,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts has be5 creat$ by ! transcrib]1 & is plac$ 9 ! public doma94 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,table footnotes are d5ot$ by numb]1 & ! footnotes h be5 plac$ "u ! table :]e !y occur1 z 9 ! orig9al text4 ,footnote #f is ref]5c$ f\r times f ! table on page #fb4 ,footnote #g is ref]5c$ f\r times f ! table on page #fc4 ,basic fractions are display$ z etc2 o!r fractions are %[n 9 ! =m a-b1 = example #g-af or #be-cb1 z 9 ! orig9al text4 ,"s wide tables h be5 split into two p>ts1 ) ! fir/ column repeat$4 ,all tables are display$ be/ if a monospace font is us$4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts has be5 creat$ by ! transcrib]1 & is plac$ 9 ! public doma94 ,m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,wat] ,,supply ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 ,,arrang$ ,,9 ,a ,,compreh5sive ,,=m ,,f ,,em95t ,,au?orities1 ,,conta9+ ,a ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,me?ods ,,( ,,wat] ,,supply1 ,,pollution ,,& ,,purification ,,( ,,wat]s1 ,,& ,,sanit>y ,,effects1 ,,) ,,analyses ,,( ,,potable ,,wat]s1 ,,also ,,geology ,,& ,,wat] ,,/rata ,,( ,,hamilton ,,c\nty1 ,,ohio1 ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,! ,,ohio ,,riv]1 ,,propos$ ,,wat] ,,supply ,,( ,,c9c9nati--,,toge!r ,,) ,a ,,numb] ,,( ,,valuable ,,tables ,,& ,,diagrams4 ,,by ,,?omas ,j4 ,,bell1 ,assi/ant ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,c9c9nati ,wat]-,works4 ,,c9c9nati3 ,,pet] ,g4 ,,?omson1 ,,publi%]4 #ahhb4 ,,copyright1 #ahhb1 ,,by ,,pet] ,g4 ,,?omson4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,*apt] ,i4 #e ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,riv] ,pollution4 #ae ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,purification ( ,wat]s4 #bg ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,sy/em ( ,supply4 #cf ,*apt] ,v4 ,hi/orical & ,/ati/ical4 #fh ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,o!r ,articles4 #ib ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,co/ ( ,con/ruct+ ,wat]-,works4 #abe ,,index4 #acb ,,introduction4 ,! orig9al int5tion ( ?is "w 0 to arrange a treatise1 9 ! =m ( a compilation1 ( g5]al & local in=mation on wat] supply1 9 all its be>+s1 ) special ref]5ce to ,c9c9nati1 9 view ( ! fact t ! "q ( a new supply w\ld become an important "o :5 ! 8,m>kley ,f>m ,project0 pres5t$ a m tangible =m4 ,z ! "w progress$1 its scope became broad]1 s mu* s t ! au?or 0 induc$ to dep>t some:at f ! orig9al idea1 & arrange ! plan 9 a m compreh5sive =m = g5]al use4 ,to cond5se a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation 9 a few pages1 s z to make x int]e/+ z well z intellig5t1 is a "w requir+ pati5ce & dilig5ce4 ,:ile ! "w may be ( little s]vice to ! pr(ession1 x is hop$ ^? connect$ ) wat]-works & ! g5]al read] w f9d suffici5t comp5sation = ! "t lo/ 9 its p]usal4 ,! au?orities quot$ are ! highe/1 & ! g5]al facts are f ! mo/ reliable s\rces4 ,consid]able space is giv5 to pollution ( wat]1 believ+ x to be ! mo/ important "q t be>s on ! subject be=e u4 ,wat]-works (ficials w f9d useful in=mation 9 ! "w1 :i* is s frequ5tly desir$ & sometimes difficult to obta94 ,due ackn[l$gm5ts are made = in=mation d]iv$ f ! foll[+ works3 ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission1 7,london17 #ahgd2 ,humb]'s ,wat] ,supply ( ,cities & ,t[ns2 ,fann+'s ,wat] ,supply ,eng9e]+1 7,new ,york17 #ahgf2 ,hi/ory & ,/ati/ics ( ,am]ican ,wat]-,works1 by ,j4 ,james ,r4 ,croes1 ,c4 ,e41 ,eng9e]+ ,news1 7,new ,york17 #ahha2 ,hughes' ,wat]-,works1 ,weale ,s]ies2 ,hydraulic ,eng9e]+1 ,weale ,s]ies2 ,die ,/dtis*e ,wass]v]sorgung1 ,von ,e4 ,grahn1 7,mn*517 #ahgh2 ,practical ,hydraulics1 by ,?omas ,box1 7,london17 #ahgc2 ,kirkwood's ,filtration ( ,riv] ,wat]s1 7,new ,york17 #ahfi2 ,ohio ,/ate ,geological ,works1 #ahgj2 ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus ,reports1 #ahha2 ,! ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal? ,bullet9s2 ,! ,sanit>y ,eng9e] & ,eng9e]+ ,news2 ,cat* ,wat] ,res]voirs1 by ,c4 ,h4 ,beloe1 ,london4 ,janu>y1 #ahhb4 ,t4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,wat] ,,supply4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,x is an hi/orical fact t ! wat] supply ( ,rome1 dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 0 s abundant 8t :ole riv]s fl[$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,rome40 ,! quantity 0 e/imat$ at #cge million gallons p] day1 an equival5t to #cge gallons = ea* inhabitant4 ,?is supply 0 conduct$ to ! city ?r\gh n9e co/ly & m>vel\s conduits ( brick & /one1 t tunnel$ hills & cross$ riv]s & rav9es 9 ! bolde/ mann]1 pres5t+ mo/ skillful eng9e]+ ability4 ,! numb] 0 aft]w>ds increas$ to f\rte54 ,! pr9cipal aqu$ucts 73 ,aqua ,m>tia1 erect$ ,b4 ,c4 #dca1 0 #ch miles 9 l5g?1 "p ( :i* 0 compos$ ( #g1jjj ar*es4 ,aqua ,claudia1 a subt]ranean *annel = #cf miles2 #aj miles a surface conduit1 #c miles a vault$ tunnel1 & #g miles on l(ty arcades1 _h a capacity = deliv]+ #if million gallons daily4 ,new ,anio 0 #dc miles 9 l5g?4 ,"s ( ^! aqu$ucts 7 made ( ?ree di/9ct ar*es1 "o above ! o!r1 t convey$ wat]s f s\rces ( diff]5t elevations4 ,con/ant9ople pres5ts rema9s ( ! skill possess$ by ! ,romans 9 ! num]\s subt]rane\s res]voirs1 cov]$ ) /one arcades support$ by pill>s4 ,pont du ,g>d is ano!r relict t suppli$ ! t[n ( ,nismes1 ,france4 8,x consi/s ( #c ti]s ( ar*es1 ! l[e/ ( #f ar*es1 support+ #aa ( equal span 9 ! c5t] ti]1 surm\nt$ by #ce ( small] size4 ,its height is #ahj feet1 ! *annel way be+ #e feet high by #aj feet wide2 ! capacity 0 e/imat$ at #ad million gallons p] day40 ,9 ,mexico & ,p]u are f\nd wat] *annels ( m>vel\s l5g?1 :ile ,india is not$ = ! num]\s imp\nd+ res]voirs ( wond]ful dim5sions1--! ,poni>y res]voir1 hav+ an area ( #ej1jjj acres1 & banks #ej miles 9 ext5t4 ,:ile ! anci5ts h left monum5ts ( _! skill 9 ga!r+ & conduct+ wat]s1 mod]n sci5ce has be51 & is1 endeavor+ to leave a reputation = its devotion to ! k ( pollution 91 & purification ( wat]s requir$ = mank9d4 ,! va/ am\nt ( lit]ature devot$ to ?is subject1 conta9+ a v>i$ scope ( discussions1 argum5ts & analyses1 has a t5d5cy to lead "o to ! conclusion t :olesome wat] sc>cely exi/s4 ,9 fact1 ! !ory advanc$ by ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 9 _! ,fif? ,annual ,report1 is n s premature4 ,!y say3 8,! "t may come :5 x w be necess>y to supply our dr9k+ wat] f s$ul\sly gu>d$ b limit$ s\rces ( supply1 & to furni% = manufactur+ & o!r uses less pure wat]4 ,?is plan is p>tly c>ri$ out 9 ,p>is1 & x is ! purpose to enl>ge x1 al?\gh mu* ( ! wat] is unfit to dr9k4 8,! injuri\s "* ( a wat]1 impregnat$ ) sewage matt]1 might n be discov]$ = ye>s4 ,y might g on us+ x = ye>s & might n be discov]$1 & y might h "s outbreak ( disease 9 ! place1 :i* nev]!less might be connect$ ) ! use ( t sewage wat]40 ,! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission ( ,great ,brita9 /ruggl$ ) ?is subject = six ye>s1 & at la/ resolv$ ^u ! foll[+ classification ( potable wat]s3 #a4 ,spr+ wat]4 ,:olesome1 #b4 ,deep well wat]4 v palatable4 #c4 ,upl& surface wat]4 #d4 ,/or$ ra9 wat]4 mod]ately ,suspici\s1 #e4 ,surface wat] f cultivat$ l&s4 palatable4 #f4 ,riv] wat] to :i* sewage ga9s ,dang]\s1 access4 palatable4 #g4 ,%all[ well wat]4 ,! con/itu5t p>ts ( pure wat]1 9 volumes1 are two p>ts ( hydrog5 & "o ( oxyg51 & by weight "o "p hydrog5 & eight p>ts oxyg54 ,:5 pure x is transp>5t1 ta/eless1 inodor\s1 & colorless1 except :5 se5 9 consid]able dep?s4 ,b hav+ su* high solv5t p[]s & aff9ity = almo/ e sub/ance 9 nature1 "o c acc\nt = suspicions t sci5ce places on all wat]s1 = x is nev] free f impurities4 ,& well x may n1 if doctors are to be believ$1 = !y tell u1 t *emically pure wat] is n be/ = man2 t good potable wat]s h f "o to eight gra9s weight 9 ea* gallon ( c]ta9 impurities diffus$ ?r\gh !m4 ,impurities are arrang$ "u ! foll[+ g5]al heads3 ,ra9 ,wat]--,atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,spr+ & ,well ,wat]--,m9]al prop]ties4 ,riv]s1 ,lakes--,vegetable & animal organisms4 ,b :at c we consid] good dr9k+ wat]8 ,dr4 ,frankl&1 ( ,engl&1 has giv5 ! foll[+ z a m9imum limit ( me*anical & *emical impurities held 9 susp5sion or solution1 to be consid]$ bad or pollut$ liquid3 ,a4 ,e liquid :i* has n be5 submitt$ to precipitation1 produc$ by a p]fect repose 9 res]voirs ( suffici5t dim5sions1 dur+ a p]iod ( at lea/ six h\rs2 or :i*1 hav+ be5 submitt$ to precipitation1 conta9s 9 susp5sion m ?an "o "p by weight ( dry organic matt] 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( liquid2 or :i*1 n hav+ be5 submitt$ to precipitation1 conta9s 9 susp5sion m ?an ?ree p>ts by weight ( dry m9]al matt]1 or "o "p by weight ( dry organic matt] 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( liquid4 ,b4 ,e liquid conta9+ 9 solution m ?an two p>ts by weight ( organic c>bon1 or ?ree p>ts ( organic nitrog51 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( liquid4 ,c4 ,e liquid :i*1 :5 plac$ 9 a :ite porcela9 vessel to ! dep? ( "o in*1 exhibits "u daylight di/9ct color4 ,d4 ,e liquid :i* conta9s 9 solution1 9 e #ajj1jjj p>ts by weight1 m ?an two p>ts ( any metal1 except calcium1 magnesium1 potassium & sodium4 ,e4 ,e liquid :i* 9 e #ajj1jjj p>ts by weight conta9s 9 solution1 susp5sion1 *emical comb9ation or o!rwise1 m ?an #j4e metallic ars5ic4 ,f4 ,e liquid :i*1 aft] ! addition ( sulphuric acid1 conta9s 9 e #ajj1jjj p>ts by weight m ?an "o "p ( free *lor9e4 ,g4 ,e liquid :i* 9 e #ajj1jjj p>ts by weight conta9s m ?an "o "p ( sulphur1 9 ! /ate ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 or ( a soluble sulphuret4 ,h4 ,e liquid hav+ an acidity sup]ior to t produc$ by add+ two p>ts by weight ( hydro*loric acid to #ajjj p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,i4 ,e liquid hav+ an alkal9ity great] ?an t produc$ by add+ "o "p by weight ( cau/ic soda to #ajjj p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,j4 ,e liquid exhibit+ on its surface a film ( petroleum1 or hydroc>bon1 or conta9+ 9 susp5sion1 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts1 m ?an #j4e ( su* oils4 ,b to arrive at a fair & imp>tial conclusion1 au?orities n[ agree t analyses & inve/igations mu/ be (t51 & = a prolong$ p]iod ( n less ?an "o ye>4 ,! aim ( mod]n sci5ti/s1 9 _! analyses1 is to detect ! am\nt ( organic 7especially sewage7 contam9ation4 ,dr4 ,frankl&'s me?od is by ! e/imation ( organic c>bon & nitrog51 :ile ,wanklyn1 ,*apman1 & ,smi? rea* _! conclusions by e/imation ( nitrog5\s organic matt]1 by break+ up ! organic bodies & sep>at+ _! nitrog5 9 ! =m ( album9oid ammonia4 ,ammonia is ! measure ( t portion ( organic matt] n decompos$ b 9 /ate ( or capable ( und]go+ putrefaction4 ,! maximum am\nt ( free ammonia p]missible 9 good dr9k+ wat] is 4#e ( a gra9 p] #ajjj gallons1 & ( album9oid ammonia 4#i ( a gra9 p] #ajjj gallons4 ,^u ! above basis ! relative m]its ( ! foll[+ wat]s may be =m$3 ,,numb] ,,( ,,gra9s ,,( ,,sewage ,,9 ,,ea* ,,?\s& ,,gallons4 ,albumi- ,free noid ,cities4 ,s\rce4 ,date4,au?or-,ammonia4,ammonia4 ,rem>ks4 ity4 ,gra9s4 ,gra9s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,philadelphia,s*uylkill #ahgd ,boo? #a4ag #a4gf ,fairm\nt4 ,g>rett 8 8 8 8 #e4he #e4aa ,belmont4 8 8 8 8 #g4ca #e4ab ,flat ,rock4 8 8 8 8 #a4df #g4ca ,p]kiom54 8 8 8 8 #ag4ej #h4ge ,spr+ ,g>d54 8 ,delaw>e 8 8 #be4gd #aa4gj ,london ,artesian ,well 8 8 none #a4ge ,bryn ,maws4 8 ,?ames 8 8 #a4jj #e4ca ,detroit ,detroit #ahgi ,/e>ns #c4ji #g4bi ,hydrant4 ,hobok5 ,passaic #ahhj ,le$s #a4gb #ai4bb ,hydrant wat]4 ,j]sey ,city ,passaic 8 8 #b4if #bb4bh 8 ,patt]son ,passaic 8 8 #a4ej #cj4ij 8 ,new ,york ,croton 8 8 #a4fj #ae4gj 8 ,brooklyn ,long ,isl& 8 8 4#ej #d4hj 8 ,bo/on ,lake 8 8 #g4fj #ce4fj 8 ,co*ituate ,ro*e/] ,hemlock ,lake 8 8 4#ij #ac4jj 8 ,philadelphia,s*uylkill 8 8 4#fj #aj4ej 8 ,wilm+ton ,delaw>e 8 8 #b4jj #ag4ej 8 ,baltimore 8 8 #b4ij #aa4gj 8 ,wa%+ton ,potomac 8 8 #c4ej #ae4gj 8 ,oswego 8 8 #b4jj #ae4bj 8 8 ,well 8 8 #d4ij #ab4cj 8 ,c9c9nati ,ohio ,riv] 8 8 #f4gj #ad4jj 8 8 8 8 ,/untz 4#hg #a4dj ,m>kley ,f>m1 be/ condition4 8 8 8 8 #b4de #cf4db ,m>kley ,f>m1 wor/ condition4 8 8 8 8 #c4ae #d4cg ,dayton ,s& ,b'* be/ condition4 8 8 8 8 #b4cc #ad4bd ,dayton ,s& ,b'* wor/ condition4 8 8 8 8 #ac4dh #aa4fg ,ed5 ,res]voir1 be/ condition4 8 8 8 8 #ab4bj #db4ej ,ed5 ,res]voir1 wor/ condition4 8 8 8 8 #b4ib #i4aj ,pump ,h\se1 be/ condition4 8 8 8 8 #d4dc #gi4gc ,pump ,h\se1 wor/ condition4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission value ! quality ( wat] by ! previ\s sewage or animal contam9ation1 z !y t]m x4 ,?is expression is obta9$ by tak+1 z a /&>d ( comp>ison1 ! am\nt ( total comb9$ nitrog5 7:i* is assum$ z #aj p>ts71 9 solution1 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( av]age ,london sewage4 ,! p>ts ( nitrog5 obta9$1 9 ! =m ( nitrates1 nitrites1 & ammonia1 less 4#jcb "p ( #ajj1jjj = t portion 9 ra91 is t nitrog5 d]iv$ f animal matt]4 ,animal matt]s dissolv$ 9 wat]1 su* z ^? conta9$ 9 sewage1 ! cont5ts ( privies & cess-pools1 or f>m-y>d manure1 und]go oxidation 9 lakes1 riv]s & /reams v sl[ly1 b1 9 ! pores ( an op5 soil1 v rapidly4 ,:5 ?is oxidation is complete1 !y are resolv$ into m9]al comp\nds2 _! c>bon is conv]t$ into c>bonic acid2 & _! hydrog5 into wat]2 b _! nitrog5 is trans=m$ p>tly into ammonia & *iefly into nitr\s & nitric acids4 ,! foll[+ table is a compilation ( _! analyses3 ,,potable ,,wat]s1 ,,f ,,analyses ,,by ,,riv]s ,,pollution ,,commission1 7#ahgd17 7,,p>ts ,,( #ajj1jjj ,,p>ts47 ,organic ,organic ,previ\s ,c>bon4,nitrog54 ,sewage4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- p>ts p>ts ,ra9-wat]1 collect$ 9 lead5 gauges 4#jgj 4#jae #db 8 8 8 f ro(s1 etc41 = 4#beg 4#jhj #abjca dome/ic use ,dew or ho> fro/ collect$ on lead5 gauges 4#bfd 4#jgf #aecf ,sea-wat] 4#bgh 4#afe #ajc ,upl& surface1 f non-calc>e\s /rata 4#bgh 4#jcc #j 8 8 f calc>e\s /rata 4#cdf 4#jcg #cc ,l& dra9age wat]1 f sewage f>ms 4#jhb 4#aia #ajddc ,deep well wat]s1 9 ! *alk bel[ ,london clay 4#jic 4#jbh #gig ,spr+ wat]s1 f ! *alk 4#jdd 4#jaj #ceaa ,bri/ol1 f spr+s & deep wells 4#agb 4#jbd #affbj ,ed9burgh1 f spr+s & /reams-- 4#ade 4#jbf #bjbj wat] filt]$ ,glasg[1 f ,lo* ,katr9e 4#bjd 4#jag #j ,liv]pool1 ,gre5 ,lane well 4#jbj 4#jbj #chdj 8 ,riv+ton ,riv]1 gravity supply1 4#bdc 4#jca #j unfilt]$ 8 8 8 gravity supply1 4#baj 4#jbi #j filt]$ ,birm+ham1 f ,b\rne ,riv]1 normal 4#baa 4#jci #bdhj 8 8 8 8 9 flood 4#fdj 4#jei #chij 8 8 8 8 filt]$ 4#dfj 4#jde #bgbj 8 f ,a/on well 4#jcd 4#jjf #addj 8 mix$ wat]s--riv] & well 4#jdj 4#jaj #achj ,london1 ,?ames wat] f ,hampton 4#bdf 4#jcc #cbgj ,gr& ,junction ,works 8 8 8 aft] subsid5ce 8 8 8 4#bfb 4#jdb #cbgj 8 8 8 aft] filtration 8 8 8 4#bca 4#jcb #cadj ,jacob's ,%all[ ,well1 at ,%effield #a4bjj 4#abf #eij ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,!y consid] reasonably safe wat]1 :5 x is d]iv$ f deep wells1 7say #ajj feet17 or f deep-seat$ spr+s1 al?\gh x conta9s previ\s animal sewage1 b does n exce$ #aj1jjj p>ts 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( wat]4 ,suspici\s or d\btful wat] is1 fir/1 riv] or fl[+ wat] :i* exhibits any proportion1 h[ev] small1 ( previ\s sewage2 &1 second1 well or spr+ wat] conta9+ #aj1jjj to #bj1jjj p>ts4 ,dang]\s wat] is1 fir/1 riv] or fl[+ wat] :i* exhibits m ?an #bj1jjj p>ts ( previ\s animal contam9ation2 second1 riv] or fl[ wat] conta9+ less ?an #bj1jjj p>ts ( previ\s contam9ation1 com+ f sewage dis*>g$ into x directly1 or m+l+ ) x z surface dra9age2 ?ird1 well or deep-seat$ spr+s conta9+ m ?an #bj1jjj p>ts1 because previ\s contam9ation is 9 direct proportion to ! am\nt ( su* contam9ation4 ,! value ( an analysis1 sanit>ily consid]$1 is que/ion$4 ,mr4 ,simon1 m$ical (fic] ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,privy ,c\ncil1 te/ifi$1 be=e ! ,royal ,commission on ,wat] ,supply1 on ?is po9t1 z foll[s3 8,!re are dang]\s qualities ( wat] supply ) reg>d to :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 *emi/s are totally unable to measure1 ev5 to demon/rate ! fatal influ5ces t a wat] may h4 ,a wat] may be1 = in/ance1 capable ( spread+ ! *ol]a1 b *emi/s be unable to id5tify ! p>ticul> contam9ation :i* produces t effect4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 a matt] ( absolute demon/ration t1 9 ! old epidemics1 :5 ! s\? side ( ,london suff]$ s dreadfully f *ol]a1 ! great cause ( ! imm5se mortality !re 0 a badness ( ! wat] supply !n di/ribut$ 9 ^? di/ricts ( ,london40 ,pr(4 ,frankl& says3 8,t we h no reason to believe t ! injuri\s "* ( ei!r sewage or ( ! gases f a dra9 dep5ds fundam5tally ^u ! quality ( t sewage or ( t gas4 ,9 all probability x f> m dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! sewage1 namely1 :at x consi/s (4 ,n[1 :at is ! nature ( ! poison\s matt] 9 ! atmosph]e or 9 ! sewage8 ,we d n "k t1 at all2 !re=e y c n possibly say :5 t poison\s matt] is got rid ( f ! wat] or f ! air4 ,*emical analysis c n d x1 = its limit is by ! p[] ( weigh+ & measur+4 ,x is n suffici5tly advanc$1 & is "o ( ! poore/ ?+s possible to rea* ^? delicate po9ts40 ,vital /ati/ics are s\rces ( reliable in=mation2 & f !m we c le>n m ( ! propagation or dissem9ation ( c]ta9 diseases ?r\gh ! wat] supply1 & ! relation ( wat] to heal?4 ,! *ol]a epidemics ( ,great ,brita9 exhibit /rik+ examples4 ,! foll[+ are tabulations f ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission ,report1 #ahgd3 ,,london4 ,,ye>4 ,,"* ,,( ,,wat]4 ,,mortality4 ,,rate ,,p] #aj1jjj4 #ahcb ,pollut$ #e1bge #ca4d #ahdi ,v mu* pollut$ #ad1acg #fa4h #ahed ,less pollut$ #aj1gch #db4i #ahff ,mu* less pollut$ #e1eif #ah4d ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahdi & #ahed1 ! wat] supply 0 mu* improv$ by removal ( intakes to pur] s\rces4 ,! area ( int5se *ol]a ( #ahff 0 conf9$ )9 ! limits ( ! f\l or unfilt]$ wat] supply by ! ,ea/ ,london ,company2 &1 :5 notifi$ & /opp$ ! rate ( dea?s imm$iately decreas$4 ,x 0 almo/ exactly ! area ( ?is p>ticul> wat] supply1 ne>ly if n absolutely fill+ x1 & sc>cely at all rea*+ beyond x4 ,,man*e/] ,,& ,,sal=d4 ,,ye>4 ,,"* ,,( ,,wat]4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,dea?s4 #ahcb ,us$ pollut$ wat] #hij #ahdi ,us$ pollut$ wat] #a1aae #ahed ,us$ pure wat] #ej #ahff ,us$ pure wat] #hh ,9 #ahea ! new supply ( unpollut$ upl&-surface wat] 0 introduc$ 9 place ( %all[ wells4 ,,glasg[4 ,,ye>4 ,,"* ,,( ,,wat]4 ,,numb] ,,dea?s4 ,,rate ,,p] #aj1jjj4 #ahcb ,pollut$ wat] #b1hdb #adj #ahdi ,pollut$ wat] #c1ggb #ajf #ahed ,pollut$ wat] #c1hhf #aai #ahff ,pure wat] #fh #a4f ,9 #ahei ! pres5t s\rce1 ,lo* ,katr9e1 0 fir/ us$ = wat] supply4 ,,paisley ,,& ,,*>le/on4 ,,ye>4 ,,"* ,,( ,,wat]4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,dea?s4 #ahdi ,pollut$ wat] #ahb #ahed ,pollut$ wat] #agc #ahff ,pure wat] #g ,! te/imony ( ,dr4 ,daniel ,ri*mond1 ! m$ical (fic] ( ,paisley1 be=e ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission ( #ahgd1 9 ref]5ce to ! *ol]a epidemics1 is ( suffici5t int]e/ to be embodi$ v]batim3 8#a4 ,h y any compla9t to make ( ! wat] supply8 ,no4 ,! wat] t we h 9 ,paisley is ( a v sup]ior "*1 & !re is an unlimit$ supply to ! :ole ( ! inhabitants4 ,! supply is con/ant1 & ,i reg>d t z "o ( ! greate/ bless+s ! p ev] receiv$4 8#b4 ,is !re any wat] us$ :i* is obta9$ f wells8 ,none4 ,dur+ ! la/ epidemic ( *ol]a ! wells 7 ord]$ to be entirely %ut up4 8#c4 ,:5 did ! la/ epidemic ( *ol]a occur8 ,f\r ye>s ago4 ,b ,i %\ld say x 0 n epidemic 9 ,paisley !n4 ,x 0 ?reat5$ 9 #ahff4 8#d4 ,_h y any cases ( *ol]a !n8 ,no4 ,!re 0 a dang] felt ab\t x1 b ,i _h no fe> ( x2 & ,i express$ t op9ion be=e ! ,sanit>y ,committee1 t we %\ld h no attack ( *ol]a1 & t ! city ( ,glasg[ w\ld n h x4 8#e4 ,on :at did y f\nd t op9ion8 ,^u ! unlimit$ supply ( pure wat] t we _h1 & on ! supply ( pure wat] t ,glasg[ _h obta9$ f ,lo* ,katr9e4 8#f4 ,0 y\r pr$iction fulfill$ 9 bo? cases8 ,yes4 8#g4 ,:5 _h y *ol]a la/ 9 ,paisley8 ,0 x 9 #ahed8 ,9 #ahed4 8#h4 ,_h y an attack ( *ol]a 9 #ahdi8 ,yes4 ,a v %>p attack4 8#i4 ,:at 0 ! /ate ( ! wat] supply 9 #ahdi8 ,9 #ahdh & #ahdi ! t[n 0 b p>tially suppli$ ) wat]1 & "s ( ! l>ge suburbs1 su* z ,*>le/on1 7 n suppli$ ) ! t[n's wat]4 ,*>le/on 0 suppli$ ) wat] f wells4 ,!re 0 "o well t belong$ to ,baille ,smi?1 :i* suppli$ a l>ge quadrangle ( build+s2 t well 0 at ! bottom ( an incl9e1 surm\nt$ by build+s on all sides except "o4 ,^? wells took a supply f ! surface4 ,!y 7 surr\nd$ by dung-pits1 & ! wells imbib$ ! impurities ( ! dung-pits4 ,i took occasion to w>n ! p ( ! di/rict n to use wat] f ! wells1 b to get ! t[n's wat]4 ,i recomm5d$ ! au?orities to op5 pipes connect$ ) ! t[n's wat]1 & to supply ,*>le/on ) pure wat]2 & v soon aft] t 0 done ! *ol]a disappe>$ f t di/rict4 ,at ! la/ ?reat5$ visitation ( *ol]a1 9 #ahff1 ! ,sanit>y ,committee took ! precaution to remove all ! h&les f ! pumps1 & !y _h ! wells %ut up4 8#aj4 ,d y ?9k !re is a direct connection betwe5 ! wat] suppli$ to a t[n & ! propagation ( *ol]a8 ,i believe t !re is a v intimate connection betwe5 ! use ( impure wat] & ! propagation ( *ol]a2 & ! prop] antidote to t is a free & unre/rict$ supply ( pure wat]40 ,9 ,calcutta ! ye>ly dea? rates f *ol]a av]ag$ ne>ly #d1jjj f #ahda to #ahgj4 ,:5 wat]-works 7 introduc$ ! rate ( dea?s 73 #ahgj #a1efj #ahga #gij #ahgb #a1jfh #ahgc #a1acd ,! fam\s ,broad ,/reet pump1 9 ,london1 9 #ahdh1 kill$ #ejj p]sons 9 a s+le week4 ,9 #ahff _m dea?s occurr$ f ! use ( wat] f a fam\s pump 9 ,brooklyn4 ,all tr\ble 0 br\ght to an end :5 ! heal? (fic]s remov$ ! h&le4 ,typhoid fev] & di>rhea are univ]sally trac$ to impure wat]1 & num]\s examples c be giv5 t 7 directly due to ?is cause4 ,! ent]pris+ t[n ( ,rugby1 on ! ,c9c9nati ,s\!rn ,railroad1 furni%$ u ) a case ( ?is nature4 ,9 ,millbank ,prison1 ,engl&1 typhoid fev] 0 especially fatal until ! ye> #ahed1 :5 ! supply 0 tak5 f an artesian well 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e1 in/ead ( ! ,?ames2 & imm$iately !reaft]1 & up to ,april1 #ahgb1 a p]iod ( eighte5 ye>s1 !re h be5 only ?ree dea?s f typhoid fev]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,riv] ,,pollution4 ,?is subject is possibly mo/ int]e/+ to ,c9c9nati1 because ( its direct application to our s\rce4 ,riv] wat] is next to ! mo/ suspici\s ( wat]s1 & ! "* is ! bone ( cont5tion among sci5ti/s4 ,j h[ f> & h[ mu* sewage may be admitt$1 & :at influ5ces are ex]t$ to de/roy x1 are int]e/+ discussions1 "p ( :i* we h quot$4 ,! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission ( ,great ,brita9 arriv$ at ! conclusion 8t !re is no riv] 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom long en\gh to effect ! de/ruction ( sewage by oxidation40 ,& a direct contradiction ( ! /atem5t by ! em95t physician1 ,dr4 ,le!by1 m$ical (fic] to corporation ( ,london1 8t if sewage matt] be mix$ ) tw5ty times its bulk ( ord9>y riv] wat]1 & fl[ a doz5 miles1 !re is n a p>ticle ( t sewage to be discov]$ by *emical means40 ,! exp]im5ts ( ?is commission %[ 8t sc>cely two-?irds ( ! sewage 0 de/roy$ 9 a fl[ ( #afh miles1 at ! rate ( "o mile p] h\r1 or aft] ! lapse ( a week40 ,inve/igations ( ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission on ,sewage ,pollution are z foll[s3 ,,r$uction ,,by ,,oxidation ,,9 ,,runn+ ,,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,r$uction ,,( ,,"n ,,( ,,l5g? ,,( ,,fl[,,temp]ature ,,organic ,,elem5t4 ,,riv]4 ,,9 ,,miles4 ,,c5tigrade4---------------------------- ---- ,,9 ,,org4 ,,c>bon4,,9 ,,org4 ,,nitrog54 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,irwell #aa #f to #h #d4e #j 8 #aa #ab #j #aa4h 8 #aa #ag #bi4f #j ,m]sey #ac #d to #d4h #bj4h #ag4i ,d>w9 #ac #f4h to #aj #j #ac4b4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,r$uction ,,( ,,sewage ,,by ,,a]ation4 ,"o volume ( filt]$ ,london sewage mix$ ) n9e volumes ( wat]1 ! mixture conta9$ 4#bfg organic c>bon & 4#jha organic nitrog54 ,aft] agitation & freely expos$ to ! air & light e day1 & be+ syphon$1 9 a sl5d] /ream1 f "o vessel to ano!r1 ! result1 aft] #if h\rs1 0 4#bej organic c>bon1 & 4#jeh organic nitrog52 &1 aft] #aif h\rs' te/1 0 4#b organic c>bon1 & 4#jed organic nitrog54 ,temp]ature1 #bj c5tigrade4 ,! above results w\ld correspond to a fl[ ( #if miles1 at rate ( "o mile p] h\r1 ) a r$uction 9 p] c5t ( #f4d organic c>bon1 & #bh4d organic nitrog52 or a fl[ ( #aib miles1 at rate ( "o mile p] h\r1 ) a r$uction 9 p] c5t ( #be4a organic c>bon1 & #cc4c organic nitrog54 ,te/ ( a mixture ( fre% sewage ) ,?ames wat]1 & enclos$ 9 /opp$ bottles1 & op5$ to air at foll[+ int]vals1 ) results opposite ! respective p]iods3 ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,sewage ,,de/roy$4 #a4 ,p]iod ( #bd h\rs #f4h #b4 ,p]iod ( #bd h\rs #h4i #c4 ,p]iod ( #dh h\rs #ad4c #d4 ,p]iod ( #bd h\rs #e4d #e4 ,p]iod ( #bd h\rs #e4h #f4 ,p]iod ( #bd h\rs #b4a ---- ,total #dc4c ,dissolv$ oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! enclos$ wat] 0 det]m9$ by boil+ (f ! dissolv$ gases4 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,ur9e ,,by ,,a]ation ,ur9e1 9 proportion ( "o gallon 7imp]ial7 to #c1jgg gallons ( wat]1 expos$ to ! air & briskly agitat$3 ,,p>ts ,,9 #ajj1jjj ,,p>ts4 ,,date4 ,,organic ,,c>bon4 ,,organic ,,nitrog54 ,feb4 #ag1 #ahgd1 4#bhb 4#bdc 8 #ah1 8 4#bih 4#bea 8 #ai1 8 4#bdd 4#bee 8 #bd1 8 4#bbe 4#bec 8 #be1 8 4#bad 4#bei 8 #bh1 8 4#bad 4#bgf ,results %[ t fre% ur9e ) a l>ge volume ( wat] is1 "u atmosph]ic influ5ces1 m p]man5t & inde/ructible ?an sewage4 ,! ag5ts ( de/ruction ( sewage are3 ,infusorial animals4 ,aquatic plants4 ,fi%4 ,*emical ,oxidation4 ,dilution4 ,deposition4 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie1 9 8 evid5ce be=e a =m] ,riv] ,pollution ,commission1 /at$3 8,t x 0 simply impossible t ! oxidiz+ p[] act+ on sewage runn+ 9 mixture ) wat] ov] a di/ance ( any l5g? is suffici5t to remove its noxi\s quality2 t ! oxyg5 9 ! wat] & on its surface does n ex]cise any rapidly oxidiz+ p[] on organic matt]40 ,he believ$ 8t an inf9itesimally small quantity ( decay$ matt] is able to produce an injuri\s effect ^u heal?2 t if a l>ge proportion ( organic matt] 7 remov$ by oxidation1 ! quantity left might be suffici5t to be injuri\s to heal?4 ,to de/roy organic matt] ! mo/ p[]ful oxidiz+ ag5ts are requir$4 ,we mu/ boil x ) nitric acid & *loric acid & ! mo/ p]fect *emical ag5ts4 ,to ?9k to get rid ( organic matt] by exposure to ! air = a %ort "t is absurd40 ,pr(4 ,frankl&1 "o ( ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission ( #ahgd1 says3 8,t ,i %\ld rely ^u dilution q z mu* & m ?an ^u ! de/ruction ( injuri\s matt]2 t ! fl[ ( a riv] has a mo/ natural influ5ce 9 ! removal ( subsid5ce ( a l>ge proportion ( ! susp5d$ impurities bo? organic & m9]al1 especially if ! fl[ be sluggi% 9 places40 ,pr(4 ,brodie /at$3 8,!re are causes op]at+1 z we all "k1 to de/roy ! sewage :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 w effect t end2 b ! "q1 z ,i und]/& x1 is1 :e!r ^? causes are really adequate to de/roy ! sewage1 n p>tially b absolutely & entirely1 dur+ a giv5 c\rse ( ! riv]8 ,i d n ?9k1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 to pron\nce an absolute op9ion ^u t po9t4 ,b if y ask :e!r x is wise to dr9k wat] into :i* y h put sewage1 kn[+ t y h no means ( gett+ t sewage out ( x1 t is a "q :i* any "o c answ] = himself1 assum+ always ! injuri\s "* ( sewage40 ,! fif? annual report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( ,massa*usetts 7#ahge71 conta9s ! foll[+1 on ! effects ( oxidation1 dilution1 & deposition3 8,oxidation4--,al?\gh x is n practical1 9 ! case ( a runn+ /ream l ! ,m]rimack1 to trace ! progress ( ! de/ruction ( ! organic mat]ial by oxidation1 yet !re is no d\bt t a c]ta9 am\nt is s de/roy$4 ,! pres5ce ( nitrog5 9 ! =m ( nitrites & nitrates is ma9ly due to ! oxidation ( nitrog5\s organic mat]ial4 ,9 ! la/ report ( ! ,bo>d1 ! reasons are giv5 :i* lead to ! belief t ! effects ( oxidation h be5 ov]rat$1 al?\gh !y are n1 on ! o!r h&1 to be depreciat$4 8,deposition4--,mu* wa/e mat]ial1 ?r[n into riv]s1 is made up :olly or 9 "p ( sub/ances insoluble 9 wat]4 ,a portion1 & a v consid]able portion1 ev5 9 a runn+ /ream is deposit$ ^u ! bottom or /r&$ ^u ! banks4 ,at ! "t ( spr+ fre%ets mu* t dur+ ! summ] may h be5 deposit$ at "o "p ( ! /ream1 9 ! b$ or on ! banks1 is wa%$ up aga91 & m+l+ ) ! e>?y mat]ials1 held 9 susp5sion1 is swept onw>d to ! sea or envelop$ 9 ! e>?y matt]1 especially if ?is be ( a clayey nature1 is deposit$ l[] d[n ! /ream4 ,^! spr+ fre%ets are reli$ ^u = cleans+ banks us$ = infiltration4 8,dilution4--,by f> ! mo/ important reason ( ! app>5t disappe>ance ( sewage & o!r wa/e mat]ial1 is ! fact t ! am\nt ( solid matt] is s small comp>$ ) ! volume ( wat] into :i* x is ?r[n1 t x is dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! mass & ?us lo/ to obs]vation1 & 9 _m cases to *emical te/4 8,analyses ( wat]1 bel[ & above ,lawr5ce & ,l[ell1 %[$ no increase 9 *lor9e4 ,! sub/ance c n escape f ! wat] 9 gase\s =m1 nor does x deposit 9 insoluble comb9ation1 yet fir/ inspection w\ld lead to a conclusion t no real increase exi/$4 ,! facts are t ! r$uction 0 due to dilution1 & n to any de/ruction or decomposition4 ,mu* dep5ds ( c\rse ^u ! size ( ! /ream into :i* ! refuse is ?r[n4 ,?us1 :ile into ! ,m]rimack at ,l[ell1 ev5 dur+ ! m9imum summ] fl[ ( #b1ajj cubic feet p] second1 x w\ld be necess>y to ?r[ m ?an #ajj tons ( solid matt] daily 9 ord] to increase ! am\nt 9 ! wat] by "o gra9 to ! gallon2 ano!r & small] /ream might be hopelessly f\l$ by a s+le factory40 ,! effects ( dilution are %[n 9 ! analysis ( ! ,s*uylkill ,riv]--!re be+ less sewage at ,fairm\nt ,dam1 ! ne>e/ to ! outlet1 ?an any po9t above4 ,x is e/imat$ t #cjj1jjj inhabitants1 exclusive ( ^? 9 ,philadelphia1 live )9 ! wat]-%$ ( ?is riv]1 less ?an #aej miles above ,philadelphia1 ! undilut$ sewage f ^! p]sons am\nt+ annually to #aej1jjj tons4 ,9 addition to ?is pollution #ae1jjj1jjj gallons daily fl[ f #aae e/abli%m5ts locat$ on ! banks1 n consid]+ ! #eg colli]ies & #gf an?racite furnaces4 ,yet ) all ?is contam9ation ! wat] at ,fairm\nt1 *emically consid]$1 is z pure z mo/ s\rces4 ,! *emi/s 9 _! report say3 8,hav+ n[ %[n t ! ,s*uylkill wat] is ab\t z good a wat] z we might wi% to f9d = a l>ge city 9 its m9]al & organic cont5t4 8,s9ce ! pres5t wat] is good en\gh1 we may keep x s1 & ev5 improve x by a sy/em ( sewage gradually ext5d$ up bo? sides ( ! riv]1 especially ! left bank1 above ! influ5ce ( ,monayunk1 & by procur+ suffici5t legislative p[] to control ! escape ( sewage or possibly injuri\s manufactur+ residue4 ,! long l9e ( _m miles w\ld t5d greatly to ! purification ( ! wat] by a]ation1 deposition1 or ab/raction ( possibly injuri\s sub/ances f ! wat] by ! "t x rea*$ )9 us+ di/ance ( ! city40 ,! increase ( solid matt] 9 ! ,s*uylkill has be5 z foll[s3 #ahdb1 #d1dba gra9s 9 #a1jjj gallons4 #ahed1 #f1aji gra9s 9 #a1jjj gallons4 #ahfb1 #g1jdj gra9s 9 #a1jjj gallons4 #ahge1 #h1aci gra9s 9 #a1jjj gallons4 ,! rec5t analysis by ,pr(4 ,/untz ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 also %[s ! effects ( dilution4 7,! results express ! numb] ( p\nds ( sewage 9 "o million gallons47 ,,g5]al ,,wor/ ,,g5]al ,,condition ,,condition ,,av]age ,,lbs4 ,,lbs4 ,,lbs4 ,at pump+ works1 #a4ha #aa4ci #d4ah ,at m\? ,eggle/on ,av5ue sew]1 #d4da #ag4ia #aa4af ,at ,/orrs & ,l[] ,riv]1 #a4if #aj4jj #e4id ,al?\gh increas$ by ! :ole sewage ( ! city 9 addition to ,lick+ ,riv]1 ,cov+ton1 & /eamboat contam9ation1 ! proportion ( sewage at ,/orrs 9 its wor/ condition is *emically %[n to be little bett] ?an at ! pump+ works4 ,,?ames ,,riv]4 ,al?\gh ! wat] ( ! ,?ames has be5 submitt$ to analyses by diff]5t *emi/s1 on _m hundr$ occasions1 no con/itu5t :i* c\ld be pron\nc$ noxi\s1 has be5 detect$2 b ! hi/ory ( ! wat] trac$ 9 ! inorganic con/itu5ts above ref]r$ to1 always reveals t :i* is1 inde$1 well kn[n to be ! fact--its previ\s contam9ation ) sewage or animal matt]s--7,riv]s ,pollution ,commission1 #ahgd47 ,! area ( wat]-%$ dra9age ( ! ,?ames above pump+ /ation is #c1fge squ>e miles1 ! m9imum summ] fl[ ( #cej millions ( gallons daily4 ,!re are "o million p]sons above ! intakes ( pump+ works4 ,! :ole riv] & its pr9cipal tribut>ies are "u /ricte/ sanit>y regulation1 :i* ! gov]nm5t is able to en=ce1 not)/&+ a great mass ( sewage is p\r$ into ! /ream4 ,! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission1 ( #ahgd1 sum up _! inve/igation ( ! ,?ames & ,lea ,riv]s z foll[s3 8#a/4 ,t ! riv] receives ! sewage f a l>ge numb] ( t[ns & o!r inhabit$ places1 ! wa%+s ( a l>ge cultivat$ l&1 & ! fil?y dis*>ge f _m indu/rial processes & manufactures4 8#b;d4 ,t ! wat] is us$ = ba?