,the ,neptunian or ,water ,theory of    
,creation                         ,the  
,neptunian or ,water ,theory of         
,creation4                              
,by                            ,rev4 ,j4
 ,m4 ,woodman1             ,professor in
 ,natural ,science1 ,chico ,academy1    
,cal4       ,author of 8,god in ,nature 
and ,revelation10 8,the ,song of        
,cosmology10          8,star ,dates of  
,human ,history10 8,the ,song of the    
,morning                     ,stars in  
,creation's ,grand ,march40             
8,if they speak not according to thy    
word it is because                      
there is no truth in them40             
,san ,francisco3                  ,bacon
  ,company1 ,book and ,job ,printers1   
,corner of ,clay and ,sansome ,streets4 
#ahhh4                 ,entered         
according to ,act of ,congress1 in the  
year ,a4 ,d4 #ahhh1         ,,by ,j4 ,m4
 ,,woodman1         ,in the office of   
the ,librarian of ,congress1            
,washington1 ,d4 ,c4                    

,,table ,,of ,,contents4      ,,chapter 
,i4    ,,three ,,theories ,,of          
,,creation ,,reviewed ,,in ,,the ,,light
 ,,of ,,admitted ,,facts #i    ,,section
 #a4    ,the ,plutonic or fire theory   
stated #ae    ,centro-centrifugal theory
 #af    ,heated ,nebulous theory #ag    
,the increase of heat in mining shafts  
no evidence of a hot center #ai    ,the 
admitted sedimentary nature of primitive
 granite destroys the  ,plutonic theory 
#bb    ,the theories of metamorphic rock
 not sustained #bc    ,mining shafts    
increase in heat according to chemical  
action #be    ,causes of volcanoes and  
geysers explained #bf    ,geologists    
dissatisfied with the fire theory4      
,submarine volcanoes #bh    ,diatoms    
found in the earliest stratified rock   
#ca    ,,section #b4    ,the ,neptunian 
theory stated #cb    ,all matter created
 at once in cold gas4 ,god's power      
needed to move  matter4 ,the first      
cosmological division #cc    ,probable  
length of it4 ,the first condition of   

our globe in form #ce    ,,section #c4  
,the facts of science support the       
,neptunian theory4 ,in quantity1 order  
and constituent elements of rock #cf    
,the three ways that gases combine into 
rock #cf    ,how rock can swim in water 
#ch    ,explorations made of the        
,atlantic #ci    ,we once had a         
hemisphere of land1 and one of water #dj
    ,the climate was tropical1 as       
attested by shells1 coral1 coal1 and    
saurians #da    ,also by tropical       
animals1 flowers1 and tropical          
vegetation #db    ,water raised the     
mountains #de    ,sea bottom seen there 
#df    ,rise and depressions of earth4  
,cause of glacial epoch #dh    ,,section
 #d4    ,such a world physically adapted
 to man #ej    ,the accumulating        
evidence that our earth is essentially a
 ball of water  #ec    ,the reasons the 
,antediluvians had no rainbow #ed       
,,chapter ,,ii4    ,,the ,,neptunian    
,,theory ,,was ,,first ,,brought ,,to   
,,light ,,in ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,job1   

,,dated ,,in ,,the ,,stars4             
,,epidramatic ,,oratorio #ee    ,orient 
the place for such a poem #eg    ,first 
question established #eh    ,the        
indictment against piety amended #ei    
,the prologue ended with ,satan         
confounded #ei    ,these persons all    
representative characters #fj           
,starting the drama of history4 ,piety  
endures the trials of all ages #fa      
,job rewarded on the field4 ,flood      
passed #fd    ,surrounded by universal  
idolatry #fe    ,certain chapters       
,messianic #ff    ,resurrection reached 
#fh    ,the enemies boast of the secular
 arm of law #fi    ,the ,reformation    
reached #gj    ,the voice of space #gb  
,dead organic matter1 as fossils1       
speaking #gc    ,an explanation of the  
story of ,joshua's miracle4 ,the three  
friends  silenced4 ,secular education   
personified #ge    ,true loyal prayer1  
against unsupported illegal faith1 and  
prayer without  faith #gg    ,the       
,copernican system seen by ,job1 with   

the sedimentary nature of  granite #gi  
,the rotundity of ,earth with the inside
 water #ha    ,the birth-place of       
ancient icebergs #hc    ,the telegraph  
seen and dated #hd    ,description of   
certain fossils #he    ,the grand future
 of the church of the living ,god #hf   
,,chapter ,,iii4    ,,all ,,the         
,,scripture ,,references ,,to           
,,cosmology ,,are ,,in ,,harmony ,,with 
,,the ,,book  ,,of ,,job4 ,,earth       
,,standing ,,in ,,water4 ,,flood        
,,caused ,,by ,,overflow ,,of ,,the     
,,sea4  ,,once ,,in ,a ,,ring ,,of      
,,gases4 ,,above ,,the ,,waters #hg     
,moses gained his first ideas of        
,creation here #hh    ,power born in the
 hand of ,god #hh    ,gravitation       
accounts only for centripetal power #hi 
,a steam world born but not yet swaddled
 #ib    ,it is swaddled in gathering and
 condensing #ic    ,tracing gases into  
rock #ie    ,to what days the ,mosaic   
time is unadapted #if    ,what the      
,mosaic days of creation do mean #if    

,general and ,special ,providence #ii   
,,chapter ,,iv4    ,,the ,,six ,,days   
,,of ,,moses ,,full ,,of ,,scientific   
,,suggestions ,,showing ,,the ,,work    
,,of  ,,god ,,to ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,time
 #ajj    ,,section #a4    ,the work of  
the first day #aja    ,meaning of deep  
#ajb    ,figures of speech4 ,a ring of  
waters in fluid gases first called      
firmament #ajc    ,these days are not   
literal #ajd    ,,section #b4    ,the   
work of the second day #aje    ,meaning 
of create4 ,must be read in the light of
 scientific facts #ajg    ,moses' point 
of observation4 ,first firmament        
tangible #ajg    ,moses1 in vision1     
confined to the history of our globe4   
,the history of  other planets not given
 #aji    ,,section #c4    ,the work of  
the third day4 ,the steam world         
commences to liquify #aaj    ,the       
scientific problem of a probable        
pole-changing solved #aab    ,one end   
only in sunshine #aab    ,why it did not
 rain on the earth #aac    ,the cause of

 the first chilled climate4 ,when it    
turned to torrid #aae    ,,section #d4  
,the account of the fourth day in figure
 of metonymy #aaf    ,recent coal       
periods #aai    ,,section #e4    ,the   
work of the fifth day4 ,contrasts are   
found in the sea1 diatoms begin  in the 
,gneiss rock #aba    ,the whale of the  
,miocene is the contrasting animal1 as  
morning #abb    ,the order of the       
existence of animals by ,moses agrees   
with facts #abc    ,science and the     
,bible claim substantially the same     
thing in reference to  ,special         
,providence #abe    ,,section #f4       
,the work of the sixth day4 ,beasts are 
the evening4 ,man is the morning  #abg  
,our race sprang from ,adam #abh    ,the
 cleansing of the air was essential to  
the introduction of man #abi    ,recent 
volcanoes argue the correctness of the  
,mosaic account #acj    ,we have not    
even yet reached the climax of good     
breathing #acb                          
,,introduction4      ,the question as to

 what kind of reading shall yield us the
 most  exquisite enjoyment1 largely     
depends upon our ability for            
self-development4 ,taste in reading1 as 
in eating1 is often an educated         
faculty4 ,the relish that we now have   
for many kinds of food1 we had to       
acquire4 ,we all have faculties for     
intellectual1 moral and spiritual       
enjoyment1 in lines of thought          
corresponding4 ,these must be developed 
by  use4 ,reader1 you have the ability1 
if you will allow it to be developed1   
of enjoying a perusal of this sublime   
subject4 ,mere sensational reading  like
 emotional religion has its field of    
enjoyment1 its rills of  happiness2 but 
it is changeable and uncertain4 ,songs  
of praise and  devotional reading have a
 higher place in the human soul1 lasting
 in  their nature4    ,observation and  
historical research open another field  
of enjoyment4  ,language and location of
 places may become a passion in the     
mind4 ,the  study of causes in nature1  

at best but secondary1 may hold the mind
 in a  sweet revery of delight2 but     
these are mere rills of comfort compared
 to  an open sea1 to the ability of     
reading and comprehending first causes1 
in the light of prophetic declarations4 
,we are thrilled in the presence of     
relics of ancient history4 ,the sight   
of a mummy1 known to be an ancient      
person of historic note thrills us  with
 admiration and agreeable wonder1 as in 
the case of ,rameses ,,ii4  ,three      
thousand years seems a long time2 yet it
 is easy to obtain almost  any where a  
fossil1 fish or shell1 representing as  
many million of  years4 ,no where else  
are the 8,footprints0 of ,god so plain1 
measuring the  long ages of time1 as    
seen in the ,bible4    ,the fact that   
you have not been accustomed to read on 
this subject is no  reason why you      
should not begin at once1 and experience
 the increased  reverence for ,god1 the 
captivating engagement of thought1 and  
the  exquisite enjoyment of soul1 as a  

result4 ,do you still ask what          
practical benefit will this knowledge be
 to you8 ,let us rather ask what  harm  
will come from a general impression that
 the cosmological  utterances of the    
,bible are so tangled up in a network of
 scientific  suppositions1 as to cause  
even good men to drop them1 as parts of 
,god's  inspiration to man4 ,such       
results are already produced all over   
the land4    ,the ,bible has been       
assailed on its cosmological sayings4   
,shall it be  defended8 ,if you are so  
fortunate as to be entrenched in the    
belief of  the inspiration of the       
,scriptures1 while you are unable to    
give a reason  for the hope within1 your
 friends may not be so fortunate4 ,your 
children1 it may be1 will return from   
school1 intent upon showing you  the    
discrepancies with the established      
teachings of science4 ,if these  things 
are1 as they purport to be1 given by    
inspiration of ,god1 they can  never be 
made to harmonize with an illogical and 

untruthful cosmology4  ,how important1  
then1 that we should have the right     
theory4    ,the disciples of ,jesus were
 asked1 8,have any of the rulers of the 
,jews  believed on him80 ,perhaps before
 you purchase you ask1 ,have any men of 
scientific notoriety endorsed these     
views8 ,of the many scores of good      
words given by editors1 lawyers1        
doctors1 ministers1 teachers1 and       
professors in colleges1 ,i have room    
only for a few4 ,prof4 ,david ,swing of 
,chicago said3 8,the ,neptunian theory  
of creation1 as presented in ,dr4       
,woodman's book1 is the most logical    
presentation of cosmology that ,i  ever 
read4 ,he writes in a calm and truthful 
style40 ,the late ,prof4  ,norton of the
 ,cal4 ,state ,normal said3 8,you have  
chosen an opportune time  for the       
presentation of your book1 for the      
theories of cosmology are on  the eve of
 a mighty revolution1 in which the water
 theory is likely to  come to the       
front40 ,prof4 ,reid1 ,president of the 

,state ,university1 said3  8,the        
subject1 as you present it1 is          
wonderfully in accordance with what  we 
see in ,nature2 and it is still more    
wonderful that you should find it  so   
beautifully set forth in the ,bible40   
,prof4 ,le,conte1 of the same           
,university1 said3 8,your theory is a   
wide departure from everything  hitherto
 written upon the subject4 ,i will say  
this of it2 it accounts  for more       
unexplained phenomena than any theory   
before presented4 ,i will  give you this
 item1 which ,i know to be correct4 ,the
 ,magnolia tree in the  ,tertiary       
period1 grew and blossomed as far as #hj
 degrees north40    ,numerous bodies of 
clergymen have endorsed the theory as a 
just and  beautiful presentation of     
,scripture2 many as the 8only theory    
with which  ,moses' ,genesis of         
,creation can be reconciled40 ,the      
say-so of others may  satisfy the       
indolent and careless1 but to enjoy the 
subject you must  read and digest these 

grand truths for yourself4              
,,chapter ,i4         ,three ,theories  
,reviewed in the ,light ,of ,scientific 
,facts4      ,in the study of ,nature1  
aided only by natural phenomena1 effect1
  suggesting cause1 is everywhere       
apparent4 ,these effects variously      
compounded point with accuracy only to  
secondary causes4 ,first causes  are    
hidden far behind all existing          
appearances4    ,unaided nature leaves  
man to seek first causes only by        
hypotheses4 ,as  might be expected1 on  
the same subject scientists widely      
differ in  theory4 ,such reasoning must 
ever leave a large margin for opinion4  
,notwithstanding the uncertainty of all 
such modes of reasoning1 still  that    
hypothesis must ever possess the        
greatest weight1 that best accords  with
 the largest number of existing facts4  
,reasoning a priori1 from  the providing
 care of nature's ,god1 as seen in      
stores of coal1 oil1  iron1 copper1 and 
various kinds of precious metals1 we    

might reasonably  conclude that he who  
created the intellectual as well as the 
religious  nature in man would carefully
 provide for the full gratification of  
both4 ,knowing ,god's nature1 reason    
would suggest that what is wanting in   
nature must somewhere be supplied by    
special revelation of ,god4    ,the book
 of nature coupled with the ,bible would
 be a necessity2 not only  for a        
complete worship1 but for a full        
cosmology4 ,we should expect the  two   
volumes1 when rightly rendered1 to      
correspond4 ,a noted atheistical        
lecturer upon cosmical changes stated in
 a series of lectures in ,chico1  ,cal41
 that the 8,bible theory of creation is 
decidedly watery4 ,by the  statements of
 this book1 we should conclude that the 
center itself is  one vast body of      
water1 holding upon its bosom a crust of
 earth40 ,as a  believer in the         
,plutonic theory1 and having no         
reverence for the ,bible1  he added1    
8,what fool does not know better80 ,what

 he gave as a 8,bible  ,theory10 we will
 assume as a scientific hypothesis2 and 
rest the proof  of the same upon the    
facts in nature which scientists1 in    
advocating the  ,plutonic theory1 have  
given us4    ,it will be the object of  
this chapter to show that the more      
recently  developed facts in geology    
point unmistakably to the ,neptunian    
theory of  ,creation4 ,this will be done
 by comparing the three theories1 and   
each  with lines of facts which have    
been well established4 ,it will be      
necessary                               
,section #a                ,to ,state   
the ,plutonic ,theory of the ,schools4  
#a4 ,that all matter existed1 or was    
created in a primeval state of heat4    
,one hypothesis is1 that all matter of  
our system was concentrated in one      
heated ball as a central sun4    #b4    
,that planets are portions of this      
matter1 thrown off by a rapid  rotary   
motion of the sun4 ,properly named1 this
 theory was the  centro-centrifugal     

theory1 now quite out of date4 ,that    
this theory might  be true1 the sun must
 have turned upon its axis with a       
velocity  sufficient not only to destroy
 gravitation at its surface1 now        
twenty-seven times that of the ,earth1  
but with a force capable of  throwing   
,jupiter1 fourteen hundred times the    
size of the ,earth1 out into  space four
 hundred and seventy-five million of    
miles1 and ,neptune over  two billion of
 miles4 ,when we consider that our sun  
now turns on its  axis only once in     
twenty-seven days1 we conclude that a   
vivid  imagination must have supplied   
the machinery necessary for such        
astounding results in the very face of  
forbidding facts4 ,this theory  made no 
provision for the encircling waters1    
sufficient to wrap the  entire surface  
of the globe three miles deep1 nor for  
the enveloping  atmosphere4 ,gradually  
this ancient theory has been modulated  
into the  ,nebulous ,theory4    #c4 ,the
 more popular teaching of today is1 that

