,transcrib]'s ,note ,sup]script text is indicat$ by c>et signs1 e4g4 ,mt ,pelion4 ,! text includes diacritics :i* may n display well 9 all s(tw>e1 e4g4 ! inv]t$ breve 9 4 ,,mod]n ,,greek ,,folklore ,,& ,,anci5t ,,greek ,,religion ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag] ,illu/ration ,ed9burgh3 #ajj1 ,,pr9ces ,,/reet ,b]l93 ,a4 ,,a%] ,,& ,,co4 ,leipzig3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,brockhaus ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,all rights res]v$ ,,mod]n ,,greek ,,folklore ,,& ,,anci5t ,,greek ,,religion ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,survivals ,,by ,,john ,,cu?b]t ,,lawson1 ,m4,a4 ,,fell[ ,,& ,,lectur] ,,( ,,pembroke ,,college1 ,,cambridge1 ,,=m]ly ,,crav5 ,,/ud5t ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press #aiaj ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,piis ,,manibus ,,rob]ti ,,alex&ri ,,neil ,,laborum ,,adhortante ,,ipso ,,susceptorum ,,hunc ,,d$icavi ,,fructum4 ,,preface4 ,?is book is ! outcome ( "w und]tak5 9 ,greece dur+ my two ye>s' t5ure ( ! ,crav5 ,/ud5t%ip f #ahih to #aijj4 ,x is !re=e my fir/ duty gratefully to commemorate ,john1 ,"l ,crav51 to ^: b5efactions ( two & a half c5turies ago ,i ow$ my opportunity = rese>*4 ,! s*eme ( "w orig9ally propos$ 0 ! inve/igation ( ! cu/oms & sup]/itions ( mod]n ,greece 9 _! possible be>+ ^u ! life & ?\ght ( anci5t ,greece2 & to ! ,manag]s ( ! ,crav5 ,fund at t "t1 ) :om 0 associat$ ,mr ,r4 ,a4 ,neil ( ,pembroke ,college to ^: memory ,i h d$icat$ ?is book1 ,i r5d] he>ty ?anks = _! will+ness to enc\rage a v5ture new 9 direction1 vague 9 scope1 & possibly void ( result4 ,! c\rse ( rese>* propos$ 0 "o :i* requir$ z ! fir/ condition ( any success consid]able read9ess 9 speak+ & und]/&+ ! popul> language1 & to ! atta9m5t ( ?is my fir/ few mon?s 7 necess>ily devot$4 ,:5 once ! e> has become accu/om$ to ! mod]n pronunciation1 a k ( anci5t ,greek makes = rapid progress2 & "s ?ree or f\r mon?s sp5t *iefly 9 ! cafs ( small prov9cial t[ns r5d]$ me fairly pr(ici5t 9 ord9>y conv]sation4 ,subsequ5t practice enabl$ me also to foll[ conv]sations n int5d$ = my e>2 & on m ?an "o occasion ,i obta9$ f ! talk ( peasants ?us ov]he>d in=mation :i* !y might h be5 *>y ( imp>t+ to a /rang]4 ,! "t at my disposal h[ev]1 aft] ,i _h suffici5tly ma/]$ ! language1 w\ld h be5 f> too %ort to all[ ( any complete enquiry into ! beliefs & cu/oms ( ! c\ntry1 _h x n be5 = ! exi/5ce ( two books1 ,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugrie*5 und das ,hell5is*e ,alt]?um by ,b]nh>d ,s*midt1 & by ,pr(essor ,polites ( ,a!ns ,univ]sity1 :i* at once suppli$ me ) a work+ k ( ! subject :i* ,i 0 /udy+ & sugge/$ c]ta9 directions 9 :i* fur!r rese>* might pr(itably be pursu$4 ,my debt to ^! two books is repeat$ly ackn[l$g$ 9 ! foll[+ pages2 & if ,i h giv5 ref]5ces to ,s*midt's "w m frequ5tly ?an to t ( ,polites1 my reason is n t ,i owe less to ! latt]1 b m]ely t ! =m] is m g5]ally accessible4 ,9 pursuit ( my task ,i foll[$ no special sy/em4 ,i h kn[n ( ^? :o pr(ess$ to obta9 a complete k ( ! folklore ( a giv5 village 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs' visit1 & ^: me?od 0 to provide !mselves ) an introduction to ! s*oolma/]1 :o w\ld g5]ally be n ev5 a native ( ! place1 & to read out to him a =midable que/ionnaire1 9 ! *>itable & misplac$ expectation t ! answ]s giv5 w\ld be prompt$ n by c\rtesy & loquacity1 :i* are ! attributes ( mo/ ,greeks1 b by v]acity1 :i* is ! attribute ( few4 ,! =mal int]view ) pap] & p5cil is 9 my op9ion a mi/ake4 ,! #8educat$' ,greek ^: pose is to despise ! traditions ( ! common-folk w disc\rse ^u !m no less t$i\sly ?an inaccurately = ! sake ( hav+ 8 vap\r+s put on record2 b ! peasant :o hone/ly believes ! sup]/itions & scrupul\sly obs]ves ! cu/oms ( :i* he may happ5 to speak is sil5c$ at once by ! sight ( a note-book4 ,ap>t h[ev] f ?is objection to be+ int]view$1 ! c\ntryfolk are 9 g5]al communicative en\gh4 ,!y d n inde$ expect to be pli$ ) que/ions until _! own curiosity conc]n+ ! new-com] has be5 satisfi$1 & ev5 !n any que/ions on uncanny subjects mu/ be discreetly introduc$4 ,b x is no difficult matt] to />t "s suitable topic4 ,a w$d+1 a fun]al1 or "s local fte p]haps is 9 progress1 & y\r ho/ is eag] to h ! di/9ction ( escort+ y to x & expla9+ all ! cu/oms appropriate to ! occasion4 ,y h be5 tak5 to see ! village-*ur*1 & "s (f]+ !re d$icat$1 to :i* y call att5tion1 elicits ! /ory ( "s sup]natural #8seizure' & miracul\s cure4 ,y express a desire to visit "s cave :i* y h obs]v$ 9 ! m\nta9-side1 & ! dissuasion & excuses :i* foll[ =m ! prelude to an acc\nt ( ! fe>ful be+s by :om x is haunt$4 ,y\r guide crosses himself or spits be=e =d+ a /ream1 & y enquire1 once safely across1 :at is ! p>ticul> dang] at ?is spot4 ,y\r mule p]haps rolls ) y\r baggage 9 ! same /ream1 & ! mulete]'s imprecations sugge/ luridly novel conceptions ( ! future life4 ,mu* also may be effect$ by play+ ^u patriotism or vanity or1 let x be confess$1 love ( lucre4 ,y relate "s /ory he>d 9 a neighb\r+ village or praise "s cu/om !re obs]v$1 & ! peasant's p>o*ial patriotism is up 9 arms to prove ! sup]iority ( 8 native hamlet4 ,y %[ p]haps "s signs ( incr$ulity 7b n until y\r in=mant is well laun*$ ^u 8 panegyric71 & 8 w\nd$ pride bids him call 9 8 neighb\rs to corroborate 8 /ory4 ,or aga9 y may h9t at a little l>gesse1 n ( c\rse = y\r ho/--only wit*es & ! pr(essional recit]s ( folk-tales & ballads are entitl$ to a fee--b on behalf ( 8 *ildr51 & he may p>don & satisfy :at might o!rwise h seem$ too inquisitive a curiosity4 ,su* are ! folk to :om ,i am mo/ behold51 & h[ %all ,i fitly ackn[l$ge my debt to !m8 ,_! v names maybe 7 unkn[n to me ev5 !n1 or at ! mo/ a #8,john' or #8,george' suffic$2 & !y 9 turn knew n t ,i 0 9 _! debt4 ,y1 mulete]s & boatm51 :o drove %rewd b>ga9s = y\r s]vices & gave unwitt+ly s mu* beside1 & y too1 cottag]s1 :o gave a night's lodg+ to a /rang] & nev] guess$ t y\r *att] 0 m priz$ ?an y\r %elt]1 h[ %all ,i ?ank y8 ,n sev]ally1 = ,i _c write nor c\ld y ev] read ! li/ ( ackn[l$gem5ts due2 b to y all1 ,georges & ,johns1 ,demetris & ,con/ant9es1 & r>e ana*roni/ic ,epam9ondases1 9 memory ( s]vices r5d]$ unaw>es1 greet+ f af> & true gratitude6 ,nor mu/ ,i omit to m5tion ! assi/ance :i* ,i h d]iv$ f writt5 s\rces4 ,9 rec5t times x has be5 a fav\rite amusem5t ) ,greeks ( "s education to compile little hi/ories ( ! p>ticul> di/rict or isl& 9 :i* !y live1 & _m ( ^! conta9 a *apt] devot$ to ! cu/oms & sup]/itions ( ! locality4 ,f ^!1 z also f ! records ( travel 9 ,greece1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,fr5* writ]s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 ,i h cull$ mu* t is valuable4 ,ne>ly t5 ye>s h pass$ s9ce my return f ,greece1 & su* leisure z !y h all[$ has be5 devot$ to co-ord9at+ ! piecemeal in=mation :i* ,i p]sonally obta9$ or h ga!r$ f ! writ+s ( o!rs1 & to exam9+ its be>+ ^u ! life & ?\ght ( ,anci5t ,greece4 ,9 ! =m] half ( ?is task ,i h b foll[$ 9 ! /eps ( ,b]nh>d ,s*midt & ( ,polites1 :o _h already pres5t$ a coh]5t1 if /ill incomplete1 acc\nt ( ! folklore ( ,mod]n ,greece1 & my "w has be5 ma9ly to *eck1 to correct1 & to amplify2 b = ! latt] half ,i w\ld ask ! indulg5t consid]ation :i* may fairly be ext5d$ to a pione]4 ,analogies & co9cid5ces 9 ! beliefs & cu/oms ( mod]n & ( anci5t ,greece h inde$ be5 po9t$ out by o!rs2 b no l>ge attempt has previ\sly be5 made to trace ! cont9uity ( ! life & ?\ght ( ! ,greek p1 & to exhibit mod]n ,greek folklore z an ess5tial factor 9 ! int]pretation ( anci5t ,greek religion4 ,x is my hope t ?is book w prove int]e/+ n to ,greek s*ol>s only1 b to read]s :o h little or no acqua9tance ) ,greek4 ,all quotations :e!r f ! anci5t or mod]n language are translat$1 & ref]5ces to anci5t & mod]n writ]s are di/+ui%$ by ! use ( ! ord9>y ,lat9is$ names & titles 9 ! case ( ! =m]1 & ! ret5tion ( ! ,greek "* = d5ot+ ! latt]4 ,z reg>ds ! translit]ation ( mod]n ,greek words1 ,i h made no attempt to repres5t ! exact s\nd1 except to indicate 9 "s words ! acc5t$ syllable & to make ! obvi\s sub/itution ( ! ,engli% v = ! ,greek 2 b to replace by gh & by dh1 z is sometimes done1 gives to words an unc\? appe>ance )\t assi/+ ! majority ( read]s 9 _! pronunciation4 ,x rema9s only to express my ?anks to ! revis] ( my pro(s1 ,mr ,w4 ,s4 ,hadley ( ,pembroke ,college1 b ^! are ! h>de/ to express adequately4 ,i 0 consci\s ( mak+ no small dem& on ! k9dness ( ! ,tutor ( a l>ge ,college :5 ,i ask$ him to d me ?is s]vice2 & ,i am consci\s n[ t any words 9 ackn[l$gem5t ( 8 k9dness are a poor expression ( my gratitude = ! g5]\s measure ( "t & ( tr\ble :i* he has exp5d$ on ea* page4 ,la/ly ,i w\ld ?ank ! ,syndics ( ! ,univ]sity ,press = _! will+ness to und]take ! publication ( ?is book1 & ! /aff ( ! ,press = _! unfail+ c\rtesy 9 ! c\rse ( its prep>ation4 ,j4 ,c4 ,l4 ,,pembroke ,,college1 ,,cambridge1 ,decemb] #ca1 #aiji4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,preface vii-x ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 #a4 ,mod]n ,folklore z a s\rce = ! /udy ( ,anci5t ,religion #a-g #b4 ,! survival ( ,anci5t ,tradition #h-be #c4 ,! survival ( ,hell5ic ,tradition #be-cf #d4 ,! survival ( ,pagan ,tradition #cf-fd ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,survival ,,( ,,pagan ,,deities4 #a4 ,! ,range ( ,mod]n ,poly!ism #fe-ga #b4 ,zeus #gb-gd #c4 ,poseidon #ge-gg #d4 ,pan #gg-gi #e4 ,demet] & ,p]sephone #gi-ih #f4 ,*>on #ih-aag #g4 ,aphrodite & ,eros #aag-abj #h4 ,! ,fates #aba-acj #i4 ,! ,nymphs #acj-afb #aj4 ,! ,que5s ( ! ,nymphs #afb-agc #aa4 ,lamiae1 ,gell\des1 & ,/riges #agc-ahd #ab4 ,gorgons #ahd-aij #ac4 ,! ,c5taurs #aij-bee #ad4 ,g5ii #bee-bia ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,communion ,,( ,,gods ,,& ,,m54 #bib-cfj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,s\l ,,& ,,body4 #a4 ,! ,mod]n ,greek ,vampire #cfa-cgf #b4 ,! ,composition ( ! ,sup]/ition3 ,slavonic1 ,ecclesia/ical1 & ,hell5ic ,contributions #cgf-dab #c4 ,rev5ants 9 ,anci5t ,greece #dab-dcd #d4 ,rev5ants z ,av5g]s ( ,blood #dcd-dhd ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,cremation ,,& ,,inhumation #dhe-ead ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,b5efit ,,( ,,dissolution #eae-edb ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,gods ,,& ,,m5 #edc-fjf ,,g5]al ,,index #fjg-fag ,,index ,,( ,,greek ,,words ,,& ,,phrases #fah-fbj ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 #a4 ,,mod]n ,,folklore ,,z ,a ,,s\rce ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,anci5t ,,religion4 ,! s\rces ( in=mation mo/ obvi\sly op5 to ! /ud5t ( anci5t ,greek religion are ! ,art & ! ,lit]ature ( anci5t ,greece2 & ! idea t mod]n ,greece c h any tea*+ to imp>t conc]n+ ! beliefs ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago seems seldom to h be5 ent]ta9$4 ,j z we speak ( anci5t ,greek z a dead language1 & too (t5 =get t _m ( ! words & inflexions 9 popul> use at ! pres5t day are id5tical ) ^? ( ! classical p]iod & ev5 ( ! ,hom]ic age1 :ile _m o!rs1 no long] id5tical1 h suff]$ only a slight modification1 s are we apt to ?9k ( ,greek paganism z a dead religion1 & d n enquire :e!r ! beliefs & cu/oms ( ! mod]n peasant may n be a direct h]itage f 8 classical =efa!rs4 ,& yet1 if any su* h]itage exi/1 !re is cle>ly a fre% s\rce ( k op5 to u1 f :i* to supplem5t & to correct ! lessons ( ,art & ,lit]ature4 ,art1 by its v nature1 s]ves r z illu/ration ?an z pro( ( any !ory ( anci5t religion4 ,sculpture has pres]v$ to u ! old conceptions ( ! div9e p]sonalities4 ,vase-pa9t+s record _m acts ( ritual & sc5es ( wor%ip4 ,ar*itectural rema9s all[ u to re/ore 9 imag9ation ! gr&eur ( holy places4 ,b ^! ?+s are only ! ext]nals ( religion3 !y ne$ an int]pret]1 if we w\ld und]/& ! _s :i* in=m$ !m3 & h[ev] able ! int]pret]1 ! mat]ial ) :i* he deals is s small a remnant ( ! treasures ( anci5t art1 t f day to day "s fre% discov]y may subv]t 8 prec>i\sly f\nd$ !ories4 ,?\gh all w\ld ackn[l$ge h[ fruitful 9 religi\s sugge/ion ! evid5ce ( art has prov$ :5 h&l$ by compet5t critics1 none w\ld claim t t evid5ce ei!r 9 its scope1 :i* ! losses ( "t h limit$1 or 9 its accuracy1 :i* dep5ds ^u conjectural int]pretation1 is a complete or infallible guide to ! k ( anci5t religion4 ,f lit]ature m might be expect$1 & m inde$ is =?com+1 ?\gh n p]haps :]e ! mod]n m9d1 ) its t5d5cy to me?odical analysis1 w\ld look = x4 ,if anyone %\ld attempt to classify anci5t ,greek lit]ature 9 mod]n fa%ion1 "u ! head+s ( religion1 sci5ce1 hi/ory1 drama1 & s =?1 he w\ld rem>k "o app>5t defici5cy4 ,:ile hi/ory1 philosophy1 & poetry ( e k9d are amply repres5t$ &1 h[ev] mu* has p]i%$ to be read no m1 ! *oice/ blossoms & ri*e/ fruit ( ,greek toil 9 ^! fields h be5 pres]v$ to u1 religion seems at fir/ sight to h be5 almo/ b>r5 ( lit]>y produce4 ,! dep>tm5t ( religion pure & simple w\ld h little beyond an ,hesiodic ,!ogony or "s ,orphic ,hymns to exhibit1--& ev5 ^! h little en\gh be>+ ^u real religion4 ,9 %ort1 x is n on any special bran* ( ,greek lit]ature1 b r ^u ! :ole bulk !re(1 t ! /ud5t ( ,greek religion mu/ rely4 ,he mu/ recognize t a religi\s _s p]vades ! :ole2 t !re is h>dly a book 9 ! language b has "s allusion to religi\s beliefs & cu/oms1 to cults & c]emonies & div9e p]sonalities4 ,& :ile recogniz+ ?is1 he mu/ /ill admit ! fact t n[h]e is !re f\nd any def9ite exposition ( accept$ beliefs z a :ole1 any /atem5t ( doctr9e1 any cre$ :i* except a man believe he _c be sav$4 ,h[ are we to reconcile ^! two facts1--! con/ant pres5ce ( religion 9 all ,greek lit]ature1 & ! almo/ total abs5ce ( any lit]ature app]ta9+ to religion only8 ,! answ] to ?is "q mu/ be s\ght 9 ! "* ( ! religion itself4 ,greek religion diff]$ f ! *ief n[ exi/+ religions ( ! _w 9 its orig9 & developm5t4 ,x _h no f\nd]4 ,its sanction 0 n ! ipse dixit ( "s inspir$ tea*]4 ,x possess$ no?+ analog\s to ! ,gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 or ! ,koran4 ,x 0 a free1 auto*?on\s gr[?1 evolv$ f ! v>i\s hopes & fe>s ( a :ole p4 ,if we c\ld cat* a glimpse ( x 9 its infancy1 we %\ld probably d5y to x ! v "n ( religion1 & call x sup]/ition or folklore4 ,great tea*]s inde$ arose1 l ,orpheus1 advocat+ special doctr9es & impos+ ^u _! foll[]s special rules ( life4 ,great c5tres ( religi\s influ5ce 7 develop$1 su* z ,delphi1 ex]cis+ a g5]al control ov] rites & c]emonies4 ,b no s+le prea*]1 no prie/hood1 succe$$ 9 dom9at+ ov] ! free consci5ce ( ! p4 ,no?+ 0 impos$ by au?ority4 ,9 belief & 9 wor%ip ea* man 0 a law unto himself2 & s f> z !re 7 any accept$ doctr9es & e/abli%$ obs]vances1 ^! 7 n ! subtle inv5tions ( pr(essional !ologians or an int]e/$ prie/hood1 b 7 bas$ ^u ! h]$it>y & innate convictions ( ! :ole ,greek race4 ,! individual 0 free to believe :at he w\ld & :at he c\ld2 x 0 ! g5]al1 if vague1 cons5sus ( ! masses :i* con/itut$ ! real religion ( ,greece4 ,! vox populi fully e/abli%$ itself z ! vox dei4 ,aga9 9 ?is popul> religion1 :5 x _h em]g$ f its e>lie/ & crude/ =m & _h rea*$ ! def9itely an?ropomorphic /age 9 :i* we "k x1 we c disc]n no trace ( any t5d5cy t[>ds mono!ism4 ,! idea ( a s+le supreme deity1 p]sonal or imp]sonal1 appeal$ only to "s ( ! greate/ ?9k]s3 ! mass ( ! p rema9$ frankly poly!i/ic4 ,= ?is reason ! developm5t ( ,greek religion proce$$ on v diff]5t l9es f t ( ,hebrew religion4 ,! e>lie/ ,jewi% conception ( a ,god #8walk+ 9 ! g>d5 9 ! cool ( ! day' 0 c]ta9ly no less an?ropomorphic ?an ! ,hom]ic pres5tation ( ! ,olympian deities3 b ! subsequ5t gr[? ( ,judaism 0 l t ( "s tall /raight palm tree lift+ its head to pur] air ?an is brea!d by m52 :]eas ,greek religion resembl$ r ! c$> spread+ wide its bran*es ne>] ! e>?4 ,! ,jew1 by conc5trat+ 9 "o unique be+ e transc5d5t quality & function1 exalt$ gradually 8 idea ( godhead f> above ! an?ropomorphic plane3 ! ,greek multipli$ 8 gods to be ! sev]al inc>nations ( passions & p[]s & activities p]ta9+ also1 ?\gh 9 less fulness1 to mank9d4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 po9t ( simplicity & consi/5cy ! mono!i/ic sy/em mu/ prove sup]ior4 ,z ! wor%ipp]'s intellectual & spiritual capacities develop1 he disc>ds ! old] & crud] notions 9 fav\r ( a m enlight5$ ideal4 ,abraham's crude conception ( ! deity z a be+ to :om ev5 human sacrifice w\ld be acceptable 0 necess>ily reject$ by an human] age to :om 0 deliv]$ ! message #8,i w h m]cy & n sacrifice4' ,9 ! gr[? ( ,greek poly!ism1 on ! contr>y1 ! new did n sup]s$e ! old1 b 0 sup]impos$ ^u x4 ,fre% conceptions 7 express$ by ! creation or acceptance ( fre% gods1 b ! v5]able embodim5ts ( m primitive beliefs 7 n necess>ily displac$ by !m4 ,! developm5t ( human] ideas 9 "o cult 0 no b> to ! ret5tion ( b>b>\s rites by ano!r4 ,! same deity "u diff]5t titles ( invocation 77 0 inve/$ ) diff]5t & ev5 conflict+ *>act]s3 & rev]sely ! same religi\s idea f\nd sev]al expressions 9 ! cults ( widely diff]5t deities4 ,! =ms ( wor%ip1 view$ 9 ! mass1 7 ( an inconsi/5t & *aotic complexity4 ,human sacrifice1 we may be sure1 0 a ?+ abhorr5t to ! majority ( ! cults ( ,zeus3 yet ,lycaean ,zeus cont9u$ to exact 8 toll ( human life d[n to ! "t ( ,pausanias#a4 ,! wor%ip ( ,dionysus embodi$ some?+ ( ! same religi\s _s :i* p]vad$ ! tea*+s ( ,orpheus & ! my/]ies ( ,demet]1 & came to be closely alli$ ) !m3 yet nei!r ! au/]ity ( ,orphism nor ! real spirituality ( ! ,eleus9ian cult succe$$ 9 mitigat+ ! wild orgies ( ! ,bac*ant or 9 repress+ ! savage rite ( omophagia 9 :i* drunk5 fanatics tore a bull to pieces ) _! tee?4 ,aphrodite 0 wor%ipp$ "u two incompatible titles3 9 ! rle ( ! #8,heav5ly' 771 says ,artemidorus#b1 %e looks fav\rably ^u m>riage & *ildbir? & ! home life1 :ile "u h] title ( #8,popul>' 77 %e is ho/ile to ! matron1 & patroness ( lax] ties4 ,x is ne$less to multiply illu/rations4 ,! =ms 9 :i* ! religi\s _s ( ,greece f\nd embodim5t are beyond "q confus$ & mutually inconsi/5t4 ,! same religi\s idea might be express$ 9 s great a v>iety ( rites1 & ! same div9e p]sonality might be associat$ ) s great a v>iety ( ideas1 t no =mal exposition ( ,greek religion z a :ole 0 possible4 ,! v]bal limitations ( a cre$1 a summa !ologiae1 w\ld h be5 too n>r[ = ! free1 imag9ative fai? ( ,greece4 ,x 0 a necess>y condition ( ,hell5ic poly!ism t1 z x came into be+ )\t any p]sonal f\nd]1 )\t any au?oritative sacr$ books1 s 9 its developm5t x %\ld be hamp]$ & conf9$ nei!r by prie/craft nor by any lit]ature purely & di/9ctively religi\s4 ,! _s :i* manife/$ itself 9 a myriad =ms ( wor%ip c\ld n brook ! re/ra9t ( any "o =m ( words4 ,& n only w\ld x h be5 difficult to give adequate expression to ! ess5tial ideas ( ,greek religion1 b !re 0 no motive = attempt+ ! task4 ,^? ( ! philosoph]s :o dealt ) religion wrote & taught = ! reason t !y _h "s new idea1 "s fre% doctr9e1 to advance4 ,plato c]ta9ly ab\nds 9 ref]5ces to ! popul> beliefs ( 8 age3 b 8 object is n to exp\nd !m = _! own sake3 r he utilizes !m z illu/ration & ornam5t ( 8 own philosophical views3 8 treatm5t ( !m 9 ! ma9 is arti/ic1 n sci5tific4 ,9 fact !re 0 no "o int]e/$ 9 giv+ to popul> beliefs an au?oritative & dogmatic expression4 ,!re 0 no hi]>*y conc]n$ to arre/ ! free progress ( ?\ght or to *a9 m5's m9ds to ! fai? ( _! =efa!rs4 ,a summ>y ( popul> doctr9es1 if x c\ld h be5 writt51 w\ld h _h no read]s1 = ! simple reason t ! p felt _! religion m truly & fully ?an ! writ] c\ld express x3 & few m5 h ! int]e/s ( po/]ity s l>gely at he>t1 z to write :at _! own contempor>ies w c]ta9ly n read4 ,?us x appe>s t !re 0 nei!r motive nor means = treat+ ! popul> religion 9 lit]>y =m3 to =mulate ! common-folk's cre$1 to analyse ! common-folk's religion1 0 a ?+ nei!r desir$ nor feasible4 ,b because we obs]ve an almo/ total abs5ce ( di/9ctively religi\s lit]ature1 we ne$ n = t reason be surpris$ at ! con/ant pres5ce ( religi\s feel+ 9 all t a ,greek wrote or sang4 ,r x 0 consi/5t ) t fre$om & t abs5ce ( all control & circumscription :i* we h not$1 t religion %\ld p]vade ! :ole life ( ! p1 ^: he>ts 7 its native soil1 & %\ld consequ5tly p]vade also ! lit]ature 9 :i* _! ?\ghts & do+s are record$4 ,= religion ) !m 0 n a s+le & sep>ate dep>tm5t ( _! civilisation1 n an avocation f ! ord9>y pursuits ( m51 b r a _s ) :i* "w & holiday1 gaiety & gloom1 7 alike p5etrat$4 ,we %\ld be misl$ by ! mod]n devotion to dogma & def9ite =mulae ( fai?1 7 we to ?9k t s vague a religion z ,greek poly!ism 0 any ! less an abid+ =ce1 any ! less capable ( inspir+ g5u9e en?usiasm & rev]5ce4 ,x is n h>d to imag9e ! wor%ipp] animat$ = ! "t by "o emotion only1 8 m9d void ( all else & flood$ ) ! "o idea inc>nate 9 ! div9e be+ at ^: alt> he sat 9 supplication4 ,x is impossible really to misd\bt ! /r5g? & ! dep? ( ,greek religi\s s5tim5t1 h[ev] multif>i\s & ev5 mutually contradictory its modes ( display4 ,a nation :o peopl$ sky & e>? & sea ) godlike =ms2 :o saw 9 e /ream & gl5 & m\nta9-top its own haunt+1 hall[+ pres5ce1 &1 ill-cont5t t nature alone %\ld d !m hon\r1 s\ght out ! lovelie/ hills & vales 9 all _! lovely l& to d$icate !re ! *oice/ ( _! art2 :o consecrat$ ) lavi% love bronze & m>ble1 ivory & gold1 all ! be/ t weal? c\ld w9 & skill adorn1 9 hon\r ( ! be+s t 7 above man yet always ) him1 maje/ic z ,zeus1 joy\s z ,dionysus1 grave z ,demet]1 light z ,aphrodite1 yet all div9e2 su* a nation1 ?\gh x knew n\ght ( inspir$ books & =mulat$ cre$s1 c be convict$ ( no %ortcom+ 9 real piety & devotion4 ,_! gods 7 v ne> to ^? :om !y fav\r$2 no communion or int]c\rse 0 beyond hope ( atta9m5t2 gods f\ght 9 m5's battles1 guid$ m5's w&]+s1 d9$ at m5's bo>ds1 & took to !mselves mortal consorts2 & :5 m5 grew deg5]ate & ! race ( h]oes 0 no m1 gods /ill held spee* ) !m 9 oracles4 ,religi\s hopes1 religi\s fe>s1 7 ! dom9ant motive ( ! p's :ole life4 ,x 0 9 religion t sculpture f\nd its inspiration1 & its highe/ a*ievem5ts 7 9 p\rtray+ deities4 ,! !atre 0 a religi\s in/itution1 & on ! /age1 )\t detrim5t to rev]5ce1 figur$ ! ,eum5ides !mselves4 ,religi\s duties 7 excuse en\gh = ,sp>ta to hang back f def5d+ ! fre$om ( ,greece4 ,religi\s scruples set enlight5$ ,a!ns 9 an upro>1 because a numb] ( idols 7 dec5tly mutilat$4 ,religi\s fe>s co/ h] ! loss ( ! pr\de/ armam5t t ev] sail$ f h] %ores4 ,a *>ge ( irreligion 0 pretext en\gh = condemn+ to dea? h] noble/ philosoph]4 ,9 ev]y?+1 great & small1 ! p\r+ ( libations at ! fea/1 ! tak+ ( om5s be=e battle1 ! consult+ ( ! ,delphic oracle ^u ! mo/ important or mo/ trivial ( occasions1 ! same _s is manife/4 ,religion us$ or abus$1 piety or sup]/ition1 0 to ! ,greeks an abid+ motive & influ5ce 9 all ! affairs ( life4 ,x is *iefly ( ^! def9ite do+s & cu/oms t lit]ature tells u1 j z art depicts ! mise-en-scne ( religion4 ,yet x w\ld be inconceivable t a p :o display$ s /rong & s abundant a religi\s feel+ 9 all ! circum/ances & tasks ( life1 %\ld n h pond]$ ov] ! ess5tial und]ly+ que/ions ( all religion1 ! nature ( ! s\l & ! my/]y ( life & dea?4 ,lit]ature tells u t to _! poets & philosoph]s ^! problems did pres5t !mselves1 & _m 7 ! solutions :i* diff]5t ?9k]s prop\nd$3 b ( ! g5]al s5se ( ! p 9 ?is respect1 ( ! fundam5tal beliefs :i* guid$ _! conduct t[>ds gods & m5 9 ?is life & prompt$ _! c>e = ! dead1 lit]ature furni%es no direct /atem5t3 its evid5ce is fragm5t>y1 casual1 sporadic4 ,ev]y:]e x displays ! ext]nals1 b x leaves ! inn] _s veil$4 ,lit]ature z well z art ne$s an int]pret]4 ,x is precisely 9 ?is task ( int]pretation t ! assi/ance (f]$ by ! folklore ( ,mod]n ,greece %\ld be s\ght4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t !re is /ill liv+ a p :o1 z !y h inh]it$ ! l& & ! language1 may also h inh]it$ ! beliefs & cu/oms1 ( ^? anci5ts ^: mazes ( religion are bewild]+ )\t a guide :o kn[s !m4 ,among t /ill liv+ p x is possible n only to obs]ve acts & usages1 b to enquire also _! significance3 & ?\gh "s cu/oms w und\bt$ly be f\nd ei!r to be m]e survivals ( :i* ! mean+ has long be5 =gott51 or ev5 to h be5 subject$ to new & false int]pretations1 yet o!rs1 /ill root$ 9 & n\ri%$ by an intellig5t belief1 may be vital docum5ts ( anci5t ,greek life & ?\ght4 #b4 ,,! ,,survival ,,( ,,anci5t ,,tradition4 ,!re may p]haps be "s few :o1 q ap>t f ! cont9uity ( ! ,hell5ic race1 a "q ) :i* ,i mu/ deal lat]1 w\ld be incl9$ to pron\nce ! que/ ( anci5t religion 9 mod]n folklore m]e lo/ lab\r4 ,! lapse1 !y may ?9k1 ( all ! c5turies :i* sep>ate ! pres5t day f ! age ( ,hell5ic greatness w\ld 9 itself disfigure or altoge!r efface any tradition ( g5u9e value4 ,su* a view1 h[ev]1 is oppos$ to all ! lessons t h ( late ye>s be5 ga9$ f a m sy/ematic /udy ( ! folklore ( all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,c]ta9 pr9ciples ( magic & c]ta9 t5d5cies ( sup]/ition seem to obta91 9 curi\sly simil> =m1 among peoples f> remov$ bo? 9 racial type & 9 geographical position4 ,x is sometimes urg$ by way ( explanation t ! res\rces ( ! primitive m9d are necess>ily s limit$1 t _m co9cid5ces 9 belief & cu/om are only to be expect$1 & t !re=e ! simil>ity ( =m pres5t$ by "s sup]/itions ( widely sep>at$ peoples is no argum5t 9 fav\r ( _! common orig94 ,b1 = my "p1 :5 ,i consid] su* a belief z t 9 ! ,evil ,eye1 :i* possesses1 ,i believe1 an almo/ _w-wide notoriety1 ,i f9d x m reasonable to suppose t x 0 a t5et 9 ! cre$ ( "s s+le primitive p1 ( :om _m pres5t races ( ! _w are (f%oots1 & f :om !y h inh]it$ ! sup]/ition1 ?an t scores or hundr$s ( peoples1 :o _h long s9ce div]g$ 9 racial type & dwell+ & language1 %\ld subsequ5tly h hit ^u "o uni=m belief4 ,inde$ x may be t 9 ! future ! /udy ( folklore w become a sci5ce ( no less value ?an ! /udy ( language1 & t by a comp>ison ( ! sup]/itions /ill held by v>i\s sections ( ! human race x w be possible to adumbrate ! beliefs ( _! remote/ common ance/ors z cle>ly z1 by a comp>ison ( _! v>i\s spee*es1 ! outl9es ( a common ance/ral language h be51 & are be+1 trac$4 ,! data ( folklore are 9 ! nature ( ?+s m difficult to collect1 m compreh5sive 9 scope1 & m liable to mis9t]pretation1 ?an ! data ( l+ui/ic /udy2 b none ! less1 :5 once !re are lab\r]s en\gh 9 ! field1 x is n beyond hope t ! laws :i* gov]n ! tradition & modification ( cu/oms & beliefs may be f\nd to be h>dly less def9ite ?an ! laws ( language4 ,b comp>ative folklore is outside my pres5t purpose4 ,i assume only1 )\t mu* fe> ( contradiction1 t _m ( ! popul> sup]/itions & cu/oms & magical practices /ill preval5t 9 ! _w date f a p]iod f> m remote ?an any age on :i* ,greek hi/ory or ar*aeology c ?r[ ev5 a glimm]+ ( light4 ,if !n ,i c %[ t among ! ,greek folk ( to-day !re /ill survive 9 full vig\r su* examples ( primaeval sup]/ition z ! belief 9 #8! evil eye' & ! practice ( magic1 ,i %all h e/abli%$ at lea/ an antec$5t probability t !re may exi/ also ve/iges ( ! religi\s beliefs & practices ( ! hi/orical era4 ,! fe> ( #8! evil eye' 7 1 or simply #c17 is univ]sal among ! ,greek peasantry1 & fairly common ?\gh n s frankly av[$ among ! m educat$ classes4 ,! old words & are /ill 9 use1 b & #d1 direct =mations f ! ^w 1 are m frequ5tly he>d4 ,x w\ld be difficult to say on :at gr\nds ?is p[] ( #8ov]look+1' if ,i may use a popul> ,engli% equival5t1 is usually imput$ to anyone4 ,old wom5 are mo/ g5]ally cr$it$ ) x1 b n s mu* ow+ to any m5ac+ appe>ance z because !y are ! *ief expon5ts ( wit*craft & x is only fitt+ t ! wise woman ( a village %\ld possess ! p[] ( ex]cis+ ! evil eye at w4 ,^! =m !re=e q a di/9ct class f ^? p]sons ^: eyes are suspect$ ( ex]t+ naturally & involunt>ily a baneful influ5ce4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m\nt ,hymettus x appe>s t blue eyes fall mo/ commonly "u suspicion3 & ?is is ! m curi\s because 9 ,attica1 ) its l>ge proportion ( ,albanian inhabitants1 blue eyes are by no means r>e4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 x 0 ! native ,greeks' suspicion ( ! /rang]s :o settl$ among !m1 :i* fir/ caus$ ?is p>ticul> developm5t ( ! belief 9 ?is di/rict4 ,myself possess+ eyes ( ! objectionable col\r1 ,i h m ?an once be5 some:at tak5 aback at hav+ my ord9>y salutation 7' 1 #8heal? to y1'7 to "s pass+ peasant answ]$ only by ! sign ( ! ,cross4 ,=tunately 9 o!r localities ,i nev] to my k inspir$ ! same dread2 _h x be5 g5]al1 ,i %\ld h be5 =c$ to ab&on my project ( enquir+ into ,greek folklore2 = ! risk ( be+ #8ov]look$' holds ! ,greek peasant1 save = a few phrases ( av]sion1 9 awe-/rick5 sil5ce4 ,my impression is t any eyes :i* are peculi> 9 any way are apt to incur suspicion1 & t 9 diff]5t localities diff]5t qualities1 col\r+ or brilliance or prom95ce1 excite special notice &1 ) notice1 disfav\r4 ,! evil eye1 x w\ld seem1 is a regul> attribute bo? ( ! ,gorgon & ( ! wolf2 = bo?1 by m]ely look+ ^u a man1 are /ill believ$ to inflict "s griev\s suff]+1--dumbness1 madness1 or dea?2 & yet !re is little 9 common betwe5 ! n>r[1 crafty eye ( ! wolf & ei!r ! prom95t1 gl>+ eyes 9 an anci5t ,m$usa's head or ! passionate1 s$uctive eyes ( ! mod]n ,gorgon1 unless x be t any fix$ unfl9*+ gaze is suffici5t reason = al>m4 ,"s su* explanation w be/ acc\nt = ! /range vag>y ( sup]/ition :i* br+s "u ! category ( ! evil eye two classes ( ?+s :i* seem+ly w\ld h no connexion ei!r ) x or ) ea* o!r1 look+-glasses & ! />s4 ,to look at oneself 9 a mirror is1 9 "s di/ricts1 reg>d$ z a dang]\s op]ation1 especially if x be prolong$4 ,a bride1 be+ specially liable to all s9i/] influ5ces1 is wise to =ego ! pleasure ( see+ h] own reflection 9 ! glass2 & a woman 9 *ild-b$1 :o is no less liable1 is depriv$ ( all *ance ( see+ h]self by ! removal ( all mirrors f ! room4 ,! risk 9 all cases is usually greate/ at night1 & 9 ! t[n ( ,s9asos 9 ,cappadocia no prud5t p]son w\ld at t "t incur x#e4 ,! reflection1 x w\ld seem1 ( a man's own image may put ! evil eye ^u him by its /eady gaze3 & x 0 9 fe> ( su* an issue t ,damoetas1 9 ! ,idylls ( ,!ocritus1 aft] criticiz+ 8 own features reflect$ 9 "s glassy pool1 spat ?rice into 8 bosom t he might n suff] f ! evil eye#f4 ,! belief 9 a c]ta9 magical prop]ty ( ! />s ak9 to t ( ! evil eye is f> m widely held4 ,!y are1 z x 71 ! eyes ( night1 & 9 ! d>kness #8ov]look' m5 & _! belong+s z disa/r\sly z does ! human eye 9 ! day-"t4 ,j z a woman aft] conf9em5t is peculi>ly liable to ! evil eye & mu/ h amulets hung ab\t h] & mirrors remov$ f h] room1 s mu/ p>ticul> c>e be tak5 to avoid exposure to /ell> influ5ce4 ,sonn9i de ,magnonc\rt1 :o _h "s m$ical exp]i5ce 9 ,greece1 speaks au?oritatively on ?is subject4 ,accord+ to ! popul> view1 he says1 %e mu/ n let h]self be #8se5 by a />'2 & if %e goes out be=e ! prescrib$ "t1--accord+ to ?is au?ority1 only eight days1 b n[ pref]ably =ty days1 f ! bir? ( ! *ild1--%e is c>eful to return home & to %ut h]self up 9 h] room by sunset1 & aft] t h\r to op5 nei!r door nor w9d[1 = fe> t a /> may surprise h] & cause ! dea? ( bo? "m & *ild#g4 ,s too 9 ! isl& ( ,*ios1 if !re is occasion to c>ry leav5 f "o h\se to ano!r1 x mu/ be cov]$ up1--9 ! day-"t #8to prev5t x f be+ se5 by any /range eye1' at night #8to prev5t x f be+ se5 by ! />s'3 = if x 7 #8ov]look$' by ei!r1 ! bread made ) x w\ld n rise#h4 ,su* cu/oms %[ cle>ly t ! />s are held to ex]cise exactly ! same malign influ5ce z ! human eye3 ! same simple phrases d5ote 9 ,greek ! op]ation ( ei!r1 & ! #8ov]look+' ( ei!r has ! same blight+ effect4 ,! range ( ?is mis*iev\s influ5ce--= ,i n[ take x t ! evil eye & ! />s are indi/+ui%able 9 _! ill effects--is v l>ge4 ,human be+s are p]haps mo/ susceptible to x4 ,9 "s di/ricts#i inde$ new-born infants up to ! "t ( _! baptism are held to be immune2 till !n !y are ! *ildr5 ( d>kness1 & ! p[]s ( d>kness d n move aga9/ !m4 ,b 9 g5]al no "o at any mom5t ( 8 life is :olly secure4 ,amulets h[ev] af=d a reasonable safety at ord9>y times2 x is *iefly 9 ! critical h\rs ( life1 at m>riage & at ! bir? ( *ildr51 t ! fe> ( ! evil eye is lively & ! precautions aga9/ x m elaborate4 ,animals also may be affect$4 ,horses & mules are v commonly protect$ by amulets hung r\nd _! necks1 & ?is is ! orig9al purpose ( ! /r+s ( blue beads ) :i* ! cab-horses ( ,a!ns are (t5 decorat$4 ,! %eph]d too has cause = anxiety on behalf ( 8 flock1 &1 :5 a bad season or disease dim9i%es ! numb] ( 8 lambs1 is apt to re-e*o ! pa/oral compla9t1 ,nescio quis t5]os oculus mihi fasc9at agnos#aj4 #8,"s jeal\s eye 8o'erlooks0 my t5d] lambs4' ,& ! p]nici\s influ5ce makes itself felt 9 ev5 a l[] scale ( life4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sp>ta1 :]e !re is a consid]able silk indu/ry1 ! wom5 believe t silk-worms are susceptible ( mis*ief f ! evil eye2 & ! same sup]/ition is record$ by de ,magnonc\rt f ,*ios4 ,( inanimate ?+s1 ^? mo/ easily damag$ 9 a simil> way are leav51 salt1 & v9eg>1--z be+ possess$ ( quick5+ or pres]vative prop]ties to :i* ! blight+1 de/ructive p[] ( ! evil eye or ( ! />s is naturally oppos$4 ,! precautions to be obs]v$ 9 c>ry+ leav5 f h\se to h\se h already be5 notic$4 ,equal c>e is requir$ 9 ! mak+ ( ! bread4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 s ,i h be5 told1 t :5 a woman is knead+1 "s malici\s neighb\r w come 91 o/5sibly = a *at1 & put ! evil eye ^u ! leav52 & unless ! woman p]ceives :at is go+ on & av]ts disa/] by a special ge/ure :i* turns ! evil influ5ce aga9/ ! intrud]1 no?+ to call bread w be bak$ t day4 ,simil>ly x is unwise to borr[ or to give away ei!r salt or v9eg> at night#aa2 b if x is necess>y1 x is prud5t to take precautions to prev5t its exposure to ! />s1 :i* may ev5 be *eat$ ( _! prey by "s su* device z call+ ! v9eg> 77 #8syrup' 77 9 ask+ = x#ab4 ,fur!r1 an object :i* has be5 expos$ to ! />s may ev5 c>ry ! infection1 z x 71 to ^? :o aft]w>ds use x4 ,= ?is reason ! l95 & clo!s ( a "m & h] new-born infant mu/ nev] be left out ( doors at night#ac4 ,! precaution1 z ,i h said1 mo/ commonly adopt$ is ! we>+ ( amulets4 ,! articles :i* h ! greate/ intr9sic virtue = ?is purpose are g>lic1 bits ( blue /one or glass (t5 9 ! =m ( beads1 old co9s1 salt1 & *>coal3 b _m o!r ?+s1 by _! associations1 may be r5d]$ efficaci\s4 ,! /ump ( a c&le burnt on "s high religi\s fe/ival1 or a %r$ ( ! ,holy ,%r\d us$ on ,good ,friday1 is by no means to be despis$2 & ! bones ( a bat or a snake's sk9 ov] :i* a wit* has mutt]$ h] incantations acquire !reby an equal m]it4 ,b su* *>ms z ^! are objets de luxe2 ! ord9>y man cont5ts himself ) ! common] articles ^: virtue is 9 !mselves4 ,no midwife1 ,i und]/&1 w\ld g ab\t h] bus9ess )\t a pl5tiful supply ( g>lic4 ,x is well t ! room %\ld be r$ol5t ( x1 & a few cloves mu/ be fa/5$ ab\t ! baby's neck ei!r at bir? or imm$iately aft] ! baptism4 ,blue beads are 9 g5]al use = wom51 *ildr51 & animals4 ,if m5 we> !m1 !y are usually conceal$ f view4 ,b mo!rs value !m above all1 because 9 virtue ( _! col\r-- is mod]n ,greek = #8blue'--!y ensure an abundant supply ( milk 77 unaffect$ by ! evil eye or any o!r s9i/] pot5cy4 ,salt & *>coal are mo/ conv5i5tly c>ri$ 9 little bags ) a /r+ to g r\nd ! neck4 ,an effective *>m consi/s ( ?ree gra9s ( ea* mat]ial ) an old co94 ,b _m o!r ?+s are also us$2 :5 ,i h be5 p]mitt$ to inspect ! cont5ts ( su* a bag1 ,i h f\nd /range assortm5ts ( ?+s1 pebbles1 pomegranate-se$s1 bits ( soap1 leaves ( basil & o!r plants1 (t5 h>d to recognize ?r\gh age & dirt & grease4 ,"o sci5tifically-m9d$ man recomm5d$ me sulphate ( copp]4 ,special occasions also h special precautions prop] to !m4 ,at a w$d+1 ! "t ( all o!rs :5 envi\s eyes are mo/ likely to cause mis*ief1 ! bridegroom commonly c>ries a black-h&l$ knife slipp$ inside 8 belt#ad1 & ! bride has an op5 pair ( scissors 9 h] %oe or "s conv5i5t place1 9 ord] t any su* evil influ5ce may be #8cut (f4' ,b "s ( ^! magical safegu>ds conc]n n only ! evil eye1 b gho/ly p]ils 9 g5]al1 & w claim notice 9 o!r connexions4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh lack ( precautions or 9 spite ( !m1 a man suspects t he is be+ #8ov]look$1' he mu/ rely = protection on ! res\rces ) :i* nature has provid$ him4 ,! simple/ ?+ is to spit1--?ree times = *oice1 = t numb] has magical value1--b on oneself1 n at ! suspect$ foe4 ,!ocritus 0 scrupul\sly correct1 accord+ to ! mod]n view1 9 mak+ 8 %eph]d spit ?rice on 8 own bosom4 ,ano!r exp$i5t1 ?\gh no g>lic be at h& to give effect to ! words1 is to ejaculate1 ' 1 #8g>lic 9 y\r eyes6' ,or use may be made ( an imprecation consid]$ effective 9 _m circum/ances ( dang]1 1 #8may y dev\r y\r own head6' ,la/ly !re is ! 1 a ge/ure ( ! h&1--fir/ rais$ ) ! fi/ clos$ & !n sudd5ly advanc$ ei!r ) all ! f+]s op5 b b5t1 or ) ! ?umb & little f+] alone ext5d$1--:i* returns ! evil ^u ! (f5d]'s own head ) usury4 ,b1 9 spite ( ^! manifold means ( def5ce1 ! evil eye has its victims2 "s malady seizes ^u a man1 = :i* no o!r cause c be assign$2 & ! "q ( a cure arises4 ,"h ! ,*ur* comes to ! rescue1 ) special =ms ( pray]1 commonly kn[n z 1 provid$ = ! purpose4 ,! p]son affect$ goes to ! *ur*1 or1 if ! case be s]i\s1 ! prie/ comes to 8 h\se1 ! pray]s are recit$1 & ! suff]] is fumigat$ ) inc5se4 ,also if !re happ5s to be a sacr$ spr+ or well1 z x is call$1 9 ! prec9cts ( any *ur* ne>1--& !re are a fair numb] ( *ur*es 9 ,greece :i* d]ive bo? fame & emolum5t f ! possession ( heal+ & miracle-work+ wat]s#ae1--! victim ( ! evil eye is well-advis$ to dr9k ( !m4 ,!re are "s1 h[ev]1 :o rate ! p[]s ( a wit* m highly ?an ^? ( a prie/1 & pref] h] incantations to ! pray]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,%e kn[s1 or is ready to improvise1 =ms ( exorcism 71 7 = all k9ds ( affliction4 ,a typical example#af beg9s1 z d _m ( ! incantations ( wit*craft1 ) an invocation ( ,*ri/ & ! ,virg9 & ! ,tr9ity & ! twelve ,apo/les2 !n comes a compla9t aga9/ ! griev\s illness :i* ne$s cur+2 next imprecations ^u ! man or woman responsible = caus+ x2 & f9ally an adjuration ( ! evil eye to dep>t f ! suff]]'s #8head & he>t & f+]-nails & toe-nails & ! cockles ( ! he>t1 & to begone to ! hills & m\nta9s#ag' & s =?2 aft] all :i* ! ,"l's pray] or any religi\s =mula may be repeat$ ad libitum4 ,dur+ ! recitation ( "s su* *>m1 ! wit* fumigates h] pati5t ei!r ) inc5se1 or1--:at is m effectual :]e a guess c be made z to ! id5tity ( ! envi\s enemy1--by burn+ some?+ belong+ to ! latt]1 a piece ( 8 clo?+ or ev5 a h&ful ( e>? f 8 doorway#ah4 ,or aga91 if ! pati5t is at a loss to conjecture :o x is t has h>m$ him1 rec\rse may be _h to div9ation4 ,a famili> me?od is to burn leaves or petals ( c]ta9 plants1--basil & gillyfl[] be+ ( special repute#ai1--m5tion+ at ! same "t a numb] ( names 9 succession4 ,a l\d pop or crackl+ d5otes t ! "n ( ! (f5d] has be5 rea*$1 & ! treatm5t c !n proce$ z describ$ above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no less widespread 9 ,greece ?an ! belief 9 ! evil eye1 & equally primitive 9 "*1 is ! practice ( magic4 ,few villages1 ,i believe1 ev5 at ! pres5t day d n possess a wise woman 774 ,(t5 inde$1 ow+ to ! spread ( education & ! desire to be ?\ght #8,european' & #8civilis$1' ! inhabitants w indignantly d5y h] exi/5ce1 & affect to speak ( wit*es z ?+s ( ! pa/4 ,b 9 times ( illness or tr\ble !y are apt to =get _! pret5sions ( sup]iority1 & d n hesitate to avail !mselves ( ! lore inh]it$ f _! sup]/iti\s =efa!rs4 ,= ! mo/ "p wom5 are ! deposit>ies ( ^! anci5t secrets1 & ! k ( *>ms1 incantations1 & all ! rites & =mul>ies ( wit*craft is h&$ d[n f "m to daught]4 ,b m5 are n exclud$ f ! pr(ession4 ,! functions ( ! prie/1 = example1 are n cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! unconsecrat$ magician4 ,at a baptism1 :i* (t5 takes place 9 ! h\se :]e ! *ild is born & n at ! *ur*1 ! prie/ op5s ! s]vice by exorcis+ all evil spirits & influ5ces f ! f\r corn]s ( ! room by sw++ 8 c5s]1 b ! midwife1 :o usually kn[s some?+ ( magic1 or "o ( ! god-p>5ts1 accompanies him & makes assurance d\bly sure by spitt+ 9 ea* suspect$ nook4 ,moreov] if a prie/ lead a notori\sly evil life or *ance to be actually unfrock$1 ! devil inve/s him ) a d\ble portion ( magical p[]1 :i* on any s]i\s occasion is sure to be 9 reque/4 ,b1 ap>t f ! cl]gy :o owe _! p[]s to ! use or abuse ( _! (fice1 !re are o!r m5 too "h & !re :o deal 9 wit*craft4 ,!y are usually speciali/s 9 "s "o bran*1 & pr(essors ( ! :ite art r ?an ( ! black1--"o v]s$ 9 popul> m$ic9e & ! incantations prop] to x1 ano!r 9 undo+ mis*iev\s spells1 ano!r 9 lay+ ! re/less dead4 ,! g5]al practition]s1 caus+ disease z (t5 z cur+ x1 b9d+ ) curses z readily z loos+ f !m1 are = ! mo/ "p wom54 ,i %all n attempt to enum]ate "h all ! petty uses ( magic ( :i* ,i h he>d or read3 inde$ an exhau/ive treatm5t ( ! subject1 ev5 = "o :o _h devot$ a lifetime to cultivat+ an intimacy ) ,greek wit*es1 w\ld be h>dly possible2 = _! secrets are n lightly divulg$1 & new circum/ances may at any "t require ! inv5tion ( new me?ods4 ,i propose only to describe "s ( ! be/ kn[n & mo/ widely spread practices1 "s b5efic5t1 o!rs mis*iev\s4 ,mo/ ( !m w be se5 to be bas$ on ! primitive & worldwide pr9ciple ( sympa!tic magic1--! pr9ciple t a relation1 analogy1 or sympa?y exi/+1 or be+ once e/abli%$1 betwe5 two objects1 t :i* ! "o does or suff]s1 w be done or suff]$ also by ! o!r4 ,if x be desir$ to cause physical injury or dea? to an enemy1 ! simple/ & sure/ me?od is to make an image ( him 9 "s malleable mat]ial1--wax1 lead1 or clay1--&1 if opportunity (f]1 to knead into x or atta* to x "s trifle f ! enemy's p]son4 ,?ree hairs f 8 head are a highly valuable acquisition1 b p>+s ( 8 nails or a few %r$s ( 8 clo?+ w s]ve3 or aga9 ! image may be put 9 "s place :]e 8 %ad[ w fall ^u x z he passes4 ,^! ref9em5ts ( ! practice1 h[ev]1 are n indisp5sable2 ! image by itself w suffice4 ,?is be+ made1 ! treatm5t ( x v>ies accord+ to ! degree ( suff]+ :i* x is desir$ to inflict4 ,acute pa9 may be caus$ to ! man by driv+ into 8 image p9s or nails4 ,?is device is popul>ly kn[n z 1 #8p9n+' or #8nail+1' & _m v>iations ( x are practis$4 ,"o case record$ 9 "s detail 0 t ( a prie/'s wife :o f h] w$d+-day onw>d 0 a prey to v>i\s pa9s & ills4 ,! prie/ tri$ 9 va9 to relieve !m by pray]1 & f9ally call$ 9 a wit* to aid him4 ,aft] p]=m+ c]ta9 occult rites ( div9ation1 %e in=m$ him t he mu/ dig 9 ! middle ( 8 c\rty>d4 ,!re he f\nd a t91 :i* on be+ op5$ reveal$ an assortm5t ( p]nici\s *>ms1--"o ( 8 wife's bridal %oes ) a l>ge nail ?r\gh x1 a dri$-up bit ( soap 7presumably f ! bridal ba?7 /uck full ( p9s1 a wisp ( hair 7probably "s ( ! bride's comb+s7 all 9 a tangle1 & la/ly a padlock4 ,! nail & p9s 7 at once pull$ out & ! hair c>efully dis5tangl$1 ) ! result t ! woman 0 fre$ f h] pa9s & h] complicat$ ailm5ts4 ,b ! padlock c\ld n be undone1 & 0 ?r[n away into ! sea1 ) ! result t ! woman rema9$ *ildless4 ,! bride _h be5 #8nail$' 77 by a rival4 ,9 ?is case1 x is true1 no wax5 or lead5 image 0 us$1 b ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,! use ( an image is only pref]able z all[+ ! mak] ( x to select any "p ( ! body :i* he wi%es to torture4 ,ano!r me?od ( deal+ ) ! image is to melt or we> x away gradually2 if x be ( wax or lead1 x may be se>$ ) a r$-hot pok]1 or plac$ bodily 9 ! fire2 if x be ( clay1 x may be scrap$ ) a knife1 or put into "s /ream :i* w gradually wa% x away4 ,accord+ly z x is ?us wa/$ away1 sl[ly or rapidly1 s w ! p]son :om x repres5ts wa/e & die4 ,?is is 9 pr9ciple ! same sy/em z t adopt$ by ,simae?a 9 ! ,idyll ( ,!ocritus to w9 back ! love ( ,delphis4 #8,ev5 z ,i melt ?is wax1' %e cries1 #8) ,god's help1 s may ! ,myndian ,delphis by love be /raightway molt5#bj'2 & %e too us$ 9 h] magic rites a fr+e f ,delphis' cloak1 to %r$ & to ca/ into ! fi]ce flame4#ba ,only1 9 h] case1 ! incantation turn$ :at might h be5 a dea?-spell into a love-*>m4 ,love & jeal\sy are /ill ! passions :i* mo/ frequ5tly sugge/ ! use ( magic4 ,occult me?ods are necess>y to ! girl ^: mode/y prev5ts h] f c\rt+ op5ly ! man on :om h] he>t is set1 & n less s to h] :o w\ld puni% ! fai?lessness ( a =m] lov]4 ,! foll[+ are "s record$ recipes#bb = w9n+ ! love ( an apa!tic swa94 ,obta9 "s milk f ! brea/s ( a "m & daught] :o are bo? nurs+ male infants at ! same "t1 or1 9 default ( t1 f any two wom5 bo? nurs+ fir/-born male infants2 mix x ) :eat-fl\r & leav51 & contrive t ! man eat ( x4 ,repeat !re) ! foll[+ incantation3 1 1 #8,z ! infants n[ cry & ?rob ) desire = ! milk :i* fails !m1 s may ,n4 ?rob ) desire = ,m4' ,take a bat or ?ree "y swall[s1 & roa/ to c9d]s on a fire ( /icks ga!r$ by a wit* at midnight :]e cross-roads meet3 at ! same "t repeat ! words1 1 1 1 1 #8,z ! bat wri!s1 quiv]s1 & ?robs1 s may ,n4 turn1 & 8 he>t quiv] & ?rob ) desire = ,m4' ,! a%es ( ! bat are !n to be put into ! man's dr9k4 ,take a bat & bury x at cross-roads2 burn inc5se ov] x = =ty days at midnight2 dig x up & gr9d its sp9e to p[d]4 ,put ! du/ 9 ! man's dr9k z be=e4 ,su* are "s ( ! magic means ( w9n+ love2 & ! rites1 :ile involv+ z mu* cruelty to ! bat z 0 suff]$ by ! bird ( wit*craft1 ! 1 9 ! anci5t c\nt]p>t ( ^! practices1 are at any rate1 save = ! a%es 9 ! man's liquor1 innocu\s to him4 ,b ! weapon ( wit*craft :]e) a jeal\s woman takes v5geance ^u a man :o has =sak5 h] or :o has nev] return$ h] affection & takes to himself ano!r = 8 bride1 is truly diabolical4 ,?is is kn[n z ! spell ( #8b9d+' 7 or #bc74 ,its purpose is to fett] ! virility ( ! husb& & s to prev5t ! consummation ( ! m>riage4 ,! rite itself is simple4 ,ei!r ! jeal\s girl h]self or a wit* employ$ by h] att5ds ! w$d+1 tak+ ) h] a piece ( ?read or /r+ 9 :i* ?ree loops h be5 loosely made4 ,dur+ ! read+ ( ! gospel or ! pron\ncem5t ( ! bless+1 %e pulls ! ends ( ! /r+1 =m+ !reby ?ree knots 9 x1 & at ! same "t mutt]s ! brief incantation1 1 ' 1 #8,i b9d ,n4 & ,m4 & ! ,devil betwixt !m4' ,! ?read is subsequ5tly buri$ or hidd51 & unless x c be f\nd & ei!r be burnt or h ! knots unti$1 !re is small hope = ! man to recov] f 8 impot5ce4 ,!re is no d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t ! extreme fe> 9 :i* ?is spell is held has 9 "s cases s work$ ^u ! bridegroom's n]ves z to r5d] ! #8b9d+' actually effective1 j z extreme fai? 9 miracul\s icons occasionally effects cures ( n]v\s maladies#bd4 ,sonn9i de ,magnonc\rt v\*es = a case1 kn[n to him p]sonally1 9 :i* ! effect ( ?is t]ror cont9u$ = sev]al mon?s1 until f9ally ! m>riage 0 dissolv$ on ! gr\nd ( non-consummation1 & ! man aft]w>ds m>ri$ ano!r wife & rega9$ 8 en]gy#be4 ,i myself h m ?an once be5 told ( simil> cases1 9 :i* h[ev] divorce 0 n s\ght 7x is extremely r>e 9 ,greece7 b ! spell 0 brok5 by ! f9d+ ( ! ?read or by c\nt]vail+ op]ations ( magic4 ,9 ,aetolia1 :]e ?is sup]/ition is specially rife1 ,i knew ( a prie/1 a son ( ,belial by all acc\nts1 :o made a speciality ( loos+ ^! b9d+-spells4 ,by 8 direction ! afflict$ man & 8 wife w\ld g at sunset to a lonely *apel on a m\nta9-side1 tak+ ) !m food & a lib]al supply ( w9e1 ) :i* to regale !mselves & ! prie/ till midnight4 ,at t h\r !y undress$ & /ood be=e ! prie/1 :o pron\nc$ ov] !m "s =m ( exorcism & b5$iction1--my in=mant c\ld n give me ! words4 ,!y !n retir$ to re/ on "s b$d+ provid$ by ! prie/ on ! *apel-floor1 :ile he recit$ m pray]s & swung 8 c5s] ov] !m4 ,i 0 assur$ t m ?an "o c\ple 9 ! small t[n :]e ,i 0 /ay+ confess$ to hav+ obta9$ release f ! spell by a night ?us sp5t & ) ! extreme simplicity ( ! peasants ( t di/rict ?\ght no %ame to confess x4 ,& ?is is ! m easily intelligible1 because1 z we %all see lat]#bf1 ! practice ( 1 sleep+ 9 "s holy place ) a view to be+ cur$ ( any ailm5t1 is z famili> to ,*ri/ians ( to-day z x 0 to _! pagan ance/ors4 ,b pure magic too1 no less ?an ^! quasi-,*ri/ian me?ods1 may effect ! loos+ ( ! bond1 ev5 )\t ! discov]y ( ! knott$ ?read :i* is ! s\rce ( ! mis*ief4 ,9 a rec5t case on record1 a wit*1 hav+ be5 consult$ by a c\ple ?us di/ress$1 took !m to ! sea-%ore1 bade !m undress1 b\nd !m toge!r ) a v9e-%oot1 & caus$ !m to /& embrac+ "o ano!r 9 ! wat] until =ty waves _h beat5 ^u !m#bg4 ,on ! significance ( ! details ( ?is *>m no comm5t is made by ! record] ( x2 b !y des]ve1 ,i ?9k1 "s notice4 ,! v9e-%oot1 l ! olive-%oot1 is a kn[n in/rum5t ( purification1 & is sometimes laid on ! bi] beside ! dead dur+ ! ly+-9-/ate 774 ,salt is likewise possess$ ( magical p[]s to av]t all evil influ5ces1--we h notic$ ! use ( x 9 amulets to protect f ! evil eye1--& ! sea is !re=e m efficaci\s ?an a riv] = my/ic purposes4 ,=ty is ! numb] ( purification2 ! *ur*+ ( wom5 takes place on ! =tie? day f ! bir?1 :5ce ! ,greek ^w = to #8*ur*' is 1--f 1 #8=ty4' ,la/ly ! beat+ ( ! waves seems int5d$ to drive out by physical compulsion ! devil or any p[] ( evil by :i* husb& & wife are kept ap>t4 ,9 view ( ?is dang] x is natural t ample precautions %\ld be tak5 at e w$d+4 ,dur+ ! dress+ ( ! bride or ! bridegroom1 x is cu/om>y to ?r[ a h&ful ( salt into a vessel ( wat]1 say+1 1 771 #8,z ! salt dissolves1 s may all enemies dissolve4' ,! black-h&l$ knife worn by ! bridegroom 9 8 belt1 & ! pair ( scissors put 9 ! bride's %oe or sometimes atta*$ to h] girdle1 bo? ( :i* h be5 notic$ z safegu>ds aga9/ ! evil eye1 s]ve also to #8cut' ?is magic bond ( impot5ce4 ,sometimes too a pair ( scissors & a piece ( fi%]man's net are put 9 ! bridal b$4 ,9 ,ac>nania & ,aetolia1 & x may be else:]e1 a /ill m primitive cu/om prevails2 bo? bride & bridegroom we> an old piece ( fi%+-net1--9 :i* !re=e resides ! virtue ( salt wat]1--r\nd ! lo9s next to ! body2 & f ^! bits ( nett+ are aft]w>ds made amulets to be worn by any *ildr5 ( ! m>riage4 ,su* cu/oms are likely long to cont9ue among ! simpl] folk ( mod]n ,greece1 :o frankly & innoc5tly wi% ! bride at h] w$d+ reception #8sev5 sons & "o daught]4' ,b x is n only = ailm5ts induc$ by malici\s magic t magical means ( cure or av]sion are us$4 ,! :ole ( popul> m$ic9e is bas$ ^u ! k ( *>ms & incantations4 ,_m simples & drugs are ( c\rse kn[n & employ$2 b x is /ill g5]ally believ$1 z x 0 9 old "t1 t #8!re w\ld be no good 9 ! h]b )\t ! incantation#bh4' ,= ! mo/ ord9>y diseases are cr$it$ to sup]natural causes1 & !re is no ill to :i* fle% is heir1--f a heada*e to ! plague1--)\t "s demon responsible = x4 ,a nightm>e & ! s5se ( physical oppression :i* (t5 accompanies x are n trac$ to s vulg> a cause z a heavy supp]1 b are dignifi$ z ! "w ( a malici\s be+ nam$ #bi1 :o 9 ! dead ( night delights to seat himself on ! *e/ ( "s sleep]1 & by 8 weight produces an unpleasant feel+ ( conge/ion4 ,mat]ial = a simil> p]sonification has be5 f\nd also 9 ! m t]rible pe/il5ces by :i* ,greece has f "t to "t be5 visit$4 ,x is /ill believ$ among ! poore/ folk ( ,a!ns t 9 a cleft on ! ,hill ( ! ,nymphs1 undi/urb$ ev5 by ! mod]n obs]vatory on its summit1 !re lives a gruesome si/]hood1 a tr9ity ( %e-devils1 1 1 & 1--,*ol]a1 ,smallpox1 & ,plague4 ,grant$ !n t illness 9 g5]al is ! malici\s "w ( sup]natural be+s1 common reason recomm5ds ! employm5t ( sup]natural means to defeat & expel !m4 ,=ms ( exorcism h 9 pa/ times be5 provid$ by ! ,*ur* & are /ill 9 vogue2 b "h1 z 9 o!r matt]s1 ! functions ( ! prie/ are %>$ ) ! wit*1 & an old woman v]s$ 9 ! traditional lore ( popul> m$ic9e is z compet5t z any bi%op to ca/ out ! devils ( sickness4 ,nor d ! popul> incantations diff] mu* 9 sub/ance f ! ecclesia/ical4 ,! wit* kn[s bett] ?an to try to ca/ out devils 9 ! ,devil's "n1 & h] exorcisms conta9 invocations ( ,god & ! sa9ts ( ! same "* z ^? sanction$ by ! ,*ur*2 only 9 h] accompany+ rites & ge/ures !re is a picturesque v>iety :i* is lack+ 9 ! sw++ ( ! prie/'s c5s]4 ,! details ( ! rites & ! full =ms ( incantation are 9 g5]al extremely difficult to obta94 ,! wit*es !mselves are always retic5t on su* po9ts1 & ,i h kn[n "o plead1 by way ( excuse = h] app>5t disc\rtesy 9 )hold+ in=mation1 t ! virtue ( magic 0 dim9i%$ 9 proportion z ! k ( x 0 dissem9at$4 ,"o cure1 h[ev]1--a cure = heada*e--w suffici5tly illu/rate ! pr9ciple on :i* ! heal+ art among ! common-folk g5]ally proce$s4 ,?is cure is bas$ ^u ! assumption t ! t5se & bruis$ feel+ ( a bad heada*e is due to ! pres5ce ( "s demon )9 ! skull1 & t ! room :i* he occupies mu/ h be5 provid$ by di/5tion ( ! head1--:i* w !re=e measure m 9 circumf]5ce :ile x a*es ?an :5 ! demon has be5 exorcis$4 ,?is is demon/rat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! cure4 ,! wit* takes a h&k]*ief & measures ) x ! pati5t's head4 ,d\bl+ back ! six or eight in*es ( ! h&k]*ief t rema9 ov]1 %e puts 9 ! fold ?ree cloves ( g>lic1 ?ree gra9s ( salt1 or "s o!r article ( magical virtue1 & ties a knot4 ,!n wav+ ! h&k]*ief ab\t ! pati5t's head1 %e recites h] =m ( exorcism1--b usually 9 a tone s l[ & mumbl+ t ! by/&]s _c cat* ! words4 ,! exorcism be+ f9i%$1 %e aga9 measures ! head1 & ?is "t ! knot1 :i* m>ks ! previ\s measurem5t1 is f\nd to ov]lap1 by two or ?ree in*es x may be1 ! o!r end ( ! k]*ief1--a sure sign t ! intrud+ demon has be5 expell$ & t ! head hav+ return$ to its natural dim5sions w no long] a*e#cj4 ,! exact words ( ! incantation :i* %\ld accompany ?is rite ,i c\ld n obta92 b ,i make little d\bt t 9 sub/ance !y w\ld diff] little f a ,mac$onian =mula rec5tly publi%$3-- #8,= megrim & heada*e3 #8,write on a piece ( pap]3--,god ( ,abraham1 ,god ( ,isaac1 ,god ( ,jacob1 loose ! demon ( ! megrim f ! head ( ,?y s]vant4 ,i *>ge !e1 unclean _s :i* ev] sitte/ 9 ! head ( man1 take ?y pa9 & dep>t f ! head3 f half-head1 membrane1 & v]tebra1 f ! s]vant ( ,god1 ,s-&-s4 ,/& we fairly1 /& we ) fe> ( ,god4 ,am5#ca4' ,9 ?is in/ance we h ! =mula b n1 x seems1 ! rite :i* %\ld accompany x2 = ! m]e act ( committ+ ! words to pap] is h>dly likely to be deem$ suffici5t4 ,probably ! pap] w\ld be laid "u ! pill[ at night1 or1 z ,i h kn[n 9 o!r cases1 w\ld be burnt1 & its a%es tak5 z a s$ative p[d]4 ,! v>i\s *>ms :i* we h s f> consid]$ are direct$ t[>ds ! hurt or ! heal+ ( man3 b ext]nal nature is also responsive to magic spells4 ,x is rum\r$ t !re are /ill wit*es :o h p[] to draw d[n ! moon f ! heav5s by incantation2 b a m useful c]emony1 design$ to draw d[n ! cl\ds ^u a p>*$ l&1 may /ill be actually witness$4 ,! mo/ rec5t case kn[n to me 0 9 ! ,april ( #ahii1 :5 ! rite 0 c>ri$ out "s few days1 un=tunately1 aft] ,i _h left ! di/rict by ! p ( ,l>issa4 ,! cu/om is kn[n all ov] ! nor? ( ,greece--9 ,epirus#cb1 ,!ssaly1 & ,mac$onia1--& also x is said among "s ( ! ,turks1 ,walla*s1 & ,s]vians2 to ! s\? ( ^? regions & 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,aegean ,i he>d no?+ ( x4 ,a boy 7or sometimes1 x is said1 a girl#cc7 is /ripp$ nak$ & !n dress$ up 9 wrea?s & fe/oons ( leafage1 grass1 & fl[]s1 &1 escort$ by a troop ( *ildr5 ( 8 own age1 goes ! r\nd ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,he is kn[n z ! 1 & 8 companions s+ z !y g1 ,p]p]a goes 8 way ,& to ,god above do? pray1 ,ra91 ,o ,god1 a g5tle ra91 ,%$1 ,o ,god1 a g5tle %[]1 ,t ! fields may give _! gra91 ,& ! v9es may come to fl[]1 & s =? 9 su* simple /ra9#cd4 ,at ea* doorway & m p>ticul>ly at e spr+ & well1 :i* x is ! special duty ( ! ,p]p]a to visit1 anyone :o w may empty a vessel ( wat] ov] ! boy1 to :om "s comp5sation = 8 dr5*+ is usually made 9 ! =m ( sweetmeats or copp]s4 ,! ^w has be5 ! subject ( consid]able discussion4 ,by-=ms 1 1 & also occur4 ,! fir/ two are ( ! nature ( dim9utives2 ! la/-nam$ is a corrupt =m us$ only1 s f> z ,i "k1 9 "o di/rict ( ,epirus1 & means a #8g>d5-poppy4' ,! p]v]sion ( ! ^w has 9 ?is di/rict 7,zagorion7 affect$ ! rite itself2 = x is consid]$ necess>y = ?is fl[] to be us$ l>gely 9 dress+ up ! *ief actor 9 ! c]emony#ce4 ,b ! mo/ g5]al1 &1 z ,i ?9k1 mo/ correct =m is 7or 74 ,) ! anci5t ^w 1 d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 p]p]us & us$ 9 ! s5se ( #8boa/+' or #8o/5tation1' x c1 ,i feel1 h no connexion2 & ,i sugge/ t x /&s = 1 ) ! same abbreviation z 9 = 1 #8walk1' & subsequ5t assimilation ( ! fir/ two syllables4 ,if my conjecture is "r1 ! ^w orig9ally meant no?+ m ?an a #8procession r\nd' ! village2 next x became conf9$ 9 usage to a procession = ! p>ticul> purpose ( procur+ ra92 & f9ally1 ! words #cf & hav+ be5 lo/ f popul> spee*1 x 0 tak5 to be ! "n ( ! boy :o plays ! uncom=table "p ( vegetation crav+ wat]4 ,& inde$ x w\ld seem likely t ! song :i* =ms "p ( ! c]emony 0 actually fir/ compos$ at a "t :5 0 /ill und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( #8procession'3 = 9 e record$ v]sion kn[n to me x w\ld be /ill possible to int]pret ! ^w 9 ?is mean+ )\t detrim5t to ! context4 ,! rite itself z an example ( sympa!tic magic requires no comm5t>y3 a simpl] application ( ! pr9ciple t l produces l c\ld n be f\nd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o!r examples ( primitive cu/oms & beliefs /ill preval5t 9 ,greece might easily be amass$3 b ,i h pref]r$ to select ^! few = detail$ treatm5t r ?an to glance ov] a l>g] numb]1 9 ord] t !y may ! m cle>ly be se5 to belong to c]ta9 types ( sup]/ition f\nd ! :ole _w ov] & !re=e presumably dat+ f prehi/oric ages3 = if ! population ( ,greece has prov$ a good vehicle = ! transmission ( sup]/itions s primaeval1 x w surely foll[ t !re is no?+ extravagant 9 hop+ to le>n also f _! traditions some?+ ( ! religion ( hi/oric ,hellas4 #c4 ,,! ,,survival ,,( ,,hell5ic ,,tradition4 ,!re may h[ev] be "s :o1 :ile admitt+ t m]e lapse ( "t ne$ n h ext+ui%$ anci5t ,hell5ic ideas1 w be dispos$ to "q ! likelihood1 ev5 ! possibility1 ( _! transmission on racial gr\nds4 ,! belief 9 ! evil eye & ! practice ( sympa!tic magic 7 once1 !y may say1 ! common prop]ty ( ! :ole uncivilis$ _w2 & ?\gh ! inhabitants ( mod]n ,greece h inh]it$ ^! old sup]/itions & usages1 !re is no?+ to %[ f :at ance/ry !y h receiv$ ! inh]itance4 ,! population1 x may be urg$1 has *ang$2 ! ,greeks ( to-day are n ,hell5es2 _! blood has be5 contam9at$ by =eign admixture1 & ) ?is admixture may h come ext]nal1 non-,hell5ic traditions2 has n ,fallm]ay] /\tly ma9ta9$ t ! mod]n inhabitants ( ,greece h practically no claim to ! "n ( ,hell5es1 b come ( a /ock ,slavonic 9 ! ma91 ?\gh cross-br$ ) ! (fsc\r+s ( _m peoples8 ,! hi/orical facts f :i* ,fallm]ay] argu$ are n to be slight$4 ,x is well e/abli%$#cg t1 f ! middle ( ! six? c5tury onw>ds1 successive hordes ( ,slavonic invad]s swept ov] ,greece1 driv+ su* ( ! native population z escap$ de/ruction into ! m m\nta9\s or remote di/ricts2 t 9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury1 :5 ! numb]s ( ! ,greek population _h be5 fur!r r$uc$ by ! great pe/il5ce ( #gdf1 #8! :ole c\ntry1' to use ! exact phrase ( ,con/ant9e ,porphyrog5itus#ch1 #8became ,slavonic & 0 occupi$ by =eign]s'2 t ! ,slavonic supremacy la/$ at lea/ until ! end ( ! t5? c5tury2 t !reaft] a gradual fusion ( ! remnants ( ! ,greek population ) _! conqu]ors began1 b proce$$ s sl[ly t at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! #8,franks1' z ! w>riors ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom 7 popul>ly call$1 f\nd ,slavonic tribes 9 ,elis & ,laconia q deta*$ f ! re/ ( ! population1 ackn[l$g+ inde$ ! supremacy ( ! ,byzant9e gov]nm5t1 b /ill employ+ _! own language & _! own laws2 & f9ally t ! amalgamation ( ! two races 0 n complete ev5 by ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 = ! ,turks at _! conque/ ( ,greece f\nd sev]al tribes ( ! ,peloponnese1 especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m\nt ,taygetus1 /ill speak+ a ,slavonic tongue4 ,if !n1 z is n[ g5]ally admitt$1 ,fallm]ay]'s conclusions 7 some:at exagg]at$1 x rema9s none ! less an hi/orical fact t !re is a v l>ge admixture ( ,slavonic blood 9 ! ve9s ( ! pres5t inhabitants ( ,greece4 ,! tru? ( ?is is moreov] en=c$ by ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! p z a :ole4 ,travell]s conv]sant alike ) ,slavs & ) mod]n ,greeks h affirm$ to me _! impression t !re is a close physical resemblance betwe5 ! two races2 & :ile ,i h n ! exp]i5ce ( ,slavonic races :i* w\ld p]mit me to judge ( ?is resemblance = myself1 x c]ta9ly (f]s ! be/ explanation ( my own obs]vations ) reg>d to ! v>iations ( physical type 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,greek _w4 ,9 ! isl&s ( ! ,aegean & 9 ! promontory ( ,ma9a1 to :i* ! ,slavs nev] p5etrat$1 ! anci5t ,hell5ic types are f> common] ?an 9 ! re/ ( ! ,peloponnese or 9 ,nor!rn ,greece4 ,n a little ( ! *>m ( ,t5os or ,myconos or ,scyros lies 9 ! fact t ! gr& & impassive beauty ( ! e>li] ,greek sculpture may /ill be se5 9 ! liv+ figures & faces ( m5 & wom53 & if anyone w\ld see 9 ! fle% ! burly1 black-be>d$ type idealis$ 9 a ,h]acles1 he ne$ b g to ! s\? ( ! ,peloponnese1 & among ! ,maniotes he w soon be satisfi$3 = !re he w f9d n m]ely an occasional example1 z ( rev]sion to an ance/ral type1 b a :ole tribe ( sw>?y1 /alw>t w>riors1 ^: aspect seems to ju/ify _! claim t 9 pr\d1 ?\gh pov]ty-/rick51 isolation !y h kept _! native p59sula free f ali5 aggression1 & ! old ,laconian blood /ill pure 9 _! ve9s4 ,! ord9>y ,greek ( ! ma9l&1 on ! o!r h&1 is usually ( a mongrel & unattractive appe>ance2 & 9 view ( ! m>k$ diff]5ce ( ! type 9 regions unt\*$ by ! ,slavs1 ,i _c b impute 8 lack ( beauty to 8 l>gely ,slavonic ance/ry4 ,yet ev5 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,peloponnese :]e ! ,slavonic influ5ce has probably be5 /ronge/1 ! pure ,greek type is n :olly ext9ct4 ,i rememb] a "y man :o act$ z o/l] & wait] & 9 all o!r capacities at a small khan on ! road f ,tripolitza to ,sp>ta1 :o w\ld n h be5 despis$ z a model by ,praxiteles2 & else:]e too1 n[ & aga91 ,i h se5 /atuesque =ms & classic features1 less p]fect inde$ ?an 81 b yet proclaim+ beyond "q an ,hell5ic l9eage2 s t ,i %\ld hesitate to say t 9 any "p ( ,greece ! population is z purely ,slavonic z 9 ,ma9a or _m ( ! isl&s x is purely ,greek4 ,b1 z ,i ?9k1 ! exact proportion ( ,slavonic & ( ,hell5ic blood 9 ! ve9s ( ! mod]n ,greeks is n a matt] ( supreme importance4 ,ev5 if _! outw>d appe>ance 7 univ]sally & completely ,slavonic1 ,i w\ld /ill ma9ta9 t !y des]ve ! "n ( ,greeks4 ,?\gh _! l9eage 7 :olly ,slavonic1 _! nationality1 ,i claim1 w\ld /ill be ,hell5ic4 ,= ! nationality ( a p1 l ! p]sonality ( an individual1 is some?+ :i* eludes def9ition b :i* embraces ! m5tal & ! moral z well z ! physical4 ,a man's p]sonality is n to be det]m9$ by k ( 8 family & 8 physiognomy alone2 & simil>ly racial desc5t & physical type are n ! sole indices ( nationality4 ,ev5 if a purely ,slavonic ance/ry _h d[]$ ! inhabitants ( ,greece ) a purely ,slavonic appe>ance1 yet1 if _! ?\ghts & spee* & acts 71 z !y are1 ,greek1 ,i w\ld /ill v5ture to call !m ,greek 9 nationality4 ,ce n'e/ que la peau dont l',e?iope ne *ange pas4 ,b ! p ( mod]n ,greece d n actually pres5t s extreme a case ( acquir$ nationality4 ,!y are p>tly ,greek 9 race3 & if x %\ld appe> t !y are :olly ,greek 9 nationality1 ! explanation mu/ simply be t ! "*1 no less ?an ! language1 ( _! ,hell5ic ance/ors 0 sup]ior 9 vitality to t ( ! ,slavs :o int]m>ri$ ) !m1 & alone has be5 transmitt$ to ! mod]n ,greek p4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! national "* at ! pres5t day8 ,! fir/ feature ( x :i* casual conv]sation ) any ,greek w soon br+ into view is t n>r[ patriotism :i* 0 s rem>kable a trait 9 ! ,greeks ( old "t4 ,if he be ask$ :at is 8 native l& 771 8 answ] w be1 n ,greece nor any ( ! l>g] divisions ( x1 b ! p>ticul> t[n or hamlet 9 :i* he happ5$ to be born3 & if 9 lat] life he *ange 8 place ( abode1 ?\gh he live 9 8 new home t5 or tw5ty ye>s1 he w reg>d himself & be reg>d$ by ! native-born inhabitants z a =eign] 774 ,or aga9 if a man obta9 "w = a %ort "t 9 ano!r "p ( ! c\ntry1 or if a girl m>ry an inhabitant ( a village half a doz5 miles f h] own1 ! dep>ture is m\rn$ ) "s ( ^? pla9tive songs ( exile 9 :i* ! popul> muse delights4 ,nor are !re lack+ hi/orical cases 9 :i* ?is n>r[ love ( c\ntry has produc$ some?+ m ?an fond lam5tations2 ! boa/ ( ! ,maniotes t !y h nev] ackn[l$g$ ali5 ma/]s is 9 ! ma9 a true boa/1 & x 0 pure patriotism :i* n]v$ !m 9 _! long /ruggle ) ! ,turks = ! possession ( _! rugg$1 b>r51 /orm-la%$ home4 ,x 0 patriotism too1 n>r[ & pr\d1 t bo? su/a9$ ! h]oic outlaws ( ,s\li 9 _! defiance ( ,ottoman armies1 & also1--because !y disda9$ alliance ) _! ,greek neighb\rs1--contribut$ to _! f9al d[nfall4 ,b s t5aci\s & indomitable a c\rage is 9 mod]n1 z x 0 9 anci5t1 ,greece ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,! m5 ( ,ma9a & ( ,s\li are comp>able to ! ,sp>tans3 b 9 no p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory has /eadfa/ brav]y be5 commonly display$4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! humiliat+ exp]i5ces ( ! late ,graeco-,turki% w>1 ! ,greek p %\ld n be judg$ devoid ( c\rage4 ,b !irs is a c\rage :i* comes ( impulse r ?an ( self-comm&2 a c\rage :i* might prompt a *>ge z brilliant z t ( ,m>a?on1 b c\ld n *e]fully face ! h>d%ips ( a campaign2 a c\rage :i* might turn a slight success into a victory1 b c\ld n save a retreat f becom+ a r\t4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ also t ! rank & file are 9 g5]al m admirable ?an _! (fic]s4 ,! brav]y ( ! m51 impulsive & %ort-liv$ ?\gh x be1 is inspir$ by a real devotion ( !mselves to a cause2 :]eas among ! (fic]s self-seek+ & ev5 self-sav+ are conspicu\s faults4 ,ev5 ! really c\rage\s lead]s seldom h a s+le eye to ! success ( _! arms4 ,_! plans are m>r$ by petty jeal\sies4 ,! same rivalries = ! supreme comm& :i* emb>rass$ ! ,greeks ( old 9 def5d+ _! lib]ty aga9/ ,p]sia1 7 repeat$ 9 ! /ruggles ( ! la/ c5tury to ?r[ (f ! ,turki% yoke4 ,& if 9 bo? cases ! ,greeks 7 successful1 9 nei!r 0 victory due to ! unity & h>mony ( _! lead]s1 b r to t passionate hatr$ ( ! b>b>ians :i* /irr$ ! p z a :ole4 ,inde$1 n only 9 w> b 9 all conditions ( life1 any p]sonal em95ce or di/9ction has be5 apt to turn ! head ( a ,greek4 #8,! abundant enjoym5t ( p[] or weal?1' said ! anci5ts n )\t k ( ! national "*1 #8begets lawlessness & arrogance'2 & 9 humbl] phrase ! mod]n prov]b sums up ! same qualities ( ! race1-- 1 1 #8a good s]vant & a bad ma/]4' ,9 all p]iods ( ,greek hi/ory !re h be5 few m5 :o h atta9$ to p[] )\t abus+ x4 ,! hon\r ( be+ return$ to ! ,greek ,p>liam5t upsets ! m5tal balance ( a l>ge numb] ( deputies4 ,)\t any m intimate k ( politics ?an c be obta9$ f second-rate newspap]s1 !y believe !mselves call$ & qualifi$ to lead ea* 8 own p>ty1 ) ! result--s x is commonly said--t no gov]nm5t s9ce ! fir/ in/itution ( p>liam5t has ev] _h an assur$ majority 9 ! ,h\se1 & on an av]age !re h be5 m ?an "o dissolution a ye>4 ,! mod]n p>liam5t is z un/able an in/itution z ! anci5t ecclesia ( ,a!ns :5 !re 0 no long] a ,p]icles to control x1 & its demagogues are z num]\s4 ,ev5 ! petty em95ce ( a village s*oolma/] proves to be too giddy a p9nacle = _m4 ,su* an "o ?9ks x necess>y to support 8 position--:i* ow+ to ! ,greek love ( education is m highly respect$ p]haps ?an 9 o!r c\ntries--by a pret5ce ( univ]sal k & a p$antry z lam5table z x is ludicr\s4 ,i rememb] a g5tleman :o boa/$ ! title ( ,pr(essor ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory 9 ! gymnasium or second>y s*ool ( a c]ta9 t[n1 :o call$ to me "o day z ,i 0 pass+ a caf :]e he & "s ( 8 fri5ds 7 sitt+1 & said t !y 7 hav+ a pleasant little discussion ab\t ! fir/ ,triumvirate1 & _h recall$ ! names ( ,cic]o & ,caes>1 b c\ld n at ! mom5t rememb] ! ?ird p>ty4 ,c\ld ,i help !m8 ,i hesitat$ a mom5t1 & !n resolv$ to risk x & sugge/1 :at 0 at lea/ allit]ative if n accurate1 ! "n ( ,cato4 #8,( c\rse1' he answ]$1 #8h[ ^! ?+s d slip "o's memory sometimes6' ,yet ?is ,pr(essor pos$ z an au?ority on _m subjects outside 8 own prov9ce ( le>n+1 & frequ5tly :5 ,i met him w\ld insi/ on talk+ dog-,lat9 ) an ,italian pronunciation1 a m$ium 9 :i* ,i f\nd x difficult to conv]se4 ,9 ?is read9ess to disc\rse on any & e subject & to display atta9m5ts 9 & out ( season1 he & ! class ( :i* he is typical are ! liv+ images ( ! less respectable ( ! anci5t ,sophi/s4 ,& 9 p$antry ( language too !y fairly rival _! fam\s prototypes4 ,! movem5t 9 fav\r ( an artificial revival ( anci5t ,greek has already be5 ( long duration1 & has _h a detrim5tal effect ^u ! mod]n language4 ,! vulg> tongue has a melodi\s *>m1 :ile _m classical words1 9 ! mod]n pronunciation1 are extremely h>% & unc\?4 ,! object ( ! movem5t is to secure an uni=m #8pure' spee*1 z !y call x1 approximate to t ( ,plato or ( ,x5ophon2 & ! me?od adopt$ is to mix up ,hom]ic & o!r words ( antiqu>ian celebrity ) lit]al r5d]+s ( mod]n ,fr5* idioms1 ins]t+ datives1 inf9itives1 & o!r obsolete =ms at discretion4 ,to aid 9 ?is movem5t is ! task & ! delight ( ! s*oolma/]s3 & su* is _! devotion to ?is l+ui/ic sophi/ry1 t !y are n dismay$ ev5 by ! ambiguity aris+ f ! use ( anci5t =ms indi/+ui%able 9 mod]n spee*4 ,! two old words & h n[ no diff]5ce 9 s\nd3 yet ! s*oolma/] uses !m & inculcates ! use ( !m1 ) ! lam5table result t ! *ildr5 are n taught to di/+ui% meum & tuum ev5 9 spee*4 ,& "h aga9 ! "* ( ! mod]n ,greek reflects t ( 8 ance/ors4 ,hone/y & tru?fulness are n ! national virtues4 ,to lie1 or ev5 to /eal1 is acc\nt$ morally v5ial & intellectually admirable4 ,x is a pro( ( sup]ior "m-wit1 ?an :i* no quality is m valu$ 9 ! bus9ess ( ev]yday life4 ,almo/ ! only ?+s 9 ,greece :i* h fix$ prices are tobacco1 newspap]s1 & railway-tickets4 ,! hire ( a mule1 ! co/ ( a bun* ( grapes1 ! price ( meat1 ! remun]ation = a vote at ! elections1--su* matt]s z ^! are ! subject ( long & vivaci\s b>ga9+1 & if ! money does n *ange h&s on ! spot1 ! b>ga9 may be smil+ly repudiat$ & an attempt made1 on any pretext :i* sugge/s itself1 to extort m4 ,yet !re is a c]ta9 *>m 9 all ?is2 =1 if a man get 8 own price1 x is n s mu* ! am\nt ( 8 pr(it :i* pleases him z 8 success 9 w9n+ x2 & if he fail1 he takes a small] sum ) p]fect good hum\r & increas$ respect = ! man :o has outwitt$ him4 ,anyone may be hone/2 b to be 1 z !y say1 %rewd1 wide-awake1--?is is ,greek & admirable4 ,! contra/ ( an ,ari/ides ) a ,!mi/ocles is ! natural expression ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,moral uprightness & m5tal brilliance are n to be expect$ ( "o & ! same man2 & = ! mo/ "p ! ,greeks n[ z 9 old "t praise o!rs = _! ju/ice & pride !mselves on _! cunn+4 ,! acme ( clev]ness is t\*$ by him :o c bo? pr(it by di%one/y & ma9ta9 a reputation = s9c]ity4 ,b1 :ile tru?fulness & fair deal+ are c]ta9ly r>e1 !re is "o relation 9 :i* ! mo/ scrupul\s fidelity is unfail+ly %[n4 ,! obligations ( hospitality are ev]y:]e sacr$4 ,! security & ! com=t ( ! gue/ are n 9 "n only b 9 actual fact ! fir/ consid]ation ( 8 ho/4 ,h[ev] unscrupul\s a ,greek may be 9 8 ord9>y deal+s1 he nev]1 ,i believe1 h>b\rs = "o mom5t ! idea ( mak+ pr(it out ( ! /rang] :o seeks ! %elt] ( 8 ro(4 ,= hospitality 9 ,greece1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 means n ! ent]ta9m5t ( fri5ds & acqua9tances :o are welcome = _! own sake or f :om a return 9 k9d may be expect$1 b real 1 a g5]\s & fri5dly welcome to a /rang] unkn[n ye/]day & vani%$ aga9 to-morr[4 ,to ea* unbidd5 *ance-com] ! door is always op54 ,= lodg+ he may *ance to h an inc5se-reek+ room :]e ! family icons hang1 or a corn] ( a cottage-floor b>ricad$ aga9/ ! p\ltry & o!r inmates2 = food1 hot vi&s ri* 9 circumambi5t oil1 or ?ree-mon?-old rye-bread s(t5$ 9 a cup ( wat]2 b among ri* & poor alike he is c]ta9 ( ! be/ :i* !re is to give4 ,ev5 :]e !re are inns available1 ! /rang] w con/antly f9d t ! fir/ native ( ! place to :om he puts ! ,ari/ophanic enquiry #ci--:i* inn is ( lea/ entomological int]e/--w con/itute himself n guide b ho/ & w place ! res\rces ( 8 own h\se freely at ! s]vice ( ! *ance-f\nd visitor4 ,! reception accord$ by ,eumaeus to ,odysseus1 9 its revelation ( human--& also ( can9e--"*1 diff]s 9 no respect f t :i* may await any travell] at ! pres5t day4 ,z ,odysseus approa*$ ! sw9eh]d's hut1 #8sudd5ly ! yelp+ dogs espi$ him1 & ) l\d b>k+ ru%$ ^u him1 b ,odysseus guilefully sat d[n & let fall 8 /aff f 8 h&#dj4' ,su* is ! op5+ ( ! sc5e2 & _m1 ,i suppose1 mu/ h wond]$1 z !y read x1 :]e9 consi/$ ,odysseus' guilefulness4 ,a %eph]d ( ,nor!rn ,arcadia resolv$ me t riddle4 ,i _h be5 attack$ on a m\nta9-pa? by two or ?ree ( 8 dogs1--#8l unto wild bea/s#da1' z ,hom] has x1--& ! combat may h la/$ "s few m9utes :5 ! %eph]d ?\ght fit to int]v5e4 ,%eep-dogs are ( c\rse valu$ 9 proportion to _! f]ocity t[>ds any p]son or animal approa*+ ! flock1 & a ta/e ( blood n[ & aga9 is said to keep !m on _! mettle4 ,=tunately matt]s _h n rea*$ t po9t2 b none ! less ,i sugge/$ to ! man t he might h be/irr$ himself soon]4 #8,oh1' he repli$1 #8if y are really 9 difficulties1 y %\ld sit d[n'2 & :5 ,i %[$ "s surprise1 he expla9$ t anyone :o is attack$ by %eepdogs has only to sit d[n & let g 8 walk+-/ick or gun or o!r (f5sive weapon1 & ! dogs1 und]/&+ t a truce has be5 call$1 w sit d[n r\nd him & ma9ta91 s to speak1 a peaceful blockade#db4 ,on subsequ5t occasions ,i te/$ ! %eph]d's c\nsel1 beg9n+ prud5tly ) "o dog only &1 z ,i ga9$ assurance1 rais+ ! numb]3 x is uncom=table#dc to rema9 sitt+ ) a blood?ir/y ,molossian h\nd at "o's back1 ready to resume ho/ilities if any suspici\s movem5t is made2 b ,i mu/ own t1 9 my own fairly wide exp]i5ce1 ,greek dogs1 z !y are sans peur 9 combat1 are also sans repro*e 9 obs]v+ a truce4 ,! travell] may f>e worse ?an by foll[+ ! example ( guileful ,odysseus4 ,b if ! sc5e ( ! enc\nt] be n a m\nta9-pa? b ! approa* to "s cottage1 ! dogs' ma/] w1 l ,eumaeus1 ha/5 to int]v5e1 #8*id+ !m & driv+ !m ?is way & t ) a %[] ( /ones#dd1'--;= ! ,greek dog does n he$ m]e words1--& aga9 l ,eumaeus w assure 8 visitor t he himself w\ld h be5 #8cov]$ ) %ame#de' if ! dogs _h done 8 gue/ any hurt4 ,!n he w conduct 8 gue/ into 8 cottage & bid him take 8 fill ( bread & w9e be=e he tells :5ce he is come & h[ he has f>$#df3 = ,greek hospitality sp>es ! gue/ ! fatigue ( talk+ until he is refre%$4 ,! visitor !re=e sits at 8 ease1 sil5t & pati5t1 :ile 8 ho/ cat*es & kills su* bea/ or f[l z he may possess1 cuts up ! fle% 9 small pieces1 ?reads ^! on a spit1 & holds !m ov] ! emb]s ( 8 fire till !y are ready to s]ve up#dg3 simil>ly1 9 ,hom]ic fa%ion1 he mixes w9e & wat]#dh2 & !n1 all ! prep>ations be+ n[ complete1 he urges 8 gue/ to ! meal#di4 ,?us ! hospitality ( to-day1 9 its details no less ?an 9 its _s1 recalls ! hospitality ( ! ,hom]ic age4 ,! supreme virtue ( ! anci5t ,greek rema9s ! supreme virtue ( ! mod]n1 & a famili>ity ) ! mann]s ( ! pres5t day alone might suffice to expla9 :y ,p>is :o /ole ano!r man's wife 0 execrable b ,admetus :o let 8 own wife die = him c\ld yet w9 admiration4 ,! "o broke ! laws ( hospitality2 ! o!r1 by hid+ 8 loss & ent]ta9+ 8 gue/1 upheld !m4 ,a comp>ative e/imate1 su* z ,i h essay$1 ( ! *>act]s ( ,greeks ( old & ,greeks ( to-day is p]haps evid5ce ( a some:at intangible nature to ^? :o are n p]sonally intimate ) ! p3 b no =eign]1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 totally ignorant ( ! mod]n language1 c\ld *ance ^u "o ( ! _m fe/ivals ( ! c\ntry )\t rem>k+ t !re1 9 humbl] =m1 are re-enact$ _m ( ! sc5es ( anci5t days4 ,! 1 z !y call ^! fe/ivals1--dim9utives1 bo? 9 "n & 9 =m1 ( ! anci5t 1--pres5t ! same m$ley ( religion1 art1 trad+1 a?letics1 & amusem5t :i* con/itut$ ! ,olympian games4 ,! occasion is mo/ commonly "s sa9t's-day1 & a *ur* or a sacr$ spr+ 77 ! c5tre ( ! ga!r+4 ,art is repres5t$ by ! conte/s ( local poets or wits 9 improvis+ topical & o!r v]ses1 & occasionally !re is pres5t "o ( ! old-fa%ion$ rhapsodes1 ^: numb] is fa/ dim9i%+1 to recite to ! accompanim5t ( a /r+$ in/rum5t /ill call$ ! #ej ! glori\s feats ( "s patriot-outlaw 77 9 defiance ( ! ,turks4 ,!n !re are ! p$l>s & huck/]s /roll+ to & fro or seat$ at _! /alls1 & ev] cry+ _! w>es--fruit1 sausages1 confection]y ( /range hues & /rang] ta/e1 beads1 knives1 *eap icons rang+ 9 subject f lik5esses ( patron-sa9ts to gaudy views ( hell1 & all mann] ( t9-foil tr9kets repres5t+ %ips1 cattle1 & p>ts ( ! human body = d$ication 9 ! *ur*4 ,!n 9 "s op5 space !re w be a ga!r+ ( "y m51 runn+1 wre/l+1 hurl+ ! /one2 yond] o!rs1 & ) !m ! girls1 indulge 9 ! fav\rite recreation ( ,greece1 ^? graceful dances1 ( :i* ! be/-kn[n1 ! #ea1 & probably o!rs too1 are a legacy f danc]s ( old "t4 ,x is impossible to be a spectator ( su* sc5es )\t recognis+ t "h1 9 embryonic =m1 are ! fe/ivals ( :i* ! fam\s ga!r+s ( ,olympia & ,nemea1 ,delphi & ! ,i/hmus1 7 ! full developm5t4 ,& x may well happ5 too t ! obs]vant onlook] w descry also ! rudim5ts ( anci5t drama4 ,(t51 z is natural 9 s m\nta9\s & rugg$ a c\ntry1 ! only level danc+-place :i* a village possesses is a /one-pav$ ?re%+-floor hewn out ( ! hill-side4 ,hi!r on any fe/al occasion1 be x a sa9t's-day or "o ( ! celebrations :i* naturally foll[ ! +a!r+ ( h>ve/ or v9tage1 ! danc]s betake !mselves4 ,"h too a small boo? or t5t1 /ill call$ 1 is (t5 rigg$ up1 to :i* !y c retire = re/ or refre%m5t1 :ile on ! slopes above are rang$ ! spectators4 ,! circul> ?re%+-floor is ! or*e/ra1 ! hill-side provides its ti]s ( seats1 ! danc]s1 :o always s+ :ile !y dance1 are ! *orus2 add only ! village musician twang+ a sorry lyre1 & 9 ! int]vals ( danc+ an old-fa%ion$ rhapsode recit+ "s /ory ( bygone days1 or1 x may be1 two village wits cont5d+ 9 improvis$ pleasantries1 & ! rudim5ts ( anci5t ,trag$y or ,com$y are complete4 ,o!r illu/rations might easily be amass$4 ,on ,m>* #a/ ! boys ( ,greece /ill p>ade ! village-/reets ) a pa9t$ wood5 swall[ set on a fl[]-deck$ pole1 & s+ sub/antially ! same #8swall[-song' 77#eb z 0 sung 9 old "t 9 ,rhodes#ec4 ,on ,may #a/ ! girls make wrea?s ( fl[]s & corn :i*1 l ! anci5t 1 mu/ be left hang+ ov] ! door ( ! h\se till next ye>'s wrea?s take _! place4 ,! fi%]man /ill ties 8 o> to a s+le ?ole ) a piece ( rope or a ?ong ( lea!r1 z did ! m>9]s ( ,hom]'s age#ed4 ,! f>m] /ill drives 8 furr[s ) an ,hesiodic pl\gh4 ,su* are a few ( ! survivals :i* be> witness to ! g5u9ely ,hell5ic nationality ( ! inhabitants ( mod]n ,greece3 & la/1 b n lea/1 !re is ! language1 :i*1 albeit no index ( race1 is mo/ cog5t evid5ce ( tradition4 ,to ! action ( ?\ght ^u language !re corresponds a c]ta9 reaction ( language ^u ?\ght3 x is impossible to speak a tongue :i* conta9s1 let u say1 ! ^w 7mod]n ,greek = a #8nymph'7 )\t possess+ also an idea ( ! be+ :om t ^w d5otes4 ,!re=e ev5 if ! :ole population ( ,greece 7 demon/rably ( ,slavonic race1 ! fact t x n[ speaks ,greek w\ld g f> to support its claim to ,hell5ic nationality3 = its adoption ( ! ,greek language w\ld imply its assimilation ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,b1 q ap>t f ! evid5ce ( cu/om & language1 ! occasional p]petuation ( ! anci5t ,greek physical type & ! g5]al survival ( ! anci5t ,greek "* pla9ly =bid s extreme a supposition z t ( ,fallm]ay]3 no travell] famili> ) ! mod]n ,greek peasantry c\ld ent]ta9 = a mom5t ! idea t at any p]iod ! :ole ( ,greece became ,slavoniciz$1 b1 :atev] might be ! hi/orical argum5ts = su* a !ory1 w\ld reject x1 on ! evid5ce ( 8 own eyes1 z ludicr\sly exagg]at$4 ,fusion ( race1 no d\bt1 !re has be52 b 9 t fusion ! ,hell5ic elem5t mu/ h be5 ! mo/ vital & p]si/5t2 = if ! pres5t population ( ,greece is ( mix$ desc5t1 9 its traditions at lea/ x is almo/ purely ,hell5ic4 #d4 ,,! ,,survival ,,( ,,pagan ,,tradition4 ,x appe>s !n t not)/&+ ! immigration ( ,slavonic hordes1 & not)/&+ also1 x may be add$1 ! influ5ces ex]cis$ 9 lat] p]iods by #8,franks1' ,g5oese1 ,v5etians1 & ,turks1 ! traditions ( ! inhabitants ( ,greece /ill rema9 s+ul>ly pure2 & _! claim to ,hell5ic nationality is ju/ifi$ by _! language1 by _! "*1 & by _m secul> aspects ( _! civilisation4 ,b 9 ! doma9 ( religion x might reasonably be expect$ t a l>ge *ange w\ld h tak5 place4 ,!re is ! ob/9ate fact1 x may be ?\ght1 t ! ,greeks are n[ & h long be5 ,*ri/ian4 ,did n ! new religion dispossess & ou/ ! anci5t poly!ism8 ,are we to look = pagan cu/oms 9 ! hall[$ usages ( ! ,greek ,*ur*8 ,:at c ! simple ,*ri/ian peasant ( to-day1 subject f 8 y\? up to ecclesia/ical influ5ce1 "k ( ! religion ( 8 di/ant ance/ors1--( ^? fundam5tal beliefs :i* guid$ _! conduct t[>ds gods & m5 9 ?is life1 & inspir$ _! c>e = ! dead8 ,on ! conduct ( man t[>ds 8 fell[-m5 9 ?is life ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity appe>s to h be5 z great z t ( paganism 0 small4 ,duty t[>ds "o's neighb\r h>dly came )9 ! purview ( ,hell5ic religion4 ,if we look at ! supreme acts ( wor%ip 9 anci5t times1 we _c fail to be /ruck by ! disunion ( ! religi\s & ! e?ical4 ,a c]ta9 purity 0 no d\bt requir$ ( ^? :o att5d$ ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis2 b by t purity 0 meant physical cleanl9ess &1 /rangely en\gh1 a pure use ( ! ,greek language1 j z mu* z any moral temp]ance or rectitude2 & ! requir$ condition 0 l>gely atta9$ by ! use or avoidance ( c]ta9 foods & by ba?+ 9 ! sea4 ,_! cleanl9ess 9 fact 0 ( ! same confus$ k9d1 half physical & half moral1 z t :i* ! inhabitants ( ,t5os 7 =m]ly wont1 & p]haps /ill cont9ue1 to seek on ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/'s day 7,june #bd7 by leap+ ?rice ?r\gh a bonfire & cry+ #8,"h ,i leave my s9s & my fleas#ee'3 & x 0 acquir$ by means equally mat]ial4 ,!re is no?+ conspicu\sly e?ical 9 su* a purity z ?is4 ,if moreov]1 z has be5 well argu$#ef1 a /ate ( ec/asy 0 ! highe/ manife/ation ( religi\s feel+1 & ?is spiritual exaltation 0 ! delib]ate aim & end ( ,bac*ic & o!r orgies1 x mu/ be frankly av[$ t religion 9 its highe/ manife/ations 0 n conducive to :at we call morality4 ,! means ( induc+ ! ec/atic condition compris$ drunk5ness1 inhalation ( vap\rs1 wild & lic5ti\s danc+4 ,) physical surexcitation came1 or 0 int5d$ to come1 a spiritual elevation su* t ! m9d c\ld visualise ! object ( its desire#eg & wor%ip1 & enjoy a s5se ( unity !re)4 ,on ! savag]y & debau*]y :i* accompani$ ^! religi\s celebrations !re is no ne$ to enl>ge4 ,! ,bac*ae ( ,euripides1 ) all its passion = ! beauty ( hol9ess1 is a /&+ monum5t to ! excesses ( fr5zy3 & t ^! 7 no m]e figm5t ( ! poet's imag9ation nor a transfiguration ( rites long obsolete1 is prov$ by a s+le s5t5ce ( a sob] en\gh writ] ( lat] times1 #8,! ?+s t take place at nocturnal celebrations1 h[ev] lic5ti\s !y may be1 al?\gh kn[n to ! company at l>ge1 are to "s ext5t condon$ by !m ow+ to ! drunk5ness#eh4' ,!re 7 ( c\rse c]ta9 sects1 su* z ! ,orphic1 :o1 9 /rong contra/ ) ! ord9>y religion1 upheld def9ite e?ical /&>ds1 prea*+ ! necessity ( purification f s91 & advocat+ moral & ev5 ascetic rules ( life4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ?is1 we f9d a c]ta9 amalgamation ( ,orphic & ,bac*ic my/]ies4 ,& :y8 ,simply because bo? sects alike _h a s+le end 9 view1 a spiritual exaltation 9 :i* ! s\l might transc5d ! ?+s ( ord9>y life1 & see & commune ) its gods4 ,:at did x matt] if ! means to t end diff]$8 ,! "o sect might r$uce ! passions ( ! body by rigid ab/95ce2 ! o!r might dead5 !m ) a surfeit ( _! desire2 b1 :e!r by pro/ration or by surexcitation1 ! same religi\s end 0 s\ght & ga9$1 & t end ju/ifi$ means :i* we c\nt immoral4 ,9 effect ! morality ( a man's life c\nt$ = no?+ z comp>$ ) 8 religion4 ,p>ticipation 9 ! my/]ies ensur$ bless+s "h & h]eaft] :i* an evil life w\ld n =feit nor a good life1 )\t initiation1 e>n4 #8,?rice bless$ !y ( m51 :o look ^u ^! rites ere !y g to ,hades' home3 = !m alone is !re true life !re1 & = ! o!rs n\ght b evil#ei4' ,x 0 ?is t made ,diog5es sc(f+ly ask1 #8,:at1 %all ! ?ief ,pataecion h a bett] lot ?an ,epam9ondas aft] dea?1 because he has be5 initiat$#fj8' ,seem+ly religion & morality 7 to ! ,greek m9d divorc$1 or r _h nev] be5 w$d$4 ,religion 0 conc]n$ only ) ! int]c\rse ( man & god3 ! moral "* ( ! man himself & 8 relations ) 8 fell[s 7 outside ! religi\s sph]e4 ,inde$ x w\ld h be5 h>d = ! anci5ts to reg>d morality z a religi\s obligation1 :5 immorality 0 freely imput$ to _! gods4 ,?is 0 a real ob/acle to ! e?ical improvem5t ( ! p at l>ge1 & 0 recognis$ z su* by _m ?9k]s4 ,p9d> /rove to expurgate my?ological /ories :i* br\ght discr$it on ! morals ( ,olympus4 ,plato w\ld h bani%$ ! evil records ( ,hom]ic !ology f 8 ideal /ate1 & ridicules ,musaeus = =m+ no m l(ty conception ( future bliss ?an #8et]nal drunk5ness4' ,epicurus def5d$ 8 own attitude t[>ds ! gods on ! plea t !re 0 #8no impiety 9 do+ away ) ! popul> gods1 b r 9 atta*+ to ! gods ! popul> ideas ( !m#fa4' ,9 effect1 9 ord] to reconcile religion ) ! tea*+ ( e?ics1 ! w\ld-be prea*] ( morality _h ei!r op5ly to disc>d a l>ge am\nt ( ! popul> !ology or else to h rec\rse to adaptation & my/ical int]pretation ( s artificial & arbitr>y a k9d t x c\ld ga9 no hold ^u ! simple & spontane\s beliefs ( ! common-folk4 ,yet ev5 among ! ord9>y m5 ( ^? days !re mu/ h be5 "s :o1 ?\gh !y did n aspire to in/ruct _! fell[-m51 yet 9 h\rs ( sob] reason & cool judgem5t _c h view$ unaba%$ ! inconsi/5cies ( a religion ^: gods 7 /a9$ ) human vices4 ,b su* ?\ghts1 we may suppose1 7 swept away1 z m5 approa*$ _! sanctu>ies & _! my/]ies1 by a flood ( religi\s f]v\r4 ,passion 9 su* mom5ts defeat$ reason4 ,emotion1 susceptibility1 imag9ation1 impetuosity1 p[]s ( visualisation reg>d$ among we/]n nations z ! p]quisite ( ! inebriate1 p[]s ( ec/asy n easily di/+ui%$ f hy/]ia1--su* 7 ! m5tal conditions ess5tial to ! highe/ acts ( wor%ip2 by ^!1 & n by sob] m$itation1 ! s\l atta9$ to ! close/ commun+ & fulle/ union ) t god ^: glory = ! nonce out%one all pale remembrance ( m]e moral rectitude & alone 0 able to evoke e supreme emotion ( 8 wor%ipp]4 ,if !n morality 0 ev] to be impos$ & sanction$ by religion1 a :olly new religion _h to be f\nd4 ,?is 0 ! opportunity ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,paganism1 9 "s ( its mo/ sacr$ rites1 _h avail$ itself ev5 ( immoral means to secure a religi\s end3 ,*ri/ianity gave to e?ics a new & high] /atus1 & 0 r 9 dang] ( mak+ religion :olly subs]vi5t to morality4 ,t x 0 difficult to br+ ! fir/ conv]ts to ! new po9t ( view1 is evid5t f ! rebukes adm9i/]$ by ,s4 ,paul to ! ,cor9?ians1 :o seem n only to h indulg$ 9 _m gross =ms ( vice 9 ev]yday life1 b ev5 to h made ! mo/ sacr$ ( ,*ri/ian s]vices an occasion = gluttony & drunk5ness#fb4 ,9 all !n t conc]ns ! e?ical /&>ds ( ! p1 our /udy ( mod]n ,greece w contribute little to ! und]/&+ ( anci5t ?\ght or conduct4 ,*ri/ianity has f5c$ m5 ab\t ) a rigid moral code1 & has ex]t$ itself to puni% ^? :o break b\nds4 ,duty t[>ds man is n[ recognis$ z ! complem5t ( duty t[>ds ,god2 & any "o :o by a notori\sly evil life has outrag$ ! moral laws ( conduct1 is liable to be depriv$ by excommunication ( ! e/abli%$ means ( wor%ip4 ,! frailties ( ! ,greek "* rema9 inde$ su* z !y always 73 b n[ religion at lea/ enjo9s1 if x _c always en=ce1 ! obs]vance ( a moral code :i* includes ! eigh? comm&m5t1 & ,pataecion1 ?\gh he g regul>ly to *ur*1 yet lacks some?+4 ,b :ile ! ,*ur* _h an op5 field 9 matt]s ( morality & _h no sy/em ( e?ics bas$ on ,hell5ic religion to combat 9 introduc+ h] high] views ( man's duty t[>ds 8 fell[-m51 9 ! prov9ce ( pure religion & ( all t conc]ns ! relations ( man ) 8 ,god or gods %e necess>ily enc\nt]$ competition & opposition4 ,prim>ily ! conte/ betwe5 paganism & ,*ri/ianity might h be5 expect$ to resolve itself into a /ruggle betwe5 poly!ism & mono!ism3 b z a matt] ( fact t simple issue became consid]ably complicat$4 ,! m9ds ( ! educat$ classes _h become confus$ by ! subtleties ( ! ,gno/ics1 :o s\ght to f9d1 9 "s philosophical basis common to all religions1 an intellectual ju/ification = accept+ ,*ri/ianity )\t :olly disc>d+ e>li] religi\s convictions4 ,?is h[ev] 0 a matt] ( !ology r ?an ( religion1 appeal+ n to ! he>t b to ! head3 & s f> z ! common-folk 7 conc]n$ we may safely say t su* speculations 7 above _! heads4 ,yet = !m too ! issue 0 confus$ 9 two ways4 ,! fir/ di/urb+ factor 0 ! attitude adopt$ by ea* ( ! two p>ties1 pagan & ,*ri/ian1 t[>ds ! object ( ! o!r's wor%ip4 ,! pagans--s ca?olic are ! sympa?ies ( poly!ism--7 ready en\gh to welcome ,*ri/ into ! numb] ( _! gods4 ,t]tullian tells u t ! emp]or ,tib]ius propos$ ! apo!osis ( ,*ri/#fc4 ,hadrian is said to h built temples 9 8 hon\r#fd4 ,alex&] ,sev]us _h 9 8 private *apel /atues ( ,*ri/1 ,abraham1 & ,orpheus#fe2 & a simil> association ( ,hom]1 ,py?agoras1 ,*ri/1 & ,s4 ,paul is not$ by ,s4 ,augu/9e#ff4 ,s9ce !n !re is no reason = suppos+ t ! common-folk 7 m exclusive 9 _! religi\s sympa?ies ?an ! upp] classes1 x may safely be inf]r$ t ! av]age ,pagan 0 will+ to admit ,*ri/ to a place among ! gods ( ,greece4 ,! ,*ri/ians on ! o!r h& did n attack paganism by an utt] d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( ! old gods4 ,!y s\ght r to ridicule & discr$it !m by po9t+ out ! inconsi/5cies ( pagan !ology1 & by ransack+ my?ology = e tale ( ! vices & misdo+s ( its deities4 ,!y ev5 appeal$ to ! te/imony ( ,hom] himself to %[ t ! s-call$ gods 77 ( ! ,greek folk 7 m]e demons 77#fg1--;= s9ce ,hom]'s day ! latt] ^w _h lo/ ca/e4 ,su* me?ods1 _h !y be5 :olly successful1 might h produc$ simil> results to ^? :i* foll[$ ! conflict ( two religions 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,greece4 ,z ! ,titanic dyna/y ( gods _h fall5 be=e ! ,olympian ,zeus1 & 9 _! defeat _h come to be acc\nt$ cruel & malici\s p[]s rightly ou/$ f heav5 by a m j & graci\s deity1 s too 9 turn might ! :ole numb] ( ! pagan gods h be5 r$uc$ to ! /atus ( devils to act z a foil to ! goodness ( ! ,*ri/ian ,god4 ,b ?is did n happ54 ,"o reason p]haps 0 t ,*ri/ianity came provid$ ) its own devil or devils1 & ! pagans 7 naturally av]se f plac+ ! gods :om !y _h be5 wont to v5]ate 9 ! same category ) spirits s uncompromis+ly evil4 ,! ma9 reason h[ev] mu/ be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! ,*ur* _h no?+ to (f] to ! pagans 9 ex*ange = ! c\ntless gods ( ! old religion :om %e 0 endeav\r+ to displace & to degrade4 ,inde$ ! real difficulty ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 ! tol]ant _s ( ! ,greek p4 ,!y w\ld n ackn[l$ge t any feud exi/$4 ,!y 7 ready to wor%ip ! ,*ri/ian ,god3 b !y mu/ h felt t x 0 unreasonable ( ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies to ask !m to give up all _! old gods m]ely because a new god _h be5 introduc$4 ,ev5 if _! gods 7 all t ! ,*ri/ians repres5t$ !m to be--cruel1 lic5ti\s1 unju/--t 0 no reason = neglect+ !m2 r x furni%$ a /rong] motive = propitiat+ !m & av]t+ _! wra? by pray] & sacrifice4 ,tol]ant !mselves1 !y mu/ h res5t$ a little ! intol]ance ( ! new religion4 ,su* be+ ! attitude ( ! two p>ties1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! ,*ur* w\ld h made mu* headway 9 ,greece1 _h x n be5 = a fre% developm5t 9 h] own conditions4 ,& ?is developm5t 0 ! second di/urb+ factor 9 :at %\ld h be5 ! simple /ruggle betwe5 mono!ism & poly!ism4 ,*ri/ianity1 z und]/ood by ! masses1 became poly!i/ic on its own acc\nt4 ,x is true t ! au?orities ( ! ,greek ,*ur* h always taught t ! angels & sa9ts are n to be wor%ipp$ 9 ! same s5se z ,god4 ,ecclesia/ical doctr9e conc$es to !m no p[] to grant ! petitions ( m5 at _! own w3 !y c act z int]m$i>ies only betwe5 man & ! ,almighty2 yet :ile !y _c 9 _! own might fulfil ! reque/s :i* !y he>1 _! int]v5tion z mess5g]s to ! ?rone ( ,god is deem$ to enhance ! value ( man's pray]s & wellnigh to ensure _! acceptance4 ,b su* a doctr9e is naturally too subtle = ! un9/ruct$ common-folk3 & j z ,*ri/ _h be5 admitt$ to ! ranks ( ! ,greek gods1 s 7 ! sa9ts1 x w\ld seem1 accept$ z less] deities or p]haps h]oes4 ,:atev] _! precise /atus may h be51 !y at any rate became objects ( wor%ip2 & a religion :i* admits _m objects ( wor%ip becomes necess>ily a =m ( poly!ism4 ,n[ :ile ! ,*ur* did n sanction ?is /ate ( ?+s by h] doctr9e1 !re c be no d\bt t %e condon$ x by ! use to :i* %e put x4 ,! attempt to cru% paganism _h s f> fail$1 & !re 0 no long] any ?\ght ( a combat outrance betwe5 ! two religions4 ,viol5ce 0 to give way to diplomacy2 & ! *ief in/rum5t ( ! ,*ur*'s diplomacy 0 ! wor%ip ( ! sa9ts4 ,x became h] hope to supplant paganism by sub/itut+ = ! old gods ,*ri/ian sa9ts ( simil> names & functions2 & ! effects ( ?is policy are ev]y:]e 9 evid5ce 9 mod]n ,greece4 ,?us ,dionysus 0 displac$ by ,s4 ,dionysius1 z a /ory /ill curr5t 9 ,greece te/ifies4 #8,once ^u a "t ,s4 ,dionysius 0 on 8 way to ,naxos3 & z he w5t he espi$ a small plant :i* excit$ 8 wond]4 ,he dug x up1 & because ! sun 0 hot s\ght :]e) to %elt] x4 ,z he look$ ab\t1 he saw ! bone ( a bird's leg1 & 9 ?is he put ! plant to keep x safe4 ,to 8 surprise ! plant began to gr[1 & he s\ght aga9 a l>g] cov]+ = x4 ,?is "t he f\nd ! leg-bone ( a lion1 & z he c\ld n deta* ! plant f ! bird's leg1 he put bo? toge!r 9 t ( ! lion4 ,yet aga9 x grew & ?is "t he f\nd ! leg-bone ( an ass & put plant & all into t4 ,& s he came to ,naxos4 ,& :5 he came to plant ! v9e--= ! plant 0 9 fact ! fir/ v9e--he c\ld n sev] x f ! bones t %elt]$ x1 b plant$ !m all toge!r4 ,!n ! v9e grew & bore grapes & m5 made w9e & drank !re(4 ,& fir/ :5 !y drank !y sang l birds1 & :5 !y drank m !y grew /rong z lions1 & aft]w>ds fooli% z asses#fh4' ,! disguise ( ! anci5t god is ?9 inde$4 ,8 "n is *ang$ by an iota1 b 8 "* n a jot4 ,s4 ,dionysius is god ( ! v9e1 & ev5 reta9s 8 pr$ecessor's connexion ) ,naxos4 ,x is p]haps notewor?y too t 9 ,a!ns ! road :i* skirts ! s\? side ( ! ,acropolis & ! !atre ( ,dionysus is n[ call$ ! /reet ( ,s4 ,dionysius ! ,areopagite4 ,i 0 once correct$ by a ,greek ( av]age education = speak+ ( ! !atre ( ,dionysus in/ead ( ascrib+ x to 8 sa9tly namesake4 ,demet] aga91 al?\gh z we %all see lat] %e /ill survives z a di/9ct p]sonality1 has be5 = ! mo/ "p dispossess$ by ,s4 ,demetrius4 ,8 fe/ival1 :i* falls 9 ,octob] & is !re=e remote f h>ve/-"t1 is none ! less celebrat$ ) special en?usiasm among ! agricultural classes2 m>riages too are especially frequ5t on t day#fi4 ,simil>ly ,artemis1 ?\gh %e too is /ill kn[n to ! common-folk 9 "s di/ricts1 has 9 ! ma9 h&$ ov] h] functions to a sa9t ( ! o!r sex1 ,artemidos4 ,!odore ,b5t has record$ a good in/ance ( ?is f ! isl& ( ,keos 7mod]n ,zea74 ,!re is a belief ?r\gh\t ,greece t weakly *ildr5 :o %[ signs ( wa/+ h be5 #8/ruck by ! ,n]eids1'--by nymphs1 t is1 ( any k9d1 :e!r t]re/rial or m>9e4 #8,9 ,keos1' says ,b5t1 #8,s4 ,artemidos is ! patron ( ^! weakl+s1 & ! *ur* d$icat$ to him is "s little way f ! t[n on ! hill-slopes2 ?i!r a "m w take a *ild afflict$ by any my/]i\s wa/+1 8/ruck by ! ,n]eids10 z !y say4 ,%e !n /rips (f its clo!s & puts on new ones1 bless$ by ! prie/1 leav+ ! old ones z a p]quisite to ! ,*ur*2 & !n if p]*ance ! *ild gr[s /rong1 %e w ?ank ,s4 ,artemidos = ! bless+ he has v\*saf$1 unconsci\s t by s do+ %e is p]petuat+ ! ar*aic wor%ip ( ,artemis1 to :om 9 classical times 7 atta*$ ! epi!ts 1 1 2 & n[ ! ,ionian idea ( ! fructify+ & n\ri%+ prop]ties ( ! ,ephesian ,artemis has be5 transf]r$ to h] ,*ri/ian namesake#gj4' ,x might h be5 add$ t 9 ?is cu/om are reflect$ n only ^? g5]al attributes ( ! t5dance ( *ildr5 :i* ,artemis %>$ ) _m o!r deities1 b possibly also h] p[] to undo any mis*ief wr\ght by h] h&maid5s1 ! nymphs#ga4 ,aga9 !re is e reason to suppose t ,s4 ,elias#gb ^: *apels cr[n c\ntless hilltops is m]ely ! ,*ri/ian successor to ,helios1 ! ,sun4 ,! two names1 :i* h only a mod]ate resemblance 9 ! nom9ative1 co9cide = mod]n pronunciation 9 ! g5itive2 & ! frequ5cy ) :i* t case 0 ne$$ 9 speak+ ( ! *ur* or ! m\nta9-peak d$icat$ to "o or ! o!r may h facilitat$ ! transition4 ,besides inh]it+ ! m\nta9 sanctu>ies at :i* ! wor%ip ( ! ,sun may h p]si/$ f a v e>ly age1 ,s4 ,elias has also tak5 ov] ! *>iot ( 8 pr$ecessor1 & ?und] is sometimes attribut$ to ! roll+ ( its :eels4 ,9 o!r cases1 )\t any resemblance ( names1 id5tity ( attributes or functions sugge/$ ! sub/itution ( sa9t = pagan deity4 ,h]mes :o 9 old times 0 ! *ief #8angel' or mess5g] ( ! immortals 7 7 0 naturally succe$$ by ! ar*angel ,mi*ael1 ^u :om !re=e devolves ! duty ( escort+ m5's s\ls to ,hades2 & to ?is day ! m5 ( ,ma9a tell h[ ! ar*angel1 ) drawn sword 9 8 h& in/ead ( ! w& ( 8 prototype1 may be se5 pass+ to & fro at ! m\? ( ! caves ( ,ta5>us ?r\gh :i* ,h]acles made 8 asc5t ) ,c]b]us f ! l[] _w1 & :i* is /ill ! be/-kn[n desc5t !reto4 ,! supplant+ ( ,h]mes by ,mi*ael is well illu/rat$ 9 ! sph]e ( art also by a curi\s gem4 ,! design is an ord9>y type ( ,h]mes ) 8 traditional cap1 & at 8 side a cock1 ! symbol ( vigilance & ( gymna/ic sport2 by a lat] h& has be5 engrav$ ! "n #8,mi*ael'2 ! cock rema9$ to be int]pret$ d\btless z ! ,*ri/ian symbol ( ! awak5+ at ! la/ day ( !m t sleep#gc4 ,! conv]sion ( pagan temples or ( _! sites to ! purposes ( ,*ri/ianity tells ! same tale4 ,! virg9 goddess ( ,a!ns c$$ ! ,p>!non to ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! s-call$ ,!seum1 :e!r ,!seus or ,h]acles 0 its orig9al occupant1 0 fitly made ov] to ! w>rior ,s4 ,george3 b none ! less :at seems to h be5 an old pagan fe/ival1 kn[n z ! 7,lat9 rosalia7#gd1 cont9ues to ?is day to be celebrat$ ) danc+ & fea/+ 9 its prec9cts4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,annunciation at ,t5os1 s fam\s ?r\gh\t ! ,greek _w = its miracles ( heal+1 /&s on ! f\ndations ( ,poseidon's anci5t sanctu>y1 & includes 9 its prec9cts a holy spr+ 77 ^: heal+ virtues1 we c h>dly d\bt1 7 fir/ discov]$ by ! pagans3 = ,poseidon 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,t5os "u ! title ( ! #8heal]' 77#ge4 ,inde$ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! l& ! travell] w f9d *ur*es built ) ! mat]ial ( ! old temples or sup]impos$ ^u _! f\ndation1 & _c fail to detect !re9 evid5ce ( a delib]ate policy on ! "p ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b 9 h] attempts to be conciliatory %e became 9 fact compromis$4 ,x 0 politic no d\bt to enc\rage ! weak] bre?r5 by build+ *ur*es on sites :]e !y _h long be5 wont to wor%ip3 x 0 politic to smoo? ! pa? ( ! common-folk by sub/itut+ = ! god :om !y _h wor%ipp$ a patron-sa9t ( l "n or attributes4 ,b 9 s do+ ! ,*ur* practically condon$ poly!ism4 ,%e drove out ! old gods f _! temples made ) h&s1 b did n ensure ! oblit]ation ( !m f m5's he>ts4 ,! sa9ts :om %e set up 9 ! place ( ! old deities 7 c]ta9 to acquire ! rank ( gods 9 ! e/imation ( ! p &1 despite ! niceties ( ecclesia/ical doctr9e1 to become 9 fact objects ( frank & op5 wor%ip4 ,! adoption ( ! old places ( wor%ip made x inevitable t ! old associations ( ! pagan cults %\ld survive & bl5d !mselves ) ! new ideas1 & t ! *ur*es %\ld m (t5 acquire pre/ige f _! hea!n sites ?an !mselves %$ a new lu/re ( sanctity ^u !m4 ,9 effect1 paganism 0 n uproot$ to make room = ! plant+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 b s]v$ r z an old /ock on :i* a new & vigor\s bran*1 capable inde$ ( fair] fruit b ow+ its v vitality to ali5 sap1 might be engraft$4 ,bitt]ly & despond5tly did ! e>ly ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 & above all ,s4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 compla9 ( ! invet]acy ( pagan cu/oms )9 ! pale ( ! ,*ur*1 :ile a k9d ( (ficial recognition 0 giv5 to _m sup]/itions :i* 7 cle>ly outside t pale1 if only by ! _m =ms ( exorcism direct$ aga9/ ! evil eye or prescrib$ = ! cure ( ^? possess$ by pagan p[]s ( evil#gf4 ,= illu/ration we ne$ n fall back ^u ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,greek ,*ur*2 ev5 to-day %e has n succe$$ 9 liv+ d[n ! consequ5ces ( h] :ilom policy ( conciliation4 ,! common-folk inde$ pr(ess & call !mselves ,*ri/ian2 _! prie/hood is a ,*ri/ian prie/hood2 _! places ( wor%ip are ,*ri/ian *ur*es2 !y make ! sign ( ! cross at e turn2 & ! names ( ,god & ,*ri/ & ! ,virg9 are _! commone/ ejaculations4 ,b ) all ?is ext]nal ,*ri/ianity !y are z pagan & z poly!i/ic 9 _! he>ts z 7 ev] _! ance/ors4 ,by _! acceptance ( ,*ri/ianity !y h increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ _! numb] ( gods3 9 _! conception ( !m & attitude t[>ds !m !y h made little advance s9ce ! ,hom]ic ,age3 & practically all ! religi\s cu/oms mo/ *>act]i/ic ( anci5t paganism1 su* z sacrifice1 ! tak+ ( auspices1 & ! consultation ( oracles1 cont9ue ) or )\t ! sanction ( ! ,*ur* d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,^! are /rong /atem5ts to make conc]n+ ev5 ! humble/ & mo/ ignorant memb]s ( ! ,holy ,or?odox ,*ur*3 b ,i %all %[1 ,i ?9k1 t !y d n exce$ ! w>ranty ( facts4 ,fir/ ( all !n ! peasant believes himself to be ev] compass$ ab\t by a ho/ ( sup]natural be+s1 :o h no relation ) 8 ,*ri/ian fai?1 & "s ( :om he unconsci\sly ackn[l$ges1 by ! v names t he applies to !m1 z #8pagan' be+s & #8outside' ! ,*ri/ian fold#gg4 ,to all ( ^!--& !y are a motley crew1 gods & demons1 fairies & dragons--he assigns sev]ally & di/9ctly _! looks1 _! dispositions1 _! habitations1 & _! works4 ,to "s ( !m he prays & makes (f]+s2 aga9/ o!rs he arms & =tifies himself 9 ! season ( _! malefic5ce2 b all ( !m1 :e!r = good or ill1 are to him real exi/5t be+s2 no phantoms conjur$ up by trepidation ( m9d1 b p]sons ^: sub/ance is prov$ by sight & he>+ & t\*4 ,no?+ is m amaz+ 9 ! peasantry ( mod]n ,greece ?an _! famili>ity ) ^! v>i\s be+s4 ,m ?an once ,i h ov]he>d two peasants comp>+ notes on ! gho/ly fauna ( _! respective di/ricts2 & ! intimate & detail$ "* ( _! k 0 a revelation 9 reg>d to _! p[]s ( visualisation4 ,x is ! m\nta9e]s & ! m>9]s :o excel 9 ?is2 b ev5 ! dull] folk ( ! l[l&s see mu* t is hidd5 f =eign eyes4 ,once h[ev] ,i did see a nymph--or :at my guide took = "o--mov+ ab\t 9 an olive-grove ne> ,sp>ta2 & ,i mu/ confess t _h ,i possess$ an initial fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( nymphs & 9 ! dang] ( look+ ^u !m1 s lifelike 0 ! app>ition t ,i might h sworn z firmly z did my guide t x 0 a nymph t we _h se51 & might h requir$ z /rong a dose z he at ! next inn to re/ore my n]ves4 ,! initial fai? 9 su* ?+s1 :i* ! *ild acquires f its "m1 is no d\bt an important factor 9 ! visualisation2 b x is c]ta9ly /range t (t5 9 ,greece n "o man only b sev]al toge!r w see an app>ition at ! same mom5t1 & ev5 agree aft]w>ds z to :at !y saw4 ,^! be+s !n are n ! m]e fanciful figures ( old wives' fables1 b h a real hold ^u ! peasant's belief & a firm place 9 8 religion4 ,to ! objects ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip or v5]ation--,god & ,*ri/ & ! ,virg9 toge!r ) ! ar*angels & all ! ho/ ( sa9ts--h be5 accord$ ! highe/ places & *iefe/ hon\rs3 b beside !m1 or r bel[ !m1 yet fe>$ & hon\r$ too1 /& _m ( ! div9e p]sonalities ( ! old fai?1 recognis$ & di/+ui%$ /ill4 ,artemis1 ,demet]1 & ,*>on1 z well z ,nymphs & ,gorgons1 ,lamiae & ,c5taurs1 h to be reckon$ ) 9 ! conduct ( life2 :ile 9 folk-/ories ! memory at lea/ ( o!r deities /ill survives4 ,to ^! remnants ( anci5t my?ology ! next *apt] w be devot$2 ! purely pagan elem5t 9 ! mod]n poly!ism may be suffici5tly illu/rat$ "h by a few curi\s cases ( ! use ev5 ( ! ^w #8god' 77 9 ref]5ce to o!r ?an ! ,god ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,9 ,a!ns1 d[n to rec5t times1 !re 0 a f9e old =mula ( bless+ 9 vogue--& :o %all say b t among ! simpl] p x may /ill be he>d8--:i* comb9$ imp>tially ! "o ,god & ! _m3-- ' #gh1 #8,god fit !e to f9d fav\r ) gods & m56' ,9 ! isl& ( ,syra1 accord+ to ,b5t#gi1 x 0 #8a common belief among/ ! peasants t ! gho/s ( ! anci5t ,greeks come once a ye> f all p>ts ( ,greece to wor%ip at ,delos1 444 & ev5 to-day !y w rev]5tly speak ( ! 8god 9 ,delos40' ,ano!r writ] m5tions a simil> expression z us$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! ma9l&1 ?\gh only x w\ld seem z an ejaculation1 or #8by ! god ( ,crete#hj6' ,9 ! isl& ( ,santor9i 7! anci5t ,!ra7 ,i p]sonally enc\nt]$ a /ill m /rik+ case ( out-spok5 poly!ism4 ,i *anc$ "o day ^u a v old woman squatt+ on ! extreme edge ( ! cliff above ! great flood$ crat] :i*1 ?\gh too deep = an*orage1 s]ves ! ma9 t[n ( ! isl& z h>b\r--a place m fasc9at+ 9 its hide\sness ?an any ,i h se54 ,wond]+ at h] dang]\s position1 ,i ask$ h] :at %e 0 do+2 & %e repli$ simply en\gh t %e 0 mak+ ra94 ,x 0 two ye>s s9ce any _h fall51 & z %e _h ! reputation ( be+ a wit* ( unusual p[]s & _h procur$ ra9 9 previ\s dr\ghts1 %e _h be5 approa*$ by sev]al ( ! isl&]s :o 7 anxi\s = _! v9ey>ds4 ,moreov] %e _h be5 prepaid = h] "w--a fact :i* spoke mo/ eloqu5tly = ! g5]al belief 9 h]2 = ! ,greek is sl[ en\gh 7z d\btless %e knew7 to pay = :at he has got1 & nev] prepays :at he is n sure ( gett+4 ,true1 h] pr(ession _h its risks1 %e said2 = on "o occasion1 ! only "t t h] spells _h fail$1 "s ( h] disappo9t$ cli5ts ^: money %e _h n return$ tri$ to burn h] h\se ov] h] "o night :ile %e slept4 ,b bus9ess 0 bus9ess4 ,did ,i want "s ra9 too8 ,to ensure h] good w & fur!r conv]sation1 ,i inve/$ a trifle1 & tri$ to cat* ! mumbl$ incantations :i* foll[$ on my behalf4 ,( ^! h[ev] beyond a frequ5t invocation ( ! ,virg9 7 7 & a few words ab\t wat] & ra9 ,i c\ld cat* no?+2 b ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge t h] *>ms 7 effectual1 = be=e we p>t$ ! ?und] 0 already roll+ 9 ! di/ance1 & ! ra9 :i* ,i _h b\ght spoilt l>gely ! re/ ( my /ay 9 ! isl&4 ,! incantations be+ f9i%$1 %e became m confid5tial4 ,%e w\ld n ( c\rse let a /rang] "k ! exact =mula :i* %e employ$2 t w\ld m> its efficacy3 %e v\*saf$ to me h[ev] ) all humility ! in=mation t x 0 n by h] own virtue t %e caus$ ! ra91 b ?r\gh kn[+ #8! god above & ! god bel[' 7 74 ,! latt] inde$ _h long s9ce giv5 up wat]+ ! l&2 he _h caus$ %ak+s ( ! e>? & turn$ ev5 ! sea-wat] r$4 ,! god above also _h once ra9$ a%es :5 %e ask$ = wat]1 b g5]ally he gave h] ra91 sometimes ev5 9 summ]-"t4 ,"o ?+ %e c\ld n make out--:o 0 ! god t caus$ ! ?und]2 did ,i "k8 ,i evad$ ! "q1 & our !ological discussion w5t no fur!r1 = ! god ( ?und] 0 mak+ 8 voice he>d m ?reat5+ly1 & ! old wit* w\ld n /ay to make 8 acqua9tance at clos] qu>t]s4 ,! physical int]pretation ( ^! ref]5ces to ! god above & ! god bel[ is n difficult4 ,at ! pres5t day !re are said to be ?ree spr+s1 & ?ree only1 9 ! :ole isl&2 nor are !y ( mu* use to ! inhabitants2 inde$ ! only "o :i* ,i saw 0 dry save = a scanty moi/ure b>ely suffici5t to keep ! rock ab\t x gre5 & mossy3 & 9 fact ! population dep5ds entirely ^u ra9-wat] /or$ up 9 l>ge und]gr\nd ci/]ns or res]voirs4 ,cle>ly ! god bel[ no long] gives wat]2 b t !re may h be5 m spr+-wat] prior to ! great eruptions ( #ahff is v probable2 = ! p /ill call c]ta9 dry old torr5t-b$s by :i* ! isl& is int]sect$ #8riv]s' 771 & real riv]s ) wat] 9 !m figure also 9 sev]al ( ! local folk-/ories4 ,! p]v]sity ( ! god above 9 s5d+ a%es on "o occasion in/ead ( ra9 may also be und]/ood 9 ref]5ce to ! same eruptions1 ( :i* ! old woman gave me a vivid description4 ,b ! !ology itself is m int]e/+ ?an its mat]ial basis4 ,?is wit*--a good ,*ri/ian1 !y told me1 b a little mad1 ) a madness h[ev] ( :i* sane v9e-gr[]s 7 eag] en\gh to avail !mselves--ackn[l$g$ c]ta9ly ?ree gods3 ! unkn[n ?und]-god 0 cle>ly di/9ct f ! god ( ! ra9 :o 0 kn[n to h]3 & !re 0 also ! god ( ! wat]s "u ! e>?1 9 ^: s]vice %e _h p]haps foll[$ ! call+ ( a wat]-f9d]1 & to :om %e ascrib$1 z did ! anci5ts to ,poseidon1 ! %ak+ ( ! e>?4 ,poly!ism !n ev5 9 its purely pagan =m is n yet ext9ct 9 ,greece4 ,9 ! disguise ( ,*ri/ianity1 we %all see1 x is ev]y:]e triumphant4 ,among ! ,*ri/ian objects ( wor%ip--= ,i h already expla9$ t by ! common-folk ! sa9ts are wor%ipp$ z deities--! ,tr9ity & ! ,virg9 occupy ! highe/ places1 rivall$ p]haps "h & !re by "s local sa9t ( great repute = miracles1 b n[h]e surpass$4 ,x is ! ,virg9 inde$ :o1 9 ,pa%ley's op9ion1 #8is ?r\gh\t ,greece ! *ief object ( ! ,*ri/ian peasant's wor%ip#ha'2 & c]ta9ly1 ,i ?9k1 m num]\s & m v>i\s petitions are address$ to h] ?an to any p]son ( ! ,tr9ity or to any sa9t4 ,b ! ,tr9ity1 or at any rate ,god 7 7 & ,*ri/ 7 71 z ! peasants say1--= ! ,holy ,gho/ is h>dly a p]sonality to !m & is r>ely nam$ except 9 doxologies & =mal invocations--are ( almo/ equal importance1 & are s closely alli$ ) ! ,virg9 t x is difficult to draw di/9ctions4 ,b :ile ! ,*ur* has ?us secur$ ! fir/ place = h] mo/ v5]at$ figures1 ! influ5ce ( pagan feel+ is cle>ly se5 9 ! popul> conception ( ?is #8,god4' ,8 position is j su* z t ( ,zeus 9 ! old rgime4 ,he is little m ?an ! unnam$ rul] among _m o!r div9ities4 ,8 sway is inde$ supreme & he ex]cises a g5]al control2 b 8 functions are 9 a c]ta9 s5se limit$ none ! less1 & 8 special prov9ce is ! wea!r only4 1 said ! anci5ts1 & ! mod]ns re-e*o _! ?\ght 9 words ( ! same import1 1 #8,god is ra9+1' or 1 #8,god is ?r[+ wat]#hb4' ,s too ! com+ & go+ ( ! daylight is describ$ z an act ( ,god2 1 or 1 1 say ! peasants1 #8,god has dawn$' or #8has d>k5$4' ,:5 x hails1 x is ,god :o #8is ply+ 8 sieve1' #hc 4 ,:5 x ?und]s1 #8,god is %oe+ 8 horse1' ' 1 or1 accord+ to ano!r v]sion#hd1 #8! ho(s ( ,god's horse are r++1' ' 4 ,or aga9 ! roll ( ! ?und] sometimes sugge/s q ano!r idea2 #8,god is roll+ 8 w9e-casks1' ' #he1 or 4 ,& once aga91 because a ,greek w$d+ _c be celebrat$ )\t a l>ge exp5diture ( gunp[d]1 ! boom+ ( ! ?und] sugge/s to "s t #8,god is m>ry+ 8 son' or #8,god is m>ry+ 8 daught]s1' #hf1 or #hg4 ,su* expressions z ^!#hh are 9 daily use among ! ,greek peasantry3 & no?+ c\ld reveal m frankly ! purely pagan & an?ropomorphic conception ( ,god :i* ev]y:]e prevails4 ,! ,god ( ,*ri/5dom is indi/+ui%able f ! ,zeus ( ,hom]4 ,a l9e f a ,cretan di/i*1 9 :i* ,god is describ$ z ' #hi1 #8,he t ga!re? ! cl\ds & ?und]e? & ra9e?1' exhibits a popul> conception ( ! *ief deity un*ang$ s9ce ,zeus fir/ receiv$ ! epi!ts & 1 #8cl\d-ga!r]1' #8?und]] on high4' ,b ev5 9 ! prov9ce ( ! wea!r ,god has n undivid$ control4 ,! w9ds are (t5 reg>d$ z p]sons act+ at _! own w2 & ( ! nor? w9d 9 p>ticul> m5 speak ) respect z ,sir ,boreas 7 71 = z 9 ,p9d>'s "t he is /ill #8k+ ( ! w9ds#ij4' ,s too ! :irlw9d is ! pass+ ( ! ,n]eids1 & ! wat]-sp\t m>ks ! pa? ( ! ,lamia ( ! sea4 ,ev5 ! ?und] is n always ! "w ( ,god1 b "s say t ! prophet ,elias is #8driv+ 8 *>iot1' or #8pursu+ ! dragon4' ,! m /rik+ & irregul> ph5om5a 9 %ort are gov]n$ by ! caprice ( less] deities--,*ri/ian sa9ts or pagan p[]s--:ile ,god directs ! m ord]ly m>* ( nature4 ,:5 h[ev] we turn f ! ext]nal _w to ! life ( man1 we f9d ! functions ( ! supreme ,god ev5 m closely circumscrib$ or--to put x 9 ano!r way--m g5]ally delegat$ to o!rs4 ,! daily c\rse ( human life ) all its pursuits & passions is "u ! jo9t control ( ! sa9ts & "s ( ! old ,hell5ic deities4 ,( ! latt]1 z ,i h said1 ano!r *apt] mu/ treat3 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! peasant does n draw a h>d & fa/ l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ! two classes ) :om = cle>ness' sake ,i am b\nd to deal sep>ately4 ,?us ,*>on 9 _m ( ! folk-songs :i* celebrate 8 do+s is made to repres5t himself z a mess5g] ( ,god1 *>g$ ) ! duty ( c>ry+ (f "s man's s\l & unable to grant a respite#ia4 ,he is occasionally address$ ev5 z ,sa9t ,*>on#ib2 & 8 "n con/antly occurs 9 ! epitaphs ( c\ntry *ur*y>ds4 ,a /ory too 9 ,b]nh>d ,s*midt's collection#ic illu/rates well ! way 9 :i* pagan & ,*ri/ian elem5ts are ?us int]wov53-- #8,!re 0 once an old man :o _h be5 good 8 :ole life ?r\gh4 ,9 8 old age !re=e he _h ! =tune to see 8 good angel 7 72 :o said to him--= he lov$ him well--8,i w tell !e h[ ?\ maye/ be =tunate4 ,9 su* & su* a hill is a cave2 g ?\ 9 !re & ev] onw>d till ?\ come/ to a great ca/le4 ,knock at ! gate1 & :5 x is op5$ to !e ?\ wilt see a tall woman be=e !e1 :o w /raightway welcome !e & ask !e ( ?9e age & bus9ess & e/ate4 ,answ] only t ?\ art s5t by me3 !n w %e "k ! re/40 ,ev5 s did ! old man3 & ! woman )9 ! e>? gave unto him a tableclo? & bade him b spread x out & say 8,9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r & ( ! ,son & ( ! ,holy ,gho/10 & lo6 ev]y?+ t he wi%$ w\ld be f\nd !reon4 ,& ?us x came to pass4 #8,n[ :5 ! old man _h (t made use ( x1 x came into 8 he>t to bid ! k+ unto 8 h\se3 :o1 :5 he saw ! wond]-work+ clo?1 took x f ! old man4 ,b because he 0 no virtu\s man1 ! clo? did n its task 9 8 h&s2 :]e=e he ?rew x out ( ! w9d[ & /raightway x turn$ to du/4 ,s ! old man w5t aga9 to ! woman 9 ! hill1 & %e gave him ?is "t a h5 t laid a gold5 egg e day4 ,:5 ! k+ he>d !re(1 he _h ! h5 too tak5 away f ! old man4 ,h[beit 9 8 keep+ %e laid n1 & s he ?rew ! h5 also out ( w9d[1 & %e likewise turn$ to du/4 ,s 9 8 ang] he bade seize ! old man =?) & cut (f 8 head4 #8,b sc>ce 0 ?is done :5 !re appe>$ be=e ! k+ ! ,mi/ress ( ! ,e>? & ( ! ,sea--= %e 0 ! woman 9 ! hill--& :5 %e _h told him 9 brief words :at await$ him aft] ?is life 9 requital = 8 wick$ness1 %e /amp$ ) h] foot ^u ! gr\nd1 :i* swall[$ up ! ca/le ) ! k+ & all t 0 !re94 ,b ! old man t 0 sla9 _h ent]$ into ,p>adise4' ,9 ?is /ory ! ,mi/ress ( ! ,e>? & ( ! ,sea 7 7 is1 z we %all see lat]#id1 none o!r ?an ,demet]3 b pagan z %e is1 %e works 9 accord ) ! good angel 7:o is evid5tly h] inf]ior71 & ord]s ! old man to invoke ! ,tr9ity4 ,?us ! peasant does n conceive ( any antagonism betwe5 8 pagan & 8 ,*ri/ian objects ( wor%ip2 & bo? classes are equally des]v+ ( /udy by ^? int]e/$ 9 anci5t ,greek religion4 ,= :ile e m9ute/ trait or detail ( ! mod]n peasant's conception ( ^? anci5t deities1 :o1 ?\gh despoil$ ( temples & organis$ wor%ip1 /ill survive1 may ?r[ "s new ray ( light on ! div9e p]sonalities & ! my?s ( old "t1 yet a m broad & compreh5sive view ( ! outl9es ( anci5t religion may be obta9$ by contemplat+ ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/ian sa9ts :o1 ?\gh defici5t (t5 9 p]sonal significance1 nev]!less by _! possession ( d$icat$ %r9es & ( all ! app>atus ( a =mal cult occupy m exactly ! position ( ! old gods & h]oes4 ,! sa9ts !n1 z ,i h rem>k$ above1 h a l>ge %>e 9 ! control ( man's daily life4 ,! :ole religi\s s5se ( ! p seems to dem& a delegation ( ! p[]s ( "o supreme ,god to _m less] deities1 :o1 = ! v reason p]haps t !y are l[] 9 ! scale ( godhead1 are m accessible to man4 ,"u ! "n ( sa9ts lies1 h>dly conceal$1 ! notion ( gods4 ,9 m]e nom5clature ,*ri/ianity has _h its way2 b none ( ! old t5d5cies ( paganism h be5 *eck$4 ,! curr5t ( wor%ip has be5 turn$ t[>ds _m new p]sonalities2 b ! ess5ce ( t wor%ip is ! same4 ,! ,*ur* w\ld h its sa9ts be m]ely m$iators ) ! "o ,god2 b popul> feel+ has made ( !m _m gods2 _! locality & scope ( action are def9$ 9 exactly ! old way2 v[s are made to ! patron-sa9t ( su* & su* a place2 invocations are address$ to him 9 virtue ( a designat$ p[] or function4 ,local titles are (t5 d]iv$ m]ely f ! t[n or di/rict 9 :i* ! *ur* /&s1 z ,our ,lady ( ,t5os1 or ,s4 ,g]asimos ( ,cephalonia4 ,9 o!r cases !y h ref]5ce to ! surr\nd+s ( ! sanctu>y4 ,! *apel ( ! ,virg9 9 ! mona/]y ( ,megaspelaeon consi/s ( a l>ge cave at ! foot ( "s t[]+ cliffs1 & ! d$ication is to our ,lady ( ! ,gold5 ,cave 7 74 ,9 ?is case ! ^w #8gold5' is an imag9ative addition1 = ! int]ior is peculi>ly d>k3 b ! d$ication has be5 borr[$1 ow+ to ! repute ( ! orig9al %r9e1 by *ur*es :i* h n ev5 a cave to %[4 ,9 ,amorgos ,s4 ,george has ! title ( ,balsamites1 d]iv$ f ! balsam :i* cov]s ! hill-side on :i* /&s 8 *ur*4 ,9 ,p>os sev]al curi\s d$ications are m5tion$ by ,b5t1 :i* he r5d]s z ,our ,lady ( ! ,lake1 ,our ,lady ( ! ,un:olesome ,place1 & ,s4 ,george ( ! ,gooseb]ry#ie4 ,9 ,a!ns !re is a *ur* ( :i* ! pres5t d$ication is said to be due to a fire :i* black5$ ! icon ( ! ,virg91 :o is kn[n on ?is acc\nt z ,our smoke-black5$ ,lady 7 71 or1 x may be1 ,our ,lady ( ! smoky head1 accord+ z ! second half ( ! comp\nd is connect$ ) ! ,turki% ^w = #8black' or ! n[ obsolete ,greek ^w 1 #8head#if4' ,titles d5ot+ functions are equally num]\s & qua9t4 ,9 ,rhodes ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael is invok$ z 1 patron ( ! w9e-press#ig4 ,s4 ,nicolas1 :o has supplant$ ,poseidon1 (t5 assumes ! simple title ( #8sailor' 774 ,s4 ,john ! ,hunt] 77 owns a mona/]y on ,mt ,hymettus4 ,9 ,cimolus !re is a *ur* ( ,our ,guid+ ,lady 7 7#ih4 ,,ss4 ,co/as & ,dami51 ! physicians1 are kn[n z ! ,moneyless 771 because _! s]vices are giv5 gratis4 ,s4 ,george at ,argo/li has be5 dubb$ ! ,drunk>d 77#ii--?us furni%+ a notable p>allel to ! h]o celebrat$ 9 old "t at ,muny*ia z #ajj--;because on 8 day1 ,nov4 #crd1 ! new w9e is commonly tapp$ & !re is mu* dr9k+ 9 8 hon\r4 ,9 o!r cases ! actual "n ( ! sa9t has det]m9$ 8 p[]s or "* )\t fur!r epi!t4 ,s4 ,!rapon is invok$ = all k9ds ( heal+ 773 ,s4 ,eleu!rios 7) an e*o possibly ( ,eily?uia7 to give deliv]ance 77 to wom5 9 *ildbir?3 ,s4 ,james1 9 ,melos1 ow+ to a phonetic corruption ( into 1 to cure deafness#aja4 ,s4 ,elias1 ! successor ( ! sun-god 771 has p[] ov] dr\ght & ra94 ,s4 ,&rew 77 is implor$ to make weakly *ildr5 #8/rong' 774 ,s4 ,maura1 9 ,a!ns1 requires t no sew+ be done on h] day "u pa9 ( w>ts 7locally kn[n z 71 :i* if incurr$ c only be cur$ by an application ( oil f h] lamp#ajb4 ,s4 ,tryphon res5ts any twi/+ 77 ( ?read1 z 9 sp9n+1 on 8 day2 & on ! fe/ival ( ,s4 ,symeon expectant mo!rs mu/ t\* no ut5sil ( daily toil1 above all no?+ black2 = ,s4 ,symeon #8makes m>ks' 7 71 & a bir?-m>k w\ld inevitably appe> on ! *ild4 ,if h[ev] a woman (f5d unwitt+ly1 %e mu/ lay h] h&s at once on t "p ( ! body :]e ! bir?-m>k w be lea/ disfigur+ to ! *ild4 ,^! are only a small selection ( ! sa9ts :om ! peasant seeks to propitiate1 & x may be not$ 9 pass+ t among !m !re are "s *>act]s1 z among ! anci5t deities1 ei!r immoral z ,s4 ,george ! ,drunk>d1 or unamiable z ,s4 ,maura1 ,s4 ,tryphon1 & ,s4 ,symeon4 ,b a bett] idea ( ! multitude ( ! popul> deities may p]haps be convey$ by giv+ a li/ ( ^? wor%ipp$ 9 a s+le isl& ) ! functions !re ascrib$ to !m4 ,"h is ! catalogue giv5 by a native ( ,cy?nos#ajc4 ,! ,virg9 77 is invok$ on any & e occasion1 & ! ,,ss4 ,an>gyri 7,co/as & ,dami57 9 all cases ( illness4 ,s4 ,pantelemon is a speciali/ 9 eye-diseases1 ,s4 ,eleu!rios 9 ob/etrics1 ,s4 ,mode/es 9 vet]9>y "w1 ,s4 ,vlasios 9 ulc]s etc4 ,s4 ,*>alampes & ,s4 ,v>v>a 77 deliv] f pe/il5ces1 & ,s4 ,elias f dr\ght4 ,! p[] ( protect+ *ildr5 f ailm5ts is ascrib$ to ,s4 ,/ylianos1 & t ( sav+ sailors f ! p]ils ( ! sea to ,s4 ,nicolas1 ,s4 ,so/es1 & ! ,,ss4 ,ak9dyni 774 ,s4 ,tryphon deals ) noxi\s insects1 ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/ ) ague1 ,s4 ,m5as ) loss ( goods1 ,s4 ,p>askeve 7,friday7 ) heada*e3 :ile ,s4 ,aekat]9e 7,ca!r9e7 & ,s4 ,a?anasios assi/ anxi\s mo!rs to m>ry (f _! daught]s4 ,z 9 ! multiplicity ( ! objects ( wor%ip1 s too 9 ! m5tal attitude ( ! wor%ipp]1 !re is little *ange s9ce fir/ 7 writt5 ! words 1 #8,gifts w9 ! gods4' ,!re are c]ta9 great occasions1 x is true1 n[ z 9 old days1 on :i* religi\s feel+ atta9s a high] level1 & ! m]c5>y expectation ( bless+s is =gott5 9 :ole-he>t$ adoration ( ! bless]4 ,b 9 g5]al a _s ( b>ga9+ temp]s ! peasant's pray]1 & a return is requir$ = s]vices r5d]$4 ,a sket* ( ! religi\s s5tim5ts ( ! ,sphakiotes giv5 by ! head ( a ,cretan mona/]y is wor? reproduc+1 = x is typical ( ! :ole ,greek folk4 #8,! fai?1' he writes1 #8( ^! highl&]s 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ is s9c]e 9 e way1 rev]5t1 deep-seat$1 & un%ak51 b un=tunately x is n free f sup]/iti\s fancies :i* m> ?is o!rwise great m]it4 ,_m ( !m are fully p]suad$ t ,god1 ,our ,lady1 & ! ,sa9ts g to & fro unse5 above _! heads1 wat* ea* man's actions1 & take "p 9 8 qu>rels1 l ! gods ( ,hom]4 ,!y are "u an obligation to "w con/ant miracles1 to v9dicate & av5ge1 to li/5 readily to ea* man's reque/s & petitions1 :e!r !y be j or no4 ,_m ( ! p g (f cattle-lift+ or on o!r wrongful ent]prises1 & at ! same "t call ^u ,our ,lady1 or any o!r sa9ts ( repute z wond]-work]s1 to assi/ !m1 & z paym5t = success promise !m gifts6 ,to "s ( ! ,sa9ts !y attribute great] p[] & grace ?an to ! ,god :o glorifi$ !m4 ,9 ! same way !y %[ great] rev]5ce = ?is or t *ur* or icon1 & br+ pres5ts f great di/ances1 9 ! belief t x has miracul\s p[]s1 )\t und]/&+ t ,fai? works miracles equally 9 all places#ajd4' ,su* is ! v]dict ( an educat$ prie/ ( ! ,greek ,*ur* :o deplores ! poly!ism & idolatry ( ! common-folk among :om he lives1 & :o 9 s do+ speaks ) ! au?ority ( intimate k4 ,nor c ! ju/ice ( ! v]dict be que/ion$ by any "o :o has ent]$ "o ( ! m highly reput$ *ur*es ( ,greece & obs]v$ ! votive (f]+s :i* adorn or disfigure x4 ,= ^! (f]+s are ( two qualities j z ! motives :i* inspire !m are tw(old4 ,!re are ! g5u9e ?ank-(f]+s1 select$ = _! beauty or wor?1 :i* commemorate gratefully "s bless+ receiv$2 ( su* ! treasury ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,annunciation 9 ,t5os is full--gold & silv] plate1 bibles & s]vice-books 9 ri* b9d+s /udd$ ) jewels1 embroid]ies ( ,ori5tal silk unmat*$ 9 skill & spl5d\r4 ,b !re is ano!r class1 ! propitiatory (f]+s design$ to place ! (f]] 9 a special way "u ! protection ( ! sa9t4 ,mo/ *>act]i/ic among ^! are ! %r$s ( infect$ clo?+ s5t by "s sick p]son to ! *ur* ( ! p>ticul> sa9t ^: heal+ p[] he invokes4 ,j z 9 ! prov9ce ( magic ! possession ( a /rip ( a man's clo?+ gives to ! wit* a control ov] 8 :ole p]son1 s 9 ! religi\s sph]e ! d$ication ( "s disease-lad5 rag f ! body ( ! suff]] places him "u ! special c>e ( ! sa9t4 ,9 ! *ur* ( #8,s4 ,john ( ! ,column' at ,a!ns ! anci5t pill> r\nd :i* ! edifice has be5 built is always g>ni%$ ) dirty rags affix$ by a daub ( c&le-grease2 & if ! sa9t cures ^? :o s5d ^! samples ( _! fev]s1 he mu/ c]ta9ly kill "s ( ^? :o visit 8 sanctu>y 9 p]son4 ,to ?is class ( (f]+s belong also ! bulk ( ! silv]-foil tr9kets :i* are s *eap t ! poore/ peasant c af=d "o = 8 tribute1 & s abundant t at ,t5os out ( ?is supply ( metal alone h be5 fa%ion$ ! massive silv] c&elabra :i* light ! :ole *ur*4 ,^! tr9kets are models ( any object :i* ! wor%ipp] wi%es to comm5d to ! special att5tion ( ! sa9t4 ,at ,t5os !y mo/ frequ5tly repres5t p>ts ( ! human body1 = !re ! ,virg9 is above all a goddess ( heal+2 b a va/ assortm5t ( models ( o!r objects committ$ to h] c>e may also be se5--horses & mules1 agricultural implem5ts1 boats1 %eaves ( corn to repres5t ! h>ve/1 bun*es ( grapes 9 emblem ( ! v9tage2 !re is no limit to ! v>iety2 any?+ = :i* a man craves ! sa9t's bless+ is ?us symbolically confid$ to h] keep+4 ,d\btless among !m !re are a numb] ( ?ank-(f]+s = m]cies already receiv$2 ,i rememb] 9 p>ticul> a reali/ic model ( a ,greek coa/+ /eam] ) a li/ atta*$ giv+ ! names ( ! capta9 & crew :o d$icat$ x 9 gratitude = deliv]ance f %ipwreck4 ,x may ev5 be t "s few ( ! models ( eyes & limbs are ?ank-(f]+s = cures effect$1 & 9 beauty or wor? are all t ! peasant's arti/ic s5se desires or 8 purse af=ds4 ,b ! majority ( !m1 z ,i h said1 are ! gifts ( ^? ^: pray]s are n yet answ]$ & :o ?us keep be=e ! eyes ( ! sa9t ! maladies :i* crave h] heal+ c>e4 ,o!r (f]+s aga9 may be d$icat$ ) ei!r motive4 ,c&les & inc5se are equally suit$ to w9 a fav\r or to repay "o4 ,b :e!r ! motive be propitiation or gratitude1 ! :ole sy/em is a legacy ( ! pagan _w & p]meat$ ) ! _s ( paganism4 ,ev]y:]e ! ,*ri/ian disguise ( ! old religion is easily p5etrable2 ! ,*ur* = in/ance has =bidd5 ! use ( grav5 images1 & only 9 "o or two places d /atues or ev5 reliefs survive3 b ! pa9t$ icons :i* are provid$ 9 _! /ead satisfy equally well ! common-folk's in/9ct = idolatry4 ,v[s conditional ^u ! answ]+ ( "s pray] usually con=m outw>dly at lea/ to ,*ri/ian requirem5ts4 ,scores ( ! small *apels ) :i* ! :ole c\ntry is dott$ h be5 built 9 paym5t ( su* a v[2 & (t5 a boy may be se5 dress$ 9 a m9iature prie/'s co/ume1 because 9 "s illness 8 "m devot$ him to ! s]vice ( ,god or ( "s sa9t = a numb] ( ye>s if only he %\ld recov]4 ,b ! idea ( b>ga9+ by v[s is m pagan ?an ,*ri/ian1 & sometimes inde$ an ev5 cle>] e*o ( anci5t ?\ght is he>d1 z :5 a girl v[s to ! ,virg9 a silv] girdle if %e w lay h] 9 h] lov]'s arms#aje4 ,miracles aga9 are expect$ ( ! high] p[]s 9 return = man's s]vices to !m2 = z ! prov]b runs1 1 1 #8x is a sorry sa9t :o works no wond]s4' ,& wond]s are work$ z ! p expect--"s 9 appe>ance1 "s 9 fact4 ,a %am miracle is annually work$ by ! prie/s ( a *ur* ne> ,volo 9 ,!ssaly4 ,)9 ! walls1 /ill easily trac$1 ( ! old t[n ( ,demetrias on a spur ( ,m\nt ,pelion /&s an unf9i%$ *ur* d$icat$ to ! ,virg94 ,"h on ! ,friday aft] ,ea/] !re is a conc\rse f all ,!ssaly to see ! miracle4 ,at ! ea/ end ( ! *ur*1 on ! outside1 a squ>e tank has be5 sunk t5 or twelve feet bel[ ! level ( ! *ur* floor1 expos+1 on ! side =m$ by ! *ur* wall1 anci5t f\ndations--p]haps ( "s temple :]e ! same miracle 0 work$ two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! miracle consi/s 9 ! fill+ ( ?is tank ) wat]2 b see+ t "u ! floor ( ! *ur* itself !re are ci/]ns to :i* a %aft 9 ea* aisle desc5ds1 & t ! tank outside1 sunk1 z has be5 said1 to a l[] level1 undisguis$ly d]ives its wat] f a hole 9 ! f\ndations ( ! *ur*1 !re is less ( ! m>vell\s 9 ! fact t ! prie/s by op5+ "s sluice fill ! tank ?an 9 ! simple fai? ) :i* ! ?rong f all p>ts presses to obta9 a cupful ( ! miracul\sly f]tiliz+ b )al muddy liquid4 ,! wom5 dr9k x1 ! m5 c>ry x home to spr9kle a few drops on cornfield or v9ey>d4 ,g5u9e miracles1 at any rate ( heal+1 seem to be well e/abli%$4 ,aft] p]sonal inve/igation & enquiry at ! great fe/ival ( ,t5os ,i conclud$ t "s fai?-cures _h actually occurr$4 ,"s travell]s#ajf inde$ h be5 incl9$ to sc(f at ^! miracles & to write !m d[n m]e fabrications ( int]e/$ prie/s4 ,b 9 an (ficial #8,description ( "s ( ! miracles ( ! wond]-work+ icon ( ! ,annunciation 9 ,t5os' ! total numb] claim$ d[n to ! ye> #ahih is only =ty-f\r1 t is to say n an av]age ev5 ( "o a ye>2 & a l>ge majority ( ! cases detail$--includ+ twelve cases ( m5tal d]angem5t1 elev5 ( bl9dness1 & t5 ( p>alysis1 none ( !m cong5ital1--might ,i suppose come "u ! category ( n]v\s diseases = :i* a fai?-cure is possible2 :ile sev]al ( ! rema9d]1 su* z ! case ( a man :o at fir/ sight ( ! icon c\gh$ up a fi% bone :i* _h /uck 9 8 ?roat = two ye>s1 d n pass ! b\nds ( belief2 & ev5 if ! prie/s d sometimes set false or exagg]at$ rum\rs afloat1 x mu/ be conc$$ t ! peasant1 :o has fai? en\gh to believe _! /ories1 has also fai? en\gh1 if fai?-cures ev] occur1 to r5d] su* a cure possible 9 8 case4 ,inde$ no "o :o has be5 to ! great c5tres ( miracul\s heal+ c fail to be impress$ by ! unquail+ fai? ( ! pilgrims4 ,ye> by ye> !y come 9 _! ?\s&s1 br++ ! maim$ & ! halt & ! bl9d1 &1 m pitiful /ill1 ! hopelessly de=m$1 = ^: heal+ a miracle inde$ 7 ne$$4 ,ye> by ye> ^! are laid to sleep 9 ! *ur* or 9 its prec9cts on ! eve ( ! fe/ival4 ,ye> by ye> !y are c>ri$ :]e ! %ad[ ( ! icon z x passes 9 procession may p]*ance fall on !m4 ,ye> by ye> !y are spr9kl$ ) wat] f ! holy spr+4 ,& ye> by ye> mo/ ( !m dep>t z !y came1 maim$ & halt & bl9d & horribly mis%ap54 ,yet fai? abides undimm$2 hope /ill blossoms2 & !y g aga9 & aga9 until !y e>n ano!r release ?an t :i* !y crave4 ,! v dead1 x is said1 h ere n[ be5 br\ght f neighb\r+ isl&s1 b ! icon has n rais$ !m up4 ,!re are b few inde$ ^: fai? has made !m :ole2 b = my "p ,i d n d\bt t a boy's sight 0 re/or$ at ,t5os 9 ! ye> t ,i 0 !re 7#ahii71 or t simil> occurr5ces are well e/abli%$ at su* %r9es z t ( ! ,virg9 at ,megaspelaeon1 ( ,s4 ,george 9 ,scyros1 or ( ,s4 ,g]asimos 9 ,cephalonia4 ,closely b\nd up ) ^! miracul\s cures is ! old pagan practice ( 1 sleep+ 9 ! sanctu>y ( ! god ^: heal+ t\* is s\ght4 ,at ,t5os ! majority ( ! pilgrims :o come = ! fe/ival ( ,lady-day c only af=d to /op = ! "o night :i* prec$es x4 ,! sight !n is /range inde$4 ,! :ole floor ( ! *ur* & a great "p ( ! c\rty>d outside is cov]$ ) recumb5t wor%ipp]s4 ,) !m !y h br\ght mattresses & blankets = ^? ( ! sick = :om a /one floor is too h>d2 by _! side is pil$ baggage ( all descriptions1 cook+ ut5sils1 loaves ( bread1 j>s ( w9e or wat]1 ev]y?+ 9 fact necess>y = a long night's wat* or slumb]4 ,& on ?is mass ( close-pack$ suff]+ wor%ipp]s ! doors ( ! *ur* are lock$ f n9e 9 ! ev5+ till e>ly next morn+4 ,%ortly be=e ! clos+-h\r ,i pick$ my way ) difficulty 9 ! dim light ov] pro/rate =ms f ! s\? to ! nor? door4 ,! atmosph]e 0 suffocat+ & reek$ ) ! smoke ( wax tap]s :i* all day long ! pilgrims _h be5 burn+ be=e ! icon4 ,e malady & affliction seem$ to be repres5t$2 ! moan+ & c\gh+ nev] /opp$3 & ,i wond]$1 n :e!r !re w\ld be any miracul\s cures1 b h[ _m dea?s !re w\ld be 9 ! six or sev5 h\rs ( conf9em5t be=e ev5 ! doors 7 aga9 op5$4 ,b ?is is ! practice at its wor/4 ,:]e !re is m "t available1 !re is no?+ insanit>y 9 x4 ,9 ! li/ ( cures at ,t5os1 to :i* ,i h allud$1 !re are _m cases 9 :i* ! pati5t sp5t n "o night only b sev]al mon?s 9 ! *ur*4 ,z a typical case ,i may take t ( a sailor :o :ile keep+ look-out on a /eam] 9 ! h>b\r ( ,patras _h "s k9d ( p>alytic seizure4 ,he 0 tak5 to ,t5os & = f\r mon?s suff]$ t]ribly4 ,!n ab\t midday at ,ea/] he _h fall5 asleep & he>d a voice bidd+ him rise4 ,he woke up & ask$ ^? ab\t him :o _h call$ him2 !y said no "o2 s he slept aga94 ,?is happ5$ twice4 ,! ?ird "t on he>+ ! voice he op5$ 8 eyes & saw ent]+ ! *ur* a woman ( unspeakable beauty & brilliance1 & at ! %ock he rose to 8 feet & began to walk2 & ! same day accompani$ ! fe/ival procession r\nd ! t[n to ! a/oni%m5t ( all ! p4 ,:5 ,i 0 9 ,scyros ,i he>d ( an equally curi\s case ( a long-def]r$ cure :i* _h rec5tly tak5 place & 0 ! talk ( ! t[n4 ,= sev5 consecutive ye>s a man f ,euboea _h br\ght 8 wife1 :o 0 mad1 to ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,george to #8sleep 9' = =ty days4 ,%ortly be=e ,i arriv$ ! la/ ( ^! p]iods 0 j draw+ to a close1 :5 "o night bo? ! man & 8 wife saw a vision ( ,s4 ,george :o came & laid 8 h& on h] head2 & 9 ! morn+ %e woke sane4 ,( h] sanity :5 ,i saw h]--= !y 7 /ill 9 ! isl&1 pay+1 ,i ?9k1 "s v[ :i* ! man _h made--,i _h no d\bt2 & ! evid5ce ( ! p ( ! place :o = sev5 ye>s previ\sly _h se5 h] mad seem$ irrefragable4 ,! in/ances :i* ,i h cit$ are f ! records ( *ur*es :i* h succe$$ to ! reputation possess$ by ,epidaurus 9 antiquity4 ,^! ow+ to ! en?usiasm :i* _! fame inspires are probably ! sc5es ( m fai?-cures ?an humbl] & less kn[n sanctu>ies4 ,b 9 e *ur* ?r\gh\t ! l& ! obs]vance ( ! cu/om may occasionally be se52 = 9 ! less civilis$ di/ricts at any rate x is among ! commone/ rem$ies = *ildi% ailm5ts = a "m to pass ! night ) h] *ild 9 ! village *ur*4 ,we %all notice 9 lat] *apt]s ! remnants ( o!r pagan in/itutions :i* ! ,greek ,*ur* has h>b\r$--an oracle e/abli%$ 9 a ,*ri/ian *apel & s]v$ by a prie/--a *ur*-fe/ival at :i* sacrifice is done & om5s are read--! survival ( anci5t #8my/]ies' 9 ! dramatic celebration ( ,good ,friday & ,ea/]4 ,= ! pres5t en\gh has be5 said to %[ t1 ev5 )9 ! doma9 ( :at is nom9ally ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 ! peasant ( to-day 9 8 conception ( ! high] p[]s & 9 8 :ole attitude t[>ds !m rema9s a poly!i/ & a pagan4 ,& z 9 ?is aspect ( religion1 s 9 t o!r :i* conc]ns m5's c>e = ! dead & _! conception ( ! future life1 ! p]si/5ce ( pagan beliefs & cu/oms is con/antly manife/4 ,! anci5t fun]al usages are undi/urb$2 & 9 ! dirges :i* =m "p ( !m ! heav5 & ! hell ( ,*ri/ianity seem almo/ unkn[n3 #8! l[] _w' 7 71 ov] :i* rules nei!r ,god nor ! ,devil b ,*>on1 is ! l& to :i* all m5 alike are sp$4 ,b !re is no ne$ to dilate ^u ^! matt]s yet4 ,x is cle> en\gh already1 ,i hope1 t ! fact ( ,greece be+ nom9ally a ,*ri/ian c\ntry %\ld n preclude ! hope ( f9d+ !re in/ructive survivals ( paganism4 ,! ,*ur* did n ou/ h] pr$ecessor4 ,by a policy ( conciliation & compromise %e succe$$ inde$ 9 impos+ ^u ,hell5ic religion ! "n ( ,*ri/ianity & ! ,*ri/ian code ( morality & all ! ext]nal appanages ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip3 b 9 ! ess5tials ( religion prop] %e def]r$ l>gely to ! traditional s5tim5ts ( ! race4 ,%e utilis$ ! sanctu>ies :i* o!r associations _h r5d]$ holy2 %e p]mitt$ or adopt$ z h] own ! me?ods by :i* m5 _h approa*$ & entreat$ o!r gods ?an h]s2 %e condon$ poly!ism by appropriat+ ! %r9es ( gods :om m5 _h be5 wont to wor%ip to ! s]vice ( sa9ts :om !y inevitably w\ld wor%ip z gods in/ead2 & ev5 s %e fail$ to suppress altoge!r ! eject$ deities4 ,! result is t = ! peasant ,*ri/ianity is only a "p ( a l>g] s*eme ( religion4 ,to ! outside obs]v] x may appe> t !re are two di/9ct dep>tm5ts ( popul> religion1 ! "o nom9ally ,*ri/ian1 devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,god & ! ,sa9ts1 provid$ ) sanctu>ies & all ! app>atus ( wor%ip1 s]v$ by a regul> prie/hood1 limit$ by dogma & sy/em2 ! o!r conc]n$ ) ^? surviv+ deities ( pre-,*ri/ian ,greece to :om we mu/ next turn1 free 9 respect ( its wor%ip alike f ! int]v5tion ( p]sons & ! limitations ( place1 ob$i5t only to a traditional lore :i* ea* may int]pret by 8 own feel+s & augm5t by 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,b ! peasant seems h>dly s5sible ( any su* contra/4 ,8 ,*ri/ian & 8 pagan deities consort amicably toge!r2 pray] & v[ & (f]+ are made to bo?1 n[ to av]t _! wra?1 n[ to cajole !m into k9dness2 ! pr(ess$ prophets ( ei!r sort1 ! prie/s & ! wit*es1 are end[$ ) k9dr$ p[]s2 ev]y:]e !re is ov]lapp+ & int]tw9+4 ,& :5 ! v au?orities ( ! ,greek ,*ur* h adopt$ or conniv$ at s mu* ( pagan belief & cu/om1 h[ %\ld ! common-folk di/+ui% any long] ! tw9 elem5ts 9 _! bl5d$ fai?8 ,_! ,*ri/ianity has become homog5e\s ) _! paganism1 & x is ! religi\s _s inh]it$ f _! pagan ance/ors by :i* bo? alike are animat$4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,,viii4 #ch4 #g4 #b ,oneirocr4 ,,ii4 #cd & #cg4 #c i4e4 77771 dim9utive ( 4 #d ,also locally 1 a ^w ^: orig9 ,i _c trace4 #e 4 4 1 1 p4 #ij4 #f ,!ocr4 ,id4 ,,vi4 #ci4 #g ,sonn9i de ,magnonc\rt1 ,voyage en ,grce et en ,turquie1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ii4 #h 4 1 1 p4 #cfj1 cf4 1 1 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #adf4 #i ,9 ,a!ns1 among o!r places1 cf4 1 1 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #fi4 #aj ,v]g4 ,ecl4 ,,iii4 #ajc4 #aa ,9 ,s9asos ! rule is /rict 9 reg>d to bo?1 cf4 4 4 1 1 pp4 #hc1 #ic4 #ab 1 4 1 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #adf4 #ac ,ibid4 p4 #fd4 #ad ,cf4 1 4 1 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #da4 #ae ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,annunciation1 = example1 9 ,t5os1 possesses an z well z its miracul\s icon4 ,?is spr+ 0 9 high repute be=e ! icon 0 discov]$1 cf4 1 4 1 p4 #ajb 7a translation ( ,salonis1 ,voyage ,t9e 7,p>is #ahji774 ,! icon 0 discov]$ only j be=e ! ,greek ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce4 #af 1 4 1 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #e4 #ag ,! bani%m5t ( suff]+ etc4 to ! m\nta9s is an idea to be met ) 9 anci5t ,greek lit]ature1 cf4 ,orphic ,hymn1 no4 #ai1 1 1 ' 4 #ah ,cf4 4 4 1 1 p4 #hg4 #ai ,ibid4 p4 #hh4 #bj ,!ocr4 ,id4 ,,ii4 #bh4 #ba ,ibid4 #ec4 #bb 1 4 4 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #ba4 #bc ,?is is probably ! mod]n =m ( 1 #8entanglem5t4' ,! *ange ( initial to is n r>e 9 dialect1 cf4 = 7 7 #8mis]able'2 & 1 ) s\nd ( ,engli% v1 is regul>ly lo/ be=e 4 #bd ,see bel[1 pp4 #fj ff4 #be ,voyage en ,grce et en ,turquie1 ,,ii4 #adj4 #bf ,bel[1 pp4 #fa ff4 #bg 1 4 1 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #fj4 #bh ,plato1 ,*>m4 #h 7p4 #aee74 #bi ,! "n is probably d]iv$ f ! anci5t 1 ) meta!sis ( ! nasal s\nd4 ,if means conge/ion ( ! ?roat1 ! mod]n =mation 9 - w\ld mean #8"o :o causes conge/ion1'--app>5tly ( o!r p>ts besides ! ?roat4 ,! by-=ms & seem to h be5 influ5c$ by a desire to connect ! "n ) 1 #8heavy4' ,"u ! anci5t "n ( ?is demon1 #8,ephialtes1' ,suidas gives also a popul> "n ( 8 day1 1 a ^w borr[$ f late ,lat9 & app>5tly connect$ ) babulus 7baburrus1 baburcus1 babuztus7 #8fooli%1' #8mad4' ,babutsic>ius %\ld !n be ! s5d] ( fooli% or mad dreams4 ,suidas h[ev] may be 9 error2 see bel[ p4 #bag4 #cj ,i le>nt ! details ( ?is cure 9 ,aetolia2 a diff]5t v]sion ( x is record$ f ,cimolos by ,!odore ,b5t1 ,! ,cyclades1 pp4 #ea ff4 #ca ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore1 p4 #cfc4 #cb 1 1 pp4 #agb ff4 #cc ,pass[ 7,popul>ia ,c>m9a1 ,index1 s4v4 7 speaks ( a girl only4 ,he 0 p]haps influ5c$ by ! fem99e =m ( ! ^w4 #cd ,_m v]sions ( ! song h be5 collect$1 b ) little v>iation 9 sub/ance4 ,pass[ gives ?ree v]sions1 ,pop4 ,c>m4 nos4 #caa-cac4 #ce 1 1 pp4 #agb ff4 #cf belongs to ! dialect ( ! ,tsakonians z spok5 at ,leonidi1 b is o!rwise obsolete4 #cg ,= au?orities etc4 see ,f9lay1 ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 vol4 ,,iv4 pp4 #aa ff4 7cap4 #a1 #c74 #ch ,de ,!mat4 ,,ii4 #be4 ,f9lay1 op4 cit4 ,,iv4 #ag4 #ci ,ari/4 ,frogs1 #aad4 #dj ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xiv4 #bi-ca4 #da ,ib4 #ba4 #db ,i am indebt$ to ,mr ,l4 ,:ibley = po9t+ out to me two records ( ?is fact by ,engli% travell]s ( la/ c5tury1 ,w4 ,mure 7,j\rnal ( a ,t\r 9 ,greece1 #ahdb1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #ii71 & ,w4 ,g4 ,cl>k 7,peloponnesus1 #aheh1 p4 #bcg74 #dc ,p]haps ?is is ! 7,od4 #ad4 #cb7 :i* ,odysseus w\ld h endur$ = "s "t b = ! int]v5tion ( ,eumaeus4 ,o!rwise ! l9e mu/ h be5 ins]t$ by someone :o did n appreciate ! guile ( ,odysseus4 #dd ll4 #ce-f4 #de l4 #ch4 #df ll4 #de-g4 #dg ll4 #gb-g4 #dh l4 #gh4 #di ll4 #gi-hj4 #ej ,9 "s isl&s ! old ^w also is /ill us$4 #ea ,c4,i4,g4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #gij 7,no4 #afbe1 l4 #dg7 7f ,c>ditsa1 anc4 ,acraephia1 9 ,boeotia74 #eb ,= examples see ,pass[1 ,popul4 ,c>m4 nos4 #cje-cji4 #ec ,a!n4 ,,viii4 #cfj ,c4 #ed ,cf4 ,hom4 ,od4 #d4 #ghb4 #ee 1 4 4 1 1 p4 #hg 7transl4 ( ,dr ,m4 ,salonis1 ,voyage ,t9e 7,p>is1 #ahji774 #ef ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #i ff4 #eg 1 ,philo1 de vita contempl4 #b4 p4 #dgc ,m41 cit$ by ,rohde l4c4 #eh ,artemidorus1 ,oneirocr4 ,,iii4 #fa4 #ei ,soph4 ,fr4 #gec4 #fj ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,vita ,diog4 #f4 #ci4 #fa apud ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,x4 #abc4 #fb #a ,cor4 ,,xi4 #ba4 #fc ,apolog4 cap4 #e4 #fd ,lampridius 7,hi/4 ,aug47 ,alex4 cap4 #bi f4 #fe ,ibid4 #ff de ,ha]es4 cap4 #h4 ,= ! ref]5ces ,i am indebt$ to ,p\queville1 ,voyage de la ,grce1 vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #acf4 #fg ,clem4 ,alex4 ,protrept4 cap4 iv4 #ee 7p4 #ag ,sylb474 #fh ,i h giv5 ! /ory 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,i he>d x told by a peasant on bo>d a boat 9 ! ,euripus4 ,he 0 a native1 ,i ?9k1 ( ,euboea1 & be+ un$ucat$ probably knew ! /ory by oral tradition4 ,a slightly long] =m has1 h[ev]1 be5 publi%$ by ,hahn 7,grie*4 ,mr*51 vol4 ,,ii4 no4 #gf7 & by 7 1 p4 #dc74 #fi 1 4 4 ,,iii4 p4 #afd4 #gj ,b5t1 ,! ,cyclades1 p4 #deg4 #ga ,see bel[1 pp4 #afi f4 #gb ,i am unable to det]m9e :e!r ?is sa9t is ! prophet ,elijah ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 or a ,*ri/ian h]mit ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! ,greeks !mselves diff] 9 _! acc\nts4 #gc ,maury1 9 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 ,i4 p4 #ejb4 #gd ,accord+ to ,p\queville 7,voyage de la ,grce1 ,,ii4 p4 #agj7 ! rosalia 0 =m]ly celebrat$ bo? at ,p>ga 9 ,epirus & ,pal]mo 9 ,sicily4 ,! fe/ival at ,a!ns falls on ,ea/] ,tuesday1 & a l>ge numb] ( peasants come 9 f ! c\ntry to att5d x4 #ge ,clem4 ,alex4 ,protrept4 #cj4 #gf ,see ,j4 ,m4 ,neale1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,holy ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 p4 #ajdb4 #gg ,see bel[1 pp4 #ff ff4 #gh 1 4 4 ,,iii4 p4 #afj4 #gi ,! ,cyclades1 p4 #cai4 #hj ,b4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugrie*51 p4 #bh4 #ha ,travels 9 ,crete1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bej4 #hb ,s*midt 7,volksleb5 d] ,neugr4 p4 #ca7 records also ! phrase 1 p>allel ) ,/repsiades' joke 7,ar4 ,nub4 #cgc7 ' 4 #hc ,! ^w is extremely r>e1 b 1 ,i 0 told1 is a co>se k9d ( sieve4 ,! expression is f ,boeotia4 #hd ,f ,ara*ova on ,p>nassus1 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugr4 p4 #cc4 #he ,f ,cyprus4 #hf ,f ,zacyn?os1 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #cb4 #hg ,f ! isl& ( ,syme1 ne> ,rhodes4 #hh ,!re is a good discussion ( !m by 9 = #ahhj1 pp4 #ehe-fjh1 #ffe-fgh1 #gfb-ggc1 f :i* "s ( my examples are tak54 ,i h not$ ! prov5ance ( ! r>] expressions4 #hi ,pass[1 ,pop4 ,c>m41 ,di/i*4 ,amat4 #bdb1 quot$ by ,s*midt 7op4 cit4 p4 #cj71 :o notes ! ,hom]ic p>allel4 #ij ,py?4 ,,iv4 #aha 7#cbb71 4 #ia ,see e4g4 ,pass[1 ,pop4 ,c>m4 nos4 #dbf-dcb1 & bel[1 pp4 #aja-ajd4 #ib 4 4 1 1 p4 #aei4 #ic ,mr*51 etc41 no4 #ai4 #id pp4 #ia ff4 #ie ,! ,cyclades1 p4 #cgc4 #if ,!re is "s likelihood t ! title is a m]e corruption ( an old] title :i* _h a q diff]5t mean+2 b ,i am conc]n$ only ) ! exi/+ title z popul>ly int]pret$4 #ig ,ross1 ,reis5 auf d5 ,grie*4 ,inseln1 ,,iv4 p4 #gd4 #ih ,b5t1 ,cyclades1 p4 #df4 #ii ,s also 9 ,p>os1 ,b5t1 ,cyclades1 p4 #cgc4 #ajj ,a!naeus1 ,,ii4 #ci ,c4 #aja ,b5t1 ,cyclades1 p4 #gb4 #ajb 1 4 4 ,,iii4 p4 #aec4 #ajc 4 1 1 p4 #aca4 #ajd 4 1 1 p4 #fi4 #aje ,cf4 a c\plet quot$ by ,pa%ley1 ,travels 9 ,crete1 p4 #bec4 1 1 1 ' 4 #ajf e4g4 ,b5t1 ,! ,cyclades1 p4 #bdi4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,survival ,,( ,,pagan ,,deities4 #a4 ,,! ,,range ,,( ,,mod]n ,,poly!ism4 ,?us f> we h consid]$ paganism 9 its be>+ & influ5ce ^u mod]n ,greek ,*ri/ianity4 ,we h se5 h[ ! ,*ur*1 9 endeav\r+ to wid5 h] influ5ce1 c\nt5anc$ _m practices & conciliat$ _m prejudices ( a p ^: temp]am5t ne$$ a multitude ( gods & ^: piety c\ld pay homage to !m all1 a p moreov] to :om ! crit]ion ( div9ity 0 nei!r moral p]fection nor omnipot5ce4 ,f ! e?ical /&po9t "s ( ! anci5t gods 7 bett]1 "s worse ?an m53 9 po9t ( p[] !y 7 sup]human b n almighty4 ,"s inde$ claim$ t !re 0 no diff]5ce 9 orig9 betwe5 mank9d & its deities4 #8,"o is ! race ( m5' sang ,p9d> #8) ! race ( gods2 = "o is ! "m t gave to bo? our brea? ( life3 yet sund]$ are !y by p[]s :olly div]se1 9 t mank9d is z naught1 b heav5 is build$ ( brass t abide? ev] un%ak5#ajg4' ,"o 9 orig91 !y are div]se 9 might4 ,! te/ ( godhead is p[] suffic+ to defy dea?4 ,rightly !re=e did ,hom] make #8dea?less' & #8ev]be+' 8 con/ant epi!ts = ! gods4 ,immortality alone is ! quality :i* di/+ui%es !m 9 k9d & n m]ely 9 degree f m51 & makes !m wor?y ( wor%ip4 ,a p w$d$ to su* conceptions 7 naturally ready en\gh to in/all new immortals ( :om !y _h n kn[n be=e1 b reluctant to depose 9 _! fav\r ^? :om !y & _! =efa!rs _h kn[n & s]v$4 ,dang]s 7 to be appreh5d$ f neglect2 bless+s 7 to be secur$ by t5dance4 ,great] hon\r might be paid to "o god1 less to ano!r2 b f no immortal %\ld s]vice be :olly )held3 ev5 unconsci\s ov]sights %\ld be rem$i$ by (f]+s #8to an unkn[n god4' ,su* 9 its ess5ce 0 ! popul> religion1 inconsi/5t x may be & n deeply intellectual1 b 9 sympa?ies v broad--broad en\gh to encompass ! wor%ip ( all immortals1 broad z ! e>? & ! sky & ! sea :]e9 !y dwelt & mov$4 ,s vital & s deep-seat$ 9 ! he>ts ( ! common-folk are ^! religi\s t5d5cies1 t ev5 at ! pres5t day :5 ! ^w #8,*ri/ian' has become a popul> synonym = #8,greek' 9 contradi/9ction n only ) #8,mohamm$an1' b ev5 sometimes ) #8,we/]n' or #8,ca?olic' or ) #8,prote/ant1' & :5 horror w\ld be excit$ by any imputation ( poly!ism1 !re are yet recognis$ a l>ge numb] ( sup]human & = ! mo/ "p immortal be+s1 :om ! ,*ur* has be5 able nei!r to eradicate f ! popul> m9d nor yet to incorporate "u ! =m ( sa9ts or devils 9 h] own !ological sy/em4 ,^! be+s1 :e!r b5ignant to man or malefic5t1 are all treat$ z div9e4 ,9 anci5t times ! common p _h probably little appreciation ( ! v>i\s grades ( div9ity2 inde$ x 0 "o ( ! sev5 sages1 we are told1 :o fir/ diff]5tiat$ ,god & ! less] deities & ! h]oes#ajh2 & at ! pres5t day ! common-folk are c]ta9ly no m subtle ( und]/&+ ?an !y 7 !n4 ,god & ! ,sa9ts & ^! pagan p[]s are all fe>$ & wor%ipp$ 9 ! sev]al ways traditionally suit$ to ea*2 b ! fact ( wor%ip proclaims !m all alike to be gods4 ,! orig9 ( ! non-,*ri/ian deities1 ev5 if we 7 unable to id5tify any ( !m ) ! gods ( classical ,greece1 w\ld be cle>ly en\gh prov$ by "s ( ! g5]al t]ms "u :i* all ( !m are includ$4 ,^? :o use ^! t]ms inde$ no long] appreciate _! significance2 = all s5se ( antagonism betwe5 ! pagan & ,*ri/ian elem5ts 9 ! popul> religion has1 z we h se51 long be5 lo/4 ,b ! words !mselves are a relic ( ! e>ly days 9 :i* ! combat ( ,*ri/ianity ) ! hea!n _w 0 /ill /]n4 ,among ! mo/ widespread ( ^! t]ms is ! ^w #aji 7i4e4 71 ! #8extrane\s' p[]s1 cle>ly an inv5tion ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,! phrase #8^? t are )\t' 7 or 7 0 us$ by ,s4 ,paul fir/#aaj & aft]w>ds g5]ally by ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* to d5ote m5 ( all o!r p]suasions4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ,basil ( ,caes>ea employ$ ! adjective also 9 a correspond+ s5se#aaa4 ,?is ^w no d\bt became popul>1 & h5ce 1 #8! extrane\s ones1' became a conv5i5t t]m by :i* to d5ote compreh5sively all ^? old div9ities ^: wor%ip ! ,*ur* disall[$ b ev5 among h] own adh]5ts c\ld n :olly suppress4 ,ano!r compreh5sive t]m equally significant1 if n s commonly us$1 is #aab1 #8! pagan ones4' ,?is is 9 use 9 ! ,ionian isl&s & "s p>ts ( ! ma9l&1 b ,i h n met ) x nor f\nd x und]/ood 9 ! ,peloponnese or 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,aegean ,sea#aac4 ,9 ,cephalonia x is *iefly1 ?\gh n exclusively1 appli$ to a species ( sup]natural be+s usually call$ callicntz>i 77 ( :om m anon3 ! reason ( ?is re/riction may be ei!r ! fact t ^! mon/]s--to judge f ! folk-/ories ( ! isl&--s f> outnumb] !re all o!r k9ds ( #8pagan' be+s t ?is "o species has almo/ appropriat$ to itself ! g5]ic "n1 or t 9 old "t1 :5 ! ^w 1 #8pagan1' 0 /ill und]/ood 9 ! s5se :i* we attribute to x1 ^! mon/]s 7 deem$ specially #8pagan' because1 z we %all see lat]1 !y delight 9 di/urb+ a season ( ,*ri/ian gladness4 ,b else:]e ! t]m1 /ill employ$ 9 :at mu/ h be5 its orig9al mean+1 comprises all k9ds ( non-,*ri/ian deities2 & 9 e>li] times #8! pagan ones' 0 probably z frequ5t an expression z its synonym #8! extrane\s ones4' ,to ^! may p]haps be add$ ! r>e appellation record$ by ,s*midt#aad1 3 = if ! d]ivation f 1 #8fraud1' #8deceit1' be "r1 x w mean #8! false gods4' ,besides ^! ?ree names1 :i* indicate ! pre-,*ri/ian orig9 ( ^! deities1 !re are sev]al o!rs--"s 9 univ]sal usage1 o!rs local & dialectic1--:i* repres5t !m 9 v>i\s aspects4 ,z a class ( #8div9ities' !y are call$ 3 z #8app>itions1' ^: precise nature (t5 _c be fur!r det]m9$1 or &1 9 ,crete1 #aae3 z swift & #8sudd5' 9 _! com+ & go+1 #aaf3 z gho/ly & pass+ l a vision1 3 z d5iz5s1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( ! air1 3 & f _! simil>ity to angels1 4 ,x may seem /range t ! fir/ & ! la/ ( ^! t]ms1 & 1 %\ld be practically int]*angeable2 = ! ,*ur* at any rate did h] be/ 9 e>ly days to make ! =m] und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( #8demons' or #8devils' r ?an #8deities4' ,b ! attempt$ *ange ( mean+ seems to h fail$ to make mu* impression on a p :o did n view goodness z an ess5tial ( godhead2 & 9 lat] times ! ,*ur* h]self1 or _m ( h] less educat$ cl]gy at any rate1 surr5d]$ to ! popul> ideas4 ,fa!r ,ri*>d#aag1 a ,jesuit resid5t dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ! isl& ( ,santor9i1 m5tions ! case ( an old ,greek prie/ :o _h long made a speciality ( exorcism & 0 prep>$ to expel angels & demons alike f ! bodies ( ^? :o 7 afflict$ by !m4 ,! prie/ :5 que/ion$ by ! ,jesuit z to :at di/9ction he drew betwe5 demons & angels1 repli$ t ! demons came f hell1 :ile ! angels 7 1 a species ( arial be+2 b :ile he ma9ta9$ a !oretical diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 8 practice betray$ a belief t bo? 7 equally h>mful4 ,exorcism _h to be employ$ 9 cases ( #8angelic' z well z ( #8demoniacal' possession2 & ,fa!r ,ri*>d details ! cruelties & tortures inflict$ ^u a woman suspect$ ( ! =m] 9 ord] to make ! p]nici\s angelic _s )9 h] confess its "n4 ,! *>act]s ( & are 9 fact ! same1 & ! subtle !ological di/9ctions :i* might be drawn betwe5 !m are naturally lo/ on a p :o see !m treat$ ev5 by ! prie/s z equally baneful4 ,a few o!r local or dialectic names rema9 to be notic$4 ,two ( !m1 & 1 d5ote prop]ly two sev]al species ( sup]natural be+s--! =m] be+ ! g5ii ( fix$ places#aah1 & ! latt] arial be+s *iefly conc]n$ ) ! passage ( m5 f ?is _w to ! next#aai--;& are only loosely & locally employ$ 9 a m compreh5sive s5se4 ,! "n 1 record$ f ,philiatr 9 ,mess5ia1 is app>5tly a dim9utive =m f a root mean+ #8t]rible#abj4' ,a ,cretan ^w is ( less c]ta9 etymology1 b if1 z has be5 surmis$1 x has any relation ) ! v]b 1 #8to g d[n to ! und]world1' & h5ce #8to fall into a trance1' 7#8entranc$' spirits be+ ?\ght tempor>ily to h dep>t$ ?i!r17 x may d5ote ei!r d5iz5s ( ! l[] _w or be+s :o fright5 m5 into a s5seless & trance-l /ate#aba4 ,next come ! two words & 1 ( :i* ,i believe ! int]pretation is "o & ! same4 ,b]nh>d ,s*midt#abb1 ^: "w ,i h con/antly consult$ 9 ?is & lat] *apt]s1 w\ld d]ive ! =m] f a middle-,greek ^w #abc1 equival5t to ! anci5t 1 a fanta/ic animal ( ,ari/ophanic fame2 b x 0 expla9$ to me 9 ,scyros to be a jocose euphemism z appli$ to sup]natural be+s & to d5ote prop]ly p>asitic insects4 ,! impli$ comb9ation ( sup]/iti\s awe 9 avoid+ ! "n ( sup]natural ?