+1 wa%+ ( %eep & cattle1 & dirty l95 & putrid c>casses ( animals float ^u its surface4 8#c;d4 ,t x is ! common wat] way = a l>ge am\nt ( dang]\s pollut+ matt]1 etc4 8#d?4 ,t 9 "t ( flood a l>ge proportion1 bo? ( ! susp5d$ & dissolv$ fil?1 is convey$ d[n to ! intakes1 & 9 ord9>y wea!r consid]able portion ( soluble organic matt] makes its way to ! pump+ works1 & is /ill pres5t 9 ! wat] di/ribut$ to ! consum]s4 8#e?4 ,t ! wat] is1 nev]!less1 :5 effici5tly filt]$1 free f any (f5sive ta/e or odor4 8#f?4 ,t1 not)/&+ ! application ( p>tial rem$ies1 = sewage pollution1 at ,banbury1 ,eton1 & ,w9dsor1 & ! great c>e ex]cis$ by mo/ ( ! companies 9 ! /orage & filtration ( ! wat]1 ! organic pollution conta9$ 9 ! ,?ames wat] deliv]$ 9 ,london1 ?\gh subject to fluctuations f ! great] or less preval5ce ( floods1 does n dim9i%4 ,! proportion ( organic impurity pres5t 9 ,?ames wat]1 z deliv]$ 9 ,london1 03 8,9 #ahfh1 #a1jjj ,9 #ahfi1 #a1jaf ,9 #ahgj1 #gie ,9 #ahga1 #ibh ,9 #ahgb1 #a1bdc ,9 #ahgc1 #iag 8#g?4 ,t !re is no hope ( ?is disgu/+ /ate ( ! riv] be+ s f> rem$i$ z to preclude ! pres5ce ( animal & o!r (f5sive matt]s1 ev5 9 ! filt]$ ,?ames wat] z deliv]$ 9 ! metropolis4 8#h?4 ,t ! ,?ames %\ld1 !re=e1 z e>ly z possible1 be ab&on$ z a s\rce ( wat] = dome/ic use4 8#i?4 ,t ! temp]ature ( ! wat] drawn f ! company's ma9s is liable to excessive fluctuations1 be+ ne> ! freez+ po9t 9 w9t] & s w>m 9 summ] z to be vapid & unpalatable40 ,! ,lea ,riv] is also condemn$ z a s\rce ( wat] supply4 ,pr(4 ,*&l]1 ( ,new ,york1 quotes ! au?ority ( em95t sci5ti/s1 :o say ! ,?ames1 a %ort di/ance above ,london1 is :olesome1 palatable1 & agreeable1 & safe = dome/ic use1 not)/&+ ! l>ge am\nt ( sewage 7! numb] ( gra9s p] gallon be+ ?ree times t ( ! ,s*uylkill71 al?\gh controll$ by /rict gov]nm5tal laws4 ,,quality ,,( ,,pollution4 ,sci5ti/s tell u t x is n s mu* ! quantity z ! quality ( ! sewage3 8,x is true a l>ge am\nt ( refuse mat]ial is ( su* "* z to be1 except 9 excessive quantities1 ( no appreciable influ5ce on ! human sy/em2 ! addition ( ! inorganic comp\nds ( lime1 soda1 pota%1 etc41 w\ld h no delet]i\s effect2 9 fact1 al?\gh ! lime comp\nds increase ! h>dness ( wat]1 & make x less desirable = wa%+1 ! pres5ce ( a mod]ate am\nt ( m9]al sub/ance makes ! wat] m palatable & v probably m :olesome4 8,!n1 9 case ( _m wa/e liquors1 :i* appe> to be v (f5sive1 ! matt] :i* really c\ld be reg>d$ z injuri\s is comp>atively small 9 am\nt4 ,if we consid] ! "* ( ! sub/ances dis*>g$ by diff]5t manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 we %all f9d !m v diff]5t4 ,"s ( !m are su* z to be univ]sally reg>d$ z unfit to admit to any /ream2 ^?1 = in/ance1 conta9+ lead1 ars5ic1 etc42 o!rs1 su* z salts ( iron1 are sc>cely reg>d$ z injuri\s2 ?us1 ! dis*>ge ( sulphate ( iron 7copp]as7 into a /ream already pollut$ ) sewage matt]1 might1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 be ( positive advantage4 ,aga91 9 ! case ( "s ( ! vegetable dye-/uffs1 ! weak-sp5t dye liquors1 al?\gh !y communicate a v f\l appe>ance to ! wat] = "s di/ance1 yet conta9 a comp>atively small am\nt ( solid matt]1 &1 if dis*>g$ into a /ream ( consid]able size1 z soon z dissem9at$ ?r\gh x1 are dilut$ to a v great ext5t4 8,diff]5t 9 "*1 h[ev]1 f mu* ( ! refuse ( manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts is ! sewage com+ f dwell+s1 or ! sewage 79 its m re/rict$ s5se ( excrem5tal matt] f animal s\rces7 :i* comes f our manufactories4 ,9 fact1 ?is f\l mat]ial1 com+ f e/abli%m5ts employ+ a l>ge numb] ( op]ators1 is likely1 9 _m cases1 to h a m injuri\s effect ^u ! /ream into :i* x is ?r[n ?an refuse f ! manufactur+ op]ations4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s bran*es ( indu/ry :i* dis*>ge refuse mat]ial (f5sive & dang]\s to heal?4 ,su* mat]ial is dis*>g$ f tann]ies1 wool-pull+ & hide-dress+ e/abli%m5ts1 slaught]-h\ses & r5d]+-h\ses4 #8,too mu* /ress c n be laid ^u ! importance ( prev5t+ ! dis*>ge ( su* refuse4'0--7,pr(4 ,ni*ols1 9 ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?47 8,! dis*>ge ( gas works is kn[n to kill fi% & de/roy l[] =ms ( animal life1 :i* are important ag5ts 9 pres]v+ ! purity ( fre% wat]4 8,"o w\ld n ass]t t ! dra9age ( a s+le h\se w\ld contam9ate ! wat] ( a l>ge riv] l ! ,m]rimack s z to make x unfit = dome/ic use1 yet we mu/ bew>e h[ we depreciate ! effect ( sewage matt]1 ev5 9 a l>ge /ream40--7,pr(4 ,ni*ols1 9 ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #ahge47 8,) small am\nt ( sewage ! *ances are favorable = ! action ( atmosph]ic influ5ces1 & p>ticles ( undecompos$ mat]ial-propagat+ disease are r5d]$ proportionally small1 ow+ to ! great dilution4 8,a m9ute quantity may d mu* h>m1 because x is n[ g5]ally believ$1 t x may hold ! specific ?+ t propagates specific diseases4 8,rice wat] evacuations1 ( a *ol]a pati5t1 h[ev] mu* dilut$1 /ill rema9s 9 liquid1 al?\gh *emical te/ fails to detect x4 8,! c>cass ( a dead animal1 ?r[n into a riv] or pond1 & conf9$ !re1 s z n to be borne (f bodily1 gradually wa/es away1 &1 9 a long] or %ort] "t1 ! ma9 "p ( ! c>cass has disappe>$4 ,:at has become ( x8 ,a "p has be5 conv]t$ into gase\s products ( decomposition1 z ! (f5sive odors obs]v$ dur+ ! decay w te/ify2 b ano!r portion has be5 c>ri$ (f by ! /ream z soluble nitrog5\s organic matt]4 ,?is nitrog5\s matt] w\ld be detect$ a %ort di/ance away1 ) great] or less ease1 accord+ to ! volume ( wat] pres5t2 b 9 a /ream ( l>ge size1 or 9 a lake at no v great di/ance f ! s\rce ( contam9ation1 x w\ld be impossible to discov] any (f5sive matt]4 ,!re is a limit to ! delicacy ( our te/s3 !re is a po9t beyond :i*1 at ! pres5t1 we are n able to g4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 a *emical analysis alone is n suffici5t to det]m9e ! desirability ( a giv5 wat]-supply40--7,riv]s ,pollution ,commission1 #ahgd47 8,! action ( a float1 ^u or ne> ! surface ( ! wat]1 is no indication ( ! movem5t1 back & =?1 ( ! sewage 9 susp5sion4 ,portions ( fre% sewage1 x is true1 w float1 b aft] mac]ation ! sewage has a specific gravity ( ab\t #a4cbe1 & w s9k1 9 /ill wat]1 or v sl[ curr5ts1 at ! rate ( "o foot p] m9ute2 b 9 a curr5t ( #agj feet a m9ute1 x w n s9k1 b rema9 9 susp5sion40--7,j4 ,w4 ,adams1 ,c4 ,e41 ,wat] ,supply ,commission ( ,philadelphia1 #ahgd47 8,?is evid5ce1 tak5 9 connection ) our own inve/igations1 appe> to u1 conclusively1 to prove3 8#a/4 ,t !re is1 at c]ta9 times1 9 human excreta1 "s mat]ial capable ( produc+ disease1 ( a v fatal "*1 9 human subjects4 8#b;d4 ,t ?is morbific matt] c be detect$ only by its specific action ^u human subject1 & c n be di/+ui%$1 ei!r by *emical or microscopical analysis1 ev5 9 ! conc5trat$ excreta1 mu* less 9 wat] mix$ ) ! excreta4 8#c;d4 ,t1 inasmu* z ! organic matt]s ( sewage are oxidiz$ & de/roy$ ) extreme sl[ness 9 runn+ wat]1 !re is great probability t morbific matt] w escape de/ruction & be convey$ to great di/ances 9 riv]s & /reams40--7,riv]s ,pollution ,commission1 #ahgd47 8,c>bonates ( calcium & lime produce tempor>y h>dness2 :ile sulphate ( lime & calcium & salts ( magnesium produce p]man5t h>dness4 8,tempor>y h>dness is objectionable = cul9>y & manufactur+ purposes1 & excessive h>dness is productive ( disease kn[n z gravel4 ,magnesium salts are especially objectionable1 because !y cause di>rha & dyspepsia4 ,goitre1 or swell+ ( ! gl&s & cret9ism1 a k9d ( insanity1 are *>g$ to ?is impurity4 8,frequ5tly1 ! wat] happ5s to be a little (f color1 especially aft] a heavy /orm1 & ! consum]s get an idea t ! wat] is poison$1 & no am\nt ( re-assur+ w prove ! rev]se4 ,su* cases occurr$ 9 ,new ,york ,city1 once or twice1 dur+ ! late w> ) ! ,s\?4 ,a little inve/igation w %[ ! absurdity ( su* a ?+4 8,"o-sixte5? ( a gra9 ( /ry*n9e is necess>y to poison a p]son4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 require ?ree & "o-half tons ( /ry*n9e to h poison$ ! ,croton wat] effectually--a quantity n to be _h 9 ! _w1 & to procure x w\ld take ab\t ?ree ye>s4 8,if ars5ic 0 desirable1 two gra9s = ea* p]son w\ld be requir$1 or #aad tons = ! :ole population ( ! city at t "t4 ,liv+ animals1 :5 se5 "u ! microscope1 are v =midable 9 appe>ance & frightful 9 motion1 yet !y are n objectionable4 ,!y only inhabit v pure wat]4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 ow+1 p]haps1 to "s peculi>ity ( ! season1 t ^! little animals multiply to su* an ext5t z to produce s]i\s annoyance4 8,x is /at$ t "o-six? ( ! dea?s 9 ,icel& are caus$ by little animals be+ tak5 into ! sy/em4 ,"y lee*es1 conta9$ 9 dr9k+ wat]1 sometimes fix !mselves on ! ph>ynx4 ,9 ,algi]s1 #djj ,fr5* soldi]s 7 sick at "o "t f ?is cause40--7,f ,pr(4 ,foote's lecture47 ,,contam9ation ,,( ,,wat] ,,supply4 ,bo/on wat] has become q (f5sive f vegetable f]m5tation1 "s say1 al?\gh o!rs attribute x to dead fi%1 eels1 & animal organisms1 &1 lat]1 to a gre5 moss4 ,! wat] ta/es1 at times1 l cucumb]s4 ,! pres5t tr\ble is trac$ to ! new 8,sudbury0 supply4 ,! old] s\rce1 ,lake ,co*ituate1 is1 h[ev]1 contam9at$ by dra9age f ! t[n ( ,natick1 ?r\gh ,pegan ,pond4 ,croton wat] 7,new ,york supply7 has1 at times1 suff]$ f dead fi% & decay$ leaves4 ,h>t=d1 ,yonk]s1 ,p\ghkeepsie1 & ,albany report ! pres5ce ( microscopic plants & animals 9 _! wat]1 & ^! organisms indicate /agnation4 8,any undue prepond]ance ( animal or vegetable life lead to ! propagation ( new =ms ( life dang]\s to heal?40 ,spr+field 7,massa*usetts7 wat] ta/es1 at times1 l gre5 corn2 :ile ,cambridge is contam9at$ by ! dra9age ( mead[s4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,c>p5t]1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,albany ,wat]-,works1 reports3 8,!re are two di/9ct causes 7ea* imp>t+ to ! wat] an odor & ta/e peculi> to itself7 t h affect$ our res]voirs1 at diff]5t p]iods1 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s3 ! "o giv+ to ! wat] ! odor & ta/e ( fi%1 ! o!r imp>t+ to x a mu/y odor & ta/e sometimes detect$ 9 dead wood4 ,9 ! =m]1 x is extremely difficult to satisfy consum]s t ! impurities are n due solely to fi% 9 ! res]voir1 :ile 9 ! latt] !y are equally confid5t t ! res]voirs are little less ?an /agnant ponds40 ,! latt] is sometimes exce$+ly (f5sive & simil> to sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,9 #ahge he aga9 reports3 8,t all imp\nd$ wat]s 9 ?is section ( ! c\ntry are liable to become impure2 t :ile ! impurities h be5 trac$ to l[] =ms ( animal organisms1 little is kn[n ( ! condition t favor _! gr[?2 t ! g]ms ( ! organism probably come f ! atmosph]e40 ,*icago w be compell$ to move h] crib fur!r into ! lake1 n[ two miles f %ore1 to get beyond ! limits ( ! ,*icago ,riv] sewage4 ,/4 ,l\is1 l ,c9c9nati1 has outgr[n its wat] sy/em 7e/abli%$ 9 #ahgb at a co/ ( five millions17 & is oblig$ to dr9k muddy wat]4 ,clevel& ext5d$ its aqu$uct 9 #ahgb1 #a miles into ! lake 9 ord] to escape %ore wat]4 ,detroit1 aft] consid]able discussion1 remov$ _! s\rce ( supply ?ree miles above ! city1 & con/ruct$ new works 9 pref]5ce to exp5d+ m money on ! old works4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 exp5d$ #d millions = br++ ! wat] ( ,hemlock ,lake ?irty miles to ! city4 ,baltimore celebrat$ only la/ ,octob] ! op5+ ( _! new aqu$uct1 convey+ ! wat]s ( ,gunp[d] ,riv] #g miles 9 di/ance1 at a co/ ( ov] f\r millions4 ,indianapolis has be5 compell$ to erect new works ow+ to ! contam9ation ( ! pres5t s\rce4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,purification ,,( ,,wat]s4 ,! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission ( #ahgd1 says1 z reg>ds filtration3 8,no process has yet be5 devis$ = clean+ surface wat] once contam9at$ ) sewage1 s z to make x fit = dr9k+40 ,o!rs say x is n safe to tru/ to dilution1 /orage1 agitation1 or filtration = p]iods ( "t1 = ! complete removal f wat] ( disease-produc+ elem5ts :atev] !y may be4 ,dr4 ,frankl& /ates3 8,i believe ! noxi\s p>ts 9 sewage is t :i* is held 9 me*anical susp5sion1 n held 9 solution4 ,i w\ld n say x is impossible to remove x1 b no sy/em ( filtration w secure its removal4 ,!re are only two processes by :i* x c be effectually remov$--"o by boil+ = a long "t1 & ! o!r by di/illation40 ,! me?ods adopt$ = filtration ( wat] are3 8#a4 ,infiltration--by int]cept+ und]gr\nd curr5ts ?r\gh natural =mations ( b$s or banks ( wat]-c\rses4 8#b4 ,filtration--me*anically by artificial b$s ( s&1 gravel1 etc41 *emically by *>coal1 iron1 etc4 8#c4 ,subsid5ce--cl>ification by deposition2 /orage res]voirs4 8#d4 ,a]ation--spontane\s purification by oxidation4 8#e4 ,cov]$ res]voirs--to prev5t atmosph]ic influ5ces4 8#f4 ,precipitation ( c>bonates--,cl>k's ,sy/em40 ,! infiltration sy/em is resort$ to :]e natural means = p]meation are f\nd2 ! gall]ies = int]cept+ ! wat] be+ con/ruct$ 9 ! s& or gravel banks or b$4 ,! cl>ification1 h[ev]1 is necess>ily re/rict$1 ow+ to ! g5]al high rate ( filtration4 ,l[ell1 ,mass41 has a gall]y 9 ! gravel banks ( ! ,m]rimack ,riv]1 #a1cjj feet 9 l5g?1 #h feet by #h feet1 ! bottom #h feet bel[ ! riv] b$4 ,! capacity is six million gallons1 & rate ( fl[ #aej gallons p] squ>e foot 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,lawr5ce1 ,mass41 has a simil> gall]y4 ,brookl9e's 7,mass47 gall]y is #gfb feet 9 l5g?2 #f feet bel[ ! riv] b$4 ,rate ( fl[ is #dij feet p] squ>e foot4 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 tri$ ! exp]im5t ( driv5 wells4 ,!y drove sixty-?ree-in* tubes #bh feet ap>t1 #dj feet deep1 into ! bank ( ! ,passaic1 ?ree hundr$ feet f ! %ore l9e4 ,! tubes 7 atta*$ to ?ree l9es ( suction pipes1 & ! latt] unit$ 9 "o tw5ty-f\r-in* ma9 = ! supply ( _! five million pump4 ,z _! expectations z to ! quality & quantity ( wat] 7 n realiz$1 a well 0 sub/itut$4 ,columbus1 ,o41 has a gall]y "u ! ,scioto ,riv]1 #fjj feet 9 l5g?1 ) a capacity ( eight millions daily4 ,toronto1 ,canada1 has a bas9 excavat$ 9 an isl& ( ,lake ,huron1 opposite ! city1 #ac feet bel[ l[ wat]1 & #c1jij feet 9 l5g?2 ! rate ( fl[ is #eb imp]ial gallons p] squ>e foot = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,lyons1 ,france1 has two cov]$ gall]ies along ! banks ( ! ,rhone2 ! area ( bottoms #ag1bjj squ>e feet2 capacity six millions1 & rate ( fl[ at l[e/ /age #ajj gallons p] squ>e foot4 ,t\l\se1 ,france1 has ?ree cov]$ gall]ies along ! banks ( ! ,g>onne ,riv]4 ,! la/ gall]y con/ruct$ is #a1ahj feet long2 capacity1 two & a half millions2 rate ( fl[1 #bbh gallons p] squ>e foot ( bottom area4 ,p]?1 ,scotl&1 has a gall]y 9 an isl& ( ! ,riv] ,tay1 #cjj feet long1 #d feet wide by #h feet high1 #b feet bel[ ! surface ( ! riv]2 rate ( fl[1 #ahb gallons p] squ>e foot p] diem4 ,g5oa1 ,italy1 has a gall]y 9 ! valley ( ! nor!rn slope ( ! ,mant9e ,alps1 #a1aha feet above ! sea level4 ,x is #a1ghj feet long1 #e feet wide & #g to #h feet high1 & ext5ds1 9 "p1 b5ea? ! b$ ( ! riv] ,scrivia1 transv]sely f side to side1 & 9 "p along ! bank4 ,x has a deliv]y ( #f1dab gallons = tw5ty-f\r h\rs p] l9eal foot4 ,! city ( ,glasg[ made two failures 9 attempt+ to furni% a supply by ?is sy/em4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t 0 ! con/ruction ( a res]voir on ! nor!rn bank ( ! ,clyde1 bel[ ! level ( ! riv]4 ,b5ea? ! bottom ( ! res]voir 0 ?irty-two-feet cyl9drical tunnels made ( w$g$-%ape bricks )\t mort>4 ,! failure 0 due to ! inability to keep ! int]/ices free f ! deposit ( impurities4 ,9 ! second plan1 !y excavat$ %all[ wells1 #aj feet 9 diamet]1 #f feet deep1 & #bj feet ap>t1 9 ! /ratum ( s& adjac5t to ! riv]4 ,! wells 7 connect$ by pipes4 ,! s*eme 0 a worse failure ?an ! fir/ "o4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 z 9 ! case ( ,wal?am1 ,massa*usetts1 9 locat+ ^! gall]ies1 t spr+ wat] is int]cept$ 9 place ( ! desir$ wat] ( ! fl[+ /ream4 ,! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature & increas$ h>dness ( ! spr+ wat]1 det]m9e ! class ( wat]4 ,,filtration is ! artificial me?od ( cl>ification by me*anical & *emical means4 ,by ! me*anical sy/em heavi] impurities are held 9 susp5se by p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh c>efully prep>$ b$s ( s&1 gravel1 coke1 %ells1 & l sub/ances4 ,! total area ( ! ,london filt] b$s 9 #ahgd 0 #fh acres1 & rate ( filtration p] h\r 9 in*es & dep? ( wat]1 or head on b$s1 73 ,,rate4 ,,dep?4 ,lambe? ,works #aj in*es4 #g feet4 ,s\?w>k ,vauxhall #d 8 #d 8 ,gr& ,junction #c 8 #d 8 ,we/ ,middlesex #d 8 #c 8 ,*elsea #f 8 #e 8 ,new ,riv] #d 8 #e 8 ,ea/ ,london #c 8 #e 8 ,! effici5cy ( filtration is inv]sely to rate ( fl[4 ,humb] says3 8,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t filtration ?r\gh s&1 to be effective1 %\ld n proce$ at a high] rate ?an #f in*es ( desc5t p] h\r2 or1 9 o!r words1 !re %\ld be at lea/ #a squ>e y>ds ( filt]+ area = ea* #a1jjj gallons p] day4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 exclusive ( res]ve area1 :i* w be necess>y to p]mit ( at lea/ "o b$ be+ cleans$ :ile suffici5t area rema9s 9 op]ation 9 ! o!r b$s40 ,! ma9t5ance ( ^! b$s enhance ! co/ ( supply+ wat]1 because !y mu/ be cleans$ frequ5tly--9 "s cases once a week4 ,! regulation & control ( ! wat] consumption is an important consid]ation1 t ! rate ( increase w be proportion$ to ! gr[? ( ! city2 & n1 z 9 ?is c\ntry1 an unacc\ntable rapid increase due to ! pr(ligate use ( wat] t makes filtration impossible4 ,ov] elev5-twelf?s ( ! wat] suppli$ to ,london is filt]$ ) ! foll[+ effici5cy3 ,,be=e ,,filtration4 ,,aft] ,,filtration4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,organic ,,organic ,,organic ,,organic ,,c>bon4 ,,nitrog54 ,,c>bon4 ,,nitrog54 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,9 p>ts (,9 p>ts (,9 p>ts (,9 p>ts ( #ajj1jjj4 #ajj1jjj4 #ajj1jjj4 #ajj1jjj4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,we/ ,middlesex ,works 4#bji 4#jga 4#aih 4#jdc ,gr& ,junction ,works 4#bfb 4#jdb 4#bca 4#jcb ,s\?w>k ,vauxhall1 ,hampton ,works 4#cba 4#jfc 4#bgc 4#jdb ,batt]sea 8 4#bci 4#jdg 4#bbf 4#jce ,lambe? ,works 4#bgc 4#jfg 4#beh 4#jch ,*elsea ,works 4#cbe 4#jgf 4#beh 4#jcb ,new ,riv]1 ,lea ,riv] 4#bhg 4#jfg -- -- 8 ,new ,riv] 4#cge 4#jei 4#bbg 4#jdc 8 8 4#cej 4#jhd 4#bdf 4#jdb ,ea/ ,london ,co41 ,lea ,wat] 4#cfc 4#jhb -- -- ,wal?am ,/4 ,res 4#dha 4#jib 4#cje 4#jda ,?ames ,wat] -- -- 4#aei 4#jcj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,dim5sions ( filt] b$s = giv5 volumes 7f ,fann+73 ,= #a million gallons p] diem #c b$s #fj feet #ajj feet4 ,= #b 8 8 8 #c 8 #hj 8 #aej 8 ,= #c 8 8 8 #c 8 #ajj 8 #ahj 8 ,= #d 8 8 8 #d 8 #ajj 8 #ahj 8 ,= #f 8 8 8 #d 8 #ajj 8 #bdj 8 ,= #h 8 8 8 #d 8 #abj 8 #bgj 8 ,= #aj 8 8 8 #e 8 #abj 8 #bgj 8 ,analysis ( s& f filt] b$s 79 #ajj1jjj p>ts7 ,,organic ,,organic ,,organic ,,matt]4 ,,c>bon4 ,,nitrog54 ,z remov$ f filt] b$1 unwa%$ #aebc4dj #cad4afj #ch4fgd ,aft] wa%+ #hjd4da #id4iba #af4igc ,x c n be d\bt$ t a small am\nt ( organic matt] und]goes oxidation & de/ruction dur+ ! passage ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! s&2 b1 indep5d5t ( ?is1 x appe>s1 f ! above analytical numb]s1 t "o ton ( dry s&1 wa%$ aft] previ\s use1 is capable ( remov+ f wat] & reta9+ #af4a lbs4 ( peaty matt]4 ,*emical filtration may be arrang$ "u ! foll[+ heads3 #a4 ,by use ( alum & borax to r$uce turbidity4 #b4 ,dr4 ,gunn+'s exp]im5t ( ! wat]s ( ! ,riv] ,maas1 by r$uc+ ! turbidity ) 4#jcb gramme ( p]*loride ( iron into "o litre ( wat]4 #c4 ,dr4 ,bis*(f's 7,jr47 process ( remov+ organic matt] by spongy iron1 prep>$ by heat+ hydrat$ oxide ( iron ) c>bon4 #d4 ,sp5c]'s process ( s& filtration ) cru%$ gra9s ( a c>bide ( iron4 ,! c>bide1 x is claim$1 does n require frequ5t removal4 #e4 ,%eet-iron /rips plac$ 9 wat] decomposes organic matt] rapidly4 ,x is recomm5d$ by em95t au?ority4 #f4 ,*>coal is1 possibly1 ! be/ sub/ance = remov+ organisms *emically2 b its effici5cy is de/roy$ by an insoluble precipitate ( ei!r lime or iron4 ,messrs4 ,adk9s ,co41 ( ,london1 h pat5t$ a me?od to ov]come ?is objection1 by use ( *>coal plates t may be easily scrap$4 ,filtration ?r\gh spongy iron 7by ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission--,p>ts 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts73 ,,organic ,,organic ,,previ\s ,,c>bon4 ,,nitrog54 ,,sewage4 ,?ames wat]1 be=e 4#abj 4#jac #acdj ,?ames wat]1 aft] 4#jbe 4#jjd #aj ,filtration ?r\gh animal *>coal3 ,,organic ,,organic ,,previ\s ,,c>bon4 ,,nitrog54 ,,sewage4 ,gr& ,junction ,co4's wat]1 be=e 4#afd 4#jcj #cbj ,gr& ,junction ,co4's wat]1 aft] 4#jaj 4#jjb #iej ,,subsid5ce is ! mo/ popul> me?od ( cl>ification ( wat] by ! deposition ( heavy matt]1 accompli%$ 9 l>ge /orage res]voirs4 8,if ! res]voir be v small & %all[1 & conta9+ n m ?an a day's supply1 = example1 x is pla9 !re c be b little opportunity = subsid5ce2 b ev5 9 su* cases1 if ! res]voir be kept full1 or ne>ly full1 ! float+ impurities might nev] ent] ! circulation4 ,9 ! case ( a l>ge res]voir1 hold+ _m days' supply1 x is q diff]5t4 ,"t is !n af=d$ = ! heavi] impurities to settle to ! bottom2 &1 if ! wat] is admitt$ at "o end & tak5 out at ! o!r end ( ! res]voir1 v little1 if any1 ( ! heavi] p>ticles c pass into ! circulation2 & we c see no reason :y any ( ! sup]ficial impurities1 su* z rema9 on or ne> ! surface1 %\ld ev] be all[$ to ent] ! circulation40--7,f ,wat] ,supply ,commission ( ,eng9e]s1 ,philadelphia1 #ahge47 ,fann+ says3 8,subsid5ce does n completely cl>ify ! wat] ev5 9 a =tnight or ?ree weeks' "t40 ,london has #bfb acres ( subsid+ res]voirs = remov+ ! turbidity ( ! ,?ames & ,lea ,riv]s1 & us$ z /orage at times ( sudd5 fre%ets4 ,m]e exposure to ! air1 ev5 if accompani$ by viol5t agitation1 is comp>atively p[]less = ! removal ( pollut+ organic matt] f wat]4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! fl[ ( a riv] has ?us b little effect 9 purify+ ! wat] by ! oxidation ( ! dissolv$ organic matt]s1 x has a mo/ mat]ial influ5ce 9 ! removal by subsid5ce ( a l>ge proportion ( ! susp5d$ impurities bo? organic & m9]al1 especially if ! fl[ be sluggi% 9 places4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh /ill pools1 ! turbid /reams let fall its load ( gross] me*anically susp5d$ p>ticles1 & ?us ! wat] becomes cle>]1 al?\gh ! dissolv$ impurity rema9s ne>ly z great z ev]4 ,x is1 d\btless1 ?is cl>ification by subsid5ce :i* has l$ to ! v g5]al b errone\s belief 9 ! rapid self-purify+ p[] ( runn+ wat]4 ,,results ,,( ,,subsid5ce4 ,,subsid5ce ,,f #ajj1jjj ,,p>ts4 ,,riv]s ----------------------------- ,,m9]al ,,organic ,,total ,,matt]4 ,,matt]4 ,,solids4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,irwell1 aft] fl[ ( #aa miles 4#hh 4#dh #a4cf ,irwell1 aft] fl[ ( #aa miles 4#ch 4#hd #a4bb ,m]sey1 aft] fl[ ( #ac miles 4#aj 4#jd 4#ad ,d>w91 aft] fl[ ( #ac miles 4#ed #a4db #a4if ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,results ,,( ,,subsid5ce4 ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,r$uction ,,( ,,matt] ,,9 ,,susp5sion4 ,,riv]s ----------------------------- ,,m9]al ,,organic ,,total ,,matt]4 ,,matt]4 ,,solids4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,irwell1 aft] fl[ ( #aa miles #dg4h #ej4 #dh4f ,irwell1 aft] fl[ ( #aa miles #ad4c #cj4i #bb4g ,m]sey1 aft] fl[ ( #ac miles #aj4f #ac4c #aa4c ,d>w91 aft] fl[ ( #ac miles #cj4c #gi4h #ee4a ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,a]ation is ! de/ruction ( animate life by oxidation1 & is be/ accompli%$ by plac+ weirs across /reams1 %eet fla%+1 or spread+ ( wat] 9 ?9 %eets1 or by r\ghness ( b$s or banks ( runn+ wat]s4 ,! b5efits may be asc]ta9$1 *emically1 by ! pres5ce ( nitrates & nitrites4 ,! ,wat] ,supply ,commission ( ,eng9e]s1 = ! inve/igation ( ! wat] sy/em ( ,philadelphia1 say3 8,?is is "o ( nature's processes = purify+ wat]1 n only ( ! l&1 b ( ! ocean1 & bodies ( wat] depriv$ ( x1 o!r processes are apt to set 94 ,x is1 !re=e1 desirable t no?+ %\ld be done to ob/ruct ?is b5eficial action4 ,we h be5 in=m$ t ! cutt+ ( ice1 :i* 0 =m]ly all[$ on ! ,fairm\nt pool1 has be5 prohibit$ or discont9u$4 ,we w\ld especially recomm5d t ! cutt+ ( ice on ! pool be resum$1 z an important sanit>y measure1 on acc\nt ( ! a]ation x w af=d4 ,if ?is 7 done sy/ematically1 x might rem$y1 at lea/ to "s ext5t1 ! disagreeable odor :i* we le>n is sometimes notic$ dur+ ! w9t]40 ,! a]ation adopt$ by ,mr4 ,moore1 ,supt4 ( ,c9c9nati ,wat] ,works1 at ,ed5 res]voir1 improv$ ! purity ( ! wat] tw5ty p] c5t41 z %[n by ! analysis ( ,pr(4 ,/untz1 :o recomm5ds ! adoption ( ! process on a l>g] scale4 ,cov]$ ,res]voirs1 al?\gh us$ by ! anci5ts1 are n[ be+ recomm5d$ z highly b5eficial to ! purity ( ! wat]1 by depriv+ ! organic g]ms ( _! propagation elem5ts ( light & heat ( ! sun1 prev5t+ freez+ ( wat]1 & r$uc+ evaporation to a m9imum4 ,p>is has two su* /ructures4 ,*elsea 7,london7 ,wat]-,works has "o ( t5 million capacity t co/ #aaj1jjj4jj4 ,! tempor>y h>dness ( wat] is produc$ by absorption ( c>bonates1 & may be r$uc$ to s(tness by3 ,di/illation1 ,c>bonate ( soda1 ,boil+1 ,cau/ic lime4 ,p]man5t h>dness is produc$ by sulphates1 *lorides & nitrates ( lime1 & magnesia1 & c n be dissipat$ by boil+4 ,an imp]ial gallon ( pure wat] c take up b ab\t two gra9s ( c>bonate ( lime1 b ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid 9 ! wat] w enable ! same #gj1jjj gra9s 7an imp]ial gallon7 to take up twelve1 sixte51 tw5ty1 or m gra9s ( ! c>bonate1 & = ea* gra9 s tak5 up is "o degree ( h>dness by ! ,cl>ke scale4 ,! sy/em pat5t$ by ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 ( ,engl&1 9 #ahef1 is ! mo/ practical me?od = ! precipitation ( lime1 effect$ by means ( a dilution ( wat] ) slak$ lime1 9 ! proportion ( "o ( lime-wat] to t5 ( h>d wat]4 ,! sy/em is 9 use 9 sev]al small places 9 ,engl&1 notably ,cant]bury1 :]e #ajj1jjj gallons are r$uc$1 daily1 at a co/ ( tw5ty-sev5 %ill+s p] million gallons1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,,total ,,solid ,,impurities4 ,,organic ,,c>bon4 ,,organic ,,nitrog54 ,,h>dness4 ,be=e1 #cc4fj 4#jab 4#jab #bf4c ,aft]1 #aa4id 4#j 4#j #d4i ,plum/ead wat]-works1 previ\s to its pur*ase by ! ,k5t ,wat] ,company1 ( ,london1 r$uc$1 daily1 #a1jjj1jjj gallons by ! ,cl>ke me?od4 ,! new own]s1 h[ev]1 ab&on$ x4 ,f ! te/imony ( a numb] ( reputable physicians1 be=e ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission1 ( #ahgd1 h>d wat]1 to a limit$ ext5t1 t5 degrees1 0 n consid]$ injuri\s1 &1 by "s1 absolutely b5eficial to heal?1 al?\gh s(t wat]1 = a g5]al wat] supply1 0 pref]able4 ,mr4 ,hom]%am1 ,c4 ,e41 ! design] ( sev]al ( ^! works1 te/ifi$1 be=e ?is commission1 t x co/ #a1 #gs4 = precipitat+ #a1jjj1jjj gallons4 ,to introduce ?is sy/em into ,london1 ) a consumption ( #ajj1jjj1jjj daily1 ! co/1 he says1 w\ld be #c1jjj1jjj = plant1 & requir+ ov] ?irty-?ree acres ( gr\nd = bas9s1 etc4 ,! relative sanit>y condition ( cities1 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 us+ h>d & s(t wat]1 is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,av]age ,,"* ,,av]age ,,rate ,,no4 ,,( ,,t[ns4 ,,population4 ,,( ,,wat]4 ,,( ,,mortality ,,p] #aj1jjj4 #bf #gc1cff ,n exce$+ #e #bi4a #be #ha1fee ,above #e1 b n #bh4c exce$+ #aj #fj #dd1gig ,above #aj #bd4c ,london #c1bed1bfj ,f #af to #cb #bd4f ,! celebrat$ eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,bateman1 ( ,engl&1 e/imates ! sav+ to ,glasg[1 by s(t wat]1 at #ahj1jjj p] annum2 & if ,london us$ ! same "* ( wat]1 ! equival5t w\ld be #b1jjj1jjj annually4 ,! use ( lime1 by private consum]s1 is recomm5d$ by ! tru/ees ( ! wat] dep>tm5t ( ,columbus1 ,o4 ,!y say t "o ounce ( lime1 :5 add$ to ?irty-six gallons ( wat]1 make x sup]ior1 = wa%+ purposes1 to ! ra9-wat] usually obta9$ f ! ci/]n4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,sy/em ,,( ,,supply4 ,! sy/ems ( supply may be arrang$ "u ?ree g5]al heads1 viz3 #a/4 ,by spr+s & wells4 #b;d4 ,by gravitation4 #c;d4 ,by pump+4 ,,spr+s ,,& ,,wells4 ,we h1 "u ?is "n1 nature's res\rces = supply+ our wants1 ^: facilities = furni%+ ! requisite supply dep5d ^u ! local ra9-fall1 configuration ( ! l&1 & ! nature1 or geological =mation1 ( surface & subsoils4 ,l& spr+s are f$ by ra9-wat]1 gravitat+ ?r\gh loose p]meable soils4 ,! wat]s are v readily affect$ by infiltration ( surr\nd+ soils1 & _! c\rse s easily *ang$ 9 any direction t ! p]man5ce ( su* a s\rce c n be reli$ ^u4 ,deep spr+s are f$ by ! wat]s fall+ ^u & soak+ d[n to great dep?s1 & f9d _! way to ! surface ?r\gh "s fault1 upheaval or o!r great geological di/urbance1 or betwe5 "s imp]meable /rata4 ,! mo/ copi\s spr+s are 9 ! t]ti>y /rata1 & ! law1 z reg>ds _! abundance1 is 8! r>] ! visible spr+s may be1 ! m copi\s !y w\ld be f\nd40 ,! p]man5ce ( ! spr+s c only be reli$ ^u aft] c>eful gaug+1 ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s4 ,wells may be sep>at$ "u ! foll[+ divisions3 ,%all[1 or dug wells4 ,ord9>y deep1 or pump wells4 ,artesian wells4 8,%all[ & deep wells are ^? :i* are sunk ?r\gh a p]meable /ratum1 & =m1 z x 71 res]voirs1 into :i* ! l& spr+s may filt] & accumulate2 :il/ artesian wells are ^? :i* are sunk ?r\gh an imp]vi\s upp] /ratum1 to rea* a subt]ranean wat]-be>+ /ratum ly+1 9 its turn1 ^u an imp]vi\s uphold+ b$4 ,9 ! =m] cases1 ! quantity ( wat] obta9able is simply t :i* c filt] ?r\gh ! sides ( ! well to replace ! wat] remov$1 or :i* may accumulate 9 any res]voir =m$ bel[2 :il/1 9 ! latt] case1 ! quantity obta9able w dep5d simply ^u ! p[] ( ! wat]-be>+ /ratum to transmit wat]4 8,9 ! case ( deep-seat$ wells1 ! probable yield ( wat] mu/ dep5d1 prim>ily1 ^u ! area ( p]meable /rata likely to affect ! supply1 & ^u ! facilities ^? /rata may (f] = ! passage ( wat]2 &1 secondly1 ^u ! rate ( consumption :i* takes place 9 ! neighborhood1 = ! quantity ( wat] :i* any p>ticul> /ratum c supply is only a limit$ quantity2 s t1 evid5tly1 if ! wat] be tak5 at "o po9t1 no m w rema9 = ! o!r40--7,hydraulic ,eng9e]+1 ,weale's ,s]ies47 ,! above fact is illu/rat$1 practically1 9 ,london1 :]e ! wat] l9e ( ! *alk =mation has be5 p]man5tly l[]$ to ! ext5t ( fifty or sixty feet bel[ ,tr9ity high-wat] m>k2 & x is ev5 /at$ t ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! wells1 ne> ! summit ( ?is =mation1 rises1 on ! ,monday morn+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! cessation ( pump+ 9 ,london dur+ ! ,sundays4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,liv]pool corroborates ?is fact3 t ! ,w9dsor well1 hav+ a dep? ( #baj feet1 affect$ ! surr\nd+ wells to a maximum di/ance ( a mile & ?ree qu>t]s4 ,! celebrat$ eng9e] & orig9ator ( ! well sy/em ( ,liv]pool1 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 f long exp]i5ce & c>eful obs]vation1 (f]$ ! foll[+ conclusions 7f ,hughes wat]-works73 8,t an abundance ( wat] is /or$ up 9 ! new r$ s&/one1 & may be obta9$1 by s9k+ %afts & driv+ tunnels1 ab\t ! level ( l[ wat]4 8,t ! s&/one is g5]ally v p]vi\s1 admitt+ ( deep wells draw+ _! supply f di/ances exce$+ "o mile4 8,t ! p]meability ( ! s&/one is occasionally int]f]$ ) by faults or fissures fill$ ) argillace\s matt]1 sometimes r5d]+ !m p>tially1 or :olly1 wat]-tight4 8,t nei!r by s9k+1 tunnel+1 nor bor+1 c ! yield ( any well be v mat]ially & p]man5tly increas$1 except s f> z ! contribut+ area may be !reby enl>g$4 8,t ! contribut+ area to any giv5 well is limit$ by ! am\nt ( friction exp]i5c$ by ! movem5t ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! fissures & pores ( ! s&/one2 & 8,t !re is little or no probability ( obta9+1 p]man5tly1 m ?an ab\t #a1jjj1jjj or #a1bjj1jjj gallons a day f ea* well1 & ?is only :5 n int]f]$ ) by o!r deep wells40 ,/ati/ics ( ! fl[ ( ! ,w9dsor well %[ t ! yield1 9 #ahdc1 0 #a1aeb1jjj gallons p] day2 9 ,may1 #ahdh1 #hjg1jfa gallons2 9 ,janu>y1 #ahej1 f #gje1ffg to #fcd1geb gallons4 ,! obs]vations ( ! ,gre5 ,lane well1 9 ! same city1 give ! decrease 9 fl[1 p] annum1 at #d4g to #f p] c5t4 ,a plan has be5 propos$1 by ,mr4 ,bailey ,d5ton1 t1 9 ord] to increase ! wat]-be>+ /ratum "u ,london1 suffici5tly = a wat] supply1 & also secure ! well-kn[n b5efits ( ! filtration p[]s ( ! *alk1 to let ! ,?ames wat] pass d[n to ! *alk1 ?r\gh ! ,london clay1 by means ( wells sunk or bor$4 ,! objections rais$ aga9/ ?is plan is ! possibility ( ! wells becom+ *ok$ by accumulation ( impurities4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,fann+ 9 8 valuable 8,treatise on ,wat] ,supply ,eng9e]+10 says3 8,! success ( wells1 p5etrat+ deep into l>ge subt]ranean bas9s1 ^u ! fir/ completion1 has usually l$ to _! duplication at o!r po9ts )9 ! same bas91 & ! fl[ ( ! fir/ has (t5 be5 mat]ially *eck$ ^u ! comm5cem5t ( fl[ 9 ! second1 & bo? aga9 ^u ! comm5cem5t ( fl[ 9 a ?ird1 ?\gh nei!r 0 )9 "o mile ( ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,! fl[ ( ! fam\s well at ,gr5elle 0 s]i\sly *eck$ by ! op5+ ( ano!r well at m ?an ?ree ?