 matter existed in a  highly heated     
state in the form of a diffused cloud4  
,steel1 in his  8,fourteen ,weeks in    
,geology10 suggests that 8,from unknown 
causes1 this  cloud-matter began to     
revolve about a center or sun4 ,this    
nucleus drew  matter direct to itself   
from all parts of our system4 ,other    
portions  revolving were thrown off1 and
 formed new centers for planetary       
gathering1 as they respectively took up 
their orbicular march about the  sun4   
,this fiery mist is supposed to have    
come together in a heated  state4 ,the  
planets1 at least1 have since been      
cooling1 though as yet  having but a    
thin crust40 ,to this theory of primeval
 heat1 in some form1  all our text books
 conform4 ,a theory so long and so      
universally accepted  might be supposed 
to have some solid facts upon which to  
rest4 ,but  really it has less to       
sustain it than had the ,ptolemaic      
theory of  ,astronomy3 that1 at least1  
had observation in its favor1 but this  

fails  even here4 ,it is a curious      
circumstance in this guess work of      
results1  that whether heat is made to  
increase on an average one degree in    
fifty  feet1 as given by many           
geologists1 or one degree in one hundred
 feet1 as  given by others1 precisely   
the same results are reached1 viz41     
fifty  miles crust1 and intensely heated
 matter beyond4 ,this assumption is     
based upon the supposed fact that the   
internal heat traverses the rock  by    
conduction4 ,if this were true1 then the
 degree of heat gained in any  one      
hundred feet of rock1 as you descend    
into the ,earth's crust1 would  be the  
approximate measurement of any other    
hundred feet in the same  shaft2 but the
 reverse of this is true4 ,no two       
measurements seem to be  alike4 ,the    
miner1 as a practical geologist1 in this
 regard knows that  this heat is        
generally caused by chemical action of  
the rock upon which  you have let in air
 or water1 or both4 ,this heat is found 

to vary  according to nature of the rock
 which you expose4 ,if the rock is rich 
in  pyrites of iron or lime1 in any of  
its numerous forms1 then  disintegration
 is abundant and much heat is generated2
 but1 on the other  hand1 where all     
disintegrating elements are wanting1    
there is no  perceptible increase of    
heat4    #d4 ,the theory of the         
continued increase of heat1 according to
 the ratio  noticed as you sink a shaft 
a few hundred feet into the ,earth's    
crust1  if it proves anything proves too
 much1 and is therefore false4          
,experiments extensively made in the    
,virginia mines of ,nevada1 and         
particularly in the ,foreman ,shaft1    
show the increase to be very uneven2    
differing from one degree in twelve feet
 to one in two hundred feet4 ,it  even  
grows colder as you descend some kind of
 rock1 a degree in one  hundred feet4   
,the degree of heat is always regulated 
and gauged by the  rock you pass4 ,if   
the rock will disintegrate readily1 it  

gives out more  heat2 but if the rock   
may lie exposed in the sun and rain     
without  disintegration1 it throws out  
no heat in the shaft4 ,yet from         
experiments  made in the ,foreman       
,shaft1 notwithstanding these varieties 
of rock1 yet  at the #b1ajj foot level  
it is found that the average increase is
 one  degree in twelve feet4 ,at this   
rate1 at twenty-five miles towards the  
center you would encounter heat above   
#d1cjj deg4 ,fahr4 ,chemists will  admit
 that1 after due allowance for pressure 
at such a depth1 yet the  granite with  
all known substances would fuse at this 
heat4 ,the ,plutonic  hypothesis makes  
the crust in ,nevada less than          
twenty-five miles1  perhaps the weakest 
on the continent4    ,experiments in    
,mexico1 upon this line of reasoning1   
would make the crust  twice as thick4   
,now from a well established law in     
philosophy1 a  pressure upon liquid on  
the inside of a cylinder imparts its    
pressure to  every part of the cylinder 

at the same time4 ,a pressure capable of
  breaking the crust in any place       
should1 at least1 cause all the openings
  to emit lava at the same time4 ,but   
this is not the historic action of      
volcanoes2 one emits while another      
sleeps4    ,it is a historic fact       
observed within the present century1    
that a  volcanic mountain rose up from a
 comparatively level plane in ,mexico1  
in  one night1 to the height of #a1fie  
feet4 ,on the assumption that lava      
comes from the center of the earth1 why 
should not the above pressure  have     
found the weaker crust1 and ,nevada have
 been the place of eruption  instead of 
,mexico8 and why should not the three   
hundred open vents of  ,earth have      
emitted lava at the same time8 ,the     
theory will not bear  philosophic tests4
    ,the ,russian report of the increase
 of heat is only one-fourth that given  
in ,nevada4 ,who believes1 therefore1   
that the crust there is four times  as  
thick as in ,nevada8 ,the whole subject 

shows that the increase of heat  in the 
shaft proves nothing as to the interior 
of ,earth1 and nothing as  to the       
thickness of its crust4    #e4 ,to      
establish the ,plutonic theory1 it is at
 least necessary to  demonstrate that   
the granite1 which all hold to be the   
under rock1 is  the unstratified        
,plutonic foundation of all stratified  
rock4 ,recent  facts have demonstrated  
that the granite is a sedimentary rock1 
or rock  deposited in water4 ,this being
 admitted1 although contradicting the   
teachings of all the older text books1  
some writers1 among them is  ,steel1 in 
order to harmonize the ,plutonic theory 
with these stubborn  facts1 have assumed
 that the primitive granite1 which by   
the theory must  have been trap or lava1
 has all been worn away by              
disintegration of  water and ice1 or    
both2 and again1 by water deposited as  
we now find it4  ,but what was a        
white-hot globe of lava doing1 while    
water and ice were  tearing and grinding

 its lower crust to powdered sand8 ,we  
have secondary  granite1 but its        
structure is very different from        
primitive granite4  ,besides containing 
hard pebbles and boulders of other      
stone1 it is  friable1 and easily       
disintegrated under exposure4 ,it is a  
bad theory  that is driven to such      
unheard-of suppositions for its support4
 ,nothing  is more evident1 if the      
granite is the under rock1 and          
sedimentary1 as  represented and known  
to be1 than that the ,plutonic theory is
 completely  without foundation4    #f4 
,the modern theory of metamorphic rock1 
occasioned by internal heat1  is also   
false4 ,this theory maintains that the  
granite1 slates1 and  marble existed so 
near to the great body of internal heat 
that they must  have been metamorphosed4
 ,facts demonstrate that these rocks1 as
 a rule1  were never in heat equal to   
#gjj deg4 ,fahr4 ,such a heat will      
readily  disintegrate any of these      
formations4 ,any one can demonstrate    

this by  melting a little lead upon a   
piece of slate1 marble1 or granite4 ,the
  furnace is found to be the best       
general test of the origin of rock4     
,lava1 having been in a melted state1   
will not disintegrate up to the  melting
 point1 but1 as a rule1 will readily    
melt at the white heat4  ,granite1 the  
slates1 marble1 and rock in general1 of 
a sedimentary  formation1 will          
disintegrate at a comparatively low     
heat1 but they will  not melt1 except   
with alkaloids1 or flux1 and then only  
at a very high  degree of heat4 ,this   
test shows all the primitive rock1      
including  injected seams1 to have been 
formed in the sea1 with no heat to      
change  their structure since4 ,there   
are a few exceptions to the rule of     
disintegration1 as clay rock4    #g4 ,if
 the granite were not sedimentary1 we   
could not account for the  great        
quantity of sedimentary rock this side4 
,among the authors of our  text books   
there seems to be a general vagueness   

concerning the origin  of stratified    
rock1 except in regard to coal1 which   
all admit came out  of the air4 ,if we  
should assume that the granite was lava1
 but all the  stratified rock since1    
until you reach the region of           
conglomerate1 came  from the air1 how   
shall we account for the close          
similarity in  appearance and structure 
of the gneiss and granite8 ,theory has  
piled  thirty or forty miles of this    
sedimentary1 stratified rock above the  
granite2 whence did it come8 ,any       
openings in the granite would let up    
only lava4 ,whence the material for     
sediment8 ,we shall1 farther on1 show   
that all primitive rock1 like the coal1 
came from the gases of the  atmosphere  
once enveloping this globe4    #h4 ,our 
best scientists now readily unite with  
the keen sighted miner in  accounting   
for this increase of heat as you pass   
down the shaft1 on  entirely different  
principles from those stated in the text
 books4 ,prof4  ,joseph ,le ,conte says 

that 8,chemical action of air and water 
upon the  rock1 as you descend into the 
,earth's crust1 is undoubtedly the cause
 of  the increase of heat40 ,again he   
says1 8,this heat is regulated and      
gauged  by the constituents of the rock 
that you pass40 ,now admitting that the 
rock1 as a rule1 would show an average  
increase of heat down to the            
,carboniferous system1 or even to the   
,devonian1 yet there is rock enough     
beyond that contains so much less       
carbon1 as to show such a decrease of   
heat that must more than counteract all 
the increase above4 ,whether we  follow 
up the old hypothesis1 with the laws    
regulating heat by  conduction or       
chemical action1 the theory is utterly  
without foundation4  ,the late ,prof4   
,norton1 of the ,california ,state      
,normal1 said in a lecture  at ,pacific 
,grove1 in #ahhc1 8,every living        
geologist that ,i know of in the  world 
will admit1 for he knows1 that the      
granite was a sedimentary  rock40 ,this 

sentiment of his speech being reported  
to ,le ,conte1 he  replied1 8,in this   
position ,prof4 ,norton is undoubtedly  
right40 ,it is  thus seen that the      
,plutonic theory in our text books is at
 variance with  modern experiments1 and 
is proved to be utterly false4    #i4   
,volcanoes and geysers were formerly    
supposed to settle the question  in     
favor of the old theory4 ,the phenomena 
of both are such as to  strongly argue  
against it4 ,most geysers are known to  
be caused by  chemical action of rock4  
,we instance those in ,hot ,spring      
,valley1 ,cal41  near ,lassen ,buttes4  
,no one1 having noticed the various     
colored mud-pots  and mounds of pulpy   
rock thrown up by these boiling         
cauldrons1 can come  to any other       
conclusion4 ,a few geysers may be       
exceptions1 having been  caused by water
 trickling over heated rock in proximity
 to volcanoes4  ,these prove nothing as 
to the center of the earth1 until it can
 be  established that this body of lava 

is in the center of the earth4 ,a       
multitude of facts in connection with   
volcanic action demonstrate that  lava  
does not proceed from a common center4  
,a few we will here give4 7#a47 ,lava   
varies in color according to the  color 
of the stratified rock found in the     
vicinity4 ,thus1 between ,reno  and     
,wadsworth1 ,nevada1 may be seen a red  
ledge of sedimentary rock4  ,close by   
are found quantities of red lava1 being 
the same shade of red  found in the     
sedimentary4 ,pieces of rock may be     
seen1 one side showing  the sedimentary 
strata1 and the other partially melted4 
,lava everywhere1  probably1 is only    
sedimentary rock melted4 7#b47 ,volcanic
 disturbances  are local1 which they    
could not be if they proceeded from a   
common  center4 7#c47 ,the existence of 
great quantities of ashes1 so light as  
to  float on the surface of water1      
argues the consumption of some burning  
material1 as of coal4 ,nothing of this  
would exist in matter that had          

primarily been collected in liquid1 and 
had ever been in a fused state4         
,something must have been burning to    
produce the ashes4 7#d47 ,the fact of   
all the great upheavals of plateaus and 
mountains having been this side  the    
,carboniferous system of deposit1 where 
the burning material1  sufficient to    
produce volcanic effect1 was extracted  
from the air and  laid down as rock1    
argues in favor of a power much nearer  
than force1  generated from a primeval  
sea of lava4 ,burning coal as a source  
of heat1  and steam as a power1 are     
ample to account for every volcanic     
disturbance1 however it may have been   
modified by electric forces4    #aj4    
,most geologists are dissatisfied with  
the fire theory1 and are  looking about 
for a revolution in the teaching of the 
science4 ,professor  ,norton said1 8,we 
are upon the eve of a perfect revolution
 in the science  of geology40 ,agassiz  
said1 8,the ,plutonic theory loses      
ground as soon as  brought to scientific

 tests40 ,again he uttered with decided 
emphasis1  8,if the center of our earth 
were molten lava1 as hot as represented1
 a  crust of rock fifty miles thick     
would melt1 and1 in the space of a few  
hours1 fall into the great sea40    ,a  
teacher of geology in one of our large  
colleges1 who had just finished  a      
lecture upon the ,plutonic theory1 said1
 8,i have given that theory  because it 
is the teaching of all our text-books2  
but ,i do not believe  it4 ,many facts  
now coming to light show that the ,water
 theory is  destined to come to the     
front40    #aa4 ,the fact that submarine
 volcanoes happen1 without letting the  
ocean  into the great sea of lava1 shows
 that no such sea is there4 ,but for the
  money and reputation invested in      
school books upon this defunct theory1  
it would have been1 before this1        
consigned to the ,plutonic hell of the  
,greeks1 from whence1 it is more than   
probable1 it originated4    #ab4 ,many  
admitted facts are utterly inconsistent 

with this theory4 ,we  will stop to     
notice but two4    7#a47 ,it is a       
generally admitted fact1 that the entire
 land portions of  the explored earth1  
including ,greenland to the #hjth       
parallel1 were  either in a tropical or 
semi-tropical climate1 from the         
beginning of  sedimentary rock1 up to   
and far into the so-called ,alluvium    
deposit1 and  even to the historic age4 
8,the climate of ,england was warmer    
than any  now known on the earth40 ,sir 
,chas4 ,lyell stated1 that the only     
exceptions breaking in upon this        
uniformly warm climate were temporary   
changes during the great glacial epochs4
 ,this uniform heat could not  result   
from the present auxiliary motion of the
 earth1 nor with any good  reason can we
 assert that the internal fires ever    
modulated the surface  climate so much  
as one degree4 ,scientists are a unit in
 affirming that1  for the last four     
thousand years1 there has been no       
perceptible  influence from this cause1 

upon our climate4 ,a rupture of the     
earth's  crust1 and a change of pole    
three thousand miles1 and a complete    
change  of pole-pointing1 resulting in  
our present alternating seasons1 has    
probably happened within the 8historic  
age10 and probably within five  thousand
 years4 ,this could not be upon the     
,plutonic basis4 ,our earth  could not  
part1 and swim off upon a globe of      
melted lava4    7#b47 ,diatoms are now  
known to have existed1 coequal with the 
deposit of  all stratified rock4 ,this  
is a well verified fact1 but utterly    
inconsistent with the ,plutonic theory4 
,upon this theory1 the early crust  of  
,earth must have remained at a white    
heat4 ,water could not lie upon it  at  
all4 ,hence1 both deposits in water and 
animal life would be out of  the        
question4 ,the fact of both1 to say     
nothing of the well established  fact of
 the sedimentary nature of granite1 must
 ever brand the theory as  contradicting
 the plain facts of nature4 ,these facts

 equally refute the  more modern notion 
of metamorphism of rock4 ,the very waves
 of the sea  unite in a chorus with the 
rocks1 8,the ,plutonic foundations of   
the  earth's crust exist only in the    
imagination of man40                    
,section #b4            ,we will ,state 
the ,neptunian ,theory as a ,hypothesis4
      #a4 ,all matter was created at    
once1 and is correlative4    #b4 ,in its
 primary condition it was in cold gas2  
diffused in equilibrium  in that portion
 of space now occupied with systems3 it 
follows that  gravitation1 heat1 form1  
motion and power would in this state be 
wanting4    #c4 ,a power1 outside of    
created matter1 must transform this     
substance  from the inertia of rest to  
that of motion4 ,no sooner was a center 
of  matter gathered1 than gravitation   
acted upon all parts of the universe4   
,the centers of all systems must        
commence at the same time1 or one system
  would tend to blend with another1 and 
nature would be thrown out of           

equilibrium4 ,the entire period of      
gathering must have been with relative  
exactness4 ,it follows that1 at the     
beginning of motion1 all matter must  be
 put in motion4 ,such gases as were     
destined to constitute the sun  would   
move directly for it2 and such gases as 
were destined for globes  would move in 
a circle around the center4 ,such order 
must have formed  the poetic choir of   
suns1 8,when the morning stars sang     
together40    #d4 ,the shaping of       
systems1 sending forth light1 heat1     
gravitation and  power1 may well be     
called the first cosmological division  
of matter4  ,this included the heavens1 
and prospective planets1 as yet without 
form1  and floating in a ring of chaotic
 gases4    #e4 ,at the close of this    
division1 our sun had been gathered out 
of a  field of space1 extending each way
 more than twenty trillion of miles4    
,if these light gases had moved in a    
straight line at the rate of thirty     
miles per hour1 it would take ninety    