+s ) a c]ta9 broad hum\r 9 sub/itut+ :at is1 to ! peasant1 "o ( ! less] annoyances ( life is c]ta9ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,greek folk2 & ! accuracy ( ! explanation giv5 to me is confirm$ by ! fact t 9 ! isl& ( ,cy?nos ! o!r ^w1 1 is record$ to be> also ! mean+ ( #8insects#abd4' ,! joke1 if su* x be1 mu/ date f a long "t back & 9 its prime mu/ h enjoy$ a widespread popul>ity2 = at ,ar*ova on ! slopes ( ,p>nassus1 a place f> di/ant f ,scyros1 ! ^w is employ$ 9 ! s5se ( sup]natural be+s by p]sons :o app>5tly are q ignorant ( its orig9al mean+#abe4 ,to ^! difficult t]ms mu/ be add$ a few euphemisms ( a simple nature-- 7i4e4 7 #8! enviable ones' 9 "o village ( ,t5os#abf1 & 9 _m places su* g5]al t]ms z #8! noble1'-- #8our bro!rs1'-- #8! =tunate ones1'-- #8! joyful ones4' ,^! evasions ( a m direct nom5clature are v frequ5t1 &1 s9ce ! *oice ( epi!t is practically at ! discretion ( ! speak]1 x w\ld be impossible to compile a complete li/ ( !m4 ,h[ f> ea* ( ^! names may be appli$ 9 g5]al to all ! classes ( pagan gods & demons & mon/]s :om ,i am ab\t to describe is a "q :i* ,i _c det]m9e4 ,on ! "o h& _m ( ! names1 z we h se51 are purely local1 conf9$ to a few villages or di/ricts or isl&s & unkn[n & un9telligible else:]e3 & on ! o!r h& "s ( ^! sup]natural be+s !mselves are equally local1 & my in=mation conc]n+ !m has be5 ga!r$ f widely sep>at$ regions ( ! ,greek _w4 ,h5ce x foll[s t :ile ! sev]al t]ms :i* ,i h expla9$ are compreh5sive 9 local usage & include all ! sup]natural be+s locally recognis$1 x is impossible to say :e!r ! us]s ( !m w\ld ?9k fit to ext5d !m to ! deities ( o!r di/ricts4 ,probably !y w\ld d s2 b only = ! mo/ widely curr5t t]ms1 & 1 c ,i claim ) assurance any?+ l univ]sal application4 ,! surviv+ pagan deities fall naturally into two classes4 ,!re are ! solit>y & individual figures su* z ,demet]1 & !re is ! greg>i\s & g5]ic class to :i* belong = example ! ,nymphs4 ,an exceptional case may occur 9 :i* "s orig9ally s+le p]sonality has be5 multipli$ into a :ole class4 ,! ,lesbian maid5 ,gello1 :o1 accord+ to a sup]/ition kn[n to ,sappho#abg1 9 rev5ge = h] untimely dea? haunt$ h] old abodes prey+ ^u ! babes ( wom5 ^: mo!rhood %e envi$1 is no long] "o b _m2 ! place ( a maid51 :om dea? c>ri$ (f ere %e _h kn[n ! love ( husb& & *ildr51 has be5 tak5 by )]$ wit*-l be+s :o none ! less be> h] "n & resemble h] 9 t !y light1 l ,h>pies1 ^u "y *ildr5 & suck out _! hum\rs#abh4 ,b 9 ! ma9 ! division holds2 !re are s+le gods & !re are gr\ps ( gods4 ,( ! =m]1 9 sev]al cases1 !re is v little to record4 ,su* memory ( !m z /ill l+]s among ! p is conf9$ p]haps to a s+le folk-/ory out ( ! _m t h be5 pres]v$4 ,9 su* cases ,i d n feel entire confid5ce t ! ref]5ce is a piece ( g5u9e tradition2 9 spite ( ! popul> =m 9 :i* ! /ories are ca/1 x is always possible t1 ow+ to ! spread ( education1 "s s*ola/ic smatt]+s ( anci5t my?ology h be5 introduc$ by ! /ory-tell]4 ,!re are c]ta9ly pl5ty ( tales to be he>d ab\t ,alex&] ! ,great :i* are drawn f lit]>y s\rces2 & x is possible t two /ories publi%$ by ,s*midt :i* conta9 app>5t rem9isc5ces ( ,poseidon & ( ,pan are vitiat$1 f ! po9t ( view ( folklore1 9 ! same way4 ,=tunately ! cases 9 :i* ?is res]ve mu/ be felt are few & 9 ! nature ( ?+s unimportant3 =1 ?\gh pro( ( g5u9e tradition w\ld be int]e/+1 yet a s+le mod]n allusion is n likely to ?r[ any light on ! anci5t conception ( a deity or 8 cult4 ,:]e on ! o!r h& mod]n folklore is m abundant--& 9 ! case ( ! gr\ps ( less] deities above all !re is ample /ore ( in=mation--x is possible t /udy ( ! popul> conceptions ( to-day may illum9e our und]/&+ ( anci5t religion4 #b4 ,,zeus4 4 ,to ,zeus1 ! anci5t fa!r ( gods & m51 belongs prec$5ce2 b !re is 9 tru? little room = him 9 ! mod]n s*eme ( popul> religion4 ,8 functions h be5 transf]r$ to ! ,*ri/ian ,god1 & 8 p]sonality m]g$ 9 t ( ! ,fa!r :om ! ,*ur* ackn[l$ges4 ,b ?\gh he is no long] a deity1 ! anci5t conception ( him has impos$ n>r[ limitations ^u ! "* ( 8 successor4 ,we h not$ already t ! ,god n[ recognis$ ex]cises ! same g5]al control1 z did =m]ly ,zeus1 ov] all ! *anges & *ances ( ?is mortal life1 b has1 aga9 resembl+ ,zeus1 = 8 special prov9ce only ! regulation ( ! m monoton\s phases ( nature & ! wea!r4 ,! m unusual ph5om5a1 & among !m sometimes ev5 ! ?und]1 to :i* ,s4 ,elias has pret5sions1 are delegat$ to sa9ts or to non-,*ri/ian deities2 b = ! mo/ "p ! ?und] rema9s ! possession ( ,god1 z x 0 always t ( ,zeus2 & its m important concomitant1 ! lightn+1 is nev]1 ,i ?9k1 attribut$ to ,s4 ,elias1 b is wield$ by ,god alone4 ,! v "n ( ?is weapon :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,god has inh]it$ is sugge/ive ( ! ,olympian rgime4 ,mu* has be5 he>d lately ( ! d\ble-head$ axe z a religi\s symbol :i* seems to h be5 con/antly associat$1 especially 9 ,crete1 ) ! wor%ip ( ,zeus4 ,! mod]n ,greek ^w = :at we call ! ?und]bolt is 7a syncopat$ =m ( by loss ( "o ( two concurr5t syllables beg9n+ ) ! same consonant71 & means lit]ally a #8lightn+-axe4' ,! weapon !re=e :i* ! supreme ,god wields is conceiv$ z an axe-%ap$ missile2 &1 ?\gh 9 ! anci5t lit]ature :i* has come d[n to u we may n[h]e f9d ! ^w us$ ( ! ?und]bolt1 !re is no reason :y ! mod]n ^w %\ld n be ! expression ( a conception inh]it$ f antiquity & s furni% a clue to :at 9 itself seems a simple & suitable explanation ( ! mu*-canvass$ symbol4 ,aga9 ! div9e associations ( ! ?und]bolt n[ z 9 ! reign ( ,zeus are atte/$ by ! awe 9 :i* m5 & cattle1 trees & h\ses1 :i* h be5 /ruck by lightn+1 are univ]sally held--awe ( t primitive k9d :i* does n di/+ui% betwe5 ! sacr$ & ! accurs$4 ,x is suffici5t t p>ticul> p]sons or objects h come into close contact ) div9e p[]2 t contact sets !m ap>t2 !y mu/ n d common "w or be put to common uses4 ,9 old days any place :i* _h be5 /ruck 0 di/+ui%$ by ! erection ( an alt> & ! p]=mance ( sacrifice1 b at ! same "t x 0 left unoccupi$ &1 save = sacrificial purposes1 untrodd5#abi2 x 0 bo? hon\r$ & avoid$4 ,9 ! case ( p]sons h[ev] ! s5se ( awe v]g$ on e/eem4 #8,no "o1' says ,artemidorus1 #8:o has be5 /ruck by lightn+ is exclud$ f citiz5%ip2 inde$ su* an "o is hon\r$ ev5 z a god#acj4' ,! same feel+ is /ill exhibit$4 ,! peasant makes ! sign ( ! cross z he passes any scor*$ & black5$ tree-trunk2 b if a man has ! =tune to be /ruck & n kill$1 he may indulge a ta/e = idl5ess = ! re/ ( 8 life--8 neighb\rs w support him--& enjoy at ! same "t ! reputation ( be+ some?+ m ?an human4 ,b 9 spite ( ! rev]5t awe :i* ! victim ( ! lightn+ excites1 ! ?und]bolt is (t5 view$ n[1 z 9 old "t1 z ! in/rum5t ( div9e v5geance4 ,! p ( ,ar*ova1 :5 !y see a fla%1 expla9 ! occurr5ce 9 ! phrase 1 #8,he has burnt up "s devil1' & ! impli$ subject ( ! v]b1 z 9 mo/ phrases describ+ ! wea!r1 is und\bt$ly ,god#aca4 ,! same idea1 9 yet m frankly pagan g>b1 is well exhibit$ 9 a /ory f ,zacyn?os#acb1 :i* is no?+ b ! old my? ( ! w> ( ! ,titans aga9/ ,zeus ) ! names ( ! actors omitt$4 ,! gi/ ( x is z foll[s4 ,! giants once rebell$ aga9/ ,god4 ,fir/ !y climb$ a m\nta9 & hurl$ rocks at him2 b he grasp$ 8 ?und]bolts 7 7 & ?rew !m at ! giants1 & !y all fell d[n f ! m\nta9 & _m 7 kill$4 ,!n "o ^: c\rage 0 /ill un%ak5 ti$ re$s toge!r & tri$ to rea* to heav5 ) !m 7= :at purpose1 does n appe> 9 ! /ory2 b folk-tales are (t5 some:at inconsequ5t1 & ?is vague incid5t is probably an imp]fect rem9isc5ce ( ! leg5d ( ,prome!us72 b ! lightn+ burnt him to a%es4 ,!n 8 rema9+ companions made a la/ assault1 b ! lightn+ aga9 slew _m ( !m1 & ! re/ 7 condemn$ to live all _! life long %ut 9 b5ea? a m\nta94 ,?is /ory is "o ( ^? :i* 9 !mselves might be suspect$ ( s*ola/ic orig9 or influ5ce2 b x s happ5s t practically ! same /ory has be5 record$ f ,*ios also1 ) ! slight addition t !re ! lead] ( ! giants' assault has usurp$ ! "n ( ,samson4 ,su* corroboration f ! o!r end ( ! ,greek _w goes f> to e/abli% ! g5u9e nature ( ! tradition4 ,?us ?\gh ,zeus has be5 g5]ally sup]s$$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,god1 8 "* & my?ic attributes h left a /rong & indelible m>k ^u ! religion ( to-day4 ,! pres5t conception ( ,god is practically id5tical ) ! anci5t conception ( ! deity :o 0 inde$ "o among _m gods & yet 9 ?\ght & (t5 also 9 spee* ! god p> excell5ce4 ,*ri/ianity has effect$ little "h beyond ! suppression ( ! p]sonal "n ,zeus4 ,all ?is1 no d\bt1 illu/rates ! fusion ( paganism ) ,*ri/ianity r ?an ! indep5d5t co-exi/5ce ( deities ( ! sep>ate sy/ems4 ,b !re are two small facts 9 virtue ( :i* ,i h giv5 to ,zeus a place among ! pagan deities ^: di/9ct p]sonality is n yet :olly sunk 9 oblivion4 ,! m5 ( ,ar*ova1 z we h notic$ above1 /ill swe> by ! #8god ( ,crete1' :o c be no o!r ?an ,zeus2 & 9 ,crete itself !re 0 rec5tly1 & may /ill be1 9 use ! invocation 1 #8,he>k5 to me1 ,o god ,zeus#acc4' ,su* expressions1 ?\gh _! orig9al =ce is no long] kn[n by ^? :o use !m1 are none ! less indications t p]haps n _m g5]ations ago ,zeus 0 /ill locally recognis$ & rev]5c$ z a deity di/9ct f ! ,*ri/ian ,god1 to :om inde$ ev]y:]e he c only gradually h c$$ 8 position & 8 attributes4 #c4 ,,poseidon4 ,= ! survival ( any god ( ! sea 9 ! imag9ation ( ! ,greek p ,i _c p]sonally v\*4 ,?\gh ,i h be5 among ! seaf>+ population 9 _m p>ts1 ,i h nev] he>d m5tion ( o!r ?an female deities4 ,t :i* ,i "h set d[n re/s entirely on ! au?ority ( ,b]nh>d ,s*midt4 ,9 8 collection ( folk-/ories !re is "o f ,zacyn?os1 entitl$ #8,capta9 ,?irte51' :i* runs z foll[s#acd3--;,a k+ :o 0 ! /ronge/ man ( 8 "t made w> on a neighb\r4 ,8 /r5g? lay 9 ?ree hairs on 8 brea/4 ,he 0 on ! po9t ( cru%+ 8 foes :5 8 wife 0 brib$ to cut (f ! hairs1 & he ) ?irte5 companions 0 tak5 prison]4 ,b ! hairs began to gr[ aga91 & s 8 enemies ?rew him & 8 companions into a pit4 ,! o!rs 7 kill$ by ! fall1 b he be+ ?r[n 9 la/1 fell ^u !m & 0 unhurt4 ,ov] ! pit 8 enemies !n rais$ a m\nd4 ,he f\nd h[ev] 9 ! pit a dead bird1 & hav+ fa/5$ its w+s to 8 h&s flew up & c>ri$ away m\nd & all ) him4 ,!n he so>$ high 9 ! air until a /orm ( ra9 wa%$ away ! clay t held ! fea!rs to 8 h&s1 & he fell into ! sea4 #8,!n f out ! sea came ! god !re( 7 7 & /ruck him ) a ?ree-prong$ =k 7 7' & *ang$ him into a dolph9 until su* "t z he %\ld f9d a maid5 ready to be 8 wife4 ,! dolph9 aft] "s "t sav$ a %ip-wreck$ k+ & 8 daught]1 & ! pr9cess by way ( rew>d took him = h] husb& & ! spell 0 brok54 ,o!r *>act]i/ics ( ?is trid5t-be>+ sea-god are1 accord+ to ! same au?ority#ace1 t he is 9 =m half human & half fi%2 t 8 weal?1 consi/+ ( all treasures lo/ 9 ! sea1 is s great t he sleeps on a c\* ( gold2 & t he rides ^u dolph9s4 ,?us ,poseidon1 x appe>s1 7or x may be ,n]eus17 has surviv$ locally 9 ! remembrance ( ! ,greek p z a deity unconnect$ ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,f> m g5]ally h[ev] 8 functions h be5 transf]r$ to ,s4 ,nicolas1 ^: aid is inv>iably invok$ by seam5 9 "t ( p]il1 & :o has acquir$ ! byname ( #8sailor' 77#acf4 ,! allusion to ! sea-god & 8 trid5t 9 ! /ory :i* ,i h repeat$ mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be accept$ ) "s res]ve z be+ possibly a s*ola/ic int]polation4 ,i _c f9d confirmation ( x 9 any o!r folk-/ory1 & moreov] ! latt] "p ( ! tale is famili> to me 9 ano!r =m4 ,! h]o is usually a "y pr9ce :o goes out to seek adv5tures 9 ! _w1 n a k+ :o has already a wife at home2 & 8 trans=mation into a dolph9 is effect$ by "s malici\s wit* into ^: toils he falls4 ,b :ile = ^! reasons ,i d n put ! /ory =w>d z c]ta9 evid5ce ( ! survival ( ,poseidon 9 ! popul> memory1 ,i h rec\nt$ x at "s l5g? because x is an excell5t type ( curr5t folk-tales1 & f a /udy ( x1 if we may n[ leave ,poseidon & make a brief digression1 we may appreciate ! relation exi/+ betwe5 su* /ories & ! my?s ( antiquity4 ,! k+ :o 0 ! /ronge/ man ( 8 "t has a classical prototype 9 ! ,mess5ian lead] ,ari/om5es4 ,he too 0 ?r[n ) 8 comrades into a pit by 8 enemies1 ! ,sp>tans1 & alone escap$ dea? f ! fall1 be+ borne up on ! w+s ( eagles4 ,aga91 ! idea ( a man's /r5g? resid+ 9 a c]ta9 hair or hairs is well kn[n 9 anci5t my?ology2 & al?\gh x is by no means peculi> to ! ,greeks1 b is common to _m peoples ( ! _w1 we may fairly suppose t ! mod]n ,greek has n borr[$ x f outside1 b has inh]it$ x f ^? ance/ors among ^: my?s 0 ! /ory ( ,scylla & ,nisus4 ,la/ly1 9 ! incid5t ( ! h]o fa/5+ w+s to 8 arms ) clay & 8 subsequ5t fall into ! sea !re are all ! ess5tials ( ! leg5d ( ,ic>us4 ,"h !n comb9$ 9 "o mod]n folk-/ory we f9d ! motifs ( ?ree sep>ate anci5t my?s4 ,& f x & o!rs ( l nature--= 9 ! collection f :i* ,i h borr[$ x !re are sev]al /ories 9 :i* su* figures z ,midas1 ! ,sph9x1 & ! ,cyclopes are easily recognis$--an inf]5ce may be drawn z to ! real relation ( anci5t my?ology to mod]n folk-/ories4 ,c]ta9 !mes mu/ h exi/$ f "t immemorial1 & ^! h be5 work$ up into tales by successive g5]ations ( raconteurs ) ev]-v>y+ sett+s4 ,fre% comb9ations ( motifs h be5 & are /ill be+ tri$2 fre% embroid]y ( detail may be add$ by ea* arti/2 only ! !me 9 its pla9e/ =m1 ! m]e gr\ndwork ( /ory1 rema9s immutable4 ,?is at ! same "t expla9s ! wide v>iations ( ! same my? ev5 among ! anci5ts !mselves1 & w>ns u n to judge ( ! value ( a mod]n folk-/ory or folk-song by ! clos5ess ( its resemblance to any anci5t my? :i* may h be5 pres]v$ to u 9 lit]ature4 ,x 0 naturally ! mo/ f9i%$ & arti/ic pres5tm5t ( ! /ory :i* appeal$ to ! ta/e ( educat$ m5 & ?us became ! or?odox classical v]sion2 b !re is e likelihood t be=e ! /ory rea*$ ! /age ( ackn[l$g$ p]fection mu* t 0 primitive _h be5 suppress$ z in>ti/ic1 & mu* t 0 n traditional _h be5 add$ by ! poet's imag9ation4 ,! unlett]$ /ory-tell]1 end[$ ) less fancy & ignorant ( ! conv5tions ( art1 is a f> tru/i] vehicle ( pure tradition2 = ?\gh he feels himself at lib]ty to compose v>iations ( ! orig9al !me1 he c]ta9ly has less p[] & g5]ally less incl9ation to d s2 = x is on exactness ( memory & ev5 v]bal fidelity to ! traditional =m ( ! /ory t ! mod]n /ory-tell] *iefly prides himself4 ,h5ce ! mod]n folk-/ory1 /raight f ! peasant's lips 9 a =m almo/ v]bally id5tical ) t 9 :i* successive g5]ations ( peasants be=e him n>rat$ x1 may conta9 m g5u9ely primitive mat]ial ?an a lit]>y v]sion ( x :i* dates f p]haps two ?\s& ye>s or m ago4 #d4 ,,pan4 ,a /ory1 aga9 f ! same collection#acg1 runs 9 brief z foll[s3--,once ^u a "t a prie/ _h a good son :o t5d$ goats4 ,"o day #8,panos' gave him a kid ) a sk9 ( gold4 ,he at once (f]$ x z a burnt-(f]+ to ,god1 & 9 answ] an angel promis$ him :atsoev] he %\ld ask4 ,he *ose a magic pipe :i* %\ld make all he>]s dance4 ,s no enemy c\ld come ne> to t\* him4 ,! k+ h[ev] s5t = him1 & ! goa!rd1 aft] mak+ ! envoys dance m ?an once1 volunt>ily let himself be tak54 ,! k+ !n ?rew him into prison1 b he _h 8 flute /ill ) him1 & :5 he play$ ev5 h\ses & rocks danc$1 & fell & cru%$ all save him & 84 #8,! :ole bus9ess1' concludes ! /ory1 #80 arrang$ by ,panos to cleanse ! _w some:at ( evil m54' ,"h ! pa/oral sc5e & ! gift ( ! magic pipe 7n by ,panos himself1 x is true1 b indirectly ?anks to him7 sugge/ a g5u9e remembrance ( ,pan4 ,x 0 f him t #8bonus ,daphnis' le>nt ! art ( music4 ,! =m :i* ! "n has assum$ is ! *ief difficulty4 ,! mod]n nom9ative1 if =m$ 9 ! same way z 9 o!r words ( ! same decl5sion1 w\ld naturally be ,panas 771 & ! unusual t]m9ation ar\ses "s suspicion t ! n>rator ( ! /ory _h he>d ( ,pan f "s lit]>y s\rce &1 z (t5 happ5s 9 su* cases1 _h got ! "n a little wrong4 ,b if ! tale be a piece ( g5u9e tradition1 ! conclusion ( x is rem>kable4 ,! moral purpose ascrib$ to ! deity seems to indicate a l(ti] conception ( him ?an t :i* is commonly f\nd 9 anci5t art & lit]ature4 ,b ! popul> tradition embodi$ 9 ! leg5d is n !re=e necess>ily at fault2 inde$ x may be m true to ! conception ( ,pan :i* prevail$ among ! common-folk 9 old days ?an 7 ! portraits drawn & h&$ d[n by ! m educat$ ( _! contempor>ies4 ,! patron-god ( ,arcadian %eph]d-life w\ld naturally h seem$ a rude be+ to ! cultur$ ,a!nians ( ! fif? c5tury1 :o b = 8 miracul\s int]v5tion 9 ! battle ( ,m>a?on w\ld nev] h hon\r$ him ) a temple4 ,b among 8 orig9al wor%ipp]s x may well be t1 besides presid+ ov] ! increase ( _! flocks1 z did ,demet] ov] ! increase ( _! fields1 he 0 deem$ to resemble h] also 9 ! possession ( m exalt$ attributes1 s t !re 0 cause inde$ = lam5tation ov] t /range message #8,great ,pan is dead#ach4' ,b p]*ance ,pan is n dead yet1 or if dead n =gott54 ,& z ?is solit>y mod]n /ory1 if x be g5u9e1 te/ifies to a longliv$ remembrance ( 8 bett] qualities1 s 9 ! demonology ( ! middle ages a /]n] aspect ( 8 anci5t "* /ill secur$ to him m5's awe4 ,!ocritus#aci gave voice to a well-kn[n sup]/ition :5 he made ! goat-h]d say3 #8,nay1 %eph]d1 x may n be2 9 ! noontide we may n pipe2 'tis ,pan t we fe>'2 = 9 8 rage if r\s$ f 8 midday slumb] he 0 believ$ to /rike ! intrud] ) #8panic' t]ror3 & x 0 ?is sup]/ition :i* influ5c$ ! translators ( ! ,septuag9t :5 !y r5d]$ ! phrase1 :i* 9 our ,bible v]sion ( ! ,psalms#adj appe>s z #8! de/ruction t wa/e? at noonday1' by ! words 4 ,by ! latt] half ( ?is phrase ! memory ( ,pan 0 und\bt$ly p]petuat$2 = 9 c]ta9 =ms ( pray] quot$ by ,leo ,allatius#ada 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 among ! p]ils f :i* div9e deliv]ance is s\ght is m5tion$ m ?an once ?is #8midday demon'2 & a correspond+ #8daemon m]idianus#adb' f\nd a place ( equal dignity among ! gho/ly enemies ( ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,p]haps ev5 yet 9 ! pa/oral upl&s ( ,greece "s travell] w he> news ( ,pan4 #e4 ,,demet] ,,& ,,p]sephone4 ,( few anci5t deities has popul> memory be5 m t5aci\s ?an ( ,demet]2 b 9 diff]5t di/ricts ! rem9isc5ces take v diff]5t =ms4 ,!re are _m traces ( h] "n & cult1 & ( ! leg5ds conc]n+ bo? h] & h] daught]2 b 9 "o place !y h be5 ,*ri/ianis$1 9 ano!r !y h rema9$ pagan4 ,9 s f> z %e has affect$ ! traditions ( ! ,*ur*1 a male deity1 ,s4 ,demetrius1 has 9 g5]al sup]s$$ h]4 ,"u ! title ( 1 #8belong+ to ! dry l&1' he has 9 mo/ di/ricts tak5 ov] ! patronage ( agriculture2 :ile 8 inh]it$ int]e/ 9 m>riage receives te/imony f ! numb] ( w$d+s celebrat$1 especially 9 ! agricultural di/ricts1 on 8 day4 ,b at ,eleusis1 ! old home ( ,demet]'s mo/ sacr$ rites1 ! p1 x seems1 w\ld n brook ! sub/itution ( a male sa9t = _! goddess1 & yield$ to ecclesia/ical influ5ce only s f> z to create = !mselves a sa9t ,demetra 7 7 entirely unkn[n else:]e & nev] canonis$4 ,fur!r1 9 op5 defiance ( an iconocla/ic ,*ur*1 !y reta9$ an old /atue ( ,demet]1 & m]ely prefix+ ! title #8sa9t' to ! "n ( _! *]i%$ goddess1 cont9u$ to wor%ip h] z be=e4 ,! /atue 0 regul>ly cr[n$ ) g>l&s ( fl[]s 9 ! av[$ hope ( obta9+ good h>ve/s1 & )\t d\bt pray] 0 made be=e x z n[ be=e ! pictures ( canonical sa9ts4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s cont9u$ d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!n1 9 #ahja1 two ,engli%m51 nam$ ,cl>ke & ,cripps1 arm$ by ! ,turki% au?orities ) a lic5se to plund]1 p]petrat$ an act un5viably l t ( ,v]res at ,enna1 & 9 spite ( a riot among ! peasants ( ,eleusis remov$ by =ce ! v5]able m>ble2 & t :i* 0 ! visible =m ( ! great goddess on ^: pres5ce & goodwill _h dep5d$ f immemorial ages ! f]tility ( ! ,?riasian pla9 is n[ a little-reg>d$ object catalogu$ z #8,no4 ,,xiv1 ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 ,cambridge1 7mu* mutilat$7#adc4' ,sa9t ,demetra h[ev]1 ?\gh lo/ to sight1 0 yet de> to ! memory ( ! village-folk2 & 9 spite ( ! deva/ation ( old beliefs & leg5ds :i* ! mu*-vaunt$ progress & education ( ,greece h committ$ 9 ! m civilis$ di/ricts )\t conf]r+ any s5sible comp5sation1 ! antiqu>ian ,l5ormant f\nd 9 #ahfj an old ,albanian#add prie/ :o :5 once reassur$ t no ridicule 0 int5d$1 recit$ to him ! foll[+ rem>kable leg5d#ade3 #8,s4 ,demetra 0 an old woman ( ,a!ns1 k9d & good1 :o devot$ all h] little means to fe$+ ! poor4 ,%e _h a daught] :o 0 beautiful pa/ all imag9+2 s9ce 8lady ,aphrodite0 7 '7 none _h be5 se5 s lovely4 ,a ,turki% "l ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,s\li1 :o 0 a wick$ man & v]s$ 9 magic1 saw h] "o day comb+ h] hair1 :i* 0 ( gold5 hue & rea*$ to ! v gr\nd1 & became passionately enam\r$ ( h]4 ,he bid$ 8 "t1 & hav+ f\nd 8 *ance ( speak+ ) h] tri$ to s$uce h]4 ,b %e be+ z prud5t z %e 0 beautiful1 repuls$ all ! miscreant's advances4 ,!reupon he resolv$ to c>ry h] (f & put h] 9 8 h>em4 ,"o ,*ri/mas night1 :ile ,demetra 0 at *ur*1 ! ,turk 7 7 =c$ ! door ( h] h\se1 seiz$ ! girl :o 0 at home alone1 c>ri$ h] (f 9 spite ( h] cries ( di/ress1 & hold+ h] 9 8 arms leapt ^u 8 horse4 ,! horse 0 a wond]ful "o2 x 0 black 9 col\r2 f its no/rils x brea!d out flames1 & 9 "o b\nd c\ld pass f ! ,ea/ unto ! ,we/4 ,9 an in/ant x _h c>ri$ ravi%] & victim "r to ! m\nta9s ( ,epirus4 ,:5 ! ag$ ,demetra came back f *ur*1 %e f\nd h] h\se brok5 into & h] daught] gone2 great 0 h] despair4 ,%e ask$ h] neighb\rs if !y knew :at _h become ( h] daught]2 b !y d>$ n tell h] aught1 = !y fe>$ ! ,turks & _! v5geance4 ,%e turn$ h] enquiries to ! tree t grew be=e h] h\se2 b ! tree c\ld tell h] no?+4 ,%e ask$ ! sun1 b ! sun c\ld give h] no help2 %e ask$ ! moon & ! />s1 b f !m too %e le>nt no?+4 ,f9ally ! /ork t ne/$ on ! h\se-top said to h]3 8,long "t n[ we h liv$ side by side2 ?\ art z old z ,i4 ,li/52 ?\ ha/ always be5 good to me1 ?\ ha/ nev] di/urb$ my ne/1 & once ?\ did/ help me to drive away ! bird ( prey t w\ld h c>ri$ (f my ne/l+s4 ,9 recomp5se ,i w tell !e :at ,i "k ( ! fate ( ?y daught]2 %e 0 c>ri$ (f by a ,turk m\nt$ on a black horse1 :o took h] t[>ds ! ,we/4 ,come1 ,i w set out ) !e & we w se>* = h] toge!r40 ,accompani$ by ! /ork1 ,demetra />t$2 ! "t 0 w9t]2 x 0 cold1 & sn[ cov]$ ! m\nta9s4 ,! poor old woman 0 froz5 & c\ld h>dly walk2 %e kept ask+ ( all ^? :om %e met1 :e!r !y _h se5 h] daught]1 b !y laugh$ at h] or did n answ]2 doors 7 %ut 9 h] face & entrance d5i$ h]1 = m5 love n mis]y2 & %e w5t weep+ & lam5t+4 ,9 ?is mann] h[ev] %e dragg$ h] limbs z f> z ,lepsna 7! mod]n =m ( ! "n ,eleusis72 b1 arriv+ !re1 %e succumb$ to cold & we>9ess & ?rew h]self d[n by ! roadside4 ,!re %e w\ld h di$1 b t by good luck !re pass$ by ! wife ( ! khodja-ba*i 7or head man ( ! village71 :o _h be5 to look aft] h] flocks & 0 return+4 ,m>igo--su* 0 h] "n--took pity on ! old woman1 help$ h] to rise & br\ght h] to h] husb&1 :o 0 nam$ ,nicolas#adf4 ,! khodja-ba*i 0 z k9d z 8 wife2 bo? welcom$ z be/ !y c\ld ! poor sorr[-/rick5 woman1 t5d$ h] & s\ght to console h]4 ,to rew>d !m ,s4 ,demetra bless$ _! fields & gave !m f]tility4 ,nicolas1 ! khodja-ba*i1 _h a son h&some1 /rong1 brave1 & practis$1 9 a ^w ! f9e/ pallik> ( all ! c\ntry side4 ,see+ t ,demetra 0 9 no condition to cont9ue h] j\rney1 he (f]$ to set to "w to recov] h] daught]1 ask+ only h] h& 9 recomp5se4 ,! (f] 0 accept$1 & he set out accompani$ by ! fai?ful /ork :o w\ld n ab&on ! und]tak+4 ,! "y man walk$ = _m days )\t f9d+ any?+4 ,at la/ "o night1 :5 he 0 9 a =e/ "r among ! m\nta9s1 he caught sight ( a great bright light at "s di/ance4 ,t[>ds ?is he ha/ily b5t 8 /eps1 b ! po9t f :i* ! light came 0 mu* fur!r (f ?an he _h at fir/ imag9$2 ! d>kness _h deceiv$ him4 ,ev5tually h[ev] he arriv$ !re1 & to 8 great a/oni%m5t f\nd =ty dragons ly+ on ! gr\nd & wat*+ an enorm\s cauldron t 0 boil+ on ! fire4 ,undismay$ by ! sight1 he lift$ ! cauldron ) "o h&1 lit a tor*1 & replac$ ! vessel on ! fire4 ,a/\nd$ by su* a display ( /r5g?1 ! dragons cr[d$ r\nd him & said to him1 8,y :o c lift ) "o h& a cauldron :i* we by our unit$ ef=ts c sc>cely c>ry1 y alone are capable ( c>ry+ (f a maid5 :om we h long be5 try+ to lay our h&s on1 & :om we _c seize because ( ! height ( ! t[] :]e9 a magician keeps h] %ut up40 ,! son ( ! khodja-ba*i ( ,lepsna p]ceiv$ ! impossibility ( escape f ^! mon/]s4 ,accompani$ by ! =ty dragons1 he approa*$ ! t[]1 & aft] hav+ exam9$ x1 he ask$ = "s l>ge nails1 :i* he took & drove into ! wall1 s z to =m a k9d ( ladd]1 & :i* he kept pull+ out aga9 z he asc5d$ to prev5t ! dragons f foll[+ him4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ! top & ) "s difficulty ent]$ at a small w9d[ !re1 he invit$ ! dragons to asc5d z he _h done1 "o by "o1 :i* !y did1 ?us giv+ him "t to kill ea* z x arriv$ :ile ! next 0 climb+ up1 & to ?r[ x ov] ! o!r side ( ! t[]1 :]e !re 7 a l>ge c\rt1 a spl5did g>d51 & a f9e ca/le4 ,?us rid ( 8 dang]\s gu>dians1 he w5t d[n into ! int]ior ( ! t[] & f\nd !re ,s4 ,demetra's daught]1 ^: beauty at once inspir$ him ) ! mo/ ard5t love4 ,he 0 kneel+ at h] feet :5 sudd5ly ! magician appe>$1 & 9 a fury ( ang] ?rew himself ^u ! "y man1 :o met him bravely4 ,! =m] 0 ( sup]human /r5g?1 b ,nicolas' son 0 n inf]ior to him4 ,! magician _h ! p[] to trans=m himself into any ?+ he might *oose2 he *ang$ successively into a lion1 into a s]p5t1 into a bird ( prey1 into fire--hop+ "u "s "o ( ^! =ms to we> 8 adv]s>y out2 b no?+ c\ld %ake ! c\rage ( ! "y man4 ,= ?ree days ! combat cont9u$4 ,! fir/ day ! magician seem$ beat51 b ! next he rega9$ 8 advantage2 at ! end ( ! day's /ruggle he kill$ 8 "y oppon5t1 & cut 8 body into f\r qu>t]s1 :i* he hung on ! f\r sides ( ! t[]4 ,!n elat$ by 8 victory1 he did viol5ce to ,demetra's daught]1 ^: *a/ity he _h hi!rto respect$4 ,b 9 ! night ! /ork flew away to a great di/ance to fet* a magic h]b :i* x knew1 br\ght x back 9 its beak1 & rubb$ ) x ! "y man's lips4 ,at once ! pieces ( 8 body came toge!r aga9 & he reviv$4 ,great 0 8 despair :5 he le>nt :at _h tak5 place aft] 8 defeat2 b he only ?rew himself ^u ! magician ) ! great] fury ! ?ird day1 to puni% him = 8 crime4 ,once aga9 ! "y man1 x seem$1 0 on ! po9t ( be+ vanqui%$1 :5 sudd5ly he conceiv$ ! happy idea ( invok+ ! ,panagia1 v[+ t if victori\s he w\ld become a monk at ! mona/]y ( ,phan]omne#adg4 ,! div9e protection :i* he _h invok$ gave him /r5g? & he succe$$ 9 ?r[+ 8 adv]s>y3 ! /ork1 :o _h aid$ him s mu*1 at once attack$ ! fall5 magician & pick$ out 8 eyes2 !n ) its beak pull$ out a :ite hair noticeable among ! black curls t cov]$ 8 head4 ,on ?is hair dep5d$ ! life ( ! ,turki% magician1 :o imm$iately expir$4 ,8 conqu]or1 tak+ ) him ! girl1 br\ght h] back to ,lepsna1 j at ! season :5 spr+ 0 com+ & ! fl[]s 7 beg9n+ to appe> 9 ! fields4 ,!n he w5t1 z he _h v[$1 & %ut himself up 9 ! mona/]y4 ,s4 ,demetra1 hav+ receiv$ back h] daught]1 w5t away ) h]4 ,:at became ( !m aft]w>ds1 no "o kn[s2 b s9ce t "t ! fields ( ,lepsna1 ?anks to ! bless+ ( ! ,sa9t1 h n ceas$ to be f]tile4' ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to po9t out ! num]\s details ( ?is leg5d :i* accord explicitly ) ! acc\nt ( ! rape ( ,p]sephone 9 ! ,hom]ic hymn4 ,! int]sp]sion ( ,*ri/ian ideas & rem9isc5ces ( ,turki% dom9ation & /ories ( fabul\s mon/]s may /rike oddly on ! e> unacqua9t$ ) ! vag>ies ( ,greek folk-/ories4 ,yet ! mo/ sceptical c\ld n d\bt t ! tradition :i* =ms ! gr\ndwork ( ! leg5d is none o!r ?an ! old my?1 or t ! f\r *ief actors 9 ! drama are none o!r ?an ,demet] & ,core1 ,pluto & ,triptolemus4 ,pluto1 mask$ z a ,turki% agha1 is p]haps ! lea/ readily recognisable2 yet 9 "o way z a relic ( anci5t tradition ! "p he plays is ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ! :ole leg5d4 ,x is to ,s\li 9 ,epirus t he c>ries (f ! maid54 ,n[ ?is is ! di/rict ( ! anci5t ,cocytus & ,a*]on2 "h 0 "o ( ! desc5ts to ! l[] _w2 "h ,aidoneus held sway2 & "h1 9 "o v]sion ( ! my?#adh1 0 laid ! sc5e ( ! rape ( ,p]sephone by t god4 ,h5ce ! claims ( two sep>ate localities to ! same my?ological di/9ction seem by "s means to h become incorporat$ 9 ! s+le mod]n leg5d4 ,9 ! same "p ( ,epirus1 accord+ to ,l5ormant1 a simil> /ory to t :i* he he>d at ,eleusis conc]n+ ,s4 ,demetra's daught]1 is told1 mutatis mut&is1 ( ,s4 ,demetrius3 b s9ce ei!r a s5se ( propriety or a want ( k prev5t$ him f publi%+ ! details ( x1 ! m]e /atem5t t x exi/$ is ( no great value4 ,b ! leg5d :i* he n>rates 9 full may ,i ?9k be accept$ z g5u9e )\t corroboration on ! gr\nds ( its own /ructure4 ,l5ormant has inde$ be5 accus$ ( mala fides 9 8 own dep>tm5t ( ar*aeology & ( tamp]+ ) "s ( ! inscriptions :i* he publi%$2 b ev5 if ?is *>ge c\ld be sub/antiat$1 ,i %\ld d\bt :e!r he _h ei!r ! incl9ation to inv5t a leg5d :i* he only m5tions 9 a cumbr\s foot-note1 or ! ability to fuse anci5t & mod]n ideas into s good an imitation ( ! g5u9e folk-/ory4 ,9 my judgem5t ! con/ruction ( ! leg5d is practically pro( ( its g5u9ely popul> orig94 ,?us ,eleusis &1 9 a less] degree1 ! _m places :]e ,s4 ,demetrius has succe$$ to ! *ief functions ( ,demet] h h>dly yet lo/ t\* ) ! anci5t wor%ip ( ! goddess1 ,*ri/ianis$ 9 =m ?\gh x may be4 ,b ,arcadia too1 :]e alone ( all ! ,peloponnese ! indig5\s population 7 secure f ! ,a*aean & ,dorian immigrations & ma9ta9$ 9 seclusion ! holie/ ( ,pelasgian cults1 pres]ves to ! pres5t day 9 /ory & 9 cu/om "s ve/iges ( ! old religion2 & "h !y are less t+$ ) ,*ri/ian col\r4 ,ne> ! city ( ,ph5eos1 :i* accord+ to ,pausanias#adi 0 ! sc5e ( my/]ies simil> to ^? enact$ at ,eleusis1 !re are "s und]gr\nd *annels by :i* ! wat]s ( ,lake ,ph5eos are c>ri$ (f1 soon to reappe> z ! riv] ,ladon4 ,^! *annels 7 believ$ by ,pausanias himself to be artificial--! "w ( ,h]acles1 x 0 said1 :o also con/ruct$ a canal close by1 traces ( :i* are /ill visible3 b accord+ to ano!r au?ority#aej !y 7 ! passage by :i* ,pluto c>ri$ (f ,p]sephone to ! inf]nal regions4 ,"s memory ( ! latt] belief seems /ill to l+] among ! p ( ,phoni 7! mod]n =m ( ,ph5es71 :o call ^! subt]ranean v5ts 1 #8! holes ( ! devil1' & :o fur!r believe t x is ?r\gh !m t ! spirits ( ! dead pass to ! l[] _w4 ,my guide in=m$ me also t ! rise or fall ( ! wat]s ( ! lake--! level v>ies to an extraord9>y degree--furni%es an augury z to :at rate ( mortality may be expect$ 9 ! village4 ,if ! wat] is high1 ! l[] _w is = ! "t be+ conge/$ & requires no m inhabitants2 if x s9ks1 ! l[] _w is empty1 & ?ir/s = fre% victims4 ,! connexion ( su* beliefs ) ! cult ( ,p]sephone1 ?\gh vague1 is probably real2 b h[ g5]al !y may be among ! pres5t villag]s ,i _c say2 ,dodwell#aea app>5tly he>d no?+ ( !m except ! "n ( #8! devil's holes1' & ! explanation ( ?is "n :i* 0 giv5 to him took ! =m ( a /ory ab\t a conflict betwe5 ! devil & a k+ ( ,phoni1 9 :i* ! =m] hurl$ explosive balls ( grease at 8 adv]s>y1 "o ( :i* set him on fire & drove 8 body "r ?r\gh ! base ( ! m\nta9 :i* rises f ! lake's edge1 leav+ !reaft] an escape = ! wat]s4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no?+ 9 common betwe5 ?is /ory1 :i* ,leake also he>d 9 a slightly diff]5t v]sion#aeb1 & ! beliefs communicat$ to me2 & ,i suspect t x is a comp>atively mod]n aetiological fable design$ p]haps to satisfy ! curiosity ( *ildr5 conc]n+ ! "n4 ,! belief t ! subt]ranean *annel is a desc5t to ! l[] _w is m cle>ly a ve/ige ( ! old local cult ( ,kore4 ,aga9 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,phigalia !re is curr5t among ! peasantry a curi\s /ory :i* ,i tri$ 9 va9 to he> recit$ 9 full1 b only obta9$ 9 outl9e at second-h&4 ,i _c consequ5tly v\* = its accuracy1 b su* z x is ,i give x4 ,!re once 7 a bro!r & si/]1 ( :om ! =m] 0 v wick$ & a magician1 :ile ! latt] 0 v virtu\s & beautiful4 ,h] beauty 0 inde$ s wond]ful1 t h] bro!r became enam\r$ ( h]4 ,9 h] di/ress %e fl$ to a cave ne> ,phigalia1 hop+ to elude 8 pursuit2 b ! magician /raightway discov]$ h]4 ,!n be+ at h] wits' end h[ to save h]self f ! unholy passion :i* h] beauty inspir$1 %e pray$ to be turn$ into "s bea/4 ,h] pray] 0 /raightway grant$1 b ! wick$ magician _h p[] to *ange himself likewise4 ,s :5 !y _h bo? be5 *ang$ into sev]al %apes he at l5g? ov]came h]4 ,b no soon] 0 ! infam\s de$ done1 ?an ! ,panagia caus$ an e>?quake1 & ! ro( ( ! cave fell & de/roy$ bo? bro!r & si/] toge!r4 ,a /ory ( ince/ necess>ily ends at ! pres5t day among ! highly moral c\ntryfolk ( ,greece ) puni%m5t inflict$ by "s ,*ri/ian deity3 b = ! re/ ! /ory is practically ! same z t :i* ,pausanias he>d conc]n+ ,poseidon & 8 si/] ,demet] 9 ! same di/rict#aec4 ,9 ! old v]sion1 :i* ,pausanias gives v briefly1 !re is only "o trans=mation m5tion$1 t ( ,demet] into a m>e & ( ,poseidon into a horse2 b x is at lea/ notewor?y t ! /atue ( horse-head$ ,demet] :i* commemorat$ ?is incid5t is said to h _h #8figures ( snakes & o!r wild animals' fix$ on its head2 & possibly1 if ,pausanias _h giv5 a full] v]sion ( ! my?1 we %\ld f9d t ^! figures relat$ to o!r trans=mations :i* ,demet] _h tri$ 9 va9 be=e 9 equ9e =m %e 0 f9ally =c$ to yield4 ,! m5tion ( ! cave 9 ! mod]n /ory is also significant2 = ?\gh ! cave 9 ! anci5t v]sion is n ! sc5e ( ! rape1 x 0 !re t ,demet] hid h]self 9 h] ang] aft]w>ds & !re too t ! /atue ( horse-head$ ,demet] 0 set up4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :e!r ! horse is "o ( ! =ms assum$ 9 ! mod]n /ory2 p]haps "s o!r travell] w be =tunate en\gh to he> ! tale 9 full4 ,9 nor!rn ,arcadia ,i also le>nt t ! fle% ( ! pig1 9 respect ( :i* ! ord9>y ,graeculus fully des]ves ! epi!t esuri5s1 is taboo2 & ! result ( eat+ x is believ$ to be leprosy4 ,x might be suppos$ t ?is sup]/ition has result$ f contact ) ,mohamm$ans2 b su* an explanation w\ld n acc\nt = ! conf9em5t ( x to "o locality--& t a m\nta9\s & unpr(itable di/rict :]e int]c\rse ) ! ,turks mu/ h be5 small2 & fur!r ! ,greek w\ld surely h f\nd a malici\s pleasure1 ! mo/ piquant ( sauces1 9 eat+ t :i* (f5d$ ! two peoples :om he mo/ abhors1 ,turks & ,jews4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we suppose ?is fe> ( sw9e's fle% to be a piece ( native tradition1 its orig9 may well be s\ght 9 ! ritual obs]vances ( ! old cult ( ,demet] & h] daught]1 to :om ! pig 0 sacr$ & 9 ^: hon\r x 0 sacrific$ once only 9 ea* ye>1 at ! fe/ival ( ! ,!smophoria#aed4 ,!re are _m in/ances among diff]5t peoples ( ! belief t sk9 diseases1 especially leprosy1 are ! puni%m5t visit$ ^u ^? :o eat ( ! sacr$ or unclean animal2 = ! di/9ction betwe5 sacr$ & unclean is n made until a primitive s5se ( awe is incl9$ by consci\s reason+ 9 ! direction ei!r ( rev]5ce or ( abhorr5ce#aee4 ,?us 9 ,egypt1 ! l& f :i* ! ,pelasgians1 if ,h]odotus#aef might be believ$1 d]iv$ ! wor%ip ( ,demet]1 x 0 held t ! dr9k] ( pig's milk incurr$ leprosy#aeg2 & we may reasonably suppose t ! same puni%m5t ?reat5$ ^? ,egyptians :o ta/$ ( pig's fle% save at _! "o annual fe/ival :5 ?is 0 enjo9$#aeh4 ,n[ ! ,!smophoria resembl$ ?is ,egyptian fe/ival 9 t x 0 an annual occasion = sacrific+ pigs & = p>tak+ !re=e ( _! fle%2 if !n ! wor%ipp]s ( ,demet]1 l ! ,egyptians1 7 =bidd5 to use ! pig = food at o!r times1 & if ! p5alty = disob$i5ce 9 ,greece too 0 believ$ to be leprosy1 ! pres5t case ( taboo 9 ,arcadia--! only "o kn[n to me 9 mod]n ,greece--may be a survival f ! anci5t cult4 ,b ap>t f ^! traces ( ! wor%ip ( ,demet] & ,kore 9 ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 9 folk-/ory1 & 9 cu/om1 traces :i* con/itute 9 !mselves cog5t pro( ( ! firm hold on ! popul> m9d :i* ! goddesses twa9 mu/ long h kept1 !re exi/s 9 ! belief ( ! ,greek peasantry a p]sonal ,p[]1 a liv+ non-,*ri/ian deity1 :o /ill inspires awe 9 _m simple he>ts & :o may reasonably be id5tifi$ ) "o or r p]haps ) bo? ( !m4 ,= x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! "m & ! daught] 7 9 orig9 & symbolism "o4 ,! idea ( life's ebb & fl[1 ( nature's sleep+ & wak+1 is express$ 9 !m sev]ally z well z conjo9tly4 ,x w\ld be impossible to analyse ! complete my? &1 ev5 if a purely physical int]pretation 7 s\ght1 to express 9 physiological t]ms ! two p]sons & ! p>ts :i* !y play3 = c]ta9 ideas f9d duplicate expression4 ,ei!r ,demet]'s retirem5t to "s d>k cave or ! desc5t ( ,p]sephone to ! und]world might h repres5t$ alone & unaid$ ! tempor>y abeyance ( e>?'s productive p[]s4 ,yet x 0 ) good reason t ! my? exp&$ z x 7 spontane\sly until ! _s ( life1 t p]vades n only ! cornfield b all t is animal & human too1 0 p\rtray$ 9 d\ble =m2 n because ! m]e physical fact ( ! decay & ! revival ( vegetation ne$$ l>g] symbolism = its due expression1 b because 9 ! tie ( "m & daught] & all t x connotes 0 fitly repres5t$ t by :i* ! life-_s works among ! high] ord]s ( creat$ ?+s1 t :i* goes be=e life's manife/ations & outla/s its vani%+s1 ! _s ( love4 ,( all su* ideas z ^! ! mod]n peasant1 ne$less to say1 is :olly innoc5t4 ,he has le>nt f 8 ance/ors ( a woman beautiful1 rev]5d1 dea?less1 :o dwells )9 a m\nta9 ( 8 l&1 & :o by h] deal+s ) mank9d has prov$ h] real & div9e puissance4 ,h] "n is no m utt]$1 p]*ance because x is too holy = m5 ( impure lips2 !y speak only ( #8! ,mi/ress4' ,%e is a real p]son1 n ! p]sonification ( any natural =ce4 ,! till] ( ! l& =esees 8 ye>ly ga9 f cornfield & v9ey>d2 ! %eph]d on ! m\nta9-side expects ! ye>ly increase ( 8 flock2 b by nei!r is any pr9ciple inf]r$ !refrom1 mu* less is su* a pr9ciple p]sonifi$2 ! bless+ :i* re/s on field & fold is ! "w ( a liv+ goddess' h&s4 ,fle% & blood %e is1 ev5 z !y !mselves1 b immortal & v mighty1 nobl] ?an _m ( :om ! prie/s prea*1 /rong] to help ! good & to puni% ! wick$4 ,simple p !y are1 :o /ill believe su* ?+s1 & ignorant2 yet less truly ignorant ?an "s half-educat$ p$ants ( ! t[ns :o vaunt _! le>n+ 9 *att]+ ( #8,c]es' r ?an ( #8,demet]' &1 misl$ by ,roman v]sifi]s :o at lea/ _h an excuse 9 ! exig5cies ( metre1 mis9t]pret ! "n z a m]e synonym = corn4 ,happily h[ev] ! influ5ce ( ! s*ools--= x is among/ ! s*oolma/]s t ! wor/ (f5d]s 9 ?is respect are to be f\nd--is n yet all-rea*+1 & 9 ! remot] villages tradition is /ill unta9t$4 ,!re )\t fe> ( ridicule m5 may /ill confess _! fai? 9 ! great compassionate goddess4 ,x 0 9 ,aetolia t ,i fir/ recognis$ ! popul> belief 9 ?is deity4 ,!re ,i he>d tell ( "o :o 0 call$ 1 #8! mi/ress ( ! _w4' ,h] dwell+ 0 9 ! he>t ( a m\nta91 ! means ( access to x a cave1 b :]e situat$1 ! peasants ei!r did n "k or fe>$ to tell4 ,h] "* inde$ 0 ev] graci\s & k9dly1 b x may be !y ?\ght %e w\ld res5t a =eign]'s approa*4 ,9 h] p[] 0 ! grant+ ( _m boons1 b h] special c>e 0 ! f]tility ( ! flocks & ! abundance ( ! crops1 includ+ 9 t di/rict tobacco4 ,?is revelation conv9c$ me ( ! accuracy ( :at ,i _h previ\sly suspect$ only 9 ,nor? ,arcadia & 9 ,mess5ia4 ,9 bo? ^? regions ,i _h he>d occasional m5tion among ! peasants ( "o ^: title 0 simply 1 #8! ,mi/ress4' ,! ^w _h always /ruck me z curi\s1 = 9 ord9>y usage x is obsolete & ! mi/ress ( a h\se or :atev] x may be is always 7i4e4 74 ,kn[+ h[ev] t ! ,*ur* _h pres]v$ ! title among ^? "u :i* ! ,virg9 may be invok$1 ,i 0 dispos$ at fir/ to ?9k t ! d$ication ( "s *ur* 9 ! neighb\rhood _h influ5c$ ! p to use ! r>e "n in/ead ( ! ord9>y #8,panagia4' ,b :5 ,i enquir$ :]e ! *ur* ( #8! ,mi/ress' 01 ! answ] 0 #8%e has none'3 & yet1 on mak+ subsequ5t enquiries ( o!r p]sons1 ,i f\nd t !re 0 a *ur* ( ! ,panagia close by4 ,cle>ly !n x 0 n 9 ! ecclesia/ical s5se t ! title 0 be+ us$4 ,m ?an ?is ,i fail$ to elicit--! peasants ( ! ,peloponnese are on ! :ole m suspici\s & secretive ?an ^? ( nor!rn ,greece--b ,i h little d\bt t ?is goddess is ! same z %e :o 9 ,aetolia be>s a title m colloquial 9 =m b id5tical 9 mean+4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is deity among ! survivals ( ! old religion has nev]1 ,i ?9k1 be5 obs]v$ by any writ] on ! subject ( ,greek folk-lore4 ,b 9 ,b]nh>d ,s*midt's collection ( popul> /ories & songs !re is evid5ce1 ^: value he himself did n recognise1 to corroborate x4 ,"o ( ! songs#aei f ,zacyn?os conta9s ! l9es3 ' ' ' 1 1 ' 1 4 #8,!y wr\ght 9 me1 ev5 ,god & ! ,virg9 & ! ,mi/ress ( ! _w1 & ,i f\ght ) ,turks & ) ,albanians3 a ?\s& ,i slew1 a ?\s& yea & two ?\s&4' ,! editor ( ?is song omits f 8 translation & does n ev5 m5tion 9 8 notes ! la/ phrase ( ! fir/ l9e1 assum+1 ,i suppose1 t ! ,virg9 is m5tion$ twice ov] "u two diff]5t titles2 b x is at lea/ possible t ?ree p]sons are int5d$4 ,god & ! ,virg9 belong to ! category ( ,*ri/ian deities2 ! ?ird may be ! pagan goddess already discov]$ 9 ,mess5ia1 ,arcadia1 & ,aetolia2 if s1 ! collocation ( h] "n along ) ^? ( ! highe/ ,*ri/ian p[]s is /rong te/imony to ! rev]5ce ) :i* ! p ( ,zacyn?os too 7 wont1 & p]haps /ill cont9ue1 to reg>d h]4 ,9 ,s*midt's /ories aga9 yet ano!r v>iation ( ! title occurs4 ,9 "o1 :i* has already be5 n>rat$ 9 full#afj1 #8! ,mi/ress ( ! e>? & ( ! sea' 7 7 rew>ds a poor man1 on ! recomm5dation ( 8 good angel1 ) miracul\s gifts1 & :5 he is sla9 by an envi\s k+1 h]self appe>s & s5ds d[n ! tyrant quick into ! pit :]e puni%m5t = 8 wick$ness awaits him4 ,ano!r1 9 :i* ! same ample appellation is us$1 runs 9 brief z foll[s#afa3 #8,once ^u a "t a k+ on 8 return f a j\rney gave to 8 elde/ son z a pres5t a picture ( 8! ,mi/ress ( ! e>? & ( ! sea40 ,! pr9ce 0 s dazzl$ by h] beauty t he resolv$ to seek h] out & make h] 8 wife4 ,he accord+ly consult$ a wit* :o told him h[ to f9d ! palace :]e ! ,mi/ress ( e>? & sea liv$1 & w>n$ him also t be=e he c\ld secure ! fulfilm5t ( 8 desire two tasks w\ld be set him1 ! fir/ to %att] a small phial c>ri$ by a dove 9 its beak )\t injur+ ! bird1 ! second to obta9 ! sk9 ( a ?ree-head$ dragon4 ,%e also provid$ him ) a magic b[ :]e) to p]=m ! fir/ lab\r1 & ) two hairs f ! dragon's head1 by means ( :i* he w\ld be magically guid$ to ! mon/]'s lair4 ,arriv$ !re he %\ld glut x ) a meal ( e>? :i* he 0 to c>ry ) him1 & !n slay x z x slept4 ,?us =ew>n$ & =e>m$ ! pr9ce set out & pass+ ?r\gh a cave1 ( :i* ! wit* _h told him1 came to ! palace4 ,! ,mi/ress hav+ enquir$ ( him 8 err& at once set him to p]=m ! two tasks4 ,^! he accompli%$1 & %e return$ ) him z 8 wife to 8 own l&4 ,b !y did n live peaceably toge!r1 & "o day ! ,mi/ress ( e>? & sea 9 h] ang] bade ! wat]s ov]fl[ ! :ole l&1 s t all mank9d 0 dr[n$ :ile %e h]self hov]$ above 9 ! air & look$ on4 ,!n :5 ! wat]s subsid$1 %e desc5d$ to ! e>? & made new m5 by s[+ /ones2 & !reaft] %e rul$ aga9 z be=e ov] ! :ole _w4' ,bo? ^! /ories hail1 z does ! song ( :i* a few l9es are cit$ above1 f ,zacyn?os1 & !re is !re=e good reason = believ+ t 9 t isl& ! same #8,mi/ress' 0 rec5tly ackn[l$g$ z at ?is v day is v5]at$ 9 ^? p>ts ( ! ma9l& :i* ,i h m5tion$4 ,tak+ ! common factors 9 ^! sev]al traditions & beliefs1 we are l$ at once to id5tify ! goddess to :om !y relate ) ,demet]4 ,fir/1 ! simple/ =m ( h] title1 1 ( :i* ! o!rs are m]ely elaborations1 is t :i* ,demet] commonly %>$ ) ,p]sephone 9 old "t2 & t ! title has be5 h&$ d[n f antiquity is %[n cle>ly by ! fact t ! ^w is 9 ord9>y usage obsolete4 ,s9ce !n x is unlikely t 9 ! c\rse ( tradition su* a title %\ld be transf]r$ 7save1 ow+ to ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 9 ! case ( ! ,virg91 :o has locally no d\bt sup]s$$ "o ( ! goddesses twa9 & appropriat$ h] byname71 ! ^w itself decl>es 9 fav\r ( ! id5tification ( ?is /ill liv+ deity ) ,demet]4 ,secondly1 h] dwell+-place is consi/5tly 9 ! mod]n acc\nts ! he>t ( a m\nta91 & ! passage to x a cave4 ,su* precisely1 accord+ to ,pausanias1 0 ! habitation ( ,demet] 9 ,mt ,elaon#afb2 & ! same idea is reflect$ 9 h] :ole cult2 =1 ?\gh 9 ! classical p]iod %e _h temples built l ^? ( o!r deities1 yet h] holy ( holies1 z befitt$ a ,*?onian deity1 0 always a subt]ranean hall 77 or palace 771 an artificial & glorifi$ cav]n4 ,?irdly1 ! mod]n deity is 9 "* b5evol5t1 !re9 diff]+ m>k$ly f _m ( ! pagan p[]s :om we h yet to consid] & also f sev]al ( ! ,*ri/ian sa9ts4 ,once only1 9 ! second ( ! /ories f ,zacyn?os1 does %e appe> 9 angry mood1 :5 %e de/roys all mank9d by a flood4 ,to ! actual means ( de/ruction employ$ too mu* importance mu/ n be atta*$4 ,! motif ( ! flood is common 9 mod]n ,greek folk-tales4 ,9 ! isl&s ( ! ,aegean ,i enc\nt]$ x sev]al times1 ! fulle/ v]sion be+ "o :i* ,i he>d 9 ,scyros4 ,! /ory z told !re 0 exactly t ( ,deucalion1 save t 9 def]5ce to biblical tradition he 0 nam$ ,noah &1 by a slight ana*ronism1 x 0 ! ,panagia in/ead ( ,!mis :o c\nsell$ him to create fre% m5 by ?r[+ /ones ov] 8 %\ld]4 ,i 0 also tak5 to see ! place :]e ! flood 0 at its highe/1 a n>r[ gl5 ?r\gh :i* runs a small /ream1 ^: high slop+ banks are c]ta9ly a mass ( half-fossilis$ animal & vegetable matt]2 & ,i 0 escort$ to ! hill-top on :i* ,noah's caque f9ally re/$4 ,su* a !me is easily work$ into a /ory ( ! deity1 usually b5evol5t ?\gh %e be1 :o is #8,mi/ress ( ! e>? & ( ! sea'2 & ap>t f ! means ( puni%m5t s appropriately adopt$ by a goddess :o rules ! sea1 ?is s+le outbur/ ( some:at unreasonable ang] on ! "p ( ! mod]n deity aga9/ all mank9d is s+ul>ly l ! old-"t ,demet]'s res5tful retirem5t into ! dep?s ( h] cave1 until #8all ! produce ( e>? 0 fail+ & ! human race 0 p]i%+ fa/ f fam9e#afc4' ,yet o!rwise ! anci5t goddess too 0 b5evol5t & graci\s to man4 ,f\r?ly1 9 ,aetolia at any rate & probably also 9 ! ,peloponnese1 :]e h[ev] ,i fail$ to extract def9ite in=mation1 ! mod]n goddess is ! quick5] ( all ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & 9 functions !re=e corresponds once m ) ! anci5t conception ( ,demet]4 ,on ^! gr\nds ! id5tification seems to me c]ta94 ,?is be+ grant$1 ! p]man5ce ( tradition conc]n+ ! dwell+-place ( ,demet] raises a "q :i* ,i approa* ) diffid5ce1 feel+ t an answ] to x mu/ re/ ) o!rs m compet5t ?an myself 9 matt]s ar*aeological4 ,fir/1 is ! tradition z old z t ( ! p]sonality ( ! goddess8 ,x is h>d to suppose o!rwise2 = ! primitive m9d w\ld sc>cely conceive ( a p]son )\t assign+ also an habitation2 & ! habitation actually assign$ is ( primitive en\gh "*--a cave 9 a m\nta9-side4 ,:]e !n 0 ,demet] wor%ipp$ by ! ,pelasgians 9 ! ,myc5aean age8 ,t %e 0 a deity mu* rev]5c$ by ! dwell]s 9 ! ,argive pla9 is c]ta92 small idols believ$ to repres5t ,demet] ,k\rotrophos h be5 f\nd at ,myc5ae#afd2 o!rs1 ( :i* ! id5tification is m c]ta91 at ,tiryns#afe2 & at ,argos1 9 lat] times1 ,demet] cont9u$ to be wor%ipp$ "u ! title ,pelasgian#aff4 ,0 a m]e cav]n !n h] only home8 ,or did ,myc5ae lavi% "s ( its gold on build+ h] a m wor?y temple8 ,may n ! fam\s bee-hive /ructures :i* h pass$ successively = treasuries & = tombs ( pr9ces prove to be 1 temples ( ,*?onian deities su* z ,demet]8 ,x is true t 9 "s humbl] /ructures ( ! same type1 su* z ^? at ,m5di & ,?oricus1 cle> evid5ces ( inhumation h be5 f\nd2 b ,i "q :e!r x is p]missible to draw f ?is fact ! inf]5ce t ^? magnific5t /ructures also1 ! s-call$ ,treasuries ( ,atreus & ( ,m9yas1 7 9 reality tombs4 ,x w\ld seem reasonable to suppose t dwell+-places = ! dead b5ea? ! e>? & = e>?-deities may h be5 con/ruct$ on ! same plan1 b t ! abodes d$icat$ to immortals 7 m impos+ ?an ^? de/9$ = dead m54 ,?is hypo!sis appe>s to me m consi/5t ) ! evid5ce ( ! actual sites at ,myc5ae & ,or*om5os ?an ! commonly accept$ view t ! inn] *amb] ( ! #8,treasury ( ,atreus' 0 a place ( burial4 #8,9 ! c5tre ( ! ,myc5aean *amb]1' says ,s*u*h>dt#afg1 #8!re is an almo/ circul> depression ?ree feet 9 diamet] & two feet 9 dep?1 cut into ! rocky gr\nd4 ,9 spite ( its unusual %ape1 we mu/ recognise 9 x ! actual site ( ! grave4' ,0 x a royal po/ure to lie curl$ up l a cat8 ,& if s1 :at ( a simil> depression 9 ! floor ( ! #8,treasury ( ,m9yas' at ,or*om5os8 #8,almo/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! treasure-room'--,i aga9 quote ,s*u*h>dt#afh--#80 a long hole 9 ! level rock1 n9e in*es deep1 fifte5 in*es broad & n9ete5 in*es long1 :i*'--mu/ be recognis$ z ! sepul*re ( a royal baby8 ,no1 our fai? is n to be s sev]ely tax$2--#8:i* mu/ h s]v$ to secure "s monum5t4' ,may we n1 ) m consi/5cy1 ext5d ! same explanation to ,myc5ae8 ,& :at !n 7 ! monum5ts8 ,may !y n h be5 images ( ! deity set up 9 ! mo/ natural place1 ! c5tre ( ! out] or ! inn] sanctu>y8 ,aga91 ! actual %ape ( ! build+s is important4 ,e?nologi/s tell u t x is ultimately d]iv$ f a type ( dwell+ commonly occupi$ by primitive man1 a circul> wattle-hut ) conical top2 or ev5 m directly1 z "s w\ld h x1 f a simil>ly %ap$ abode :i* ! anci5t ,phrygians us$ to excavate 9 ! gr\nd1 con/ruct+ ! top ( )ies lac$ ov] beams conv]g+ to ! apex & cov]$ ov] ) e>?1 :ile !y tunnell$ out an approa* f "o side :]e ! gr\nd slop$ conv5i5tly away#afi4 ,f ?is x is argu$ t ! dom$ *amb]s ( ,myc5ae mu/ be tombs1 on ! gr\nd t #8m5 9 all ages h fa%ion$ ! dwell+s ( ! dead 9 accordance ) ^? ( ! liv+2 b ! dead are cons]vative1 & long aft] a new g5]ation has s\ght a new home & a new patt]n = its h\ses1 ! habitations ( ! dead are /ill con/ruct$ 9 ance/ral fa%ion#agj4' ,i readily admit cons]vatism 9 all religi\s matt]s2 b h[ does ! argum5t t\* ,myc5ae8 ,ar*aeologi/s1 & among !m ,s*u*h>dt himself#aga1 are agre$ t ! %aft-graves 9 ! citadel are e>li] 9 date ?an ! bee-hive /ructures ( ! l[] t[n4 ,!re 0 !re=e a brea* 9 ! cont9uity ( ! ance/ral fa%ion4 ,rev]sion to a disus$ fa%ion is a v diff]5t ?+ f cons]vatism 9 uphold+ an unbrok5 usage4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t !re 7 good evid5ce ( ! un9t]rupt$ cont9uity ( ?is type ( sepul*re1 may n ! temples ( ,*?onian deities h be5 built on ! same plan8 ,! use ( ! old ^w sugge/s t ! sanctu>y ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 ?\gh subt]ranean1 0 modell$ on ! dwell+s ( m51 &1 to borr[ an argum5t1 religi\s cons]vatism may well h pres]v$ = ! gods' abodes ! hut-l %ape ( primitive man's dwell+s long aft] a new type ( h\se _h become g5]al among mortals4 ,concrete in/ances ( ?is actually exi/$ 9 mu* lat] times#agb4 ,9 ,rome ! temple ( ,ve/a 0 ( ?is primitive %ape1 & s also mo/ probably 0 ! ,prytaneum ( ,a!ns1 :i*1 ?\gh n a temple1 conta9$ ! sacr$ he>? ( ! :ole community & a /atue ( ,he/ia#agc4 ,demet] !n1 z "o ( ! deities ( primitive ,greece1 might well h be5 provid$ ) a temple con/ruct$ on ! same primitive patt]n z t ( ,ve/a1 b subt]ranean1 z w\ld befit a ,*?onian deity1 & ?us analog\s to ! cave :]e9 %e _h be5 wont to dwell4 ,! l>ge dom$ *amb] w\ld be h] meg>on1 :]e9 h] wor%ipp]s assembl$ j z gue/s assembl$ 9 ! meg>on ( a pr9ce4 ,! small squ>e ap>tm5t1 :]e su* exi/s1 op5+ on "o side ( ! ma9 room1 might be ! or #8b$*amb]1' an inn] sanctu>y :i* temples ( lat] ages also possess$4 ,! approa* or #8dromos' w\ld repres5t ! natural cave :i* _h giv5 access to h] fabl$ palace 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,f9ally1 on su* a view ( ^! build+s1 x w\ld n be difficult to expla9 ,pausanias' belief t !y 7 treasuries#agd4 ,treasuries only1 we may be sure1 !y 7 n2 = !y w\ld n h be5 built outside ! walls ( ! citadel4 ,b temples 9 lat] times 7 us$ z depositories = treasure2 ! w\ld-be ?ief %rank app>5tly f ! fur!r crime ( sacrilege2 & x is n unlikely t 9 a m primitive age1 :5 sup]/iti\s awe 0 c]ta9ly no less /rong1 :ile robb]y f> f be+ a crime 0 an hon\rable call+1 m5 %\ld h secur$ _! treasure by /or+ x 9 "s inviolable sanctu>y4 ,inde$ x may be to su* a cu/om t ,hom] alludes 9 speak+ ( #8all t ! /one ?re%old ( ! ar*]1 ev5 ,phoebus ,apollo1 do? enclose )9 at rocky ,py?o#age4' ,if !n ?is practice prevail$ 9 ,myc5aean1 z x did 9 lat]1 times1 ,pausanias w\ld be record+ a tradition :i* 0 p>tially "r2 & x is n h>d to see h[1 :5 ,myc5ae's greatness _h sudd5ly1 z x seems1 decl9$ & h] population p]haps _h migrat$ = ! mo/ "p to ,argos1 lat] g5]ations1 famili> 9 _! new settlem5ts ) t diff]5t type ( temple only :i* aft]w>ds became g5]al1 might h =gott5 ! sacr$ "* ( ! bee-hive /ructures & h rememb]$ only ! prov]bial weal? once /or$ by ! k+s ( ,myc5ae )9 !m4 ,!re rema9s "o po9t to :i* ,i may = ! mom5t direct att5tion "h1 res]v+ ! developm5t ( ! religi\s idea conta9$ 9 x = a lat] *apt]4 ,! ma9 !me ( ! second ( ! /ories f ,zacyn?os 0 ! seek+ ( ! ,mi/ress 9 m>riage by a "y pr9ce4 ,n[ if ?is /ory /ood alone1 x w\ld n be "r to lay mu* /ress ^u x2 = ! adv5tures ( a "y pr9ce 9 se>* ( "s f>-fam$ bride =m ! plot ( num]\s ,greek folk-tales2 & x w\ld be possible to suppose t ! real div9e p]sonality ( ! ,mi/ress _h be5 p>tially obscur$ 9 ! popul> memory be=e su* a /ory became connect$ ) h] "n4 ,b ! same motif z x happ5s is repeat$ 9 two /ories1 "o ,greek & ! o!r ,albanian1 9 von ,hahn's collection#agf4 ,! "n ( #8! ,mi/ress' does n inde$ occur2 ! deity is call$ 9 bo? #8! beautiful "o ( ! e>?#agg4' ,b h] id5tity is made q cle> 9 ! ,albanian /ory1 :i* evid5tly mu/ h be5 borr[$ f ! ,greek & is !re=e admissible z good evid5ce1 by ! m5tion ( #8a ?ree-head$ dog t sleeps n day nor night' by :i* %e is gu>d$4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! same mon/] z ! h]o ( ! ,zacyn?ian /ory 0 requir$ to kill--! ?ree-head$ snake2 & :ile ! ,albanian /ory1 9 mak+ ! bea/ a gu>dian ( ! subt]ranean abode :om ! adv5tur] mu/ slay be=e he c rea* #8! beautiful "o1' is bett] 9 con/ruction &1 incid5tally1 m fai?ful to old tradition#agh ?an ! ,greek v]sion :i* makes ! slay+ an useless task arbitr>ily impos$1 yet 9 bo? portraits ( ! mon/] we c recognise ,c]b]us--half dog1 half snake4 ,b ( him m anon2 #8! beautiful "o ( ! e>?' :om he gu>ds c be none o!r ?an ,p]sephone4 ,?us !re are ?ree mod]n /ories :i* record ! w9n+ ( ,demet] or ,p]sephone 9 m>riage by a mortal lov]4 ,is ?is a relic ( anci5t tradition8 ,!re 0 ! attempt ( ,piri?\s to seize ,p]sephone = 8 wife2 b t fail$1 & moreov] 0 judg$ an impi\s de$ = :i* he mu/ suff] puni%m5t4 ,yet !re is also ! /ory ( ,iasion :o 0 deem$ wor?y ( ,demet]'s love4 ,w$lock !n ev5 ) s great a deity z ,demet] or h] daught] 0 n beyond mortals' dream or rea*4 ,?us mu* ,i may notice n[2 :5 ,i come to exam9e m closely ! anci5t wor%ip ( ^! goddesses1 ,i %all argue t ! idea ( a m>riage-union betwe5 !m & human k9d 0 ! mo/ intimate secret ( ! my/]ies1 & t 9 su* folk-tales z ^? :i* ,i h "h m5tion$ is conta9$ ! g]m ( a religi\s conception f :i* 0 once evolv$ ! holie/ ( anci5t sacram5ts4 #f4 ,,*>on4 ,!re is no anci5t deity ^: "n is s frequ5tly on ! lips ( ! mod]n peasant z t ( ,*>on4 ,! =ms :i* x has n[ assum$ are two1 & 1 analog\s to ! =mations & f ! anci5t 3 = 9 late ,greek at any rate ! decl5sion ( foll[$ t ( #agi4 ,! two =ms d n seem to belong to diff]5t mod]n dialects1 = !y (t5 appe> 9 close juxtaposition 9 ! same folk-song4 ,! %ort] =m h[ev] is ! common] 9 e-day spee*1 & ,i %all !re=e employ x4 ,ab\t ,*>os ! peasants w always1 accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 conv]se freely4 ,nei!r sup]/iti\s awe nor fe> ( ridicule imposes any re/ra9t4 ,!y feel p]haps t ! exi/5ce ( ,*>os is "o ( ! /]n facts :i* m5 mu/ face2 & ev5 ! m educat$ classes reta9 sometimes1 ,i ?9k1 an in/9ctive fe> ( mak+ light ( 8 "n1 le/ he %\ld ass]t 8 reality4 ,= ,*>os is ,dea?4 ,he is n n[1 :at classical lit]ature w\ld h him to be1 m]ely ! f]ryman ( ! ,/yx4 ,he is ! god ( dea? & ( ! l[] _w4 ,hades is no long] a p]son b a place1 ! realm ov] :i* ,*>os rules4 ,b ! *ange :i* has befall5 ! old mon>*'s "n is ! only *ange 9 ! ,greek conception ( t realm4 ,x is /ill call$ #8! l[] _w' 7 or 71 & ev5 ! "n ,t>t>us 7n[ 1 ) ! addition frequ5tly ( 7 /ill may be he>d4 ,nor is ! "* ( ! place alt]$4 ,its epi!t #8icy-cold1' 1 is well-nigh z con/ant 9 mod]n folk-songs z 0 ! equival5t 9 ,hom]'s allusions to ,hades' h\se1 :ile ! picturesque ^w 1 #8?ick ) spid]s'-webs1' repeats 9 ?\ght ! ,hom]ic 1 #8m\ld]+4' ,su* is ,*>os' k+dom1 & hi!r he conveys m5's s\ls :i* he has snat*$ away f e>?4 ,"h ) him dwells 8 "m1 a be+1 z "o folk-song tells#ahj1 m pitiful ?an he1 :o entreats him sometimes1 :5 he is sett+ out to ! *ase1 to sp>e mo!rs ) "y *ildr5 & n to "p lov]s new-w$4 ,he has also a wife1 ,*>ntissa or ,*rissa1 :o z ! "n itself implies is m]ely a fem99e c\nt]p>t ( himself )\t any di/9ct "* ( h] own4 ,a son ( ,*>os is also m5tion$ 9 song1 = ^: w$d+-fea/ #8he slays *ildr5 in/ead ( lambs & brides z fatl+s#aha1' & to ^: keep+ are entru/$ ! c\nt]-keys ( ,hades#ahb4 ,adopt$ *ildr5 are also c\nt$ among 8 family1 b ^! are ( ^? :om he has c>ri$ f ?is _w to 8 own home#ahc4 ,! h\sehold is complet$ by ! ?ree-head$ wat*-dog1 ( :om h[ev] remembrance is v r>e4 ,yet 9 two /ories 9 ! la/ section we recognis$ ,c]b]us1 & ev5 ! less conv9c+ ( ! embodim5ts !re pres5t$1 t :i* repres5t$ him z a ?ree-head$ snake r ?an dog1 is n devoid ( traces ( anci5t tradition4 ,! h]o :o w\ld slay ! mon/] has to cross a piece ( wat]--! sea in/ead ( ! riv] ,/yx--9 ord] to rea* an isl& :]e is ! mon/]'s lair2 & !re arriv$1 he sees #8look+ out f a hole ?ree heads ) eyes t fla% fire & jaws t brea! flames#ahd4' ,?is is ,c]b]us )\t d\bt2 & if ! /ory calls him #8s]p5t' r ?an #8dog1' anci5t my?ology & art alike ju/ify 9 "p ! description2 = 8 "m 0 said to be ,e*idna1 & he himself is f\nd p\rtray$ ) ! tail ( a s]p5t & a r+ ( snakes ab\t 8 neck4 ,s*midt himself appe>s to h ov]look$ ! te/imony ( ?is /ory & ( t also f ! collection ( von ,hahn 9 :i*1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 we h a mod]n picture ( ,c]b]us gu>d+ ! realm ( ,p]sephone2 = he speaks ( "s rem>kable l9es f a song :i* he himself he>d 9 ,zacyn?os z an unique m5tion ( ,c]b]us1 & que/ions ! g5u9e nature ( ! tradition4 ,all d\bt is h[ev] remov$ by ! corroborative evid5ce conta9$ 9 ! two /ories already m5tion$ & by ! fact t a ?ree-head$ dog belong+ to ,*>os 0 rec5tly he>d ( by a travell] 9 ,mac$onia#ahe4 ,! l9es !mselves are put 9 ! m\? ( ,*>os3-- 1 ' 1 4 1 1 4 '' 1 1 1 #ahf4 #8,a savage dog h ,i1 :o gu>ds u all1 & :5 he sees me he rages & fa9 w\ld dev\r me4 ,a ?ree-head$ dog is he1 & he burns l fire2 8 claws are %>p & 8 tail is long2 f 8 eyes he gives =? flame & f 8 m\? burn+ heat2 long is 8 tongue & grim 8 tee?4' ,"h at lea/ recognition ( ,c]b]us mu/ be imm$iate2 e detail ( ! description1 save = ! *>act]i/ically mod]n t\* :i* makes ,*>os afraid ( 8 own dog1 is 9 accord ) classical tradition4 ,su* is ! h\sehold ( ,*>os1 s f> z a description may be compil$ f a few scatt]$ allusions2 8 own portrait v>ies m1 9 proportion z !re are m num]\s attempts 9 e "p ( ,greece to draw x4 ,sometimes he is depict$ z an old man1 tall & sp>e1 :ite ( hair & h>% ( feature2 b m (t5 he is a lu/y w>rior1 ) locks ( rav5-black or gleam+ gold--j z ,hades 9 old "t 0 sometimes 1 sometimes 1--:o rides =? on 8 black /e$ by highway or lonely pa? to slay & to ravage3 #88 glance is z lightn+ & 8 face z fire1 8 %\ld]s are l tw9 m\nta9s & 8 head l a t[]#ahg4' ,8 raim5t is usually black z befits ! "l ( dea?1 b anon x is depict$ bright z 8 sunlit hair#ahh1 = ?\gh he br+s dea? he is a god & glori\s4 ,8 functions are cle>ly def9$4 ,he visits ?is upp] _w to c>ry (f ^? ^: allott$ "t has run1 & gu>ds !m 9 ! l[] _w z 9 a prison ^: keys !y va9ly essay to /eal & to escape !refrom4 ,b ! _s 9 :i* he p]=ms ^? duties v>ies accord+ z he is conceiv$ to be a free ag5t responsible to none or m]ely a m9i/] ( ! supreme ,god4 ,:i* ( ^! is ! true conception is a "q to :i* ! common-folk z a :ole h giv5 no f9al answ]2 & ! "* ( ,*>os consequ5tly dep5ds ^u ! view locally pref]r$4 ,^? :o reg>d him z simply ! s]vant & mess5g] ( ,god1 f9d no difficulty 9 accommodat+ him to 8 ,*ri/ian surr\nd+s2 =1 z ,i h said1 ! peasant does n di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian & ! pagan elem5ts 9 8 fai? :i* toge!r make 8 poly!ism s luxuriant4 ,we h already se5 ,*>os' "n ) ! prefix ( #8sa9t#ahi'2 & ?\gh ?is ,*ri/ian title is n (t5 accord$ him1 yet 8 "n appe>s commonly on tomb-/ones 9 ,*ri/ian *ur*y>ds4 ,at ,leondi1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,peloponnese1 ,i not$ ! c\plet3 1 4 #8,me too ,*>os piti$ n b took1 ev5 me ! fondly-*]i%$ fl[] ( my home4' ,s too 9 popul> /ory & song he is repres5t$ z work+ 9 concord ) ! ,angels & ,ar*angels1 to :om sometimes falls ! task ( c>ry+ *ildr5 to 8 realm#aij4 ,inde$ "o ( ! ar*angels1 ,mi*ael1 :o z we saw above has ou/$ ,h]mes1 ! escort] ( s\ls1 & assum$ 8 functions1 is *>g$ ) exactly ! same duties z ,*>os 9 ! conveyance ( m5's s\ls to ! ne!r _w1 s t 9 popul> p>lance ! phrases #8he is wre/l+ ) ,*>os' 7 7#aia & #8he is /ruggl+ ) an angel' 77#aib are bo? alike us$ ( a man 9 8 dea?-agony4 ,?is ,*ri/ianis$ conception ( ,*>os has n be5 )\t influ5ce 9 s(t5+ ! l9es ( ! "* popul>ly ascrib$ to him4 ,! duties impos$ ^u him by ! w ( ,god are sometimes repugnant to him1 & he w\ld will+ly sp>e ^? :om he is s5t to slay4 ,"o folk-/ory relat$ to me exhibits him ev5 z a fri5d ( man3-- #8,once ^u a "t !re 7 a man & wife :o _h _h sev5 *ildr5 all ( :om di$ 9 infancy4 ,:5 an eigh? 0 born1 ! fa!r betook himself to a wit* & enquir$ ( h] h[ he might be/ secure ! boy's life4 ,%e told him t ! o!rs _h di$ because he _h *os5 unsuitable godp>5ts1 & bade him on ?is occasion ask ! fir/ man :om he %\ld meet on 8 way home to /& sponsor = ! *ild4 ,he accord+ly dep>t$1 & /raightway met a /rang] rid+ on a black horse1 & made 8 reque/ to him4 ,! /rang] cons5t$1 & ! baptism at once took place2 b no soon] 0 x ov] ?an he 0 gone )\t s mu* z tell+ 8 "n4 ,t5 ye>s pass$1 & ! *ild 0 gr[+ up /rong & heal?y4 ,!n at la/ ! fa!r aga9 enc\nt]$ ! unkn[n /rang]1 & reproa*$ him ) hav+ be5 abs5t s long )\t ev] mak+ enquiry aft] 8 godson4 ,!n ! /rang] answ]$1 8,bett] = !e if ,i _h n n[ come & if ?\ ne$$/ n n[ le>n my "n4 ,i am ,*>os1 & because ,i am ?y fri5d#aic1 am come to w>n !e t ?y days are well-nigh sp5t40 ,!reupon ,*>os l$ him away to a cave 9 ! m\nta9-side1 & !y ent]$ & came to a *amb] :]e 7 _m c&les burn+4 ,!n said ,*>os1 8,see1 ^! c&les are ! lives ( m51 & yond] are ?9e & ?y son's40 ,!n ! man look$1 & ( 8 own c&le !re 7 b two in*es left1 b 8 son's 0 tall & burnt b sl[ly4 ,!n he bes\ght ,*>os to light yet ano!r c&le = him ere 8 own 7 burnt away1 b ,*>os made answ] t t c\ld n be4 ,!n aga9 he bes\ght him to give him t5 ye>s f ! life ( 8 son1 = he 0 a poor man1 & if he di$ ere 8 son 7 gr[n to manhood1 8 wid[ & orphan w\ld be 9 want4 ,b ,*>os answ]$1 8,9 no way c ! decre$ l5g? ( life be *ang$4 ,yet w ,i %[ !e h[ 9 ! two ye>s t yet rema9 to !e ?\ maye/ enri* ?yself & leave abundant /ore = ?y wife & *ild4 ,?\ %alt become a physician4 ,x matt]s n t ?\ kn[e/ n\ght ( m$ic9e1 = ,i w give !e a bett] k ?an ( drugs4 ,?9e eyes %all ev] be op5 to see me2 & :5 ?\ goe/ to a sick man's c\*1 if ?\ do/ see me /&+ at ! b$-head1 "k !n t he mu/ die1 & say to !m t summon$ !e t no skill c save him2 b if ?\ do/ see me at ! foot ( ! b$1 "k t he w recov]2 give him !re=e b pills ( bread if ?\ wilt1 & promise to re/ore him40 ,!n did ! man ?ank ,*>os1 & w5t away to 8 home4 ,n[ x *anc$ t ! only daught] ( ! k+ lay griev\sly sick1 & all ! doctors & magicians _h be5 call$ to heal h]1 b !y avail$ no?+4 ,!n came ! poor man :om ,*>os _h taught1 & w5t into ! room :]e ! pr9cess lay1 & lo6 ,*>os /ood at ! foot ( h] b$4 ,!n he bade ! k+ s5d away ! o!r physicians1 = t he alone c\ld heal h]4 ,s he himself w5t home & mix$ fl\r & wat] & came aga9 & gave x to ! k+'s daught]1 & soon %e 0 recov]$ ( h] sickness4 ,!n ! k+ gave him a great pres5t1 & 8 fame 0 spread abroad1 & _m resort$ to him1 & soon he 0 ri*4 ,?us two ye>s pass$1 & at ! end !re( he himself lay sick4 ,& he look$ & saw ,*>os /&+ at ! head ( 8 b$4 ,!n he bade 8 wife turn ! b$ ab\t1 b x avail$ no?+2 = ,*>os aga9 /ood at 8 head1 & caught him by ! hair1 & he op5$ 8 m\? to cry out1 & ,*>os drew =? 8 s\l#aid4' ,aga9 ! unwill+ness ( ,*>os to execute ! h>% decrees ( ,god is illu/rat$ 9 num]\s folk-songs4 ,mo/ (t5 x is "s brave y\?1 %eph]d or w>rior1 a lov] ( ! op5 air1 :o excites 8 compassion2 = ! same notes ( regret :i* ,sophocles made melodi\s 9 ! f>ewell ( ,ajax to ! sunlight1 to 8 h\se 9 ,salamis1 ev5 to ! /reams & spr+s ( ! ,trojan l& :i* br\ght 8 dea?1 r+ cle> & true 9 mod]n folk-song too f ! lips ( dy+ w>riors4 ,su* 7 ! la/ words ( ! outlaw-patriot 77 ,z$ros3 #8,f>ewell1 ,olympus1 n[ f>ewell1 & all ! m\nta9-summits1 ,f>ewell1 my /rongholds desolate1 & plane-trees ri* 9 %ad[1 ,ye f\nta9s ) y\r wat]s cool1 & level pla9s l[-ly+4 ,f>ewell ,i bid ! swift-w+$ hawks#aie1 f>ewell ! royal eagles1 ,f>ewell = me ! sun ,i love & ! bright-glanc+ moonlight1 ,t light$ up my pa? :]e9 to walk a w>rior wor?y#aif4' ,su* lam5ts are n lo/ ^u ,*>os1 ! s]vant ( ,god1 b he mu/ ne$s turn a deaf e> to pray]s = a respite4 ,cle> & f9al comes 8 answ]1 almo/ 9 ! same words 9 e ballad#aig1 1 1 ' 1 ' ' 4 #8,no respite c ,i give1 brave sir1 = ,i am /raitly *>gd2 ',tis ,god t s5t me "h to !e1 s5t me to take ?y _s4' ,sometimes !n ! doom$ man w seek to tempt ,*>os ) meat & dr9k1 t he may grant a few h\rs' delay1 b aga9/ (f]s ( hospitality he is obdurate4 ,or aga9 8 victim refuses to yield to dea? #8)\t weakness or sickness' & *all5ges him to a trial ( a?letic skill1 9 wre/l+ or leap+1 :]eon ea* %all /ake 8 own s\l4 ,& to ?is ,*>os sometimes gives cons5t1 = he kn[s t he w w94 ,s !y make _! way to ! #8m>ble-pav$ ?re%+-floor1' ! ar5a ( all manly pursuits2 & !re ! man p]*ance leaps =ty cubits1 yet ,*>os surpasses him by five2 or !y wre/le toge!r f morn till eve1 b at ! la/ b\t ,*>os is victor4 ,"o h]o inde$ is kn[n to fame1 ^: exploits make him ! ,h]acles ( mod]n ,greece1 ,dig5es ! ,cyprian1 :o wre/l$ ) ,*>os = ?ree nights & days & 0 n vanqui%$4 ,b !n #8!re came a voice f ,god & f ! ,ar*angels1 8,*>os1 ,i s5t !e n to engage 9 wre/l+s1 b t ?\ %\ld'/ c>ry (f s\ls = me#aih40' ,& at t rebuke ,*>os trans=m$ himself into an eagle & alight$ on ! h]o's head & pluck$ out 8 s\l4 ,! o!r & m pagan conception ( ,*>os excludes all traits ( k9dness & m]cy2 & m5 d n /9t ! expression ( _! hatr$ ( him4 ,he is #8black1' #8bitt]1' #8hateful' 7#aii1 1 74 ,he is ! m]ciless pot5tate ( ! ne!r _w1 indep5d5t ( ! ,god ( heav51 equally p[]ful 9 8 own doma91 b m t]rible1 m inexorable3 = 8 "w is dea? & 8 abode is ,hades4 ,!nce he issues =? at w1 z a hunt] to ! *ase4 #8,aga9/ ! w\nds t ,*>os deals h]bs avail n1 physicians give no cure1 nor sa9ts protection#bjj4' ,8 qu>ry is ! s\l ( man2 #8:]e he f9ds ?ree1 he takes two ( !m1 & :]e he f9ds two1 takes "o1 & :]e he f9ds b "o alone1 him too he takes#bja4' ,sometimes he is enl>g+ 8 palace1 & he takes ! "y & /rong to be its pill>s2 sometimes he is repair+ ! t5t 9 :i* he dwells1 & uses ! /\t arms ( h]oes = t5t-pegs & ! tresses ( bright-hair$ maid5s = ! ropes2 sometimes he is lay+ out a g>d51 & he ga!rs *ildr5 f ! e>? to be ! fl[]s ( x & "y m5 to be its tall slim cypresses2 m r>ely he is a v9tag]1 & tramples m5 9 8 vat t _! blood may be 8 r$ w9e1 or aga9 he c>ries a sickle & reaps a human h>ve/4 ,b mo/ commonly he is ! w>rior prem95t 9 all mann] ( pr[ess--ar*]1 wre/l]1 horseman4 ,once a bride boa/$ t %e _h no fe> ( ,*>os1 = t h] bro!rs 7 m5 ( val\r & h] husb& a h]o2 !n came ,*>os & %ot an arr[ at h]1 & h] beauty fad$2 a second & a ?ird arr[1 & he /ret*$ h] on h] dea?-b$#bjb4 ,(t5 9 ! pride ( /r5g? h "y w>riors laugh$ ,*>os to scorn2 !n has he come to seize ! /ronge/ ( !m1 & ?\gh ! w>rior /ra9 & /ruggle z 9 a wre/l+-mat*1 yet ,*>os we>ies n b w9s ! conte/ by fair means or f\l3 = he is no hon\rable foe1 b di%one/ above ?ieves1 m deceitful ?an wom5#bjc3 he seizes 8 adv]s>y by ! hair & drags him d[n to ,hades4 ,ev5 m /rik+ is ! picture ( ,*>os z horseman rid+ =? on 8 black /e$ to ! =ay1 & x is ?is conception :i* has inspir$ "o ( ! f9e/ a*ievem5ts ( ! popul> muse3-- ,:y /& ! m\nta9s black & sad1 _! br[s enwrapp$ 9 d>kness8 ,is x a w9d t buffets !m8 is x a /orm t la%es8 ,no1 'tis no w9d t buffets !m1 nor 'tis no /orm t la%es2 ,b 'tis great ,*>os pass+ by1 & ! dead pass+ ) him4 ,he drives ! "y m5 on be=e1 he drags ! old beh9d him1 ,& at 8 saddle-b[ are rang$ ! helpless little *ildr54 ,! *ildr5 cl+ & cry to him1 ! old m5 call besee*+1 8,good ,*>os1 at "s hamlet halt1 halt at "s cool+ f\nta92 ,!re let ! "y m5 heave ! /one1 ! old m5 dr9k ( wat]1 ,!re let ! little *ildr5 g aga!r+ pretty posies40 8,no1 n at hamlet w ,i halt1 nor yet at cool+ f\nta91 ,le/ mo!rs come draw wat] !re & "k _! little *ildr51 ,le/ wife & husb& meet aga9 & !re be no m p>t+40 ,su* is ! m pagan pres5tm5t ( ! mod]n ,*>os1 a tyrant z absolute 9 8 own realm z ,god 9 heav51 a v]itable #bjd z 0 ,hades ( old1 b h>d ( he>t1 he$less ( pray]1 delight+ 9 cruelty4 ,at fir/ sight !n ! ,*>os ( mod]n ,greece w\ld seem to h little 9 common ) ! ,*>on ( anci5t ,greece beyond ! "n & "s connexion ) dea?3 & ,fauriel1 9 ! introduction to 8 collection ( popul> songs1 pron\nces ! op9ion t 9 ?is case ! usual t5d5cies ( tradition h be5 rev]s$1 9 t x is ! "n t has surviv$1 :ile ! attributes h be5 *ang$#bje4 ,to ?is judgem5t ,i _c subscribe4 ,i suspect t 9 anci5t times ! lit]>y pres5tation ( ,*>on 0 f> m circumscrib$ ?an ! popul>1 & t out ( a pr(usion ( imag9ative portraitures z v>i$ z ^? se5 9 ! folk-songs ( to-day "o aspect ( ,*>on became accept$ among educat$ m5 z ! correct & fa%ionable pres5tm5t4 ,hades 01 9 lit]ature1 ! despot ( ! l[] _w1 & = ,*>on no place c\ld be f\nd save t ( f]ryman4 ,b ?is1 ,i ?9k1 0 only "o out ( ! _m guises 9 :i* ! anci5t ,*>on 0 figur$ by popul> imag9ation2 = at ! pres5t day ! remnants ( su* a conception are small1 9 spite ( ! fact t !re has rema9$ a cu/om :i* %\ld h kept x alive--! cu/om ( putt+ a co9 9 ! m\? ( ! dead4 ,only 9 "o folk-song1 record$ f ,zacyn?os1 c ,i f9d ! old lit]>y repres5tation ( ,*>on z f]ryman ( ! ,/yx unmi/akably reproduc$4 ,! foll[+ is a lit]al r5d]+3--#8,across ! riv] t none may =d ,*>os 0 pass+1 & "o s\l 0 on ! bank & gave him greet+4 8,good ,*>os1 long life to !e1 well-belov$2 take me1 ev5 me1 ) !e1 take me1 de> ,*>os6 ,a poor man's s\l 0 ,i1 ev5 ( a poor man & a begg>2 m5 left me de/itute & ,i p]i%$ = lack ( a crumb ( b>ley-bread4 ,no la/ rites did !y give me1 !y gave me none1 poor s\l1 n ev5 a f>?+ 9 my m\? = !e :o do/ await me4 ,poor 7 my *ildr51 poor & )\t hope2 de/itute 7 !y & lay 9 dea? unburi$1 poor s\ls4 ,!m ?\ did'/ take1 good ,*>os1 !m ?\ did'/ take1 ,i saw !e1 :5 ?y cold h& seiz$ !m by ! hair4 ,take me too1 ,*>os1 take me1 take me1 poor s\l2 take me yond]1 take me yond]1 no o!r waite? = !e40 ,?us cri$ to him ! poor man's s\l1 & ,*>os made answ]1 8,come1 s\l1 ?\ art good1 & ,god ha? piti$ !e40 ,!n took he ! s\l & set h] on ! o!r bank1 & spread+ !n 8 sail he sp$ f> away#bjf4' ,9 ano!r song#bjg ( ! same collection1 hail+ also f ,zacyn?os1 !re may be a rem9isc5ce ( ! same old tradition4 ,9 x ,*>os has a caque ) black sails & black o>s & goes to & fro--:5ce & :i!r is n told--) c>goes ( ! dead4 ,b m probably ! imag]y is borr[$ f seaf>+2 ! ,greek peasant w\ld h>dly imag9e a caque ply+ on a riv]2 ! /reams ( 8 own c\ntry w seldom c>ry ev5 a small b>k4 ,a sea-voyage on ! o!r h& is1 especially 9 ! imag9ation ( isl&]s1 ! mo/ natural me?od ( dep>ture to a f>-(f c\ntry4 ,f ! sea c]ta9ly comes ! metaphor 9 a fun]al dirge f ,zacyn?os 9 :i* ! m\rn] asks ( ! dead1 ' ' 2#bjh #8,9 :at boat wilt ?\ be & at :at hav5 wilt ?\ l&8' ,?is too is claim$ by ,s*midt#bji z a rem9isc5ce ( ,*>on's f]ry--some:at un=tunately2 = ! next l9e cont9ues1 1 #8,t ?y "m may come & ransom !e aga94' ,n[ 9 ano!r dirge#baj also he>d by ,s*midt 9 ! same isl&1 ?is idea is work$ out ev5 m fully3 ! "m cries to ! ma/] ( ! %ip t be>s away h] lo/ son n to sell him1 & (f]s high ransom = him2 b ! dead man 9 answ] bids h] keep h] treasure2 #8n till ! cr[ do? :it5 & become a dove1 mu/ ?\1 "m m9e1 look = me aga94' ,cle>ly ! imag]y is borr[$ n f ! f]ry-boat ( ,*>on ply+ = hire1 b f a desc5t ( pirates :o c>ry m5 (f to hold !m to ransom or to sell !m = slaves4 ,9 nei!r dirge is ,*>os actually nam$1 b d\btless he is und]/ood to be ! capta9 ( ! pirates2 = 9 m ?an "o dirge ( ,laconia & ,ma9a he is explicitly call$ 1 a corsair#baa4 ,"h !n we h yet ano!r pres5tation ( ! mod]n ,*>os2 b ( ,*>on ! f]ryman !re is no sure remembrance except 9 "o song f ,zacyn?os4 ,nor aga91 save 9 t "o song1 is ! riv] ( dea? imag9$ z an impassable b>ri]2 x is r a /ream ( ,le!3 no boatman is ne$$ to c>ry ! dead across2 b m5tion is made only ( #8! lov$ ones1 t pass ! riv] & dr9k ! wat] !re(1 & =get _! homes & _! orphan *ildr5#bab'--;j z 9 ! m\nta9s !re are #8spr+s 9 m>ble grots1 :]eat ! wild %eep dr9k & rememb] no m _! lambs#bac4' ,x is ! dr9k+ ( ! wat]1 n ! pass+ ( ! /ream1 :i* frees ! dead f a*+ memories3 ! picture is :olly diff]5t f t ( a riv] :i* _c be cross$ b by grace ( ! f]ryman4 ,! g5]al oblivion into :i* ! anci5t conception ( ,*>on has fall5 is ! m rem>kable1 z ,i h said1 9 view ( ! survival ( a cu/om :i* 9 antiquity 0 closely associat$ ) x4 ,9 p>ts ( ,mac$onia1 ,?race1 & ,asia ,m9or ! practice prevails#bad1 or till rec5tly prevail$1 ( plac+ 9 ! m\? 7or m r>ely on ! brea/7 ( ! dead a small co91 :i* 9 ! environs ( ,smyrna is actually kn[n z 1 passage-money#bae4 ,9 ! ,cyclades & 9 p>ts ( ! ,greek ma9l& ,i myself h met ag$ p]sons :o c\ld recall ! exi/5ce ( ! cu/om3 a c5tury or two ago x 0 probably frequ5t4 ,b !re is less evid5ce t ! co9 0 commonly int5d$ = ,*>os4 ,protodikos inde$1 ! au?ority = ! exi/5ce ( ! cu/om 9 ,asia ,m9or1 writ+ 9 #ahfj1 says expressly t ! co9 0 design$ = ,*>os z f]ryman2 & ! "n ( #8passage-money' locally giv5 to ! co9 t5ds to confirm ! /atem5t ( a writ] :om ,i h f\nd 9 "s o!r matt]s inaccurate4 ,ano!r au?ority#baf moreov]1 writ+ also 9 #ahfj1 /ates t at ,/5ima*os 9 ,?race #8until a %ort "t ago' ! co9 0 laid 9 ! m\? ( ! dead actually = ,*>os2 nor c !re be any "q t ! classical int]pretation ( ! cu/om surviv$ long 9 ,zacyn?os1 z is evid5c$ by ! compla9t ( ! poor man's s\l 9 ! song translat$ above1 ' 1 1 ' 1 #8,no la/ rites did !y give me1 !y gave me none1 poor s\l1 n ev5 a f>?+ 9 my m\? = !e 7,*>os7 :o awaite/ me4' ,yet ,s*midt1 :o record$ ^! l9es f ,zacyn?os1 f\nd t ! actual cu/om 0 b>ely rememb]$ !re4 ,he met inde$1 9 #ahfc1 "o old woman ag$ eighty-two1 :o z a *ild _h kn[n ! practice ( putt+ a copp] 9 ! m\? ( ! dead z also t ( lay+ a key on ! corpse's brea/2 b ( ! purpose ( ! co9 %e knew no?+2 ! key %e believ$ to be useful = op5+ ! gates ( ,p>adise4 ,= myself1 ?\gh ,i h he>d m5tion ( ! use ( ! co91 ,i h nev] kn[n x to be associat$ ) ,*>os4 ,i incl9e !re=e to ! op9ion t 9 mo/ places :]e ! cu/om is or has rec5tly be5 practis$1 x has outliv$ ! int]pretation :i* 0 9 classical times put ^u x4 ,b 0 ! classical int]pretation a true index to ! orig9 ( ! cu/om8 ,0 x any?+ m ?an an aetiological explanation ( a cu/om ^: significance ev5 9 an e>ly age _h already become obscur$ by lapse ( "t8 ,"o ?+ at lea/ has be5 made c]ta9 by ! mod]n /udy ( folklore1 namely t a cu/om may outlive n only ! idea :i* gave x bir? b ev5 successive false ideas :i* x has itself eng5d]$ 9 ! m9ds ( m5 :o h s\ght va9ly to expla9 x4 ,:5 !re=e ,lucian#bag /at$ t #8!y put an obol 9 ! dead man's m\? z boat-f>e = ! f]ryman1' x is possible t he 0 record+ a late & incorrect int]pretation ( a cu/om :i* _h exi/$ be=e ! rle ( f]ryman _h ev] be5 inv5t$ = ,*>on4 ,fur!r if t int]pretation _h be5 9 ! ma9 a lit]>y figm5t1 x w\ld h be5 natural = ! orig9al mean+ ( ! cu/om to be /ill rememb]$ among ! unlett]$ common-folk ( outly+ di/ricts4 ,!re are pl5ty ( cases 9 mod]n ,greece 9 :i* diff]5t explanations ( ! same cu/om are (f]$ 9 diff]5t localities4 ,9 spite !re=e ( ! fact t "o view only f\nd expression 9 classical lit]ature1 !re is no antec$5t improbability 9 ! supposition t an old] view may h be5 h&$ d[n ev5 to rec5t g5]ations 9 ! pur] oral traditions ( ! common-folk4 ,once only1 f a fell[-travell] 9 ! ,cyclades1 did ,i obta9 any explanation at all ( ! use ( ! co91 #bah1 #8x is useful because ( ! arial ones4' ,?is s\nds vague en\gh1 b no?+ m save ge/ures ( unc]ta9ty c\ld ,i elicit4 ,0 ! co9 useful1 9 8 view1 z a fee to be paid to #8! arial ones' on ! s\l's j\rney f ?is _w to ! next1 or z a *>m aga9/ ! assaults ( su* be+s8 ,t 0 ! "q to :i* ,i s\ght an answ] f him1 b 9 va94 ,= myself ,i _c det]m9e 9 :i* s5se ! d>k say+ 0 actually meant4 ,! =m] w\ld accord well ) "o local belief ( ! pres5t day1 if only my in=mant _h specifi$ "o p>ticul> k9d ( arial be+s :o are believ$ to take toll ( dep>t+ s\ls2 b to ?is ,i %all return 9 a lat] section ( ?is *apt]#bai4 ,! second int]pretation ( ! words1 h[ev]1 :e!r !y 7 int5d$ 9 t s5se by ! speak] or n1 furni%es :at w be %[n by o!r evid5ce to be ! key to ! orig9 ( ! cu/om4 ,a co9 is (t5 us$ z a *>m aga9/ s9i/] influ5ces#bbj4 ,9 ?is case !n x may h be5 a prophylactic aga9/ arial spirits4 ,:y !n is x g5]ally put 9 ! dead man's m\?8 ,n1 ,i ?9k1 because ! m\? is a conv5i5t purse1 z seems to be assum$ 9 ! classical int]pretation ( ! cu/om1 b because ! m\? is ! entrance to ! body4 ,! peasants ( to-day believe z firmly z m5 ( ! ,hom]ic age t x is ?r\gh ! m\? t ! s\l escapes at dea?4 ,! phrase ' 1 #8) ! s\l betwe5 ! tee?1' is ! popul> equival5t = #8at ! la/ gasp'2 & 9 ! folk-songs ! same idea con/antly recurs2 #8op5 ?y m\?1' says ,*>os to a %eph]d :om he has ?r[n 9 wre/l+1 #8op5 ?y m\? t ,i may take ?y s\l#bba4' ,n[ ! passage by :i* ! s\l makes its exit1 is naturally ! passage by :i* evil spirits 7or ! s\l#bbb1 if x %\ld return17 w\ld make _! entrance2 &1 z we %all see lat]1 !re is a v real fe> among ! peasantry t a dead body may be ent]$ & possess$ by an evil _s4 ,cle>ly !n ! m\?1 by :i* ! _s w\ld ent]1 is ! "r place 9 :i* to lay ! protective co94 ,! int]pretation :i* ,i sugge/ ga9s support f "s po9ts 9 mod]n usage4 ,9 ,mac$onia1 accord+ to "o travell]#bbc1 ! co9 :i* =m]ly us$ to be laid 9 ! corpse's m\? 0 ,turki% & bore a text f ! ,koran1 an aggravation ( ! pagan cu/om :i* 0 made a pretext = episcopal int]v5tion#bbd4 ,n[ cle>ly1 if ! co9 _h 9 t di/rict be5 design$ z paym5t = ! s]vices ( ,*>os z f]ryman1 !re w\ld h be5 no motive = pref]r+ "o be>+ an inscription f ! ,mohamm$an scriptures1 :i* assur$ly c\ld n enhance ! co9's value 9 ! eyes ( ,*>os3 b if ! co9 0 itself employ$ z a *>m aga9/ evil spirits1 ! sacr$ text might well h be5 deem$ to add n a little to its prophylactic prop]ties4 ,?us ! "* ( ! p>ticul> type ( co9 *os5 indicates t ! co9 9 itself too 0 at "o "t view$ z a *>m2 a *>m moreov] ^: effect w\ld be precisely t ( ! key :i* 9 ! isl& ( ,zacyn?os 0 also laid ^u ! dead man's brea/2 = ! key 0 c]ta9ly n design$1 z ,s*midt's in=mant w\ld h x1 to op5 ! gates ( ,p>adise1 b1 l any o!r piece ( iron1 s]v$ orig9ally to sc>e away spirits4 ,! use ( a co9 z well z ( a key 9 t isl& 0 m]ely meant to make assurance d\bly sure4 ,aga91 9 _m places ?r\gh\t ,greece1 :]e ?is use ( a co9 is no long] kn[n1 a sub/itute ( m ,*ri/ian "* has be5 f\nd4 ,on ! lips ( ! dead is laid ei!r a morsel ( consecrat$ bread f ! ,eu*>i/#bbe1 or m commonly a small piece ( pott]y--a fragm5t x may be ( any e>!nw>e vessel--on :i* is incis$ ! sign ( ! cross ) ! leg5d 4 4 4 4 7#8,jesus ,*ri/ conqu]s'7 9 ! f\r angles#bbf4 ,"h ! *oice ( ! inscrib$ words ( itself seems to indicate ! int5tion ( b>r+ ! dead man's m\? aga9/ ! entrance ( evil spirits2 & z f9al pro( ( my !ory ,i f9d t 9 bo? ,*ios#bbg & ,rhodes#bbh1 :]e a :olly or p>tially ,*ri/ianis$ =m ( ! cu/om prevails1 ! *>m employ$ is def9itely und]/ood by ! p to be a means ( precaution aga9/ a devil ent]+ ! dead body & resuscitat+ x4 ,nor mu/ ! m5tion ( a devil 9 ?is connexion be tak5 z evid5ce t ! ,*ian & ,rhodian int]pretation ( ! cu/om is n anci5t4 ,i %all be able to %[ 9 a lat] *apt] t ! idea ( a devil ent]+ ! corpse is only ! ,*ri/ian v]sion ( a pagan belief 9 a possible re-animation ( ! corpse by ! s\l#bbi4 ,b !re is yet ano!r v>iety ( ! cu/om1 9 :i* no co9 & no ,mohamm$an nor ,*ri/ian#bcj symbol is us$1 b a *>m ^: magic prop]ties 7 9 repute long be=e ,mohamm$1 long be=e ,*ri/1 probably long be=e co9age 0 kn[n to ,greece4 ,aga9 a piece ( pott]y is us$1 b ! symbol /amp$ ^u x is ! geometrical figure p5tagram1 ! #8p5tacle' ( m$iaeval magic lore4 ,9 ,greece x is n[ kn[n z 1 b ( its prop]ties1 beyond ! fact t x s]ves z a *>m#bca1 ! p h no?+ to say4 ,9 ! m$iaeval & probably 9 ! yet e>li] magic ( ,europe & ! ,ea/ x is "o ( ! commone/ figures1 appe>+ sometimes z ,solomon's seal1 sometimes z ! /> :i* l$ ! wise m5 to ,be?lehem1 sometimes1 9 black col\r+1 z a symbol ( ! pr9ciple ( evil1 & correspond+ly1 9 :ite1 z ! symbol ( ! pr9ciple ( good4 ,b ?\gh ! figure has be5 kn[n to ! magicians ( _m nations & _m epo*s1 !re is no reason to suppose t x is 9 rec5t times or f o!r races t ! ,greeks h le>nt x3 = x 0 kn[n too by ! anci5t ,greeks1 :o not$ among its m intelligible prop]ties ! fact t ! five l9es compos+ x c be drawn )\t remov+ p5cil f pap]4 ,! ,py?agoreans1 :o call$ x ! #bcb1 are kn[n to h atta*$ to x "s my/ic value4 ,!re is a reasonable likelihood !re=e t ! symbol has be5 h&$ d[n 9 ,greece z a magical *>m--= we h se5 h[ _m o!r me?ods ( magic h surviv$--f ! "t ( ,py?agoras4 ,fur!r back we _c p5etrate2 yet--vix]e =tes ante ,agamemnona1 & !re 7 pr(essors ( occult sci5ces be=e ,py?agoras4 ,0 x !n he :o fir/ discov]$ ! figure's my/ic value8 ,or did he m]ely adopt & int]pret 9 8 own way a symbol :i* = long ages be=e him _h be5 end[$ ) magical p[]s8 ,0 x p]haps ?is figure1 grav5 on "s brok5 pot%]d1 :i* long be=e co9age suppli$ a m ready *>m protect$ ! corpse f possession by evil spirits1 or r1 9 ^? days1 f reanimation by ! s\l8 ,:o %all say8 ,! belief1 :i* has f\nd its mod]n expression 9 ! engrav+ ( ,*ri/ian or ,mohamm$an texts on prophylactic co9s or pott]y & 9 b>r+ ) !m ! door ( ! lips :i* gives access to ! corpse1 is c]ta9ly primitive en\gh 9 "* to date f ! dimme/ prehi/oric age4 ,if my sugge/ion z to ! orig9 ( ! cu/om is correct1 x 0 only ! accid5t ( a co9 be+ commonly us$ z ! prophylactic *>m1 :i* caus$ ! classical association ( ! cu/om ) ,*>on2 &1 once disemb>rass$ ( ?is association1 ! popul> conception ( ,*>on 9 antiquity is m easily /udi$4 ,! lit]>y pres5tation ( him 9 ! guise ( a f]ryman only is a comp>atively late developm5t4 ,! e>ly poets "k no?+ ( him :atev] 9 any "*4 ,! fir/ lit]>y ref]5ce to him 0 app>5tly 9 ! ,m9yad1 an epic poem ( d\btful b n e>ly date1 ( :i* two l9es ref]r+ to ! desc5t ( ,!seus & ,piri?\s to ! l[] _w ran ?us3 #8,!re v]ily ! %ip :]eon ! dead emb>k1 ev5 t :i* ! ag$ ,*>on z f]ryman do? guide1 !y f\nd n at its an*orage#bcc4' ,^! are ! l9es by :i* ,pausanias believ$ t ,polygnotus _h be5 guid$ :5 pa9t+ ! figure ( ,*>on 9 8 fam\s repres5tation ( ! ne!r _w at ,delphi4 ,!nce=? ?is 0 ! "o or?odox pres5tation ( ,*>on 9 bo? lit]ature & art4 ,euripides & ,ari/ophanes 9 num]\s passages#bcd bo? alike con=m to x1 & ! pa9t]s ( fun]al vases 7 equally fai?ful4 ,b !re is evid5ce to %[ t ?is 0 n ! popul> conception ( ,*>on1 or at any rate n ! :ole ( x4 ,phrases occur 7& 7 probably curr5t 9 classical times7 :i* seem to imply a l>g] conception ( ,*>on's (fice & functions4 ,! #8door ( ,*>on' 7 #bce or #bcf7 0 t by :i* condemn$ prison]s 7 l$ out to execution4 ,! #8/aircase ( ,*>on' 7 #bcg7 0 t by :i* gho/s 9 drama asc5d$ to ! /age1 z if !y 7 appe>+ f ! ne!r _w4 ,to ,*>on likewise 7 ascrib$ 9 popul> p>lance _m cav]ns ( =bidd+ aspect1 p>ticul>ly ^? t 7 fill$ ) mephitic vap\rs-- #bch1 #bci1 #bdj4 ,f9ally is ,plut>*'s#bda r5d]+ ( ! ,lat9 ,orc9i1 ! sobriquet giv5 to ! l[ p]sons :om ,caes> br\ght up into ! ,s5ate4 ,^! uses po9t to a popul> conception ( ,*>on l>g] ?an classical art & lit]ature reveal1 & ju/ify ,suidas' simple id5tification ( ,*>on ) dea?#bdb4 ,moreov] once 9 ,euripides1 = all 8 /rict adh]5ce to ! conv5tional lit]>y *>act]isation ( ,*>on1 a glimpse ( popul> ?\ght is reflect$ 9 ! p]son ( ,dea? 77 & ! "p :i* he plays 9 ! ,alce/is4 ,fir/1 9 ! alt]cation betwe5 ,apollo & ,dea? ov] ! fate ( ,alce/is1 !re occur ! words1 #8,take h] & g ?y way2 = ,i "k n :e!r ,i %\ld p]suade !e'2 to :i* ,dea? answ]s1 #8,p]suade me to slay ^? :om ,i mu/8 nay1 'tis ) ?is t ,i am *>g$' 7 #bdc74 ,c x be a m]e co9cid5ce t1 9 mod]n folk-song1 :5 "s doom$ man seeks to p]suade ,*>os to grant a respite1 he answ]s1 #8,nay1 brave sir1 ,i _c2 = ,i am /raitly *>g$'8 ,! v ^w #8*>g$1' 1 ! mod]n =m ( 1 repeats ! ^w plac$ by ,euripides 9 ! m\? ( ,dea?4 ,secondly1 ,dea? appe>s 9 w>rior-guise1 j z does ,*>os mo/ commonly 9 mod]n folk-songs2 he is girt ) a sword#bdd1 & x is by wre/l+#bde t ,h]acles vanqui%es him & makes him yield up 8 prey4 ,is ?is aga9 a m]e co9cid5ce8 ,or 0 ,euripides1 9 8 p]sonification ( ,dea?1 utilis+ ! "* popul>ly assign$ to ,*>on8 ,x looks inde$ 9 "o l9e z if ! poet _h almo/ =gott5 t he 0 n us+ ! popul> "n also2 o!rwise !re is no excuse = ! inelegance ( mak+ ,dea? inflict dea?#bdf4 ,x is h>dly surpris+ t ! copyi/ ( "o#bdg ( ! extant manuscripts ( ! ,alce/is 0 s impress$ ) ! lik5ess ( ,dea? to ,*>on z he knew him1 t he alt]$ ! "n ( ! dramatis p]sona accord+ly4 ,9 ! ,an?ology aga9 ,*>on appe>s sev]al times#bdh act+ 9 a m ext5d$ capacity ?an t ( f]ryman2 z 9 mod]n folk-songs1 he actually seizes m5 & c>ries !m (f to ! ne!r _w4 ,"o epigram is p>ticul>ly noticeable z seem+ to h be5 sugge/$ by a passage ( ! ,alce/is4 #8,is !re !n any way :]eby ,alce/is might come unto old age8' asks ,apollo2 & ,dea? answ]s1 #8,!re is none2 ,i too mu/ h ! pleasure ( my dues4' #8,yet1' says ,apollo1 #8?\ wilt n get m ?an ! "o s\l1'--be x n[ or lat]4 ,& simil>ly ! epigram f ! ,an?ology1 save t ,dea? is frankly nam$ ,*>on4 #8,*>on ev] insatiable1 :y ha/ ?\ snat*$ away ,attalus ne$lessly 9 8 y\?8 ,0 he n ?9e1 an he _h di$ old8' ,cle>ly1 x w\ld seem1 ,euripides knew a popul> conception ( ,*>on o!r ?an t :i* lit]>y & arti/ic tradition _h cry/allis$ z ! or?odox pres5tation1 b r ?an break ?r\gh ! conv5tions by br++ ,*>on on ! /age o!rwise ?an z f]ryman1 he _h rec\rse to a purely artificial p]sonification ( dea?4 ,b ! conception ( ,*>on z "l ( dea? c be trac$ yet fur!r back ?an ! "t ( ,euripides4 ,hesy*ius /ates t ! title #bdi 0 %>$ by two gods1 ,*>on & ,uranus4 ,*>on !re=e1 z son ( ,acmon & bro!r ( ,uranus1 is e>li] by two long g5]ations ( gods ?an ,zeus himself1 & belongs to ! old ,pelasgian ord] ( deities4 ,0 ,*>on !n ! god ( dea? among ! old ,pelasgian population ( ,greece1 be=e ev] ! "n ( ,hades or ,pluto _h be5 inv5t$ or import$8 ,yes1 if ! corroboration f ano!r ,pelasgian s\rce1 ! ,etruscans1 is to c\nt = any?+4 ,on an ,etruscan monum5t figures ! god ( dea? ) ! inscription #8,*>un'#bej2 & ! same p]son is frequ5tly depict$ on urns1 s>cophagi1 & vases#bea4 ,usually ! door ( ! ne!r _w is to be se5 beh9d him2 ei!r he is issu+ =? to seek 8 prey1 or he is ab\t to ent] !re ) a victim :o /&s close beside him1 8 h& clasp$ 9 t ( wife or fri5d to :om he bids f>ewell#beb4 ,9 appe>ance he is mo/ (t5 an old be>d$ man 7?\gh a m y\?ful type is also kn[n7 be>+ an axe or mallet1 & m r>ely a sword z well1 :]e) he pursues m5 & slays !m#bec4 ,9 effect ! ,etruscan ,*>un closely corresponds ) ! mod]n ,greek ,*>os 9 functions z well z 9 "n4 ,! co9cid5ce all[s ( "o explanation only4 ,! ,greeks ( ! pres5t day mu/ h inh]it$ _! idea ( ,*>os f ance/ors :o 7 closely connect$ ) ! ,etruscans & to :om ,*>on 0 ! god ( dea? :o came to seize m5's s\ls & c>ry !m (f to 8 realm 9 ! ne!r _w4 ,^! ance/ors c only h be5 ! orig9al ,pelasgian population ( ,greece4 ,9 classical times ! primitive conception ( ,*>on 0 9 abeyance4 ,hades _h assum$ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t 9 ! ne!r _w2 & a lit]>y leg5d1 :i* conf9$ ,*>on to ! "w ( f]ryman1 _h ga9$ vogue & supplant$ or r tempor>ily suppress$ ! old] conception4 ,b ?is v]sion1 x appe>s1 nev] ga9$ complete ma/]y ( ! popul> imag9ation1 & to ! common-folk ( ,greece f ! ,pelasgian era d[n to ?is day ,*>on has ev] be5 m w>rior ?an f]ryman1 & 8 equipm5t an axe or sword or b[ r ?an a pair ( sculls4 ,m is to be le>nt ( ! real ,*>on ( antiquity f mod]n folk-lore ?an f all ! allusions ( classical lit]ature4 #g4 ,,aphrodite ,,& ,,eros4 ,9 ! /ory ( ,s4 ,demetra communicat$ to ,l5ormant at ,eleusis & n>rat$ above1 we h already _h "o in/ance ( ! pres]vation ( ,aphrodite's "n4 #8,s9ce ! lady ,aphrodite 7 #87 none _h be5 se5 s lovely' z ,s4 ,demetra's daught]4 ,ano!r /ory relat$ to ,p]rot#bed by an ,attic peasant 9 ! ye> #aheh conta9s bo? ! "n ( ! goddess & "s rem9isc5ces ( h] wor%ip4 ,! gi/ ( x is z foll[s4 ,!re once 0 a v beautiful que51 by "n ,aphrodite1 :o _h a ca/le at ,daphni 7j half-way on ! road f ,a!ns to ,eleusis7 & also own$ ! heights ( ,acro-,cor9?2 ^! two places %e _h caus$ to be connect$ by a subt]ranean way :i* pass$ "u ! sea4 ,n[ !re 7 two k+s bo? ( :om 7 smitt5 ) h] beauty & s\ght h] h& 9 m>riage4 ,%e h]self fav\r$ "o ( !m & hat$ ! o!r2 b n wi%+ to decl>e h] pref]5ce & s ar\se ! ang] ( ! reject$ suitor1 %e ann\nc$ t %e 0 ab\t to build a palace on ! height ( ,acro-,cor9?1 & w\ld set h] suitors ea* a task to p]=m2 "o %\ld build ! =tifications r\nd ! summit1 ! o!r %\ld s9k a well to provide ! ca/le ) wat]#bee2 & %e promis$ h] h& to ! suitor :o %\ld fir/ complete 8 task4 ,n[ %e suppos$ ! s9k+ ( ! well to be ! light] task & !re=e assign$ x to ! suitor :om %e fav\r$2 b he met ) un=ese5 difficulties1 & 8 rival mean:ile made /eady progress ) ! walls4 ,at la/ !y 7 wellnigh built1 & x rema9$ only to put 9 place ! key/one ov] ! ma9 gate4 ,!n ,aphrodite1 m>k+ ! dang]1 w5t ) w9n+ words & smiles & bade ! build] lay aside 8 tools1 = ! prize 0 n[ safely 9 8 grasp1 & l$ him away to a grassy spot :]e %e beguil$ him s long ) t5d] words & c>esses1 t ! o!r suitor mean:ile r$\bl+ 8 ef=ts pi]c$ ! rock & f\nd wat] 9 pl5ty4 ,9 ?is /ory ! "*1 z well z ! "n1 ( ! que5 is t ( ! anci5t goddess2 b !re are o!r po9ts too des]v+ ( notice4 ,p]rot po9ts out t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! mod]n mona/]y at ,daphni !re /ood 9 antiquity a temple ( ,aphrodite#bef2 & to ?is fact ,s*midt#beg1 9 comm5t+ on ! /ory1 adds t on ! summit ( ,acro-,cor9? also !re 0 a sanctu>y ( ! goddess#beh1 :ile he acc\nts = ! m5tion ( t place 9 an ,attic /ory by ! fact t ,cor9? 0 specially fam\s = ! wor%ip ( ,aphrodite4 ,no o!r ve/iges ( ! actual "n1 s f> z ,i "k1 are to be f\nd1 save t among c]ta9 ,maniote settl]s 9 ,corsica ! corrupt d]ivative1 #bei 7:i* w\ld p]haps be bett] spelt 7 0 until rec5t times at any rate appli$ to an equally corrupt class ( wom51 vot>ies ( 4 ,9 a few /ories h[ev] f ,zacyn?os#bfj ! same goddess is prettily describ$ z #bfa1 #8! ,"m ( ,love1' a title compet5t 9 itself to e/abli% h] id5tity4 ,! fir/ ( ^! /ories tells h[ a poor maid5 fell 9 love ) a y\? ( high degree1 & w5t to ! ,"m ( ,love to ask h] help4 ,! latt] promis$ to ask ! assi/ance ( h] son ,eros 77 :5 he came home4 ,next morn+ w5t ,eros ) b[ & arr[s & sat at ! maid5's door till ! swa9 pass$ by4 ,!n sudd5ly he %ot 8 arr[ at him1 & ! "y man lov$ ! maid5 & took h] to wife4 ,ano!r yet m rem>kable /ory introduces u to ! g>d5 ( ,eros1 :i!r a pr9ce once w5t to fet* wat] to cure ! bl9dness ( ! k+1 8 fa!r4 #8,!re at ! entrance he beheld a woman t 0 ! faire/ ^u e>?2 %e sat at ! gate & play$ ) a boy :o _h w+s & 9 8 h& held a b[ & _m arr[s4 ,! g>d5 0 full ( roses1 & ov] !m hov]$ _m little w+$ boys l butt]flies4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is g>d5 0 a spr+1 :5ce ! heal+ wat] fl[$4 ,z ! k+'s son drew ne> to ?is spr+1 he espi$ !re9 a woman :ite z sn[ & %9+ z ! moon2 & x 0 9 v tru? ! moon t ba!d !re4 ,beside ! spr+ sat a second woman ( exce$+ beauty :o 0 ! ,"m ( ,eros 7 74' ,%e gave him ! wat] & h] bless+1 & 8 fa!r 0 heal$4 ,! di/9ct rem9isc5ce ( ,artemis 9 ?is /ory w be notic$ lat]#bfb2 "h we ne$ only notice a few po9ts 9 ! /ory relat+ to ,eros & 8 "m4 ,! description ( ! #8boy :o _h w+s & 9 8 h& held a b[ & _m arr[s' is simply & purely classical1 accord+ exactly ) ! ,orphic address to him z 1 #bfc4 ,! #8woman at ! gate :o 0 ! faire/ ^u e>?' is 9 all probability ! same z #8! ,"m ( ,eros' beside ! spr+1 ! s+le p]sonality1 by "s vag>y 9 ! transmission ( ! /ory1 hav+ become duplicat$4 ,! roses1 ( :i* ! g>d5 0 full1 are ! fl[] always sacr$ to ,aphrodite1 ! sweete/ emblem ( love2 & ov] ^! x is fitt+ t ! #8little w+$ boys' %\ld hov]1 bro!rs z x 7 ( ,eros1 ev]-fre% embodim5ts ( love1 to all ( :om1 9 antiquity1 ,aphrodite 0 "m#bfd4 ,^! folk-tales pres5t suffici5t evid5ce t ! memory ( ! "n & attributes ( ,aphrodite surviv$ locally until rec5t times to w>rant ! conclusion t h] wor%ip1 l t ( o!r pagan deities1 possess$ vitality en\gh to compete = a long :ile ) ,*ri/ianity = ! fav\r ( ! common-folk2 b z a p]sonality %e is no long] pres5t1 ,i ?9k1 to _! consci\sness2 %e is at mo/ only a "* 9 a few folk-/ories--if inde$ ! pres5t g5]ation has n =gott5 ev5 ^!4 ,= my "p1 ,i nev] he>d m5tion ( h] 9 /ory or o!rwise1 al?\gh h] son1 ! w+$ ,eros1 is (t5 nam$ 9 ! love-songs :i* =m a l>ge "p ( ! popul> poetry4 ,v[s & (f]+s :i* w\ld 9 =m] days h be5 made to ,aphrodite are n[ made ei!r to suitable sa9ts :o h tak5 h] place1 su* z ,s4 ,ca?>9e#bfe1 or to ! ,fates 771 :o 7 f ( old associat$ ) h]4 ,accord+ to a fragm5t ( ,epim5ides#bff1 #8gold5 ,aphrodite & ! dea?less ,fates' 7 daught]s ( ,cronos & ,euonyme4 ,_! si/]ly relation 0 recognis$ also 9 cult4 ,ne> ! ,ilissus once /ood a temple conta9+ an old wood5 /atue 77 ( ,heav5ly ,aphrodite ) an inscription nam+ h] #8elde/ ( ! ,fates' 7 7#bfg4 ,s v5]able a %r9e mu/ 9 old "t h witness$ _m a petition = success 9 love2 & :5 we be> 9 m9d ! anci5t inscription ( ! /atue1 x is int]e/+ to f9d t among ! girls ( ,a!ns until rec5t times ! cu/om prevail$ ( visit+ ! s-call$ #8holl[ hill#bfh' 7 7 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood to (f] to ! ,fates cakes ) honey & salt & to consult !m z to _! de/9$ husb&s#bfi4 ,sacr$ also to ,aphrodite 9 old days 0 a cave 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,naupactus1 frequ5t$ p>ticul>ly by wid[s anxi\s to be rem>ri$#bgj4 ,at ! pres5t day a cave at ! foot ( ,mt ,rigani1 :i* may probably be id5tifi$ z ! old sanctu>y1 is ! spot to :i* girls repair 9 ord] to consult ! ,fates on ! all-absorb+ "q#bga4 ,?us x seems t #8gold5 ,aphrodite' has disappe>$ f ! old si/]ly gr\p ( deities1 & t #8! dea?less ,fates' alone rema9 to receive pray]s & to grant boons :i* once fell )9 ! prov9ce r ( ,aphrodite4 ,to ! ,fates we mu/ n[ turn4 #h4 ,,! ,,fates4 ,! cu/om ( tak+ or s5d+ (f]+s to a cave haunt$ by ! ,fates1 ( :i* we h j se5 two examples1 is widely ext5d$ among ! wom5 ( ,greece4 ,9 ,a!ns1 besides ! #8holl[ hill1' two or ?ree ( ! old rock-dwell+s r\nd ab\t ! ,hill ( ! ,muses 7 =m]ly a common resort = ! same purpose1 & ! practice ?\gh r>] n[ is n yet ext9ct#bgb4 ,among ! be/-kn[n ( ^! resorts is ! s-call$ ,prison ( ,socrates4 ,dodwell1 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 travels 9 ,greece at ! beg9n+ ( la/ c5tury1 /ates t he f\nd !re #89 ! inn] *amb]1 a small fea/ consi/+ ( a cup ( honey & :ite almonds1 a cake on a little napk91 & a vase ( aromatic h]bs burn+ & exhal+ an agreeable p]fume#bgc'2 & ! obs]vance ( ! cu/om is kn[n to h cont9u$ 9 t place d[n to rec5t ye>s#bgd4 ,! same practice1 ,i 0 in=m$ at ,sp>ta1 is kn[n at ! pres5t day to ! peasant-wom5 ( ! surr\nd+ pla91 :o w und]take ev5 a long & we>isome j\rney to lay a honey-cake 9 a c]ta9 cave on "o ( ! ea/]n spurs ( ,tagetus4 ,o!r places 9 :i* to my own k ! cu/om /ill cont9ues are ,agr9ion 9 ,aetolia & neighb\r+ di/ricts1 ! villages ( ,mt ,pelion 9 ,!ssaly1 & ! isl& ( ,scyros2 & f ! te/imony ( _m o!r obs]v]s ,i conclude t x is1 or 0 till rec5tly1 univ]sal 9 ,greek l&s4 ,nor does !re seem to be mu* v>iety 9 ! subjects on :i* ! peasant-wom5 consult ! ,fates3 ) ! girls matrimony1 ) ! m>ri$ wom5 mat]nity1 is ! p]petually recurr+ !me4 ,ev]y:]e also honey 9 "s =m is an ess5tial "p ( ! (f]+ by :i* ! ,fates' fav\r is to be won4 ,! acceptance ( ?is (f]+1 & !re=e also ! success ( ! pray]s :i* accompany x1 are occasionally1 z 9 ! cave ne> ,sp>ta :i* ,i h m5tion$1 inf]r$ f om5s provid$ by ! dripp+ ( wat] f ! ro( ( ! cave2 b m usually ! realisation ( ! conjugal aspirations is n assur$1 unless a second visit to ! sanctu>y1 ?ree days or a mon? lat]1 proves t ! sweetmeats h be5 accept$ by ! ,fates & are gone4 ,?is1 ,i am told1 occurs ) "s frequ5cy4 ,dodwell m5tions t 8 donkey ate "s#bge2 & consid]+ ! "* ( ! (f]+s--cakes & honey = ! mo/ "p1 = only 9 ! #8holl[ hill' at ,a!ns 0 salt add$ !reto--x is n surpris+ if ! ,fates f9d _m will+ proxies1 human & can9e z well z as99e4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ^! delicacies are pr(f]$1 an invocation is recit$4 ,?is may take ! =m ( a metrical l9e1 1 1 1 #8,k9d ,fates1 orda9 my fate1 = ,i br+ y good f>e1' or may be a simple prose =mul>y1 1 #bgf1 #8,fates above all ,fates1 & ,fate ( ,n41 come ye1 ,i pray1 & eat1 & orda9 anew ! fate ( ,n41 t %e may h a good fate4' ,v>i\s o!r v]sions are also on record1 "o ( :i* w be consid]$ lat]2 b ^! two examples illu/rate suffici5tly = ! pres5t ! simple ,hom]ic t5\r ( su* pray]s4 ,! words :i* ,i h quot$1 x mu/ be admitt$1 give cle> expression to ! hope t ! ,fates may revise ! decrees :i* !y h already pron\nc$ on ! =tunes ( ! suppliant4 ,nev]!less t su* a hope %\ld be fulfill$ is contr>y to ! g5]al beliefs ( ! p4 ,! ,fates1 !y "k1 are inexorable s f> z conc]ns ! *ang+ ( any ( _! purposes once set2 =1 z _! prov]b runs1 1 1 #8:at ! ,fates write1 t !y make n unwritt5#bgg4' ,!y are n1 x w\ld appe>1 subord9ate1 z ,*>on is sometimes deem$ to be1 ev5 to ! supreme ,god2 ,i c f9d no song or /ory t w\ld s pres5t !m4 ,!y are absolute & irresponsible 9 ! fa%ion+ ( human de/9y4 ,b ! ,greek peasants are n ! fir/ :o h at ! same "t believ$ bo? 9 pr$e/9ation & 9 ! efficacy ( pray]4 ,p]haps all unconsci\sly !y reconcile ! ideas z did ,aes*ylus ( old3 1 ' #bgh1 #8,de/9y ha? long be5 abid+ its "t1 b 9 answ] to pray] may come4' ,b ev5 )\t any intuition ( s h>d a doctr9e ! peasant-wom5 may ju/ify _! pray]s & (f]+s by ! hope t1 ?\gh ! ,fates w detract no?+ f ! fulfilm5t ( :atsoev] !y h spok5 or writt51 !y may be will+ to add !reto su* supplem5t z %all modify 9 l>ge measure ! issue4 ,= ! ,fates are z ,greek 9 "* z _! wor%ipp]s1 & /ories are n want+ to illu/rate ! %ifts to :i* !y h /oop$ 9 ord] practically to invalidate )\t =mally cancell+ _! :ilom purpose4 #8,once ^u a "t a poor woman gave bir? to a daught]1 & on ! ?ird night aft] ! bir? ! ,fates came to orda9 ! *ild's lot4 ,z !y ent]$ ! cottage !y saw prep>$ = !m a table ) a clean clo? & all mann] ( sweetmeats !reon4 ,s :5 !y _h p>tak5 !re( & 7 cont5t1 !y 7 k9dly dispos$ t[>d ! *ild4 ,& ! fir/ ,fate gave to h] long life1 & ! second beauty1 & ! ?ird *a/ity4 ,b z !y w5t =? f ! cottage1 ! fir/ ( !m tripp$ aga9/ ! ?re%old1 & turn+ 9 wra? t[>ds ! infant pron\nc$ t %e %\ld be always an idl]4 ,n[ :5 %e 0 gr[n up1 %e 0 s beautiful t ! k+'s son w\ld h h] to wife4 ,z ! w$d+-day drew ne>1 h] "m & h] fri5ds *id$ h] because %e delay$ to make h] w$d+ dress2 b %e 0 idle & he$$ n4 ,soon came ! eve ( ! w$d+1 & %e wept because ! pr9ce w\ld le>n ( h] idl5ess & refuse to take h] to wife4 ,n[ ! ,fates lov$ h]1 & saw h] te>s & piti$ h]4 ,!re=e !y came sudd5ly be=e h]1 & ask$ :y %e wept2 & %e told !m all4 ,!n sat !y d[n !re & spun & weav$ & embroid]$ all t night1 & 9 ! morn+ !y array$ h] 9 a bridal dress deck$ ) gold & pe>ls su* z _h nev] be5 se54 ,pres5tly came ! pr9ce1 & !re 0 mu* fea/+ & danc+1 & %e 0 f> ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! company4 ,& because he saw h] lovely dress & knew h[ mu* toil x mu/ h co/ h] to array h]self ?us = him1 he grant$ h] ! fav\r ( do+ no m "w all h] days#bgi4' ,?is /ory1 besides illu/rat+ well ! f9ality ( e ^w pron\nc$ by ! ,fates & ! means :i* !y may employ to mitigate _! own sev]ity1 is typical too ( ! ideas g5]ally accept$ conc]n+ ! ,fates4 ,_! numb] is ?ree#bhj1 & !y are se5 9 ! %ape ( old wom51 "o ( :om at lea/ is always engag$ 9 sp9n+4 ,( ! rema9+ two1 "o is sometimes se5 be>+ a book :]e9 to record 9 writ+ ! decrees :i* ! ?ree jo9tly utt]1 :ile ! o!r c>ries a pair ( scissors :]e) to cut ! ?read ( life at ! appo9t$ "t2 or aga9 sometimes ^! two also are sp9n+1 "o ( !m c>ry+ a basket ( wool or a di/aff & ! o!r fa%ion+ ! ?read4 ,?is association ( ! ,fates ) sp9n+ op]ations is commemorat$ 9 c]ta9 popul> phrases by ! comp>ison ( man's life to a ?read4 #8,8 ?read is cut' or #8is f9i%$' 7 or 7 is a famili> euphemism = #8he is dead'3 & aga91 ) ! same ultimate mean+ b a some:at diff]5t metaphor1 ! p ( ,ara*ova use ! phrase ' #bha1 #88 sp9dle is w\nd full1'--an expression :i* seems to imply ! idea t ! ,fates apportion to ea* man at bir? a mass ( r\gh wool f :i* !y g on sp9n+ day by day till ! ?read ( life is complet$4 ,accord+ to ,fauriel#bhb1 a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,fates is also to be f\nd 9 a p]sonification ( ! plague 7 71 :i* 9 ! tradition ( "s di/ricts is n repres5t$ z a s+le demon b has be5 multipli$ into a trio ( t]rible wom5 :o pass ?r\gh ! t[ns & deva/ate !m1 "o ( !m c>ry+ a roll on :i* to write ! names ( ! victims1 ano!r a pair ( scissors :]e) to cut !m (f f ! liv+1 & ! ?ird a broom ) :i* to sweep !m away4 ,he assigns h[ev] no reason = id5tify+ ! deadly trio ) ! ,fates1 & x is m natural1 if any l9k ) antiquity "h exi/s1 to connect !m ) ! ,er9yes#bhc or o!r simil> deities4 ,9 fact _! resemblance to ! ,fates1 save = "s sup]ficial details1 is small4 ,! ,fates1 ?\gh inexorable :5 once _! decree is pron\nc$1 are nev] wantonly cruel4 ,_! displeasure may inde$ be ar\s$ by neglect1 z we %all %ortly see1 to su* an ext5t t !y w visit ! s9s ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr54 ,b1 :5 m5 treat !m ) ! consid]ation & ! rev]5ce due to deities1 !y are unfail+ly k9dly1 & des]ve ! title by :i* !y are sometimes kn[n1 1 #8! good ladies4' ,= ?is "n is n an euphemism conceal+ dread & hatr$1 b an expression ( g5u9e rev]5ce2 su* at any rate is my judgem5t1 bas$ on _m conv]sations ) ! common-folk 9 all p>ts ( ,greece--= on ?is topic = "s reason !re is f> less retic5ce ?an on _m o!rs4 ,& inde$ if ! "* ( ! ,fates 7 believ$ to be cruel1 _! aspect also w\ld be repres5t$ z grim & m5ac+2 :]eas !y are actually p\rtray$ z des]v+ almo/ ( pity r ?an awe by reason ( _! age & _! infirmity4 ,! occasion on :i* ! ,fates h mo/ (t5 be5 se5 by human eyes & on :i*1 ev5 ?\gh invisible1 !y nev] fail to be pres5t1 is ! ?ird night 7or z "s say ! fif? night#bhd7 aft] ! bir? ( a *ild4 ,provision = _! arrival is !n scrupul\sly made4 ,! dog is *a9$ up4 ,any ob/acles ov] :i* ! visitors might trip 9 ! d>kness are remov$4 ,! h\se-door is left op5 or at any rate unlat*$4 ,inside a light is kept burn+1 & 9 ! middle ( ! room is set a l[ table ) ?ree cu%ions or l[ /ools plac$ r\nd x--religi\s cons]vatism app>5tly =bidd+ ! use ( s mod]n an inv5tion z *airs1 = at ! ly+-9-/ate be=e a fun]al also cu%ions or l[ /ools are provid$ = ! m\rn]s4 ,on ! table are set out su* da9ties z ! ,fates love1 includ+ always honey2 9 ,a!ns =m]ly ! ess5tials 7 a di% ( honey1 ?ree :ite almonds1 a loaf ( bread1 & a glass ( wat]#bhe2 & ready to h&1 z pres5ts f :i* ! goddesses may *oose :at !y w1 may be laid all ! mo/ co/ly treasures ( ! family1 su* z jewell]y & ev5 money1 9 tok5 t no?+ has be5 sp>$ to give !m welcome4 ,^! prep>ations made1 _! visit is await$ 9 solemn sil5ce2 = none mu/ speak :5 ! ,fates draw ne>4 ,mo/ (t5 !y are nei!r se5 nor he>d2 b sometimes1 x is said1 a wakeful "m has se5 _! =ms z !y b5t ov] h] *ild & wrote _! decrees on its br[--= :i* reason moles & o!r m>ks on ! =ehead or ! nose are 9 "s places call$ #bhf1 #8writ+s ( ! ,fates'2 sometimes %e has he>d ! l[ s\nd ( _! voices z !y consult$ toge!r ov] ! future ( ! *ild2 nay m1 %e has ev5 caught & und]/ood _! spee*2 yet ev5 s h] =ekn[l$ge ( ! infant's fate is unavail+2 %e may be aw>e ( ! dang]s :i* await its rip5+ ye>s1 b ?\gh =ew>n$ %e is p[]less to =e>m2 aga9/ de/9y once pron\nc$ all weapons1 all wiles1 are futile4 ,neglect ( any ( ! due prep>ations = ! visit ( ! ,fates may excite _! wra? & cause !m to decree an evil lot = ! *ild4 ,?is idea is ! motif ( _m fables curr5t 9 ,greece4 ,a typical example is furni%$ by ! foll[+ extract f a popul> poem 9 :i* a man ^: life has br\ght him no?+ b mis]y sees 9 a vision "o ( ! ,fates & appeals to h] ?us3 #8,i beg & pray ( !e1 ,o ,fate1 to tell me n[1 my lady1 ,!n :5 my "m br\ght me =?1 :at passd at my be>+8' ,& %e makes answ]3 #8,!n :5 ?y "m br\ght !e =?1 'twas deep & bitt] w9t]1 ,elev5 days o' ! ye> _h run :5 angui% came ^u h]4 ,!reon#bhg ,i rob$ me & did on ?is raim5t t ?\ se/1 ,& _h x 9 my he>t to cry 8,long life to !e & ri*es40 ,ah1 b ! night 0 deep & d>k1 yea wrappd ?ick 9 d>kness1 ,& hail & sn[ 7 driv+ h>d1 & angry ra9 0 la%+2 ,f mire to mud1 f mud to mire1 s lay my road be=e me1 ,& z ,i w5t1--a murra9 on't1--aga9/ y\r well ,i /umbl$2 ,nay1 sirrah1 an ?\ believe/ n1 scan well ! sc>s ,i c>ry4 ,two curs$ h\nds ye _h )al1 h\nds f ! ,lomb>d c\ntry1 ,& fi]ce ^u me sprang ! twa91 & fi]ce z wolves _! bay+4 ,!n cursd ,i !e full bitt]ly1 a curse ( v v5om1 ,t no bright day %\ld ev] *e] ?y mis]able body1 ,t ?\ %\ld/ burn1 t ?\ %\ld/ burn1 & h no hope ( riddance1 ,t joy %\ld ev] 'scape ?y clasp1 & sorr[ dog ?y go+s1 ,t ?9e own k9 %\ld sl&] !e & ?y fri5ds rail ^u !e1 ,nor /rang]s nor ?y c\ntrym5 "k aught ( love t[>d !e4 ,yet1 hapless man1 n ?9e ! s92 ?y p>5ts' 0 ! s9n+1 ,t *a9d n ^? h\nds "r fa/ to a corn] ( _! dwell+2 ,well is x said by m5 ( old1 well bruit !y l\d ! say+1 8,! fa!rs eat ( acid ?+s1 & ! bairns' tee? fall a*+40 ,h pati5ce !n1 ,o hapless man1 a ye> or twa9 ( pati5ce1 ,& !re %all come a happy day :5 all ?y woes %all vani%2 ,= all ?y bitt]ness ( s\l ?\ %alt f9d consolation1 ,?y dreams ( beauty & ( weal? ?\ %alt at la/ encompass#bhh4' ,! ,fates1 x has be5 already said1 are ?ree 9 numb]2 :y s1 x seems impossible to det]m9e4 ,x may be t ! functions dis*>g$ by !m fell readily into a ?ree-fold division2 ?us 9 ! di/rict ( ,zagorion 9 ,epirus1 "o ,fate #8sp9s ! ?read' 7 7 :i* det]m9es ! l5g? ( life1 ! second apportions good =tune1 & ! ?ird bad#bhi4 ,or aga91 ! division may h be5 made 9 su* a way t "o ,fate %\ld preside ov] ea* ( ! ?ree great ev5ts ( human exp]i5ce1 bir?1 m>riage1 & dea?4 ,! t]m #8fate' 77#bij is (t5 us$ by wom5 z a synonym = m>riage 77--9 curi\s contra/ ) ! man's m optimi/ic description ( 8 w$d+ z 1 #8joy'2 & a ,greek prov]b1 us$ ( a v ignorant man1 1 #8he does n "k ! ?ree evils ( 8 ,fate1' to wit bir?1 m>riage1 & dea?1 c>ries ! connexion ( fate ) ^! ?ree ev5ts a little fur!r4 ,b su* di/ributions ( functions are probably po/]ior to ! *oice ( ! numb]4 ,?ree 0 always a sacr$ numb]1 & ! anci5ts delight$ 9 tr9ities ( goddesses#bia4 ,b besides ! ?ree great ,fates we mu/ recognise also 9 mod]n ,greece ! exi/5ce ( less] ,fates1 atta*$ ea* to a s+le human life4 ,?is is a slight ext5sion ( ! ma9 belief1 & consi/s really 9 ! p]sonification ( ! objective fate :i* ! ?ree great ,fates decree4 ,j z ea* man is believ$ to h 8 good gu>dian-angel &1 by anti!sis b ) less biblical w>ranty1 8 bad angel1 s too he is accompani$ by 8 own p]sonal ,fate4 ,b ^! less] ,fates are only fa9t replicas ( ! great tr9ity1 & ,i d\bt :e!r !y are believ$ to h any indep5d5t p[] ( _! own2 !y w\ld seem to be m]e m9i/]s :o c>ry out ! orig9al decrees ( ! ?ree supreme ,fates4 ,(t5 9 ! popul> songs x is impossible to tell :e!r x is ! less] p]sonal ,fate or "o ( ! great trio :o is address$4 ,= 9 su* l9es z1 1 1 1 ' 1 #bib1 #8,i pray !e1 good ,fate1 s5d me n to a /range l&1 b if x be my lot to be s5t1 let me n die !re1' ! =m ( address 7lit]ally #8my ,fate'7 implies no p]sonal possession1 b is ! same z t employ$ 9 pray+ to ,god or ! ,virg91 1 4 ,b 9 def9ite =ms ( incantation1 compos$ = recitation along ) propitiatory (f]+s1 ! great ,fates & ! less] ,fate ( ! individual suppliant are c\pl$ 9 a way :i* %[s ! diff]5ce 9 importance betwe5 !m4 ,! =m] are call$ #8! ,fates ov] all ,fates' 7 71 z 9 ! pla9 prose =mul>y quot$ above2 ! latt] is m]ely ! ,fate ( ?is or t p]son4 ,:e!r ^! inf]ior ,fates 7 kn[n also 9 ! classical p]iod is a "q :i* ,i am unable to answ]2 b t ! belief 9 !m is c]ta9ly ( no rec5t gr[? is prov$ by an incantation m elaborate ?an ^? giv5 above & on int]nal evid5ce v old3-- '' 1 1 1 ' 1 #bic4 #8,f ,olympus1 ev5 f ! summit1 f ! ?ree heights ( heav51 :]e dwell ! ,fates ( all ,fates & my own ,fate1 may %e he>k5 & come4' ,! v]sion ( ! =mula :i* ,i h giv5 is only "o out ( sev]al :i* h be5 record$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ,greece#bid1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! orig9al 0 a widely-e/eem$ incantation4 ,i h giv5 ! mo/ intelligible2 b ! m]e fact t "s ( ! o!rs1 ?r\gh v]bal corruption 9 ! c\rse ( tradition1 h become almo/ mean+less1 is /rong pro( ( ! antiquity ( ! orig9al4 ,!re are h[ev] two cle> m>ks ( antiquity 9 ! v]sion be=e u4 ,! m5tion ( ,olympus z ! abode ( deities c>ries u back at once to ! classical age2 & ! ^w 9 ! s5se ( #8summit' is no less sugge/ive ( a v e>ly date4 ,! anci5t ^w 1 us$ 9 ?is s5se by ,aes*ylus#bie & by ,h]odotus#bif1 is obsolete n[ 9 ! spok5 language4 ,b is evid5tly ei!r a dialectic =m ( x 7) ! common int]*ange ( & 7 or else a corrupt =m1 n und]/ood by ^? :o cont9u$ to use x 9 ?is incantation1 & assimilat$1 by way ( assonance1 to 4 ,fur!r "o ( ! o!r v]sions gives ! ^w z #big1 :]e ! orig9al is reta9$ b ! lo/ be=e 1 :i* n[ univ]sally has ! s\nd ( ! ,engli% v4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two =ms !re=e e/abli%es beyond "q ! fact t ! some:at r>e classical ^w 1 9 its kn[n mean+ ( #8summit1' 0 ! orig9al =m4 ,h5ce ! incantation1 conta9+ bo? a m5tion ( ,olympus z ! seat ( deities & an old classical ^w long s9ce disus$1 _c b date f v e>ly times4 ,possibly !re=e ! belief 9 subord9ate ,fates1 atta*$ ea* to "o human be+1 0 kn[n to ! common-folk ( ! classical age4 ,b1 be ?is z x may1 ! popul> conception ( ! great ,tr9ity ( ,fates has p]si/$ un*ang$ = m ?an a score ( c5turies--& :o %all say = h[ _m m8 ,"h ! lit]>y tradition ( classical times 0 evid5tly fai?ful to popul> traditions4 ,! numb] ( ! ,fates is /ill ! same z 9 ,hesiod's day#bih2 !y are /ill depict$ z old & infirm wom51 z !y 7 by ! poets at any rate 9 antiquity1 ?\gh 9 anci5t art1 = beauty's sake1 !y are apt to be figur$ z m y\?ful2 x is /ill _! task #8to assign to mortal m5 at _! bir?1' z ,hesiod knew1 #8bo? good & ill#bii'2 ! functions ( ,clo?o :o spun ! ?read ( life1 ( ,la*esis :o apportion$ de/9y1 & ( ,atropos :om none might turn f h] purpose1 are /ill ! jo9t functions ( ! great ,?ree2 ! book1 ! sp9dle1 & an in/rum5t = cutt+ ! ?read ( life are /ill _! attributes4 ,!re is little new !re=e to be le>nt f ! /udy ( ! ,fates 9 mod]n folk-lore4 ,! lesson :i* x tea*es r is ! cont9uity ( ! pres5t ) ! pa/4 ,b !re is "o po9t to :i* special att5tion may p]haps be direct$--! belief t ! ,fates inv>iably visit ea* *ild t is born 9 ord] to decree its lot4 ,i d n wi% to engage 9 ! controv]sy :i* has rag$ r\nd ! id5tification ( ! figures 9 ! ea/ p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non2 b ^? :o w\ld recognise among !m ! ?ree ,fates may fairly draw a fre% argum5t f ! /r5g? ( ?is popul> belief4 ,x is only fitt+ t at ! bir? ( ,a!na f ! head ( ,zeus ! ,fates %\ld be pres5t2 = ev5 ,zeus himself1 said ,aes*ylus#cjj1 might n escape _! decree4 #i4 ,,! ,,nymphs4 ,( all ! sup]natural be+s :o haunt ! pa? & ! imag9ation ( ! mod]n ,greek peasant by f> ! mo/ common are ! ,nymphs or #8,n]eids' 774 ,! "n itself occurs 9 a multitude ( dialectic v>ieties#cja1 b its mean+ is ev]y:]e uni=m1 & m compreh5sive ?an t ( ! anci5t ^w4 ,x is no long] conf9$ to nymphs ( ! sea1 b embraces also _! k9dr$ ( m\nta91 riv]1 & woodl&4 ,!re is no long] a ,n]eus1 god ( ! sea1 to claim ! ,n]eids z 8 daught]s1 d5iz5s l himself ( ! deep2 & ! connexion ( _! "n ) ! mod]n ^w = #8wat]' 77 is n und]/&$ ( ! common-folk4 ,h5ce !re has be5 no?+ to re/ra9 ! ext5sion ( ! t]m 1 & x has entirely sup]s$$1 9 ?is s5se1 ! anci5t 1 :i* 9 mod]n spee* c only mean #8a bride4' ,! famili>ity ( ! peasants ) ! ,n]eids is m intimate ?an c be easily imag9$ by ^? :o h m]ely travell$1 x may be1 ?r\gh ! c\ntry b h no k ( ! p 9 _! homes4 ,! educat$ classes ( c\rse1 & ) !m "s ( ! less communicative ( ! peasants1 w d5y all belief 9 su* be+s & affect to d]ide z old wives' fables ! _m /ories conc]n+ !m4 ,b 9 tru? ! belief is "o :i* ev5 m5 ( consid]able culture fail sometimes to eradicate f _! own brea/s4 ,a pap] on ! ,n]eids 7! nucleus ( ! pres5t *apt]7 0 read by me 9 ,a!ns at an op5 meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool2 & no soon] 0 x end$ ?an an ,a!nian g5tleman ^: "n is well kn[n 9 c]ta9 le>n$ circles ?r\gh\t ,europe rose hurri$ly cross+ himself & disappe>$ )\t a ^w ( leave-tak+4 ,z = ! peasants1 let !m d5y or av[ _! belief1 !re is probably no nook or hamlet 9 all ,greece :]e ! wom5folk at lea/ d n scrupul\sly take precautions aga9/ ! !fts & ! malice ( ! ,n]eids1 :ile _m a man may /ill be f\nd ready to rec\nt 9 all good fai? /ories ( _! beauty & passion & caprice4 ,nor is x a matt] ( fai? only2 m ?an once ,i h be5 9 villages :]e c]ta9 ,n]eids 7 kn[n by sight to sev]al p]sons 7s at lea/ !y av]r$72 & !re 0 a wond]ful agreem5t among ! witnesses 9 ! description ( _! appe>ance & dress4 ,i myself once _h a ,n]eid po9t$ out to me by my guide1 & !re c]ta9ly 0 ! semblance ( a female figure drap$ 9 :ite & tall beyond human /ature flitt+ 9 ! dusk betwe5 ! gn>l$ & twi/$ boles ( an old olive-y>d4 ,:at ! app>ition 01 ,i _h no leisure to inve/igate2 = my guide ) _m signs ( ! cross & mutt]$ invocations ( ! ,virg9 urg$ my mule to p]il\s ha/e along ! r\gh m\nta9-pa?4 ,b _h ,i inh]it$1 z he1 a belief 9 ,n]eids toge!r ) a f]tile gift ( m5dacity1 ,i %\ld d\btless h corroborat$ ! highly-col\r$ /ory :i* he told :5 we rea*$ ! light & safety ( ! next village2 & ! ready acceptance ( ! /ory by ^? :o he>d x prov$ to me t a p]sonal enc\nt] ) ,n]eids 0 really reckon$ among ! possible incid5ts ( e-day life4 ,! awe 9 :i* ! ,n]eids are held is p>tially responsible1 )\t d\bt1 = ! _m adulatory by-names by :i* !y are kn[n4 ,n[ & aga9 inde$ a peasant1 :5 he is suff]+ f "s imag9$ injury at _! h&s1 may s f> speak 8 m9d conc]n+ !m z to call !m #8evil wom5' 7 or 73 b 9 g5]al 8 ref]5ces are m diplomatic & conciliatory 9 tone4 ,he adopts ! same attitude t[>ds !m z did 8 =efa!rs t[>ds ! ,furies2 &1 ?\gh ! actual ^w #8,eum5ides' is lo/ to 8 vocabul>y1 ! _s ( 8 address is un*ang$4 #8,! ,ladies' 7 71 #8,our ,maid5s' 7 71 #8,our good ,que5s' 7 71 #8,! k9d-he>t$ ones' 7 71 #8,! ladies to :om we wi% joy' 7 71 or mo/ commonly ( all #8,our good ,ladies' 7 or 7#cjb1--su* is ! wont$ /yle ( 8 adulation1 9 :i* ! frequ5t use ( ! ^w 7! plural ( 1 i4e4 7 is a h]itage f 8 ance/ors :o made d$ications #8to ! lady nymphs' 7 74 ,yet x may be que/ion$ :e!r ^! by-names are :olly euphemi/ic2 = m+l$ ) ! awe :i* ! ,n]eids inspire !re is c]ta9ly an elem5t ( admiration &1 ,i _h almo/ said1 ( affection 9 ! feel+s ( ! common-folk t[>d !m4 ,! ,n]eids are conceiv$ z wom5 half-div9e yet n immortal1 always "y1 always beautiful1 caprici\s at be/1 & at _! wor/ cruel4 ,_! pres5ce is suspect$ ev]y:]e2 grim =e/-dep? & laugh+ valley1 babbl+ /ream & w9d-swept ridge1 tree & cave & pool1 ea* may be _! *os5 haunt1 ! *>m$ sc5e ( _! dance & song & godlike revelry4 ,! old di/9ctions betwe5 ! nymphs accord+ to _! habitations /ill to "s ext5t hold good2 !re are nymphs ( ! sea & nymphs ( ! /reams1 tree-nymphs & m\nta9-nymphs2 b 9 *>act]i/ics ^! sev]al classes are alike1 9 grace1 9 frolic1 9 wantonness4 ,( all t is light & mir?ful !y are ! ideal2 ( all t is lovely ! exquisite embodim5t2 & _! he>ts b5ea? are ev] sway$ by fi]ce gu/s ( love & ( hate4 ,! beauty ( ! ,n]eids1 ! sweetness ( _! voices1 & ! grace & li!ness ( _! movem5ts h giv5 rise to _m famili> phrases :i* are eloqu5t ( feel+s o!r ?an awe 9 ! p's m9ds4 #8,%e is fair z a ,n]eid' 7 71 #8%e has ! eyes1 ! arms1 ! bosom ( a ,n]eid' 7 1 1 71 #8%e s+s1 %e dances1 l a ,n]eid' 71 1 71--su* are ! complim5ts "t & aga9 pass$ ^u a bride1 ^: :ite dress & ornam5ts ( gold seem to complete ! resemblance4 ,possibly ! tw(old usage 9 antiquity ( ! ^w is responsible = a /ill surviv+ association ( bridal dress ) ! ,n]eids2 x is at any rate to ! peasants' m9d an inconte/able fact t :ite & gold are ! col\rs *iefly affect$ by ,n]eids 9 _! dress#cjc4 ,only 9 "o p>ticul> is ! beauty ( ! ,n]eids ev] ?\ght to be m>r$2 9 "s localities !y are said to h ! feet ( goats or ( asses#cjd2 z = in/ance ! ?ree ,n]eids :o are believ$ to dance toge!r )\t pause on ! heights ( ,tagetus4 ,b ?is is a some:at r>e & local trait1 & mu/ h be5 transf]r$ to !m1 x w\ld seem1 f ,pan & 8 att5dant satyrs1 ) :om ( old !y 7 wont to consort2 9 g5]al !y are held to be ( beauty unblemi%$4 ,_! accompli%m5ts include1 besides s++ & danc+1 ! humbl] arts ( ! good h\sewife4 #8,%e cooks l a ,n]eid' 7 7 & #8%e does h\se-clean+ l a ,n]eid' 7 7 are phrases ( comm5dation#cje occasionally he>d4 ,b *iefly d !y excel 9 ! art ( sp9n+#cjf2 & s well kn[n is _! dext]ity !re9 t a delicate k9d ( creep] ) :i* trees are (t5 fe/oon$ is kn[n 9 ! vulg> tongue "u ! pretty "n ( 1 #8,n]eid-sp9n+s4' ,! attribute inde$ is natural & obvi\s2 = ! popul> conception ( ! nymphs is b an idealisation ( ! peasant-wom51 to :om1 :e!r sitt+ 9 ! sunlight at _! cottage-door or t5d+ _! %eep & goats afield1 ! di/aff is an ev] con/ant companion4 ,b1 easy ?\gh x is to acc\nt = ! trait1 "s int]e/1 if no great measure ( importance1 atta*es to its consonance ) ! anci5t *>act]isation ( ,nymphs4 ,to ! ,n]eids prop]#cjg a gold5 sp9dle 0 specially assign$2 & 9 ! cave ( ! ,naiads 9 ,i?aca might be se51 9 ,odysseus' day1 ! k9dr$ occupation ( weav+1 = #8!re9 7 great looms ( /one :]eon ! nymphs wove sea-purple robes1 a wond] to behold#cjh4' ,z might be expect$ ( be+s s div9ely fem99e1 _! relations ) m5 & ) wom5 are v diff]5t2 9 ! "o case !re is ! possibility ( love2 9 ! o!r ! c]ta9ty ( spite4 ,x is necess>y !re=e to exam9e _! attitude t[>ds ei!r sex sep>ately4 ,! m>riage ( m5 ) ,n]eids n only =ms ! !me ( _m folk-/ories curr5t 9 ,greece1 b 9 ! m remote di/ricts is /ill reg>d$ z a cr$ible occurr5ce4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day ! travell] may he> ( families 9 ^: ance/ry ( m or less remote date is numb]$ a ,n]eid4 ,a ,!ssalian peasant :om ,i once met claim$ a ,n]eid-gr&mo!r1 & little z 8 looks w>rant$ ! assumption ( any grace or beauty 9 s ne> an ance/or--he happ5$ to h a squ9t--8 claim appe>$ to be admitt$ by 8 fell[-villag]s1 & a c]ta9 pre/ige atta*$ to him4 ,h5ce ! epi!t #8,n]eid-born' 7 or 7 frequ5tly he>d 9 amatory di/i*s#cji may =m]ly h be5 n m]ely an exagg]at$ complim5t to ! lady's beauty1 b a recognition ( high bir? calculat$ to conciliate ! future "m-9-law4 ,nor is x m5 only ^: susceptibilities are /irr$ by ! beauty ( ! ,n]eids2 ev5 animals may fall "u _! spell4 ,a %eph]d ( ,scopelos told me t 9 ! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,i\ra1 :i* he frequ5t$ ) 8 flocks = pa/urage1 he once tam$ a wild goat1 :i* aft] a "t began to behave v oddly4 ,all night long x w\ld rema9 ) ! re/ ( 8 flock1 b 9 ! daytime x p]si/5tly /ray$ away f ! pa/ure to ! neighb\rhood ( a ,n]eid-haunt$ cave on ! b>e & rocky hillside1 & f want ( food became v ?94 ,! goat1 he believ$1 0 enam\r$ ( a ,n]eid & p9+ away f unrequit$ love4 ,b x is f ! old folk-/ories r ?an f ! records ( contempor>y or rec5t exp]i5ce t ! "* ( ! ,n]eids z lov]s or wives is be/ le>nt4 ,& h]e9 !y are n models ( womanhood2 passion inde$ !y feel & inspire2 !y suff]1 !y ev5 seek ! c>esses ( ! "y & brave2 b true wives !y w n long rema94 ,con/ancy & c>e are n = !m2 ! long+ = fre$om & ! breezes ( heav51 ! memory ( rapid tuneful dance1 are hot )9 !m2 !y leave ! m5 ^: /r5g? & val\r sn>$ _! he>ts1 !y =sake _! homes & *ildr51 & on ! w+s ( ! w9d are gone1 seek+ aga9 _! e!rial unwe>i$ fell[s4 ,yet !y d n altoge!r =get _! *ildr52 = mo!rhood is pres5tly m to !m ?an mir?2 ev] & anon !y /eal back to visit _! homes & bless _! *ildr5 ) ! gifts ( beauty & weal? :i* _! t\* c be/[1 & ev5 /ay to m5d _! husb&s' clo!s & clean ! h\se1 vani%+ aga9 h[ev] be=e ! man's return4 ,only 9 "o case h ,i he>d ( a nymph's cont9u$ intimacy ) a man ?r\gh\t 8 life1 & t /rangely en\gh n 9 a folk-/ory b 9 rec5t exp]i5ce4 ,_! relations1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 7 illicit1 = he _h a human wife & family2 b x 0 commonly report$ t 8 rise f p5ury to afflu5ce & ! mayoralty ( 8 native village 0 ! "w ( a ,n]eid 9 a cave ne> by1 :o ( h] love = him enri*$ ! produce ( 8 l& & %ield$ 8 flocks f pe/il5ce4 ,9 ! popul> /ories :i* deal ) ! m>riages ( ,n]eids1 ! bridal fa%ion ( _! dress1 :i* has already be5 notic$1 is (t5 an ess5tial feature ( ! plot4 ,9 "o tale x is said explicitly t ! sup]natural quality ( ! ,n]eids lies n 9 _! p]sons b 9 _! raim5t#caj2 & = ?is reason a pr9ce1 smitt5 ) love ( ! y\nge/ ( ?ree si/] ,n]eids b kn[+ n h[ to w9 h]1 is c\nsell$ by a wise woman1 to :om he confides 8 p]plexity1 to lie 9 wait :5 !y g to ba! 9 _! accu/om$ pool & to /eal ! clo!s ( 8 inamorata1 :o w\ld !n foll[ him to recov] h] loss & s be 9 8 p[] to take to wife4 ,b !re is great] delicacy &1 z we %all see1 m c]ta9 antiquity also 9 ! common] v]sion ( ! episode1 9 :i* a k]*ief alone is possess$ ( ! magic p[]s ascrib$ above to ! :ole dress4 ,& 9 ?is detail ( co/ume ! resemblance ( bride & ,n]eid /ill holds good2 = no w$d+-dress w\ld be complete )\t a k]*ief ei!r wrapp$ ab\t ! bride's head or p9n$ ^u h] brea/ or c>ri$ 9 h] h& to =m a l9k ) h] neighb\r 9 ! *a9 ( danc]s#caa4 ,( ! /ories :i* h = _! motif ! !ft ( su* a k]*ief f a ,n]eid#cab ! foll[+ ,mess5ian tale is a good example4 #8,once ^u a "t !re 0 a "y %eph]d :o play$ ! pipes s beautifully t ! ,n]eids "o night c>ri$ him (f to ! ?re%+-floor :]e !y danc$ & bade him play to !m4 ,at fir/ he 0 mu* afraid & ?\ght t "s evil w\ld ov]take him f be+ 9 _! company & speak+ ) !m4 ,b gradually1 z he grew accu/om$ to 8 /range surr\nd+s & ! ,n]eids %[$ !mselves k9d to him & grateful = 8 pip+1 he took c\rage aga9 & night aft] night made 8 way to ! spot :i* !y haunt$ & made music till cock-cr[4 ,n[ x s happ5$ t "o ( ! ,n]eids 0 beautiful beyond ! re/1 & ! %eph]d lov$ h] & det]m9$ to make h] 8 wife4 ,b inasmu* z ! ,n]eids danc$ all night long )\t pause :ile he pip$1 & at dawn vani%$ to be se5 no m until ! next night's dance began1 he knew n :at to d4 ,s at la/ he w5t to an old woman & told h] 8 tr\ble1 & %e said to him1 8,g aga9 to-night & play till dawn is ne>2 !n be=e ! cock cr[s#cac1 make a da% & seize ! k]*ief 9 ! ,n]eid's h&1 & hold x fa/4 ,& ?\gh %e *ange into t]rible %apes1 be n afraid2 only hold fa/ until %e take aga9 h] prop] =m2 !n mu/ %e d z ?\ wilt40 ,! "y man !re=e w5t aga9 t night & play$ till close on dawn4 ,!n z ! ,n]eid pass$ close beside him1 lead+ ! dance1 he sprang ^u h] & grasp$ ! k]*ief4 ,& /raightway ! cock crew1 & ! o!r ,n]eids fl$2 b %e ^: k]*ief he _h seiz$ c\ld n g1 b at once began to trans=m h]self into horrible %apes 9 hope to fright5 ! %eph]d & make him loose 8 hold4 ,fir/ %e became a lion1 b he rememb]$ ! wit*'s w>n+ & held fa/ = all ! lion's ro>+4 ,& !n ! ,n]eid turn$ into a snake1 & !n into fire#cad1 b he kept a /\t he>t & w\ld n let g ! k]*ief4 ,!n at la/ %e return$ to h] prop] =m & w5t home ) him & 0 8 wife & bore him a son2 b ! k]*ief he kept hidd5 f h]1 le/ %e %\ld become a ,n]eid aga94' ,9 ?is /ory !re are two anci5t traits especially notewor?y4 ,! p[] ( trans=mation into horrible %apes is precisely ! means ( def5ce :i* ! ,n]eid ,!tis once s\ght to employ aga9/ ,peleus2 ! =ms ( wild bea/ & ( fire1 :i* %e assum$ accord+ to anci5t my?1 are ! same z ,n]eids n[ adopt2 & ! in/ructions n[ giv5 to hold fa/ until ! ,n]eid resume h] prop] %ape are ! same z ,*iron1 ! wise ,c5taur1 gave once to ,peleus#cae4 ,x is true t 9 ! anci5t /ory x is ! p]son ( ,!tis t ,peleus 0 bidd5 to grasp1 :ile 9 ! mod]n tale ! %eph]d's imm$iate object is to reta9 hold ( ! k]*ief only4 ,b ?is feature ( ! /ory too is an int]e/+ witness to antiquity1 al?\gh 9 ,!tis' hi/ory x does n appe>4 ,anci5t art has left to u sev]al repres5tations#caf ( nymphs ) veil-l sc>ves worn on ! head or borne 9 ! h& & float+ d[n ! breeze2 & ! magic prop]ties inh]5t 9 !m are exemplifi$ by ,ino's gift1 or r loan1 to ,odysseus4 ,! sc>f imp]i%able 7 7 :i* %e bade him gird ab\t 8 brea/ & h no fe> ( any suff]+ nor ( dea?1 0 n 8 own to keep aft] he rea*$ ! ma9l&2 9 accordance ) h] behe/ #8he loos$ !n ! goddess' sc>f f ab\t him1 & let x fall into ! riv]'s salt tide1 & a great wave bore x back d[n ! /ream1 & readily did ,ino cat* x 9 h] h&s'#cag4 ,"h ,ino's anxiety & /rait comm& z to ! return ( h] veil are mo/ easily und]/ood by ! aid ( ! mod]n belief :i* makes ! possession ( ! sc>f or k]*ief ! sole1 or at lea/ ! *ief1 means ( godlike p[]4 ,9 ,cy?nos at ! pres5t day x is ! 1 or sc>f worn ab\t ! head1 :i* alone is believ$ to inve/ ,n]eids ) _! di/9ctive qualities#cah2 & if ! mod]n sc>f is a l9eal desc5dant ( ! ,hom]ic type su* z ,ino wore--= ev5 9 fem99e dress fa%ions are sl[ to *ange 9 ! ,greek isl&s#cai--! epi!t #8imp]i%able' may h unsuspect$ =ce1 z imply+ t ! sc>f conf]s a semblance ( div9ity on its own] & n vice v]sa4 ,9 su* ( ! /ories ( ! above type z d n end ) ! m>riage ( ! ,n]eid#cbj ! sequel is n enc\rag+ to o!r adv5tur]s4 ,= ?\gh %e be a good wife 9 commonplace e/imation--& ! ,greek view ( matrimony is 9 g5]al commonplace to ! v]ge ( sordidness--?\gh h] skill 9 dome/ic duties be z prov]bial z h] beauty1 %e ei!r turns h] *>ms & h] cunn+ to su* acc\nt z to discov] ! hid+-place ( h] /ol5 k]*ief1 or1 fail+ ?is1 s mopes & p9es ov] h] "w t h] husb& worn d[n by h] sull5ness & p]si/5t sil5ce decides to risk all if he c b re/ore h] ligh!>t$ness4 ,!n ?\gh he h tak5 an oa? ( h] t %e w n avail h]self ( h] recov]$ fre$om1 b w abide ) him z 8 wife1 h] promise is light z ! breeze t be>s h] away ) flutt]+ k]*ief1 & he is alone4 ,b fickl5ess is n ! wor/ ( ! ,n]eids' qualities 9 _! deal+s ) m54 ,9 malice !y are z wanton z 9 love4 ,woe betide him :o trespasses ^u _! midday c>nival or crosses _! nightly pa?2 dumbness1 bl9dness1 epilepsy1 & horrors ( mutilation h be5 ! p5alties ( su* intrusion1 ?\gh ! man (f5d unwitt+ly2 = ! ,n]eids are tig]-l 9 all1 9 /eal? & cruelty z 9 grace & beauty2 & none :o look ^u _! radiance c guess ! d>kness ( _! he>ts4 ,t]rible 0 ! exp]i5ce ( a ,melian peasant1 :o com+ unaw>es ^u ! ,n]eids "o night 0 bidd5 by !m to a cave h>d by1 :]e !y fea/$ him & made m]ry toge!r & did n d5y him _! utmo/ fav\rs2 b :5 morn+ broke1 !y s5t him to 8 home %att]$ & impot5t4 ,if su* be sometimes ! results ( _! seem+ goodwill & pr(f]$ companion%ip1 h[ mu* m fe>ful a ?+ mu/ be _! enmity6 ,let a man b intrude ^u _! revels 9 "s seque/]$ gl51 or sleep b5ea? ! tree t %elt]s !m1 or play ! pipe beside ! riv] :]e !y ba!1 & 9 su* wra? !y w ga!r ab\t him#cba1 t ! eyes :i* h look$ ^u !m see no m1 & ! voice t cries out is !nce=? dumb1 & madness spr+s ( _! v pres5ce4 ,b if ! ,n]eids are fickle & trea*]\s 9 _! deal+s ) m51 t[>ds wom5 !y are consi/5tly malici\s4 ,especially on two occasions mu/ e prud5t peasant-woman be on h] gu>d aga9/ _! envy--at m>riage & 9 *ild-bir?4 ,= ?\gh ! ,n]eids !mselves prove no true wives1 s jeal\s are !y ( ! joys ( w$lock1 t if a bride be n well secur$ f _! mole/ation1 !y w m> ! fruition ( h] love1 or else1 :]e !y _c prev5t1 !y w endeav\r at ! lea/ to cut %ort ! happ9ess ( mo!rhood1 slay+ ) fev] ! woman ^: bliss has /irr$ _! malevol5ce1 yet sp>+ always ! *ild & ev5 bless+ x ) beauty & weal?4 ,! means by :i* wom5 mo/ commonly protect !mselves on ^! occasions are ! we>+ ( amulets2 ! fa/5+ ( a bun* ( g>lic ov] ! h\se-door2 ! pa9t+ ( a cross 9 black ^u ! l9tel 7?is cu/om may be a ,*ri/ianis$ =m ( ! anci5t practice1 m5tion$ by ,photius#cbb1 ( sme>+ h\ses ) pit* at ! bir? ( *ildr5 z a means ( driv+ away p[]s ( evil72 &1 if any /range visitants are he>d ab\t ! h\se at night1 ! ma9t5ance ( /rict sil5ce4 ,b /eps are also sometimes tak5 to appease ! ,n]eids2 (f]+s ( food1 9 :i* honey is ! ess5tial +r$i5t1 are set out = !m1 & =m]ly 9 ,a!ns#cbc to ?is a bride us$ to add two *emises out ( h] tr\sseau4 ,su* precautions aft] a conf9em5t are regul>ly cont9u$ = =ty days4 ,x w\ld appe> t 9 anci5t times ?is 0 ! p]iod dur+ :i* wom5 7 held to be specially expos$ to ! evil eye & all o!r gho/ly & s9i/] influ5ces#cbd1 includ+ probably1 z n[1 ! assaults ( nymphs2 & 9 mod]n usage ! duration ( ! "t ( p]il is s well e/abli%$ t ! ^w 1 lit]ally to #8accompli% =ty 77 days1' is us$ te*nically ( ! *ur*+ ( wom5 at ! end ( t p]iod2 :ile a m frankly pagan survival is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t = =ty days no "r-m9d$ "m w cross ! ?re%old ( h] own h\se to g out1 nor ent] a neighb\r's h\se1 )\t /epp+ on ! door-key1 t be+ ! mo/ easily available piece ( iron1 a metal1 :i* 9 ! folk-lore ( anci5t ,greece#cbe1 z 9 t ( _m o!r c\ntries1 0 a *>m & safegu>d aga9/ ! sup]natural4 ,x is n h[ev] ! mo!rs only1 :o ne$ protection f ! ,n]eids1 b ! *ildr5 also1 & t too ?r\gh\t _! *ildhood2 yet n aga9/ ! same p]ils2 = ! "m is liable to malici\s injuries2 ! *ild is safe inde$ f wilful hurt1 b x may be /ol5 by ,n]eids4 ,we h already se5 h[ ,n]eids :o h w$ ) mortal m51 ?\gh fai?less to _! husb&s1 are yet drawn home n[ & aga9 by love ( _! *ildr54 ,& su* ( !m too z h nev] yield$ to human embrace are yet in/9ct ) a /range ye>n+ to possess a mortal woman's prettie/ little ones2 on "o *ild !y ex]t a fasc9ation :i* unhappily proves fatal to x2 ano!r !y seize ) op5 viol5ce2 or aga9 !y set /eal?ily 9 "s cradle a babe ( pure ,n]eid bir?--a *angel+ t by "s weird fatality is weakly & doom$ to die--& c>ry (f to ! woods & hills ! human infant1 9 :om !y delight1 to be _! playmate & _! fo/]l+4 ,9 a hi/ory ( ! isl& ( ,pholeg&ros1 ! writ]1 a native ( ! place1 acc\nts = ! multitude ( small *apels 9 ! isl& on ! gr\nd ( ! peasants' anxiety ea* to h a sa9t close to 8 prop]ty to def5d him f su* raids by ,n]eids & o!r k9dr$ be+s#cbf4 ,! wife ( a prie/ at ,*al&ri 9 ,attica relat$ to ,ross#cbg a /ory 9 po9t4 #8,i _h a daught]1' %e said1 #8a little girl betwe5 twelve & ?irte5 ye>s old1 :o %[$ a v /range disposition4 ,?\gh we all treat$ h] k9dly1 h] mood 0 always melan*oly1 & :5ev] %e got ! *ance %e ran (f f ! village up ! wood$ spurs ( ! m\nta9 7,brilessos74 ,!re %e w\ld roam ab\t alone all day long1 f e>ly morn+ till late ev5+2 (t5 %e w\ld take (f "s ( h] clo!s & we> b "o light g>m5t1 s z to be less h9d]$ 9 runn+ & jump+4 ,we d>$ n /op h]1 = we saw q well t ! ,n]eids _h allur$ h]1 b we 7 mu* di/ress$4 ,x 0 9 va9 t my husb& took h] "t aft] "t to ! *ur* & read pray]s ov] h]4 ,! ,panagia 7! ,virg97 0 p[]less to help4 ,aft] ! *ild _h be5 ?us afflict$ a consid]able :ile1 %e fell into yet deep] despond5cy1 & at la/ di$--a %ort "t ago4 ,:5 we buri$ h]1 ! neighb\rs said1 8,d n wond] at h] dea?2 ! ,n]eids want$ h]2 x is b two days s9ce we saw h] danc+ ) !m40' ,su* 0 ! view tak5 by a ,greek prie/ & 8 wife conc]n+ ! cause ( _! daught]'s dea? ab\t two g5]ations ago2 & at ! pres5t day ! travell] may he> ( simil> ev5ts 9 rec5t exp]i5ce4 ,an important po9t to notice is t ! *ild's dea? 0 ?\ght to be due1 n to any malevol5ce on ! "p ( ! ,n]eids1 b to _! desire to h h] = _! own1 a desire m happily gratifi$ 9 cases ( :i* ,i h sev]al times he>d :]e ! *ild has n di$ b has simply disappe>$4 ,?us 9 ,arcadia ,i 0 once assur$ t a small girl _h be5 c>ri$ (f by ,n]eids 9 a :irlw9d1 & _h be5 f\nd aga9 "s weeks aft] on a lonely m\nta9 side "s five or six h\rs di/ant f h] home 9 a condition :i* %[$ t %e _h be5 well f$ & well c>$ = 9 ! int]val4 ,b c]ta9ly ! snat*+ away ( *ildr5 by ! ,n]eids1 :e!r ?is mean dea? or only disappe>ance1 is /ill a well-accr$it$ fact 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( ! common-folk4 ,!y /ill rema9 too simple & too closely w$d$ to ! beliefs ( _! =efa!rs to ne$ ! old exhortation#cbh1 #8,tru/ ye ! fables ( yore3 'tis n ,dea?1 b ! ,nymphs ( ! riv] ,see+ y\r daught] s sweet /ole h] to be _! delight4' ,!y believe /ill t ! ,n]eids h befri5d$ _! *ildr51 ev5 :ile !y weep = _! own loss4 ,:atev] mis*ief ! ,n]eids "w ^u man1 woman1 or *ild1 be x dea? or loss ( faculties or m]ely deportation f home to "s haunt$ spot1 #8seiz$' 7 or 7 is ! ^w appli$ to ! victim4 ,! comp\nd #cbi1 #8,n]eid-seiz$1' also occurs1 exactly p>allel 9 =m z well z equival5t 9 mean+ to ! anci5t z us$ by ,plato4 #8,n[ li/5 to me1' says ,socrates to ,pha$rus#ccj1 #89 sil5ce2 = 9 v tru? ?is seems to be holy gr\nd1 s t if anon1 9 ! c\rse ( :at ,i say1 ,i suff] a 8seizure0 7 71 y mu/ n be surpris$4' ,su* spee*1 save = its disreg>d ( ! ackn[l$g$ p]il1 might be held 9 all s]i\sness by a peasant ( to-day4 ,9 ,socrates' m\? x is int5d$ m]ely z a happy metaphor2 b its po9t & appropriat5ess are lo/ on ^? :o d n bo? "k ! sup]/ition to :i* he alludes & at ! same "t recall ! mise-en-scne#cca ( ! dialogue4 ,! two fri5ds h cross$ ! ,ilissus & are /ret*$ on a grassy slope 9 ! %ade ( a l(ty plane-tree1 b5ea? :i* is a spr+ ( cool wat] pleasant to _! feet z is ! light breeze to _! faces 9 ! heat ( ! summ] noon4 ,! spot mu/ surely be a fav\rite haunt ( ! rural gods1 & inde$ ! /atues close at h& atte/ its d$ication to ,pan & to ! ,nymphs4 ,9 su* a situation !re w\ld be1 accord+ to mod]n notions1 ?ree di/9ct gr\nds = appreh5d+ a #8seizure4' ,! neighb\rhood ( wat] is ?r\gh\t ,greece dread$ z ! mo/ dang]\s haunt ( ,n]eids#ccb1 s t few peasants w cross a /ream or ev5 a dry torr5t-b$ )\t mak+ ! sign ( ! cross4 ,h>dly less risky is x to re/ 9 ! %ade ( any old or o!rwise conspicu\s tree4 ,if 9 addition to ?is ! "t ( day be noon1 x is n m]ely v5turesome to trespass on su* spots1 b inexcusably foolh>dy2 = ! h\r ( midday slumb] is fraught ) z _m t]rors z ! night#ccc4 ,any or all ( ^! popul> beliefs may h be5 pres5t to ,plato's m9d z he wrote ?is passage2 = ! anci5ts numb]$ among ^? ,nymphs1 by :om ,socrates 0 likely to be #8seiz$1' bo? ,naiads & ,dryads1 :o might be expect$ to res5t & to puni% any intrusion ^u _! haunts 9 /ream or tree2 :ile1 z reg>ds ! h\r ( noon1 ! fe> felt 9 old "t ( ar\s+ ,pan#ccd f 8 sie/a may well h ext5d$ also to ,nymphs1 :o on ?is spot beside ! ,ilissus1 z commonly else:]e1 7 nam$ 8 comrades4 ,! same k9d ( #8seizure' 0 d5ot$ =m]ly by ! phrase ' #cce1 #8he has x 7i4e4 a /roke or seizure7 f )\t1' & ! mod]n comp\nd '#ccf be>s obvi\sly a k9dr$ mean+4 ,! exact significance ( 9 ?is relation is difficult to det]m9e4 ,ei!r x is only ano!r example ( ! usage already not$ 9 discuss+ ! t]m & implies ! activity ( "o ( ^? sup]natural be+s :o exi/ side by side ) ! p[]s ( ,*ri/ianity & are by _! v "n prov$ to be pagan2 or else x indicates a diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( injury by two classes ( sup]natural foes1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 #8seizure' & #8possession4' ,c]ta9ly no /ory is kn[n to me ( #8possession' by ,n]eids 9 ! same s5se z by devils4 ,! latt] take up _! abode )9 a man & are subject to exorcism2 ! seizure by ,n]eids is conceiv$ r z an ext]nal act ( viol5ce4 ,?is is made cle> by sev]al t]ms locally us$ ( seizure4 #8,he has be5 /ruck' 7 or 71 #8he has be5 w\nd$' 771 #8he has _h h&s laid ^u him' 77 are typical expressions1 to :i* is sometimes add$ #8by ,n]eids' or #8by evil wom5#ccg4' ,su* phrases cle>ly convict ! ,n]eids ( assault & batt]y r ?an ( undue m5tal influ5ce ^u _! victims4 ,moreov] ! ,n]eids1 & ) !m all ! surviv+ pagan deities1 are pictur$ by ! peasant 9 corporeal =m1 :]eas ! angels--& !re are bad angels1 :o #8possess' m51 z well z good--are 9 common spee* z well z 9 ! =mal d$ications ( *ur*es kn[n z 1 #8! ,bodiless ones4' ,!re is !n an ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ^! two classes ( be+s1 :i* ju/ifies ! suppos$ di/9ction 9 _! me?ods ( work+4 ,= #8possession' prop] is ! injury inflict$1 or r infus$1 by spirits pure & simple2 ext]nal #8seizure' is ! "w ( corporeal be+s4 ,& ?is di/9ction 0 recognis$ 9 comp>atively e>ly times2 = ,john ( ,damascus#cch 9 speak+ ( 1 a peculi>ly malefic5t k9d ( wit* 7( :om m anon71 notes z s+ul> ! fact t sometimes !y appe> clo!d 9 bodily =m & sometimes z m]e spirits 7 74 ,x is !n to ! second int]pretation ( ! phrase ' 1 z imply+ ext]nal & bodily viol5ce1 t ! balance ( argum5t1 ,i ?9k1 incl9es4 ,! precautions :i* may be tak5 aga9/ injury by ,n]eids h already be5 briefly notic$4 ,amulets1 g>lic1 ! sign ( ! cross1 ! invocation ( sa9ts--all ^! are common & suitable prophylactics4 ,b above all1 9 ! actual mom5t :5 imm95t dang] is suspect$1 ! lips1 z ,pha$rus 0 rem9d$ by ,socrates1 & also ! eyes %\ld be close %ut2 = 9 g5]al ! pr9ciple obta9s t ! p>ticul> organ by :i* !re is conv]se or contact ) ! ,n]eids is mo/ likely to be impair$ or de/roy$4 ,ap>t f ?is1 !re is no precaution m specially adapt$ = self-def5ce aga9/ ! ,n]eids ?an aga9/ ! evil eye or any o!r baneful influ5ce2 & ) ^! ,i h already dealt#cci4 ,b :5 ^! precautions are neglect$ or fail1 ! mis*ief wr\ght by ! ,n]eids is n necess>ily p]man5t2 !re are sev]al cures :i* may be tri$4 ,sometimes pray]s 7b n1 s f> z ,i "k1 a =mal exorcism su* z ! ,greek ,*ur* provides = diabolic possession7 are recit$ by a prie/ ov] ! suff]] 9 ! *ur* ( "s suitable sa9t2 or a trial may be made ( sleep+ 9 a *ur* :i* possesses a wond]-work+ icon4 ,sometimes an (f]+ ( honey-cakes s5t or c>ri$ to ! spot :]e ! mis=tune occurr$ suffices to turn ! ,n]eids f _! wra? & w9s !m to undo ! hurt t !y h done2 on su* an err& h[ev] ! be>] ( ! (f]+ mu/ bew>e ( look+ back to ! place :]e he has once deposit$ x1 le/ a worse fate ov]take him ?an t :i* he is try+ to dispel#cdj4 ,!odore ,b5t#cda gives full details ( su* an (f]+ made 9 ! isl& ( ,ceos4 #8,= ^?1' he writes1 #8:o are suppos$ to h be5 /ruck by ! ,n]eids :5 sleep+ "u a tree1 ! foll[+ cure is mu* 9 vogue4 ,a :ite clo? is spread on ! spot1 & on x is put a plate ) bread1 honey1 & o!r sweets1 a bottle ( good w9e1 a knife1 a =k1 an empty glass1 an unburnt c&le1 & a c5s]4 ,^! ?+s mu/ be br\ght by an old woman :o utt]s my/ic words & !n goes away1 t ! ,n]eids may eat undi/urb$1 & t 9 _! good hum\r !y may all[ ! suff]] to rega9 8 heal?4' ,h[ my/ic may be ! words ( a ,cean wit*1 ,i _c say2 b ! =mula to be us$ by mo!rs 9 ,*ios 9 ! ev5t ( a simil> mis=tune to a *ild is extremely simple3 #8,good day to y1 good que5s1 eat ye ! little cakes & heal my *ild'-- 1 1 ' #cdb4 ,b ! mo/ frequ5t & mo/ efficaci\s me?od ( cure 7) :i* ! (f]+ ( honeycakes may be comb9$7 is = ! suff]] to revisit ! sc5e ( 8 calamity at ! same h\r ( ! same day 9 week1 mon?1 or ye>1 :5 by "s caprici\s rev]sal ( fate ! pres5ce ( ! ,n]eids is apt to remove ! hurt :i* x =m]ly inflict$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us f> ,i h dealt ) ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( nymphs 9 g5]al3 x rema9s to consid] ! sev]al classes into :i* !y 7 anci5tly divid$2 & ?\gh = ! mo/ "p ! old appellations1 ,n]eids1 ,naiads1 ,oreads1 & ,dryads1 h ei!r disappe>$ or else *ang$ _! =m or mean+1 we %all f9d t ! old division ( !m into ^! f\r ma9 classes accord+ to _! habitation /ill to "s ext5t survives4 ,! ,n]eids1 ^: "n is n[ ext5d$ to comprise all k9ds ( nymphs1 are 9 ! anci5t & prop] s5se ( ! t]m among ! r>e/ ( :om ! peasant speaks4 ,b "h & !re m5tion is made ( g5u9e sea-nymphs1 & also ( _! que51 ! ,lamia ( ! ,sea#cdc1 :o has sup]s$$ ,amphitrite4 ,9 #ahbf a villag] ( ,argolis describ$ to ,s\tzos1 ! hi/orian ( ! ,greek revolution#cdd1 a true ,n]eid4 ,h] hair 0 gre5 & adorn$ ) pe>ls & corals2 (t5 by moonlight %e might be se5 danc+ m]rily on ! surface ( ! sea1 & 9 ! daytime %e w\ld come to dry h] clo!s ^u ! rocks ne> ! mills ( ,l]na4 ,^!1 ,i may add f my own k1 are reput$ to be haunt$ by ,n]eids d[n to ?is day4 ,happily a peasant ( t p]iod _c be suspect$ ( any education2 he 0 n recall+ a piece ( repetition ma/]$ at s*ool :5 he spoke ( viridis ,n]eidum comas#cde1 b knew by tradition f 8 ance/ors :at ,horace le>nt ( !m by /udy4 ,9 ! ,greek t[n ( ,s9asos also1 9 ,cappadocia1 a class ( sea-nymphs is popul>ly recognis$ & di/+ui%$ "u ! "n 1 a ^w said by ! record] ( x to be d]iv$ f a ,cappadocian ^w zab mean+ ! #8sea#cdf4' ,b ( ! di/ricts kn[n to me ! mo/ f]tile 9 /ories ( sea-nymphs is ! prov9ce ( ,ma9a1 ! middle ( ! ?ree p59sulas s\? ( ! ,peloponnese4 ,"o su* /ory atta*es to a f9e palm-tree gr[+ on ! bea* at ,limni1 a small port on ! we/ coa/ ( ! p59sula4 ,a full v]sion ( x has be5 publi%$#cdg1 b z x is long & n peculi>ly in/ructive1 ,i cont5t myself ) an abridgem5t ( x4 ,a fi%]man ( ,limni 0 sleep+ "o summ] night 9 8 boat2 at midnight he sudd5ly awoke to f9d ,n]eids r[+ him out to sea1 b happily1 rememb]+ at once t ,n]eids dr[n any "o :om !y cat* look+ at !m1 he lay quiet z if asleep4 ,! boat travell$ l lightn+1 & soon !y rea*$ ,arabia2 & hav+ %ipp$ a c>go ( dates1 ! ,n]eids />t$ home aga94 ,z !y 7 return+1 "o ,n]eid propos$ to dr[n ! man2 b ! o!rs repli$ t he _h n op5$ 8 eyes to see !m1 & t !y ow$ him a debt besides = ! use ( 8 boat4 ,f9ally !y arriv$ at "s unkn[n place & unload$ ! dates2 & !n 9 a fla% ! fi%]man f\nd himself back at ! %ore by ! mona/]y ( ,limni1 & #8! %e-devils1 ! ,n]eids1' gone4 ,z he bal$ out 8 boat1 he f\nd "o date2 b suspect+ t x _h be5 left int5tionally by ! ,n]eids to cause him tr\ble1 he ?rew x1 n into ! sea1 = fe> 8 fi%+ %\ld suff]1 b a%ore4 ,& s9ce ! date _h be5 h&l$ by sup]natural be+s 7'71 x c\ld n p]i%1 b took root :]e x fell2 & h5ce ! palm-tree on ! %ore to ?is day4 ,^! same sea-nymphs-- --play also a "p 9 ! daily life ( ! p ( ?is di/rict#cdh4 ,x is said t e ,saturday night ^! ,n]eids jo9 battle ) ! ,n]eids ( ! m\nta9s1 & accord+ z ^! or ^? w91 _! protgs1 ! upl& or ! m>itime population1 are f\nd on ,sunday morn+ 9 high] or l[] spirits1 booty-lad5 or despoil$4 ,x is inde$ an imag9ative folk :i* c ?us make its deities responsible = drunk5 brawls & sob] !fts2 b "s ( !m h hum\r en\gh to smile at _! own imag9+s4 ,a class ( malefic5t be+s kn[n to ! inhabitants ( ,t5os1 ,myconos1 ,amorgos1 & o!r isl&s ( ! same gr\p "u ! "n ( or #cdi1 h be5 reckon$ z sea-nymphs by sev]al writ]s1 :o w\ld d]ive ! "n f ' 7i4e4 71 ! #8sea-%ore#cej4' ,b !re is no evid5ce advanc$ to %[ t ! common-folk reg>d !m z a species ( ,n]eid2 & !re is1 on ! contr>y1 evid5ce ( _! id5tity ) c]ta9 female demons ^: "n m commonly appe>s 9 ! =m #cea1 & ) :om ,i %all deal lat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,oreads are no long] kn[n "u _! old "n1 b _! exi/5ce is /ill recognis$ ?r\gh\t ! ma9l& ( ,greece4 ,_! *ange ( "n is ! result m]ely ( a *ange 9 ! ord9>y ^w = #8m\nta94' ,anci5tly 0 usual1 r>e2 n[ ! peasant uses commonly 1 & al?\gh und]/ood ev]y:]e & occurr+ 9 popul> poetry comes less readily to 8 lips4 ,h5ce ! ,oreads are n[ call$ #ceb 7sc4 7 or #cec 7#8! m\nta9-nymphs' or #8! maid5s ( ! m\nt'74 ,^! m\nta9-nymphs delight 9 dance & m]rim5t ev5 m ?an _! k9 ( ! riv]s & ( ! sea4 ,9 ,ma9a inde$ !y seem to h become infect$ ) ! pugnaci\s "* ( ! p1 = z we h se5 !y !re d battle ) ! sea-nymphs ea* ,saturday night4 ,b 9 g5]al frolic is m to _! ta/e ?an fight+4 ,on ! heights ( ,tagetus are ?ree ,oreads1 well kn[n to ! dwell]s 9 ! pla9 ( ,sp>ta1 :o dance toge!r )\t pause4 ,on ! summit ( ,hymettus too !re is a flat space1 call$ 9 ! mod]n ,attic dialect a & 9 %ape #8r\nd l a ?re%+-floor1' :]e ,n]eids ( ! m\nta9 dance at midday#ced4 ,above all 9 ! upl&s ( ,ac>nania & ,aetolia _m are ! holl[s or tree-encircl$ level spaces :i* ! %eph]ds w po9t out z 1 #8?re%+-floors' :]e ! nymphs make m]ry2 = a ?re%+-floor1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is ! usual resort = danc+1 wre/l+1 & all ^? amusem5ts = :i* a level space is requir$4 ,nymphs ( ! same k9d are kn[n also 9 ,crete4 ,a curi\s /ory ( a w$d+ procession 9 :i* !y took "p 0 !re n>rat$ to ,pa%ley#cee1 & 8 in=mant's words are record$ by him 9 ! orig9al dialect4 #8,once ^u a "t a man told me t two m5 _h once gone up to ! highe/ m\nta9-ridges1 :]e wild goats live1 & sat by moonlight 9 a grassy holl[#cef 771 9 ! hopes ( %oot+ ! goats4 ,& !re !y he>d a great noise1 & suppos$ t !re 7 m5 come to get loads ( sn[ to c>ry to ,canea4 ,b :5 !y drew ne>]1 !y he>d viol9s & ci!rs & all k9ds ( music1 & su* music !y _h nev] he>d4 ,s !y knew at once t ^! 7 no m5 b an assemblage ( div9e be+s 7 74 ,& !y wat*$ !m & saw !m pass at a %ort di/ance f :]e !y 7 sitt+1 clo!d 9 all mann] ( raim5t1 & m\nt$ "s on grey horses & "s on horses ( o!r col\rs1 & !y c\ld make out t !re 7 m5 & wom51 afoot or rid+1 a v ho/4 ,& ! m5 7 :ite z doves1 & ! wom5 v beautiful l ! rays ( ! sun4 ,!y saw too t !y 7 c>ry+ some?+ 9 ! way t a dead body is c>ri$ out4 ,=?) ! m\nta9e]s det]m9$ to h a %ot at !m z !y pass$ be=e !m4 ,!y _h he>d also a song ( :i* ! words 7 8,g we to fet* a bride1 a lady bride1 ,f ! /eep rock1 a bride t is alone40 ,& !y made up _! m9ds & fir$ a %ot at !m4 ,!reupon ^? t 7 9 front cri$ out ) "o voice1 8,:at is x80 & ^? beh9d answ]$1 8,our bridegroom is sla91 our bridegroom is sla940 ,& !y wept & cri$ al\d & fl$4' ,9 reg>d to ?is /ory x may be not$ t a male =m ( ,n]eid 77 is sometimes m5tion$1 & "h su* are und\bt$ly impli$4 ,! necessity ( f9d+ husb&s = ! ,n]eids naturally pres5ts itself to ! m9ds ( ! old wom5 :o are ! *ief /ory-tell]s1 & ! dem& is met by an assort$ supply ( "y m51 male ,n]eids1 & devils4 ,z consorts ( ! la/-m5tion$1 ! ,n]eids enjoy 9 _m places ! title ( 1 #8%e-devils'2 & x 0 on ! gr\nd ( su* unions t a peasant-woman ( ,ac>nania once expla9$ to me ! belief1 held 9 h] own village1 t ,n]eids 7 se5 only at midday4 ,h[ %\ld ! devils _! husb&s let su* beautiful wom5 be abroad at night8 ,x is on ! m\nta9-nymphs also t ! peasants mo/ frequ5tly lay ! responsibility = :irlw9ds#ceg1 by :i* *ildr5 or ev5 adults are said to be caught up & c>ri$ f "o place to ano!r#ceh1 or to _! dea?4 ,"s su* fate1 we mu/ suppose1 9 anci5t times also 0 held to h befall5 a sev5-ye>-old boy on ^: tomb 0 writt51 #8,te>ful ,hades ) ! help ( ,oreads made away ) me1 & ?is m\rnful tomb t has be5 build$ nigh unto ! ,nymphs conta9s me#cei4' ,! habit ( travell+ on a :irlw9d1 or m correctly p]haps ( /irr+ up a :irlw9d by rapid passage1 has ga9$ = ! nymphs 9 "s di/ricts second>y names--9 ,mac$onia 1 9 ,gortynia #cfj--:i* might almo/ seem to con/itute a new class ( w9d-nymphs4 ,b s f> z ,i "k ! faculty ( rais+ :irlw9ds1 ?\gh mo/ frequ5tly ex]cis$ by ,oreads1 is common to all nymphs4 ,9 ,a!ns :irlw9ds are said to occur mo/ frequ5tly ne> ! old ,hill ( ! ,nymphs#cfa3 & wom5 ( ! l[] classes1 z !y see ! sp9n+ spiral ( du/ approa*1 fall to cross+ !mselves busily & to repeat+ ' #cfb 7or ' 71 #8,honey & milk 9 y\r pa?6' ,?is incantation is widely kn[n z an effective safegu>d aga9/ ! ,n]eids 9 _! rapid flight1 & mu/ 9 orig91 x w\ld seem1 h be5 a v[4 ,?is supposition is confirm$ by ! fact t 9 ,corfu#cfc a few decades ago ! peasantry us$ to make actual (f]+s ( bo? milk & honey to ! ,n]eids1 & t ,!ocritus also associates ^! two gifts 9 v[s made to ! nymphs & to ,pan4 #8,i w set1' s+s ,lacon1 #8a great b[l ( :ite milk = ! nymphs1 & ano!r w ,i set full ( sweet oil'2 to :i* ,comatas 9 rivalry rejo9s1 #8,eight pails ( milk w ,i set = ,pan1 & eight di%es ( honey 9 ! honeycomb#cfd4' ,! gift ( honey is ( special significance4 ,9 e record$ case :i* ,i "k ( (f]+s to ,n]eids 9 mod]n ,greece honey is expressly m5tion$1 & seems inde$ to be ess5tial2 & x is probably f _! kn[n pref]5ce = ?is food t at ,ka/oria 9 ,mac$onia !y h ev5 receiv$ ! by-"n1 1 #8! honey$ ones#cfe4' ,& if we look back ov] _m c5turies we may f9d a h9t ( ! same belief 9 ,hom]'s description ( ! cave ( ! ,naiads 9 ,i?aca1 :]e9 #8are b[ls = mix+ & pit*]s ( /one1 & !re besides d bees make /ore#cff4' ,= x is well e/abli%$ t honey 0 ! special (f]+ made to ! indig5\s deities ( ,greece be=e ! mak+ ( w9e su* z ,hom]'s h]oes quaff _h yet be5 discov]$#cfg4 ,p]*ance !n ev5 9 di/ant pre-,hom]ic days m5 v[$1 z n[ !y v[1 honey & milk to ! nymphs ^: swift pass+ 0 ! :irlw9d1 & felt secure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! memory ( ! tree-nymphs is /ill gre5 ?r\gh\t ,greece4 ,f ,aeg9a _! anci5t "n is record$ z /ill 9 use#cfh2 & 9 p>ts ( ,epirus1 ,!ssaly1 ,mac$onia1 & ,?race1 z well z 9 sev]al isl&s ( ! ,aegean ,sea1 ,*ios1 ,cimolos1 ,cy?nos1 & o!rs1 !re is a ^w employ$ :i* is1 ,i believe1 =m$ f ! same root & once d5ot$ ! same class ( be+s4 ,?is ^w is f\nd 9 ! =ms #cfi1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgb &1 9 ,*ios1 9 a neut] =m #cgc4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ inde$ by "o writ]#cgd t ?is ^w has no?+ to d ) ,dryads1 b t its root is - 7bett] p]haps writt5 - z 9 ! anci5t 1 s9ce1 s f> z ! s\nd ( ! v[el 9 mod]n ,greek is conc]n$1 ! philologi/ may write 1 1 1 1 1 or 1 z seeme? him be/71 9 ! s5se ( #8fi]ce1' #8bitt]'2 & support = ?is d]ivation is s\ght 9 a some:at vague /atem5t ( ,hesy*ius :o expla9s ! ^w by ! phrase 1 #8! evil-do]s 9 ! c\ntry'3 b :e!r he took to be ! prop] "n ( "s class ( demons1 or an adjective synonym\s ) 1 does n appe>4 ,b ev5 on ! gr\nds ( =m alone 7:i* gr\nds w be consid]ably /r5g!n$ :5 we come to consid] signification71 x appe>s bett] to d]ive ?is gr\p ( words f or m imm$iately f 1 #8a coppice'2 = 9 anci5t lit]ature m5tion is made ( #8,artemis ( ! coppice' & #8nymphs ( ! coppice' 7 #cge & 7#cgf1 ( a p>ticul> nymph nam$ ,drymo#cgg1 ( a #cgh wor%ipp$ 9 ,pamphylia1 & ( ,apollo invok$ at ,miletus "u ! title #cgi4 ,9 ! la/ two in/ances ! title may be suppos$ to h _h ref]5ce m]ely to ! surr\nd+s ( a p>ticul> sanctu>y2 b 9 relation to ,artemis & ! nymphs ! epi!t cle>ly sugge/s _! woodl& haunts4 ,9 pres5t-day usage ! words :i* we are consid]+ almo/ univ]sally d5ote1 n nymphs or any o!r sup]natural be+s1 b ! fir/ few days ( ,augu/1 :i* are obs]v$ 9 a special way4 ,! numb] ( ^! days v>ies f ?ree 9 ,s9asos#chj1 9 ,c>pa?os#cha1 & 9 ,syme 7an isl& nor? ( ,rhodes71 to five 9 ,cy?nos#chb & ,cyprus#chc1 & six 9 mo/ o!r places :]e !y are specially obs]v$4 ,!re are two rules laid d[n = ?is obs]vance1 ?\gh 9 "s places only "o ( ! two is 9 =ce3 no tree may be peel$ or cut 7?is is ! usual practice = obta9+ ma/ic & res972 & ! use ( wat] = wa%+ ei!r ! p]son or clo!s is prohibit$2 nei!r is x p]mitt$ to travel by wat] dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( p]sonal cleanl9ess x is un=tunate t ! mon? ( ,augu/ %\ld h be5 select$ = ?is ab/5tion2 by t "t ev5 ! ,greeks f9d ! sea tepid en\gh to admit ( ba?+ )\t s]i\s risk ( *ill1 & x is a pity !re=e t a p5alty %\ld be inflict$ ^u ba!rs dur+ ! fir/ week ( ! only mon? 9 :i* ablutions ext5d beyond ! p\r+ ( a small jug ( wat] ov] ! f+]s4 ,h[beit ! decrees /&1 & z surely z !re is transgression !re(1 sk9 w bli/] & peel (f1 clo!s w rot#chd1 & trees w )]4 ,! sev]ity ( ^! pa9s has 9 ,cyprus *ang$ ! "n ( ^! days f into 1 #8! evil days ( ,augu/#che4' ,n[ among a p s sup]/iti\s z ! ,greeks x is reasonable to suppose t days ?us m>k$ by special ab/95ces 7 orig9ally sacr$ to "s deities4 ,wa%+ & tree-cutt+ at ?is season mu/1 we may assume1 h be5 (f5ces aga9/ "s sup]natural p]sons ^: fe/ival 0 !n obs]v$ & :o av5g$ its pr(anation2 & ! sup]natural p]sons mo/ ne>ly conc]n$ w\ld naturally be ! tree-nymphs & ! wat]-nymphs4 ,! association or ev5 confusion ( ^! two classes ( nymphs is v common bo? 9 anci5t lit]ature & 9 mod]n belief1 & is inde$ a natural consequ5ce ( ! fact t ! f9e/ trees1 su* z t plane "u :i* sat ,socrates & ,pha$rus1 gr[ only 9 ! close vic9ity ( wat]4 ,x w\ld h puzzl$ ev5 ,socrates to say :e!r ! ,nymphs by :om he might be seiz$ w\ld be m probably ,dryads or ,naiads4 ,hom] himself1 to g yet fur!r back1 sugge/s ! same association1 = he tells ( #8a spread+ olive-tree & nigh !reto' ! cave ( ! ,naiads 9 ,i?aca4 ,aga9 9 lat] times we f9d a d$ication by "o ,cleonymus to #8,hamadryads1 daught]s ( ! riv]'#chf2 & ?