 
! cont95t1 s 9  ord] to supply !        
defici5cy ! ,emp]or ,napoleon issu$ !   
decree  m5tion$4 ,due to ?is impetus !  
indu/ry grew rapidly 9 ,france  ev5 aft]
 ! fall ( ! empire & 9 ! c\rse ( #bj    
ye>s _h  assum$ proportions ( comm]cial 
importance4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod ,g]man      
sci5ti/s became int]e/$ 9 ! matt] & by  
/udies direct$ to  ! improvem5t ( ! sug>
 9 ! beet & me?ods ( manufacture  laid !
 f\ndation ( a great indu/ry 9 ,g]many  
:i* has outclass$  ! simil> indu/ries ( 
all o!r c\ntries4    ,! production (    
beet sug> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 only a few
  ?\s& p\nds 9 #ahgi & dur+ t & succe$+ 
ye>s a numb]  ( factories 7 built4 ,all 
( ^!1 h[ev]1 7 unsuccessful  except "o  

:i* 0 locat$ 9 ,alv>ado1 ,cali=nia1 &   
:i* has  be5 cont9u\sly op]at$ ev] s9ce4
 ,9 #ahhd ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t (         
,agriculture und]took anew !            
inve/igation ( ! conditions :i*  7      
favorable to ! sug> beet indu/ry & z a  
result ( ^!  inve/igations a new />t 0  
made on a m sub/antial basis4 ,!        
indu/ry has s9ce !n ext5sively gr[n 9   
importance until at !  pres5t "t z mu*  
sug> is made f ! sug> beet 9 ?is c\ntry 
z f ! sug> cane4 ,9 ord] t an adequate  
idea ( ! magnitude  ( ! sug> indu/ry 9 !
 _w may be _h a /ati/ical table is      
submitt$ on page #dga1 %[+ ! production 
( sug> 9 ! _w  dur+ ! ye> #aijf4    ,!  
fir/ important report on ! beet sug>    
indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$  ,/ates 0 made by    
,mc,murtrie z a special report ,no4 #bh 
on ! culture  ( ! sug> beet1 issu$ 9    
#ahhj by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,x 
is !re rec\nt$ t two ,philadelphians1 z 
e>ly z #ahhj1 became  int]e/$ 9 ! beet  
sug> indu/ry :i* 0 !n 9 its infancy  9  
,europe4 ,eight ye>s lat] ,david ,l4    

,*ild und]took 9 a small way  !         
production ( beet sug> 9 ,nor?ampton1   
,mass41 & issu$ a  small "w on !        
subject1 entitl$ 8,! ,culture ( ! ,beet 
& !  ,manufacture ( ,beet ,sug>40 ,he   
reports t he _h gr[n beets t  w\ld yield
 #f p]c5t ( sug> :i* co/ n m ?an #aa    
c5ts a  p\nd4 ,he made 9 all ab\t "o    
?\s&1 ?ree hundr$ p\nds ( sug>4         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--;,,correct   
,,position ,,( ,a ,,mature ,,beet ,,9   
,,!  ,,soil4--7,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #eb47   
,! fir/ factory ( any consid]able size 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0  erect$ 9 #ahfc at   
,*atswor?1 ,ill41 b ?is prov$ to be a   
f9ancial  failure4 ,a beet sug> factory 
0 erect$ 9 ! ,sacram5to ,valley1        
,cali=nia1 9 #ahfi1 & aft] v>i\s        
vicissitudes a p]man5t factory  0       
e/abli%$ at ,alv>ado1 z has already be5 
m5tion$4 ,9 #ahgd z  mu* z #a1ejj1jjj   
p\nds ( beet sug> 7 made 9 ,cali=nia4 ,9
 #ahgj  & #ahga ,new ,j]sey &           
,massa*usetts enact$ legislation exempt+
  f taxation = a p]iod ( #aj ye>s all   

prop]ty devot$ to !  production ( beet  
sug>4 ,factories 7 e/abli%$ 9           
,massa*usetts  & 9 ,delaw>e lat] on1 b  
^! all suff]$ f9ancial rev]ses4 ,x  0 n 
until ! latt] "p ( ! #hj's t ! beet sug>
 indu/ry  9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 plac$ ^u a
 pay+ basis1 & ev5 s9ce  t date _m      
v5tures 9 ! manufacture ( beet sug> h   
result$  9 f9ancial loss & 9 ! ab&onm5t 
( ! factories4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#fi4--,,map ,,%[+ ,,temp]ature ,,zone   
,,9 ,,:i* ,,!  ,,sug> ,,beet ,,atta9s   
,,its ,,greate/ ,,p]fection4--7,f>m]s'  
,bullet9 ,no4  #eb1 ,dep>tm5t (         
,agriculture47      ,conditions (       
,cultivation4--,! sug> beet 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates  does n produce its maximum      
cont5t ( sug> 9 areas :]e ! mean        
temp]ature = ! ?ree mon?s ( ,june1      
,july1 & ,augu/ rises above  #gj degrees
 ,f4 ,! s\!rn limit ( ?is area is an    
irregul>1 wav+  l9e1 z indicat$ 9 !     
accompany+ map 7,fig4 #fi74 ,!re are1 ( 
c\rse1 localities :]e high-grade beets c
 be produc$ s\? (  ?is l9e1 b 9 po9t (  

fact ne>ly e successful beet sug>       
ent]prise has be5 locat$ )9 ! field     
indicat$4 ,!re is  really no limit to ! 
nor!rn edge ( ?is belt except t ( %ort  
seasons1 incid5t to late fro/s ( spr+ & 
e>ly fro/s ( autumn4  ,to successfully  
compete 9 ! sug> m>kets ( ! _w ! sug>   
beet %\ld ent] ! factory ) an av]age    
p]c5tage ( sug> (  n less ?an #ab4 ,v   
mu* ri*] beets are (t5 produc$ & 9 "s  (
 ! irrigat$ areas ( ! we/1 :]e ! climate
 is rem>kably  dry1 an av]age p]c5tage (
 #af & #ah ev5 has be5 obta9$4 ,9 !     
:ole beet sug> crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! 
av]age p]c5tage (  sug> 9 ! beet is     
probably n f> f #ac or #ad4 ,9 ?is      
respect x  is se5 t ! beet is ri*] 9    
sug> ?an ! av]age sug> cane (           
,l\isiana1 :i* does n conta9 ov] #aa or 
#ab p]c5t ( sug>4    ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #gj4--;,a ,,field ,,( ,,beets    
,,ready ,,=  ,,h>ve/+4--7,bureau (      
,plant ,indu/ry47      ,yield p]        
,acre4--,! av]age yield p] acre ( sug>  
beets 9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates is un=tunately 

v l[1 due *iefly to ignorance (  ! prop]
 me?od ( culture4 ,! sug> beet is m ( a 
g>d5 ?an  a field crop & requires       
special cultivation & f]tilization4 ,!  
av]age yield 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has      
probably n exce$$ eight  tons p] acre1  
:ile ! av]age yield 9 ,europe is twelve 
or ?irte5  tons p] acre4 ,9 ?is respect 
! ,l\isiana sug> cane has a m>k$        
advantage1 ! av]age crop be+ ov] tw5ty  
tons1 :ile ?irty &  ev5 =ty tons are (t5
 obta9$4 ,z soon z our f>m]s le>n !     
pr9ciples ( culture x is c]ta9 t !      
av]age yield 9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates w be z  
great z t 9 ,europe4 ,a typical field ( 
beets ready = ! h>ve/ is %[n 9 ,fig4    
#gj4      ,manufacture4--,! manufacture 
( beet sug> is bo? a simple & a         
complicat$ op]ation4 ,! simplicity ( x  
consi/s 9 ! fact t  x is only necess>y  
to extract ! sac*>9e juices ( ! beet1   
prop]ly cl>ify !m1 & r$uce !m by        
evaporation to a po9t :]e  ! sug> w     
cry/allize4 ,9 reality ! op]ation (     
successful  manufacture requires        

elaborate & co/ly ma*9]y & a high degree
  ( te*nical skill4 ,a brief outl9e ( ! 
me?od w be suffici5t  = ! purpose ( ?is 
manual4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#ga4--;,,beets ,,ready ,,=              
,,transportation ,,to                   
,,factory4--7,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry47
    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4                
#gb4--;,,diffusion ,,batt]y4--7,f>m]s'  
,bullet9 #eb47    ,! beets1 aft] h>ve/+1
 h ! tops cut (f ) a small  quantity ( !
 adh]+ mat]ial ( ! neck ( ! beet1 :i*   
conta9s l>ge quantities ( salts & is n  
suitable to ent] !  factory4 ,9 ,fig4   
#ga is %[n a view ( a beet field aft] ! 
h>ve/4  ,! beets are !n ?or\ghly wa%$ & 
pass$ ?r\gh a slic+  ma*9e 9 :i* !y are 
cut up into ?9 slices or ribbons4 ,!y !n
  ent] a s]ies ( tanks1 kn[n z a        
diffusion batt]y1 9 :i* !y  are ?or\ghly
 treat$ ) hot wat]1 by means ( :i*      
practically  all ( ! sug> :i* !y conta9 
is extract$4 ,! sac*>9e  product obta9$1
 kn[n z ! diffusion juice1 is treat$ ) a
  l>ge excess ( lime1 heat$1 & c>bonic  

acid d]iv$ f a lime  kiln bl[n ?r\gh x  
until ! lime is all conv]t$ into a      
c>bonate  c>ry+ d[n ) x ! impurities ( !
 juices4 ,! diffusion  juice z x comes f
 ! diffusion batt]y is usually almo/ z  
black  z ink4 ,aft] c>bonatation1 z !   
process above is call$1 x is ( a  cle>1 
light amb] t9t4 ,to sep>ate ! liquid f !
 solid matt]  ! :ole is pass$ ?r\gh a   
filt] press f :i* ! juice em]ges  bright
 & cle> & ! c>bonate ( lime ) its adh]+ 
impurities  rema9s 9 ! filt] press z h>d
 cakes4 ,?is process is repeat$ 9  ord] 
to secure z great a purity z possible 9 
! juice4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#gc4--,,multiple-,,effect ,,evaporat+   
,,app>atus4--7,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #eb47    
,evaporation4--,! purifi$ juice is      
conduct$ into multiple-effect  vacuum   
pans1 ,fig4 #gc1 f :i* ! air is p>tially
 exhau/$ by  a pump1 ! vacuum ris+ 9 !  
s]ies4 ,!re are usually ?ree or  f\r (  
^! pans connect$ toge!r1--! fir/ "o hav+
 ! lea/  air exhau/$ f x & ! la/ "o !   
mo/1 t is1 hav+ !  highe/ vacuum4 ,!    

vapor :i* arises f ! fir/ pan is        
conduct$  ?r\gh ! copp] coils to !      
second & s]ves z ! heat+ ag5t  :ile !   
vapor f ! second pan passes ?r\gh !     
copp] coils to  ! ?ird & s on to ! f\r?4
 ,?us ! /eam us$ = evaporat+  is turn$  
only on ! fir/ pan & by ?is means a     
great economy 9  ! use ( fuel is secur$4
 ,9 ?is way ! juice is evaporat$ to a   
sirup4 ,?is is usually some:at color$ & 
if :ite sug> is made x  is blea*$ by    
pass+ ?r\gh bone-black or by !          
application (  sulfur fumes4 ,:5 sulfur 
is us$ x is (t5 appli$ fir/ to !        
unevaporat$ juice z well z to ! sirup4  
,f9al ,cry/allization4--,! sirup is n[  
ready = ! f9al process1  :i* takes place
 9 :at is kn[n z ! vacuum /rike pan1    
,fig4 #gd4 ,a  consid]able quantity (   
sirup is introduc$ s z to cov] ! l[]    
coils ( ?is pan &1 aft] ! vacuum is     
e/abli%$ by a pump1  evaporat$ to !     
cry/alliz+ po9t4 ,an additional quantity
 ( cold  sirup is !n drawn into ! pan1  
*ill+ ! mass & ?us produc+  incipi5t    

cry/allization 9 ! =m ( extremely m9ute 
cry/als4 ,!  evaporation is n[ cont9u$ )
 ! addition ( sirup f "t to  "t1 by :i* 
process ! sug> cry/als beg9 to gr[4 ,9 !
 c\rse  ( a few h\rs ! pan is full (    
cry/als ( ! size desir$4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,,vacuum     
,,/rike ,,pan4--7,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #eb47 
,purification ( ! ,sug>4--,! vacuum is  
brok5 & ! cry/alliz$  mass ( sug> drawn 
into a mix+ app>atus :]eby all lumps are
  brok5 up & a uni=m magma secur$4 ,?is 
is done :ile ! mass is  /ill w>m4 ,7 x  
all[$ to cool x w\ld be extremely       
difficult  to break x up4 ,! w>m mixture
 is !n pass$ into ! c5trifugal  ma*9e1  
by means ( :i* ! molasses is sep>at$ f !
 cry/als  & ^! rema9 z :ite pure cry/als
 9 ! pan4 ,! :ole process  ( sep>at+ !  
juice f ! massecuite1 z ! mass is call$1
  occupies only a few m9utes4 ,?us !    
sug> is (t5 c5trifugall$ &  9 ! b>rels  
be=e x is cold f ! vacuum pan4    ,!    
above is m]ely ! outl9e ( a me?od :i*   
requires complicat$  app>atus1 (t5 (    

ext5sive proportions1 & :i* c\ld n be   
describ$ 9 detail except 9 a te*nical   
"w4 ,x gives ! read]1  h[ev]1 an idea ( 
h[ ! :ite sug> :i* he eats is made4 ,(t5
  :ite sug> is n made at ! sug> factory1
 9 :i* case !  blea*+ ) bone-black1     
etc41 is omitt$ & a br[n sug> is        
produc$ :i* aft]w>d goes to ! ref9]y4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,,sug> ,,cane
 ,,field ,,ready ,,=                    
,,h>ve/4--7,photograph$ by ,h4 ,w4      
,wiley47      ,gr[? ( ,sug> ,cane4--,!  
gr[? ( sug> cane is conf9$ to  tropical 
& subtropical regions4 ,9 ! ,unit$      
,/ates ?is crop is  gr[n *iefly 9       
,l\isiana & ,texas4 ,its cultivation    
does n ext5d  nor?w>d beyond ! c5t] (   
,georgia4 ,typical sc5es 9 sug> cane    
fields are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ge & #gf4      
,manufacture ( ,cane ,sug>4--,9 !       
manufacture ( sug> f !  sug> cane ! fir/
 process1 naturally1 aft] ! h>ve/1 is ! 
expression ( ! juice f ! cane4 ,at ! "t 
( h>ve/+ !  canes are topp$ 9 su* a way 
z to cut (f ! gre5 portion ( !  upp] "p 

( ! /alk & ! leaves also are remov$4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--;,,cane      
,,field ,,p>tly ,,h>ve/$4--7,photograph$
  by ,h4 ,w4 ,wiley47    ,!re are two   
me?ods ( extract+ ! juice f ! cane1 "o  
simil> to t describ$ = ! sug> beet b us$
 v little4  ,only "o or two factories 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates use ?is me?od (         
extraction4 ,! mo/ common me?od (       
extraction is by pass+ !  canes ?r\gh   
heavy mills4 ,^! mills are made ( great 
/r5g? s  z to be> an imm5se pressure )\t
 break+4 ,! l>ge/ mills  h a capacity ( 
gr9d+ f #ejj to #ajjj tons ( cane a day4
 ,_m  ( !m gr9d only f #bjj to #ejj tons
 p] day4 ,! mills are ne>ly  always     
plac$ 9 s]ies1 t is1 ! cane is subject$ 
to a d\ble  pressure4 ,! fir/ mill is   
uni=mly compos$ ( ?ree roll]s (  ! same 
size & set s t ! fir/ & second are n q s
  close toge!r z ! second & ?ird4 ,!    
second mill also (t5  consi/s ( ?ree    
roll]s ! same z ! fir/ mill b sometimes 
only two4 ,occasionally a ?ird is us$4  
,x is q cu/om>y to  spr9kle ! cru%$ cane

 z x comes f ! fir/ mill ) wat]  be=e x 
ent]s ! second mill1 ?us secur+ a great]
 degree (  extraction4 ,! residue f !   
mill is call$ bagasse & is commonly     
c>ri$ directly to ! furnace & us$ z     
fuel1 furni%+ /eam1  to evaporate !     
juice & drive ! mill4 ,! mills extract f
 #ge  to #hj p]c5t ( ! weight ( cane 9  
juice4 ,! sug> cane conta9s  ab\t #hh   
p]c5t ( its weight ( sug> juice4 ,x is  
se51 !re=e1  t a consid]able portion ( !
 sug> rema9s 9 ! bagasse4 ,by !  process
 ( diffusion a l>g] proportion ( ! sug> 
is extract$ ?an  by mill+1 b ! result+  
juices are v mu* dilut$ & require  a    
great] combu/ion ( fuel = evaporation4  
,cl>ify+ ! ,juice4--,! juice z express$ 
f ! cane is  a dirty-look+ mass &       
requires to be cl>ifi$ be=e x is        
conc5trat$4 ,x is a v common practice to
 subject ! fre% juice  to ! fumes (     
burn+ sulfur4 ,9 all cases ! fir/ /ep 9 
!  cl>ify+ is ! addition ( lime to      
neutralize ! natural acidity  ( ! juice 
& facilitate ! coagulation ( ! dissolv$ 

matt]4  ,! lim$ juice is next subject$  
to heat+ & z ! boil+ po9t  approa*es a  
sep>ation ( ! susp5d$ & coagulat$ matt] 
takes  place1 ! light com+ to ! top & ! 
heavy fall+ to ! bottom4  ,! common     
me?od ( sep>at+ ^! bodies is by skimm+ !
 top  coagulum & settl+ ! bottom portion
 & draw+ (f ! cle>  juice !refrom4 ,9   
addition to ?is to get a m complete     
sep>ation  ! heat$ juice may be run     
?r\gh a filt] press4    ,! cl>ification 
( sug> cane juice1 z is se51 is mu* m   
simple  ?an t ( beet juice4 ,! me?od    
employ$ = ! cl>ification (  beet juice  
is sometimes us$ = cane juice b n v     
frequ5tly4      ,evaporation ( ,cl>ifi$ 
,juice4--,aft] ! cl>ification is        
complet$  ! fur!r treatm5t ( ! juice is 
exactly ! same z t = !  sug> beet4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,,tapp+ ,,!  
,,maple ,,trees4--7,c\rtesy ,=e/        
,s]vice1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,,transport+ 
,,! ,,sap ,,to ,,! ,,sug>               
,,h\se4--7,c\rtesy ,=e/ ,s]vice1        

,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47              
,manufacture ( ,maple ,sug>4--,! maple  
trees 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  gr[ *iefly 9 ! 
,new ,engl& /ates1 especially 9 ,v]mont1
 ,new  ,york1 ,ohio1 & ,indiana4 ,v     
little sug> is made 9 o!r /ates4  ,!    
season ( manufacture is at ! beg9n+ (   
spr+1 :5 !  sap fir/ beg9s to run & be=e
 ! buds ( ! new leaves h  develop$ v    
ext5sively4 ,! season la/s f f\r to six 
weeks4 ,9  ,new ,engl& x beg9s ! latt]  
"p ( ,m>* & 9 ,ohio & ,indiana  9       
,febru>y4 ,! trees are bor$ & a tubul>  
spile driv5 into !  wood ?r\gh :i* ! sap
 escapes into ! bucket or o!r           
receptacle4  ,figs4 #gg1 #gh1 & #gi are 
typical sc5es 9 a small maple or*>d dur+
  ! season1 %[+ tapp+ ( ! trees &       
collection & boil+  ( ! sap4 ,! sap ( ! 
maple tree is extremely bright & cle>  &
 requires no cl>ify+4 ,x is usually     
evaporat$ 9 op5 kettles  or pans1 !     
vacuum process n be+ employ$4 ,!        
cry/allization  takes place at ! f9al   
mom5t ( evaporation & usually ! :ole    

mass is sold z sug>1 =m+ :at is kn[n 9 !
 cane sug> indu/ry  z concrete4 ,maple  
sug> is nev] ref9$1 s9ce 9 ! process (  
ref9+ ! peculi> flavor & odor :i* give x
 its *ief value  w\ld disappe>4 ,!      
quantity ( maple sug> made 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates  is almo/ negligible f a         
comm]cial po9t ( view1 am\nt+  annually 
to only ab\t #aj1jjj tons4 ,p]haps a    
great] quantity ( maple  sap is us$ 9 ! 
=m ( sirup ?an ( sug>4    ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #gi4--;,,boil+ ,,! ,,maple       
,,sap4--7,c\rtesy ,=e/  ,s]vice1        
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47      ,ref9+ (
 ,sug>4--,all k9ds ( raw sug> b maple   
are ref9$  be=e ent]+ comm]ce4 ,! public
 ta/e has dem&$ a pure :ite  sug> & 9 s 
f> z beet sug> is conc]n$ ! ref9+       
process is  a necessity1 inasmu* z raw  
beet sug> has a v disagreeable soapy    
ta/e & odor :i* r5d] x unfit =          
consumption4 ,on ! o!r h&  raw cane sug>
 is aromatic1 fragrant1 & delici\s to a 
f> great]  degree 9 ! raw /ate ?an :5 x 
is ref9$1 s9ce aft] !  ref9+ process x  

is difficult to di/+ui% ! product ( !   
beet  juice f t ( ! sug> cane4          
,process ( ,ref9+4--,! manipulation     
att5d+ ! ref9+ (  sug> is a some:at     
simple "o1 b exp]i5ce has %[n t x c     
only be done economically 9 v l>ge      
e/abli%m5ts1 _m ( :i*  co/ millions (   
doll>s4 ,! attempt to ref9e sug> on a   
small scale  makes ! product too        
exp5sive to compete comm]cially ) !     
product ( ! l>ge ref9]y4 ,! raw sug> is 
fir/ mix$ ) wat]  & melt$ & r$uc$ to !  
condition ( a sirup4 ,9 ?is /ate x  is  
treat$ ) lime & cl>ifi$ z has be5       
describ$ = sug>  cane juice4 ,sometimes 
at ?is /age x is also treat$ ) sulfur   
fumes1 b n usually4 ,aft] cl>ify+ !     
juice is filt]$ ?r\gh  bags or filt]    
presses s z to free x f all susp5d$     
matt]4 ,9  ord] to decolorize x x is !n 
pass$ ?r\gh l>ge cyl9d]s fill$  )       
bone-black f :i* x em]ges q or almo/    
wat]-:ite4  ,:5 ! bone-black loses its  
decoloriz+ prop]ties x is remov$  f !   
cyl9d] & reburn$ 9 clos$ retorts1 by :i*

 process x  rega9s its p[] to decolorize
 ! sug> solution4 ,! decoloriz$  juices 
are next tak5 into vacuum /rike pans1 z 
has already be5  describ$ 9 !           
manufacture ( sug>1 only ( a mu* l>g]   
size4 ,9  ^! pans !y are evaporat$ &    
cry/alliz$ & ! sug> sep>at$  9          
c5trifugals z describ$ above4 ,aft] !   
sug> comes f !  c5trifugal x is plac$ 9 
a granulat+ app>atus1 a l>ge revolv+    
drum suppli$ ) a /eam jacket f :i* x    
em]ges dry4 ,granulat$  sug> is almo/   
*emically pure1 (t5 conta9+ #ii4i p]c5t 
(  pure sug>4 ,! molasses f ! c5trifugal
 is dilut$1 pass$  ?r\gh bone-black1 &  
reboil$ & a new lot ( sug> obta9$4      
,f9ally :5 ! product becomes s l[ 9 sug>
 z n to yield a  :ite product l[] grades
 ( br[n sug> are made1 :i* are usually  
sold )\t dry+ & conta9 consid]able      
quantities ( moi/ure  & "s molasses4 ,! 
f9al molasses :i* no long] cry/allizes  
is  sold usually = mix+ ) glucose to    
make table sirup4 ,x conta9s  s mu*     
m9]al matt] 9 solution z to be h>dly    

suitable = food  purposes4    ,loaf     
sug>1 cut loaf1 etc41 are =ms ( pure    
sug> :i* are press$  or cut 9 ! =ms 9   
:i* !y appe> on ! m>ket & !n dri$       
in/ead ( be+ dri$ 9 a granulat$ /ate z  
describ$4 ,p[d]$  sug> is dry ref9$ sug>
 r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]4    ,9 ! ref9+ (   
sug> x is q cu/om>y to wa% ! cry/als  9 
! c5trifugal ) ultram>9e blue susp5d$ 9 
wat]4 ,?is is  done 9 ord] to =m ) !    
blue wat] & ! yell[ t9t1 :i*  sometimes 
accompanies ! cry/als1 a p]fectly :ite  
appe>ance1 on  ! optical pr9ciple :i*   
%[s t :5 a blue & a yell[ t9t  are mix$ 
a :ite color results4 ,?is process is n 
requir$ = !  fir/-class product com+ f !
 fir/ cry/allization & v  (t5 deal]s    
require sug> = special purposes :i* has 
n be5 s  treat$4 ,x w\ld be advisable if
 all consum]s %\ld dem& a sug>  ( ! same
 "*4    ,:ile ! ref9+ ( sug> c probably 
nev] be aboli%$ x %\ld  n be =gott5 t ! 
v f9e/ sug>1 f a palatable po9t  ( view1
 is t made f ! maple or sug> cane )\t   
ref9+  9 :i* ! cry/als reta9 _! natural 

yell[ color4 ,if consum]s  und]/ood     
?or\ghly ! value ( a sug> ( ?is k9d !y  
w\ld  dem& x in/ead ( ! dead :ite       
product :i* is n[ 9 vogue4    ,z has be5
 /at$ a raw sug> ( ?is k9d c\ld n be us$
 if made  f beets4      ,sug> ,crops ( !
 ,_w4--,^! figures include local        
consumption (  home production :]ev]    
kn[n4    ,willett & ,gray's e/imates (  
cane sug> crops1 ,oct4 #ah1 #aijf3      
,,crop                                  
,,beg9s3    #aijf-jg4     #aije-jf4     
#aijd-je4    ,unit$ ,/ates--            
,l\isiana                ,septemb]      
#bfe1jjj     #ccj1jjj    #cce1jjj       
,texas                    ,septemb]     
#ad1jjj      #ab1jjj     #ae1jjj        
,porto ,rico               ,janu>y      
#bcj1jjj     #bac1jjj    #ade1jjj       
,hawaiian ,isl&s         ,novemb]       
#cie1jjj     #che1jjj    #chb1egf       
,cuba1 crop               ,decemb]      
#a1bej1jjj   #a1age1jjj  #a1afc1beh     
,briti% ,we/ ,indies--      ,tr9idad1   
exports      ,janu>y       #ej1jjj      

#ee1jjj     #ca1jjj      ,b>bados1      
exports      ,janu>y       #dc1jjj      
#di1fhj     #da1fjj      ,jamaica1 crop 
,janu>y       #ah1jjj      #ah1jjj      
#af1jjj      ,antigua & ,/4 ,kitts      
,janu>y       #bd1jjj      #bd1jjj      
#bd1jjj    ,fr5* ,we/ ,indies--         
,m>t9ique1 exports    ,janu>y           
#ce1jjj      #cc1jjj     #bi1ihf        
,guadel\pe               ,janu>y        
#cf1jjj      #cf1jjj     #cf1jjj        
,dani% ,we/ ,indies--      ,/4 ,croix   
,janu>y       #ac1jjj      #ac1jjj      
#aa1jjj    ,haiti & ,san ,dom+o         
,janu>y       #ej1jjj      #ej1jjj      
#dg1jjj    ,less] ,antilles1 n    nam$  
above                ,janu>y            
#ac1jjj      #ac1jjj     #ac1jjj        
,mexico1 crop             ,decemb]      
#aaj1jjj     #aje1jjj    #ajg1jch       
,c5tral ,am]ica--      ,guatemala1 crop 
,janu>y        #h1jjj       #h1jjj      
#g1fdj      ,san ,salvador1 crop        
,janu>y        #f1jjj       #f1jjj      
#e1ehh      ,nic>agua1 crop             

,janu>y        #e1jjj       #e1jjj      
#d1bce      ,co/a ,rica1 crop           
,janu>y        #c1jjj       #c1jjj      
#b1cje    ,s\? ,am]ica--      ,dem]>a1  
exports      ,oct4  ,may   #abj1jjj     
#aba1fic    #aja1bgh      ,sur9am1 crop 
,octob]       #ac1jjj      #ac1jjj      
#ac1jjj      ,v5ezuela                  
,octob]        #c1jjj       #c1jjj      
#c1jjj      ,p]u1 crop                  
,octob]      #adj1jjj     #aej1jjj      
#aej1jjj      ,arg5t9e ,republic1       
crop                   ,june            
#adj1jjj     #acg1cjh    #abh1ajd       
,brazil1 crop           ,octob]         
#bfj1jjj     #bge1jjj    #aie1jjj       
---------   ---------  ---------        
,total 9 ,am]ica                        
#c1bdd1jjj   #c1bcc1fha  #c1jje1fjh     
---------   ---------  ---------        
,asia--      ,briti% ,india--           
,exports                ,decemb]        
#cj1jjj      #ae1jjj     #cj1jjj        
,siam 7cons'n #cj1jjj      tons1 mo/ly  
import$7   44444          44444         

44444      44444      ,java1 crop       
,may          #iej1jjj     #iic1ijj     
#a1jjh1ijj      ,japan 7cons'n #bfj1jjj 
tons1 mo/ly import$7   44444            
44444       44444      44444            
,philipp9e ,isl&s1      crop            
,decemb]     #afj1jjj     #ace1fbe      
#ajf1hge      ,*9a 7cons'n l>ge1        
mo/ly import$7         44444            
44444       44444      44444            
---------   ---------  ---------        
,total 9 ,asia                          
#a1adj1jjj   #a1add1ebe  #a1ade1gge     
---------   ---------  ---------        
,au/ralia & ,polynesia--      ,que5sl&  
,june         #agj1jjj     #agj1jjj     
#adg1fhh      ,new ,s\? ,wales          
,june          #bj1jjj      #bj1jjj     
#ba1ebe      ,fiji ,isl&s1      exports 
,june          #dj1jjj      #dj1jjj     
#dg1jjj                                 
-------     -------    -------          
,total 9 ,au/ralia &        ,polynesia  
#bcj1jjj     #bcj1jjj    #baf1bac       
-------     -------    -------          

,africa--,egypt1 crop      ,janu>y      
#fj1jjj      #fe1jjj     #fj1jjj        
,mauritius          ,augu/              
#bjj1jjj     #ahh1cfd    #adb1aja       
,reunion            ,septemb]           
#cj1jjj      #cj1jjj     #cj1jjj        
-------     -------    -------          
,total 9 ,africa                        
#bij1jjj     #bhc1cfd    #bcb1aja       
-------     -------    -------          
,europe--,spa9              ,decemb]    
#ae1jjj      #ad1eab     #ah1eib        
-------     -------    -------          
,total ,cane sug> crops      7,w4  ,g47 
#d1iai1jjj   #d1ijf1jhb  #d1fah1bhi     
,europe ,beet sug> crops      7,f4 ,o4  
,li*t7            ,septemb]  #f1egj1jjj 
#f1ied1jjj  #d1gjh1geh      ,unit$      
,/ates ,beet sug>      crops 7,w4  ,g47 
,july  ,oct4  #cde1jjj     #bhc1gag     
#bji1gbb                                
----------  ----------  ---------       
,gr& total ,cane & ,beet ,sug>--        
,tons                                   
#aa1hcd1jjj  #ab1adc1gii  #i1ecf1gfi    

,e/imat$ decrease 9 ! _w's              
production                              
#cji1gii       44444      44444         
,adult]ation ( ,sug>4--,9 ! ,unit$      
,/ates !re are few  adult]ations ( sug> 
practic$4 ,! product has gr[n s *eap n  
only 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates b all ov] ! _w t 
adult]ations  are no long] a pay+       
process & :5ev] adult]ation ceases to   
pay  x requires no law to prev5t x4     
,:ite sug>s h be5 adult]at$  f "t to "t 
by ! admixture ( :ite e>? or t]ra alba  
7ei!r  gr\nd silicate1 gr\nd gypsum1 or 
gr\nd *alk74 ,i h nev] f\nd  any        
adult]ation ( ?is k9d 9 an ,am]ican :ite
 sug>4 ,:ite  fl\r has also be5 add$ to 
sug> z an adult]ant1 b t =m (           
adult]ation is n kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!  
only adult]ation :i*  is f\nd 9 ,am]ican
 sug>1 9 s f> z ,i "k1 is t incid5t to  
! process ( manufacture :i* ,i h        
describ$4 ,:5 sulfur is us$  9 sulfur+ !
 juice be=e cl>ify+ a trace ( sulfur\s  
acid may  /ill adh]e to ! f9i%$ product4
 ,:5 blu+ is us$ ! p>ticles  ( ultram>9e

 blue atta* !mselves to ! sug> cry/als &
 become  an adult]ation4 ,i h se5 sug> s
 blu$ t on solution ! wat]  w\ld turn   
blue4 ,sug> granules are also sometimes 
wa%$ ) salts (  t91 a v poison\s        
comp\nd1 & a trace ( ^! salts may /ill  
adh]e to ! cry/als4 ,sug> has also be5  
mix$ ) dextrose made  f />*1 9 o!r      
words1 f />* sug>1 or z x is ord9>ily   
call$1 anhydr\s grape sug>4 ,?is is a =m
 ( adult]ation :i*  has be5 little      
practic$ on acc\nt ( ! difficulty (     
gett+ a  dry />* sug> 9 comm]cial       
quantities4 ,rec5t improvem5ts 9 !      
manufacture ( dextrose h made x m       
probable t ?is =m (  adult]ation may be 
m frequ5t 9 ! future4 ,z a food product 
pure dextrose is probably z valuable z  
sug>1 b if x c be  made *eap] x w\ld    
become a fraudul5t adult]ation or if    
add$  9 any way )\t notice its addition 
is fraudul5t & con/itutes  an           
adult]ation4 ,!re is little1 h[ev]1 to  
fe> f ?is =m (  adult]ation z long z !  
price ( sug> does n g mu* above #e  c5ts

 p] p\nd4      ,sug> z a ,food4--,! food
 value ( sug> is well def9$4 ,x         
furni%es next to oil & fat ! mo/        
complete food = heat &  en]gy t c be    
consum$1 rank+1 ( c\rse1 z />* 9 ?is    
p>ticul>4 ,sug> is a quick-act+ food &  
!re=e is especially  valuable to relieve
 exhau/ion4 ,x is p>ticul>ly useful =   
soldi]s on a =c$ m>* or = p engag$ 9 any
 extraord9>y  ef=t4 ,a lump ( sug> eat5 
occasionally keeps up ! /r5g? &  prev5ts
 exhau/ion4 ,! value ( sug> z a food is 
n appreciat$  z x %\ld be1 s9ce x is    
valu$ mo/ly = its condim5tal &          
pres]vative prop]ties4      ,,sirup4    
,a v common =m 9 :i* sug> is us$ 9 ?is  
c\ntry is 9 !  =m ( sirup4 ,! ,unit$    
,/ates m ?an any o!r nation consumes    
visc\s liquid solutions ( sug> z a      
condim5tal food product1  especially at 
breakfa/ on hot cakes & o!r articles (  
diet4 ,table  sirup is an almo/ uni=m   
article ( diet ^u ! ,am]ican breakfa/   
table :e!r 9 ! h\sehold1 ! hotel1 or    
re/aurant4      ,maple ,sirup4--,among !

 sirups1 fir/ ( all mu/ be m5tion$ !    
mo/ valuable & highly appreciat$1       
namely1 maple sirup4 ,maple sirup  is ! 
product ( ! evaporation ( ! juice ( !   
sap ( ! maple  tree to a consi/5cy 9 :i*
 only ab\t #be or #cj p]c5t ( its       
weight is wat]4 ,?is is suffici5t to    
prev5t ! cry/allization (  ! sug> = at  
lea/ a reasonable l5g? ( "t4 ,maple     
sirup is  be/ :5 fre%ly made1 & if kept 
?r\gh ! summ] %\ld be put 9  t9s &      
tightly seal$ :ile hot4 ,9 ?is condition
 x w keep its  orig9al flavor almo/     
entirely1 :]eas if left 9 b>rels or o!r 
ord9>y receptacles its flavor is        
impair$4 ,maple sirup is also made  by  
dissolv+ maple sug> z occasion may      
require1 b ?is k9d is n  s highly priz$ 
z t made directly f ! maple sap4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,,small      
,,primitive ,,mill ,,= ,,extract+       
,,juice ,,f  ,,sug> ,,cane ,,= ,,sirup  
,,mak+4--7,photograph by ,h4 ,w4        
,wiley47      ,analysis ( ,maple        
,sirup4--,! av]age composition ( t5     

samples (  maple sirup ( kn[n purity is 
z foll[s3      ,total solids1    #gj4ej 
p]c5t    ,wat]1           #ca4dj        
,a%1               4#ec        ,sucrose1
         #fd4aj        ,r$uc+ sug>1     
#a4cj        ,! /udy ( ! a% ( maple     
sirup is an important po9t 9 connection 
) its purity4 ,x is di/9ctly diff]5t f !
 a% ( ! sug>  cane & sorghum1 & its /udy
 %\ld n be neglect$ 9 all cases  :]e !re
 is any d\bt respect+ ! g5u95ess ( !    
samples4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#ha4--,,mill ,,& ,,evaporat+ ,,app>atus 
,,= ,,sirup  ,,mak+ ,,9                 
,,georgia4--7,bullet9 #gj1 ,bureau (    
,*emi/ry47    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#hb4--,,relative ,,l5g? ,,( ,,canes     
,,us$ ,,= ,,sirup  ,,mak+4--7,photograph
 by ,h4 ,w4 ,wiley47      ,cane         
,sirup4--,sug> cane sirup is made by    
express+ ! juice (  ! sug> cane z       
describ$1 cl>ify+1 & evaporat+ ! juice  
to a consi/5cy :]e only ab\t #be or #cj 
p]c5t ( ! wat]  rema9s1 :i* is suffici5t
 to prev5t ! sug> f cry/alliz+  = a     

reasonable l5g? ( "t4 ,sug> cane sirup  
is made 9 hundr$s  ( small factories 9 !
 /ates ( ,texas1 ,l\isiana1 ,alabama1   
,mississippi1 ,georgia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & 
,florida4 ,x is usually  made 9 a small 
way ) mills driv5 by a horse or mule & )
  primitive me?ods ( evaporation 9 an   
ord9>y kettle4 ,h>d p9e wood  is burn$ =
 ! evaporation & ! empyreumatic flavor (
 ! p9e  is (t5 absorb$ by ! sirup4 ,9   
,figs4 #hj & #ha are %[n typical        
app>atus us$ = ! manufacture ( sirup f  
sug> cane 9 ,georgia  & 9 ,fig4 #hb !   
relative l5g? ( canes ready =           
manufacture4  ,9 factories :]e mod]n    
app>atus is us$1 9 s f> z ,i "k1  !     
vacuum process is n employ$4 ,9 fact1   
except = economy (  fuel1 ! vacuum      
process w\ld be objectionable1 s9ce by  
boil+ 9  an ord9>y op5 kettle a l>g]    
quantity ( sug> is inv]t$ &  ?us !      
t5d5cy to cry/allization is dim9i%$4 ,x 
is a common  b repreh5sible practice 9  
mak+ sug> cane sirup to subject !       
fre%ly express$ juice to ! fumes ( burn+

 sulfur4 ,?is makes a  light-color$     
sirup b introduces a sub/ance highly    
objectionable  & "o :i* de/roys to a    
c]ta9 degree ! flavor ( ! product4      
,exp]im5ts made by ! ,dep>tm5t (        
,agriculture %[ t delici\s1  :olesome1 &
 palatable sug> cane sirup is be/ made  
by cl>ify+  ! express$ juice solely by  
means ( heat & me*anical sep>ation  ( ! 
coagulum4 ,! addition ( lime or any o!r 
cl>ify+  reag5t is unnecess>y & only    
makes a sirup ( less desirable &  less  
palatable quality4 ,s9ce cane sirup is  
made uni=mly 9 op5  kettles or pans !re 
is a slight c>amellization ( ! sirup    
dur+  evaporation :i* gives a r$di% t9t 
to ! product1 :i* %\ld  be a m>k (      
sup]iority in/ead ( be+ s (t5 reg>d$ z a
 m>k  ( inf]iority4 ,! consum] %\ld     
always be suspici\s ( a sug>  cane sirup
 :i* is light 9 color4 ,x is probably a 
case ( 8,greeks  be>+ gifts0 9 ! =m (   
sulfur\s acid or o!r injuri\s  blea*+   
mat]ials4 ,sug> cane sirup is n         
appreciat$ by ! p  ( ! ,nor?4 ,9 fact x 

is r>ely se5 or consum$ by !m4 ,9 its   
own c\ntry1 h[ev]1 x is a /aple article 
( diet1 highly e/eem$1  :olesome1       
palatable1 & nutriti\s4      ,analysis (
 ,sug> ,cane ,sirup4--,! av]age         
composition ( ?irte5  samples ( cane    
sirup ( kn[n purity is z foll[s3        
,total solids1    #ge4j p]c5t    ,wat]1 
#be4h        ,a%1              #a4b     
,sucrose1         #eb4j        ,r$uc+   
sug>1  #ag4f          ,sorghum          
,sirup4--,! sorghum plant 7,sorghum     
sac*>atum7 is gr[n  practically 9 e /ate
 9 ! ,union1 b pr9cipally 9 ,kansas4    
,"s ( ! v be/ sorghum sirup made 9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1  is made 9        
,m9nesota1 & ?is plant c be us$ = sirup 
mak+  purposes ov] ! :ole area ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates4    ,! me?od ( manufacture
 is exactly t ( sug> cane sirup4 ,x is  
made 9 small mills mo/ly driv5 by horse 
p[]1 ?\gh "s l>ge  factories h /eam     
app>atus = its manufacture4 ,x %\ld also
  be made )\t ! use ( any o!r cl>ify+   
reag5t ?an heat4  ,sorghum sirup has a  

peculi> flavor :i* is n disagreeable to 
^?  accu/om$ to its use4 ,x is extremely
 :olesome1 highly nutriti\s1  &         
palatable4 ,x is a /aple article ( diet 
) ?\s&s (  families 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  
pr9cipally 9 ! nor!rn & c5tral  portion4
 ,x r>ely is made 9 ! ,new ,engl& /ates 
& n v (t5  9 ^? s\!rn /ates :]e sug>    
cane c be us$ 9 its place1  s9ce ! sug> 
cane makes a sirup :i* is pref]r$ by mo/
 p4      ,analysis ( ,sorghum           
,sirup4--,! av]age composition ( t5     
samples (  sorghum sirup ( kn[n purity  
is z foll[s3      ,total solids1        
#gf4j p]c5t    ,wat]1           #bh4f   
,a%1              #d4j        ,sucrose1 
#cf4g        ,r$uc+ sug>1  #bf4f        
,molasses4--,! t]m 8molasses0 is prop]ly
 appli$ to ! sac*>9e  product :i* is    
sep>at$ f sug> 9 ! process (            
manufacture4 ,x  is well to cle>ly      
discrim9ate 9 ! use ( ! t]m 9 ord] t no 
confusion or misund]/&+ may arise4 ,to  
?is end ! t]ms 8sirup0  & 8molasses0 may
 be contra/$4 ,a sirup is ! direct      

product ( !  evaporation ( ! juice ( a  
sug>-yield+ plant or tree )\t !  removal
 ( any ( ! sug>4 ,! t]m molasses applies
 to ! same  process ) ! exception ( !   
fact t sug> has be5 remov$  at lea/     
p>tially by cry/allization & "s k9d (   
me*anical  sep>ation ( ! cry/als f !    
rema9+ liquid4 ,molasses1  !re=e1 to use
 a t]m employ$ 9 *emi/ry1 may be        
consid]$ !  8"m liquid0 :i* has produc$ 
! cry/allization ( ! sug>4  ,!          
production ( molasses has already be5   
suffici5tly describ$  9 ! article on    
sug> mak+4 ,! molasses is ei!r sep>at$  
by  gravitation z 9 ! old /yle ( dry+   
sug> or1 z at ! pres5t  "t1 almo/       
exclusively by c5trifugal action4 ,!    
molasses naturally  conta9s all !       
sub/ances 9 solution or susp5sion :i*   
are n  reta9$ ^u ! gauze ( ! c5trifugal4
 ,x diff]s f ! total  mass ( evaporat$  
sug> liquid only 9 ! fact t a l>ge      
portion  ( ! sucrose or cry/allizible   
sug> has be5 sep>at$4 ,! sug>  juices ( 
! cane & sorghum conta9 consid]able     

quantities ( sug>  ( a k9d diff]5t f    
sucrose or common sug>1 namely1 an inv]t
  sug>1 a 8r$uc+ sug>10 z x is call$1   
:i* consi/s usually  ( ab\t equal p>ts (
 dextrose & levulose4 ,dur+ ! process ( 
manufacture small portions ( ! sucrose  
are conv]t$ into sug> (  ?is k9d ?us    
increas+ its quantity4 ,9 ! f9al        
cry/allization  !re is always a portion 
( sug> uncry/alliz$ rema9+ z a  visc\s  
liquid 9 contact ) ! cry/alliz$         
p>ticles4 ,?is natural  inv]t sug> :i*  
is 9 ! juice1 ! small portion =m$ f !   
sucrose dur+ ! process ( manufacture1 & 
! "p ( sucrose  rema9+ uncry/alliz$ 9 ! 
"m liquid con/itutes ! molasses4  ,9 !  
wa%+ ( sug> ! wat] :i* is us$ also      
passes into !  molasses ?us dilut+ x    
some:at f its natural consi/5ce4 ,9 !   
sug> ref9]y ! molasses is made up (     
practically su* mat]ials  z j m5tion$1 b
 inasmu* z ! sep>ation ( ! sug> is  m   
complete ! o!r portions ( ! molasses1   
namely1 ! m9]al  salts1 p>ticul>ly appe>
 9 a v mu* l>g] proportion ?an 9 !      

ord9>y molasses z w be se5 by ! analysis
 ( ^! bodies4      ,v>ieties (          
,molasses4--,new ,orleans ,molasses4--,!
 real ,new  ,orleans molasses is !      
product ( ! manufacture ( sug> 9 !      
old-fa%ion$ way 9 ! op5 kettle & )\t !  
aid ( vacuum  pans4 ,9 ?is process !    
cry/allization ( ! sug> does n take     
place dur+ ! boil+ b ! conc5trat$ liquid
 is plac$ 9 tanks  :]e ! cry/allization 
takes place4 ,:5 ?is is complete x is   
brok5 up into small fragm5ts & plac$ 9 a
 hog%ead /&+ 9 an  upright position1 !  
bottom ( :i* is p]=at$ & cov]$ )  /raw  
or fragm5ts ( sug> cane4 ,:5 ! hog%ead  
is fill$ )  ! cry/alliz$ mixture1 ?r\gh 
! action ( gravity ! liquid  portion    
gradually s9ks & passes out at ! bottom 
( ! hog%ead4  ,?is natural sep>ation ( !
 molasses makes a product ( exquisite   
palatability & "o ( a "* :i* x is       
difficult to equal ev5  by ! production 
( high-grade sirup4 ,be=e ! ,civil ,w>  
?is k9d  ( molasses 0 us$ ?r\gh\t !     
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at ! pres5t "t  only    

extremely small quantities ( x are made 
inasmu* z ! op5  kettle process is      
practically a lo/ indu/ry 9 ! ,s\?4 ,!  
t]m  8,new ,orleans molasses0 z us$ at !
 pres5t day1 !re=e1 applies  to a       
product ( q a diff]5t "*4      ,sug>    
,cane ,molasses4--,s9ce ! introduction (
 mod]n processes  ( mak+ sug>1 namely ! 
vacuum pan & c5trifugal process1 !  "* (
 molasses f ! sug> cane factory has     
con/antly  det]iorat$4 ,?is is a natural
 det]ioration due to ! improvem5t  9 !  
me?od ( sug> mak+4 ,mu* l>g] quantities 
( sug> are n[  obta9$ 9 a cry/alliz$    
/ate ?an =m]ly4 ,! molasses is to ?is   
ext5t impov]i%$ & ! impurities conta9$  
!re9 increas$  proportionately4 ,x is q 
common n[ 9 ! process ( manufacture  (  
sug> f sug> cane to secure at lea/ ?ree 
cry/allizations4      ,fir/             
,molasses4--,:5 ! sug> is cry/alliz$ 9 !
 vacuum pans  & sep>at$ f ! molasses 9 !
 c5trifugal ! product :i* is  obta9$ is 
call$ 8fir/ molasses40 ,usually ?is     
molasses is dilut$  to a sirup & reboil$

 9 connection ) ! cl>ifi$ juices direct 
f ! sug> cane & ?us a second portion (  
sug> is obta9$ or  ! molasses may be    
boil$ sep>ately & a second              
cry/allization (  ! sug> sep>at$ by !   
c5trifugal4 ,! molasses f ?is product   
is call$ 8second molasses0 & is inf]ior 
9 quality to ! fir/  molasses4          
,?ird ,molasses4--,! second molasses is 
reboil$ to a ?ick  consi/5cy & plac$ 9  
wagons1 transf]r$ to a w>m room :]e x   
is all[$ to rema91 sometimes = two or   
?ree mon?s1 :5 a ?ird  cry/allization   
takes place4 ,! sug> f ?is              
cry/allization is  sep>at$ z usual by ! 
c5trifugal1 & a ?ird molasses produc$ ( 
/ill great] inf]iority4 ,?us1 9 ! be/   
sug> factories high-grade  molasses is n
 made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates b only t (      
inf]ior  quality4 ,?is molasses is      
l>gely us$ = f]m5tation1 or is f$ to  ! 
mules on ! plantations4 ,x is also      
employ$ to a c]ta9 ext5t  = mix+        
purposes z indicat$ above4              
,analysis ( ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird     

,molasses4--                            
----------------------------------------
------------------                      
,,acids            ,,total   ,,su-      
,,dex-  ,,levu-       ,,albu-           
,,&           ,,solids4,,crose4,,trose4 
,,lose4 ,,a%4 ,,m9oids4,,amids4 ,,gums4 
----------------------------------------
------------------            ,p]- ,p]- 
,p]- ,p]- ,p]-  ,p]-  ,p]-,p]-          
c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4 c5t4 c5t4c5t4      
,fir/1  #hj4jj  #ec4fj #h4gf   #h4jj    
#d4jj   #j4bj   #j4id  #d4ej    ,second1
 #hj4jj  #da4gjab4bj  #ab4ej #e4ce      
#j4be   #a4ej  #f4ej    ,?ird   #hj4jj  
#ca4gjae4jj  #af4ej #f4cj   #j4cj       
#b4jj  #h4bj                            
----------------------------------------
------------------    ,! increas+ cont5t
 ( dextrose & levulose1 ( a%1 acids1  & 
gums1 & ! decreas+ cont5t ( sucrose or  
pure sug> are  *>act]i/ic ( ! second &  
?ird molasses4    ,! above analyses %[ !
 progressive *ange 9 molasses due to  ! 
sep>ation ( ! successive portions ( sug>

 & indicate !  l[]+ ( ! quality ( !     
molasses1 at lea/ = food purposes1  z ! 
sep>ation ( ! sug> becomes m complete4  
,x is evid5t  t 9 ! manufacture ( sug> 9
 ?is way1 9 :i* v probably an  ef=t is  
made to get ! highe/ possible yield1 !  
result+ f9al  molasses is a sub/ance q  
unfit = human consumption4              
,sug>-h\se ,molasses4--,att5tion has    
already be5 call$ to !  production (    
sug>-h\se molasses or sug> ref9]y       
molasses4 ,?is  is a product :i* 9 its  
physical appe>ance is f> sup]ior to !   
?ird molasses ( ! sug> factory & ?is    
sup]iority is due to  ! fact t all      
susp5d$ matt] 9 ! ref9$ molasses has be5
  sep>at$ by filtration4 ,9 s f> z      
soluble mat]ials :i* are n  food is     
conc]n$1 h[ev]1 ! ref9]y molasses       
conta9s ev5 l>g]  proportions ?an ! sug>
 factory molasses4 ,! ref9]y molasses is
  n usually consid]$ suitable = food    
except :5 dilut$ z has  be5 be=e        
indicat$ 9 ! way ( mix+ sirup4          
,mix$ ,sirups4--,by f> ! great] "p ( !  

sirups us$ 9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates are       
mixtures ( two or m sac*>9e sub/ances4  
,!  glucose ( comm]ce is ! base & p]haps
 *ief con/itu5t ( !  mo/ ( ^! mixtures4 
,! glucose1 be+ colorless & ( a ?ick    
body1 =ms an ideal base z f> z physical 
prop]ties are conc]n$1  = a table sirup4
 ,! quantity us$ v>ies v l>gely1 b 9    
g5]al ! glucose con/itutes by f> ! l>g] 
p]c5tage ( !  mix$ product4 ,s9ce       
glucose has only a v slightly sweet ta/e
  & is devoid ( ! g5]al palatable       
prop]ties :i* make a sirup  attractive1 
x is color$ & flavor$ ) ! product ( !   
sug>  cane or ! maple tree4 ,sorghum    
sirup is also us$ v ext5sively 9  mix+4 
,! process ( mix+ is an extremely simple
 "o4 ,! glucose  is w>m$ until x is     
easily workable & ! add$ sirups or      
molasses  :i* are us$ = color+ & flavor+
 mix$ intimately ) x4 ,9  l>ge factories
 ?is is done by me*anical mix]s :ile 9 a
 small way  x may be done by h&4 ,in/ead
 ( glucose1 "o sirup itself may be  us$ 
z ! base & mix$ ) ano!r = flavor1 z1 =  

in/ance1  9 ! case ( mix$ maple sirup4  
,v commonly ! br[n sug> is  melt$ ) wat]
 & ?is is us$ z a base = ! =mation (    
sirups4 ,:i*ev] may be ! case ! pr9ciple
 ( ! process rema9s  ! same1 namely1 us+
 z ! base a *eap] & less palatable      
mat]ial & flavor+ & color+ ) ! m        
exp5sive & m  palatable mat]ial4 ,f a   
dietetic & comm]cial po9t ( view !re  c 
be no valid objection rais$ to ?is me?od
 ( mix+ sirups4 ,!  product is1 z a     
rule1 attractive1 palatable1 & :olesome4
    ,att5tion has already be5 call$ to !
 fact t ! f9al molasses  9 ! sug>       
ref9]y1 aft] all ! sug> has be5 extract$
 t c  possibly be gott5 out by ! mo/    
approv$ mod]n process1 is us$  v        
ext5sively = mix+ purposes4 ,?is        
molasses has a v high  cont5t ( soluble 
salts1 rea*+ (t5 #h p]c5t or m1 :i*     
gives  a di/9ct flavor & "*4 ,x also has
 acquir$ a c]ta9 flavor  f repeat$      
filt]+ ov] bone-black & 9 g5]al has a   
/rong &  pron\nc$ flavor :i* gives x a  
peculi> value z a flavor+ ag5t4  ,x is  

also a cle> product1 free f susp5d$     
matt] by reason (  its repeat$          
filtration4 ,x c ?us be mix$ ) glucose &
 =ms  a bright mixture1 devoid ( susp5d$
 matt] & turbidity1 & is  attractive to 
! eye4 ,t5 p]c5t ( molasses ( ?is k9d   
add$ to  a glucose w make a mixture :i* 
is attractive & salable1 &1  x may also 
be add$1 palatable4 ,! o!r products :i* 
are us$  = mix+ ) ! glucose 9 !         
manufacture ( table sirup consi/  ( !   
molasses obta9$ f cane sug> factories or
 ! sirups  made directly f ! sug> cane &
 sorghum4 ,all ^! bodies h  valuable    
mix+ prop]ties & small quantities ( !m  
give suffici5t  color & flavor to ! mix$
 product4      ,adult]ation ( ,mix$     
,sirups4--,! adult]ation ( mix$ sirups  
consi/s *iefly ( adult]ations t are 9 ! 
mat]ials f  :i* !y are made4 ,glucose   
itself (t5 conta9s sulfur\s acid  us$ = 
blea*+ 9 ! process ( manufacture4 ,x    
also conta9s  consid]able quantities (  
sulfate or *lorid ( lime incid5t to its 
manufacture & com+ f ! sulfuric or      

hydro*loric acid us$  9 ! hydrolysis ( !
 />* f :i* x is made4 ,! molasses  :i*  
is us$ = color+ & flavor+ may also      
conta9 injuri\s  sub/ances4 ,= in/ance1 
sulfur\s acid is v ext5sively us$ 9  !  
manufacture ( cane sug> & ?is acid      
becomes conc5trat$ 9  ! molasses4 ,lime 
is us$ v ext5sively 9 ! cl>ification (  
! juices & ?is lime is n :olly sep>at$ b
 "s ( x is  conc5trat$ 9 ! molasses4 ,a 
mod]ate am\nt ( lime1 h[ev]1 is  n      
objectionable4 ,salts ( t9 are frequ5tly
 employ$ 9 wa%+  ! sug> 9 a c5trifugal &
 ^! salts are f\nd conc5trat$ 9  !      
molasses4 ,! excess ( blu+ :i* is us$ 9 
! c5trifugal  is also f\nd 9 ! molasses4
 ,v>i\s =ms ( acid phosphates are       
frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! cl>ify+ ( ! cane  
juices & a "p (  ^! is also f\nd        
conc5trat$ 9 ! molasses4 ,9 fact !      
molasses  f sug> cane factories v       
frequ5tly conta9s su* quantities (  ^!  
add$ sub/ances z to r5d] x unfit = human
 consumption4  ,x is true t ^! sub/ances
 are dilut$ :5 mix$ ) glucose1  b ?is is

 n a suffici5t excuse to w>rant _!      
employm5t4 ,x  is possible to obta9     
unobjectionable sirups & molasses = mix+
  purposes & manufactur]s %\ld be held  
/rictly to acc\nt if  ?is is n done4 ,9 
s f> z has come to my k !re are no      
adult]ants directly add$ to ! mix$      
sirups except = blea*+  purposes4       
,att5tion %\ld be call$1 h[ev]1 to /ill 
ano!r =m (  adult]ation due to ! fact t 
! molasses f ! sug> cane  factories is  
(t5 s d>k-color$ z to be ev5 unfit =    
mix+4    ,9 su* cases x is n uncommon to
 blea* ! molasses by add+ z9c  & acid   
produc+ nasc5t hydrog5 & leav+ ! salts (
 z9c1  ei!r ! sulfite or *lorid z ! case
 may be1 9 ! product4  ,molasses conta9+
 salts ( any ( ^! heavy metals1 namely1 
z9c1  t91 or lead1 %\ld be rigidly      
exclud$ f consumption4      ,g5]al      
,obs]vations4--,if a sirup is to be     
consid]$ 9 ! light  ( ! def9itions      
already giv51 z ! result ( evaporation1 
aft]  prop] cl>ification ( ! sac*>9e    
juices ( sug>-produc+  plants x is      

d\btful if ! t]m %\ld be us$ 9          
connection )  ! mix$ products :i* h be5 
describ$4 ,i h us$ x because  ^! are !  
comm]cial designations4 ,s9ce molasses  
is also us$  v ext5sively 9 !           
manufacture ( ^! mix$ sirups x might be 
ask$ if !y c\ld n also be z prop]ly     
call$ molasses z sirup4  ,9 ,engl& !    
mat]ial :i* is call$ molasses 9 ?is     
c\ntry is  usually kn[n z treacle & ! v 
d>k molasses com+ f !  ref9]y or ! sug> 
factory is kn[n 9 bo? c\ntries z 8black 
/rap40 ,if molasses be conc5trat$ to a  
high degree & pull$ :ile  cool+ !       
product is kn[n z taffy 9 ?is c\ntry or 
t(fy 9  ,engl&1--x is also kn[n z       
molasses c&y4    ,! g5]al conclusion 9  
reg>d to ?is matt] is t s9ce !          
processes ( sug> mak+ h be5 s improv$ z 
to extract !  great] "p ( !             
cry/allizible sug>1 ?us conc5trat+ !    
residue ( an in$ible "* 9 ! molasses &  
s9ce1 fur!r1  ! use ( v>i\s *emicals 9 !
 cl>ify+ ( sug> juices has  become      
g5]al1 all ( :i* are practically        

conc5trat$ 9 !  molasses1 ?is latt]     
product has practically ceas$ to be     
edible4    ,! laws relat+ to !          
di/illation ( alcohol h be5 s am5d$  z  
to p]mit ! production ( indu/rial       
alcohol1 "u conditions  prescrib$ by !  
,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 free ( 
tax4  ,molasses is an excell5t mat]ial =
 ?is purpose &1 9 addition  to ?is1 is !
 *eape/ mat]ial :i* c be us$4 ,! obvi\s 
inf]5ce is t ?is mat]ial %\ld be us$    
exclusively = !  production ( indu/rial 
alcohol or = "s o!r te*nical uses &  no 
long] be prep>$ = human food4 ,!        
production ( /raight1 pure  sirups f    
maple sap & ! sap ( ! sug> cane & (     
sorghum &1  9 c]ta9 conditions1 f sug>1 
c be easily secur$ 9 quantities         
suffici5t to supply ! dem& n only = !   
consumption ( pure  sirups b also =     
supply+ ! mat]ials :i* :5 mix$ ) pure   
glucose produce ! mix$ sirups ( comm]ce4
 ,?us in$ible molasses  w\ld be elim9at$
 f human food & mix$ sirups be r5d]$    
unobjectionable articles ( diet4        

,,confection]y4    ,! t]m confection]y  
is appli$ to a wide range ( products :i*
 may  9 g5]al be describ$ z prep>ations 
( sac*>9e sub/ances )  v>i\s colors &   
flavors4 ,a common appellation us$ 9    
connection  ) confection]y & "o :i*     
describes p]haps ! major "p (  ! product
 is ! t]m 8c&y40      ,mat]ial ,us$ 9 ! 
,prep>ation ( ,confection]y4--,! sac*>9e
  mat]ials :i* are employ$ 9 !          
prep>ation ( confection]y are  sug>s (  
v>i\s k9ds1 namely1 maple1 cane1 & beet 
sug> toge!r  ) glucose1 dextrose1 &     
inv]t sug>4 ,/>*1 :i* is n a  sac*>9e   
sub/ance1 is sometimes us$ z a fill] 9  
"s =ms  ( confection]y4 ,! colors us$   
are ei!r ^? ( a vegetable  "*1 su* z    
saffron & annatto1 or d]iv$ f ! animal  
sub/ances1 su* z co*9eal1 or m g5]ally1 
t l>ge class (  bodies d]iv$ f coal t> &
 g5]ally kn[n "u ! "n (  anil9 dyes4 ,! 
flavors employ$ are ei!r natural        
flavors1 su* z  ^? d]iv$ f nuts &       
fruits1 or _! prep>ations1 extracts1    
su* z ! extract ( vanilla1 & syn!tic    

prep>ations1 includ+  a v l>ge numb] (  
artificial flavor+ mat]ials resembl+  to
 a great] or less degree ! natural      
flavor ( fruits1 nuts1 or  fl[]s4       
,*ocolate is "o ( ! mo/ common & "o ( ! 
mo/ highly  appreciat$ flavor+ reag5ts  
employ$1 be+ l>gely mix$ ) sug>  be=e   
us+4 ,n to be includ$ 9 ! p]missible    
mat]ials 9 !  manufacture ( confection]y
 are any p[d]$ m9]al sub/ances or  m9]al
 sub/ances ( any k9d 7except su* z are  
incid5t to !  manufacture ( ! product z 
! natural con/itu5ts ( ! raw  mat]ial71 
poison\s or h>mful colors or flavors1 & 
f]m5t$1  v9\s1 & di/ill$ liquors & drugs
 ( all k9ds4    ,"u adult]ations ! "q ( 
:at is h>mful or hurtful 9 su*  mat]ial 
w be m fully discuss$4      ,me?od (    
,manufacture4--,ea* manufactur] has 8   
own me?od (  mix+1 flavor+1 & color+ 8  
products & ^! are mo/ly  trade secrets4 
,a g5]al /atem5t1 h[ev]1 may be made    
reg>d+ !  me?od ( proc$ure4 ,! sac*>9e  
sub/ances are usually dissolv$  9 wat] &
 br\ght to ! prop] consi/5cy by heat+4  

,! colors  & flavors are add$ dur+ su*  
"p ( ! process z is mo/  favorable to _!
 incorporation & ret5tion4 ,! mass1 :5 (
 !  prop] consi/5ce1 is mold$ into !    
v>i\s =ms 9 :i* c&ies  are f\nd 9       
comm]ce & 9 _m cases poli%$ 9 revolv+   
drums (  copp] or o!r poli%+ device4 ,x 
w\ld be useless to und]take1  ev5 if !y 
7 kn[n1 to describe ! manifold me?ods   
employ$ to  secure ! fancy & high-class 
confections :i* are f\nd ^u !  m>ket4   
,cry/alliz$ ,fruits & ,fl[]s4--,:5      
fruits & fl[]s are treat$  ) sug> sirup 
:i* is subsequ5tly all[$ to cry/allize  
!re are  produc$ :at is kn[n z c&i$ or  
cry/alliz$ fl[]s or fruit4  ,^!         
sub/ances 9 ?is case become confections 
& %\ld be judg$  by ! same /&>ds z !    
/raight c&y4      ,food ,value (        
,c&y4--,! food value ( confection]y or  
c&y is n  z a rule consid]$1 s9ce x is  
eat5 m = its flavor & g5]al             
palatability & attractiv5ess ?an = its  
nutritive prop]ties4  ,nev]!less1 ! food
 value ( c&y is (t5 v high & is  measur$

 *iefly by ! sug>s x conta9s4           
,adult]ation ( ,confections4--,! "q (   
adult]ation (  confection]y is "o :i* is
 some:at difficult to discuss1 s9ce  9 !
 def9ition ( confection]y & c&ies !     
incorporation (  add$ h>mless colors &  
flavors is reg>d$ z a legitimate        
process4  ,x is evid5t t because a      
confection is color$ or flavor$ !re  is 
no reason = ! /atem5t t x is adult]at$4 
,confections  n be+ a natural product _!
 color+ & flavor+ _c be  reg>d$ z       
deceptive s9ce nei!r process c be us$ 9 
any s5se  to deceive ! pur*as]4 ,x      
foll[s1 !re=e1 t any k9d ( a  h>mless   
color+ or flavor+ mat]ial w be a        
legitimate addition  to confection]y4 ,!
 "q1 h[ev]1 ( :at is h>mful or h>mless  
is "o difficult to decide4 ,!           
manufactur] ( color+ & flavor+  mat]ials
 & ! manufactur] ( confection]y are     
always q ready  to c]tify t ! colors &  
flavors us$ are h>mless to heal?4  ,on !
 o!r h& ! physiological *emi/1 :o /&s   
ap>t f  ! comm]cial po9t ( view1 may be 

l$ ) difficulty to adopt !  same        
conclusions4 ,x is evid5t !re are "s    
colors1 especially  ^? ( a vegetable "*1
 :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z h>mless4  ,ne>ly   
all vegetables conta9 natural color+    
mat]ials1 ei!r  *lorophyll or d]ivatives
 !refrom1 :i* are1 )\t d\bt1 q  h>mless4
 ,! addition ( color+ matt] ( a         
vegetable "* to  confection]y is n      
reg>d$ z 9 any way a h>mful or delet]i\s
  +r$i5t to ! product4 ,! same may be   
said ( animal color+  matt]1 s9ce !re   
are also natural con/itu5ts ( animal    
sub/ances  us$ su* z co*9eal1 :i*1 z is 
well kn[n1 is d]iv$ f an  insect1 & h5ce
 ! addition ( su* a sub/ance to a food  
product  may be reg>d$ 9 ! pres5t light 
( our k z h>mless4  ,!re are also       
syn!tical prep>ations :i* f a *emical   
po9t  ( view & 9 s f> z kn[n f !        
physical po9t ( view are  closely       
id5tifi$ ) vegetable sub/ances4 ,^!     
prep>ations  may1 a priori1 be reg>d$ z 
sub/ances n injuri\s to heal?4  ,on !   
o!r h& almo/ ! :ole range ( m9]al colors

 :i*  =m]ly 7 s mu* us$ 9 t9ctorial art1
 namely1 ! oxids &  salts ( metals su* z
 copp]1 *romium1 lead1 ars5ic1 etc41 are
  reg>d$ by practically all au?orities z
 injuri\s sub/ances &  n suitable =     
introduction into food products4 ,!re is
 left !n  = consid]ation 9 ?is respect t
 va/ body ( color+ matt]s  d]iv$ f coal 
t> & kn[n 9 g5]al z anil9 dyes1 :e!r    
directly made f anil9 or n4 ,on ! "q (  
:olesom5ess (  ^! bodies !re is mu*     
division ( op9ion4 ,( ! _m :i* are      
kn[n1 h[ev]1 only a few are reg>d$ z    
h>mless4 ,p]haps ?irty  diff]5t dyes    
w\ld cov] ! :ole numb] :i* h be5        
pron\nc$  h>mless by exp]t obs]v]s4 ,!  
exp]ts1 h[ev]1 :o h r5d]$  decisions 9  
?is matt] d n agree z to ! h>mlessness (
 !  li/ j m5tion$4 ,"s ( !m include "s  
portions ( ! li/ &  exclude o!rs f _!   
comm5dation4 ,x s happ5s1 !re=e1 t  only
 a few s-call$ anil9 dyes h really      
escap$ condemnation at  ! h&s ( "s ( !  
exp]ts4 ,! g5]al "* ( anil9 dyes  & !   
well kn[n poison\s prop]ty ( ! radical f

 :i* !y  are d]iv$ leads to !           
supposition t x w\ld be v unsafe 9  any 
case to make an absolute /atem5t 9 favor
 ( any ( !m4 ,^!  bodies1 z a rule1     
und]go no *ange 9 ! metabolic processes4
 ,!y  pass 9 & ?r\gh ! cellul> tissues (
 ! body & are excret$  mo/ly 9 ! ur9e & 
h5ce place a burd5 ^u ! excretory cells 
:i*1 al?\gh light1 is unnecess>y4 ,!    
possibility1 too1 might be  tak5 into   
consid]ation ( a direct toxic effect :i*
 !y may ex]t  al?\gh 9 a m9ute degree ^u
 ! cell /ructures ?r\gh :i*  !y pass4 ,x
 is c]ta9 t ^! bodies c ex]t no         
b5eficial  effect ^u ! /ructure ( !     
cells & x is h>dly likely1 9  ! doctr9e 
( probabilities1 t !y %\ld be neutral4  
,x is  advisable1 !re=e1 to sugge/ to ! 
manufactur] ( confection]y  z well z ( !
 o!r food products1 b ( confections 9   
p>ticul>1 ! wisdom ( seek+ "s me?od (   
produc+ attractive  colors 9 _! products
 among s\rces :i* are op5 to no         
suspicion4  ,x might be t ?is w\ld be   
att5d$ ) "s exp5se & t  ! dyes :i* are  

unobjectionable may be m co/ly4 ,?is1   
h[ev]1  %\ld be a matt] ( v small       
consid]ation to ! manufactur] :o  has ! 
welf>e ( ! public at he>t4 ,! price (   
confection]y1 z  is well kn[n1 is out ( 
proportion to ! prices ( ! raw mat]ials 
( :i* x is made4 ,! quantity ( color+   
matt] :i* confections  conta9 is        
ackn[l$g$ to be m9ute s t :e!r ! colors 
co/ a  doll> or five doll>s a p\nd makes
 little diff]5ce 9 ! actual  co/ ( !    
product & ! highe/ pric$ colors w\ld n  
dim9i%  ! p]c5tage ( pr(it to any       
noticeable degree4    ,aside f ! use (  
h>mful colors & flavors1 :i* are always 
to be reg>d$ z adult]ants1 !re are _m   
o!r practices 9  connection ) !         
manufacture ( confections t may be      
class$ z  objectionable4 ,mo/ ( ^! h1   
h[ev]1 be5 =bidd5 by law 9  ! /ates & 9 
o!r c\ntries & are n[ =bidd5 by our     
national  law4 ,! addition ( gr\nd m9]al
 matt] 0 long kn[n z "o (  ! pr9cipal   
adult]ations ( confection]y4 ,?is1 9 my 
op9ion1 is  no long] practic$ 9 ! ,unit$

 ,/ates4 ,! sub/ances us$ 7  commonly   
kn[n z t]ra alba1 t is1 gr\nd talc1     
p[d]$ silicates1  p[d]$ *alk1 or gr\nd  
m>ble--9 fact any :ite p[d]$ m9]al      
sub/ance4 ,! object ( ?is adult]ation is
 manife/ly to increase  ! weight4       
,poison\s ,m9]al ,colors4--,9 ! e>ly    
days ( ! manufactur+  ( confection]y    
salts ( lead & comp\nds ( *romium1 z    
well z  comp\nds ( o!r metals su* z     
copp]1 etc41 7 employ$ =  color+        
purposes4 ,! use ( ^! bodies is n[      
extremely r>e1  h[ev]1 if x is ev]      
practic$1 & h5ce may be reg>d$ z a      
practice ( ! pa/4      ,glucose ,conta9+
 ,h>mful ,sub/ances4--,! blea*+ (       
glucose by  sulfur\s acid naturally     
leads to ! introduction into c&ies ( ?is
  sub/ance4 ,x is pres5t 9 m9ute        
quantities1 h[ev]1 & if !  glucose is   
c>efully made1 ,i may add1 9 negligible 
quantities4 ,!  dang] ( ov]-sulfur+ mu/ 
n be =gott5 & x is difficult to  draw a 
l9e ( dem>kation betwe5 :at may be      
reg>d$ z negligible  & injuri\s         

quantities4 ,! ab&onm5t1 !re=e1 ( ! use 
(  sulfur mu/ be reg>d$ z ! only safe   
way ( protect+ ! consum]  aga9/ an      
adult]ation ( ?is k9d4 ,! use ( poison\s
 flavor+  is p]haps m ext5sive ?an is   
g5]ally recogniz$1 especially (  t      
flavor :i* is suppos$ to be *>act]i/ic (
 ! k]nel (  ! pea*1 namely1 b5zaldehyde 
or its d]ivatives4 ,!re is also a  small
 am\nt ( hydrocyanic acid 9 ! k]nels ( !
 pea*1 almond1  etc4 ,?is is a v deadly 
sub/ance & no artificial prep>ation  ( x
 %\ld ev] be us$4 ,if !re be any flavor 
( ?is k9d 9 a  confection x %\ld be     
d]iv$ solely f ! almond or simil> nuts  
:i* conta9 only m9ute traces4 ,:ile     
nature1 z is well kn[n1  places poison\s
 sub/ances 9 _m food products1 !y h be5 
s  skilfully comb9$ z to r5d] _! effect 
! lea/ h>mful4 ,:5  man produces a      
simil> poison\s article artificially &  
adds x to  a food1 ! poison\s effect    
!re( is und\bt$ly increas$4 ,h5ce  ! use
 ( artificial h>mful flavors ( any k9d 9
 a food product1  especially            

confection]y1 is utt]ly repreh5sible &  
unp>donable4      ,alcohol4--,alcohol   
has be5 plac$ 9 diff]5t =ms 9           
confection]y1 sometimes enclos$ z drops 
)9 ! sac*>9e  sub/ance4 ,?is mu/ be     
reg>d$ z an adult]ation ( a v           
repreh5sible "*1 s9ce ^! products are   
eat5 s mu* by  *ildr5 & ! dang] ( injury
 f ! alcohol & ! dang] (  =m+ a habit f 
eat+ x 9 ?is way is extremely great4    
,?is  =m ( adult]ation is specifically  
=bidd5 by ! national law4  ,9 view ( !  
fact t *ildr5 & "y p]sons ( bo? sexes1  
& especially girls1 eat confection]y s  
l>gely x is incumb5t  ^u e manufactur]  
to see t no raw mat]ial is employ$ 9 8  
processes & no flavor+ or color+ or o!r 
add$ +r$i5t us$  :i* is 9 any way "u    
suspicion z be+ a h>mful or delet]i\s   
sub/ance4 ,manufactur]s %\ld rememb] t a
 m]e c]tificate (  purity f ! p]son mak+
 ^! sub/ances is ( little value  :atev]4
 ,ev5 if ! /atem5ts made 9 su*          
c]tificates are true  !y w always be "u 
suspicion1 because x w\ld be suppos$ t  

!y 7 made = ! purpose ( fur!r+ trade r  
?an = !  protection ( ! consum]4 ,9 !   
case ( two exp]ts ( l hone/y  & l       
indu/ry1 "o employ$ = ! purpose ( giv+ a
 c]tificate  to ! article ( food & "o ^:
 rese>*es are entirely  indep5d5t ( any 
comm]cial relations1 ! public w g5]ally 
give  ! decision ( ! latt] a great]     
weight4 ,inspection (fic]s "u  /ate &   
national food & drug acts %\ld give     
especial att5tion to  ! subject (       
confection]y z an article ( diet almo/  
univ]sally  employ$ & consum$ by a class
 ( ! community mo/ susceptible to       
injury4      ,,honey4    ,honey is def9$
 z ! nect> ( fl[]s1 ga!r$ & /or$ by !   
honey bee 7,apis melifica74 ,:ile !     
above is a good def9ition !re  is (t5   
f\nd 9 honey sac*>9e exudations ( !     
plant o!r ?an  ! nect> ( fl[]s4 ,_m     
plants conta9 sug> 9 _! saps & :5  an   
exudation ( sap takes place & ! wat] 9 !
 sap is evaporat$  a sac*>9e residue    
rema9s :i* is also ga!r$ by ! bee4 ,_m  
trees1 especially ( ! p9e family1 exude 

a sweet sap :5 /ung by a  k9d ( l\se    
7aphis7 & ?is is also ga!r$ by ! bees4  
,?us :ile  !re may be o!r exudations ( !
 plant f\nd 9 honey ! fact  rema9s t !  
true honey is ga!r$ exclusively f !     
nect> (  ! fl[]+ plant4 ,a honey :i* is 
made by fe$+ bees sug> sirup  or o!r    
artificial sug> food _c be reg>d$ z a   
g5u9e article4  ,! fe$+ ( bees1 :ile a  
/rictly legitimate practice1 %\ld be    
conf9$ to keep+ !m ov] p]iods ( fam9e or
 ! keep+ ( !m  alive dur+ ! w9t] or at  
o!r times :5 !y d n h access  to ! fl[]+
 plant4      ,hi/orical4--,honey has be5
 us$ by man = food f ! remote/          
antiquity4 ,9 fact1 9 e>li] times honey 
0 ! only sug> sub/ance  at ! disposition
 ( man4 ,he _h n yet le>n$ ! s\rces (   
great  supply :i* n[ are at 8 comm& or  
if he _h he 0 n famili>  ) ! te*nical   
processes ( prep>+ ! comm]cial article4 
,honey is approximately a pure sac*>9e  
sub/ance & ?is1 9  addition to its      
peculi> &1 to mo/ p1 pleasant flavor1 n 
only  gave x a vogue 9 ! e>li] times (  

necessity b has ma9ta9$ x  9 public     
favor :5 o!r & *eap] s\rces ( sac*>9e   
sub/ances  h be5 develop$4 ,9 fact1 at !
 pres5t "t x might be said  t honey owes
 its value ^u ! m>ket n to ! fact t x is
  a sac*>9e body b t x conta9s flavors &
 aromas imp>t$ to  x by ! fl[] & by !   
bee :i* r5d] x a luxury r ?an a         
necessity ( life4    ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #hc4--,,sw>m ,,( ,,bees ,,on     
,,b\gh ,,( ,,tree4--7,c\rtesy ,a4  ,i4  
,root ,co47      ,prep>ation (          
,honey4--,:ile bees /or$ _! honey 9     
holl[  trees or o!r suitable places 9   
e>li] times ?is 0 a d\btful  s\rce (    
supply4 ,! bee tree is /ill an object ( 
int]e/ 9 e  neighborhood4 ,_m wild      
animals1 especially be>s1 are v fond (  
honey & ^! animals 7 ! robb]s ( ! honey 
bee 9 ! days  :5 su* animals roam$ !    
=e/s4 ,s9ce ! removal ( ! =e/s  to su* a
 l>ge ext5t 9 ! int]e/ ( agriculture !  
bee tree is  becom+ a curiosity r ?an a 
matt] ( common occurr5ce4 ,wild  sw>ms (
 bees1 !re=e1 at ! pres5t "t1 f9d o!r   

places  = build+ _! hives ?an ! holl[s (
 trees4 ,!y are likely  to light ^u     
almo/ any po9t t af=ds !m a tempor>y    
support  & attempt1 at lea/1 to =m a    
colony4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 !y h  "s natural
 protection su* z t ( a holl[ tree1 ^!  
attempts  are usually unsuccessful4 ,9  
,fig4 #hc is %[n a sw>m ( bees1 :i*1    
ga!r+ on ! b\gh ( a tree1 h b5t x to !  
gr\nd4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#hd4--;,,artificial ,,bee ,,hives ,,"u  
,,%ade ,,( ,,grape  ,,v9e4--7,c\rtesy ( 
,a4 ,i4 ,root ,co47      ,artificial    
,hives4--,! artificial hive has n[      
become an insep>able  incid5t 9 bee     
culture4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( hives & _!      
relative  m]its _c be discuss$ 9 ?is    
manual4 ,!re are _m special works  on   
bee culture 9 :i* all ^! me*anical      
appliances1 :i* are s  favorable to !   
/or+ ( l>ge quantities ( honey1 are     
describ$4  ,! mo/ approv$ =m is t :i*   
p]mits ! deposit+ ( !  combs 9 small    
boxes :i* :5 fill$ usually weigh ab\t "o
 p\nd  & :i* c be easily remov$ f ! comb