million of our years to reach the       
center4 ,poetically speaking1 there     
existed a condition of matter when      
force1 light1 gravitation1 motion and   
form were sleeping in the inertia  of   
rest4 ,this was followed by a period of 
motion to and about a central  sun4     
,geologically speaking1 the earth1 as   
yet1 had no form4 ,the matter  that     
would form planets was all floating in a
 revolving ring about the  sun4    ,the 
objective view of this ring1 with       
reference to the gathered center1  would
 be a solar firmament4 ,the fluids above
 had not yet been separated  from fluids
 below1 hence the firmament was         
continuous4 ,earth1 without  form1 was  
yet sleeping in chaos4 ,it awoke in form
 when a second division  of matter1 with
 no measured duration as yet1 had been  
accomplished4    #f4 ,a vast field of   
hydrogen united with its equivalent of  
oxygen2 and1  in super-heated steam1    
evolved out into space1 and took shape  
as a  globe4 ,these divisions antedate  

geologic time4 ,geology must begin with 
sedimentary rock4 ,the globe of steam   
must liquify and pass back to the  ring1
 and through it toward the sun4 ,in     
doing so1 it took an atmosphere  with it
 that shows the source of all our rock4 
,when taking its true  orbit about the  
sun1 it was a vast globe of cold water1 
holding1 by  gravitation1 a dense       
atmosphere in its embrace1 rich in      
material for  submarine rock4 ,for a    
while the deposits were very rapid1 and 
a great  quantity of pulp of rock was   
formed1 before any hardening took place4
  ,this accounts for the unstratified   
condition of granite4 ,all the first    
rocks would be submarine1 hidden deep in
 the sea4 ,nearly eighty miles  depth of
 deposits took place before dry land    
could appear4    #g4 ,contrasts marked  
the beginning and close of the first two
 divisions4  ,if we follow this order in
 this third division1 we must wait until
 the  ,devonian forests showed the      
renewed touch of the creative hand1     

giving  life in contrast to inorganic   
matter1 with which the globe started    
into  form1 and took its position as a  
planet of our system4 ,such is the      
,neptunian theory in part1 touching     
first causes in cosmology4              
,section #c4     ,the well established  
,fact of ,science look toward1 and      
defend this                             
,theory4      #a4 ,in the relative      
quantities of sedimentary and lava rock4
 ,by far the  greater portion of rock of
 all lands is sedimentary4 ,lava is the 
exception4 ,if the source of supply is  
an internal sea1 #g1hhj miles in        
diameter1 the reverse of this would most
 likely be true4    #b4 ,in the relative
 order of the two kinds of rock4 ,except
 in very  restricted locations1         
sedimentary rock is at the bottom1 in   
the middle1  and at the top of the      
earth's crust4 ,lava has never been     
found as an  integral part of the       
supposed bottom rock4    #c4 ,the       
constituents of all rock indicate the   

water theory4 ,all rock is  known to be 
a combination of gases4 ,the coal is    
admitted to have been  gathered from the
 air1 through the agency of vegetation4 
,there are three  ways gases may be     
combined into rock3    7#a47 ,through   
the agency of water alone4 ,such was the
 primitive granite2  and such are the   
modern stalactites4    7#b47 ,through   
the agency of diatoms living in the     
water4 ,these creatures  are absorbents4
 ,they absorb the minerals of the water1
 and form stone4  ,such are lime1 chalk 
and coral4    7#c47 ,they may be        
absorbed into vegetation1 and then      
hidden away in the  waters1 until       
changed into coal4    7#d47 ,sandstone  
and conglomerate are formed from eroded 
material of other  rocks4    7#e47 ,the 
melting of sedimentary rock in proximity
 to burning beds of  coal has formed the
 lava4    7#f47 ,chimneys of rock       
crossing the lower strata1 as of quartz 
and  granite1 are now known to be of    
water deposit4 ,the word dyke is        

improperly applied to them4 ,these      
circumstances all point to a center of  
water4    #d4 ,the question with many   
will arise1 ,how can rock rest upon     
water8 ,the  answer is1 ,upon the       
principle of the compressibility of     
liquids4 ,water  compresses a twentieth 
part in a thousand atmospheres4         
,thirty-three feet  of water is equal to
 one atmosphere4 ,thirty-three thousand 
feet would  compress one-twentieth part4
 ,we have a geometrical series1 with a  
ratio  of #a4je4 ,in #gi-a_/b miles we  
have twelve and three-fourths terms4    
,the sum  of the series will equal      
#ai4abg1 calling #cc1jjj feet one1      
without  compressibility4 ,now as the   
average rock1 under salt water1 weighs  
only  one and a half times as much as   
water1 we have to multiply twelve and   
three-fourths by one and a half to get  
its relative weight4 ,this we find  to  
be #ai4abe4 ,at #gi-a_/b miles in salt  
water1 the weight of water equals  rock 
of the same thickness4 ,as rock         

displaces only its bulk of water1 it    
will swim like an egg in strong lye at  
this depth4    #e4 ,the explorations    
which have been made of the ,atlantic   
ocean go to  sustain the ,neptunian     
theory4    7#a47 ,they think that they  
have established the fact that we had a 
connected land hemisphere1 and a        
hemisphere of water4 ,lieutenant ,maury 
made such extensive explorations of its 
contour and bed1 as to well nigh        
demonstrate the above position4 ,his    
report is1 that the trough-like         
appearance of its bed1 the corresponding
 walls on either side1 being  nearly    
perpendicular1 showed that the          
continents were once together4 ,on      
either side of the ,atlantic the        
sounding line showed a gradual deepening
  of water for about two hundred miles  
from shore1 when suddenly the depth     
became too great for measurement4 ,this 
only confirms what ,guizot wrote  upon  
the same subject over fifty years ago4  
,in a small treatise he endeavored to   

prove that the continent showed a  rent 
hemisphere of land1 once altogether4    
,that it had been rent asunder  by some 
great convulsion of nature1 and by water
 carried away from  ,africa and ,europe1
 with which ,north and ,south ,america  
were formerly  connected4 ,his theory   
was1 that continents and islands are but
 floating  remnants of a once connected 
hemisphere4    7#b47 ,such a rupture    
could only be maintained on the         
hypothesis of a  center of water4       
,should the earth open its crust1       
letting the ocean into  its interior of 
melted lava1 it would resemble a bomb4  
#f4 ,we shall1 therefore1 assume that we
 had a land hemisphere1 and that  the   
north pole was in the center1 and       
pointed directly to the sun  throughout 
its entire orbit4 ,this would involve   
the fact that the south  half of the    
globe was in darkness1 and locked in    
ice1 as a great  ,antarctic sea4        
7#a47 ,we argue this from the widely    
extended remains of the  polyp-builders4

 ,this animalcule inhabits only warm    
waters4 ,his remains  are found widely  
distributed in every zone from the      
,lower ,silurian up4  ,iowa and         
,minnesota show as nice coral in their  
strata as is now found in  the torrid   
seas4    7#b47 ,from the widely         
scattered remains of tropical shells4   
,they  conclusively show that a warm    
ocean once covered the continents4 ,sir 
,chas4 ,lyell mentions the tropical     
nature of the shells about ,england and 
,labrador1 and that 8,they indicate a   
very warm climate1 more uniformly  warm 
than any now existing on the ,earth40   
7#c47 ,from the remains of saurians2    
such as the icthyosaurus1 which1 like   
the crocodile of the ,ganges1 is found  
only in warm waters4 ,darwin saw  one in
 the bank of the ,la ,plata4 ,no land is
 without their remains4    7#d47 ,from  
the widely spread coal beds of ,earth4  
,nothing in geology is  better          
established1 than that this is the      
product of tropical forests4  ,all      

countries boast of their coal veins4    
,anthracite coal is often found  in the 
frozen rocks of ,greenland4 ,a vein of  
the best coal1 ten feet  thick1 was     
found in ,nova ,zembla1 now covered with
 ice4 ,good coal is also  found in the  
northern part of ,alaska4 ,a genial     
climate once covered  these places4     
7#e47 ,from the remains of tropical     
animals4 ,the evidence is conclusive1   
that gigantic elephants in countless    
herds once roamed the arctic  regions of
 ,siberia4 ,his remains have been found 
in all lands1 except the  ,scandinavian 
peninsula4 ,the mastodon was his near   
neighbor1 and his  bones are generally  
found in the same regions4 ,these       
animals depended on  grass for          
subsistence4 ,they could not endure a   
cold winter1 nor live  where snow lies  
on the ground for even a short time4 ,we
 now find their  remains where snow now 
lies from four to eight months in a     
year1 and  from two to twenty feet deep4
 ,from the region of ,russian ,siberia  

alone1  more than eighty thousand pounds
 of their ivory have been sold in a     
single year4 ,whence1 then1 this warm   
climate1 so uniform and general8 ,it    
cannot be accounted for on internal     
heat4 ,heat1 sufficient to warm an      
arctic atmosphere1 if coming from the   
ground1 would destroy all animal  life1 
either of water or land4 ,geologists    
agree that it has not been  affected so 
much as one degree for the last four    
thousand years4 ,but we  have positive  
proof that these animals existed down to
 the period of  human existence4 ,they  
probably have not been exterminated five
 thousand  years4 ,internal heat cuts no
 figure in their existence4 ,only one   
hypothesis accounts for these tropical  
phenomena1 viz41 a land  hemisphere1    
with pole in the center1 pointing       
directly to the sun4    7#f47 ,the      
sudden change of climate in some past   
time argues a rapid  change in the      
axillary motion of the earth1 preceded  
by a general  rupture of the earth's    

crust4 ,it was so sudden1 that animals  
were locked  up in arctic ice1 and have 
been preserved to our day1 with flesh   
entire4  7,see the word ,mammoth1 ,w4   
,dictionary47 ,the change of pole must  
have been  very sudden1 or animals1     
slain by the convulsion1 would have     
decayed at  once4    7#g47 ,the widely  
spread tropical flowers and fruits      
sustain this theory4  ,the palm tree    
flourished in ,europe and ,central      
,asia2 also in the  northern part of    
,north ,america4 ,the magnolia blossomed
 at least #hj  degrees north4 ,sir      
,charles ,lyell claims that the earlier 
vegetation was  generally tropical4     
,grass evidently flourished in all      
lands1 the year  round4    #g4 ,the     
nature and condition of the early rock  
attest the water theory4  ,had the crust
 begun upon a ball of lava1 at a white  
heat1 the ocean1  readily boiling1 would
 be thrown into the air1 where it would 
be  condensed1 and by gravitation thrown
 back upon the thin crust4 ,this  would 

often give way1 and the whole volume    
would enter the interior and  explode   
the entire crust into atoms4 ,in such   
case we should expect to  find the under
 rock a broken mass of displaced lava4  
,but we find the  granite to have been  
so calmly deposited in water1 and it    
retains its  place so well1 that we     
split it with the rift of sugar pine4   
,geologists  estimate the earth's crust 
from fifty to one hundred miles thick4  
,upon  the ,neptunian theory we at least
 have seventy-five miles without a      
particle of lava1 or so much as the     
scratch of an iceberg4 ,the early       
geologies spoke of dykes of lava1       
injected into granite4 ,the furnace     
shows these to be water seams4 ,no well 
attested lava has ever been found       
there4    #h4 ,the period of the great  
upheavals supports this theory4 ,no     
grand  mountains reared their lofty     
heads to the clouds1 until this side the
  ,carboniferous system of deposits4 ,it
 is more probable that burning coal     

must have been the cause of the heat1   
and the expansion of steam the  power1  
that rent the ,earth's crust2 and the   
eighty miles pressure of  waters        
suddenly liberated would bring up the   
granite1 with all under  rock1 to the   
surface4 ,lava then proceeds from local 
deposits of melted  rock1 that had been 
stratified4 ,if it came from a common   
center of a  primary melted mass1 there 
would be no occasion for ashes4 ,the    
abundance  of these ashes shows the     
consumption of some burning material1 as
 of  coal4 ,the very witnesses which the
 ,plutonic believers have placed upon   
the stand prove quite the reverse of    
their theory4    #i4 ,facts show that   
the substance of all mountain chains was
 once  deposited in the sea4 ,baron ,von
 ,humboldt remarked1 8,upon the tallest 
mountains yet reached by the footsteps  
of man you may witness the  ancient sea 
bottom40 ,conglomerate shells with sand1
 hardened into rock  in the ancient     
seas1 are now found in all lands        

thousands of feet above  the sea4       
#aj4 ,the rise and depressions of the   
,earth's crust are proofs of the  water 
theory4 ,lands having large rivers1     
carrying more debris or silt  into the  
ocean than the weight of her vegetation1
 decaying1 are rising2  as has been     
demonstrated in ,north and ,south       
,america1 ,europe1 ,asia and  ,africa4  
,the terraces left attest the truth of  
this position4    ,lands having more    
vegetation or ice than the weight of the
 debris  carried into the sea are       
sinking4 ,witness ,greenland and the    
,pacific  ,isles4 ,but these islands    
could not well sink into a sea of       
burning lava1  without letting in the   
surrounding ocean2 in which case the    
entire crust  would be destroyed4       
#aa4 ,the crowning reason for believing 
in the ,neptunian theory is found  in   
the great glacial drift period4 ,the    
,neptunian hypothesis of the poles  of  
the ,earth is sufficient to account for 
the ice that constituted the  drift4    

,the ancient equator would mark the     
bound between darkness and  light2 and  
would be situated so as to manufacture  
icebergs the whole  length of this      
largest circle4    ,the depressions of  
the lowlands beneath the sea are        
accounted for in the  great upheavals4  
,on an average1 rock weighed out of     
water is one and  two-thirds times as   
much as when weighed under water4 ,all  
the strata of  mountains and plateaus   
lifted from beneath the waters weigh one
 and  two-thirds times what they did    
before being disturbed4    ,geologists  
tell us that the ,earth's crust was     
depressed six to seven  thousand feet4  
,this would enable the ice to flow over 
the surface1 the  bergs being of        
enormous depth4 ,the lowlands of every  
continent have been  thus plowed4 ,the  
evidence exists in every valley and far 
up the sides of  all mountains4 ,this   
evidence is by no means confined to     
scratches on the  rock1 but the         
water-washed gravel and polished pebbles

 equally attest  its action4 ,you can   
hardly sink a shaft in valley or hill   
without  encountering them4 ,with the   
present inclination of the ,earth's pole
 to  the elliptic no such quantity of   
ice can possibly occur4 ,no iceberg has 
ever yet been seen in tropical waters4  
,there never yet has been enough  at one
 time within historic note1 to          
counteract the influence of the  ,gulf  
,stream about ,norway and ,iceland4     
,how different the ancient drift6 ,then 
the ice penetrated all open seas1       
caused by submergence4 ,it plowed alike 
the ,brazilian mountains1 the  ,sierra  
,nevada1 and the ,appalachian4 ,it      
chilled the seas to the very  center of 
the submerged hemisphere2 and ,england  
witnessed the dwelling  of the reindeer 
in her borders1 while it lasted4        
,according to ,sir ,chas4  ,lyell1 the  
temperature sank from the uniformity of 
our intensely warm  climate to the      
chilliness of melting ice4 ,the cold was
 now as uniform as  the heat had before 

been constant4 ,the north pole1 pointing
 directly to  the sun1 would bring the  
whole land hemisphere within perpetual  
sunshine2 and consequently1 when above  
the sea1 would be in a tropical  or     
semi-tropical zone to the very edge4    
,this climate would continue as  long as
 the land could hold back the ice1 which
 had been accumulated at  the equator4  
,but no sooner did the lowlands become  
submerged1 than the  ice would change   
the climate1 wherever it could in large 
quantities  accumulate4 ,as it plowed   
every river1 plain1 and gulch1 the      
fauna1  adapted to the former climate1  
would naturally lose their existence4   
,such is the history of the drift4      
,ninety-seven per cent4 of all land     
animals died4 ,by the slow process of   
disintegration of the mountains1  the   
hemisphere was again raised1 and its    
former beautiful climate  restored4     
,section #d4         ,how was such a    
,world adapted to ,man or strictly      
speaking1                               