\gh an +5i\s critic w\ld replace by 7nymphs ( ! ,arcadian riv] ,anigrus71 ,i believe ! fault to lie ) ,cleonymus & n ) ! manuscript2 = ! place :]e he makes 8 d$ication is b5ea? p9e-trees 7 74 ,at ! pres5t day ! same t5d5cy t[>ds confusion ( ! two classes is common4 ,?is 0 well illu/rat$ to me by "s peasants ( ,t5os4 ,t5 m9utes' walk f ! t[n !re is a good spr+ f :i* a rem>kable subt]ranean passage cut ?r\gh ! solid rock c>ries ! wat] to supply ! t[n4 ,! spr+ is )9 a cave1 artificially enl>g$ at ! entrance1 ov] :i* /&s a f9e fig-tree4 ,/&+ outside :ile a companion ent]$ fir/1 ,i notic$ t our guides 7= sev]al p]sons _h escort$ u out ( curiosity or hospitality7 7 di/9ctly p]turb$1 & ,i he>d "o say to ano!r1 #8,see1 he is go+ 91 he is n afraid4' ,inf]r+ !nce t ! place 0 haunt$1 & rememb]+ t mid-day1 ! h\r at :i* we happ5$ to be !re1 0 fraught ) special p]il1 ,i det]m9$ to te/ my guides1 & s sat d[n "u ! fig-tree4 ,!n rem>k+ t ! sun 0 hot at noon1 ,i invit$ !m to come & sit 9 ! %ade & smoke a cig>ette4 ,b ! bait 0 insuffici5t2 !y w\ld /& 9 ! sun r ?an approa* ei!r ! spr+ or ! tree1 ?\gh !y 7 ready en\gh to accept cig>ettes :5 ,i mov$ out ( ! zone ( dang]4 ,aft]w>ds by enquiries made else:]e ,i le>nt t ! spot 0 ! reput$ home ( ,n]eids--b :e!r _! abode 0 tree or wat]1 :o %\ld say8 ,close neighb\rs 9 _! habitations1 indi/+ui%able 9 _! appe>ance & attributes1 x is p>donable to confuse ^? si/] nymphs1 #8,c5tum quae siluas1 c5tum quae flum9a s]uant#chg4' ,x is exactly ?is k9d ( confusion ( ! two classes ( nymphs :i* has produc$ ! tw(old injunctions = ! obs]vance ( ! days kn[n z 3 = evid5ce is =?com+ t ?is ^w orig9ally d5ot$ a class ( nymphs & n1 z g5]ally n[1 _! ,augu/ fe/ival4 ,f ,/5ima*os 9 ,?race comes ! /atem5t t by ! p !re und]/& female deities :o live 9 wat] & are always ho/ile to man1 b specially dang]\s only dur+ ! fir/ six days ( ,augu/#chh4 ,"h ! "n 1 if ! d]ivation :i* ,i pref] is "r1 po9ts to ! id5tification ( ^! be+s ) ! anci5t ,dryads2 :ile _! wat]y habitations proclaim !m r ,naiads4 ,rev]sely aga9 9 ,syme1 :]e ! ^w is n 9 use1 !re are c]ta9 nymphs kn[n z :o live 9 m\nta9-torr5ts1 9 trees1 & else:]e1 & :o are se5 only at mid-day & at midnight dur+ ! fir/ ?ree days ( ,augu/2 b1 f> f be+ hurtful to m51 !y may ev5 !mselves be captur$ by c]ta9 magical c]emonies & employ$ z s]vants 9 ! h\se = a p]iod1 aft] :i* ! spell is brok5 & !y return aga9 to _! homes4 ,_! "n #chi1 said to be =m$ f #chi1 ! local "n = ! mon? ( ,augu/1 cle>ly means #8anti-wa%+1' & at once id5tifies !m ) ^? ,naiads ^: fe/ival1 z ,i believe1 has r5d]$ ! wat]s sacr$ & !re=e h>mful if di/urb$ dur+ ^! days2 b on ! o!r h& _! dwell+-places include trees4 ,^! two pieces ( evid5ce f places s wide ap>t z ,/5ima*os & ,syme are re9=c$ by a popul> expression =m]ly1 & p]haps /ill1 9 use1 #cij1 #8! 8drymes0 h seiz$ him'2 :]e ! ^w d5ot+ #8seizure' is "o ( ^? already not$ z prop] to #8seizure' by nymphs4 ,f ! usage ( ! ^w !re=e z well z f its =mation we may conclude t ! ^w is ! mod]n equival5t ( ! anci5t 3 & ! widely-spread cu/om ( ab/a9+ bo? f tree-cutt+ & f ! use ( wat] dur+ ! e>ly days ( ,augu/ is a survival ( an old jo9t fe/ival ( wood-nymphs & wat]-nymphs4 ,b x is n 9 ! relics ( anci5t wor%ip only t traces ( ! ,dryads are n[ to be f\nd4 ,! travell] 9 ,greece w commonly he> t su* & su* a tree is haunt$ by a ,n]eid4 ,p>ticul>ly fam\s 9 ,nor? ,arcadia is a magnific5t p9e-tree on ! pa? f ! mona/]y ( ,megasplaeon to ! village ( ,solos4 ,my mulete] en?usia/ically comp>$ x to ! gigantic tree :i* is believ$ to uphold ! _w2 & pi\sly cross$ himself1 z we pass$ x1 = fe> ( ! nymph :o made x h] home4 ,9 g5]al ! trees ?us reput$ are ! fruit-be>+ trees :i* 7 compreh5sively d5ot$ by ! t]m 1 f :i* ! ,dryads took _! "n--! fig-tree1 ! olive1 ! holly-oak#cia1 & ! plane4 ,su* trees1 especially :5 conspicu\s = age or = luxuriance1 are readily suspect$ to be ! abode ( ,n]eids4 ,"o ,n]eid only1 x w\ld seem1 is assign$ to ea* tree 7?\gh1 if h] retreat be violat$1 %e may swiftly call o!rs ( h] k9d to aid h] 9 tak+ v5geance71 & ) ! life ( ! tree h] own life is b\nd up4 ,= a nymph is n immortal4 ,h] span ( life f> exce$s t ( man1 b none ! less x is measur$4 #8,a cr[ lives twice z long z a man1 a tortoise twice z long z a cr[1 & a ,n]eid twice z long z a tortoise4' ,su* is a popul> say+ :i* ,i he>d f an unlett]$ peasant ( ,arcadia1 to :om evid5tly _h be5 transmitt$ orally ?r\gh _m c5turies a v]sion ( ,hesiod's l9es1 #8,v]ily n9e times ! age ( m5 9 _! prime do? ! croak+ rav5 live2 & a /ag do? equal f\r rav5s2 & 'tis ?ree lives ( a /ag ere ! cr[ gr[s old2 b ! pho5ix ha? ! life ( n9e cr[s2 & ye1 fair-tress$ ,nymphs1 daught]s ( aegis-be>+ ,zeus1 d live t5 times ! pho5ix' age#cib4' ,comm5t+ on ?is passage1 ,plut>* takes ! ^w 9 ! phrase 1 :i* ,i h r5d]$ z #8n9e times ! age ( m5 9 _! prime1' to be us$ z ! equival5t ( 1 a ye>2 &1 mak+ a sob] computation on ?is basis1 discov]s t ! limit ( life = nymphs & daemones 9 g5]al is #igbj ye>s4 ,b he !n admits t ! mass ( m5 d n all[ s long a duration1 & quotes by way ( illu/ration a phrase f ,p9d>1 444 1 accord+ to :i* ! nymphs are allott$ a t]m ( life comm5surate ) t ( a tree2 h5ce1 x is add$1 ! comp\nd "n 1 ,dryads ^: lives are sev]ally b\nd up ) ^? ( ! trees :i* !y inhabit#cic4 ,o!r anci5t au?orities concur4 ,sophocles m>k$ly calls ! nymphs ( ,mt ,ci?a]on #8long-liv$' 771 n #8immortal'#cid3 ,pl9y c]tifies ! f9d+ ( dead ,n]eids on ! coa/s ( ,gaul dur+ ! reign ( ,augu/us#cie3 ,tzetzes cites f ! works ( ,*>on ( ,lampsacus ! /ory ( an ,hamadryad :o 0 9 dang] ( be+ swept away & dr[n$ by a swoll5 m\nta9-torr5t#cif3 &1 to rev]t to yet e>li] au?ority1 9 "o ( ! ,hom]ic ,hymns ,aphrodite rehe>ses to ,an*ises ! :ole matt]#cig4 ,speak+ ( ! son :om %e w be> to him1 %e says3 #8,s soon z he %all see ! light ( ! sun1 he %all be t5d$ by deep-bosom$ nymphs ( ! m\nta9s1 ev5 ^? t dwell ^u ?is high & holy m\nt4 ,^! v]ily are nei!r ( mortal m5 nor ( immortal gods4 ,long inde$ !y live & fe$ on food div9e1 & !y h /r5g? too = fair dance amid immortals2 yea1 & ) !m h ! wat*ful ,slay] ( ,argus & su* z ,sil5us be5 jo9$ 9 love )9 ! dep?s ( pleasant grots4 ,b at ! mom5t ( _! bir?1 !re spr+ up ^u ! nurtur+ e>? p9es1 may be1 or oaks re>+ high _! heads1 good trees & luxuriant1 ^u ! m\nta9-heights4 ,f> al(t !y t[]2 sanctu>ies ( immortals !y are call$1 & m5 hew !m n ) axe#cih4 ,b s soon z ! doom ( dea? /&s beside !m1 fir/ ! good trees are dri$ up at ! root & !n _! b>k )]s ab\t !m & _! bran*es fall away1 & !re) ! s\l ( ! nymphs too leaves ! light ( ! sun4' ,s my ,arcadian fri5d 0 true to anci5t tradition bo? 9 8 e/imate ( ! life ( ,n]eids & 9 8 belief1 !reby impli$1 t !y are mortal4 ,nor is o!r mod]n te/imony want+4 ,!re are popul> /ories /ill curr5t conc]n+ ,n]eids' dea?s4 ,"o has be5 record$ 9 :i* a ,n]eid is /ruck by ,god ) lightn+ & sla9 z a puni%m5t = /eal+ a boy f 8 fa!r1 & h] si/] nymphs 9 t]ror re/ore ! *ild#cii4 ,a p]t95t confession ( fai? has also be5 he>d f ! lips ( a ,cretan peasant4 ,9 explanation ( ! "n 1 #8,n]eid-grot1' atta*$ to a cave ne> 8 village1 he _h relat$ a /ory ( a ,n]eid :o 0 c>ri$ (f f t spot & tak5 to wife by a "y man1 to :om %e bore a son2 b z %e w\ld nev] op5 h] lips 9 8 pres5ce1 he w5t 9 despair to an old woman :o advis$ him to heat an ov5 hot & !n tak+ ! *ild 9 8 arms to say to ! ,n]eid1 #8,speak to me2 or ,i w burn y\r *ild1' & s say+ to make %[ ( ?r[+ ! *ild into ! ov54 ,he did z ! old woman advis$2 b ! ,n]eid say+ only1 #8,y h\nd1 leave my *ild alone1' seiz$ x f him & disappe>$4 ,& s9ce ! o!r ,n]eids w\ld n admit h] aga9 to _! company 9 ! cave1 z be+ n[ a "m1 %e took up h] abode 9 a spr+ close by2 & !re %e is se5 two or ?ree times a ye> hold+ ! *ild 9 h] arms4 #8,aft] he>+ ?is tale1' says ! record] ( x1 #8,i ask$ ! old peasant :o told x me1 h[ long ago ?is _h happ5$4' ,he repli$ t he _h he>d x f 8 gr&fa!r1 & guess$ x to be ab\t a hundr$ & sixty ye>s4 #8,my good man1' said ! o!r1 #8w\ld n ! *ild h gr[n up 9 all t "t8' #8,:at d y suppose1 sir8' he answ]$2 #8are ^? to gr[ up s easily :o live f a ?\s& to fifte5 hundr$ ye>s8#djj' ,h[ ?is p]iod 0 comput$ by ! ,cretan peasant1 or :e!r x 0 comput$ at all on any sy/em kn[n to him1 is n relat$2 b v probably ! longevity ( trees 0 ! orig9al basis ( ! calculation2 = ! peasants w (t5 po9t out "s old contort$ olive-trunk z a ?\s& or m ye>s old2 ,i 0 once ev5 tak5 to see a tree reput$ to h be5 plant$ by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,b at any rate x is cle> t bo? 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n times ! nymphs h always be5 believ$ to be subject to ultimate dea?1 & h[ev] ! t5ure ( life may be det]m9$ 9 ! case ( ! o!rs1 ! ,dryads h )\t d\bt be5 g5]ally reckon$ coeval ) ! trees t are _! homes4 ,an exception to ?is rule mu/ h[ev] be made 9 ! case ( ,n]eid-haunt$ trees :i* d n die a natural dea?1 b are fell$ untimely4 ,a ,nymph's life is n to be cut %ort by a humanly-wield$ axe4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic ,hymn inde$1 :i* ,i h quot$1 we le>n t m5 hew n su* trees ) /eel2 & ! same might1 ,i ?9k1 be said at ! pres5t day ) c]ta9ty ( ^? trees :i* are kn[n to be haunt$4 ,b ! unkn[n is ev] full ( risk2 & ! woodcutt] ( ! ,nor? ,arcadian =e/s1 m9dful ( ! sacrilege :i* he may commit & fe>ful ( ! v5geance :]e) x may be visit$1 takes su* precautions z piety sugge/s4 ,) mutt]$ appeals to ! ,panagia or 8 own patron-sa9t & ) mu* cross+ ( himself he fills up ! mom5ts betwe5 ea* b\t ( hew+ at any suspect$ tree 7un=tunately ! f9e/ timb] on :i* he plies 8 axe is also ! mo/ likely to h>b\r a ,n]eid7 & f9ally z ! upp] bran*es sway & ! tree trembles to its fall1 he runs back & ?r[s himself d[n ) 8 face to ! gr\nd1 9 sil5ce :i* n ev5 a pray] mu/ break1 le/ a ,n]eid1 pass+ out f h] violat$ abode1 he> & espy & puni%4 ,=1 z has be5 said be=e1 no?+ is m sure ?an t he :o speaks 9 ! he>+ ( a ,n]eid loses f !nce=? ! p[] ( spee*2 :ile ! practice ( hid+ ! face 9 ! gr\nd is n a fooli% imitation ( ! o/ri*1 b is prompt$ by ! belief t a ,n]eid is mo/ prone to injure ^? :o by look1 ^w1 or t\* h ( _! own act1 ?\gh n always ( _! own w1 plac$ !mselves 9 communication or contact ) h]#dja4 ,^! precautions app]ta9+ to ! lore ( mod]n ,greek =e/ry indicate a belief t1 :5 a tree is hewn d[n1 its dea? does n involve ! dea? ( ! ,n]eid )9 x1 b t %e escapes alive & v5geful4 ,& h]e9 once m !re is agreem5t betwe5 ! beliefs ( mod]n & ( anci5t ,greece4 ,apollonius ,rhodius tells ! /ory ( ! want & p5ury :i* befell ,p>aebius = all 8 lab\rs4 #8,v]ily he 0 pay+ a cruel requital = ! s9 ( 8 fa!r2 :o once :5 he 0 fell+ trees1 alone ^u ! m\nta9s1 made light ( ! pray]s ( an ,hamadryad4 ,= %e ) te>s & passionate spee* /rove to s(t5 8 he>t1 t he %\ld n hew ! trunk ( h] coeval oak1 :]e9 %e liv$ cont9u\sly h] :ole long life2 b he "r fooli%ly did fell ! tree1 9 pride ( 8 "y /r5g?4 ,:]e=e ! ,nymph set a doom ( fruitless toil !reaft] on him & on 8 *ildr5#djb4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,naiads1 ( ^: anci5t "n1 s f> z ,i "k1 no trace rema9s 9 ! dialects ( to-day1 are n less num]\s ?an o!r nymphs & z mu* to be fe>$4 ,! peasants speak ( !m usually z #8,n]eids ( ! riv]' or #8( ! spr+' 7 or 72 & only 9 "o place1 ,kephalvryso 7#8,f\nta9-head'7 9 ,aetolia1 did ,i f9d a di/9ctive by-"n = !m4 ,?is 0 ! ^w #djc1 :i* ,i take to be a half-humor\s euphemism mean+ #8! ,p>*$ ,ones'2 b1 s f> z s\nd is conc]n$1 x w\ld be equally p]missible to write ' 7pa/ p>ticiple ( ' ,lat9 respuo7 & to int]pret !re=e 9 ! s5se ( #8! ,abom9able ,ones4' ,! latt] appellation h[ev] seems to me too outspok5 9 view ( ! awe 9 :i* ! ,naiads are ev]y:]e held4 ,:]ev] fre% wat] is1 :e!r 9 m\nta9-torr5t or res]voir1 9 riv] or village-well1 !re is p]il to be fe>$2 no c>eful "m w s5d h] *ildr5 at noontide to fet* wat] f ! spr+1 or1 if !y are s5t1 !y mu/ at lea/ spit ?rice into x be=e !y dip _! pit*]s1 nor w %e suff] !m to loit] beside a /ream :5 dusk has fall52 no cauti\s man w =d a riv] )\t cross+ himself fir/ on ! br9k4 ,! actual dwell+-place ( ^! nymphs may be ei!r ! dep?s ( ! wat] itself or "s cave beside ! /ream4 ,hom] gave to ! ,naiads ( ,i?aca = _! habitation a grotto1 :]e9 7 ev]fl[+ wat]s#djd2 & ?\gh 9 "s cases ! nymphs :o haunt ! m\nta9 caves may z well be ,oreads z ,naiads1 ,i h pref]r$ to deal ) !m 9 ?is place2 = usually x is riv]-gods :o h holl[$ out ^! rocky homes = _! daught]s1 & 9 _m su* caves may be se5 ! ev]fl[+ wat]s t atte/ ! ,naiads' bir?right4 ,"s su* places1 :e!r spr+s or caves1 h1 z might be expect$1 atta9$ great] fame or notoriety ?an o!rs2 "s special incid5t />ts a /ory ab\t !m :i* f g5]ation to g5]ation rolls on ga!r+ x may be fre% volume4 ,a typical /ory--typical save only = ! abs5ce ( trag$y1 s9ce ! ,naiads are wont to dr[n by mi/ake ^? :om !y c>ry (f--0 he>d by ,leo ,allatius#dje f :at he consid]$ a tru/wor?y s\rce4 #8,"s well-to-d p ( ,*ios 7 tak+ a summ] holiday 9 ! c\ntry en famille1 :5 a pretty little girl ( ! p>ty got sep>at$ f ! re/ & ran (f to a well at a little di/ance4 ,amus+ h]self1 z *ildr5 w1 %e leant =w>d ov] ! well1 & z %e 0 look+ at ! wat] 9 x1 01 )\t p]ceiv+ x1 ins5sibly lift$ by "s =ce & pu%$ into ! well4 ,h] relations saw h] c>ri$ (f1 & runn+ up1 p]ceiv$ ! girl amus+ h]self on ! top ( ! wat] z if %e 7 seat$ on a b$4 ,!reupon h] fa!r1 embold5$ by ! sight1 tri$ to climb d[n into ! well1 b 0 pull$ 9 by "s =ce & set beside 8 *ild4 ,9 ! meantime "s ( ! o!rs _h br\ght a ladd]1 :i* !y l[]$ into ! well & bade ! man asc5d4 ,cat*+ up 8 daught] 9 8 arms1 he m\nt$ ! ladd] safe & s\nd1 & to ! amazem5t ( all1 ?\gh fa!r & daught] _h be5 all t "t 9 ! wat]1 !y came out ) clo!s p]fectly dry1 )\t s mu* z a trace ( dampness4 ,! seizure ( ! girl & h] fa!r !y attribut$ to ,n]eids1 :o 7 said to haunt t well4 ,! girl too h]self ass]t$ t :ile %e 0 hang+ ov] ! well1 %e _h se5 wom5 sport+ on ! surface ( ! wat] ) ! utmo/ animation1 & at _! invitation _h volunt>ily ?r[n h]self 94' ,?is /ory1 ?\gh x ends happily1 be>s a m>k$ resemblance to t ( ,hylas4 ,x is specially not$ t ! *ild _h a pretty face1 & ?is )\t d\bt is conceiv$ z impell+ ! ,n]eids to seize h]4 ,x is ( little consequ5ce t _! home is1 9 ?is case1 a m]e well in/ead ( #8a spr+1' z ,!ocritus#djf pictures x1 #89 a holl[ ( ! l&1 :]eab\t grew ru%es ?ickly & purple cuckoo-fl[]#djg & pale maid5hair & bright gre5 p>sley & clov] spread+ wide'2 = ! anci5ts also attribut$ nymphs to _! wells#djh4 ,su* /ories are sometimes causes1 sometimes effects1 ( ! n uncommon place-names 1 #dji1 #8,n]eid-spr+1' #8,n]eid-cave4' ,two su* caves1 to :i* ! additional int]e/ atta*es ( hav+ be5 9 classical times also reg>d$ z holy gr\nd1 are f\nd on ,p>nassus & on ,olympus4 ,! =m] is ! fam\s ,corycian cave sacr$ 9 antiquity to ,pan & ! ,nymphs#daj & /ill dread$ by ! inhabitants ( ! di/rict z an abode ( ,n]eids#daa4 ,! latt] is ?\ght to be ! anci5t sanctu>y ( ! ,pi]ian ,muses1 & ! peasants ( ! la/ g5]ation held ! place 9 su* awe t !y refus$ to conduct anyone ?i!r = fe> ( be+ seiz$ ) madness#dab4 ,x is "r to add t ! t5ants ( ?is cav]n 7 call$ by ! vague "n 1 :i* w\ld comprise n only ,n]eids1 b presumably ! ,muses also1 if any remembrance ( !m survives 9 ! di/rict2 b ! fe> ( be+ seiz$ ) madness sugge/s ! ord9>y conception ( nymphs4 ,9 nei!r ( ^! in/ances ( c\rse c x be claim$ t ,naiads r ?an ,oreads are ! possessors ( ! cave2 b z ,i h said ! peasants g5]ally employ ! wide appellation #8,n]eids' or "s yet vagu] "n1 & d n discrim9ate betwe5 ! looks & ! qualities ( ! sev]al ord]s ( nymphs4 ,x is only by obs]v+ local & occasional di/9ctions t ,i h be5 able to trace "s survivals ( ! f\r ma9 anci5t classes4 ,9 g5]al ! #8,n]eid' ( to-day is simply ! #8,nymph' ( antiquity4 #aj4 ,,! ,,que5s ,,( ,,! ,,nymphs4 ,travell+ once 9 a small sail+-boat f ! isl& ( ,scyros to ,scopelos ,i ov]he>d an in/ructive conv]sation betwe5 "o ( my two boatm5 & a %eph]d :om we _h tak5 (f f ! small isl& ( ,sknz\ra4 ,! occasion ( our t\*+ !re1 namely pursuit by pirates 7f :om ! ,nor? ,aegean is n yet :olly free1 ?\gh _! piracies are seldom ( a worse nature ?an cattle-lift+ f ! coa/s & isl&s71 _h c]ta9ly _h an excit+ effect ^u my boatman's n]ves1 &1 z d>kness fell1 ! %eph]d respond$ to 8 companion's mood1 & _! talk rang$ ov] _m /range exp]i5ces4 ,v soon !y 7 ex*ang+ confid5ces ab\t ! sup]natural be+s ) :om !y _h come into contact2 & among ^! figur$ two :o are ! que5s respectively ( ! nymphs ( l& & ( sea4 ,( ^! deities "o only 0 kn[n to ea* ( ! speak]s1 b on comp>+ notes !y agre$ t ! two p]sonalities 7 di/9ct4 ,! l&sman told ( "o :om he nam$ #8! que5 ( ! m\nta9s' 7 7 :o ) a ret9ue ( ,n]eids 0 ev] roam+ ov] ! hills or danc+ 9 "s wood$ dell4 ,9 =m %e 0 z a ,n]eid1 b tall] & m gli/5+-:ite ?an !y2 & z %e surpass$ h] comrades 9 beauty1 s did %e also excel 9 cruelty t[>ds ^? :o he$lessly cross$ h] pa?4 ,! sailor on ! o!r h& _h bo? se5 & he>d "o :om he call$ #8! que5 ( ! %ore' 7 74 ,mo/ (t5 %e /&s 9 ! sea ) ! wat] wai/-high ab\t h]1 & s+s passionate love-songs to ^? :o pass by on ! %ore4 ,!n mu/ m5 close fa/ _! eyes & /op _! e>s2 =1 if !y yield to h] s$uctions1 ! bridal b$ is 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea & %e alone rises up aga9 to tempt yet o!rs ) h] fatal love4 ,! =m] is )\t "q %e ( :om ,hom] sang1 #8,9 company ) h] d mir?ful nymphs 444 range o'er ! l&4444 ,high above !m all %e c>ries h] head & br[1 & full easily is %e kn[n1 ?\gh !y all be beautiful'#dac4 ,nigh on ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago 0 compos$ ?is graceful epitome ( beliefs /ill curr5t to-day2 =1 ?\gh ! "n ( ,artemis is no long] he>d1 h] p]sonality rema9s4 ,! peasants 9 g5]al describe r ?an "n h]4 ,9 ,zacyn?os %e is call$ #8! great lady' 7 7#dad2 9 ,cephalonia & 9 ! villages ( ,p>nassus %e is di/+ui%$ simply z #8! *ief' or #8! greate/' ( ! ,n]eids#dae2 9 ei!r ,*ios or ,scopelos 7,i _c say :i*1 = my %eph]d _h be5 born 9 ! =m] b 0 !n liv+ 9 ! latt]7 h] title is #8,que5 ( ! m\nta9s4' ,9 ,aetolia h[ev] ,i 0 =tunate en\gh to he> an actual "n assign$1 1 #8! lady ,beautiful1' :]e ! %ift ( ! acc5t 9 z comp>$ ) ! adjective is natural to ! =mation ( a prop] "n1 & ! fem99e t]m9ation 9 -1 almo/ obsolete n[1 argues an e>ly orig94 ,! "n !re=e 9 its pres5t =m may h come d[n un*ang$ f classical times2 b1 :atev] its age1 we may at lea/ he> 9 x an e*o ( ! anci5t cult-title ( ,artemis1 1 #8mo/ beautiful'#daf4 ,! same deity1 ,i suspect1 surviv$ also until rec5tly1 "u a disguis$ =m b ) a k9dr$ "n1 9 ,a!ns3 = ! folk !re us$ to tell ( "o :om !y nam$ #8,sa9t ,beautiful' 7 71 b to :om no *ur* 0 ev] d$icat$#dag2 h] canonisation 0 only popul>4 ,! acc\nt :i* ,i receiv$ 9 ,aetolia ( ?is #8lady ,beautiful' agre$ closely ) ! description already giv5 ( #8! que5 ( ! m\nta9s4' ,9 appe>ance & 9 "* %e is b a ,n]eid on a l>g] scale4 ,all ! beauty & ! fr[>dness s freely imput$ to ! nymphs are sup]latively h]s2 !re is no safety f h]2 on hillside1 9 coppice1 by rivulet1 ev]y:]e %e may be enc\nt]$2 ! tongue t makes utt]ance 9 h] pres5ce is !nce=? ti$1 & ! eyes t behold h] are d>k5$4 ,! puni%m5t t befell ,teiresias ( old = look+ ^u ,a!na z %e ba!d /ill awaits ^? :o /ray by mis*ance beside "s seque/]$ pool or /ream :]e ! ,n]eids & _! que5 are wont to ba! 9 ! heat ( noon4 ,su* a spot1 fav\r$ 9 old5 "t by ,artemis & h] att5dant ,naiads1 0 ! ,cretan riv] ,amnisos#dah2 & x 0 probably no m]e co9cid5ce1 b a good in/ance r ( ! cont9uity ( local tradition1 t 9 comp>atively rec5t times h] p]sonality & p]haps ev5 h] old "n 7 /ill kn[n 9 ! di/rict4 ,x is record$ t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury bo? prie/s & p ( ! di/rict decl>$ t at a pretty little t>n ne> ! ,gulf ( ,mirabella !y _h se5 #8,diana & h] fair nymphs' lay aside _! :ite raim5t & ba! & disappe> 9 ! cle> wat]s#dai4 ,x w\ld h be5 highly int]e/+ to "k ! "n ( ! goddess :i* ! ,italian writ] translat$ z #8,diana4' ,?\gh x is true t 9 ,italy#dbj ,diana h]self 0 /ill wor%ipp$ 9 magical nightly orgies z late z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 x is sc>cely likely t ! ,italian "n _h be5 adopt$ 9 ,crete4 ,m probably ! slov5ly fa%ion ( miscall+ ,greek deities by ,lat9 names 0 z common !n z n[2 & 9 ?is in/ance a piece ( valuable evid5ce has !reby be5 irretrievably lo/4 ,yet ! traditional connexion ( ,artemis ) ?is di/rict ( ,crete w>rants ! assumption t ! lead] ( ! nymphs ( :om ! /ory tells 0 9 p]sonality1 if n also 9 "n1 ! anci5t ,greek goddess1 & no ,italian importation4 ,di/9ct ref]5ce to ! ba?+ ( ,artemis is also made 9 a /ory :i* has already be5 relat$ 9 connexion ) ,aphrodite & ,eros#dba4 ,a pr9ce1 :o _h j\rney$ to ! g>d5 ( ,eros to fet* wat] = ! heal+ ( 8 fa!r's bl9dness1 saw 9 ! spr+ !re #8a woman :ite z sn[ & %9+ z ! moon4 ,& x 0 9 v tru? ! moon t ba!d "h4' ,! la/ s5t5ce1 provid$ always t x be free f mod]n s*ola/ic contam9ation1 is an unique example ( ! survival ( ,artemis 9 ! rle ( ! moon2 :ile ! heal+ prop]ties ( ! spr+ 9 :i* %e ba!s (f] a co9cid5ce1 c]ta9ly undesign$1 ) ! p[]s ( ! goddess :om h] wor%ipp]s ( yore bes\ght to #8bani% unto ! m\nta9-tops sickness & suff]+'#dbb4 ,:e!r #8! lady ,beautiful' is kn[n n[ also 9 h] anci5t huntress-guise1 is a po9t n readily det]m9$4 ,9 ,aetolia c]ta9ly ,i once or twice he>d m5tion ( h] hunt+ on ! m\nta9s1 b )\t feel+ sure :e!r ! ^w #8hunt' 0 be+ us$ lit]ally or 9 metaphor4 ,expressions borr[$ f ! *ase are n uncommon 9 ! language1 & ! p>ticul> v]b 1 #8,i hunt1' is 9 ! v]nacul> us$ ( any?+ f rabbit-%oot+ to wife-beat+4 ,! injuries inflict$ by ,artemis on ^? :o trespass ^u h] haunts might possibly be d5ot$ by ! same t]m4 ,on ! o!r h& x is n 9 ! "* ( #8! lady ,beautiful1' z x is 9 t ( ! #8hunt]' ,*>os1 to seek m5 out & slay !m2 m5 may fall *ance victims to ! sudd5 ang] ( ! goddess1 b !y are ! *os5 qu>ry ( ! o!r's pr[ess2 he is a true #8hunt]' ( m51 &1 try z !y w to evade him1 he /ill pursues2 b ,artemis /rikes none :o turn aside f h] pa?4 ,i incl9e !re=e to believe t ! ^w #8to hunt' 0 int5d$ lit]ally :5 ,i he>d x us$ ( #8! lady ,beautiful1' & t ! anci5t ,artemis' love ( ! *ase is n =gott5 by ! ,aetolian peasantry4 ,su* are ! rem9isc5ces ( ,artemis :i* ,i h be5 able to ga!r 9 a few di/ricts ( mod]n ,greece4 ,b x is cle> t d[n to ! sev5te5? c5tury ! goddess 0 mu* m widely kn[n4 ,leo ,allatius#dbc1 writ+ ab\t ! ye> #afcj1 aft] giv+ a good description ( ! ,n]eids1 plunges abruptly into a long quotation f ,mi*ael ,psellus1 f :i* & f ,allatius' own comm5ts on x "s in=mation ab\t ! ,que5 ( ! ,n]eids may be glean$4 ,! passage 9 "q runs z foll[s1 ! comm5ts & explanations 9 brackets be+ my own3-- #8 4 ,supply 4 7,app>5tly a prov]b1 #8,fair "m1 f9e son1' to ! usage ( :i* ,psellus gives "s religi\s col\r47 ,= ! ,virg9 t br\ght =? 0 wond]fully fair1 dazzl+ 9 ! brightness ( h] graces1 & h] son 0 exce$+ beautiful1 fair beyond ! sons ( m54 7,not)/&+ h[ev] ! religi\s significance ( ! prov]b1 he at once condemns ! use ( x47 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! phrase is due to faulty spee*4 ,= ! popul> language has p]v]t$ ! say+4 ,x is "r to say 7#8fair lady ( ! m\nta9s'72 b ! p h made ! say+ 7#8fair "m1 f9e son'74 7,!re is no di/9ction 9 s\nd1 accord+ to ! mod]n pronunciation1 betwe5 & 47 ,h5ce we see t ! popul> imag9ation _h once fa%ion$1 q unreasonably1 a female deity ^: doma9 0 ! m\nta9s & :o z x 7 disport$ h]self ^u !m4444 ,!re is no deity call$ #8fair lady ( ! m\nta9s1' nor is ! s-call$ ,b>y*nas a deity at all b a tr\ble aris+ 9 ! head f he>tburn or ill-dige/$ food1 444 :i* is also kn[n z ,ephialtes4' ,"h ,psellus is rambl+ 9 8 diss]tation z wildly z ?\gh 8 own head 7 affect$ by ?is demoniacal ailm5t4 ,:i* ,allatius obs]v+ comm5ts ?us3-- #8,:at has ,b>y*nas or ,babutzic>ius#dbd or if y l ,ephialtes to d ) ! fair lady ( ! woods or ! m\nta9s 7pulcram nemorum sive montium78 ,f !m m5 suff] ly+ ab$2 :]eas attacks su* z we h said are made by ,callicantz>us#dbe1 ,burcolacas#dbf1 or ,n]eid1 occur 9 ! op5 c\ntry & public roadways4444 ,& ,psellus himself knew q well t ! #8fair lady ( ! m\nta9s' 0 no?+ o!r ?an ^? :o are commonly call$ ! #8fair mi/resses'#dbg 7i4e4 ,n]eids71 :o h no?+ on e>? to d ) ,b>y*nas & ,ephialtes4' ,! argum5t ( ?is /rangely confus$ passage is happily beside our m>k1 & we ne$ n puzzle1 ) ,psellus1 ov] ! demonology ( dyspepsia4 ,8 int]pretation ( ! phrase ,i h ev5 v5tur$ to omit1 = a devi\s pa? ( wilful reason+ leads only to ! conclusion t x means ! tree on :i* ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$4 ,! only me?od 9 8 mad m$ley ( m$ic9e & !ology is ! int5tion to refute ! popul> belief 9 a beautiful goddess :o haunt$ ! m\nta9s4 ,"s details ( ! belief may be ga!r$ f ,allatius' criticism ( ! argum5t4 ,psellus m5tions only ! title 1 b ,allatius amplifies x 9 ! phrase pulcram nemorum sive montium1 imply+ !reby t 9 8 own "t ,artemis--= x c be none o!r--0 associat$ z mu* ) woodl& z ) m\nta92 :ile h] intimate connexion ) ! ,n]eids is adduc$ z a matt] ( common k4 ,! some:at loose phrase by :i* ,allatius indicates ?is fact--pulcram montium nihil aliud esse quam eas quas vulgus vocat pulcras dom9as--mu/ n be read 9 any /rict & n>r[ s5se4 ,! beautiful lady ( ! m\nta9s is1 he means1 j su* z are ! ,n]eids2 b %e is a def9ite p]son1 di/+ui%$ z ( old among h] comrades by supreme grace & lovel9ess4 ,! /atem5ts ( ,leo ,allatius1 bas$ z !y are 9 ! ma9 ^u 8 own recollections ( 8 native ,*ios1 f9d rem>kable corroboration 9 a hi/ory ( ! same isl& writt5 a little e>li] by "o ,j]osme ,ju/9ian#dbh4 ,9 ! ma9 ! hi/ory is purely fabul\s1 tak+ its />t f a po9t1 if my memory s]ves me rightly1 _m c5turies e>li] ?an ! ,deluge2 b ! ref]5ce to contempor>y sup]/itions may ,i ?9k be tru/$4 ,previ\sly to ! passage :i* ,i translate1 ! writ] has be5 tell+ ! tale ( ! build+ ( a wond]ful t[] by k+ ,scel]ion ( ,*ios1 :]e9 to gu>d 8 daught] ,omorfia 7,beauty7 & ?ree maids ( hon\r ) h] until su* "t z he %\ld f9d a husb& wor?y ( h]2 h[ ! workm5 nev] left ! t[] till x 0 f9i%$2 h[ ! ma/]-mason ?rew d[n 8 implem5ts f ! top & himself essay$ to fly d[n on w+s ( 8 own contrivance1 :i* h[ev] fail$ to "w z he _h hop$1 ) ! result t he fell into ! riv] bel[ ! ca/le & 0 dr[n$2 & h[ 8 gho/ 0 se5 !re e fir/ ( ,may at midday4 ,?is /ory1 :i* may be tak5 z a fair type ( ! :ole #8hi/ory1' leads1 by its m5tions ( app>itions on ,may #a/1 to ! foll[+ passage#dbi3-- #8,!y h also ano!r fooli% belief1 t ne> ! t[] are to be se5 ?ree y\?ful wom51 clo!d 9 :ite1 :o invite pass]s-by to ?r[ !mselves into ! riv] & get "s cups ( gold & silv] :i* by diabolical illusion are se5 float+ on ! wat]1 9 ! hope t go+ into ! riv] !y may be dr[n$ 9 a :irlpool call$ by ! ,greeks ,*iroclacas1 ! wat] ( :i* p5etrates b5ea? ! m\nta9 z f> z ! precipice :]e ! pr9cess /ill %[s h]self4 ,fur!r1 !re is no mann] ( d\bt t ! ?ree ladies :o appe> to ! inhabitants ( ! place are ^? spirits :o make _! dwell+ 9 ! wat]1 assum+ ! =m ( wom51 & call$ by ! anci5ts ,n]eides or ,negi>des2 ! good wom5 are s abus$ by ^! illusions t on ! fir/ ( ,may !y are wont to make crosses on _! doors1 say+ t ! goddess ( _! m\nta9s is due to come & visit !m 9 _! h\ses1 & t )\t ?is m>k %e w\ld n come 92 likewise !y say t %e w\ld slay any "o :o %\ld g to meet h]4 ,& s !y give h] ! "n ( #8good1' be+ oblig$ by ! fe> 9 :i* !y hold h] to give h] ?is title ( hon\r4 ,"s p are ( op9ion t ?is goddess is "o ( ! ,oread nymphs :o dwell 9 ! m\nta9s4444' ,?is #8goddess ( ! m\nta9s' :om !y call #8good' 7i4e4 probably 7 is beyond d\bt ! same :o 0 kn[n to ,psellus & to ,allatius z 1 #8! beautiful lady ( ! m\nta9s1' & to my pa/oral in=mant z 1 #8! que5 ( ! m\nta9s'2 & 9 g5]al ! conception ( h] is ! same z cont9ues locally to ! pres5t day4 ,"o /atem5t inde$ ,i _c expla91 namely t ! wom5 make crosses on _! doors ) ! purpose ( attract+ ! goddess to _! h\ses2 = ,i h already m5tion$ ! same use ( ! symbol = ! contr>y purpose ( keep+ ! ,n]eids out#dcj4 ,possibly z reg>ds ?is detail ( ! #8fooli% belief' ! gr& seigneur 0 wrongly in=m$4 ,b 9 o!r respects1 9 ! close association ( ! goddess ) ! ,oreads or o!r nymphs1 9 ! fe> :i* %e inspir$1 9 ! belief t %e slew ^? :o v5tur$ ^u h] pa?1 ! ,*ian record is 9 complete agreem5t ) ! description :i* ,i h giv5 f oral s\rces4 ,9 t]ror1 z 9 *>m1 ! ,n]eids' que5 is =emo/4 ,a contr>y view h[ev] is tak5 by ,b]n>d ,s*midt#dca1 :o /ates t %e is pictur$ by ! commonfolk z g5tl] & fri5dli] to man ?an h] companions1 & ev5 dispos$ to *eck _! light & fr[>d ways4 ,on su* a po9t1 ,i freely admit1 local tradition might well v>y2 b 9 ?is p>ticul> case ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ,s*midt fell into ! error ( confus+ ! wild-roam+1 nymph-escort$ goddess ( hill & vale & f\nta9 ) t o!r goddess :o dwells solit>y 9 ! he>t ( ! m\nta91 disp5s+ bless+s to ! good & pa9s to ! wick$1 & 9 ! conception ( :om we f\nd an aft]ma? ( ! anci5t crop ( leg5ds conc]n+ ,demet] & ,kore4 ,surely ?is gr& & lonely figure1 #8! ,mi/ress ( ! ,e>? & ( ! ,sea1' is 9 e trait diff]5t f ! lovely1 caprici\s1 cruel #8,que5 ( ! ,m\nta9s4' ,inde$ ! v circum/ance ( bo? pres5tations be+ kn[n 9 "o & ! same di/rict--z1 to my own k1 9 ,aetolia1 &1 on ,s*midt's own %[+1 9 ,zacyn?os#dcb--proves t two div9e p]sons1 9 type & 9 "* ess5tially diff]5t1 are "h involv$1 & n m]ely two accid5tal & local diff]5tiations ( ! same deity4 ,d\btless 9 ! m #8civilis$' p>ts ( ,greece 7to use ! ^w belov$ ( ! half-educat$ t[n-br$ ,greek71 9 ! p>ts :]e old beliefs & cu/oms are fall+ into decay & contempt :ile no?+ good is sub/itut$ = !m1 ev5 ! l[] classes h lo/ or are los+ c\nt & memory ( _m ( ^? p[]s :om _! =efa!rs ackn[l$g$2 b 9 ! m fav\rably seque/]$ villages1 let u say1 ( ,aetolia1 :]e sup]/ition /ill fe>s no mock]y1 no peasant w\ld commit ! mi/ake ( conf\nd+ 8 ,demet] ) 8 ,artemis4 ,betwe5 maje/ic lonel9ess & frolicsome ?rong1 betwe5 dignifi$ beauty & bewit*+ lovel9ess1 betwe5 g5tl5ess & lightness1 betwe5 love ( good & wanton m]rim5t1 betwe5 ju/ice & caprice1 ! gulf is wide4 ,b :ile ! mod]n ,artemis is ! lead] ( h] nymphs 9 mis*ief & ev5 9 cruelty1 x mu/ n be ?\ght t %e is always a foe to man4 ,9 ,aetolia #8! lady ,beautiful' is quick to av5ge a slight or an intrusion2 b = ^? :o pay h] due rev]5ce %e is a ready help] & a giv] ( good gifts4 ,heal? & weal? lie 9 h] h&1 to be/[ or to )hold1 z 9 ! h&s ( ! ,n]eids4 ,h5ce ev5 he :om h] sudd5 ang] has once smitt5 may rega9 h] fav\r by (f]+s ( honey & o!r sweetmeats on ! sc5e ( 8 calamity4 ,& probably peace-(f]+s ) less def9ite int5t h be5 or /ill are 9 vogue2 = x is report$ t pres5ts us$ to be br\ght to ! cross-roads 9 ,zacyn?os at midday or midnight simply to appease #8! great lady' & h] tra9#dcc1 a survival surely ( ! anci5t banquets ( ,hecate surnam$ 1 #8,goddess ( ! ,cross-roads4' ,9 "s cases hesitation may be felt 9 pron\nc+ an op9ion :e!r x is = ,artemis & ! nymphs or = ! ,fates#dcd 77 t ^! gifts are int5d$2 & 9 ! category ( ! d\btful mu/ be includ$ all ^? cases :]e ! d$ication ( ! (f]+s is m]ely to ! #dce1 #8good ladies1' no fur!r in=mation be+ v\*saf$4 ,sev]al writ]s1 includ+ ! ,g]man ,ross & ! ,greek ,pittakis1 appe> to h assum$ )\t suffici5t enquiry t none b ! ,n]eids c\ld be ?us designat$2 b z a matt] ( fact1 ! same euphemi/ic title is occasionally giv5 also to ! ,fates#dcf2 & :ile ,i incl9e to tru/ ! exp]i5ce & judgem5t ( ,ross 9 ! g5]al /atem5t :i* he makes conc]n+ su* (f]+s at ,a!ns1 ,!bes1 & else:]e#dcg1 ! accuracy ( ,pittakis#dch on ! o!r h& is *all5g$ by ! actual spot :i* he is describ+ :5 he id5tifies ! #8good ladies' ) ! ,n]eids2 = ! place 0 none o!r ?an ! s-call$ #8prison ( ,socrates1' :i* ! te/imony ( _m travell]s concurs 9 assign+ to ! ,fates4 ,b1 ?\gh "s ( ! evid5ce conc]n+ (f]+s dem&s clos] scrut9y be=e x c h any be>+ ^u ! cont9u$ belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,artemis1 !re are c]ta9ly "s corn]s ( ,greece 9 :i* t goddess is /ill wor%ipp$4 #8,! great lady1' #8! ,que5 ( ! m\nta9s1' #8! lady ,beautiful' are ! v>i\s titles ( a s+le goddess ^: beauty & quick ang] h ev] s9ce ! h]oic age held ! ,greek folk 9 awe & dem&$ _! rev]5ce2 & until ! inroads ( ,european civilisation de/roy ) ! weapon ( ridicule all t is old 9 cu/om & cre$1 ,artemis w cont9ue to hold "s sway ov] hill & /ream & woodl&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! o!r que51 ( :om my boatman spoke1 #8! ,que5 ( ! ,%ore1' %e :o /&s 9 ! %all[s & by h] beauty & sweet voice entices ! unw>y to %>e h] b$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea1 mu/ ,i ?9k be id5tifi$ ) a be+ :o is m commonly call$ #8! ,lamia ( ! ,sea' or #8! ,lamia ( ! ,%ore4' ,a popul> poem#dci f ,salonica1 9 :i* ^! two titles are f\nd side by side1 tells ( a conte/ betwe5 h] & a "y %eph]d4 ,"o day1 9 disreg>d ( 8 "m's w>n+1 he 0 play+ 8 pipes ^u ! %ore1 :5 ! ,lamia appe>$ to him & made a wag] ) him t %e w\ld dance long] ?an he w\ld g on play+4 ,if he %\ld w91 he %\ld h h] to wife2 if %e %\ld w91 %e 0 to take all 8 flocks z ! prize4 ,?ree days ! %eph]d play$1 ?ree :ole nights & days2 !n 8 /r5g? fail$ him1 & ! ,lamia took 8 %eep & goats & left him de/itute4 ,?is poem has "s po9ts 9 common ) a belief said to be held 9 ! di/rict ( ,p>nassos1 t if a "y man--especially "o :o is h&some--play ! flute or s+ at mid-day or midnight ^u ! %ore1 ! ,lamia !re( em]ges f ! dep?s ( ! sea1 & ) promises ( a happy life tries to p]suade him to be h] husb& & to come ) h] into ! sea2 if ! "y man refuse1 %e slays him#ddj2 & presumably1 ?\gh ?is is n m5tion$1 if he cons5t1 %e dr[ns him4 ,! same ,lamia1 x is record$#dda1 is also kn[n on ! coa/s ( ,elis z a dang]\s foe to sailors2 = h] "w is ! wat]sp\t & ! :irlw9d1 :]eby _! %ips are engulf$4 ,among ! ,cyclades too ! same belief c]ta9ly prevails 7?\gh ,i h nev] obta9$ !re any details conc]n+ ! "* ( ! ,lamia72 = on see+ a wat]sp\t ! sailors w exclaim1 #8! ,lamia ( ! ,sea is pass+' 7 71 & sometimes /ick a black-h&l$ knife into ! ma/ z a *>m aga9/ h]#ddb4 ,9 ^! some:at meagre acc\nts ( ! ,lamia ( ! ,sea1 !re are sev]al po9ts 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al conception ( ,n]eids4 ,%e is beautiful2 %e seeks ! love ( "y m51 ev5 ?\gh t love mean dea? to !m2 %e is sweet ( voice & untir+ 9 dance2 & %e passes to & fro 9 wat]sp\t or :irlw9d4 ,x is n surpris+ !n to f9d t 9 ,elis %e is actually nam$ que5 ( ! ,n]eids#ddc1 t is1 )\t d\bt1 ( ! sea-nymphs only1 s9ce %e h]self has h] doma9 only 9 ! sea4 ,& ! title #8que5 ( ! %ore' :i* ,i le>nt ( my boatman f ,scyros po9ts to ! same belief2 = z we f\nd ,artemis1 #8que5 ( ! m\nta9s1' to be ! lead] ( all ! ,n]eids ( ! l&1 s %\ld #8! que5 ( ! %ore' be rul] ov] ! ,n]eids ( ! sea4 ,h[ f> ?is conception ( ! ,lamia ( ! ,sea accords ) classical tradition1 x is impossible to decide4 ,only 9 "o passage1 a fragm5t ( ,/esi*orus#ddd1 is !re any evid5ce ( ! connexion ( a ,lamia ) ! sea4 ,!re ! m>9e mon/]1 ,scylla1 0 made #8! daught] ( ,lamia1' a phrase :i* has giv5 rise to ! conjecture t ! anci5ts l ! mod]ns1 z we %all see 9 ! next section1 recognis$ m ?an "o species4 ,a m>9e ,lamia w\ld supply ! mo/ natural p>5tage = ,scylla2 & if h] "m may be id5tifi$ ) ! mod]n ,lamia ( ! ,sea1 ! foe ( %ips & creator ( ! wat]sp\t1 ! "* ( ,scylla is true to h] l9eage4 ,b ! o!r traits 9 ! "* ( ! mod]n ,lamia ( ! ,sea c h>dly be h]s by su* anci5t prescription4 ,x is difficult to suppose t ,/esi*orus pictur$ ,scylla's "m z a ?+ ( beauty2 & ! *>m ( ! mod]n ,lamia's love-songs :i* s$uce m5 to _! dea? is p]haps an attribute borr[$ f ! ,sir5s4 ,x is !re=e 9 virtue ( acquir$ r ?an orig9al qualities t ! ,lamia ( ! ,sea has come to be que5 ( ! sea-nymphs4 #aa4 ,,lamiae1 ,,gell\des1 ,,& ,,/riges4 ,! ?ree classes ( female mon/]s1 ( :om ! pres5t section treats1 h ev] s9ce ! e>ly middle ages#dde be5 con/antly conf\nd$1 & ! special attributes ( ea* assign$ promiscu\sly to ! o!rs4 ,?is is due to ! fact t all ?ree possess "o pron\nc$ quality 9 common1 ! prop5sity t[>ds prey+ ^u "y *ildr52 & :]ev] ?is horrible trait has absorb$1 z x well may1 ! :ole att5tion ( m$iaeval writ] or mod]n peasant1 ! di/9ctions betwe5 !m 9 orig9 & nature h become obscur$4 ,yet suffici5t in=mation is =?com+1 if us$ ) discrim9ation1 to enable "s acc\nt to be giv5 ( ea* class sep>ately4 ,! ,lamiae are hide\s mon/]s1 %ap$ z gigantic & co>se-look+ wom5 = ! mo/ "p1 b1 ) /range de=mities ( ! l[] limbs su* z ,ari/ophanes attribut$ to a k9dr$ be+1 ! ,empusa#ddf4 ,_! feet are dissimil> & may be m ?an two 9 numb]2 "o is (t5 ( bronze1 :ile o!rs resemble ^? ( animals--ox1 ass1 or goat#ddg4 ,tradition relates t "o ( ^! mon/]s 0 once %ot by a peasant at ,koropon1 a village 9 ,attica1 & 0 f\nd to measure ?ree fa?oms 9 l5g?2 & h] loa?some nature 0 atte/$ by ! fact t1 :5 h] body 0 ?r[n out 9 a des]t pla91 no grass w\ld gr[ :]e h] blood _h dripp$#ddh4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! ,lamiae1 ap>t f _! ?ir/ = blood1 are _! uncleanl9ess1 _! gluttony1 & _! /upidity4 ,! details ( ! fir/ ne$ n be nam$1 b w\ld /ill furni% a je/ = ,ari/ophanes 9 8 co>s] mood z !y did ( old#ddi4 ,_! gluttony is cle>ly prov$ by _! unwieldy corpul5ce4 ,_! /upidity is be/ %[n 9 _! sorry managem5t ( _! homes2 = ev5 ! ,lamiae h _! dome/ic duties1 be+ mat$ usually1 accord+ to ! folk-tales#dej1 ) dragons 771 & mak+ _! abode 9 cav]ns & des]t places4 ,!y ply ! broom s poorly t #8! ,lamia's sweep+' 7 7 has become a prov]b = untid9ess#dea2 !y are s ignorant ( bread-mak+ t !y put _! d\gh into a cold ov5 & heap ! fire on top ( x#deb2 !y give _! dogs hay to eat1 & bones to _! horses#dec4 ,b !y h at lea/ ! r$eem+ virtue ( sometimes %[+ gratitude to ^? :o help !m out ( ! ill plight to :i* _! ignorance has br\ght !m#ded4 ,_! /upidity also is reg>d$ by ! ,greeks z a cause ( hone/y4 ,?\gh !y are (t5 ri*1 z be+ ! consorts ( dragons ^: *ief function x is to keep gu>d ov] hidd5 treasure1 !y h n ! wit to keep _! weal?1 b fooli%ly keep _! ^w in/ead4 ,a!nian tradition tells ( a v ri* ,lamia 7kn[n by ! "n ( 1 p]haps bett] writt5 1 a prop] "n =m$ f 1 #8fooli%'71 :o us$ to walk ab\t at night1 seiz+ & cru%+ m5 :om %e met till !y ro>$ l bulls4 ,b if h] victim kept 8 wits ab\t him & snat*$ h] head-dress f h]1 %e w\ld1 9 ord] to get x back1 promise him bo? life & weal?1 & keep h] ^w#dee4 ,su* aspects ( ! ,lamiae h[ev] are by no means univ]sally ackn[l$g$2 n9e peasants out ( t51 ,i suspect1 c\ld give no fur!r in=mation ab\t _! "* ?an t !y fe$ on human fle% & *oose above all new-born infants z _! prey4 ,h5ce comes ! popul> phrase 7employ$1 x w\ld appe>1 9 m ?an "o di/rict ( ,greece7 9 ref]5ce to *ildr5 :o h di$ sudd5ly1 #def1 #8! ,*ild has be5 /rangl$ by ! ,lamia4' ,b 9 g5]al ,i ?9k ! ravages ( ,lamiae h ceas$ to inspire mu* g5u9e fe> 9 ! peasants' m9ds4 ,"o !re 01 s ,i he>d1 ne> ,kephalvryso 9 ,aetolia1 ^: dwell+-place1 a cave beside a torr5t-b$1 0 to "s ext5t dread$ & avoid$4 ,b 9 mo/ p>ts ! ,lamia only ju/ifies ! memory ( h] exi/5ce by s]v+ to provide adv5tures = ! h]oes ( folk-/ories2 by l5d+ h] "n1 along ) ,empusa & ,mormo 7:o /ill locally survive#deg71 z a t]ror ) :i* mo!rs may intimidate naughty *ildr51 or by furni%+ x z a ready weapon ( vitup]ation 9 ! wordy w>f>e ( wom54 ,! ^w ,lamia1 :i* has surviv$ un*ang$ 9 =m d[n to ! pres5t day save t ! by-=ms 1 & are locally pref]r$1 did n orig9ally x w\ld seem indicate a species ( mon/] b a s+le p]son4 ,lamia accord+ to classical tradition 0 ! "n ( a que5 ( ,libya :o 0 lov$ by ,zeus1 & ?us excit$ ! res5tm5t ( ,h]a1 :o robb$ h] ( all h] *ildr52 :]eupon ! desolate que5 took up h] abode 9 a grim & lonely cav]n1 & !re *ang$ into a malici\s & gre$y mon/]1 :o 9 envy & despair /ole & kill$ ! *ildr5 ( m =tunate mo!rs#deh4 ,b a plural ( ! ^w1 indicat+ t ! s+le mon/] _h be5 multipli$ into a :ole class1 soon occurs4 ,philo/ratus#dei 9 speak+ ( #8! ,empusae1 :i* ! common p call ,lamiae & ,mormolykiae1' says1 #8,n[ ^! desire inde$ ! pleasures ( love1 b yet m d !y desire human fle%1 & use ! pleasures ( love to decoy ^? on :om !y w fea/4' ,a plural su* z is "h us$ might ( c\rse be m]ely a /udi$ expression ( contempt = vulg> sup]/itions2 b ! latt] "p ( ! quotation seems to give a fair summ>y ( ! "* ( anci5t ,lamiae4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by a gruesome /ory1 n>rat$ by ,apuleius#dfj1 ( two ,lamiae :o1 9 v5geance = a slight ( ! love pr(f]$ by "o ( !m to a "y man nam$ ,socrates1 tore out 8 he>t "o night be=e ! eyes ( 8 companion ,ari/om5es4 ,( ^! two ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! anci5t ,lamiae1 ! "o1 lascivi\sness1 has come to be ma9ly imput$ 9 mod]n times to ! ,lamia ( ! ,sea1 ! s+le deity :o rules ! sea-nymphs2 :ile ! crav+ = human fle% is ! mo/ m>k$ feature ( ! t]re/rial tribe ( ,lamiae4 ,b ! latt] c]ta9ly are ! true/ desc5dants ( ! anci5t ,lamia1 & occupy a place 9 popul> belief su* z %e held ( old2 = few1 x w\ld seem1 /ood !n 9 any s]i\s fe> ( ! ,lamia2 ! te/imony ( sev]al anci5t writ]s#dfa 7! /ory ( ,apuleius not)/&+7 proves t m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago %e _h already fall5 to ! level ( bogeys :i* fright5 none b *ildr54 ,,gell\des4 ,9 my acc\nt ( ! ,n]eids prop]ly s-call$1 ref]5ce 0 made to c]ta9 be+s kn[n 9 ! ,cyclades z or & reckon$ by sev]al writ]s#dfb among ! nymphs ( ! sea4 ,9 ?is !y c]ta9ly h ! support ( popul> etymology2 = 9 ,amorgos ,!odore ,b5t#dfc he>d t #8an evil _s liv$ close by1 :i* n[ & aga9 rises out ( ! sea & seizes infants2 h5ce x is call$ ,gialo 7f #dfd1 ! sea 7sic774' ,b x is1 ,i ?9k1 only an errone\s association by ! inhabitants ( ! ,cyclades ( two l-s\nd+ words :i* has caus$ ! to be reg>d$ z m>9e demons2 ,b5t's in=mation transposes cause & effect4 ,else:]e 9 ,greece !re are kn[n c]ta9 be+s call$ or 1 female demons ) a prop5sity to c>ry (f "y *ildr5 & to dev\r !m2 & x is /range t s c>eful an au?ority on ,greek folk-lore z ,b]nh>d ,s*midt %\ld n h recognis$ t ! "n employ$ 9 "s ( ! ,cyclades is only a dialectic =m ( ! common] #dfe ) an euphonetic prefix$ z 9 ! case ( & 4 ,enquiry 9 ,t5os reveal$ to me ! fact1 n m5tion$1 ?\gh p]haps impli$1 9 ! /atem5t ( ,b5t1 t ! are !re believ$ to fe$ ^u ! *ildr5 :om !y c>ry (f4 ,?is trait at once confirms _! id5tity ) ! 1 & r5d]s x impossible to class !m z a =m ( nymph4 ,x is ( c\rse believ$ t nymphs ( ! sea or ( riv]s1 :5 !y c>ry (f human *ildr5 to _! wat]y habitations1 d incid5tally dr[n !m1 b by an ov]sight & n ( malice prep5se4 ,b savagely to prey ^u human fle%--= all ! nymphs' wantonness & cruelty1 t is a ?+ abhorr5t f _! nature & inconceivable 9 !m4 ,?is horrid prop5sity proves ! or to be a sep>ate class ( female demons4 ,! *ief au?ority on ^! malignant be+s is ,leo ,allatius#dff1 :o bo? quotes a s]ies ( passages :i* enable u to trace ! developm5t ( ! belief 9 !m1 & also tells a /ory :i* is ! only s\rce ( evid5ce conc]n+ o!r ( _! *>act]i/ics ?an _! appetite = ! fle% ( infants4 ,_! prototype1 m5tion$1 we are told1 by ,sappho1 0 ! maid5 ,gello1 ^: spectre aft] h] untimely end 0 said by ! p ( ,lesbos to beset *ildr5 & to be *>geable ) ! e>ly dea?s ( infants#dfg4 ,! individuality ( ?is ,gello cont9u$ to be recognis$ to "s ext5t z late z ! t5? c5tury#dfh2 = ,ignatius1 a deacon ( ,con/ant9ople1 9 8 life ( ! ,patri>* ,t>asius nam$ h] z a s+le demon1 ?\gh he add$ t ! crime ( kill+ *ildr5 9 ! same way 0 also imput$ to a :ole class ( wit*es4 #8,h5ce1' comm5ts ,allatius1 #8x has come ab\t t at ! pres5t day ,/riges 7i4e4 ! wit*es ( :om ,ignatius speaks71 because !y practise evil arts ^u infants & by suck+ _! blood or 9 o!r ways cause _! dea?1 are call$ ,gellones#dfi4' ,9 ! /ory also :i* exhibits ! *ief qualities ( ?is demon1 h] "n 79 ! =m 7 appe>s /ill z a prop] "n4 ,b ! multiplication ( ! s+le demon into a :ole class dates f long be=e ! "t ( ,allatius4 ,john ( ,damascus 9 ! eigh? c5tury us$ ! plural z a popul> ^w1 ! mean+ ( :i* he took to be ! same z t ( ,/riges 772 & ,mi*ael ,psellus too 9 ! elev5? c5tury evid5tly reg>d$ ^! two words z int]*angeable designations ( a class ( be+s 7:e!r ( demons or ( wit*es1 he leaves unc]ta972 = aft] an exact acc\nt ( ! ,/riges & _! ?ir/ = *ildr5's blood1 he says t new-born infants :o wa/e away 7z if f ! dra9+ ( _! blood by ^! ,/riges7 are call$ #dgj1 #8,gello-eat54' ,! /ory ( ,leo ,allatius#dga1 :i* sets =? ! *ief qualities ( ,gello1 is a leg5d ( :i* ! ,sa9ts ,sisynios & ,synidoros are ! h]oes4 ,! *ildr5 ( _! si/] ,melit5e _h be5 dev\r$ by ?is demon1 & !y set !mselves to capture h]4 ,%e1 to effect h] escape1 at once *ang$ h] %ape1 & became fir/ a swall[ & !n a fi%2 b1 = all h] slipp]y & elusive trans=mations1 !y f9ally caught h] 9 ! =m ( a goat's hair adh]+ to ! k+'s be>d4 ,!n address+ to h] ! words #8,cease1 f\l ,gello1 f slay+ ! babes ( ,*ri/ians1' !y work$ ^u h] fe>s until !y extort$ f h] a confession ( h] twelve & a half names1 ! k ( :i* 0 a safegu>d aga9/ h] assaults4 ,x is ?is li/ ( names 9 :i* ! v>i\s aspects ( h] activity appe>4 ,! fir/ is 1 "o ( ! =ms ( ! "n ,gello2 ! second #dgb1 ! "n ( a k9d ( ,lamia2 ! ?ird or #8blood-suck]'2 ! f\r? 1 probably #8/ony-he>t$'2 ! fif? 1 = %e c fly z a bird 9 ! air2 ! six? 1 = %e c swim z a fi% 9 ! sea2 ! sev5? #dgc1 probably mean+ #8/oop+ l a kite on h] prey'2 ! eigh? 1 #8insatiable'2 ! n9? 1 = %e c lurk l a snake 9 ! e>?2 ! t5? #dgd1 possibly #8so>+ l a l>k 9 ! air'2 ! elev5? #dge1 #8snat*] ( s\ls'2 ! twelf? 1 #8/rangl] ( *ildr5'2 & ! half-"n 1 ! k9d ( wit* :]e( ! next section treats4 ,:e!r ^! names are any:]e /ill rememb]$ z a my/ic incantation1 or all ! qualities :i* !y imply /ill imput$ to ! ,gell\des1 ,i _c say4 ,b a mod]n cure = su* ( ! demon's injuries z are n imm$iately fatal has be5 record$ f ,amorgos4 #8,if a *ild has be5 afflict$ by x1 ! "m fir/ s5ds = ! prie/ to curse ! demon1 & scrat*es h] *ild ) h] nails2 if ^! plans d n succe$1 %e has to g d[n at sunset to ! %ore1 & select =ty r\nd /ones br\ght up by =ty diff]5t waves2 ^! %e mu/ take home & boil 9 v9eg>1 & :5 ! cock cr[s ! evil phantom w disappe> & leave ! *ild :ole#dgf4' ,,/riges4 ,! ,/riges1 ?\gh (t5 confus$ ) ,lamiae & ) ,gell\des1 are ess5tially diff]5t f !m4 ,! two classes ) :i* ,i h dealt are demons2 ! ,/riges1 9 ! mod]n acceptation ( ! t]m1 are wom5 :o possess ! p[] to trans=m !mselves into birds ( prey or o!r animals2 & x is only ! ta/e = blood1 %>$ by !m ) ^? demons1 :i* has creat$ ! confusion4 ,! ,/riges moreov] _c1 l ! ,lamiae or ,gell\des1 be claim$ ei!r z an orig9al product ( ! ,greek imag9ation or z ! exclusive prop]ty ( ,greek sup]/ition at ! pres5t day4 ,! ,albanians h a ^w 1 & ! p ( ,corsica a t]m /rega1 bo? ( :i* d5ote a wit* ( ! same p[]s & prop5sities z are fe>$ 9 ,greece2 & x is likely t all ( !m--,greeks1 ,albanians1 ,corsicans--h borr[$ ! conception f ,italy4 ,! anci5t ,greeks inde$ _h a ^w id5tical ) ! /rix ( ,lat91 b ! %riek+ night-bird d5ot$ by x 0 n1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 inve/$ by ,greek imag9ation ) any t]rors4 ,9 ,italy on ! contr>y ! ,/rix 0 widely fe>$ z a blood?ir/y mon/] 9 bird-=m4 ,pl9y evid5tly suppos$ x to be "s actual bird1 ?\gh he d\bt$ ! fables conc]n+ x4 #8,! /rix1' he says1 #8c]ta9ly is m5tion$ 9 anci5t curses2 b :at k9d ( bird x may be1 is n ,i ?9k agre$#dgg4' ,p]haps 9 ^? #8anci5t curses' x 0 invok$ to inflict su* puni%m5t ^u enemies z x once met$ out to ,otos & ,ephialtes = _! attempt ^u ,diana's *a/ity#dgh4 ,! notion h[ev] t ,/riges 7 n really birds b wit*es 9 bird-=m e>ly sugge/$ itself & f\nd an expon5t 9 ,ovid#dgi4 #8,voraci\s birds1' he says1 #8!re are 444 t fly =? by night & assail *ildr5 :o /ill ne$ a nurse's c>e1 & seize !m out ( _! cradles & d !m mis*ief4 ,) _! beaks !y are said to pick out ! *ild's milk-f$ b[els1 & _! ?roat is full ( ! blood !y dr9k4 ,/riges !y are call$ 444 & :e!r !y come into be+ z birds or are *ang$ !reto by incantation1 & ! ,m>sian spell trans=ms old wom5 into w+$ ?+s1'--su* are _! ways4 ,?is 0 probably ! /ate ( ! sup]/ition :5 ! ,greeks add$ ,/riges to _! own li/ ( nightly t]rors2 & ! v =m ( ! ^w 9 mod]n ,greek1 or 7be+ app>5tly a dim9utive1 /rigula1 su* z spok5 ,lat9 w\ld readily h =m$ f ! lit]>y =m /rix71 te/ifies to ! borr[+ ( ! belief4 ,9 ,greece ! latt] ( ! two ways 9 :i* ,ovid expla9$ ! orig9 ( ! ,/rix seems to h be5 g5]ally accept$ z correct4 ,x is true t ! mod]n ,greeks /ill h a real bird call$ #dhj 7ei!r "s k9d ( owl or ! night-j>71 :i* n only loves twilight or d>kness 9 ! upp] _w b is also said to haunt ! gloomy demesnes ( ,*>os bel[--!reby reveal+ p]haps "s slight evid5ce ( its relation%ip to ! /rix :i* torm5t$ ! bro!r giants2 b ! ,/rigla has long ceas$ to be a real bird1 & 7ap>t f ! confusion ) a ,lamia or ,gello7 is always a wit*4 ,! condition ( ! belief 9 ! eigh? c5tury is notic$ by ,john ( ,damascus#dha4 #8,!re are "s ( ! m ignorant :o say t !re are wom5 kn[n z ,/riges 771 o!rwise call$ ,gel\des4 ,!y allege t ^! are to be se5 at night pass+ ?r\gh ! air1 & t :5 !y happ5 to come to a h\se !y f9d no ob/acle 9 doors & bolts1 b ?\gh ! doors are securely lock$ make _! way 9 & ?rottle infants4 ,o!rs say t ! ,/rix dev\rs ! liv] & all ! int]nal organs ( ! *ildr51 & s sets a %ort limit to _! lives4 ,& !y /\tly decl>e1 "s t !y h se51 & o!rs t !y h he>d1 ! ,/rix ent]+ h\ses1 ?\gh ! doors 7 lock$1 ei!r 9 bodily =m or z a _s only4' ,aga9 9 ! elev5? c5tury ,mi*ael ,psellus notic$ ! same sup]/ition1 ?\gh z we h se5 8 language sugge/s "s confusion ( ,/riges ) ,gell\des4 ,b he is really describ+ ! faculty ( ! =m] to assume ! %ape ( birds :5 he says1 #8,! sup]/ition obta9+ n[adays inve/s old wom5 ) ?is p[]4 ,x provides !m ) w+s 9 _! extreme age1 & repres5ts !m z settl+#dhb unse5 ^u infants1 :om1 x is alleg$1 !y suck until !y exhau/ all ! hum\rs 9 !m'#dhc4 ,leo ,allatius1 by :om ?is passage is cit$1 produces bo? f 8 own exp]i5ce & f ! te/imony ( o!rs sev]al in/ances ( su* occurr5ces1 & m5tions also ! v>i\s precautions tak5 aga9/ !m4 ,^! include all-night wat*es1 lamps susp5d$ be=e ! pictures ( patron-sa9ts1 amulets ( g>lic or ( coral1 & ! sme>+ ( oil f "s sa9t's lamp on ! face ( ! *ild or invalid4 ,x w suffice h[ev] to quote 8 g5]al description ( ! ,/riges accord+ to ! beliefs ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,/riges 771 he tells u 9 effect1 are old wom5 :om pov]ty & mis]y drive to contract an alliance ) ! devil = all evil purposes2 m5 are little mole/$ by !m1 b wom5 & /ill m commonly *ildr51 be+ a weak] & easi] prey1 suff] mu* f !m1 _! brea? alone#dhd be+ s p]nici\s z to cause insanity or ev5 dea?4 ,!y are especially addict$ to attack+ new-born babes1 suck+ out _! blood & leav+ !m dead1 or s pollut+ !m by _! t\* t :at life rema9s to !m is nev] free f sickness4 ,x w h be5 notic$ 9 ?is la/ acc\nt ( ! ,/riges1 t ! range ( _! activity is some:at enl>g$1 s t wom5 z well z *ildr5 fall victims to !m4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ?\gh !y are believ$ to prey *iefly ^u infants1 ev5 gr[n m5 are n immune1 z witness a /ory#dhe f ,mess5ia4 ,once ^u a "t a man 0 pass+ ! night at ! h\se ( a fri5d ^: h\sehold consi/$ ( 8 wife & "m-9-law4 ,ab\t midnight "s noise awak5$ him1 & li/5+ int5tly he made out ! voices ( ! two wom5 conv]s+ toge!r4 ,:at he he>d t]rifi$ him1 = !y 7 plann+ to eat himself or 8 ho/1 :i*ev] prov$ ! fatt]4 ,at once he p]ceiv$ t 8 fri5d's wife & "m-9-law 7 ,/riges1 & kn[+ t !re 0 no o!r means ( escap+ ! dang] t 0 ?reat5+ him1 he det]m9$ to try to save himself by guile4 ,! ,/riges advanc$ t[>ds ! sleep+ m5 & took hold ( _! gue/'s foot to see if x 0 heavy1 & consequ5tly fat & good = eat+2 he h[ev]1 und]/&+ _! purpose1 rais$ 8 foot ( 8 own accord z !y took x 9 _! h&s & weigh$ x1 s t x felt to !m z light z a fea!r1 & !y let x drop aga9 disappo9t$4 ,!n !y took hold ( ! foot ( ! o!r man :o 0 sleep+1 & naturally f\nd x v heavy4 ,delight$ at ! result ( _! inve/igation1 !y ripp$ op5 ! wret*$ man's brea/1 pull$ out 8 liv] & o!r p>ts1 & ?rew !m among ! hot a%es on ! he>? to cook4 ,!n notic+ t !y _h no w9e1 !y flew to ! w9e-%op1 took :at !y want$ & return$4 ,b 9 ! int]val ! gue/ got up1 collect$ ! fle% t 0 be+ cook$1 /[$ x away 9 8 p\*1 & put 9 its place on ! he>? "s animal's dung4 ,! ,/riges h[ev] ate up gre$ily :at 0 on ! he>?1 compla9+ only t x 0 some:at ov]-done4 ,! next day ! two fri5ds rose & left ! h\se2 ! victim ( ! previ\s night 0 v pale1 b he did n be> ! slighte/ w\nd or sc> on 8 brea/4 ,he rem>k$ to 8 companion t he felt excessively hungry1 & ! o!r gave him :at _h be5 cook$ dur+ ! night1 :i* he ate & f\nd exce$+ly invigorat+2 ! blood m\nt$ to 8 *eeks & he 0 p]fectly s\nd aga94 ,!reupon 8 fri5d told him :at _h happ5$ dur+ ! night1 & !y w5t toge!r & slew ! ,/riges4 ,?is /ory exhibits all ! ess5tial qualities ( ,/riges4 ,! pair ( !m are wom51 & "o at lea/1 ! "m-9-law1 is old2 !y *oose ! night = _! depr$ations2 !y c assume ! =m ( birds1 = #8!y flew1' x is said1 to ! w9e-%op2 & _! ta/e = human fle% is ! motif ( ! /ory4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be ackn[l$g$ t z ! area ( ! ,/riges' activities has become some:at ext5d$1 s also has ! anci5t limitation ( ! t]m to old wom5 become locally some:at relax$4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,greece a belief is held t c]ta9 infants are liable to a =m ( lycan?ropy2 & female infants s dispos$ are sometimes call$ ,/riges4 ,a /ory f ,t5os#dhf1 n>rat$ 9 sev]al v]sions1 conc]ns an infant pr9cess :o 0 a ,/rigla4 ,e day "o ( ! k+'s horses 0 f\nd to h be5 kill$ & dev\r$ 9 ! night4 ,! ?ree pr9ces1 h] bro!rs1 !re=e kept wat* 9 turn2 & x fell to ! =tune ( ! y\nge/ ( !m1 ow+ to 8 c\rage & skill1 to detect ! malefactor4 ,ab\t midnight he he>d a noise1 & fir$ into ! middle ( a cl\d t seem$ to hang ov] ! horses1 !reby s w\nd+ 8 si/] t ! m>k obs]v$ on h] next day betray$ h] nightly do+s4 ,n d>+ h[ev] to accuse h] to 8 fa!r1 he fl$ f home ) 8 "m to a place ( safety1 :ile ! girl rema9$ undi/urb$ 9 h] voracity & consum$ "o by "o all ! p ( ! t[n4 ,b 9 o!r places :]e ! same belief prevails1 z we %all see lat]1 ^! enfants t]ribles1 :o may be ( ei!r sex1 are call$ n ,/riges b by "s su* "n z #8callicantz>os1' #8vrykolakas1' or #8gorgon'2 & ?is v>iety ( names is 9 itself a pro( t1 :ile ! idea ( infant cannibals is widespread1 no exact v]bal equival5t n[ exi/s1 & ea* ( ! sev]al names us$ is only requisition$ to supply ! defici5cy4 ,a *ild c inde$ enjoy ! title ( ,/rigla by c\rtesy2 only an old woman c possess x ( "r4 ,?us ! old ,graeco-,roman fe> ( ,/riges /ill rema9s little *ang$4 ,! ,*ur* has repeat$ly =bidd5 belief 9 !m#dhg2 legislation has prohibit$ 9 times pa/ ! kill+ ( !m#dhh4 ,b ! l9k ( sup]/ition betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t is /ill unbrok52 & wit*-burn+ is an idea :i* 9 any seclud$ corn] ( ,greece might /ill be put into effect#dhi4 #ab4 ,,gorgons4 ,! mod]n conception ( ! ,gorgon 7 7 or ,gorgons 77--= popul> belief seems to v>y locally betwe5 recognis+ "o or m su* be+s--is extremely complex4 ,( my own k ,i c un=tunately contribute no?+ new to :at has be5 publi%$ by o!rs conc]n+ !m2 = ?\gh ,i h sev]al times he>d ,gorgons m5tion$1 & always on fur!r enquiry f\nd !m to be t]rible demons :o dwell 9 ! sea1 x has s *anc$ t ,i h be5 unable to get any m explicit in=mation on ! subject4 ,! pres5t section is !re=e1 s f> z ! facts are conc]n$1 a compilation f ! rese>*es ( o!rs1 especially ( ,pr(4 ,polites ( ,a!ns ,univ]sity4 ,a ,gorgon is repres5t$ z half woman1 half fi%4 ,r\gh sket*es on ! walls ( small tav]ns & else:]e may (t5 be obs]v$1 depict+ a woman ) ! tail ( a fi%1 half em]g+ f ! waves1 & hold+ 9 "o h& a %ip1 9 ! o!r an an*or2 sometimes also %e is arm$ ) a brea/plate#dij4 ,simil> designs are also to be se5 tattoo$ ^u ! arms or brea/s ( m5 ( ! l[] classes1 especially among ! m>itime population4 ,! ,gorgons !mselves are to be enc\nt]$ 9 all p>ts ( ! sea2 b _! fav\rite resort1 especially on ,saturday nights1 is reput$ to be ! ,black ,sea1 :]e if "o ( !m meets a %ip1 grasp+ ! b[s ) h] h& %e asks1 #8,is k+ ,alex&] liv+8' ,to ?is ! sailors mu/ reply #8he lives & reigns1' & may add #8& he keeps ! _w at peace1' or #8& long life to y too6'2 = !n ! awful & mon/r\s ,gorgon 9 gladness at ! tid+s trans=ms h]self into a beautiful maid5 & calms ! waves & s+s melodi\sly to h] lyre4 ,if on ! contr>y ! sailors make ! mi/ake ( say+ t ,alex&] is dead1 %e ei!r capsizes ! %ip ) h] own h& or by ! wildness ( h] lam5tations raises a /orm f :i* !re is no escape nor %elt]#dia4 ,! m5tion ( ,alex&] ! ,great 9 ^! /ories ( ! ,gorgons1 z also sometimes 9 connexion ) ! ,n]eids1 is unimportant2 x is n an in/ance ( purely oral tradition1 b has its s\rce 9 ! hi/ory ( ,alex&] by ,pseudocalli/h5es#dib1 ( :i* !re exi/ p>aphrases 9 ! popul> tongue4 ,! int]e/ ( su* fables lies 9 ! association ( beauty & melody z well z ( horror ) ! ,gorgons1 & 9 ! rle ( m>9e deity :i* !y play4 ,9 g5]al h[ev] x is ^u ! mon/r\s & t]rify+ aspect ( ! ,gorgons t ! common-folk seize1 s t ! "n ,gorgon is metaphorically appli$ to ill-fav\r$ & malevol5t wom5#dic4 ,?us 9 ,rhodes x is us$ ( any l>ge fi]ce-look+ virago#did2 9 ,cephalonia 7:]e also ! ^w 1 ,m$usa1 survives 9 ! same s5se7 ( any lady conspicu\sly ill-featur$#die4 ,allusion too has already be5 made to ! case :]e a *ild possess$ by a mania ( blood?ir/9ess is occasionally call$ a ,gorgon#dif4 ,b !re is ano!r & fre% aspect ( ! ,gorgon's nature sugge/$ by ! use ( ! ^w 9 ,cy?nos4 ,!re x is metaphorically appli$ to deprav$ wom5#dig2 & ?is isolat$ usage is 9 accord ) "o description ( ! ,gorgon :i* has come d[n f ! middle ages4 ,?is description =ms "p ( a poem entitl$ #8,! ,physiologus#dih' 7writt5 9 ! mo/ debas$ ecclesia/ical ,greek & suppos$ to date f be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury71 :i* gives a fanta/ic acc\nt ( ! habits ( _m birds & bea/s among :i* ! ,gorgon is includ$4 #8,! ,gorgon is a bea/ l unto a h>lot2 ! hair ( h] head is all auburn2 ! ends !re( are z x 7 heads ( snakes2 & h] body is b>e & smoo?1 :ite z a dove1 & h] bosom is a woman's ) brea/s fair to behold2 b ! look ( h] face br+s dea?2 :atsoev] looks ^u h] falls d[n & dies4 ,%e dwells 9 ! regions ( ! ,we/4 ,%e kn[s all languages & ! spee* ( wild bea/s4 ,:5 %e desires a mate1 %e calls fir/ to ! lion2 = fe> ( dea? he draws n ne> to h]4 ,aga9 %e calls ! dragon1 b nei!r does he g2 & ev5 s all ! bea/s bo? small & great4 ,%e pipes sweetly & s+s ) *>m beyond all2 la/ly %e utt]s human voice3 8,come1 sate fle%ly desire1 ye m51 ( my beauty1 & ,i ( y\rs40 ,! m51 kn[+ !n _! opportunity aga9/ h]1 lay sn>es t %e may lose h] pleasure2 & /& af> (f1 t !y may n see h]1 & raise _! voice & cry & say unto h]3 8,dig a deep pit & put ?y head !re91 t we may n die & may come ) !e40 ,%e /raightway !n goes & makes a great hole & puts h] head !re9 & leaves h] body2 f ! wai/ d[nw>d x is se5 nak$2 s %e rema9s & awaits ! pa9s ( lewdness4 ,! man goes f beh9d1 cuts (f h] head1 holds x face d[nw>d1 & places x 9 a vessel1 & if he meet dragon or lion or leop>d1 he %[s ! head1 & ! bea/s die4' ,^! mod]n or m$iaeval descriptions ( ! ,gorgons1 ?\gh !y are by no means consi/5t "o ) ano!r1 (f] f\r ma9 aspects 9 :i* ! mod]n ,gorgon may be comp>$ ) ! creatures ( anci5t my?ology4 ,h] face is t]rible ei!r 9 its surpass+ lovel9ess or 9 its ov]:elm+ hide\sness4 ,%e possesses ! gift ( entranc+ melody4 ,%e is voluptu\s4 ,%e dwells 9 ! sea4 ,! fir/ aspect may be d]iv$ directly f ! anci5t conception ( ! ,gorgons4 ,! ^w itself is a "n =m$ f ! adjective & means simply #8fi]ce' or #8t]rible' 9 look1 )\t imply+ any?+ ( beauty or ! opposite2 :ile ( ,m$usa1 ! ,gorgon p> excell5ce1 tradition relates t once %e 0 a beautiful maid5 belov$ ( ,poseidon1 & t x 0 only ?r\gh ! wra? ( ,a!na t h] hair 0 *ang$ into wri?+ snakes & h] lovel9ess lo/ 9 horror4 ,moreov] 9 anci5t works ( art ! repres5tation ( ! ,gorgon's head v>ies f a type ( cruel beauty to a gr9n+ mask4 ,b x is also possible t ! idea ( _! beauty is due to a confusion ( ,gorgons ) ,sir5s1 f :om1 z we %all see1 c]ta9 traits h c]ta9ly be5 borr[$4 ,^! traits are ! two next aspects ( ! mod]n ,gorgons :i* we h to consid]1 ! sweetness ( _! s++ & _! voluptu\sness4 ,^! 7 ! ess5tial qualities ( ! ,sir5s1 & h und\bt$ly be5 transf]r$ to ! ,gorgons no less ?an to ! ,lamia ( ! ,sea#dii4 ,possibly also f ! same s\rce comes ! mix$ %ape1 half woman & half fi%1 9 :i* ! ,gorgon is n[ p\rtray$4 ,! ,sir5s 7 inde$ orig9ally t]re/rial1 dwell+ 9 a mead[ ne> ! sea1 yet n v5tur+ 9 ! deep !mselves1 b lur+ m5 to %ipwreck on ! coa/ by ! spell ( _! song2 & an e*o p]haps ( ?is conception1 ?\gh ! ,sir5s !mselves are no long] kn[n1 lives on 9 a folk-song :i* pictures ! en*antm5t ( a maid5's love-song waft$ to seaf>]s' e>s f (f ! %ore3 #8,!reby a %ip 0 pass+ ) sails outspread4 ,sailors t he>k5 to t voice & look ^u su* beauty1 =get _! sails & =sake _! o>s2 !y _c voyage any m2 !y "k n h[ to set sail#ejj4' ,b by ! six? c5tury#eja ! traditional habitat ( ! ,sir5s _h *ang$4 #8,! ,sir5s1' says an anonym\s "w on mon/]s & great bea/s1 #8are m]maids1 :o by _! exce$+ beauty & w9n+ song ensn>e m>9]s2 f ! head to ! navel !y are ( human & maid5ly =m1 b !y h ! scaly tails ( fi%es#ejb4' ,?is description e/abli%es an unque/ionable connexion betwe5 ! ,sir5s & ! mod]n ,gorgons4 ,b ! f\r? aspect ( ! ,gorgons on :i* ,i h to t\*1 _! connexion ) ! sea1 is n1 ,i ?9k1 to be expla9$ z ano!r loan f ! ,sir5s4 ,on ! contr>y ! ,gorgons 7 x w\ld seem deities ( ! sea1 :5 ! ,sir5s 7 /ill dwell]s ^u ! %ore2 & x 0 _! orig9ally m>9e "* :i* enabl$ !m to absorb ! qualities once attribut$ to ! ,sir5s4 ,?us accord+ to ,hesiod#ejc ! ?ree ,gorgons 7 daught]s ( ! sea-deities ,phorcys & ,ceto1 & _! home 0 at ! we/]n b\nd ( ,ocean4 ,fur!r "o ( _! numb]1 ,m$usa1 0 lov$ by ! sea-god ,poseidon1 & gave bir? bo? to ! horse ,pegasus ^: "n may be a d]ivative ( 1 #8wat]-spr+1' & ^: resort 0 c]ta9ly ! f\nta9 ( ,pir5e#ejd1 & also to ,*rysaor ^: bride 0 #8,callirrhoe1 daught] ( f>-fam$ ,ocean4' ,:e!r ?is my?ological problem is capable ( solution 9 t]ms ( natural ph5om5a#eje does n "h conc]n u2 b x is a /raight=w>d & necess>y inf]5ce f ^! g5ealogical data1 t an e>ly & intimate connexion exi/$ betwe5 ! ,gorgons & ! sea4 ,& "h art comes to ! support ( lit]ature4 ,9 ! ,national ,museum ( ,a!ns are two vases ( ab\t ! six? c5tury1 depict+ ,gorgons 9 ! company ( dolph9s4 ,! fir/1 an e>ly ,attic amphora#ejf repres5ts ! ?ree ,gorgons1 ( :om ,m$usa appe>s headless1 surr\nd$ by a consid]able numb] ( !m4 ,! second1 a kylex#ejg ) (fset lip ( ! ,kle9mei/] type1 p\rtrays a s+le ,gorgon ) a dolph9 on ei!r side4 ,^! arti/ic pres5tm5ts furni% ! /ronge/ possible corroboration ( ,hesiodic lore1 & ju/ify ! ass]tion t f ! e>lie/ times ! ,gorgons 7 deities ( ! sea4 ,x 0 cle>ly !n 9 virtue ( _! own m>9e "* t !y 7 able lat] to usurp also ! place ( ! ,sir5s4 ,b ! ,sir5s are n ! only anci5t be+s :o h contribut$ to ! =mation ( ! popul> conception ( mod]n ,gorgons4 ,9 "o /ory#ejh ! p]sonality ( ,scylla is unmi/akeable b5ea? ! disguise ( "n4 ,?is fusion is ! m natural 9 t ,scylla 0 f ! beg9n+#eji a mon/] ( ! sea1 ^: =m1 accord+ to ,v]gil#eaj1 t]m9at$ l t ( latt]-day ,gorgons 9 a fi%'s tail2 a mon/] too fully z t]rible 9 h] own way z any ,gorgon4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! /ory conta9s all t is p]t95t4 #8,s ! lad dep>t$ & tramp$ on = tw5ty h\rs4 ,!n he came to a village by ! sea1 & saw "s m5 busy lad+ a boat ) oil1 & !y 7 c>ry+ on bo>d ea* "o a b>rel4 ,:5 he drew ne> to !m1 he said1 8,c y c>ry b "o b>rel at a "t1 my good fell[s8 ,see h[ _m ,i w c>ry40 ,s say+1 he took a b>rel on ea* %\ld]1 & plac$ !m 9 ! boat4 ,!n said ! capta9 to him1 8,?ank y1 my lad0 7= he 0 afraid ( him71 8come & h "s food40 8,no1 ?ank y1 capta910 he repli$1 8,i d n want any4 ,b :5 y are pass+ yond] /raits1 please take me along ) y40 ,! capta9 0 delight$ to d s1 = 9 ! sea at t place !re 0 a ,gorgon1 & f e boat t pass$ %e took "o man z toll & dev\r$ him1 or else swamp$ ! :ole boat4 ,s !y set out1 & z !y 7 go+ ! capta9 said to ! lad1 8,take a turn at ! till]1 my boy1 t we may g & sleep1 = we are tir$40 ,accord+ly !y w5t bel[--to sleep1 s !y pret5d$--& ! lad rema9$ at ! helm4 ,sudd5ly ! boat /opp$4 ,he 0 look+ ab\t on ea* side :5 he he>d a voice beh9d him4 ,he turn$ at once & saw a beautiful woman ) gold5 hair1 :o said to him1 8,give me my tribute40 8,:at tribute80 repli$ ! lad4 8,! man :om ,i dev\r f ea* boat t passes40 8,give me y\r h&10 said ! lad to h]4 ,/raightway )\t demur %e gave x to him1 & tri$ to pull him d[n into ! sea4 ,at ?is ! lad grew angry4 8,come up1 y %e-devil1 come up "h10 he cri$1 & da%$ h] ^u ! deck4 ,!n he belab\r$ h] s\ndly1 & said to h]3 8,swe> to me t y w nev] mole/ man aga91 or ,i w n let y g40 8,i swe>10 %e said1 8by my "m ! sea & by my fa!r ,alex&]1 t ,i w mole/ none40 ,!n he ?rew h] back into ! sea4' ,ap>t f ! description ( ! ,gorgon 9 ?is /ory1 z 9 o!rs1 z a #8beautiful woman ) gold5 hair1' ! tradition :i* has contribut$ *iefly to ! inv5tion ( ! episode is ! anci5t my? ( ,scylla &1 we may p]haps add1 ( ,*>ybdis2 = "h too ! /raits are ! sc5e ( alt]native horrors1 ei!r ! dev\r+ ( "o man out ( ! crew or ! s9k+ ( ! :ole craft4 ,b 9 spite ( ! fusion ( bo? ,scylla & ! ,sir5s ) ! ,gorgons 9 ! crucible ( popul> imag9ation1 analysis ( ! complex mod]n conception /ill reveals two elem5ts 9 ! ,gorgons' nature :i* v9dicate _! claim to _! anci5t "n1 _! association ) ! sea & ! t]ror t !y inspire4 #ac4 ,,! ,,c5taurs4 4 ,,plato1 ,pha$rus1 #g4 ,! ,callicntz>i 77 are ! mo/ mon/r\s ( all ! creatures ( ! popul> imag9ation1 & none are bett] kn[n to ! ,greek-speak+ _w at l>ge2 = ev5 :]e educat$ m5 h ceas$ to believe 9 !m1 !y /ill figure 9 ! /ories told & retold to *ildr5 ) ea* recurr+ ,new ,ye>'s ,day2 &1 among ! peasants1 _m rea* manhood or womanhood )\t outgr[+ _! e>ly fe>s ( !m4 ,! "n ,callicantz>os itself appe>s 9 _m dialectic & widely diff]+ =ms1 & !re are also a multitude ( local by-names4 ,( ! =m] ,i %all treat lat] 9 discuss+ ! orig9 ( ! ^w ,callicantz>os1 :ile ! by-names1 be+ = ! mo/ "p descriptive ( ! appe>ance or qualities ( ^! mon/]s1 w be m5tion$ z occasion requires4 ,b ev5 :]e o!r local names are 9 common use1 "s =m ( ! ^w ,callicantz>os is almo/ always employ$ z well1 or at lea/ is und]/ood4 ,z 9 ! nom5clature1 s too 9 ! description ( ! ,callicantz>i1 "o locality diff]s v widely f ano!r4 ,& ?is _c be m]ely a result ( ! wide di/ribution ( ! belief 9 !m2 = ! ,n]eids c]ta9ly are equally widely kn[n1 & yet _! appe>ance & habits are1 broadly speak+1 ev]y:]e ! same4 ,! extraord9>y div]g5ces & ev5 contradictions 9 diff]5t acc\nts ( ! ,callicantz>i dem& "s o!r explanation ?an t ( casual v>iation4 ,t explanation1 z ,i %all %[ lat]1 lies 9 _! id5tity ) ! anci5t ,c5taurs4 ,b be=e ,i discuss _! orig91 ,i mu/ attempt z g5]al a description ( _! appe>ance & habits z ! va/ v>iation ( local traditions p]mits4 ,9 revis+ ?is description ,i h _h ! advantage ( consult+ ,pr(4 ,polites' new "w on ! traditions ( mod]n ,greece#eaa1 f :i* ,i h le>nt "s new facts1 & h obta9$ on sev]al po9ts confirmation f a new s\rce ( :at ,i _h myself he>d or surmis$4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( gratefully ackn[l$g+ my indebt$ness to him4 ,9 describ+ ! ,callicantz>i1 al?\gh ! div]sities ( _! outw>d =m are almo/ endless1 two ma9 classes ( !m mu/ be di/+ui%$1 because correspond+ ) t physical division !re is also a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 "*4 ,! two classes diff] physically 9 /ature1 &1 :ile all ,callicantz>i are ess5tially mis*iev\s 9 "*1 ! mis*ief wr\ght by ! l>g] sort is (t5 ( a malici\s & ev5 deadly ord]1 :ile ! small] sort are m frolicsome & h>mless 9 _! tricks4 ,! l>g] k9d v>y f ! size ( a man to t ( a gigantic mon/] ^: lo9s are on a level ) ! *imneypots4 ,!y are usually black 9 col\r1 & cov]$ ) a coat ( %aggy hair1 b a bald v>iety is also sometimes m5tion$4 ,_! heads & also _! sexual organs are out ( all proportion to ! re/ ( _! bodies4 ,_! faces are black2 _! eyes gl>e r$2 !y h ! e>s ( goats or asses2 f _! huge m\?s blood-r$ tongues loll out1 flank$ by f]oci\s tusks4 ,_! bodies are 9 g5]al v lean1 s t 9 "s di/ricts ! ^w ,callicantz>os is appli$ metaphorically to a v lean man#eab2 b a %ort] & ?ickset v>iety also occurs4 ,!y h ! arms & h&s ( monkeys1 & _! nails are z long aga9 z _! f+]s & curv$ l ! talons ( a vulture4 ,!y are sometimes furni%$ ) long ?9 tails4 ,!y h ! legs ( a goat or an ass1 or sometimes "o human leg & "o ( be/ial =m2 or aga9 bo? legs are ( human %ape1 b ! foot s di/ort$ t ! toes come :]e ! heel %\ld be#eac4 ,h5ce x is n surpris+ t !y are (t5 lame1 b ev5 s !y are swift ( foot & t]rible 9 /r5g?4 #8,!y dev\r _! road at ! pace ( ,pegasus1' wrote ,leo ,allatius#ead2 & at ! pres5t day sev]al by-names be> witness to _! spe$4 ,9 ,samos !y are call$ #eae1 #8^? :o make good spe$'2 9 ,cyprus #eaf1 #8! w&]]s'2 9 ,a!ns !y h ! humor\s title 1 =m$ f ! prov]bial expression ' 1 #8he has ne$les 9 8 buttocks1' said ( any "o :o _c sit /ill1 b is always on ! move#eag4 ,_! /r5g? also has e>n$ !m "o by-"n1 report$ f ,k>damle 9 ,ma9a1 1 said to be =m$ f ! ,turki% tselik 7#8iron'71 9 ! s5se ( #8/rong z iron#eah4' ,all or any ( ! features :i* ,i h m5tion$ may be f\nd 9 ! p]son ( a s+le ,callicantz>os2 b x mu/ be all[$ also t no "o ( !m is ess5tial4 ,= sometimes ! ,callicantz>os appe>s 9 ord9>y human =m )\t s mu* z a clov5 ho( to di/+ui% him f ord9>y mank9d1 or aga9 completely 9 animal %ape4 ,9 "o place !y are describ$ z #eai1 savages b human 9 appe>ance1 :ile 9 ano!r !y are #ebj1 #8savage quadrup$s4' ,yet 9 g5]al ! ,callicantz>i are nei!r :olly an?ropomorphic nor :olly !riomorphic1 b a bl5d ( ! two4 ,9 a /ory ( "s m5 at ,a!ns :o dress$ !mselves up z ,callicantz>i1 x is said t !y black$ _! faces & cov]$ !mselves ) fea!rs#eba4 ,aga9 two grotesque & be/ial clay /atuettes f ! ,cabirium ne> ,!bes & n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,a!ns1 7 id5tifi$ by peasants z ,callicantz>i#ebb2 an id5tification ,i h also met ) :5 que/ion+ peasants ab\t simil> objects 9 local museums2 9 "o case x 0 a ,satyr & 9 ano!r a ,c5taur :i* my guide id5tifi$ z a ,callicantz>os4 ,on ! :ole ,i %\ld say t ! goat contributes m ?an any o!r animal to ! popul> conception ( ^! mon/]s4 ,besides hav+ ! legs & ! e>s ( goats1 z 0 not$ above1 !y are sometimes said to h _! horns also2 & 9 ,*ios _! resemblance to goats is s cle>ly recognis$ t 9 "o village !y h e>n$ ! by-"n ( #ebc1 :i* by =mation %\ld mean #8m5 :o h to d ) goats 771' ?\gh x has app>5tly be5 appropriat$ to ! designation ( be+s :o are 9 =m half goat & half man4 ,!re are h[ev] di/ricts1 z we %all see lat]1 9 :i* "s o!r animal ?an ! goat =ms ! pr$om9ant elem5t 9 ! mon/r\s ensemble4 ,! small] sort ( ,callicantz>i is r>] ?an ! l>ge1 b _! di/ribution is at any rate wide4 ,!y are ! pr$om9ant type 9 nor?-we/ ,arcadia1 9 ! di/rict ab\t ,m\nt ,p>nassus1 & at ,o5o#ebd on ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,!y are mo/ (t5 human 9 %ape1 b are m]e pigmies1 no tall] ?an a *ild ( five or six4 ,!y are usually black1 l ! l>g] sort1 b are smoo? & hairless4 ,!y are v commonly de=m$1 & 9 ?is respect ! /range bea/s on :i* !y ride are l !m4 ,at ,ara*ova#ebe1 on ! slopes ( ,p>nassus1 e "o ( !m is said to h "s physical defect4 ,"s are lame2 o!rs squ9t2 o!rs h only "o eye2 o!rs h _! noses or m\?s1 h&s or feet set all askew2 & z a cavalcade ( !m passes by night ?r\gh ! village1 "o is to be se5 m\nt$ on a cock & 8 long ?9 legs trail on ! gr\nd z he rides2 ano!r has a horse no bigg] ?an a small dog2 ano!r1 ! t9ie/ ( !m all1 is p]*$ on an enorm\s donkey's back1 & :5 he falls (f _c m\nt aga92 & o!rs aga9 ride /range unkn[n bea/s1 lame1 "o-ey$1 or "o-e>$ l _! ma/]s4 ,callicantz>i ( ?is type are usually h>mless to m54 ,!y play inde$ ! same boi/]\s pranks z _! l>g] bre?r51 b p]haps ow+ to _! insignificant size are an object ( m]rim5t r ?an ( fe>4 ,b1 z ,i %all %[ lat]1 !re is reason to believe t !y are n ! orig9al type ( ,callicantz>i4 ,x is only by a casual developm5t ( ! sup]/ition1 t ^! grotesque hobgobl9s h be5 locally sub/itut$ = ! grim & gaunt mon/]s fe>$ else:]e4 ,!y =m1 z x 71 a mod]n & expurgat$ edition ( ! l>g] sort ( ,callicantz>i1 to :om ,i n[ return4 ,! ,callicantz>i appe> only dur+ ! or #8p]iod ( twelve days' betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ,epiphany#ebf4 ,! re/ ( ! ye> !y live 9 ! l[] _w1 & occupy !mselves 9 try+ to gnaw ?r\gh or cut d[n ! great tree 7or 9 o!r acc\nts ! "o or m columns7 on :i* ! _w re/s4 ,ea* ,*ri/mas !y h ne>ly complet$ _! task1 :5 ! "t comes = _! appe>ance 9 ! upp] _w1 & dur+ _! twelve days' abs5ce1 ! supports ( ! _w are made :ole aga94 ,ev5 dur+ _! %ort visit to ?is _w1 !y d n appe> 9 ! daytime4 ,f dawn till sunset !y hide !mselves 9 d>k & dank places--9 caves or b5ea? mills--& !re fe$ on su* food z !y c collect1 worms1 snakes1 frogs1 tortoises1 & o!r unclean ?+s4 ,b at night !y issue =? & run wildly to & fro1 r5d+ & cru%+ ^? :o cross _! pa?4 ,de/ruction & wa/e1 gre$ & lu/ m>k _! c\rse4 ,n[ !y break into "s lonely mill1 t]rify & co]ce ! mill] into %[+ !m 8 /ore1 bake = !mselves cakes !re(1 bef\l ) ur9e all t !y _c use1 & are gone aga94 ,n[ !y pass ?r\gh "s hamlet1 & woe to t h\se :i* is n prep>$ aga9/ _! com+4 ,by *imney & door alike !y sw>m 91 & make havoc ( ! home2 9 %e] wanton mis*ief !y ov]turn & break all ! furniture1 dev\r ! ,*ri/mas pork1 bef\l all ! wat] & w9e & food :i* rema9s1 & leave ! occupants half dead ) fright or viol5ce4 ,n[ x is a w9e %op t !y ent]1 b9d ! publican to 8 *air1 gag him ) dung1 break op5 ea* cask 9 turn1 dr9k _! fill1 & leave ! w9e runn+4 ,n[ !y light ^u "s belat$ wayf>]1 & make sport ( him z _! fancy leads !m4 ,sometimes 8 fate is only to dance all night ) ! ,callicantz>i & to be let g at cockcr[ unsca!d2 = ^! mon/]s despite _! unc\? %ape delight 9 danc+1 & to t end (t5 seek ! company ( ! ,n]eids2 b m (t5 m5 are sorely torn & batt]$ be=e !y escape1 & wom5 are =cibly c>ri$ (f to be ! mon/]s' wives4 ,9 "s acc\nts !y ev5 make a meal ( _! human prey4 ,! fact t ! activities ( ! ,callicantz>i are always limit$ to ! night-"t has giv5 !m a special claim to ! "n or #ebg1 =m$ f 1 #8! h\r be=e cockcr[1' = !n x is t _! excesses & depr$ations h rea*$ _! z5i?2 b ! ^w _c correctly be call$ a by-"n ( ! ,callicantz>i1 = x is also1 if m r>ely1 appli$ to o!r nocturnal visitants4 ,! only r$eem+ qualities 9 ^! creatures' *>act]s1 f ! po9t ( view ( m5 :o fall into _! clut*es1 are _! /upidity & _! qu>relsom5ess4 ,!y h inde$ a *iefta9 :o sometimes tries to m>%al & to discipl9e !m1 & :o is at lea/ wise en\gh to w>n !m :5 ! h\r ( _! dep>ture draws ne>4 ,b 9 g5]al #8! ,great ,callicantz>os#ebh1' z he is call$1 or #8! lame demon#ebi1' is too l ! re/ ( !m to be ( mu* avail2 & inde$ 8 place is n at ! head ( ! riot\s mob :]e he might control !m1 b he limps along1 a grotesque & usually i?yphallic figure1 9 ! re>4 ,?us 9 ! popul> /ories x (t5 happ5s t ei!r ! ,callicantz>i g on qu>rell+ ab\t ! treatm5t ( "s man or ! possession ( "s woman :om !y h captur$1 or else _! prison] is %rewd en\gh to keep !m amus$1 until cock-cr[ br+s release4 ,= at t s\nd 7or1 to be m precise1 at ! cr[+ ( ! ?ird cock1 :o is black & m pot5t to sc>e away demons ?an ! :ite & r$ cocks :o prec$e him#ecj7 !y vani% away1 l all t]rors ( ! night 9 anci5t#eca z well z mod]n times1 to _! d>k lairs4 ,! tales told by ! peasants ab\t ! ,callicantz>i are extremely num]\s1 ?\gh !re is a c]ta9 sam5ess ab\t ! ma9 !mes4 ,?ree types ( /ory h[ev] are des]v+ ( notice1 to illu/rate ! "* ( ! ,callicantz>i & ! ways 9 :i* !y may be outwitt$ & elud$4 ,! fir/ type may be repres5t$ by a tale told to me 9 ,scyros 9 explanation ( ! "n ( a cave "s half-h\r di/ant f ! t[n4 ,bo? ! cave itself & t "p ( ! pa? :i* lies j bel[ x are popul>ly call$ 1 #8! ,callicantz>os' foot4' ,my enquiries conc]n+ ! "n elicit$ ! foll[+ /ory1 :i* seems incid5tally to expla9 h[ ! ,great ,callicantz>os came to be lame4 #8,once ^u ! eve ( ,epiphany a man ( ,scyros 0 return+ home f a mill late at night1 driv+ 8 mule be=e him lad5 ) two sacks ( meal4 ,:5 he _h gone ab\t half-way1 he saw be=e him "s ,callicantz>i 9 8 pa?4 ,realis+ 8 dang]1 he at once got ^u 8 mule & laid himself flat betwe5 ! two sacks & cov]$ himself up ) a rug1 s z to look l ano!r sack ( meal4 ,soon ! ,callicantz>i 7 ab\t 8 mule1 & he held 8 brea? & he>d !m say+1 8,"h is a pack on ?is side & a pack on t side1 & ! top-load 9 ! middle1 b :]e is ! man80 ,s !y ran back to ! mill ?9k+ t he _h loit]$ beh9d2 b !y c\ld n f9d him & came back aft] ! mule1 & look$ aga91 & said1 8,"h is a pack on ?is side & a pack on t side1 & ! top-load 9 ! middle1 b :]e is ! man80 ,s !y ran on 9 front fe>+ t he _h ha/$ on home be=e 8 mule4 ,b :5 !y c\ld n f9d him1 !y return$ aga91 & said z be=e1 & w5t back a second "t t[>ds ! mill4 ,& ?us x happ5$ _m times4 ,n[ :ile !y 7 runn+ to & fro1 ! mule 0 ne>+ home1 & x s happ5$ t :5 ! bea/ /opp$ at ! door ( ! man's h\se1 ! ,callicantz>i 7 close on 8 track4 ,! man !re=e call$ quickly to 8 wife & %e op5$ ! door & he ent]$ 9 safety1 b ! mule 0 left /&+ )\t4 ,!n ! ,callicantz>i saw h[ he _h trick$ !m1 & !y knock$ at ! door 9 great ang]4 ,s ! woman1 fe>+ le/ !y w\ld break 9 by =ce1 promis$ to op5 to !m on condition t !y %\ld fir/ c\nt = h] ! holes 9 h] sieve4 ,to ?is !y agre$1 & %e let x d[n to !m by a cord f a w9d[4 ,/raightway !y set to "w to c\nt1 & c\nt$ r\nd & r\nd ! out]mo/ circle & nev] got ne>] to ! middle2 nor c\ld !y discov] h[ ?is came to pass1 b only c\nt$ m & m hurri$ly1 )\t advanc+ at all4 ,mean:ile dawn 0 break+1 & s soon z ! neighb\rs p]ceiv$ ! ,callicantz>i1 !y hurri$ (f to ! prie/s & told !m4 ,! prie/s imm$iately set out ) c5s]s & spr9kl+-vessels 9 _! h&s1 to *ase ! ,callicantz>i away4 ,"r ?r\gh ! t[n ! mon/]s fl$1 spread+ havoc 9 _! pa? & hotly pursu$ by ! prie/s4 ,at la/ :5 !y 7 cle> ( ! t[n1 "o ,callicantz>os began to lag beh9d1 & by a great ex]tion ! =emo/ prie/ came up to him & /ruck him on ! h9d] foot ) 8 spr9kl+ vessel4 ,at once ! foot fell (f1 b ! ,callicantz>os fl$ away maim$ ?\gh he 04 ,& ?us ! spot came to be kn[n z 8! ,callicantz>os' foot40' ,?is /ory consi/s ( ?ree episodes4 ,! fir/1 9 :i* ! driv] ( ! mule outwits ! ,callicantz>i by ly+ flat on ! animal's back & mak+ himself look l a sack ( meal1 occurs "t aft] "t 9 ! popul> tales ) h>dly any v>iation2 inde$ x (t5 =ms 9 itself ! motif ( a :ole /ory1 9 :i*1 z soon z ! man rea*es 8 home1 ! cock cr[s & ! ,callicantz>i flee4 ,! second episode 9 :i* ! wife effects "s delay by b>ga9+ ) ! ,callicantz>i t !y %all c\nt ! holes 9 a sieve1 is also fairly common1 b ! difficulty :i* ! mon/]s f9d1 9 e o!r v]sion ( :i* ,i "k1 is t !y d>e n pron\nce ! ^w #8?ree1' & s g on c\nt+ #8"o1 two1' #8"o1 two' till cock-cr[#ecb4 ,! ?ird episode 9 :i* ! prie/s *ase away ! ,callicantz>i is n (t5 f\nd 9 curr5t /ories1 b ! belief t ! or #8hall[+' :i* takes place on ! morn+ ( ,epiphany is ! signal = ! f9al dep>ture ( ! ,callicantz>i is firmly held ?r\gh\t ,greece4 ,?is c]emony consi/s prim>ily 9 #8bless+ ! wat]s'--:e!r ( ! sea1 ( riv]s1 ( village-wells1 or1 z at ,a!ns1 ( ! res]voir--by c>ry+ a cross 9 procession to ! appo9t$ place & ?r[+ x 92 b 9 _m di/ricts also ! prie/s aft]w>ds fill vessels ) ! ble/ wat]s1 & ) ^! & _! c5s]s make a r\nd ( ! village1 spr9kl+ & purify+ ! p & _! h\ses & cornfields & v9ey>ds4 ,! fe> :i* ! ,callicantz>i feel ( ?is purification is embodi$ 9 "s r\gh l9es :i* !y are suppos$ to *ant z !y disappe> at ,twelf?-night3 1 1 ' ' 1 ' #ecc4 ,quick1 begone6 we mu/ begone1 ,"h comes ! pot-belli$ prie/1 ,) 8 c5s] 9 8 h& ,& 8 spr9kl+-vessel too2 ,he has purifi$ ! /reams ,& he has pollut$ u4 ,9 ! actual tales h[ev] z told by ! p ! int]v5tion ( ! prie/s is n a common episode4 ,m (t5 ! /ory ends 9 a rescue effect$ by neighb\rs arm$ ) firebr&s1 ( :i* ! ,callicantz>i g 9 mortal t]ror1 or simply ) ! cr[+ ( ! black cock4 ,! second type ( /ory deals ) ! adv5tures ( a girl s5t by h] wick$ /epmo!r to a mill dur+ ! dang]\s ,twelve ,days1 nom9ally to get "s corn gr\nd1 b really 9 ! hope t %e w fall a prey to ! ,callicantz>i4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ! mill ! girl calls 9 va9 to ! mill] to come & help unload h] mule1 & ent]+ 9 se>* ( him f9ds him b\nd to 8 *air or dead ) fright & ! ,callicantz>i /&+ ab\t him4 ,!y at once seize ! girl1 & beg9 to qu>rel :i* %all h h] = 8 own4 ,b ! girl keeps h] wits1 & says t %e w be ! wife ( ! "o :o br+s h] ! be/ bridal array4 ,s !y disp]se 9 se>* ( f9e raim5t & jewels4 ,mean:ile %e sets to "w to gr9d ! corn1 & ea* "t a ,callicantz>os returns ) pres5ts1 %e s5ds him on a fre% err& = some?+ m4 ,f9ally ! corn is all gr\nd1 & %e quickly loads ! mule ) two sacks1 "o on ei!r side1 clo!s h]self 9 ! gold & jewels :i* ! ,callicantz>i h br\ght1 m\nts ! mule & lies flat on ! saddle cov]$ ov] ) a sack1 & elud+ ! ,callicantz>i :o pursue h]1 l ! mulete] 9 ! previ\s /ory1 rea*es home 9 safety4 ,! wick$ /epmo!r see+ t h] plans h misc>ri$ & t h] /epdaught] is n[ ri* :ile h] own daught] is poor1 det]m9es to s5d ! latt] ! next ev5+ to ! mill4 ,%e too f9ds ! mill occupi$ by ! ,callicantz>i1 b n be+ s %rewd z h] half-si/] ei!r falls a victim to ! lu/ ( ! mon/]s1 or is kill$ & eat5 by !m1 or1 9 "o v]sion#ecd1 is /ripp$ ( h] own clo!s1 dress$ 9 ! sk9 ( h] mule :i* ! ,callicantz>i h kill$ & flay$1 & s5t home ) a necklace ( ! mule's entrails ab\t h] neck4 ,! ?ird type ( /ory1 "o :i* is kn[n all ov] ,greece1 introduces u to ! dome/ic circle ( a ,callicantz>os4 ,a midwife is r\s$ "o night dur+ ! ,twelve ,days by a furi\s rapp+ at h] door1 &1 imag9+ t ! call is urg5t1 slips on h] clo!s 9 ha/e )\t enquir+ :o x is t ne$s h] s]vices1 & /epp+ out ( h] door f9ds h]self face to face ei!r ) an unmi/akeable ,callicantz>os :o seizes h] & c>ries h] (f1 or else ) a man unkn[n to h] :o subsequ5tly proves to be a ,callicantz>os#ece4 ,on _! way to 8 home he bids h] see to x t ! *ild ) :i* 8 wife is ab\t to pres5t him be male2 9 t case he w rew>d h] h&somely2 b if a female *ild be born1 he w dev\r ! midwife4 ,arriv$ at ! cave or h\se :]e ! ,callicantz>os dwells1 ! midwife goes ab\t h] task1 & ! ,callicantz>os' wife is soon deliv]$ ( a *ild2 b to ! midwife's horror x is female4 ,h] wits h[ev] d n des]t h]1 & %e quickly devises a s*eme = h] escape4 ,tak+ a c&le1 %e w>ms x & fa%ions f ! wax a model ( ! male organs & fa/5s x to ! *ild4 ,!n call+ ! ,callicantz>os1 %e tells him t a f9e male *ild is born & holds up ! infant = him to see4 ,!reat he is cont5t & bids h] swaddle x4 ,?is done1 %e craves leave to g home1 & ! ,callicantz>os1 true to 8 ^w1 rew>ds h] ) a sack ( gold & lets h] g4 ,! conclusion ( ! /ory v>ies4 ,9 "s v]sions1 ! fraud is discov]$ be=e ! midwife rea*es h] home1 ! ,callicantz>os curses ! gold :i* he has giv5 h]1 & :5 %e op5s h] sack %e f9ds no?+ b a%es4 ,9 o!rs1 %e rea*es home 9 safety ) ! gold & by magic means breaks ! p[] ( ! ,callicantz>os ov] 8 gift2 & :5 he arrives at h] door 9 hot pursuit1 %e has already tak5 all precautions aga9/ 8 entrance & lies secure & sil5t )94 ,! wife ( ! ,callicantz>os "h m5tion$ is 9 "s /ories pictur$ z be+ ( ! same mon/r\s species z himself1 9 o!rs z an ord9>y woman :om he has seiz$ & c>ri$ (f4 ,b1 ap>t f ^! /ories 9 :i* %e is a necess>y p]sona dramatis1 %e has no hold ^u ! popul> imag9ation4 ,a fem99e ^w1 or 1 has be5 =m$ 9 ?is case j z ! ^w #ecf has be5 =m$ z mascul9e ( ,n]eid 771 & female ,callicantz>i are z r>e & local z male ,n]eids4 ,_! exi/5ce is assum$ only z complem5t>y to t ( _! mates4 ,security f ! ,callicantz>i is s\ght by _m me?ods1 "s ( !m ,*ri/ian 9 "*1 o!rs magical or pagan4 ,=emo/ among ,*ri/ian precautions is ! cu/om ( m>k+ a cross 9 black ^u ! h\se-door on ,*ri/mas ,eve2 & ! same emblem is sometimes pa9t$ ^u ! v>i\s j>s & vessels 9 :i* food is kept to ensure !m aga9/ bef\l+ by ! ,callicantz>i1 & ev5 ^u ! =ehead ( infants1 especially if !y are unbaptis$1 to prev5t !m f be+ /ol5 or /rangl$#ecg by ! mon/]s4 ,if 9 spite ( ^! precautions ! inmates ( any h\se are tr\bl$ by !m1 ! burn+ ( inc5se is acc\nt$ an effectual safegu>d4 ,= out-door use1 if a man is un=tunate en\gh to enc\nt] ,callicantz>i1 an invocation ( ! ,tr9ity or ! recitation ( ?ree ,pat]no/]s is recomm5d$4 ,b precautions ( a m pagan "* are (t5 pref]r$ to ^! or comb9$ ) !m4 ,ord9>y prud5ce dem&s t ! fire be kept burn+ ?r\gh all ! ,twelve ,days1 to prev5t ! ,callicantz>i ent]+ by ! *imney1 & ! usual cu/om is to set "o huge log on end up ! *imney1 to g on burn+ = ! :ole p]iod4 ,9 addition to ?is a fire is sometimes kept burn+ at night close by ! h\se-door4 ,c]ta9 h]bs also1 su* z gr\nd-?i/le#ech1 hyssop1 & asp>agus#eci1 may be susp5d$ at ! door or ! *imney-place1 z magical *>ms4 ,if ev5 !n !re is reason to suspect t ,callicantz>i are pr[l+ r\nd ! h\se1 ! gold5 rule is to obs]ve /rict sil5ce &1 above all1 n to answ] any "q ask$ f )\t ! door2 = x is commonly believ$ t ! ,callicantz>i1 l ! ,n]eids1 c deprive ( spee* any :o h once talk$ ) !m4 ,at ! same "t x is wise to make up ! fire1 ?r[+ on ei!r some?+ :i* w crackle l salt or hea!r#edj1 or some?+ :i* w smell /rong1 su* z a bit ( lea!r1 an old %oe1 wild-*]ry wood#eda1 or gr\nd-?i/le2 = ! /5* ( ^! is z unbe>able to ! ,callicantz>i z t ( inc5se4 ,su* at any rate is ! curr5t explanation ( ! purpose ( ^! malodor\s combu/ibles2 b 9 view ( ! notori\s gullibility ( ! ,callicantz>i ,i am tempt$ to surmise t bo? ! crackl+ & ! smell 7 orig9ally int5d$ to pacify !m = a :ile ) ! delusive hope t a %>e ( ! ,*ri/mas pork1 _! fav\rite food1 0 be+ prep>$ = !m4 ,= c]ta9ly ev5 n[ propitiatory pres5ts to ! ,callicantz>i are n unkn[n4 ,at ,port>i & o!r villages ( ,m\nt ,pelion x is ! cu/om to hang a rib or o!r bone f ! pork inside ! *imney #8= ! ,callicantz>i1' b :e!r z a means ( appeasem5t or ( av]sion ! p seem no long] to "k3 9 ,samos h[ev] ! fir/ sweetmeats made at ! ,new ,ye> are plac$ 9 ! *imney av[$ly z food = ! ,callicantz>i#edb1 & 9 ,cyprus waffles & sausages are put 9 ! same place z a f>ewell fea/ to !m on ! ,eve ( ,epiphany#edc4 ,moreov] 9 e>li] times ! cu/om ( appeas+ !m ) food 0 und\bt$ly m widespread2 = 9 places :]e1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! cu/om itself no long] exi/s1 a few l9es suppos$ to be sung by ! ,callicantz>i on ! eve ( _! dep>ture are /ill rememb]$1 9 :i* !y ask = #8a little bit ( sausage1 a morsel ( waffle1 t ! ,callicantz>i may eat & dep>t to _! own place#edd4' ,b propitiation ( ! ,callicantz>i1 9 spite ( ?is evid5ce ( (f]+s made to !m1 is c]ta9ly n n[ s mu* 9 vogue z precautions aga9/ !m2 & x is p]haps simpl] to suppose t ! *oice ( crackl+ or odor\s fuel 0 orig9ally prompt$ by ! int5tion ( convey+ to ! ,callicantz>i a pla9 w>n+ t ! fire )9 ! h\se 0 burn+ briskly2 = ap>t f ! ,*ri/ian means ( def5ce--crosses1 inc5se1 invocations & ! g5]al purification on ! morn+ ( ,epiphany--x may be said t ! "o ?+ :i* !y really fe> is fire4 ,ev]y:]e x is held t s long z a good fire is kept burn+ on ! he>? ! ,callicantz>i _c ga9 access to ! h\se by _! fav\rite entrance2 & t ! utmo/ !y w v5ture is to v5t _! ur9e d[n ! *imney 9 ! hope ( ext+ui%+ ! fire4 ,= ?is reason ! wood-a%es f ! he>?1 :i* are g5]ally /or$ up & us$ 9 ! wa%+ ( clo!s1 are dur+ ! ,twelve ,days left unt\*$1 & aft] ! purification at ,epiphany are c>ri$ out ( ! h\se2 b 9 "s di/ricts#ede1 ?\gh ! a%es are n ?\ght suitable = ord9>y use1 !y are n ?r[n away z wor?less impurities1 b1 ow+ ,i suppose to _! contact ) sup]natural be+s1 are held to be end[$ ) magically f]tilis+ prop]ties & are spr9kl$ ov] ! v same fields & g>d5s :i* ! prie/s h spr9kl$ ) holy wat]4 ,aga9 !re are n a few /ories curr5t#edf 9 :i* a ,callicantz>os1 attract$ to "s h\se at ,*ri/mas-tide by ! smell ( roa/+ pork1 has be5 put to r\t by hav+ ! hot jo9t or ! spit on :i* x 0 turn+ ?ru/ 9 8 face4 ,9 "o v]sion also ( ! song :i* ! ,callicantz>i are suppos$ to s+ z !y dep>t1 #8! pot-belli$ prie/ ) c5s] & spr9kl+-vessel' is accompani$ by 8 wife c>ry+ hot wat] to scald !m#edg4 ,9 o!r /ories aga9 ! rescue ( a man f ! clut*es ( ,callicantz>i is effect$ by 8 neighb\rs ) fire-br&s z _! only weapons2 & :]e su* help _c be obta9$1 a man may sometimes free himself m]ely by ejaculat+ 1 1 1 #8/icks1 logs1 & br&s ablaze6' = ! v ?\ght ( fire w sometimes sc>e ! mon/]s away4 ,o!r safegu>ds are also m5tion$2 y are recomm5d$ = in/ance to keep a black cock 9 ! h\se1 or y may r5d] ! ,callicantz>os h>mless by b9d+ him ) a r$ ?read or a /raw rope#edh2 b ! latt] me?od w\ld 9 mo/ cases be l putt+ salt on a bird's tail4 ,su*1 on a g5]al view1 are ! mon/]s ^: orig9 ,i n[ propose to exam9e2 & ! fir/ /ep 9 ! inve/igation mu/ be to acc\nt = ! extraord9>y v>iations 9 %ape exhibit$ by ! ,callicantz>i 9 diff]5t di/ricts4 ,i h already obs]v$ t ! ,callicantz>i are sometimes conceiv$ to be ( ord9>y human =m1 b t m commonly !re is an admixture ( some?+ bea/-l4 ,among ! animals :i* are laid "u contribution1 fir/ comes ! he-goat1 f :i* ! ,callicantz>i borr[ e>s1 horns1 & legs4 ,almo/ equally common is a pres5tm5t ( ,callicantz>i ) ! e>s & ! legs ( an ass comb9$ ) a body 9 o!r respects human2 or aga9 ! head ( an ass1 accord+ to ,p\queville#edi1 may be comb9$ ) ! body & legs ( a man4 ,9 o!r di/ricts aga9 ! wolf has once be5 a factor 9 ! conception ( ,callicantz>i4 ,?us 9 ,mess5ia1 9 ,cyn\ria 7a di/rict 9 ! ea/ ( ,laconia71 & 9 p>ts ( ,crete#eej ! ,callicantz>i are call$ also 1 9 :i* ! fir/ half ( ! comp\nd "n is und\bt$ly 1 #8wolf4' ,simil>ly 9 "s p>ts ( ,mac$onia ,callicantz>i are (t5 call$ simply #8wolves' 771 & bo? names are also appli$ metaphorically to any p>ticul>ly ill-fav\r$ man#eea4 ,resemblances to apes are also m5tion$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! long1 lean1 hairy arms ( ! ,callicantz>i2 & ,p\queville speaks also ( _! monkey-l tails#eeb4 ,next f ,pho5ici 9 ,epirus comes ! sugge/ion t ,callicantz>i may resemble squirrels2 = !re !y h ! two by-names & #eec1 9 :i* x is n h>d to recognise ! two anci5t ,greek names = ! squirrel1 & 4 ,conc]n+ ! local "* ( ^! ,i h no in=mation2 b x is fairly safe to surmise t !y possess ! p[]1 commonly ascrib$ to ! small] sort ( ,callicantz>i1 ( climb+ ) great dext]ity ! walls & ro(s ( h\ses 9 ord] to ga9 access by ! *imney4 ,f9ally 9 ,myconos1 z not$ above1 ! ,callicantz>i are describ$ z #8savage f\r-foot$ ?+s'--a description :i* ne$ n exclude "s human attributes any m ?an x does 9 ! savage f\r-foot$ ,c5taurs ( anci5t art1 b implies x w\ld seem at lea/ a pr$om9ance ( ! be/ial ov] ! human elem5t4 ,:at !n is ! explanation ( ^! wide div]g5ces ( type8 ,! answ] is really v simple & f9al4 ,! ,callicantz>i 7 orig9ally believ$ to possess ! p[]1 :i* _m sup]natural be+s %>e1 ( trans=m+ !mselves at _! pleasure into any %ape4 ,! %apes mo/ commonly assum$ diff]$ 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 & gradually1 z ! belief 9 ! metamorphosis ( ,callicantz>i "h1 !re1 & almo/ ev]y:]e 0 =gott51 :at _h once be5 ! commone/ =m locally assum$ by ,callicantz>i became 9 ! sev]al di/ricts _! fix$ & only =m4 ,! correctness ( ?is explanation 0 fir/ prov$ to me by in=mation obta9$ f ! be/ s\rce = all mann] ( /ories & traditions ab\t ! ,callicantz>i1 ! villages on ,m\nt ,pelion4 ,!re ,i 0 def9itely told t ! ,callicantz>i are believ$ to h ! p[] ( assum+ any mon/r\s %ape :i* !y *oose2 & ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t is1 ,i f9d1 n[ confirm$ by in=mation obta9$ indep5d5tly by ,pr(4 ,polites#eed f "o ( ^! same villages1 ,port>i2 he adds t !re ! %apes mo/ frequ5tly affect$ by ,callicantz>i are ^? ( wom51 be>d$ m51 & he-goats4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( ! same belief exi/+ also 9 ,cyprus is adduc$ by ! same writ]4 #8,! ,planet>i 771' s runs ! popul> tradition :i* he quotes f a "w :i* ,i h be5 unable to consult1 #8:o are also call$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,cyprus ,callicantz>i1 come to ! e>? at ,*ri/mas & rema9 all ! ,twelve ,days4 ,!y are se5 by p]sons :o are #eee 7i4e41 to give ! ne>e/ equival5t1 #8fey'74 ,sometimes !y appe> z dogs1 sometimes z h>es1 sometimes z donkeys or z camels1 & (t5 z bobb9s4 ,m5 :o are #8fey' /umble ov] !m1 & /oop d[n to pick !m up1 :5 sudd5ly ! bobb9 rolls along ( its own accord & escapes !m4 ,fur!r on x turns into a donkey or camel & goes on its way4 ,! man is deceiv$ 7by its appe>ance7 & m\nts x1 & ! donkey gr[s z tall z a m\nta9 & ?r[s ! man d[n f a great height#eef1 & he returns home half-dead1 & if he does n die outright1 he w be an invalid all 8 life#eeg4' ,l+ui/ic evid5ce is also =?com+ t ! same belief 9 ! metamorphosis ( ^! mon/]s 0 once held bo? 9 ,epirus & 9 ,samos4 ,! by-"n 1 record$ f ,pho5ici1 proves m ?an ! squirrel-=m ( ,callicantz>i2 x implies t t %ape is n natural b assum$4 ,f ! anci5t ^w 1 comes by natural =mation an hypo!tical v]b 1 #8,i become a squirrel1' & !nce ! exi/+ sub/antive or 7= ?is diff]5ce 9 vocalisation is negligible 9 mod]n ,greek7 mean+ #8t :i* has turn$ into a squirrel4' ,simil>ly 9 ,samos ! by-"n means #8^? t h turn$ into evil m54' ,:e!r ! belief impli$ by ^! names is /ill alive 9 ,epirus1 ,i d n "k2 9 ,samos x has app>5tly di$ out1 = ! ^w is popul>ly !re int]pret$ to mean #8^? :o d evil to m5#eeh'--;a mean+ :i* ! =mation really precludes4 ,s9ce !n ! belief t ,callicantz>i possess ! p[] ( metamorphosis ei!r obta9s n[ or has once obta9$ 9 places z f> remov$ f "o ano!r z ,pho5ici 9 ,epirus1 ,m\nt ,pelion1 ,samos1 & ,cyprus1 x is reasonable to conclude t ?is quality 0 9 e>li] times univ]sally attribut$ to !m1 & !re) ! :ole problem ( _! multif>i\s pres5tm5ts 9 diff]5t di/ricts is at once solv$4 ,! next "q :i* arises is ?is2 if ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* ! ,callicantz>i are locally repres5t$ are1 s to speak1 s _m disguises assum$ by !m at _! own w1 :at is ! normal =m ( ! ,callicantz>os :5 he is n ex]cis+ 8 p[] ( self-trans=mation8 ,on review+ ! v>i\s %apes assum$1 "o fact /&s out cle>ly2 x is ! animal attributes ( ! ,callicantz>i :i* are v>iable1 :ile ! human elem5t 9 _! composition 7) a possible exception 9 ! case ( ! #8savage quadrup$s' ( ,myconos7 is con/ant4 ,b ! v>iation ( =m results1 z has be5 %[n1 f ! p[] ( trans=mation4 ,!re=e ! animal *>act]i/ics1 :i* are v>iable1 are ! *>act]i/ics assum$ at pleasure by ! ,callicantz>i1 & ! con/ant or human elem5t 9 _! composition indicates _! normal =m4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,callicantz>os 9 8 orig9al & natural %ape 0 an?ropomorphic1 z inde$ he is sometimes /ill repres5t$ to be4 ,& "h too1 :ile ! v>i\s types ( ,callicantz>i are /ill be=e u1 x is wor? :ile to notice1 at ! co/ ( a %ort digression1 a curi\s pr9ciple :i* seems to gov]n ! repres5tation ( ,callicantz>i 9 ^? di/ricts 9 :i* ! belief 9 _! p[] ( metamorphosis has be5 lo/4 ,on ,m\nt ,pelion & 9 ,cyprus ! %apes :i* ! ,callicantz>i are said to assume at w are ^? ( kn[n & famili> objects--9 ! =m] place ( wom51 be>d$ m51 & he-goats1 9 ! latt] ( dogs1 h>es1 donkeys1 & camels--b always complete & s+le %apes :e!r ( man or bea/2 on ! o!r h& 9 ! l>ge majority ( places 9 :i* ! remembrance ( ?is p[] ( trans=mation is lo/1 ! ,callicantz>i are repres5t$ 9 fanciful & abnormal %apes--hybrids z x 7 betwe5 m5 & su* animals z goat1 ass1 or ape4 ,:at appe>s to h happ5$ 9 ^! cases is t1 z ! belief 9 ! metamorphosis ( ,callicantz>i 0 lo/ f ! local folklore1 a sort ( comp5sation 0 made by depict+ !m arre/$ 9 ! process ( trans=mation1 arre/$ halfway 9 ! transition f man to bea/4 ,n[ !re are v few p>ts ( ,greece 9 :i* ?is *ange 9 ! sup]/ition has n tak5 place2 & ea* isl& ( ! ,greek seas1 ea* di/rict ( ! ,greek ma9l&--,i _h almo/ said ea* village1 = ! folklore l ! dialect ( two villages no m ?an an h\r's j\rney ap>t may diff] widely--may be fairly consid]$ to furni% sep>ate in/ances on :i* a g5]al pr9ciple c be f\nd$4 ,! law !n :i* seems to me to h gov]n$ ! evolution ( ,greek folklore is ?is1 t a be+ ( "s s+le1 normal1 & kn[n %ape :o has orig9ally be5 believ$ capable ( trans=m+ himself into "o or m o!r s+le1 normal1 & kn[n %apes1 comes to be repres5t$1 :5 ! belief 9 8 p[] ( trans=mation dies out1 z a be+ ( composite1 abnormal1 & fanta/ic %ape1 comb9+ incongru\s features ( ! sev]al s+le1 normal1 & kn[n %apes4 ,h[ wide may be ! application ( ?is pr9ciple1 ,i _c pret5d to det]m9e2 b obvi\sly x may supply ! solution ( c]ta9 puzzles 9 anci5t ,greek my?ology4 ,! goddess ,a!ne1 to take b "o in/ance1 is 9 ,hom] regul>ly describ$ z 1 an epi!t :i*1 ?\gh int]pret$ by anci5t arti/s 9 ! s5se ( #8blue-ey$' or #8gray-ey$1' seems1 9 view ( ,a!ne's connexion ) ! owl1 to h meant orig9ally #8owl-fac$'2 = ! sake ( argum5t at any rate1 )\t ent]+ into ! controv]sy on ! subject1 let me assume ?is2 let x be grant$ t ! goddess 0 once depict$ z a maid5 ) an owl's face4 ,h[ is ?is hybrid =m to be expla9$8 ,if our pr9ciple holds "h1 ! explanation is t 9 a /ill e>li] /age ( ,greek my?ology ! goddess ,a!ne 0 wont to trans=m h]self into an owl & s manife/ h]self to h] wor%ipp]s1 j z 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian tradition x is record$ t once #8! ,holy ,gho/ desc5d$ 9 a bodily %ape l a dove#eei4' ,b ?is digression is long en\gh4 ,lat] 9 ?is *apt] ,i %all h occasion to return to ! pr9ciple :i* has be5 =mulat$4 ,at pres5t ! ,callicantz>i are call+4 ,?us f> our inve/igation has %[n u t ! ,callicantz>i 7 orig9ally an?ropomorphic1 possess+ inde$ & ex]cis+ ! p[] ( transmutation into bea/-=m1 b 9 _! natural & normal =m completely human 9 appe>ance4 ,:at !re=e rema9s to be det]m9$ is :e!r ^! be+s 7 an?ropomorphic demons or simply m54 ,on ?is po9t !re is a direct conflict ( evid5ce at ! pres5t day4 ,! v common tradition t ! ,callicantz>i come f ! l[] _w at ,*ri/mas & are driv5 back !re by ! purification at ,epiphany2 ! fact t !y are (t5 m5tion$ "u ! vague names & :i* h already be5 discuss$#efj1 & t _! lead] is sometimes call$ 1 #8! halt+ demon'2 ! belief t !y are fond ( danc+ ) ! ,n]eids1 & sometimes ex]cise also a p[]1 prop] to ! ,n]eids1 ( tak+ away ! spee* ( ^? :o speak 9 _! pres5ce2 ^! & o!r su* consid]ations might be ?\ght abundantly to prove t ! ,callicantz>i 7 a species ( demon4 ,b on ! o!r h& !re is equally abundant evid5ce ( ! belief t ,callicantz>i are m5 :o are seiz$ ) a k9d ( be/ial madness :i* (t5 effects a bea/-l alt]ation 9 _! appe>ance4 ,?is madness is n *ronic1 b recurr5t ) ea* return+ ,*ri/mas1 & ! victim ( x displays = ! "t be+ all ! savage & lu/ful passions ( a wild animal4 ,! m\nta9e]s ( ,s\? ,euboea = example h acquir$ ! reputation ( be+ ,callicantz>i & are mu* fe>$ by ! dwell]s on ! coa/4 ,a rem>kable feature 9 ?is =m ( ! sup]/ition is ! idea t ! madness is cong5ital4 ,*ildr5 born on ,*ri/mas-day1 or accord+ to "s acc\nts on any day betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ,epiphany1 are deem$ likely to become ,callicantz>i4 ,?is1 x is naively said1 is ! due puni%m5t = ! s9 ( a "m :o has presum$ to conceive & to br+ =? at seasons sacr$ to ! ,"m ( ,god2 :5ce also ! *ildr5 are call$ or #8fea/-/rick54' ,9 ,*ios1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ?is sup]/ition 0 s /rong t extraord9>y me?ods ( b>b>ism 7 adopt$ to r5d] su* *ildr5 h>mless4 ,!y 7 tak51 says ,leo ,allatius#efa1 to a fire :i* _h be5 light$ 9 ! m>ket-place1 & !re ! soles ( _! feet 7 expos$ to ! heat until ! nails 7 s+$ & ! dang] ( _! attacks obviat$4 ,a mod]n & modifi$ =m ( ?is treatm5t is to place ! *ild 9 an ov5 & to light a fire outside to fright5 x1 & !n to ask ! "q1 #8,bread or meat8' ,if ! *ild says #8bread1' all is well2 b if he says #8meat1' he is believ$ to be possess$ by a savage crav+ = human fle%1 & ! treatm5t is cont9u$ till he answ]s #8bread#efb4' ,^! infant ,callicantz>i are p>ticul>ly prone1 x is said1 to attack & kill _! own bro!rs & si/]s4 ,h5ce comes ! by-"n by :i* !y are sometimes kn[n1 1 #8bro!r-eat]s1' z also1 accord+ to ,polites' int]pretation1 ! "n 1 :i* is an equival5t = ,callicantz>i 9 sev]al isl&s ( ! ,aegean ,sea4 ,?is ^w ,polites holds to be ! plural ( ! "n ,ca91 & to d5ote #8bro!r-slay]s'2 b inasmu* z a long] =m appe>s side by side ) 9 ,c>pa?os#efc1 ,i hesitate to accept ?is int]pretation ( ! "o :ile ! o!r rema9s to me :olly un9telligible4 ,at any rate to ! p !mselves ! ^w has ceas$ to convey any idea ( murd]\s prop5sities2 = 9 ! isl& ( ,syme1 :]e ! "n is 9 use1 ! be+s d5ot$ by x are held to be h>mless#efd4 ,! issue be=e u is well summ>is$ 9 two popul> traditions :i* ,polites adduces f ,o5o & f ,t5os1 & :i* are 9 cle> mutual contradiction4 ,! tradition ( ,o5o beg9s ?us3 #88,leave-u-good-sirs0 7--7 is ! "n :i* we give !m 7! ,callicantz>i71 ?\gh !y are really evil demons 774' ,! tradition ( ,t5os op5s ) ! words3 #8,! ,callicantz>i are n demons 7'7#efe2 !y are m52 z ,new ,ye>'s ,day approa*es1 !y are /rick5 ) a fit ( madness & leave _! h\ses & w&] to & fro4' ,h[ are we to decide :i* ( ^! two traditions is ! old]8 ,! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ei!r is at ! pres5t day abundant2 ! two *ief au?orities on ! subject1 ,s*midt & ,polites1 bo? ackn[l$ge ?is2 &1 9 my own exp]i5ce1 ,i %\ld h difficulty 9 say+ :i* view ( ! ,callicantz>i ,i h ! m frequ5tly he>d express$4 ,on ! ma9l& !y are mo/ commonly demons2 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,aegean1 m usually human4 ,b 9 a matt] ( ?is k9d x w\ld be ( no value to c\nt heads2 ev5 if ! :ole population ( ,greece c\ld be poll$ on ! "q1 ! view ( ! majority w\ld h no m value ?an t ( ! m9ority4 ,! issue mu/ be decid$ on o!r ?an num]ical gr\nds4 ,& cle>ly ! fir/ consid]ation :i* sugge/s itself mu/ be ! nature ( ! e>lie/ evid5ce on ! subject4 ,! e>lie/ au?ority !n is ,leo ,allatius#eff1 & 8 /atem5t is 9 brief z foll[s4 ,*ildr5 born 9 ! octave ( ,*ri/mas are seiz$ ) a k9d ( madness2 !y rage to & fro ) incr$ible swiftness2 & _! nails gr[ %>p l talons4 ,to any wayf>] :om !y meet !y put ! "q #8,t[ or lead8' ,if he answ] #8t[1' he escapes unhurt2 if he answ] #8lead1' !y cru% him ) all _! p[] & leave him half-dead1 lac]at$ by _! talons4 ,?us f> ! te/imony ( ,leo ,allatius di/9ctly fav\rs ! belief t ,callicantz>i are human & n demoniacal 9 orig92 b at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t 8 /atem5t 0 probably f\nd$ ^u ! p>ticul> traditions ( 8 native isl& only & c>ries !re=e less weight4 ,! b>b>\s cu/om h[ev] :i* he next proce$s to describe is ( "s importance4 ,he /ates t *ildr5 born dur+ ! dang]\s p]iod betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ,new ,ye> _h ! soles ( _! feet scor*$ until ! nails 7 s+$ & s !y c\ld n become ,callicantz>i4 ,n[ !re is a small b obvi\s inconsi/5cy 9 ?is /atem5t4 ,p]sons :o scrat* "o ano!r use1 presumably1 n _! toe-nails b _! f+]-nails2 & animals likewise employ ! =e feet & n ! h9d feet4 ,to scor* ! feet !re=e1 & p>ticul>ly ! soles ( ! feet1 is n a logical me?od ( prev5t+ ! gr[? ( talons4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! treatm5t adopt$ might well be suppos$ to prev5t ! developm5t ( ho(s1 su* z 9 _m p>ts ( ,greece ! ,callicantz>i are /ill believ$ to h4 ,9 o!r words1 ! cu/om :i* ,leo ,allatius describes 0 n prop]ly und]/ood 9 8 "t4 ,b a cu/om :i* has ceas$ to be prop]ly und]/ood & has _h an inaccurate int]pretation set ^u x is necess>ily ( consid]able age4 ,already !re=e 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! cu/om :i* ,allatius describes 0 ( "s antiquity2 & ! belief t *ildr5 turn into ,callicantz>i1 :i* is impli$ alike by ! orig9al mean+ & by ! lat] int]pretation ( ! cu/om1 0 equally anci5t4 ,9 ,*ios !n at any rate ! human orig9 ( ,callicantz>i is a v old article ( fai?4 ,b m important = our consid]ation is ! answ] to be made to ! foll[+ "q2 is x m probable1 t ,callicantz>i1 if !y 7 orig9ally demons1 %\ld h come 9 ! belief ( _m p to be m51 or t1 be+ orig9ally m51 !y %\ld h assum$ 9 ! belief ( _m p ! rank ( demons8 ,"h1 if ,i may tru/ ! analogy ( o!r in/ances 9 ,greek folklore1 my answ] is decid$4 ,i "k ( no case 9 :i* a demon has lo/ /atus & be5 r$uc$ to human rank2 b ,i c "n ?ree sev]al cases 9 :i* be+s orig9ally human h be5 elevat$ to ! /&+ ( demons4 ,! human maid5 ,gello 0 ! prototype ( ! class ( female demons n[ kn[n z ,gell\des4 ,/riges 77 are prop]ly old wom5 :o by magical means c trans=m !mselves into birds1 b !y too bo? 9 m$iaeval & 9 mod]n times are frequ5tly confus$ ) demons4 #8,arabs' 771 z ! "n itself implies1 7 orig9ally no?+ b m5 ( col\r1 b !y n[ =m1 z w be %[n 9 ! next section1 a recognis$ class ( g5ii4 ,& if we turn f mod]n ,greek folklore to anci5t ,greek religion1 !re also we f9d ! t5d5cy 9 ! same direction4 ,!re m5 9 pl5ty are elevat$ to ! rank ( h]o1 demon1 or god1 b ! degradation ( a demon to human rank is a ?+ unkn[n4 ,9 view ( ?is /rongly m>k$ pr9ciple ( ,greek sup]/ition or religion1 x is impossible to come to any o!r conclusion ?an t ! ,callicantz>i 7 orig9ally n demons b m5--m5 :o ei!r volunt>ily or "u ! compulsion ( a k9d ( madness *ose or 7 =c$ to assume ! %ape & ! "* ( bea/s4 ,hav+ ?us dispos$ ( ! problem pres5t$ by ! v>i\s types ( ,callicantz>i1 we mu/ next inve/igate ! orig9 ( ! "n itself4 ,?is inve/igation too is n a little complicat$ by ! fact t ! dialectic v>ieties ( ! "n are fully z manifold & div]g5t z ! v>i\s %apes :i* ! mon/]s are locally believ$ to assume4 ,!re c be few words 9 ! ,greek language :i* bett] illu/rate ! diff]5ce 9 spee* betwe5 "o di/rict & ano!r4 ,! mo/ g5]al =m ( ! ^w1 & "o :i* is ei!r us$ side by side ) o!r dialectic =ms or at lea/ is und]/ood 9 almo/ e di/rict1 is ! =m :i* ,i h us$ ?r\gh\t ?is *apt] or1 to translit]ate x1 ,callicantz>os2 b 9 review+ all ! dialectic v>ieties ( ! ^w1 ,i f9d t !re are only two out ( ! f\rte5 lett]s compos+ ?is ^w1 :i* d n1 9 "o dialect or ano!r1 suff] ei!r modification ( s\nd or *ange ( position4 ,! consonant 9 ! fir/ syllable & ! v[el 9 ! ?ird are ! only con/ant & uni=m elem5ts common to all dialects4 ,^! dialectic =ms dem& consid]ation = ! reason t "s ( ! d]ivations propos$ take z _! />t+-po9t n ! common =m b "o ( ! r>] by-=ms--a me?od :i* is evid5tly op5 to objection :5 x is se51 z ! accompany+ table ( =ms w %[1 t 1 besides be+ ! common & normal =m1 is also ! c5tre f :i* all ! dialectic v>ieties radiate 9 diff]5t directions4 ,9 compil+ my li/ ( =ms1 h[ev]1 ,i may abbreviate x by ! omission ( ^? :i* are a matt] ( calligraphic r ?an ( phonetic di/9ction4 ,?us ! fir/ two syllables ( are (t5 writt5 - or -1 b s9ce & repres5t exactly ! same s\nd & is v seldom di/+ui%$ f 1 ,i h uni=mly writt5 - ev5 :]e my au?ority = ! p>ticul> =m uses "s o!r spell+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z reg>ds ! use ( or 1 betwe5 :i* !re is a real if some:at subtle diff]5ce 9 s\nd1 ,i h reta9$ ! p>ticul> =m :i* ,i h f\nd record$4 ,/>t+ !n f ! normal =m ----1 :i* ,i ?us dismemb] = conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce to its five syllables1 ,i may classify ! *anges :i* ! ^w und]goes 9 v>i\s dialects z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! ins]tion ( 9 ! second syllable1 giv+ 9 ! place ( 4 7#b7 ,! prefix+ ( to ! fir/ syllable1 giv+ = 4 ,) ?is ,b]nh>d ,s*midt well comp>es ! mod]n = 1 & = 4 7#c7 ,! complete suppression ( ! second syllable1 or ! ret5tion ( ! only z a fa9tly pron\nc$ y4 7#d7 ,comb9$ )1 & consequ5t ^u1 ! suppression ( ! second syllable1 ! *ange ( to 9 ! fir/ syllable1 or ! int]*ange ( ! 9 ! fir/ syllable ) ! 9 ! fif?4 7#e7 ,! loss ( ei!r 9 ! ?ird syllable or 9 ! f\r?4 7#f7 ,! *ange ( ! 9 ! fir/ syllable to 4 7#g7 ,! *ange ( ! 9 ! ?ird syllable to 1 1 1 or 4 ,in/ances ( ?is are mo/ frequ5t 9 comb9ation ) ! *anges "u 7#d74 7#h7 ,! int]*ange ( ! 9 ! ?ird syllable ) ! 7or 7 9 ! f\r?4 ,! ?us produc$ becomes 4 7#i7 ,! =mation ( dim9utive neut] =ms end+ 9 - in/ead ( ! mascul9e =ms 9 -1 ) ! consequ5t %ift ( acc5t f ! ?ird to ! f\r? syllable1 ! - repres5t+ -4 ,^! neut] =ms occur *iefly 9 ! plural4 ,fur!r x may be not$ t ! =mation ( ! nom9ative plural ( ! mascul9e =ms %[s "s v>iation2 ! ord9>y =m is 9 - ) ! acc5t on ! antep5ultimate z 9 ! nom9ative s+ul>2 a second =m has ! same t]m9ation b ) ! acc5t %ift$ to ! p5ultimate1 z commonly happ5s 9 "s dialects ) words ( ! second decl5sion 7e4g4 ) plural 7 by assimilation to ! o!r cases ( ! plural2 :ile a ?ird =m has ! anomal\s t]m9ation - 7e4g4 9 ,cephall5ia1 ) plural 74 ,! foll[+ g5ealogical table exhibits ! dialectic prog5y ( ! normal =m 4 ,! num]al or num]als plac$ aga9/ ea* =m ref] to ! classification ( phonetic *anges z above4 ,b5ea? ea* =m is not$ ! "n ( "o place or di/rict 7?\gh ( c\rse !re are usually m7 9 :i* x may be he>d1 or1 fail+ ! prov5ance1 ! au?ority = its exi/5ce4 7) :i* & 7,cy?nos & ,melos7 may be consid]$ id5tical7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- 7#a7 7#e7 7#e7 7#b7 7#c7 7#f7 7#h7 71 1 7,cyprus7 7,cy!ra7 7,ionian ,isl&s7 & 7#c7 7,gortynia & 7,pyrgos 9 ,t5os p4 #fg7 7,lesbos1 etc47 ,cyn\ria1 di/ricts & ,we/]n %ores ( ! ,peloponnese7 ( ,black ,sea7 ---------------------------------------- -------------- 7#f1 #e7 77 77 71 1 7#b1 #g1 #i7 7,scia?os7 7#b1 #c1 #g1 #i7 7#b1 #c1 #g7 ,,ii4 p #abde7 7,ara*ova on 7,ara*ova on ,p>nassus7 ,p>nassus7 ----------------------- 7#h1 #d7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- 7#h1 #c1 #e7 7,o5o on ,s4 %ore 7,t5os7 ( ,black ,sea7 7#d7 7#c1 #g7 7#d7 7,/5ima*os 9 7,ara*ova on 7,scyros7 ,r\melia7 ,p>nassus7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- 7#d1 #g7 7#d1 #g7 7#d1 #g7 7,zagorion 9 7,ophis1 on ,s4 %ore 7,cy?nos7 ,epirus7 ( ,black ,sea7 ,albanian 77 d- 7#d1 #g1 #i7 7cf4 ,hahn1 ,alban4 ,/ud41 7,port>i on ,vocabul>y1 s4v47 ,mt ,pelion7 & ,turki% k>akndjolos ,?is table ( dialectic =ms1 :i* 0 orig9ally bas$ ma9ly ^u ! in=mation ( ,s*midt#efg & my own obs]vations & has n[ be5 enl>g$ ) ! aid ( ,polites' new "w#efh1 is ev5 s probably f> f complete2 nor h ,i includ$ 9 x1 = reasons to be /at$1 ! foll[+ =ms3 #efi 77 :i* is app>5tly an abbreviat$ dim9utive =m$ f ! fir/ two syllables ( - ) a neut] t]m9ation1 & is !re=e a nickname r ?an a /rict d]ivative3 :i* ,b5t#egj repres5ts to be ! usual =m 9 ,naxos & ,p>os1 b ,i hesitate to accept )\t confirmation f "s o!r s\rce3 #ega1 a ,mac$onian =m1 & 1 a dim9utive =m f ! di/rict ( ,cyn\ria1 bo? s extraord9>ily corrupt t ,i c f9d no place = !m 9 ! table3 1 :i* has be5 ?\ght to be ) ! fir/ two syllables rev]s$ 9 ord]--a *ange to :i* ,i c f9d no p>allel--b is1 z ,i %all %[ lat]1 a di/9ct & v important comp\nd ( ! ^w 3 & la/ly #egb :i* has no?+ at all to d ) etymologically1 b is an euphemi/ic & n p>ticul>ly good pun ^u x1 really mean+ ! #8sailors ( a galleon#egc' 7,turki% qli\ndji71 & humor\sly sub/itut$ = ! dread$ "n ( ! ,callicantz>i4 ,to conclude ?is compilation1 x mu/ be add$ t ! wives ( ,callicantz>i are d5ot$ by fem99e =ms ) ! t]m9ation - or -1 & _! *ildr5 by neut] =ms end+ 9 - or - 9 place ( ! mascul9e -4 ,f a c>eful analysis ( ?is mat]ial two ma9 facts seem to em]ge4 ,fir/1 ! =m 1 ! commone/ 9 use1 is also ! c5tre f :i* ! o!r dialectic =ms div]ge 9 _m directions2 & !re=e if "o ( ! r>] dialectic =ms be select$ z ! p>5t-=m & ! basis ( any etymological explanation1 ! advocate ( ! p>ticul> etymology n only assumes ! burd5 ( %[+ h[ 8 orig9al =m came to be s g5]ally sup]s$$ by ! =m 1 b also w require _m m /eps 9 8 g5ealogical table ( exi/+ v>ieties ( ! ^w4 ,secondly1 ! words & 7if1 z ,i hold1 !y _c be connect$ ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! =m 7 %[ t we h to deal ) a comp\nd ^w ( :i* ! second half is 3 & corroboration ( ?is view is af=d$ by ! exi/5ce ( a =m ( ! uncomp\nd$ ^w 9 ! dialect ( ,cyn\ria1 :]e #egd 77--i4e4 a dim9utive =m ( ) prefix$ & lo/--is us$ side by side ) ! words & to d5ote ! same be+s4 ,9 view ( ! latt] inf]5ce1 or p]haps ev5 ap>t f x1 !re is no ne$ to delay long ov] a d]ivation prop\nd$ by a ,greek writ]1 ,oeconomos1 ^: !ory1 t #8callicantz>os' is a corruption ( ! ,lat9 #8caligatus' or p]haps ( #8calcatura1' sugge/s a vision ( a mon/] 9 hob-nail$ boots :i* does m cr$it to its au?or's imag9ation ?an to 8 k ( philology4 ,a sugge/ion :i* des]ves at any rate m s]i\s consid]ation is t ( ,b]nh>d ,s*midt#ege :o holds t ! ^w is ( ,turki% orig9 & pass$ fir/ into ,albanian & !nce into ,greek--rev]s+1 t is1 ! /eps indicat$ 9 ! above table4 ,b to ?is !re are sev]al objections1 ea* weighty 9 itself1 & cumulatively ov]:elm+4 ,fir/1 if ! ,turki% ^w k>akondjolos be ! s\rce f :i* ! multitude ( ,greek =ms1 includ+ 9 t case #egf are d]iv$1 x ought to be %[n h[ ! ,turki% ^w itself came to mean any?+ l #87-wolf#egg4' ,x is comp\nd$1 says ,s*midt1 ( k>a1 #8black1' & kondjolos :i* is connect$ ) k\ndjul1 a ^w :i* means a #8slave ( ! l[e/ k9d#egh4' ,b be=e t d]ivation c be accept$1 x %\ld be %[n :at l9k 9 ?\ght may exi/ betwe5 a slave ev5 ( ! l[e/ & blacke/ v>iety & a 7-wolf1 & also h[ ! suppos$ ,turki% comp\nd came to h ! ,greek t]m9ation -4 ,secondly1 ! !ory t ! ,greeks borr[$ ! ^w1 & presumably also ! notion :i* x express$1 f ! ,turks contrav5es hi/orical probability4 ,= :5 did ! suppos$ borr[+ take place8 ,evid5tly n be=e ! ,ottoman influ5ce _h made itself ?or\ghly felt 9 ,ea/]n ,europe n only 9 w> b 9 peace2 = only ^? peoples :o are liv+ side by side 9 fri5dly1 or at ! lea/ pacific1 relations1 are 9 a way to ex*ange views on ! subject ( 7-wolves or any o!r sup]/itions2 & 9 ! case ( ! ,greeks & ! ,turks su* int]c\rse w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 ret>d$ by religi\s z well z racial animosity4 ,presumably !n1 ev5 if ! transf]5ce ( ! ^w f ! ,turki% to ! ,greek language _h be5 direct & n1 z ,s*midt some:at unnecess>ily supposes1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,albanian1 two or ?ree g5]ations mu/ h elaps$ aft] ! ,ottoman occupation ( ,*ios 9 #aeffegi1 & ! sev5te5? c5tury mu/ h well begun1 be=e ! ,greeks ( t isl& ev5 began to adopt ! new ^w & ! new sup]/ition involv$ 9 x4 ,yet ! =m ( ! ^w famili> to ,leo ,allatius s9ce ! beg9n+ ( t c5tury1 :5 he liv$ z a boy 9 ,*ios1 0 n k>akondjolos or any?+ l x1 b callicantz>os2 :ile ! belief t *ildr5 born 9 ! octave ( ,*ri/mas became ,callicantz>i 0 ( su* antiquity 9 ,*ios t a cu/om f\nd$ ^u x _h already come1 z ,i h %[n1 to be mis9t]pret$4 ,inde$1 z ! same writ] tells u1 ! ,callicantz>i & _! haunts & habits 7 s famili> to ! p ( ,*ios t two prov]bs ( ! isl& ref]r$ to !m4 ,"o1 :i* 0 address$ to p]sons always appe>+ 9 ! same clo!s-- 1 #8put on some?+ new because ( ! ,callicantz>i'--is m ?an a little obscure2 x w\ld seem to imply t ! clo!s :i* 7 be+ worn w\ld h>dly be wor? ! :ile ev5 ( ! mis*ief-lov+ ,callicantz>i to te>2 b 9 any case ! v exi/5ce ( an obscure prov]b is evid5ce t ! ,callicantz>os & all 8 ways _h long be5 a matt] ( common k4 ,! second say+-- 1 #8,y h come d[n f ! ,?ree ,/reams1' or 9 ano!r v]sion1 ' 2 #8,:y n g to ! ,?ree ,/reams8'--0 address$ to mad p]sons1 because1 z ,allatius expla9s1 #8! ,?ree ,/reams' 0 a wild wood$ place 9 ,*ios reput$ to be ! haunt ( ,callicantz>i4 ,hi/orically !n ! !ory t ! p ( ,*ios borr[$ f ! ,turks ! "n & ! conception ( ! ,callicantz>i is unt5able4 ,ano!r piece ( hi/orical evid5ce aga9/ ,s*midt's !ory is t ! ,callicantz>os ( ! pres5t day appe>s to be id5tical ) ! #8bab\tzic>ios' :]e( ,mi*ael ,psellus#ehj disc\rs$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,he himself inde$1 ) 8 usual passion = expla9+ away popul> sup]/itions1 affirms t #8bab\tzic>ios' is ! same z #8ephialtes1' ! demon :o puni%es gluttony ) nocturnal discom=t & a feel+ ( oppression2 & 9 t view he 0 foll[$ by ,suidas#eha & o!r lexicograph]s2 b he /ates two important po9ts 9 ! popul> sup]/ition :i* he combats3 ! #8bab\tzic>ios' appe>s only 9 ! octave ( ,*ri/mas2 & x is at night t he meets & t]rifies m54 ,moreov] ! "n itself is1 ,i suspect1 d]iv$ f ! ,l[-,lat9 babuztus#ehb mean+ #8mad1' & indicates ! exi/5ce !n ( ! belief :i* is s l>gely held to-day1 t ! mon/r\s app>itions ( ,*ri/ma/ide are really m5 smitt5 ) a peculi> k9d ( madness4 ,?us all ! in=mation :i* ,psellus gives ab\t ! #8bab\tzic>ios' tallies ) mod]n beliefs conc]n+ ! ,callicantz>os1 & militates aga9/ ! supposition t ! ,greeks are indebt$ = ?is sup]/ition to ! ,turks4 ,f9ally !re is positive evid5ce t ! ,turks borr[$ ! ^w 9 "q f ! ,greeks2 = ! "t at :i* !y us$ to fe> ! adv5t ( ! k>akondjolos--:e!r ! sup]/ition /ill rema9s ! same1 ,i d n "k--0 fix$ n by _! own cal5d> b by t ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,an article writt5 on ! subject ( ! ,turki% cal5d> e>ly 9 la/ c5tury conta9s ?is /atem5t3 #8,! ,turks h receiv$ ?is fabul\s belief f ! ,greeks1 & !y say t ?is demon1 :om ! =m] call ,k>a ,kondjolos & ! latt] ,cali ,cangh]os1 ex]cises 8 sway ( malefic5ce & mis*ief f ,*ri/mas-day until t ( ! ,epiphany#ehc4' ,cle>ly ! ,turks w\ld n h fix$ ! "t = ! appe>ance ( ! k>akondjolos by ! ,*ri/ian fe/ivals if !y _h n borr[$ ! :ole sup]/ition f ! ,greeks2 & inde$ ! v t]m9ation 9 - ( ! ,turki% =m ( ! ^w betrays its ,hell5ic orig94 ,! propos$ ,turki% d]ivation ( ! ^w mu/ !re=e be reject$ z f9ally z ,oeconomos' ,lat9 d]ivation1 & x rema9s only to deal ) ^? :i* treat ! ^w z g5u9ely ,greek4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is t propos$ by ,coras#ehd1 :o made ! ^w a comp\nd ( & 4 ,! =mation1 z might be expect$ ( s great a s*ol>1 is irreproa*able2 = ! phonetic *ange ( to 2 is se5 9 ! developm5t ( ! mod]n ^w 7a h$gehog7 f ! anci5t 4 ,b ! mean+ obta9$ is less satisfactory4 ,:at has a #8good' or #8beautiful beetle' to d ) a ,callicantz>os su* z ,i h describ$8 ,! "q rema9s )\t an answ]4 ,& yet "s ( ,coras' foll[]s 9 rec5t times h ?\ght triumphantly to v9dicate 8 view by po9t+ out t 9 ! dialect ( ,!ssaly #8a species ( l>ge horn$ beetle' is kn[n z 4 ,n[ ,i am aw>e t else:]e 9 ,greece /ag-beetles are call$ 1 :i* is und\bt$ly a mod]n =m ( ! anci5t & illu/rates once m ! phonetic *ange involv$ 9 ,coras' d]ivation2 & ,i c believe t ! ,!ssalian peasantry ) a c]ta9 ru/ic hum\r sometimes call !m in/ead4 ,b :at light does ?is ?r[ on ! suppos$ developm5t ( mean+8 ,! view :i* ^! disciples ( ,coras appe> to hold1 namely t ! ,callicantz>i1 :o are kn[n & fe>$ ?r\gh\t ,greek l&s & ev5 beyond !m 9 ,turkey & 9 ,albania1 7 call$ aft] an alleg$ ,!ssalian species ( ,coleopt]a1 w\ld be fitly mat*$ by a !ory t ! ,devil 0 s nam$ aft] a species ( fi% or a pr9t]'s assi/ant or a pat5t fire-light]4 ,! same objection holds good z aga9/ ,polites' fir/ view#ehe4 ,tak+ ! ^w z 8 />t+-po9t1 in/ead ( ! common & c5tral =m 1 he propos$ to d]ive ! ^w f 1 #8wolf1' & 1 #8beetle4' ,b ?\gh ! result+ hybrid might be a mon/] z hide\s z ! wor/ ( ,callicantz>i1 ^! creatures s f> z ,i "k %[ no traits sugge/ive ( entomological p>5tage4 ,b s9ce ,polites himself has long ab&on$ ?is view1 !re is no ne$ to criticize x fur!r4 ,8 next pron\ncem5t on ! subject#ehf bani%$ bo? wolf & beetle & seem$ to recognise ! necessity ( keep+ ! ma9 =m to ! =e4 ,b :ile he naturally assum$ to be ! fir/ half ( ! comp\nd1 he c\ld only set d[n z an unkn[n =eign1 p]haps ,slavonic1 ^w4 ,b 9 8 late/ publication#ehg he rel9qui%es ?is position & falls back once m on a dialectic =m :i* is report$ to be 9 use at ! village ( ,pyrgos 9 ,t5os & at "s places on ! we/]n %ores ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,?is ^w he believes to be a comp\nd1 ( :i* ! second half is connect$ ) a ,byzant9e ^w 1 mean+ a k9d ( boot1 & ! /ill exi/+1 if some:at r>e1 ^w1 1 #8a boot-mak]1' :ile ! fir/ half is to be ei!r 1 #8f9e1' or 1 #8a ho(#ehh4' ,! =m] alt]native provides easily ! =m or1 z w\ld be almo/ m likely1 1 mean+ #8"o :o we>s f9e boots'2 :ile 9 ! o!r alt]native !re results a suppos$ orig9al =m 1 mean+ #8"o :o has ho(s in/ead ( boots1' :5ce1 by suppression ( ! ?ird syllable1 comes ! exi/+ ^w 1 or aga91 by loss ( ! fir/ syllable1 a suppos$ =m :i* develop$ into 4 ,on ! score ( =mation ! =m] alt]native is unassailable2 b ! latt]1 ) its suppos$ loss ( syllables1 is m que/ionable4 ,! loss ( a fir/ syllable is common en\gh 9 mod]n ,greek1 :]e x consi/s ( a v[el only 7e4g4 #ehi = 1 = 1 etc471 b ! suppos$ loss ( ! syllable w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be h>d to p>allel4 ,aga9 ! loss ( a syllable 9 ! middle ( a ^w is fairly common ei!r ?r\gh ! suppression ( ! v[el 7or 1 :i* is n di/+ui%$ f 9 s\nd7 z 9 = 1 = 1 etc41 or else :5 two concurr5t syllables beg9 ) ! same consonant1 z 9 1 #8a ?und]bolt1' = 1 b ! loss ( ! syllable f ! =m is a bold hypo!sis4 ,b on ! score ( mean+ bo? alt]natives are alike unconv9c+4 ,polites inde$ cites "o or two popul> traditions 9 :i* ! ,callicantz>i are repres5t$ z we>+ wood5 or iron %oes--:]e) no d\bt ! bett] to kick & to trample _! victims2 & su* footge> might1 ,i suppose1 be describ$ ironically z #8nice boots4' ,b to f9d 9 ?is occasional trait ! orig9 ( ! ^w ,callicantz>os#eij appe>s to me a c\nsel ( despair4 ,nor does ! o!r alt]native comm5d itself to me any m4 ,x is ( c\rse a widely accept$ belief--& "o by ! way :i* contradicts ! traditions j m5tion$--t ! ,callicantz>i h feet l ^? ( an ass or a goat4 ,b 9 describ+ su* a creature no "o surely w\ld be likely to say t x _h ho(s #8in/ead ( boots'--#8in/ead ( feet' w\ld be ! natural & reasonable expression4 ,to suppose t ! ,callicantz>i 7or r1 to use ! hypo!tical =m1 ! 7 are s nam$ because _! boot-mak] provides !m ) ho(s in/ead ( deta*able foot-ge>1 is little %ort ( ludicr\s4 ,b ?\gh nei!r ( ! propos$ d]ivations w1 ,i ?9k1 w9 mu* acceptance1 ! hi/orical evid5ce :i* ,polites adduces 9 support ( 8 views =ms a valuable contribution to ! /udy ( ?is subject4 ,! inf]5ces :i* he draws !refrom may n be correct2 b ! mat]ial :i* he has collect$ is ( high int]e/4 ,s+l+ out ( ! _m traditions conc]n+ ! ,callicantz>i ! widely1 & p]haps univ]sally1 preval5t belief t _! activities are conf9$ to ! ,twelve ,days betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ,epiphany1 he argues t if we c discov] ! orig9 ( ?is limitation1 we %all be 9 a fair way to discov] also :5ce came ! conception ( ! ,callicantz>i !mselves4 ,accord+ly he traces ! hi/ory ( w9t] fe/ivals 9 ,greece1 />t+ f ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ,greeks1 9 def]5ce to _! ,roman ma/]s1 adopt$ ! fe/ivals kn[n z ! ,saturnalia1 ! ,brumalia1 & ! ,kalndae 7= s ! celebration ( ! ,kal5ds ( ,janu>y 0 call$ by ! ,greeks7 9 place ( _! own old fe/ivals su* z ! ,kronia & "s ( ! fe/ivals ( ,dionysus4 ,! *ange h[ev] 0 m "o ( "n ?an ( me?od ( obs]vance#eia4 ,! pagan orgies :i* m>k$ ^! fe/al days 7 /rongly d5\nc$ by ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* f ! v e>lie/ times4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 ,timo?y1 bi%op ( ,ephesus1 met ) 8 m>tyrdom 9 an attempt to suppress su* a fe/ival4 ,at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ,s4 ,john ,*ryso/om &1 aft] him1 ,a/]ios1 bi%op ( ,amasea1 l\dly inveigh$ aga9/ ! celebration ( ! ,kal&ae4 ,at ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury ! six? ,oecum5ical ,c\ncil ( ! ,*ur* promulgat$ a canon =bidd+ all ^! pagan w9t]-fe/ivals4 ,b /ill 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 z ,balsamon te/ifies#eib1 ! old abuses cont9u$ unabat$2 & !re are local survivals ( su* fe/ivals at ! pres5t day4 ,! mo/ prom95t feature ( ^! celebrations 0 t m5 dress$ !mselves up 9 v>i\s *>act]s1 to repres5t wom51 soldi]s1 or animals1 & ?us disguis$ gave !mselves up to ! wilde/ orgies4 ,at ,ephesus x is cle> t ^! orgies includ$ human sacrifice1 & t ,bi%op ,timo?y 0 on "o occasion ! victim2 = we are told by ,photius t he met ) 8 dea? 9 try+ to suppress #8! pollut$ & blood-/a9$ rites ( ! ,greeks#eic'2 & ! same writ] speaks ( --s ?is p>ticul> c]emony 0 call$--z a #8devili% & abom9able fe/ival#eid' 9 :i* m5 #8took delight 9 unholy ?+s z if !y 7 pi\s de$s#eie4' ,& aga9 ano!r acc\nt ( ! same celebration tells h[ m5 ) masks on _! faces & ) clubs 9 _! h&s w5t ab\t #8assault+ )\t re/ra9t free m5 & respectable wom51 p]petrat+ murd]s ( no common sort & %$d+ endless blood 9 ! be/ p>ts ( ! city1 z if !y 7 p]=m+ a religi\s duty 7 7#eif4' ,at ,amasea1 accord+ to ,a/]ios1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 ?+s 7 n mu* bett]4 ,! peasants1 he says1 :o come into ! t[n dur+ ! fe/ival #8are beat5 & outrag$ by drunk5 revell]s1 !y are robb$ ( any?+ !y are c>ry+1 !y h w> wag$ ^u !m 9 a "t ( peace1 !y are mock$ & insult$ 9 ^w & 9 de$#eig4' ,"h too ! cu/om ( dress+ up 0 9 vogue among ^? :o took "p 9 ! fe/ival--wom5's dress be+ especially affect$4 ,aga9 9 ! sev5? c5tury ! po9ts specially emphasiz$ by ! canon ( ! ,*ur* are t #8no man is to put on fem99e dress1 nor any woman ! dress prop] to m51 nor yet are masks1 :e!r comic1 satyric1 or tragic1 to be worn'2 & ! p5alty = disreg>d ( ?is ord9ance 0 to be excommunication4 ,yet = all ^! fulm9ations ! old cu/om cont9u$4 ,! au?or ( #8! ,m>tyrdom ( ,s4 ,dasius#eih1' writ+ p]haps z late z ! t5? c5tury1 speaks ( ! fe/ival ( ! ,kronia z /ill obs]v$ 9 ! old way3 #8on ! ,kal5ds ( ,janu>y fooli% m51 foll[+ ! cu/om ( ! 7pagan7 ,greeks1 ?\gh !y call !mselves ,*ri/ians1 hold a great procession1 *ang+ _! own appe>ance & "*1 & assum+ ! guise ( ! devil2 clo!d 9 goat-sk9s & ) _! faces disguis$1' !y reject _! baptismal v[s & aga9 s]ve 9 ! devil's ranks4 ,& /ill 9 ! twelf? c5tury ^! practices obta9$ n only among ! laity b ev5 among ! cl]gy1 "s ( :om1 9 ! words ( ,balsamon#eii1 #8assume v>i\s masks & dresses1 & appe> 9 ! op5 nave ( ! *ur*1 sometimes ) swords girt on & 9 milit>y uni=m1 o!r times z monks or ev5 z quadrup$s4' ,sev]al in/ances ( ! cont9uance ( ?is cu/om 9 mod]n times h be5 collect$ by ,polites#fjj & o!rs2 ! savage orgies ( old "t h inde$ dw9dl$ into h>mless mumm]y2 b _! mo/ con/ant feature1 ! we>+ ( /range disguises1 rema9s un*ang$2 & ! occasion too is /ill a w9t]-fe/ival1 ei!r "s "p ( ! ,twelve ,days or ! c>nival prec$+ ,l5t4 ,f c]ta9 facts conc]n+ ^! mod]n fe/ivals x w be manife/ t "s relation exi/s betwe5 ! mumm]s :o celebrate !m & ! ,callicantz>i4 ,9 ,crete1 :]e ! ,new ,ye> is ?us celebrat$1 ! mumm]s are call$ 1 :ile 9 ,a*aia a full] =m ( ! same ^w1 1 is a by-"n ( ! ,callicantz>i4 ,at ,port>i on ,m\nt ,pelion1 ea* night ( ! ,twelve ,days1 a man is dress$ up z an #8,arab1' we>+ an old cloak & hav+ bells affix$ to 8 clo!s4 ,he goes ! r\nd ( ! /reets ) a lant]n2 & ! villag]s explicitly /ate t ?is is done 1 #8because ( ! ,callicantz>i1' i4e41 says ,polites1 z a means ( gett+ rid ( !m4 ,at ,ph>sala !re is a sort ( play at ! ,epiphany1 9 :i* ! mumm]s repres5t bride1 bridegroom1 & #8,arab'2 ! ,arab tries to c>ry (f ! bride1 & ! bridegroom def5ds h]4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,mac$onia simil> mumm+ takes place at ! ,new ,ye>2 9 ,belb5ts ! m5 :o take "p 9 x are call$ #8,arabs'2 at ,palaeogratsana !y h ! "n 7evid5tly ano!r comp\nd ( 1 b "o :i* ,i _c int]pret72 =m]ly also #8at ,kozane & 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ,greece1' accord+ to a ,greek writ] 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ?r\gh\t ! ,twelve ,days boys c>ry+ bells us$ to g r\nd ! h\ses1 s++ songs & hav+ #8"o or m ( _! company dress$ up ) masks & bells & foxes' bru%es & o!r su* ?+s to give !m a weird & mon/r\s look4' ,?is cu/om is evid5tly id5tical ) "o :i* ,i myself saw enact$ 9 ,scyros at ! c>nival prec$+ ,l5t4 ,! "y m5 ( ! t[n array !mselves 9 huge capes made ( goat-sk91 rea*+ to ! hips or l[]1 & provid$ ) holes = ! arms4 ,^! capes are sometimes made ) hoods ( ! same mat]ial :i* cov] ! :ole head & face1 small holes be+ cut = ! eyes b none = purposes ( respiration4 ,9 o!r cases ! cape cov]s ! %\ld]s only1 leav+ ! head free1 & ! "y man cont5ts himself ) ! blue & :ite k]*ief1 :i* is ! usual head-ge> 9 ,scyros1 & a r\ghly made dom9o4 ,a ?ird v>iety ( cape is provid$ ) a hood to cov] ! back ( ! head1 :ile ! mask = ! face is made ( ! sk9 ( "s small animal su* z a weasel1 ( :i* ! h9d legs & tail are atta*$ to ! hood1 :ile ! head & =elegs hang d[n to ! brea/ ( ! we>]2 eye-holes are cut 9 ^! z 9 ! o!r =ms ( mask4 ,^! capes are girt tightly ab\t ! wai/ ) a /\t cord or /rap1 f :i* are hung all r\nd ! body a l>ge numb] ( bronze goat-bells1 ( ! ord9>y %ape b ( extraord9>y dim5sions1 "s measur+ z mu* z t5 in*es = ! greate/ diamet]4 ,! me?od by :i* ^! bells are atta*$ to ! belt is rem>kable1 & is design$ to p]mit a l>ge numb] ( !m to be worn )\t be+ 9 any way muffl$ by contact ) ! cape4 ,ea* bell is fa/5$ to "o end ( a curv$ & spr+y /ick ( ab\t a foot 9 l5g?1 & ! o!r end is ins]t$ beh9d ! belt f above2 ! curve & ela/icity ( ! /ick ?us cause ! bell to hang at "s few in*es di/ance f ! body1 free to jangle ) e motion ( ! danc]4 ,"s sixty or sev5ty ( ^! bells1 ( v>i\s sizes1 are worn by ! be/-equipp$1 & ! weight ( su* a numb] 0 e/imat$ by ! p ( ! place z approximately a hundr$weight--no easy load ) :i* to dance ov] ! n>r[1 r\ghly-pav$ alleys ( #8/eep ,scyros4' ,^? h[ev] :o lack ei!r ! pr[ess or ! acc\trem5ts to %>e 9 ! glori\s fatigue d n ab/a9 altoge!r f ! fe/ivities2 ev5 ! small boys beg1 borr[1 or /eal a goat-bell & atta* x to ! h9d] "p ( _! p]son 9 lieu ( a tail1 or1 at ! wor/1 make good ! caudal defici5cy ) a bran* f ! ne>e/ tree4 ,?us 9 v>i\s grades ( goat-l attire ! "y m5 & boys trav]se ! t[n1 /opp+ "h & !re1 :]e ! /eep & tortu\s pa?s (f] a wid] & m level space1 to leap & dance1 or anon at "s fri5dly door to imbibe spiritu\s enc\ragem5t to fur!r ef=ts4 ,9 ! danc+ itself !re is no?+ peculi> to ?is fe/ival2 ! sw++ amble1 :i* is ! gait ( ! m heavily equipp$1 is prescrib$ by ! burd5 ( bells & ! r\ghness ( roads4 ,! purpose ( ! leap+ & danc+ is solely to evoke z mu* d9 z possible f ! bells2 & prodigi\s inde$ is ! j>r+ & jangl+ 9 ^? n>r[ alleys :5 ! tr\pe ( danc]s leap toge!r into ! air1 z high z _! burd5s all[1 & come d[n ) "o cra%4 ,s9ce ,i fir/ publi%$#fja an acc\nt ( ^! fe/ivities 9 ,scyros1 simil> celebrations ( c>nival-"t h be5 report$ f o!r places2 at ,so*os 9 ,mac$onia#fjb ! sc5e is almo/ id5tical ) t :i* ,i h describ$2 9 ! di/rict ( ,viza 9 ,?race a primitive dramatic p]=mance 0 rec5tly obs]v$ 9 :i* ! two *ief actors wore simil> goat-sk9s1 masks1 & bells1 & _h _! h&s black5$#fjc2 & aga9 at ,ko/ 9 ! extreme nor? ( ,?race !re is mumm]y ( ! same k9d#fjd4 ,a sc5e ( ! same sort 0 =m]ly enact$ 9 ,a!ns also dur+ ! c>nival1 & 0 kn[n by ! expressive "n 7i4e4 71 #8,! ,riot+s4' ,a man dress$ up z a be> us$ to ru% ?r\gh ! /reets foll[$ by a cr[d ( y\?s h[l+ & cla%+ any noisy in/rum5ts t came to h&4 ,t ?is c]emony 0 orig9ally ( a religi\s "* is %[n n only by its association ) ! season ( ,l5t1 b by an accessory rite p]=m$ on ! same occasion4 ,wood5 /atues1 actually call$ z late z ! "t ( ! ,greek ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 7 c>ri$ out 9 procession2 & ! well-be+ ( ! p 0 believ$ to be s b\nd up ) ! due p]=mance ( ^! rites1 t ev5 dur+ ! ,revolution1 :5 ,a!ns 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,turks1 a native ( ! place is said to h return$ f ,aeg9a1 :i!r he _h fl$ = safety1 9 ord] to play ! "p ( ! be> & to c>ry out ! xoana = ! g5]al good#fje4 ,! close connexion ( ^! sev]al mod]n cu/oms1 :e!r ! occasion ( !m is ! ,twelve ,days or ,c>nival-"t1 _c be d\bt$4 ,! v>iation ( date is ( old /&+2 = ! canon ( ! ,*ur*1 on :i* ,balsamon#fjf comm5ts1 condemns c]ta9 pagan fe/ivals on ,m>* #a/ 7approximately ! c>nival "t7 along ) ! ,kal&ae & ,brumalia2 & ! simil>ity ( ! dresses1 masks1 bells1 & o!r acc\trem5ts prop] to bo? occasions proves ! sub/antial id5tity ( ! fe/ivals4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! alli$ mod]n cu/oms c only lead to "o conclusion4 ,! use ( ! same ^w to d5ote ! mumm]s 9 ,crete & ! ,callicantz>i 9 ,a*aia2 ! "n = ^! mumm]s at ,palaeogratsana2 ! cu/om ( black5+ ! face1 :i* is cle>ly indicat$ by ! employm5t ( ! "n #8,arab' 9 ?is connexion2 ! mon/r\s & half-animal appe>ance produc$ by masks1 foxes' bru%es1 goat-sk9s1 & su*like adornm5ts2 ! attempt$ rape ( ! bride by ! #8,arab' 9 ! play at ,ph>sala--all furni% contributory evid5ce t ! mumm]s !mselves repres5t ,callicantz>i4 ,only at ,port>i is ! significance ( ! cu/om some:at confus$2 !re ! #8,arab' 9 8 old cloak & bells has long ceas$ to repres5t a ,callicantz>os1 & has actually be5 provid$ ) a lant]n ) :i* to sc>e ! ,callicantz>i away4 ,! mumm]s !n repres5t ,callicantz>i2 ! "q :i* rema9s to be answ]$ is :e!r ! mumm+ 0 ! cause or ! effect ( ! belief 9 ,callicantz>i4 ,polites1 9 support ( 8 !ory t ! "n ,callicantz>i1 9 its e>lie/ =m1 meant ei!r #8we>]s ( nice boots' or #8possessors ( ho(s in/ead ( boots1' claims t ! mumm]s fir/ sugge/$ to ! ,greek imag9ation ! conception ( ! ,callicantz>i 7x is n inde$ any:]e m5tion$ 9 ! above traditions t ! feet or ! footge> ( ! mumm]s 7 9 any way rem>kable1 b we may let t pass71 & t ! fe> :i* _! riot\s conduct inspir$ 9 e>li] times gradually elevat$ !m 9 m5's m9ds to ! rank ( demons4 ,?is1 he urges1 is ! reason :y ^! demons are fe>$ only dur+ ! ,twelve ,days1 ! p]iod :5 su* mumm+ 0 9 vogue4 ,9 confirmation ( 8 view ,polites cites "s ( ! evid5ce conc]n+ ! human orig9 ( ! ,callicantz>i1 m5tion+ bo? ! fairly common belief t m5 turn into ,callicantz>i1 & ! r>] traditions t a ,callicantz>os resumes 8 human %ape if a tor* be ?ru/ 9 8 face & t ! trans=mation ( m5 into ,callicantz>i c be prev5t$ by c]ta9 means4 ,) ?is evid5ce ,i h already dealt1 & ,i agree ) ,polites t 9 x !re survives a g5u9e record ( ! human orig9 ( ! ,callicantz>i4 ,b ( c\rse on ! fur!r "q1 :e!r ! p>ticul> m5 ?us elevat$ to ! dignity ( demons 7 ! mumm]s ( ,*ri/ma/ide1 x has no imm$iate be>+4 ,z a second piece ( corroboration1 he adduces ano!r d]ivation h>dly m felicit\s ?an ^? ) :i* ,i h already dealt4 ,! ^w on :i* he tries 8 h& ?is "t is or --! "n ( ! mumm]s 9 ,crete & ( ! ,callicantz>i 9 ,a*aia4 ,"h aga91 ) a c]ta9 p]v]sity1 he selects ! worse =m ( ! two1 1 :i* is evid5tly a syncopat$ =m ( ! o!r1 & proce$s to d]ive x f ! ,spani% gambujo1 #8a mask1' leav+ ! subsequ5t developm5t ( totally inexplicable4 ,= my own "p ,i consid] x f> m probable t ! ^w is a humor\sly comp\nd$ "n1 ( :i* ! second half is ! ^w #fjg 7an ,arabic ^w :i* has pass$1 probably ?r\gh ,turki%1 into ,greek7 mean+ #8*imney1' & t ! :ole by-"n has ref]5ce simply to ! common belief t ,callicantz>i try to ext+ui% ! fire on ! he>? & ?us to ga9 access to ! h\se by ! *imney4 ,z to ! mean+ ( -1 ! fir/ half ( ! comp\nd1 ,i c only haz>d ! conjecture t x is connect$ ) ! v]b 1 :i* ord9>ily means to blight1 to )]1 to dry up1 & s =?1 ?\gh its passive p>ticiple1 1 is said by ,sk>latos#fjh to be appli$ to clo!s :i* are #8difficult to wa%4' ,if !n ! comp\nd is a descriptive title ( ! ,callicantz>i1 mean+ ^? :o r5d] ! *imney difficult to wa%1 ! co>se & em95tly ru/ic hum\r ( ! allusion to _! habits ne$s no fur!r explanation2 & x is ! mumm]s ( ,crete :o owe _! "n to ! ,callicantz>i1 n vice v]sa4 ,:ile !re=e ,i ackn[l$ge & appreciate to ! full ! value ( ,polites' rese>*es into ! hi/ory ( ! ,twelve ,days1 ! inf]5ces :i* he draws f ! mat]ial collect$ seem to me no m s\nd ?an ! d]ivations :i* !y are design$ to corroborate4 ,my own int]pretation ( ! hi/orical facts :i* ,polites has br\ght toge!r is z foll[s4 ,! sup]/itions & cu/oms connect$ by ! mod]n folk ) ! ,twelve ,days are und\bt$ly an inh]itance f ance/ors :o celebrat$ ! ,brumalia & o!r pagan fe/ivals at ! same season ( ! ye>4 ,^! anci5t fe/ivals1 ?\gh ,roman 9 "n1 probably diff]$ v little 9 ! mann] ( _! obs]vance f c]ta9 old ,greek fe/ivals1 *ief among :i* 0 "s fe/ival ( ,dionysus4 ,?is is r5d]$ probable bo? by ! date ( ^! fe/ivals & by ! mann] ( _! celebration4 ,= ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus 0 practically conf9$ to ! w9t]-"t2 at ,delphi 8 cult sup]s$$ t ( ,apollo dur+ ! ?ree w9t] mon?s#fji2 & at ,a!ns ! f\r fe/ivals ( ,dionysus fell )9 ab\t ! same p]iod--! rural ,dionysia at ! end ( ,novemb] or beg9n+ ( ,decemb]1 ! ,l5aea ab\t a mon? lat]1 ! ,an!/]ia at ! end ( ,janu>y1 & ! ,great ,dionysia at ! end ( ,febru>y4 ,z = ! mann] ( conduct+ ! ,lat9-nam$ fe/ivals1 ,a/]ios' description ( ! ,kalndae 9 ! fif? c5tury pla9ly atte/s ! ,dionysiac "* ( ! orgies1 & ,balsamon1 9 ! twelf?1 0 s conv9c$1 f :at he himself witness$1 ( _! ,bac*analian orig91 t he actually propos$ to d]ive ! "n ,brumalia f #faj 7by :i* he meant 7 a surname ( ,dionysus4 ,! mumm+ !n1 :i* is /ill cu/om>y 9 "s p>ts ( ,greece dur+ ! ,twelve ,days1 is a survival app>5tly ( fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ,dionysus4 ,fur!r ! mumm]s dress !mselves up to resemble ,callicantz>i4 ,b ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus pres5t$ a simil> sc5e2 #8^? :o made processions 9 hon\r ( ,dionysus1' says ,ulpian1 #8us$ to dress !mselves up = t purpose to resemble 8 companions1 "s 9 ! guise ( ,satyrs1 o!rs z ,bac*ae1 & o!rs z ,sil5i#faa4' ,! mumm]s !re=e ( ! pres5t day h1 x appe>s1 inh]it$ ! cu/om ( dress+ up f ! anci5t wor%ipp]s ( ,dionysus & are _! mod]n repres5tatives2 & f ?is x foll[s t ! ,callicantz>i :om ! mod]n mumm]s /rive to resemble are to be id5tifi$ ) ^? motley companions ( ,dionysus :om 8 wor%ipp]s imitat$ ( old4 ,! m closely ^! two id5tifications are exam9$1 ! m c]ta9 !y w appe>4 ,take = example ,mll]'s g5]al description#fab ( ! celebration ( ,dionysus' fe/ivals4 #8,! sw>m ( subord9ate be+s--,satyrs1 ,panes1 & ,nymphs--by :om ,bac*us 0 surr\nd$1 & ?r\gh :om life seem$ to pass f ! god ( outw>d nature into vegetation & ! animal _w1 & bran* (f into a v>iety ( beautiful or grotesque =ms1 7 ev] pres5t to ! fancy ( ! ,greeks2 x 0 n necess>y to dep>t v widely f ! ord9>y c\rse ( ideas1 to imag9e t dances ( fair nymphs & bold satyrs1 among ! solit>y woods & rocks1 7 visible to human eyes1 or ev5 9 fancy to take a "p 9 !m4 ,! int5se desire felt by e wor%ipp] ( ,bac*us to fight1 to conqu]1 to suff]1 9 common ) him1 made !m reg>d ^! subord9ate be+s z a conv5i5t /ep by :i* !y c\ld approa* m ne>ly to ! pres5ce ( _! div9ity4 ,! cu/om1 s preval5t at ! fe/ivals ( ,bac*us1 ( tak+ ! disguise ( satyrs1 d\btless orig9at$ 9 ?is feel+1 & n 9 ! m]e desire ( conceal+ excesses "u ! disguise ( a mask2 o!rwise1 s s]i\s & pa!tic a spectacle z trag$y c\ld nev] h orig9at$ 9 ! *oruses ( ^! satyrs4 ,! desire ( escap+ f self into some?+ new & /range1 ( liv+ 9 an imag9>y _w1 breaks =? 9 a ?\s& in/ances 9 ^! fe/ivals ( ,bac*us4 ,x is se5 9 ! col\r+ ! body ) pla/]1 soot1 v]milion1 & diff]5t sorts ( gre5 & r$ juices ( plants1 we>+ goats' & de] sk9s r\nd ! lo9s1 cov]+ ! face ) l>ge leaves ( diff]5t plants2 & la/ly 9 ! we>+ masks ( wood1 b>k1 & o!r mat]ials1 & ( a complete co/ume belong+ to ! "*4' ,to complete ?is description x may be add$ t #8drunk5ness1 & ! boi/]\s music ( flutes1 cymbals & drums1 7 likewise common to all ,dionysiac fe/ivals#fac4' ,:i* ( all ^! ?+s is miss+ 9 ! m$iaeval or mod]n c\nt]p>t ( ! fe/ival8 ,! black5+ ( ! face or ! we>+ ( ! masks1 ! fem99e co/ume or bea/-l disguise1 ! boi/]\s music ( bells1 ! riot+ & drunk5ness--all are reproduc$ 9 ! celebration ( ,kal&ae & ,brumalia or 9 ! mumm+ ( ! ,twelve ,days4 ,! mumm]s are ! wor%ipp]s ( a god1 ^: "n h[ev] & exi/5ce !y & _! =efa!rs h long =gott54 ,& aga9 are n ! ,callicantz>i fai?ful reproductions ( ! ,satyrs & ,sil5i :o ev] att5d$ ,dionysus8 ,_! semi-be/ial =m ) legs ( goat or ass affix$ to a human trunk1 _! grotesque faces & goat-l e>s & horns1 _! boi/]\s & mis*iev\s m]rim5t1 _! love ( w9e1 _! passion = danc+1 above all 9 company ) ,n]eids1 ! indec5cy ( _! actions & sometimes ( _! appe>ance1 _! wantonness & lu/--all ^! widely ackn[l$g$ attributes ( ! ,callicantz>i proclaim !m l9eal desc5dants ( ,dionysus' motley comrades4 ,su* is my int]pretation ( ! facts collect$ by ,polites1 & x diff]s f t :i* he has advanc$ 9 ! rev]sal ( cause & effect4 ,/>t+ f ! fact t dress+ up 9 v>i\s disguises 0 ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! ,kal&ae & ,brumalia & is p]petuat$ 9 ! mumm+ ( ! ,twelve ,days1 b fail+ to c>ry 8 rese>*es f> en\gh back & s to discov] ! absolute id5tity ( ^! fe/ivals ) ! anci5t ,dionysia1 he holds t ! g5]ally preval5t cu/om ( dress+ up 9 mon/r\s & horrible disguises at a giv5 p]iod ( ! ye>--a cu/om :i* he leaves unexpla9$--0 ! cause ( ! belief 9 ! activity ( mon/r\s & horrible demons at t p]iod2 ^? :o _h once be5 simply human mumm]s 7 exalt$ to ! ranks ( ! sup]natural1 b /ill betray$ _! orig9 by ! possession ( a "n :i* meant ei!r #8we>]s ( nice boots' or else #8ho($ & n boot$4' ,9 my view on ! contr>y ! id5tity ( ! mod]n mumm+ ) ! anci5t ,dionysia is indisputable2 & j z 9 anci5t times ! belief 9 ! ,satyrs & ,sil5i 0 ! cause ( ! adoption ( satyr-l disguises 9 ! ,dionysia1 s 9 m rec5t times1 :5 ! ,satyrs1 ,sil5i1 & o!rs came to be includ$ 9 ! m compreh5sive t]m ,callicantz>i1 x 0 ! belief 9 ! ,callicantz>i :i* cont9u$ to cause ! we>+ ( simil> disguises dur+ ! ,twelve ,days4 ,& ?is int]pretation ( ! facts expla9s no less adequately ?an t ( ,polites ! reason :y ! activities ( ! ,callicantz>i are limit$ to ! ,twelve ,days4 ,t :i* 0 9 anci5t times ! special season = ! commemoration ( ,dionysus & 8 att5dants has n[ ) ! v gradual b /ill real decl9e ( anci5t beliefs become ! only season4 ,?is is natural & intelligible en\gh 9 itself2 b1 if a p>allel be requir$1 ,greek folklore c provide "o4 ,no "o w suppose t ! ,dryads ( anci5t ,greece 7 fe>$ dur+ ! fir/ six days ( ,augu/ only1 ?\gh x is likely en\gh t !y _h a special fe/ival at t "t2 b 9 mod]n folklore ^! are ! only days on :i*1 9 _m p>ts ( ,greece1 any survival ( ! ,dryads' memory c be f\nd#fad4 ,moreov] ! id5tification ( ! ,callicantz>i ) ! ,satyrs & o!r k9dr$ comrades ( ,dionysus elucidates a mod]n cu/om :i* ,i notic$ e>li] 9 ?is *apt] b did n !n expla9--! r>e1 b kn[n1 cu/om ( mak+ (f]+s to ! ,callicantz>i4 ,! sweetmeats1 waffles1 sausages1 & ev5 ! pig's bone :i* are occasionally plac$ 9 ! *imney = ! ,callicantz>i correspond1 x w\ld seem1 ) (f]+s =m]ly made to ,dionysus & %>$ by 8 tra9 ( ,satyrs4 ,possibly ev5 ! *oice ( pork 7usually 9 ! %ape ( sausages7 or1 9 ! m rudim5t>y =m ( ! survival1 ( a pig's bone1 dates f ! age 9 :i* ! prop] victim = ,dionysus at ! ,an!/]ia 0 a s[2 b ( c\rse x may only h be5 det]m9$ by ! fact t pork is ! peasant's ,*ri/mas f>e & !re=e ! mo/ ready (f]+ at t season4 ,h[ !n1 x w be ask$1 does ! conclusion "h rea*$1 namely t ! ,callicantz>i are1 9 _m di/ricts1 ! mod]n repres5tatives ( ! ,satyrs & o!r k9dr$ be+s1 squ>e ) t o!r conclusion previ\sly drawn f ano!r set ( facts1 namely t ! ,callicantz>i 7 orig9ally n demons b m5 :o ei!r volunt>ily or "u ! compulsion ( a k9d ( madness assum$ ! %ape & ! "* ( bea/s8 ,! reconciliation ( ^! two app>5tly antagoni/ic conclusions dep5ds prim>ily on ! d]ivation ( ! "n ,callicantz>i4 ,n[ ! conditions :i* 9 my op9ion t d]ivation %\ld satisfy1 h already be5 indicat$ 9 my discussion ( dialectic =ms & 9 my criticism ( ! sev]al d]ivations propos$ by o!rs2 b x w be well to summ>ise !m "h4 ,!y are f\r 9 numb]4 ,fir/1 ! d]ivation ( ?is ^w1 z ( all o!rs1 mu/ involve only su* phonetic *anges z f9d p>allels 9 o!r words ( ! language4 ,secondly1 x mu/ recognise ! commone/ =m z be+ also ! c5tral & orig9al =m f :i* ! _m dialectic =ms 9 ! above table h div]g$4 ,?irdly1 x mu/ expla9 ?is =m z a comp\nd ( a ^w --presumably ) 4 ,=1 9 dialect1 !re exi/s a ^w 1 :i* is us$ z a synonym ) & is evid5tly 9 =m a dim9utive ( ! ^w 1 & likewise !re exi/s ano!r synonym 1 :i* _c be =m$ f by an arbitr>y %uffl+ ( syllables b is a sep>ate comp\nd ( --presumably ) 4 ,f\r?ly1 & consequ5tly on ! la/-nam$ condition1 ! ^w 1 :e!r alone or 9 composition ) ei!r or 1 mu/ possess a mean+ adequate to d5ote ! mon/]s :o h be5 describ$4 ,all ^! conditions are satisfi$ 9 ! id5tification ( ! ^w ) ! anci5t ^w 4 ,! phonetic *ange h]e9 involv$ w1 to any :o are n famili> ) ! pronunciation ( mod]n ,greek1 appe> m consid]able ?an x really is4 ,9 t pronunciation x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! acc5t1 :i* indicates ! syllable on :i* /ress is laid1 is ev]y?+1 & anci5t quantity is no?+2 & fur!r t ! anci5t diph?ongs au & eu h come to be pron\nc$ respectively z av or af & ev or ef4 ,! *ange ( s\nd 9 ?is case may !re=e be fairly measur$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 kndvrs & kndzrs 9 ,briti% pronunciation#fae4 ,! phonetic modifications !re=e :i* require notice are ! sub/itution ( = 9 ! fir/ syllable1 ! introduction ( a aft] ! 1 & ! loss ( ! v-s\nd be=e ! 4 ,! *ange f to is v common 9 ,greek1 especially 7by assimilation x w\ld seem7 :]e ! foll[+ syllable1 z 9 ! ^w be=e u1 has an = its v[el4 ,?us is con/antly to be he>d in/ead ( 7light71 = 7a loom71 - = - 9 comp\nd v]bs4 ,! ins]tion ( 7or 7 aft] is c]ta9ly a less common *ange1 b p>allels c be f\nd = ?is also4 ,! anci5t ^w 7gras%opp]s7 appe>s 9 mod]n ,greek z 4 ,a ^w ( ,lat9 orig9#faf 7,i /ret*7 has an equally common by-=m 4 ,! classical ^w 7a *isel7 has pass$1 ?r\gh a dim9utive =m 1 into ! mod]n 4 ,! ^w 7embroid]ies7 has a dialectic =m #fag4 ,f ! adjective 7grey1 br[n1 dusky7 are =m$ sub/antives & 7a /a9 or daub74 ,! sub/antive 7sulk9ess1 sull5ness7 is probably to be id5tifi$ ) ! anci5t 4 ,! two mo/ frequ5tly employ$ equival5ts = #8mad' or #8crazy'-- & --are probably ( k9dr$ orig9--an ins]tion ( 9 ! =m] hav+ produc$ fir/ & !nce 774 ,f9ally !re is "s likelihood t ! ^w 1 9 a botanical s5se 9 :i* x is n[ us$1 is to be id5tifi$ ) ! anci5t plant-"n or 4 ,! =m] inde$ n[ d5otes a k9d ( junip]1 :ile ! lat] is ( c\rse our #8c5taury'2 b ?is diff]5ce 9 mean+ is n1 ,i ?9k1 fatal to ! id5tification ( ! words4 ,at ! pres5t day ! common-folk are extraord9>ily vague 9 _! nom5clature ( natural objects4 ,9 travell+ ab\t ,i made a practice ( ask+ my guides & o!rs ! names ( fl[]s & birds & su*like2 & my g5]al exp]i5ce might fairly be summ$ up by say+ t ! av]age peasant divides all birds :i* he does n eat into two classes2 ! l>g] ones are hawks1 & ! small] are--#8little birds1 ,god kn[s :at'2 & an accompany+ %rug ( ! %\ld]s indicates t ! man does n c>e2 :ile mo/ fl[]s c be call$ ei!r violets or gilly-fl[]s at pleasure4 ,ev5 !re=e :5 a peasant ( sup]ior intellig5ce kn[s t is n[ ! "n ( a k9d ( junip]1 x does n foll[ t t "n has always belong$ to x1 & has n be5 transf]r$ to x f "s plant =m]ly us$1 let u say1 = a l purpose4 ,9 ?is case x is kn[n t bo? junip] & "s k9d ( c5taury 7 =m]ly us$ = m$icat+ w9e#fah1 & ! w9e treat$ ) ei!r 0 prescrib$ z #8good = ! /oma*#fai4' ,h5ce a confusion ( ! two plants is intelligible en\gh among a peasantry n di/+ui%$ by a love ( botanical accuracy4 ,b ,i place no reliance ^u ?is possible id5tification2 ! cases previ\sly cit$ furni% suffici5t analogies4 ,fur!r x may be not$ t 9 ! fir/ two examples ( ?is ins]tion ( or a c]ta9 *ange 9 ! consonants ( ! next syllable accompanies x4 ,! 9 becomes 1 ! 9 is r$uc$ to 4 ,9 ! same way1 x seems1 :5 0 ins]t$ aft] ! ( 1 ! s\nd ( vr 0 r$uc$ to r only1 ?\gh c]ta9ly ! loss ( ! v-s\nd might h occurr$1 ap>t f any su* pr$ispos+ modification1 z 9 ! common ^w 7,i "k7 = 4 ,s9ce !n ! etymological conditions ( ! problem are satisfi$ by ! id5tification ( ! ^w ) ! anci5t 1 x rema9s only to %[ t ! "n ( #8,c5taurs' fitly belongs to ! mon/]s :om ,i h describ$2 & my cont5tion w be t ! simple ^w 1 #8,c5taur1' surviv+ n[ only 9 ! dialectic dim9utive =m 1 adequately expresses e sort & condition ( ,callicantz>os t has be5 depict$2 t 1 ! g5]al ^w1 ( :i* s _m dialectic v>ieties occur1 be+ simply an euphemi/ic comp\nd ( ) su* z we h previ\sly se5 9 ! title giv5 to ! ,n]eids1 expresses precisely ! same mean+ z ! simple ^w 1 #8,c5taur'2 & t orig9ally d5ot$ "o species only ( ! g5us ,c5taur1 namely a ,callicantz>os ^: animal traits 7 ^? ( a wolf4 ,:at !n did ! anci5ts mean by ! ^w #8c5taur'8 ,! m5tion ( ! "n is apt to c>ry away our m9ds to fam\s frieze or p$im5t1 :]e 9 "o spl5didly impossible creation ( art ! excell5ces ( man1 8 head & 8 h&s1 are w$ ) ! horse's /r5g? & spe$4 ,?is 0 ! species ( ,c5taur :i* ! great sculptors & pa9t]s 9 ! be/ p]iod ( ,greek ,art *ose to depict1 & ^! among educat$ m5 became ! ,c5taurs p> excell5ce4 ,yet ev5 s x 0 n =gott5 t !y =m$ only "o species1 & 7 /rictly to be call$ 1 #8horse-c5taurs4' ,moreov] two o!r species ( ,c5taur are nam$ 9 ! anci5t language1 or fi%-c5taurs1 & or ass-c5taurs4 ,( ! =m] no?+ seems to be kn[n beyond ! m]e "n1 b ?is matt]s little inasmu* z !y c assur$ly h contribut$ no?+ to ! popul> conception ( ! :olly t]re/rial ,callicantz>i4 ,! ass-c5taurs w prove ( m int]e/4 ,b ! li/ ( anci5t species ( ,c5taur does n really /op "h4 ,no o!r comp\nds ( ! ^w ,c5taur may exi/1 b none ! less !re 7 o!r ,c5taurs--o!r creatures1 t is1 ( mix$ human & animal =m4 ,*ief among ^! 7 ! ,satyrs1 :o z p\rtray$ by e>ly ,greek art might equally well h be5 call$ #8hippoc5taurs1' & 9 ! pres5tations ( ,greco-,roman art des]v$ ! "n1 if ,i may co9 x1 ( #8tragoc5taurs4' ,& ! ,greeks !mselves recognis$ ?is fact4 #8,! evid5ce ( ! co9s ( ,mac$onia1' says ,miss ,jane ,h>rison#fbj1 #8is in/ructive4 ,on ! co9s ( ,orreskii1 a c5taur1 a horse-man1 be>s (f a woman 9 8 arms4 ,at ,lete close at h&1 ) a co9age closely resembl+ 9 /yle1 fabric1 weight ! money ( ! ,orreskii & o!r ,pangaean tribes1 ! type is ! same 9 cont5t1 ?