 & are 9 a condition to  s5d to m>ket4  
,! prop] me?od ( locat+ bee hives is    
indicat$ 9  ,fig4 #hd4    ,! art ( bee  
keep+ is n easily acquir$ & x requires a
  natural aptitude z well z long /udy & 
rese>* to become an  exp]t bee keep]4   
,exp]ts diff] 9 _! op9ion respect+ !    
relative value ( hives1 & rival         
manufactur]s also d mu* 9 !  way (      
adv]tis+ "o or ano!r ( ^! contrivances4 
,all ( !m  t h m]its are su* z protect !
 bee1 dur+ ! mon?s :5  x is idle1 f     
/>vation & disease & af=d x e possible  
facility = /or+ its treasures dur+ !    
season ( activity4      ,di/ribution ( !
 ,honey-produc+ ,indu/ry4--,e "p ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates is suitable 9 "s respects 
= ! production ( honey4  ,naturally !   
extreme nor!rn portion1 :]e ! w9t]s are 
v  sev]e1 are less favorable ?an ! s\!rn
 portion = two reasons1  fir/1 !        
difficulty ( keep+ ! bees ov] ! w9t] is 
great] 9  ! ,nor?1 &1 second1 ! season (
 activity is mu* %ort]4 ,on !  o!r h& ! 
honey :i* is ga!r$ f ! nor!rn fl[]s is1 

z  a rule1 m highly priz$ ?an t ga!r$ f 
! m s\!rn  regions4 ,cali=nia1 p]haps1  
is ! greate/ honey-produc+ /ate 9  !    
,union1 ?\gh portions ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 
,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 &  _m o!r /ates h  
develop$ great indu/ries4 ,x is v common
  also = ! f>m] to h a numb] ( bee      
hives1 p>ticul>ly =  /or+ honey =       
dome/ic consumption1 s t ! mak+ ( honey 
is  almo/ z common on ! f>m z ! mak+ (  
butt]4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,a
 ,,frame ,,conta9+ #bd ,,boxes ,,(      
,,honey4--7,c\rtesy ,a4 ,i4 ,root ,co47 
,comb ,honey4--,! honey :i* is produc$ 9
 ! hives & remov$  )\t extract+ x f !   
comb is kn[n z 8comb honey40 ,z         
indicat$ above1 at ! pres5t "t l>ge     
am\nts ( ?is product are  made by !     
fill+ ( small boxes ( a size int5d$ = ! 
m>ket4  ,?is is1 by f>1 ! mo/ conv5i5t  
me?od ( h&l+ ! product4  ,a frame %[+   
#bd boxes ( comb honey z )drawn f ! hive
 is  illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #he4 ,x has also 
! additional m]it ( a practical         
gu>antee ( ! product4 ,9 ,fig4 #hf is   

se5 a box ( honey 9 :i*  ! capp+ is     
incomplete4 ,_m me*anical attempts h be5
 made  to imitate ! g5u9e comb & 9 _m   
respects a c]ta9 degree (  success has  
be5 atta9$4 ,9 fact ne>ly all ( !       
comm]cial comb  honey ( ! pres5t day is 
made 9 combs built ^u an artificial     
base 9 :i* ! cells ( ! comb are />t$ &  
sometimes built  to a consid]able dep?4 
,! bee is !n only requir$ to fill out  !
 rema9+ portion ( ! cell &1 aft] fill+ x
 ) honey1  to cov] x ov]4 ,?us ! labor (
 ! bee is greatly dim9i%$ 9  respect (  
comb build+ & its en]gies pres]v$ = a   
great]  production ( honey4 ,x mu/ be   
admitt$ t honey pres]v$ 9 !  comb has a 
delicacy & da9t9ess :i* does n atta* to 
t  :i* has be5 sep>at$ & sold 9 a liquid
 =m4 ,! comb honey1  !re=e1 comm&s a    
fancy price4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#hf4--,,%[+ ,,box ,,( ,,honey ,,p>tially
  ,,capp$4--7,c\rtesy ,a4 ,i4 ,root     
,co47      ,extract$ ,honey4--,:]e honey
 is to be %ipp$ to any great di/ance  x 
is f\nd difficult1 if n impossible1 to  

transport x 9 !  comb1 s9ce ! j>r+ &    
exposure incid5t to transit break !     
delicate cells & all[ ! honey to escape4
 ,= comm]cial purposes1  !re=e1         
especially :5 honey is to be %ipp$ to   
di/ant po9ts1  x is sep>at$ f ! comb at 
! place ( manufacture4 ,! usual  me?od (
 sep>ation is by c5trifugal =ce4 ,! caps
 ( ! cells  be+ remov$1 ! boxes :i*     
conta9 !m are plac$ 9 a c5trifugal      
ma*9e & ! honey =c$ out by c5trifugal   
action4 ,! boxes are  !n return$ to !   
hives :]e !y are refill$ by ! bees4 ,by 
?is  process extract$ honey c be made 9 
great quantities & = a mu*  l[] price   
?an ! same quantity ( honey /ill held 9 
! combs4  ,! pr9cipal objection to      
extract$ honey is due to ! fact t x  has
 be5 subject$ to su* ext5sive           
adult]ations z w be m5tion$  fur!r on4  
,!re c be no valid objection made to !  
"* (  extract$ honey :5 x has be5 prep>$
 "u compet5t direction &  ) ! skill &   
c>e :i* are requir$ by ! pr(essional    
honey  mak]s4      ,/ra9$               

,honey4--,/ra9$ honey is a v>iety (     
extract$ honey :i*  f ! brok5 or        
fragm5t>y combs is all[$ to fl[ by      
gravity or  by g5tle pressure4 ,9 su*   
cases1 naturally1 ! cell or honey comb  
is  de/roy$4 ,! residual comb is s5t to 
m>ket z beeswax4      ,prop]ties (      
,honey4--,honey at ord9>y temp]ature is 
a visc\s  liquid ( a t9t v>y+ f almo/   
colorless to almo/ black1  accord+ to ! 
"* ( ! fl[]s & ! season 9 :i* x  is     
ga!r$ & ! l5g? ( "t ( /orage4 ,x conta9s
 f #ae  to #be p]c5t ( wat] & usually   
has a small quantity ( =eign  sub/ances1
 incid5t to its manufacture1 su* z      
p>ticles ( du/1  poll51 fragm5ts ( bees1
 fragm5ts ( comb1 etc4 ,honey1 !re=e1   
is a some:at conc5trat$ solution ( sug>s
 & ^! sug>s are !  natural products ( ! 
fl[]s ( plants1 modifi$ to "s ext5t1 by 
pass+ ?r\gh ! organism ( ! bee4 ,9      
passage ?r\gh ! bee !  honey is         
impregnat$ ) a small quantity ( an acid1
 nam$ f !  ant1 =mic acid4 ,x also      
suff]s o!r *anges :i* are v /rongly     

m>k$ 9 flavor & aroma b :i* _c be v     
readily trac$  *emically4               
,pol>ization4--,pure honey1 t is1 honey 
ga!r$ solely f  ! sac*>9e exudations (  
fl[]s at ! ord9>y temp]ature (  !       
laboratory1 namely1 f #fe to #he degrees
 ,f41 has ! faculty  ( turn+ a plane (  
pol>iz$ light to ! left1 :i* is j  !    
opposite ( ! optical prop]ties ( cane   
sug>4 ,:5ev] a  honey %[s a "r-h&$      
pol>ization x is a cause = suspicion    
respect+ its purity4 ,a honey ( ?is k9d 
has ei!r be5 made by  fe$+ ! bees a sug>
 sirup or by ! ga!r+1 on ! "p (  ! bees1
 ( ! sac*>9e exudation1 be=e allud$ to1 
kn[n z  honey dew4 ,x is p]fectly true t
 bees may h ga!r$ honey 9  exceptional  
cases1 t is1 ! sac*>9e exudations ( !   
plants 9  g5]al1 :i* w %[ a "r-h&$      
pol>ization1 b ?is occurs  s infrequ5tly
 z to r5d] x advisable to reg>d su* a   
honey z  abnormal 9 quality4 ,!         
pol>iscope1 !re=e1 becomes an almo/     
indisp5sable implem5t 9 a /udy ( !      
purity ( honey4      ,wat]4--,z has     

already be5 /at$1 ! usual cont5t ( wat] 
9  honey is f #ae to #be p]c5t4 ,x v    
r>ely falls bel[ #ae p]c5t  & also v    
r>ely goes above #bj p]c5t4 ,9 extremely
 dry p]iods  x is evid5t t ! cont5t (   
wat] becomes less1 :ile 9 times  ( ra9  
or at ! fir/ adv5t ( ! fl[]s ! cont5t ( 
wat]  w be great]4 ,! bee naturally     
modifies to "s ext5t ! cont5t  ( wat] 9 
ord] t ! organism may dispose ( !       
product4 ,if  ! cont5t ( wat] is too    
small ! bee h&les ! product )           
difficulty & if ! cont5t ( wat] is too  
l>ge difficulty 9  ga!r+ & /or+ ! honey 
on acc\nt ( ! excessive fluidity  is    
exp]i5c$4 ,z be=e intimat$1 ! color ( ! 
honey dep5ds  l>gely ^u ! fl[] f :i* x  
is made4 ,:ite clov] gives a  honey     
almo/ wat]-:ite & among all !           
honey-produc+ fl[]s  is p]haps reg>d$ ! 
mo/ highly4 ,on ! o!r h& a plant l  !   
gold5 rod1 :i* fl[]s lat] 9 ! summ]1    
produces honey (  a deep yell[ &        
sometimes almo/ a black t9t4 ,! color ( 
honey1  !re=e1 indicates n only ! season

 ( ! ye> at :i* x is  /or$1 becom+ d>k] 
z ! autumn advances1 b also ! nature (  
! fl[] f :i* x is produc$4      ,a%4--,!
 cont5t ( m9]al matt] 9 honey is        
extremely small &  p]haps is l>gely due 
to ! me*anical entanglem5t ( du/ 9 !    
nect> r ?an ! exudation ( actual m9]al  
matt] itself f  ! fl[]4 ,9 "s cases !   
am\nt ( m9]al matt] is s small z  to    
become a m]e trace :ile 9 o!r cases x   
has be5 f\nd z high  z 4#c ( "o p]c5t4  
,a high cont5t ( a% d5otes ! exposure ( 
!  nect> previ\s to ga!r+ to an         
infection ( du/ or to "s o!r  abnormal  
condition4 ,a high a% cont5t1 !re=e1    
always indicates  t fur!r /udy %\ld be  
made respect+ ! purity ( ! product4     
,sucrose4--,! am\nt ( sug> 7cane sug>7  
:i* is f\nd 9 honey  is 9 normal        
conditions n v l>ge1 b 9 exceptional    
cases !  sug> cont5t1 t is1 ! sucrose   
cont5t1 may rea* z high z #h or  #aj    
p]c5t4 ,at su* times ! honey has only a 
slightly left-h&$  pol>ization or may   
become "r-h&$4 ,:5ev] ! cont5t (        

sucrose 9 honey rea*es z high z #h p]c5t
 !re is gr\nd =  suspicion t ! bees h   
be5 f$ on sug> sirup1 or t "s  o!r =m ( 
adult]ation has be5 practic$4           
,dextrose & ,levulose4--,! two pr9cipal 
sac*>9e compon5ts (  honey are ! sug>s  
kn[n z dextrose & levulose1 9 o!r words1
  tak5 toge!r1 inv]t$ sug>1 t is1 sug>  
made by ! inv]sion  ( cane sug> or      
sucrose4 ,9 ! nect> ( fl[]s ^! two sug>s
  exi/ almo/ 9 ! proportion :i* w\ld be 
expect$ if !y _h be5  =m$ f sucrose or  
ord9>y sug> by a simple *emical process4
  ,sometimes "o ( ^! sug>s & sometimes !
 o!r may be 9 slight  excess4 ,! names (
 ^! two sug>s indicate _! active        
prop]ties4  ,dextrose is a "r-h&$ sug>1 
t is1 x turns ! plane (  pol>ization to 
! "r4 ,9 ?is respect x resembles sucrose
 or  ord9>y cane sug>1 al?\gh x is n s  
/rongly "r-h&$4  ,levulose1 z ! "n      
implies1 is a sug> :i* turns ! plane (  
pol>ization to ! left4 ,! temp]ature ( !
 solution has a v  m>k$ influ5ce ^u ?is 
active prop]ty1--! l[] ! temp]ature  !  

great] ! left-h&$ rotation4 ,a honey :i*
 has a /rong  left-h&$ pol>ization1     
!re=e1 at ord9>y temp]ature is "o  9 :i*
 ! levulose is pres5t 9 full proportion 
or v slight  excess4 ,! o!r con/itu5ts (
 honey1 namely1 ! poll5 :i* is          
me*anically entangl$ !re91 ! du/ or dirt
 :i* is me*anically  atta*$ !reto1 !    
=mic acid imp>t$ !reto by ! bee1 & !    
o!r +r$i5ts1 are extremely m9ute 9      
quantity & are n1 z a  rule1 express$ z 
p]c5tage con/itu5ts4 ,9 fact ! mo/ ( !m 
are m]ely accid5tal con/itu5ts4         
,adult]ation ( ,honey4--,p]haps !re is  
no common food product1  ) ! possible   
exception ( condim5tal sub/ances su* z  
pepp]  & spices1 t has be5 subject$ to  
su* ext5sive & g5]al  adult]ations z    
honey4    ,! high price ( honey1 its    
position z a luxury z well z a food     
product1 & its attractive flavor & aroma
 h all comb9$ to  make x a favorite     
product = adult]ation4 ,9 addition to   
?is !  inv5tion 9 ! la/ ?ird ( a c5tury 
( an artificial product  resembl+ honey 

v closely 9 its physical prop]ties & be+
  itself a sac*>9e body1 namely glucose1
 has put into ! h&s (  ! adult]ator an  
ideal sub/itute = ! natural product4    
,!re is  only "o reason :y ! adult]ation
 ( honey ) glucose has n be5  m ext5sive
 ?an x is1 namely1 ! ease ) :i* ! *emi/ 
c  detect x4 ,! *emical prop]ties (     
glucose are v di/9ct f  ^? ( honey      
itself4 ,9 spite ( ?is fact1 h[ev]1 !   
adult]ation  ( honey has be5 mo/        
ext5sively exploit$ & until ! me?ods  ( 
detect+ x 7 develop$ x 0 almo/          
univ]sally practic$4  ,glucose is a     
wat]-:ite sac*>9e semi-visc\s mass made 
by !  hydrolysis ( />* ) an acid & !re=e
 =ms ! body ^u  :i* ! adult]at$ article 
c be built4 ,x has a l[ sac*>9e  value &
 _c be us$ alone b mu/ necess>ily be    
m+l$ ) !  honey4 ,! am\nt ( real honey  
us$ is1 z a rule1 a m9imum to give  !   
flavor & ta/e ( ! g5u9e article to !    
admixture4 ,x is  believ$ at ! pres5t "t
 t ?is me?od ( adult]at+ honey is  v mu*
 less practic$ ?an 9 =m] ye>s & ?is is  

due1 z has  be5 said1 to ! ease ) :i* x 
c be detect$ & also1 x may  be add$1 to 
! increas$ rigidity ( national1 /ate1 & 
municipal  inspection1 r5d]+ x difficult
 to place an adult]at$ article su*  z   
?is ^u ! m>ket )\t detection4           
,incalculable h>m has be5  done to !    
honey trade ( ! c\ntry by ! practice (  
?is /yle (  adult]ation4 ,only liquid   
honey1 t is sep>at$ or /ra9$1 c be      
easily adult]at$ ) glucose4 ,(t51 h[ev]1
 an attempt has be5  made to /ill fur!r 
deceive ! cu/om] by plac+ a portion ( ! 
g5u9e comb honey 9 a j> & !n fill+ x ) !
 adult]at$  mixture1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( 
! g5u9e article to a c]ta9  ext5t to !  
:ole4      ,adult]ation ) ,inv]t$       
,sug>4--,a mu* m subtle =m (            
adult]ation1 & !re=e "o mu* m difficult 
to detect1 is !  adult]ation ( honey ) a
 sirup made f inv]t$ sug>1 t  is1 !     
product obta9$ f cane sug> by ! action (
 a dilute  acid4 ,?is *emical process1 z
 has already be5 indicat$1 conv]ts  !   
cane sug> into a mixture ( dextrose &   

levulose4 ,^! sug>s  are id5tical1 =    
*emical purposes1 ) ! natural dextrose &
  levulose ( honey4 ,! *emi/1 !re=e1 has
 a mu* m difficult  task to p]=m :5 he  
attempts to diagnose ! pres5ce (        
artificial  dextrose & levulose 9 a     
mixture ( ! natural product4 ,!re  are1 
h[ev]1 c]ta9 qualities ( a%1 z well z   
o!r *emical  con/itu5ts1 :i* guide him 9
 8 "w4 ,:ile 8 conclusions d n  h t     
def9it5ess :i* atta*es to ! exam9ation (
 a honey  adult]at$ ) glucose !y are    
suffici5tly di/9ctive 9 mo/  cases to   
det]m9e :e!r or n a sophi/ication has   
be5 practic$4      ,adult]ation ) ,cane 
,sug>4--,a v simple =m ( adult]ation  & 
"o :i* _c be practic$ to any ext5t )\t  
be+ easily  detect$ is ! admixture ( a  
sirup ( pure cane sug> to honey4 ,z     
long z ! quantity add$ is n suffici5t to
 *ange ! optical  prop]ties1 s t !      
mixture becomes "r-h&$ 9 its rotation1  
! admixture ( a small quantity ( cane   
sug> sirup might escape !  detection ( !
 *emi/4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z cane sug>    

exi/s only  9 small quantities 9 honey !
 regul> & p]si/5t occurr5ce  ( mu* cane 
sug> 9 a honey w\ld be a j cause =      
suspicion1  al?\gh its occasional       
occurr5ce might be due to purely natural
  causes4      ,,miscellane\s4          
,m9ce ,meat4--,"u ! t]m 8m9ce meat0 is  
includ$ a l>ge v>iety  ( mixtures us$   
*iefly = pie mak+ & compos$ ( meats1    
fruits1 evaporat$ fruits1 spices1 &     
sometimes alcohol 9 "s (  its =ms4 ,x is
 n possible to describe any p>ticul>    
comb9ation  :i* w\ld be entitl$ to be> !
 "n alone1 s9ce ea* h\sewife  & ea*     
manufactur] foll[s a me?od ( h] & 8 own4
 ,a g5]al  description1 h[ev]1 may be   
giv5 ( ! manufactur$ article :i*1       
un=tunately1 has l>gely displac$ ! m9ce 
meat ( dome/ic  manufacture4    ,judg$  
by ! "n alone1 meat ( "s k9d w\ld be an 
important  con/itu5t ( ?is sub/ance4    
,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,v  few ( !   
m9ce meats conta9 m ?an #aj p]c5t (     
meat1 a l>ge  numb] conta9 less & q a   
l>ge numb] conta9 none at all4 ,suet  & 

tall[ are sometimes employ$ z a         
sub/itute = meat1 :i*  app>5tly         
satisfies ! consci5ce ( ! manufactur]   
ev5 if x  does n suit ! palate ( !      
consum]4 ,evaporat$ fruits1 su* z       
rais9s1 etc41 =m important con/itu5ts ( 
! mixture & also  fre% fruits1 9 dome/ic
 manufacture1 are v (t5 us$4 ,spices (  
v>i\s k9ds are also employ$ & ! mixture 
is sometimes flavor$  ) br&y or "s      
alcoholic bev]age4      ,press$ ,m9ce   
,meat4--,! mixture :i* is above describ$
 may be  dri$ & press$1 or press$ )\t   
dry+1 into a h>d firm cake  :i* r5d]s x 
m suitable = transportation & improves  
its  keep+ qualities4 ,!re is p]haps    
little diff]5ce betwe5 !  unpress$ & !  
press$ m9ce meat except 9 ! matt] ( a   
b9d]4  ,! b9d] consi/s usually ( />* or 
fl\r1 :i* s]ves n only  to give         
additional weight to ! mixture b also to
 hold ! p>ticles  toge!r4 ,/>* or fl\r  
is sometimes us$ 9 unpress$ m9ce meat   
also4 ,!re is ano!r advantage 9 us+ />* 
or fl\r1 namely1 t  ^! bodies absorb    

l>ge quantities ( moi/ure & ?us increase
 !  weight ( ! mixture4 ,m9ce meat _c be
 recomm5d$ on sanit>y  gr\nds1 s9ce !   
me?od ( manufacture is n always kn[n & !
  mat]ials f :i* x is made are n always 
select$ ) ! sole  view to ! excell5ce ( 
! raw mat]ials & ! heal? ( !  consum]4  
,! meat :5 us$ (t5 repres5ts wa/e       
mat]ial f !  table or factory & ! fruits
 are n necess>ily ^? :i* look  be/ b    
probably are ^? usually ( ! wor/        
appe>ance & !  comb9ations are made ) a 
view ( meet+ ! ord9>y dem&s (  ! m>ket r
 ?an ( cat]+ to ! t5ets ( sanitation4   
,x is n ! int5tion ( ?is manual to      
disc\rage any k9d (  legitimate         
manufactur+ indu/ry1 b1 9 view ( ! g5]al
  "* ( sub/ances ( ?is k9d1 if !y are to
 be us$ at all1  x seems advisable t !y 
%\ld be made 9 ! home1 ( mat]ial        
select$ by ! h\sewife & 9 a mann] :i*   
requires no special  treatm5t = its     
pres]vation1 r ?an to be pur*as$ at r&om
  9 ! op5 m>ket1 made ( mat]ials (      
unkn[n orig9 put toge!r by  an unkn[n   

process4      ,adult]ation ( ,m9ce      
,meat4--,assum+ t ! mat]ials :i*  h be5 
select$ are :olesome1 sanit>y1 & ( f9e  
quality1 !  pr9cipal adult]ations to :i*
 m9ce meat is subject$ are !  addition (
 *emical pres]vatives & artificial      
colors4 ,inasmu* z  m9ce meat is n      
expect$ to be ( any v def9ite color !   
use (  artificial colors is n common4   
,on ! o!r h& :5 m9ce meat is  made 9    
l>ge quantities1 transport$ long        
di/ances1 & sometimes  kept = a long    
:ile on ! %elves ( ! groc]y1 ! subject (
  pres]vation becomes a matt] ( s]i\s   
importance4 ,x is naturally  inconv5i5t 
to pres]ve a mixture ( ?is k9d by       
/]ilization1  ?\gh ?is has be5          
accompli%$4 ,! me?od ( dry+ & press+    
has already be5 describ$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1
 detracts some:at f !  physical         
appe>ance ( ! product4 ,! common me?od  
is ! addition  ( a *emical pres]vative4 
,at ! pres5t "t ,i believe t b5zoate  ( 
soda is ! "o v commonly us$1 & x w      
probably cont9ue  to be s us$1 by mo/   

manufactur]s until national & /ate laws 
or  an enlight5$ public op9ion elim9ate 
x f food products4      ,pie            
,fill]s4--,ne>ly alli$ to m9ce meat 9   
its "* is a l>ge  class ( sub/ances kn[n
 z pie fill]s4 ,m9ce meat itself1 z may 
be se5 f ! description :i* has be5 giv5 
( x1 is no?+  b a pie fill] ( a p>ticul>
 k9d4 ,un=tunately ! dem& ( !  dome/ic  
cuis9e is = sub/ances prep>$1 or        
p>tially prep>$1  = imm$iate            
consumption4 ,9 ?is way ! dem& =        
pr$ige/$ &  precook$ food has become a v
 g5]al "o & ! pie fill] is a  legitimate
 ef=t on ! "p ( ! manufactur]s to meet  
?is gr[+  dem&4 ,x is f> easi] = dome/ic
 purposes to make a pie ( an  already   
prep>$ mat]ial ?an to g to ! tr\ble (   
con/ruct+  ! mat]ial 9 ! kit*54 ,a      
h\sewife loses sight ( ! fact t  ! fre% 
dome/ic pie is probably ! only "o :i*1 =
 sanit>y  & o!r reasons1 %\ld be admitt$
 to ! table4 ,z ! pie fill]s  are z v>i$
 9 "* z ! diff]5t k9ds ( pies f :i*  !y 
are made1 no def9ite /&>d c be prescrib$

 = !m4 ,fruits  are1 naturally1 !       
pr$om9at+ con/itu5t 9 ^! fill]s &  !    
condim5ts & spices us$ are c]ta9ly      
unobjectionable4 ,if x  be possible to  
prep>e spic$ fruits & keep !m until us$ 
=  pies !re w\ld seem to be no objection
 to ! manufacture1 long  be=e us+1 ( ^! 
sub/ances 9 l>ge quantities4 ,!         
difficulty1  h[ev]1 ( pres]v+ ! fre%ness
 & aroma ( a fruit or o!r  sub/ance us$ 
= pie mak+ is s evid5t z to ne$ no      
p>ticul>  emphasis4      ,adult]ation ( 
,pie ,fill]s4--,! common adult]ations 9 
pie fill]s  are artificial colors1 :5 !y
 are design$ to repres5t fruit ( a      
special "*1 & pres]vatives4 ,! same     
rem>ks :i* 7 made  respect+ ^! bodies 9 
m9ce meat apply ) equal =ce to all  k9ds
 ( pie fill]s4 ,bodies ( ?is k9d are    
evid5tly only prop]ly  made on !        
premises :]e !y are consum$ & imm$iately
 us$ aft]  manufacture4 ,! addition (   
artificial colors & pres]vatives 9  su* 
sub/ances1 :ile app>5tly necess>y 9 !   
pres5t condition (  trade1 is :olly     

objectionable f e o!r po9t ( view1 & 9  
su* case trade conditions %\ld prop]ly  
give way to ! dem&s (  public & private 
sanitation & hygi5e4          ,,"p ,x4  
,,invalids' ,,& ,,infants' ,,foods4     
,"o ( ! mo/ important subjects 9        
connection ) ! food supply  is ! /udy ( 
! foods :i* are (f]$ = ! use ( infants &
  invalids4 ,! dem&s ( mod]n society1   
un=tunately1 h depriv$  ! ,am]ican      
infant 9 _m cases ( ! food :i* ,nature  
int5d$  x to h4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a         
condition1 r ?an a !ory1  confront+ !   
fe$+ ( ! ,am]ican infant4 ,x (t5 is a   
*oice  betwe5 />vation & an artificial  
food4 ,a mo/ self-evid5t fact  9        
connection ) infant food is t until an  
infant rea*es !  age :5 x is naturally  
wean$ x %\ld h z a food only milk4  ,!  
common sub/itute = "m's milk is c['s    
milk4 ,! important  po9t 9 ?is          
connection is t ! milk %\ld be f a      
heal?y  c[1 kept 9 a sanit>y condition1 
& ! milk %\ld be secur$ 9  ?or\ghly     
sanit>y ways4 ,^! me?ods ( prep>+ milk  

are1 9 fact1  ! practical result ( mod]n
 sanit>y !ories4 ,! composition (  c['s 
milk is n t ( "m's milk4 ,x conta9s m   
prote9 &  less milk sug> ?an ! normal   
milk ( ! "m4 ,= ?is reason  ! c['s milk 
is (t5 modifi$ to br+ x into ne>]       
relation%ip  to ! natural "m's milk4 ,:5
 ?is is done "u sci5tific  directions & 
accord+ to a prescription furni%$ by a  
compet5t  physician or physiologi/ !re  
is no objection to its use provid$  x is
 accompli%$ )\t exposure ( ! milk to    
bact]ia or o!r  contam9ation4 ,!        
addition ( drugs to milk 9 its          
prep>ation =  infants' use _c be g5]ally
 comm5d$4 ,! citrate ( lime or  limewat]
 is "o ( ! sub/ances :i* is (t5 add$ to 
milk1 &  t1 too1 by ! direction ( a     
physician4 ,!re are conditions (        
disease 9 infants :]e su* a modification
 is advisable1 b x is  d\btful if x is  
ev] s 9 ! case ( a heal?y *ild4 ,! same 
rem>k may be made respect+ ! limewat]4  
,composition ( ,modifi$                 
,milk4--,proteids & a% 9 c['s milk are  

mu* high] ?an 9 human milk & are br\ght 
to ! prop] degree (  r$uction by bl5d+ )
 o!r milk & dilut+ ! milk ) wat]4       
----------------------------------------
--                                      
,,dilut$,,dilut$                        
,,c[',s,,dilut$,,dilut$ ,,?ree   ,,f\r  
,,milk4 ,,once4  ,,twice4 ,,times4      
,,times4                                
----------------------------------------
--    ,proteids1 #d4jj  #b4jj   #a4ce   
#a4jj   #j4hj    ,a%1      #j4gj  #j4ce 
#j4bc   #j4ah   #j4ad                   
----------------------------------------
--    ,! +r$i5ts commonly employ$ =     
modifi$ milk are 7#a7 cream  conta9+ #af
 p]c5t ( fat2 7#b7 c5trifugally skimm$  
milk by :i*  ! fat has be5 remov$2 7#c7 
milk sug> or a /&>d solution ( milk     
sug> ( say #bj p]c5t /r5g?2 & 7#d7 lime 
wat]4      ,=mul4--,x is obvi\sly       
impossible to e/abli% =mul univ]sally   
applicable ev5 to heal?y infants1 b !   
foll[+ may be reg>d$  z typical1        
repres5t+ ! composition ( a modifi$     

milk1 to suit  ! ne$s ( an av]age gr[+  
infant dur+ its fir/ ye>3               
----------------------------------------
-----------     ,,p]iod4                
,,fat4    ,,proteids4  ,,sug>4          
----------------------------------------
-----------                             
,p]c5t4,p]c5t4,p]c5t4     #c to #ad     
days1           #b        #j4f       #f 
#b to  #f weeks1          #b4e      #j4f
       #f     #f to #aa weeks1          
#c        #a4j       #f    #aa weeks to 
#e mon?s1    #c4e      #a4e       #g    
#e to  #i mon?s1         #d        #b   
#g     #i to #ab mon?s1         #d4e    
#b4e       #c4e                         
----------------------------------------
-----------    7,alb]t ,e4 ,lea*1 8,food
 ,inspection & ,analysis407      ,solid 
,infant's ,food4--,a l>ge numb] ( infant
 foods 9 ! solid  /ate are ^u ! m>ket4  
,^! h be5 /udi$ v c>efully by  _m       
obs]v]s ) a view n only ( det]m9+ _!    
*emical  prop]ties b also _! relative   
dige/ibility4 ,^! prep>$ infant  foods  

are n always made 9 h>mony ) ! natural  
dem&s ( "y  *ildr54 ,z has j be5        
indicat$1 !y are n1 z a rule1 suitable  
= infants be=e ! "t ( wean+1 be+ bett]  
adapt$ to ! use  ( "y *ildr54 ,9 !      
foll[+ tables are ! data repres5t+  !   
*emical composition ( "s ( ! common     
infants' foods4      ,invalid           
,foods4--,! t]m 8invalid foods0 is      
appli$ to almo/ e  k9d ( a concoction   
conta9+ a food sub/ance :i* is adm9i/]$ 
to an invalid or convalesc5t1 (t5 =     
m$ical purposes r ?an  = real nutrition4
 ,*ief among ^! invalid foods may be    
m5tion$  ! meat extracts conta9+ t      
portion ( ! meat soluble 9 hot  wat]4   
,^! bodies consi/ *iefly ( meat bases   
toge!r ) c]ta9  soluble salts & x has   
long be5 recogniz$ t !y h v  little     
nutritive value4 ,!y are also f\nd 9    
conc5trat$ or ev5 a  dry /ate4 ,!       
unconc5trat$ invalid foods ( ?is class  
sometimes  conta9 glyc]ol 7glyc]9e7 or  
alcohol z a pres]vative4 ,!re are  also 
_m =ms ( meat juice suppos$ to be !     

direct extract by  pressure or o!rwise (
 ! natural juice ( ! meat4 ,s9ce ^!     
bodies c\ld n be pres]v$ o!rwise ?an by 
/]ilization1 :i*  w\ld coagulate !      
album9\s portion1 !y are (t5 pres]v$  by
 ! addition ( glyc]9e or "s o!r         
antiseptic sub/ance4  ,x is d\btful if  
any ( ^! pres]v$ bodies are prop] food  
= a d]ang$ /oma* ei!r 9 ! case ( a real 
invalid or ( a  convalesc5t4    ,9      
addition to ^! !re are a great _m       
s-call$ pr$ige/$  or precook$ foods :i* 
are l>gely adv]tis$ = c]ta9 =ms  (      
d]ang$ dige/ion or malnutrition4 ,!     
m>ket is flood$ )  bra9 foods1 n]ve     
foods1 etc41 :i*1 if !y 7 z poor z _!   
adv]tis+ claims are exagg]at$1 w\ld be  
sorry sub/itutes =  ! natural food :i*  
gr[n p eat4 ,=tunately ^! foods are  (t5
 f> bett] ?an "o w\ld suppose & _m ( !m 
are :olly  unobjectionable 9 "* 9 s f> z
 composition is conc]n$1  ?\gh ! price  
:i* "o mu/ pay = ^! nutri5ts seems out (
  all proportion to ! actual co/ ( ! raw
 mat]ial4 ,foll[+ are  data %[+ !       

composition ( "s ( ! m important foods  
:i*  are adv]tis$ z hav+ curative or    
m$ic9al qualities or z suitable  =      
infants & invalids1 & ?us are br\ght    
prom95tly to !  att5tion ( ! invalid or 
convalesc5t4                            
----------------------------------------
-------                                 
,,cold                                  
,,re-  ,,wat]                           
,,pro- ,,duc+  ,,ex-  ,,dex-            
,,wat]4 ,,a%4  ,,fat4                   
,,teids4,,sug>4,,tract4,,tr94           
----------------------------------------
-------           ,p]- ,p]- ,p]- ,p]-   
,p]- ,p]- ,p]-                          
c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4    ,no4 #a1
 #c4gf  #c4jb  #f4cj   #i4ba #eb4ej     
#gh4gf ,mu*    ,no4 #b1 #b4ab  #d4cd    
#h4gj  #ad4jb #di4jb #ge4hj      ,no4   
#c1 #a4if  #c4he  #j4fj  #aa4jf #eg4if  
#ha4aj      ,no4 #d1 #c4be  #b4bj  #e4fe
   #h4ff  444  #hb4jj #aa4ej    ,no4 #e1
 #a4cg  #a4fc  #d4ge   #i4ac  444       
#df4eg #aa4jb    ,no4 #f1 #g4ji  #j4db  

#j4bc  #ad4dh  444   #c4eh  #a4gd       
,no4 #g1 #e4gc  #j4hf  #a4jj  #aj4da    
#bf4cb #cd4eg  #g4cj    ,no4 #h1 #a4ee  
#a4bj  #a4aj   #e4fi #eg4eg #ej4je ,mu* 
----------------------------------------
--------------    ,! above data give a  
g5]al view ( ! relations ( nutri5t 9    
foods ( ?is class4 ,! p]c5tage ( m9]al  
matt] v>ies *iefly 9  proportion to !   
v>y+ cont5t ( common salt4 ,! fat v>ies 
f  "o to ab\t n9e p]c5t4 ,prote9 exi/s 9
 quantities f ne>ly six  to #ae p]c5t4  
,sug> con/itutes ! pr$om9ant nutritive  
compon5t (  almo/ all ^! bodies1 only "o
 %[+ a small p]c5tage !re(4  ,x is      
evid5t t if any "o ( ^! types ( food be 
reg>d$ z a  /&>d ne>ly all ! o!rs w\ld  
prove objectionable4 ,! foods 9  !      
foll[+ table are l>gely f>9ace\s 9      
composition4    ,,composition ,,(       
,,infants' ,,& ,,invalids' ,,foods4     
7,z det]m9$ by ,a4 ,mc,gill1 ,bullet9   
#ei1 ,laboratory ( ,inl&  ,rev5ue1      
,ottawa1 ,canada74             ,,mean   
,,results ,,( ,,analysis4--,,gr\p       

,i4--,,f>9ace\s ,,foods4                
----------------------------------------
-------------         ,,num-            
,,sum ,,( ,,total                ,,b]   
,,losses,,albumi-                ,,(    
,,to   ,,noids                ,,sam-    
,,fat ,,by ,,loss        ,,alco-  ,,f   
,,ples       ,,petro-  ,,to   ,,loss    
,,hol  ,,nitro-          ,,num- ,,ana-  
,,mois- ,,leum  ,,alco-  ,,to    ,,&    
,,g5            ,,b]4,,lyz$4            
,,ture4,,e!r4 ,,hol4 ,,wat]4,,wat]4     
#f4be4 ,,a%4                            
----------------------------------------
-------------               ,p]- ,p]-   
,p]- ,p]- ,p]- ,p]-  ,p]-               
c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4 c5t4      #a   
#b   #ac4if  #j4bi   44  #c4ba   #c4ba  
#a4bd  #j4jf       #b    #e    #i4fa    
#j4fd  #d4ia #b4ia   #g4hb #aj4ch  #a4dh
       #c    #e    #i4dd  #j4bg  #j4gc  
#c4ia   #d4fd  #i4di  #j4if       #d    
#d    #i4ga  #j4ad  #i4ie #c4fj  #ac4ee 
#h4ed  #j4hj       #e    #e    #f4jd    
#j4gb   44  #c4id   #c4id #ac4gg  #j4di 

#f    #b    #i4ii  #j4ac   44   44      
#h4hc  #h4fj  #b4jh                     
#g    #i    #h4ab  #j4dh  #j4cd #d4fg   
#e4jb #ac4hc  #j4ec       #h    #g      
#i4da  #j4da  #j4fe #b4bf   #b4ia  #g4df
  #j4id       #i    #b    #h4fe  #j4he  
#e4ij #c4gg   #i4fg #ab4ah  #j4hh       
------                                  
#da                                     
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,,gr\p ,,ii4--,,mix$ ,,foods4           
----------------------------------------
-------------     #aj    #b    #f4hd    
#a4ag   44   44   #be4if  #h4ge  #j4gf  
#aa    #e    #d4bb  #c4di #bg4hi #f4jj  
#cc4hi  #g4ai  #a4je      #ab    #b     
#e4ch  #j4eg   44   44   #bi4ei #aj4dc  
#a4jf      #ac    #b    #d4bf  #a4fj    
#ce4bh #d4gc  #dj4ja #aa4ch  #b4hb      
#ad    #i    #b4ee  #a4da   44   44     
#fc4hg #ad4jj  #c4eg      #ae   #ab     
#e4gg  #j4dh #bh4bd #d4bg  #cb4ij #aj4ja
  #b4eg      #af    #h    #d4gb  #j4cj  
44   44   #hb4jf #aj4aj  #c4ej      #ag 

#d    #b4hi #bb4bf   44   44   #fj4aj   
#ab4ai  #c4he      #ah    #b    #d4ib   
#h4aj   44   44   #df4cj  #i4jj  #b4jh  
#ai    #i    #b4ah  #d4de #ci4ed #d4cj  
#dc4hd #aj4gb  #a4fj      #bj    #b     
#e4hi  #c4ag #db4ed #a4hb  #dd4cf  #c4fb
  #j4db      #ba    #c    #j4hj  #j4jd  
44   44   #if4fj  #a4ac  #j4ij      #bb 
#b    #e4fi  #b4ah   44   44   #ch4ba   
#af4fj  #b4gh         ------            
#fb                                     
----------------------------------------
-------------      ,,mean ,,results ,,( 
,,analysis4--,,gr\p ,i4--,,f>9ace\s     
,,foods4                                
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,,/>*1          ,,sug>4                 
,,/>*1 ,,fib]1------------------------  
,,fib]1  ,,a%1     ,r$uc+4              
,,etc4   ,,etc4 ----------------        
7,,by    7,,by     ,ex-                 
,,num-,,diff]-,,diff]- press$  ,p]-     
,cane     ,,b]4 ,,ence74 ,,ence74   z   
c5t4  ,sug>4,,rem>ks4                   

----------------------------------------
------------------------          ,p]-  
,p]-                  ,p]-         c5t4 
c5t4                 c5t4      #a       
#ha4bh    44    44       44     44      
,arr[root />*4      #b  #fg4ce  #gb4jj  
,inv]t4     #e     44   ,:eat />*4      
#c  #ge4ad  #gf4bi     ,a trace4        
44   ,c]eal />*es4      #d  #fg4df      
#fg4hh ,maltose4    #c     #aj          
/>*4      #e  #gf4fj    44    44        
44     44   ,:eat />*4      #f  #fi4bd  
44    44       44      #c   ,maize &    
:eat                                    
/>*es4      #g    44   #gb4ja   44      
44     44   ,:eat />*4      #h  #gh4ff  
#gi4da   44       44     44   ,b>ley    
/>*4      #i  #fh4fb    44    44        
44      #e   ,:eat />*4                 
----------------------------------------
------------------------    ,,gr\p      
,,ii4--,,mix$ ,,foods4                  
----------------------------------------
------------------------     #aj  #ef4hc
    44  ,inv]t4     #c     #bj   ,:eat  

/>*4     #aa    44   #di4ca ,lactose4   
#a     #cj             #ab  #ec4fb      
#ed4bh ,maltose4   #bj     44           
#ac  #dj4ea  #db4aj   44       44       
#ce        #ad    44   #ae4fh ,maltose4 
#di      #h        #ae  #dg4gb  #ej4ej  
,lactose4   #cj    ,trace4          #af 
44     44  ,maltose4#ej to #fj  44      
#ag   #a4de   #d4dd ,lactose4   #ej     
44        #ah  #ca4jb    44             
#cj     #ae   ,c]eal />*es4     #ai     
#ce4cd  #ch4hj            #h4if         
#cf4cd,:eat />*4     #bj  #db4gj    44  
44      44     #dj   ,maize />* & cocoa4
     #ba    44     44  ,lactose4#hj to  
#ij  44        #bb  #cd4ed    44        
#cj   #h to #i                          
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,,app5dix ,a4    ,,unit$ ,,/ates        
,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,(fice   
,,( ,,!  ,,secret>y--,circul> ,no4 #ai4 
,,/&>ds ,,( ,,purity ,,= ,,food         
,,products4    ,,sup]s$+ ,,circul>s     
,,nos4 #ac ,,& #ag4    ,,supplem5tal    

,,proclamation4    ,ref]r+ to ,circul>  
,no4 #ac ( ?is ,(fice1 dat$ ,decemb]    
#bj1 #aijd1  & to ,circul> ,no4 #ag (   
?is ,(fice1 dat$ ,m>* #h1 #aijf1 !      
foll[+ food /&>ds are h]eby e/abli%$ z  
sup]s$+ &  supplem5tal to ^? proclaim$  
on ! dates above nam$4      ,,james     
,,wilson1    ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4  
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,june #bf1 #aijf4   
,,lett] ,,( ,,submittal4      ,,!       
,,honorable ,,! ,,secret>y ,,(          
,,agriculture3    ,sir3 ,! und]sign$1   
repres5t+ ! ,association ( ,(ficial     
,agricultural ,*emi/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
& ! ,int]/ate ,food  ,commission1 &     
commission$ by y1 "u au?ority giv5 by ! 
act ( ,congress approv$ ,m>* #c1 #aijc1 
to collaborate ) y 8to  e/abli% /&>ds ( 
purity = food products & to det]m9e :at 
are reg>d$ z adult]ations !re910        
respectfully report t !y  h c>efully    
review$1 9 ! light ( rec5t inve/igations
 &  correspond5ce1 ! /&>ds e>li]        
recomm5d$ by !m & h  prep>$ a set (     
am5d$ s*$ules1 9 :i* c]ta9 *anges h be5 

introduc$ = ! purpose ( secur+ increas$ 
accuracy ( expression  & a m p]fect     
correspond5ce ( ! *emical limits to !   
normal  mat]ials designat$1 & f :i*     
/&>ds previ\sly proclaim$  = sev]al     
manufactur$ articles h be5 omitt$       
because ( !  unsatisfactory condition ( 
trade nom5clature z appli$ !reto2 &     
also additional s*$ules ( /&>ds = ice   
creams1 vegetables &  vegetable         
products1 tea1 & c(fee4 ,!y respectfully
 recomm5d t  ! /&>ds h]e) submitt$ be   
approv$ & proclaim$ z !  e/abli%$ /&>ds1
 sup]s$+ & supplem5t+ ^? e/abli%$  on   
,decemb] #bj1 #aijd1 & ,m>* #h1 #aijf4  
,! pr9ciples t h guid$ u 9 ! =mulation (
 ^!  /&>ds are app5d$ h]eto4    ,!      
sev]al s*$ules ( additional /&>ds       
recomm5d$ h be5  submitt$1 9 a t5tative 
=m1 to ! manufactur+ firms & !  trade   
imm$iately int]e/$1 & also to ! ,/ate   
food-control  (ficials = criticism4     
,respectfully1 ,,william ,,fre>1        
,,edw>d ,h4 ,,j5k9s1    ,m4 ,a4         
,,scovell1    ,h4 ,a4 ,,web]1    ,h4 ,w4

 ,,wiley1    ,committee on ,food ,/&>ds1
 ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural  
,*emi/s4    ,,ri*>d ,,fis*]1            
,repres5t+ ! ,int]/ate ,food            
,commission4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,june
 #bf1 #aijf4      ,,pr9ciples ,,on ,,:i*
 ,,! ,,/&>ds ,,are ,,bas$4    ,! g5]al  
consid]ations :i* h guid$ ! committee 9 
prep>+  ! /&>ds = food products are !   
foll[+3    #a4 ,! /&>ds are express$ 9 !
 =m ( def9itions1 ) or  )\t accompany+  
specifications ( limit 9 composition4   
#b4 ,! ma9 classes ( food articles are  
def9$ be=e ! subord9ate  classes are    
consid]$4    #c4 ,! def9itions are s    
fram$ z to exclude f ! articles  def9$  
sub/ances n includ$ 9 ! def9itions4     
#d4 ,! def9itions include1 :]e possible1
 ^? qualities :i* make  ! articles      
describ$ :olesome = human food4    #e4  
,a t]m def9$ 9 any ( ! sev]al s*$ules   
has ! same mean+  :]ev] else x is us$ 9 
?is report4    #f4 ,! names ( food      
products h]e9 def9$ usually agree )     
exi/+ ,am]ican trade or manufactur+     

usage2 b :]e su* usage  is n cle>ly     
e/abli%$ or :]e trade names confuse two 
or m  articles = :i* specific           
designations are desirable1 pref]5ce is 
giv5 to "o ( ! sev]al trade names       
appli$4    #g4 ,/&>ds are bas$ ^u data  
repres5t+ mat]ials produc$  "u ,am]ican 
conditions & manufactur$ by ,am]ican    
processes or  repres5t+ su* v>ieties (  
=eign articles z are *iefly import$  =  
,am]ican use4    #h4 ,! /&>ds fix$ are  
su* t a dep>ture ( ! articles  to :i* !y
 apply1 above ! maximum or bel[ ! m9imum
 limit  prescrib$1 is evid5ce t su*     
articles are ( inf]ior or abnormal      
quality4    #i4 ,! limits fix$ z /&>d   
are n necess>ily ! extremes  au!ntically
 record$ = ! article 9 "q1 because su*  
extremes are commonly due to abnormal   
conditions ( production & are  usually  
accompani$ by m>ks ( inf]iority or      
abnormality readily  p]ceiv$ by !       
produc] or manufactur]4      ,,food     
,,/&>ds4      ,i4 ,,animal ,,products4  
,a4 ,,meats ,,& ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,meat   

,,products4      a4 ,,meats4    #a4     
,meat1 fle%1 is any clean1 s\nd1 dress$1
 & prop]ly prep>$  edible "p ( animals 9
 good heal? at ! "t ( slaught]1 &  if x 
be>s a "n descriptive ( its k9d1        
composition1 or orig91  x corresponds   
!reto4 ,! t]m 8animals10 z h]e9 us$1    
includes  n only mammals1 b fi%1 f[l1   
cru/aceans1 mollusks1 & all o!r  animals
 us$ z food4    #b4 ,fre% meat is meat f
 animals rec5tly slaught]$ & prop]ly    
cool$ until deliv]$ to ! consum]4    #c4
 ,cold /orage meat is meat f animals    
rec5tly slaught]$ &  pres]v$ by         
refrig]ation until deliv]$ to !         
consum]4#cg      #cg ,! e/abli%m5t (    
prop] p]iods ( "t = cold /orage is      
res]v$ = future consid]ation :5 !       
inve/igations on ?is    subject1        
au?oriz$ by ,congress1 are complet$4    
#d4 ,salt$1 pickl$1 & smok$ meats are   
unmix$ meats pres]v$  by salt1 sug>1    
v9eg>1 spices1 or smoke1 s+ly or 9      
comb9ation1  :e!r 9 bulk or 9 suitable  
conta9]s4#ch      b4 ,,manufactur$      

,,meats4    #a4 ,manufactur$ meats are  
meats n includ$ 9 p>agraphs #b1 #c1 &   
#d1 :e!r simple or mix$1 :ole or        
comm9ut$1 9 bulk or 9 suitable          
conta9]s1#ch ) or )\t ! addition ( salt1
 sug>1 v9eg>1  spices1 smoke1 oils1 or  
r5d]$ fat4 ,if !y be> names descriptive 
(  k9d1 composition1 or orig91 !y       
correspond !reto1 & :5 be>+  su*        
descriptive names1 if =ce or flavor+    
meats are us$1 ! k9d  & quantity !re(   
are made kn[n4      #ch ,suitable       
conta9]s = keep+ moi/ food products su* 
z sirups1 honey1 cond5s$ milk1 s\ps1    
meat extracts1 meats1    manufactur$    
meats1 & undri$ fruits & vegetables1 &  
wrapp]s    9 contact ) food products1   
conta9 on _! surfaces1 9    contact ) ! 
food product1 no lead1 antimony1 ars5ic1
 z9c1    or copp]1 or any comp\nds !re( 
or any o!r poison\s or    injuri\s      
sub/ance4 ,if ! conta9]s are made ( t9  
plate !y    are outside-sold]$ & ! plate
 9 no place conta9s less ?an    "o      
hundr$ & ?irte5 7#aac7 milligrams ( t9  

on a piece five 7#e7    c5timet]s squ>e 
or "o & eight-t5?s 7#a4h7 gra9s on a    
piece    two 7#b7 in*es squ>e4      ,!  
inn] coat+ ( ! conta9]s is free f       
p9-holes1 bli/]s1    & cracks4      ,if 
! t9 plate is lacqu]$1 ! lacqu]         
completely cov]s !    t9n$ surface )9 ! 
conta9] & yields to ! cont5ts (    !    
conta9] no lead1 antimony1 ars5ic1 z9c1 
or copp] or any    comp\nds !re(1 or any
 o!r poison\s or injuri\s sub/ance4     
c4 ,,meat ,,extracts1 ,,meat ,,peptones1
 ,,etc4    7,s*$ule 9 prep>ation47      
d4 ,,l>d4    #a4 ,l>d is ! r5d]$ fre%   
fat f hogs 9 good heal? at !  "t (      
slaught]1 is clean1 free f rancidity1 & 
conta9s1  necess>ily incorporat$ 9 !    
process ( r5d]+1 n m ?an "o  7#a7 p]c5t 
( sub/ances1 o!r ?an fatty acids & fat4 
#b4 ,leaf l>d is l>d r5d]$ at mod]ately 
high temp]atures f  ! int]nal fat ( !   
abdom5 ( ! hog1 exclud+ t adh]5t to  !  
inte/9es1 & has an iod9 numb] n great]  
?an sixty 7#fj74    #c4 ,neutral l>d is 
l>d r5d]$ at l[ temp]atures4      ,b4   

,,milk ,,& ,,its ,,products4      a4    
,,milks4    #a4 ,milk is ! fre%1 clean1 
lacteal secretion obta9$ by ! complete  
milk+ ( "o or m heal?y c[s1 prop]ly f$ &
 kept1 exclud+  t obta9$ )9 fifte5 days 
be=e & t5 days aft] calv+1  & conta9s n 
less ?an eight & "o-half 7#h4e7 p]c5t ( 
solids  n fat1 & n less ?an ?ree &      
"o-qu>t] 7#c4be7 p]c5t ( milk  fat4     
#b4 ,bl5d$ milk is milk modifi$ 9 its   
composition s z to h a  def9ite & /at$  
p]c5tage ( "o or m ( its con/itu5ts4    
#c4 ,skim milk is milk f :i* a "p or all
 ( ! cream has be5  remov$ & conta9s n  
less ?an n9e & "o-qu>t] 7#i4be7 p]c5t  (
 milk solids4    #d4 ,pa/euriz$ milk is 
milk t has be5 heat$ bel[ boil+  b      
suffici5tly to kill mo/ ( ! active      
organisms pres5t &  imm$iately cool$ to 
#ej ,fahr4 or l[]4    #e4 ,/]iliz$ milk 
is milk t has be5 heat$ at ! temp]ature 
( boil+ wat] or high] = a l5g? ( "t     
suffici5t to kill all  organisms pres5t4
    #f4 ,cond5s$ milk1 evaporat$ milk1  
is milk f :i* a  consid]able portion (  

wat] has be5 evaporat$1 & conta9s n     
less ?an tw5ty-eight 7#bh7 p]c5t ( milk 
solids ( :i* n less  ?an tw5ty-sev5 &   
five-t5?s 7#bg4e7 p]c5t is milk fat4    
#g4 ,sweet5$ cond5s$ milk is milk f :i* 
a consid]able portion  ( wat] has be5   
evaporat$ & to :i* sug> 7sucrose7 has   
be5  add$1 & conta9s n less ?an         
tw5ty-eight 7#bh7 p]c5t ( milk  solids1 
( :i* n less ?an tw5ty-sev5 & five-t5?s 
7#bg4e7  p]c5t is milk fat4    #h4      
,cond5s$ skim milk is skim milk f :i* a 
consid]able portion  ( wat] has be5     
evaporat$4    #i4 ,butt]milk is !       
product t rema9s :5 butt] is remov$ f   
milk or cream 9 ! process ( *urn+4      
#aj4 ,goat's milk1 ewe's milk1 et cet]a1
 are ! fre%1 clean1  lacteal secretions1
 free f colo/rum1 obta9$ by ! complete  
milk+ ( heal?y animals o!r ?an c[s1     
prop]ly f$ & kept1 &  con=m 9 "n to !   
species ( animal f :i* !y are obta9$4   
b4 ,,cream4    #a4 ,cream is t portion (
 milk1 ri* 9 milk fat1 :i* rises to  !  
surface ( milk on /&+1 or is sep>at$ f x

 by c5trifugal  =ce1 is fre% & clean &  
conta9s n less ?an eighte5 7#ah7  p]c5t 
( milk fat4    #b4 ,evaporat$ cream1    
clott$ cream1 is cream f :i* a          
consid]able portion ( wat] has be5      
evaporat$4      c4 ,,milk ,,fat ,,or    
,,butt] ,,fat4    #a4 ,milk fat1 butt]  
fat1 is ! fat ( milk1 & has a           
,rei*]t-,meissl numb] n less ?an        
tw5ty-f\r 7#bd7 & a specific  gravity n 
less ?an #j4ije      7#dj ,c47          
7------74    7#dj ,c47      d4 ,,butt]4 
#a4 ,butt] is ! clean1 non-rancid       
product made by ga!r+ 9 any  mann] ! fat
 ( fre% or rip5$ milk or cream into a   
mass1 :i*  also conta9s a small portion 
( ! o!r milk con/itu5ts1 ) or  )\t salt1
 & conta9s n less ?an eighty-two &      
five-t5?s  7#hb4e7 p]c5t ( milk fat4 ,by
 acts ( ,congress approv$ ,augu/ #b1    
#ahhf1 & ,may #i1 #aijb1 butt] may also 
conta9 add$ color+ matt]4    #b4        
,r5ovat$ butt]1 process butt]1 is !     
product made by melt+  butt] & rework+1 
)\t ! addition or use ( *emicals or any 

sub/ances except milk1 cream1 or salt1 &
 conta9s n m ?an  sixte5 7#af7 p]c5t (  
wat] & at lea/ eighty-two & five-t5?s   
7#hb4e7 p]c5t ( milk fat4      e4       
,,*eese4    #a4 ,*eese is ! s\nd1 solid1
 & rip5$ product made f milk or  cream  
by coagulat+ ! case9 !re( ) r5net or    
lactic acid1  ) or )\t ! addition (     
rip5+ f]m5ts & season+1 &  conta9s1 9 ! 
wat]-free sub/ance1 n less ?an fifty    
7#ej7 p]c5t  ( milk fat4 ,by act (      
,congress1 approv$ ,june #f1 #ahif1     
*eese may also  conta9 add$ color+      
matt]4    #b4 ,skim milk *eese is !     
s\nd1 solid1 & rip5$ product1 made  f   
skim milk by coagulat+ ! case9 !re( )   
r5net or lactic  acid1 ) or )\t !       
addition ( rip5+ f]m5ts & season+4      
#c4 ,goat's milk *eese1 ewe's milk      
*eese1 et cet]a1 are !  s\nd1 rip5$     
products made f ! milks ( ! animals     
specifi$1  by coagulat+ ! case9 !re( )  
r5net or lactic acid1 ) or  )\t !       
addition ( rip5+ f]m5ts & season+4      
f4 ,,ice ,,creams4    #a4 ,ice cream is 

a froz5 product made f cream & sug>1 )  
or  )\t a natural flavor+1 & conta9s n  
less ?an f\rte5 7#ad7  p]c5t ( milk fat4
    #b4 ,fruit ice cream is a froz5     
product made f cream1 sug>1 &  s\nd1    
clean1 mature fruits1 & conta9s n less  
?an twelve 7#ab7  p]c5t ( milk fat4     
#c4 ,nut ice cream is a froz5 product   
made f cream1 sug>1 &  s\nd1 non-rancid 
nuts1 & conta9s n less ?an twelve 7#ab7 
p]c5t  ( milk fat4      g4              
,,miscellane\s ,,milk ,,products4    #a4
 ,:ey is ! product rema9+ aft] ! removal
 ( fat & case9  f milk 9 ! process (    
*eese-mak+4    #b4 ,kumiss is ! product 
made by ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( m>e's  
or c['s milk4      ,,ii4 ,,vegetable    
,,products4      ,a4 ,,gra9 ,,products4 
a4 ,,gra9s ,,& ,,meals4    #a4 ,gra9 is 
! fully matur$1 clean1 s\nd1 air-dry se$
 ( :eat1  maize1 rice1 oats1 rye1       
buck:eat1 b>ley1 sorghum1 millet1 or    
spelt4    #b4 ,meal is ! clean1 s\nd    
product made by gr9d+ gra94    #c4 ,fl\r
 is ! f9e1 clean1 s\nd product made by  

bolt+ :eat meal  & conta9s n m ?an      
?irte5 & "o-half 7#ac4e7 p]c5t (        
moi/ure1 n less ?an "o & tw5ty-five     
hundr$?s 7#a4be7 p]c5t  ( nitrog51 n m  
?an "o 7#a7 p]c5t ( a%1 & n m ?an  fifty
 hundr$?s 7#j4ej7 p]c5t ( fib]4    #d4  
,graham fl\r is unbolt$ :eat meal4      
#e4 ,glut5 fl\r is ! clean1 s\nd product
 made f fl\r by !  removal ( />* &      
conta9s n less ?an five & six-t5?s      
7#e4f7  p]c5t ( nitrog5 & n m ?an t5    
7#aj7 p]c5t ( moi/ure4    #f4 ,maize    
meal1 corn meal1 ,indian corn meal1 is  
meal made f  s\nd maize gra9 & conta9s n
 m ?an f\rte5 7#ad7 p]c5t (  moi/ure1 n 
less ?an "o & twelve-hundr$?s 7#a4ab7   
p]c5t (  nitrog51 & n m ?an "o &        
six-t5?s 7#a4f7 p]c5t ( a%4    #g4 ,rice
 is ! hull$1 or hull$ & poli%$ gra9 (   
,oryza sativa4    #h4 ,oatmeal is meal  
made f hull$ oats & conta9s n m ?an     
twelve 7#ab7 p]c5t ( moi/ure1 n m ?an "o
 & five-t5?s  7#a4e7 p]c5t ( crude fib]1
 n less ?an two & tw5ty-f\r  hundr$?s   
7#b4bd7 p]c5t ( nitrog51 & n m ?an two &

  two-t5?s 7#b4b7 p]c5t ( a%4    #i4    
,rye fl\r is ! f9e1 clean1 s\nd product 
made by bolt+ rye  meal & conta9s n m   
?an ?irte5 & "o-half 7#ac4e7 p]c5t (    
moi/ure1 n less ?an "o & ?irty-six      
hundr$?s 7#a4cf7 p]c5t  ( nitrog51 & n m
 ?an "o & tw5ty-five hundr$?s 7#a4be7   
p]c5t ( a%4    #aj4 ,buck:eat fl\r is   
bolt$ buck:eat meal & conta9s n  m ?an  
twelve 7#ab7 p]c5t ( moi/ure1 n less ?an
 "o &  tw5ty-eight hundr$?s 7#a4bh7     
p]c5t ( nitrog51 & n m ?an  "o &        
sev5ty-five hundr$?s 7#a4ge7 p]c5t ( a%4
      ,b4 ,,fruit ,,& ,,vegetables4     
a4 ,,fruit ,,& ,,fruit ,,products4      
7,except fruit juices1 fre%1 sweet1 &   
f]m5t$1 & v9eg>s47    #a4 ,fruits are ! 
clean1 s\nd1 edible1 fle%y              
fructifications (  plants1 di/+ui%$ by  
_! sweet1 acid1 & e!real flavors4    #b4
 ,dri$ fruit#ci is ! clean1 s\nd product
 made by dry+ mature1  prop]ly prep>$1  
fre% fruit 9 su* a way z to take up no  
h>mful  sub/ance1 & con=ms 9 "n to !    
fruit us$ 9 its prep>ation2  sun-dri$   

fruit is dri$ fruit made by dry+ )\t !  
use (  artificial means2 evaporat$ fruit
 is dri$ fruit made by dry+ )  ! use (  
artificial means4      #ci ,! subject ( 
sulfur\s acid 9 dri$ fruits is res]v$ = 
consid]ation 9 connection ) ! s*$ule    
8,pres]vatives &    ,color+ ,matt]s40   
#c4 ,evaporat$ apples are evaporat$     
fruit made f peel$ & cor$  apples1 &    
conta9 n m ?an tw5ty-sev5 7#bg7 p]c5t ( 
moi/ure  det]m9$ by ! usual comm]cial   
me?od ( dry+ = f\r 7#d7 h\rs  at !      
temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4    7,/&>ds =   
o!r dri$ fruits are 9 prep>ation47      
#d4 ,cann$ fruit is ! s\nd product made 
by /]iliz+ clean1  s\nd1 prop]ly matur$ 
& prep>$ fre% fruit1 by heat+1 ) or  )\t
 sug> 7sucrose7 & spices1 & keep+ 9     
suitable1 clean1  h]metically seal$     
conta9]s & con=ms 9 "n to ! fruit us$  9
 its prep>ation4    #e4 ,pres]ve#dj is !
 s\nd product made f clean1 s\nd1       
prop]ly  matur$ & prep>$ fre% fruit &   
sug> 7sucrose7 sirup1 ) or  )\t spices  
or v9eg>1 & con=ms 9 "n to t ( ! fruit  

us$1 & 9 its prep>ation n less ?an      
=ty-five 7#de7 p\nds (  fruit are us$ to
 ea* fifty-five 7#ee7 p\nds ( sug>4     
#f4 ,honey pres]ve#dj is pres]ve 9 :i*  
honey is us$ 9 place (  sug> 7sucrose7  
sirup4    #g4 ,glucose pres]ve#dj is    
pres]ve 9 :i* a glucose product is  us$ 
9 place ( sug> 7sucrose7 sirup4    #h4  
,jam1 m>malade1#dj is ! s\nd product    
made f clean1  s\nd1 prop]ly matur$ &   
prep>$ fre% fruit & sug> 7sucrose71  )  
or )\t spices or v9eg>1 by boil+ to a   
pulpy or semisolid  consi/5ce1 & con=ms 
9 "n to ! fruit us$1 & 9 its  prep>ation
 n less ?an =ty-five 7#de7 p\nds ( fruit
 are us$ to  ea* fifty-five 7#ee7 p\nds 
( sug>4    #i4 ,glucose jam1 glucose    
m>malade1#dj is jam 9 :i* a glucose     
product is us$ 9 place ( sug> 7sucrose74
    #aj4 ,fruit butt]#dj is ! s\nd      
product made f fruit juice &  clean1    
s\nd1 prop]ly matur$ & prep>$ fruit1    
evaporat$ to a  semisolid mass (        
homog5e\s consi/5ce1 ) or )\t ! addition
  ( sug> & spices or v9eg>1 & con=ms 9  

"n to ! fruit us$  9 its prep>ation4    
#aa4 ,glucose fruit butt]#dj is fruit   
butt] 9 :i* a glucose  product is us$ 9 
place ( sug> 7sucrose74    #ab4         
,jelly#dj is ! s\nd1 semisolid1 gelat9\s
 product made by  boil+ clean1 s\nd1    
prop]ly matur$ & prep>$ fre% fruit )    
wat]1 conc5trat+ ! express$ & /ra9$     
juice1 to :i* sug>  7sucrose7 is add$1 &
 con=ms 9 "n to ! fruit us$ 9 its       
prep>ation4    #ac4 ,glucose jelly#dj is
 jelly 9 :i* a glucose product is us$ 9 
place ( sug> 7sucrose74      #dj        
,products made ) mixtures ( sug>1       
glucose1 & honey1 or any    two !re(1   
are res]v$ = future consid]ation4       
b4 ,,vegetables ,,& ,,vegetable         
,,products4    #a4 ,vegetables are !    
succul5t1 clean1 s\nd1 edible p>ts (    
h]bace\s plants us$ = cul9>y purposes4  
#b4 ,dri$ vegetables are ! clean1 s\nd  
products made by dry+  prop]ly matur$ & 
prep>$ vegetables 9 su* a way z to take 
up no  h>mful sub/ance1 & con=m 9 "n to 
! vegetables us$ 9 _!  prep>ation2      

sun-dri$ vegetables are dri$ vegetables 
made by dry+  )\t ! use ( artificial    
means2 evaporat$ vegetables are dri$    
vegetables made by dry+ ) ! use (       
artificial means4    #c4 ,cann$         
vegetables are s\nd1 prop]ly matur$ &   
prep>$ fre%  vegetables1 ) or )\t salt1 
/]iliz$ by heat1 ) or )\t  previ\s cook+
 9 vessels f :i* !y take up no metallic 
sub/ance1 kept 9 suitable1 clean1       
h]metically seal$ conta9]s1 are  s\nd & 
con=m 9 "n to ! vegetables us$ 9 _!     
prep>ation4    #d4 ,pickles are clean1  
s\nd1 immature cucumb]s1 prop]ly prep>$1
  )\t tak+ up any metallic comp\nd o!r  
?an salt1 & pres]v$  9 any k9d ( v9eg>1 
) or )\t spices2 pickl$ onions1  pickl$ 
beets1 pickl$ beans1 & o!r pickl$       
vegetables are  vegetables prep>$ z     
describ$ above1 & con=m 9 "n to !       
vegetables us$4    #e4 ,salt pickles are
 clean1 s\nd1 immature cucumb]s1 pres]v$
 9 a  solution ( common salt1 ) or )\t  
spices4    #f4 ,sweet pickles are pickl$
 cucumb]s or o!r vegetables 9 !         

prep>ation ( :i* sug> 7sucrose7 is us$4 
#g4 ,sau]kraut is clean1 s\nd1 prop]ly  
prep>$ cabbage1 mix$ )  salt1 & subject$
 to f]m5tation4    #h4 ,cat*up 7ket*up1 
catsup7 is ! clean1 s\nd product made  f
 ! prop]ly prep>$ pulp ( clean1 s\nd1   
fre%1 ripe tomatoes1  ) spices & ) or   
)\t sug> & v9eg>2 mu%room cat*up1       
walnut cat*up1 et cet]a1 are cat*ups    
made z above describ$ &  con=m 9 "n to !
 sub/ances us$ 9 _! prep>ation4      ,c4
 ,,sug>s ,,& ,,relat$ ,,sub/ances4      
a4 ,,sug> ,,& ,,sug> ,,products4        
,,sug>s4    #a4 ,sug> is ! product      
*emically kn[n z sucrose 7sac*>ose7     
*iefly obta9$ f sug> cane1 sug> beets1  
sorghum1 maple1 & palm4    #b4          
,granulat$1 loaf1 cut1 mill$1 & p[d]$   
sug>s  are diff]5t =ms ( sug> & conta9  
at lea/ n9ety-n9e &  five-t5?s 7#ii4e7  
p]c5t ( sucrose4    #c4 ,maple sug> is !
 solid product result+ f ! evaporation  
( maple sap1 & conta9s1 9 ! wat]-free   
sub/ance1 n less ?an  sixty-five        
"o-hundr$?s 7#j4fe7 p]c5t ( maple sug>  

a%4    #d4 ,massecuite1 melada1 mu%     
sug>1 & concrete are products  made by  
evaporat+ ! purifi$ juice ( a           
sug>-produc+ plant1 or  a solution (    
sug>1 to a solid or semisolid consi/5ce1
 & 9 :i*  ! sug> *iefly exi/s 9 a       
cry/all9e /ate4      ,,molasses ,,&     
,,ref9]',s ,,sirup4    #a4 ,molasses is 
! product left aft] sep>at+ ! sug> f    
massecuite1 melada1 mu% sug>1 or        
concrete1 & conta9s n m ?an  tw5ty-five 
7#be7 p]c5t ( wat] & n m ?an five 7#e7  
p]c5t (  a%4    #b4 ,ref9]s' sirup1     
treacle1 is ! residual liquid product   
obta9$ 9 ! process ( ref9+ raw sug>s &  
conta9s n m  ?an tw5ty-five 7#be7 p]c5t 
( wat] & n m ?an eight 7#h7  p]c5t ( a%4
      ,,sirups4    #a4 ,sirup is ! s\nd 
product made by purify+ & evaporat+ !   
juice ( a sug>-produc+ plant )\t remov+ 
any ( ! sug>4    #b4 ,sug>-cane sirup is
 sirup made by ! evaporation ( ! juice (
  ! sug> cane or by ! solution (        
sug>-cane concrete1 & conta9s  n m ?an  
?irty 7#cj7 p]c5t ( wat] & n m ?an two &

  five-t5?s 7#b4e7 p]c5t ( a%4    #c4   
,sorghum sirup is sirup made by !       
evaporation ( sorghum juice or  by !    
solution ( sorghum concrete1 & conta9s n
 m ?an ?irty  7#cj7 p]c5t ( wat] & n m  
?an two & five-t5?s 7#b4e7  p]c5t ( a%4 
#d4 ,maple sirup is sirup made by !     
evaporation ( maple sap or by  !        
solution ( maple concrete1 & conta9s n m
 ?an ?irty-two  7#cb7 p]c5t ( wat] & n  
less ?an =ty-five hundr$?s 7#j4de7      
p]c5t ( maple sirup a%4    #e4 ,sug>    
sirup is ! product made by dissolv+ sug>
 to !  consi/5ce ( a sirup & conta9s n m
 ?an ?irty-five 7#ce7  p]c5t ( wat]4    
b4 ,,glucose ,,products4    #a4 ,/>*    
sug> is ! solid product made by         
hydrolyz+ />* or  a />*-conta9+ sub/ance
 until ! great] "p ( ! />*  is conv]t$  
into dextrose4 ,/>* sug> appe>s 9       
comm]ce 9 two  =ms1 anhydr\s />* sug> & 
hydr\s />* sug>4 ,! =m]1  cry/alliz$ )\t
 wat] ( cry/allization1 conta9s n less  
?an  n9ety-five 7#ie7 p]c5t ( dextrose &
 n m ?an eight-t5?s  7#j4h7 p]c5t ( a%4 

,! latt]1 cry/alliz$ ) wat] (           
cry/allization1 is ( two v>ieties--#gj  
sug>1 also kn[n z brew]s'  sug>1 conta9s
 n less ?an sev5ty 7#gj7 p]c5t (        
dextrose & n  m ?an eight-t5?s 7#j4h7   
p]c5t ( a%2 #hj sug>1 climax or acme    
sug>1 conta9s n less ?an eighty 7#hj7   
p]c5t ( dextrose & n  m ?an "o & "o-half
 7#a4e7 p]c5t ( a%4    ,! a% ( all ^!   
products consi/s almo/ entirely (       
*lorids &  sulfates4    #b4 ,glucose1   
mix+ glucose1 confection]'s glucose1 is 
a ?ick1  sirupy1 colorless product made 
by incompletely hydrolyz+ />*1 or  a    
/>*-conta9+ sub/ance1 & decoloriz+ &    
evaporat+ !  product4 ,x v>ies 9 d5sity 
f =ty-"o 7#da7 to =ty-five 7#de7        
degrees ,baum at a temp]ature ( #ajj    
,fahr4 7#cg4g ,c471 & con=ms  9 d5sity1 
)9 ^! limits1 to ! degree ,baum x is    
claim$ to  %[1 & = a d5sity ( =ty-"o    
7#da7 degrees ,baum conta9s n  m ?an    
tw5ty-"o 7#ba7 p]c5t & = a d5sity (     
=ty-five 7#de7  degrees n m ?an f\rte5  
7#ad7 p]c5t ( wat]4 ,x conta9s on a     

basis ( =ty-"o 7#da7 degrees ,baum n m  
?an "o 7#a7 p]c5t (  a%1 consi/+ *iefly 
( *lorids & sulfates4      c4 ,,c&y4    
#a4 ,c&y is a product made f a sac*>9e  
sub/ance or sub/ances  ) or )\t !       
addition ( h>mless color+1 flavor+1 or  
fill+ mat]ials & conta9s no t]ra alba1  
b>ytes1 talc1 *rome  yell[1 or o!r m9]al
 sub/ances1 or poison\s colors or       
flavors1 or  o!r +r$i5ts delet]i\s or   
detrim5tal to heal?1 or any v9\s1  malt1
 or spirit\s liquor or comp\nd1 or      
n>cotic drug4      d4 ,,honey4    #a4   
,honey is ! nect> & sac*>9e exudations (
 plants ga!r$1  modifi$1 & /or$ 9 ! comb
 by honey bees 7,apis mellifica &  ,a4  
dorsata72 is lvo-rotatory1 conta9s n m  
?an tw5ty-five  7#be7 p]c5t ( wat]1 n m 
?an tw5ty-five hundr$?s 7#j4be7  p]c5t (
 a%1 & n m ?an eight 7#h7 p]c5t (       
sucrose4    #b4 ,comb honey is honey    
conta9$ 9 ! cells ( ! comb4    #c4      
,extract$ honey is honey :i* has be5    
sep>at$ f !  uncru%$ comb by c5trifugal 
=ce or gravity4    #d4 ,/ra9$ honey is  

honey remov$ f ! cru%$ comb by /ra9+  or
 o!r means4      ,d4 ,,condim5ts        
7,,except ,,v9eg> ,,& ,,salt74      a4  
,,spices4    #a4 ,spices are aromatic   
vegetable sub/ances us$ = ! season+ (   
food & f :i* no portion ( any volatile  
oil or o!r flavor+  pr9ciple has be5    
remov$ & :i* are clean1 s\nd1 & true to 
"n4    #b4 ,allspice1 pim5to1 is ! dri$ 
fruit ( ! ,pim5ta pim5ta  7,l47 ,k>/41 &
 conta9s n less ?an eight 7#h7 p]c5t (  
qu]citannic acid#db2 n m ?an six 7#f7   
p]c5t ( total a%1 n  m ?an five-t5?s    
7#j4e7 p]c5t ( a% insoluble 9           
hydro*loric  acid1 & n m ?an tw5ty-five 
7#be7 p]c5t ( crude fib]4      #db      
,calculat$ f ! total oxyg5 absorb$ by ! 
aque\s extract4    #c4 ,anise is ! fruit
 ( ! ,pimp9ella anisum ,l4    #d4 ,bay  
leaf is ! dri$ leaf ( ,laurus nobilis   
,l4    #e4 ,cap]s are ! fl[] buds (     
,capp>is sp9osa ,l4    #f4 ,c>away is ! 
fruit ( ,c>um c>vi ,l4      ,,cay5ne ,,&
 ,,r$ ,,pepp]s4    #g4 ,r$ pepp] is !   
r$1 dri$1 ripe fruit ( any species (    

,capsicum4    #h4 ,cay5ne pepp]1 cay5ne1
 is ! dri$ ripe fruit ( ,capsicum       
frutesc5s ,l41 ,capsicum baccatum ,l41  
or "s o!r small-fruit$  species (       
,capsicum1 & conta9s n less ?an fifte5  
7#ae7 p]c5t  ( non-volatile e!r extract2
 n m ?an six & five-t5?s 7#f4e7  p]c5t (
 total a%2 n m ?an five-t5?s 7#j4e7     
p]c5t ( a%  insoluble 9 hydro*loric     
acid2 n m ?an "o & five-t5?s 7#a4e7     
p]c5t ( />*1 & n m ?an tw5ty-eight 7#bh7
 p]c5t ( crude  fib]4    #i4 ,paprika is
 ! dri$ ripe fruit ( ,capsicum annum    
,l41 or "s  o!r l>ge-fruit$ species (   
,capsicum1 exclud+ se$s & /ems4    #aj4 
,cel]y se$ is ! dri$ fruit ( ,apium     
graveol5s ,l4    #aa4 ,c9namon is ! dri$
 b>k ( any species ( ! g5us  ,c9namomum 
f :i* ! out] lay]s may or may n h be5   
remov$4    #ab4 ,true c9namon is ! dri$ 
inn] b>k ( ,c9namomum zeylanicum        
,breyne4    #ac4 ,cassia is ! dri$ b>k (
 v>i\s species ( ,c9namomum1  o!r ?an   
,c9namomum zeylanicum1 f :i* ! out]     
lay]s may or  may n h be5 remov$4       

#ad4 ,cassia buds are ! dri$ immature   
fruit ( species (  ,c9namomum4    #ae4  
,gr\nd c9namon1 gr\nd cassia1 is a p[d] 
consi/+ (  c9namon1 cassia1 or cassia   
buds1 or a mixture ( ^! spices &        
conta9s n m ?an six 7#f7 p]c5t ( total  
a% & n m ?an  two 7#b7 p]c5t ( s&4      
#af4 ,cloves are ! dri$ fl[] buds (     
,c>yophyllus aromaticus ,l41  :i* conta9
 n m ?an five 7#e7 p]c5t ( clove /ems2 n
 less  ?an t5 7#aj7 p]c5t ( volatile e!r
 extract2 n less ?an twelve  7#ab7 p]c5t
 ( qu]citannic acid2#dc n m ?an eight   
7#h7 p]c5t  ( total a%2 n m ?an         
five-t5?s 7#j4e7 p]c5t ( a% insoluble  9
 hydro*loric acid1 & n m ?an t5 7#aj7   
p]c5t ( crude fib]4      #dc ,calculat$ 
f ! total oxyg5 absorb$ by ! aque\s     
extract4    #ag4 ,cori&] is ! dri$ fruit
 ( ,cori&rum sativum ,l4    #ah4 ,cum9  
se$ is ! fruit ( ,cum9um cym9um ,l4     
#ai4 ,dill se$ is ! fruit ( ,ane?um     
graveol5s ,l4    #bj4 ,f5nel is ! fruit 
( ,fniculum fniculum 7,l47 ,k>/4    #ba4
 ,g+] is ! wa%$ & dri$ or decorticat$ & 

dri$ rhizome  ( ,z+ib] z+ib] 7,l47      
,k>/41 & conta9s n less ?an  =ty-two    
7#db7 p]c5t ( />*2 n m ?an eight 7#h7   
p]c5t (  crude fib]1 n m ?an six 7#f7   
p]c5t ( total a%1 n m ?an  "o 7#a7 p]c5t
 ( lime1 & n m ?an ?ree 7#c7 p]c5t ( a% 
insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid4    #bb4   
,lim$ g+]1 blea*$ g+]1 is :ole g+] coat$
 )  c>bonate ( lime & conta9s n m ?an t5
 7#aj7 p]c5t ( a%1  n m ?an f\r 7#d7    
p]c5t ( c>bonate ( lime1 & con=ms 9  o!r
 respects to ! /&>d = g+]4    #bc4      
,horse-radi% is ! root ( ,rorippa       
armoracia 7,l47 ,hit*cock1  ei!r by     
itself or gr\nd & mix$ ) v9eg>4    #bd4 
,mace is ! dri$ arillus ( ,myri/ica     
fragrans ,h\ttuyn1 &  conta9s n less ?an
 tw5ty 7#bj7 nor m ?an ?irty 7#cj7 p]c5t
 (  non-volatile e!r extract1 n m ?an   
?ree 7#c7 p]c5t ( total  a%1 & n m ?an  
five-t5?s 7#j4e7 p]c5t ( a% insoluble 9 
hydro*loric acid1 & n m ?an t5 7#aj7    
p]c5t ( crude fib]4    #be4 ,macass>    
mace1 ,papua mace1 is ! dri$ arillus (  
,myri/ica  arg5tea ,w>b4    #bf4 ,bombay

 mace is ! dri$ arillus ( ,myri/ica     
malab>ica  ,lam>ck4    #bg4 ,m>joram is 
! leaf1 fl[] & bran* ( ,majorana        
majorana  7,l47 ,k>/4    #bh4 ,mu/>d se$
 is ! se$ ( ,s9apis alba ,l4 7:ite      
mu/>d71  ,brassica nigra 7,l47 ,ko*     
7black mu/>d71 or ,brassica juncea 7,l47
  ,cosson 7black or br[n mu/>d74    #bi4
 ,gr\nd mu/>d is a p[d] made f mu/>d    
se$1 ) or  )\t ! removal ( ! hulls & a  
portion ( ! fix$ oils1 &  conta9s n m   
?an two & five-t5?s 7#b4e7 p]c5t ( />* &
  n m ?an eight 7#h7 p]c5t ( total a%4  
#cj4 ,prep>$ mu/>d1 ,g]man mu/>d1 ,fr5* 
mu/>d1 mu/>d  pa/e1 is a pa/e compos$ ( 
a mixture ( gr\nd mu/>d se$ or  mu/>d   
fl\r ) salt1 spices1 & v9eg>1 &1        
calculat$ free f  wat]1 fat1 & salt1    
conta9s n m ?an tw5ty-f\r 7#bd7 p]c5t  (
 c>bohydrates1 calculat$ z />*1 det]m9$ 
accord+ to !  (ficial me?ods1 n m ?an   
twelve 7#ab7 p]c5t ( crude fib] nor     
less ?an ?irty-five 7#ce7 p]c5t (       
prote91 d]iv$ solely f !  mat]ials nam$4
    #ca4 ,nutmeg is ! dri$ se$ ( !      