,man to such a ,world8      #a4 ,the    
even climate of such a world would tend 
to his longevity1 and be  most genial to
 his feelings4    ,man's nature calls   
for an even climate4 ,now by art he     
tries to even up  the climate of the    
year4    7#a47 ,less than two-thirds of 
the lighted hemisphere could have been  
covered with dry land4 ,many bodies of  
water are known to have been  included  
within the areas of land4 ,the pole1    
pointing directly toward  the sun1 must 
have been near ,gibraltar4 ,allowing    
that land extended in  every direction1 
four thousand miles or more1 we should  
then have an  open sea of from fifteen  
hundred to two thousand miles1          
intervening  between the edge of the    
hemisphere of land1 or perhaps more     
properly1  the quartosphere of land1 and
 the region of perpetual ice4    7#b47  
,on the sunny side of such a globe1     
being at first entirely water1 a  rapid 
evaporation must have taken place2 and  
most1 nearest the north  pole4 ,this    

would give rise to currents1 both of air
 and water1 to flow  toward it1 as a    
source of supply4 ,counter currents of  
both would follow4  ,currents of either 
starting near the equator would be cold 
and possess a  motion greater than the  
earth1 a few degrees toward the pole4   
,this would  send both towards the      
northeast1 until meeting the return     
currents of  wind1 which would cause    
variable winds2 but a most genial       
climate must  have surrounded the earth1
 at least forty degrees wide4    7#c47  
,such a climate1 with such facilities   
for evaporation1 would provide  the way 
for perpetual harvest4 ,the open sea to 
the edge must have been  constantly     
filled with floating ice4 ,cold breezes1
 often laden with  thick fog1 would     
float in over the edge of the land4     
,this may account  for the long hair    
which covered the mammoth elephant of   
,siberia and  ,california4 ,no winds are
 more penetrating than those coming from
 large  bodies of melting ice2 yet under

 a perpetual sunshine the vegetation    
must have been abundant4    #b4 ,we add 
by way of recapitulation3    7#a47 ,that
 everywhere1 and with each new discovery
 in science1 the  evidence is           
accumulating that our globe is          
essentially an immense ball  of cold    
water1 with a crust of earth covering   
the under waters as with a  stone2 while
 a portion of water above is held in the
 earth's lap4    7#b47 ,until recently1 
the continents and islands were together
 in one  vast body1 with the axillary   
center pointing to the sun4    7#c47    
,that fragments of the broken hemisphere
 have been spread out upon  the seas1   
often standing with just their tops out 
of water as islands4    7#d47 ,inasmuch 
as this ,earth is a magnet1 the deposit 
about the pole was  of the nature of a  
load-stone4 ,this existed as a mountain1
 which by the  force of the waters was  
bodily removed to the present north1    
nearly  three thousand miles4 ,it was   
thus we had a change of times and       

seasons4    7#e47 ,that the alternation 
of day and night1 heat and cold1 summer 
and  winter1 seed-time and harvest1 are 
results following this great change  in 
the ,earth's polarity4    7#f47 ,that   
the existence of the rainbow1 caused by 
the declination of the  sun toward the  
horizon in the ,earth's present motion1 
is a reminder of  what is1 and will     
remain to be1 in contrast to what was1  
and would have  been1 until the end of  
time1 had no cause occurred making it   
necessary  for this radical change4     
,earth's climate was changed1    7a7 ,by
 changing the magnetic currents of      
,earth1 in removing the pole  locally   
three thousand miles away4    7b7 ,by   
withdrawing the attraction the former   
pole had for the sun1 and  pointing it  
to an empty place in the north1 now one 
degree and a half  from ,polaris4    7c7
 ,by inclining the ,earth's pole        
twenty-three and a half degrees to  the 
ecliptic4 8,he changeth times and       
seasons40                               

,,chapter ,,ii4        ,the ,neptunian  
,theory of ,creation was first brought  
to ,light                            in 
the ,book of ,job4      #a4 ,like       
,homer1 who dated his poem in the rising
 of the star ,sirius1 so  ,job dated his
 book in the ,pleiades1 while the sun   
was gaining his vernal  equinox in the  
star ,alcyone of this constellation4    
,the ,septuagint speaks  of ,job's age  
at the commencement of his trial as     
being one hundred  years4 ,by the       
closing statement appended to his book1 
we learn that he  lived after his       
restoration one hundred and forty years4
 ,this makes his  age two hundred and   
forty at his death4 ,alcyone marks by   
precession of  the equinoxes #bajj years
 ,b4 ,c4 ,the great period of his       
longevity  indicates a time antedating  
,abraham's day by more than two hundred 
years4    #b4 ,this book is an          
epi-dramatic ,oratorio of human history4
 ,it is epic1  in that it gives the     
history of a real life2 dramatic1 in    

that it  dramatizes human history1 by   
the inspirations of these actors1 with  
the  religious intuitions of all ages4  
,the poem as a whole shows the          
contending forces that develop          
character2 the struggle of man's        
redeemed  nature against the tendencies 
of a series of degenerate ages1 as far  
down as the full triumph of ,christ's   
reign2 followed by the long  prosperity 
that awaits the ,church4 ,it also sets  
forth the longings of  the human        
intellect for a knowledge of first      
causes2 and its crowning  success when  
,nature is studied in connection with   
the revelations of  ,god's ,word4 ,the  
,book of ,job was evidently the only    
,scripture that the  world had for at   
least eight hundred years4 ,the         
introduction shows ,job  to have been a 
person adapted to great reverses of     
fortune1 rich1 pious1  prosperous1      
happy1 and respected4 ,two spirits1     
either of which may take  form1 but     
neither being dependent on form or      

locality1 are present in  their         
religious gatherings as they have ever  
been in ours4 ,that  objective figures  
come before our imaginations in reading 
this part of  the poem1 only shows the  
high character of the production4    #c4
 ,the first question between ,god and   
,satan is that hackneyed one of all     
history1 viz3 ,is piety a selfish       
ebullition of the human heart or a      
divinely planted principle8 ,satan takes
 the first statement1 ,god the  latter4 
,satan affirms that a sudden reverse of 
fortune will change the  aspect of      
,job's piety1 and he will then curse    
,god to his face4 ,great  principles are
 best tested by suffering4 ,nor is it   
necessary that every  one should suffer 
in the same direction to show forth the 
same4 ,the  world is full of delegated  
suffering2 the few for the many1 and    
sometimes one for all4 ,job is the right
 man in wealth1 station1  influence1 and
 habits of mind to personify piety in   
its relation to the  world's progress4  

#d4 ,the ,orient is the place1 and that 
period of the world the time1 for  the  
rich figures of speech found in the two 
scenes of this unparalleled  production4
 ,of the two forces meeting us in life1 
inviting our attention  and             
co-operation1 one must and but one can1 
at the same time1 receive  our homage4  
,the one inclines you to and gives you  
credit for all good2  the other inclines
 you from and gives you no credit for   
any good4 ,the  princely man of the     
,orient is suddenly confronted with     
absolute  bankruptcy and bereavement of 
all his children1 without the chance of 
speaking the parting good-bye4 ,satan   
expected the question settled in  his   
favor1 by a sudden outburst of passion1 
in vindictive hate to ,god4  ,but       
listen6 8,naked came ,i out of my       
mother's womb 7earth71 and naked  shall 
,i return thither4 ,the ,lord gave1 and 
the ,lord hath taken away2  blessed be  
the name of the ,lord40 ,the first scene
 is ended with ,satan  completely       

foiled4 ,but1 some one might say1 the   
question only covered  ,job's outward   
prosperity4 ,true1 his wife is left to  
him1 but she is a  part of himself4     
#e4 ,again the sons of ,god are together
 in worship4 ,satan begs leave to  amend
 his indictment against piety4 8,touch  
his bone and his flesh and he  will     
curse thee40 ,job is smitten in a manner
 calculated to break down  his patience4
 ,the patience of his wife having become
 exhausted1 she is  influenced to give  
her vindictive advice in the line of    
,satan's desires1  8,curse ,god1 and    
die40 8,thou speakest as a foolish      
woman4 ,what6 shall we  receive good at 
the hand of ,god1 and shall we not      
receive evil80    #f4 ,the prologue of  
scene second ends with ,satan           
confounded4 ,the incoming  circumstances
 show ,god's present proposition to be  
that true piety will  not only endure1  
without tarnish1 what ,satan in his ill 
will has  proposed1 but it will survive 
and develop in strength in the ages to  

come1 until it shall triumph over every 
foe4 ,to refute all satanic  charges to 
which history will give rise1 ,god      
proposes to try it in this  person1     
under the leading intuitions governing  
the masses of all ages1  past and to    
come4 ,three supposed but mistaken      
friends hear of ,job's  calamity1 and   
resolve to condole his misery4 ,these   
are ranked within the  family of ,god's 
sons4 ,these men are kings in their     
time1 and are  supposed to be entitled  
to a hearing4 ,their mistakes will make 
them  really ,job's enemies4 ,such are  
the coadjutors that ,satan is about to  
have brought to his aid4 ,they find ,job
 in keen anguish of body1  incapable of 
recognizing his friends4    #g4 ,these  
persons are all representative          
characters1 whose intuitions  will      
partake of the nature of the epochs of  
human history1 through which  the       
prophet ,job is about to be taken4 ,job 
personifies piety2 ,eliphaz1  reverence 
in tradition2 ,bildad1 special          

,providence as a rule of action2        
,zophar1 ignorance1 the mother of       
devotion4 ,beginning with the fall of   
man1 each epoch of human history is to  
stamp the prevailing religious          
intuitions of the masses upon these men4
    #h4 ,piety must be tried under all4 
,until the enlightened age of the world 
is reached1 piety will have little to   
cling to but faith in ,god1 and  that in
 the face of appearances4 ,such is the  
drama about to be enacted4  ,six grand  
epochs of historic time must be passed  
to reach even the  present time4 7#a47  
,deism of the antediluvian world4 7#b47 
,special  ,providence as a rule of      
action following the flood1 and out of  
which  grew the building of the ,tower  
of ,babel4 7#c47 ,he was left alone     
through  materialistic worship in       
idolatry1 as in ,abraham's time4 7#d47  
,he was  confronted by a superstitious  
looking-behind1 as in ,persia's time4   
7#e47  ,tempted with an abnormal        
ambition1 as in ,alexander's time4 7#f47

 ,he must  be surrounded by the ruling  
necessities of commercial selfishness   
inaugurated by ,rome1 and transmitted by
 circumstantial links in the  progress  
of civilization to our own time4    #i4 
,human history in the drama starts in   
with a wail4 ,job1 with the  intuitions 
of a deist1 bewails his very existence4 
,as he looks to the  future there is not
 one ray of hope4 8,thou 7,god7 shalt   
search for me in  the morning but ,i    
shall not be4 ,he that goeth down to the
 grave shall  come up no more40         
,where now is that oft repeated         
declaration of ,satan1 that piety1 at   
best1 is only a selfish looking forward 
to rewards in the future8 ,the  piety of
 ,job survives this terrible ordeal4    
,the blinding intellectual  fog of deism
 could not lose his point of compass4   
,creeds may be good as sign-boards      
directing the traveler1 but they go  but
 a little ways in determining the action
 of the truly pious4 ,as he  approaches 
the flood he beholds the 8numbering of  

man's days on the  earth40 ,and1 as the 
reality bursts upon his vision1 he      
experiences a  perfect revolution of    
intuition4 ,all is special ,providence  
now4    #aj4 ,the flood is passed in    
chapter eight1 and 8man's days become as
 a  shadow40 ,the law of ,god's natural 
,providence1 in cause and effect1 is by 
,job and his friends completely ignored4
 ,his own condition will look him  in   
the face with terrible effect1 asking an
 explanation4 ,to such an  ordeal1 with 
,bildad framing an enthusiastic argument
 upon the evidences  of special         
,providence in the affliction1 was ,job 
brought4 ,he can  logically prove ,job  
to be one of the worst of men4 8,doth   
,god pervert  judgment80 ,to ,job he    
saith1 8,if thou wast pure and upright1 
surely now  he would awake for thee40   
,job with his intuitions cannot see why 
the  argument is not sound4 8,i know it 
is so of a truth40 ,to work thus upon   
the nerves of a sick man1 who has been  
shut off from comprehensive views  of   

,god's general ,providence in law1 is   
well calculated to break him down  in   
impatience toward ,god4 ,but ,job       
replies1 8,if ,i say ,i am perfect it   
shall also prove me perverse4 ,though ,i
 were perfect1 yet would ,i not  know my
 soul2 neither is there any daysman     
betwixt us1 that he should  lay his hand
 upon us both40 ,zophar replied1 8,know 
therefore that ,god  exacteth of thee   
less than thine iniquity deserveth40    
,job replied1 8,i  could speak as you do
 if ,i were in your stead40 8,though he 
slay me1 yet  will ,i trust in him40    
,job claims an honest integrity of      
purpose1 though  denying perfection in  
attainment4    #aj4 ,for this noble     
stand he is rewarded on the spot with a 
prophetic  view of what forms the first 
chapter in the 8,little ,book0 of       
star-dates4  ,tracing time back by the  
precession of the equinoxes to where the
 sun  crossed its spring equinox in     
,orion's belt1 he saw the commencement  
of  man4 ,tracing the same line forward 

to the end of our race1 where indeed    
time ends1 he saw that it rested in ,ash
 or the ,great ,bear 7margin7           
incorrectly translated ,arcturus2 new   
version1 ,great ,bear4    ,looking to   
the same kind of date of his own time1  
he saw the sun  crossing the ,pleiades4 
,looking at the full inauguration of    
,christ's  ,kingdom on earth1           
represented by the termination of ,job's
 own  sufferings1 he saw the time       
measured in the ,summer ,solstitial     
colure  going from under the ,altar4    
8,thou madest ,ash1 ,orion and the      
,pleiades1  and the chambers of the     
south40 ,here commences the 8,little    
,book10  alluded to so often in         
prophecy1 with four of the most         
important dates  of history1 but sealed 
upon the back part until the opening of 
the same  by the 8,lion of the ,tribe of
 ,judah0 to his servant ,john4 ,here1   
perhaps  all unconscious of their       
bearings on future history1 he is       
picturing in  the heavens1 and dating by

 means of the precession of the         
equinoxes1 the  long periods1           
revolutions1 changes and triumphs his   
sufferings were to  take him1 followed  
by the long prosperity of the ,church of
 ,christ in the  latter day4    #aa4    
,representing the reign of universal    
idolatry1 and consequent  ignorance of  
the masses1 and preceding the anxious   
inquiries concerning  immortality by    
,confucius1 ,socrates and ,plato1       
,zophar is prepared to fill  in his part
 of the drama4    ,the question of the  
resurrection is discussed in the light  
of nature1 in  ,chap4 #ad4 ,he is       
compelled to leave it as an open        
question1 only wishing  that it might be
 true4 8,oh that thou wouldest hide me  
in the grave1 that  thou wouldest       
appoint me a set time1 and remember me40
 ,he nears the time  of the general     
expectation of ,messiah's appearance on 
earth4    ,he closes to allow ,zophar1  
the representative of those ,scribes and
  ,pharisees in their tradition1 to     

speak again4 ,this is found in the      
fifteenth chapter4    #ab4 ,from the    
sixteenth to the nineteenth1 inclusive1 
,job personifies  ,christ4 ,hence these 
chapters are ,messianic4 8,they have    
gaped upon me  with their mouth1 they   
have smitten me upon the cheek          
reproachfully4 ,my  days are extinct1   
the graves are ready for me4 ,god hath  
delivered me to  the ungodly1 and turned
 me over into the hands of the wicked4  
,are there  not mockers with me8 ,for   
thou hast hid their heart from          
understanding40  ,many of these         
sentences are quoted into the           
twenty-second psalm1  recognized by all 
commentators to be ,messianic4 ,this    
,special ,providence1  as a rule to     
depend upon1 watched ,christ on the     
cross2 it triumphed over  the fact that 
,god did not deliver him4    ,here it is
 in prophecy3 8,the snare is laid for   
him in the ground4 ,it  shall devour the
 strength of his skin1 even the         
firstborn of death1 it  shall devour his

 strength4 ,his confidence shall be     
rooted out of his  tabernacle4 ,his     
remembrance shall perish from the earth4
 ,he shall be  driven from light into   
darkness1 and chased out of the world4  
,he shall  neither have son or nephew   
among his people40 ,isaiah1 quoting the 
sentiment1 asks1 8,who shall declare his
 generation1 for his life was  taken    
from the earth80    ,the ,messianic     
voice is personified from the grave4    
,the grave speaks the  facts of history4
 8,he hath put my brethren far from me1 
and my  acquaintance are verily         
estranged from me4 ,my kinsfolks have   
failed1 and  my familiar friends have   
forgotten me4 ,they whom ,i loved are   
turned  against me4 ,why do you         
persecute me as ,god80 ,in the          
nineteenth chapter  ,job has reached the
 resurrection4 ,how changed the voice6  
8,oh1 that my  words were now written6  
,oh1 that they were printed in a book6  
,that they  were graven with an iron    
pen1 and lead in the rock forever40     