\s& y>ds1 or ne>ly two miles di/ant40 ,,pollution ,,( ,,well ,,wat]4 ,x is /at$ t ab\t fifte5 millions ( ! ,briti% population live 9 t[ns & urban di/ricts4 ,ev5 if we assume1 :i* is n yet ! case1 t all ^! p are suppli$ by wat]-works1 ! rema9+ twelve millions ( c\nty population d]ive _! wat] almo/ exclusively f %all[ wells1 & ^! are1 s f> z our exp]i5ce ext5ds1 almo/ always horribly pollut$ by sewage & by animal matt] ( ! mo/ disgu/+ orig94 ,z ! cont5ts ( ! wat]-hole or well are pump$ out1 !y are imm$iately repl5i%$ f ! surr\nd+ disgu/+ mixture1 & x is n !re=e v surpris+ to be assur$ t su* wells d n become dry ev5 9 summ]4 ,un=tunately1 excrem5titi\s liquids1 especially aft] !y h soak$ ?r\gh a few feet ( por\s soil1 d n impair ! palatability ( wat]2 & ?is pollut$ liquid is consum$ f ye> to ye> )\t a suspicion ( its "*4 ,our acqua9tance ) a v l>ge portion ( ?is class ( potable wat]s1 has be5 9 consequ5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( sev]e outbreaks ( typhoid fev] among/ consum]s ( ?is "* ( wat]4 8,! samples ( wat] f deep unpollut$ wells 7 obta9$ f wells or bore-holes ( a dep? r>ely less ?an #ajj feet1 & rea*+ 9 "o case #a1bhe feet4 ,9 _m cases ^! wells 7 p>tly or :olly suppli$ by surface-pollut$ wat]4 ,su* wat]1 :5 x p5etrates only to %all[ wells /ill reta9s a consid]able proportion ( its pollut+ organic matt] 9 an unoxidiz$ condition3 b :5 x desc5ds ?r\gh "o hundr$ feet or upw>ds ( por\s soil or rock1 ! exhau/$ filtration to :i* x has be5 subject$ 9 pass+ d[nw>ds ?r\gh s great a ?ickness ( mat]ial1 & ! rapid oxidation ( ! dissolv$ organic matt]s 9 a por\s & a]at$ m$ium1 af=d a consid]able gu>antee t all noxi\s con/itu5ts h be5 remov$40--7,riv]s ,pollution ,commission1 #ahgd47 8,deep wells may become pollut$1 ei!r by admission ( soakage f ! sup]ficial /rata into ! %aft ( ! well1 or by access ( pollut$ wat] ?r\gh op5 fissures 9 ! rock 9 :i* ! well is sunk40--7,riv]s ,pollution ,commission1 #ahgd47 8,ev5 :]e wells are sunk to great di/ance 7"o 0 sunk at ,bondy1 ne> ,p>is1 to a dep? ( #bdg feet71 ! surr\nd+ soil is n free f dang] ( pollution by ! soak+ ( ! f\l liquid into ! side ( ! well40--7,fif? report ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?47 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! av]age analysis ( t5 wor/ examples ( well wat] 7p>ts 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts73 ,,av4 ,,c>bon ,,nitrog5 ,,dep?4 ,,organic4 ,,organic4 ,,*lor9e4 ,,h>dness4 ,%all[ wells1 -- #a4efj 4#bda #af4ef #fc4bd ,deep wells pollut$1 -- 4#cfc 4#jib #i4de #cf4bg ,deep wells unpollut$1 #chj 4#aea 4#jcb #ad4ad #bg4d ,,artesian ,,wells4 ,artesian is ! "n appli$ to wat]-spr+s ris+ above ! surface ( ! gr\nd by natural hydro/atic pressure1 or bor+ a small hole d[n ?r\gh a s]ies ( /rata to a wat]-be>+ b$ inclos$ betwe5 two lay]s4 ,x 0 fir/ practic$ 9 #aajj1 9 prov9ce ( ,artois1 ,france1 :5ce x d]ives its "n4 8,! second & t]ti>y geological =mations1 su* z ^? und]nea? ,london & ,p>is1 (t5 pres5t ! appe>ance ( imm5se bas9s2 ! b\nd>y or rim ( ! bas9 hav+ be5 =m$ by an upheaval ( ! subjac5t /rata4 ,9 ^! =mations x (t5 happ5s t a por\s /ratum1 consi/+ ( s&1 s&/one1 *alk1 & o!r calc>e\s matt]1 is includ$ betwe5 two imp]meable lay]s ( clay1 s z to =m a flat1 por\s #8,u' tube1 cont9u\s f side to side ( ! valley1 ! outcrop on ! surr\nd+ hills =m+ ! m\? ( ! tube4 ,! ra9 filt]+ d[n ! por\s lay] to ! bottom ( ! bas91 =ms !re a subt]ranean pore1 :i*1 ) ! liquid or semi-liquid column press+ ^u x1 con/itutes a sort ( huge natural hydro/atic bell[s2 sometimes ! pressure on ! sup]9cumb5t cru/ is s great z to cause an upheaval or di/urbance ( ! valley1 & !re c be little d\bt t _m e>?quakes t are manife/ly n ( volcanic orig91 are due to ?is simple cause40--7,n9? edition ,encyclop$ia ,britannica47 8,an ov]fl[ results only :5 ! surface t supplies ! wat]-be>+ /ratum is at an elevation sup]ior to ! surface ( ! gr\nd :]e ! well is locat$1 & ! wat]-be>+ /ratum is conf9$ betwe5 imp]vi\s /rata4 ,9 su* cases ! hydro/atic pressure f ! high] s\rce =ces ! wat] up to ! m\? ( ! bore40--7,fann+ ,wat] ,supply47 8,9 ! t]ti>y =mations ! por\s lay]s are n s ?ick z 9 ! second>y1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! occurr5ce ( und]gr\nd lakes is n on s gr& a scale2 b !re be+ m frequ5t att5uation ( ^! s&y b$s1 we f9d a great] numb] ( !m1 & (t5 a s]ies ( natural f\nta9s may be obta9$ 9 ! same valley prec$+ f wat]-be>+ /rata at diff]5t dep?s1 & ris+ to diff]5t heights4 8,x does n foll[ t all ! ess5tials = an ,artesian well are pres5t1 ?\gh two imp]meable /rata1 ) a por\s "o betwe51 may crop out ar\nd a bas94 ,!re mu/ be1 9 ! fir/ place1 cont9uity ( ! p]meable b$ = ! un9t]rupt$ passage ( ! wat]1 & !re mu/ be1 on ! o!r h&1 no flaw or brea* 9 ei!r ( ! conf9+ lay]s by :i* ! wat] might escape4 ,to "o or ! o!r ( ! causes is due ! failure ( _m attempts to f9d ,artesian wells1 :]e1 f appe>ances1 !y might be expect$4 ,x has occasionally happ5$ t on deep5+ ! bore1 ) ! hope ( increas+ ! fl[ ( wat]1 x has ceas$ altoge!r1 d\btless f ! l[] conf9+ lay] be+ pi]c$1 & ! wat] all[$ to escape by ano!r outlet4 8,! subt]ranean bore is frequ5tly ( small ext5t1 & ( ! nature ( a *annel r ?an ( a broad %eet ( wat]2 & ! exi/5ce ( "o spr+ is no gu>antee t ano!r w be f\nd by m]ely bor+ to ! same dep? 9 ! neighborhood4 8,! prelim9>y !oretical det]m9ation ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! ,artesian conditions is 9 itself a difficult matt]1 & c be arriv$ at only by a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! geological disposition ( ! di/rict40--7,n9? edition ,encyclop$ia ,britannica47 8,! "q ( a supply ( wat] f deep wells1 made by bor+1 & commonly call$ artesian1 has be5 some:at discuss$ 9 ,philadelphia1 b !re is no probability t an adequate supply1 = ! g5]al use ( ! city c\ld be obta9$ 9 t mann]2 & ! quality ( ! wat] obta9$ f su* wells v>ies v mu* 9 diff]5t localities1 dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! /rata f :i* ! wat] is procur$1 & ?is ,commission c n recomm5d any dep5d5ce ^u su* plans = ! g5]al city supply1 att5d$1 z !y are1 ) great exp5se & extreme unc]ta9ty1 & be+1 9 e case1 m or less exp]im5tal40--7,philadelphia ,wat] ,supply ,commission ( ,eng9e]s1 #ahge47 ,! fl[+ wat] ( ! ,kiss+5 spr+1 ,bav>ia1 is produc$ by c>bonic acid gas4 ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,wells4 ,inv>iably ! temp]ature ( wat] f great dep?s is high] ?an at ! surface1 ?is be+ due to "s unkn[n s\rce ( heat 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ! rate ( increase ( temp]ature1 aft] p]man5t degree has be5 atta9$1 is ab\t "o degree ,fahr5heit = e =ty-eight feet ( desc5t4 ,at ,gr5elle1 ! temp]ature 0 f\nd to be #a4h degrees = e #ajf feet ( desc5t bel[ ! po9t ( con/ant temp]ature4 ,! av]age rate ( increase ( temp]ature is "o degree = a desc5t ( f =ty to fifty feet4 ,! temp]ature ( ! bor+ at ,columbus increas$1 bel[ ! p]man5t l9e1 "o degree 9 e sev5ty-"o feet4 ,,examples ,,( ,,artesian ,,wells4 ,! fam\s well at ,gr5elle1 ,france1 0 comm5c$1 by ! gov]nm5t1 9 #ahcd1 & aft] repeat$ failures & disc\ragem5ts almo/ to ab&onm5t1 not)/&+ ! urg5t repres5tations ( ! sci5ti/ ,arago1 t wat] w\ld be f\nd1 ! end 0 accompli%$ at ! dep? ( #a1gih feet1 9 ! ye> #ahdc4 ,! diamet] ( ! bore is #c in*es2 capacity1 #fjj gallons p] m9ute2 temp]ature ( wat]1 #hb degrees2 height ( fl[1 #abh feet4 ,! exp5se att5d+ ?is bor+ 0 #cjj1jjj francs4 ,! ,passy well1 ne> ,p>is1 suppli$ f ! same wat]-be>+ /ratum ( ! ,gr5elle1 is #a1ibc feet deep2 #b #d in*es bore at bottom2 capacity1 #e1ehb1jjj gallons p] day2 height ( fl[1 #ed feet4 ,! ,la ,*apelle well 0 />t$ 9 #ahff1 ) a gigantic bore ( five feet sev5 in*es1 & by ,novemb]1 #ahfi1 _h rea*$ a dep? ( #a1haa feet1 ! int5tion ( ! eng9e] be+ to ext5d x to a dep? ( #b1iej feet4 ,at ! "p ( ,p>is nam$ ,butte-aux-,caelles1 a well 0 />t$1 9 #ahff1 ( six & a half feet diamet]1 to be c>ri$ d[n to a dep? ( #b1fjj to #b1ijj feet4 ,! ,k5t ,wat]-,works1 ( ,london1 is suppli$ by wells 9 ! *alk =mation1 yield+ #i1jjj1jjj gallons daily4 ,?is great fl[ is due to :at is kn[n z a fault 9 ! ,london bas9 /rata4 ,/4 ,l\is has a well #c1adg feet deep4 ,l\isville has a ?ree-in* well1 #b1jhf feet deep1 ) a capacity same z ! ,gr5elle well4 ,!re h be5 n9e artesian wells successfully bor$ 9 ,c9c9nati1 a description ( :i* w be f\nd on page #ajg4 ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 has an artesian well #a1igj feet deep1 f :i* pure s(t wat]1 ( #ij temp]ature1 fl[s n9ety feet above ! surface4 ,x has five in* tub+ on top & two & ?ree-f\r?s in* diamet] at bottom4 ,! co/ 0 #b1ejj4jj1 & ! "t requir$ 9 s9k+ 0 a little m ?an a ye>4 ,!re is also an artesian well1 9 ! same city1 #a1bej feet deep1 :i* dis*>ges #be1jjj gallons a day1 ( wat]1 at a temp]ature ( eighty-eight degrees1 /rongly impregnat$ ) sodium & magnesium4 ,! des]t ( ,sah>a has a numb] ( well bor+s1 "s yield+ z high z #a1ejj1jjj gallons daily4 ,! dep? v>ies f #acj to #djj feet1 & temp]ature #gj to #gg degrees4 ,! ,ohio ,/ate au?orities und]took to supply ! capital by an artesian well4 ,aft] two failures1 9 attempt+ to tube out ! quicks&1 !y succe$$ 79 ,novemb]1 #aheg7 9 pi]c+ ?r\gh ! rock1 & at a dep? ( #adi feet a ve9 ( wat] 0 /ruck t cont9u$ to wa% away ! bor+s = ne>ly #ajj feet bel[4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,octob]1 #ahgj1 a dep? ( #b1gge feet 0 rea*$1 b no fl[+ wat] obta9$1 :5 ! und]tak+ 0 ab&on$ = want ( an appropriation4 ,! record ( ! bor+ is tabulat$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,sy/em4 ,,gr\p4 ,,/rata4 ,,?ickness4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,feet4 #a ,drift4 ,alluvial ,clay1 s&1 & gravel4 #abc drift4 ,base ( #b ,devonian4 ,hamilton4 ,d>k bitum9\s %ale4 #ae ,held]b]g4 ,d>k & gray lime/one ) b&s ( *]t4 ,niag>a4 ,s&y above1 d>k] & #fbf #c ,upp] argillace\s bel[4 #d ,silurian4 ,cl9ton4 ,r$1 br[n1 & gray %ales #afb & m>ls4 ,hudson #e ,l[] ,tr5ton4 ,gre5i% calc>e\s %ale4 #ajeh #f ,silurian4 ,calcif]\s4 ,light drab s&y magnesian #dge #g lime/ones4 ,potsdam4 ,:ite s&-rock1 calc>e\s4 #caf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,temp]ature ( well at bottom1 #hh degrees1 be+ uni=m = #ij feet1 at #ec degrees1 w make an increase ( "o degree = e additional #ga feet4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ,pr(4 ,newb]ry1 t1 if wat] 0 successfully /ruck1 x w\ld be ( a sal9e "*4 ,dubuque1 ,i[a1 is suppli$ by a spr+ accid5tally /ruck :ile tunnel+ 9 a neighbor+ drift4 ,at ! upp] bas9 ( ! ,?ames ,riv] !re are sev5 spr+s1 ^: capacity is e/imat$ at #cb1jjj1jjj gallons daily4 ,liv]pool1 ,engl&1 has f\r wells1 ) a comb9$ capacity ( #f1jjj1jjj gallons daily4 ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 has f\r wells1 f :i* ! wat] company d]ives #h1jjj1jjj gallons daily4 ,wa%+ton has ov] #djj wells1 & ,c9c9nati ab\t #cjj1 n9e ( :i* are artesian1 t 7 bor$ by private ent]prise4 ,! deepe/ well 9 ! _w is ne> ,b]l9--#daid feet deep )\t pi]c+ ! salt =mation4 ,,well ,,bor+4 ,! art ( bor+ into ! e>? 0 practic$ by ! ,*9ese #b1jjj ye>s ago1 ! feature ( _! sy/em be+ ! p]cussive action ( a tool susp5d$ by a flexible rope4 ,! sy/em n[ practic$ 9 ,great ,brita91 & on ! ,cont95t1 is t 9 :i* ! tools are atta*$ to rods1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( l5g?s1 f t5 to ?irty feet long1 jo9$ by a sep>ate coll>1 ) a comb9$ v]tical & def9ite rot>y motion1 produc$ by a swivel jo9t 9 ! upp] l5g?1 or by susp5d+ ! rod to a 8dog40 ,an ord9>y well is fir/ sunk to su* a dep? t ! wat] bel[ w rise1 ?r\gh ! bor+1 into x4 ,! object is to p>tly facilitate ! object ( bor+1 b *iefly to enable ! pumps to be fix$ )\t too great a l5g? ( suction4 ,9 deep wells1 w9dlasses1 driv5 by /eam p[]1 are us$ = op]at+ ! tool2 ! size ( rod be+1 usually1 #a in* squ>e2 b = an eight foot bor+1 a #d in* squ>e rod 0 us$4 ,to r$uce ! j>r+ & vibration1 :]e bor+s are ( consid]able dep?1 ! rods are holl[1 9 ord] to give same rigidity & resi/ance to torsion ) less weight1 & made buoyant1 :5 work+ 9 wat]1 by fill+ ! rod ) cork or light wood4 ,a slid+ jo9t1 kn[n z ! 8,ouy5haus5 jo9t10 is frequ5tly us$ to br+ ! j>r+ only on t portion ( ! bor+ rod bel[4 ,a %ell pump is employ$1 9 comb9ation ) ! bor+ tool1 = ga!r+ ! detritus1 :i* obviates frequ5t rais+ ( rod4 ,free-fall+ tools1 guid$ by slid+ jo9t1 ) cat* or pall to raise same1 are l>gely us$4 ,! weight ( tool dep5ds ^u ! dep? & "* ( bor+1 t ( ! ,la ,*apelle well be+ f\r tons4 ,9 ! oil-well bor+ ( ,p5nsylvania1 ! rope 7) ab\t #ej feet ( iron b>1 slid+ jaws1 s9k+ b>1 flat drill & s& pump atta*$7 are exclusively pref]r$4 ,,practical ,,examples ,,( ,,wells ,,z ,,s\rces ,,( ,,supply ,,only4 ,:]e ! surface soil & und]ly+ drift possess suffici5t por\s qualities = absorption ( a l>ge portion ( ! ra9-fall1 toge!r ) ! natural b5efits ( ! imp]vi\s /ratum b5ea?1 hav+ a prop] axis ( incl9ation favorable = conduct+ ! infiltration ( adjo9+ wat]-%$s1 a l>ge supply ( wat] may be secur$ by ! con/ruction ( dug wells = int]cept+ ! subt]rane\s wat]4 ,fann+ has comput$ ! foll[+ available quantities1 "u favorable circum/ances1 = p]colation1 f "o squ>e mile ( por\s ga!r+ area 7! mean annual ra9 be+ assum$ at =ty in*es dep?74 ,,ratio ,,( #a-ab ,,( ,,volume ,,( ,,p]colation ,,no4 ,,( ,,p]sons ,,x ,,mon?4 ,,mean ,,annual ,,ra94 ,,9 ,,dry ,,ye>s4 ,,w\ld ,,supply ,,at ,,five ,,in*es4 ,,cubic ,,feet4 ,,cubic ,,feet ,,daily4 ,janu>y1 4#gcg #a1gab1aih #aa1bfd ,febru>y1 4#gif #a1dgi1hgh #i1gcf ,m>*1 #a4jgj #b1bcg1bdb #ad1gai ,april1 4#had #eff1hfa #c1gbi ,may1 #a4dfb #chg1igd #b1eeb ,june1 4#ifd #hh1bhb #eha ,july1 #a4jgg #ea1aaj #ccf ,augu/1 #a4bea #cj1bjb #aii ,septemb]1 #a4jae #df1dfd #cje ,octob]1 #a4jgf #ihi1igf #f1egb ,novemb]1 4#icg #b1agf1hch #ad1cba ,decemb]1 4#hja #b1fjd1cjg #ag1acc ,! city ( ,brooklyn ga!rs its supply by int]cept+ ponds4 ,! s\rce is ! s\!rn slope ( ,long ,isl&1 ) a dra9age area ( #fj4be squ>e miles4 ,! pla9 is compos$ ( f9e s&1 :i* is saturat$ ) excell5t wat]1 ! surface ( :i* rises twelve feet p] mile f ! tide level at ! %ore1 & :i* appe>s at ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 spr+s & /reams1 :]e depressions occur 9 ! gr\nd level4 ,! m9imum obs]v$ fl[ occurr$ 9 #ahhj1 & 0 equal to #i4d in*es on ! wat]-%$4 ,! available supply is1 at times1 q small4 ,! city ( ,lynn uses a driv5 well p>tly1 ( :i* !y say1 9 _! annual report = #ahhj3 8,! d\btful "* ( any und]gr\nd supply ( wat]1 especially :5 x is drawn f b5ea? a t]ritory occupi$ by a d5sely settl$ community1 makes frequ5t exam9ation ( its quality a duty n to be disreg>d$4 ,we invite att5tion1 h[ev]1 to ! fact t ! *emical exam9ation ( ! well wat] has %[n an increas+ quantity ( =eign matt] m+l+ ) x z pump+ proce$$1 & t ?is increase sugge/s an infl[ ( wat] to ! wells f "s o!r s\rce ?an t f :i* x 0 at fir/ drawn40 ,?is me?od ( secur+ wat]1 h[ev]1 is l>gely resort$ to 9 ! orig9 ( wat]-works = small cities4 ,! ,sanit>y ,eng9e] 7,vol4 v1 ,no4 #e7 ref]s to a propos$ well = ,l9coln1 ,nebraska1 a t[n ( #ae1jjj inhabitants1 t ! contractor propos$ to dig = ! sum ( #aj1jjj4 ,! e/imat$ capacity w be t5 million gallons a day1 & ! editor ( ! pap] obs]ves3 8,if a l>ge well is sunk 9 a v saturat$ & por\s soil1 x w probably furni% ! am\nt requir$ = ! city 7"o million gallons7 at fir/1 possibly a great deal m4 ,b 9 five ye>s' "t x is n haz>d\s to pr$ict t su* a well w n yield en\gh wat] = ,l9coln4 ,z = furni%+ t5 million gallons a day = any l5g? ( "t1 !re is no well 9 ! _w1 :i* we "k (1 ( su* a capacity1 & all exp]i5ce is aga9/ ! probability ( su* an "o be+ discov]$40 ,,gravitation is t sy/em ( supply :]e ! ra9-wat] dra9age ( elevat$ wat]-%$s is ga!r$ 9 natural or artificial /orage bas9s1 & convey$ ?r\gh conduits by gravitation to ! po9t ( supply4 ,! important po9ts ent]+ into ! consid]ation ( ?is me?od are3 #a4 ,"* ( wat]2 pres5t & future contam9ation4 #b4 ,wat]-%$2 pres5t & future requirem5ts = quantity & availability1 ) prop] k ( ! geology ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 #c4 ,ra9-fall1 absorption & evaporation4 #d4 ,elevation & di/ance ( s\rce4 #e4 ,r\te ( conduit4 #f4 ,co/ ( con/ruction4 ,! practical objections to ! sy/em are3 #a4 ,contam9ation ( s\rce by surface dra9age ( cultivat$ l&s2 pollution ( fe$+ /reams1 or gr[? ( vegetation4 #b4 ,necessity = l>ge imp\nd+ res]voirs = /orage ( wat] dur+ ra9y seasons1 requir+ imm5se puddl$ walls1 ^: /ability is que/ion$4 #c4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( dep5d5ce on ! requisite ra9-fall1 & liability ( %ort supply1 or a possibility ( wat]-fam9e4 #d4 ,! l>ge exp5diture at ! out/>t = con/ruction ( supply t mu/ be ample = future dem&s4 ,surface wat]s f calc>e\s cultivat$ l&s are pollut$ ) b a mod]ate am\nt ( organic matt]2 b1 z "s ( ?is matt] is almo/ always ( animal orig91 !y are always undesirable1 & may at any "t become dang]\s = dome/ic use4 ,if necessity compels _! use1 great c>e ought to be tak5 to secure _! effici5t filtration be=e !y are deliv]$ to consum]s4 ,?is af=ds "s1 ?\gh by no means complete1 protection f ! propagation ( zymotic disease ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( su* wat]s4 ,!y are g5]ally v h>d1 &1 unless artificially s(t5$1 occasion a great wa/e ( soap :5 us$ = wa%+4 ,( all ! wat]s ( ?is description1 ^? :i* fl[ f ! surface1 or f ! dra9s ( sewage f>ms1 are g5]ally mo/ impure1 because ! "t dur+ :i* ! f\l sewage is expos$ to ! purify+ action ( plant & soil is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,surface wat] f non-calc>e\s soil is g5]ally s(t b usually turbid & subject to animal contam9ation4 ,su* wat] %\ld always be c>efully filt]$4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,l& ,,dra9age ,,wat] ,,f ,,sewage ,,f>ms 7,,p>ts ,,by ,,weight ,,( #ajj1jjj ,,p>ts74 ,,previ\s ,,total ,,organic,,organic,,*lor9e4 ,,sewage ,,h>dness4 ,,impuri-,,c>bon4 ,,nitro- ,,or ,,animal ,,ties4 ,,g54 ,,contam9- ,,ation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wor/ ,condition4 #id4 #b4afj 4#bgd #ac4aj #aj4jij #ce4eh ,be/ 8 #bd4fj 4#ajh 4#jee #d4je #ag4ibj #i4bj ,av]age 8 #fd4jb 4#ihb 4#aia #f4cf #aj4ddc #cc4ji ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! k ( ! climatic influ5ces & ra9-fall1 ext5d$1 z x %\ld be1 ?r\gh ye>s ( obs]vation 9 det]m9+ ! available quantity ( wat]4 ,eng9e]s1 h[ev]1 are liable to be too sangu9e ( ! res\rces f wat]-%$s1 by assum+1 z a g5]al rule1 ! av]age1 r ?an ! m9imum1 ra9-fall4 ,9 #ahfh ne>ly all ! cities & t[ns ( ,engl&1 suppli$ by gravitation1 suff]$ a wat]-fam9e1 because ( ! ov]e/imate ( ! available ra9-fall1 & 9 an insuffici5t provision ( /orage = an unusually long dr\ght4 ,al?\gh ! ra9-fall = ! ye> 0 above ! av]age1 yet x 0 unequally di/ribut$4 ,! au?orities ( ,man*e/] 7 oblig$ to publi% (ficial notices caution+ ! inhabitants aga9/ wa/e1 &1 on ! #c;d ( ,augu/1 limit$ ! supply to ! city to twelve h\rs ( ! day1 /opp$ ! /reet wat]+1 & dim9i%$ ! trade supplies by "o-half4 ,9 ! middle ( ,septemb] ! g5]al supply ( ! t[n 0 fur!r limit$ to eight h\rs p] day4 ,_m p]sons 7 prosecut$ = wa/e or undue use ( wat]4 ,liv]pool1 ,%effield1 ,bri/ol1 & sev]al o!r l>ge cities 7 oblig$ to resort to l sev]e me?ods en=c$ at ,man*e/]4 ,new ,york has be5 us+ e gallon t ! aqu$uct is capable ( supply+2 &1 dur+ ! dr\ght ( la/ summ]1 :5 ! head ( wat] at ,croton ,lake 0 dim9i%$1 ! capacity ( ! aqu$uct 0 s r$uc$ t ! fl[ ( wat] to ! city 0 r$uc$1 & a wat]-fam9e av]t$ only by a ,provid5tial ra9-fall4 ,! rule obs]v$ among eng9e]s1 9 ,great ,brita91 9 det]m9+ ! calculat$ ra9-fall1 is ! d$uction ( "o-six? f ! av]age ra9-fall ( tw5ty ye>s = an av]age annual ra9-fall ( ! ?ree drie/ consecutive ye>s 9 t p]iod4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,hom]%am1 ,c4 ,e41 obs]ves1 ! axiom 9 me*anics1 t ! /r5g? ( a beam is ! /r5g? only ( its weake/ p>ts1 applies also to gravitation wat]-works1 _! real /r5g? or p[] ( supply be+ only ! m9imum quantity !y may be r$uc$ to4 ,all[ance = absorption dep5ds ^u ! geological =mation & /ratification1 & = evaporation1 ^u local influ5ces4 ,! foll[+ is tak5 f ,hughes' ,wat]-,works3 8,a flat1 l[-ly+ c\ntry is seldom well adapt$ = ! imp\nd+ ( wat] by embank+ across ! valleys4 ,9 su* a di/rict1 long & %all[ embankm5ts w\ld be requir$1 & ^! w\ld cause ! wat] to spread out ov] a great area ) a v %all[ dep?4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! wat] is apt to vegetate & become highly impure4 ,aga91 9 l[-ly+ di/ricts ( flat c\ntries ! ra9-fall is seldom ne>ly s great z 9 upl& di/ricts1 s t mu* l>g] dra9age areas mu/ be s\ght40 ,9 addition to ! g5]al configuration ( ! valleys1 :i* ought to be deep & ) precipit\s sides1 flank$ by l(ty hills1 !re are sev]al o!r po9ts :i* require att5tive exam9ation 9 projects = collect+ wat] f dra9age areas3 #a4 ,! area ( wat]-%$4 #b4 ,! geological "* ( ! soil z affect+ its capacity to absorb ra91 & to all[ ! infiltration ( wat] ?r\gh x4 #c4 ,! "* ( ! surface soil z af=d+ soluble +r$i5ts :i* may be tak5 up by ! wat] & s]ve to contam9ate its quality4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view1 di/ricts ( decompos+ peat1 di/ricts ( arable agricultural l& ri*ly manur$1 & places ?ickly cov]$ ) population1 are (t5 highly objectionable4 #d4 ,! ra9-fall ( ! di/rict1 & especially ! m9imum fall 9 any "o ye>4 #e4 ,! nature ( ! surface-soil z af=d+ facilities = procur+ puddle & con/ruct+ ret5tive res]voirs4 #f4 ,! consid]ation ( comp5sation to mill-own]s & possibly to l&-own]s :]e ! wat] is us$ = irrigation4 ,! geological /ructure is extremely important 9 e/imat+ ! capacity ( a dra9age area4 ,x is n alone ! ra9 :i* falls on ! slop+ surface ( ! hills1 & f9ds its way by gravitation to ! l[] levels2 b ! effect ( spr+s is also v great 9 augm5t+ ! quantity ( wat]4 ,_m dra9age areas are also valleys ( elevation1 9 :i* ! /rata dip 9 opposite or anticl9al directions on opposite sides ( ! valley4 ,9 ?is case x is evid5t t mu* ( ! ra9 fall+ on a por\s surface w ins9uate itself betwe5 ! p>t+s ( ! /rata1 & fl[ (f 9 a direction contr>y to t ( ! surface dra9age4 ,f ,mr4 ,be>dmore's "w we take ! foll[+1 z ! proportion or p]c5tage ( ra9-fall :i* fl[s (f ! surface3 8,f tw5ty examples we h #hi z ! l>ge/ p] c5tage1 ! l[e/ #bi p] c5t41 & ! av]age #fd p] c5t4 8,! ,eaton ,brook wat]-%$1 9 ,madison ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 ( #f1hjj acres1 ) /eep slope & compact soil1 und]laid by h>d greywacke rock1 elevat$ #a1cej feet above ! sea1 avail$ #ff p] c5t4 ( ! ra9-fall z surface fl[4 8,a simil> wat]-%$1 ,madison ,brook1 gave #ej p] c5t4 ,exp]im5ts by ,wm4 ,mc,alpine1 = ,albany wat]-works1 %[s t f a wat]-%$ ( #b1fjj acres1 #da p] c5t4 ( ! ra9-fall 0 c>ri$ (f by ! /reams f ,may till ,octob]1 inclusive1 :ile f ,novemb] till ,april1 #gg4f p] c5t4 0 s c>ri$ (f40 ,9 ,engl& ! all[ance = absorption & evaporation ranges f n9e to n9ete5 in*es p] annum4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is f #ge to #ajj p] c5t4 great]4 ,we produce f 8,fann+'s ,wat] ,supply0 ! foll[+ table ( exp]im5ts on evaporation f surfaces ( %all[ tanks3 ,cambridge--,l5g? ( trial1 "o ye>2 evaporation 9 in*es1 #ef4jj ,salem 8 8 8 8 #ef4jj ,syracuse 8 8 8 8 #ej4bj ,ogd5sburgh 8 8 8 8 #di4cg ,dorset1 ,engl& 8 ?ree ye>s 8 8 #be4ib ,ox=d 8 8 five 8 8 8 #ca4jd ,bombay 8 five 8 8 8 #hb4bh ,croton av]age1 six1 8 mean evap4 equal #ha #ci4ba p] c5t4 ( ra9-fall4 ,lea ,bridge1 ,london 8 sev5 8 av]age ra9-fall #bg4g annual evap4 m94 #ab4jfg 8 8 max4 #be4ada ,! foll[+ f ! same au?or ( ! m9imum fl[ ( /reams 9 cubic feet p] second1 p] ea* squ>e mile ( wat]-%$3 ,f #a squ>e mile 4#jhc ,f #aj squ>e miles 4#a ,f #be squ>e miles 4#aa ,f #ej squ>e miles 4#ad ,f #ajj squ>e miles 4#ah ,f #bej squ>e miles 4#be ,f #ejj squ>e miles 4#dj ,f #a1jjj squ>e miles 4#ce ,f #a1ejj squ>e miles 4#ch ,f #b1jjj squ>e miles 4#da ,f ! diff]5t surfaces1 its ratio ( ! annual ra91 includ+ floods & fl[ ( spr+s1 is approximately z foll[s3 ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,f m\nta9 slopes or /eep rocky hills1 #hj to #ij ,f wood$ swamp l&s1 #fj to #hj ,f undulat+ pa/ure & woodl&1 #ej to #gj ,f flat cultivat$ l& & prairie1 #de to #fj ,,mon?ly ,,evaporation ,,f ,,res]voir4 7,f ,fann+47 ---------------------------------------- --- ,,jan4,,feb4,,m>4,,apr4,,may4,,june4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,mean ratio--in*es4#cj 4#ce 4#ej 4#hj #a4dea4gj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,july4,,aug4,,sept4,,oct4,,nov4,,dec4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,mean ratio--in*es#a4he #b4jja4de 4#ge 4#ej 4#ce ,,av]age ,,available ,,ra9-,,fall ,,= ,,/orage ,,purposes4 7,f ,fann+47 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,jan4,,feb4,,m>4,,april4,,may4,,june4 --------------------------- ,ga9 by ra9--in*es #b4jjb4bab4dj #b4ic #c4dgb4hh ,loss by evaporation--94 4#fj 4#gja4jj #a4fj #b4ijc4dj --------------------------- ,diff]5ce--,ga9 in*es #a4dja4eaa4dj #a4cc 4#eg -- ,diff]5ce--,loss in*es -- -- -- -- -- 4#eb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,july4,,aug4,,sept4,,oct4,,nov4,,dec4,, total4 -------------------------------- ,ga9 by ra9--in*es #b4ii #c4jjb4fg #b4ecb4dhb4bd #cb4 ,loss by evaporation--94#c4gj #d4jjb4ij #a4eja4jj 4#gj #bd4 -------------------------------- ,diff]5ce--,ga9 in*es -- -- -- #a4jca4dha4ed #h4 ,diff]5ce--,loss in*es 4#ga 4#hj 4#bc -- -- -- -- ,,summ>y ,,( ,,fl[ ,,( ,,ra9-,,fall ,,9 ,,cu4 ,,ft4 ,,p] ,,m9ute ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,mile4--7,f ,fann+47 ,,at ,,lake ,,at ,,croton ,,co*ituate ,,bas9 ,,cu4 ,,feet4 ,,cu ,,feet4 ,janu>y1 #ii4ag #ib4dh ,febru>y1 #aej4db #adg4fi ,m>*1 #agd4gf #agg4jb ,april1 #afi4hj #acb4fc ,may1 #aca4hj #afd4di ,june1 #dd4bg #aae4ab ,july1 #de4bg #dh4cg ,augu/1 #di4ae #gj4bb ,septemb]1 #db4hd #he4ii ,octob]1 #fb4de #ha4jh ,novemb]1 #ge4ij #abd4ib ,decemb]1 #gh4id #ajf4bc ,,aqu$ucts4 ,! plan1 z adopt$ by ,mr4 ,hawskley at ,liv]pool1 & ,mr4 ,bateman at ,glasg[1 ( subt]ranean pipes1 is n[ univ]sally foll[$ by eng9e]s4 ,& !re is no long] any excuse = incurr+ ! outlay :i* mu/ att5d ! erection ( monum5tal /ructures1 su* z 7 necess>y 9 ! times ( ! anci5t ,romans4 ,! eng9e] ( ,m>seilles ,conduit adopt$ ! 8,pont du ,g>d0 plan = conduct+ ! wat]s ( ! ,durance1 9 pref]5ce to iron pipes1 & con/ruct$ ! spl5did folly1 8z ,humb] t]ms x10 ( ! aqu$uct 8,roquefav\r40 ,! dim5sions are3 ,l5g?1 #a1bhi feet4 ,height1 #bff feet4 #a/ ti] ( #ab ar*es ea* #di feet span4 #b;d ti] ( #ae ar*es ea* #eb feet span4 ,upp] ti] ( #ed ar*es ea* #af feet span4 ,! co/ 0 #gej1jjj1 :ile inv]t$ syphon pipes c\ld h be5 laid = "o-?ird ( ?is sum4 ,! aqu$uct = ,glasg[ is ?irte5 miles 9 tunnels1 #c miles ( iron-pip+ across valleys1 & n9e miles ( op5+ cutt+ & bridges4 ,!re are eighty di/9ct tunnels1 & tw5ty-five important iron & masonry aqu$ucts4 ,on ! l9e is ! ,drym5 bridge on masonry pi]s1 eighte5 feet ap>t1 ) two pipes surr\nd$ by wood lagg+1 a =ty-eight-in* syphon at ,ab]foyle ,road1 & a l(ty bridge at ,ballewan1 sev5ty feet 9 height4 ,! ,ab]de5 wat]-works has a ?irty-six-in* syphon1 #a1bjj feet 9 l5g?1 across ,cull5 ,burn1 support$ by granite pi]s4 ,! ,croton aqu$uct is a masonry *annel l9$ ) brick4 ,! bottom is an inv]t$ ar* ) cord #f4ge feet1 & v]s$ s9e #j4ge feet2 side walls are #d feet high1 & batt]$ s t at ! top !y are #g #d ap>t1 & surm\nt$ ) a semi-circul> ar*4 ,! int]ior is #h4fd feet high1 & area #ec4cd squ>e feet4 ,! grade is #j4jba feet p] #ajj feet1 total l5g? #ch miles4 ,x crosses ! ,manhattan ,valley #b miles 9 ext5t1 ) two #cf-;in*1 "o #dh1 & "o #fj-;in* ca/-iron pipes1 & ov] ! ,h>lem ,riv] by granite bridge1 kn[n z ,high bridge1 #ajj feet above high wat]1 compos$ ( sev5 #ej-;feet & eight #hj-;feet spans4 ,! conduit ov] ! bridge consi/s ( two #cf-;in* ca/-iron pipes1 & a wr\ght pipe #g feet #f in*es 9 diamet]1 re/+ ^u saddles1 support$ by ca/-iron /&>ds plac$ #ab feet ap>t betwe5 ! #cf-;in* pipes4 ,! aqu$uct ov] ,cab9 ,john ,creek1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 wat] supply1 consi/s ( a s+le ar* ( masonry #bbj feet span1 is ! l>ge/ masonry ar* 9 ! _w4 ,! rise is #eg feet #g in*es1 ?ickness ( cr[n #d feet #b in*es1 & at spr+ #f feet #b in*es4 ,wat] is convey$ 9 an iron pipe #i feet 9 diamet]1 built 9 solid masonry4 ,! bridge ov] ,georget[n ,creek1 on l9e ( ,wa%+ton ,conduit1 is #bjj feet span ) two cords ( iron pipe #d feet 9 diamet]1 #a in*es ?ickness1 us$ z wat] conductors4 ,! pipes 7 fir/ l9$ ) /aves ( res9\s p9e #c in*es ?ick to prev5t freez+1 b h be5 tak5 out4 ,no all[ance is made = expansion or contraction4 ,a simil> plan is 9 use at ,philadelphia1 ov] ! valley ( ,wissahikon1 consi/+ ( two #bj in* ca/-iron flange pipes s]v+ z top memb]s ( a s]ies ( inv]t$ b[-/r+ trusses4 ,!re are f\r spans1 ea* #afi feet #i in*es4 ,c5t] span #ajj feet above ord9>y level ( ! wat]4 ,! ,bo/on aqu$uct crosses ! ,*>les ,riv] by syphon pipes--two1 #cj in*es1 & ! o!r #cf in*es 9 diamet]4 ,/>t+ f a pipe *amb] on ! we/]n side ( ! valley1 ! pipe desc5ds #eb4aa feet bel[ ! level ( conduit1 & re/s on a masonry bridge ( ?ree ar*es4 ,"o ( ! syphons = supply+ ,madrid1 ,spa91 crosses a valley #d1efj feet 9 l5g?1 consi/+ ( f\r l9es ( ca/-iron pipes ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,dubl9 is suppli$ ?r\gh #cj1ccf y>ds ( #cc-;in* & #h1bgb y>ds ( two l9es ( #bg-;in* ca/-iron pipes--#bj1jjj y>ds laid ?r\gh private prop]ty4 ,! av]age fall is #bj feet p] mile4 ,!re are ?ree relief-tanks on l9e ( #cc-;in* pipe4 ,! capacity ( ?is pipe 0 calculat$ at sixte5 millions p] day1 :ile ! actual deliv]y exce$$ tw5ty millions4 ,toronto is suppli$ by a #d-;foot wood5 pipe1 #g1jjj feet 9 l5g?1 "u pressure4 ,man*e/]1 ,n4 ,h41 has a wood5 p5/ock1 six feet 9 diamet]1 #fjj feet 9 l5g?1 t conveys supply to wat] :eels1 "u a head ( twelve feet at entrance & ?irty-eight feet at outlet4 ,! new conduit = wat] supply ( ,baltimore is a cont9u\s tunnel1 sev5 miles long1 runn+ f ! dam to ! receiv+ res]voir--8,lake ,montebello40 ,9 its con/ruction no op5 cuts 7 made2 all "w be+ done by drift+4 ,its dep? bel[ ! surface ( gr\nd v>ies f #fe to #cfj feet4 ,! int]nal diamet] is #ab feet2 ! fall is "o foot p] mile2 capacity #agj millions daily4 ,fifte5 %afts 7 sunk dur+ ! con/ructive "w4 ,two miles ( ! tunnel 7 ?r\gh mat]ial t requir$ to be ar*$ ) brick2 ! rema9+ di/ance 0 ?r\gh v h>d rock t did n require ar*+4 ,! co/ ( ?is /ructure 0 ab\t two millions ( doll>s4 ,*icago has two tunnels "u ,lake ,mi*igan1 p>allel ) ea* o!r1 #df feet ap>t1 ext5d+ to a crib1 locat$ 9 ! lake1 two miles f ! %ore4 ,! fir/ "o 0 />t$1 9 #ahfd1 "u adv]se criticism1 & successfully complet$ 9 #ahfg4 ,! co/1 ) ! crib1 0 #deg1hjj4 ,x is five feet horizontal diamet]1 & #e #b v]tical diamet]1 & made ( brick4 ,! second "o 0 built 9 #ahgb-'gd2 is five feet 9 diamet]1 l9$ ) brick4 ,x ext5ds f ! ,nor? ,side ,works1 a fur!r di/ance ( #bj1jjj feet1 "u ! city & ,*icago ,riv] to ,we/ ,side ,works4 ,! co/ ( ?is tunnel1 "u ! riv]1 0 #dad1jjj1 & "u ! city #edc1jjj4 ,! nature ( ! excavation 0 g5]ally ?r\gh /iff blue clay ) occasionally pockets ( quicks&4 ,! ,sudbury conduit1 ( ,bo/on ,wat]-,works1 is sixte5 miles long1 ) a grade ( #a4jef feet p] mile4 ,! top is a semicircle ( n9e feet diamet]1 & ! bottom is an arc ( #ac4bb feet radius1 /ruck f a c5t] #e4ec feet above ! cr[n ( ! ar*4 ,! sectional area is #ef4ge squ>e feet4 ,! f\ndation is ( concrete2 ! side walls & sp&rel back+ ( rubble /one masonry2 ! l9+ ( brick1 f\r in*es ?ick1 & ! ar* ( brick1 twelve in*es ?ick4 ,! ,*>les ,riv] is cross$ by a granite bridge1 #dge feet long & #ge feet high1 ) two segm5tal & five semicircle ar*es4 ,on ! l9e ( ! ,vanne conduit !re is an aqu$uct made entirely ( 8beton10 :i* spans ! valleys & quicks&s 9 ! great =e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau1 betwe5 ,la ,vanne ,riv] & ,p>is4 ,,conduit ,,data4--7,f ,fann+47 ,,dep? ,,(,,hydraulic ,,s9e ,,( ,locality4 ,,wid? ,,height ,,wat] ,,mean ,,incl9ation ,,9 ,,feet4,,9 ,,feet4,,9 ,,feet4 ,,radius4 ,,( ,,wat] ,,surface4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,co*ituate1 ,bo/on #e4 #f4ccc #f4ccc #a4dag 4#jjjjdif ,croton1 ,new ,york #g4dg #h4deh #f4jhc #b4cda 4#jjjba ,wa%+ton #i4 #i4 #c4dfe #a4hgc 4#jjjae ,brooklyn #aj4 #h4ffg #e4 #b4ebd 4#jjja ,sudbury1 ,bo/on #i4 #g4ffg #e4c -- 4#jjjb ,baltimore #i4 #i4 -- -- -- ,lo* ,katr9e1 ,glasg[ #h4 #h4 #f4he #b4ebe 4#jjjaehg ,canal ( ,isabel ,,iii1 ,mad4 #g4jeb #i4ahd -- -- -- ,vanne1 ,p>is #f4f #f4f #e4 -- 4#jjja ,dhues1 8 #b4c #c4e -- -- 4#jjja ,pont du ,g>d1 ,nismes #d4 -- #c4ccc -- 4#jjjd ,pont ,pyla1 ,lyons #a4hcc -- #a4hcc -- 4#jjaff ,metz #c4afg -- #b4afg -- 4#jja ,,velocity ,locality4 ,,p] ,,second,,coeffic-,,daily ,,deliv]y ,,total ,,daily ,,9 ,,feet4 ,,i5t ,m4,,at ,,giv5 ,,dep?1 ,,capacity1 ,u4,s4 ,,gallons4 ,u4,s4 ,,gallons4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,co*ituate1 ,bo/on #a4 4#jjdeb #af1cih1jjj #af1ejj1jjj ,croton1 ,new ,york #b4bah 4#jjfdc #ei1cdj1jjj #ajj1jjj1jjj ,wa%+ton #a4hic 4#jjeje #bg1efj1jjj #ajj1jjj1jjj ,brooklyn -- -- -- #gj1jjj1jjj ,sudbury1 ,bo/on -- -- -- #gj1jjj1jjj ,baltimore -- -- -- #agj1jjj1jjj ,lo* ,katr9e1 ,glasg[ #a4gabf 4#jjhgf #fj1jjj1jjj #fj1jjj1jjj ,canal ( ,isabel ,,iii1 ,mad4 -- -- -- #eb1jjj1jjj ,vanne1 ,p>is -- -- -- #bc1ejj1jjj ,dhues1 8 -- -- -- #e1ejj1jjj ,pont du ,g>d1 ,nismes #b4 -- -- #ad1jjj1jjj ,pont ,pyla1 ,lyons #b4ie -- -- -- ,metz #b4gch -- -- -- ,,dams4 ,! disa/r\s failures ( e>? dams has excit$ suspicion z to ! /ability ( su* /ructures2 b :5 we consid] ! imm5sity ( ! dams 9 ,india1 our conc]n %\ld be only = ! c>e & att5tion giv5 to _! con/ruction4 ,!re ! mat]ial us$ is well puddl$2 !n a drove ( cattle is turn$ loose on ! fill1 to /amp ! e>? ?or\ghly4 ,?is me?od is repeat$ 9 lay]s until ! requir$ height is rea*$4 ,(t5 ! ,sepoys d ! /amp+4 ,! ,v]anun res]voir dam is twelve miles 9 l5g?2 & ! am\nt ( e>?1 ( :i* x is compos$1 w encircle ! globe ) a belt six feet 9 ?ickness4 ,!re is a dam on ! isl& ( ,ceylon made ( huge /one blocks /rongly cem5t$ toge!r & cov]$ ov] ) turf1 mak+ a solid b>ri] ( fifte5 miles 9 l5g?1 "o hundr$ feet wide at ! base1 slop+ at top to =ty feet1 & ext5d+ across ! l[] end ( a spaci\s valley4 ,,dim5sions ,,or ,,res]voir ,,dams4--7,f ,c4 ,h4 ,beloe47 ,,"n ,,( ,,works4 ,,"n ,,( ,,maximum ,,dep? ,,ratio ,,( ,,res]voir4 ,,( ,,res]voir4 ,,slopes4 ------------------ ,,inn]4 ,,out]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,bolton ,wat]-,works,heaton4 #ce #c to #a #b to #a 8 8 8 ,wayoh4 #gf 8 #b to #a ,liv]pool ,roddleswor?4 #fd 8 #b to #a 8 8 #gh 8 8 8 ,anglez>k4 #ce 8 8 ,brad=d ,/ub54 #ee 8 8 8 ,*elk]4 #cf 8 8 8 ,b>d54 #fh 8 8 8 ,doe ,p>k4 #eb 8 8 8 ,silsd54 #gh 8 8 8 ,gwm)4 #ff 8 8 ,rhyl ,di/rict ,llanefwydd4 #eb 8 8 ,w>r+ton ,w4 ,w4 -- #ac #a to #a 8 ,,"n ,,( ,,works4 ,,puddle ,,walls4 ----------------------------- ,,wid? ,,wid? ,,max4 ,,?ick- ,,?ick- ,,( ,,top,,( ,,dye ,,dep?4,,ness ,,at ,,ness ,,at ,,batt]4 ,,bank4 ,,wa%4 ,,surface4 ,,top4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,bolton ,wat]-,works #f #h #c #d #a 9 #ae #ac #f #ab 8 8 8 #gj #bj #f #h #a 9 #ab #bb #aje ,liv]pool #abj -- #f #a 9 #ab #af #fj 8 -- -- #f #a 9 #ab #ah -- 8 #ej -- -- -- #cj -- ,brad=d #dj #ab #f #a 9 #ah #ab #ae 8 #cj #ab #f #a 9 #ab #ab -- 8 #fd #ae #f #a 9 #ae #ab #bd 8 #gh #ab #f #a 9 #ah #ab #ae 8 #dj #ab #f #a 9 #bd #ab #ae 8 #ej #ad #f #a 9 #ah #ab #dj ,rhyl ,di/rict #aai #i #c #a 9 #ah #aj #ab ,w>r+ton ,w4 ,w4 -- -- -- -- #c -- ,"o ( ! rec5t dams ( ! ,croton supply1 made ( concrete1 is ?irty-"o feet at ! base1 eight & "o-half feet at top1 six hundr$ & sev5ty feet long1 & sev5ty-eight feet high4 ,! ma9 embankm5t1 :i* =ms ,l\gh ,v>try ( ! ,dubl9 ,wat]-,works1 is sixty-six feet high at its deepe/ "p1 & ! greate/ dep? ( wat]1 sixty feet4 ,x is #a1fdj feet long on ! top1 & tw5ty-eight feet wide1 :i* =ms a public road4 ,! base1 at ! deepe/ "p1 is #chj feet wide2 ! inn] slope be+ #c to #a1 & ! out] slope #b to #a1 & ! total quantity ( e>?work 9 x is #cbj1jjj cubic y>ds4 ,! puddle wall 9 ! embankm5t is six feet wide at ! top 7"o foot bel[ ! top bank71 & eighte5 feet wide at ! level ( ! old riv] b$4 ,x 0 c>ri$1 = its entire l5g?1 d[n into solid rock4 ,! dam ( ,bradlee bas91 ,bo/on1 is #b1jjj feet 9 l5g?1 tw5ty feet wide on top1 "o hundr$ & fifty feet at ! base1 & greate/ height ?irty-five feet4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! bank is a puddle wall t5 feet ?ick at ! base1 & f\r feet at ! top1 f\nd$ on ! rock4 ,! e>? embankm5t 0 laid 9 lay]s1 well wat]$ & roll$4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,l>ge ,,gravitation ,,works4 ,,di/ance,,no4 ,,acres ,,capacity ,,height ,,( ,,capacity ,,( ,,( ,,srce ,,( ,,wat] ,,( ,,/orage4,,srce ,,above ,,aqu$uct ,,popula- ,,9 ,,%$4 ,,9 ,,gallons4,,city ,,datum,,9 ,,gallons4 ,,tion4 ,,miles4 ,,9 ,,feet4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,new ,york #dj #baf1hdd #i billions #afj #ib millions#a1baf1ejj ,bo/on #af #ajj1jjj -- #acd #hf 8 #dab1jjj ,baltimore #g -- #gfe millions #afe #agj 8 #ccb1aij ,liv]pool -- #aj1jjj #d billions -- #ag 8 #fjj1jjj ,man*e/] #ah #ai1cij #f 8 #gij #ci 8 #gej1jjj ,glasg[#a #be #dg1hjj #ab 8 -- #ej 8 #eej1jjj ,dubl9 #ba4f #ad1jhj #b 8 #fib #bj 8 #ccj1jjj #a ,gorbals n includ$4 ,! dam = div]t+ ! wat]s ( ,gunp[d] ,falls1 = supply ( ,baltimore1 is built ( rubble & :ite m>ble ^u solid rock4 ,?ickness at base is sixty-two feet2 dep? ( f\ndation bel[ orig9al surface is ?irte5 feet2 wid? ( ! ov]fl[ is ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,! w+s ext5d into ! hill on ea* side two hundr$ & fifty-six feet4 ,! height f ! extreme f\ndation to ! ov]fl[ is tw5ty-n9e feet4 ,! fill+ ( ! clay & e>? on ! inside is =ty-five feet at ! base4 ,liv]pool1 ,eng41 designs con/ruct+ a masonry dam1 at ! s\rce ( ! new supply 9 ,wales1 eighty-f\r feet 9 height4 ,,pump+ ,,sy/em4 ,! divisions ( p[] are3 ,w9d ,p[]4 ,wat] ,p[]4 ,/eam ,p[]4 ,& ! me?ods ( supply by3 ,res]voir4 ,/& ,pipe4 ,direct or ,holly ,plan4 ,! value ( a pump+ sy/em recomm5ds itself on ! po9t ( economy 9 con/ruction1 = ! outlay is 9 proportion to ! exi/+ necessities1 :i* c be increas$ z ! dem&s require4 ,! orig9al wat] consum]s are n1 !re=e1 tax$ s heavily = future exig5cies ( gravity works4 ,?is idea c be bett] illu/rat$ by ! comp>ative co/ ( con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( gravitation & pump+ works3 ,,baltimore ,,*icago ,,gravitation4 ,,pump+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,available capacity = daily supply #bjj millions #abj millions ,l>ge/ daily consumption 9 #ahhj -- #gc 8 ,total valuation ( works #aj 8 #h4h 8 ,bond$ indebt$ness #i 8 #c4i 8 ,annual int]e/ #ddj ?\s&s#bhc ?\s&s ,annual curr5t exp5ses #hg4e 8 #bjf 8 ,annual ma9t5ance1 includ+ int]e/ at #e p] c5t on total valuation #ehg4e 8 #fdf 8 ( works4 ,,bo/on ,,c9c9nati ,,gravitation4 ,,pump+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,available capacity = daily supply #hf millions #cf millions ,l>ge/ daily consumption 9 #ahhj #bh 8 #ch 8 ,total valuation ( works #ah 8 #g 8 ,bond$ indebt$ness #ab 8 #a4f 8 ,annual int]e/ #fai ?\s&s#ajh ?\s&s ,annual curr5t exp5ses #baa 8 #bjj 8 ,annual ma9t5ance1 includ+ int]e/ at #e p] c5t on total valuation #a1aaa 8 #ej 8 ( works4 ,! res]voir sy/em is ! mo/ pref]able ( ! ?ree me?ods1 :5 natural elevation c be secur$1 = ! pump+ s]vice is di/9ct f ! di/ribution2 &1 :]e res]voirs ( l>ge capacities are obta9able1 a clos] m>g9 = res]ve pump+ p[] c be adopt$1 besides a /orage res]voir provides = cont+5cies t may arise1 & all[ cessation ( pump+ dur+ ! turbidity ( wat] s\rce1 caus$ by sudd5 fre%ets4 ,! /&-pipe is adopt$ :]e ! elevat$ gr\nds are n suffici5t = res]voir purposes1 to give a desirable wat] pressure2 or :]e res]voirs may n be desir$1 b to secure ! head & provide = a con/ant & reliable action ( ! pump t is n obta9$ by a direct sy/em4 ,! direct sy/em1 commonly call$ ! ,holly ,plan1 does away ) res]voir & /& pipe1 & deliv]s ! wat] directly into ! ma9s "u a pressure usually fifty p\nds p] squ>e in* = dome/ic use1 :i* is increas$ to "o hundr$ p\nds :5 fires occur4 ,9 ! ,holly ,plan1 a res]ve p[] is us$ = fire purposes1 besides me*anical device = regulat+ & controll+ ! v>iable pressure4 ,9 ei!r ! /& pipe or direct sy/em1 a res]ve p[] %\ld be provid$ equal to ! l>ge/ daily consumption4 ,f a compilation ( g5]al in=mation conc]n+ wat]-works ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 publi%$ by ! ,holly ,manufactur+ ,company 9 #ahgh1 we arrange ! foll[+3 #ahh cities & t[ns use /eam-p[] = wat] supply4 #ajd 8 h gravity works 8 #cb 8 use wat]-p[] 8 #aj 8 h gravity & /eam works 8 #bg 8 use /eam & wat]-works 8 #b 8 h gravity1 /eam1 & wat]-p[]s 8 ,( ! above numb] ( pump+ works-- #aci h res]voir sy/em4 #ih h direct sy/em4 #af h /&-pipe sy/em4 #d h direct & res]voir comb9$4 #a has ! ?ree sy/ems comb9$4 #a has /&-pipe & direct comb9$4 ,! exp5se ( pump+ wat] by /eam & wat]-p[]s1 also ! practical ye>ly duties ( v>i\s pump+ eng9es1 are giv5 9 ! tables on pages #fa & #fd1 compil$ f annual reports = #ahhj3 ,,practical ,,duties 7,,)\t ,,d$uctions7 ,,( ,,pump+ ,,eng9es 7,,ye>ly ,,av]age74 7,f ,annual ,reports ( #ahhj47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,non ,,rotative4 ,,rotative4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,,wor?- ,,corni%4 ,,holly4 ,,l[ ,,high ,,+ton4 ,,pressure4,,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,l\isville1 ,ky4 -- #ddahieae -- -- -- -- #deeddchd -- -- -- -- -- -- #eieejjjj -- ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 -- -- -- #efjjdijj -- -- -- -- #fhcghjjj -- ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,toronto1 ,canada #chdggjcj -- -- -- -- #chgbfhij -- -- -- -- ,tol$o1 ,o4 #cfciiigc -- -- -- -- ,bo/on2 high s]vice #eajfcjjj -- -- -- -- ,*>le/on1 ,mass4 #ebhdedjj -- -- -- -- ,columbus1 ,o4 -- -- #bhgehace -- -- ,*icago1 nor? side -- -- -- #ebieffhd -- ,*icago1 we/ side -- -- -- -- -- ,phila41 ,s*uylkill -- #bdcdbjjj -- -- -- -- #cecfjjjj -- -- -- #cijjjjjj -- -- -- -- ,phila41 ,belmont #cgijjjjj -- -- -- -- #ddhgjjjj -- -- -- -- ,phila41 ,delaw>e -- -- -- -- #cijjjjjj ,phila41 ,roxbor\gh #chbhjjjjcfbhjjjj -- -- -- ,phila41 ,frank=t #bgjjjjjj -- -- -- -- ,lawr5ce1 ,mass4 -- -- -- -- -- ,dayton1 ,o4 -- -- #aejjjjjj -- -- -- -- ,clevel&1 ,o4 #dbcigahecjcfadig -- -- -- #caibefcf -- -- -- ,lynn1 ,mass4 -- -- -- -- -- ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i4 -- -- -- -- -- ,l[ell1 ,mass4 #eiaabhca -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #ddcjdijg ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 -- -- -- #chjadbhc #chieceag -- -- -- -- #dehhfidd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,comp\nd4 ---------------------- ,,leavitt4,,miscellane\s4,,miscellane\s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,l\isville1 ,ky4 -- -- #bjbhjejbb -- -- #aiegbecf -- -- -- ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 -- -- -- -- -- -- ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 -- #gjiiadac -- -- #gjcbgeie -- ,toronto1 ,canada -- -- -- -- -- -- ,tol$o1 ,o4 -- -- -- ,bo/on2 high s]vice -- -- -- ,*>le/on1 ,mass4 -- -- -- ,columbus1 ,o4 -- -- -- ,*icago1 nor? side -- -- -- ,*icago1 we/ side -- #ehhjhdie -- ,phila41 ,s*uylkill -- #digbfjjj -- -- #eefccjjj -- -- -- -- ,phila41 ,belmont -- -- -- -- -- -- ,phila41 ,delaw>e -- -- -- ,phila41 ,roxbor\gh -- -- #bhchjjjjc ,phila41 ,frank=t -- #egafjjjj -- ,lawr5ce1 ,mass4 #ihehcagf -- -- ,dayton1 ,o4 -- -- -- ,clevel&1 ,o4 -- #bieehgfi -- -- -- -- ,lynn1 ,mass4 #ibhdcejf -- -- ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i4 -- -- #ifjdfhafd ,l[ell1 ,mass4 -- #gfajhjab -- -- -- -- ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 -- -- #baffedgde -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,rem>ks4-- #b ,blake pump2 #c ,kn[les2 #d ,corliss2 #e ,l[ pressure1 direct act+4 ,! t]m1 duty ( a pump+ eng9e1 is a conv5tional "o1 us$ by eng9e]s to measure ! relative m]its ( p]=mance1 or effective "w1 express$ by ! ratio ( product 9 foot p\nds ( ! weight wat] into ! height x is lift$1 to "o hundr$ p\nds ( ! coal consum$ to lift ! wat]4 ,! foll[+ tables ( exp]t trials are tak5 f 8,manual = ,eng9e]s & ,/eam ,us]s10 by ,john ,w4 ,hill1 ,m4 ,e4 7#ahgh71 ) a few additions3 ,,p]=mance ,,( ,,pump+ ,,eng9es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,location4 ,,date4 ,,eng9e4 ,,design]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,unit$ ,m9es1 ,sept4,corni% s+le cyl9d]1 ,taylor ,cornwall #ahdb jacket$ ,c>n ,brea1 #ahda ,corni% comp\nd1 jacket$ ,james ,sims ,cornwall ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,dec4 ,comp\nd beam & fly-:eel1 ,e4 ,d4 ,leavitt #ahgc jacket$ ,l[ell1 ,mass4 ,june ,comp\nd beam & fly-:eel1 ,simpson #ahge jacket$ ,lawr5ce1 ,mass4,may ,comp\nd beam & fly-:eel1 ,e4 ,d4 ,leavitt #ahgf jacket$ ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,m>4 ,comp\nd beam & fly-:eel1 ,wm4 ,wright #ahgf jacket$ ,milwaukee1 ,wis4,may ,comp\nd beam & fly-:eel1 ,r4 ,w4 ,hamilton #ahge jacket$ ,m>ion1 ,ind4 ,feb4 ,s+le cyl9d] yoke & ,dean #ahgg fly-:eel1 cond5s+ ,ha>lem ,me]1 ,june ,comp\nd beam annual cyl9d] ,gibbs ,dean ,holl& #ahdh ,*icago ,dec4 ,s+le cyl9d] beam & ,d4 ,c4 ,creig] #ahgd fly-:eel1 unjacket$ ,*icago ,april,comp\nd beam & fly-:eel1 ,qu9t>d ,works #ahgg unjacket$ ,*icago ,april,comp\nd beam & fly-:eel1 ,qu9t>d ,works #ahgg unjacket$ ,*icago ,april,comp\nd beam & fly-:eel1 ,qu9t>d ,works #ahgg unjacket$ ,c9c9nati ,nov4 ,horizontal crank & fly-:eel1 #ahgb two eng9es c\pl$1 ,%ield non-cond5s+ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,duty ,,= ,,"o ,,location4 ,,hundr$ ,,capacity4 ,,au?ority4 ,,p\nds ,,coal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,unit$ ,m9es1 #aad1cfa1gjjf -- ,pole4 ,cornwall ,c>n ,brea1 #aja1gjb1jjjf -- ,pole4 ,cornwall ,lynn1 ,mass4 #ajc1ibc1bae #d1ich1ebh ,exp]ts' ,contract ,trial4 ,l[ell1 ,mass4 #aag1cej1ajjf -- ,evans' ,annual ,report4 ,lawr5ce1 ,mass4 #if1bja1ijj ,ea* eng'e ,exp]ts' ,contract ,trial4 #d1igi1bcd ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j4 #hd1ejj1jjj #b1jhf1ebc ,slade4 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 #gf1iee1ebj ,ea* eng'e ,exp]t's ,contract ,trial4 #h1fhc1gbj ,two eng'es ,m>ion1 ,ind4 #di1bca1bjg ,two eng'e ,cook4 cupl$ #a1ejj1jjj ,ha>lem ,me]1 #hj1jjj1jjjfbjj1jjj1jjj ,appleton's ,diction>y4 ,holl& ,two eng'es ,*icago #fe1hbd1eha ,two eng'es ,exp]ts' ,contract ,trial4 cupl$ #cf1jjj1jjj ,*icago ,we/ eng9e #af1afj1dgj ,exp]ts' ,contract ,trial4 #ii1jhb1cjj ,*icago ,ea/ eng9e #ae1ega1igj ,exp]ts' ,contract ,trial4 #if1jff1hjj ,*icago #ge1jjj1jjj -- ,!ron ,skeel4 ,c9c9nati #dc1eff1agh #d1gjb1hje ,h]many4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #f ,said to be av]age duty2 all o!rs obta9$ by special te/s4 ,! capacity is /at$ 9 deliv]y ( gallons p] day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,,p]=mance ,,( ,,pump+ ,,eng9es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,location4 ,,date4 ,,eng9e4 ,,design]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,c9c9nati ,nov4 ,v]tical s+le cyl9d] crank ,sc[d5 #ahgb & fly-:eel1 cond5s+ ,c9c9nati ,nov4 ,v]tical s+le cyl9d] crank ,sc[d5 #ahgb & fly-:eel1 cond5s+ ,c9c9nati ,nov4 ,v]tical direct act+ s+le ,%ield #ahgb cyl9d]1 cond5s+ ,l\isville #ahgc ,corni% ,sc[d5 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 #ahgj ,comp\nd duplex ,wor?+ton ,clevel&1 ,o4 #ahgc ,corni% ,allaire ,works ,j]sey ,city #ahef ,corni% ,w4 ,po9t ,f\ndry ,*>le/on1 ,mass4#ahgb ,duplex ,wor?+ton ,provid5ce #ahgd ,radial cut (f ,geo4 ,h4 ,corliss ,provid5ce #ahgd ,comp\nd duplex ,wor?+ton ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass#ahfi ,beam & fly-:eel ,mc,alpine ,brooklyn1 ,no4 #a #ahfj ,s+le cyl9d] beam ,wright ,clevel&1 ,o4 #ahge ,comp\nd duplex ,h5d]son ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 ,m>4 ,comp\nd direct act+ ,w>d5 #ahgi ,columbus1 ,o4 ,feb4 ,crank & fly-:eel1 ,b4 ,holly #ahgf f\r eng9es c\pl$ ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i4 -- ,comp\nd beam & ,h4 ,corliss fly-:eel1 /eam jacket ,geo4 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #ahgi ,holly1 f\r cyl9d]s1 ,holly ,co4 ) fly-:eel ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,duty ,,= ,,"o ,,location4 ,,hundr$ ,,capacity4 ,,au?ority4 ,,p\nds ,,coal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,c9c9nati #cg1ghi1iij #d1fea1ihg ,h]many4 ,c9c9nati #cd1jfd1igg #d1bfc1big ,h]many4 ,c9c9nati #bc1ehj1fhg #aa1hdg1dha ,h]many4 ,l\isville #cg1ecf1gcjg #c1haf1ege ,j\rnal ,a4 ,s4 ,c4 ,e4 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 #gg1aeg1hdj -- ,bailey4 ,clevel&1 ,o4 #da1ggd1ieeg #e1gaa1ihh ,j\rnal ,a4 ,s4 ,c4 ,e4 ,j]sey ,city #gb1aae1cif -- ,copel& ,wor!n4 ,*>le/on1 ,mass4 #ef1icg1fdcg -- ,j\rnal ,a4 ,s4 ,c4 ,e4 ,provid5ce #be1hfe1jjj -- ,smi?1 ,graff ,reynolds4 ,provid5ce #ec1ebh1baj -- ,smi?1 ,graff ,reynolds4 ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass #ei1ccf1dig -- ,hoadley ,francis4 ,brooklyn1 ,no4 #a #fj1gih1bjj #ae1dci1fec ,smi?1 ,graff ,wor!n4 ,clevel&1 ,o4 #ca1ifh1jjfg #h1djj1jjj ,annual ,report4 ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 #ec1ieg1ieg #b1jjj1jjj ,hill4 ,columbus1 ,o4 #bd1jde1iea -- -- ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i4 #acc1ebb1jij -- ,contract ,trial4 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #hf1agf1cae #f1ejb1jjj ,p>k ,b5jam94 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 7,a4 ,s4 ,c4 ,e4 is ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s47 #g ,said to be av]age duty2 all o!rs obta9$ by special te/s4 ,! capacity is /at$ 9 deliv]y ( gallons p] day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,pump+ ,,"o ,,million ,,gallons ,,( ,,wat]1 7,f ,annual ,reports1 #ahhj47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,co/ ,,( ,,pump+ ,,"o ,,million ,,gallons4 ,,millions ,,av]age ,,co/ ,,( --------------------- ,,city4 ,,( ,,gallons ,,lift ,,coal ,,= ,,= ,,= ,,pump$4 ,,9 ,,feet4,,p] ,,ton4 ,,wages4 ,,coal4 ,,repairs ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #iidd #ej4 #b4ff #a4eg #b4he 4#ae ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #iheg #bbe4 #b4ff #c4ag #h4ai 4#ca ,*>le/on1 ,mass4 #cdcd #aej4h #d4ha #b4jc #e4gc 4#ji ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #hef #aaf4d #e4jg #d4cb #d4hb -- ,philadelphia1 ,p5n4 #acbcb #abd4 #c4cd #b4fd #c4gb 4#da ,philadelphia1 ,p5n4 #ghhg #ajj4 #c4cd #a4cc 4#aj 4#ce ,columbus1 ,o4 #iab #age4 #a4cg #h4aj #c4dh 4#af ,*icago1 ,ill4 #abced #ajd4 #d4jj #a4gc #c4cf 4#aj ,*icago1 ,ill4 #hfdh #ih4 #c4fj #b4cb #b4fg -- ,dayton1 ,o4 #chg #abg4 #b4gj #af4fh #h4hh -- ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 #aaaif #afc4 #d4dj #c4jc #e4bg -- ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i4 #cbe #bfb4 #d4hf #g4eg #e4ea -- ,tol$o1 ,o4 #aaic #afj4 #b4bh #d4cb #d4fc -- ,montreal1 ,c4 #cjie #afe4 -- -- -- -- ,montreal1 ,c4 #deb #afe4 -- #g4bh #h4he #c4jb ,l[ell1 ,mass4 #gga #afe4 #d4dj #c4jg #d4be 4#bj #eb #aff4 #d4dj #c4gd #e4ed -- ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 #bcbe #aga4 #b4gi #f4ec #e4ch #b4jf ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 #diei #bde4 #b4hf #d4jj #g4ff #a4ei ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 #efc #bic4 #c4ae #ab4ej #h4di #b4fi ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,co/ ,,( ,,pump+ ,,"o ,,million ,,co/ ,,p] ,,gallons4 ,,million -------------- ,,"o ,,city4 ,,= ,,hundr$ ,,rem>ks4 ,,/ores4 ,,total4 ,,ft4 ,,high4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 4#ah #d4ge #i4ej ,l[ s]vice4 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 4#cf #ab4jc #e4cd ,high s]vice4 ,*>le/on1 ,mass4 4#cj #h4ae #e4dj ,bo/on1 ,mass4 4#dg #i4fi #h4cj ,high s]vice4 ,philadelphia1 ,p5n4 #a4di #h4bg #f4fh ,/eam4 ,philadelphia1 ,p5n4 4#bj #a4ih #a4ih ,wat]4 ,columbus1 ,o4 4#da #ab4ae #f4ij ,holly4 ,*icago1 ,ill4 4#di #e4fh #e4db ,nor? works4 ,*icago1 ,ill4 4#cf #e4ae #e4bd ,we/ works4 ,dayton1 ,o4 -- #bh4cf #bb4cc ,holly4 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 -- #aj4hd #f4fe -- ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i4 4#ej #ac4eh #e4ag -- ,tol$o1 ,o4 -- #i4be #e4gg -- ,montreal1 ,c4 -- #a4ih #a4bj ,wat]4 ,montreal1 ,c4 #a4je #bj4bj #ab4ec ,/eam4 ,l[ell1 ,mass4 4#cb #g4hd #d4gc ,morris eng9e4 4#bj #i4dh #e4fi ,wor?+ton eng9e4 ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 4#dj #ad4cg #h4dj ,l[ s]vice4 ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 4#db #ac4fg #e4eh ,middle s]vice4 ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 4#fe #bd4cc #h4cj ,high s]vice4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,/& ,,pipe4 ,new ,york has a /&-pipe1 = high s]vice use1 #agj feet high4 ,clevel& has a /&-pipe #adh feet high1 #cf in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! /&-pipe at ,l\isville is #dh in*es 9 diamet]1 #acb feet high1 made ( to -in* wr\ght-iron plates1 ! :ole incas$ 9 wood4 ,! ,mt4 ,auburn ,high ,s]vice at ,c9c9nati is suppli$ by two wr\ght-iron tanks 7:i* answ] ! same purpose ( /& pipes71 ea* #fj feet 9 diamet] & #ch feet high1 & made ( wr\ght-iron %eets #ej by #adj1 to #g-af 9 ?ickness4 ,! wat] surface is #dhc feet above l[ wat]4 ,! co/ ( ea* tank 0 #ae1jjj4 ,! wat]-t[] at ,tol$o consi/s ( a wr\ght-iron /& pipe1 ar\nd :i* is built a masonry /ructure ( solid /onework #cf feet squ>e1 comm5c+ #af feet bel[ ! natural surface1 ) a v]tical ?ickness1 "u base ( /&-pipe1 ( #g feet2 !nce1 ) octagonal op5+ ar\nd ! pipe1 to a po9t ne> #c feet above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 at :i* po9t its inn] diamet] is #af feet1 & out] dim5sions #cj feet squ>e4 ,f ?is po9t1 to a fur!r height ( f\r feet1 ! wall is compos$ ( a%l>-face & brick back+2 !nce to a po9t #gj feet above ! f\ndation ( solid brick-"w ) octagon int]ior & ext]ior squ>es1 ! corn]s t]m9at+ 9 buttress walls2 ! top to be octagonal batt]+ to an ext]nal diamet] at ! top ( #ad feet4 ,! total height is #bbd feet1 & ! co/ ab\t #be1jjj4 ,a /eel plate /&-pipe design$ by ,j4 ,d4 ,cook1 civil eng9e] = ,spr+field1 ,ohio1 is 9 c\rse ( erection by ! ,/acey ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,c9c9nati1 :i* w be #aab feet high1 #cj feet 9 diamet]1 ?ickness ( l[] r+ be+ #be-cb1 & upp] r+ #c-af4 ,! e/imat$ co/ is #ce1jjj4 ,! /&-pipe ( ,s\?w>k & ,vauxhall ,wat]-,works1 ,london1 is #agh feet high1 made ( ?ree columns ( ca/-iron pipe1 ! c5t] "o ext5d+ #ej feet high] ?an ! o!r columns4 ,! side pipes are #cj in*1 & c5t] #dh in* 9 diamet]4 ,! ,gr& ,junction works1 ,london1 has a simil> /ructure ( two columns #aec feet high1 incas$ 9 a brick /ructure4 ,! /&-pipe ( ,ea/ ,london ,co4 is #bdj feet high & #c feet 9 diamet]4 ,,husb&',s ,,pat5t ,,balance ,,valve4 ,?is pat5t is design$ to sup]s$e ! co/ly /&-pipe4 ,fix$ v]tically1 z ne> to ! eng9e z practicable1 is a /rong ca/+ provid$ ) two %ort-flang$ bran*es1 ! l[] "o be+ connect$ ) ! dis*>ge outlet f ! pumps1 & ! upp] "o ) ! deliv]y ma94 ,betwe5 ^! bran*es a gun-metal valve ( ! d\ble-seat description is plac$1 & is connect$ to an additional wat]-tight hat work+ on ! top ( ! valve-seat+4 ,! seat+ is firmly held d[n by bolts pass+ ?r\gh x & fa/5$ to ! cas+4 ,a ram l9$ ) gun-metal1 & ( ! same diamet] z ! upp] valve1 is secur$ wat]-tight into x by a colt]1 & works v]tically up & d[n1 pass+ ?r\gh a /uff+-box pack$ ) cup lea!r1 bolt$ to ! upp] portion ( ! cas+4 ,! head ( ! ram works 9 a cross-guide la%$ ) gun-metal1 & support$ by f\r /rong v]tical pill>s4 ,! ram is load$ ) weights ne>ly equal to ! m9imum load ( ! eng9e2 ! l[e/ weight is provid$ ) lugs work+ loosely ov] ! v]tical pill>s1 :i* are provid$ ) adju/+ nuts & lea!r wa%]s1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! valve f fall+ heavily & injur+ its seat+4 ,! action ( ! app>atus is z foll[s3 ,! wat]1 on ent]+ ! cas+ f ! pumps1 acts ^u ! "u side ( ! upp] valve4 ,! area ( ! valve is ! same z t ( ! ram1 :i*1 be+ load$ some:at "u ! work+ load ( ! eng9e1 is imm$iately lift$1 rais+ ! valve ) x1 & ?us giv+ ! wat] free access to ! deliv]y ma94 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! ma9 be+ fractur$ at any po9t beyond ! valve1 ! pressure )9 ! ma9 is sudd5ly r$uc$ on acc\nt ( ! great escape ( wat]1 & is1 consequ5tly1 unable to support ! load$ valve1 :i* imm$iately closes2 ?us ! work+ load ( ! eng9e is reta9$1 & ! possibility ( accid5t by rac+ prev5t$4 ,,fuel ,,exp5se ,,= ,,pump+ ,,comp>$ ,,on ,,duty ,,bases4--7,fann+47 ,,duty ,,9 ,,numb] ,,million ,,gallons ,,pump$ ,,daily1 ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,feet ,,high4 ,,million ,,coal ,,9 ,,furnace ,,at #h ,,p] ,,ton4 ,,foot ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,p\nds4 #a #b #c #d #f #h #aj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ajj #a1bgg4hf #b1eef #c1hcd #e1aaa #g1ffg #aj1bbc #ab1ggi #ij #a1dai4he #b1hdj #d1bfj #e1fgi #h1eai #aa1cei #ad1aih #hj #a1eig4cb #c1aie #d1gib #f1chi #i1ehd #ab1ggh #ae1igc #gj #a1hbe4ea #c1fea #e1dgg #g1cjb #aj1iec #ad1fjd #ah1bee #fj #b1abi4gf #d1bfj #f1chi #h1eai #ab1ggi #ag1jch #ba1bih #ej #b1eee4gb #e1aaa #g1ffg #aj1bbc #ae1ccd #bj1ddf #be1eeg #dj #c1aid4fe #f1chd #i1ehd #ab1gfi #ai1afh #be1ecg #ca1idf #cj #d1bei4ec #h1eai #ab1ggi #ag1jch #be1eeg #cd1jgf #db1eie #bj #f1chi4cj #ab1gfh #ai1afh #be1ecg #ci1ccf #ea1agd #fc1hic ,,dim5sions ,,& ,,co/ ,,( ,,con/ruct+ ,,pump+ ,,eng9es4 ,,:5 ,,max4 ,,cap-,,diamet] ,,( ,,city4 ,,built4 ,,k9d ,,( ,,t[]4 ,,acity ,,9 ,,sys4 ,,cyl4 ,,mil4 ,,gal4 ,,9 ,,in*4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,*icago #ahgf ,comp\nd cond5s+ beam & #cj #dh ,h4,p4 fly-:eel4 #gf ,l4,p4 8 #aheg ,l[-pressure beam & fly-:eel #ac #fj s+le eng4 8 #aheg ,d\ble eng9e beam & fly-:eel4 #ah #dd 8 #ahgb ,d\ble eng9e beam & fly-:eel4 #cf #gj 8 #ahec ,s+le eng9e beam & fly-:eel4 #g #dd ,c9c9nati #ahej ,s+le eng9e fly-:eel4 #d #de 8 #ahfe ,s+le eng9e direct act+4 #bj #ajj 8 #ahgd ,d\ble eng9es fly-:eels #g #bh & beams4 8 #ahfi ,d\ble horizontal eng9es1 #d #ah fly-:eel4 8 #ahgd ,comp\nd dir't act+4 #b #ad ,h4,p4 #bb ,l4,p4 ,/4 ,l\is #ahge ,d\ble1 ) beam & "o #be #ej ,h4,p4 fly-:eel4 #hj ,l4,p4 ,,diamet] ,,city4 ,,/roke ,,& ,,/roke ,,co/4 ,,rem>ks4 ,,9 ,,feet4 ,,( ,,pumps4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,*icago #f ,h4,p4 #ea #aj #edc1ejj ) #f boil]s4 #aj ,l4,p4 8 #aj #dj #f #ei1jjj 8 #b 8 8 #h #bh #h #aab1ejj 8 #a boil]4 8 #aj #eg #aj #ahh1djj 8 #c boil]s4 8 #i #cd #e #bd1ejj 8 #a boil]4 ,c9c9nati #h #ah #h #cj1jjj ) #fj ft4 iron col4 8 #ab #df #ab #bjj1jjj -- 8 #h #be #h #ii1jjj ,plung] #af 8 8 #e #ac #e #ah1jjj ) #a boil]4 8 #b #aj #b #h1fjj -- ,/4 ,l\is #g ,h4,p4 #de #h #bhj1jjj ,plung] #cb dia4 #aa ,l4,p4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,/ati/ical4 ,new ,york 0 suppli$ by dug wells until #ahdb1 :5 ! ,croton wat] 0 br\ght1 by gravitation1 into ! city1 ?r\gh a brick aqu$uct1 ?irty-eight miles 9 l5g?1 cross+ ! ,h>lem ,riv] by 8,high ,bridge40 ,! area ( ! wat]-%$ ( ! ,croton is #cch4hb squ>e miles4 ,! /orage capacity n9e billion gallons4 ,! capacity ( ! aqu$uct is n9ety-two millions ( gallons p] day4 ,!re are ?ree di/ribut+ res]voirs3 ,"o ( #aej million4 ,"o ( #abjj 8 9 ,c5tral ,p>k4 ,"o ( #bd 8 ,"o ( #aj 8 = high s]vice4 ,! population is #a1bjf1ejj2 miles ( wat]-pipe1 #ejj--! l>ge/ be+ sev5ty-two in*es 9 diamet]2 ! av]age daily consumption ( wat] n9ety-five millions2 numb] ( taps1 #gg1jjj4 ,all build+s are assess$ by frontage-tax besides usual wat] rates4 ,! met] rate is #g c5ts p] ?\s& gallons4 ,! orig9al co/ ( ! gravitation works 0 ab\t n9e millions2 pres5t wat]-works valuation is ?irty-two millions4 ,an additional supply f ,bronx ,riv] is n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction4 ,! wat] w be conduct$ ?r\gh an aqu$uct1 ( =ty-eight in* ca/-iron pipe1 tw5ty miles 9 l5g?4 ,dur+ la/ summ] a wat]-fam9e 0 prev5t$ by a ,provid5tial ra9-fall4 ,philadelphia 0 suppli$ ) wat]1 sy/ematically1 9 #ahja2 previ\sly1 wells 7 ! only s\rce4 ,! sy/em ( supply is pump+ by /eam & wat]-p[]1 ?irty-sev5 p] c5t4 be+ done by ! wat]-:eels 9 #ahhj4 ,! available capacity ( wat]-:eels is #cf1jjj1jjj gallons daily4 ,dur+ summ] !re is a defici5cy ( p[]4 ,capacity ( all ! pumps #ga4h million gallons4 ,!re are #af res]voirs1 ) a total capacity ( #bjj millions4 ,! di/ribution ( wat] is divid$ among ! v>i\s works 9 relation to respective elevation4 ,! population1 9 #ahhj1 0 #hdf1ihd4 ,miles ( pipe1 #gdf4 ,daily av]age consumption1 9 #ahhj1 #eg4g millions4 ,l>ge/ daily consumption #hj millions4 ,numb] ( met]s #cj4 ,total receipts1 9 #ahhj1 7 ne>ly #a millions ( doll>s2 & exp5ditures ne>ly #djj1jjj4 ,lay+ ( wat]-pipes assess$ on abutt+ prop]ty4 ,total pr(its1 s9ce #ahee1 ov] twelve millions ( doll>s4 ,! pump+ /ations & p]=mance = #ahhj are3 ,,/ations4 ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,wat] ,,lift ,,s\rce ,,( ,,pump$ ,,9 #ahhj4 ,,9 ,,feet4 ,,supply4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,fairm\nt1 wat]-p[]4 #cg4ce #ij ,s*uylkill ,riv] ,s*uylkill1 /eam-p[]4 #be4if #abj 8 8 ,belmont1 8 8 #af4gh #bjg 8 8 ,delaw>e1 8 8 #i4de #acc ,delaw>e 8 ,roxbor\gh1 8 8 #e4eb #cdf ,s*uylkill 8 ,*e/nut ,hill1 8 8 4#jb #abe 8 8 ,frank=d1 8 8 #d4ej #bjc ,delaw>e 8 ,,/ations4 ,,p[]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,fairm\nt1 wat]-p[]4 #g ,turb9e wat]-:eels4 ,s*uylkill1 /eam-p[]4 #b ,corni% & #b ,comp\nd ,eng9es4 ,belmont1 8 8 #e ,wor?+tons4 ,delaw>e1 8 8 #a ,wor?+ton1 #a l[1 #a high pressure4 ,roxbor\gh1 8 8 #a ,corni%1 #a ,wor?41 & #a ,kn[les4 ,*e/nut ,hill1 8 8 #a horizontal high pressure4 ,frank=d1 8 8 #a comp\nd & #a ,wor?+ton4 ,brooklyn4--,wat]-works introduc$ 9 #ahei4 ,! sy/em is by pump+1 ) res]voir di/ribution4 ,! s\rce is ! s\!rn slope ( ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 t5 to tw5ty-two miles f ,ea/ ,riv]4 ,! wat] is ga!r$ f a dra9age area ( #fj squ>e miles by int]cept+ ponds1 & conduct$1 ?r\gh masonry conduit1 to ! pump well1 sev5 miles f ,ea/ ,riv]4 ,! natural fl[1 f ^! ponds1 into ! conduit be+ insuffici5t dur+ summ] "t1 pump+ eng9es 7 erect$1 #ahgd1 at ,watts' & ,smi?'s ponds to meet ! defici5cy4 ,! /orage res]voir1 built 9 #ahgc-'gf1 has a wat] surface ( #bej acres1 & a capacity ( "o billion gallons4 ,!re are ?ree l[-pressure beam-eng9es1 ) a comb9$ capacity ( #dd millions daily4 ,! di/ribut+ res]voir is #c1djj feet f pump+ wells1 at #afc feet elevation & ) a capacity ( #afj millions4 ,population1 9 #ahhj1 0 #eff1fhi4 ,miles ( pipe1 #cea4 ,daily av]age consumption ( wat]1 9 #ahhj1 #cj millions4 ,l>ge/ daily consumption #dh millions2 numb] ( taps1 #fj1jjj2 met]s1 #hei2 orig9al co/ ( works1 #e1bjj1jjj4 ,*icago4--,! fir/ works 7 con/ruct$ by ! ,*icago ,city ,hydraulic ,company 9 #ahdj1 ,lake ,mi*igan be+ ! s\rce4 ,! sup]iority ( ?is wat]1 z comp>$ ) well wat]1 s manife/$ itself dur+ ! *ol]a ( #ahdi-'ej t ! works became a public in/itution1 "u ^: control !y 7 enl>g$1 9 #ahed1 aft] plans ( ,wm4 ,j4 ,mc,alpine1 ,c4 ,e4 ,! sy/em is con/ant pump+ ?r\gh /&-pipe di/ribution1 #abj feet above city datum4 ,!re are two pump+ /ations--,nor? ,side & ,we/ ,side--! latt] be+ ! new works1 erect$ 9 #ahgd4 ,! s\rce is ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,previ\s to #ahfg ! intakes 7 ne> ! %ore2 &1 9 ord] to secure pure wat]1 a brick tunnel1 five feet wide by five feet two in*es 9 dep?1 0 built "u ! lake1 a l5g? ( two miles1 to a crib locat$ 9 ! lake4 ,a second tunnel1 #e ft4 9 diamet]1 p>allel to ! fir/1 & =ty-six feet ap>t1 0 con/ruct$ to ! ,nor? ,side ,works1 !nce cont9u+ "u ! city1 a di/ance ( #bj1jjj feet1 to ! ,we/ ,side ,works4 ,! ,nor? ,side ,works has f\r eng9es1 ) a comb9$ capacity ( #fd millions2 & ! ,we/ ,side ,works two eng9es1 ) a capacity ( #df millions4 ,9 #ahef a tw5ty-f\r in* wr\ght ma9 0 laid 9 ! ,*icago ,riv]2 b1 be=e br\ght into use1 0 injur$ by pile-driv+1 & _h to be relaid4 ,9 #ahfi all ! subm]g$ ma9s 7 ab&on$1 because ( frequ5t accid5ts1 & brick tunnels1 six feet 9 diamet]1 7 built "u ! riv]4 ,! /ati/ics = #ahhj 73 ,population1 #ejc1cjd2 miles ( pipe1 #dej2 daily av]age consumption1 #eg4d million gallons2 numb] ( met]s1 #b1jjj4 ,co/ ( ,we/ ,side ,works1 ) new tunnel1 #a1fjj1jjj4 ,total co/ ( works1 #h1fdd1jjj4 ,bo/on4--,9 #ahce !re 7 #b1gfg wells 9 use1 ?irty-?ree ( :i* 7 artesian1 besides a wat]-works "u ! control ( 8,! ,aqu$uct ,corporation40 ,out ( ! :ole numb] ( wells only sev5 furni%$ wat] s(t en\gh to use = wa%+4 ,9 #ahdj !re 0 great compla9t ( ! defici5cy ( wells1 & 9 "o case x 0 /at$ t a well f :i* _m drew _! wat]1 0 kept lock$ except at c]ta9 h\rs4 ,dur+ ?is "t !re 7 #ef res]voirs1 ea* hold+ #cjj to #djj hog%eads4 ,9 #ahdh wat] 0 fir/ introduc$ f ,lake ,co*ituate1 ?r\gh a brick conduit 7except ! ca/-iron syphon ov] ,*>les ,riv]71 ovi=m 9 %ape1 l>ge end d[n1 #f4cc feet high & #e feet wide4 ,its l5g? is #ad4fbg miles1 ) a total fall ( #d4bf feet4 ,x has a capacity ( deliv]+ #af million gallons daily1 ) a velocity ( "o foot p] second4 ,! area ( wat] surface1 at full wat]1 ( ,lake ,co*ituate is #hjj acres2 :5 drawn d[n #aj feet or level ( ! fl[ l9e ( conduit1 ! area is #dhi acres4 ,elevation is #acd4cf feet1 & bottom ( conduit at dam #aba feet above tide level4 ,!re are two granite dams #ejj feet ap>t4 ,! fir/ dam 0 built on quicks&1 & aft] fill+ ( ! lake1 spr+s boil$ up & wa%$ away ! s&4 ,! new supply f ,sudbury ,riv] 0 inaugurat$ 9 #ahgh4 ,! dra9age is #gh4bd squ>e miles4 ,! conduit is #af miles long1 ) a grade ( #a4jef feet p] mile4 ,x is built ( concrete & rubble masonry1 l9$ ) brick4 ,x crosses ! ,*>les ,riv] by granite bridge #dge feet long & #ge feet high4 ,its sectional area is #ef4ge squ>e feet1 & capacity #gj millions daily4 ,!re are two e>? embankm5t res]voirs1 "o ( #abj millions & ! o!r ( #eej millions capacity1 besides f\r /one masonry /ructures ( #bb millions capacity comb9$4 ,"o ( ! latt] is us$ = high s]vice1 is #bai feet above tide1 & has a capacity ( #g millions4 ,! ,roxbury ,high ,s]vice is suppli$ by two #bj by #cf pumps1 ?r\gh a /&-pipe #e feet 9 diamet] & #hj feet high4 ,!re is also a c\ple ( tempor>y high s]vice works4 ,!re are sev]al ca/-iron syphons ( #bj & #bd-;in* pipes1 ) ball & socket po9ts1 subm]g$ 9 ! riv]s4 ,a crack 9 "o ( ^! #bj-;in* pipes 0 /opp$ by p9e w$ges1 & !n cov]$ ) an india-rubb] b&1 secur$ by iron clamps4 ,! "w 0 done by a div]1 & occupi$ ?ree weeks4 ,! ,my/ic ,wat]-,works1 ( ,*>le/on1 became a "p ( ! ,bo/on ,wat] ,sy/em 9 #ahgc1 by annexation4 ,! population is #dab1jjj2 miles ( pipe1 #ejj2 daily av]age consumption1 #cf millions2 numb] ( wat] tak]s is #fh1ccd4 ,!re are #a1cac met]s 9 use4 ,! value ( ! works to ,decemb]1 #ahhj1 0 #ah1ced1gaf4ag4 ,/4 ,l\is4--,! fir/ wat]-works 0 built at foot ( ,bates ,/reet 9 #ahcj1 eight ye>s aft] x became an incorporat$ city4 ,! old works 7 entirely ab&on$ 9 #ahgb1 :5 ! new works1 built aft] ! design ( ,jas4 ,p4 ,kirkwood1 civil eng9e]1 7 put 9 op]ation4 ,! new pump+ /ations is at ,bissell's ,po9t at ! nor!rn city limit4 ,! wat] is tak5 f ,mississippi ,riv]1 ?r\gh a ca/-iron t[] 7arrang$ to take wat] at any level7 sunk 9 ! riv] to ! b$ rock1 & conduct$ by a #ff-;in* iron pipe to ! fir/ or l[ s]vice pumps1 :i* raises ! wat] f #ae to #ej feet1 accord+ to ! /age ( ! riv]1 into settl+ bas9s 7f\r 9 numb]1 ea* #be millions capacity72 f !nce x fl[s ?r\gh a brick conduit #a1ajj feet long1 to ! cle> well ( ! high s]vice or ma9 works4 ,! cle> wat] is pump$ ?r\gh a /& pipe into a res]voir on ,compton ,hill1 #hgj feet by #edj feet1 & #bb feet deep1 & #agf feet above city directrix4 ,! l[ s]vice works has two ,corni% bull & "o rotative eng9e1 & ! ma9 works has ?ree comb9ation beam eng9es ) a comb9$ capacity ( #dj millions ( gallons daily4 ,! s$im5t 9 ! wat] am\nts1 at times1 to #a4h p] c5t4 ( ! total bulk4 ,n9e hundr$ & =ty-f\r p>ts 9 "o ?