,myri/ica fragrans ,h\ttuyn1  depriv$ ( 
its te/a1 ) or )\t a ?9 coat+ ( lime1 & 
conta9s n less ?an tw5ty-five 7#be7     
p]c5t ( non-volatile e!r  extract1 n m  
?an five 7#e7 p]c5t ( total a%1 n m ?an 
five-t5?s 7#j4e7 p]c5t ( a% insoluble 9 
hydro*loric acid1 &  n m ?an t5 7#aj7   
p]c5t ( crude fib]4    #cb4 ,macass>    
nutmeg1 ,papua nutmeg1 male nutmeg1 long
 nutmeg1 is  ! dri$ se$ ( ,myri/ica     
arg5tea ,w>b4 depriv$ ( its te/a4       
,,pepp]4    #cc4 ,black pepp] is ! dri$ 
immature b]ry ( ,pip] nigrum ,l4 &      
conta9s n less ?an six 7#f7 p]c5t (     
non-volatile e!r extract1  n less ?an   
tw5ty-five 7#be7 p]c5t ( />*1 n m ?an   
sev5 7#g7 p]c5t ( total a%1 n m ?an two 
7#b7 p]c5t ( a%  insoluble 9 hydro*loric
 acid1 & n m ?an fifte5 7#ae7 p]c5t  (  
crude fib]4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( !         
non-volatile e!r extract  conta9 n less 
?an ?ree & "o qu>t] 7#c4be7 p>ts (      
nitrog54  ,gr\nd black pepp] is !       
product made by gr9d+ ! entire b]ry  &  
conta9s ! sev]al p>ts ( ! b]ry 9 _!     

normal proportions4    #cd4 ,long pepp] 
is ! dri$ fruit ( ,pip] longum ,l4      
#ce4 ,:ite pepp] is ! dri$ mature b]ry (
 ,pip] nigrum ,l4 f  :i* ! out] coat+ or
 ! out] & inn] coat+s h be5  remov$ &   
conta9s n less ?an six 7#f7 p]c5t (     
non-volatile  e!r extract1 n less ?an   
fifty 7#ej7 p]c5t ( />*1 n m  ?an f\r   
7#d7 p]c5t ( total a%1 n m ?an five-t5?s
 7#j4e7  p]c5t ( a% insoluble 9         
hydro*loric acid1 & n m ?an five  7#e7  
p]c5t ( crude fib]4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( ! 
non-volatile e!r  extract conta9 n less 
?an f\r 7#d7 p>ts ( nitrog54    #cf4    
,saffron is ! dri$ /igma ( ,crocus      
sativus ,l4    #cg4 ,sage is ! leaf (   
,salvia (fic9alis ,l4    #ch4 ,savory1  
summ] savory1 is ! leaf1 blossom1 &     
bran* (  ,satureja hort5sis ,l4    #ci4 
,?yme is ! leaf & tip ( bloom+ bran*es (
 ,?ymus  vulg>is ,l4      b4 ,,flavor+  
,,extracts4    #a4 ,a flavor+ extract#dd
 is a solution 9 e?yl alcohol ( prop]   
/r5g? ( ! sapid & odor\s pr9ciples d]iv$
 f an aromatic  plant1 or p>ts ( !      

plant1 ) or )\t its color+ matt]1 &     
con=ms 9 "n to ! plant us$ 9 its        
prep>ation4    #b4 ,almond extract is ! 
flavor+ extract prep>$ f oil (  bitt]   
almonds1 free f hydrocyanic acid1 &     
conta9s n less ?an  "o 7#a7 p]c5t by    
volume ( oil ( bitt] almonds4    #b4dd  
,oil ( bitt] almonds1 comm]cial1 is !   
volatile oil  obta9$ f ! se$ ( ! bitt]  
almond 7,amygdalus communis ,l471  !    
apricot 7,prunus arm5iaca ,l471 or !    
pea* 7,amygdalus p]sica  ,l474    #c4   
,anise extract is ! flavor+ extract     
prep>$ f oil ( anise1  & conta9s n less 
?an ?ree 7#c7 p]c5t by volume ( oil (   
anise4    #c4dd ,oil ( anise is !       
volatile oil obta9$ f ! anise se$4      
#d4 ,cel]y se$ extract is ! flavor+     
extract prep>$ f cel]y  se$ or ! oil (  
cel]y se$1 or bo?1 & conta9s n less ?an 
?ree-t5?s 7#j4c7 p]c5t by volume ( oil (
 cel]y se$4    #d4dd ,oil ( cel]y se$ is
 ! volatile oil obta9$ f cel]y  se$4    
#e4 ,cassia extract is ! flavor+ extract
 prep>$ f oil (  cassia & conta9s n less

 ?an two 7#b7 p]c5t by volume ( oil (   
cassia4    #e4dd ,oil ( cassia is !     
lead-free volatile oil obta9$ f !       
leaves or b>k ( ,c9namomum cassia ,bl41 
& conta9s n less ?an  sev5ty-five 7#ge7 
p]c5t by weight ( c9namic aldehyde4     
#f4 ,c9namon extract is ! flavor+       
extract prep>$ f oil (  c9namon1 &      
conta9s n less ?an two 7#b7 p]c5t by    
volume ( oil  ( c9namon4    #f4dd ,oil (
 c9namon is ! lead-free volatile oil    
obta9$ f  ! b>k ( ! ,ceylon c9namon     
7,c9namomum zeylanicum ,breyne71 &      
conta9s n less ?an sixty-five 7#fe7     
p]c5t by weight ( c9namic  aldehyde & n 
m ?an t5 7#aj7 p]c5t by weight ( eug5ol4
    #g4 ,clove extract is ! flavor+     
extract prep>$ f oil (  cloves1 &       
conta9s n less ?an two 7#b7 p]c5t by    
volume ( oil (  cloves4    #g4dd ,oil ( 
cloves is ! lead-free1 volatile oil     
obta9$ f  cloves4      #dd ,! flavor+   
extracts h]e9 describ$ are int5d$ solely
 =    food purposes & are n to be       
conf\nd$ ) simil> prep>ations           

describ$ 9 ! ,ph>macopia = m$ic9al      
purposes4    #h4 ,g+] extract is !      
flavor+ extract prep>$ f g+]  & conta9s 
9 ea* "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 cubic c5timet]s1 
!  alcohol-soluble matt]s f n less ?an  
tw5ty 7#bj7 grams ( g+]4    #i4 ,lemon  
extract is ! flavor+ extract prep>$ f   
oil ( lemon1  or f lemon peel1 or bo?1 &
 conta9s n less ?an five 7#e7  p]c5t by 
volume ( oil ( lemon4    #i;a4 ,oil (   
lemon is ! volatile oil obta9$1 by      
expression or  alcoholic solution1 f !  
fre% peel ( ! lemon 7,citrus limonum    
,l471 has an optical rotation 7#be ,c47 
( n less ?an #fj 9 a  #ajj-millimet]    
tube1 & conta9s n less ?an f\r 7#d7     
p]c5t by  weight ( citral4    #aj4      
,t]p5eless extract ( lemon is ! flavor+ 
extract prep>$ by  %ak+ oil ( lemon )   
dilute alcohol1 or by dissolv+ t]p5eless
  oil ( lemon 9 dilute alcohol1 &       
conta9s n less ?an two-t5?s  7#j4b7     
p]c5t by weight ( citral d]iv$ f oil (  
lemon4    #aj;a4 ,t]p5eless oil ( lemon 
is oil ( lemon f :i* all or  ne>ly all (

 ! t]p5es h be5 remov$4    #aa4 ,nutmeg 
extract is ! flavor+ extract prep>$ f   
oil (  nutmeg1 & conta9s n less ?an two 
7#b7 p]c5t by volume ( oil (  nutmeg4   
#aa;a4 ,oil ( nutmeg is ! volatile oil  
obta9$ f nutmegs4    #ab4 ,orange       
extract is ! flavor+ extract prep>$ f   
oil (  orange1 or f orange peel1 or bo?1
 & conta9s n less ?an five  7#e7 p]c5t  
by volume ( oil ( orange4    #ab;a4 ,oil
 ( orange is ! volatile oil obta9$1 by  
expression  or alcoholic solution1 f !  
fre% peel ( ! orange 7,citrus  aurantium
 ,l47 & has an optical rotation 7#be    
,c47 ( n less ?an  #ie 9 a              
#ajj-millimet] tube4    #ac4 ,t]p5eless 
extract ( orange is ! flavor+ extract   
prep>$  by %ak+ oil ( orange ) dilute   
alcohol1 or by dissolv+  t]p5eless oil (
 orange 9 dilute alcohol1 & corresponds 
9  flavor+ /r5g? to orange extract4     
#ac;a4 ,t]p5eless oil ( orange is oil ( 
orange f :i* all or  ne>ly all ( !      
t]p5es h be5 remov$4    #ad4 ,pepp]m9t  
extract is ! flavor+ extract prep>$ f   

oil (  pepp]m9t1 or f pepp]m9t1 or bo?1 
& conta9s n less ?an  ?ree 7#c7 p]c5t by
 volume ( oil ( pepp]m9t4    #ad;a4     
,pepp]m9t is ! leaves & fl[]+ tops (    
,m5?a  pip]ita ,l4    #ad;b4 ,oil (     
pepp]m9t is ! volatile oil obta9$ f     
pepp]m9t  & conta9s n less ?an fifty    
7#ej7 p]c5t by weight ( m5?ol4    #ae4  
,rose extract is ! flavor+ extract      
prep>$ f otto (  roses1 ) or )\t r$ rose
 petals1 & conta9s n less ?an  f\r-t5?s 
7#j4d7 p]c5t by volume ( otto ( roses4  
#ae;a4 ,otto ( roses is ! volatile oil  
obta9$ f ! petals (  ,rosa damasc5a     
,mill41 ,r4 c5tifolia ,l41 or ,r4       
mos*ata ,h]rm4    #af4 ,savory extract  
is ! flavor+ extract prep>$ f oil (     
savory1 or f savory1 or bo?1 & conta9s n
 less ?an ?irty-five  hundr$?s 7#j4ce7  
p]c5t by volume ( oil ( savory4         
#af;a4 ,oil ( savory is ! volatile oil  
obta9$ f savory4    #ag4 ,spe>m9t       
extract is ! flavor+ extract prep>$ f   
oil (  spe>m9t1 or f spe>m9t1 or bo?1 & 
conta9s n less ?an ?ree  7#c7 p]c5t by  

volume ( oil ( spe>m9t4    #ag;a4       
,spe>m9t is ! leaves & fl[]+ tops (     
,m5?a spicata  ,l4    #ag;b4 ,oil (     
spe>m9t is ! volatile oil obta9$ f      
spe>m9t4    #ah4 ,/> anise extract is ! 
flavor+ extract prep>$ f oil (  />      
anise1 & conta9s n less ?an ?ree 7#c7   
p]c5t by volume (  oil ( /> anise4      
#ah;a4 ,oil ( /> anise is ! volatile oil
 di/ill$ f ! fruit  ( ! /> anise        
7,illicium v]um ,hook74    #ai4 ,sweet  
basil extract is ! flavor+ extract      
prep>$ f oil (  sweet basil1 or f sweet 
basil1 or bo?1 & conta9s n less ?an     
"o-t5? 7#j4a7 p]c5t by volume ( oil (   
sweet basil4    #ai;a4 ,sweet basil1    
basil1 is ! leaves & tops ( ,ocymum     
basilicum ,l4    #ai;b4 ,oil ( sweet    
basil is ! volatile oil obta9$ f basil4 
#bj4 ,sweet m>joram extract1 m>joram    
extract1 is ! flavor+  extract prep>$ f 
! oil ( m>joram1 or f m>joram1 or bo?1  
& conta9s n less ?an "o 7#a7 p]c5t by   
volume ( oil ( m>joram4    #bj;a4 ,oil (
 m>joram is ! volatile oil obta9$ f     

m>joram4    #ba4 ,?yme extract is !     
flavor+ extract prep>$ f oil (  ?yme1 or
 f ?yme1 or bo?1 & conta9s n less ?an   
two-t5?s  7#j4b7 p]c5t by volume ( oil (
 ?yme4    #ba;a4 ,oil ( ?yme is !       
volatile oil obta9$ f ?yme4    #bb4     
,tonka extract is ! flavor+ extract     
prep>$ f tonka  bean1 ) or )\t sug> or  
glyc]9e1 & conta9s n less ?an  "o-t5?   
7#j4a7 p]c5t by weight ( c\m>9 extract$ 
f ! tonka  bean1 toge!r ) a correspond+ 
proportion ( ! o!r soluble  matt]s !re(4
    #bb;a4 ,tonka bean is ! se$ (       
,c\m>\na odorata ,aublet  7,dipt]yx     
odorata 7,aubl47 ,willd474    #bc4      
,vanilla extract is ! flavor+ extract   
prep>$ f vanilla  bean1 ) or )\t sug> or
 glyc]9e1 & conta9s 9 "o hundr$  7#ajj7 
cubic c5timet]s ! soluble matt]s f n    
less ?an t5 7#aj7  grams ( ! vanilla    
bean4    #bc;a4 ,vanilla bean is ! dri$1
 cur$ fruit ( ,vanilla planifolia       
,&rews4    #bd4 ,w9t]gre5 extract is !  
flavor+ extract prep>$ f oil (          
w9t]gre51 & conta9s n less ?an ?ree 7#c7

 p]c5t by volume (  oil ( w9t]gre54     
#bd;a4 ,oil ( w9t]gre5 is ! volatile oil
 di/ill$ f !  leaves ( ! ,gaul!ria      
procumb5s ,l4      c4 ,,edible          
,,vegetable ,,oils ,,& ,,fats4    #a4   
,olive oil is ! oil obta9$ f ! s\nd1    
mature fruit (  ! cultivat$ olive tree  
7,olea europa ,l47 & subject$ to !      
usual ref9+ processes2 is free f        
rancidity2 has a refractive  index 7#be 
,c47 n less ?an "o & =ty-six hundr$ &   
sixty  t5-?\s&?s 7#a4dffj7 & n exce$+ "o
 & =ty-six hundr$  & eighty t5-?\s&?s   
7#a4dfhj72 & an iod9 numb] n less ?an   
sev5ty-n9e 7#gi7 & n exce$+ n9ety 7#ij74
    #b4 ,virg9 olive oil is olive oil   
obta9$ f ! fir/ press+ (  c>efully      
select$1 h&-pick$ olives4    #c4        
,cottonse$ oil is ! oil obta9$ f ! se$s 
( cotton plants  7,gossypium hirsutum   
,l41 ,g4 b>bad5se ,l41 or ,g4 h]baceum  
,l47 &  subject$ to ! usual ref9+       
processes2 is free f rancidity3 has  a  
refractive index 7#be ,c47 n less ?an "o
 & =ty-sev5 hundr$  t5-?\s&?s 7#a4dgjj7 

& n exce$+ "o & =ty-sev5 hundr$  &      
tw5ty-five t5-?\s&?s 7#a4dgbe72 & an    
iod9 numb] n less  ?an "o hundr$ & f\r  
7#ajd7 & n exce$+ "o hundr$ & t5        
7#aaj74    #d4 8,w9t]-yell[0 cottonse$  
oil is express$ cottonse$ oil f  :i* a  
portion ( ! /e>9 has be5 sep>at$ by     
*ill+ &  pressure1 & has an iod9 numb] n
 less ?an "o hundr$ & t5  7#aaj7 & n    
exce$+ "o hundr$ & sixte5 7#aaf74    #e4
 ,peanut oil1 ara*is oil1 e>?nut oil1 is
 ! oil obta9$  f ! peanut 7,ara*is      
hypoga ,l47 & subject$ to ! usual  ref9+
 processes2 is free f rancidity2 has a  
refractive  index 7#be ,c47 n less ?an  
"o & =ty-six hundr$ & n9ety  t5-?\s&?s  
7#a4dfij7 & n exce$+ "o & =ty-sev5      
hundr$  & sev5 t5-?\s&?s 7#a4dgjg72 & an
 iod9 numb] n less ?an  eighty-sev5     
7#hg7 & n exce$+ "o hundr$ 7#ajj74      
#f4 8,cold-drawn0 peanut oil#de is      
peanut oil obta9$ by pressure  )\t      
heat+4      #de ,! fix+ ( limits =      
*emical & physical prop]ties is         
res]v$ = future consid]ation4    #g4    

,sesame oil1 g+ili oil1 teel oil1 is !  
oil obta9$  f ! se$s ( ! sesame plants  
7,sesamum ori5tale ,l4 & ,s4  radiatum  
,s*um4 & ,?onn47 & subject$ to ! usual  
ref9+  processes2 is free f rancidity2  
has a refractive index 7#be ,c47  n less
 ?an "o & =ty-sev5 hundr$ & f\r         
t5-?\s&?s  7#a4dgjg7 & n exce$+ "o &    
=ty-sev5 hundr$ & sev5te5  t5-?\s&?s    
7#a4dgag72 & an iod9 numb] n less ?an "o
 hundr$  & ?ree 7#ajc7 & n exce$+ "o    
hundr$ & twelve 7#aab74    #h4          
8,cold-drawn0 sesame oil#de is sesame   
oil obta9$ by pressure  )\t heat+4      
#i4 ,poppy-se$ oil is ! oil obta9$ f !  
se$ ( ! poppy  7,papav] somnif]um ,l47  
subject$ to ! usual ref9+ processes &   
free f rancidity4    #aj4 ,:ite         
poppy-se$ oil1 8cold-drawn0 poppy-se$   
oil1#de is  poppy-se$ oil ( ! fir/      
press+ )\t heat+4    #aa4 ,coconut      
oil#de is ! oil obta9$ f ! k]nels ( !   
coconut 7,cocos nucif]a ,l47 & subject$ 
to ! usual ref9+  processes & free f    
rancidity4    #ab4 ,co*9 oil is coconut 

oil prep>$ 9 ,co*9 7,malab>74    #ac4   
,ceylon oil is coconut oil prep>$ 9     
,ceylon4    #ad4 ,copra oil is coconut  
oil prep>$ f copra1 ! dri$ k]nels  ( !  
coconut4    #ae4 ,rape-se$ oil1 colza   
oil1#de is ! oil obta9$ f !  se$s ( !   
rape plant 7,brassica napus ,l47 &      
subject$ to !  usual ref9+ processes &  
free f rancidity4    #af4 8,cold-drawn0 
rape-se$ oil#de is rape-se$ oil obta9$  
by !  fir/ press+ )\t heat+4    #ag4    
,sunfl[] oil#de is ! oil obta9$ f ! se$s
 ( !  sunfl[] 7,helian?us annuus ,l47 & 
subject$ to ! usual ref9+  processes &  
free f rancidity4    #ah4 8,cold-drawn0 
sunfl[] oil#de is sunfl[] oil obta9$ by 
!  fir/ press+ )\t heat+4    #ai4 ,maize
 oil1 corn oil1#de is ! oil obta9$ f !  
g]m (  ! maize 7,zea mays ,l47 &        
subject$ to ! usual ref9+ processes  &  
free f rancidity4      #de ,! fix+ (    
limits = *emical & physical prop]ties is
    res]v$ = future consid]ation4       
#bj4 ,cocoa butt]1 cacao butt]1 is ! fat
 obta9$ f roa/$1  s\nd cocoa beans1 &   

subject$ to ! usual ref9+ processes2 is 
free f rancidity2 has a refractive index
 7#dj ,c47 n less ?an "o  & =ty-five    
hundr$ & sixty-six t5-?\s&?s 7#a4deff7 &
 n  exce$+ "o & =ty-five hundr$ &       
n9ety-eight t5-?\s&?s  7#a4deih72 an    
iod9 numb] n less ?an ?irty-?ree 7#cc7 &
 n  exce$+ ?irty-eight 7#ch72 & a       
melt+-po9t n l[] ?an #cj ,c4  nor high] 
?an #ce ,c4    #ba4 ,cottonse$ oil /e>9 
is ! solid product made by *ill+        
cottonse$ oil & sep>at+ ! solid portion 
by filtration1 ) or  )\t pressure1 &    
hav+ an iod9 numb] n less ?an           
eighty-five  7#he7 & n m ?an "o hundr$  
7#ajj74      ,e4 ,,tea1 ,,c(fee1 ,,&    
,,cocoa ,,products4      a4 ,,tea4      
#a4 ,tea is ! leaves & leaf buds (      
diff]5t species ( ,!a1  prep>$ by !     
usual trade processes ( f]m5t+1 dry+1 & 
fir+2 meets ! provisions ( ! act (      
,congress approv$ ,m>*  #b1 #ahig1 & !  
regulations made 9 con=mity !re)        
7,treasury  ,dep>tm5t ,circul> #af1     
,febru>y #f1 #aije72 con=ms 9 v>iety &  

place ( production to ! "n x be>s2 &    
conta9s n less ?an  f\r 7#d7 nor m ?an  
sev5 7#g7 p]c5t ( a%4      b4 ,,c(fee4  
#a4 ,c(fee is ! se$ ( ,c(fea arabica ,l4
 or ,c(fea lib]ica  ,bull41 fre$ f all b
 a small portion ( its sp]mod]m1 &      
con=ms 9 v>iety & place ( production to 
! "n x be>s4    #b4 ,roa/$ c(fee is     
c(fee :i* by ! action ( heat has become 
br[n & develop$ its *>act]i/ic aroma1 & 
conta9s n less  ?an t5 7#aj7 p]c5t ( fat
 & n less ?an ?ree 7#c7 p]c5t ( a%4     
c4 ,,cocoa ,,& ,,cocoa ,,products4      
#a4 ,cocoa beans are ! se$s ( ! cacao   
tree1 ,!obroma cacao ,l4    #b4 ,cocoa  
nibs1 crack$ cocoa1 is ! roa/$1 brok5   
cocoa bean  fre$ f its %ell or husk4    
#c4 ,*ocolate1 pla9 *ocolate1 bitt]     
*ocolate1 *ocolate  liquor1 bitt]       
*ocolate coat+s1 is ! solid or pla/ic   
mass  obta9$ by gr9d+ cocoa nibs )\t !  
removal ( fat or o!r  con/itu5ts except 
! g]m1 & conta9s n m ?an ?ree 7#c7      
p]c5t ( a% insoluble 9 wat]1 ?ree &     
fifty hundr$?s 7#c4ej7  p]c5t ( crude   

fib]1 & n9e 7#i7 p]c5t ( />*1 & n less  
?an =ty-five 7#de7 p]c5t ( cocoa fat4   
#d4 ,sweet *ocolate1 sweet *ocolate     
coat+s1 is *ocolate mix$  ) sug>        
7sucrose71 ) or )\t ! addition ( cocoa  
butt]1  spices1 or o!r flavor+ mat]ials1
 & conta9s 9 ! sug>- &  fat-free residue
 no high] p]c5tage ( ei!r a%1 fib]1 or  
/>*  ?an is f\nd 9 ! sug>- & fat-free   
residue ( *ocolate4    #e4 ,cocoa1 p[d]$
 cocoa1 is cocoa nibs1 ) or )\t ! g]m1  
depriv$ ( a portion ( its fat & f9ely   
pulv]iz$1 & conta9s  p]c5tages ( a%1    
crude fib]1 & />* correspond+ to ^? 9   
*ocolate aft] correction = fat remov$4  
#f4 ,sweet cocoa1 sweet5$ cocoa1 is     
cocoa mix$ ) sug>  7sucrose71 & conta9s 
n m ?an sixty 7#fj7 p]c5t ( sug>        
7sucrose71 & 9 ! sug>- & fat-free       
residue no high] p]c5tage  ( ei!r a%1   
crude fib]1 or />* ?an is f\nd 9 ! sug>-
 &  fat-free residue ( *ocolate4        
,f4 ,,bev]ages4      a4 ,,fruit         
,,juices--,,fre%1 ,,sweet1 ,,& ,,f]m5t$4
      #a4 ,,fre% ,,& #b4 ,,sweet4       

7,s*$ules 9 prep>ation47      #c4       
,,f]m5t$ ,,fruit ,,juices4    #a4 ,w9e  
is ! product made by ! normal alcoholic 
f]m5tation (  ! juice ( s\nd1 ripe      
grapes1 & ! usual cell> treatm5t1#df  & 
conta9s n less ?an sev5 7#g7 nor m ?an  
sixte5 7#af7 p]c5t  ( alcohol1 by       
volume1 &1 9 "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 cubic     
c5timet]s  7#bj ,c471 n m ?an "o-t5?    
7#j4a7 gram ( sodium *lorid nor  m ?an  
two-t5?s 7#j4b7 gram ( potassium        
sulfate2 & = r$ w9e  n m ?an f\rte5     
hundr$?s 7#j4ad7 gram1 & = :ite w9e n  m
 ?an twelve hundr$?s 7#j4ab7 gram (     
volatile acids produc$  by f]m5tation & 
calculat$ z acetic acid4 ,r$ w9e is w9e 
conta9+ ! r$ color+ matt] ( ! sk9s (    
grapes4 ,:ite w9e  is w9e made f :ite   
grapes or ! express$ fre% juice ( o!r   
grapes4      #df ,! subject ( sulfur\s  
acid 9 w9e is res]v$ =    consid]ation 9
 connection ) ! s*$ule1 8,pres]vatives &
    ,color+ ,matt]s40    #b4 ,dry w9e is
 w9e 9 :i* ! f]m5tation ( ! sug>s is    
practically complete & :i* conta9s1 9 "o

 hundr$ 7#ajj7 cubic  c5timet]s 7#bj    
,c471 less ?an "o 7#a7 gram ( sug>s & = 
dry r$  w9e n less ?an sixte5 hundr$?s  
7#j4af7 gram ( grape a% & n  less ?an "o
 & six-t5?s 7#a4f7 grams ( sug>-free    
grape solids1  & = dry :ite w9e n less  
?an ?irte5 hundr$?s 7#j4ac7 gram  (     
grape a% & n less ?an "o & f\r-t5?s     
7#a4d7 grams (  sug>-free grape solids4 
#c4 ,=tifi$ dry w9e is dry w9e to :i*   
br&y has be5 add$1 b  :i* con=ms 9 all  
o!r p>ticul>s to ! /&>d ( dry w9e4      
#d4 ,sweet w9e is w9e 9 :i* ! alcoholic 
f]m5tation has be5  arre/$1 & :i*       
conta9s1 9 "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 cubic       
c5timet]s  7#bj ,c471 n less ?an "o 7#a7
 gram ( sug>s1 & = sweet r$ w9e  n less 
?an sixte5 hundr$?s 7#j4af7 gram ( grape
 a%1 & =  sweet :ite w9e n less ?an     
?irte5 hundr$?s 7#j4ac7 gram ( grape    
a%4    #e4 ,=tifi$ sweet w9e is sweet   
w9e to :i* w9e spirits h be5  add$4 ,by 
act ( ,congress1 8sweet w9e0 us$ = mak+ 
=tifi$ sweet  w9e & 8w9e spirits0 us$ = 
su* =tification are def9$ z  foll[s     

7sec4 #dc1 ,act ( ,octob] #a1 #ahij1 #bf
 ,/at41 #efg1 z am5d$ by  section #fh1  
,act ( ,augu/ #bg1 #ahid1 #bh ,/at41    
#eji1 & fur!r am5d$  by ,act ( ,congress
 approv$ ,june #g1 #aijf73 8,t ! w9e    
spirits  m5tion$ 9 section #db ( ?is act
 is ! product result+ f !  di/illation (
 f]m5t$ grape juice to :i* wat] may h   
be5  add$ prior to1 dur+1 or aft]       
f]m5tation1 = ! sole purpose (          
facilitat+ ! f]m5tation & economical    
di/illation !re(1 &  %all be held to    
include ! products f grapes or _!       
residues1  commonly kn[n z grape br&y2 &
 ! pure sweet w9e1 :i* may be  =tifi$   
free ( tax1 z provid$ 9 said section1 is
 f]m5t$ grape  juice only1 & %all conta9
 no o!r sub/ance :atev] introduc$  be=e1
 at ! "t (1 or aft] f]m5tation1 except z
 h]e9  expressly provid$2 & su* sweet   
w9e %all conta9 n less ?an  f\r p] c5tum
 ( sac*>9e matt]1 :i* sac*>9e /r5g? may 
be  det]m9$ by te/+ ) ,ball+'s          
sac*>omet] or mu/ scale1 su*  sweet w9e1
 aft] ! evaporation ( ! spirits conta9$ 

!re91 &  re/or+ ! sample te/$ to orig9al
 volume by addition ( wat]3  ,provid$1  
,t ! addition ( pure boil$ or cond5s$   
grape mu/  or pure cry/alliz$ cane or   
beet sug> or pure anhydr\s sug> to !    
pure grape juice a=esaid1 or ! f]m5t$   
product ( su* grape  juice prior to !   
=tification provid$ by ?is ,act = ! sole
  purpose ( p]fect+ sweet w9e accord+ to
 comm]cial /&>d1  or ! addition ( wat] 9
 su* quantities only z may be necess>y  
9 ! me*anical op]ation ( grape convey]s1
 cru%]s1 & pipes  lead+ to f]m5t+ tanks1
 %all n be exclud$ by ! def9ition  (    
pure sweet w9e a=esaid3 ,provid$1 h[ev]1
 ,t ! cane or  beet sug>1 or pure       
anhydr\s sug>1 or wat]1 s us$ %all n 9  
ei!r case be 9 excess ( t5 7#aj7 p]     
c5tum ( ! weight ( !  w9e to be =tifi$  
"u ?is ,act3 ,& provid$ fur!r1 ,t !     
addition ( wat] h]e9 au?oriz$ %all be "u
 su* regulations &  limitations z !     
,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 ) !    
approval  ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1  
may f "t to "t prescribe2 b  9 no case  

%all su* w9es to :i* wat] has be5 add$  
be eligible  = =tification "u !         
provisions ( ?is ,act :]e ! same1  aft] 
f]m5tation & be=e =tification1 h an     
alcoholic /r5g?  ( less ?an five p]     
c5tum ( _! volume40    #f4 ,sp>kl+ w9e  
is w9e 9 :i* ! aft] "p ( ! f]m5tation   
is complet$ 9 ! bottle1 ! s$im5t be+    
disgorg$ & its place  suppli$ by w9e or 
sug> liquor1 & :i* conta9s1 9 "o hundr$ 
7#ajj7 cubic c5timet]s 7#bj ,c471 n less
 ?an twelve hundr$?s  7#j4ab7 gram (    
grape a%4    #g4 ,modifi$ w9e1          
ameliorat$ w9e1 correct$ w9e1 is !      
product made by ! alcoholic f]m5tation1 
) ! usual cell>  treatm5t1 ( a mixture (
 ! juice ( s\nd1 ripe grapes ) sug>     
7sucrose71 or a sirup conta9+ n less ?an
 sixty-five 7#fe7 p]c5t  ( sug>         
7sucrose71 & 9 quantity n m ?an en\gh to
 raise !  alcoholic /r5g? aft]          
f]m5tation1 to elev5 7#aa7 p]c5t by     
volume4    #h4 ,rais9 w9e is ! product  
made by ! alcoholic f]m5tation (  an    
infusion ( dri$ or evaporat$ grapes1 or 

( a mixture ( su*  infusion or ( rais9s 
) grape juice4      b4 ,,mead1 ,,root   
,,be]1 ,,etc4    7,s*$ule 9 prep>ation47
      c4 ,,malt ,,liquors4    7,s*$ule 9
 prep>ation47      d4 ,,spiritu\s       
,,liquors4    7,s*$ule 9 prep>ation47   
e4 ,,c>bonat$ ,,wat]s1 ,,etc4           
7,s*$ule 9 prep>ation47      ,g4        
,,v9eg>4    #a4 ,v9eg>1 cid] v9eg>1     
apple v9eg>1 is ! product made  by !    
alcoholic & subsequ5t acet\s f]m5tations
 ( ! juice (  apples1 is lvo-rotatory1 &
 conta9s n less ?an f\r 7#d7 grams  (   
acetic acid1 n less ?an "o & six-t5?s   
7#a4f7 grams ( apple  solids1 ( :i* n m 
?an fifty 7#ej7 p]c5t are r$uc+ sug>s1  
& n less ?an tw5ty-five hundr$?s 7#j4be7
 gram ( apple a% 9  "o hundr$ 7#ajj7    
cubic c5timet]s 7#bj ,c472 & !          
wat]-soluble  a% f "o hundr$ 7#ajj7     
cubic c5timet]s 7#bj ,c47 ( ! v9eg>     
conta9s n less ?an t5 7#aj7 milligrams (
 phosphoric acid 7,p,o71  & requires n  
less ?an ?irty 7#cj7 cubic c5timet]s (  
dec9ormal  acid to neutralize its       

alkal9ity4    #b4 ,w9e v9eg>1 grape     
v9eg>1 is ! product made by !  alcoholic
 & subsequ5t acet\s f]m5tations ( !     
juice ( grapes  & conta9s1 9 "o hundr$  
7#ajj7 cubic c5timet]s 7#bj ,c471 n     
less ?an f\r 7#d7 grams ( acetic acid1 n
 less ?an "o 7#a4j7 gram  ( grape       
solids1 & n less ?an ?irte5 hundr$?s    
7#j4ac7 gram (  grape a%4    #c4 ,malt  
v9eg> is ! product made by ! alcoholic &
 subsequ5t  acet\s f]m5tations1 )\t     
di/illation1 ( an infusion (  b>ley malt
 or c]eals ^: />* has be5 conv]t$ by    
malt1 is  dextro-rotatory1 & conta9s1 9 
"o hundr$ 7#ajj7 cubic c5timet]s  7#bj  
,c471 n less ?an f\r 7#d7 grams ( acetic
 acid1 n less ?an  two 7#b7 grams (     
solids1 & n less ?an two-t5?s 7#j4b7    
gram (  a%2 & ! wat]-soluble a% f "o    
hundr$ 7#ajj7 cubic c5timet]s  7#bj ,c47
 ( ! v9eg> conta9s n less ?an n9e 7#i7  
milligrams  ( phosphoric acid 7,p,o71 & 
requires n less ?an f\r 7#d7 cubic      
c5timet]s ( dec9ormal acid to neutralize
 its alkal9ity4    #d4 ,sug> v9eg> is ! 

product made by ! alcoholic & subsequ5t 
acet\s f]m5tations ( solutions ( sug>1  
sirup1 molasses1 or  ref9]s' sirup1 &   
conta9s1 9 "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 cubic       
c5timet]s  7#bj ,c471 n less ?an f\r    
7#d7 grams ( acetic acid4    #e4        
,glucose v9eg> is ! product made by !   
alcoholic &  subsequ5t acet\s           
f]m5tations ( solutions ( />* sug> or   
glucose1 is dextro-rotatory1 & conta9s1 
9 "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 cubic  c5timet]s 7#bj
 ,c471 n less ?an f\r 7#d7 grams (      
acetic acid4    #f4 ,_s v9eg>1 di/ill$  
v9eg>1 gra9 v9eg>1 is !  product made by
 ! acet\s f]m5tation ( dilute di/ill$   
alcohol1  & conta9s1 9 "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 
cubic c5timet]s 7#bj ,c471 n less  ?an  
f\r 7#d7 grams ( acetic acid4           
,,iii4 ,,salt4    #a4 ,table salt1 dairy
 salt1 is f9e-gra9$ cry/all9e salt      
conta9+ on a wat]-free basis1 n m ?an "o
 & f\r-t5?s  7#a4d7 p]c5t ( calcium     
sulfate 7,ca,s,o71 nor m ?an five-t5?s  
7#j4e7 p]c5t ( calcium & magnesium      
*lorids 7,ca,cl & ,mg,cl71 nor  m ?an   

"o-t5? 7#j4a7 p]c5t ( matt]s insoluble 9
 wat]4      ,,iv4 ,,pres]vatives ,,&    
,,color+ ,,matt]s4    7,s*$ules 9       
prep>ation47      ,,law ,,relat+ ,,to   
,,fill$ ,,*eese4    ,be x enact$ by !   
,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( !    
,unit$  ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ,congress    
assembl$1 ,t = ! purposes ( ?is  ,act1 !
 ^w 8*eese0 %all be und]/ood to mean !  
food product  kn[n z *eese1 & :i* is    
made f milk or cream & )\t !  addition (
 butt]1 or any animal1 vegetable1 or o!r
 oils or fats  =eign to su* milk or     
cream1 ) or )\t additional color+       
matt]4    ,,sec4 #b4 ,t = ! purpose (   
?is ,act c]ta9 sub/ances &  comp\nds    
%all be kn[n & design$ z 8fill$ *eese10 
namely3 ,all  sub/ances made ( milk or  
skimm$ milk1 ) ! admixture ( butt]1     
animal oils or fats1 vegetable or any   
o!r oils1 or comp\nds =eign  to su*     
milk1 & made 9 imitation or semblance ( 
*eese4    ,,sec4 #c4 ,t special taxes   
are impos$ z foll[s3    ,manufactur]s ( 
fill$ *eese %all pay f\r hundr$ doll>s =

 ea*  & e factory p] annum4 ,e p]son1   
firm1 or corporation :o  manufactures   
fill$ *eese = sale %all be deem$ a      
manufactur] (  fill$ *eese4 ,:olesale   
deal]s 9 fill$ *eese %all pay two hundr$
  & fifty doll>s p] annum4 ,e p]son1    
firm1 or corporation :o  sells or (f]s =
 sale fill$ *eese 9 ! orig9al           
manufactur]'s  package = resale1 or to  
retail deal]s z h]e9aft] def9$1 %all  be
 deem$ a :olesale deal] 9 fill$ *eese4  
,b any manufactur] (  fill$ *eese :o has
 giv5 ! requir$ bond & paid ! requir$   
special tax1 & :o sells only fill$ *eese
 ( 8 own production1  at ! place (      
manufacture1 9 ! orig9al packages1 to   
:i* !  tax-paid /amps are affix$1 %all n
 be requir$ to pay ! special  tax ( a   
:olesale deal] 9 fill$ *eese on acc\nt (
 su* sales4    ,retail deal]s 9 fill$   
*eese %all pay twelve doll>s p] annum4  
,e p]son :o sells fill$ *eese at retail1
 n = resale1 &  = actual consumption1   
%all be reg>d$ z a retail deal] 9 fill$ 
*eese1 & sections ?irty-two hundr$ &    

?irty-two1 ?irty-two  hundr$ &          
?irty-?ree1 ?irty-two hundr$ &          
?irty-f\r1  ?irty-two hundr$ &          
?irty-five1 ?irty-two hundr$ &          
?irty-six1  ?irty-two hundr$ &          
?irty-sev51 ?irty-two hundr$ &          
?irty-eight1 ?irty-two hundr$ &         
?irty-n9e1 ?irty-two hundr$  & =ty1     
?irty-two hundr$ & =ty-"o1 ?irty-two    
hundr$ &  =ty-?ree ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates#dg are1 s  f> z       
applicable1 made to ext5d to & include &
 apply to !  special taxes impos$ by ?is
 section & to ! p]sons1 firms1 or       
corporations ^u :om !y are impos$3      
,provid$1 ,t all special  taxes "u ?is  
,act %all become due on ! fir/ day (    
,july 9 e  ye>1 or on comm5c+ any       
manufacture1 trade1 or bus9ess on :i*   
said tax is impos$4 ,9 ! latt] case !   
tax %all be reckon$  proportionately f !
 fir/ day ( ! mon? 9 :i* ! liability  to
 ! special tax comm5ces to ! fir/ day ( 
,july foll[+4      #dg ,^! sections     
regulate ! adm9i/ration & collection (  

special taxes 9 g5]al4 7,see ,revis$    
,/atutes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1    #b;d ed41
 #ahgh1 p4 #fbj47    ,,sec4 #d4 ,t e    
p]son1 firm or corporation :o c>ries on 
!  bus9ess ( a manufactur] ( fill$ *eese
 )\t hav+ paid !  special tax !re=1 z   
requir$ by law1 %all1 besides be+ liable
  to ! paym5t ( ! tax1 be f9$ n less ?an
 f\r hundr$ doll>s  & n m ?an ?ree ?\s& 
doll>s2 & e p]son1 firm1 or  corporation
 :o c>ries on ! bus9ess ( a :olesale    
deal] 9 fill$  *eese )\t hav+ paid !    
special tax !re=1 z requir$ by  law1    
%all1 besides be+ liable to ! paym5t ( !
 tax1 be f9$  n less ?an two hundr$ &   
fifty doll>s nor m ?an "o ?\s&  doll>s2 
& e p]son1 firm1 or corporation :o      
c>ries on !  bus9ess ( a retail deal] 9 
fill$ *eese )\t hav+ paid !  special tax
 !re=1 z requir$ by law1 %all1 besides  
be+ liable  = ! paym5t ( ! tax1 be f9$ n
 less ?an =ty nor m ?an  five hundr$    
doll>s = ea* & e (f5se4    ,,sec4 #e4 ,t
 e manufactur] ( fill$ *eese %all file )
 !  collector ( int]nal rev5ue ( !      

di/rict 9 :i* 8 manufactory  is locat$  
su* notices1 inv5tories1 & bonds1 %all  
keep su* books  & r5d] su* returns (    
mat]ials & products1 %all put up su*    
signs & affix su* numb] to 8 factory &  
conduct 8 bus9ess  "u su* surveillance (
 (fic]s & ag5ts z ! ,commission] (      
,int]nal ,rev5ue1 ) ! approval ( !      
,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1  may by        
regulation require4 ,b ! bond requir$ ( 
su* manufactur]  %all be ) sureties     
satisfactory to ! collector ( int]nal   
rev5ue1 & 9 a p5al sum ( n less ?an five
 ?\s& doll>s2  & ! am\nt ( said bond may
 be increas$ f "t to "t1 &  additional  
sureties requir$1 at ! discretion ( !   
collector  or "u in/ructions ( !        
,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue4 ,any   
manufactur] ( fill$ *eese :o fails to   
comply ) ! provisions  ( ?is section or 
) ! regulations h]e9 au?oriz$1 %all be  
deem$ guilty ( a misdemeanor & ^u       
conviction !re( %all be  f9$ n less ?an 
five hundr$ nor m ?an "o ?\s& doll>s4   
,,sec4 #f4 ,t fill$ *eese %all be pack$ 

by ! manufactur]s 9  wood5 packages     
only1 n be=e us$ = t purpose1 & m>k$1   
/amp$1 & br&$ ) ! words1 8fill$ *eese0 9
 black-fac$  lett]s n less ?an two in*es
 9 l5g?1 9 a circle 9 ! c5t]  ( ! top & 
bottom ( ! *eese2 & 9 black-fac$ lett]s 
( n  less ?an two in*es 9 l5g? 9 l9e f !
 top to ! bottom (  ! *eese1 on ! side 9
 f\r places equidi/ant f ea* o!r2 &  !  
package conta9+ su* *eese %all be m>k$ 9
 ! same mann]1  & 9 ! same numb] (      
places1 & 9 ! same description (  lett]s
 z above provid$ = ! m>k+ ( ! *eese2 &  
all sales  or consignm5ts made by       
manufactur]s ( fill$ *eese to :olesale  
deal]s 9 fill$ *eese or to export]s (   
fill$ *eese %all be  9 orig9al /amp$    
packages4 ,retail deal]s 9 fill$ *eese  
%all  sell only f orig9al /amp$         
packages1 & %all pack ! fill$  *eese :5 
sold 9 suitable wood5 or pap] packages1 
:i* %all  be m>k$ & br&$ 9 accordance ) 
rules & regulations to be  prescrib$ by 
! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue ) !   
approval  ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury4  

,e p]son :o kn[+ly sells or  (f]s to    
sell1 or deliv]s or (f]s to deliv]1     
fill$ *eese 9 any  o!r =m ?an 9 new     
wood5 or pap] packages1 m>k$ & br&$  z  
h]e9be=e provid$ & z above describ$1 or 
:o packs 9 any  package or packages     
fill$ *eese 9 any mann] contr>y to law1 
or :o  falsely br&s any package or      
affixes a /amp on any package d5ot+  a  
less am\nt ( tax ?an t requir$ by law1  
%all ^u conviction  !re( be f9$ = ea* & 
e (f5se n less ?an fifty doll>s  & n m  
?an five hundr$ doll>s or be imprison$ n
 less ?an  ?irty days nor m ?an "o ye>4 
,,sec4 #g4 ,t all retail & :olesale     
deal]s 9 fill$ *eese %all  display 9 a  
conspicu\s place 9 8 or _! sales room a 
sign  be>+ ! words 8,fill$ *eese sold   
"h0 9 black-fac$ lett]s n  less ?an six 
in*es 9 l5g?1 ^u a :ite gr\nd1 ) ! "n  &
 numb] ( ! rev5ue di/rict 9 :i* 8 or _! 
bus9ess is  conduct$2 & any :olesale or 
retail deal] 9 fill$ *eese :o  fails or 
neglects to comply ) ! provisions ( ?is 
section %all  be deem$ guilty ( a       

misdemeanor1 & %all on conviction !re(  
be  f9$ = ea* & e (f5se n less ?an fifty
 doll>s & n  m ?an two hundr$ doll>s4   
,,sec4 #h4 ,t e manufactur] ( fill$     
*eese %all securely affix1  by pa/+ on  
ea* package conta9+ fill$ *eese         
manufactur$ by  him1 a label on :i* %all
 be pr9t$1 besides ! numb] ( !          
manufactory & ! di/rict & /ate 9 :i* x  
is situat$1 ^!  words3 8,notice4--,!    
manufactur] ( ! fill$ *eese h]e9 conta9$
  has compli$ ) all ! requirem5ts ( !   
law4 ,e p]son is  caution$ n to use ei!r
 ?is package aga9 or ! /amp !reon  aga91
 nor to remove ! cont5ts ( ?is package  
)\t de/roy+  said /amp1 "u ! p5alty     
provid$ by law 9 su* cases40 ,e         
manufactur] ( fill$ *eese :o neglects to
 affix su* label to any  package conta9+
 fill$ *eese made by him or sold or (f]$
 =  sale by or = him1 & e p]son :o      
removes any su* label s  affix$ f any   
su* package1 %all be f9$ fifty doll>s = 
ea*  package 9 respect to :i* su* (f5se 
is committ$4    ,,sec4 #i4 ,t ^u all    

fill$ *eese :i* %all be manufactur$ !re 
%all be assess$ & collect$ a tax ( "o   
c5t p] p\nd1 to be paid  by !           
manufactur] !re(2 & any fractional "p ( 
a p\nd 9 a  package %all be tax$ z a    
p\nd4 ,! tax levi$ by ?is section  %all 
be repres5t$ by c\pon /amps2 & !        
provisions ( exi/+  laws gov]n+ !       
engrav+1 issue1 sale1 acc\ntability1    
effacem5t1  & de/ruction ( /amps relat+ 
to tobacco & snuff1 z f> z  applicable1 
are h]eby made to apply to /amps provid$
 = by ?is  section4    ,,sec4 #aj4 ,t   
:5ev] any manufactur] ( fill$ *eese     
sells or  removes = sale or consumption 
any fill$ *eese ^u :i* ! tax  is requir$
 to be paid by /amps1 )\t pay+ su* tax1 
x %all be  ! duty ( ! ,commission] (    
,int]nal ,rev5ue1 )9 a p]iod (  n m ?an 
two ye>s aft] su* sale or removal1 ^u   
satisfactory  pro(1 to e/imate ! am\nt (
 tax :i* has be5 omitt$ to be  paid & to
 make an assessm5t !re( & c]tify ! same 
to !  collector4 ,! tax s assess$ %all  
be 9 addition to ! p5alties  impos$ by  

law = su* sale or removal4    ,,sec4    
#aa4 ,t all fill$ *eese z h]e9 def9$    
import$ f =eign  c\ntries %all1 9       
addition to any import duty impos$ on ! 
same1  pay an int]nal-rev5ue tax ( eight
 c5ts p] p\nd1 su* tax to be  repres5t$ 
by c\pon /amps2 & su* import$ fill$     
*eese & !  package conta9+ ! same %all  
be /amp$1 m>k$1 & br&$1 z  9 ! case (   
fill$ *eese manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$      
,/ates4    ,,sec4 #ab4 ,t any p]son :o  
kn[+ly pur*ases or receives = sale  any 
fill$ *eese :i* has n be5 br&$ or /amp$ 
accord+ to  law1 or :i* is conta9$ 9    
packages n br&$ or m>k$ accord+  to law1
 %all be liable to a p5alty ( fifty     
doll>s = ea* su*  (f5se4    ,,sec4 #ac4 
,t e p]son :o kn[+ly pur*ases or        
receives = sale  any fill$ *eese f any  
manufactur] or import] :o has n paid  ! 
special tax h]e9 provid$ = %all be      
liable1 = ea* (f5se1  to a p5alty ( "o  
hundr$ doll>s & to a =feiture ( all     
articles  s pur*as$ or receiv$1 or ( !  
full value !re(4    ,,sec4 #ad4 ,t :5ev]

 any /amp$ package conta9+ fill$ *eese  
is  empti$ x %all be ! duty ( ! p]son 9 
^: h&s ! same is  to de/roy ! /amps     
!reon2 & any p]son :o willfully neglects
 or  refuses s to d %all1 = ea* su*     
(f5se1 be f9$ n exce$+  fifty doll>s or 
imprison$ n less ?an t5 days nor m ?an  
six  mon?s4    ,,sec4 #ae4 ,t !         
,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue is      
au?oriz$ to  h appli$ sci5tific te/s1 & 
to decide :e!r any sub/ances  us$ 9 !   
manufacture ( fill$ *eese conta9 +r$i5ts
  delet]i\s to heal?4 ,b 9 case ( d\bt  
or conte/ 8 decision 9  ?is class (     
cases may be appeal$ f to a bo>d h]eby  
con/itut$  = ! purpose1 & compos$ ( !   
,surgeon-,g5]al ( ! ,army1 !            
,surgeon-,g5]al ( ! ,navy1 & ! ,secret>y
 ( ,agriculture1 & !  decision ( ?is    
bo>d %all be f9al 9 ! premises4         
,,sec4 #af4 ,t all packages ( fill$     
*eese subject to tax "u ?is  ,act t %all
 be f\nd )\t /amps or m>ks z h]e9       
provid$1  & all fill$ *eese int5d$ =    
human consumption :i* conta9s  +r$i5ts  

adjudg$ z h]e9be=e provid$ to be        
delet]i\s to !  public heal?1 %all be   
=feit$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,,sec4    
#ag4 ,t all f9es1 p5alties1 & =feitures 
impos$ by ?is ,act  may be recov]$ 9 any
 c\rt ( compet5t jurisdiction4    ,,sec4
 #ah4 ,t ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal      
,rev5ue1 ) ! approval  ( ! ,secret>y ( !
 ,treasury1 %all make all ne$ful        
regulations  = ! c>ry+ into effect !    
provisions ( ?is ,act4    ,,sec4 #ai4 ,t
 ?is ,act %all g into effect on !       
n9etie? day aft]  its passage1 & all    
wood5 packages conta9+ t5 or m p\nds (  
fill$ *eese f\nd on ! premises ( any    
deal] on & aft] !  n9etie? day succe$+ !
 date ( ! passage ( ?is ,act1 %all  be  
deem$ to be taxable "u section n9e ( ?is
 ,act1 & %all be  tax$1 & %all h affix$ 
!reto ! /amps1 m>ks1 & br&s  requir$ by 
?is ,act or by regulations made pursuant
 to ?is ,act2  & = ! purpose ( secur+ ! 
affix+ ( ! /amps1 m>ks1  & br&s requir$ 
by ?is ,act1 ! fill$ *eese %all be      
reg>d$  z hav+ be5 manufactur$ & sold or

 remov$ f ! manufactory  = consumption  
or use on or aft] ! day ?is ,act takes  
effect2  & su* /ock on h& at ! "t ( !   
tak+ effect ( ?is ,act  may be /amp$1   
m>k$1 & br&$ "u special regulations ( ! 
,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 approv$
 by ! ,secret>y ( !  ,treasury2 & !     
,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue may     
au?orize !  hold] ( su* packages to m>k 
& br& ! same & to affix !reto  ! prop]  
tax-paid /amps4--,approv$ ,june #f1     
#ahif4          ,,app5dix ,b4    ,,unit$
 ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1  
,,(fice ,,( ,,! ,,secret>y--,circul>    
,no4 #ba4      ,,lett] ,,(              
,,transmittal4      ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 
,octob] #af1 #aijf4      ,,!            
,,secret>ies ,,( ,,! ,,treasury1 ,,(    
,,agriculture1 ,,& ,,( ,,comm]ce ,,&    
,,labor4    ,sirs3 ,! ,commission       
appo9t$ to repres5t y\r sev]al          
,dep>tm5ts  9 ! =mulation ( uni=m rules 
& regulations = ! en=cem5t  ( ! food &  
drugs act1 approv$ ,june #cj1 #aijf1 has
 rea*$ a  unanim\s agreem5t &           

respectfully submits ! results ( its    
delib]ations & recomm5ds _! adoption4   
,v respectfully1      ,h4 ,w4 ,,wiley1  
,,james ,l4 ,,g]ry1    ,s4 ,n4 ,d4      
,,nor?4      ,,rules ,,& ,,regulations  
,,= ,,! ,,en=cem5t ,,( ,,! ,,food ,,&   
,,drugs ,,act4      ,,g5]al4            
,,regulation #a4 ,,%ort ,,title ,,( ,,! 
,,act4    ,! act1 8,= prev5t+ !         
manufacture1 sale1 or transportation (  
adult]at$ or misbr&$ or poison\s or     
delet]i\s foods1 drugs1  m$ic9es1 &     
liquors1 & = regulat+ traffic !re91 & = 
o!r purposes10 approv$ ,june #cj1 #aijf1
 %all be kn[n & ref]r$ to  z 8,! ,food &
 ,drugs ,act1 ,june #cj1 #aijf40        
,,regulation #b4 ,,orig9al ,,unbrok5    
,,package4      7,section #b47    ,! t]m
 8orig9al unbrok5 package0 z us$ 9 ?is  
act is !  orig9al package1 c>ton1 case1 
c1 box1 b>rel1 bottle1 phial1 or  o!r   
receptacle put up by ! manufactur]1 to  
:i* ! label is  atta*$1 or :i* may be   
suitable = ! atta*m5t ( a label1  mak+  
"o complete package ( ! food or drug    

article4 ,! orig9al  package contemplat$
 includes bo? ! :olesale & ! retail     
package4      ,,regulation #c4          
,,collection ,,( ,,samples4             
7,section #d47    ,samples ( unbrok5    
packages %all be collect$ only by       
au?oriz$  ag5ts ( ! ,dep>tm5t (         
,agriculture2 or by ! heal?1 food1 or   
drug (fic] ( any ,/ate1 ,t]ritory1 or ! 
,di/rict ( ,columbia1 :5  commission$ by
 ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture = ?is       
purpose4    ,samples may be pur*as$ 9 ! 
op5 m>ket1 & if 9 bulk ! m>ks1  br&s1 or
 tags ^u ! package1 c>ton1 conta9]1     
wrapp]1 or  accompany+ pr9t$ or writt5  
matt] %all be not$4 ,! collector  %all  
also note ! names ( ! v5dor & ag5t ?r\gh
 :om ! sale  0 actually made1 toge!r ) !
 date ( pur*ase4 ,! collector  %all     
pur*ase repres5tative samples4    ,a    
sample %all be divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 & 
ea* "p %all be  label$ ) ! id5tify+     
m>ks4 ,all samples %all be seal$ by  !  
collector ) a seal provid$ = ! purpose4 
,if ! package be  less ?an #d p\nds1 or 

9 volume less ?an #b qu>ts1 ?ree        
packages (  approximately ! same size   
%all be pur*as$ & ! m>ks & tags  ^u ea* 
not$ z above4 ,"o sample %all be deliv]$
 to ! p>ty  f :om pur*as$ or to ! p>ty  
gu>antee+ su* m]*&ise4 ,"o  sample %all 
be s5t to ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 or to   
su* *emi/ or  exam9] z may be designat$ 
by ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 & !  ?ird
 sample %all be held "u seal by !       
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4               
,,regulation #d4 ,,me?ods ,,(           
,,analysis4      7,section #d47         
,unless o!rwise direct$ by ! ,secret>y (
 ,agriculture1 ! me?ods  ( analysis     
employ$ %all be ^? prescrib$ by !       
,association (  ,(ficial ,agricultural  
,*emi/s & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia4  
,,regulation #e4 ,,he>+s4      7,section
 #d47    7a7 ,:5 ! exam9ation or        
analysis %[s t ! provisions ( !  food & 
drugs act1 ,june #cj1 #aijf1 h be5      
violat$1 notice ( t  fact1 toge!r ) a   
copy ( ! f9d+s1 %all be furni%$ to !    
p>ty or p>ties f :om ! sample 0 obta9$  

or :o execut$ !  gu>anty z provid$ 9 !  
food & drugs act1 ,june #cj1 #aijf1 & a 
date %all be fix$ at :i* su* p>ty or    
p>ties may be he>d be=e  ! ,secret>y (  
,agriculture1 or su* o!r (ficial        
connect$ ) !  food & drug inspection    
s]vice z may be commission$ by him = t  
purpose4 ,! he>+s %all be _h at a place1
 to be designat$ by !  ,secret>y (      
,agriculture1 mo/ conv5i5t = all p>ties 
conc]n$4  ,^! he>+s %all be private &   
conf9$ to que/ions ( fact4 ,!  p>ties   
int]e/$ !re9 may appe> 9 p]son or by    
attorney & may  prop\nd prop]           
int]rogatories & submit oral or writt5  
evid5ce to  %[ any fault or error 9 !   
f9d+s ( ! analy/ or exam9]4 ,!          
,secret>y ( ,agriculture may ord] a     
re-exam9ation ( ! sample or  h new      
samples drawn = fur!r exam9ation4    7b7
 ,if ! exam9ation or analysis be f\nd   
correct ! ,secret>y (  ,agriculture %all
 give notice to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict
 ,attorney z  prescrib$4    7c7 ,any    
heal?1 food1 or drug (fic] or ag5t ( any

 ,/ate1  ,t]ritory1 or ! ,di/rict (     
,columbia :o %all obta9 satisfactory    
evid5ce ( any violation ( ! food & drugs
 act1 ,june #cj1 #aijf1  z provid$ 9    
section #e !re(1 %all fir/ submit ! same
 to !  ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 9 ord] 
t ! latt] may cause notice  to be giv5  
to ! gu>antor or to ! p>ty f :om !      
sample 0  obta9$4      ,,regulation #f4 
,,publication4      7,section #d47      
7a7 ,:5 a judgm5t ( ! c\rt %all h be5   
r5d]$ !re may  be a publication ( !     
f9d+s ( ! exam9] or analy/1 toge!r  ) ! 
f9d+s ( ! c\rt4    7b7 ,?is publication 
may be made 9 ! =m ( circul>s1 notices1 
or bullet9s1 z ! ,secret>y (            
,agriculture may direct1 n less ?an     
?irty days aft] judgm5t4    7c7 ,if an  
appeal be tak5 f ! judgm5t ( ! c\rt be=e
 su*  publication1 notice ( ! appeal    
%all accompany ! publication4           
,,regulation #g4 ,,/&>ds ,,= ,,drugs4   
7,section #g47    7a7 ,a drug be>+ a "n 
recogniz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  ,ph>macopia
 or ,national ,=mul>y1 )\t any fur!r    

/atem5t  respect+ its "*1 %all be       
requir$ to con=m 9 /r5g?1  quality1 &   
purity to ! /&>ds prescrib$ or indicat$ 
= a  drug ( ! same "n recogniz$ 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia or  ,national 
,=mul>y1 (ficial at ! "t4    7b7 ,a drug
 be>+ a "n recogniz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
,ph>macopia or ,national ,=mul>y1 & br&$
 to %[ a diff]5t  /&>d ( /r5g?1 quality1
 or purity1 %all n be reg>d$ z          
adult]at$ if x con=ms to its decl>$     
/&>d4      ,,regulation #h4             
,,=mulas--,,propriet>y ,,foods4         
7,section #h1 la/ p>agraph47    7a7     
,manufactur]s ( propriet>y foods are    
only requir$ to /ate  ^u ! label ! names
 & p]c5tages ( ! mat]ials us$1 9 s  f> z
 ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture may f9d ?is 
to be necess>y to  secure fre$om f      
adult]ation & misbr&+4    7b7 ,!        
factories 9 :i* propriet>y foods are    
made %all be op5  at all reasonable     
times to ! inspection provid$ = 9       
,regulation #af4      ,,regulation #i4  
,,=m ,,( ,,gu>anty4      7,section #i47 

7a7 ,no deal] 9 food or drug products w 
be liable to prosecution  if he c       
e/abli% t ! goods 7 sold "u a gu>anty by
 !  :olesal]1 manufactur]1 jobb]1 deal]1
 or o!r p>ty resid+ 9  ! ,unit$ ,/ates f
 :om pur*as$4    7b7 ,a g5]al gu>anty be
 fil$ ) ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture  by !
 manufactur] or deal] & be giv5 a s]ial 
numb]1 :i*  numb] %all appe> on ea* & e 
package ( goods sold "u su*  gu>anty ) !
 words1 8,gu>ante$ "u ! food & drugs    
act1 ,june  #cj1 #aijf40    7c7 ,!      
foll[+ =m ( gu>anty is sugge/$3      ,i 
7we7 ! und]sign$ d h]eby gu>antee t !   
articles (    foods or drugs            
manufactur$1 pack$1 di/ribut$1 or sold  
by me 7u7    specify+ ! same z fully z  
possible are n adult]at$ or    misbr&$  
)9 ! mean+ ( ! food & drugs act1 ,june  
#cj1    #aijf4      7,sign$ 9 ink47     
---- ----4      ,"n & place ( bus9ess ( 
:olesal]1 deal]1 manufactur]1    jobb]1 
or o!r p>ties4    7d7 ,if ! gu>anty be n
 fil$ ) ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture z    
above1 x %\ld id5tify & be atta*$ to !  

bill ( sale1 invoice1  bill ( lad+1 or  
o!r s*$ule giv+ ! names & quantities (  
! articles sold4      ,,adult]ation4    
,,regulation #aj4 ,,confection]y4       
7,section #g47    7a7 ,m9]al sub/ances (
 all k9ds 7except z provid$ 9           
,regulation  #ae7 are specifically      
=bidd5 9 confection]y :e!r !y be        
poison\s or n4    7b7 ,only h>mless     
colors or flavors %all be add$ to       
confection]y4    7c7 ,! t]m 8n>cotic    
drugs0 includes all ! drugs m5tion$ 9   
section #h1 food & drugs act1 ,june #cj1
 #aijf1 relat+ to foods1 _!  d]ivatives 
& prep>ations1 & all o!r drugs ( a      
n>cotic nature4      ,,regulation #aa4  
,,sub/ances ,,mix$ ,,& ,,pack$ ,,)      
,,foods4      7,section #g1 "u          
8,foods407    ,no sub/ance may be mix$  
or pack$ ) a food product :i* w  r$uce  
or l[] its quality or /r5g?4 ,n exclud$ 
"u ?is  provision are sub/ances prop]ly 
us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( food  products =   
cl>ification or ref9+1 & elim9at$ 9 !   
fur!r  process ( manufacture4           

,,regulation #ab4 ,,color+1 ,,p[d]+1    
,,coat+1 ,,& ,,/a9+4      7,section #g1 
"u 8,foods407    7a7 ,only h>mless      
colors may be us$ 9 food products4      
7b7 ,! r$uction ( a sub/ance to a p[d]  
to conceal inf]iority  9 "* is          
prohibit$4    7c7 ,! t]m 8p[d]$0 means !
 application ( any p[d]$  sub/ance to ! 
ext]ior portion ( articles ( food1 or ! 
r$uction  ( a sub/ance to a p[d]4    7d7
 ,! t]m 8coat$0 means ! application (   
any sub/ance to !  ext]ior portion ( a  
food product4    7e7 ,! t]m 8/a90       
includes any *ange produc$ by ! addition
 (  any sub/ance to ! ext]ior portion ( 
foods :i* 9 any way alt]s  _! natural   
t9t4      ,,regulation #ac4 ,,natural   
,,poison\s ,,or ,,delet]i\s ,,+r$i5ts4  
7,section #g1 p>agraph #e1 "u 8,foods407
    ,any food product :i* conta9s       
naturally a poison\s or delet]i\s       
+r$i5t does n come )9 ! provisions ( !  
food & drugs  act1 ,june #cj1 #aijf1    
except :5 ! pres5ce ( su* +r$i5t is due 
to fil?1 putresc5ce1 or decomposition4  

,,regulation #ad4 ,,ext]nal             
,,application ,,( ,,pres]vatives4       
7,section #g1 p>agraph #e1 "u 8,foods10 
proviso47    7a7 ,poison\s or delet]i\s 
pres]vatives %all only be appli$        
ext]nally1 & !y & ! food products %all  
be ( a "*  :i* %all n p]mit ! p]meation 
( any ( ! pres]vative to !  int]ior1 or 
any portion ( ! int]ior1 ( ! product4   
7b7 ,:5 ^! products are ready =         
consumption1 if any portion (  ! add$   
pres]vative %all h p5etrat$ ! food      
product1 !n !  proviso ( section #g1    
p>agraph #e1 "u 8,foods10 %all n obta91 
&  su* food products %all !n be subject 
to ! regulations = food  products 9     
g5]al4    7c7 ,! pres]vative appli$ mu/ 
be ( su* a "* t1 until  remov$1 ! food  
products are in$ible4      ,,regulation 
#ae4 ,,:olesom5ess ,,( ,,colors ,,&     
,,pres]vatives4      7,section #g1      
p>agraph #e1 "u 8,foods407    7a7       
,respect+ ! :olesom5ess ( colors1       
pres]vatives1 & o!r  sub/ances :i* are  
add$ to foods1 ! ,secret>y (            

,agriculture %all  det]m9e f *emical or 
o!r exam9ation1 "u ! au?ority (  !      
agricultural appropriation act1 ,public 
#chb1 approv$ ,june #cj1 #aijf1  ! names
 ( ^? sub/ances :i* are p]mitt$ or      
inhibit$ 9 food  products2 & su* f9d+s1 
:5 approv$ by ! ,secret>y ( !  ,treasury
 & ! ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce & ,labor1 %all
 become a "p  ( ^! regulations4    7b7  
,! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture %all det]m9e
 f "t to  "t1 9 accordance ) ! au?ority 
conf]r$ by ! agricultural  appropriation
 act1 ,public #chb1 approv$ ,june #cj1  
#aijf1 ! pr9ciples  :i* %all guide ! use
 ( colors1 pres]vatives1 & o!r          
sub/ances add$ to foods2 & :5 concurr$ 9
 by ! ,secret>y (  ! ,treasury & !      
,secret>y ( ,comm]ce & ,labor1 !        
pr9ciples s  e/abli%$ %all become a "p (
 ^! regulations4      ,,regulation #af4 
,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,raw ,,mat]ials4          
7,section #g1 p>agraph #a1 "u 8,drugs02 
p>agraph #f1 "u 8,foods407    7a7 ,!    
,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 :5 he deems x 
necess>y1 %all  exam9e ! raw mat]ials   

us$ 9 ! manufacture ( food & drug       
products1 & det]m9e :e!r any fil?y1     
decompos$1 or putrid  sub/ance is us$ 9 
_! prep>ation4    7b7 ,! ,secret>y (    
,agriculture %all make su* inspection z 
(t5  z he may deem necess>y4            
,,misbr&+4      ,,regulation #ag4       
,,label4      7,section #h47    7a7 ,!  
t]m 8label0 applies to any pr9t$1       
pictorial1 or o!r  matt] ^u or atta*$ to
 any package ( a food or drug product1  
or  any conta9] !re(4    7b7 ,! pr9cipal
 label %all consi/1 fir/1 ( all words   
:i* !  food & drugs act1 ,june #cj1     
#aijf1 specifically requires1 to wit1 ! 
"n ( ! sub/ance or product2 ! "n ( place
 ( manufacture  9 ! case ( food comp\nds
 or mixtures2 words :i* %[ t !  articles
 are comp\nds1 mixtures1 or bl5ds2 !    
words 8comp\nd10  8mixture10 or 8bl5d02 
or words designat+ ! sub/ances or _!    
d]ivatives & proportions requir$ to be  
nam$ 9 ! case ( drugs  & foods4 ,all ^! 
requir$ words %all appe> ^u ! pr9cipal  
label ) no int]v5+ descriptive or       

explanatory read+ matt]4  ,second1 if ! 
"n ( ! manufactur] & place ( manufacture
  are giv51 !y %all also appe> ^u !     
pr9cipal label4 ,?ird1  else:]e ^u !    
pr9cipal label o!r matt] may appe> 9 !  
discretion ( ! manufactur]4    7c7 ,!   
pr9cipal label on foods or drugs =      
dome/ic comm]ce %all  be pr9t$ 9 ,engli%
 7except z provid$ 9 ,regulation #ai71 )
 or  )\t ! =eign label 9 ! language ( ! 
c\ntry :]e ! food  or drug product is   
produc$ or manufactur$4 ,! size ( type  
%all n  be small] ?an #h-po9t 7brevi]7  
caps3 ,provid$1 ,t 9 case !  size ( !   
package w n p]mit ! use ( #h-po9t cap   
type !  size ( ! type may be r$uc$      
proportionately4    7d7 ,! =m1 "*1 &    
appe>ance ( ! labels1 except z  provid$ 
above1 are left to ! judgm5t ( !        
manufactur]4    7e7 ,descriptive matt]  
^u ! label %all be free f any  /atem5t1 
design1 or device reg>d+ ! article or ! 
+r$i5ts  or sub/ances conta9$ !re91 or  
quality !re(1 or place (  orig91 :i* is 
false or mislead+ 9 any p>ticul>4    7f7

 ,an article conta9+ m ?an "o food      
product or active  m$ic9al ag5t is      
misbr&$ if nam$ aft] a s+le con/itu5t4  
,9 ! case ( drugs ! nom5clature employ$ 
by ! ,unit$ ,/ates  ,ph>macopia & !     
,national ,=mul>y %all obta94    7g7 ,! 
t]m 8design0 or 8devise0 applies to     
pictorial matt] (  e description1 & to  
abbreviations1 *>act]s1 or signs =      
weights1 measures1 or names ( sub/ances4
    7h7 ,! use ( any false or mislead+  
/atem5t1 design1 or devise  %all n be   
ju/ifi$ by any /atem5t giv5 z ! op9ion (
 an  exp]t or o!r p]son1 appe>+ on any  
"p ( ! label1 nor by  any descriptive   
matt] expla9+ ! use ( ! false or        
mislead+  /atem5t1 design1 or devise4   
7i7 ,! regulation reg>d+ ! pr9cipal     
label w n be en=c$  until ,octob] #a1   
#aijg1 9 ! case ( labels pr9t$ & n[ on  
h&1  :5ev] any /atem5t !re9 conta9$ :i* 
is contr>y to ! food  & drugs act1 ,june
 #cj1 #aijf1 z to "* ( cont5ts1 %all be 
correct$ by a supplem5tal label1 /amp1  
or pa/]4 ,all o!r labels  n[ pr9t$ & on 

h& may be us$ )\t *ange until ,octob]   
#a1  #aijg4      ,,regulation #ah4 ,,"n 
,,& ,,address ,,( ,,manufactur]4        
7,section #h47    7a7 ,! "n ( !         
manufactur] or produc]1 or ! place :]e  
manufactur$1 except 9 case ( mixtures & 
comp\nds hav+ a  di/9ctive "n1 ne$ n be 
giv5 ^u ! label1 b if giv51 mu/  be !   
true "n & ! true place4 ,! words 8pack$ 
= ----10  8di/ribut$ by ----0 or "s     
equival5t phrase1 %all be add$ to !     
label 9 case ! "n :i* appe>s ^u ! label 
is n t (  ! actual manufactur] or       
produc]1 or ! "n ( ! place n !  actual  
place ( manufacture or production4      
7b7 ,:5 a p]son1 firm1 or corporation   
actually manufactures or  produces an   
article ( food or drug 9 two or m       
places1 ! actual  place ( manufacture or
 production ( ea* p>ticul> package ne$ n
  be /at$ ^u ! label except :5 9 !      
op9ion ( ! ,secret>y  ( ,agriculture !  
m5tion ( any su* place1 to ! exclusion (
 !  o!rs1 misleads ! public4            
,,regulation #ai4 ,,"* ,,( ,,"n4        

7,section #h47    7a7 ,a simple or      
unmix$ food or drug product n be>+ a    
di/9ctive "n %all be designat$ by its   
common "n 9 ! ,engli%  language1 or1 if 
a drug1 by any "n recogniz$ 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates  ,ph>macopia or ,national        
,=mul>y4 ,no fur!r description ( its    
compon5ts or qualities is requir$1      
except z to cont5t ( alcohol1  morph91  
etc4    7b7 ,! use ( a geographical "n  
%all n be p]mitt$ 9  connection ) a food
 or drug product n manufactur$ or       
produc$ 9  t place1 :5 su* "n indicates 
t ! article 0 manufactur$  or produc$ 9 
t place4    7c7 ,! use ( a geographical 
"n 9 connection ) a food or  drug       
product w n be deem$ a misbr&+ :5 by    
reason ( long  usage x has come to      
repres5t a g5]ic t]m & is us$ to        
indicate  a /yle1 type1 or br&2 b 9 all 
su* cases ! ,/ate or ,t]ritory  :]e any 
su* article is manufactur$ or produc$   
%all be /at$ ^u  ! pr9cipal label4      
7d7 ,a =eign "n :i* is recogniz$ z      
di/9ctive ( a product (  a =eign c\ntry 

%all n be us$ ^u an article ( dome/ic   
orig9  except z an indication ( ! type  
or /yle ( quality or manufacture1  & !n 
only :5 s qualifi$ t x c n be (f]$ =    
sale  "u ! "n ( a =eign article4        
,,regulation #bj4 ,,di/9ctive ,,"n4     
7,section #h47    7a7 ,a 8di/9ctive "n0 
is a trade1 arbitr>y1 or fancy "n :i*   
cle>ly di/+ui%es a food product1 mixture
 or comp\nd f any  o!r food product1    
mixture or comp\nd4    7b7 ,a di/9ctive 
"n %all n be "o repres5t+ any s+le      
con/itu5t ( a mixture or comp\nd4    7c7
 ,a di/9ctive "n %all n misrepres5t any 
prop]ty or quality  ( a mixture or      
comp\nd4    7d7 ,a di/9ctive "n %all    
give no false indication ( orig91  "* or
 place ( manufacture1 nor lead ! pur*as]
 to suppose  t x is any o!r food or drug
 product4      ,,regulation #ba4        
,,comp\nds1 ,,imitations1 ,,or ,,bl5ds  
,,)\t ,,di/9ctive  ,,"n4      7,section 
#h47    7a7 ,! t]m 8bl5d0 applies to a  
mixture ( l sub/ances1 n  exclud+       
h>mless color+ or flavor+ +r$i5ts us$ = 

!  purpose ( color+ & flavor+ only4     
7b7 ,if any age is /at$1 x %all n be t (
 a s+le "o ( its  con/itu5ts1 b %all be 
! av]age ( all con/itu5ts 9 _!          
respective proportions4    7c7 ,color+ &
 flavor+ c n be us$ = increas+ ! weight 
or bulk ( a bl5d4    7d7 ,9 ord] t      
colors or flavors may n increase !      
volume or  weight ( a bl5d1 !y are n to 
be us$ 9 quantities exce$+ #a  p\nd to  
#hjj p\nds ( ! bl5d4    7e7 ,a color or 
flavor c n be employ$ to imitate any    
natural  product or any o!r product (   
recogniz$ "n & quality4    7f7 ,! t]m   
8imitation0 applies to any mixture or   
comp\nd :i* is  a c\nt]feit or fraudul5t
 simulation ( any article ( food or     
drug4      ,,regulation #bb4 ,,articles 
,,)\t ,a ,,label4      7,section #h1    
p>agraph #a1 "u 8,drugs02 p>agraph #a1  
"u 8,foods407    ,x is prohibit$ to sell
 or (f] = sale a food or drug product   
be>+ no label ^u ! package or no        
descriptive matt] :atev]  connect$ ) x1 
ei!r by design1 device1 or o!rwise1 if  

said  product be an imitation ( or (f]$ 
= sale "u ! "n (  ano!r article4        
,,regulation #bc4 ,,prop] ,,br&+ ,,n ,a 
,,complete ,,gu>anty4    ,packages :i*  
are correctly br&$ z to "* ( cont5ts1   
place  ( manufacture1 "n ( manufactur]1 
or o!rwise1 may be adult]at$  & h5ce n  
entitl$ to ent] into int]/ate comm]ce4  
,,regulation #bd4 ,,incomplet5ess ,,(   
,,br&+4    ,a comp\nd %all be deem$     
misbr&$ if ! label be incomplete  z to !
 names ( ! requir$ +r$i5ts4 ,a simple   
product does  n require any fur!r       
/atem5t ?an ! "n or di/9ctive "n  !re(1 
except z provid$ 9 ,regulations #ai 7a7 
& #bh4      ,,regulation #be4           
,,sub/itution4      7,sections #g & #h47
    7a7 ,:5 a sub/ance ( a recogniz$    
quality commonly us$ 9 !  prep>ation ( a
 food or drug product is replac$ by     
ano!r sub/ance  n injuri\s or delet]i\s 
to heal?1 ! "n ( ! sub/itut$  sub/ance  
%all appe> ^u ! label4    7b7 ,:5 any   
sub/ance :i* does n r$uce1 l[]1 or      
injuri\sly  affect its quality or /r5g?1

 is add$ to a food or drug product1  o!r
 ?an t necess>y to its manufacture or   
ref9+1 ! label  %all be> a /atem5t to t 
effect4      ,,regulation #bf4 ,,wa/e   
,,mat]ials4      7,section #h47    ,:5  
an article is made up ( refuse mat]ials1
 fragm5ts1 or  trimm+s1 ! use ( ! "n ( !
 sub/ance f :i* !y are  d]iv$1 unless   
accompani$ by a /atem5t to t effect1    
%all  be deem$ a misbr&+4 ,packages (   
su* mat]ials may be label$  8pieces10   
8/ems10 8trimm+s10 or ) "s simil>       
appellation4      ,,regulation #bg4     
,,mixtures ,,or ,,comp\nds ,,)          
,,di/9ctive ,,names4      7,section #h4 
,fir/ proviso "u 8,foods10 p>agraph #a47
    7a7 ,! t]ms 8mixtures0 & 8comp\nds0 
are int]*angeable &  indicate ! results 
( putt+ toge!r two or m food products4  
7b7 ,^! mixtures or comp\nds %all n be  
imitations ( o!r  articles1 :e!r simple1
 mix$1 or comp\nd1 or (f]$ = sale "u  ! 
"n ( o!r articles4 ,!y %all be> a       
di/9ctive "n & !  "n ( ! place :]e !    
mixture or comp\nd has be5 manufactur$  

or produc$4    7c7 ,if ! "n ( ! place be
 "o :i* is f\nd 9 diff]5t  ,/ates1      
,t]ritories1 or c\ntries1 ! "n ( !      
,/ate1 ,t]ritory1 or  c\ntry1 z well z !
 "n ( ! place1 mu/ be /at$4             
,,regulation #bh4 ,,sub/ances ,,nam$ ,,9
 ,,drugs ,,or ,,foods4      7,section   
#h4 ,second "u 8,drugs02 second "u      
8,foods407    7a7 ,! t]m 8alcohol0 is   
def9$ to mean common or e?yl alcohol4   
,no  o!r k9d ( alcohol is p]missible 9 !
 manufacture ( drugs except  z specifi$ 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia or        
,national ,=mul>y4    7b7 ,! words      
alcohol1 morph91 opium1 etc41 & !       
quantities &  proportions !re(1 %all be 
pr9t$ 9 lett]s correspond+ 9 size  ) ^? 
prescrib$ 9 ,regulation #ag1 p>agraph   
7c74    7c7 ,a drug1 or food product    
except 9 respect ( alcohol1 is  misbr&$ 
9 case x fails to be> a /atem5t on !    
label ( !  quantity or proportion ( any 
alcohol1 morph91 opium1 h]o91 coca91    
alpha or beta euca91 *lor(orm1 cannabis 
indica1 *loral hydrate1 or  acetanilid1 

or any d]ivative or prep>ation ( any su*
 sub/ances  conta9$ !re94    7d7 ,a     
/atem5t ( ! maximum quantity or         
proportion ( any su*  sub/ances pres5t w
 meet ! requirem5ts1 provid$ ! maximum  
/at$ does n v>y mat]ially f ! av]age    
quantity or proportion4    7e7 ,9 case !
 actual quantity or proportion is /at$ x
 %all  be ! av]age quantity or          
proportion ) ! v>iations not$ 9         
,regulation #bi4    7f7 ,! foll[+ are ! 
pr9cipal d]ivatives & prep>ations made  
f ! articles :i* are requir$ to be nam$ 
^u ! label3      ,,alcohol1 ,,e?yl      
7,cologne spirits1 ,gra9 alcohol1       
,rectifi$    spirits1 ,spirits1 &       
,spirits ( w9e73      ,d]ivatives--     
,aldehyd1 ,e!r1 ,e?yl acetate1 ,e?yl    
nitrite1 & ,p>aldehyd4      ,prep>ations
 conta9+ alcohol--      ,bitt]s1        
,br&ies1 ,cordials1 ,elixirs1 ,ess5ces1 
,fluidextracts1    ,spirits1 ,sirups1   
,t9ctures1 ,tonics1 ,:iskies1 & ,w9es4  
,,morph91 ,,alkaloid3      ,d]ivatives--
      ,apomorph91 ,dion91 ,p]on91       