#ac4 8,for ,i know that my ,redeemer    
liveth1 and that he shall stand at the  
latter day upon the earth4 ,and though  
after my skin worms destroy this  body1 
yet in my flesh shall ,i see ,god40     
,ignorance is not satisfied with  the   
report 8that he is risen from the dead40
 8,the triumph of the wicked  is short4 
,though his excellency mount up to the  
heavens1 yet he shall  perish forever4  
,he shall fly away as a dream40 ,the    
days of apostolic  teaching and         
suffering passed1 ,christianity         
debauched by a state  religion1         
ignorance again put forth as a dying    
gasp1 a few platitudes in  defense of   
,god and against piety4 ,chap4 #bj4 ,job
 answered by referring  man's conduct in
 life to a future judgment4 ,chap4 #ba4 
,reverence in  tradition exhorted ,piety
 to speedy repentance4 ,chaps4 #bc and  
#bd4 ,piety  is searching directly for  
the true ,god4    #ad4 ,special         
,providence1 ignoring law1 boasteth of  
his secular strength4  8,is there any   

numbers of his armies80 ,here in the    
poem civilization  reached the dawn of  
the ,reformation4 ,chap4 #bf4 ,it begins
 in the line of  science4 ,the rocks    
begin to speak4 8,dead things are formed
 from under  the waters40 ,the orbicular
 motion and the present pole-pointing of
 the  ,earth1 according to the          
,copernican system1 is seen4 8,he       
stretcheth out  the north over the empty
 place1 and hangeth the ,earth upon     
nothing40 ,how  exactly in accordance   
with the history of scientific reform1  
that this  knowledge should begin in    
small fragments of truth4 ,a glimpse of 
the  ancient pole-pointing is seen4 8,he
 hath compassed the waters with  bounds1
 until the day and night come to an     
end02 or until the end of  light begins 
with darkness4 ,he saw the great 8change
 of times and  seasons0 caused by the   
,noachian flood4 8,he divideth the sea  
with his  power1 and by his             
understanding he smiteth through the    
proud4 ,lo these  are parts of his ways2

 but how little a portion is heard of   
him6 but the  thunder of his power who  
can understand80    #ae4 ,job enters    
upon the ,reformation in science with a 
prophet's view of  the desperate efforts
 put forth1 by scientists of our own    
period1 to  reach first causes by       
analytical deduction and hypothetical   
reasoning2  and this unaided by any     
light claiming to come by inspiration of
 ,god4  ,his harp seemed attuned in the 
most exquisite niceness of poetic       
finish1  to that class of modern        
pretenders who talk of the fullness of  
nature's  laws1 while they disbelieve in
 the existence of nature's ,god4 ,he    
opens  the twenty-eighth chapter with   
certain admissions1 as to points of     
knowledge obtainable from phenomena of  
nature1 followed by questions           
suggestive of the paucity of all things 
seen to unfold a true and full          
cosmology4 8,surely there is a vein for 
the silver1 and a place for gold  where 
they fine it4 ,iron is taken out of the 

earth1 and brass is molten  out of the  
stone40 ,now beholding the futile       
efforts of ,naturalists to  reach first 
causes he exclaims1 8,there is a path   
which no fowl knoweth1  and which the   
vulture's eye hath not seen4 ,the lion's
 whelps have not  trodden it1 nor the   
fierce lion passed by it4 ,he putteth   
forth his hand  upon the rock2 he       
overturneth the mountains by the roots4 
,he cutteth out  rivers among the rocks1
 and his eye sees every precious thing40
 ,this and  more is freely conceded as  
yielding a grand field for geological   
thought4 8,but where shall wisdom be    
found8 and where is the place of        
understanding8 ,man knoweth not the     
price thereof1 neither is it found in   
the land of the living40 ,right here1   
beholding the observations through      
heaven-pointed lenses1 that man may read
 first causes in the stars1 he  gives   
the poetic reply of space4 8,the depth  
saith it is not in me40 ,now  beholding 
the kindled expectations in the student 

of the seas1 as he  traces her currents1
 measures her waves and tides1 and      
reaches her  deepest deposits1 the sea  
is made to report1 8,it is not with me40
 ,but  may not wealth and position gain 
it from the schools8 ,he answers3 8,it  
cannot be gotten for gold1 neither shall
 silver be weighed for the price        
thereof4 ,it cannot be valued with the  
gold of ,ophir1 with the precious  onyx1
 or the sapphire4 ,the gold and the     
crystal cannot equal it2 and the        
exchange of it shall not be for jewels  
of fine gold4 ,no mention shall be  made
 of coral or of pearls2 for the price of
 wisdom is above rubies4 ,the  topaz of 
,ethiopia shall not equal it1 neither   
shall it be valued with  pure gold40    
,disappointed in reading first causes in
 all these resources man still          
inquires3 8,whence then cometh wisdom1  
and where is the place of               
understanding8 ,seeing it is hidden from
 the eyes of all living1 and kept  close
 from the fowls of the air40 ,let now   

the dead fossil speak4 ,may not  the    
entombed life of forty millions of years
 open up this subject to  man8    #af4  
,destruction and death say1 8,we have   
heard the fame thereof with our  ears4  
,god understandeth the way thereof1 and 
he knoweth the place  thereof2 for he   
looketh to the ends of the earth1 and   
seeth under the  whole heavens1 to make 
the weight of the winds1 and he weigheth
 the  waters by measure4 ,when he made a
 decree for the rain1 and a way for the 
lightning of the thunder2 then did he   
see it and declare it40 ,but how  shall 
man gain this true wisdom of causes8    
8,he that cometh to ,god must  believe  
that he is1 and that he is a rewarder of
 them that diligently  seek him40 ,it is
 the voice of the ,saviour1 he who      
8walked in the  garden40 ,men must be   
drawn toward ,god before they can see   
him in his  word4 8,and unto man he     
said1 ,behold the fear of the ,lord1    
that is  wisdom2 and to depart from evil
 is understanding40 ,it cannot be       

doubted  that more reverence for ,god1  
and less egotistical trust in self1     
would  greatly aid the wisest thinker of
 the present day4 ,we have had          
altogether too much of that feigned or  
real pity for the ,bible1 as            
unfortunate in its allusions to science1
 deserving to be ranked with the        
superstitions of the untutored masses of
 the unlettered ages4 ,it is true  that 
prophetic allusions to scientific       
subjects are usually poetic1 but  none  
the less specific and definite for this4
 ,these allusions embody a  true        
objective view1 leaving to science the  
task to subjectively work  out the true 
condition of things presenting such     
phenomena4 ,thus  prophecy poetized upon
 the 8,place for light1 and the home and
 house for  darkness2 and the path      
leading to the bounds between them40    
,scientifically explained1 one pole of  
the ,earth must have pointed  steadily  
to the sun1 leaving half the globe in   
perpetual darkness4    #ag4 ,joshua is  

said to have commanded the sun and the  
moon to stand  still1 and they obeyed   
him4 ,subjectively rendered the sun went
 not down1  during one night1 which     
could have been objectively accomplished
 by a  mirage4 ,as this would answer the
 purpose for which the phenomena is     
reported1 it is highly probable that    
this is all that is meant4 ,again1  ,god
 made a firmament4 ,but firmaments      
called heaven are not things made4      
,subjectively rendered1 he made a globe1
 from which the visible expanse  is     
seen4 ,these figures of speech1 and     
especially the one called  metonymy1 run
 all through prophetic sayings4 ,the    
heart's willingness to  accept the truth
 is often necessary to the intellect's  
perceiving it4    #ah4 ,the ,reformation
 has made some considerable progress1   
and ,job's three  mistaken friends begin
 to see their errors1 and acknowledge   
themselves  silenced4 ,job's renewed    
ability to speak1 and the readiness with
 which  he handles the subject of each  

passing event1 shows that the darkness  
is  passing away1 and the teachings of  
these dismal ages are being             
counteracted4    #ai4 ,a far more       
formidable enemy1 in the person of      
,elihu1 is about to  arise4 ,he         
represents ,secular ,education1 in      
unbelief of the inspiration  of ,god1 or
 the existence of true piety4 ,he       
reasons that all men are  essentially   
alike1 imperfect2 that heredity1        
inclination1 education and  surrounding 
circumstances account for all the       
difference in men4 ,that  ,job1 having  
claimed upright intentions before ,god1 
has committed a grave  offence4 ,his    
,god is one of cause4 8,i will fetch my 
knowledge from afar3  he that is perfect
 in knowledge is with thee4 ,my lips    
shall utter  knowledge clearly4 ,all    
flesh shall perish together40 ,what is  
this but  infidel ,deism8 ,how different
 the expression of the wise man6 8,who  
knoweth the spirit of man that goeth    
upward1 and the spirit of the beast     

that goeth downward to the earth80 ,the 
one is mortal1 the other  immortal4 ,for
 some cause ,job is silent1 though again
 and again  challenged to the combat4   
,let us apply a little history to the   
prophetic  drama4 ,french ,atheists1 in 
a convention in #ahjh1 put forth        
eighty-three  counts1 any one of which  
was claimed sufficient to prove the     
,bible to be  uninspired4 ,sir ,charles 
,lyell1 himself a ,deist1 wrote1 8,of   
these counts1  not one of them remains  
today4 ,science has laid them aside as  
untenable40    #bj4 ,we have three      
distinct views of prayer1 represented in
 ,bildad1 ,elihu  and ,job4 ,bildad's   
view is1 8,if deserving1 you can have   
all you ask for1  without reference to  
law4 ,all that you need is faith to     
perpetuate the  line of miracles40      
,elihu's view was essentially expressed 
by the  ,professor who threw down the   
challenge1 called the prayer gauge4 ,its
  substance was1 8,prayer changes no    
effect following cause4 ,it cannot      

mitigate the death rate in a hospital40 
,job's position is that prayer  may be  
beneficial when in harmony with ,god's  
laws4 ,there are three  realms1 viz1    
physics1 mind and spirit4 ,mind is      
higher than physics1 and1  within       
bounds1 rules it2 spirit is higher than 
either1 and within bounds  rules both3  
that prayer to ,god1 ever subject to    
8,thy will be done1 not  mine10 may     
increase the power of the spirit in man 
over the lower realms  of law1 thus     
securing wonderful help from ,god1      
according to his  expressed will in law4
 ,this does not necessarily involve     
miracle in the  answer ,god gives4 ,it  
is in harmony with the law of the       
spirit1 that ,god  within the spirit    
greatly increases its power over mind   
and matter4 ,this  was the secret of    
,job's power over his contestants4 ,this
 power ,elihu  denied4 ,secular         
,education will readily admit that ,god1
 by his direct  power 7which is ,special
 ,providence71 created matter1 again set

 it in  motion1 again gave life to      
portions of it1 etc41 and then deny that
 ,god  would listen to the cry of his   
children for spiritual or material help4
  ,this modern ,elihu has completely    
ignored the efforts of ,god to help the 
would-be scientists to phenomena and    
principles1 which would link his        
knowledge of nature in happy relation   
with first causes4 ,hence in the  end1  
like ,elihu1 he is destined to be       
completely confounded4    #ba4 ,two     
thousand years ago1 science established 
the ,ptolemaic theory of  ,astronomy4   
,it taught it for eighteen hundred      
years1 when the ,copernican  theory     
forced its way to the front4 ,and now1  
it is evident1 the true  theory was     
clearly taught in ,god's first book of  
,inspiration1 called  ,scripture4 ,a few
 years since1 ,elihu1 as a learned      
professor1 would take  a piece of       
granite in his hand1 and learnedly talk 
of the crystals  formed1 as it slowly   
cooled1 as the first crust formed upon  

the sea of  lava4    #bb4 ,now1 the same
 professor talks to his class of the    
sedimentary nature  of the rock1 and the
 crystals formed under great pressure in
 the deep  sea4 ,four thousand years    
ago1 the ,bible gave this knowledge to  
the  world4 ,for some cause1 ,job is    
reticent while ,elihu speaks4 ,he speaks
 as  a 8beast of power1 rising up out of
 the earth40 ,but ,god has something to 
say as to who shall stand in the coming 
ages4 ,piety will stand up1 and  ,god   
will answer as by the power of the      
whirlwind4 ,chap4 #ch4 8,gird up now    
thy loins like a man1 for ,i will demand
 of thee1 and answer thou me4  ,where   
wast thou when ,i laid the foundations  
of the earth8 ,declare1 if  thou hast   
understanding4 ,who hath laid the       
measures thereof1 if thou  knowest1 or  
who hath stretched the line upon it8    
,whereupon are the  foundations thereof 
fastened1 or who laid the cornerstone   
thereof80  ,marginal reading 8made the  
cornerstone to sink40 ,balancing order1 

in  exact equipose1 is proclaimed in    
science4 8,not one star could be        
spared10 say the ,solons of ,philosophy1
 8without throwing all into the         
greatest confusion40 ,the balancing of  
the primary gases1 as each sun  gathered
 in the beginning1 was seen by ,job4    
8,when the morning stars sang  together1
 and all the sons of ,god shouted for   
joy40    #bc4 ,the great under-waters   
were once imprisoned as though shut     
behind  doors4 8,or who shut up the sea 
with doors when it brake forth as if it 
had issued out of the womb80 ,rotundity 
of the ,earth is here given with  the   
inside water4 ,he saw the young ,earth  
first 8clothed in a garment of  clouds10
 and 8thick darkness a swaddling band   
about it40 ,he saw the  8foundations of 
the earth breaking up10 as the flood in 
,noah's day  poured in over the earth4  
8,and brake up the decreed place for    
it10 and  set new 8bars and doors40 ,a  
change of polarity1 and when it took    
place1  is seen4 8,hast thou commanded  

the morning since thy days1 and caused  
the  day-spring to know his place1 that 
it might take hold of the ends of the   
earth1 that the wicked might be shaken  
out of it80 ,when have the wicked  been 
shaken out of it1 but when 8all the     
fountains of the great deep  were broken
 up80 ,the finishing touch is added to  
the ,copernican system4  8,it is turned 
as clay to the seal40 ,allusion is made 
to the clay on the  potter's wheel      
rotating to a fixed seal shaping the    
same4 ,in contrast to  its present      
motion1 he saw a former condition with  
pole pointing to the  sun4 ,this was a  
motion that never exchanged the darkness
 for light1 nor  light for darkness1 but
 both remained stationary4 8,where is   
the way  where light dwelleth8 and as   
for darkness1 where is the place        
thereof1  that thou shouldst take it to 
the bound thereof1 and that thou        
shouldst  know the paths to the house   
thereof80 ,he saw the contrasted        
appearance  of the former earth to her  