\s& ( ! s$im5t is deposit$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 /ill wat]4 ,"o ( ! old res]voirs 0 ab&on$ entirely = twelve ye>s1 on acc\nt ( ! accumulation ( deposit1 be+ #cj feet 9 dep?4 ,x 0 clean$ by hydraulic m9+1 aft] a me?od design$ by ,h5ry ,flad1 civil eng9e]4 ,! population by la/ c5sus is #cej1ebb2 miles ( pipe1 #bjj2 daily consumption1 #be millions2 numb] ( taps1 #bj1jjj4 ,! co/ ( ! new works 0 ab\t five millions ( doll>s4 ,baltimore4--,9 #ahad an association 0 =m$ = ! purpose ( introduc+ a copi\s supply ( :olesome wat] into ! city f ,jones' ,falls4 ,! works 7 pur*as$ by ! city 9 #ahed = #a1cej1jjj1 & enl>g$ 9 #aheg-'fb4 ,! riv] wat] is div]t$ into ,lake ,rol&1 an artificial lake ( #aaf acres wat] surface4 ,f ?is res]voir x is br\ght ?r\gh an elliptical conduit1 #c4fb miles1 & dis*>g$ into ,hampd5 ,res]voir4 ,?is res]voir is semicircle 9 =m1 #a1jjj feet diamet]1 ) a wat] surface ( #h acres4 ,x is #bag feet above tide4 ,f ?is po9t ! wat] fl[s ?r\gh ?ree l9es ( #cj-;in* ca/-iron pipe1 #g1ajj feet 9 l5g?1 into ,mt4 ,royal ,res]voir1 :i* is a circul> /ructure #eej feet 9 diamet] ) a wat] surface ( #e acres1 & #aej feet above tide4 ,?is res]voir supplies t portion ( ! city bel[ #aab feet elevation4 ,! ,hampd5 ,res]voir supplies ! di/ricts betwe5 #aab feet & #ahh feet above tide1 & ! high s]vice res]voir ! di/rict betwe5 #ahh feet & #cbj feet above tide4 ,9 #ahfg ! ,druid ,lake 0 con/ruct$ ) a view ( /or+ cle> wat]1 to be us$ :5 ,lake ,rol& 0 muddy4 ,x is made by build+ an e>!n dam 7across a natural valley 9 ,druid ,hill ,p>k71 #aai feet high 9 ! middle ) a puddl$ wall 9 ! c5t] #cf feet wide at ! bottom4 ,! greate/ dep? ( wat] is #fc feet4 ,sev5 l9es ( ca/-iron pipe 7 orig9ally laid "u ! embankm5t1 b broke )9 two ye>s4 ,five l9es ( #cj-;in* pipe 7 !n laid ?r\gh a cut-9 rock4 ,its capacity is #dic1jjj1jjj gallons1 ) wat] surface ( #ec acres4 ,! high s]vice res]voir is circul>1 #ejj feet diamet]1 #bj feet deep1 & #cej feet above tide1 & suppli$ by two ,wor?+ton pumps4 ,! new supply f ,gunp[d] ,riv] is br\ght ?r\gh a #ab-;foot conduit #g miles 9 l5g?1 hav+ a capacity ( #agj million gallons1 to ,montebello ,res]voir1 ( #hj acres wat] surface1 & #afc feet above tide4 ,f "h x is convey$ p>tly 9 tunnel & 9 op5 cut #e1cia feet to ,lake ,clifton1 :i* has a wat] surface ( #cj acres & elevation #afc feet above tide1 & #ca feet deep4 ,provisions are made = six #dj-;in* ma9s2 two n[ be+ us$4 ,! new sy/em co/ #d1gjd1bfj4hc1 & 0 =m]ly inaugurat$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahha4 ,! /ati/ics = #ahhj are3 population1 #ccb1aij2 miles ( pipe1 #bgg2 wat] tak]s1 #di1jjj2 met]s1 #ebd2 out/&+ bonds am\nt+ to #i million doll>s4 ,buffalo takes its supply f a pi] 9 ,niag>a ,riv]1 & is conduct$ ?r\gh a tunnel #bb feet bel[ ! riv] bottom4 ,! sy/em is pump+ & res]voir di/ribution ) ,holly plan = fire purposes & supply ( high] levels4 ,at ! pump+ /ation !re are two ,wor?+tons--"o ( #aj million & ! o!r ( #ae million capacity--& a cond5s+ beam eng9e ( #h million capacity4 ,a ?ird ,wor?+ton is n[ 9 c\rse ( erection4 ,!re are ?ree ,holly pumps1 "o ( #a millions2 "o ( #b millions2 & "o ( #f millions capacity1 :i* take _! supply f ! face ma9 #bj feet bel[ ! res]voir1 & pump directly into ! ma9s4 ,! /ati/ics = #ahhj are3 population1 #aee1acg2 miles ( pipe1 #ajb2 daily consumption1 #af million gallons2 wat]-tak]s1 #i1jii4 ,! orig9al co/ ( ! works 0 #djj1jjj4 ,pres5t value #c million doll>s1 out/&+ bonds #b1iej1jjj4 ,wa%+ton is suppli$ f ! ,potomac ,riv] by div]t+ ! wat]s at ,great ,falls #ag miles above ! city1 by a dam ( cut masonry ) rip-rap back+4 ,its top is #adh feet above tide level at ,wa%+ton4 ,! wat] is conduct$ ?r\gh a brick aqu$uct #i feet 9 diamet]1 ) a grade ( #j4ge feet p] mile4 ,! res]voir at ,p[d] ,mill ,bran* 7made by damm+ ! /ream71 has a wat] surface ( #ej acres1 ) a capacity ( #agf million gallons4 ,! expectation t ! ,potomac wat]1 :i* is frequ5tly v muddy1 w\ld h "t to settle 9 ?is res]voir be=e be+ drawn f its outlet 0 n realiz$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! turbidity ( dra9age wat] collect$ by ! res]voir itself2 a connect+ conduit 0 !re=e built 9 #ahfd to supply direct f ,potomac ,riv]1 dur+ fre%ets1 9 ,p[d] ,mill ,bran*4 ,! high levels ( ,georget[n or ^? m ?an #ij feet above tide level1 are suppli$ by pump+ & res]voir di/ribution4 ,! res]voir is a hemisph]ical brick /ructure1 #abj feet 9 diamet]1 & #bbj feet above tide4 ,! /ati/ics = #ahhj are3 population1 #adg1cjg2 miles ( pipe1 #age2 daily consumption ( wat]1 #bf million gallons2 numb] ( taps1 #ag1jjj4 ,co/ ( aqu$uct & its ma9t5ance to ,june #cj1 #ahhj1 0 #c4h million doll>s1 & = wat] ma9s1 #a4g millions4 ,l\isville4--,! ,l\isville ,wat] ,company 0 *>t]$ 9 #ahed1 & 9 #ahef ! city subscrib$ to ! capital /ock to ! am\nt ( #eej1jjj4 ,! supply is tak5 f ! ,ohio ,riv]1 #a miles above ! city limits4 ,! intake is #cjj feet f %ore1 #ej feet 9 diamet]1 made ( a crib ( timb] fill$ 9 ) /one1 ! m\? ( ! inlet be+ #e by #ab feet1 & set #a foot bel[ l[e/ /age ( wat]4 ,by #ahfe ! inlet pipe 0 half full ( silt2 9 ord] to clean x a well 0 sunk ov] ! pipe1 #aje feet f its end1 ! pipe cut1 & !n clean$ out4 ,9 #ahgg ! pipe 0 aga9 cleans$4 ,an*or ice has giv5 !m mu* tr\ble4 ,!re are two ,corni% beam eng9es :i* deliv] ! wat] ?r\gh a wr\ght-iron /& pipe1 #dh in*es 9 diamet] & #acb feet high1 into a res]voir ( e>? embankm5ts1 #ada feet above l[ wat]1 & #c1fej feet f ! works4 ,! wat] surface ( ?is res]voir is #agh by #cgd feet4 ,! new res]voir on ,cresc5t ,hill is #age feet above l[ wat]1 & #b miles f /&-pipe4 ,x has a capacity ( #ajj millions4 ,not)/&+ extraord9>y c>e hav+ be5 tak5 9 ! f\ndations ( ?is res]voir1 leaks & slips occurr$ soon aft] x 0 fill$4 ,! /ati/ics = #ahhj are3 ,population1 #abc1fde2 miles ( pipe1 #aaj2 daily consumption ( wat]1 #e million gallons2 numb] ( met]s1 #bja2 hydraulic elevators4 #ej2 value ( ! works--con/ruction1 #hjj1jjj2 enl>gem5ts1 #b1djj1jjj2 total1 #c4b million doll>s4 ,san ,francisco is suppli$ by ! ,spr+ ,valley ,wat] ,company f ?ree s\rces4 ,"o f ,lobos ,creek1 #d miles f ! city1 :]e ! wat] is ga!r$ aft] sl[ p]colation ?r\gh s&1 & conduct$ ?r\gh #bc1gjj feet ( wood & masonry aqu$uct to ! pump+-works 7at z]o datum ( city level7 at ,po9t ,black4 ,^! eng9es raise ! wat] into two res]voirs on ,russian ,hill1 respectively #cif feet & #aci feet above city datum4 ,! ord9>y yield ( ! s\rce is #b millions daily4 ,ano!r s\rce is f ! m\nta9s ( ,san ,mateo ,c\nty1 #ae miles f ,san ,francisco1 :]e a dam 0 built 9 #ahfd1 #fdj feet long1 #bf feet wide on top1 #ie feet high1 ) slopes #b & #b to #a foot4 ,a puddle-tr5* is sunk #bf feet bel[ ! natural surface to ! rock4 ,aft] ! res]voir 0 full1 a leak appe>$ at "o end ( ! dam caus$ by an uns\nd rock4 ,:ile ! res]voir 0 full a %aft 0 sunk #hj feet deep to ! po9t1 & ! rock remov$ & replac$ ) puddle4 ,?is res]voir is #df feet deep1 & has a capacity ( #a1jhc million gallons1 ) a wat] surface ( #fib feet above ! sea4 ,! wat] is conduct$ #ac miles1 ?r\gh a flume p>tly ( #cj-;in* wr\ght-iron pipe1 to ,lagunda ,honda ,res]voir1 #cgg feet above ! sea1 ) a capacity ( #cc million gallons4 ,! ?ird supply is br\ght f ! wat]-%$ ( ,lock's ,creek1 #b4ge squ>e miles 9 area1 & #eje feet above tide4 ,?is wat] is convey$ #ag4db miles to ,/4 ,&res ,res]voir ?r\gh wr\ght-iron pipes & tunnels l9$ ) solid masonry4 ,! ,/4 ,&res ,res]voir has a capacity ( #g1jjj million gallons1 & is =m$ by an e>? dam #fdj feet long1 #be feet wide on ! top1 & #ic feet high1 ) a puddle-tr5* #dg feet m to ! rock4 ,! co/ ( ! works to #ahge 0 #h1gdf1ibh4ab4 ,am\nt paid on divid5ds to /ockhold]s #d1gja1efb4ah4 ,! population 9 #ahhj 0 #bcc1ief1 & daily consumption ( wat] #ag millions4 ,clevel&4--,! wat]-works 7 con/ruct$ 9 #ahec aft] ! plans ( ,t4 ,r4 ,sc[d51 civil eng9e]4 ,! sy/em is pump+ ?r\gh /& pipe ) res]voir di/ribution4 ,! s\rce is ,lake ,erie1 :]e ! wat] is tak5 ?r\gh a crib locat$ 9 lake1 #a miles f %ore1 & conduct$ ?r\gh tunnel "u lake to ! pump wells4 ,! pump+ /ations conta9s two ,corni%1 a 8,h5d]son0 comp\nd duplex1 & a #aj million ,wor?+ton4 ,! comb9$ capacity is #bh million gallons4 ,ano!r ,wor?+ton eng9e is be+ add$ to ! s]vice4 ,! /& pipe is #adh feet high & #cf in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! res]voir is made ( e>? embankm5ts1 #ba feet deep1 ) a capacity ( #h million gallons4 ,! population = #ahhj 0 #afj1adb2 miles ( pipe1 #abe2 daily consumption ( wat]1 #aj4ah million gallons4 ,total co/ ( works to ,janu>y #a1 #ahgh1 0 #b1djb1jjj4 ,bond$ indebt$ness1 #a1gbe1jjj4 ,co/ ( orig9al works1 #ebc1jjj4 ,portl&1 ,ma9e1 is suppli$ ) wat] f ,lake ,sebago1 :i* has /orage capacity suffici5t to supply ! l>ge/ city ( ! _w4 ,! total area ( wat]-%$ is #ebj squ>e miles4 ,! annual receipt ( moi/ure1 includ+ ra9 & sn[1 is #ea billion cubic feet1 :ile ! dis*>ge is #bj billion cubic feet4 ,! wat] is convey$ p>tly ?r\gh a box conduit1 #c #i by #c #f1 an oval brick conduit #e1ddj feet long1 #b by #c1 to a gate-h\se1 :5ce two wr\ght-iron ma9s1 l9$ inside & cov]$ outside ) be/ quality ,ros5dale cem5t1 ea* #af miles long1 di/ribute ! wat] to ! city4 ,"o ( ! ma9s is #bj in*es 9 diamet] = ! :ole l5g?1 ! o!r #bf & #bd in*es1 & respectively #d & #ab miles long4 ,! wat] sy/em is own$ by ! ,portl& ,wat] ,company4 ,c9c9nati4--,! p]man5t sy/em ( wat] supply 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahag1 :5 city c\ncil grant$ to ! ,c9c9nati ,manufactur+ ,company ! privilege ( supply+ ! city ) wat] = n9ety-n9e ye>s at an annual consid]ation ( #ajj--! wat] to fl[ ?ree feet above ! fir/ floor ( ,james ,f]guson's kit*51 on we/ side ( ,v9e1 betwe5 ,six? & ,sev5? ,/reets1 by #ahbj4 ,! fir/ wat] 0 drawn f a wood5 p5/ock at ,sycamore ,/reet & ,l[] ,m>ket1 ,july1 #ahba1 be+ rais$ by horse-p[] f ,ohio ,riv] at ! pres5t site ( pump+ works1 & =c$ into a wood5 res]voir1 & f !nce deliv]$ ?r\gh wood5 pipes to wat] consum]s4 ,! ,c9c9nati ,manufactur+ ,company transf]r$ its privileges1 9 #ahbj1 to ,samuel ,w4 ,davis1 & by him sold to ,c9c9nati ,wat] ,company 9 #ahbe4 ,! entire works 7 pur*as$ by ! city 9 #ahci1 = ! sum ( #cjj1jjj1 & consi/$ ( #ai miles ( wood5 pipes1 #c miles ( iron pipe1 res]voir 9 ?ree comp>tm5ts ( #a1gjj1jjj gallons capacity1 two high pressure pump+ eng9es ) a capacity ( #d1bjj1jjj gallons p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! managem5t ( ! wat] dep>tm5t 0 ve/$ fir/ ) a bo>d ( directors compos$ ( "o c\ncilman f ea* w>d4 ,9 #ahdg ?is p[] 0 giv51 by act ( legislature1 to a bo>d ( ?ree tru/ees elect$ by ! p1 & 9 #ahgf ! ,bo>d ( ,public ,works 0 e/abli%$1 :i* assum$ entire control ( all ! public works1 includ+ ! wat]-works4 ,! city is suppli$ by pump+ & res]voir sy/em1 ) a ma9 & two auxili>y pump+ works1 & f\r di/9ct res]voir or di/ribut+ s]vices4 ,! ma9 "w is locat$ on ! bank ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 & takes its supply ?r\gh two /one aqu$ucts1 ea* #ajj feet 9 l5g?4 ,! we/]n "o is ext5d$ #fj feet fur!r into ! *annel ( ! riv] by two #dj-;in* wr\ght-iron pipes4 ,! pump+ eng9es at ^! works are--?ree d\ble & ?ree s+le eng9es ) a comb9$ !oretical capacity ( #di millions1 ) pres5t available capacity ( #cb millions4 ,! olde/ res]voir1 built 9 #ahej-'ec1 is a /one /ructure1 entirely above ! surface gr\nd1 made 9 two divisions #bc feet 9 dep?2 ! ea/]n "p be+ #afc by #aaf feet1 & we/]n #ahj by #aaf feet4 ,its capacity is #e million gallons4 ,! co/ 0 #ej1jjj2 its elevation1 #agf feet above l[-wat] m>k 9 ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,! l>ge/ res]voir is built 9 a rav9e1 :]e a masonry /ructure 0 erect$ #a1bea feet long1 #abj feet high1 #dh feet 9 wid? at ! bottom1 & #be feet on top4 ,!re are two comp>tm5ts =m$ by a masonry wall #cjg feet 9 l5g?1 #cj feet at ! base1 #aj feet on top1 & #fg feet extreme height4 ,! upp] "p conta9s #eg millions1 & ! l[] #dc million gallons1 at #cj feet dep?4 ,! elevation ( fl[ l9e is #bce feet above l[ wat] 9 ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,! co/ 0 #a1ffj1jjj4 ,! high s]vice ,no4 #a supplies ne>ly two millions daily to ! hill-tops1 pump+ into two iron tanks1 ea* #fj feet diamet] by #ch feet high1 #caj feet above ! pump+ /ation level1 ?r\gh #b1gjj feet ( #bj-;in* & #d1eja feet ( #af-;in* ca/-iron pipe4 ,! co/ ( ?is s]vice to #ahha1 ) =ty miles ( pipe1 two pump+ eng9es ( six million capacity1 tanks1 etc41 0 ne>ly half a million doll>s4 ,no4 #b1 high s]vice1 0 />t$ 9 ,june1 #ahha4 ,ab\t #ae1jjj gallons are pump$ daily into an iron tank1 ?irty feet 9 diamet] by sixte5 feet high1 tempor>ily erect$ on wood5 supports sixte5 feet high4 ,! elevation ( fl[ l9e ( tank is #ced feet above ! pump /ation4 ,numb] ( miles ( pipe 9 use 7#ahhj7 #ahi ,numb] ( valves 9 use #b1ccd ,numb] ( bran*es or taps #bc1fbg ,numb] ( met]s #ede ,numb] ( hydraulic elevators #cah ,daily av]age consumption ( wat] = #ahhj #ai1dgf1gci ,population #bfj1jjj ,gallons ( wat] p] inhabitant p] #bd h\rs #ge ,l>ge/ consumption ( wat] = "o day1 #ahhj #bg1iea1cia ,! pres5t value ( works is #f1ggh1hdg4ee1 di/ribut$ z foll[s3 ,hunt ,/reet ,pump+ ,works #ahd1dge4ih ,front 8 8 8 #a1fif1cef4cc ,?ird ,/reet ,res]voir & prop]ty #djj1jjj4jj ,mt4 ,auburn ,tanks #ce1jjj4jj ,wat] ,ma9s #b1gjf1hfd4eh ,we/]n ,hill ,supply1 ,no4 #b1 ,high ,s]vice #eh1fjc4fa ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 ,res]voir #a1fgj1bbe4ee ,(fice ,fixtures #e1jjj4jj ,m>kley ,f>m #bb1cba4ej ,! am\nt ( out/&+ wat]-works bonds is #a1fbe1jjj4jj4 ,! wat]-fund provides = ! int]e/ on ! entire fund1 & a s9k+ fund = #fjj1jjj ( bond$ indebt$ness4 ,! dep>tm5t furni%es free wat] to ! fire dep>tm5t & public build+s to ! am\nt ( #dj1jjj p] annum4 ,! net wat]-r5t receipts = #ahhj 7 #dii1heg4cf ,net exp5ses #ahf1ebg4ij ,net int]e/ #ajb1gfh4jj #bhi1bie4ij ----------- ,net ga9 7appli$ to ext5sion ( ma9s7 #baj1efa4df ,tol$o e/abli%$ h] wat]-works 9 #ahgc-'gd1 aft] plans ( ,j4 ,d4 ,cook1 ,c4 ,e4 ,! wat] is tak5 f ! ,maumee ,riv]1 ?r\gh a hexagonal crib1 made ( two r[s ( pil+1 ) ! space fill$ ) brok5 /one & co>se gravel1 & convey$1 ?r\gh wr\ght-iron pipe & five foot brick conduit five hundr$ feet long1 to filt] gall]y ( #ai1jjj squ>e feet4 ,! filt]+ mat]ial is #bd in*es ( brok5 /one1 #f in*es ( #b-;in* gravel1 #f in*es ( #a-;in* gravel1 #f in*es ( -in* gravel1 #f in*es ( -in* gravel1 & #bd in*es ( f9e s&4 ,maximum dep? ( wat] is f\r feet4 ,! filt]$ wat] is dis*>g$ into a cle>-wat] res]voir by means ( ga!r+ dra9s & an efflu5t pipe1 & !nce to ! pump well4 ,!re are two ,wor?+ton eng9es1 ea* ( five million capacity1 pump+ aga9/ a #bfj-;foot lift1 into a /&-pipe4 ,! co/ ( ! works to ,decemb] #ca1 #ahhj1 includ+ int]e/1 0 #a1ade1dgf4fb2 population1 #ej1adc2 miles ( pipe1 #df4hg2 met]s1 #dj2 taps1 #a1faf2 daily consumption1 #c1bfb1jjj gallons4 ,london is suppli$ ) wat] by ! foll[+ companies3 ,,"n ,,( ,,s\rce ,,( ,,av]age ,,daily,,no4 ,,h\ses ,,e/imat$ ,,company4 ,,supply4 ,,supply4 ,,suppli$4,,population4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,k5t ,wat] ,co4 ,*alk ,wells4 #f1hbh1gjj #dc1ija #bej1jjj ,new ,riv] ,co4 ,lea ,riv] & #bg1agi1jjj #abc1dic #ijj1jjj o!r s\rces4 ,ea/ ,london ,co4 ,lea ,?ames #bd1ged1iai #ajg1hea #hjh1hhb ,riv]s4 ,s\?w>k ,?ames ,riv]4 #ai1bfd1bej #hj1adf #ejb1cej ,vauxhall ,co4 ,we/ ,middlesex ,co4 8 8 #aj1dfh1ach #dg1jci #ccb1gib ,gr& ,junction ,co4 8 8 #ab1jag1hcj #c81gji #cba1cha ,lambe? ,wat] ,co4 8 8 #ac1fga1ijj #eb1ebi #cfg1gjc ,*elsea ,wat] ,co4 8 8 #h1acd1cjj #bh1cie #baj1jjj ,,"n ,,( ,,capacity ,,( ,,filt] ,,eng9e ,,p[]4 ,,company4 ,,subsid+ ,,b$s4 --------- ,,res]voirs ---------------------- ,,greate/ ,,9 ,,mil4 ,,gals4 ,,no4,,area ,,9 ,,no4 ,,horse ,,lift ,,acres4 ,,p[]4 ,,9 ,,feet4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,k5t ,wat] ,co4 -- -- -- #af #a1bia #cad ,new ,riv] ,co4 #afi #ac #aa #bb #a1hjd #bgj ,ea/ ,london ,co4 #fje #be #bc #ah #b1dge #cce ,s\?w>k #ff #i #ad #aa #b1jjj #cfj ,vauxhall ,co4 ,we/ ,middlesex ,co4 #eg #e #h #ag #a1dfa #aie ,gr& ,junction ,co4 #ai #d #g #aa #a1hbj #ahj ,lambe? ,wat] ,co4 #abe #g #d #ag #a1dfj #chj ,*elsea ,wat] ,co4 -- #g #f #h #a1jbe #age ,! ,ea/ ,london ,company has its intakes fur!r up ! ,?ames ?an ! o!r works1 :]e pump+ eng9es1 ( #gej horse-p[]1 are capable ( deliv]+ t5 million gallons daily1 ?r\gh a /&-pipe #bdj feet high & ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 into its subsid+ res]voirs4 ,x also takes its supply p>tly f ! ,lea ,riv]4 ,! ,we/ ,middlesex ,company is above ,hampton1 & two miles bel[ ! ,ea/ ,london ,company's works4 ,! wat] is drawn f ! riv] e day1 :atev] its /ate may be2 b1 9 times ( exceptionally f\l wat]1 ! intake is r$uc$ z mu* z possible4 ,close to ! ,we/ ,middlesex ,company is ! ,gr& ,junction works4 ,ne> ! latt] are ! works ( ! ,s\?w>k ,vauxhall ,company4 ,& at ,?ames ,ditton1 two miles fur!r d[n1 are ! ,lambe? & ,*elsea works4 ,! ,k5t ,wat] ,company takes its supply1 exclusively1 f deep wells 9 ! *alk4 ,! ,new ,riv] ,company takes its supply *iefly f ! ,lea ,riv]4 ,x has suppli$ a l>ge portion ( ,london1 = two hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s1 ?r\gh a conduit orig9ally =ty miles 9 l5g?1 :i* has be5 %ort5$ by v>i\s cuts4 ,! /ati/ics1 z p] mon?ly report = ,july1 #ahge1 73 ,population1 #c1gac1ajh2 miles ( pipe1 #c1jgd2 daily av]age consumption f ,?ames1 #fd1gia1jjj gallons2 daily av]age consumption f o!r s\rces1 #eg1ebh1jjj gallons4 ,total daily av]age1 #abb1cai1jjj gallons4 ,! ,capital inve/$ 9 ! supply ( wat] by ^! eight companies repres5ts a total sum ( #ea1ijj1jjj4 ,! l>ge/ pump+ eng9es 9 use1 9 #ahge1 73 ,,/eam ,,cyl9d]4 ,,pump4 ,s+le-act+ beam-eng9e at ,batt]sea works4 #aab #aj #ej #aj 8 8 at ,gr& ,junction4 #ij #aa #ch #aa 8 8 at ,ea/ ,london4 #ajj #aa #ej #aa 8 8 at ,ea/ ,london4 #he #aj #dc #i ,an act ( #ahga provides p[] to compel ! companies to give con/ant supply :5 ! public au?orities may dem& x4 ,by ! act ( #ahgb a ,gov]nm5t ,inspector 0 appo9t$1 :o exam9es & reports mon?ly ! condition ( ! works & ! "* ( ! wat] furni%$4 ,z ! ,london & ,lea ,riv]s h be5 condemn$ by ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission1 z well z ! %all[ surface wells1 ( :i* !y say1 are n fit = human consumption1 sev]al s*emes h be5 propos$ = new or improv$ s\rces4 ,mr4 ,bateman propos$ to furni% a daily supply1 equal to #bbj million gallons1 f ! m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,wales1 :]e ! annual ra9-fall am\nts f #gj to #aej in*es4 ,! co/ 0 e/imat$ at #ea1jjj1jjj4 ,! plan propos$ by ,messrs4 ,hemans & ,hass>d is to ga!r ! wat] f ! m\nta9s 9 ,cumb]l&1 :]e a supply equal to #bej million gallons daily c be secur$ = ! sum ( #fa1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission 7 ( ! op9ion1 t an ample supply ( :olesome wat] c\ld be secur$ f ! *alk wells & spr+s1 )9 a radius n exce$+ fifty miles ( ,london4 ,liv]pool _h 9 #ahgd1 #dic1dje inhabitants4 ,x is suppli$ ) wat] p>tly by gravitation & p>tly by pump+ f deep wells 9 & ne> ! city4 ,! gravitation-works are situat$ on ! slopes ( ,riv+ton ,pike1 a di/ance ab\t #cc miles4 ,"o-?ird ( ! /orage wat] is requir$ = comp5sation purposes4 ,! area ( wat]-%$ is #aj1jjj acres2 t ( ! imp\nd+ res]voirs & filt]-b$s #edi acres1 ) a /orage capacity ( #c billion gallons4 ,! ord9>y "w ( ! six filt]-b$s is #ad million gallons daily4 ,! mat]ials us$ = filtration are3 #b feet %>p riv] s&1 clean gravel ( ! foll[+ dep?s & sizes3 #f in*es -in* diamet]1 #f in*es -in* diamet]1 #f in*es -in* diamet]1 #f in*es #a-;in* diamet]1 & #f in*es #b-;in* diamet]2 #f in*es ( brok5 /one #d-;in* diamet]1 & #ab in*es brok5 /one #f-;in* diamet]4 ,! co/ ( filtration is #a4cg p] million gallons4 ,! wat]1 aft] filtration1 fl[s f ! cle> wat] tank ?r\gh a ma91 #dd in*es diamet] & #ah miles 9 l5g?1 to ! s]vice res]voir at ,prescott1 #ajb feet l[] ?an ! cle> wat] tank2 to break ! pressure 9 ?is l5g? !re are two small res]voirs4 ,f ,prescott ! l9e is cont9u$ by two pipes1 "o #dd in*es & ! o!r #cf in*es 9 diamet]1 a di/ance ( five miles to ! s]vice res]voirs1 :i* are sev5 9 numb]1 ) a wat] surface area ( #cg acres1 & #aad million gallons capacity4 ,!y are p>tly above gr\nd & cov]$4 ,! quantity deliv]$ ?r\gh ! conduit1 is #aj million gallons daily4 ,!re are f\r pump+ /ations locat$ at ! respective wells1 ) five ,corni% & five ,bolton & ,watts' cond5s+ eng9es4 ,f\r pump+ /ations h be5 ab&on$ on acc\nt ( ! pollution 9 well wat]4 ,"p ( ! t[n is suppli$ directly f ma9s & p>tly f ci/]ns4 ,x is n[ compulsory = all new prop]ty to be provid$ ) ci/]ns1 & t ! ov]fl[-pipe be c>ri$ outside ! premises in/ead ( be+ connect$ to soil-pipe or sew]4 ,a special /aff ( m5 is employ$ to make h\se-to-h\se inspection ( all wat] fitt+s & appliances4 ,! co/ ( ! wat]-works 0 ab\t #aj million doll>s1 & is inadequate4 ,!y are n[ con/ruct+ an artificial lake1 #a mile wide by #e miles long1 = imp\nd+ ! wat]s ( ! ,vyrnwy ,riv] 9 ,nor? ,wales1 #ghj feet above ! sea level1 & #fg miles di/ant f ! city4 ,! area ( wat]-%$ is #bb1jjj acres4 ,! dam w be a masonry /ructure1 #abj feet extreme dep?1 & #ajj feet wide at base2 /orage capacity1 #a1ijj million gallons4 ,! co/ is e/imat$ at #ae1jjj1jjj1 & daily capacity #eb million gallons4 ,glasg[4--,! pres5t wat] sy/em 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahef1 & complet$ 9 #ahei1 aft] ! designs ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,bateman1 civil eng9e]4 ,! supply is tak5 f ,lo* ,katr9e1 includ+ ,lo*s ,drunkie & ,v5na*>1 ) a dra9age area ( #dg1hjj acres1 & a /orage capacity ( #a1dee million cubic feet4 ,! total l5g? ( aqu$uct is #be miles1 ( :i* #ac are tunnel$1 #c ( iron pipe across valleys1 & rema9+ #i miles ( op5 cutt+s & bridges4 ,!re are #hj di/9ct tunnels4 ,! capacity ( aqu$uct is #ej million gallons p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! am\nt requir$ = comp5sation purposes is fix$ at #dj million gallons daily1 to be dis*>g$ into ! ,riv] ,tei?4 ,! co/ ( ! works 0 #f million doll>s4 ,! wat] is exceptionally s(t1 be+ less ?an "o degree4 ,man*e/]4--,! new supply 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahdh1 design$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,bateman1 civil eng9e]4 ,! s\rce is 9 ! c\nties ( ,d]by & ,*e/]1 #ggg feet above city datum4 ,!re are ?irte5 /orage & di/ribut+ res]voirs1 ) a wat] surface ( #ige acres1 & capacity ( #f1deh million gallons4 ,! greate/ dep? ( res]voirs is #hd feet4 ,! conduit is #ah miles 9 l5g?4 ,! dra9age area is #ai1cjj acres4 ,available daily supply is #cc million gallons1 ( :i* #ac millions are requir$ = mill-own]s4 ,! av]age ra9-fall is #ej in*es1 & mean available res\rce ( #cc in*es4 ,! co/ ( ! works 0 #d million doll>s4 ,! population 9 #ahgd 0 #gej1jjj2 daily av]age consumption #af million gallons1 & #eej miles ( pipe4 ,ed9burgh d]ives its supply f spr+s & brooks fl[+ f ! nor!rn slope ( ! ,p5tl& ,m\nta9s4 ,! wat] is collect$ 9 /orage res]voirs1 ) a capacity ( #bhj million cubic feet1 ?ree ( :i* are comp5sat+ res]voirs = mill-own]s4 ,! conduit is #h miles 9 l5g?1 & v>ies f #bj to #ae in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wat] is di/ribut$ directly into ma9s ) an equaliz+ ci/]n on ! ,ca/le ,hill1 #bbe feet bel[ ! s\rce ( supply1 & #ccb feet above tide4 ,! capacity ( pipe is #bec cubic feet p] m9ute4 ,!re 7 ?ree filt]-b$s 79 #ahfh7 a %ort di/ance bel[ ! res]voir embankm5t4 ,! s& surface ( ea* is #ij by #ij feet4 ,! sup]ficial area ( ! ?ree filt]s1 #bd1cjj squ>e feet2 maximum rate ( filtration1 #he ,u4 ,s4 gallons p] squ>e foot p] diem4 ,! spr+ wat] is n filt]$4 ,! additional works 7 complet$ 9 #ahfh1 :i* increas$ ! supply to #iib cubic feet p] m9ute1 or #aj1fhe1ggj ,u4 ,s4 gallons p] day4 ,dubl9 secures its wat] supply f ! ,v>try ,riv]1 #bd miles di/ant f city1 & #fib feet above l[ wat] at ,dubl94 ,! area ( wat]-%$ is #ad1jhd acres2 ! /orage capacity1 #b1djj million gallons4 ,! wat] is convey$ ?r\gh a #cc-;in* ca/-iron pipe 7) an av]age fall ( #bj feet to ! mile7 to ! ,/illogram di/ribut+ res]voir4 ,!re are ?ree receiv+ tanks on ! l9e1 ) self-act+ valves to %ut (f ! wat] 9 case ( pipe bur/+4 ,! di/ribut+ res]voirs conta9 #hf million gallons--are #bcj feet above ! av]age head ( ! city1 & #d miles di/ant4 ,two #bg-;in* pipes di/ribute ! wat] to ! city f ?is po9t4 ,!re 7 sev5 filt]-b$s 9 #ahge1 ea* #bae feet & #aae feet at ! top & #ahg feet by #hi feet at ! bottom1 & #aj feet deep4 ,! filt]+ mat]ial is #f feet deep1 compos$ ( #b feet #d-;in* /one1 #b feet gravel1 & #b feet wa%$ s&4 ,! head on filt]-b$ 0 increas$ f #b to #c feet to secure l>g] supply4 ,! total co/ ( ?is new supply 0 #c million doll>s4 ,! wat]-rate taxation is #bf;d4 p] p\nd4 ,! population 9 #ahge 0 #ccj1jjj2 daily av]age consumption1 #ad million gallons4 ,all plumb] fitt+s mu/ be inspect$ & /amp$1 = :i* a fee ( two c5ts is *>g$4 ,?is consumption1 by c>eful inspection1 0 r$uc$ f #ai millions4 ,! l>ge/ annual ra9-fall f #ahfa to #ahgd 0 #fi4cd in*es2 m9imum1 #dj4jh in*es4 ,fifte5 in*es is all[$ = evaporation1 leav+ #be in*es = available supply = ! drye/ ye> dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,b]l94--,! wat] dep>tm5t is own$ by an ,engli% company1 call$ ! ,b]l9 ,wat] ,company1 :o h _h ! exclusive privilege ( supply+ filt]$ wat] z requir$ by ! contracts s9ce #ahef4 ,aft] #ahha ! ,gov]nm5t has ! option ( tak+ /ock1 & %\ld ! divid5ds exce$ #aj p] c5t41 "o-half ( ! surplus is to g to ! sew]age fund = ! propos$ sew]s4 ,! wat] is d]iv$ ma9ly f ! ,riv] ,spree1 ?r\gh a canal rea*+ to ! middle ( ! riv]4 ,! pump+ /ation is "o mile outside ( ! city1 9 :i* are locat$ eight d\ble pump+ eng9es1 ea* pair hav+ two beams1 two pumps1 & "o fly-:eel4 ,! fir/ f\r eng9es erect$ h pump-b>rels ( unequal diamet] & /roke1 be+ respectively1 #ch & #ba in*es diamet] & #cb & #cf in*es /roke4 ,! l>ge b>rel 0 orig9ally us$ = ! deliv]y ( ! riv] wat] to ! filt]-b$s "u a pressure n exce$+ #bj feet2 ! small b>rel deliv]$ ! filt]$ wat] into ! city "u a v>y+ pressure ( #ij to #abj feet4 ,z n[ op]at$1 ! f\r olde/ eng9es pump ! riv] wat] into ! settl+ or /orage bas9 be=e filtration2 :ile ! o!r f\r deliv] ! filt]$ wat] directly into ! city ma9s1 b ! pressure is regulat$ by a res]voir & /&-pipe along-side ( x4 ,! /&-pipe is d\ble-legg$1 connect$ at f\r po9ts1 ea* connection hav+ a valve1 except ! highe/4 ,! highe/ connection is #bjj feet above ! pump-h\se1 ! l[e/ ab\t #aae1 ) o!rs int]m$iate4 ,! wat] ( ! small res]voir1 :5 full1 /&s at ab\t #aaj feet above ! pump well4 ,!re 7 elev5 filt]s 9 #ahge1 ) an area ( #djj1jjj squ>e feet4 ,dur+ ! summ] only eight ( ! b$s are us$ effectually4 ,!y are clean$ 9 w9t] e mon?1 & e week 9 summ]4 ,"o-half ( ! old s& is replac$ ea* "t ( cleans+ ) new s&4 ,! av]age rate ( filtration is #ij gallons p] squ>e foot1 & maximum rate #abj gallons p] squ>e foot p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! filt]+ mat]ials consi/ ( #bd in*es %>p s&1 #c in*es ( co>se s&1 ?ree c\rses1 ea* #f in*es 9 dep?1 ( gravel1 ( ! size ( a pea1 hazelnut1 & walnut1 & #i in*es ( granite pieces4 ,! head ( wat] on filt] is #ci in*es4 ,frequ5tly ! riv] wat] is pump$ directly into ! filt]-b$s )\t subsid5ce4 ,! /ream is v sluggi% 9 its velocity1 be+ held back by locks = ! purpose ( navigation1 ! wat] does n c>ry suffici5t s$im5t to r5d] subsid5ce a necessity4 ,!re are1 besides1 c]ta9 lakes n f> above ! works ?r\gh :i* ! riv] fl[s1 t are effective settl+ bas9s4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 communicate to ! wat] a d>k vegetable t+e4 ,! /ati/ics = #ahge 73 ,population1 #ifi1jjj2 daily av]age consumption1 #ab million gallons2 numb] ( met]s1 #f1iaf4 ,wat]-r5t receipts1 = #ahge1 7 #fjj1jjj or #ac c5ts p] ?\s& gallons1 & exp5ses 7 #cgf1jjj1 or #h c5ts p] ?\s& gallons4 ,! wat] r5ts are assess$ ^u ! valuation ( ! prop]ty1 ) extra rates = additional wat] privileges4 ,new works 7 erect$ 9 #ahge-'gg1 ) a daily maximum capacity ( #ab million gallons4 ,! s\rce is ! 8,tegel] ,see40 ,! wat] is collect$1 by infiltration1 9 tw5ty-?ree ci/]ns1 ea* hav+ a sep>ate connection to a suction-pipe1 #cf in*es diamet]1 #d1jjj feet long1 :i* leads to ! pump wells1 /ation$ midway on ! suction l9e4 ,! ci/]ns are circul> 9 =m1 ) two conc5tric walls1 ! fir/ ( /one1 ! second ( brick1 ) an int]v5+ space fill$ ) gravel ?r\gh :i* ! wat] p]colates4 ,! int]/ices ( ! /one are small1 to prev5t ! wa%+ 9 ( s&1 9 :i* ! wells are made4 ,! wat] is pump$1 by six comp\nd eng9es1 into a res]voir ( two comp>tm5ts1 :5ce x fl[s into a second pump+ /ation at ,*>lott5burgh1 :]e f\r comp\nd eng9es raise ! wat] a second "t1 ) a lift ( #abe feet1 into two res]voirs ( six million capacity4 ,! wat] is !n di/ribut$ into ! city by two l9es1 "o = ! nor? side1 ! o!r = ! s\? side ( ! city4 ,! fir/ pump+ /ation is f\r miles f ! second works1 & ! latt] six miles f ! city4 ,vi5na _h a population1 9 #ahge1 ( #a1jjg1cfe4 ,previ\s to ! application ( ! new supply1 9 #ahgc1 ! city 0 suppli$ by t5 ?