,morph9 acetate1 ,hydro*lorid1 ,sulfite1
    & o!r salts ( morph94               
,prep>ations conta9+ morph9 or          
d]ivatives ( morph9--      ,b\gies1     
,cat>rh ,snuff1 ,*lorodyn1 ,comp\nd p[d]
 ( morph91    ,crayons1 ,elixirs1       
,granules1 ,pills1 ,solutions1 ,sirups1 
,suppositories1    ,tablets1            
,triturates1 & ,tro*es4      ,,opium    
,,gum3      ,prep>ations ( ,opium--     
,extracts1 ,d5>cotiz$ opium1 ,granulat$ 
opium1 & ,p[d]$ opium1    ,b\gies1 ,br[n
 mixture1 ,c>m9ative mixtures1 ,crayons1
 ,dov]'s    p[d]1 ,elixirs1 ,l9im5ts1   
,o9tm5ts1 ,p>egoric1 ,pills1 ,pla/]s1   
,sirups1 ,suppositories1 ,tablets1      
,t9ctures1 ,tro*es1 ,v9eg>s1 &    ,w9es4
      ,d]ivatives--      ,code91        
,alkaloid1 ,hydro*lorid1 ,phosphate1    
,sulphate1 & o!r salts    ( code94      
,prep>ations conta9+ code9 or its       
salts--      ,elixirs1 ,pills1 ,sirups1 
& ,tablets4      ,,coca91 ,,alkaloid3   
,d]ivatives--      ,coca9 hydro*lorid1  
,oleate1 & o!r salts4      ,prep>ations 

conta9+ coca9 or salts ( coca9--        
,coca leaves1 ,cat>rh p[d]s1 ,elixirs1  
,extracts1 ,infusion ( coca1            
,o9tm5ts1 ,pa/e p5cils1 ,pills1         
,solutions1 ,sirups1 ,tablets1          
,t9ctures1 ,tro*es1 & ,w9es4            
,,h]o93      ,prep>ations conta9+ h]o9--
      ,sirups1 ,elixirs1 ,pills1 &      
,tablets4      ,,alpha ,,& ,,beta       
,,euca93      ,prep>ations--            
,mixtures1 ,o9tm5ts1 ,p[d]s1 &          
,solutions4      ,,*lor(orm3            
,prep>ations conta9+ *lor(orm--         
,*loranodyn1 ,elixirs1 ,emulsions1      
,l9im5ts1 ,mixtures1 ,spirits1 &        
,sirups4      ,,cannabis ,,indica3      
,prep>ations ( cannabis indica--        
,corn rem$ies1 ,extracts1 ,mixtures1    
,pills1 ,p[d]s1 ,tablets1 &             
,t9ctures4      ,,*loral ,,hydrate      
7,*loral1 ,u4 ,s4 ,ph>macopia1 #ahij73  
,d]ivatives--      ,*loral              
acetoph5onoxim1 ,*loral alcoholate1     
,*loralamid1    ,*loralimid1 ,*loral    
or?(orm1 ,*loralose1 ,dormiol1 ,hypnal1 

&    ,ural9e4      ,prep>ations conta9+ 
*loral hydrate or its d]ivatives--      
,*loral camphorate1 ,elixirs1 ,l9im5ts1 
,mixtures1 ,o9tm5ts1    ,suppositories1 
,sirups1 & ,tablets4      ,,acetanilid  
7,antifebr91 ,ph5ylacetamid73           
,d]ivatives--      ,acetph5etid91       
,citroph51 ,diacetanilid1 ,lactoph591   
,me?oxy-acetanilid1 ,me?ylacetanilid1   
,p>a-,iodoacetanilid1 &    ,ph5acet94   
,prep>ations conta9+ acetanilid or      
d]ivatives--      ,analgesics1          
,ant9euralgics1 ,antirheumatics1        
,ca*ets1 ,capsules1 ,cold    rem$ies1   
,elixirs1 ,granul> eff]vesc+ salts1     
,heada*e p[d]s1    ,mixtures1 ,pa9      
rem$ies1 ,pills1 & ,tablets4            
,,regulation #bi4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,weight
 ,,or ,,measure4      7,section #h4     
,?ird "u 8,foods407    7a7 ,a /atem5t ( 
! weight or measure ( ! food conta9$ 9 a
  package is n requir$4 ,if any su*     
/atem5t is pr9t$1 x %all  be a pla9 &   
correct /atem5t ( ! av]age net weight or
 volume1  ei!r on or imm$iately above or

 bel[ ! pr9cipal label1 & ( !  size (   
lett]s specifi$ 9 ,regulation #ag4      
7b7 ,a reasonable v>iation f ! /at$     
weight = individual  packages is        
p]missible1 provid$ ?is v>iation is z   
(t5 above z  bel[ ! weight or volume    
/at$4 ,?is v>iation %all be det]m9$  by 
! inspector f ! *anges 9 ! humidity ( ! 
atmosph]e1  f ! exposure ( ! package to 
evaporation or to absorption (  wat]1 & 
! reasonable v>iations :i* att5d ! fill+
 &  weigh+ or measur+ ( a package4      
,,regulation #cj4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,/at+    
,,quantity ,,or ,,proportion4           
7,section #h47    ,9 ! case ( alcohol ! 
expression 8quantity0 or 8proportion0   
%all  mean ! av]age p]c5tage by volume 9
 ! f9i%$ product4 ,9 !  case ( ! o!r    
+r$i5ts requir$ to be nam$ ^u ! label1 !
  expression 8quantity0 or 8proportion0 
%all mean gra9s or m9ims p]  ounce or   
fluid ounce1 & also1 if desir$1 ! metric
 equival5ts  !re=1 or milligrams p] gram
 or p] cubic c5timet]1 or grams  or     
cubic c5timet]s p] kilogram or p] lit]2 

provid$ t ^!  articles %all n be deem$  
misbr&$ if ! maximum ( quantity or      
proportion be /at$1 z requir$ 9         
,regulation #bh 7d74      ,,exports ,,& 
,,imports ,,( ,,foods ,,& ,,drugs4      
,,regulation #ca4 ,,prep>ation ,,(      
,,food ,,products ,,= ,,export4         
7,section #b47    7a7 ,food products    
int5d$ = export may conta9 add$         
sub/ances  n p]mitt$ 9 foods int5d$ =   
int]/ate comm]ce1 :5 !  addition ( su*  
sub/ances does n conflict ) ! laws ( !  
c\ntries to :i* ! food products are to  
be export$ & :5 su*  sub/ances are add$ 
9 accordance ) ! directions ( ! =eign   
pur*as] or 8 ag5t4    7b7 ,! export] is 
n requir$ to furni% evid5ce t goods h   
be5 prep>$ or pack$ 9 compliance ) !    
laws ( ! =eign  c\ntry to :i* said goods
 are int5d$ to be %ipp$1 b su*  %ipm5t  
is made at 8 own risk4    7c7 ,food     
products = export "u ?is regulation %all
 be kept  sep>ate & label$ to indicate t
 !y are = export4    7d7 ,if ! products 
are n export$ !y %all n be all[$ to     

ent] int]/ate comm]ce4      ,,regulation
 #cb4 ,,import$ ,,food ,,& ,,drug       
,,products4      7,section #aa47    7a7 
,meat & meat food products import$ into 
! ,unit$ ,/ates %all  be accompani$ by a
 c]tificate ( (ficial inspection ( a "* 
to satisfy ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture t 
!y are n dang]\s  to heal?1 & ea*       
package ( su* articles %all be> a label 
:i*  %all id5tify x z cov]$ by !        
c]tificate1 :i* c]tificate  %all        
accompany or be atta*$ to ! invoice on  
:i* entry is made4    7b7 ,! c]tificate 
%all set =? ! (ficial position ( !      
inspector & ! "* ( ! inspection4    7c7 
,meat & meat food products z well z all 
o!r food & drug  products ( a k9d =bidd5
 entry into or =bidd5 to be sold1 or    
re/rict$ 9 sale 9 ! c\ntry 9 :i* made or
 f :i* export$1  w be refus$ admission4 
7d7 ,meat & meat food products :i* h be5
 inspect$ & pass$  ?r\gh ! cu/oms may1  
if id5tity is reta9$1 be transport$ 9   
int]/ate comm]ce4      ,,regulation #cc4
 ,,decl>ation4      7,section #aa47     

7a7 ,all invoices ( food or drug        
products %ipp$ to ! ,unit$  ,/ates %all 
h atta*$ to !m a decl>ation ( ! %ipp]1  
made  be=e a ,unit$ ,/ates consul>      
(fic]1 z foll[s3      ,i1 ! und]sign$1 d
 solemnly & truly decl>e t ,i am !      
444444                                  
7,manufactur]1    4444444444444 ( !     
m]*&ise h]e9 m5tion$ & describ$1 &      
ag5t1 or %ipp]47    t x consi/s ( food  
or drug products :i* conta9 no add$     
sub/ances injuri\s to heal?4      ,^!   
products 7 gr[n 9 44444444 & manufactur$
 9 44444444 by                          
7,c\ntry47                  7,c\ntry47  
44444444444444 dur+ ! ye> 4444441 & are 
export$ f 44444 &    7,"n (             
manufactur]47                           
7,city47    consign$ to 44444 ,!        
products be> no false labels or m>ks1   
conta9                7,city47    no_/"s
 add$ color+ matt] or pres]vative       
4444444441 & are n                      
7,"n ( add$ color or pres]vative47    ( 
a "* to cause prohibition or re/riction 

9 ! c\ntry    :]e made or f :i* export$4
      ,dat$ at 4444 ?is 4444 day ( 44441
 #ai44 4      7,sign$73 4444 4444 4444  
7b7 ,9 ! case ( importations to be ent]$
 at ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1  ,philadelphia1 
,*icago1 ,san ,francisco1 & ,new        
,orleans1 & o!r ports  :]e food & drug  
inspection laboratories %all be         
e/abli%$1 ?is  decl>ation %all be atta*$
 to ! invoice on :i* entry is made4  ,9 
o!r cases ! decl>ation %all be atta*$ to
 ! copy ( !  invoice s5t to ! ,bureau ( 
,*emi/ry4      ,,regulation #cd4        
,,d5atur+4      7,section #aa47         
,unless o!rwise decl>$ on ! invoice or  
entry1 all sub/ances  ord9>ily us$ z    
food products w be treat$ z su*4        
,%ipm5ts  ( sub/ances ord9>ily us$ z    
food products int5d$ = te*nical         
purposes mu/ be accompani$ by a         
decl>ation /at+ t fact1 &  mu/ be s     
d5atur$ z to prev5t _! use z foods4     
,,regulation #ce4 ,,bond1 ,,import$     
,,foods1 ,,& ,,drugs4      7,section    
#aa47    ,unexam9$ packages ( food &    

drug products may be deliv]$ to !       
consignee prior to ! completion ( !     
exam9ation to det]m9e  :e!r ! same are  
adult]at$ or misbr&$ ^u ! execution (  a
 p5al bond by ! consignee 9 ! sum ( !   
invoice value ( su*  goods ) ! duty     
add$1 = ! return ( ! goods to cu/oms    
cu/ody4      ,,regulation #cf4          
,,notification ,,( ,,violation ,,( ,,!  
,,law4      7,section #aa47    ,if !    
sample on analysis or exam9ation be f\nd
 n to comply )  ! law1 ! import] %all be
 notifi$ ( ! nature ( ! violation1  ! "t
 & place at :i* f9al action w be tak5 ^u
 !  "q ( ! exclusion ( ! %ipm5t1 & t he 
may be pres5t1  & submit evid5ce1 :i*   
evid5ce 7,=m #ae71 ) a sample ( !       
article1 %all be =w>d$ to ! ,bureau (   
,*emi/ry at ,wa%+ton1  accompani$ by    
report c>d 7,=ms #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 &  
#bj74      ,,regulation #cg4 ,,appeal   
,,to ,,! ,,secret>y ,,( ,,agriculture   
,,& ,,remun]ation4      7,section #aa47 
,all applications = relief f decisions  
aris+ "u ! execution  ( ! law %\ld be   

address$ to ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 
& all  v\*]s or acc\nts = remun]ation = 
samples %all be fil$ )  ! *ief ( !      
inspection laboratory1 :o %all =w>d !   
same1  ) 8 recomm5dation1 to ! ,dep>tm5t
 ( ,agriculture = action4               
,,regulation #ch4 ,,%ipm5t ,,beyond ,,! 
,,jurisdiction ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 
7,section #aa47    ,! "t all[$ ! import]
 = repres5tations reg>d+ !  %ipm5t may  
be ext5d$ at 8 reque/ to p]mit him to   
secure su*  evid5ce z he desires1       
provid$ t ?is ext5sion ( "t does  n     
entail any exp5se to ! ,dep>tm5t (      
,agriculture4 ,if at !  expiration ( ?is
 "t1 9 view ( ! data secur$ 9 inspect+  
! sample & su* evid5ce z may h be5      
submitt$ by !  manufactur]s or import]s1
 x appe>s t ! %ipm5t c n be  legally    
import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !         
,secret>y ( ,agriculture  %all reque/ ! 
,secret>y ( ! ,treasury to refuse to    
deliv] !  %ipm5t 9 "q to ! consignee1 & 
to require its re%ipm5t  beyond !       
jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4         

,,regulation #ci4 ,,application ,,(     
,,regulations4    ,^! regulations %all n
 apply to dome/ic meat & meat food      
products :i* are prep>$1 transport$1 or 
sold 9 int]/ate or  =eign comm]ce "u !  
meat-inspection law & ! regulations (  !
 ,secret>y ( ,agriculture made !reund]4 
,,regulation #dj4 ,,alt]ation ,,&       
,,am5dm5t ,,( ,,regulations4    ,^!     
regulations may be alt]$ or am5d$ at any
 "t1 )\t  previ\s notice1 ) ! concurr5ce
 ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1  !        
,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 & ! ,secret>y 
( ,comm]ce & ,labor4    ,! above rules &
 regulations are h]eby adopt$4          
,,leslie ,m4 ,,%aw1    ,secret>y ( !    
,treasury4      ,,james ,,wilson1       
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4      ,,victor 
,h4 ,,metcalf1    ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce &
 ,labor4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,octob] 
#ag1 #aijf4      ,,! ,,food ,,& ,,drugs 
,,act1 ,,june #cj1 #aijf4      ,,an     
,,act ,= prev5t+ ! manufacture1 sale1 or
 transportation (    adult]at$ or       
misbr&$ or poison\s or delet]i\s foods1 

drugs1    m$ic9es1 & liquors1 & =       
regulat+ traffic !re91 & =    o!r       
purposes4    ,be x enact$ by ! ,s5ate & 
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( !  ,unit$     
,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ,congress assembl$1  
,t x %all be  unlawful = any p]son to   
manufacture )9 any ,t]ritory or !       
,di/rict ( ,columbia any article ( food 
or drug :i* is adult]at$  or misbr&$1 )9
 ! mean+ ( ?is ,act2 & any p]son :o     
%all violate any ( ! provisions ( ?is   
section %all be guilty (  a misdemeanor1
 & = ea* (f5se %all1 ^u conviction !re(1
  be f9$ n to exce$ five hundr$ doll>s  
or %all be s5t5c$ to  "o ye>'s          
imprisonm5t1 or bo? su* f9e &           
imprisonm5t1 9 !  discretion ( ! c\rt1 &
 = ea* subsequ5t (f5se & conviction     
!re( %all be f9$ n less ?an "o ?\s&     
doll>s or s5t5c$  to "o ye>'s           
imprisonm5t1 or bo? su* f9e &           
imprisonm5t1 9 !  discretion ( ! c\rt4  
,,sec4 #b4 ,t ! introduction into any   
,/ate or ,t]ritory or !  ,di/rict (     
,columbia f any o!r ,/ate or ,t]ritory  

or ! ,di/rict  ( ,columbia1 or f any    
=eign c\ntry1 or %ipm5t to any =eign    
c\ntry ( any article ( food or drugs :i*
 is adult]at$ or  misbr&$1 )9 ! mean+ ( 
?is ,act1 is h]eby prohibit$2 &  any    
p]son :o %all %ip or deliv] = %ipm5t f  
any ,/ate or  ,t]ritory or ! ,di/rict ( 
,columbia1 or to a =eign c\ntry1 or :o  
%all receive 9 any ,/ate or ,t]ritory or
 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia  f any o!r ,/ate
 or ,t]ritory or ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1
 or  =eign c\ntry1 & hav+ s receiv$1    
%all deliv]1 9 orig9al  unbrok5         
packages1 = pay or o!rwise1 or (f] to   
any o!r p]son1  any su* article s       
adult]at$ or misbr&$ )9 ! mean+  ( ?is  
,act1 or any p]son :o %all sell or (f] =
 sale 9 !  ,di/rict ( ,columbia or !    
,t]ritories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates any su*   
adult]at$ or misbr&$ foods or drugs1 or 
export or (f] to export  ! same to any  
=eign c\ntry1 %all be guilty ( a        
misdemeanor1  & = su* (f5se be f9$ n    
exce$+ two hundr$ doll>s =  ! fir/      
(f5se1 & ^u conviction = ea* subsequ5t  

(f5se  n exce$+ ?ree hundr$ doll>s or be
 imprison$ n exce$+  "o ye>1 or bo?1 9 !
 discretion ( ! c\rt3 ,provid$1 ,t  no  
article %all be deem$ misbr&$ or        
adult]at$ )9 !  provisions ( ?is ,act :5
 int5d$ = export to any =eign c\ntry  & 
prep>$ or pack$ accord+ to !            
specifications or directions  ( ! =eign 
pur*as] :5 no sub/ance is us$ 9 !       
prep>ation  or pack+ !re( 9 conflict ) !
 laws ( ! =eign c\ntry to  :i* said     
article is int5d$ to be %ipp$2 b if said
 article %all  be 9 fact sold or (f]$ = 
sale = dome/ic use or consumption1  !n  
?is proviso %all n exempt said article f
 ! op]ation (  any ( ! o!r provisions ( 
?is ,act4    ,,sec4 #c4 ,t ! ,secret>y (
 ! ,treasury1 ! ,secret>y (             
,agriculture1 & ! ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce &
 ,labor %all make uni=m  rules &        
regulations = c>ry+ out ! provisions (  
?is ,act1  includ+ ! collection &       
exam9ation ( specim5s ( foods &  drugs  
manufactur$ or (f]$ = sale 9 ! ,di/rict 
( ,columbia1 or  9 any ,t]ritory ( !    

,unit$ ,/ates1 or :i* %all be (f]$ =    
sale 9 unbrok5 packages 9 any ,/ate o!r 
?an t 9 :i* !y  %all h be5 respectively 
manufactur$ or produc$1 or :i* %all  be 
receiv$ f any =eign c\ntry1 or int5d$ = 
%ipm5t to any  =eign c\ntry1 or :i* may 
be submitt$ = exam9ation by ! *ief      
heal?1 food1 or drug (fic] ( any ,/ate1 
,t]ritory1 or ! ,di/rict  ( ,columbia1  
or at any dome/ic or =eign port ?r\gh   
:i* su*  product is (f]$ = int]/ate     
comm]ce1 or = export or import  betwe5 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates & any =eign port or      
c\ntry4    ,,sec4 #d4 ,t ! exam9ations (
 specim5s ( foods & drugs %all be  made 
9 ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry ( ! ,dep>tm5t (  
,agriculture1 or  "u ! direction &      
sup]vision ( su* ,bureau1 = ! purpose  (
 det]m9+ f su* exam9ations :e!r su*     
articles are  adult]at$ or misbr&$ )9 ! 
mean+ ( ?is ,act2 & if x  %all appe> f  
any su* exam9ation t any ( su* specim5s 
is  adult]at$ or misbr&$ )9 ! mean+ (   
?is ,act1 ! ,secret>y  ( ,agriculture   
%all cause notice !re( to be giv5 to !  

p>ty f  :om su* sample 0 obta9$4 ,any   
p>ty s notifi$ %all be giv5 an          
opportunity to be he>d1 "u su* rules &  
regulations z may be  prescrib$ z       
a=esaid1 & if x appe>s t any ( !        
provisions  ( ?is ,act h be5 violat$ by 
su* p>ty1 !n ! ,secret>y (  ,agriculture
 %all at once c]tify ! facts to ! prop] 
,unit$ ,/ates  ,di/rict ,attorney1 ) a  
copy ( ! results ( ! analysis or !      
exam9ation ( su* article duly au!nticat$
 by ! analy/ or  (fic] mak+ su*         
exam9ation1 "u ! oa? ( su* (fic]4 ,aft] 
judgm5t ( ! c\rt1 notice %all be giv5 by
 publication 9 su*  mann] z may be      
prescrib$ by ! rules & regulations      
a=esaid4    ,,sec4 #e4 ,t x %all be !   
duty ( ea* di/rict attorney to :om  !   
,secret>y ( ,agriculture %all report any
 violation ( ?is ,act1  or to :om any   
heal? or food or drug (fic] or ag5t (   
any ,/ate1  ,t]ritory1 or ! ,di/rict (  
,columbia %all pres5t satisfactory      
evid5ce ( any su* violation1 to cause   
appropriate proce$+s to be  comm5c$ &   

prosecut$ 9 ! prop] c\rts ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates1  )\t delay1 = ! en=cem5t ( !    
p5alties z 9 su* case  h]e9 provid$4    
,,sec4 #f4 ,t ! t]m 8drug10 z us$ 9 ?is 
,art1 %all include all  m$ic9es &       
prep>ations recogniz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
,ph>macopia  or ,national ,=mul>y =     
int]nal or ext]nal use1 & any sub/ance  
or mixture ( sub/ances int5d$ to be us$ 
= ! cure1 mitigation1  or prev5tion (   
disease ( ei!r man or o!r animals4 ,!   
t]m  8food10 z us$ h]e91 %all include   
all articles us$ = food1  dr9k1         
confection]y1 or condim5t by man or o!r 
animals1 :e!r  simple1 mix$1 or comp\nd4
    ,,sec4 #g4 ,t = ! purposes ( ?is    
,act an article %all be deem$ to  be    
adult]at$3    ,9 case ( drugs3    ,fir/4
 ,if1 :5 a drug is sold "u or by a "n   
recogniz$ 9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia
 or ,national ,=mul>y1 x diff]s f !     
/&>d ( /r5g?1 quality1 or purity1 z     
det]m9$ by ! te/  laid d[n 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates ,ph>macopia or ,national ,=mul>y 
(ficial at ! "t ( inve/igation3         

,provid$1 ,t no drug def9$  9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates ,ph>macopia or ,national ,=mul>y 
%all be deem$  to be adult]at$ "u ?is   
provision if ! /&>d ( /r5g?1  quality1  
or purity be pla9ly /at$ ^u ! bottle1   
box1 or o!r  conta9] !re( al?\gh ! /&>d 
may diff] f t det]m9$  by ! te/ laid d[n
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia &        
,national  ,=mul>y4    ,second4 ,if its 
/r5g? or purity fall bel[ ! pr(ess$ /&>d
 or  quality "u :i* x is sold4    ,9 !  
case ( confection]y3    ,if x conta9    
t]ra alba1 b>ytes1 talc1 *rome yell[1 or
 o!r  m9]al sub/ance or poison\s color  
or flavor1 or o!r +r$i5t  delet]i\s or  
detrim5tal to heal?1 or any v9\s1 malt1 
or  spiritu\s liquor or comp\nd or      
n>cotic drug4    ,9 ! case ( food3      
,fir/4 ,if any sub/ance has be5 mix$ &  
pack$ ) x s z to  r$uce or l[] or       
injuri\sly affect its quality or /r5g?4 
,second4 ,if any sub/ance has be5       
sub/itut$ :olly or 9 "p = !  article4   
,?ird4 ,if any valuable con/itu5t ( !   
article has be5 :olly or 9  "p ab/ract$4

    ,f\r?4 ,if x be mix$1 color$1 p[d]$1
 coat$1 or /a9$ 9 a  mann] :]eby damage 
or inf]iority is conceal$4    ,fif?4 ,if
 x conta9 any add$ poison\s or o!r add$ 
delet]i\s  +r$i5t :i* may r5d] su*      
article injuri\s to heal?3  ,provid$1 ,t
 :5 9 ! prep>ation ( food products =    
%ipm5t  !y are pres]v$ by any ext]nal   
application appli$ 9 su* mann]  t !     
pres]vative is necess>ily remov$        
me*anically1 or by  mac]ation 9 wat]1 or
 o!rwise1 & directions = ! removal (    
said pres]vative %all be pr9t$ on !     
cov]+ or ! package1 !  provisions ( ?is 
,act %all be con/ru$ z apply+ only :5   
said  products are ready = consumption4 
,six?4 ,if x consi/s 9 :ole or 9 "p ( a 
fil?y1 decompos$1 or  putrid animal or  
vegetable sub/ance1 or any portion ( an 
animal unfit  = food1 :e!r manufactur$  
or n1 or if x is ! product ( a  diseas$ 
animal1 or "o t has di$ o!rwise ?an by  
slaught]4    ,,sec4 #h4 ,t ! t]m        
8misbr&$10 z us$ h]e91 %all apply  to   
all drugs1 or articles ( food1 or       

articles :i* ent] into  ! composition ( 
food1 ! package or label ( :i* %all be> 
any /atem5t1 design1 or device reg>d+   
su* article1 or !  +r$i5ts or sub/ances 
conta9$ !re9 :i* %all be false or       
mislead+ 9 any p>ticul>1 & to any food  
or drug product :i* is  falsely br&$ z  
to ! ,/ate1 ,t]ritory1 or c\ntry 9 :i* x
 is  manufactur$ or produc$4    ,t = !  
purposes ( ?is ,act an article %all also
 be deem$ to be  misbr&$3    ,9 case (  
drugs3    ,fir/4 ,if x be an imitation (
 or (f]$ = sale "u ! "n (  ano!r        
article4    ,second4 ,if ! cont5ts ( !  
package z orig9ally put up %all h  be5  
remov$1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 & o!r cont5ts   
%all h be5  plac$ 9 su* package1 or if !
 package fail to be> a /atem5t on  !    
label ( ! quantity or proportion ( any  
alcohol1 morph91 opium1  coca91 h]o91   
alpha or beta euca91 *lor(orm1 cannabis 
indica1  *loral hydrate1 or acetanilid1 
or any d]ivative or prep>ation ( any    
su* sub/ances conta9$ !re94    ,9 ! case
 ( food3    ,fir/4 ,if x be an imitation

 ( or (f]$ = sale "u !  di/9ctive "n (  
ano!r article4    ,second4 ,if x be     
label$ or br&$ s z to deceive or mislead
 !  pur*as]1 or purport to be a =eign   
product :5 n s1 or if !  cont5ts ( !    
package z orig9ally put up %all h be5   
remov$  9 :ole or 9 "p & o!r cont5ts    
%all h be5 plac$ 9 su*  package1 or if x
 fail to be> a /atem5t on ! label ( !   
quantity  or proportion ( any morph91   
opium1 coca91 h]o91 alpha or beta       
euca91 *lor(orm1 cannabis indica1 *loral
 hydrate1 or acetanilid1 or  any        
d]ivative or prep>ation ( any su*       
sub/ances conta9$ !re94    ,?ird4 ,if 9 
package =m1 & ! cont5ts are /at$ 9 t]ms 
(  weight or measure1 !y are n pla9ly & 
correctly /at$ on !  outside ( !        
package4    ,f\r?4 ,if ! package conta9+
 x or its label %all be> any  /atem5t1  
design1 or device reg>d+ ! +r$i5ts or ! 
sub/ances conta9$ !re91 :i* /atem5t1    
design1 or device %all  be false or     
mislead+ 9 any p>ticul>3 ,provid$1 ,t an
 article  ( food :i* does n conta9 any  

add$ poison\s or delet]i\s  +r$i5ts %all
 n be deem$ to be adult]at$ or misbr&$ 9
 !  foll[+ cases3    ,fir/4 ,9 ! case ( 
mixtures or comp\nds :i* may be n[ or f 
"t to "t h]eaft] kn[n z articles ( food1
 "u _! own  di/9ctive names1 & n an     
imitation ( or (f]$ = sale "u  !        
di/9ctive "n ( ano!r article1 if ! "n be
 accompani$  on ! same label or br& ) a 
/atem5t ( ! place :]e said  article has 
be5 manufactur$ or produc$4    ,second4 
,9 ! case ( articles label$1 br&$1 or   
tagg$ s z to  pla9ly indicate t !y are  
comp\nds1 imitations1 or bl5ds1 &  ! ^w 
8comp\nd10 8imitation10 or 8bl5d10 z !  
case may be1  is pla9ly /at$ on !       
package 9 :i* x is (f]$ = sale3         
,provid$1 ,t ! t]m bl5d z us$ h]e9 %all 
be con/ru$ to  mean a mixture ( l       
sub/ances1 n includ+ h>mless color+ or  
flavor+ +r$i5ts us$ = ! purpose ( color+
 & flavor+  only3 ,& provid$ fur!r1 ,t  
no?+ 9 ?is ,act %all be  con/ru$ z      
requir+ or compell+ proprietors or      
manufactur]s (  propriet>y foods :i*    

conta9 no un:olesome add$ +r$i5t to     
disclose _! trade =mulas1 except 9 s f> 
z ! provisions (  ?is ,act may require  
to secure fre$om f adult]ation or       
misbr&+4    ,,sec4 #i4 ,t no deal] %all 
be prosecut$ "u ! provisions ( ?is  ,act
 :5 he c e/abli% a gu>anty sign$ by !   
:olesal]1 jobb]1  manufactur]1 or o!r   
p>ty resid+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f  :om he
 pur*ases su* articles1 to ! effect t ! 
same is n  adult]at$ or misbr&$ )9 !    
mean+ ( ?is act1 designat+  x4 ,said    
gu>anty1 to af=d protection1 %all conta9
 ! "n &  address ( ! p>ty or p>ties mak+
 ! sale ( su* articles to  su* deal]1 & 
9 su* case said p>ty or p>ties %all be  
am5able  to ! prosecutions1 f9es1 & o!r 
p5alties :i* w\ld atta*1 9  due c\rse1  
to ! deal] "u ! provisions ( ?is ,act4  
,,sec4 #aj4 ,t any article ( food1 drug1
 or liquor t is adult]at$  or misbr&$ )9
 ! mean+ ( ?is ,act1 & is be+ transport$
  f "o ,/ate1 ,t]ritory1 ,di/rict1 or   
insul> possession to ano!r  = sale1 or1 
hav+ be5 transport$1 rema9s unload$1    

unsold1 or 9  orig9al unbrok5 packages1 
or if x be sold or (f]$ = sale 9 !      
,di/rict ( ,columbia or ! ,t]ritories1  
or insul> possessions ( !  ,unit$       
,/ates1 or if x be import$ f a =eign    
c\ntry = sale1 or  if x is int5d$ =     
export to a =eign c\ntry1 %all be liable
 to  be proce$$ aga9/ 9 any di/rict c\rt
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates )9  ! di/rict :]e !  
same is f\nd1 & seiz$ = confiscation by 
a process ( libel = condemnation4 ,& if 
su* article is condemn$  z be+ adult]at$
 or misbr&$1 or ( a poison\s or         
delet]i\s  "*1 )9 ! mean+ ( ?is ,act1 ! 
same %all be dispos$  ( by de/ruction or
 sale1 z ! said c\rt may direct1 & !    
proce$s !re(1 if sold1 less ! legal co/s
 & *>ges1 %all  be paid into ! ,treasury
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b su* goods %all  n 
be sold 9 any jurisdiction contr>y to ! 
provisions ( ?is  ,act or ! laws ( t    
jurisdiction3 ,provid$1 h[ev]1 ,t ^u  ! 
paym5t ( ! co/s ( su* libel proce$+s & !
 execution  & deliv]y ( a good &        
suffici5t bond to ! effect t su*        

articles %all n be sold or o!rwise      
dispos$ ( contr>y to !  provisions ( ?is
 ,act1 or ! laws ( any ,/ate1 ,t]ritory1
 ,di/rict1  or insul> possession1 ! c\rt
 may by ord] direct t su* articles  be  
deliv]$ to ! own] !re(4 ,! proce$+s (   
su* libel cases  %all con=m1 z ne> z may
 be1 to ! proce$+s 9 admiralty1  except 
t ei!r p>ty may dem& trial by jury ( any
 issue ( fact  jo9$ 9 any su* case1 &   
all su* proce$+s %all be at ! suit  ( & 
9 ! "n ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,,sec4 #aa4
 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury %all deliv] 
to ! ,secret>y  ( ,agriculture1 ^u 8    
reque/ f "t to "t1 samples ( foods  &   
drugs :i* are be+ import$ into ! ,unit$ 
,/ates or (f]$  = import1 giv+ notice   
!re( to ! own] or consignee1 :o may     
appe> be=e ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 &
 h ! "r to  introduce te/imony1 & if x  
appe> f ! exam9ation ( su*  samples t   
any article ( food or drug (f]$ to be   
import$ into  ! ,unit$ ,/ates is        
adult]at$ or misbr&$ )9 ! mean+ (  ?is  
,act1 or is o!rwise dang]\s to ! heal? (

 ! p ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates1 or is ( a k9d  
=bidd5 entry into1 or =bidd5 to be  sold
 or re/rict$ 9 sale 9 ! c\ntry 9 :i* x  
is made or f  :i* x is export$1 or is   
o!rwise falsely label$ 9 any respect1  !
 said article %all be refus$ admission1 
& ! ,secret>y ( !  ,treasury %all refuse
 deliv]y to ! consignee & %all cause !  
de/ruction ( any goods refus$ deliv]y   
:i* %all n be export$  by ! consignee )9
 ?ree mon?s f ! date ( notice ( su*     
refusal "u su* regulations z ! ,secret>y
 ( ! ,treasury may  prescribe3 ,provid$1
 ,t ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury may deliv]
  to ! consignee su* goods p5d+         
exam9ation & decision 9 !  matt] on     
execution ( a p5al bond = ! am\nt ( !   
full invoice  value ( su* goods1 toge!r 
) su* duty !reon1 & on refusal  to      
return su* goods = any cause to ! cu/ody
 ( ! ,secret>y (  ! ,treasury1 :5 dem&$1
 = ! purpose ( exclud+ !m f  ! c\ntry1  
or = any o!r purpose1 said consignee    
%all =feit  ! full am\nt ( ! bond3 ,&   
provid$ fur!r1 ,t all *>ges  = /orage1  

c>tage1 & labor on goods :i* are refus$ 
admission  or deliv]y %all be paid by ! 
own] or consignee1 & 9 default (  su*   
paym5t %all con/itute a li5 aga9/ any   
future importation  made by su* own] or 
consignee4    ,,sec4 #ab4 ,t ! t]m      
8,t]ritory0 z us$ 9 ?is ,act %all       
include  ! insul> possessions ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates4 ,! ^w 8p]son0 z  us$ 9 ?is ,act
 %all be con/ru$ to import bo? ! plural 
&  ! s+ul>1 z ! case dem&s1 & %all      
include corporations1  companies1       
societies1 & associations4 ,:5 con/ru+ &
 en=c+  ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 ! act1 
omission1 or failure ( any  (fic]1 ag5t1
 or o!r p]son act+ = or employ$ by any  
corporation1 company1 society1 or       
association1 )9 ! scope ( 8  employm5t  
or (fice1 %all 9 e case be also deem$ to
 be !  act1 omission1 or failure ( su*  
corporation1 company1 society1 or       
association z well z t ( ! p]son4       
,,sec4 #ac4 ,t ?is ,act %all be 9 =ce & 
effect f & aft] !  fir/ day ( ,janu>y1  
n9ete5 hundr$ & sev54    ,approv$1 ,june

 #cj1 #aijf4          ,,app5dix ,c4     
,b4 ,a4 ,i4 ,,ord] ,,no4 #acg4          
,,regulations ,,gov]n+ ,,! ,,meat       
,,inspection ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates    
,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4           
,,scope ,,( ,,inspection4               
,,regulation #a4    ,all slaught]+1     
pack+1 meat-cann+1 salt+1 r5d]+1 or     
simil> e/abli%m5ts ^: meats or meat food
 products1 9 :ole  or 9 "p1 ent] into   
int]/ate or =eign comm]ce %all h        
inspection "u ^! regulations unless     
exempt$ f inspection by  ! ,secret>y (  
,agriculture4 ,only f>m]s1 & retail     
but*]s or  retail deal]s supply+ _!     
cu/om]s1 may be exempt$ "u !  law1 b !y 
are1 nev]!less1 subject to ! provision (
 ! law  :i* places a p5alty ^u any p]son
 :o %all sell or (f] = sale  or         
transportation1 = int]/ate or =eign     
comm]ce1 any meat or meat  food products
 :i* are diseas$1 uns\nd1 unheal?ful1   
un:olesome1 or  o!rwise unfit = human   
food1 kn[+ t su* meat food products  are
 int5d$ = human consumption4    ,all    

c>casses & p>ts ( c>casses ( cattle1    
%eep1 sw9e1 &  goats1 & all meats & meat
 food products !re( ent]+ into  int]/ate
 or =eign comm]ce %all %[ ei!r t !y h   
be5  inspect$ & pass$ or t !y h be5     
exempt$ f inspection  "u ^! regulations4
 ,all meats & meat food products on h&  
,octob] #a1 #aijf1 at e/abli%m5ts :]e   
inspection has n be5  previ\sly ma9ta9$1
 or :i* h be5 inspect$ "u previ\sly     
exi/+ law & regulations1 %all be exam9$ 
& label$ "u ^!  regulations be=e be+    
all[$ to ent] into int]/ate or =eign    
comm]ce4      ,,application ,,=         
,,inspection ,,or ,,exemption4          
,,regulation #b4    ,! proprietor or    
op]ator ( ea* slaught]+1 pack+1         
meat-cann+1  r5d]+1 or simil> e/abli%m5t
 engag$ 9 ! slaught]+ (  cattle1 %eep1  
sw9e1 or goats1 or 9 ! pack+1 cann+1 or 
o!r  prep>ation ( any food product into 
:i* ! meats or meat food  products (    
said animals ent] 9 :ole or 9 "p1 =     
int]/ate  or =eign comm]ce1 %all make   
application to ! ,secret>y (            

,agriculture = inspection or = exemption
 f inspection4 ,! said  application %all
 be made 9 writ+1 address$ to !         
,secret>y (  ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4
 ,c41 & %all /ate ! location ( !        
e/abli%m5t1 ! address ( ! own] or ( a   
duly au?oriz$ (fic]  or ag5t ( ! same1 !
 k9ds ( animals slaught]$1 ! e/imat$    
numb] ( animals ( any species slaught]$ 
p] day & p] week1 or  ! e/imat$ am\nt ( 
meats or meat food products receiv$ f   
o!r  e/abli%m5ts1 & ! "*1 quantity1 &   
propos$ disposition  ( ! products ( said
 e/abli%m5t4 ,blank application =ms w be
  furni%$ by ! ,*ief ( ! ,bureau (      
,animal ,indu/ry ^u reque/4  ,if an     
e/abli%m5t is n 9 a sanit>y condition1  
inspection %all  n be e/abli%$4         
,,exemption ,,f ,,inspection4    7a7    
,if1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,secret>y (        
,agriculture1 ! retail  but*] or retail 
deal] :o is engag$ 9 supply+ 8 cu/om]s  
?r\gh ! m$ium ( int]/ate or =eign       
comm]ce %\ld be exempt$  f ,f$]al       
inspection1 a c]tificate ( exemption w  

be furni%$  to ! applicant = use )      
transportation companies & o!r          
companies & p]sons 9 secur+ ! movem5t ( 
8 products4      ,,(ficial ,,numb]4     
,,regulation #c4    ,if inspection is   
e/abli%$ "u said application ! ,secret>y
  ( ,agriculture w give said e/abli%m5t 
a numb] by :i* all  its meats & meat    
food products %all !reaft] be kn[n1 &   
?is numb] %all be us$ by ! inspectors ( 
! ,dep>tm5t (  ,agriculture1 & also by !
 proprietors ( said e/abli%m5t1 to m>k  
! meats & meat food products ( !        
e/abli%m5t z h]e9aft]  prescrib$4       
,e/abli%m5ts hav+ "o or m bran*es may   
use !  same numb] = all by affix+ a     
s]ial lett] 9 connection ) !  numb] to  
diff]5tiate ! products ( ! diff]5t      
bran*es4 ,ea*  e/abli%m5t at :i*        
inspection is ma9ta9$ mu/ be sep>ate &  
ap>t f any o!r e/abli%m5t engag$ 9      
simil> bus9ess at :i*  inspection is n  
ma9ta9$4    7a7 ,retail but*]s & deal]s 
:o h be5 exempt$ f  inspection "u ^!    
regulations w be giv5 numb]s by :i* _!  

products w be kn[n4      ,,designation  
,,( ,,inspectors4      ,,regulation #d4 
,! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture w designate 
an inspector to take *>ge  ( !          
inspection at ea* e/abli%m5t :]e        
inspection is ma9ta9$1  & w detail to   
said inspector su* assi/ants z may be   
necess>y  to c>ry on prop]ly ! "w (     
inspection & sup]vision at said         
e/abli%m5t4 ,= ! purpose ( en=c+ ! law &
 regulations !  inspector & all         
employees "u 8 direction %all h access  
at  all times1 by day or night1 :e!r !  
e/abli%m5t be op]at$ or  n1 to e "p (   
said e/abli%m5t4      ,,(fice ,,room4   
,,regulation #e4    ,(fice room1 includ+
 light & heat1 %all be provid$ by       
proprietors  ( e/abli%m5ts1 r5t free1 = 
! exclusive use ( ! inspector  & o!r    
employees ( ! ,dep>tm5t on duty at ea*  
e/abli%m5t4  ,! room or rooms set ap>t =
 ?is purpose mu/ be prop]ly  v5tilat$1  
conv5i5tly locat$1 & provid$ ) lock]s   
suitable  = ! protection & /orage ( su* 
supplies z may be requir$2 all  to meet 

! approval ( ! inspector 9 *>ge4        
,,all ,,c>casses ,,& ,,products         
,,inspect$4      ,,regulation #f4       
,all cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 or goats       
slaught]$ at an e/abli%m5t at  :i*      
inspection is ma9ta9$1 & all meats &    
meat food products  prep>$ !re9 %all be 
inspect$1 h&l$1 & prep>$ z requir$  by  
^! regulations4      ,,notice ,,(       
,,daily ,,op]ations4      ,,regulation  
#g4    ,! manag] ( ea* e/abli%m5t at :i*
 inspection is ma9ta9$  %all in=m !     
inspector 9 *>ge1 or 8 assi/ant1 :5 "w  
has  be5 conclud$ = ! day1 & ( ! day &  
h\r :5 "w w be  resum$4 ,"u no          
circum/ances %all an e/abli%m5t be      
op]at$  except "u ! sup]vision ( an     
employee ( ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,all  slaught]+ 
mu/ be done )9 reasonable h\rs & )      
reasonable  spe$1 ! "* ( ! e/abli%m5t   
be+ consid]$4 ,:]e  "o inspector is     
detail$ to conduct ! "w at two or m     
small  e/abli%m5ts :]e few animals are  
slaught]$1 ! inspector  9 *>ge may      
designate ! h\rs = slaught]4 ,no "w %all

 be  p]=m$ at e/abli%m5ts :]e inspection
 is ma9ta9$ dur+  any day on :i* su* "w 
is prohibit$ by ! law ( ! ,/ate or      
,t]ritory 9 :i* ! e/abli%m5t is locat$4 
,,badges4      ,,regulation #h4    ,ea* 
employee ( ! ,dep>tm5t engag$ 9         
inspection "u ^!  regulations w be      
furni%$ ) a numb]$ badge1 :i* he  %all  
we> ov] ! left brea/ on ! out] clo?+    
:ile 9 !  p]=mance ( 8 (ficial duties1 &
 :i* %all n be all[$ to  leave 8        
possession4      ,,brib]y4              
,,regulation #i4    ,x is a felony1     
puni%able by f9e & imprisonm5t1 = any   
p]son1  firm1 or corporation1 or any    
ag5t or employee ( any p]son1 firm1  or 
corporation1 to give1 pay1 or (f]1      
directly or indirectly1 to  any         
,dep>tm5t employee au?oriz$ to p]=m any 
duty "u ^!  regulations1 any money or   
o!r ?+ ( value ) int5t to influ5ce  said
 employee 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 duty "u ^!    
regulations4  ,x is also a felony1      
puni%able by f9e & imprisonm5t1 = any   
,dep>tm5t employee engag$ 9 ! p]=mance (

 duty "u ^!  regulations to receive or  
accept f any p]son1 firm1 or corporation
  engag$ 9 int]/ate or =eign comm]ce any
 gift1 money1 or o!r  ?+ ( value giv5 ) 
any purpose or int5t :atsoev]4          
,,sanitation4      ,,regulation #aj4    
,^u receipt ( an application =          
inspection ! ,secret>y (  ,agriculture w
 cause to be made an exam9ation ( !     
premises1  & w indicate ! requirem5ts = 
sanitation & ! necess>y  facilities =   
inspection4      ,,regulation #aa4    ,9
 ord] t ! c>casses ( cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1
 & goats1  & ! meats & meat food        
products !re(1 may be admitt$ to        
int]/ate or =eign comm]ce1 x is necess>y
 "u ! law t !  e/abli%m5ts 9 :i* !      
animals are slaught]$1 or ! meats &     
meat food products are prep>$1 cur$1    
pack$1 /or$1 or h&l$1  %all be suitably 
light$ & v5tilat$ & ma9ta9$ 9 a sanit>y 
condition4 ,all "w 9 su* e/abli%m5ts    
%all be p]=m$ 9 a  cleanly & sanit>y    
mann]4    7a7 ,ceil+s1 side walls1      
pill>s1 p>titions1 etc41 %all be        

frequ5tly :itewa%$ or pa9t$1 or1 :]e ?is
 is impracticable1  !y %all1 :5         
necess>y1 be wa%$1 scrap$1 or o!rwise   
r5d]$  sanit>y4 ,:]e floors or o!r p>ts 
( a build+1 or tables or o!r  p>ts ( !  
equipm5t1 are s old or 9 su* condition t
 !y  _c be readily made sanit>y1 !y %all
 be remov$ & replac$ by  suitable       
mat]ials or o!rwise put 9 a condition   
acceptable to !  inspector 9 *>ge4 ,all 
floors ^u :i* meats are pil$ dur+ !     
process ( cur+ %all be s con/ruct$ t !y 
c be kept 9 a  clean & sanit>y          
condition1 & su* meats %all also be kept
 clean4    7b7 ,all trucks1 trays1 & o!r
 receptacles1 all *utes1 plat=ms1       
racks1 tables1 etc41 & all knives1 saws1
 cleav]s1 & o!r tools1  & all ut5sils & 
ma*9]y us$ 9 mov+1 h&l+1 cutt+1  *opp+1 
mix+1 cann+1 or o!r process1 %all be    
?or\ghly  cleans$ daily1 if us$4    7c7 
,! aprons1 smocks1 or o!r out] clo?+ (  
employees :o  h&le meat 9 contact ) su* 
clo?+ %all be ( a mat]ial t  is readily 
cleans$ & made sanit>y & %all be cleans$

 daily1  if us$4 ,employees :o h&le     
meats or meat food products %all be     
requir$ to keep _! h&s clean4    7d7    
,all toilet rooms1 ur9als1 & dress+     
rooms %all be entirely  sep>at$ f       
comp>tm5ts 9 :i* c>casses are dress$ or 
meats or meat food products are cur$1   
/or$1 pack$1 h&l$1 or  prep>$4 ,!y %all 
be suffici5t 9 numb]1 ample 9 size1 &   
fitt$ ) mod]n lavatory accommodations1  
includ+ toilet pap]1  soap1 runn+ wat]1 
t[els1 etc4 ,!y %all be prop]ly light$1 
suitably v5tilat$1 & kept 9 a sanit>y   
condition4 ,manag]s (  e/abli%m5ts mu/  
see t employees keep !mselves clean4    
7e7 ,! rooms or comp>tm5ts 9 :i* meats  
or meat food products  are prep>$1 cur$1
 /or$1 pack$1 or o!rwise h&l$ %all  be  
light$ & v5tilat$ 9 a mann] acceptable  
to ! inspector  9 *>ge & %all be s      
locat$ t odors f toilet rooms1          
cat*-bas9s1 cas+ dep>tm5ts1 tank rooms1 
hide cell>s1 etc41 d  n p]meate !m4 ,all
 rooms or comp>tm5ts %all be provid$ )  
cuspidors1 :i* employees :o expectorate 

%all be requir$ to use4    7f7 ,p]sons  
affect$ ) tub]culosis or any o!r        
communicable  disease %all n be kn[+ly  
employ$ 9 any ( ! dep>tm5ts (           
e/abli%m5ts :]e c>casses are dress$1    
meats h&l$1 or meat food  products      
prep>$1 & any employee suspect$ ( be+ s 
affect$  %all be s report$ by !         
inspector 9 *>ge to ! manag] ( !        
e/abli%m5t & to ! ,*ief ( ! ,bureau (   
,animal ,indu/ry4    7g7 ,! fatt5+ (    
hogs or o!r animals on ! refuse (       
slaught]h\ses w n be p]mitt$ on !       
premises ( an  e/abli%m5t :]e inspection
 is ma9ta9$1 & no use incompatible  )   
prop] sanitation %all be made ( any "p (
 ! premises on  :i* su* e/abli%m5t is   
locat$4 ,all y>ds1 f5ces1 p5s1 *utes1   
alleys1 etc41 belong+ to ! premises (   
su* e/abli%m5t %all1  :e!r !y are us$ or
 n1 be ma9ta9$ 9 a sanit>y condition4   
7h7 ,but*]s :o dress diseas$ c>casses   
%all cleanse _! h&s  ( all grease & !n  
imm]se !m 9 a prescrib$ dis9fectant &   
r9se !m 9 cle> wat] be=e engag+ aga9 9  

dress+ or h&l+  heal?y c>casses4 ,all   
but*]s' implem5ts us$ 9 dress+ diseas$  
c>casses %all be cleans$ ( all grease & 
!n /]iliz$1 ei!r  9 boil+ wat] or by    
imm]sion 9 a prescrib$ dis9fectant1 &   
r9s$ 9 cle> wat] be=e be+ aga9 us$ 9    
dress+ heal?y  c>casses4    ,facilities 
= su* cleans+ & dis9fection1 approv$ by 
!  inspector 9 *>ge1 %all be provid$ by 
! e/abli%m5t4 ,sep>ate  trucks1 etc41   
%all be furni%$ = h&l+ diseas$ c>casses 
&  p>ts4 ,foll[+ ! slaught] ( an animal 
affect$ ) an infecti\s  disease a /op   
%all be made until ! implem5ts h be5    
cleans$  & dis9fect$ unless duplicate   
implem5ts are provid$4    7i7           
,inspectors are requir$ to furni% _! own
 knives = use 9  dissect+ or incis+     
diseas$ c>casses or p>ts1 & are requir$ 
to use ! same means = dis9fect+ knives1 
h&s1 etc41 t are  prescrib$ = employees 
( ! e/abli%m5t4    7j7 ,meats & meat    
food products int5d$ = r5d]+ into edible
  products mu/ be prev5t$ f fall+ on !  
floor1 :ile be+  empti$ into ! tanks1 by

 ! use ( "s device1 su* z a metal       
funnel4    7k7 ,plans ( new plants & (  
plants to be remodel$ %\ld be  submitt$ 
to ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4    7l7   
,c>casses or p>ts ( c>casses inflat$ )  
air bl[n f !  m\? %all n be m>k$ 8,u4   
,s4 ,inspect$ & ,pass$40    7m7         
,c>casses dress$ ) skew]s t h be5 held 9
 ! m\?  %all n be m>k$ 8,u4 ,s4         
,inspect$ & ,pass$40                    
,,int]pretation ,,& ,,def9itions ,,(    
,,words ,,& ,,t]ms4      ,,regulation   
#ab4    ,:]ev] 9 ^! regulations ! foll[+
 words1 names1 or t]ms are  us$ !y %all 
be con/ru$ z foll[s3    ,inspectors &   
,dep>tm5t ,employees4--,^! t]ms %all    
mean1  respectively1 inspectors &       
employees ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal         
,indu/ry4    8,u4 ,s4 ,inspect$ &       
,pass$40--,?is phrase %all mean t !     
c>casses1 p>ts ( c>casses1 meats1 & meat
 food products s m>k$  are s\nd1        
heal?ful1 :olesome1 & conta9 no dyes1   
*emicals1  pres]vatives1 or +r$i5ts :i* 
r5d] meats or meat food products        

uns\nd1 unheal?ful1 un:olesome1 unclean1
 or unfit = human food4    ,r5d]$ into  
,l>d or ,tall[4--,?is phrase %all mean t
 !  c>casses1 p>ts ( c>casses1 meats1 & 
meat food products s  designat$ h be5   
pass$ = ! prep>ation ( l>d or tall[     
only4    8,u4 ,s4 ,inspect$ &           
,condemn$40--,?is phrase %all mean t !  
c>casses1 p>ts ( c>casses1 & meat food  
products s m>k$ are  unfit = food & %all
 be de/roy$ = food purposes4            
,c>cass4--,?is ^w %all mean an animal t 
has be5 kill$ "u  ^! regulations1       
includ+ all p>ts :i* are to be us$ =    
food4    ,primal ,p>ts ( ,c>cass4--,?is 
phrase %all mean ! usual sections  or   
cuts ( ! dress$ c>cass commonly kn[n 9 !
 trade1 su* z  sides1 qu>t]s1 %\ld]s1   
hams1 backs1 bellies1 etc41 & entire    
edible organs1 su* z tongues1 liv]s1    
etc41 be=e !y h be5  cut1 %r$d$1 or     
o!rwise subdivid$ prelim9>y to use 9 !  
manufacture ( meat food products4       
,meat ,food ,products4--,?is t]m %all   
mean any product us$ = food  into !     

composition ( :i* any portion ( ! c>cass
 ent]s1 or 9  ! prep>ation ( :i* any    
portion ( ! c>cass is us$1 includ+  l>d1
 m9ce-meat1 extracts1 gelat91           
oleom>g>9e1 butt]9e1 s\ps1  etc4        
,v9eg>4--,! ^w v9eg>1 z us$ h]e91 %all  
mean cid] v9eg>1  w9e v9eg>1 malt v9eg>1
 sug> v9eg>1 glucose v9eg>1 or _s       
v9eg>1 z def9$ by ! ,committee on ,food 
,/&>ds 9 ,circul> ,no4  #aj1 ,secret>y's
 ,(fice1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t (      
,agriculture4      ,,ante-,,mortem      
,,exam9ation ,,& ,,inspection4          
,,regulation #ac4    ,an ante-mortem    
exam9ation & inspection %all be made (  
all cattle1  %eep1 sw9e1 & goats ab\t to
 be slaught]$ be=e !y %all be  all[$ to 
ent] an e/abli%m5t at :i* inspection is 
ma9ta9$4  ,said exam9ation & inspection 
%all be made 9 ! p5s1 alleys1  or *utes 
( ! e/abli%m5t at :i* ! animals are ab\t
 to  be slaught]$4 ,! proprietors ( !   
e/abli%m5ts at :i* !  said ante-mortem  
inspection is conduct$ %all provide     
satisfactory  facilities = conduct+ said

 inspection & = sep>at+ &  hold+ ap>t f 
heal?y animals ^? %[+ symptoms (        
disease4    ,all animals %[+ symptoms or
 suspect$ ( be+ affect$ ) any  disease  
or condition :i*1 "u ^! regulations1    
w\ld probably  cause _! condemnation :5 
slaught]$1 %all be m>k$ by affix+  to ! 
e> or tail a metal tag z provid$ 9      
,regulation #bj4    ,all su* animals1   
except z h]e9aft] provid$1 %all be      
slaught]$  sep>ately1 ei!r be=e regul>  
slaught] has comm5c$ or at !  close ( ! 
regul> slaught]1 & %all be duly id5tifi$
 by a  repres5tative ( ! e/abli%m5t to !
 inspector on duty on !  kill+ floor    
be=e ! sk9s are remov$ or ! c>casses    
op5$ =  evisc]ation4    ,animals :i* h  
be5 tagg$ = pregnancy & :i* h n be5     
expos$ to any infecti\s or contagi\s    
disease are n requir$  to be slaught]$1 
b be=e any su* animal is remov$ f !     
e/abli%m5t ! tag %all be deta*$ by a    
,dep>tm5t employee &  return$ ) 8 report
 to ! inspector 9 *>ge4    7a7 ,if any  
pa?ological condition is suspect$ 9 :i* 

! "q  ( temp]ature is important1 su* z  
,texas fev]1 an?rax1 pneumonia1         
blackleg1 or septicemia1 ! exact        
temp]ature %\ld be tak54 ,due           
consid]ation1 h[ev]1 mu/ be giv5 to !   
fact t extremely high  temp]atures may  
be f\nd 9 o!rwise normal hogs :5        
subject$  to ex]cise or excitem5t1 & a  
simil> condition may obta9 to a  less   
degree among o!r classes ( animals4     
,animals commonly t]m$  8d[n]s10 or     
crippl$ animals1 %all be tagg$1 z       
provid$ = 9  ,regulation #bj1 9 !       
abattoir p5s = ! purpose ( id5tification
  at ! "t ( slaught]1 & %all be pass$ ^u
 9 accordance )  ^! regulations4        
,,po/-,,mortem ,,inspection ,,at ,,"t   
,,( ,,slaught]4      ,,regulation #ad4  
,! inspector or 8 assi/ants %all1 at !  
"t ( slaught]1 make a  c>eful inspection
 ( all animals slaught]$4 ,! head1 tail1
 ?ymus  gl&1 bladd]1 caul1 & ! entire   
visc]a1 & all p>ts & blood  us$ 9 !     
prep>ation ( meat food products %all be 
reta9$ 9  su* mann] z to pres]ve _!     

id5tity until aft] ! po/-mortem         
exam9ation has be5 complet$1 9 ord] t !y
 may be id5tifi$  9 case ( condemnation 
( ! c>cass4 ,suitable racks or metal    
receptacles %all be provid$ = reta9+ su*
 p>ts4    ,c>casses & p>ts !re( f\nd to 
be s\nd1 heal?ful1 :olesome1  & fit =   
human food %all be pass$ & m>k$ z       
provid$ 9 ^!  regulations4    ,%\ld any 
lesion ( disease or o!r condition t w\ld
 probably  r5d] ! meat or any organ     
unfit = food purposes be f\nd  on       
po/-mortem exam9ation1 su* meat or organ
 %all be m>k$  imm$iately ) a tag1 z    
provid$ 9 ,regulation #bg4 ,c>casses :i*
  h be5 s m>k$ %all n be wa%$ or trimm$ 
unless su* wa%+  or trimm+ is au?oriz$  
by ! inspector4      ,,disposal ,,(     
,,diseas$ ,,c>casses ,,& ,,organs4      
,,regulation #ae4    ,! c>casses or p>ts
 ( c>casses ( all animals :i* are       
slaught]$ at an e/abli%m5t :]e          
inspection is ma9ta9$1 &  :i* are f\nd  
at "t ( slaught] or at any subsequ5t    
inspection to  be affect$ ) any ( !     

diseases or conditions nam$ bel[ %all   
be dispos$ ( accord+ to ! section ( ?is 
regulation p]ta9+  to ! disease or      
condition4 ,x is to be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 
t  ow+ to ! fact t x is impracticable to
 =mulate rules cov]+  e case1 & to      
designate at j :at /age a process       
becomes  loa?some or a disease noxi\s1 !
 decision z to ! disposition  ( all     
c>casses1 p>ts1 or organs n specifically
 cov]$ by ^!  regulations %all be left  
to ! vet]9>y inspector 9 *>ge4          
,c>casses f\nd1 be=e evisc]ation has    
tak5 place1 to be affect$  ) an         
infecti\s or contagi\s disease1 includ+ 
tub]culosis1 %all  n be evisc]at$ at !  
regul> kill+ b$ or b5*1 b %all  be tak5 
to ! reta9+ room1 or o!r specially      
prep>$ place1  sep>ate f o!r c>casses1 &
 !re op5$ & exam9$4    7a7 ,an?rax1 or  
,*>bon4--,all c>casses %[+ lesions ( ?is
  disease1 reg>dless ( ! ext5t ( !      
disease1 %all be condemn$  & imm$iately 
tank$1 includ+ ! hide1 ho(s1 horns1     
visc]a1  fat1 blood1 & all o!r portions 

( ! animal4 ,! kill+ b$  ^u :i* ! animal
 0 slaught]$ %all be dis9fect$ ) a #aj  
p]c5t solution ( =mal91 & all knives1   
saws1 cleav]s1 &  o!r in/rum5ts :i* h   
come 9 contact ) ! c>cass %all be       
treat$ z provid$ 9 ,regulation #aa1     
p>agraph 7h71 be=e be+  us$ ^u ano!r    
c>cass4    7b7 ,blackleg4--,c>casses (  
animals %[+ lesions ( blackleg  %all be 
condemn$4    7c7 ,hemorrhagic           
,septicemia4--,c>casses ( animals       
affect$ )  ?is disease %all be condemn$4
    7d7 ,pyemia &                       
,septicemia4--,c>casses %[+ lesions (   
ei!r (  ^! diseases %all be condemn$4   
7e7 ,rabies4--,c>casses ( animals :i*   
%[$ symptoms ( rabies  be=e slaught]    
%all be condemn$4    7f7                
,tetanus4--,c>casses ( animals :i* %[$  
symptoms ( tetanus  be=e slaught] %all  
be condemn$4    7g7 ,malignant ,epizotic
 ,cat>rh4--,c>casses ( animals affect$  
) ?is disease & %[+ g5]aliz$            
inflammation ( ! muc\s  membranes %all  
be condemn$4    7h7 ,hog ,*ol]a & ,sw9e 

,plague4--7#a7 ,c>casses %[+  well-m>k$ 
& progressive lesions ( hog *ol]a or    
sw9e plague 9  m ?an two ( ! organs     
7sk91 kidneys1 bones1 or lymphatic gl&s7
  %all be condemn$4    7#b7 ,c>casses   
%[+ slight lesions :i* are conf9$ to !  
kidneys  & lymphatic gl&s may be pass$4 
7#c7 ,c>casses :i* reveal lesions m     
num]\s ?an ^? describ$  = c>casses to be
 pass$1 b n s sev]e z ! lesions describ$
  = c>casses to be condemn$1 may be     
r5d]$ into l>d1 provid$ !y  are cook$ by
 /eam = f\r h\rs at a temp]ature n l[]  
?an #bbj  ,f4    7#d7 ,9 inspect+       
c>casses %[+ lesions ( ! sk91 bones1    
kidneys1 or lymphatic gl&s1 due         
consid]ation %all be giv5 to !  ext5t & 
sev]ity ( ! lesions f\nd 9 ! visc]a4    
7i7 ,act9omycosis1 or ,lumpy ,jaw4--7#a7
 ,if ! c>cass is 9 a  well-n\ri%$       
condition & !re is no evid5ce ^u        
po/-mortem  exam9ation t ! disease has  
ext5d$ f a prim>y area (  infection 9 ! 
head1 ! c>cass may be pass$1 b ! head1  
includ+ ! tongue1 %all be condemn$4     

7#b7 ,if ! c>cass is 9 a well-n\ri%$    
condition & ! disease has  ext5d$ beyond
 ! prim>y area ( infection1 !           
disposition %all be  made 9 accordance )
 ! regulations relat+ to tub]culosis4   
7j7 ,case\s ,lymphad5itis4--,:5 !       
lesions are limit$ to !  sup]ficial     
lymphatic gl&s or to a few nodules 9 an 
organ1 involv+  also ! adjac5t lymphatic
 gl&s1 & ! c>cass is well n\ri%$1  !    
meat may be pass$ aft] ! affect$ p>ts   
are remov$ &  condemn$4 ,if ext5sive    
lesions1 ) or )\t pleuritic adhesions1  
are f\nd 9 ! lungs1 or if sev]al ( !    
visc]al organs conta9  case\s nodules & 
! c>cass is emaciat$1 x %all be         
condemn$4    7k7 ,tub]culosis4--,all    
c>casses affect$ ) tub]culosis &  %[+   
emaciation %all be condemn$4 ,all o!r   
c>casses affect$  ) tub]culosis %all be 
condemn$1 except ^? 9 :i* ! lesions  are
 slight1 calcifi$1 or encapsulat$1 & are
 conf9$ to ! tissues  indicat$ 9 any "o 
( ! foll[+ five p>agraphs1 or to a less 
numb] ( su* tissues1 & except+ also ^?  

:i* may1 "u  p>agraphs 7#f7 & 7#g7 bel[1
 be r5d]$ into l>d or tall[4    7#a7 ,! 
c]vical lymphatic gl&s & two gr\ps (    
visc]al lymphatic  gl&s 9 a s+le body   
cavity1 su* z ! c]vical1 bron*ial1 &    
m$ia/9al gl&s1 or ! c]vical1 hepatic1 & 
mes5t]ic gl&s4    7#b7 ,! c]vical       
lymphatic gl&s & "o gr\p ( visc]al      
lymphatic  gl&s & "o organ 9 a s+le body
 cavity1 su* z ! c]vical &  bron*ial    
gl&s & ! lungs1 or ! c]vical & hepatic  
gl&s &  ! liv]4    7#c7 ,two gr\ps (    
visc]al lymphatic gl&s & "o organ 9 a   
s+le  body cavity1 su* z ! bron*ial &   
m$ia/9al gl&s & !  lungs1 or ! hepatic &
 mes5t]ic gl&s & ! liv]4    7#d7 ,!     
c]vical lymphatic gl&s & "o gr\p (      
visc]al lymphatic  gl&s 9 ea* body      
cavity1 su* z ! c]vical1 bron*ial1 &    
hepatic gl&s4    7#e7 ,two gr\ps (      
visc]al lymphatic gl&s 9 ! ?oracic      
cavity &  "o gr\p 9 ! abdom9al cavity1  
or "o gr\p ( visc]al lymphatic  gl&s 9 !
 ?oracic cavity & two gr\ps 9 ! abdom9al
 cavity1  su* z ! bron*ial1 m$ia/9al1 & 

hepatic gl&s1 or !  bron*ial1 hepatic1 &
 mes5t]ic gl&s4    7#f7 ,c>casses       
affect$ ) tub]culosis1 9 :i* ! lesions (
 !  disease are locat$ z describ$ 9 any 
"o ( ! prec$+ five  p>agraphs1 b are    
slight & 9 a /ate ( caseation1 or       
liquefaction  necrosis1 or surr\nd$ by  
hyp]emic zones1 & also ^? 9 :i*  slight1
 calcifi$1 or encapsulat$ lesions are   
f\nd 9 m visc]al  organs or m gr\ps (   
visc]al lymphatic gl&s ?an are specifi$ 
9 any "o ( ! prec$+ five p>agraphs1 may 
be r5d]$ into l>d  or tall[ aft] !      
diseas$ p>ts are remov$4 ,! c>casses    
%all be  cook$ by /eam at a temp]ature n
 l[] ?an #bbj ,f4 = n less  ?an f\r     
h\rs4    7#g7 ,c>casses 9 :i* ! c]vical 
lymphatic gl&s1 "o organ1 &  ! s]\s     
membrane 9 a s+le body cavity1 su* z !  
c]vical  lymphatic gl&s1 ! lungs1 & !   
pleura1 or ! c]vical lymphatic  gl&s1 ! 
liv]1 & ! p]itoneum1 are affect$ )      
tub]culosis1  may be r5d]$ into l>d or  
tall[ aft] ! diseas$ p>ts are  remov$4  
,! c>casses %all be cook$ by /eam at a  

temp]ature n  l[] ?an #bbj ,f4 = n less 
?an f\r h\rs4    7#h7 ,all condemn$     
c>casses1 p>ts ( c>casses1 or organs %[+
  lesions ( tub]culosis %all be deposit$
 9 receptacles provid$ =  t purpose1 &  
%all ei!r be tank$ at once or be lock$ 9
 !  8condemn$0 room until su* "t z an   
employee ( ! ,dep>tm5t c  see t !y are  
plac$ 9 ! tank4    7#i7 ,all heads & o!r
 p>ts %[+ lesions ( tub]culosis %all be 
condemn$4    7l7 ,texas                 
,fev]4--,c>casses %[+ suffici5t lesions 
to w>rant  ! diagnosis ( ,texas fev]    
%all be condemn$4    7m7 ,p>asitic      
,ict]o-hematuria4--,c>casses ( %eep     
affect$ )  ?is disease %all be condemn$4
    7n7 ,mange1 or ,scab4--,c>casses (  
animals affect$ ) mange1  or scab1 9    
advanc$ /ages1 %all be condemn$4 ,:5 !  
disease is  slight1 ! c>cass may be     
pass$4    7o7 ,tapeworm                 
,cy/s4--,c>casses ( animals slightly    
affect$ )  tapeworm cy/s may be r5d]$   
into l>d or tall[1 b ext5sively  affect$
 c>casses %all be condemn$4    7p7      

,pneumonia1 ,pleurisy1 ,ent]itis1       
,p]itonitis1 &  ,metritis4--,c>casses   
%[+ g5]aliz$ inflammation ( "o ( !      
foll[+ tissues--! lungs1 pleur1         
inte/9es1 p]itoneum1 or !  ut]us--:e!r 9
 acute or *ronic =m1 %all be condemn$4  
7q7 ,ict]us4--,c>casses %[+ an int5se   
yell[ or  gre5i%-yell[ discoloration    
aft] prop] cool+ %all be condemn$4      
,c>casses :i* exhibit a yell[i% t9t     
directly aft] slaught]1 b  lose ?is     
discoloration on *ill+1 may be pass$ =  
food4    7r7 ,uremia & ,sexual          
,odor4--,c>casses :i* give (f ! odor (  
ur9e or a /rong sexual odor %all be     
condemn$4    7s7 ,urtic>ia1 ,etc4--,hogs
 affect$ ) urtic>ia 7diamond sk9        
disease71 ,t9ea tonsurans1 ,demodex     
folliculorum1 or ery!ma may  be pass$   
aft] deta*+ & condemn+ ! sk91 if !      
c>cass is  o!rwise fit = food4    7t7   
,melanosis1 ,etc4--,c>casses ( animals  
%[+ any disease  or injury1 su* z       
traumatic p]ic>ditis1 g5]aliz$          
melanosis1  pseudo-leukemia1 etc41 :i*  

causes consid]able elevation (          
temp]ature or affects ! sy/em ( !       
animal1 %all be condemn$4    7u7        
,bruises1 ,abscesses1 ,liv] ,flukes1    
,etc4--,any organ or "p (  a c>cass :i* 
is badly bruis$ or :i* is affect$ by    
malignant  tumors1 abscesses1 suppurat+ 
sores1 or liv] flukes %all be  condemn$1
 b :5 ! lesions are s ext5sive z to     
affect ! :ole  c>cass1 ! :ole c>cass    
%all be condemn$4    7v7 ,emaciation &  
,anemia4--,c>casses ( animals too       
emaciat$ or  anemic to produce :olesome 
meat & ^? c>casses :i* %[ a slimy       
deg5]ation ( ! fat or a s]\s            
infiltration ( ! muscles %all  be       
condemn$4    7w7 ,pregnancy &           
,p>turition4--,c>casses ( animals 9     
advanc$  /ages ( pregnancy 7%[+ signs ( 
prep>ation = p>turition71  also c>casses
 ( animals :i* h )9 t5 days giv5 bir? to
  "y & 9 :i* !re is no evid5ce ( septic 
infection1 may  be r5d]$ into l>d or    
tall[ if desir$ by ! manag] ( !         
e/abli%m5t1 o!rwise !y %all be condemn$4

    7x7 ,immaturity4--,c>casses (       
animals too immature to produce         
:olesome meat1 all unborn & /illborn    
animals1 also c>casses  ( calves1 pigs1 
kids1 & lambs "u ?ree weeks ( age %all  
be  condemn$4    7y7 ,diseas$ ,p>ts4--,9
 all cases :]e c>casses %[+ localiz$    
lesions ( disease are pass$ or r5d]$    
into l>d or tall[1 !  diseas$ p>ts mu/  
be remov$ be=e ! 8,u4 ,s4 ,reta9$0 tag  
is tak5  f ! c>cass1 & su* p>ts %all be 
condemn$4    7z7 ,c>eless               
,scald+4--,hogs :i* h be5 all[$ to pass 
into  ! scald+ vat alive %all be        
condemn$4    7aa7 ,dead ,animals4--,all 
animals t die 9 abattoir p5s1 &  ^? 9 a 
dy+ condition be=e slaught]1 %all be    
tagg$ z  provid$ 9 ,regulation #ba1 & 9 
all cases %all be condemn$4 ,9  convey+ 
animals :i* h di$ 9 ! p5s ( an          
e/abli%m5t to  ! tank !y %all n be all[$
 lo pass ?r\gh comp>tm5ts 9  :i* food   
products are prep>$4 ,no dead animals   
%all be br\ght  into an e/abli%m5t =    
r5d]+ f outside ! premises ( said       

e/abli%m5t4      8,,reta9+0 ,,&         
8,,condemn$0 ,,rooms4      ,,regulation 
#af4    ,sep>ate comp>tm5ts1 to be kn[n 
z 8reta9+ rooms10 or o!r  special places
 = f9al inspection1 %all be set ap>t at 
all  e/abli%m5ts at :i* inspection is   
ma9ta9$1 & all c>casses &  p>ts m>k$ ) a
 8,u4 ,s4 ,reta9$0 tag %all be held 9 ^!
 rooms  p5d+ f9al inspection4 ,^! rooms 
%all be rat pro( & furni%$  ) abundant  
light2 ! floors %all be ( cem5t1 metal1 
or brick  laid 9 cem5t4 ,!y %all be     
provid$ ) facilities = lock+1  & locks =
 ?is purpose w be furni%$ by !          
,dep>tm5t4 ,!  keys to su* locks %all   
rema9 9 ! cu/ody ( ! inspector or 8     
assi/ant4    ,imm$iately aft] ! f9al    
inspection ( c>casses & p>ts are  m>k$ )
 8,u4 ,s4 ,reta9$0 tags is complet$1 ^? 
f\nd to be  :olesome & fit = human food 
%all be releas$ by ! vet]9>y  inspector 
conduct+ ! inspection1 :o %all remove ! 
8,u4 ,s4  ,reta9$0 tags1 & ! c>casses   
%all be remov$ f ! reta9+  rooms & m>k$ 
8,u4 ,s4 ,inspect$ & ,pass$10 z provid$ 

9  ,regulation #bh4    ,! floors & walls
 ( all reta9+ rooms %all be wa%$ ) hot  
wat] & dis9fect$ aft] diseas$ animals   
are remov$1 & be=e  any 8reta9$0 animals
 are aga9 plac$ !re94    ,c>casses or   
p>ts ( c>casses f\nd on f9al inspection 
to be  uns\nd1 unheal?ful1 un:olesome1  
or o!rwise unfit = human food  %all be  
m>k$ 8,u4 ,s4 ,inspect$ & ,condemn$10 z 
provid$ 9  ,regulation #bh1 & %all be   
remov$ f ! reta9+ room to !  8condemn$0 
room1 if n tank$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4     
7a7 ,9 ea* e/abli%m5t at :i* condemn$   
c>casses or meat food  products are held
 = m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft]            
condemnation1  !re %all be provid$ a    
room entirely sep>ate f all o!r rooms  9
 ! e/abli%m5t4 ,?is room %all be secure 
& %all be provid$  ) a lock1 ! key ( :i*
 %all rema9 9 ! cu/ody ( a  ,dep>tm5t   
employee4 ,?is room %all be kn[n z !    
8condemn$0 room1  & %all be kept lock$  
at all times except :5 condemn$ meat or 
meat food product is be+ tak5 into or f 
! said room "u !  sup]vision ( a        

,dep>tm5t employee4    ,all condemn$    
c>casses %all be remov$ f reta9+ rooms  
)9  tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] !y are condemn$1
 except 9 que/ionable  cases1 :5 !y are 
held p5d+ ! decision ( ! inspector 9    
*>ge4 ,condemn$ c>casses %all n be all[$
 to accumulate1  b %all be remov$ f !   
8condemn$0 rooms1 treat$ )  color+      
sub/ances1 or o!rwise treat$1 z provid$ 
9 ,regulation  #ah1 p>agraph 7b71 &     
tank$ )9 a reasonable "t aft]           
condemnation4 ,c>casses ( diseas$       
animals :i* are evisc]at$  9 ! reta9+   
room or 9 ! specially prep>$ place "u  !
 provisions ( ,regulation #ae1 %all1    
unless pass$1 be remov$  imm$iately ei!r
 to ! 8condemn$0 room or to ! tank4     
,,regulation #ag4    ,bruis$ ,p>ts4--,:5
 a portion ( a c>cass is to be condemn$ 
on  acc\nt ( slight bruises1 :i* _c be  
prop]ly remov$ until !  c>cass is *ill$1
 ! c>cass %all be m>k$ ) a 8,u4 ,s4     
,reta9$0  tag & plac$ 9 ! reta9+ room4  
,aft] *ill+1 ! affect$  portion %all be 
cut out1 m>k$ 8,u4 ,s4 ,inspect$ &      

,condemn$10  & remov$ to ! tank or lock$
 9 ! 8condemn$0 room1 & !  rema9d] ( !  
c>cass %all be m>k$ 8,u4 ,s4 ,inspect$ &
 ,pass$40      ,,tanks ,,& ,,tank+4     
,,regulation #ah4    ,all condemn$      
c>casses1 p>ts ( c>casses1 & meat food  
products  %all be tank$ z foll[s3    7a7
 ,aft] ! l[] op5+ ( ! tank has be5      
securely seal$ by  an employee ( !      
,dep>tm5t1 & ! condemn$ c>casses1 p>ts1 
& meat food products are plac$ !re9 9 8 
pres5ce1 ! upp]  op5+ %all be likewise  
securely seal$ by su* employee1 ^: duty 
x %all be !n to see t a suffici5t =ce ( 
/eam is turn$  into ! tank & ma9ta9$ a  
suffici5t l5g? ( "t effectually  to r5d]
 ! cont5ts unfit = any edible product4  
,tanks = ?is  purpose %all be s locat$  
or op]at$ t ! fumes & odors  !refrom    
%all n p]vade comp>tm5ts 9 :i* c>casses 
are dress$  or edible products prep>$4  
,wire & lead seals are provid$ by !     
,dep>tm5t = seal+ tanks4    7b7 ,a      
suffici5t quantity ( color+ matt] or o!r
 sub/ance to  be designat$ by !         