\gh ) an in/ructive diff]5ce ( =m--a nak$ ,satyr or ,seil5os ) ! hooves1 e>s & tail ( a horse seizes a woman r\nd ! wai/4444 ,?is int]*ange ( types1 ,satyr & ,c5taur1 is evid5ce ab\t :i* !re c be no mi/ake4 ,satyr & ,c5taur1 slightly div]se types ( ! horse-man1 are 9 ess5ce "o & ! same4' ,nor 0 ! recognition ( ?is fact conf9$ to ,mac$onia4 ,a fam\s picture by ,zeuxis1 repres5t+ ! dome/ic life ( ,c5taurs1 ) a female ,c5taur 7a creature ab\t z r>e z a female ,callicantz>os7 suckl+ h] "y1 p\rtray$ h] 9 mo/ respects1 ap>t f h] sex1 conv5tionally1 b gave h] ! e>s ( a ,satyr#fba4 ,& rev]sely ,nonnus v5tur$ to describe ! #8%aggy ,satyrs' z be+1 #8by blood1 ( ,c5taur-/ock#fbb4' ,9 view !n ( ?is close bond betwe5 ! two types ( half-human half-animal creatures1 x w\ld be natural t1 :5 ! specific "n ,satyr 0 lo/1 z x has be5 lo/1 f ! popul> language1 :ile ! g5]ic t]m ,c5taur surviv$ 9 ! =m ,callicantz>os1 ! ,satyrs %\ld h be5 amalgamat$ ) ^? :o f ( old _h pr(ess$ & call$ !mselves ,c5taurs2 & ) ! ,satyrs1 ,i suppose1 w5t also ! ,sil5i4 ,?us ! ^w ,c5taur1 9 spite ( ! n>r[+ t5d5cies ( ,greek art :i* select$ ! hippoc5taur z ! ideal type1 0 always compreh5sive 9 popul> use1 & p]haps became ev5 wid] 9 scope z "t w5t on & ! di/9ctive appellations ( ,satyrs & su*like 7 =gott52 b x is also possible t f ! v e>lie/ times ! di/9ction betwe5 ,satyrs & ,c5taurs 0 m]ely an arti/ic & lit]>y conv5tion1 & t 9 popul> spee* ! "n ,c5taur 0 appli$ to bo? )\t discrim9ation4 ,b x does n really conc]n u to argue at l5g? ! "q :e!r ! common-folk 9 antiquity nev] di/+ui%$1 or1 hav+ once di/+ui%$1 subsequ5tly confus$ ! ,satyrs & ! ,c5taurs4 ,x is j wor? notic+ t x 0 9 art ( ! ,greco-,roman p]iod1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 t horse-c5taurs fir/ began to be repres5t$ along ) ,satyrs & ,sil5i 9 ! ent\rage ( ,dionysus2 & if ?is addition to ! conv5tional treatm5t ( su* sc5es 0 made1 z seems likely1 9 def]5ce to popul> beliefs1 ! date by :i* ! close association ( ! two classes 0 an accompli%$ fact & confusion ( !m !re=e likely to ensue is approximately det]m9$4 ,at "s date !re=e probably n lat] ?an ! beg9n+ ( our era1 ! g5]ic "n ( ,c5taur compris$ sev]al species ( half-human1 half-animal mon/]s1 ( :om ! be/ kn[n 7 horse-c5taurs1 ass-c5taurs1 ,satyrs1 & ,sil5i2 & ea* ( ^! species1 x w be se51 has contribut$ some?+ to "o or o!r ( ! _m types ( ! mod]n ,c5taurs1 ! ,callicantz>i4 ,! horse-c5taur1 :i* 0 ! fav\rite species among ! arti/s ( anci5t times1 has curi\sly en\gh _h lea/ influ5ce ^u ! mod]n del9eation ( ,callicantz>i4 ,! only attribute :i* !y seem to h receiv$ *iefly f ?is s\rce is ! r\gh %aggy hair ) :i* !y are usually said to be cov]$2 #8%aggy' is ,hom]'s epi!t = ! ,c5taurs#fbc1 & ! hippoc5taurs ( lat] art reta9$ ! trait2 = x is specially not$ by ,lucian t 9 ,zeuxis' picture ! male hippoc5taur 0 %aggy all ov]1 ! human "p ( him no less ?an ! equ9e#fbd4 ,! ass-c5taur on ! contr>y is r>ely m5tion$ by anci5t writ]s1 b has contribut$ l>gely to "s pres5tm5ts ( ! ,callicantz>i4 ,aelian m5tions ! "n1 9 ! fem99e =m 1 b ! mon/] to :i* he applies x1 al?\gh true to its "n 9 t ! upp] "p ( its body is human & ! l[] "p as99e1 is n a creation ( sup]/iti\s fancy1 b1 z is evid5t f o!r facts :i* he m5tions1 "s species ( ape kn[n to him1 none too accurately1 f "s travell]'s tale4 ,! locus classicus on ! subject ( g5u9e sup]natural ass-c5taurs is a passage 9 ! ,septuag9t translation ( ,isaiah#fbe3 1 --#8,& demons %all meet ) ass-c5taurs & !y %all br+ help "o to ano!r2 !re %all ass-c5taurs f9d re/ = !mselves & be at re/4' ,"h our ,revis$ ,v]sion runs3--8,! wild bea/s ( ! des]t %all meet ) ! wolves 7,heb4 #8h[l+ creatures'71 & ! satyr %all cry to 8 fell[2 yea1 ! night-mon/] %all settle !re40 ,! comp>ison is in/ructive4 ,x is cle> f ! context t ! ,septuag9t translators 7 m9d$ to give "s ,greek col\r+ to _! r5d]+ ev5 at ! exp5se ( /rict accuracy2 = 9 ! previ\s v]se1 :]e our ,revis$ ,v]sion employs ! ^w #8jackals1' ! ,septuag9t introduces be+s ^: voices are g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 m attractive1 ! ,sir5s4 ,! use ( ! ^w #8ass-c5taurs' _c !re=e h be5 prompt$ by any p$antic notions ( lit]al translation4 ,! creatures1 = all ! lack ( o!r lit]>y w>ranty1 mu/ h be5 famili> to ! popul> imag9ation4 ,& :at may be glean$ f ! passage conc]n+ _! "*8 ,app>5tly !y are ! ne>e/ ,greek equival5t = #8h[l+ creatures' & = #8night-mon/]s'2 & su* emphasis 9 ! ,greek is laid ^u ! /atem5t t !y w #8f9d re/ = !mselves & be at re/1' t !y mu/ surely 9 g5]al h borne a "* = re/lessness4 ,^! re/less noisy mon/]s ( ! night1 9 %ape half-human & half-as99e1 are cle>ly 9 "* no less ?an 9 =m ! prototypes ( "s mod]n ,callicantz>i4 ,( ! _m traits inh]it$ by ! ,callicantz>i f ! ,satyrs & ,sil5i1 ! usual comrades ( ,dionysus1 ,i h already spok54 ,s f> z outw>d appe>ance is conc]n$1 ! ,satyrs z !y came to be p\rtray$ 9 ! lat] ,greek art are cle>ly responsible = ! goat-type s common 9 ! description ( ! ,callicantz>i1 :ile a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,sil5i may p]haps be trac$ 9 ! r>] bald-head$ type4 ,b z reg>ds _! mann] ( life1 :i* z ,i h %[n be>s _m resemblances to t ( ! ,satyrs--_! boi/]\s m]rim5t & riot+1 _! love ( w9e1 _! viol5ce1 & _! lewdness--^! traits _c ( c\rse be ref]r$ to ! ,satyrs any m ?an to ! hippoc5taurs or = t matt] to ! onoc5taurs :o 7 probably no m sob] or *a/e ?an _! k9dr$4 ,r x 0 ! common possession ( ^! qualities by ! sev]al types ( half-human & half-be/ial mon/]s t all[$ !m to be gr\p$ toge!r "u ! s+le "n ( ,callicantz>i4 ,?us ! conclusion drawn f an hi/orical survey ( ^? anci5t fe/ivals :i* are n[ repres5t$ by ! ,twelve ,days1 namely t ! ,callicantz>i are ! mod]n repres5tatives ( ,dionysus' mon/r\s comrades1 is bo? corroborat$ & amplifi$ by ! etymological id5tification ( ! ,callicantz>i 7or 9 ! simple & unadorn$ =m1 ! 7 ) ! ,c5taurs1 ( :om ! ,satyrs & ! ,sil5i are species4 ,! rema9+ mod]n "n on :i* ,i h to t\* readily expla9s itself 9 ! light ( :at has already be5 said4 ,if ! ^w is ! mod]n =m ( 1 & if by ! "n #8,c5taur' 0 d5ot$ a be+ half-human & half-animal bo? 9 %ape & 9 "*1 !n ! "n cle>ly %\ld mean a creature half-man half-wolf1 su* z ! anci5ts might h call$ a lycoc5taur1 b did actually "n 4 ,lycocantz>os !n etymologically %\ld mean ! w]ewolf--a man trans=m$ ei!r by 8 own p[] or by "s ext]nal influ5ce into a wolf4 ,! idea ( lycan?ropy has probably be5 famili> to ! peasants ( ,greece cont9u\sly f ! e>lie/ ages d[n to ! pres5t day1 ei!r surviv+ traditionally l s _m o!r beliefs1 or possibly /imulat$ by actual exp]i5ces2 = lycan?ropy is n a m]e figm5t ( ! imag9ation1 b is a v real & t]rible =m ( madness1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i* ! suff]] believes himself trans=m$ 7& by dress or lack ( x tries to transfigure himself7 into a wolf or o!r wild animal1 & 9 t /ate develops & satisfies a crav+ = human fle%4 ,outbreaks ( x 7 t]ribly frequ5t 9 ! ea/ ( ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 especially among ! ,slavonic populations2 & x is n likely t ,greece :olly escap$ ?is sc\rge4 ,b :e!r ! idea receiv$ "s su* impetus or no1 x 0 c]ta9ly kn[n to ! anci5t ,greeks1 & is n :olly =gott5 at ! pres5t day4 ,?is 0 curi\sly betray$ by "s que/ions put to an ,am]ican ar*aeologi/ by an ,arcadian peasant4 ,among ! items ( falsehood v5d$ z news by ! ,greek press he _h se51 b ow+ to ! w\ld-be classical /yle _h fail$ to und]/&1 c]ta9 allegations conc]n+ ! cannibali/ic habits ( ,r$ ,indians2 & ! po9ts on :i* he s\ght enlight5m5t 71 fir/1 :e!r !y ran on all f\rs1 &1 secondly1 :e!r !y w5t nak$ or wore wolf-sk9s4 ,9 effect ! only =m ( savag]y famili> to 8 m9d 0 t ( ! w]ewolf4 ,n[ "h1 x might be ?\ght1 is ! clue by :i* to expla9 ! fir/ conclusion :i* we rea*$1 namely1 t ! ,callicantz>i 7 orig9ally m5 capable ( trans=mation into bea/s4 ,! "n or w]ewolf1 x might be urg$1 involv$ ! idea ( su* trans=mation2 & ! idea orig9ally associat$ ) ! "o species 0 ext5d$ to ! :ole tribe ( ,callicantz>i4 ,at fir/ sight su* an explanation is attractive & appe>s t5able2 b matur] consid]ation compels me to reject x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 al?\gh ! ^w _c etymologically h meant any?+ b w]ewolf :5 x 0 fir/ employ$1 at ! pres5t day 9 ! few di/ricts :]e ! "n may be he>d1 9 ,cyn\ria1 9 ,mess5ia1 &1 s f> z ,i c asc]ta91 9 ,crete1 x involves no idea ( ! trans=mation ( m5 into bea/s2 x is m]ely a v>iant =m = & 9 no way di/+ui%$ f x 9 mean+1 & ! ,callicantz>i 9 ^? di/ricts are demons ( def9ite hybrid =m1 n m5 tempor>ily trans=m$ into bea/s4 ,& conv]sely 9 ! ,cyclades & o!r places :]e ! belief 9 ?is trans=mation ( m5 is preval5t1 ! comp\nd seems to be unkn[n1 & 7or "s dialectic =m ( ! same ^w7 is 9 vogue4 ,s9ce !n 9 _m places :]e ! g5]ic "n ,callicantz>i is alone 9 use1 ! human orig9 ( ^! mon/]s is ma9ta9$1 :ile 9 ^? few di/ricts :]e ! specific "n ,lycocantz>i is also us$ t human orig9 is d5i$1 x is h>d to believe t 9 ?is respect ! surviv+ ideas conc]n+ ! g5us c be ! outcome ( obsolete ideas conc]n+ ! species4 ,secondly1 if = ! sake ( argum5t x be grant$ t ! ,callicantz>i _h always be5 demons1 h[ came ! w]ewolf1 ! 1 ^: v "n prov$ him half-human1 to *ange t "n to 8 ,h[ came a man :o occasionally turn$ into a wolf to be classifi$ z "o species 9 a g5us ( be+s :o ex hypo!si 7 n human ev5 9 orig91 b demoniacal8 ,we %\ld h to suppose t ! peasants ( t epo* 9 :i* ! *ange ( "n occurr$ did n di/+ui% betwe5 m5 & demons--:i*1 z ,euclid puts x1 is absurd2 :]e=e ! supposition t ! ,callicantz>i _h always be5 reg>d$ z demons until w]ewolves 7 admitt$ to _! ranks _c be ma9ta9$4 ,r ! po9t ( resemblance betwe5 ! e>lie/ ,callicantz>i & w]ewolves1 :i* made ! amalgamation ( !m possible1 mu/ h be5 ! belief t bo? alike 7 m5 trans=m$ into animals4 ,s9ce !n ! belief 9 ! metamorphosis ( m5 into ,callicantz>i exi/$ be=e t epo*--a q indet]m9ate epo*1 ,i am afraid--9 :i* ! ^w fell into desuetude#fbf & 0 replac$ by 1 :]e are we to look = ! orig9 ( ! idea8 ,s9ce ! ,callicantz>i be> ! "n ( ! ,c5taurs1 x is obvi\s t ! enquiry mu/ be c>ri$ yet fur!r back1 & t ! anci5t ideas conc]n+ ! ,c5taurs' orig9 mu/ be inve/igat$4 ,p9d> t\*es (t5 ^u ! ,c5taur-my?s2 :at view did he take ( ! ,c5taurs' nature8 ,7 !y div9e 9 orig9 or human8 ,we %all see t he held no settl$ view on ! subject4 ,bo? traditions conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! ,c5taurs 7 famili> to him j z bo? traditions /ill prevail 9 mod]n acc\nts ( ! ,callicantz>i2 sometimes he foll[s ! "o1 sometimes ! o!r4 ,on ! "o h& ! ,c5taur ,*iron is consi/5tly describ$ z div9e4 #8,fa9 w\ld ,i1' says ,p9d>#fbg1 #8t ,*iron 444 wide-rul+ scion ( ,cronos ! son ( ,ouranos 7 liv+ & n gone1 & t ! ,bea/ ( ! wilds 7 rul+ o'er ! gl5s ( ,pelion'2 & aga9 he names him #8,*iron son ( ,cronos#fbh' & #8! ,bea/ div9e#fbi4' ,9 ,p9d>'s view ,*iron1 be he ,bea/ or ,god1 is c]ta9ly n human2 & if he is once nam$ by ! same poet #8! ,magnesian ,c5taur#fcj1' ! epi!t ne$ only p]haps decl>e 8 habitation4 ,8 div9ity is pla9ly ass]t$1 & ! leg5d t he resign$ ! div9e gu]don ( immortality 9 ord] to deliv] ,prome!us accords ) ,p9d>'s doctr9e4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! /ory ( ,ixion z told by ,p9d> reveals ano!r tradition4 ,ixion himself 0 human2 = 8 presumptu\s s9 ( lu/+ aft] ! wife ( ,zeus #8swiftly he suff]$ z he1 m]e man1 des]v$1 & won a mis]y unique#fca4' ,! son ( ,ixion !re=e by a nebul\s "m c\ld n be div9e4 ,! cl\d :]e) 9 8 delusion he _h mat$ #8b>e unto him1 unble/ ( ! ,graces1 a mon/r\s son1 a ?+ ap>t ev5 z %e1 ) no rank ei!r among m5 or :]e gods h _! portion2 him %e nurtur$ & nam$ ,c5tauros2 & he 9 ! dales ( ,pelion did mate ) ,magnesian m>es1 & !nce !re sprang a wondr\s w>rior-tribe l unto bo? _! p>5ts--l to _! dams 9 _! ne!r p>ts1 & ! upp] frame _! sire's#fcb4' ,! fir/ ,c5taur !n1 ! f\nd] ( ! race1 ?\gh only half-human 9 orig91 0 9 no respect div9e4 ,h[ !n came ,*iron1 "o ( t race1 to be div9e8 ,! two traditions are inconsi/5t4 ,p9d> z a poet 0 n tr\bl$ !reby2 he *ose n[ ! "o1 n[ ! o!r1 = 8 art to embroid]4 ,b 9 ! sci5ce ( my?ology ! discrepancy ( ! two traditions is important4 ,once m we mu/ c>ry our se>* fur!r back--to ,hesiod & to ,hom]4 ,! =m]1 9 plac+ ! battle ( ! ,lapi?ae & ! ,c5taurs among ! sc5es wr\ght on ! %ield ( ,h]acles#fcc1 says nev] a ^w to sugge/ t ei!r set ( combatants 7 o!r ?an human2 ! contra/ betwe5 !m lies :olly 9 ! weapons !y use4 ,! ,lapi?ae h _! lead]s enum]at$1 ,ca9eus1 ,dryas1 ,piri?\s1 & ! re/2 ! ,c5taurs 9 l mann] are ga!r$ ab\t _! ,*iefta9s1 #8huge ,petraeos & ,asbolos ! augur & ,arctos & ,oureios & black-hair$ ,mimas & ! two sons ( ,peukeus1 ,p]im$es & ,dryalos4' ,! acc\nt reads l a description ( a fight betwe5 two tribes1 "o ( !m equipp$ ) body-arm\r & us+ spe>s1 ! o!r m primitive & arm$ only ) rude wood5 weapons4 ,to ?is repres5tation ( ! ,c5taurs ,hom] also1 9 ! ,iliad1 cons5ts2 =1 ?\gh he names !m ,ph]es or #8,bea/s1' x is q cle> t ?is is ! prop] "n ( a tribe ( m5--m5 :o dwelt on ,m\nt ,pelion & 7 h>dly less valiant ?an ! h]oes :o conqu]$ !m4 #8,nev] saw ,i1' says ,ne/or1 #8nor %all see o!r su* m5 z 7 ,piri?\s & ,dryas1 %eph]d ( ho/s1 & ,ca9eus & ,exadios & godlike ,polyphemus & ,!seus1 son ( ,aegeus1 l unto ! immortals4 ,mightie/ 9 soo? 7 !y ( m5 ^u ! e>?1 & aga9/ mightie/ f\ght1 ev5 ! m\nta9-haunt+ ,ph]es1 & fe>fully !y did de/roy !m#fcd4' ,& aga9 we he> h[ ,piri?\s #8took v5geance on ! %aggy ,ph]es1 & drave !m =? f ,pelion to dwell nigh unto ! ,ae?ices#fce4' ,ap>t f ! "n #8,ph]es1' :i* w %ortly be exam9$1 !re is no?+ 9 ^! passages any m ?an 9 t ( ,hesiod to sugge/ t ! conflict ( ! ,lapi?ae & ! ,c5taurs means any?+ b ! de/ruction or expulsion ( a primitive & wild m\nta9-tribe by a p :o1 9 ! we>+ ( body-arm\r1 _h advanc$ "o important /ep 9 mat]ial civilisation4 ,yet 9 "s respects ! tribe ( ,c5taurs 71 accord+ to ,hom]1 at lea/ ! equals ( _! neighb\rs2 = ,*iron1 #8! ju/e/ ( ! ,c5taurs#fcf1' 0 ! tea*] bo? ( ! greate/ w>rior1 ,a*illes#fcg1 & ( ! greate/ physician1 ,asclepios#fch4 ,! only passage ( ,hom] :i* has be5 held to imply t ! ,c5taurs 7 n m5 comes n f ! ,iliad b f ! ,odyssey#fci-- --:i* ,miss ,h>rison#fdj translates #8,!nce 'gan ! feud 'twixt ,c5taurs & mank9d1' inf]r+ !refrom ! non-humanity ( ! ,c5taurs4 ,x is h[ev] legitimate to take ! ^w 9 a /rict] s5se1 & to r5d] ! l9e1 #8,!nce arose ! feud betwe5 ,c5taurs & h]oes1' to wit1 ! h]oes ,piri?\s1 ,dryas1 & o!rs2 & ! inf]5ce is !n impair$4 ,b 9 any case ! ,iliad1 ! e>li] au?ority1 consi/5tly depicts bo? ,*iron & ! o!r ,c5taurs z human4 ,! tradition ( a div9e orig9 mu/ h aris5 betwe5 ! date ( ! ,iliad & ! "t ( ,p9d>1 & f !n until n[ popul> op9ion mu/ h be5 divid$ on ! "q :e!r ! ,c5taurs1 ! ,callicantz>i1 7 prop]ly m5 or demons4 ,b "o "p ( ! conclusion at :i* we fir/ arriv$1 namely t ,callicantz>i 7 orig9ally m51 is ju/ifi$ by ,hom]'s & ,hesiod's te/imony4 ,:at !n ( ! o!r "p ( t conclusion8 ,!re is anci5t pro( t ! ,callicantz>i 7 orig9ally m52 b :at witness is !re to ! metamorphosis ( ^? m5 into bea/s8 ,! ,c5taurs' alt]native "n1 ,ph]es4 ,an e?nological explanation ( ?is "n has rec5tly be5 put =w>d by ,pr(4 ,ridgeway#fda4 ,conclud+ f ! evid5ce ( ! ,iliad t #8! ,ph]es are z yet no?+ m ?an a m\nta9 tribe & are n yet conceiv$ z half-horse half-man1' he po9ts out1 on ! au?ority ( ,p9d>1 t ,pelion 0 ! c\ntry ( ! ,magnetes#fdb & t ,*iron n only dwelt 9 a cave on ,pelion1 b is himself call$ a ,magnete#fdc4 #8,x is !n probable1' he cont9ues#fdd1 #8t ! ,c5taur my? orig9at$ 9 ! fact t ! old] race 7! ,pelasgians7 _h cont9u$ to hold out 9 ! m\nta9s1 ev] ! la/ refuge ( ! remnants ( conqu]$ races4 ,at fir/ ! tribes ( ,pelion may h be5 fri5dly to ! 7,a*aean7 invad] :o 0 engag$ 9 subjugat+ o!r tribes ) :om !y _h old feuds2 & z ! ,norman settl]s 9 ,irel& gave _! sons to be fo/]$ by ! native ,iri%1 s ! ,a*aean ,peleus entru/$ 8 son to ! old ,*iron4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t conqu]+ races frequ5tly reg>d ! conqu]$ bo? ) respect & av]sion4 ,!y respect !m = _! skill z wiz>ds1 because ! old] race are famili> ) ! spirits ( ! l&4444 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! old] race h be5 driv5 into ! mo/ b>r5 p>ts ( ! l&1 & are be+ cont9ually press$ /ill fur!r back1 & h _! wom5 c>ri$ (f1 !y naturally lose no opportunity ( mak+ reprisals on _! enemies1 & sally =? f _! homes 9 ! m\nta9s or =e/s to plund] & 9 _! turn to c>ry (f wom54 ,! conqu]+ race consequ5tly reg>d ! aborig9es ) hatr$1 & impute to !m e evil quality1 ?\gh :5 x is necess>y to employ sorc]y !y w always resort to "o ( ! hat$ race4' ,!n foll[ a s]ies ( in/ances f v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w :i* amply ju/ify ?is e/imate ( ! relations betwe5 conqu]ors & conqu]$4 ,b 9 apply+ ! pr9ciple ?us obta9$ to ! case ( ! ,c5taurs ,pr(4 ,ridgeway goes a little fur!r4 #8,z x is !re=e c]ta9 t aborig9al tribes :o survive 9 m\nta9s & =e/s are consid]$ n only possess$ ( skill 9 magic1 b z also be/ial 9 _! lu/s1 & are ev5 trans=m$ into vip]s & wild bea/s by ! imag9ation ( _! enemies1 we may reasonably inf] f ! ,c5taur my? t ! anci5t ,pelasgian tribes ( ,pelion & ,ossa _h be5 able to defy ! invad]s ( ,!ssaly1 & t !y _h f ! remote/ times possess$ ^! m\nta9s4 #8,we c n[ expla9 :y !y are call$ ,ph]es1 ,c5tauri & ,magnetes4 ,s*ol>s are agre$ 9 hold+ t ,ph]es 77 is only an ,aeolic =m = 1 8wild bea/s40 ,su* a "n is n likely to h be5 assum$ by ! tribe itself1 b is r an opprobri\s t]m appli$ to !m by _! enemies4 ,c5tauri 0 probably ! "n ( "s p>ticul> clan ( ,magnetes#fde4' ,pr(4 ,ridgeway !n1 z ,i und]/&1 believes ! ,c5tauri to h be5 nam$ ,ph]es or #8,bea/s' by _! enemies because !y 7 be/ial 9 "*1 & supports 8 view by ! /atem5t :i* ,i h italicis$4 ,on ?is po9t ,i jo9 issue4 ,fir/1 ! phrase 9 "q is bas$ ^u "o only out ( ! _m in/ances :i* he adduces z evid5ce ( ! relations betwe5 invad]s & aborig9es--& t ! mo/ dubi\s1 = x dep5ds ^u a some:at arbitr>y int]pretation ( a passage#fdf ( ,procopius4 #8,he wrote1' says ,pr(4 ,ridgeway#fdg1 #89 ! six? c5tury ( ,brita9 ?us3 8,! p :o 9 old "t liv$ 9 ?is isl& ( ,brita9 built a great wall1 :i* cut (f a consid]able portion ( x4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is wall ! l&1 climate & ev]y?+ are diff]5t4 ,= ! di/rict to ! ea/ ( ! wall enjoys a heal?y climate1 *ang+ ) ! seasons1 be+ mod]ately w>m 9 summ] & cool 9 w9t]4 ,x is ?ickly inhabit$ by p :o live 9 ! same way z o!r folk40 ,aft] enum]at+ its natural advantages he !n proce$s to say t 8,on ! we/ ( ! wall ev]y?+ is q ! opposite2 s t1 =soo?1 x is impossible = a man to live !re = half-an-h\r4 ,vip]s & snakes innum]able & e k9d ( wild bea/ %>e ! possession ( t c\ntry betwe5 !m2 & :at is mo/ m>vell\s1 ! natives say t if a man crosses ! wall & ent]s ! di/rict beyond x1 he imm$iately dies1 be+ q unable to )/& ! pe/il5tial climate :i* prevails !re1 & t any bea/s t w&] 9 !re /raightway meet _! dea?40 #8,!re seems little d\bt t ! wall "h meant is ! ,wall ( ,hadrian1 = ! anci5t geograph]s are confus$ ab\t ! ori5tation ( ! isl&4 #8,x is !re=e probable t ! vip]s & wild bea/s :o liv$ beyond ! wall 7 no?+ m ?an ! ,cal$onians1 nor is x surpris+ to le>n t a sudd5 dea? ov]took ei!r man or bea/ t cross$ into _! t]ritory4' ,t a native ,briti% /atem5t made 9 ! six? c5tury to ! effect t ! c\ntry beyond ,hadrian's wall 0 pe/il5tial 9 climate & infe/$ ) vip]s1 snakes1 & wild bea/s1 %\ld be consid]$ z ev5 probable evid5ce t ei!r ! ,romans or ! natives ( ,brita9 reg>d$ ! ,cal$onians z noxi\s animals1 is to me surpris+4 ,! "q :e!r ! ,c5taurs 7 call$ ,ph]es because ( _! be/ial repute among neighb\r+ tribes mu/ be decid$ indep5d5tly ( t inf]5ce & on its own m]its4 ,secondly !n1 0 !re any?+ be/ial 9 ! conduct ( ! ,c5taurs1 z kn[n to ,hom]1 :i* c\ld h won = !m ! "n ( #8,bea/s'8 ,all t anci5t my?ology tells ( _! conduct may be briefly summ>is$2 !y f\ght ) ! m5 & c>ri$ (f ! wom5 ( neighb\r+ tribes1 & occasionally drank w9e to excess4 ,7 ! ,a*aeans !n su* ard5t ab/a9]s t !y dubb$ ^? :o indulg$ too freely 9 intoxicants #8,bea/s'8 ,did ! invad]s ( ,greece & ! assailants ( ,troy hold fight+ s repreh5sible8 ,or 0 x ! ,c5taurs' practice ( c>ry+ (f ! wom5 ( _! enemies :i* convict$ !m ( #8be/ial lu/'8 ,9 all ages surely humanum e/ err>e1 b 9 t e>ly age ! practice 0 n only human b manly2 ! enemy's wom5folk 7 among ! rightful prizes ( a raid4 ,!re is no?+ !n 9 my?ology to w>rant ! belief t ! ,c5taurs' moral conduct 0 su* z to w9 = !m1 9 t age1 ! opprobri\s "n ( #8,bea/s4' ,& "h ,art supports ,my?ology2 = cle>ly ! repres5tation ( ! ,c5taurs 9 semi-animal =m _c be dissociat$ f _! "n ( ,ph]es2 ! same idea mu/ lie at ! root ( bo?4 ,if !n ! "n ,ph]es 0 giv5 to ! ,c5taurs because ( _! viol5ce or lu/1 ! animal portion ( !m 9 ! repres5tations ( e>ly ,greek ,art %\ld h be5 su* z to express "o or bo? ( ^? qualities4 ,b :at d we f9d8 ,9 discuss+ ! developm5t ( ! horse-c5taur 9 art1 ,miss ,h>rison#fdh po9ts out t ?\gh 9 horse-lov+ ,a!ns1 by ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! equ9e elem5t pr$om9at$ 9 ! composite be+1 #89 ar*aic repres5tations ! rev]se is ! case4 ,! ,c5taurs are 9 art :at !y are 9 reality1 m5 ) m5's legs & feet1 b !y are %aggy m\nta9-m5 ) "s ( ! qualities & habits ( bea/s2 s to indicate ?is 9 a horse-lov+ c\ntry !y h ! h9d-qu>t]s ( a horse awkw>dly tack$ on to _! human bodies4' ,n[ ! p>ticul> #8qualities & habits ( bea/s1' if su* !re be1 9 ! ,c5taurs mu/ be _! viol5ce & lu/4 ,are ^! !n adequately symbolis$ by #8! h9d-qu>t]s ( a horse awkw>dly tack$ on to _! human bodies'8 ,9 sc5es ( conflict1 9 ! ar*aic repres5tations1 x is ! human "p ( ! ,c5taur :i* be>s ! brunt ( ! fight1 & ! weapon us$ is a bran* ( a tree1 ! primitive human weapon2 ! ,c5taur fights z a man fights4 ,if he _h be5 depict$ ) horns or tee? or claws z 8 weapons ( (f5ce1 !n ! animal "p ( him w\ld fairly symbolise 8 be/ial viol5ce2 b :o c\ld discov] a trace ( pugnacity 9 8 equ9e lo9s & rump1 h9d legs & tail8 ,or aga9 if pugnacity is n ! p>ticul> quality :i* caus$ ! ,c5taurs to be nam$ #8,bea/s' & to be p\rtray$ 9 half-animal =m1 is x _! lewdness :i* art ?us endeav\r$ to sugge/8 ,surely1 if ! e>ly arti/s _h und]/ood t ! "n ,ph]es 0 a contemptu\s designation ( a tribe be/ial 9 _! lu/1 ,greek ta/e 0 n s intol]ant ( i?yphallic repres5tations t !y ne$ h _h rec\rse to s cryptic a symbol z ! h9d-qu>t]s ( a horse4 ,b if x be suppos$ t1 :ile a s5se ( mode/y1 unkn[n to lat] g5]ations1 det]r$ ^? e>ly arti/s f a m obvi\s me?od ( express+ _! mean+1 ! idea ( ! ,c5taurs' lewdness 0 really pres5t to _! m9ds1 !n ,*iron too falls "u ! same condemnation & is ta9t$ ) ! same vice z ! re/4 #8,a black-figur$ vase1' says ,pr(4 ,ridgeway1 propos ( ! virtues1 n ( ! vices1 ( ?is "o ,c5taur1 #8%[s ! h]o 7,peleus7 br++ ! little ,a*illes to ,*iron1 :o is depict$ z a v5]able old man ) a :ite be>d & clad 9 a long robe f "u ! back ( :i* issues ! h9d] "p ( a dim9utive pony1 ! equ9e portion be+ a m]e adjunct to ! complete human figure#fdi4' ,s f> !n z ! animal "p is conc]n$1 ! repres5tation ( ,*iron 9 e>ly art diff]s no :it f t ( o!r ,c5taurs1 & ! quality1 :i* is symbolis$ by ! equ9e adjunct 9 ^!1 is imput$ to him also4 ,yet to convict ( be/ial lu/ ! virtu\s ,*iron1 ! *os5 tea*] ( great h]oes1 is intol]able4 ,9 effect1 no explanation ( ! "n ,ph]es 9 my?ology & ( ! bi=m repres5tation ( ! ,c5taurs 9 art c be really satisfactory :i* does n reckon ) ,*iron1 ! mo/ fam\s & #8! mo/ j' ( ! ,c5taurs1 z well z ) ! re/ ( ! tribe4 ,"s *>act]i/ic common to !m all--& !re=e n lu/ or any o!r evil passion--mu/ be ! basis ( any adequate int]pretation ( ! "n #8,bea/s4' ,if !n ! "n ,ph]es _c h be5 an opprobri\s t]m appli$ to ! ,pelasgian tribe ( ,c5tauri by ! ,a*aean invad]s 9 tok5 ( _! lu/s or o!r evil qualities1 c x h be5 a t]m ( respect8 ,x may n n[ s\nd a respectful title2 b 9 view ( t e?nological pr9ciple :i* ,pr(4 ,ridgeway enunciates1 namely #8t conqu]+ races frequ5tly reg>d ! conqu]$ bo? ) respect & av]sion1' ! enquiry is wor? pursu+4 ,! pr9ciple itself seems to me well e/abli%$2 x is only 8 application ( x 9 ! p>ticul> case ( ! ,c5taurs to :i* ,i h demurr$4 ,! conqu]+ race1 he %[s1 are apt to respect ! conqu]$ = _! skill z wiz>ds4 ,?is c]ta9ly holds true 9 ! case be=e u4 ,*iron 0 ( high repute 9 ! arts ( magic & prophecy4 ,x 0 f him t ,asclepios le>n$ #8to be a heal] ( ! _m-plagu+ maladies ( m52 & ?us all t came unto him :e!r plagu$ ) self-gr[n sores or ) limbs w\nd$ by ! lu/r\s bronze or /one f>-hurl$1 or m>r$ by summ] heat or w9t] cold--^! he deliv]$1 loos+ ea* f 8 sev]al infirmity1 "s ) emolli5t spells & "s by k9dly potions1 or else he hung _! limbs ) *>ms1 or by surg]y he rais$ !m up to heal?#fej4' ,& x 0 ,*iron too to :om ,apollo himself resort$ = c\nsel1 & f :om he le>n$ ! blissful de/9y ( ! maid5 ,cyr5e#fea4 ,nor 0 ,*iron ! only expon5t ( su* arts among ! ,c5taurs2 = ,hesiod names also ,asbolos z a div9]4 ,if !n ! tribe ( ,c5taurs enjoy$ a reputation = sorc]y1 c\ld ?is h won = !m ! "n ( #8,bea/s'8 ,c x h be5 t1 9 ! ex]cise ( _! magic p[]s1 !y 7 believ$ able to trans=m !mselves into bea/s8 ,)9 ! limits ( ,greek folk-lore we h already once enc\nt]$ su* a belief1 namely 9 ! case ( ! #8,/riges1' old wit*es capable ( turn+ !mselves into birds ( prey2 & 9 ! folk-lore ( ! _w at l>ge ! idea is extremely frequ5t4 ,!re is no ne$ to encumb] ?is *apt] ) a mass ( record$ in/ances2 ! v]dict ( ! fir/ au?ority on ! subject is suffici5t4 ,accord+ to ,tylor#feb1 ! belief #8t c]ta9 m51 by natural gift or magic art1 c turn = a "t into rav5+ wild bea/s' is #8a widespread belief1 ext5d+ ?r\gh savage1 b>b>ic1 classic1 ori5tal1 & m$iaeval life1 & surviv+ to ?is day 9 ,european sup]/ition4' #8,! orig9 ( ?is idea1' he says1 #8is by no means suffici5tly expla9$1' b he notes t #8x really occurs t1 9 v>i\s =ms ( m5tal disease1 pati5ts pr[l %yly1 long to bite & de/roy mank9d1 & ev5 fancy !mselves trans=m$ into wild bea/s4' ,:e!r su* cases ( insanity are ! cause or ! effect ( ! belief1 he does n det]m9e2 b he adds1 :at is mo/ important to ! pres5t issue1 t #8pr(essional sorc]]s h tak5 up ! idea1 z !y d any morbid delusion1 & pret5d to turn !mselves & o!rs into bea/s by magic art'2 &1 lat] on#fec1 cit+ by way ( illu/ration a passage ( ! ,eclogues#fed1 9 :i* ,v]gil #8tells ( ,mo]is z turn+ into a wolf by ! use ( poison\s h]bs1 z call+ up s\ls f ! tombs1 & z bewit*+ away crops1' he po9ts out t 9 ! popul> op9ion ( ,v]gil's age #8! arts ( ! w]ewolf1 ! necromanc] or 8m$ium10 & ! wit*1 7 diff]5t bran*es ( "o craft4' ,if !n ! ,c5taurs 7 a tribe ( reput$ sorc]]s & also obta9$ ! second>y "n ( #8,bea/s1' ! analogy ( worldwide sup]/itions sugge/s t ! l9k betwe5 ^! two facts is to be f\nd 9 _! magical p[] ( assum+ ! %ape ( bea/s4 ,:at p>ticul> bea/-%ape ! ,c5taurs mo/ (t5 affect$ ne$ n mu* conc]n u4 ,! analogy1 on :i* my int]pretation ( ! "n ,ph]es re/s1 makes c]ta9ly = "s %ape m t]rify+ ?an t ( a horse2 & ! ^w itself also d5otes wild & savage bea/s r ?an dome/ic animals4 ,b ! horse-c5taur1 ?\gh x monopolis$ art1 0 n ! only =m ( c5taur kn[n1 nor1 if we may judge f mod]n descriptions ( ! ,callicantz>i1 _h x s firm a hold on ! popul> imag9ation z "s o!r types4 ,possibly its v exi/5ce is due only to ! ae/hetic ta/e ( a horse-lov+ p4 ,p9d> c]ta9ly knew ( "o ,c5taurus e>li] 9 date & f> m mon/r\s ?an ! horse-c5taurs :i* arti/s *ose to depict1 & provid$ a g5ealogy accord+ly4 ,moreov] 9 ! passage ( ,hesiod :i* ,i h quot$ above & :i*1 by its agreem5t ) ! ,iliad z to ! human "* ( ! ,c5taurs1 is prov$ to embody an e>ly tradition1 !re is at lea/ a sugge/ion ( a m savage =m assum$ by ! ,c5taurs4 ,sev]al ( _! names 9 t passage#fee seem to indicate v>i\s qualities & habits :i* !y possess$4 ,"o is call$ ,petraeos1 because ! ,c5taurs liv$ 9 rocky caves or because !y hurl$ rocks at _! foes2 ano!r is ,oureios1 because !y 7 a m\nta9-tribe2 !n !re are ! two sons ( ,peukeus1 s nam$ because ! ,c5taurs' weapons 7 p9e-bran*es4 ,& :y is ano!r nam$ ,arctos8 ,is x n because ! ,c5taurs assum$ by sorc]y ! =m ( be>s8 ,!re is "s probability !n t ! equ9e type ( ,c5taur1 ! conv5tional ,c5taur ( ,greek ,art1 0 a comp>atively late developm5t1 & t ! remote age :i* gave to ! ,c5taurs ! "n ( ,ph]es believ$ r t t tribe ( sorc]]s 7 wont to trans=m !mselves into ! m mon/r\s & t]rible %apes ( be>s & o!r wild bea/s4 ,b if ! p>ticul> animal :i* ,greek arti/s select$ z a compon5t "p ( _! ,c5taurs is ?us ( m9or importance1 ! fact t _! ,c5taurs 7 always composite 9 conception1 always comp\nd$ ( ! human & ! animal1 is highly significant4 ,9 discuss+ ! v>i\s types ( ,callicantz>i 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,greece1 we f\nd t1 :]e !re exi/s a belief 9 _! p[] ( metamorphosis1 !y are /at$ to appe> 9 s+le & complete %apes1 :ile1 :]e ! belief 9 _! trans=mation is unkn[n1 !y are repres5t$ 9 composite %apes2 & hav+ previ\sly conclud$ t ! belief 9 _! metamorphosis 0 a g5u9e & orig9al factor 9 ! sup]/ition1 we 7 l$ to =mulate ! pr9ciple1 t a be+ ( "s s+le1 normal1 & kn[n %ape :o has orig9ally be5 believ$ capable ( trans=m+ himself into "o or m o!r s+le1 normal1 & kn[n %apes1 comes to be repres5t$1 :5 ! belief 9 8 p[] ( trans=mation dies out1 z a be+ ( composite1 abnormal1 & fanta/ic %ape1 comb9+ incongru\s features ( ! sev]al s+le1 normal1 & kn[n %apes4 ,n[ ! horse-c5taur ( ,greek ,art is a be+ ( composite1 abnormal1 & fanta/ic %ape1 comb9+ incongru\s features ( man & animal4 ,if !n ! pr9ciple bas$ on facts ( mod]n ,greek folk-lore may be appli$ to ! facts ( anci5t ,greek folk-lore1 ! horse-c5taur ( ,greek ,art replac$ a completely human ,c5taur capable ( trans=m+ himself into completely animal =m4 ,moreov] ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t su* a developm5t 0 likely to occur 9 ! repres5tations ( art ev5 m readily ?an 9 v]bal descriptions4 ,= ev5 if ! arti/ belong$ to an age :i* _h n yet =gott5 t ! ,c5taurs 7 human be+s capable ( turn+ !mselves by sorc]y into bea/s1 h[ 0 he to di/+ui% ! ,c5taur 9 8 picture ei!r f an ord9>y man1 if ! ,c5taur 7 9 8 ord9>y human %ape1 or f a real animal1 if ! ,c5taur 7 9 8 assum$ %ape8 ,he might ( c\rse h drawn an ord9>y man & h inscrib$ ! leg5d1 #8,?is is a ,c5taur capable ( assum+ o!r =ms'2 or he might h drawn an ord9>y animal ) ! explanatory note1 #8,?is is n really an animal b a ,c5taur 9 disguise4' ,b if su* exp$i5ts did n satisfy 8 arti/ic in/9cts1 :at 0 he to d8 ,surely 8 only c\rse 0 to depict ! ,c5taur 9 8 normal human %ape1 & by "s animal adjunct to indicate 8 p[]s ( trans=mation4 ,& t is :at he did2 = 9 ! e>lie/ art ! =e "p ( ! ,c5taur is a complete human figure1 & ! h9d "p is a some:at disconnect$ equ9e app5dage#fef4 ,nor is ?is arti/ic conv5tion )\t p>allel 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,at ,phigalea !re 0 once1 we are told1 an anci5t /atue ( ,demet] repres5t$ z a woman ) ! head & mane ( a horse2 & ! explanation ( ?is equ9e adjunct 0 t %e _h once assum$ ! =m ( a m>e#feg4 ,9 o!r words1 ! p[] ( trans=mation 0 indicat$ 9 art by a composite =m4 ,h5ce inde$ x is n unlikely t ! v me?od :i* e>ly arti/s adopt$ ( indicat+ ! ,c5taurs' p[] to assume v>i\s s+le =ms1 be+ misund]/ood by lat] g5]ations among :om ! ,c5taurs' human orig9 & faculty ( magical trans=mation 7 no long] pr$om9ant traditions1 contribut$ n a little to ! conception ( ,c5taurs 9 an inv>iable composite =m2 & t lat] art1 by bl5d+ ! two incongru\s elem5ts into a m h>moni\s b less significant :ole1 confirm$ m5 9 t misund]/&+1 until ! old traditions became a piece ( r>e & local lore4 ,?us on ?ree sep>ate gr\nds--! analogy ( _w-wide sup]/ition :i* attributes to sorc]]s ! p[] ( assum+ be/ial =m2 ! t5d5cy detect$ 9 mod]n ,greek folk-lore to replace be+s ( s+le %ape1 b capable ( trans=m+ !mselves into o!r s+le %apes1 by creatures ( composite %ape2 & ! contra/ betwe5 ! horse-c5taurs ( ar*aic art & ^? ( ! ,p>!non--we are l$ to ! same conclusion1 namely t ! ,c5taurs 7 a tribe ( reput$ sorc]]s ^: mo/ /rik+ manife/ation ( p[]1 9 ! eyes ( _! ,a*aean neighb\rs1 0 to turn !mselves into wild bea/s4 ,! "n ,ph]es 0 !n 9 tru? a title ( respect1 a title 9 no way d]ogatory to ! virtu\s ,*iron1 :o1 if he ex]cis$ 8 magical p[]s *iefly 9 m]cy & heal+1 %>$ d\btless ) ! o!r ,c5taurs ! miracul\s faculty ( metamorphosis4 ,our fir/ conclusion !n conc]n+ ! ,callicantz>i1 namely t !y 7 orig9ally m5 capable ( turn+ into bea/s1 0 no less correct ?an ! second conclusion :i* %[$ !m z ! mod]n repres5tatives ( ,dionysus' att5dant ,satyrs & ,sil5i4 ,:]e ! beliefs 9 _! human orig9 & 9 _! p[] ( metamorphosis /ill prevail1 ,greek tradition has pres]v$ n only ! "n b ! ess5tial "* ( ! anci5t ,c5taurs4 ,does x seem h>dly cr$ible t popul> tradition %\ld /ill fai?fully record a sup]/ition :i* dates f be=e ,hom] & yet is practically ignor$ by ,greek lit]ature8 ,/ill if ! fidelity ( ! common-folk's memory is gu>ante$ 9 _m details by its agreem5t ) t :i* lit]ature does record1 x w\ld be folly to disreg>d x :]e lit]ature is sil5t or pref]s ano!r ( ! /ill preval5t traditions4 ,let u take only ,apollodorus' acc\nt#feh ( ! fight ( ,h]acles ) ! ,c5taurs & m>k ! sev]al po9ts 9 :i* x confirms ! pres5t beliefs ab\t ! ,callicantz>i4 ,! old home1 he says1 ( ! ,c5taurs be=e !y came to ,malea 0 ,pelion2 ,pelion is n[ ! place :]e above all o!rs /ories ( ! ,callicantz>i are rife2 & 9 ! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,scia?os x is believ$#fei t !y come at ,*ri/mas n f ! l[] _w1 b f ! ma9l&1 ! old c\ntry ( ! ,magnetes2 ev5 local associations !n seem to h surviv$1 j z 9 ! mod]n /ories ab\t ,demet] f ,eleusis & f ,phigaleia4 ,h]acles 0 ent]ta9$ 9 ! cave ( ! ,c5taur ,pholos2 ! ,callicantz>i likewise live 9 caves dur+ _! soj\rn on e>?1 & _! hospitality1 ?\gh nev] s\ght1 has be5 endur$4 ,! ,c5taur ,pholos ate raw meat1 ?\gh he provid$ 8 gue/ ) cook$ meat2 ! ,callicantz>i also regale !mselves on uncook$ food#ffj1 toads & snakes = ! mo/ "p1 b 9 "o ,mess5ian /ory also raw dogs'-fle%#ffa4 ,h]acles broa*$ a cask ( w9e1 & ,pholos' bro!r ,c5taurs smelt x & sw>m$ to ! cave on mis*ief b5t2 ! ,callicantz>i h ! same love ( w9e & ! same malevol5ce4 ,! fir/ ( ! ,c5taurs to ent] ! cave 7 put to flight by ,h]acles ) fire-br&s1 & 8 ord9>y weapon1 ! b[1 0 n us$ by him save to complete ! r\t2 fire-br&s are ! "r weapons ) :i* to sc>e away ! ,callicantz>i4 ,surely1 :5 su* correspond5ces z ^! atte/ ! integrity ( popul> tradition = "s two ?\s& ye>s1 !re is no?+ incr$ible 9 ! supposition t !re _h be5 equal integrity 9 popul> 7z oppos$ to arti/ic & lit]>y7 traditions = ano!r ?\s& ye>s or m be=e t4 ,?us !n x appe>s t 9 "s di/ricts ( mod]n ,greece1 9 :i* !re prevail ! beliefs t ! ,callicantz>i are1 9 _! normal =m1 human & t !y are capable ( trans=m+ !mselves into bea/s1 popul> tradition dates f ! age 9 :i* ! ,a*aean invad]s cr$it$ ! ,pelasgian tribe ( ,c5tauri ) magical p[]s & 9 tok5 ( "o special manife/ation !re( surnam$ !m ,ph]es4 ,9 o!r di/ricts1 :]e ! ,callicantz>i are repres5t$ z demoniacal & n human & z mon/]s ( mix$ r ?an ( v>iable %ape1 ! popul> memory goes back to a p]iod some:at less remote1 t p]iod 9 :i* a new conception1 enc\rag$ p]haps unwitt+ly by ar*aic art1 became pr$om9ant 9 classical art & lit]ature1 ) ! fur!r result1 we mu/ suppose1 t 9 ! m9ds ( "s ( ! common-folk too mon/]s ( composite %ape took ! place ( ! old human wond]-work+ ,c5taurs4 ,& yet aga9 9 o!r di/ricts1 :]e ! ,*ri/mas mumm]s 9 ! guise ( ,callicantz>i are ! mod]n repres5tatives ( ^? wor%ipp]s ( ,dionysus :o dress$ !mselves 9 ! guise ( ,satyrs or ,sil5i1 ! traditions :i* survive are ma9ly ^? ( a po/-classical age 9 :i* ! half-human half-animal comrades ( ,dionysus lo/ _! di/9ctive names & 7 enroll$ 9 ! ,c5taurs' ranks4 ,f9ally 9 ! few di/ricts :]e language at lea/ te/ifies t w]ewolves h also be5 numb]$ among ! ,callicantz>i1 popul> belief1 ?\gh pres]v+ mu* t is anci5t1 may h be5 modifi$ by a sup]/ition1 or r by an actual =m ( insanity1 :i* 0 p>ticul>ly preval5t 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,su* h be5 9 diff]5t di/ricts & p]iods ! v>i\s developm5ts ( a sup]/ition :i* orig9at$ 9 ! reputation = sorc]y enjoy$ by a ,pelasgian tribe inhabit+ ,m\nt ,pelion 9 a prehi/oric age2 & ! complexity ( mod]n traditions conc]n+ ! ,callicantz>i is due to ! fact t !y d n all date f "o epo* b comprise ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,c5taurs4 #ad4 ,,g5ii4 ,! tale ( deities is n[ almo/ told4 ,!re rema9 only a few miscellane\s be+s1 id5tical or1 at ! lea/1 comp>able ) ! creations ( anci5t sup]/ition1 :o may be class$ toge!r "u ! "n ( #ffb 7anci5tly 7 or1 to adopt ! exact ,lat9 equival5t1 g5ii4 ,! ,greek ^w1 :i* 9 classical times s]v$ z a fair equival5t = any s5se ( our ^w #8elem5ts1' became f ,plato's "t onw>d a te*nical t]m 9 physics = ^? fir/ beg9n+s ( ! mat]ial _w :i* ,emp$ocles _h previ\sly call$ & o!r philosoph]s 4 ,! physical elem5ts h[ev] 7 commonly suppos$ to be haunt$ ea* by its own peculi> _s1 & h5ce among ! lat] ,platoni/s ! t]m became a te*nicality ( demonology r ?an ( natural sci5ce#ffc4 ,e compon5t "p ( ! visible univ]se 0 cr$it$ ) an invisible g5ius1 a _s ^: be+ 0 9 "s way b\nd up ) ! exi/5ce ( its abode2 & ! t]m 0 transf]r$ f ! mat]ial to ! spiritual4 ,b ?\gh ! ,platoni/s inv5t$ & introduc$ ?is new s5se ( ! ^w1 its widespread acceptance 0 probably n _! "w1 b a curi\s accid5t result+ f mis9t]pretation ( e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s4 ,9 ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les#ffd !re occurs sev]al times a phrase1 1 #8worldly pr9ciples1' :i* 0 app>5tly a little too cultur$ = _m ( ^? :o he>d or read x4 ,x convey$ to _! m9ds probably no m ?an #8be+ enslav$ to weak & begg>ly elem5ts#ffe' conveys to ! ,briti% peasant ( to-day4 ,:at m natural !n ?an t ! comm5tator %\ld accept ! ^w 9 ! s5se giv5 to x by ! ,platoni/s1 & t ! common-folk :o he>d 8 exposition %\ld readily id5tify ! :om !y 7 bidd5 no long] to s]ve ) ! less] deities & local g5ii to ^: s]vice !y _h long be5 b\nd--to ^: s]vice moreov] 9 spite ( ! suppos$ injunction !y h always cont9u$ fai?ful8 ,! ,*ur*1 !y w\ld h felt1 ackn[l$g$ ! exi/5ce ( ^! be+s2 ecclesia/ical au?ority endors$ ance/ral tradition2 & s9ce su* be+s exi/$1 x 7 folly to ignore !m2 nay1 s9ce ! ,*ur* decl>$ t !y 7 p[]s ( evil1 x 0 b prud5t to propitiate !m1 to appease _! malevol5ce4 ,?us came to be reckon$ by e "r-m9d$ peasant among 8 regul> demoniacal ent\rage4 ,& s !y rema9--"s ( !m ho/ile to man1 "s b5evol5t1 b all alike wild1 uncontrollable spirits--s t ,/ ,paul's phrase ev5 appe>s 9 "o folk-song metaphorically z a description ( wild & wilful "y m5#fff4 ,?us ! v orig9 ( ! t]m r5d]$ x compreh5sive 9 mean+4 ,ev5 ! great] deities ( anci5t ,greece 71 9 a s5se1 local--! occupants ( prescrib$ doma9s2 ,poseidon might logically be call$ ! g5ius ( ! sea1 ,demet] ( ! corn-l&2 :ile less] deities 7 always associat$ ) p>ticul> spots & (t5 unkn[n else:]e4 ,b m$iaeval usage ( ! ^w & ( its d]ivatives t5d$ to wid5 ! mean+ ( ! ^w yet m4 ,a v]b #ffg 0 =m$ :i* prop]ly meant to settle a g5ius 9 a p>ticul> place--ei!r a b5efic5t g5ius to act z tutel>y deity1 or an evil g5ius ^: range ( activity w\ld ?us be circumscrib$ )9 kn[n & n>r[] limits2 b x 0 us$ also 9 a l>g] s5se to d5ote ! ex]cise ( any magical p[]s4 ,a correspond+ adjective #ffh 0 appli$ to anyone :o _h deal+s ) g5ii or famili> spirits1 & m vaguely to wiz>ds 9 g5]al4 ,?us ! fam\s magician ,apollonius ( ,tyana is describ$ z a #8,py?agorean philosoph] ) p[] ov] g5ii' 7 7#ffi2 & two out ( 8 _m miracles may be tak5 z typical ( 8 ex]cise ( ! p[]4 ,once1 x is record$1 he 0 summon$ to ,byzantium by ! inhabitants & !re #8he *>m$ 77 snakes & scorpions n to /rike1 mosquitoes totally to disappe>1 horses to be quiet & n to be vici\s ei!r t[>ds ea* o!r or t[>ds man2 ! riv] ,lycus also he *>m$ 77 n to flood & d damage to ,byzantium#fgj4' ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is passage ! v]b is und\bt$ly us$ 9 a v lax s5se1 = snakes1 scorpions1 mosquitoes1 & horses c h>dly h be5 conceiv$ to h _! own sev]al g5ii or gu>dian-spirits ^u :om magic c\ld be ex]cis$2 b ! *>m+ ( ! riv] ,lycus c]ta9ly sugge/s ! re/ra9+ ( ! or g5ius ( ! riv] )9 settl$ b\nds4 ,?is /rict] s5se ( ! ^w h[ev] comes out m cle>ly 9 relation to good g5ii :o 7 settl$ by magical *>ms 9 any giv5 object or place4 ,h5ce ev5 ! ^w rev]t$ to a mat]ial s5se1 & 0 sometimes employ$ to mean a #8talisman#fga'--;an object1 t is1 9 :i* resid$ a g5ius capable ( av]t+ w>s1 pe/il5ces1 & su*like4 ,g5ii ( ?is k9d1 we are told1 7 settl$ by ! same ,apollonius 9 ! /atues ?r\gh\t ,con/ant9ople#fgb1 :]e ! belief 9 _! efficacy seems to h be5 g5]ally accept$2 = !re 0 to be se5 !re a cross 9 ! middle ( :i* 0 #8! =tune ( ! city1 namely a small *a9 hav+ its ends lock$ toge!r & possess$ ( p[] to keep ! city ab\nd+ 9 all mann] ( goods & to give h] victory ev] ov] ! nations 7or hea!n71 t !y %\ld h /r5g? no m to approa* & draw nigh !reto1 b %\ld hold fur!r alo( f h] & retreat z ?\gh !y _h be5 vanqui%$4 ,& ! key ( ! *a9 0 buri$ 9 ! f\ndations ( ! pill>s#fgc' on :i* ! cross re/$4 ,! lock$ *a9 0 probably ! magical means by :i* ! tutel>y g5ius ( ! city 0 kept at 8 po/4 ,b ^! wide & vague usages ( ! ^w & its d]ivatives h n[ = ! mo/ "p disappe>$4 ,leo ,allatius#fgd /ill us$ 9 ! s5se ( #8magician1' b ,i h n f\nd x 9 mod]n ,greek4 ,a remnant ( ! v]b #fge is se5 9 ! pa/ p>ticiple 1 :i* at ! pres5t day is appli$ 9 its true s5se to objects #8haunt$ by g5ii4' ,& ! ^w 1 ?\gh locally ext5d$ 9 scope s z to become 9 effect synonym\s ) or #fgf1 compris+ all non-,*ri/ian deities irrespectively ( _! close connexion ) p>ticul> natural ph5om5a1 /ill ma9ta9s 9 its m /rict1 & ,i ?9k m frequ5t1 usage ! mean+ ( g5ii4 ,! t]m ?us provid$ by ! ,platoni/s & popul>is$ accid5tally by ! ,*ur* is a conv5i5ce 9 ! classification ( demons2 = ! anci5t ,greeks _h no popul> ^w :i* 0 exactly equival5t2 !y _h to *oose betwe5 ! vague t]m :i* impli$ no?+ ( atta*m5t to any place or object1 & ! special designation ( ! p>ticul> k9d ( g5ius4 ,! ,lat9 tongue 0 9 ?is respect bett] suppli$4 ,x mu/ n h[ev] be inf]r$ t ! introduction ( ! useful t]m into ! demonological nom5clature ( ,greece m>k$ any innovation 9 popul> sup]/ition4 ,! ,greeks no less ?an ! ,romans _h f "t immemorial believ$ 9 g5ii4 ,t sc5e ( ! ,a5eid#fgg1 9 :i*1 :ile ,a5eas is hold+ a memorial fea/ 9 hon\r ( 8 fa!r1 a snake appe>s & ta/es ( ! (f]+s & itself 9 turn is hon\r$ ) fre% sacrifice z be+ ei!r ! g5ius ( ! place or an att5dant ( ! h]o ,an*ises1 is ?r\gh\t ,greek 9 tone2 & ! comm5t ( ,s]vius !reupon1 #8,!re is no place )\t a g5ius1 :i* usually manife/s itself 9 ! =m ( a snake1' revives a hundr$ memories ( sacr$ snakes t5d$ 9 ! temples or depict$ on ! tombs ( anci5t ,greece4 ,moreov] sev]al ( ! sup]natural be+s :om ,i h already describ$1 & ^: id5tity ) ! creatures ( anci5t sup]/ition is e/abli%$1 are ess5tially g5ii4 ,! ,lamia is ! g5ius ( ! d>ksome cave :]e %e makes h] lair2 ! ,gorgon1 ( ! /raits :]e %e waylays h] prey2 &1 mo/ cle>ly ( all1 ! ,dryads are ! g5ii ( ! trees :i* !y inhabit4 ,= ! life ( ea* "o ( !m is b\nd up ) ! life ( ! tree 9 :i* %e dwells2 & /ill z 9 old "t1 s surely z ! tree decays away ) age1 h] life too is done & #8h] s\l leaves !re) ! light ( ! sun#fgh4' ,! woodman ( to-day !re=e speaks ) ! utmo/ fidelity to anci5t tradition :5 he calls ! trees :]e 8 ,n]eids dwell 1 #8trees haunt$ by g5ii'2 su* innovation z !re has be5 is 9 t]m9ology only4 ,"o ^w ( caution only is requir$ be=e we proce$ to ! consid]ation ( v>i\s species ( g5ii n yet describ$4 ,x mu/ n be assum$ t all g5ii1 on ! analogy ( ! tree-nymphs1 die along ) ! dissolution ( _! dwell+-places2 ! exi/5ce ( ! g5ius & t ( ! haunt$ object are inde$ always closely & intimately unit$1 b n necess>ily 9 su* a mann] z to preclude ! migration ( ! g5ius on ! dissolution ( its fir/ abode into a second4 ,! conv]se proposition h[ev]1 t any object c\ld enjoy prolong$ exi/5ce aft] ! dep>ture f x ( ! indwell+ p[]1 may be consid]$ improbable4 ,! g5ii ) :om ,i n[ propose to deal fall into five ma9 divisions accord+ to _! habitations4 ,^! are fir/ build+s1 secondly wat]1 ?irdly m\nta9s1 caves1 & des]t places1 f\r?ly ! air1 fif?ly human be+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! g5ii ( build+s are univ]sally ackn[l$g$ 9 ,greece4 ,! =ms 9 :i* !y appe> are v>i\s2 ?is may p>tly be expla9$ by ! belief t !y possess ! p[] ( assum+ diff]5t %apes at w2 b x is c]ta9 also t _! normal %ape is 9 "s measure det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! build+--h\se1 *ur*1 or bridge--( :i* ea* is ! gu>dian4 ,! g5ius ( a h\se appe>s almo/ always 9 ! guise ( a snake1 or1 accord+ to ,leo ,allatius#fgi1 ( a liz>d or o!r reptile4 ,x is believ$ to h its p]man5t dwell+ 9 ! f\ndations1 & n infrequ5tly "s hole or crevice 9 a r\gh cottage-floor is reg>d$ z ! entrance to its home4 ,ab\t su* holes peasants h be5 kn[n to spr9kle bread-crumbs#fhj2 & ,i h be5 in=m$1 ?\gh ,i _c v\* z an eye-witness = ! /atem5t1 t on ! fe/ival ( t sa9t ^: "n ! ma/] ( a h\se be>s1 he w sometimes comb9e s]vices to bo? 8 ,*ri/ian & 8 pagan tutel>y deities1 sub/itut+ w9e = ! wat] on :i* ! oil ( ! sacr$ lamp be=e ! sa9t's icon usually floats1 & p\r+ a libation ( milk--= ! old] deities disapprove ( intoxicants--ab\t ! ap]ture :i* leads d[n to ! subt]ranean home ( ! g5ius4 ,if x s happ5 t !re is a snake 9 ! hole & ! milky deluge compels x spe$ily to issue f its hid+-place1 its appe>ance 9 ! h\se is greet$ ) a sil5t delight or ) a few words ( welcome quietly spok54 ,= on no acc\nt mu/ ! #8gu>dian ( ! h\se1' #fha or #fhb1 z x is sometimes call$1 be fright5$ by any s\nd or sudd5 movem5t4 ,mu* less ( c\rse mu/ any physical hurt or viol5ce be done to x2 ! consequ5ces ( su* action1 ev5 ?\gh x be due m]ely to inadv]t5ce1 are swift & t]rible2 ! h\se itself falls1 or ! memb] ( ! family :o 0 guilty ( ! outrage dies 9 ! self-same way 9 :i* he slew ! snake#fhc4 ,^! beliefs & cu/oms are probably all ( anci5t date4 ,!ophra/us#fhd notes h[ ! sup]/iti\s man1 if he sees a snake 9 ! h\se1 sets up a %r9e = x on ! spot4 ,! obs]vation also ( su* snakes 0 a recognis$ dep>tm5t ( #8dome/ic div9ation' 77 on :i* "o ,x5ocrates--n ! disciple ( ,plato--wrote a treatise#fhe4 ,!y 7 probably kn[n z 1 #8gu>dians ( ! h\se' 7a "n :i* is id5tical 9 mean+ ) ! mod]n 71 = x is ?us at any rate t ,hesy*ius#fhf designates ! great snake :i* ,h]odotus#fhg tells u 0 #8gu>dian 77 ( ! acropolis' at ,a!ns1 & :i*1 by leav+ unt\*$ ! honey-cake ) :i* x 0 f$ e mon?1 prov$ to ! ,a!nians1 :5 ! second ,p]sian invasion 0 ?reat5+ !m1 t _! tutel>y deity _h dep>t$ f ! acropolis1 & decid$ !m likewise to evacuate ! city4 ,?us ! few facts t are record$ ab\t ?is belief 9 antiquity accord s exactly ) mod]n obs]vations1 t f ! m9ut] detail ( ! latt] ! outl9es ( ! =m] may safely be fill$ 94 ,! g5ii ( *ur*es mo/ commonly are se5 or he>d 9 ! =m ( ox5--bulls = ! mo/ "p#fhh1 b also /e]s & heif]s#fhi4 ,!y appe>1 l all g5ii1 mo/ frequ5tly at night1 &1 accord+ to "o au?ority1 #8are adorn$ ) v>i\s preci\s /ones :i* diffuse a brightness su* z to light ! :ole *ur*4' #8,!y are seldom h>mful1' cont9ues ! same writ]#fij2 #8! few t are s--call$ simply --d n d>e to make _! abode )9 ! *ur*es1 b h _! lairs close to !m 9 ord] to d hurt to *ur*-go]s4444 ,ne> ,calamta1 on a m\nta9-side1 !re is a *apel ( ease d$icat$ to ,/ ,george4 ,! peasants n>rate t at ea* annual fe/ival held !re on ,april #bcrd a g5ius us$ to issue =? f a hole close by & to dev\r "o ( ! fe/al ga!r+4 ,aft] "s ye>s ! good p1 see+ t !re 0 no rem$y = ?is annual cata/rophe1 decid$ to give up ! fe/ival4 ,b a week be=e ! fea/ ,/ ,george appe>$ to !m all simultane\sly 9 a dream1 & assur$ !m t !y %\ld suff] no hurt at ! fe/ival1 because he _h seal$ up ! mon/]4 ,& 9 fact !y w5t !re & f\nd ! hole clos$ by a massive /one1 on :i* 0 impr9t$ ! m>k ( a horse's ho(2 = ,/ ,george1 will+ t ! hole %\ld rema9 always clos$1 _h made 8 horse /rike ! /one ) 8 ho(4 ,!nce=? ! sa9t has borne ! surname 7f ! #8%oe' or #8ho(' ( a horse7 & up to ?is day is %ewn ! ho(-m>k ^u a /one4' ,h>mless g5ii h[ev] are m frequ5tly assign$ to *ur*es1 ex]cis+ a k9d ( w>d5%ip ov] !m & tak+ an int]e/ 9 ! p>i%ion]s4 ,at ,m>\si1 a village ne> ,a!ns1 !re is a *ur* :i* is /ill believ$ to h a g5ius1 9 ! =m ( a bull1 lurk+ 9 its f\ndations2 & :5 any p>i%ion] is ab\t to die1 ! bull is he>d to bell[ ?ree times at midnight4 ,a *ur* 9 ,a!ns us$ to claim ! same di/9ction1 & ! bell[+ ( ! bull !re is said to h be5 he>d )9 liv+ memory at ! dea? ( an old man nam$ ,li\les#fia4 ,o!r *ur*es also 9 ,a!ns1 n to be outdone1 pret5d$ to ! possession ( g5ii 9 ! %apes ( a snake1 a black cock1 & a woman1 :o all foll[$ ! bull's example & emitt$ _! appropriate cries ?rice at midnight z a presage ( simil> ev5ts#fib4 ,:y ! g5ii ( *ur*es 9 p>ticul> appe> mo/ly z bulls1 ,i _c det]m9e4 ,:5 ! g5ius ( a riv] manife/s itself 9 t =m1 ! connexion ) antiquity is obvi\s2 = riv]-gods1 :o ex vi t]m9i are ! g5ii ( ! riv]s ^: "n !y %>e1 7 con/antly p\rtray$ ( old 9 ! =m ( bulls4 ,all t c be said is t ! type ( g5ius is old1 ?\gh its localisation is new & difficult to expla94 ,! g5ii ( bridges _c prop]ly1 ,i suppose1 be di/+ui%$ f ! g5ii ( ^? riv]s or rav9es :i* ! bridges span4 ,!y are usually depict$ z dragons or o!r =midable mon/]s1 & !y are be/ kn[n = ! cruel toll :i* !y exact :5 ! bridge is a-build+4 ,! orig9al conception is d\btless t ( ! riv]-god dem&+ a sacrifice1 ev5 ( human life1 9 comp5sation = m5's encroa*m5t ^u 8 doma94 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ! folk-songs :i* celebrate su* a !me is associat$ ) #8! ,bridge ( ,arta1' b _m v]sions#fic ( x h be5 publi%$ f diff]5t di/ricts1 & 9 "s ! names ( o!r bridges are sub/itut$2 9 ,crete ! /ory is atta*$ to ! #8%ak+ bridge' ov] a m\nta9 torr5t ne> ,canea#fid2 9 ! ,peloponnese to #8! ,lady's bridge' ov] ! riv] ,ladon#fie2 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,!rmopylae to a bridge ov] ! riv] ,hellda#fif2 9 ! isl& ( ,cos to ! old bridge ( ,antima*ia#fig4 ,! song1 9 ! v]sion#fih :i* ,i select1 runs ?us3 #8,appr5tices ?ree-score !re 71 & craftsm5 five & =ty1 ,= ?ree long ye>s !y lab\r$ sore to build ! bridge ( ,arta2 ,all ! day long !y build$ x1 ea* night x fell 9 ru94 ,! craftsm5 fall to l\d lam5t1 ?' appr5tices to weep+3 8,alas1 alas = all our toil1 alack = all our lab\r1 ,t all day long we're build+ x1 at night x falls 9 ru940 ,!n f ! rightmo/ ar* !re( ! demon gave !m answ]3 8,an ye devote n human life1 no wall ha? sure f\ndation2 ,& n[ devote n orphan-*ild1 nor wayf>]1 nor /rang]1 ,b give y\r ma/]-craftsman's wife1 8 wife s fair & graci\s1 ,t come? late t[>d ev5tide1 t come? late t[>d supp]40 ,! ma/]-craftsman he>d x well1 & fell z "o dea?-/rick52 ,a ^w anon he writes & bids ! night+ale to c>ry3 8,t>ry to don ?y be/ array1 t>ry to come to supp]1 ,t>ry to g ^u ?y way across ! bridge ( ,arta40 ,! night+ale he>d n aright1 & c>ri$ o!r message3 8,hurry to don ?y be/ array1 hurry to come to supp]1 ,hurry to g ^u ?y way across ! bridge ( ,arta40 ,lo1 !re %e came1 n[ full 9 view1 along ! du/-:ite roadway2 ,! ma/]-craftsman h] espi$1 & all 8 he>t 0 break+2 ,e'en f af> %e bids !m hail1 e'en f af> %e greets !m3 8,gladness & heal?1 my ma/]s all1 appr5tices & craftsm56 ,:at ails ! ma/]-craftsman !n t he is s di/ressd80 8,n\ght ails save only t 8 r+ by ! fir/ ar* is fall52 ,:o %all g 9 & out aga9 8 r+ !nce to recov]80 8,ma/]1 be n s bitt]-griev$1 ,i w g fet* x = !e2 ,let me g 9 & out aga9 ?y r+ !nce to recov]40 ,n yet _h %e made full desc5t1 n halfway _h desc5d$2 8,draw up ! rope1 pri!e goodman1 draw up ! cable quickly1 ,= all ! _w is upside d[n1 & n\ght h ,i recov]$40 ,"o plies ! spade to cov] h]1 ano!r %ovels mort>1 ,! ma/]-craftsman lifts a /one1 & hurls x d[n ^u h]4 8,alas1 alas = ?is our doom1 alack = our sad =tune6 ,?ree si/]s we1 & = all ?ree a cruel fate 0 writt54 ,"o w5t to build+ ,dnavi1 ! next to build ,avlna1 ,& ,i1 ! la/ ( all ! ?ree1 mu/ build ! bridge ( ,arta4 ,ev5 z trembles my poor he>t1 s may ! bridge-way tremble1 ,ev5 z my fair tresses fall1 s fall all !y t cross x60 8,nay1 *ange1 girl1 pri!e *ange ?y spee*1 & utt] o!r presage2 ,?\ ha/ "o bro!r de> to !e1 & haply he may pass x40 ,!n *angd %e h] spee* )al1 & utt]$ o!r presage3 8,z iron n[ is my poor he>t1 z iron /& ! bridge-way1 ,z iron are my tresses fair1 iron be !y t cross x6 ,= ,i've a bro!r f> away1 & haply he may pass x40' ,b :ile ! mo/ fam\s examples ( sacrifice to g5ii are connect$ ) bridges1 ! cu/om 9 a less crim9al =m ?an t :i* ! folk-songs celebrate is common ?r\gh\t ,greece to-day4 ,9 build+ a h\se or any o!r edifice1 ! "q ( propitiat+ ! g5ius already 9 possession ( ! site & ( induc+ x to become ! gu>dian ( ! build+ is duly consid]$4 ,sacrifice is done4 ,! peace-(f]+1 accord+ to ! importance ( ! build+ & ! means ( ! future own]1 may consi/ ( an ox1 a ram1 a he-goat1 or a cock 7or1 less commonly1 ( a h5 ) h] brood#fii71 pref]ably ( black col\r1 z 7 9 old "t victims design$ = gods b5ea? ! e>?4 ,! select$ animal is 9 ,ac>nania & ,aetolia#gjj tak5 to ! site1 & !re its ?roat is cut s t ! blood may fall on ! f\ndation-/one1 b5ea? :i* ! body is !n int]r$4 ,9 "s o!r places#gja x suffices to m>k a cross ^u ! /one ) ! victim's blood4 ,9 ! same di/rict ! practice ( tak+ auspices f ! victim--f ! %\ld]-blade 9 ! case ( a ram & f ! brea/-bone 9 ! case ( a cock--is occasionally comb9$ ) ! sacrifice1 b is n ess5tial to ! c]emony4 ,b animals1 ?\gh !y are ! only victims actually slaught]$ ^u ! spot1 are n ! only =m ( peace-(f]+4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day :51 add$ to ! p[] ( ! law1 a s5se ( humanity1 or a fe> ( be+ pron\nc$ #8uncivilis$1' t5ds to det] ! peasantry ev5 ( ! mo/ outly+ di/ricts f actually satisfy+ ! m savage in/9cts ( h]$it>y sup]/ition1 !re /ill exi/s a /rong feel+ t a human victim is pref]able to an animal = ensur+ ! /ability ( a build+4 ,=tunately !re=e = ! build]'s peace ( m9d1 ! pr9ciples ( sympa!tic magic (f] a compromise betwe5 actual murd] & total disreg>d ( ! traditional rite4 ,x suffices to obta9 f a man or woman--an enemy = *oice b1 fail+ t1 #8out ( philan?ropy' z a ,greek au?ority puts x1 any ag$ p]son ^: t]m ( life is well-nigh done--"s su* object z a hair or ! p>+ ( a nail1 or aga9 a %r$ ( 8 clo?+ or a ca/-(f %oe1 or x may be a ?read or /ick#gjb m>k$ ) ! measure ei!r ( ! footpr9t or ( ! full /ature ( ! p]son1 & to bury x b5ea? ! f\ndation-/one ( ! new edifice4 ,by ?is proce$+ a human victim is devot$ to ! g5ius ( ! site1 & w die )9 ! ye> z surely z if an image ( him 7 m\ld$ 9 wax & a ne$le run ?r\gh its he>t4 ,ano!r v>iation ( ! same rite consi/s 9 entic+ "s pass]-by to ! spot & lay+ ! f\ndation-/one ^u 8 %ad[4 ,9 ,santor9i ,i myself 0 once sav$ f su* a fate by ! r\gh b5evol5ce ( a /rang] :o dragg$ me back f ! place :]e ,i 0 /&+ & adjur$ me to wat* ! proce$+s f ! o!r side ( ! tr5* :]e my %ad[ c\ld n fall across ! f\ndations4 ,nor are ! invit$ gue/s immune2 un5viable !re=e is ! position ( ^? p]sons :o are (ficially requir$ to assi/ at ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation-/ones ( *ur*es & o!r public build+s4 ,! dem>* 7or mayor7 ( ,agr9ion in=m$ me t1 accord+ to ! belief ( ! common-folk 9 ! neighb\rhood1 8 f\r imm$iate pr$ecessors 9 (fice _h all fall5 victims to ?is _! public duty2 & he describ$ to me ! conc]n & con/]nation ( 8 own wom5-folk :5 he himself _h rec5tly brav$ ! ordeal4 ,he hone/ly all[$ too t he _h kept 8 %ad[ cle> ( ! dang]\s spot4 ,s mu* importance is atta*$ to ^! f\ndation-c]emonies t ! ,*ur* has provid$ a special (fice to be read alike = ca!dral or = cottage2 & ! prie/ :o att5ds = ?is purpose is sometimes induc$ to pron\nce a bless+ on ! animal t is to be sacrific$4 ,?is h[ev] is ! m exp5sive rite2 ! victim has to be b\ght1 & ! prie/ expects a fee = bless+ x2 :]eas ! immolation ( a %ad[-victim co/s no?+1 is m efficaci\s z be+ equival5t to a human sacrifice1 & provides an excell5t means = remov+ an enemy ) impunity4 ,! sacrificial c]emony is also sometimes p]=m$ on o!r occasions ?an ^? ( ! lay+ ( f\ndation-/ones4 ,9 ,a!ns a precept ( popul> wisdom enjo9s ! slaught]+ ( a black cock :5 a new qu>ry is op5$#gjc2 & an int]e/+ acc\nt is giv5 by ,b5t#gjd ( a simil> sc5e at ! laun*+ ( a %ip 9 ,santor9i4 #8,:5 !y h built a new vessel1 !y h a gr& c]emony at ! laun*+1 or b5$iction1 z !y call x "h1 at :i* ! prie/ (ficiates2 & ! cr[d eag]ly wat*1 z %e glides into ! wat]1 ! position %e takes1 = an om5 is atta*$ to ?is4 ,x is cu/om>y to slaught] an ox1 a lamb or a dove on ^! occasions1 accord+ to ! weal? ( ! proprietor & ! size ( ! %ip1 & ) ! blood to make a cross on ! deck4 ,aft] ?is ! capta9 jumps (f ! b[s into ! sea ) all 8 clo!s on1 & ! c]emony is foll[$ by a banquet & mu* rejoic+4' ,"h x is reasonable to suppose t ! capta9 by jump+ into ! sea goes ?r\gh ! =m ( (f]+ himself z a sacrifice to ! g5ius ( ! sea1 & t ! animal actually slaught]$ is a surrogate victim 9 8 /ead4 ,! /r5g? ( ^! sup]/itions to-day1 z gaug$ by ! %ifts & compromises to :i* ! peasants resort 9 ord] to satisfy _! scruples1 goes f> to gu>antee ! hi/orical accuracy ( su* ballads z #8! ,bridge ( ,arta4' ,n ( c\rse t ea* ( ! num]\s v]sions ) all its local col\r+ is to be tak5 z evid5ce ( human sacrifice 9 ea* place nam$2 exactitude ( detail _c be claim$ = !m4 ,b z a fai?ful picture ( ! beliefs & cu/oms preval5t n m p]haps ?an two or ?ree c5turies ago !y des]ve full cr$5ce4 ,bo? ! wide disp]sion ( ! sev]al v]sions1 & also ! skill ) :i* 9 ea* ( !m ! action ( ! ma/]-build] evokes feel+s n ( av]sion b r ( pity = a man ( :om religi\s duty dem&$ ! sacrifice ( 8 own wife1 furni% pla9 pro( ( ! dom9ation :i* ! sup]/ition 9 its mo/ gruesome =m once ex]cis$2 & ! int5tions ( ! mod]n peasants1 if n _! acts1 te/ify to ! same ov]:elm+ dread ( g5ii4 ,t ! c]emonies :i* ,i h describ$ are 9 g5]al ( ! nature ( sacrifices to g5ii is beyond "q4 ,9 ! v]sion ( #8! ,bridge ( ,arta' :i* ,i h translat$1 bo? ! g5ius & ! victim :om he dem&s appe> z dramatis p]sonae4 ,aga91 9 "s di/ricts ! ^w #8sacrifice' 7#gje or #gjf7 is actually /ill appli$ to ! rite4 ,f9ally1 ?\gh ! victims are ( v>i\s k9ds & ! =ms 9 :i* a g5ius may appe> equally v>i\s1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two is z a rule kept cle>2 cases ( a s+le species ( animal s]v+ = bo? g5ius & victim--( ! g5ius = example appe>+ z a cock or ( ! *os5 victim be+ a snake--are extremely r>e4 ,confusion ( ! two nev]!less does occur2 ! orig9al g5ius ( ! site is sometimes =gott51 & ! victim is conceiv$ to be sla9 & buri$ 9 ord] t f ! "u-_w x may ex]cise a gu>dian%ip ov] ! build+ :i* is its tomb4 ,?us 9 "o v]sion ( #8! ,bridge ( ,arta1' inf]ior 9 _m respects to t :i* ,i h translat$1 ! compla9t ( ! ma/]-craftsman's wife conta9s ! l9e 1 #gjg1 #8,?ree si/]s we1 & all ! ?ree !y took = gu>dian-demons4' ,probably ! same confusion ( ?\ght 0 responsible = ! repres5tation ( ! g5ius ( a *ur* 9 ,a!ns 9 ! %ape ( a cock1 :i* is ! commone/ k9d ( victim2 & possibly too ! bulls :i* are s frequ5tly ! gu>dians ( *ur*es 7 orig9ally ! victims consid]$ mo/ suitable = ! f\ndation ( su* important edifices4 ,?is error ( belief has und\bt$ly be5 facilitat$ by ! use ( a ^w :i* 9 its m$iaeval mean+s has already be5 discuss$--! v]b 4 ,?is1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 meant /rictly #8to provide 7a place or object7 ) a g5ius4' ,b 9 mod]n usage x c take an accusative ( ! victim devot$ to a g5ius no less ?an ( ! place provid$ ) a g5ius4 ,9 ,zacyn?os & ,cephalonia1 says ,b]nh>d ,s*midt#gjh1 ! phrase 1 = example1 mean+ #8,i devote a lamb' to ! g5ius1 is 9 regul> use2 & s too 9 ! above r5d]+ ( #8! ,bridge ( ,arta1' ! phrase :i* ,i h translat$ #8an ye devote n human life' is 9 ! ,greek ' 4 ,n[ v]bs ( ?is =m are 9 bo? anci5t & mod]n ,greek usually causative4 ,! anci5t & mod]n mean #8,i make 7an object7 cle>' 773 ! anci5t & mod]n mean #8,i make 7an object7 gold' 774 ,simil>ly is readily tak5 to mean #8,i make 7an animal or p]son7 ! g5ius' 77 ( a place4 ,if !re=e ?is ^w cont9u$ to be appli$ to ! rite ( slaught]+ an animal at f\ndation-c]emonies 9 any place :]e ! true purport ( ! cu/om1 z (t5 happ5s1 _h be5 =gott51 language itself w\ld at once sugge/ t errone\s int]pretation ( ! cu/om ( :i* we h se5 examples2 ! victim w\ld be rais$ to ! rank ( g5ius4 ,?is developm5t ( mod]n sup]/ition supplies a clue = trac+ ! evolution ( anci5t ,greek religion1 :i* has hi!rto be5 miss$ by ^? :o h dealt ) ! subject#gji4 ,!y h g5]ally comp>$ ) ! mod]n ,greek sup]/ition simil> beliefs & cu/oms preval5t ?r\gh\t ! ,balkans & ev5 beyond !m1 & h !nce inf]r$ t ! practice ( sacrific+ to ! g5ii ( sites select$ = build+ 0 ( ,slavonic importation4 ,! wide di/ribution ( ! sup]/ition 9 ! ,balkans1 especially among ! ,slavonic peoples1 is a fact2 b ! inf]5ce goes too f>4 ,to ,slavonic influ5ce ,i impute ! recrudesc5ce ( ! sup]/ition 9 its mo/ b>b>\s =m1 involv+ human sacrifice1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,anci5t hi/ory1 ev5 anci5t my?ology1 conta9s no /ory s sugge/ive ( b>b>ity z "o brief /atem5t made by ,suidas3 #8,at ,/ ,mamas !re 0 a l>ge bridge consi/+ ( twelve ar*es 7= !re 0 mu* wat] com+ d[n71 & !re a braz5 dragon 0 set up1 because x 0 ?\ght t a dragon inhabit$ ! place2 & !re _m maid5s 7 sacrific$#gaj4' ,! date ( ! ev5ts to :i* ! passage ref]s _c be asc]ta9$2 b ,i c]ta9ly suspect x to be subsequ5t to ! ,slavonic invasion ( ,greece4 ,yet ev5 s ! ,slavs did n initiate a new cu/om b m]ely /imulat$ ! native belief t g5ii requir$ sacrifice 9 comp5sation = ! build+ ( any edifice on _! doma9s4 ,?is belief dat$ f ! ,hom]ic age--nay1 0 already old :5 ! ,a*aeans built _! great wall ) l(ty t[]s1 a bulw>k = !m & _! %ips aga9/ ! m5 ( ,ilium4 #8,?us1' we read1 #8did !y lab\r1 ev5 ! long-hair$ ,a*aeans2 b ! gods sitt+ beside ,zeus t wielde? ! lightn+ gaz$ 9 wond] on ! mighty "w ( ! bronze-clad ,a*aeans4 ,& to !m did ,poseidon ! e>?-%ak] op5 spee*3 8,fa!r ,zeus1 is !re n[ "o mortal on ! b\ndless e>?1 t w h5ce=? decl>e unto immortals 8 m9d & purpose8 ,see/ ?\ n t contr>iwise ! long-hair$ ,a*aeans h built a wall to gu>d _! %ips & driv5 a tr5* ab\t x1 & h n (f]$ unto ! gods fair sacrifice8 ,v]ily _! wall %all be fam$ f> z ,dawn spreads h] light2 & t :i* ,i ) ,phoebus ,apollo toil$ to build = ! h]o ,laom$on w m5 =get40 ,& unto him spake ,zeus t ga!re? ! cl\ds1 sore-vex$3 8,fie on !e1 ?\ e>?-%ak] ^: sway is wide1 = ?is ?y ^w4 ,well might ?is device ( m5 dismay "s o!r god less] ?an ?\ by f> 9 "w & w2 b ?\ v]ily %alt be fam$ f> z ,dawn spreads h] light4 ,g to2 :5 ! long-hair$ ,a*aeans be gone aga9 ) _! %ips unto _! own native l&1 break ?\ d[n _! wall & ca/ x all into ! sea & cov] aga9 ! va/ %ore ) s&1 t s ! ,a*aeans' great wall may be wip$ out f ?y sight#gaa40' ,& lat] 9 ! ,iliad we read ( ! fulfilm5t2 h[ t ! riv]s ( ! ,trojan l& 7 m>%all$ & l$ by ,poseidon1 8 trid5t 9 8 h&s1 to ! assault ( ! wall t #8_h be5 fa%ion$ )\t ! w ( ! gods & c\ld no long "t endure#gab4' ,! :ole passage f9ds its be/ comm5t>y 9 mod]n sup]/ition4 ,poseidon1 ?\gh a great god1 is ! local g5ius2 to him belongs ! %ore :]e ! ,greek %ips are assembl$1 to him too ! l& :]e he _h built ! t[n ( ,ilium2 to him !re=e 7 due sacrifices = ! build+ ( ! wall4 ,b ! god ^: fame is kn[n f> z ,dawn spreads h] light des]ves ! rebuke adm9i/]$ by ,zeus = 8 pett9ess ( _s4 ,an ord9>y local g5ius1 #8"s god f> less] ?an he 9 "w & w1' might ju/ly wax wra?ful at ! neglect ( 8 m limit$ pr]ogatives4 ,yet ev5 s ! wall 0 doom$ to endure no long "t4 ,!n z n[ ! div9e law ran1 #8,an ye devote n hecatombs1 no wall ha? sure f\ndation4' ,9 ?is passage !re is ( c\rse no sugge/ion ( a local g5ius 9 animal %ape2 ! an?ropomorphic t5d5cy ( ,hom]ic religion 0 too /rong to admit ( t4 ,b s9ce we "k f ,!ophra/us' sket* ( ! sup]/iti\s man & f o!r s\rces t 9 ! classical age g5ii ( h\ses & temples 7 believ$ to appe> 9 ! =m ( snakes1 we may )\t hesitation assign ! same belief to e>li] ages4 ,su* a sup]/ition c\ld n 9 ! nature ( ?+s h sprung up aft] an an?ropomorphic conception ( ! gods dom9at$ all religion1 b mu/ necess>ily h be5 a survival f pre-classical & pre-,hom]ic folklore4 ,b1 ?\gh ,hom] speaks ( ! g5ius only z a #8less] god' )\t fur!r description1 he implies cle>ly t ! pres5t cu/om ( do+ sacrifice to su* a be+ = ! f\ndation ( any build+ 0 !n 9 exi/5ce4 ,did ! sacrifice ev] involve human victims8 ,a positive & c]ta9 answ] _c1 ,i suppose1 be made2 b be>+ 9 m9d ! _m anci5t traditions ( human sacrifice 9 ,greece & ev5 ! occasional cont9uance ( ! practice 9 ! mo/ civilis$ & enlight5$ age#gac ,i _c d\bt x4 ,i suspect t1 if we c\ld obta9 an e>li] v]sion ( ! /ory ( ,iphig5ia ?an has come d[n to u1 we %\ld f9d t ! wra? ( ,artemis _h no "p 9 x1 b t human sacrifice 0 (f]$ to ! ,w9ds or o!r g5ii ( ! air--t ! #8maid5's blood' 01 9 ! words ( ,aes*ylus1 #8a sacrifice to /ay ! w9ds#gad1' #8a *>m to lull ! ,?racian bla/s#gae1' t & no?+ m4 ,b a /ory /ill m /rongly evid5tial ( ! cu/om is told by ,pausanias#gaf4 ,9 ! w> betwe5 ,mess5ia & ,sp>ta1 :5 ! ,mess5ians _h be5 r$uc$ to extremities1 #8!y decid$ to evacuate all _! _m t[ns 9 ! op5 c\ntry & to e/abli% !mselves on ,m\nt ,i?ome4 ,n[ !re 0 !re a t[n ( no great size1 :i* ,hom]1 !y say1 includes 9 ! ,catalogue--8,i?ome /eep z a ladd]40 ,9 ?is t[n !y e/abli%$ !mselves1 ext5d+ its anci5t circuit s z to provide a /ronghold l>ge en\gh = all4 ,& ap>t ev5 f ! =tifications ! place 0 /rong2 = ,i?ome is z high z any m\nta9 9 ! ,peloponnese &1 :]e ! t[n lay1 0 p>ticul>ly inaccessible4 ,!y det]m9$ also to s5d an envoy to ,delphi1' :o br\ght !m back ! foll[+ oracle3 ,a maid5 pure unto ! ne!r p[]s1 ,*os5 by lot1 ( l9eage ,aepytid1 ,ye %all devote 9 sacrifice by night4 ,b if ye fail !re(1 take ye a maid ,e'en f a man ( o!r race z victim1 ,an he %all give h] will+ly to slay4 ,& ! /ory goes on to tell h[ 9 ! end ,ari/odemus devot$ 8 own daught]1 & %e became ! accept$ victim4 ,"h ,pausanias1 x w be notic$1 does n give any reason = ! sacrifice be+ requir$4 ,b ?ree po9ts 9 8 n>rative are highly sugge/ive4 ,! /ory ( ! sacrifice foll[s imm$iately ^u ! m5tion ( ! build+ ( new =tifications--& ! f\ndation ( :at 0 to be practically a new city 0 em95tly a "q on :i* to consult ! ,delphic oracle2 ! p[]s to :om sacrifice is ord]$ are designat$ m]ely z 1 ! ne>e/ equival5t 9 anci5t ,greek to g5ii2 & ! "t ( ! sacrifice is to be night1 :51 accord+ to mod]n belief1 g5ii are mo/ active4 ,if !n mod]n sup]/ition c ev] tea* u any?+ ab\t anci5t religion1 x supplies ! clue "h4 ,! maid5 0 to be sacrific$ to ! g5ii ( ,m\nt ,i?ome to ensure ! /ability ( ! new =tifications4 ,n[ if my int]pretation ( ?is /ory is "r & ! practice ( human sacrifice to g5ii 0 kn[n 9 anci5t ,greece1 ! transition f ! wor%ip ( g5ii 9 ! =m ( snakes or dragons to ! wor%ip ( tutel>y h]oes or gods 9 human lik5ess is readily expla9$ on ! analogy ( a simil> transition 9 mod]n belief4 ,:at 0 orig9ally ! victim 0 mi/ak5 = ! g5ius4 ,! same confusion ( ?\ght1 by :i*1 9 "o v]sion ( #8! ,bridge ( ,arta1' ! g5ius 9 p]son dem&s a human victim & yet aft]w>ds ! victim speaks ( h]self z becom+ ! g5ius ( ! bridge1 c be detect$ ev5 9 ! oracle giv5 to ! ,mess5ians4 #8,if ye fail to f9d a maid ( ! blood ( ! ,aepytidae1' x said1 #8ye may take ! daught] ( a man ( o!r l9eage1 provid$ t he give h] will+ly = sacrifice4' ,:y ! condition8 ,:y #8will+ly' only8 ,because1 ,i ?9k1 ev5 ! ,delphic oracle halt$ betwe5 two op9ions--betwe5 ! conception ( ! maid5 z a victim to appease angry g5ii & ! belief t ! dead girl h]self w\ld become ! gu>dian-daemon ( ! /ronghold4 ,let u read ano!r /ory f ,pausanias#gag3 #8,at ! base ( ,m\nt ,cronius1 on ! nor? side 7( ! ,altis at ,olympia71 betwe5 ! treasuries & ! m\nta91 !re is a sanctu>y ( ,ili?yia1 & 9 x ,sosipolis1 a native daemon ( ,elis1 is wor%ipp$4 ,to ,ili?yia !y give ! surname 8,olympian10 & elect a prie/ess to m9i/] to h] ye> by ye>4 ,! old woman too :o waits ^u ,sosipolis is b\nd by ,elean cu/om to *a/ity 9 h] own p]son1 & br+s wat] = ! ba?+ ( ! god & s]ves him ) b>ley-cakes knead$ ) honey4 ,9 ! front "p ( ! temple1 :i* is ( d\ble con/ruction1 is an alt> ( ,ili?yia1 & entrance !reto is public2 b 9 ! inn] "p ,sosipolis is wor%ipp$1 & only ! woman :o s]ves ! god may ent]1 & %e only ) h] head & face cov]$ by a :ite veil4 ,& :ile %e does s1 maid5s & m>ri$ wom5 wait 9 ! temple ( ,ili?yia & s+ a hymn2 inc5se ( all sorts is also (f]$ to him1 b no libations ( w9e4 ,an oa? also at ! sanctu>y ( ,sosipolis is tak5 on v great occasions4 #8,x is said t :5 ! ,arcadians _h once invad$ ,elis1 & ! ,eleans lay encamp$ opposite to !m1 a woman came to ! g5]als ( ! ,eleans1 ) a *ild at h] brea/1 & said t1 ?\gh %e 0 ! "m ( ! *ild1 %e (f]$ x1 bidd5 !reto by dreams1 to fight on ! side ( ! ,eleans4 ,& ^? 9 comm&1 tru/+ ! woman's tale1 put ! *ild 9 ! =efront ( ! army nak$4 ,!n ! ,arcadians came to ! attack1 & lo6 /raightway ! *ild 0 *ang$ into a s]p5t4 ,& ! ,arcadians1 dismay$ at ! sight1 turn$ to flight1 & 7 press$ by ! ,eleans1 :o won a signal victory & gave to ! god ! "n ( ,sosipolis 78savi\r ( ! /ate074 ,& at ! place :]e ! s]p5t disappe>$ 9 ! gr\nd aft] ! battle !y set up ! sanctu>y2 & along ) him !y took to wor%ipp+ ,ili?yia1 because %e 0 ! goddess :o _h br\ght ! boy into ! _w4' ,is ?is /ory complete1 or did ,pausanias' in=mants suppress "o mat]ial po9t out ( %ame8 ,h[ came a mortal infant to assume ! =m ( a s]p5t :i* is prop] only to app>itions f ! l[] _w8 ,! miss+ episode is1 ,i believe1 ! sacrifice ( ! *ild1 :i* hav+ be5 (f]$ will+ly became aft] dea? a daemon fri5dly to ! ,eleans & f\ght1 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t1 on _! side4 ,human sacrifice be=e a battle 0 n unkn[n 9 anci5t ,greece#gah1 b by ,pausanias' "t ! inhabitants ( ,elis might well h hesitat$ to impute to _! =efa!rs s b>b>\s a cu/om1 & h modifi$ ! /ory by omitt+ ev5 t incid5t :i* alone c\ld make x h>monise ) anci5t religi\s ideas#gai4 ,a simil> view has be5 tak5 ( ano!r /ory ( ,pausanias#gbj1 also f ,elis4 #8,oxylus 7! k+ ( ,elis71 !y say1 _h two sons ,aetolus & ,laias4 ,aetolus di$ be=e 8 p>5ts & 0 buri$ by !m 9 a tomb :i* !y caus$ to be made exactly 9 ! gate ( ! road to ,olympia & ! sanctu>y ( ,zeus4 ,! cause ( _! bury+ him ?us 0 an oracle :i* =bade ! corpse to be ei!r )9 or )\t ! city4 ,& up to my "t ! gov]nor ( ! gymnasium /ill makes annual (f]+s to ,aetolus z a h]o4' ,comm5t+ on ?is passage ,dr ,fraz]#gba says1 #8,! _s ( ! dead man 0 probably expect$ to gu>d ! gate aga9/ foes4444 ,x is possible t 9 ?is /ory ( ! burial ( ,aetolus 9 ! gate we h a fad$ tradition ( an actual human sacrifice (f]$ :5 ! gate 0 built4' ,c]ta9ly ! facts t ,aetolus 0 "y & t he 0 n head ( ! royal h\se make 8 elevation to ! rank ( tutel>y h]o aft] dea? difficult to und]/& on any o!r hypo!sis2 & x %\ld be not$ too t ! oracle1 9 ob$i5ce to :i* 8 tomb 0 made 9 ! gateway1 probably came1 z ! prec$+ context sugge/s1 f ,delphi1 t same %r9e :i* 0 responsible = ! sacrifice ( ,ari/odemus' daught] 9 ! ,mess5ian w>4 ,?us !re is "s probability t 9 anci5t1 z 9 mod]n1 ,greece ! g5ius 0 sometimes sup]s$$ by ! victim (f]$ to him1 b bequea!d to 8 successor some?+ ( 8 own "*4 ,! victim1 n[ become a h]o1 manife/$ himself 9 ! old-e/abli%$ guise ( a s]p5t1 &1 if we may judge f ! case ( ,sosipolis at ,olympia1 cont9u$ to be f$ ) honey-cakes1 ! same food :i* _h be5 consid]$ ! appropriate diet = ! orig9al snake-g5ii su* z ^? dwell+ 9 ! ,ere*!um4 ,b1 :5 once ! transition ( wor%ip 0 well advanc$1 ! p[] to assume s]p5t-=m 0 naturally ext5d$ to all tutel>y h]oes & ev5 to gods2 to h be5 sacrific$ 0 no long] ! sole qualify+ condition4 ,! h]o ,cy*reus w5t to ! help ( ! ,a!nians at ,salamis 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t#gbb4 ,two s]p5ts 7 ! inc>nations ( ! h]oes ,trophonius & ,agam$es at ! oracle ( ,lebadea#gbc4 ,amphi>aus 0 repres5t$ by a snake on ! co9s ( ,oropus4 ,an ar*aic relief ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 9 ! ,museum ( ,sp>ta1 to :i* ,miss ,h>rison has rec5tly call$ att5tion1 repres5ts #8a male & a female figure seat$ side by side on a great ?rone-l *a94444 ,wor%ipp]s ( dim9utive size approa* ) (f]+s--a cock & "s object t may be a cake1 an egg1 or a fruit4444 ,x is cle> t we h 444 repres5tations ( ! dead1 b ! dead conceiv$ ( z half-div9e1 z h]oiz$--h5ce _! l>ge size z comp>$ ) t ( _! wor%ipp+ desc5dants4 ,!y are 1 8,bett] & ,/rong] ,ones40 ,! arti/ ( ! relief is det]m9$ to make 8 mean+ cle>4 ,beh9d ! *air1 equal 9 height to ! seat$ figures1 is a great curl$ snake1 b a snake /rangely fa%ion$4 ,f ! edge ( 8 l[] lip hangs d[n a long be>d1 a decoration d5i$ by nature4 ,! int5tion is cle>2 he is a human snake1 ! vehicle1 ! inc>nation ( ! dead man's gho/#gbd4' ,9 ?is relief ! (f]+s depict$ also are1 ,i ?9k1 no less in/ructive ?an ! be>d$ snake4 ,if we may suppose t ! some:at indet]m9ate object1 cake1 egg1 or fruit1 0 int5d$ = a honey-cake1 ! (f]+s comb9e t :i* 0 ! accu/om$ food ( snake-g5ii 9 anci5t times ) a cock1 ! victim mo/ frequ5tly sacrific$ to ! same g5ii at ! pres5t day4 ,( gods1 ,asclepius1 p]haps because he began life z a h]o1 0 mo/ frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 s]p5t-=m4 ,x 0 9 ?is guise t he came to ,sicyon1 ,epidaurus ,lim]a1 & ,rome#gbe2 & 9 lat] times ,lucian tells a humor\s tale ( h[ an impo/or effect$ by trick]y a suppos$ re-inc>nation ( ,asclepius 9 snake-=m be=e ! v eyes ( ! p out ( ^: sup]/itions he made a liv+ & inde$ a =tune#gbf4 ,"h aga91 if we may argue f mod]n cu/om1 ! s]p5t-=m c>ri$ ) x ! traditional (f]+ ( a #8cock to ,asclepius4' ,b o!r gods too _h sometimes _! att5dant snakes1 z _h ,asclepius at ,epidaurus2 & 9 e case x is likely t ! p>ticul> god _h orig9ally dispossess$ a primitive snake-g5ius1 b inh]it$ f him & reta9$ = a "t 9 local cults ! =m ( a snake2 until1 z ! conception ( ! gods became m & m an?ropomorphic1 ! snake ceas$ to be a manife/ation ( ! god himself & became m]ely 8 m9i/] or 8 symbol4 ,ev5 ,zeus himself1 "u ! title ( ,meili*ios1 is prov$ by two reliefs f\nd at ! ,piraeus to h be5 figur$ = a "t by 8 wor%ipp]s z a snake#gbg4 ,9 _m su* cases d\btless ! sub/itution ( ! cult ( a new & nam$ god = t ( a primitive & nameless g5ius expla9s adequately ! incom]'s inh]itance & tempor>y ret5tion ( ! snake-=m2 b 9 ! case ( tutel>y h]oes1 above all1 ! analogy ( mod]n folk-lore1 9 :i* ! human victim is sometimes errone\sly elevat$ to ! rank ( gu>dian-g5ius1 supplies1 ,i ?9k1 ! "r clue to ! process by :i* 9 anci5t times ! snake came to be ! recognis$ inc>nation ( ! spirits ( dead m5 & h]oes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! g5ii ( wat]1 to :om we n[ turn1 are sometimes imag9$ 9 ! =m ( dragons or ( bulls1 b m (t5 by f> 9 human or quasi-human %ape4 ,an exception to ! g5]al rule mu/ ( c\rse be made 9 ! case ( ! g5ii ( bridges1 if1 z ,i suppose1 !y 7 orig9ally id5tical ) ! g5ii ( ^? riv]s :i* ! bridges span2 = ^!1 z ,i h said1 are usually dragons4 ,b if 9 ?is case !re is a diff]5ce 9 outw>d appe>ance1 !re is a g5]al agreem5t at any rate 9 *>act]i/ics2 = ! g5ii ( wat] are no less ho/ile to man ?an ^? :o dem& human sacrifice z ! price ( _! p]mission to build a bridge4 ,at ,kephalvryso 9 ,aetolia ! g5ii ( a riv] 7 describ$ to me z r$1 gr9n+ devils :o might (t5 be se5 sitt+ 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream b5ea? ! wat]4 ,!y 7 believ$ to mate ) ,lamiae :o infe/$ sev]al caves on ! bank ( ! riv]2 & toge!r ^! two k9ds ( mon/] w\ld fe$ on ! bodies ( m5 :om !y _h dragg$ into ! riv] & dr[n$4 ,b f> m frequ5tly ! g5ii ( wat]1 & especially ( wells1 appe> 9 ! =m ( ,arabs 771 & may be se5 sometimes smok+ long pipes 9 ! dep?s4 ,!y h ! p[] ( trans=m+ !mselves into any %ape4 ,at "o "t !y assume dragon-=m & t]rorise a :ole c\ntry side2 at ano!r !y adopt ! guise ( a lovely maid5 weep+ beside a well1 &1 on pret5ce ( hav+ dropp$ into x a r+1 induce gallant & unw>y m5 to desc5d to _! dea?#gbh2 = :5 once ! ,arab has entrapp$ !m 9 8 well he fe$s ^u !m or smokes !m 9 lieu ( tobacco 9 8 pipe4 ,h[ ,arabs h come to f9d a place among ! g5ii ( mod]n ,greece is a "q :i* mu/ be answ]$ 9 "o ( two ways4 ,ei!r dur+ ! ,turki% dom9ation ( ,greece ! ,arab slaves1 :o 7 to be f\nd 9 e weal?y h\se1 7 suspect$ by ! ,*ri/ian population ( possess+ magical p[]s1 & f be+ magicians 7 elevat$1 z ! ,/riges (t5 7 9 m$iaeval & mod]n ,greece1 to ! rank ( demons2 or else !y are ano!r example ( ! transmutation ( victims into g5ii4 ,= sev]al reasons ,i incl9e to ! latt] explanation4 ,fir/1 ^! ,arabs are mo/ commonly associat$ ) wells1 & = ! s9k+ ( a well1 no less ?an = ! erection ( a build+ or ! op5+ ( a qu>ry1 a victim w\ld naturally be requir$4 ,secondly1 an animal victim is = *oice ( a black or d>k col\r1 &1 by p>ity ( reason+1 among human victims an ,arab 7or o!r man ( d>k col\r1 = ! ^w ,arab is us$ popul>ly ( all su*7 w\ld be pref]able to a :ite man4 ,?irdly1 x 0 report$ f ,zacyn?os only a g5]ation ago t a /rong feel+ /ill exi/$ !re 9 fav\r ( sacrific+ a ,mohamm$an or a ,jew at ! f\ndation ( important bridges & o!r build+s#gbi2 & !re is a leg5d ( a black man hav+ be5 actually immur$ 9 ! bridge ( an aqu$uct ne> ,lebadea 9 ,boeotia#gcj4 ,la/ly1 ,i he>d f a %eph]d belong+ to ,*ios ! /ory ( a h\se 9 t isl& haunt$ by be+s :om he call$ indiff]5tly ,arabs#gca & vryklakes4 ,he himself _h be5 mad = eight mon?s f ! %ock ( see+ !m1 & f\r ( 8 fri5ds :o visit$ ! h\se to discov] ! cause ( 8 disa/] 7 simil>ly afflict$4 ,! demons 7 f9ally laid to re/ by an old man driv+ a flock ( goats ?r\gh ! h\se#gcb4 ,n[ vryklakes1 ) :om ,i %all deal at l5g? lat] on1 are p]sons resuscitat$ aft] dea? :o issue f _! graves2 & among ^? :o are pr$ispos$ to su* reappe>ance are m5 :o h met ) a viol5t dea?4 ,! id5tification !re=e ( ,arabs ) vryklakes 9 ?is /ory sugge/s t an ,arab victim sacrific$ at ! f\ndation ( "s build+ might become ! g5ius ( x--n 9 ?is case ! b5efic5t gu>dian ( x1 b ow+ to 8 viol5t dea? a malici\s & hurtful mon/]4 ,on ?is evid5ce ,i incl9e to ! view t ! ,arabs :o n[ =m a class ( g5ii 7 orig9ally ! human victims pref]r$ at ! s9k+ ( wells--a piece ( eng9e]+1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 ( fir/-rate importance 9 a c\ntry z dry z ,greece--& t1 :5 once ^! g5ii _h become associat$ ) wat]1 ! popul> imag9ation soon assign$ !m to riv]s & natural spr+s no less ?an to wells4 ,! g5ii ( riv]s sometimes appe> also 9 ! %ape ( bulls1 ?\gh z ,i h already rem>k$ ?is type ( g5ius is f> m commonly associat$ ) *ur*es4 ,possibly 9 "s cases ! fact t ! *ur* 0 built 9 ! neighb\rhood ( "s sacr$ spr+1 ^: miracul\s virtue 0 ( old] date & repute ?an ,*ri/ianity1 fir/ caus$ ! transf]5ce2 b at any rate "s riv]s /ill reta9 ?is type ( g5ius1 ! type "u :i* riv] gods 7 regul>ly repres5t$ 9 anci5t times4 ,9 ?is connexion a /ory entitl$ #8! ox-head$ man#gcc' & n>rat$ to me at ,goni 9 ! isl& ( ,santor9i des]ves m5tion4 ,a pr9cess & a poor girl once agre$ t :5 !y 7 m>ri$1 if ( _! respective fir/-born ! "o %\ld be a boy & ! o!r a girl1 ^! two %\ld be m>ri$4 ,n[1 z x *anc$1 pr9cess & peasant-maid 7 bo? w$ on ! same day1 b = a long "t bo? rema9$ *ildless4 ,!n at la/ !y pray$ to ! ,panagia1 ! pr9cess = a *ild ev5 if x 7 b a girl1 ! peasant = a son ev5 if he 7 b half a man2 & _! pray]s 7 answ]$2 = ! poor woman bore a son ) ! head ( an ox1 :ile ! pr9cess 0 ble/ ) a beautiful daught]4 ,:5 ! two *ildr5 7 gr[n up1 ! poor woman w5t "o day to claim ! fulfilm5t ( ! agreem5t1 & ! pr9cess1 or r n[ ! que51 w5t to ask h] husb&4 ,he h[ev] object$ to ! suitor on ! gr\nds ( p]sonal appe>ance1 & /ipulat$ t he %\ld at lea/ fir/ p]=m c]ta9 feats to prove 8 wor?9ess4 ,! fir/ task 0 to build a palace ( pe>ls1 ! second to plant ! highe/ m\nta9 ( ,santor9i 7 1 #8c5tral m\nta91' z x is locally call$7 ) trees1 & ! ?ird to bord] all ! roads ( ! isl& ) fl[]s4 ,= ea* lab\r "o s+le night 0 ! limit ( "t4 ,b ! ox-head$ man 0 equal to ! "w1 & hav+ accompli%$ x came rid+ on a :ite horse to claim 8 bride4 ,! k+ h[ev]1 :o _h impos$ ^! ?ree lab\rs 9 full assurance t ! unseemly suitor w\ld fail1 n[ flatly refus$ to abide by 8 promise1 & ! man retir$ disconsolate & disappe>$ none knew :i!r4 ,! "y pr9cess 0 mu* affect$ at ! unfair treatm5t ( h] lov]1 & ea* day %e grew m & m melan*oly4 ,b f9ally %e hit ^u a means ( *e]+ h]self4 ,%e propos$ to h] fa!r t !y %\ld leave ! palace & />t an inn1 n = money1 b = ! sake ( ! amusem5t to be d]iv$ f ! /ories & witty say+s ( ! gue/s4 ,! k+ cons5t$1 & ! inn 0 set up4 ,n[ "o day a boy :o _h be5 fi%+ dropp$ 8 rod into ! riv]1 & hav+ div$ 9 aft] x came to a flight ( /airs at ! bottom4 ,hav+ walk$ d[n =ty /eps1 he ent]$ a l>ge room :]e sat ! ox-head$ man1 :o talk$ ) him & told him t he 0 wait+ !re = a pr9cess :o came n4 ,! boy !n return$ )\t hurt1 & on 8 way home _h to pass ! inn4 ,hav+ turn$ 9 !re1 he 0 ask$ by ! pr9cess to tell h] some?+ amus+4 ,he repli$ h[ev] t he knew no /ories1 b w\ld rec\nt to h] an adv5ture :i* _h j befall5 him4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! /ory ! pr9cess recognis$ t :at ! boy call$ ! g5ius ( ! riv] 7 7 c\ld be no o!r ?an h] lov]1 & hav+ be5 /raightway conduct$ to ! spot1 f\nd & m>ri$ ! ox-head$ man1 & 9 8 palace "u ! riv] liv$ happily ev] aft]w>ds--8b0 7z ,greek fairy-tales (t5 end7 8we "h mu* m happily40 ,x is curi\s t ,santor9i ( all places %\ld be ! s\rce ( ?is /ory2 = ! isl& does n possess a /ream4 ,locally h[ev] c]ta9 gullies by :i* ! isl& is int]sect$ are kn[n z riv]s 77#gcd1 & aft] unusually heavy ra9 !y might p]haps =m torr5ts2 at any rate "o kn[n z #8! evil riv]' 7 7 is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 popul> traditions z a real riv]4 ,possibly ! tradition is accurate2 = ! volcanic nature ( ! isl& w\ld readily acc\nt = ! disappe>ance ( a s+le /ream#gce4 ,b ! importance ( ! /ory lies 9 ! m5tion ( an ox-head$ man z g5ius ( a riv]4 ,! fact t he is made ! son ( a peasant-woman ne$ n conc]n u2 ! fir/ "p ( ! /ory is probably adapt$ f "s o!r folk-tale ) a view to acc\nt = ! woo+ ( a pr9cess by s ill-fav\r$ a suitor4 ,9 ! latt] "p we h a m anci5t motif1 ! w$d+ ( a mortal maid ) a riv]-god4 ,if only x 7 m5tion$ 9 ?is tale t1 besides ! p[] ( p]=m+ miracul\s tasks1 ! bull-head$ man _h ! faculty1 :i* mod]n g5ii possess1 ( trans=m+ himself into o!r %apes1 we %\ld h a complete p>allel 7save 9 ! pr9cess' will+ness to w$7 ) ! woo+ ( ,deianira by ! riv]-god ,a*el\s2 8= he10 says %e1 89 treble %apes kept seek+ me f my sire1 com+ n[ 9 true bull-=m1 n[ z a coil+ s]p5t ( gleam+ hues1 anon ) human trunk & head ( ox#gcf40 ,! g5ii ( riv]s h n1 x w\ld seem1 *ang$ _! =ms & attributes1 save = ! admission ( ,arabs to _! numb]1 f ! age ( ,sophocles to ?is day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ?ird class ( g5ius :i* we h to notice is t]re/rial1 inhabit+ m\nta9s1 rocks1 caves1 & any o!r grim & desolate places4 ,^! g5ii are ! mo/ frequ5t ( all1 & are kn[n z dragons4 ,n ( c\rse t all dragons are t]re/rial2 ! dragon-=m has already be5 m5tion$ among ! =ms prop] to ! g5ii ( spr+s & wells1 & also z a %ape assum$ at w by ! ,arabs :o m frequ5tly occupy ^? haunts4 ,b t]re/rial g5ii1 9 :atev] place !y make _! lair--& no limit c be set to su* places--are f> mo/ commonly pictur$ z dragons2 & ,i h !re=e pref]r$ to speak ( ! dragons 9 g5]al "h1 r ?an among ! g5ii ( ei!r build+s or wat]4 ,! t]m or #gcg indicates to ! ,greek peasant a mon/] ( no m det]m9ate %ape ?an does ! ^w #8dragon' to ourselves4 ,! ,greek ^w h[ev] diff]s1 & has always diff]$1 f ! ,engli% =m ( x 9 "o respect1 namely t x is (t5 employ$ 9 a /rict & n>r[ s5se to d5ote a #8s]p5t' z di/+ui%$ f a small snake 79 mod]n ,greek 1 i4e4 1 ! dim9utive ( ! anci5t 74 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ,greek #8dragon1' 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! t]m1 is sometimes di/9ctly an?ropomorphic 9 popul> /ories1 & is made to boil kettles & dr9k c(fee )\t any s5se ( impropriety4 ,x is 9 fact only f ! context ( a /ory t x is possible to det]m9e 9 :at %ape ! dragon is imag9$2 9 g5]al x is nei!r fle% nor f[l nor good r$ devil2 heads & tails1 w+s & legs1 tee? & talons1 are assign$ to x 9 any numb] & v>iety2 x brea!s air & fire indiff]5tly2 x sleeps ) its eyes op5 & sees ) !m %ut2 x makes w> on m5 & love to wom52 x ro>s or x s+s1 & !re is little to *oose betwe5 ! two p]=mances2 = ! lapse ( c5turies1 x seems1 has 9 no wise mell[$ its voice#gch4 ,! /ories ( ! common-folk are full ( ^! mon/]s' savag]y & trea*]y#gci2 = x is ! dragons1 above all o!r sup]natural be+s1 :o provide ! w&]+ h]o ( ! fairy-tales ) befitt+ adv5tures & te/s ( pr[ess4 ,a common motif ( su* /ories is provid$ by ! belief t dragons are ! gu>dians ( buri$ treasure4 ,:5 a man 9 a dream has _h reveal$ to him ! :]eab\ts ( buri$ treasure1 8 "r c\rse is to g to ! spot )\t brea?+ to anyone a h9t ( 8 secret1 & !re to slay a cock or o!r animal su* z is (f]$ at ! lay+ ( f\ndation-/ones1 9 ord] to appease ! g5ius 7:i* is almo/ always a dragon1 ?\gh an ,arab is occasionally sub/itut$7 be=e he v5tures to di/urb ! soil4 ,?is is ! v sup]/ition :i* ,artemidorus _h 9 m9d :5 he int]pret$ dreams ab\t dragons to d5ote #8weal? & ri*es1 because dragons make _! fix$ abode ov] treasures#gdj4' ,hav+ compli$ ) ^! conditions ! digg] may hope to br+ gold to light2 b if he h previ\sly betray$ to anyone 8 expectations or h fail$ to propitiate ! dragon1 ! old prov]b is fulfill$1 #gda1 8 treasure turns out to be b a%es 774 ,! gu>dian%ip likewise ( g>d5s :]e9 fl[ #8immortal wat]s' or gr[s #8immortal fruit' is ! prov9ce ( dragons4 ,9 ,t5os a typical /ory conc]n+ !m is told 9 sev]al v]sions#gdb4 ,! h]o ( !m all be>s ! "n ( or #8,jack' 7a famili> dim9utive ( 1 #8,john'7--a "n commonly giv5 9 ,greek fairy-tales to ! p]=m] ( ,h]aclean feats4 ,! h]o :o1 aft] discov]+ t 8 y\nge/ si/] is a ,/rigla1 has fl$ ) 8 "m1 ! que51 f ! palace :]e !y 7 9 imm95t dang] ( be+ dev\r$#gdc1 comes to a ca/le occupi$ by =ty dragons4 ,! pr9ce /raightway attacks !m s+le-h&$ & slays1 s he ?9ks1 all ( !m1 b 9 reality "o has only feign$ to be dead & s escapes to a hole b5ea? ! ca/le1 ( :i* ,jack n[ becomes ! ma/]4 ,! rema9+ dragon h[ev] v5tures =?1 :5 ! pr9ce is gone out to ! *ase1 & makes love to ! que51 & aft] a :ile dragon & que5 kn[+ t ! pr9ce w\ld be inc5s$ at _! intrigue conspire to kill him4 ,to ?is end ! que5 on h] son's return pret5ds to be ill1 & 9 response to 8 enquiries tells him t ! only ?+ t c heal h] is #8immortal wat]#gdd1' :i*1 z h] p>am\r1 ! dragon1 kn[s1 is to be f\nd only 9 a di/ant g>d5 gu>d$ by "o or m o!r dragons4 ,! pr9ce at once und]takes to obta9 ! desir$ rem$y1 & is direct$ by a wit* 7:o 9 "s v]sions appe>s z ! imp]sonation ( 8 or #8,=tune'7 :i!r to g & h[ to deal ) ! dragons4 ,^! accord+ly he slays or eludes1 & s returns home unhurt br++ ! immortal wat]4 ,!n once m ! dragon & ! que5 take c\nsel toge!r1 & ! pret5ce ( illness is repeat$ ) a dem& ?is "t = "s immortal fruit or h]b#gde kn[n to be gu>d$ 9 ! same way z ! wat]2 & once m ! pr9ce sets out & circumv5ts ! dragons 9 "s new fa%ion4 ,betwe5 su* /ories & ! anci5t fable ( ,h]acles' j\rney to ! l& ( ! ,hesp]ides 9 se>* ( ! gold5 apples1 & ( 8 victory ov] ! gu>dian-dragon ,ladon1 ! connexion is self-evid5t4 ,:e!r t connexion is "o ( direct l9eage1 is less c]ta94 ,m probably1 ,i ?9k1 a =m ( ?is same /ory 0 already curr5t 9 an age to :i* ! "n ( ,h]acles 0 z unkn[n z t ( ! mod]n ,jack2 & j z ! /ory ( ,peleus & ,!tis became ! classical example ( ! w9n+ ( a nymph to wife by a mortal man#gdf1 s ! my?1 by :i* ! exploit ( be>+ (f wond]ful fruit f ! cu/ody ( a dragon 0 numb]$ among ! lab\rs ( ,h]acles1 is no?+ m ?an ! au?oris$ v]sion1 s to speak1 ( a fairy-tale t might h be5 he>d ( w9t]-nights 9 ,greek cottage-homes any "t betwe5 ! ,pelasgian & ! pres5t age4 99 99 99 99 99 ,daemons ( ! air1 ! f\r? class ( g5ius :i* we h to consid]1 h be5 ackn[l$g$ ev] s9ce ! "t ( ,hesiod & d\btless f a p]iod f> ant]ior to t4 ,9 8 !ology x 0 ! lot ( ! fir/ race ( m5 9 ! gold5 age to become aft] dea? daemons #8clo!d 9 air & go+ to & fro ?r\gh all ! _w' z good gu>dians ( mortal m54 ,b ! goodness :i* ,hesiod attributes to ! g5ii ( ! air 0 nev]1 ,i suspect1 an ess5tial trait 9 _! "*4 ,9 ,hesiod x is a coroll>y ( ! /atem5t t !y are ! spirits ( m5 :o belong$ to ! gold5 age2 b !re is no reason to suppose t ! common-folk ev] reg>d$ !m z m b5efic5t ?an o!r gods & daemons4 ,at any rate at ! pres5t day ! 1 or g5ii ( ! air1 are no bett] dispos$ t[>ds mank9d ?an any o!r sup]natural be+s4 ,( ?is class z a :ole little c be said4 ,! ^w is appli$ to almo/ any app>ition too vague & transi5t to be m cle>ly def9$4 ,x sugge/s some?+ #8clo!d 9 air1' some?+ less tangible1 less disc]nible1 ?an mo/ ( ! be+s :om ! peasant recognises & fe>s4 ,! limits ( its usage are h>d to fix4 ,x may prop]ly include a ,n]eid ^: pass+ ?r\gh ! air is ! :irlw9d1 & x w equally c]ta9ly exclude a callicantz>os or a dragon4 ,yet ev5 ! ,n]eids are m sub/antial ?an ! g5ii ( ! air 9 _! true/ =m2 = ! assaults ( ,n]eids ^u m5 & wom5 are made1 z we h se51 f )\t#gdg1 :ile g5ii ( ! air are m (t5 suppos$ to #8possess' m5 9 ! same way z d devils1 & to be liable to exorcism4 ,b1 if ! class z a :ole is too vague & %ad[y 9 ! popul> imag9ation to be capable ( exact description1 "o division ( x is m cle>ly def9$ & has a g5]ally ackn[l$g$ prov9ce ( activity4 ,^! p>ticul> arial g5ii are kn[n z ,telonia 7 or1 m r>ely1 74 ,!y _c claim equal antiquity ) "s ( _! fell[s1 = !y are1 x w\ld seem1 a by-product ( ,*ri/ianity1 ) a c]ta9 accretion h[ev] ( pagan sup]/ition4 ,! orig9 ( ! "n ,telonia is n 9 dispute4 ,x means frankly & pla9ly #8cu/om-h\ses4' ,su* is ! biz>re mat]ialism ( ! ,greek imag9ation t ! s\l 9 its j\rneys no less ?an ! body is believ$ to enc\nt] ! emb>rassm5t ( cu/om-h\ses4 ,an in/itution :i* ( all ?+s mundane comm&s lea/ s5tim5t & sympa?y has actually f\nd a place 9 popul> !ology4 ,_m ( ! p inde$ at ! pres5t day1 z ,i "k f enquiry1 h ceas$ to connect _! two usages ( ! ^w2 b o!rs accept z reasonable ! belief t ! s\l 9 its voyage aft] dea? up f ! e>? to ! pres5ce ( ,god mu/ be> ! scrut9y ( arial cu/oms-(fic]s4 ,b1 ap>t f mod]n belief1 ! apo!osis ( ! d\ane is amply prov$ by passages cit$ by ,du ,cange#gdh f e>ly ,*ri/ian au?ors4 #8,"s spirits1' says "o#gdi1 #8h be5 set on ! e>?1 & "s 9 ! wat]1 & o!rs h be5 set 9 ! air1 ev5 ^? t are call$ 8arial cu/oms-(fic]s0 7 74' ,ano!r#gej speaks ( #8! ,judge & ! prosecutions by ! toll-collect+ spirits4' ,yet ano!r#gea expla9s ! belief 9 full] detail3 #8z m5 asc5d1 !y f9d cu/om-h\ses gu>d+ ! way ) great c>e & ob/ruct+ ! so>+ s\ls1 ea* cu/om-h\se exam9+ = "o p>ticul> s91 "o = deceit1 ano!r = envy1 ano!r = sl&]1 & s on 9 ord]1 ea* passion hav+ its own inspectors & assessors#geb4' ,aga9 a pray] = ! use ( ! dy+ conta9s ! same idea3 #8,h m]cy on me1 all-holy angels ( ,god ,almighty1 & save me f all evil ,telonia1 = ,i h no works to weigh aga9/ my wrong-do+s#gec4' ,appeal 9 support ( ?is belief 0 made ev5 to ! au?ority ( ,*ri/ z giv5 9 ! words1 #8,?\ fool1 ?is night !y require ?y s\l ( !e#ged1' :]e ! comm5tators expla9$ ! vague plural z imply+ "s su* subject z #8toll-collectors' or #8cu/om-h\se (fic]s#gee4' ,b ! belief does n /op "h4 ,"o does n pass ! cu/om-h\ses ( ?is _w1 or at any rate ( ,greece1 )\t "s exp5diture 9 duty or 9 d\ceur2 & ! same app>5tly holds true ( ! cele/ial cu/om-h\ses4 ,h5ce 9 "s places ! belief has g5]at$ a practice1 or1 to speak m exactly1 has brea!d a new _s into ! old practice ( provid+ ! dead ) money4 ,my view ( ! orig9 ( ?is practice has already be5 expla9$2 ,i h giv5 reasons = hold+ t ! co9 plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! dead 0 simply a *>m to prev5t evil spirits f ent]+1 or ! s\l f re-ent]+1 into ! body1 & t ! int]pretation ( ! cu/om1 accord+ to :i* ! co9 0 ! fee ( ! f]ryman ,*>on1 0 ( comp>atively late date4 ,at ! pres5t day ,*>on 9 ! rle ( f]ryman is almo/ =gott52 b 9 8 place ! ,telonia seem locally to h become ! recipi5ts ( ! fee1 & ! old cu/om has ?us receiv$ a second & equally errone\s explanation4 ,?is may h be5 ! idea 9 ! m9d ( my in=mant :o vaguely said t a co9 plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! dead 0 #8good because ( ! arial be+s#gef4' ,if ! p>ticul> arial be+s :om he _h 9 m9d 7 ! ,telonia1 he no d\bt ?\ght ( ! co9 z a fee payable to !m1 ?\gh 9 t case x is some:at /range t he %\ld n h us$ ! "n :i* actually d5otes _! toll-collect+ functions4 ,b f o!r s\rces at any rate comes evid5ce ( a less ambigu\s k9d t ! idea ( pay+ ! ,telonia = passage is1 or has be51 a real motive 9 ! m9ds ( ! peasantry4 ,9 ,*ios 7:]e h[ev] ! object actually plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! dead is cle>ly und]/ood z a precaution aga9/ a devil ent]+ ! body7 x is believ$ t ! s\l aft] dea? rema9s = =ty days 9 ! neighb\rhood ( its old habitation1 ! body1 & !n mak+ its way to ,hades has to pass ! ,telonia4 ,happy ! s\l t makes its voyage on ,friday1 = !n ! activities ( ! ,telonia 7:o 9 ! conception ( ! isl&]s are cle>ly evil spirits & n1 z sometimes1 ! m9i/]s ( ,god7 are re/ra9$4 ,b1 to appease ! ,telonia & to ensure ! safe passage ( ! s\l1 money is di/ribut$ to ! poor#geg4 ,! same usage obta9s also at ,s9asos 9 ,cappadocia1 & !re ! money s di/ribut$ is actually call$ 1 #8duty paid at ! cu/oms#geh4' ,! fact t 9 bo? ^! cases ! money is n[ giv5 9 alms in/ead ( be+ buri$ ) ! body is cle>ly a result ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce2 be=e t *ange 0 effect$1 x is reasonably likely t ! widely-kn[n practice ( plac+ a co9 9 ! m\? ( ! dead 0 expla9$ 9 "s places1 ?\gh errone\sly1 by ! belief t ! dead mu/ pay _! way ?r\gh ! arial cu/om-h\ses4 ,! t]m 1 #8passage-money1' by :i*1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,smyrna1 is d5ot$ ! co9 /ill 9 t di/rict buri$ ) ! dead1 has ref]5ce possibly to ! same ,telonia r ?an to ,*>on#gei4 ,ano!r & :olly diff]5t aspect ( ! ,telonia conc]ns ! liv+ & n ! dead1 :ile x /ill exhibits !m z true g5ii ( ! air4 ,any /rik+ ph5om5a ( ! heav5s at night1 su* z %oot+-/>s or comets1 are believ$ to be manife/ations ( ! ,telonia#gfj2 b mo/ dread$ ( all is ! ph5om5on kn[n to u z ,/ ,elmo's light1 ! flame t sometimes flick]s 9 "t ( /orm ab\t ! ma/-head & y>ds4 ,?is light1 ! ,greek sailor ?9ks1 port5ds an imm$iate onset ( malevol5t arial p[]s1 :om he /raightway tries to sc>e away by e means 9 8 p[]1 by invocation ( sa9ts & incantation aga9/ ! demons1 by fir+ ( guns1 &1 be/ ( all1 by driv+ a black-h&l$ knife 7:i* is 9 ! ,cyclades ?\ght d\bly efficaci\s if an onion has rec5tly be5 peel$ ) x7 into ! ma/4 ,= he no long] discrim9ates z did ! ,greek m>9] ( old2 !n ! appe>ance ( two su* flames 0 greet$ ) gladness z a manife/ation ( ! ,dioscuri1 ! savi\rs f /orm & tempe/1 & evil 0 port5d$ only if !re appe>$ a s+le flame1 ! tok5 ( ,hel5a#gfa1 :o wreck$ z surely z h] tw9 bro!rs gu>d$2 n[ ! ph5om5on 9 any =m bodes naught b ill4 ,?is *ange is probably due to ,*ri/ian influ5ces2 ! seaman no long] looks to any pagan p[] = succ\r 9 "t ( p]il2 he acc\nts ,/ ,ni*olas 8 fri5d & savi\r2 & ! ,telonia1 :o 9 ?is prov9ce ( _! activity repres5t ! old] ord] ( deities1 h become by contra/ man's enemies4 ,o!r vague & incorrect usages ( ! t]m ,telonia are also record$4 ,sometimes x may be he>d z a synonym = 1 any non-,*ri/ian deities4 ,9 ,myconos x is said to h be5 appli$ to ! g5ii ( spr+s#gfb4 ,9 ,a!ns m5 us$ to speak ( ,telonia ( ! sea1 :o l ! ,callicantz>i 7 abroad only f ,*ri/mas until ! bless+ ( ! wat]s at ,twelf?-night2 & dur+ ?is "t %ips 7 wont to be kept at an*or & secure f _! attacks#gfc4 ,a belief is also m5tion$ by ,p\queville#gfd1 9 a v confus$ passage1 t *ildr5 :o die unbaptis$ become ,telonia2 b ! /atem5t is corroborat$ by ,b]nh>d ,s*midt#gfe1 :o adduces in=mation ( ! same belief exi/+ 9 ,zacyn?os4 ,! idea at ! root ( x probably 0 t unbaptis$ *ildr5 c\ld n pass ! cele/ial cu/oms1 & 7 deta9$ !re on _! road to ! o!r _w 9 ord] to assi/ 9 ob/ruct+ ! passage ( o!r s\ls4 ,b ^! are local v>iations ( ! ma9 belief1 &1 s f> z ,i c see1 are ( little importance4 ,9 g5]al ! ,telonia are a species ( arial g5ius1 & _! two activities consi/ 9 ! collect+ ( dues f dep>t$ s\ls & assaults ^u m>9]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re rema9 only = consid]ation ! g5ii ( human be+s1 or ! att5dant spirits to :om is committ$ 9 "s way ! guidance ( m5's lives4 ,to "s ( !m ! "n g5ius 7i4e4 7 w\ld h>dly p]haps be ext5d$ by ! peasants2 b !y all be> ! same k9d ( relation t[>ds m51 & may !re=e conv5i5tly be gr\p$ toge!r = discussion4 ,! be/ example :i* ,i "k ( an ackn[l$g$ g5ius atta*$ to a man is 9 a /ory 9 ,hahn's collection#gff1 :i* tells ( an old wiz>d ^: life 0 b\nd up ) t ( a t5-head$ snake :i* liv$ b5ea? a ?re%+-floor4 ,"h ! mon/r\s nature ( ! g5ius is d\btless int5d$ to mat* ! "* ( ! wiz>d2 ord9>y m51 unv]s$ 9 magic1 may h g5ii ( a less complex patt]n4 ,?us ! snake :i* s commonly acts z g5ius to a h\se is also 9 _m cases reg>d$ z ! g5ius ( ! head or "s o!r memb] ( ! h\sehold4 ,:5 !re=e ! dea?-/ruggle ( any p]son is prolong$1 ?is is sometimes set d[n to ! unwill+ness ( ! g5ius to p]mit 8 dea?2 & 9 extreme cases ( protract$ agony rec\rse has be=e n[ be5 _h to a prie/1 :o1 ent]+ ! sick man's room alone1 reads a special pray] = ! suff]]'s release1 & by virtue ( ?is solemn (fice causes ! h\se-snakes1 :o are pagan g5ii1 to bur/#gfg4 ,) _! disruption ( c\rse ! s\l ( ! dy+ man is at once set free4 ,b ! gu>dian spirits ( :om ! peasants mo/ commonly speak belong to ! p]sonnel ( ,*ri/ian !ology or demonology1 & are !re=e n actually numb]$ among g5ii4 ,^! are angels1 two ( :om are allott$ to ea* man1 ! "o good 7 7 & ! o!r bad 7 74 ,b ?\gh ! designation g5ius is n appli$ to !m1 9 functions angels & g5ii d n diff]4 ,to !m belongs ! control ( a man's life1 ! "o guid+ him 9 ! way ( righte\sness1 & ! o!r div]t+ him to ! pitfalls ( vice4 ,_! pres5ce is ev] con/ant1 b seldom visible4 ,sometimes inde$1 9 /ories at any rate1 we he> ( ! good angel appe>+ to a man & rew>d+ him 9 8 old age = a virtu\s life#gfh2 & 9 g5]al m5 born on ,saturday1 1 are reput$ to be #gfi & end[$ ) special p[]s ( see+ & deal+ ) ! sup]natural4 ,b mo/ commonly ! p[] to see ! gu>dian angel is grant$ only to ! dy+1 & ! vision is a w>n+ t ! end is ne>4 ,s1 :5 ! gaze ( a dy+ man becomes ab/ract$ & fix$1 !y say 9 "s places 1 or 9 "o ^w #ggj1 #8he sees 8 angel1' or aga9 #gga1 #8he is t]rifi$ ( an angel4' ,9 ^! expressions x is n cle> :i* ( ! two angels is int5d$2 b1 to judge f o!r expressions1 popul> belief recognises ! activity ( ! "o or ! o!r accord+ to ! peace or pa9 ( ! dea?4 #8,he is borne away by an angel1' #ggb1 sugge/s a quiet pass+1 z ( ,laz>us :o 0 c>ri$ by ! angels into ,abraham's bosom2 :ile ! ^w 1 #8he is fight+ ) an angel1' an expression us$ 9 ,laconia ( a protract$ dea?-/ruggle1 & aga9 #ggc1 #8he 0 /rick5 by an angel1' a t]m :i* d5otes a sudd5 dea?1 argue r ! pres5ce ( ! evil angel4 ,ano!r k9d ( g5ius sometimes associat$ ) m5 is ! 7! mod]n =m ( 71 ! #8%ad[' p]sonifi$4 ,! phrase 1 #8he has a good %ad[1' is us$ ( a man :o enjoys good =tune1 & he himself is describ$ sometimes z #ggd1 #8good-%ad[$1' t is1 #8lucky4' ,b app>5tly a man may also get into tr\ble ) ?is %ad[ no less ?an ) an angel4 ,! ^w 1 #8he has be5 trampl$ ^u by 8 %ad[#gge1' is us$ occasionally ( a man :o has be5 /rick5 d[n by "s sudd51 b n necess>ily fatal1 illness su* z epilepsy or p>alysis4 ,?is p]sonification ( ! %ad[ z g5ius is p]haps responsible 9 "s measure = ! fe> :i* ! peasant feels ( hav+ ! f\ndation-/one ( a build+ laid ^u 8 %ad[2 b1 z ,i h said above1 ! pr9ciple ( sympa!tic magic w expla9 ! cause ( fe> )\t ?is supposition4 ,to ^! g5ii might reasonably be add$ ! ,fate 7 or1 m r>ely1 7 ( ea* individual4 ,b ^! less] ,fates1 z well z ! great ,?ree1 h already be5 discuss$1 & !re is no?+ to add "h save t by virtue ( ! close connexion ( ea* less] ,fate ) ! life ( "o man ^! too might be numb]$ among g5ii4 ,! same belief 9 a gu>dian-deity presid+ ov] ea* human life is to be f\nd ?r\gh\t anci5t ,greek lit]ature4 ,9 ,hom] ! "n = su* a g5ius is 7at any rate if x be ( an evil sort71 9 lat] writ]s --bo? ( !m vague t]ms :i* embrace o!r k9ds ( deities z well1 yet n s vague b t ) ! aid ( context we c readily discov] 9 !m ! equival5t ( ! #8gu>dian-angel' or o!r mod]n g5ius4 ,f ,hom] onw>ds ! ^w is regul>ly us$ ( ! allotm5t ( ea* human life f ! mom5t ( bir? to "o ( ^! gu>dians1 & ! belief 9 _! att5dance ^u m5 ?r\gh\t1 & ev5 aft]1 life seems to h _h g5]al acceptance4 ,9 ! ,iliad ! wrai? ( ,patroclus is made to speak ( ! hateful ,k] to :om he 0 allott$ at ! h\r ( bir?#ggf1 & ! ,k] "h m5tion$ is n1 ,i ?9k1 m]ely fate 9 ! ab/ract b z truly a p]son z t baneful ,k] ( battle & c>nage #8:o wore ab\t h] %\ld]s a robe r$ ) ! blood ( h]oes#ggg4' ,aft] ,hom] ! ^w is pref]r$1 b !re is no *ange 9 ! idea4 ,! fam\s say+ ( ,h]aclitus1 1 #8! god t guides man's lot is "*1' is 9 no wise d>k1 b ,plato ?r[s ev5 cle>] light ^u ! popul> belief 9 gu>dian-daemons4 #8,x is said t at ea* man's dea? 8 daemon1 ! daemon to :om he _h be5 allott$ = 8 lifetime1 has ! task ( guid+ him to "s appo9t$ place#ggh1' :]e ! s\ls ( m5 mu/ assemble = judgem5t4 ,"h ! words #8x is said' indicate ! popul> s\rce ( ! doctr9e2 & ?is is confirm$ by ano!r passage 9 :i* ,plato#ggi prote/s aga9/ ! fatalism involv$ 9 ! allotm5t ( s\ls to p>ticul> daemons1 & pref]s to hold t ! s\l may *oose its own gu>dian4 ,aga9 9 a fragm5t ( ,m5&] !re is a simple /atem5t ( ! belief 9 a =m :i* robs fatalism ( its gloom3 ,beside ea* man a daemon takes 8 /& ,e'en at 8 bir?-h\r1 ?r\gh life's my/]ies ,a guide "r good#ghj4 ,b !re 7 o!rs :o did n take s *e]ful a view1 at any rate ( _! own gu>dian-deities2 #8alas = ! mo/ cruel daemon to :om ,i am allott$#gha' is a compla9t ( a type by no means r>e 9 ,greek lit]ature1 & ! ^w came z readily z to m5's lips#ghb4 ,f ^! passages x is evid5t t 9 g5]al ea* man 0 believ$ to h "o1 & only "o1 att5dant g5ius1 & 8 happ9ess or mis]y to dep5d on ! "* ( ! gu>dian allott$ to him by fate4 ,b sometimes ?is inju/ice ( de/9y 0 obviat$ by a belief simil> to ! mod]n belief 9 bo? good & bad angels 9 att5dance on ea* man4 ,! comm5t ( ,s]vius on ,v]gil's l9e1 #8,quisque suos patimur manes#ghc1' sets =? ?is view3 #8:5 we are born two ,g5ii are allott$ to u1 "o :o exhorts u to good1 ! o!r :o p]v]ts u to evil4' ,z 9 mod]n s 9 anci5t times ^! g5ii 7 r>ely visible to ! m5 :om !y gu>d$4 ,! g5ius ( ,socrates1 :i*1 l ^? ( o!r m5 pa/ & pres5t1 _h be51 s he held1 div9ely appo9t$ to wait ^u him f 8 *ildhood onw>d#ghd1 spoke to him inde$ 9 a voice :i* he c\ld he>#ghe 7j p]haps z ! prie/ess ( ,delphi he>d ! voice ( ,apollo#ghf71 b ev] rema9$ unse54 ,,footnotes3 #ajg ,p9d>1 ,nem4 ,,vi4 #a 1 444 ,! op5+ phrase is (t51 ev5 usually1 translat$ #8"o is ! race ( m51 ano!r ! race ( gods4' ,:e!r 444 0 ev] us$ 9 ,greek = 444 1 ,i d\bt2 b ev5 if x be possible1 ! emphasis 444 444 mu/ to my m9d be an emphasis ^u unity1 & ! fir/ m5tion ( div]g5ce comes equally /rongly 9 4444 #ajh ,/obaeus1 ,s5t5t4 p4 #bgi1 444 1 1 4 #aji ,= dialectic v>iations ( ! =m1 see ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugr4 p4 #ia4 #aaj ,i4 ,cor4 v4 #ab1 ,i4 ,tim4 iii4 #g1 & else:]e4 #aaa ,basil ,,iii4 #idd ,a 7,migne1 ,patrol4 ,graec4 vol4 ,,xxix474 #aab ,p\queville1 ,voyage de la ,grce1 ,i4 p4 #cai1 writes #8,pagania4' #aac ,9 ,&ros ! ^w is us$ 79 ! s+ul> 7 to d5ote an unbaptis$ *ild4 ,cf4 4 1 1--1 1 p4 #de4 #aad op4 cit4 p4 #ib1 ref]r+ to ,du ,cange1 fraus1 p4 #aega4 #aae 4 4 1 ,,ii4 p4 #abb4 #aaf ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ig4 #aag ,relation de ce qui s'e/ pass de plus rem>quable ,sant-,er9i1 isle de l',ar*ipel1 depuis l'etablissem5t des ,pres de la ,compagnie de ,jesus en icelle 7,p>is1 #afeg71 p4 #aib ff4 #aah ,see bel[1 pp4 #bee ff4 #aai ,see bel[1 pp4 #bhd-g4 #abj ,cf4 ,hesy*4 1 1 1 2 & 1 1 1 4 #aba ,bybilakis1 ,neugrie*is*es ,leb51 p4 #af1 & 9 ! p]iodical 1 ,,iv4 p4 #eag4 #abb op4 cit4 p4 #ib4 #abc ,/eph4 ,!saur4 s4v4 #abd 4 1 anno #ahfa1 p4 #ahea1 quot$ by ,s*midt1 loc4 cit4 #abe ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ib4 #abf ,ibid4 #abg ,z5ob4 ,c5t4 ,,iii4 #c4 ,cf4 ,hesy*4 & ,suidas1 s4v4 4 #abh ,cf4 ,leo ,allatius1 de quor4 ,graec4 op94 cap4 ,,iii4 ad f941 quot+ ,mi*4 ,psellus1 4 #abi ,artemidorus1 ,oneirocritica1 ,bk ,,ii4 cap4 #i1 p4 #ij4 #acj ,ibid4 p4 #ia4 #aca ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugr4 p4 #cc4 #acb ,s*midt1 ,mr*51 etc4 p4 #aca4 #acc ,s\tzos1 ,hi/4 de la ,rvolution ,grecque1 p4 #aeh4 ,cf4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #bg4 #acd ,s*midt1 ,mr*51 etc4 no4 ,,xi4 #ace ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugrie*51 p4 #ace4 #acf 7p]iodical7 ,,xvi4 p4 #ech1 4 #acg ,b4 ,s*midt1 ,mr*51 etc4 no4 ,,xx4 #ach ,plut>*1 de defect4 orac4 #ag4 #aci ,idyll4 ,i4 #ae4 #adj ,ps4 #ia4 #f4 #ada ,de quorumdam ,graecorum op9ationibus1 cap4 ,,viii4 #adb ,du ,cange1 ,lex4 m$4 et infim4 ,lat91 s4v4 #adc ,cl>ke1 ,catalogue ( ,sculptures 9 ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 ,cambridge4 #add ,! population ( ,eleusis1 z ( _m villages 9 ,attica1 is ma9ly ,albanian2 b !y h inh]it$ _m ( ! old ,greek sup]/itions & cu/oms4 #ade ,l5ormant1 ,monographie de la voie sacre leus9i5ne1 p4 #cii ff4 #adf 8,! dim9utive 9 ,albanian ( ,nicolas is ,kolio3 9 ! *oice ( ?is "n is !re n a rem9isc5ce ( t ( ,celeus80--s ,l5ormant 9 a note4 ,! sugge/ion does n appe> to me v probable4 #adg ,opposite ,eleusis 9 ,salamis4 #adh ,euseb4 ,*ron4 p4 #bg4 ,plut4 ,vita ,!s4 ,,xxxi4 ad f94 #adi ,paus4 ,,viii4 #ae4 #aej ,conon1 ,n>rat4 #ae4 #aea ,t\r ?r\gh ,greece1 ,,ii4 p4 #ddj4 #aeb ,travels 9 ! ,morea1 ,,iii4 p4 #adh4 #aec ,paus4 ,,viii4 #db4 #a-d1 & #be4 #e4 #aed ,s*ol4 9 ,ar4 ,ran4 #dda4 ,aelian1 ,hi/4 ,anim4 ,x4 #af4 #aee ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,,ii4 #dd ff4 7#bnd edit474 #aef ,h]od4 ,,ii4 #aga4 #aeg ,aelian1 l4c4 #aeh ,h]od4 ,,ii4 #dg4 ,plut4 ,isis et ,osiris1 #h 7,moral4 #ced74 ,aelian1 l4c4 #aei ,mr*5 etc4 ,song no4 #ef4 #afj ,above1 p4 #ec4 #afa ,s*midt1 ,mr*5 etc4 no4 ,,vii4 #afb ,paus4 ,,viii4 #db4 #a ff4 #afc ,paus4 ,,viii4 #db4 #b4 #afd ,s*u*h>dt1 ,s*liemann's ,excavations 7tr4 ,sell]s71 p4 #bif4 #afe ,ibid4 #aff ,paus4 ,,ii4 #bb4 #a4 #afg op4 cit4 p4 #adg4 #afh op4 cit4 p4 #cjb4 #afi ,s*u*h>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #aea1 & ,leaf's introduction1 p4 ,,xxvii4 ,cf4 ,fraz] 9 ,j\rnal ( ,philology1 ,,xiv4 #ade ff4 #agj ,s*u*h>dt1 op4 cit4 p4 #aea4 #aga op4 cit4 p4 #cjc4 #agb ,fraz] 9 ,j\rnal ( ,philology1 ,,xiv4 pp4 #ade ff4 #agc ,paus4 ,i4 #ah4 #c4 #agd ,id4 ,,ix4 #cf4 #age ,iliad ,,ix4 #djd-e4 #agf ,grie*4 und ,albanesis*e ,mr*51 nos4 #fc & #ig4 #agg #8die ,s*ne d] ,erde' 9 von ,hahn's translation4 ,un=tunately ! orig9al does n appe> 9 ,pio's 1 = :i* ! ,,mss4 ( von ,hahn provid$ ! mat]ial4 #agh ,cf4 ,plut4 ,vita ,!s4 #ca1 ad f94 #agi ,= ref]5ces see ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugr4 p4 #bbb4 #ahj ,pass[1 ,popul4 ,c>m4 ,graeciae rec5tioris4 ,c>m4 no4 #djh4 #aha 1 1 p4 #afi4 #ahb ,pass[1 op4 cit4 no4 #dbc4 #ahc 1 1 p4 #bij4 #ahd ,b]nh>d ,s*midt1 ,mr*5 etc4 p4 #ha4 #ahe ,k9dly communicat$ to me by ,mr ,g4 ,f4 ,abbott1 au?or ( ,mac$onian ,folklore4 #ahf ,b4 ,s*midt1 ,mr*5 etc4 ,song no4 #ci4 #ahg ,cf4 ,pass[1 no4 #dbh4 #ahh ,ibid4 no4 #dcj4 #ahi ,above1 p4 #ec4 #aij e4g4 ,pass[1 no4 #dbg4 #aia ,cf4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #bcj4 #aib ,?is expression :i* ,i h he>d sev]al times is n notic$ by ,s*midt or ,polites4 ,!y give1 h[ev]1 1 #8he is be+ /rick5 by an angel1' & o!r phrases mean+ to see1 to fe>1 to be c>ri$ away by1 an angel1 all 9 ! same s5se4 ,see ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 #aha1 & 1 1 444 #cjh4 #aic 4 ,! ^w expresses ! relation%ip 9 :i* a godfa!r /&s to ! p>5ts ( 8 godson4 #aid ,?is /ory1 z ,i h told x1 is n a lit]al translation1 = ,i c\ld n take d[n ! orig9al4 ,b notes :i* ,i set d[n aft] he>+ x enable me to reproduce x 9 a =m :i* c]ta9ly conta9s ! :ole sub/ance & _m actual phrases ( ! v]sion :i* ,i he>d4 #aie ,probably mean+ ! brig&'s #8comrades4' ,! t]m 1 #8hawk1' is commonly s appli$4 #aif 1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdf 7f 1 4 4 p4 #eg74 #aig e4g4 ,pass[1 ,popul4 ,c>m4 nos4 #dbf-dbi4 #aih 1 1 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #dh4 ,cf4 1 op4 cit4 p4 #bci4 #aii ,! ^w = #8black' includes ! s5se ( #8grim1' #8gloomy1' #8sorr[ful4' ,te>s are commonly describ$ z #8black1' 4 #bjj ,pass[1 op4 cit4 di/i* no4 #aaee4 #bja ,cf4 ,pass[1 no4 #djh4 #bjb ,cf4 ,pass[1 nos4 #dad1 #dae1 #dag4 #bjc ,pass[1 no4 #dbd4 #bjd ,aes*4 ,eum4 #bcg4 #bje ,fauriel1 ,*ants populaires de la ,grce ,mod]ne1 ,disc\rs prlim9aire1 p4 #he4 #bjf ,s*midt1 ,mr*5 etc4 ,song no4 #ch4 #bjg ,ibid4 no4 #cg4 #bjh ,s*midt1 ,mr*5 etc4 ,song no4 #g4 #bji ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #bcg4 #baj ,mr*5 etc4 ,song no4 #aj4 #baa 1 444 p4 #bgb4 #bab ,pass[1 no4 #cga4 #bac 1 4 1 p4 #ag4 ,cf4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcf4 #bad ,s 9 "s di/ricts ( ,mac$onia up to ! pres5t day2 ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore1 p4 #aic4 #bae 1 ' 1 p4 #ad4 ,! =m :i* ! writ] gives c h>dly be popul>4 ,x might be1 z ,s*midt po9ts out1 9 ! local dialect4 ,i h giv5 ! =m :i* ! ^w w\ld assume 9 mo/ di/ricts4 #baf 9 ! p]iodical 1 ,,xi4 p4 #ddi4 ,cf4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #bch4 #bag 1 #aj4 #bah ,= ?is t]m see above1 p4 #fh1 & bel[1 p4 #bhc4 #bai ,bel[1 p4 #bhe4 #bbj ,see above1 p4 #ac4 #bba ,pass[1 no4 #dcb4 #bbb ,?is is %[n lat] to be ! fir/ =m ( ! sup]/ition4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #dcc-d4 #bbc ,newton1 ,travels & ,discov]ies 9 ! ,levant1 ,i4 p4 #bhi 7cit$ by ,s*midt1 das ,volksleb51 p4 #bci74 #bbd ,! use ( ! co91 q ap>t f any su* v>iation ( ! cu/om1 0 =bidd5 by sev]al c\ncils ( ! ,*ur* betwe5 ! #d? & #g? c5turies1 cf4 1 etc4 p4 #bfi4 #bbe ,cf4 ,ricaud1 ,annales des conciles gnraux et p>ticuli]s 7#aggc71 vol4 ,i4 p4 #fed 7f 1 1 p4 #bfi74 #bbf ,accord+ to ,b5t 7,cyclades1 p4 #cfc7 ! object us$ ?us 9 ,naxos is a wax cross ) ! initial lett]s 4 4 4 engrav$ ^u x1 & x /ill be>s ! old "n 1 #8f>e4' #bbg 4 1 1 pp4 #cce & #cci4 #bbh ,newton1 ,travels & ,discov]ies 9 ! ,levant1 ,i4 p4 #bab4 ,! exact details ( ! cu/om 9 ea* place are giv5 bel[1 p4 #djf4 #bbi ,see bel[1 pp4 #dcc-d4 #bcj ,9 ,rhodes1 accord+ to ,newton1 l4c41 ! ,*ri/ian symbol 4 4 4 4 is comb9$ ) t to :i* ,i n[ come1 ! #8p5tacle4' #bca ,cf4 1 1 ,i4 #egc1 :]e x is said t 9 ,myconos ! symbol is sometimes c>v$ on h\se doors to keep vrykolakes 7on :i* see bel[1 cap4 ,,iv47 f tr\bl+ ! inmates at night4 #bcb ,cf4 ,lucian1 1 #e4 #bcc apud ,pausan4 x4 #bh4 #a4 #bcd e4g4 ,eur4 ,alc4 #beb1 #cfa1 ,h]acl4 #dcb1 ,ari/4 ,ran4 #ahd ff41 ,lysi/r4 #fjf1 ,plut4 #bgh4 #bce ,suidas s4v4 #bcf ,pollux1 #h1 #ajb4 #bcg ,pollux1 #d1 #acb4 #bch ,/rabo1 #egi4 #bci ,ibid4 #fcf #bdj ,ibid4 #fdi4 #bda ,plut4 ,anton4 #af4 #bdb 1 s4v4 #bdc ,eur4 ,alc4 #dh1 #di4 #bdd ,ibid4 #gd-f4 #bde ,ibid4 #aada-b4 #bdf ,ibid4 #ej4 #bdg ,codex ,vaticanus1 no4 #iji4 ,cf4 ,s*midt1 das ,volksleb51 p4 #bbc1 :5ce ! majority ( ^! ref]5ces are borr[$4 #bdh ,,vii4 #fjc & #fga2 ,,xi4 #acc4 ,cf4 ,s*midt1 l4c4 #bdi s4v4 #bej ,g]h>d1 die ,got!it5 d] ,etrusk]1 p4 #ef2 ,mll]1 die ,etrusk]1 ,,ii4 #ajb4 #bea ,ambros*1 de ,*>onte ,etrusco1 pp4 #b1 #c4 #beb ,ibid4 p4 #h4 #bec ,ibid4 pp4 #d-g2 & ,maury 9 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 ,i4 #ffe1 & ,,iv4 #gia4 #bed ,annuaire de l',association p\r l'enc\ragem5t des tudes grecques en ,france1 no4 ,,viii4 7#ahgd71 p4 #cib ff4 #bee ,bo? =tifications & well are actual features ( ,acro-,cor9? up to ! pres5t day4 #bef ,pausan4 ,i4 #cg1 ad f942 ,p]rot1 l4c4 ,cf4 ,fraz]1 ,pausanias1 ,,ii4 #dig4 #beg ,mr*5 etc4 ,introduction1 p4 #ce4 #beh ,cf4 ,bursian1 ,geographie von ,grie*5l&1 ,,ii4 p4 #ag4 #bei ,vrto1 ,mlange ,no-hell5ique4 #bfj ,s*midt1 ,mr*5 etc4 nos4 #af-ah4 #bfa ,ibid4 p4 #aac 7note #b74 #bfb ,see bel[1 p4 #afe4 #bfc ,orph4 ,hymns1 #eg 7#eh71 #b4 #bfd ,orph4 ,hymns1 #ee1 #h4 4 ,= repres5tations 9 anci5t art ( _m 1 cf4 ,philo/r4 ,eikones1 p4 #chc 7#ggj74 #bfe ,see above1 p4 #eg4 #bff ,tzetzes1 ,s*ol4 on ,lycophron1 #djf4 #bfg ,pausan4 ,i4 #ai4 #b4 ,cf4 ,c4 ,i4 ,g4 no4 #addd1 & ,orph4 ,hymn1 #ee 7#ed71 #d4 #bfh ,app>5tly ! old subt]ranean passage by :i* competitors ent]$ ! /adium4 #bfi ,m5tion$ by ,p\queville1 ,voyage en ,grce1 ,v4 p4 #fg1 & confirm$ by _m o!r writ]s4 #bgj ,pausan4 ,x4 #ch4 #f4 #bga ,p\queville1 op4 cit4 ,,iv4 p4 #df4 #bgb 1 1 ,i4 p4 #bbb1 ,,iii4 p4 #aef4 1 444 p4 #bbg4 #bgc ,dodwell1 ,t\r ?r\gh ,greece1 ,i4 #cig4 #bgd 1 l4c4 #bge l4c4 #bgf 1 4 4 ,i4 p4 #bbb4 #bgg ,cf4 1 #8,x 0 my writt5 lot1' i4e4 de/9y1 & o!r simil> phrases cit$ by ,s*midt1 das ,volksleb51 p4 #bab1 & 1 1 pp4 #bah1 #bai4 #bgh ,*oeph4 #dfd-e1 :i* ! ,s*olia/ annotates ?us1 444 #bgi ,i regret to say t ,i _c trace ! s\rce ( ?is /ory4 ,i incl9e to ?9k t ,i took x f "s publication1 b x is possible t x 0 n>rat$ to me p]sonally4 #bhj ,except 9 ,zacyn?os1 accord+ to ,s*midt 7,volksleb51 p4 #baa71 :]e !y numb] twelve4 #bha ,s*midt1 ,volksleb51 p4 #bbj4 #bhb ,*ants populaires de la ,grce mod]ne1 ,disc\rs prlim9aire1 p4 #hc4 #bhc ,accord+ to ,b5t 7,cyclades1 pp4 #bib & #dcg71 ! "n ,er9yes is /ill appli$ by ! p ( ,&ros & ( ,ky?nos to ! evil spirits :o cause consumption4 #bhd ,s ,p\queville1 ,voyage de la ,grce1 ,,vi4 p4 #afj4 #bhe 1 4 41 ,,iii4 pp4 #fg1 #fh4 #bhf ,cf4 1 444 p4 #bah4 #bhg ,! visit ( ! ,fate on ! day ( bir? in/ead ( ! ?ird day aft] is unusual4 #bhh ,f 1 4 4 ,i4 pp4 #caj1 #caa4 #bhi ,s*midt1 das ,volksleb51 p4 #bab4 #bij ,cf4 ( ! #8de/9$' bridegroom1 9 ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xvi4 #cib4 #bia ,cf4 ,miss ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 pp4 #bhf ff4 #bib ,pass[1 no4 #che4 #bic ,heuzey1 ,le mont ,olympe1 p4 #aci4 ,i h introduc$ a few alt]ations ( spell+1 mo/ly sugge/$ by ,s*midt1 das ,volksleb51 p4 #bbi 7note71 e4g4 = 1 9 ord] to re/ore ! r r\gh metre4 #bid 7 444 p4 #bbh1 note #a7 gives ! foll[+ ref]5ces3 ,wordswor?1 ,a!ns & ,attica1 p4 #bbh2 4 1 #ahfh1 p4 #adgi2 ,pass[1 ,popul4 ,c>m4 p4 #dca1 besides ^? to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 9 o!r notes4 #bie ,p]sae1 #fei4 #bif ,,vii4 #bah4 #big 1 :o record$ ?is v]sion 9 4 1 no4 #cj 7#aheb71 p4 #fec1 spelt ! ^w errone\sly 2 ! s\nd ( & be+ id5tical 9 mod]n ,greek1 ,i h sub/itut$ ! latt]4 #bih ,!og4 #bag & #ijd4 #bii ,!og4 #bag4 #cjj ,prom4 ,v9ct4 #eaf ff4 #cja ,leo ,allatius 7de quorumdam ,graec4 op9ationibus1 cap4 xx47 quotes f ,mi*4 ,psellus 7#aa? c5tury7 ! anci5t =m z !n 9 use4 ,he himself 7ibid4 cap4 xix47 employs ! =m :i* 0 probably ! dialectic =m ( 8 native ,*ios4 ,b]n4 ,s*midt 7,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugrie*51 pp4 #ih-i7 has br\ght toge!r a l>ge numb] ( v>iants n[ 9 use1 9 :i* ! acc5t fluctuates betwe5 ! & ! 1 ! fir/ v[el is indiff]5tly 1 or 1 ! two consecutive v[els are sometimes contract$ to 1 sometimes m di/9ctly sep>at$ by ! fa9tly pron\nc$ lett] 1 & la/ly an euphonetic is occasionally prefix$ to ! ^w4 ,h5ce =ms z widely di/9ct z & (t5 occur4 ,du ,cange1 x may be add$1 gives ! =m 7) int]*ange ( ! & ! ins]t$ 72 b s9ce 8 in=mation is seem+ly drawn entirely f ,leo ,allatius1 !re is reason to reg>d x z m]ely 8 own error 9 transcrib+ 4 #cjb ,an attempt has be5 made by "o au?ority on ! folk-lore ( ,a!ns 71 1 ,i4 pp4 #bah & #bbb71 to di/+ui% f 4 ,he ma9ta9s t 9 ,a!ns ! latt] 7 nev] reg>d$ z malefic5t be+s1 & mu/ !re=e be di/+ui%$ f ! dread 1 :om he seeks to id5tify1 on no bett] gr\nd ?an ! euphemi/ic "n1 ) ! ,eum5ides4 ,a folk-/ory1 h[ev]1 :i* he himself records 7ibid4 p4 #cai71 h[ a 0 m>ri$ to a pr9ce1 ^: eyes %e _h bl9d$ to all o!r wom51 & h[ aft] liv+ ) him = a :ile %e disappe>$ f9ally 9 a :irlw9d1 reveals 9 h] all ! usual traits ( a ,n]eid1 & ?us defeats ! writ]'s previ\s cont5tion4 ,b ap>t f ?is a little enquiry on ! subject outside ! limits ( ,a!ns w\ld h set at re/ 8 d\bts z to ! id5tity ( ! two4 ,x is q possible t =m]ly 9 ,a!ns1 z n[ else:]e1 x 0 usual to employ ! euphemism 9 ref]r+ to ! ,n]eids 9 _! m mis*iev\s moods2 only 9 t way c ,i expla9 8 idea t ! ,n]eids 7 nev] malefic5t4 #cjc ,cf4 ,pass[1 ,di/i* #fib2 ,pa%ley1 ,travels 9 ,crete1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bcc2 1 ,,xiv4 p4 #eff2 ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #ajd4 #cjd ,cf4 ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #aje4 #cje ,! latt] is quot$ by ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #ajf1 f ! dialect ( ,ara*ova ne> ,delphi4 #cjf ,cf4 ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 l4 c42 ,bybilakis1 ,neugrie*is*es ,leb51 p4 #ac4 #cjg ,p9d4 ,nem4 ,v4 #cf4 #cjh ,hom4 ,od4 #ac4 #ajb ff4 #cji ,cf4 e4g4 ,pass[1 ,popul>ia ,c>m9a1 ,di/i*s #eeb-c4 #caj ,hahn1 ,grie*4 ,mr*51 vol4 ,i4 no4 #ae4 #8,ihre ganze ,kraft /eckt ab] 9 d5 ,kleid]n1 und w5n man ihn5 die wegnimmt1 s s9d sie ma*tlos4' #caa ,to =m a *a9 ( danc]s ! lead]1 :o occupies ! extreme "r1 is l9k$ to ! second 9 ! r[ by a k]*ief1 :ile ! re/ m]ely jo9 h&s4 ,m fre$om ( motion is ?us all[$ to ! *ief p]=m]4 #cab ,cf4 also ,hahn1 ,grie*4 ,mr*51 vol4 ,,ii4 no4 #gg4 4 1 1 p4 #abc4 #cac ,! cr[+ ( ! ?ird cock is m usually ! signal = ! dep>ture ( ,n]eids & _! k9d4 ,x is commonly held t ! :ite cock cr[s fir/1 ! r$ second1 & ! black ?ird4 ,! la/ is a sure savi\r f ! assaults ( all mann] ( demons4 #cad ,simil> trans=mations occur 9 a ,cretan /ory1 ! =ms assum$ be+ ^? ( dog1 snake1 camel1 & fire4 1 1 p4 #fi4 #cae ,cf4 ,apollodorus1 ,,iii4 #ac4 #e4 #caf ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #ajd1 quot+ ,rits*l1 ,ino ,leuco!a1 ,pl4 ,i41 ,,ii4 7#a & #b71 ,,iii42 & ref]r+ to a s>cophagus 9 ! ,cors9i ,gall]y at ,rome1 figur$ 9 ,monum4 ,in$4 vol4 ,,vi4 ,pl4 ,,xxvi4 #cag ,hom4 ,od4 #e4 #cdf sqq4 & #dei sqq4 #cah 4 1 1 p4 #abc4 #cai ,! wom5 ( ,scopelos on c]ta9 fe/al occasions we> a dress :i* may well be ! same z ! classical 1 a loose pleat$ robe fall+ f ! %\ld]s & wid5+ z x falls1 s t _! figures resemble a flut$ column too broad at ! base & too tap]+ at ! top4 #cbj ,hahn1 ,grie*is*e ,mr*51 vol4 ,,ii4 no4 #hc4 1 1 p4 #fi4 #cba ,cf4 a folk-song quot$ by ,ross1 ,reis5 auf ,inseln1 ,,iii4 p4 #ahj1 1 ' 1 ' 1 '1 #8,g n up to ! solit>y tree1 g n d[n to ! l[l&s1 beside ! torr5t above play n ?y pipes1 le/ ! ,n]eids ( ! /ream come & sw>m ?ick ab\t !e4' #cbb ,lexicon1 s4v4 1 77 4 #cbc 1 1 ,,iii4 p4 #cb4 #cbd ,cf4 ,welck]1 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 #c4 #aig-i2 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 ,i4 p4 #cfj1 note #a4 #cbe ,cf4 ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xi4 #dh ff4 & ,eu/a?ius1 ad loc4 #cbf 4 4 1 1 p4 #bi4 #cbg ,reis5 auf ,inseln1 etc4 ,,iii4 pp4 #aha-b4 #cbh ,c4,i4,g41 no4 #fbja 7f ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 etc4 p4 #abb note74 1 4 #cbi 4 1 1 p4 #abi4 ,!re are also comp\nds & ) ! same mean+4 #ccj ,plato1 ,pha$r4 ,,xv4 7#bch ,d74 #cca ,ibid4 #bbi ,a1 ,b2 #bcj ,b2 #bdb ,a2 #bgi ,b4 #ccb ,cf4 ,leo ,allatius1 ,de quor4 ,graec4 op94 cap4 xx4 #8potissimum si flu5tis aqu>um solum irrigetur4' #ccc ,to ?is belief ,i attribute ! orig9 ( ! phrase 1 #8an 7evil7 h\r ov]took him' 7,leo ,allatius1 op4 cit4 xix471 employ$ euphemi/ically 9 ref]5ce to #8seizure' by ! ,n]eids1 & ( ! k9dr$ imprecation1 ' 1 #8may an evil h\r ov]take y' 7,b]n4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ig71 :i* ga9s 9 =ce & elegance by its rev]sal ( an ord9>y phrase ( leave-tak+1 4 #ccd ,see above1 p4 #gi4 #cce ,leo ,allatius1 op4 cit4 xix4 #ccf ,f ,epirus1 ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #abj4 ,see above1 p4 #adb1 note #b4 #ccg ,cf4 ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #abj4 #cch ,i4 p4 #dgc 7,migne1 ,patrolog4 ,graeco-,lat4 vol4 ,,xciv4 p4 #afjd74 #cci ,see above1 p4 #ac4 #cdj ,cf4 ,hahn1 ,grie*4 ,mr*51 ,vol4 ,,ii4 no4 #hj4 #cda ,! ,cyclades1 p4 #deg4 #cdb 4 1 1 p4 #cfi4 #cdc 4 ,cf4 ! p]iodical ,,iv4 p4 #ggc1 & ,wa*smu?1 ,das alte ,grie*5l& im ,neu51 p4 #cj4 ,see also bel[1 pp4 #aga ff4 #cdd ,hi/oire de la ,rvolution grecque1 p4 #bbh note4 #cde ,hor4 ,c>m4 ,,iii4 #bh4 #aj4 #cdf 4 1 1 p4 #ij4 #cdg 4 1 1 pp4 #dc sqq4 #cdh ,cf4 1 ,,iv4 p4 #ffi 7#ahhj74 #cdi ,s accord+ to ,!odore ,b5t 7,cyclades1 p4 #dif7 b p]haps inaccurately4 #cej ,s ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #aja1 foll[+ 9 1 #ahfa1 p4 #ahbf2 & ,b5t1 loc4 cit4 #cea ,9 ?is view ,pr(4 ( ,a!ns ,univ]sity1 :om ,i consult$1 concurs ) me4 #ceb ,cf4 1 ,,iv4 p4 #ffi1 1 444 p4 #ig4 #cec ,cf4 ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 etc4 p4 #aja4 #ced 1 4 1 ,i4 p4 #bbc4 #cee ,travels 9 ,crete1 ,,ii4 pp4 #bcb-d4 #cef ,i _c v\* = ! accuracy ( my translation ( ?is ^w1 :i* ,i h nev] se5 or he>d else:]e4 #ceg ,cf4 ,leo ,allatius1 op4 cit4 cap4 xix4 #ceh ,cf4 4 1 ,,iii4 p4 #eji4 ,hahn1 ,grie*4 ,mr*51 vol4 ,,ii4 no4 #ha4 #cei ,c4,i4,g4 no4 #iig 7f ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #abb note74 #cfj 1 ,,iv4 p4 #gfe4 ,! orig9 ( ! second "p ( ! comp\nd is unkn[n4 #cfa 1 #aheb1 p4 #fdg4 #cfb ,cf4 1 1 ,,iii4 p4 #aef4 #cfc ,!otokis1 ,dtails sur ,corf\1 p4 #abc4 #cfd ,!ocr4 ,id4 v4 #ec-d & #eh-i4 #cfe ,k9dly communicat$ to me by ,mr ,abbott1 au?or ( ,mac$onian ,folklore4 #cff ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xiii4 #aje-f4 #cfg ,see ,miss ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! /udy ( ,greek ,religion1 p4 #dbc4 #cfh 1 1 p4 #gfh4 #cfi 4 1 1 p4 #aca & 1 ' 1 s4v4 4 #cgj 1 9 1 ,,xi4 p4 #dgb2 cf4 ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #acj4 #cga ,cit$ by ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ibid4 f 1 4 4 #ahfc1 p4 #ee4 ,?is ref]5ce ,i h be5 unable to v]ify4 #cgb ,9 ,mac$onia4 #cgc 4 1 1 p4 #cei4 #cgd ,wa*smu? 9 ,rhe94 ,mus4 #ahgb4 #cge ,orph4 ,hymns1 #cf 7#ce71 #ab4 #cgf ,alexis1 ,fragm4 ,fab4 ,inc]t4 #fi4 #cgg ,v]g4 ,georg4 ,,iv4 #ccf4 #cgh ,tzetzes1 ,lycophron1 #ecf4 #cgi ibid4 #ebb4 #chj 4 4 1 1 p4 #he4 #cha 4 1 1 p4 #ahi4 ,9 ,c>pa?os h[ev] ! ?ree middle & ?ree la/ days ( ,augu/ are add$4 #chb 4 1 1 p4 #aca4 #chc 1 1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #gaj4 #chd ,!odore ,b5t 7,cyclades1 p4 #agd7 says t ! ^w is us$ 9 ,sik9os to mean actually ! sores on limbs1 & 9 o!r isl&s ! holes 9 l95 caus$ by wa%+ dur+ ,aug4 #a-f4 ,b z he appe>s to h be5 unaw>e t usually means ! days !mselves1 ,i "q ! accuracy ( 8 /atem5t4 #che 1 1 ,i4 p4 #gaj1 :o d]ives ! ^w f & 774 #chf ,an?ol4 ,palat4 ,,vi4 #ahi4 #chg ,v]g4 ,georg4 ,,iv4 #chc4 #chh 1 9 1 ,,xi4 p4 #dgb4 #chi ,i give bo? ^! words z ,i receiv$ !m1 b _c acc\nt = ! abnormal acc5ts4 & ei!r or w\ld be usual4 ,z reg>ds ! :ole =m 1 x _c ,i ?9k be a dialectic *ange ( 1 b is probably a pun ^u x ) ref]5ce to ! cu/om ( n wa%+ dur+ ! fir/ days ( ! mon?4 #cij 1 1 s4v4 4 #cia ,mod]n 1 anci5t 4 #cib ,hesiod1 ,fragm4 apud ,plut>*4 ,de ,orac4 ,defect4 p4 #dae4 #cic ,cf4 also ,s*ol4 ad ,apoll4 ,rhod4 ,,ii4 #dgi1 :]e ,mnesima*us is quot$ = ! same op9ion4 #cid ,o4 ,t4 #ajii4 #cie ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,,ix4 cap4 #e4 #cif ,lycophron1 #dhj4 #cig ,hom4 ,hymns1 ,,iii4 #bef sqq4 #cih ' ' 4 ,^! two l9es 7#bfg-h7 h fall5 "u suspicion because1 x is urg$1 ! ^w is 9 direct contradiction ( :at has be5 said z to ! int]m$iate position ( nymphs betwe5 mortals & immortals4 ,?is criticism is due to c>eless read+4 ,! l9es d n mean t ea* tree is call$ ! ( an immortal nymph1 b t a numb] ( trees1 ea* inhabit$ by a nymph1 (t5 =m toge!r ! ( an immortal god4 ,a sanctu>y ( ,artemis1 = example1 might well be surr\nd$ by trees :i* ea* h>b\r$ "o ( h] att5dant nymphs4 #cii ,hahn1 ,grie*4 ,mr*51 ,,ii4 no4 #hd4 ,cf4 also no4 #eh4 #djj 1 1 pp4 #fi1 #gj4 #dja ,?is belief h[ev] is n univ]sal 9 ,greece2 9 "s few di/ricts a ,n]eid n[1 l a wolf 9 anci5t times1 is saf] se5 fir/ ?an see+ fir/4 #djb ,apoll4 ,rhod4 ,argon4 ,,ii4 #dgg sqq4 #djc i4e4 pa/ p>ticiple passive ( 7anc4 74 #djd ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xiii4 #ajc-d4 #dje ,de quorumdam ,graec4 op9at4 cap4 xix4 #djf ,id4 ,,xiii4 #ci sqq4 #djg ,s ,i translate on ! au?ority ( a mulete] :om ,i hir$ at ,olympia2 ! mod]n =m is 4 ,x may be add$ t 9 ,greece ! cuckoo-fl[] is (t5 ( a d>k en\gh %ade to ju/ify ! epi!t 4 #djh ,artem4 ,oneirocr4 ,,ii4 #bg4 #dji ,cf4 ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajb4 1 1 p4 #fi4 4 4 1 ,,ii4 p4 #abb4 #daj ,inscription on rock at entrance n[ b>ely legible4 ,cf4 ,paus4 ,x4 #cb4 #e1 ,/rabo ,,ix4 #c1 ,aes*4 ,eum4 #bb4 #daa ,cf4 ,ulri*s1 ,reis5 und ,=s*ung5 9 ,grie*5l&1 ,i4 p4 #aai1 ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajc4 #dab ,heuzey1 ,le mont ,olympe et l',ac>nanie1 pp4 #bjd-e4 #dac ,hom4 ,od4 ,,vi4 #aje4 #dad ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #ajg4 ,! title mu/ n be confus$ ) ! title 7see above p4 #hi71 :i* belongs to ,demet]4 #dae ,ibid4 #daf ,cf4 ,paus4 ,,viii4 #ce4 #h1 :5ce x appe>s probable t ! nymph 0 once id5tical ) ,artemis2 see ,prell]1 ,grie*4 ,my?ol4 p4 #cjd4 #dag 1 4 4 ,i4 p4 #bbg4 #dah ,apoll4 ,rhod4 ,,iii4 #hgg4 ,callim4 ,hymn to ,artemis1 #ae4 #dai ,f ,onorio ,belli1 ,descrizione dell' isola di ,c&ia1 9 ,museum ( ,classical ,antiqu41 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bga4 ,cf4 ,b4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajh4 ,spratt1 ,trav4 9 ,crete1 ,i4 p4 #adf4 #dbj ,du ,cange1 ,gloss4 m$4 et infim4 ,lat94 s4v4 ,diana4 #dba ,above1 p4 #aai4 #dbb ,orph4 ,hymn #cf 7#ce7 ad f94 #dbc ,de quor4 ,graec4 op9at4 cap4 xx4 #dbd ,= ^! two names see above1 p4 #ba4 #dbe ,= ! ,callicantz>i see bel[1 p4 #aij4 #dbf ,= ,burcolakes or ,vrykolakes see bel[1 cap4 ,,iv4 #dbg pulcras dom9as1 a translation ( ! ,n]eids' title 1 ibid4 cap4 ,,xix4 #dbh ,! title-page ( ?is exce$+ly r>e "w runs z foll[s3-- ,la description et hi/oire de l'isle de ,scios ou ,*ios p> ,j]osme ,ju/9ian ,g5til'homme ord9aire de la *ambre du ,roy ,tres-,*re/i51 fils de ,seigneur ,v9c5t ,ju/9ian1 l'un des ,seigneurs de la dite ,isle1 ,*evali] de l'ordre de sa ,maje/1 ,conseill] en son ,conseil d',e/at et ,priv1 et ,ambassadeur extraord9aire du ,roy1 auprez de ,sultan ,sel91 ,gr& ,seigneur de ,con/ant9ople4 ,m4,d4,,vi4 ,9 ! copy =m]ly belong+ to ! hi/orian ,f9lay & n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool ( ,ar*aeology at ,a!ns is f\nd a note by ,f9lay z foll[s3--#8,joh4 ,wilh4 ,z9keis5 9 ,ges*i*te des osmanis*5 ,rei*es 9 ,europa 7,go?a1 #ahed71 vol4 ii4 p4 #ij1 note #b1 m5tions a second pr9t$ copy z exi/+ 9 ! ,maz>9e ,libr>y at ,p>is1 & a manuscript copy 9 possession ( ,ju/9iani family at ,g5oa4 ,! date accord+ to ,z9keis5 %\ld be n ,,mdvi b ,,mdcvi4' ,!re is no designation ( ! press or place f :i* ! volume issu$4 #dbi op4 cit4 bk vi4 p4 #ei4 #dcj ,see above1 p4 #adj4 #dca ,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugrie*51 pp4 #ajg & #abc4 #dcb ,comp>e ,mr*51 etc4 ,song #ef & ,/ories #g1 #ai1 ) ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #abc4 #dcc ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #abi4 #dcd ,see above1 p4 #aba4 #dce ,also 9 "o ^w or 4 #dcf ,cf4 1 444 p4 #bbg2 ,p\queville1 ,voyage en ,grce1 ,,vi4 p4 #afj2 & above1 p4 #abe4 #dcg ,reis5 auf dem grie*4 ,inseln1 ,,iii4 pp4 #de & #ahb4 #dch ,9 4 1 #aheb1 p4 #fdh4 #dci ,pass[1 ,pop4 ,c>m4 ,graec4 ,rec5t4 no4 #ebd4 #ddj ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #acj4 #dda ,curt4 ,wa*smu?1 ,das alte ,grie*5l& im ,neu51 p4 #ca4 ,cf4 also 1 ,,iv4 p4 #ggc 7#ahhj74 #ddb ,cf4 ,!odore ,b5t1 ,! ,cyclades1 p4 #add1 :o m5tions also ! cu/om ( %oot+ at ! wat]sp\t z a precaution4 #ddc ,curt4 ,wa*smu?1 op4 cit4 p4 #cj4 #ddd ,s*ol4 ad ,apoll4 ,rhod4 ,,iv4 #hbh1 cit$ by ,wa*smu?1 loc4 cit4 #dde ,= passages f au?ors ( ! #aa? c5tury & onw>ds see ,leo ,allatius1 ,de quor4 ,graec4 op94 cap4 iii41 & ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 ,,ii4 #ajab4 #ddf ,ari/ophanes1 ,frogs1 #bic4 #ddg ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #acc4 #ddh 1 4 4 ,i4 p4 #bbd4 #ddi ,vespae1 #aagg1 & ,pax1 #geh4 #dej e4g4 ,hahn1 ,grie*4 ,mr*51 no4 #d4 #dea 1 444 p4 #aic4 #deb ,hahn1 ,grie*4 ,mr*51 no4 #d4 ,cf4 1 l4c4 #dec 1 l4c4 #ded e4g4 ,hahn1 ,grie*4 ,mr*51 nos4 #d & #cb4 #dee 1 4 4 ,,iii4 p4 #aef4 #def 4 1 #aheb1 p4 #fec1 & 4 4 4 ,,ii4 p4 #ace4 #deg ,a few in/ances are collect$ by ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ada4 #deh ,see ,prell]1 ,grie*4 ,my?4 p4 #fah4 #dei 1 ,,iv4 #be 7p4 #gf74 #dfj ,metamorph4 ,i4 cap4 #aa-ai4 #dfa ,lucian1 ,philopseudes1 #b4 ,/rabo1 ,i4 p4 #ai4 ,s*ol4 ad ,ari/4 ,vesp4 #aagg4 #dfb ,see above1 pp4 #adg-h4 #dfc ,! ,cyclades1 p4 #dif4 #dfd anci5t 1 #8! %ore4' #dfe ,! diff]5ces 9 s\nd betwe5 & be=e 1 & betwe5 & 1 are negligible4 ,9 _m words & dialects !re are none4 #dff ,de quor4 ,graec4 op9at4 cap4 iii4-viii4 #dfg ,z5ob4 ,c5t4 ,,iii4 #c4 ,suidas s4v4 7a prov]b74 ,hesy*4 s4v4 4 #dfh ,! date is approximate only2 = ! au?or%ip ( ! "w 9 "q is1 ,i und]/&1 disput$4 #dfi ,?is is m]ely a ,lat9is$ plural =m2 ! ,greek plural regul>ly ends 9 -4 #dgj ,?is ^w is record$ z /ill 9 use by ,wa*smu?1 ,das alte ,grie*5l& im ,neu51 p4 #gh4 #dga op4 cit4 cap4 viii4 #dgb ,cf4 above1 p4 #agd1 :]e h[ev] ! acc5t is giv5 z belong+ to ! fir/ syllable4 ,! actual spell+ 9 ,allatius is 4 ,! ^w 9 =m also occurs 9 conjunction ) ! m5tion ( ,/riges & ,gel\des 9 a ,,ms4 ( obta9$ by ,dr ,w4 ,h4 ,d4 ,r\se4 ,see ,folklore1 vol4 ,x4 no4 #b1 p4 #aea4 #dgc ,probably f ,l[ ,lat9 #8burdo' milvus1 a kite4 #dgd ,comp\nd$ f ,l[ ,lat9 #8b>dala' alauda1 a l>k4 ,a =m occurs 9 a simil> li/ ( names cit$ by ,dr ,r\se f a ,,ms4 on magic4 ,see ,folklore1 l4c4 p4 #afb4 ,! names said to h be5 extort$ by ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael beg9 !re ) 1 1 & belong cle>ly to a simil> female demon4 #dge ,! spell+ 9 ! text ( ,allatius be=e me is 4 #dgf ,!o4 ,b5t1 ,! ,cyclades1 p4 #dif4 #dgg ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,,xi4 #ci4 #dgh ,hyg9us1 ,fabul4 #bh1 em5d4 ,b>?4 #dgi ,fa/i1 ,,vi4 #aca ff4 #dhj ,! same app>5tly z ! ( ,hesy*ius4 ,! ,greek peasants are v vague ab\t ! names ( any birds o!r ?an ^? :i* !y eat4 #dha ,i4 p4 #dgc 7 71 ,migne1 ,patrol4 ,graeco-,lat4 vol4 ,,xciv41 p4 #afjd4 #dhb ,! ^w is :i* sugge/s r ! #8possession' ( *ildr5 by ,/riges z by devils4 ,?is h[ev] c\ld h>dly repres5t fairly ! popul> belief4 #dhc ,quot$ by ,leo ,allatius1 op4 cit4 cap4 iii4 #dhd ,s also 9 ,albania1 ,hahn1 ,alb4 ,/udi51 ,i4 #afc4 #dhe ,f 1 444 pp4 #agi-aha4 #dhf 4 1 1 pp4 #bic sqq4 #dhg ,du ,cange1 ,gloss4 m$4 et infim4 ,lat94 s4vv4 #8,diana' & #8,/riga4' #dhh ,ibid4 #dhi ,a wit* ( ,santor9i told me t %e _h a n>r[ escape f be+ burnt = a mu* less he9\s crime1 failure to get ra94 ,see above1 p4 #di4 #dij 9 1 ,,ii4 p4 #bfa 7#ahgh74 #dia 1 ibid4 p4 #bfj4 #dib 1 ibid4 pp4 #bff-h4 #dic 1 1 s4v4 71 l4c474 #did 4 1 #ahfj1 p4 #abgb 71 l4c474 #die 1 ,,ii4 p4 #aia 71 l4c474 #dif 4 1 1 pp4 #bic ff4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #ahc4 ,! =ms us$ are 1 1 & 4 #dig 4 1 #ahga1 p4 #ahdc 7 l4c474 #dih ,publi%$ by ,e4 ,legr& 9 ,collection de monum5ts de la langue no-hellnique1 no4 #af1 f two ,,mss4 nos4 #ibi & #icj 9 ,p>is 7,biblio?que ,nationale74 #dii ,see above1 p4 #agc4 #ejj ,pass[1 ,c>m4 ,popul4 no4 #ccg4 #eja ,! date assign$ is1 ,i believe1 n c]ta91 b is n ( great importance4 #ejb ,de mon/ris et beluis1 edit$ by ,b]g] de ,xivrey 9 ,traditions ,tratologiques1 p4 #be4 1 l4c4 #ejc ,!og4 #bgj-bhh4 #ejd ,cf4 ,p9d4 ,ol4 ,,xiii4 #ij4 #eje ,kuhn 9 ,zeits*rift fr v]glei*5de ,spra*=s*ung1 vol4 ,i4 pp4 #dfj-a1 connects ) & ,sanskr4 g>ya1 g>yana1 9 s5se ( #8! noise ( ! waves4' ,cf4 ,maury1 ,hi/4 des relig4 de la ,grce antique1 ,i4 p4 #cjc4 #ejf ,no4 #ajjb1 f\nd at ,a!ns2 date #fjj ,b4,c4 or e>li]4 #ejg ,no4 #ecd1 f ,cor9?2 date ab\t #eej ,b4,c4 #ejh 1 l4c4 p4 #bfi4 #eji ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xii4 #gc ff4 #eaj ,a54 ,,iv4 #cbg4 #eaa 1 "p ii4 ( ! s]ies 4 #eab 1 1 ,,ii4 p4 #abic4 #eac 1 1 ,,ii4 #abie4 #ead ,de quor4 ,graec4 op9at4 cap4 ix4 #eae 1 4 ,,ii4 #abde4 #eaf ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #abde4 ,x might equally well h[ev]1 z ,polites sugge/s1 mean #8deceiv]s1' f ! active 1 #8to lead a/ray4' #eag ,s expla9$ by 1 op4 cit4 #abdg4 #eah ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #abde4 #eai 1 4 ,i4 p4 #cgj 7f ,syra74 #ebj ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #abic 7f ,myconos74 #eba 1 4 4 ,i4 p4 #bcj4 #ebb 1 4 ,,ii4 p4 #abia4 ,9 ! ,museum !y are numb]$ #ajccc-d4 #ebc 1 1 p4 #cfg4 #ebd 1 4 ,,ii4 p4 #acbc4 #ebe ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #adh1 & 1 4 ,i4 p4 #ccc4 #ebf ,leo ,allatius 7,de quor4 ,graec4 op9at4 cap4 ix47 makes ! p]iod a week only1 end+ on ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 #ebg ,= dialectic v>ieties ( ?is "n f ,mac$onia1 ! ,peloponnese1 ,crete1 & "s ( ! ,cyclades1 see 1 41 ,,ii4 #abef4 #ebh or 4 ,also1 accord+ to 1 4 ,i4 p4 #cfi1 4 ,9 ,con/ant9ople 7acc4 to 1 4 ,i4 #cdc7 he has a prop] "n 1 :i* h[ev] ,i _c int]pret satisfactorily4 #ebi 1 or simply 1 4 ,cf4 ,b4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 pp4 #aeb-d4 #ecj ,! sequ5ce ( ^! cocks v>ies locally2 _! ord] is sometimes black1 :ite1 r$4 #eca ,lucian1 ,philops4 cap4 #ad4 #ecb ,s ,leo ,allatius1 ,de quor4 ,graec4 op94 cap4 ix4 #ecc ,sev]al o!r v]sions 9 ! same ve9 are record$1 cf4 ,b4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #aea1 1 4 ,i4 pp4 #ccg-da & ,,ii4 p4 #acje4 #ecd 1 4 ,i4 p4 #cgb4 #ece ,= ?is v]sion see 1 4 4 ,i4 p4 #bbi4 #ecf ,see above1 p4 #adi4 #ecg 1 4 ,i4 p4 #cch 7f ,samos74 #ech ,mod4 ,gk 1 ,anc4 4 #eci 4 1 #ahfb1 p4 #aiji4 #edj 1 4 ,i4 #cdg4 #eda ,ibid4 ,i4 #cef4 #edb ,ibid4 ,i4 #cch4 #edc ,ibid4 ,i4 #cdb4 #edd 1 1 1 1 ' 4 ,= o!r v]sions see ,b4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksl4 p4 #aej1 & 1 1 ,i4 #cdb4 #ede ,cf4 1 4 4 ,,iii4 #aed4 #edf ,cf4 1 1 ,i4 p4 #ceg4 #edg ,ibid4 ,,ii4 p4 #acjh4 #edh ,abbott1 ,mac$4 ,folklore1 p4 #gd4 #edi ,voyage de la ,grce1 ,,vi4 p4 #aeg4 #eej 4 4 4 1 ,,ii4 pp4 #acg-ada4 #eea 4 1 1 p4 #ci4 1 4 ,,ii4 #abea note #b4 #eeb loc4 cit4 #eec 1 4 4 ,,iii4 pp4 #ff & #aef4 #eed 1 i4 p4 #ccd4 #eee ,! ^w means lit]ally m5 ^: att5dant g5ii 7 1 on :i* see ! next section7 are #8light' 7 7 in/ead ( be+ solid & /eady4 ,! temp]am5t ( su* p]sons is ill-balanc$ 9 ord9>y affairs1 b peculi>ly s5sitive to sup]natural influ5ces2 x (t5 involves ! gift ( second sight & o!r simil> faculties4 #eef ,sup]natural donkeys ) ! same habits are kn[n also 9 ,crete "u ! "n ( 7prob4 =m$ f 1 #8on "o's back1' ! position 9 :i* ! rid] soon f9ds himself74 #eeg 1 4 ,i4 p4 #cdb1 f 4 1 4 4 p4 #ab4 #eeh 1 4 ,i4 #cch4 #eei ,luke iii4 #bb4 #efj ,cf4 above1 p4 #fg4 #efa ,de quorundam ,graec4 op9at4 cap4 ,x4 #efb 1 1 ,,ii4 p4 #abhf4 #efc 4 1 1 p4 #acj4 #efd 1 ,i4 p4 #cdd4 #efe ,! ^w :i* is sometimes he>d 9 ! ,cyclades is1 ,i suspect1 m]ely a corrupt =m ( 7on :i* see above1 p4 #fg72 "s writ]s h[ev] h d]iv$ x f ! root ( 4 ,b at any rate 9 usage x d5otes ! same class ( be+s z ! common] =m 4 #eff op4 cit4 cap4 ,x4 ,actually ! e>lie/ ref]5ce to ! ,callicantz>i :i* ,i h f\nd occurs 9 ,la description et hi/oire de l'isle de ,scios ou ,*ios by ,j]osme ,ju/9ian1 p4 #fa1 :]e he says1 ,ils ti5n5t 444 qu'il y a de c]ta9s esprits qui c\r5t p> les gr&s *em9s1 et sont nommez ,calican1 ,s>os4 ,b inasmu* z he does n record ev5 ! "n correctly1 8 /atem5t t ^! be+s are esprits c h little weight z aga9/ t ( ,leo ,allatius4 #efg ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #adc4 #efh 1 ,i4 pp4 #cca-ha1 & ,,ii4 pp4 #abdb-d4 #efi 1 4 ,,ii4 #abeg4 #egj ,! ,cyclades1 pp4 #cfj & #chh4 ,b5t does n seem to h kn[n ! ord9>y =m 4 #ega ,abbott1 ,mac$4 ,folklore1 p4 #gc4 #egb 1 1 p4 #bji4 #egc ,9 ?is1 ! ord9>y1 s5se ! ^w appe>s twice 9 ,pass['s ,popul>ia ,c>m4 nos4 #adb & #bjj4 ,see also 8 index1 s4v4 4 ,! ,turks !mselves borr[$ ! ^w qli\m 7our #8galleon'7 f ! ,franks4 #egd 1 4 ,,ii4 pp4 #abdb & #abdd4 #ege ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #add4 #egf ,s*midt1 x %\ld be said1 0 dubi\s ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ?is =m4 #egg ,9 ,bian*i1 ,dict4 ,turc- fr4 ,,ii4 p4 #dfi1 x is translat$ #8l\p-g>\1' ,s*midt1 l4c4 #egh ,s*midt1 l4c4 note #b1 #8esclave de la plus mauvaise espce4' #egi ,! previ\s relations betwe5 ! ,giu/9iani1 :o controll$ ! ,g5oese *>t]$ company 9 ,*ios1 & ! ,ottoman ,empire seem to h be5 purely comm]cial4 #ehj ,quot$ by ,leo ,allat4 de quor4 ,graec4 op9at4 cap4 ix4 & publi%$ 9 full by 4 #eha ,if ?is 0 ! orig9 ( ,suidas' in=mation1 z seems almo/ c]ta9 9 view ( its inaccuracy1 8 date _c be e>li] ?an t ( ,psellus 7flor4 circa #ajej74 #ehb d',arnis1 ,lexicon ,m$4 et ,infim4 ,lat941 expla9s babuztus 7) o!r =ms babulus1 baburrus1 & baburcus7 by ! words /ultus1 insanus4 #ehc ,j4 ,b4 ,navon1 ,r\z ,nam1 9 ! p]iodical ,fundgrub5 ,ori5ts1 ,vi5na1 #ahad1 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #adf1 quot$ by 1 1 ,,ii4 p4 #abdi1 note #a4 #ehd 1 ,,iv4 p4 #baa4 #ehe ,9 ! p]iodical 1 #ahff1 ,,xvi4 p4 #dec4 #ehf 1 p4 #gc1 note #f4 #ehg 1 ,,ii4 pp4 #abeb-c4 #ehh ,! ^w or is a dim9utive =m f ! ,lat9 caliga4 ,besides its orig9al mean+ #8%oe1' x has acquir$ n[ ! s5se ( #8ho(4' ,! transition 0 cle>ly ?r\gh ! s5se ( #8horse-%oe1' z witness ! v]b 1 #8,i %oe a horse4' #ehi ,?is ^w has to be writt5 ) to give ! v-s\nd ( foll[+ 4 ,! drops1 & ! _c !n be us$ alone1 = except aft] & x is s\nd$ z a v[el4 #eij ,polites backs up ?is mean+ by d]iv+ bab\tzic>ios 7on :i* see above1 p4 #bag7 f 7,arabic bb\*7 #8a %oe1' b reluctantly refuses to accept ! id5tification ( 7above1 p4 #bae7 ) 1 a mak] ( or #8wood5 %oes4' 4 ,,ii4 #abec4 #eia ,_! ,greek "* is /rongly emphasiz$ by ,balsamon1 pp4 #bcj-a4 7,vol4 #acg ( ,migne1 ,patrol4 ,gr4-,lat47 #eib loc4 cit4 #eic ,photius1 ,biblio?4 #bed1 pp4 #dfh-i1 ed4 ,bekk]1 4 #eid ,ibid4 4 #eie ,ibid4 4 #eif ,us5]1 ,acta ,s4 ,timo!i1 p4 #aa 7,bonn74 #eig ,migne1 ,patrol4 ,gr4-,lat4 ,vol4 #dj1 p4 #bbj4 #eih ,edit$ by ,cumont4 #eii ,balsamon1 loc4 cit4 #fjj 1 ,,ii4 pp4 #abgc-d4 ,to ?is "w ,i am indebt$ = mo/ ( my in/ances ( ^! celebrations dur+ ! #8,twelve ,days4' #fja ,annual ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 ,,vi4 p4 #abe4 #fjb ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore1 p4 #ca4 #fjc ,r4 ,m4 ,dawk9s1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ,vol4 #bf1 ,"p ,,ii4 7#aijf71 p4 #aic4 #fjd ,dawk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #bja1 ref]r+ to a pamphlet1 1 4 1 ,con/ant9ople1 #ahgc1 p4 #bb4 #fje 1 4 4 ,,iii4 p4 #afb4 #fjf loc4 cit4 #fjg ,! ^w is c]ta9ly 9 my exp]i5ce r>e1 & is n giv5 9 ,sk>latos' ,lexicon4 ,b x occurs e4g4 9 a popul> tradition f ,!ssaly conc]n+ ! ,callicantz>i1 9 1 1 ,i4 p4 #cef4 #fjh ' 1 s4v4 4 #fji ,plut>*1 de apud ,delphos1 #i 7p4 #chi74 #faj ,balsamon1 p4 #bca 7,migne1 ,patrol4 ,gr4-,lat4 ,vol4 #acg74 #faa ,ulpian1 ad ,dem4 p4 #bid4 ,cf4 also ,balsamon1 loc4 cit4 #fab ,mll] & ,donaldson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,lit]ature ( ,anci5t ,greece1 ,i4 p4 #chb4 #fac ,smi?1 ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities1 s4v4 ,dionysia4 #fad ,see above1 p4 #aea4 #fae ,i write d 9 ! place ( ! ,greek 1 :i* :5 foll[+ always has ! s\nd ( ,engli% d4 #faf ,x is probably =m$ f 1 #8a t5t1' :i* cle>ly comes f ! ,lat94 ,"s h[ev] d]ive directly f ! anc4 ,gk 4 ,! "q ( orig9 h[ev] does n affect my illu/ration ( ! lat] *ange ( into 4 #fag ,he>d 9 ,scia?os & k9dly communicat$ to me by ,mr ,a4 ,j4 ,b4 ,wace4 #fah ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxv4 #f2 ,dioscor4 v4 #de2 ,sophocles ,byzant4 ,lexicon1 s4v4 4 #fai ,m>cellus ,empir41 cap4 #bj 7p4 #aci74 #fbj ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 p4 #chj4 #fba ,lucian1 ,zeuxis1 cap4 #f4 #fbb ,nonnus1 ,dionys4 #ac4 #dd 1 4 ,?is ref]5ce ,i owe to ,miss ,h>rison1 l4 c4 #fbc ,iliad1 ,,ii4 #gdc4 #fbd ,lucian1 ,zeuxis1 cap4 #e4 #fbe ,isaiah xxxiv4 #ad4 #fbf ,i _c ( c\rse absolutely affirm t ! ^w is ext9ct 9 e dialect ev5 n[2 b ! only sugge/ion ( its use :i* ,i c f9d is 9 a /ory ( ,hahn's collection 7,alban4 und ,grie*4 ,mr*4 ,,ii4 #ahi71 :]e ! ,g]man translation has ! /range ^w #8,wolfsmann4' #fbg ,py?4 ,,iii4 #a-d4 #fbh ,ibid4 ,,iv4 #aae4 #fbi ,ibid4 ,,iv4 #aai4 #fcj ,ibid4 ,,iii4 #de4 #fca ,py?4 ,,ii4 #bi4 #fcb ,py?4 ,,ii4 #db-dh4 #fcc ,hesiod1 ,%ield ( ,h]acl4 #agh-ahh4 #fcd ,hom4 ,il4 ,i4 #bfb-h4 #fce ,hom4 ,il4 ,,ii4 #gdc4 #fcf ,il4 ,,xi4 #hcb4 #fcg ,ibid4 #fch ,il4 ,,iv4 #bai4 #fci ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xxi4 #cjc4 #fdj ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 p4 #chb4 #fda ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 ,i4 pp4 #agc ff4 #fdb ,py?4 ,,iv4 #hj4 #fdc ,py?4 ,,iii4 #de4 #fdd ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 ,i4 pp4 #age-f4 #fde ,ridgeway1 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 ,i4 p4 #agh4 #fdf ,de bello ,go?ico1 ,,iv4 #bj 7,niebuhr1 #ahcc1 p4 #efe74 #fdg ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 ,i4 pp4 #agg-h4 #fdh ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 p4 #chb4 #fdi ,ridgeway1 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 ,i4 p4 #agd4 ,! vase 9 "q is figur$ by ,colv9 9 ,j\rn4 ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aca1 ,pl4 #b1 & by ,miss ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a etc4 p4 #chd4 #fej ,p9d4 ,py?4 ,,iii4 #de ff4 7transl4 ,my]s74 #fea ,p9d4 ,py?4 ,,ix4 #ca ff4 #feb ,primitive ,culture1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cjh4 ,= a mass ( in/ances1 see pp4 #cjh-cae4 #fec ,op4 cit4 ,i4 p4 #cab4 #fed ,v]g4 ,ecl4 ,,viii4 #ie4 #fee ,hesiod1 ,%ield ( ,h]acles1 #agh ff4 ,cf4 also ! names & 7sugge/+ 1 ! fir-tree f :i* _! weapons 7 made7 9 ,apollodor4 ,,ii4 #e4 #d4 ,! "n 9 ,hesiod1 mean+ #8soot1' ,i _c int]pret2 = x is h>d to suppose t ! anci5t ,c5taurs1 l ! ,callicantz>i1 came d[n ! *imney4 ,b ! ^w is possibly corrupt2 = ,ovid 7,met4 ,,xii4 #cjg7 ref]s to an augur ,a/ylus among ! ,c5taurs4 #fef ,cf4 ,miss ,j4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 pp4 #chc-d4 #feg ,paus4 ,,viii4 #db4 #a-d4 ,cf4 ,,viii4 #be4 #e4 #feh ,apollodorus1 ,,ii4 #e4 #d4 #fei 1 1 ,i4 p4 #cci4 #ffj ,/ories ( _! com+ to cook frogs etc4 at ! he>?s ( m5 occur1 b only confirm ! g5]al belief t !y h no fires ( _! own at :i* to cook1 & are 9 g5]al afraid ( fire4 #ffa 1 1 ,,ii4 pp4 #abig & #accg4 #ffb ,! %ift ( acc5t is due to ! synizesis ( ! syllables --1 pron\nc$ n[ z -y4 #ffc ,du ,cange1 s4v4 4 #ffd ,coloss4 ii4 #c & #bj2 ,galat4 iv4 #c & #i4 #ffe ,galat4 iv4 #i4 #fff ,pass[1 ,popul4 ,c>m4 no4 #ebd4 ,accord+ to 71 s4v47 is sometimes a t]m ( abuse2 on t /atem5t ,i base my int]pretation ( ! folk-song4 #ffg ,du ,cange1 s4v4 #ffh ,du ,cange1 s4v4 #ffi ,georg4 ,c$r5us 7circ4 #ajej7 ,hi/ori>um ,comp5dium1 p4 #aig 7edit4 ,p>is74 #fgj ,c$r5us1 ibid4 #fga pro eo quod 7:5ce by ,arabic corruption our #8talisman'7 vocant ,graeci1 usurpant alii4 ,du ,cange1 ibid4 #fgb ,cod9us 7#ae? c5tury71 de ,orig9ibus ,con/ant9op4 p4 #cj 7edit4 ,p>is7 #fc4 #fgc ,cod9us1 ibid4 p4 #bj4 #ci4 #fgd ,de quor4 ,graec4 op9at4 cap4 ,,xxi4 #fge ,! active ( ! v]b also survives 9 a special s5se1 = :i* see bel[1 p4 #bfg4 ,! mod]n =m is 3 cf4 = 1 etc4 #fgf ,see above1 p4 #fi4 #fgg ,v]g4 ,a54 ,v4 #hd ff4 #fgh ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,aphrodite1 #bgb4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #aef4 #fgi ,de quor4 ,graec4 op9at4 cap4 ,,xxi4 #fhj ,b4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #ahe4 #fha i4e4 1 ) initial atta*$ 7fir/ 9 ! accusative7 f ! article 77 prec$+4 ,?is is ! ord9>y ^w = #8! ma/] ( a h\se4' #fhb i4e4 4 ,! ^w is us$ 9 ,cy?nos & ,cyprus4 ,cf4 1 1 p4 #abd4 1 1 ,,iii4 p4 #bhf4 #fhc ,= detail$ /ories 9 po9t1 see ,leo ,allatius1 l4 c41 ,b4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahf1 #ahg4 #fhd ,*>4 #af4 #fhe ,suidas1 s4vv4 & 4 #fhf s4v4 4 #fhg ,,viii4 #da4 #fhh ,cf4 ,pass[1 ,popul4 ,c>m41 ,index1 s4v4 4 #fhi 1 1 p4 #acd4 #fij 1 l4 c4 #fia 1 4 4 ,,iii4 p4 #aee4 #fib 1 op4 cit4 ,i4 #bbf4 #fic e4g4 ,pass[1 ,popul4 ,c>m4 nos4 #eaa1 #eab4 #fid 1 1 p4 #bdg 7f 1 op4 cit4 p4 #ada74 #fie 1 ibid4 #fif 1 4 1 pp4 #bh-cj 71 ibid474 #fig ,w4 ,h4 ,d4 ,r\se 9 ,folklore1 ,june1 #ahii 7,vol4 x4 no4 #b71 pp4 #ahb ff4 #fih ,pass[1 no4 #eaa1 & 1 1 p4 #geg4 #fii ,s ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #aif4 1 4 1 p4 #ic1 m5tions also a dog4 #gjj ,s also 9 ,zacyn?os & ,cephalonia4 ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #aif4 #gja e4g4 9 ,cimolus1 ,b5t1 ,! ,cyclades1 p4 #de4 #gjb ,cf4 ,ricaut1 ,hi/4 de l'glise grecque1 pp4 #cfi-gj4 #gjc 1 4 4 ,,iii4 p4 #adh4 #gjd ,! ,cyclades1 p4 #acb4 #gje 1 1 p4 #ach4 #gjf ,ricaut1 ,hi/4 de l'glise grecque1 p4 #cfg 7f 1 ibid474 #gjg 1 4 1 p4 #bh4 #gjh ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #aif1 note #b4 #gji ,s9ce ?is 0 writt51 a new "w ( ,pr(4 ,polites 7 1 7 has come into my h&s1 & ,i f9d t he has modifi$ 8 views4 ,cf4 bel[1 pp4 #bgb-c1 :]e ,i ins]t a sugge/ion made by ,polites1 op4 cit4 ,,ii4 p4 #ajhi4 #gaj ,suidas1 1 s4v4 4 ,! /atem5t is corroborat$ by ,cod9us1 1 p4 #cj1 :o adds to ! human victims #8multitudes ( %eep & ox5 & f[ls4' ,f 1 1 p4 #ada1 note #a4 #gaa ,hom4 ,il4 ,,vii4 #ddb ff4 #gab ,hom4 ,il4 ,,xii4 #c-cc4 #gac ,see bel[1 p4 #bgc4 #gad ,agam4 #bad4 #gae ,agam4 #adah4 #gaf ,,iv4 #i4 #a-e4 #gag ,,vi4 #bj4 #b-e4 #gah ,porphyrius1 ,de ab/95tia1 ,,ii4 #ef4 ,plut>*1 ,!mi/ocles1 #ac4 #gai ,?is view ( ! /ory ,i take f 1 1 ,,ii4 p4 #ajhi4 #gbj ,v4 #d4 #d4 #gba ,pausanias' ,description ( ,greece1 ,,iii4 p4 #dfh4 #gbb ,pausanias1 ,i4 #bf4 #a4 #gbc ,s*ol4 ad ,ari/oph4 ,nubes1 #ejh4 #gbd ,miss ,jane ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 p4 #cbg ff4 #gbe ,see ,ros*]1 ,lexicon d4 ,my?ol4 ,i4 #bdfh ff4 #gbf ,lucian1 ,alex&] vel ,pseudomantis1 cap4 ,,xiv4 #gbg ,see ,miss ,jane ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 pp4 #ag-bj1 :]e ! two reliefs 9 "q are reproduc$4 #gbh ,= ballads deal+ ) ?is !me1 see 1 1 p4 #acc1 & 1 1 no4 #dea4 #gbi ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #aig4 #gcj ,ibid4 p4 #aih4 #gca ,he us$ a neut] =m1 1 :i* ,i h n f\nd else:]e4 #gcb ,a simil> me?od ( lay+ vryklakes is report$ f ,samos by 71 ,i4 #ehj74 ,9 ?is case a wiz>d #8took ?ree calves born at "o bir? & drove !m ?ree times r\nd ! *ur*y>d1 say+ "s magic words4' #gcc 4 ,! /ory z ,i give x is n a v]batim report ( :at ,i he>d2 z usual1 ,i _h to rely on my memory at ! "t & make notes aft]w>ds4 #gcd ,?is is ! =m :i* ,i he>d us$ con/antly 9 ! isl& in/ead ( ! m common 774 #gce ,?is h[ev] mu/ h be5 prior to ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury2 = a hi/ory ( ! isl& publi%$ 9 #afeg says1 #8cette ,isle 444 n'e/ arr\se d'aucun ruisseau ou fonta9e4' ,pre ,franois ,ri*>d1 ,relation de ce qui s'e/ pass ,santor9i1 p4 #ce4 #gcf ,soph4 ,tra*4 #aj ff4 #gcg ,=m$ f ! anci5t z & f 4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #ih4 ,!re is a fem99e or 4 #gch ,cf4 ,philo/r4 ,vit4 ,apollon4 ,,iii4 #h4 ,aelian1 de natur4 anim4 ,,xvi4 #ci4 ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #aia4 #gci ,only "o v>iety ( dragon1 ! or #8gr\nd-dragon1' is (t5 h>mless4 ,x is ( pa/oral ta/es & consorts ) ! ewes & %e-goats1 & is m not$ among ! %eph]ds = its lascivi\sness ?an = any o!r quality4 #gdj ,artem4 ,oneirocr4 ,,ii4 #ac 7p4 #aja74 ,cf4 ,fe/us1 #fg1 #ac4 #gda ,lucian1 ,philopseudes1 cap4 ,,xxxii4 ,z5obius1 ,c5t4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! same puni%m5t is 9 "o /ory inflict$ by a ,callicantz>os on a midwife :o _h deceiv$ him into believ+ t 8 newborn *ild 0 male4 ,aft] s5d+ h] away ) a sackful ( gold1 he discov]$ h] deceit1 & on h] arrival at home ! gold _h turn$ to a%es4 ,see above1 p4 #aii4 #gdb 4 1 7publi%$ fir/ 9 4 4 1 ,vol4 ,v4 pp4 #bgg sqq474 #gdc ,= ! fir/ half ( ?is /ory1 see above1 p4 #ahc4 #gdd 1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bii & #cae4 #gde e4g4 1 #8immortal apples1' op4 cit4 pp4 #caa & #caf4 1 #8immortal wat]-melon1' pp4 #big & #cae4 1 #8immortal gilly-fl[]1' p4 #cag4 ,! translation ( ?is la/ is correctly t :i* ,i h giv51 b ! peasants all ov] ,greece w call almo/ any bright & sc5t$ fl[] by ?is same "n4 #gdf ,see above1 p4 #acg4 #gdg ,cf4 above1 pp4 #adc-d4 #gdh ,gloss>4 m$4 et infim4 ,graecitatis 7p4 #aeda71 s4v4 4 #gdi ,ibid41 ,damasc4 ,hi]odiac4 ,s]m4 #c4 #gej ,ibid41 ,maximus ,cy?a]4 ,episc4 #gea ,ibid41 ,georg4 ,ham>tolus4 #geb 7= :i* ,i read ) ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 das ,volksleb51 p4 #agb74 #gec ,ibid41 ,eu*ologium4 #ged ,luke xii4 #bj4 #gee ,du ,cange1 ibid4 1 1 1 etc4 #gef ,see above1 p4 #aaj4 #geg 4 1 1 pp4 #cfb-c4 #geh 4 4 1 1 p4 #ha4 #gei ,see above1 p4 #aji4 #gfj ,te/imony to ! same belief is cit$ by ,du ,cange 7s4v4 7 f an anonym\s a/ronomical "w4 #gfa ,= ref]5ces see ,prell]1 ,grie*4 ,my?ol4 ,,ii4 #aje-f4 #gfb ,villoison1 ,annales des voyages1 ,,ii4 p4 #ahj1 cit$ by ,b4 ,s*midt1 das ,volksleb51 p4 #agd1 note #d4 #gfc 1 4 4 ,,iii4 p4 #aff4 #gfd ,voyage de la ,grce1 ,,vi4 p4 #aed4 #gfe ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #agc4 #gff ,grie*4 ,mr*4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 no4 #fd4 #gfg ,cf4 1 4 1 ,,iii4 p4 #gg4 #gfh ,cf4 above1 p4 #ec4 #gfi ,= ?is t]m see above1 p4 #bjd4 #ggj ,b4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #ahj4 #gga ,ibid4 note #f4 #ggb ,op4 cit4 p4 #aha4 #ggc ,op4 cit4 p4 #aha4 #ggd ,op4 cit4 p4 #ahb4 #gge ,i _c v\* = ! accuracy ( ?is translation4 ,! ^w might possibly mean #8he has _h 8 %ad[ trampl$ on1' & has be5 hurt indirectly ?r\gh an injury inflict$ ^u 8 %ad[-g5ius4 #ggf ,hom4 ,il4 ,,xxiii4 #gi4 #ggg ,il4 ,,xviii4 #ece-h4 #ggh ,plato1 ,pha$o1 p4 #ajg ,d4 #ggi ,rep4 p4 #fag ,d1 ,e4 ,cf4 #fbj ,d1 ,e4 #ghj ,me9eke1 ,fragm4 ,com4 ,graec4 ,,iv4 p4 #bch4 #gha ,!ocr4 ,,iv4 #dj4 #ghb ,i d n ( c\rse wi% to imply t 9 ! e-day usage ( ^! words ! ?