present contour4 8,the waters are hid as
 with  a stone40 ,altogether1 the land  
hemisphere covered the under-waters2    
8and  the face of the deep is frozen40  
,the face of the deep in the southern   
hemisphere of the ancient earth was     
locked in darkness and perpetual  ice4  
,he had asked the question1 8,out of    
whose womb came the ice80 ,where  was it
 born8 ,this is one of the most         
perplexing questions in science4    #bd4
 ,where was the ice born that once      
plowed such deep furrows over hill  and 
dale1 that climbed the rugged mountain1 
and filled ancient river  beds with     
three thousand feet of drift8 ,in vain  
do you ask where the ice  came from that
 scooped out the ,yosemite ,valley1 or  
laid the deep beds of  water-washed     
pebbles along the ,sierra ,nevada       
mountains4 ,god has answered  it in     
giving the ancient polarity1 by which   
the mighty deep of one half  the globe  
was covered with ice4 ,again1 8,who hath
 divided a watercourse  for the         

overflowing of waters1 or a way for the 
lightning of the  thunder80 ,our earth  
is a magnet4 ,the way of the lightning  
produces  spiral effects on plants and  
cyclones from the equator to each pole4 
,the  earth being divided1 forming the  
,atlantic ,ocean1 and the pole being    
locally changed on the globe1 a new way 
for the lightning is formed4  ,this poem
 is wonderful for its flights of        
prophetic views4 ,the vision1  from     
comprehending the phenomena attending   
the globe in its antediluvian  state1   
now changes to a mode of communication  
by telegraph of our own  time4 ,to      
identify the century in which it would  
appear1 he resorted to  the third clock 
of the heavens1 measured by precession4 
,he noticed that  beautiful cluster of  
stars called the ,pleiades at the usual 
time of  ,zenith measurement1 in the    
evening1 standing over the ,january     
thaw1  followed in a few days with      
,orion's belt in the same place4 ,at the
 time  of ,job's captivity the ,pleiades

 rose to the ,zenith on the #ajth day of
  ,november4 ,by the slow action of     
precession they have moved eastward1    
until now they come to the ,zenith on   
the second day of ,january4 ,only       
eighteen days elapse before ,orion's    
belt stands in the ,zenith to look  down
 on sealed rivers1 as the thaw is over4 
#be4 8,canst thou bind the sweet        
influences of the ,pleiades1 or loose   
the  bands of ,orion80 ,the time in this
 poetic allusion is our present         
century4 ,the phenomena seen is         
employing lightning as a messenger4     
8,canst thou send lightnings that they  
may go1 and say unto thee1 ,here we     
are80 ,proceeding to give the habits and
 instincts of a few  representative     
animals in natural history1 ,job        
proposed to sit down and  say no more4  
#bf4 ,but ,god proposed to gird him for 
the description of two  representative  
fossil animals of the ,middle and       
,tertiary ages4 ,for the  ruling king of
 saurians1 he described ,ichthyosaurus  

under the title of  ,leviathan4 ,for the
 king of the ,myocene period he         
described the  ,megathareum under the   
title of ,behemoth4 ,god opens the      
understanding of  ,job's three mistaken 
friends1 and makes demands for          
repentance and  reparation4 ,job becomes
 their intercessor4 ,the captivity of   
,piety ends  here4 ,the 8times of the   
gentiles are fulfilled40 8,the sanctuary
 is  cleansed40 8,babylon is fallen40   
8,the white horse appears1 and ,jesus   
reigns ,king of kings and ,lord of      
lords40    #bg4 ,now commences the      
grandest era of ,job's life4 ,it is     
double in  prosperity to all going      
before4 ,the time for its continuance is
 very  long4 ,the universal respect that
 will be shown the church1 the voluntary
  contributions in liberal free-will    
offerings1 the abundance of peace and   
prosperity1 are well diagrammed and set 
forth in the closing events of  ,job's  
life4    ,elihu will still talk of the  
8,twilight of ,christianity10 but faith 

is  looking for the dawn of ,christ's   
triumph1 when the dragon1 8like         
lightning10 must 8fall from the         
heavens10 and nations will hail with joy
  the reign of righteousness4    8,lift 
up your heads1 ,o ye gates2 and be ye   
lifted up ye everlasting  doors2 and the
 ,king of glory shall come in4    8,who 
is this ,king of glory8 ,the ,lord1     
strong and mighty1 the ,lord mighty  in 
battle4 ,the ,lord of hosts2 he is the  
,king of glory40                        
,,chapter ,,iii4          ,all the      
,scripture ,references to ,cosmology are
 in ,harmony                            
with the ,book of ,job4      #a4 ,peter 
must have understood the import of this 
divine poem1 when he  wrote1 8,for this 
they are willingly ignorant of1 that by 
the word of ,god  the heavens were of   
old1 and the earth standing out of the  
water and in  the water40 ,so also 8,the
 earth1 that then was1 being            
overflowed40    #b4 ,so ,solomon        
understood the poem4 ,personifying the  

eternity of wisdom1  under things       
timely1 he wrote1 8,before the mountains
 were settled1  before the hills were   
brought forth40 ,notice the sedimentary 
character  of the mountains6 8,while as 
yet he had not made the earth 7in form74
  ,when he prepared the heavens1 ,i was 
there2 when he set a compass  7circle7  
upon the face of the depth 7space740    
#c4 ,the spirit of this poem must have  
inspired the ,psalmist1 when he         
ascribed thanks unto 8,him who          
stretcheth out the earth above the      
waters40 ,and again1 8,he hath founded  
it upon the seas1 and established  it   
upon the floods40    #d4 ,moses must    
have possessed this sublime poem in the 
wilderness4 ,by an  easy succession of  
steps1 he could find his way back to    
where suns1 in  gathering1 kept time to 
the marching forces of ,jehovah1 as a   
well  trained choir4 8,when the morning 
stars sang together40 ,not content here1
  he sought farther aid of ,god1 and    
swung out into the voids of space1      

where heat1 light1 force1 and           
gravitation slept in the embrace of     
chaos2  yea1 still farther back to when 
and where matter was not4 ,he heard ,god
  speak matter into existence4 ,it was  
from this vision he wrote1 8,in the     
beginning ,god created the heaven and   
the earth40 ,as it came from the  hand  
of ,god1 8,it was without form1 and     
darkness was upon the face of the       
deep40    ,matter without form is in    
gas2 and to be in equilibrium1 it must  
be  equally diffused in all that portion
 of space now containing matter4        
,inertia would incapacitate its moving4 
,without motion1 light was  impossible2 
without centers1 gravitation had not    
commenced4 ,such was  matter in the     
darkness of chaos without form1 called  
night4 ,a force from  without must      
overcome inertia1 and give birth to     
form1 light1 heat1  gravitation1 and    
power at the same time4 ,this power is  
brought to our  view in the following   
sublime sentence3 8,and the ,spirit of  

the ,lord  moved upon the face of the   
waters0 7fluids74 ,gravitation acts     
instantaneously throughout space4       
,therefore the gathering of any one     
center as a sun1 would necessitate the  
gathering of every central sun in       
relative accord4    #e4 ,gravitating    
centers account for centripetal motion  
only4 ,acted upon  by gravitation alone1
 all matter within each system would    
start for the  center direct4 ,hence1   
centrifugal force also must have been   
imparted to  all that portion of gaseous
 chaos1 destined to become planets4     
,with  these two forces acting upon     
them1 they would naturally assume the   
shape  of an immense ring about the sun4
 ,those gases destined to make our sun1 
must have traversed a space of not less 
than twenty trillion of miles2          
possibly1 in some directions thirty     
trillion of miles4 ,the center would  be
 small at first2 and should these gases 
float thirty miles per hour1  it would  
take ninety million of our years to     

gather the sun complete4 ,in  such      
condition1 from the voids of space      
,moses beheld our system1 and  noticed  
that the 8waters above the firmament    
were not separated from the  waters     
beneath40 ,if from a tall mountain we   
behold a rainbow1 when the  sun is quite
 low we shall see a complete circle of  
prismatic colors4 ,if  one should report
 that the colors above the firmament    
were not separate  from the colors      
beneath the firmament1 we should readily
 understand that  the bow was continuous
 as a circle4 ,now imagine these colors 
tangible  gases1 and a sun placed in the
 center1 and you have some faint        
conception of the grand objective view  
of the prophet1 as he beheld the  first 
morning of creation4 ,the condition in  
darkness1 unmeasured by  time1 he had   
called night4 ,the condition in light1  
unmeasured by flight  of years1 he      
called morning4 8,and the evening and   
the morning were day  first40 ,the      
vision1 from contemplating matter as    

divided into systems1  now changes to   
prospective ,earth1 as yet without form4
 ,if the lack of  form constituted its  
evening1 then1 when it gains a form1 it 
will be its  morning4 ,the gases that   
were to form earth1 then lay diffused in
 the  firmament ring4    #f4 ,a spark   
would unite a field of ,hydrogen and    
,oxygen1 and cause a  division in the   
ring1 as a new element much lighter1    
formed in space in  the condition of    
superheated steam4 ,its lightness would 
cause it to  evolve outside the ring1   
and take the form of a globe4 8,and ,god
 made the  firmament10 and he called it 
8heaven10 which is the visible expanse  
of a  half circle or sphere above our   
heads2 8and he divided the waters which 
were under the firmament1 7the first1   
which was a tangible circle7 from  the  
waters which were above the firmament40 
,the ,earth is in form1 but  has1 as    
yet1 but two gases2 and these unite in  
steam4 ,the second day of  creation ends
 without a 8footprint0 for the          

unassisted geologists to  trace4 ,well  
may ,job refer man to the voice of the  
,lord for the wisdom of  first cause and
 the early changes of matter4 ,this     
newly formed  firmament1 or visible     
expanse1 which1 by figure of metonymy   
means a  newly formed globe1 differs    
materially from the ring substance of   
the  sun1 which gave rise to the term   
firmament4 ,this second firmament is not
  made of tangible gases1 nor is its    
appearance to dwellers on the earth     
continuous4 ,hence1 the making of this  
firmament is the objective  description 
of the formation of our ,earth as a     
globe4 ,with a world of  steam in globe 
form1 the second age or day of creation 
ended4 ,the  matter1 that gathered would
 constitute ,earth1 while floating in   
chaos  was called evening4 ,when the    
globe took its form1 though only a world
 of  steam1 it was called morning4 8,and
 the evening and the morning were the   
second day40 ,no measurement of         
twenty-four hour days had commenced yet4

  ,having followed our globe out into   
space1 the prophet now confines his     
observations to this single planet4 ,he 
beholds the outside liquifying1  and he 
follows it into its present orbit4 ,he  
made no mention of the  8swaddling      
band10 it took out of the ring as it    
passed back toward the  sun4 ,this had  
been well noticed by ,job1 as well as   
the manner of the  first deposits4 ,but 
he noticed the appearance of dry land2  
and the  introduction of terrestrial    
vegetation1 and described them as       
cryptogam  8having the seed in itself40 
,he had followed the gathering together 
of  the waters as a grand sea1 and the  
inorganic deposits as a long evening2   
and now1 to bring out a grand contrast1 
as morning1 he waited until the  forests
 sung the praises of ,god's creative    
hand in bestowing life4 8,and  the      
evening and the morning were the third  
day40 ,but this vegetation  grows in the
 veiled light1 much as the gray of      
twilight4 ,this twilight  is the evening

 of the fourth day4 ,contrasting with it
 is pure sunlight4  ,the ,carboniferous 
age of the world cleared the air of     
these deadly  gases1 and let in the     
sunshine upon the earth4 ,this was      
morning4 ,in  noticing this1 he is      
reminded that this globe is occupying   
his entire  attention2 and yet ,god made
 all the planets and suns of the        
heavens4 ,so  the source of light is    
again noticed and its proper name given 
to it1  and the relation it sustains to 
our own time noticed and recorded1 8,the
  sun to give light by day40 ,in a      
similar manner the moon and the stars   
were all noticed4 ,as vegetation had now
 arrived at its climax1 ,moses  closed  
this age1 making the cryptogram in the  
gray twilight the evening1  and its     
contrast the gay flower basking in clear
 sunlight the morning4  8,and the       
evening and the morning were the fourth 
day40    #g4 ,gases are combined into   
rock through the agency of air and      
water4  ,there are three methods of     

conveying or changing gas into rock4    
,the  first is by gases mingling        
directly with the water4 ,this gave us  
the  larger portion of sedimentary rock4
 ,for aught that science has yet        
discovered1 the entire bed of primary   
granite was made in this manner4  ,the  
second is by combining the gases by     
means of diatoms and polyps of  the     
seas4 ,these animals do not depend upon 
vegetation1 but draw their  nourishment 
directly from the waters4 ,their remains
 constitute large  portions of          
sedimentary rock4 ,the marble and chalk 
are formed almost  entirely of their    
remains1 while all sedimentary rock this
 side the  granite contains more or less
 of their remains4 ,a third way is by   
gases  combining in vegetation4         
,anthracite coal is ninety-six per cent4
 carbon1  combined through vegetation4  
#h4 ,it is evident that the days of     
creation were not given to mark an      
order of time4 7#a47 ,creation commenced
 before time4 7#b47 ,without motion     

there could be no measure of duration4  
7#c47 ,the fifth day includes all  the  
fourth and part of the third2 and could 
therefore be no order of  time4    #i4  
,they were not designed to mark an order
 in the deposit of rock4 ,all           
stratified rock1 from the ,gneiss to the
 ,myocene deposit1 is included in  the  
fifth day4 ,they do not1 therefore1 give
 a progressive order of  deposit4       
#aj4 ,they were designed to give two    
mornings of inorganic changes of        
matter1 with two contrasting evenings2  
two organic changes1 as mornings  of    
vegetation1 with contrasting evenings2  
two organic changes1 as  mornings of    
animals1 with contrasting evenings4     
,these days are all  spoken of as noting
 a beginning1 a middle1 and a close4    
,the beginning  and close are contrasts4
 ,this mode of measurement may have been
 derived  from ,job #i3i--8,which maketh
 the ,bear1 ,orion1 and ,pleiades40     
,here is  ,orion1 marking the colure    
line of the ,spring equinox at the      

creation of  man2 the ,bear1 marking the
 same ,spring equinox at the end of     
time2 and  ,pleiades1 marking the date  
at which these visions came to the      
prophet4  ,thus we have the beginning   
and ending of the human race in         
contrast1 and  a middle date of passing 
events4 ,thus1 with ,moses the vision of
 creation  opens with the creation of   
all matter1 and the first day ends with 
the  morning of light4 ,the inertia of  
rest in chaos intervened4 ,the ,earth1  
without form1 and the ,earth1 in form1  
is contrasted1 the second day1  with a  
separated firmament of the sun          
intervening4 ,in the third day1 we  have
 evening commencing with two gases in   
the form of a steam globe1  contrasted  
with the waving forests of the ,devonian
 age of geology1 with  the millions of  
years of deposits of inorganic substance
 intervening4  ,the language explaining 
the fourth day seems to be about the    
sun1 moon1  and stars4 ,but that these  
might shine in on the ,earth1 there was 

involved the idea of removing the       
,earth's 8swaddling band10 alluded to   
by ,job4 ,hence the language involves an
 evening of twilight in which           
,cryptogams1 as the beginning of        
,earth's vegetation1 would contrast with
  the flowers basking in clear sun      
light1 while the slow process of how    
,god caused the sun to shine in on the  
,earth1 by working this dark band  of   
gases into its crust1 intervened4       
,nowhere is this rule seen so  clearly  
as in the language pertaining to the    
fifth day4 ,here1 the  infusoria of the 
sea is made to contrast with the whale2 
while birds  intervene4 ,these diatoms  
began in the deposit of the ,gneiss     
rock4 ,the  whale is found in the       
,myocene and since4 ,the solitary reign 
of beasts is  noted as evening1         
contrasting with the reign of ,god's    
people as 8priests  and kings unto      
,god10 at the close of time4            
,intervening are the events of  human   
history4 ,thus1 every day of the six is 