,dep>tm5t %all be us$ 9 connection ) !  
tank+ ( all condemn$ c>casses1 p>ts (   
c>casses1 meats1 & meat  food products1 
to de/roy !m effectually = food         
purposes4    7c7 ,! seals ( tanks       
conta9+ condemn$ meats or ! tankage     
!re( %all be brok5 only by an employee (
 ! ,dep>tm5t4    7d7 ,if an e/abli%m5t  
:]e inspection is ma9ta9$ fails to      
p]mit ! treatm5t & tank+ ( condemn$     
c>casses1 p>ts  ( c>casses1 meats1 or   
meat food products1 z requir$ by ^!     
regulations1 ! inspector 9 *>ge %all    
report t fact to !  ,dep>tm5t1 9 ord] t 
inspection may be )drawn f su*          
e/abli%m5t4      ,,regulation #ai4      
,any meats or meat food products        
condemn$ at e/abli%m5ts :i* h  no       
facilities = tank+ %all be treat$ z     
provid$ 9 ,regulation  #ah1 p>agraph    
7b71 & remov$ to an e/abli%m5t indicat$ 
by !  inspector 9 *>ge & !re tank$ &    
r5d]$ "u ! sup]vision  ( an employee ( !
 ,dep>tm5t4      ,,labels1 ,,tags1 ,,&  
,,br&s4    8,u4 ,s4 ,,suspect0 ,,tag4   

,,regulation #bj4    ,to ! e> or tail ( 
ea* animal inspect$ "u ,regulation #ac  
:i*  %[s symptoms or is suspect$ ( be+  
affect$ ) any disease or  condition :i*1
 "u ^! regulations1 may cause its       
condemnation on  po/-mortem inspection1 
!re %all be affix$ by a ,dep>tm5t       
employee  at ! "t ( inspection a numb]$ 
metal tag be>+ ! words 8,u4  ,s4        
,suspect40 ,! employee :o affixes ! tag 
%all report ! numb]  to ! inspector 9   
*>ge4 ,?is 8,u4 ,s4 ,suspect0 tag %all  
rema9 ^u  ! animal until ! prelim9>y    
po/-mortem inspection at ! "t (         
slaught]4 ,if no lesions ( disease are  
!n discov]$1 ! 8,u4 ,s4  ,suspect0 tag  
%all be remov$ & =w>d$ to ! inspector 9 
*>ge1  ) a report t ! c>cass has be5    
inspect$ & pass$1 & !  c>cass %all be   
label$ or /amp$ 8,u4 ,s4 ,inspect$ &    
,pass$10 z  h]e9aft] provid$4           
,,ante-,,mortem ,,condemn$ ,,tag4       
,,regulation #ba4    ,to ! e> ( ea*     
animal :i* is f\nd 9 a dy+ condition or 
dead  on ! premises ( an e/abli%m5t at  

:i* inspection is ma9ta9$  !re %all be  
affix$ by a ,dep>tm5t employee a numb]$ 
metal tag  be>+ ! words 8,u4 ,s4        
,condemn$40 ,! e> be>+ ! tag %all n  be 
remov$ f ! c>cass4 ,! numb] ( ?is tag   
%all be report$  to ! inspector 9 *>ge  
by ! employee :o affixes x4 ,?is tag    
%all rema9 on ! condemn$ c>cass until x 
rea*es ! tank1 &  imm$iately be=e tank+ 
x %all be remov$ by ! ,dep>tm5t         
employee :o is sup]vis+ ! tank+ &       
return$ ) a report to  ! inspector 9    
*>ge4      ,,label+ ,,beef ,,= ,,export4
      ,,regulation #bb4    ,^u ea* qu>t]
 ( ea* dress$ beef c>cass inspect$ &    
pass$ =  export !re %all be plac$ by a  
,dep>tm5t employee a meat-inspection    
label or m>k1 :i* %all be> ! numb] ( !  
e/abli%m5t & !  words 8,u4 ,s4 ,inspect$
 & ,pass$40      ,,label+ ,,beef ,,=    
,,int]/ate ,,comm]ce4      ,,regulation 
#bc4    ,^u ea* dress$ beef c>cass      
inspect$ & pass$ = int]/ate  comm]ce !re
 %all be plac$ by a ,dep>tm5t employee  
at ! "t  ( inspection at lea/ t5 labels 

or m>ks be>+ ! numb] ( !  e/abli%m5t & !
 words 8,u4 ,s4 ,inspect$ & ,pass$40    
,,label+ ,,cann]s4      ,,regulation    
#bd4    ,^u ea* qu>t] ( ea* dress$ beef 
c>cass inspect$ & pass$1  & :i* is to be
 cut up & prep>$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t 9 :i*  !
 animal 0 slaught]$ or 9 ano!r          
e/abli%m5t :]e inspection  is ma9ta9$1  
!re %all be plac$ by a ,dep>tm5t        
employee at !  "t ( inspection "o label 
or m>k be>+ ! e/abli%m5t numb]  & !     
words 8,u4 ,s4 ,inspect$ & ,pass$40 ,if1
 h[ev]1 a primal "p  ( any su* c>cass is
 to leave ! e/abli%m5t = int]/ate or    
=eign comm]ce1 su* primal "p1 or !      
conta9] !re(1 mu/  be label$1 /amp$1 or 
br&$1 "u ! p]sonal sup]vision ( a       
,dep>tm5t employee1 ) ! e/abli%m5t numb]
 & ! words 8,u4 ,s4  ,inspect$ &        
,pass$40      ,,label+ ,,c>casses ,,(   
,,%eep1 ,,calves1 ,,sw9e1 ,,& ,,goats4  
,,regulation #be4    ,^u ! dress$       
c>casses ( %eep1 calves1 sw9e1 & goats  
inspect$  & pass$ = int]/ate or export  
comm]ce !re %all be plac$ by  a         

,dep>tm5t employee at ! "t ( inspection 
at lea/ two labels  or m>ks be>+ ! numb]
 ( ! e/abli%m5t & ! words 8,u4 ,s4      
,inspect$ & ,pass$40      ,,/amp ,,on   
,,clo? ,,wrapp+4      ,,regulation #bf4 
,:5 ! dress$ c>casses or p>ts !re( (    
cattle1 %eep1 calves1  sw9e1 or goats   
are wrapp$ or inclos$ = %ipm5t =        
int]/ate  or export comm]ce 9 burlap1   
musl91 *eese clo?1 or o!r simil>        
sub/ance1 ! cov]+ %all be> a            
meat-inspection /amp or o!r  m>k on :i* 
%all appe> ! e/abli%m5t numb] & ! words 
8,u4  ,s4 ,inspect$ & ,pass$40      8,u4
 ,s4 ,,reta9$0 ,,tag      ,,regulation  
#bg4    ,^u ea* c>cass1 or "p or deta*$ 
organ !re(1 inspect$ "u  ,regulation    
#ad1 9 :i* any lesion ( disease or o!r  
condition is  f\nd t w\ld probably r5d] 
! meat or any organ unfit = food        
purposes1 !re %all be plac$ by a        
,dep>tm5t employee at ! "t (  inspection
 a pap] tag1 numb]$ 9 duplicate1 be>+ ! 
words 8,u4 ,s4  ,reta9$10 atta*$ by a   
wire & seal4 ,! inspector :o atta*es ?is

  8,u4 ,s4 ,reta9$0 tag %all deta* !    
numb]$ /ub !re( & return  x ) 8 report  
to ! inspector 9 *>ge4 ,! o!r portion   
%all  accompany ! c>cass to ! reta9+    
,room4      8,u4 ,s4 ,,condemn$ ,,/amp40
      ,,regulation #bh4    ,^u ea*      
c>cass1 or "p or deta*$ organ !re(1 :i* 
is f\nd  on f9al inspection 9 ! reta9+  
room1 or o!r special place  = f9al      
inspection1 to be uns\nd1 unheal?ful1   
un:olesome1 or  o!rwise unfit = human   
food1 !re %all be /amp$ conspicu\sly  by
 a ,dep>tm5t employee at ! "t (         
inspection ! words 8,u4 ,s4  ,inspect$ &
 ,condemn$40 ,9 addition ! 8,u4 ,s4     
,reta9$0 tag %all  rema9 ^u ! c>cass &  
%all be /amp$ ) ! words 8,u4 ,s4        
,inspect$ & ,condemn$40 ,?is /amp$ 8,u4 
,s4 ,reta9$0 tag %all  accompany !      
c>cass to ! tank & %all be remov$       
imm$iately  be=e tank+ by ! ,dep>tm5t   
employee :o is sup]vis+ t  op]ation1 &  
he %all write or /amp ^u ! tag ! ^w     
8,tank$10  ! date1 sign 8 "n1 & return !
 tag ) 8 report to !  inspector 9 *>ge4 

,if1 h[ev]1 ^u f9al inspection ! c>cass 
is pass$ = food1 ! inspector %all /amp !
 reta9$ tag 8,u4  ,s4 ,inspect$ &       
,pass$10 & return ! tag ) 8 report to ! 
inspector 9 *>ge4      ,,m>k+ ,,(       
,,primal ,,p>ts4      ,,regulation #bi4 
,on ea* primal "p1 or organ1 or !       
conta9] !re(1 :i* has  be5 inspect$ &   
pass$1 & :i* is to leave ! e/abli%m5t  =
 int]/ate or export comm]ce1 & :i* has n
 be5 !ret(ore  m>k$ ) ! words 8,u4 ,s4  
,inspect$ & ,pass$10 & !  e/abli%m5t    
numb]1 !re %all be plac$1 "u ! p]sonal  
sup]vision ( a ,dep>tm5t employee1 a    
m>k1 /amp1 or br& be>+  ! words 8,u4 ,s4
 ,inspect$ & ,pass$0 & ! e/abli%m5t     
numb]4  ,:5 primal p>ts or organs are   
%ipp$ betwe5 e/abli%m5ts at :i*         
inspection is ma9ta9$ ! numb] ( !       
e/abli%m5t ne$ n  appe>4      ,,br&+    
,,irons4      ,,regulation #cj4    ,:5  
hot br&+ irons or o!r in/rum5ts are us$ 
to label hams1  bacon1 or o!r primal "p 
) ! "n ( ! pack]1 or ) a  trade-m>k1 & x
 is desir$1 9 addition1 to indicate t ! 

meat  has be5 inspect$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( 
,agriculture1 ! word+ =  ?is purpose1   
:i* %all be 9 lett]s & figures (        
suffici5t size  to be legible1 %all     
include ! numb] ( ! e/abli%m5t 9 :i*  ! 
product 0 produc$1 & also ! /atem5t 8,u4
 ,s4 ,inspect$ &  ,pass$10 or !         
abbreviat$ /atem5t 8,u4 ,s4 ,ins4 ,psd40
 ,?is m>k+  %all be accept$ z ! ,unit$  
,/ates inspection m>k4 ,x %all be       
affix$1 h[ev]1 only "u ! p]sonal        
sup]vision ( a ,dep>tm5t  employee4     
8,,special0 ,,/amp4      ,,regulation   
#ca4    ,^u all meats & meat food       
products prep>$ = export )  pres]vatives
 "u ,regulation #ci1 p>agraph 7b71 !re  
%all also  be /amp$ or br&$1 "u !       
p]sonal sup]vision ( a ,dep>tm5t        
employee1 ! ^w 8,special40 ,?is ^w      
8,special0 %all n be us$  ^u any        
inspect$ meats or meat food products n  
prep>$ "u said  ,regulation #ci1 unless 
x is us$ 9 comb9ation ) o!r words4      
,,trade ,,labels4      ,,regulation #cb4
    ,^u ea* c1 pot1 t91 canvas1 or o!r  

receptacle or cov]+  conta9+ any meat or
 meat food product = int]/ate or =eign  
comm]ce1 except packages on :i*         
meat-inspection /amps appe>1 !re  %all  
be plac$1 "u ! sup]vision ( a ,dep>tm5t 
employee1 a  trade label4 ,?is trade    
label %all conta9 ! words 8,u4 ,s4      
,inspect$  & ,pass$1 "u ! ,act (        
,congress ( ,june #cj1 #aijf10 9 pla9   
lett]s & figures ( uni=m size1 ! numb] (
 ! e/abli%m5t  at :i* ! meat or meat    
food product is la/ prep>$ or pack$1 &  
label$1 & ! true "n ( ! meat or meat    
food product conta9$  9 su* package4    
,only trade names :i* are n false or    
deceptive may  be us$ ^u ! trade label4 
,a copy ( ea* trade label %all be fil$  
) ! inspector 9 *>ge = 8 approval4 ,!   
inspector 9 *>ge  %all approve or       
disapprove ea* trade label1 & report 8  
action =  approval to ! ,*ief ( !       
,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 =w>d+ !     
label ) 8 report4 ,only trade labels :i*
 h be5 approv$ by  ! ,secret>y (        
,agriculture %all be us$4               

,,regulation #cc4    ,false or          
,deceptive ,names4--,no meat or meat    
food products %all  be sold or (f]$ =   
sale by any p]son1 firm1 or corporation 
9  int]/ate or =eign comm]ce "u any     
false or deceptive "n2 b  e/abli%$ trade
 "n or names :i* are usual to su*       
products &  :i* are n false & deceptive1
 & :i* %all be approv$ by !  ,secret>y (
 ,agriculture1 are p]mitt$4 ,trade      
labels :i* are false  or deceptive 9 any
 p>ticul> %all n be p]mitt$4 ,a meat    
food  product1 :e!r compos$ ( "o or m   
+r$i5ts1 %all n be  nam$ on a trade     
label ) a "n /at+ or purport+ to %[ t  !
 said meat food product is a sub/ance   
:i* is n ! pr9cipal  +r$i5t conta9$     
!re91 ev5 ?\gh su* "n be an e/abli%$    
trade "n4      ,,tagg+ ,,re9spect$      
,,meats ,,& ,,meat ,,food ,,products4   
,,regulation #cd4    ,^u all meats or   
meat food products1 :i* are suspect$ on 
re9spection ( be+ uns\nd1 unheal?ful1   
un:olesome1 or o!rwise  unfit = human   
food1 or ^u ! conta9]s !re(1 !re %all be

  plac$ by a ,dep>tm5t employee at ! "t 
( re9spection ! 8,u4 ,s4  ,reta9$0 tags 
h]e9be=e describ$4 ,! employee :o       
affixes !  tag %all s5d ! numb]$ /ub ) 8
 report to ! inspector 9  *>ge4 ,^! tags
 %all accompany ! said meats or meat    
food products  to ! reta9+ room or o!r  
special place = f9al inspection4  ,:5 ! 
f9al inspection is made1 if ! meat or   
meat food product be  condemn$ ! 8,u4   
,s4 ,reta9$0 tag %all be /amp$ 8,u4 ,s4 
,inspect$  & ,condemn$10 & %all         
accompany ! condemn$ meat or meat food  
product to ! tank4    ,imm$iately be=e !
 meat or meat food product is tank$ !   
employee  sup]vis+ t op]ation %all write
 or /amp ! ^w 8,tank$0 &  ! date ^u !   
said tag1 & sign 8 "n !reto1 & =w>d  !  
tag to ! inspector 9 *>ge ) 8 report4   
,if1 h[ev]1 ^u  f9al inspection ! meat  
or meat food product is pass$ = food1 ! 
inspector %all /amp ! reta9$ tag 8,u4   
,s4 ,inspect$ & ,pass$10  & return ! tag
 ) 8 report to ! inspector 9 *>ge4      
,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,unit$ ,,/ates          

,,inspection4      ,,regulation #ce4    
,except z provid$ 9 ^! regulations1 no  
ref]5ce to ,unit$ ,/ates  inspection    
%all appe> ^u any meat or meat food     
product or !  conta9] !re(4             
,,re9spection4      ,,re9spection ,,(   
,,pass$ ,,c>casses ,,& ,,p>ts4          
,,regulation #cf4      ,be=e be+ admitt$
 into any cook+1 cann+1 sausage1 or o!r 
dep>tm5t ( an e/abli%m5t1 also be=e be+ 
pack$ = %ipm5t1  & at su* o!r times z   
may be deem$ necess>y1 all dress$       
c>casses or p>ts !re( t h be5 previ\sly 
inspect$ &  pass$ %all be re9spect$ by  
an inspector or 8 assi/ants1 & if  ^u   
any su* re9spection any c>cass or "p    
!re( is f\nd to  h become uns\nd1       
unheal?ful1 un:olesome1 or 9 any way    
unfit =  human food1 ! orig9al m>k1     
/amp1 tag1 or label %all be remov$ or   
cancell$ & ! c>cass or "p %all be       
condemn$4      ,,re9spection ,,(        
,,inspect$ ,,meats ,,receiv$ ,,at       
,,(ficial ,,e/abli%m5ts4                
,,regulation #cg4    ,except z provid$ 9

 ,regulation #da1 only c>casses & p>ts  
!re(1  meats1 & meat food products :i* c
 by m>ks1 seals1 br&s1 or  labels be    
id5tifi$ z hav+ be5 previ\sly inspect$ &
 pass$  by a ,dep>tm5t employee %all be 
tak5 into or all[$ to ent] an           
e/abli%m5t at :i* inspection is ma9ta9$4
 ,all su* c>casses1  p>ts1 meats1 & meat
 food products :i* are br\ght into "o   
e/abli%m5t f ano!r1 or :i* are return$  
to ! e/abli%m5t  f :i* !y issu$1 %all be
 id5tifi$ & re9spect$ at !  "t (        
receipt1 & %all be subject to fur!r     
re9spection 9 su*  mann] & at su* times 
z may be deem$ necess>y4 ,if ^u any su* 
re9spection any c>cass or "p !re(1 or   
meat or meat food product1  is f\nd to h
 become uns\nd1 unheal?ful1 un:olesome1 
or 9 any  way unfit = human food1 !     
orig9al m>k1 /amp1 tag1 or label  %all  
be remov$ or cancel$ & ! c>cass1 "p1    
meat1 or meat food  product %all be     
condemn$4    7a7 ,special docks &       
receiv+ rooms %all be designat$ by !    
e/abli%m5t = ! receipt & inspection (   

meats or meat food  products1 & no meats
 or meat food products %all be all[$ to 
ent]  ! e/abli%m5t by any o!r docks or  
receiv+ rooms1 & only 9  ! pres5ce ( a  
,dep>tm5t employee4      ,,m>k+ ,,pass$ 
,,c>casses ,,or ,,p>ts4                 
,,regulation #ch4    ,all c>casses &    
p>ts ( c>casses f\nd ^u inspection to be
  s\nd1 heal?ful1 :olesome1 & fit =     
human food :i* leave !  e/abli%m5t :]e  
!y are prep>$ = int]/ate or =eign       
comm]ce %all be designat$ by a m>k1     
/amp1 tag1 or label be>+  ! words 8,u4  
,s4 ,inspect$ & ,pass$10 & no c>cass1 "p
 (  a c>cass1 or meat food product :i*  
has n be5 s designat$  %all be admitt$  
to ! cann+1 sausage1 or any o!r dep>tm5t
  ( any e/abli%m5t :]e inspection is    
ma9ta9$ o!r ?an  ! e/abli%m5t 9 :i* x 0 
prep>$1 except z provid$ 9  ,regulation 
#da4      ,,dyes1 ,,*emicals1 ,,&       
,,pres]vatives4      ,,regulation #ci4  
7a7 ,no meat or meat food product =     
int]/ate comm]ce1 or =  =eign comm]ce   
except z h]e9aft] provid$1 %all conta9  

any  sub/ance :i* less5s its            
:olesom5ess1 nor any drug1 *emical1  or 
dye 7unless specifically provid$ = by a 
,f$]al /atute71 or  pres]vative1 o!r ?an
 common salt1 sug>1 wood smoke1 v9eg>1  
pure spices1 &1 p5d+ fur!r inquiry1     
saltpet]4 ,inspection  & sampl+ ( prep>$
 meats & meat food products by ,dep>tm5t
  employees %all be conduct$ 9 su* mann]
 & at su* times z may be  necess>y to   
secure a rigid en=cem5t ( ?is           
regulation4    7b7 ,9 accordance ) !    
direction ( ! =eign pur*as] or 8  ag5t1 
meats & meat food products prep>$ =     
export may conta9  pres]vatives 9       
proportions :i* d n conflict ) ! laws ( 
!  =eign c\ntry to :i* !y are to be     
export$4    ,:5 su* meats or meat food  
products are prep>$ = export  "u ?is    
regulation !y %all be prep>$ 9          
comp>tm5ts (  ! e/abli%m5t sep>ate &    
ap>t f ^? 9 :i* meats &  meat food      
products are prep>$ accord+ to p>agraph 
7a7 (  ?is regulation1 & su* products   
%all be kept sep>ate & %all  be label$ )

 special trade labels1 approv$ by !     
,secret>y (  ,agriculture1 & indicat+ t 
su* products are = export only4         
,special export c]tificates w be issu$ =
 meats & meat food  products ( ?is "*1  
&1 if ! products are n export$1  "u no  
circum/ances %all !y be all[$ to ent]   
dome/ic trade4      ,,prep>ation ,,(    
,,meats ,,& ,,meat ,,food ,,products4   
,,regulation #dj4    ,all processes us$ 
9 cur+1 pickl+1 prep>+1 or cann+ meats &
  meat food products 9 e/abli%m5ts :]e  
inspection is ma9ta9$  %all be sup]vis$ 
by ,dep>tm5t employees1 & no fixtures or
  appliances1 su* z tables1 trucks1     
trays1 vats1 ma*9es1 implem5ts1  cans1  
or conta9]s ( any k9d1 %all be us$      
unless !y are clean  & sanit>y1 & all   
/eps 9 ! process ( manufacture %all be  
conduct$ c>efully & ) /rict cleanl9ess4 
7a7 ,cur$ ,meats4--,only meats :i* be> !
 m>k 8,u4 ,s4 ,inspect$  & ,pass$10 or  
meats 9 conta9]s :i* are s m>k$1 & :i*  
^u re9spection are f\nd to be s\nd1     
heal?ful1 :olesome1 &  fit = human food1

 %all be tak5 into any meat-cur+        
e/abli%m5t  :]e inspection is ma9ta9$4  
,any meats :i* ^u re9spection are  f\nd 
to h und]gone *anges :i* r5d] !m uns\nd1
 unclean1  unheal?ful1 un:olesome1 or   
o!rwise unfit = human food1 %all be     
condemn$ & be dispos$ ( z provid$ 9     
,regulation #ah4    ,no drug1 *emical1  
or color+ matt] %all be us$ 9 any       
process (  cur+ any meats1 except z     
provid$ 9 ,regulation #ci4 ,all pickl+  
fluids & o!r solutions or sub/ances us$ 
9 cur+ meats mu/  be clean4 ,at ! "t t  
cur$ meats are pack$ = %ipm5t 9         
int]/ate or =eign comm]ce !y %all be    
inspect$ by a ,dep>tm5t  employee1 & any
 pieces or portions ( su* meats :i* are 
f\nd to  h und]gone *anges :i* r5d] !m  
unclean1 uns\nd1 unheal?ful1            
un:olesome1 or o!rwise unfit = human    
food1 %all be condemn$ &  dispos$ ( z   
provid$ 9 ,regulation #ah4    7b7       
,sausages & ,*opp$ ,meats4--,all meat   
ent]+ a sausage  e/abli%m5t :]e         
inspection is ma9ta9$ %all be inspect$  

by a ,dep>tm5t employee :5 receiv$4 ,no 
meats :i* h n  be5 inspect$ & pass$ "u  
^! regulations at ! "t (  slaught]1 or  
:i*1 hav+ be5 s inspect$ & pass$1 are   
f\nd  ^u re9spection by a ,dep>tm5t     
employee to h und]gone *anges  :i* r5d] 
!m uns\nd1 unclean1 unheal?ful1         
un:olesome1 or  o!rwise unfit = human   
food1 %all be employ$ 9 ! prep>ation (  
sausages1 *opp$ meats1 or simil> meat   
food products4 ,meats or meat  food     
products :i* are f\nd to h und]gone ^!  
*anges %all  be condemn$ & dispos$ ( z  
provid$ 9 ,regulation #ah4 ,all meat    
trimm+s = sausage %all be c>efully      
inspect$ & assort$ "u  ! sup]vision (   
employees ( ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,no drug1      
*emical1  pres]vative1 or color+ matt]  
%all be plac$ 9 or ^u sausages or  *opp$
 meats = int]/ate or =eign comm]ce1     
except z provid$ 9  ,regulation #ci4 ,! 
cur+ ( sausages or *opp$ meats or simil>
 meat  food products %all be c>ri$ out 9
 ! mann] prescrib$ = o!r  meats 9       
section 7a7 ( ?is regulation4    7c7    

,cann$ ,products4--,all meats or meat   
food products ent]+ a  cann+ e/abli%m5t 
%all be inspect$ by a ,dep>tm5t employee
 :5  receiv$4 ,no meat :i* has n be5    
inspect$ & pass$ at ! "t  ( slaught] "u 
^! regulations1 or :i*1 hav+ be5        
inspect$  & pass$1 is re9spect$ by a    
,dep>tm5t employee & f\nd to h  und]gone
 *anges :i* r5d] x unclean1 uns\nd1     
unheal?ful1  un:olesome1 or o!rwise     
unfit = human food1 %all be all[$  to   
ent] into ! prep>ation ( cann$ meats or 
cann$ meat food  products4 ,no drug1    
*emical1 or color+ matt] %all be us$ 9  
cann$  meats or meat food products =    
int]/ate or =eign comm]ce1 except  z    
provid$ 9 ,regulation #ci4    ,if at any
 "t dur+ ! h&l+ ( any meat or meat food 
product1  or at any "t aft] ! pack+ or  
cann+ ( any su* product1 any  portion or
 package %all be f\nd to be un:olesome1 
unheal?ful1 or  o!rwise unfit = human   
food1 su* portions or packages %all be  
condemn$ & dispos$ ( 9 ! mann] prescrib$
 9 ,regulation #ah4    ,no meat food    

product :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! v>i\s     
processes (  cann+ %all be remov$ f !   
conta9] & recook$1 re/]iliz$1  or       
repack$1 except "u ! sup]vision & ) !   
approval ( a  ,dep>tm5t employee4       
,,regulation #da4    ,r5d]+ ( ,l>d &    
,tall[4--,! r5d]+ ( all fats into l>d1  
tall[1 oils1 & /e>9 at e/abli%m5ts :]e  
inspection is  ma9ta9$ %all be closely  
sup]vis$ by employees ( ! ,dep>tm5t4    
,all portions ( c>casses r5d]$ into l>d 
& tall[ mu/ be clean  & :olesome4 ,tanks
 & vats us$ = r5d]+ condemn$ c>casses  &
 refuse products mu/ n be connect$ 9 any
 mann] ) tanks1  vats1 or o!r           
receptacles us$ = l>d or o!r edible     
products4  ,unmelt$ fat :i* is n m>k$ or
 /amp$ 8,u4 ,s4 ,inspect$ &  ,pass$0 &  
:i* ^u inspection is f\nd to be sweet1  
clean1 & (  heal?ful appe>ance may be   
receiv$1 inspect$1 & r5d]$ at a         
temp]ature n l[] ?an #agj ,f4 = "o h\r4 
,,/amps1 ,,/amp+1 ,,& ,,c]tificates4    
,,/amps4      ,,regulation #db4         
,numb]$ meat-inspection /amps %all be   

affix$ to packages conta9+  meats or    
meat food products to be %ipp$ or       
o!rwise transport$ 9  int]/ate or =eign 
trade4 ,no ref]5ce to ,unit$ ,/ates     
inspection  o!r ?an t conta9$ on !      
meat-inspection /amp %all appe> on  any 
su* package4      ,,regulation #dc4     
,protection = ,/amps4--,/amps %all be   
affix$ 9 ! foll[+  mann]1 & :5 !y h be5 
affix$ !y %all be cov]$  imm$iately ) a 
coat+ ( transp>5t v>ni% or o!r simil>   
sub/ance4    7a7 ,! /amp may be affix$ 9
 a groov$ space1 made by remov+ a       
portion ( ! wood1 ( suffici5t size to   
admit ! /amp4    7b7 ,! /amp may be     
plac$ on ei!r end ( ! package1 provid$  
t ! sides are made to project at lea/   
"o-eigh? ( an in* to  af=d ! necess>y   
protection f abrasion4      ,,regulation
 #dd4    ,de/ruction ( ,us$             
,/amps4--,:5ev] any package ( meats or  
meat  food products be>+ !              
meat-inspection /amp %all h be5 op5$  & 
its cont5ts remov$ = sale ! /amp on said
 package %all be  imm$iately defac$ &   

de/roy$4      ,,c]tificates ,,=         
,,exports4      ,,regulation #de4    ,! 
inspector 9 *>ge ( an e/abli%m5t %all   
issue c]tificates (  inspection = all   
c>casses ( cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 & goats1 
&  ! meats or meat food products !re(1  
:i* are to be export$ to  =eign         
c\ntries4 ,ea* c]tificate %all cite ! "n
 ( ! %ipp]1  ! "n ( ! consignee1 !      
de/9ation1 ! e/abli%m5t numb]  or numb]s
 on ! labels1 ! numb]s ( ! /amps atta*$ 
to !  article to be export$1 & ! %ipp+  
m>ks4 ,^! c]tificates  %all be issu$ 9  
s]ial numb]s & 9 triplicate =m4 ,only "o
  c]tificate %all be issu$ = ea*        
consignm5t unless o!rwise  direct$ by ! 
,*ief ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry4   
,bo? ! orig9al & duplicate c]tificates  
%all be deliv]$  to ! export]4 ,!       
orig9al is to be atta*$ to ! bill (     
lad+ accompany+ ! %ipm5t = ! in=mation (
 ! cu/oms  au?orities1 & %all be deliv]$
 to ! *ief (fic] ( ! vessel  ^u :i* said
 consignm5t is to be transport$1 &      
cont9ue )  ! %ipm5t to de/9ation4 ,!    

duplicate %all be =w>d$ by !  consign]  
to ! consignee1 to be us$ by ! latt] 9  
id5tify+ !  %ipm5t at ! po9t ( de/9ation
 by comp>ison ) ! orig9al4              
,,c\nt]feit+1 ,,etc4      ,,regulation  
#df4    ,x is a misdemeanor1 puni%able  
by f9e & imprisonm5t1 =  any p]son1     
firm1 or corporation1 or (fic]1 ag5t1 or
 employee  !re(1 to =ge1 c\nt]feit1     
simulate1 or falsely repres5t1  or )\t  
prop] au?ority to use1 fail to use1 or  
deta*1 or  kn[+ly or wrongfully to alt]1
 deface1 or de/roy1 or to fail to       
deface or de/roy1 any ( ! m>ks1 /amps1  
tags1 labels1 or o!r  id5tification     
devices provid$ = by law or by ^!       
regulations1  on any c>casses1 p>ts (   
c>casses1 or ! food product1 or !       
conta9]s !re(1 or wrongfully to use1    
deface1 or de/roy any  c]tificate       
provid$ = by law or ^! regulations4     
,,reports4      ,,regulation #dg4       
,reports ( ! "w ( inspection c>ri$ on 9 
e e/abli%m5t  %all be daily =w>d$ to !  
,dep>tm5t by ! inspector 9 *>ge1  on su*

 blank =ms & 9 su* mann] z may be       
specifi$ by ! ,*ief  ( ! ,bureau (      
,animal ,indu/ry4 ,! proprietors (      
e/abli%m5ts at  :i* inspection is       
ma9ta9$ %all furni% daily to ! ,dep>tm5t
  employees detail$ to ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts
 accurate in=mation  reg>d+ receipts1   
%ipm5ts1 & am\nts ( products on :i* to  
base  _! daily reports4    ,weekly      
reports on sanitation %all be made by ! 
,dep>tm5t employees  9 *>ge ( ! v>i\s   
dep>tm5ts to ! inspector 9 *>ge ( !     
/ation1 & by ! inspector 9 *>ge to !    
,*ief ( ! ,bureau  ( ,animal ,indu/ry4  
,if any insanit>y conditions are detect$
 by any  ,dep>tm5t employee su*         
conditions %all be report$ imm$iately to
  ! inspector 9 *>ge1 :o1 aft]          
inve/igation1 %all report !m to  ! ,*ief
 ( ! ,bureau4      ,,appeals4           
,,regulation #dh4    ,:5 ! action ( any 
inspector 9 condemn+ any c>cass or "p   
!re(1 meat1 or meat food product is     
que/ion$1 appeal may be made  to !      
inspector 9 *>ge1 & f 8 decision appeal 

may be made  to ! ,*ief ( ! ,bureau (   
,animal ,indu/ry or to ! ,secret>y (    
,agriculture1 ^: decision %all be f9al4 
,,co,,p]ation ,,) ,,municipal           
,,au?orities4      ,,regulation #di4    
,all inspectors 9 *>ge are direct$ to   
notify ! municipal  au?orities ( ! "* ( 
inspection1 & to cop]ate ) su*          
au?orities 9 prev5t+ ! entry ( condemn$ 
animals1 or _!  products1 into ! local  
m>kets4    ,! details ( any su* propos$ 
cop]ative arrangem5t mu/ be fir/        
submitt$ to & approv$ by ! ,*ief ( !    
,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry4      ,,law  
,,"u ,,:i* ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,regulations    
,,are ,,made4    ,extract f an act (    
,congress entitl$ 8,an ,act mak+        
appropriations  = ! ,dep>tm5t (         
,agriculture = ! fiscal ye> end+ ,june  
?irtie?1 n9ete5 hundr$ & sev510 ,public1
 ,no4 #chb1 approv$ ,june  #cj1 #aijf4  
,,! ,,meat-,,inspection ,,am5dm5t4    ,t
 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! use 9 int]/ate 
or =eign  comm]ce1 z h]e9aft] provid$1 (
 meat & meat food products1  :i* are    

uns\nd1 unheal?ful1 un:olesome1 or      
o!rwise unfit  = human food1 ! ,secret>y
 ( ,agriculture1 at 8 discretion1  may  
cause to be made1 by inspectors appo9t$ 
= t purpose1 an  exam9ation & inspection
 ( all cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 & goats  be=e
 !y %all be all[$ to ent] into any      
slaught]+1 pack+1  meat-cann+1 r5d]+1 or
 simil> e/abli%m5t1 9 :i* !y are to  be 
slaught]$ & ! meat & meat food products 
!re( are to be  us$ 9 int]/ate or =eign 
comm]ce2 & all cattle1 sw9e1 %eep1  &   
goats f\nd on su* inspection to %[      
symptoms ( disease %all  be set ap>t &  
slaught]$ sep>ately f all o!r cattle1   
%eep1  sw9e1 or goats1 & :5 s slaught]$ 
! c>casses ( said cattle1  %eep1 sw9e1  
or goats %all be subject to a c>eful    
exam9ation  & inspection1 all z provid$ 
by ! rules & regulations to be          
prescrib$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture 
z h]e9 provid$ =4    ,t = ! purposes    
h]e9be=e set =? ! ,secret>y (           
,agriculture %all cause to be made by   
inspectors appo9t$ =  t purpose1 z      

h]e9aft] provid$1 a po/-mortem          
exam9ation  & inspection ( ! c>casses & 
p>ts !re( ( all cattle1  %eep1 sw9e1 &  
goats to be prep>$ = human consumption  
at any  slaught]+1 meat-cann+1 salt+1   
pack+1 r5d]+1 or simil>  e/abli%m5t 9   
any ,/ate1 ,t]ritory1 or ! ,di/rict (   
,columbia  = transportation or sale z   
articles ( int]/ate or =eign  comm]ce2 &
 ! c>casses & p>ts !re( ( all su*       
animals  f\nd to be s\nd1 heal?ful1     
:olesome1 & fit = human food %all  be   
m>k$1 /amp$1 tagg$1 or label$ z         
8,inspect$ & ,pass$02  & said inspectors
 %all label1 m>k1 /amp1 or tag z        
8,inspect$  & ,condemn$10 all c>casses &
 p>ts !re( ( animals f\nd to  be uns\nd1
 unheal?ful1 un:olesome1 or o!rwise     
unfit = human  food2 & all c>casses &   
p>ts !re( ?us inspect$ & condemn$  %all 
be de/roy$ = food purposes by ! said    
e/abli%m5t 9 !  pres5ce ( an inspector1 
& ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture may remove 
inspectors f any su* e/abli%m5t :i*     
fails to s de/roy any  su* condemn$     

c>cass or "p !re(1 & said inspectors1   
aft]  said fir/ inspection %all1 :5 !y  
deem x necess>y1 re9spect  said c>casses
 or p>ts !re( to det]m9e :e!r s9ce !    
fir/  inspection ! same h become uns\nd1
 unheal?ful1 un:olesome1  or 9 any way  
unfit = human food1 & if any c>cass or  
any "p  !re( %all1 ^u exam9ation &      
inspection subsequ5t to ! fir/          
exam9ation & inspection1 be f\nd to be  
uns\nd1 unheal?ful1  un:olesome1 or     
o!rwise unfit = human food1 x %all be   
de/roy$  = food purposes by ! said      
e/abli%m5t 9 ! pres5ce ( an  inspector1 
& ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture may remove 
inspectors f  any e/abli%m5t :i* fails  
to s de/roy any su* condemn$ c>cass  or 
"p !re(4    ,! =ego+ provisions %all    
apply to all c>casses or p>ts  (        
c>casses ( cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 & goats1 
or ! meat or  meat products !re( :i* may
 be br\ght into any slaught]+1          
meat-cann+1 salt+1 pack+1 r5d]+1 or     
simil> e/abli%m5t1  & su* exam9ation &  
inspection %all be _h be=e ! said       

c>casses or p>ts !re( %all be all[$ to  
ent] into any  dep>tm5t :]e9 ! same are 
to be treat$ & prep>$ = meat  food      
products2 & ! =ego+ provisions %all also
 apply to all  su* products :i*1 aft]   
hav+ be5 issu$ f any slaught]+1         
meat-cann+1 salt+1 pack+1 r5d]+1 or     
simil> e/abli%m5t1  %all be return$ to !
 same or to any simil> e/abli%m5t :]e   
su* inspection is ma9ta9$4    ,t = !    
purposes h]e9be=e set =? ! ,secret>y (  
,agriculture %all cause to be made by   
inspectors appo9t$ = t  purpose an      
exam9ation & inspection ( all meat food 
products  prep>$ = int]/ate or =eign    
comm]ce 9 any slaught]+1  meat-cann+1   
salt+1 pack+1 r5d]+1 or simil>          
e/abli%m5t1  & = ! purposes ( any       
exam9ation & inspection said inspectors 
%all h access at all times1 by day or   
night1 :e!r !  e/abli%m5t be op]at$ or  
n1 to e "p ( said e/abli%m5t2  & said   
inspectors %all m>k1 /amp1 tag1 or label
 z 8,inspect$ &  ,pass$0 all su*        
products f\nd to be s\nd1 heal?ful1 &   

:olesome1  & :i* conta9 no dyes1        
*emicals1 pres]vatives1 or +r$i5ts  :i* 
r5d] su* meat or meat food products     
uns\nd1 unheal?ful1  un:olesome1 or     
unfit = human food2 & said inspectors   
%all label1  m>k1 /amp1 or tag z        
8,inspect$ & ,condemn$0 all su* products
  f\nd uns\nd1 unheal?ful1 & un:olesome1
 or :i* conta9 dyes1  *emicals1         
pres]vatives1 or +r$i5ts :i* r5d] su*   
meat or meat  food products uns\nd1     
unheal?ful1 un:olesome1 or unfit = human
  food1 & all su* condemn$ meat food    
products %all be de/roy$  = food        
purposes1 z h]e9be=e provid$1 & !       
,secret>y (  ,agriculture may remove    
inspectors f any e/abli%m5t :i* fails to
  s de/roy su* condemn$ meat food       
products3 ,provid$1 ,t1 subject  to !   
rules & regulations ( ! ,secret>y (     
,agriculture1 !  provisions h]e( 9 reg>d
 to pres]vatives %all n apply to meat   
food products = export to any =eign     
c\ntry & :i* are prep>$  or pack$       
accord+ to ! specifications or          

directions ( ! =eign  pur*as]1 :5 no    
sub/ance is us$ 9 ! prep>ation or pack+ 
!re( 9 conflict ) ! laws ( ! =eign      
c\ntry to :i* said  article is to be    
export$2 b if said article %all be 9    
fact sold  or (f]$ = sale = dome/ic use 
or consumption1 !n ?is proviso  %all n  
exempt said article f ! op]ation ( all !
 o!r  provisions ( ?is act4    ,t :5 any
 meat or meat food product prep>$ =     
int]/ate or  =eign comm]ce :i* has be5  
inspect$ z h]e9be=e provid$ &  m>k$     
8,inspect$ & ,pass$0 %all be plac$ or   
pack$ 9 any c1  pot1 t91 canvas1 or o!r 
receptacle or cov]+ 9 any e/abli%m5t    
:]e inspection "u ! provisions ( ?is act
 is ma9ta9$1 !  p]son1 firm1 or         
corporation prep>+ said product %all    
cause a label  to be atta*$ to said c1  
pot1 t91 canvas1 or o!r receptacle or   
cov]+1 "u ! sup]vision ( an inspector1  
:i* label %all  /ate t ! cont5ts !re( h 
be5 8,inspect$ & ,pass$0 "u  !          
provisions ( ?is act2 & no inspection & 
exam9ation ( meat  or meat food products

 deposit$ or inclos$ 9 cans1 t9s1 pots1 
canvas1 or o!r receptacle or cov]+ 9 any
 e/abli%m5t :]e  inspection "u !        
provisions ( ?is act is ma9ta9$ %all be 
deem$ to be complete until su* meat or  
meat food products h be5  seal$ or      
inclos$ 9 said c1 t91 pot1 canvas1 or   
o!r receptacle  or cov]+ "u ! sup]vision
 ( an inspector1 & no su* meat or  meat 
food products %all be sold or (f]$ =    
sale by any p]son1  firm1 or corporation
 9 int]/ate or =eign comm]ce "u any     
false  or deceptive "n2 b e/abli%$ trade
 "n or names :i* are usual  to su*      
products & :i* are n false & deceptive &
 :i* %all  be approv$ by ! ,secret>y (  
,agriculture are p]mitt$4    ,!         
,secret>y ( ,agriculture %all cause to  
be made1 by exp]ts 9  sanitation or by  
o!r compet5t inspectors1 su* inspection 
( all  slaught]+1 meat-cann+1 salt+1    
pack+1 r5d]+1 or simil>  e/abli%m5ts 9  
:i* cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 & goats are     
slaught]$  & ! meat & meat food products
 !re( are prep>$ = int]/ate  or =eign   

comm]ce z may be necess>y to in=m       
himself conc]n+  ! sanit>y conditions ( 
! same1 & to prescribe ! rules &        
regulations ( sanitation "u :i* su*     
e/abli%m5ts %all be  ma9ta9$2 & :]e !   
sanit>y conditions ( any su* e/abli%m5t 
are su* t ! meat or meat food products  
are r5d]$ unclean1  uns\nd1 unheal?ful1 
un:olesome1 or o!rwise unfit = human    
food1  he %all refuse to all[ said meat 
or meat food products to be label$1     
m>k$1 /amp$1 or tagg$ z 8,inspect$ &    
,pass$40    ,t ! ,secret>y (            
,agriculture %all cause an exam9ation & 
inspection ( all cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 &  
goats1 & ! food  products !re(1         
slaught]$ & prep>$ 9 ! e/abli%m5ts      
h]e9be=e describ$ = ! purposes (        
int]/ate or =eign  comm]ce to be made   
dur+ ! nighttime z well z dur+ ! daytime
  :5 ! slaught]+ ( said cattle1 %eep1   
sw9e1 & goats1 or !  prep>ation ( said  
food products is conduct$ dur+ !        
nighttime4    ,t on & aft] ,octob] fir/1
 n9ete5 hundr$ & six1 no p]son1  firm1  

or corporation %all transport or (f] =  
transportation1 &  no c>ri] ( int]/ate  
or =eign comm]ce %all transport or      
receive  = transportation f "o ,/ate or 
,t]ritory or ! ,di/rict (  ,columbia to 
any o!r ,/ate or ,t]ritory or ! ,di/rict
 ( ,columbia1  or to any place "u !     
jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or to   
any =eign c\ntry1 any c>casses or p>ts  
!re(1 meat1 or meat  food products !re( 
:i* h n be5 inspect$1 exam9$1 &  m>k$ z 
8,inspect$ & ,pass$10 9 accordance ) !  
t]ms ( ?is  act & ) ! rules &           
regulations prescrib$ by ! ,secret>y  ( 
,agriculture3 ,provid$1 ,t all meat &   
meat food products on  h& on ,octob]    
fir/1 n9ete5 hundr$ & six1 at           
e/abli%m5ts  :]e inspection has n be5   
ma9ta9$1 or :i* h be5 inspect$  "u exi/+
 law1 %all be exam9$ & label$ "u su*    
rules &  regulations z ! ,secret>y (    
,agriculture %all prescribe1 & !n  %all 
be all[$ to be sold 9 int]/ate or =eign 
comm]ce4    ,t no p]son1 firm1 or       
corporation1 or (fic]1 ag5t1 or employee

  !re(1 %all =ge1 c\nt]feit1 simulate1  
or falsely repres5t1  or %all )\t prop] 
au?ority use1 fail to use1 or deta*1 or 
%all kn[+ly or wrongfully alt]1 deface1 
or de/roy1 or fail to  deface or de/roy1
 any ( ! m>ks1 /amps1 tags1 labels1 or  
o!r  id5tification devices provid$ = 9  
?is act1 or 9 & z direct$  by ! rules & 
regulations prescrib$ h]eund] by !      
,secret>y (  ,agriculture1 on any       
c>casses1 p>ts ( c>casses1 or ! food    
product1  or conta9]s !re(1 subject to !
 provisions ( ?is act1 or any           
c]tificate 9 relation !reto1 au?oriz$ or
 requir$ by ?is act or  by ! said rules 
& regulations ( ! ,secret>y (           
,agriculture4    ,t ! ,secret>y (       
,agriculture %all cause to be made a    
c>eful  inspection ( all cattle1 %eep1  
sw9e1 & goats int5d$ & (f]$  = export to
 =eign c\ntries at su* times & places1 &
 9 su*  mann] z he may deem prop]1 to   
asc]ta9 :e!r su* cattle1 %eep1  sw9e1 & 
goats are free f disease4    ,& = ?is   
purpose he may appo9t inspectors :o %all

 be au?oriz$  to give an (ficial        
c]tificate cle>ly /at+ ! condition 9 :i*
  su* cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 & goats are   
f\nd4    ,& no cle>ance %all be giv5 to 
any vessel hav+ on bo>d cattle1  %eep1  
sw9e1 or goats = export to a =eign      
c\ntry until ! own]  or %ipp] ( su*     
cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 or goats has a      
c]tificate  f ! inspector h]e9 au?oriz$ 
to be appo9t$1 /at+ t !  said cattle1   
%eep1 sw9e1 or goats1 are s\nd & heal?y 
or unless  ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture   
%all h waiv$ ! requirem5t ( su*         
c]tificate = export to ! p>ticul> c\ntry
 to :i* su* cattle1  %eep1 sw9e1 or     
goats are to be export$4    ,t !        
,secret>y ( ,agriculture %all also cause
 to be made a c>eful  inspection ( !    
c>casses & p>ts !re( ( all cattle1 %eep1
  sw9e1 & goats1 ! meat ( :i*1 fre%1    
salt$1 cann$1 corn$1  pack$1 cur$1 or   
o!rwise prep>$1 is int5d$ & (f]$ =      
export to any =eign c\ntry1 at su* times
 & places & 9 su*  mann] z he may deem  
prop]4    ,& = ?is purpose he may appo9t

 inspectors :o %all be au?oriz$  to give
 an (ficial c]tificate /at+ ! condition 
9 :i* said  cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 or      
goats1 & ! meat !re(1 are f\nd4    ,& no
 cle>ance %all be giv5 to any vessel    
hav+ on bo>d any  fre%1 salt$1 cann$1   
corn$1 or pack$ beef1 mutton1 pork1 or  
goat  meat1 be+ ! meat ( animals kill$  
aft] ! passage ( ?is act1  or except z  
h]e9be=e provid$ = export to & sale 9 a 
=eign  c\ntry f any port 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates1 until ! own] or %ipp]  !re( %all
 obta9 f an inspector appo9t$ "u !      
provisions  ( ?is act a c]tificate t !  
said cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 & goats  7 s\nd
 & heal?y at ! "t ( inspection1 & t _!  
meat  is s\nd & :olesome1 unless !      
,secret>y ( ,agriculture %all h  waiv$ !
 requirem5ts ( su* c]tificate = ! c\ntry
 to :i*  said cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 &     
goats or meats are to be export$4    ,t 
! inspectors provid$ = h]e9 %all be     
au?oriz$ to give  (ficial c]tificates ( 
! s\nd & :olesome condition ( !  cattle1
 %eep1 sw9e1 & goats1 _! c>casses &     

products z  h]e9 describ$1 & "o copy ( e
 c]tificate grant$ "u !  provisions (   
?is act %all be fil$ 9 ! ,dep>tm5t (    
,agriculture1  ano!r copy %all be       
deliv]$ to ! own] or %ipp]1 & :5 !      
cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 & goats or _!       
c>casses & products are  s5t abroad1 a  
?ird copy %all be deliv]$ to ! *ief     
(fic] (  ! vessel on :i* ! %ipm5t %all  
be made4    ,t no p]son1 firm1 or       
corporation engag$ 9 ! int]/ate  comm]ce
 ( meat or meat food products %all      
transport or (f] =  transportation1     
sell1 or (f] to sell any su* meat or    
meat food  products 9 any ,/ate or      
,t]ritory or 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia or
  any place "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates1 o!r ?an 9  ! ,/ate or ,t]ritory
 or 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia or any     
place  "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates 9 :i* ! slaught]+1  pack+1 cann+1
 r5d]+1 or o!r simil> e/abli%m5t own$1  
leas$1 op]at$ by said firm1 p]son1 or   
corporation is locat$ unless  & until   
said p]son1 firm1 or corporation %all h 

compli$ )  all ( ! provisions ( ?is act4
    ,t any p]son1 firm1 or corporation1 
or any (fic] or ag5t (  any su* p]son1  
firm1 or corporation1 :o %all violate   
any ( !  provisions ( ?is act %all be   
deem$ guilty ( a misdemeanor &  %all be 
puni%$ on conviction !re( by a f9e ( n  
exce$+ t5  ?\s& doll>s or imprisonm5t = 
a p]iod n m ?an two ye>s1  or by bo? su*
 f9e & imprisonm5t1 9 ! discretion ( !  
c\rt4    ,t ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture  
%all appo9t f "t to "t  inspectors to   
make exam9ation & inspection ( all      
cattle1 %eep1  sw9e1 & goats1 !         
inspection ( :i* is h]eby provid$ =1 &  
( all c>casses & p>ts !re(1 & ( all     
meats & meat food  products !re(1 & ( ! 
sanit>y conditions ( all e/abli%m5ts  9 
:i* su* meat & meat food products       
h]e9be=e describ$ are  prep>$2 & said   
inspectors %all refuse to /amp1 m>k1    
tag1 or  label any c>cass or any "p     
!re(1 or meat food product !refrom1     
prep>$ 9 any e/abli%m5t h]e9be=e        
m5tion$1 until ! same  %all h actually  

be5 inspect$ & f\nd to be s\nd1         
heal?ful1  :olesome1 & fit = human food1
 & to conta9 no dyes1 *emicals1         
pres]vatives1 or +r$i5ts :i* r5d] su*   
meat food product  uns\nd1 unheal?ful1  
un:olesome1 or unfit = human food2 & to 
h  be5 prep>$ "u prop] sanit>y          
conditions1 h]e9be=e provid$  =2 & %all 
p]=m su* o!r duties z are provid$ by ?is
 act  & by ! rules & regulations to be  
prescrib$ by said ,secret>y  (          
,agriculture2 & said ,secret>y (        
,agriculture %all1 f "t  to "t1 make su*
 rules & regulations z are necess>y = ! 
effici5t execution ( ! provisions ( ?is 
act1 & all inspections  & exam9ations   
made "u ?is act %all be su* & made 9 su*
  mann] z describ$ 9 ! rules &          
regulations prescrib$ by said  ,secret>y
 ( ,agriculture n inconsi/5t ) !        
provisions ( ?is  act4    ,t any p]son1 
firm1 or corporation1 or any ag5t or    
employee ( any  p]son1 firm1 or         
corporation1 :o %all give1 pay1 or (f]1 
directly1  or indirectly1 to any        

inspector1 deputy inspector1 *ief       
inspector1  or any o!r (fic] or employee
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates au?oriz$ to  p]=m any
 ( ! duties prescrib$ by ?is act or by !
 rules &  regulations ( ! ,secret>y (   
,agriculture any money or o!r ?+ (      
value1 ) int5t to influ5ce said         
inspector1 deputy inspector1 *ief       
inspector1 or o!r (fic] or employee ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates 9 !  dis*>ge ( any duty   
h]e9 provid$ =1 %all be deem$ guilty ( a
  felony &1 ^u conviction !re(1 %all be 
puni%$ by a f9e n  less ?an five ?\s&   
doll>s nor m ?an t5 ?\s& doll>s &  by   
imprisonm5t n less ?an "o ye> nor m ?an 
?ree ye>s2 &  any inspector1 deputy     
inspector1 *ief inspector1 or o!r (fic] 
or  employee ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates au?oriz$ 
to p]=m any ( ! duties  prescrib$ by ?is
 act :o %all accept any money1 gift1 or 
o!r ?+  ( value f any p]son1 firm1 or   
corporation1 or (fic]s1 ag5ts1 or       
employees !re(1 giv5 ) int5t to influ5ce
 8 (ficial action1  or :o %all receive  
or accept f any p]son1 firm1 or         

corporation  engag$ 9 int]/ate or =eign 
comm]ce1 any gift1 money1 or o!r  ?+ (  
value giv5 ) any purpose or int5t       
:atsoev]1 %all be  deem$ guilty ( a     
felony1 & %all1 ^u conviction !re(1 be  
summ>ily dis*>g$ f (fice & %all be      
puni%$ by a f9e n  less ?an "o ?\s&     
doll>s nor m ?an t5 ?\s& doll>s &  by   
imprisonm5t n less ?an "o ye> nor m ?an 
?ree ye>s4    ,t ! provisions ( ?is act 
requir+ inspection to be made by  !     
,secret>y ( ,agriculture %all n apply to
 animals slaught]$  by any f>m] on ! f>m
 & sold & transport$ z int]/ate or      
=eign comm]ce1 nor to retail but*]s &   
retail deal]s 9 meat  & meat food       
products1 supply+ _! cu/om]s3 ,provid$1 
,t  if any p]son %all sell or (f] = sale
 or transportation =  int]/ate or =eign 
comm]ce any meat or meat food products  
:i* are  diseas$1 uns\nd1 unheal?ful1   
un:olesome1 or o!rwise unfit =  human   
food1 kn[+ t su* meat food products are 
int5d$ = human  consumption1 he %all be 
guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & on conviction 

!re( %all be puni%$ by a f9e n exce$+ "o
 ?\s& doll>s  or by imprisonm5t = a     
p]iod ( n exce$+ "o ye>1 or by bo?  su* 
f9e & imprisonm5t3 ,provid$1 also1 ,t ! 
,secret>y (  ,agriculture is au?oriz$ to
 ma9ta9 ! inspection 9 ?is act  provid$ 
= at any slaught]+1 meat-cann+1 salt+1  
pack+1  r5d]+1 or simil> e/abli%m5t     
not)/&+ ?is exception1  & t ! p]sons    
op]at+ ! same may be retail but*]s &    
retail deal]s or f>m]s2 & :]e !         
,secret>y ( ,agriculture %all  e/abli%  
su* inspection !n ! provisions ( ?is act
 %all apply  not)/&+ ?is exception4     
,t !re is p]man5tly appropriat$1 out (  
any money 9 !  ,treasury n o!rwise      
appropriat$1 ! sum ( ?ree million       
doll>s1  = ! exp5ses ( ! inspection (   
cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 & goats  & ! meat & 
meat food products !re( :i* ent] into   
int]/ate  or =eign comm]ce & = all      
exp5ses necess>y to c>ry into effect  ! 
provisions ( ?is act relat+ to meat     
inspection1 includ+ r5t  & ! employm5t (
 labor 9 ,wa%+ton & else:]e1 = ea* ye>4 

,& ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture %all1 9 8 
annual e/imates made to  ,congress1     
submit a /atem5t 9 detail1 %[+ ! numb] (
 p]sons  employ$ 9 su* inspections & !  
sal>y or p] diem paid to ea*1  toge!r ) 
! cont+5t exp5ses ( su* inspectors & :]e
 !y  h be5 & are employ$4               
,,app5dix ,d4    ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #a-be4     
,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,(          
,,agriculture1    ,,bureau ,,(          
,,*emi/ry1    ,h4 ,w4 ,,wiley1 ,,*ief   
,,( ,,bureau4      ,,food ,,inspection  
,,decisions #a-be4    ,,introduction4   
,= ! in=mation ( import]s & export]s (  
food products &  ( ! public x is        
advisable to publi% m widely ?an w\ld be
  possible by decisions giv5 to         
individuals or firms ! op9ions (  ?is   
,dep>tm5t r5d]$ by ! ,secret>y "u !     
exi/+ law  relat+ to ! exam9ation ( food
 products be=e %ipm5t to =eign  c\ntries
 & to ! exam9ation ( food products      
import$ into ?is  c\ntry4 ,! foll[+     
dige/ %[s ! pr9cipal decisions r5d]$  to
 date cov]+ ^! po9ts1 toge!r ) circul>s 

& o!r  pr9t$ matt] relat+ !reto4 ,x is  
propos$ h]eaft] to issue  at conv5i5t   
int]vals simil> decisions & op9ions :i* 
may be  r5d]$4      ,h4 ,w4 ,,wiley1    
,*ief1 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry4              
,approv$3      ,,james ,,wilson1        
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4               
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,june #a1 #aije4    
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #a47    ,,laws ,,"u ,,:i*  
,,! ,,food ,,inspection ,,is ,,conduct$4
    ,to inve/igate ! adult]ation (      
foods1 condim5ts1 bev]ages1 &  drugs1 :5
 deem$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture    
advisable1 & to  publi% ! results ( su* 
inve/igations :5 ?\ght advisable1  &    
also ! effect ( cold /orage ^u !        
heal?fulness ( foods2  to enable !      
,secret>y ( ,agriculture to inve/igate !
 "*  ( food pres]vatives1 color+ matt]s1
 & o!r sub/ances add$  to foods1 to     
det]m9e _! relation to dige/ion & to    
heal?1  & to e/abli% ! pr9ciples :i*    
%\ld guide _! use2 to  enable !         
,secret>y ( ,agriculture to inve/igate !
 "* (  ! *emical & physical te/s :i* are

 appli$ to ,am]ican food  products 9    
=eign c\ntries1 & to inspect be=e       
%ipm5t1 :5  desir$ by ! %ipp]s or own]s 
( ^! food products1 ,am]ican  food      
products int5d$ = c\ntries :]e *emical &
 physical te/s  are requir$ be=e said   
food products are all[$ to be sold 9 !  
c\ntries m5tion$1 & = all necess>y      
exp5ses connect$ ) su*  inspection &    
/udies ( me?ods ( analysis 9 =eign      
c\ntries2  to enable ! ,secret>y (      
,agriculture1 9 collaboration ) !       
,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural   
,*emi/s1 & su* o!r exp]ts  z he may deem
 necess>y1 to e/abli% /&>ds ( purity =  
food  products & to det]m9e :at are     
reg>d$ z adult]ations !re92  to         
inve/igate1 9 collaboration ) ! ,bureau 
( ,animal ,indu/ry1  ! *emi/ry ( dairy  
products & ( adult]ants us$ !re91 &  ( !
 adult]at$ products2 to det]m9e !       
composition ( process1  r5ovat$1 or     
adult]at$ & o!r treat$ butt]s1 & o!r    
*emical  /udies relat+ to dairy         
products1 & to make all analyses (      

samples  requir$ = ! execution ( ! law  
regulat+ ! manufacture (  process1      
r5ovat$1 or adult]at$ butt]s4444    ,to 
inve/igate ! adult]ation1 false label+1 
or false br&+ (  foods1 drugs1 bev]ages1
 condim5ts1 & +r$i5ts ( su* articles1   
:5 deem$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture  
advisable1 & report  ! result 9 !       
bullet9s ( ! ,dep>tm5t2 & ! ,secret>y ( 
,agriculture1 :5ev] he has reason to    
believe t su* articles are  be+ import$ 
f =eign c\ntries :i* are dang]\s to !   
heal?  ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or :i*  
%all be falsely label$  or br&$ ei!r z  
to _! cont5ts or z to ! place ( _!      
manufacture or production1 %all make a  
reque/ ^u ! ,secret>y (  ! ,treasury =  
samples f orig9al packages ( su*        
articles =  inspection & analysis1 & !  
,secret>y ( ! ,treasury is h]eby        
au?oriz$ to op5 su* orig9al packages &  
deliv] specim5s to !  ,secret>y (       
,agriculture = ! purpose m5tion$1 giv+  
notice to  ! own] or consignee ( su*    
articles1 :o may be pres5t & h  ! "r to 

introduce te/imony2 & ! ,secret>y ( !   
,treasury  %all refuse deliv]y to !     
consignee ( any su* goods :i* !         
,secret>y ( ,agriculture reports to him 
to h be5 inspect$ &  analyz$ & f\nd to  
be dang]\s to heal? or falsely label$ or
  br&$ ei!r z to _! cont5ts or z to !   
place ( _!  manufacture or production1  
or :i* are =bidd5 entry or to be sold1  
or are re/rict$ 9 sale 9 ! c\ntries 9   
:i* !y are made or  f :i* !y are        
export$4444 7,sections ( appropriations 
act (  ,m>* #c1 #aije47    ,be x enact$ 
by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( 
! ,unit$  ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ,congress  
assembl$1 ,t no p]son or p]sons1        
company or corporation1 %all introduce  
into any ,/ate or ,t]ritory (  ! ,unit$ 
,/ates or ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia f any  
o!r ,/ate or  ,t]ritory ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates or ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 or    
sell 9  ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia or 9 any 
,t]ritory any dairy or food products    
:i* %all be falsely label$ or br&$ z to 
! ,/ate or ,t]ritory  9 :i* !y are made1

 produc$1 or gr[n1 or cause or procure !
  same to be done by o!rs4    ,,sec4 #b4
 ,t if any p]son or p]sons violate !    
provisions ( ?is  act1 ei!r 9 p]son or  
?r\gh ano!r1 he %all be guilty ( a      
misdemeanor & %all be puni%$ by a f9e ( 
n less ?an five  hundr$ nor m ?an two   
?\s& doll>s2 & t ! jurisdiction  = !    
prosecution ( said misdemeanor %all be  
)9 ! di/rict  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rt 9  
:i* x is committ$4 7,act ( ,july #a1    
#aijb47      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #b47          
,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,attorney-,,g5]al    
,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,scope ,,& ,,mean+   
,,(    ,,! ,,act ,,( ,,july #a1 #aijb   
7#cb ,,/at41 #fcb71 ,,regulat+ ,,!      
,,br&+ ,,(    ,,dairy ,,& ,,food        
,,products ,,= ,,int]/ate ,,comm]ce4#dh 
#dh ,publi%$ z an unnumb]$ circul>1     
,(fice ( ! ,secret>y4      ,augu/ #a1   
#aijc4    ,9 ord] t a correct und]/&+   
might be _h z to ! scope  ( ! law relat+
 to ! br&+ ( dairy & food products1  !  
op9ion ( ! ,attorney-,g5]al 0 ask$      
conc]n+ c]ta9  features ( t act4        

,samples ( labels :i* 7 us$ 9 comm]cial 
op]ations 7 submitt$1 ) ! reque/ t an   
op9ion be giv5  z to :e!r or n !y con=m$
 to ! provisions ( ! law4 ,two  sep>ate 
op9ions 7 ask$ ( ! ,attorney-,g5]al 9   
reg>d to ?is  law4    ,fir/1 9 ! case ( 
a firm1 ---- ----1 e/abli%$ 9 "o ,/ate &
  deal+ 9 goods :i* 7 gr[n & manufactur$
 9 ano!r ,/ate1  ! labels1 h[ev]1 be>+ !
 "n & address ( ! firm 9 its  c5tral    
place ( bus9ess1 ! direct "q ask$ 03    
,is n ! label z x /&s a di/9ct /atem5t t
 ! product    be>+ x is manufactur$ &   
prep>$ 9 7address ( ! firm    giv578    
,"o p>ticul> object ( ! law appe>s to be
 to prev5t !  utilization ( ! "n (      
localities :i* h become not$ = !        
production ( a c]ta9 food product 9     
connection ) o!r food  products ( a     
simil> nature made else:]e4    ,! second
 po9t on :i* ! op9ion ( !               
,attorney-,g5]al 0 ask$  0 z foll[s3    
,! "q :i* ,i desire to propose to y n[  
is1 :e!r1 "u    ! provisions ( ! two    
acts ref]r$ to 7,public--,no4 #aeh1     

approv$    ,m>* #c1 #aijc1 regulat+ !   
importation ( goods1 & ! act fir/       
m5tion$ above7 x w be possible to prev5t
 ! misbr&+ (    =eign products4 ,9 o!r  
words1 w\ld ! provisions ( ,public--,no4
    #bbc1 ref]r$ to fir/ above1 apply to
 any =eign product ent]+    into        
int]/ate comm]ce1 or d !y apply only to 
articles ( food    ( dome/ic            
manufacture8    ,f correspond5ce        
conduct$ ) l>ge manufactur+ firms1 x is 
evid5t t !y desire at once to con=m to !
 provisions ( ^!  laws if !y c only be  
di/9ctly made kn[n4 ,to ?is end ,i h    
deem$ x advisable to publi% ! decisions 
( ! ,attorney-,g5]al on  ^! que/ions1   
omitt+ m]ely ! names ( ! firms          
specifically  ref]r$ to1 = ! in=mation (
 manufactur]s1 deal]s1 &  consum]s4     
,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (        
,agriculture4        ,,dep>tm5t ,,(     
,,ju/ice1    ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,june   
#bb1 #aijc4      ,,! ,,secret>y ,,(     
,,agriculture4    ,,sir3 ,i beg to      
ackn[l$ge ! receipt ( y\r lett] ( ! #aa?

  in/ant1 inclos+ "o address$ to y by ! 
---- ---- ,company1 (  ,milwaukee1      
,wis41 toge!r ) two samples ( labels :i*
 !y h  submitt$ = y\r approval1 & 9 :i* 
y say3      ,^! labels d n seem to fall 
)9 ei!r class on :i* y    pass$ y\r     
op9ion ( ,septemb] #bj4 ,! goods        
describ$ by ^!    labels purport to be 9
 e respect goods manufactur$ by ! ----  
---- ,company4 ,!y say 9 _! lett]1      
h[ev]1 t !y pur*ase    all _! goods 9   
,i[a4      ,! "q :i* ,i desire to       
prop\nd p>ticul>ly 9 ?is respect    is !
 foll[+3 ,is n ! label ( ---- ----1 z x 
/&s1 a    di/9ct /atem5t t ! product    
be>+ x is manufactur$ &    prep>$ 9     
,wiscons98    ,"o ( ! labels consid]$ 9 
! op9ion ( ,septemb] #bj 7#bd  ,op941   
#abe7 read3 8,pack$ = ---- ---- ,company
 7,limit$71 :olesale  groc]s1           
,%reveport1 ,la40 ,! o!r omitt$ ! words 
8,pack$ =0  & 8,:olesale groc]s10 & 0 9 
^! words3 8,! ---- ,br& ,lima  ,beans1  
---- ---- ,company 7,limit$71           
,%reveport1 ,la40 ,!y 7 held  n to come 

)9 ! act ( ,july #a1 #aijb1 c4 #aceg    
7#cb ,/at41 #fcb71  regulat+ ?is        
subject4    ,! labels n[ submitt$ 7:i*  
are to be us$ on cann$ goods7 are       
sub/antially alike 9 =m & "*4 ,"o be>s !
 words 8----  ---- ,daisy ,sug> ,corn1  
---- ---- ,company1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis40  
,9 !  o!r1 8,tip ,top0 takes ! place ( !
 ^w 8,daisy40    ,section #a ( ! act (  
,july #a1 #aijb1 provides--      ,t no  
p]son or p]sons1 company or corporation1
 %all introduce    into any ,/ate or    
,t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or !        
,di/rict (    ,columbia f any o!r ,/ate 
or ,t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or    !  
,di/rict ( ,columbia1 or sell 9 !       
,di/rict ( ,columbia or    9 any        
,t]ritory any dairy or food products :i*
 %all be falsely    label$ or br&$ z to 
! ,/ate or ,t]ritory 9 :i* !y are       
made1 produc$1 or gr[n1 or cause or     
procure ! same to be done by    o!rs4   
,section #b makes a violation ( ! act a 
misdemeanor1 puni%able by a  f9e ( n    
less ?an #ejj or m ?an #b1jjj4    ,9 !  

op9ion ( ,septemb] #bj1 aft] /at+ t !   
m]e omission  ( ! place ( manufacture c 
n be said to con/itute a violation  ( ! 
law & t ! "n ( ! :olesale deal] on !    
label or  br& is n necess>ily a         
repres5tation t he is ! produc]  or     
manufactur] ( ! goods1 x 0 obs]v$3 8,(  
c\rse1 if goods  are manufactur$ or     
produc$ 9 "o ,/ate1 & ! :olesale deal]  
is a resid5t ( ano!r1 & ! label or br&  
is s word$ z to  repres5t ! deal] z !   
produc]1 !re w\ld be a violation ( !    
law if su* commodities 7 introduc$ into 
"o /ate f ano!r40    ,! ---- ----       
,company1 x is /at$1 pur*ases all _!    
goods 9 ,i[a4  ,b ! words 8---- ,daisy  
,sug> ,corn1 ---- ---- ,company1        
,milwaukee1  ,wis410 cle>ly imply t !   
goods ref]r$ to are manufactur$ or      
prep>$ by t company 9 ,wiscons94 ,!     
g5]al public1 unfamili>  ) trade        
practices1 w\ld inevitably rea* t       
conclusion4 ,x seems  to me1 !re=e1 t ^!
 labels come )9 ! /atute z above        
con/ru$4 ,to hold o!rwise w\ld be to say

 t no?+ %ort (  direct & positive       
misrepres5tation is inhibit$4 ,b t is m 
?an ! rule z to ! /rict con/ruction (   
p5al /atutes c be  said to require4 ,!  
act 9 "q aims to prev5t ! false label+  
or br&+ ( food & dairy products ent]+   
into int]/ate  comm]ce4 ,x does n1      
h[ev]1 und]take to say :at %all be held 
to con/itute a false label or br&4 ,ea* 
case mu/ !re=e re/  ^u its own p>ticul> 
facts4 ,b :]ev] ! natural inf]5ce to  be
 drawn f ! =m or words ( a br& or label 
is contr>y to !  fact z to ! ,/ate or   
,t]ritory 9 :i* ! articles ref]r$ to are
  made1 produc$1 or gr[n1 ! case w\ld   
seem to be )9 bo? !  lett] & ! _s ( !   
law4    ,! pap]s inclos$ are h]e)       
return$ z reque/$4      ,respectfully1  
,p4 ,c4 ,,knox1 ,attorney-,g5]al4       
,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,ju/ice1    ,wa%+ton1   
,d4 ,c41 ,june #ah1 #aijc4      ,!      
,honorable ! ,,secret>y ,,(             
,,agriculture4    ,,sir3 ,9 y\r note (  
,june #b1 #aijc1 y transmit to me an    
exc]pt  f ! appropriation act ( ,m>* #c1

 #aijc 7#cb ,/at41 #aaeg1  #aaeh71      
au?oriz+ ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture to  
inve/igate !  adult]ation ( foods1      
drugs1 & liquors1 & =bidd+ ! ,secret>y  
( ! ,treasury to deliv] to ! consignee  
any su* goods import$  f a =eign c\ntry 
:i* ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture has      
8report$  to him to h be5 inspect$ &    
analyz$ & f\nd to be dang]\s  to heal?1 
or :i* are =bidd5 to be sold or re/rict$
 9 sale 9  ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y are made 
or f :i* !y are import$1  or :i* %all be
 falsely label$ 9 any respect 9 reg>d to
 ! place  ( manufacture or ! cont5ts ( !
 package10 & a copy ( ! act  ( ,july #a1
 #aijb 7#cb ,/at41 #fcb71 9 reg>d to !  
introduction into any  ,/ate or         
,t]ritory or ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia (   
any dairy or food  products :i* %all h  
be5 falsely label$ or br&$ z to !  ,/ate
 or ,t]ritory 9 :i* !y are made1        
produc$1 or gr[n2 & y  ask my op9ion1 9 
sub/ance1 :e!r1 "u ! provisions ref]r$  
to1 y h jurisdiction or p[] to prev5t ! 
false label+ or  br&+ ( su* articles    

import$ f =eign c\ntries aft] !y  h     
pass$ ! cu/om-h\se & are deliv]$ to !   
consignees2  & :e!r ! act la/ ref]r$ to 
above applies to su* articles  import$ f
 =eign c\ntries1 or applies only to     
articles (  dome/ic production4    ,9   
reply to y\r "q1 ,i h ! honor to say t1 
"u !  provisions ( ! act ( ,m>* #c1     
#aijc1 to :i* y ref]1 !  jurisdiction & 
p[] ( y\r ,dep>tm5t1 & t ( ! ,treasury  
,dep>tm5t1 9 respect ( ! matt] "h       
consid]$1 end ) !  deliv]y ( ! import$  
article f ! cu/om-h\se to ! own] or     
consignee1 & ?is provision ( ! act      
conf]s no p[] to prev5t  or puni% !     
false label+ or br&+ ( su* import$      
articles  aft] su* deliv]y to ! own] or 
consignee4 ,! :ole p[] !re  conf]r$ 9   
?is respect is to exam9e su* import$    
articles be=e  su* deliv]y1 & to refuse 
deliv]y if f\nd to come )9 ! ban  ( !   
act4 ,:atev] p[] !re may be to prev5t or
 puni% ! false  label+ or br&+ ( su*    
import$ goods aft] su* deliv]y mu/ be   
look$ = else:]e4    ,if ! evils ( false 

label+ ( su* import$ articles h rea*$  a
 magnitude requir+ ,congressional       
legislation1 x w\ld seem almo/1  or q1 z
 important to prev5t su* false label+   
aft] !  articles h pass$ ! cu/om-h\se z 
be=e2 & x w\ld seem t  ,congress1 :ile  
hav+ ! matt] directly 9 h&1 has omitt$  
:at  w\ld h be5 v appropriate           
legislation4 ,b ?is omission _c  be     
suppli$ by ^? call$ ^u to int]pret or   
adm9i/] ! law4    ,b ,i ?9k ! act (     
,july #a1 #aijb1 may be resort$ to =    
p>tial  relief f ! evil to :i* y ref]4  
,! fir/ section provides3      ,t no    
p]son 444 %all introduce into any ,/ate 
or ,t]ritory ( !    ,unit$ ,/ates or !  
,di/rict ( ,columbia1 f any o!r ,/ate or
    ,t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or !    
,di/rict ( ,columbia1 or sell    9 !    
,di/rict ( ,columbia or 9 any ,t]ritory1
 any dairy or food    products :i* %all 
be falsely label$ or br&$ z to ! ,/ate  
or ,t]ritory 9 :i* !y are made1 produc$1
 or gr[n1 or cause or    procure ! same 
to be done by o!rs4    ,! second section

 provides ! p5alty = violation ( ! act4 
,! prohibition is ( ! introduction into 
any ,/ate or ,t]ritory  or ! ,di/rict ( 
,columbia f any o!r ,/ate or ,t]ritory  
or !  ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & ! sale 9  
said ,di/rict or any ,t]ritory1  ( dairy
 or food products :i* are 8falsely br&$ 
or label$ z to  ! ,/ate or ,t]ritory 9  
:i* !y are made1 produc$1 or gr[n40     
,x is important to notice t !           
prohibition ext5ds to falsely  label$   
articles introduc$ or br\ght f ano!r    
,/ate or ,t]ritory1  & is n conf9$ to   
articles :i* are made1 produc$1 or gr[n 
9 "s o!r ,/ate or ,t]ritory ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates4 ,if dairy or  food products :i* 
are falsely label$ or br&$ z to ! ,/ate 
or  ,t]ritory ( _! orig9 are introduc$  
or br\ght into "o ,/ate or  ,t]ritory or
 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia f ano!r ,/ate or
 ,t]ritory  or ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1  
or are sold 9 any ,t]ritory or said     
,di/rict1 ?is is cle>ly )9 ! prohibition
 ( ! act1 no matt]  :e!r su* articles 7 
( dome/ic or =eign orig94 ,i repeat  !  

section does n conf9e or purport to     
conf9e its prohibition to  !            
introduction ( falsely label$ articles  
made1 gr[n1 or produc$  9 ?is c\ntry1 b 
ext5ds x to all su* articles introduc$ f
  ano!r ,/ate or ,t]ritory :i* are      
falsely label$ 8z to ! ,/ate  or        
,t]ritory 9 :i* !y are made1 produc$1 or
 gr[n40    ,b1 z ,i h /at$ above1 ! act 
c give only p>tial relief4  ,= x is pla9
 f ! context t ! words 8,/ate or        
,t]ritory0  ref] to a ,/ate or ,t]ritory
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & c n be  ext5d$ to 
include ! wid] signification ( =eign    
c\ntry4 ,?us1  if articles ( =eign orig9
 are import$ into ,new ,york1 = example1
  & !nce introduc$ into ano!r ,/ate or  
,t]ritory ) a label or  br& falsely /at+
 _! orig9 z to ano!r =eign c\ntry1 !    
case w\ld n fall )9 ! provisions ( !    
/atute4 ,on ! o!r  h&1 x is c]ta9 t if  
=eign articles import$ into ,new ,york  
are introduc$ into ano!r ,/ate or       
,t]ritory ) a label or br&  %[+ !m to be
 ( ,new ,york make or gr[?1 su* articles

 w\ld be  8falsely label$ or br&$ z to !
 ,/ate or ,t]ritory 9 :i* !y  are made1 
produc$1 or gr[n10 & su* introduction   
w\ld be )9  bo? ! lett] & ! _s & purpose
 ( ! act4    ,9 ?is respect ,congress c 
int]f]e only ) int]/ate trade4 ,x  c    
prev5t ! use ( false labels ( dairy or  
food products only  :5 !y become objects
 ( comm]ce betwe5 diff]5t ,/ates or     
,t]ritories4 ,h5ce1 ! prohibition is    
conf9$ to articles introduc$  f "o ,/ate
 or ,t]ritory into ano!r4 ,b ?is does n 
imply1  nor is !re any?+ to imply1 t !  
prohibition is conf9$ also  to articles 
made1 produc$1 or gr[n 9 ! ,/ate or     
,t]ritory f  :i* !y are introduc$1 or to
 articles ( dome/ic orig94 ,x is !  use 
( false labels on dairy & food products 
9 int]/ate comm]ce  :i* is prohibit$4 ,&
 if x is int]/ate comm]ce1 x is q       
unimportant :e!r ! articles falsely     
label$ 7 ( dome/ic or  =eign orig94 ,if 
an import$ article ( =eign orig9 is     
label$ z  ( dome/ic orig91 ! article is 
8falsely label$ or br&$ z to  ! ,/ate or

 ,t]ritory 9 :i* x is made1 produc$1 or 
gr[n20 &  if su* article1 ?us falsely   
label$1 is introduc$ f "o ,/ate or      
,t]ritory into ano!r or ! ,di/rict (    
,columbia1 x is a violation  ( ! act4   
,nor does x make any diff]5ce 9 ?is     
respect :e!r !  false label or br& be   
plac$ on ! article be=e or aft] leav+  !
 cu/om-h\se 9 a case ( =eign            
importation4    ,if x 7 requir$1 a      
famili> rule ( con/ruction might be     
invok$  9 support ( ?is int]pretation4  
,/atutes %\ld be con/ru$ 9 aid  ( _!    
manife/ purpose & object4 ,& :5 x is    
consid]$ t  ! sole purpose ( ?is act is 
to prev5t ! use ( false labels or  br&s 
( dairy or food products1 :5 articles ( 
int]/ate comm]ce1  x is manife/ t a     
con/ruction :i* limits ! prohibition to 
dome/ic articles w\ld defeat r ?an aid !
 purpose ( ! act4  ,inde$1 ! great] & m 
preval5t evil 9 ?is respect is n  9     
falsely /at+ a p>ticul> ,/ate or        
,t]ritory z ! orig9 (  a dome/ic        
article1 b is ! label+ ( a =eign article

 z !  product ( "s p>ticul> ,/ate or    
,t]ritory1 or vice v]s4 ,?is is  ! m    
s]i\s & preval5t evil1 & 9 my op9ion is 
z c]ta9ly  =bidd5 by ! act ref]r$ to z  
is ! label+ ( an article (  "o ,/ate or 
,t]ritory z be+ ! product ( ano!r4    ,i
 am1 !re=e1 ( op9ion t ! act ( ,july #a1
 #aijb1 applies n  only to dome/ic      
articles1 b also to ^? import$ f =eign  
c\ntries :i* are label$ z be+ ( dome/ic 
orig94      ,respectfully1    ,p4 ,c4   
,,knox1 ,attorney-,g5]al4      7,f4 ,i4 
,d4 #c47    ,,notice ,,to ,,export]s ,,(
 ,,w9es4    ,a ,,rec5t ,,law ,,pass$    
,,by ,,! ,,arg5t9e ,,republic4          
,novemb]1 #aijd4    ,! ,arg5t9e         
,republic has pass$ a new law relat+ to 
w9es1 &  especially cov]+ ! conditions  
"u :i* w9es are to be import$  into t   
c\ntry f =eign c\ntries4 ,!re are _m    
provisions (  ! law :i* %\ld be kn[n to 
! produc]s & export]s ( w9es  f ! ,unit$
 ,/ates4 ,! full text ( ! new law ( !   
,arg5t9e  ,republic is giv5 bel[3       
,,article #a4 ,only ^? w9es obta9$ by ! 

f]m5tation ( fre%    grapes1 or simply  
e/acionado1 w be consid]$ z natural w9es
    9 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic4             
,,article #b4 ,= ! purpose ( ! pres5t   
law & ( its p5al    dispositions !      
foll[+ w n be consid]$ z natural w9es3  
#a4 ,^? manufactur$ ) dri$ grapes4      
#b4 ,^? manufactur$ ) ! clu/] 7bun*74   
#c4 ,^? to :i* !re %all h be5 add$      
sub/ances :i*1    ?\gh natural 9 natural
 w9es1 alt] ! composition ( !m or       
modify ! equilibrium ( ! sub/ances      
compos+ a natural w9e4      #d4 ,r$ w9es
 conta9+ m ?an #c4e p]c5t or less ?an   
#b4d    p]c5t ( dry extract1 ! r$uc+    
sug> hav+ be5 d$uct$4 ,!    executive is
 emp[]$ to au?orize a l[] limit to !    
m9imum    bel[ = bottl$ or dess]t w9es4 
#e4 ,:ite w9es conta9+ less ?an #a4g    
p]c5t ( dry extract1 !    r$uc+ sug>    
hav+ be5 d$uct$1 ) ! exception ( f9e    
w9es    9 bottles4      #f4 ,mixtures ( 
w9es enum]at$ 9 ! five prec$+ p>agraphs 
)    natural w9es4      ,,article #c4 ,!
 foll[+ w be consid]$ z lawful nological

    practices3      ,= mu/s3 ,! addition
 ( sac*>ose 7sug>71 ( conc5trat$ mu/1   
( citric1 malic1 t>t>ic1 & sulfur\s     
acids1 pure & neutraliz$    by pure     
potassium & calcium c>bonates4      ,=  
w9es3 ,! addition ( citric1 t>t>ic1     
malic1 tannic1 &    c>bonic acids1 (    
potassium & calcium c>bonate1 ( neutral 
potassium t>trate1 ( sulfites ( sodium &
 calcium1 & ( pure    sulfur\s          
anhydrids4      ,pure kaol9 & pure      
album5s & gelat9s may be employ$ 9 !    
cl>ification ( w9es4      ,,article #d4 
,x is absolutely =bidd5 to add to ! w9e 
or to sell    z su*--      #a4 ,liquids 
conta9+ =eign color+ matt]s1 glucose f  
/>*1    m9]al acids1 sac*>9 & o!r       
artificial edulcorant matt]s1           
abra/ol1 salicylic acid & o!rs analog\s 
!reto1 salts (    alum9um1 /rontium1    
b>ium1 lead1 &1 9 g5]al1 all bodies n   
normally exi/+ 9 ! mu/s ( grapes4       
#b4 ,w9es conta9+ m ?an #b grams (      
sulfate p] lit]4 ,a l>g]    proportion w
 n be tol]at$ except = dess]t w9es4     