\ght ( a gu>dian-g5ius 0 pres5t to m5's m9ds2 b ! fir/ =mation ( !m c only h sprung f ?is belief4 #ghc ,a54 ,,vi4 #gdc4 #ghd ,plato1 ,!ag4 #abh ,d4 #ghe ,ibid4 ,e4 #ghf ,bo? ,plato 7,apol4 #dj ,a7 & ,x5ophon 7,mem4 ,i4 #a4 #b-d71 comp>e ,socrates' conv]se ) 8 g5ius ) or #8inspiration4' ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,communion ,,( ,,gods ,,& ,,m54 -- ' -- 4 ,,plato1 ,symposium1 p4 #ahh4 ,! %ort sket* :i* has be5 giv5 ( ! attitude ( ! ,greek peasantry t[>ds ! ,*ri/ian ,godhead & all ! ho/ ( assi/ant sa9ts1 & also ! m detail$ acc\nt ( ^? pagan deities or demons :om ! common-folk's awe1 n unm+l$ ) affection1 has pres]v$ f oblivion ?r\gh s _m c5turies1 h1 ,i hope1 ju/ifi$ ! /atem5t t ! religion ( ,greece bo? is n[1 &--if a multitude ( co9cid5ces 9 ! v m9utiae ( anci5t & mod]n beliefs speak at all = ! cont9uity ( ?\ght--f ! dawn ( ,greek hi/ory onw>d ?r\gh its brief bright noontide to its long-drawn dusk & night illum9$ ev5 n[ only by borr[$ lights has ev] be51 a =m1 & a little *ang$ =m1 ( poly!ism4 ,:atev] be ! m]its & ! dem]its ( su* a religion 9 contra/ ) ! wor%ip ( "o almighty ,god1 mo/ ?9k]s w conc$e to x ! prop]ty ( br++ ! div9e elem5t )9 m easy compreh5sion ( ! majority ( mank9d4 ,prop] names1 limit$ attributes1 def9ite duties & sph]es ( "w--^! give a />t+ po9t f :i* ! peasant c set out t[>ds a conception ( gods4 ,he himself be>s a "n1 he himself has qualities1 he himself p]=ms 8 r\nd ( "w2 & ?\gh 8 "n be writ small] ?an t ( ! be+ :om he /rives to imag9e--?\gh 8 virtues & p]haps 8 vices be less pron\nc$ly :ite & black--?\gh 8 daily task be m trivial--yet 9 "o & all ( ^! ?+s he /&s on common gr\nd ) 8 deities2 !y diff] f him 9 degree r ?an 9 k9d2 he has b to picture a race ( be+s some:at /rong] & some:at nobl] ?an ! =emo/ ( 8 own fell[-m51 & ^! :om he ?us imag9es are gods4 ,a s+le _s omnisci5t & omnipot5t is too di/ant1 too inaccessible f any kn[n gr\nd4 ,lack ( ! capacity to =m or to grasp l(ty ideals c>ries ) x at lea/ ! comp5sation ( clos] intimacy ) ! sup]natural & ! div9e4 ,x may !re=e be expect$ t 9 ! c\rse ( ! intellectual & spiritual developm5t ( any primitive p1 ! m accurately !y le>n to measure _! own imp]fections & limitations1 & ! m imag9atively !y magnify ! wisdom & p[] ( _! gods1 ! wid] & m impassable gr[s ! *asm t divides mortal f immortal1 human f div9e2 communion ( man & god becomes less frequ5t1 less direct4 ,su* c]ta9ly 0 ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,greek nation 9 "s measure2 b1 ow+ probably to an innate & p]si/5t vanity :i* at all times has made ! race bl9d to its own fail+s1 t exp]i5ce 0 less acute ?an 9 ! case ( o!r peoples4 ,!re _h be5 days inde$ :5 _! gods walk$ ! e>? ) m5 & c\nsell$ !m 9 tr\bles & f\ght 9 _! battles2 !re _h be5 days :5 ! *iefe/ ( all ! gods s\ght a h]o's aid aga9/ 8 giant foes2 !re _h be5 days :5 m5 & wom5 might aspire ev5 to w$lock ) immortals1 & to possess *ildr5 half-div9e4 ,9 ^? days too dea? 0 n ! only pa? by :i* ! heav5s or ! h\se ( ,hades might be ga9$4 ,k+s & prophets1 w>riors & fair wom5 pass$ ?i!r by grace ( ! gods liv+ & unsca!d2 nay1 ev5 p]sonal skill or pr[ess embold5$ m9/rel & h]o to mat* !mselves ) ! gods bel[1 & wield+ ( club or sweep+ ( lyre suffic$ to op5 ! doors = _! return to e>?4 ,b ^? days soon pass$2 m5 walk$ & spoke & held op5 fell[%ip ) ! gods no m2 ! v poetry & imag9ation ( ! ,greek temp]am5t s fa/ out/ripp$ 9 rapidity ( developm5t ! gr[? ( mat]ial or moral res\rces1 t ! rift betwe5 _! religi\s ideals & ! realities ( _! life & "* ev] wid5$1 until ! daily & famili> int]c\rse ( _! ance/ors ) ! gods seem$ to !m a condition ( life irretrievable & !nce=? impossible4 ,?is result 0 obs]v$ & rem>k$ by ! ,greeks !mselves1 b ! process by :i* x _h come ab\t 0 n agre$4 ,to "o s*ool ( ?\ght1 x 0 ! deg5]acy ( mank9d ?r\gh successive ages--! gold5 age 9 :i* m5 liv$ z gods & pass$ h5ce1 z x 7 9 sleep1 to become spirits clo!d 9 air1 adm9i/]+ ^u e>? ! purposes ( mighty ,zeus--! silv] age :]e9 *ildhood 0 /ill long & innoc5t1 &1 ?\gh m5's rip] ye>s br\ght c>es & qu>rels & indiff]5ce to holy ?+s1 yet :5 ! e>? cov]$ !m !y 7 call$ bless$ & receiv$ a measure ( hon\r--! bronze age :5 all m5's m9ds 7 set on w> & _! /alw>t arms 7 busy ) braz5 weapons1 & by ea* o!r's h&s !y 7 s5t d[n to ! *ill d>k h\se ( ,hades & _! names 7 no m kn[n--! age ( h]oes :o 7 call$ half-div9e1 :o f\ght 9 ! ,!ban & ! ,trojan w>s1 & :5 ! doom ( dea? ov]took !m 7 grant$ a life ap>t f o!r m5 9 ! isl&s ( ! ble/1 because !y _h be5 nobl] & m righte\s ?an ^? ( ! age ( bronze & _h /emm$ = a "t ! curr5t ( deg5]acy--! fif? age 9 :i* ! depravity ( man gr[s apace & soon !re w be n\ght b discord betwe5 fa!r & son1 & no reg>d w be paid to gue/ nor comrade nor bro!r1 & *ildr5 w slight _! ag$ p>5ts1 & ! voice ( gods w be unkn[n to !m#ghg--to "o s*ool ( ?\ght1 ,i say1 x 0 simply & solely ?is decl9e ( ! human race1 swift & only once *eck$1 t 0 held acc\ntable = _! e/rangem5t f ! p[]s above !m4 ,b su* ?9k]s 7 9 a m9ority4 ,humility & self-dissatisfaction 7 & are qualities =eign to ! ord9>y ,greek4 ,he obs]v$ ! wide gulf t sep>at$ him f ^? :om he wor%ipp$1 b )\t any s5se ( unwor?9ess1 )\t any depression ( _s4 ,he 0 n despond5t ov] 8 own %ortcom+s & limitations1 b 0 fill$ r ) a l>g] complac5cy 9 ! ?\ght t1 incapable ?\gh he might be to reproduce actually 9 8 own life & "* mu* ( ! beauty & nobility ( 8 gods1 he 0 s gift$ 9 m9d & godlike 9 und]/&+1 t 9 8 mom5ts ( highe/ imag9ation & mo/ spiritual exaltation he c\ld so> to t l(ti] plane :]eon 0 enact$ all ! div9e life1 & c\ld visualise 8 gods & feel ! clos5ess ( _! pres5ce4 ,! motive ( ! highe/ acts ( ,greek wor%ip seems to h be5 n ! self-abasem5t ( ! wor%ipp] & ! glorification ( ! wor%ipp$1 b r an oblit]ation ( ! di/9ctions betwe5 man & god1 & a tempor>y atta9m5t by ! human ( spiritual equality & companion%ip ) ! div9e4 ,! vot>y ( ,bac*us 9 8 h\rs ( wilde/ ec/acy enjoy$ s completely ?is s5se ( equality & ( real union ) ! god1 t ev5 to o!rs x seem$ fitt+ t he %\ld be call$ by ! god's own "n#ghh4 ,b ! h\rs1 9 :i* ! ,greeks ( ! hi/orical age atta9$ by a sort ( religi\s fr5zy su* intimacy ) _! gods z _! ance/ors 7 fam$ to h enjoy$ all _! life long1 7 few & f> betwe54 ,! means ( communion _h become 9 g5]al less direct1 less p]sonal4 ,yet ev5 s ! desire = communion cont9u$ unabat$1 & ! belief 9 x /ill p]vad$ e phase ( life4 ,intellectual progress _h curi\sly little effect ^u ! dom9ant religi\s ideas4 ,a /rongly cons]vative atta*m5t to anci5t tradition & cu/om 0 /rangely bl5d$ ) t progressive _s :i* made ! intellectual developm5t ( ! ,a!nians unique 9 its swiftness1 z 9 its scope1 among all peoples kn[n to hi/ory4 ,_! m9ds welcom$ new speculations1 new doctr9es2 b _! he>ts clung to ! old unreasonable fai?4 ,ance/ral ideas rema9$ = !m ! sole f\ndation ( religion4 ,ea* poet or philosoph] 9 drama or 9 dialogue1 ea* man 9 8 own he>t1 0 free to build ^u x & to ornam5t 8 sup]/ructure z he w\ld2 & 8 "w f\nd a c]ta9 sanction 9 ! appeal :i* x made to o!r m5's s5se ( tru? & ( beauty4 ,b = ! f\ndation ! fiat ( antiquity _h be5 pron\nc$ & 0 immutable4 ,plato's reason$ exposition ( ! s\l's immortality culm9ates 9 an ,apocalypse ratifi$ by ! old my?ology2 & a quotation f ,hom] ev] s]v$ to qua% or to confirm ! subtle/ argum5t4 ,t ! f\ndation-/one 0 n1 9 ! e/imate ( reason1 well & truly laid1 t ! basis ( religion 0 insecure1 mu/ h be5 obvi\s to _m4 ,p9d> saw x1 &1 by refus+ to impute to ! gods any de$ or purpose :i* 8 own he>t condemn$ z ungodly1 /rove to repair its defects2 ,euripides too saw x1 & sc(f$ at ^? :o w\ld build on s un/able a base4 ,b ! mass ( m51 ?\gh !y also mu/ h se51 7 little tr\bl$1 x w\ld seem1 ei!r to demoli% or to repair4 ,!y accept$ ! old beliefs & c]emonies because !y 7 sanction$ by ! au?ority or ! exp]i5ce ( pa/ ages2 & if sob] reason+ & criticism expos$ flaws & inconsi/5cies !re91 :at matt]8 ,!y 71 z !y /ill are1 a p incapable ( any m5tal equilibrium2 ! mood ( ! h\r sway$ !m n[ to emotions1 n[ to reason+s2 !y did n cultivate consi/5cy2 !y c\ld n sit /ill & pres]ve an ev5 balance betwe5 ! passions ( ! he>t & ! judgem5ts ( ! intellect1 b ?rew _! :ole selves into ! "o scale1 & ! o!r = ! mom5t 0 z vanity4 ,9 ! :ole complex & irrational s*eme ( religion ?us accept$1 no?+ 0 m highly valu$ ?an ! means by :i* div9e c\nsel 0 obta9$ = ! conduct bo? ( public & ( private affairs4 ,om5s 7 regul>ly tak5 be=e battle1 at ! critical mom5t :5 we %\ld pref] to tru/ exp]i5ce & g5]al%ip4 ,oracles 7 consult$ z to ! sites = plant+ colonies1 9 cases :]e a surveyor's report might h seem$ m decisive4 ,b ! efficacy ( ^! old me?ods ( consult+ ! gods w5t almo/ un*all5g$4 ,x seems seldom to h occurr$ to m5's m9ds t ^? unt[>d signs 9 ! victim's entrails1 :i* p]haps delay$ tactics on :i* victory dep5d$1 7 ! symptoms ( an int]nal disease & n ! h&iwork ( a deity1 or t ! inf]ior & ambigu\s v]se1 9 :i* ! gods condesc5d$ to give c\nsel1 m (t5 confus$ ?an confirm$ human judgem5t4 ,ev5 ( ! philosoph]s1 accord+ to ,cic]o#ghi1 two only1 ,x5ophanes & ,epicurus1 w5t s f> z to d5y ! validity ( all means ( communion2 & ,socrates1 = all 8 que/ion+ & te/+ ( tru?1 obey$ )\t "q ! :isp]$ w>n+s ( a daemon1 & 9 def]5ce to ! ambigu\s exhortations ( a vision sp5t "s ( 8 la/ days 9 turn+ ,aesop's fables into v]se1 t s he might g into ! pres5ce ( ! gods ) 8 consci5ce cle>4 ,?us1 ?\gh m5 no long] expect$ to look ^u ! faces or to he> ! voices ( ! gods1 !y /ill felt !m to be close at h&1 easy ( access1 ready to c\nsel1 to w>n1 to enc\rage2 & ! me?ods ( communion1 9 proportion z !y /& condemn$ by reason1 comm5d s mu* ! m ! /eady fai? ( ! p :o us$ !m & nev] d\bt$ _! efficacy4 ,! answ] ( ! ord9>y man to ^? critics1 :o que/ion$ ! validity ( div9ation m]ely because !y c\ld n und]/& ! way 9 :i* x op]at$1 is well express$ by ,cic]o3 #8,x is a poor sort ( clev]ness to try to upset by sophi/ry facts :i* are confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ages4 ,! reason ( ^? facts ,i _c discov]2 ! d>k ways ( ,nature1 ,i suppose1 conceal x f my view4 ,god has n will$ t ,i %\ld "k ! reason1 b only t ,i %\ld use ! means#gij4' ,! ,greek nation saw _m philosophies rise & fall1 b x clung always to ! religion :i* x _h inh]it$4 ,! doctr9es ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ,z5o & ,epicurus1 became = ! ,greek p z ?\gh !y _h nev] be52 b ! old poly!ism ( ! ,hom]ic & e>li] ages liv$4 ,fai? ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce 0 a liv+ =ce2 ! conclusions ( reason a m]e fabrication4 ,& an ess5tial "p ( t poly!ism :i* 0 almo/ in/9ctive 9 ! ,greeks 0 _! belief 9 ! possibility ( close & frequ5t communion ) _! gods4 ,n[ ! means ( communion betwe5 m5 & gods are obvi\sly tw(old--! me?ods by :i* m5 make _! communications to ! gods1 & ! me?ods by :i* ! gods make _! communications to m54 ,! =m] class ( communications involve = ! mo/ "p que/ions or petitions2 ! latt] are ma9ly ! responses !reto2 & x w\ld seem natural to consid] !m 9 t ord]4 ,b inasmu* z m is kn[n ( ! anci5t me?ods by :i* ! gods signifi$ _! w to m5 ?an ( ! rev]se process1 x w be conv5i5t fir/ to e/abli% ! unity ( mod]n folklore ) anci5t religion 9 ?is division ( ! subject1 & aft]w>ds to discuss h[ any mod]n ideas conc]n+ ! means op5 to man ( communicat+ ) ! gods may be> ^u ! less kn[n correspond+ dep>tm5t ( anci5t religion4 ,= if we f9d t ! !ory no less ?an ! practice ( div9ation1 t is1 ( receiv+ & int]pret+ div9e messages1 has be5 h&$ d[n f antiquity almo/ un*ang$1 !re w be a great] probability t1 along ) ! g5]al mod]n sy/em ( sacrifices or (f]+s :i* accompany m5's petitions1 a curi\s conception ( human sacrifice 9 p>ticul> :i* ,i once enc\nt]$ is also a relic ( anci5t religion4 ,! survival ( div9ation !n 9 its sev]al bran*es fir/ claims our att5tion4 ,! v>i\s modes employ$ are = ! mo/ "p enum]at$ by ,aes*ylus#gia 9 ! passage :]e ,prome!us rec\nts ! subjects 9 :i* he claim$ to h fir/ in/ruct$ mank9d3 dreams & _! int]pretation2 *ance words 77 ov]he>d1 (t5 convey+ ano!r mean+ to ! he>] ?an t :i* ! speak] int5d$2 meet+s on ! road 7 71 :]e ! p]son or object enc\nt]$ 0 a port5t ( ! travell]'s success or failure 9 8 err&2 auspices 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 obs]vations1 t is1 ( ! flight & habits ( birds2 augury f a sacrificial victim1 ei!r by inspection ( its entrails or by signs se5 9 ! fire 9 :i* x 0 be+ consum$4 ,to ^! arts ,suidas#gib adds #8dome/ic div9ation' 77--! int]pretation ( v>i\s trivial incid5ts ( dome/ic life--palmi/ry 771 & div9ation f ! twit*+ ( any "p ( ! body 774 ,f9ally ( c\rse !re 0 direct inspiration 771 ei!r tempor>y1 z 9 an individual se]1 or p]man5t1 z at ! oracle ( ,delphi4 ,:e!r ! common-folk ev] di/+ui%$ ! comp>ative values ( ^! _m me?ods ( div9ation may well be d\bt$4 ,! ,delphic oracle1 ,i suspect1 atta9$ its high pre/ige m because x 0 ready to supply imm$iately on dem& a m or less direct & detail$ answ] to a def9ite "q1 ?an because p]sonal inspiration 0 held to be 9 any way a sur] *annel = div9e communications ?an 7 o!r means ( div9ation4 ,"s ?9k]s inde$1 *iefly ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool#gic1 7 incl9$ to draw di/9ctions betwe5 #8natural' & #8skill$' div9ation#gid4 ,! #8natural' me?ods1 includ+ dreams & all direct inspiration1 7 accept$ by !m2 ! #8skill$' me?ods1 ^? :i* requir$ ! s]vices ( a pr(essional augur or int]pret]1 7 disall[$4 ,b ! division propos$ 0 9 itself bad--= dreams d n by any means exclusively belong to ! fir/ class1 b probably 9 ! majority ( cases require int]pretation by exp]ts--&1 ap>t f t consid]ation1 ! di/9ction 0 ! inv5tion ( a philosophical sect & n an expression ( popul> feel+4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ t ! common-folk1 believ+ z !y did 9 ! practicability ( communion ) _! gods1 e/eem$ "o means ( div9ation z intr9sically m valuable ?an ano!r4 ,nor 0 !re any logical reason = su* discrim9ation4 ,grant$ t !re 7 gods sup]ior to man 9 k & 9 p[] & also will+ to communicate ) him1 no re/riction c\ld logically be set ^u ! means ( communication :i* !y might *oose to adopt4 ,!re 0 no reason :y !y %\ld speak by ! m\? ( a prie/ess intoxicat$ ) mephitic vap\rs or di/urb m5's sleep ) visions r ?an use ! birds z _! mess5g]s or write _! comm&m5t on ! inte/9es ( a sacrificial victim4 ,a c]ta9 ju/ification = accept+ "s means ( div9ation1 su* z intelligible dreams1 & = suspect+ o!rs1 might c]ta9ly h be5 f\nd 9 di/ru/ ( any human int]m$i>y2 vagrant & necessit\s oracle-mong]s infe/$ ! c\ntry2 & ev5 ! prie/ess ( ,delphi1 z hi/ory %[s1 0 n always sup]ior to political & pecuni>y consid]ations4 ,b exp]i5ce ( fraud did n app>5tly tea* di/ru/2 ! fact t oracles & o!r means ( div9ation 7 und\bt$ly (t5 abus$ did n cause ! ,greek p to reject ! prop] use ( !m2 d[n to ?is day all ! *ief me?ods ( anci5t div9ation /ill cont9ue4 ,9 "s cases1 we %all see1 ! mod]n employm5t ( su* me?ods is a m]e survival ( anci5t cu/om )\t any intellig5t religi\s motive2 b 9 o!rs !re is abundant evid5ce t ! mod]n folk are /ill actuat$ by ! feel+s :i* s dom9at$ ! lives ( _! ance/ors--! belief 91 & ! desire =1 close & frequ5t communion ) ! p[]s above4 ,direct inspiration is a gift :i* at ! pres5t day a man is n incl9$ to claim = himself1 ?\gh he w (t5 attribute x to ano!r2 = x implies insanity4 ,b ?\gh ! gift is n !re=e envi$1 x is ev]y:]e respect$4 ,m5tal d]angem5t1 :i* appe>s to me to be exce$+ly common among ! ,greek peasants1 sets ! suff]] n m]ely ap>t f 8 fell[s b 9 a s5se above !m4 ,8 utt]ances are receiv$ ) a c]ta9 awe1 & s f> z !y are intelligible are tak5 z pr$ictions4 ,he is 9 g5]al secure f ill-treatm5t1 & ?\gh he d no "w he is n all[$ to want4 ,! /range/ case :i* ,i enc\nt]$ 0 t ( a man1 unque/ionably mad1 :o w&]$ f place to place & seem$ to be kn[n ev]y:]e4 ,i met him 9 all ?ree times1 9 ,a!ns1 9 ,t5os1 & 9 ,!ssaly4 ,he _h no fix$ home1 did no "w1 & 0 usually p5niless2 b a wild mann]1 a roll+ eye1 & an extraord9>y p[] ( conduct+ 8 "p ( a conv]sation 9 metrical1 if n highly poetical1 =m suffic$ to obta9 = him lodg+1 food1 & clo?+1 & ev5 a free passage1 x appe>$1 on ! ,greek coa/+ /eam]s4 ,:e!r ! long monologues 9 v]se 9 :i* he sometimes indulg$ 7 also improvisations1 ,i c\ld n ( c\rse tell2 b once to h he>d & se5 8 deliv]y ( !m 0 to und]/& :y1 among a sup]/iti\s p1 he pass$ = a prophet4 ,he 0 a mod]n type ( ^? old se]s ^: "n 0 believ$ by ,plato to h be5 =m$ f ! v]b 1 #8to be mad'2 8 fr5zy really gave ! appe>ance ( inspiration4 ,dreams furni% a m sob] & naturally also a m g5]al means ( communion ) ! gods2 & ! belief 9 !m z a *annel ( div9e revelation is bo? firmly root$ & widely spread4 ,?is inde$ is only natural4 ,! *ange f paganism to ,*ri/ianity1 ev5 if x _h be5 m ?or\gh & complete ?an x actually has be51 w\ld probably n h affect$ ?is article ( fai?4 ,s long z a p believe 9 any "o or m deities n :olly remov$ f human affairs1 x is logically compet5t = !m to reg>d _! dreams z a special communication to !m f heav52 & ,*ri/ianity1 f> f repudiat+ ! old pagan idea1 confirm$ x by biblical au?ority4 ,! ,greek ,*ur*1 z we %all see1 has made effective use ( x4 ,! degree ( importance univ]sally atta*$ 9 old "t to dreams is too well kn[n to all /ud5ts ( ,greek lit]ature to call = comm5t4 ,artemidorus' prefatory rem>ks to 8 ,oneirocritica1 or #8,treatise on ! int]pretation ( dreams1' & 8 criticism ( =m] expon5ts ( ! same sci5ce1 w\ld alone prove t public int]e/ 9 ! subject mu/ inde$ h be5 great to /imulate s s]i\s & s l>ge a lit]ature4 ,!re is ! same practical evid5ce ( a simil> int]e/ 9 mod]n ,greece4 ,books ( ! same nature are s\ght aft] & consult$ no less eag]ly n[ ?an !n4 ,a new edition ( "s 1 or #8,great ,dream-int]pret]1' figures con/antly 9 ! adv]tisem5ts ( ,a!nian newspap]s1 & ! public dem& = su* works is und5iable4 ,9 isolat$ home/eads1 to :i* ! ,bible has nev] f\nd its way1 ,i h sev]al times se5 a grimy tatt]$ copy ( su* a book pres]v$ among ! mo/ preci\s possessions ( ! family1 & hon\r$ ) a place on ! %elf :]e /ood ! icon ( ! h\sehold's patron-sa9t & :5ce hung 8 holy lamp4 ,"o ( ! pieces ( in=mation mo/ frequ5tly imp>t$ to m5 9 dreams is ! situation ( "s buri$ treasure4 ,! precautions necess>y = une>?+ x1 namely complete retic5ce z to ! dream1 & ! sacrifice ( a cock1 h already be5 m5tion$#gie4 ,?is k9d ( dream has be5 utiliz$ by ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,!re is no article ( ecclesia/ical prop]ty ( m value ?an a v5]able icon2 to any *ur* or mona/]y :i* aspires to become a great religi\s c5tre an anci5t & reputable icon1 compet5t to "w miracles1 is indisp5sable4 ,n[ ! mo/ obvi\s way ( obta9+ su* pictures is1 x seems1 to dig !m up4 ,a few weeks und]gr\nd w h giv5 ! "r tone to ! crude/ copy ( crude ,byzant9e art1 & all t is requir$1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! spot = excavation1 is a dream on ! "p ( "s p]son privy to ! int]m5t4 ,x 0 on ?is sy/em t ! miracle-work+ icon ( ,t5os came to be une>!d on ! v day t ! /&>d ( revolt f ,turkey 0 rais$1 ?us mak+ ! isl& ! home ( patriotism z well z ( religion4 ,& ?is is no solit>y example2 ! numb] ( icons exhum$ 9 ob$i5ce to dreams is imm5se2 :]ev] ! travell] goes 9 ,greece1 he is we>i$ ) ! same reit]at$ /ory1 & if ! picture 9 "q happ5s to be ( ! ,panagia1 !re is (t5 an app5dix to ! effect t ! pa9t] ( x 0 ,/ ,luke--an attribution :i* c only h be5 bas$ on cl]ical criticism ( ! /yle4 ,inspection is n[ difficult2 ! old pagan cu/om ( cov]+ v5]able /atues ) gold or silv] foil by way ( ?ank-(f]+#gif has1 to avoid idolatry1 be5 transf]r$ to icons2 & 9 _m cases only ! faces & ! h&s ( ! sa9ts depict$ are left visible1 ! outl9es ( ! re/ ( ! picture be+ m]ely incis$ ^u ! silv] foil4 ,b1 ) inspection ?us limit$1 ! layman does n detect 9 any crudity ( /yle a suffici5t reason :y ! sa9tly pa9t]1 if only he c\ld h =ese5 ! ord9>y decoration ( ,greek *ur*es1 %\ld h _h 8 productions put out ( sight 9 ! gr\nd4 ,nev]!less ! /ory ( ! orig9 ( ! icon is believ$ z readily z ! /ory ( its f9d+4 ,nor is x only 9 /ories t ! discov]y ( icons 9 ob$i5ce to dreams is he>d (4 ,dur+ my /ay 9 ,greece a village s*oolma/] emb>rass$ ! ,education ,(fice by apply+ = a week's holiday 9 ord] to direct a p>ty ( 8 fell[-villag]s 9 digg+ up an icon ( :i* he _h dreamt1 & to build a *apel = x on ! spot4 ,x 0 felt t a body conc]n$ ) religi\s z well z secul> in/ruction ought n to commit ! impiety ( refus+ su* a reque/1 b x 0 fe>$ t o!r s*oolma/]s w\ld be enc\rag$ to dream4 ,besides ^? visions :i* are conc]n$ ) ! f9d+ ( treasure or ( icons1 t class ( dream also may be notic$ 9 :i* is giv5 "s div9e communication z to ! heal+ ( ! sick4 ,_m a "t ,i h met 9 "s sanctu>y ( miracul\s repute peasants f a f>-(f village1 :o h travell$ f "o end ( ,greece to ano!r1 br++ wife or *ild1 9 ! fai? t m9d w be re/or$ or sickness heal$2 "t aft] "t _! /ory is ! same1 t !y 7 bidd5 9 a dream to g & t>ry s _m days 9 su* a *ur*1 & !y h />t$ (f at once1 ob$i5t to :at !y feel to be a promise ( div9e help1 begg+ _! way may be = _m days1 b unfl9*+ly hopeful4 ,& !n comes ! long soj\rn 9 a /range village1 = a m]e visit is n always en\gh2 weeks & mon?s !y wait1 sleep+ ea* night 9 ! holy prec9cts & if possible at ! foot ( ! icon1 hop+ & believ+ t "s my/]i\s virtue ( ! place w heal ! suff]]1 or at ! lea/ t 9 a fre% dream !y w be told :at is next to be done4 ,& if no?+ happ5--= n[ & !n re/ or *ange ( air or1 x may be1 fai?#gig effects ! cure desir$--!y return home ) hope less5$ b belief un%ak51 ready to obey aga9 if ano!r message be v\*saf$ to !m f ! dream-l& ( heav54 ,su* dreams z ^! are reg>d$ z spontane\s revelations ( ! div9e w1 grant$ possibly 9 response to pray]1 b 9 no way controll$ or procur$ by any previ\s action ( ! dream]4 ,b !re is "o curi\s cu/om1 obs]v$ by ! girls ( ,greece1 by :i* dreams are delib]ately induc$ z a means ( =ekn[+ _! matrimonial de/9ies4 ,on ! eve ( ,/ ,ca?>9e's day#gih mo/ appropriately1 = %e is ! patroness ( all m>ry+ & giv+ 9 m>riage1 b sometimes also on ! fir/ day ( ,l5t#gii1 ! girls knead & bake cakes 77 ( :i*1 z _! "n implies1 ! *ief +r$i5t is salt4 ,by consum+ undue quantities ( ?is concoction1 & (t5 by assuag+ ! consequ5t ?ir/ ) an equally undue quantity ( w9e1 !y produce a condition ( body em95tly suit$ to cause a tr\bl$ sleep1 &1 _! m9ds be+ already absorb$ 9 speculations on m>riage1 x is little wond] if _! dreams reveal to !m _! future husb&s4 ,h[ f> ?is cu/om is n[ tak5 s]i\sly1 ,i _c det]m9e2 9 "s di/ricts x has c]ta9ly deg5]at$ into a some:at disreputable game4 ,b ! fact t ! intoxication ( ! girls is tol]at$ on ?is occasion among a peasantry ^: m5 ev5 are seldom drunk except on c]ta9 religi\s occasions--on ,ea/]-day & aft] fun]als--proves cle>ly t ! cu/om 0 once1 z ,i ?9k x sometimes is n[1 a g5u9ely religi\s rite & an ackn[l$g$ means ( div9ation4 ,a modification ( ?is cu/om1 pref]r$ 9 "s di/ricts z obviat+ alike ! unpleasant process ( eat+ salt-cake & ! disreputable sequel !reto1 sub/itutes = dream+ two o!r anci5t me?ods ( div9ation--div9ation by draw+ lots1 a primitive sy/em common to _m peoples b employ$ nev]!less ev5 by e/abli%$ oracles#hjj 9 anci5t ,greece1 & div9ation f *ance words ov]he>d by ! div9]1 a me?od :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 m exclusively ,hell5ic4 ,= ?is =m ( ! cu/om also salt-cakes are requir$1 b only a morsel ( ea* is eat51 & ! rema9d] ( ! cake is divid$ into ?ree portions1 to :i* are ti$ respectively r$1 black1 & blue ribb&s4 ,ea* girl !n places h] ?ree pieces "u h] pill[ = ! night1 & 9 ! morn+ draws out "o by *ance4 ,! r$ ribb& d5otes a ba*elor1 ! black a wid[]1 & ! blue a /rang]1 t is to say "s "o o!r ?an a fell[-villag]4 ,!n1 9 ord] to supplem5t ) full] detail ! indications ( ! lot1 ! girl takes h] /& 9 ! door-way ( ! cottage & li/5s to ! casual conv]sation ( ! neighb\rs or ! pass]s-by2 & ! fir/ "n1 trade1 occupation1 & su*like :i* %e he>s m5tion$ are tak5 to be ^? ( h] future husb&4 ,ano!r simil> cu/om1 practis$ only by girls & n necess>ily tak5 m s]i\sly ?an a game ( =feits1 pres]ves 9 its mod]n "n #hja ! old ^w 1 & ! purpose ( ! cu/om is to obta9 t :i* ,hom]#hjb actually d5ot$ by 1 a presage drawn f *ance words4 ,! prelim9>ies ( ! c]emony are z foll[s4 ,on ! eve ( ! fea/ ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/#hjc a boy 7:o = *oice %\ld be ! fir/-born ( p>5ts /ill liv+7 is s5t to fet* fre% wat] f ! spr+ or well4 ,?is wat] is kn[n z 1 #8spee*less wat]1' because ! boy :o br+s x is =bidd5 to speak to anyone on 8 way4 ,ea* girl !n drops into ! vessel ( wat] "s object su* z a co91 a r+1 or1 mo/ frequ5tly1 an apple z h] tok54 ,! vessel is !n clos$ up & left = ! night on ! ro( ( a h\se or "s o!r op5 place #8:]e ! />s may see x4' ,! proce$+s ( ! next morn+ v>y4 ,accord+ to "o travell]#hjd1 ea* girl fir/ takes out h] own apple--= he m5tions only ?is tok5--& !n draws (f "s ( ! wat] into a small] vessel4 ,?is vessel is !n support$ by two o!r girls on ! po9ts ( _! f\r ?umbs & beg9s to revolve ( its own accord4 ,if x turn t[>ds ! "r1 ! girl may expect to m>ry z %e wi%es2 if to ! left1 o!rwise4 ,also1 he says1 !y wa% _! h&s ) ?is wat] & !n g out into ! road1 & take ! fir/ "n !y he> spok5 z t ( _! future husb&4 ,?is latt] "p ( ! c]emony is true to ! mean+ ( ! ^w & is a g5u9e in/ance ( div9ation f *ance words4 ,b nei!r ?is nor ! =m] "p z describ$ by ,magnonc\rt is g5]ally practis$ n[4 ,! usual proc$ure is ei!r = ! boy :o fet*$ ! wat] or = ! girls 9 rotation to plunge ! h& 9 & draw out ! fir/ object t\*$1 improvis+ or recit+ at ! same "t "s c\plet fav\rable or adv]se to ! love or matrimonial prospects ( h] :o %all be f\nd to own ! =?com+ object2 & s 9 turn1 until ea* girl has receiv$ back h] tok5 & le>nt ! presage ( h] fate4 ,! recitation ( possibly prep>$ di/i*s by ^? :o are tak+ "p 9 ! c]emony is c]ta9ly a less pure me?od ( div9ation ?an ! e>li] practice describ$ by ,magnonc\rt4 ,! pr$iction is delib]ately provid$1 & ! elem5t ( *ance or ( div9e guidance is conf9$ to ! draw+ ( ! tok54 ,! old] me?od exhibits m cle>ly ! relation ( ! mod]n cu/om to ! sup]/iti\s obs]vation ( f ! "t ( ! ,odyssey#hje onw>ds4 ,?us :5 ,odysseus he>d ! suitors ?reat5 to take ! begg> ,irus to ,epirus1 #8ev5 to ! tyrant ,e*etus ! de/roy] ( all m51' he hail$ ! *ance words z a div9e ratification ( 8 hope t soon ! suitors %\ld take _! own j\rney to ano!r de/roy] ( all m51 ev5 ! tyrant ( ! ne!r _w1 & #8he rejoic$ 9 ! presage' 7 7#hjf4 ,! same me?od ( div9ation 0 frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! classical age also1 & t too n only privately#hjg b ev5 by public oracles4 ,x 0 ?us t ,h]mes ,agoraeus at ,ph]ae made response to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,! enquir] pres5t$ himself t[>ds ev5+ be=e ! /atue ( ! god1 burnt inc5se on ! he>?1 fill$ ) oil & light$ "s bronze lamps t /ood !re1 plac$ a c]ta9 bronze co9 ( ! local curr5cy ^u ! alt>1 :isp]$ 8 "q into ! e> ( ! /atue1 & !n at once hold+ 8 h&s ov] 8 e>s made 8 way out ( ! agora4 ,once outside1 he remov$ 8 h&s1 & ! fir/ words :i* greet$ 8 e>s 7 accept$ z ! god's response to 8 "q#hjh4 ,a primitive /atue ( ,h]mes ) ! surname exi/$ also at ,pitane#hji1 :i* place may be ! actual site ( t #8sanctu>y ( *ance utt]ances' 7 7 to :i*1 accord+ to ,pausanias#haj1 ! p ( ,smyrna resort$ = oracles4 ,& at ,!bes aga9 ,apollo ,spodios gave 8 replies 9 l mann]#haa4 ,cle>ly !n 9 antiquity div9ation f *ance words 0 a well-e/abli%$ religi\s in/itution2 & at ! pres5t day1 ?\gh ! practice is r>]1 its "* is un*ang$4 ,! religi\s nature ( ! two cu/oms :i* ,i h describ$ is %[n by _! association ) ! fe/ivals ( ,/ ,ca?>9e & ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/2 & ?\gh 9 diff]5t localities or p]iods a c]ta9 am\nt ( div9ation by ! lot or o!r means has be5 mix$ up ) div9ation f *ance words1 ! latt] obvi\sly =ms ! ess5ce ( bo? rites1 supply+ z x does to ! "o its v "n1 & supplem5t+ 9 ! o!r ! meagre indications ( ! lot ) m detail$ in=mation4 ,a girl may le>n f ! col\r ( ! ribb& atta*$ to ! piece ( salt-cake :i* %e happ5s to draw :e!r h] future husb& is ba*elor1 wid[]1 or /rang]2 b only f ! *ance utt]ance accept$ z an answ] to h] own secret que/ion+s c %e le>n ! "n & home & occupation & appe>ance ( h] de/9$ husb&4 ,! next bran* ( div9ation1 ! sci5ce ( read+ om5s ( success or failure 9 ! objects :i* a travell] meets on 8 road1 is /ill l>gely cultivat$4 ,9 old days inde$ x 0 s elaborate a sci5ce t a treatise1 z ,suidas tells u1 c\ld be writt5 on ?is "o me?od ( div9ation alone4 ,possibly ! same feat might be accompli%$ at ! pres5t day if a complete collection 7 made ( all ! sup]/itions on ! subject ( #8meet+' 77 9 all ! villages ( ,greece4 ,h[ in/ructive ! results might be1 ,i _c =eca/2 b at any rate ! task is beyond me1 & ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) m5tion+ a few ( ! commone/ examples4 ,to meet a prie/ is always unlucky1 & = m5 ev5 m s ?an = wom51 =1 unless !y take due precautions z !y pass him#hab1 _! virility is likely to be impair$2 & ! om5 is ev5 worse if ! prie/ happ5 to be rid+ a donkey1 = ev5 ! "n ( t animal is n m5tion$ by "s ( ! peasants )\t an apology#hac4 ,to meet a wit* also is un=tunate1 & s9ce any old woman may be a wit*1 x is wise to make ! sign ( ! cross be=e pass+ h]4 ,a cripple is also om9\s ( failure 9 an ent]prise4 ,on ! o!r h& to meet an insane p]son is usually acc\nt$ a good om51 = insanity implies close communion ) ! p[]s above4 ,to meet a woman ) *ild is also =tunate1 = x indicates t ! j\rney und]tak5 w be> fruit2 & ! peasant by way ( ackn[l$gem5t nev] fails to b[ or to b>e 8 head1 & if he be exceptionally polite may wi% ! woman a good conf9em5t4 ,( animals ^? :i* mo/ commonly =ebode ill are ! h>e1 ! rat1 ! /oat1 ! weasel1 & any k9d ( snake4 ,9 ,aetolia sup]/ition is s /rong reg>d+ ^! t ! m]e sight ( "o ( !m1 or inde$ ( ! trail ( a snake across ! pa?1 is en\gh to det] _m a peasant f 8 day's "w & to s5d him back home to sit idly secure f morn till night2 & ev5 ! m /\t-he>t$ w cross !mselves or spit ?ree times be=e proce$+4 ,t "s ( ^! beliefs date f classical times is c]ta94 ,ari/ophanes1 play+ ^u ! use ( 1 #8a bird1' 9 ! s5se ( #8om51' rallies ! ,a!nians ^u call+ #8a meet+ a bird1 a s\nd a bird1 a s]vant a bird1 & an ass a bird#had'2 & !re c be little d\bt t ! ass belong$ !n z n[ to ! category ( objects om9\s to enc\nt] on ! road2 & ! same au?or#hae1 corroborat$ 9 ?is case by ,!ophra/us' portrait ( ! sup]/iti\s man#haf1 speaks to ! dread inspir$ by a weasel cross+ a man's pa?4 ,! snake too1 x c h>dly be d\bt$1 01 ow+ p]haps to its association ) tombs1 an object ( awe to ! sup]/iti\s out ( doors z well z )9 ! h\se#hag4 ,on ! o!r h& an insane p]son app>5tly 0 9 ,!ophra/us' "t n z n[ an om5 ( good b ( evil1 to be av]t$ by spitt+ on ! bosom#hah4 ,b ?\gh ! mod]n int]pretations ( su* om5s may n be id5tical 9 e respect ) ! old1 en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! sci5ce ( div9+ f ! enc\nt]s ( ! road is /ill fl\ri%+4 ,! obs]vation ( birds is 9 _m cases closely alli$ ) ! la/ me?od ( div9ation2 = naturally ! peasant z he goes on 8 way is z quick to notice ! birds z any o!r object :i* he enc\nt]s4 ,b s9ce auspices may also be tak5 "u o!r conditions1 x w be well to obs]ve ! old l9e ( dem>cation1 & to treat ?is bran* ( augury1 z x 0 treat$ 9 anci5t h&books#hai1 sep>ately4 ,moreov] ! attitude ( ! mod]n folk t[>ds ^! two bran*es ( div9ation ju/ifies ! division4 ,! sup]/itions :i* ,i h j record$ are some:at bl9dly & un9tellig5tly held2 b 9 ! tak+ ( auspices prop] ! ord9ances ( anci5t lore :i* ! p foll[ are felt by !m to be d\bly sanction$--by reason z well z by antiquity2 !y appreh5d ! !ory on :i* _! practice is bas$--! idea t birds are bett] suit$ ?an any o!r animate ?+1 by virtue bo? ( _! rapid flight & ( _! ke5 & ext5d$ vision1 to be ! mess5g]s betwe5 gods & m54 ,9 practice ?is bran* ( div9ation is /ill conc]n$ *iefly ) ! l>ge & pr$atory birds to :i* alone 0 orig9ally appli$ ! t]m 4 #8,! l>ge/1 ! /ronge/1 ! mo/ intellig5t1 & at ! same "t ^? ^: solit>y habits gave !m m individual "*1' says a ,fr5* writ]#hbj1 #87 delib]ately pref]r$ by ! div9]s ( antiquity z ! subjects ( _! obs]vation4 ,= ^! & ^! only 0 res]v$ at fir/ ! "n 1 8solit>y bird#hba10 or bird ( presage'2 & he goes on to sugge/ t ! ,ori5tal belief 9 ! magical p[] ( blood to revivify ! s\ls ( ! dead & to /imulate prophecy influ5c$ ! selection = a prophetic rle ( c>nivor\s birds su* z might inde$ (t5 fe$ on ! entrails ( ^? v victims f :i* sacrificial om5s 7 tak54 ,b ! reasons assign$ by ,plut>* = ! pre-em95ce ( birds among all o!r ?+s z ! mess5g]s ( heav5 apply ) s special a =ce to ! special class ( birds select$1 t x seems unnecess>y to se>* out reasons m ab/ruse4 #8,birds1' he says#hbb1 #8by _! quickness & intellig5ce & _! al]tness 9 act+ ^u e ?\ght1 are a ready in/rum5t = ! use ( ,god1 :o c prompt _! movem5ts1 _! cries & songs1 _! pauses or w9d-l flights1 ?us bidd+ "s m5 *eck1 & o!rs pursue to ! end1 _! c\rse ( action or ambitions4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ,euripides calls birds 9 g5]al 8h]alds ( gods10 :ile ,socrates speaks ( mak+ himself 8a fell[-s]vant ) swans40' ,9 ?is special class ( om9\s birds ! pr9cipal gr\p1 says ! same ,fr5* writ]#hbc1 0 compos$ ( ! eagle 771 ! mess5g]#hbd ( ,zeus1 ! #8mo/ p]fect ( birds#hbe'2 ! vulture 771 :i* closely rivall$ ev5 ! k+ ( birds#hbf2 ! rav5 771 ! fav\rite & companion ( ,apollo1 a bird s mu* obs]v$ t !re 7 speciali/s 77 :o /udi$ no o!r species2 & ! c>rion-cr[ 771 transf]r$ f ! s]vice ( ,apollo to t ( ,h]a#hbg or ,a!ne#hbh4 ,^!1 x may safely be said1 7 obs]v$ at all p]iods4 ,( o!rs1 v>i\s species ( hawk 71 7--9 p>ticul> t kn[n z 1 act+ 9 ,hom]ic times z ! #8swift mess5g] ( ,apollo#hbi' & ?us rivall+ ! rav5--& ) !m ! h]on#hcj 77 enjoy$ 9 e>ly times great respect1 b gradually fell out ( fav\r ) ! augur4 ,b z ^! disappe>$ f ! canon ( orni?ological div9ation1 c]ta9 o!r birds 7 admitt$1 ! wr5#hca 7 or 71 ! owl 77#hcb1 ! dubi\sly id5tifi$ ) our #8rail' 7crex rallus1 ,l9n471 & ! woodpeck] 774 ,! cont9uity ( ! art ( tak+ auspices is at once obvi\s :5 x is f\nd t ! birds :i* ! mod]n peasant mo/ frequ5tly obs]ves are ( ! v same class :i* furni%$ ! ,hom]ic gods ) _! special envoys4 ,eagles1 vultures1 hawks1 rav5s1 cr[s--^! are /ill ! *ief mess5g]s ( heav51 & only "o o!r bird c claim equality ) !m1 t bird :i* 9 classical times symbolis$ wisdom1 ! owl4 ,( ! me?ods pursu$ by ! pr(essional augurs 9 anci5t ,greece un=tunately less is kn[n4 ,! be/ treatise on ! subject is t ( ,mi*ael ,psellus#hcc1 writt5 9 ! elev5? c5tury2 b probably anci5t works on ! subject1 su* z t ( ,telegonus to :i* ,suidas#hcd ref]s1 7 !n extant & contribut$ ! bulk ( 8 in=mation4 ,b ev5 s x is ! broad pr9ciples r ?an ! detail$ application ( !m :i* ,psellus pres5ts1 & on !m we mu/ 9 ! ma9 rely 9 comp>+ ! mod]n sci5ce ) ! anci5t4 ,fir/ ( all ! species ( bird "u obs]vation _h to be asc]ta9$2 = ! *>act]s ( diff]5t species 7 held to be s v>i\s t birds z closely cognate z ! rav5 & ! cr[ employ$ :olly contr>y me?ods ( communication ) mank9d4 #8,if z we g out ( our h\se to "w1' says ,psellus#hce1 #8we he> ! cry ( a rav5 beh9d or ( a cr[ 9 front1 x =ebodes anxieties & difficulties 9 our bus9ess1 :ile if a cr[ fly pa/ & caw on ! left or a rav5 d likewise on ! o!r side1 x gives hope & confid5ce4' ,! cr[ !n 0 n subject ev5 to ! rule conc]n+ "r & left :i* appli$1 s f> z ,i "k1 to all o!r birds1 b1 ?anks to "s innate contr>iety1 rev]s$ ! normal significance ( position1 & !re) also ( cry & ( flight#hcf4 ,su* exceptions ev5 to ! mo/ g5]al rules made ! accurate id5tification ( species an indisp5sable prelim9>y to successful augury4 ,! same prim>y condition /ill holds4 ,! div9] mu/ be able to di/+ui% ! caw+ ( a cr[ settl$ on 8 ro( f t ( a jackdaw2 ! =m] is an om5 ( dea?1 z p]haps x 0 9 ,hesiod's day#hcg1 to "s memb] ( 8 family1 ! latt] h]alds ! com+ ( a lett] f a fri5d abroad4 ,aga9 he mu/ be able to di/+ui% ! br[n owl 77 f ! tawny owl 77#hch2 ! message ( ! =m] may be good or bad1 z we %all see1 accord+ to its actions1 :ile ! latt] br+s only presages ( woe4 ,! species hav+ be5 id5tifi$1 !re rema9$1 accord+ to ,psellus#hci1 f\r possible po9ts 9 ! behavi\r ( ! bird itself 7all ( !m liable to be modifi$ 9 significance by ! position ( ! obs]v]7 to be notic$ & int]pret$2 ^! 7 its cry 7anci5tly or 71 its flight 771 its po/ure :5 settl$ 7 or 71 & any movem5t or action p]=m$ by x :ile ?us settl$ 774 ,^! divisions are /ill recognis$ 9 mod]n augury4 ,! cry is obs]v$ 9 ! case ( _m birds4 ,! scream ( an eagle is a w>n+ ( fight+ or conflict to come4 ,! croak ( a rav51 especially if x be ?rice repeat$1 :ile ! bird is fly+ ov] a h\se or a village1 is a premonition ( dea? to "o ( ! inmates4 ,! laugh ( ! woodpeck]1 ow+ ,i suppose to its mock+ s\nd1 is a sign t an intrigue aga9/ "s "o's p]son or pocket is 9 tra94 ,! repeat$ call ( ! cuckoo )9 ! b\nds ( a village =ebodes an epidemic !re94 ,flight is *iefly obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ! birds ( prey4 ,! successful swoop ( an eagle ^u its prey1 or ! rapid det]m9$ flight ( a hawk 9 pursuit ( "s o!r bird1 is an enc\ragem5t to ! obs]v] 7provid$ ( c\rse t ! birds are se5 on 8 "r h&7 to pursue untir+ly any ent]prise 9 :i* he is engag$1 & is a promise ( success & pr(it !re94 ,9 ,scyros ,i once po9t$ out to my guide a l>ge hawk *as+ a flock ( pigeons1 :i* he at once hail$ z a good om5 & wat*$ c>efully z long z x 0 9 sight2 & :5 ,i ask$ him :at k9d ( hawk x 01 he promptly repli$ t t k9d 0 kn[n z --! go%awk1 ,i believe4 ,?is ^w is a mod]n =m ( ! anci5t #hdj1 & a closely simil> incid5t is m5tion$ 9 ! ,odyssey1 :5 ?is bird1 ! #8swift mess5g] ( ,apollo1' is se5 by ,telema*us on ! "r1 te>+ a pigeon 9 its talons & scatt]+ its fea!rs to ! gr\nd1 & is tak5 to =e%[ ! fate t awaits ,euryma*us#hda4 ,! position occupi$ & ! po/ure are obs]v$ above all 9 ! case ( owls4 ,! #8br[n owl' 771 p]*$ ^u ! ro( ( a h\se & sugge/+ by its in]t po/ure t x is wait+ 9 true ori5tal fa%ion = an ev5t expect$ )9 a few days1 =ebodes a dea? 9 ! h\sehold2 b if x settle !re = a few mom5ts only1 al]t & vigilant1 & !n fly (f else:]e1 x betok5s m]ely ! adv5t & soj\rn !re ( "s acqua9tance4 ,ano!r species ( owl1 our #8tawny owl' ,i believe1 kn[n popul>ly z or #8,*>on's bird#hdb1' is1 z ! "n sugge/s1 a mess5g] ( evil "u all circum/ances1 :e!r x be he>d hoot+ or be se5 sitt+ 9 dea?like /illness or flitt+ pa/ l a gho/ 9 ! ga!r+ d>kness4 ,! casual actions & movem5ts ( birds are less obs]v$ n[ ?an ! cry1 flight1 & po/ure2 nor am ,i aw>e ( any auspices be+ drawn !refrom ) reg>d to any matt]s ( high] importance & int]e/ ?an ! prospective /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,= su* humdrum progno/ication p\ltry#hdc s]ve bett] ?an ! m dignifi$ birds--p]haps because _! movem5ts on ! gr\nd are m easily obs]v$--& by plum+ !mselves1 by scrat*+ a hole 9 :i* to du/ !mselves ov]1 & by roo/+ on "o leg or ) _! heads turn$ 9 "s p>ticul> direction =etell ra91 f9e wea!r1 or a *ange ( w9d4 ,all ^! auspices are fur!r modifi$1 z 9 anci5t times1 by ! position ( ! obs]v] 9 ref]5ce to ! bird obs]v$4 ,! "r h& side is ! region ( good om51 :e!r ! bird be se5 or he>d2 & if x be a case ( ! bird cross+ ! pa? ( ! obs]v]1 passage f left to "r is to be desir$1 on ! pr9ciple t all is well t ends well2 flight f "r to left indicates a decl9e ( good =tune4 ,motion t[>ds ! "r1 x may be not$1 has always be5 ! auspici\s direction 9 ,greece4 ,9 t direction1 accord+ to ,hom]1 ! h]ald c>ri$ r\nd ! lot :i* _h be5 %ak5 f ! helmet1 to be claim$ by t ,*iefta9 ^: tok5 x might prove to be#hdd2 9 t direction ,odysseus 9 begg>-guise proce$$ r\nd ! bo>d1 ask+ alms ( ! suitors#hde2 9 t direction ev5 ! gods pass$ _! w9e#hdf4 ,& 9 l mann] at ! pres5t day w9e is pass$1 c>ds are play$1 & at w$d+s bride & bridegroom are l$ r\nd ! alt>1 f left to "r4 ,?us !n 9 mod]n augury too1 if ! eagle's scream1 :i* =ebodes fight+1 be he>d on ! "r1 ! he>] w come well out ( x1 b if on ! left1 he is l to be wor/$4 ,if ! woodpeck] laugh on ! "r1 ! he>] may proce$ ) full confid5ce to *eat 8 neighb\r1 b if ! s\nd come f ! left1 he mu/ be w>y to baffle intrigues aga9/ himself4 ,if ! hawk pursue its prey on ! "r or across a man's pa? f left to "r1 he may take ! pursu] z ! type ( himself & g ab\t ! "w 9 h& ) assurance ( success2 b if ! om5 be on ! o!r side or 9 ! o!r direction1 "s enemy is ! hawk & he himself is ! pigeon to be pluck$4 ,! int]pretation ( auspices is also affect$ by numb]4 ,a s+le or twice repeat$ cry ( a bird may be ( good om51 b1 if ! same note be he>d ?ree times1 ! mean+ may be rev]s$4 ,?is applies 9 ,cephall5ia1 z ,i 0 told1 to ! case already m5tion$ ( a rav5 fly+ ov] a h\se2 "o or two croaks are a presage ( security or pl5ty1 b ?ree are a w>n+ ( imm95t dea?4 ,9 ?is detail a pron\nc$ *ange ( feel+ t[>ds ! numb] ?ree is responsible = :at mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be a contrav5tion ( ! anci5t rules 9 ! case4 ,accord+ to ,mi*ael ,psellus1 an ev5 numb] ( cries f ! cr[ 7 lucky & an odd numb] unlucky2 b ! cr[1 z we h se51 0 p]v]se & abnormal2 rev]s+ !re=e ! rule 9 ! case ( o!r birds1 we f9d t an odd numb] ( croaks f a rav5 %\ld be lucky4 ,b ! numb] ?ree1 :i* 9 old times 0 lucky1 is n[ univ]sally unlucky2 ! peasant (t5 w apologize = hav+ to m5tion ! numb]2 & ,tuesday1 be+ call$ 1 ! #8?ird day' ( ! week1 is ! unlucky day4 ,b if 9 ?is case ! significance ( a p>ticul> numb] has *ang$1 ! pr9ciple ( tak+ numb] into consid]ation is indubitably anci5t4 ,moreov] !re are "s cases 9 :i* ev5 ! p>ticul> application ( ! old pr9ciple holds good4 ,! fir/1 almo/ ! only1 lit]>y poet ( mod]n ,greece 7z di/+ui%$ f ! _m compos]s ( unwritt5 ballads71 :o f\nd beauty 9 ! popul> beliefs & music 9 ! vulg> tongue1 makes 8 h]o9e ?us div9e h] own dea?3 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' #hdg4 8,& ! little birds t h come consort+ close toge!r are a sign t soon ,i am to be w$ 9 ,hades4 ,i see t ,erotocritus has di$ 9 a /range l&1 & 8 s\l has come to seek me1 to m+le ) me40 ,"h nei!r ! species ( ! birds nor _! cry nor flight is tak5 into acc\nt2 ! :ole significance ( ! om5 turns on ! close company :i* !y kept4 ,& = ! me?od ( int]pret+ x we c g back to ,ari/otle4 #8,se]s obs]ve :e!r birds settle ap>t or settle toge!r2 ! =m] indicates enmity1 ! latt] mutual peace#hdh4' ,la/ly1 z reg>ds practical augury f birds at ! pres5t day x may be laid d[n z a rule t any extraord9>y ph5om5on1 excit+ 9 ! simple peasant's m9d m al>m ?an curiosity1 passes = a bad om54 ,! h5 t s f> =gets h] sex z to cr[ l a cock falls "u suspicion & ! knife at once4 ,to ! pr(essional div9] ( old "t probably su* incid5ts 7 less di/ress+2 he c\ld obs]ve su* /rik+ anomalies 9 z calmly judicial a _s z ! details ( m ord9>y occurr5ces4 ,b at ! pres5t day1 ?\gh !re are magicians 9 pl5ty1 !re are no speciali/s1 to my k1 9 ! sci5ce ( auspices4 ,! mod]n peasant does n entice ! birds ) food to a special spot1 z did ,teiresias#hdi1 9 ord] to li/5 to _! talk & to ga9 f !m delib]ately ! k ( ?+s t are & ?+s t %all be4 ,b amateur ?\gh he be1 lack+ 9 p[] ( m9ute obs]vation & 9 sci5ce ( detail$ int]pretation1 su* rudim5ts ( ! art z he possesses are an h]itage f ! old ,hell5ic ma/]s ( div9ation4 ,s f> !n z ! broad pr9ciples ( practical auspice-tak+ are conc]n$1 ! pro(s ( ! id5tity ( mod]n ) anci5t me?ods are suffici5tly complete2 & x rema9s only to %[ t ! mod]n practice ( ?is art is n a m]e in]t survival ( cu/oms no long] und]/ood b is 9 tru? in=m$ by ! same intellig5t religi\s _s z 9 antiquity4 ,:at t _s 01 is admirably def9$ 9 t passage ( ,plut>* :i* ,i h already quot$1 9 :i* he claims t ! quickness ( birds & _! intellig5ce & _! al]tness to act ^u e ?\ght qualify !m1 beyond all o!r liv+ ?+s1 = ! "p ( mess5g]s betwe5 gods & m54 ,celsus too 9 8 polemics aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 made frank confession ( ! old fai?3 #8,we believe 9 ! presci5ce ( all animals & p>ticul>ly ( birds4 ,div9]s are only int]pret]s ( _! pr$ictions4 ,if !n ! birds 444 imp>t to u by signs all t ,god has reveal$ to !m1 x foll[s ( necessity t !y h a clos] intimacy ?an we ) ! div9e1 t !y surpass u 9 k ( x1 & are de>] to ,god ?an we#hej4' ,inde$ x might seem t !re 0 hope ( birds kn[+ t :i* a god s\ght 9 va9 to le>n4 ,to ,demet] enquir+ = h] ravi%$ *ild #8no god nor mortal man w\ld tell ! true tale1 nor came !re to h] any bird ( om5 z mess5g] ( tru?#hea4' ,9 effect1 ! special aptitude ( birds to c>ry div9e messages to m5 0 nev] que/ion$ 9 anci5t ,greece2 x 0 a v axiom ( religion1 )\t :i* ! :ole sci5ce ( auspices w\ld h be5 a baseless fabrication4 ,n[ x w\ld h be5 no matt] ( surprise = u1 if practical augury _h /ill be5 9 vogue at ! pres5t day & ! !ory _h be5 =gott52 if ! cu/oms born ( a belief 9 ! prophetic p[] ( birds _h1 ) ! invet]acy ( all cu/om1 outliv$ ! p>5t pr9ciple4 ,r x is surpris+ t among all ! p]plexity & bewild]m5t ( ?\ght caus$ by ! long s]ies ( *anges1 religi\s1 political1 & social1 ?r\gh :i* ,greece has pass$1 ?is recognition ( birds z int]m$i>ies betwe5 heav5 & e>? has abat$ none ( its =ce or its purity1 nei!r vanqui%$ by ! direct antagonism ( ,*ri/ianity1 nor contam9at$ by ! influx ( ,slavonic or o!r =eign ?\ght4 ,yet s x is2 & ! p]usal ( any collection ( mod]n folk-songs w %[ t ! idea is fully z famili> n[ z 9 ! lit]ature ( old "t4 ,a few examples may be cit$2 & 9 select+ !m ,i %all exclude f consid]ation ^? _m ,klephtic ballads :i* op5 ) a conv]sation betwe5 ?ree #8birds#heb'2 = ! ^w #8bird' 77 seems to h become among ! ,klephts a colloquial equival5t = #8spy' or #8sc\t1' sugge/$ p]haps by ! qualities ( intellig5ce1 al]tness1 & spe$ requir$1 & x is admitt$ly#hec impossible 9 _m cases to det]m9e :e!r ! t]m has its lit]al or its conv5tional mean+4 ,moreov] ^! op5+s ( ballads h pass$ into a some:at set =m2 & =mulae are no m pro( ( ! cont9uance ( belief ?an mummies ( ! cont9uance ( life4 ,b1 ev5 ) ! range ( tru/wor?y evid5ce ?us limit$1 ! residue ( popul> poetry conta9s ample /ore ( passages 9 :i* birds are recognis$ z ! be/ mess5g]s betwe5 ?is _w & ano!r4 ,& "h1 z we %all see1 ! reit]ation ( ! idea is n uni=m 9 expression2 ! ?\ght has n be5 cry/allis$ into a numb] ( beautiful b in]t phrases2 x is /ill alive1 /ill "y1 /ill procreative ( fre% poetry4 ,!re is a well-kn[n folk-song1 record$ 9 sev]al v]sions1 :i* tells h[ a "y bride1 tru/+ 9 ! might ( h] n9e bro!rs & 9 h] husb&'s val\r1 boa/$ t %e _h no fe> ( ,*>os4 #8,a bird1 an evil bird1 w5t unto ,*>os1 & told him1 & ,*>os %ot an arr[ at h] & ! girl grew pale2 a second & a ?ird he %ot & /ret*$ h] on h] dea?-b$#hed4' ,! special bird 9 ! poet's m9d 01 "o may surmise1 #8,*>on's bird1' ! tawny owl1 :i* z ,i h not$ is always a mess5g] ( evil4 ,9 ano!r poem a bird issues f ! l[] _w & br+s doleful tid+s to wom5 :o weep ov] _! lo/ ones4 #8,a little bird came =? f ! _w bel[2 8 claws 7 r$ & 8 fea!rs black1 r$d5$ ) blood & black5$ ) ! soil4 ,mo!rs run to see him1 & si/]s to le>n ( him1 & wives ( good m5 to get true tid+s4 ,"m br+s sug>1 & si/] sc5t$ w9e1 & wives ( good m5 be> am>an? 9 _! h&s4 8,eat ! sug>1 bird1 & dr9k ( ! sc5t$ w9e1 & smell ! am>an?1 & confess to u ! tru?40 8,good wom51 t :i* ,i saw1 h[ %\ld ,i tell x or confess x8 ,i saw ,*>os rid+ 9 ! pla9s apace2 he dragg$ ! "y m5 by ! hair1 ! old m5 by _! h&s1 & rang$ at 8 saddle-b[ he bore ! little *ildr5#hee40' ,nor is x only betwe5 e>? & ! ne!r _w t birds c>ry tid+s to & fro2 e>? & heav5 are equally unit$ by _! m9i/ry4 ,an hi/orical ballad1 belong+ to ! ye> #ahbe1 :5 ,ibrahim ,pa%a _h j occupi$ ! =tress ( ,nav>9o & o!r places 9 ! ,morea & 0 ab\t to jo9 9 inve/+ ,mesolonghi1 gives to ?is idea unusually imag9ative treatm5t2 = ! bird :i* br+s f heav5 enc\ragem5t & prophecies ( future success 7"o ( :i* 0 lit]ally fulfill$ 9 ! battle ( ,nav>9o two ye>s lat]7 is an inc>nation ( ! s\l ( a fall5 ,greek w>rior4 #88,w\ld ,i 7 a bird0 7,i said71 8t ,i might fly & g to ,mesolonghi1 & see h[ goes ! sword-play & ! musketry1 h[ fight ! unconqu]$ falcons#hef ( ,r\melie40 ,& a bird ( gold5 plumage w>bl$ answ] to me3 8,hold1 good ,george2 an ?\ ?ir/e/ = ,arab#heg blood1 "h too are infidels = !e to slay z _m z ?\ wilt4 ,do/ see f> away yond] ! ,turki% %ips8 ,*>os is /&+ ov] !m1 & !y %all be turn$ to a%es40 8,good bird1 h[ did/ ?\ le>n ?is t ?\ telle/ me80 8,a bird ,i seem to !e to be1 b no bird am ,i4 ,yon isl& t ,i espi$ = !e af> belonge? to ,nav>9o2 'twas !re ,i sp5t my la/ brea? a-fight+4 ,tsamados am ,i1 & unto ! _w h ,i come2 f ! heav5s :]e ,i dwell ,i disc]n y cle>ly1 yet ye>n to see y face to face40 8,nay1 :at %\lde/ ?\ see n[ among u 9 our unhappy l&8 ,kn[e/ ?\ n :at befell & n[ is 9 ! ,morea80 8,good ,george1 be n di/raught1 cons5t n to despair2 ?\gh ! ,morea fight n n[1 a "t w come aga9 :5 !y w fight l wild bea/s & *ase _! foe4 ,pite\sly %all bones lie scatt]$ be=e ,mesolonghi1 & !re %all ! lions ( ,suli rejoice40 ,& ! bird flew away & w5t up to ! heav5s#heh4' ,su* an id5tification ( ! w+$ mess5g] ) ! s\l ( a dead man does n repres5t ! ord9>y ?\ght ( ! p2 x is a conceit peculi> to ?is ballad2 b ! v fact t ! dead w>rior is made to assume ! guise ( a bird 9 ord] to communicate ) 8 liv+ comrades %[s h[ /rong is ! popul> feel+ t birds are ! natural int]m$i>ies betwe5 e>? & heav54 ,?us !n ! anci5t belief t birds are among ! mo/ apt in/rum5ts ( div9e & human communion has surviv$ z little impair$ by lapse ( ages z ! practical sci5ce ( augury f\nd$ ^u x4 ,p]haps inde$ x has ev5 f>$ bett]2 = practical augury has1 ,i suspect1 suff]$ f ! paucity or ext9ction ( pr(essional augurs1 :o alone c\ld be expect$ to rememb] & to transmit to _! successors all ! complex details ( _! art1 :]eas ! old fai? may ev5 h ga9$ !reby2 = hi/ory1 ,i suppose1 is n void ( in/ances 9 :i* ! pr(essional expon5ts ( a religion h fo/]$ its =ms & h />v$ its _s1 =gett+ _! m9i/ry 9 _! desire = ma/]y1 & mak+ _! (fice ! sole gate ( communion ) heav54 ,b1 be t z x may1 su* decl9e z !re may h be5 f ! complete & elaborate sy/em ( auspices :i* ! anci5ts possess$ is n at any rate due to any abatem5t ( ! anci5t belief 9 ! m$iation ( birds4 ,n ( c\rse t ! peasant1 :5 he draws an om5 f ! eagle's /oop or ! rav5's croak1 pauses at all to reflect on ! g5]al pr9ciple by :i* 8 act is guid$2 8 recognition ( ! pr9ciple is !n z =mal & unconsci\s z is 8 av[al ( ,*ri/ianity :5 he crosses himself4 ,b if ev] 9 m$itative mood he seeks ! reason & basis ( 8 auspice-tak+1 he falls back1 z ! popul> poetry proves1 on ! doctr9e t ! p[]s above & bel[ h *os5 birds z _! mess5g]s to mank9d4 ,d\btless _m o!r peoples h held or /ill hold k9dr$ beliefs2 b ! fact t 9 ,mod]n ,greece ! same class ( birds is obs]v$ z 9 ,anci5t ,greece & t ! same broad pr9ciples ( int]pretation are foll[$ is suffici5t w>ranty t ! und]ly+ belief is also a g5u9ely ,hell5ic h]itage4 ,! next me?od ( div9ation to be consid]$1 t namely 9 :i* om5s 7 obta9$ f sacrifice1 0 anci5tly divid$ into two bran*es2 9 "o ! div9] conc]n$ himself ) ! dissection ( ! victim1 & bas$ 8 pr$ictions on ! appe>ance ( v>i\s int]nal p>ts2 9 ! o!r1 special portions ( ! victim 7 consum$ by fire1 & om5s 7 read 9 ! flame or smoke !refrom4 ,( ! latt] ,i h discov]$ no trace 9 ,mod]n ,greece2 b ! =m] /ill survives 9 "s di/ricts4 ,naturally h[ev] ?is mode ( div9ation is less frequ5tly practis$ ?an t ) :i* ,i h j dealt4 ,! cry or ! flight ( birds c be obs]v$ )\t let or h9drance 9 ! c\rse ( daily "w1 &1 :at is m important /ill1 )\t co/2 :ile ?is me?od involves ! slay+ ( a victim1 & is consequ5tly conf9$ to high days & holidays :5 ! peasants eat meat4 ,b :5 occasion (f]s or ev5 dem&s ! p]=mance ( ! rite1 ! presages drawn !refrom are ! m valu$ because !y are less readily to be obta9$4 ,& ! value atta*$ to !m is by no means dim9i%$ because ! me?od pursu$ is less intellig5t ?an ! tak+ ( auspices4 ,9 ! latt] case1 z we h se51 ! common-folk h a reasonable basis = _! actions 9 ! univ]sal belief t birds are by nature qualifi$ to act z mess5g]s betwe5 gods & m52 9 ! =m] ! peasants are m bl9dly & me*anically repeat+ ! practices ( _! =efa!rs4 ,!y w\ld be h>d put to x to say h[ x comes to pass t div9e c\nsels %\ld be f\nd figur$ 9 ! recesses ( a %eep's anatomy4 ,b 9 _! v inability to answ] ?is "q1 no less ?an 9 _! acceptance ( ! means ( communion1 !y resemble _! ance/ors2 =1 ) all _! love ( enquiry1 !y too practis$ ! art )\t answ]+ conclusively or unanim\sly ! que/ion+s ( _! own he>ts conc]n+ x4 ,"o !ory advanc$ 0 t ! anatomical con/ruction ( ! victim 0 directly affect$ by ! pray]s & religi\s rites to :i* x 0 subject$4 ,ano!r held ! int]nal symptoms to be inexorable & immutable1 & saw div9e ag5cy only 9 ! prompt+s ( ! sacrific]'s m9d & 8 *oice ( an animal ^: entrails 7 suitably inscrib$ by nature#hei4 ,a ?ird view1 advocat$ by ,plato1 0 t ! liv] 0 z a mirror 9 :i* div9e ?\ght 0 reflect$2 dur+ life ?is div9e ?\ght might rema9 hidd5 z tacit intuition or be manife/$ 9 prophetic utt]ance2 aft] dea? ! div9e visions contemplat$ by ! s\l 7 left record$ 9 imag]y ^u ! liv]1 & fad$ only by degrees#hfj4 ,! obvi\s objection to ?is !ory 0 its too practical coroll>y1 t human entrails w\ld be ! mo/ int]e/+ to consult4 ,less b>b>\s !re=e 9 consequ5ces1 if also less exquisite 9 idea1 0 ! f\r? doctr9e1 prop\nd$ by ,philo/ratus1 t ! liv] _h no p[] ( presage unless x 7 completely emancipat$ f ! passions & surr5d]$ :olly to div9e influ5ce--a condition be/ fulfill$ by animals ( peaceful & apa!tic temp]am5t#hfa4 ,b :ile ^! !ories 7 built up & knock$ d[n1 ! practices :i* !y 7 meant to expla9 cont9u$ firm & un%ak54 ,! fact seems to be t ! cu/om ( consult+ entrails 0 n native to ,greece4 ,9 ,hom]ic times ! liv] 0 n dissect$ 9 se>* ( om5s1 & su* obs]vations z 7 made 7 direct$ to ! brightness ( ! flame & ! asc5t ( ! smoke f burnt (f]+s & n to any mal=mation or discoloration ( ! victim's inw>d p>ts4 ,all t c\ld be le>nt 0 :e!r ! sacrifice1 & !re=e also ! pray]s accompany+ x1 7 accept$ or reject$4 ,! complexities ( po/-,hom]ic div9ation f burnt sacrifice & ! :ole sy/em ( inspect+ ! entrails seem to h be5 a =eign importation4 ,:e!r ! s\rce 0 ,etruscan1 ,c>ian1 ,cyprian1 ,babylonian1 or ,egyptian1 does n "h conc]n u#hfb2 ! practices 7 9 orig9 =eign to ,greece1 & ! anci5ts1 9 ref]r+ ! inv5tion ( !m to ,delphus1 son ( ,poseidon1 to ,prome!us1 to ,sisyphus1 or to ,orpheus#hfc1 7 guilty n only ( %e] fabrication b ( manife/ ana*ronism#hfd4 ,hom] convicts !m4 ,x is !n ! =eign orig9 ( ^! me?ods ( div9ation :i* expla9s ! attitude ( ! anci5t ,greeks t[>ds !m4 ,x 0 a practice1 n a !ory--a cu/om1 n an idea--a conglom]ation ( usages1 n a coh]5t & reason$ sy/em--:i* 0 introduc$ f abroad4 ,! ,greeks accept$ x readily z furni%+ !m ) "o m means to t communion ) _! gods :i* to !m 0 a spiritual necessity4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ma*9]y employ$ 0 unkn[n to !m2 b :at matt]8 ,its op]ation 0 comm5d$ by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs & soon te/$ by _! own4 ,! unkn[n pr9ciple long cont9u$ to excite int]e/1 conjecture1 speculation1 among ! educat$ & enlight5$1 b _! failures to rea* any f9al & unanim\s conclusion nev] mov$ !m to dispute ! te/$ fact4 ,& if ?is 0 ! attitude ( ! educat$1 ! common-folk ( ^? days mu/ surely h be5 9 ! same position z ! p ( to-day--gladly accept+ ! usage & av[$ly ignorant ( ! pr9ciple4 ,su* bl9d acquiesc5ce dur+ s _m c5turies may seem inde$ a disp>agem5t ( ! ,greeks' intellig5ce2 b x is equally a te/imonial to _! religi\s fai?2 x is ! ?+s :i* defy reason+ t are be/ wor? believ+2 & among ^! ! ,greeks h /eadfa/ly numb]$ ! writ+ ( div9e c\nsels on ! sacrificial victim's inw>d p>ts4 ,! actual me?ods n[ pursu$ are also an inh]itance f ! anci5t _w4 ,! animal f :i* ! ,klephts a c5tury ago are said to h tak5 om5s mo/ successfully 0 ! %eep1 & ! portion ( its anatomy on :i* ! tok5s ( ! future 7 to be read 0 ! %\ld]-blade4 ,! que/ions to :i* an answ] 0 mo/ (t5 s\ght 71 z might be surmis$ f ! life ( ! enquir]s1 que/ions ( w>4 #8,9 ?is connexion1' says a ,greek writ]#hfe ( ! fir/ half ( la/ c5tury1 :5 /ories ( ! ,klephts' life might /ill be he>d f _! own lips1 #8! %\ld]-blade ( a "y lamb is 444 a v]itable ,sibyll9e book2 = its condition enables m5 to asc]ta9 be=eh& ! issue ( an important engagem5t1 ! s]i\s losses on ea* side1 ! /r5g? ( ! enemy1 ! re9=cem5ts to be expect$1 & inde$ ! v mom5t :5 dang] ?reat5s'2 & he rec\nts1 by way ( illu/ration1 ! /ory ( a ,!ssalian b& ( ,klephts1 ^: capta91 9 ! security ( 8 own fa/ness1 0 sitt+ div9+ 9 ?is way2 sudd5ly he sprang up ) ! exclamation1 #8,! ,turks h caught u alive1' & at ! head ( 8 troop _h only j "t to break ?r\gh ! ,turki% =ces :i* 7 already surr\nd+ !m4 ,t ?is me?od ( div9ation 0 d]iv$ directly & ) little deviation f ! old sy/em ( inspect+ %\ld]-blades 77 z kn[n to ,mi*ael ,psellus c h>dly be d\bt$4 #8,if ! "q be ( w>1' he says1 #8a pat* ( r$ obs]v$ on ! "r side ( ! %\ld]-blade1 or a long d>k l9e on ! left1 =e%[s a great w>2 b if bo? sides pres5t _! normal :ite appe>ance1 x is an om5 ( peace to come#hff4' ,b ! days ( patriot-outlaws are ov] n[1 & ! que/ions submitt$ to ! arbitram5t ( ov9e %\ld]-blades are ( m peaceful b5t4 ,x is ! %eph]d n[1 & n ! w>rior1 :o ?us resolves ! unc]ta9ties ( ! future4 ,x is ! vicissitudes ( wea!r1 n ( w>1 t int]e/ him2 ! bir? ( lambs1 n ! dea? ( ,turks4 ,x is ( plague1 pe/il5ce1 & fam9e ?reat5+ 8 flock1 n ( battle & murd] & sudd5 dea? = himself1 t he seeks =ew>n+4 ,b ! same in/rum5t ( div9ation supplies ! answ]s4 ,my own k ( its use is obta9$ entirely f ,ac>nania & ,aetolia2 b ! practice is also record$ f ,zagorion 9 ,epirus#hfg1 & prevails too1 ,i h be5 told1 among ! %eph]ds ( ,elis4 ,! opportunity = x is1 z ,i h said1 (f]$ only by c]ta9 fea/-days1 :5 ! peasants indulge 9 meat4 ,on o!r occasions1 :5 ! %eph]ds kill only 9 ord] to sell 9 ! t[ns1 div9ation _c be und]tak52 = x is only aft] cook+ t ! meat c be prop]ly remov$ f ! bone s z to leave x clean & legible4 ,!re is !re=e no d\bt an economical reason = conf9+ ?is practice to c]ta9 religi\s fe/ivals2 b ?is consid]ation mu/ n be all[$ to obscure ! g5u9ely religi\s "* ( ! rite itself4 ,9 ,zagorion1 at ! fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ! patron-sa9t ( ea* village or mona/]y1 %eep are br\ght & sla9 9 ! enclosure ( ! p>ticul> sanctu>y1 & are call$ #hfh1 a plural evid5tly ( ! ,hebrew ^w #8corban1' a ?+ devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,god2 ?us bo? "n & c]emony proclaim ?is cu/om a g5u9e survival ( sacrifice2 & x is app>5tly f ! %\ld]-blades ( ^! victims t om5s are drawn#hfi4 ,a simil> case ( div9ation by sacrifice came to my k 9 ,boeotia1 ?\gh :e!r ! %\ld]-blade or "s o!r "p ( ! victim furni%$ ! pr$ictions1 ,i c\ld n asc]ta94 ,:ile look+ r\nd a small museum at ,skimitri ,i _h happ5$ to /op be=e a relief repres5t+ a man lead+ "s animal to sacrifice1 & he>d ! cu/odian1 a peasant ( ! place1 rem>k to ano!r peasant1 evid5tly a /rang] to ! di/rict1 :o _h foll[$ me 91 #8,t is j l :at we d'2 & he !n expla9$ t at a *ur* ( ,/ ,george1 some:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood1 !re 0 an annual fe/ival at :i* a simil> sc5e took place4 ,! villag]s ( ! c\ntry-side congregate e>ly on ! morn+ ( ,/ ,george's day r\nd ! *ur*1 ea* man br++ a kid or a lamb2 s]vice 9 ! *ur* hav+ be5 duly p]=m$1 ! prie/ comes out & blesses ea* ( ! animals 9 turn1 aft] :i* !y are kill$ & roa/$ & a fea/ is held accompani$ by "s k9d ( div9ation f ! victims4 ,su* 9 brief 0 ! cu/odian's acc\nt2 b1 :5 ,i int]v5$ 9 ! conv]sation ) a "q ab\t ! me?od ( div9+1 he w\ld say no?+ m4 ,! ,boeotians are /ill boori%4 ,b :at ,i _h already ov]he>d exhibits cle>ly en\gh ! religi\s "* ( ! rite2 & ,i d n d\bt t 9 ,aetolia & ,ac>nania also ! peasants h&le ! %eep's %\ld]-blade 9 an equally religi\s mood4 ,_! v indulg5ce 9 meat is due to ! religi\s occasion2 mu* m !re=e ! div9ation :i* reveals to !m ! m9d ( ^? p[]s :om !y wor%ip4 ,9 ! art ( int]pret+ ! p>ticul> m>ks ^u ! %\ld]-blade ,i _c claim to be an adept4 ,! few facts :i* ,i manag$ to discov] 7 t 9 g5]al spots & blurs ^u ! bone are progno/ications adv]se to ! hopes ( ! enquir]1 & t a clean :ite surface always gives full security3 t diff]5t portions ( ! bone are scrut9is$ = answ]s to diff]5t classes ( que/ions2 ?us ! prospects ( ! lamb+ season are indicat$ on ! project+ ridge ( ! bone1 & ! wea!r-=eca/ on ! flat surfaces on ei!r side ( x1 m>ks on ! "r side 7! bone be+ held horizontally ) :at is naturally its upp] end t[>ds ! div9]7 be+ fav\rable signs1 & ^? on ! left ill-om5$3 & f9ally t a pe/il5ce is =e%[n by a depression 9 ! surface ( ! bone4 ,! sci5ce1 ,i 0 told1 is extremely complex & elaborate2 b ,i nev] _h ! =tune to meet any peasant :o 0 consid]$ an exp]t 9 x2 ! be/ expon5ts ( x are to be f\nd among ! m\nta9 %eph]ds1 & s9ce ^! are con/antly %ift+ _! graz+ gr\nds x is no easy matt] to fall 9 ) "o bo? able & will+ to unfold ! full my/]ies ( ! art4 ,h[ to di/+ui% 9 int]pretation m>k+s ( diff]5t sizes1 %apes1 & col\rs ,i nev] discov]$#hgj4 ,b ! little :i* ,i le>nt agrees 9 ! ma9 ) ! anci5t me?od z describ$ by ,mi*ael ,psellus#hga4 #8,^?1' he says1 #8:o wi% to avail !mselves ( ?is means ( div9ation1 pick out a %eep or lamb f ! flock1 &1 aft] settl+ 9 _! m9d or say+ al\d ! "q :i* !y wi% to ask1 slay ! victim & remove ! %\ld]-blade f ! c>case4 ,?is--! organ ( div9ation z !y ?9k--!y bake ?or\ghly ^u hot emb]s1 & hav+ /ripp$ x ( ! fle% f9d on x ! tok5s ( t issue ab\t :i* !y are enquir+4 ,! answ]s to diff]5t k9ds ( que/ions are le>nt f diff]5t p>ts#hgb4 ,que/ions ( life or dea? are decid$ by ! projection ( ! ridge#hgc2 if ?is is clean & :ite on bo? sides1 a promise ( life is !reby giv52 b if x is blurr$1 x is a tok5 ( dea?4 ,wea!r-=eca/s aga9 are made f inspection ( ! middle "p ( ! %\ld]-blade2 if ! two membrane-l surfaces :i* =m ! middle ( ! %\ld]-blade on ei!r side ( ! ridge#hgd are :ite & clean1 !y indicate calm wea!r to come2 :ile1 if !y are ?ickly spott$1 ! rev]se is to be expect$4' ,"h1 x w h be5 notic$1 no m5tion is made ( any discrim9ation betwe5 ! m>k+s on ! "r & on ! left sides ( ! bone2 b ?is1 ,i suspect1 is an omission on ! "p ( ,psellus1 = s simple a pr9ciple ( anci5t div9ation is h>dly likely to h be5 exclud$ f consid]ation 9 ?is case4 ,9 o!r respects ! in=mation :i* ,i obta9$ tallies closely ) 8 acc\nt2 ! clean & :ite appe>ance ( ! bone 0 !n1 z x is n[1 a reassur+ om52 !n1 z n[1 ! prospects ( ! wea!r 7 to be le>nt f ! flat surface on ei!r side ( ! ridge2 !n1 z n[1 ! "q ( life or dea?1 :i* f ! %eph]d's po9t ( view becomes mo/ acute at ea* lamb+ season1 0 settl$ by ref]5ce to ! ridge ( ! bone4 ,to judge !n f ! few pr9ciples ( ! art kn[n to me1 div9ation f ! %\ld]-blade1 besides be+ /ill recognis$ z a religi\s rite1 is conduct$ on ! same l9es by ,aetolian & ,ac>nanian peasants z x 0 by ^? anci5t augurs to ^: h&-books probably ,psellus 0 indebt$ = 8 k4 ,ano!r animal utilis$ 9 ! same di/rict = purposes ( div9ation is ! pig2 b 9 ?is case ! prophetic organ is n ! %\ld]-blade b ! sple54 ,?is is remov$ f ! fre% c>case be=e ! re/ ( ! fle% is cut up or cook$ 9 any way1 & om5s are tak5 f ! r\ghness or discoloration ( its surface4 ,! que/ions :i* may be decid$ by ?is means are v v>i\s--! prospects ( wea!r1 ( crops1 & ( v9ey>ds1 ! success ( j\rneys & o!r ent]prises1 ! advisability ( a contemplat$ m>riage1 & s =?4 ,( ! exact details ( ! art ,i "k ev5 less ?an 9 ! la/ case2 ! facts :i* ,i le>n$ 7 ^!1 t a smoo? surface is a good om51 j z x 0 9 ! case ( o!r int]nal organs 9 ! "t ( ,aes*ylus#hge1 :ile c]ta9 r\ghnesses port5d ob/acles & difficulties 9 a j\rney or ent]prise1 & fur!r t c]ta9 abnormal blot*es ( col\r give w>n+ ( blight & mildew on crops & v9es4 ,pr(ici5cy 9 ! sci5ce1 ,i 0 told1 is commone/ among ! inhabitants ( ! l[-ly+ cultivat$ or wood$ di/ricts ( ,ac>nania :]e l>ge h]ds ( half-wild sw9e are kept2 & h5ce x is natural t ! pr$ictions s\ght 9 ?is way are *iefly conc]n$ ) agricultural & social int]e/s1 :]eas ! om5s obta9$ f ! %eep's %\ld]-blade by %eph]ds liv+ solit>y lives 9 ! m\nta9s deal ) few issues o!r ?an ! prospects ( ! flock4 ,b ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two me?ods ( div9ation is circum/antial r ?an ess5tial2 ei!r me?od c1 ,i believe1 9 ! h&s ( exp]ts be us$ = answ]+ almo/ any que/ions4 ,div9ation f ! pig's sple5 is1 ,i ?9k1 und\bt$ly anci5t4 ,x appe>s to be a solit>y survival ( ! 1 or #8inspection ( entrails1' :i* 9 anci5t ,greece w\ld seem to h be5 ! commone/ me?od ( div9+ f ! sacrificial victim4 ,among ! animals emb>rass$ ) prophetic entrails ! pig inde$ 0 n ord9>ily reckon$2 b ,pausanias m5tions t ! p ( ,cyprus discov]$ its value#hgf1 & x seems actually to h furni%$ responses to ! highly reputable oracle ( ,paphos#hgg4 ,h[ x has come to pass t mod]n ,ac>nania %\ld pres]ve a cu/om peculi> to anci5t ,cyprus1 is a problem t ,i _c solve2 b x c h>dly be que/ion$ t "h aga9 we h an old religi\s rite /ill ma9ta9$ z a prov5 means ( communion ) ^? p[]s 9 ^: k lies ! future4 ,div9ation f sacrifice also =ms "p ( ! prelim9>ies ( a w$d+ 9 _m di/ricts4 ,on ! day be=e ! actual c]emony#hgh ! fir/ animal = ! fea/ is kill$ by ! bridegroom ) 8 own h&4 ,! prop] victim is a "y ram1 ?\gh 9 case ( pov]ty a m humble sub/itute is p]mitt$4 ,?is1 aft] be+ 9 "s di/ricts bless$ by ! prie/ :o receives 9 return a portion ( ! victim1 is made to /& fac+ ea/w>d1 & ! bridegroom endeav\rs to slaught] x ) a s+le bl[ ( an axe4 ,om5s = ! m>riage are tak5 f ! mann] & ! direction 9 :i* ! blood spirts out2 & a fur!r inve/igation is sometimes made z to :e!r ! tongue is bitt5 or ! m\? foam+1 ea* sign f9d+ its own int]pretation 9 ! lore ( ! village cronies#hgi4 ,! sub/itute all[$ = ! ram is a cock4 ,:]e ! peasants avail !mselves ( ?is economy1 ! kill+ is usually def]r$ until aft] ! w$d+ s]vice1 & is p]=m$ on ! door/ep ( ! bridegroom's h\se be=e ! bride is l$ 94 ,! bird is held d[n on ! ?re%old by ! be/ man1 & ! bridegroom1 hav+ be5 provid$ ) a %>p axe1 tries to sev] ! cock's neck at "o bl[4 ,"h too ! man's dext]ity c\nts = some?+2 = ! peace or ! agony 9 :i* ! victim is despat*$ belongs to t class ( om5s :i* 9 antiquity also 7 drawn f ! demean\r ( ! animal be=e & dur+ ! act ( sacrifice1 & 7 tak5 n inde$ to furni% a detail$ answ] to any "q pref]r$ b to indicate ! acceptance or ! rejection ( ! (f]+ & ! accompany+ petitions4 ,x is h[ev] ! effusion ( blood & ! muscul> convulsions ( ! decapitat$ bird :i* are mo/ ke5ly obs]v$2 = f ^! signs1 ,i 0 told1 ! old wom5 ( ! village pr(ess to det]m9e su* po9ts ( int]e/ z ! *a/ity ( ! bride1 ! supremacy ( ! husb& or ! wife 9 ! future mnage1 & ! numb] & sex ( *ildr5 to be born4 ,all ?is in=mation c 9 mo/ places :]e ! rite prevails be obta9$ )\t any dissection ( ! victim su* z w\ld h be5 cu/om>y 9 antiquity2 b 9 ,aetolia & ,ac>nania ! peasants cont9ue fai?ful to :at are probably anci5t me?ods ev5 9 ?is detail2 !re ! brea/-bone ( ! f[l is treat$ bo? at w$d+s & on o!r religi\s occasions z a poor man's legitimate sub/itute = ! ov9e %\ld]-blade1 :i* x suffici5tly resembles 9 ! possession ( a ridge ) flat surfaces on ei!r side suitable = div9e inscriptions4 ,b x is n ^u co9cid5ces ( practical detail1 in/ructive z !y are 9 prov+ ! unity ( mod]n ) anci5t ,greece1 t ,i wi% mo/ to insi/4 ,if x is cle> t ! victims (t5 ble/ by ! prie/s at w$d+s & on o!r religi\s occasions are really felt by ! p to be sacrifices1 !n ! practice ( div9+ f !m1 :atev] ! exact me?od pursu$1 is once m di/9ct evid5ce ( ! belief t ! p[]s above are able & will+ to hold close communion ) m54 ,among ! m9or me?ods ( div9ation we may notice fir/ :at ,suidas calls or #8dome/ic div9ation'2 "u ?is head he includes su* incid5ts z ! appe>ance ( a weasel on ! ro(1 or ( a snake1 ! spill+ ( oil1 honey1 w9e1 wat]1 or a%es1 & ! crackl+ ( logs on ! fire4 ,! subject 0 exp\nd$ app>5tly 9 a s]i\s treatise by "o ,x5ocrates2 b x is difficult to suppose t !re 0 any sci5tific sy/em gov]n+ s het]og5e\s a conglom]ation ( incid5ts2 ! treatise 0 probably no m ?an a compilation ( possible occurr5ces ) disconnect$ regulations = int]pret+ ea* ( !m4 ,_m ev5ts ( a l trivial nature are obs]v$ at ! pres5t day1 & ! int]pretations set ^u "s ( !m are demon/rably anci5t4 ,a weasel se5 ab\t ! h\se1 j z on ! road1 is significant ( evil#hhj1 m especially if !re is 9 ! h\sehold a girl ab\t to be m>ri$2 = ! weasel 77 0 once1 x is said1 a maid5 de/9$ to become1 z ! "n implies1 a #8little bride1' b 9 "s way %e 0 robb$ ( h] happ9ess & trans=m$ into an animal2 its appe>ance !re=e augurs ill = an int5d$ w$d+4 ,a snake on ! contr>y is ( good om5 :5 se5 9 ! h\se2 = x is ! gu>dian-g5ius wat*+ ov] its own4 ,! ori5tation ( a cat :5 engag$ 9 wa%+ its face indicates ! po9t ( ! compass f :i* w9d may be expect$4 ,a m\se nibbl+ a hole 9 a bag ( fl\r is 9 ,zagorion#hha z di/ress+ a port5t z x 0 to ! sup]/iti\s man ( ,!ophra/us#hhb4 ,a dog h[l+ at night 9 or ne> ! h\se port5ds a dea? 9 ! neighb\rhood1 z x did 9 ! "t ( ,!ocritus3 #8,h>k1' cries ,simae?a1 #8! dogs are b>k+ ?r\gh ! t[n4 ,hecate is at ! cross-ways4 ,ha/e1 cla% ! braz5 cymbals#hhc'2 only in/ead ( ! cymbals x is cu/om>y to use an ejaculation address$ to ! dog1 #8may y bur/' 7 71 or #8may y eat y\r own head' 7 74 ,aga91 to take ano!r class ( ! dome/ic incid5ts m5tion$ by ,suidas1 ! spill+ ( oil is univ]sally an evil om51 & ! spill+ ( w9e a good om52 ! =m] =e%ad[s pov]ty1 ! latt] pl5ty4 ,! upsett+ ( wat] is also a presage ( good success1 especially on a j\rney2 b 9 ?is connexion1 z a lat] *apt] w %[1 x (t5 passes out ( ! sph]e ( div9ation1 :i* %\ld re/ on purely =tuit\s occurr5ces1 into t ( sympa!tic magic4 ,! crackl+ ( logs on ! fire1 :i* ,suidas m5tions1 rema9s to-day also an incid5t to be duly not$4 ,g5]ally x appe>s to mean t good news is com+ or t a fri5d is arriv+1 b1 if sp>ks & a%es are ?r[n out into ! room1 tr\bles & anxieties mu/ be expect$4 ,! splutt]+ ( a lamp or c&le also usually =etells mis=tune#hhd4 ,om5s z to m>riage also may be obta9$ on ! dome/ic he>?4 ,two leaves ( basil are put toge!r ^u a live coal2 if !y lie z !y are plac$ & burn away quietly1 ! m>riage w be h>moni\s2 if !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( crackl+1 ! m>ri$ life ( ! two p]sons repres5t$ by ! leaves w be di/urb$ by qu>rels2 if ! leaves crackle fi]cely & leap ap>t1 !re is an incompatibility ( temp] :i* r5d]s ! project$ alliance undesirable4 ,^! are b a few in/ances ( dome/ic div9ation1 & a mu* long] li/ might easily be compil$4 ,b :ile ,i "k t _m ( ! peasants d inde$ obs]ve su* occurr5ces s]i\sly en\gh to act ^u ! sup]natural w>n+s !reby convey$1 yet ! religi\s "* ( ^! me?ods ( div9ation is less demon/rable ?an t ( div9ation f birds or f sacrifice2 & ,i may cont5t myself ) indicat+1 by a few illu/rations only1 ! cont9uity ( ,greek sup]/ition 9 bo? ?is & ^? o!r m9or bran*es ( div9ation to :i* ,i n[ pass4 ,palmi/ry1 accord+ to ,suidas1 0 an anci5t art1 & a h&-book ( x 0 compos$ by "o ,hel5os4 ,! signs ( ! future 7 read 9 ! l9es ( ! palm & ( ! f+]s z 9 mod]n palmi/ry4 ,?is sci5ce is /ill kept up by "s ( ! old wom5 9 ,greece1 b real pr(ici5cy !re9 is z 9 o!r c\ntries *iefly atta9$ by ! gypsies 771 :o foll[ a nomadic life 9 ! m\nta9s & h v little int]c\rse ) ! native population4 ,div9ation f involunt>y movem5ts ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! body--1 z ,suidas calls x1 on :i* "o ,poseidonios 0 a lead+ au?ority--is /ill v g5]ally practis$1 & evid5tly has deviat$ h>dly at all f anci5t l9es4 ,! twit*+ ( a man's eye or eyebr[ is a sign t he w soon see "s acqua9tance--an enemy1 if x be ! left eye t ?robs1 a fri5d1 if x be ! "r2 & ?is cle>ly 0 ! pr9ciple :i* ! goat-h]d ( ,!ocritus foll[$ :5 he exclaim$1 #8,my eye ?robs1 my "r eye2 oh6 %all ,i see ,am>yllis h]self8'#hhe ,simil>ly ! buzz+ or s++ ( a man's e>s is an indication t he is be+ spok5 ( by o!rs1 j z x 0 9 ! "t ( ,lucian#hhf2 &1 accord+ to ! usual pr9ciple1 ! "r e> is affect$ 9 ?is mann] by praise & k9dly spee*1 ! left by backbit+ & sl&]4 ,aga91 if ! palm ( ! "r h& it*1 x %[s t a man w receive money2 & rev]sely1 if ! left palm it*1 he w h to pay money away#hhg4 ,s too1 if ! sole ( ! "r or ( ! left foot it*1 x is a premonition ( a j\rney successful or unsuccessful4 ,om5s ( ?is k9d fall ) uncom=table frequ5cy to ! lot ( ^? :o h to f9d a night's lodg+ 9 ,greek inns or cottages4 ,to ! same category belong hicc\gh+ & sneez+4 ,! hicc\gh 771 z also 9 ,mac$onia *ok+ ov] food or dr9k#hhh1 is a sign t "s backbit] is at "w1 & ! me?od ( cur+ x is to guess 8 "n4 ,sneez+ is a fav\rable om51 b ! p>ticul> int]pretation ( x dep5ds on alt]native sets ( circum/ances4 ,if anyone :o is speak+ is int]rupt$ by a sneeze1 :e!r 8 own or t ( ano!r p]son pres5t1 :atev] he is say+ is held to be prov$ true by ! occurr5ce4 ' 1 cry ! li/5]s1 7or 71 #8,heal? to y1 & y speak 7or he speaks7 tru?4' ,if h[ev] no "o pres5t is 9 ! act ( speak+ :5 ! sneeze is he>d1 ! fir/ phrase only is us$1 #8,heal? to y1' or by way ( faceti\s v>iant1 1 #8,may y\r "m-9-law die l a dog#hhi4' ,9 ei!r case ! pray] = good heal? c b5efit only ! sneez]2 b 9 ! =m]1 t memb] ( ! company :o is speak+ at ! "t may obta9 corroboration ( ! /atem5t :i* he is mak+ f ! om5 produc$ by ano!r4 ,?is "p ( ! belief is v /rongly held2 & anyone :o is 9 ! un=tunate position ( hav+ 8 ^w d\bt$ or ( be+ compell$ to prev>icate w be bett] advis$ to conjure up a sneeze ?an to expo/ulate or to swe>4 ,bo? ^! int]pretations ( sneez+ date f anci5t times4 ,! old equival5t ( #8,heal? to y' 0 1 #8,pres]ve him1 ,zeus'2 b su* expressions are common to _m nations & n di/9ctively ,hell5ic4 ,! o!r int]pretation ( sneez+1 z a confirmation ( words :i* are be+ utt]$1 is ( m special int]e/1 & has be5 h&$ d[n f ! ,hom]ic age4 #8,let b ,odysseus come1' says ,p5elope1 #8& rea* 8 native l&1 & soon w he & 8 son requite ! viol5t de$s ( ^! m54' #8,?us %e spake1' cont9ues ! passage1 #8& ,telema*os sneez$ al\d2 & r\nd ab\t ! h\se rang fe>fully2 & ,p5elope laugh$1 & quickly !n %e spake w+$ words to ,eumaeus3 8,g n[1 call ! /rang] "h be=e me4 ,do/ ?\ n see h[ my son did sneeze 9 sanction ( all my words#hij8 ,= ?is %\ld utt] dea? come ^u ! suitors "o & all1 nor %\ld "o ( !m escape dea? & de/ruction#hia40' ,among o!r in/rum5ts ( div9ation occasionally us$ are eggs1 molt5 lead1 & sieves4 ,eggs are *iefly us$ to decide ! prospects ( a m>riage4 #8,spee*less wat]'#hib is fet*$ by a boy1 & ! old woman :o presides ov] su* op]ations p\rs into x ! :ite ( an egg4 ,if ?is keeps toge!r 9 a close mass1 ! m>riage w turn out well2 b if x assumes a brok5 or confus$ %ape1 tr\bles loom ahead4 ,9 antiquity ! sci5ce 0 probably m ext5d$2 = a "w on egg-div9+ 77 0 attribut$ to ,orpheus4 ,a simil> rite may be p]=m$ ) molt5 lead in/ead ( :ite ( egg1 & x suffices to p\r x ^u any flat surface#hic4 ,div9ation ) a sieve--! anci5t --also cont9ues1 ,i h be5 told1 b ,i "k no details ( ! practice4 ,?us !n ! *ief me?ods ( le>n+ ! gods' w z practis$ 9 antiquity h be5 review$1 & are f\nd to be p]petuat$ 9 sub/antially ! same =m d[n to ! pres5t day2 & n only is ! =m ! same b 9 _m ( !m ! same religi\s _s is manife/4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce lies 9 ! paucity ( pr(essional div9]s n[2 exp]ts assur$ly 9 "s bran*es !re /ill are1 b augury alone w\ld n[1 ,i ?9k1 be a prec>i\s s\rce ( livelihood4 ,advice f ! village prie/ w\ld 9 s _m cases be *eap] & no less valu$ ?an t ( ! soo?say]4 ,& z ) p]sons s ) places4 ,! pagan temples 9 :i* oracles 7 giv5 h be5 l>gely sup]s$$ by ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 & possibly ! peasants are m incl9$ to pay = masses :i* w secure ! fulfilm5t ( _! wi%es ?an = oracul> responses :i* may run c\nt] to !m4 ,/ill ev5 s oracles h n yet entirely ceas$2 & 9 discuss+ ^? :i* survive we %all f9d once m a co9cid5ce bo? 9 =m & _s betwe5 anci5t & mod]n ,greek religion4 ,an oracle1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is simply a place set ap>t = ! practice ( div9ation2 ! me?od ( obta9+ responses has always v>i$ 9 diff]5t places1 & ! m$iation ( a pr(essional div9]1 ?\gh usual1 _c be reg>d$ z ess5tial#hid4 ,^? caves !re=e :]e wom5 make (f]+s ( honey-cakes to ! ,fates#hie & pray = ! fulfilm5t ( _! conjugal hopes are really oracles1 provid$ t !re is "s means ( le>n+ !re :e!r ! pray] is accept$ or reject$4 ,& ?is is (t5 ! case2 mo/ commonly ! answ] is inf]r$--on :at pr9ciple ( int]pretation1 ,i d n "k--f ! dripp+ ( wat] or ! deta*m5t & fall f ! ro( ( a p>ticle ( /one2 & 9 ,aetolia ,i 0 told ( a cave 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,agr9ion 9 :i* ! nature ( ! response is det]m9$ by ! behavi\r ( ! bats :i* frequ5t x4 ,if !y rema9 hang+ quiesc5t f ! ro( & walls1 ! suppliant's hopes w be realis$2 b if !y be di/urb$ by 8 or1 m (t51 h] intrusion & flutt] r\nd confus$ly1 ! ,fates are inexorably adv]se4 ,b besides ^! mode/ & unpret5ti\s oracles !re /ill survives 9 ! isl& ( ,amorgos an oracle ( a high] ord] ensconc$ 9 a *ur* & s]v$ by a prie/4 ,! sa9t "u ^: patronage ?is pagan in/itution has cont9u$ to fl\ri% is ,/ ,george1 "h surnam$ ,balsamites#hif4 ,to ! "r on ent]+ ! *ur* is se5 a l>ge squ>$ block ( m>ble holl[$ out s z to h ! =m ( an urn inside1 & highly poli%$4 ,x /&s app>5tly on ! natural rock1 & is ro($ ov] ) a dome-%ap$ lid capable ( be+ lock$4 ,at ! pres5t day ! m\? ( ! urn is also cov]$ by a m>ble slab ) a hole pi]c$ ?r\gh x & fitt$ ) a plug2 b ?is 0 n obs]v$ by travell]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & is probably a rec5t addition4 ,!re is also a discrepancy 9 ! v>i\s acc\nts ( ! work+ ( ! oracle1 ! old] au?orities /at+ t ! answ]s 7 giv5 by ! rise & fall ( ! wat] 9 ! vessel1 :ile ! mod]n cu/om is to int]pret ! signs giv5 by p>ticles ( du/1 insects1 hairs1 bits ( dry leaf1 & su*like float+ 9 a cupful ( wat] drawn f ! urn#hig4 ,! description giv5 by a ,jesuit prie/ ( ,santor9i1 ,rob]t ,saug] by "n1 ( :at he himself witness$ 9 ,amorgos t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury may be tak5 z tru/wor?y1 inasmu* z he else:]e %[s himself an accurate obs]v] & c]ta9ly 0 n tempt$ 9 ! pres5t case to exagg]ate ! wond]s ( ! rival ,*ur*4 #8,! cavity1' he says1 #8fills itself ) wat] & empties itself ( its own accord1 & x is impossible to imag9e :at gives ! wat] ?is motion & :]e x has a passage2 =1 besides be+ v ?ick1 ! m>ble is s highly poli%$ inside & its cont9uity ( surface is s unbrok5 t x is impossible to detect ! t9ie/ hole or ! lea/ unev5ness1 sav+ always ! op5+ at ! top :i* is always kept lock$4 ,additionally a/oni%+ is ! fact t )9 ! space ( "o h\r ! urn fills & empties itself visibly sev]al times2 at "o mom5t y see x s full t ! wat] ov]fl[s1 & a mom5t aft]w>ds x becomes s dry t x appe>s to h _h no wat] 9 x at all4 #8,sup]/ition is rife ev]y:]e4 ,any ,greeks :o h a voyage to make d n fail to come & consult ! ,urn4 ,if ! wat] is high 9 x1 !y set (f gaily1 promis+ !mselves a good passage4 ,b if ! ,urn is )\t wat]1 or ! wat] is l[ 9 x1 !y draw !refrom a bad om5 = ! success ( _! j\rney1 & d n g1 or1 if bus9ess makes x imp]ative1 g unwill+ly4 #8,?is alleg$ miracle1 :i* is s fam$ ?r\gh\t all ,greece1 is a s\rce ( mu* ga9 to ! prie/ :o has *>ge ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,george2 = ! conc\rse ( ,greeks !re is incessant2 p come ?i!r f great di/ances1 "s 9 all s]i\sness to advise !mselves ( ! future1 o!rs to see ! ?+ ) _! own eyes1 & a c]ta9 numb] to amuse !mselves & to h a laugh1 z ,i h _h sev]al times1 at ! cr$ulity ( ^! folk#hih4' ,:atev] may h be5 ! orig9al me?od ( oracul> response--& ,i suspect t1 :ile ! pres5ce or ! abs5ce ( wat] furni%$ a pla9 #8yea' or #8nay' to ! enquir]1 a m detail$ reply always dep5d$ ^u ! obs]vation & int]pretation ( any =eign p>ticles float+ 9 ! urn--! fai? ( ! p 9 its virtue is /ill int5se4 ,x c inde$ no long] claim a reputation ?r\gh\t all ,greece2 b ! inhabitants ( ,amorgos & ! m>itime population ( neighb\r+ isl&s /ill consult x regul>ly & s]i\sly conc]n+ voyages1 bus9ess matt]s1 m>riage1 & o!r c>es & int]e/s2 nor are que/ion]s f f>!r afield altoge!r unkn[n4 ,?is oracul> prop]ty ( wat] 0 well kn[n 9 antiquity4 ,9 ?is bran* ( div9ation1 says ,b\* ,lecl]cq1 use 0 made #8( spr+s & /reams :i* 7 felt to be end[$ ) a k9d ( sup]natural disc]nm5t4 ,c]ta9 wat]s 7 accord$ ! prop]ty ( confirm+ oa?s & expos+ p]jury4 ,! wat] ( ! ,/yx1 by :i* ! ,olympian gods swore1 is ! prototype ( ^! means ( te/1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! spr+ ( ,zeus ,orkios1 ne> ,tyane1 & ! wat]-oracle ( ! ,sicilian ,palici#hii4' ,s too wat]-deities su* z ,n]eus & ,proteus 7 believ$ to ex]cise special prophetic p[]s2 & ,ino possess$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,epidaurus ,lim]a a pool into :i* b>ley-cakes 7 ?r[n by ^? :o w\ld consult h]2 if ^! (f]+s sank1 %e 0 held to h accept$ !m & to fav\r ! enquir]2 if !y float$1 8 hopes w\ld be disappo9t$#ijj4 ,! pres5t oracle ( ,amorgos is ( a high] ord] ?an ?is2 its me?od is m complex1 & its responses are m detail$4 ,x %\ld surely h rank$ high ev5 among ! oracles ( old1 ( :i*1 bo? 9 ! rev]5ce :i* x inspires & 9 ! m$ium :i* x employs1 x is a true desc5dant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ ?us exam9$ ! means by :i* ! gods deign to communicate ) m51 & hav+ se5 t bo? 9 =m & 9 _s ! anci5t means ( communion h be5 pres]v$ almo/ un*ang$1 we h n[ to consid] ! means by :i* m5 approa* ! gods & communicate to !m _! hopes & petitions4 ,! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s me?od1 "o common to all religions1 is ( c\rse pray]2 b ! use ( ?is *annel j because x is s univ]sal _c be claim$ z a pro( ( religi\s unity betwe5 anci5t & mod]n ,greece4 ,x is r 9 :at we %\ld deem ! accompanim5ts ( pray] t evid5ce ( su* unity mu/ be s\ght4 ,! anci5t ,greeks 7 n 9 g5]al cont5t ) pray] only4 ,x 0 n cu/om>y to approa* ! gods empty-h&$4 ,! poor man inde$1 accord+ to ,lucian#ija1 appeas$ ! god m]ely by kiss+ 8 "r h&2 b ! f>m] br\ght an ox f ! pl\gh1 ! %eph]d a lamb1 ! goat-h]d a goat1 & o!rs inc5se or a cake4 #8,?us x looks1' he says1 #8z if ! gods d no?+ at all gratis1 b (f] _! commodities = sale to m52 "o may buy ( !m heal?1 = in/ance1 at ! co/ ( a calf1 weal? = f\r ox51 a k+dom = a hecatomb1 a safe return passage f ,ilium to ,pylos = n9e bulls1 & ! cross+ f ,aulis to ,ilium = a pr9cess--a high price c]ta9ly1 b !n ,hecuba 0 bidd+ ,a!ne twelve c[s & a dress to keep ,ilium safe4 ,"o mu/ suppose h[ev] t !y h pl5ty ( ?+s to dispose ( at ! price ( a cock1 a g>l&1 or ev5 a /ick ( inc5se#ijb4' ,t ?is is a fair acc\nt ( ! ext]nals ( ,greek ritual c h>dly be que/ion$2 = ,plato too1 9 m s]i\s mood1 says t #8! mutual communion betwe5 gods & m5' is e/abli%$ by #8sacrifices ( all k9ds & ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( div9ation#ijc4' ,! #8v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( div9ation' are cle>ly ! means by :i* ! gods communicate ) m52 & #8sacrifices ( all k9ds' !re=e repres5t$ to ,plato's m9d ! means by :i* m5 communicate ) _! gods4 ,pray]1 he seems to h felt1 0 a necess>y incid5t 9 sacrifice1 r ?an sacrifice an unnecess>y adjunct to pray]4 ,n[ ! ^w 1 :i* we commonly translate #8sacrifice1' 0 a t]m ( v wide mean+ 9 anci5t ,greek4 ,9 ,hom] ! ^w 0 us$ ( mak+ any (f]+ to ! gods1 & nev] d5ot$1 ?\gh naturally x sometimes connot$1 ! slaught]+ ( animals--an act prop]ly express$ by ! v]b 4 ,& 9 lat] times ! sub/antive 0 /ill appli$ to almo/ any religi\s fe/ival1 at :i* und\bt$ly "s (f]+s1 b n necess>ily animal sacrifices1 7 always made4 ,:5 !re=e ,plato speaks ( 1 #8all sacrifices1' he is cle>ly express+ 8 recognition ( ! fact t sacrifices 77 are manifold 9 k9d--& if 9 k9d1 !re=e also 9 int5tion2 = diff]5t rituals are ! expressions ( diff]5t religi\s motives4 ,communion ) ! gods 0 9 g5]al t]ms ! object ( all (f]+s made to !m by m52 b ! p>ticul> aspect ( su* communion v>i$4 ,(f]+s1 we may suppose1 7 r>ely if ev] made purely = ! b5efit ( ! gods )\t any self-seek+ on ! "p ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,ev5 :5 a sacrifice to "s god 0 m]ely a pretext = social ent]ta9m5ts--& h[ frequ5tly ?is 0 ! case is %[n by ! fact t 1 #8fond ( sacrific+1' came to mean simply #8hospitable'--x is reasonable to suppose t ! pres5tation to ! god ( ! less edible portions ( ! victim 0 accompani$ at lea/ by an 1 #8be propiti\s1' by way ( grace be=e ! meal2 & at m /rictly religi\s functions1 at :i* ! gue/s1 if !re 7 any1 7 second>y to ! god1 ! d$ication ( ! (f]+ und\bt$ly includ$ a decl>ation ( ! (f]]'s motive4 ,z reg>ds ! "* ( t motive 9 mo/ cases1 ,lucian is "r2 x 0 frankly & baldly comm]cial4 ,hom] does n bl9k ! fact2 = ,pho5ix ev5 comm5ds to ! notice ( ,a*illes ! op5 m9d display$ by ! gods t[>ds an op5-h&$ suppliant4 #8,v]ily ev5 ! gods may be turn$1 !y ^: excell5ce & hon\r & /r5g? are great] ?an ?9e2 yet ev5 !m d m51 :5 !y pray1 turn f _! purpose ) (f]+s ( inc5se & pleasant v[s1 ) fat & ! sav\r ( sacrifice1 :5soev] a man ha? transgress$ & done amiss#ijd4' ,& s ,greek feel+ has ev] rema9$4 ,(f]+s are ! ord9>y means ( ga9+ access to ! gods1 ( buy+ _! goodwill & buy+ (f _! ang]4 ,! ord9>y m$ium ( ex*ange 9 su* comm]ce 01 :5 ,greece 0 av[$ly pagan1 food1 & is1 n[ t ,greece is nom9ally ,*ri/ian1 c&les3 = religion1 ev] cons]vative1 keeps up ! o!rwise obsolete sy/em ( b>t] betwe5 m5 & gods1 ev5 ?\gh ! prie/s ( ^? gods are enlight5$ en\gh to accept ( a secul> mod]n curr5cy4 ,b ! p>ticul> commodities 9 :i* ! b>t] is made are ( little consequ5ce z comp>$ ) ! _s :i* has always animat$ su* deal+s4 ,! sub/itution ( c&les = meat is practically ! only modification :i* ,*ri/ianity has effect$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( religion4 ,ev5 ?is *ange 9 detail does n affect ! :ole range ( su* op]ations2 c&les are n by any means ! only (f]+s ( :i* ! ,*ur* takes cognisance4 ,9 deal+ ) ! "q ( div9ation1 we h se5 cases 9 :i* on "s religi\s occasion1 sa9t's-day or w$d+1 ! prie/ blesses a g5u9ely sacrificial victim#ije4 ,we h se5 too t at ! lay+ ( f\ndation /ones1 a religi\s c]emony conduct$ by a prie/ ( ! ,*ur*1 "s animal is immolat$ to appease ! g5ius ( ! site#ijf4 ,we h se5 aga9 h[ ! ,*ur* p]mits or enc\rages ! d$ication ( ^? silv]-foil models ( v>i\s objects--%ips & h\ses1 corn-fields & v9ey>ds1 eyes & limbs--:i* s]ve at once to propitiate ! sa9t to :om !y are (f]$ &1 on ! pr9ciple ( sympa!tic magic1 to place ! object1 ?us repres5t$ z x 7 by proxy1 "u ! sa9t's special c>e2 & h[ also ! same k9d ( models are frequ5tly d$icat$ z ?ank-(f]+s#ijg2 s t inde$1 9 default ( an inscription ann\nc+ ! motive ( ! (f]]1 no "o c decide h[ any giv5 (f]+s ( ?is k9d %\ld be classifi$#ijh4 ,!n too 9 ^? religi\s rites :i* h surviv$ )\t ecclesia/ical sanction ! use & ! purpose ( food-(f]+s rema9 un*ang$4 ,! fav\r ( ! ,fates is b\ght by (f]+s ( cakes 9 ord] t !y may be/[ ^u ! wom5 :o ?us propitiate !m ! bless+ ( *ildr5#iji4 ,n]eids :o h #8seiz$' *ildr5 are kn[n to )draw _! (t-times baneful influ5ce :5 ! "m takes a pres5t ( food to ! sc5e ( ! calamity & cries to !m ) an ,hom]ic simplicity1 #8,eat ye ! little cakes1 good que5s1 & heal my *ild#iaj4' ,ev5 ! malice ( ,callicantz>i may sometimes be av]t$ by a pres5t ( pork#iaa4 ,?us ) or )\t ! ratification ( ! ,*ur* ! old (f]+s /ill cont9ue to be made 9 ! self-same =m2 & ev5 :]e o!r sub/itutes h be5 devis$1 ! _s :i* animates ! d$ication ( !m is un*ang$--a _s ess5tially comm]cial2 x matt]s little :e!r ! suppliant is try+ to buy bless+s or to get ! puni%m5t :i* he has des]v$ commut$ = a f9e1 or aga9 :e!r he is speculat+ 9 future fav\rs or settl+ 9 accordance ) a v[ = fav\rs receiv$2 9 ea* case !re is ! quid pro quo1 ! b>ga9+ t ! ,greek has nev] be5 able to =ego1 n ev5 9 8 religion4 ,b :ile ! _s ?us manife/$ is n :olly admirable & p]haps des]v$ ! ridicule ( ,lucian1 x is highly in/ructive4 ,! sacrifices or (f]+s are ! means by :i* ! wor%ipp] gets into t\* ) ! wor%ipp$1 ! vehicle = 8 ?anks or petitions2 ! possibility ( b>ga9+ implies int]c\rse2 comm]ce is a =m1 ev5 ?\gh x be ! l[e/ =m1 ( communion4 ,b t !re 7 o!r k9ds ( sacrifice :i* repres5t$ high] aspects ( ! communion betwe5 m5 & gods 9 anci5t ,greece is c]ta94 ,! commonly accept$ classification ( anci5t sacrifices recognises ?ree ma9 gr\ps--! sacram5tal1 ! honorific1 & ! piacul>4 ,( ! sacram5tal class1 9 :i*--by a developm5t1 x appe>s1 ( totemism--"s sacr$ animal1 repres5t+ ! an?ropomorphic god :o has sup]s$$ x 9 m5's wor%ip1 is consum$ by ! wor%ipp]s 9 ord] t by eat+ ! fle% & dr9k+ ! blood !y may p>take ( ! god's own life & self1 no trace1 s f> z ,i "k1 c n[ be f\nd 9 ! popul> religion4 ,! honorific class comprises ! majority ( ^? (f]+s :i* might ) less euphemism be call$ comm]cial2 ^? h[ev] :i* are prompt$ by ! desire to expiate s91 or r to buy (f ! puni%m5t :i* s9 has m]it$1 w\ld1 ,i suppose1 fall "u ! head ( piacul>4 ,b ! l9e drawn betwe5 ! honorific & ! piacul> seems to me f> f cle>1 = reasons :i* w be discuss$ 9 ! rema9d] ( ?is *apt]4 ,! view ( sacrifice :i* ,i am ab\t to prop\nd1 & :i* w\ld modify *iefly our conception ( s-call$ piacul> sacrifice 9 antiquity1 0 sugge/$ to me by a /ory :i* ,i _h f ! lips ( an ag$ peasant ( ! village ( ,goni 7! #8,corn]'7 9 ! isl& ( ,santor9i#iab4 ,9 talk+ to me ( ! wond]s ( 8 native isl& he m5tion$ among o!r ?+s a l>ge hall ) columns r\nd x :i* _h long s9ce be5 buri$--presumably by volcanic eruption4 ,?is hall 0 ( magnific5t proportions1 #8z f9e1' to use ! old man's own description1 #8z ! piazza ( ,syra or ev5 ( ,a!ns4' ,x 0 situat$ betwe5 ,kamri1 an old rock-cut %elt] 9 ! %ape ( an ex$ra at ! foot ( ! nor!rn desc5t f ! "o m\nta9 ( ! isl& 7 71 & a *apel ( ,/ ,george 9 ! /rip ( pla9 t =ms ! isl&'s ea/ coa/4 ,s f> my in=mant's v]acity is beyond dispute2 = 9 an acc\nt ( ! isl& writt5 by a resid5t ,jesuit 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,i aft]w>ds discov]$ ! foll[+ corroboration#iac4 #8,at ! foot ( ?is m\nta9#iad are se5 ! ru9s ( a f9e anci5t t[n2 ! huge massive /ones ( :i* ! walls 7 built are a m>vel to behold2 x mu/ h tak5 "s /\t arms & port5t\s h&s to h&le !m4444 ,among ^! ru9s h be5 f\nd "s f9e m>ble columns p]fectly complete1 & "s ri* tombs2 & among o!rs !re are f\r :i* w\ld be> comp>ison 9 po9t ( beauty ) ^? ( our k+s1 if !y 7 n damag$2 sev]al m>ble /atues 9 ,roman /yle lie ov]turn$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,on ! p$e/al ( ! /atue ( ,trajan !re is /ill to be read at ! pres5t day a v f9e ,greek panegyric ( t p[]ful ,emp]or1 z also on t ( ! /atue ( ,m>cus ,anton9us4' ,?us mu* z gu>antee ( ! old man's bona fides1 :i* ev5 excavation on ! spot1 h[ev] desirable f an ar*aeological /&po9t1 c\ld n m cle>ly e/abli% ?an ! ,fr5* writ]'s corroborative te/imony2 n[ = ! /ory associat$ by ! ag$ n>rator ) ?is wond]ful buri$ hall4 ,at ! "t ( ! revolution1 he said1 a numb] ( ! ,greek %ips assembl$ (f ,kamri 7:]e a fair an*orage exi/s71 & he ) "s fell[-isl&]s all s9ce dead 0 go+ to fight 9 ! cause ( ,greek fre$om4 ,naturally en\gh !re 0 great excitem5t & trepidation 9 ?is remote & quiet isl& at ! ?\ght ( adv5ture & w>4 #8,s we ?\ght ?+s ov]1' he cont9u$1 #8& decid$ to s5d a man to ,/ ,nicolas to ask him t our %ips might prosp] 9 ! w>#iae4' ,!y accord+ly seiz$ a man & took him to ?is l>ge hall4 ,!re !y cut (f 8 head & 8 h&s1 & c>ri$ him d[n ! /eps into ! hall1 :]eupon ,god appe>$ ) a bright tor* 9 8 h&1 & ! be>]s ( ! body dropp$ x1 & all pres5t fl$ 9 t]ror4 ,!re are few gr\nds on :i* to argue = or aga9/ ! cr$ibility ( ?is /ory4 ,hi/orically ,!ra along ) "s o!r isl&s is record$ to h ma9ta9$ ! position ( a neutral by pay+ contributions to bo? sides2 b t does n 9 any way militate aga9/ ! supposition t a few "y m5 f ! isl& 7 patriotic en\gh to volunte] = s]vice 9 "s ( ! ,greek %ips :i* may h t\*$--p]haps to secure t contribution--at ,santor9i4 ,! /ory itself 0 n>rat$ to me1 ,i am p]suad$1 9 all good fai?1 & ! old man really believ$ himself to h tak5 "p 9 ! ev5ts describ$4 ,8 age w\ld c]ta9ly h p]mitt$ him to fight z a "y man 9 ! revolution2 he himself e/imat$ 79 ! ye> #ahii7 t he _h liv$ m ?an a c5tury1 & o!r old m5 ( ! village :o 7 well pa/ _! ?reescore ye>s & t5 reckon$ him s5ior to !mselves by a full g5]ation2 moreov] 8 own rem9isc5ces ( ! w> argu$ a p]sonal %>e 9 ! fight+4 ,b :e!r ! savage episode :i* he describ$ 0 really a prelude to t mo/ savage w>1 or "s traditional ev5t ( ! isl&'s hi/ory po/-dat$ & ins]t$ 9 ! mo/ glori\s epo* ( mod]n ,greek hi/ory1 is a "q :i* _c be f9ally det]m9$4 ,*ronology to a peasant :o does n "k ! ye> ( 8 own bir? is naturally a matt] ( "s indiff]5ce1 & excitability ( imag9ation c\pl$ ) ! habit1 or r ! in/9ct1 ( self-glorification 9 ! ,greek "*1 w\ld acc\nt = an unconsci\s & n int5tionally di%one/ transf]5ce ( ! /irr+ ev5ts ( e>li] days to a date at :i* _! n>rator c\ld h p]sonally p>ticipat$ 9 !m2 !re is no "o s easily deceiv$ by a ,greek z himself1 & no "o half s hone/ly4 ,yet on ! :ole ,i incl9e to believe ! /ory4 ,=tunately ! *ronological exactitude & detail$ precision ( ! /ory d n mu* matt]4 ,accurate or inaccurate 9 itself x conta9s a cle> expression ( ! view held by ! old peasant ( ! purpose ( human sacrifice4 #8,we ?\ght ?+s ov] & decid$ to s5d a man to ,/ ,nicolas to ask him t our %ips might prosp] 9 ! w>4' ,?is is our text1 & its v t]s5ess & directness ( expression prove h[ famili> & native to ! speak]'s m9d 0 ?is aspect ( sacrifice4 ,! human victim 0 simply & solely a mess5g]4 ,/ ,nicolas1 to :om he 0 s5t1 has supplant$ ,poseidon1 z has be5 rem>k$ above#iaf1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! sea & ! patronage ( sailors2 b h[ he came to be associat$ ) ! hall :i* 0 deem$ a "r place = ! sacrifice1 unless p]haps he _h succe$$ to ! possession ( ! site ( "s temple ( ,poseidon1 ,i _c say4 ,x is ( little avail to press = fur!r elucidation ( a peasant's /ory4 ,i w\ld gladly h le>nt m ab\t ! hall n[ :olly buri$ b !n p>tially at lea/ visible above gr\nd1 into :i* none ! less a desc5t by /eps is m5tion$2 ,i w\ld gladly h le>nt m ab\t ! appe>ance ( ,god ) a bright tor* 9 8 h&1 & :at 0 ! significance to ! peasant's m9d ( ! appe>ance ( ,god himself#iag 7 7 in/ead ( ,/ ,nicolas to :om ! mess5g] 0 s5t4 ,^! unc]ta9ties & obscurities mu/ rema94 ,! only additional fact :i* ,i elicit$ 0 t ! man tak5 & s5t to ,/ ,nicolas 0 9 ,greek p>lance a #8,*ri/ian1' t is to say nei!r a ,turk nor a memb] ( ! ,roman ,*ur* :i* has long held a foot+ 9 ! isl&4 ,!re 0 !re=e no admixture ( ei!r racial or religi\s hatr$ 9 ! feel+s :i* prompt$1 z x is alleg$1 ?is human sacrifice4 ,if !n ! /ory be accept$1 ! motive assign$ mu/ be accept$ ) x2 b if ! /ory be discr$it$1 ! motive assign$ has /ill a value4 ,= ev5 if ! old man _h delib]ately inv5t$ ! tale & claim$ complicity 9 s gha/ly a de$1 :5ce c\ld he h obta9$ t conception ( human sacrifice :i* furni%$ ! motive ( ! action8 ,x is inconceivable t he %\ld h evolv$ ! idea f p]sonal m$itations on ! subject ( sacrifice4 ,x is equally inconceivable t he c\ld h obta9$ x f any lit]>y s\rce2 = he c\ld n read1 & ! only book ( :i* he c\ld h _h any k w\ld h be5 ! ,bible1 to :i* ?is view ( sacrifice is unkn[n4 ,! only s\rce f :i* he c\ld h receiv$ ! idea is native & oral tradition4 ,s di/9ct an expression ( ! idea is naturally r>e1 because human sacrifice is n an e-day topic ( conv]sation among peasantry2 b su* a !ory ( sacrifice is p]fectly h>moni\s ) t *ord ( ,greek religion ( :i* sev]al notes h already be5 /ruck4 ,to obey dreams1 to enquire ( oracles1 to obs]ve birds1 to he> om5s 9 *ance words1 to read div9e messages 9 ! fle% ( sacrificial victims1 to make pres5ts to ! p[]s above = ! purpose ( secur+ bless+s or av]t+ wra?--^! are ! ways ( a p f ^: m9d ! primitive belief 9 close contact & conv]se ) _! gods has n be5 expell$ by ! invasion ( education2 ^: religion has n paid ! price ( ennobl+ its conceptions & elevat+ its ideals by mak+ ! wor%ipp] feel too acutely 8 debasem5t & 8 di/ance f ! godhead2 ^: in/9ctive judgem5t divides ! doma9 ( fai? f ! doma9 ( reason1 & accepts poetical beauty r ?an logical probability z ! evid5ce ( ?+s unse54 ,true inde$ x is t ( all ! practices by :i* ?is p's belief 9 int]c\rse ) _! gods is atte/$ none is s rem>kable z acquiesc5ce or complicity 9 murd] prompt$ solely by ! belief t ! victim by pass+ ! gates ( dea? c c>ry a message 9 p]son to "o 9 ^: p[] ! future lies4 ,b all t is pa9ful & gruesome 9 su* a de$ only acc5tuates ! m ! unfl9*+ fai? ( a p :o1 n 9 bl9d devotion to cu/om nor 9 fe> ( a prophet's comm&1 b intellig5tly & ( piety prep5se1 c\ld sacrifice a compatriot & co-religioni/ to ensure ! safe c>riage ( _! mo/ urg5t pray]s4 ,if trag$y consi/s 9 ! conflict ( deep emotions1 & religion 9 obey+ ! div9e r ?an ! human1 few de$s h be5 m tragic1 none m religi\s ?an ?is4 ,9 t sc5e at ,aulis :5 ! w>rior-k+ gave up 8 *ild at ! prophet's bidd+ to /ay ! wra? ( ,artemis aga9/ 8 ho/1 ! trag$y 0 inde$ int5sifi$ by ! /r5g? ( ! human tie betwe5 ! sacrific] & ! victim2 b bl9d & awe-/ruck submission to a prophet's decree is less gr&ly religi\s ?an cle>-sight$ recognition & c\rage\s application ( ! belief t ! dead pass imm$iately into ! v pres5ce ( ! gods4 ,"h are ! two giv5 conditions3 fir/1 ! urg5cy ( ! pres5t or ! p]il ( ! future requires t a reque/ = help be safely convey$ at all co/s to t god or sa9t 9 ^: prov9ce ! control ( ! dang] lies2 secondly1 ! safe/ way ( s5d+ a message to t god or sa9t is by ! m\? ( a human mess5g] ^: road is ov] ! pass ( dea?4 ,!re is only "o solution ( t problem4 ,& if x is true t only "s eighty ye>s ago ! problem 0 solv$ at s cruel a co/1 !n ! fai? ( ?is p 9 _! communion ) ^? on ^: knees ! future lies is m int5se1 m vital1 m c\rage\s ?an t ( m ,we/]n nations ^: religion has long be5 subord9at$ or at lea/ alli$ to morality1 & ^: acts ( wor%ip are all well-regulat$ & em95tly decor\s4 ,human sacrifice is kn[n to h be5 practis$ 9 anci5t ,greece & ! cu/om probably cont9u$ well into ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,:at 0 ! motive :i* prompt$ ! cont9uance ( s cruel a rite8 ,0 x ! same z t :i* ! old peasant ( ,santor9i assign$ = ! p]=mance ( a l act 9 8 own exp]i5ce--t conception ( ! victim z a mess5g] ) :i* he c h be5 famili> only f native & oral tradition8 ,assur$ly "s /rong religi\s motive mu/ h compell$ ! anci5ts to a rite :i* 9 ! abs5ce ( su* motive w\ld h be5 an indelible /igma ^u _! civilisation1 refut+ all _! claims to emancipation ( ?\ght & fre$om ( intellect1 & br&+ !m ! v bond-slaves ( grosse/ sup]/ition4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y liv$ on ! m>*es ( ! ,ea/ :]e human life is ( small acc\nt1 ! horror ( ! rite is 9 too vivid a contra/ ) ,hell5ic enlight5m5t = u to see 9 x a m]e call\s ret5tion ( an unmean+ & savage cu/om2 b t horror is at lea/ mitigat$ if und]ly+ ! practice !re 0 "s deep religi\s motive1 if a g5u9e fai? 9 ! possibility ( direct int]c\rse ) heav5 exalt$ above ! sacr$ness ( human life ! sacr$ privilege ( s5d+ a mess5g] to pres5t ! :ole p's petition be=e _! god4 ,b :ile x is easy to p]ceive t su* a motive is 9 h>mony ) t belief 9 ! possibility ( ! communion ( man ) ,god :i* is s pron\nc$ a feature 9 ! religion ( ! anci5t ,greeks no less ?an 9 t ( _! desc5dants1 x is a f> h>d] task actually1 to prove t ?is motive 0 ! "o ackn[l$g$ ju/ification = human sacrifice4 ,anci5t lit]ature is extremely retic5t on ! :ole subject2 ! v fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ! rite is kn[n *iefly f late writ]s1 ,plut>*#iah1 ,porphyry#iai1 & ,tzetzes#ibj2 & any?+ l a discussion ( ! motives :i* und]lay x is n[h]e to be f\nd4 ,?is retic5ce h[ev] 0 prompt$1 we may suppose1 simply & solely by ! pat5t b>b>ity ( ! act2 x 9 no way impugns ! lat5t beauty ( ! motive4 ,r ! p]si/5ce 9 a rite :i* did viol5ce to m5's human] feel+s & moral s5se proves ! /r5g? ( ! appeal :i* ! motive = x mu/ h address$ to _! religi\s convictions4 ,!re 0 no place = %ame 9 ! belief t dea? 0 ! road by :i* alone a human mess5g] c\ld ga9 imm$iate access to ! gods2 b if a mess5g] 7 requir$ to g at regul> int]vals1 ! regul> occurr5ce ( dea?s requir$ murd]4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 0 ! cause ( %ame & retic5ce4 ,n[ if ?is v simple analysis ( ! feel+s :i* almo/ b>r$ ! discussion or ev5 m5tion ( human sacrifice by anci5t au?ors is correct1 we %\ld expect to f9d t1 :]e dea? occurr$ naturally & n by human int]v5tion1 ! conception ( ! dy+ or ! dead z mess5g]s to ! unse5 _w w\ld f9d ready & unemb>rass$ expression4 ,& especially is ?is to be expect$ among ! ,greeks ) :om grief has nev] impos$ a *eck ^u g>rulity1 b r ! l\dness ( ! lam5tation has always be5 ! te/ ( ! poignancy ( ! sorr[4 ,x is !re=e 9 fun]al-dirges & su*-l t we mu/ look = ! expression ( ?is idea4 ,an organis$ c]emony ( lam5tation is at ! pres5t day an ess5tial "p ( e ,greek fun]al1 & _m dirges sung on su* occasions h be5 collect$ & publi%$4 ,9 ^! ! conception ( ! dep>t$ z a mess5g]1 or ev5 z a c>ri] ( goods1 ab\nds#iba4 ,a ,laconian dirge runs ?us3 #8,a prud5t lady1 a virtu\s wife1 will$ & resolv$ to g d[n to ,hades4 8,:oso has words0 7%e cri$7 8let him say !m1 & messages1 let him s5d !m2 :oso has a son !re un>m$1 let him s5d 8 arms2 :oso has son !re a scribe1 let him s5d 8 pap]s2 :oso has daught] und[]$1 let him s5d h] d[ry2 :oso has a little *ild1 let him s5d 8 swaddl+ clo!s40'#ibb ,! same ?\ght inspires a dirge 9 ,pass['s collection#ibc1 9 :i* ! ?\ghts ( a dead man1 r\nd ^: body ! wom5 are sitt+ & weep+1 are ?us express$3 #8,:y /& ye r\nd ab\t me1 all ye sorr[+ wom58 ,h ,i come =? f ,hades1 =? f ! _w bel[8 ,nay1 n[ am ,i mak+ ready1 n[ am ,i at ! po9t to g4 ,:oso ha? ^w1 let him speak x1 & message1 let him tell x2 :oso ha? long compla9t1 let him write & s5d x4' ,& aga9 9 ano!r fun]al-song a dead man is describ$ z a #8tru/y c\ri] b\nd = ! _w bel[#ibd4' ,?is s5tim5t1 s frequ5tly & s cle>ly express$ 9 ! mod]n dirges1 is ( anci5t desc5t4 ,polyx5a1 ab\t to be sacrific$ at ,a*illes' tomb1 is made by ,euripides to address to h] "m ! "q1 #8,:at am ,i to say f !e to ,hector or to ?y ag$ husb&8'1 & ,hecuba answ]s1 #8,my message is t ,i am ( all wom5 mo/ mis]able#ibe4' ,& x is ! same g5u9ely ,hell5ic ?\ght :i* ,v]gil attributes to ,neoptolemus :5 he answ]s ,priam's taunts ( deg5]acy ) ! words1 #8,^! tid+s !n ?\ %alt c>ry1 & %alt g z mess5g] to my sire1 ! son ( ,peleus2 =get n to tell him ( my sorry de$s & t ,neoptolemus is no true son4 ,n[ die#ibf4' ,& x is n only 9 ! poetry ( anci5t & mod]n ,greece b also 9 ! actual cu/oms ( ! p t ?is idea has f\nd expression4 ,at ! pres5t day fun]als are con/antly treat$ by ! peasants z real opportunities ( communicat+ ) _! dead fri5ds & relatives4 ,:e!r ! cu/om is ev] c>ri$ out exactly z x once 0 by ! ,galatae1 :o us$ to write lett]s to ! dep>t$ & to lay !m on ! pyre ( ea* new c\ri] to ! l[] _w#ibg1 ,i _c def9itely say2 b a prov]bial expression us$ ( a p]son dang]\sly ill1 1 #8he is collect+ lett]s = ! dead1' l5ds col\r to ! supposition t ei!r n[ or 9 e>li] days ?is =m ( ! cu/om is or has be5 9 vogue4 ,b 9 g5]al n[ c]ta9ly ! messages are n writt5 b v]bal4 ,x is a common cu/om1 notic$ by _m writ]s on ,greek folklore#ibh1 = ! wom5 :o assi/ 9 ! c]emonial lam5tation :i* prec$es ! int]m5t to ins]t 9 ! dirges1 :i* !y ea* 9 turn contribute1 messages :i* !y require ! newly-dead to deliv] to "s dep>t$ p]son :om !y "n1 or1 accord+ to a slightly diff]5t usage1 to :isp] su* messages secretly 9 ! e> ( ! dead ei!r imm$iately be=e ! body is borne away to ! *ur*#ibi1 or1 :]e wom5 are all[$ to att5d ! actual int]m5t1 at ! mom5t ( #8! la/ kiss' 7 71 :i* =ms an ess5tial & v pa9ful "p ( ! ,ea/]n rite4 ,! antiquity ( ?is cu/om appe>s to me to be z c]ta9 z any?+ :i* is n explicitly /at$ 9 anci5t lit]ature c be4 ,= 9 e detail ( anci5t fun]al usage kn[n to u !re is s complete a co9cid5ce ) mod]n usage t x w\ld be absurd n to supplem5t records ( ! pa/ by obs]vation ( ! pres5t4 ,actually to e/abli% t id5tity 9 e p>ticul> is beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t *apt] & mu/ be res]v$ until lat]2 b my ass]tion may be ju/ifi$ "h by ref]5ce to ?ree po9ts 9 ,solon's legislation on ! subject ( fun]als4 ,t legislation 0 direct$ aga9/ ?ree practices to :i* m\rn]s 7 addict$ 9 ?is c]emonial lam5tation ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+--lac]ation ( ! *eeks & brea/1 ! use ( set & prem$itat$ dirges1 & lam5tation = any o!r ?an him ^: fun]al 0 9 progress#icj--;cu/oms :i* all /ill fl\ri%4 ,! lac]ation is q a common feature ( su* occasions4 ,inde$ 9 "s di/ricts ! wom5 ne>e/ ( k9 to ! deceas$ are almo/ ?\ght to fail 9 _! duty to him if !y d n "w !mselves up into an hy/]ical mood & te/ify to ! wildness ( _! grief by te>+ out _! hair & scrat*+ _! *eeks till ! blood fl[s4 ,su* a display ( agony1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 comes easy to ! ,greeks3 = _! temp]am5t is su* t1 ev5 :5 ! fact ( ! b]eavem5t has mov$ !m little1 ! rle ( ! b]eav$ excites !m to ! mo/ dramatic excesses4 ,m5 r>ely if ev] n[ take "p 9 ?is sc5e1 & are c]ta9ly n guilty ( su* transports2 = _! usual me?od ( m\rn+ is to let _! hair gr[ in/ead ( te>+ x out1 & to avoid lac]ation by =swe>+ ! razor4 ,aga91 ! use ( set dirges1 compos$ or adapt$ be=eh& to suit ! e/ate & circum/ances ( ! deceas$1 is almo/ univ]sal2 & s ess5tial to ! fun]al-rite is ! =mal lam5tation t !re are actually wom5 ^: pr(ession x is to intone dirges & :o are hir$ = ! occasion4 ,^! pr(essional m\rn]s 7 or 7 take _! seats r\nd ! corpse 9 ord] ( s5iority & assi/ ! wife1 "m1 si/]s1 c\s9s1 & aunts1 :o also take _! seats accord+ to degree ( k9%ip 7! head ( ! bi] be+ ( c\rse ! place ( hon\r71 to keep up an incessant fl[ ( lam5tation4 ,! sc5e diff]s 9 no detail1 save t ! hir$ m\rn]s n[ are always wom51 f t :i* 0 enact$ r\nd ! body ( ,hector4 ,!re too #8!y set s+]s to lead ! lam5tation1' & ( ! wom5 pres5t x 0 ,&roma*e1 ! wife1 :o began ! wail+1 ,hecuba1 ! "m1 :o foll[$ next1 & ,hel5 ^: voice 0 he>d ?ird & la/#ica4 ,! s+]s :o l$ ! lam5tation 7 probably !n z n[ hir$1 = ,plato speaks ( paid m9/rels at fun]als us+ a p>ticul> /yle ( music kn[n z ,c>ian#icb--;a cu/om sugge/ive ( antiquity2 & 9 all probability ! s++ ( set dirges1 :i* ,solon tri$ to suppress1 0 ! recognis$ bus9ess ( pr(essional & paid m\rn]s2 = dirges prem$itat$ by ! relatives w\ld h be5 less objectionable1 "o may suppose1 ?an _! hy/]ical improvisations4 ,:at success 8 legislation obta9$ 9 ,a!ns _c n[ be asc]ta9$2 b ! cu/om 0 und\bt$ly univ]sal 9 ,greece1 & ) ! exception ( ! ,ionian isl&s1 :]e ! ,v5etians imitat$ ,solon 9 /]nly repress+ :at !y reg>d$ z a sc&al & a grave (f5ce aga9/ public dec5cy#icc1 all p>ts ( ,greece /ill to "s ext5t reta9 x2 & x is likely long to survive = ! simple reason t lam5tation has always be5 held by ! ,greeks to be z ess5tial to ! repose ( ! dead z burial4 ,!re is m ?an haz>d 9 ! repeat$ collocation ( 1 1 #8unwept1 unburi$1' 9 ! trag$ians#icd2 !re is ! religi\s idea t ! dead ne$ a tw(old rite1 bo? m\rn+ & int]m5t4 ,! ?ird po9t 9 ! fun]al cu/oms to :i* ,solon demurr$ 0 t m\rn]s att5d+ ! c]emony ( lam5tation misus$ ! occasion by wail+ aga9 = _! own dead & neglect+ him ^: dea? _h br\ght !m toge!r4 ,?is practice 0 kn[n to ! ,hom]ic age2 = :ile ,brises #8tore ) h] h&s h] brea/ & smoo? neck & fair face' & ) %rill wail+ & te>s made lam5t ov] ,patroclus1 #8! wom5 jo9$ _! groans to h]s1 = ,patroclus 9 =m1 b ea* really = _! own losses#ice4' ,!re is no int5tion ( satire "h2 x is simply a nave t\* 9 ! picture ( a famili> & pa!tic sc5e4 ,patroclus' dea? furni%$ ! excuse & ! occasion = te>s1 b mo/ ( ^? te>s--p5t up till !y might fl[ freely & )\t %ame--7 %$ = ne>] sorr[s1 de>] losses4 ,to-day ! mann] is ! same4 ,9 "s di/ricts1 z 9 ,*ios#icf1 a woman's desire to lam5t aga9 ov] h] own dead is recognis$ z s legitimate t etiquette m]ely prescribes t %e fir/ mu/ make m5tion ( ! pres5t dead & aft]w>ds %e is free to m\rn = :om %e w2 & inde$ ?r\gh\t ,greece ! opportunity = rehe>s+ =m] sorr[s is r>ely neglect$4 ,n[ :5 9 ^! details t h be5 enum]at$ 7z well z 9 _m o!rs su* z ! wa%+1 array+1 & cr[n+ ( ! dead body1 ! antiquity ( :i* w be treat$ 9 ano!r *apt]#icg7 t portion ( anci5t usage :i* is kn[n f lit]>y s\rces is f\nd surviv+1 po9t = po9t id5tical1 z a portion ( mod]n usage1 !n ! defect ( anci5t lit]>y s\rces is be/ & mo/ reasonably supplem5t$ f pres5t obs]vations4 ,?us we "k f ! ,iliad t ! wom5 ( ! ,hom]ic age us$ ,patroclus' fun]al z an occasion = r5ew+ _! wail+ ov] _! own losses2 we "k too f ,plut>* t 9 ,solon's age ! same practice _h atta9$ su* excessive proportions t legislation int]v5$ to *eck x2 ! only detail :i* we are n told is :e!r ! m\rn]s 9 commemorat+ ?us _! own dead fri5ds 7 wont to entru/ messages = !m to him ab\t ^: bi] !y 7 assembl$4 ,b :5 ! anci5t picture ( fun]al-usage corresponds ?us 9 e di/+ui%able trait ) ! liv+ sc5es ( to-day1 cle>ly ! "r way ( re/or+ t :i* is obscur$ or oblit]at$ 9 ! picture is to g & to see /ill enact$ 9 all its traditional fulness t v sc5e :i* ! remnants ( anci5t lit]ature imp]fectly p\rtray4 ,& by go+ & see+ we le>n ?is--t "o /rongly m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( fun]al-rites is ! belief1 bo? express$ 9 words & evid5c$ 9 acts1 t he ^: dea? has br\ght ! m\rn]s toge!r is a mess5g] :o c & w c>ry tid+s to ^? :o h prec$$ him to ! _w bel[4 ,!n on look+ back we may feel confid5t t t aspect ( dea?1 :i* prompt$ ,polyx5a to ask :at message %e %\ld be> f ,hecuba to ,hector & to ,priam1 0 no m]e poetic conceit imag9$ by ,euripides1 b a common feature ( ! popul> religion4 ,! belief t ! pass+ _s is a sure & un]r+ mess5g] to ano!r _w has ev] be5 ! prop]ty ( ! ,hell5ic p4 ,s9ce !n ?is belief exi/$ 9 anci5t times & ! practice ( human sacrifice also exi/$1 x rema9s to enquire :e!r ! two 7 correlat$ z cause & effect1 z 9 my /ory f ,santor9i4 ,9 ?is enquiry ! retic5ce ( anci5t lit]ature on ! subject precludes1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 actual c]ta9ty2 b a passage f ,h]odotus (f]s a clue :i* is wor? foll[+ up4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,getae1 a ,?racian p1 he rem>ks t !y believe 9 _! own immortality4 #8,!y hold t !y !mselves d n die1 b ! dep>t$ g to dwell ) a god nam$ ,zalmoxis4444 ,& e f\r ye>s !y *oose "o ( _! own numb] by lot & despat* him z mess5g] to ,zalmoxis1 enjo9+ ^u him ! deliv]y ( _! v>i\s reque/s4 ,! mann] ( s5d+ him is ?is4 ,"s ( !m are set to hold up ?ree spe>s1 :ile o!rs take _! emiss>y by 8 arms & by 8 legs & sw++ him up into ! air let him fall ^u ! spe>-po9ts4 ,if he be pi]c$ by !m mortally1 !y consid] t _! god is fav\rable to !m2 b if dea? d n result1 !y lay ! blame on ! mess5g] himself & give him a bad "n2 b hav+ c5sur$ him !y despat* ano!r man in/ead4 ,_! injunctions are giv5 to ! mess5g] be=e he is kill$#ich4' ,n[ no "o c fail to notice t ,h]odotus' own int]e/ 9 ?is cu/om c5tres n 9 ! idea :i* prompt$ x b 9 ! mann] ( c>ry+ x out4 ,8 acc\nt ( x reads z if he knew 8 ,greek read]s to be famili> en\gh ) ! conception ( human sacrifice z a means ( s5d+ a mess5g] to "s god2 b he seems to be contra/+ ! me?od adopt$ ) "s rite ( :i* !y 7 cognisant4 ,tacit comp>isons ( =eign cu/oms ) ^? ( ,greece occur all ?r\gh ,h]odotus' "w4 ,! po9ts :i* he "h seems to emphasize are1 fir/1 t ! mess5g] ( ! ,getae 0 "o ( !mselves1 n a prison] ( w> or a slave2 secondly1 t impal+ 0 ! ritual mode ( dea?--a mode :i* ! ,greeks held 9 abhorr5ce & w\ld nev] h employ$2 &1 ?irdly1 t ! messages 7 committ$ to ! victim's *>ge be=e & n aft] dea?4 ,! inf]5ce !re=e is t ,h]odotus & ! ,greeks = :om he 0 writ+ 7 accu/om$ to "s rite :i* 0 inspir$ by ! same motive b 0 diff]5tly execut$1 ! mess5g] be+ o!r ?an a citiz51 ! me?od ( sacrifice less b>b>\s to _! m9ds ?an impal+1 & ! messages be+ :isp]$1 z at fun]als1 9 ! dead victim's e>2 = ( c\rse1 if ! newly-dead c\ld c>ry tid+s to m5 9 ! o!r _w1 !y c\ld equally well c>ry petitions to gods4 ,moreov] my cont5tion t ,h]odotus _h 9 m9d "s ,greek rite1 ) :i* he 0 contra/+ t ( ! ,getae1 is borne out by ! passage imm$iately foll[+1 9 :i* ! idea ( comp>ison comes to ! surface4 ,?is ,zalmoxis1 he cont9ues1 accord+ to ! ,greeks ( ! ,hellespont & ! ,eux9e1 0 9 orig9 n a god b a man4 ,he s]v$ = a "t z a slave to ,py?agoras 9 ,samos1 b hav+ ga9$ 8 lib]ty & consid]able weal? return$ to ,?race & tri$ to reclaim 8 c\ntrym5 f savag]y & ignorance4 ,! ways ( life & ! doctr9es :i* he inculcat$ 7 su* z he _h d]iv$ f int]c\rse ) ,greeks & above all ) ,py?agoras1 ^: tea*+s conc]n+ immortality & a future life 9 a happi] l& he bo? prea*$ & 7by ! trick ( hid+ himself = ?ree ye>s 9 a subt]ranean *amb] & !n re-appe>+ to ^? :o _h believ$ him dead7 illu/rat$ 9 8 own p]son4 ,?is /ory is nei!r accept$ nor reject$ by ,h]odotus1 b1 e/imat+ ,zalmoxis to h be5 ( mu* e>li] date ?an ,py?agoras1 he incl9es slightly to ! view t ,zalmoxis 0 really a native god ( ! ,getae4 ,if we may assume ?is view to be correct1 :at significance is to be atta*$ to ! /ory ( ,zalmoxis' relations ) ,py?agoras8 ,evid5tly x is "o ( ^? fictions by :i* ! anci5t ,greeks lov$ to br+ ! great figures ( hi/ory into contact & p]sonal acqua9tance4 ,py?agoras & ,zalmoxis 7 two names ) :i* 0 associat$ ! doctr9e ( immortality2 "s /ory !re=e ( _! meet+ 0 desirable4 ,& s9ce ,py?agoras 0 ,greek1 ,zalmoxis b>b>ian1 ! leg5d t ! slave ,zalmoxis 0 in/ruct$ by 8 ma/] ,py?agoras 0 m flatt]+ to ,hell5ic pride ?an ! idea t ,py?agoras 9 8 travels %\ld h borr[$ s important a doctr9e f a =eign religion2 & if *ronology did n concur--well1 imag9ation always _h prec$5ce ( accuracy4 ,to ! ,greeks :o inv5t$ ! tale fitness 0 ( m acc\nt ?an fact2 & = u :o dismiss ! actual /ory z m]e fiction _! s5se ( its fitness rema9s in/ructive4 ,x %[s t ! ,greeks recognis$ ! exi/5ce ( specially close relations betwe5 ! religion ( ! ,getae & _! own--relations atte/$ probably n only by _! common acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( immortality1 = t 0 ! prop]ty ( o!r peoples too1 b also by "s resemblance betwe5 ! rites ( ! ,getae :i* 7 bas$ ^u t doctr9e & simil> rites practis$1 z ,h]odotus h9ts1 by !mselves4 ,!n aga9 if ! motive :i* we h f\nd op]at+ 9 ,h]odotus' "t among ! ,getae & op]at+ also less ?an a c5tury ago among ! peasants ( ,santor9i 0 n ! motive :i* prompt$ ! anci5t ,greeks to human sacrifice1 h[ c we acc\nt = ! long p]petuation ( ! practice8 ,x is practically c]ta9 t x 0 tol]at$ 9 ,a!ns dur+ ! p]iod ( h] asc5d5cy & highe/ enlight5m5t#ici2 b ! repugnance :i* x inspir$ is prov$ by ! retic5ce :i* almo/ conceal$ ! fact f po/]ity4 ,x 0 practis$ app>5tly 9 hon\r ( ,lycaean ,zeus 9 ! "t ( ,pausanias#idj2 b ! horror ( x clos$ 8 lips conc]n+ ?is #8secret sacrifice4' ,suppose !n t ! motive = ?is sacrifice _h be5 ! sat+ ( a wolf-l god--= s ,pausanias seems to h und]/ood ! epi!t #ida--) human fle%2 c\ld su* a rite h cont9u$ 9 any "p ( ,greece = "s six c5turies aft] x _h become repugnant at lea/ 9 ,a!ns8 ,0 ! suppos$ motive s sublime t x 0 held to hall[ or ev5 to mitigate ! b>b>ity ( ! act8 ,or did ! cu/om live on )\t motive :5 an an?ropomorphic ,zeus _h sup]s$$ ! old wolf-l deity8 ,cu/om1 x is true1 (t5 outlives its p>5t belief2 b cu/om itself is n invuln]able nor dea?less if x has to battle aga9/ s5tim5ts irreconcilably oppos$ to t orig9al belief4 ,if ! purpose ( propitiat+ a wolf-god ) human fle% 0 r5d]$ null & void by ! modifications :i* ! conception ( ,lycaean ,zeus _h und]gone1 h[ c\ld ! crude & savage rite h /ill fl\ri%$ 9 ! uncong5ial soil ( an human] civilisation--unless ( c\rse "s new /ream ( religi\s ?\ght1 in/ead ( ! orig9al motive1 _h wat]$ & reviv$ x8 ,! v fact t s hide\s a cu/om 0 s long ma9ta9$ 9 civilis$ ,greece argues t1 :atev] ! orig9al motive ( x may h be51 only "s /rong religi\s belief 9 ! necessity ( x c\ld h sav$ x f ext9ction 9 ! hi/orical age4 ,surely x 0 "s conv9c+ plea ( ju/ification1 & n m]e acquiesc5ce 9 ! invet]acy ( cu/om1 :i* caus$ ,pausanias1 ?\gh he c\ld n br+ himself to describe or to discuss ! horrid sacrifice1 yet to conclude 8 brief allusion to x ) ! words1 #8z x 0 9 ! beg9n+ & is n[1 s let x be#idb4' ,my reasons !n = sugge/+ t "o motive :i* l$ to human sacrifice 9 anci5t ,greece 0 ! belief t ! victim c\ld c>ry a petition 9 p]son to ! gods are ?reefold4 ,fir/1 t motive 0 recognis$ z suffici5t by a peasant ( ,santor9i1 :o c only h inh]it$ ! idea1 j z all ! ideas ( div9ation h be5 inh]it$1 f ! anci5t _w4 ,secondly1 ,h]odotus appe>s to contra/ ! me?od ( su* sacrifice among ! ,getae ) ! me?od ( "s simil> rite famili> to 8 audi5ce & to imply t ! motive 9 ea* case 0 ! same4 ,?irdly1 )\t an adequate motive--& x is h>d to see :at o!r motive c\ld h be5 adequate 9 ! case :i* ,i h tak5--x is almo/ inconceivable t human sacrifice %\ld h cont9u$1 9 spite ( ! repugnance :i* x c]ta9ly excit$1 = s long a "t4 ,= ^! reasons ,i submit t ! kn[n belief ( ! anci5ts t ! dead c\ld s]ve z mess5g]s to ! o!r _w & _! kn[n cu/om ( mak+ human sacrifice 7 correlat$ 9 ! m9ds ( ?9k+ m5 9 ! m civilis$ ages z cause & effect4 ,! res]vation1 #89 ! m9ds ( ?9k+ m5 9 ! m civilis$ ages1' is necess>y2 = ,i am at a loss h[ to det]m9e :e!r ! belief 9 "q 0 ! orig9al motive ( ! cu/om or a lat] ju/ification ( ! cu/om :5 its orig9al motive _h be5 =gott54 ,ei!r ! belief 0 coeval ) ! cu/om1 & bo? 7 inh]it$ toge!r f ance/ors belong+ to t #8l[] b>b>ic /age' ( culture 9 :i* #8m5 d n /op %ort at ! p]suasion t dea? releases ! s\l to a free & active exi/5ce1 b !y q logically proce$ to assi/ nature by slay+ m5 9 ord] to lib]ate _! s\ls = gho/ly uses#idc'2 or on ! o!r h& ! cu/om ( human sacrifice orig9at$ 9 "s o!r motive 7su* z satisfy+ ! appetite ( a bea/-l god7 & rema9+ itself un*ang$1 :ile ! conception ( ! god 0 gradually humanis$ until 8 bea/-=m & !re) ! orig9al purpose ( ! sacrifice 7 lo/ to memory1 emb>rass$ a m enlight5$ & human] age until a new ju/ification = x 0 f\nd 9 ! mess5g]-functions ( ! dead4 ,9 support ( ! =m] supposition x may be m5tion$ t tribes f> m b>b>\s ?an ! ,getae 7:o may h b5efit$ f ,greek civilisation7 h evolv$ ! p>ticul> gho/ly use ( dead m5's s\ls :i* we are consid]+4 ,9 ,dahome1 accord+ to ,capta9 ,burton1 n only are a l>ge numb] ( wives1 eunu*s1 s+]s1 drumm]s1 & soldi]s slaught]$ at ! k+'s fun]al1 t !y may wait on him 9 ano!r _w1 b #8:atev] action1 h[ev] trivial1 is p]=m$ by ! 7new7 k+1 x mu/ dutifully be report$ to 8 sire 9 ! %ad[y realm4 ,a victim1 almo/ always a w>-captive1 is *os52 ! message is deliv]$ to him1 an intoxicat+ draught ( rum foll[s x1 & he is dispat*$ to ,hades 9 ! be/ ( hum\rs#idd4' ,!re is !re=e no objection to ! supposition t ! ,hell5ic p too f ! days ( prehi/oric savag]y 7 con/antly actuat$ by ?is motive4 ,on ! o!r h& x is equally admissible to ?9k t "s crud] motive fir/ l$ ! population ( ,greece to adopt ! cu/om ( human sacrifice1 & t x 0 only comp>atively late 9 _! hi/ory1 9 an age :5 m5's human] in/9cts 7 (f5d$ by ! atrocity ( ! rite & religi\s speculation on ! subject ( ! s\l's immortality 0 rife1 t ! old cu/om 0 inve/$ ) a new mean+4 ,h]odotus cle>ly recognis$ ! connexion betwe5 ! rite ( ! ,getae & ! doctr9e ( immortality :i* 0 b\nd up ) ! names ( ,zalmoxis & ,py?agoras2 & x is possible t 9 ,greece too ! lat] ju/ification ( human sacrifice 0 f\nd$ on ! same doctr9e4 ,x w\ld h be5 an irony ( fate truly if a doctr9e n inde$ f\nd$1 ,i ?9k1 b l>gely exp\nd$ by ,py?agoras1 :o =bade 8 foll[]s to kill ev5 animals = ! purposes ( food1 %\ld h be5 s con/ru$ z to furni% a plea = ! immolation ( m52 b x is q cle> t a belief 9 ! activity ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 sup]impos$ ^u ! desire = close communion betwe5 m5 & gods1 might h _h t issue4 ,b1 z ,i h said1 ,i see no means ( decid+ at :at date ! correlation ( ! conception ( ! dead z mess5g]s & ! cu/om ( human sacrifice z cause & effect fir/ ent]$ m5's m9ds2 b t 9 ! hi/orical age t correlation 0 ackn[l$g$ seems to me highly probable4 ,su* a view w\ld c]ta9ly h militat$ aga9/ ! sub/itution ( animal = human victims2 = only a man w\ld h be5 felt to be capable ( und]/&+ ! message & ( deliv]+ x to ! god to :om he 0 s5t4 ,?is p]haps is ! reason :y ! use ( a surrogate animal--?\gh e>ly introduc$1 z "o v]sion ( ! /ory ( ,iphig5ia proves--nev] met ) univ]sal acceptance1 & :y also at ! pres5t day !re rema9s a vague b real feel+ t = ! prop] lay+ ( f\ndations a human victim is pref]able to bea/ or bird#ide4 ,to s+le out p>ticul> in/ances ( anci5t sacrifice 9 :i* ?is motive may h op]at$ is1 ow+ to ! g5]al abs5ce ( data conc]n+ ! ritual1 well-nigh impossible4 ,! sacrifice to ,lycaean ,zeus 0 p]=m$ ^u an alt> be=e :i*1 accord+ to ,pausanias#idf1 !re /ood two columns & ^u !m two gild$ eagles2 & we may surmise t z ! eagles repres5t$ to 8 m9d ! mess5g]s s5t by ,zeus to m51 s did ! human victim repres5t ! mess5g] ( m5 to ,zeus4 ,b ?is c be only a conjecture1 = ,pausanias' sil5ce admits ( no m4 ,( ! c]emony connect$ ) ! ph>makos1 or human scape-goat1 at ,a!ns & else:]e some:at m is kn[n4 ,c]ta9 p]sons unga9ly 9 appe>ance & debas$ 9 "* 7 ma9ta9$ at ! public exp5se1 9 ord] t1 if any calamity su* z a pe/il5ce %\ld befall ! city1 !y might be sacrific$ to purify ! city f pollution4 ,^! p]sons 7 call$ 1 #8scape-goats1' or 1 #8purifications#idg4' #8,if calamity ov]took a city ?r\gh div9e wra?1 :e!r x 7 fam9e or pe/il5ce or any o!r bane1' a ph>makos 0 l$ out to an appo9t$ place = sacrifice4 ,*eese1 b>ley-cake1 & dri$ figs 7 giv5 to him4 ,he 0 smitt5 sev5 times on ! privy p>ts ) squills & wild figs & o!r wild plants2 & f9ally he 0 burnt ) fire ^u fuel collect$ f wild trees1 & ! a%es 7 scatt]$ to ! w9ds & ! sea#idh4 ,at ,a!ns1 x appe>s1 ?is rite 0 p]=m$1 n "u ! /ress ( occasional calamity1 b annually z "p ( ! ,?>gelia1 & 0 !re=e associat$ ) ,apollo#idi4 ,all ?is evid5ce1 ) corroboration f o!r s\rces ?an ^? to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 has rec5tly be5 set =? by ,miss ,h>rison1 :o c]ta9ly has made out a /rong case = ! view :i* %e ?us summ>ises3 #8,! lead+ out ( ! ph>makos is !n a purely magical c]emony bas$ on ignorance & fe>2 x is n a human sacrifice to ,apollo or to any o!r div9ity or ev5 gho/1 x is a c]emony ( physical expulsion#iej4' ,9 o!r words1 ! ph>makos 0 treat$ z an inc>nation ( ! pollut+ influ5ce f :i* ! city 0 suff]+2 & 8 expulsion 7:i* only incid5tally involv$ 8 dea?7 0 ! means ( purification4 ,b !re are c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! practice :i* incl9e me to put =w>d ano!r view ( ! ph>makos4 ,8 mission und\bt$ly 0 to purify ! city2 b ! "q to my m9d is :e!r he 0 expell$ z a p]sonification ( ! pollution or 0 l$ out & despat*$ to ! o!r _w z a mess5g] on ! city's behalf to petition ,apollo or "s o!r deity = purification f ! defilem5t4 ,x might1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 ?is ,greek rite :i* 0 pres5t to ,h]odotus' m9d :5 he 0 describ+ human sacrifice among ! ,getae4 ,he 0 app>5tly famili>1 we saw1 ) ! conception ( ! human victim z a mess5g]2 & ! contra/s 9 me?od :i* seem to h /ruck him mo/ w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 provid$ by ! c]emony ( ! ph>makos4 ,! ,getae *ose ! victim by lot f among !mselves2 ! ,a!nians app>5tly select$ "s de=m$ or crim9al slave--"o ( ! v scum ( ! population4 ,! ,getae impal$ _! mess5g] ^u ! spe>s ( w>riors2 ! ,a!nians treat$ ! ph>makos z a burnt-sacrifice4 ,! ,getae entru/$ _! messages to ! victim be=e he 0 sla92 did ! ,a!nians p]*ance :isp] _! petitions = purification 9 ! e> ( ! dead ph>makos z he lay on ! pyre8 ,0 he ! mess5g] ^: treatm5t ,h]odotus _h 9 m9d8 ,!re are c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! ritual itself :i* make = t view4 ,! ph>makos 0 ma9ta9$ = a "t at ! public co/4 ,:y s8 ,a k9dr$ cu/om ( ,m>seilles 9 anci5t times supplies ! answ]4 #8,:5ev] ! inhabitants ( ,m>seilles suff] f a pe/il5ce1 "o ( ! poor] class (f]s himself to be kept at ! public exp5se & f$ on specially pure foods4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done he is decorat$ ) sacr$ b\ghs & clad 9 holy g>m5ts1 & l$ ab\t ?r\gh ! :ole city to ! accompanim5t ( curses1 9 ord] t ^u him may fall all ! ills ( ! :ole city1 & ?us he is ca/ headlong d[n#iea4' ,! ph>makos 0 !re=e publicly ma9ta9$ 9 ord] t he might be purifi$ by diet4 ,aga91 we "k1 ! ph>makos 0 provid$ be=e ! sacrifice ) *eese1 b>ley-cake1 & dri$ figs--pure food1 x w\ld seem1 ) :i* to su/a9 himself on 8 j\rney to ! o!r _w4 ,aga91 he 0 smitt5 sev5 times on ! privy p>ts ) squills & bran*es ( wild fig & o!r wild plants4 ,:y ) squill & wild fig8 ,because plants ( ?is k9d 7 purgative1 z ,miss ,h>rison#ieb v cle>ly po9ts out4 ,among o!r evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is idea1 ,lucian#iec makes ,m5ippus relate h[ be=e he 0 all[$ to consult ! oracle ( ! dead he 0 8purg$ & wip$ clean & consecrat$ ) squill & tor*es40 ,& :y on ! privy p>ts8 ,because sexual purity 0 requir$4 ,:5 ,creon 0 bidd5 to sacrifice a son = ! salvation ( 8 city 9 a "t ( calamity su* z commonly call$ = ! sacrifice ( a ph>makos1 ,haemon 0 refus$ because ( 8 m>riage#ied1 & ,m5oeceus 0 ! only pure victim4 ,& :y beat5 at all8 ,because aga91 z ,miss ,h>rison %[s#iee1 ! act ( beat+ 0 expulsive ( evil & pollution4 ,s !n ! *ief "p ( ! ritual 0 devot$ to purify+ ! ph>makos himself4 ,b if ! ph>makos 0 ?us himself made pure1 h[ c\ld 8 expulsion purify ! city8 ,h[ c\ld a man delib]ately cleans$ by e religi\s or magical device s]ve z ! embodim5t ( t pollution ( :i* ! city s\ght to be rid8 ,miss ,h>rison#ief seeks to expla9 ?is difficulty on ! gr\nds ( t comb9ation ( ! notions #8sacr$' & #8accurs$1' #8pure' & #8impure1' :i* ! savage describes 9 ! ^w #8taboo4' ,b ! notion ( #8taboo1' ?\gh complex1 is n illogical2 any?+ sup]natural1 :i* :5 prop]ly us$ or respect$ is holy1 is logically en\gh believ$ to be fraught ) a curse = ^? :o misuse or disreg>d x4 ,b delib]ately to purify t :i* is to be ! embodim5t ( defilem5t is n ! outcome ( a complex b logical primitive notion2 x is simply illogical4 ,! view ( ! rite !n :i* ,i propose is briefly ?is4 ,! ph>makos 0 orig9ally a mess5g]1 repres5tative ( a :ole p1 c>ry+ to "s god _! petition = deliv]ance f any great calamity2 &1 t he might be fitt$ to ent] ! pres5ce ( ! god1 he 0 purifi$1 l ,m5ippus be=e he 0 all[$ to approa* ev5 an oracle1 by e kn[n means4 ,b ! (fice ( ph>makos did n always rema9 a po/ ( hon\r4 ,x 0 naturally n covet$ by ^? :o f\nd any pleasure 9 life2 & gradually ! duty devolv$ ^u ! l[e/ ( ! l[4 ,in/ead ( an ,iphig5ia or a ,m5oeceus ! p's *os5 repres5tative 0 "s crim9al or slave1 & ! p]sonality ( ! mess5g] ov]%ad[$ ! "* ( 8 (fice4 ,! orig9al purport ( ! rite 0 =gott54 ,in/ead ( be+ hon\r$ z ! p's ambassador1 specially purifi$ = 8 mission ( int]cession ) ! gods1 he 0 deem$ an outca/ by ^: removal ! p c\ld rid !mselves ( pollution4 ,?us ! religi\s rite lo/ its true motive & deg5]at$ into a magical c]emony ( riddance4 ,t ?is debas$ idea 0 ! vulg> int]pretation ( ! rite 9 hi/orical ,a!ns is absolutely prov$ by a passage f ,lysias' spee* aga9/ ,&ocides3 #8,we ne$s mu/ hold t 9 av5g+ ourselves & ridd+ ourselves ( ,&ocides we purify ! city & p]=m apotropaic c]emonies & solemnly expel a ph>makos & rid ourselves ( a crim9al2 = ( ?is sort ! fell[ is#ieg4' ,b ! :ole ritual =ms a prote/ aga9/ t idea4 ,its keynote 0 ! sanctification1 n ! degradation1 ( ! ph>makos4 ,9 ,m>seilles inde$ ! p's *ange ( attitude t[>ds ! mess5g] :om !y s scrupul\sly purifi$ _h gone s f> t imprecations ^u him 7 sub/itut$ = ! pray]s :i* he %\ld h be5 bidd5 to c>ry2 b 9 ,a!ns & 9 ,ionia ! ritual itself1 s f> z we "k1 conta9$ no sugge/ion ( contempt or hatr$ ( ! victim4 ,x 0 only ! appe>ance & ! "* ( ^? :o 7 select$ z ph>makoi :i* made ( ! ^w a t]m ( vulg> abuse su* z we f9d x to be 9 ,ari/ophanes#ieh2 = ! scatt]+ ( ! victim's a%es to ! w9ds & waves mu/ n be int]pret$ z an act d5ot+ any abhorr5ce ( ! dead man4 ,its significance is r ?is4 ,religi\s motives _h involv$ an act ( blood%$1 & ! p :o _h p]=m$ x z a religi\s duty 71 l ,ore/es1 none ! less guilty ( blood4 ,9 any case ( blood-guilt x 0 held prud5t = ! guilty p>ty to take precautions aga9/ 8 victim's v5geance2 & "o means to ?is end 01 z we %all see lat]1 to burn ! body & scatt] its a%es4 ,9 ! mod]n /ory f ,santor9i !re is a precaution m5tion$ :i* has precisely ! same object2 ! victim's h&s1 z well z 8 head1 7 cut (f4 ,?is1 z ,i %all %[ lat]1 is a survival ( ! old or mutilation ( murd]$ m51 by :i* !y 7 r5d]$ innocu\s1 if !y %\ld return f ! grave1 & incapable ( v5geance ^u _! murd]]s4 ,!re is !n1 ,i repeat1 no?+ 9 ! ritual itself :i* sugge/s any contempt or hatr$ ( ! victim1 z !re assur$ly w\ld h be5 if f ! fir/ he _h be5 ! inc>nation ( ! city's defilem5t4 ,possibly !n ! ph>makos 0 orig9ally a mess5g] f m5 to gods1 s5t 9 any "t ( great calamity & p]il2 possibly too ?is significance ( ! rite _h n 9 ,h]odotus' "t be5 :olly supplant$ by ! l[] view to :i* ,lysias gave utt]ance4 ,lysias 0 address+ a jury & abus+ an oppon5t2 a vulg> & base pres5tm5t ( ! ph>makos suit$ ! occasion4 ,b sob] & reflective m5 may /ill h read 9 ! ritual its e>ly mean+ & h recognis$ 9 ! ph>makos1 = all 8 sorry appe>ance1 ! purifi$ repres5tative ( a p s5t by !m to lay _! pray]s be=e "s god4 ,?is1 ,i am aw>e1 is a sugge/ion & no m4 ,to prove ! exi/5ce ( ?is motive und]ly+ any giv5 case ( human sacrifice 9 anci5t times is1 ow+ to ! meagre "* ( ! data1 impossible4 ,b s9ce at any rate ! conception ( ! dead z mess5g]s 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts--= t mu*1 ,i ?9k1 ,i h prov$--! sugge/ion des]ves consid]ation4 ,if x be "r1 x %[s t ev5 ! mo/ ugly & repulsive c]emonies ( ,greek wor%ip ne$ n be reg>d$ z damn+ refutation ( ! beauty ( ,greek religion4 ,?\gh ! act ( human sacrifice is horrible1 ! motive = x may h be5 sublime4 ,:]e else 9 ! civilis$ _w is ! fai? :i* :isp]s messages 9 a dead e>8 ,:o %all ca/ ! fir/ /one at ^? :o 9 ?is fai? d>$ to spe$ _! mess5g] ^u ! road ( dea?8 ,surely su* a de$ is ! cr[n+ act ( a fai? :i* by dreams & oracles1 by auspices & sacrificial om5s1 has ev] s\ght aft] communion ) ! gods4 ,yet no1 t fai? aspir$ ev5 high]2 ano!r *apt] w treat ( a sacram5t :i* =e%ad[$ n m]ely ! colloquy ( m5 ) gods z ( s]vants ) ma/]s1 b a clos] communion betwe5 !m1 ! communion ( love2 =1 z ,plato says 9 ! text :i* heads ?is *apt]1 #8all sacrifices & all ! arts ( div9ation1 :]e9 consi/s ! mutual communion ( gods & m51 are = n\ght else b ! gu>d+ & t5d+ ( ,love4' ,,footnotes3 #ghg ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #ahe1 ) read+ 4 #ghh & 1 cf4 ,eur4 ,h4 ,f4 #aaai4 #ghi ,de div9atione1 ,i4 #c4 #gij op4 cit4 ,i4 #ah4 #gia ,prom4 ,v9ct4 #dhe-ii4 #gib ,suid4 ,lex4 s4v4 4 #gic ,cic4 de ,div94 ,i4 #d4 #gid ,ibid4 ,i4 #f & #ah4 #gie ,above1 p4 #bha4 #gif ,cf4 ,lucian1 ,philopseudes1 #ai & #bj4 #gig ,see above p4 #fj4 #gih ,nov4 #bf4 #gii 1 1 ,,iii4 p4 #ai4 #hjj ,cf4 ,cic4 de ,div9at4 ,i4 #ah4 #hja ,! %ift ( acc5t is curi\s4 ,x may be "s result ( dialect1 b is n expla9$4 #hjb e4g4 ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xviii4 #aaf4 #hjc ,at midsumm]4 ,! "n ( ! cu/om is sometimes giv5 z a title to ! sa9t himself2 & f 8 will+ness to enlight5 enquir]s conc]n+ _! future lot he is also nam$ sometimes 7! enlight5]7 & 7f 1 #8lot' or #8de/9y'71 4 4 1 1 p4 #hf4 #hjd ,sonn9i de ,magnonc\rt1 ,voyage en ,grce et en ,turquie1 ,,ii4 pp4 #abf-g4 #hje ,9 ! ,iliad x is n f\nd4 ,cf4 ,b\* ,lecl]cq1 ,hi/4 de la ,div9ation1 ,i4 p4 #aef4 #hjf ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xvii4 #aad ff4 ,cf4 also ,od4 ,,xx4 #ih ff4 #hjg ,= examples see ,h]od4 ,v4 #gb1 ,,viii4 #aad1 ,,ix4 #fd1 #ia2 ,x5oph4 ,anab4 ,i4 #h4 #af4 ,cf4 ,b\* ,lecl]cq1 op4 cit4 ,i4 p4 #aeg4 ,! ^w is 9 "s ( ^! passages us$ 9 ! s5se ( 4 #hjh ,paus4 ,,vii4 #bb4 #b1 #c4 #hji ,le ,bas et ,wadd+ton1 ,voyage ,ar*ologique1 ,v4 #agbd;a4 #haj ,paus4 ,,ix4 #aa4 #g4 ,cf4 ,b\* ,lecl]cq1 ,hi/4 de la ,div94 ,i4 p4 #aei & ,,ii4 p4 #djj4 #haa ,paus4 ibid4 #hab ,! prop] precaution is prescrib$ 9 ! c\plet1 ' 1 ' ' 4 ,si p] viam sac]doti occurres1 te/iculos tuos t5eto4 #hac 1 #8a donkey1 ) y\r leave4' ,s also (t5 9 m5tion+ ! numb] #8?ree1' & sometimes ) #8five4' #had ,ari/oph4 ,aves1 #gbj4 #hae ,eccles4 #gib4 #haf ,!ophr4 ,*>4 #af4 #a4 #hag ,ibid4 #hah op4 cit4 #af4 #c4 #hai ,cf4 ,suidas1 s4v4 4 #hbj ,b\* ,lecl]cq1 op4 cit4 ,i4 p4 #abi4 #hba ,assum+ d]ivation f 1 z f 1 f 4 #hbb ,plut>*1 de sol]tia animalium1 cap4 #bj 7p4 #ige74 #hbc ,b\* ,lecl]cq1 ,hi/4 de la ,div94 ,i4 p4 #acc-d4 #hbd e4g4 ,hom4 ,il4 ,,xxiv4 #caj4 #hbe ,hom4 ,il4 ,,viii4 #bdg4 #hbf ,etymol4 ,magn4 p4 #fai1 s4v4 4 #hbg ,apoll4 ,rhod4 ,,iii4 #icj4 #hbh ,ovid1 ,metam4 ,,ii4 #edh sqq4 #hbi ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xv4 #ebf4 #hcj ,hom4 ,il4 ,x4 #bgd4 #hca ,plut>*1 ,py?4 ,orac4 cap4 #bb4 #hcb ,p>oemiogr4 ,graec4 ,i4 pp4 #bbh1 #bca1 #ceb4 #hcc 4 #hcd ,suid41 ,lexicon1 s4v4 4 #hce op4 cit4 #b4 #hcf ,cf4 ,b\* ,lecl]cq1 op4 cit4 ,i4 p4 #adj1 note #b4 #hcg ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #gde4 #hch ,! id5tification ( ! birds nam$ by ev5 ! m intellig5t peasants is necess>ily unc]ta94 ,! "n is seem+ly onomatopoeic1 sugge/+ ! hoot+ ( ! owl1 b is g5]ally res]v$ to ! br[n owl4 #hci op4 cit4 #b4 #hdj ,9 ! dialects ( ,scyros & o!r ,aegean isl&s1 be=e ! s\nds ( & is regul>ly s(t5$ to 4 ,! has1 z (t51 suff]$ meta!sis4 #hda ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xv4 #ebd ff4 #hdb ,d]ivation f 1 in/ead ( 1 & is possible1 b less likely4 ,x w\ld !n be an euphemi/ic "n1 #8bird ( joy4' ,an owl nam$ 7on :i* see above1 p4 #ahj7 appe>s to be a semi-my?ical bird *iefly f\nd 9 ,hades2 x is possibly id5tical ) #8,*>on's bird4' #hdc ,cf4 4 1 1 p4 #abf4 #hdd ,il4 ,,vii4 #ahd4 #hde ,od4 ,,xvii4 #cfe4 #hdf ,il4 ,i4 #eig4 #hdg 1 1 p4 #cbj4 #hdh ,ari/ot4 ,hi/4 ,an4 ,,ix4 #a4 #hdi ,cf4 ,aes*4 ,sept4 #bd1 ,soph4 ,antig4 #iii sqq4 #hej ,orig51 contra ,cels4 ,,iv4 #hh4 #hea ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,demet]1 #df4 #heb e4g4 ,pass[1 ,popul4 ,c>m4 nos4 #abb1 #abc1 #bac1 #bcb1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bea et passim4 #hec ,a4 ,lub] 9 a monograph ,die ,vgel 9 d5 hi/oris*5 ,li$]n d] ,neugrie*51 pp4 #f ff41 notes ! impossibility ( det]m9+ 9 _m cases :e!r a real bird or a sc\t is meant4 #hed ,pass[1 ,popul4 ,c>m4 no4 #dae1 vv4 #e-g4 ,cf4 #dac1 #dad4 #hee ,ibid4 no4 #daj4 #hef 7probably a dim9utive f 71 a #8falcon1' is a fav\rite "n = ! w>rior1 j z ! humbl] 1 #8bird1' is us$ = #8sc\t4' #heg ,) ref]5ce to ,ibrahim's ,egyptian troops4 #heh ,pass[1 ,popul4 ,c>m4 no4 #bef4 #hei ,cic4 de ,div94 ,i4 #eb1 ,,ii4 #ab1 #ae1 #af1 #ag4 ,cf4 ,b\* ,lecl]cq1 ,hi/4 de la ,div94 ,i4 p4 #afg4 #hfj ,plato1 ,tim4 #ga c4 #hfa ,philo/r4 ,vit4 ,apollon4 ,,viii4 #g4 #di-eb4 ,cf4 ,b\* ,lecl]cq1 op4 cit4 ,i4 p4 #afh4 #hfb ,= au?orities on ?is po9t see ,b\* ,lecl]cq1 op4 cit4 ,i4 p4 #agj4 #hfc ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #afi4 #hfd ,k4 ,o4 ,mll] 7die ,etrusk]1 ,,ii4 p4 #ahg7 places ! introduction ( ! cu/om 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 #hfe ,bybilakis1 ,neugrie*is*es ,leb51 p4 #di 7#ahdj74 #hff 1 #a4 #hfg 1 1 p4 #baj4 ,no details are giv54 #hfh 1 1 p4 #agf4 #hfi ,! writ] does n actually m5tion ! two ?+s 9 connexion4 ,he belongs to t class ( mod]n ,greek writ]s :o exhibit _! own intellectual emancipation by deplor+ or d]id+ popul> sup]/itions1 & wa/es s mu* en]gy !re9 t he fails to note su* po9ts ( int]e/4 ,b1 s9ce x is n probable t ! peasants ( ,epirus eat meat m (t5 ?an o!r ,greek peasants1 ! connexion ( ! sacrifice & ! div9ation may1 ,i ?9k1 be assum$4 #hgj ,c]ta9 details ( ! art z practis$ 9 ,mac$onia are giv5 by ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore1 p4 #if4 ,b1 z !y may 9 "p be due to ,albanian influ5ce !re1 ,i h n made use ( !m4 #hga 444 l4 c4 #hgb ,read+ = ( ,codex ,v9dobon5sis1 z publi%$ 9 ,philologus1 #ahec1 p4 #aff4 #hgc ,! ^w is 4 ,?is 9 relation to ! body g5]ally means ! #8sp9e1' b c be us$ ( any ridge 7z ( a hill71 & s "h1 ,i suppose1 ( ! ridge ( bone along ! %\ld]-blade4 #hgd ,s ,i und]/& ! some:at obscure s5t5ce1 4441 conjectur+ be=e 1 :]e ,codex ,v9dob4 has corruptly 4 #hge ,prom4 ,v9ct4 #dic4 #hgf ,pausan4 ,,vi4 #b4 #e4 #hgg ,tatian1 adv4 ,graecos1 ,i4 ,cf4 ,b\* ,lecl]cq1 ,hi/4 de la ,div94 ,i4 p4 #agj4 #hgh ,9 ,zagorion 9 ,epirus1 ! ram is sacrific$ on ! entrance ( ! bride to h] new home 7cf4 ! sacrifice ( a cock m5tion$ bel[74 1 1 p4 #ahc4 #hgi ,curtius ,wa*smu?1 ,das alte ,grie*5l& im ,neu51 p4 #hf4 #hhj ,9 ,mac$onia ! weasel is said on ! contr>y to be a good om54 ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore1 p4 #ajh4 #hha 1 1 p4 #bjc4 #hhb ,!ophr4 ,*>4 #af4 #hhc ,!ocr4 ,id4 ,,ii4 #ce4 #hhd ,s too 9 antiquity app>5tly accord+ to ,prop]tius ,,iv4 7,v47 #c4 #fj2 ,ovid 7,h]oid4 ,,xix4 #aea7 on ! contr>y reckons x a good om54 #hhe ,!ocr4 ,id4 ,,iii4 #cg ' 2 ! ord] ( ! words1 x w be se51 ju/ifies ! emphasis :i* ,i h giv5 to & to 4 #hhf ,dialog4 ,m]etric4 #i4 #b4 #hhg ,! significance ( "r & left 9 ?is case is rev]s$ 9 ,mac$onia 7cf4 ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore1 p4 #aab74 ,b 9 all ^! in/ances ,i am only giv+ :at ,i h f\nd to be ! commone/ =m ( ! sup]/ition 9 ,greece z a :ole4 #hhh ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore1 p4 #aaa4 #hhi ,! ^w is prop]ly us$ only ( ! dy+ ( animals4 #hij 4 #hia ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xvii4 #eci ff4 ,cf4 ,x5oph4 ,anab4 ,,iii4 #b4 #i & ,catull4 ,,xlv4 #i & #ah4 #hib ,see above1 p4 #cjd4 #hic 1 4 1 ,,iii4 p4 #bb4 #hid e4g4 at ! oracle ( ,h]mes ,agoraeus at ,ph]ae ! enquir] p]=m$ ! :ole c]emony requir$ & obta9$ 8 response )\t ! int]v5tion ( any prie/ or se]4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #cje4 #hie ,see above1 p4 #aba4 #hif ,see above1 p4 #ee4 #hig ,cf4 an article by 4 1 1 9 1 no4 #daa1 #ac? ,nov4 #ahhc4 #hih ,le ,pre ,rob]t 7,saug]71 ,hi/oire n\velle des anci5s ducs et autres s\v]a9s de l',ar*ipel 7,p>is1 #afii7 pp4 #aif-aih4 ,cf4 ,t\rne=t1 ,voyage du ,levant1 ,i4 pp4 #bha ff42 ,sonn9i de ,magnonc\rt1 ,voyage en ,grce et en ,turquie1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bij4 #hii ,b\* ,lecl]cq1 ,hi/4 de la ,div94 ,i4 p4 #ahg4 #ijj ,pausan4 ,,iii4 #bc4 #h4 #ija ,de sacrificiis1 p4 #ab4 #ijb ,ibid4 cap4 #b4 #ijc ,plato1 ,sympos4 p4 #ahh4 #ijd ,hom4 ,il4 ,,ix4 #dig ff4 #ije ,see above1 pp4 #cbb-c & #cbf4 #ijf ,see above1 p4 #bfe4 #ijg ,see above1 pp4 #eh-i4 #ijh ,anci5t (f]+s ( ?is type1 z f\nd at ,epidaurus1 %\ld n ,i ?9k be gr\p$ all toge!r z ?ank-(f]+s2 _m ( !m belong$ probably to ! propitiatory class4 #iji ,see above1 p4 #aba4 #iaj ,see above1 p4 #ade4 #iaa ,see above1 p4 #bja4 #iab ,=m]ly 7& aga9 latt]ly7 call$ ,!ra4 #iac ,le pre ,ri*>d1 ,relation de ce qui s'e/ pass ,sant-,er9i1 p4 #bc4 #iad ,call$ by him 2 b ! fact t !re is only ?is "o m\nta9 9 ! isl& & t x /ill has a *apel ( ,/ ,/eph5 on x places ! id5tification beyond all d\bt4 #iae ,?is phrase z not$ d[n by me f memory along ) ! re/ ( ! /ory imm$iately aft] my int]view is1 ,i believe1 v]bally exact4 ,! old man's words 7 ' ' ' 1 4 #iaf ,see above1 p4 #ee4 #iag ,! t]m c\ld n h be5 int5d$ to apply to ,/ ,nicolas2 al?\gh ! sa9ts are practically treat$ z gods1 !y are n s spok5 (4 ,see above1 pp4 #db ff4 #iah ,plut>*1 ,pelop4 #ba 7p4 #bbi74 #iai ,porph4 de ,ab/94 #bg & #ed4 #ibj ,tzetz4 ,hi/4 ,,xxiii4 #gbf ff4 #iba ,cf4 1 1 ,,ii4 p4 #cda4 #ibb 1 1 p4 #af4 1 1 ,,ii4 #cdc4 #ibc ,popul4 ,c>m4 no4 #cgc4 #ibd 1 1 p4 #cf4 ,cf4 1 1 ,,ii4 p4 #cdb4 ,! l9e runs ' ' 4 #ibe ,eur4 ,hec4 #dbb-c4 #ibf ,v]g4 ,a54 ,,ii4 #edg sqq4 #ibg ,diodor4 ,sic4 ,v4 #bh4 #ibh e4g4 ,fauriel1 ,*ants de la ,grce ,mod]ne1 ,disc\rs ,prlim94 p4 #ci4 ,r5nell ,rodd1 ,cu/oms & ,lore ( ,mod4 ,greece1 p4 #abi4 #ibi ,dora d',i/ria1 ,les ,femmes en ,ori5t1 ,bk4 ,,iii4 ,lett] #b4 #icj ,plut>*1 ,vita ,solon4 #bj4 #ica ,hom4 ,il4 ,,xxiv4 #gai-gge4 #icb ,plato1 ,leg4 ,,vii4 p4 #hja4 #icc ,an edict ( ! ye> #affb pres]v$ 9 ! record-(fice 7 7 ( ,zante 0 %[n & int]pret$ to me by ,mons4 4 1 ^: c\rtesy ,i wi% "h to ackn[l$ge4 ,! record-(fice conta9s mu* valuable mat]ial = ! /udy ( ! p]iod ( ,v5etian supremacy 9 ! ,heptanesos4 #icd ,soph4 ,antig4 #bi2 ,eur4 ,hec4 #cj2 cf4 also ,soph4 ,antig4 #bjc-d 1 1 & ,philoct4 #cfj4 #ice ,hom4 ,il4 ,,xix4 #cja-b4 #icf 4 1 1 pp4 #cce-f4 #icg ,see bel[1 pp4 #eee ff4 #ich ,h]odot4 ,,iv4 #id4 #ici ,= ! evid5ce see ,miss ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 pp4 #if ff4 #idj ,cf4 ,paus4 ,,viii4 #ch4 #g & ,porphyr4 de ab/95tia1 ,,ii4 #bg4 #ida ,paus4 ,,viii4 #b4 #f & ,,viii4 #ch4 #g & ,fraz]'s note ad loc4 #idb ,paus4 ,,viii4 #ch4 #g4 #idc ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ,i4 p4 #deh4 #idd ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ,i4 p4 #dfb4 #ide ,see above1 p4 #bfd4 #idf ,paus4 ,,viii4 #ch4 #g4 #idg ,s*ol4 ad ,ar4 ,eq4 #aacf 9 explanation ( ! ^w 4 #idh ,tzetzes1 ,hi/4 ,,xxiii4 #gbf ff4 quot+ ,hipponax' au?ority on mo/ po9ts4 #idi ,miss ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 pp4 #ie f4 #iej op4 cit4 p4 #ajh4 #iea ,s]v4 ad ,v]g4 ,a54 ,,iii4 #ge z translat$ by ,miss ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajh4 #ieb op4 cit4 p4 #ajj4 #iec ,luc4 ,nek4 #g4 #ied ,eur4 ,pho54 #idd4 #iee op4 cit4 p4 #ajj4 #ief op4 cit4 p4 #ajh4 #ieg ,lysias1 c4 ,&oc4 #ajh4 #d z translat$ by ,miss ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 p4 #ig #ieh ,ran4 #gcd1 ,equ4 #adje & fragm4 #ecb 7f ,miss ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 p4 #ig74 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,s\l ,,& ,,body4 #a4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,greek ,,vampire4 ,! division ( ! human entity into ! two p>ts :i* we call s\l & body has be5 s univ]sally recognis$ ev5 among ! mo/ primitive ( mank9d t ! idea ( x mu/ h be5 fir/ sugge/$ by ! obs]vation ( "s univ]sal ph5om5on--mo/ probably ! ph5om5on ( unconsci\sness :e!r 9 sleep1 9 fa9t+1 9 trance1 or 9 dea?4 ,if x _h be5 man's lot to pass 9 ?is _w a life ( activity unbrok5 by sleep or exhau/ion1 & !reaft] to be translat$ l ,eno* or ,ganym$e to ano!r _w1 s t ! spectacle ( a body ly+ in]t & s5seless c\ld nev] h be5 =c$ ^u m5's sight1 ! fir/ impulse to speculation conc]n+ t impalpable some?+1 ! loss ( :i* sev]s m5 f conv]se ) ! wak+1 active _w1 might nev] h be5 giv51 & ! duality ( human nature might nev] h be5 conceiv$4 ,b dea? above all ov]tak+ ea* 9 turn has =c$ 9 turn ! m\rn]s = ea* to muse on ! future condition ( ^! two elem5ts :i*1 unit$1 make a man1 &1 disjo9$1 leave b a corpse4 ,does nei!r or does "o or d bo? ( !m cont9ue8 ,&1 cont9u+1 :at degree ( intellig5ce & ( p[] has ei!r or h bo?8 ,are !y = ev] sep>at$1 or w !y be re-unit$ else:]e8 ,su* are ! que/ions t mu/ h vex$1 z !y /ill vex1 ! m9ds ( _m :5 _! eyes 7 confront$ by ! spectacle ( dea?4 ,= "s inde$ a means ( answ]+ or ( quiet+ su* se>*+s ( he>t has be5 f\nd 9 ! acceptance ( religi\s dogma4 ,b anci5t ,greek religion1 ! fai? or sup]/ition 9 :i* ! ,hell5ic p1 defiant alike ( de/ructive & ( con/ructive philosophy1 liv$ & mov$ & _h _! be+1 0 n dogmatic2 ! v prie/s 7 gu>dians & expon5ts ( c]emonies r ?an prea*]s ( doctr9e2 !re 0 no organis$ hi]>*y committ$ to "o set cre$ & prep>$ to ass]t ! div9e revelation ( a s+le =mulat$ answ] to ^! que/ions4 ,! sum total ( or?odoxy am\nt$ to little m ?an a belief 9 gods2 & ea* man 0 free to believe :at he w\ld1 evil z well z good1 conc]n+ !m1 & to f9d = himself hope or despair4 ,9 det]m9+ !re=e ! views to :i* ! mass ( ! common-folk incl9$ ) reg>d to ! relations ( s\l & body1 little assi/ance c be obta9$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ^? p]sonal op9ions :i* lit]ature has pres]v$ to u1 op9ions emanat+ f poets & philosoph]s :o 7 n ( ! p b consci\sly above !m1 & :o set !mselves "s to expose1 o!rs to re=m1 ! popul> religion1 b few simply to ma9ta9 x4 ,! cons]vative =ce ( ! anci5t religion lay 9 ! inh]it$ & almo/ in/9ctive beliefs ( ! common-folk2 oral tradition weigh$ m ) !m ?an philosophic reason+1 & _! t5acity ( cu/oms z b>b>\s ev5 z human sacrifice defi$ ! s(t5+ influ5ces ( an human] civilisation4 ,t ^! *>act]i/ics ( ! anci5t ,greek folk are /amp$ equally ^u ! p ( to-day is a fact :i* e page ( ?is book has confirm$2 & x is !re=e by analysis ( mod]n beliefs & cu/oms relative to dea? t ,i propose to discov] ! fundam5tal ideas held by ! ,greek p f ! beg9n+ conc]n+ ! relations betwe5 s\l & body4 ,= ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! great tea*]s ( antiquity1 ^: doctr9es dom9ate anci5t lit]ature1 7 (t5 m widely remov$ by _! g5ius1 ?an are ! mod]n folk by ! lapse ( c5turies1 f ! peasants ( ^? e>ly days1 & t ! oral tradition ( a p :o h in/9ctively clung to e anci5t belief & cu/om is ev5 aft] m ?an two ?\s& ye>s a saf] guide ?an ! contempor>y writ+s ( m5 :o delib]ately disc>d$ or arbitr>ily modifi$ tradition 9 fav\r ( ! results ( _! own p]sonal speculations4 ,fir/ !n ! peasants ( mod]n ,greece mu/ furni% our clue to ! popul> beliefs ( antiquity2 aft]w>ds we may pr(itably consid] ! use & h&l+ ( ^? beliefs 9 anci5t lit]ature4 ,to ?is end ,i %all exam9e fir/ & necess>ily at "s l5g? a c]ta9 abnormal condition ( ! dead ab\t :i* v def9ite ideas are ev]y:]e held2 = ! abhorr5ce & dread ) :i* ! abnormal /ate is reg>d$ w be an accurate measure ( ! eag]ness ) :i* ! opposite & normal /ate is desir$2 & fur!r 9 ?is desire to promote & to secure ! normal condition ( ! dep>t$ w be f\nd ! motive ( v>i\s fun]al-cu/oms4 ,?is abnormal condition ( ! dead is a k9d ( vampirism4 ,x is believ$ t "u c]ta9 conditions a dead body is )held f ! normal process ( corruption1 is re-animat$1 & revisits ! sc5es ( its =m] life1 sometimes 9 a h>mless or ev5 k9dly mood1 b f> m (t5 b5t on mis*ief & on murd]4 ,! sup]/ition z x n[ /&s is by no means :olly ,greek or :olly popul>4 ,two extrane\s influ5ces1 ! "o ,slavonic & ! o!r ecclesia/ical1 h consid]ably modifi$ x4 ,b 9 ! pres5t section ,i %all conf9e myself to describ+ ! appe>ance1 nature1 habits1 & prop] treatm5t ( ! ,greek vampire z he is n[ conceiv$2 ! "w ( analys+ ! sup]/ition & ( sep>at+ ! pure ,hell5ic metal f ! extrane\s alloys ) :i* 9 its n[ curr5t =m x is contam9at$ w occupy ! next section2 & ! two :i* foll[ w be devot$ to %[+ t ! native residue ( sup]/ition 0 9 fact well kn[n to ! anci5t ,greeks & 0 utilis$ to no small ext5t 9 _! lit]ature4 ,! be/ acc\nts ( ?is sup]/ition & ( ! savage practices to :i* x l$ are furni%$ by writ]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ?\gh ! sup]/ition is f> f ext9ction1 ! m viol5t outbreaks ( x are comp>atively r>e2 &1 al?\gh /ories deal+ ) x may frequ5tly be he>d1 x might p]haps be difficult to piece toge!r any complete & coh]5t acc\nt ( ! ,greek vampire )\t a previ\s k obta9$ f writ]s ( two or ?ree c5turies ago4 ,9 su* /ories z ,i myself h he>d ,i h f\nd no?+ new1 & h (t5 miss$ some?+ ) :i* old] n>ratives _h made me famili>4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury "s p>ts ( ,greece w\ld seem to h be5 infe/$ by ^! vampires4 ,! isl& ( ,santor9i 7! anci5t ,!ra7 acquir$ s endur+ a notoriety 9 ?is respect1 t ev5 at ! pres5t day #8to s5d vampires to ,santor9i#iei' is a prov]bial expression synonym\s ) #8owls to ,a!ns' or #8coals to ,newca/le'2 & ! inhabitants ( ! isl& enjoy$ s wide a reputation z exp]ts 9 deal+ ) !m1 t two /ories rec5tly publi%$#ifj1 "o f ,myconos & ! o!r f ,sphaki 9 ,crete1 actually end ) ! despat* ( a vampire's body to ,santor9i = effective treatm5t !re4 ,! ju/ice ( ?is reputation w %ortly appe>2 = "o ( ! be/ acc\nts ( ! sup]/ition 0 writt5 by a ,jesuit resid+ 9 ! isl&1 to :om ! resurrection ( ^! vampires seem$ an unque/ionable1 if also inexplicable1 ph5om5on ( by no means r>e occurr5ce4 ,n[adays cases ( suspect$ vampirism are mu* less common1 & ,i c c\nt myself v =tunate to h once witness$ ! sequel ( su* a case4 ,b ( t m anon4 ,! mo/ common =m ( ! ,greek "n = ?is species ( vampire is #ifa1 & 9 ord] to avoid on ! "o h& cont9ual qualification ( ! ^w #8vampire' 7:i* ,i h us$ hi!rto z ! ne>e/ ?\gh n exact equival5t7 & on ! o!r h& confusion ( ! ,greek ) ! ,slavonic species f :i* 9 c]ta9 traits x diff]s1 ,i pref] h5ce=? to adopt a translit]ation ( ! ,greek ^w1 &1 save :]e ,i h occasion to speak ( ! purely ,slavonic =m ( vampire1 to employ ! "n vryklakas 7plural vryklakes#ifb74 ,! fir/ ( ^? writ]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ^: acc\nts des]ve att5tion is "o to ^: treatise on v>i\s ,greek sup]/itions ref]5ce has already frequ5tly be5 made1 ,leo ,allatius4 #8,! vrykolakas1' he writes#ifc1 #8is ! body ( a man ( evil & immoral life--v (t5 ( "o :o has be5 excommunicat$ by 8 bi%op4 ,su* bodies d n l ^? ( o!r dead m5 suff] decomposition aft] burial nor turn to du/1 b hav+1 z x appe>s1 a sk9 ( extreme t\ghness become swoll5 & di/5d$ all ov]1 s t ! jo9ts c sc>cely be b5t2 ! sk9 becomes /ret*$ l ! p>*m5t ( a drum1 & :5 /ruck gives out ! same s\nd2 f ?is circum/ance ! vrykolakas has receiv$ ! "n 78drumlike074' ,into su* a body1 he cont9ues1 ! devil ent]s1 & issu+ f ! tomb goes ab\t1 *iefly at night1 knock+ at doors & call+ "o ( ! h\sehold4 ,if su* an "o answ]1 he dies next day2 b a vrykolakas nev] calls twice1 & s ! inhabitants ( ,*ios 7:5ce ,allatius' obs]vations & in=mation 7 *iefly d]iv$7 secure !mselves by always wait+ = a second call at night be=e reply+4 #8,?is mon/] is said to be s de/ructive to m51 t appe>+ actually 9 ! daytime1 ev5 at noon--& t n only 9 h\ses b 9 fields & highroads & enclos$ v9ey>ds--x advances ^u !m z !y walk along1 & by its m]e aspect )\t ei!r spee* or t\* kills !m4' ,h5ce1 :5 sudd5 dea?s occur )\t o!r assignable cause1 !y op5 ! tombs & (t5 f9d su* a body4 ,!reupon #8x is tak5 out ( ! grave1 ! prie/s recite pray]s1 & x is ?r[n on to a burn+ pyre2 be=e ! supplications are f9i%$ ! jo9ts ( ! body gradually fall ap>t2 & all ! rema9s are burnt to a%es4444' #8,?is belief1' he pursues1 #8is n ( fre% & rec5t gr[? 