shown by contrasts4    #aa4 ,a general  
providence runs in law1 evolving        
progress as far as  ,nature's law is    
adapted2 but when ,nature fails to meet 
any new want1  special providence steps 
in1 with additional forces to supply the
  deficiency4 ,space was an empty       
nakedness1 and ,god created matter      
therein4 ,matter was without form and   
void1 and ,god started it in motion4    
,matter was without life1 and ,god      
created the life4 ,the beasts of the    
field were without a moral spirit4 ,and 
,god made man in his own image1  blessed
 with immortality1 and capable of       
attaining to eternal life4 ,for  farther
 particulars1 see ,sec4 #d4             
,,chapter ,,iv4      ,the ,phenomena to 
which allusions are so freely made in   
the 8,six      ,days of ,moses10 suggest
 certain scientific necessities1 replete
       with geological information1     
which demonstrate the progressive       
work of ,god1 for matter1 in matter1 by 
and through matter1                     

and above matter1 to the end of time4   
,two books give a revelation of ,god1   
,nature and the ,bible4 ,except for     
purposes of intelligent connection1 as a
 rule1 the revelations of one  are not  
repeated in the other4 ,revelation on   
the subject of cosmos is  evidently     
intended to supply parts1 which nature  
is not adapted to  unfold4 ,each stands 
as a part of a great whole2 that the    
true student of  nature may be          
thoroughly furnished with proper text   
books1 which1 when  rightly understood1 
are conjointly harmonious1 connected1   
and  exhaustive4 ,if man would attain   
even the faintest ability to measure the
  8footprints of ,god0 in nature1 or    
fathom the relation of first causes in  
creation1 he can ill afford             
unacquaintance with either book4 ,the   
,bible  is given as a supplement to     
,god's voice in nature4 ,creation1 shown
 in  harmony with the testimony of the  
rocks1 confirms the testimony of        
,moses4 ,the unsupported hypotheses of  

men have led some to deplore the        
8mistakes of ,moses40 ,a better         
acquaintance with both books will lead  
them1 it is thought1 at least to respect
 his great prophetic knowledge1  in     
outlining creation's origin and forces4 
,section #a4                            
,the ,work of the ,first ,day4      #a4 
,the account1 given in ,genesis1 of     
creation is in the form of an ,epic     
,poem4 ,as a treatise on any subject1 it
 would be incomplete4 ,its design  seems
 to be to give1 in the form of poetic   
suggestions1 the connecting  links to   
unite creation with creation's ,god4    
,for such a purpose1 it is  the grandest
 and most complete of all productions of
 the pen4 ,six of  these days are marked
 by contrasts1 8called evening and      
morning0 but the  seventh is peculiar1  
having neither4 ,the sixth is said to   
close ,god's  labor with matter4        
,unmeasured duration is1 doubtless1 the 
seventh4    #b4 ,the 8deep10 when used  
in reference to the heavens1 means      

immensity of  space2 as3 8darkness was  
upon the face of the deep40 ,darkness is
 the  normal state of space4 ,not       
dependent on matter1 it is eternal4     
,moses saw  all matter created at once4 
,god's work1 as revealed here for       
matter1 is  in harmony with correlation 
of matter in science4    #c4 ,by a      
beautiful figure of metonymy1 poets     
speak of a part implying the  whole4    
,such is the word 8,earth10 as first    
introduced in this production4  8,and   
the earth 7all matter7 was without      
form40 ,inertia holds all in  rest4 ,an 
act1 fiat1 or work of ,god1 above       
matter1 is requisite1 to set  it in     
motion4 8,and the ,spirit of the ,lord  
moved upon the face of the  deep40 ,a   
system formed with a center of light is 
noted4 ,all systems are  members of this
 choir4    #d4 ,science would suggest1  
that1 if a ponderous globe1 as our sun1 
should  gather in a field of gases1     
though trillions of miles in diameter1  
all  gases1 within its drawing sphere1  

must either go toward the sun1 or be    
thrown around it in a circle4 ,such was 
the ring of waters1 or fluids1  first   
called a firmament4 ,a most minute      
directing of ,providence is here        
suggested4 ,it extended to each molecule
 of gas1 and its appropriate  place was 
determined4 ,before that grand movement 
of the ,spirit of ,god1  there was      
nothing with which to measure duration1 
and time had not  commenced4 ,no        
centers--no gravitation4 ,no motion--no 
light or force4 ,all  this is suggested 
in matter 8without form40 ,suns only had
 form at the  close of the first day4   
,as systems revolved1 measured duration 
might  have commenced at the revolutions
 of suns about a grand center4 ,one day 
at the sun would be twenty-seven of     
ours2 one year1 eighteen thousand of    
ours4 ,this first day of creation may   
have been one hundred million of  years4
 ,it included the length of these       
contrasts to a climax1  darkness--light4
 ,the one reigning over all matter1 the 

other forming from  matter1 under the   
direction of ,god4    #e4 ,if the first 
is a literal day1 so are the seven4 ,if 
the first is  poetic1 so are the seven4 
,that the first was not literal1 is     
evident in  that the 8,earth was without
 form0 as yet4 ,hence there was no      
twenty-four  hour measurement4 ,day is  
also used to signify a nation's history4
 ,it is  not that4 ,it is also used to  
signify the life of an individual4 ,it  
could  not be that4 8,a day with the    
,lord is as a thousand years40 ,it is   
evident  that ,peter was merely hinting 
at the indefiniteness1 as to time1 of   
the  ,mosaic days4 ,it remains1 then1   
that it is a cosmological day1 without  
exact measurement of time4 ,it certainly
 includes all that period of  chaotic   
darkness before time commenced4 ,should 
these gases move across  the radii of   
our system with the speed of light1 it  
would take  thirty-five days2 but should
 the gases move like an atmosphere in   
space1  it would take more than ninety  

million of years to gather the sun4 ,the
  greater probability is that these     
contrasted conditions of the first  day1
 poetically described without any exact 
measurement1 if measured1  would extend 
through more than one hundred million of
 our years4                             
,section #b4                        ,the
 ,work of the ,second ,day4      #a4    
,creation includes not only the bringing
 into existence of matter1 but  all its 
undeveloped forces and changes4         
,revelation1 upon this subject1  is     
suggestive1 rather than exhaustive1 of  
what we need above what ,nature  shows1 
to trace creation back to ,god4 ,the    
greatest difficulty in reading  this    
poem understandingly1 is in rightly     
rendering the phenomena noticed  upon   
the second day4 ,figures of metonymy    
abound4 ,as a rule1 figures once  used  
in prophecy are not changed when used by
 another prophet4 ,hence1 we  may derive
 benefit by seeing how other prophets   
have used them4 ,job had  made the      

gathering of suns at the creation of    
light a morning in figure4  ,moses is   
about to use the same figure1 and       
beholding the darkness of  chaos        
preceding1 he extended the figure to an 
evening preceding4 ,this is  the only   
day that pertains to light and darkness4
 ,the second day will be  analogous in  
contrast4 ,whatever be the one1 the     
other will contrast4 ,the  evening of   
,earth is given4 8,and the ,earth was   
without form40 ,the  contrast will be   
the ,earth in form1 for morning4    #b4 
,to read these allusions                
understandingly1 every sentence must be 
cosmologically analyzed in the light of 
our present knowledge of  astronomy1    
chemistry1 philosophy1 geology1 and     
rhetoric4 ,there is a  grand suggestion 
of progress1 couched in the figure of   
morning  succeeding evening4 ,the       
morning of each day is a complete       
contrast to  its own evening2 and yet   
the morning of that day is only the     
evening of  the day following4 ,the     

morning of the sun1 with hosts of ,god's
 angels  rejoicing1 is only the evening 
of the prospective globe1 upon whose    
disk  shall be perfected1 in knowledge  
and true holiness1 beings in ,god's own 
image4 ,the sun has perfected his day1  
in which ,moses beholds the evening  of 
the second4    #c4 ,he is looking at our
 system1 as from the voids of space1 as 
a whole2  with its gathered sun and its 
immense ring of prospective planets4 ,it
 is  now shown him that a change is to  
take place in the ring1 which will      
result in the form of a globe4 ,to that 
part of the ring he draws near4  ,the   
first phenomenon noticed was a          
separation in the ring between the      
8waters above1 and those below40 ,the   
gases thus uniting in one  substance1   
soon left this firmament ring of the    
sun1 and had a firmament  of its own1   
called heaven1 or visible expanse4 ,the 
,hebrew word  translated 8firmament0    
implies something tangible1 and yet it  
was used  to denote the visible expanse4

    #d4 ,the first firmament was        
composed of tangible gases or waters1 so
  called2 the second is the expanse of  
heaven4 ,the cause of the separated     
waters is seen in what follows4 ,these  
fluids that evolved out1 leaving  the   
ring separated1 are now in a condition  
that they only have to be  gathered     
together into one place to be a sea4 ,it
 was then steam4 ,the  suggestion is    
that an immense field of oxygen and     
hydrogen had united by  the spark which 
separated the ring1 and as the union was
 superheated  steam1 it evolved out into
 the voids of space as a globe4 ,it is  
plain  then 8,and ,god made a firmament 
in the midst of the waters10 means he   
made a globe1 from which the visible    
expanse is seen4 ,the vision now  places
 the prophet upon this globe1 the       
changes of which will occupy his        
attention to the end4    #e4 ,whether   
any or all the planets were formed at   
the same time1 we are  not told4 ,no    
allusion is made to them except an      

incidental one1 on the  fourth day1 so  
that all things should be traced back to
 ,god as their  ,maker4 ,if the union of
 two gases took out a segment of the    
ring1 leaving  it 8separated10 it would 
only be temporary1 as the ring would    
close up  again4 ,whether our planet was
 the first1 third1 or last formed1 no   
mention is made4 ,the vision is designed
 henceforth to unfold what we  need to  
know of ,earth1 not found in nature4    
,our globe in chaos of gases1  sweeping 
around the sun in the form of a ring1 is
 evening1 being  8without form40 ,our   
globe in steam1 having a firmament of   
its own1 is in  shape1 and this is      
8morning40 ,solomon must have given such
 an  interpretation to the account of   
the second day4 ,prov4 #h3bg4 ,tracing  
the  unmeasured age of wisdom1 8,before 
the mountains were settled1 before the  
hills1 while as yet he had not made the 
,earth1 when he prepared the  heavens1  
,i was there2 when he set a compass 7or 
circle7 upon the face of  the depth40 ,a

 globe of steam1 possibly highly charged
 with electricity1  revolving in an     
orbit outside the ring of planetary     
gases1 was all that  constituted ,earth 
at this time4 8,and the evening and the 
morning were  the second day40          
,section #c4                            
,the ,work of the ,third ,day4      #a4 
,a globe of vapor in contact with the   
cold voids of space must  condense or   
liquify4 ,the beginning would be upon   
the outside2 constantly  growing heavier
 according to bulk1 it would work its   
way nearer to the  sun4 ,having become a
 center of attraction1 and coming back  
to the now  closed-up ring1 it would    
claim a portion of the same as an       
atmosphere4  ,increasing now its        
centrifugal force1 it gained an orbit   
inside the  ring1 still drawing nearer  
the sun4 ,job's attention had been      
called to  the earth's appearance in    
this 8gathering0 process4 8,when ,i made
 the  cloud the garment thereof1 and    
thick darkness a swaddling band for it40

  ,moses began the third day as the     
globe began to condense4 8,and he       
gathered the waters together into one   
place2 and he called the gathering      
together of the waters1 seas40 ,while   
the globe was in a condition of  vapor1 
the waters were firmament waters2 and   
the word firmament answered  very well  
for both globe and visible expanse4     
,hence1 8,god made a  firmament0 by     
figure2 covered both4 ,but as soon as   
gathered1 there was a  distinction4 ,now
 only the expanse1 holding yet a cloudy 
vapor1 could be  called firmament1 or   
heaven2 and the gathered waters he      
called seas4    #b4 ,science claims that
 the present pointing of the pole of the
 ,earth1  and its inclination to the    
ecliptic1 could not produce such a warm 
climate as the ,earth once enjoyed4     
,this fact1 in connection with the      
,earth covered with ice1 at a remote    
period of the past1 confounds the  mere 
seeker of cause in nature's laws4 ,the  
ancient pole-pointing is sung  by ,job4 

,according to his description of light  
and darkness1 one pole of  the ,earth   
must have pointed directly to the sun   
throughout the year4 ,and  as that warm 
climate was uniform1 it must have turned
 on its axis not  only daily1 but as    
does our moon in reference to ,earth1   
once over in its  entire orbicular      
journey4 ,its enlightened hemisphere was
 never in  darkness2 its dark hemisphere
 was never in light4 ,according to      
,job's  statement1 both light and       
darkness were stationary4 8,where is the
 place  where light dwelleth8 ,and as   
for darkness1 where is the place        
thereof1  that thou shouldst take it to 
the bound thereof1 and that thou        
shouldst  know the paths to the house   
thereof80 ,all our deposits then hung as
  gases in the air2 one-half of which   
science proclaims to have been  oxygen4 
,in the language of ,solomon1 the       
mountains before rising must  have first
 8settled0 in the sea4 ,the psalmist saw
 that ,god spread out  the earth upon   

the waters1 that he founded it upon the 
sea1 and  established it upon the       
floods4 ,job saw that the very corner   
foundation  stone was made to sink4     
,moses rushes the deposits all into the 
evening  of the third day1 to the       
appearance of dry land4 8,and ,god said1
 ,let the  waters under the heaven 7the 
new firmament7 be gathered together unto
  one place1 and let the dry land       
appear40 ,here are eighty miles deposit 
made in the sea1 all of which came out  
of the air and water4 ,during this  time
 ,moses says1 8,the ,lord ,god had not  
caused it to rain on the ,earth40  8,the
 plant and the herb of the field had not
 yet been made40    #c4 ,with such a    
pole-pointing1 only one end of the      
,earth could receive  deposits1 and the 
sun could take hold only of that end4   
,job alludes to a  convulsion in which  
8,the proud were shaken out of it1 that 
the sun might  take hold of both ends of
 it40 #ch3ac4 ,before this change1 8,the
 waters  were covered as with a stone1  

and the deep was frozen40 ,deposits are 
now  made from the air at the rate of   
four hundredths of an inch in a year4   
,at this rate it would take1 possibly1  
eighty million of years to reach  the   
surface4 ,our globe was never a         
rain-less planet4    #d4 ,the allusion  
to its not having rained on the earth1  
is an allusion  that the deposits were  
yet beneath the waters1 until the 8dry  
land  appeared40 ,following the changes 
of organic life up to the time of the   
deposits of the 8,old ,red ,sand        
,stone10 where ,god spread out the      
waving  forests of the ,devonian plain1 
he had found the fit contrast to the    
inorganic deposit of the evening4    #e4
 ,the climate of the first part of the  
third clay was chilled to the           
temperature of melting ice4 ,the latter 
part was torrid4 ,the equator  marked   
the bound between perpetual sunlight and
 perpetual darkness4  ,along this       
equator a line of open sea would beat   
against a line of  perpetual ice4 ,the  

spray and vapor from the open sea1 going
 south1 would  be rapidly converted into
 snow and ice1 increasing the thickness 
and  gravity of the ice4 ,at length1    
breaking by its own weight1 it would    
drift into the open sea4 ,during the    
first part of this day1 there was       
nothing to prevent this drift-ice       
finding its way to the very north  pole4
 ,the sea1 therefore1 would be at a     
temperature of #cb degrees ,fahr4    #f4
 ,after the deposits neared the top1 and
 before dry land appeared1 the  larger  
bergs were kept back1 and tropical      
waters resulted1 followed by  the same  
climate upon the dry land1 as it        
appeared4 ,at the close of this  day    
there existed many kinds of water       
animals1 but they did not form a        
suitable contrast with what ,moses had  
to start with1 as evening4 ,these  were 
inorganic deposits from the air4 ,the   
organic deposits of the  ,devonian      
forests are the morning4 8,and the earth
 brought forth the tree1  yielding      

fruit1 whose seed was in itself         
7cryptogams7 after his kind40  8,and the
 evening and the morning were the third 
day40                                   
,section #d4                        ,the
 ,work of the ,fourth ,day4      ,up to 
the ,carboniferous time of deposit1 the 
air had never been  sufficiently cleared
 of its dark clouds of deadly gases1 to 
admit  sunshine on the earth4           
,vegetation had not reached a climax4   
,no mention  is to be made of animals   
existing1 until this climax is reached4 
,it will  be reached when the sun shall 
have taken off the 8swaddling band0 of  
her  childhood1 and depositing the same1
 as coal1 in the earth1 shall give  the 
earth a clothing of flowers4            
,non-flowering plants are evening1 the  
contrast will be the flowering plant in 
the sunshine4    #a4 ,by figure of      
metonymy1 again he traced the progress  
of deposits  through the sun1 which ,god
 had made1 with the moon and stars4 ,the
 labor  of the sun to clear the         

atmosphere1 calling for immediate help  
of ,god1  was long and persevering4     
,poetically1 the narrative is enriched  
by this  elegant figure1 in putting     
cause for effect4 ,as now from the earth
 for  the first time he beholds the     
clear sunlight1 he doubtless is         
reminded1  that in mentioning the       
creation of this center of attraction in
 our  system1 he had given a name which 
indicated a specific property of the    
sun1 viz1 light2 whereas it also had    
heat and force4    ,now1 calling it by a
 generic name1 and remembering also that
 in  describing the origin of ,earth no 
mention had been made of the rest of    
the heavens1 he incidentally mentions   
that ,god made them all1 without        
attempting the individual history of    
either4 ,his mission is to trace in     
progress the contrasting changes of     
,god's work in the ,earth4 ,and to his  
text he adheres4    ,since the sun is   
the only source of permanent natural    
light within our  system1 and since     