#c4 ,w9es conta9+ m ?an #j4b p]c5t (    
sodium *lorid4      #d4 ,w9es conta9+ p]
 lit] m ?an #bjj milligrams ( sulfur\s  
acid & #bj milligrams ( free sulfur\s   
anhydrid4      #e4 ,damag$ w9es or w9es 
alt]$ 9 consequ5ce ( disease may    n be
 sold nor made ! object ( comm]ce4 ,^!  
liquids %all    be di/ill$ "u sup]vision
 ( ag5ts ( ! ,treasury or ( !           
national *emical laboratories1 & only ! 
alcohols result+ f    _! di/illation may
 be utiliz$4      ,,article #e4 ,!      
executive is emp[]$ to augm5t or modify 
!    au?oriz$ nological corrections 9   
con=mity ) ! progress (    sci5ce & !   
local conditions4 ,he is emp[]$ to add1 
likewise1    to ^? specifi$ 9 ! pres5t  
law o!r sub/ances recogniz$ z           
injuri\s by _! quantity or quality4     
,,article #f4 ,! foll[+ treatm5ts foll[$
 9 ! prep>ation (    f9e w9es are       
consid]$ legal3      #a4 ,! mixture (   
sev]al natural w9es produc$ f diff]5t   
classes ( grapes or f diff]5t h>ve/s4   
#b4 ,limit$ alcoholization 9 ord] to    

insure ! pres]vation ( w9e4      #c4 ,! 
addition ( conc5trat$ mu/ & ( pure      
alcohol 9 ord] to    obta9 special      
dess]t w9es4      #d4 ,! addition (     
sac*>ose 7sug>71 ( alcohol1 ( aromatic &
    bitt] sub/ances1 9 ord] to obta9    
w9es ^: composition is    simil> to     
v]m\? or m$ic9al w9es4      #e4 ,!      
addition ( anhydr\s c>bonic acid & sug> 
= !    prep>ation ( sp>kl+ w9es4 ,!     
alcoholization au?oriz$ by !    pres5t  
law is = ! purpose ( insur+ !           
pres]vation ( w9e4    ,! alcohol employ$
 = ?is purpose & all o!r products1 !    
usage ( :i* is au?oriz$1 mu/ be         
*emically pure4      ,,article #g4 ,!   
bev]ages enum]at$ 9 article #b & all o!r
    simil> bev]ages %all be> ! "n (     
8artificial bev]ages10    :atev] be _!  
nature or process ( manufacture1 ) !    
exception ( sp>kl+ w9es1 v]m\?1 m$ic9al 
w9es1 & cid]4      ,,article #h4 ,9 case
 natural w9es %\ld conta9 a proportion (
 dry    extract inf]ior or sup]ior to t 
indicat$ 9 p>agraphs #d &    #e (       

article #b1 ! s\rce ( ?is extract w be  
det]m9$ 9    s f> z x conc]ns ! w9e ( ! 
c\ntry by ! analysis (    grapes s]v+ = 
! manufacture ( ?is w9e1 & 9 s f> z x   
conc]ns =eign w9es by in=mation bas$ on 
(ficial analytical    data & ( orig94   
4     4     4     4     4     4     4   
4     4     4     4      ,,article #aj4 
,bev]ages :i* d n comply ) ! conditions 
det]m9$ by article #a may n be import$1 
circulat$1 or (f]$    = sale z natural  
w9es1 & mu/ be> ^u a "p visible to    ! 
recipi5t ! indication ( ! classification
 to :i* !y    correspond accord+ to     
article #g above4      ,,article #aa4   
,=eign w9es :i* %all be import$ into !  
t]ritory    ( ,arg5t9e = consumption mu/
 be sold 9 ! orig9al casks    %[+ _!    
orig91 or put 9 bottles "u ! sup]vision 
(    ,gov]nm5t ag5ts & accompani$ by    
c]tificates ( analysis f    ! c\ntry :]e
 !y h be5 made4 ,import$ w9es conta9+ m 
?an #c4e p]c5t ( dry extract free f     
r$uc+ sug> %all be    sold "u !         
sup]vision ( ,gov]nm5t ag5ts4           

,,article #ab4 ,=eign w9es %all be      
subject$ to *emical analysis    ^u _!   
entrance into ! c\ntry2 native w9es %all
 be subject$    to ! same treatm5t be=e 
be+ deliv]$ = consumption4 ,?is         
analysis w be made 9 ! national         
laboratories e/abli%$ or to    be       
e/abli%$ 9 ,bu5os ,ayres1 ,ros>io1      
,m5doza1 ,san ,juan1 ,entre    ,rios1   
,cordoba1 ,catam>ca1 ,salta1 & ,tucuman1
 & 9 o!r localities    :]e ! ,gov]nm5t  
may decide to e/abli% !m4      4     4  
4     4     4     4     4     4     4   
4     4      ,,article #ad4 ,!          
infractions ( ! provisions ( article #aj
 ( !    law %all be puni%able by !      
confiscation ( ! m]*&ise    ) or )\t a  
p5alty ( #ej c5tavos p] lit] or ( a     
mon?'s    imprisonm5t ( ! (f5d]s = ea*  
#a1jjj lit]s ( liquid or    fraction    
!re(4      ,,article #ae4 ,! infractions
 ( ! provisions ( article #d %all    be 
puni%$ by ! de/ruction ( ! w9es & a f9e 
( #cj pap]    c5tavos p] lit]1 or five  
days' imprisonm5t = ea* #a1jjj lit]s    

( liquid or fraction !re(4      4     4 
4     4     4     4     4     4     4   
4     4      ,,article #ai4 ,! rules &  
proce$+s e/abli%$ by law ,no4 #chhd    w
 rema9 9 =ce4 ,f ,janu>y #a1 #aije1     
=eign w9es conta9+    m ?an #c4e p]c5t  
dry extract1 free ( r$uc+ sug>1 %all be 
subject$ to ! provisions ( ! t>iff4     
,att5tion is p>ticul>ly call$ to ! "* ( 
! w9es :i*  w be admitt$ & ! fact t su* 
w9es %\ld be accompani$ by  an (ficial  
c]tificate ( composition & also ( orig94
 ,"u !  au?ority ( ,congress ! ,secret>y
 ( ,agriculture is au?oriz$ to  furni%  
analyses & c]tificates ( food products  
int5d$ = export  to =eign c\ntries 7,f4 
,i4 ,d4 ,no4 #a74    ,"u ?is law        
export]s :o desire analyses ( _!        
products to %[  t !y are 9 con=mity ) ! 
laws ( ! c\ntry to :i* !y  are export$  
may apply to ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry ( !   
,dep>tm5t  ( ,agriculture = su* an      
inve/igation4 ,! analysis blanks =  mak+
 ! application1 in/ructions = tak+ !    
samples1 & =m  ( affidavit to accompany 

! samples w be furni%$ int5d+  export]s 
on application4 ,9 ?is connection       
att5tion is call$ to !  fact t (t5      
,am]ican food products are reject$ at   
=eign ports1  & z a result !re( compla9t
 is made to ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t  & samples
 ( ! reject$ foods are furni%$ =        
analysis4 ,!  ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture  
always complies ) ! reque/s ( !  ,/ate  
,dep>tm5t = assi/ance 9 adju/+          
difficulties ( ?is k9d4  ,x is evid5t1  
h[ev]1 t all su* difficulties w\ld be   
avoid$ by  %ipp]s tak+ advantage ( !    
provision ( ! law quot$ above1 to       
secure ! prop] c]tification ( _!        
products be=e %ipm5t4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 
#d47    ,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,import]s ,,(
 ,,food ,,products4#di      #di ,circul>
 ,no4 #ah1 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4  
,dept4 ,agr4      ,augu/ #f1 #aijd4     
,9 ord] to facilitate ! execution ( ?is 
law ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 ,no4 #a  & to avoid any 
unnecess>y delay 9 ! inspection (       
products  on arrival1 ! att5tion (      
import]s is call$ to ! foll[+           

sugge/ions3    #a4 ,! inspection ( food 
products includes foods1 bev]ages1 &    
condim5ts1 & +r$i5ts ( su* articles4    
#b4 ,! inspection1 "u ! language ( !    
law1 relates to !  foll[+ po9ts3    7a7 
,to asc]ta9 if ! import$ products be    
injuri\s to heal?4    7b7 ,if !y be     
falsely br&$ or label$ 9 reg>d to !     
cont5ts  ( ! packages4    7c7 ,if !y be 
falsely br&$ or label$ z to ! place (   
manufacture or production4    7d7 ,if !y
 be =bidd5 entry to or be re/rict$ 9    
sale 9 !  c\ntry 9 :i* !y are made or f 
:i* !y are export$4    #c4 ,a food      
product1 9 ! abs5ce ( contr>y judicial  
int]pretation1  w be deem$ by !         
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture to be          
adult]at$--    7a7 ,if any valuable     
+r$i5t naturally pres5t !re9 has be5    
extract$4    7b7 ,if a less valuable    
+r$i5t has be5 sub/itut$ !re=4    7c7   
,if x be color$1 p[d]$1 or poli%$1 )    
int5t to deceive1  or to make ! article 
appe> ( a bett] quality ?an x really is4
    7d7 ,if x be a sub/itute = or       

imitation ( a g5u9e article &  (f]$ "u !
 "n ( t article4    #d4 ,products w be  
deem$ injuri\s to heal? 9 ! abs5ce (    
contr>y judicial det]m9ation--    7a7   
,if any sub/ance1 ) ! exception ( !     
long-us$1 well-kn[n  condim5tal         
sub/ances1 viz41 common salt1 spices1   
sug> 7sucrose or  sac*>ose71 wood smoke1
 & v9eg> be add$ !reto = pres]v+1       
color+1 or o!r purposes1 :i* is injuri\s
 to heal?1 ei!r z  det]m9$ by actual    
exp]im5tal evid5ce or 9 ! pr$om9at+     
op9ion ( heal? (fic]s1 hygi5i/s1 &      
physiological *emi/s4    7b7 ,if !      
products be decompos$1 fil?y1 decay$1 or
 9 any unfit  condition = human         
consumption4    #e4 ,products w be      
consid]$ by ! ,dep>tm5t z misbr&$ 9 !   
abs5ce ( contr>y judicial det]m9ation-- 
7a7 ,if any false "n or prop]ty be      
assign$ !reto 9 ! label1  directly or by
 implication4    7b7 ,if any false      
/atem5t be conta9$ 9 ! label relat+ to !
  place ( manufacture or production ( ! 
cont5ts ( ! package1  directly or by    

implication4    7c7 ,if !y be n ( !     
nature1 sub/ance1 & quality commonly    
associat$ ) ! "n "u :i* !y are sold or  
(f]$ = sale4    #f4 ,food products w    
also be exclud$ f entry into ! ,unit$   
,/ates if !y be ( a "* or k9d =bidd5    
entry 9 ! c\ntry  :]e !y are manufactur$
 or f :i* !y are export$4    #g4 ,food  
products w also be exclud$ f ! ,unit$   
,/ates if !y  are =bidd5 to be sold or  
be re/rict$ 9 sale 9 ! c\ntries 9  :i*  
!y are manufactur$ or f :i* !y are      
export$4      ,,illu/rations4    ,until 
fur!r notice1 or until ! matt] %all h   
be5 det]m9$ by  judicial decisions1 or  
until ! p]man5t /&>ds = ! products      
m5tion$ h be5 e/abli%$ by proclamation1 
! ,dep>tm5t submits  ! foll[+           
illu/rations = ! guidance ( import]s1 z 
an index  to ! action ( ! ,dep>tm5t 9   
cases :]e ! product h]e9aft]  m5tion$1 &
 l products1 are (f]$ = import3    #a4  
,w9e be>+ a class$ "n1 t is1 br&s ( w9e 
( high  grade1 recogniz$ by law & by    
comm]cial usage1 mu/ be true to "n2  =  

in/ance1 a w9e be>+ ! "n ,*ateau ,l>ose 
mu/ be w9e  com+ f ! v9ey>d cov]$ by t  
appellation & no o!r4  ,import]s %\ld be
 ready to furni% c]tificates1 :5 ask$ =1
 (  con=mity ( ! w9e to ! label us$4    
,/ret*$ w9e1 t is1  w9e conta9+ a "p ( !
 orig9al w9e1 or a simil> w9e f  a      
diff]5t v9ey>d1 %\ld n be label$ ) ! "n 
( a true1  class$ w9e4    #b4 ,w9e      
conta9+ sulfur\s acid 9 am\nt great] ?an
 t fir/  m5tion$ bel[1 add$ z a         
pres]vative or = o!r purposes1  %\ld    
c>ry ^u ! label 8,pres]v$ ) sulfur\s    
acid10 & !  decl>ation accompany+ x %\ld
 /ate approximately ! quantity  (       
sulfur\s acid pres5t4 ,! admission (    
w9es conta9+ n m  ?an #bjj milligrams ( 
sulfur\s acid p] lit]1 add$ 9 ! usual   
cell> treatm5t1 ( :i* n m ?an #bj       
milligrams %all be free  acid1 is       
p]missible )\t notification4 ,w9es      
conta9+ m ?an  #cej milligrams p] lit] (
 sulfur\s acid %\ld n be (f]$ =         
importation "u any conditions4    #c4   
,sug> w9es are w9es :i* are made p>tly  

by ! addition (  sug> to ! mu/ or       
o!rwise previ\s to f]m5tation1 & %\ld   
be> ^u ! label 8,sug> w9es10 or "s      
simil> leg5d1 & !  quantity ( sug>      
employ$ 9 _! manufacture %\ld be /at$ 9 
!  decl>ation be=e ! consul4    #d4     
,mix$ w9es1 t is1 bl5d$ w9es1 %\ld n be>
 ! "n (  ! v9ey>d f :i* a "p ( ! mixture
 is made unless ! label  pla9ly         
indicates t x is a bl5d or mixture ) o!r
 w9es4 ,if  w9e f any o!r c\ntry ?an t  
:]e ! mixture is made1 or  f :i* x is   
export$1 be employ$1 a /atem5t to t     
effect  %\ld be f\nd ^u ! label & 9 !   
decl>ation4 ,w9es1 sulfur$  w9es1 sug>  
w9es1 & mix$ w9es %\ld n conta9 ov] #ad 
p]c5t1  by volume1 ( alcohol4    #e4    
,=tifi$ w9es1 t is1 w9es to :i*         
additional alcohol has  be5 add$1 "u !  
law ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates regulat+          
=tification  ( w9es1 %\ld conta9 no add$
 alcohol except t d]iv$ f  ! di/illation
 ( w9e1 & ! br&y s us$ %\ld be prop]ly  
ag$ 9 oak casks 9 ord] to be free f     
injuri\s comp\nds su* z  fusel oils1    

etc4 ,raw br&y made f ! lees1 pomace1 & 
refuse (  ! w9]y1 & conta9+ excessive   
quantities ( fusel oil & o!r  injuri\s  
+r$i5ts1 %\ld n be us$ 9 ! =tification (
 w9es  import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    
,import]s are reque/$ to secure su*     
in=mation f _! ag5ts abroad z may enable
 !m to c]tify  to ! "* ( ! br&y us$ =   
=tification :5 any d\bt  exi/s4    #f4  
,br&y 7potable br&y7 is ! di/illate f   
w9e1 prop]ly ag$  by /orage 9 wood to   
elim9ate ! great] "p ( ! fusel oils1    
etc41 :i* may be pres5t4 ,br&y %\ld     
conta9 n less ?an #de nor  m ?an #ee    
p]c5t1 by volume1 ( alcohol & n m ?an   
#j4be  p]c5t ( total solids 7extract74  
,! cont5t ( fusel oils %\ld n  exce$    
#j4be p]c5t4 ,br&y %\ld n be mix$ )     
alcohol f any  o!r s\rce ?an t ( di/ill$
 w9e4 ,! di/illate f ! lees1  pomace1 & 
refuse ( ! w9]y1 is n entitl$ to be> !  
t]m  8br&y0 9 ! potable s5se4 8,cognac0 
is only admitt$ z a "n 9  ! case (      
br&ies made 9 ,cognac f w9es gr[n &     
manufactur$  !re4 ,no artificial color  

o!r ?an t d]iv$ f ! wood 9  :i* !y are  
ag$ is admitt$ 9 br&ies4    #g4 ,:isky  
is ! di/ill$ product ( f]m5t$ c]eal     
gra9s1  prop]ly ag$ 9 wood 9 ord] to    
remove ! great] "p ( !  fusel oils1     
etc41 produc$ dur+ ! di/illation4 ,:isky
 %\ld n  conta9 less ?an #de nor m ?an  
#ee p]c5t1 by volume1 ( alcohol  & n m  
?an #j4be p]c5t ( total solids          
7extract74 ,! cont5t  ( fusel oils %\ld 
n exce$ #j4be p]c5t4 ,no artificial     
color o!r  ?an t d]iv$ f ! wood 9 :i* x 
is /or$ is admitt$ 9  :isky4 ,bl5d$     
:isky is :isky made ( two or m :iskies4 
,comp\nd  or 8rectifi$0 :isky is :isky  
made ) or )\t ! use ( "s  :isky f       
neutral1 cologne1 or sil5t spirits2 t   
is1 pure alcohol1  to :i* artificial    
flavor+ & color+ matt]s may be add$4    
,su* :iskies %\ld be pla9ly br&$ on !   
label 8,comp\nd0 or  8,comp\nd$10 ev5 if
 conta9+ a p]c5tage ( pure :isky4    #h4
 ,be] is ! f]m5t$ product ( c]eal gra9s1
 ! />* (  :i* has be5 conv]t$ into sug> 
by malt or malt+1 & to :i* an  infusion 

( hops has be5 add$4    #i4 ,fruit      
comp\nds1 su* z jams1 jellies1          
m>malades1 etc41 are  prep>ations made f
 pure fruits or fruit juices1 ) !       
addition  ( sug>4 ,! pres5ce (          
artificial color+ matt]1 flavors1       
glucose1 pres]vatives1 & o!r add$       
sub/ances is n admitt$ =  ! pure        
products1 & :5 us$ ! fact %\ld be pla9ly
 indicat$  9 ! ,engli% language ^u !    
label4 ,^! bodies %\ld n be>  ! "n ( any
 "o fruit alone if !y are made f        
mixtures ( fruit  or fruit juices4      
#aj4 ,sausage is ! comm9ut$ edible meat 
( heal?y slaught]$  animals1 commonly   
us$ z food1 mix$ ) salt & condim5tal    
sub/ances4 ,! packages %\ld be> !       
c]tificate ( an (ficial  inspector z to 
purity1 & if pork1 t x is free f tri*94 
,!  addition ( pres]vatives %\ld be     
pla9ly /at$ ^u ! label1 &  if ^!        
pres]vatives be deem$ injuri\s to heal?1
 su* sausages  c n be admitt$4 ,color+  
matt]s :5 us$ are "u simil>             
re/rictions4    #aa4 ,salad 7edible7    

oils %all be> ! "n ( ! sub/ance f  :i*  
!y are made1 namely1 olive1 cottonse$1  
sesame1 peanut1 etc4  ,! designation    
8salad oil0 is n suffici5t4 ,if         
mixtures1 ?is fact  %\ld be pla9ly /at$ 
^u ! label1 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples      
already laid d[n4 ,! +r$i5ts ( a mix$   
oil %\ld h _!  orig9 7c\ntry7 nam$ ^u ! 
label 9 ord] to con=m ) !  provisions ( 
! law4    #ab4 ,v9eg> %\ld conta9 n less
 ?an #d p]c5t ( acetic acid4  ,! k9d (  
v9eg> %\ld be nam$ ^u ! label1 namely1  
cid]  v9eg>1 w9e v9eg>1 malt v9eg>1 _s  
v9eg>--mean+ v9eg>  d]iv$ f ! acet\s    
f]m5tation ( cid]1 w9e1 malt liquors1 or
  di/ill$ spirits1 respectively4 ,any   
add$ color+ or o!r =eign  matt] %\ld be 
not$ ^u ! label & 9 ! decl>ation4       
#ac4 ,label+4--,if m ?an "o article be  
pres5t 9 a food  product1 ! "n ( "o ( ! 
sub/ances alone is n deem$ to be a      
suffici5t label4 ,if peas or beans h a  
portion ( copp]1 ! label  %\ld /ate t   
fact4 ,! v>i\s natural con/itu5ts ( a   
food  product ne$ n be not$1 = ! pres5ce

 ( ! usual condim5t>y  sub/ances employ$
 9 foods1 viz41 sug>1 salt1 spices1     
v9eg>1 &  wood smoke4 ,! t]m 8sug>0 is  
us$ 9 its usual signification1 viz41    
sug> made f sug> cane1 sug> beets1 maple
 trees1 sorghum etc4 ,:5  sug>s are made
 by ! artificial hydrolysis ( />*1 by an
 acid or  salt1 t fact %\ld be not$ on !
 label by ! t]m 8glucose10 or  />* sug>4
 8,grape sug>0 is n admitt$ z a correct 
t]m = su*  products4      ,,g5]al       
,,/atem5t4    ,! above specific         
illu/rations indicate ! position ( !    
,dep>tm5t 9 reg>d to ! g5]al "* ( food  
products :i*  may be import$ )\t "q4    
,! import] w d well to require 8 ag5ts 9
 =eign c\ntries to  c>efully comply ) ! 
g5]al pr9ciples set =?4 ,9 a few words  
!y may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,fre$om f  
delet]i\s sub/ances1  notification (    
add$ =eign sub/ances1 tru?fulness 9     
label+4    ,! /&>ds ( purity = food     
products1 :i* h be5 fix$ by  ! ,secret>y
 ( ,agriculture 9 h>mony ) exi/+ law1   
are giv5  9 ,circul> ,no4 #ac ( !       

,secret>y's ,(fice & are applicable to  
import$ foods1 :i* %\ld con=m to ^!     
e/abli%$ /&>ds4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #e47  
,,propos$ ,,regulations ,,gov]n+ ,,!    
,,label+ ,,( ,,import$ ,,food           
,,products4#ej      #ej ,circul> ,no4   
#ba4 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 
,agr4      ,novemb] #ag1 #aijd4    7a7  
,,artificial ,,color+ ,,matt]           
7,,especially ,,sulfate ,,( ,,copp]74   
,! use ( sulfate ( copp] z a color+     
matt] 9 c]ta9 gre5  vegetables has      
become q preval5t4 ,sulfate ( copp] is a
 sub/ance  :i* 9 itself acts z a quick  
emetic & irritant1 & !re=e its  pres5ce 
9 food products mu/ be look$ ^u z       
undesirable4      ,copp] sulfate is     
irritant or mildly es*>otic1 &1 :5 9    
dilute    solution1 /imulant & a/r+5t4  
,at "o "t x 0 giv5 9    epilepsy & o!r  
n]v\s diseases1 b at pres5t x is nev]   
us$ int]nally1 except = its influ5ce ^u 
! ga/ro-inte/9al    muc\s membrane4 ,9  
*ronic di>rhea ) ulc]ation x is (t5    a
 useful rem$y4 ,9 doses ( #e gra9s x    

acts z a p[]ful1 prompt    emetic1 )\t  
caus+ g5]al depression or mu* nausea1 b 
x is    too irritant to be us$ freely4  
,a dose ( copp] sulfate z an a/r+5t is a
 qu>t] ( a gra9 7#af    milligrams72 z  
an emetic1 #e gra9s 7#ccj               
milligrams74--7,unit$ ,/ates            
,disp5satory1 #ah? edition1 p4 #dfh47   
,x is claim$ by "s manufactur]s1 *emi/s1
 & hygi5i/s t  copp] sulfate :5 add$ to 
gre5 vegetables1 =ms comp\nds :i*  are  
h>mless to heal?4    ,p5d+ inve/igations
 :i* are n[ mak+1 all food products     
color$  ) sulfate ( copp]1 or to :i*    
sulfate ( copp] has be5 add$  = any     
purpose1 %\ld conta9 ^u ! label a       
/atem5t 9 ,engli%1  9 lett]s n small]   
?an long prim] caps1 z foll[s3 8,color$ 
) sulfate ( copp]10 or1 if pref]r$1     
8,prep>$ ) sulfate (  copp]40 ,a /atem5t
 ( ! quantity ( copp]1 if any1 :i* may  
be  p]mitt$ 9 food products "u !        
provisions ( ! law is res]v$  until     
fur!r /udy ( ! "q c be made4    ,food   
products artificially color$ ) o!r      

sub/ances ?an sulfate  ( copp] %\ld be> 
^u ! label1 9 lett]s ( ! size describ$  
above1 ! leg5d 8,artificially color$10  
or1 if ! manufactur]  pref]s1 ! /atem5t 
8,color$ ) anil9 dye10 or :atev]        
dye-/uff  may be us$4      7b7          
,,glucose4    ,manufactur$ food products
 9 :i* glucose 7sug> made by hydrolysis 
) an acid or o!rwise f />*7 has be5 us$ 
in/ead ( sug>1  or = o!r purposes1 %\ld 
be> ^u ! label 9 ,engli%1 9  lett]s ( ! 
size above m5tion$1 8,prep>$ ) glucose10
 or "s  /atem5t ( simil> import4 ,!     
glucose :i* is us$ mu/ be free  f ars5ic
 or o!r injuri\s sub/ances4      7c7    
,,foods ,,prep>$ ,,) ,,oil4    ,9       
c\ntries :]e olive oil is ! common      
edible oil ! expression on  food        
products 8,prep>$ ) oil0 or 8,pack$ 9   
oil0 w be con/ru$  to mean olive oil4   
,:]e a mixture ( oils is us$1 or ano!r  
oil ?an  olive oil1 a /atem5t to t      
effect %\ld be made ^u ! label4    ,?is 
regulation 9 reg>d to label+ w g 9      
effect on ,m>* #af1  #aije4 ,import]s   

are reque/$ to imm$iately acqua9t _!    
ag5ts  9 =eign c\ntries ) ?is rul+1 9   
ord] t ! prop]  prep>ation ( ! labels   
may be secur$4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #f47   
,,/yle ,,( ,,label ,,requir$ ,,=        
,,import$ ,,foods4    ,note size ( type4
    ,,prep>$ ,,) ,,glucose4    ,,color$ 
,,) ,,sulfate ,,( ,,copp]4              
,,artificially ,,color$4      7,f4 ,i4  
,d4 #g47    ,,notice ,,to ,,export]s ,,(
 ,,desiccat$ ,,fruits4      ,augu/ #ca1 
#aijd4    ,! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,prussia &    
,saxony1 9 ord] to unify ! practices  ( 
inspectors ( desiccat$ fruits1 h issu$  
decrees fix+ !  limit ( sulfur\s acid 9 
desiccat$ fruits at #j4abe p]c5t4       
,export]s ( su* products f ! ,unit$     
,/ates are ask$ to take  notice ( ?is   
regulation & to refra9 f s5d+ to !      
c\ntries  nam$ desiccat$ fruits conta9+ 
an am\nt ( sulfur\s acid 9  excess ( t  
m5tion$ above4    ,by au?ority (        
,congress1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture w 
inspect  c>goes ( desiccat$ fruits      
int5d$ = exportation1 free ( *>ge  to   

export]s :o may reque/ su* inspection4  
,on application to !  ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry
 all necess>y blanks w be s5t4 ,export]s
 are  urg$1 9 ord] to avoid refusal or  
confiscation by o!r c\ntries1 to  avail 
!mselves ( ?is opportunity to asc]ta91  
be=e %ipm5t1 !  p]c5tage ( sulfur\s acid
 conta9$ 9 goods int5d$ to be export$4  
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #h47    ,,notice ,,to      
,,import]s ,,( ,,liquid ,,egg           
,,products4      ,decemb] #ad1 #aijd4   
,?is ,dep>tm5t has made exam9ations (   
invoices ( liquid eggs--yolk  ( egg1 or 
:ite ( egg1 or ! two toge!r--(f]$ =     
import  into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! food  
products h be5 uni=mly  f\nd pres]v$ )  
boric acid or borax1 a sub/ance :i* !   
inve/igations 9 ?is ,dep>tm5t h %[n to  
be injuri\s to heal?4    ,notice is     
h]eby giv5 to import]s t ! ,secret>y ( !
 ,treasury  w be reque/$ to refuse      
admission ( food products ( ?is  "*     
consulat$ subsequ5t to ,decemb] #ae1    
#aijd4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #i47           
,,notice ,,to ,,import]s ,,( ,,dri$     

,,egg ,,products4      ,febru>y #bd1    
#aije4    ,9 reg>d to ! importation (   
egg products 9 a dry /ate1 pres]v$  )   
boric acid or ) o!r pres]vatives1 ) !   
exception (  salt1 sug>1 v9eg>1 or wood 
smoke1 fur!r importation w be  reg>d$ z 
a violation ( ! provisions ( ! exi/+    
law4 ,refusal  to admit su* importations
 w n be reque/$ ( ! ,secret>y (  !      
,treasury on invoices consulat$ prior to
 ,janu>y #ba1 #aije4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4  
#aj47    ,,treasury ,,decision ,,on     
,,refund+ ,,duties ,,paid ,,on          
,,condemn$ ,,importations ,,(  ,,food   
,,products4      ,febru>y #bj1 #aije4   
,! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury has in=m$ !  
,secret>y (  ,agriculture1 "u date (    
,febru>y #ag1 #aije1 9 reg>d to ! duties
  paid ^u import$ food products be=e !  
inspection !re( has be5  complet$ by !  
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 t 9 case !    
inspection  is ( su* a "* z to require !
 re%ipm5t ( ! products 9  "q beyond !   
jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 e/imat$ 
duties  paid "u su* circum/ances w be   

refund$ to ! import] :5  deliv]y has be5
 refus$ & ! m]*&ise has be5 ei!r de/roy$
  or export$ "u ! regulations4      7,f4
 ,i4 ,d4 #aa47    ,,susp5d+             
,,regulations ,,gov]n+ ,,! ,,label+ ,,( 
,,import$ ,,s>d9es ,,&  ,,o!r ,,food    
,,sub/ances ,,pack$ ,,9 ,,oil4      ,m>*
 #a1 #aije4    ,ref]r+ to ,circul> ,no4 
#ba ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 ,no4 #e;c1 respect+ !   
pack+ ( s>d9es & o!r food sub/ances 9   
oil1 repres5tations  h be5 made to ?is  
,dep>tm5t1 (ficially & o!rwise1 t 9  "s 
c\ntries :]e fi%--namely1 s>d9es--are   
pack$ 9 ?is way  olive oil is n ! common
 edible oil ( ! c\ntry1 & !re=e  !      
regulation w\ld n apply4 ,i h direct$ t 
inve/igations be  made ( ! "* ( ! oil   
f\nd 9 import$ packages ( s>d9es  & o!r 
fi% = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! "* ( ! oil  
:i* has be5 employ$4    ,p5d+ ! result (
 ^! inve/igations1 & 9 view ( ! fact  t 
! packages int5d$ = export to ?is c\ntry
 7 prep>$  9 _m cases prior to !        
publication ( ! propos$ regulations1  t 
"p ( ! circul> ref]r+ to ! m>k+ ( !     

packages  respect+ ! "* ( ! oil employ$ 
w be susp5d$ until  ! inve/igations are 
conclud$ & until fur!r notice4      7,f4
 ,i4 ,d4 #ab47    ,,aboli%+ ,,! ,,rule  
,,to ,,admit ,,importations ,,( ,,food  
,,products ,,9 ,,! ,,case  ,,( ,,fir/   
,,notification4      ,m>* #a1 #aije4    
,at ! beg9n+ ( ! en=cem5t ( !           
legislation relat+ to  ! inspection (   
import$ food products1 9 ord] to fully  
acqua9t  import]s ) ! provisions ( ! law
 be=e any p5alties 7  impos$1 ! inspect+
 (fic]s 7 in/ruct$ 9 cases ( fir/       
(f5se1 :]e no purpose or int5t to evade 
! law c\ld be imput$  to ! import]1 to  
pass ! invoice "u inspection1 ) notice t
  ?is 0 done )\t prejudice to future    
decisions4    ,! food-inspection law has
 n[ be5 9 =ce s9ce ,july #a1 #aijc1 &  x
 is presum$ t e import] is acqua9t$ )   
its exi/5ce  & its requirem5ts4 ,notice 
is !re=e giv5 t on & aft]  ,m>* #af1    
#aije1 ! exception :i* has be5 made 9 ! 
case ( fir/  notification w be aboli%$4 
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ac47    ,,provisional     

,,/&>ds ,,= ,,! ,,limit ,,( ,,sulfur\s  
,,acid ,,9 ,,import$ ,,w9es4      ,m>*  
#a1 #aije4    ,! regulations 9 reg>d to 
! am\nt ( sulfur\s acid p]missible  9   
import$ w9es1 z prescrib$ 9 ,circul>    
,no4 #ah ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 ,no4 #d1  7 bas$ ^u
 ! regulations adopt$ by ! consult+     
committee (  hygi5e ( ! ,se9e4 ,s9ce !  
publication ( ^! regulations !  quantity
 ( sulfur\s acid 9 w9es has be5 !       
subject ( ano!r  inve/igation by an     
(ficial ,fr5* committee1 ) ! result t  !
 maximum limit ( sulfur\s acid 9 w9es 9 
,france has be5  increas$ to #djj       
milligrams ( total acid p] lit]1 ) a    
tol]ation  ( #aj p]c5t4 ,results ( !    
inve/igations ( ! ,fr5* committee  h be5
 communicat$ to ! ,dep>tm5t (           
,agriculture & are  "u consid]ation4    
,inve/igations h also be5 conduct$ by ! 
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture relat+ to !    
effects ( sulfur\s acid  ^u heal? &     
dige/ion4    ,p5d+ ! f9al conclusions   
:i* may result f a /udy ( all  ^! data !
 provisional limit ( sulfur\s acid 9    

import$ w9es  w be e/abli%$ z foll[s3 ,=
 dry w9es1 z def9$ 9 !  /&>ds ( purity  
fix$ by ?is ,dep>tm5t 9 ,circul> ,no4   
#ac ( !  ,secret>y's ,(fice1 entitl$    
8,/&>ds ( ,purity = ,food ,products10   
#bjj milligrams ( total sulfur\s acid p]
 lit]2 = w9es conta9+  n m ?an #b p]c5t 
( sug>1 #bej milligrams p] lit]2 = w9es 
conta9+ n to exce$ #c p]c5t ( sug>1 #cjj
 milligrams p] lit]2  = w9es conta9+ ov]
 #c p]c5t ( sug>1 #cej milligrams (     
total  sulfur\s acid p] lit]4 ,^!       
provisional /&>ds w be 9 effect  until  
fur!r ord]s4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ad47    
,,analyses ,,( ,,exports ,,mu/ ,,be     
,,made ,,be=e ,,%ipm5t1 ,,on ,,samples  
,,tak5 ,,f  ,,actual ,,c>go4      ,m>*  
#aj1 #aije4    ,9 ! case ( an attempt to
 introduce a cond5s$ beef juice into    
,turkey ! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t refus$ to   
admit ! product 8until an  analysis !re(
 & a report on su* analysis1 duly       
c]tifi$ by !  ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates & by ! ,turki% consul at ,new    
,york1  is pres5t$ to ! ,turki%         

au?orities40 ,application be+ made to  !
 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ?r\gh !      
,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate1 =  su* c]tifi$       
analysis1 ! blank =ms us$ = su*         
c]tifications  7 suppli$1 :5 ! foll[+   
features ( ! case 7 develop$1  z set =? 
9 a lett] f ! c\nsel ( ! company desir+ 
!  c]tificate3      ,! =ms :i* y inclose
 relate to a specific %ipm5t ( goods to 
any p>ticul> c\ntry & call = ! selection
 ( samples f !    p>ticul> lot ( goods  
set aside = %ipm5t4444      ,! ,turki%  
au?orities evid5tly d n require t su*   
analysis    & c]tificate %\ld be pres5t$
 9 connection ) ea* %ipm5t1    b only t 
a g5]al analysis & c]tificate %\ld be   
giv54    ,^u ! pres5tation ( su* g5]al  
c]tificate p]mission c    be obta9$ = ! 
introduction ( su* goods )\t subsequ5t  
analysis & c]tificate4    ,9 view ( ^!  
facts ! ,dep>tm5t1 "u date ( ,m>* #aj1  
#aije1  r5d]$ ! foll[+ decision3      ,i
 regret t we are n able to adopt ! views
 ( ! ,turki%    au?orities ( :i* y      
speak1 & 9 h>mony !re) make an          

analysis ( y\r product & give a g5]al   
c]tificate1 z y    desire4 ,"u !        
regulations e/abli%$ = c>ry+ out !      
law1 to :i* ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate call$   
y\r att5tion1 ?is    ,dep>tm5t c only   
make analyses ( samples f ! actual c>go 
be=e its %ipm5t4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ae47
    ,,plac+ ,,pres]vatives ,,9 ,,v9eg>4 
,april #aj1 #aije4    ,food products :i*
 are artificially color$ w be admitt$   
tempor>ily provid$ ! color conta9$ !re9 
is n injuri\s to  heal?4 ,9 reg>d to a  
pres]vative 9 v9eg>1 9 ! fir/ place ,i  
c see no possible reason :y a           
pres]vative %\ld be put 9 v9eg>1  :i* is
 itself a pres]vative4 ,9 ! second      
place1 n kn[+ its  "* ,i c\ld base no   
op9ion on its admissibility4 ,if flavor+
  matt]s are plac$ 9 v9eg>--t is1       
aromatic sub/ances--!re  is no objection
 :atev] to _! pres5ce4 ,pres]vatives1 ) 
!  exception ( salt1 sug>1 v9eg>1 & wood
 smoke1 are non-condim5tal1  & !re=e c n
 be excus$ on ! gr\nd t !y add any      
flavor  or ta/e to ! sub/ance4      7,f4

 ,i4 ,d4 #af47    ,,false ,,label+ ,,(  
,,v9eg>4      ,april #ba1 #aije4    ,x  
is held t ! t]m 8v9eg>0 appli$ to       
products made 9 ,france  & o!r          
w9e-produc+ c\ntries :]e v9eg> is made  
*iefly f  w9e %\ld apply only to su*    
goods or to v9eg> made f cid]4  ,!      
analytical data 9 a giv5 case %[ t !    
v9eg> 9 "q  is n d]iv$ f ei!r ( ^!      
s\rces1 b is evid5tly !  product (      
oxidation ( l[ w9es or alcohol4 ,x does 
n comply )  ! /&>d ei!r = v9eg> or w9e  
v9eg> on page #ad ( ,circul>  ,no4 #acea
 ( ! ,secret>y's ,(fice4 ,x is evid5tly 
a v9eg> su* z  is describ$ "u p>agraph  
#feb ( ! same page & be+ su* a  v9eg>   
%\ld h be5 s label$4 ,x is held1 !re=e1 
t ?is  product is falsely label$4       
#ea #a4 ,v9eg>1 cid] v9eg> or apple     
v9eg> is ! product    made by !         
alcoholic & subsequ5t acet\s f]m5tations
 ( !    juice ( apples1 is lvo-rotatory1
 & conta9s n less ?an f\r    7#d7 grams 
( acetic acid1 n less ?an "o & six-t5?s 
7#a4f7    grams ( apple solids1 & n less

 ?an tw5ty-five hundr$?s    7#j4be7     
grams ( apple a% 9 "o hundr$ 7#ajj7     
cubic c5timet]s4    ,! wat]-soluble a% f
 "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 cubic c5timet]s (    !
 v9eg> requires n less ?an ?irty 7#cj7  
cubic c5timet]s (    dec9ormal acid to  
neutralize ! alkal9ity & conta9s n less 
?an t5 7#aj7 milligrams ( phosphoric    
acid 7,p,o74      #b4 ,w9e v9eg> or     
grape v9eg> is ! product made by !      
alcoholic & subsequ5t acet\s f]m5tations
 ( ! juice ( grapes    & conta9s1 9 "o  
hundr$ 7#ajj7 cubic c5timet]s1 n less   
?an    f\r 7#d7 grams ( acetic acid1 n  
less ?an "o & f\r-t5?s    7#a4d7 grams (
 grape solids1 & n less ?an ?irte5      
hundr$?s    7#j4ac7 gram ( grape a%4    
#eb #f4 ,_s v9eg>1 di/ill$ v9eg>1 gra9  
v9eg> is !    product made by ! acet\s  
f]m5tation ( dilute di/ill$ alcohol    &
 conta9s1 9 "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 cubic      
c5timet]s1 n less ?an    f\r 7#d7 grams 
( acetic acid4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ag47  
,,labels ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,wrapp]s        
,,in/ead ,,( ,,packages2 ,,/atem5ts     

,,relat+    ,,to ,,:olesom5ess ,,(      
,,add$ ,,sub/ance4 ,,pa/] ,,labels4     
,april #ba1 #aije4    ,our exam9ation   
%[$ t ^! packages ( jams 7 wrapp$  )    
pap]1 to :i* 0 affix$ a pa/] conta9+ !  
leg5d  8,,artificially ,,color$0 9 l>ge 
type1 foll[$ 9 small type by !  phrase  
8,) an inf9itesimal proportion (        
absolutely h>mless  color+40 ,:ile !re c
 be no legal objection to ! additional  
phrase1 x w be und]/ood t ! det]m9ation 
( ?is po9t is  especially res]v$ by law 
to ?is ,dep>tm5t4    ,on remov+ ! pap]  
wrapp]s ( ! packages ! label :i* appe>$ 
on ! outside ( ! packages 0 f\nd atta*$ 
to ! /one j>s1  b ! pa/] 0 miss+4 ,x is 
a reasonable con/ruction ( ! law  to say
 t ! label requir$ %\ld be ! p]man5t & n
 !  tempor>y label4 ,9 subsequ5t        
imports1 !re=e1 ( goods ( ?is  k9d x is 
deem$ necess>y to h ! pa/] atta*$       
directly to or  imm$iately above or bel[
 ! pr9cipal label on ! j> itself4 ,!    
use ( a pa/] is p]mitt$ provid$ x is z  
firmly atta*$ z !  orig9al label 9 su* a

 way z n to be easily remov$1 & fur!r  t
 x is appli$ to goods :i* are already   
label$ be=e ,m>*  #af1 #aije4 ,9 goods  
pack$ subsequ5t to ?is date x w be      
requir$  t ! "p ( ! label :i* gives     
in=mation 9 reg>d to add$  products %all
 be made an integral "p ( ! orig9al     
label4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ah47          
,,/atem5t ,,( ,,quantity ,,( ,,add$     
,,sub/ance ,,9 ,,food ,,products4       
,,lett] ,,( ,,import]4      ,april #ba1 
#aije4    ,we note c]ta9 import$ t9s    
conta9+ peas label$ 8,?is t9  conta9s   
gra9 ( copp] z pres]vative40 ,p]mit u to
 inquire if  ! ,dep>tm5t accepts ?is z  
correct br&+4    ,9 default1 w\ld y\r   
,dep>tm5t accept 8,prep>$ ) ! addition (
  an inf9itesimal am\nt ( sulfate (     
copp] n exce$+  gra9  p] t980    ,p>don 
u = ask+ ^! que/ions1 our reason be+ t 9
  ?irty-five ye>s' deal+ 9 s-call$ gre5$
 peas by our s5ior1  n a s+le case (    
injury has ev] come to 8 k1 & !  b>e    
/atem5t n[ requir$ on ! t9s ( 8,color$0 
or 8,prep>$ )  sulfate ( copp]0 w\ld    

appe> to ! consum] z a new & hi!rto     
unus$ +r$i5t fraught ) possible dang]1  
?us s]i\sly injur+  ! comm]ce 9 ?is     
article & r$uc+ ! rev5ue d]iv$ f its    
importation4    ,we beg to assure y t we
 w\ld n ?us appe> to insi/ ^u  qualify+ 
! label1 if we deem$ ! article injuri\s1
 our p]sonal  consumption1 z well z t ( 
num]\s fri5ds1 support$ by !  report ( !
 c\ncil ( hygi5e ( ,p>is 9 #ahhi1 appe>+
 to u z  absolute pro( ( ! innocuity (  
vegetables :]e ! *lorophyl is  ?us fix$4
      ,,decision ,,( ,,dep>tm5t4        
,april #bf1 #aije4    ,:5 a label )     
lett]s ( prop] size & legibility conta9s
  ! /atem5t t x ! food product is color$
 ) sulfate (  copp] we consid] t !      
conditions requir$ by law are fulfill$4 
,?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be 9 any way
 connect$ ) any  o!r matt]s4 ,if !      
import]s desire to put additional labels
 on1  /at+ 8,?is t9 conta9s  gra9 (     
copp]10 we %\ld h no  objections !reto4 
,if1 also1 !y %\ld desire to add to !   
label  requir$ ! phrase1 8,prep>$ ) !   

addition ( an inf9itesimal  am\nt (     
sulfate ( copp] n exce$+  gra9 p] t910  
we c\ld  n reasonably object4 ,?is      
descriptive matt]1 h[ev]1 %\ld n  be    
connect$ ) ! label requir$1 namely1     
8,,color$ ,,) ,,sulphate  ,,( ,,copp]40 
,! fact t ! p ( ?is c\ntry might object 
to  eat+ goods ?us m>k$ is ! /ronge/    
argum5t y c\ld give  %[+ ! ju/ice ( !   
m>k+4 ,! object ( ! law 0 to  prev5t    
deception be+ practic$ ^u our p4    ,if 
any add$ supplem5t>y /atem5t is %[n to  
be false by !  results ( ! analysis x   
w\ld be consid]$ !n z a misbr&+1  &     
treat$ accord+ly4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4     
#ai47    ,,false ,,br&+ ,,( ,,mu%rooms4 
,,lett] ,,( ,,import]4      ,april #be1 
#aije4    ,we ackn[l$ge receipt ( y\r   
lett] ( ! #ah? advis+ t a  c]ta9 %ipm5t 
( mu%rooms consign$ to u 444 are        
misbr&$1 =  ! reason t ! t9s conta9 no?+
 b /ems & scraps f !  cann]y4    ,9     
answ] we beg to advise y t ! goods 9 "q 
are n sold  by u z regul> mu%rooms to ! 
trade4 ,?is p>ticul> pack+ is  us$ by   

only ! hotel & re/aurant trade = !      
purpose ( mak+ a  sauce1 & on ?is acc\nt
 are br&$ 8,hotels40 ,?is is ! trade-"n 
giv5 to ! "* ( ! goods 9 "q1 & x is     
always  und]/ood t !y conta9 no?+ b /ems
 & pieces :i* are  left ov] 9 ! pack+ ( 
! o!r grades4    ,"u ^! conditions we _c
 believe t we are import+ goods  t are  
misbr&$1 & w\ld ask y to k9dly release !
 %ipm5t  9 "q4      ,,decision ,,(      
,,dep>tm5t4      ,april #bi1 #aije4     
,9 ?is connection ,i desire to /ate t ! 
und]/&+ ( !  trade respect+ br&+ ( food 
products is n "o :i* %\ld  always guide 
! (ficials 9 *>ge ( ! pure-food law4 ,! 
object  ( ! law is ! protection ( !     
consum]s p>ticul>ly & n (  ! trade4 ,!  
addition ( ! ^w 8,hotel0 to ! ^w        
8,*ampignons0  9 no way describes ! "* (
 ! product except to ^? :o  are initiat$
 9 ! secrets ( ! trade4 ,aft] all1 !    
consum] is  ! "o :o suff]s1 z he eats ! 
mu%room sauce1 :i* is n made  ( mu%rooms
 at all1 & ?us ! deception is complete1 
al?\gh !  pur*as] may und]/& ! "* ( !   

goods4 ,x is extremely  d\btful :e!r "u 
! t]ms ( ! law su* goods w\ld be        
entitl$ to importation "u any "n1 z !y  
c]ta9ly are n to be  consid]$ z edible4 
,!y %\ld be> ! label 8,,fragm5ts ,,&    
,,scraps  ,,f ,,mu%room ,,cann]y10 or   
8,,*ampignons1 ,,pieces ,,& ,,/ems0 9   
ord] to  be prop]ly describ$4 ,i am n   
able to see :y ! patrons ( hotels  &    
re/aurants %\ld be subject$ to a        
deception ( ?is "*4  ,i beg to say1     
!re=e1 t y\r explanation does n satisfy 
me  respect+ ! suitability ( ?is invoice
 = entry4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #bj47       
,,/atem5ts ,,on ,,labels ,,reg>d+       
,,heal? ,,laws ,,( ,,o!r ,,c\ntries4    
,may #ag1 #aije4    ,i beg to call y\r  
att5tion to a %ipm5t ( beans4444 ,we    
note aft]  ! leg5d 8,,color$ ,,)        
,,sulfate ,,( ,,copp]0 ! additional     
leg5d  8,,accord+ ,,to ,,fr5* ,,heal?   
,,laws40 ,inasmu* z ! ,fr5* laws d n    
apply to ?is c\ntry1 ! addition ( ?is   
phrase is reg>d$ z a  complication ( !  
label+1 hav+ = its object to influ5ce ! 

consum] respect+ ! "* ( ! add$ product4 
,inasmu* z !  ,congress ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates has plac$ ^u ?is ,dep>tm5t ! duty
  ( decid+ ^u ! :olesom5ess or          
un:olesom5ess ( sub/ances  add$ to      
foods1 we reg>d su* a label z an attempt
 to =e/all !  judgm5t :i* ?is ,dep>tm5t 
may r5d] 9 accordance ) ! act (         
,congress above ref]r$ to4 ,:ile 9 !    
pres5t in/ance we w\ld n  consid] !     
addition ( ! second leg5d z a cause =   
reject+ !  articles1 y\r att5tion is    
call$ to ! undesirability ( any su*     
/atem5t appe>+ ^u ! label1 & x is       
sugge/$ t 9 !  future x be omitt$4      
,att5tion is fur!r call$ to ! fact t 9 s
 f> z we c  discov] by a /udy ( ! ,fr5* 
laws !re are no regulations  !re9       
respect+ ! addition ( sulfate ( copp] to
 food products4  ,9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 
! second phrase1 8,,accord+ ,,to ,,fr5* 
,,heal? ,,laws10 mu/ be consid]$ z a    
mis/atem5t4 ,x may be t !  addition (   
copp] is n =bidd5 by ! ,fr5* law1 b we d
 n  believe x is add$ "u any regulations

 !re(4 ,x w be decid$ly  advisable to   
omit ! phrase4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ba47  
,,relabel+ ,,import$ ,,food ,,products  
,,aft] ,,arrival ,,9 ,,?is ,,c\ntry4    
,may #bf1 #aije4    ,! purpose ( ! law 9
 reg>d to label+ is cle>1 namely1 t !   
labels %\ld be prop]ly atta*$ at ! "t ( 
pack+ ! goods4  ,%\ld exceptions be made
 to ?is pr9ciple & import]s be all[$  to
 relabel goods (f]$ = import aft]       
inspection & refusal (  entry1 x w\ld be
 impossible to secure a prop] compliance
 ) !  t]ms ( ! law4 ,manufactur]s &     
export]s 9 o!r c\ntries &  import]s 9   
?is c\ntry w\ld pref] 9 ^! cases to     
import !  goods z usually label$ & ?us1 
if ! invoices 7 n inspect$1  !y w\ld    
ent] )\t delay4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !     
invoices  7 inspect$ !y w\ld feel t !y  
c\ld !n ex]cise !  privilege ( relabel+4
 ,a c\rtesy ( ?is k9d to "o import] w\ld
  necess>ily be ext5d$ to all1 & = ?is  
reason a prop] compliance  ) ! purpose (
 ! law w\ld n be secur$4 ,! reque/ =    
p]mission to relabel is !re=e d5i$4     

7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #bb47    ,,illegible ,,or  
,,conceal$ ,,leg5ds ,,on ,,labels4      
,may #bi1 #aije4    ,!re has be5 pres5t$
 = ! op9ion ( ?is ,dep>tm5t a label  9  
brass m>k$ 9 l>ge lett]s 8,,cons]ves    
,,alim5taires0 & :i*  by ord9>y         
inspection reveals no leg5d ( any k9d   
relat+ to any  artificial color :i* has 
be5 us$ 9 its prep>ation4 ,by v  c>eful 
inspection an almo/ totally illegible   
label is f\nd pr9t$  9 extremely small  
lett]s 9 ?is way3 ,! ^w 8artificially0  
is 9  ! upp] left-h& corn] surr\nd+ a   
circul> m>k ne> ! m>g91  & ! ^w         
8color$10 simil> z to position & lett]s1
 is 9 !  upp] "r-h& corn]4    ,pr9t+ !  
leg5d 8,artificially color$0 9 ?is way c
 only be  con/ru$ z an attempt to comply
 ) ! lett] ( ! law & to  evade its _s4  
,?is ,dep>tm5t holds t 9 s f> z !       
purpose  ( label+ is conc]n$ ^! words   
are entirely insuffici5t4 ,z a  result (
 ?is decision ! packages ( goods be>+ ! 
label h  be5 decl>$ to be misbr&$4      
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #bc47    ,,label+ ,,(      

,,pres]ves ,,sweet5$ ,,) ,,cane ,,or    
,,beet ,,sug> ,,& ,,glucose4    ,,lett] 
,,( ,,import]4      ,june #b1 #aije4    
,) ref]5ce to ! label on pres]v$        
/rawb]ries & o!r fruits  import$ f      
,g]many1 etc41 we w\ld ?ank y to advise 
u :e!r  y w\ld p]mit ! leg5d descriptive
 ( ! add$ sub/ance 7"p (  ! orig9al     
label7 to read1 = in/ance3              
,,pres]v$ ,,/rawb]ries    ,,artificially
 ,,color$    ,,prep>$ ,,) ,,pure ,,sug> 
,,& ,,glucose4    ,! sirup is almo/     
entirely pure sug>1 & x w\ld !re=e be an
  inju/ice to be compell$ to say t x 0  
compos$ exclusively (  glucose4         
,,decision ,,( ,,dep>tm5t4      ,june   
#e1 #aije4    ,:5 a label ) lett]s (    
prop] size & legibility conta9s !       
/atem5t t ! goods are prep>$ ) glucose1 
or ) sug>  & glucose1 we consid] t !    
conditions requir$ by law are  fulfill$4
 ,manufactur]s may add to ! label       
requir$ a /atem5t (  ! p]c5tage (       
glucose 9 ! goods4 ,if any /atem5t on ! 
label  is %[n to be false by ! results (

 ! analysis or o!rwise1 !  package w be 
consid]$ z misbr&$ & treat$ accord+ly4  
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #bd47      ,,adult]ation   
,,( ,,dome/ic ,,food ,,products ,,by ,,!
 ,,addition ,,(    ,,pres]vatives1      
,,color+ ,,matt]s1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,+r$i5ts  
,,n ,,natural ,,to    ,,foods1 ,,n      
,,regulat$ ,,by ,,dep>tm5t4      ,june  
#ad1 #aije4    ,! ,dep>tm5t (           
,agriculture is n au?oriz$ by law to    
make any  regulations conc]n+ !         
above-m5tion$ sub/ances 9 food products 
( dome/ic manufacture & int5d$ = dome/ic
 comm]ce ei!r  )9 ! ,/ate :]e made or = 
int]/ate purposes4    ,= foods int5d$ = 
export to =eign c\ntries ! ,dep>tm5t is 
au?oriz$ to make exam9ations & c]tify   
:e!r or n ! foods  s (f]$ are 9 h>mony )
 ! laws regulat+ food products 9        
c\ntries to :i* ! products are to be    
s5t4    ,9 ! case ( import$ foods !     
decisions & regulations ( !  ,dep>tm5t  
are conta9$ 9 ! circul>s & regulations  
issu$  h]e)4    ,num]\s inquiries rea*  
?is ,dep>tm5t respect+ ! addition to    

food products ( pres]vatives1 color+    
matt]s1 & o!r +r$i5ts  n natural to     
foods4 ,?is ,dep>tm5t has au?ority ( law
 to fix  /&>ds ( purity = food products1
 & ^! /&>ds :5  complet$ w cov] all !   
po9ts above m5tion$ 9 s f> z !  au?ority
 ( ,congress ext5ds4 ,! ,dep>tm5t has no
 au?ority besides  ?is to e/abli%       
regulations or conditions affect+ !     
dome/ic  manufacture ( & comm]ce 9 food 
products conta9+ ! +r$i5ts  above       
m5tion$4 ,?is p[] at ! pres5t "t is     
ex]cis$1 if at  all1 solely by ! sev]al 
,/ates4 ,! food /&>ds1 9 s f> z  !y h   
be5 e/abli%$1 are embodi$ 9 ,circul>    
,no4 #ac1 ,(fice (  ! ,secret>y1 :i* c  
be _h ^u application to ?is ,dep>tm5t4  
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #be47    ,,food ,,products 
,,(f]$ ,,= ,,entry ,,& ,,aft]w>d        
,,decl>$ ,,to ,,be ,,=  ,,te*nical      
,,purposes4      ,june #ba1 #aije4      
,on ,june #ad ?is ,dep>tm5t 0 ask$ to   
release an invoice ( egg  album5 :i* _h 
be5 f\nd to be pres]v$ ) boric acid1 ?us
  conta9+ a sub/ance prejudicial to     

heal? & refus$ admission on  t gr\nd1 on
 ! /atem5t ( ! import] t ! product w\ld 
be res]v$ solely = te*nical purposes4 ,x
 is manife/ t !  action ( ?is ,dep>tm5t 
%\ld n be bas$ ^u any /atem5t ( !       
import] made subsequ5t to ! sampl+ ( !  
invoice = exam9ation4    ,! pla9        
provision ( ! law requires ! inspection 
( food products  :5 deem$ advisable1 &  
_! exclusion 9 c]ta9 circum/ances4  ,:5 
a food product is ?us exclud$ "u !      
regul> application (  ! law1 x c n be   
releas$ & p]mitt$ entry on a subsequ5t  
decl>ation t x w be res]v$ = te*nical   
purposes only4 ,any  product :i* may be 
us$ ei!r = te*nical purposes or = food  
w be reg>d$ z a food product1           
irrespective ( any decl>ation  subsequ5t
 to inspection respect+ ! use to :i* x  
is to be put4    ,! use ( a food product
 = o!r purposes is incid5tal1 &  %\ld n 
be con/ru$ z exempt+ food products ( t  
class f  exam9ation 9 ! regul> way4     
,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #bf4    ,,unit$ ,,/ates     
,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1           

,,bureau ,,( ,,*emi/ry1    ,h4 ,w4      
,,wiley1 ,,*ief ,,( ,,bureau4    ,,food 
,,inspection ,,decision #bf4            
,,label+ ,,import$ ,,food ,,products4   
,by reason ( repres5tations :i* 7 made  
be=e ?is ,dep>tm5t  on ,june #ad by a   
committee repres5t+ ! import]s ( ,new   
,york1  x is h]eby ord]$ t all cases (  
inspection ( import$ food  products to  
date1 :]e exclusion !re( has be5 requir$
 by reason  ( misbr&+ or false label+1  
may be reop5$ ) p]mission to  relabel1  
if grant$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 
"u sup]vision  ( an (ficial detail$ f ! 
,treasury ,dep>tm5t = t purpose4  ,^!   
labels %all be 9 ! =m ( a pa/] atta*$   
securely to1 or  j above or bel[ !      
pr9cipal label1 9 a mann] n to be easily
  deta*$1 & be>+ a leg5d %[+ ! cont5ts (
 ! package  n ( ! nature repres5t$ by ! 
pr9cipal label1 9 lett]s n  small] 9    
size ?an long prim] capitals ( ! usual  
fac+1 su*  labels to be submitt$ to !   
prop] repres5tative ( ?is ,dep>tm5t  &  
be approv$ z satisfactory be=e ! release

 ( ! invoice4    ,9 ord] to m cle>ly set
 =? ! requirem5ts ( ?is ,dep>tm5t  z    
conta9$ 9 ,circul>s #ah & #ba ( !       
,bureau ( ,*emi/ry 7,f4 ,i4  ,d4 #d &   
#e7 & 9 o!r publications ( ! ,dep>tm5t1 
! foll[+  g5]al pr9ciples ( label+ (    
food products are to be obs]v$3      #a4
 ,a food product %\ld be designat$ by   
its usual "n1 ,engli%    "n pref]r$1 &  
ne$ n be> any fur!r description ( its   
compon5ts or qualities4 ,food products  
:i* are prep>$ by    e/abli%$ processes 
( ref9+ ne$ n be> ^u ! label any        
/atem5t respect+ ! ref9+ process4 ,=    
illu/ration1 ! t]m    8fl\r0 is         
suffici5t = ! food product kn[n by t "n2
 !    t]m 8olive oil0 is suffici5t = !  
food product kn[n by t    "n4 ,! usual  
processes ( manufacture & ref9+ 9 ^!    
cases    are n requir$ to be /at$4      
#b4 ,:5 any =eign sub/ance is add$ to a 
food product o!r ?an    t necess>y to   
its manufacture or ref9+1 ! label %\ld  
be>    a /atem5t to t effect4 ,=        
in/ance1 a food product :i* is          

artificially color$ or to :i* a         
pres]vative has be5 add$ %\ld    h ^!   
facts appe> ^u ! label4 ,if a sub/ance  
:i* itself    is n a color+ matt] be    
add$ to a food product = ! purpose    ( 
pres]v+ or int5sify+ ! natural color ( !
 food1 ! "n    ( ! sub/ance %all be     
specifically m5tion$1 z1 = in/ance1     
:5 sulfate ( copp] is us$ to int5sify or
 pres]ve ! gre5    color ( food         
products4      #c4 ,:]e a sub/ance :i*  
is g5]ally und]/ood to h specific       
qualities 9 ! prep>ation ( a food       
product is replac$ by    ano!r sub/ance 
ei!r ( a simil> nature or entirely      
diff]5t    !reto b ) "s ( ! same        
qualities1 ! "n ( !    sub/itut$        
sub/ance %\ld appe> ^u ! label4 ,=      
in/ance1    sug> is ! usual sweet5+     
sub/ance 9 ! prep>ation (    c]ta9 food 
products4 ,if ! sug> is :olly or 9 "p   
replac$    by ano!r sub/ance1 su* z     
glucose1 t fact %\ld appe>4    ,if !    
sweet5+ sub/ance us$ be sac*>91 a       
sub/ance :i*    is n relat$ to sug>s at 

all1 ! label %\ld indicate su*          
sub/itution4 ,:]e olive oil is us$ 9 !  
prep>ation ( foods &    :]e x is        
und]/ood by ! t]m 8oil0 t olive oil is  
indicat$1    ! sub/itution ( any o!r    
edible oil = ! olive oil %\ld be    not$
 on ! label4      #d4 ,:]e a sub/ance is
 made up ( fragm5ts or scraps ( !       
mat]ial usually kn[n by ! "n ^u ! label1
 ! "n ( !    sub/ance alone w be deem$ a
 misbr&+4 ,= in/ance1 if !    fragm5ts (
 /ems & pieces ( mu%rooms :i* rema9 aft]
 !    cann+ ( ! mu%rooms !mselves be    
label$ 8mu%rooms0 alone x    w be deem$ 
misbr&+4 ,su* a package %\ld be label$  
8pieces    & /ems ( mu%rooms0 or "s     
simil> appellation4 ,if ! cores &       
peel+s ( apples be label$ 8apples0 alone
 a simil> condition is    pres5t$ & ! "n
 w be deem$ insuffici5t & mislead+4     
#e4 ,if any ess5tial or important +r$i5t
 ( a food product be    ab/ract$1 & su* 
ab/raction is n necess>y nor usual 9 !  
prep>ation or ref9+ ( su* food body1 !  
label %\ld pla9ly    indicate ! +r$i5t  

?us remov$4 ,= in/ance1 if a portion    
( ! butt] fat be remov$ f milk1 ev5 if  
!re rema9 a    suffici5t quantity (     
butt] fat to comply ) ! /&>d1 su*    an 
ab/raction is to be not$ on ! label4    
#f4 ,a food product :i* is misbr&$ 9    
respect to ! locality    or c\ntry :]e x
 is made1 produc$1 or manufactur$1 "u ! 
provisions ( ! law is misbr&$ & is n    
entitl$ to entry4 ,=    in/ance1 if !   
product ( "o c\ntry1 z ! olive oils (   
,spa91    be s5t to an ,italian port &  
!re bottl$ & label$ z ,italian    oil1  
su* a label w be deem$ to be a misbr&+4 
,if w9e gr[n    9 ,alg]ia or ,italy be  
bottl$ 9 ,france z a ,fr5* w9e x w be   
deem$ a misbr&$ product4      #g4 ,if a 
food product be> a "n :i* is 9 any way  
mislead+ 9    reg>d to ! quality1 "*1 or
 orig9 ( ! product x is a    misbr&+ "u 
! law & is a suffici5t cause = !        
exclusion    ( ! goods cov]$ by !       
invoice f entry4      #h4 ,! addition ( 
! ord9>y condim5tal sub/ances to a food 
product1 su* z sug>1 v9eg>1 salt1       

spices1 & wood smoke1 may be    practic$
 )\t any notice to ?is effect appe>+ ^u 
! label4      #i4 ,food products ( any  
giv5 "n are to correspond 9 quality to  
! /&>ds e/abli%$ by au?ority ( ,congress
 = su* products1    & if !y v>y f ?is   
/&>d a notice to t effect is to    appe>
 ^u ! label4      #aj4 ,! pres5tation ( 
prop]ly label$ food products z outl9$   
above does n insure _! admission4 ,su*  
products1 ev5 :5    prop]ly label$1 may 
be refus$ entry because ( ?reat5$ injury
    to heal? or because !y are ( a      
nature =bidd5 9 ! c\ntry 9    :i* !y are
 made or f :i* !y are export$4      #aa4
 ,! pr9cipal label on a food product1 t 
is1 ! "p (    ! label :i* decl>es ! "* (
 ! product1 %\ld n    be connect$ ) any 
/atem5t relat+ to ! :olesom5ess or      
hygi5ic qualities ( ! product itself1   
nor %\ld x conta9 any    ref]5ce to !   
laws relat+ to su* products ei!r apply+ 
to    ! c\ntry :]e made or to ?is       
c\ntry4 ,^! are que/ions :i*    are     
res]v$ especially = ! consid]ation ( ?is

 ,dep>tm5t by    act ( ,congress1 & any 
attempt to prejudice ! consum] reg>d+   
! matt] %\ld n be connect$ 9 any way ) !
 label itself4      #ab4 ,! actual =m & 
"* ( ! label are left to !    judgm5t ( 
! manufactur]4 ,! regulations require   
c]ta9 not+s    ( add$ sub/ances to be 9 
! ,engli% language & ( a size &         
di/9ctness easily legible & occupy+ a   
position directly on !    label & n to !
 side nor on ! m>g91 nor 9 any position 
:]e ! label itself c\ld be read )\t !   
att5tion ( !    read] be+ direct$ to !  
"n ( ! add$ sub/ance or o!r    special  
inscription4      #ac4 ,! privilege (   
relabel+ aft] arrival at a port 9 ?is   
c\ntry1 z h]eby ext5d$1 %all cease on & 
aft] ,septemb] #a1    #aije1 ?us giv+   
ample "t = all c>goes n[ afloat to rea* 
our    ports4      #ad4 ,! "n ( ! add$  
sub/ance or ( ! ab/ract$ sub/ance       
requir$ by ! above regulations %\ld     
appe> z ne>ly z possible    9 connection
 ) ! "n ( ! food product ^u ! orig9al   
label & 9 a position z conspicu\s z t ( 

! food product    itself & z legible4 ,!
 size ( type requir$1 namely1 n small]  
?an long prim] capitals1 is ! m9imum    
size :i* x is deem$    w\ld be easily   
legible to a consum] 9 look+ at a       
package (    food products z (f]$ him 9 
ord9>y trade4 ,! lett]s %\ld    be n    
less 9 size nor less di/9ct 9 fac+ ?an !
 foll[+    leg5d3      ,,color$ ,,)     
,,sulfate ,,( ,,copp]1      & 9 all     
cases ?is descriptive matt] is to be    
pr9t$ 9 !    ,engli% language1 :atev] be
 ! language us$ 9 nam+ ! food           
products4 ,9 all food products pack$    
subsequ5t to ,septemb] #a1    #aije1 !  
descriptive matt] m5tion$ 9 ?is circul> 
z necess>y    = prop] label+ w be       
requir$ to be a "p ( ! orig9al    label 
& n atta*$ z a pa/]4 ,9 food products   
pack$ &    label$ prior to ,septemb] #a1
 #aije1 ! pa/] above describ$ w    be   
admitt$ ^u c]tificate ( ?is fact until  
,may #a1 #aijf1 aft]    :i* only orig9al
 labels ( correct =m are to be admitt$ z
    suffici5t = ! purpose ( correct     

label+4    ,previ\s decisions n 9 h>mony
 ) ! pres5t ord] are h]eby  modifi$ 9   
accordance ) ! above regulations4       
,approv$3      ,,james ,,wilson1        
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 
,d4 ,c41 ,june #bb1 #aije4      ,f4 ,i4 
,d4 #bg-cj4    ,,unit$ ,,/ates          
,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4           
,,bureau ,,( ,,*emi/ry1    ,h4 ,w4      
,,wiley1 ,,*ief ,,( ,,bureau4    ,,food 
,,inspection ,,decisions #bg-cj4        
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #bg47    ,,admission ,,(   
,,s>d9es ,,boil$ ,,9 ,,peanut ,,oil ,,& 
,,pack$ ,,9 ,,olive ,,oil4    ,z a      
result ( ! conf]5ce held betwe5 ! ,*ief 
( ! ,bureau (  ,*emi/ry & ! manufactur]s
 & pack]s ( s>d9es 9 ,nantes1           
,bordeaux1 & ,p>is1 x appe>s t x is a   
practice some:at common  among ! pack]s 
( s>d9es to boil ! fi% 9 peanut oil     
previ\s  to pack+4 ,x is claim$ by "s   
manufactur]s t ?is process  improves !  
quality ( ! fi% & also ! color1 & is a  
di/9ct  advantage 9 ! prep>ation ( ! fi%
 9 pack+4 ,subsequ5t to !  boil+ 9      

peanut oil ! fi% are s plac$ z to secure
 a p]fect  dra9age1 s t all oil :i*     
naturally w\ld exude f ! fi% is  sep>at$
 !refrom4 ,9 ?is condition !y are       
aft]w>ds pack$ 9  pure olive oil4 ,a    
small quantity ( peanut oil rema9+ 9 !  
fi%  diffuses 9 ?is way ) ! olive oil to
 su* an ext5t t ! oil  gives a di/9ct   
reaction = peanut oil4    ,p5d+ fur!r   
inve/igations ( ?is process & its       
necessity1  inspectors at ! diff]5t     
laboratories are p]mitt$ to admit       
s>d9es label$ 8,pack$ 9 ,olive ,oil0 9  
:i* a small quantity  ( peanut oil is   
f\nd2 provid$ ! invoice be accompani$ by
 a  c]tificate1 approv$ by ! consul1 to 
! effect t ! oil us$  9 pack+ ! s>d9es 0
 pure olive oil1 & t previ\s to !  pack+
 ! s>d9es _h be5 treat$ 9 hot peanut oil
 z describ$  above4 ,! regulations1 ,f4 
,i4 ,d4 #e c & ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #aa1 are     
!re=e  accord+ly modifi$1 p]mitt+ !     
importation ( s>d9es label$  8,pack$ 9  
,olive ,oil0 :5 ! quantity ( peanut oil 
!re9 is  f\nd n to exce$ #e p]c5t1 z    

ne>ly z c be det]m9$ ) a  reasonable    
tol]ation = difficulties ( analysis1 &  
v>iation 9  duplicates4    ,?is am5dm5t 
is ( a provisional nature & w be 9 =ce  
until  fur!r inve/igations c be made &  
until fur!r ord]$4      ,approv$3       
,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (        
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,septemb] #bc1 #aije4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 
#bh47    ,,maximum ,,quantity ,,(       
,,sulfur\s ,,acid ,,9 ,,w9es4    ,z a   
result ( a conf]5ce betwe5 ! ,*ief ( !  
,bureau (  ,*emi/ry & ,pr(essor ,gayon &
 o!r memb]s ( ! ,fr5* committee  (      
nology & export]s ( w9es1 held at       
,bordeaux1 ,augu/ #bf1 #aije1  ! foll[+ 
modifications ( ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ac1 issu$  
,m>* #a1 #aije1 are  made3    ,x 0 le>n$
 f ! ,fr5* exp]t1 ,pr(essor ,gayon1 :o  
is !  pr9cipal advisor ( ! committee (  
nology1 t /eps h already  be5 tak5 to   
prev5t ! excessive use ( sulfur1 :i*1 x 
is  admitt$1 9 ye>s pa/ has be5 practic$
 at times 9 ! prep>ation  ( ,fr5* :ite  
w9es4 ,! quantities ( sulfur :i* are n[ 

p]mitt$  to be burn$ are prescrib$ = ea*
 k9d ( w9e 9 ord] to avoid  any         
excessive use4 ,x is believ$ t by ^! new
 regulations !  w9es :i* are prep>$     
subsequ5tly to ! issue ( ! regulations  
( ,m>* #a1 ref]r$ to above1 namely1 !   
w9es ( ! v9tage ( #aije  & ( subsequ5t  
v9tages1 w n conta9 a quantity (        
sulfur\s  acid 9 excess ( ! am\nts      
specifi$ 9 ! regulations ( ,f4 ,i4 ,d4  
#ac4 ,w9es prep>$ previ\s to ^!         
regulations1 h[ev]1 may /ill  conta91   
ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( notable quantities (   
sug>1 m  sulfur\s acid ?an w\ld be      
p]missible "u ! exi/+ provisional       
/&>ds4    ,) ! desire to meet ! wi%es ( 
! ,fr5* mak]s & export]s  :o are        
endeavor+ n[ to dim9i% ! quantity (     
sulfur\s acid  9 :ite w9es h]eaft] made1
 x is deem$ advisable to modify !       
provisional regulations slightly to     
avoid z mu* z possible any  retroactive 
int5t4 ,x is !re=e prescrib$1           
provisionally1 9  modification ( ,f4 ,i4
 ,d4 #ac1 t w9es import$ into ! ,unit$  

,/ates  f ,france or o!r c\ntries1      
conta9+ n to exce$ #cej milligrams  (   
sulfur\s acid1 may be admitt$ )\t       
respect to ! quantity (  sug> conta9$   
!re94 ,!re w also be p]mitt$ a tol]ance 
(  #bj milligrams p] lit] to cov] !     
diff]5ce 9 diff]5t samples  & !         
v>iations incid5t to duplicate analyses4
 ,?is modification  ( ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ac w 
n apply to ! w9es ( ! v9tage ( #aije nor
  to succe$+ v9tages4 ,to w9es ( ^!     
v9tages ! provisional  /&>ds provid$ 9  
,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ac w /ill apply until fur!r
 ord]s4      ,approv$3      ,,james     
,,wilson1    ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4  
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,septemb] #bc1      
#aije4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #bi47          
,,color+ ,,matt]s ,,9 ,,syn!tic ,,foods4
    ,! t]m syn!tic food z h]e9 us$ is   
appli$ to a food product  made ( a      
mixture ( v>i\s o!r food products & n ( 
itself  possess$ ( any ( ! *>act]i/ics (
 a natural or uncomp\nd$  food4 ,su*    
food products %\ld be> "s special "n n  
indicative  ( natural orig91 "*1 or     

quality4 ,a class ( products typify+    
su* syn!tic foods is ! product kn[n z   
c&y or confection4 ,x  has be5 cu/om>y  
to use h>mless artificial colors 9 su*  
foods  9 prep>+ !m = consumption4 ,su*  
colors are n calculat$ to  deceive or   
mislead1 because ! foods !mselves d n   
repres5t any  natural food product4 ,!  
regulations ( ?is ,dep>tm5t apply+ to   
import$ food products require t su*     
products1 :5 artificially  color$1 %\ld 
be> a leg5d on ! label to t effect4 ,?is
  regulation %\ld be con/ru$ to apply   
only to food products :i*  ( !mselves h 
a natural color & 9 :i* ! use (         
artificial  colors w\ld t5d to mislead  
or deceive ! pur*as]4    ,until fur!r   
ord]s syn!tic food products1 z describ$ 
above1 n  hav+ ( !mselves any natural   
color nor be>+ any "n :i* w\ld  indicate
 an orig9 relat+ to a food product ( a  
def9ite color1 may  conta9 h>mless      
color+ matt] )\t notice on ! label4 ,?is
  p]mission is n to be con/ru$1 h[ev]1 9
 any way :i* w\ld  p]mit ! use ( color+ 

matt] if ! product by its "n indicates  
a special orig94 ,= in/ance1 c&ies :i*  
are sold "u ! "n  ( *ocolates %\ld n be 
p]mitt$ to c>ry a color imitat+ !       
natural color ( *ocolate1 & ?is pr9ciple
 %\ld apply to o!r  confections be>+    
names ( def9ite orig94 ,! ,dep>tm5t w n 
und]take to specify by "n ! colors :i*  
may be us$ fur!r ?an  to say t !y mu/ be
 ( a h>mless "*1 n injuri\s to  heal?1 &
 mu/ comply ) ! laws & regulations ( !  
c\ntries  f :i* ! food products are     
import$4      ,approv$3      ,,james    
,,wilson1    ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4  
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,septemb] #bg1      
#aije4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #cj47    ,,!   
,,use ,,( ,,packages ,,made ,,( ,,t9    
,,plate1 ,,on ,,:i* ,,labels ,,h ,,be5  
,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,pres]v$ ,,vegetables1     
,,etc41 ,,ord]$ ,,& ,,deliv]$ ,,to      
,,manufactur]s ,,prior ,,to ,,septemb]  
#a1 #aije4    ,f ! inve/igations lately 
made by ! ,*ief ( ! ,bureau (  ,*emi/ry1
 x appe>s t 9 a few in/ances ,european  
manufactur]s  ( pres]v$ vegetables1     

int5d$ = export to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  _h 
provid$ a l>ge numb] ( packages made (  
t91 on :i* !  labels _h be5 pr9t$       
previ\s to ! manufacture ( ! t9 cans4   
,! pr9t$ matt] c n be eras$ f ! cans1   
nor c x be  conv5i5tly cov]$ )\t de/roy+
 ! arti/ic appe>ance (  ! packages4 ,^! 
t9 cans _h be5 ord]$ & deliv]$ to !     
manufactur]s be=e ! publication ( ,f4   
,i4 ,d4 #bf1 requir+ !  pres5ce (       
pres]vatives1 color+ matt]s1 etc41 to be
 indicat$ ^u  ! orig9al label & n atta*$
 by means ( pa/]s subsequ5t to          
,septemb] #a1 #aije4 ,9 _m cases        
consid]able exp5se has be5 incurr$  by !
 manufactur]s 9 ! pur*ase ( ^! t9 cans )
 ! labels  pr9t$ !reon4    ,inasmu* z ^!
 packages 7 pur*as$ 9 good fai? & 7 n   
int5d$ to disreg>d ! regulations ( ! law
 relat+ to import$  food products1      
p]mission w be giv5 to use !m 9 pack+   
pres]v$ vegetables = ! season ( #aijf on
 ! foll[+ conditions3    #a4 ,t ! t9    
cans 9 ! possession ( manufactur]s %all 
h be5  ord]$ & deliv]$ previ\s to       

,septemb] #a1 #aije4    #b4 ,t !        
manufactur] %all make a /atem5t be=e !  
consul 9  ea* case ( ! numb] ( su*      
packages :i* he _h on h& at !  date     
m5tion$4    #c4 ,t ! manufactur] %all   
atta* a special pa/]1 9 a  conspicu\s   
place on ! label1 9 su* a way z to make 
x practically  irremovable1 indicat+ !  
pres5ce ( ! pres]vative1 color+  matt]1 
etc41 :i* may h be5 us$ 9 ! prep>ation (
 !  cont5ts ( ! package1 by ! use ( type
 n small] ?an long  prim] capitals1 z   
%[n 9 ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #f1 & submit samples  
!re( to  ?is ,dep>tm5t prior to %ipm5t4 
#d4 ,t ^! packages already on h& may be 
us$ = ! crop (  #aijf1 b n = a long]    
p]iod4    #e4 ,t ! importation ( ^!     
packages into ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u  !     
regulations above m5tion$ %all n cont9ue
 long] ?an ,may #a1  #aijg4             
,approv$3      ,,james ,,wilson1        
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 
,d4 ,c41 ,septemb] #bi1 #aije4      ,f4 
,i4 ,d4 #ca4    ,,unit$ ,,/ates         
,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1           