9 ,greece2 9 anci5t & mod]n times alike m5 ( piety :o h receiv$ ! confessions ( ,*ri/ians h tri$ to root x out ( ! popul> m9d4' ,z evid5ce ( ?is /atem5t he adduces a nomocanon1 or ord9ance ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 ( unc]ta9 au?or%ip3 #8,conc]n+ a dead man1 if su* be f\nd :ole & incorrupt1 ! :i* !y call vrykolakas4 #8,x is impossible t a dead man become a vrykolakas1 save x be t ! ,devil1 wi%+ to delude "s t !y may d ?+s unmeet & incur ! wra? ( ,god1 make? ^! port5ts1 & (t-times at night cause? m5 to imag9e t ! dead man :om !y knew be=e#ifd come? & speake? ) !m1 & 9 _! dreams too !y see visions4 ,o!r times !y see him 9 ! road1 walk+ or /&+ /ill1 &1 m ?an ?is1 he ev5 ?rottles m54 #8,!n !re is a commotion & !y run to ! grave & dig to see ! rema9s ( ! man 444 & ! dead man--"o :o has long be5 dead & buri$--appe>s to !m to h fle% & blood & nails & hair 444 & !y collect wood & set fire to x & burn ! body & d away ) x altoge!r4444' ,!n1 aft] d5y+ ! reality ( su* ?+s1 :i* exi/ 9 imag9ation 7 7 only1 ! nomocanon ) "s inconsi/5cy cont9ues3 #8,b "k t :5 su* rema9s be f\nd1 ! :i*1 z we h said1 is a "w ( ! ,devil1 ye mu/ summon ! prie/s to *ant an invocation ( ! ,"m ( ,god1 444 & to p]=m memorial s]vices = ! dead ) fun]al-meats#ife4' ,allatius !n leav+ ! nomocanon pron\nces 8 own views4 #8,x is ! height ( folly to d5y altoge!r t su* bodies are sometimes f\nd 9 ! graves incorrupt1 & t by use ( !m ! ,devil1 if ,god p]mit him1 devises horrible plans to ! hurt ( ! human race4' ,he !re=e advocates ! burn+ ( !m1 always accompani$ by pray]s4 ,to ! fact ( non-decomposition he cites sev]al witnesses--among !m ,crusius#iff :o n>rates ! case ( a ,greek's body be+ f\nd by ,turks 9 ?is condition aft] ! man _h be5 two ye>s dead & be+ burnt by !m4 ,moreov] ,allatius himself claims to h be5 an eye-witness ( su* a sc5e :5 he 0 at s*ool 9 ,*ios4 ,a tomb hav+ = "s reason be5 op5$ at ! *ur* ( ,/ ,antony1 #8on ! top ( ! bones ( o!r m5 !re 0 f\nd ly+ a corpse p]fectly :ole2 x 0 unusually tall ( /ature2 clo!s x _h none1 "t or moi/ure hav+ caus$ !m to p]i%2 ! sk9 0 di/5d$1 h>d1 & livid1 & s swoll5 ev]y:]e1 t ! body _h no flat surfaces b 0 r\nd l a full sack#ifg4 ,! face 0 cov]$ ) hair d>k & curly2 on ! head !re 0 little hair1 z also on ! re/ ( ! body1 :i* appe>$ smoo? all ov]2 ! arms by reason ( ! swell+ ( ! corpse 7 /ret*$ out on ea* side l ! arms ( a cross2 ! h&s 7 op51 ! eyelids clos$1 ! m\? gap+1 & ! tee? :ite4' ,h[ ! body 0 f9ally treat$ or dispos$ ( is n relat$4 ,! next writ] ^: te/imony des]ves notice & respect is ,fa!r ,franois ,ri*>d1 a ,jesuit prie/ ( ! isl& ( ,santor9i1 to ^: "w on t isl& ref]5ce has above be5 made#ifh4 ,agree+ ) ,allatius 9 8 description ( ! appe>ance ( vrykolakes1 he adds !reto _m in/ances ( _! unpleasantly active habits4 ,8 :ole n>rative be>s ! /amp ( good fai?1 b is too long to translate 9 full2 & ,i mu/ !re=e cont5t myself ) a prcis ( x1 indicat+ by inv]t$ commas su* phrases & s5t5ces z are lit]ally r5d]$4 ,! ,devil1 he says#ifi1 works by means ( dead bodies z well z by liv+ sorc]]s4 #8,^! bodies he animates & pres]ves = a long "t 9 _! entirety2 he appe>s ) ! face ( ! dead1 trav]s+ n[ ! /reets & anon ! op5 c\ntry2 he ent]s m5's h\ses1 leav+ "s horror-/rick51 o!rs depriv$ ( spee*1 & o!rs aga9 lifeless2 "h he inflicts viol5ce1 !re loss1 & ev]y:]e t]ror4' ,at fir/ ,i believ$ ^! app>itions to be m]ely ! s\ls ( ! dead return+ to ask help to escape ! soon] f ,purgatory2 b su* s\ls nev] commit su* excesses--assault1 de/ruction ( prop]ty1 dea?1 & s =?4 ,x is cle>ly !n a =m ( diabolical possession2 = inde$ ! prie/s ) ! bi%op's p]mission employ =ms ( exorcism4 ,!y assemble on ,saturday 7! only day on :i* vrykolakes re/ 9 ! grave & _c /ir abroad7 & exhume ! body :i* is suspect$4 #8,& :5 !y f9d x :ole1 fre%1 & full ( blood1 !y take x z c]ta9 t x 0 s]v+ z an in/rum5t ( ! ,devil4' ,!y accord+ly cont9ue _! exorcisms until ) ! dep>ture ( ! ,devil ! body beg9s to decompose & gradually to lose #8its col\r & its embonpo9t1 & is left a noisome & gha/ly lump4' ,s rapid 0 ! decomposition 9 ! case ( a ,greek prie/'s daught]1 ,cali/e by "n1 t no "o c\ld rema9 9 ! *ur*1 & ! body 0 ha/ily re-int]r$2 f t "t %e ceas$ to appe>4 ,:5 exorcisms fail1 !y te> ! he>t out1 cut x to pieces1 & !n burn ! :ole body to a%es4 ,at ,/ampalia 7,a/ypalaea71 he proce$s1 a %ort "t be=e my arrival 7ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury7 five bodies 7 s treat$1 ^? ( ?ree m>ri$ m51 a ,greek monk1 & a girl4 ,9 ,nio 7,ios7 a woman :o 0 confess+ to me affirm$ t %e _h se5 h] husb& aga9 fifty days aft] burial1 ?\gh already 8 grave _h be5 once *ang$ & ! ord9>y rites p]=m$ to lay him4 ,he began h[ev] aga9 to torm5t ! p1 kill+ actually "s f\r or five2 s 8 body 0 exhum$ = ! second "t & 0 publicly burnt4 ,only two ye>s ago !y burnt two bodies 9 ! isl& ( ,siphanto = ! same reason2 #8& r>ely does a ye> pass 9 :i* p d n speak ) dread ( ^! false resuscitations4' ,9 ,santor9i a %oemak] nam$ ,alex&] liv+ at ,pyrgos became a vrykolakas2 he us$ to frequ5t 8 h\se1 m5d 8 *ildr5's %oes1 draw wat] at ! res]voir1 & cut wood = ! use ( 8 family2 b ! p became fright5$1 exhum$ him1 & burn$ him1 & he 0 se5 no m4444 ,9 ,amorgos ^! vrykolakes h be5 se5 n only at night b 9 op5 day1 five or six toge!r 9 a field1 fe$+ app>5tly on gre5 beans4 ,i he>d1 cont9ues ! holy fa!r1 f ! ,abb ( ! fam\s mona/]y ( ,amorgos1 t a c]ta9 m]*ant ( ,patmos1 hav+ gone abroad on bus9ess1 di$4 ,8 wid[ s5t a boat to br+ 8 body home4 ,n[ x s happ5$ t "o ( ! sailors sat d[n by accid5t ^u ! c(f9 & to 8 horror felt ! body move4 ,!y op5$ ! c(f9 !re=e & f\nd ! body intact4 ,_! fe>s be+ ?us confirm$1 !y nail$ up ! c(f9 aga9 & h&$ x ov] to ! wid[ )\t a ^w & x 0 buri$4 ,b soon ! dead man began to appe> at night 9 ! h\ses1 viol5t & turbul5t to su* a degree t m ?an fifte5 p]sons di$ ( fright or ( injuries inflict$ by x4 ,! exorcisms ( prie/s & monks prov$ useless1 & !y ?\ght be/ to s5d back ! body :5ce x _h be5 br\ght4 ,! sailors h[ev] un%ipp$ x at ! fir/ des]t isl&#igj & burnt x !re1 aft] :i* x 0 se5 no m4 ,! ,abb consid]$ ?is possession by ! devil to be a pro( ( ! tru? ( ! ,greek p]suasion1 alleg+ t no ,mohamm$an or ,roman ,ca?olic ev] became a vrykolakas#iga4 ,?is h[ev] is n /rictly accurate1 = 9 ,santor9i a ,roman prie/1 :o _h apo/atiz$ & turn$ ,mohamm$an & :o = 8 _m crimes 0 f9ally hang$1 appe>$ aft] dea? & 0 only dispos$ ( by burn+4 ,ano!r case 0 t ( ,iannetis ,anapliotis ( ! same isl&1 an usur] :o ab\t a ye> be=e 8 dea? rep5t$ ( 8 misde$s & made :at am5ds he c\ld2 he also left 8 wife an ord] to pay any?+ else ju/ly reclaim$ f him4 ,%e h[ev] ?\gh giv+ mu* 9 *>ity did n pay 8 debts4 ,x 0 j six weeks aft] 8 dea? :5 %e refus$ to satisfy "s j claim = repaym5t1 & imm$iately he began to appe> 9 ! /reets & to mole/ above all 8 own wife & relatives4 ,also he woke up prie/s e>ly 9 ! morn+1 tell+ !m x 0 "t = mat9s1 pull$ cov]lets (f p z !y slept1 %ook _! b$s1 left ! taps ( w9e-b>rels runn+1 & s on4 ,"o woman 0 s fright5$ 9 broad day-light z to lose ! p[] ( spee* = ?ree days1 & ano!r ^: b$ he %ook suff]$ a misc>riage4 ,!n at l5g? 8 "n 0 publi%$--= z a man ( "s position he _h till !n be5 sp>$4 ,exorcism 0 tri$ 9 va9 by ! ,greek prie/s4 ,!n by my advice ! wid[ paid (f all h] husb&'s debts & made due re/itution4 ,also %e _h ! body exhum$ & exorcis$ a second "t4 ,on ?is occasion ,i saw x1 b x did n look l a real vrykolakas2 =1 ?\gh ! h&s 7 :ole & p>*m5t-l1 ! head & ! entrails 7 to "s ext5t decompos$4 ,at ! end ( ! c]emony ( exorcism ! prie/s hack$ ! body to pieces & buri$ x 9 a new grave4 ,f ?is "t ! vrykolakas nev] re-appe>$1 b ?is 0 due1 9 my op9ion1 to ! re/itution made1 n to ! treatm5t ( ! body4 ,!re are 9 ,greek cemet]ies dead bodies ( ano!r k9d :i* aft] fifte5 or sixte5 ye>s--sometimes ev5 tw5ty or ?irty--are f\nd inflat$ l balloons1 & :5 !y are ?r[n on ! gr\nd or roll$ along1 s\nd l drums2 = ?is reason !y h ! "n #igb 7drum74444 ,! common op9ion ( ! ,greeks is t ?is inflation is a sure sign t ! man _h suff]$ excommunication2 & inde$ ,greek prie/s & bi%ops add always to ! =mula ( excommunication ! curse1 1 #8& aft] dea? to rema9 indissoluble#igc4' ,9 a manuscript f ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,sophia at ,!ssalonica1 he cont9ues1 ,i f\nd ! foll[+3 1 4 1 4 #igd 7sic71 4 1 4 #8,he :o has left a comm& ( 8 p>5ts unfulfill$ or is "u _! curse has only ! front portions ( 8 body pres]v$4 #8,he :o is "u an ana!ma looks yell[ & 8 f+]s are wr9kl$4 #8,he :o looks :ite has be5 excommunicat$ by div9e laws4 #8,he :o looks black has be5 excommunicat$ by a bi%op4' ,f ?is acc\nt x is manife/ t ,fa!r ,ri*>d1 ) ! exp]i5ce acquir$ by resid5ce 9 ,santor9i1 drew a di/9ction n kn[n to ,leo ,allatius betwe5 two classes ( dead p]sons4 ,^?1 :o ?\gh n subject to ! natural law ( decomposition lay quiesc5t 9 _! graves1 7 m]ely or #8drum-l'2 :ile vrykolakes prop] 7 addict$ also to p]iodical resurrection4 ,& ! extract ) :i* he concludes 8 description %[s t ! au?orities ( ! rival ,*ur* pret5d$ to p[]s ( ev5 m subtle discrim9ation betwe5 diff]5t species ( incorrupt corpses4 ,! importance ( ,fa!r ,ri*>d's di/9ction w appe> lat]2 !re 0 orig9ally a diff]5ce 9 ! usage ( ! two words1 al?\gh n precisely ! diff]5ce :i* he makes2 b by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury popul> spee* r>ely discrim9at$ betwe5 !m4 ,to ! common-folk1 ^: views ,leo ,allatius fairly pres5ts1 any body :i* 0 )held f decomposition = any cause 0 at lea/ a pot5tial vrykolakas1 ev5 if its p[] ( resurrection 0 n kn[n to h be5 ex]t$ & no act ( viol5ce _h be5 trac$ to x4 ,= fur!r atte/ation ( ! preval5ce & ! viol5ce ( ?is sup]/ition x w\ld be easy to quote _m graphic acc\nts by o!r writ]s1 su* z ,rob]t ,saug]#ige1 ano!r ,jesuit ( ,santor9i1 or ! travell] ,t\rne=t#igf4 ,b x w suffice to call z witness ,paul ,lucas1 ^: obs]vations conc]n a "p ( ! ,greek _w remote en\gh f ei!r ,*ios or ,santor9i1 ! isl& ( ,corfu4 #8,"s p]sons1' he says1 #8:o seem possess$ ( s\nd good s5se speak ( a curi\s ?+ :i* (t5 happ5s 9 ?is place1 z also 9 ! isl& ( ,santor9i4 ,accord+ to _! acc\nt dead p]sons return & %[ !mselves 9 op5 day1 go+ ev5 into ! h\ses & inspir+ great t]ror 9 ^? :o see !m4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 :5ev] "o ( ^! app>itions is se51 ! p g at once to ! cemet]y to exhume ! corpse1 :i* is !n cut 9 pieces & f9ally is burnt by s5t5ce ( ! ,gov]nors & ,magi/rates4 ,?is done1 ^! quasi-dead return no m4 ,monsieur ,angelo ,edme1 ,w>d5 & ,gov]nor ( ! isl&1 assur$ me t he himself _h pron\nc$ a s5t5ce ( ?is k9d 9 a case :]e upw>ds ( fifty reasonable p]sons 7 f\nd to te/ify to ! occurr5ce#igg4' ,! sup]/ition1 :i* _h s firm a grip ^u ! ,greeks ( two or ?ree c5turies ago1 has by no means relax$ its hold at ! pres5t day1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts made by ! high] au?orities civil & ecclesia/ical1 native & =eign1 to suppress ^? savage & gruesome c]emonies to :i* x leads4 ,! horrible sc5es ( old "t1 :5 ! suspect$ body 0 dragg$ f its grave & dismemb]$ by a panic-/rick5 & desp]ate mob1 :5 ! he>t1 z sometimes happ5$1 0 torn out & boil$ to %r$s 9 v9eg>1 or :5 ! gha/ly rema9s 7 burnt on a public bonfire1 h c]ta9ly become r>]4 ,! adm9i/rative action ( ! ,v5etians 9 ! ,ionian ,isl&s 9 requir+ pro( to be furni%$ ( ! vrykolakas' resuscitation1 & (ficial sanction to be obta9$ = exhum+ & burn+ ! body2 ! m vigor\s suppression ( su* acts by ! ,turks 9 ! ,aegean ,isl&s#igh & probably also on ! ma9l&2 ! some:at half-he>t$ condemnation ( ! sup]/ition by ! ,greek ,*ur*1 :i*1 z we %all see lat]1 ma9ta9$ ! belief 9 ! non-decomposition ( excommunicat$ p]sons & notori\s s9n]s1 hesitat$ betwe5 d5y+ & expla9+ ! fur!r notion t su* p]sons 7 liable to re-animation1 b c]ta9ly endeav\r$ to repress or to mitigate ! atrocities to :i* t notion l$2 & at ! pres5t day ! =ces ( law & ord] z repres5t$ on ! "o h& by ! police & on ! o!r by mod]n education1 ! *ief fruit ( :i* is a desire to appe> #8civilis$' 9 ! eyes ( ,europe2 all ^! influ5ces comb9$ h c]ta9ly succe$$ 9 r$uc+ ! proportions ( ! sup]/ition & curtail+ ! excesses consequ5t ^u x4 ,?us 9 "s places ! old practice ( burn+ corpses :i* fail to decompose )9 ! normal p]iod--& x mu/ be rememb]$ t exhumation aft] ?ree ye>s' burial is an e/abli%$ rite ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,greece--has be5 def9itely sup]s$$ by mild] exp$i5ts4 ,9 ,scyros ! body is c>ri$ r\nd to =ty *ur*es 9 turn & is !n re-int]r$1 :ile 9 p>ts ( ,crete1 9 ,cy?nos#igi1 &1 ,i believe1 9 "s o!r ,aegean ,isl&s ! cu/om is to transf] ! body to a grave 9 "s un9habit$ islet1 :5ce its return is b>r$ by ! int]v5+ salt wat]4 ,none ! less ! sup]/ition itself /ill holds a firm place among ! traditional beliefs ( mod]n ,greece4 ,witness ! foll[+ acc\nt ( x f a hi/ory#ihj ( ! di/rict ( ,sphaki 9 ,crete writt5 by ! head ( a mona/]y !re & publi%$ 9 #ahhh3 #8,x is popul>ly believ$ t mo/ ( ! dead1 ^? :o h liv$ bad lives or :o h be5 excommunicat$ by "s prie/ 7or1 worse /ill1 by sev5 prie/s toge!r1 #iha7 become vrykolakes#ihb2 t is to say1 aft] ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body !re ent]s into ! latt] an evil _s1 :i* takes ! place ( ! s\l & assumes ! %ape ( ! dead man & s is trans=m$ into a vrykolakas or man-demon4 #8,9 ?is guise x keeps ! body z its dwell+-place & pres]ves x f corruption1 & x runs swift z lightn+ :]ev] x li/s1 & causes m5 great al>ms at night & /rikes all ) panic4 ,& ! tr\ble is t x does n rema9 solit>y1 b makes ev]yone1 :o dies :ile x is ab\t1 l to itself1 s t 9 a %ort space ( "t x gets toge!r a l>ge & dang]\s tra9 ( foll[]s4 ,! common practice ( ! vrykolakes is to seat !mselves ^u ^? :o are asleep & by _! enorm\s weight to cause an agoniz+ s5se ( oppression4 ,!re is great dang] t ! suff]] 9 su* cases may expire1 & himself too be turn$ into a vrykolakas1 if !re be n someone at h& :o p]ceives 8 torm5t & fires (f a gun1 !reby putt+ ! blood-?ir/y mon/] to flight2 = =tunately x is afraid ( ! report ( fire-arms & retreats )\t effect+ its purpose4 ,n a few su* sc5es we h witness$ ) our own eyes4 #8,?is mon/]1 z "t goes on1 becomes m & m audaci\s & blood-?ir/y1 s t x is able completely to deva/ate :ole villages4 ,on ?is acc\nt all possible ha/e is made to annihilate ! fir/ :i* appe>s be=e x ent] ^u its second p]iod ( =ty days#ihc1 because by t "t x becomes a m]ciless & inv9cible deal] ( dea?4 ,to ?is end ! villag]s call 9 prie/s :o pr(ess to "k h[ to annihilate ! mon/]--= a consid]ation4 ,^! impo/ors proce$ aft] s]vice to ! tomb1 & if ! mon/] be n f\nd !re--= x goes to & fro mole/+ m5--!y summon x 9 au?oritative tones to ent] its dwell+-place2 &1 z soon z x is come1 x is imprison$ !re by virtue ( "s pray] & subsequ5tly breaks up4 ,) its disruption all ^? :o h be5 turn$ into vrykolakes by x1 :]ev] !y may be1 suff] ! same lot z _! lead]4 #8,?is absurd sup]/ition is rife & vigor\s ?r\gh\t ,crete & especially 9 ! m\nta9\s & seclud$ p>ts ( ! isl&4' ,s too ano!r well-in=m$ ,greek writ]1 :o has publi%$ a s]ies ( monographs ^u ! ,cyclades1 says 9 "o ( !m#ihd3 #8,! ignorant peasant ( ,&ros believes to ?is day t ! corpse c rise aga9 & d him hurt2 & is n ?is belief 9 vrykolakes g5]al ?r\gh\t ,greece8' ,to t "q ,i might )\t hesitation answ] #8yes1' ev5 on ! gr\nds ( my own exp]i5ce only2 = ! places 9 :i* ,i h he>d vrykolakes m5tion$1 n m]ely 9 popul> /ories#ihe su* z are told ev]y:]e1 b ) a v pres5t & real s5se ( dread1 include "s villages on ! we/ slopes ( ,m\nt ,pelion1 ! village ( ,leonidi on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,peloponnese1 ,&ros1 ,t5os1 ,santor9i1 & ,cephalonia4 ,! wide range & g5]al preval5ce ( ! sup]/ition 9 mod]n times be+ ?us e/abli%$1 x rema9s only to record a few rec5t cases 9 :i* ! peasants1 9 defiance ( law & ord]1 h gone ! l5g? ( exhum+ & burn+ ! suspect$ body4 ,!odore ,b5t#ihf /ates t a few mon?s be=e 8 visit to ,&ros 7some:at ov] tw5ty ye>s ago7 ! grave ( a suspect$ vrykolakas 0 op5$ by a prie/ & ! body tak5 out1 cut into %r$s1 & burnt4 ,9 ,janu>y ( #ahie at ,mantode 9 ,euboea a woman 0 believ$ to h turn$ vrykolakas & to h caus$ _m dea?s1 & ! peasants resolv$ to exhume & burn h]--b x is n /at$ :e!r ! resolve 0 actually c>ri$ out#ihg4 ,9 #ahii1 :5 ,i 0 9 ,santor9i1 ,i 0 told t two or ?ree ye>s previ\sly ! inhabitants ( ,!rasia _h burnt a vrykolakas1 & :5 ,i visit$ t isl& ! incid5t 0 n d5i$ b ! responsibility = x 0 laid ^u ! p ( ,santor9i4 ,9 #aijb !re 0 a simil> case ( burn+ at ,g\rzomisa ne> ,patras#ihh4 ,^! are c]ta9 & well-atte/$ in/ances ( ! cont9uance ( ! practice1 &1 reg>d be+ _h to ! secrecy :i* su* brea*es ( ! law necess>ily dem&1 x is n unreasonable to suppose t ev5 n[ a ye> seldom passes 9 :i* "s village ( ,greece does n disemb>rass itself ( a vrykolakas by ! traditional means1 cremation#ihi4 ,( ! causes by :i* a man is pr$ispos$ to become a vrykolakas "s m5tion has already be5 made 9 ! passages :i* h be5 cit$ f v>i\s writ]s above2 b be=e ,i conclude ?is acc\nt ( ! sup]/ition z x n[ is & has be5 s9ce ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & proce$ to analyse its composite nature1 x may be conv5i5t to give a complete li/ ( su* causes4 ,! majority ( ^! are recognis$ all ov] ,greece & are famili> to e /ud5t ( mod]n ,greek folklore1 & ,i %all n !re=e burd5 ?is *apt] ) ref]5ces to previ\s writ]s ^: obs]vations tally exactly ) my own2 = r>] & m local beliefs ,i %all ( c\rse quote my au?ority4 ,! classes ( p]sons :o are mo/ liable to become vrykolakes are3 7#a7 ,^? :o d n receive ! full & due rites ( burial4 7#b7 ,^? :o meet ) any sudd5 or viol5t dea? 7includ+ suicides71 or1 9 ,ma9a#iij1 :]e ! v5detta is /ill 9 vogue1 ^? :o hav+ be5 murd]$ rema9 unav5g$4 7#c7 ,*ildr5 conceiv$ or born on "o ( ! great ,*ur*-fe/ivals#iia1 & *ildr5 /illborn#iib4 7#d7 ,^? :o die "u a curse1 especially ! curse ( a p>5t1 or "o self-invok$1 z 9 ! case ( a man :o1 9 p]jur+ himself1 calls d[n on 8 own head all mann] ( damnation if :at he says be false4 7#e7 ,^? :o die "u ! ban ( ! ,*ur*1 t is to say1 excommunicate4 7#f7 ,^? :o die unbaptis$ or apo/ate#iic4 7#g7 ,m5 ( evil & immoral life 9 g5]al1 m p>ticul>ly if !y h dealt 9 ! black] k9ds ( sorc]y4 7#h7 ,^? :o h eat5 ! fle% ( a %eep :i* 0 kill$ by a wolf#iid4 7#i7 ,^? ov] ^: dead bodies a cat or o!r animal has pass$#iie4 ,! prov5ance & ! significance ( ^! v>i\s beliefs conc]n+ ! causes ( vampirism w be discuss$ 9 ! next section4 #b4 ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,sup]/ition4 ,,slavonic1 ,,ecclesia/ical1 ,,& ,,hell5ic ,,contributions4 ,vrykolakes are n gho/s4 ,su* is ! fir/ obs]vation :i* ,i am compell$ to make & :i* ! read] ( ! la/ *apt] might well consid] sup]flu\s4 ,b s _m ,greek writ]s1 & ) !m ev5 ,b]nh>d ,s*midt#iif1 h fall5 into ! error ( comp>+ anci5t gho/-/ories ) mod]n tales ab\t vrykolakes1 )\t app>5tly recognis+ ! ess5tial & fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 t "s insi/5ce ^u ! po9t is necess>y4 ,t a def9ite & close relation does inde$ subsi/ betwe5 ! anci5t belief 9 w&]+ spirits & ! mod]n belief 9 w&]+ corpses1 ,i readily admit1 & ) t relation ,i %all deal lat]2 b ! issue be=e u c only be kept cle> by rememb]+ t vrykolakes are n gho/s4 ,!re is absolute unanimity among ! ,greek peasants 9 _! belief t ! corpse itself is ! vrykolakas1 & ev5 ! "w ( re-animat+ ! corpse is g5]ally cr$it$ n to ! s\l :i* =m]ly inhabit$ x1 b to ! ,devil4 ,?us x appe>s t :]eas mo/ peoples believe to "s ext5t 9 ! return ( ! gho/s or spirits ( ! dead1 ! ,greeks fe> r ! return ( _! bodies4 ,if !n we c det]m9e :at "p1 if any1 ( ?is sup]/ition is g5u9ely ,hell5ic1 we %all h ga9$ a /ep 9 our k ( ! ideas popul>ly held 9 anci5t ,greece conc]n+ ! condition & ! relations ( s\l & body aft] dea?4 ,! view :i* ,i take is briefly ?is1 t ?\gh ,slavonic influ5ce is v conspicu\s 9 ! mod]n sup]/ition z ,i h describ$ x1 yet ! :ole sup]/ition has n be5 transplant$ root & bran* f ,slavonic to ,greek soil1 b ! gr[?1 z we n[ see x & z ! writ]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury saw x1 is ! result ( ! graft+ ( ,slavonic bran*es ^u an ,hell5ic /ock2 & fur!r1 t be=e t process began ! old pagan ,greek elem5t 9 ! sup]/ition _h be5 modifi$ 9 c]ta9 respects by ecclesia/ical influ5ce4 ,?is is ! view :i* ,i propose to develop 9 ?is section2 & my me?od w be to "w back f ! mod]n sup]/ition1 remov+ fir/ ! ,slavonic & !n ! ecclesia/ical elem5ts 9 x1 & s leav+ a residue ( purely ,hell5ic belief4 ,to ,slavonic influ5ce is due fir/ ( all ! actual ^w vrykolakas1 ! d]ivation ( :i* ne$ n long deta9 u4 ,patriotic attempts h inde$ be5 made by ,greeks to d5y its ,slavonic orig91 ! mo/ plausible be+ t ( ,coras#iig1 :o select+ ! local =m s\ght to id5tify x ) a suppos$ anci5t =m 7 1 71 a #8bugbe>' or #8hobgobl9' ( "s k9d4 ,b !re ne$ be no hesitation 9 pron\nc+ ?is sugge/ion wrong & 9 ass]t+ ! id5tity ( ! mod]n ,greek ^w ) a ^w :i* runs ?r\gh all ! ,slavonic languages4 ,?is ^w is 9 =m a comp\nd ( :i* ! fir/ half means #8wolf' & ! second has be5 less c]ta9ly id5tifi$ ) dlaka1 ! #8hair' ( a c[ or horse4 ,b1 h[ev] ! mean+ ( ! comp\nd has be5 obta9$1 x is1 9 ! actual usage ( all ,slavonic languages save "o1 ! exact equival5t ( our #87-wolf#iih4' ,t "o exception is ! ,s]bian language 9 :i* x is said to be> r ! s5se ( #8vampire#iii4' ,if ?is is true1 ! reason = ! transition ( mean+ lies probably 9 ! belief curr5t among ! ,slavonic peoples 9 g5]al t a man :o has be5 a 7-wolf 9 8 lifetime becomes a vampire aft] dea?#ajjj4 ,yet 9 g5]al !re is no confusion ( nom5clature4 ,al?\gh ! depr$ations ( ! 7-wolf & ( ! vampire are simil> 9 "*1 ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead is kept cle>1 & ! great mass ( ! ,slavonic peoples apply only to ! liv+ t ^w f :i* ! ,greek vrykolakas comes1 & to ! dead ! ^w :i* we h borr[$ 9 ! =m #8vampire#ajja4' ,n[ among ! ,greeks ! latt] ^w is almo/ unkn[n2 9 p>ts ( ,mac$onia inde$ :]e ! ,greek population lives 9 con/ant t\* ) ,slavonic peoples1 a =m or has be5 adopt$ & is us$ z a synonym ( vrykolakas 9 its ord9>y ,greek s5se#ajjb2 b 9 ,greece prop] & 9 ! ,greek isl&s ! ^w #8vampire' is1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 absolutely non-exi/5t1 & x is vrykolakas :i* ord9>ily d5otes ! resuscitat$ corpse4 ,9 discrim9at+ !re=e betwe5 ! ,slavonic & ! ,greek elem5ts 9 ! mod]n ,greek sup]/ition x is ( "s importance to det]m9e 9 :i* s5se ! ,greeks orig9ally borr[$ ! ^w vrykolakas :i* at ! pres5t day !y 9 g5]al employ 9 a diff]5t s5se f t :i* bo? etymology & g5]al ,slavonic usage accord to x4 ,0 x orig9ally borr[$ 9 ! s5se ( #87-wolf' or 9 ! s5se ( #8vampire'8 ,among ,slavonic peoples ! only "o said to h transf]r$ ! ^w vrykolakas f its orig9al mean+ to t ( #8vampire' is ! ,s]bian2 & ! ,greeks !re=e1 9 ord] to h borr[$ ! ^w 9 t s5se1 w\ld h _h to borr[ direct f ! ,s]bian language4 ,b l+ui/ic evid5ce r5d]s t hypo!sis unt5able4 ,all ! _m ,greek dialectic =ms ( ! ^w vrykolakas concur 9 %[+ a liquid 7 or 7 9 ! fir/ syllable2 :ile ,s]bian is among ! two or ?ree ,slavonic languages :i* h disc>d$ t liquid4 ,x foll[s !re=e t ! ,greeks borr[$ ! ^w f "s ,slavonic language o!r ?an ,s]bian1 & consequ5tly f "s language :i* us$ & /ill uses t ^w 9 ! s5se ( #87-wolf4' ,fur!r1 !re is evid5ce t 9 ! ,greek language itself ! ^w vrykolakas does ev5 n[ locally & occasionally be> its orig9al significance4 ,?is usage inde$ is flatly d5i$ by ,b]nh>d ,s*midt1 :o1 hav+ accurately di/+ui%$ ! 7-wolf & ! vampire1 /ates t #8! mod]n ,greek vrykolakas answ]s only to ! latt]#ajjc4' ,?is pron\ncem5t h[ev] 0 made 9 ! face ( two /rong pieces ( indep5d5t evid5ce to ! contr>y1 :i* ,s*midt notices & dismisses 9 a footnote#ajjd4 ,! fir/ witness is ,hanu%#ajje1 :o 0 pla9ly told by a ,greek ( ,mytil5e t !re 7 two k9ds ( vrykolakes1 ! "o k9d be+ m5 already dead1 & ! o!r /ill liv+ m5 :o 7 subject to a k9d ( somnambulism & 7 se5 abroad p>ticul>ly on moonlight nights4 ,! o!r au?ority is ,cypri5 ,rob]t#ajjf1 :o describes ! vrykolakes ( ,!ssaly & ,epirus ?us3 #8,^! are liv+ m5 ma/]$ by a k9d ( somnambulism1 :o seiz$ by a ?ir/ = blood g =? at night f _! %eph]d's-huts1 & sc\r ! c\ntry bit+ & te>+ all t !y meet bo? man & bea/4' ,to ^! two pieces ( te/imony--/rong en\gh1 x might be ?\ght1 9 _! mutual agreem5t to m]it m ?an pass+ notice & arbitr>y rejection--,i c add confirmation ( m rec5t date4 ,9 ,cyprus1 dur+ excavations c>ri$ out 9 ! spr+ ( #ahii "u ! auspices ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! directors ( ! ent]prise he>d f _! workm5 sev]al /ories deal+ ) ! detection ( a vrykolakas4 ,! outl9e ( ^! /ories 7to :i* ,t5os furni%es _m p>allels#ajjg1 ?\gh 9 ^! latt] ,i h n f\nd ! ^w vrykolakas employ$7 is z foll[s4 ,! inhabitants ( a p>ticul> village1 hav+ suff]$ f v>i\s nocturnal depr$ations1 det]m9e to keep wat* at night = ! m>aud]4 ,hav+ duly arm$ !mselves !y ma9ta9 a /rict vigil1 & are rew>d$ by see+ a vrykolakas4 ,!reupon "o ( !m ) gun or sword succe$s 9 inflict+ a w\nd ^u ! mon/]1 :i* h[ev] = ! nonce escapes4 ,b ! next day a man ( ! village1 :o _h n be5 among ! wat*]s ( ! night1 is obs]v$ to be> a w\nd exactly correspond+ ) t :i* ! assailant ( ! vrykolakas _h dealt2 & be+ tax$ ) x ! man confesses himself to be a vrykolakas4 ,simil>ly on ! bord]s ( ,aetolia & ,ac>nania1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,agr9ion1 ,i myself asc]ta9$ t ! ^w vrykolakas 0 occasionally appli$ to liv+ p]sons 9 ! s5se ( 7-wolf1 al?\gh !re z else:]e x m commonly d5otes a resuscitat$ corpse4 ,lycan?ropy1 z has be5 obs]v$ 9 a previ\s *apt]#ajjh1 is 9 ,greece (t5 imput$ to *ildr54 ,9 ! di/rict m5tion$ ?is is conspicu\sly ! case4 ,if "o or m *ildr5 9 a family die )\t evid5t cause1 ! "m w (t5 reg>d ! smalle/ or weaklie/ ( ! survivors--m especially "o 9 any way de=m$ or dem5t$--z guilty ( ! bro!rs' or si/]s' dea?s1 & ! suspect is call$ a vrykolakas4 ' 1 #8y are a vrykolakas & h dev\r$ y\r bro!r1' is ! *>ge hurl$ at ! helpless infant1 & ill-treatm5t to mat* is met$ out 9 ! hope ( det]r+ x f its blood?ir/y ways4 ,9 effect f f\r widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! ,greek _w--,mytil5e1 ,cyprus1 ! neighb\rhood ( ,agr9ion1 & ! di/rict ( ,!ssaly & ,epirus--comes "o & ! same /atem5t1 t to ! ^w vrykolakas is /ill1 or has rec5tly be51 atta*$ its etymologically correct mean+ #87-wolf'2 &1 s9ce ^! isolat$ local usages _c be expla9$ o!rwise ?an z survivals ( an usage :i* 0 once g5]al1 !y con/itute a second pro( t ! ,greeks orig9ally adopt$ ! ^w 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! va/ majority ( ! ,slavonic races cont9ue d[n to ?is day to employ x4 ,b :ile x is ?us c]ta9 t ! ,greeks fir/ le>nt & acquir$ ! ^w vrykolakas 9 ! s5se ( #87-wolf1' x is equally c]ta9 t ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! mon/] to :i* t "n is n[ appli$ are ^? ( ! ,slavonic #8vampire4' ,! appe>ance & ! habits ( ! re-animat$ corpse accord+ to ,slavonic sup]/ition diff] h>dly at all f ^? describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,inde$ ! "q is n s mu* :e!r ! ,greeks are indebt$ to ! ,slavs 9 respect ( ?is belief1 z :at is ! ext5t ( _! indebt$ness4 ,is ! :ole sup]/ition a =eign importation1 or is x only p>tly ali5 & p>tly native8 ,! =m] alt]native is r5d]$ improbable 9 ! fir/ place by ! fact t ! ,greeks h n adopt$ ! ^w #8vampire4' ,if ! :ole idea ( dead m5 rema9+ "u c]ta9 conditions incorrupt & em]g+ f _! graves to "w havoc among liv+ m5 _h be5 fir/ communicat$ to !m by ! ,slavs1 !y mu/ almo/ inevitably h borr[$ ! "n by :i* ! ,slavs describ$ ^? m54 ,b s9ce 9 fact !y did n adopt ! ,slavonic "n #8vampire1' x is probable t !y already possess$ 9 _! own language "s ^w adequate to express t idea1 & !re=e possess$ also "s native sup]/ition conc]n+ resuscitation ( ! dead :i* ,slavonic influ5ce m]ely modifi$4 ,fur!r1 !re is positive evid5ce t su* a ^w or words exi/$2 = !re h be51 & /ill are1 dialects :i* employ a ^w ( ,greek =mation 9 pref]5ce n m]ely to ! ^w #8vampire1' :i* seems to be unkn[n 9 ,greece prop]1 b ev5 to ! misappli$ ,slavonic ^w vrykolakas4 ,?us ,leo ,allatius 0 famili> ) ! ^w 1 #8drum-l1' b :e!r 9 8 day x belong$ especially to 8 native isl& ,*ios#ajji or 0 /ill 9 g5]al usage1 he does n record4 ,at ! pres5t day x survives only1 s f> z ,i "k1 9 ,cy?nos1 :]e also 1 #8incorrupt1' is us$ z ano!r synonym#ajaj4 ,f ,cy!ra are report$ ?ree names1 1 1 & #ajaa1 evid5tly ,greek 9 =mation b to me1 ,i mu/ confess1 un9telligible4 ,9 ,cyprus 7:]e1 z we h se51 ! ^w vrykolakas may /ill be> its old s5se #87-wolf'7 ! rev5ant is nam$ #ajab1 because 8 swoll5 appe>ance sugge/s t he has #8put on fle%1' or m r>ely #ajac1 p]haps ) ! idea t he has become ! #8g5ius' 77#ajad ( "s p>ticul> locality4 ,aga91 f ! village ( ,pyrgos 9 ,t5os is report$ ! ^w #ajae mean+ app>5tly "o :o #8sits up' 9 8 grave4 ,f9ally1 9 ,crete ! "n popul>ly employ$ is #ajaf1 ! orig9 ( :i* is n c]ta94 ,b]nh>d ,s*midt#ajag1 foll[+ ,koras#ajah1 d]ives x f & 7 anci5t ,greek 71 #8lose1' #8de/roy1' & w\ld h x mean accord+ly #8de/roy]4' ,i w\ld sugge/ t d]ivation f & ! root -1 #8gape1' #8yawn1' is at lea/ equally probable1 inasmu* z o!r local names su* z 1 #8drumlike1' & 1 #8fle%y1' h ref]5ce to ! mon/]'s p]sonal appe>ance1 & ! #8gap]' 9 l mann] w\ld be a "n em95tly suitable to a creature among ^: features are numb]$ by ,leo ,allatius #8a gap+ m\? & gleam+ tee?#ajai4' ,! same "n 0 "s =ty ye>s ago#ajbj1 & probably /ill is1 us$ 9 ,rhodes1 & 9 a ,rhodian poem ( ! fifte5? c5tury occurs bo? 9 its lit]al s5se & z a t]m ( abuse#ajba4 ,?is second>y usage h[ev] is 9 no way a pro( t ! ^w meant orig9ally #8de/roy]' r ?an #8gap]'2 = by ! fifte5? c5tury !re c be little d\bt t ! rev5ant 0 ev]y:]e an object ( horror1 & !re=e 8 "n1 :atev] x orig9ally meant1 furni%$ a conv5i5t t]m ( vitup]ation4 ,b "o ?+ at lea/ is cle>1 t 1 :i*ev] int]pretation ( x be "r1 is c]ta9ly a ^w ( ,greek orig9 no less ?an ! o!rs :i* ,i h enum]at$4 ,n[ all ^! dialectic ,greek names are f\nd1 x w h be5 obs]v$1 only 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,greek isl&s1 :ile on ! ma9l& vrykolakas has come to be univ]sally employ$4 ,b x 0 ! ma9l& :i* 0 p>ticul>ly expos$ to ,slavonic immigration & influ5ce1 :ile isl&s l ,crete & ,cyprus 7 practically immune4 ,h5ce1 :ile ! ma9l& gradually adopt$ a ,slavonic ^w1 x 0 likely en\gh t "s ( ! isl&s %\ld reta9 _! own ,greek t]ms1 ev5 ?\gh 9 ! c\rse ( _! relations ) ! ma9l& !y became acqua9t$ also ) ! new ,slavonic ^w4 ,^! insul> names = ! vrykolakas may !re=e be reg>d$ z survivals f a pre-,slavonic p]iod1 &1 ?\gh !y are n[ m]ely dialectic1 x is reasonable to suppose t "o or m ( !m =m]ly held a place 9 ! language ( ma9l&]s & isl&]s alike4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( su* words presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a belief 9 "s k9d ( resuscitat$ be+s d5ot$ by !m4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,greeks :5 fir/ br\ght into contact ) ! ,slavs already possess$ a belief 9 ! re-animation & activity ( c]ta9 dead p]sons1 :i* s f> resembl$ ! ,slavonic belief 9 vampirism1 t ! ,slavonic vampire c\ld be adequately d5ot$ by "s ,greek ^w or words already exi/+ & !re 0 no ne$ to adopt ! ,slavonic "n4 ,i claim !n to h e/abli%$ two important po9ts3 fir/1 t ! ^w vrykolakas 0 orig9ally borr[$ by ! ,greeks f ! ,slavs 9 ! s5se ( #87-wolf1' ?\gh n[ x is almo/ univ]sally employ$ 9 ! s5se ( #8vampire'2 secondly1 t1 :atev] ideas conc]n+ vampires ! ,greeks may h le>nt f ! ,slavs1 !y did n adopt ! ,slavonic ^w #8vampire' b employ$ "o ( ^? native ,greek words1 su* z or 1 :i* are /ill 9 local usage2 :5ce x foll[s t "s sup]/ition an5t re-animat$ corpses exi/$ 9 ,greece be=e ! com+ ( ! ,slavs4 ,^! po9ts be+ e/abli%$1 ,i am n[ 9 a position to trace ! developm5t ( ! sup]/ition 9 ,greece f ! "t ( ! ,slavonic immigrations onw>d1 & to %[ h[ x came to pass t1 :]eas 9 ! t5? c5tury1 let u say1 :5 ! ,greeks _h _h ample "t to imbibe ,slavonic sup]/itions1 vrykolakas meant a #87-wolf1' & a #8vampire' 0 d5ot$ by or "s o!r ,greek ^w1 n[adays vrykolakas almo/ always means a #8vampire' & is well-nigh obsolete4 ,! ,slavs br\ght ) !m into ,greece two sup]/itions1 ! "o conc]n+ 7-wolves & ! o!r conc]n+ vampires4 ,! old ,hell5ic belief 9 lycan?ropy 0 app>5tly at t "t weak--conf9$ p]haps to a few di/ricts only--= ! ,greeks borr[$ f ! invad]s _! ^w vrykolakas 9 ! place ( ! old #ajbb1 by :i* to express ! idea ( a #87-wolf4' ,!y also le>nt ! ,slavonic sup]/ition conc]n+ vampires1 b 9 ?is case did n borr[ ! ^w #8vampire' b express$ ! notion adequately by means ( "o ( ^? words :i* n[ survive only 9 insul> dialects--adequately1 ,i say1 b n exactly4 ,=--& "h ,i mu/ anticipate :at w be prov$ lat]--! ,greeks d5ot$ by ^? words a rev5ant b n a vampire4 ,!y believ$ 9 ! incorruptibility & ! re-animation ( c]ta9 classes ( dead m51 b !y did n impute to ^! rev5ants ! savag]y :i* is impli$ by ! "n #8vampire4' ,! dead :o return$ f _! graves act$1 x 0 held1 z reasonable m51 n z f]oci\s brutes4 ,?is did n ( c\rse exclude ! idea t a rev5ant might return to seek rev5ge :]e v5geance 0 due2 he 0 n necess>ily peaceable2 b if he exact$ ev5 ! life ( "o :o _h wrong$ him1 ! act ( v5geance 0 reasonable4 ,to ! pro( ( ?is1 z ,i h said1 ,i %all come lat] on2 "h ,i w only po9t out t ! names :i* survive 9 ! isl&-dialects are p]fectly consi/5t ) my view4 ,( ! words 1 #8drumlike1' 1 #8fle%y1' 1 #8g5ius1' 1 #8sitt+ up' 9 ! grave1 &1 if my int]pretation is "r1 1 #8gap]1' n "o sugge/s any inh]5t f]ocity 9 ! resuscitat$ dead4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ! ,greeks fir/ he>d ( ! ,slavonic #8vampire1' !y naturally reg>d$ x m]ely z a new & p>ticul>ly vici\s species ( ! g5us rev5ant4 ,_! own words = ! g5us impli$ no idea beyond t ( ! resuscitation ( ! dead1 & 7 !re=e no less applicable to ! uni=mly f]oci\s ,slavonic v>iety ?an to ! m reasonable & human type ) :i* !y !mselves 7 famili>4 ,!y !re=e did n require ! ^w #8vampire1' b 7 cont5t at fir/ to comprise all rev5ants1 :atev] _! "*1 "u "o or o!r ( ! exi/+ ,greek names4 ,subsequ5tly h[ev]1 x appe>s1 a *ange took place4 ,! ,slavonic sup]/ition conc]n+ 7-wolves includ$ !n1 we may suppose1 z x includes n[#ajbc1 ! idea t 7-wolves become aft] dea? vampires4 ,! ,greeks1 :o borr[$ f ! ,slavs ! v "n ( ! 7-wolf1 mu/ !re) h le>nt t ^! vrykolakes z !y !n call$ !m 7 among ! classes ( m5 :o 7 liable to vampirism2 & 9 ?is p>ticul> case x w\ld surely h seem$ natural to !m t ! rev5ant %\ld be conspicu\s = f]ocity4 ,! conduct ( a reasonable be+ c\ld n be expect$ aft] dea? f "o :o 9 8 lifetime _h suff]$ f lycan?ropic mania2 or r1 if !re c\ld be any reason 9 8 conduct1 ! mo/ reasonable & consi/5t ?+ w\ld be = him to turn vampire4 ,?us "o class ( rev5ants came to be di/+ui%$ 9 ! n[ composite ,greek sup]/ition by its wanton & blood-?ir/y "*2 & 9 ord] to m>k ?is di/9ction 9 spee* also ! ,greeks1 x w\ld seem1 began to call "o :o f a 7-wolf _h become a g5u9e vampire by ! same "n aft] z be=e dea?1 vrykolakas1 :ile to ! m reasonable & human rev5ants !y /ill appli$ "s su* t]m z 1 #8drumlike4' ,by ! sev5te5? c5tury ! sup]/ition _h und]gone a fur!r *ange1 :i* is reflect$ 9 ! usage ( ! ^w 4 ,9 proportion z ! horror ( real vrykolakes _h gr[n & spread1 ! v memory ( ! m innoc5t k9d ( rev5ants _h fad$1 until ! g5us rev5ant 0 repres5t$ only by ! species vrykolakas4 ,! ^w 0 inde$ /ill kn[n1 b ,leo ,allatius 0 und\bt$ly foll[+ ! popul> usage ( 8 "t :5 he made x synonym\s ) vrykolakas2 = ^? n>ratives ( ! sev5te5? c5tury f :i* ,i h quot$ above make x abundantly cle> t ! common-folk _h come to suspect all rev5ants alike ( pr$atory prop5sities4 ,?is *ange 9 popul> beliefs plac$ ! ,*ur* 9 an awkw>d pr$icam5t1 & 0 ! cause ( a m>k$ div]g5ce betwe5 ! popul> & ! cl]ical usages ( ! ^w 4 ,x _h long be5 claim$ t a s5t5ce ( excommunication 0 b9d+ ^u a man ev5 beyond dea? & c\ld arre/ ! natural process ( decomposition2 inde$ ! =mula (ficially employ$ end$1 z ,fa!r ,ri*>d ( ,santor9i notes1 ) ! phrase1 #8& aft] dea? to rema9 indissoluble4' ,b :5 ! fe> ( real vampires spread ov] ,greece1 ! prie/s w\ld naturally h be5 unwill+ to be held responsible = ! resuscitation ( su* pe/s1 :ile !y 7 equally unwill+ to dim9i% ! t]rors ( excommunication by omitt+ ! f9al imprecation4 ,_! only c\rse !re=e 0 to emphasize :at seems inde$ to h be5 always ! au?oris$ doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 t excommunicat$ p]sons rema9$ inde$ incorrupt & #8drum-l1' b 7 n1 l vrykolakes1 subject to diabolical re-animation4 ,x is ,fa!r ,ri*>d's acceptance ( ?is cl]ical view :i* expla9s :y1 writ+ z he did "s few ye>s aft] ,leo ,allatius1 he di/+ui%$ ! two words :i* ,leo _h treat$ z synonym\s1 mak+ resuscitation ! crit]ion ( ! vrykolakas & /at+ t ! #8drum-l' body1 ?\gh )held f natural decay1 lay quiet 9 its grave4 ,b ! ecclesia/ical doctr9e made no impression ^u ! popul> belief2 to ?is v day ! common-folk reg>d any corpse :i* is f\nd incorrupt z a pot5tial vrykolakas1 & excommunication is ev]y:]e numb]$ among ! causes ( vampirism4 ,?us x has come to pass t any rev5ants o!r ?an ! savage vrykolakes are well-nigh =gott51 & 9 mo/ di/ricts _! v "n is no long] he>d4 ,! ^w vrykolakes1 :i* fir/ meant 7-wolves1 came to d5ote also ! vampires into :i* 7-wolves *ang$1 & gradually1 z ^! vampires by excit+ m5's horror & conc5trat+ on !mselves ! p's att5tion became ! pr$om9ant class ( rev5ants1 ou/$ f ! v spee* ( ,greece z a :ole ! old ,greek names = ! m h>mless sort1 & e/abli%$ itself z ! regul> equival5t ( rev5ant4 ,su* is my solution ( ! some:at complex problem ( nom5clature2 & 9 pres5t+ x ,i h incid5tally /at$ my view t ! g5u9ely ,greek elem5t 9 ! mod]n sup]/ition is a belief 9 ! incorruptibility & re-appe>ance ( dead p]sons "u c]ta9 special conditions1 & t ! import$ & n[ dom9ant elem5t is ! ,slavonic belief t ! resuscitation ( ! dead r5d]s !m necess>ily pr$atory vampires4 ,?is ,i n[ h to prove4 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,slavonic vampire t 8 viol5ce is direct$ fir/ & =emo/ aga9/ 8 ne>e/ ( k94 ,! same trait is s pron\nc$ too 9 ! mod]n ,greek vrykolakas t x has giv5 rise to ! prov]b1 1 #8! vrykolakas beg9s ) 8 own be>d'--a say+ :i* c>ries a d\ble mean+1 s a peasant told me4 ,x may be tak5 lit]ally1 inasmu* z ! vrykolakas usually appe>s bald & be>dless2 b ! words 1 #88 be>d1' are popul>ly und]/ood z a sub/itute1 half jocose & half euphemi/ic1 = 1 #88 family4' ,9 o!r words1 ?is mo/ deadly ( pagan pe/s1 l ! mo/ lively ( ,*ri/ian virtues1 beg9s at home4 ,su* be+ ! ackn[l$g$ & ev5 prov]bial habits ( ! vrykolakas1 no?+1 x might be suppos$1 c\ld be m repugnant & fe>ful to ! ne> relations ( a dead man ?an ! possibility t he w\ld turn vrykolakas & return /raightway to dev\r !m4 ,! fir/ suff]]s f su* an ev5tuality w\ld be ! man's own k9sfolk1 ! next 8 acqua9tances & fell[-villag]s1 b he himself w\ld appe> to be aggressor r ?an suff]]4 ,nev]!less1 9 face ( ?is consid]ation1 !re is no m commodi\s =m ( curse 9 popul> usage ?an ! ejaculation ( a pray] t ! p]son :o has incurr$ "o's displeasure may be )held f corruption aft] dea? & return f 8 grave4 ,i h he>d x ext5d$ ev5 to a recalcitrant mule2 b x is also us$ gravely by p>5ts z an imprecation ( puni%m5t h]eaft] ^u undutiful *ildr54 ,a few samples ( ?is curse w n be out ( place1 z %[+ at once its frequ5cy & its range#ajbd4 1 #8,may ! e>? n receive him'3 1 #8,may ! gr\nd n consume him'3 #ajbe1 #8,may ! e>? n dige/ !e'3 ' #ajbf1 #8,may ! black e>? spew !e up'3 1 #8,maye/ ?\ rema9 incorrupt'3 1 #8,may ! e>? n loose !e' 7i4e4 n let ?y body decompose73 1 #8,may ! gr\nd reject !e'3 #ajbg1 #8,maye/ ?\ become 7aft] dea?7 l a log 79 solidity7'3 '' 1 #8,may ! gr\nd spew him out'--?is la/ phrase be+ made m t]rible by be+ a p>ody1 z x 71 ( ! pray] utt]$ by ! m\rn]s at e ,greek fun]al '' 1 #8,may ,god =give him4' ,su* are ! popul> =ms ( ! curse2 & ak9 to !m are ! ecclesia/ical imprecations1 ) :i* ! =mula ( excommunication us$ to end3 1 #ajbh1 #8,& aft] dea? ?\ %alt be b\nd 7i4e4 incorrupt7 et]nally1 ev5 z /one & iron'2 or1 9 a %ort] =m1 #ajbi1 #8,& aft] dea? b\nd & indissoluble4' ,"h1 x w be obs]v$1 ! ,*ur* spoke only ( incorruptibility1 b sev]al ( ! popul> expressions conta9 explicit m5tion ( resuscitation z well2 & ! v =ms ( ! curse :i* ,i h quot$ %[ h[ closely knit toge!r1 h[ almo/ id5tical1 are ^! two notions 9 ! m9d ( ! peasants4 ,t :i* ! e>? w n #8receive1' %e necess>ily #8rejects'2 t :i* %e does n #8consume' or #8dige/1' %e necess>ily #8spews up4' ,! man ^: body does n decompose is necess>ily a rev5ant4 ,n[ curses1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 among a primitive p are consid]$ z op]ative1 & n m]ely expletive2 ea* bullet ( mal$iction delib]ately aim$ is expect$ to f9d its billet2 ea* imprecation s]i\sly utt]$ has a magical p[] ( fulfill+ itself4 ,t ?is belief is firmly held by ! ,greek folk is suffici5tly prov$ by c]ta9 qua9t solemnities enact$ beside ! dea?b$4 ,x is a common cu/om#ajcj = a dy+ man to put a h&ful ( salt into a vessel ( wat]1 & :5 x is dissolv$ to spr9kle ) ! liquid all ^? :o are pres5t1 say+1 ' 1 1 #8,z ! salt dissolves1 s may my curses dissolve4' ,by ?is c]emony all p]sons :om he has curs$ are releas$ f ! bonds ( an imprecation :i* aft] dea? he w\ld no long] be able to revoke or annul4 ,!n 9 turn ! relations & fri5ds =mally pron\nce _! =giv5ess ( aught t ! dy+ man has done to _! hurt4 ,?us p>don+ & p>don$ ! sick man may expect a %ort & easy pass+2 &1 if ! dea?-/ruggle be prolong$1 x is tak5 z a sign t "s "o :om he has injur$ has n =giv5 him4 ,accord+ly ! fri5ds & k9sm51 hav+ decid$ among !mselves :o ! del9qu5t mu/ be1 s5d to fet* him1 if he be /ill liv+1 9 ord] t he too may pron\nce 8 =giv5ess & s smoo? ! passage ( ! p>t+ s\l4 ,if h[ev] he be dead1 a portion ( 8 %r\d or ( 8 a%es is br\ght & burnt1 & ! sick man1 :o ne$s 8 =giv5ess ere he c die 9 peace1 is fumigat$ ) ! smoke !refrom4 ,s9ce !n curses 9 g5]al are reg>d$ by ! ,greek folk no less ?an by o!r primitive peoples z effective in/rum5ts ( wra? :i* "w out _! own fulfilm5t1 ! p>ticul> curses :i* we are consid]+1 :5 !y are gravely utt]$1 d s]i\sly contemplate ! possibility ( ! p]son curs$ becom+ aft] dea? a rev5ant & are design$ to br+ ab\t t future /ate4 ,b1 if already at ! "t :5 su* imprecations fir/ became popul> x _h be5 believ$ t _! effect 0 to r5d] ! corpse1 ^: decay 0 arre/$ & ^: resuscitation 0 assur$1 a wanton & blood-?ir/y mon/]1 prey+ fir/ ( all ^u 8 ne>e/ ( k91 ! "q ( relation%ip or no relation%ip betwe5 ! curs] & ! curs$ w\ld necess>ily h be5 tak5 into acc\nt4 ,on ! "o h&1 :]e a man 0 9 no degree ak9 to ! object ( 8 wra?1 he w\ld h welcom$ ! opportunity ( includ+ 8 enemy's :ole family 9 8 v5geance by caus+ him to return & dev\r !m4 ,= 9 ,greece recrim9ation is :olly unsp>+1 & no man pret5d+ to any elegance or ta/e 9 ! matt] ( abuse c\ld neglect to level 8 taunts & ?reats & curses at lea/ z mu* aga9/ ! relatives--especially ! female relatives--( 8 enemy z aga9/ ! man himself4 ,j z ! t5d]e/ bless+s among ! peasants are pray]s1 n = him to :om !y wi% well1 b r = ^? :om he has lov$ & lo/1 s t ! begg>'s ?anks are (t5 #8,may ,god =give y\r fa!r & y\r "m' 7:i*1 h[ev] x may s\nd1 is n int5d$ o!rwise ?an graci\sly7 or aga91 pretti] /ill 9 its vague g5d]less plural :i* no translation c adequately r5d]1 '' 1 #8,may ,god =give y\r dead1' s ! h>%e/ & bitt]e/ ( curses are v5t$1 n ^u ! man :o has excit$ !m1 b ^u ^? :o are ne>e/ & de>e/ to him4 ,& bitt]ness 9 curs+ be+ z mu* a "p ( ! ,greek "* z g5tl5ess 9 bless+1 x is almo/ inconceivable t1 if any idea ( real vampirism _h orig9ally be5 associat$ ) rev5ants1 ! m]e/ novice 9 mal$iction c\ld h miss$ ! opportunity ( add+ to 8 imprecations ( incorruptibility & resuscitation a pray] t 8 enemy might deva/ate ) horrid c>nage ! home ( ^? :o m\rn$ him4 ,yet n "o ( ! curses :i* ,i h quot$ above sugge/s any savag]y to be %[n by ! resuscitat$ body2 n "o ( !m h9ts at ! blood-?ir/y pr$atory "* ( ! mod]n vrykolakas2 nay1 mo/ significant ( all1 n "o ( !m conta9s ! ^w vrykolakas1 nor h ,i ev] he>d or f\nd record$1 s f> z ,i c rememb]1 any =m ( ! curse 9 :i* t ^w appe>s#ajca4 ,n[ ?is is c]ta9ly n due to any difficulty ( language 9 us+ ! ^w1 = !re is a conv5i5t en\gh v]b =m$ f x1 1 #8,i turn vampire1' & 1 #8,may y turn vampire1' %\ld comm5d itself z bo? sonor\s & comp5di\s4 ,! reason :y all m5tion & all ?\ght ( ! ord9>y vrykolakas are lack+ 9 ^! curses mu/ r be t1 :5 !y fir/ came into vogue1 rev5ants 7 n yet cr$it$ ) ! savage "* :i* "u ,slavonic influ5ce !y aft]w>ds acquir$2 & t1 :5 ! ^w vrykolakas 0 introduc$1 ! old traditional =ms ( curse und]w5t no modification1 b 7 b&i$ to & fro by boys ) ! same glib uni=mity z by _! fa!rs be=e !m4 ,!y _h be5 ca/ 9 set =ms be=e ! idea ( vampirism _h be5 introduc$ & :5 m5 believ$ only 9 reasonable & usually h>mless rev5ants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! curs] 0 ak9 to ! curs$1 ! ne>] ! tie ( blood ! m incompreh5sible w\ld be ! attitude ( "o :o by an imprecation %\ld recall f ! grave s malignant a ?+ z ! mod]n vrykolakas1 only to fall himself p]haps ! fir/ victim to its blood-?ir/9ess4 ,if ! phrase #8,may ! e>? reject !e' _h sugge/$ any?+ beyond simple resuscitation1 if !re _h be5 any resemblance 9 "* betwe5 ! ,greek rev5ant & ! ,slavonic vampire1 su* an imprecation w\ld h be5 impossible :]e close k9%ip exi/$2 x w\ld at once recoil ) fatal =ce ^u ! curs]'s own head2 above all1 t mo/ solemn curse1 ! curse ( p>5t ^u *ild1 w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to #8come home to roo/'2 & yet ! use ( su* p>5tal imprecations is bo? celebrat$ 9 ballad & n unkn[n1 ,i am told1 9 actual exp]i5ce4 ,once m !n ! use ( ^! curses is explicable only on ! hypo!sis t ! orig9al ,greek rev5ants 7 n ! =midable mon/]s n[ kn[n z vrykolakes1 & t1 :5 "u ,slavonic influ5ce ! popul> conception ( !m *ang$1 ! old set phrases ( comm9ation--co9s1 z x 71 ( spee*1 /ruck 9 ! m9t ( ! orig9al sup]/ition--cont9u$ curr5t 9 spite ( _! inconsi/5cy ) ! new ideas4 ,^! colloquial survivals ( ! orig9al ,greek sup]/ition are at once a pro( & a measure ( its lat] contam9ation4 ,! ,greeks _h believ$ 9 reasonable human rev5ants2 ! ,slavs taught !m to believe 9 bruti% inhuman vampires4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by ! ballad to :i* ,i h j ref]r$2 9 x a "m's imprecation recalls h] son f ! grave2 ! rev5ant1 :o is ! protagoni/ 9 a mo/ dramatic /ory1 is1 z w be se51 ( ! type :i* ,i claim to h be5 ! orig9al ,greek type & exhibits no ,slavonic traits4 ,! ballad#ajcb1 :i* z an important docum5t ,i translate at l5g?1 runs z foll[s3 ,"m ) *ildr5 ri*ly ble/1 n9e sons & "o de> daught]1 ,! d>l+ ( ?y he>t 0 %e1 & fondly did'/ ?\ t5d h]2 ,= full twelve ye>s ?\ gu>d$/ h]1 & ! sun look$ n on h]1 ,b 9 ! dusk ?\ ba!d/ h]1 by moonlight trim'd/ h] tresses1 ,by ev5+-/> & morn+-/> h] curls 9 ord] sette/4 ,& lo6 a message br\ght to !e1 f ,babylon a message1 ,bidd+ !e w$ ?y *ild af>1 af> 9 a /range c\ntry2 ,eight ( h] bre?r5 w x n1 b ,con/ant9e do? he>k53 --#8,nay1 "m1 s5d ?9e ,aret1 s5d h] to t /range c\ntry1 ,t c\ntry :i!r ,i too f>e1 t l& :]e9 ,i w&]1 ,t ,i may f9d me com=t !re1 t ,i may f9d me lodg+4' --#8,prud5t art ?\1 my ,con/ant9e1 yet ill-conceiv$ ?y c\nsel3 ,if !re o'ertake me dea?1 my son1 if !re o'ertake me sickness1 ,if !re hap bitt]ness or joy1 :o %all g br+ h] to me8' ,he made ! ,sa9ts 8 witnesses1 he gave h] ,god = surety1 ,if p]adv5ture !re come dea?1 if haply !re come sickness1 ,if !re hap bitt]ness or joy1 himself w\ld g & br+ h]4 ,n[ :5 !y _h s5t ,aret to w$ 9 ! /range c\ntry1 ,!re came a ye> ( heav9ess1 a mon? ( ,god's displeasure1 ,& !re befell ! ,pe/il5ce1 t ! n9e bre?r5 p]i%$2 ,lone z a will[ 9 ! pla91 lone1 desolate _! "m4 ,ov] eight graves %e beats h] brea/1 o'er eight makes lam5tation1 ,b f ! tomb ( ,con/ant9e %e te>s ! v grave-/ones3 --#8,rise1 ,i adjure !e1 ,con/ant9e1 'tis ,aret ,i long =2 ,?\ made/ ! ,sa9ts ?y witnesses1 ?\ gave/ me ,god = surety1 ,if !re hap bitt]ness or joy1 ?yself w\ld'/ g & br+ h]4' ,=? f ! m\nd t cov]$ him ! /]n adjur+ drave him2 ,he takes ! cl\ds to be 8 /e$1 ! />s to be 8 bridle1 ,! moon = escort on 8 road1 & goes 8 way to br+ h]4 ,he leaves ! m\nta9s 9 8 wake1 he ga9s ! heights be=e him1 ,he f9ds h] 'nea? ! moonlight fair comb+ h] gold5 tresses4 ,e'en f af> he bids h] hail1 cries f af> 8 message3 --#8,up1 ,aretola1 up & come1 = lo6 our "m ne$s !e4' --#8,alack1 alack1 de> bro!r m9e1 :at *ance ha? !n befall58 ,if haply 'tis an h\r ( joy1 let me g don my jewels1 ,if bitt]ness1 speak1 ,i w come & t>ry n = rob+4' --#8,up1 ,aretola1 up & come1 & t>ry n = rob+4' ,beside ! way :]eon !y pass$1 beside ! road !y travell$1 ,!y he>d ! s++ ( ! birds1 !y he>d ! birds a-say+3 --#8,:o ha? e'er se5 a maid5 fair by a dead man escort$8' --#8,did/ he>1 my bro!r ,con/ant9e1 :at ?+ ! birds are say+8 8,:o ha? e'er se5 a maid5 fair by a dead man escort$80' --#8,nay1 fooli% birds1 let !m s+ on1 nor he$ _! idle *att]4' ,anon z !y w5t f>+ on1 yet o!r birds 7 call+3 --#8,:at woeful sight is ?is we see1 s pite\s & s pla9tive1 ,t lo6 z comrades on _! way1 ! dead escort ! liv+8' --#8,did/ he>1 my bro!r ,con/ant9e1 :at ?+ ! birds are say+8 8,t lo6 z comrades on _! way1 ! dead escort ! liv+40' --#8,nay1 :at are birds8 let !m s+ on1 nor he$ _! idle *att]4' --#8,ah1 b ,i fe> !e1 bro!r m9e1 ?\ sav\re/ ( c5s+4' --#8,nay1 at ! *apel ( ,sa9t ,john we ga!r$ ye/] ev51 ,& ! good fa!r hall[$ u ) inc5se beyond measure4' ,& yet aga9 z !y f>$ on1 yet o!r birds 7 cry+3 --#8,o ,god1 great ,god omnipot5t1 great wond]s art ?\ work+2 ,s graci\s & s fair a maid ) a dead man consort+6' --#8,did/ he>1 my bro!r ,con/ant9e1 :at ?+ ! birds are say+8 ,tell me1 :]e are ^? locks ( ?9e1 ?y trimly-set mu/a*io8' --',twas a sore sickness fell on me1 nigh unto dea? x br\ght me1 ,& spoil$ me ( my gold5 locks1 my trimly-set mu/a*io4' ,lo6 !y are come2 b lock$ _! home1 ! door fa/ b>r$ & bolt$1 ,& all ! w9d[s ( _! home 9 spid]-webs en%r\d$4 --#8,op'n1 pri!e1 op51 "m m9e1 'tis ,aret ?y daught]4' --#8,an ?\ art ,*>on1 g ?y way1 = ,i h no m *ildr52 ,my "o1 my little ,aret1 bides f> 9 ! /range c\ntry4' --#8,op'n1 pri!e1 op51 "m m9e1 'tis ,con/ant9e t calls !e2 ,i made ! ,sa9ts my witnesses1 ,i gave !e ,god = surety1 ,if !re hap bitt]ness or joy1 myself w\ld g & br+ h]4' ,sc>ce _h %e pass$ to ope ! door1 & lo6 h] s\l pass$ f h]4 ,! v]sions ( ?is ballad :i* h be5 collect$ are v num]\s#ajcc1 & "s ( !m diff] s widely f o!rs 9 language z n to h a s+le l9e 9 common4 ,t :i* ,i h select$ = translation is "o ( ! mo/ complete1 pres5t+ fairly all ! ess5tial po9ts ( ! /ory1 & free f ! ecc5tricities :i* "s v]sions h develop$4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be all[$ t "h ! "m's curse is only impli$ by h] action ( te>+ up ! grave/ones & adjur+ ,con/ant9e to rise1 :]eas 9 "o or two v]sions1 o!rwise inf]ior1 x is cle>ly & =cibly express$4 ,?us 9 "o#ajcd h] words run3 1 1 1 ' 4 #8,may ,con/ant9e become z rock1 yea ev5 z /one1 & h no loos+ 7i4e4 dissolution71 = t he s5t my ,areto to a /range l&4' ,& 9 ano!r#ajce3 1 ' ' 4 #8,may all my o!r sons h 8loos+0 & ,con/ant9e be n 8loos$10 = t he let my ,aret be tak5 af> to a /range c\ntry4' ,aga91 ano!r v]sion#ajcf ends1 n ) ! arrival ( ,aret 9 "t to close h] dy+ "m's eyes1 b ) ! revok+ ( ! curse ^u ,con/ant9e 9 gratitude = ! fulfilm5t ( 8 oa?3 #8 ' '4' ' 4 #8,may ! e>? :]e ?\ lie/ loose !e & ?y tomb consume !e4' ,sc>ce _h %e f9i%$ h] spee* & he became b a h&ful ( e>?4 ,cle>ly !n ! curse1 :i* 9 ?is /ory is conceiv$ z b9d+ ,con/ant9e's body & driv+ him =? f ! grave & :i* mu/ be revok$ be=e 8 body c be loos$ by natural decay1 is "o ( t class :i* we h be5 consid]+2 b ! /ory conf]s ! fur!r advantage ( lett+ u see su* a curse 9 op]ation4 ,con/ant9e is pres5t$ z a rev5ant1 b n ( ! mod]n type2 = :at turn mu/ ! /ory h tak5 if he _h be5 a normal vrykolakas8 ,8 fir/ act w\ld h be5 to dev\r 8 ne>e/ ( k9--8 "m1 :o 0 te>+ up 8 grave-/ones & curs+ him3 & 8 next1 if he _h tr\bl$ to g z f> z ,babylon1 to make a l end ( ,aret4 ,& :at d we actually f9d8 ,con/ant9e acts n only z a reasonable man 9 seek+ to allay 8 si/]'s suspicions1 b also z a good man 9 keep+ 8 oa?4 ,he is driv5 =? f ! grave on a que/ :i* 79 mo/ v]sions ( ! /ory7 e>ns him no ?anks f ^? :om he b5efits2 he does 8 we>y mission & 79 mo/ v]sions7 goes back aga9 to ! cold grave f :i* ! curse _h rais$ him4 ,our sympa?y is engag$ by ,con/ant9e no less ?an by 8 "m4 ,he too is a suff]]1 fir/ /rick5 d[n 9 8 y\? by pe/il5ce1 & !n curs$ because 8 oa? rema9$ unfulfill$4 ,he claims our pity1 & 9 ?is diff]s fundam5tally f ! ord9>y vrykolakas :i* c\ld only excite our horror4 ,fur!rmore x is notewor?y t 9 ! _m v]sions ( ?is poem1 j z 9 ! popul> curses :i* ,i h quot$1 ! ^w vrykolakas is n[h]e f\nd#ajcg4 ,h5ce ,i am incl9$ to believe t ! orig9al poem1 f :i* h come s _m mod]n v]sions1 diff]+ widely 9 _m respects1 b agree+ completely 9 ! exclusion bo? ( ! ,slavonic ^w vrykolakas & ( all ! sugge/ions ( horror :i* surr\nd x1 0 compos$ 9 a p]iod ant]ior to ! intrusion ( ,slavonic ideas2 & t ! mod]n v]sions !re=e1 :i* prove _! fidelity to ! _s ( ! orig9al precisely by hav+ refus$ admittance to any?+ ,slavonic1 furni% t :i* we are seek+1 ! purely & g5u9ely ,greek elem5t 9 ! n[ composite sup]/ition4 ,t ,greek elem5t !n is ! conception ( ! rev5ant z a suff]] des]v+ ev5 ( pity1 ! v anti!sis 9 "* ( ! ,slavonic vampire1 an aggressor excit+ only loa?+ & horror4 ,9 ! composite mod]n ,greek sup]/ition1 z describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! ,slavonic elem5t is cle>ly pr$om9ant4 ,b ! conclusion to :i* my analysis ( ! sup]/ition has n[ l$1 expla9s :at w\ld o!rwise h be5 almo/ inexplicable1 ! exi/5ce ( a few /ories 9 :i* ! rev5ant1 ?\gh call$ vrykolakas1 is none ! less repres5t$ z h>mless or ev5 amiable4 ,"o su* case is m5tion$ 9 ,fa!r ,ri*>d's n>rative#ajch--! case ( a %oemak] 9 ,santor9i1 :o hav+ turn$ vrykolakas cont9u$ to frequ5t 8 h\se1 m5d 8 *ildr5's %oes1 draw wat] at ! res]voir1 & cut wood = ! use ( 8 family2 & ?\gh x is add$ t ! p became fright5$ & exhum$ & burn$ him1 ?is 0 only a measure ( precaution dictat$ by _! exp]i5ce ( o!r vrykolakes2 no *>ge 0 br\ght aga9/ ?is p>ticul> rev5ant4 ,x might also be suppos$ t ! vrykolakes ( ,amorgos1 m5tion$ next 9 ! same n>rative1 :o 7 se5 9 op5 day five or six toge!r 9 a field fe$+ app>5tly on gre5 beans1 7 ( ! less noxi\s k9d2 b !y may ( c\rse h be5 c>nivor\s also4 ,ano!r /ory1 rec5tly publi%$#ajci1 records h[ a native ( ,ma9a1 also a %oemak] by trade1 hav+ turn$ vrykolakas issu$ f 8 grave e night except ,saturday1 resum$ 8 "w1 & cont9u$ to live ) 8 wife1 ^: pregnancy =c$ h] to reveal ! tru? to h] neighb\rs4 ,:5 once ?is 0 kn[n1 _m accusations1 x is true1 7 br\ght aga9/ ! vrykolakas2 b ! /ory at lea/ recognises "s dome/ic & human traits 9 8 "*4 ,b a mu* m rem>kable tale#ajdj is told ( a field-lab\r] ( ,samos :o 0 s devot$ to ! f>m] = :om he work$1 t :5 he di$ he became a vrykolakas & cont9u$ secretly to give 8 s]vices4 ,at night he w\ld g to ! f>m-build+s1 take out ! ox5 f _! /all1 yoke !m1 & pl\gh ?ree acres :ile 8 ma/] slept2 9 ! daytime an equal piece ( "w 0 done by ! ma/]--s t incid5tally ! ox5 7 ne>ly kill$4 ,! neighb\rs h[ev] hav+ _h _! suspicions ar\s$ by ! rapidity ( ! "w1 :i* ! f>m] himself c\ld 9 no wise expla91 kept wat* "o night1 & hav+ detect$ ! vrykolakas op5$ 8 grave1 f\nd him1 z w\ld be expect$1 :ole & incorrupt1 & burn$ him4 ,su* /ories z ^! te/ify t ! old & purely ,greek conception ( rev5ants is n q ext9ct ev5 9 places :]e ! only "n = !m is ! ,slavonic ^w vrykolakes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,slavonic elem5t 9 ! mod]n sup]/ition hav+ be5 n[ remov$1 x rema9s to consid] :at 0 ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds ! ,greek belief 9 rev5ants & :at effect h] tea*+ _h ^u x4 ,i h already po9t$ out t ! ,jesuit1 ,fa!r ,ri*>d1 discrim9at$ betwe5 vrykolakes & c]ta9 bodies call$ #8drums1' :i* 7 f\nd incorrupt aft] _m ye>s ( burial4 ,?is di/9ction he _h no d\bt le>nt f cl]gy ( ! ,greek ,*ur*2 =1 :ile ! common-folk held t ^? :om ! e>? did n receive & consume 7 necess>ily eject$ by h]1 or1 9 o!r words1 t a dead man ^: body did n decay 0 necess>ily also a rev5ant1 ! ,*ur* di/+ui%$1 z we %all see1 betwe5 belief 9 incorruptibility & belief 9 resuscitation1 inculcat+ ! =m]1 & v>y+ betwe5 condonation & condemnation ( ! latt]4 ,^! two ideas mu/ !re=e be h&l$ sep>ately4 ,! incorruptibility ( ! body ( any p]son b\nd by a curse 0 made a def9ite doctr9e ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur*4 ,9 an ecclesia/ical manuscript1 se5 by ,fa!r ,ri*>d1 7 specifications ( ! discoloration & o!r unpleasant symptoms by :i* ! precise quality ( t curse--p>5tal1 episcopal1 & s =?--:i* _h arre/$ ! decay ( a corpse might be diagnos$2 & 9 "o ( ! =ms ( absolution :i* may be read ov] any corpse f\nd 9 su* a condition !re is a clause :i* provides = all possible cases )\t requir+ exp]t diagnosis3 #8,yea1 ,o ,"l our ,god1 let ,?y great m]cy & m>vell\s compassion prevail2 &1 :e!r ?is ,?y s]vant lie? "u curse ( fa!r or "m1 or "u 8 own imprecation1 or did provoke "o ( ,?y holy m9i/]s & su/a9$ at 8 h&s a bond t ha? n be5 loos$1 or did incur ! mo/ griev\s ban ( excommunication by a bi%op1 & ?r\gh he$lessness & slo? obta9$ n p>don1 p>don ,?\ him by ! h& ( me ,?y s9ful & unwor?y s]vant2 resolve ,?\ 8 body into t f :i* x 0 made2 & /abli% 8 s\l 9 ! tab]nacle ( sa9ts#ajda4' ,b ! curse to :i* ! ,*ur* naturally gave mo/ prom95ce & atta*$ mo/ weight 0 ! ban ( excommunication2 & !re=e1 consi/5tly ) ! accept$ doctr9e1 ! =mula ( excommunication end$ by s5t5c+ ! (f5d] to rema9 :ole & undissolv$ aft] dea?--a condition f :i* ! body 0 n fre$ unless & until absolution 0 read ov] x & ! decree ( excommunication !reby resc9d$4 ,?is doctr9e 0 held to h ! au?ority ( ,*ri/'s own tea*+#ajdb4 ,! p[] :i* 0 conf]r$ ^u ! apo/les 9 ! words1 #8,:atsoev] ye %all b9d on e>?1 %all be b\nd 9 heav52 & :atsoev] ye %all loose on e>?1 %all be loos$ 9 heav5#ajdc1' 0 believ$ to h be5 s transmitt$ to _! successors1 ! bi%ops#ajdd ( ! ,*ur*1 t !y too _h ! faculty ( b9d+ & loos+ m5's bodies--t is1 ( arre/+ or promot+ _! decomposition aft] dea?4 ,su* an int]pretation ( ! text 0 facilitat$ by ! v simplicity ( its word+2 = 1 9 mod]n ,greek 1 #8loose1' expresses equally well ! ideas ( dissolution & ( absolution1 :ile 1 9 mod]n ,greek 1 #8b9d1' embraces _! respective opposites4 ,a nomocanon de excommunicatis#ajde1 promulgat$ 9 explanation ( ! fact t excommunication sometimes fail$ to produce its expect$ result1 pres5ts cle>ly ! au?oris$ doctr9e & at ! same "t illu/rates effectively ! tw(old usage ( ! words #8loos+' & #8b9d+4' #8,conc]n+ excommunicat$ p]sons1 ! :i* suff] excommunication by _! bi%ops & aft] dea? are f\nd ) _! bodies 8n loos$0 774 #8,c]ta9 p]sons h be5 ju/ly1 reasonably1 & lawfully excommunicat$ by _! bi%ops1 z transgressors ( ! div9e law1 & h di$ 9 ! /ate ( excommunication )\t am5d+ _! ways & receiv+ =giv5ess1 & h be5 buri$1 & 9 a %ort "t _! bodies h be5 f\nd 8loos$0 77 & sund]$ bone f bone4444 #8,n[ ?is is exce$+ m>vell\s t he :o ha? be5 lawfully excommunicat$ %\ld aft] 8 dea? be f\nd ) 8 body 8loos$0 7 7 & ! jo9ts !re( sund]$4444' ,?is #8exce$+ m>vell\s' occurr5ce 0 !re=e submitt$ to ! consid]ation ( le>n$ div9es1 ^: v]dict 0 to ! effect t any excommunicat$ p]son ^: body did n rema9 :ole _h no m hope ( salvation1 because he 0 no long] 9 a /ate to be #8loos$' & =giv5 by ! bi%op :o _h excommunicat$ him#ajdf1 b _h become already #8an inh]itor ( ev]la/+ torm5t4' #8,b1' cont9ues ! nomocanon =mulat$ by ^! !ologians1 #8!y t are f\nd excommunicate1 to wit1 ) _! bodies :ole & 8n loos$0 771 ^! /& 9 ne$ ( =giv5ess1 9 ord] t ! body may atta9 unto fre$om f ! 8bond0 77 ( excommunication4 ,= ev5 z ! body is f\nd 8b\nd0 77 9 ! e>?1 s is ! s\l 8b\nd0 77 & torm5t$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,devil4 ,& :5soev] ! body receive =giv5ess & be 8loos$0 77 f excommunication1 by p[] ( ,god ! s\l likewise is fre$ f ! h&s ( ! ,devil1 & receive? ! life et]nal1 ! light t ha? no ev5+1 & ! joy ineffable4' ,! :ole doctr9e ( ! physical results bo? ( excommunication & ( absolution appe>$ to ,leo ,allatius to be indisputable1 & he m5tions#ajdg sev]al notable cases 9 :i* ! tru? ( x 0 demon/rat$4 ,a?anasius1 ,metropolitan ( ,imbros1 is quot$ z record+ h[ at ! reque/ ( citiz5s ( ,?asos he read ! absolution ov] sev]al incorrupt bodies1 #8& be=e ! absolution 0 ev5 f9i%$ all ! corpses 7 dissolv$ into du/4' ,a simil> case 0 t ( a conv]t$ ,turk :o 0 subsequ5tly excommunicat$ at ,naples1 & _h be5 dead "s ye>s be=e he obta9$ absolution & dissolution at ! h&s ( two ,metropolitans4 ,m rem>kable /ill 0 a case 9 :i* a prie/1 :o _h pron\nc$ a s5t5ce ( excommunication1 aft]w>ds turn$ ,mohamm$an1 :ile ! victim ( 8 curse1 ?\gh he _h di$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 rema9$ #8b\nd4' ,! matt] 0 report$ to ! ,patri>* ,raphael1 & at 8 in/ance ! ,turk1 ?\gh aft] mu* demur1 read ! absolution ov] ! ,*ri/ian's body1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! read+1 #8! swell+ ( ! body w5t d[n1 & x turn$ completely to du/4' ,! ,turk !reupon embrac$ ,*ri/ianity once m1 & 0 put to dea? = do+ s4 ,mo/ graphic ( all is a /ory attribut$ to "o ,malaxus#ajdh4 ,! ,sultan hav+ be5 in=m$--among o!r evid5ces ( ! p[] ( ,*ri/ianity--t ! bodies ( ! excommunicat$ nev] obta9$ dissolution till absolution 0 read ov] !m1 bade seek out su* an "o & absolve him4 ,! ,patri>* ( ! "t accord+ly made enquiries1 :i* result$ 9 8 he>+ ( a prie/'s wid[ :o _h be5 excommunicat$ by a pr$ecessor1 ! ,patri>* ,g5nadius4 ,h] /ory 0 t hav+ be5 rebuk$ by him = pro/itution %e publicly *>g$ him ) an attempt to s$uce h]4 ,g5nadius _h answ]$ ! *>ge by pray+ al\d "o ,sunday 9 ! pres5ce ( all ! cl]gy1 t1 if h] accusation 7 true1 ,god w\ld p>don h] all h] s9s & give h] happ9ess h]eaft] & let h] body1 :5 %e di$1 dissolve2 b1 if ! *>ge 7 sl&] & calumny aga9/ himself1 !n by ! w & judgem5t ( ,almighty ,god he ex]cis$ 8 p[] ( sev]+ h] f ! communion ( ! fai?ful1 to rema9 unp>don$ & incorruptible4 ,=ty days aft]w>ds %e _h di$ ( dys5t]y & hav+ be5 buri$ rema9$ incorrupt4 ,exhum$ at ! ,sultan's in/ance ! body 0 f\nd to be /ill s\nd & :ole1 ( a d>k col\r & ) ! sk9 /ret*$ l ! p>*m5t ( a drum4 ,x 0 !n remov$ & kept = a c]ta9 "t "u ! ,sultan's seal1 until ! ,patri>* decid$ to absolve x4 ,z he read ! absolution ! crackl+ ( ! body z x broke up c\ld be he>d f )9 ! c(f94 ,x 0 !n aga9 kept = a few days "u ! ,sultan's seal1 & :5 f9ally ! c(f9 0 op5$ ! body 0 f\nd #8dissolv$ & decompos$1 hav+ at la/ obta9$ m]cy4' ,& ! ,sultan 0 s impress$ by ! miracle t he is record$ to h exclaim$1 #8,c]ta9ly ! ,*ri/ian religion is true beyond all "q4' ,su*like /ories1 toge!r ) ! =mula ( excommunication & ! nomocanon above quot$1 prove conclusively t ! ,*ur* did n m]ely acquiesce 9 "o "p ( ! popul> sup]/ition b au?oritatively sanction$ x & utilis$ x = h] own ends4 ,! incorruptibility ( ! dead body "u c]ta9 conditions 0 made an article ( fai? & an in/rum5t ( t]rorism1 :i*1 z w appe> lat]#ajdi1 ! ill-educat$ peasant-prie/s did n scruple to wield widely z an inc5tive to baptism1 a det]r5t f apo/asy1 & a *all5ge to rep5tance4 ,! "n by :i* ecclesia/ical writ]s designat$ a p]son ^: body 0 ?us #8b\nd' by excommunication1 0 "o :i* has already be5 expla9$1 #ajej or1 9 ano!r =m1 #ajea--swoll5 until ! sk9 is z tight z a drum4 ,?is ^w1 :i* n[ survives1 s f> z ,i "k1 only 9 "o isl&1 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 to judge by ,leo ,allatius' ref]5ce to x1 0 c]ta9ly less common ?an ! ^w vrykolakas1 _h probably at "o "t1 be=e ,slavonic influ5ce 0 felt1 belong$ to ! popul> z well z to ! ecclesia/ical vocabul>y2 & x 01 ,i suspect1 borr[$ by ! ,*ur* f popul> spee* at ! same "t z %e borr[$ f popul> sup]/ition ! idea ( dead bodies be+ #8b\nd' & )held f corruption by a curse4 ,at :at date ?is appropriation took place ,i _c det]m9e2 b x mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 be=e ,slavonic influ5ce 0 widely felt2 =1 :5 once ! ,greek rev5ant _h acquir$ ! baneful *>act]i/ics ( ! ,slavonic vampire1 ! cl]gy w\ld surely nev] h claim$ z a new ?+ ! p[] to #8b9d' ! dead by excommunication1 :5 ! laity 7& inde$ _m ( _! own call+ too7 believ$ t p]sons s #8b\nd' became rampant & rav5+ vrykolakes4 ,! belief mu/ !re=e h be5 incorporat$ 9 ecclesia/ical doctr9e at a "t :5 ! ,greek p spoke ( ! incorrupt dead z 1 #8drumlike1' & conceiv$ ( !m z reasonable rev5ants4 ,! process by :i* ! belief came to obta9 ! sanction ( ! ,*ur* is n h>d to guess4 ,! ambiguity ( ! words 1 #8loose1' & 1 #8b9d1' may well h be5 ! />t+-po9t4 ,if1 on ! "o h&1 ! apo/les1 or ! bi%ops :o succe$$ !m1 treat$ c]ta9 s9s z #8hav+ no =giv5ess nei!r 9 ?is _w nor ! _w to come1' & 9 ! ex]cise ( _! p[] to b9d & to loose includ$ 9 _! =mula ( excommunication "s su* phrase z ,leo ,allatius records1 1 #8& aft] dea? nev] to be 8loos$0' 7mean+ !reby #8absolv$'72 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,greek p 7 h]$it>ily famili> ) a pagan belief t ! dead bodies ( p]sons :o lay "u a curse 7 n #8loos$' 79 ! s5se ( #8dissolv$'72 !n ! common-folk = _! "p w\ld necess>ily h und]/ood ! ecclesia/ical curse z a s5t5ce ( #8non-dissolution'2 :ile ! cl]gy w\ld h be5 less ?an ,greek if !y _h n se51 & m ?an ,greek if !y _h n seiz$1 ! h&le :i* popul> sup]/ition gave !m1 & by add+ to _! accu/om$ =mula 7 1 #8aft] dea? nev] to be 8loos$0'7 su* app>5tly innoc5t words z #ajeb1 #8ev5 z /one & iron1' sub/itut$ ! idea ( #8dissolution' = t ( #8absolution' & def9itely committ$ ! ,*ur* to ! old pagan doctr9e4 ,if ?is conjecture z to ! process by :i* ! popul> belief became an article ( ! ,or?odox fai? be correct1 a fur!r sugge/ion may be made z to ! date at :i* ! process began4 ,if ! ^w #8loos+' 0 misund]/ood by ! ,greeks :5 us$ 9 ! =mula ( excommunication1 x w\ld equally h be5 misund]/ood 9 ! words ( ,*ri/1 #8,:atsoev] ye %all b9d on e>?1 %all be b\nd 9 heav52 & :atsoev] ye %all loose on e>?1 %all be loos$ 9 heav5#ajec4' ,0 x !n ! k t ^! words 7 commonly mis9t]pret$ by ! ,greeks :i* l$ ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel to reproduce !m 9 a less equivocal =m3 8,:osesoev] s9s ye remit1 !y are remitt$ unto !m2 & :osesoev] s9s ye reta91 !y are reta9$#ajed08 ,?is w\ld indicate an e>ly date inde$4 ,yet ! date matt]s little z comp>$ ) ! ma9 fact t ! ecclesia/ical doctr9e ( ! incorruptibility ( excommunicat$ p]sons 0 at "s "t borr[$ f paganism4 ,! o!r half ( ! popul> sup]/ition1 namely t ^? ^: bodies 7 #8b\nd' by excommunication or o!rwise1 & :om ! e>? did n #8receive1' 7 eject$ by h] & re-appe>$ z rev5ants1 caus$ ! ,*ur* "s emb>rassm5t4 ,sometimes ! alleg$ resuscitation ( su* p]sons 0 condemn$ z a m]e halluc9ation ( timor\s & sup]/iti\s m9ds2 at o!r times x 0 accept$ z a fact & expla9$ z a "w ( ! ,devil design$ to lead m5 a/ray1 & act+ ^u ?is idea ! cl]gy (t5 l5t _! s]vices to absolve & to dissolve ! suspect$ corpse4 ,leo ,allatius#ajee reflects bo? ^! views & %[s _! effect ^u ! conduct ( ! cl]gy4 ,aft] describ+ ! actual appe>ance ( su* bodies1 :i* ga9$ = !m ! "n 1 #8drumlike1' he introduces ! second half ( ! sup]/ition by say+ t into su* bodies ! devil ent]s1 & issu+ f ! tomb goes ab\t work+ all mann] ( de/ruction2 & he adds t :5 ! body is exhum$1 #8! prie/s recite pray]s1 & ! body is ?r[n on a burn+ pyre2 be=e ! supplications are f9i%$1 ! jo9ts ( ! body gradually fall ap>t1 & all ! rema9s are burnt to a%es4' ,yet %ortly aft]w>ds he /ates1 #8,?is belief is n ( fre% & rec5t gr[? 9 ,greece2 9 anci5t & mod]n times alike m5 ( piety :o h receiv$ ! confessions ( ,*ri/ians h tri$ to root x out ( ! popul> m9d4' ,!re is a cle> contra/ betwe5 ! conduct ( #8! prie/s' 9 "o passage & t ( ! #8m5 ( piety' 9 ! o!r4 ,! cl]gy did n z a body adopt a s+le & consi/5t attitude t[>ds ! popul> sup]/ition4 ,simil> inconsi/5cy m>ks ! nomocanon conc]n+ vrykolakes1 f :i* ,i h giv5 selections along ) ! re/ ( ,leo's acc\nt 9 ! la/ section2 ^! passages1 = conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce1 are "h repeat$3 #8,conc]n+ a dead man1 if su* be f\nd :ole & incorrupt1 ! :i* !y call vrykolakas444 #8,x is impossible t a dead man become a vrykolakas save x be t ! ,devil1 wi%+ to delude "s t !y may d ?+s unmeet & incur ! wra? ( ,god1 make? ^! port5ts & (t-times at night cause? m5 to imag9e t ! dead man :om !y knew be=e come? & speake? ) !m1 & 9 _! dreams too !y see visions4 ,o!r times !y see him 9 ! road1 walk+ or /&+ /ill1 &1 m ?an ?is1 he ev5 ?rottles m54 #8,!n !re is a commotion & !y run to ! grave & dig to see ! rema9s ( ! man 444 & ! dead man--"o :o has long be5 dead & buri$--appe>s to !m to h fle% & blood & nails & hair 444 & !y collect wood & set fire to x & burn ! body & d away ) x altoge!r4444' ,!n1 aft] d5y+ aga9 ! reality ( su* ?+s :i* exi/ 1 9 imag9ation only1 ! nomocanon cont9ues3 #8,b "k t :5 su* rema9s be f\nd1 ! :i*1 z we h said1 is a "w ( ! ,devil1 ye mu/ summon ! prie/s to *ant an invocation ( ! ,"m ( ,god1 444 & to p]=m memorial s]vices = ! dead ) fun]al meats4' ,! self-contradiction ( ! pron\ncem5t is expos$ 9 ! phrases :i* ,i h italicis$4 ,cle>ly if su* rema9s are f\nd & ! dead man is s affect$ by ! "w ( ! ,devil t special s]vices = 8 repose#ajef are requir$1 ! !ory ( halluc9ation is unt5able4 ,b ?is v inconsi/5cy ( ! nomocanon1 ?\gh accord+ to ,allatius x is ( unc]ta9 au?or%ip1 proves x1 z ,i w %[1 a v valuable docum5t ( ! ,*ur*'s traditional tea*+ on ?is matt]4 ,s4 ,ana/asius ,s9aita1 :o became bi%op ( ,antio* 9 #efa & di$ 9 #eii1 ref]s to rev5ants 9 a passage :i*1 lit]ally r5d]$1 runs z foll[s#ajeg3 #8,aga9 x appe>s t devils1 by means ( false prophets :o obey !m & ) _! aid "w signs & heal bodily diseases to ! delusion ( !mselves & o!rs1 pres5t ev5 a dead man z ris5 aga91 & 79 8 p]son7 talk ) ! liv+1 9 imag9ation 7 74 ,= a devil ent]s into ! dead body ( ! man1 & moves x1 pres5t+ ! dead man ris5 aga9 z x 7 9 answ] to ! fooli% pray] ( ! deceiv]4 ,& ! evil _s talks z x 7 9 ! p]son ( ! dead man ) him :om he is delud+1 tell+ him su* ?+s z he himself wi%es to tell & answ]+ also fur!r que/ions4444' ,9 ?is passage ,ana/asius is cle>ly ?9k+ ( rev5ants call$ up by sorc]]s2 9 8 "t1 :5 ! fir/ ,slavonic invad]s _h only j ent]$ ,greece & any?+ l fri5dly int]c\rse betwe5 ! two races 0 /ill a ?+ ( ! future1 ! conception ( a real vampire 0 n yet kn[n to ! ,greeks ( ,greece prop]1 mu* less to ^? ( ,antio*2 & x is easy !re=e to believe t ! call+ up ( h>mless rev5ants 0 !n a recognis$ dep>tm5t ( wit*craft1 :i* aft]w>ds lo/ its attractions4 ,! p>ticul> circum/ances h[ev] to :i* ,ana/asius ref]s are ( m9or importance2 ! int]e/ ( ! passage lies 9 its inconsi/5cy ( ?\ght1 :i* results inde$ 9 a c]ta9 confusion ( language2 = to say t #8x appe>s t devils 444 pres5t ev5 a dead man z ris5 aga91 & talk ) ! liv+ 9 imag9ation1' w\ld be n a little obscure1 if ! context did n ?r[ light ^u ! mean+4 ,m lucidly express$ ! ideas are ^!3 m5 see a dead p]son app>5tly ris5 f 8 grave & able to talk ) !m2 ! rais+ ( ! dead is ! "w ( a devil 7^: modus op]&i is describ$ 9 ! second s5t5ce72 ! talk+ is also done by ! devil 7z expla9$ 9 ! ?ird s5t5ce72 & f9ally ! :ole ?+ is an halluc9ation4 ,"h !n are ! same contradictory doctr9es z 9 ! nomocanon2 ! resuscitation ( ! dead man is ! "w ( a devil :o ent]s into ! corpse & moves x & raises x f ! grave2 & yet x is ! #8imag9ation' ( ! m5 :o see x :i* is at fault4 ,b x c be no casual co9cid5ce t ,s4 ,ana/asius 9 ! six? c5tury & a nomocanon :i* 0 quot$ z au?oritative 9 ! sev5te5? attempt$ to comb9e two incompatible doctr9es conc]n+ ! re-appe>ance ( ! dead4 ,r is x pro( t f a v e>ly age ! ,*ur* rema9$ halt+ betwe5 two op9ions2 & ! attitude adopt$ t[>ds ! sup]/ition by ! cl]gy1 "s ( :om1 accord+ to ,leo ,allatius1 _h long tri$ to root x out ( ! popul> m9d1 :ile o!rs r5d]$ aid 9 absolv+ suspect$ corpses1 naturally v>i$ accord+ z !y p]sonally believ$ t rev5ants 7includ+ vrykolakes7 7 a figm5t ( ! p's imag9ation or a real "w ( ! ,devil4 ,n[ ( ^! two ecclesia/ical views1 :i* are really alt]native & incompatible al?\gh attempts 7 made to comb9e !m1 ! =m] has cle>ly _h little or no effect ^u ! p2 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( ! #8m5 ( piety :o receiv$ ! confessions ( ,*ri/ians#ajeh' to extirpate ! sup]/ition1 x rema9s vigor\s1 z we h se51 d[n to ?is day4 ,b ! explanation ( ! ph5om5on z a "w ( ! ,devil 0 readily ent]ta9$2 ev5 educat$ m5 7 conv9c$ ( x4 #8,x is ! height ( folly1' says ,leo ,allatius1 speak+ = himself1 #8to d5y altoge!r t su* bodies are sometimes f\nd incorrupt 9 ! graves1 & t by use ( !m ! ,devil1 if ,god p]mit him1 devises horrible plans to ! hurt ( ! human race'2 & simil>ly ,fa!r ,ri*>d op5s 8 acc\nt ( vrykolakes ) ! /atem5t t ! ,devil sometimes works by means ( dead bodies :i* he pres]ves 9 _! entirety & re-animates4 ,z = ! common-folk1 ! explanation accord$ s well ) ! diabolical *>act]i/ics ( ! vrykolakas t !y c\ld h>dly h fail$ to accept x4 ,! popul>isation ( ?is view is well illu/rat$ by a local int]pretation set ^u a cu/om :i* ,i h already discuss$1 ! s-call$ cu/om ( #8,*>on's obol4' ,i h %[n t ! practice ( plac+ a co9 or o!r object 9 ! m\? ( ! dead cont9ues d[n to ! pres5t day2 t ! classical notion1 t ! co9 0 int5d$ z paym5t = ! f]ryman ( ! ,/yx1 0 only a tempor>y & probably local mis9t]pretation ( ! cu/om2 & t ! co9 or o!r object employ$ 0 really a *>m design$ to prev5t any evil _s f ent]+ 7or possibly ! s\l f re-ent]+7 ! dead body4 ,n[ 9 ,*ios & 9 ,rhodes ?is orig9al int5tion has n be5 =gott51 & is comb9$ ) ! belief 9 vrykolakes4 ,9 ! =m] isl& ! woman :o prep>es ! corpse = burial places on its lips a cross ( wax or cotton-/uff1 & ! prie/ also dur+ ! fun]al s]vice prep>es a fragm5t ( pott]y to be laid 9 ! same place by m>k+ on x ! sign ( ! cross & ! lett]s ,i4 ,x4 ,n4 ,k4 7 1 #8,jesus ,*ri/ conqu]s'71 bo? ( !m ) ! av[$ purpose ( prev5t+ any evil _s f ent]+ ! dead body & mak+ ( x a vrykolakas#ajei4 ,9 ,rhodes a piece ( anci5t pott]y1 inscrib$ ) ! same words b m>k$ ) ! p5tacle#ajfj in/ead ( ! cross1 is plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! dead = ! same purpose#ajfa4 ,cle>ly !n 9 ^! two isl&s ?is ecclesia/ical view has be5 fully accept$ by ! p2 & :at ,i c illu/rate by cu/oms 9 ^! cases ,i "k to be equally true ( ,greece 9 g5]al4 ,:5ev] an explanation is s\ght ( ! resuscitation ( ! dead1 ! answ]1 if any be =?com+1 lays ! responsibility = x on ! ,devil4 ,?is op9ion1 z ,i h said1 is abundantly ju/ifi$ by ! conduct ( mod]n vrykolakes2 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x 0 held also1 by ! ,*ur* at any rate1 9 ! pre-,slavonic age :5 rev5ants 7 ( a less diabolical "*4 ,! actual practice ( excommunication 0 ?\ght to h be5 in/itut$ by ,/ ,paul#ajfb1 :o twice speaks ( #8deliv]+ p]sons unto ,satan#ajfc4' ,! e>ly ecclesia/ical int]pretation ( ?is phrase is cle>ly giv5 by ,!odoretus#ajfd2 comm5t+ ^u ! s5t5ce1 8,to deliv] su* an "o unto ,satan = ! de/ruction ( ! fle%1 t ! _s may be sav$ 9 ! day ( ! ,"l ,jesus10 he draws special att5tion to ! fact t ! body1 & n ! s\l1 is to be subject$ to diabolic affliction1 & !n adds1 #8,we are taught by ?is1 t ^? :o are excommunicat$1 t is to say1 sev]$ f ! body ( ! ,*ur*1 w be assail$ by ! devil :5 he f9ds !m void ( grace4' ,9 o!r words1 ! bodily puni%m5t inflict$ by ! act ( excommunication 0 #8possession' by ! devil4 ,n[ ,!odoretus1 x is true1 says no?+ 9 ?is passage z to ! cont9uance ( ! puni%m5t aft] dea?4 ,b cle>ly if demoniacal possession 0 ! effect ( excommunication1 & if also1 z we h se51 ! s5t5ce ( excommunication rema9$ valid aft] dea?1 x mu/ h foll[$ t ! dead body no less ?an ! liv+ body 0 possess$ ( ! devil2 & if ! devil 9 possession ( ! corpse *ose to agitate x & drive x out ( ! grave1 ! dead demoniac 0 at once a rev5ant4 ,!re is !re=e "s probability t1 ?\gh ! ,*ur* nev] ?reat5$ ! excommunicat$ ) resuscitation b only ) incorruptibility1 %e may at a v e>ly date h (f]$ ?is explanation ( _! alleg$ re-appe>ance2 & ! !ory ( diabolical ag5cy may h ga9$ popul> approval f ! fir/2 = resuscitation 0 orig9ally view$ by ! ,greek p z a calamity befall+ ! dead man1 n z a s\rce ( dang] to ! liv+2 & !re=e an ecclesia/ical doctr9e1 t x 0 by deliv]+ an (f5d] unto ,satan t ! curse ( ! ,*ur* r5d]$ him a rev5ant1 w\ld h be5 felt to be a p]fectly satisfactory1 if novel1 explanation ( ! process by :i* a kn[n cause1 imprecation1 produc$ its kn[n effect1 resuscitation4 ,b1 :atev] ! date at :i* ! !ory ( diabolical possession 0 fir/ develop$ & dissem9at$1 ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,*ur* only1 0 responsible = x4 ,! ,devil is a ,*ri/ian conception1 j z ! vampire is ,slavonic4 ,bo? mu/ g1 if ! mod]n sup]/ition is to be /ripp$ ( its accretions1 & ! g5u9ely ,hell5ic elem5ts discov]$4 ,:at !n rema9s8 ,simply ! belief t ! bodies ( c]ta9 classes ( p]sons did n decay away 9 _! graves b return$ !refrom1 & ! feel+ t su* p]sons 7 suff]]s des]v+ ( pity4 ,:at !n 7 ! classes ( p]sons s affect$1 accord+ to ! orig9al ,greek sup]/ition8 ,! classes n[ reg>d$ z liable to become vrykolakes 7 enum]at$ at ! end ( ! la/ section4 ,b bo? ,slavonic & ,*ri/ian influ5ces h be5 felt "h1 z 9 ! re/ ( ! sup]/ition4 ,i mu/ !re=e take ^? classes "o by "o1 & indicate ! orig9 ( ea*4 ,none ( !m w require long discussion2 _! prov5ance is 9 _m cases self-evid5t4 7#a7 ,^? :o h n receiv$ ! full & due rites ( burial4 ,"h !re c be no reason = suppos+ any ali5 influ5ce2 on ! contr>y1 ! high importance atta*$ by ! anci5t ,greeks to fun]al-rites is ev]y:]e app>5t4 ,x 0 ^! :i* ,patroclus' _s return$ to implore2 ^! :i* ,antigone risk$ h] life to give4 ,! s9 ( ,clytemne/ra culm9at$ 9 t %e #8d>$ to bury h] husb& )\t m\rn+ or lam5tation#ajfe'--;an ess5tial "p ( ! ,greek fun]al2 & aga9 9 hi/orical times ,lys&]'s hon\r 0 t>ni%$ n s mu* because he put to dea? "s prison]s ( w>1 b because #8he did n ?r[ e>? ev5 ^u _! dead bodies#ajff4' ,:at effect su* neglect 0 anci5tly believ$ to h ^u ! dead is a "q to be consid]$ lat]2 b ! g5]al idea is pla9ly ,hell5ic4 7#b7 ,^? :o meet ) any sudd5 or viol5t dea? 7includ+ suicides71 or1 9 ,ma9a1 :]e ! v5detta is /ill 9 vogue1 ^? :o hav+ be5 murd]$ rema9 unav5g$4 ,! mo/ important elem5t 9 ?is class is =m$ by ^? :o h be5 murd]$1 especially :51 z 9 ,ma9a1 !y are believ$ to return f ! grave ) ! purpose ( seek+ rev5ge ^u _! murd]]s4 ,su* an idea1 z w be %[n lat]1 is ?or\ghly consonant ) anci5t views ( bloodguilt4 ,b x appe>s also f a passage ( ,lucian#ajfg t any #8viol5t' or #8sudd51' z oppos$ to #8natural1' dea? 0 commonly held to deb> ! victim f re/ no less effectually ?an actual murd]4 ,! :ole class may !re=e be accept$ z ,hell5ic1 & may probably be consid]$ to h always compris$ all p]sons ^: lives 7 cut %ort sudd5ly be=e _! prop] h\r _h come4 7#c7 ,*ildr5 conceiv$ or born on "o ( ! great ,*ur*-fe/ivals1 & *ildr5 /ill-born4 ,! fir/ division ( ?is class may be v>i\sly expla9$2 ei!r ! *ild may be suppos$ to suff] = ! s9 committ$ by its p>5ts on a day :5 ! ,*ur* enjo9s cont95ce1 or else ! notion1 t *ildr5 born betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ,epiphany are subject to lycan?ropy#ajfh & !re=e also1 accord+ to ,slavonic views1 to vampirism1 has become associat$ ) o!r *ur*-fe/ivals also4 ,*ildr5 /ill-born are probably to be numb]$ among victims ( #8sudd5' dea?4 ,?us ! fir/ division1 be+ ( ecclesia/ical or ,slavonic orig91 is to be set aside2 ! second may probably be includ$ 9 a l>g] ,hell5ic class already consid]$2 nei!r !re=e requires any fur!r discussion4 7#d7 ,^? :o die "u a curse1 especially ! curse ( a p>5t1 or "o self-invok$1 z 9 ! case ( a man :o 9 p]jur+ himself calls d[n on 8 own head all mann] ( damnation if :at he says be false4 ,! dread :i* a curse1 above all a p>5t's curse1 excit$ 9 ! anci5t ,greeks is well kn[n4 ,no "o c h read ,aes*ylus' /ory ( ! h\se ( ,atreus1 nor foll[$ ) ,sophocles ! =tunes ( ,o$ipus & 8 *ildr51 )\t p]ceiv+ !re9 ! work+ ( a curse t claims fulfilm5t & _c be av]t$4 ,! idea !re=e "h involv$ is purely ,hell5ic4 7#e7 ,^? :o die "u ! ban ( ! ,*ur*1 t is to say1 excommunicate4 ,?is class is an ecclesia/ical v>iety ( ! la/4 7#f7 ,^? :o die unbaptis$ or apo/ate4 ,! apo/ate is ( c\rse ipso facto excommunicate1 ev5 ?\gh no =mal s5t5ce h be5 pron\nc$ aga9/ him4 ,! unbaptis$ h probably be5 includ$ by prie/craft = purposes ( intimidation2 baptism is commonly held to prev5t *ildr5 f becom+ 7-wolves1 & !re=e also vrykolakes at dea?4 7#g7 ,m5 ( evil & immoral life 9 g5]al1 m p>ticul>ly if !y h dealt 9 ! black] k9ds ( sorc]y4 ,cl]ical influ5ce is cle>ly disc]nible "h1 b is n1 ,i ?9k1 responsible = ! :ole idea4 ,a /ory f ,zacyn?os#ajfi records h[ ! trea*]\s murd]] ( a good man 0 fir/ smitt5 by a ?und]bolt s t he lo/ bo? 8 sight & 8 reason1 & aft] 8 dea? 0 turn$ by ,god into a vrykolakas z a puni%m5t = 8 crime1 & has s rema9$ = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,"h1 9 spite ( ! ^w vrykolakas be+ us$1 ! rev5ant is repres5t$1 l ,con/ant9e 9 ! popul> ballad1 z a suff]]4 ,?is idea has be5 %[n to be pre-,slavonic--& incid5tally x is n a little curi\s t ! /ory itself claims to date f a ?\s& ye>s ago1 :5 ?is idea 0 only beg9n+ to be ou/$ by ,slavonic sup]/ition4 ,b if ! idea ( #8puni%m5t' is old1 ! idea t ! puni%m5t 0 m]it$ by a crime mu/ be equally old4 ,= ?is reason1 & = o!rs :i* w be develop$ lat]1 ,i hold t ! p]petrators ( c]ta9 deadly s9s 7 f e>ly times reg>d$ z accurs$ & subject to ! same puni%m5t z befell ^? on :om a curse _h actually be5 call$ d[n4 ,! ,*ur*1 ,i ?9k1 m]ely add$ to ! numb] ( ^? s9s1 & at ! same "t und]took ! task ( pron\nc+ 9 _m cases ! curse :i* !y _h e>n$4 7#h7 ,^? :o h eat5 ! fle% ( a %eep :i* 0 kill$ by a wolf4 ,?is class is purely ,slavonic 9 orig94 ,to become a 7-wolf 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ eat5 fle% :i* a wolf's fangs h infect$ ) madness is to a simple m9d rational en\gh2 & a 7-wolf becomes aft] dea? a vampire4 ,fur!r ! belief1 s f> z ,i "k1 belongs only to ,elis1 "o ( ! di/ricts :]e ,slavonic asc5dancy 0 mo/ complete & cont9u$ longe/4 7#i7 ,^? ov] ^: dead bodies a cat or o!r animal has pass$4 ,?is class also is ,slavonic4 ,! jump+ ( a cat ov] a dead body is /ill believ$ by "s ,slavonic peoples to be a cause ( vampirism#ajgj1 :ile 9 ,greece ! idea is r>e & local only4 ,?us out ( ! _m conditions by :i*1 9 mod]n belief1 a man is pr$ispos$ to turn vrykolakas1 only ?ree c be g5u9ely ,hell5ic3 fir/1 lack ( burial2 second1 a sudd5 or viol5t dea?2 & ?ird1 a p>5tal or o!r curse1 or su* s9 z r5d]s a man accurs$4 ,! rev5ant !re=e 0 reg>d$1 z we inf]r$ also f ! /ory ( ,con/ant9e & ,aret1 z a suff]]4 ,8 suff]+ might be ! result ( pure mis*ance1 z 9 ! case ( sudd5 dea?1 or ( neglect on ! "p ( ^? ^: duty x 0 to lam5t & to bury him1 or aga9 ( "s s9 ( 8 own :i* _h m]it$ a curse4 ,b :e!r he 0 ! victim ( %e] mis=tune or ( puni%m5t1 he 0 /ill a suff]]1 an object to excite ! pity ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 al?\gh 9 special cases1 z :5 he _h be5 murd]$ or _h n receiv$ ! la/ (fices ( love at ! h&s ( 8 k9sfolk1 he might reasonably be fe>$ by ^? :o _h injur$ him z an av5g]4 ,s9ce !n 9 ! pre-,slavonic p]iod ! g5]al feel+ t[>ds rev5ants 0 a feel+ ( pity1 ! treatm5t ( !m 9 t p]iod requires inve/igation4 ,/>t+ once m f ! mod]n sup]/ition1 we f9d t ! treatm5t ( vrykolakes by ! ,greeks diff]s widely f t accord$ by ! ,slavs to vampires4 ,! ,slavonic me?od is g5]ally to pi]ce ! suspect$ corpse ) a /ake ( asp5 or :ite?orn1 tak+ c>e to drive x "r ?r\gh ! he>t at "o bl[4 ,! usual ,greek me?od is to burn ! body4 ,! ,greeks !re=e1 :o le>nt f ! ,slavs all t is mo/ horrible 9 _! conception ( vrykolakes1 none ! less ?\ght t !y knew a bett] way ( dispos+ ( ^! new-f\nd pe/s ?an t :i* 0 practis$ by _! tea*]s4 ,conv9c$ by =eign influ5ce ( ! dang]1 !y reli$ on a native me?od ( obviat+ x4 ,!y w\ld n impale ! vrykolakas2 !y w\ld burn him4 ,cle>ly !re mu/ h be5 "s /rong conviction & assurance 9 ! he>t ( a p :o1 fre%ly p]suad$ ( ! p]il ?reat5+ !m at ! h&s ( s loa?ly & savage a mon/]1 yet *ose to pursue _! own me?od ( combat+ x r ?an to adopt ! =eign & repugnant practice ( impal+ ! dead4 ,t conviction pla9ly 0 t cremation1 by ensur+ ! imm$iate & complete dissolution ( ! body1 put an end to all relations ( ! dead ) ! liv+2 & _! confid5ce 9 x c only h be5 bas$ ^u _! own exp]i5ce 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ,greek species ( rev5ants4 ,cremation !n 0 ! means by :i* ! ,greek folk _h always be5 wont to succ\r ^? ( ! dead :o suff]$ f incorruptibility & resuscitation4 ,su* a cu/om w\ld n1 s f> z ,i c judge1 h enc\nt]$ any s]i\s ecclesia/ical opposition4 ,! ,*ur*1 x is true1 9 h] e>li] days _h condemn$ cremation z a pagan rite1 & ) ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity inhumation became ! ord9>y rite4 ,b 9 ! case ( ^? :o1 hav+ be5 buri$1 yet return$ f ! grave1 s9ce ! ,*ri/ian rite _h prov$ ( no avail1 "s concession to pagan traditions w\ld h be5 natural4 ,_m ( ! cl]gy1 z we h se51 condon$ cremation 9 ! case ( vrykolakes z a measure ( self-def5ce2 surely !y w\ld equally h all[$ x z an act ( *>ity to m innoc5t m5 to :om ! e>? _h d5i$ dissolution & dea? _h br\ght no repose4 ,?us ! actual cu/om ( burn+ dates f ! pre-,slavonic era2 x is only ! motive ( ! act :i* is *ang$4 ,=m]ly m5 felt pity = ! rev5ant1 & s\ght to promote 8 dissolution 9 ord] to release him f a /ate ( suff]+2 n[1 z = "s c5turies pa/1 m5 feel only horror ( ! vrykolakas1 & seek to promote 8 dissolution 9 ord] to release !mselves f a /ate ( p]il4 ,h5ce no d\bt came ! m horrible b>b>ities occasionally inflict$ on ! corpse2 to te> out ! he>t1 to boil x 9 v9eg>1 to te> ! body to %r$s--^! are ! acts ( a panic-/rick5 & v9dictive p eag] to torm5t _! foe be=e annihilat+ him4 ,b 9 ! old cu/om ( cremation !re 0 no?+ inhumane2 x 0 ! m]ciful act ( a p :o _h compassion ^u ! unquiet dead & gave to !m1 9 solicitude = _! welf>e1 t boon ( bodily dissolution by :i* alone !y 7 f9ally sev]$ f ! liv+ & admitt$ to ! _w ( ! dep>t$4 #c4 ,,rev5ants ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,greece4 ,! ,slavonic & ! ecclesia/ical elem5ts h n[ be5 remov$ f ! mod]n ,greek sup]/ition1 & ! ,hell5ic residue is briefly ?is3 ! human body sometimes rema9s incorruptible 9 ! e>?1 & 9 ?is /ate is liable to resuscitation2 p]sons s affect$ /& z x 7 halfway betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead1 resembl+ ! =m] :5 !y walk ! e>?1 & ! latt] :5 !y are ly+ quiet 9 _! graves or1 if unburi$1 else:]e2 dur+ _! p]iods ( resuscitation !y act z reasonable human be+s1 b _! :ole condition is pitiable1 & ! mo/ humane way ( treat+ !m is to burn _! bodies2 dis9tegration be+ ?us secur$1 !y return no m to ?is _w1 b are numb]$ among ! dep>t$4 ,fur!r ! causes ( su* a condition are ?reefold--lack ( burial1 sudd5 dea?1 & execration or deadly s9 des]v+ ( x4 ,! only "q :i* we h left unsolv$ is t ( ! ag5cy by :i* ! body is resuscitat$4 ,! ,devil is n[ held responsible2 b ! ,devil is a ,*ri/ian1 n a pagan1 conception4 ,my purpose 9 ! pres5t section is1 fir/1 to v]ify by ! aid ( classical lit]ature ! conclusions :i* h be5 rea*$1 &1 secondly1 to solve ! "o problem :i* rema9s4 ,!re is1 s f> z ,i "k1 only "o /ory 9 anci5t lit]ature :i* conta9s any?+ l a full acc\nt ( a rev5ant4 ,?is is relat$ by ,phlegon#ajga1 a fre$man ( ,hadrian2 & ! n>rator pr(esses to h be5 an eye-witness ( ! occurr5ces :i* he describes4 ,9 8 /ory are embodi$ mo/ ( ^? v ideas :i* on :olly o!r gr\nds h be5 argu$ to =m ! g5u9e ,hell5ic elem5t 9 ! mod]n sup]/ition conc]n+ vrykolakes1 & ,i %all !re=e reproduce x at l5g?4 ,un=tunately h[ev] ! beg9n+ ( ! /ory is lo/1 & !re) possibly ! cause assign$ = ! /range conduct ( ! resuscitat$ corpse :i* plays ! h]o9e's "p4 ,:at rema9s ( ! /ory op5s abruptly ) a weird sc5e 9 ! gue/-*amb] ( ! h\se ( ,demo/ratus & 8 wife ,*>ito4 ,_! daught] ,phil9nion _h be5 dead & buri$ some:at less ?an six mon?s1 :5 "o ev5+ %e 0 obs]v$ by h] old nurse 9 ! gue/-*amb]1 :]e a "y man nam$ ,ma*ates 0 lodg$1 to all appe>ances alive4 ,! nurse at once ran to ! girl's p>5ts & bade !m come ) h] & see _! *ild4 ,*>ito h[ev] 0 s ov]come by ! tid+s t %e fir/ fa9t$ & !n wept hy/]ically = h] lo/ daught] & f9ally began to abuse ! old woman1 call+ h] mad & ord]+ h] out ( ! room2 b ! nurse expo/ulat$ ) _s1 & ,*>ito at la/ w5t ) h]4 ,9 ! mean:ile h[ev] ,phil9nion & h] lov] _h retir$ to re/1 s t :5 ! "m arriv$ %e c\ld n obta9 a good view ( h]2 b f ! peep :i* %e got ( ! girl's clo!s & ! %ape ( h] face %e ?\ght t %e recognis$ h] daught]4 ,!n1 feel+ t %e c\ld n at t h\r asc]ta9 ! tru? ( ! matt]1 %e decid$ to keep quiet until morn+1 & !n to rise betimes & surprise ! girl if /ill !re1 or1 fail+ t1 to extort f ,ma*ates ! :ole tru?4 ,b :5 dawn came ! girl _h gone away unobs]v$1 & ,*>ito began to take ,ma*ates to task1 tell+ him ! :ole /ory & implor+ him to confess ! tru? & to keep no?+ back4 ,! "y man 7:o seems to h be5 unaw>e t ,*>ito _h lo/ a daught] nam$ ,phil9nion7 0 mu* di/ress$1 & at fir/ w\ld only admit t su* 0 inde$ ! "n ( ! girl :om !y _h se52 b aft]w>ds he told ! :ole /ory ( ! girl's visits to him1 m5tion+ t %e _h said t %e came )\t h] p>5ts' k4 ,to confirm 8 /ory1 he produc$ ! gold r+ :i* %e _h giv5 him & h] brea/-b& :i* %e _h left beh9d on ! previ\s night4 ,^! 7 at once recognis$ by ,*>ito z hav+ belong$ to h] daught]1 & ) a l\d cry %e r5t h] clo!s & loos$ h] hair & ?rew h]self ^u ! gr\nd beside ! tok5s & began mak+ lam5tation anew4 ,h] example 0 soon foll[$ by o!rs ( ! family z if 9 prep>ation = a fun]al1 & ,ma*ates1 at 8 wits' end h[ to quiet !m1 promis$ to let !m see ! girl if %e %\ld come to him aga94 ,t night accord+ly !y kept wat*1 & at ! usual h\r ! girl came1 w5t into ,ma*ates' room1 & sat d[n ^u ! b$4 ,! "y man himself 0 n[ anxi\s to le>n ! tru?2 he c\ld n :olly cr$it ! supposition t x 0 a dead woman :o _h come s regul>ly1 & :o _h eat5 & drunk ) him & la9 at 8 side1 & ?\ght r t ! real ,phil9nion's tomb _h be5 robb$ & ! booty sold to ! fa!r ( ! girl1 :oev] %e might be1 :o visit$ him4 ,no soon] !re=e 0 %e come ?an he quietly summon$ ! wat*]s4 ,! girl's p>5ts at once ent]$1 & 7 = a :ile dumb ) a/oni%m5t at ! sight ( h]1 & !n ?rew _! arms r\nd h] ) l\d cries4 ,!n said ,phil9nion1 #8,o my "m & fa!r1 x 0 wrong ( y to grudge me ?ree days ) ?is man "h 9 my own home & do+ no h>m4 ,& s1 because ( y\r m$dlesom5ess1 y %all m\rn = me anew1 & ,i %all g away aga9 to my appo9t$ place4 ,= x is by div9e cons5t t ,i h done ?us4' ,sc>cely _h %e spok5 :5 %e became a corpse & h] body lay /ret*$ ^u ! b$ 9 ! sight ( all4 ,confusion & l\d lam5tation at once ensu$1 & be=e long ! rum\r _h got ab\t ! t[n & 0 report$ to ! n>rator ( ! /ory1 ,phlegon1 :o appe>s to h held "s (ficial position4 ,to him at any rate x fell to keep ord] dur+ ! night among ! excit$ t[nsfolk1 & e>ly next morn+ he 0 pres5t at a cr[d$ meet+ 9 ! !atre1 at :i* x 0 decid$ to inspect fir/ ( all ! family vault 9 :i* ,phil9nion _h be5 laid4 ,! vault hav+ be5 op5$1 on all ! %elves1 save t appropriat$ to ,phil9nion1 7 f\nd bodies or bones2 b on h]s !re 0 no?+ except an iron r+ belong+ to ,ma*ates & a gilt cup--pres5ts :i* %e _h receiv$ f him at h] fir/ visit4 ,horror-/rick5 ! p>ty left ! vault & w5t /raight to ,demo/ratus' h\se1 & 9 ! gue/-*amb] saw ! girl /ret*$ ^u ! floor4 ,!nce !y return$ to ano!r public assembly z cr[d$ z ! fir/1 at :i* "o ,hyllus1 :o 0 reput$ n only ! be/ se] ( ! place b also a clev] div9]#ajgb & possess$ ( a compreh5sive k ( o!r bran*es ( ! pr(ession1 advis$ t ! girl's body %\ld be tak5 outside ! b\nd>ies ( ! t[n & %\ld be burnt to a%es--x 0 inexp$i5t1 he said1 = h] to be buri$ 9 ! t[n--& t c]ta9 propitiatory rites1 accompani$ by a g5]al purification1 %\ld be paid to ,h]mes ,*?onios & ! ,eum5ides4 ,! /range episode end$ ) ! acceptance ( ?is advice by ! t[nspeople & ! suicide ( ,ma*ates4 ,?is /ory 0 kn[n to ,fa!r ,ri*>d ( ,santor9i#ajgc1 :o recognis$ 9 x an anci5t case p>allel to "s :i* he himself _h witness$ or le>nt f o!r eye-witnesses 9 8 own times4 ,ev5 ! h>mless "* ( ,phil9nion did n appe> to him incompatible ) ! popul> conception ( vrykolakes4 ,inde$1 z we saw above1 he himself m5tions1 among ! _m in/ances kn[n to him1 "o 9 :i* a %oemak] ( ,santor9i1 hav+ turn$ vrykolakas1 manife/$ no vici\s t5d5cies1 b r ! greate/ affection & solicitude = 8 wife & *ildr54 ,nor aga9 is ! incid5t ( ,phil9nion's int]c\rse ) ,ma*ates unp>allel$ 9 mod]n times4 ,_m travell]s & writ]s#ajgd h concurr$ 9 record+ ! belief t ! vrykolakas sometimes revisits 8 wid[1 or does viol5ce to o!r wom5 9 _! husb&s' abs5ce1 or ev5 m>ries aga9 9 "s place :]e he is unkn[n1 & t ( su* unions *ildr5 h be5 born4 ,inde$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages ?is belief seems to h spread ev5 beyond ! conf9es ( ,greece2 = a ,roman prie/1 e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 sums up ! views ( 8 ,*ur* on ! subject z foll[s#ajge3 #8,devils1 ?\gh incorporeal & spiritual1 c take to !mselves ! bodies ( dead m5 444 & 9 su* bodies c h int]c\rse ) wom51 z commonly ) /riges#ajgf & wit*es1 & by su* union c ev5 beget *ildr54' ,?is /atem5t w\ld be a fair ecclesia/ical summ>y ( mod]n ,greek belief4 ,9 ,!ssaly ,i myself 0 told ( a family 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,domoko1 :o reckon$ a vrykolakas among _! ance/ors ( ! second or ?ird g5]ation back1 & by virtue ( su* l9eage inh]it$ a special skill 7su* z is m commonly ascrib$ to 1 #8m5 born on a ,saturday1' :5 vrykolakes usually re/ 9 _! graves1 or to #ajgg1 ^? :o are 9 close t\* ) a #8famili> _s1'7 9 deal+ ) ^? vrykolakes :i* f "t to "t tr\bl$ ! c\ntry-side2 inde$ !y _h be5 summon$1 ,i 0 assur$1 ev5 to remote di/ricts = consultation z speciali/s4 ,! /ory ( ,phil9nion 0 n ov]look$ by ,b]nh>d ,s*midt1 b he does n appe> to h recognis$ 9 x any?+ m relevant ?an 9 ! anci5t gho/-/ories 7gesp5/]ges*i*t57 among :i* he reckons x#ajgh4 ,mo/ emphatically ?is is no gho/-/ory4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 gho/s & ,greek rev5ants is ( a prim>y & univ]sal nature1 pat5t to all :o c discrim9ate betwe5 s\l & body4 ,9 ?is /ory ,phil9nion acts z a rev5ant & is treat$ z a rev5ant2 ! inspection ( ! vault 9 :i* h] body _h be5 laid & ! purpose ( h] nocturnal visits to ,ma*ates furni% conclusive evid5ce ( h] corporeal resuscitation2 & ! me?od ( dispos+ ( h] corpse is ! me?od g5]ally approv$ & employ$ 9 ! case ( rev5ants--cremation4 ,9 effect all t rema9s ( ! /ory is 9 complete accord ) :at ,i h claim$ on o!r gr\nds z ! ,hell5ic elem5t 9 ! mod]n sup]/ition2 only "o detail is want+--! cause ( ,phil9nion's resuscitation--& if we _h ! fir/ "p ( ! /ory1 x is n unlikely t 9 x we %\ld f9d t h] e>ly dea? _h be5 also sudd5 or viol5t4 ,cle>ly !n ! belief 9 rev5ants 0 kn[n 9 ,greece 9 ! age ( ,hadrian4 ,a casual allusion to ! same sup]/ition occurs also 9 ,lucian#ajgi4 #8,i "k ( a man1' says a doctor nam$ ,antigonus1 #8:o rose aga9 tw5ty days aft] he 0 buri$2 ,i att5d$ him aft] 8 resurrection z well z be=e 8 dea?4' #8,b h[ 0 x1' rejo9s ano!r1 #8t 9 tw5ty days ! body did n decompose or 9 any case ! man p]i% ( hung]8' ,un=tunately no answ] is giv5 & ! subject drops1 b ! man 9 "q 0 cle>ly a corporeal rev5ant & n a m]e gho/4 ,a ref]5ce to ! same vulg> belief is also seem+ly int5d$ by ,ari/ophanes 9 ! ,ecclesiazusae1 :]e ! p]sonal appe>ance ( "o ( ! reprobate old wom5 calls =? ! exclamation1 #8,is yon an ape be-pla/]$ ) :ite lead1 ,or an old hag upris5 f ! dead8'#ajhj ,! passage is ( c\rse too brief to make any su* allusion c]ta92 b x becomes highly probable if x c be %[n f o!r s\rces t ! sup]/ition 0 popul>ly curr5t 9 ,ari/ophanes' "t4 ,?is ,i c d4 ,! fixity ( popul> phrases ( imprecation has be5 amply demon/rat$ 9 ! la/ section#ajha4 ,a l>ge selection ( curses1 all conceiv$ 9 ! same _s1 furni%$1 by _! contra/ ) "s features ( ! n[ contam9at$ sup]/ition1 a clue = ! detection ( ! ,slavonic elem5ts !re94 ,^! imprecations1 we le>nt1 7 bas$ ^u ! purely ,hell5ic belief1 & _h rema9$ unaffect$ by ! =eign influ5ce :i* _h modifi$ & 9 "s respects almo/ trans=m$ x4 ,spok5 (t5 9 a mom5t ( passion1 spr++ spontane\sly & famili>ly to ! lips1 too ha/y to be in=m$ by consci\s ?\ght1 su* curses h be5 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation z fix$ expressions subject to none ( ! *anges :i* come ( delib]ate reflection4 ,?\gh ! old beliefs h be5 alt]$ by ! infusion ( ali5 doctr9es1 ! old curses /& fa/ 9 bold antagonism to all =eign lore1 true records ( a sup]/ition n[ g>bl$1 co9s /amp$ ) ! effigy & sup]scription ( by-gone ?\ght1 b curr5t /ill4 ,z ! simple/ types ( ^! old-e/abli%$ curses may be tak5 ! two phrases1 1 #8,may ! e>? n receive him1' & 1 #8,may ! e>? ca/ him out4' ,! "o is negative 9 =m1 ! o!r positive1 b bo? equally sugge/1 9 ! peasant's m9d1 bo? ! incorruptibility ( ! body & its resuscitation4 ,c a prototype ( ^! curses be f\nd 9 anci5t lit]ature8 ,if s1 9 view ( ! g5]al cont9uity ( ,greek belief & cu/om1 we %all be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t1 z ^? anci5t curses are id5tical ) ! mod]n1 s ! sup]/ition :i* sugge/$ !m 9 old "t is id5tical ) t "p ( ! mod]n sup]/ition on :i* !y are n[ bas$4 ,two examples ( ^! curses are furni%$ by ,euripides4 ,9 a sc5e :]e ,ore/es conjures 8 comrade ,pylades to leave him & n to involve himself 9 ! m$itat$ act ( v5geance1 ! latt] replies#ajhb1 #8,nev] may ! fruitful e>? receive my blood1 nor yet ! gleam+ air1 if ev] ,i turn traitor to !e & save myself & =sake !e6' ,9 l tone r+s out ,hippolytus' ass]tion ( 8 innoc5ce t[>d 8 fa!r#ajhc3 #8,n[ by ,zeus ! judge ( oa?s & by ! e>? b5ea? our feet1 ,i swe> t nev] h ,i t\*$ ?y m>riage-b$1 nor w\ld h will$ x nor conceiv$ ! ?\ght4 ,may ,i v]ily p]i% )\t glory & )\t "n1 cityless & homeless1 an outca/ & w&]] ^u ! e>?1 yea & 9 dea? may nei!r sea nor e>? receive my fle%1 if ,i h prov$ false6' #8,may ! e>? n receive my fle%6' ,su* is ! common burd5 ( ! two oa?s2 su* ! f9al *ord /ruck by ,hippolytus 9 t symphony ( imprecations ) :i* he v9dicates 8 innoc5ce2 su* too w\ld be ! /ronge/ oa? by :i* any peasant ( to-day might b9d himself4 ,! v words h sc>cely v>i$ 9 a score ( c5turies2 :o !n w v5ture to claim t _! purport is *ang$8 ,is x n cle> t j z 9 lat] times ! ,*ur*1 by incorporat+ ! popul> curse 9 h] =mula ( excommunication1 seiz$ ! weapons ( paganism & turn$ !m aga9/ ^? rebels & infidels :om h] own dire/ fulm9ations _h no p[] to dismay1 s ,euripides1 consci\s t no imag9+s ( 8 own art c\ld suffice to excite 9 8 he>]s t horror :i* ! climax ( self-execration dem&$1 did n disda9 #8! t\*+s ( ?+s common1' b turn$ to tragic use a popul> curse :i* !n1 z n[1 pi]c$ home to e he>t8 ,x w\ld be /range inde$ if words1 :i* s9ce e>ly 9 ! ,*ri/ian era h cont9u\sly impli$ a belief 9 ! indissolubility & resuscitation ( ^? :o die accurs$1 %\ld be held to h borne "s o!r mean+ a few c5turies e>li]4 ,?us !n ,euripides1 by ! id5tity ( 8 language ) t ( to-day1 discov]s mo/ conspicu\sly 8 k ( t :i* on o!r gr\nds ,i h %[n to be ! ,hell5ic elem5t 9 ! sup]/ition conc]n+ vrykolakes4 ,b he 0 n alone 9 employ+ x = dramatic purposes4 ,9 ! pages ( ,sophocles too & ( ,aes*ylus !re are passages :i* only a k ( ?is sup]/ition c adequately expla94 ,fir/ among ^! is ! climax ( t spee* 9 :i* ,o$ipus1 bl9d & outca/1 d5\nces 8 undutiful son3 #8,begone1 abhorr$ & r5\nc$ ( me ?y fa!r1 ?\ base/ villa91 & take ) !e ^! curses t ,i call d[n ^u !e1 t ?\ w9 n ) ?y spe> t l& ( ?9e own k91 nor yet return ev] aga9 to ! vale ( ,argos1 b t ?\ & he t drave !e =?1 smit+ & smitt51 fall ea* by a bro!r's h&4 ,su* is my curse2 yea1 & ,i call on ,t>t>us1 9 ^: hat$ gloom my fa!r lies1 to drive !e f 8 home#ajhd4' ,! la/ phrase ( ?is d5unciation1 1 ' 1 is t ) :i* ,i am conc]n$4 ,x is an old-e/abli%$ difficulty4 ,comm5tators h translat$ v>i\sly #8to remove !e f ?y home1' #8to take !e away to 8 home1' #8to give !e ano!r home'2 b 9 effect !y are all agre$ 9 try+ to make ! words ref] to removal f ?is to ! ne!r _w1 or1 9 "o ^w1 to dea?4 ,n[ ev5 if ! ^w c\ld 9 ?is context be> any ( ! mean+s ascrib$ to x1 su* an euphemism foll[+ ^u ! explicit ?reat t ,polynices %\ld be sla9 by 8 own bro!r's h& w\ld be an imbecile anticlimax2 b ,i "q ! v possibility ( ! suppos$ usage4 ,x is true t an emigrant f "o place becomes an immigrant into ano!r2 b t _c ju/ify ! int]*ange ( ! two t]ms4 ,t>t>us is "h bes\ght1 z pla9ly z language c express x1 to drive ,polynices out1 n to take him 94 ,!re c be only "o explanation ( t pray]4 ,polynices' dea? has already be5 =etold2 b 8 fa!r's curse pursues him beyond dea?4 ,t>t>us1 9 ^: keep+ ! dead %\ld lie1 is conjur$ to drive him =? f ! home ( ! dead1 ev5 z ! peasants n[ pray t ! e>? may ca/ out ^? :om !y hate4 ,& ! context %[s cle>ly t ! curse 0 s und]/ood by ,polynices4 ,turn+ to ,antigone & ,ism5e ) impassion$ entreaty he implores !m--!m at lea/1 ?\gh all o!rs =sake him & turn aga9/ him--if s be 8 fa!r's cruel imprecations come to fulfilm5t & !y1 8 si/]s1 ev] return to _! home1 n to leave him di%on\r$1 b to lay him 9 ! grave & to grant him ! gu]dons ( ! dead#ajhe4 ,:y !n ?is insi/5ce1 unless ! fa!r's curse _h ext5d$ beyond dea?8 ,m]ely to introduce a ref]5ce to ! plot ( ! ,antigone8 ,cle>ly m ?an t4 ,polynices 0 to die b\nd by 8 fa!r's curse1 sla9 by 8 bro!r's h&1 d\bly deb>r$1 if mod]n beliefs be a key to anci5t1 f dissolution & f reception into ! ne!r _w4 ,! words ( 8 fa!r's invocation ( ,t>t>us _h convey$ to 8 m9d ! c]ta9ty ( a doom outla/+ dea?1 t ,t>t>us %\ld n receive him1 b reject him f ! home ( ! dead4 ,only "o fa9t gleam ( hope 0 left1 t by ! fulfilm5t ( ^? la/ (fices ( love t[>d ! dep>t$1 :i* 7 = all m5 a passport to ! l[] _w1 he1 burd5$ & b\nd ) a fa!r's curse1 bo? slay] & sla9 ( 8 own bro!r1 might yet be n deb>r$ f 8 la/ home1 b free to ent] into re/4 ,?us ,sophocles 9 language less popul>1 b h>dly less cle>1 ?an t ( ,euripides proclaims t ! belief 9 ! non-dissolution or rejection ( ! body by ! e>? & ! p[]s "u ! e>? 0 a t]ror z pot5t !n z x is n[1 & an ev] effective weapon ( mal$iction4 ,aes*ylus _h gone ev5 fur!r1 &1 by enli/+ ?is t]ror among ! ?reats utt]$ on behalf ( a dead man by a god 9 8 mo/ holy sanctu>y1 _h claim$ z x 7 = ! popul> sup]/ition ! highe/ religi\s sanction4 ,9 ! ,*oephori#ajhf ,ore/es is made to review 9 a spee* z difficult z x is p[]ful ! motives :i* are urg+ him on to ! requital ( blood ) blood4 ,mo/ cog5t among ^! motives is ! explicit comm& issu$ f ,apollo's ,delphic %r9e1 bidd+ him n sp>e 8 fa!r's murd]ess1 "m ?\gh %e be1 & =etell+ ! dire/ p5alties = disob$i5ce4 ,& :at are ^! p5alties8 ,fir/1 ! physical torm5t ( #8bla9s t leap ^u ! fle% & ) savage jaws eat out its er/:ile vig\r'2 second1 ! m5tal horror ( com+ madness1 #8! arr[ t flie? 9 d>kness w+$ by ! p[]s ( hell ) ! curse ( fall5 k9dr$1 ev5 rav+ & va9 t]ror born ( ! night'2 ?ird1 bani%m5t f home & city1 ) no place at fri5dly bo>d1 no "p 9 dr9k-(f]+ & sacrifice2 & yet "o p5alty m :]e9 %\ld culm9ate ! ?reat5$ agonies1 #8to die at la/ ) none to hon\r1 none to love him1 damn$1 ev5 9 ! doom t wa/es all1 to "k no corruption4' ,( ! e>li] p5alties & ( _! intimate connexion ) "o bran* ( ?is popul> sup]/ition ,i %all h occasion to speak lat]4 ,"h ,i h only to ju/ify ! new r5d]+ :i* ,i h giv5 to ! la/ l9es ( ! passage1 ' #ajhg4 ,x has g5]ally be5 held t is "h metaphorically us$ ( ! wa/+ or )]+ ( ! body ?r\gh physical suff]+1 ! fir/ p5alty1 or1 x may be1 ?r\gh m5tal di/ress1 ! second4 ,9 o!r words1 ! la/ l9e ( ! passage m]ely sums up 9 a concise expression a p5alty1 or p5alties1 previ\sly detail$4 ,on ! same view x is b consi/5t to reg>d z a simil> summ>y ( ! ?ird p5alty4 ,/ripp$ ( ^! recapitulations & va9 repetitions ,apollo's f9al ?reat am\nts to--:at8 1 #8to die 9 c\rse ( "t4' ,a blood-curdl+ & unique climax ( human suff]+ 9 v tru?6 ,& ?is a la/ ?reat aft] leprosy & madness & outca/ lonel9ess8 ,surely r a promise ( release & re/4 ,b let ! anti-climax pass4 ,:5ce comes ! alleg$ metaphorical mean+ ( 1 s =eign to its normal use8 ,h[ comes x to d5ote ! wa/+ ( disease1 & :at au?ority has ?is suppos$ use8 ,its ma9/ay app>5tly is a s+le passage 9 a pseudo-,demo/h5ic spee*1 :i*1 9 describ+ ! c[>dly assault ( a "y man ^u an old1 depicts ! aggressor z & 8 victim z #ajhh4 ,b "h ! metaphor1 :atev] may be ?\ght ( its elegance or ( its likelihood to excite mir? r ?an indignation1 is at lea/ cle>ly expla9$ bo? by its anti!sis & by its context2 & are t]ms prop]ly appli$ to #8fre%' fi% or meat1 to ! same commodities #8pres]v$' by dry+ or pickl+1 & we und]/& at once t ! old man is repres5t$ to be dri$ & %rivell$ 9 appe>ance4 ,su* is ! support = ! alleg$ ,aes*ylean usage ( )\t ! same anti!sis to illum9ate its mean+4 ,are we !n to und]/& t all ! fulm9ations & ?und]+s ( ,apollo's oracle dw9dle away into an appeal to ,ore/es' pride 9 8 p]sonal appe>ance & a w>n+ t leprosy w r5d] him z unattractive z a bloat]8 ,or1 if x be claim$ t ! sl[ pa9ful process ( wa/+ is sugge/$ r ?an its ultimate effect1 is x reasonable t a ^w :i* prop]ly d5otes artificial pres]vation %\ld be us$ metaphorically ( natural decay8 ,?is is n metaphor1 b metamorphosis4 ,let u !n ab&on f>-fet*$ explanations2 let u conceive x possible t ,aes*ylus us$ ! ^w 9 ! s5se :i* x normally bore 9 relation to ! human body--#8pres]v$ f corruption1' l ! mummies ( ,egypt--& fur!r t he plac$ ! ^w 9 imm$iate juxtaposition ) x 9 ord] to emphasise ! m /rik+ly ! contra/ betwe5 ! ?reat5$ #8non-corruption' & ! ord9>y #8wa/+' p[]s ( dea?4 ,s und]/ood1 ! f9al p5alty pres5ts a true climax4 ,z ! victim is to be exclud$ 9 8 lifetime f all int]c\rse ) ! liv+1 s 9 8 dea?1 by ! )hold+ ( t dissolution )\t :i* !re is no entrance to ! l[] _w1 he is to be cut (f f communion ) ! dead4 ,he is to die ) none to hon\r him ) ! rites due to ! dead1 none to love him & %$ ! te>s t are _! j me$1 b ev5 9 t la/ doom :i* consumes all o!rs is damn$ to be )held f corruption4 ,z #8,euripides ! human' uses ! common phrase ( to-day #8,may ! e>? n receive1' s ,aes*ylus ! div9e anticipates ! ecclesia/ical =mula1 #8& aft] dea? ?\ %alt be indissoluble4' ,! same contra/ betwe5 ! all-wa/+ functions ( dea? & ! #8b\nd' condition ( ! damn$ n[ becomes intelligible 9 two o!r passages ( ,aes*ylus4 ,9 ! ,supplices ! k+ ( ! ,pelasgians1 :o is beset by ! daught]s ( ,danaus ) ! tw(old claim ( k9sfolk & suppliants1 & bes\ght to deliv] !m f ! lu/ & viol5ce ( _! pursu]s1 ackn[l$ges himself 9 a sore /rait4 ,if he rescue 8 suppliants1 he may involve 8 p 9 w>2 if he refuse to he>k51 he fe>s t1 z a tacit accomplice 9 ! viol5ce & pollution#ajhi ?reat5$1 he may make to himself #8! ,god ( all de/ruction a /]n ,av5g] ev] pres5t1 an ,av5g] t sets n free ! dead ev5 9 ,hades' home#ajij4' ,aga9 9 ! ,eum5ides1 :5 ,ore/es hav+ sla9 8 "m is no long] seek+ = v5geance b fly+ !refrom ) no hope ( safety save 9 ! promises ( ,apollo ^: w he has done1 ! b& ( pursu+ ,furies1 l to be pres5tly ?w>t$ by t god1 yet com=t _! black he>ts ) ! assurance ( future retribution4 #8,yea1' cries "o1 #8me do? ,apollo vex1 b ,ore/es %all he n r$eem2 ?\gh he flee f me b5ea? ! e>?1 !re is no free+ = him1 b because ( 8 blood-guilt9ess he %all f9d ano!r 9 my /ead to visit 8 pollution on 8 head#ajia4' ,! conception ( future puni%m5t 9 ^! two passages is cle>ly ! same4 ,:at !n is meant by ! fe> t ev5 ! dead may n be set free8 & :o is #8! ,god ( all de/ruction' :o is nam$ 9 ! fir/ passage z ! au?or ( t puni%m5t8 ,! answ] has already be5 f\nd4 #8,! all-de/roy+1 ,god' 7 7 is none o!r ?an ! #8all-wa/+ doom' 7 7 ( ,apollo's oracle--,dea? p]sonifi$ in/ead ( dea? ab/ract2 & ,dea?'s refusal #8to set free' ! dead is to be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ,apollo's w>n+ to ,ore/es t1 if he fail 9 8 duty to 8 murd]$ sire1 he w himself 9 dea? be #8damn$ to incorruption4' ,! language employ$ is inde$ vagu] & m allusive2 ! ^w 1 #8to set free1' might sugge/ _m ideas besides bodily #8free+' or dissolution2 yet x may be notic$ t ?is is ! v ^w :i* ! above-quot$#ajib nomocanon de excommunicatis uses int]*angeably ) ! m common 9 ?is v s5se4 ,only = u1 :o h n 9 our he>ts ! same fai?s & fe>s quick to vibrate 9 response to ea* t\* ( religi\s awe1 is a comm5t>y ne$$2 = a ,greek audi5ce ! sugge/ion conta9$ 9 1 above all 9 its impli$ contra/ ) 1 fully suffic$4 ,?us !n we h f\nd two passages ( ,euripides conta9+ imprecations almo/ id5tical 9 =m ) ! curses t may be he>d f ! lips ( mod]n ,greek peasants2 we h f\nd a simil> passage 9 ,sophocles :i* has hi!rto prov$ a difficulty to comm5tators simply because !y h tri$ to p]v]t ! mean+ ( ! ^w 1 :5 its normal s5se w make ! phrase a p>allel to ^? ( ,euripides & ( mod]n ,greece2 & f9ally 9 ! ,*oephori ( ,aes*ylus--"h aga9 by read+ a ^w 9 its prop] s5se--we h f\nd religi\s sanction claim$ = ! belief :i* und]lies ^! imprecations--! belief t ! fate to be mo/ dread$ by mank9d aft] dea? is incorruptibility & resuscitation4 ,x rema9s to exam9e ! suppos$ causes ( ?is dread$ fate1 & to see :e!r ! ?ree causes :i*1 :5 we discuss$ ! mod]n classes ( m5 liable to become vrykolakes1 appe>$ to be ,hell5ic--namely1 lack ( burial1 viol5t dea?1 & p>5tal or o!r execration or any s9 des]v+ x--actually figure z causes 9 anci5t ,greek lit]ature4 ,x w be conv5i5t to consid] ! la/-m5tion$ fir/4 ,an in/ance ( =mal execration has already be5 provid$4 ,no bett] example ?an ! curse call$ d[n by ,o$ipus ^u 8 son c\ld be desir$4 ,b x 0 sugge/$ above t 9 c]ta9 o!r cases1 ev5 :]e no actual imprecation _h be5 utt]$1 m5 7 acc\nt$ accurs$2 & inde$ x w\ld be an absurdity t a son :o act$ undutifully t[>ds 8 fa!r %\ld fall a victim to 8 curse1 b t "o1 let u say1 :o slew 8 fa!r & gave him no "t to pron\nce ! damn+ words1 %\ld g sca!less4 ,f ! e>lie/ times1 ,i believe1 !re 7 held to be c]ta9 deadly s9s1 s9s aga9/ ! few primitive god-giv5 pr9ciples ( "r & wrong1 :i* br\ght _! own curse4 ,among ^! 0 numb]$ f ! fir/ ! murd] ( a k9sman4 ,to ?is ,hesiod#ajic adds o!rs :i* 7 s reg>d$ 9 8 day4 #8,equal is ! guilt :5 "o ill treate? ! suppliant & ! /rang]1 or goe? up unto 8 bro!r's b$1 444 or s9ne? aga9/ orphan *ildr5 & he$e? n1 or *ide? 8 old fa!r1 :o ha? pass$ ! gloomy gates ( age1 & raile? ^u him ) h>d words2 aga9/ su* an "o v]ily ,zeus himself is wro?1 & at ! end laye? ^u him /]n retribution = 8 unrighte\s de$s4' ,a m civilis$ age includ$ all murd] 9 ! li/2 & lat] aga9 ! ,*ur* seems to h ext5d$ x until #8transgressors ( ! div9e law' might become ipso facto excommunicate & accurs$4 ,to ,aes*ylus ! *ief ( su* s9s 0 unque/ionably ! murd] ( a close k9sman2 b o!r s9s also1 especially ^? involv+ pollution 771 r5d]$ ! p]petrator liable to ! same puni%m5t z foll[$ ^u a =mal imprecation4 ,& ?is view 0 n ( ,aes*ylus' own inv5tion2 x mu/ h belong$ to ! popul> religion4 ,o!rwise x w\ld be impossible to expla9 h[ ! ,greek ,*ur* 9 ! ,middle ,ages _h come to adopt almo/ ! same views z ,aes*ylus4 ,= :at said ! ,*ur*8 ,! nomocanon quot$ 9 ! la/ section#ajid tea*es t p]sons :o #8h be5 ju/ly1 reasonably1 & lawfully excommunicat$ by _! bi%ops1 z transgressors ( ! div9e law1 & h di$ 9 ! /ate ( excommunication1 )\t am5d+ _! ways & receiv+ =giv5ess1' may be expect$ to rema9 :ole & incorrupt aft] dea?4 ,b ano!r ecclesia/ical docum5t#ajie %[s cle>ly t a =mal s5t5ce ( excommunication 0 n ess5tial to ?is result2 a di/9ction is drawn betwe5 him ^: corpse appe>s :ite1 %[+ t he 0 #8excommunicat$ by ! div9e laws1' & him ^: corpse is black1 %[+ t he 0 #8excommunicat$ by a bi%op4' ,cle>ly !n ! ,*ur* taught t c]ta9 #8transgressors ( ! div9e law' might become automatically excommunicate4 ,c]ta9 deadly s9s des]v$ ! ecclesia/ical curse &1 :e!r x 7 pron\nc$ or n1 incurr$ ! same puni%m5t aft] dea?4 ,! li/ ( su* s9s 0 c]ta9ly ext5d$ by ! ,*ur* s z to include1 = example1 apo/asy1 omission ( baptism1 ! m repreh5sible acts ( sorc]y1 & suicide1 :i* 01 & /ill is sometimes1 a b> to ,*ri/ian burial4 ,b at ! same "t ! numb] ( ^? s9s :i* 7 actually left to "w out _! own curse 0 probably dim9i%$2 ! ,*ur* con/itut$ h]self judge1 & 9 mo/ cases =mally s5t5c$ ! s9n] to t puni%m5t :i* ! s9 alone1 )\t h] condemnation1 0 popul>ly believ$ to entail4 ,if !n we /rip ?is doctr9e ( its ecclesia/ical dress & put out ( sight ! int]v5tion ( an hi]>*y arrogat+ to itself ! (fice ( b9d+ & loos+1 !re rema9s ! simple belief t c]ta9 transgressors ( ! div9e law1 c]ta9 s9n]s ( deadly s9s1 7 ipso facto accurs$ & condemn$ to incorruption4 ,is n ?is precisely ! ,aes*ylean doctr9e8 ,pelasgus1 if he %\ld cons5t unto ! viol5ce ( ^? suitors :o s\ght ! daught]s ( ,danaus 9 unhall[$ w$lock1 if he %\ld defy ,zeus ! ,god ( suppliants & set at naught ^? o!r deities at ^: alt> 8 k9swom5 sat--w\ld n he inde$ be a transgressor ( ! div9e law8 ,he ackn[l$ges x himself1 &1 con=mably to ! doctr9e enunciat$1 anticipates t ,dea? himself w turn ,av5g] & free him n :5 dead4 ,ore/es1 ow+ to 8 murd]$ fa!r ! sacr$ duty ( v5geance & expressly urg$ by ,apollo to p]=m x--w\ld n he too be a transgressor ( ! div9e law1 if he %\ld fail or flag 9 8 ent]prise ( blood8 ,fitly !n did ,apollo ?reat5 him t aft] manifold tr\bles 9 life he %\ld die damn$ to incorruption4 ,! same ,ore/es1 view$ n[ n f ,apollo's /&po9t b f t ( ! ,er9yes1 bloodguilty ) 8 "m's murd]--_h he n p]petrat$ a deadly s91 0 he n a transgressor ( ! div9e law8 ,rightly !n may 8 foes exult t he %all n escape1 b1 ?\gh he be fl$ f !m b5ea? ! e>?1 /ill #8ha? he no free+4' ,9 f9e1 ,aes*ylus agrees1 save = ! m$iaeval multiplication ( deadly s9s1 ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*2 & ?is agreem5t is pro( t 9 ! popul> cre$ ( ,greece1 f :i* bo? ,aes*ylus & ! ,*ur* mu/ h borr[$1 ! commission ( c]ta9 s9s has always involv$ ! p5alty ( incorruptibility1 :e!r ! curse :i* ^? s9s m]it$ _h be5 =mally pron\nc$ or no4 ,! actual s\rce & op]ation ( su* unspok5 curses w be consid]$ 9 ! next section4 ,! o!r two causes1 lack ( burial & viol5t dea?1 may be consid]$ toge!r2 = ! :ole tr5d ( anci5t lit]ature 9 reg>d to bo? ^! calamities is ! same1 namely1 t !y caus$ ! return ( ! dead man's _s--( 8 _s only1 be x not$1 & n ( 8 body4 ,x is ! gho/ ( ,patroclus :i* 9 ! ,iliad#ajif appe>s to ,a*illes & dem&s ! fun]al-rites due to 8 body2 x is ! gho/ ( ,elp5or :i* 9 ! ,odyssey#ajig makes ! same claim ^u ,odysseus2 x is ! gho/ ( ,polydorus :i* 9 ! ,hecuba#ajih ( ,euripides bemoans 8 body ca/ away 9 ! sea4 ,aga9 x is ! gho/ ( ,clytemne/ra :i* 9 ! ,eum5ides#ajii ( ,aes*ylus comes seek+ v5geance = h] viol5t dea?2 & ,lucian 9 ! ,philopseudes#aajj gives special prom95ce to ?is cause ( ! s\l's unre/4 #8,p]haps1 ,eucrates1' says "o ( ! speak]s 9 ! dialogue1 #8:at ,ty*iades means is ?is1 t ! only s\ls :i* w&] ab\t are ^? ( m5 :o met ) a viol5t dea?--anyone1 = example1 :o hang$ himself1 or 0 behead$ or impal$1 or dep>t$ ?is life 9 any o!r su* way--b t ! s\ls ( ^? :o di$ a natural dea? d n w&]2 if t is 8 !ory1 x _c be lightly dismiss$4' ,x is ne$less to multiply examples#aaja2 lit]>y tradition1 f ,hom] d[n to ,lucian1 is all 9 fav\r ( ! re-appe>ance ( ! s\l1 & n ( ! body1 z ! result ( ei!r lack ( burial or viol5t dea?4 ,x is p]fectly cle> !n t !re is a consid]able discrepancy betwe5 ! anci5t lit]>y view & ! mod]n popul> cre$4 ,anci5t lit]ature is extremely retic5t on ! subject ( bodily resuscitation occasion$ solely by a viol5t dea?#aajb or by lack ( burial4 ,9 ,phlegon's /ory x is inde$ probable t ! cause ( ,phil9nion's re-appe>ance 0 a viol5t dea?2 b ! fir/ "p ( ! n>rative is miss+1 & no su* /atem5t is actually made4 ,9 mod]n beliefs1 on ! contr>y1 !re is little or no trace ( ! idea t ! dead return = ^! causes 9 purely spiritual =m4 ,! v conception ( gho/s is weak & indef9ite among ! peasantry4 ,i h c]ta9ly be5 told by peasants ( cases 9 :i* a p]son at ! po9t ( dea? has appe>$1 presumably 9 spiritual =m1 to fri5ds at a di/ance2 & !re is a fairly common belief1 seem+ly d]iv$ f ! ,bible1 t at ,ea/] _m ( ! graves are op5$ & release = a "t ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,b x is a significant fact t !re is n ev5 a "n = gho/s :i* _c be equally well appli$ to any sup]natural app>itions4 ,! ?\ght ( !m 9 g5]al seems to be no?+ m def9ite ?an a vague uneas9ess 9 ! m9ds ( timid wom5 & *ildr5 at t h\r :5 #8a fa9t errone\s ray1 ,glanc$ f ! imp]fect surfaces ( ?+s1 ,fl+s half an image on ! /ra9+ eye4' ,!re is no fix$ cre$ or tradition "h4 ,9 an acc\nt ( ! def9ite sup]/itions ( mod]n ,greece gho/s are a quantit ngligeable4 ,b1 :ile anci5t lit]ature & mod]n sup]/ition are ?us 9 direct conflict on "o po9t1 !y are agre$ 9 mak+ lack ( burial & viol5t dea? ! causes ( a c]ta9 unre/ on ! "p ( ! dead2 & ?\gh ! "o usually attributes t unre/ to ! gho/1 & ! o!r to ! corpse1 _! agreem5t 9 all else c\ld n surely be a m]e casual co9cid5ce2 !re mu/ be a connexion to be discov]$ betwe5 !m4 ,! consi/5cy ( ! popul> view :i* has obta9$ practically ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian era has already be5 e/abli%$4 ,! ,*ur* f\nd ! ,greek p already firmly conv9c$ t ! two causes :i* we are consid]+1 no less ?an =mal execration or execrable s91 l$ to bodily incorruption & resuscitation4 ,! only moot po9t is :at ag5cy 0 held to produce ! resuscitation be=e ! ,*ur* taught t x 0 ! "w ( ! ,devil4 ,b c equal consi/5cy be claim$ = anci5t lit]ature8 ,x has j n[ be5 %[n t ! trag$ians recognis$ t a curse or a deadly s9 l$ to ! resuscitation ( ! body2 & yet !y make lack ( burial & viol5t dea? lead r to ! re-appe>ance ( a gho/4 ,:y !n ?is discrim9ation betwe5 ! effects produc$ by causes all ( :i* 9 m rec5t popul> belief produce ! same effect8 ,my answ] is t popul> belief 9 antiquity 0 ! same z popul> belief n[ 9 respect ( all ! causes1 b t lit]>y propriety =bade m ?an a m]e v]bal ref]5ce to s gross a sup]/ition z bodily resuscitation4 ,:5 a dead man 0 requir$ 9 lit]ature to re-appe>1 he 0 conv5tionally p\rtray$ z a gho/1 n z a walk+ corpse2 & ! conv5tion 01 ,i ?9k1 "r & necess>y4 ,= let x be grant$ = a mom5t t ! popul> belief ( to-day dates f ! e>lie/ times1 & t !n z n[ ! rev5ant 0 popul>ly pictur$ z a mon/] #8swoll5 & di/5d$ all ov] s t ! jo9ts c sc>cely be b5t2 ! sk9 be+ /ret*$ l ! p>*m5t ( a drum1 & :5 /ruck giv+ out ! same s\nd4' ,c\ld ev5 ,hom] h re-animat$ ! dead ,patroclus1 ) ?is une>?ly gha/l9ess add$ to 8 w\nds & to 8 mangl+ by ! *>iot1 & h br\ght him to ,a*illes 9 ! d>kness ( ! night1 )\t excit+ 9 8 brea/ horror in/ead ( pity & loa?+ = love8 ,euripides aga9 0 greatly d>+ :5 he assign$ ! prologue ( a trag$y to ,polydorus' gho/2 b ev5 he c\ld n h re/ra9$ ! unqu5*able mir? ( 8 audi5ce1 if 8 play _h op5$ ) a soliloquy by an agitat$ corpse4 ,epic & dramatic propriety mu/ h dem&$ "s ref9em5t ( s grossly mat]ial a conception4 ,! canons ( drama1 we "k1 w\ld n all[ ! enactm5t ( a murd] on ! /age be=e ! eyes ( ! spectators2 w\ld x !n h be5 compatible ) ! re/ra9t ( ,greek art to repres5t ! murd]$ body z a rev5ant8 ,aes*ylus himself1 ! lov] ( weird misbegott5 %apes1 w\ld h recoil$ f su* an ent]prise4 ,b ^? same canons did p]mit a v]bal description ( ! murd]2 & simil>ly ! trag$ians p]mitt$ !mselves to ref]1 9 imprecations & su*like1 to ! horror ( bodily resuscitation4 ,! case !n /&s ?us4 ,ref]5ces are1 z we h se51 made by ! trag$ians to ! possibility ( m5 becom+ rev5ants1 :]eas !y %rank f pres5t+ ! actuality4 ,b ! ref]5ces to ! possibility occur1 *iefly at any rate1 9 imprecations1 ) ! result t at fir/ sight a curse w\ld seem to h be5 ! only recognis$ cause ( bodily resuscitation 9 anci5t times2 :]eas ! mo/ fam\s lit]>y examples ( ! actual re-appe>ance ( ! dead--,clytemne/ra & ,polydorus 9 trag$y1 or1 if we g back to ,hom]1 ,patroclus & ,elp5or--happ5 to be cases 9 :i* ! cause 0 lack ( burial or a viol5t dea?1 ) ! result t lit]>y tradition incl9$ to sub/itute gho/s = ! corporeal rev5ants ( ! popul> cre$ 9 ^! two cases4 ,su* is my explanation ( ! discrepancy2 & ! probability ( x is w>rant$ by ?ree consid]ations--fir/1 t ,greek ,trag$y does conta9 "o or two ref]5ces to ! possible resuscitation ( o!r ?an ! accurs$--second1 t ,plato modifies ! popul> notions conc]n+ ! accurs$ 9 almo/ ! same way t ! trag$ians modifi$ ! fate ( ! unburi$ & ( ^? sla9 by viol5ce--?ird1 t ! lit]>y tradition conc]n+ gho/s is 9 itself inconsi/5t & be>s ! m>ks ( arbitr>y modification4 ,! mo/ important ref]5ce 9 ,trag$y occurs 9 ! ,*oephori1 :]e ,ore/es & ,electra pray _! murd]$ fa!r to rise f ! grave 9 bodily =m#aajc4 ,?is passage1 toge!r ) a close p>allel f ,sophocles1 w be fully discuss$ lat]#aajd4 ,"h ,i ne$ only po9t out ! ju/ification by ,aes*ylus ( my !ory t ! sub/itution ( gho/ = rev5ant is a necess>y lit]>y conv5tion4 ,he sugge/s v]bally ! possible upris+ ( ! murd]$ ,agamemnon z a rev5ant2 b1 :5 x comes to an actual pres5tation ( ! murd]$ ,clytemne/ra on ! /age1 8 dramatis p]sona is a gho/4 ,next1 ,plato1 9 a well-kn[n passage ( ! ,pha$o#aaje1 speaks ( ! s\ls ( dead m5 hav+ actually be5 se5 9 ! =m ( %ad[y app>itions haunt+ ! neighb\rhood ( tombs--s\ls1 he expla9s1 :i* h n be5 fully cleans$ & fre$ f ! visible mat]ial _w1 b /ill h "s "p !re9 & h5ce are !mselves visible2 &1 he adds1 ^! are ! s\ls ( ! wick$1 :i* are compell$ to w&] ?us 9 puni%m5t = _! =m] evil life4 ,naturally ,plato ( all m5--& ( all 8 works 9 ! ,pha$o--c\ld n accept ! notion t ! body "u any conditions rema9$ incorruptible2 8 :ole doctr9e is imbu$ ) 8 belief t ! gross & mat]ial p]i%es1 & only ! pure & spiritual endures4 ,:5 !re=e he came to utilise ! popul> doctr9e1 :i* ! trag$ians _h endors$1 t c]ta9 s9n]s 7 condemn$ to incorruption1 "s modification ( ! idea 0 necess>y2 & accord+ly he makes ! wick$ to w&] z gho/s1 n z corporeal rev5ants1 j z ,hom] & ! trag$ians seem to h done 9 ! case ( ! unburi$ & ^? :o _h met _! dea? by viol5ce4 ,plato's ext5sion ( ! lit]>y tradition sugge/s t its e>li] developm5t _h be5 su* z ,i h indicat$4 ,la/ly1 ! lit]>y tradition1 z repres5t$ by e>li] writ]s ?an ,plato1 is by no means uni=m4 ,if x _h be5 a def9ite religi\s doctr9e1 & n m]ely a lit]>y conv5tion1 t ! unburi$ return$ z gho/s1 ! pres5tm5t ( ,patroclus & ( ,polydorus %\ld h be5 9 all respects simil>4 ,b :at d we f9d8 ,ea* c]ta9ly appe>s z a gho/ & asks = burial2 b !re ! resemblance ends4 ,accord+ to ,hom]#aajf ! _s ( ,patroclus1 9 crav+ burial ( 8 body1 decl>es t1 ere t rite be p]=m$1 ! _s itself _c pass ! gates ( ,hades b is held alo( by ! spirits ( ! o!r dead1 & moreov] t hav+ once pass$ x c no m return to ?is _w4 ,accord+ to ,euripides#aajg1 famili> ?\gh he mu/ h be5 ) ,hom]'s tea*+1 ! _s ( ,polydorus _h pass$ )9 ! gates ( ,hades & by p]mission ( ! ne!r gods _h return$ to dem& ! burial ( 8 body4 ,hom]'s reason = ! s\l's anxiety ab\t ! body's burial is none too conv9c+ 9 itself2 = x only raises a fur!r "q3 if dea? means ! f9al sep>ation ( s\l f body1 & ! l[] _w is t5ant$ by s\ls only--= s ,hom] at any rate tea*es--:y %\ld ! d5iz5s ( t _w make ! admission ( a newly-sp$ s\l conditional ^u ! burial ( ! body :i* x _h f9ally quitt$8 ,b1 :at is m important1 ,hom]'s reason1 su* z x is1 is flatly disav[$ by ,euripides1 :o yet advances no reason ( 8 own :y ! _s ( ,polydorus1 hav+ once pass$ into ,hades' halls1 %\ld h any fur!r int]e/ 9 its old c>nal t5em5t4 ,?is disagreem5t c only mean t ,hom] & ,euripides 7 n foll[+ an ackn[l$g$ doctr9e ( popul> religion 9 repres5t+ ,patroclus & ,polydorus 9 ! =m ( gho/s2 = 9 t case !y w\ld surely h agre$ ) ! popul> doctr9e1 & !re=e also ) ea* o!r1 9 assign+ a reason = ! gho/'s int]e/ 9 ! burial ( its disc>d$ body4 ,ei!r !n !re 0 no popul> belief on ! :ole subject--:i* is incr$ible--or else x 0 su* z lit]>y propriety =bade !m to foll[4 ,n[ if ! popul> belief 0 t ! unburi$ appe>$ z corporeal rev5ants1 _! eag]ness = burial is intelligible2 b if a gho/ be sub/itut$ by lit]>y conv5tion = ! rev5ant1 a good reason = su* eag]ness becomes h>d to f9d4 ,h5ce ! inconsequ5ce ( ,hom]'s reason2 h5ce ! sil5ce ( ,euripides4 ,b if1 z n[ seems likely1 ! sub/itution ( m]e gho/ = bodily rev5ant 0 a lit]>y conv5tion1 x by no means foll[s t t conv5tion is valueless z a guide to ! popul> beliefs ( ! "t4 ,x may repres5t a "p ( ^? beliefs1 ?\gh n ! :ole4 ,! e/abli%$ doctr9es on ?is :ole subject 7 n remodell$ by ! trag$ians save 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( _! art4 ,?is we def9itely "k2 = ! causes :i* !y assign = ! unre/ ( ! dead are numb]$ among ! popul>ly receiv$ causes :i* rema9 to ?is day2 & ev5 ! idea ( physical resuscitation 0 reta9$ & effectively utilis$ by !m )9 c]ta9 limitations4 ,cle>ly !n !y kept :at !y c\ld1 & only *ang$ :at !y mu/4 ,judici\s selection r ?an arbitr>y inv5tion 0 ! me?od by :i* ! lit]>y tradition 0 e/abli%$4 ,s9ce !n t tradition uni=mly speaks ( ! s\l's return1 :ile discrepancies only arise 9 acc\nt+ = ! s\l's int]e/ 9 ! corpse1 0 x p]haps only 9 ! latt] respect t lit]>y tradition p>t$ company ) popul> belief8 ,did ! _s z well z ! body ( ! dead play "s "p 9 ! popul> sup]/ition8 ,did ! common-folk too hold t1 aft] ! sep>ation ( s\l f body at dea?1 ! s\l itself "u c]ta9 conditions return$ f its flight t[>ds ! h\se ( ,hades--return$ h[ev] n to appe> alone 9 gho/ly guise1 b to re-animate ! dead body & raise x up z a rev5ant8 ,0 ?is ! popul> doctr9e f :i* lit]ature select$1 record+ ! s\l's return1 b suppress+ ! re-animation ( ! body1 & !reby creat+ = itself ! difficulty ( expla9+ ! s\l's int]e/ 9 ! body8 ,! hypo!sis comm5ds itself z provid+ at ! same "t an answ] to ! "o "q :i* rema9$ unansw]$ 9 ! la/ section4 ,we saw t1 ?r\gh ecclesia/ical influ5ce1 ,*ri/ian ,greece has long assign$ ! "w ( resuscitat+ ! dead to ! ,devil4 ,b to :om or to :at did pagan ,greece previ\sly assign x8 ,surely 9 ! :ole range ( ,greek my?ology x 7 h>d to f9d any sup]natural be+ ei!r specially suit$ or probably condemn$ to su* a task4 ,! s\l is1 prima facie1 ! mo/ appropriate & likely ag5t4 ,b !re is ev5 /rong] evid5ce ?an ?is4 ,! probable becomes prov5 :5 we turn back to ! only full pagan acc\nt ( a bodily rev5ant1 ! /ory ( ,phil9nion4 ,:at are h] words1 :5 %e is discov]$ by h] p>5ts8 #8,"m & fa!r1 x 0 wrong ( y to grudge me ?ree days ) ?is man "h 9 my own home & do+ no h>m4 ,& s1 because ( y\r m$dlesom5ess1 y %all m\rn = me anew1 & ,i %all g away to my appo9t$ place4 ,= x is by div9e cons5t t ,i h done ?us4' ,& h[ is h] ?reat ( go+ away fulfill$8 #8,sc>ce _h %e spok5 :5 %e became a corpse1 & h] body lay /ret*$ ^u ! b$ 9 ! sight ( all4' ,! words #8,i %all g away' 7 !re=e int5d$ by ! writ] to mean #8,my s\l w g away'2 = ! body rema9$4 ,cle>ly !n1 9 ! belief ( t age1 resuscitation ( ! dead meant ! re-animation ( ! body by ! s\l :i* _h be5 tempor>ily sep>at$ f x4 ,9 ! light ( ?is fact ,plato's ref]5ce to ! w&]+ ( ! s\ls ( ! wick$ is f\nd to approximate m ne>ly to ! popul> sup]/ition4 ,su* s\ls1 he says1 h be5 se5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( tombs2 & !y are visible because !y are n cleans$ & fre$ f ! visible & mat]ial _w#aajh1 b p>ticipate !re94 ,:at !n is ! p>ticul> mat]ial ?+ 9 :i* !y p>ticipate & :i* keeps !m ne> ! tombs8 ,evid5tly ! body ^: impurities !y contract$ 9 life1 ! body f :i* !y are n cleans$ & fre$4 ,plato admits only p>ticipation1 n re-animation2 b 9 all else he adh]es to ! g5u9e popul> belief4 ,! same idea furni%es also :at ,i believe to be ! true explanation ( ! cu/om ( ! s-call$ #8,*>on's obol4' ,! co9 or o!r object plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! dead 0 orig9ally1 ,i h argu$#aaji1 a *>m to prev5t ! entry ( "s evil _s or ! re-entry ( ! s\l into ! corpse4 ,9 ,*ios & 9 ,rhodes1 z we h se51 ?is is ! popul> explanation /ill giv5--! p>ticul> _s aga9/ :om ! precaution is tak5 be+1 ow+ to ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 a devil4 ,b if1 z is likely1 a devil has m]ely be5 sub/itut$ = ! s\l1 :ile ! re/ ( ! sup]/ition has rema9$ un*ang$1 x foll[s t ! precaution 0 orig9ally direct$ aga9/ ! return ( ! s\l1 & s 0 a means ( ensur+ bodily dissolution2 =1 ?\gh ,i _c actually prove x1 x is natural to suppose t re-animation 0 n ! result1 b ! cause1 ( incorruption4 ,to sum up1 ! conclusions :i* h be5 rea*$ /& ?us3--,dea?1 accord+ to ! popul> religion ( anci5t ,greece1 0 n a f9al sep>ation ( body & s\l2 9 c]ta9 cases ! body rema9$ incorrupt & ! s\l re-animat$ x4 ,?is condition1 9 :i* ! dead belong$ nei!r to ?is nor to ! ne!r _w1 0 "o ( mis]y2 & bodily dissolution 0 to be desir$4 ,dissolution c\ld 9 no case be prop]ly effect$ )\t ! rite ( int]m5t or cremation4 ,! unburi$ !re=e =m$ "o class ( rev5ants4 ,b ev5 due int]m5t did n necess>ily produce dissolution2 a sudd5 or viol5t dea? r5d]$ ! body incorruptible1 presumably because ! prop] h\r _h n yet come = ! s\l to leave x2 an imprecation )held ! body f decay by its own #8b9d+' p[]2 & f9ally1 ! commission ( a deadly s91 above all ( murd]1 r5d]$ ! s9n] subject to ! same dire fate z if ! curse :i* 8 s9 m]it$ _h actually be5 pron\nc$4 ,! only unfail+ me?od ( dissolution 0 cremation4 #d4 ,,rev5ants ,,z ,,av5g]s ,,( ,,blood4 ,! conclusions :i* h n[ be5 rea*$ %[1 among o!rs1 ! some:at surpris+ result1 t ! popul> religion ( ,greece bo? anci5t & mod]n has always compris$ ! belief t bo? ! murd]$ & ! murd]] 7 doom$ to ! same unhappy lot aft] dea?4 ,! murd]]1 9 ! class ( m5 pollut$ & accurs$ by he9\s s91 & 8 victim1 9 ! class ( ^? :o h met ) viol5t dea?s1 h alike be5 reg>d$ z pre-dispos$ to become rev5ants4 ,! two facts ?us simply /at$ con/itute a problem :i* des]ves inve/igation4 ,x c be no accid5t t two classes ( m51 s gl>+ly contra/$ "h1 %\ld be believ$ to %>e ! same fate h]eaft]4 ,"s relation betwe5 ! two beliefs mu/ surely subsi/4 ,! solution to :i* ! m9d naturally leaps is ! idea t 9 "s way retributive ju/ice causes ! murd]] to be puni%$ ) ! selfsame suff]+ z he has br\ght ^u 8 victim2 t1 z blood calls = blood1 s ! resuscitation ( ! murd]$ calls = ! resuscitation ( ! murd]]2 t ! old law1 1 #8z a man ha? wr\ght1 s mu/ he suff]1' is n limit$ to ?is _w nor fully v9dicat$ by ! m]e %$d+ ( ! murd]]'s blood1 b dooms him to become1 l 8 victim1 a rev5ant f ! grave4 ,su* an explanation ( ! two facts be=e u is1 x may almo/ be said1 obvi\sly & self-evid5tly "r1 s f> z x goes2 b ! pro( ( its correctness is be/ to be obta9$ by go+ fur!r1 s z n m]ely to indicate ! appropriat5ess ( ! murd]]'s puni%m5t1 b to discov] also ! ag5cy :]eby x is inflict$2 =1 if x c be e/abli%$ t accord+ to ! popul> belief x is ! murd]$ man himself :o1 9 ! =m ( a rev5ant1 plagues 8 murd]]1 !n ! retributive "* ( all ! murd]]'s suff]+s bo? "h & h]eaft] w be manife/4 ,! mo/ /rik+ te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( su* a belief is to be f\nd 9 a gruesome practice to :i*1 we are told1 murd]]s 9 old "t 7 addict$--! practice ( mutilat+ 77 ! murd]$ man by cutt+ (f 8 h&s & feet1 & ei!r plac+ !m "u 8 armpits or ty+ !m ) a b& 77 r\nd 8 brea/4 ,:at object 0 _h 9 view 9 s dispos+ ( ! sev]$ extremities1 if inde$ our in=mation z to ! act itself be correct1 rema9s unc]ta92 p]haps inde$ t in=mation am\nts to no?+ m ?an a faulty conjectural int]pretation ( ! ^w itself1 :i* might equally well mean to sev] ! arms f ! body at ! armpit & to treat ! l[] limbs 9 simil> fa%ion4 ,b at any rate ! int5tion ( ! :ole act ( mutilation is kn[n & cle>2 ! murd]] s\ght to deprive 8 victim ( ! p[] to exact v5geance = 8 wrongs4 ,cle>ly !n ! v5geance appreh5d$ 0 n t ( a disembodi$ _s entreat+ ! gods to act on its behalf or appe>+ 9 visions to its surviv+ k9sfolk & urg+ !m to requite ! murd]]1 b ! v5geance ( a bodily rev5ant ) feet swift to pursue & h&s /rong to /rike4 ,on no o!r gr\nds is ! mutilation ( ! dead body intelligible4 ,b if any d\bt c\ld /ill re/ ^u ?is int]pretation ( ! old cu/om1 x mu/ be f9ally disp]s$ by a consid]ation ( ! "o in/ance ( ! same cu/om kn[n to me 9 mod]n times4 ,?is occurs 9 a /ory :i* ,i h already relat$#aaaj--! /ory ( a human sacrifice 9 ,santor9i at ! "t ( ! ,greek ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 z n>rat$ to me by an old man ( ! isl& :o claim$ to h himself tak5 "p 9 ! affair4 ,accord+ to 8 n>rative n only ! head ( ! victim 0 cut (f b also 8 h&s1 & 9 t ord]4 ,:y !n ?is mutilation ( ! dead body8 ,t "q ,i put 9 va9 to ! old man2 he _h oblig$ me by giv+ me 8 rem9isc5ces1 b he _h no int5tion ( lett+ himself be cross-que/ion$ ^u !m4 ,yet ! real answ] is n h>d to conjecture4 ,santor9i is ! mo/ fam\s haunt ( vrykolakes 9 ! :ole ( ,greece1 & famili>ity ) !m has br$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! isl&]s no contempt = !m1 b r a m lively t]ror4 ,n[h]e !re=e is any exp$i5t = combat+ ! p[]s ( ! vrykolakas m likely to be rememb]$ & adopt$4 ,s9ce !n ! human victim 9 ! /ory is n repres5t$ z a will+ victim1 b 0 evid5tly seiz$ & sla9 by viol5ce1 8 slay]s1 9 p]=m+ _! task1 mu/ h recognis$ t he w\ld 9 all probability turn vrykolakas1 & 9 _! mutilation ( 8 corpse 7a de$ inexpressibly repugnant to ,greek feel+ n[ z 9 old "t7 c only h be5 actuat$ by ! hope ( ?us incapacitat+ ! rev5ant = 8 o!rwise sure & t]rible v5geance4 ,! reason !n :y ! murd]] z well z ! murd]$ becomes a rev5ant is pla94 ,! victim1 ris+ f 8 grave 9 bodily sub/ance1 pursues 8 enemy ) untir+ ranc\r until he br+s him to ! same sorry /ate z t to :i* he himself has come4 ,su*1 ,i v5ture to say1 has be5 ! conviction deep d[n 9 ! he>ts ( ! ,greek p f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ?is day4 ,a cu/om1 :i* consi/s 9 a delib]ate & sacrilegi\s act ( mutilation1 m gha/ly ?an murd] itself1 p]petrat$ ^u ! helpless dead1 & :i* yet has cont9u$ un*ang$ ?r\gh\t ! *anges & *ances :i* ! ,greek p h und]gone = m ?an a score ( c5turies1 c only be bas$ ^u ! mo/ immutable ( sup]/iti\s beliefs & dreads1 & reveals m un]r+ly ?an ev5 ! :ole lit]ature ( ,greece ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! ,greek p conc]n+ ! av5g+ ( blood4 ,! murd]$ man 9 bodily %ape av5ges 8 own wrongs4 ,b :ile ! exi/5ce ( ?is belief is ?us e/abli%$ by ! be/ evid5ce ( all1 namely ! fact t m5 h cont9u$ to act ^u x1 ! views ( anci5t writ]s on ! subject ( blood-guilt are n on t acc\nt to be neglect$2 on ! contr>y1 ! :ole lit]ature be>+ !reupon1 & above all ! /ory ( ! h\se ( ,atreus z told by ,aes*ylus1 mu* z !y h be5 /udi$1 des]ve fre% consid]ation j = ! v reason t our judgem5t ( !m mu/ be modifi$ by ?is new fact4 ,/>t+ ) ! k ( ! "p :i* ! murd]$ man himself play$ accord+ to popul> belief 9 secur+ ! puni%m5t ( 8 murd]]1 we are enabl$ m fully to appreciate ! g5ius ( ,aes*ylus 9 s h&l+ a sup]/ition :i*1 l o!r ?+s primitive 9 ,greek religion1 0 /ill v5]at$ by an age :i* c\ld disc]n its grossness1 t1 )\t ei!r los+ ! religi\s sympa?ies ( 8 audi5ce by too wide a dep>ture f v5]able traditions1 or (f5d+ _! arti/ic ta/e by too close an adh]5ce to primitive crudities1 he wr\ght out ( t mat]ial ! fabric ( ! greate/ ( trag$ies4 ,:at we %all f9d 9 ?us /udy+ anew "s ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject is a modification ( ! gross] elem5ts 9 ! popul> sup]/ition su* z ! la/ section has already prep>$ u to expect4 ,we saw !re h[ re/rict$ 0 ! use :i* ! trag$ians & o!rs d>$ to make ( ! popul> belief 9 corporeal rev5ants ( any k9d2 we saw t dramatic propriety absolutely =bade ! introduction ( a dead man to play a "p o!rwise ?an 9 ! =m ( a gho/2 & yet m ?an once we f\nd1 especially z ! climax ( "s imprecation1 a v]bal allusion to ! belief 9 incorruptibility & bodily resuscitation4 ,& n[ simil>ly we %all see t ! trag$ians all[$ !mselves no great] lic5se 9 deal+ ) rev5ants 9 que/ ( v5geance ?an 9 deal+ ) ! m innocu\s sort2 we %all see t dramatic propriety =c$ !m to f9d "s o!r ag5cy ?an t ( ! bodily rev5ant :]eby ! v5geance ( ,agamemnon ^u ,clytemne/ra1 & ( ,clytemne/ra ^u ,ore/es1 might be execut$2 b we %all f9d )al t "h aga9 !re are a few v]bal ref]5ces to ! upris+ ( ! dead !mselves z av5g]s ( _! own wrongs1 & moreov] t1 ?\gh 9 ! actual developm5t ( ! plot !y c h no "p save only t ( a gho/1 & "s o!r av5g] is made to act on _! behalf1 yet x is !y !mselves :o in/igate & urge him to 8 task4 ,! bodily activity ( ! murd]$ man is suppress$1 save = "s few h9ts1 z a ?+ too gross = repres5tation by tragic art2 b at ! same "t fidelity to old religi\s tradition is 9 a way ma9ta9$ by proclaim+ 8 p]sonal1 ?\gh gho/ly1 activity 9 incit+ & ev5 compell+ o!rs to av5ge him4 ,! cle>e/ ref]5ces to ! bodily activity ( ! murd]$ man occur 9 precisely ! same connexion 9 bo? ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles--9 a pray] (f]$ by ,agamemnon's *ildr5 at _! dead fa!r's tomb4 ,9 ,sophocles ! occasion is t sc5e 9 :i* ,electra rebukes h] si/] = be>+ ,clytemne/ra's peace-(f]+s to ,agamemnon's tomb--peace-(f]+s1 be x not$1 :i* 9 !mselves imply t ! dead man is /ill a p[]ful foe to 8 murd]ess--& bids h] in/ead !re( jo9 ) ,electra h]self 9 lay+ a lock ( hair ^u ! tomb2 & !n come ! notable l9es1 1 #aaaa1 #8& fall+ at 8 tomb besee* ?\ him to come f out ! e>? 9 8 own /r5g? a k9dly help] unto u aga9/ 8 foes4' ,no "o1 ,i suppose1 c misd\bt ! emphasis :i* falls on 1 #88 v self'2 & to ! ,greek m9d ! #8v self' 0 n a disembodi$ _s1 b a ?+ ( fle% & bones & solid sub/ance4 ,unless ,sophocles 0 h9t+ v]bally at t :i* he dur/ n repres5t dramatically--! resurrection ( ! dead man 9 bodily sub/ance z an av5g] ( 8 own wrongs--! ^w c\ld h _h no mean+ = 8 he>]s4 ,! p>allel passage 9 ,aes*ylus comes f ! pray] ( ,ore/es & ,electra beside _! fa!r's grave#aaab4 #8,o ,e>?1' cries ,ore/es1 #8s5d up1 ,i pray !e1 my fa!r to wat* o'er my fight'2 & ,electra makes response1 #8,o ,p]sephone1 grant ?\ him /ill 8 body's /r5g? unm>r$1' 1 ' ' 4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y among translators & comm5tators to r5d] z if ! second half ( ! comp\nd 7 negligible2 yet ,i c f9d no in/ance 9 :i* ! ^w d5otes any?+ b beauty ( bodily %ape4 ,let ,aes*ylus' own usage ( x else:]e be ! index ( 8 mean+ "h4 ,! ,*orus ( ! ,agamemnon1 mus+ on ! fate ( ^? :o h fall5 at ,ilium1 tell h[ 9 place ( "s !re h be5 s5t home to _! k9 m]e p>cels ( a%es1 #8:ile o!rs1 ab\t ! walls :]e !y fell1 possess sepul*res ( ,trojan soil1 9 comel9ess ( %ape unm>r$'-- ' #aaac4 ,my r5d]+ !n ( is "r & _c be evad$4 ,aes*ylus1 l ,sophocles 9 ! prec$+ passage1 lightly yet surely1 by ! use ( a s+le ^w1 h9ts at ! popul> belief t ! murd]$ man may rise aga9 9 bodily =m to wreak 8 own v5geance4 ,once aga9 !n ! trag$ians h come to our aid 9 ! unravell+ ( ?is sup]/ition4 ,f !m we le>nt t incorruptibility & resuscitation 7 z great a t]ror to _! contempor>ies z !y are to ! mod]n peasants ( ,greece1 & t actually ! same imprecations ( t calamity 7 9 vogue !n z at ?is day2 & n[ aga9 we receive f !m corroboration ( t :i* ! horrible practice ( mutilat+ a murd]$ man's corpse _h already reveal$1 namely1 t "s ( ! dead :o return$ f _! graves 7 believ$ to g to & fro1 n 9 m]e va9 & pitiable w&]+s1 b ) ! fell purpose ( rev5g+ !mselves ^u _! murd]]s4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy h[ev] ( ,greek lit]ature1 z we saw 9 ! la/ section1 0 to replace ! bodily rev5ant by a m]e gho/4 ,9 _m cases ! consequ5ces ( ?is lit]>y modification 7 comp>atively small2 ! gho/ ( ,polydorus = example c su/a9 ! "p ( plead+ pla9tively = burial no less effectively1 p]haps inde$ ev5 m s1 ?an a lu/y rev5ant4 ,b ! case ( rev5ants b5t ^u v5geance 0 diff]5t2 ! consequ5ces ( sub/itut+ a m]e _s 7 f>-rea*+2 ! "p to be play$ consi/$ n 9 pite\s words b 9 /]n "w2 & = ?is "p s frail & flimsy a creature z ! ,greeks pictur$ ! gho/ to be 0 absolutely unfitt$4 ,! only means ( escap+ f ?is difficulty 0 to repres5t ! dead man z employ+ "s in/rum5t or ag5t ( retribution2 & accord+ly1 :]e ! gross popul> sup]/ition w\ld h _h ! murd]$ man em]ge f 8 grave 9 bodily =m to *ase & to slay 8 murd]]1 lit]ature 9 g5]al conf9$ ! dead man to ! unse5 _w & all[$ him only to "w by less directly p]sonal means--sometimes by ! h&s ( 8 next ( k91 9 o!r cases by a curse ei!r automatically op]ative or execut$ by demonic ag5ts4 ,b x is important to obs]ve t1 :atev] ! means employ$1 lit]ature cleaves to ! old traditions1 s f> z arti/ic ta/e p]mits1 by conc$+ to ! murd]$ man ! p[] ( in/igat+ ! ag5ts & controll+ ! in/rum5ts ( 8 v5geance4 ,8 p[] is made spiritual in/ead ( physical2 b 8 p]sonal activity is /ill recognis$2 he rema9s ! prime av5g] ( 8 own wrongs4 ,^! indirect me?ods ( retribution mu/ n[ be exam9$ sev]ally4 ,z reg>ds ! "p tak5 by ! next ( k9 to ! murd]$ man 9 fur!r+ ! "w ( v5geance1 ,i f9d no reason to suppose t lit]ature deviat$ 9 any way f popul> tradition4 ,! idea ( ! v5detta is ess5tially primitive & at ! same "t p]fectly h>moni\s ) ! belief t ! murd]$ man is capable ( execut+ 8 own rev5ge4 ,! ackn[l$g$ p[] ( ! dead man has nev] 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,greek p s]v$ z an excuse = 8 k9sm5 to sit idle2 r x has be5 an inc5tive to !m to assi/ m /r5u\sly 9 ! task ( v5geance1 le/ !y !mselves also %\ld fall "u ! dead man's displeasure4 ,on ?is po9t anci5t lore & mod]n lore are completely agre$4 ,! be/ expon5ts ( ?is view at ! pres5t day are a p :o c claim to be ! mo/ di/9ctively ,hell5ic inhabitants ( ! ,greek ma9l&4 ,! p59sula :i* t]m9ates 9 ! headl& ( ,ta5>um is ! home ( a race :i* is hi/orically kn[n to be ( m purely ,greek desc5t ?an ! inhabitants ( any o!r di/rict1 & :i* bo? 9 physical type & 9 social & religi\s cu/oms /&s ap>t--! ,maniotes4 ,among _! cu/oms is ! v5detta1 & ! beliefs on :i* x re/s are 9 brief z foll[s4 ,a man :o has be5 murd]$ _c re/ 9 8 grave until he has be5 av5g$1 b issues =? z a vrykolakas a?ir/ = 8 enemy's blood2 =1 9 ,ma9a1 "o :o has turn$ vrykolakas = ?is cause is /ill cr$it$ ) "s measure ( reasonabl5ess4 ,to secure 8 bodily dissolution & repose1 x is incumb5t ^u ! next ( k9 to slay ! murd]] or1 at ! lea/1 "s ne> k9sman ( ! murd]]4 ,until t be done1 ! son 7to take ! mo/ common in/ance7 lies "u 8 dead fa!r's curse2 &1 if he be s crav5 or s un=tunate z to f9d no opportunity = v5geance1 ! curse "u :i* he has liv$ cl+s to him /ill 9 dea?1 & he too becomes a vrykolakas4 ,! ,maniote doctr9e !n am\nts to ?is1 t ! murd]$ man rises f 8 grave to execute 8 own v5geance1 :i* consi/s 9 br++ ^u 8 murd]] ! same fate z he himself has suff]$ ?r\gh 8 enemy's de$--a viol5t dea? & consequ5tly resuscitation2 b at ! same "t he dem&s ! assi/ance ( 8 ne>e/ k9sman1 "u pa9 ( suff]+ a l fate h]eaft] if 8 ef=ts 9 ! cause ( v5geance are feeble or fruitless4 ,?us ! belief 9 p[]ful & v9dictive rev5ants =ms ! v ma9spr+ ( ! v5detta4 ,to ?is view bo? ,euripides & ,aes*ylus subscribe 9 tell+ ! /ory ( ,ore/es4 ,9 ! =m] we h ! answ] made by ,ore/es himself to ! tirade ( ,tynd>eus#aaad aga9/ ! v5detta3 #8,nay1 if by sil5ce1' he says1 #8,i _h cons5t$ unto my "m's de$s1 :at w\ld my dead sire h done to me8 ,w\ld he n h hat$ me & made me ! sport ( ,furies8 ,ha? my "m ^! goddesses at h] side to help h] cause1 & ha? n he t 0 m despitefully us$8'#aaae ,surely no cle>] /atem5t c\ld be made ( ,ore/es' appreh5sion t1 if he %\ld fail 9 ! duty :i* 8 dead fa!r impos$ ^u him1 ! dead man w\ld turn o!r m9i/]s ( 8 v5geance ^u 8 c[>dly son1 to plague him1 z if he 7 an accomplice1 ) ! same puni%m5t z _h be5 design$ = ! actual au?or ( ! murd]4 ,& simil>ly 9 ,aes*ylus we h ! retort ( ,ore/es to 8 "m's la/ w>n+ be=e he slays h]4 #8,bew>e1' %e says1 #8! fi5ds ?y "m's wra? %all r\se'2 & he answ]s1 #8,b1 an ,i flag1 h[ %\ld ,i 'scape my sire's8'#aaaf ,?us accord+ to ! anci5t trag$ians ! v5detta ( ,ore/es 0 prompt$ by ! same beliefs & fe>s z /ill /ir ! ,maniotes !reto4 ,s f> !n z conc]ns ! v5geance = ,agamemnon's dea?1 anci5t drama add$ no new elem5t to ! popul> beliefs1 b 0 able to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( art by judici\s selection f !m4 ,! idea1 to :i* ! ,maniotes /ill cl+1 t ! murd]$ man 9 ! =m ( a rev5ant av5ges 8 own wrongs1 is1 save = ! r>e v]bal allusions :i* we h notic$1 reject$1 & =ms no "p ( ! plot2 b ! belief1 t fe> ( ! dead man's wra? is a cog5t motive to action on ! "p ( 8 k9sman1 is reta9$4 ,& "h x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ,aes*ylus ev5 ju/ifies 8 rejection ( ! fir/ half ( ! popul> doctr9e1 & t too by a plea p]fectly satisfactory to ! popul> m9d4 ,agamemnon's case 0 peculi>4 ,n only _h he be5 murd]$1 b 8 dead body accord+ to ,aes*ylus1 :o is foll[$ 9 ?is by ,sophocles#aaag1 _h be5 mutilat$ 77 by 8 murd]]s4 ,! effect ( su* mutilation1 z we h se51 0 to r5d] ! rev5ant p[]less to wreak v5geance ) 8 own h&s4 ,h5ce ! "w devolv+ ^u ,ore/es w\ld h be51 9 popul> e/eem1 d\bl$2 if murd] alone _h be5 committ$1 he w\ld h work$ 9 conjunction1 z x 71 ) ! dead man2 b ! sup]-add$ mutilation incapacitat$ ! dead man = bodily "w1 & plac$ ! :ole burd5 ( retribution on ! %\ld]s ( 8 son4 ,?is1 pla9ly put1 is ! mean+ ( ! words spok5 by ! ,*orus 9 ! ,*oephori to ,ore/es3 #8,yea1 & he 0 mutilat$1 = ?\ mu/ "k ! wor/4 ,cruel 0 %e 9 ! slay+ ( him1 cruel /ill 9 ! burial1 9 t %e ?\ght to make 8 doom a burd5 pa/ be>+ ^u ?y life#aaah4' ,?us x may be claim$ t ,aes*ylus1 9 ! peculi> conditions ( ! case :i* he "h pres5ts1 foll[s unsw]v+ly ! popul> doctr9e4 ,x is only ,euripides :o c fairly be said to h really suppress$ any?+ 9 ?is "p ( ! /ory )\t tr\bl+ to ju/ify himself by ! circum/ances ( ,agamemnon's fate4 ,b ev5 ,euripides1 ?