\s& wells2 t5 gravitation works1 = suburbs1 public & private build+s1 palaces1 etc42 f\r pump+ works--"o = l>ge abattoir1 "o = ! p>ks1 a special supply = ! ma9 /reet1 call$ ,r+ ,/rasse1 :i* co/ #ge1jjj1 besides sev]al small private works1 & sixty-six public wells = /reet spr9kl+1 etc4 ,! fir/ pump+ works 0 erect$ 9 #ahdc1 by ,emp]or ,f]d9& ,i41 & giv5 by him to ! city4 ,! total co/1 to #ahga1 ( ?is s]vice1 0 ne>ly #a1bjj1jjj1 consi/+ ( ?ree pump+ eng9es1 ( ,watts' ,wolf's designs1 ) a gross horse-p[] ( #bbj2 ?ree res]voirs1 & a suction & filt] canal #bg1jjj feet long4 ,! wat] is tak5 f a canal ( ! ,danube1 & rais$ =ty-sev5 feet high4 ,! daily deliv]y 0 #b1fjj1jjj gallons4 ,9 #ahfd1 fifte5 projects = supply+ ! city ) wat] 7 submitt$1 & ! plan ( secur+ ! spr+ wat] f ! foot ( ! ,alps 0 adopt$4 ,"w 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahgj1 & complet$ 9 #ahgc4 ,! co/ 0 ne>ly #aa1jjj1jjj4 ,! mean quantity secur$ daily f ! spr+s 0 orig9ally #cg millions1 ! maximum #de millions1 & m9imum #e millions4 ,! wat] is collect$ 9 ?ree res]voirs1 locat$ on m\nta9 ridges1 ) a capacity ( "o million gallons4 ,! conduit is fifty miles long1 & has sixte5 tunnels1 #e4b miles long1 drift$ ?r\gh rock & cem5t$1 & n9e & "o-half miles ( masonry bridges4 ,! wat] is deliv]$ into a res]voir1 ar*$ & cov]$ ) gr\nd2 f ?is x is l$ into ?ree o!r cov]$ res]voirs1 ) a comb9$ capacity ( sev5 millions4 ,! quantity realiz$ f ! spr+s 0 n z l>ge z expect$1 & additional spr+s 7 add$ to ! s\rce at an exp5se ( #bej1jjj4 ,x is n[ ! int5tion to increase ! ma9 pump+ works = manufactur+ purposes1 s z to r$uce ! supply ( spr+ wat] = dome/ic use4 ,hamburg _h a population1 9 #ahge1 ( #ccg1fjb4 ,! wat]-works 7 erect$ 9 #ahdi4 ,! wat] is tak5 f ! ,riv] ,elbe1 ?r\gh an ar*$ canal1 to f\r pump wells 7= subsid5ce ( ! wat]7 ) a comb9$ capacity ( #ec million gallons4 ,! wat] is slightly turbid1 except 9 floods4 ,! pump+ /ation is two miles above ! city1 & conta9s f\r ,cornwall & "o ,wolf eng9e1 ) a total horse-p[] ( #hej4 ,! wat] is =c$ ?r\gh a /&-pipe #bdj feet high1 "u a v>iable pressure1 accord+ to ! dem&1 into ! pipes4 ,!re are ?ree res]voirs = equaliz+ ! pressure1 also /orage ( wat]4 ,two ( !m are /one /ructures2 ! o!r is a cov]$ iron tank on a /one f\ndation #ci feet high4 ,! maximum consumption 0 #ai millions daily2 & daily av]age1 = #ahge1 0 #ae millions1 or #de gallons p] inhabitant4 ,! co/ ( pump+ "o million gallons is #bj1 or #h4cc = "o million gallons rais$ #ajj feet high4 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9 0 suppli$ by well wat]4 ,9 #ahgb1 a supply 0 br\ght into ! city f ! ,spess>t ,m\nta9s1 :]e ! wat] f #aci spr+s 7 ga!r$ toge!r1 & convey$ ?r\gh an aqu$uct #da miles long1 two miles ( :i* is made ( cem5t #i to #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 #ch miles ( #ad-;in* ca/-iron pipe1 & mile ( canal4 ,! wat] fl[s ?r\gh a syphon t[]4 ,!re are two res]voirs--"o ( #c millions1 & ! o!r ( 4#h ( a million capacity4 ,! population1 9 #ahge1 0 #ajc1acf4 ,daily av]age consumption1 #a million gallons2 miles ( pipe1 #fd4 ,leipsic4--,! wat]-works 0 built1 by ! city1 9 #ahff1 at a co/ ( #ijj1jjj4 ,! wat] is tak5 f ! ,pleisse ,riv]1 ?r\gh an ar*$ aqu$uct1 #fef feet long1 to subsid+ res]voirs or wells1 two miles 9 diamet]1 & ?irte5 feet bel[ ! l[e/ /age 9 ! riv]4 ,! wat] is pump$ into a res]voir1 #adj feet lift1 by two ,wolf eng9es1 ) a p[] ( #abj horse-p[]4 ,! maximum daily consumption ( wat]1 9 #ahgf1 0 #b4f millions1 & ! m9imum 0 #a4h million gallons4 ,/uttg>t _h a population1 9 #ahge1 ( #ajg1ege4 ,x has two k9ds ( supply--"o = dr9k+1 t ( spr+ wat]1 & ! o!r = manufactur+ & g5]al use4 ,= ! latt] dem&s1 ! supply is tak5 p>tly f ! ,neck> ,riv]1 & pump$ ?r\gh ?ree artificial filt] b$s2 & p>tly f lakes1 ^: wat] is conduct$1 ?r\gh ca/-iron pipes #ae1jjj feet 9 l5g?1 to five filt]-b$s1 & !nce into two res]voirs1 #ade feet bel[ ! lake4 ,! res]voir1 = ! filt]$ wat] f ! riv]1 is ?ree miles f ! pump+ /ation1 & #ahj feet elevation4 ,sev5 million gallons are us$ daily4 ,! spr+ wat] is conduct$ ?r\gh #bc4f miles ( pipe1 into a res]voir ( #acb1jaj gallons capacity4 ,! maximum daily consumption ( spr+ wat]1 9 #ahge1 0 #ehj1hjj gallons1 & m9imum consumption #cfi1fjj gallons4 ,dresd54--,! wat]-works 7 erect$1 9 #ahge1 at a co/ ( #b1jjj1jjj4 ,! available maximum deliv]y 0 #aa4hh million gallons p] day4 ,! wat] is tak5 f ! ,elbe ,riv]1 ?r\gh two ca/-iron pipes1 #i4h feet bel[ l[ wat]1 & convey$ to two wells1 #bc feet 9 diamet]1 dug along-side ( ! riv]4 ,! wat] is pump$1 by six d\ble eng9es1 ) #gbj horse-p[]1 ?r\gh #c1fjh feet ( pipe1 into a res]voir #aig feet above ! pump+ /ation4 ,! maximum daily consumption ( wat]1 9 #ahge1 0 #c4g million gallons1 & m9imum 4#g ( a million2 population1 #aig1jjj4 ,9 #ahgf !re 7 #b1jdg met]s 9 use4 ,m>seilles obta9s its wat] supply f ! ,durance ,riv]1 at a po9t sixty-two miles f ! city4 ,! wat] is convey$ ?r\gh an op5 canal 7except+ ! num]\s tunnels7 ) a fall ( six in*es p] mile4 ,?irty-f\r millions1 ( ! #aei millions total daily ord9>y fl[ ( ! canal1 is consid]$ suffici5t = ! city1 ! balance be+ available = irrigation & wat]-p[]1 :ile ! wa/e fl[s into ! sea4 ,ab\t "o-sev5? ( ! wat]1 z e/imat$1 is lo/ by evaporation & filtration4 ,!re 7 five settl+ bas9s1 ) a wat] surface ( #bbj acres1 con/ruct$ along ! l9e ( ! canal1 design$ to increase ! deposition ( ! heavi] p>ticles ( s$im5t by dim9i%+ ! velocity ( ! wat]4 ,only "o ( ^! bas9s 0 s]viceable 9 #ahfh4 ,! l>ge/ "o 0 us$ = a %ort p]iod only1 because ( a defect 9 ! con/ruction ( ! dam2 ! o!rs 7 ab&on$ because ( ! neglect 9 or difficulty ( )draw+ ! s$im5t4 ,a co/ly filt] gall]y 0 built at ,long*amp1 consi/+ ( two ap>tm5ts1 ) a s]ies ( ar*es 9 ! c5t]1 =m+ ! b$ = ! filt]+ mat]ial & ! cov] = ! collect+ res]voir = ! filt]$ wat]4 ,! plan 0 ab&on$ 9 #ahff1 because ( ! unusual am\nt ( s$im5t c>ri$ d[n by ! ,durance ,riv]1 :i* is e/imat$ at "o ?\s&? "p ( its volume4 ,9 #ahfh1 !re 7 f ?ree to f\r in*es ( compact mud on ! s& b$s1 & ! gall]y us$ = a res]voir only4 ,subsid+ bas9s h s9ce be5 con/ruct$4 ,! rate ( filtration1 :5 ! gall]y 0 9 op]ation1 0 #ij cubic feet to ! squ>e foot1 equal to #h1cab1idj ,u4 ,s4 gallons p] day = bo? filt]-b$s1 or #cf gallons p] inhabitant = a population ( #bcj1jjj4 ,p>is4--,previ\s to ! introduction ( ! ,vanne supply1 9 #ahfe1 ! city 0 suppli$ f ! foll[+ s\rces3 ,,cubic ,,feet4 #a4 ,aqu$uct ( ,arcueil1 #aj miles long1 built 9 #afbj-bd4 #ef1dhj #b4 ,canal de l',ourcq1 #fj miles long1 f ! ,riv] #c1fga1bjj ,ourcq1 built 9 #ahja-bb4 #c4 ,pump+ works at ,*alliot1 f ! ,se9e ,riv] #a1dba1jjj #d4 ,pump+ works at ,quai d',au/]litz1 opp4 ,*alliot4 #bh1bdj #e4 ,artesian well ( ,gr5elle #ca1ggj #f4 ,spr+s on ! nor? side ( ,p>is1 & ( ! #ag1fej ,pres4 ,/4 ,g]vais4 --------- ,total4 #e1bag1cdj or #ci1jbe1gac gallons p] day = #a1fjj1jjj p]sons1 or #be gallons p] head4 ,! ,passey artesian well increas$ ! supply #e millions4 ,! ,vanne supply has1 z its s\rce1 ! riv]s ,dhuys & ,vanne4 ,! conduit is #hc miles long2 its capacity #bj millions daily4 ,!re are project$ works 7#ahgf7 to secure ! wat]s ( ! ,mame t w increase ! daily supply #be millions4 ,! wat]s are g5]ally v impure1 *iefly obta9$ f navigable /reams4 ,none ( ! wat] is filt]$4 ,!re are two cov]$ res]voirs--,mnilmontant & ,montr\ge--( vault$ ar*es1 aft] ! ,roman /yle4 ,! pump+ works are locat$ 9 ! city4 ,! daily av]age consumption1 9 #ahfh1 0 #ee1hfa1dgb gallons1 or #cc gallons p] head4 ,wat] is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,p>is1 b n m ?an "o-fif? ( ! h\ses h wat] connection4 ,! o!rs are suppli$ 9 c>ts & buckets1 c>ri$ by m5 to ! door4 ,ab\t #g1jjj m51 pr9cipally natives ( ,auv]gne1 are employ$ ?usly4 ,x is a cu/om to let ! wat] run = ?ree h\rs1 f ! public f\nta9s1 9 ! morn+ to cleanse ! /reets4 ,bombay4--,! wat]-works 7 comm5c$ 9 #ahef4 ,! s\rce is 9 ! valley ( ! ,gop]1 :]e ! ,veh> imp\nd+ res]voir1 ) a /orage capacity ( #ab1ijj million gallons is locat$4 ,! maximum dep? ( ! res]voir is #hj feet1 ) an area ( #a1cid acres4 ,!re are ?ree dams--"o #hce1 "o #eee1 & ! o!r #icf feet long4 ,! extreme height ( fir/ dam is #hd feet1 inn] slope #c to #a1 & ! out] #b to #a4 ,! embankm5ts 7 made 9 lay]s ( six in*es4 ,! top wid? ( ?is dam1 :i* c>ries a roadway1 is #bd feet4 ,! puddle walls are #aj feet wide at ! top1 & h a batt] ( #a 9 #h on ea* side4 ,! tr5*es1 = ! f\ndations1 7 excavat$ into ! solid basalt bel[ ! surface rock4 ,! slopes & tops ( all ! embankm5ts are cov]$ ) /one pit*+ #ab in*es 9 dep?1 ) ano!r #ab in*es ( brok5 /one und]nea?4 ,! wa/e weir is #ceh feet long1 ) a top wid? ( #bj feet4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! succe$+ articles1 viz43 #a4 ,! ,geology ( ,hamilton ,c\nty2 #b4 ,our subt]ranean wat] res\rces & well-bor+2 #c4 ,! adjac5t wat]-%$s 9 ,ohio2 #d4 ,kirkwood's survey = a wat] supply--#ahfe2 #e4 ,! ,ohio ,riv]2 #f4 ,sc[d5's survey = a wat] supply--#ahgb2 #g4 ,moore's survey = a wat] supply--#ahhb2 h be5 prep>$ expressly = ! dissem9ation ( t in=mation be>+ ^u ! propos$ new wat] supply1 t w be useful1 z well z int]e/+1 to ! citiz5s ( ,c9c9nati at ?is p>ticul> "t4 ,^! subjects h _! respective be>+ on our wat] supply1--t ( ! geological /ructure be+ especially important1 because we le>n f x a m accurate k ( our subt]ranean res\rces2 ( ! impossibility ( infiltration ( ! ,ohio ,riv] wat]s1 & ( ! =mation & availability ( our wat]-%$s4 ,no4 #a4 ,,geology4 7,arrang$ f ! ,ohio ,/ate ,geological ,reports1 #ahgc47 ,! rocks ( ,ohio are3 ,,sy/em4 ,,gr\p4 ,,/rata4 ,,?ickness ,,9 ,,feet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,delta s&4 ,quat]n>y4 ,drift4 ,=e/ b$4 #bjj ,erie clay4 ,coal4 ,upp] coal measure4 -- ,b>r5 8 ,measures4 ,l[] coal measure4 #a1bjj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,c>bonif]\s4 ,conglom]ate4 ,conglom]ate4 #ajj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,l[] c>b4 ,*e/] lime/one4 #bj ,lime/one4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,wav]ly4 ,cuyahoga %ale4 -- ,b]ea grit4 ,gr\p4 ,b$=d %ale4 #ejj ,clevel& %ale4 ,devonian ,erie4 ,erie %ale4 #djj ,huron4 ,huron %ale4 #cjj ,hamilton4 -- #bj ,cornif]\s4 ,s&usky lime/one4 #ajj ,columbus 8 ,oriskany4 ,oriskany s&/one4 #aj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,upp] ,silurian4,held]burg4 ,wat] lime4 #ajj ,sal9a4 ,sal9a %ale4 #dj ,niag>a4 ,hillsboro s&/one4 #cj ,niag>a lime/one4 #ahj #bge ,niag>a %ale4 #fj ,dayton 8 #e ,cl9ton4 -- #ej ,m$9a4 -- #bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,l[] ,silurian4,c9c9nati4 ,lebanon b$s4 ,ed5 %ales4 #a1jjj ,mt4 ,pleasant b$s4 ,calcif]\s4 ,calcif]\s #dge ,s& rock4 ,potsdam4 ,potsdam s&/one4 #cjj ,! olde/ rocks are designat$ by ,eozoic sy/em1 consi/+ ( ,laur5tian & ,huronian gr\ps1 & are metamorphic rocks und]ly+ a broad belt 9 ,canada1 f ,labrador to ! ,lake ( ! ,woods1 & !nce to ! ,arctic ,sea4 ,x is comput$ t ?is gr\p ( /rata atta9s a ?ickness ( #dg1jjj feet 9 ,canada4 ,! ,potsdam s&/one1 ! fir/ memb] ( ! ,silurian sy/em1 re/s uncon=mably on ! ,eozoic rocks :]ev] ! two are f\nd 9 contact4 ,?is1 z its "n implies1 is a s&/one1 & is ! fir/ product ( ! invasion ( ! ,eozoic cont95t by ! anci5t ocean1 & ! action ( ! %ore waves ^u ! cliffs & surface4 ,x has be5 rea*$ 9 ! deep bor+s made at ,columbus1 ,l\isville1 & ,/4 ,l\is4 ,nei!r ! ,eozoic or ,potsdam /ones are expos$ 9 any "p ( ,ohio4 ,re/+ on ! ,potsdam /one1 is a =mation call$ calcif]\s s&-rock1 s nam$ 9 ,new ,york because !re x consi/s ( a mixture ( lime & s&4 ,?is =mation holds ! lead ( c5tral & ea/]n ,miss\ri4 ,tr5ton lime/one1 ) its und]ly+ /rata ( *azy1 ,black ,riv]1 & bird's-eye lime/ones1 re/s on ! calcif]\s s&-rock1 & =ms a calc>e\s mass ( #cjj to #fjj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,x is expos$ 9 ,new ,york1 ,canada1 ,lake ,sup]ior1 & ,upp] ,mississippi1 :]e "o ( its memb]s1 ! ,gal5a lime/one1 claims special notice z be+ ! repository ( all t rupture4 ,^u ! ,tr5ton re/s ! ,hudson gr\p1 consi/+ ( ! ,hudson ,riv] & ,utica slates1 & compos$ ( mix$ calc>e\s & argillace\s s$im5ts4 ,?is gr\p is reg>d$ z an equival5t to ! blue lime/ones1 or ,c9c9nati gr\p1 :i* are ( special int]e/ to ! inhabitants ( ,ohio1 inasmu* z !y are ! l[e/ rocks expos$ )9 our t]ritory4 ,^! old] rocks are br\ght to ! surface by an axis ( upheaval1 rea*+ f ,na%ville to ,lake ,erie4 ,!y h be5 /ill fur!r expos$ by ! cutt+ d[n ( ! valley ( ! ,ohio1 ne> ,c9c9nati1 :]e #hjj feet ( ! s]ies are expos$ to view4 ,! wells on ! upp] ,cumb]l&1 9 ,k5tucky1 7 sunk 9 rocks ( ! ,hudson age4 ,! e>?y lime/ones ( ! ,hudson p]iod indicate a %all[ & retreat+ sea1 an approa* to l& conditions1 & ! completion ( "o circle ( deposition4 ,! rocks next 9 ord] are3 ,! ,oneida conglom]ate m>ks a p]iod ( l& subsid5ce1 or wat] elevation4 ,x is compos$ ( co>se mat]ials torn f ! coa/ by %ore waves4 ,! sy/em is f\nd 9 c5tral ,new ,york4 ,! ,m$9a s&/one4--,a p]iod ( me*anical s$im5ts4 ,9 ,new ,york x is #cjj to #djj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,x has be5 /ruck 9 bor+s = oil 9 nor!rn ,ohio1 b n well m>k$4 ,cl9ton ,gr\p1 9 ,ohio1 is repres5t$ by a lime/one #ae to #bj feet ?ick1 an outcrop foll[+ ! l9e ( junction ( ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,silurian4 ,niag>a ,gr\p is above ! ,cl9ton & occupies a wide-spread & m important =mation1 compos$ ( equal masses ( lime/one & %ale4 ,?is is ! rock t und]lies ,*icago4 ,! ,niag>a & ,cl9ton ov]lie ! ,c9c9nati ,gr\p4 ,sal9a is ! =mation f :i* ! salt is obta9$ at ,syracuse4 ,9 nor!rn ,ohio x ov]lies ! ,niag>a1 & conta9s ! gypsum ( ,s&usky4 ,?is deposition m>ks ! era ( a retir+ sea1 :i* left a s]ies ( %all[ bas9s t became great evaporat+ pans4 ,held]burg gr\p is ! surface rock ( a l>ge area 9 ,ohio1 & =ms a summit ( ! ,upp] ,silurian1 & completes a circle ( s$im5t>y =mation correspond+1 9 a way1 ) t ( ! ,l[] ,silurian4 ,! ,tr5ton gr\ps are ne>ly pure c>bonate ( lime1 :ile ^? ( ! ,niag>a s]ies--,cl9ton1 ,niag>a1 & ,wat]lime--are highly magnesian4 ,! ,devonian age conta9s _m /range =ms ( anci5t life4 ,9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ! ,devonian /rata are mo/ly calc>e\s1 & mu* ?9n] ?an 9 ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania1 %[+ pla9ly t "h1 z 9 ea/]n ,canada1 op5 sea prevail$ dur+ ?is age1 & t ! ,c9c9nati ,ar* =m$ a l& surface probably ?r\gh\t all ! ,devonian ages4 ,! ,devonian sy/em comprise3 ,oriskany s&/ones4 ,cornif]\s lime/one4--,an op5 sea deposit4 ,! av]age ?ickness 9 ,ohio is #ajj feet1 & =ms two belts ( outcrop on opposite sides ( ! ,c9c9nati ar*4 ,! rock conta9s #bj p] c5t4 ( magnesia4 ,fragm5ts ( l& plants & limbs ( trees are f\nd 9 ?is gr\p4 ,hamilton gr\p4--,a s(t1 blue lime/one 9 ,ohio4 ,huron %ale--exhibits a prevail+ black color1 & conta9s #aj p] c5t4 ( combu/ible matt]4 ,! l9e ( its outcrop is m>k$ by oil & gas spr+s4 ,x is expos$ 9 ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee1 on bo? sides ( ,c9c9nati anticl9al4 ,x conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( c>bon1 d]iv$ f sea-we$s4 ,erie %ales is ! "n giv5 to ! ,huron %ale 9 nor!rn ,ohio & ,lake ,erie4 ,! c>bonif]\s sy/em is ! highe/ gr\p ( rocks f\nd 9 ,ohio1 & holds ne>ly all ! b$s ( coal4 ,z ?is p]iod is n relative to ,hamilton ,c\nty1 we %all only briefly ref] to x4 ,at ! p]iod ( ! =mation ( ! l[e/ b$ ( coal1 ! level ( ! c>bonif]\s cont95t w\ld seem to h be5 ! highe/2 = :5 ! /ratum ( bitum9\s matt] _h accumulat$ to ! dep? ( a few feet1 x 0 subm]g$ by wat]1 t br\ght %ales & s&/one1 & spread !m 9 lay]s ( _m feet 9 ?ickness above x1 be=e ! requisite conditions 7 rea*$ = ! =mation ( ano!r /ratum4 ,! int]vals ( repose1 :5 ! surface ( ! l& 0 ne>ly at a level ) ! sea1 7 m>k$ by ! c>bonace\s matt]1 & ! ?ickness ( ea* /ratum measures ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ?is /ate ( quiesc5ce cont9u$4 ,! *anges ( level 7 app>5tly all 9 "o direction1 t ( subm]g5ce4 ,dur+ ! epo* ( ! coal measure1 ! surface ( ! l& & at ! sea level1 :ile ! fir/ /ratum ( coal 0 =m+1 0 depress$ until !re _h be5 deposit$ ^u x a s]ies ( /rata1 :i* measur$ 9 ,ohio1 be=e be+ erod$1 fully #b1jjj feet 9 ?ickness1 & includ$ at lea/ twelve workable seams ( coal1 ) a great numb] ( ?9n] ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,wat] ,works ,wea!r ,*>t = #ahhj ,f ,signal ,s]vice ,records ,at ! "t ( ! =mation ( ! highe/ coal-b$s1 ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9 sy/em 0 elevat$1 & an area includ+ mo/ ( ! ,/ates ( our ,union 0 rais$ above ! ocean1 nev] aga91 to ! pres5t "t1 subm]g$4 ,! an?racite coal bas9s ( ,p5nsylvania 7 once a "p ( ! ,alleghany coal-field1 b 7 isolat$ by ! upheaval & erosion ( ! m\nta9 ridges2 & by ?is di/urbance1 all ! rocks 7 m or less metamorphos$1 & mo/ ( ! volatile +r$i5ts ( ! coal driv5 (f1 leav+ x 9 ! condition ( an?racite4 ,,! ,,deposits ,,( ,,drift4 ,! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ ! ,t]ti>y age b sep>at$ f x by we "k n h[ _m ye>s pres5ts a complete *ange 9 ! physical condition1 t dur+ ?is "t ! p]vad+ w>m? ( ! ,t]ti>y 0 *ang$ to an ,arctic cold4 ,:ile1 9 ! =m] age1 ! climate ( our ,s\!rn ,/ates 0 c>ri$ to ,gre5l&2 9 ! latt]1 or drift p]iod1 ! pres5t ,gre5l& 0 br\ght z f> s\? z ! ,ohio4 ,?is 0 :5 we _h our iceb]gs or glacial age4 ,! gravel1 ! b[ld]s1 & an un/ratifi$ clay ?ickly /udd$ ) small fragm5ts ( rock1 are ! glacial surface-cov]+4 ,m+l$ ) ^! are f\nd _m pebbles & b[ld]s ( cry/all9e rock1 su* z are f\nd nor? ( ! great lakes4 ,! f9d+ ( l>ge b[ld]s 9 fields are ! deposit ( iceb]gs t once float$ ov] our c\ntry4 ,! glazi]s rea*$ z f> z ,c9c9nati1 plan+1 gr9d+ d[n1 smoo?+ all rock surfaces1 & excavat+ ! bas9s ( our great lakes4 ,! retreat ( ! glaci]s left clay & b[ld]s & a great inl& sea ( fre% wat]1 fill+ bas9s1 be=e occupi$ by ice1 #ejj feet above ! pres5t surface ( ,lake ,erie4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 by cont95tal elevation or ! removal ( b>ri]s to dra9age1 ! wat] level 0 gradually depress$ until ! inl& sea 0 r$uc$ to ! comp>ative insignificance ( our great lakes4 ,! desc5t ( ! wat] by motion ( ! waves1 cut ! well-m>k$ t]races & edges4 ,,c9c9nati ,,anticl9al4 ,! t]m1 ,c9c9nati ,gr\p1 is n[ appli$ to ! blue lime/one s]ies1 & is an equival5t1 9 ! geological nom5clature1 to ! ,hudson ,gr\p ( ,new ,york4 ,its ?ickness is e/imat$ at #a1jjj feet4 ,! l9e ( upheaval passes f ! s\? l9e ( ,t5nessee1 ) a direction a little ea/ ( nor?1 ?r\gh ,c9c9nati to ,lake ,erie4 ,?r\gh\t its :ole l5g? ! /rata are rais$ 9 a di/9ct ar*1 f :i* !y dip away1 on ! "o side "u ! ,alleghany coal-field1 on ! o!r b5ea? ! coal bas9 ( ,indiana & ,ill9ois4 ,! be>+ ( ?is axis ( elevation is ne>ly p>allel ) t ( ! folds ( ! ,alleghanies2 t ! date ( its upheaval 0 subsequ5t to ! c>bonif]\s1 & ant]ior to ! ,triassic p]iod4 ,! l9e1 nor? ( ,c9c9nati1 ext5ds f ! ,ohio ,riv] 9 a direction a little ea/ ( nor? to ! lake %ore1 betwe5 ,s&usky & ,tol$o4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! erosion1 :i* all ! region bord]+ ! ,c9c9nati ,ar* has suff]$1 ! l9e ( ! axis pres5ts no conspicu\s topographical features4 ,ab\t ,c9c9nati ! summit ( ! ar* has be5 mu* m deeply & ext5sively remov$ ?an f>!r nor?1 yet ?is is /ill high] ?an its nor!rn prolongation4 ,!re is e reason to believe1 !re=e1 t ?is 0 orig9ally ! highe/ "p ( t portion ( ! ar* )9 ,ohio1 &1 9 common ) ! ,blue ,grass di/rict ( ,k5tucky1 ! blue lime/one area ab\t ,c9c9nati is ! mo/ elevat$ portion ( ! ridge2 t :i* has be5 ! longe/ above ! sea level & suff]$ mo/ f surface erosion4 ,we f9d "h a l9e or tract f :i* ! /rata dipp$ on bo? sides 9 opposite directions4 ,! /rata1 t are f\nd 9 ! tops ( ! ,c9c9nati hills1 c be foll[$ to ! ea/]n side ( ,br[n ,c\nty1 :]e !y seem to disappe> b5ea? ! riv] ) a m>k$ ea/]ly dip2 :ile bel[ ,c9c9nati1 ne> ,madison1 ,indiana1 ! same b$s are c>ri$ b5ea? ! riv] by a /rong we/]ly dip4 ,! ,c9c9nati anticl9al1 unlike ! folds ( ! ,appala*ian sy/em1 g5]ally has its long] slope to ! we/w>d1 & its /eep] desc5t t[>ds ! ea/1 e/imat$ at #ce feet p] mile4 ,9 ! we/]n half ( ! ,/ate1 & especially along ! summit ( ! ,c9c9nati ,ar*1 ! dip ( ! /rata is /rongly nor?w>d1 am\nt+ to ab\t #a1jjj feet betwe5 ! ,ohio & ! lake4 ,! surface ( ! ,c9c9nati ,gr\p is 9 ,highl& ,c\nty1 ab\t #ejj feet above ,lake ,erie1 :ile on ! lake %ore x is ne>ly #djj feet bel[ ! lake4 ,^! figures d n repres5t ! entire dip1 inasmu* z ! cr[n ( ! ar* is ext5sively erod$ :]e x crosses ! ,ohio 9 ,cl]mont ,c\nty4 ,! ,c9c9nati section 0 orig9ally cr[n$1 !re is little reason to d\bt1 ) ! ,lebanon b$s ! highe/ rocks ( ! ,c9c9nati gr\p 9 :ole or 9 "p1 :i* suff]$ by erosion1 =m+ our valleys ( to-day4 ,! surface ( ! blue lime/one1 ne> ,lebanon1 is #dda feet above ,lake ,erie1 :ile ! same rocks 7 f\nd 9 ! ,columbus well to be #gba feet bel[ ,lake ,erie1 a dip ( #a1afg feet 9 a di/ance ( ab\t #gj miles by an air l9e1 or #af4f feet p] mile4 ,t[>d ! nor!rn extremity ( ! ar* ! dip is nor?-we/ & m rapid1 ! /rata desc5d+ "u ! ,mi*igan coal-field4 ,ne> ! lake-%ore ! m9imum dip is #bj feet to ! mile1 :ile on ! ,ohio x is #dj feet4 ,! ea/]ly dip is a succession ( /eps or waves b5ea? ! tr\gh ( ! ,alleghany coal-field1 ! axis ( :i* passes ne> or beyond our ea/]n bord]4 ,?is dip is s great t ! l[e/ /ratum expos$ on ! cr[n ( ! ,c9c9nati ar* is on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,/ate1 buri$ ab\t #b1jjj feet b5ea? ! surface4 ,ea/ ( ! ,ohio all ! rocks rise aga91 & n only ! l[e/ expos$ 9 our ,/ate1 b ev5 ^? :i* und]lie !m1 crop out on ! flanks & summits ( ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s4 ,along ! ,k5tucky ,riv] f ,frank=t to ,ni*olasville1 & at ,murfreesboro1 ,t5nessee1 ! basal portion ( ! blue lime/one s]ies is expos$ to view2 & if x 0 orig9ally z ?ick at ^! po9ts z else:]e1 n less ?an #hjj to #a1jjj feet ( ! upp] "p h be5 remov$4 ,,hamilton ,,c\nty4 ,/rictly speak+ !re are no hills 9 ,hamilton ,c\nty1 ! surface be+ all ref]able to ! tablel&s & to ! valleys worn 9 !m4 ,! elevat$ l&s1 call$ hills1 are m]ely isolat$ remnants ( ! old plateau1 :i* h1 ?us f>1 escap$ ! long cont9u$ inundation4 ,?is isolation is effect$ by ! ,little ,miami1 ! ,ohio1 ! ,millcreek ,valleys1 & ! ab&on$ *annel ( ! ,great ,miami4 ,! b$d$ rocks ( ! ,c9c9nati section are z foll[s3 ,lebanon b$s1 #bic feet ,hill qu>ry b$s1 #abe feet ,c9c9nati b$s prop]1 #dbe feet-- ,ed5 %ales1 #bej feet ,mt4 ,pleasant b$s1 #ej feet ,riv] qu>ry1 #ej feet --- ,total1 #gfh feet ,! ,mt4 ,pleasant b$s are s nam$ because1 at ! ,ohio ,riv] b$ at ?is po9t1 !y are ! l[e/ ( ! expos$ b$s1 & und]lie ! l[e/ b$s at ,c9c9nati by #ej feet4 ,! ,c9c9nati b$s h _! inf]ior limit at l[ wat] ( ! ,ohio1 & = an upp] b\nd>y ! highe/ /ratum f\nd 9 ! ,c9c9nati hills4 ,_! greate/ elevation1 above l[ wat]-m>k1 is #dej feet4 ,! ,ed51 or middle %ale1 is s nam$ because ( its prom95ce 9 ,ed5 ,p>k hills4 ,x has no economical value1 inde$ its relation to economical int]e/s are ma9ly 9 ! way ( disadvantages to be ov]come1 because ( its in/able "*4 ,( ! #bej feet n m ?an "o foot 9 t5 is lime/one1 ! rema9d] be+ %ales1 clay1 or soap/ones4 ,^! %ales h sc>cely t5acity en\gh to hold _! place 9 /eep desc5ts1 /ill less1 :5 !y h be5 remov$ f _! orig9al b$s1 c !y be made to coh]e1 & !y =m trea*]\s f\ndations = build+s erect$1 or = roadways con/ruct$ ^u !m4 ,! /rata ( riv] qu>ry-b$s are comp>atively b little expos$4 ,a mod]ate am\nt ( build+-/one ( sup]ior quality is tak5 f ! ,cov+ton qu>ries4 ,b little c be burn$ into lime1 b ! concretions con/itute a hydraulic lime ( great en]gy4 ,! ,lebanon b$s1 9 contra/ to ! ,mt4 ,pleasant b$s1 are ! highe/ ( ! ,c9c9nati gr\p1 & ! location det]m9e _! "n4 ,! drift =mations are divid$ into-- #a4 ,drift deposits ( ! highl&s & slopes4 #b4 ,drift deposits ( ! l[l&s & valley drift-b$s4 ,! upl& drift has no uni=mity 9 ! ord] ( =mations aside f ! monoton\s deposits ( yell[ clay1 :i*1 :5 fill$ ) wat]1 becomes quicks&4 ,b little clean gravel occurs 9 ! upl&1 & b[ld]s also are unfrequ5t4 ,! drift clays come l>gely f ! wa/e ( blue lime/one effect$ by glacial attrition1 :ile ! natural soil has ! same orig91 except ! "w ( dis9tegration has be5 done by ! sl[ action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! l[l& drift consi/s ( ! foll[+ t]races1 9 a desc5d+ ord]3 ,,feet4 ,soil #b to #e ,gravel & s& ) seams ( loam1 #dj to #fj ,brick clay ) s& & loam1 #bj to #cj ,buri$ soil ) trees1 leaves1 etc41 #e to #aj ,gravel & clay1 #e to #aj -- --- ,total1 #gb #aae ,! gravel ( ! ,ohio diff]s f ! ,miami 9 be+ l>gely compos$ ( s&/one pebbles in/ead ( lime/one4 ,a =mation ( local occurr5ces1 kn[n z ! blue or ,spr+field clay1 is f\nd 9 a few places1 b 9 limit$1 v]tical & horizontal1 ext5t4 ,! greate/ ?ickness1 ( m ?an #cj feet1 is f\nd on nor? ,pe>l ,/reet1 above ,pike4 ,! broad valley1 n[ occupi$ 9 "p by ,millcreek1 ext5d+ f ! pres5t valley ( ! ,great ,miami at ,hamilton to ! ,clifton hills1 j nor? ( ,c9c9nati1 sep>ates into two bran*es1 "o pass+ to ! nor? & ea/ ( ! city1 & ent]+ ! valley ( ! ,little ,miami betwe5 ,r$ ,bank /ation & ,pla9ville1 :ile ! o!r bran* is ! pres5t valley ( ! ,millcreek4 ,!re are no rocky b>ri]s 7no?+1 9 fact1 b ! same drift t]races t make ! walls ( its pres5t c\rse7 to %ut out ! ,great ,miami f ent]+ ! ,ohio valley at ! same po9ts :]e ! ,little ,miami & ,millcreek ent]4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ?is 0 once its c\rse4 ,ano!r ( ! e>li] c\rses ( ! ,great ,miami1 is n[ occupi$ by ! ,dry ,=k ( ! ,:ite ,wat]2 /ill a ?ird ( ! old *annels is f\nd ne> ,cleves1 ,miami ,t[n%ip1 :]e ! ,miami approa*es )9 "o-half mile ( ! ,ohio1 b is block$ f ent]+ x by a ridge #aej to #age feet1 compos$ ( glacial drift1 & in/ead makes a circuit\s r\te ( #aj miles = an outlet4 ,! well ( ,timo?y ,kirby1 9 ,cumm9sville1 develop$ ! foll[+ bor+s3 ,,feet4 ,soil & brick clay1 #ab ,s&1 #d ,blue clay ) gravel1 #cj ,gravel1 #ai ,co>se s&1 #c ,s&1 ) fragm5ts ( bitum9\s coal1 #aa ,blue clay ) gravel4 7,l[ wat] ( ,ohio ,riv]47 #i ,blue clay--f9e s&1 spr9kl$ ) coal1 #af ,s&1 wat]-worn gravel1 blue clay1 ) occasional fragm5ts ( bitum9\s clay4 ,%ales ( blue lime/one gr\p1 #dc --- ,total1 #aea ,a rem>kable feature ( ! ,millcreek is "h pres5t$1 ( ! pres5t b$ be+ at a high] level by #abj feet1 ?an t ( ! anci5t *annel1--an erosion t c\ld n h be5 effect$ "u exi/+ circum/ances1 b m probable1 to ! glacial p]iod4 ,! coal-field wa/es are also unacc\ntable4 ,no4 #b4 ,,our ,,subt]ranean ,,wat] ,,res\rces4 ,und]ly+ our drift =mation is t imp]vi\s /rata ( blue lime/one1 #a1jjj feet 9 ?ickness1 ?r\gh :i* no wat] c circulate4 ,! l[e/ limit ( ?is mass ( /one is at l[ wat] ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 at ,c9c9nati1 f :i* po9t x anticl9es 9 all directions4 ,!re are crevices or pockets1 h[ev]1 9 :i* wat] has be5 accid5tally f\nd4 ,! foll[+ are examples3 ,,"n ,,( ,,own]4 ,,location4 ,,=mation4 ,,dep? ,,9 ,,feet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,john ,kaufman4 ,v9e ,/reet4 ,blue clay4 #be ,s& & quicks&4 #gc ,blue clay4 #ee ,quicks& & gravel4 #ce ,lime/one4 #be ,soil & quicks&4 #ge ,hold]'s ,tann]y4 ,col]a9 ,pike4,clay4 #ij ,lime/one4 #ej ,alluvial & gravel4 #hj ,freiburg ,workum4 ,ma9 ,/reet4 ,lime/one4 #agj ,,total ,,diamet] ,,"n ,,( ,,own]4 ,,dep? ,,dep? ,,( ,,:]e ,,wat] ,,9 ,,( ,,well ,,bor+ ,,0 ,,f\nd4 ,,feet4,,9 ,,feet4,,9 ,,in*es4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,john ,kaufman4 #be #gc #ee #ce #be #bae #c ,9 crevice4 #ge ,hold]'s ,tann]y4 #ij #ej #bae #c #hj ,freiburg ,workum4 #agj #bej -- ,9 crevice4 ,! wat]s ( ! above wells are necess>ily h>d1 al?\gh t at ,hold]'s tann]y is us$ = all purposes4 ,! wat] at ,john ,kaufman's is v turbid4 ,! ,freiburg ,workum well 0 orig9ally a dug "o1 =ty feet deep1 b ! quantity 0 insuffici5t4 ,:5 !y /ruck ! pres5t s\rce1 !y de/roy$ ! adjo9+ surface wells ( ,h(fheim] ,bros4 ,a numb] ( failures to secure wat] 9 ?is lime/one =mation is on record1 b we c notice only a few4 ,at ,ras*e ,bros41 tann]y1 on ,plum ,/reet1 opposite ,bank ,/reet1 !y drove a #f in* well ?r\gh1 respectively1 #af feet ( clay1 #d feet quicks&1 #ae feet blue clay1 #gj feet yell[ clay1 & solid qu>ry rock4 ,a pump 0 !n ins]t$ b 0 inop]ative on acc\nt ( ! l>ge am\nt ( s&4 ,!y cont9u$ ! bor+ to #ahe feet1 /rik+ clay & soap/one1 b f\nd no wat]1 & ab&on$ ! und]tak+4 ,wm4 ,kirkup ,son1 ,pe>l & ,ludl[1 bor$ #fj feet into rock1 = wat]1 )\t success4 ,at ,maddox1 ,hob>t ,co4's rectify+ e/abli%m5t1 !y h pi]c$ ! rock #aej feet1 b f\nd no wat] up to ?is date4 ,at ,web]'s brew]y1 on ,mc,micken ,av5ue1 an attempt 0 made to get wat] 9 ! rock1 & ab&on$1 aft] bor+ to a dep? ( #deh feet4 ,! ,c9c9nati gr\p is ab\t #a1jjj feet 9 ?ickness ( blue lime/one1 =m+1 almo/ exclusively1 ! rocks ( ,hamilton ,c\nty1 al?\gh an outcrop ( ! oil /ratum has be5 /ruck 9 ! wells ( ! ,c9c9nati ,c(f9 ,company & ,:ite ,mills ,di/ill]y4 ,at ! =m] e/abli%m5t1 fl[+ gas 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #hb feet4 ,ano!r well 0 />t$1 & at ! same dep? gas 0 discov]$4 ,! bor+ ( ! latt] 0 !n cont9u$ into ! rock to ! dep? ( #afh feet1 :5 wat] 0 f\nd4 ,! wat] 0 analyz$ by ,pr(4 ,wayne ) ! foll[+ result3 ,,gra9s ,,9 ,,ea* ,,gallon4 ,*loride ( ,sodium #cc4ba ,*loride ( ,calcium #d4bj ,*loride ( ,magnesia #a4ag ,sulphate ( ,lime #aj4fd ,c>bonate ( ,lime #bf4fd ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia #c4ae ,oxide ( ,iron #ab ,! gas burnt out 9 a few days4 ,:ite ,mills ,di/ill]y has f\r wells1 f #d to #f in*es 9 diamet]1 & #bbj to #bce feet 9 dep?1 bor$ ?r\gh1 respectively1 #ej feet ( clay1 #dj feet clay & quicks&1 & balance soap/one or %ale & lime/one1 :]e wat] 0 f\nd 9 a crevice1 highly *>g$ ) gas & v bracki%4 ,! foll[+ wells secure _! wat] f drift t]races3 ,,own]4 ,,location4 ,,=mation4 ,,dep? ,,9 ,,feet4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,fill4 #cj ,hulsman ,w4 ,s4 ,john1 ,blue clay4 ne> ,lib'ty4,quicks&4 #aca ,gravel4 -------- ,w9dis*1 ,brew]y on ,s&4 ,muhlhaus] ,co4 ! ,canal ,quicks&4 ,gravel4 ,s&4 -------- ,john ,hauck ,brew]y on ,quicks&1 yell[4 ,dayton ,/4 8 blue4 -------- ,gravel4 #df ,blue ,clay4 ,em]y ,hotel4 ,v9e ,/4 bet4,black mud4 #d? & #e?4,quicks&4 #dj ,gravel4 #fj -------- ,w4 ,w4 ,johnson4 ,sycamore ,alluvial4 #ab ,yeatman4 ,gravel4 #fh -------- ,city ,infirm>y4 ,h>twell4 ,black loam4 #ab ,blue clay4 #ac ,blue clay mix$ ) gravel4 #f ,b[ld] gravel4 #ae ,quicks&4 #ae ,gravel4 #bi ,,total ,,size ,,( ,,own]4 ,,dep? ,,dep? ,,bore ,,9 ,,rem>ks4 ,,9 ,,feet4,,9 ,,feet4 ,,in*es4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #cj ,hulsman #aca #afa #d ,bor$ to ! rock4 -------- ,w9dis*1 #d ,driv5 to ! ,muhlhaus] ,co4 rock4 #ahj #d -------- ,john ,hauck #agj -------- #df ,em]y ,hotel4 #dj #fj #adf #c ,f ! -------- cell>4 ,w4 ,w4 ,johnson4 #ab #fh #hj #c ,to ! rock4 -------- ,city ,infirm>y4 #ab #ac #f #ae #ae ,also ano!r #bi #ib #c well #gc feet4 ,^u ! lime/one lays ! drift1 consi/+ ( wat]-worn pebbles1 gravel1 s&1 & clay4 ,! por\s nature ( ?is =mation1 ) ! assi/ance ( a level surface pla91 absorbs a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! ra9-fall1 & produces a f]tile subt]ranean wat] supply1 ^: dep? v>ies f #cj to #bjj feet4 ,!re are 9 ?is vic9ity ab\t #bej wells t secure ! wat] f ?is s\rce4 ,! wat] is /rongly impregnat$ ) iron & magnesia--a f]rug9\s decomposition f ! fossil drift-wood f\nd 9 ?is =mation4 ,! availability ( ^! wells is 9 proportion to ! capacity ( ! respective pumps atta*$ to !m1 b _! comb9$ requirem5ts h _h no app>5t effect1 at pres5t1 on ! s\rce4 ,yet ! fact c n be disput$1 t ?is drift supply ( wat] is a v limit$ "o4 ,! practical exp]i5ce 9 ,london & ,liv]pool sub/antiate ! above fact1 = !re ! und]gr\nd s\rces h be5 mat]ially less5$ by ! dem&s made ^u !m1 not)/&+ !y are ! ri*e/ res\rces ( ?is nature1 & va/ly sup]ior to ours4 ,pr(4 ,orton1 ( ! ,ohio ,agricultural ,college1 9 a valuable pap] on ! 8,relations ( ,geology to ! ,wat] ,supply ( ! ,c\ntry10 ref]s to ! purity ( ! drift wat] 9 ! s\?-we/]n "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,he says3 8,! broad & f]tile t]races ( ! riv] valleys con/itute1 especially 9 ! s\?-we/]n corn] ( ! ,/ate 7,ohio71 ! mo/ attractive & mo/ valuable portion ( its area4 ,!y consi/ ( s& & gravel 9 l>ge measures1 & to ?is /ructure !y owe _! *ief attraction4 ,b ?is same /ructure r5d]s !m unfit to be us$ = ! wat] supply ( ! t[ns built ^u !m2 =1 al?\gh an abundance ( cle> & sp>kl+ wat] c easily be rea*$1 x mu/ n only be look$ ^u ) suspicion1 b mu/ be positively condemn$ z unsafe4 8,^! gravel-b$s are z por\s z a sieve1 & !re is indisputable pro( ( ! free communication ( ! wat] %eet & all ! receptacles ( impurity t ! surface ( ! gr\nd conta9s4 ,! only relief is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! wat] %eet is also 9 free communication ) ! riv]s1 ris+ & fall+ ) !m2 b ev5 ?is does n free ! wells f ! poison\s effects ( ! fil? soakage f above4 ,geology turns ov] to sanit>y sci5ce ! conclusion1 t ! drift wells ( c5tral & s\?-we/]n ,ohio are1 9 all d5sely populat$ di/ricts1 small cities1 t[ns1 villages1 & hamlets--ev5 9 ^? conta9+ no m ?an a doz5 h\ses--utt]ly unfit = human use40 ,! above facts are applicable to all ! drift =mation1 includ+ t portion protect$ f imm$iate fil? soakage ( blue clay =mation4 ,a rec5t exam9ation ( our sew]age sy/em1 by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus ,bureau1 develop$ ! fact t ,c9c9nati is pollut+ its subt]rane\s soil1 to an al>m+ degree1 by ! vault sy/em4 ,t no city has s neglect$ ! sanit>y necessity ( tapp+ ! sew]s = h\se dra9age ?an ,c9c9nati2 t ?is nature ( c>elessness 0 ! cause ( ,memphis' sad fate1 :i* we h escap$ because our soil is ( s& & gravel1 & susceptible ( natural dra9age4 ,yet ?r\gh ?is same soil passes ! wat] t is us$ by "s #bej well-own]s1 /ill ! use ( ?is wat] is increas+4 ,london 0 orig9ally suppli$ by %all[ wells 9 gravel-b$s ( #aj to #bj feet 9 dep?1 & ! direction ( its gr[? 