,,bureau ,,( ,,*emi/ry1    ,h4 ,w4      
,,wiley1 ,,*ief ,,( ,,bureau4    ,,food 
,,inspection ,,decision #ca4            
,,labels ,,on ,,deta*able ,,wrapp]s4    
,9 ! exam9ation ( c]ta9 import$ goods to
 asc]ta9 :e!r !  requirem5ts ( ,f4 ,i4  
,d4 #ag1 ( ,april #ba1 #aije1 h be5     
compli$  )1 in/ances h be5 f\nd :]e     
wrapp]s on :i* a "p ( !  label only is  
pr9t$ are us$ ) packages1 & !           
decl>ations  requir$ 9 ! pr9cipal label 
79 con=mity ) ! decision  ref]r$ to &   
o!r decisions7 are omitt$4 ,inspectors (
 import$  food products w be in/ruct$ to
 reg>d a package z misbr&$ if  a wrapp] 
is plac$ ov] ! label atta*$ to ! package
 & !  /atem5ts on said wrapp] omit any (
 ! decl>ations requir$ on !  pr9cipal   
label4    ,an illu/ration ( ?is rul+ is 
f\nd 9 ! exam9ation ( a rec5t           
importation on ! pr9cipal label ( :i* x 
is /at$ t salicylic  acid 0 us$ 9 !     
prep>ation ( ! sample4 ,! package is    
inclos$  9 a wrapp] on :i* is f\nd a "p 
( ! label1 namely1 ! "n  ( ! sub/ance   

toge!r ) ! "n ( ! manufactur]1 b no     
/atem5t ( ! fact t salicylic acid 0 us$ 
9 its prep>ation4  ,inasmu* z ^!        
packages may be sold )\t ! removal ( !  
wrapp]1 ! wrapp]s w\ld n 9 _! pres5t =m 
convey !  necess>y in=mation to !       
pur*as] & consum]4    ,! provisions (   
?is decision w be en=c$ on & aft]       
,janu>y  #a1 #aijf4      ,approv$3      
,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (        
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,octob] #ad1 #aije4      ,f4 ,i4 ,d4    
#cb4    ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,(  
,,agriculture1    ,,bureau ,,(          
,,*emi/ry1    ,h4 ,w4 ,,wiley1 ,,*ief   
,,( ,,bureau4    ,,food ,,inspection    
,,decision #cb4      ,,foods ,,ent]$ ,,=
 ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,sale ,,to ,,outgo+ 
,,%ips4    ,an import] has made ! foll[+
 /atem5t relat+ to ! label+  ( c]ta9    
products1 namely3      ,we %\ld l1      
h[ev]1 to po9t out to y t our trade is  
"o    by itself1 & ^! goods1 & mo/ly all
 ! o!r goods t we    import1 are n =    
consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b are    

%ipp$    by u on bo>d =eign-go+ vessels4
 ,our bus9ess is ! %ip-supply    trade1 
& ^! importations are br\ght 9 to enable
 u to give    ! same supplies to !      
diff]5t vessels z we are 9 ! habit    ( 
furni%+ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,"u !         
circum/ances1 !re=e1    we hope if we   
furni% bonds or give y a gu>antee t any 
goods1    su* z m>malade1 import$ by u  
w\ld n be consum$ 9 ! ,unit$    ,/ates x
 w\ld enable y to pass ! goods z !y h   
be5 (    late4    ,?is is a case simil> 
to ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #be1 8,food ,products    
,(f]$ = ,entry  & ,aft]w>ds ,decl>$ to  
be = ,te*nical ,purposes40 ,! pr9ciple  
involv$ is t a decl>ation respect+ !    
uses to :i* a food may  be put does n 9 
any way affect its inspection :5 (f]$ = 
entry  & deliv]$ to ! consignee4 ,if a  
food product be regul>ly (f]$  =        
importation into ! ,unit$ ,/ates !      
subsequ5t use to :i* x  may be put is n 
a matt] :i* c affect 9 any way ! duties 
(  ! inspect+ (fic]s4 ,x is n ! duty (  
^! (fic]s to foll[  ! food into         

consumption nor to see :at becomes ( x  
aft] x is  deliv]$ to ! consignee4 ,!   
duty ( ^! (fic]s is to see t  ! food at 
! "t ( inspection con=ms to ! provisions
 ( !  law1 t x has _h no injuri\s       
sub/ance add$ to x1 t x is  9 a /ate fit
 = consumption1 t x is prop]ly label$1 &
 t  x is n ( a "* =bidd5 sale or        
re/rict$ 9 sale 9 !  c\ntry :]e x is    
made or f :i* x is export$4 ,if ! foods 
9  "q con=m to ^! provisions ( ! law1 !y
 are p]mitt$ to  be deliv]$ to !        
consignee4 ,! purpose ( ! consignee 9   
secur+  ! goods & ! disposition :i* he  
makes ( !m aft] !y are  secur$ d n appe>
 to h any be>+ ^u ! subject ( !         
inspection itself4 ,9 ! pres5t case x is
 decl>$ t ! goods  are int5d$ to be sold
 to outgo+ /eam%ips4 ,at ! "t ( sail+   
^! /eam%ips are subject to ! laws ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!  provision+ ( ^! %ips 
is made "u ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  )  
articles ( food produc$ 9 or import$    
into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,9 ! en=cem5t (
 ! law x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! foods 

are int5d$ = disposition 9 ?is way or = 
ord9>y consumption4  ,if x is desir$ to 
use su* foods = trans%ipm5t1 !y c\ld be 
ent]$ 9 bond1 nev] pass$ ?r\gh !        
cu/om-h\se1 & remov$  f bond & re%ipp$4 
,if ! foods are treat$ 9 ?is way1 &  ?us
 nev] br\ght )9 ! jurisdiction ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 ?is  ,dep>tm5t w h no    
control ov] !m 9 any way :atev]4 ,!y    
w\ld rema9 solely "u ! control ( !      
,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 &  t ,dep>tm5t w\ld
 see to x t !y 7 re%ipp$ beyond !       
jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ev5 9  
?is case x does n seem1  h[ev]1 t x w\ld
 be possible to sell su* goods =        
consumption  on %ips c>ry+ ! ,am]ican   
flag4 ,! application ( ! import]  = a   
special rul+1 !re=e1 9 su* cases is     
d5i$4      ,approv$3      ,,james       
,,wilson1    ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4  
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,octob] #cj1 #aije4 
,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #cc-cf4    ,,unit$ ,,/ates  
,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1           
,,bureau ,,( ,,*emi/ry1    ,h4 ,w4      
,,wiley1 ,,*ief ,,( ,,bureau4    ,,food 

,,inspection ,,decisions #cc-cf4        
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #cc47    ,,! ,,importation 
,,( ,a ,,bev]age ,,"u ,a ,,mislead+     
,,"n4    ,a %ipm5t ( food product has   
be5 (f]$ = importation label$  ,raspb]ry
 ,v9eg>4 ,on notice t x 0 held =        
inspection1 a  repres5tative ( ! import]
 appe>$ & /at$ t ! sub/ance  0 n a      
v9eg>1 b a dr9k1 & int5d$ to be us$ z a 
bev]age4  ,9 ?is case ! mat]ial is held 
to be misbr&$1 z a v9eg> is  nev] int5d$
 = a bev]age1 b only z a condim5t4      
,notice is giv5 t aft] ,may #a1 #aijf1  
importations ( ?is  description1 or     
simil> !reto1 w n be admitt$ if misbr&$ 
9  ! mann] m5tion$4 ,! "n ( ! article1  
if descriptive1 mu/  indicate its true  
"*4 ,x is sugge/$ t ! t]m ,raspb]ry     
,bev]age is a suitable designation4 ,x w
 be held1 h[ev]1 t  if s label$ x mu/ be
 a bev]age made solely f raspb]ries or  
raspb]ry juice1 & n pres]v$ ) any       
sub/ance unm5tion$ on  ! label1 except  
sug>1 v9eg>1 or spices4 ,any sub/ance   
add$ to  su* a product mu/ n be injuri\s

 to heal? nor 9 violation ( !  laws ( ! 
c\ntry :5ce x comes4      ,approv$3     
,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (        
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,janu>y #af1 #aijf4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4   
#cd47    ,,pres]vatives ,,9 ,,sausages4 
,an import] has made ! foll[+ reque/3   
,ab\t two ye>s ago we _h "s difficulty )
 ! ,dep>tm5t (    ,agriculture on acc\nt
 ( an add$ pres]vative or acid be+ f\nd 
9 ,g]man ,frankfurt] sausages4 ,our     
manufactur] has discont9u$    us+ any   
pres]vative1 & we f9d t ! sausages d n  
keep    v well )\t ?is add$ pres]vative4
 ,we w\ld ask y to k9dly    let u "k if 
!re is any objection to our us+         
salicylic acid1    boracic acid1 b5zoic 
acid1 or1 9 fact1 any pres]vative1 if x 
is    pla9ly /at$ on ! label4           
,inasmu* z lett]s ( ?is nature are      
occasionally receiv$1 x  is deem$       
advisable to make a g5]al /atem5t       
conc]n+ !  attitude ( ?is ,dep>tm5t 9   
matt]s ( ?is k9d4 ,x is nei!r           
practicable nor advisable = ! ,dep>tm5t 

to act 9 ! capacity (  sci5tific advis] 
to any import] or manufactur] ( food    
products4  ,! ,dep>tm5t %\ld be left    
free 9 all cases to decide accord+ to  !
 exi/+ law ! fitness ( any food product 
to be deliv]$ to  ! consignee4 ,x c n1  
!re=e1 advise 9 respect ( ! use (  any  
pres]vative or any o!r add$ sub/ance    
fur!r ?an is done 9  ! regul> decisions 
publi%$ 9 ?is s]ies4 ,! addition ( any  
pres]vative ( any k9d to a food product 
may be object$ to = ?ree  reasons4      
7#a7 ,x may be a case ( misbr&+ :5 !    
add$ body is n  m5tion$ on ! label4     
7#b7 ,! add$ sub/ance itself may be     
deem$ to be injuri\s to  heal? ei!r z ! 
result ( pres5t k or ( subsequ5t        
inve/igations4    7#c7 ,! add$ sub/ance 
may be =bidd5 by ! laws ( ! c\ntry 9    
:i* ! foods are made or f :i* !y are    
export$4    ,9 ! case ( ! ,g]man sausage
 ref]r$ to1 bo? boric & salicylic  acids
 are prohibit$ by ! ,g]man laws4 ,boric 
acid has be5 decl>$  by ?is ,dep>tm5t to
 be injuri\s to heal?4 ,x does n appe> t

  !re is any conv9c+ reason = ! use (   
any pres]vatives 9  sausages except !   
usual condim5tal +r$i5ts--salt1 v9eg>1  
spices1 & wood smoke4    ,until !       
results ( exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 ! ,bureau
 ( ,*emi/ry  are decl>$1 small          
quantities ( b5zoic acid & b5zoates1    
salicylic  acid & salicylates1 sulfur\s 
acid & sulfites & copp] sulfate  are    
p]mitt$ 9 food products :5 pla9ly decl>$
 ^u ! label &  :5 n =bidd5 by ! laws ( !
 c\ntries :]e ! foods are  produc$ or f 
:i* !y are export$4 ,) respect to       
sulfur\s  acid 9 w9e1 ?is decision is n 
int5d$ to supplant ! pr9ciples  laid d[n
 9 ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #bh4 ,?is p]mission is   
giv5 )\t prejudice  to any future       
decision ( ! ,dep>tm5t exclud+ su*      
sub/ances by  reason ( excessive        
quantity or z be+ prejudicial to heal?1 
or =  o!r legal causes4      ,approv$3  
,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (        
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,janu>y #af1 #aijf4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4   
#ce47    ,,modify+ ,,9 ,,c]ta9 ,,cases  

,,provisions ,,9 ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ab ,,& ,f4
 ,i4 ,d4 #bf4    ,exp]i5ce has %[n t 9  
"s cases ! lit]al execution (  !        
provisions ( ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ab1 ( ,m>* #a1
 #aije1 relat+ to fir/  notice to       
import]1 & ( ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #bf1 relat+ to 
! date at :i*  relabel+ aft] arrival 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates may be p]mitt$1 namely1  
,septemb] #a1 #aije1 may cause          
unnecess>y annoyance & inconv5i5ce4  ,x 
is !re=e ord]$ t ^! two decisions be    
modifi$ to p]mit  9 c]ta9 cases !       
importation ( an article n label$       
/rictly 9  h>mony ) ! provisions ( !    
food-inspection laws aft] x is  relabel$
 9 a mann] satisfactory to ! ,dep>tm5t4 
,su* action seems  especially desirable 
at ! small] ports1 :]e exact in=mation  
respect+ ! requirem5ts ( ! inspection ( 
foods is n s easily  obta9able4    ,f4  
,i4 ,d4 #bf is also am5d$ s t 9 c]ta9   
cases importation aft]  relabel+ w be   
p]mitt$4 ,x is difficult to /ate exactly
 9 :at  cases ^! am5dm5ts to ,f4 ,i4 ,d4
 #ab & ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #bf w be appli$4  ,9 

g5]al1 x may be said t :]e a food       
product is misbr&$1 b  no sub/ance      
delet]i\s to heal? has be5 add$1 & :]e  
nei!r  ! import] nor ! %ipp] has _h     
notice ( ! exi/5ce ( !  law or ( its    
requirem5ts1 p]mission to relabel may be
 giv54 ,a  simil> p]mission w be ext5d$ 
to all food products already afloat  at 
! "t ( receiv+ ! fir/ notice1 or :i* are
 s advanc$  9 %ipm5t t !y c n be        
c\nt]m&$ by cable or o!rwise4  ,o!r     
miscellane\s reque/s = p]mission to     
relabel w be decid$  ^u ! m]its ( ! case
 pres5t$1 & p]mission to relabel be     
grant$ :5 x is evid5t t nei!r neglig5ce 
nor indiff]5ce is  responsible = !      
failure to secure a prop] br&+ ( !      
product4  ,a simil> p]mission w also be 
grant$ :5 x is app>5t t !  purpose ( !  
law may !reby be fully accompli%$4 ,?is 
action is  n to be tak5 9 case ( food   
products conta9+ add$ sub/ances         
injuri\s to heal? or =bidd5 by ! laws ( 
! c\ntry f :i*  ! sub/ance comes4    ,9 
?is connection x is sugge/$ to import]s 

t all ord]s =  food products 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates be giv5 subject to ! pass+  ( !  
inspection at ! ports ( entry4 ,x w n be
 consid]$  a suffici5t excuse = !       
importation ( improp]ly br&$ or  o!rwise
 objectionable food products to %[ t !y 
7 paid =  be=e ! inspection took place4 
,! law has n[ be5 9 =ce long  en\gh to  
acqua9t =eign export]s ) its exi/5ce &  
dome/ic  import]s ) its provisions4 ,x  
is !re=e held t pay+ =  food products   
be=e inspection is complet$ w n be deem$
  a suffici5t excuse = ask+ = !         
relabel+1 rem>k+1 or  admission !re(4   
,!re are c]ta9 o!r cases 9 :i* relabel+ 
( an importation (  food products may be
 p]mitt$1 b 9 no case w su* a c\rtesy be
  ext5d$ :]e x is evid5t t ei!r import] 
or export] has _h  ample opportunity &  
notice to comply ) ! provisions ( ! law4
  ,su* cases include ^? :]e evid5tly    
hone/ attempts h be5 made  to comply ) !
 conditions ( ! law & :]e failure has   
be5 due  to ignorance ( ! exact nature (
 ! conditions requir$1 or "s            

unavoidable cause4 ,^! am5dm5ts are made
 to prev5t unnecess>y  annoyance &      
h>d%ips1 & w n be con/ru$ 9 any way to  
excuse  a failure to comply ) !         
conditions ( ! law :]e x is evid5t  t ^!
 conditions h be5 fully und]/ood &      
opportunity  af=d$ = _! application4    
,approv$3      ,,james ,,wilson1        
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 
,d4 ,c41 ,janu>y #af1 #aijf4      7,f4  
,i4 ,d4 #cf47    ,,sub/ances1 ,,ord9>ily
 ,,food ,,products1 ,,int5d$ ,,=        
,,te*nical ,,purposes4    ,! "q has be5 
rais$ on sev]al occasions :e!r food     
products  :i* are (f]$ = importation =  
o!r purposes ?an to be us$  9 foods are 
subject to ! inspections ( simil>       
products :5  int5d$ = consumption4 ,x   
has be5 held 7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #cb7 t x is  n
 ! purpose ( ! law1 nor is x possible1  
to foll[ ! ord9>y  food product into    
consumption 9 ord] to det]m9e to :at use
 x is  f9ally put4 ,! law levy+ duty on 
olive oils specifically provides  t :5  
su* oil is import$ = me*anical purposes 

x is free f  duty z an edible oil1      
provid$ x is 9 a condition ( rancidity  
or  o!r /ate :i* r5d]s x unfit =        
consumption z human food4 ,!re  is no   
/atute cov]+ a simil> condition = o!r   
food products4 ,x  seems only           
reasonable1 h[ev]1 to apply ?is pr9ciple
 ( law to o!r  food products :5 x c be  
done )\t complicat+ ! "q (  ! ord9>y    
inspection4    ,x is !re=e held t a     
sub/ance :i* ord9>ily is consid]$ a     
food product1 :5 (f]$ = importation =   
te*nical purposes may  be admitt$ )\t   
inspection on ! foll[+ conditions3      
7#a7 ,t 9 ! invoice & accompany+        
decl>ation x is specifically  /at$ t !  
sub/ance 9 "q is to be devot$ solely to 
te*nical use4    7#b7 ,t ! sub/ance be s
 d5atur$1 ei!r by natural or artificial 
means1 z to r5d] x unfit = consumption z
 human food4    ,?is ,dep>tm5t res]ves !
 "r to det]m9e 9 any giv5 case  :e!r or 
n ! d5atur+ process is ( a "* :i* w\ld  
r5d] x impracticable to recov] ! article
 9 a =m suitable =  consumption z human 

food4 ,:5 sub/ances ord9>ily food       
products are  pres5t$ h]eaft] = import  
into ?is c\ntry ) ! invoice &           
decl>ation above m5tion$ & 9 ! d5atur$  
condition specifi$1  !y w n be deta9$ = 
inspection by ?is ,dep>tm5t long]  ?an  
is necess>y to asc]ta9 ! above facts4 ,a
 d5atur+ process  w be held to be valid 
provid$ x s *anges ! ta/e ( !  food     
product z to make x impossible = x to be
 consum$ = food  purposes1 z1 = in/ance1
 by ! addition ( an excessive quantity  
( common salt or o!r d5atur+ ag5t :i*   
w\ld imp>t a ta/e (  su* a "* z to cause
 x to be reject$ by any "o attempt+ to  
consume x4    ,?is decision %all n be   
consid]$ 9 any way to *ange ! op9ion  ( 
?is ,dep>tm5t ) ref]5ce to food products
 (f]$ z su*  = importation & aft]w>ds   
decl>$ to be int5d$ = te*nical          
purposes1 z /at$ 9 ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #be1 (   
,june #ba1 #aije4      ,approv$3        
,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (        
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,janu>y #ah1 #aijf4      ,f4 ,i4 ,d4    

#cg-ch4    ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t   
,,( ,,agriculture1    ,,bureau ,,(      
,,*emi/ry1    ,h4 ,w4 ,,wiley1 ,,*ief   
,,( ,,bureau4    ,,food ,,inspection    
,,decisions #cg-ch4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4   
#cg47    ,,label+ ,,( ,,*ocolates4    ,!
 "q ( ! prop] m>k+ ( pla9 or bitt]      
*ocolates &  sweet *ocolates has aris5  
on sev]al occasions 9 ! inspection (    
import$ food products1 &1 aft] full     
inve/igation ( all ! facts  ( ! case & !
 relations ( previ\s decisions !reto1 x 
appe>s  t ! foll[+ po9ts are e/abli%$3  
#a4 ,*ocolate1 pla9 or bitt]1 is import$
 = cook+ & n =  directly edible         
purposes4    #b4 ,sweet *ocolates are   
import$ practically z a c&y or          
confection4    ,?is "q is cov]$ to a    
c]ta9 ext5t 9 ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #bf1 section  
#h1  :i* reads z foll[s3      #h4 ,!    
addition ( ! ord9>y condim5tal sub/ances
 to a food    product1 su* z sug>1      
v9eg>1 salt1 spices1 & wood smoke1 may  
be    practic$ )\t any notice to ?is    
effect appe>+ ^u ! label4    ,section #i

 limits ! application ( section #h4 ,x  
reads z foll[s3      #i4 ,food products 
( any giv5 "n are to correspond 9       
quality to    ! /&>ds e/abli%$ by       
au?ority ( ,congress = su* products1    
& if !y v>y f ?is /&>d a notice to t    
effect is to    appe> ^u ! label4    ,x 
appe>s f ! /&>ds adopt$ by au?ority (   
,congress  7,circul> ,no4 #ac1 ,(fice ( 
! ,secret>y7 t *ocolate1 pla9 or  bitt]1
 c n h any sub/ances add$ to x n not$ 9 
!  /&>d & rema9 a /&>d product4 ,if1    
!re=e1 *ocolate1 pla9  or bitt]1 h any  
/>* or o!r sub/ance add$ !reto = any    
purpose :atev]1 or sug> 9 insuffici5t   
quantities to make x a  sweet *ocolate1 
! addition ( ^! bodies %\ld be indicat$ 
by an  appropriate /atem5t on ! label4  
,on ! o!r h&1 sweet *ocolate1 be+ int5d$
 = & pla9ly  be+ a confection1 w\ld n   
require a /atem5t to ! effect  t sug> _h
 be5 add$ or a /atem5t 9 reg>d to any ( 
!  o!r sub/ances m5tion$ 9 ! /&>d4 ,if1 
h[ev]1 any =eign  sub/ance o!r ?an t    
m5tion$ 9 ! /&>d %\ld be add$ to  a     

sweet *ocolate1 a prop] /atem5t indicat+
 t fact w\ld be  requir$ ^u ! label4    
,?is decision is giv5 )\t prejudice to  
revision 9 case x %\ld  become          
advisable1 z a result ( exp]i5ce1 to    
fur!r di/+ui%  betwe5 ^! two bodies by  
"s appropriate designation4    8,milk   
*ocolate0 w be consid]$ z a sweet       
*ocolate to :i* :ole  milk 7fre%1       
evaporat$1 or desiccat$7 has be5 add$4  
,approv$3      ,,james ,,wilson1        
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 
,d4 ,c41 ,m>* #cj1 #aijf4      7,f4 ,i4 
,d4 #ch47    ,,label+ ,,( ,,cocoas4     
,cocoas1 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* alkalis or
 o!r sub/ances h  be5 employ$ 9 ord] to 
increase ! app>5t solubility ( !        
product1 %\ld be> on ! label a          
decl>ation ( su* treatm5t4  ,! phrase   
8,prep>$ ) ,alkali0 7or alkalis7 or     
8,manufactur$ )  ,alkali0 7or alkalis71 
or "s simil> treatm5t1 w\ld be a        
suffici5t  notification4 ,?is decl>ation
 %\ld also be 9 keep+ ) !  provisions ( 
,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #bf4 ,! d5om9ation ( su*    

products z  8soluble cocoas0 w n answ]1 
s9ce ! t]m 8soluble10 z us$  9 ?is      
connection1 is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1       
mislead+4 ,! app>5t  increas$ solubility
 ( products treat$ z above is due r to !
  susp5sion ( ! p>ticles ?an to _!      
solubility4 ,! descriptions  ( !        
manufacture ( ^! products %[ t potassium
 c>bonate1  sodium c>bonate1 magnesium  
c>bonate1 ammonium c>bonate1 & ammonium 
hydroxid are ! pr9cipal alkal9e salts   
employ$4 ,t>t>ic acid is  also at times 
us$ to correct any undue alkal9ity      
produc$ by ^!  add$ sub/ances4 ,!       
subject ( ! :olesom5ess ( ^! add$       
products is res]v$ = fur!r consid]ation4
      ,approv$3      ,,james ,,wilson1  
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 
,d4 ,c41 ,m>* #cj1 #aijf4      ,f4 ,i4  
,d4 #ci4    ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t  
,,( ,,agriculture1    ,,bureau ,,(      
,,*emi/ry1    ,h4 ,w4 ,,wiley1 ,,*ief   
,,( ,,bureau4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ci47   
,,pres]vatives ,,& ,,artificial ,,colors
 ,,9 ,,mac>onis4    ,inspection ( rec5t 

importations ( mac>oni1 noodles1 &      
simil>  products has %[n t ^! goods     
sometimes conta9 *emical  pres]vatives1 
su* z fluorids1 :i* are reg>d$ z        
injuri\s to  heal?4 ,a small am\nt (    
color+ matt] is also frequ5tly add$ to  
mac>oni4 ,x appe>s t ,m>tius yell[ is   
(t5 us$ = color+  ^! products4 ,?is     
sub/ance is held to be injuri\s to heal?
 & is  s class$ by ! laws ( sev]al      
,european c\ntries1 especially ,italy1  
:i* has decre$ t1 among o!r colors1     
,m>tius yell[ 7d9itro  yell[1 naph?ol   
yell[1 ,man*e/] yell[1 saffron yell[1 & 
gold  yell[7 mu/ n be us$ 9 ! prep>ation
 ( foods4 ,9 view ( ?is  fact no        
importation ( mac>oni color$ ) ,m>tius  
yell[ or o!r  colors =bidd5 by !        
,italian law1 or pres]v$ ) fluorids or  
o!r pres]vatives injuri\s to heal?1 w be
 p]mitt$ aft] ,june  #a1 #aijf1 & all   
importations ( mac>oni :i* conta9 any   
p]missible  color+ matt] mu/ be label$ )
 ! words 8,artificially color$10  9     
accordance ) ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #bf4           

,approv$3      ,,james ,,wilson1        
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 
,d4 ,c41 ,may #a1 #aijf4      ,f4 ,i4   
,d4 #dj-dc4    ,,unit$ ,,/ates          
,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1           
,,bureau ,,( ,,*emi/ry1    ,h4 ,w4      
,,wiley1 ,,*ief ,,( ,,bureau4    ,,food 
,,inspection ,,decisions #dj-dc4        
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #dj47    ,,fil+ ,,gu>anty4 
,9 ord] t bo? ! ,dep>tm5t & !           
manufactur] may be protect$  aga9/ fraud
 x is reque/$ t all gu>anties ( a g5]al 
"* fil$ ) ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture 9  
h>mony )  ,regulation #i1 ,rules &      
,regulations = ! ,en=cem5t ( ! ,food  & 
,drugs ,act1 ,june #cj1 #aijf1 be       
ackn[l$g$ be=e a not>y or o!r  (ficial  
au?oriz$ to affix a seal4 ,att5tion is  
call$ to ! fact  t :5 a g5]al gu>anty   
has be5 ?us fil$ e package (  articles (
 food & drugs put up "u ! gu>anty %\ld  
be> !  leg5d1 8,gu>ante$ "u ! ,food &   
,drugs ,act1 ,june #cj1 #aijf10 &  also 
! s]ial numb] assign$ !reto1 if ! deal] 
is to receive  ! protection contemplat$ 

by ! gu>anty4 ,no o!r ^w %\ld g  ^u ?is 
leg5d or accompany x 9 any way4         
,p>ticul> att5tion is  call$ to ! fact t
 no?+ %\ld be plac$ ^u ! label1 or 9    
any pr9t$ matt] accompany+ x1 indicat+ t
 ! gu>anty is  made by ! ,dep>tm5t (    
,agriculture4 ,! appe>ance ( ! s]ial    
numb] ) ! phrase above m5tion$ ^u a     
label does n exempt x  f inspection nor 
its gu>antor f prosecution 9 case !     
article  9 "q be f\nd 9 any way to      
violate ! food & drugs act (  ,june #cj1
 #aijf4      ,approv$3      ,,james     
,,wilson1    ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4  
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,octob] #be1 #aijf4 
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #da47    ,,approval ,,(    
,,labels4    ,num]\s reque/s are ref]r$ 
to ?is ,dep>tm5t = ! approval (  labels 
to be us$ 9 connection ) articles ( food
 & drugs "u  ! food & drugs act ( ,june 
#cj1 #aijf4 ,?is act does n au?orize  ! 
,secret>y ( ,agriculture nor any ag5t ( 
! ,dep>tm5t to approve  labels4 ,!      
,dep>tm5t !re=e w n give its approval to
 any  label4 ,any pr9t$ matt] ^u ! label

 imply+ t ?is ,dep>tm5t  has approv$ x w
 be )\t w>rant4 ,x is believ$ t )  ! law
 & ! regulations be=e him ! manufactur] 
w h no  difficulty 9 arrang+ 8 label 9  
h>mony ) ! requirem5ts set  =?4 ,if !re 
be que/ions on :i* !re is d\bt respect+ 
!  g5]al "* ( labels1 decisions "u !    
food & drugs act  w be r5d]$1 ( a public
 "* & publi%$ f "t to  "t1 cov]+ su*    
po9ts4      ,approv$3      ,,james      
,,wilson1    ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4  
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,octob] #be1 #aijf4 
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #db47    ,,mix+ ,,fl\rs4   
,! foll[+ communication has be5 receiv$ 
respect+ ! mix+ (  fl\rs ( diff]5t      
c]eals3      ,9 con=mity ) ! cu/om ( a  
c5tury or m1 ! manufactur]s    ( rye    
fl\r1 9 ord] to produce a light] & m    
easily work$    fl\r1 h add$ a          
proportion ( :eat fl\r to _! rye &      
br&$ x 8,rye ,fl\r40      ,?is cu/om    
simply con=ms to ! consum]s' dem& = a   
:it]    loaf & f e /&po9t is a p]fectly 
legitimate op]ation4      ,"u !         
int]pretation ( ! food & drugs act (    

,june #cj1 #aijf1    app>5t re/rictions 
are plac$ ^u ?is comp\nd+1 & ,i w\ld    
!re=e respectfully ask y\r rul+ ^u !    
foll[+ po9ts3      #a4 ,"u ?is          
int]pretation w x be necess>y to add !  
^w    8comp\nd0 to ! br&s8      #b4 ,w x
 be necess>y 9 accordance ) ?is         
int]pretation to    "n 9 ! br& ! fact t 
a :eat admixture has be5 made1 9        
addition to ! use ( ! ^w 8comp\nd10     
provid+ t ^w is    necess>y8      #c4   
,ref]r+ to p>agraph f1 ,regulation #ag1 
:i* reads z foll[s3      8,an article   
conta9+ m ?an "o food product or active 
m$ic9al    ag5t is misbr&$ if nam$ aft] 
a s+le con/itu5t10      w x be          
p]missible to /ill "n ! rye-:eat        
admixture 8rye    fl\r08    ,! food &   
drugs act ( ,june #cj1 #aijf1 & ! rules 
& regulations  made !reund]1 provide = !
 prop] m>k+ ( food product &  p5alties =
 misbr&+4    ,! act also provides t a   
food product is n misbr&$ 89  ! case (  
articles label$1 br&$1 or tagg$ s z to  
pla9ly  indicate t !y are comp\nds1     

imitations1 or bl5ds1 & ! ^w            
#8comp\nd1' #8imitation1' or #8bl5d1' z 
! case may be1 is pla9ly  /at$ on !     
package 9 :i* x is (f]$ = sale40        
,keep+ 9 view ^! provisions ( ! law1 &  
rules & regulations  made !reund]1 x    
appe>s t ! mix+ ( rye fl\r & :eat  fl\r 
is n prohibit$ by ! law provid$ !       
package is m>k$  8comp\nd0 or 8mixture10
 ! ^w /&+ alone & )\t  qualification1 & 
also if ! label conta9 ! in=mation :i*  
%[s t x is prop]ly br&$4 ,! mixture may 
also be d5om9at$  a 8bl5d0 if rye fl\r &
 :eat fl\r be reg>d$ z l sub/ances4  ,x 
is held t ?is in=mation 9 ! case m5tion$
 w\ld be a  /atem5t ( ! +r$i5ts us$ 9   
mak+ ! comp\nd4 ,x is fur!r  held t !   
use ( an +r$i5t 9 small quantity simply 
= !  purpose ( nam+ x 9 ! li/ ( +r$i5ts 
w\ld be contr>y to  ! int5t ( ! law1 &  
!re=e t ! +r$i5ts mu/ be us$  9         
quantities :i* w\ld ju/ify ! appe>ance (
 _! names ^u  ! label4 ,! /atem5t made (
 ! con/itu5ts us$ %\ld be ( a  "* to    
indicate pla9ly t ! article is a        

comp\nd1 mixture1  or bl5d4    ,x is    
evid5t f ! above explanation t ! nam+ ( 
a mixture  ( ?is k9d 8rye fl\r0 w\ld be 
pla9ly a violation ( ! law &  !         
regulations made !reund]4    ,att5tion  
is call$ also to ! act ( ,congress      
approv$ ,june #ac1 #ahih1  ,u4 ,s4      
,revis$ ,/atutes1 sections #cf to #di1  
inclusive1 impos+ special  taxes "u !   
sup]vision ( ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal  
,rev5ue on  mix$ fl\r4      ,approv$3   
,w4 ,m4 ,,hays1    ,act+ ,secret>y4     
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,octob] #cj1 #aijf4 
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #dc47    ,,relabel+ ,,(    
,,goods ,,on ,,h&4    ,! foll[+ is a    
type ( num]\s communications receiv$    
conc]n+  ! op]ation ( ! food law3       
,! retail groc]s ( our city1 z well z "s
 ( ! jobb]s1 are    v mu* conc]n$ ov]   
/ocks ( cann$ goods & o!r simil>        
goods !y might h 9 /ock on ,janu>y #a1  
#aijg1 :5 ! new    pure-food act goes   
into effect4      ,we are "u !          
impression t :]e !re is no?+ delet]i\s  
to heal? conta9$ 9 su* goods s held x is

 n ! ,dep>tm5t's    int5tion to int]f]e 
9 any way1 %ape1 or =m ) !m4      ,:]e  
^! goods are held by retail]s 9 our own 
city does ?is    come )9 ! jurisdiction 
( ! ,national law1 or is x controll$    
only by ,/ate laws8    ,simil> lett]s h 
be5 receiv$ relat+ to drugs1 m$ic9es1 & 
o!r articles affect$ by ! op]ation ( !  
law4 ,a g5]al answ]  is deem$ advisable1
 :i*1 x is hop$1 wilt cov] ! cases 9    
"q4    ,section 7i7 ( ,regulation #ag   
provides t--      ,! regulation reg>d+ !
 pr9cipal label w n be en=c$    until   
,octob] #a1 #aijg1 9 ! case ( labels    
pr9t$ & n[ on    h&1 :5ev] any /atem5t  
!re9 conta9$ :i* is contr>y to    ! food
 & drugs act1 ,june #cj1 #aijf1 z to "* 
( cont5ts1    %all be correct$ by a     
supplem5tal label1 /amp1 or pa/]4 ,all  
o!r labels n[ pr9t$ & on h& may be us$  
)\t *ange until    ,octob] #a1 #aijg4   
,x is held t "u ?is regulation labels   
:i* conta9 /atem5ts  relat+ to ! "n (   
manufactur]1 ! place ( manufacture1     
etc41 :i* are n 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al mean+

 ( ! law  may be us$ if on h& on ! #a/ (
 ,janu>y1 #aijg1 ! day on :i*  !        
regulations become effective4 ,any      
/atem5t1 h[ev]1 respect+  ! "* ( !      
cont5ts :i* is false or mislead+ %\ld be
  correct$ z indicat$4 ,! correction    
%\ld secure ! oblit]ation  ( !          
mis/atem5t ei!r by plac+ ! supplem5tal  
label or pa/]  ov] x or oblit]at+ x 9 "s
 o!r way4 ,if ! goods conta9  artificial
 color or pres]vative o!r ?an ord9>y    
condim5tal  sub/ances 7salt1 sug>1      
v9eg>1 wood smoke1 spices1 & condim5ts  
( all k9ds71 t fact %\ld appe> ^u !     
supplem5tal /amp or  pa/]4 ,if any ( !  
words requir$ to be plac$ ^u drugs &    
foods  9 ! specific word+ ( ! act d n   
appe> ^u ! label1 su*  z alcohol1 opium1
 etc41 x is held t ! correction mu/     
include  ! enum]ation ( ^! sub/ances1 z 
provid$ = 9 ,regulations #bh  & #bi4    
,if goods t are pack$ & seal$ 9 a c>ton 
:i* conta9s !  bottle or o!r package    
also seal$ & label$ 7 n 9 ! h&s  ( !    
manufactur] aft] ,janu>y #a1 #aijg1 b _h

 be5 already  deliv]$ to ! jobb] or     
deal]1 x w be held suffici5t to m>k  !  
ext]nal c>ton alone1 provid$ ! goods are
 sold only 9 !  unbrok5 c>ton4 ,if !    
conta9]1 h[ev]1 holds a l>ge numb] (    
sep>ate packages1 x w be necess>y t ea* 
( ! sep>ate  packages to be sold z su*  
%all be label$ ) ! words requir$        
specifically by ! act4    ,x mu/ n be   
=gott5 t ,regulation #ag1 section 7i71  
is =  ! purpose ( avoid+ ! exp5se (     
relabel+ articles already  pack$ & br&$ 
at ! "t ! regulations g into effect &   
:i*  necess>ily c\ld n h be5 s pack$ &  
br&$ ) any int5t  to evade ! provisions 
( ! law1 & x is expect$ t jobb]s &      
deal]s w d ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to br+ !     
packages n[  on h& into z close h>mony )
 ! provisions ( ! act & !  regulations  
made !reund] z possible4    ,all        
articles 9 ! h&s ( manufactur]s1 jobb]s1
 & deal]s on  ! #a/ day ( ,janu>y1      
#aijg1 :i* are sold :olly )9 ! ,/ate  9 
:i* !y are f\nd on t date are exempt f !
 provisions  ( ! act4 ,?us ! use ( !    

supplem5tal label1 /amp1 or pa/]  is    
requir$ only on ^? articles :i* on or   
aft] ! #a/ day (  ,janu>y1 #aijg1 ent]  
int]/ate comm]ce or are (f]$ = sale 9  !
 ,di/rict ( ,columbia & ! ,t]ritories4  
,x is believ$ t  ! provisions (         
,regulation #ag1 section 7i71 c be      
compli$ )  )\t great annoyance & exp5se4
 ,x w be deem$ suffici5t if  !          
supplem5tal pa/]s & labels are atta*$ at
 ! "t ! goods  are %ipp$ beyond ! ,/ate 
l9e1 t is1 !y ne$ n necess>ily  be      
atta*$ to su* article on ! #a/ day (    
,janu>y1 b at any  "t !reaft] :5 prep>$ 
= int]/ate comm]ce4 ,?us ! labor  (     
meet+ ?is requirem5t w be di/ribut$     
accord+ to !  exig5cies ( actual trade4 
,on & aft] ,octob] #a1 #aijg1 ! label   
mu/ be orig9ally prop]ly pr9t$1 & no    
fur!r am5dm5t w be  consid]$4           
,approv$3      ,w4 ,m4 ,,hays1    ,act+ 
,secret>y4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41       
,novemb] #f1 #aijf4        ,f4 ,i4 ,d4  
#dd-de4                                 
,issu$ ,decemb] #d1 #aijf4    ,,unit$   

,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1   
,,bureau ,,( ,,*emi/ry1    ,h4 ,w4      
,,wiley1 ,,*ief ,,( ,,bureau4    ,,food 
,,inspection ,,decisions #dd ,,& #de4   
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #dd47    ,,scope ,,&       
,,purpose ,,( ,,food-,,inspection       
,,decisions4    ,f ! t5or ( _m inquiries
 receiv$ 9 ?is ,dep>tm5t x appe>s  t _m 
p]sons suppose t ! answ]s to inquiries  
address$ to  ?is ,dep>tm5t1 ei!r 9      
lett]s or 9 publi%$ decisions1 h  ! =ce 
& effect ( ! rules & regulations = !    
en=cem5t  ( ! food & drugs act ( ,june  
#cj1 #aijf4 ,! foll[+ are  illu/rations 
( ! inquiries receiv$ by ?is ,dep>tm5t3 
,mu/ we /amp all goods z con=m+ to !    
drug & food law1    :e!r !y h alcohol & 
n>cotics !re91 or n8      ,on a br& (   
salad oil1 :i* is a w9t]-/ra9 cottonse$ 
oil1 c    x be sold "u ! br& ( salad    
oil1 or mu/ x /ate t x is    cottonse$  
oil8    ,x seems highly desirable t an  
errone\s op9ion ( ?is k9d  %\ld be      
correct$4 ,! op9ions or decisions ( ?is 
,dep>tm5t d  n add any?+ to ! rules &   

regulations nor take any?+ away  f !m4  
,!y !re=e are n to be consid]$ 9 ! light
 (  rules & regulations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !
 decisions & op9ions  ref]r$ to express 
! attitude ( ?is ,dep>tm5t 9 relation to
  ! int]pretation ( ! law & ! rules &   
regulations1 & !y  are publi%$ = !      
in=mation ( ! (ficials ( ! ,dep>tm5t  :o
 may be *>g$ ) ! execution ( ! law &    
especially to  acqua9t manufactur]s1    
jobb]s1 & deal]s ) ! attitude (  ?is    
,dep>tm5t 9 ^! matt]s4 ,!y are !re=e    
issu$ m  9 an advisory ?an 9 a m&atory  
_s4 ,x is cle> t if !  manufactur]s1    
jobb]s1 & deal]s int]pret ! rules &     
regulations  9 ! same mann] z !y are    
int]pret$ by ?is ,dep>tm5t1  & foll[ t  
int]pretation 9 _! bus9ess transactions1
 no  prosecution w lie aga9/ !m4 ,x ne$s
 no argum5t to %[ t  ! ,secret>y (      
,agriculture mu/ himself come to a      
decision 9  e case be=e a prosecution c 
be initiat$1 s9ce x is on 8  report t ! 
di/rict attorney is to beg9 a           
prosecution = !  en=cem5t ( ! provisions

 ( ! act4    ,9 s f> z possible x is    
advisable t ! op9ions ( ?is  ,dep>tm5t  
respect+ ! que/ions :i* arise may be    
publi%$4 ,x  may (t5 occur t ! op9ion ( 
?is ,dep>tm5t is n t ( !  manufactur]1  
jobb]1 or deal]4 ,9 ?is case !re is no  
obligation  re/+ ^u ! manufactur]1      
jobb]1 or deal] to foll[ ! l9e (        
proc$ure m>k$ out or indicat$ by !      
op9ion ( ?is ,dep>tm5t4  ,ea* "o is     
entitl$ to 8 own op9ion & int]pretation 
& to  assume ! responsibility ( act+ 9  
h>mony !re)4    ,x may be prop] to add t
 9 rea*+ op9ions & decisions on  ^!     
cases ! ,dep>tm5t keeps con/antly 9 view
 ! two great  purposes ( ! food & drugs 
act1 namely1 to prev5t misbr&+  & to    
prohibit adult]ation4 ,f ! t5or ( !     
correspond5ce  receiv$ at ?is ,dep>tm5t 
& f ! oral he>+s :i* h be5  held1 x is  
evid5t t an ov]:elm+ majority ( !       
manufactur]s1  jobb]s1 & deal]s ( ?is   
c\ntry are det]m9$ to d _!  utmo/ to    
con=m to ! provisions ( ! act1 to       
support x 9 e  p>ticul>1 & to acc$e to !

 op9ions ( ?is ,dep>tm5t respect+  its  
con/ruction4 ,x is hop$1 !re=e1 t !     
publication ( !  op9ions & decisions ( !
 ,dep>tm5t w lead to ! avoidance  (     
litigation :i* might arise due to       
decisions :i* may be rea*$  by ?is      
,dep>tm5t indicat+ violations ( ! act1  
violations  :i* w\ld n h occurr$ _h !   
op9ions & decisions ( !  ,dep>tm5t be5  
br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! (f5d]4         
,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (        
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,decemb] #a1 #aijf4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4   
#de47    ,,bl5d$ ,,:iskies4    ,_m      
lett]s are receiv$ by ! ,dep>tm5t mak+  
inquiries conc]n+  ! prop] me?od (      
label+ bl5d$ :isky4 ,manufactur]s are   
anxi\s  to "k ! con/ruction plac$ by !  
,dep>tm5t ^u ?is p>ticul>  "p ( ! food &
 drugs act ( ,june #cj1 #aijf1 & to     
asc]ta9 "u  :at conditions ! words      
8bl5d$ :isky0 or 8:iskies0 may be us$4  
,! foll[+ quotation f "o ( ^! lett]s    
pres5ts a p>ticul>  case ( a def9ite "*3
      ,on acc\nt ( ! unc]ta9ty prevail+ 

9 our trade at ! pres5t    "t z to h[ to
 proce$ "u ! pure-food law & regulations
    reg>d+ :at w be consid]$ a bl5d (   
:iskies1 ,i am tak+    ! lib]ty (       
express+ to y to-day two samples ( :isky
 made up    z foll[s3      ,sample ,a   
conta9s #ea p]c5t ( ,b\rbon :isky & #di 
p]c5t (    neutral spirits4 ,9 ?is      
sample a small am\nt ( burnt sug> is    
us$ = color+1 & a small am\nt ( prune   
juice is us$ =    flavor+1 nei!r ( :i*  
increases ! volume to any great ext5t4  
,sample ,b conta9s #ea p]c5t ( neutral  
spirits & #di p]c5t (    ,b\rbon :isky4 
,burnt sug> is us$ = color+1 & prune    
juice    is us$ = flavor+1 nei!r ( :i*  
increases ! volume to any    great      
ext5t4      ,i h m>k$ ^! packages 8bl5d$
 :iskies0 & want y\r rul+    z to :e!r x
 is prop] to ?us br& & label su* goods4 
,my inquiry is = ! purpose ( guid+ !    
l>ge manufactur+    int]e/s 9 ! trade t 
,i repres5t4    ,9 a subsequ5t lett] f !
 same writ] ! foll[+ additional  /atem5t
 is made3      ,! reason = want+ y\r    

decision or rul+ 9 ?is matt] is j       
?is3 ,no h\se 9 ! trade c af=d to put   
out goods & run !    risk ( seizure &   
lat] litigation by ! ,gov]nm5t on acc\nt
 (    ! odium t w\ld be atta*$ to fight+
 ! food & drugs act4    ,! "q pres5t$ is
 :e!r neutral spirits may be add$ to    
,b\rbon :isky 9 v>y+ quantities1 color$ 
& flavor$1 & !  result+ mixture be      
label$ 8bl5d$ :iskies40 ,to p]mit ! use 
(  ! ^w 8:iskies0 9 ! describ$ mixture  
is to admit t flavor  & color c be add$ 
to neutral spirits & ! result+ mixture  
be label$ 8:isky40 ,! ,dep>tm5t is (    
op9ion t ! mixtures  pres5t$ c n legally
 be label$ ei!r 8bl5d$ :iskies0 or      
8bl5d$ :isky40 ,! use ( ! plural ( ! ^w 
8:isky0 9 !  fir/ case is evid5tly      
improp] = ! reason t !re is only "o     
:isky 9 ! mixture4 ,if neutral _s1 also 
kn[n z cologne _s1  sil5t _s1 or        
alcohol1 be dilut$ ) wat] to a prop]    
pro( =  consumption & artificially      
color$ & artificially flavor$1 x does  n
 become a :isky1 b a 8spuri\s imitation0

 !re(1 n entirely  unlike t def9$ 9     
section #cbdd1 ,revis$ ,/atutes4 ,!     
mixture (  su* an imitation ) a g5u9e   
article c n be reg>d$ z a  mixture ( l  
sub/ances )9 ! lett] & int5t ( ! law4   
,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (        
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,decemb] #a1 #aijf4        ,f4 ,i4 ,d4  
#df1 z am5d$4                           
,issu$ ,m>* #bb1 #aijg4    ,,unit$      
,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1   
,,bureau ,,( ,,*emi/ry1    ,h4 ,w4      
,,wiley1 ,,*ief ,,( ,,bureau4    ,,food 
,,inspection ,,decision #df1 ,,z        
,,am5d$4    ,,fictiti\s ,,firm ,,names4 
,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #df1 ,,issu$ ,,on ,,decemb] 
#ac1 #aijf1 ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,(      
,,fictiti\s ,,firm ,,names1 ,,is ,,h]eby
 ,,am5d$ ,,to ,,read ,,z ,,foll[s1 ,,=  
,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,obviat+ ,,any       
,,ambiguity ,,t ,,may ,,h ,,exi/$ ,,9   
,,!    ,,orig9al ,,decision4 ,,! ,,am5d$
 ,,portion ,,is ,,set ,,9 ,,italics4    
,! foll[+ extract f a lett] is typical (
 a "q frequ5tly  ask$3      ,9          

connection ) our manufacture ( flavor+  
extracts1 we produce    an article      
conta9+ a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( artificial   
c\m>9 &    vanill94 ,?is product has be5
 plac$ on ! m>ket "u ! "n    ( ---- &   
,company1 a fictiti\s firm1 al?\gh      
deal]s h always    und]/ood t x 0 our   
product4 ,is !re any objection to our   
cont9u+ to br& ! product z manufactur$  
by ---- & ,company8    ,! same "q has   
frequ5tly be5 ask$ by import]s :o /ate t
  !y desire to assume ! responsibility =
 p>ticul> br&s4    ,x has be5 held by ! 
,attorney-,g5]al 7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #b7 t--   
! words 8444 ,daisy ,sug> ,corn1 ----   
---- ,company1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis410      
cle>ly imply t ! goods ref]r$ to are    
manufactur$ or prep>$    by t company 9 
,wiscons94 ,! g5]al public1 unfamili> ) 
trade practices1 w\ld inevitably rea* t 
conclusion4    ,regulation #ah provides 
t if ! "n ( ! manufactur] & !  place (  
manufacture be giv51 !y mu/ be ! true "n
 & !  true place4 ,if w\ld appe>1 !re=e1
 t ! use ( a fictiti\s  "n 9 su* a mann]

 t x w\ld be und]/ood to be ! "n (  !   
manufactur] w\ld be cle>ly a violation (
 ,regulation #ah4 ,x is  app>5t t !     
provisions ( ,regulation #ah w n be     
fulfill$ by  ! nom9al incorporation ( a 
fictiti\s firm4 ,! regulations require  
t goods mu/ be actually manufactur$ by !
 firm repres5t$ on !  label z !         
manufactur]4    ,:5 a prop] "n1 o!r ?an 
t ( ! manufactur]1 is plac$ ^u  a label 
x mu/ n be us$ 9 ! possessive4 ,=       
in/ance1      ,,*>les ,,ga/on',s        
,,olive ,,oil    ,,bordeaux    c only be
 prop]ly us$ on an oil manufactur$ by   
,*>les ,ga/on at  ,bordeaux4 ,! same is 
true if ! designation      ,,ga/on',s   
,,olive ,,oil    ,,bordeaux    be       
employ$4    ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ^w 8,ga/on0 
might be us$ 9 an adjective  s5se1 & n 9
 ! possessive case z qualify+ ! words   
8olive  oil10 9 a mann] t w\ld indicate 
t x repres5t$ a br& &  n a manufactur]1 
z      ,,ga/on ,,olive ,,oil4    ,or1   
,,olive ,,oil1 ,,ga/on ,,br&4    ,9 su* 
case1 h[ev]1 nei!r giv5 "n nor initials 

%\ld be  employ$4 ,! ^w 8,ga/on0 %\ld be
 9 ! same type z 8olive oil0  & 9 equal 
prom95ce1 ?us =m+ a "p ( ! label4    ,! 
phrase 8,olive ,oil1 ,*>les ,ga/on      
,br&10 may be us$1 9 :i*  case ! "n ( ! 
actual manufactur] %\ld appe>1 9 ord] t 
no false indication ( ! "n ( ! p]son or 
firm manufactur+ !  product may be giv54
      ,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (  
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,febru>y #ba1 #aijg4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4  
#dg47    ,,flavor+ ,,extracts4    ,!    
p]c5tage ( alcohol is n requir$ to be   
/at$ 9 ! case (  extracts sold = !      
prep>ation ( foods only4 ,x is held1    
h[ev]1  t extracts :i* are sold or us$ =
 any m$ic9al purpose :atev]  %\ld h !   
p]c5tage ( alcohol /at$ on ! label4     
,num]\s inquiries are receiv$ reg>d+ !  
prop] designation (  products made 9    
imitation ( flavor+ extracts or 9       
imitation (  flavors4 ,su* products     
include 8,imitation vanilla flavor10 :i*
 is  made f su* products z tonka        
extract1 c\m>91 & vanill91 )  or )\t    

vanilla extract4 ,!y may also include   
num]\s prep>ations  made f syn!tic fruit
 e!rs int5d$ to imitate /rawb]ry1       
banana1 p9eapple1 etc4 ,su* products    
%\ld n be s designat$ z  to convey !    
impression t !y h any relation to !     
flavor  prep>$ f ! fruit4 ,ev5 :5 x is n
 practicable to prep>e  ! flavor        
directly f ! fruit1 8imitation0 is a    
bett] t]m ?an  8artificial40    ,^!     
imitation products %\ld n be designat$  
by t]ms :i*  indicate 9 any way by      
simil>ity ( "n t !y are prep>$ f  a     
natural fruit or f a /&>d flavor4 ,! t]m
 8v5allos10 =  in/ance1 w\ld n be a     
prop] descriptive "n = a prep>ation     
int5d$ to imitate vanilla extract4 ,su* 
products %\ld ei!r be  designat$ by _!  
true names1 su* z 8vanilla & vanill9    
flavor10  8vanill9 & c\m>9 flavor10 or  
by su* t]ms z 8imitation vanilla        
flavor0 or 8vanilla sub/itute40         
,articles 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* su*      
sub/itutes are employ$  %\ld n be label$
 z if !y 7 prep>$ f /&>d flavors  or f !

 fruits !mselves4 ,= in/ance1 ice cream 
flavor$ )  imitation /rawb]ry flavor    
%\ld n be designat$ z 8/rawb]ry ice     
cream40 ,if sold z /rawb]ry ice cream   
)\t a label ! product  w\ld appe> to be 
9 violation ( ,regulation #bb4          
,artificial colors %\ld be decl>$ :5ev] 
pres5t4      ,,james ,,wilson1          
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 
,d4 ,c41 ,decemb] #ac1 #aijf4      7,f4 
,i4 ,d4 #dh47    ,,sub/ances ,,us$ ,,9  
,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,foods4    ,!     
foll[+ lett] 0 rec5tly receiv$ at !     
,dep>tm5t (  ,agriculture3      ,we     
import a prep>ation ( gelat9 pres]v$ )  
sulfur\s acid =    ! purpose ( f9+ w9e4 
,?is gelat9 is n us$ z a food &    does 
n rema9 9 ! w9e1 al?\gh a small am\nt ( 
! sulfur\s    acid may be left 9 ! w9e4 
,please in=m u if ! sale ( ?is          
product is a violation ( ! food law4    
,x is held t ! products commonly add$ to
 foods 9 _!  prep>ation are prop]ly     
class$ z foods & come )9 ! scope (  !   
food & drugs act4 ,! ,dep>tm5t c n foll[

 a food product  into consumption 9 ord]
 to det]m9e ! use to :i* x is put4      
,p5d+ a decision on ! :olesom5ess (     
sulfur\s acid z provid$  9 ,regulation  
#ae 7b71 its pres5ce %\ld be decl>$4    
,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (        
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,decemb] #ac1 #aijf4        ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 
#di-ec4                                 
,issu$ ,febru>y #ah1 #aijg4    ,,unit$  
,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1   
,,bureau ,,( ,,*emi/ry1    ,h4 ,w4      
,,wiley1 ,,*ief ,,( ,,bureau4    ,,food 
,,inspection ,,decisions #di-ec4        
#di4 ,,"t ,,requir$ ,,to ,,rea*         
,,decisions ,,on ,,diff]5t ,,problems   
,,connect$    ,,) ,,! ,,food ,,& ,,drugs
 ,,act1 ,,june #cj1 #aijf4 #ej4         
,,imitation ,,c(fee4 #ea4    ,,color+   
,,( ,,butt] ,,& ,,*eese4 #eb4 ,,=m ,,(  
,,label4 #ec4 ,,=mula ,,on ,,!          
,,label ,,( ,,drugs4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4  
#di47    ,,"t ,,requir$ ,,to ,,rea*     
,,decisions ,,on ,,diff]5t ,,problems   
,,connect$ ,,)  ,,! ,,food ,,& ,,drugs  

,,act1 ,,june #cj1 #aijf4    ,_m lett]s 
h rea*$ ! ,dep>tm5t ask+ = action on v  
important que/ions connect$ ) ! food &  
drugs act :i* require  mu* /udy & "t to 
secure all ! facts necess>y to ! r5d]+  
( a j decision4 ,x is q impossible to   
answ] all su* lett]s  9 detail4 ,!      
foll[+ g5]al /atem5t %[s ! attitude ( ! 
,dep>tm5t on que/ions ( ?is k9d3    ,all
 manufactur]s & deal]s h copies ( ! law 
& regulations  or c secure !m & /udy !m 
c>efully4 ,ea* manufactur] &  deal] %\ld
 conduct 8 bus9ess z ne>ly z possible 9 
h>mony  ) ! law z he int]prets x4 ,:5   
ea* p>ticul> problem involv$  rea*es a  
solution 9 ?is ,dep>tm5t1 x is hop$ x w 
be f\nd  t ! manufactur]s & jobb]s h    
come also to a simil> decision  9 !     
matt]4 ,public notice w be giv5 ( ea*   
decision z x is  issu$1 t ! manufactur]s
 & deal]s may be in=m$ & be  able at    
once to place !mselves 9 l9e ) !        
decisions ( !  ,dep>tm5t4 ,9 ?is way x  
is hop$ t all inju/ice w be avoid$  9 ! 
execution ( ! law & ev]yone be giv5 an  

opportunity to put  himself "r & to h   
due notice ( decisions :i* may be made4 
,! ,dep>tm5t w use e endeavor to rea*   
prompt decisions1 b  mu/ take "t to     
collect ! facts & subject !m to a prop] 
/udy2  o!rwise ! decisions w\ld n h !   
value :i* %\ld atta* to  !m 9 important 
matt]s affect+ ! execution ( ! law4     
,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (        
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,janu>y #h1 #aijg4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4    
#ej47    ,,imitation ,,c(fee4    ,a     
manufactur] writes z foll[s3      ,we   
beg to ask = y\r op9ion z reg>ds !      
hyph5at$ ^w    8,c]eal-,c(fee10 & :e!r  
or n we are entitl$ to its use    = a   
c]eal sub/itute = c(fee4444 ,9 our      
op9ion ! t]m    8,c]eal-,c(fee0 w\ld    
come "u ! s-call$ trade-"n &            
di/9ctive "n4    ,x is held t s9ce !    
product m5tion$ is n a c(fee x c n      
prop]ly be call$ by ! t]m m5tion$4      
,regulation #bj 7d7 provides  t a       
di/9ctive "n %all give no false         
indication ( "*4  ,! use ( ! "n         

8c]eal-c(fee0 might be tak5 to indicate 
t !  product is c(fee or has ! prop]ties
 ( c(fee1 & h5ce ! use  ( ?is t]m does n
 comply ) ! def9ition ( di/9ctive "n4   
,ev5 if ! product consi/ 9 "p ( c(fee1 !
 "n w\ld n be  correct4 ,x is sugge/$ t 
products ( ?is nature be designat$ z    
8imitation c(fee10 z provid$ 9          
,regulation #ba 7f74 ,9 su* case !  ^w  
8imitation0 %\ld be 9 uni=m type1 on    
uni=m backgr\nd1 &  %\ld be giv5 equal  
prom95ce ) ! ^w 8c(fee40      ,,james   
,,wilson1    ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4  
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,janu>y #ah1 #aijg4 
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ea47    ,,color+ ,,(      
,,butt] ,,& ,,*eese4    ,num]\s         
inquiries1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is an         
illu/ration1 h  be5 receiv$ by !        
,dep>tm5t3      ,w y k9dly in=m me      
conc]n+ ! color+ ( butt] &    *eese "u !
 pure-food law8 ,w\ld x be unlawful to  
color butt]    & *eese z n[ practic$8   
,! color+ ( butt] is specifically       
p]mitt$ 9 ! law ( ,augu/  #b1 #ahhf 7#bd
 ,/at41 #bji71 & ! color+ ( *eese 9 !   

law ( ,june  #f1 #ahif 7#bi ,/at41      
#bec74 ,x is held by ! ,dep>tm5t t !    
food  & drugs act does n repeal !       
provisions ( ! acts ref]r$ to  above & !
 addition ( h>mless color to ^!         
sub/ances may be  practic$ z !re9       
provid$1 & t ! pres5ce ( color+ matt]   
specifically recogniz$ by acts (        
,congress z a con/itu5t is n  requir$ to
 be decl>$ on ! label4      ,,james     
,,wilson1    ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4  
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,janu>y #ah1 #aijg4 
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #eb47    ,,=m ,,( ,,label4 
,! foll[+ is an extract f a lett]       
rec5tly receiv$4      ,we d n und]/& !  
requirem5ts ( ! regulations respect+    
! arrangem5t ( labels2 t is1 ! ord] 9   
:i* ! v>i\s    features ( ! label %\ld  
be arrang$4    ,to meet ! reque/s = !   
op9ion ( ! ,dep>tm5t reg>d+ !  prop]    
arrangem5t ( a label1 ! foll[+ ord] is  
sugge/$3    #a4 ,"n ( sub/ance or       
product4    #b4 ,9 case ( foods1 words  
:i* indicate t ! articles are  comp\nds1
 mixtures1 or bl5ds1 & ! ^w             

8,imitation10 8,comp\nd10  or 8,bl5d10 z
 ! case may be4    #c4 ,/atem5ts        
designat+ ! quantity or proportion ( !  
+r$i5ts  enum]at$ 9 ! law1 or d]ivatives
 & prep>ations ( same1#ec  z m5tion$ "u 
,regulation #bh2 also /atem5ts ( o!r    
extrane\s  sub/ances ^: pres5ce %\ld be 
decl>$1 su* z h>mless color+  matt]1 or 
any necess>y /atem5t reg>d+ grade or    
quality4      #ec ,att5tion is call$ to 
! fact t ! decl>ation ( alcohol    & its
 d]ivatives is n requir$ 9 foods4    7,!
 /atem5ts specifi$ 9 p>agraphs #a1 #b1 &
 #c1 %\ld appe>  toge!r )\t any int]v5+ 
descriptive or explanatory matt]47      
#d4 ,"n ( manufactur] 7if giv574    #e4 
,place ( manufacture 7if giv51 or :5    
requir$ 9 case ( food  mixtures or      
comp\nds be>+ a di/9ctive "n74    ,x is 
/at$ 9 ,regulation #ag t if ! "n ( !    
manufactur] &  place ( manufacture be   
giv5 !y %\ld appe> ^u ! pr9cipal  label4
 ,al?\gh ! law does n require t ! "n ( !
  manufactur] be giv51 or ! place (     
manufacture1 except 9 case (  food      

mixtures & comp\nds hav+ a di/9ctive "n1
 x is held t  if !y are giv5 !y mu/ be  
true1 & %\ld be plac$ ) !  requir$      
in=mation on ! pr9cipal label4 ,!       
arrangem5t ( !  label is ! same = bo?   
food & drug products & an example (  ea*
 is giv54                               
,sample label = food product4           
--------------------------------------  
,"n ( product4                          
,,ket*up4                               
,decl>ation requir$ by                  
,,artificially ,,color$4                
p>agraphs #b & #c4                      
,descriptive matt]1 if desir$1 b        
pref]ably at bottom ( label4            
,"n ( manufactur]1 if                   
,,blank  ,,co41                  giv54  
,place ( manufacture1 if                
,,portl&1 ,,me4                 giv54   
,descriptive matt]1 if desir$4          
--------------------------------------  
,sample label = drug product4           
--------------------------------------  
,"n ( product4                          

,,c\gh ,,syrup4                         
,decl>ations requir$ by     ,,alcohol1  
#aj ,,p]c5t4                            
p>agraphs #b & #c4          ,,morph91   
,,gra9 ,,p]                             
,,ounce4                                
,,*lor(orm1 #dj ,,m9ims                 
,,p] ,,ounce4                           
,descriptive matt]1 if desir$1 b        
pref]ably at bottom ( label4            
,"n ( manufactur]1 if             ,,john
 ,,jones  ,,co41                giv54   
,place ( manufacture1 if                
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4                giv54 
,descriptive matt]1 if desir$4          
--------------------------------------  
,any descriptive or explanatory matt] t 
may appe> on ! pr9cipal  label1 !re=e1  
%\ld be plac$ at ! bottom ( ! label1 or 
betwe5 ,no4 #c & ,no4 #d1 & %\ld be     
cle>ly sep>at$ f o!r  features ( ! label
 by means ( a suitable l9e or space4    
,/atem5ts  reg>d+ ! reason = us+        
alcohol1 artificial color+ matt]1  & o!r
 extrane\s sub/ances1 come "u ! head (  

descriptive  or explanatory matt]1 &    
%\ld n be int]sp]s$ ) !  decl>ations    
requir$ "u ,nos4 #b & #c4    ,!         
in=mation call$ = "u ,no4 #c %\ld be s  
word$ z to give  only ! requir$         
in=mation1 z1 = example1 8alcohol #ag   
p]c5t0  or 8artificially color$40 ,all  
numb]s us$ 9 express+ quantity or       
proportion ( sub/ances requir$ to be    
/at$ 7see ,regulation #bh7  %\ld be     
express$ 9 ! ,arabic notation4    ,ea*  
sub/ance requir$ to be decl>$ "u ,no4 #c
 %\ld be pr9t$ on  a sep>ate l9e & 9    
type specifi$ 9 ,regulation #ag 7c74    
,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (        
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,janu>y #ah1 #aijg4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4   
#ec47    ,,=mula ,,on ,,! ,,label ,,(   
,,drugs4    ,_m inquiries are receiv$   
relative to ! necessity ( giv+ !  =mula 
( m$ic9al rem$ies on ! label4 ,! foll[+ 
is typical3      ,i %\ld l to "k if x w 
be necess>y = me to /ate on a    label !
 "n ( ! products f :i* ,i prep>e my     
propriet>y    m$ic9e 9 ord] to con=m ) !

 pure food & drugs act4 ,if    ,i d ?is1
 x w prohibit me f manufactur+ & sell+ a
    rem$y :i* is a secret ( my own2 &   
anyone buy+ x c\ld1    f ! label1 tell  
:at +r$i5ts 7 us$ 9 its prep>ation    & 
make 8 own supply ( ?is m$ic9e4 ,h[ does
 ! ,unit$    ,/ates ,gov]nm5t expect to 
protect ^? :o h secret m$ic9al          
prep>ations !y wi% to sell at a pr(it8  
,if ! ,pure ,food    ,commission        
desires1 ,i w s5d !m a sample bottle (  
my m$ic9e    = _! inspection & approval4
    ,! food & drugs act1 ,june #cj1     
#aijf1 does n require ! =mula  ( drug   
products to be giv5 on ! label1 b       
requires only t !  quantity or          
proportion ( ! +r$i5ts enum]at$ 9 ! law1
 &  d]ivatives & prep>ation ( same      
7,regulation #bh71 %all be cle>ly  set  
=? on ! label or labels ( all           
prep>ations us$ = !  treatm5t or        
prev5tion ( disease1 ei!r int]nally or  
ext]nally1  = man or o!r animals4 ,?is  
includes sample packages z well z       
regul> trade packages4    ,! "q is also 

frequ5tly ask$ :e!r a m$ic9al prep>ation
  w\ld be exempt f ! op]ation ( ! law if
 ! =mula 7 giv5  on ! label4 ,! =mula on
 ! label is v desirable1 b ?is          
in=mation is n requir$ by ! law4 ,! act 
=bids ! use ( any  /atem5t1 design1 or  
device 9 connection ) any drug product  
:i*  is false or mislead+ 9 any         
p>ticul>4 ,a defect ( ?is k9d w\ld  n be
 correct$ by giv+ ! =mula on ! label4   
,if ! =mula is  giv51 x mu/ be ! correct
 & complete =mula4 ,x is held t1 9      
addition to ^? sub/ances requir$ by !   
act to be nam$1 if only a  "p ( ! active
 m$ic9al ag5ts us$ 9 ! manufacture ( a  
drug  product are set =? on ! label1 su*
 a proc$ure is mislead+ &  !re=e =bidd5 
by ! law4 ,all drug products & _! labels
 mu/  con=m to ! act1 :e!r ! =mula is or
 is n giv5 on ! label4      ,,james     
,,wilson1    ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4  
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,janu>y #bh1 #aijg4 
,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ed-ei4                     
,issu$ ,m>* #bc1 #aijg4    ,,unit$      
,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1   

,,bureau ,,( ,,*emi/ry1    ,h4 ,w4      
,,wiley1 ,,*ief ,,( ,,bureau4    ,,food 
,,inspection ,,decisions #ed-ei4        
#ed4 ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,! ,,quantity    
,,or ,,proportion ,,( ,,alcohol ,,pres5t
    ,,9 ,,drug ,,products4 #ee4 ,,me?od 
,,( ,,/at+ ,,quantity ,,or ,,proportion 
,,(    ,,prep>ations 7,,conta9+ ,,opium1
 ,,morph91 ,,etc47 ,,us$ ,,9            
,,manufactur+    ,,o!r ,,prep>ations4   
#ef4 ,,names ,,to ,,be ,,employ$ ,,9    
,,decl>+ ,,!    ,,am\nt ,,( ,,!         
,,+r$i5ts ,,z ,,requir$ ,,by ,,! ,,law4 
#eg4 ,,physicians'    ,,prescriptions3  
,,! ,,/atus ,,( ,,packages ,,comp\nd$   
,,accord+ ,,to    ,,physicians'         
,,prescriptions ,,& ,,ent]+ ,,into      
,,int]/ate ,,comm]ce4    #eh4 ,,!       
,,label+ ,,( ,,products ,,us$ ,,z ,,food
 ,,& ,,drugs ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,=         
,,te*nical ,,& ,,o!r ,,purposes4 #ei4   
,,national ,,=mul>y ,,app5dix4      7,f4
 ,i4 ,d4 #ed47    ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,!  
,,quantity ,,or ,,proportion ,,(        
,,alcohol ,,pres5t ,,9 ,,drug           

,,products4    ,! "q ( /at+ ! p]c5tage (
 alcohol pres5t 9 drug  products has    
caus$ a multitude ( inquiries4 ,! foll[+
 que/ions  along ?is l9e s]ve z         
examples3      ,is x necess>y to give ! 
am\nt ( alcohol pres5t 9 ,u4 ,s4        
,ph>macopial or ,national ,=mul>y       
products8 ,x seems to me t    su* a     
requirem5t is absurd1 & n contemplat$ )9
 ! _s    ( ! act4 ,none ( !m are pat5t  
m$ic9es4 ,w ,i be compell$ to    tell h[
 mu* alcohol is pres5t 9 su* goods8     
,if we apply = & obta9 a s]ial numb]1   
mu/ we 9 addition to    putt+ ?is numb] 
on our labels /ate ! p]c5t ( alcohol8   
,w x be necess>y to give ! p]c5t (      
alcohol pres5t 9 su*    products z e!r1 
*lor(orm1 collodion1 _s ( nitr\s e!r1   
& simil> prep>ations8    ,! law is      
specific on ! subject ( decl>+ ! am\nt (
  alcohol pres5t 9 m$ic9al ag5ts1 z c   
readily be se5 f !  foll[+ language3    
8,an article %all also be deem$ misbr&$ 
444  if ! package fail to be> a /atem5t 
on ! label ( ! quantity  or proportion (

 any alcohol 444 conta9$ !re94 ,no      
m$ic9al  prep>ations are exempt1 :e!r !y
 are made accord+ to =mul  giv5 9 ! ,u4 
,s4 ,ph>macopia or ,national ,=mul>y or 
=mul tak5  f any o!r s\rce4 ,! s]ial    
numb]1 ) or )\t ! gu>antee  leg5d1 does 
n exempt a prep>ation f ?is requirem5t4 
,! law  does n make any /atem5t z to !  
am\nt ( alcohol t may or may  n be      
employ$4 ,x requires1 h[ev]1 t :atev]   
am\nt be pres5t  %all be set =? on !    
label4 ,! p]c5tage ( alcohol giv5 on !  
label %\ld be ! p]c5tage ( absolute     
alcohol by volume conta9$  9 ! f9i%$    
product4 ,! mann] 9 :i* x %\ld be pr9t$ 
is  %[n 9 ,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #eb4      ,,james 
,,wilson1    ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4  
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,m>* #ac1 #aijg4    
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ee47    ,,me?od ,,( ,,/at+
 ,,quantity ,,or ,,proportion ,,(       
,,prep>ations 7,,conta9+  ,,opium1      
,,morph91 ,,etc47 ,,us$ ,,9             
,,manufactur+ ,,o!r ,,prep>ations4      
,_m inquiries are receiv$ z to ! me?od (
 /at+ ! quantity  or proportion (       

prep>ations 7conta9+ opium1 morph91     
etc47 us$  9 ! manufacture ( o!r        
prep>ations4 ,( ^! ! foll[+ are         
typical3      ,if ! label on ! bottle 7 
to be> ! words 8,t9cture (    ,opium10  
,i reason t z ?is is a def9ite          
prep>ation1 con/itut+    a prep>ation ( 
opium1 & s def9ite z to its composition 
t to any intellig5t p]son x expresses   
def9itely all t    x is desirable to    
express1 ! use ( ?is title alone %\ld be
    suffici5t4 ,i feel t z a prep>ation 
x is di/9ct f opium1    & if ?is        
p>ticul> t9cture is us$ 9 ! manufacture 
( a    prep>ation ! m5tion ( x alone    
%\ld be suffici5t4      ,:]e extract or 
t9cture ( cannabis indica1 or extract ( 
opium1    is employ$ 9 mak+ o!r drug    
products1 w\ld x n be comply+    ) ! law
 if ! use ( su* articles be cle>ly      
indicat$ on !    label z prescrib$ by ! 
law1 or is x necess>y to give ! actual  
am\nts ( ! drugs !mselves repres5t$ by  
^! prep>ations8    ,names ( drug        
products be>+ any ( ! names ( ! +r$i5ts 

enum]at$ 9 ! act are con/ru$ z repres5t+
 8prep>ations0  )9 ! mean+ ( ! act2 & if
 ! same are cle>ly decl>$  ^u ! label z 
requir$ by ,regulations #ag & #cj1 x w n
 be  necess>y to give ! actual am\nt ( !
 prim>y drugs us$ or  repres5t$ by su*  
article4 ,x is desirable1 h[ev]1 t ! ^w 
or words us$ 9 ! law %all con/itute !   
fir/ "p ( ! "n  ( ! product4 ,= example3
 8,opium1 ,t9cture (20 8,cannabis       
,indica1  ,extract (10 foll[$ by ! am\nt
 ( t9cture or extract us$4      ,,james 
,,wilson1    ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4  
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,m>* #ac1 #aijg4    
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ef47    ,,names ,,to ,,be 
,,employ$ ,,9 ,,decl>+ ,,! ,,am\nt ,,(  
,,! ,,+r$i5ts ,,z  ,,requir$ ,,by ,,!   
,,law4    ,_m inquiries are com+ to ?is 
,dep>tm5t relative to ! names  t may be 
employ$ 9 decl>+ ! quantity or          
proportion ( !  +r$i5ts1 z requir$ by   
,congress4    ,! foll[+ are             
repres5tative3      ,! ^w 8alcohol0 has 
receiv$ s mu* unfavorable notoriety dur+
    ! la/ few ye>s t we hesitate to     

place x ^u our labels4    ,c\ld we n    
employ "s o!r words 9 place ( x1 su* z  
8cologne    spirits10 8spirits ( w9e10  
8pure gra9 alcohol10 etc48      ,w\ld x 
be satisfactory = u to use              
8,ph5ylacetamid10 or !    foll[+ =mula1 
,c,h7,,*,,co71 = ! *emical acetanilid8  
,"o ( our prep>ations conta9s           
tri*lore?id5e e?yl alcoholate1    :i*   
w\ld und\bt$ly "u ! law be consid]$ a   
d]ivative (    *loral hydrate4 ,w x be  
satisfactory = u to use ?is "n on    our
 trade packages 9 giv+ ! am\nt ( ?is    
*emical pres5t 9    ! product8      ,9 !
 manufacture ( "s ( our products we use 
opium4 ,x w\ld1    h[ev]1 be a f9ancial 
loss to /ate ?is fact on ! label4 ,c\ld 
we n say ?is prep>ation conta9s #bj     
gra9s ( ! conc5trat$    extract ( !     
,papav] somnif]um to ! fluid ounce8     
,dov]'s p[d] is m5tion$ 9 ! regulations 
z "o ( !    prep>ations ( opium4 ,x w\ld
 seem suffici5t at fir/ glance t        
,dov]'s p[d] z a prep>ation1 if m5tion$ 
on ! label1 w\ld be    all t c\ld be    

requir$ z to opium4    ,"o ( ! objects (
 ! law is to in=m ! consum] ( ! pres5ce 
( c]ta9 drugs 9 m$ic9es1 & ! above t]ms 
d n give !  av]age p]son any idea z to !
 pres5ce or abs5ce ( su* drugs4  ,9     
enum]at+ ! +r$i5ts1 ! quantity or       
proportion ( :i*  is requir$ to be giv5 
^u ! pr9cipal label ( any m$ic9al       
prep>ation 9 :i* su* +r$i5ts may be     
pres5t1 ! act uses  only common names1 &
 ! p]mission to use any b su* common    
names  = any +r$i5ts requir$ to be      
decl>$ ^u ! label is nei!r  express$ nor
 impli$ 9 any "p ( ! law4    ,! t]m us$ 
= acetanilid is 8acetanilid0 & n        
ph5ylacetamid4  ,no ref]5ce is made to !
 use ( ! *emical =mula 9 designat+  !   
pres5ce ( *emicals4 ,! words 8*loral    
hydrate0 appe> 9 !  act1 b n ! *emical  
"n tri*lore?id5e glycol4 ,x c readily   
be se5 t if ! act 7 n closely adh]$ to 9
 ?is connection  !re w\ld soon be su* a 
confusion & multiplicity ( names &      
phrases t "o ( ! objects ( ! act w\ld be
 defeat$4    ,! names to be employ$ 9   