\gh he simply ignores 9 8 plot ! possibility ( ,agamemnon's bodily resuscitation1 is fai?ful to ! doctr9e t ! next ( k9 0 actuat$ 9 seek+ v5geance n by simple piety b by a lively fe> ( ! dead man's wra?4 ,moreov]1 ?is conception ( ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 ! murd]$ man & 8 ne>e/ k9sman did n m]ely furni% ! motif ( "s f9e passages ( ,trag$y2 x s]v$ also a m prosaic purpose1 & actually =m$ ! basis fir/ ( ,attic law conc]n+ blood-guilt1 & !n ( ,plato's ,laws 9 ! same connexion4 ,at ,a!ns1 z is well kn[n1 ! duty ( prosecut+ a murd]] 7or homicide7 0 impos$ by law ^u ! ne>e/ relative ( ! murd]$ man4 ,b ! obligation 0 n only legal2 x 0 also1 & inde$ prim>ily1 religi\s4 ,! law did no m ?an affirm & regulate a cu/om :i* religi\s tradition _h long e/abli%$4 ,to ?is fact ,antiphon especially be>s witness 9 c]ta9 passages#aaai ) :i* ,i mu/ deal m fully lat]2 b ! :ole t5or ( 8 appeals to ! religi\s feel+s & fe>s ( ! jury is /rictly 9 accord ) ! ,maniote doctr9e ( ! pres5t day1 save t 9 "o small po9t he takes a m m]ciful view4 ,9 ,ma9a x is held t1 if ! next ( k9 fail to av5ge ! dead man1 no matt] to :at cause ! failure be due1 he falls a prey to ! dead man's wra?4 ,antiphon on ! contr>y ass]ts t1 if ! next ( k9 h hone/ly done 8 be/ to br+ ! murd]] to ju/ice1 he w n be puni%$ = failure !re92 & yet he does n repres5t ! dead man z inactive 9 su* a case1 b d>es to ?reat5 ! jury t ! murd]$ man's ang] w n[ desc5d1 n ^u 8 k9sman :o has loyally /riv5 to av5ge him1 b ^u ! jury :o1 by unju/ly acquitt+ & h>b\r+#aabj ! murd]]1 make !mselves accomplices 9 8 crime & %>]s 9 8 pollution4 ,?is diff]5ce ( op9ion h[ev] is ( m9or importance1 & seems to be almo/ a necess>y result ( diff]5t social conditions4 ,9 anci5t ,a!ns ! next ( k9 0 requir$ to proce$ aga9/ ! murd]] by legal means1 & n to commit a brea* ( law & ord] by p]sonal viol5ce4 ,9 mod]n ,ma9a ! k9sman :o %\ld h rec\rse to law & call 9 ! police w\ld be acc\nt$ a recreant2 public op9ion requires him to f9d an opportunity1 op5ly or by ambu%1 ( slay+ ! murd]] ) 8 own h&2 ?is is to be 8 life's "w1 if ne$ be1 & ! possibility ( failure1 save ?r\gh want ( ent]prise & en]gy1 is h>dly contemplat$4 ,b z reg>ds ! ma9 issue1 namely ! belief t ! dead man himself is ! prime av5g] ( 8 own wrongs & t 8 k9sman acts only "u 8 in/igation z an assi/ant 9 ! "w1 mod]n sup]/ition has ! entire support bo? ( ! drama & ( ! law ( anci5t ,a!ns4 ,fur!r corroboration is p]haps unnecess>y2 yet ,plato's legislation 9 ! matt] ( homicide mu/ n be pass$ ov]2 = x possesses ?is peculi> int]e/ & importance ( its own1 t x 0 confess$ly bas$ ^u a religi\s doctr9e :i* ,plato e/eem$ #8old ev5 among ! traditions ( antiquity#aaba4' ,f :at s\rce he obta9$ ! doctr9e he does n def9itely say2 b1 f a m5tion ( ,delphi 9 ! passage imm$iately prec$+ z ! supreme au?ority 9 all matt]s ( purification f blood-guilt1 x may fairly be surmis$ t ?is too is a piece ( ,delphic lore4 ,at any rate ,plato accept$ x z an au?oritative pron\ncem5t to :i* ! homicide mu/ pay due he$4 #8,! doctr9e1' says ,plato1 #8is t "o :o has liv$ 8 life 9 ! _s ( a free man & meets ) a viol5t dea? is wro?1 :ile 8 dea? is yet rec5t1 aga9/ ! man :o caus$ x1 & :5 he sees him go+ 8 way 9 ! places :]e he himself 0 wont to move1 he /rikes#aabb him ) ! same quak+ & t]ror ) :i* he himself has be5 fill$ by ! viol5ce done to him1 & 9 8 own confusion conf\nds 8 enemy & all 8 do+s to ! utmo/ ( 8 p[]1 aid$ !re9 by ! slay]'s own consci5ce4 ,& t is :y x is "r t ! do] ( ! de$ %\ld 9 def]5ce to ! suff]] )draw = ! full space ( ! ye>1 & %\ld keep cle> ( ! :ole c\ntry :i* ! dead man _h frequ5t$ z 8 native l&2 & if ! dead man be a =eign] ! slay] mu/ hold alo( f ! =eign]'s c\ntry = ! same p]iod4 ,su* !n is ! law2 &1 if a man volunt>ily obs]ve x1 ! dead man's ne>e/ k9sman1 ^: duty x is to look to all ?is1 mu/ respect ! slay]1 & w d "r to be at peace ) him2 b1 if ! slay] disreg>d ?is law & ei!r presume to ent] holy places & to sacrifice be=e he be purifi$1 or1 aga91 refuse to fulfil ! allott$ p]iod 9 retirem5t1 ! ne>e/ ( k9 mu/ proce$ aga9/ him on a *>ge ( homicide1 &1 if a conviction be obta9$1 ! p5alties are to be d\bl$4 ,b if ! ne>e/ ( k9 d n seek v5geance = ! de$1 x is held t ! pollution devolves ^u him1 & t ! suff]] 7i4e4 ! dead man7 turns ^u him ! suff]+ 7i4e4 t :i* ! homicide himself %\ld h incurr$71 & anyone :o w may br+ a suit aga9/ him & obta9 a s5t5ce ( bani%m5t = five ye>s#aabc4' ,n[ = a "r appreciation ( ?is passage x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,plato introduces 8 old tradition propos ( un9t5tional homicide4 ,! actual p5alties !re=e are ( a mild] nature ?an ^? ) :i* we h hi!rto be5 conc]n$4 ,inde$ x is n ! diff]5ce 9 ! p5alties :i* %\ld cause any surprise1 b r t an un9t5tional act %\ld be puni%$ at all2 & x w\ld seem p]haps t 9 cit+ ?is doctr9e ,plato s\ght to ju/ify himself 9 reta9+ a provision ( ,attic law :i* at fir/ sight appe>$ unju/4 ,9 ,a!ns#aabd1 we "k1 ! involunt>y homicide 0 requir$ n only to und]go purification b to )draw = a :ole ye> f ! c\ntry ( ! man :om he _h sla94 ,! h>d%ip ( ?is 0 manife/1 & yet ,plato acquiesc$ 9 ! righte\sness ( x = ! reason app>5tly t ! ye>'s retirem5t#aabe 0 n a p5alty impos$ by ! /ate1 b a satisfaction :i*1 accord+ to religi\s tradition1 ! dead man dem&$ & might ev5 himself en=ce4 ,plato 9 fact recognises no less frankly ?an o!rs ! p]sonal activity ( ! sla9 man4 ,he diff]s inde$ 9 limit+ ! duration ( t activity1 :5 he says t ! dead man's ang] is hot aga9/ ! slay] only :ile 8 dea? is /ill rec5t1 & :5 by ! provisions ( 8 law he implies t ! victim's desire = v5geance is fully satisfi$ by ! slay]'s )drawal = ! space ( "o ye>4 ,b ?is diff]5ce is completely expla9$ by ! fact t ,plato introduces ! tradition 9 connexion ) un9t5tional homicide1 :]eas previ\sly we h _h x treat$ 9 relation to wilful murd]4 ,reasonably en\gh ! man :o has be5 accid5tally sla9 is repres5t$ z angry only = a "t1 :ile ! victim ( delib]ate murd] n\ri%es a wra? implacable4 ,! "o drives ! au?or ( 8 mis=tune into exile = a ye> & !n rep5ts him ( ! evil2 ! o!r dogs 8 enemy ) v5geance n only = a ye> b ?r\gh\t 8 life & ev5 aft] dea?2 & inde$ ,plato himself1 :5 he passes f ! subject ( involunt>y homicide to t ( delib]ate murd]1 proves 8 recognition ( ?is diff]5ce by 8 enactm5ts2 =1 at any rate 9 ! mo/ he9\s case1 namely ! murd] ( a ne> k9sman1 he expressly /ates#aabf t ! old pr9ciple #8z a man ha? done1 s mu/ he suff]' admits ( no abatem5t2 ! guilty man mu/ die1 & 8 body be left unburi$4 ,b ,i mu/ n yet ent] ^u a discussion ( ! actual puni%m5ts inflict$4 ,"h ,i am only conc]n$ to po9t out h[ completely ,plato's #8old doctr9e' h>monises ) t :i* we h le>nt f o!r s\rces conc]n+ ! p]sonal activity ( ! dead man4 ,fir/ we read t ! dead man t]rifies & conf\nds ! slay] to ! utmo/ ( 8 p[]1 ) ! aid ( ! slay]'s own consci5ce2 & !n aga9 t 8 next ( k9 is "u an obligation to obta9 satisfaction = him1 & is puni%$ by him if he neglects t duty4 ,cle>ly ! slay]'s own consci5ce is no m ?an an in/rum5t--a some:at ineffective in/rum5t1 "o might ?9k1 9 a case ( un9t5tional homicide--& ! next ( k9 is no m ?an a m9i/]1 bo? ( !m employ$ & direct$ by ! dead man himself4 ,he x is :o exacts 8 own v5geance4 ,! o!r lit]>y me?od ( mitigat+ ! crude popul> belief 9 a bodily rev5ant hunt+ d[n 8 enemy 0 to treat ! murd]]'s puni%m5t z ! result ( a curse4 ,su* a curse 0 d5ot$ usually by ! ^w 1 :i* may p]haps be m exactly r5d]$ by ! phrase #8a manife/ation ( wra? 77' on ! "p ( "s sup]natural be+#aabg1 :e!r a god or ! dep>t$ _s ( a man2 :5 once provok$ by deadly s9 su* z ! murd] ( a k9sman or refusal ( burial1 ?is curse 0 held to cleave to ! ta9t$ family f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,9 ! case ( blood-guilt1 :i* we are at pres5t consid]+1 ! curse1 z 0 said above1 0 held ei!r to "w spontane\sly or to be execut$ by "s p[]s ( ! ne!r _w4 ,! =m] view is m r>ely adopt$1 b is cle>ly en\gh indicat$ 9 "o or two passages ( anci5t lit]ature4 ,plato 9 ! ,pha$rus speaks ( mo/ griev\s sicknesses & suff]+s be+ produc$ 9 c]ta9 families z ! consequ5ce ( anci5t curses 7 7#aabh2 & f ! rem9isc5ces & v]bal e*oes ( ,euripides' ,ore/es :i* appe> 9 ! passage#aabi x is abundantly cle> t ! p>ticul> family :i* ,plato _h 9 m9d 0 ! blood-guilty h\se ( ,atreus4 ,"h !n !re is no m5tion ( any gods1 no sugge/ion t ! curse 0 execut$ by !m or 9 ! fir/ in/ance proce$$ f !m4 ,& ! negative evid5ce ( ,plato's sil5ce conc]n+ ! gods is turn$ to c]ta9ty by ! positive /atem5t ( ,aes*ylus t1 if a son neglect ! task ( v5geance1 #8betwixt him & ! gods' alt>s /&e? ! unse5 b>ri] ( 8 fa!r's wra?#aacj'2 = if1 9 ! case ( ! k9sman :o by neglect+ ! duty ( v5geance has made himself a p>tak] 9 ! guilt & pollution ( ! murd]]1 ! ,wra? 77 by :i* he is puni%$ bo? proce$s f ! dead man &1 f> f ne$+ ! gods' fur!rance 9 ord] to take effect1 /&s z x 7 on gu>d to hold ! pollut$ man alo( f _! alt>s1 !n surely ! ,wra? :i* pursues ! murd]] himself mu/ emanate f ! same s\rce & possess ! same spontane\s efficacy4 ,! dead man himself !n bo? laun*es ! curse & controls its c\rse2 & probably x 0 9 def]5ce to ?is doctr9e t ,plato =mulat$ 8 own law1 t1 ev5 9 ! case ( a fa!r be+ kill$ by 8 own son1 ! dy+ man might ) 8 la/ brea? remit ! curse :i* su* a de$ incurr$ & exempt 8 son f all except ! purifications & ! tempor>y retirem5t impos$ 9 cases ( involunt>y homicide#aaca4 ,b m frequ5tly ! execution ( ! curse is conceiv$ to be ! "w ( c]ta9 p[]s ( ! ne!r _w4 ,^! p[]s h[ev] d n act on _! own initiative2 !y are in/igat$ to ! task ( v5geance by ! murd]$ man himself4 ,"h1 no less ?an 9 ! o!r r5d]+s ( ! old tradition1 ! suff]] himself is ! supreme av5g] ( 8 own suff]+s4 ,! mo/ fam\s example ( ?is conception is furni%$ by ! plot ( ! ,eum5ides4 ,! ,furies are repres5t$ z ! s]vants ( ,clytemne/ra1 fai?ful witnesses to h] wrongs1 exactors ( blood = blood on h] behalf#aacb4 ,:5 !y slumb] & all[ ,ore/es to escape ! :ile1 h] gho/ approa*es !m 9 no suppliant mann] = all _! godhead1 b *ides !m & urges !m afre%1 l h\nds1 ^u ! qu>ry's trail#aacc4 ,&1 mo/ significant ( all1 !re is "o passage 9 :i* !y say ( !mselves t ! "n :]eby !y are kn[n 9 _! home b5ea? ! e>? is ! "n ( ,curses 77#aacd2 !y are 9 fact ! p]sonification ( ^? curses :i* a murd]$ man himself directs aga9/ 8 murd]]4 ,nor is ?is notion conf9$ to drama4 ,x5ophon is little prone to poetic imag9+s2 yet he c f9d an argum5t = ! immortality ( ! s\l 9 :at he consid]s an e/abli%$ fact ( human exp]i5ce1 namely1 t ! spirits ( ^? :o h be5 unju/ly sla9 inspire t]rors 9 _! murd]]s' he>ts & #8s5d aga9/ !m' c]ta9 #8av5g]s ( blood' 7 #aace74 ,& else:]e aga9 & aga9 we he> ( ! same av5g]s "u a v>iety ( names--1 1 --names :i* w receive consid]ation lat] & by _! v mean+ & usage w confirm once m my cont5tion t1 by :atev] in/rum5t or ag5cy ! murd] is repres5t$ z be+ av5g$1 anci5t lit]ature only dep>t$ f ! primitive belief 9 bodily rev5ants execut+ _! own v5geance at ! "o po9t at :i* ! grossness ( popul> sup]/ition mu/ h (f5d$ educat$ s5sibilities1 & foll[$ ! old tradition z fai?fully z might be 9 conc$+ to ! dead man1 if n bodily1 yet p]sonal1 activity4 ,! same popul> beliefs1 mutatis mut&is1 probably atta*$ also to ano!r class ( rev5ants1 dead m5 ^: bodies _h n receiv$ due burial4 ,! necess>y modifications ( ! sup]/ition w\ld be two 9 numb]4 ,fir/1 ! ang] ( ! dead man w\ld n endure = ev]1 unless 8 body _h be5 s treat$ t burial 0 no long] possible1 b w\ld cease ) ! p]=mance ( t :i* he return$ to dem&2 & secondly1 he w\ld n be repres5t$ z us+ = 8 ag5t 8 next ( k91 :o 9 mo/ cases ( ! k9d w\ld be ! v p]son responsible to him = ! neglect ( burial4 ,lit]ature !re=e _h "h no *oice ( v]sions2 ! bodily re-appe>ance ( ! dead man 0 reckon$ too gross an idea2 ! employm5t ( 8 ne>e/ k9sman to act on 8 behalf became 9 ?is case impossible2 a curse 0 ! only exp$i5t4 ,& ?is is ! exp$i5t :i* we actually f9d adopt$4 ,9 ! ,iliad ,hector adjures ,a*illes n to fulfil 8 ?reat ( ?r[+ 8 dead body to ! dogs & to ! f[ls ( ! air1 b to give him burial1 #8le/1' he says1 #8,i become a cause ( ! gods' wra? aga9/ !e'-- #aacf--;& ! self-same phrase is put into ! m\? ( ,elp5or's _s 9 ! ,odyssey :5 he craves due burial ( ,odysseus#aacg4 ,! same idea occurs once m 9 ,p9d>'s ref]5ce to ,phrixus1 :o bade g unto ! halls ( ,aeetes 7= !re 9 a /range l& he _h di$1 & _h n receiv$ ! burial-rites ( 8 own c\ntry7 & br+ 8 _s to re/1 & ^: bidd+ ,jason is bes\ght by ,pelias to fulfil1 = t #8already do? old age wait ^u me2 b ) !e ! blossom ( y\? is b burgeon+1 & ?\ can/ put away ! wra? ( p[]s b5ea?#aach4' ,9 ea* ( ^! passages !n ! actual en=cem5t ( ! dead man's w is by means ( a curse or #8manife/ation ( wra?'--= ! same ^w 7or 7 is us$2 9 ea* case also1 z x happ5s1 ! curse does n op]ate automatically b is execut$ by gods--! me?od pref]r$ also1 z we saw1 9 cases ( blood-guilt2 b "h also1 z !re1 ! p]sonal activity ( ! dead man is frankly ackn[l$g$2 ! phrase ( ,hom] #8le/ ,i become 444' & t ( ,p9d> #8,phrixus do? bid 444' cle>ly sugge/ t ! gods 7 in/igat$ to int]v5e by ! suff]] himself4 ,! case !n /&s ?us4 ,we le>nt 9 ! la/ *apt] t ! unburi$ dead no less ?an ! murd]$ 7 popul>ly believ$ to become rev5ants4 ,we h s9ce le>nt t ! murd]$1 9 ! capacity ( rev5ants1 7 popul>ly believ$ to av5ge _! own wrongs ) _! own h&s1 b t anci5t lit]ature commonly pres5ts a modifi$ v]sion ( t belief accord+ to :i* ! p]sonal activity inde$ ( ! dead man is recognis$1 b ! in/rum5t ( 8 v5geance is a curse execut$ by demonic ag5ts4 ,we f9d n[ t lit]ature assigns also to ! unburi$ dead ! same p]sonal activity 9 puni%+ ^? ^: neglect has caus$ _! suff]+1 & by ! same means4 ,! reasonable inf]5ce is t "h too we h a modifi$ v]sion ( a popul> belief t ! unburi$1 l ! murd]$1 n only became rev5ants1 :i* we "k1 b1 9 ! capacity ( rev5ants1 !mselves puni%$ ^? :o refus$ or neglect$ to r5d] !m _! due fun]al rites4 ,?us ! same pr9ciple gov]n$ ! :ole sy/em ( ! puni%m5t incurr$ by m5 :o 7 guilty ei!r ( murd] or ( leav+ ! dead unburi$--! pr9ciple t ! dead man :om !y _h injur$ 9 ei!r ( ^! ways himself requit$ ^? injuries4 ,h5ce1 :5 we proce$ to exam9e ! actual puni%m5ts inflict$1 we ne$ no long] conc]n ourselves ) ! fact t lit]ature attributes ! infliction n[ to ! ne>e/ k9sman ( ! dead man & anon to "s div9e av5g]2 b1 :atsoev] in/rum5t or ag5cy is employ$1 we "k t ! dead man himself 0 believ$ to control & direct x1 & !re=e t ! puni%m5t ?us effect$ 0 conceiv$ to be su* z ! dead man himself will$ &1 9 popul> belief1 c\ld ) 8 own h&s en=ce4 ,?us 9 ! ,ore/eia ! puni%m5t ( ,clytemne/ra is actually effect$ by ,ore/es1 & aga9 ! puni%m5t ( ,ore/es is entru/$ to ! ,furies2 b ,ore/es is only ! m9i/] ( 8 dead fa!r1 c>ry+ out ! "w ( retribution "u pa9 ( incurr+ ! same puni%m5t himself if by inaction he %\ld cons5t unto 8 "m's crime2 & ! ,furies 9 l mann] are only ! s]vants ( ! dead ,clytemne/ra1 in/igat$ by h] to _! pursuit4 ,! slay+ ( ,clytemne/ra & ! suff]+s ( ,ore/es are ! puni%m5ts :i* ! dead ,agamemnon & ! dead ,clytemne/ra1 ev5 9 ! lit]>y v]sion ( ! /ory1 impose1 &1 9 a m primitive & gross =m ( x1 might !mselves h inflict$4 ,b be=e exam9+ ! nature ( ^? puni%m5ts 9 detail1 x w be well to recall ! fact t to ! eyes ( ! anci5t ,greeks murd] or homicide always pres5t$ itself 9 two di/9ct aspects#aaci4 ,reg>d$ f "o po9t ( view1 x 0 ! grave/ possible injury to ! man :o 0 sla94 ,view$ f ! o!r1 x 0 a s\rce ( #8pollution' 71 1 71 an abom9ation to ! gods & a p]il to liv+ m52 = ! ta9t ( blood%$ 0 conceiv$ z a contagi\s physical malady1 :i* ! pollut$ p]son by t\* or ev5 by spee*#aadj might communicate to 8 fell[-m51 & n to !m only1 b to places :i* he visit$1 ! m>ket1 ! h>b\rs1 ! temples#aada2 nay1 ev5 ! sanctity ( ! gods' images 0 n pro( aga9/ ! contam9ation ( 8 blood/a9$ h&s#aadb4 ,9 brief1 ! two aspects ( homicide 7 ! moral & ! religi\s aspects2 & bo? moral & religi\s atonem5ts 7 requir$4 ,! wrong done to ! dead man 0 requit$ by ! suff]+s :i* he 9 turn impos$2 ! pollution1 be+ prim>ily a /ate ( religi\s disability 7= x involv$1 z ,plato says#aadc1 ! enmity ( ! gods71 0 remov$ by a religi\s c]emony ( purification4 ,h[ cle>ly m>k$ 0 ?is di/9ction 9 antiquity is evid5t f ,plato's laws on homicide1 z a brief consid]ation ( two or ?ree special cases w %[4 ,fir/1 9 ! mo/ v5ial case ( homicide1 :]e a man _h kill$ 8 own slave1 he incurr$ no puni%m5t at all1 b 0 b\nd none ! less to get himself purifi$#aadd4 ,secondly1 9 cases ( ! utmo/ enormity1 z :]e a man wilfully murd]$ 8 fa!r or "m1 religion provid$ no means ( purification4 ,blood-guilt 9 g5]al 0 #8h>d to cure'2 b p>ricide belong$ to ! class ( s9s #8incurable#aade4' ,su* a murd]] !re=e mu/ die1 =1 z ,plato says1 #8!re is no o!r k9d ( purification' 9 ?is case ?an ! pay+ ( blood = blood4 ,religi\s purification 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w 0 refus$1 b ! extreme puni%m5t 0 dem&$4 ,?irdly1 9 ! majority ( cases ( blood-guilt1 :]e bo? purification & puni%m5t 7 requir$1 ! two 7 cle>ly indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,! purification ( ! involunt>y homicide 0 to prec$e ! ye>'s retirem5t#aadf4 ,! religi\s c]emony cleans$ ! man f pollution1 b c\ld no m exempt him f mak+ satisfaction to ! dead man :om he _h wrong$1 ?an absolution ( s9 pron\nc$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian confessional c exempt f ! legal consequ5ces ( crime4 ,! ,delphic prie/hood itself1 if we may tru/ ! te/imony ( ,aes*ylus1 claim$ no m ?an ! p[] to cleanse2 = ,apollo himself1 hold+ ,ore/es guilty ( manslaught] ?\gh n ( murd]1 aft] grant+ him religi\s purification1 does n int]v5e to save him f t exile :i* ev5 ! un9t5tional homicide 0 bidd5 by ,attic law to und]go2 nay1 he ev5 acquiesces 9 ! necessity ( ,ore/es' flight1 bids him n fa9t be=e 8 w&]+s are done1 & promises only to set a limit !reto & to free him f ! pursu+ ,furies 9 ! end#aadg4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! pollution & ! injury1 & betwe5 ! purification & ! puni%m5t1 be+ ?us cle>ly recognis$1 x is necess>y1 9 inve/igat+ ! relations betwe5 ! dead man & 8 murd]]1 to set ! purely religi\s aspect ( blood-guilt on "o side1 & to treat ! puni%m5ts inflict$ ^u ! murd]] simply z ! settl+ ( an acc\nt betwe5 man & man4 ,"o po9t only z reg>ds ! pollution ne$ be borne 9 m9d1 namely1 t purification 0 grant$ to ! homicide 9 ! int]e/s ( gods & m5 ^: abodes w\ld o!rwise be defil$ by 8 pres5ce1 & t ! dead man c\ld n conceivably d]ive any satisfaction !refrom4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 desire = v5geance w\ld naturally lead him to int]pose #8! unse5 b>ri] ( 8 wra?' betwixt ! guilty man & ^? alt>s ( ! gods :]e alone purification c\ld be won1 & ?us to keep 8 enemy /ill pollut$2 = 8 pollution1 j because x 0 a p]il to 8 fell[m51 c>ri$ ) x ! puni%m5t ( utt] solitude until he 0 cleans$4 ,:5 !re=e1 z w appe> lat]1 ! murd]$ man is describ$ n only z an av5g] ( 8 own wrongs1 b z "o :o /rives to keep alive ! religi\s defilem5t ( ! murd]]1 !re is no confusion ( ! moral & ! religi\s aspects ( murd]1 b r ! injur$ man is conceiv$ z wreak+ 8 v5geance by e possible means1 n only directly by ! suff]+s :i* he c p]sonally inflict1 b also indirectly by ! privation :i* ! /ate ( pollution necess>ily involves4 ,! nature ( ! direct acts ( v5geance1 :i* are n[ to be exam9$1 c be/ be le>nt f t passage ( ! ,*oephori :i* depicts ! horrible p5alties await+ ,ore/es if by inaction he %\ld make himself a cons5t] to ! crime ( ,clytemne/ra4 ,we h already le>nt t 9 su* a case ! default+ k9sman incurr$ precisely ! same puni%m5t z he %\ld h assi/$ to inflict on ! actual murd]]4 ,t !re=e ) :i* ,ore/es 0 ?reat5$ 0 t to :i* ,clytemne/ra 0 already condemn$4 ,! puni%m5ts nam$ are ^? ) :i*1 accord+ to popul> sup]/ition1 a murd]$ man1 ris5 9 bodily sub/ance f ! grave1 c\ld requite 8 enemy4 ,= no "o1 ,i suppose1 w\ld sugge/ t ,aes*ylus1 :o foll[$ popul> tradition s scrupul\sly 9 all t did n absolutely conflict ) dramatic propriety1 inv5t$ = himself ! :ole s*eme ( p5alties "h set =?4 ,t he 0 b\nd to modify ! means :]eby ! puni%m5ts 7 inflict$1 9 ord] to avoid ! incongruity ( a rev5ant ^u ! /age1 we already "k & %all see aga92 b h[ closely he adh]$ to ! popul>ly accept$ s*eme ( puni%m5ts1 ev5 :5 he 0 =c$ to f9d "s new means ( inflict+ !m1 w incid5tally be %[n by t detail$ exam9ation to :i* 8 li/ ( p5alties mu/ n[ be subject$4 ,! fir/ p5alty is ! physical torm5t ( lepr\s bla9s t consume ! body & age ! suff]] prematurely4 ,at fir/ we are incl9$ to wond] :y leprosy is select$ by ! dead man z 8 means ( retaliation aga9/ 8 enemy2 b a little reflection w lead u to guess t 9 ?is p>ticul> act ( v5geance ,aes*ylus c\ld n actually reproduce ! popul> doctr9e4 ,! common-folk believ$ 9 ! bodily activity ( ! dead2 &1 if !y believ$ also t bodily suff]+s 7 "p ( ! puni%m5t :i* ! murd]] incurr$1 ! two beliefs mu/ surely h be5 correlat$2 ! physical suff]+s ( ! murd]] mu/ h be5 conceiv$ to be caus$ by ! physical activity ( ! murd]$2 or1 to put x m pla9ly1 if we may elucidate anci5t sup]/ition by ! aid ( mod]n1 ! murd]$ man1 9 ! =m ( a rev5ant b5t on v5geance1 0 believ$ to leap ^u 8 victim & r5d him ) 8 tee? & suck out 8 v life-blood4 ,cle>ly ,aes*ylus c\ld n commit himself to s crude a pres5tation ( a rev5ant2 he c\ld n conjure up be=e 8 audi5ce ! spectacle ( ! dead ,agamemnon a?ir/ = actual blood2 b equally cle>ly he knew t popul> sup]/ition1 & _h x 9 8 m9d :5 he depict$ ! horrors ( leprosy4 ,= ! bodily assault ( a rev5ant he sub/itut$ a natural malady eng5d]$ by a dead man's unse5 wra?2 b he describ$ ! op]ation ( t malady 9 language sugge/$ by ! popul> pres5tm5t ( a p]sonal av5g] m reasonable inde$ 9 8 purpose b sc>cely less f]oci\s 9 8 acts ?an a ,slavonic vampire--#8bla9s t leap ^u ! fle% & ) savage jaws eat out its er/:ile vig\r#aadh4' ,! means ( inflict+ ! puni%m5t is *ang$1 b ! actual puni%m5t ( ! murd]] is ! same z if x 7 n leprosy b 9 v tru? a vampire1 :i* leapt ^u him & gnaw$ 8 fle% & dra9$ 8 life-blood4 ,s fai?ful is ,aes*ylus to ! crude popul> idea ( a retribution :i* requir$ t he :o _h spill$ ano!r's blood %\ld h 8 own blood drunk by 8 victim4 ,! second p5alty is ! m5tal agony ( "o :om #8madness & va9 t]ror sprung ( ! d>kness d %ake & conf\nd#aadi4' ,"h aga9 ! puni%m5t is 9 /rict accord ) t law t a man mu/ suff] z he has wr\ght4 ,t old tradition record$ & rev]$ by ,plato1 on :i* ,i h already t\*$1 taught t e man :o 0 sla9 by viol5ce 0 himself fill$ !reby ) quak+ & t]ror & confusion ( _s1 & accord+ly s\ght 8 rev5ge 9 t]rify+ & conf\nd+ ! slay]4 ,no cle>] comm5t>y on ! l9es ( ,aes*ylus c\ld be desir$4 ,plato expla9s h[ ! t]ror & ! confusion--= he employs ! selfsame words z ,aes*ylus--by :i* ! murd]] is ov]:elm$ are ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! m5tal angui% :i* 8 viol5ce br\ght ^u 8 victim4 ,aes*ylus !n once aga9 0 foll[+ closely an old tradition ( ! popul> religion4 ,x matt]s n at all t 9 ?is case he names ! ,er9yes z ! ag5ts1 j z previ\sly he made leprosy ! in/rum5t1 ( ! dead man's v5geance4 ,! actual suff]+s :i* ! murd]] mu/ und]go are 9 ?is case also id5tical 9 "* ) ^? :i* he caus$ to 8 victim4 ,! ?ird puni%m5t ( ! blood-guilty man consi/s 9 w&]+ fri5dless & outca/2 & ?is aga9 is no arbitr>y inv5tion ( ,aes*ylus1 b 0 cle>ly prescrib$ by t old tradition :i*1 9 ,plato's reckon+1 ju/ifi$ ! legal imposition ( a ye>'s retirem5t ev5 ^u ^? :o _h %$ blood involunt>ily4 ,:]e !n is t correspond5ce1 :i* our exam9ation ( ! fir/ two p5alties has l$ u to expect1 betwe5 ?is ?ird puni%m5t & ! suff]+s ( ! dead man :o exacts x8 ,is !re ! same nicety ( retribution8 ,cle>ly s4 ,! dead man became 9 popul> belief a rev5ant1 a w&]] f out ! grave1 pitiable 9 8 lonel9ess1 cut (f f all fri5dly int]c\rse ) liv+ m51 n yet admitt$ to ! fell[%ip ( ! dep>t$1 ! sorrie/ ( outca/s4 ,su* 0 ! mis]y to :i* ! murd]] by 8 act ( viol5ce _h br\ght 8 victim2 su* !re=e too ! mis]y :i* ! murd]] himself mu/ ta/e 9 8 w&]+s & lonel9ess "h on e>?1 ?\gh x 7 b a =eta/e ( m consummate mis]y h]eaft]4 ,truly ev5 9 life ! murd]] 0 made to suff] z he _h wr\ght4 ,& !n comes ! f\r? p5alty1 dea?2 = ?\gh ,aes*ylus1 9 ! li/ ( puni%m5ts :i* we h n[ be=e u1 t\*es b lightly on ?is1 ! mo/ obvi\s =m ( retribution1 yet else:]e he repeat$ly affirms1 & _m ano!r re-e*oes1 ! doctr9e t blood cries = blood#aaej4 ,p]haps 9 ?is passage he felt t by depict+ ! gnaw+ pangs ( leprosy he _h suffici5tly proclaim$ ! sure approa* ( dea?2 p]haps he pass$ x by z a slight ?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! horror t yet rema9$ to be told4 ,= dea? did n close ! tale ( puni%m5ts2 ! blood-guilty man1 s *ant ! ,furies1 #8?\gh he be dead is none too free#aaea4' ,& s we pass to ! la/ requirem5t ( v5geance1 t ! outca/ %all h no fri5d to hon\r 8 dead body ) ! due fun]al-rites1 :]eby alone ! desir$ dissolution c\ld be secur$1 b is doom$ to lie unburi$1 incorruptible4 ,su* is my int]pretation ( ! clos+ l9es ( ! passage be=e u2 & !re is no ne$ to repeat ! def5ce ( my cont5tion t ! ^w mu/ be und]/ood 9 its lit]al & prop] s5se4 ,b x w n be out ( place to note "h h[1 9 ! ,eum5ides1 ,aes*ylus' m9d 0 /ill p]vad$ by ! same popul> belief4 ,! ^w means1 9 ! lit]al s5se 9 :i* ,i h tak5 x1 to be )held f corruption by "s process ( cur+ or dry+2 &1 fanta/ic ?\gh x may seem1 x is t process ( #8dry+1' if ,i may use ! ^w1 :i* ! ,furies are *>g$ by ,clytemne/ra to c>ry out aga9/ h] murd]]4 ,let ,aes*ylus' own words prove x4 ,he> fir/ h[ ,clytemne/ra's gho/ ) h] la/ words spurs on ! ,furies to ?is special task3 ' ' 1 1 1 1 #aaeb4 #8,up & pursue6 let ?y brea? lap 8 blood ,) s]+ reek1 z 7 ?y b[els a furnace1 ,till he be %rivell$ 9 ! r$\bl$ *ase4' ,& ! ,furies prove by _! ?reats to ,ore/es t !y are n unm9dful ( _! *>ge4 #8,nay1 9 return = ! blood ?\ ha/ %$1 ?\ mu/ give me to suck ! r$ juices f ?y liv+ limbs4 ,?yself mu/ be my meat1 my horrid dr9k4' #8,yea1 :ile ?\ live/1 ,i w dra9 !e dry1 ere ,i hale !e 'nea? ! e>?#aaec4' ,& ! same ?\ght is emphasiz$ yet aga9 9 t b9d+-spell :i* ! ,furies *ant to draw him :om !y already acc\nt _! prey f 8 va9 refuge at ,a!ne's alt>3 1 1 1 1 1 1 #aaed4 #8,ov] our victim ?us *ant we our spell1 ,rock+ & wreck+ ! torturd s\l1 ,! jubilant song ( ,av5g]s1 ,fett]+ ! s\l ) no 'wit*m5ts ( lute1 ,a spell z ( dr\ght#aaee ^u mortals4' ,su* is ! wild1 weird refra9 ( ! ,furies' incantation2 & 9 its clos+ phrase are re-e*o$ ! clos+ words ( ,clytemne/ra's *>ge4 ,w anyone !n v5ture to say t ,aes*ylus _h no special reason = ?us repeat+ ?rice )9 ! compass ( "s two hundr$ l9es ! same ?reat8 ,= ! puni%m5t ?reat5$ is sub/antially ! same1 ?\gh ! means ( inflict+ x v>y4 ,n[ x is ! brea? ( ! ,furies :i* %all scor* up ! victim's v blood2 n[ x is _! lips t %all suck him dry2 n[ a magic spell to p>* & %rivel him2 b ev] ! effect is ! same2 ! bloodguilty man %all lie 9 dea? a s]e & sapless c>case1 already #8damn$ to incorruption#aaef ev5 9 t doom :i* wa/es all else4' ,& ! only reason :i* ,i c conceive = ! poet's insi/5ce ^u ?is ?\ght is t "h aga91 z 9 all ! =m] puni%m5ts1 he 0 reproduc+ a popul> belief sub/antially ! same !n z x is 9 ,ma9a n[1 namely1 t ! murd]$ man1 hav+ become a rev5ant1 suck$ 8 murd]]'s blood & made him also 9 8 turn a rev5ant4 ,nor is ,aes*ylus ! only anci5t au?ority = ! idea ( "s su* retribution aft] dea?4 ,plato1 9 a passage ( ! ,pha$rus already cit$1 contemplates ! activity ( a murd]$ man's wra? 77 n only 9 ! pres5t "t b also h]eaft]#aaeg2 & 9 8 ,laws !re is a provision1 n assur$ly ( 8 own devis+ b dat+ f ! v beg9n+ ( ,greek legislation1 :i* c only h be5 design$ to insure ! complete v5geance ( ! murd]$ man on 8 murd]] ev5 beyond dea?4 ,a man convict$ ( ! wilful murd] ( a ne> k9sman#aaeh 0 puni%able n only ) dea? b ) a fur!r p5alty3 #8! att5dants ( ! jury & ! magi/rates hav+ kill$ him %all ca/ out 8 corpse nak$ at an appo9t$ cross-roads )\t ! city1 & all ! magi/rates1 repres5t+ ! :ole city1 %all take ea* a /one & ca/ x ^u ! head ( ! corpse & !reby free ! :ole city f guilt1 & !reaft] !y %all c>ry ! corpse to ! bord]s ( _! l& & ca/ x out1 9 accordance ) ! law1 unburi$#aaei4' ,n[ ! law1 we "k1 9 orda9+ ! p5alty ( dea?1 orda9$ x z a satisfaction ( ! murd]$ man's claims to v5geance4 ,! ,/ate1 s to speak1 sid$ ) ! dead man & assi/$ him to exact blood = blood4 ,aga9 ! /on+ ( ! dead body by repres5tatives ( ! city 0 int5d$1 we are expressly told1 to free ! :ole city f guilt--f guilt1 t is1 9 ! eyes ( ! murd]$ man1 :o might o!rwise visit 8 wra? ^u ! city z ?\gh x _h cons5t$ to ! crime or _h too lightly puni%$ x4 ,c x !n be suppos$ t ! ,/ate 0 actuat$ by any o!r motive 9 c>ry+ out ! re/ ( ! p5alty8 ,x 0 surely /ill 9 def]5ce to ! murd]$ man's desires t ! murd]]'s corpse 0 left unburi$4 ,to refuse burial 0 ! sure/ means ( condemn+ ! man to resuscitation & !reby ( satisfy+ 8 =m] victim's utt]mo/ dem&s4 ,?us our detail$ exam9ation ( ! ,aes*ylean catalogue ( p5alties e/abli%es beyond d\bt t ( :i* we _h already _h "s evid5ce1 namely1 t all ! puni%m5ts :i* 7 inflict$ on ! murd]]--&1 9 popul> belief1 inflict$ by ! murd]$ man on 8 own behalf--7 an exact reproduction ( ! suff]+s :i* ! murd]$ man himself _h undes]v+ly endur$1 & culm9at$ !re=e1 z !y %\ld1 9 ! blood-guilty man becom+1 l 8 victim1 a rev5ant4 ,! ma9 problem !n ( ?is section is n[ fully solv$2 b incid5tally mu* light has be5 ?r[n ^u ! "* ascrib$ by ! ,greek p 9 antiquity to ^? rev5ants :o 7 n m]ely pitiable suff]]s b 7 active 9 br++ a l doom ^u ^? :o _h wrong$ !m4 ,& ! "* ( ^! ,av5g]s approximates v closely to t ( ! mod]n vrykolakes4 ,true1 !re is "o fundam5tal diff]5ce2 ! anci5t ,av5g] direct$ 8 wra? solely aga9/ ! au?or ( 8 suff]+s1 or at ! mo/ ext5d$ x only to ^? :o1 ow+ to him ! duty ( fur!r+ 8 v5geance1 _h prov$ lax & c[>dly !re92 ! mod]n vrykolakas is unreason+ 9 8 wra? & plagues indiscrim9ately all :o fall 9 8 way4 ,b ! actual suff]+s :i* ! vrykolakas inflicts are id5tical ) ^? :i* furni%$ ,aes*ylus ) 8 tale ( ?reat5$ horrors4 ,mod]n /ories !re are 9 pl5ty1 :i* tell h[ ! vrykolakas spr+s ^u 8 victim & r5ds him & dr9ks 8 blood2 h[ %e] t]ror ( 8 aspect has driv5 m5 mad2 h[1 9 ord] to escape him1 :ole families h be5 driv5 =? f _! native isl& to w&] 9 exile#aafj2 h[ dea? has (t5 be5 ! issue ( 8 assaults2 & h[ ^? :om a vrykolakas has sla9 become !mselves vrykolakes4 ,only 8 unreason+ & indiscrim9ate fury is necess>ily ( ,slavonic orig92 8 acts are ! acts ( ^? anci5t rev5ants ^: own wrongs rightfully made !m ! ,av5g]s ( blood4 ,ap>t f ! "o ,slavonic trait1 ! *>act]s ( ! vrykolakas & ! anci5t ,av5g] are id5tical4 ,& p]haps ?is id5tity is mo/ cle>ly se5 9 ! "o case 9 :i* ! old ,av5g] puni%$ n only ! imm$iate au?or ( 8 own wrongs1 b a :ole community :i* _h subsequ5tly giv5 ! guilty man an asylum4 ,we h notic$ h[ ,antiphon v5tur$ to ?reat5 an ,a!nian jury ) su* puni%m5t at ! h&s ( ! dead man if !y wrongfully acquitt$ 8 murd]]4 ,9 ! same _s ,aes*ylus makes ! ,furies1 z ! ag5ts ( ! dead ,clytemne/ra1 m5ace ! :ole l& ( ,attica ) a v5om\s curse t %all bla/ man & bea/ & h]b 9 rev5ge = ! wre/+ ( ,ore/es f _! grasp#aafa4 ,& su* too is ! dread :i* 9 ! ,pho5issae ( ,euripides /irs ,creon to make to ! blood-guilty ,o$ipus ?is appeal3 #8,nay1 remove !e h5ce3 v]ily 'tis n 9 scorn t ,i say ?is1 nor 9 enmity to !e1 b because ( ?9e ,av5g]s1 9 fe> le/ ! l& suff] "s hurt#aafb4' ,9 su* cases ! puni%m5ts ) :i* a :ole community is ?reat5$1 al?\gh /ill a reasonable measure1 approa* mo/ ne>ly to ! indiscrim9ate viol5ce ( ! mod]n vrykolakas4 ,= ! fulfilm5t ( su* ?reats z ^! we mu/ turn to ! ,supplices ( ,aes*ylus1 & !re we %all f9d a description ( j su* a deva/ation z is said to h be5 suff]$ by ! inhabitants ( ,santor9i & _m o!r places 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! /ory ( ,aes*ylus tells h[ #8!re came unto ! ,argive l&1 f ! %ore ( ,naupactus1 ,apis1 son ( ,apollo1 bo? heal] & se]1 & cleans$ ! l& ( mon/]s t de/roy$ mank9d1 ev5 ( ^? t ,e>?1 ta9t$ ) ! pollutions ( blood %$ ( old1 s5t up 9 wra? to "w havoc1 fe>some z a dragon-brood to dwell among#aafc4' ,:at !n 7 ^! mon/]s8 ,i w v5ture to say t any ,greek peasant ( to-day1 c\ld he b read & und]/& ! ,aes*ylean description1 w\ld furni% a bett] comm5t>y ^u ^? l9es ?an ! mo/ le>n$ disc\rse !reon t any s*ol> has writt52 & 8 comm5t>y w\ld be summ$ up 9 ! "o ^w vrykolakes4 ,=1 vigor\s z ! description is1 its vig\r comes less ( dramatic ^w-build+ ?an ( fidelity to ! horrors ( popul> sup]/ition1 & no o!r s+le passage c\ld s fully e/abli% ! unity ( anci5t & mod]n belief4 ,= :ile ! actual language conta9s all ! words#aafd :i* 9 antiquity 7 b\nd up ) ! sup]/ition--! #8pollution' :i* comes ( blood%$1 ! #8wra?' :i* foll[s !reon & 9 :i* ,e>? h]self is "h made to %>e1 & ! #8s5d+ up' by ,e>? ( ! ,av5g]s--! ?\ght ( ! passage is a fai?ful reflection ( :at ! ,greek peasants /ill believe1 t a viol5t dea? is among ! *ief causes ( resuscitation1 t ! e>? s5ds up ! dead man rag+ to deal de/ruction1 & t ) o!rs ( 8 k9d he consorts & conspires 9 v]itable dragon-b&s2 & m5 /ill tell ( gift$ se]s & heal]s1 su* z ,apis1 summon$ 9 hot ha/e to panic-/rick5 hamlets to allay ! pe/4 ,! ( ,aes*ylus1 #8! mon/]s t de/roy mank9d1' are inde$ b little remov$ f ! mod]n vrykolakes4 ,is x n !n cle> also on :at s\rces ,aes*ylus drew = 8 picture ( ! ,furies !mselves8 ,we h se5 h[1 = dramatic purposes1 !y 7 sub/itut$ = a rev5ant wreak+ 8 own v5geance4 ,clytemne/ra h]self 9 bodily =m %\ld h be5 ! ,av5g]1 if popul> sup]/ition _h n be5 9 ?is respect too gross2 b ! ,er9yes take h] place 9 ! actual execution ( v5geance1 & %e h]self appe>s only z a gho/ to in/igate !m to _! "w4 ,b1 :5 t sub/itution 0 effect$1 did n ,aes*ylus cle>ly transf] to ! ,er9yes ! :ole "* & ev5 ! appe>ance popul>ly attribut$ to ! human ,av5g]8 ,!y are black & loa?ly to look ^u#aafe2 _! brea? is deadly to approa*#aaff2 ! smell ( blood is a joy to !m#aafg2 !y foll[ l h\nds ^u _! victim's trail#aafh2 !y torm5t him bo? body & s\l#aafi2 !y fa/5 ^u 8 liv+ limbs & gorge !mselves ) 8 blood#aagj2 & if any w\ld h>b\r him f _! pursuit1 ! v5om ( _! wra? falls l a plague ^u ! l&1 & deva/ates x#aaga2 !y are mon/]s1 #aagb--;& ! recurr5ce ( ?is ^w is significant--abhorr5t alike to gods & to m5#aagc4 ,! description is surely n t :i* ,aes*ylus w\ld himself h inv5t$ = be+s :o %\ld come aft]w>ds to be wor%ipp$ z #8rev]$ goddesses1' 4 ,! difficulty ( t transition 9 ! play itself _c b arre/ ! att5tion ( e read]2 x is a difficulty :i* ev5 ! g5ius ( ,aes*ylus c\ld n remove4 ,:y !n did he draw s loa?some a portrait ( ! ,er9yes 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! play8 ,:y did he create t difficulty8 ,! reason1 ,i sugge/1 0 t he foll[$ once m1 & ?is "t almo/ too fai?fully1 ! popul> traditions1 &1 :ile he w\ld n repres5t a real rev5ant on ! /age1 transf]r$ to ^? demonic ag5ts1 by :om ! "w ( v5geance 0 vic>i\sly p]=m$1 all ! attributes popul>ly associat$ ) ! prototypes ( ! mod]n vrykolakas4 ,?us !n ! hi/ory ( ! mod]n belief 9 vrykolakes has be5 fully trac$4 ,! anci5ts also believ$ t = c]ta9 causes--! same causes 9 ! ma9 z are /ill assign$--m5 7 doom$ to rema9 incorruptible aft] dea? & to rise aga9 9 bodily =m f _! graves1 & t "o class ( ^! rev5ants1 ^? namely :o _h wrongs ( _! own to av5ge1 inflict$ ^u _! enemies 7& ^u any :o %ield$ or h>b\r$ !m7 ! same suff]+s z are n[ g5]ally believ$ to be inflict$ 9 an unreason+ mann] by all classes ( vrykolakes alike ^u mank9d at l>ge1 ) no ju/ification1 su* z a natural desire = v5geance might af=d1 9 ! case ( ^? ^: resuscitation is n ! outcome ( any injury or neglect at ! h&s ( o!r m51 & ) no discrim9ation betwe5 fri5d & foe on ! "p ( ^? :o h real wrongs to av5ge4 ,remove ! unreason+ elem5t 9 ! "* ( ! vrykolakas1 & ! rev5ant 9 :i* ! folk ( anci5t ,greece believ$ rema9s4 ,b1 if !y believ$ 9 him1 !y mu/ h call$ him by "s "n4 ,aes*ylus' phrase 1 #8mon/]s t de/roy mank9d1' is a description r ?an a "n4 ,:at 7 ! reasonable vrykolakes ( anci5t ,greece call$8 ,t is n[ ! "o "q :i* mu/ be answ]$ 9 ord] to make our enquiry complete4 ,briefly my answ] is ?is1 t ! p>ticul> class ( rev5ants ) :i* ! pres5t section has ma9ly dealt1 ! ,av5g]s ( blood1 7 kn[n by ?ree sev]al names1 1 1 & 1 b t lit]ature conta9s no ^w :i* c\ld s]ve z a collective designation = all classes alike4 ,i hope h[ev] to %[ t ! ,greek language 0 n orig9ally defective 9 ?is respect1 b t ! t]m 1 al?\gh regul>ly us$ f ! fif? c5tury onw>ds 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( an ,av5g]1 _h orig9ally a wid] application & d5ot$ simply a rev5ant4 ,n[ ! int]pretation :i* ,i give to ^! ?ree words is n t :i* is commonly accept$4 ,anyone :o w turn to a lexicon w f9d t to ea* ( ! ?ree is assign$ a d\ble signification 9 connexion ) blood-guilt4 ,all ?ree are said to d5ote ei!r a god :o puni%es ! blood-guilty or ! blood-guilty man :o is puni%$4 ,?us a god1 x is alleg$1 may be call$ 7lit]ally a #8pollut]'7 because he puni%es ! pollut$--a some:at obvi\s misnom]2 or aga9 1 because he #8does n =get' b puni%es ! s9n]--a d]ivation :i*1 z ,i %all %[ lat]1 _c be accept$2 or ?irdly 1 z ! be+ :o 0 #8turn$ to' by ! murd]$ man & 0 bes\ght to av5ge 8 cause--a some:at circuit\s way = ! ^w to arrive at its active s5se ( #8,av5g]4' ,&1 secondly1 a man1 x is said1 0 call$ :51 be+ himself pollut$1 he 0 liable to be #8a pollut]' ( o!r m5 ) :om he came 9 contact--a view :i* is c]ta9ly def5sible2 z "o ^: s9 #8c\ld n be =gott5'--an int]pretation almo/ beyond ! pale ( s]i\s discussion2 & because1 be+ blood-guilty1 he #8turn$ t[>ds' "s god = purification--an explanation :i* may be "r--:5ce ! ^w came to d5ote 9 g5]al a pollut$ p]son :o /ill ne$$ purification4 ,?us 9 my view1 z ,i h indicat$1 ! great] "p ( ! in=mation 9 ! lexicons ) reg>d to ^! ?ree words is inaccurate2 & my reasons = disput+ ! receiv$ int]pretations w be set =? po9t by po9t z ,i (f] my own int]pretations 9 _! /ead4 ,9 deal+ ) ! fir/ gr\p ( mean+s assign$ to ! ?ree words1 by :i* !y came1 someh[ or o!r1 to be us$ ) ! common active signification ( #8,av5g]1' my ma9 cont5tion w be t1 z reg>ds _! prim>y & /ricte/ usage1 all ?ree words 7 appli$ n to gods b to m5--m5 :o1 hav+ be5 murd]$1 s\ght to requite _! murd]]s--& 7 only second>ily ext5d$ to ! ag5ts1 :e!r div9e or human1 to :om ^? dead m5 committ$ ! task ( v5geance2 b ,i %all also endeav\r to %[1 z reg>ds ! lit]al mean+ ( ! ?ree words sev]ally1 t ! int]pretation by means ( :i* _! f9al s5se ( #8,av5g]' has g5]ally be5 elicit$ f !m is 9 ea* case wrong1 & t1 9 ! case ( ! ^w 9 p>ticul>1 a "r und]/&+ ( its orig9al mean+ gives v important results4 ,& 9 deal+ ) ! second gr\p ( mean+s1 by :i* ! ?ree words are said to d5ote ?ree only slightly diff]5t aspects ( "o & ! same p]son--a murd]] :o is z pollut$ & spread+ pollution1 z pursu$ by v5geance1 & z /ill ne$+ purification--,i %all ma9ta9 t ^! alleg$ uses ( ! fir/ two words d n exi/1 &1 z reg>ds ! ?ird1 ,i w (f] a sugge/ion1 b a sugge/ion only1 z to ! means by :i* x acquir$ ?is signification :i* x unque/ionably bore4 ,x w be conv5i5t to deal fir/ ) & z be+ p>allel 9 usage ?r\gh\t1 & to res]ve = lat] consid]ation4 ,! cle>e/ example ( t :i* ,i take to be ! orig9al usage ( is furni%$ by ,euripides4 ,9 t sc5e ( mutual recrim9ation betwe5 ,m$ea & ,jason1 aft] t 9 rev5ge = h] husb&'s fai?lessness %e has sla9 _! *ildr51 !re comes at la/ f h] lips ! brutal taunt1 z %e po9ts to ! dead1 #8,!y live no m3 t tru? at lea/ w /+ !e'2 & ,jason answ]s1 #8,nay1 b !y live1 to wreak v5geance on ?y head 7 7#aagd4' ,no language c\ld be m simple1 m explicit4 ,! v *ildr5 :o lay !re murd]$ at ,m$ea's feet1 !y & none o!r %\ld be ! ,mia/ores1 ! ,av5g]s ( _! own f\l dea?s4 ,b ( c\rse ! ^w has o!r applications also4 ,:5 ,aes*ylus#aage made ! ,er9yes ?reat5 t ev5 :5 ,ore/es %\ld h fl$ b5ea? ! e>?1 he %\ld f9d ano!r ,av5g] 77 to plague him 9 _! /ead1 ! :ole t5or ( ! passage compels u to und]/& t t o!r ,av5g] is "s deity or demon ( ! ne!r _w--a div9e1 n a human1 ,mia/or1 ?\gh at ! same "t "o :o w act1 l ! ,er9yes !mselves1 on behalf ( ! murd]$ ,clytemne/ra4 ,&1 yet aga91 ! same t]m is appli$ to a liv+ man1 :51 z next ( k9 to him :o has be5 murd]$1 he is 9 duty b\nd to exact v5geance4 ,?is "t ,sophocles is our au?ority1 & ! p]son ( :om ! ^w is us$ is ,ore/es4 #8,(t1' says ,electra to ,clytemne/ra1 #8(t ha/ ?\ reproa*$ me ) sav+ him to take v5geance ^u !e 7 7#aagf4' ,^! ?ree passages !n illu/rate ! ?reefold application ( ! "n ,mia/or1 & ! "q to be answ]$ is :i* repres5ts ! prim>y usage ( ! ^w4 ,to multiply in/ances ( ea* or any w\ld be ( no avail2 ! "q is n ( ! frequ5cy ( ea* usage2 ! commone/ is n necess>ily ! e>lie/4 ,h[ !n is ! "q to be answ]$8 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 already answ]$4 ,we h se5 t 9 popul> belief ! murd]$ man 0 ! prime av5g] ( 8 own wrongs1 & t ev5 9 lit]ature1 :5 ! execution ( v5geance is :olly transf]r$ ei!r to ! ne>e/ k9sman or to "s demonic p[]1 ! murd]$ man is /ill recognis$ z ! pr9cipal & ! o!rs are only 8 ag5ts4 ,x is ?is relation betwe5 !m :i* settles ! "q4 ,a pr9cipal does n act 9 ! "n ( 8 ag5ts1 b ! ag5ts 9 ! "n ( _! pr9cipal4 ,! "n ,mia/or !re=e belong$ fir/ to ! dead man himself1 & 0 only ext5d$ aft]w>ds to ^? :o wr\ght v5geance on 8 behalf4 ,s mu* = ! usage ( ! ^w4 ,next1 h[ did x acquire ! mean+ ( #8,av5g]1' :i* x und\bt$ly possess$8 ,?is c be only a matt] ( op9ion4 ,b s9ce x appe>s to me uns*ol>ly & illogical to suppose t a ^w1 :i* on ! gr\nds ( =mation mu/ h fir/ meant #8"o :o causes pollution1' c\ld h come to mean #8"o :o puni%es pollution1' ,i may at lea/ (f] an alt]native sugge/ion4 ,! murd]$ man1 ,i admit1 c h>dly be said to h #8caus$' ! pollution ( 8 murd]]1 or at any rate he c\ld only h caus$ x involunt>ily4 ,b he might well be reg>d$ z active 9 deb>r+ ! murd]] f ! means ( purification & 9 keep+ ! pollution1 z x 71 fre% & virul5t1 ) int5t to isolate 8 enemy & to ban him f ! abodes ( 8 fell[-m54 ,& "s indication ( su* an activity is af=d$ by ! ,er9yes--act+1 z always1 on ,clytemne/ra's behalf2 !y refuse to ackn[l$ge ! purification grant$ by ,apollo to ,ore/es1 & !y say moreov] t _! task is to #8keep d>k & fre% ! /a9 ( blood#aagg4' ,! murd]$ man may !re=e h be5 believ$1 if n actually to cause & to create1 yet at lea/ to promote & to re-create1 ! pollution ( 8 foe1 &1 by keep+ ! /a9s ( blood z x 7 f fad+ or be+ cleans$ away1 to wreak "s "p ( 8 v5geance4 ,9 ?is way ! transition f ! s5se ( #8pollut]' to t ( #8av5g]' is at lea/1 ,i submit1 intelligible4 ,?is h[ev] is only a side-issue4 ,! important po9t is t ! ^w ,mia/or1 h[ev] x may h come to mean #8,av5g]1' 0 prim>ily appli$ to ! rev5ant himself1 & only second>ily to any god4 ,! next "n to be consid]$1 1 is commonly acc\nt$ a synonym ( 1 d5ot+ 9 actual usage a #8god ( v5geance1' & mean+ lit]ally #8"o :o does n =get' blood-guilt9ess4 ,i too hold x to be a synonym ( ,mia/or1 b to d5ote !re=e prim>ily n a god b a human rev5ant seek+ v5geance1 & only aft]w>ds1 by a transf]5ce ( usage1 a god or liv+ man act+ 9 ! "n ( ! dead2 :ile1 z = ! suppos$ d]ivation1 ,i c\nt x absolutely unt5able4 ,& fir/ z reg>ds ! application ( ! ^w2 aft] :at has be51 ,i hope1 a fairly exhau/ive /udy ( ! passages ( classical lit]ature 9 :i* x occurs1 ,i am b\nd to confess t1 ?\gh ! in/ances ( its use are f> m num]\s ?an ^? ( ,mia/or1 ,i am /ill unable to select ?ree passages & to say #8,"h are my pro(s ( ! triple application ( ! ^w4' ,inde$ all t ,i c prove by ! evid5ce ( any s+le passage tak5 alone is curi\sly en\gh ! exi/5ce ( :at ,i take to h be5 ! r>e/ ( ! ?ree usages--! application ( ! "n ,ala/or to ! k9sman ( ! dead man1 z be+ ! ag5t ( 8 v5geance4 ,j z ,sophocles speaks ( ,ore/es be+ pres]v$ z a ,mia/or to take v5geance on ,clytemne/ra = 8 fa!r's dea?1 s does ,aes*ylus make ! same ,ore/es "n himself an ,ala/or on ! score ( ! v5geance :i* he has tak54 #8,que5 ,a!ne1' he prays1 #8at ,loxias' bidd+ am ,i come2 receive ?\ me graci\sly1 av5g] z ,i am1 no murd]]1 nor ( defil$ h& 444 1 1 ' #aagh4' ,su*1 ,i am conv9c$1 is ! "r r5d]+ ( ! passage4 ,! lexicons inde$ cite ! l9e z an example ( ! alleg$ passive mean+ ( --"o :o suff]s f div9e v5geance1 an accurs$ wret*#aagi2 & ,i ackn[l$ge t su* a mean+ w\ld make passable s5se ( ! passage2 = ,ore/es 0 inde$ suff]+ f ! v5geance ( ! ,er9yes4 ,b ,i hold1 & ,i %all endeav\r to prove lat]1 t nev] possess$ a passive mean+1 & ,i claim moreov] t ! active mean+ ( #8,av5g]1' :i* ,i attribute to ! ^w "h z else:]e1 is imm5sely pref]able 9 itself4 ,= ,ore/es ?r\gh\t pleads ju/ification#aahj2 he has av5g$ murd]1 n committ$ x2 he has dis*>g$ a duty to 8 dead sire1 n p]petrat$ a wanton crime aga9/ 8 "m2 he slew h] inde$1 b 8 motive 0 pi\s1 & ! orda9+ ( 8 act div9e4 ,on ! gr\nds !re=e1 fir/1 ( ! ^w's own active mean+1 secondly1 ( ! :ole tr5d ( ,ore/es' def5ce ( 8 conduct1 & la/1 b by no means lea/1 ( ! exact p>allel furni%$ by ,sophocles' use ( ! ^w ,mia/or1 ,i am confid5t t ,ala/or z appli$ by ,ore/es to himself means an #8,av5g]4' ,t ! ^w h[ev] 0 n prim>ily appli$ to ! k9sman act+ on behalf ( ! murd]$ man w be univ]sally conc$$2 9 ! va/ majority ( passages "s sup]natural be+ is cle>ly int5d$4 ,b x has be5 too ha/ily assum$ t ! sup]natural av5g]s 7 always gods or demons2 t !y 7 (t5 s conceiv$ ,i d n d\bt2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,i h discov]$ no s+le passage ( classical lit]ature :i* c be said f9ally & absolutely 9 itself to dem& t int]pretation4 ,9 _m in/ances ! probabilities are 9 fav\r ( ! ,ala/ores be+ reg>d$ z a class ( av5g+ demons2 9 _m o!rs x is equally good or ev5 bett] to suppose t !y are ! dead m5 !mselves 9 p]son4 ,:at !n are ! f\ndations ^u :i* ! receiv$ notion1 t ! ,ala/ores 7 always gods1 is bas$8 ,x might p]haps be urg$ t ! ^w ,ala/or f\nd a place among ! _m epi!ts & titles conf]r$ by wor%ipp]s ^u ,zeus#aaha 9 ord] to indicate ! p>ticul> ex]cise ( 8 all-rea*+ p[] :i* _! he>ts desir$4 ,x might also be urg$ t ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria names ! ,ala/ores among ^? classes ( gods :om ! pagan ,greeks _h evolv$ f ! naught9ess ( _! own imag9ation z types & p]sonifications ( ! bas] human passions#aahb4 ,b nei!r ( ^! facts c s]ve to sub/antiate ! cont5tion t ! ,ala/ores 7 prim>ily & necess>ily gods4 ,! occasional use ( a ^w z an epi!t ( ,zeus _c be held to prove ! g5]al appropriation ( t ^w to a class ( less] gods2 :ile ! /atem5t ( ,clem5t is ! /atem5t ( a man design$ly vilify+ ! :ole ,greek religion1 nei!r appreciat+ nor desir\s to appreciate its ref9em5ts1 b will+ r to ov]:elm x utt]ly1 its bett] & its worse elem5ts alike1 ) ! torr5t ( 8 invective & reprobation4 ,to him ! ,ala/ores appe>$ z sup]natural be+s in/9ct ) ! pagan passion ( rev5ge1 false gods !re=e or devils1 fit objects :]eon to p\r out ! vials ( righte\s wra? & ,*ri/ian scorn4 ,he 0 n conc]n$ to be :olly j or :olly accurate4 ,inde$ ! v s\rces f :i* he drew ! idea t ! ,ala/ores 7 gods are /ill op5 to u2 x is ! ,greek ,trag$ians :om he holds guilty ( ?is naughty inv5tion2 x is ! ,greek ,trag$ians :o rema9 = u ! f\nta9-head ( in=mation conc]n+ ^! ,av5g]s1 & :o w on exam9ation make x cle> t !y 7 n prim>ily or necess>ily gods4 ,! s+le passage 9 ,greek ,trag$y :i* has be5 (t5 reg>d$ z evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,clem5t's classification ( ,ala/ores among gods is on full] enquiry r a refutation ( t view4 ,9 ! ,p]sae ( ,aes*ylus ! mess5g]1 :o reports to ! que5 ! disa/] :i* has befall5 ! ,p]sian fleet1 sets x d[n to sup]natural ag5cy3 1 #aahc4 ,?is has g5]ally be5 tak5 to mean t ! beg9n+ ( ! disa/] 0 due to ! sudd5 appe>ance ( #8"s v5geful or malici\s deity4' ,b else:]e 9 ,trag$y is treat$ n z adjective b z sub/antive2 &1 s9ce !re is no compulsion to suppose o!r ?an ! ord9>y use ( ! ^w "h1 x appe>s bett] to translate ! phrase #8"s ,av5g] or "s malici\s god4' ,9 o!r words ! real1 if unemphatic1 contra/ impli$ 9 ! phrase is n betwe5 & --no contra/ is possible !re#aahd--;b betwe5 & 4 ,! inf]5ce !re=e is r t ! ,ala/or 9 ?is passage 0 n conceiv$ z a deity4 ,!re are o!r passages ( ,greek ,trag$y also 9 :i* ! balance ( probability seems to me to incl9e t[>ds int]pret+ ! "n ,ala/or 9 ! s5se ( a rev5ant & n ( a god4 ,two su* occur 9 ! ,m$ea ( ,euripides--! same play1 be x not$1 :i* conta9s t p]fectly pla9 /atem5t t ! dead *ildr5 ( ,m$ea are !mselves ! ,mia/ores :o w puni% h]4 ,! fir/ is 9 ! sc5e 9 :i* ,m$ea works h]self up to ! p]petration ( h] crime4 ,passionate love ( h] *ildr51 passionate jeal\sy & fury aga9/ _! fa!r1 alt]nate 9 tragic turmoil1 until ! t5se agony ( _s is let loose 9 t fi]ce oa?1 #8,no1 by ! ,av5g]s t lurk deep 9 hell1 ,ne'er %all x come to pass t ,i %\ld leave ,my *ildr5 to m9e enemies' despite4 ,mo/ surely !y mu/ die2 & s9ce !y mu/1 ',twas my womb b>e !m1 'tis my h& %all slay#aahe4' ,/rong & t]rible w\ld be ! oa? ev5 if ! ,ala/ores1 ^: wra? ,m$ea ?us defies1 7 gods or spirits2 b ! =ce & ! horror are d\bl$1 if ! ,ala/ores "h are ( ! same ord] z ^? :om ,jason names ,mia/ores b a little lat] 9 ! same drama1 & if !re=e among ^? ,av5g]s1 9 ^: "n ! murd]\s oa? 0 sworn1 7 soon to be numb]$ ^? v *ildr5 :om ,m$ea lov$ be/ & yet b\nd h]self to slay mo/ f\lly4 ,! second passage occurs 9 ,jason's outbur/ ( fury aga9/ ,m$ea :5 he fir/ le>ns h] crime4 #8',tis ?9e ,av5g] :om ! gods h let light on me2 = truly ?\ did/ slay ?9e own bro!r at 8 own he>?1 or ev] ?\ did/ set foot 9 ,argo's %apely hull#aahf4' ,surely we are meant to und]/& t ! dead ,absyrtus is himself ! ,ala/or--= "o ,ala/or only is nam$ ?is "t1 & t too z di/9ct f ! gods 77--& t ,jason div]t$ to himself a portion ( ! dead man's wra? by w$d+ ! blood-guilty woman4 ,aga9 !n ! int]pretation ( ,ala/or 9 ! same s5se 9 :i*1 only a little lat] 9 ! same sc5e1 ,mia/or is und\bt$ly employ$ is1 if n necess>y1 yet va/ly pref]able4 ,to review "h all ! passages ( ,greek ,trag$y 9 :i* ! ^w may advantage\sly be s und]/ood1 :5 at ! same "t no s+le "o ( !m con/itutes a f9al pro( ( my view1 w\ld be to encumb] ?is enquiry to no purpose2 b ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ to select "o in/ance f a /ory ( blood-guilt o!r ?an t ( :i* ,m$ea is ! c5tre4 ,?is %all be f t sc5e 9 ! ,h]cules ,fur5s 9 :i* ! h]o1 sane n[ & ov]:elm$ ) horror at ! gha/ly slaught] ( 8 own *ildr5 :i* 9 a mom5t ( sudd5 madness he _h wr\ght1 receives f ,!seus "s measure ( consolation & advice4 ,e>ly 9 t colloquy1 ere yet ,!seus has _h "t to soo! ! suff]+s or to guide ! c\rse ( 8 /rick5 fri5d1 ,h]acles cries to him 9 bitt]ness ( s\l1 ,!seus1 ha/ view'd my triumph o'er my *ildr58 & ,!seus answ]s ) g5tle simplicity1 ,i he>d1 & n[ ,i see ! woes ?\ %[/ me4 ,& !n foll[ ! l9es3 4 ' 2 4 ' 2 2 4 '1 '1 ' 4 4 #aahg4 ,h]4 ,:y !n ha/ b>$ my head be=e ! ,sun8 ,!s4 ,nay1 :]e=e n8 can/ ?\--m]e man--ta9t godhead8 ,h]4 ,yet flee ?yself1 risk n my ta9t ( blood-guilt4 ,!s4 ,:]e love jo9s1 blood%$ to no v5geance moves4 ,x is ! connexion & significance ( ! la/ two l9es :i* ,i wi% briefly to discuss4 ,!seus has us$ ! ^w #8ta9t' 771 & ,h]acles at once seizes on x1 emphasizes x1 & w>ns 8 fri5d to begone le/ he be contam9at$2 & !n ,!seus answ]s 7to give a lit]al r5d]+7 #8,no ,av5g] ( blood proce$s f !m t love aga9/ !m t love4' ,:at does ?is mean8 ,! l9e is (t5 translat$ z if ,!seus meant1 #8,no1 ,i w /ay1 = ?\gh an ,av5g] ( blood may probably pursue y1 ,h]acles1 ,i h no fe> t he w t\* me :o love y z a fri5d#aahh4' ,a g5]\s & sympa!tic utt]ance inde$6 ,& h[ consi/5t ) t f9e bur/ ( feel+ ) :i* he _h b a mom5t be=e refus$ to be w>n$ away3 #8,:y w>n'/ ?\ me ( blood ) h& uplift8 ,9 fe> le/ ,i be ta9t$ by ?y spee*8 ,n\ght reck ,i ( ill =tune at ?y side ,:]e once 'twas good2 t h\r mu/ draw my he>t ,:5 ?\ did/ br+ me safe f dea? to light2 ,nay1 ,i hate fri5ds ^: gratitude gr[s old1 ,i hate ! man t w enjoy good hap ,b w n face f\l wea!r ) 8 fri5d#aahi4' ,is ?is ! man ^: words1 spok5 b a mom5t lat]1 %all be int]pret$ to mean1 #8,i w n run away1 because ! dang] t ?reat5s my fri5d _c hurt me'8 ,! ?\ght is deep]1 m g5]\s1 ?an t4 ,!seus is ?9k+ n ( himself1 b ( 8 fri5d4 ,x is ! ^w #8pollution1' us$ fir/ by himself & caught up by ,h]acles1 :i* arre/s 8 att5tion4 ,0 8 fri5d #8pollut$' by a de$ ( blood1 wr\ght 9 madness1 expiat$ 9 te>s8 ,pollut$8 ,yes1 9 ! s5se t religi\s purification 0 requir$#aaij4 ,he _c d5y ! pollution4 ,b c\ld ! de$ also be puni%$ z ! murd] ( close k9sfolk 0 wont to be puni%$8 ,c\ld ! *ildr51 albeit sla9 by _! own fa!r's h&1 desire rev5ge ^u him :o lov$ !m & 0 lov$ ( !m8 #8,no1' he answ]s boldly1 #8pollution 77 !re is1 b no ,ala/or1 no ,av5g] ( blood1 c come f !m t love aga9/ !m t love4' ,h[ !n does ,!seus picture ! ,ala/or :o1 b = ! bond ( love betwe5 ! fa!r & 8 dead *ildr51 w\ld seek v5geance = _! dea?8 ,! phrase :i* he uses is ambigu\s--p]haps delib]ately ambigu\s-- 444 4 ,x may mean equally well #8no "o ( ^? :o love' or #8no "o com+ f ^? :o love4' ,b :5 ! close correspond5ce ( 1 #8pollution1' & #8av5g]1' is not$ 9 ?is passage1 & :5 x is also rememb]$ t ! dead *ildr5 ( ,m$ea are else:]e pla9ly nam$ ,mia/ores1 x is h>d to suppose t an audi5ce famili> ) ! belief t ! dead !mselves av5g$ _! own wrongs w\ld n h int]pret$ ! ambigu\s phrase to mean #8none ( ^! *ildr5 %all rise up f ! grave z an ,ala/or1 = love is /rong] ?an v5geance4' ,b su* d\bt z /ill rema9s is set at re/ :5 we turn f ! usage ( ! ^w ,ala/or to its orig9 & enquire h[ x obta9$ ! s5se ( #8,av5g]4' ,:at is its d]ivation8 ,two conjectures seem to h be5 made by ! anci5ts & are record$ by e>ly comm5tators & lexicograph]s#aaia4 ,! "o connects ! ^w ) ! root ( 1 #8,i escape notice1' & extracts a mean+ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 leav+ x op5 to *oice1 = example1 :e!r x %all mean a god ^: notice no?+ escapes or a man :o commits acts :i* _c escape "s god's notice4 ,! o!r conjecture ref]s ! ^w to ! root ( 1 #8,i w&]4' ,x is betwe5 ^! two propos$ d]ivations t our *oice lies2 nor c we obta9 mu* help f ! greate/ mod]n au?orities4 ,curtius#aaib unhesitat+ly adopts ! latt]1 ,brugmann#aaic ! =m]1 nor does ei!r ( !m s mu* z m5tion ! possibility ( ! alt]native4 ,i mu/ !re=e discuss ! "q )\t ref]5ce to ^! au?orities1 kn[+ t1 if ,i run c\nt] to ! "o1 ,i h ! c\nt5ance ( ! o!r4 ,is !n 1 9 ! s5se ( a #8non-=gett]1' a possible =mation f ! root ( 8 ,my own answ] to t "q is a decid$ negative1 & my reasons are z foll[s4 ,sub/antives d5ot+ ! ag5t & =m$ ) ! suffix - 7--7 c only be s =m$ direct f a v]b-/em1 z f or appe>+ 9 etc41 f ! /em ( 1 answ]+ to ! v]b 1 to 4 ,x is among ^! & o!r su* examples t ,brugmann places ! anomal\s 1 to be connect$ ) 1 4 ,b evid5tly1 9 ord] t may be p>allel1 let u say1 to 1 we mu/ po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( an impossible v]b - or -1 #8,i non-=get4' ,nor w\ld x m5d matt]s to suppose1 fir/1 ! =mation1 direct f 1 ( a nom5 ag5tis ( ! =m 1 a #8=gett]'2 = ! privative - appe>s only 9 adjectives & adv]bs & 9 su* v]bs & sub/antives z are =m$ directly f !m1 z f etc41 & _c be prefix$ at pleasure to a sub/antive or v]b n s =m$2 c\ld no m be =m$ f an hypo!tical sub/antive #aaid1 ?an c\ld an hypo!tical v]b - be =m$ f 4 ,etymologically !n ! d]ivation ( f - privative & ! root ( is impossible1 & its s5se ( #8,av5g]' 0 n develop$ f ! mean+ #8"o :o does n =get4' ,on ! o!r h&1 to ! connexion ( ) ! v]b 1 #8to w&]1' no exception c be tak54 ,n only is ! =mation simple1 b an exact p>allel is =?com+4 ,z ! sub/antive /&s to ! v]b 1 s does ! sub/antive /& to a by-=m ( 1 :i* is fairly frequ5t 9 ,trag$y1 #aaie4 ,x foll[s !n t meant orig9ally a #8w&]]4' ,b1 :5 once t prim>y mean+ is discov]$1 !re c be no fur!r d\bt z to ! prim>y application ( ! t]m4 ,( ! ?ree possible exactors ( v5geance--! rev5ant himself1 "s demonic ag5t1 & ! ne>e/ k9sman--! fir/ alone c\ld be aptly describ$ z a #8w&]]'2 moreov] we "k t ! murd]$ man 0 actually s conceiv$1 & t1 among ! puni%m5ts by :i* he s\ght to make 8 murd]] suff] ! same lot z he himself endur$1 "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s 0 ! puni%m5t ( w&]+ & exile4 ,! "n ,ala/or !re=e1 l ,mia/or1 d5ot$ fir/ ( all ! dead man himself1 & 0 only second>ily ext5d$ to human or div9e ag5ts seek+ v5geance on 8 behalf4 ,x rema9s only to enquire h[ ! mean+ #8,av5g]' 0 evolv$ f ! mean+ #8,w&]]1' & s completely sup]s$$ x t ! "n ,ala/ores 0 ext5d$ to ^? ag5ts :o 7 9 no obvi\s s5se #8,w&]]s' b simply #8,av5g]s4' ,! fir/ occurr5ce ( ! ^w is 9 ! ,iliad1 z ! prop] "n ( a ,greek w>rior#aaif4 ,?is fact t5ds to %[ t ! ^w _h z yet acquir$ none ( t ill-om5$ s5se :i* x und\bt$ly be>s 9 ,greek ,trag$y4 ,x 0 us$ r1 we may believe1 9 its orig9al & lit]al s5se ( #8w&]]1' & ! adoption ( su* a ^w z a prop] "n is entirely consi/5t ) ! pr9ciples ( ,hom]ic nom5clature4 ,hector1 ,ne/or1 ,m/or1 are fam\s names ( ! same class4 ,o!rwise ?an z a prop] "n ! ^w is n us$ 9 ,hom]1 nor does x occur at all aga91 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 be=e ! "t ( ,aes*ylus4 ,x is dur+ ?is int]val !n t ! evolution ( mean+ mu/ h tak5 place2 = by ! age ( ,aes*ylus ! idea ( v5geance--& v5geance ( a horrible k9d--_h become ! ord9>y signification ( ! ^w4 ,my view !n is t ! int]v5+ c5turies _h witness$ a gradual diff]5tiation ( ! sev]al words :i* alike orig9ally meant a #8w&]]1' a diff]5tiation su* t rema9$ ! ord9>y & g5]al t]m1 :ile 0 little by little re/rict$ to ! w&]] f ! dead1 ! rev5ant2 & t subsequ5tly f mean+ a rev5ant ( any & e k9d x became limit$ to t s+le class ( rev5ants ^: w&]+s 7 guid$ by ! desire = rev5ge--! class to :om ! "n ,mia/ores _h always belong$4 ,"s evid5ce = ! fir/ /age 9 ?is developm5t ( mean+ is furni%$ by ! ,tragic usage ( ! v]b f :i* ! sub/antive is d]iv$2 = 9 bo? its =ms1 & 1 x cont9u$ to be appli$ to any ( ! re/less dead1 :5 ! sub/antive 1 z ,i conceive1 _h come to be appropriat$ to ! ,av5g] only4 ,inde$ x might almo/ be ?\ght t bo? ,aes*ylus & ,euripides _h an inkl+ ( ! d]ivation & e>li] mean+ ( ! sub/antive2 = :ile idiom deb>r$ !m f us+ 9 ! l>ge s5se ( any rev5ant1 !y c]ta9ly us$ ! correspond+ v]b 9 contexts :i* sugge/ t ^? :o ?us #8w&]' 7 n imag9$ by !m z vague impalpable gho/s1 b possess$ = !m r ! real sub/ance & physical traits ( a rev5ant4 ,?us 9 ! ,eum5ides1 ?\gh ,clytemne/ra c\ld n be p]mitt$ to play ! "p ( a rev5ant & appe>s only z a gho/1 yet ! m gross & popul> conception ( h] is cle>ly pres5t to ! poet's m9d4 ,?\gh a gho/1 %e po9ts to ! w\nds :i* h] son's h&s inflict$#aaig2 ?\gh a gho/1 %e is made to exhort ! ,er9yes to v5geance #8on behalf ( h] v s\l' 7 7#aaih4 ,/range ge/ures & /range language inde$1 if ! s-call$ gho/ _h be5 conceiv$ z a m]e disembodi$ s\l6 ,b ! popul> conception ( ! rev5ant p5etrat$ ev5 "h4 ,& 0 x n ! same conception :i* sugge/$ ! phrase 1 #8,i w&] 9 di%on\r#aaii'8 ,9 ! popul> belief1 z we "k1 ! murd]] 0 b\nd to w&] aft] dea?1 suff]+ z he _h wr\ght2 & x is z a murd]ess#abjj t ,clytemne/ra av[s h]self condemn$ to %ameful w&]+s4 #8,to w&]1' 1 sums up ! suff]+ :i* ! murd]]1 l 8 victim1 mu/ incur aft] dea?4 ,x is likely !n t ! "n too 0 orig9ally appli$ to any #8w&]]'--:e!r murd]] or murd]$--be=e x acquir$ ! connotation ( v9dictiv5ess & s became appropriat$ to ! latt] only4 ,aga9 ,euripides uses ! same v]b ( "o ^: body has n receiv$ burial4 ,?is "t !re is no connexion ) blood-guilt at all1 b ! l9es are simply ! pla9t ( captive wife = husb& sla9 9 battle3 #8oh belov$1 oh husb& m9e1 dead art ?\ & w&]e/ unburi$1 unwat]$ ) te>s'-- 1 1 #abja4 #8,to w&] unburi$'--c\ld !re be a simpl] description ( a rev5ant8 ,does n ! :ole mis]y ( ! unburi$ dead consi/ 9 ?is--t !y mu/ w&]8 ,x is almo/ inconceivable !n t ! "n ,ala/or1 #8w&]]1' %\ld h be5 orig9ally appli$ only to a s+le class ( ! w&]+ dead--to ^? ^: w&]+s 7 direct$ t[>ds v5geance1 & n also to ^? ^: w&]+s 7 m aimless1 m pitiable1 ^: :ole exi/5ce might h be5 summ$ up 9 t "o ^w #8w&]+4' ,at "s "t !n betwe5 ! age ( ,hom] & t ( ,aes*ylus ,ala/or1 ,i hold1 meant simply rev5ant4 ,h[ !n %all we expla9 t caprice ( language :i*1 accord+ to ?is ,tragic usage1 p]mitt$ all ! unhappy dead to be said #8to w&]' 71 71 b app>5tly =bade !m to be collectively nam$ #8w&]]s' 778 ,h[ did ,ala/or acquire its s5se ( #8,av5g]' & become re/rict$ to "o class ( rev5ant only8 ,x might be suffici5t answ] to po9t out t ^? rev5ants :o 7 b5t on av5g+ _! own wrongs are likely always to h occupi$ a prom95t place 9 popul> sup]/ition simply because !y inspir$ mo/ t]ror 9 ! popul> m9d2 o!r rev5ants 7 h>mless1 &1 z h>mless1 liable to be little reg>d$ & seldom nam$2 & ! mo/ conspicu\s class might ?us h appropriat$ to itself ! "n :i* prop]ly belong$ to all4 ,b !re is ano!r influ5ce :i*1 if x did n cause1 may at lea/ h facilitat$ & quick5$ ! *ange--! influ5ce ( ! ^w 1 #8un=gott51' :i*1 z ,i h not$ above1 0 commonly & naturally1 9 an age :5 etymology 0 n sci5ce b guess-"w1 connect$ ) 4 ,etymologically ! two words h no?+ 9 common2 b t is no ob/acle to ! supposition t1 9 _! usage1 _! casual b close simil>ity ( =m r5d]$ ! mean+ ( ! "o susceptible to ! influ5ce ( ! o!r4 ,nay m1 ! fact t ! two words1 x matt]s n h[ errone\sly1 7 actually 9 e>ly times ref]r$ to a common orig9#abjb w>rants ! sugge/ion t su* influ5ce _h be5 ex]cis$4 ,n[ always rema9$ 9 mean+ true to its d]ivation4 ,itself employ$ 9 ! passive s5se1 #8un=gott51' x seems to h made ov] ! active mean+1 #8un=gett+1' #8v9dictive' 7:i*1 on ! analogy ( & a score ( simil> =ms1 x %\ld naturally h possess$71 to ! app>5tly k9dr$ ^w 4 ,?is adv5titi\s mean+ accord$ well ) ! popul> conception ( ! mo/ conspicu\s class ( #8w&]]s' f ! grave--^? ^: w&]+s _h a v9dictive aim2 & ?us1 by ! help ( ! accid5tal resemblance ( two words1 x seems to h come to pass t ! t]m ,ala/ores ceas$ to be applicable to all k9ds ( rev5ants & d5ot$ only ! #8,av5g]s4' ,at ?is po9t x became 9 fact synonym\s ) ,mia/ores1 &1 l t ^w1 enl>g$ its scope s z to d5ote n only ! prime ,av5g]1 ! rev5ant himself1 b also any div9e or human ag5ts employ$ by him z subsidi>y ,av5g]s4 ,s mu* !n = ! fir/ mean+ :i* ! lexicons atta* to ! words ,ala/or & ,mia/or2 ! second int]pretation ( !m1 9 relation to a blood-guilty man1 may be m briefly treat$4 ,ala/or 9 ?is passive s5se is alleg$ to mean a man :o suff]s f ! v5geance ( "o :o is an ,ala/or 9 ! active s5se2 & ,mia/or to mean a man :o is himself pollut$ & !re=e pollutes ^? ) :om he associates4 ,z reg>ds ,ala/or1 ?is explanation /&s already condemn$ by ! fact t x pre-supposes ! d]ivation f 1 & ev5 !n x does fre% & incr$ible viol5ce to language2 a sane philologi/ may commit ! error ( d]iv+ f & mak+ x mean #8"o :o does n =get'2 b only ! madde/ c\ld dream ( int]pret+ x z #8"o :o does de$s :i* o!rs d n =get4' ,b1 if 9 spite ( ?is we tr\ble to turn up ! ref]5ces :i* ! lexicons give "u ?is head+1 x is obvi\s at once t !re is no m support = su* a mean+ 9 idiomatic usage ?an 9 etymological orig94 ,?ree ref]5ces are cit$4 ,! fir/ is to t passage ( ! ,eum5ides 9 :i* ,ore/es decl>es himself 1 #abjc1 a phrase :i* means1 z ,i h already %[n1 #8an av5g]1 n a murd]]4' ,?is !n %\ld be classifi$ z an example ( ! active1 n ( ! hypo!tical passive1 mean+ ( ,ala/or4 ,( ! o!r two passages1 "o is f ! ,ajax ( ,sophocles1 :]e ! h]o 9 8 ang] & despair speaks ( ! guileful enemies :o robb$ him ( 8 prize z ,ala/ores#abjd1 & ! o!r a passage f ,demo/h5es 9 :i* he criticizes ,aes*9es = apply+ ! ^w z an opprobri\s "n to ,philip ( ,mac$on#abje4 ,b 9 :at possible s5se c\ld ei!r ,ajax' enemies or ,philip ( ,mac$on be describ$ z #8suff]+ f ,av5g]s'8 ,on ! contr>y1 at ! times :5 ! ^w ,ala/or 0 appli$ to !m1 _! success %\ld surely h sugge/$ t !y 7 fav\r$ by heav51 & _! oppon5ts r 7 ! suff]]s4 ,:at !n 0 ! mean+ ( ! ^w ?us opprobri\sly employ$8 ,a mean+1 ,i answ]1 v little remov$ f t ( #8,av5g]' & aris+ out ( x4 ,= h[ 0 ! ,av5g]--be he ! rev5ant himself or a demon act+ on 8 behalf--con/antly pictur$8 ,0 x n z a fi5d torm5t+ ) e torm5t ! object ( 8 wra?1 plagu+ him1 madd5+ him1 suck+ 8 v blood8 ,little wond] !n if ! ju/ice ( t v5geance 0 sometimes obscur$ 9 m5's m9ds by _! horror ( x1 & if ! ^w ,ala/or sugge/$ to !m a fi5d1 a m]ciless torm5tor4 ,9 t s5se ,ajax might well apply ! "n to 8 enemies1 & ,aes*9es to ,philip4 ,nor are o!r in/ances ( x lack+4 ,demo/h5es himself1 = all 8 criticism ( ,aes*9es' vulg>ity 9 call+ ,philip 1 #8a =eign devil1' us$ ! same ^w ( ,aes*9es & 8 fri5ds#abjf2 aga91 9 ,sophocles1 ! lion ( ,nemea = ! loss & havoc t he inflict$ is unique among bea/s t p]i% 9 hav+ m]it$ ! same sorry title-- 1 ! #8h]dsm5's ,torm5tor#abjg'2 & inde$1 ap>t f liv+ m5 & animals1 !re are _m in/ances 9 ,trag$y#abjh 9 :i* ! ^w ,ala/or1 appli$ to "s sup]natural foe1 rev5ant or demon1 may be m appropriately r5d]$ by #8fi5d' or #8torm5tor' ?an by #8av5g]4' ,& ! same ?+ is true1 ,i hold1 ( ! ^w ,mia/or4 ,! !ory ( ! lexicons1 namely1 t ! ^w d5otes a pollut$ & blood-guilty man because su* an "o is inevitably a #8pollut]' ( o!rs1 is c]ta9ly n intr9sically bad2 = x recognises ! prim>y mean+ ( ! ^w1 #8pollut]1' & bases ! second>y mean+ #8pollut$' ^u a "r und]/&+ ( ! old belief t pollution 0 contagi\s4 ,b at ! same "t x gives "s occasion to wond] :y ! ^w %\ld h be5 div]t$ f its mo/ natural mean+ 9 ord] to d5ote t :i* ! cognate ^w already express$ m simply4 ,moreov]1 :5 exam9ation is made ( ^? passages :i* are claim$ z examples ( su* an usage1 ! !ory becomes :olly unnecess>y4 ,! two mo/ speci\s examples are two passages f ,aes*ylus#abji & ,euripides#abaj1 9 bo? ( :i* ! p]sons call$ ,mia/ores are ,aegi/hus & ,clytemne/ra4 ,n[ ! au?ors ( ,agamemnon's dea? 7 c]ta9ly pollut$1 & might ) ju/ice h be5 call$ --t is admitt$4 ,b because !y might h be5 call$ & actually are call$ 1 x does n foll[ t1 ?\gh ! words h ! same root1 !y also be> ! same mean+4 ,obvi\sly ! ^w #8fi5ds1' if ev] has t s5se1 w\ld be an equally apt description ( ! murd]\s pair4 ,! *oice !re=e betwe5 ^! two r5d]+s "h mu/ be guid$ by m c]ta9 examples ( usage else:]e4 ,two may be select$ z em95tly cle>4 ,9 "o ,ore/es calls ,hel5 #abaa1 :]e ! ^w _c mean a #8pollut$ wret*1' = ! con/ruction po/ulates an active mean+ 9 ,mia/or2 nor yet c ! phrase be intelligibly r5d]$ #8! pollut] ( ,greece1' = !re 0 no pollution involv$ 9 ! w>f>e :i* ,hel5 _h caus$2 cle>ly ,ore/es means #8! torm5tor ( ,greece1' ! fi5d :o _h prov$ ! bane ( %ips & m5 & cities4 ,9 ! o!r passage ,peleus applies ! ^w to ,m5elaus3 #8,i look ^u !e1' he says1 #8z on ! murd]]--! fi5d-l de/roy] 7' 7--( ,a*illes#abab4' ,"h aga9 ,mia/or cle>ly be>s an active s5se1 & at ! same "t _c be r5d]$ #8pollut]4' ,m5elaus _h br\ght ^u ,a*illes n pollution b dea?1 & ! ^w ,mia/or expla9s ! ^w #8murd]]' 77 :i* prec$es x--expla9s t ! murd] laid to ,m5elaus' *>ge 0 n ! op5 viol5ce ( a /rong] foe1 b resembl$ ! dea?-deal+ ( "s lurk+ fi5d4 ,9 ^! two passages !n ! int]pretation ( ,mia/or 9 ! s5se ( #8fi5d1' #8torm5tor1' #8de/roy]1' is necess>y & prov52 &1 ?is be+ kn[n1 common reason bids u read m ambigu\s scriptures 9 ! light ?us obta9$4 ,!re is !re=e no call to suppose t ev] meant #8pollut$'2 f ! active mean+ #8,av5g]' x develop$1 l ,ala/or1 ! broad] s5se ( #8,torm5tor' or #8,fi5di% ,de/roy]'2 & ^! mean+s completely satisfy ! conditions ( ,tragic & o!r usage ( ! words4 ,!re rema9s ! ^w 1 to :i* ! lexicons1 ,i admit1 rightly ascribe a tw(old mean+4 ,x is cle>ly us$ bo? ( ! ,av5g] ( blood & also ( ! blood-guilty p]son :o is seek+ purification4 ,b z reg>ds bo? ! means by :i* ! fir/ signification 0 obta9$1 & ! prim>y application ( ! ^w 9 t signification1 ,i jo9 issue4 ,! second mean+ is m satisfactorily expla9$1 & my criticism ( x w n g beyond an alt]native sugge/ion4 ,! lexicons elucidate ! fir/ mean+ z foll[s3 he to :om "o turns1 especially ) supplications1 or ! god to :om ! murd]$ p]son turns = v5geance1 h5ce an av5g]1 l 444 h5ce also ( ! manes ( murd]$ p]sons1 visit+ ) v5geance1 implacable4 ,! objections to ?is explanation are obvi\s4 ,x may well be que/ion$ :e!r is at all likely to h _h any passive mean+--z x 7 a p]son :o #8is turn$ to'--:5 ! v]b itself 01 s f> z ,i c asc]ta91 nev] s us$2 & fur!r1 if a god _h really be5 call$ because ! murd]$ man turn$ = v5geance to him1 ! ext5sion ( ! t]m to ! manes ( murd]$ p]sons mu/ imply a conception ( ! murd]$ man turn+ = v5geance t[>ds--himself4 ,?is is n a little cumbr\s2 & = my "p ,i d5y ! exi/5ce ( any passive s5se ( 4 ,i d h[ev] f9d two s5ses ( ! ^w1 ! "o active1 correspond+ to ! transitive use ( ! v]b or 7= ! middle z well z ! active voice might be us$ transitively1 z w %ortly appe>71 ! o!r middle1 correspond+ to ! ord9>y usage ( ! middle 4 ,?us ! active mean+ ( w be turn+ some?+ t[>ds or aga9/ someone2 ! middle mean+1 turn+ oneself t[>ds someone4 ,! active usage is be/ illu/rat$ by a passage ( ,aes*9es1 9 :i* he accuses ,demo/h5es ( wilful p]jury 9 calumniat+ him1 & !n appeals to ! jury 9 ^! words-- 7 7 #abac2 #8,w y !n all[ ?is p]jur]1 :o has turn$ ^u 8 own head 7= ,i pray t x be n on ! city7 ! ang] ( ! gods 9 ^: "n he swore1 to cont9ue 9 y\r mid/8' ,"h ! v brevity ( ! ,greek1 :i* ,i am compell$ to exp& 9 translation1 proves t ,aes*9es' audi5ce 7 p]fectly famili> ) an active mean+ ( ) an evil connotation1 #8turn+ "s mis=tune or puni%m5t or v5geance ^u someone4' ,! middle s5se ( is equally cle>ly exhibit$ by ,aes*ylus1 :o 9 tell+ ! /ory ( ,?ye/es says t aft] 8 bani%m5t by 8 bro!r ,atreus he came aga9 #abad1 #8turn+ himself 7z a suppliant7 t[>ds ! he>?' ( 8 fa!r's home1 s t 8 own life at lea/ 0 sp>$ out ( respect = ! place4 ,?us ! two mean+s ( ! ^w are e/abli%$1 & x rema9s only to %[ h[ !y 7 specially us$ 9 connexion ) blood-guilt4 ,9 ! active s5se 0 prim>ily appli$1 ,i hold1 l ,mia/or & ,ala/or1 to ! murd]$ man himself1 :o #8turn$' 8 wra? #8aga9/' ! murd]]1 or1 if x s happ5$1 aga9/ ! next ( k9 :o _h fail$ 9 8 duty ( br++ ! murd]] to ju/ice4 ,x is precisely ?us t ,plato uses ! v]b 9 record+ ! old tradition 9 :i* he app>5tly repos$ s mu* fai? z to base 8 own laws ^u x4 #8,if ! ne>e/ ( k91' s runs ! passage1 #8d n seek v5geance = ! de$1 x is held t ! pollution devolves ^u him1 & t ! suff]] 7i4e4 ! dead man7 turns ^u him ! suff]+ 7i4e4 t :i* ! homicide himself %\ld h incurr$71 & anyone :o w may br+ a suit aga9/ him1 etc4#abae' ,! words :i* ,i h italicis$ are 9 ! ,greek 1 :]e ! middle presumably 0 pref]r$ to ! active because ! suff]+s :i* ! dead man inflicts are1 z we already "k & z ! language ( ! p>ticul> phrase itself sugge/s1 exactly ^? :i* he himself suff]s4 ,?is usage ( ! v]b1 ?\gh x is di/9ctly r>e & probably a te*nicality ( religion or law1 is s p]fectly cle> 9 ?is "o example#abaf1 t !re %\ld be no hesitation ab\t und]/&+ ! cognate ^w 9 ! same s5se4 ,& inde$ "o lexicograph]1 ,photius1 %[s t he did s und]/& x2 = he tells u t ,zeus 0 sometimes invok$ "u ?is title1 z turn+ aga9/ murd]]s ! pollution 7includ+ p]haps ! puni%m5ts7 ( _! crime3 444 1 7sc4 7#abag--su* are 8 actual words1 & ?is "t ( c\rse ! v]b is rightly 9 ! active1 = ,zeus is 9 no way p]sonally conc]n$ b acts only 9 ! int]e/s ( ! dead man4 ,cle>ly !n x 0 9 virtue ( ?is active mean+ t came to be practically a synonym ( ,mia/or & ,ala/or 9 ! s5se ( an ,av5g] ( blood4 ,once m !n we return to ! same "q :i* has be5 prop\nd$ & answ]$ ) reg>d to ^? two o!r names--to :om 0 ! t]m prim>ily appli$8 ,i f9d ! application ( x m re/rict$ ?an t ( ! o!r two words4 ,x 0 us$ ( ! dead man himself1 & x 0 us$ ( demons av5g+ 8 cause2 b x 0 nev] us$#abah ( ! next ( k9 9 ! "* ( av5g]--& t = ! v good reason t :5 ! ^w 0 appli$ to a liv+ man x bore an entirely diff]5t mean+1 :i* has yet to be discuss$1 ! mean+ ( #8blood-guilty4' ,a few examples ( ea* usage mu/ be giv54 ,bo? ,antiphon & ,aes*ylus apply ! ^w to murd]$ m52 ,antiphon1 9 a spee* 9 :i* ! k9sman1 :o has1 z 9 duty b\nd1 und]tak5 ! prosecution ( ! murd]]1 claims t1 if ! jury wrongfully acquit1 ! dead man w n become 1 an ,av5g]1 aga9/ 8 k9sm5 :o h done _! be/ 9 8 s]vice1 b w visit 8 ang] on ! jury = condon+ & !reby %>+ ! blood-guilt#abai2 ,aes*ylus1 9 t li/ ( p5alties :i* has be5 discuss$1 :5 he depicts ! #8madness & va9 t]ror1' :i* w befall ,ore/es if he fail 9 8 task1 z an arr[ t flie? 9 d>kness sp$ by p[]s ( hell #8at ! behe/ ( fall5 k9dr$ t turn _! v5geance ^u him' 7 #abbj74 ,b equally cle>ly 9 o!r passages ! ,av5g] indicat$ is n ! murd]$ man1 b "s div9e be+4 ,antiphon aga9 is an au?ority = ?is usage4 ,twice1 9 a context simil> to t :i* has j be5 notic$1 he speaks n ( ! murd]$ man himself becom+ an ,av5g]1 b ( c]ta9 div9e p[]s--:om he also calls 1 ! p[]s t deal ) s9--act+ z ,av5g]s 77 ( ! dead#abba4 ,& simil>ly 9 lat] "t ,pausanias also speaks ( #8! pollution 77 incurr$ by ,pelops & ( ! ,av5g] 77 ( ,myrtilus#abbb4' ,s9ce !n !re is no "q b t ! ^w 0 actually appli$ bo? to dead m5 & to gods1 to :i* ( ! two did x ref] prim>ily8 ,we already "k ! answ]4 ,! dead man himself1 z a rev5ant1 0 ! prime & prop] ,av5g] ( 8 own wrongs2 demons ( v5geance act$ only 9 8 "n1 z 8 subord9ates & ag5ts4 ,to him !re=e ! "n prim>ily belong$4 ,& ev5 if we _h n already le>nt ?is f o!r s\rces1 ! passage ( ,aes*ylus1 to :i* ,i h j ref]r$1 might well guide u to ! same conclusion4 ,! arr[ t flie? 9 d>kness is sp$ inde$1 he says1 #8by p[]s ( hell' 7 7--! demonic ag5ts ( ! dead--b #8at ! behe/ ( fall5 k9dr$4' ,! activity bo? ( ! pr9cipal & ( ! ag5t is recognis$ 9 ! same passage1 & ei!r might h be5 call$ 3 b1 because ! activity ( bo? 0 pla9ly ass]t$1 ,aes*ylus res]v$ ! "n = ! "o to :om x prim>ily belong$1 ! murd]$ man1 :o turns 8 wra?1 :o turns inde$ ^? p[]s ( hell :o execute 8 wra?1 aga9/ 8 enemies4 ,!re n[ rema9s = consid]ation only ! second mean+ ( 2 h[ c\ld a ^w1 :i* 9 ref]5ce to dead m5 or to deities meant #8an ,av5g] ( blood1' be>1 9 relation to liv+ m51 ! s5se ( #8blood-guilty'8 ,v likely ! diction>ies are "r 9 accept+ ! explanation ( ?is use :i* ,hesy*ius#abbc & o!rs give4 ,we h se5 "o case#abbd 9 :i* ! ^w cle>ly has a middle s5se #8turn+ oneself t[>ds' a place or a p]son 9 supplication2 & !re is no difficulty 9 suppos+ t ! ^w 0 us$ te*nically 9 ! same s5se ( a blood-guilty man :o turn$ to "s god or to "s sanctu>y 9 que/ ( purification4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is v probably ! "r explanation4 ,b ,i may p]haps (f] an alt]native explanation :i* ,i d n c\nt pref]able b m]ely possible4 ,! active mean+ ( 1 #8turn+ some?+ ^u someone1' might conceivably h produc$ ?is s5se ( #8blood-guilty' z well z ! o!r s5se #8an ,av5g] ( blood4' ,z ! dead man 0 held to turn some?+1 namely 8 wra?1 aga9/ 8 enemy1 s might ! murd]] h be5 pictur$ z try+ to turn some?+1 namely ! pollution :i* he _h incurr$1 ^u "s object & s to cleanse himself !refrom4 ,n[ ! *ief feature 9 ! ,delphic c]emony ( purification 0 ! slay+ ( a suck+-pig#abbe4 ,?is may ( c\rse h be5 m]ely a propitiatory sacrifice2 b x is possible also t ! animal 0 really a surrogate victim = ! murd]] himself1 t by lay+ 8 pollut$ h& on its head he transf]r$ ! religi\s uncleanness f himself to x1 & t1 by ! subsequ5t slaught] ( ! n[ blood-guilty animal1 he vic>i\sly satisfi$ ! old law t blood c\ld only be wa%$ out by blood4 ,?is is only a conjecture1 & ,i leave o!rs to judge ( its probability2 b1 if ! c]emony _h foll[$ ! l9es :i* ,i h sugge/$1 x is easily intelligible t1 9 ! te*nical language ( religion1 ! murd]] :o s\ght to turn 8 own pollution ^u ! victim might h be5 call$ 4 ,?us !n ! problem ( ! anci5t nom5clature ( rev5ants is solv$1 & ! results are briefly ^!3 all rev5ants 7 orig9ally call$ 1 #8,w&]]s'2 b subsequ5tly t "n 0 re/rict$ only to ! v5geful class ( rev5ants1 to :i* ! names & _h always belong$2 & = ! m h>mless & purely pitiable rev5ants no "n rema9$1 b m5 said ( su* an "o simply1 #8,he w&]s4' ,,footnotes3 #iei ,he>d by me f a fi%]man ( ,myconos4 #ifj 1 1 ,i4 pp4 #egc & #eic4 #ifa ,! li/ ( dialectic =ms compil$ by ,b]n4 ,s*midt 7das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugrie*51 p4 #aeh7 comprises1 besides t :i* ,i h adopt$ z 9 my exp]i5ce ! mo/ g5]al1 ! foll[+3 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,to ^! may be add$ f ,syme 71 1 ,i4 #fja71 1 f ,cy?nos 71 1 p4 #abe71 & an occasional dim9utive =m su* z 4 ,! is (t5 d\bl$ 9 spell+4 #ifb ,a plural 9 -1 -1 ) acc5t ei!r p>oxytone or prop>oxytone1 also occurs4 #ifc ,de quorumdam ,graecorum op9ationibus1 cap4 #ab sqq4 #ifd 1 leg4 4 #ife ,= ^! memorial s]vices 77 & ! appropriate fun]al-meats 77 see bel[1 pp4 #ecd ff4 #iff ,! ref]5ce giv5 by ,allatius is to ,turco-,grecia1 ,bk #h1 b ,i _c f9d ! passage4 #ifg ,) ?is description comp>e a phrase us$ 9 a rec5t ,a!nian acc\nt ( a vrykolakas1 1 #8l a 7di/5d$7 w9e-sk91' 1 4 ,i4 #ege4 #ifh ,see p4 #cci4 #ifi ,relation de ce qui s'e/ pass de plus rem>quable a ,sant-,er9i ,isle de l',ar*ipel1 depuis l'tablissem5t des ,p]es de la compagnie de ,jesus en icelle 7,p>is1 ,,mdclvii471 cap4 ,,xv4 pp4 #bjh-bbf4 #igj ,9 _m places at ! pres5t day x is believ$ t vrykolakes 7& sometimes o!r sup]natural be+s7 _c cross salt wat]4 ,h5ce to bury 7n burn7 ! corpse 9 an isl& is (t5 held suffici5t4 #iga ,"s mod]n au?orities /ate t ,turks are believ$ to be m subject to become vrykolakes ?an ,*ri/ians4 ,s*midt 7,das ,volksleb51 p4 #afb7 appe>s to me to ov]/ate ?is po9t ( view1 :i* ,i %\ld judge to be r>] & m local ?an its contr>y4 ,ev5 :]e f\nd1 x is unimportant1 be+ a m]e inv5tion ( prie/craft = purposes ( intimidation4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #djj & #dji4 #igb ,evid5tly a local =m ( 7 1 cf4 ,du ,cange1 ,m$4 et infim4 ,graec41 s4v4 71 ) meta!sis ( ! nasal4 ,cf4 ! ^w above4 #igc ,to ?is phrase ,i return lat]4 #igd leg4 4 #ige ,hi/oire n\velle des anci5s ducs et autres s\v]a9s de l',ar*ipel1 pp4 #bee-f 7,p>is1 #afii74 #igf ,voyage du ,levant1 ,i4 pp4 #aeh ff4 7,lyon1 #agag74 ,cf4 also ,salonis1 ,voyage ,t9e 7,p>is1 #ahji71 translat$ by 4 4 1 z 1 pp4 #aje ff4 #igg ,paul ,lucas1 ,voyage du ,levant 7la ,haye1 #agje71 vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #bji-baj4 #igh ,cf4 ,t\rne=t1 ,voyage du ,levant1 ,i4 p4 #afd 7,lyon1 #agag74 #igi 4 1 1 p4 #abe4 #ihj 4 1 1 pp4 #gb-c4 #iha ,! writ] po9ts out 9 a note ! correspond5ce ( ! numb] ( prie/s :o assemble = 1 ! ano9t+ ( ! sick ) oil4 #ihb ,! ,cretan ^w us$ ?r\gh\t ?is passage is - 7plur4 -71 on :i* see bel[1 p4 #chb4 #ihc 4 ,i h giv5 :at ,i take to be ! mean+ ( a popul> ^w o!rwise unkn[n to me4 #ihd 4 1 4--1 1 p4 #ef4 #ihe ,good examples may be f\nd 9 ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,mr*51 etc41 no4 #g1 & 1 1 ,i4 #eij sqq4 #ihf ,! ,cyclades1 p4 #bii4 #ihg 1 1 ,i4 p4 #egg4 #ihh ,ibid41 p4 #egh4 #ihi ,9 ,scyros & 9 ,cy?nos1 z ,i h not$ above1 ?is means ( riddance has giv5 place to mild] rem$ies4 ,b 9 ! =m] ,i he>d ( fairly rec5t cases ( vampirism1 & 9 ! latt]1 accord+ to 71 p4 #abe71 ! names ( sev]al p]sons 7includ+ "o woman7 :o became vrykolakes are /ill rememb]$4 #iij ,communicat$ to me by ^w ( m\? 9 ,ma9a4 #iia 7see above1 p4 #bjh71 :o are commonly reg>d$ z subject to lycan?ropy 9 life & cont9ue ! same pr$atory habits z vampires aft] dea?4 #iib ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb51 p4 #afb 7f ,ar*ova74 #iic ,?is belief belongs *iefly1 9 my exp]i5ce1 to ! ,cyclades4 #iid ,curt4 ,wa*smu?1 ,das alte ,grie*5l& im ,neu51 p4 #aag 7f ,elis74 #iie ,ibid4 p4 #aad 7f ,elis74 ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #afb 7,p>nassus di/rict74 1 1 ,i4 #egh 7,calvryta74 #iif ,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugrie*51 p4 #agj4 #iig ,?is d]ivation is review$ & reject$ by ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb5 etc41 p4 #aeh4 #iih ,cf4 ,miklosi*1 ,etym4 ,wrt]bu* d4 ,slav4 ,spr41 p4 #chj1 s4v4 99velk1 ,old ,slav41 vlk1 wolf4444 ,old ,slav41 vlkodlak2 ,slov5ian1 volkodlak1 vukodlak1 vulkodlak2 ,bulg41 vrkolak2 ,kr41 vukodlak2 ,s]b41 vukodlak2 ,cz41 vlkodlak2 ,pol41 wilkodak2 ,little ,russian1 vokoak2 ,:ite ,russian1 vokoak2 ,russian1 volkulak2 ,r\m4 velkolak1 verkolak2 ,alb41 vurvolak2 cf4 ,li?41 vilkakis4 #8,d] vlkodlak i/ d] ,w]wolf d] ,deuts*51 woraus m4 ,lat4 gu]ulfus1 mannwolf1 d] 9 ,wolfge/alt gesp5/is* umgeh5de ,mann4' ,! second half ( ! comp\nd is less c]ta9ly id5tifi$ ) dlaka1 ,old ,slav41 ,new ,slav41 ,s]b41 #8hair' 7( c[ or horse74 ,i am indebt$ = ?is note to ! k9dness ( ,mr ,e4 ,h4 ,m9ns1 ( ,pembroke ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,x w be f\nd to corroborate ! view pron\nc$ by ,b4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugrie*51 p4 #aei4 #iii ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugrie*51 p4 #afj 7) note #a74 #ajjj ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian p1 p4 #dji4 #ajja ,:e!r ?is ^w is orig9ally ,slavonic appe>s to be unc]ta91 b x is at any rate f\nd 9 all ,slavonic languages & is prov$ by ! =ms :i* x has assum$ to h be5 9 use !re = fully a ?\s& ye>s4 ,?is note also ,i owe to my fri5d1 ,mr ,m9ns4 #ajjb ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore1 p4 #bag4 #ajjc ,das ,volksleb5 d4 ,neugr4 p4 #aei4 #ajjd ,ibid4 note #b4 #ajje ,mannh>dt's ,zeits*rift f4 d4 ,my?ol4 und ,sitt5k4 ,,iv4 #aie4 #ajjf ,les ,slaves de ,turquie1 ,i4 p4 #fi 7,p>is1 #ahdd74 #ajjg ,cf4 above1 p4 #ahc4 #ajjh ,cf4 pp4 #ahc & #bjh4 #ajji ,9 ,*ios at ! pres5t day ! ^w vrykolakas is 9 g5]al usage1 except t 9 ! village ( ,pyrgi1 ow+ to a confusion ( vrykolakes & callicantz>i1 a local "n ( ! latt] is appli$ also to ! =m]4 ,cf4 1 1 p4 #cfg1 & see above p4 #aic4 #ajaj 4 1 1 p4 #abe4 ,! two words are giv5 9 ! neut] plural & 1 z equival5ts ( ! ^w vrykolakas :i*1 9 ! =m 1 is also employ$4 #ajaa ,! p]iodical 1 vol4 #ab1 no4 #bgh1 p4 #cce & vol4 #ac1 no4 #cjh1 p4 #eje1 cit$ by ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #afj4 #ajab ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #afj1 ref]r+ to 7p]iodical71 ,,iii4 p4 #eci2 1 1 ,i4 p4 #egd4 #ajac 1 ibid4 #ajad ,cf4 above1 p4 #bgg4 #ajae 9 1 #ahfa1 p4 #ahbh4 ,s*midt int]prets ! ^w z #8d] ,aufhock5de1' "o :o sits ^u & cru%es 8 victims1 a habit sometimes ascrib$ to vrykolakes1 b m (t5 to callicantz>i4 ,my own int]pretation has ! support ( _m popul> /ories1 9 :i*1 :5 ! exhumation ( a vrykolakas takes place1 he is f\nd sitt+ up 9 8 tomb4 ,see e4g4 1 1 ,i4 p4 #eij4 #ajaf ,cf4 1 1 p4 #bg 7,a!ns1 #ahdb72 4 1 1 pp4 #gb-c4 #ajag ,op4 cit4 p4 #afj4 #ajah 1 ,,ii4 p4 #aad4 #ajai ,os hians1 d5tes c&idi1 cf4 above1 p4 #cfg4 #ajbj ,! ^w is m5tion$ by ,newton1 ,travels & ,discov]ies 9 ! ,levant1 ,i4 p4 #bab4 ,i h be5 unable to obta9 any m rec5t in=mation4 #ajba 7,! ,black ,dea? ( ,rhodes71 ll4 #bfg & #egi1 publi%$ 9 ,wagn]'s ,m$ieval ,greek ,texts1 ,i4 p4 #agi 7f ,s*midt1 op4 cit4 p4 #afj1 note #d74 #ajbb ,i h %[n above 7pp4 #bci ff47 t 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ! ^w 0 sup]s$$ by a new ,greek comp\nd 2 b ?is new t]m 0 probably always conf9$1 z x n[ is1 to ! vocabul>y ( a few di/ricts only1 :ile ! ,slavonic ^w vrykolakas enjoy$ a wid] vogue4 #ajbc ,see above1 p4 #cgh4 #ajbd ,i quote my au?ority only = *oice specim5s :i* ,i h n myself he>d4 ,v>iations may be f\nd 9 almo/ any "w be>+ on popul> spee* or belief4 #ajbe 4 4 1 ,,ii4 #abc 7f ,crete74 #ajbf ,ibid4 #ajbg 4 4 1 1 p4 #aii 7f ,s9asos 9 ,asia ,m9or74 #ajbh ,*ri/ophorus ,angelus1 ,de /atu hodi]norum ,graecorum1 cap4 #be4 #ajbi ,cf4 above1 p4 #cgj4 #ajcj ,9 ! details ( my acc\nt ( ?is cu/om ,i foll[ 1 1 pp4 #aac-aad4 ,b x prevails also 9 sub/antially ! same =m 9 _m places besides ,cy?nos4 #ajca ,i h be5 at "s pa9s to make wide enquiries on ?is po9t1 b h f\nd no example4 #ajcb ,! v]sion :i* ,i translate is ,no4 #eag 9 ,pass['s ,popul>ia ,c>m9a ,graec4 rec5t4 #ajcc ,pr(4 has collect$ sev5te5 9 a monograph entitl$ 7orig9ally publi%$ 9 ! 4 4 74 #ajcd 1 op4 cit4 p4 #dc 7,v]sion ,no4 #d1 ll4 #ah1 #ai74 #ajce ,! p]iodical 1 #ahfb1 vol4 #ac1 p4 #cfg 7 1 op4 cit4 p4 #ff1 no4 #ag1 ll4 #ai1 #bj74 #ajcf 4 4 1 1 p4 #afd 7f ,s9asos 9 ,asia ,m9or74 #ajcg ,i make ?is /atem5t ) z full confid5ce z c be felt 9 any su* negation1 aft] p]us+ ne>ly a score ( v]sions4 #ajch ,see above1 p4 #cfh4 #ajci 1 1 ,i4 p4 #ehi4 #ajdj ,ibid4 p4 #eia4 #ajda ,go>1 ,eu*olog4 p4 #fhe4 #ajdb ,cf4 ,leo ,allatius1 ,de quor4 ,graecorum op9at4 ,,xiii4 ,balsamon1 ,i4 #efi 7,migne74 ,epi/4 ,s4 ,niconis1 quot$ by ,balsamon1 ,,ii4 p4 #ajif 7ed4 ,p>is1 #afbj74 ,*ri/ophorus ,angelus1 cap4 #be4 #ajdc ,s4 ,mat!w xviii4 #ah4 #ajdd ,! p[] ( excommunicat+ belong$ to prie/s z well z to bi%ops1 b !y might n ex]cise x )\t _! bi%op's sanction4 ,cf4 ,balsamon1 ,i4 #bg & #efi 7,migne74 #ajde ,quot$ by ,leo ,allatius1 ,de quor4 ,graec4 op9at4 ,,xiii4 & ,,xiv4 #ajdf ,! rev]sal ( ! decree ( excommunication by ! same p]son :o _h pron\nc$ x 0 always pref]r$1 l>gely z a precaution aga9/ an excommunicat$ p]son obta9+ absolution too easily4 ,cf4 ,balsamon1 ,i4 #fd-e & #dcg 7,migne74 #ajdg op4 cit4 cap4 ,,xv4 ,cf4 also ,*ri/ophorus ,angelus1 7,cambridge1 #afai71 cap4 #be1 :]e is told ! /ory ( a bi%op :o 0 excommunicat$ by a c\ncil ( 8 pe]s1 & ^: body rema9$ #8b\nd1 l iron1 = a hundr$ ye>s1' :5 a second c\ncil ( bi%ops at ! same place pron\nc$ absolution & imm$iately ! body #8turn$ to du/4' #ajdh ,accord+ to ,georgius ,fehlavius1 p4 #eci 7 #dbb7 ( 8 edition ( ,*ri/ophorus ,angelus1 ,de /atu hodi]norum ,graecorum 7,lipsiae1 #afgf71 ,emanuel ,malaxus 0 ! writ] ( a "w entitl$ ,hi/oria ,patri>*>um ,con/ant9opolitanorum1 :i* ,i h n be5 able to discov]4 ,x 0 app>5tly us$ by ,crusius = 8 ,turco-,grecia2 = ! /ory "h told is n>rat$ by him 9 two v]sions 7,i4 #ef & ,,ii4 #cb1 pp4 #bg & #acc ed4 ,basle7 & he alludes also 7p4 #aea7 to a /ory conc]n+ ,ars5ios1 ,bi%op ( ,monemvasia1 :i* likewise accord+ to ,fehlavius 7l4c47 0 n>rat$ by ,malaxus4 #ajdi ,see bel[1 p4 #dji4 #ajej ,*ri/ophorus ,angelus 7op4 cit4 cap4 #be7 v\*es = ! e>ly use ( ?is ^w by "o ,cassianus1 :om he describes z 4 ,i _c id5tify ?is au?or4 #ajea ,du ,cange1 ,m$4 et infim4 ,graec41 s4v4 4 #ajeb ,*ri/ophorus ,angelus1 l4c4 #ajec ,mat!w xviii4 #ah4 #ajed ,john xx4 #bc4 #ajee ,see above1 p4 #cfe4 #ajef ,! ^w 1 :i* ,i h r5d]$ ) v]bal correctness #8memorial s]vices1' really implies m1 & corresponds to a mass = ! repose ( ! dead4 #ajeg ,ana/asius ,s9aita1 9 ,migne's ,patrologia ,gr4-,lat41 vol4 #hi1 #bgi-bhj4 #ajeh i4e4 ! 1 z !y 7 call$1 ! m discreet & #8spiritual' prie/s :o alone 7 au?oris$ by _! bi%ops to dis*>ge ?is function4 ,cf4 ,*ri/ophorus ,angelus1 op4 cit4 cap4 #bb4 #ajei 4 1 1 pp4 #cce & #cci4 #ajfj ,on ?is symbol see above1 pp4 #aab f4 #ajfa ,newton1 ,travels & ,discov]ies 9 ! ,levant1 ,i4 p4 #bab 7#ahfe74 7,cf4 ,b4 ,s*midt1 das ,volksleb51 p4 #afd47 #ajfb ,cf4 ,*ri/ophorus ,angelus1 op4 cit4 cap4 #be 7init474 #ajfc ,i4 ,cor4 v4 #e & ,i4 ,tim4 i4 #bj4 #ajfd ,!odoretus1 on ,i4 ,cor4 v4 #e 7,migne1 ,patrologia ,gr4-,lat41 vol4 #hb1 #bfa74 #ajfe ,aes*4 ,*oeph41 #dcb-c4 #ajff ,paus4 ,,ix4 #cb4 #f4 #ajfg ,philopseudes1 cap4 #bi4 #ajfh ,see above1 p4 #bjh4 #ajfi 1 1 ,i4 p4 #egf4 #ajgj ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian p1 p4 #dab4 #ajga ,mirabilia1 cap4 ,i4 #ajgb ,by #8se]' ,i r5d] 1 a man directly inspir$2 by #8div9]' 1 "o :o is skill$ 9 ! sci5ce ( int]pret+ signs & om5s4 #ajgc ,relation de ce qui s'e/ pass de plus rem>quable a ,sant-,er9i etc41 p4 #bac4 ,he calls ,phil9nion a ,!ssalian girl1 & makes ,ma*ates come f ,mac$onia4 ,b 8 ref]5ce to ! /ory conta9s a pat5t inaccuracy 7= he speaks ( ! girl be+ buri$ a second "t1 :]eas %e 0 burnt71 & 9 all probability he 0 quot+ f memory1 n f a m complete text ?an t n[ pres]v$4 #ajgd ,see ,pa%ley1 ,travels 9 ,crete1 ,,ii4 p4 #bba2 ,c>n>von1 ,rem9isc5ces ( ,a!ns & ! ,morea1 p4 #afb2 ,s*midt1 das ,volksleb51 p4 #afe2 1 1 ,i4 pp4 #ehi1 #eia & #eic2 1 1 p4 #abe4 #ajge ,al>dus ,gazaeus1 ,comm5t>y on ,ioh4 ,cassianus1 ,collatio1 ,,viii4 #ba 7,migne1 ,patrologia1 ,s]4 ,i4 vol4 #di74 #ajgf ,on #8/riges' see above1 pp4 #agi ff4 #ajgg ,on ?is ^w see above1 p4 #bhh4 #ajgh ,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugrie*51 p4 #agj1 ) note #a4 #ajgi ,philopseudes1 cap4 #bf4 #ajhj ,ar4 ,eccles41 #ajgb-c4 #ajha ,see above1 pp4 #chg-ia4 #ajhb ,eur4 ,or41 #ajhf4 #ajhc ,eur4 ,hipp41 #ajch4 #ajhd ,soph4 ,o4 ,c41 #achc ff4 #ajhe ,soph4 ,o4 ,c41 #adje4 #ajhf #bfa-big4 #ajhg ,aes*4 ,*oeph41 #bhg-h4 #ajhh 1 ,i4 p4 #ghh4 is a necess>y correction ( ! ( ! ,,mss4 #ajhi ,cf4 l4 #cff 4 #ajij ,aes*4 ,suppl41 #djg ff4 #ajia ,aes*4 ,eum41 #agc ff4 read+ ' 4 #ajib ,see above1 p4 #cih4 #ajic ,works & ,days1 #cbe ff4 #ajid ,see above1 p4 #cig4 #ajie ,see above1 p4 #cgj4 #ajif ,hom4 ,il4 ,,xxiii4 #fi ff4 #ajig ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xi4 #ea ff4 #ajih ,eur4 ,hec4 #a-eh4 #ajii ,aes*4 ,eum4 #id ff4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ,clytemne/ra's re/lessness is repres5t$ z be+ due to h] be+ a murd]ess q z mu* z to h] hav+ be5 viol5tly sla94 ,!re 0 a d\ble cause4 ,see bel[1 p4 #dgd4 #aajj cap4 #bi4 #aaja ,o!r ref]5ces are giv5 by ,s*midt1 das ,volksleb51 p4 #afi1 among !m ,s]vius on ,virg4 ,a541 ,,iv4 #chf & ,heliod4 ,ae?iop41 ,,ii4 #e4 #aajb ,c]ta9 h9ts h[ev] are to be f\nd1 on :i* see bel[1 pp4 #dch-i4 #aajc ,aes*4 ,*oeph4 #dhj ff4 #aajd ,see bel[1 pp4 #dch-i4 #aaje p4 #ha ,c1 ,d4 #aajf ,iliad ,,xxiii4 #fe ff4 #aajg ,eurip4 ,hecuba #a ff4 #aajh z oppos$ to 4 #aaji ,see above1 pp4 #aaj ff4 #aaaj ,see above1 p4 #cdj4 #aaaa ,soph4 ,el4 #dec-d4 #aaab ,aes*4 ,*oeph4 #dhj-a4 #aaac ,aes*4 ,ag4 #dee4 #aaad ,eur4 ,or4 #dia-eda4 #aaae ,ibid4 #ehj ff4 #aaaf ,aes*4 ,*oeph4 #ibd-e4 ,cf4 also #bic4 #aaag ,soph4 ,el4 #dde4 #aaah ,aes*4 ,*oeph4 #dci ff4 #aaai ,antiphon1 pp4 #aai1 #abe1 & #abf4 #aabj ,cf4 bel[1 p4 #dei4 #aaba ,plato1 ,leges1 #hfe ,d1 4 #aabb ,! ^w 1 :i* 9 ?is passage seems cle>ly transitive1 is p]haps a v]bal rem9isc5ce ( ! old language 9 :i* ,plato _h he>d ! tradition4 #aabc ,plato1 ,leges1 #hfe ,d ff4 #aabd ,cf4 ,demo/h41 9 ,ari/ocr41 pp4 #fcd & #fdc4 #aabe ,! ^w te*nically us$ ( ?is )drawal )\t =mal s5t5ce ( bani%m5t 0 1 or simply 7cf4 9 ! above passage ( ,plato71 or1 z aga9 9 ! same passage1 2 :]eas legal bani%m5t 0 d5ot$ by 4 #aabf ,plato1 ,leges1 #hgb ,d ff4 #aabg ,9 e>ly ,greek1 z witness ! fir/ l9e ( ! ,iliad1 ! use ( 1 0 less re/rict$ ?an 9 lat] times2 b ! ^w1 ev5 9 ,hom] occurs only1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! phrase 4 ,see bel[1 p4 #ddi4 #aabh ,plato1 ,pha$rus1 #di1 p4 #bdd ,d4 #aabi ,cf4 especially ,eur4 ,or4 #bha-b1 z po9t$ out by ,bekk] 9 8 note on ,plato1 ,pha$rus1 l4c4 #aacj ,aes*4 ,*oeph4 #bic4 #aaca ,plato1 ,leges1 #hfi ,a 7,bekk]'s text72 cf4 also #hfi ,e4 #aacb ,see ,aes*4 ,eum4 #aja & #cag ff42 cf4 ,eur4 ,or4 #ehc4 #aacc ,ibid4 #id-aci4 #aacd ,ibid4 #dag4 #aace ,x5oph4 ,cyrop4 ,,viii4 #g1 #ah4 #aacf ,hom4 ,il4 ,,xxii4 #ceh4 #aacg ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xi4 #gc4 #aach ,p9d4 ,py?4 ,,iv4 #bhj ff4 #aaci ,cf4 ,plato1 ,leges1 ,,ix4 passim1 & especially p4 #hga4 #aadj ,cf4 ,aes*4 ,eum4 #bhe & #ddh ff4 #aada ,plato1 ,leges1 #hfh ,a & #hga ,a4 #aadb ,cf4 ,aes*4 ,eum4 #dde4 #aadc ,plato1 ,leges1 #hga ,b4 #aadd ,ibid4 #hfe ,c4 #aade ,cf4 ,plato1 ,leges1 p4 #hed ,a1 4 #aadf ,cf4 ,plato1 ,leges1 #hff-hgd1 passim4 #aadg ,aes*4 ,eum4 #gd ff4 #aadh ,aes*4 ,*oeph4 #bhj-a4 #aadi ,aes*4 ,*oeph4 #bhh-i4 #aaej ,cf4 especially ,aes*4 ,*oeph4 #djj ff4 #aaea ,aes*4 ,eum4 #ccf1 ' 4 #aaeb ,aes*4 ,eum4 #acg-i4 #aaec ,ibid4 #bfd-g4 #aaed ,ibid4 #cbh ff41 & aga9 #cdc ff4 #aaee ,?is r5d]+ ( ! ^w has be5 *all5g$1 b has ! support ( ! ,s*olia/ :o expla9s x by ! words 1 7! hymn7 :i* dries & )]s m54 #aaef ,! t5se ( 9 ! phrase f :i* ,i />t$ 7,*oeph4 #bif7 is h]eby expla9$4 #aaeg ,plato1 ,pha$rus1 #bdd ,e1 4 #aaeh ,plato's li/ is #8fa!r1 "m1 bro!r1 si/]1 or *ild1' ,leges1 ,,ix4 #hgc ,a4 #aaei ,plato1 ,leges1 ,,ix4 #hgc ,b4 #aafj ,cf4 especially ,t\rne=t1 ,voyage du ,levant1 ,i4 p4 #afc1 :o 0 an eye-witness ( su* an occurr5ce 9 ,myconos4 #aafa ,cf4 ,aes*4 ,eum54 #ghj ff41 & 7= ! )drawal ( ! curse7 #ich ff4 #aafb ,eur4 ,pho54 #aeib ff4 ,! ^w "h translat$ #8av5g]s' is 1 :i* is fully discuss$ bel[1 pp4 #dfe ff4 #aafc ,aes*4 ,suppl4 #bfb ff41 read+ 9 #bff 1 ! em5dation ( ,porson4 #aafd l4c4 #bfe-f1 444 444 4 #aafe ,aes*4 ,eum4 #eb4 #aaff ,aes*4 ,eum4 #ec1 #acg-i4 #aafg ,ibid4 #bed4 #aafh ,ibid4 #ge1 #aaa1 #aca1 #bdf-g4 #aafi passim4 #aagj #ahc-d1 #bfd4 #aaga ,ibid4 #ghj ff41 #ich ff4 #aagb ,ibid4 #fdd4 #aagc ,ibid4 #gj1 #gc1 #fdd4 #aagd ,eur4 ,m$4 #acgj4 #aage ,aes*4 ,eum4 #agg4 #aagf ,soph4 ,el4 #fjc4 #aagg ,aes*4 ,eum4 #cdi1 read+ 4 #aagh ,aes*4 ,eum4 #bcf4 #aagi ,l4 & ,s4 s4v4 #aahj ,cf4 ,aes*4 ,*oeph4 #ajbf ff41 & ,eum54 passim4 #aaha ,cf4 ,prell]1 ,grie*4 ,my?ol41 ,i4 p4 #ade 7edit4 #d1 ,c>l ,rob]t74 #aahb ,clem4 ,alex4 ,protrept4 ,,ii4 #bf4 #aahc ,aes*4 ,p]s4 #cec4 #aahd ,?is fact is recognis$ by ,g$des 9 8 edition ( ! ,pha$o1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 note 7p4 #bhj ff47 on ! difficulty conc]n+ ! words 9 cap4 #cc 7p4 #he ,d74 ,he does n h[ev] inf] t ! words really contra/$ are & 1 b claims = ! p>ticle an epexegetic s5se 7#8or1 9 o!r words1'7 besides its usual disjunctive s5se 7#8or else'74 ,i am f> f be+ satisfi$ t ! epexegetic use ( exi/$ at all 9 ,classical ,greek1 :i* idiomatically employ$ 9 t way4 ,at any rate its exi/5ce is n prov$ by ! o!r passages :i* ,g$des cites--,aes*4 ,p]s4 #dcj & ,soph4 ,phil4 #icd--:]e ! p]haps equals vel r ?an aut1 b has none ( ! epexegetic s5se ( sive4 #aahe ,eur4 ,m$4 #ajei ff4 #aahf ,eur4 ,m$4 #accc ff4 #aahg ,eur4 ,h4 ,f4 #abbi ff4 #aahh ,cf4 ,paley1 9 8 note to elucidate ?is dialogue4 ,x %\ld be add$ h[ev] t 9 a second note on ! same page1 deal+ ) ?is l9e only1 he app>5tly contradicts 8 previ\s explanation4 #aahi ,eur4 ,h4 ,f4 #abah ff4 #aaij ,cf4 #acbd4 #aaia ,see ,eu/a?4 on ,il4 ,,iv4 #bie4 #aaib ,gk ,etymol4 #edg4 #aaic ,v]glei*5de ,grammatik1 ,,ii4 #abb4 #aaid ,! ne>e/ p>allel c\ld only be ! dubi\s =m 9 ,hesiod1 ,w4 & ,d41 #cec4 ,b t =m1 if correct1 is probably be/ treat$ z adjective 7giftless7 n z sub/antive 7non-giv]74 #aaie ,i am indebt$ to ,mr ,p4 ,giles1 ( ,emmanuel ,college1 = po9t+ out to me t ! analogy ) is m5tion$ 9 ! la/ edition ( ,mey]'s ,grie*is*e ,philologie4 #aaif ,hom4 ,il4 ,,iv4 #bie1 1 1 4 ,! hiatus 9 ! ?ird foot has be5 made ! basis ( a sugge/ion1 to :i* ,mr ,p4 ,giles has k9dly call$ my att5tion1 t %\ld beg9 ) a digamma4 ,!re is h[ev] no ne$ = ! supposition1 s9ce hiatus aft] ! tro*aic caesura is n infrequ5t 7e4g4 ,il4 ,i4 #efi7 & "s lic5se is g5]ally all[$ 9 any case 9 ! metrical treatm5t ( prop] names2 moreov]1 9 ,il4 ,,viii4 #ccc1 we h a l9e :i* makes aga9/ ! orig9al exi/5ce ( a digamma 9 ! ^w4 #aaig ,aes*4 ,eum4 #ajc4 #aaih ,aes*4 ,eum4 #aad4 #aaii ,aes*4 ,eum4 #ih4 #abjj ,?is is di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! passage1 ?\gh ( c\rse h] own viol5t dea? might equally well h be5 giv5 z a cause ( #8w&]+4' #abja ,eur4 ,tro4 #ajbc4 #abjb ,cf4 ,plut>*1 de defect4 orac41 cap4 #ae 7p4 #dah74 #abjc ,aes*4 ,eum4 #bcf1 cf4 above1 p4 #dff4 #abjd ,soph4 ,ajax1 #cgc4 #abje ,demo/h4 de ,falsa ,legat41 p4 #dch1 #bh4 #abjf ,demo/h4 de ,corona1 #bif1 p4 #cbd4 #abjg ,soph4 ,tra*4 #ajib4 #abjh e4g4 ,eur4 ,iph4 9 ,aul4 #hgh2 ,pho54 #aeej2 ,el4 #igi2 ,or4 #affh4 #abji ,*oeph4 #ibh4 #abaj ,electra1 #fgg4 #abaa ,eur4 ,or4 #aehd4 #abab ,eur4 ,&r4 #fad4 #abac ,aes*9es1 ,de falsa legatione1 #afh 7p4 #di74 ,cf4 #afb 7p4 #dh74 #abad ,aes*ylus1 ,agam4 #aehg4 #abae ,plato1 ,leges1 ,,ix4 p4 #hff ,b1 cf4 above1 p4 #dde4 #abaf ,s f> z ,i c discov]1 x is a solit>y example ( ! use 9 ,classical ,greek2 b ,i v /rongly suspect t 9 ,antiphon1 p4 #abg 7init471 %\ld be read in/ead ( 4 ,a man accus$ ( murd] is say+1 1 1 ' 1 4 ,! s5se is1 #8,if ,i 7 really guilty ( ?is murd] & yet ow+ to ! feeble case pres5t$ by ! prosecutor ,i 7 acquitt$ by y1 my escape w\ld br+ ! ,av5g] ( ! dead man ^u ! prosecutor & n on y2 :]eas1 if y condemn me wrongly :5 ,i am innoc5t1 x w be on y & n on him t ,i1 aft] dea?1 %all turn ! wra? ( ! ,av5g]s4' ,cle>ly is requir$ to answ] 1 & x c\ld h no m natural object ?an 1 ! special ^w d5ot+ ! wra? :i* foll[s on bloodguilt4 #abag ,photius1 s4v4 4 #abah ,i v5ture ^u ?is emphatic negation1 n s mu* because ,i h f\nd no su* usage 9 my read+ ( ,greek lit]ature1 z because ! l9e ( ! ,eum5ides 9 :i* ,ore/es calls himself 1 1 w\ld be hopelessly ambigu\s if su* an usage _h be5 possible4 #abai ,antiphon1 #aai4 #f4 #abbj ,aes*4 ,*oeph4 #bhg4 #abba ,antiphon1 #abe4 #cb & #abf4 #ci4 #abbb ,pausan4 ,,ii4 #ah4 #b4 #abbc ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 4 #abbd ,aes*4 ,agam4 #aehg2 see above1 p4 #dhj4 #abbe ,cf4 ,aes*4 ,eum4 #bhc & #dej4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,cremation ,,& ,,inhumation4 ,! discussion ( ^? abnormal cases ( aft]-dea? exi/5ce1 to :i* ! la/ *apt] has be5 devot$1 has disclos$ to u ! fact t 9 all ages ( ,greece ! condition mo/ to be dread$ by ! dead has be5 incorruptibility & ! boon mo/ to be desir$ a sure & quick dissolution2 & t ( ! two me?ods by :i* ! liv+ might promote ! dis9tegration ( ! dead1 cremation & inhumation1 ! =m] alone has be5 acc\nt$ infallible4 ,:at b5efit 9 ! future exi/5ce 0 9 old "t ?\ght to accrue to ^? ^: bodies _h be5 duly dissolv$1 & to be )held f rev5ants1 is a "q :i* may conv5i5tly be adj\rn$ = a :ile4 ,fir/ we mu/ v]ify ! results obta9$ f ! /udy ( ! abnormal by consid]ation ( ! normal2 we mu/ see :e!r ord9>y fun]al usage has _h = its sole object ! dissolution ( ! dead 9 ! int]e/s ( ! dead2 & :at1 if any1 di/9ction has be5 made betwe5 inhumation & cremation z a means ( secur+ t object4 ,n[ div]se me?ods ( dispos+ ( ! dead1 especially among a primitive folk1 w\ld naturally sugge/ div]se religi\s purposes to be s]v$ !reby1 div]se conceptions ( ! future e/ate ( ! dead1 or ( _! future abode1 or ( _! future relations ) ! liv+2 & = my "p ,i d n d\bt t1 if our eyes c\ld pi]ce ! d>kness ( a long di/ant pa/ :i* nei!r hi/ory nor ev5 ar*aeology has illum9$1 we %\ld see t ! peoples :o fir/ us$ cremation & inhumation side by side 9 ,greece 7 9 s do+ animat$ by div]se religi\s s5tim5ts4 ,b ,i hold also t 9 no p]iod ( :i* we h any cognisance h ! ,greeks reg>d$ inhumation & cremation z means to diff]5t religi\s ends2 b t1 :i*ev] fun]al-me?od has be5 employ$1 "o & ! same imm$iate object has always be5 kept 9 view1 ! dissolution ( ! dead body1 & "o & ! same motive 7save 9 ! q exceptional circum/ances :]e a sc>e ( vrykolakes has tempor>ily aris57 has always prompt$ ! m\rn]s !reto1 ! motive ( b5efit+ ! dead4 ,b1 :ile ! object 9 view 0 s+le & con/ant1 !re w\ld h be5 no inconsi/5cy 9 mak+ a c]ta9 di/9ction betwe5 ! two me?ods available4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! sole object 0 ! dis9tegration ( ! dead body1 ! sur] & quick] means ( atta9+ x %\ld logically h be5 pref]r$4 ,cremation !re=e might legitimately h be5 reckon$ a sup]ior rite to inhumation2 = x _c b h be5 recognis$ t ! dis9tegration ( ! body is m rapidly & unfail+ly effect$ by ! action ( fire ?an by ! action ( ! soil4 ,x is true inde$ t ! solv5t action ( ! e>? ^u ! buri$ body--ev5 ) all due all[ance = ! abs5ce ( any c(f9 9 _m cases--is popul>ly reg>d$ z f> m rapid ?an x c actually be4 ,! p]iod usually reckon$ by ! common-folk z ! limit ( "t requisite = complete dissolution is =ty days4 ,?is is /at$ cle>ly en\gh 9 a few l9es ( a song ( lam5tation he>d 9 ,zacyn?os3 ' ' 1 1 1 #abbf4 #8,& )9 ! =ty days1 !y 7! dead7 are sev]$ jo9t f jo9t1 _! bright hair falls away1 _! d>k eyes fall out1 & asund] g trunk & head4' ,! ,zacyn?ian muse is horribly explicit2 its utt]ances ne$ no int]pret]2 itself r gives ! true int]pretation ( c]ta9 cu/oms :i* are wide-spread 9 mod]n ,greece & appe> to date f pre-,*ri/ian days4 ,! =tie? day aft] dea? is almo/ univ]sally obs]v$ 9 ,greece z "o on :i* ! relations ( ! deceas$ %\ld provide a memorial fea/4 ,!re are inde$ o!r fix$ days = ! l commemoration & #8=giv5ess#abbg' ( ! dead1 b ^! all fall at p]iods ( ?ree1 or a multiple ( ?ree1 days1 weeks1 mon?s1 or ye>s1 f ! date ( dea?4 ,^!1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 select$ 9 def]5ce to ! my/]i\s virtue ( ! numb] ?ree#abbh1 & n improbably multipli$ by ! importunities ( a p5uri\s prie/hood1 to :om "s half-doz5 he>ty meals 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> d n appe> an inappropriate remun]ation = _! s]vices at dea?-b$ & burial4 ,b ! =tie? day 0 orig9ally devot$ to ?is purpose1 x may reasonably be suppos$1 because x 0 ! la/ opportunity ( sett+ be=e ! dead man's neighb\rs & acqua9tances sav\ry meat su* z _! s\l lov$1 t !y might eat !re( & #8loose' ! dead man f any curse :]e) 9 8 lifetime !y _h b\nd him2 if dissolution 0 n to be ret>d$1 ! =tie? day 0 9 popul> reckon+ ! la/ opportunity = absolution4 ,f ?is x %\ld foll[ t any memorial fea/s held lat]#abbi ?an ! =tie? day are ( purely ecclesia/ical contrivance2 & ! correctness ( ?is inf]5ce is atte/$ by a curi\s local usage :i* cle>ly di/+ui%es ! popul> & ! ecclesia/ical fea/s4 ,at ,s9asos 9 ,asia ,m9or two classes ( commemorations are recognis$4 ,! "o is call$ 1 #8little baskets1' f ! me?od 9 :i* food is di/ribut$ to ! poor2 ?is is held on ! =tie? day4 ,! o!r has usurp$ ! "n 1 :i* commonly belongs to all memorial-fea/s1 & is held on ! ?ree anniv]s>ies ( ! dea? 7=1 aft] ! ?ird1 exhumation g5]ally takes place1 & no fur!r memorial-fea/s are ne$$7 & consi/s 9 ! pres5tation ( an ornam5tal di% ( boil$ :eat 77 at ! *ur* & ! read+ ( a s]vice#abcj4 ,9 o!r words1 ! =tie? day is ! popul> fe/ival1 & ! obs]vances ( lat] dates are ecclesia/ical4 ,cle>ly ! reason = ?is di/9ction mu/ lie 9 ! fact t ! common-folk believe1 z ! song f ,zacyn?os %[s1 t dissolution is normally complete by ! =tie? day1 :ile ! ,*ur* has prud5tly fix$ ! date1 aft] :i* exhumation is p]missible1 at ! end ( ! ?ird ye>4 ,presumably !n a p]iod ( =ty days 0 ! old pagan p]iod1 = :i* ! ,*ur* has tri$1 ) p>tial success1 to sub/itute ?ree ye>s4 ,sev]al o!r small pieces ( evid5ce po9t to ! wide di/ribution ( ?is popul> notion4 ,9 ,s9asos#abca1 once m1 & also 9 ,patmos#abcb1 ! fees paid to ! prie/s = memorial s]vices d]ive _! "n f ! ^w #8=ty' 771 z if ! =tie? day 7 ! limit2 aft] t date1 app>5tly1 ?\gh my au?orities are n explicit on ! po9t1 ! prie/s h = _! remun]ation only ! di% ( boil$ :eat or o!r pres5ts 9 k9d4 ,9 ,crete1 if a dead man is suspect$ ( turn+ vrykolakas soon aft] 8 dea?1 ! p are anxi\s to deal ) him be=e he ent]s ^u 8 second p]iod ( =ty days#abcc2 = !n all hope ( natural dissolution is pa/1 & he becomes z x 7 a confirm$ vampire4 ,9 ,scyros1 ! old cu/om ( burn+ su* corpses z 7 f\nd on exhumation at ! end ( ?ree ye>s 7or1 9 case ( a panic1 e>li]7 to be /ill :ole1 & 7 !re=e suspect$ ( vampire-l proclivities1 has be5 replac$ by ! mild] exp$i5t ( c>ry+ ! body r\nd to =ty *ur*es 9 turn & !n re-int]r+ x1 9 ! hope1 z x seems1 t ea* ( ! =ty sa9ts1 ^: sanctu>ies h be5 hon\r$ ) a visit & a c]ta9 consumption ( c&les1 w 9 return take a proportionate %>e 9 #8loos+' ! suppliant dead--or1 x may be1 9 ! m ma!matical expectation t ! "w effect$ 9 cases ( ord9>y burial by "o fun]al-s]vice 9 =ty days1 w be a*iev$ by =ty fun]al-s]vices 9 "o day4 ,:i*ev] be ! calculation on :i* ! practice has be5 bas$1 ! numb] ( *ur*es to be visit$ is cle>ly gov]n$ by ! numb] ( days requisite1 9 popul> belief1 = ord9>y dissolution4 ,b ) all ?is reput$ rapidity ( ! e>? 9 #8loos+' ! dead bodies committ$ to h] c>e1 ! action ( fire is incontrov]tibly m rapid4 ,9 h\rs1 n 9 days1 may be c\nt$ ! p]iod ( dis9tegration on ! pyre4 ,& z x is quick]1 s also is x f> sur]4 ,no body t has be5 burn$ c w&] z a rev5ant ov] ! e>?1 :ile = ! buri$ !re is no p]fect assurance ( dissolution4 ,"s curse1 "s crime1 ! viol5ce ( _! dea?1 or ! defici5cy ( _! fun]al rites1 ea* & all ( ^! may keep _! bodies #8b\nd' & indissoluble4 ,cremation !n is indisputably 9 !ory ! pref]able means ( secur+ to ! dead t boon :i* !y mo/ desire2 & ,i hold t 9 ! practice ( ! ,greek p !re are signs t ?is pref]5ce 0 felt4 ,!re are !n two propositions to be e/abli%$ by ref]5ce to ! actual fun]al me?ods ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,greece2 fir/1 t f ! e>lie/ ages ( :i* we h cognisance cremation & inhumation h be5 id5tical 9 _! religi\s purpose2 second1 t a pref]5ce = cremation1 consid]$ z a means to ! s+le religi\s end1 has be5 manife/$4 ,! fir/ ?+ ne$ful 9 ?is tw(old inve/igation is to und]/& ! t]ms1 :i* are to be us$1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ,greek und]/ood !m4 ,cremation means to u ! consumption ( ! corpse by fire2 inhumation ! lay+ ( ! corpse out ( sight 9 ! e>?2 & unless "o or o!r ( ^? acts _h be5 really p]=m$1 we %\ld n consid] t a fun]al _h tak5 place4 ,b ! ,greeks judg$ r by ! int5tion ?an by ! act4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 9 :i* ! actual digg+ ( a grave 0 impossible1 anci5t usage prescrib$ a c]emonial sub/itute4 ,! spr9kl+ ( a h&ful ( du/ ov] a dead body 0 held to con/itute burial4 ,su* 0 all ! fun]al t ,antigone c\ld give to ,polynices#abcd2 su* ! m9imum ( burial enjo9$ by ,attic ,law on any :o *anc$ ^u a dead body ly+ unburi$#abce2 su*1 accord+ to ,aelian1 #8! fulfilm5t ( "s my/]i\s law ( piety impos$ by ,nature' n only ^u man b ev5 on "s ( ! brute creation1 9 su* sort t ! elephant1 if he f9d "o ( 8 own k9d dead1 ga!rs up "s e>? 9 8 trunk & spr9kles x ov] ! pro/rate c>case#abcf4 #8,! fulfilm5t ( "s my/]i\s law ( piety'--,aelian's phrase accurately summ>ises ! ,greek view ( burial4 ,to u x is a necess>y & dec5t me?od ( dispos+ ( ! dead4 ,to ! ,greeks x 0 some?+ m--a provision = _! dimly disc]n$ welf>e2 & ! int5tion ( ! liv+ matt]$ s mu* m ?an ! p]=mance1 t1 9 cases :]e real burial c\ld n be giv51 a m]e c]emony sugge/ive ( burial 0 consid]$ compet5t to ensure ! same end4 ,aga9 9 ! case ( a man dr[n$ at sea or hav+ met 8 dea? 9 any way :i* preclud$ ! possibility ( 8 body be+ br\ght home = burial1 a means has always be5 f\nd = fulfill+ #8! my/]i\s law ( piety4' ,/ill1 z 9 old "t1 ! c5otaph s]ves ! same end z ! real sepul*re4 ,a lay-figure1 dress$ if possible 9 "s clo!s ( ! dead man1 receives on 8 behalf ! full rite ( burial#abcg2 & if enquiry be made1 to :at purpose ?is empty c]emony1 ! answ] is n sl[ 9 com+1 1 #8to ! end t ! dead man may be dissolv$'2 nor c ,i d\bt t ! same =mal rite 9 old "t s]v$ ! same end4 ,& let no practical-m9d$ critic "h int]pose ! objection t a dead body ly+ unburi$1 expos$ to sun & ra91 mu/ decompose at lea/ z rapidly z "o t has be5 buri$2 ,i h myself tri$ ! effect ( t criticism on ! ,greek peasants ) in/ructive results4 ,once my sugge/ion 0 promptly met ) a flat & hone/ d5ial--! mo/ simple & f9al ( answ]s1 =1 be x rememb]$1 x is ) ! hone/ beliefs ( ! peasant1 & n ) physical facts1 t we are deal+4 ,ano!r "t !re 0 a pause1 & !n came ! delib]ate answ]1 1 1 #8! corpse becomes putrid1 b is n 8loos$04' ,!re 0 a di/9ction 9 ! peasant's m9d betwe5 natural decomposition & ! dissolution effect$ by a religi\s rite4 ,b m (t5 x has be5 po9t$ out to me t my app>5tly reasonable sugge/ion 0 really unpractical2 a dead body left unburi$ w\ld nev] suff] natural decay1 b w\ld be a prey to ! bea/s ( ! field & ! f[ls ( ! air2 ! vultures circl+ yond] ov]head convict$ me ( unreason4 ,& ! answ] c\ld n b recall ! ?reats ( ,a*illes aga9/ ,hector1 or ! fe>s ( ,antigone = ,polynices1 t dogs & c>rion-birds %\ld fea/ ^u ! corpse4 ,s !n x is p]haps a logical z well z an hone/ belief :i* ! ,greeks h always held1 t dissolution ( ! body is af=d$ by "o ( two rites & by no ?ird means4 ,n[ "o ( ^! rites1 inhumation1 might on occasion be r$uc$ to a m]e c]emonial obs]vance1 ! scatt]+ ( a h&ful ( du/ ov] ! body1 or ! int]m5t ( an effigy 9 its /ead4 ,0 ! o!r rite1 cremation1 ev] s r$uc$8 ,c\ld ! ro> & crackle ( ! blaz+ pyre be c]emonially replac$ by a small flame light$ 9 proximity to ! dead body8 ,did ! k9dl+ ( a fire1 h[ev] incapable ( consum+ ! dead body1 con/itute cremation 9 ! same s5se t a h&ful ( e>?1 incapable ( conceal+ ! dead body1 con/itut$ int]m5t8 ,prima facie !re is no?+ wild 9 ! supposition2 x is consi/5t ) ! ,greek conception ( ! fun]al-rite1 :i* look$ r to ! int5tion ?an to ! act2 ! prov5 fact ( c]emonial inhumation gu>antees ! likelihood ( c]emonial cremation4 ,i take x !re=e z a work+ hypo!sis1 & base its subsequ5t claim to be accept$ z a fact on its ability to expla9 consi/5tly a long s]ies ( ph5om5a 9 ,greek fun]al usage4 ,my fir/ proposition1 t f ! e>lie/ ages ( :i* we h cognisance cremation & inhumation h s]v$ ! same religi\s end1 w\ld h _h an initial ob/acle to surm\nt b = ,pr(essor ,ridgeway's "w on ! e?nology ( e>ly ,greece4 ,div]se me?ods ( dispos+ ( ! dead w\ld at fir/ sight1 z ,i h said1 sugge/ div]se conceptions ( aft]-dea? exi/5ce4 ,b ,pr(essor ,ridgeway has %[n conclusively1 to my m9d1 t inhumation 0 ! rite ( ! auto*?on\s ,pelasgian p ( ,greece1 & t cremation 0 introduc$ by ! ,a*aean immigrants#abch4 ,n[ x is improbable ( c\rse t ^! two peoples1 :5 !y fir/ came into contact1 held simil> views conc]n+ ! h]eaft]4 ,b ! entry ( ! ,a*aean elem5t 01 accord+ to all evid5ce1 a long process ( infiltration r ?an a sudd5 invasion4 ,! beg9n+s ( x are conjecturally plac$ well back 9 ! ?ird mill5nium be=e ,*ri/#abci4 ,!re 0 ample "t !re=e1 ev5 be=e ! lat] ,myc5aean or ! ,hom]ic age1 = diff]5ces ( religi\s s5tim5t z betwe5 ! two races to dw9dle or to vani%1 :ile ! two rites ( cremation & inhumation1 ) ! invet]acy ( all cu/om1 /ill surviv$4 ,?us !re is no initial objection to ! view t 9 any p]iod kn[n to u ^? :o us$ cremation & ^? :o us$ inhumation 7 animat$ by ! same religi\s ideas2 & at ! same "t ,i am reliev$ ( ! necessity ( combat+ bo? ! old !ory t cremation 0 adopt$ by ! ,greeks z a conv5i5t sub/itute = inhumation dur+ "s p]iod ( migration or nomadic life1 & ,rohde's m rec5t !ory#abdj t fe> ( ! spirits ( ! dead1 :i* 7 believ$ to hov] ab\t graves :]e _! bodies lay buri$1 l$ m5 to adopt cremation z a means ( annihilat+ ! body & !reby ridd+ !mselves ( ! unwelcome _s4 ,bo? ^? !ories fail1 ap>t f c]ta9 intr9sic defects1 because !y are attempts to expla9 a ?+ :i* nev] took place--a suppos$ sub/itution ( cremation = inhumation betwe5 ! ,myc5aean & ! ,hom]ic ages4 ,pr(essor ,ridgeway has %[n t ! ,myc5aean rite 0 t ( ! ,pelasgians2 ! ,hom]ic rite t ( ! ,a*aeans4 ,x is an accid5t only t our e>lie/ in=mation respect+ ! two rites happ5s to be drawn f diff]5t p]iods ( "t2 ! real di/9ction betwe5 ! two 0 a racial di/9ction2 f ! age :5 ! ,a*aeans fir/ ent]$ ,greece d[n to ! ,*ri/ian era cremation & inhumation 7 bo? cont9u\sly practis$4 ,! positive evid5ce = my view t ^! two rites 7 m]e racial survivals1 :i* _h already1 9 ! e>lie/ ages kn[n to u1 ceas$ to diff] 9 religi\s import1 is to be f\nd n only 9 ! fact t 9 hi/orical times1 or ev5 e>li]1 ! two rites 7 us$ side by side by ! p ( a s+le city 9 ! same cemet]y1 b 9 an e>ly t5d5cy to fuse ! two rites into "o & to give to ! same body ! d\ble treatm5t ( cremation & inhumation comb9$2 = cle>ly ! only condition "u :i* two su* rites c\ld be amalgamat$ mu/ h be5 t !re _h ceas$ to be any conflict ( religi\s significance betwe5 !m4 ,h[ e>ly ?is fusion began x is difficult to det]m9e2 b x is at lea/ wor? :ile to note a po9t :i* is apt to be ov]look$1 t ! ,hom]ic fun]al-rite compris$ inhumation4 ,cremation c]ta9ly 0 ! ma9 "p ( ! rite1 ! actual means by :i* ! corpse 0 dis9tegrat$2 b ! fun]al 0 n complete until ! a%es _h be5 collect$ & inhum$#abda4 ,?is is an act ( c]emonial inhumation j z mu* z ! burial ( an effigy dress$ 9 a dead man's clo!s4 ,moreov] x is possible t ! ,myc5aean fun]al-rite sometimes compris$ an act ( c]emonial cremation4 ,to review "h ! ar*aeological evid5ce = "s use ( fire 9 ,myc5aean graves is unnecess>y2 x w suffice to quote f ! summ>y giv5 by ,rohde#abdb z ! basis ( 8 !ory--to :i* ,i by no means ass5t--t a vigor\s #8s\l-cult1' involv+ propitiatory (f]+s to ! dead1 0 a religi\s feature ( t age4 #8,traces ( smoke1 remnants ( a% & *>coal1 po9t to ! fact t ! dead bodies 7 laid on ! spot :]e 7 burnt ^? (f]+s to ! dead :i* _h previ\sly be5 made 9 ! tomb4444 ,on ! gr\nd1 or sometimes on a specially prep>$ b$ ( fl9ts1 ! (f]+s 7 burnt1 & !n1 :5 ! fire _h gone out1 ! bodies 7 laid on top & cov]$ ov] ) s&1 lime1 & /ones4' ,n[ ! fact t 9 ,myc5aean graves gifts 7 actually consum$ by fire :ile ! corpse 0 left to ! process ( natural decay is indisputable2 b1 if ! fire employ$ _h no fur!r purpose1 ! practice ( ! ,myc5aean age w\ld be unique4 ,! cu/om ( all lat] ages 0 to treat ! corpse & ! gifts alike1 to burn bo? or to bury bo?4 ,?is is impli$ 9 anci5t lit]ature#abdc1 & confirm$ by mod]n excavations2 = fun]al-urns seldom conta9 any remnants ( gifts2 :i* means t ! gifts _h be5 consum$ on ! pyre ) ! body1 b t only ! bones 7 collect$ & /or$ 9 ! urn2 :]eas 9 graves ! gifts are con/antly f\nd buri$ ) ! body & intact4 ,fur!r ! cu/om ( burn+ bo? body & gifts is ! old ,a*aean cu/om1 z describ$ by ,hom] 9 ! fun]al ( ,patroclus2 & x w\ld seem probable t ! cu/om ( int]r+ bo? body & gifts intact 0 ! orig9al ,pelasgian cu/om4 ,0 !n ! use ( fire 9 ^! ,myc5aean graves ! fir/ /ep 9 ! fusion ( ! ,a*aean & ,pelasgian rites8 ,aga91 ! body 0 obs]v$ to lie on top ( ! burnt gifts4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is sup]imposition8 ,accord+ to ,rohde ! fire :i* consum$ ! gifts 0 all[$ to g out1 & ! bodies 7 !n laid on ! cold a%es4 ,b manife/ly ?is _c be prov$4 ,all t we "k is t ! fire did n consume ! bodies4 ,no "o c ass]t t !y 7 unt\*$ by flame or emb] & t ! smell ( fire did n pass ov] !m4 ,0 !n ! act ( lay+ ! body on top ( ! burnt or burn+ gifts an act ( c]emonial cremation8 ,^! que/ions ,i _c answ]2 b "o ?+ is cle>4 ,ei!r ! fusion ( ! ,a*aean & ,pelasgian rites _h already begun1 or else1 9 _! orig9al =ms1 !y bo? compris$ usages :i* greatly facilitat$ _! subsequ5t fusion4 ,:5 we pass on to ! ,dipylon-p]iod1 !re is no long] any d\bt4 ,cremation & inhumation 7 practis$ bo? sev]ally side by side & also conjo9tly z a s+le rite4 ,! evid5ce on :i* ,i ma9ly rely is d]iv$ f two s]ies ( excavations1 ^? ( ,philios#abdd at ,eleusis & ^? ( ,brckn] & ,p]nice#abde 9 ! ,dipylon cemet]y at ,a!ns4 ,! auto*?on\s population ( ,attica naturally adh]$ 9 ! ma9 to ! old ,pelasgian rite ( inhumation4 ,yet at ,eleusis1 ev5 accord+ to ,philios :o /rangely belittles ! importance ( 8 own discov]ies#abdf1 !re 0 "o c]ta9 case ( cremation2 & 9 ! ,dipylon cemet]y also 0 f\nd "o urn :i* c\ld be dat$ ) equal c]ta9ty4 ,"o or two o!r probable cases h also be5 record$ by o!rs#abdg4 ,cle>ly !n z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 cremation 0 sometimes us$1 side by side ) inhumation1 z ! effective means ( dis9tegrat+ ! dead body4 ,& !re is equally sure pro( t ! two rites 7 also employ$ conjo9tly1 9 ! s5se t a c]emonial act ( inhumation foll[$ actual cremation1 or a c]emonial act ( cremation accompani$ actual inhumation4 ,a conspicu\s in/ance ( ! =m] is ! "o c]ta9 case ( actual cremation record$ by ,brckn] & ,p]nice#abdh4 ,a bronze urn conta9+ ! calc9$ bones ( a boy or girl _h be5 deposit$ n 9 a m]e hole dug to fit x1 b 9 a grave fully prep>$ z if = ! reception ( a corpse4 ,! measurem5ts ( ! grave 7 ( normal size2 9 x _h be5 laid1 along ) ! urn1 gifts ( ! usual nature--an amphora1 two boxes1 a b[l1 & a jug2 & above ! grave1 9 a prep>$ space consid]ably wid] ?an ! actual grave1 /ood "o ( ! l>ge ,dipylon-vases4 ,9 e respect ! int]m5t _h be5 c>ri$ out z if x 7 ! int]m5t ( an unburnt body4 ,an attempt _h be5 made s to comb9e ! two rites ( cremation & inhumation t nei!r %\ld seem subord9ate to ! o!r4 ,in/ances ( ! o!r sort1 9 :i* c]emonial cremation accompani$ actual inhumation1 are furni%$ by ,philios' excavations at ,eleusis4 ,speak+ ( ! l>ge e>!nw>e j>s :i* (t5 s]v$ z c(f9s = *ildr51 he says1 #8,:]eas ! bones conta9$ 9 ^! vessels 7 unburnt1 all r\nd ! vessels 9 ! soil traces ( burn+ 7 abundant & v>i$#abdi4' ,n[ ^! traces ( fire _c h be5 due to ! burn+ ( gifts br\ght subsequ5tly to ! int]m5t2 = t cu/om naturally result$ 9 a /ratum ( burnt soil above ! grave4 ,b "h ! traces 7 #8all r\nd ! vessels1 9 ! soil4' ,app>5tly !n we h "h a practice p>allel to t ( ,myc5aean times4 ,! body 0 int]r$ & obta9$ its actual dissolution by natural decay2 b be=e ! int]m5t a fire 0 k9dl$ 9 ! grave1 & among ! flames or on ! emb]s ! body 9 its c(f9-j> 0 laid & cov]$ ov] ) ! soil4 ,:e!r at ,eleusis1 z at ,myc5ae1 ! fun]al-gifts 7 consum$ 9 t fire1 we d n "k = c]ta92 b s9ce x is und\bt$ly r>e to f9d any gift along ) ! *ild's body 9 ^! vessels1 x is reasonable to suppose t ! few gifts--few1 because all ! circum/ances ( ^! fun]als seem humble--7 burnt#abej j z 7 ! gr&] (f]+s at ,myc5ae4 ,at any rate ^! cases reveal an int5tion ( associat+ fire ) ! buri$ body1 ( add+ to ! rite ( int]m5t a c]emonial act ( cremation4 ,! t5d5cy t[>ds fusion ( ! two fun]al rites has n[ be5 trac$ ?r\gh ! pre-hi/oric era2 x is 9 ! hi/oric p]iod t ! fusion appe>s mo/ g5]al & mo/ complete4 ,i w take z typical in/ances a numb] ( graves1 rang+ 9 date f ! six? to ! f\r? c5tury1 op5$ by ! two ,g]man excavators on ^: n>rative ,i h l>gely reli$ = ! ,dipylon-p]iod#abea4 ,^! graves numb]$ some:at "u two hundr$4 ,9 ! classification ( !m !re appe>s ! important item--=ty-five graves 9 :i* ! body _h be5 actually burn$4 ,9 o!r words1 9 approximately a qu>t] ( ! cases obs]v$ ! rites ( cremation & inhumation _h be5 comb9$1 & t too 9 su* a way t bo? elem5ts1 fire & e>?1 might well h seem$ to %>e toge!r ! "w ( dissolution4 ,nei!r me?od is "h exalt$ to sole efficacy1 nei!r is degrad$ into m]e c]emony4 ,! balance ( importance is adju/$1 & ! two acts :i* =m ! composite fun]al-rite are recognis$ z equal4 ,inde$ !re are no long] two di/9ct acts2 !y h coalesc$2 ! mom5t & ! act ( lay+ ! body 9 ! e>? are also ! mom5t & ! act ( lay+ ! body on ! pyre4 ,amalgamation is complete4 ,hav+ trac$ ! hi/ory ( ,greek fun]al-usage d[n to ?is po9t1 ,i may n[ fairly claim1 fir/1 t my work+ hypo!sis--! practice ( c]emonial cremation z ! c\nt]p>t ( c]emonial inhumation--is ju/ifi$ by ! s+le & consi/5t explanation :i* x af=ds ( ! ph5om5a :i* ,i h notic$ 7& ,i may add t ,i %all h occasion to expla9 o!r ph5om5a 9 ! latt] half ( ?is *apt] 9 ! same way72 secondly1 if t explanation be accept$1 ,i may claim t ! only condition "u :i* ! two rites c\ld h be5 employ$ bo? sev]ally z alt]natives & conjo9tly z "o composite rite 0 t ! religi\s purpose und]ly+ !m bo? 0 "o & ! same4 ,& ?is purpose1 if !re is any mean+ 9 ! /ories ( ,patroclus1 ,elp5or1 ,polynices1 & ,polydorus1 0 to give to ! dead t :i* !y mo/ crav$1 a spe$y dissolution4 ,! evid5ce = ?is unity ( purpose is1 ,i hope1 already suffici5t2 b confirmation may be f\nd1 if requir$1 9 ! small] details ( fun]al-cu/om4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 a receiv$ pr9ciple ( textual criticism t1 9 e/imat+ ! relation ( two manuscripts ( a giv5 au?or1 co9cid5ce 9 m9utiae is ! true crit]ion ( _! common orig9 or o!r close k9%ip1 & its te/imony is n to be outweigh$ by a few conspicu\s div]g5ces4 ,s too1 ,i ?9k1 9 e/imat+ ! mutual relation ( two rites1 ! co9cid5ce ( all ! m9or circum/ances connect$ ) !m is ( m significance ?an "o l>ge & evid5t contra/ betwe5 !m4 ,su* a contra/1 let x be grant$1 exi/s betwe5 cremation & inhumation :5 employ$ sep>ately4 ,yet x w\ld be a ra% & faulty judgem5t1 ,i hold1 :i* %\ld at once inf] !nce t ! two rites 7 in=m$ by diff]5t religi\s ideas4 ,! m9ute co9cid5ces claim exam9ation4 ,if all t prec$$ & accompani$ & foll[$ ! actual disposal ( ! corpse1 :e!r by burn+ or by burial1 exhibit$ uni=mity 9 s*eme & 9 scope2 if ! wa%+ & ! ano9t+1 ! array+ & ! cr[n+1 7 p]=m$ ) ! same t5d] c>e :e!r ! body 0 de/9$ = ! cold1 sl[ e>? or = ! rapid flame2 if f ! dea?-*amb]1 :]e ! body _h la9 9 /ate & ! k9sfolk1 gr\p$ 9 ord] ( de>ness ab\t x1 _h paid 9 turn _! debt ( lam5tation1 ! same sad pomp escort$ ! dead :e!r to ! pyre or to ! grave2 if ! same gifts--! same provision z x seems = bodily com=t--7 m+l$ z a%es ) ! a%es ( ! dead or 7 consign$ intact ) ! body yet intact to ! w & keep+ ( ! e>?2 !n1 :i*ev] means ! m\rn]s *ose = effect+ ! actual dissolution ( ! fle%ly rema9s1 _! religi\s attitude t[>ds dea? & _! conception ( ! h]eaft] mu/ h be5 s+le & con/ant4 ,space =bids me to ent] into ! evid5ce = ! uni=mity ( all ?is detail 9 all p]iods ( ,greek life4 ,i w conf9e myself to two illu/rations4 ,! fir/ %all be ! pro!sis or ly+-9-/ate ( ! body ) ! solemn lam5tation ( ! k9sfolk1 = ! mo/ "p wom51 gr\p$ ab\t x4 ,i h else:]e#abeb describ$ ! sc5e2 ,i h only to illu/rate "h ! univ]sality ( x z ! prelude alike to cremation & to inhumation1 alike 9 ,anci5t & 9 ,mod]n ,greece1 alike amid pagan & amid ,*ri/ian surr\nd+s4 ,9 ! ,myc5aean age ! bodies ( ! dead 7 sumptu\sly array$--probably ) a view to ! ly+-9-/ate2 m ?an t _c be actually ass]t$ ( ! e>lie/ epo*4 ,b 9 ! ,hom]ic age1 z at ! fun]al ( ,hector#abec1 ! cu/om is se5 already fully develop$4 ,9 ! ,dipylon-age ! sc5e describ$ by ,hom] is f\nd depict$ on ! great vases t s]v$ z monum5ts ov] ! graves#abed4 ,a little lat]1 ! legislation ( ,solon is direct$ aga9/ ! excesses to :i* ! rite ( solemn lam5tation l$#abee4 ,next1 an orator ( ,a!ns is f\nd declaim+ aga9/ ! wrongs done to him by ! ?irty tyrants1 :o1 n cont5t ) hav+ put 8 bro!r to dea?1 _h actually refus$ ! use ( any ( ! ?ree h\ses belong+ to ! family & _h =c$ !m to lay out ! body 9 a hir$ hut#abef4 ,aga9 we h ! ridicule ( ,lucian direct$ aga9/ ! discordant sc5e ( useless mis]y#abeg4 ,9 /range company ) him appe>s ,/ ,*ryso/om upbraid+ ,*ri/ians = _! extravagances ( grief & ?reat5+ !m ) excommunication if !y cont9ue to call 9 hea!n wom5 to act z pr(essional m\rn]s#abeh4 ,c5turies pass$ )\t dim9ution ( ! cu/om1 & ! ,v5etians dur+ _! occupation ( ! ,ionian isl&s enact$ laws#abei 9 ! _s ( ^? =mulat$ by ,solon m ?an two ?\s& ye>s be=e4 ,( ?is cu/om x might well be said1 #8et vetabitur semp] et ret9ebitur1' = x /ill ma9ta9s its old vogue & vitality1 & is ! necess>y prelude ( e peasant's fun]al to-day4 ,my second illu/ration is a f> m trivial circum/ance1 b n on t acc\nt less significant--! use ( ! foliage ( ! olive z a c\* = ! dead1 :e!r on ! bi] :i* convey$ him to ! grave or on ! fun]al-pyre4 ,! reason = *oos+ olive-leaves does n conc]n u2 !re may h be51 z ,rohde sugge/s#abfj1 "s idea ( purification connect$ ) x2 b x is only ! wide-spread use ( x :i* ,i h to illu/rate4 ,among ! a%es ( ^? small pyres1 on :i* ! dead 7 laid 9 ,myc5aean sepul*res1 7 recognis$ *>r$ olive-leaves#abfa4 ,lycurgus 9 curtail+ ! fun]al-rites ( ,sp>ta bade 8 c\ntrym5 wrap _! dead = burial 9 ! r$ milit>y cloak 7z became a race ( w>riors7 & 9 olive-leaves#abfb4 ,! ,py?agoreans1 :o object$ to cremation#abfc1 laid _! dead to re/ on a b$ ( leaves ga!r$ f myrtle1 popl>1 & olive#abfd4 ,an ,attic law =bade ! fell+ ( c]ta9 olive-trees "u p5alty ( a f9e ( a hundr$ dra*mae p] tree1 b conta9$ a sav+-clause exempt+ cases 9 :i* olive-wood 0 want$ = fun]als#abfe4 ,?is p]mission po9ts to a special use ( olive-wood z fuel = ! pyre1 =1 if a few bran*es or sprays only _h be5 ne$$ = deck+ out ! bi]1 !re w\ld h be5 no "q ( fell+ :ole trees4 ,x 0 probably !n ?is cu/om :i* ,sophocles also _h 9 m9d1 :5 ! mess5g]1 :o br\ght ! news ( ,polynices' t>dy fun]al1 0 made by him to specify #8fre%-pluck$ olive-%oots' z ! mat]ial ( ! pyre#abff4 ,aga91 9 a numb] ( s>cophagi f\nd by ,fauvel outside ! gates ( ,a!ns on ! road to ,a*>nae ! skeleton 0 obs]v$ to lie #8on a ?ick b$ ( olive-leaves#abfg4' ,9 ! second c5tury ( our era ! cu/om ( plac+ olive-bran*es on ! bi] /ill prevail$#abfh2 & at ! pres5t day ! olive is (t5 conspicu\s at ! fun]als ( peasants1 ei!r 9 ! g>l& ab\t ! dead man's head or 9 ! decoration ( ! bi]4 ,?us ! uni=mity ( detail 9 fun]als1 :e!r ! ma9 rite 0 cremation or inhumation1 no less ?an ! t5d5cy to amalgamate ^! two into a s+le rite1 proves t1 f ! e>lie/ ages kn[n to u1 _! religi\s purpose _h be5 id5tical--to give to ! dead t spe$y bodily dissolution :i* !y desir$4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is unity ( purpose1 "o or o!r rite d\btless cont9u$ long ?r\gh =ce ( cu/om to hold pr$om9ance 9 p>ticul> di/ricts4 ,9 ,attica x 0 p]haps n until ! six? or ev5 ! fif? c5tury t ! ,pelasgian rite _h entirely lo/ ! support ( ance/ral tradition4 ,b !n & !nce=w>d ! two me?ods appe> to h be5 judg$ simply z me?ods1 & ! e/imate ( _! respective m]its 0 little affect$ by ! old racial diff]5ces4 ,b ?is does n mean t ! me?ods 7 judg$ :olly on _! religi\s m]its--on _! adaptability to ! s+le religi\s purpose4 ,co/ & conv5i5ce 7 necess>ily factors 9 det]m9+ ! *oice betwe5 !m4 ,?us ! "q ( co/ mu/ (t5 h decid$ ! poor] classes to *oose inhumation2 & 9 t portion ( ! ,dipylon cemet]y to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 x 0 actually f\nd t1 out ( ! graves 9 :i* no evid5ce ( cremation 0 f\nd1 m ?an a hundr$ 7 ( a poor "*1 m]e %afts 9 ! e>?1 or at ! be/ wall$ ) r\gh brick-built sides1 :ile only ?irte5 7 ( a co/ly /yle--sepul*res built ) slabs ( /one1 or regul> s>cophagi4 ,& simil>ly o!r practical consid]ations mu/ (t5 h turn$ ! scale 9 fav\r ( ! "o or ! o!r rite4 ,! soldi]s :o fell at ,m>a?on 7 simply int]r$1 presumably because to dig a tr5* & to raise a m\nd 9 ! middle ( ! pla9 0 a m feasible task ?an to collect masses ( fuel f ! surr\nd+ hill-sides2 b ! victims ( ! plague at ,a!ns 7 ) good reason cremat$4 ,nev]!less1 :]e none ( ^! ext]nal causes op]at$1 !re are signs t cremation 0 held 9 some:at high] e/eem ?an inhumation4 ,! /ory w5t t ,solon's body 0 burnt1 by way ( hon\r seem+ly1 & 8 a%es scatt]$ ov] t isl& :i* he _h won back = ,a!ns4 ,& we he> ( cremation be+ accord$1 app>5tly aga9 z ! m hon\rable rite1 to o!r great m5 su* z ,dionysius1 ! fam\s tyrant ( ,syracuse1 & ,timoleon1 h] deliv]]4 ,b m conclusive is ! evid5ce ( lit]ature1 :]e n only ! act itself is nam$1 b a cle> indication ( ! feel+ ( ! actors is giv54 ,accord+ to ,aes*ylus1 ! dead body ( ,agamemnon1 k+ ?\gh he 01 0 m]ely hidd5 away 9 ! gr\nd by 8 blood-guilty wife2 ev5 9 dea? %e w\ld %[ him no pity1 d him no hon\r4 ,b 9 ,sophocles ! dy+ ,h]acles is laid on a fun]al-pyre1 & ! dead ,polynices1 to :om ,antigone 0 p]=ce cont5t to give ! mo/ meagre =m ( int]m5t1 obta9s f ,creon1 :5 at la/ too late he rep5ts1 ! full rite ( cremation4 ,& ! tone too 9 :i* ,h]odotus once speaks ( ! two rites is significant3 #8! fun]al-rites ( well-to-d ,?racians1' he says1 #8are z foll[s3 ! body lies 9 /ate = ?ree days1 & !y slaught] all mann] ( victims & make good *e]1 :5 once ! prelim9>y lam5tation is done2 & !n !y dispose ( ! body by cremation or m]ely by int]m5t'-- 1 #abfi4 ,! #8m]ely' pla9ly betrays ,h]odotus' own feel+ t well-to-d p]sons might be expect$ to h ! advantage ( cremation4 ,9 ! foll[+ c5turies ! pref]5ce = cremation w\ld seem to h become ev5 m pron\nc$2 = ?\gh bo? rites /ill cont9u$ 9 use1 sep>ately z well z conjo9tly1 ,lucian 0 able to call cremation ! di/9ctively ,hell5ic rite#abgj4 ,b m m>k$ /ill 0 ! feel+ 9 fav\r ( cremation among ^? :o upheld ! old ,greek religion :5 fir/ !y _h to face ! invasion ( ,*ri/ianity4 #8,! hea!n = ! mo/ "p1' says ,b+ham#abga1 #8burn$ ! bodies ( ! dead 9 fun]al piles1 & !n ga!r$ up ! bones & a%es1 & put !m 9 an urn above gr\nd3 b ! ,*ri/ians abhorr$ ?is way ( bury+2 & !re=e nev] us$ x1 b put ! body :ole into ! gr\nd4' ,! conflict ov] ?is matt] 0 bitt]4 ,! pagans taunt$ ! ,*ri/ians ) fe>+ t1 if _! bodies 7 r$uc$ to a%es by cremation1 !y w\ld be incapacitat$ = ! vaunt$ resurrection#abgb1 & z a f9al injury to ,*ri/ian m>tyrs sometimes burnt _! bodies & scatt]$ ! a%es to ! w9ds#abgc4 ,! ,*ri/ians 9 retaliation condemn$ ! rite ( cremation z 9 appe>ance an act ( cruelty to ! dead body#abgd1 & ridicul$ ! pagans = fir/ #8burn+ up _! dead 9 a mo/ savage mann] & !n fea/+ !m 9 a mann] mo/ glutton\s1 us+ ! flames alike = _! s]vice & = _! injury#abge'--;= _! s]vice 9 cook+ !m a fun]al-meal1 = _! injury 9 consum+ !m to a%es4 ,! two n[ conflict+ rites cont9u$ 9 use until ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ( our era2 = ref]5ce is made to !m 9 ! laws ( ,!odosius#abgf4 ,b cremation mu/ h be5 on ! decrease2 = ,macrobius e>ly 9 ! fif? c5tury says t 9 8 "t ! practice _h fall5 into entire desuetude1 & all he knew ( x 0 f read+#abgg4 #8,x is mo/ probable1' says ,b+ham1 #8t ! hea!n cu/om alt]$ by degrees f ! "t ( ,commodus ! ,emp]or2 = ,commodus himself & _m ( 8 fri5ds 7 buri$ by inhumation & n by burn+ 444 & f t "t ! cu/om ( burn+ might decrease till at la/ "u ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 ?\gh )\t any law to =bid x1 ! contr>y cu/om entirely prevail$1 & ?is q dw9dl$ into no?+4' ,if ?is view be correct1 x w mean t ! old pref]5ce = cremation exhibit$ by ! adh]5ts ( paganism 0 only excit$ to tempor>y int5sity by a _s ( antagonism t[>ds ,*ri/ianity1 & t !y soon return$ to ! old way ( ?9k+ & recognis$ inhumation z a me?od alt]native1 if slightly inf]ior1 to cremation4 ,:5 ! bitt]ness ( religi\s /rife 0 ov]1 & pagans & ,*ri/ians liv$ m at peace toge!r1 ! =m] may readily h resum$ ! practice ( int]m5t1 :i* aft] all 0 _! own h]itage f dim ages long be=e ! dawn ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ?\gh ,macrobius 9 ! fif? c5tury speaks ( cremation z !n 9 disuse1 ! memory ( x _c h pass$ away s soon4 ,only a few g5]ations 7 to lapse be=e ! infusion ( a ,slavonic population into ,greece4 ,among ! sup]/itions :i* ^! intrud]s dissem9at$ 0 "o :i* conc]n$ ! resuscitat$ dead4 ,! ,greeks1 z we h se51 !mselves held a sup]/ition on :i* ! horrid imag9+s ( ! ,slavs 7 soon graft$2 ! common-folk became haunt$ by ! dread ( vrykolakes4 ,h[ !n did !y deal ) ! bodies ( su* dead p]sons z 7 suspect$8 ,n by adopt+ ! ,slavonic cu/om ( impal+ !m1 b by a revival ( cremation4 ,! advantage :i* t rite possess$ ov] burial 0 rememb]$2 by its aid ! dissolution ( ! dead c\ld be r5d]$ quick & sure4 ,?us cremation came once m into use z a means to ! same end z 9 old "t--! quick dissolution ( ! dead body2 b ! motive = promot+ t dissolution 01 "u ! alt]$ conditions1 itself alt]$4 ,in/ead ( love x 0 fe>2 in/ead ( solicitude = ! welf>e ( ! dead1 x 0 anxiety = ! protection ( ! liv+4 ,yet ev5 s1 ! act ( burn+ ! vrykolakas 0 a purely def5sive1 n an (f5sive1 measure4 ,x 0 n an act ( ho/ility or reprisal1 b m]ely a necess>y act ( self-pres]vation1 :i* inflict$ no hurt on ! rev5ant b simply int]pos$ an impassable b>ri] betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,! motive 0 fe>2 !re 0 little or no?+ ( hatr$ mix$ ) x4 ,?is is made cle> by ! fact t cremation has be5 us$ ev5 9 rec5t times 9 a case :i* _h no?+ :atsoev] to d ) ! belief 9 vrykolakes1 & :]e ! sole motive 0 ! old desire to s]ve ! int]e/s ( ! dead4 ,! occasion 0 ! evacuation ( ,p>ga 9 #ahai4 ,! inhabitants ( t t[n _h long defi$ ! ,turks1 b ! end 0 at h&1 & x 0 only by ! int]v5tion ( ! ,engli% t !y 7 sav$ f ! t5d] m]cies ( ,ali ,pa%a4 ,! ,engli% (f]$ !m asylum 9 ! ,ionian ,isl&s & obta9$ f ! ,porte on _! behalf a sum ( money :i* fully indemnifi$ !m = ! h\ses & l&s :i* !y ab&on$4 ,b 9 spite ( ! t]ms obta9$1 ! emigrants nev] =gave ! ,engli% = trea*]\sly sell+ to ! ,turks1 z !y said1 ! home :i* !y _h def5d$ s /\tly & s long#abgh4 ,?is evacuation ( ,p>ga =ms ! !me ( "s ballads :i* h be5 pres]v$#abgi4 ,"o ( !m runs z foll[s3 #8,bird ( black tid+s1 t art come f yon confront+ coa/l&1 ,tell me :at mean ^? sobs ( woe1 ^? dismal lam5tations1 ,t rise al\d f ,p>ga's walls & %ake ! v m\nta9s4 ,ha? ! ,turk ov]:elmd h]1 d fire & sword consume h]8' #8,! ,turk ha? n o'er:elmd h]1 nor fire & sword consume h]2 ,! m5 ( ,p>ga h be5 sold1 z ye sell goats & ox51 ,& all mu/ hie !m !nce to dwell 9 mis]able exile4 ,!y mu/ leave all1 ! homes !y love1 ! tombs ( _! own fa!rs1 ,! %r9e :]eat !y b[$ ! knee1 = infidels to trample4 ,wom5 9 angui% r5d _! hair & beat _! b>e :ite bosoms1 ,old m5 lift up _! quav]+ voice 9 dismal lam5tation1 ,prie/s amid fl[+ te>s /rip b>e ! *ur*es :]e !y wor%ipp$4 ,do/ see ! gl>e ( yond] fire8 ! pall ( smoke above x8 ,!re are !y burn+ dead m5's bones1 ! bones ( valiant w>riors1 ,:o made ! ho/s ( ,turkey quail & fir$ _! capta9's palace#abhj4 ,yond]1 ,i tell !e1 _m a son 8 fa!r's bones is burn+1 ,le/ ! ,lipid#abha light on !m1 le/ ,turk ^u !m trample4 ,do/ he> ! wail+ manifold :]e) ! woodl&s e*o8 ,do/ he> ! beat+ ( ! brea/1 ! dismal lam5tation8 ',tis t ! p>t+ h\r has come1 to "p !m f _! c\ntry2 ,!y kiss h] v /ones1 !y clasp h] du/ 9 fond c>esses4' ,! incid5t 9 ?is ballad ) :i* we are conc]n$ is ! exhumation & burn+ ( ! rema9s ( ^? dead w>riors :o _h valiantly ma9ta9$ ! lib]ty ( _! native t[n2 & !re ne$ be little d\bt t ! incid5t is actually hi/orical1 = ! /ory is confirm$ by a second ballad 9 ! same collection#abhb2 b 9 any case all t conc]ns u "h is ! fact t ! motive = su* an act 0 kn[n & appreciat$ by ! au?ors ( ! two ballads4 ,n[ 9 ord] to und]/& ?is motive1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! g5]al cu/om ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,greece is to exhume ! bones ( ! dead at ! expiration ( ?ree ye>s f ! "t ( burial1 :5 dissolution is expect$ to be complete4 ,h5ce ! k9sfolk = ^: rema9s ! m5 ( ,p>ga 7 conc]n$ 7 ^? :o _h be5 rec5tly buri$ & c\ld n yet h atta9$ complete dissolution4 ,!y fe>$ t ! ,turks w\ld di/urb & desecrate ! graves & ?us ob/ruct ! prop] c\rse ( natural decay2 & !y !re=e decid$ to adopt ! alt]native me?od ( dis9tegration1 & by cremation to effect spe$ily & surely t end :i*1 )\t fri5ds at h& to gu>d ! graves f ! mole/ation ( foes & infidels1 c\ld n be secur$ by leav+ ! dead to ! sl[ action ( ! e>?4 ,?is decision !n reveals a cle> recognition ( ! sup]iority ( cremation ov] inhumation z a means ( compass+ ! f9al dissolution ( ! dead2 & equally cle> is ! motive = seek+ t end2 x 0 n fe> on _! own acc\nt--to t feel+ inde$ ! m5 ( ,p>ga _h prov$ !mselves /rang]s--b simply love & respect = ! brave m5 :o _h f\ght1 & p]haps _h fall51 9 ! def5ce ( fre$om4 ,s9ce !n ! exhumation & cremation ( ! dead con/itut$ 9 ?is case an act ( love t[>ds !m1 ! same action 9 ! case ( suspect$ vrykolakes c nev] h be5 an act ( ho/ility4 ,x 0 r a measure b5eficial alike to ! liv+ & to ! dead4 ,to ! liv+ x gave immunity f ! assaults ( vrykolakes1 & ?is )\t d\bt 0 commonly ! upp]mo/ or inde$ ! only ?\ght 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o _h rec\rse to x2 b to ! dead too x gave repose4 ,& inde$ ,i _c b suppose t ?is is ! reason :y ! ,greeks1 :5 fir/ confront$ ) ! horror ( vrykolakes1 *ose to burn !m r ?an to foll[ ! ,slavonic cu/om ( impal+ !m4 ,to impale !m might h giv5 security to ! liv+1 b x appe>$ z an act ( cruelty & ho/ility aga9/ ! dead4 ,cremation1 by effect+ imm$iate dissolution & ! consequ5t sev]ance ( ! dead f ?is _w1 0 b\nd to give equal security to ! liv+1 & at ! same "t 0 an act ( m]cy & k9dness to ! dead4 ,9 effect1 ! new motive ( dread :i* came along ) ,slavonic influ5ce nev] exclud$ ! old motive ( love :i* inspir$ ! sons ( w>riors at ,p>ga no less ?an ! *ief ( ,hom]ic w>riors at 8 comrade's fun]al1 & p]haps w1 if occasion arise1 prove itself n yet ext9ct4 ,cremation1 ?\gh (t5 9 rec5t times employ$ prim>ily z a safegu>d = ! liv+1 has all along be5 felt to conf] also a b5efit on ! dead1 an ev5 sur] & spe$i] b5efit ?an inhumation secur$4 ,n[ if ?is feel+ exi/$1 & if !re exi/$ also f e>ly times1 z ,i h %[n to be probable1 a sy/em ( comb9+ cremation ( a c]emonial k9d ) actual inhumation1 x might reasonably be expect$ t _m :o recognis$ ! sup]ior m]it ( cremation1 b _h n ! means to c>ry out s co/ly a rite 9 full1 w\ld h avail$ !mselves ( ! inexp5sive c]emonial practice4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 is :at occurr$1 & 9 ?is ,i %all seek ! explanation ( a cu/om :i*1 l ! practice ( real cremation1 has be5 bequea!d by ,anci5t to ,mod]n ,greece4 ,9 ! fun]als ( ,anci5t ,greece ! procession1 :i* escort$ ! dead body f ! room :]e x _h la9 9 /ate to ! pyre or ! grave1 c>ri$ tor*es4 ,:]e cremation 0 to be employ$1 ^! 7 d\btless us$ = k9dl+ ! pyre2 ! fire br\ght f ! dead man's home 9 ?is _w 0 us$ to spe$ him on 8 way to ! next4 ,b :5 inhumation 0 practis$1 :at became ( ^! tor*es8 ,0 ! fire br\ght f ! dead man's home put to no purpose8 ,or 7 ! tor*es ?r[n into ! grave along ) him8 ,t we _c tell1 = ! tor*es 7 quickly p]i%able4 ,b !re is "o object commonly f\nd 9 tombs :i* is sugge/ive ( ! association ( fire ) ! buri$ body4 ,t common object is a lamp4 ,"h aga9 we _c tell :e!r t lamp 0 light$ :5 x 0 put 9 ! grave4 ,"s t h be5 dug up h c]ta9ly be5 9 use1 = !y be> m>ks ( ! flame2 b ( c\rse !y may h be5 9 e-day use be=e !y 7 devot$ to ! s]vice ( ! dead4 ,yet ! few facts kn[n w\ld at lea/ fit ! !ory t ! procession :i* c>ri$ out ! dead man c>ri$ also fire f 8 home to ! grave1 & t ei!r ! tor*es !mselves or a lamp light$ f !m 0 put 9 ! grave beside ! body4 ,if t view 7 correct1 x w\ld fur!r be note-wor?y t mo/ ( ! lamps f\nd are ( little intr9sic value & ( late date#abhc4 ,n[ ! fact t !y are mo/ly wor?less implies t !y 7 (t5 giv5 by poor p]sons1 or1 if ! o!r cont5ts ( ! grave be ( value1 t ! lamp 0 n br\ght z a gift = its intr9sic wor? or beauty1 b = "s practical purpose2 :ile ! fact t !y are ma9ly ( late date means t ! practice ( putt+ !m 9 ! graves increas$ 9 frequ5cy dur+ ! p]iod :i* beg9s ) ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4--t is to say1 dur+ t p]iod 9 :i* we h already not$ an increas+ pref]5ce = cremation4 ,fur!r ! increase 9 ! frequ5cy ( lamps makes x improbable t !y are to be reckon$ z "p & p>cel ( ! ord9>y furniture ( a grave2 = ! leky?i & o!r vases :i* 7 ! ord9>y gifts to ! dead _h already 9 ! fif? c5tury assum$ a conv5tional "*4 ,any fre% dep>ture !re=e aft] t c5tury1 or any increase 9 ! frequ5cy ( "o p>ticul> object among ! cont5ts ( graves1 mu/ be a sign ( "s new or m /rongly m>k$ feel+ t[>ds ! dead4 ,n[ all ^! facts & inf]5ces are intelligible on "o hypo!sis2 & t hypo!sis is t ! lamps f\nd 9 ! graves 7 put !re light$ & burn+1 z ! c]emonial m9imum ( ! rite ( cremation = :i* a gr[+ pref]5ce is evid5t dur+ "s f\r c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,:5 we pass on to ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity1 a simil> s]ies ( facts meets our view4 ,! ,*ur* (ficially reject$ & reprobat$ ! practice ( cremation4 ,conv]ts !re=e 7 b\nd to use inhumation2 & ?is obligation probably excit$ ! less repugnance1 9 t int]m5t 0 no new ?+ to !m1 b _h always be5 alt]native1 if slightly inf]ior1 to cremation4 ,b :ile ev5 *e]fully obey+ ! law ( ! ,*ur* ?us f>1 !y clung to _m ( ! details ( _! old fun]al-cu/om1 "s ( :i* 7 all[$ by ! ,*ur*1 o!rs disall[$4 ,! practice ( lay+ out ! dead 9 ri* & *oice robes cont9u$ & call$ d[n /rong rebuke f ,/ ,j]ome#abhd2 ! excessive lam5tation & ! use ( hir$ m\rn]s at ! ly+-9-/ate provok$ ,/ ,*ryso/om to ?reats ( excommunication#abhe2 yet bo? ^! cu/oms /ill obta94 ,b ! cu/om ( c>ry+ tor*es 9 ! fun]al-procession 0 cont9u$ )\t ev5 a prote/ on ! "p ( ! ,*ur*4 ,p]haps x 0 felt to be a h>mless concession to anci5t cu/om2 p]haps !n z n[ ecclesia/ical ta/e ev5 fav\r$ ! consumption ( _m c&les 9 religi\s c]emonies4 ,at any rate ! fact is cle> t ! pagan cu/om ( c>ry+ tor*es 9 ! procession held a place also 9 ,*ri/ian ritual4 ,:at 0 ! reason = :i* ! common p held to _! old cu/om8 ,! tor*es 7 n ne$$ any long] to k9dle pyres2 = actual cremation 0 aboli%$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,nor 7 !y ne$$ to give light to ! procession2 = ,*ri/ian fun]als1 except 9 times ( p]secution1 took place 9 op5 daylight4 ,! reason 01 ,i believe1 t by means ( ^! tor*es fire 0 c>ri$ along ) ! dead f 8 home to 8 grave1 & t !re a c]emonial act1 a semblance ( cremation1 0 comb9$ ) ! rite ( inhumation4 ,& !re are "s indications t ! fire br\ght to ! grave-side 0 actually associat$ 9 "s way ) ! dead body4 ,9 a disquisition #8ab\t !m t sleep1' :i* pass$ = a "w ( ,/ ,a?anasius#abhf1 !re is a recomm5dation to burn a mixture ( oil & wax at ! grave ( ! dead2 & ?\gh ! practice inculcat$ is disguis$ z #8a sacrifice ( burnt-(f]+ to ,god1' x is possible to attribute x to a less ,jewi% & m ,greek motive1 a desire to keep up ! old cu/om ( cremation1 be x only 9 a c]emonial =m4 ,aga9 we h evid5ce t ! cu/om ( burn+ lights at ! graves ( ! dead 0 commonly foll[$ = "s non-,*ri/ian purpose2 = ! ,c\ncil ( ,elib]is saw fit to =bid x "u pa9 ( excommunication#abhg4 ,?is non-,*ri/ian purpose w expla9 itself 9 ! light ( "s mod]n cu/oms4 ,!re is a cu/om well kn[n 9 ,mod]n ,greece :i* consi/s 9 ! ma9t5ance ( :at is call$ #8! unsleep+ lamp' 7 74 ,a fair g5]al idea ( x may be giv5 by say+ t aft] a fun]al a light is kept cont9u\sly burn+ ei!r 9 ! room :]e dea? took place or at ! grave = a p]iod ( ei!r =ty days or ?ree ye>s4 ,?is v>iation 9 "t & place requires exam9ation4 ,9 cu/oms1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 !re is a "r way & a wrong way2 v>iety 9 obs]vance is n orig9al2 !re is a prop] "t & a prop] place4 ,fir/ !n1 :i* is ! prop] place = ?is p>ticul> cu/om1 ! *amb] ( dea? or ! grave-side8 ,! localities1 9 :i* t =m ( ! cu/om :i* ,i %all %[ to be correct 9 ?is p>ticul> has come mo/ conspicu\sly "u my own obs]vation1 are ,ar*ova1 a village ne> ,delphi2 ,leondi on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,laconia2 a cemet]y 9 ! ,?riasian pla9 belong+1 ,i ?9k1 to ! village ( ,kalvia2 & ! isl& ( ,aeg9a4 ,9 ! la/-m5tion$ x is an ord9>y lant]n :i* is us$2 x is plac$ at ! head ( ! grave1 & = =ty days aft] ! fun]al is s trimm$ & t5d$ t ! flame is n once ext+ui%$4 ,at ,ar*ova & 9 ! ,?riasian pla9 ea* grave is provid$ ) an erection capable ( %elt]+ a nak$ light4 ,"s ( ! erections are l doll's-h\ses ) door & w9d[s complete2 o!rs are m]e boxes2 o!rs aga9 are no m ?an a few tiles or flat /ones set on edge to =m a squ>e & cov]$ ov] ) a ro( ( ! same mat]ial4 ,at ,ar*ova ! lamps conta9$ 9 ^! erections are t5d$ bo? ev5+ & morn+1 & ! obligation to keep !m burn+ un9t]rupt$ly = ?ree ye>s1 until ! exhumation ( ! body1 is /rongly felt & scrupul\sly dis*>g$4 ,9 ! ,?riasian pla9 ! light is kept burn+ ) equal c>e1 b ,i am unc]ta9 = :at p]iod4 ,at ,leondi "s %elt]s ( ! same k9d z ^? describ$ are 9 use2 b !re are also m elaborate tombs at ! head ( :i* is built a small recess bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd or at any rate "u ! slab ( /one or m>ble :i* cov]s ! grave1 & 9 ?is recess1 :i* is clos$ ) a small door all[+ ! passage ( air ?r\gh its *9ks1 is plac$ #8! unsleep+ lamp4' ,"h aga9 ! lights are kept burn+ until ! exhumation takes place1 & ! lamps are f$ & trimm$ e ev5+4 ,at ,gy!ion a device n dissimil>1 ?\gh rud]1 0 =m]ly employ$2 among "s old graves1 n[ neglect$1 f :i*1 x appe>$1 ! bones ( ! dead _h nev] be5 exhum$1 ,i notic$ sev]al pla/]$ ov] ) a r\gh concrete 9 :i* 0 sunk at ! head ( ! grave an iron vessel1 l a sauce-pan dock$ ( its h&le2 ?is vessel _h presumably s]v$ ! purpose ( %elt]+ a light4 ,su* !n is ! ma9 aspect ( ?is cu/om2 b ! prelim9>y details also require notice4 ,! fire ) :i* to light ! #8unsleep+ lamp' mu/ n be k9dl$ on ! spot beside ! grave1 b is convey$ f ! h\se ( ! deceas$4 ,!re1 9 g5]al1 ! mom5t t dea? takes place or at any rate s soon z ! body is laid out 9 /ate1 c&les or lamps are light$ & are plac$ at ! head & at ! foot ( ! c\* on :i* ! body reposes4 ,^! are kept burn+ until ! fun]al-procession is ready to />t1 & along ) ! procession ei!r ! same lights or o!r tap]s & c&les light$ f !m are c>ri$ to ! grave2 & "h ! same fire :i* 0 burn+ 9 ! h\se ( ! dead is transmitt$ to ! #8unsleep+ lamp' at ! grave4 ,?is ,i believe to be ! correct =m ( ! cu/om1 b ,i mu/ notice o!r v>ieties & give my reasons = reg>d+ !m z less au!ntic4 ,x is /at$ 9 a reliable treatise on ! isl& ( ,*ios#abhh1 t !re ! p keep a lamp burn+ = =ty nights 9 ! room :]e a dea? has tak5 place1 ?9k+ t ! s\l w&]s = =ty nights be=e x goes d[n to ,hades4 ,! int]pretation giv5 evid5tly implies t ! lamp is int5d$ to give light to ! _s ( ! dead if 9 ! c\rse ( its nightly w&]+s x visits its =m] home4 ,n[ s f> z ! ,*ian =m ( ! cu/om is conc]n$1 "s su* mean+ might reasonably be assign$ to x4 ,b :at ( ! m usual =m ( ! cu/om by :i* ! lamp is kept burn+ bo? night & day8 ,a disembodi$ _s1 if x resemble an ord9>y man1 may reasonably be suppos$ to ne$ a c&le to see its way at night1 b surely x ne$s none 9 ! day-"t2 yet x is only ! cu/om ( burn+ ! light all day long z well z at night t c h ga9$ = x ! "n ( #8! unsleep+ lamp1' ! lamp t is nev] ext+ui%$4 ,"h !n is a visible defect 9 ! ,*ian mann] ( obs]v+ ! cu/om & likewise 9 ! ,*ian mann] ( int]pret+ x2 & a cu/om defective & mis9t]pret$ 9 "o important detail is op5 to suspicion 9 o!rs4 ,s f> !re=e z ,*ios is conc]n$1 no great importance atta*es to ! fact t !re ! *amb] ( dea? is ! place :]e ! remnants ( ! cu/om are obs]v$4 ,b !re are o!r p>ts ( ,greece 9 :i* ! dea?-*amb] is ! place = ! #8unsleep+ lamp1' & :]e ! lamp /ill des]ves t designation inasmu* z x is kept burn+ bo? day & night until ! =tie? day aft] ! fun]al1 & is n1 z 9 ,*ios1 light$ afre% ea* night4 ,9 su* di/ricts1 ,i believe1 ! cu/om has long ceas$ to be> any mean+1 & be+ on ! wane has = conv5i5ce und]gone a *ange4 ,x is /ill felt to be obligatory to keep ! flame t is light$ z soon z dea? has occurr$ burn+ con/antly = =ty days1 b ! "w ( t5d+ x has be5 f\nd to be m conv5i5tly p]=m$ at home ?an 9 ! grave-y>d4 ,! necessity to transmit ! flame to ! grave1 to keep x cont9u\sly 9 close proximity to ! dead1 is no long] felt4 ,?is =m ( ! cu/om c !n be acc\nt$ = z a relaxation ( t :i* ,i h put =w>d z ! old & correct =m2 :]eas on ! o!r h& if ! room :]e dea? occurr$ _h orig9ally be5 ! prop] place = ma9ta9+ ! #8unsleep+ lamp1' x w\ld be impossible to acc\nt = ! transf]5ce ( ! cu/om to ! grave-side1 :]e special %elt]s or receptacles mu/ be made = ! protection ( ! flame & :]e m tr\ble is ne$$ to fe$ & to trim ! lamps day by day4 ,ar*ova & ,leondi :]e mo/ pa9s are tak5 9 ! obs]vance ( ! cu/om--& t n = =ty days only b = ?ree ye>s--h ! be/ claim to be reg>d$ z ! true expon5ts ( ! old cu/om4 ,! prop] place = ! #8unsleep+ lamp' is ! grave-side4 ,b !re is a v>iation also1 z ,i h said1 9 ! p]iod ( "t dur+ :i* ?is cu/om is kept up 9 diff]5t di/ricts4 ,9 "s x is a p]iod ( =ty days1 9 o!rs a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s2 & 9 ?is respect !re is a div]g5ce betwe5 ! usages ev5 ( ^? places :i* 9 o!r details h be5 %[n to adh]e fai?fully to ! old cu/om2 = at ,ar*ova & ,leondi ! long] p]iod is cu/om>y1 9 ,aeg9a ! %ort]4 ,x is 9 ?is v v>iation t we f9d a clue to ! mean+ & purpose ( ! cu/om4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is *apt] ,i %[$1 by quotation f a popul> dirge & by ! consid]ation ( v>i\s cu/oms connect$ ) dea?1 t 9 ! belief ( ! common-folk ! dissolution ( a dead body is effect$ by ! =tie? day aft] burial4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,*ur* has m prud5tly fix$ ?ree ye>s z ! "t requir$ = dissolution1 ! p]iod :i* mu/ elapse be=e ! body may be exhum$4 ,?us !re are two p]iods1 fix$ respectively by popul> op9ion & by ecclesia/ical au?ority1 betwe5 :i* !re is a *oice2 ! vox populi & ! vox ,dei are "h 9 disagreem5t2 & accord+ z pref]5ce is locally giv5 to ! "o or to ! o!r m&ate1 s is a p]iod ( =ty days or a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s locally believ$ to be t requir$ = ! dissolution ( ! body4 ,b ^! two p]iods are also ^? betwe5 :i* !re is a local v>iation 9 ! cu/om ( ma9ta9+ ! #8unsleep+ lamp4' ,h5ce x is reasonably to be inf]r$ t ! #8unsleep+ lamp' is 9 "s way closely connect$ ) ! dissolution ( ! body4 ,moreov] ?is connexion is actually recognis$ by ! common-folk !mselves1 z witness ! foll[+ two c\plets f a fun]al-dirge4 ,! words are put1 z s (t5 9 ! dirges1 9 ! m\? ( ! dead man1 :o 9 ?is in/ance is suppos$ to be "y & to be address+ 8 =lorn lady-love4 #8,& :5 ! prie/s ) solemn song m>* t[>d ! grave ) me1 ,/eal ?\ out f ?y "m's side & light me tor*es ?ree2 ,& :5 ! prie/s %all qu5* aga9 ^? lights = me1--ah !n1 ,!n1 l ! brea? ( roses1 sweet1 ?\ passe/ f my k5#abhi4' ,^! l9es are bas$ on a belief :i* is fairly g5]al among ! ,greek peasants1 t consci\sness (1 & conc]n =1 ! ?+s ( ?is _w are n brok5 (f f9ally at ! mom5t ( dea?1 b cont9ue 9 "s degree until ! body ( ! dead is completely dissolv$4 ,"h ! memories ( love are spok5 ( z la/+ until ! prie/s qu5* ! burn+ lights1 :i* c be none o!r 9 ! context ?an ! #8unsleep+ lamp'--= ?ree1 ! numb] m5tion$1 is m]ely a numb] ( peculi> virtue & has no special =ce4 ,x foll[s !n t ! qu5*+ ( ! lights is und]/ood 9 ! passage to d5ote ! accompli%m5t ( t process ( dissolution1 :i*1 ?\gh x mean ! cessation ( all int]c\rse ) ?is upp] _w1 is yet e>ne/ly desir$4 ,"h 9 fact are pla9 words ( popul> poetry :i* recognise ! connexion ( ! #8unsleep+ lamp' ) ! dissolution ( ! body1 & make ! qu5*+ ( ! "o signify ! completion ( ! o!r4 ,x is go+ b a %ort /ep fur!r to suppose t ! pres5ce ( ! lamp's flame at ! grave 0 orig9ally int5d$ to advance ! process ( dissolution--or1 9 o!r words1 t ! ma9t5ance ( ! #8unsleep+ lamp' at ! grave until ! body is f9ally dissolv$ is an act ( c]emonial cremation4 ,?is supposition ga9s yet m 9 probability :5 we comp>e ) ! cu/om ( ! #8unsleep+ lamp' ano!r n dissimil> cu/om :i* obta9s 9 ,zacyn?os4 ,!re1 z else:]e1 c&les or lamps are light$ ab\t ! dead body :ile x is ly+ 9 /ate1 & fire f !m is c>ri$ to ! grave4 ,b1 arriv$ !re1 in/ead ( light+ an #8unsleep+ lamp1' ! be>]s ( ! c&les drop !m into ! grave beside ! corpse4 ,9 ?is we h a close p>allel to ! anci5t cu/om ( putt+ a lamp1 probably en\gh1 z ,i h sugge/$1 a light$ lamp1 into ! grave2 & at ! same "t x _c b be intimately connect$ ) ! cu/om ( ! #8unsleep+ lamp1' ! purpose ( :i* is n[ kn[n to conc]n ! dissolution ( ! dead body4 ,i claim !n t ! s]ies ( cu/oms :i* we h review$1 exhibit+ z !y d an int5tion to associate fire 9 "s close way ) ! buri$ body &1 z 9 ! mod]n =m ( ! cu/om1 to associate x !re) until ! process ( dissolution is complete1 f9d a common explanation 9 ! cont9uance ( a practice already exemplifi$ 9 e>li] ages1 ! practice ( c]emonial cremation 9 conjunction ) ! full burial rite4 ,nor is ?is explanation op5 to attack on ! gr\nd t a m]e lamp light$ ne> ! dead body be>s s little outw>d resemblance to real cremation4 ,to ! outside obs]v] ! c]emonial act may seem a m]e trave/y ( t = :i* x is sub/itut$2 b to ! p]sons conc]n$ ! pres5ce ( fire1 9 h[ev] small a volume1 may h seem$ suffici5t2 = 9 all ritual x is n ! act1 b ! int5tion1 :i* has value4 ,i h already po9t$ out h[ int]m5t 0 occasionally r$uc$ to an equally ineffective m9imum2 b ,i may p]haps cite a /ill clos] p>allel--ano!r case 9 :i* a lamp is ?\ght to h done duty = a real fire4 ,!re 0 9 old "t a cu/om1 to :i* sev]al anci5t writ]s ref]#abij1 ( keep+ a lamp burn+ bo? day & night 9 ! ,prytaneum or 9 ! *ief temple ( a ,greek city2 & bo? ,a!ns & ,t>5tum are said to h _h ^! lamps s con/ruct$ t !y c\ld hold a supply ( oil suffici5t to la/ a :ole ye>4 ,su* lamps1 x has be5 sugge/$#abia1 repres5t$ ! fire on ! city's he>? :i* 0 n all[$ to g out4 ,! purpose ( ! lamp 0 cle>ly n to give light--= !n x ne$ n h be5 kept burn+ by day z well z by night--b x 0 a lab\r-sav+ appliance = keep+ ! sacr$ fire ev] burn+4 ,! small flame 0 9 fact a rudim5t>y fire4 ,?us all t ,i am suppos+ is t a lamp c\ld repres5t a real fire j z well at ! tomb z 9 ! ,prytaneum4 ,if !n my explanation ( ! mod]n cu/om is "r1 ! fact t ! common-folk1 ?\gh !y h = _m c5turies employ$ inhumation z ! ord9>y ,*ri/ian rite1 h clung at ! same "t to a c]emonial =m ( cremation :i* !y /ill connect 9 "s way ) ! dissolution ( ! buri$ corpse1 is additional pro( ( ! fav\r ) :i* ! quick] & sur] rite 0 =m]ly1 & p]haps "h & !re /ill is1 reg>d$4 ,?us !n ! /udy ( ord9>y fun]al-usage has confirm$ ! conclusions drawn 9 prec$+ *apt]s f ! /udy ( a c]ta9 abnormal /ate ( aft]-dea? exi/5ce4 ,z incorruptibility 0 ! greate/ bane to ! dead1 s dissolution 0 ! greate/ boon t ! liv+ c\ld give !m4 ,?is dissolution 0 to be effect$ by "o ( two me?ods1 cremation & inhumation1 :i* 9 !ory 7 alt]native b 9 practice 7 frequ5tly comb9$4 ,! comb9ation ( !m 0 due 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! amalgamation ( two races to :i* !y respectively app]ta9$2 b 9 lat] times ! racial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two rites 0 oblit]at$1 & !y 7 judg$ on _! own m]its1 ) ! result t a pref]5ce = cremation manife/$ itself 9 fun]al-usage4 ,?is pref]5ce 0 due to a recognition t cremation 0 a quick] & sur] me?od ( dissolution1 & is itself /rong te/imony to ! desire to effect dissolution4 ,! end to :i* bo? rites 7 direct$ 0 ! same1 b s9ce "o l$ to t end m quickly & surely ?an ! o!r1 x 0 rightly pref]r$4 ,fur!r ! motive :i* prompt$ ! liv+ to effect ! dissolution ( ! dead 0 n 9 g5]al selfi%2 = dissolution1 z we h se51 0 a boon to ! dead4 ,t complete sev]ance f ?is _w1 :i* came ) ! dissolution ( ! body1 0 9 "s way = ! b5efit ( ! dead4 ,patroclus s\ght = x1 & ,a*illes grant$ 8 petition ?r\gh love2 & "s ?ree ?