,moses had made light to contrast with  
the darkness of  chaos in the first day1
 it seems strange that any intelligent  
reader  should understand him to speak  
of the bringing into existence of the   
great orb of light the fourth day4      
,shining in on the earth is all that  is
 noted4    #b4 ,sir ,charles ,lyell1 the
 great ,english geologist1 gives us the 
process  by which sunlight was let in on
 the earth during the carboniferous age4
  ,this age corresponds to the fourth   
day of ,moses4 ,the dark band of gases  
intercepted the clear rays of sunlight1 
so that a somber hue of gray  covered   
the earth1 as in twilight4 ,vegetation  
must slowly do the work of  depositing  
these gases1 until diminished so that   
fire1 or flame1 could  be supported4    
,such was the resinous and oily nature  
of all vegetation of  that period1 that 
a stroke of lightning might set the     
world on fire1 to  burn for six months  
or a year4 ,some of the carbonated      
growth of the  forests would be hidden  

away beyond the reach of flame4 ,in this
  condition it would ripen into coal4   
,but enough carbonic acid would  escape1
 to intercept the clear rays of the sun1
 and another period of  deposit would   
set in4 ,in the ,nova ,scotia coal      
mines1 alone1 he had  noticed one       
hundred of these burnings1 implying a   
long period of deposit  between each4   
,it is thus the long ages struggled1 to 
enable the sun to  kiss the vegetation  
into bloom4 ,the widely scattered coal  
beds of this  period show that the whole
 earth was covered with a tropical      
forest4  ,large veins of this coal are  
found in ,greenland1 ,nova ,zembla      
,island1  ,tasmania1 and the ,melville  
,islands4    #c4 ,we have had subsequent
 periods of deposits of carbon in       
forests that  produced coal4 ,but the   
coal formed since that age is generally 
soft4 ,one  short coal period occurred  
this side the great upheavals of        
mountains4  ,this coal is found on the  
,pacific ,coast1 and yields only        

forty-four per  cent4 carbon4 ,the best 
coal had its origin before the flowers4 
,in ,moses'  prophetic vision of the    
work of the sun1 he grasped certain     
points in  the future of astronomy4     
#d4 ,he noticed the use an enlightened  
civilization would make of the  motions 
of the heavens4 ,he noticed the ,zodiac 
divided into signs1 and  time measured  
by three clocks of nature1 called 8days1
 years1 and  seasons40 ,the season clock
 is by the precession of the equinoxes1 
consuming #be1jjj years in a circle4    
,michael1 the archangel1 used this  term
 in explanation of the 8long time0 that 
would elapse before the  final end4     
,with the clear sunlight1 the climax of 
vegetation was  reached4 ,two inorganic 
mornings and two vegetable mornings have
 been  noted2 two animal mornings remain
 to finish the work of ,god with matter4
    8,and the evening and the morning   
were the fourth day40                   
,section #e4                            
,the ,work of the ,fifth ,day4      #a4 

,the contrasts of evening and morning of
 the fifth day are found in  the sea4   
,the contrasts of the sixth upon the    
land4 ,the evening of the  fifth began  
with the 8moving things of the sea10    
ending with the  8whale40 ,with the     
exception of the first day1 the fifth   
must have  extended through a much      
longer time than all the others put     
together4  ,the contrast between moving 
diatoms of the ,gneiss rock1 and the    
whale of  the ,miocene in size1 is      
apparent4 ,but the contrast is in a     
higher sense4  ,all this long period to 
the ,tertiary rock1 gave only           
egg-producing  animals4 ,this was not   
high enough in the scale of animal      
existence to  have the next evening1    
which must begin with the fifth morning1
 to form  a contrast with man4 ,the type
 of the highest of mammals must be      
reached1  and that in the sea4 ,this was
 found in the whale4 ,beside1 the whale 
is  intimately connected with the great 
geological change caused by the  drift  

period4 ,here ninety-seven per cent of  
the previous animals of the  earth      
became extinct4 ,following the drift1   
there came into existence  nearly all   
the animals that now roam the ,earth4   
,this day1 then1 covers  all the changes
 of the fourth1 and most of the third2  
and of course has  nothing to do with a 
measure of time1 or order of deposits4  
#b4 ,for aught we now know1 the starting
 of animal life was in the time of  the 
deposit of the ,gneiss rock--here we    
find shells4 ,from here onward was      
heard the voice of ,god1 8,let the      
waters bring forth abundantly the       
moving creature that hath life40 ,this  
life1 at first1 was very simple2  and   
small as simple4 ,it required only the  
nourishment derived from water  for its 
support4 ,no animals of any considerable
 size are found until  vegetables were  
furnished for their food4 ,those of the 
earlier period  had to be protected from
 the carbonated waters by a bony        
covering or  ivory scales4 ,scorpions1  

spiders1 lizards and frogs might breathe
 the  carbonic acid of the fourth day2  
but no warm-blooded animals are known   
to have existed until after the sun     
shone in upon the ,earth1 as a  fixture4
    #c4 ,here ,moses noticed the        
existence of 8fowls of the air40 ,in the
  ichthyosaurus he might have found the 
contrast in size1 but not in type4      
#d4 ,he passed on down to the 8whale as 
morning40 ,after the ,carboniferous     
deposits1 the tracks of birds and       
reptiles are found in the ancient  sands
 of the shores of the waters4 ,gigantic 
saurians and voracious fish  ruled the  
sea for untold ages2 but as they all    
were oviparous1 or  egg-producing1 they 
are ranked in the evening4 ,reaching the
 type of the  ruling land animals of the
 next day1 ,moses pronounced the morning
 with  the whale4    #e4 ,it remains a  
mystery1 how any one knowing anything   
about geology can  find fault with the  
order of the ,mosaic record4 ,so far as 
,moses has  mentioned order1 it is3     

moving animals in the sea1 air animals1 
mammals4  ,the order of science may be  
more explicit4 ,substantially it is     
protozoans1 mollusks1 radiates1         
articulates1 vertebrates1 mammals4      
,there  is no conflict1 nor even        
deficiency4 ,the term used by ,moses is 
designedly generic2 covering all moving 
creatures of the waters4 ,the  history  
of the rocks is in exact accord with the
 testimony of ,moses2 and  both verify  
common observation1 viz3 each kind of   
animal produces its  own kind4    #f4   
,the poise of the ,earth to the sun was 
such as to give an ice-flow1  whenever  
for any cause a great subsidence of the 
hemisphere took place4    ,the largest  
happened when the last and highest      
mountains were raised4 ,as  a           
consequence1 the period called the      
,drift followed1 when the reindeer  made
 his home in the vicinity of ,england4  
,most tropical animals were  destroyed4 
,a new race of placential mammals was to
 be introduced2 the  type of which is   

found in the sea1 able to endure the    
revolutions of the  ,drift4 ,hence the  
wisdom displayed in selecting this      
animal1 as a  representative of morning4
    #g4 ,the ,scripture claim of special
 providence is in harmony with the      
defence of the same in science4         
,providence is general1 when wrought out
  in due course of law2 special1 when it
 is a power added to nature4  ,special  
providence is not a rule of action1 but 
the exception4 ,science  claims this    
much in nature4 ,i refer to the         
admissions of such men as  ,huxley1     
,tyndal and ,darwin4 ,prof4 ,huxley     
says3 8,no scientist of the  present day
 will venture the affirmation1 that     
matter is eternal4 ,should  one be      
found1 his brethren would rise up in    
court1 and object to his  testimony1 as 
he would be incompetent to testify40 ,if
 not eternal1 it  was created by ,god's 
special power4 ,prof4 ,darwin says3     
8,some of our  brethren have tried by   
experiments1 to prove spontaneous life  

from  inorganic matter1 but they have   
failed1 and1 from the nature of the     
case1 they must ever fail40 8,there must
 have been a first life1 ,i think  five 
forms1 ,i know there must have been one 
from which life could  proceed40        
,special providence again is needed to  
start life4 ,the same  principle would  
apply as many times as the earth may    
have lost its  living forms4 ,sir       
,charles ,lyell would assure you that   
the fires of the  ,carboniferous period 
alone deprived the earth of all land and
 fresh  water animals1 plants and seeds1
 at least one hundred times4 ,yet it was
  supplied between each4 ,prof4 ,tyndal 
says1 8,do you ask me ',may inert       
matter rise up and live8' ,i answer     
directly1 ',no1 life must have been     
created4'0 ,here then in science are the
 ,deists' endorsements of exactly  what 
every enlightened ,christian believes in
 reference to the covenant  of          
salvation4 ,this is the doctrine of the 
science of today1 viz3 that  8,god made 

all matter at one and the same time2    
that by special power he  put all parts 
in motion at one and the same time2 that
 his eye is over  all1 ready to supply  
what is needed above what the machinery 
of nature  can perform40 ,carry out this
 principle1 and you have the            
manifestations  of the true ,god in     
,jesus1 and every ,bible theory of the  
,new ,covenant4                         
,section #f4                            
,the ,work of the ,sixth ,day4      #a4 
,beasts1 with a perishable spirit1 are  
the evening of the sixth day4  ,man     
without an immortal spirit is the       
morning4 ,here we shall find the        
grandest contrast of any of the six     
days4 ,historic man is the morning1     
extending to the end of ,god's work1 in 
reference to matter4    ,duration ceases
 to be measured at the close of this    
day4 ,solomon alludes  to the contrasts 
found in this day4 8,who knoweth the    
spirit of the  beast1 that goeth        
downward2 and the spirit of man1 that   

goeth upward80  ,for a long time these  
animals1 without a spirit to be         
preserved1 ruled  the earth as kings1   
8without any one to till the soil40     
,jungles and  forests1 mountains and    
dales1 lakes and caves1 alike afford no 
facts  inconsistent with this statement 
of ,moses4 ,should science ever confirm 
the existence of a race prehistoric1    
resembling man1 it will doubtless  be   
shown that they were not a contrast with
 beasts1 and have no  connection with   
our race4    #b4 ,our race undoubtedly  
sprang from ,adam less than six thousand
 years  ago4 ,prehistoric man1 like     
evolution1 rests upon the hypotheses of 
men1  always unsafe2 but in this case   
unsupported by a well-attested fact4    
,the  former may claim the intuitions of
 that class of persons ever looking up  
the genealogy of ,cain's wife2 the      
latter has the common sense of the      
average man against him4 ,upon this     
subject1 as upon every other upon  which
 the ,bible pretends to speak1 8,if they

 speak not according to what  is        
written1 it is because there is no truth
 in them40 ,by special  revelation man  
saw that by a special providence of     
,god1 he caused the  ground to become   
the mother of man2 and from this        
creation proceeded1 by  the same special
 providence1 a help-meet for man4 ,she  
has ever proved  herself the great help 
in the march of civilization4 ,facts    
show that man  gloriously contrasts with
 the highest types going before4    #c4 
,it is not yet a settled question that  
the air1 for any number of  thousands of
 years before ,adam1 was sufficiently   
cleared of deadly gases  as to admit of 
human breathing4 ,on looking upon the   
coal veins of  ,pennsylvania1 we need no
 argument to show that man could not    
have  breathed the carbon that hung in  
the air of that period of deposit4 ,the 
mute faces of the coal beds of ,ohio    
forbid man's existence then1  although  
these succeed the former by millions of 
years4 ,geologists agree  that the      

,pacific deposits of coal have been this
 side of the great  upheavals of the    
large mountains4 ,if man had been living
 then1 the  carbonic acid of the air    
would have strangled the life out of    
him4 ,when  we take into consideration  
how very slowly a continent rises out of
 the  ocean1 and that both the ,atlantic
 and ,pacific coasts had to rise over   
five thousand feet to expose their      
fruitful valleys2 and also how very     
long a period had to elapse after1      
before the air would be laid into the   
ground by vegetation1 we shall readily  
see the force of this  proposition1 viz3
 ,the very calculations which science   
has given us bring  the deadly gases    
very near to the time given in ,genesis 
for the creation  of our present race4  
,the volcanic periods of the world's    
history argue against the early         
habitation of the ,earth by man4 ,every 
volcano is a vent for the escape  of    
deadly gases1 caused by the consumption 
of oils and coal in the  ,earth's       

strata4 ,the enormous quantity of coal  
consumed is but faintly  indicated by   
the amount of ashes thrown out4 ,the    
mountains give evidence  of recent      
volcanic disturbance1 greatly exceeding 
the present4 ,ancient  river beds are   
found into whose channels the debris of 
the mountains had  been dragged by the  
great ice-flow1 until leveled over to   
the height of  several thousand feet2   
then the volcanic era covered1 in       
places1 this  drift fifty or sixty feet 
thick2 thus preserving the silt from    
being  dragged away1 as the waters      
receded4 ,the fact that we had a coal   
period  following1 shows that man in the
 volcanic period1 and for thousands of  
years after1 could not breathe the air4 
,our active volcanoes are reduced  to   
about three hundred4 ,still the air is  
polluted in many ways4 ,smelting  works1
 forges and gas plants all pollute the  
air4 ,every cesspool1 every  whiff of   
burning tobacco1 adds its quota to      
air-corrupting4 ,each year  contributes 

to deposit a portion of the remaining   
carbon of the air4  ,rich valleys of    
warm zones are not yet healthy4 ,we     
still go to the  mountains for          
invigorating air4    #e4 ,evidently1 we 
have not yet reached the climax of good 
breathing air4  ,nature discourages the 
thought1 that man could have continued  
his race1  in any time1 much previous to
 that given for the creating of ,adam4  
,the  morning of the sixth day is in    
progress4 ,prophecy presents the coming 
man greatly improved over the present4  
8,my ,father worketh hitherto1 and  ,i  
work40    #f4 ,this morning ends1 when  
the angel stands one foot upon the land1
 his  right hung over the sea1 with his 
left hand pointing to heaven1           
proclaiming that time shall be no       
longer4 8,and ,god rested from all his  
labor40            ,transcriber's       
,notes3       ,inconsistent spelling and
 hyphenation were made consistent only  
when a predominant form was found in    
this book4       ,text that was in      

italics is enclosed by underscores      
7italics74