0 controll$ by ?is wat]-be>+ /rata1 until ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,new ,riv] ,wat] ,company 9 #afjj4 ,! ,public ,heal? ,act ( #ahgb gives ! sanit>y au?orities p[] to close ^! wells4 ,,artesian ,,wells4 ,b5ea? ! ,c9c9nati gr\p are ! calcif]\s s&-rock & ,potsdam s&/one1 :i* are por\s & wat] be>+1 b !y rise to ! surface n[h]e 9 our ,/ate4 ,!y h be5 rea*$1 h[ev]1 at ?is po9t 9 sev]al ( ! deep well-bor+s1 & fl[+ wat] ( sulpho-sal9e nature 0 f\nd1 at ! foll[+ locations3 ,,"n ,,( ,,own]4 ,,location4 ,,dep? ,,size ,,( ,,bore ,,9 ,,feet4 ,,9 ,,in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,rabe's ,di/ill]y ,cumm9sville4 #a1djj #d ,millcreek 8 ,we/ ( ,millcreek4 #a1ddj #d ,c9c9nati ,gas ,co ,we/ ,front ,/reet4 #a1cfj #d 8 8 8 8 8 #a1cfj #d 8 8 ,ea/]n ,av5ue4 #a1dge #f ,mo]le9's ,brew]y ,nor? ,elm ,/reet4 #b1djh #d ,keck's ,f]tiliz+ ,works ,cumm9sville4 #a1chj -- ,,capacity ,,"n ,,( ,,own]4 ,,dep? ,,pressure ,,temp]- ,,p] ,,h\r ,,9 ,,feet4 ,,9 ,,lbs4 ,,ature4 ,,9 ,,gallons4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,rabe's ,di/ill]y #a1djj #ce -- #f1jjj ,millcreek 8 #a1ddj #de -- #af1jjj ,c9c9nati ,gas ,co #a1cfj #da #fj #h1cjj 8 8 #a1cfj #dj #fj #h1cjj 8 8 #a1dge #eb #fa #cj1jjj ,mo]le9's ,brew]y #b1djh -- #fb #bd1jjj ,keck's ,f]tiliz+ ,works #a1chj -- #fj ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,g54 ,a4 ,hick5loop]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,c9c9nati ,gas ,company1 ! foll[+ complete acc\nt ( ! bor+s at _! works on ,front ,/reet is giv51 :i* w also s]ve = a description ( ! above artesian wells4 ,! dep? & classification ( /rata are3 ,fill+ #e feet4 ,yell[ clay #e 8 ,blue clay #bj 8 ,s& & gravel #ij 8 ,soap/one #c 8 ,blue lime/one #dj 8 ,blue gray lime/one #ej 8 ,s&/one #e 8 ,lime/one #chj 8 ,:ite lime/one #bdj 8 ,s&/one #fe 8 ,lime/one1 v h>d #ae feet4 ,r$ s&/one #fb 8 ,:ite s&/one #he 8 ,co>se s&/one #ae 8 ,co>se lime/one ,s&/one #adj 8 ,v h>d1 fl9ty lime/one ,r$ & :ite #be 8 m>ble ,:ite m>ble or fl9t ----- ,total #a1bej feet4 ,! synopsis ( bor+ is cond5s$ z foll[s3 ,july #bd1 #ahhj4--,! contractor1 ,john ,j4 ,pfeff]1 drove a #f-;in* iron tube ) a heavy s9k]1 a few feet at a "t1 ?r\gh #abc feet ( drift1 into lime/one4 ,a s&-pump 0 us$ to remove ! loose =mation4 ,?is portion 0 complet$ ,augu/ #b;d1 #aa ,a4 ,m4 ,augu/ #b4--;,comm5c$ drill+ a #d-;in* hole ?r\gh ! /one =mation at an av]age rate ( #cc feet p] #bd h\rs1 & cont9u$ to a dep? ( #dbe feet1 :5 ! diamet] ( ! hole 0 r$uc$ to #d in*es4 ,! drill+ 0 !n cont9u$1 at ! rate ( #bi feet p] #bd h\rs1 until ! #bh? ( ,augu/1 :5 ! socket pull$ out ( pole atta*$ to s9k] at bottom ( well1 & at ! same mom5t ! top pole1 atta*$ to *a9 on drill+ beam1 broke & fell into ! well along-side ( ! s9k]4 ,?is accid5t 0 repair$ ,septemb] #g?1 & drill+ resum$1 at rate ( #bj feet p] #bd h\rs1 until a dep? ( #a1jbe feet 0 rea*$1 ,octob] #aa1 #ahhj1 :5 ! drill broke4 ,resum$ "w1 at rate ( #ab feet p] #bd h\rs1 until ,novemb] #e1 #ahhj1 :5 a dep? ( #a1bfe feet 0 rea*$4 ,at ! dep? ( #a1bbe feet1 ! well 0 te/$ by s9k+ a #d-;in* pipe into ! well ) a bag at l[] end to fit tightly into ! #d-;in* bore4 ,:5 ! pipe rea*$ a dep? ( #ae feet bel[ ! #f-;in* tub+1 ! wat] fl[$ ov] ! top ( ! pipe at surface1 %[+ a leak ar\nd ! bottom ( ! pipe :]e x 0 b$d$ 9 ! rock4 ,novemb] #h?4--,te/$ well1 & f\nd a pressure ( #cj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & a fl[ ( #ij gallons ( wat] p] m9ute4 ,febru>y #ag1 #ahha4--,:5 te/+ well ,no4 #b1 ! gauge 0 plac$ on ?is "o1 :i* %[$ only #ae lbs4 ,! bore 0 !n increas$ to #d in*es1 & drill+ cont9u$ to a dep? ( #a1cfj feet1 ! la/ #dj feet be+ only #c in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! additional #abe feet 0 ?r\gh alt]nate =mations ( s& & lime/one2 ! la/ #aj feet ?r\gh a h>d fl9ty =mation4 ,bor+ into ?is la/ =mation increas$ ! pressure to #da lbs41 & ! fl[ to #bjj1jjj gallons p] day4 ,! outlay ( ! two wells is plac$ at #h1jjj4 ,! analysis ( ! ,mo]le9 artesian well1 by ,pr(4 ,wayne1 gave ! foll[+ results3 ,,gra9s ,,9 ,,"o ,u4 ,s4 ,,gallon4 ,c>bonate ( ,lime #ai4cd ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia #i4ac ,*loride ( ,sodium #ecd4gg ,*loride ( ,potassium #c4ie ,*loride ( ,magnesia #ag4bf ,*loride ( ,calcium #bb4ai ,sulphate ( ,lime #bi4bj ,sulphate ( ,pota% #b4cj ,iodide ( ,magnesium #cj ,bromide ( ,magnesium #ci ,oxide ( ,iron #dc ,phosphate ( ,soda #a4cd ,silica #gi ,loss 9 analysis #gf -------- ,total #fdb4af ,pr(4 ,newb]ry is ( ! op9ion t s(t wat] is improbable 9 ^! deep rocks4 ,no4 #c4 ,,wat]-,,%$4 ,! c\rses ( our /reams %[ at a glance t a wat]-%$ crosses ! ,/ate f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/4 ,?is wat]-%$ =ms a range ( highl&s t slope by long & easy desc5t to ! ,ohio 9 ! s\?1 m rapidly to ! lake 9 ! nor?4 ,?is wat]-%$ 9 its relief is almo/ insignificant1 its av]age altitude be+ only #ejj feet above ! lake1 its highe/ po9t ris+ p]haps #a1jjj feet above ! bottom valley ( ! ,ohio4 ,our topographical features may !re=e be describ$ ( a pla91 slightly rais$ along a l9e trav]s+ x f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/4 ,! foll[+ altitudes w %[ ! topography ( ! nor!rn divide4 ,! levels are all above ,lake ,erie3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,survey ,,( ,,dayton ,,& ,,miami ,,canal4 ,,mi*igan ,r4,r4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,feet4 ,,feet4 ,c9c9nati-- #fg ,junction1 ,pauld+ ,c\nty1 #adg4be bel[ lake1 ,lock #bg4 #ahb4be ,hamilton1 #bi ,delphos1 ,lock #bc4 ,all5 ,c\nty1 #baa4 ,dayton1 #ahj ,dayton ,canal1 #aff ,sp5c]ville1 ,lock #ae4 ,all5 ,c\nty1 #bgd4 ,troy1 #bgj ,piqua1 #cfj ,lock #ac4 ,/4 ,m>ys1 ,auglaize ,c\nty1 #bia4be ,sidney1 #dbh ,lock #aj4 8 8 #cac4 ,pr9cipal ,summit1 #dcj ,lock #i4 8 8 #cai4 ,wapakoneta1 #cah ,lock #d4 8 8 #cfa4 ,lima1 #cjb ,lock #c4 8 8 #cfg4ej ,cairo1 #bda ,lock #a4 ,brem5 ,summit1 ,auglaize ,co41 #chf4cj ,we/on1 #ajc ,ne> ,sidney1 #cgf4jj -- ,troy1 #beg4jj ,p]rysburgh1 #fd ,d4 ,m4 ,r4,r4 cross+ ,dayton1 #aff4jj ,tol$o1 #ab ,bas9 at ,hamilton1 #cg4jj -- ,upp] level ( canal at ,c9c9nati1 #bc4jj -- ,l[ wat] 9 ,ohio ,riv]1 bel[ lake1 #acc4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,! actual cre/ ( ! divide =ms a s+ul>ly tortu\s l9e ) rem>kable v>iations ( altitude4 ,! wat]-%$s1 ) :i* we are p>ticul>ly int]e/$1 are f\nd 9 ! c\nties ( ,%elby1 ,m]c]1 & ,auglaize1 :]e we h ! wat]-gap ( ! head-wat]s ( ! ,/4 ,m>ys & ,auglaize1 z fe$]s ( ! ,maumee ,riv] ) ! ,waba% & ,big ,beav] ,riv]s on "o side1 & ! ,great ,miami on ?is side2 ) ano!r gap1 betwe5 ! ,miami & ,mad ,riv]s1 & ! ,scioto ,riv]1 f\nd 9 ,logan & ,h>d9 ,c\nties1 9 :i* ! highe/ po9ts ( ! ,/ate are f\nd viz41 #a1jjj feet above l[ wat] 9 ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,^! /reams desc5d v rapidly to ! level plateau 7#ejj feet above ! ,ohio ,riv]7 pass+ ov] lime & magnesia rocks1 ?r\gh swampy l&s & 8cat-head prairies10 ! latt] compos$ l>gely ( vegetable accumulations4 ,! population1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,great ,miami & ,mad riv]s fl[1 is approximately #cfj1jjj4 ,! available res\rces ( ! ,big ,beav]1 ,waba%1 & ,/4 ,m>y's wat]-%$s are collect$ 9 ,/4 ,m>y's ,res]voir1 a lake ( #dg1jjj acres1 = fe$+ ! ,miami ,canal nor?2 :ile ,lake ,l>amie 9 ,%elby ,c\nty1 & ,lewi/[n ,res]voir 9 ,logan ,c\nty ga!r ! wat]s ( ! ,miami1 & be+ at ! summit level1 fe$ ! canal bo? nor? & s\?4 ,?is level is #eai feet above l[ wat] 9 ,ohio ,riv]1 ,/4 ,m>y's #dbd feet1 ,ed5 ,p>k ,res]voir at ,c9c9nati #bce feet1 & ,?ird ,/reet ,res]voir #agc feet4 ,! di/ance 9 air l9e f ,c9c9nati to ,/4 ,m>y's is ab\t #ie miles1 to ,lewi/[n ov] #ajj miles4 ,! wat]s ( all ! /reams nam$ pres5t ^? features t exp]i5ce consid]s mo/ objectionable = a gravity supply1 namely3 8#a/4 ,9 ! calc>e\s nature ( ! soil1 produc+ h>dness ( wat]4 8#b;d4 ,9 ! l[ & level plateau ( wat]-%$s f :i* a m9imum surface fl[ c be realiz$1 requir+ /orage res]voirs ( l>ge surface area1 t are objectionable1 because2 #a4 ,! loss ( wat] by evaporation3 & #b4 ,! liability to /agnation ( wat] & propagation ( vegetation4 8#c;d4 ,! /reams are f$ by ! dra9age f ri*ly manur$ f>ms1 & ! wat] pollut$ by vegetation ( ! swampy l&s1 & ! sewage ( a l>ge & gr[+ population4 ,?is condition is int5sifi$1 :5 we consid] ! proportional size ( ! /reams to ! am\nt ( pollution1 & ! fact t ! mo/ p]fect means ( filtration w\ld n suffice to make ! wat] :olesome4 8#d?4 ,! available res\rces ( ^! wat]-%$s are n[ us$ = fe$+ ! ,miami ,canal1 f :i* a numb] ( mill-own]s secure _! p[]1 ^: rights mu/ be protect$4 8#e?4 ,! insuffici5t elevation ( ! s\rces = secur+ a fair hydro/atic wat] pressure1 & _! extreme di/ance1 caus+ loss ( head by long conduit1 & enorm\s co/ = con/ruction1 = convey+ un:olesome wat]40 ,,rip>ian ,,rights4 ,! comp5sation to mill]s by ! ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool ,wat]-,works 0 fix$ by ,p>liam5t at "o ?ird ( ! available ra9-fall4 ,ne>ly "o-half ( ! pres5t capacity ( ! ,glasg[ supply is us$ by mill-own]s4 ,on ?is subject ,john ,w4 ,erw91 resid5t eng9e] ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,public ,works1 says3 8,! rip>ian "r ( wat]-us]s are great1 & c\ld n be pur*as$ = #b1jjj1jjj4 ,! wat] = ?is purpose c n be sp>$4 ,! canal is f$ z f> z ,middlet[n1 by a fe$] f ,mad ,riv]4 ,at ,middlet[n we fe$ x f ! ,miami1 :i* furni%es its supply ( wat] to ,c9c9nati1 a di/ance ( =ty-f\r miles4 ,! ,middlet[n ,hydraulic ,company h own$ _! rights s9ce #ahjh1 long be=e ! canal 0 con/ruct$2 & :5 ! canal 0 built !re 0 no surr5d] ( su* "r1 m]ely common cons5t to ! use ( ! wat]1 b s9ce t "t m ?an d\ble ! am\nt ( wat] is us$ ?an 0 contemplat$4 8,by tak+ wat] to ,c9c9nati f ! riv]1 y injure ! p[] suppli$ by ! riv] at all po9ts betwe5 ,middlet[n & ,c9c9nati1 & y w\ld f9d great objections rais$ by us]s ( p[] along ! canal4 ,! p[] d]iv$ f ! canal is ! life-blood ( ! t[n ( ,middlet[n1 & ( ! mills along its banks--at ,excello1 ,woodsdale1 ,rockdale1 ,hamilton1 ,rialto1 ,port ,union1 ,cresc5tville1 ,lockl&1 & o!r places4 ,! mills h l>ge int]e/s1 & w\ld n surr5d] _! rights )\t a /ruggle4 8,a l>ge portion ( ! wat] ( ! ,miami1 & at ! pres5t "t we might say half ! volume ( ! wat] ( ! riv] is c>ri$ into ,c9c9nati by ! canal4 ,?is is m ?an 0 ev] contemplat$1 & is de/9$ to injure ! wat]-p[] ( ! riv] itself40 ,! ab&onm5t ( ! canal 9 ! city1 w no d\bt be accompli%$ )9 a %ort "t1 :5 provisions %\ld be made to provide a bett] use = ?is surplus wat] ?an turn+ x into ,millcreek4 ,mon?ly & annual quantity ( wat] f ra9 & sn[ r$uc$ to wat]1 9 in*es & hundr$?s1 at ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,latitude #ci #f nor?1 longitude #hd #bi we/4 ,,ye>s4,,janu>y4,,febru>y4,,m>*4,,april4 ,,may4 ,,june4 ,,july4,,augu/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahef #a4 #b4di #a4ea 4#gc #a4bc #b4bd #c4dc 4#fa ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aheg 4#ed #a4ih 4#gf #b4gc #e4ec #c4ji #b4ej #b4ib ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aheh #b4ej #a4gd #a4je #d4cd #h4cb #e4fi #c4ja #g4ig ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahei #b4eh #e4ib #d4ch #g4ec #b4cb #c4bb #a4gd #c4gi ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahfj #a4dc #a4ef 4#da #e4cb #c4fh #a4ee #g4ig 4#ib ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahfa #b4fh #a4ha #b4jh #c4hh #e4ia #c4hj #c4fb #g4aj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahfb #d4gd #b4cf #e4hd #f4cj #c4cb #c4jb #c4je #a4di ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahfc #e4ee #c4je #d4cg #b4ac #b4hd #c4aa #c4ba #b4ii ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahfd #a4he 4#ii 4#ij #b4dc #b4cd #c4dc #a4be #c4db ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahfe #b4de #b4dc #d4dj #c4hi #g4gb #b4ei #g4gg #b4bf ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahff #b4gd #a4bf #e4jf #b4jc 4#id #d4dd #f4id #b4ge ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahfg #a4da #c4ef #b4ga #b4gd #c4hj #c4gc #a4fj #a4eg ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahfh #c4gb 4#eg #d4hg #b4gb #f4ji #e4fj #a4ba #d4fd ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahfi #a4fj #b4ea #e4jf #b4hg #e4ic #c4fj #e4cf #a4bj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahgj #e4ce #a4ee #c4bf #a4ei #a4gd #d4hd #b4ch #j4eh ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahga #b4cd #c4ec #c4eg #a4bc #d4ff #b4jb #d4cj #e4bb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahgb #c4aah #d4ah #b4dch #d4hij #d4cfb #c4ddb #g4abi #b4aia ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahgc #b4hjh #c4gag #a4ij #b4jih #c4hef #c4bia #c4ice #d4gff ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahgd #c4ie #e4ia #c4fe #d4jf #a4ch #b4eh #c4db #a4jc ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahge #a4ei #a4hc #c4fi #b4ab #c4ib #d4hc #i4fc #c4ag ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahgf #i4di #b4ib #e4jg #c4bf #a4be #f4ec #f4ia #f4ch ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahgg #b4cc 4#fg #e4dg #b4cb #a4bf #e4bd #d4be #b4bf ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahgh #d4cc #b4cc #d4jc #c4je #b4ec #e4jc #d4cb #d4aa ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahgi #b4bj #b4bb #e4cj #b4ad #d4bc #e4bb #b4ge #a4agb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahhj #e4ad #d4ej #d4ae #e4hb #e4gj #i4hf #b4df #d4ja ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahha #c4gf #d4ie #c4ea #c4be #b4bc #g4hb #c4ab 4#gf ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,sum ,,( ,,ye>s4,,septemb]4,,octob]4,,novemb]4,,d ecemb]4,,! ,,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahef #c4fb #a4gd #b4ji #b4ai #bb4hh ---------------------------------------- ----------- #aheg 4#ge #d4ib #e4cf #c4hb #cd4ij ---------------------------------------- ----------- #aheh 4#he #d4ff #b4eg #f4da #di4ag ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahei #b4aj #a4bh #d4df #c4ge #db4eg ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahfj #d4cd #a4bh #c4ec #a4he #cc4hd ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahfa #b4ic #c4gg #c4fb #a4aj #da4cj ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahfb 4#ic 4#hj #c4ig #c4ja #ch4hc ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahfc #c4aj #c4he #b4je #c4hj #dj4je ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahfd #h4ff #b4ib #c4dj #b4id #cd4ea ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahfe #e4gf 4#hf 4#ef #c4hi #d4ec ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahff #a4jee #a4he #c4jf #a4ih #dc4fj ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahfg #j4dg #b4je #b4bj #c4jg #bh4ia ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahfh #g4ai #a4cb #a4gj #b4jg #da4fj ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahfi #c4bj #b4ge #c4cj #b4df #ci4hd ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahgj 4#cj #b4gg #a4ej #b4ag #bh4jc ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahga #a4jh 4#ih #c4dj #c4ca #ce4fd ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahgb #c4agj #b4heb 4#hfh #e4ee #ce4dcc ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahgc #b4cdj #c4bab #b4eba #f4hdc #da4aic ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahgd #b4cc #a4ca #e4ce #b4eh #cg4ee ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahge 4#fe #c4je #d4ce #c4ge #db4eh ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahgf #c4ag #d4bf #b4cf 4#hh #eb4dh ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahgg #a4ff #a4he #c4di #c4ce #cd4fe ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahgh #b4hd #b4ci #b4gg #c4hi #da4fb ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahgi #d4ja 4#fe #d4je #g4aa #ea4fj ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahhj #a4cg #b4ih #d4db #d4bf #ed4fg ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahha #b4aj #f4ja #d4jf #e4fg #dg4bd ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahef to #ahga ! obs]vations 7 tak5 by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,w4 ,h>p]2 #ahgb to #ahgd by ! ,city ,wat]-,works1 & ! la/ ye>s by ! ,signal ,s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,daily ,,/age ,,( ,,! ,,ohio ,,riv] ,,= #ahhj4 ,no4 #d4 ,,kirkwood',s ,,survey4 ,9 #ahfe ! common c\ncil appo9t$ a special commission to inve/igate & report ^u ! be/ me?od ( obta9+ an abundant supply ( pure & :olesome wat]4 ,! committee consi/$ ( ,l4 ,a4 ,h>ris1 mayor2 ,?os4 ,h4 ,weasn]1 presid5t ( c\ncil2 ,d4 ,t4 ,woodr[1 ,h5ry ,pe>ce1 & ,h5ry ,kessl]1 tru/ees ( wat]-works1 ,geo4 ,f4 ,davis1 ,wm4 ,p4 ,wiltsee1 & ,*as4 ,br[n1 :o succe$$ ,r4 ,b4 ,moore1 memb]s ( c\ncil2 & ,a4 ,w4 ,gilb]t1 city eng9e]4 ,!y secur$ ! s]vices ( ! mo/ em95t ( eng9e]s1 ,john ,p4 ,kirkwood1 ( ,new ,york4 ,8 in/ructions 7 to asc]ta9 ! mo/ economical & practical mode ( supply+ pure wat]1 ei!r f ! ga!r+ gr\nds by gravity1 or by pump+ f ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,no s*eme 0 to be consid]$ t w\ld n provide at lea/ ?irty millions daily1 ) res\rces = future necessities4 ,?is limitation reject$ ,lick ,run & ,ross ,run ent]+ ,millcreek2 ,we/ ,=k & ,ea/ ,bran* ( ,millcreek1 ,duck ,creek & ,sycamore ,creek ent]+ ,little ,miami ,riv]4 ,^? t pres5t$ fair prospects = ! collection ( wat] z reg>ds quantity 73 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,situation ,,at ,,connect+ ,,po9t4 ---------------------------- ,,elevation ,,above ,,l[ ,,wat] ,,at ,,di/ance ,,f ,,c9c9nati1 ,,c9c9nati1 ,,feet4 ,,miles4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,i4 ,! great ,miami ,valley-- ,cle> ,creek #bgj #di ,gregory ,creek #bbj #ch ,dick's ,creek1 bel[ ,middlet[n1 0 f\nd to be v unfavorable = res]voirs ,,ii4 ,little ,miami ,valley-- ,muddy ,creek #bbb #cb ,turtle ,creek #bbj #cc ,,iii4 ,valley ( ,millcreek-- ,we/ bran* ( ,millcreek #aif #af ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,dra9age ,,degree ,,( ,,area1 ,,h>dness1 ,,sq4 ,,miles4 ,,9 ,u4 ,s4 ,,rem>ks4 ,,gallons4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,i4 ,! great ,miami ,valley-- ,cle> ,creek #ci4i #ae4ea ,gregory ,creek #af #ac4ca aft] ,dick's ,creek1 bel[ ,middlet[n1 boil+4 0 f\nd to be v unfavorable = res]voirs ,,ii4 ,little ,miami ,valley-- ,muddy ,creek #aj4be #i4hc ,turtle ,creek #bg #aa4ce ,,iii4 ,valley ( ,millcreek-- ,we/ bran* ( ,millcreek #bh4e #i4ag ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! objections to ^! wat]s 73 #a4 ,! h>dness2 #b4 ,! contam9ation ( ri*ly manur$ f>ms2 #c4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( ! availability ( ! wat]-%$s4 ,to produce ! ?irty millions x requir$ ! comb9$ area ( ,cle> & ,gregory creeks1 besides l>ge /orage res]voirs = dry seasons4 ,! di/ance ( latt] creek is #ch miles f ! city1 & #ae feet bel[ fl[-l9e ( ,ed5 ,res]voir4 ,he consid]$ ! wat]s ( ! ,ohio mo/ pref]able provid+ ! wat] 0 tak5 above ! city limits4 ,! plan embrac$ a pump+ s]vice ) two lifts1 to be locat$ 9 ,p5dleton1 ) /orage & settl+ res]voirs & filt]-b$s4 ,! elevation ( res]voir 0 #bjj feet above l[ wat]1 & w\ld n supply elevations above #age feet4 ,! e/imates 73 ,?ree settl+ res]voirs1 #cha1dcf4jb ,two filt]-b$s1 #ead1bbj4ej ,/orage res]voir ( #ci acres1 #fce1chf4ej ,pump+ h\se & f\ndations = l[ s]vice works1 #aid1hbb4hj ,pump+ h\se & f\ndations = high s]vice works1 #gg1bhe4ge ,pump+ eng9es--two = l[ s]vice & two = high s]vice1 #cj millions capacity1 #djb1ejj4jj ,=ce-ma91 ) riv] inlets1 #aai1igi4ej ,=ty-two-in* supply ma9 to ,?ird ,/reet ,res]voir1 #deg1cee4jj ,l&s & damages1 etc41 #aje1bbe4jj ,auxili>y pump+ eng9e & res]voir = ,walnut ,hills1 #aej1jjj4jj ------------- ,total1 #c1jch1bad4jg ,! majority ( ! committee 9 recomm5d+ ! plan /at$2 8t !y reg>d$ ! "q1 z to ! s\rce ( supply1 z def9itely settl$ = all "t1 t ! ,ohio ,riv] is ! only means f :5ce ?is city %\ld d]ive h] supply ( wat]4 ,! site is z high up ! riv] z c well be obta9$ )\t cross+ ! ,little ,miami40 ,?is latt] consid]ation !y ?\ght w\ld be dem&$ fifty or "o hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,! m9ority report recomm5d$ ! reta9+ ( ! pres5t sy/em1 & ! con/ruction ( a new res]voir 9 ,ed5 ,p>k1--! m9ority report 0 adopt$4 ,_h ! ,ed5 ,res]voir be5 complet$ )9 a reasonable p]iod x w\ld h s]v$ ! purpose int5d$1 at lea/ = a few ye>s1 b be=e x 0 ready = use ! consumption ( wat] increas$ f five1 to sev5te5 millions daily4 ,no4 #e4 ,,ohio ,,riv]4 ,! ,ohio ,riv] above ,c9c9nati has a wat]-%$ area1 e/imat$ by ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus ,bureau1 ( #ajj1jjj squ>e miles1 "o-t5? ( :i* is ( lime/one =mation4 ,! h>dness ( ! wat] v>ies 9 proportion to ! contribution f ?is =mation4 ,! wat]1 at ! m\? ( ! ,big ,s&y1 is 4#h ( a degree h>dness2 at ,m>kley ,f>m1 #d to #h2 at ,dayton s&-bea*1 #g to #h2 at pump-works1 #f to #h2 ,ed5 res]voir1 #g to #i2 ,eggle/on ,av5ue sew]1 #g to #ac2 wells 9 ! banks ( ! riv] at ,dayton s&-bea*1 #cb to #ci2 & ^? at ,s$amsville #ej to #fj degrees4 ,! well wat] is upl& surface wat]4 ,9 fact1 all bor+s 9 ! banks ( ! riv] secure1 9 m or less degree1 ?is nature ( wat]4 ,9 ! s\?-we/]n "p ( ?is ,/ate1 ! riv] fl[s ov] ! b$d$ rocks ( ! ,c9c9nati gr\p1 its wat]s alt]nately imp++ on "o side ( its banks1 & deposit+ its e>?y matt]s1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( sluggi% curr5ts & eddies1 on ! opposite side1 & =m+ :at might be t]m$ accid5tal b$s1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,dayton s&-bea*4 ,! mat]ial deposit$ is an argillace\s sub/ance2 &1 ) ! friction & influ5ce ( ! wat]1 is p>tly trans=m$ into quicks&4 ,! b$s d n =m a "p ( ! riv] 9 l[ wat]1 z depict$ by ! sket* 9 ! la/ report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,! s$im5t 9 ! ,mississippi wat]1 at ,/4 ,l\is1 is ne>ly two p] c5t4 ( ! bulk ( ! wat]2 ! l>ge/ portion 7#idd 9 #a1jjj7 deposit+ itself )9 #bd h\rs4 ,! ,ohio ,riv] wat]1 at ?is po9t1 is1 at times1 almo/ z bad4 ,! s$im5t =ms a t5aci\s & imp]vi\s clay1 s susceptible ( solidification t conductors ( riv] wat] are only kept op5 by a con/ant fl[ ( wat]4 ,! volume ( wat] pass+ d[n ! ,ohio ,riv] is an extremely v>iable "o4 ,no special gaug+1 h[ev]1 has ev] be5 made to asc]ta9 ! quality2 b f ! surface velocities1 measur$ by ! ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,s\!rn ,railway1 we c approximately arrive at ! figures ,at #c-;foot /age1 by ,wat]-,works m>k1 ! velocity 0 4#ig miles p] h\r4 8 #f 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #a4abe 8 8 8 8 #ah 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #c4ea 8 8 8 8 #ba 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #c4bj 8 8 8 8 #bg 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #d4gj 8 8 8 8 #ca 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #d4cj 8 8 8 8 #da 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #e4jjb 8 8 8 ,! slope ( wat] surface1 f wat]-works to bridge1 0 4#cfg ( a foot = l[ /age2 = av]age /age1 4#djc ( a foot2 & 4#dae ( a foot p] mile = high /age4 ,! approximate fl[ ( wat] 9 cubic feet p] second at ! ,s\!rn ,railway ,bridge is #e1jjj feet = m9imum /age1 #ajj1jjj feet = mean /age1 & #djj1jjj = maximum /age4 ,! m9imum fl[ ( ! ,s*uylkill is #cgh cubic feet p] second2 ! ,delaw>e1 #b1jjj cubic feet2 ! ,m]rimack1 #b1ajj cubic feet2 & ! ,?ames ,riv]1 #gjj cubic feet4 ,inve/igations ( ! influ5ce on our climate1 by ! removal ( ! =e/s1 develop ! fact t /reams1 utiliz$ = wat]-p[]1 h become less con/ant 9 _! fl[ ?an =m]ly4 ,! ,ohio ,riv] has ( late ye>s exhibit$ great] fluctuations ( levels ?an ev] kn[n1 & has lo/ its pre/ige z a reliable *annel ( navigation4 ,pr(4 ,newburg1 9 ,vol4 ,i ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,ohio1 records an in/ant :]e a l>ge rock1 at ,smi?'s ,f]ry1 has rec5tly become s fully expos$ t on its surface inscriptions 7 f\nd1 t are ascrib$ to a race :i* once populat$ ?is c\ntry ant]ior to ! nomadic ,indians4 ,!re are ab\t #gh villages & t[ns & #ac cities on ! ,ohio ,riv] betwe5 ,c9c9nati & ,pittsburgh1 a di/ance ( #dfj miles4 ,! population on ?is portion ( ! riv]1 & its contribut+ /reams1 is ov] #c millions4 ,! av]age population1 p] squ>e mile ( dra9age area1 on ! ,ohio ,riv] is #dg2 above ,c9c9nati1 #ce2 on ! ,great ,miami1 #aji2 on ! ,delaw>e1 #agf2 on ! ,hudson1 #agb2 on ! ,m]rimack1 #ib2 on ! ,susquehanna1 #fb2 on ! ,connecticut1 #gh2 on ! ,potomac1 #ed2 on ! ,s*uylkill1 #de2 on ! ,?ames1 above wat]-works1 #cjj4 ,consid]able space has be5 devot$ to ,riv] ,pollution1 to :i* att5tion is direct$4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks1 h[ev]1 af=d comp>ative results = ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,! comp>ative m]its ( riv] wat]s1 z express$ 9 analytic results ( p\nds ( sewage 9 ea* million gallons1 are1 = ! ,ohio wat] at ,dayton s&-bea*1 4#hb2 at ,m>kley ,f>m1 #a4jj2 at ! pump+ works1 #a4ha2 at ,ed5 res]voir1 #a4gh2 at ,eggle/on ,av5ue sew]1 #d4da2 ! ,croton wat]1 ,new ,york1 4#ih2 ,glasg[1 ,scotl&1 wat]1 4#fe2 ,?ames ,riv]1 #d4ia2 ,london supply1 #a4cc2 ,fre% pond1 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 #a4ej2 ,my/ic ,riv]1 ,bo/on1 #a4hg2 ,s*uylkill ,riv]1 ,philadelphia1 #a4eh2 ,m]rimack1 above ,l[ell1 4#ic2 above ,lawr5ce1 4#ij2 bel[ ,lawr5ce1 #a4jc4 ,! ,?ames & ,lea ,riv]s h be5 condemn$ by ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission because1 z !y say1 !re is no hope ( rem$y+ _! disgu/+ condition1 not)/&+ ! p>liam5t>y laws = _! protection aga9/ pollution4 ,! ,s*uylkill ,riv] is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( supply = ,philadelphia1 b its wat] is v suspici\s4 ,above ,read+1 x is unfit = manufactur+ & cul9>y purposes1 ow+ to ! l>ge am\nt ( sulphuric acid4 ,?is acid is1 h[ev]1 neutraliz$ & consid]ably r$uc$ be=e ! wat] rea*es ,philadelphia4 ,! ,fairm\nt pool is pollut$ by cess-pool & slaught]-h\se dra9age4 ,! foll[+ means to re/ore & ma9ta9 ! purity ( ! ,s*uylkill wat] has be5 sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,cresson3 #a4 ,! div]sion ( all sewage1 n[ fl[+ into ! pool ( ,fairm\nt dam1 into ano!r *annel4 #b4 ,! div]sion ( all sewage1 conta9+ fcal & animal matt]1 fl[+ into ! riv] bel[ ,flat ,rock4 #c4 ,! filtration ( ! sewage f all mills1 to exclude solid matt]1 animal or vegetable4 #d4 ,! exclusion ( ammonia wa/e & surface wa% f gas-works1 cemet]ies1 etc4 #e4 ,! cultivation ( fi% & ( suitable plant life 9 & ^u ! wat]s ( ! riv]4 #f4 ,! erection ( suitable cascades ov] ! res]voirs1 s z to secure ! b5efits ( a]ation to z great ext5t z possible4 #g4 ,! employm5t ( prop] prophylactic & curative ag5ts z occasion may require4 ,bo/on obta9$ legislative p[] to protect ,pegan ,brook f sewage pollution4 ,te/ cases1 to compel manufactur]s to provide "s o!r means ( dispos+ ( _! dra9age1 7 c>ri$ to ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 & decid$ 9 favor ( ! city4 ,simil> cases w be br\ght aga9/ o!r (f5d]s4 ,9 ! meantime ! pollution cont9ues4 ,! same au?orities procur$ a law to protect ,my/ic ,lake1 & provide o!r *annels = sewage4 ,! provisions ( ! act 7 held to be impracticable1 & ! law is n[ a dead lett]4 ,! self-purification ( riv] wat] is n recogniz$ by "s au?orities1 b equally good au?orities value its m]its4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations on ?is subject are p>ticul>ly applicable to ,c9c9nati3 8,! mo/ efficaci\s means to get rid ( ! sewage is n to put x into ! riv] at all4 8,a *emi/ c tell y ! am\nt ( organic matt] conta9$ 9 ! wat]1 b t cov]s an inf9ite v>iety ( matt]s4 ,he has no means ( discrim9ation z to :at is really ! f]m5t--! infecti\s mat]ial--( *ol]a f a great numb] ( o!r organic matt]s4 8,! "q is1 n :e!r ! *emi/ w\ld f9d out ! organic matt]1 s mu* z x is1 :e!r ! g]ms t dissem9ate ! disease /ill h _! prop]ty fur!r d[n ! riv]4 ,?is c only be solv$ by ! effects4 ,y might g on us+ ! wat] = ye>s1 & x might n be discov]$ until "s outbreak ( disease occurs directly attributable to ! wat]40 ,! practical sanit>y exp]im5t w\ld !n be solv$1 b at ! exp5se ( a numb] ( lives4 ,dr4 ,klob1 ( ,vi5na1 has discov]$1 9 ! evacuations ( *ol]a pati5ts1 millions & millions ( microscopic fungi simil> 9 =m to a mu%room4 ,!re are1 above ! ,c9c9nati pump+ works1 six sew]s dis*>g+ _! fil? into ! ,ohio ,riv]1 besides ! fcal dra9age ( no less ?an five ?\s& privies1 all )9 a radius ( less ?an ?ree miles4 ,n[1 ! quality ( su* wat] is readily e/abli%$1 = we are putt+ ! sewage into ! wat] kn[+ !re are no means to get rid ( x4 ,,ohio ,,riv] ,,/atem5t1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,highe/1 ,,l[e/1 ,,& ,,av]age ,,/ages ,,= ,,ea* ,,ye> ,,at ,,c9c9nati ,,wat]-,,works4 ,,av]age ,,= ,,ye>4 ,,highe/ ,,/age4 ,,l[e/ ,,/age4 ,,! ,,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,date4 ,,feet4 ,,94 ,,date4 ,,feet4 ,,94,,feet4 ,,94 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ahcb ,febru>y #ah #fb #aa #ahdg ,decemb] #ag #fb #c #aheh ,june #af #dc #aj ,octob] #c;d #b #e #ab #aj #ahei ,febru>y #bb;d #ee #e ,septemb] #ai? #c #c #ag #g #ahfj ,april #af? #di #b ,octob] #c;d #e #d #af -- #ahfa ,april #ai? #di #e ,july #ac? #e #a #ai #a #ahfb ,janu>y #bd? #eg #d ,octob] #ca/ #b #d #ag #e #ahfc ,m>* #ab? #db #i ,octob] #f? #b #f #ae -- #ahfd ,decemb] #bc;d #de #a ,augu/ #f? #c #a #af #h #ahfe ,m>* #g? #ef #c ,octob] #ai? #e #h #ba #aj #ahff ,septemb] #bf #db #f ,augu/ #ag? #d #i #ai #b #ahfg ,m>* #ad #ee #h ,octob] #ai? #c -- #ag -- #ahfh ,m>* #cj? #dh #c ,july #ba/ #e #a #ah #h #ahfi ,april #b;d #dh #i ,augu/ #ba/ #e #d #ai #h #ahgj ,janu>y #ai? #ee #c ,octob] #d? #c #aj #ag #aj #ahga ,may #ac? #dj #f ,octob] #ab? #b #h #aa #aj #ahgb ,april #ac? #da #i ,octob] #ad? #c -- #aa #h #ahgc ,decemb] #ah? #dd #e ,octob] #a8? #c #h #ah #e #ahgd ,janu>y #aa? #dg #aa ,septemb] #bb;d #b #d #ae #h #ahge ,augu/ #f? #ee #d ,septemb] #ai? #d #c #ah #i #ahgf ,janu>y #bi? #ea #i ,septemb] #d? #f #b #ah #b #ahgg ,janu>y #bj? #ec #i ,octob] #i? #c #c #ae -- #ahgh ,decemb] #ae? #da #d ,octob] #bd? #d #d #af #i #ahgi ,decemb] #bg? #db #i ,octob] #bc;d #b #f #ad #f #ahhj ,febru>y #ag? #ec #b ,octob] #bh? #c #i #ag -- #ahha ,febru>y #af? #ej #g ,septemb] #ah? #a #aa #af #aa ,a rec5t exam9ation ( ! curr5ts ( ! riv] pass+ ! inlets 0 conclusive t ! ,eggle/on ,av5ue sew]1 #a1jjj feet bel[1 c\ld h no effect on our wat] supply4 ,be ?is z x may1 its proximity taxes our delicate ta/es4 ,! location ( ! inlet ( ! ,%ield aqu$uct is n a desirable "o1 be+ at ! revetm5t wall1 pa/ :i* all ! %ore wat] fl[s4 ,! small aqu$uct c]ta9ly c n be improv$1 its inlet be+ sixty feet beyond ! wall1 :]e ! curr5ts produce ! be/ wat] obta9able4 ,! value ( *ang+ ! location ( ! intakes c be illu/rat$ to a good advantage by ! exp]i5ce ( ,london dur+ ! *ol]a epidemic ( #ahed4 ,aft] ! epidemic ( #ahdi1 ! ,lambe? ,wat] ,company mov$ _! intakes to ,t$d+ton1 beyond ! range ( ,london sewage2 :ile _! competitor1 ! ,s\?w>k ,company1 cont9u$ to take its wat] close to "o ( ! sew]s4 ,_! respective wat]-pipes int]lac$ ea* o!r2 & ( ! #bf1jjj h\ses suppli$ by ! ,lambe? ,company1 !re 7 only #bid dea?s 9 #ahed1 :ile 9 #dj1jjj h\ses1 suppli$ by ! o!r company1 !re 7 #b1bhd dea?s4 ,,sc[d5',s ,,survey ,,( ,,m>kley ,,f>m4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,april1 #ahga1 ! ,tru/ees ( ,wat]-,works1 9 response to ! ,c\ncil1 submitt$ a report to !m ^u ! necessity ( a new wat] supply4 ,on ! ensu+ #i? ( ,june1 ! ,c\ncil ord]$ t a compet5t eng9e] be employ$ to exam9e sites1 & report ^u ! mo/ suitable location = wat]-works1 ) plans1 e/imates ( co/1 etc4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,r4 ,sc[d5 0 accord+ly appo9t$2 &1 on ! #i? ( ,septemb] ( ! same ye>1 he submitt$ a supplem5tal report1 recomm5d+1 9 ! highe/ t]ms1 ! 8,m>kley ,f>m0 site4 ,^u 8 recomm5dation1 ! prop]ty 0 pur*as$ = ! sum ( #bb1cba4ej1 consi/+ ( #adf acres1 ) a riv] frontage ( #b1jjj feet4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts ^u :i* ! recomm5dation 0 bas$ 73 8,! site kn[n z ,m>kley ,f>m is a po9t :]e ! wat] ( ! ,ohio ,riv] is deep & free f dra9age or any o!r vitiat+ influ5ce to affect its quality1 p]haps = a c5tury to come1 if ev]4 ,! %ore is bold1 &1 ) ! b$ ( ! riv]1 is ( gravel & rock =mation1 wa%$ clean by an active curr5t at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,pump+ works may be locat$ at ?is po9t )\t any objectionable & exp5sive inlet-pipe2 :ile ! adjac5t hills af=d an excell5t site = a /orage res]voir1 #cjg feet above extreme l[ wat]1 & #ge feet above ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 ,res]voir4 ,on ! l[] level !re is a f9e plateau = locat+1 n only ! pump+ h\se1 b subsid+ res]voirs & filt]+ bas9s4 8,! =ce-ma9 ext5d+ f ! pump h\se to ! /orage res]voir w be %ort1 or ab\t #a1dej feet long1 :]eas1 works locat$ on ! second site1 or any o!r sites exam9$1 w\ld require =ce ma9s sev]al ?\s& feet 9 l5g?4 ,by ! fir/ site1 wat] f ! riv] w\ld be lift$ by ! pumps & =c$ to ! res]voir ) ! lea/ am\nt ( p[]1 friction1 & exp5se ( fuel to d ! "w4 ,?is site also comm&s an excell5t & safe l&+ = boats supply+ ! works ) coal4 8,! analyses ( wat]s lately tak5 at ! ,wat]-,works & at ! ,m>kley ,f>m cle>ly indicate ! sup]ior quality1 purity1 & heal?fulness ( ! latt]4 8,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! (fal f "o or m di/ill]ies1 said to be 9 op]ation at ,new ,ri*mond1 "s t5 miles above ! ,m>kley ,f>m1 w\ld leave its ta9t 9 ! wat] rea*+ ! latt] po9t4 ,my answ] is1 t 9 ?is case ! riv]1 s slightly affect$ at ,new ,ri*mond1 & fl[+ t5 miles to rea* ! ,m>kley ,f>m1 w\ld1 f agitation & dilution1 & f ! well-kn[n self-purify+ prop]ty ( wat]1 become pure40 ,reg>d+ ! o!r sites survey$ he said3 8,! second1 b objectionable1 site = wat]-works 0 f\nd "s ?ree miles above ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 res]voir1 & ab\t ! same di/ance bel[ ! m\? & (f5sive dis*>ge ( ! ,little ,miami ,riv]4 ,?is location1 al?