/at+ ! quantity or proportion ( !       
+r$i5ts requir$ by ! act to appe> on !  
label ( all m$ic9al  prep>ations conta9+
 same are--    ,fir/4 ,^? us$ 9 ! law = 
! articles enum]at$2 example1           
8alcohol10 n 8spiritus rectificatus40   
,second4 ,9 ! case ( d]ivatives3 7a7 ,! 
"n ( ! p>5t  sub/ance us$ 9 ! act %\ld  
con/itute "p ( ! "n2 example1  8*loral  
acetone10 n 8tri*lore?id5e dime?yl      
ketone40 7b7 ,!  trade-"n1 accompani$ 9 
p>5!ses by ! "n ( ! p>5t  sub/ance2     
example1 8dion9 7morph9 d]ivative740    
,?ird4 ,names ( prep>ations conta9+ ! "n
 ( "s +r$i5t  us$ 9 ! act4 ,9 su* cases 
! "n us$ 9 ! act %\ld  con/itute ! fir/ 
portion ( ! "n ( ! prep>ation4 7,see ,f4
 ,i4  ,d4 #ee47    ,f\r?4 ,common names 
7su* z laudanum1 ,dov]'s p[d]1 etc47 (  
prep>ations conta9+ an +r$i5t enum]at$ 9
 ! law1 provid$  su* "n or names are    
accompani$ 9 p>5!ses by "s su*  phrase z
 8prep>ation ( opium0 or 8opium         
prep>ation10 foll[$ by  ! numb] ( m9ims 
or gra9s1 z specifi$ 9 ! regulations2 = 

in/ance1 8laudanum 7prep>ation ( opium71
 #dj m9ims p] ounce40      ,,james      
,,wilson1    ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4  
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,m>* #ac1 #aijg4    
7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #eg47    ,,physicians'     
,,prescriptions4    ,,! ,,/atus ,,(     
,,packages ,,comp\nd$ ,,accord+ ,,to    
,,physicians'  ,,prescriptions ,,&      
,,ent]+ ,,into ,,int]/ate ,,comm]ce4    
,packages result+ f ! comp\nd+ (        
physicians' prescriptions  "u ! food &  
drugs act are ! subject ( _m qu]ies1 (  
:i*  ! foll[+ are repres5tative3        
,if a druggi/ comp\nds a physician's    
prescription & s5ds x into    an adjo9+ 
,/ate1 w x be necess>y to /ate ^u !     
label !    am\nt ( alcohol1 morph91     
etc41 t may be pres5t8      ,suppos+ a  
regul>ly lic5s$ practic+ physician has  
pati5ts    locat$ 9 v>i\s ,/ates ( !    
,union & supplies m$ic9es to    !m ?r\gh
 ! mails1 by express1 & o!rwise1 d su*  
packages    come "u ! provisions ( !    
law1 &1 if s1 c ! requir$    in=mation  
be giv5 9 p5 & ink on ! label8      ,we 

treat drug addictions on a v gradual    
tonic treatm5t r$uction    plan4 ,=     
in/ance1 if ,john ,doe writes =         
in=mation z to !    home treatm5t = 8   
addiction1 ,i s5d him a symptom blank   
:i*    conta9s1 among o!r que/ions1 an  
inquiry z to ! k9d ( drug    he uses1 h[
 he uses x1 ! l5g? ( "t he has us$ x1   
etc4 ,9    addition to giv+ me a        
complete hi/ory ( 8 case1 he /ates he   
is us+ #aj gra9s ( sulf4 ( morph9 7ea*  
tw5ty-f\r h\rs71    hypod]mically or    
int]nally1 z ! case may be4 ,9 prescrib+
 9    8 case ,i imm$iately put him on j 
"o-half ( ! am\nt he    reports z 8     
daily all[ance1 comb9+ same ) a bitt]   
tonic4      ,x is necess>y = ! r$uction 
9 drug cases to be made )\t    !        
pati5t's k4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 und]/ood by 
all    physicians t y c n tru/ a drug   
habitu to prop]ly make 8    own         
r$uctions1 =1 z a matt] ( fact1 if he   
knew to :at ext5t    ,i 0 r$uc+ 8 daily 
all[ance ( opiates1 he w\ld imag9e !    
r$uction too rapid1 he w\ld get         

fright5$1 & w\ld take to 8    =m] drug =
 relief4 ,treatm5t prep>$ 9 ?is way ,i d
 n    ?9k w\ld come "u ! head ( a       
propriet>y prep>ation or a    pat5t     
m$ic9e1 z ,i prescribe ! cont5ts ( ea*  
bottle to meet    ! requirem5ts ( ea*   
individual pati5t4 ,all in/ructions z   
to ! conduct ( treatm5t & ! use (       
auxili>y rem$ies are    giv5 by lett]2  
consequ5tly !re are no pr9t$ labels or  
c>tons    conta9+ any claims conc]n+ !  
efficacy ( ?is treatm5t4      ,i w\ld be
 pleas$ to h y in=m me :e!r 9 y\r op9ion
 ,i    w\ld be violat+ ! pure-food law 9
 any mann]1 %ape1 or =m    %\ld ,i      
cont9ue to label my prep>ations z ,i am 
n[ do+1 & 9    hav+ !m prep>$ 9 ---- &  
=w>d$ direct to my pati5ts 9    ?is &   
o!r ,/ates4    ,if a package comp\nd$   
accord+ to a physician's prescription be
  %ipp$1 s5t1 or transport$ f any ,/ate 
or ,t]ritory or !  ,di/rict ( ,columbia 
to ano!r ,/ate or ,t]ritory or !        
,di/rict (  ,columbia by a comp\nd]1    
druggi/1 physician1 or _! ag5ts1 by     

mail1 express1 freight1 or o!rwise1 !   
label ^u su* package is  requir$ to be> 
! in=mation call$ = by ,congress4 ,if1  
h[ev]1  ! pati5t himself1 or a memb] ( 8
 h\sehold1 or ! physician  himself      
c>ries su* package across a ,/ate l9e1 &
 su* package is  n subject to sale1 x is
 held t su* package ne$ n be m>k$  s z  
to con=m ) ! law1 because su* a         
transaction is n  consid]$ "o ( int]/ate
 comm]ce4    ,! package may be m>k$ s z 
to comply ) ! act by ei!r  /amp1 p5 &   
ink1 or typewrit]1 provid$ all su*      
writt5 matt]  is di/9ctly legible & on !
 pr9cipal label1 z prescrib$ 9          
,regulation #ag4      ,,james ,,wilson1 
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 
,d4 ,c41 ,m>* #ac1 #aijg4      7,f4 ,i4 
,d4 #eh47    ,,! ,,label+ ,,( ,,products
 ,,us$ ,,z ,,foods ,,& ,,drugs ,,z      
,,well ,,z ,,=  ,,te*nical ,,& ,,o!r    
,,purposes4    ,frequ5t reque/s =       
in=mation relative to ! prop] label+  ( 
products be>+ ! names ( foods & drugs1 b
 us$ also =  te*nical & o!r purposes1   

are receiv$4 ,! foll[+ are typical3     
,we w k9dly ask y to advise u 9 reg>d to
 ! new law t    gov]ns ! l9e ( oils4 ,we
 manufacture a comp\nd product1         
s-call$ 8turp5t9e10 :i* conta9s pure    
turp5t9e & a v    f9e petroleum product4
 ,x is us$ 9 mo/ bran*es :]e pure       
turp5t9e is us$1 ) ! exception ( m$ic9al
 purposes1 =    :i* we d n sell x4      
,we und]/& t if we 7 to sell any        
cottonse$ oil s br&$    z to indicate t 
x 0 int5d$ to be us$ z a food1 z1 =     
example1 "u ! br& 8,blank ,salad ,oil10 
x w\ld be necess>y    to obs]ve !       
requirem5ts ( ! law ref]r$ to2 b we are 
9    d\bt & w\ld be glad to h y\r op9ion
 z to :e!r a sale or    %ipm5t ( ?is oil
 7= lubricat+ purposes7 "u ! ord9>y     
trade-br& ( cottonse$ oil1 & )\t any?+  
to indicate t    x 0 ( a quality        
suitable = use z a salad oil1 w\ld      
subject u    to ! provisions ( ! act4   
,dur+ p]sonal int]views ! "q ( m>k+     
*emical reag5ts  has also be5 discuss$4 
,products us$ 9 ! arts & = te*nical     

purposes are n subject  to ! food &     
drugs act4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a              
well-recogniz$ fact  t _m articles are  
us$ indiscrim9ately = food1 m$ic9al1 &  
te*nical purposes4 ,x is also well kn[n 
t "s products employ$  = te*nical       
purposes are adult]at$ or misbr&$ )9 !  
mean+  ( ?is act4 ,inasmu* z x is       
impossible to foll[ su* products into   
consumption 9 ord] to det]m9e to :at use
 !y are f9ally put1  x is desirable t an
 article sold "u a "n commonly appli$ to
  su* article = food1 drug1 & te*nical  
purposes be s label$ z  to avoid        
possible mi/akes4 ,! ord9>y "n ( a pure 
& normal  product1 :e!r sold = food1    
drug1 te*nical1 or o!r purposes1  is all
 t is necess>y4 ,pure cottonse$ oil or  
turp5t9e may be  sold )\t any           
re/rictions :atev]1 :e!r su* article is 
sold  = food1 m$ic9al1 or te*nical      
purposes1 b x is sugge/$ t  a cottonse$ 
oil int5d$ = lubricat+ purposes1 or a   
s-call$  turp5t9e consi/+ ( a mixture ( 
turp5t9e & petroleum oils1  us$ by !    

pa9t trade1 be pla9ly m>k$ s z to       
indicate t !y  are n to be employ$ =    
food or m$ic9al purposes4 ,su* phrases z
  ! foll[+ may be us$3 8,n = ,food      
,purposes10 8,n = ,m$ic9al  ,use10 or = 
8,te*nical ,purposes ,only10 or 8,=     
,lubricat+ ,purposes10  etc4    ,9 ord] 
to avoid complication x is sugge/$ t    
*emical reag5ts  sold z su* be m>k$ )   
su* phrases z ! foll[+3 8,=  ,analytical
 ,purposes10 or 8,*emical ,reag5t10 etc4
      ,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (  
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,m>* #ac1 #aijg4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #ei47
    ,,national ,,=mul>y ,,app5dix4    ,!
 ,national ,=mul>y is "o ( ! /&>ds      
recogniz$ "u !  law4 ,! "q has be5 ask$ 
a numb] ( times :e!r ! app5dix  ( ?is   
au?ority w\ld be con/ru$ z "p & p>cel ( 
! book  itself4 ,on page iv ( ! preface 
x is di/9ctly /at$ t !  =mul collect$ 9 
! app5dix ( ! ,national ,=mul>y are 8no 
long] designat$ z #8,n4 ,f4'            
prep>ations40 ,?is %[s t ^!  =mul are n 
integral p>ts ( ! book "u ! law1 :i*    

cov]s  only ^? products ( ! ,national   
,=mul>y recogniz$ z su* by  ?is         
au?ority4 ,by ?is x is und]/ood t if a  
drug product is  sold "u a "n conta9$ 9 
! app5dix ( ! ,national ,=mul>y1  x w n 
be necess>y = su* product ei!r to con=m 
to !  /&>d indicat$ by ! =mula or to    
decl>e ^u ! label its  own /&>d /r5g?1  
quality1 & purity if a diff]5t =mula is 
employ$ 9 its manufacture4 ,su* articles
 are1 h[ev]1 subject to !  law 9 e o!r  
respect1 z is ! case ( o!r m$ic9al      
products  n recogniz$ by ! ,u4 ,s4      
,ph>macopia or ,national ,=mul>y4       
,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (        
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,m>* #ac1 #aijg4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #fj47
    ,,m9or ,,bord] ,,importations4      
,inquiry has frequ5tly be5 made reg>d+ !
 application (  ,regulation #cc 7requir+
 a decl>ation to be atta*$ to ! invoice7
  to foods & drugs br\ght into ! ,unit$ 
,/ates 9 small quantities  by f>m]s liv+
 ne> ! bord]4 ,"o correspond5t says3    
,f>m]s along ! bord] are 9 ! habit (    

occasionally br++    91 9 _! own teams1 
maple sug> 9 small quantities1 also     
butt]    & l articles ( food products ( 
_! own rais+1 & (f]+    ! same = entry  
at ! diff]5t (fices on ! fronti]4444 ,! 
ma9 "q is z to :e!r or n ! affidavits & 
o!r pro(    requir$ by ! pure-food law  
%all be requir$ 9 ^! in/ances (    m9or 
importations ( ?is class ( articles4    
,consid]+ ! nature ( ^! importations x  
is held t ,regulation  #cc does n apply 
to !m & t !y may be import$ )\t !       
decl>ation4 ,su* products are subject to
 inspection1 h[ev]1 & if  f\nd to be 9  
violation ( ! law w be exclud$4         
,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (        
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,m>* #be1 #aijg4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #fa47
    ,,cocoa ,,butt] ,,sub/itutes4    ,a 
manufactur] writes3      ,we use 9 !    
prep>ation ( *ocolate /icks a gu>ante$  
pure    production ( cocoanut oil4 ,may 
?is product be sold m]ely z             
confection]y1 & n z *ocolate /icks8 ,if 
n1 w\ld x be    satisfactory = u to m>k 

! product z 8,*ocolate /icks prep>$    )
 sub/itute butt]08    ,regulation #bb   
prohibits ! sale1 or (f] = sale1 9      
int]/ate or  =eign comm]ce or 9 !       
,di/rict ( ,columbia or 9 any ,t]ritory 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( a food or drug     
product :i* be>s no label  :atev] if    
said product be an imitation ( or (f]$ =
 sale "u  ! "n ( ano!r article4 ,x w\ld 
cle>ly be a violation ( !  law to sell  
an article :i* 0 made 9 imitation (     
*ocolate1 ev5  ?\gh x be sold "u ! g5]al
 "n ( a confection4 ,su* an  article    
%\ld be label$ 9 su* a mann] z to       
correctly repres5t  its true nature4    
,regulation #be 7a7 provides3      ,:5 a
 sub/ance ( a recogniz$ quality commonly
 us$ 9 !    prep>ation ( a food or drug 
product is replac$ by ano!r    sub/ance 
n injuri\s or delet]i\s to heal?1 ! "n (
 !    sub/itut$ sub/ance %all appe> ^u !
 label4    ,x is held t cocoa butt] is !
 only fat t c be us$ 9  *ocolate4 ,!    
decl>ation ( =eign fats m]ely z         
8sub/itute  butt]0 is app>5tly n        

suffici5t2 ! nature ( ! fat employ$     
%\ld be /at$4      ,,james ,,wilson1    
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 
,d4 ,c41 ,m>* #be1 #aijg4      7,f4 ,i4 
,d4 #fb47    ,,gu>anty ,,on ,,import$   
,,products4    ,_m inquiries ( ! foll[+ 
type h be5 receiv$ by !  ,dep>tm5t3     
,we w take x z a favor if y w advise u  
if 7s9ce our goods    are all import$ & 
s mu/ pass ! cu/om-h\se be=e be+ sold7  
! fact ( _! hav+ pass$ ! cu/oms         
au?orities & !    ,dep>tm5t (           
,agriculture exam9ation is n 9 itself a 
gu>anty    t !y con=m ) ! pure-food laws
 z def9$ by ! act (    ,congress approv$
 ,june #cj1 #aijf1 entitl$ 8,an act =   
prev5t+ !    manufacture1 sale1 or      
transportation ( adult]at$ or misbr&$ or
    poison\s or delet]i\s foods1 drugs1 
m$ic9es1 liquors10 etc4    ,! ,dep>tm5t 
makes a sy/ematic inspection ( import$  
foods &  drugs :5 !y arrive at !        
cu/om-h\ses2 & :ile su* inspection  does
 n include an exam9ation ( samples tak5 
f e package (  ! a=esaid articles1 x is 

suffici5t to indicate t ! article  is   
suitable to ent] ! c\ntry & be s5t into 
int]/ate comm]ce  z long z x reta9s its 
id5tity 9 ! unbrok5 package4 ,if import$
  foods & drugs are tak5 f ! orig9al    
packages & repack$1 !y  become subject  
to inspection z if ( dome/ic orig91 & ! 
p]sons  h&l+ & sell+ said articles are n
 immune f prosecution  9 ! ev5t t a     
subsequ5t inspection discloses t all or 
any  portion ( said foods or drugs are  
adult]at$ or misbr&$ accord+  to !      
provisions ( said /atute or !           
regulations made !reund]4    ,only a    
:olesal]1 jobb]1 manufactur]1 or o!r    
p>ty resid+ 9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates c give a 
gu>anty )9 ! mean+ ( said act4 ,a  =eign
 manufactur] or o!r =eign deal] c n give
 ! gu>anty  prescrib$ 9 said law1 nor c 
! ag5t ( su* =eign manufactur]  or deal]
 give said gu>anty unless su* ag5t be a 
resid5t ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates & unless he  
actually sells ! goods cov]$ by !       
gu>anty4    ,! p]son :o owns & sells    
import$ goods c make a gu>anty =  !     

purpose a=esaid1 ?\gh ! goods may be    
%ipp$ directly by !  firm ( :om !       
gu>antor buys !m to ! cu/om] ( !        
gu>antor4      ,,james ,,wilson1        
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 
,d4 ,c41 ,m>* #be1 #aijg4      7,f4 ,i4 
,d4 #fc47    ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,^w         
8,,comp\nd0 ,,9 ,,names ,,( ,,drug      
,,products4    ,_m inquiries are receiv$
 conc]n+ ! use ( ! ^w 8comp\nd0  9 names
 ( drug products4 ,!re seems to be a    
g5]al impression t  ?is ^w c be appli$ z
 a corrective to _m misbr&$ products4   
,! foll[+ extracts s]ve z examples3     
,y h on file our =mula 7active          
ag5ts--croton oil & casc>a71    & we    
w\ld ask if x is possible to call ! same
 8ca/or pill    comp\nd0 & comply ) !   
regulations8      ,?is l9im5t has be5 9 
use = =ty ye>s4 ,! +r$i5ts1 ea*         
sep>ately & collectively1 are sanit>y & 
highly curative4 ,!    "o +r$i5t aft]   
:i* x 0 nam$ happ5s to be pres5t 9    ! 
lea/ proportion4 ,c n ! comp\nd be call$
 by ! "n    8,comp\nd ,sassafras        

,cream08    ,an em95t juri/ writes3     
,i %all be glad to "k ! views ent]ta9$  
by y\r ,dep>tm5t    z to :5 a druggi/   
has satisfi$ ?is act by a label or pr9t$
    matt] :i* he puts on ! package or   
bottle 9 relation to a    comp\nd4      
,take1 = example1 ! product put on !    
m>ket z    ,casc>9 ,comp\nd1 or ,alo9   
,comp\nd4 ,i am impress$ ) ! fact    t  
su* label mu/ h add$ a /atem5t z to :at 
! o!r    +r$i5ts ( ! comp\nd are4 ,?is  
may n mean1 & probably does    n mean1 t
 ! =mula mu/ be giv5 or ! exact         
proportions1    b a pur*as] has ! "r to 
"k :at is 9 ! comp\nd 9    ord] to      
det]m9e = himself1 or to receive prop]  
advice1 z to    :e!r x is safe to be    
us$4    ,9 no case c a prep>ation be    
nam$ aft] an +r$i5t or drug :i*  is n   
pres5t4 ,! ^w 8comp\nd0 %\ld n be us$ 9 
connection  ) a "n :i* 9 itself1 or     
toge!r ) repres5tations &  designs      
accompany+ same1 w\ld be con/ru$ z a =m 
( misbr&+  "u ! act4    ,x is held t if 
a mixture ( drugs is nam$ aft] "o or m b

  n all ( ! active m$ic9al con/itu5ts 7n
 vehicle7 pres5t 9  a prep>ation1 ! ^w  
8comp\nd0 c be us$ 9 connection ) !  "n1
 7a7 provid$ ! active con/itu5t aft] :i*
 ! product  is nam$ is pres5t 9 an am\nt
 at lea/ equal to t ( any o!r  active   
m$ic9al ag5t pres5t4 ,example3 ,if x is 
desir$ ,lo make a  mixture consi/+ ( oil
 ( s&alwood1 balsam copaiba1 & ca/or    
oil1 & call ?is product 8,oil (         
,s&alwood ,comp\nd10 ! oil (  s&alwood  
%\ld con/itute at lea/ #cc p]c5t ( !    
entire  mixture4 ,or 7b7 provid$ ! pot5t
 active con/itu5t aft] :i*  ! product is
 nam$ is pres5t 9 suffici5t am\nt to    
imp>t !  prepond]at+ m$ic9al effect4    
,example3 ,if a product is nam$ aft]  ! 
active con/itu5t1 /ry*n9e1 ! /ry*n9e or 
"o ( its salts  %\ld be pres5t 9        
suffici5t am\nt to produce ! prepond]at+
  m$ic9al effect ( ! prep>ation4 ,or 7c7
 provid$ ! complete  quantitative =mula1
 z outl9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia 
& ,national ,=mul>y1 be giv5 on !       
pr9cipal label4 ,a decl>ation  ( !      

complete quantitative =mula1 h[ev]1 does
 n exempt !  manufactur] or deal] f giv+
 ! in=mation requir$ by ! act  9 ! mann]
 prescrib$ by ! regulations4 ,! ounce   
%all be !  unit4 ,! am\nts ( ! +r$i5ts  
pres5t 7except+ alcohol1 :i*  is to be  
/at$ 9 p]c5t7 %all be giv5 9 gra9s or   
m9ims1 & if  x is desir$ ! metric       
equival5t may be giv5 9 addition4       
,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y (        
,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41    
,m>* #bc1 #aijg4      7,f4 ,i4 ,d4 #fd47
    ,,label+ ,,( ,,s>d9es4    ,_m       
inquiries h be5 made ( ?is ,dep>tm5t    
respect+ ! ext5t  to :i* ! t]m 8s>d9e0 c
 be us$ 9 food products ent]+ into      
=eign or int]/ate comm]ce4 ,! "q ( !    
prop] label+ (  fi% ( ?is k9d 0 submitt$
 by ! ,dep>tm5t to ! ,dep>tm5t  (       
,comm]ce & ,labor1 ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies4  
,aft] review+ !  nom5clature & trade    
practices ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce &      
,labor  rea*$ ! foll[+ conclusion3      
,comm]cially ! "n s>d9e has come to     
signify any small1 cann$1    clupeoid   

fi%2 & ! me?ods ( prep>ation are s v>i\s
 t    x is impossible to e/abli% any    
absolute /&>d ( quality4 ,x    appe>s to
 ?is ,dep>tm5t t ! purposes ( !         
pure-food law    w be c>ri$ out & !     
public fully protect$ if all s>d9es     
be> labels %[+ ! place :]e produc$ & !  
nature ( !    +r$i5ts us$ 9 pres]v+ or  
flavor+ ! fi%4    ,9 h>mony ) ! op9ion (
 ! exp]ts ( ! ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies1  !    
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture holds t ! t]m  
8s>d9e0 may be  appli$ to any small fi% 
describ$ above1 & t ! "n 8s>d9e0  %\ld  
be accompani$ ) ! "n ( ! c\ntry or ,/ate
 9 :i*  ! fi% are tak5 & prep>$1 & ) a  
/atem5t ( ! nature (  ! +r$i5ts us$ 9   
pres]v+ or flavor+ ! fi%4    ,x is held 
t a small fi% ( ! clupeoid family1      
caught ^u or  ne> ! %ores ( & pack$ 9   
oil 9 ,norway1 or smok$ & pack$ 9  oil1 
is prop]ly label$ ) ! phrase 8,norwegian
 ,s>d9es 9 ,oil10  or 8,norwegian ,smok$
 ,s>d9es 9 ,oil10 ! nature ( ! oil be+  
designat$4 ,9 l mann] a small fi% ( !   
clupeoid family caught  ^u or ne> !     

%ores ( & pack$ 9 ,france may be call$  
8,fr5*  ,s>d9es 9 ,oil10 ! nature ( !   
oil be+ specifi$4 ,foll[+ !  same       
practice1 a fi% ( ! clupeoid family     
caught on or ne> !  %ores ( & pack$ 9 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates may be label$ 8,am]ican   
,s>d9es ,pack$ 9 ,oil10 or 8,ma9e       
,s>d9es ,pack$ 9 ,oil10 or be  giv5 "s  
simil> appellation1 ! nature ( ! oil be+
 /at$4 ,x  is sugge/$ t ! "n ( !        
p>ticul> fi% to :i* ! t]m  s>d9e is to  
be appli$ %\ld also be plac$ ^u !       
label--=  example1 8,pil*>d10 8,h]r+10  
etc4      ,,james ,,wilson1    ,secret>y
 ( ,agriculture4    ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 
,m>* #bi1 #aijg4      ,,li/ ,,( ,,food  
,,inspection ,,decisions4    ,f4 ,i4 ,d4
 #a-ci practically conc]n import$ foods 
only & 7 n  issu$ "u ! food & drugs act1
 ,june #cj1 #aijf4                #dj4  
,fil+ ,gu>anty4    ,f4 ,i4 ,d4  #da4    
,approval ( ,labels4              #db4  
,mix+ ,fl\rs4              #dc4         
,relabel+ ( ,goods on ,h&4      ,f4 ,i4 
,d4  #dd4 ,scope & ,purpose ( ,food     

,inspection ,decisions4                 
#de4 ,bl5d$ ,:iskies4                   
#df4 ,fictiti\s ,firm ,names2 also ,f4  
,i4 ,d4 #df1 z am5d$4    ,f4 ,i4 ,d4    
#dg4 ,flavor+ ,extracts4                
#dh4 ,sub/ances ,us$ 9 ! ,prep>ation (  
,foods4                #di4 ,"t ,requir$
 to ,rea* ,decisions on ,diff]5t        
,problems                  ,connect$ ) !
 ,food & ,drugs ,act1 ,june #cj1 #aijf4 
#ej4 ,imitation ,c(fee4    ,f4 ,i4 ,d4  
#ea4 ,color+ ( ,butt] & ,*eese4         
#eb4 ,=m ( ,label4              #ec4    
,=mula on ! ,label ( ,drugs4            
#ed4 ,decl>ation ( ! ,quantity or       
,proportion ( ,alcohol                  
,pres5t 9 ,drug ,products4              
#ee4 ,me?od ( ,/at+ ,quantity or        
,proportion (                           
,prep>ations 7,conta9+ ,opium1 ,morph91 
etc47 ,us$ 9                            
,manufactur+ ,o!r ,prep>ations4         
#ef4 ,names to be ,employ$ 9 ,decl>+ !  
,am\nt ( !                  ,+r$i5ts z  
,requir$ by ! ,law4    ,f4 ,i4 ,d4  #eg4

 ,physicians' ,prescriptions3 ,! ,/atus 
( ,packages                  ,comp\nd$  
,accord+ to ,physicians' ,prescriptions 
&                  ,ent]+ into ,int]/ate
 ,comm]ce4              #eh4 ,! ,label+ 
( ,products ,us$ z ,food & ,drugs z well
                  z = ,te*nical & ,o!r  
,purposes4              #ei4 ,national  
,=mul>y ,app5dix4                #fj4   
,m9or ,bord] ,importations4             
#fa4 ,cocoa ,butt] ,sub/itutes4    ,f4  
,i4 ,d4  #fb4 ,gu>anty on ,import$      
,products4              #fc4 ,use ( !   
,^w 8,comp\nd0 9 ,names ( ,drug         
,products4              #fd4 ,label+ (  
,s>d9es4          ,,index4        ,a4   
,acid 9 fruits1 #cfi    ,acorn1 #dac    
oil1 #cif    ,adult]ation1 frequ5cy1 #eg
    ,a]at+ ag5ts1 #bea    ,alcohol1 9   
confection]y1 #dhe      indu/rial1 #big1
 #dha    ,alewife1 #aba    ,allspice1   
#cbb    ,almond oil1 #cif    ,almonds1  
#dad    ,alum residues1 "*1 #bec        
,amido bodies1 #hi    ,an*ovy1 #abb     
,animals1 prep>ation z food1 #ab        

,anise1 #cbc    ,anona1 #cdc            
pres]ves1 #cdd    ,app5dix ,a1 food     
/&>ds1 #eja        fill$ *eese1 #eag    
,b1 regulations1 food & drugs act1 #ebb 
food & drugs act1 #ecc      ,c1 meat    
inspection regulations1 #ech        meat
 inspection law1 #eef      ,d1 food     
inspection decisions1 #efb              
,applebutt]1 #che    ,apples1 #ccj      
acidity1 #ccj      adult]ations1 #ccj   
composition1 #cca1 #ccb      dietetic   
value1 #ccb      dri$1 #cce             
evaporat$1 #cce      l5g? ( h>ve/1 #ccc 
pectose cont5t1 #ccc      pick+ & c>e1  
#ccc      prep>ation = dry+1 #ccd       
/orage1 #ccd      tann9 cont5t1 #ccd    
v>ieties1 #ccj    ,arr[root1 #cag       
,b]muda1 #cah      ,madagasc>1 #cai     
,s\? ,african1 #cbj    ,arti*oke1 #bgd  
composition1 #bgd      ,j]usalem1 #bhc  
,a%1 #i      ( tropical fruits1 #cfh    
,asp>agus1 #bge    ,atrop91 #ddh        
,avocado1 #cdd      ,b4    ,bacon1      
cann$1 #dh      composition ( cann$1    
#dh1 #di    ,bak+ p[d]s1 #bea      alum1

 #beb      cream ( t>t>1 #beb           
phosphate1 #beb      residues1 #bec     
,bananas1 #cde      composition1 #cdg   
,b>ley1 #bag      acreage & yield1 #bag 
composition1 #bag      prote91 #bah     
/>*1 #bah    ,bay leaf1 #cbc    ,bean1  
#bge      butt]1 #bgf      gre51 #bgf   
kidney1 #bgf      ,lima1 #bgf      /r+1 
#bgf    ,beans1 adult]ation ( cann$1    
#cjh      cann$1 #cjg1 #cab             
composition ( cann$1 #cjg    ,be*i te/1 
#ff    ,bee*nuts1 #dae    ,beef1        
adult]ation ( pott$1 #eb      comm]cial 
cuts1 #ag      composition ( cann+1 #dc 
pott$1 #ec      extract1 #gi            
names1 #hj        nitrog5\s bodies1 #gi 
nutritive prop]ties1 #hj      fat       
cry/als1 #fg      juice1 #ha            
composition1 #ha        pres]vatives1   
#ha        trade-names1 #hb      pott$1 
#eb      tea1 #hd        composition1   
#he    ,beef/eak1 #ba    ,bees1 sw>m+1  
#dhh    ,beet sug>1 #def      hi/orical1
 #deg      manufacture1 #dfa-dfd        
,beets1 #bgg    ,b]k%ire pig1 analytical

 data1 #bi1 #cj      p]c5tages ( p>ts1  
#ca1 #cb    ,biscuits1 composition1 #beh
    ,black bass1 #abb    ,black /rap1   
#dha    ,blackb]ries1 #cdb    ,blood1   
prep>ations1 #hc    ,bluefi%1 #abb      
,bondon *eese1 #bjh    ,bonnyclabb]1    
#aha    ,br&i$ fruit1 #che              
,brazil-nut1 #dae    ,bread1 #bdi       
comp>ative nutritive prop]ties1 #bef    
composition1 #bed1 #bee      quantity ( 
a%1 #bef        ( sug>1 #bef            
typical1 #bee      v>ieties1 #bdi       
,breakfa/ foods1 #bfg                   
classification1 #bfh      composition1  
#bfh      value1 #bga    ,brie1         
manufacture1 #bjg    ,brook tr\t1 #adi  
,br[n grease1 #ga    ,brussels spr\ts1  
#bgh    ,buck:eat1 #bai      acreage1   
#bai      adult]ations1 #bba      cakes1
 #bbj      composition1 #bai      mill+1
 #bai      />*1 #bba    ,but*]'s l>d1   
#gj    ,butt]1 #ahb-ahg      adult]at$1 
#ahf      affect$ by food1 #ahf         
color+1 #ahe      melt+ po9t1 #ahf      
r5ovat$1 #ahf      salt+1 #ahc          

/&>d1 #ahf      treatm5t1 #ahb          
,butt]milk1 #aha    ,butt]nut1 #daf     
,c4    ,cabbage1 #bgh    ,cacao butt]1  
#daj      composition1 #aha    ,ca9ito1 
#cff    ,cakes1 #bfe      adult]ation1  
#bff      composition1 #bff             
,calories1 #i    ,camemb]t1 manufacture1
 #bjf    ,c&y1 food value1 #dhc    ,cane
 sirup1 #dge        composition1 #dgf   
geographical di/ribution1 #dge          
sug>1 manufacture1 #dfe1 #dff    ,canna 
edulis1 #cah    ,cann$ corn1            
adult]ation1 #bbh      s\r+ & swell+1   
#cab    ,cann+ indu/ries1 importance1   
#chf-chh    ,cann+ liquid1 composition1 
#dg      pr9ciples1 #cjf      )\t       
p>boil+1 #dg    ,cans1 "*1 #caa         
,cantal\pe1 #bhd    ,cap]s1 #cbc        
,capons1 #ajc    ,c>away1 #cbc          
,c>casses1 prep>ation (1 #ad    ,c>p1   
#abc    ,c>rot1 #bgi    ,case91         
prep>ations1 #bae    ,ca%ew1 #cdh       
,cassia1 #cbc      buds1 #cbc           
,catfi%1 #abc    ,caulifl[]1 #bgi       
,cavi>1 #ade    ,cel]y1 #bhj      se$1  

#cbc    ,cepe1 #dde    ,ceylon oil1 #daa
    ,*$d> *eese1 manufacture1 #bjd      
,*eese1 #aij-baf      adult]ation &     
misbr&+1 #aib      ,am]ican1 #aig       
artificial color+1 #aib      bact]ial   
activity1 #baa      ,*$d>1 #bjc         
*emical *anges dur+ rip5+1 #bab-bad     
,*e%ire1 #bjc      comp>ative           
composition1 #aii      cottage1 #aie    
cream1 #bja      cur+1 #bjj             
dige/ibility1 #bad      effect ( cold   
/orage1 #bae      fill$1 #aid      ,fr5*
 v>ieties1 #bjf      goats' milk1 #aib  
hi/orical1 #aij      k9ds1 #aia         
manufacture1 #aif1 #aig      ( =eign    
types1 #bja      pres]vatives1 #aid     
pr9cipal ,engli% k9ds1 #bjc      quality
 ( ,am]ican1 #bjj      raw mat]ials1    
#aid      sage1 #bjc      salt+1 #aii   
,/ilton1 #bjc    ,*emical leav5+ ag5ts1 
#bed      pres]vatives1 pres]vation1 #cg
      t]ms1 explanation1 #h    ,*]ries1 
#ccf      cann$1 #cgj      m>as*9o1 #cga
      v>ieties1 #ccg    ,*ick51 #ie     
adult]ation1 #ajc        ( pott$1 #ajb  

composition ( :ite meat1 #aja    ,*ick51
 pres]v$1 #ajb    ,*ick5s1 artificial   
fe$+1 #ii      drawn & undrawn1 #ajj    
fre% kill$1 #ii      prep>ation = food1 
#if      prep>+ = m>ket1 #ii    ,*icks1 
influ5ce ( temp]ature1 #ig      m>ket1  
#ih    ,*icory1 #bhj      roa/$1 #bhj   
,*9ese nut1 #dag    ,*e/nut1 #daf       
composition1 #dag    ,c9namon1 #cbc     
,citrus fruits1 #cdh    ,clams1 #aec    
cann$1 #aef      *[d]1 #gi      s\p1 #gi
    ,cloves1 #cbc    ,coconut butt]1    
#daa      oil1 #daa    ,cod1            
composition1 #abe      common1 #abd     
liv] oil1 adult]ation1 #aff      salt$ &
 dri$1 #abe    ,codfi%1 #abd      balls1
 #abf    ,cold /orage1 effect on meats1 
#ce    ,color+1 artificial1 #chj        
matt]1 #ee        indirect1 #ee         
,colza oil1 #djg    ,comb honey1 #dhi   
,condim5tal sub/ance1 cur+1 #ce1 #cf    
,condim5ts1 #cbb    ,confection]y1 #dhb 
alcohol =bidd51 #dhf      manufacture1  
#dhb      mat]ials1 #dhb      m9]al     
colors1 #dhe      :olesom5ess1 #dhd     

,confections1 adult]ation1 #dhc         
,cong] eel1 #abg    ,consum]1 rights (1 
#ad    ,cook+1 #c    ,copp]1 9 peas1    
#cac      te/s1 #cad    ,copra oil1 #daa
    ,cori&]1 #cbd    ,corn bread1 #bcb  
cann$1 #bbg      meal1 #bcj             
adult]ation1 #bcb      pudd+1 #beg      
,cottonse$ oil1 #cig      ,be*i te/1 #ff
      extraction ) petroleum1 #dja      
,halph5 te/1 #fe      magnitude (       
indu/ry1 #cig      manufacture1 #cig1   
#cih      ref9+1 #cii1 #djj    ,crabs1  
#aee    ,crabs1 cann$1 #aef    ,cramm+  
ma*9e1 #aaa    ,cranb]ry1 #bha          
,crawfi%1 #aef    ,cream1 #age          
/&>ds1 #agf    ,creat91 #ij    ,cress1  
#bha    ,cucumb]1 #bha    ,curd1 cutt+1 
#aih      =m+1 #aig      ga!r+1 #aii    
heat+1 #aih      mill+1 #aii            
sep>at+1 #aii    ,cur$ meats1 cann$1 #ei
    ,cum9 se$1 #cbd    ,cuts ( beef1 #ae
      ,d4    ,devil$ meats1 pott$1 #eb  
,dewb]ry1 #cdb    ,dill1 #cbd    ,dri$  
meats1 #he    ,duck1 #ajd               
composition1 #ajh      v>ieties1 #aje   

,aylesbury1 #aje        ,cayuga1 #aje   
cre/$ :ite1 #aje        ,ea/ ,indian1   
#aje        gray1 #aje        ,pek91    
#aje        ,rov]1 #aje        :ite     
call1 #aje        :ite ,muscovy1 #aje   
,e4    ,edam *eese1 #baj    ,edible     
oils1 uses1 #cie      p>ts1 names1 #ae  
,eels1 #abf    ,egg plant1 #bhb         
sub/itutes1 #aae    ,eggs1 #aab         
brok51 #aae      cold /orage1 #aad      
composition1 #aac      dri$1 #aae       
p>asites1 #aaf      poison\s pr9ciples1 
#aaf      pres]vation1 #aac    ,emm5?al]
 *eese1 manufacture1 #bjg    ,entire    
:eat fl\r1 #bdd    ,enzyme action1      
effect ( l[ temp]ature1 #bc    ,e!r     
extract1 #i      ,f4    ,fat1           
id5tification ( meats1 #be    ,fat      
products1 in$ible1 #gj      te/ =       
adult]ation1 #ea    ,f5nel1 #cbd        
,f]m5ts1 spontane\s1 #bej    ,fib]1 #i  
,figs1 #cdi      caprification1 #cej    
composition1 #cdi      ,smyrna1 #cdi    
,filb]ts1 #dah    ,fi%1 av]age          
composition1 #aea      cann+1 #aeb      

classification1 #aag1 #aah        by    
composition1 #abj1 #aba      cold       
/orage1 #aea      dry+ & salt+1 #aeb    
edible portion1 #aai      eggs1         
composition1 #adf      food value1 #aec 
m>ket+1 #aea      oils1 #afe            
pr9cipal con/itu5ts1 #aai      products1
 adult]ation1 #aeb    ,flavor+ extracts1
 #cbf    ,flavors1 artificial1 #chj     
,fle%1 edible1 #aa    ,fl\nd]1 summ]1   
#abg    ,fl\r1 #bdb      adult]ations1  
#bdg      age1 #bdh      blea*+1 #bdg   
comm]cial value1 #bdd      composition1 
#bde      special names1 #bdc           
/&>ds1 #bdh      sub/itutes1 #bdh       
v>ieties1 #bdb    ,fluorids 9 fi%1 #aea 
,foods1 classification1 #b1 #g          
composition1 #f      condim5tal1 #h     
social functions1 #e    ,f[ls1          
slaught]+1 #aaa    ,fre% meat1          
adult]ation ( cann$1 #eg      deliv]y to
 consum]s1 #ba      pres]vation1 #bc    
,fruit1 br&i$1 #che      butt]1 #che    
def9ition1 #cbf      selection1 #cge    
sirups1 #cgc        adult]ation1 #cgd   

composition1 #cgc        imitation1 #cgd
    ,fruits1 acid cont5t1 #cfi          
adult]ation ( cann$1 #cgb      cann$1   
#cgj      *>act]i/ics1 #cbg             
composition ( a%1 #cgf      cry/alliz$1 
#dhc      nutritive uses1 #cbh      sug>
 cont5t1 #cfi    ,fungi1 food value1    
#ded      ,g4    ,g>lic1 #bhb    ,geese1
 fe$+1 #ajf    ,gelat9e1 #ij            
adult]ation1 #ia      prep>ation1 #ij   
raw mat]ials1 #ij1 #ia    ,g]vais *eese1
 #bjh    ,g+]1 #cbd    ,glucose1 #dgi   
h>mful con/itu5ts1 #dhe      us$ 9      
honey1 #dic    ,glut51 #bda      fl\r1  
#bdd      sep>ation1 #bde      te/+1    
#bdf1 #bdg    ,goggle-eye1 #ace         
,goose1 #aje      composition1 #ajh     
v>ieties1 #ajf    ,gooseb]ry1 #cdb      
,gorgonzola *eese1 #baa    ,g\rds1 #bhb 
,grape fruit1 #cea      composition1    
#cea    ,grapes1 #ccg      composition1 
#cch    ,grayl+s1 #abh    ,graham fl\r1 
#bdc    ,gre5 turtle1 #aeg      s\p1 #gi
    ,gruyre *eese1 #baj    ,guava1 #ceb 
composition1 #ceb      pres]ves1 #ceb   

,h4    ,halibut1 #abh    ,ham & bacon1  
adult]ation ( cann$1 #ej      cann$1 #dh
      composition ( cann$1 #dh    ,hake1
 #abh    ,halph5 te/1 #fe    ,hazelnut1 
#dai      oil1 #dja    ,h]r+1 #abi      
,hicaco1 #ceb    ,hickory-nut1 #dai     
,hogfi%1 #acj    ,honey1 adult]ation1   
#dic      a%1 #dib      cane sug>       
adult]ant1 #did      comb1 #dhi         
dextrose & levulose1 #dib               
di/ribution ( indu/ry1 #dhi             
extract$1 #dij      glucose1 #dic       
hi/orical1 #dhf      hives1 #dhh        
inv]t sug> cont5t1 #did                 
pol>ization1 #dia      prep>ation1 #dhg 
,honey1 prop]ties1 #dia      /ra9$1 #dia
      sucrose cont5t1 #dib      wat]    
cont5t1 #dia    ,horse mack]el1 #acj    
meat1 cann$1 #eg        composition1 #eh
        detection1 #eh    ,horse-radi%1 
#bhc    ,huckleb]ry1 #cdb      ,i4      
,incubator1 #if1 #ig    ,indian corn1   
#bbb      acreage & yield1 #bbb         
adult]ation ( cann$1 #caj      cann$1   
#cjh      comp>ative dige/ibility1 #beg 

composition ( cann$1 #cji      ext5t (  
cann+ indu/ry1 #cji      />*1 #bbi      
v>ieties1 #bbc    ,infants' foods1 #dig 
composition1 #dii1 #ejj      solid1 #dih
    ,inspection1 #ac    ,inte/9es (     
hogs1 disposition1 #fi    ,introduction1
 #a    ,invalids' foods1 #dig1 #dih     
,j4    ,jams1 #cge1 #cgf                
adult]ation1 #cgh1 #cgi                 
composition1 #cgg1 #cgh      comp\nd1   
#chc    ,jellies1 #cge1 #cgi            
adult]ation1 #chj      color+1 #chj     
composition1 #chj1 #cha      comp\nd1   
#chc      manufacture1 #cha             
pres]vatives1 #chb    ,j]usalem         
arti*oke1 #bhc      ,k4    ,kale1 #bhc  
,k$zie1 f>9omet]1 #bdf    ,kephir1 #agi 
,ket*up1 colors1 #cag      refuse       
mat]ial1 #cag      tomato1 #caf         
,kettle-r5d]$ l>d1 #fh    ,kidney bean1 
#bgf    ,k\miss1 #agi    ,kumquat1 #cec 
,l4    ,lake h]r+1 #acj    ,lamb *ops1  
#bb    ,lamb1 comm]cial cuts1 #ai       
,l>d1 #fc      adult]ation1 #fe         
*emical prop]ties1 #ge      color       

reaction1 #gc      comm]cial            
classification1 #fh      composition1   
#fd      cry/als1 #fg      detection (  
adult]ations1 #fe      leaf1 #fd        
melt+ po9t1 #gc      names ( k9ds1 #fd  
oil1 #id        adult]ation1 #id        
prop]ties1 #id      p>ts ( fat us$ =    
mak+1 #fc      physical prop]ties1 #gc  
prop]ties1 #ge        ( adult]at$1 #gf  
r5d]+1 #ga1 #gb      rise ( temp]ature1 
#gc1 #gd      /eam1 #fd      /e>91 #ga  
summ>y1 #gf1 #gg    ,leaf l>d1 #fh      
,leek1 #bhd    ,lemons1 #cec    ,le?al  
dose1 #ci1 #dj    ,lettuce1 #bhd        
,limburg] *eese1 #bjh      composition1 
#bji    ,lime1 #ced      juice1         
adult]ation1 #ced    ,loaves1 size1 #bei
      texture1 #bei    ,lob/]1 #aee     
cann$1 #aef      ,m4    ,mac>oni1 #bfj  
composition1 #bfj1 #bfc      dome/ic1   
#bfj      manufacture1 #bfc    ,mace1   
#cbd    ,mack]el1 #aca    ,maize1 #bbb1 
#bbc      composition1 #bbc      e>ly   
v>ieties1 #bbg      fl\r1 #bcj1 #bca    
prote9s1 #bbg      v>iation1 #bbg       

,mamey ,colorado1 #ced      de ,santo   
,dom+o1 #cee    ,mango1 #cef    ,maple  
sirup1 #dgb        a%1 #dgc             
composition1 #dgc      sug>1 #dfg1 #dfi 
,m>anon1 #cdh    ,m>joram1 #cbe         
,m>malade1 #chb    ,meat bro?1          
composition ( a%1 #hf    ,meat1 *emical 
detection1 #bd      composition ( fre% &
 cann$1 #df      detection ( diff]5t    
k9ds1 #bd      disposition ( fragm5ts1  
#bc      dri$1 #be      extract1 active 
pr9ciples1 #hf        adult]ation1 #hf  
k9ds ( prep>ations1 #hh1 #hi            
nitrog5\s bases1 #hh        relation (  
price & nutritive value1 #hg      food  
classification1 #ab      indu/ry1       
magnitude1 #fa      juice1 composition (
 a%1 #hf      microscopic appe>ance1 #bd
      odor & ta/e1 #bd      prep>ation =
 cann+1 #dj-da    ,meats1 #aa           
adult]ations ( comm9ut$1 #ed            
devil$1 #ed        miscellane\s1 #ed    
mix$1 #ed        pott$1 #ed      effects
 ( cold /orage1 #ce      me?ods (       
pres]vation1 #cd1 #ce      pickl$1 #bf  

pott$1 #ea      summ>y ( data1 #ib1 #ic 
,melons1 #bhd      composition1 #bhe1   
#bhf    ,m5had51 #acb    ,milk1 #afi    
av]age composition1 #afi        cont5t (
 fat1 #agd      c]tifi$1 #aga      "* ( 
environm5t1 #agj      comp>ative        
composition1 #age      curd te/1 #agf   
pa/euriz$1 #agc      prep>ation1 #aga   
,m9ce meat1 #did      adult]ation1 #die 
press$1 #die    ,mix$ fl\r1 #bdd        
,mock turtle s\p1 #gi    ,modifi$ milk1 
composition1 #dig    ,molasses1 #dgg    
cane1 #dgh      fir/1 second1 & ?ird1   
#dgh      ref9]y1 #dgi      sug>-h\se1  
#dgi    ,mulb]ry1 #cdc    ,mullet1 #acb 
,musc>9e1 #ddg    ,mu%room1 cepe1 #dde  
common1 #ddj      fairy r+1 #ddc        
fly amanita1 #ddf      horse1 #dda      
poison+1 #ddh        treatm5t1 #ddh     
%aggy1 #ddb1 #ddc    ,mu%rooms1         
adult]ation1 #ddi      cann$1 #ddi      
composition1 #dcb      condition ( gr[?1
 #dca      cultivation 9 ,france1 #dca  
edible types1 #ddj      food value1 #ded
      hi/orical1 #dbi      mycelium1    

#dcj      pieces & /ems1 #ddi           
poison\s & edible1 #dcc1 #dcd           
removal ( poison1 #ddh      signs (     
edible & poison\s1 #dce-dci      soil1  
#dcj      spawn1 #dcj      spores1 #dcj 
v>ieties1 #ddj    ,muskallunge1 #acc    
,muskmelon1 #bhd    ,mussel1 #aeh       
,mu/>d1 #cbe    ,mutton1 comm]cial cuts1
 #ai      ,n4    ,napoleon1 decree      
relat+ to beet sug>1 #deg    ,neat's    
foot oil1 #id    ,neutral l>d1 #fh      
,nitrog5\s bases1 #hh    ,noodles1 #bgj 
,normal dose1 #ci1 #dj    ,nutmeg1 #cbe 
,nuts z a diet1 #dbh      ,o4    ,oats1 
#bcb      acreage & yield1 #bcc         
composition1 #bcd      products1 #bcd   
prote91 #bcd      ratio ( k]nel to hull1
 #bcc      />*1 #bcf    ,oatmeal1       
adult]ation1 #bce    ,oil1 cod liv]1    
#aff      salmon1 #aff      s>d9e1 #aff 
,oils & fats1 *emical *>act]i/ics1 #chi1
 #cij        cry/all9e *>act]i/ics1 #cia
        melt+ po9t1 #cib        physical
 *>act]i/ics1 #cib        refractive    
index1 #cib        ,rei*]t-,meissl      

numb]1 #cic        saponification value1
 #cic        specific gravity1 #cic     
vegetable1 #chi      animal1 #afe       
di/ribution1 #cia      dry+1 #cia       
t]re/rial animal1 #ic    ,okra1 #bhf    
,oleom>g>9e1 #ahg      adult]ation1 #ahi
      composition1 #aij    ,oleom>g>9e1 
manufacture1 #ahi      mat]ials1 #ahh   
production1 #aij    ,olive k]nel oil1   
#dje    ,olive oil1 #djb                
adult]ation1 #djb1 #djc      color1 #djc
      con/itu5ts1 #djd      manufacture1
 #dje    ,onion1 #bhf    ,oranges1 #ceg1
 #ceh      se$less1 #cei    ,oy/]1 age1 
#aei      cultivation1 #aei      float+1
 #afb1 #afc      liv+1 #afj             
proportion ( %ell1 #afa      season1    
#afj      size1 #aei      s\p1 #gh      
,oy/]s1 #aeh-afa      adult]ation1 #afd 
av]age composition1 #afd      ,p4       
,palm oil1 #dab    ,paprika1 #cbe       
,p>boil+1 #da      effect1 #dc-de       
,p>mesan *eese1 #baj    ,p>snips1 #bhg  
,pts1 composition1 #ed    ,pea*         
pres]ves1 #che    ,pea*es1 #cci         

cann$1 #cga      cl+1 #cda              
composition1 #cda      free1 #cda       
use1 #cda      v>ieties1 #cdj           
,peanolia1 #dba    ,peanut butt]1 #dab  
oil1 #djf        ,r5>d's te/1 #djf      
/>*1 #cbb    ,peanuts1 #dbj             
localities :]e gr[n1 #dbb    ,peas1 #bhg
      adult]ation ( cann$1 #cac         
cann$1 #cab      composition ( cann$1   
#cac    ,pecan-nut1 #dbd    ,pectose1   
#ccj    ,pepp]1 #cbe      black1 #cbe   
cay5ne1 #cbe      r$1 #cbe      :ite1   
#cbe    ,p]manganate ( pota%1 #ddh      
,pick]el1 #acb    ,pieces ( edible      
animals1 names1 #ag    ,pie fill]s1 #dif
    ,pie fill]s1 adult]ation1 #dif      
,pigeon1 dome/icat$1 #ajg    ,pigs1     
composition1 #bf1 #bg        g5]al      
conclusions1 #cc      weight ( p>ts1 #bf
    ,pig's-foot grease1 #ga    ,pike1   
#acb    ,p9eapple1 #cfj                 
adult]ation1 #cfa      ,bahama1 #cfc    
cann$1 #cfb      composition1 #cfc1 #cfd
      ,florida1 #cfd      ,porto ,rican1
 #cfd      ,s+apore1 #cfe    ,p9e-nuts1 

#dbd    ,pi/a*io1 #dbf    ,planta9 meal1
 #cai    ,plums1 #cda      v>ieties1    
#cdb    ,pomelo1 #cea    ,pompano1 #acd 
,pont ,l',evque *eese1 #bjh    ,popcorn1
 #bbe1 #bbg    ,pork1 comm]cial cuts1   
#ai1 #bj      important meat product1   
#cc    ,port du ,salut *eese1 #bjg      
,port]h\se /eak1 #af    ,p\ltry1        
application ( "n1 #ie      cann$1 #ef   
cold /orage1 #ajj      =c$ fatt5+1 #aji 
importance ( animal food1 #ajh          
increase 9 weight1 #aaj    ,potato />* z
 food1 #cbb      manufacture1 #bif      
,potatoes1 #bhh      acreage1 #bhi      
a%1 #bid      composition1 #bij1 #bib1  
#bic      effect ( manure1 #bie      =  
alcohol1 #bif      ,g]man1 #bic         
price1 #bhi      />*1 #bia      sug>    
cont5t1 #bij      sweet1 #bii      us$ 9
 _s manufacture1 #big      :ite1 #bid   
yield1 #bhi    ,pott$ tongue1 #ef       
adult]ation1 #ef    ,pres]vatives 9     
meats1 #ee      k9ds us$1 #cg           
,pres]v$ meats1 #cd      /&>d1 #eg      
,pres]ves1 #cge1 #chd    ,puff-balls1   

#ddd      ,q4    ,qu9ce1 #cdb      ,r4  
,radi%1 #bih    ,rape oil1 #djg         
adult]ations1 #djh      manufacture1    
#djh    ,raspb]ry1 #cdc    ,ration1     
balanc$1 #e      def9ition1 #d          
,r$eye1 #ace    ,r$ snapp]1 #acd        
,reptiles1 aquatic1 #aeg    ,rhub>b1    
#bii    ,rice1 #bcf      acreage &      
yield1 #bcf      />*1 #bcf    ,roa/     
beef1 #ba      lamb1 #bb    ,rock bass1 
#ace    ,rolls1 #bfd      composition1  
#bfe    ,roma9e lettuce1 #bhd           
,roque=t *eese1 #baa    ,rye1 #bcg      
acreage & yield1 #bcg      bread1 #bci  
composition1 #bch      fl\r1            
adult]ation1 #bci      prote91 #bch     
,s4    ,sac*>91 9 cann$ corn1 #caa      
9 tomatoes1 #cad1 #caf    ,saffron1 #cbf
    ,sage1 #cbf    ,sago1 #cbj          
,salmon1 #ace-ach      ,atlantic coa/1  
#acg      blueback1 #acg      cann$1    
#acg      ,*9ook1 #acf      ,pacific1   
#acf      ,sebago1 #ach      sockeye1   
#acg    ,salt ris+1 #bea    ,samples1   
prep>ation = analysis1 #bh              

,sapodilla1 #cfe    ,sapota1 #cfe       
,s>d9es1 #aci      adult]ation1 #adj1   
#ada      ,cali=nia1 #aci               
,european1 #aci      ,fr5* fi%]ies1 #adj
      pack$ 9 oil1 #adj    ,sausage1    
adult]ation ( cann$1 #fj      cann$1 #ei
        composition1 #ei    ,savory1    
#cbf    ,scup1 #ada    ,scupp]nong grape
 v9e1 #ccg    ,semol9a1 #bfc    ,sesam  
oil1 #djh      adult]ation1 #dji        
,baud\9's te/1 #dji      plant1 #dji    
,%ad1 #ada      roe1 #adc               
composition1 #adc    ,%eep%ead1 #adc    
,%rimps1 #aef      cann$1 #aeg          
,sirup1 cane1 #dge      maple1 #dgb     
sorghum1 #dgf    ,sirups1 adult]ation1  
#dhj      g5]al obs]vations1 #dha       
mix$1 #dgi    ,skimm$ milk1 #agf        
,small quantities1 argum5t1 #ch1 #ci    
,smelt1 #add    ,sole1 #adf    ,soluble 
meats1 #hb1 #hc      composition1 #hc   
,sorghum sirup1 #dgf    ,s\ps1 #gg      
composition1 #gh      prep>ation ( /ock1
 #gg    ,s\r-sop1 #cdc    ,spaghetti1   
#bgj    ,spani% mack]el1 #add    ,squa%1

 #bii    ,/>-apple1 #cff    ,/>*1 #i    
9 sausages1 #ee    ,/>*es1 adult]ation1 
#cbb      z foods1 #cag    ,/eam l>d1   
#fh    ,/]ilization1 #db    ,/]iliz+    
meats1 g5]al obs]vations1 #fb    ,/ilton
 *eese1 manufacture1 #bje    ,/orage1   
l5g?1 #bb    ,/rawb]ry1 #cdc    ,/rip$  
bass1 #adf    ,/urgeon1 #add    ,sug>1  
#i      adult]ation1 #dga               
application ( "n1 #dee      z food1 #dgb
      beets1 cultivation1 #deh          
geographic area1 #dei        yield1 #dfj
      cane1 gr[?1 #dfe      corn1 #bbf  
lo/ 9 f]m5tation1 #bei      orig91 #dee 
ref9+1 #dfi1 #dgj      _w production1   
#dga    ,sunfl[] oil1 #dji    ,sulfur\s 
acid1 #ccd    ,sweet basil1 #cbf        
corn1 #bbf        adult]ations1 #bbh    
potatoes1 #bii1 #cjj        acreage &   
yield1 #cjc        av]age composition1  
#cjc        *anges dur+ /orage1 #cjb    
composition1 #cja1 #cjb                 
cultivation1 #cjj        yield1 #cja    
,sweet-sop1 #cdd      ,t4    ,tam>9d1   
#cff      composition1 #cfg    ,tann91  

#ccd    ,tapioca1 #cbj      adult]ation1
 #cba    ,tautog1 #adg    ,t]rap91 #aeg 
,tetanus g]ms1 #ia1 #ib    ,?yme1 #cbf  
,tilefi%1 #adg    ,t9n+1 #db            
,toad/ools1 #dcd    ,tomatoes1          
adult]ation ( cann$1 #cae      cann$1   
#cad      composition ( cann$1 #cae     
,tongue1 adult]ation ( cann$1 #ej       
cann$1 #ej    ,treacle1 #dha            
,tropical fruits1 a%1 #cfg    ,tr\t1    
#adg    ,truffles1 #dej                 
adult]ation1 #dec      cultivation1 #dea
      geographic di/ribution1 #dea      
h>ve/+1 #dea1 #deb      prop]ties1 #dec 
v>ieties1 #dea    ,tub]culosis1 #ac     
,turbot1 #adi    ,turkey1 #ajg          
adult]ation ( pott$1 #ajb               
composition1 #ajh    ,turnip1 #cjd      
,v4    ,veal1 comm]cial cuts1 #ah       
,vegetable1 def9ition1 #bgb      oils1  
edible1 #cic    ,vegetables1 cann$1 #cje
      succul5t1 #bgd      value1 #bgc   
,veget>ianism1 #ic      ,w4    ,wall-ey$
 pike1 #acd    ,walnuts1 #dbf           
,engli%1 #dbg      :ite1 #dbg           

,wat]melon1 #bhd1 #bhe    ,weakfi%1 #adi
    ,weight1 relative ( cann$ & fre%    
meat1 #dh    ,:eat1 #bci      acreage & 
yield1 #bdj      comp>ative             
dige/ibility1 #beg      composition1    
#bdj      products1 #bdb      /&>ds1    
#bda      />*1 #bda    ,:ey1 #agi       
composition1 #agi    ,:itefi%1 #aej     
,:ite grease1 #gj      ,x4    ,xan?9    
bases1 #ij      ,y4    ,yam1 #cjd       
,yea/1 #bej    ,yell[ grease1 #ga       
,,li/ ,,( ,,books    ,,on    ,,analysis 
,,( ,,foods2 ,,*emical    ,,products2   
,,detection ,,(    ,,poisons ,,&        
,,bact]ia2 ,,foods    ,,& ,,diet2       
,,sanit>y ,,sci5ce      ,,publi%$ ,,by  
,p4 ,,blaki/on',s ,,son  ,,co4          
,,philadelphia        ,books ,relat+ to 
! ,analysis ( ,v>i\s ,food & ,*emical   
,products1    ! ,detection ( ,poisons1 &
 ,bact]ia4    ,all54 ,comm]cial ,organic
 ,analysis4      ,new ,revis$ ,editions4
 ,a ,treatise on ! ,prop]ties1          
,proximate    ,analytical ,exam9ation & 
,modes ( ,assay+ ! ,v>i\s ,organic      

,*emicals & ,products employ$ 9 ! ,arts1
 ,manufactures1 ,m$ic9e1    etc41 )     
,concise ,me?ods = ! ,detection &       
,det]m9ation (    ,impurities1          
,adult]ations1 & ,products (            
,decomposition1 etc4    ,revis$ &       
,enl>g$4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,h4 ,,all51        
,f4,c4,s41 ,public ,analy/    = ! ,we/  
,rid+ ( ,york%ire2 ,pa/ ,presid5t       
,society ( ,public    ,analy/s ( ,great 
,brita94      ,,vol4 ,i4 ,prelim9>y     
,exam9ation ( ,organic ,bodies4         
,alcohols1 ,neutral    ,alcoholic       
,d]ivatives1 ,e!rs1 ,/>* & its ,isom]s1 
,sug>s1 ,acid    ,d]ivatives ( ,alcohols
 & ,vegetable ,acids1 etc4 ,?ird        
,edition1 )    num]\s additions by !    
au?or1 & revisions & additions by       
,,dr4 ,,h5ry ,,leffmann1 ,pr(essor (    
,*emi/ry ,woman's ,m$ical ,college    ( 
,p5nsylvania1 & 9 ! ,wagn] ,free        
,in/itute ( ,sci5ce1    ,philadelphia2  
,vice-,presid5t 7#aija7 ,society (      
,public ,analy/s1 etc4    ,) _m useful  
tables4 #eeg pages4      ,clo?1 #d4ej   

,,vol4 ,,ii--,,"p ,i4 ,fix$ ,oils1      
,fats1 ,waxes1 ,glyc]91 ,soaps1         
,nitroglyc]91 ,dynamite & ,smokeless    
,p[d]s1 ,wool-,fats1 ,dgras1    etc4    
,?ird ,edition1 ) _m useful tables4     
,revis$ by ,,dr4 ,,h5ry    ,,leffmann1 )
 num]\s additions by ! au?or4 #chg      
pages4      ,clo?1 #c4ej      ,,vol4    
,,ii--,,"p ,,ii4 ,hydroc>bons1 ,m9]al   
,oils1 ,lubricants1 ,asphalt1    ,b5z5e 
& ,naph?al5e1 ,ph5ols1 ,creosote1 etc4  
,?ird ,edition1    ,revis$ by ,,dr4     
,,h5ry ,,leffmann1 ) additions by !     
au?or4 #ccj    pages4      ,clo?1 #c4ej 
,,vol4 ,,ii--,,"p ,,iii4 ,acid          
,d]ivatives ( ,ph5ols1 ,aromatic ,acids1
    ,res9s1 & ,ess5tial ,oils1 etc4     
,?ird ,edition4 #eei pages4      ,clo?1 
#e4jj      ,,vol4 ,,iii--,,"p ,i4       
,tann9s1 ,dyes1 ,color+ ,matt]s1 &      
,writ+    ,inks4 ,?ird ,edition1        
,revis$1 ,rewritt51 & ,enl>g$ by ,j4    
,,m]ritt    ,,mat!ws1 ,pr(essor (       
,*emi/ry & ,dye+ at ! ,philadelphia     
,textile ,s*ool2 ,memb] ,am]ican        

,*emical ,society4 #ehi pages4          
,clo?1 #d4ej      ,,vol4 ,,iii--,,"p    
,,ii4 ,! ,am9es & ,ammonium ,bases1     
,hydraz9es &    ,d]ivatives4 ,bases f   
,t>4 ,! ,antipyretics1 etc4 ,vegetable  
,alkaloids1 ,tea1 ,c(fee1 ,cocoa1 ,kola1
 ,cocane1 ,opium1 etc4 ,second          
,edition4 #eic pages4      ,clo?1 #d4ej 
,,vol4 ,,iii--,,"p ,,iii4 ,vegetable    
,alkaloids conclud$1 ,non-,basic        
,vegetable ,bitt] ,pr9ciples4 ,animal   
,bases1 ,animal ,acids1 ,cyanog5 &      
its ,d]ivatives1 etc4 ,second ,edition4 
#ecd pages4      ,clo?1 #d4ej           
,,vol4 ,,iv4 ,proteids & ,album9\s      
,pr9ciples4 ,proteods or    ,album9ods4 
,second ,edition1 ) elaborate app5dices 
& a l>ge    numb] ( useful tables4 #ehd 
pages4      ,clo?1 #d4ej    ,aut5rie?4  
,! ,detection ( ,poisons & ,/rong       
,drugs4      ,a ,laboratory ,guide4     
,includ+ ! ,quantitative ,e/imation (   
,m$ic9al ,pr9ciples 9 ,c]ta9 ,crude     
,mat]ials4 ,by ,dr4 ,,wilhelm           
,,aut5rie?1 ,univ]sity ( ,freiburg1     

,bad54 ,au?oriz$ ,translation    f !    
,?ird ,enl>g$ ,g]man ,edition by        
,,william ,h4 ,,w>r51 ,a4,m41           
,,ph4,d4 7,h>v471 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 
,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 ,wa%+ton             
,univ]sity1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,miss\ri4        
,illu/rat$4      ,clo?1 #a4ej    ,conn4 
,agricultural ,bact]iology4             
,includ+ a ,/udy ( ,bact]ia z ,relat+ to
 ,agriculture1 )    ,special ,ref]5ce to
 ! ,bact]ia 9 ,soil1 9 ! ,dairy1 9 ,food
    ,products1 9 ,dome/ic ,animals1 & 9 
,sewage4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,conn1 ,,ph4,d41  
,pr(essor ( ,biology1 ,wesleyan         
,univ]sity1 ,middlet[n1 ,conn42 ,au?or  
( 8,evolution ( ,to-day10 8,! ,/ory (   
,g]m ,life10 etc4 ,)    ,illu/rations4  
,clo?1 #b4ej    ,bact]ia 9 ,milk & ,its 
,products4      ,design$ = ,/ud5ts (    
,dairy+1 ,bo>ds ( ,heal?1               
,bact]iologi/s1    & all conc]n$ 9 !    
,h&l+ ( ,milk1 ,butt]1 & ,*eese4        
,illu/rat$4 #abmo4      ,clo?1 #a4be    
,gre5i%4 ,microscopical ,exam9ation (   
,foods & ,drugs4      ,be+ a            

sy/ematically arrang$ ,c\rse (          
,practical ,in/ruction 9    ! ,me?ods   
adopt$ 9 ! ,analysis ( ,foods & ,drugs  
by means (    ! ,microscope1 includ+ a  
description ( ! ,/ructure ( !    m      
important4 ,design$ = ! use ( ,analy/s1 
,ph>maci/s1 &    ,/ud5ts tra9+ = ^?     
,pr(essions4 ,by ,,h5ry ,g4 ,,gre5i%1   
,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,pr(essor (       
,ph>maceutics to ! ,ph>maceutical       
,society ( ,great ,brita94 ,) #afh      
,illu/rations4 ,octavo4      ,clo?1     
#c4ej    ,heusl]4 ,! ,t]p5es4      ,by  
,,fr4 ,,heusl]1 ,,ph4,d41 ,privatdoc5t (
 ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity    at ,bonn4   
,au?oriz$ ,translation & ,revision by   
,f4 ,j4 ,,pond1 ,,ph4,d41    ,assi/ant  
,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,p5nsylvania ,/ate
 ,college4      ,clo?1 #d4jj            
,leffmann & ,beam4 ,food ,analysis4     
,illu/rat$4      ,select ,me?ods 9 ,food
 ,analysis4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,leffmann1      
,m4,d41 ,pr(essor    ( ,*emi/ry 9 !     
,woman's ,m$ical ,college ( ,p5nsylvania
 & 9    ! ,wagn] ,free ,in/itute (      

,sci5ce2 ,pa?ological ,*emi/1 ,jeff]son 
,m$ical ,college ,hospital1             
,philadelphia2 ,vice-,presid5t 7#aija7  
,society    ,public ,analy/s1 etc42 &   
,,william ,,beam1 ,a4,m4 ,second        
,edition1    ,revis$4 ,) _m ,tables1 #a 
,plate1 & #ed o!r ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 
,clo?1 #b4ej    ,leffmann4 ,exam9ation (
 ,wat]4      = ,sanit>y & ,te*nical     
,purposes4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,revis$4     
,illu/rat$4 #abmo4      ,clo?1 #a4be    
,analysis ( ,milk & ,milk ,products4    
,arrang$ to suit ! ne$s ( ,analytical   
,*emi/s1 ,dairym51 & ,milk              
,inspectors4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ &  
,enl>g$4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4      ,clo?1 
#a4be    ,ri*t]'s ,organic ,*emi/ry4    
,! ,*emi/ry ( ! ,c>bon ,comp\nds4 ,?ird 
,am]ican ,edition1    ,translat$ f      
,,pr(4 ,,ans*,,tz's ,eigh? ,g]man       
,edition by ,,edg> ,f4    ,,smi?1       
,m4,a41 ,,ph4,d41 ,,sc4,d41 ,pr(essor ( 
,*emi/ry1 ,univ]sity (    ,p5nsylvania4 
,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4   
,two volumes4      ,vol4 ,i4 ,aliphatic 

,s]ies4 #fbe pages4                     
,clo?1 #c4jj    ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,c>bocyclic 
& ,het]ocyclic ,s]ies4 #fga pages4      
,clo?1 #c4jj    ,sayre4 ,organic ,mat]ia
 ,m$ica & ,ph>macognosy4      ,an       
,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,vegetable 
,k+dom & !    ,vegetable & ,animal      
,drugs4 ,compris+ ! ,botanical &        
,physical    ,*>act]i/ics1 ,s\rce1      
,con/itu5ts1 ,ph>macopial ,prep>ations2 
,insects ,injuri\s to ,drugs1 &         
,ph>macal ,botany4 ,by ,l4 ,e4 ,,sayre1 
,b4,s41 ,,ph4,m41 ,dean ( ! ,s*ool (    
,ph>macy & ,pr(essor (    ,mat]ia ,m$ica
 & ,ph>macy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,kansas2   
,memb] (    ! ,committee ( ,revision ( !
 ,eigh? 7#aijj7 ,dec5nial ,revision    (
 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,ph>macopia1 etc4 ,)         
,sections on ,hi/ology &                
,microte*nique by ,,william ,c4 ,,/ev5s1
 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9    ! ,univ]sity (
 ,kansas4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,?or\ghly     
,revis$ &    conta9+ _m new ,engrav+s4  
,) #cgg ,illu/rations1 ! majority    (  
:i* are f ,orig9al ,draw+s4 #hvo4       

,clo?1 #e4jj    ,sutton's ,volumetric   
,analysis4      ,a ,sy/ematic ,h&book = 
! ,quantitative ,e/imation ( ,*emical   
,sub/ances by ,measure1 ,appli$ to      
,liquids1 ,solids1 & ,gases4    ,adapt$ 
to ! ,requirem5ts ( ,pure ,*emical      
,rese>*1 ,pa?ological    ,*emi/ry1      
,ph>macy1 ,metallurgy1 ,photography1    
etc41 & = !    ,valuation ( ,sub/ances  
,us$ 9 ,comm]ce1 ,agriculture1 & !      
,arts4    ,by ,,francis ,,sutton1       
,f4,c4,s4 ,n9? ,edition1 ,revis$ &      
,improv$4 ,)    #aba ,illu/rations4     
#hvo4      ,clo?1 #e4jj    ,?re%        
,port]4 ,pres]vatives 9 ,food & ,food   
,exam9ation4      ,by ,,john ,c4 ,,?re%1
 ,m4,d41 ,lectur] on ,public ,heal?1    
,london ,hospital    ,m$ical ,college1 &
 ,,ar?ur ,e4 ,,port]1 ,m4,d41 ,assi/ant 
,m$ical    ,(fic] ( ,heal? & ,*ief      
,sanit>y ,inspector1 ,city ( ,le$s4 #dh 
,illu/rations4 ,octavo2 xv  #dhd pages4 
,clo?1 #d4ej    ,unit$ ,/ates           
,ph>macopia4 ,eigh? ,dec5nial ,revision4
      ,clo?1 #b4ej2 ,%eep1 #c4jj2       

,flexible ,lea!r1 #c4ej2 ,int]leav$1    
,%eep1 #d4jj2 ,pr9t$ on "o side ( page  
only1 ,%eep1 #d4jj1 or    unb\nd1 #c4ej4
      ,foods & ,diet4    ,burnet4 ,foods
 & ,diet>ies4      ,a ,manual ( ,cl9ical
 ,dietetics4 ,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,burnet1      
,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41    ,physician to !
 ,great ,nor!rn ,c5tral ,hospital4 ,)   
,app5dix on    ,pr$ige/$ ,foods &       
,invalid ,cook]y4 ,full ,directions z to
 ,h\rs (    ,tak+ ,n\ri%m5t1 ,quantity1 
etc4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,revis$4           
,clo?1 #a4ej    ,davis4 ,dieto!rapy3    
,food 9 ,heal? & ,disease4      ,by     
,,na?an ,s4 ,,davis1 ,,jr41 ,a4,m41     
,m4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,pr9ciples &        
,practice ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,nor?we/]n        
,univ]sity ,m$ical ,s*ool2    ,physician
 to ,m]cy ,hospital1 ,*icago1 etc4 ,)   
,tables ( ,diet>ies1    ,relative ,value
 ( ,foods1 etc4 ,octavo4      ,clo?1    
#c4jj    ,dulles4 ,accid5ts &           
,em]g5cies4      ,a ,manual ( !         
,treatm5t ( ,surgical & ,m$ical         
,em]g5cies4 ,by ,c4    ,w4 ,,dulles1    

,m4,d41 ,surgeon to ! ,ru% ,hospital1   
=m]ly ,assi/ant    ,surgeon #b;d        
,regim5t ,n4 ,g4 ,pa41 etc4 ,six?       
edition1 ,revis$4 ,)    ,illu/rations4  
#abmo4      ,clo?1 #a4jj    ,folsom4    
,entomology4      ,) ,special ,ref]5ce  
to ,its ,biological & ,economic         
,aspects4 ,by    ,,ju/us ,,watson       
,,folsom1 ,,sc4,d4 7,h>v>d71 ,in/ructor 
9 ,entomology    at ! ,univ]sity (      
,ill9ois4 ,) five plates1 "o ( :i* is   
,color$1 & #cjj o!r ,illu/rations 9 !   
,text4 ,octavo4      ,clo?1 #c4jj       
,haig4 ,diet & ,food4      ,consid]$ 9  
,relation to ,/r5g? & ,p[] ( ,endurance1
 ,tra9+1    & ,a?letics4 ,by ,,alex&]   
,,haig1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d4 7,oxon471        
,f4,r4,c4,p41    ,physician to          
,metropolitan ,hospital1 ,london4 ,fif? 
,edition1 ,revis$4 #g    ,illu/rations4 
,clo?1 #a4jj      ,sanit>y ,sci5ce4     
,newman4 ,bact]iology & ! ,public       
,heal?4      ,by ,,george ,,newman1     
,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,d4,p4,h41 ,=m]ly 
,demon/rator (    ,bact]iology 9 ,k+'s  

,college1 ,london1 etc41 ,m$ical ,(fic] 
(    ,heal? ( ! ,metropolitan ,bor\gh ( 
,f9sbury2 ,jo9t-,au?or (                
8,bact]iology ( ,milk40 ,?ird ,edition4 
#ca ,full-page ,plates & #dh    o!r     
,illu/rations 9 ! ,text4 ,octavo4       
,clo?1 #e4jj    ,nott]4 ,! ,!ory &      
,practice ( ,hygi5e4 ,second ,edition4  
,a ,complete ,treatise by ,j4 ,,lane    
,,nott]1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,c4,s41     
,fell[    & ,memb] ( ,c\ncil ( !        
,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita92    
,pr(essor ( ,hygi5e1 ,army ,m$ical      
,s*ool2 ,exam9] 9 ,hygi5e1    ,univ]sity
 ( ,cambridge1 etc42 & ,w4 ,h4          
,,horrocks1 ,m4,d41 ,b4,,sc4            
7,lond471 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,hygi5e1
 ,army ,m$ical ,s*ool1 ,netley4         
,illu/rat$ by #ae ,li?ographic ,plates &
 #ach o!r ,illu/rations1    & includ+ _m
 ,useful ,tables4 ,second ,edition1     
,c>efully ,revis$4    ,octavo4 #ajhe    
pages4      ,clo?1 #g4jj    ,p>kes &    
,k5wood4 ,hygi5e & ,public ,heal?4      
,a ,practical ,manual4 ,by ,,l\is ,c4   

,,p>kes1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,p4,h4 7,lond4      
,univ471    ,lectur] on ,public ,heal?  
at ,/4 ,george's ,hospital2 ,m$ical     
,(fic]    ( ,heal? & ,public ,analy/1   
,bor\gh ( ,*elsea1 ,london1 etc42 &     
,,h5ry ,,k5wood1 ,m4,b41 ,f4,c4,s41     
,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,public ,heal?1   
,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 etc4      
,second ,edition1 ,enl>g$ &    ,revis$4 
#he ,illu/rations4 #abmo4      ,clo?1   
#c4jj    ,ros5au4 ,dis9fection &        
,dis9fectants4      ,a ,practical ,guide
 = ,sanit>ians1 ,heal? & ,qu>ant9e      
,(fic]s4 ,by    ,m4 ,j4 ,,ros5au1       
,m4,d41 ,director ( ! ,hygi5ic          
,laboratory & ,pass$    ,assi/ant       
,surgeon1 ,u4 ,s4 ,m>9e ,hospital       
,s]vice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4              
,illu/rat$4      ,clo?1 #b4jj      ,a   
,fr5* translation ( ?is book has be5    
publi%$ 9 ,p>is4                        
,transcrib]'s ,notes        ,inconsi/5t1
 ar*aic1 obsolete & unusual spell+1     
7delib]ate7    misspell+1 hyph5ation    
etc4 9 ,engli% z well z o!r languages   

h be5 reta9$1 except z li/$ bel[4 ,?is  
includes    prop] names z well z        
sci5tific names ( plants1 animals &     
micro-organisms4      ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- 
& s(tw>e us$ to read ?is text & _!      
sett+s1 n all elem5ts may display z     
int5d$4 ,! l>g] tables    may be legible
 9 a wide w9d[ or on a wide scre5 only4 
,! diff]5ces 9 /ructure & word+ betwe5 !
 ,table (    ,cont5ts & ! text h n be5  
/&>dis$4 ,auto-g5]at$    tables (       
cont5ts may !re=e diff] f ! "o on pages 
vii-ix    9 ?is text4      ,except z    
li/$ bel[1 ,! compositions ( food/uffs &
 o!r data    are giv5 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce 
docum5t )\t fur!r comm5t1    b "s values
 seem unlikely4 ,caution 9 ! use ( ^!   
values is    recomm5d$4                 
,adv]tisem5t 8,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or03 
?is is ! "w ref]r$ to 9    ! text z 8!  
second volume0 or 8! companion volume04 
,page #ah1 8s z to include a consid]able
 ( ! portion03 ,! ^w    8"p0 or         
equival5t is miss+4      ,page #abj1    
table ,p]c5tages ( fat1 head+ 8,conta9+ 

betwe5 #fj    & #gj p]c5t ( fle%03      
possibly an error = 8,conta9+ betwe5    
#fj & #ej p]c5t ( fle%04      ,page     
#agf1 8,normal milk conta9s 444 & page  
#agi1 8,milk contam9at$    by !         
introduction ( du/1 4443 ei!r ! clos+   
quote m>k is    miss+1 or ! op5+ quote  
m>ks are errone\s4      ,page #ahf1     
8butt] mu/ conta9 m ?an #af p]c5t wat]03
 z    pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t1 ! ^w 8n0 
is likely to be    miss+4      ,page    
#aih1 8! :ey be+ ( a high] specific     
gravity ?an !    curd03z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce
 docum5t2 probably an error = 444    l[]
 specific gravity4444      ,page #bjc1  
8,*$d>1 d\ble & s+le1 ,gl\ce/]03 !      
second comma    is probably errone\s4   
,page #eac1 8"o & =ty-sev5 hundr$ & f\r 
t5-?\s&?s    7#a4dgjg703 z pr9t$ 9 !    
s\rce docum5t4      ,page #edg1 8aft] ! 
f9al inspection ( c>casses & p>ts are   
m>k$03 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4       
,page #egb1 8= ! pres5ce ( ! usual      
condim5t>y sub/ances03    8=0 is        
probably an error = 8or0 or 8nor04      

,page #fjg1 88,an article %all also be  
deem$ misbr&$ 44403 !    s\rce docum5t  
has no clos+ quote m>k4        ,*anges3 
,tables & illu/rations h be5 mov$       
outside text p>agraphs2    footnotes h  
be5 mov$ to "u ! p>agraph7s7 or table7s7
 9    :i* !y are ref]5c$4 ,9 "s li/s &  
tables ! ditto m>k    77 or 8,d40 has   
be5 replac$ ) ! ditto$ text4 ,"s tables 
h be5 re-arrang$ or split2 tables h be5 
split 9 su* a way    t !y may easily be 
re-comb9$4      ,"s obvi\s m9or         
typographical1 pr9t+ & punctuation      
errors    h be5 correct$ sil5tly4       
,page ix3 8#eaj-eag0 *ang$ to           
8#eja-eag04      ,page xi 7li/ (        
plates73 plate numb]s add$2 8,ari*ide0  
*ang$ to    8,ara*ide0 7also 9 plate    
itself74      ,page #d3 8?r\gh ! cells  
walls0 *ang$ to 8?r\gh ! cell walls0    
z else:]e4      ,page #ad3 8any ( ! meat
 ( fle% foods0 *ang$ to 8any ( ! meat   
or fle% foods04      ,page #di1 table3  
8,prosciutts0 *ang$ to 8,prosciutto04   
,page #fb3 8pluro-pneumonia0 *ang$ to   

8pleuro-pneumonia04      ,page #ha1     
table3 8coaguable0 *ang$ to             
8coagulable04      ,page #abj1 fir/     
table3 8black fi%0 *ang$ to 8blackfi%0 z
    else:]e4      ,page #ace3 8,x       
belongs to ! g5us ,orcorhyn*us0 *ang$ to
 8,x    belongs to ! g5us ,oncorhyn*us04
      ,page #afd1 second "p ( l>ge      
table3 ! "p ( ! table on    ?is page has
 be5 =matt$ 7und]l9+ & ind5tation7 to be
    consi/5t ) ! "p on page #afc4       
,page #bgf3 8to any o!r "p ( ! _w0 *ang$
 to 89 any o!r    "p ( ! _w04      ,page
 #bha3 8,rorifa na/urtium0 *ang$ to     
8,rorippa na/urtium04      ,page #bhg3  
8?an0 ins]t$ be=e 8to botanical "*04    
,page #cah3 8,t\s le mois0 *ang$ to     
8,t\s les mois04      ,page #cai3 8,musa
 p>adisaica0 *ang$ to 8,musa            
p>adisiaca04      ,page #cbe3 8,casson0 
*ang$ to 8,cosson04      ,page #ccf1    
table3 head+ 8,p]c5t0 delet$ f column   
,no4 ( ,samples4      ,page #cfh        
7table73 8,caimito0 *ang$ to 8,ca9ito04 
,page #chd3 8disa/ase0 *ang$ to         

8dia/ase0 7#b74      ,page #cih3 8local 
conditions effect+ ! se$0 *ang$ to      
8local    conditions affect+ ! se$04    
,page #dbg3 8us$ = dy+ homespun clo?0   
*ang$ to 8us$ = dye+    homespun clo?04 
,page #ddf3 8,n\vel ,atlas de           
,*ampignon0 *ang$ to 8,n\vel ,atlas de  
,*ampignons04      ,page #eji3          
8,capsicum baccattum0 *ang$ to          
8,capsicum baccattum04      ,page #eaj3 
8,roripa armoracia0 *ang$ to 8,rorippa  
armoracia04      ,page #eab3 8t]p5eless 
oil or orange0 *ang$ to 8t]p5eless oil (
    orange04      ,page #edg3 8plac$ & 9
 ! reta9+ room0 *ang$ to 8& plac$    9 !
 reta9+ room04      ,page #egg3 8to h ! 
pla/] atta*$0 *ang$ to 8to h !    pa/]  
atta*$04      ,page #fjh3 8,dov]'s p[]  
is m5tion$0 *ang$ to 8,dov]'s p[d] is   
m5tion$04      ,index3 spell+ ( "s      
entries correct$ to agree ) ! ma9 text  
7e4g41 pt1 pompano74