\gh favorable 9 _m respects1 int]cepts ! dra9age ( ! upp] portion ( ! city1 & all ( t f ! ,miami ,valley empti$ into ! ,ohio ,riv]1 :i* r5d]s t site :olly inadmissible = wat]-works purposes4 8,! valley ( ! ,miami =ms a wat]-%$ ( sev]al hundr$ squ>e miles 9 area4 ,^u ! surface ( ?is va/ pla9 is deposit$ ! dead c>casses ( animals1 & ! dropp+s f cattle ( all k9ds4 ,! gr\nd is cov]$ ) decay$ vegetable matt]1 & ! soak+ ( /able-y>ds1 hog-p5s1 slaught]-h\ses1 di/ill]ies1 /agnant pools1 etc4 ,! refuse is wa%$ (f by ra9 /orms into ! ,miami1 :i* is ! common receptacle1 & !nce into ! ,ohio ,riv]4 8,x is only necess>y1 fir/1 to disease ! wat]1 !n disease ! man2 & x is cle>1 !re=e1 t wat]-works locat$ bel[ ! ,miami w\ld1 by :olesale pollution1 disease ! :ole community4 8,!re is no city 9 ! civiliz$ _w s reg>dless ( ! cleanl9ess & heal? ( its citiz5s z to adopt a plan ( wat] supply to foi/ ^u !m ! conc5trat$ fil? f sew]age & ! impurities ( a /ream1 ! wat] ( :i* is only fit = mill-p[]1 manufactur+ purposes1 & = cattle to dr9k2 & ,i did n ?9k t ,c9c9nati 0 emul\s ( sett+ ! example4 8,) reg>d to int]m$iate po9ts betwe5 ! c\nty l9e & ! m\? ( ! ,little ,miami ,riv]1 ,i f\nd ! ,ohio ,riv] l9$ ) s&-b>s1 "s ( :i* project$ f ! %ore ne>ly to ! middle ( ! riv]1 miles 9 l5g?2 :ile ! bottom or b$ ( ! riv] 01 = ! mo/ "p1 cov]$ ) logs & craggy /ones40 ,8 plan embrac$ ! con/ruction ( pump+ works = rais+ ! wat]1 fir/1 f ! riv] into subsid+ & filt] res]voirs1 & !n pump+ x a second "t into /orage res]voirs4 ,! wat] 0 to fl[1 ?r\gh #aj miles ( #db-;in* supply ma9s1 into ,ed5 ,res]voir4 ,! capacity ( ! pumps 0 e/imat$ at #fj millions daily4 ,! recapitulation ( co/ 03 ,= ,eng9e-,h\se & ,gr\nds #cab1gij4jj ,= ,pump+ ,eng9es #gej1jjj4jj ,= ,=ce ,ma9s #ib1acj4jj ,= ,/orage ,res]voirs #eba1ebi4de ,= ,subsid+ ,res]voirs #efj1beb4jj ,= ,cle>-,wat] ,well #ad1ffi4fj ,= pr9cipal ,supply ,ma91 two l9es #a1haa1jgh4jj ,miscellane\s exp5ses #fj1ejj4jj ------------ #d1aca1idi4je ,add t5 p] c5t #dac1aid4ij ------------- ,total co/ #d1ede1adc4ie ,9 conclusion1 he said3 8,i1 !re=e1 reg>d ! fir/ & be/ site1 kn[n z ! ,m>kley ,f>m1 z "o comm&+ all ! advantages s\ght1 :]e works may be erect$ comb9+ great] simplicity ( con/ruction1 economy ( co/1 & ma9t5ance :5 put 9 op]ation1 ?an c\ld be built at any ( ! o!r po9ts m5tion$40 ,no4 #g4 ,,moore',s ,,survey4 ,on ! #bc;d ( ,janu>y1 #ahhb1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,moore1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,c9c9nati ,wat]-,works1 submitt$ a communication to ! ,bo>d ( ,public ,works relative to ! pres5t condition ( ! pump+ works & its future requirem5ts4 ,f x we arrange ! foll[+3 8,! pres5t pumps are defici5t2 t dur+ ! summ] ( #ahha ! daily dem&s exce$$1 at times1 _! capacity2 & on "o p>ticul> day !re 0 a defici5cy ( ov] six million gallons4 ,! eng9es are g5]ally ( light con/ruction1 & n suffici5t = any increas$ loads4 ,!y are exp5sive 9 op]ation & ma9t5ance4 ,fir/-class eng9es ( to-day w\ld save two-?irds ( ! fuel us$4 ,! pr9cipal reliance1 dur+ ! summ]1 is ! l>ge 8,%ield0 eng9e1 :i* is mo/ extravagant on fuel1 & has a wr\ght-iron =ce-ma91 ( weak mat]ial1 intr5*$ #ce feet bel[ ! surface ( ! /reet4 ,"s ( ! boil]s are ( an age t require !m to be treat$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 & %\ld be condemn$4 ,! pr9cipal build+s d n af=d protection or access to ! pumps 9 case ( d]angem5t dur+ av]age high wat]4 ,! hill-top s]vice is inadequate1 & a l>g] & m compreh5sive sy/em %\ld be adopt$ = ! supply ( ! increas+ t]ritory4 8,! subject ( increas+ capacity requires imm$iate att5tion2 & %\ld ! removal ( ! works be deem$ inadvisable1 x w become ess5tial to at once proce$ ) ! erection ( ma*9]y1 build+s1 aqu$uct1 & aqua-=t at ! old works4 ,! co/ ( ^! improvem5ts is plac$ at #a1cid1jjj2 res]ve eng9e = #ahhd1 #fah1jjj2 & sew] 9 ,front ,/reet1 to c>ry ! sewage bel[ ! works1 #a1fjj1jjj4 ,total1 #c1fab1jjj40 ,8 plan = ,m>kley ,f>m provides = "o lift ( #cje feet1 ) ?ree comp\nd pump+ eng9es ( #ajj million capacity1 subsid+ & /orage res]voirs1 & "o efflu5t-ma9 #fb in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! e/imate is cond5s$ z foll[s3 ,aqua-=t & build+s #daj1jjj4jj ,eng9es & boil]s = #ajj million capacity #a1bee1jjj4jj ,?ree subsid+ res]voirs ( e>? & masonry embankm5ts1 ) #ij acres ( wat] surface #a1hcf1ejj4jj ,efflu5t-ma91 includ+ #ee1jjj feet ( #fb-;in* pipe1 f ! ,f>m to ,ed5 ,res]voir1 & #ah1jjj feet #a1hjd1jjj4jj ( #dh-;in*1 f ,ed5 ,res]voir to ,h>rison ,av5ue ,cont+5cies #dfj1jjj4jj ------------- ,total #e1gbe1jjj4jj ,! important "q is pres5t$ by him1 :i* ! public mu/ decide1 namely1 :e!r x is a prud5t policy to exp5d f\r millions ( doll>s to improve ! old works1 & reta9 all ! exp5sive & unreliable ma*9]y1 & /ill supply an impure & turbid wat]2 or to exp5d an additional two millions = an entire new sy/em1 f a s\rce :]e a supply ( pure & cle> wat] c be secur$1 comm5surate ) ! gr[+ city4 ,he also embodies1 by way ( comp>ison1 ! foll[+ e/imate = locat+ ! works on ! ,k5tucky side ( ! riv]3 ,= "r ( way & prop]ty1 ,/ate & municipal #ejj1jjj ,aqua-=t & build+s #daj1jjj ,?ree eng9es1 ) boil]s complete #a1bee1jjj ,subsid+ ,res]voirs #a1hcf1jjj ,efflu5t-ma9s1 #bc1jjj feet #ecc1jjj ,tunnel = pump+ ma9 #bgj1jjj ,tunnel "u ! ,ohio ,riv]1 #c1jjj feet #hbe1jjj ,?irty-in* ma9 to ,ea/]n ,av5ue1 #bb1ejj feet #bja1jjj ,cont+5cies #eej1jjj ---------- ,total = ,newport plan #f1cha1jjj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,con/ruct+ ,,wat]-,,works4 ,! co/ ( con/ruct+ wat]-works v>ies v mu*1 accord+ to local features1 geological /ructure1 & k9d ( s*eme mo/ suitable to ! place4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 gravitation s*emes co/ f #aj to #ac1 & pump+ s*emes f #g to #aj1 p] inhabitant4 ,! av]age co/ p] head1 = ,london1 0 #bj2 = ,liv]pool1 #bj2 = ,brad=d1 ,engl&1 #ce2 = ,halifax1 ,engl&1 #be2 = ,dundee1 ,scotl&1 #cj2 = ,glasg[1 #ae2 = ,man*e/] & ,%effield 7ea*7 #ab p] head4 ,! av]age co/ = a supply ( #bj imp]ial gallons p] day1 p] head1 = #ff t[ns ( ,great ,brita9 hav+ gravitation supplies1 0 #h2 = #dh t[ns1 ) pump+ sy/em1 #e4hj2 & = #aa t[ns1 hav+ bo? sy/ems1 #g4 ,f ! annual report ( ,*icago1 = #ahhj1 we take ! foll[+ co/1 p] capita1 = wat]-works con/ruction3 ,detroit1 #bc4aa2 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 #ai4jh2 ,wilm+ton1 ,del41 #bj4gc2 ,buffalo1 #ah4bi2 ,c9c9nati1 #bf4bj2 ,milwaukee1 #ai4be2 ,columbus1 ,o41 #ah4ad2 ,l\isville1 ,ky41 #be4jd2 ,clevel&1 ,o41 #af4hd2 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i41 #eb4gd2 ,bo/on 7gravity supply71 #dd4df2 ,man*e/]1 ,n4 ,h4 7wat] pump+ p[]71 #bd4bd2 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 7gravity71 #ce4fj2 ,new ,york 7gravity71 #cd4ch1 ,/4 ,l\is1 #bf4jg2 ,*icago1 #ag4di4 ,! ,eng9e]+ ,news1 ( ,new ,york1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,no4 #d1 conta9s valuable tables on con/ruction1 & o!r valuable wat]-works /ati/ics1 f :i* ! foll[+ is compil$3 ,av]age co/ ( con/ruction1 p] capita1 = ,am]ican cities hav+ /&-pipe sy/em1 ) #ej1jjj population1 #bj4gj2 = #cj1jjj1 #ab2 = #ae1jjj1 #af2 = #aj1jjj1 #ac4cj4 ,av]age co/ ( con/ruction1 p] capita1 = direct pump+ sy/em1 = #ge1jjj1 #af2 = #dj1jjj1 #ac4dj2 = #be1jjj1 #ac4hj2 = #ae1jjj1 #ba4gj2 = #aj1jjj1 #af4dj2 = #e1jjj1 f #h to #ab4 ,av]age co/ ( con/ruction1 p] capita1 = res]voir pump+ sy/em1 = #ajj1jjj population1 #bb4ej2 = #ge1jjj1 #ba4ej2 = #ej1jjj1 #ae4be2 = #ce1jjj1 #bb4ej2 = #be1jjj1 #cc4bj2 = #ae1jjj1 #bb4dj2 = #aj1jjj1 f #aj to #cb2 = #e1jjj1 f #h to #dj4 ,av]age co/ ( con/ruction1 p] capita1 = gravitation works1 = #ej1jjj population1 #bf2 = #cj1jjj1 f #ag to #dj2 = #bj1jjj1 f #af to #cj2 = #aj1jjj1 f #aj to #cj2 = #e1jjj1 f #e to #be2 = #c1jjj1 f #ag to #dj4 ,,rev5ue ,,& ,,exp5se4 ,! av]age wat]-r5t receipts1 = #ahhj1 p] mile ( wat] pipe 9 use1 0 #b1jbb = ,*icago1 #c1bjj = ,new ,york1 #a1icb = ,philadelphia1 #b1gcj = ,bo/on1 #c1cjg = ,brooklyn1 #b1ahc = ,baltimore1 #c1aab = ,/4 ,l\is1 #b1fdg = ,c9c9nati1 #a1fjj = ,l\isville1 #a1faa = ,clevel&1 #a1hba = ,detroit1 #b1jfj = ,buffalo1 #a1ejj = ,milwaukee1 #a1gdf = ,indianapolis2 #a1abh = ,columbus1 ,ohio1 #c1eef = ,pittsburgh1 #cig = ,wa%+ton1 & #fah = ,tol$o1 ,ohio4 ,! co/ ( ma9t5ance1 = /&-pipe sy/em1 v>ies f #aj to #ij p] c5t4 ( rev5ue2 = direct pump+1 f #cj to #adj p] c5t4 ( rev5ue2 = res]voir pump+1 = l>ge cities1 f #ab to #cg p] c5t4 ( rev5ue2 = small cities1 f #ab to #abj p] c5t4 ( rev5ue2 & new works1 f #ab to #fj p] c5t4 ( rev5ue2 = gravitation works1 f #ac to #abj p] c5t4 ( rev5ue4 ,! rev5ue & ! co/ ( ma9t5ance 7exclusive ( int]e/71 = ea* #a1jjj gallons ( wat] pump$1 are respectively3 ,philadelphia1 #e4gg & #a4bh c5ts2 ,/4 ,l\is1 #f4ia & #b4ee c5ts2 ,*icago1 #d4ab & #a4ah c5ts2 ,detroit1 #d4ji & #hb c5ts2 ,buffalo1 #c4ej & #a4jj c5ts2 ,new ,york1 #d4g & "o c5t2 ,clevel&1 #e4dc & #a4e c5ts2 ,c9c9nati1 #g4ja & #b4f c5ts4 ,! rev5ue receiv$1 = ea* #a1jjj gallons deliv]$1 is #ae4eb c5ts at ,liv]pool1 ,engl&2 #ad4ce c5ts at ,b]l91 ,g]many2 #h4ac c5ts at ,dresd51 & #d c5ts at ,hamburg4 ,! comp>ative annual wat]-r5t *>ges = a l>ge h\se1 9 diff]5t cities1 are z foll[s3 ,columbus1 ,ohio1 #bc4ej2 ,lawr5ce1 ,mass41 #bj2 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i41 #ca2 ,brooklyn1 #bi4be2 ,buffalo1 #dc4ej2 ,detroit1 #bc4be2 ,c9c9nati1 #bh4gc2 ,clevel&1 #ba4ej2 ,*icago1 #cd2 ,philadelphia1 #bg4ge2 ,pittsburgh1 #ga4ej2 ,milwaukee1 #cd4ej2 ,l\isville1 #ea4ej4 ,! met] rate *>ges1 p] #a1jjj gallons1 are #aj to #dj c5ts at ,bo/on2 #aj c5ts at ,*icago2 #aj4b at ,c9c9nati2 #g to #bj at ,columbus1 ,ohio2 #ae c5ts at ,brooklyn2 #ac at ,baltimore2 #f to #ab at ,clevel&2 #bj to #cj at ,buffalo2 #ae c5ts at ,philadelphia2 #g c5ts at ,new ,york2 & #cj c5ts at ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,! met] rates1 p] #a1jjj ,u4 ,s4 gallons1 at ,/uttg>t1 ,g]many1 are #aa c5ts = filt]$ riv] wat]1 #e c5ts = lake wat]1 & #ae c5ts = spr+ wat]4 ,! rates1 at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 are #c4g to #e c5ts2 at ,hamburg1 ,g]many1 #h c5ts2 at ,leipsic1 #g to #i c5ts2 at ,b]l91 ,g]many1 #f to #be c5ts2 at ,dubl91 ,irel&1 #f to #aa c5ts2 & at ,glasg[1 ,scotl&1 #ae c5ts p] #a1jjj ,u4 ,s4 gallons4 ,! av]age divid5d paid by ! wat] companies ( ,great ,brita91 9 #ahgj1 0 #g p] c5t4 ,,wat] ,,pipes4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( wat] pipes 9 use are made ( wood1 ca/-iron1 wr\ght-iron1 & glass4 ,= adapt+ wr\ght pipe to practical use1 v>i\s me?ods h be5 resort$ to1 t ( coat+ ) asphaltum1 enamel+1 galvaniz+1 & l9+ inside & cov]+ outside ) cem5t4 ,! latt] me?od has be5 adopt$ by a numb] ( wat]-works2 b ! liability to corrosion1 f imp]fect "w & mat]ial1 has caus$ its ab&onm5t 9 a numb] ( places4 ,! ,spr+ ,valley ,wat] ,company1 ( ,san ,francisco1 h 9 use a numb] ( wr\ght-iron rivet$ pipes1 coat$ ) asphaltum1 ( #bj to #db in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y are made ( ,no4 #ab to #ad iron 7,birm+ham wire gauge71 & h a hydro/atic pressure ^u !m ( f #bjj to #djj feet4 ,virg9ia ,city 7,nevada7 wat]-works laid two l9es ( wr\ght-iron pipe across ! ,wa%oe ,valley1 #g miles wide--"o ( #ab-;in* rivet$ pipe1 & ! o!r ( #aj-;in* enamel$1 lap-weld$ tubes4 ,! pressure on ! pipe at ! bottom ( ! valley is #gej p\nds4 ,! enorm\s pressure has caus$ a numb] ( rivets to give out4 ,on ! te/ = ! respective capacities1 ! #aj-;in* pipe deliv]$ #b millions p] day1 aga9/ two millions = ! #ab-;in* pipe4 ,h>d wat] has b little effect on ca/-iron pipe1 due to ! c>bonates2 b s(t wat] attacks x s vigor\sly1 t x n only gives a turbid appe>ance to ! wat]1 b s]i\sly weak5s ! pipe by corrosion1 & ! consequ5t =mation ( concretions t r$uce ! capacity ( ! pipe4 ,h>d wat] also causes ! =mation ( lime deposits1 t (f] great imp$im5ts to ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,^! ob/ructions are n[ remov$ by bor+ tools =c$ ?r\gh ! pipe by ! hydro/atic pressure4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,halifax 7,n4 ,s47 ,wat]-,works records ! cleans+ ( a #ab-;in* ma91 #cb1jjj feet long1 9 ?ree-f\r?s ( an h\r4 ,! pres]vation ( ca/-iron pipes1 & ! prev5tion ( ^! concretions1 are n[ accompli%$ by c>efully dipp+ ! pipe1 previ\sly heat$ to a temp]ature ( #cjj degrees1 9 a ba? ( di/ill$ coal t>1 mix$1 to a prop] consi/5cy1 ) l9se$ oil1 or an oil ( ! t>4 ,! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission condemn$ ! common practice ( us+ hemp 9 pipe jo9ts1 because x af=ds a nidus = ! bre$+1 developm5t1 & decay ( animalcul4 ,turn$ jo9ts 7 recomm5d$4 ,! results ( ! obs]vations ( ?is commission prove conclusively ?an ! commonly receiv$ op9ion1 t s(t wat] necess>ily acts ^u lead pipes1 is errone\s4 ,! ,lo* ,katr9e wat]1 :i* is notori\s = dissolv+ lead 9 wat] expos$ to ! op5 air1 yet no symptoms ( lead poison+ h be5 discov]$ s9ce its introduction1 eighte5 ye>s ago4 ,! wat] w act ^u ! lead at fir/1 b w ultimately coat ! inside ( ! pipe ) a vegetable deposit t prev5ts fur!r det]ioration4 ,! frictional head1 = a giv5 diamet]1 is z ! squ>e ( ! velocity ne>ly2 &1 = diff]5t diamet]s1 inv]sely z ! diamet]s4 ,?us ! loss ( head1 = ea* #ajj feet ( clean ca/ pipe1 ! velocity be+ ?ree feet p] second1 is #a4ce feet = a #c-;in* pipe2 #a4jb = a #d-;in*2 4#fgi ( a foot = a #f-;in*2 4#djg ( a foot = a #aj-;in*2 4#bee = a #af-;in*1 & 4#bjd ( a foot = a #bj in* pipe4 ,! mean coeffici5t ( friction1 = ca/-iron pipes ( small size1 ) velocities ( ?ree feet1 is 4#jjfdd = clean pipe2 4#jjhb = slightly tub]culat$ pipes1 & 4#jab = f\l pipes4 ,,weights ,,( ,,ca/-,,iron ,,pipe1 ,,) ,,all[ance ,,add$ ,,= ,,b[l ,,& ,,spigot ,,ends4 ,weights 9 columns p] foot l9eal4 ,iron 4#bfjd p] cubic in*4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,int]',l ,,diam4 ,,9 ,,in*es4 ,,?ickness ,,( ,,iron ,,%ell ,,9 ,,in*es4 --------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a #a #a #a #a #a #b ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #b #c #f #i4c #ad #ai #c #d #i #ab4e #ah #bc #d #e #aa #af #bc #cj #cg #dd #ec #e #f4e #ac #bj #bh #cf #dd #ec #fa #f #h #ae #bd #cc #dc #eb #fc #gb #h #aj #bj #cb4e #dd #ef #fh #ha #ic #aj #ad #bf #dj4e #ef #fi #hd #ii #aad #ab #ae #cj #dh #fe #hb #ajj #aag #ace #ad #ah #cf #ed #ge #ie #aae #acg #aei #af #bj #dj #fd #hf #ajh #acj #aed #agf #bj #bf #eb4e #gi #ajg #acd #afb #aij #baf #bd #cb #fc #ie #abg #afj #aib #bbe #bei #cj #dj #gh #aah #aeh #aih #bch #bgh #cah #ceh #ce #de #ij #ace #ahj #bbe #bgj #cae #cfj #dje #dej #die #edj #cf #dg #id #ada #ahh #bce #bhb #cce #chd #dcc #dhc #ecc #ehc #dj #eb #ajd #aef #bjh #bfj #cab #cfd #dac #dfe #eag #efi #fba #db #ee #aaj #afe #bba #bgf #cca #chf #ddb #dif #eeb #fjh #ffb #gah #dh #fc #abe #ahi #beb #cae #cgi #ddd #eaj #egc #fdj #gje #gga #ijdajci ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,wat]-,,works ,,/ati/ics ,,f ,,reports ,,= #ahhj ,,& #ahha4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gals4 ( ,wat] ,cities ( ,u4 ,s4 ,miles ,popul- p] day ,no4 ( ,no4 ( ( ,pipe4 ation4 p] head4 ,taps4 ,met]s4 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #gg #ij1ijc #ee #b1hcb #aj ,baltimore #ebd #ccb1aij -- #di1jjj #ebd ,bo/on #ejj #dab1jjj #hg #fi1ejd #a1fca ,brooklyn #cej #eff1hhi #ed #fj1jjj #a1jhe ,buffalo #ajb #aee1acg #abb #i1jii -- ,*icago #dee #ejc1cjd #aad #fg1idi #b1aac ,c9c9nati #aif #bfd1jjj #hj #bd1cjj #fjj ,clevel& #abe #afj1adb #fe #aj1jac #djb ,columbus1 ,o4 #ci #ea1ffe #da #b1aef #ecd ,detroit #bji #aaf1cdb #abg #bb1dfe #bi ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 #ga #db1eec #aai #d1bia -- ,indianapolis #dc #ge1jgd #dj #a1bjj #ab ,j]sey ,city #cbc #abj1gbh #abb -- #bbj ,l\isville #aaj #abc1fde #cc #g1bbe #bea ,milwaukee #hf #aae1egh #ge #f1hce -- ,new ,york #eaj #a1bjf1eij #hj #hj1jjj #eej ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 #acf #acf1djj #fg #aj1ife #aej ,philadelphia #gdf #hdf1ihd #fg #aaj1jjj #cj ,pittsburgh #aab #aef1cha #ajb -- -- ,provid5ce #aeb #aja1bee #ca #i1fia #d1jcf ,ro*e/] #aac #hi1cfc #ef #g1ehh #ajj ,san ,francisco #bbj #bcc1ief #gj -- -- ,/4 ,l\is #bab #cej1ebb #ga #bj1bjd #ihj ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #age #adg1cjg #agf #ag1jjj -- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,index4 ,,page4 ,,absorption ( wat]1 #di ,,adk9s ,,co41 *>coal filt] plates1 #ca ,,alum1 use (1 #ca ,,altitudes ( ,ohio1 #ig-ii1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aba ,,analyses ( filt]+ mat]ials1 #ca1 #cb ,,analysis ( wat]--,me?ods (1 #h1 #aj ,sanit>y value1 #aa ,surface wat]1 #dh ,tables (1 #i1 #aj1 #aag ,well wat]1 #dj1 #ajd1 #aji ,,aqu$ucts1 date (1 #ef ,description (1 #ec ,examples (1 #e1 #bf1 #ec1 #ga1 #gd1 #hh1 #ij ,roman aqu$ucts1 #e ,sy/em (1 #ec ,,a]ation1 effect (1 #ae1 #af1 #bj ,me?ods (1 #cc1 #cd ,value (1 #cc ,,ars5ic 9 wat]1 #be ,,artesian ,,wells--,analysis (1 #aji ,bor+ & co/ (1 #ajg ,at ,c9c9nati1 #ajf ,description (1 #dj1 #db1 #dc1 #ajg ,examples (1 #db1 #dc1 #ij ,laws (1 #dj ,temp]ature (1 #db ,,baltimore--,aqu$uct (1 #ee ,dams (1 #eh ,hi/ory (1 #gb ,wat] rates1 #abf1 #abg ,,b]l9--,hi/ory ( wat]-works1 #he ,met] rates1 #abg ,,bombay--,hi/ory ( wat]-works1 #ia ,,bond$ indebt$ness wat]-works1 #gc1 #gd1 #gg1 #gi ,,borax1 use (1 #ca ,,bo/on--,aqu$uct (1 #ed1 #ee ,dams (1 #eh ,hi/ory ( wat]-works1 #gj ,pollution ( wat]1 #be ,protection ( wat]1 #aah ,wat] rev5ue exp5se1 #abf1 #abg ,,broad ,/reet pump1 ,london1 dea?s f1 #ad ,,buffalo--,hi/ory ( wat]-works1 #gc ,wat] rev5ue exp5se1 #abf1 #abg ,,c>bide ( ,iron1 value (1 #ca ,,c>bonates 9 wat]1 #bd ,,ca/-,,iron wat] pipes1 #abh ,,*>coal1 value (1 #ca ,,*icago--,84 ( wat] supply1 #bf1 #gj ,pump+ eng9es1 co/ (1 #fg ,tunnels1 description (1 #ee ,wat] rev5ue exp5se1 #abf1 #abg ,,*ol]a caus$ by impure wat]1 #ab1 #aah ,,c9c9nati--,altitude (1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aad1 #aba ,anticl9al1 #ig ,a]ation ( wat]1 #cd ,co/ ( eng9es1 #fd1 #fg ,duty ( eng9es1 #fb ,gravity supply1 wat]-%$s1 #aji ,h>dness ( wat]1 #aae ,hi/ory ( wat]-works1 #gg ,kirkwood's survey1 #aac ,m>kley ,f>m1 #abj ,moore's survey1 #abd ,newport plan1 #abe ,pollution ( supply1 #aai1 #aba ,protection ( supply1 #abd ,sc[d5's survey1 #abj ,rip>ian rights (1 #aaa ,wat] rev5ue exp5se1 #abf1 #abg ,well-wat] supply1 #ajb1 #ajf ,,cl>k',s sy/em1 #cd1 #ce ,,clean+ wat]-pipes1 #abh ,,clevel&--,hi/ory ( wat] supply1 #bf1 #gf ,,compon5t p>ts ( wat]1 #g ,,concretions 9 wat] pipe1 #abh ,,conduits--,see aqu$ucts4 ,,con/ruction ( wat]-works1 #aad1 #abe ,,consumption ( wat]1 #aca ,,co/ ( wat]-works--,see hi/orical acc\nt1 #fh ,,corni% eng9es1 #fa1 #fb1 #fi1 #ge1 #hc ,,cov]$ res]voirs1 #cd1 #hc1 #ia ,,croton aqu$uct1 #ec ,,dams1 #ef1 #eg1 #eh1 #ga1 #gf1 #hc1 #ic ,,dayton 7,ky47 s&-bea*1 #aae ,,deposition ( wat]1 #ah1 #bd ,,detroit--,new supply1 #bf ,,dilution ( wat]1 #ah1 #bj ,,divid5ds ( ,wat] ,companies1 #gf1 #he1 #abh ,,dresd5--,hi/ory ( wat] supply1 #hi ,,dubl9--,aqu$uct (1 #ed ,dams (1 #eg ,hi/ory ( wat] supply1 #hd ,wat] rates1 #abg ,,duty1 tables (1 #fa1 #fb ,fuel exp5se1 #fg ,t]m (1 #fa ,,ed9burgh--,hi/ory ( wat] supply1 #hd ,,eng9es = pump+ wat]1 #fa1 #fb1 #fd1 #fg1 #ha ,,evaporation1 tables (1 etc1 #di1 #eb1 #ij ,,filtration ( wat]1 #bi1 #cb1 #hj1 #hb1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hi1 #ij1 #aad ,,frank=t-,,on-,,!-,,ma9--,hi/ory ( wat] supply1 #hh ,,friction 9 wat] pipes1 #abi ,,g5oa 7,italy71 filt]+ gall]y1 #bh ,,geology--,/ructure (1 = gravity supply1 #ej ,,geology ( ,ohio1 #ic ,,glasg[--,aqu$uct (1 #ec ,*ol]a epidemics1 #ac ,filt]+ gall]y1 #bh ,hi/ory ( wat] supply1 #hc ,value ( its s(t wat]1 #ce ,,gravitation--,co/ (1 #eh1 #abe ,geological /ructure1 #ej ,examples (1 see ,*apt] ,v1 #fh ,objectionable sites1 #ej ,po9ts on1 #ej ,%ort supply1 #di ,surface wat]1 #dh ,sy/em ( supply1 #dg ,wat]-%$ res\rces1 #di1 #ea1 #hd1 #he ,vegetable impurities1 #bf ,,great ,miami ,riv]1 #aaj1 #aaf ,,gr5elle well1 #db ,,hamburg--,hi/ory (1 #hh ,wat] rates1 #abg ,,h>dness ( wat]1 #bd1 #cd1 #ce1 #aae1 #abh ,,hemp jo9t1 effect (1 #abi ,,high s]vice1 examples (1 #fh1 #fi1 #ga1 #gg1 #gh ,,holly sy/em1 #fa1 #fc1 #fd1 #gd ,,husb&',s balance valve1 #ff ,,impurities 9 wat]1 #g1 #bb1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #cd1 #ce ,,india--,dams (1 #eg ,res]voirs (1 #f ,,indianapolis--,new supply1 #bf ,,infiltration1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #hg ,,inspections = wa/e ( wat]1 #hc1 #he ,,intakes1 *ange (1 #ab1 #abj ,,int]cept+ wells1 #df ,,kirkwood',s1 ,j4 ,p4 survey (1 #aac ,,l>amie res]voir1 #aaj ,,lead pipes1 effect ( s(t wat]1 #abi ,,leipsic--,hi/ory ( wat] supply1 #hi ,,lewi/on res]voir1 #aaj ,,little ,miami ,riv]1 #abb ,,liv]pool--,hi/ory (1 #di1 #eh1 #hc ,well supply1 #cg ,,london--,*ol]a epidemics1 #ab ,cov]$ res]voirs1 #cd ,filtration & subsid5ce1 #bi1 #cb ,h>dness ( wat]1 #ce ,hi/ory ( wat] supply1 #bj1 #hj ,pollution ( wat]1 #bj1 #abj ,project$ supplies1 #ch1 #hb ,/& pipes1 #fe ,?ames wat]1 #bj1 #abj ,well supply1 #cg1 #ch1 #ajf ,co/ ( works1 #abe ,,l\isville--,hi/ory ( wat] sup41 #ge ,/&-pipe1 #fe ,wat] rev5ue exp5se1 #abf1 #abg ,,l[ell--,filt]+ gall]y1 #bg ,,lynn 7,mass47--,wells (1 #df ,,lyons 7,france7--,filt]+ gall]y1 #bh ,,madrid 7,spa97--,aqu$uct (1 #ed ,,mad ,,riv]1 #aaj ,,magnesia1 effect (1 #bd ,,ma9t5ance ( wat]-works1 #fi1 #ge1 #hj1 #hf1 #abg ,,man*e/] 7,eng471 #ab1 #di1 #hd ,,m>kley ,,f>m1 #aad1 #abj1 #abd ,,m>seilles--,hi/ory (1 #ec1 #hi ,,met]s 9 use1 #aca ,,mexico--,wat] *annels (1 #f ,,miles ( pipe 9 use1 #aca ,,moore1 ,a4 ,g41 #cc1 #abd ,,new>k 7,n4 ,j47--,filt]+ gall]y1 #bh ,,newport plan1 #abe ,,new ,,york--,aqu$uct (1 #ed ,dams (1 #eg ,hi/ory (1 #fh ,pollution ( wat]1 #bd1 #be ,wat] rev5ue exp5se1 #abf1 #abg ,,ohio ,,riv]1 #bj1 #ge1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aai1 #abj ,,oxidation1 #ae1 #ah ,,oxide ( iron1 use (1 #ca ,,paisley--,*ol]a epidemic1 #ac ,,p>is--,hi/ory (1 #ij ,,p]*loride ( iron1 use (1 #ca ,,p]? 7,scotl&7--,filt]+ gal41 #bh ,,p]u--,wat] *annels (1 #f ,,philadelphia--,aqu$uct (1 #ed ,hi/ory (1 #fh ,s*uylkill ,riv]1 #ai1 #aah ,wat] rev5ue exp5se1 #abf1 #abg ,,pollution ( wat]1 #ac1 #ag1 #bb1 #be1 #bf1 #aag1 #abj1 #abi ,,pollution ( well wat]1 #ch1 #df1 #aje1 #ajf ,,poni>y res]voir1 #f ,,pont ,,du ,,g>d aqu$uct1 #e ,,population ( cities & wat]-%$s1 #aaf1 #aca ,,portl& 7,me47--,hi/ory (1 #gg ,,potable wat]1 #f1 #g1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad ,,puddle walls1 #eg1 #gf1 #ia ,,pump+ ,,sy/em--,co/ (1 #aad1 #abe ,description (1 #ei ,examples (1 see ,*apt] ,v1 #fh ,exp5se (1 #fd ,eng9es1 #fa1 #fd1 #fg1 #ha ,survey (1 #aad1 #abb ,tables (1 #ei ,,purification ,,( ,,wat]--,ag5ts1 #ag ,a]ation1 #ae1 #af1 #ai1 #bj ,deposition1 #ah ,dilution1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj ,means (1 #bg1 #aag1 #aah1 #abd ,ohio ,riv]1 #abb ,oxidation1 #ae1 #ah ,,ra9-,,fall--,availability (1 #di1 #ea1 #hd1 #he ,measurem5ts (1 #aab ,/orage (1 #eb ,res\rces (1 #eb ,res\rces ( ,ohio wat]-%$s1 #aji ,res\rces = wells1 #df ,,res]voir ,,sy/em--,brick /ructures1 #gc1 #gd ,cov]$ res]voirs1 #cd1 #hc1 #ia ,deposit 91 #gb ,equaliz+ res]voirs1 #hh ,examples (1 see ,*apt] ,v1 #fh ,imp\nd+ res]voirs1 #gf1 #hb1 #hd1 #ia ,iron tanks1 at ,c9c9nati1 #gg ,sy/em (1 #f1 #ei1 #fh1 #fi1 #ge ,relief tanks1 #hc1 #he ,,rev5ue--,wat]-r5t1 #abf1 #abg ,,rip>ian rights1 comp5sation1 #hb1 #hd1 #aaa ,,riv]s1 fl[ (1 #aaf ,,riv] ,,pollution--,description (1 #ae1 #aag1 #aah1 #abb ,population on riv]s1 #aaf ,purification (1 #ae1 #bj1 #bd1 #bg1 #cb1 #aag1 #abd ,m]rimack ,riv]1 #ah ,ohio ,riv]1 #aae ,s*uylkill ,riv]1 #ai1 #aag ,?ames ,riv]1 #bj1 #abj ,quality ( pollution1 #ah1 #bb1 #bc1 #aah ,,ro*e/] 7,n4 ,y47--,new supply1 #bf ,,rome--,wat] supply (1 #e ,,roquefav\r aqu$uct1 #ec ,,/4 ,,l\is1 #bf1 #fg1 #gb1 #abf1 #abg ,,/4 ,,m>y',s res]voir1 #aaj ,,/4 ,,m>y',s ,,riv]1 #hi ,,san ,,francisco1 #gf1 #acj ,,scioto ,,riv]1 #aaj ,,sc[d51 ,t4 ,r41 #ge1 #abj ,,sewage 9 riv] wat]1 #i1 #aj1 #bj1 #bc1 #aah ,,%eet-,,iron /rips1 use (1 #ca ,,s*uylkill ,,riv]1 #ai1 #aag ,,s\rces ( supply--,lakes1 see ,*apt] ,v1 #fh ,riv]s--,see ,*apt] ,v1 #fh ,spr+s--,see ,*apt] ,v1 #fh ,wells--,see ,*apt] ,v1 #fh ,,s(t wat]1 #ce1 #hd1 #abi ,,sp5c]',s process (1 #ca ,,spr+s1 #cf1 #hb1 #hd1 #hh1 #ij ,,/agnation ( wat]1 #be ,,/&-,,pipes--,sy/em (1 #ei1 #ff1 #gj1 #gb1 #hf1 #hh ,,/ati/ics ( wat]-works1 #aca ,,/uttg>t--,hi/ory (1 #hi ,,/ry*n9e 9 wat]1 #bd ,,subsid5ce ( wat]1 #cb1 #hf1 #hi1 #aad ,,sy/ems ( supply1 #cf ,,taps--,numb] (1 #aca ,,?ames ,,riv]1 #bj1 #ba1 #cb1 #aag ,,tol$o--,hi/ory (1 #fe1 #hj ,,toronto filt]+ gall]y1 #bh ,,turbidity ( wat]1 #cb1 #gb1 #hh1 #ij1 #aae ,,t\l\se filt]+ gall]y1 #bh ,,typhoid ,,fev]1 cause (1 #ae ,,vital /ati/ics1 #ab1 #be1 #ce1 #abj ,,vi5na--,hi/ory (1 #hg ,,wa%+ton--,aqu$uct (1 #ed ,hi/ory (1 #gd ,,wat]--,ammonia 91 #i ,analyses (1 #i1 #aj ,dr9k+1 #h ,effect on wat] pipes1 #abh ,impurities 91 #g1 #h ,sewage 91 #i1 #bj1 #aah ,,wat] ,,companies--,see ,*ap4 ,v1 #fh ,divid5ds (1 #abh ,,wat] rev5ue1 #fh1 #fi1 #he1 #hf1 #abf ,,wat] pipes1 #abh1 #abi ,,wat]-,,p[]1 #fd1 #fi ,,weight ( pipe1 #acj ,,wells--,abatem5t (1 #ajf ,availability1 #cg1 #ch1 #dg1 #aje ,bor+ (1 #dd ,description (1 #cf1 #cg1 #ajb ,examples (1 #cg1 #gj1 #ha1 #hc1 #hg1 #ij1 #ajb ,fl[ (1 #cg1 #ch ,laws (1 #cf1 #ch ,pollution (1 #ch1 #df1 #he1 #aje ,res\rces1 #de1 #df ,tables (1 #ajc1 #ajd ,,wood5 conduits1 #gg ,,wor?+ton pumps1 #fa1 #fb1 #fi1 #gd ,,wr\ght-,,iron pipe1 #gg1 #abh ,,zymotic diseases (1 #dh 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,joseph ,,%>p1 ,,belt+ & ,,hose1 ,,pack+1 ,,lace ,,lea!r1 ,,& ,,supplies1 #ei ,walnut ,/41 ,,c9c9nati1 ,o4 ,,/eam & ,,pump ,,pack+ ,,( ,,e ,,description4 ,,respectfully ,,ref] ,,to ,c9c9nati ,wat] ,works4 ,cov+ton1 ,ky4 ,wat] ,works4 ,,joseph ,,%>p1 ,no4 #ei ,walnut ,/41 ,,c9c9nati1 ,o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,e4 ,mc,c,r,a,c,k,e,n1 ,,g5]al ,,ag5t ,,= ,mc,m,a,h,a,n1 ,,port] ,,co4',s ,,sew] ,,pipe1 ,,fire ,,brick ,,& ,,clay1 ,flue ,l9+s1 ,fire ,clay ,/ove ,pipe1 ,,*imney ,,tops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cem5t ,,pla/] ,,lime ,,all ,,br&s ,,( ,,l\isville ,,& ,,engli% ,,portl& ,,cem5t1 ,l\isville ,:ite ,lime1 ,new>k & ,mi*igan ,pla/] & ,hair1 ,zanesville ,press$ ,brick4 ,(fice1 ,no4 #bba ,e4 ,,front ,,/reet1 --,,bran* ,,y>ds3-- ,h>rison ,ave41 & ,m4 ,c4 ,r4 ,r4--#ecd #ecf ,john ,/4 ,w>eh\se1 #c1 #e1 #g #i ,butl] ,/reet4 ,,c9c9nati1 ,o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cope ,,maxwell ,m',f',g ,,company1 ,,hamilton ,,ohio4 ,,/eam ,,pump+ ,,ma*9]y --,,=-- ,,wat] ,,works4 ,,con/ruct$ ,,aft] ,,v>i\s ,,designs ,,= ,,res]voir1 ,,/& ,,pipe1 ,,or ,,direct ,,pressure ,,sy/ems4 ,,horizontal ,,or ,,v]tical1 ,,duplex ,,or ,,sep>ate ,,act+ ,,at ,,w4 ,,photos1 ,,draw+s ,,& ,,specifications ,,on ,,application4 ,! foll[+ are places :]e ,wat] ,works ,ma*9]y ( ! ,cope ,maxwell manufacture is 9 use3 ,newport1 ,ky4 ,cl9ton1 ,i[a4 ,anamosa1 8 ,muscat9e1 8 ,logansport1 ,ind4 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,=t ,dodge1 8 ,at*ison1 ,kansas4 ,desloges1 ,mo4 ,tr9idad1 ,col4 ,broad=d1 ,pa4 ,pullman1 ,ills4 ,hyde ,p>k1 8 ,ea/ ,liv]pool1 ,ohio4 ,c9c9nati1 8 ,spr+field1 8 ,a!ns ,asylum1 8 ,dayton ,asylum1 8 ,longview ,asylum1 8 ,,/eam ,,pumps --,,=-- ,m9+1 ,mills1 ,factories1 ,fire ,protection1 ,sewage1 ,sug> ,ref9]ies1 ,dra9+1 ,di/ill]ies1 ,brew]ies1 ,boil]-,fe$+1 & all k9ds ( ,pump+ ,s]vice4 ,,circul>s ,,on ,,application4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apman ,,valve ,,manufactur+ ,,company1 ,illu/ration ,manufactur]s ( ,,/eam1 ,,gas ,,& ,wat] ,valves1 ,,& ,,gate ,fire ,hydrants1 ,,) ,,or ,,)\t ,,indep5d5t ,,nozzles4 ,illu/ration ,,all ,,valves ,,hydrants ,,furni%$ ,,) ,,babbett ,,metal ,,seats ,,& ,,non-,,corrosive ,,work+ ,,p>ts4 ,illu/ration ,all ,"w ,gu>ante$4 ,,g5]al ,,(fice ,,& ,,works3 ,,indian ,,or*>d1 ,,mass4 ,,treasur]',s ,,(fice3 #gg ,,kilby ,,/reet1 ,,bo/on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h5ry ,,ran%aw1 ,,wm4 ,,/acey1 ,,?os4 ,h4 ,,bir*1 ,r4 ,j4 ,,t>v91 ,pres4 & ,manag] ,vice-,presid5t4 ,ass't ,manag]4 ,sec'y & ,treas4 ,,! ,,/acey ,m',f',g ,,co4 ,gas ,works ,build]s1 ,,ar*itectural ,,iron ,,"w1 ,oil & ,wat] ,tanks1 ,lamp ,po/s1 ,,iron ,,ro(s1 ,,coal ,,elevator ,,c>s1 ,,coke ,,cru%]s1 ,,roll+ ,,mill ,,ma*9]y4 ,,all ,,k9ds ,,( ,,heavy ,,wr\ght ,,ca/-,,iron ,,"w4 #cc1 #ce1 #cg & #ci ,mill ,/reet1 #af1 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #bd #bf ,ramsey ,/reet1 ,,c9c9nati1 ,o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cr[n ,,wat] ,,met]1 ,,adopt$ ,,by ,,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,public ,,works1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,a ,,positive ,,rot>y ,,pi/on ,,met]1 ,,accurate1 ,,durable ,,& ,,simple1 ,,hav+ ,,only ,,"o ,,work+ ,,"p4 ,9 ?is new ,met] w be f\nd all ! advantages ( ! be/ kn[n ,met]s1 & none ( _! defects4 ,x is a positive displacem5t measur]4 ,x =ms no ob/ruction to ! free fl[ ( wat]4 ,! dial face is always dry & clean1 & ! int]ior /ructure ( brass & h>d rubb] r5d]s corrosion impossible4 ,we claim t x w regi/] on a f9] /ream ?an any o!r ,met] ev] made4 ,= ,illu/rat$ ,circul>s1 giv+ te/imonials1 results ( te/s1 etc41 address ,,national ,,met] ,,company1 ,,sole ,,manufactur]s4 ,,john ,c4 ,,kelley1 ,presid5t1 #ea ,*amb]s ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,n4 ,b4--,,met]s ,,furni%$ ,,( ,,all ,,sizes1 ,,f ,,half ,,in* ,,to ,,t5 ,,in*es ,,inclusive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hugh ,,m]rie4 ,e/abli%$1 #ahfi4 ,,h5ry ,,v]hage4 ,m]rie1 ,v]hage ,co41 --,,manufactur]s-- ,,lead ,,pipe ,,%eet ,,lead --,,& ,,all ,,k9ds ,,brass ,,"w ,,=-- ,plumb]s1 ,gas & ,/eam ,fitt]s1 ,wat] ,works ,ma*9i/s4 ,,deal]s ,,9 ,,plumb]s1 ,,gas ,,/eam ,,fitt]s ,,supplies4 #aa & #ac ,w4 ,sev5? ,/4 ,,c9c9nati1 ,,ohio4 --,,ag5ts ,,=-- ,,murdock',s ,,hydrants ,,& ,,/reet ,,wa%]s1 ,,bignall',s ,,pumps ,,& ,,s9ks1 ,,tna ,,iron ,,works1 ,,wr\ght ,,iron ,,pipe1 ,,ab5dro? ,,bros4 ,,soil ,,pipe ,,& ,,fitt+s1 ,,/> ,,rubb] ,,co4',s ,,hose ,,& ,,belt+1 ,,j5n+',s ,,wat] ,,closets1 ,,rob',t ,,br[n ,,& ,,son',s ,,e>!nw>e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,c9c9nati ,/ation>y ,eng9e & ,hydraulic ,,works1 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,/ation>y ,,/eam ,,eng9es ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,approv$ ,,patt]n4 ,,! ,,hold5 ,,ice ,,ma*9es ,,refrig]ators1 ,,& ,,all ,,k9ds ,,( ,ma*9]y ,ca/+s & ,iron ,=g+s ( all ,descriptions4 ,,joseph ,,bell1 ,manag]1 ,cor4 ,?ird & ,lock ,/reets1 ,,c9c9nati1 ,o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,e/abli%$1 #ahdf4 ,,wm4 ,,kirkup ,,son1 --,,ag5ts ,,=-- ,,national ,,tube-,,works ,,co4 --,,also ,,manufactur]s ,,& ,,deal]s ,,9-- ,wr\ght ,iron ,pipe & ,boil] ,tubes1 ,malleable ,ca/-,iron ,pipe ,fitt+s1 ,brass ,goods1 ,ma*9i/s'1 ,/eam & ,gas ,fitt]s'1 ,boil]-,mak]s'1 ,eng9e]s'1 ,plumb]s' ,tools & ,supplies1 ,,brass ,,& ,,composition ,,ca/+s4 ,,salesroom ,,factory--,s4 ,e4 ,,corn] ,,pe>l ,,ludl[ ,,/reets4 ,,c9c9nati1 ,,ohio4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h5ry ,j4 ,,re$y1 ,,manufactur] ,,( ,,horizontal1 ,,v]tical ,,& ,,direct ,,act+ ,,hydraulic ,,elevators1 --,,=-- ,,freight ,,& ,,pass5g] ,,s]vice4 ,,works3 ,,eigh?1 ,,lock ,,& ,,clevel& ,,/reets4 --,,c9c9nati4-- ,elevators 9 all ! pr9cipal ,cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,s5d ,,= ,,illu/rat$ ,,catalogue ,,& ,,prices4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,table cells t 7 blank or _h dots 9 ! orig9al book1 are display$ ) a -- 9 ?is etext4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,pg #h3 #8p] #ajjj gollons' replac$ by #8p] #ajjj gallons'4 ,pg #ac3 #8,! te/imory ,dr4' replac$ by #8,! te/imony ( ,dr4'4 ,pg #ad3 #8( *olora2 &' replac$ by #8( *ol]a2 &'4 ,pg #ai3 #8! #eg coll]ies' replac$ by #8! #eg colli]ies'4 ,pg #bc3 #8,massa*ussets ,/ate' replac$ by #8,massa*usetts ,/ate'4 ,pg #bd3 #8,new ,yory ,city' replac$ by #8,new ,york ,city'4 ,pg #be3 #8on ! ph>anx' replac$ by #8on ! ph>ynx'4 ,pg #be3 #8miscroscopic plants' replac$ by #8microscopic plants'4 ,pg #ca3 #8,,orrganic ,,c>bon' replac$ by #8,,organic ,,c>bon'4 ,pg #cc3 #8,,to ,,al ,,solids' replac$ by #8,,total ,,solids'4 ,pg #cf3 #8?r\gh p]meable' replac$ by #8?r\gh a p]meable'4 ,pg #cf3 #8:i* l&' replac$ by #8:i* ! l&'4 ,pg #cf3 #8wells are :i*' replac$ by #8wells are ^? :i*'4 ,pg #dj3 #8imp]ri\s /rata' replac$ by #8imp]vi\s /rata'4 ,pg #dc3 #8to ex5d x to' replac$ by #8to ext5d x to'4 ,pg #dd3 #8,divonian4' replac$ by #8,devonian4'4 ,pg #dd3 #8argellace\s bel[' replac$ by #8argillace\s bel['4 ,pg #de3 #8r$uce ! j>+' replac$ by #8r$uce ! j>r+'4 ,pg #ee3 #8pockets ( quick s&' replac$ by #8pockets ( quicks&'4 ,pg #eh3 #8,,s\rce' replac$ by #8,,srce' to save table space4 ,pg #fj3 #8to "o hund$' replac$ by #8to "o hundr$'4 ,pg #fj3 #8,/ates & ,canadas' replac$ by #8,/ates & ,canada'4 ,pg #fc3 #8,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s' abbreviat$ to #8,a4 ,s4 ,c4 ,e4' 9 ! table4 ,pg #fg3 #8,,sy/em ,,cyl9d]' replac$ by #8,,sys4 ,,cyl4' to save space4 ,pg #gg3 #8at ,sycaamore ,/reet' replac$ by #8at ,sycamore ,/reet'4 ,pg #hd3 #8res]voir enbankm5t' replac$ by #8res]voir embankm5t'4 ,pg #hg3 #8private puild+s' replac$ by #8private build+s'4 ,pg #ij3 #8! depurition (' replac$ by #8! deposition ('4 ,pg #ia3 #8& ,m\tr\ge' replac$ by #8& ,montr\ge'4 ,pg #ie3 #8a %all[y &' replac$ by #8a %all[ &'4 ,pg #ajh3 #8,*loride ( ,calcuim' replac$ by #8,*loride ( ,calcium'4 ,pg #aji3 #8av]age attitude' replac$ by #8av]age altitude'4 ,pg #aji3 #8,,ffet4' replac$ by #8,,feet4'4 ,pg #aji3 #8#bc4 ,all5 ,co\nty' replac$ by #8#bc4 ,all5 ,c\nty'4 ,pg #aji3 #8,p]ry%urgh' replac$ by #8,p]rysburgh'4 ,pg #aai3 #8,,l[e/1 ,,amd' replac$ by #8,,l[e/1 ,,&'4 ,pg #abb3 #8r5d]s t cite' replac$ by #8r5d]s t site'4 ,pg #abg3 #8,/ugg>t1 ,g]many' replac$ by #8,/uttg>t1 ,g]many'4 ,pg #abh3 #8also cruses !' replac$ by #8also causes !'4 ,pg #acc3 ,entry #8,,high s]vice' mov$ 9 front ( #8,,holly sy/em'4