\s& ye>s lat] ! m5 ( ,p>ga are f\nd effect+ ! rapid dissolution ( _! k9sfolk ) ! same motive4 ,only 9 "o set ( circum/ances 0 ! selfi% motive ( fe> 9 op]ation1 namely1 :]e1 ! resuscitat$ dead 71 by ! influ5ce ( ,slavonic sup]/ition1 inve/$ ) ! "* ( malignant blood-?ir/y mon/]s aga9/ :om self-def5ce 0 imp]ative1 & ^: complete sev]ance f ?is _w 0 desirable z a safegu>d = ! liv+4 ,b su* circum/ances 7 ! exception4 ,! rule 0 t cremation & inhumation alike 7 means to ! dissolution ( ! dead & _! complete sev]ance f ?is _w1 & ! motive :i* prompt$ liv+ m5 to seek t end 0 love ( ! dead :o w\ld 9 "s way b5efit !reby4 ,,footnotes3 #abbf ,b]n4 ,s*midt1 ,li$]1 ,mr*51 ,sag5 etc41 ,folk-song no4 #cc4 #abbg ,cf4 above1 p4 #chi4 #abbh ,see above1 p4 #cjg1 note #a1 & p4 #cac4 #abbi ,! fea/s at e>li] dates1 z on ! ?ird & n9? days1 w be %[n lat] to be popul> 9 orig94 ,see bel[1 pp4 #ecj ff4 #abcj 4 4 1 1 p4 #hb4 #abca ,op4 cit4 p4 #ha4 ,! =m "h is 4 #abcb 4 4 4 1 ,,iii4 p4 #ccg4 ,! =m is 4 #abcc ,see above1 p4 #cgc4 #abcd ,soph4 ,antig4 #bef4 ,cf4 ,jebb's note ad loc41 f :i* ,i take ! fur!r ref]5ces4 #abce ,aelian1 ,v>4 ,hi/4 ,v4 #ad4 #abcf ,aelian1 ,hi/4 ,anim4 ,v4 #di4 #abcg ,cf4 ,fauriel1 ,*ants de la ,grce ,mod]ne1 ,disc\rs ,prlim9aire1 p4 #dj2 4 1 1 p4 #df4 #abch ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 ,vol4 ,i4 cap4 #g4 #abci ,bury1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 p4 #da4 #abdj ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 cap4 ,i4 #abda ,hom4 ,il4 ,,vi4 #dag ff41 ,,xxiii4 #beb ff41 ,,xxiv4 #gia ff42 ,od4 ,,xi4 #gb ff4 & ,,xii4 #aa ff4 #abdb ,psy*e ,i4 pp4 #ca-cb4 #abdc ,cf4 ,lucian1 ,de ,luctu #ad1 4 #abdd ,describ$ 9 4 #ahhi1 pp4 #aga ff4 #abde ,describ$ 9 ,a!n4 ,mit!ilung51 #ahic1 pp4 #gc-aia4 #abdf ,! p]usal ( ,philios' n>rative leaves ! impression t sev]al cases ( cremation 7 discov]$4 ,yet 9 8 conclud+ summ>y he says3 8,burial1 n burn+1 ( ! dead 0 9 ^? times ! m preval5t cu/om1 s9ce 9 "o case & "o only c we admit t ! corpse 0 n buri$ b burnt40 ,i note t ,brckn] & ,p]nice 7op4 cit4 p4 #adi7 9 ref]r+ to ,philios' results tacitly s(t5 8 rigid #8"o & "o only' into ! m supple #8"o or two4' ,= ju/ification ( ?is see ,philios1 op4 cit4 pp4 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahe4 #abdg ,hirs*feld1 9 ,annali1 #ahgb1 pp4 #ace1 #afg1 cit$ by ,brckn] & ,p]nice op4 cit4 p4 #adh4 1 9 1 #ahgc-d1 p4 #ag4 #abdh ,op4 cit4 pp4 #ia ff4 #abdi ,op4 cit4 p4 #agh4 #abej ,brckn] & ,p]nice take ?is view ( ! fact1 ?\gh ! words :i* !y use are col\r$ by _! acceptance ( ,rohde's !ory ( propitiatory (f]+s to ! dead4 #8,vor d] ,be]digung1 s s*e9t es na* d5 ,fund5 des ,h]rn ,philios1 s9d an d] ,grab/tte des ft]5 ,br&opf] d>gebra*t word54' ,op4 cit4 p4 #aea4 #abea ,see op4 cit4 pp4 #gh-i4 #abeb ,see above1 p4 #cdg4 #abec ,il4 ,,xxiv4 #gai ff4 #abed ,cf4 ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 #ahic1 p4 #ajc4 #abee ,plut>*1 ,solon #bj4 #abef ,lysias1 ,or4 ,,xii4 #ah1 #ai4 #abeg ,lucian1 de ,luctu1 #ab & #ac4 #abeh ,hom4 #cb 9 ,mat4 p4 #cjf4 #abei ,pres]v$ among ! ar*ives ( ,zante1 :i* ! k9dness ( ,mr ,leonidas ,zos enabl$ me to inspect4 #abfj ,psy*e1 ,i4 pp4 #bji & #cfj4 ,f ?is s\rce ,i draw sev]al ( ! foll[+ ref]5ces4 #abfa ,ts\ntas 9 4 #ahhh1 p4 #acf4 #abfb ,plut4 ,lycurg4 #bg4 #abfc ,iambl4 ,vit4 ,py?ag4 #aed4 #abfd ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 ,,xxxv4 #afj4 #abfe ,dem4 ,orat4 #dc #ga4 #abff ,antig4 #abja4 ,pr(4 ,jebb 9 8 note on ?is passage expresses ! op9ion t ! 7 n fuel3 9 view ( ! ,attic law above cit$ ,i am incl9$ to diss5t4 ,he also takes 9 ,ar4 ,eccles4 #ajca to mean #8olive twigs' & n1 z m usual1 #8v9e-%oots4' ,i pass by ! passage z d\btful evid5ce4 #abfg ,ross1 ,ar*4 ,aufs4 ,i4 #ca4 #abfh ,artemid4 ,oneirocr4 ,,iv4 #eg4 #abfi ,h]od4 ,v4 #h4 #abgj ,lucian1 de ,luctu1 #ba4 #abga ,antiquities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ,bk ,,xxiii4 cap4 #b1 :5ce ,i take ! foll[+ ref]5ces4 #abgb ,m9ucius1 p4 #cb4 #abgc ,acta ,?>aci ap4 ,b>on4 an4 #bii1 n4 ,,xxi41 ,ammian4 ,m>cell4 lib4 ,,xxii4 p4 #bda1 ,euseb4 lib4 ,,viii4 cap4 #f4 #abgd ,t]tull4 ,de ,anima1 cap4 #ea4 #abge ,t]tull4 de ,resur4 cap4 #a4 #abgf ,cod4 ,?4 lib4 ,,ix4 tit4 #ag de ,sepulcris violatis1 leg4 #f4 #abgg ,saturnal4 lib4 ,,vii4 cap4 #g4 #abgh ,see ,f9lay1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 ,v4 pp4 #bgd-f4 #abgi ,pass[1 ,popul>ia ,c>m4 ,graeciae rec5tioris1 nos4 #bbb-bbd4 ,i translate "h no4 #bbb4 #abhj ,s ,i int]pret1 b )\t c]ta9ty1 ! words 1 lit]ally #8& !y burnt ! ,vizir4' #abha ,! ,lipides 7 an ,albanian tribe employ$ by ! ,turks4 #abhb ,no4 #bbc4 #abhc ,actual data on ?is po9t are difficult to obta92 b ar*aeologi/s :om ,i consult$ 9 ,greece 7 all agre$1 t lamps are m frequ5t 9 graves ( late date1 mo/ frequ5t 9 ! ,greco-,roman p]iod4 #abhd ,hi]on4 ,vita ,pauli #d1 cap4 #ff4 #abhe ,*ryso/om1 ,hom4 #cb 9 ,mat4 p4 #cjf4 #abhf ,cit$ by ,durant1 de ,ritibus1 lib4 ,i4 cap4 ,,xxiii4 n4 #ad 7p4 #bce74 ,i h be5 unable to discov] ! orig9al passage4 ,cf4 ,b+ham1 op4 cit4 ,,xxiii4 #c4 #abhg ,see ,b+ham1 ,antiquities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ,bk ,,xxiii4 cap4 #c ad f94 #abhh 4 4 1 1 p4 #cda4 #abhi ,^! l9es1 or o!rs 9 ! same t5or1 are well kn[n among ! pr(essional 7wom5 hir$ to m\rn at fun]als74 ,! v]sion :i* ,i "h foll[ is giv5 by ,pass[1 ,popul4 ,c>m4 no4 #cgg ,a4 ' 1 '' ' ' 1 ' 4 #abij ,!ocritus ,,xxi4 #cf f42 ,a!naeus #gjj ,d2 ,pausan4 ,i4 #bf4 #g4 #abia ,fraz]1 9 ,j\rn4 ( ,philol4 ,,xiv4 #ade ff4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,b5efit ,,( ,,dissolution4 ,?us f> ! inve/igation ( cu/oms & beliefs 9 anci5t & mod]n times relat+ to ! treatm5t ( ! dead has e/abli%$ ! fact t ! dissolution ( ! body 0 a ?+ eag]ly to be desir$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! dead4 ,) complete dis9tegration ! summum bonum ( ! dead1 s f> z x 0 9 ! p[] ( _! surviv+ fri5ds to w9 x = !m1 0 secur$4 ,x rema9s to consid] 9 :at way ! dead pr(it$ !reby4 ,n[ ,i h hi!rto spok5 design$ly ( dissolution z a b5efit1 n to ! s\ls ( ! dead nor to _! bodies1 b simply #8to ! dead' )\t fur!r specification4 ,x w n[ limit ! range ( discussion z to ! nature ( ! summum bonum to :i* dissolution gave access1 if we c fir/ answ] ! old "q1 cui bono8 ,is x ! body alone or ! s\l alone or bo? conjo9tly on :i* ! b5efit is conf]r$8 ,?is "q once answ]$1 we %all h elim9at$ a c]ta9 numb] ( possible conceptions ( future happ9ess4 ,t ! body alone might h be5 ! recipi5t ( ! :ole b5efit is an idea :i* no "o w ent]ta94 ,0 x !n ! s\l alone to :i* ! dissolution ( ! body br\ght ga98 ,dea?1 z we h le>nt1 0 n a complete & f9al sev]ance ( s\l f body2 ! s\l might re-ent] & re-animate ! corpse4 ,0 dissolution !n believ$ to complete ! sev]ance8 ,! deliv]ance ( ! s\l f ! bondage ( ! body1 ! divorce ( _s f matt]1 is an idea :i* has appeal$ & does appeal to _m1 & w\ld !re=e furni% a motive ( consid]able intr9sic probability = ! treatm5t :i* ! ,greek p h consi/5tly accord$ to _! dead2 ! dissolution ( ! body1 x might be suppos$1 0 desir$ & ha/5$ 9 ord] t ! s\l might be fre$ f its la/ l9k ) ?is mat]ial _w & pass away w+$ & unburd5$ t[>ds ?+s e!real4 ,b su* an explanation sav\rs too mu* ( philosophy & too little ( popul> religion4 #8,! rehe>sal ( dea?1' t is ( ! sev]ance ( s\l f body1 0 accord+ to ,socrates ! prop] occupation ( ! philosoph]2 & dea? itself 0 welcome to him z a f9al release ( ! s\l1 ! true self1 f ! fett]s ( physical exi/5ce4 ,b ! v emphasis :i* ! :ole ( ! ,pha$o gives to ?is idea1 ! insi/5ce ( ,socrates t 8 real self is t :i* conv]ses ) 8 fri5ds & seeks to conv9ce !m ( 8 views1 & n ! corpse :i* !y w soon be bury+ or burn+ z seeme? !m good#abib1 sugge/1 if any?+1 t 9 ! popul> religion ! sev]ance ( s\l f body 0 n desir$1 & ! true self 0 n conceiv$ z a ?+ ap>t f body4 ,at any rate ! reason = desir+ dissolution mu/ be s\ght f m popul> s\rces4 ,i return !re=e to a passage#abic on :i* ,i h already t\*$ m ?an once1 ! e>lie/ passage ( extant lit]ature1 9 :i* a dead man is repres5t$ z crav+ ! dissolution ( 8 body4 ,:y 0 x t ! s\l ( ,patroclus desir$ s urg5tly ! la/ rites = 8 body8 ,0 x = ! b5efit ( 8 s\l only8 ,popul> religion1 z we h se51 did n reckon dea? a f9al sev]ance ( s\l & body2 = ! s\l might return & re-animate ! body4 ,0 !n dissolution believ$ to complete ! sev]ance1 annihilat+ ! body & emancipat+ ! s\l8 ,did ! future happ9ess ( ! s\l dep5d ^u su* emancipation8 ,did ,patroclus1 9 ! case be=e u1 crave dissolution 9 ord] t 8 s\l1 f9ally sev]$ f 8 body1 might f9d happ9ess8 ,hom] c]ta9ly peoples ! l[] _w ) s\ls only1 sev]$ f _! =m] bodies4 ,x is cle>ly ! s\l only ( ,patroclus :i* w pass ! gates ( ,hades1 :5 once 8 reque/ = ! burial ( 8 body has be5 fulfill$2 = x is #8! s\ls1 ! semblances ( ! dead#abid1' :o b> 8 entrance !reto mean:ile4 ,b ^? s\ls are n happy s\ls4 ,! h\se ( ,hades is n a place ( happ9ess2 x is dank1 murky1 m\ld]+2 & ! s\ls !mselves are n ( a nature to enjoy any?+2 !y are feeble1 impot5t wrai?s1 m]e semblances ( m51 all doom$ to ! same mis]able trave/y ( life2 ! bodies f :i* !y are n[ sev]$ 7 _! real selves#abie1 & !re rema9 n[ only impalpable joyless phantoms4 #8,soon]1' cries ! _s ( ,a*illes to ,odysseus1 #8w\ld ,i be a s]f b\nd to ! soil1 9 ! h\se ( a portionless man ^: liv+ 7 b scant1 ?an "l ov] all ! dead t are p]i%$#abif'2 = ! old val\r ev5 ( ,a*illes avails him no m2 8 s\l f>es 9 ! h\se ( ,hades ev5 z all o!rs f>e2 all alike are doom$ to ev]la/+ futility 9 a l& ( ev]la/+ gloom4 ,fitly is ! s\l ( ,patroclus said to h sp$1 at ! mom5t ( dea?1 t[>ds ,hades' realm #8bewail+ its fate 9 t x _h left vig\r & manhood#abig4' ,h[ !n comes x t anon ! same s\l is eag] to pass ! gates ( ,hades8 ,surely ! w&]+s ( ! dead ,patroclus1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( a rev5ant z ! popul> belief w\ld h _h x1 or1 accord+ to ,hom]'s v]sion1 z a disembodi$ _s1 w\ld h>dly be m pitiable ?an ! lot :i* he 9 common ) all ! dead mu/ suff] bel[4 ,:y !n ?is eag]ness8 ,i c f9d no?+ 9 ,hom] to ju/ify x2 x appe>s to me :olly inconsi/5t ) ! ,hom]ic conception ( ! "u-_w4 ,& ?is inconsi/5cy is ( wide be>+4 ,! cases ( ,patroclus & ,elp5or are n isolat$4 ,! same eag]ness = dissolution on ! "p ( ! dead has1 z we h se51 be5 /eadily recognis$ 9 all ! relations betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead f ! days ( ,hom] until n[4 ,t :i* is at v>iance ) ! ,hom]ic conception ( ! h]eaft] is n m]ely ! petition ( ,patroclus1 b ! idea on :i* ! fun]al-cu/oms ( a :ole p h be5 bas$ = ne>ly ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,su* a discrepancy _c b =ce ^u u ! "q h[ f> ! ,hom]ic conception ( ! h]eaft] 0 ! popul> conception4 ,t ! :ole picture ( ! h\se ( ,hades & ( ! condition ( ! dep>t$ !re9 0 n an ,hom]ic inv5tion is1 ,i suppose1 indisputable4 ,its two ma9 features are ! gloom ( ! place & ! lack ( di/9ction betwe5 ! lots ( ^? :o dwell !re#abih4 ,( ^! ! fir/ at any rate is frequ5t en\gh 9 lat] lit]ature1 & inde$ held s firm a place 9 ! ,greek m9d t #8to see ! light' became synonym\s ) #8to live 9 ?is upp] _w'2 & ev5 d[n to ! pres5t day bo? ideas live on4 ,! con/ant epi!ts :i* ,hom] applies to ! h\se ( ,hades1 #8cold' 77 & #8m\ld]+' 771 are exactly reproduc$ 9 ! epi!ts ) :i* ,hades1 n[ a place in/ead ( a p]son1 is describ$ 9 mod]n dirges--1 #8froz51' & 1 #8?ick ) spid]s' webs'#abii2 & ! same uni=m mis]y ( all ! dep>t$ is likewise a common !me 9 ! _m songs t deal ) ,*>on & ! l[] _w4 ,all ?is c\ld n h be5 effect$ by ! influ5ce ( ,hom] alone1 great ?\gh x 01 if he _h himself inv5t$ ! :ole conception4 ,x is cle> t he utilis$ a conception :i* 0 be=e 8 "t1 & /ill is1 a popul> conception4 ,b !re is equally good evid5ce ( a totally diff]5t pres5tation ( ! future /ate4 ,a fragm5t ( "o ( ,p9d>'s dirges contradicts ! ,hom]ic description ( ! l[] _w 9 e po9t4 #8,^u ! righte\s ! glori\s sun %$de? light bel[ :ile night is "h1 & amid mead[s r$ ) roses lie? ! space be=e _! city's gate1 all hazy ) frank9c5se & lad5 ) gold5 fruits2 & "s take _! joy 9 horses & feats ( pr[ess1 & o!rs at ! draught-bo>d1 & o!rs 9 ! music ( lutes1 & among !m e fair fl[] ( happ9ess do? blossom2 & o'er t lovely l& spreade? ! sav\r ( all mann] ( spices t be m+l$ ) f>-gleam+ fire on ! gods' alt>s#acjj4' ,s !n ?is "u-_w is n cold & murky1 b is w>m$ & light$ by ! sun2 its inhabitants are n frail spirits incapable ( joy1 b take _! pleasure z a=etime 9 ! _w above2 nor is ! lot ( all ! same1 = x is only ! righte\s :o enjoy ?is bliss4 ,! popul> "* ( ?is conception is equally cle>4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! v>y+ =tunes ( ! dead--! hope ( happ9ess = "s 9 contra/ ) ! univ]sal mis]y ( ! ,hom]ic "u-_w--is an idea :i* f9ds expression ?r\gh\t anci5t lit]ature2 & if ! h\se ( ,hades (t5 rema9s none ! less a place ( gloom1 t is because ! abode ( ! righte\s is (t5 transf]r$ to ! isl&s ( ! ble/1 & ! d>k "u-_w left z a place ( puni%m5t = ! wick$4 ,at ! pres5t day too ! same ideas are widely curr5t among ! common-folk4 ,x is true t ! dirges m g5]ally p\rtray ! l[] _w z wrapp$ 9 ,hom]ic gloom1 & ! condition ( ! dep>t$ z monoton\sly mis]able2 b ! express purpose ( ^! dirges1 recit$ beside ! dead body be=e x is c>ri$ out to burial1 is to excite ! m\rn]s to a fr5zy ( grief1 & ! pr(essional dirge-s+] 7= !re are /ill wom5 9 "s p>ts ( ,greece :o foll[ t call+7 w\ld soon lose h] "w if1 in/ead ( h>r[+ ! feel+s ( ! m\rn]s1 %e took ^u h]self to com=t !m2 h] :ole bus9ess is to move to te>s ^? :om ! b]eavem5t itself has left unmov$1 or to /imulate to fre% outbur/s ( lam5tation ^? :o are already sp5t ) sorr[4 ,b 9 a few folk-songs is f\nd ! m *e]ful belief t ! dep>t$ /ill cont9ue ! pursuits :i* !y foll[$ 9 ?is life#acja2 :ile z = _! abode1 any peasant :o %\ld h ! ,p9d>ic description ( ! future home ( ! bless$ expla9$ to him1 w\ld unhesitat+ly id5tify x ) t :i* he himself calls ,p>adise4 ,"s po9ts p]haps 9 t description w\ld surprise him no less ?an !y w\ld please him1 z = example ! p]mission to play draughts1 b !y w\ld n obscure 8 recognition2 ! place ( fair fl[]s & fruits & sc5ts c\ld be none o!r ?an ,p>adise4 8,! p ( mod]n ,greece10 says a ,greek writ]#acjb1 444 8unable to compreh5d ! idea ( spiritual joys1 consid] ,p>adise a place ( l>gely mat]ial & s5su\s pleasures4 ,! ,p>adise ( ! ,greek folk is wat]$ by great riv]s1 444 & 9 x !re gr[ trees :i* diffuse od\rs sweet pa/ tell+4444 ,agreeably ) ?is reception ( ! idea ( ,p>adise by ! p1 ! fa!rs ( ! *ur* also 7 compell$ to describe ,p>adise 9 t]ms ( ! s5ses z well z ( ! _s1 ?us mak+ c]ta9 concessions to popul> feel+ & ideas4 #8,"s1' says ,john ( ,damascus#acjc1 #8h imag9$ a s5su\s ,p>adise1 o!rs a spiritual ,p>adise4 ,= my "p ,i ?9k t1 j z man himself has be5 creat$ ) s5ses z well z ) _s1 s ! mo/ holy close 7 7 to :i* he has access appeals alike to ! s5ses & to ! _s4'0 ,! compromise 9 ?is passage is clev]ly ju/ifi$1 b x has n la/$2 ! pagan "p ( x alone has surviv$1 & ! ,p>adise ( ! mod]n folk is none o!r ?an t abode :i* ,p9d> describ$4 ,ev5 ! riv]s !re(1 :i* are naturally desir$ above all ?+s by ! inhabitants ( a dry & du/y l&1 7 probably n abs5t f ,p9d>'s picture2 = ,plut>*1 to :om we owe ! pres]vation ( ! fragm5t1 passes 9 "o passage f actual quotation ( ! op5+ l9es to a m5tion ( smoo? & tranquil riv]s fl[+ ?r\gh ! l&#acjd2 & 9 ! k9dr$ picture ( ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 :i* ,p9d> pa9ts else:]e1 he does n omit to m5tion ! wat] :]e) ! gold5 fl[]s are refre%$#acje2 = 9 8 eyes too wat] 0 ! be/ ( e>?'s gifts1 ev5 z gold 0 ! brighte/ ( wr\ght treasures#acjf4 ,x 0 ?is high appreciation ( wat] :i* fir/ in=m$ a cu/om preval5t all ov] ,greece on ! occasion ( fun]als4 ,z ! bi] passes along ! road1 ! fri5ds & neighb\rs ( ! dead man empty at _! doorway or f _! w9d[s a vessel ( wat]1 & usually ?r[ d[n ! vessel itself to be brok5 on ! /ones ( ! road4 ,?is cu/om is evid5tly v old1 = 9 "s places ! use ( ! wat]1 ! v ess5ce ( ! rite1 has become obsolete1 & all t rema9s ( ! cu/om is ! break+ ( a piece ( crock]y4 ,& ev5 ?\gh 9 mo/ places ! cu/om is obs]v$ 9 full1 its mean+ has g5]ally be5 =gott51 & curi\s conjectures h be5 made to expla9 x4 ,"s int]pret ! cu/om z a symbol ( t :i* has befall5 ! dead man2 ! vessel is 8 body1 ! wat] is 8 s\l2 ! p\r+ out ( ! wat] symbolises ! vani%+ ( ! s\l1 & ! dead body w fall to pieces l ! brok5 crock4 ,o!rs say t !y p\r out ! wat] #89 ord] to allay ! burn+ ?ir/ ( ! dead man#acjg1' a notion om9\sly sugge/ive ( ! boon :i* ,dives s\ght ( ,laz>us4 ,b ! real purpose ( ! rite is /ill kn[n 9 "s ( ! ,cyclades1 :]e exactly ! same cu/om is foll[$ also on ! occasion ( a man's dep>ture f 8 native village#acjh1 to live1 z !y say1 9 exile4 ,& ! purpose is to promote ! well-be+ ( ! dead or ( ! exile 9 ! new l& to :i* he is go+4 ,! p\r+ out ( ! wat] is 9 fact a rite ( sympa!tic magic design$ to secure t ! unkn[n l& %all also be well-wat]$ & pleasant & pl5tiful2 & ! break+ ( ! vessel :i* held ! wat] is due1 ,i suppose1 to a feel+ t an in/rum5t :i* has s]v$ a magical purpose mu/ n !reaft] be put to pr(ane & mundane uses4 ,?is cu/om !n 9 itself be>s witness h[ wide-spread is1 or has be51 ! conception ( ! o!r _w z a l& ( delight :]e9 ! pleasant ?+s ( ?is _w %all /ill ab\nd4 ,?us !n x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t two contradictory popul> conceptions ( ! h]eaft] h surviv$ side by side z a tw(old inh]itance f ! anci5t _w4 ,! "o p]vades ! :ole ( ,hom]2 ! o!r is be/ exp\nd$ 9 a fragm5t ( ,p9d>#acji2 & ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 !m is ?is1 t ! "o consigns all ! dead alike to gloom & mis]y1 :ile ! o!r di/+ui%es betwe5 ! future =tunes ( ! righte\s & ! unrighte\s1 & holds out ! hope ( happ9ess 9 a yet bright] _w ?an ?is4 ,:5ce came ^! two conceptions8 ,! _w :i* ,hom] describes is ! ,a*aean _w1 & ,i suspect t 8 "u-_w is likewise ! ,a*aean "u-_w4 ,! ,a*aean religion1 z exhibit$ 9 ,hom]1 is 9 no way pr(\nd4 ,! gods are only ,a*aean pr9ces on a yet gr&] scale1 end[$ ) immortality4 ,m5's relations ) !m are em95tly simple & practical2 sacrifice is expect$ if pray]s are to be answ]$4 ,b bo? gods & m5 are conc]n$ ) ?is upp] _w only2 dea? closes all relations betwe5 !m4 ,! gods are unconc]n$1 unless x be = "s special fav\rite2 !y live on ,olympus z a=etime amid fea/+1 qu>rell+1 laught]1 & love2 b m5 leave ^! pursuits & pa/imes1 & g d[n to ! mis]y ( ,hades' h\se2 _! s\ls :i* fl$ lam5t+ f _! limbs at ! h\r ( dea? /ill exi/1 else c\ld !y n appe> to liv+ m5 9 ! visions ( night2 b _! exi/5ce is all mis]y1 = !y lack all t made ?is life pleasant4 ,_! joys _h be5 ! joys ( a /r5u\s1 full-blood$ life1 ! joys ( battle1 ( fea/+1 ( song1 ( comrade%ip2 & ^! joys 7 no m4 ,! future exi/5ce ( ! s\l 01 to ! ,a*aeans1 simply ! negation ( ! pres5t bodily life4 ,b ! religion ( a lat] age 0 by no means s simple4 ,! ,hom]ic gods 7 /ill wor%ipp$ 9 ! old way1 & receiv$ _! sacrifices 9 ex*ange = fav\rs desir$ or grant$4 ,b !re 0 ano!r elem5t 9 religion ( :i* ,hom] %[s little trace--an elem5t ( awe & my/]y4 ,hom] inde$ names ! ,er9yes z be+s conc]n$ ) ! puni%m5t ( c]ta9 s9s2 b he %[s no k ( t awful doctr9e ( blood-guilt :i* ,aes*ylus associates ) !m2 ! murd]$ man's p[] ( v5geance is :olly ignor$2 = among ! ,a*aeans ! next ( k9 might accept a price at ! h&s ( ! murd]]1 & all[ him to rema9 9 ! l&#acaj1 )\t himself incurr+ any pollution or any manife/ation ( 8 dead k9sman's wra?4 ,aga9 ,hom] kn[s inde$ ( ,demet] z a goddess connect$ ) ! crops2 b !re is no?+ 9 8 casual m5tion ( h] to sugge/ t ! my/]ies ( h] wor%ip transc5d$ ! rites ( all ! ,olympian gods4 ,yet no "o1 ,i suppose1 w\ld imag9e t ^! pr(\nd] elem5ts 9 anci5t religion 7 ( po/-,hom]ic gr[? or c\ld possibly h be5 evolv$ f ! transp>5tly simple religion ( ! ,a*aeans4 ,on ! contr>y x is kn[n t ! m my/]i\s rites & doctr9es ( ! ,greek religion 7 a legacy f ! ,pelasgians4 ,t ! my/]ies ( ,demet] 7 ,pelasgian 9 orig9 is prov$ by ! localities 9 :i* h] wor%ip mo/ fl\ri%$1 & is corroborat$ by ! explicit /atem5t ( ,h]odotus#acaa1 :o 0 dispos$ to ref] o!r my/ic cults also to ! same s\rce#acab4 ,9 fact ! co-exi/5ce1 or ev5 ! conflict1 ( ! old ,pelasgian & ! new] ,a*aean religions is con/antly recognis$ 9 anci5t lit]ature1 & to ! ,pelasgian is ascrib$ all t mo/ t\*$ m5's he>ts1 be x ) awe or ) pity--) awe z 9 ! conflict betwe5 ! ,er9yes & ! new dyna/y ( gods :om ,apollo & ,a!ne repres5t1 ) pity 9 ! dolor\s /ruggle ( ,prome!us aga9/ ! tyrant ,zeus4 ,! ,pelasgian religion1 ) all its horrors1 drew ! real sympa?ies ( ! my/ic ,aes*ylus2 he c\ld wor%ip 9 deepe/ rev]5ce ,demet] & h] my/]ies#acac2 he c\ld wor%ip p]haps ev5 ! #8rev]5d goddesses1' horrible ?\gh !y 7 9 _! displeasure2 b 8 he>t mu/ h be5 cold t[>ds ! usurp+ ,olympian gods4 ,!re is true insight 9 t passage ( ,ari/ophanes#acad :]e ,aes*ylus summ>ises ! b5efits conf]r$ by great poets on ! ,greek race1 & praises ,hom]1 ! ,a*aean poet1 = 8 lessons 9 discipl9e & val\r & w>f>e1 b ,orpheus1 sometimes reput$ ! f\nd] ( ! ,pelasgian my/]ies1 = in/itut+ religi\s rites & tea*+ m5 to ab/a9 f blood%$4 ,& ! feel+s ( ,aes*ylus 7 ! feel+s ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,! ,a!nians boa/$ ( a great ,a*aean goddess z ! f\ndress & patroness ( _! city1 b _! p]sonal hopes ( future happ9ess c5tr$ 9 ! ,pelasgian ,demet]4 ,! same g5]ation ( ,a!nians li/5$ ) delight to ,ari/ophanes' ridicule ( ^? gods :om ,hom] acc\nt$ greate/1 & 7 agha/ at ! ?\ght t ! my/]ies _h be5 pr(an$4 ,! ,a*aean gods1 x w\ld seem1 made good figure-heads = ! (ficial religion ( ! /ate2 !y s]v$ z maje/ic patrons ( a city1 or ( a great national fe/ival :]e religion 0 ( less real acc\nt ?an horse-rac+1 a?letics1 & comm]ce2 b ! he>ts ( ! p clave to ! old]1 m awful1 m my/]i\s deities ( ! ,pelasgians1 & ! holie/ sanctu>ies#acae 7 ^? :i* _h be5 holy long be=e ! intrusion ( ! ,a*aean gods4 ,x 0 to ?is ,pelasgian elem5t 9 ,hell5ic religion t ! doctr9e ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts belong$2 =1 z we %all see m fully 9 ! next *apt]1 p>ticipation 9 ! ,pelasgian my/]ies ( ,demet] at ,eleusis 0 held to be an e>ne/ ( future bliss1 f :i* ! impure or un9itiat$ 7 exclud$4 ,?us !n !re 7 two popul> conceptions ( ! future life--! ,a*aean conception ( univ]sal mis]y 9 a cold & gloomy "u-_w1 & ! ,pelasgian conception :i* di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! lots ( ! righte\s & ! unrighte\s1 & held out to "s m5 ! promise ( bliss4 ,n[ ) ! =m] conception1 z we h already se51 ! belief t ! dead eag]ly desir$ dissolution is utt]ly inconsi/5t2 none c\ld be 9 ha/e to pass ! gates ( ,hades ) ! prospect ( no?+ b mis]y )94 ,b :]e !re 7 hopes ( happ9ess1 ! eag]ness = dissolution z a means ( atta9+ !reto is at once intelligible4 ,?is desire !n1 :i* has con/antly p]vad$ ! m9d ( ! ,greek p & has furni%$ ! s+le motive ( _! fun]al-rites d[n to ! pres5t day1 is ( ,pelasgian orig92 & if ,hom] borr[$ x & incongru\sly comb9$ x ) a purely ,a*aean pres5tation ( ! "u-_w1 we mu/ no m judge ( its real mean+ by ! ,hom]ic sett+ ( x ?an we w\ld =m an op9ion ( ! place ( ! ,er9yes or ( ,demet] 9 ,greek religion by ,hom]'s occasional ref]5ces to !m4 ,! fact !n t ,hom]1 9 accordance ) ! ,a*aean religion1 consid]$ ! dissolution ( ! body to mean ! annihilation ( ! body & repres5t$ ! s\l z alone ent]+ into ! l[] _w is :olly immat]ial to ! pres5t enquiry4 ,x is ! ,pelasgian conception ( future bliss ) :i* we are conc]n$2 = t alone c acc\nt = ! eag]ness ( ! dead to obta9 dissolution4 ,:at !n are ! blissful occupations ( ! righte\s 9 ! o!r _w8 #8,"s1' says ,p9d>1 #8take _! joy 9 horses & feats ( pr[ess1 & o!rs at ! draught-bo>d1 & o!rs 9 ! music ( lutes4' ,cle>ly ^! dead are v diff]5t be+s f ! s\ls :i* peopl$ ! ,hom]ic "u-_w4 ,a?letics c\ld be no pa/ime = feeble unsub/antial spirits2 ! game ( draughts w\ld be ill suit$ to !m t h no m9d 9 !m#acaf2 & ^? ^: ?9 utt]ance is l ! squeak#acag ( a bat w\ld get & give little pleasure by s++ to ! lute4 ,no2 ! pursuits ( ! dead z depict$ by ,p9d> are ! pursuits :i* m5 ( fle% & blood enjoy2 & ! abode 9 :i* !y dwell1 ! p>adise ( fl[]s & fruits & sweet od\rs1 is an abode to gladd5 m5 ( fle% & blood4 ,b a p ^: ideal ( future bliss lay 9 bodily enjoym5ts _c surely h look$ =w>d to ! annihilation ( ! body & ! survival ( ! s\l alone2 ! joys :i* !y anticipat$ h]eaft] presuppos$ ! cont9uance ( "s k9d ( bodily exi/5ce4 ,su* a notion moreov] _c b seem m 9 h>mony ) ! :ole _s ( ! ,greek _w ?an ! ,hom]ic doctr9e ( ! survival ( ! s\l only4 ,a nation s conspicu\s = _! love ( human beauty & _! delight 9 ! human =m c\ld n h view$ ! ext9ction !re( ) any feel+ o!r ?an ! mo/ poignant regret--a feel+ :i*1 z we "k1 ! ,hom]ic doctr9e did actually inspire 9 ^? :o accept$ x4 ,! m ?\ghtful & hopeful religion ( ! ,pelasgians1 unless x _h anticipat$ ! philosophy ( ,plato 9 decry+ ! body & exalt+ ! s\l--an idea ( :i* !re is no trace--0 b\nd to give promise t body z well z s\l %\ld survive dea? & dissolution4 ,aga9 x may fairly be claim$ t 9 any religion ( a pr(\nd] "* ?an ! ,a*aean1 9 any religion :i* conta9s "s positive ideas ( ! future life & does n view x m]ely z ! negation ( ! pres5t life1 t :i* m5 hope to become 9 ! future /ate is some?+ m simil> to ! deity or deities 9 :om !y believe4 ,_! conception ( godhead & _! conception ( _! own condition aft] dea? are ( necessity f\nd$ ^u ! same ideal ( happ9ess--a happ9ess :i* ! gods already enjoy & :i* m5 hope to %>e4 ,! ,buddhi/ looks =w>d to ! day :5 he %all become l 8 deity--ev5 "o ) 8 deity--clean f ! grossness ( matt]1 free f bodily desires & necessities1 _s unalloy$4 ,! ,*ri/ian believes 9 a ,god :o became man & surviv$ ! dea? ( man n 9 ! =m ( a _s only b ) fle% & bones1 & he himself looks =w>d to ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,socrates held t wisdom & goodness 7 "o & p]ta9$ to ! s\l only1 & ! ,god into ^: pres5ce 8 s\l w\ld pass aft] dea? 0 #8! good & wise ,god1' rightly call$ ,hades1 t is1 ! invisible & spiritual1 ) :om ! s\l has k9%ip#acah4 ,b :at ( ! ord9>y ,greek8 ,8 gods 7 n invisible or spiritual4 ,pelasgian & ,a*aean deities alike 7 be+s ( fle% & blood1 robu/1 active1 s5su\s2 !y ate & drank1 !y wak$ & slept1 !y m>ri$1 !y begot or bore *ildr54 ,su* 0 ! ,greek's conception ( godhead1 su* 8 ideal ( bless$ness4 ,h[ !n %\ld he look =w>d to ! annihilation ( ! body ) any feel+ b dismay8 ,h[ c\ld 8 hopes ( future bliss n involve ( necessity a belief 9 ! survival ( bo? body & s\l8 ,i sugge/ !n t ! dissolution ( ! body1 :i* ! dead s eag]ly desir$1 f> f be+ reg>d$ z a f9al & complete sev]ance ( s\l & body1 0 9 ! ,pelasgian religion ! means ( _! re-union 9 ano!r _w4 ,dea? 0 only a tempor>y sev]ance ( ! two entities :i* toge!r =m a liv+ man capable ( enjoy+ physical pleasures4 ,! s\l at ! mom5t ( dea? w5t d[n to ! ne!r _w 9 advance1 or1 x may be1 z is sometimes held by ! peasants ( mod]n ,greece#acai1 hov]$ ab\t ! body until its dissolution 0 complete4 ,b ! dead body c]ta9ly rema9$ 9 ?is _w1 at ! place :]e x lay evid5t to m5's eyes2 x c\ld n pass to ! o!r _w at once2 x c\ld n ev] pass ?i!r )\t ! assi/ance ( fri5ds /ill liv+2 x 0 too gross & too impot5t1 b]eft ( ! s\l1 to make its own way to ! home ( ! dead4 ,!re=e ^u ! survivors 0 impos$ ! sacr$ *>ge ( resolv+ x into elem5ts m ref9$1 & ( enabl+ x ?us to pass out ( human t\* & sight to a home :i* ! s\l c\ld rea* unaid$4 ,:5 ?is process 0 effect$ by inhumation1 ! p]iod ( =ty days requir$ = complete dissolution 0 ! critical p]iod 9 ! dead man's exi/5ce2 if ! body 0 #8b\nd' & indissoluble = any cause & ! s\l re-ent]$ x be=e ! prop] "t1 ! rev5ant 0 a pitiable w&]]1 %>+ 9 ! joys nei!r ( ?is _w nor ( ! next2 ! m\rn]s !re=e took su* measures z !y c\ld to prev5t t calamity1 by ent]ta9+ ! acqua9tances ( ! dead man & prevail+ ^u !m to revoke any curses :]e) he 0 b\nd1 & by lay+ 9 ! dead man's m\? a *>m :i* %\ld b> ! s\l's re-entry4 ,:5 cremation 0 employ$1 ! dissolution ( ! body 0 m spe$y & m sure2 & x is n !re=e difficult to und]/& t ! ,pelasgians1 consci\s ?\gh !y mu/ h be5 t 9 religion !y 7 z f> 9 advance ( ! ,a*aeans z 9 mat]ial civilisation !y 7 beh9d1 %\ld h e>ly adopt$ ! use ( fire 9 ! int]e/s ( ! dead4 ,b no matt] :i* rite 0 employ$1 ! ultimate effect 0 ! same2 ! heavy1 helpless corpse t _h be5 laid ^u ! pyre or 9 ! grave vani%$1 & n\ght b ! bones rema9$4 ,:i!r !n _h x vani%$8 ,h[ _h ! visible become invisible8 ,surely by pass+ f ?is visible _w to ! _w invisible4 ,!re is no?+ to sugge/ t ?is disappe>ance meant to ! ,greeks annihilation2 t ^w inde$ _h no c\nt]p>t 9 _! spee*2 ! /ronge/ t]m ( ! ,greek language by :i* "o might attempt1 & w\ld /ill fail1 to r5d] ! ^w #8annihilate1' w\ld be or 1 #8to make unse54' ,& on ! o!r h& _! conception ( future happ9ess 9 ano!r _w is positive evid5ce t !y believ$ dissolution to mean n annihilation1 b ! vani%+ ( ! body to be re-unit$ ) ! s\l 9 ! unse5 _w4 ,i am ( c\rse f> f sugge/+ t ^! views :i* ,i h sket*$ =m$ a def9ite religi\s doctr9e to :i* e ,greek w\ld h subscrib$4 ,no p h ev9c$ great] lib]ty ( ?\ght on religi\s matt]s2 no p h be5 less hamp]$ by hi]>*ical limitations & ! claims ( au?ority2 n[h]e h wid] div]g5ces ( religi\s op9ion be5 tol]at$2 n[h]e else h ! advocates ( mat]ial philosophies & ( spiritual philosophies be5 br\ght into %>p] contra/ & yet held 9 equal repute4 ,b x is n ) ! vag>ies ( individuals & ! new dep>tures ( great ?9k]s t ,i am conc]n$2 my purpose is simply to trace ! g5]al tr5d ( ?\ght z reg>ds ! relation ( body & s\l aft] dea? among ! mass ( ! ,greek p4 ,& 9 s do+ ,i fully realise ! dang] ( ov]-/atem5t4 ,probably ! mass ( mank9d 9 religi\s matt]s p]=m _m acts )\t full consci\sness ( _! motive2 !y in/9ctively foll[ tradition )\t enquir+ into ! mean+ & ! mutual relation ( ! cu/oms ) :i* !y comply2 & if ev] !y try to ju/ify to _! reason ! acts to :i* in/9ct prompts !m1 !y may be at a loss to =m a consi/5t !ory out ( ! sev]al motives :i* !y w\ld assign to ! sev]al acts4 ,if !re=e ,i try n only to dis5gage f among ! network ( religi\s & philosophical speculation a ?read ( simple popul> belief1 b also to pres5t t ?read unknott$ & cont9u\s1 ,i may be attempt+ t :i* ! mass ( ! ,greek p seldom & ) difficulty p]=m$ = !mselves4 ,to enunciate z a doctr9e t :i* may h be5 a subconsci\s or only p>tially realis$ belief--to pres5t z a consi/5t !ory ideas :i*1 sep>ately appreh5d$1 =m$ ! ackn[l$g$ motives ( sep>ate acts1 b ^: mutual relations 7 seldom inve/igat$--to =mulate 9 words t :i* may h be5 no m ?an a vague aspiration ( m5's he>ts--?is is necess>ily to ov]-/ate4 ,!re lies ! dang]4 ,b = my "p1 :ile admitt+ t 9 all probability !re 0 among ! ,greek p ( old1 z among ! ,greek p & o!rs too to-day1 a l>ge am\nt ( un9tellig5t religion1 ,i claim t "s su* conception z ,i h outl9$ ( ! relation betwe5 s\l & body & ( _! future exi/5ce is ! only possible explanation ( ! manifold cu/oms & beliefs relat+ to dea? & dissolution :i* h be5 discuss$1 & fairly repres5ts ! g5]al tr5d ( ?\ght among ! inh]itors ( ! ,pelasgian religion4 ,?is conclusion is n a little /r5g!n$ by ! evid5ce ( a cu/om common to bo? anci5t & mod]n ,greece1 :i* presupposes ! cont9uance ( physical desires & ne$s aft] dea?4 ,to make a pres5t ( food indicates a belief on ! "p ( ! donor t ! recipi5t c eat2 to make a pres5t ( clo?+ implies a belief t ! recipi5t has a body to be cov]$2 & x is ^! two ?+s1 food & clo?+1 ! elem5t>y requisites ( liv+ m51 :i* h mo/ con/antly be5 br\ght1 ei!r at ! "t ( ! fun]al or lat]1 z gifts to ! dead4 ,o!r gifts !re 7 also 9 diff]5t ages2 treasures ( wr\ght gold = ! pr9ces ( ,myc5ae2 articles ( ! toilet = ,a!nian ladies ^: fir/ c>e ev5 beyond ! grave w\ld be _! complexion2 toys = ! *ildr54 ,b :ile ea* grave t is op5$ may tell its own /ory1 humor\s or pa!tic1 ( ^? ta/es & pursuits ( ! occupant = :i* ! same provision 0 made 9 ! next _w z 9 ?is1 x is 9 ! supply ( ! common necess>ies ( all mank9d t ! popul> ,greek notions conc]n+ ! dead are mo/ cle>ly reveal$2 = ! cu/om has cont9u$ )\t int]mission or s5sible alt]ation d[n to ?is day4 ,9 ! ,myc5aean age ! dead 7 suppli$ ) a /ore ( food at ! "t ( ! fun]al1 b !re is no evid5ce to %[ :e!r ! gifts 7 r5ew$ subsequ5tly#acbj4 ,i incl9e to suppose t !y 72 = ! belief ( lat] ages 9 "s sort ( bodily exi/5ce aft] dea? has already be5 trac$ back to ! ,pelasgians2 & ! cu/om ( lat] ages !re=e ( cont9u+ to supply ! dead ) bodily necess>ies 0 probably d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,b 9 any case ! ,myc5aean cu/om ( provid+ food = ! dead at ! "t ( ! fun]al is suffici5t pro( t ! dead 7 ?\ght to h bodily ne$s1 & !re=e also bodily exi/5ce4 ,! ,a*aeans ( ! ,hom]ic age seldom pres5t$ ! dead man ) gifts ( food at ! fun]al1 & nev] app>5tly aft]w>ds4 ,! only gift1 if su* x c be call$1 :i* 0 commonly burn$ along ) ! dead body 0 ! w>rior's own arm\r2 b x is s natural1 q ap>t f any religi\s motive1 = a soldi]'s body to be laid out array$ 9 its wont$ acc\trem5ts & to h1 z x 71 a milit>y fun]al1 t little importance c atta* to x4 ,o!r gifts 7 r>e4 ,! fun]al ( ,patroclus is q exceptional1 &1 l ! return ( ,patroclus' s\l ) its urg5t petition = burial1 seems :olly inconsi/5t ) ! ,hom]ic pres5tm5t ( aft]-dea? exi/5ce4 ,! s\l be+ doom$ to a %ad[y impot5t semblance ( life c\ld h no "p 9 physical ne$s or pleasures#acba4 ,nor does ,hom] enlight5 u z to ! purpose ( ! abundant gifts1 :i* includ$ n only food b slaught]$ dogs & horses#acbb2 he speaks only ( provid+ #8all t x beseeme? t a man %\ld h :5 he goe? b5ea? ! murky gloom#acbc4' ,inde$ ,i "q :e!r ,hom] _h any cle> conception ( _! utility2 !y seem r to h be5 vaguely honorific2 & s9ce ! cu/om ( mak+ su* gifts is nei!r usual 9 ,hom] nor 9 h>mony ) 8 idea ( future exi/5ce1 ,i hold x likely t once aga9 he 0 draw+ ^u ! ,pelasgian religion 9 ord] to give to ! la/ rites ( ,patroclus ! maximum ( spl5d\r4 ,! ,dipylon-p]iod puts an end to all unc]ta9ty2 !nce=w>d d[n to ! pres5t day ! ,greek cu/om ( provid+ ! dead ) ! necess>ies ( bodily life w be f\nd to h be5 uni=m & cont9u\s4 ,!re has be5 no int]ruption ( ! simple practice ( provid+ ! dead ) food bo? at ! "t ( ! fun]al & at /at$ int]vals !reaft]4 ,= ! ,dipylon-p]iod ?is has be5 prov$ by ! cont5ts ( ! graves & by ! /rata ( burnt soil obs]v$ at ,eleusis#acbd above !m4 ,! same ph5om5a cont9ue to pres5t !mselves also 9 ! case ( lat] graves at ,a!ns1 c]ta9ly d[n to ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 &1 ?\gh any detail$ description ( graves ( a /ill lat] date is h>d to f9d1 ! cu/om unque/ionably /ill prevail$2 = lit]>y evid5ce1 ov]lapp+ t ( ar*aeology at ! />t1 c>ries on our k ( ! cu/om into ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,*oephori ( ,aes*ylus takes its v "n f ! practice ( p\r+ w9e or o!r bev]ages on ! graves ( ! dead = !m to consume2 & ! ^w 0 specially appli$ to ?is k9d ( libation z oppos$ to ! or :]e) gods 7 propitiat$4 ,simil>ly ! ,greek language possess$ a special ^w = gifts ( food 7or o!r p]i%able gifts su* z fl[]s7 br\ght to ! graves ( ! dead2 ^! 7 call$ 9 /rict contra/ ) ! sacrifices 71 etc47 by :i* gods 7 appeas$#acbe4 ,^! pres5ts ( food 7 regul>ly made on two occasions at lea/ aft] ! fun]al2 !re 7 ! br\ght1 accord+ to mod]n computation1 on ! second day1 & ! on ! eigh? day3 h[ regul> 0 ! cu/om ( br++ !m may be judg$ f ! pass+ ref]5ces ( ,ari/ophanes#acbf1 ,isaeus#acbg1 & ,aes*9es#acbh4 ,9 addition to ^! two meals !re 7 o!rs ei!r on ! ?irtie? day aft] ! fun]al or on ! ?irtie? ( ea* mon?--= ! int]pretation to be put on ! t]m #acbi seems d\btful--also #accj1 app>5tly a bir?day-fea/ giv5 to ! dead1 & #acca to commemorate ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea?4 ,! exact details ( date h[ev] are ( m9or importance2 ! significant fact is ?is1 t at c]ta9 int]vals aft] ! well-kn[n or fun]al-fea/1 held on ! day ( burial1 o!r meals 7 s]v$ to ! dead2 & ! ,greek words !mselves corroborate ! view t #8meals1' n #8sacrifices1' is ! "r t]m to use2 = z ! fun]al-fea/ is 1 s also ! are call$ by ,artemidorus#accb n b 4 ,^! meals1 be+ burnt ov] ! place :]e ! dead body lay1 or be+ deposit$ unburnt 9 "s l>ge vase set up at ! head ( ! grave1 7 !reby devot$ to ! use ( ! dead & became 9 t curi\s half-way s5se betwe5 #8sacr$' & #8accurs$' = :i* our language has no equival5t save ! import$ ^w #8taboo'--objects devot$ to a sacr$ purpose & br++ ! curse ( desecration on anyone :o %\ld p]v]t !m to ano!r use4 ,! ,greek language !n 0 c>eful to m>k ! diff]5ce betwe5 gifts pres5t$ to ! dead & propitiatory (f]+s made to ! gods2 & ! diff]5ce 0 obs]v$1 n because ! pres5ts diff]$ 9 k9d1 b because ! conceptions ( _! purposes 7 diff]5t4 ,! gods dem&$ sacrifices "u pa9 ( _! displeasure2 ! dead ne$$ food z liv+ m5 ne$ x1 & _! fri5ds suppli$ x1 n 9 fe>1 b 9 love4 ,^! old pagan cu/oms 7 at fir/ disc\nt5anc$ by ! ,*ur*#accc4 ,b ! common p clung to !m ) great t5acity#accd1 & aft] a :ile !y appe> to h receiv$ ev5 (ficial enc\ragem5t2 = ,/ ,ana/asius ,s9aites1 bi%op ( ,antio* dur+ ! latt] half ( ! six? c5tury1 enjo9$ ! obs]vance ( !m1 & 9 s do+ us$ "s ( ! old names by :i* ! cu/oms 7 kn[n 9 pre-,*ri/ian times4 #8,p]=m1' he wrote1 #8! (fices ( ! ?ird day 77 = !m t sleep1 ) psalms & hymns1 because ( him :o rose f sleep on ! ?ird day1 & ! (fices ( ! n9? day 77 to rem9d ^? t yet live ( !m t h fall5 asleep1 & ! (fices ( ! =tie? day accord+ to ! old law & =m 7= ev5 s did ! p m\rn = ,moses71 & ! (fices ( ! anniv]s>y 9 memory ( ! dead1 ) gifts f 8 sub/ance to ! poor z a remembrance ( him#acce4' ,9 ?is passage ! cloak ( ,*ri/ian dec5cy :i* ,/ ,ana/asius provid$ does n entirely cov] ! nak$ness ( hea!n sup]/ition4 ,!re is inde$ mu* aetiological skill 9 ! sa9t's manipulation ( ,biblical ref]5ces2 b ! & practis$ 9 8 day1 despite ! addition ( ,*ri/ian pray]s & hymns1 7 )\t d\bt ! same 9 ess5ce z ^? to :i* ,ari/ophanes & o!rs allude--meals provid$ = ! dead2 = su* inde$ !y /ill rema94 ,at ! pres5t day ! fun]al s]vice usually concludes ) a di/ribution ( bak$-meats & w9e to ! company assembl$ at ! grave-side1 & a %>e ( bo? is giv5 to ! dead4 ,9 "s di/ricts ?is function means m ?an ! s]v+ ( light refre%m5ts1 & ! grave-side becomes ! sc5e ( a sub/antial meal1 f :i* h[ev] meat is exclud$2 =1 ow+ to ,*ri/ian ideas ( fa/+1 x is g5]ally held to be #8spiritual' = ! m\rn]s to ab/a9 f meat = ! p]iod ( =ty days4 ,x is to ?is meal at ! graveside t ! ^w seems to be prop]ly appli$1 9 ! s5se ( a #8fea/ ( bless+1' & x obvi\sly corresponds ) ! t]m 1 #8bless$1' :i* 0 9 antiquity1 & /ill rema9s1 ! ,greek equival5t ( our #8deceas$' or #8late4' ,subsequ5tly1 9 ! ev5+ aft] ! fun]al or ev5 on two or ?ree ev5+s !reaft]1 ! ne>] fri5ds & relatives ( ! dead assemble = ano!r fun]al-fea/4 ,?is meal1 :i* 9 anci5t times 0 call$ ! is n[ commonly kn[n z ! #accf or #8com=t+4' ,x is held 9 ! h\se ( ! ne>e/ relative#accg1 z 0 done 9 ! "t ( ,demo/h5es#acch1 & its mod]n "n seems to indicate t ! #8consolation' ( ! b]eav$ is its *ief purpose2 & c]ta9ly "s tempor>y solace is on _m su* occasions p\r$ into ! m\rn]s' brea/s2 = ! ,greek peasants1 always ab/emi\s save on c]ta9 great fe/ivals su* z ,ea/] & ^! fun]al-p>ties1 make no scruple ( dr9k+ & press+ _! ho/ to dr9k until a riot\s *e]fulness prevails4 ,b ?\gh ! fea/ is design$ to assuage ! grief ( ! liv+1 ! dead are n =gott52 = a special portion ( food is (t5 s5t to ! grave f ! h\se ( m\rn+ be=e ! gue/s ( ! ev5+ arrive4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! dead is n felt to h any "p 9 ! actual #8fea/ ( com=t+'--= ?is fea/ is really provid$ by ! gue/s1 :o br+ _! own contributions ( food & w9e1 :ile ! ho/ provides only ! accommodation = ! company#acci--yet ! physical ne$s ( ! dep>t$ are satisfi$ on ?is fir/ day b5ea? ! e>? 9 ! same measure z :5 he 0 above gr\nd4 ,two meals are provid$1 "o imm$iately aft] ! fun]al1 ! o!r 9 ! ev5+4 ,nor is ! nature ( ?is food lack+ 9 int]e/4 ,locally inde$ _m v>ieties may be f\nd1 ! gifts includ+ su* ord9>y come/ibles z bread1 *eese1 olives1 cavi>e ( ! bas] sort1 pilf 7! well-kn[n ,turki% di% ( :i* ! ma9 +r$i5ts are rice & oil71 & probably inde$ any?+1 save meat1 :i* ! peasant's l>d] c supply2 b ! mo/ g5]ally approv$ vi& is a specially bak$ flat cake spread ) honey4 ,n[ x w be rememb]$ t j>s ( honey 7 among ! gifts ( food on ! pyre ( ,patroclus#acdj1 b a m /rik+ co9cid5ce is to be f\nd 9 ,ari/ophanes' m5tion ( a or honey-cake 9 connexion ) a fun]al4 #8,:at1' says ,lysi/rata mock+ly to ! old deputy 771 #8:at d y mean by n dy+8 ,y %all h room to lie2 y c buy a c(f92 & ,i myself w knead y a honey-cake at once#acda4' ,f ?is passage x w\ld appe> t n only has ! cu/om ( provid+ food = ! dead rema9$ 9 =ce f v e>ly days1 b ev5 ! k9d ( food has n *ang$ 9 m ?an two ?\s& ye>s4 ,! honey-cake1 ?\gh no long] kn[n z 1 9 ref]5ce to its *ief attraction1 b #acdb1 #8s\l-cake1' 9 ref]5ce to ! occasion ( its mak+1 is /ill app>5tly prep>$ accord+ to a classical recipe1 & sweetness /ill gratifies ! palate ( ! dead4 ,! dates subsequ5t to ! fun]al at :i* food is provid$ = ! dead h already#acdc be5 m5tion$4 ,:]e ! cu/om is mo/ fully obs]v$1 ^! are ! ?ird1 six?1 n9?1 & =tie? days1 ! la/ days ( ! ?ird1 six?1 & n9? mon?s1 & ?ree anniv]s>ies1 ! la/ ( ! ?ree be+ also usually ! day = ! exhumation ( ! bones4 ,b 9 _m villages ! cu/om is less ext5d$1 & x is held suffici5t to obs]ve 9 ?is way ! ?ird1 n9?1 & =tie? days#acdd & ! fir/ anniv]s>y4 ,?is m9imum ( mod]n practice1 x w be obs]v$1 is ! exact tale ( days recomm5d$ = obs]vance by ,/ ,ana/asius1 & )\t d\bt ! sanction ( ! ,*ur* has help$ to pres]ve ! cu/om4 ,! ,*ur* likewise is :olly responsible = ! "n by :i* ^! days are kn[n1 or #8memorial-fea/s'2 & x w\ld be wrong to inf] !refrom t ! peasants atta* no mean+ to ^! rites save t :i* ! "n #8memorial-fea/' sugge/s4 ,r x w\ld seem t ! ,*ur* 9 p]mitt+ ! cont9uance ( a pagan cu/om tri$ to dim9i% its significance4 ,! words ( ,/ ,ana/asius make x cle> t su* 0 8 attitude4 ,he bids t ! anniv]s>y be obs]v$ #89 memory ( ! dead1 ) gifts f 8 sub/ance to ! poor z a remembrance ( him'2 & ! repetition conta9$ 9 ! phrase %[s 9 :at aspect he wi%$ ! cu/om to be view$4 ,b z a matt] ( fact ! real purpose ( ! cu/om 0 n to keep gre5 ! memory ( ! dead by *>itable di/ributions ( 8 goods1 b p>tly1 z we h se51 to induce ^? p]sons :o 7 invit$ to ! fea/ to =give ! dead man & to revoke any curses ) :i* !y _h b\nd him1 & p>tly to m9i/] to ! dead man's own bodily ne$s2 & 9 spite ( ecclesia/ical influ5ce to ! contr>y1 ?is tw(old purpose is /ill g5]ally recognis$1 & t portion ( ! food :i* is n consum$ by ! company invit$ or by ! prie/s1 b is actually left on ! grave1 is hone/ly int5d$ z n\ri%m5t = ! dead body !re int]r$4 ,?is motive 0 fully appreciat$ by a ,fr5* travell] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 describ+ ^! grave-side fea/s1 he says1 #8,frequ5t pres5ts ( cakes1 w9e1 rice1 fruits1 & o!r eatables1 deck$ out ) fl[]s & ribbons1 are tak5 to ! tomb4' ,!re1 he cont9ues1 ! prie/ blesses ! food & takes a good %>e ( x1 & a fea/ is !n held #8:]e9 !y seek to make ! dead man p>ticipate z well#acde4' ,?us ev5 n[1 aft] c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity1 !re seems to be no *ange ( feel+ among ! common-folk1 & _! int5tion1 or "o "p ( x1 is /ill be/ summ$ up 9 ! phrase ( ,euripides1 #8to r5d] su/5ance unto ! dead#acdf4' ,! food prop] to ^! meals subsequ5t to ! day ( ! fun]al is kn[n z 4 ,x consi/s ( gra91 usually :eat1 boil$ :ole1 & ?us closely resembles ! ,engli% #8frum5ty4' ,x is sometimes g>ni%$ & made m palatable by ! addition ( sug> ornam5ts1 almonds1 rais9s1 & pieces ( pomegranate1 b ! ess5tial ?+ is boil$ gra9#acdg4 ,h[ ! ^w obta9$ ?is mean+ is n kn[n to me#acdh2 b ! food itself is q probably a legacy f ! anci5t _w4 ,! silic]nium or fun]al-fea/ ( ! ,romans took its "n app>5tly f siliquae1 "s k9d ( pulse1 :i* mu/ !re=e be suppos$ to h =m$ ! *ief di%2 & beans are at ! pres5t day an important "p ( ! fun]al-meats 9 ,s>d9ia#acdi4 ,x is n unlikely !re=e t ! use ( boil$ beans or gra9 9 ! s]vice ( ! dead is an old cu/om common to ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! honey-cake on ! day ( ! fun]al is ( anci5t prescription2 ! boil$ :eat on lat] occasions may equally well be s4 ,at any rate ! pr9ciple ( supply+ ! dead ) meals bo? at ! fun]al & on c]ta9 fix$ days !reaft] rema9s absolutely un*ang$1 & ! cu/om is /ill und]/ood to be a means ( m9i/]+ to ! bodily ne$s ( ! dead4 ,& z ) ! gifts ( food1 ! anci5t 1 s also ) ! gifts ( dr9k1 ! anci5t 4 ,x is on record t among ! ,greeks ( ,mac$onia1 ,cappadocia1 & o!r outly+ di/ricts#acej1 ! cu/om ( p\r+ out r$ w9e on ! graves ( ! dead at ! s-call$ memorial-fea/s is /ill s$ul\sly obs]v$2 & ?\gh ,i h n[h]e witness$ ! practice1 ,i h be5 told on good au?ority t 9 ,aeg9a also & 9 "s p>ts ( ,crete x is 9 vogue4 ,= ! use ( wat] ,i c myself answ]2 & x is n a little int]e/+ to obs]ve t :ile ! dates on :i* food is set be=e ! dead man h be5 some:at conv5tionally limit$ 9 numb]1 wat]1 ! prime necess>y ( life1 is (t5 tak5 to ! grave daily#acea up to ! =tie? day4 ,aga91 9 ! matt] ( provid+ clo?+ = ! dead1 anci5t practice is well kn[n4 ,a /ore ( raim5t 0 buri$ ) ! dead1 & s great a /ore t x 0 necess>y = ,solon to impose a legal limit by :i* ?ree out] g>m5ts 77 7 nam$ z ! maximum#aceb4 ,b ?is re/riction appli$ only to ! actual fun]al1 & did n prohibit r5ew$ gifts ( clo?+ at subsequ5t dates4 ,to judge f a passage ( ,?ucydides1 ?is 0 an annual duty4 ,! ,plataeans1 9 _! appeal to ! ,lac$aemonians = protection1 are made to plead _! p]=mance ( ?is k9dness z a claim ^u ,sp>tan gratitude4 #8,turn y\r eyes1' !y say1 #8to ! tombs ( y\r fa!rs1 :o fell 9 ! ,p]sian w>s & 7 buri$ 9 our l&4 ,ye> by ye> we 7 wont to d !m hon\r at ! public *>ge ) gifts ( clo?+ & all else t is cu/om>y#acec4' ,"s ve/iges ( ?is cu/om rema9 to ! pres5t day4 ,! dead are commonly dress$ 9 _! be/ clo!s = ! ly+-9-/ate & = ! procession to ! grave1 dur+ :i*1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 ! body is always c>ri$ on an op5 bi]1 expos$ to view4 ,(t5 too ^! clo!s are buri$ ) ! dead2 b sometimes :51 z among ! poor] peasant-wom51 ! ri*ly-embroid]$ fe/ival dress is too co/ly a ?+ ?us to ab&on1 & is h&$ d[n z an heirloom f "m to daught]1 ! body is /ripp$ at ! grave-side ( its f9e array2 & inde$ s f>1 ,i am told1 has ! cu/om deg5]at$ 9 ,a!ns & "s ( ! o!r t[ns1 t co/umes ( special magnific5ce may be hir$ f ! und]tak]s & s5t back f ! *ur*y>d to !m4 ,9 su* cases ! old mean+ ( ! cu/om is lo/1 & a vulg> desire = pomp & p>ade has tak5 its place4 ,b among ! simpl] folk ( ! c\ntry ?is is n ! case2 =1 ap>t f ! cu/om ( bury+ ! dead 9 _! be/ clo!s1 !re is 9 ! folk-songs m5tion ( gifts ( clo?+ & o!r necess>ies ( life s5t by ! h& ( "o rec5tly dead to ^? :o h gone be=e#aced4 ,x appe>s !n t ! anci5t cu/om ( provid+ = ! bodily wants ( ! dep>t$ is /ill alive1 /ill significant2 & surely x is incr$ible t a p :o = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s h cont9u$ to resort to ! graves 9 :i* ! dead bodies ( _! fri5ds are laid1 & !re to set out meat & dr9k & clo?+ & o!r ?+s suit$ to _! er/:ile ne$s & pursuits1 c\ld all along h believ$ t ^! gifts 7 vanity1 t ! food c\ld n /r5g!n1 ! w9e c\ld n *e]1 ! clo?+ c\ld n w>m ! dep>t$1 b t !y lay h5ce=? cold1 ta/eless1 ins5ti5t4 ,= if m5 _h s believ$1 !n a cu/om1 n m]ely lack+ ! alliance ( religi\s belief1 b /&+ 9 p]petual antagonism to x1 c\ld n h held its gr\nd1 z ?is cu/om has done1 c5tury aft] c5tury ) vig\r unabat$4 ,r ! cont9uity ( ! cu/om might alone prove1 ev5 if o!r consid]ations _h n guid$ u to ! same conclusion1 t ! dep>t$ 7 held to possess a nature no less corporeal1 an exi/5ce no less mat]ial1 ?an t :i* belong$ bo? to liv+ m5 & to ! gods :om !y hop$ to resemble ev5 m closely h]eaft]4 ,! same food z m5 ate 0 (f]$ to ! gods 9 sacrifice t !y too might eat2 :y br+ x to ! dead1 if !y _h no p[] to eat8 ,! w9e t m5 drank 0 p\r$ out = ! gods 9 libation1 t !y too might dr9k2 :y wa/e x ^u ! soil ( ! grave1 if ! dead _h no p[] to dr9k8 ,a robe su* z ,a!nian wom5 wore 0 pres5t$ to ,a!ne ye> by ye>1 t %e might we> x2 :y furni% ! dead ) gifts ( raim5t1 if x mu/ rot unworn8 ,x is impossible to evade ! conclusion t ! same bodily ne$s & prop5sities 7 ascrib$ by ! ,greek folk to ! dep>t$ z to liv+ m5 & to dea?less gods4 ,?us !n ! p ( ,greece are %[n to h pursu$ con/antly two aims 9 _! treatm5t ( ! dead--to ensure ! dissolution ( ! body1 & also to provide ! body ) ! necess>ies ( exi/5ce4 ,unless !re=e anyone is prep>$ to suppose t ! ,greek p h be5 con/antly actuat$ by two conflict+ motives1 ! desire to annihilate & ! desire to keep alive1 dissolution _c h meant to !m annihilation1 b r a modification ( ! conditions ( bodily exi/5ce2 & t modification c only h meant t ! exi/5ce ( ! body 9 ?is _w inde$ end$--= ! sub/ance laid 9 ! grave vani%$--b cont9u$ 9 ano!r _w4 ,b if bodily exi/5ce cont9u$ 9 t o!r _w :i!r ! s\l too sp$1 ! body & ! s\l hav+ rea*$ ! same place w\ld surely n be imag9$ to rema9 sep>ate1 b to be re-unit$4 ,! eag]ness = dissolution meant !re=e eag]ness = ! re-union ( body & s\l4 ,& !re is a good means ( te/+ ! popul> belief ev5 z reg>ds ?is la/ /ep4 ,if ! body & s\l 7 really believ$ to be re-unit$ z soon z dissolution 0 complete1 ! dead man 9 ! l[] _w w\ld assur$ly be z well able to take c>e ( himself z he _h be5 :ile dwell+ 9 ?is _w1 & ! obligation ( 8 relatives to provide him ) food w\ld cease1 al?\gh ( c\rse !y might1 volunt>ily & )\t any compulsion ( duty1 cont9ue _! gifts#acee4 ,b x w\ld be at any rate p]missible1 on ?is !ory1 to discont9ue all c>e = ! dead :5 once 8 body 0 no long] helpless b re/or$ to its activity by re-union ) ! s\l2 & x is to be expect$ t ! ,greek p %\ld sometimes avail !mselves ( ! exemption f ! task ( fe$+ & o!rwise t5d+ ! dead4 ,su* action w\ld be ! natural outcome ( ! belief t dissolution meant ! re-union ( body & s\l2 & if ,i c %[ t su* action has be5 or is commonly tak51 ! exi/5ce ( ! belief w h borne ! be/ te/1 ! demon/ration ( a cu/om aris+ f x4 ,! p]iod requir$ = dissolution1 accord+ to common belief1 is ei!r =ty days or ?ree ye>s--! =m] be+ ! really popul> p]iod1 :ile ! latt] 0 fix$ inde$ by ! ,*ur* b 9 _m di/ricts has be5 popul>ly accept$4 ,h5ce1 if my views are correct1 ! meals provid$ = ! dead & all o!r m>ks ( c>e ought to cease sometimes at ! =tie? day & sometimes at ! ?ird anniv]s>y4 ,z reg>ds ! pres5t "t1 ,i d n "k ( any place1 ?\gh x w\ld n surprise me to he> ( "o1 9 :i* ! s-call$ memorial fea/s are discont9u$ aft] ! =tie? day2 b ,i h already cit$ evid5ce to %[ t ! memorial-fea/s ( lat] date are def9itely ecclesia/ical 9 orig91 & ev5 reta9 to ?is day 9 "o di/rict a di/9ctly ecclesia/ical tone#acef4 ,!re=e be=e a necessit\s prie/hood _h succe$$ 9 ext5d+ ! cu/om1 ! m9i/ration to ! bodily wants ( ! dead cle>ly did cease :5 dissolution 0 popul>ly suppos$ to be complete4 ,?is conclusion is =tifi$ by a mo/ /rik+ piece ( evid5ce4 ,! prie/s' int]e/ has naturally be5 limit$ to ! food & w9e suppli$ to ! dead2 = a supply ( wat] !y h n be5 dep5d5t ^u ! p]quisites ( _! (fice4 ,h5ce x comes t ! wat]1 :i*1 z ,i not$ above1 is (t5 suppli$ to ! dead day by day1 )\t any accompany+ provision ( food1 ceases to be br\ght aft] ! =tie? day4 ,! wants ( ! dead man h be5 assidu\sly satisfi$ until1 9 popul> reckon+1 8 dissolution is complete1 & ecclesia/ical influ5ce has _h no motive = enc\rag+ a long] cont9uance ( ! cu/om s f> z wat] is conc]n$4 ,! =tie? day !n 0 )\t d\bt ! old popul> limit ( ! "t dur+ :i* ! supply ( all k9ds ( provision 0 obligatory4 ,n[adays1 on ! contr>y1 ! pres5ts ( food to ! dead are g5]ally cont9u$ up to ! ?ird anniv]s>y1 :5 exhumation takes place4 ,!n1 if ! evid5ce ( m5's eyes assures !m t dissolution has be5 duly effect$--t ! body is gone & only ! :ite bones rema9--!re is no fur!r ?\ght or provision = ! dead2 b 9 ! r>e cases 9 :i* ! dis9tegration ( ! corpse is n yet complete1 ! relatives are n fre$ f _! obligations4 ,i witness$ a rem>kable case ( ?is k9d at ,leondi on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,laconia4 ,two graves _h j be5 op5$ :5 ,i arriv$1 & ! utmo/ anxiety prevail$ because 9 bo? cases !re 0 only p>tial decomposition--9 "o case s little t ! g5]al outl9e ( ! features c\ld be made out--& x 0 fe>$ t "o or bo? ( ! dead p]sons _h become vrykolakes4 ,! rema9s1 :5 ,i saw !m1 _h be5 remov$ to ! *apel atta*$ to ! burial-gr\nd4 ,mean:ile ! "q 0 debat$ z to :at %\ld be done ) !m4 ,dissolution mu/ be effect$ bo? 9 ! int]e/s ( ! dead !mselves & 9 ^? ( ! :ole community4 ,extraord9>y measures 7 requir$4 ,! be/ measure--,i am report+ :at ,i actually he>d--! be/ measure next to pray] 7:i* _h be5 tri$ )\t effect7 0 to burn ! rema9s1 & ! bold] spirits ( ! village c\nsell$ ?is plan2 b ?is w\ld h be5 a brea* ( law & ord]1 & ! au?orities ( ! place w\ld h none ( x4 ,! prie/ propos$ re-int]m5t2 b "h ! relatives object$4 ,!y _h _h tr\ble en\gh & exp5se en\gh2 !y _h kept #8! unsleep+ lamp' burn+ at ! grave1 & _h provid$ all ! memorial fea/s2 !y w\ld n cons5t to re-int] ! body & to be at ! same *>ge = an indef9ite "t1 )\t kn[+ :5 ! corpse might be prop]ly #8loos$' & _! t5dance ( x ov]4 ,!y w\ld f9d "s way ( dissolv+ x1 & t spe$ily4 ,& s inde$ !y did2 & ,i1 = a %ort "t1 0 a spectator ( ! sc5e4 ,on ! floor ( ! *apel !re 7 two l>ge baskets conta9+ ! rema9s2 !re 7 m5 seat$ beside !m busy ) knives2 & !re 7 wom5 kneel+ at wa%-tubs & sc\r+ ! bones t 7 h&$ to !m ) soap & soda4 ,! "w cont9u$ = two days4 ,at ! end ( t "t ! bones 7 %[n :ite & clean4 ,all else _h disappe>$--_h probably be5 burnt 9 secret1 b ! secret 0 kept close4 ,x 0 !re=e claim$ & all[$ t dissolution 0 complete4 ,! attitude adopt$ by ! relatives on ?is occasion makes x p]fectly cle> t all ! c>e exp5d$ on ! dead is obligatory up to ! "t ( dissolution1 b no long]4 ,s long z ! fle%ly sub/ance rema9s 9 ?is _w1 provision ( food mu/ be made = x2 :5 x has disappe>$ & only ! bones are left1 ! dep>t$ cease to be dep5d5t ^u _! surviv+ relatives1 & no fur!r anxiety is felt = _! welf>e4 ,nor mu/ x be suppos$ t ! clean+ & :it5+ ( ! bones 9 ! case :i* ,i h describ$ _h any?+ to d ) a desire to pres]ve ! bones z relics ( ! dead4 ,su* a cu/om is inde$ well kn[n 9 ,greek mona/]ies2 at ,megasplaeon1 = in/ance1 ! weal?ie/ & mo/ fam\s mona/]y ( ,greece prop]1 !re is an ossu>y 9 :i* ! monks take great pride4 ,on "o side1 rang$ aga9/ ! wall1 /&s a l>ge triangul> heap ( skulls2 ! opposite wall is decorat$ ) clev]ly-design$ geometrical figures c>ri$ out 9 o!r bones2 :ile 9 a corn] p]haps may be se5 a basket or two full ( mat]ial await+ ! decorator's conv5i5ce4 ,my guide1 ,i rememb]1 po9t$ out to me ! skulls ( _m ( ! di/+ui%$ monks ( pa/ "t1 & indicat$ ) great satisfaction ! spot :i* he _h bespok5 = 8 own4 ,b ! usage ( mona/ic bodies has 9 tru? little be>+ ^u ! popul> semi-pagan beliefs & cu/oms2 ! practice ( /or+ up ! bones ( memb]s ( a religi\s ord] 9 an ossu>y is m closely ak9 to ! old cu/om ( pres]v+ relics ( sa9ts & m>tyrs2 x is to ! usage ( ! common-folk 9 su* matt]s t we mu/ look4 ,& :at d !y d ) ! :ite or :it5$ bones8 ,!y ?r[ !m away & exp5d no m c>e ^u !m4 ,at ,leondi itself1 close beside ! f5c$-9 burial-gr\nd1 b unprotect$ f ! intrusion ( man or bea/1 !re is a squ>e op5 pit into :i* ! bones ( _m g5]ations h be5 tipp$ l rubbi%1 ly+ at r&om 9 confusion z !y fell4 ,nor is ?is a solit>y case4 ,9 f>-away ,scia?os ,i recall ! same sc5e z at ,leondi--a *apel set on a wood$ hill1 ! *ur*y>d ab\t x neatly kept & ! graves ( ! rec5tly buri$ well-t5d$1 b j beyond its prec9cts a r\gh hole 9 ! gr\nd op5 to sun & ra91 & #8"s two fa?oms ( bones1' z a peasant said je/+ly1 ly+ 9 neglect & dis>ray4 ,^! pits1 :i* are to be se5 ?r\gh\t ,greece1 are inde$ dignifi$ by ! ,*ur* ) ! "n ( cemet]ies 7#aceg72 b !y comm& no respect on ! "p ( ! peasant4 ,he w cross himself z he passes *apel or ent]s *ur*y>d1 b he w je/ ov] ! depository ( outca/ bones4 ,9 a ^w1 :5 x is se5 t e trace ( ! dead body save only ! :ite bones has disappe>$1 ! common-folk ex*ange _! extraord9>y devotion to ! duties ( t5d+ ! dead = a total unconc]n4 ,& ! reason = ?is c only be t ! dead body no long] lies helpless & dep5d5t = its exi/5ce ^u ! su/5ance :i* !y f "t to "t provide1 b has vani%$ to a l& :]e1 re-unit$ ) ! s\l1 x rega9s its activity & indep5d5ce4 ,su*1 ,i believe1 is ! tr5d ( religi\s ?\ght :i*1 almo/ ins5sibly1 has guid$ ! actions ( ! ,greek p f ! ,pelasgian age until n[ 9 _! treatm5t ( ! dead2 ! b5efit :i* !y h s\ght to conf] ^u ! dead by ! dissolution ( _! bodies has be5 ! re-union ( body ) s\l & ! resumption ( t active bodily life :i* dea? _h = a "t susp5d$4 ,,footnotes3 #abib ,plato1 ,pha$o #aae ,c ff4 #abic ,hom4 ,il4 ,,xxiii4 #fe ff4 #abid ,hom4 ,il4 ,,xxiii4 #gb4 #abie ,cf4 ! con/ant contra/ ( & 1 z 9 ,iliad ,i4 #c-d1 & twice 9 ! passage be=e u1 ,il4 ,,xxiii4 #fe f4 & #ajf f4 #abif ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xi4 #dhi ff4 #abig ,hom4 ,il4 ,,xvi4 #heg4 #abih ,! few inconsi/5cies 9 ! ,odyssey1 su* z ! physical puni%m5t ( ,tityos1 ,tantalos1 & ,sisyphos 7,od4 ,,xi4 #egf ff471 or aga9 ! m5tion ( ! #8asphodel mead' 7,od4 ,,xi4 #eci1 ,,xxiv4 #ac71 are unimportant4 ,!y are1 ,i ?9k1 adv5titi\s ,pelasgian elem5ts 9 ! ,hom]ic s*eme ( ! future life1 & x may be not$ t ! ,iliad is s+ul>ly free f !m1 :ile 9 ,odyssey1 ,bk ,,xi41 :]e !y *iefly occur1 !y are obvi\sly incongru\s ) ! g5]al conception ( ! l[] _w4 #abii ,see above1 p4 #ii4 #acjj ,p9d>1 ,fr4 #abi 7#ie74 #acja ,see above1 p4 #cde4 #acjb 1 1 p4 #djg ff4 #acjc 4 4 #aa 7#be72 ,migne1 ,patrolog4 7s]4 ,graec47 ,vol4 ,,xciv4 p4 #iaf4 #acjd ,plut>*1 de occult4 viv4 cap4 #g1 cit$ by ,b]gk 9 ,lyrici ,graeci1 ad loc4 #acje ,p9d4 ,ol4 ,,ii4 #acd4 #acjf ,p9d4 ,ol4 ,i4 #a4 #acjg 4 #acjh ,cf4 ,!odore ,b5t1 ,! ,cyclades1 p4 #bbj4 #acji ,?is is ( c\rse only "o out ( sev]al passages 9 :i* ,p9d> speaks ( ! future life1 & he does n adh]e to any "o doctr9e2 else:]e1 z 9 ,ol4 ,,ii41 8 views are col\r$ l>gely by ,py?agorean or ,orphic es*atology1 al?\gh !re is a close resemblance betwe5 ! isles ( ! ble/ !re describ$ 7#abf-ace7 & ! abode depict$ 9 ?is fragm5t4 #acaj ,hom4 ,il4 ,,ix4 #fcb ff4 #acaa ,h]od4 ,,ii4 #ea4 #acab ,h]od4 ,,ii4 #aga4 #acac ,ari/oph4 ,frogs1 #hhd4 #acad ,op4 cit4 #ajcb ff4 #acae ,a conspicu\s example is ,delphi1 :]e ! ,a*aean god ,apollo _h usurp$ ! place ( "s oracul> deity ( ! ,pelasgians1 cf4 ,plut>*1 de defect4 orac4 cap4 #ae p4 #dah4 ,see ,miss ,h>rison1 ,proleg4 to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 pp4 #aac f4 #acaf ,il4 ,,xxiii4 #ajd4 #acag ,il4 ,,xxiii4 #aja4 #acah ,plato1 ,pha$o1 cap4 #bi 7p4 #hj ,d74 #acai ,cf4 4 4 1 1 p4 #cda4 #acbj ,rohde 7,psy*e ,i4 cap4 #a7 cont5ds t ! discov]y ( an alt>1 ( ! type us$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,*?onian deities1 sup]impos$ ^u "o ,myc5aean grave1 proves bo? t (f]+s to ! dead 7 cont9u$ aft] ! int]m5t & also t ! (f]+s 7 ( a propitiatory "*4 ,on ?is slight f\ndation he re>s ! edifice ( 8 !ory t a vigor\s s\l-cult fl\ri%$ 9 ,myc5aean & e>li] ages4 ,accord+ly he views all gifts to ! dead1 includ+ ^? made at ! "t ( ! fun]al1 z (f]+s int5d$ to propitiate dep>t$ s\ls1 al?\gh he is =c$ to admit t f ! ,hom]ic age onw>ds !re is no evid5ce t fe> ( ! dead 0 a feature ( ,greek religion2 ! (f]+s made1 on 8 view1 to ! s\l ( ,patroclus 7 m]ely1 he holds1 a #8survival1' a cu/om no long] possess$ ( any mean+4 ,! accid5t ( an alt> belong+ to "s ,*?onian deity hav+ be5 f\nd above ! grave ( "s man seems to me insuffici5t basis = any !ory4 #acba ,! blood :i* 9 ! ,odyssey is us$ to attract ! s\ls ( ! dead & is giv5 to ,teiresias to dr9k =ms1 ,i imag9e1 "p ( a magic rite1 :i* has no connexion ) ! pres5t po9t4 #acbb ,i omit ! twelve ,trojan prison]s2 ! slaught] ( ^! is cle>ly /at$ to h be5 an act ( rev5ge4 ,see ,il4 ,,xxiii4 #bb f4 #acbc ,il4 ,,xxiii4 #ej4 #acbd 1 9 4 #ahhi1 p4 #ahc4 ,possibly also at ,a!ns1 cf4 ,brckn] & ,p]nice1 9 ,a!n4 ,mit!il4 #ahic1 pp4 #hi-ij4 #acbe ,i am n ov]look+ ! fact t 7 also made to ,*?onian deities 7cf4 ,pausan4 ,,viii4 #cd4 #c71 b !re 0 a di/9ction 9 "* ev5 betwe5 ^! & ^? made to ! dead4 ,w9e1 = example1 0 exclud$ f ! =m] & includ$ 9 ! latt]4 ,possibly 9 orig9 0 ! ,pelasgian rite1 ! ,a*aean4 #acbf ,lysi/4 #faa4 #acbg ,m5ecl4 #df & ,ciron #ee 7p4 #gc4 #bf74 #acbh ,ctesiphon1 #bbf 7p4 #hf4 #e74 #acbi ,pollux ,,viii4 #adf2 ,h>pocrat4 s4v4 4 #accj ,h]od4 ,,iv4 #bf4 #acca ,artem4 ,oneirocr4 ,,iv4 #hc4 #accb loc4 cit4 #accc ,b+ham1 ,antiq4 ( ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ,bk #bc1 cap4 #c4 #accd ,see ,*ryso/om1 ,homily #dg 9 #a ,cor41 p4 #efe4 #acce ,ana/asius1 ,quae/io ,,xxii41 9 ,migne1 ,patrolog4 ,graeco-,lat4 ,vol4 ,,lxxxix4 #bhh4 #accf ,kn[n also z 7#8! w>m+'7 accord+ to ,bybilakis1 ,neugrie*4 ,leb51 p4 #fg4 #accg ,accord+ to ,bybilakis1 loc4 cit41 9 ! dead man's h\se4 ,?is1 naturally1 w\ld be ! usual case4 #acch p4 #cba4 #be4 #acci ,h5ce x is probable t ! anci5t also 0 conduct$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! 4 #acdj ,hom4 ,il4 ,,xxiii4 #agj4 ,cf4 also ! use ( 1 ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xi4 #bg1 & ,eur4 ,or4 #aae4 ,cf4 also ,aes*4 ,p]s4 #fad4 #acda ,ar4 ,lys4 #eii ff4 #acdb ,9 "s villages ( ,*ios1 ! dim9utive or a ^w is us$ 74 1 1 p4 #ccg74 ,! common] =m is t ( ,crete 7cf4 ,bybilakis1 op4 cit4 p4 #fi71 ,kasos1 & o!r ,asiatic isl&s 71 ' 1 p4 #ag7 etc4 #acdc ,see above1 pp4 #dhf-g4 #acdd ,call$ respectively 1 1 & 4 #acde ,sonn9i de ,magnonc\rt1 ,voyage en ,grce et en ,turquie1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aec4 #acdf ,eur4 ,or4 #aji4 #acdg ,cf4 ,suidas s4v4 1 4 ,! spell+ ) is pref]able4 #acdh ,! classical mean+ ( 0 #8small co9s4' ,! s*olia/ on ,ari/oph4 ,plut4 #gfh m5tions among ! ?r[n ov] a new slave on 8 introduction to ! h\sehold4 ,^! consi/$ ma9ly ( sweetmeats1 etc4 7cf4 op4 cit4 #gih7 :5ce app>5tly ,hesy*ius 7s4v4 7 expla9s t ^w by 4 ,m probably small co9s 7 ?r[n along ) v>i\s sweetmeats2 = ! k9dr$ cu/om ( ?r[+ ov] a bride on h] entry into h] new home has cont9u$ d[n to ! pres5t day1 & ^! c]ta9ly n[ comprise small *ange z well z /icky edibles4 #acdi ,gregorovius1 ,w&]+s 9 ,corsica1 etc4 7tr4 ,muir71 ,,ii4 p4 #df4 #acej 1 ' 1 p4 #ag4 4 4 1 1 p4 #ib4 #acea ,cf4 ,bybilakis1 ,neugrie*is*es ,leb51 p4 #fg4 #aceb ,plut>*1 ,vita ,solon4 cap4 #ba4 #acec ,?ucyd4 ,,iii4 #eh4 #d4 #aced ,see above1 p4 #cde4 #acee ,?is occurr$ 9 old "t 9 ! case ( h]oes1 ^: (f]+s are call$ & 1 l ^? ( o!r dead m52 b s9ce ! /ate & n ! individual provid$ = !m1 ! gifts 7 made n = a "t only1 b regul>ly ye> aft] ye>4 #acef ,see above1 pp4 #dhg f4 #aceg ,z oppos$1 9 correct spee*1 to 1 ! place ( prelim9>y int]m5t4 ,b ! two t]ms are (t5 confus$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,gods ,,& ,,m54 ,! similitude ( dea? ) sleep is an idea ( anci5t date & ( wide di/ribution1 :i* = _m ( mank9d1 :atev] be ! cre$ pr(ess$1 has mitigat$ ! fe>s or light5$ ! unc]ta9ties :i* atta* to ! cessation ( ?is life4 ,adopt$ by ! f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion z an illu/ration ( ! doctr9e t m5 #8%all rise aga9 ) _! bodies1' ! ?\ght has become a "p ( ! h]itage ( ,*ri/5dom1 & 9 our own language ! ^w #8cemet]y' be>s te/imony to x4 ,b ! idea _h be5 evolv$ by pagan ?\ght long c5turies be=e ! dawn ( ,*ri/ianity1 & probably en\gh by ! ?9k]s & poets ( _m nations indep5d5tly "o ( ano!r4 ,9 ! olde/ lit]ature ( ,greece we meet ) ! ?\ght already fully develop$ & evid5tly famili>4 #8,to sleep an iron slumb]#aceh' is already 9 ,hom]ic language a simple & natural synonym = #8to die'2 & s too we are told t 9 ! f> (f gold5 age m5 #8di$ z x 7 ov]borne by sleep#acei4' ,& 9 yet pla9] t]ms1 :]e ,dea? & ,sleep are p]sonifi$1 !y are spok5 ( z tw9 bre?r5#acfj1 ! *ildr5 ( ,night#acfa4 ,?is conception seems too to h be5 a fav\rite 9 art#acfb1 & provid$ "o ( ! sc5es on ! r5[n$ *e/ ( ,cypselus#acfc4 ,:5 we turn to ! folk-songs ( ! pres5t day1 we _c ( c\rse hope to f9d ! imag]y ( ,dea? & ,sleep p\rtray$ z infants sleep+ 9 ! lap ( ,night1 nor inde$1 s f> z ,i "k1 are !y ev5 describ$ z bro!rs2 = ! p]sonification ( !m by ! mod]n peasants is r>e4 ,b ! old resemblance betwe5 !m is /ill recognis$1 &1 q ap>t f ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 ! ?\ght f9ds natural expression 9 ^? l>gely pagan improvisations ( m\rn+ 9 :i* ! "n ( ,*>on is to be he>d m frequ5tly ?an ! "n ( ,god4 ,x w suffice to quote b "o /anza f "o ( ! mo/ simple & t\*+ ( ^! fun]al-songs3 ' 1 1 1 1 #acfd4 ,n dead lies ! maid51 ,d\bt n1 b behold h]1 ',tis sleep do? enfold h] ,9 slumb] pr(\nd4 ,n[ ?is idea1 born 9 "s long-=gott5 pagan age1 fo/]$ by ,hom] & ,hesiod & no less t5d]ly by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 famili> to e ,greek m9d = full ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 h>monizes well ) ! belief t body z well z s\l survives dea?4 ,beyond ! sup]ficial resemblance 9 ! in]t figures ( ! dead man laid out = burial & ( "o :o sleeps s\ndly1 !re 0 ano!r & pr(\nd] resemblance 9 ! mann] ( _! wak+ to fre% activity1 ! "o 9 ?is _w1 ! o!r 9 ! "u-_w4 ,hom]1 ) 8 belief t ! s\l alone1 survives1 notes only ! fir/ resemblance4 ,! tw(old prop]ty ( lay+ m5 to sleep & ( rais+ !m !refrom resid$ fitly 9 ! w& ( ,h]mes ! escort] ( ! dead2 b ?\gh he escort$ m5's s\ls to ! h\se ( ,hades & might at w summon _! s\ls !nce#acfe1 !re is no sugge/ion ( a bodily awak5+ f ! sleep ( dea?4 ,b ,virgil1 ev5 9 8 close imitation ( ,hom]1 adds to ! ,hom]ic description ( ,h]mes' w& "o phrase ( 8 own4 #8,!re) do? he summon =? f ,orcus ! pale spirits ( ! dead1 & o!rs do? he s5d d[n to gloomy ,t>t>us2 !re) he give? sleep & take? x away'--s f> does ,virgil foll[ ,hom]1 b he adds--#8& unseale? m5's eyes f dea?#acff4' ,! ,hom]ic picture is enri*$ by a new ?\ght1 =eign to ! ,a*aean religion b prop] to t o!r belief :i* inspir$ ,p9d>'s description ( ! future life1 ! ?\ght t aft] dea? & dissolution1 m5's eyes %\ld op5 ^u a bright] _w & a life ( r5ew$ bodily activity4 ,su* 0 ! ?\ght ) :i* ! pagans ( anci5t ,greece _h com=t$ !mselves long be=e ,*ri/ianity avail$ itself ( ! same imag]y4 ,b ! ,hell5ic religion w5t yet fur!r1 & f\nd 9 ?is ?\ght n only peace & cont5tm5t b vivid joy4 ,! sleep ( dea? 0 ! means :]eby m5 %\ld atta9 to clos] communion ) _! gods4 ,! grave 0 a b$1 b a b$ ( delight r ?an ( re/1 a bridal b$4 ,!y %\ld n sleep alone1 b 9 ! v embrace ( ! gods to :om 9 ?is life !y _h /riv5 to draw nigh4 ,! d>kness ( ! tomb 0 b ! w$d+-night4 ,full union 9 ! o!r _w %\ld be ! consummation ( p>tial communion 9 ?is4 ,! m>riage ( m5 ) _! gods 0 ! ideal to :i* ,greek piety d>$ aspire4 ,su* an ideal may well seem bold ev5 to ! v]ge ( impi\s presumption4 ,b ,greek religion1 ev5 9 its highe/ developm5ts1 0 ! natural & spontane\s expression ( ! beliefs & hopes ( a :ole p2 x diff]$ f all ! great religions ( ! mod]n _w 9 hav+ no f\nd]4 ,great tea*]s no d\bt arose1 z ,orpheus or ,py?agoras1 :o influ5c$ ! c\rse ( religi\s ?\ght2 b !y 7 n ! f\nd]s ( new religions4 ,! old self-gr[n fai?s ( ! p 7 ! /ocks ^u :i* !y graft$1 z x w\ld seem1 ev5 _! new doctr9es2 !y f\nd$ s*ools inde$1 b s*ools :i* did n sev] !mselves f ! receiv$ religion & become sects4 ,! ,orphic my/]ies diff]$ s little f ! old ,pelasgian my/]ies ( ,eleusis t ,orpheus 0 sometimes ev5 reput$ to be _! f\nd] too2 yet1 z we %all see1 ! ,eleus9ian rites 7 m]ely "o pres5tm5t ( a conception common to ! :ole ,greek p4 ,if !n ?is ideal ( m>riage betwe5 m5 & gods 9 ! future life 0 no inv5t$ or import$ doctr9e1 b simply ! highe/ developm5t ( purely popul> aspirations t[>ds close communion ) ! gods1 its audacity is less surpris+4 ,f "t immemorial d[n to ?is day#acfg ,greece has _h its popul> /ories ( nuptial union ev5 9 ?is life betwe5 gods & mortal wom51 betwe5 goddesses & mortal m52 & educat$ ,greeks1 :o c\ld n cr$it su* occurr5ces 9 _! own times1 might well believe t a joy1 :i* _h be5 grant$ to ! brave m5 & fair wom5 ( a =m] & bett] age ev5 dur+ _! life-"t ^u e>?1 0 /ill res]v$ = ! righte\s 9 ! _w to come4 ,pausanias tells u ) a wond]ful simplicity t 9 8 "t ow+ to ! increase ( iniquity 9 all ! _w no "o 0 *ang$ f a man into a god1 & t ! wra? ( ! gods aga9/ ! unrighte\s 0 laid up aga9/ ! "t :5 !y %\ld quit ?is e>?#acfh4 ,if !n !re 0 believ$ to be a po/ponem5t ( puni%m5t = ^? :o (f5d$ ! gods1 !re might well be a res]vation ( bless$ness = ^? :o pleas$ !m4 ,x w\ld h impos$ no /ra9 ^u ! fai? ( su* z ,pausanias to look =w>d to ! enjoym5t 9 a future life ( ! same bliss z _h be5 enjoy$ 9 old "t ^u e>? by m5 #8:o by reason ( _! uprightness & piety sat at ! same hospitable bo>d z gods1 & :om ! gods op5ly visit$ ) hon\r = _! goodness ev5 z !y visit$ ! wick$ ) _! displeasure#acfi1' m5 :o1 z _m an old leg5d told1 _h %>$ n ! bo>d only b ev5 ! b$ ( deities4 ,?is curi\s ,greek conception ( dea? z a =m ( m>riage 0 fir/ borne 9 ^u me by ! fun]al-dirges ( ! mod]n peasants4 ,examples may be f\nd 9 any collection ( ,greek folk-songs4 ,! actual expression ( ! ?\ght v>ies consid]ably1 b x w\ld probably be h>d to f9d 9 ,greece any pr(essional m\rn] 9 ^: elaborations ! idea did n occupy an important place4 ,x is utilis$ ) equal frequ5cy 9 reg>d to p]sons ( ei!r sex1 :e!r m>ri$ or unm>ri$ at ! "t ( dea?4 ,! two foll[+ specim5s f ,pass['s collection are fairly repres5tative4 #8,ah me6 ah me6 ! h\rs ( y\? & days all pa/ & ov]1 ,haply %all !y return aga91 ^? h\rs ( y\? regrett$8' #8,nay :5 ! cr[ dons plumage :ite1 :5 cr[ to dove is *angd1 ,!n only %all !y come aga91 ^? h\rs ( y\? lam5t$4' #8,oh f>e ye well1 high m\nta9-tops & fir-trees ri* 9 %ad[1 ,= ,i mu/ g to m>ry me1 to take a wife unto me2 ,! black e>? = my wife ,i take1 ! tomb/one z h] "m ,& yond] little pebbles all h] bre?r5 & h] si/]s#acgj4' ,"h evid5tly we h ! fun]al-dirge ( an old man1 &1 z is usual 9 ^! poems1 a l>ge "p ( ! words are put into 8 m\?4 ,9 ?is fragm5t ! fir/ two l9es are ! dead man's compla9t1 ! next two are an answ] return$ to him1 & !n aga9 he takes up 8 p>able4 ,! second example :i* ,i w give is f a lam5tation = a "y girl4 ,! fir/ few l9es are address$ by ! fa!r & "m to _! dead *ild1 & ) a qua9t directness contra/ ! gloom ( ! l[] _w ) ! simple joys ( a peasant's life "h above2 :ile ! la/ ?ree l9es are an answ] put into ! dead girl's m\?4 #8,de> *ild1 !re :]e ?\ purpose/ to hie !e d[n1 9 ,hades1 ,!re1 sure1 no cock do? ev] cr[1 nor h5 is he>d a-cluck+1 ,!re is no spr+ ( wat] f\nd1 nor grass 9 mead[s gr[+4 ,art hung]$8 n\ght ?\ ta/e/ !re2 a?ir/8 !re n\ght ?\ dr9ke/2 ,w\ld'/ lay !e d[n & take ?y re/8 ( sleep no fill ?\ take/4 ,!n /ay1 de> *ild1 9 ?9e own h\se1 /ay !n ) ?9e own k9dr$4' #8,nay1 ,i may n1 de> fa!r m9e & "m deep-belov$1 ,ye/]day 0 my m>riage-day1 late ye/]e'en my w$d+1 ,hades ,i = my husb& h1 ! tomb = my new "m#acga4' ,9 ?is dirge1 x may be notic$1 !re is no compla9t on ! "p ( ! dead girl2 ! lam5tation & ! gloomy description ( ,hades are assign$ to h] p>5ts4 ,& inde$ h] reply is1 ,i ?9k1 int5d$ to be by way ( consolation4 ,x is true t %e does n d5y _! *e]less progno/ications nor attempt to pa9t a bright] picture ( ! ne!r _w1 b %e repres5ts h] dea? z no great] break+ ( old ties ?an is m>riage2 at an actual m>riage inde$ ! same k9d ( di/ressful presages are *ant$ by ! girl's companions1 & ev5 ! bride h]self is b\nd by propriety to exhibit a sull5 & regretful demean\r4 ,v true ( ,greek m>riages & ( ,greek fun]als is ! prov]b1 ' ' #acgb1 #8,m\rn+ ha? its mir? & joy its te>s4' ,b ! consolatory tone is f> m pron\nc$ 9 "s o!r passages f ! same collection4 ,a good example is f\nd 9 ! message :i* a ,klepht--"o ( ^? patriot-outlaws :o /ruggl$ aga9/ ,turki% dom9ation--is made to s5d1 z he lies dy+1 to 8 "m3 #8,g1 tell ye n[ my "m de>1 my "m sore-afflict$1 ,ne'er to await me home aga91 ne'er to abide my com+2 ,yet tell h] n t ,i am sla91 tell h] n ,i am fall52 ,nay1 tell h] !n t ,i am w$--w$ 9 ^! wilds s we>y4 ,! black e>? = my wife ,i took1 ! h>d rock my bride's "m1 ,& all ! little pebbles "h ,i took = my new k9dr$#acgc4' ,! feel+ display$ 9 ^! l9es 7:i* are cr$it$ by ,pass[ to ! t[n ( ,livadia 77 9 ,boeotia7 f9ds closely simil> expression 9 a rec5tly-publi%$ ,mac$onian folk-song4 ,! latt] h[ev] is n a m]e copy ( ! =m]4 ,its metre is diff]5t1 & fur!r x is a folk-song ( ! romantic ord]1 :]eas ! l9es :i* ,i h quot$ belong to an hi/orical ballad4 ,a y\? is l[]$ by 8 bro!rs1 s runs ! /ory1 into a well to get wat] = !m1 b ! well proves to be haunt$ by a snake-l mon/] 7#acgd7 f :om !y try 9 va9 to rescue him4 ,9 ?is plight he cries to !m3 #8,oh leave me1 bro!rs1 leave me1 g ye on y\r way1 ,& say n to my "m de> t ,i am dead1 ,b tell h]1 bro!rs1 tell h] h[ t ,i am w$2 ,! black e>? = my wife ,i took1 ! tomb/one my bride's "m1 ,& all ^! little blades ( grass h] bre?r5 & h] si/]s#acge4' ,ev5 m rem>kable 9 its total abs5ce ( grief is a fragm5t giv5 by ,pass[ "u ! title ( #8! ,w$d+ 9 ,hades4' ,! lam5tation--= te*nically at lea/ ! poem falls into ! class ( #8dirges'--is sung by a "m = h] son1 & %e speaks ( h] own "m1 :o is already dead & 9 ! ne!r _w1 z mak+ prep>ation = ! boy's w$d+ 9 ,hades4 #8,my "m make? glad to-day1 %e make? my son's w$d+1 ,%e goe? = wat] to ! spr+s1 = sn[ unto ! m\nta9s1 ,to fruit-wives 9 _! g>d5-plots = apples & = qu9ces4 8,ye spr+s10 %e sai?1 8give wat] cool1 & give me sn[1 ye m\nta9s1 ,ye fruit-wives 9 y\r g>d5-plots1 give apples & give qu9ces4 ,= unto me a de> "o comes d[n f ! _w above u2 ,n f a /range l& come? he1 nor f among /range p1 ,he is ! *ild ( m9e own *ild1 "r de> & deep-belov$40#acgf' ,f ^! passages & f _m o!rs conceiv$ 9 ! same _s x w readily be se5 t ! ?\ght ( dea? z a k9d ( m>riage1 h[ev] my/ical x may seem to u1 is famili> to ! mod]n ,greek peasants4 ,nor has t ?\ght become cry/allis$ into a set =m ( words to be repeat$ )\t he$ or und]/&+ ( _! mean+4 ,! v v>iety ( treatm5t giv5 to ! idea proves t we are n deal+ ) a m]e traditional expression or unmean+ commonplace1 b ) a vital belief /ill capable ( /irr+ ! ballad-mak]'s imag9ation4 ,fur!r x is ?is ?\ght :i* almo/ alone /rikes a note ( *e]fulness & ( hope 9 ! popul> dirges4 ,! usual picture ( ! l[] _w is no?+ b gloom & despair4 ,x is a place ( d>kness on :i* ! sun nev] %9es1 a place ( ice & sn[1 & full ( cob-webs4 ,!re are no *ur*es !re ) bright gold5 icons2 no quoits = ! "y m5 to ?r[2 no looms = ! wom5 to ply4 ,hung] is n appeas$1 ?ir/ n qu5*$1 & sleep is d5i$4 ,all is m\rn+ & regret = ! w>m /irr+ life ( ! upp] _w1 & anxi\s fe>s = wife or *ildr5 left beh9d4 ,happy ^? :o are all[$ ev5 to ta/e ( ! riv] ( dea?1 & to =get _! homes & orphan$ little ones4 ,?us ) /range m$ley ( anci5t & mod]n is ! dirge-s+] wont to describe t l[] _w to :i* all ! dead )\t di/9ction g4 ,yet ev5 into ^! dirges1 :i*--9 ord] to excite ! m\rn]s to wild] displays ( grief--purposely emphasize ! gloomie/ aspects ( dea?1 !re is all[$ to ent] ! "o *e]+ ?\ght t ! dep>t$ = :om lam5tation is made is n dead nor yet fall5 on et]nal sleep1 b w$d$ 9 a new _w2 & x is wor?y ( notice t x is ) ?is ?\ght t _m ( ! dirges end1 z if ?is "o consolation & hope 7 design$ to assuage ! pangs ( sorr[ :i* ! fir/ "p ( ! dirge _h excit$4 ,?us a brief /udy ( ! mod]n ,greek dirges reveals to u ! curi\s fact t a my/ic conception ( dea? is widely preval5t among ! simple-m9d$ peasants ( ,greece1 & t1 ) all _! navet 9 p\rtray+ ! horrors ( ! l[] _w1 x is f a recondite doctr9e t !y draw consolation4 ,h[ came !y to be ! /ew>ds ( a doctr9e s /range1 s remote f ! primitive simplicity ( _! ord9>y life8 ,once m we mu/ look back to a pre-,*ri/ian antiquity1 & seek aga9 9 ,greek ,trag$y ! evid5ce ( popul> belief4 ,j z ,aes*ylus above all o!rs has pres]v$ to u ! awful doctr9e ( future retribution = ! deadly s9 ( blood-guilt1 s f ,sophocles we may le>n ! m com=table doctr9e t dea?1 :ile x involves a p>t+ f fri5ds 9 ?is upp] _w1 is also ! means ( draw+ ne>]1 9 an union z x 7 ( w$lock1 to ! d5iz5s ( ! l[] _w4 ,! locus classicus = ?is conception is ! ,antigone4 ,?r\gh\t ! latt] "p ( t play1 :5 once ! doom ( ,antigone has be5 pron\nc$1 ! ?\ght ( h] dea? z a w$d+1 & ( ! rock-hewn tomb :]e %e is to be immur$ z a bridal-*amb]1 f9ds repeat$ & emphatic expression4 ,( c\rse x may be said t ,antigone 0 ! promis$ bride ( ,haemon1 & t ! poet 9 speak+ ( h] tomb z a bridal-*amb] 0 seek+ to acc5tuate ! pa!tic contra/ betwe5 h] hopes & h] de/9y4 ,t is true2 b p]haps x is n ! :ole tru?2 p]haps ,sophocles r utilis$ ! evid5t pa?os ( ! situation = ! purpose ( cov]t allusion to doctr9es :i* 7 9 !mselves unspeakable1 su* z ,h]odotus w\ld h pass$ ov] ) ! words 4 ,= we mu/ n =get t ! majority ( an ,a!nian audi5ce1 initiat$ z !y naturally w\ld be 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 7 famili> ) religi\s tea*+s ( :i* none might make explicit m5tion 9 ! pages ( lit]ature op5 to ! pr(ane1 b at :i* a poet might well h9t 9 words :i* b5ea? _! sup]ficial mean+ hid a tru? intelligible to su* z _h e>s to he>4 ,aes*ylus inde$ _h once v5tur$ too f> 9 8 allusions to ! my/]ies#acgg2 b !re is no improbability1 or r !re is on t acc\nt an increas$ probability1 9 ! supposition t a discreet & veil$ allusion to unspeakable doctr9es 0 p]mitt$ to ! ,tragic poet4 ,let u turn to ! actual passages ( ! ,antigone4 ,! fir/ sugge/ion ( ! ?\ght comes ironically en\gh1 ?\gh x is b a fa9t sugge/ion1 f ! lips ( ,creon1 :o to ,ism5e's exclamation1 8,wilt ?\ inde$ b]eave ?9e own son ( h]80 retorts 8',tis ,hades' "p to arre/ ?is w$d+#acgh40 ,! ?\ght is tak5 up lat] by ! ,*orus1 :o1 aft] _! hymn 9 hon\r ( unconqu]able ,love1 rev]t to words ( pity = ! woman !re be=e !m1 & tell h[ !y c no long] *eck ! f\nts ( te>s1 :5 !y behold ,antigone draw+ ne> to #8! b$-*amb] :]e all mu/ sleep' 7 7#acgi4 ,"h ! expression ( ! idea is becom+ pla9]1 & x is no accid5t t ! ^w 1 s commonly us$ ( ! bride-*amb]1 is "h select$4 ,b yet cle>] words are to foll[2 = ,antigone h]self1 9 response to ^! words ( compassion f ! ,*orus1 int]prets m boldly t at :i* !y h9t4 #8,me do? ,hades1 ) :om all mu/ sleep1 be> (f yet alive to ,a*]on's %ore1 me t h _h no "p 9 w$lock1 ^: "n ha? nev] rung =? 9 bridal hymn1 b 'tis ,a*]on ,i %all w$#achj4' ,nor does ?is cle> pron\ncem5t /& alone2 ?rice m1 z ! play advances1 ! same ?\ght is e*o$ 9 unmi/akeable tones4 ,fir/ comes ! op5+ ( t half impassion$1 half sophi/ic1 spee* ( ,antigone1 f :i* "s critics w\ld delete h] argum5tative e/imate ( a bro!r's claims z aga9/ ^? ( a husb&2 b ! removal ( ^? l9es w\ld /ill leave intact t outbur/1 #8,oh tomb1 oh bride-*amb]1 oh cav]n\s abode ( ev]la/+ durance#acha4' ,& !n aga9 9 ! spee* ( ! mess5g]1 :o be>s tid+s ( ! fate ( bo? ,antigone & h] lov]1 ! same ?\ght is press$ ^u u ) d\ble insi/5ce4 ,fir/ he tells h[1 hav+ giv5 ,polynices 8 full rites ( burial1 !y turn$ to g next #8unto ! vault$ *amb] :]e on c\* ( rock ! maid5 %\ld be w$ ) ,hades' 7 71 & f af> is he>d ! voice ( l\d lam5t beside #8! bridal *amb] unhall[$ by fun]al rites' 7 #achb74 ,& lat] 9 ! same n>rative1 :5 we h he>d h[ t voice ( l\d lam5t 0 /ill$1 ,haemon is pictur$ z ly+ dead 9 ,antigone's dead embrace1 hav+ won 8 bridal's fulfilm5t only 9 ,hades' h\se 7 ' 7#achc4 ,! reit]ation ( a s+le ?\ght ?r\gh all ?is s]ies ( passages is mo/ rem>kable4 ,:at does x mean8 ,did ,sophocles int5d m]ely to enhance ! trag$y ( ,antigone's doom by con/ant comp>ison ( t :i* might h be5 ) t :i* 08 ,or did ea* phrase 9 :i* ! ?\ghts ( m>riage & ( dea? 7 bl5d$ conta9 a fur!r & a subtl] appeal to 8 he>]s' emotions8 ,did ea* phrase /rike also a note :i* set vibrat+ 9 8 li/5]s' he>ts responsive *ords ( my/ic hope8 ,= my "p1 z ,i draw ne> ! end ( ^! /udies 9 ,greek religion1 ,i f9d x m & m difficult to set d[n z m]e casual co9cid5ces ! close resemblances betwe5 ,greece 9 ! pa/ & ,greece 9 ! pres5t4 ,i h f\nd a belief 9 ! sup]natural be+s ( ,anci5t ,greece /ill sway+ ! m9ds ( ! mod]n peasants2 ,i h se5 ! cu/oms ( antiquity repeat$ alike 9 ! small acts ( e-day life & 9 ! c]emonies ( its great] ev5ts2 ,i h he>d ! same ?\ghts express$ 9 almo/ ! same turns ( phrase z 9 anci5t lit]ature2 ,i h trac$ ! popul> conceptions ( ! pres5t day conc]n+ ! relations ( body & s\l1 & _! exi/5ce aft] dea?1 back to native pre-,*ri/ian s\rces4 ,h ,i !n n a "r1 am ,i n b\nd1 to abjure co9cid5ce & to claim = ! pa/ & ! pres5t real id5tity8 ,:5 ,i f9d 9 ,sophocles ! same ?\ght1 almo/ ! same words1 :i* may be ga!r$ to-day f ! lips ( any unlett]$ lam5t-mak] ! :ole ,greek _w ov]1 ,i am compell$ by my conviction ( ! cont9uity ( all ?+s ,greek to believe t ,sophocles adapt$ to 8 own use a ?\ght :i* 9 8 "t ev5 z n[ 0 utt]$ 9 _m a fun]al-dirge1 & t :ile ! phrases ( ! ,antigone ga9$ 9 8 h&s a new lu/re f ! pa?os ( _! sett+1 !y !mselves 7 n new nor ! inv5tion ( ,sophocles' g5ius1 b an old h]itage ( ! ,greek race4 ,maybe x 0 t same ?\ght :i* gave bir? to ! /range & b p>tially kn[n leg5d ( ! dea? ( ,hym5aeus himself 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( 8 w$d$ delight#achd2 maybe x 0 9 ! same _s t ,prome!us =etold h[ ,zeus himself %\ld make su* a m>riage z %\ld ca/ him d[n f 8 ?rone ( tyranny & he be no m se51 9 fulfilm5t ( ! curse utt]$ by ,cronos :5 he 0 ca/ d[n into ! unse5 _w#ache4 ,b1 x may be said1 ! =ebod+s ( ,prome!us are g5]ally tak5 to ref] to a future m>riage ) ,!tis1 n ) dea?2 & ,p9d>'s ref]5ce to ,hym5aeus is vague & fragm5t>y2 & ! l9es ( ,sophocles' ,antigone h pl5ty ( human pa?os1 )\t read+ into !m any religi\s doctr9e2 let y\r cont5tion at lea/ h ! support ( sob] prose :i* %[s its mean+ on ! surface4 ,s be x4 ,artemidorus 9 8 h&-book to ! int]pretation ( dreams claims z a recognis$ religi\s pr9ciple ! correlation ( m>riage & dea?4 ,to dream ( ! "o is commonly a progno/ication ( ! o!r4 ,b let u he> 8 own words4 8,if an unm>ri$ man dream ( dea?1 x =etells 8 m>riage2 = bo? alike1 m>riage & dea?1 h univ]sally be5 held by mank9d to be #8fulfilm5ts' 772 & !y are con/antly indicat$ by "o ano!r2 = ! :i* reason also if sick m5 dream ( m>riage1 x is a =ebod+ ( dea?#achf40 ,& aga93 #8if a sick p]son dream ( sexual int]c\rse ) a god or goddess 4441 x is a sign ( dea?2 = x is !n1 :5 ! s\l is ne> leav+ ! body :i* x inhabits1 t x =esees union & int]c\rse ) ! gods#achg4' ,& yet once m3 #8s9ce inde$ m>riage is ak9 to dea? & is indicat$ by dream+ ( dea?1 ,i ?\ght x well to t\* ^u x "h4 ,if a sick man dreams ( m>ry+ a maid51 x is a sign ( 8 dea?2 = all ! accompanim5ts ( m>riage are exactly ! same z ^? ( dea?#achh4' ,! gi/ ( ^! passages is unmi/akeable2 9 cle> & /raight=w>d t]ms is enunciat$ ! pr9ciple t dea? & m>riage are s intimately associat$ t to dream ( ! "o may port5d ! happ5+ ( ! o!r4 ,"h is ! doctr9e :i* we s\ght to elicit f ! poetry ( ,sophocles & f ! dirges ( mod]n peasants1 /at$ 9 pla9 prosaic language4 ,dea? is ak9 to m>riage1 &1 z dea? approa*es1 m5's s\ls =esee a w$d$ union ) gods4 ,b ,artemidorus does n m]ely v\* = ! exi/5ce ( ?is my/ic doctr9e2 he sugge/s also1 to ^? :o w weigh 8 words1 t ! doctr9e 0 g5]ally recognis$ & widely-spread3 #8= all ! accompanim5ts ( m>riage1' he says1 #8are exactly ! same z ^? ( dea?4' ,:at 7 ^! accompanim5ts8 ,seem+ly ,artemidorus _h 9 m9d c]ta9 cu/oms :i* he _h enum]at$ a little e>li]1 namely #8an escort ( fri5ds1 bo? m5 & wom51 & g>l&s & sc5ts & ungu5ts & an inv5tory ( goods#achi' 7i4e4 ei!r ! m>riage settlem5t or ! la/ w & te/am5t74 ,x is !n ow+ to ?is simil>ity betwe5 m>riage-cu/oms & fun]al-cu/oms t #8if a sick man dreams ( m>ry+ a maid51 x is a sign ( dea?4' ,b previ\sly we he>d t if a sick p]son dreamt ( comm]ce ) a god or goddess1 x 0 a sign ( dea?1 because1 z dea? approa*$1 ! s\l =esaw union & int]c\rse ) ! gods4 ,h[ f> d ^! /atem5ts agree8 ,9 bo? cases ! int]pretation ( ! dream is ! same--to dream ( m>riage =ebodes dea?--:ile ! reasons = t int]pretation are diff]5tly giv5 accord+ z ! p>tn] 9 ! dreamt-( union is div9e or human4 ,b1 ?\gh diff]5tly giv51 ^! reasons are n mutually inconsi/5t4 ,9 ! "o case ! reason assign$ is an idea--! idea t by dea? m5 7 admitt$ to w$d$ union ) _! gods4 ,9 ! o!r case ! reason assign$ is a cu/om--! cu/om ( giv+ to ! dead rites simil> to ! m>riage-rites4 ,9 effect !n ! two reasons assign$ are "o & ! same 9 _s2 = ! #8cu/om' is m]ely ! practical expression ( ! #8idea'2 x 0 because m5 believ$ t ! dead atta9$ to a w$d$ union ) _! gods1 t !y made ! fun]al-rites resemble ! rites ( m>riage4 ,& cle>ly ?is cu/om ( assimilat+ ! accompanim5ts ( dea? to ^? ( m>riage c\ld nev] h be5 g5]al1 z ,artemidorus sugge/s1 unless ! belief1 on :i* t cu/om 0 f\nd$1 _h also be5 g5]ally receiv$ & widely spread4 ,x w be wor? :ile !n to in/itute an enquiry into ! cu/oms g5]ally obs]v$ bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times at w$d+s & at fun]als4 ,our comp>ison ( anci5t lit]ature ) mod]n folk-songs1 illum9$ by ! /atem5ts ( ,artemidorus1 has e/abli%$ ! fact t dea? & m>riage 7 v intimately associat$ 9 ?\ght by "s ( ! anci5t writ]s z !y are by _m ( ! mod]n peasants4 ,cu/om w be f\nd to tell ! same tale1 & w prove h[ g5]ally accept$ 0 ?is idea4 ,= 9 po9t aft] po9t :i* ,artemidorus does n m5tion 9 8 brief enum]ation--& )\t reckon+1 z he does1 su* purely bus9ess matt]s z ! inv5tory ( goods--we %all f9d t ! c]emonies incid5tal to a fun]al h n[1 & _h 9 old "t1 a curi\sly close resemblance to ! c]emonies incid5tal to m>riage2 &1 s f9d+1 we may be confid5t t !y 7 in=m$ by a g5]al & wide-spread belief t to die 0 b to m>ry into ,hades' h\se4 ,let u review !m briefly & 9 ord]#acij4 ,! fir/ c]emony 9 bo? functions alike 01 & is1 a solemn ablution4 ,be=e a ,greek w$d+ bo? bride & bridegroom h always be5 requir$ to ba! !mselves1 usually 9 wat] specially fet*$ f "s holy spr+4 ,at ,a!ns 9 old "t1 accord+ to ,?ucydides1 ! spr+ frequ5t$ = ?is purpose 0 ,callirrho#acia2 & simil>ly ! ,!bans _h resort to ! ,ism5us#acib1 ! maid5s ( ! ,troad to ! ,scam&]#acic1 & ! inhabitants ( o!r di/ricts to "s spr+ or riv] ( local repute#acid4 ,& at ! pres5t day 9 ,a!ns x is /ill f ,callirrho 7:5 !re is any wat] !re7 t ! poor] classes fill ! bridal ba?2 :ile _m a village has its own sacr$ well or f\nta9 77 to :i* rec\rse is regul>ly _h = ?is same purpose4 ,& ?is w$d+-ablution1 common1 z x w\ld ?us appe>1 to ! ,greeks ( all ages1 has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! fun]al-ablution1 a c]emony likewise obs]v$ 9 all ages4 ,?us ,sophocles makes ,antigone speak ( hav+ wa%$ ) h] own h&s ! dead bodies ( fa!r1 "m1 & bro!r#acie2 & ,lucian 9 a mock+ tone ref]s to ! same practice z g5]al 9 8 day#acif4 ,at ! pres5t day ! same rite is practically univ]sal 9 ,greece4 ,9 "s places1 & mo/ notably 9 ,crete1 special magnific5ce is giv5 to ! c]emony by ! use ( w>m w9e in/ead ( wat]2 9 o!rs1 z ,mac$onia#acig1 ! cu/om has dw9dl$ away1 & all t rema9s ( x is a p]functory moi/5+ ( ! dead man's face ) a piece ( cotton-wool soak$ 9 w9e4 ,b 9 g5]al ! old cu/om rema9s un*ang$4 ,?us we see t f anci5t times d[n to ! pres5t day a c]emony ( ablution has held a place 9 ! prelim9>ies alike ( a m>riage & ( a fun]al4 ,aga9 9 ?is matt] ( wa%+ !re is "o detail ( special int]e/4 ,! wat] = ! bridal ba? 0 9 old times fet*$ by a boy or girl#acih closely relat$ to ! bride or ! bridegroom1 & ! 1 z ! be>] 0 call$1 is /ill an important figure 9 ! w$d+ c]emonial ( ! pres5t day4 ,n[adays1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! be>] is always a boy1 & fur!r x is ess5tial t bo? 8 p>5ts be /ill liv+4 ,! !re=e has always be5 closely associat$ ) ! m>riage-rite4 ,b 9 antiquity ! same wat]-be>] appe>s 9 ano!r connexion4 #8,x 0 cu/om>y1' we he>1 #8to fet* wat] 77 also = ^? :o di$ unm>ri$1 & t ! figure ( a wat]-be>] 77 %\ld be set up ov] _! tomb4 ,! figure 0 t ( a boy ) a pit*]#acii4' ,"h we h a cle> case ( ! importation ( a c]emony closely connect$ ) m>riage into ! fun]al-rites ( ! unm>ri$4 ,h[ are we to expla9 ?is cu/om8 ,on :at religi\s conception 0 x bas$8 ,cle>ly1 x seems1--9 view ( t con/ant association ( dea? & m>riage :i* we h obs]v$ 9 anci5t lit]ature & mod]n folk-song--no o!r int]pretation c well be ma9ta9$ ?an t1 = ^? :o di$ unw$1 dea? itself 0 ! fir/ & only m>riage :i* !y exp]i5c$1 & t to su*1 ere !y 7 laid 9 ,hades' nuptial-*amb]1 !re ought to be giv5 ^? same rites :i* 7 held to be a fitt+ prep>ation = entrance into ! e/ate ( w$lock 9 ?is _w#adjj4 ,! c]emonial ablutions be+ conclud$1 !re came next ! rites ( ano9t+ & array+ :e!r = m>riage or = burial4 ,z reg>ds ! cosmetics1 we might feel well assur$1 ev5 )\t ! direct te/imony ( ,ari/ophanes#adja1 t !y 7 freely us$ 9 anci5t w$d+s2 & ,i myself h exp]i5c$ a s5se ( suffocation f ! same cause at w$d+s 9 mod]n ,greece4 ,simil>ly at anci5t fun]als ! orig9al purpose ( ! lecy?i 0 )\t d\bt to conta9 ! *oice p]fumes = ! ano9t+ ( ! dead#adjb2 & ! cu/om ( ano9t+ is /ill well kn[n4 ,!n aga9 9 ! matt] ( dress1 ! col\r usually consid]$ correct#adjc bo? = m>riage & = burial 0 :ite1 &1 ev5 if ?is _c be said to h be5 univ]sally ! case1 at any rate !re 01 & !re /ill cont9ues to be1 no less pomp & ornam5t 9 ! dress ( ! dead body#adjd ?an 9 ! array ( bride & bridegroom4 ,9 ?is connexion too we may notice ! use ( ! actual bridal-dress 9 ! fun]als ( betro!d girls & ( "y wives4 ,t ?is practice 0 kn[n 9 antiquity is prov$ by a passage ( ,*>iton#adje1 9 :i* ! h]o9e ( 8 /ory1 ,callirrho1 ^: fir/ adv5ture1 soon aft] h] w$d+1 consi/s 9 be+ c>ri$ out to burial :ile unconsci\s b n dead1 is describ$ z #8dress$ 9 bridal array'2 & exactly ! same cu/om may be witness$ 9 ,greece to-day#adjf4 ,9 fact n only may ! p]son ( ! dead be se5 dress$ z = a w$d+1 b 9 ! folk-songs we he> ( ! tomb itself be+ adorn$ l ! home to :i* ! bride %\ld h be5 l$4 #8,came h] lov] to h] b$side1 /oop$ him d[n1 & met h] kiss2 ,l[ & fa9t to 8 e> only1 :isp]$ %e1 h] message ?is3 8,:5 ,i pass away1 my lov]1 deck ?\ out my tomb = me1 ,z ?\ w\ld'/ h deck$ ! home :]e w$d$ ,i %\ld dwell ) !e#adjg40' ,yet ano!r po9t ( co9cid5ce betwe5 ! c]emonial ( m>riage & ( fun]al is ! we>+ ( a cr[n4 ,9 anci5t times #8*aplets1' says ,beck]#adjh1 #87 c]ta9ly worn bo? by bride & bridegroom1' & 9 mod]n usage !y are z ess5tial to ! m>riage c]emony z ! w$d+-r+s4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! s]vice1 x is ! duty ( ! be/ man1 assi/$ by ! *ief bridesmaid1 to keep ex*ang+ ! r+s f ! h&s ( ! bride & bridegroom1 & 9 l mann] to ex*ange ! cr[ns :i* !y we> f ! head ( "o to ! head ( ! o!r2 & z ! r+s are always worn aft]w>ds1 s ! two cr[ns are c>efully pres]v$ & hung up toge!r 9 ! new home4 ,equally well-e/abli%$ is ! use ( g>l&s 9 anci5t fun]als#adji1 &1 if n q univ]sal at ! pres5t day#adaj1 !y are at any rate commonly employ$ 9 ! fun]als ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,9 ,mac$onia x is actually ! bridal cr[n :i* is worn = burial by anyone :o 0 betro!d or newly m>ri$#adaa4 ,wor?y ( notice too is ! n uncommon spectacle ( an apple1 qu9ce#adab1 or pomegranate laid among ! fl[]s ) :i* ! bi] is adorn$2 = all ^! ?ree fruits h _! special significance 9 relation to m>riage4 ,! classical cu/om ( ?r[+ an apple into a girl's lap z a sign ( love is a me?od ( woo+ /ill kn[n to ! ru/ic swa94 ,x is n inde$ reg>d$ z a highly respectable me?od1 b p]haps nei!r 9 old times 0 x s2 = !n1 z n[1 ! m well-conduct$ y\?s seem to h _h _! woo+1 if su* x may be call$1 c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( an eld]ly lady 79 anci5t ,greek 1 9 mod]n 7 ^: negotiations 7 *iefly address$ to ! p>5ts on ei!r side1 & ^: conv]sation smack$ m ( d[ry ?an ( love4 ,! qu9ce & ! pomegranate h[ev] are employ$ )\t any (f5ce to propriety4 ,! =m] is 9 "s di/ricts ! food ( :i* ! newly-m>ri$ pair are requir$ to p>take toge!r at _! fir/ entry into _! new home2 & x is hop$ t ! sweetness ( ! fruit w s temp] _! lips t no?+ b sweet words w ev] be address$ by ! "o to ! o!r4 ,to ! op5-m9d$ obs]v] x might appe> t acidity r ?an sweetness 0 ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! qu9ce1 & t1 if ! qualities ( ! fruit are f\nd to affect ! tones ( ^? :o eat x1 !y w\ld be bett] advis$1 z is ! cu/om 9 "s villages1 to sub/itute = ! qu9ce a well-sug>$ cake or a di% ( honey4 ,b ! pomegranate is f> m commonly us$ ?an ! qu9ce1 & 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,sometimes ! bride & bridegroom eat toge!r ( x2 else:]e ! bridegroom pr(f]s x to ! bride z 8 fir/ gift on h] entrance to _! home1 & %e alone eats ( x2 or aga9 %e may be requir$ to hurl x d[n & scatt] its se$s ov] ! floor4 ,! second ( ^! me?ods ( us+ ! pomegranate at m>riage is1 x w be rememb]$1 ( v5]able antiquity2 x 0 a se$ ( ?is fruit :i* ,hades gave to ,p]sephone to eat1 t :5 %e visit$ aga9 ! upp] _w %e might n rema9 !re all h] days ) rev]5d1 d>k-rob$ ,demet]1 b return to h] home 9 ! ne!r _w#adac2 & simil>ly at ! ,argive ,h]aeum1 ! bride ( ,zeus 0 repres5t$ by ,polyclitus hold+ 9 "o ( h] h&s ! fruit ( ! pomegranate1 conc]n+ :i*1 says ,pausanias1 !re is a my/ic /ory n to be divulg$#adad4 ,"h aga9 !n is f\nd ! same close association ( dea? & m>riage4 ,! ?ree fruits1 apple1 qu9ce1 & pomegranate1 ea* ( :i* possesses a special use & purport 9 ! prelim9>ies or ! actual c]emony ( m>riage1 are also ! fruits mo/ commonly laid ^u ! bi]1 9 tok51 z x mu/ appe>1 t dea? is b a m>riage into ! unse5 _w4 ,9 ! light ( su* cu/oms we c read ) full] und]/&+ t simple & yet my/ic dirge1 #8,! ,w$d+ 9 ,hades'3 #8,my "m make? glad to-day1 %e make? my son's w$d+1 ,%e goe? = wat] to ! spr+s1 = sn[ unto ! m\nta9s1 ,to fruit-wives 9 _! g>d5-plots = apples & = qu9ces444#adae4' ,?us 9 po9t aft] po9t ! rites ( m>riage & ! rites ( dea? among ,greeks bo? pa/ & pres5t h be5 f\nd to co9cide2 & ! numb] ( ^! po9ts ( co9cid5ce is too l>ge to admit ( _! be+ ref]r$ to accid5t2 design is evid5t4 ,we are b\nd to suppose ei!r t m>riage-c]emonies 7 delib]ately transf]r$ to ! fun]al-rite1 or t fun]al-c]emonies 7 delib]ately transf]r$ to ! m>riage-rite4 ,:i* supposition %all we pref]8 ,!re c be no real "q4 ,x is impossible to conceive ( a p s cynical or s di/emp]$ z to d>k5 ! w$d+-day ) grim rem9d]s ( dea?4 ,b to transf] "s ( ! usages ( m>riage to ! fun]al-sc5e 0 to infuse "o ray ( hope :]e all else 0 sorr[ & d>kness1 to tea* t1 ?\gh ! dead & ! m\rn]s might grieve = _! p>t+1 yet by t p>t+ f ! old home ! dead 0 to ent] ^u a new life1 a life ( w$d$ happ9ess1 9 ! unse5 _w4 ,= inde$ if !re 7 no su* int5tion z ?is1 :at 0 ! mean+ ( ! set up ov] ! grave ( ! unm>ri$1 :at ! purpose ( adorn+ ! dead ) w$d+-g>m5t & w$d+-cr[n8 ,^! two acts at lea/ are no accid5ts2 !y reveal a /udi$ purpose ( assimilat+ ! usages ( dea? to ! usages ( m>riage2 & if t purpose und]lay two ( ! cu/oms enum]at$1 !re is good w>rant = ! belief t 9 all ! co9cid5ces betwe5 m>riage-rites & fun]al-rites ! same ?\ght 0 op]at+--t v ?\ght :i* has be5 f\nd to be ! common prop]ty ( ! ,greek race1 f "o ( ! ma/]s ( anci5t trag$y d[n to ! humble/ peasant ( our day4 ,cu/om pa/ & pres5t1 anci5t lit]ature1 mod]n folk-song1 all agree 9 _! pres5tm5t ( dea? z a m>riage into ! h\se ( ,hades4 ,on ?is popul> & )al recondite conception ( dea? 7 f\nd$1 ,i believe1 ! highe/ religi\s aspirations ( ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,su* z _h s]v$ _! gods pi\sly & purely 9 ?is life might hope to w9 a clos] union1 z ( w$lock1 ) ^? gods 9 ! life h]eaft]4 ,to !m !re c\ld be nei!r blasphemy nor presumption 9 _! hope2 = to pi\s believ]s ! fabl$ exp]i5ce ( _! own ance/ors 9 ?is life 0 a w>rant = aspir+ !mselves to ! same bliss at lea/ h]eaft]2 :at _h be51 might be aga94 ,nay1 m2 n only 0 ! belief t ! highe/ bliss ( ! h]eaft] consi/$ 9 ! m>riage ( m5 ) _! gods free f all reproa* ( impiety1 b x 0 ! logical developm5t ( two religi\s s5tim5ts :i* we h already review$--! desire = close communion betwe5 gods & m51 & ! belief t m5 aft] dea? & dissolution w\ld /ill enjoy1 l _! gods1 corporeal exi/5ce4 ,a previ\s *apt] has be5 devot$ to a detail$ exam9ation ( ! means :]eby m5 9 _! daily life s\ght to ma9ta9 communication ) ! p[]s above !m--oracles f :i* all might enquire & w9 inspir$ response2 int]pretation ( ! flight & cries ( birds t 7 ! mess5g]s ( heav52 read+ ( ! signs writt5 by ! f+] ( "s god on ! fle% ( ! victim pres5t$ to him2 div9ation f sight & s\nd & dream2 sacrifice :]eby "s message ( pray] might be s5t ) spe$ & safety to ! god :o _h p[] to fulfil x4 ,& 9 g5]al x w1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$ t ! ma9 t5d5cy ( ,greek religi\s ?\ght 0 to draw gods & m5 ne>] toge!r1 alike by an an?ropomorphic conception ( ! gods & by an apo!osis ( human beauty2 t x 0 to subs]ve ?is end t ,art became ! h&maid ( ,religion1 & /rove to express ! div9e 9 t]ms ( ! human1 to discov] 9 man ! pot5tialities ( godhead4 ,all religi\s hope & ambition & ef=t turn$ ^u communion ) ! gods4 ,h[ !n 9 ! next _w %\ld hope be fulfill$1 ambition satisfi$1 ef=t rew>d$8 ,:at %\ld be ! glori\s consummation8 ,m>riage 0 ! close/ communion betwe5 mortals 9 ?is _w2 m>riage1 s sang ! poets1 b\nd gods toge!r 9 close/ communion4 ,m5's aspirations = communion ) _! gods c\ld f9d no f9al satisfaction save 9 m>riage4 ,to ! few1 we may suppose--m5 ( ref9$ & reflective m9d1 capable ( imag9+ spiritual joys--?is m>riage ( m5 & gods 0 b a my/ic1 figurative expression = ! union ( man's s\l ) ! s\l ( ,god1 a ?\ght z *a/5$ & innoc5t ( all s5su\s connotation z ! ?\ght ( _m a woman :o 9 a lat] era1 )drawn f ! _w1 has com=t$ h] lonel9ess ) ! hope ( be+ ! bride ( ,*ri/4 ,b ! _m1 ,i suspect1 fl9*$ n be=e a bold & lit]al int]pretation ( ! ?\ght1 &1 believ+ t1 :5 dea? & physical dissolution 7 pa/1 body z well z s\l surviv$ 9 ano!r _w1 d>$ dream t hav+ pass$ ! gates ( mortality into ! demesne ( ! immortals !y %\ld be w$d$1 body & s\l1 9 true w$lock ) ^? deities :o by veil$ communion ) !m 9 ?is _w _h prep>$ !m = sight & t\* & full fruition h]eaft]4 ,b1 x w be ask$1 :]e 9 all ,greek lit]ature c we f9d a /atem5t1 :]e ev5 a h9t1 ( ?is /range doctr9e8 ,n[h]e a /atem5t2 (t5 a h9t2 = ^! 7 ?+s n to be divulg$ to ! pr(ane4 ,to ^? alone :o 7 initiat$ into ! ,my/]ies 0 ! doctr9e reveal$1 & ev5 to !m1 x may be1 9 p>ables only ^: inn] mean+ ea* mu/ probe = himself4 ,!re h ( c\rse be5 ^? :o h made light ( ! my/]ies ( ! old ,greek religion1 & h se5 9 !m no?+ b ! impositions ( a close hi]>*y play+ ^u ! ignorance & cr$ulity & fe> ( ! common-folk4 ,b :5 we consid] ! v5]ation 9 :i* ! m fam\s my/]ies 7 held = _m c5turies1 :5 we rememb] t ,eleusis 0 respect$ & left inviolate n only by ! ,lac$aemonians & o!r ,greek peoples :5 !y invad$ ,attic t]ritory1 b ev5 by ! ,p]sians :o _h d>$ to deva/ate ! ,acropolis1 & 9 lat] times by ! yet rud] ,celts1 !n x is easi] to believe t we are deal+ ) a great religi\s in/itution bas$ ^u solid pr9ciples & vital doctr9es :i* des]v$ a wide-spread & long-cont9u$ rev]5ce f mank9d1 ?an t x 0 all ! elaborate & empty hoax ( a crafty prie/hood4 ,nor aga9 does ! view :i* makes ,demet] simply a corn-goddess & ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies a port5t\s h>ve/-?anksgiv+--& t app>5tly some:at premature--require any long or s]i\s consid]ation4 ,corn inde$ 0 "o ( ! bless+s giv5 by ,demet] to ?is upp] _w ( liv+ m52 p]haps 9 ! v e>lie/ ages ( h] wor%ip ?is 0 ! sum total ( ! boons :i* m5 s\ght ( h]2 d\btless ev5 9 h] fully-develop$ my/]ies a "p ( m5's ?anks 7 /ill = ! g>n]$ h>ve/ ( ! la/ ye> & = ! promise :i* ! gre5 fields gave ( h] b\nty once m to be r5ew$2 = ev5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era h] /atue amid ! ru9s ( ,eleusis 0 /ill associat$ by ! peasants ) agriculture1 & ! removal ( x1 !y appreh5d$1 w\ld cause a failure ( ! crops#adaf4 ,b 9 old "t ?is 0 n all4 ,to speak ( ,demet] z a m]e p]sonification ( c]eals is to advocate a p>tial tru? little bett] ?an ! cynical falsehood :i* makes h] only ! /alk+-horse ( design+ prie/s4 ,= :at said m5 ( light & le>n+ among ! anci5ts#adag1 m5 :o knew ! :ole tru? & ! :ole ,_s ( h] wor%ip8 #8,?rice happy !y ( m5 t h look$ ^u ^! rites ere !y g to ,hades' h\se2 = !y alone !re h true life1 ! re/ h n\ght !re b ill#adah4' ,s ,sophocles1 9 language cle>ly recall+ t ( ! s-call$ ,hom]ic hymn#adai to ,demet]2 & 9 h>mony ) him ,p9d>3 #8,happy he t ha? se5 ^? rites ere he g b5ea? ! e>?2 he kn[e? life's consummation1 he kn[e? its god-giv5 s\rce#adbj4' ,& surely su* consummation ( life %\ld be 9 t p>adise1 :]e #8mid mead[s r$ ) roses lie? ! space be=e ! city's gates1 all hazy ) frank9c5se & lad5 ) gold5 fruits1' :]e #8! glori\s sun %$s 8 light :ile night is "h#adba'2 = to ?is belief ev5 ,ari/ophanes subscribes1 nei!r d>+ nor wi%+ to make mock ( ! bless$ ones :o 9 ! o!r _w h "p 9 ! god-belov$ fe/ival1 & w5d _! way ) song & dance ?r\gh ! holy circle ( ! goddess1 a lawn bright ) fl[]s1 mead[s :]e roses ri*ly blossom--on :om alone 9 _! night-long wor%ip ! sun yet %9es & a graci\s light1 = t !y h le>nt ! my/]ies & dealt righte\sly ) all m5#adbb4 ,"h !n are ! ?ree great ma/]s ( lyric poetry1 ( trag$y1 & ( com$y 9 sub/antial agreem5t2 & ! hopes :i* !y hold out are n ! m]e exub]ance ( poetic fancy1 = sob] prose affirms ! same beliefs4 ,:at says ,isocrates8 #8,demet] 444 be+ graci\sly m9d$ t[>ds our =efa!rs because ( _! s]vices to h]1 s]vices ( :i* none b ! initiat$ may he>1 gave u ! greate/ ( all gifts1 fir/1 ^? fruits ( ! e>? :i* sav$ u f liv+ ! life ( bea/s1 & secondly1 t rite :i* makes happi] ! hopes ( ^? t p>ticipate !re9 conc]n+ bo? ! end ( life & _! :ole exi/5ce2 & our city prov$ h]self n only god-belov$ b also lov+ t[>d mank9d1 9 t1 hav+ become mi/ress ( su* bless+s1 %e grudg$ !m n to ! re/ ( ! _w1 b gave to all m5 a %>e 9 t %e _h receiv$#adbc4' ,( ?is passage ,lobeck#adbd 0 dispos$ to make light1 & t = ! reason t ,isocrates 9 ano!r passage#adbe1 ) less or?odoxy p]haps & m *>ity1 9 speak+ ( ! pi\s & upright 9 g5]al1 employs "p ( ! same phrase :i* 9 ! passage be=e u he applies to ! initiat$ only4 ,all good m51 he says1 h happi] hopes #8conc]n+ _! :ole exi/5ce'2 virtue1 t is1 may expect a rew>d1 vice a puni%m5t1 ei!r "h or h]eaft]4 ,are ^! fair gr\nds on :i* to condemn 8 ref]5ce to ! my/]ies z a mean+less common-place8 ,if any comm5t is to be made ^u ?is repetition ( a well-kn[n phrase1 w\ld x n be fair] to note t 9 ref]5ce to ! my/]ies he speaks ( m5's happi] hopes n only g5]ally--#8conc]n+ _! :ole exi/5ce' 7 7 b also specifically--#8conc]n+ ! end ( life' 7 71 & ?us e*oes ! words ( ,p9d> above quot$1 #8he kn[e? ! consummation ( life' 7 78 ,nor is !re any de>? ( o!r au?orities to prove t x 0 aft] dea? t ! hopes ( ! initiat$ %\ld #8be empti$ 9 delight4' ,let u he> ,ari/ides4 #8,nay1 b ! b5efit ( ! 7,eleus9ian7 fe/ival is n m]ely ! *e]fulness ( ! mom5t & ! fre$om & respite f all previ\s tr\bles1 b also ! possession ( happi] hopes conc]n+ ! end1 hopes t our life h]eaft] w be ! bett]1 & t we %all n lie 9 d>kness & 9 fil?--! fate t is believ$ to await ! un9itiat$#adbf4' ,su* seem to h be5 ! g5]al t]ms 9 :i* ! b5efits ( ! my/]ies might be recomm5d$ to ! pr(ane4 ,! same ideas1 almo/ ! same phrases1 occur aga9 & aga94 ,witness ! well-kn[n /ory ( ,diog5es ! ,cynic1 :o1 :5 urg$ by a "y man to get himself initiat$1 answ]$1 #8,x is /range1 my "y fri5d1 if y fancy t by virtue ( ?is rite ! publicans w %>e ) ! gods ! good ?+s ( ,hades' h\se1 :ile ,agesilaus & ,epam9ondas lie 9 fil?#adbg4' ,or aga9 let u read ! advice ( ,cr9agoras to 8 fri5d3 #8,set ?y foot on ,cecropian soil1 t ?\ may'/ behold ^? nights ( ,demet]'s great my/]ies1 :i* %all free !e f c>e among ! liv+1 &1 :5 ?\ goe/ :]e mo/ are gone1 %all make ?y he>t light]#adbh4' ,& ) equal s]i\sness ,cic]o1 :o 9 8 ideal /ate w\ld =bid all nocturnal rites z t5d+ t[>ds excesses1 w\ld except ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 n only because ( _! humanis+ & *e]+ influ5ce ^u m5's life 9 ?is _w b also because !y furni% bett] hopes 9 dea?#adbi4 ,su* are ! mo/ important passages be>+ ^u ! religi\s z oppos$ to ! temporal & agricultural aspects ( ,demet]'s wor%ip1 su* ! g5]al t]ms 9 :i* ! bless+s fl[+ !refrom 7 ov]tly describ$ by m5 :o knew ! details ( ! cov]t doctr9e4 ,! in=mation conta9$ 9 !m am\nts to ?is3 ! initiat$ receiv$ 9 ! my/]ies a hope1 a pl$ge1 p]haps a =eta/e1 ( ! future bliss res]v$ = !m only2 ! pr(ane %\ld lie 9 fil? & out] d>kness2 ! bless$ %\ld dwell 9 pleasant mead[s1 & ! sun %\ld %9e bright ^u !m2 !y %\ld be god-belov$1 & %\ld %>e ) ! gods ! good ?+s ( ! next _w4 ,n[ obvi\sly ^! vague & g5]al promises are conceiv$ 9 ! tone & ! _s ( t popul> religion :i* _h sprung f ! v he>t ( ! ,hell5ic folk4 ,! pleasant mead[s :]e ! initiat$ %\ld dwell are none o!r ?an t place :i* appe>s once z ! asphodel mead1 anon z ! isl&s ( ! bless$ or z "p ( ! "u-_w1 & is n[ nam$ ,p>adise4 ,! light :i* illum9es ev5 ! night-"t ( ! bless$ is ! necess>y contra/ to ! murky gloom ( a ne!r abode1 conceiv$ almo/ 9 ! _s ( ,hom]1 :]e ! pr(ane mu/ lie z 9 a sl\gh4 ,& f9ally ! close communion ( ! bless$ ) gods :o love !m is ! consummation ( ^? hopes :i* ! :ole ,hell5ic p ent]ta9$1 & ( ^? ef=ts :i* ! :ole ,hell5ic p put =?1 to atta9 to close int]c\rse 9 ?is life ) ! gods :om !y wor%ipp$4 ,cle>ly !n ! g5]al promises1 ^: inn] my/]ies 7 reveal$ only to ! initiat$1 7 bas$ ^u ! old ideals1 ! innate beliefs1 ! traditional hopes1 9 a ^w1 ! natural & spontane\s religion ( ! ,hell5ic race4 ,&1 z at ,eleusis1 s probably 9 o!r my/]ies4 ,9 a fam\s passage ,!o ,smyrnaeus#adcj comp>es ! successive /eps to be tak5 9 ! /udy ( philosophy ) ! sev]al /ages ( initiation 9 my/]ies1 & ,lobeck#adca 9 8 exam9ation ( ! passage has %[n t ! ref]5ce is n to ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis1 or at any rate n to !m only4 ,x is probable en\gh t ,!o 0 speak+ ( my/]ies 9 g5]al1 bo? public & private1 9 mo/ ( :i* !re 71 d\btless1 sev]al grades ( initiation1 & he may ev5 h select$ ! details ( 8 illu/ration 7= x is an analogy only1 n an argum5t1 9 :i* he is engag$7 f diff]5t rites4 ,yet = 8 fif? & f9al /age ( initiation1 beyond ev5 #8op5 vision' 77 & #8exposition' 7 or 71 he names t bliss :i* is ! outcome ( ! e>li] /ages1 ! bliss ( be+ god-belov$ & %>+ ! life ( gods 7 74 ,! recurr5ce ( ! ^w 9 ! above passages1 :e!r 9 ref]5ce to ! ,eleus9ian or to o!r my/]ies1 _c b excite att5tion2 & we %all n ,i ?9k g f> a/ray if we take ! la/ phrase ( ,!o ,smyrnaeus1 #8! bliss ( be+ god-belov$ & %>+ ! life ( gods1' z an epitome ( ! some:at vague & g5]al promises held out to ! pr(ane z an inducem5t to initiation4 ,?is 0 ! fulfilm5t ( ^? #8happi] hopes'--to use ano!r recurr5t phrase--( :i* ! initiat$ might only speak 9 gu>d$ fa%ion4 ,! exact int]pretation ( ?is phrase1 z we %all h reason to believe :5 we consid] ! sep>ate rites 9 detail1 0 ! great my/ic secret4 ,b ( t m anon2 = ! pres5t let u suppose t ! g5]al assurances op5ly giv5 conc]n+ bo? ! ,eleus9ian & o!r my/]ies are fairly summ$ up 9 ! promise #8( be+ god-belov$ & ( %>+ ! life ( gods4' ,su* a promise appeal$ to ^? innate hopes ( ! :ole ,greek race :i* manife/$ !mselves 9 _! con/ant /riv+ aft] close int]c\rse & communion ) _! gods2 9 o!r words1 ! happi] hopes conc]n+ ! h]eaft]1 :i* ! my/]ies s\ght to appropriate & to res]ve to ! initiat$ alone1 _h = _! basis ! natural religion ( ! ,hell5ic folk4 ,to admit ?is is necess>ily to admit ! validity ( ,lobeck's refutation ( ^? critics :o h s\ght to fa!r on ! my/]ies1 usually on ^? ( ,eleusis1 doctr9es & ideas =eign to1 or ev5 incompatible )1 popul> ,greek religion--pan!ism1 ! emanation ( ! human s\l f ! s\l ( ,god1 ! transmigration ( s\ls1 ! ,platonic !ory ( ideas1 ! unity ( ,god omnipot5t & omnisci5t#adcb1 & su*-l religi\s products ( diff]5t ages & diff]5t climes4 ,= if we 7 to accept ! view t ! tea*+ ( ! my/]ies 0 a ?+ ap>t f ! ord9>y tr5d & t5or ( ! popul> religion1 !n we %\ld be compell$ to reg>d ^? g5]al promises ( future bliss 7:i* 7 9 tru?1 z we h j se51 bas$ ^u popul> religion7 z a fraudul5t bait design$ to entice m5 away f _! old beliefs & to ensn>e !m 9 dogma & prie/craft2 & if any w\ld impute fraud1 !re awaits !m ! task ( convict+ ,p9d>1 ,sophocles1 ,ari/ophanes1 ,isocrates1 & o!rs :o wrote ( t :i* !y knew1 ( conspiracy to deceive4 ,b :ile ! promises held =? by ! ,eleus9ian & o!r my/]ies1 & !re=e also ! doctr9es :i* elucidat$ ^? vague promises1 7 a product ( ! popul> religion1 ^? doctr9es !mselves 7 n a matt] ( popul> k4 ,! v fact ( initiation1 ! dea?-p5alty inflict$ ^u ! pr(ane :o by any means p5etrat$ to ! sc5e ( ! my/]ies1 ! wild indignation excit$ 9 ,a!ns by a *>ge ( mock+ ! my/ic rites1 ! scrupul\s privacy obs]v$ 9 inve/igat+ t *>ge be=e a c\rt compos$ ( ! initiat$ only--all ^! are pro(s t ,eleusis 0 ! s*ool ( secret beliefs & hopes held 9 deep v5]ation by ^? to :om ! k ( !m 0 v\*saf$4 ,secret doctr9es exi/$2 t :i* _h sprung f ! beliefs ( ! _m _h become ! prop]ty ( ! few4 ,h[ c ?is be expla9$8 ,! explanation is n difficult4 ,! wor%ip ( ,demet] & possibly _m o!r rites :i* 7 aft]w>ds call$ #8my/]ies' 7 ! mo/ holy "p ( ! religion ( ! ,pelasgians2 & :5 ! ,a*aeans1 a p ( /range tongue & /range religion1 came among !m1 ! ,pelasgians w\ld n admit !m to a k ( _! rites b !nce=? p]=m$ ^? rites 9 secrecy4 ,?is is prov$ by two facts4 ,fir/1 ! rites :i* at ,eleusis1 9 ,samo?race1 & among ! ,cicones 9 ,?race1 ! c\ntry ( ,orpheus1 7 imp>t$ z my/]ies to ! initiat$ only1 7 9 ,crete op5 to all & !re 0 no obligation to secrecy conc]n+ !m#adcc4 ,secondly1 at ,eleusis at any rate ! purity requir$ ( c&idates = initiation 0 n only physical & spiritual1 z secur$ by ablution & ab/95ce1 b also l+ui/ic2 x 0 necess>y #adcd1 to speak ! ,greek language purely4 ,^! two facts tak5 toge!r solve ! difficulty4 ,be=e ! com+ ( ! ,a*aeans ! :ole ,pelasgian population :e!r ( ! ,greek ma9l& or ( su* an isl& z ,crete celebrat$ ! rites ( ,demet] op5ly4 ,9 ,crete1 :]e no ,a*aeans p5etrat$1 ! old cu/om naturally cont9u$ un*ang$4 ,on ! ma9l& ! influx ( a p ( /range tongue & /range religion necessitat$ secrecy 9 ! native rites1 le/ ! pres5ce ( m5 :o knew n ,demet] %\ld pr(ane h] wor%ip2 ! "r ( entry !re=e at h] fe/ivals 0 decid$ by ! simple/ te/ ( ,a*aean or ,pelasgian nationality1 ! te/ ( spee*2 & 9 lat] times1 :5 ! ,a*aeans _h acquir$ ! ,pelasgian spee*#adce1 ! cu/oms ?us e/abli%$ 7 n aboli%$2 ! rites ( ,demet] rema9$ #8my/]ies' to be conduct$ 9 secret1 & ! ,%ibbole? 0 /ill exact$4 ,s9ce !n we may n seek 9 ! tea*+s ( ! my/]ies any?+ ali5 f ! _s ( ! popul> religion1 ! scope ( our enquiry is m limit$ & its c\rse m cle>4 ,! secret to be discov]$ is some?+ :i* _h be5 evolv$ f ! popul> religion1 "s int5sification & high] developm5t ( ^? hopes & beliefs1 ye>n+s & /riv+s1 :i* h cont9u\sly m>k$ ! religi\s life ( ! ,greek folk4 ,n[ ! mass ( ! ,greek p h always hop$ & believ$1 z _! c>e = ! dead has con/antly %[n1 t beyond dea? & dissolution lay a life 9 :i* body & s\l %\ld be re-unit$ & re/or$ to _! old activity2 ! my/]ies might well confirm ! initiat$ 9 t expectation & picture to !m ! happy habitations :]e !y %\ld dwell4 ,aga9 ! mass ( ! ,greek p h always ye>n$ & /riv5 by manifold means 9 ?is life = close communion ) _! gods2 ! my/]ies might well be a sacram5t :i* af=d$ to ! initiat$ bo? a means & a pl$ge ( enjoy+ 9 ! next _w1 to :i* body z well z s\l %\ld pass1 ! close/ ( all communion ) _! gods1 ! union ( w$lock4 ,let x !n be suppos$ t ! two ma9 ideas ( ! my/]ies1 :e!r exp\nd$ 9 spee* or repres5t$ 9 ritual1 7 ^!--bodily survival aft] dea?1 & m>riage ( m5 ) gods2 :at w\ld h be5 ! natural attitude ( ,*ri/ians t[>ds ^! doctr9es8 ,= x is 9 ! light ( ! *>ges br\ght by e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s aga9/ ! my/]ies t su* a supposition mu/ fir/ be exam9$4 ,! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! body z well z ( ! s\l 0 evid5tly little expos$ to ,*ri/ian attacks2 & x may h be5 because ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! resurrection _h mu* 9 common ) ! old ,greek doctr9e1 t ,/ ,paul f\nd among 8 audi5ce on ! ,areopagus "s :o did n mock1 b said #8,we w he> !e aga9 ( ?is matt]4' ,b ) ! fur!r doctr9e ( m>riage betwe5 m5 & gods ,*ri/ianity c\ld h no sympa?y1 b w\ld inevitably reg>d x z (f5sive bo? 9 !ology & 9 morality1 z imply+ ! exi/5ce ( a plurality ( gods1 & z sav\r+ ( t s5suality1 :i* above all o!r s9 ! apo/le to ! ,g5tiles set himself to combat4 ,& x is 9 fact ^u ^! two po9ts t ! mass ( ! accusations br\ght by e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s aga9/ ,greek paganism h+e & hang4 ,^! 7 ! po9ts at :i* ,greek religion seem$ to its assailants mo/ readily vuln]able1 & aga9/ :i* !y s\ght to use z weapons ! v language ( paganism itself4 ,j z ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria#adcf seeks to prove out ( ! m\? ( ,hom]1 :o speaks ( ! gods 9 g5]al z #adcg1 t ! ,greek gods are confess$ly m]e demons 7= ! ^w _h seem+ly det]iorat$ 9 mean+71 t is to say1 abom9able & unclean spirits1 enemies ( ! "o true ,god1 s too ! words & 1 us$ by ! pagans ( _! #8unspeakable' my/]ies1 7 mis9t]pret$ by ! ,*ri/ians ) "o cons5t & became a h&le = convict+ ! old religion ( #8unnameable' impurities4 ,) ! "q ( poly!ism h[ev] we are n fur!r conc]n$2 :e!r ! ,hell5ic gods 7 true gods1 z _! wor%ipp]s held1 or devils1 z ,clem5t ?\ght1 or non-exi/5t1 z _m w ?9k to-day1 matt]s n2 all t we ne$ to "k 9 ?is respect is kn[n1 namely1 t ! my/]ies1 l ! popul> religion1 ackn[l$g$ a plurality ( gods2 = 9 ! ,eleus9ian drama alone sev]al gods play$ a "p4 ,x is r ! frequ5t & viol5t *>ges ( impurity :i* call = inve/igation4 ,a few examples w suffice = ! pres5t4 ,a compreh5sive d5unciation is t ( ,eusebius1 :o *>ges ! pagans ) celebrat+1 #89 *ant & hymn & /ory & 9 ! unnameable rites ( ! my/]ies1 adult]ies & yet bas] lu/s1 & ince/u\s unions ( "m ) son1 bro!r ) si/]#adch4' ,& aga9 he says1 #8,9 e city rites & my/]ies ( gods are taught1 9 h>mony ) ! my?ical /ories ( old "t1 s t ev5 n[ 9 ^! rites1 z well z 9 hymns & odes to ! gods1 m5 c he> ( m>riages ( ! gods1 & ( _! procreation ( *ildr51 & ( dirges = dea?1 & ( drunk5 excesses1 & ( w&]+s1 & ( passionate love or ang]#adci4' ,equally outspok5 is ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 9 8 #8,exhortation to ! hea!n4' ,"s specific /atem5ts 9 t "w conc]n+ ! my/]ies ( sev]al gods1 ?\gh !y support ! g5]al *>ges ( impurity1 may be po/pon$ = lat] exam9ation4 ,x w be en\gh "h to adduce ! phrases 9 :i*1 aft] d5\nc+ ^? :o1 :e!r 9 ! my/]ies ( ! temples or ! pa9t+s ) :i* _! own h\ses 7 adorn$1 lov$ to look ^u ! lu/s ( gods 7he risks ev5 ! ^w 71 & #8reg>d$ incont95ce z piety1' ,clem5t rea*es ! climax ( 8 invective3--#8,su* are y\r models ( voluptu\sness1 su* y\r cre$s ( lu/1 su* ! doctr9es ( gods :o commit =nication ) y2 =1 z ! ,a!nian orator says1 :at a man wi%es1 t he also believes#addj4' ,?is brutal directness ( ,clem5t is h[ev] h>dly m effective ?an ! elegant innu5do ( ,synesius 9 deal+ ) ! same subject4 ,comm5t+ on ! secrecy ( ! nocturnal rites1 he describes !m z celebrat$ at #8times & places compet5t to conceal #adda'--;a phrase :i* ,i despair ( r5d]+1 = ! #8unspeakable acts' to :i* #8div9e fr5zy' l$1 are ^? :i* are ei!r too holy or too infam\s to be nam$4 ,^! few typical passages amply demon/rate t alike by ins9uation & by op5 accusation ! ,*ri/ian writ]s conspir$ to br& ! my/]ies ) ! infamy ( de$s unnameable4 ,:at is ! explanation ( ?is organis$ campaign ( calumny8 ,"s h suppos$ t ! ,*ri/ian writ]s 9 g5]al confus$ ! public & ! private my/]ies1 & t1 aw>e ( ! lic5se :i* *>act]iz$ ! latt]1 !y includ$ all 9 "o condemnation4 ,b ?is explanation appe>s at any rate inadequate4 ,we h se5 h[ ,cic]o di/+ui%$ %>ply betwe5 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 9 :i* he _h p>ticipat$ & = :i* he felt rev]5ce1 & o!r nocturnal rites :i* gave %elt] to all mann] ( excess4 ,x is difficult !re=e to suppose t 9 lat] times ! ,*ri/ian writ]s %\ld all h fall5 unwitt+ly into ! error ( confus+ all my/]ies toge!r2 & no less difficult to imag9e t1 if !y recognis$ h[ f> remov$ 7 ! mo/ respect$ ( ! public my/]ies f ! bas] private orgies1 !y %\ld h delib]ately expos$ !mselves to ! *>ge ( ignorance ( ! subject conc]n+ :i* !y presum$ to prea*4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 0 too %rewd a disputant s to /ultify himself4 ,nor aga9 is x a suffici5t explanation to say t ! /ra9 & excitem5t ( su* my/]ies z ^? ( ,eleusis 7 responsible = a c]ta9 am\nt ( subsequ5t indiscretion4 ,let x be grant$ t _m ( ^? :o _h witness$ ! solemn rites 7 guilty aft]w>ds ( drunk5ness & lic5ti\sness#addb2 yet ^! w\ld be no gr\nds = convict+ ! my/]ies !mselves ( impurity2 to s p]v]t$ a *>ge ! hea!n might well h answ]$ t riot+ & drunk5ness _h n be5 unkn[n at ! ,*ri/ians' mo/ solemn s]vice2 & inde$ ! same argum5t c\ld up to ?is day be us$ aga9/ ! ,greek celebration ( ,ea/]4 ,no2 ! *>ges ( impurity 7 br\ght aga9/ ! my/]ies !mselves1 n aga9/ ! incid5tal misdo+s ( "s :o _h witness$ !m4 ,x mu/ h be5 ei!r ! doctr9es taught or ! dramatic repres5tations by means ( :i* !y 7 taught t furni%$ ! ,*ri/ian writ]s ) a h&le = accusation4 ,n[ if1 z ,i h suppos$1 ! doctr9e ( ! m>riage ( m5 ) _! gods 0 ! c>d9al doctr9e ( ! my/]ies 7= ! o!r doctr9e ( bodily survival is m]ely prelim9>y & subord9ate to ?is71 & if "s dramatic repres5tation 0 giv5 z a means ( in/ill+ into m5's m9ds ! hope ( atta9+ to t summit ( bliss1 x is n difficult to see :at an op5+ ! my/]ies gave to _! oppon5ts = ! *>ges :i* 7 actually br\ght4 ,! ultimate bliss promis$ to ! initiat$ 0 9 g5]al t]ms said to consi/ 9 #8be+ god-belov$ & dwell+ ) ! gods1' & ?is phrase1 we are suppos+1 signifi$ to ! initiat$ !mselves an assurance t _! gods w\ld admit !m ev5 to w$lock ) !m 9 ! future life4 ,x requir$ !n no great +5uity 9 ! way ( misrepres5tation = ,clem5t1 if he _h b an inkl+ ( ! secret doctr9e1 to d5\nce ! hea!n & _! beliefs 9 t opprobri\s phrase1 #8,su* are ! doctr9es ( gods t commit =nication ) y4' ,?is *ampion ( ,*ri/ianity knew no *ivalry1 gave no qu>t]1 disda9$ no weapon1 held no me?od ( attack too base or insidi\s1 if only he c\ld w\nd & cru% 8 hea!n foes4 ,x 0 8 "p to p]v]t1 to degrade1 to blaspheme _! :ole religion2 & t :i* !y held mo/ sacr$ 0 m>k$ out = 8 mo/ virul5t scorn4 ,naturally to ^? :o drew ne> ) pure & rev]5t m9ds ! my/]ies wore a v diff]5t aspect4 ,t :i* ,clem5t misnam$ lu/1 !y felt to be love2 :]e he saw only degradation1 !y recognis$ a wond]ful condesc5sion ( _! gods4 ,= 9 ! words ( t religion :i* ,clem5t prea*$ #8to ! pure all ?+s are pure'2 & x 0 purification :i* ! initiat$ s\ght by ab/95ce & ablution dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! ,eleus9ian fe/ival be=e !y 7 admitt$ to _! holy ( holies4 ,inde$ if we w\ld und]/& at all ! _s 9 :i* ! anci5t ,greeks approa*$ ! celebration ( ! my/]ies1 we %\ld d well to turn our att5tion = a little to ! mod]n ,greek celebration ( ,holy ,week & ,ea/]2 = ?is is1 s to speak1 ! ,*ri/ian c\nt]p>t ( ! old my/]ies1 & seems to owe mu* to !m4 ,x s happ5s t ,ea/] falls 9 ! same p]iod ( ! ye> z did ! great ,eleus9ian fe/ival--! p]iod :5 ! re-awak5+ ( ! e>? f its w9t] sleep sugge/s to man 8 own re-awak5+ f ! sleep ( dea?2 & x is probable t ! ,*ur* turn$ ?is co9cid5ce 9 "t to good acc\nt by mak+ h] own fe/ival a sub/itute = ! fe/ival ( ,demet] or o!r k9dr$ rites1 & ev5 by modell+ h] own s]vices aft] ! pagan patt]n2 = x w\ld seem t ! ,*ur*1 :5 once h] e>ly /ruggles _h secur$ h] a firm position1 ex*ang$ ho/ility = conciliation1 & s\ght to absorb r ?an to ou/ paganism4 ,h] complaisance is cle>ly se5 9 ! c]emonies ( ,good ,friday & ,ea/]2 =1 ) all h] sev]e repression ( ! use ( idols 7^: place h[ev] is well suppli$ by ! pictures :i* are call$ icons71 %e has p]mitt$ ! use ( a sculptur$ figure at ?is "o fe/ival1 & ev5 d[n to ?is day ,*ri/ is repres5t$ 9 "s localities#addc 9 effigy2 & x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! purpose ( ?is concession 0 to make ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival z dramatic & attractive z ! pagan my/]ies celebrat$ at ! same season4 ,aga9 ! absorption ( pagan ideas is well illu/rat$ by ! belief /ill preval5t among ! peasants t ! ,ea/] fe/ival1 l ! cult ( ,demet]1 has an important be>+ ^u ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,a /ory 9 po9t 0 told to me by "o :o _h travell$ 9 ,greece#addd4 ,happ5+ to be 9 "s village ( ,euba dur+ ,holy ,week1 he _h be5 /ruck by ! emotion :i* ! ,good ,friday s]vices evok$2 & obs]v+ on ! next day ! same g5]al air ( gloom & despond5cy1 he que/ion$ an old woman ab\t x2 :]eupon %e repli$1 #8,( c\rse ,i am anxi\s2 = if ,*ri/ does n rise to-morr[1 we %all h no corn ?is ye>4' ,9 o!r details too !re is a close correspond5ce betwe5 ! pagan & ! ,*ri/ian fe/ivals4 ,z a p]iod ( ab/95ce 0 requir$ ( ! my/ae1 s dur+ ,l5t & /ill m /rictly dur+ ,holy ,week ! ,greek peasants keep a fa/ :i* c]ta9ly pr$isposes !m to hy/]ical emotion dur+ ! s]vices2 & en revan*e1 j z ! initiat$ are said to h indulg$ !mselves too freely :5 ! my/]ies 7 ov]1 s ! mod]n peasants1 :5 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! ,resurrection has be5 made1 disp]se 9 ha/e to fea/ ^u _! ,ea/] lamb1 & :ile x is /ill a-cook+ exp]i5ce ! inevitable effects ( pl5tiful w9e on an empty /oma*4 ,aga91 j z ! rites ( ,eleusis 7 nocturnal1 s ! *ief s]vices ( ,holy ,week are ^? ( ! ,friday night & ! ,saturday night2 & x may be t ! tor*-light processions :i* close ! s]vices on ^? two nights are relat$ to ! ( ,eleusis4 ,b ^! are m9or details2 x is 9 ! actual s]vices ( ,good ,friday & ,ea/] t ! mo/ /rik+ resemblance to ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies is f\nd1 & ! _s 9 :i* ! wor%ipp]s approa* may /ill be ! same n[ z !n4 ,let me briefly describe ! fe/ival z ,i saw x 9 ! isl& ( ,santor9i1 or1 to give x ! old "n :i* has reviv$ 9 mod]n times1 ,!ra4 ,! ,l5t5 fa/ 0 draw+ to a close :5 ,i arriv$4 ,= ! fir/ week x is /rictly obs]v$1 meat1 fi%1 eggs1 milk1 *eese1 & ev5 olive-oil be+ prohibit$1 s t ! ord9>y diet is r$uc$ to bread & wat]1 to :i* is sometimes add$ a nause\s s\p made f dri$ cuttle-fi% or octopus2 = ^! along ) %ellfi% are n reckon$ to be animal food1 z be+ bloodless4 ,dur+ ! next f\r weeks "s relaxation is all[$2 b no "o ) any pret5sions to piety w\ld ev5 !n p>take ( fi%1 meat1 or eggs2 ! la/-m5tion$ are /or$ up until ,ea/] & !n1 be+ dy$ r$1 are ei!r eat5 or--m wisely--(f]$ to visitors4 ,!n comes #8! ,great ,week' 7 71 & ) x ! same /rict regulations come into =ce z dur+ ! fir/ week ( ,l5t4 ,x 0 n h>d to p]ceive t = mo/ ( ! villag]s ! fa/ _h be5 a real & pa9ful ab/95ce4 ,"w _h almo/ ceas$2 = !re 0 little en]gy left4 ,leisure 0 n enjoy$2 = !re 0 little _s ev5 = *att+4 ,ev]y:]e :ite1 %>p-featur$ faces told ( real hung]2 & ! sil5ce 0 mo/ (t5 brok5 by an outbur/ ( irritability4 ,9 a few days "t ,i c\ld und]/& x2 = ,i too p]=ce fa/$2 & ,i mu/ own t a daily diet ( dry bread = djeun] & ( dry bread & octopus s\p = d9n] soon *ang$ my outlook ^u life4 ,little wond] !n if ^! folk aft] six weeks ( su* treatm5t 7 n]v\s & excitable4 ,su* 0 ! condition ( body & m9d 9 :i* !y att5d$ ! long s]vice ( ,good ,friday night4 ,s]vice ,i h said1 b drama 7 a m fitt+ ^w1 a fun]al-drama4 ,at ! top ( ! nave1 j bel[ ! *ancel-/ep1 /ood a bi] & ^u x lay ! figure ( ! ,*ri/1 all too dea?-l 9 ! dim light4 ,! congregation gaze ^u him1 rev]5tly hu%$1 :ile ! prie/s' voices rise 9 pray] & *ant z x 7 9 lam5tation = ! dead ,god ly+ !re 9 /ate4 ,h\r aft] h\r passes4 ,! wom5 h kiss$ ! dead =m1 & are gone4 ,! mom5t has come = c>ry+ ! ,*ri/ out to burial4 ,! procession moves =w>d--9 front1 ! prie/s ) c&les & tor*es &1 gu>d$ by !m1 ! op5 bi] borne %\ld]-high--beh9d1 a rev]5t1 b>e-head$ cr[d4 ,! night is d>k & gu/y4 ,x ra9s1 & ! rugg$1 tortu\s alleys ( ! t[n are slipp]y4 ,x is late1 b none are sleep+4 ,unhe$+ ( w9d & ra91 ! wom5 kneel at op5 door or w9d[1 pray+1 sw++ c5s]s1 spr9kl+ p]fume on ! pass+ bi]4 ,sl[ly1 halt+ly1 l$ by ! dirge ( prie/s1 n[ 9 d>kness1 n[ light$ by ! tor*es' fl>e & int]mitt5t beams f cottage doorways1 grop+ at corn]s1 /umbl+ 9 ill-pav$ by-ways1 ! m\rn]s foll[ _! ,god to 8 grave4 ,! circuit ( ! t[n is done4 ,all h tak5 _! la/ look ^u ! dead4 ,! sepul*re is rea*$--a vault b5ea? ! *ur* f :i* ! fun]al />t$4 ,! prie/s alone ent] ) ! bi]4 ,!re is a pause4 ,! cr[d waits4 ,! sil5ce is deep z ! d>kness1 only brok5 "h & !re by a deep-drawn sigh4 ,is x ! la/ dep? ( angui%1 or is x well-nigh relief t ! long /ra9 is ov]8 ,! prie/s return4 ,9 sil5ce ! cr[d h wait$1 9 sil5ce !y disp]se4 ,x is f9i%$4 ,b !re is a sequel on ! morr[4 ,soon aft] d>k on ,ea/]-eve ! same we>y yet excit$ faces may be se5 ga!r$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,b !re is a *ange too2 !re is a feel+ abroad ( anxiety1 ( expectancy4 ,h\rs mu/ yet pass ere midnight1 & n till !n is !re hope ( ! ann\ncem5t1 #8,*ri/ is ris56' ,! susp5se seems long4 ,to-night !re is re/lessness r ?an sil5ce4 ,"s g to & fro betwe5 ! *ur* & _! homes2 o!rs jo9 discordantly 9 ! *ants & misplace ! responses2 any?+ to *eat ! long h\rs ( wait+4 ,midnight draws ne>2 f h& to h& are pass$ ! tap]s & c&les :i* %all light ! joyful procession1 if only ! long$-= ann\ncem5t be made4 ,:at is happ5+ !re n[ beh9d ^? curta9s :i* veil ! *ancel f ! expectant ?rong8 ,midnight /rikes4 ,! curta9s are drawn back4 ,yes1 !re is ! bi]1 borne b ye/]night to ! grave4 ,x is empty4 ,t is only ! %r\d ^u x4 ,! words ( ! prie/ r+ out true1 #8,*ri/ is ris56' ,& !re beh9d ! *ancel1 see1 a second veil is drawn back4 ,!re 9 ! sanctu>y1 on ! alt>-/eps1 bright ) a blaze ( light /&s erect ! figure ( ! ,*ri/ :o1 s %ort & yet s long a :ile ago1 0 borne lifeless to ! tomb4 ,a miracle1 a miracle6 ,quickly f ! prie/'s light$ c&le ! flame is pass$4 ,9 a mom5t ! dim build+ is illum9$ by a light$ tap] 9 e h&4 ,a procession =ms1 a joyful procession n[4 ,ev]y:]e are light & glad voices & ! embraces ( fri5ds1 cry+ al\d ! news #8,*ri/ is ris5' & answ]+ #8,he is ris5 inde$4' ,9 e home ! lamb is prep>$ ) ha/e1 ! w9e fl[s freely2 9 ! /reets is ! fla% ( tor*es1 ! d9 ( fire-arms1 & all ! exub]ance ( simple joy4 ,! fa/ is ov]2 ! dead has be5 re/or$ to life be=e m5's eyes2 well may !y rejoice ev5 to ec/asy4 ,= h !y n felt ! ec/asy ( sorr[8 ,?is 0 no tableau on :i* !y look$1 no drama 9 :i* !y play$ a "p4 ,x 0 all true1 all real4 ,! figure on ! bi] 0 inde$ ! dead ,*ri/2 ! figure on ! alt>-/eps 0 inde$ ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,9 ^! simple folk religion has transc5d$ reason2 !y h rea*$ ! heights ( spiritual exaltation2 !y h se5 & felt z m9ds m calm & rational c nev] see nor feel4 ,& ! anci5t ,greeks1 _h n !y too ! gift ( ec/asy1 ! faculty to so> above facts on ! w+s ( imag9ation8 ,:5 ! drama ( ,demet] & ,kore 0 play$ be=e ! eyes ( ! initiat$ at ,eleusis1 7 n !y too uplift$ 9 m9d until amid ! magic ( night !y 7 no long] spectators ( a drama b !mselves _h a %>e 9 ,demet]'s sorr[ & w&]+ & joy8 ,= ! pagan /ory is n unlike ! ,*ri/ian /ory 9 its p[] to move bo? te>s & gladness4 ,z n[ m5 m\rn beside ! bi] ( ,*ri/1 s 9 old "t may m5 h %>$ ,demet]'s m\rn+ = h] *ild :o ?\gh div9e _h suff]$ ! lot ( m5 & pass$ away to ! ,h\se ( ,hades4 ,z n[ m5 rejoice :5 !y behold ! ris5 ,*ri/1 s 9 old "t may m5 h %>$ ,demet]'s joy :5 h] *ild return$ f b5ea? ! e>?1 prov+ t !re is life beyond ! grave4 ,b ! old /ory taught m ?an ?is4 ,n only did ,kore live 9 ! l[] _w1 b h] pass+ ?i!r 0 n dea? b w$d+4 ,!re=e j z n[ ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 :o ?\gh div9e is ! repres5tative ( mank9d1 is held to be an e>ne/ ( man's resurrection1 s ! w$d$ life ( ,kore 9 ! ne!r _w may h be5 to ! initiat$ an assurance ( ! same bliss to be v\*saf$ to !m h]eaft]4 ,:at 0 !re !n 9 ?is drama ( ,demet] & ,kore at :i* ! ,*ri/ian writ]s c\ld take (f5ce or cavil8 ,we d n ( c\rse "k 9 :at detail ! /ory 0 repres5t$2 b ! pivot on :i* ! :ole plot turn$ 0 necess>ily ! rape ( ,kore4 ,n[ x appe>s t 9 ! play ! "p ( ,adoneus 0 tak5 by an hi]ophant & ! "p ( ,kore by a prie/ess2 & x 0 ! alleg$ indec5cy result+ !refrom :i* ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* mo/ sev]ely c5sur$4 ,a/]ius1 aft] def5d+ ! ,*ri/ians f ! *>ge ( wor%ipp+ sa9ts z if !y _h be5 n human b div9e1 seeks to turn ! tables on 8 pagan oppon5ts by accus+ !m ( deify+ ,demet] & ,kore1 :om he evid5tly reg>ds z hav+ once be5 human figures 9 my?ology4 ,!n he cont9ues1 #8,is n ,eleusis ! sc5e ( ! desc5t into d>kness1 & ( ! solemn acts ( int]c\rse betwe5 ! hi]ophant & ! prie/ess1 alone toge!r8 ,are n ! tor*es ext+ui%$1 & does n ! l>ge1 ! numb]less assembly ( common p believe t _! salvation lies 9 t :i* is be+ done by ! two 9 ! d>kness#adde8' ,aga9 x 0 object$ aga9/ ! ,val5t9ians by ,t]tullian t !y copi$ #8! :or$oms ( ,eleusis#addf1' & f ano!r au?ority we le>n t "p ( ! c]emonies ( ^! h]etics consi/$ 9 #8prep>+ a nuptial *amb]' & celebrat+ #8a spiritual m>riage#addg4' ,^! two /atem5ts1 read 9 conjunction1 =m a /rong corroboration ( ! in=mation giv5 by ,a/]ius2 & we are b\nd to conclude t ! sc5e ( ! rape ( ,kore 0 repres5t$ at ,eleusis by ! desc5t ( ! prie/ & prie/ess :o play$ ! *ief p>ts into a d>k nuptial *amb]4 ,n[ x is easy en\gh to suppose1 z ,sa9te-,croix sugge/s#addh1 t public morals 7 safegu>d$ by assign+ ! *ief rles 9 ! drama to p]sons ( advanc$ age1 or1 z "o anci5t au?or /ates#addi1 by tempor>ily & p>tially p>alys+ ! hi]ophant ) a small dose ( hemlock4 ,:e!r ea* ( ! initiat$ 0 at any "t conduct$ ?r\gh ! same ritual is unc]ta94 ,9 ! =mul>y ( ! ,eleus9ian rites1 z record$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria--#8,i fa/$2 ,i drank ! sacr$ potion 772 ,i took out ( ! *e/2 hav+ wr\ght 77 ,i put back into ! basket & f ! basket into ! *e/#adej'--! expression #8hav+ wr\ght' has be5 tak5 to be an euphemism d5ot+ ! same my/ic union z betwe5 hi]ophant & prie/ess#adea4 ,if ?is view is correct1 x w\ld imply no d\bt t full initiation requir$ ! c&idate to g ?r\gh ! :ole ritual 9 p]son2 9 ?is case x mu/ be presum$ t "s precaution su* z ! dose ( hemlock 0 tak5 9 ! int]e/s ( morality4 ,b ! m]e fact t a sc5e ( rape %\ld =m any "p ( a religi\s rite1 0 to ! ,*ri/ians a /umbl+-block4 ,?is 0 _! insurm\ntable objection to ! my/]ies1 & !y 7 only too prone to exagg]ate a c]emony1 :i* ) rev]5t & delicate treatm5t ne$ h be5 9 no way morally delet]i\s1 into a s5sual & noxi\s orgy4 ,! /ory1 h[ ,demet]'s beautiful & innoc5t daught] 0 sudd5ly c>ri$ (f f ! mead[ :]e %e 0 ga!r+ fl[]s into ! dep?s ( ! d>k "u-_w1 spoke to !m only ( ! viol5ce & lu/ ( h] ravi%] ,adoneus4 ,b ! leg5d might be> ano!r complexion4 ,kore1 z repres5tative ( mank9d or at lea/ ( ! initiat$ among mank9d1 suff]s :at seems ! mo/ cruel lot1 a sudd5 dep>ture f ?is life 9 ! mid/ ( y\? & beauty & spr+-"t2 & ,demet] se>*es = h] a:ile 9 va91 & m\rns = h] z m5 m\rn _! dead4 ,yet aft]w>d x is f\nd t !re is no cruelty 9 ,kore's lot1 = %e is ! hon\r$ bride ( ! k+ ( t _w to :i* %e 0 borne away2 & ,demet] is com=t$1 = h] *ild is n dead nor lo/ to h]1 b is all[$ to return 9 liv+ =m to visit h]4 ,:at !n mu/ h be5 ! #8happi] hopes' held out to ^? :o _h look$ on ! great drama ( ,eleusis8 ,:at 0 meant by t prospect ( be+ #8god-belov$ & %>+ ! life ( gods'8 ,h[ came x t ! assembly ( ! initiat$ believ$ _! salvation to lie 9 ! union ( ,hades & ,p]sephone1 repres5t$ 9 ! p]sons ( hi]ophant & prie/ess1 9 ! subt]ranean nuptial-*amb]8 ,:at 0 ! be>+ ( ! leg5d dramatically enact$ ^u ^! hopes & prospects & beliefs8 ,surely x taught t n only 0 !re physical life beyond dea?1 b a life ( w$d$ happ9ess ) ! gods4 ,& ! same doctr9e seems to be ! motif ( _m o!r popul> leg5ds & ( my/]ies f\nd$ !reon2 its sett+s & its h>monies may be diff]5t1 b ! ess5tial melody is ! same4 ,at ,eleusis ,demet]'s daught] 0 ! repres5tative ( mank9d1 = %e w5t d[n to ! h\se ( ,hades z is ! lot ( m54 ,b ,crete _h ano!r leg5d :]e9 ,demet] 0 ! repres5tative deity ) :om mank9d might hope = union4 ,0 x n told h[ ,iasion ev5 9 ?is life f\nd su* fav\r 9 ! goddess' eyes t %e 0 #8w$ ) him 9 sweet love mid ! fre%-turn$ furr[s ( ! fat l& ( ,crete#adeb'8 ,& happ9ess su* z 0 grant$ to him "h 0 laid up = all ! initiat$ h]eaft]2 else w\ld !re be no mean+ 9 ^? l9es1 #8,bless$1 me?9ks1 is ! lot ( him t sleeps1 & tosses n1 nor turns1 ev5 ,endymion2 &1 de>e/ maid51 bless$ ,i call ,iasion1 :om su* ?+s befell1 z ye t be pr(ane %all nev] come to "k#adec4' ,surely t :i* is )held f ! pr(ane is by implication res]v$ to ! sanctifi$1 & to !m x is promis$ t !y %all "k by _! own exp]i5ce h]eaft] ! bliss :i* ,iasion ev5 "h obta9$4 ,x 01 ,i ?9k1 9 ?is _s & ?is belief t ! ,a!nians 9 old "t call$ _! dead #8,demet]'s folk#aded'2 = ! popul> belief 9 ! condesc5sion ( ! ,mi/ress1 great & rev]5d goddess ?\gh %e 01 0 s firmly root$1 x w\ld seem1 t ev5 to ?is day ! folk-/ories1 z we h se51 /ill tell h[ ! #8,mi/ress ( ! e>? & ( ! sea1' %e :om m5 /ill call ,despo9a & rev]5ce = h] love ( righte\sness & = h] /]n puni%m5t ( iniquity1 has yet admitt$ brave h]oes to h] embrace 9 ! m\nta9-cav]n :]e1 z ( old 9 ,arcady1 %e /ill dwells#adee4 ,nor did ! cults ( ,demet] & ,kore monopolise ^! hopes & beliefs4 ,9 ! religi\s drama ( ,aphrodite & ,adonis1 9 ! ,sabazian my/]ies1 9 ! holie/ rites ( ,dionysus1 9 ! wild wor%ip ( ,cybele1 ! same ?\ght seems ev] to recur4 ,x matt]s little :e!r ^! gods & _! rites 7 =eign or ,hell5ic 9 orig94 ,if !y 7 n native1 at lea/ !y 7 soon naturalis$1 & t = ! simple reason t !y satisfi$ ! religi\s crav+s ( ! ,greek race4 ,! ess5tial _s ( _! wor%ip1 :atev] ! accid5ts ( =m & expression1 0 ! _s ( ! old ,pelasgian wor%ip ( ,demet]2 & !re=e1 ?\gh ,dionysus may h be5 an immigrant f nor!rn b>b>\s peoples1 ! ,greeks did n hesitate to give him room & hon\r beside ,demet] 9 ! v sanctu>y ( ,eleusis4 ,simil>1 we may well believe1 0 ! lot ( o!r =eign gods & rites4 ,:5cesoev] d]iv$1 !y ow$ _! reception 9 ,greece to ! fact t _! "* appeal$ to c]ta9 native religi\s in/9cts ( ! ,greek folk4 ,once transplant$ to ,hell5ic soil1 !y 7 soon completely ,hell5iz$2 ^? elem5ts :i* 7 =eign or di/a/eful to ,greek religion 7 quickly eradicat$ or ( !mselves fad$ into oblivion1 :ile all t accord$ ) ! ,hell5ic _s ?rove into full] p]fection2 = ! "* ( a deity & ( a cult dep5ds ultimately ^u ! "* ( ! wor%ipp]s4 ,x is fair !re=e to treat ( ,aphrodite z ( a g5u9ely ,greek deity2 =1 ?\gh %e may h ent]$ ,greece f ,ea/]n l&s1 d\btless long be=e ! ,hom]ic age h] wor%ip no less ?an h] p]sonality 0 p]meat$ ) ! _s ( g5u9ely ,greek religion4 ,too well kn[n to ne$ re-tell+ "h is ! /ory ( h[--to use ! words ( ,!ocritus once m--#8! beautiful ,cy!rea 0 br\ght by ,adonis1 z he pa/ur$ 8 flock ^u ! m\nta9-side1 s f> beyond ! v]ge ( fr5zy1 t n ev5 9 8 dea? do? %e put him f h] bosom#adef4' ,su* 0 ! plot ( "o ( ! mo/ fam\s religi\s dramas ( old "t4 ,& :at 0 its moral = ^? :o _h e>s to he>8 ,surely t ! belov$ ( ! gods may hope = w$lock ) !m 9 dea?4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly 9 ?is s5se t ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria und]/ood c]ta9 o!r my/]ies ( ,aphrodite1 ?\gh1 ne$less to say1 he puts ^u !m ! mo/ obsc5e con/ruction4 ,aft] relat+ 9 t]ms unnecess>ily disgu/+ ! leg5d ( h[ by ! v act ( ,uranus' self-mutilation ! sea became pregnant & gave bir? f among its foam to ! goddess ,aphrodite1 he /ates t #89 ! rites :i* celebrate ?is voluptu\sness ( ! sea1 z a tok5 ( ! goddess' bir? !re are h&$ to ^? t are be+ initiat$ into ! lore ( adult]y 7 7 a lump ( salt & a phallus2 & !y = _! "p pres5t h] ) a co91 z if !y 7 h] lov]s & %e _! mi/ress 7 7#adeg4' ,?us ,clem5t2 b ^? :o are will+ to see 9 ! my/]ies ( ! ,greek religion some?+ m ?an organis$ s5suality w d well to reflect :e!r t :i* ,clem5t calls #8be+ initiat$ into ! lore ( adult]y' 0 n really an initiation into ^? hopes ( m>riage ) ! gods ( :i* we h already f\nd evid5ce 9 ! popul> religion1 & :e!r ! goddess' symbolic acceptance ( h] wor%ipp]s z lov]s does n fit 9 exactly ) t bold conception ( man's future bliss4 ,! symbolism inde$1 if ,clem5t's /atem5t is accurate1 0 crude & ev5 repell5t1 b its significance is cle>2 & ^? :o approa*$ ^! my/]ies ( ,aphrodite 9 rev]5t mood ne$ n h be5 repell$ by t :i* mod]n ta/e w\ld acc\nt indec5t 9 ! ritual4 ,greek feel+ nev] err$ on ! side ( prud]y2 m5 7 famili> ) ! ,h]mae erect$ 9 ! /reets & ) ! symbolism ( ! phallus 9 religi\s c]emonies1 & tol]at$ ! publication ( lit]ature--be x ! com$y ( ,ari/ophanes or ,clem5t's own exhortation to ! hea!n--:i* nei!r z a s\rce ( amusem5t nor ( in/ruction w\ld be tol]at$ n[4 ,! p>ticul> my/]ies to :i* ,clem5t alludes 9 ?is passage seem to h be5 conc]n$ ) ! /ory ( ,aphrodite's bir?1 & ?\gh x is difficult to conjecture h[ t /ory c h be5 made to illu/rate & to inculcate ! doctr9e ( ! m>riage ( m5 & gods1 ! in=mation giv5 by ,clem5t ) respect to ! ritual makes x cle> t su* 0 _! object4 ,b 9 t o!r rite ( ! same goddess1 t namely :i* celebrat$ ! /ory ( ,adonis1 ! :ole motif ( ! drama 0 ! cont9uance ( ,aphrodite's love = him aft] 8 dea?1 a love s /rong t x prevail$ ^u ! gods ( ! l[] _w to let him return = half ( e ye> to ! upp] _w & ! arms ( 8 mi/ress4 ,"h1 ?\gh express$ 9 diff]5t imag]y1 is ! same doctr9e z t :i* und]lay ! drama ( ,eleusis4 ,"h aga9 is an illu/ration1 or r1 = ^? :o 7 capable ( religi\s ec/asy1 a pro(1 ( ! doctr9e t ! dead yet liv$1 & 9 t life 7 bo? 9 body & 9 s\l "o ) _! gods4 ,= #8?rice-belov$ ,adonis :o ev5 9 ,a*]on is belov$#adeh' 0 ! type & =]unn] ( all ^? :o _h "p 9 8 my/]ies4 ,9 ano!r v]sion ?is leg5d ( ,adonis is br\ght into ev5 clos] relation ) ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies by ! introduction ( ,p]sephone#adei4 ,to h] is assign$ ! "p ( a rival to ,aphrodite1 & be+ equally enam\r$ ( ! beautiful ,adonis %e is glad ( 8 dea? :]eby he is torn f ! arms ( ,aphrodite 9 ! upp] _w1 & ent]s ! *amb] ( ! ne!r _w :]e h] love 9 turn may h its w2 b 9 ! end ,aphrodite desc5ds to ! h\se ( ,hades1 & a compact is arrang$ betwe5 ! two goddesses by :i* ea* 9 turn may possess ,adonis = half ! ye>4 ,?is v]sion ( ! /ory is crud]1 b its tea*+ is obvi\sly ! same--,adonis1 ! fav\rite ( heav5 9 ?is life1 & ! precursor ( all :o by initiation 9 ! my/]ies w9 heav5's fav\r1 survives 9 ! l[] _w ) bo? body & s\l unimpair$ by dea?1 & is admitt$ to w$lock ) ! great goddess ( ! dead4 ,! same doctr9e aga9 seems to h be5 ! basis ( c]ta9 my/ic rites associat$ ) ,dionysus4 ,f ! spee* aga9/ ,nea]a attribut$ to ,demo/h5es we le>n t at ,a!ns !re 0 annually celebrat$ a m>riage betwe5 ! wife ( ! *ief magi/rate 7 7 & ,dionysus4 ,! solemnity 0 reckon$ among ?+s #8unspeakable'2 =eign]s 7 n p]mitt$ to see or to he> any?+ ( x2 & ev5 ,a!nian citiz5s1 x seems1 might n ent] ! inn]mo/ sanctu>y 9 :i* ! union ( ,dionysus ) ! #8que5' 77 0 celebrat$#adfj4 ,!re 7 h[ev] pres5t & assi/+ 9 "s way f\rte5 prie/esses 771 d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ! god & b\nd by special v[s ( *a/ity4 ,^! prie/esses1 we are told1 correspond$ 9 numb] to ! alt>s ( ,dionysus#adfa1 & !y 7 appo9t$ by ! ar*on ^: wife 0 w$ ) ,dionysus#adfb4 ,!re our actual k ( ! facts ends2 b !re is mat]ial en\gh on :i* to base a rational surmise4 ,! correspond5ce betwe5 ! numb] ( prie/esses b\nd by v[s ( purity & ! numb] ( ! alt>s sugge/s t 9 ?is cu/om is to be s\ght a relic ( human sacrifice4 ,! selection ( ! prie/esses by ! magi/rate :o held ! title ( #8k+' sugge/s t 9 bygone times x _h be5 ! duty ( ! k+1 z be+ also *ief prie/1 to select f\rte5 virg9s :o %\ld be sacrific$ on ,dionysus' alt>s & !reby s5t to him z wives4 ,subsequ5tly maybe1 z humanity gradually mitigat$ ! wild] rites ( religion1 ! numb] ( victims 0 r$uc$ to "o2 & lat] /ill ! human sacrifice 0 altoge!r aboli%$1 &1 in/ead ( s5d+ to ,dionysus 8 wife by ! road ( dea?1 ! /ill pi\s b n[ m humane wor%ipp]s ( ! god cont5t$ !mselves ) a symbolic m>riage betwe5 him & ! wife ( _! *ief magi/rate4 ,! conception ( human sacrifice z a means ( s5d+ a mess5g] f ?is _w to "s p[] above1 :i* receives cle> expression 9 t mod]n /ory f ,santor9i :i* ,i h n>rat$ 9 an e>li] *apt]#adfc1 01 ,i h !re argu$1 kn[n also to ! anci5t ,greeks2 & ! same means ( communication may equally well h be5 employ$ = ! despat* ( a human wife to "s god4 ,plut>* appe>s to h be5 actually famili> ) ?is idea4 ,9 a passage 9 :i* he is attempt+ to v9dicate ! purity & goodness ( ! gods &1 x mu/ be add$ )al1 _! alo(ness f human affairs1 he claims t all ! religi\s rites & means ( communion are conc]n$1 n ) ! great gods 771 b ) less] deities 77 :o are ( v>y+ "*1 "s good1 o!rs evil1 & t ! rites also v>y accord+ly4 8,z reg>ds ! my/]ies10 he says1 8:]e9 are giv5 ! greate/ manife/ations or repres5tations 7 7 ( ! tru? conc]n+ #8daemons1' let my lips be rev]5tly seal$1 z ,h]odotus has x02 b ! wild] orgies ( religion1 he argues1 are to be set d[n z a means ( appeas+ evil #8daemons' & ( av]t+ _! wra?2 ! human sacrifices ( old "t1 = example1 7 n dem&$ nor accept$ by gods1 b 7 p]=m$ to satisfy ei!r ! v9dictive ang] ( cruel & torm5t+ #8daemons1' or 9 "s cases 8! wild & despotic passions 77 ( #8daemons' :o c\ld n & w\ld n h c>nal int]c\rse ) c>nal be+s4 ,j z ,h]acles besieg$ ,oe*alia to w9 a girl1 s ^! /rong & viol5t #8daemons1' dem&+ a human s\l t is %ut up )9 a body1 & be+ unable to h bodily int]c\rse !re)1 br+ pe/il5ces & fam9es ^u cities & /ir up w>s & tumults1 until !y get & enjoy ! object ( _! love40 ,& rev]sely1 he cont9ues1 "s #8daemons' h puni%$ ) dea? m5 :o h =c$ _! love ^u !m2 & he ref]s to ! /ory ( a man :o violat$ a nymph & 0 f\nd aft]w>ds ) 8 head sev]$ f 8 body#adfd4 ,! :ole passage betrays cle>ly en\gh :at 0 ! popul> belief :i* ,plut>* "h set himself s to expla9 z to safegu>d ! goodness ( ! gods2 b p]haps ! end ( x is ! mo/ significant ( all4 ,plut>* =gets t a nymph1 if %e is a #8daemon1' is by 8 own hypo!sis incapable ( bodily int]c\rse2 9 ?is case !n 8 attempt$ explanation is n ev5 logically s\nd1 & 8 conception ( a purely spiritual #8daemon' is a failure2 b at ! same "t1 save = ?is inv5tion1 he is foll[+ ! popul> belief ( bo? anci5t & mod]n ,greece t c>nal int]c\rse betwe5 man & nymph is possible b is fraught ) grave p]il to ! man#adfe4 ,x is impossible !n to d\bt t 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! passage he 0 expla9+ away a popul> belief by means ( ! same hypo!sis4 ,he himself w\ld hold t spiritual #8daemons' dem&$ human sacrifice because !y lu/$ aft] a s\l or _s conf9$ out ( _! rea* 9 a body until dea? sev]$ x !refrom2 b ! popul> belief1 :i* he is at pa9s to em5d1 0 t corporeal gods dem&$ human sacrifice because !y lu/$ aft] ! p]son :o1 by dea?1 w\ld be s5t1 body & s\l1 to be w$ ) !m4 ,!re is good reason !n to suppose t 9 old "t dea? may h be5 ev5 inflict$ z ! means ( effect+ w$lock betwe5 m5 & gods2 & t ! my/ic rite ( union betwe5 ,dionysus & ! wife ( ! ,a!nian magi/rate 0 bas$ on ! same fundam5tal idea z ! my/]ies ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone or ( ,aphrodite4 ,?\gh 9 ?is in/ance1 :5 once human sacrifice _h be5 giv5 up1 all sugge/ion ( dea? 01 s f> z we "k1 remov$ f ! solemnity1 yet ! repetition ye> by ye> ( a c]emony ( m>riage betwe5 ! god & a mortal woman repres5t+ 8 wor%ipp]s might /ill keep bright 9 _! m9ds ^? #8happi] hopes' ( ! l bliss laid up = !mselves h]eaft]4 ,?is p>ticul> rite escap$ ! notice1 or at any rate ! malice1 ( ,clem5t2 b ,dionysus does n = all t g unsca!d4 ,clem5t fa/5s ^u a leg5d conc]n+ him1 :i*1 h[ev] widely anci5t ,greek feel+ 9 ! matt] ( sex diff]$ f mod]n1 _c b h seem$ to "s ( ! anci5ts#adff !mselves to be a reproa* & /a9 ^u ! hon\r ( _! god4 ,! /ory ( ,dionysus & ,prosymnus1 z told by ,clem5t#adfg1 mu/ be tak5 z read4 ,b ^? :o w inve/igate x = !mselves w see t ! same idea ( dea? be+ foll[$ by close int]c\rse ) ! gods is pres5t !re also4 ,t ?is 0 ! inn] mean+ ( ! peculi>ly (f5sive /ory is %[n by a curi\s comm5t ( ,h]aclitus ^u x1 :i* ,clem5t quotes-- #adfh1 #8,hades & ,dionysus are "o'2 :5ce x foll[s t union ) ,dionysus is a synonym = t #8m>riage ) ,hades' :i* else:]e1 9 bo? anci5t & mod]n times1 is a common pres5tm5t ( dea?4 ,aga9 9 ! ,sabazian my/]ies1 :i* "s connect ) ,dionysus & o!rs ) ,zeus1 ! little t is kn[n ( ! ritual fav\rs ! view t "h also ! motif 0 ! m>riage ( ! deity ) 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,accord+ to ,clem5t#adfi1 ! subject-matt] ( ^! my/]ies 0 a /ory t ,zeus1 hav+ become by ,demet] ! fa!r ( ,p]sephone1 s$uc$ 9 turn 8 own daught]1 hav+ z a means to t end trans=m$ himself into a snake4 ,t /ory1 x may safely be said1 is pres5t$ by ,clem5t 9 its wor/ light2 b ! /atem5t1 t 9 ! ritual ! deity 0 repres5t$ by a snake1 obta9s "s corroboration f ,!ophra/us1 :o says ( ! sup]/iti\s man1 t if he see a r$ snake 9 8 h\se he w invoke ,sabazius#adgj4 ,n[ ! tok5 ( ^! my/]ies = ^? :o 7 be+ initiat$ 9 !m 01 accord+ to ,clem5t#adga aga91 #8! god press$ to ! bosom' 7 72 :i* phrase he expla9s by say+ t ! god 0 repres5t$ z a snake1 :i* 0 pass$ "u ! clo?+ & drawn ov] ! bosom ( ! initiat$ #8z a pro( ( ! incont95ce ( ,zeus4' ,cle>ly !n ! act ( initiation 0 ! symbolic w$d+ ( ! wor%ipp] ) ! deity wor%ipp$2 & x is probable t ! union :i* 0 symboliz$ 9 ?is life 0 expect$ to be realis$ 9 ! next4 ,f9ally 9 ! orgia/ic wor%ip ( ,cybele ! same religi\s doctr9e is reveal$4 ,"h to ,attis seems to be assign$ ! same "p z to ,adonis 9 ! my/]ies ( ,aphrodite4 ,he is ! belov$ ( ! goddess2 he is lo/ & m\rn$ = z dead2 he is re/or$ aga9 f ! grave to ! goddess :o lov$ him4 ,& 9 all ?is he appe>s to be ! repres5tative ( all ,cybele's wor%ipp]s2 = ! ritual ( initiation into h] rites1 if once aga9 we may avail ourselves ( ,clem5t's /atem5ts1 is /rongly imbu$ ) ! idea ( m>riage betwe5 ! goddess & h] wor%ipp]4 ,! sev]al acts or /ages ( initiation are summ>is$ 9 f\r phrases3 #8,i ate out ( ! drum2 ,i drank out ( ! cymbal2 ,i c>ri$ ! sacr$ vessel2 ,i ent]$ privily ! b$-*amb]-- #adgb4 ,9 ! passage f :i* ^! phrases are cull$ !re appe>s to be a c]ta9 confusion betwe5 ! rites ( ,cybele & ^? ( ,demet]2 b ! fact t ,clem5t %ortly aft]w>ds gives ano!r =mul>y ( ,demet]'s ritual is suffici5t pro( t he meant ?is pres5t =mul>y1 z inde$ ! m5tion ( kettle-drum & cymbal#adgc sugge/s1 to apply to ! my/]ies ( ,cybele#adgd4 ,x appe>s !n t ! f9al act or /age ( initiation consi/$ 9 ! secret admission ( ! wor%ipp] to ! b$-*amb] ( ! goddess4 ,su* ritual c h borne only "o int]pretation4 ,x cle>ly con/itut$ a promise ( w$d$ union betwe5 ! initiat$ & _! deity4 ,view$ 9 ?is light ev5 ! emasculation ( ! prie/s ( ,cybele may m readily be und]/ood2 x may h be5 ! consecration ( _! virility to ! s]vice ( ! goddess1 a f9al & conv9c+ pl$ge ( celibacy 9 ?is life1 9 return = :i* !y aspir$ to be ble/ by w$lock ) _! goddess h]eaft]4 ,! m5tion ( ! goddess' b$-*amb] 9 ! above passage is ( consid]able int]e/4 ,! 7or 7 9 relation to a temple meant ! same ?+ z x (t5 meant 9 relation to an ord9>y h\se1 an inn] room or recess scre5$ (f1 & 9 p>ticul> a bridal *amb]4 ,su* provision = ! physical com=t ( ! deity 0 probably n r>e4 ,pausanias tells u t on ! "r ( ! ve/ibule 9 ! ,argive ,h]aeum !re 0 a c\* 77 = ,h]a#adge1 & he seems to speak ( x z if x 7 a common en\gh piece ( temple furniture4 ,s too at ,phlya 9 ,attica1 :]e 7 held ! v anci5t my/ic rites #8( h] :o is call$ ! ,great1' !re 0 a bridal *amb] 771 :]e1 x has rightly be5 argu$1 !re #8mu/ h be5 enact$ a mimetic m>riage#adgf4' ,aga9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria speaks ( a ( ,a!na 9 ! ,p>!non1 & makes x q cle> by ! /ory :i* he relates t he und]/ood ! ^w 9 ! s5se ( b$-*amb]4 ,! /ory is also = o!r reasons wor? recall+1 because x %[s h[ ! religi\s conception ( m>riage betwe5 m5 & gods 0 readily ext5d$ to ! wor%ip ( o!r deities ?an ^? ^: my/]ies we h s\ght to unravel1 & at ! same "t furni%es ! only case kn[n to me 9 :i* t my/ic belief 0 pro/itut$ to ! base uses ( flatt]y4 ,! occasion 0 ! reception accord$ by ! ,a!nians to ,demetrius ,poliorcetes4 ,n cont5t ) hail+ him z a god 9 "n1 !y w5t s f> 9 _! mean-spirit$ subjection z to set up a temple1 at ! place :]e he dism\nt$ f 8 horse on ent]+ _! city1 to ,demetrius ! ,desc5d] 77#adgg1 :ile on e side alt>s 7 erect$ to him4 ,b _! grosse/ piece ( flatt]y 0 a ma/]-piece ( grotesque impiety1 & met ) a fitt+ rew>d4 ,a m>riage 0 arrang$ betwe5 him 7! mo/ notori\s pr(ligate ( 8 age7 & ,a!na4 #8,he h[ev]1' we are told1 #8disda9$ ! goddess1 be+ unable to embrace ! /atue1 b took ) him to ! ,acropolis ! c\rtesan ,lamia1 & pollut$ ! b$-*amb] ( ,a!na1 exhibit+ to ! old virg9 ! po/ures ( ! "y c\rtesan#adgh4' ,ev5 t contemptu\s response to ! ,a!nians' flatt]y did n aba% !m1 b1 f9d+ t he did n fav\r _! ackn[l$g$ deity1 !y det]m9$ to deify 8 ackn[l$g$ fav\rite1 & erect$ a temple to ,lamia ,aphrodite#adgi4 ,b su* trave/ies ( holy ?+s 7 r>e2 & ?is "o notori\s case excit$ ! contempt alike ( ! man#adhj to :om ! flatt]y 0 paid & ( all po/]ity--a contempt :i* tea*es1 h>dly less cle>ly ?an ! indignation excit$ a c5tury e>li] by ! suppos$ pr(anation ( ! my/]ies1 9 :at rev]5ce & high e/eem ! idea ( m>riage betwe5 m5 & gods 0 g5]ally held4 ,ev5 ,lucian1 9 :om rev]5ce 0 a less pron\nc$ *>act]i/ic ?an hum\r1 condemns s]i\sly en\gh a p>ody ( ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis :i* occurr$ 9 8 own day2 & 8 acc\nt ( x at ! same "t %[s once m t ! m>riage ( m5 & gods 0 ! v ess5ce ( ! my/]ies4 ,! impo/or ,alex&]1 he says1 in/itut$ rites ) c>ry+ ( tor*es 77 & exposition ( ! sacr$ c]emonies 77 la/+ = ?ree days4 8,on ! fir/ !re 0 a proclamation1 z at ,a!ns1 z foll[s3 #8,if any a!i/1 ,*ri/ian1 or ,epicurean ha? come to spy ^u ! holy rites1 let him begone1 & let ! fai?ful be initiat$ ) heav5's bless+4' ,!n fir/ ( all !re 0 an expulsion ( intrud]s4 ,alex&] himself l$ ! way1 cry+ #8,out ) ,*ri/ians1' & ! :ole multitude %\t$ 9 answ] #8,out ) ,epicureans4' ,!n 0 enact$ ! /ory ( ,leto 9 *ild-b$ & ! bir? ( ,apollo1 & 8 m>riage ) ,coronis & ! bir? ( ,asclepius2 & on ! second day ! manife/ation ( ,glycon & ! god's bir?#adha4 ,& on ! ?ird day 0 ! w$d+ ( ,podalirius & ,alex&]'s "m2 ?is 0 call$ ! ,tor*-day1 = tor*es 7 burnt4 ,& f9ally !re 0 ! love ( ,sel5e & ,alex&]1 & ! bir? ( 8 daught] n[ m>ri$ to ,rutilianus#adhb4 ,our ,endymion-,alex&] 0 n[ tor*-be>] & expon5t ( ! rites4 ,& he lay z x 7 sleep+ 9 ! view ( all1 & !re came d[n to him f ! ro(--z x 7 ,sel5e f heav5--a c]ta9 ,rutilia1 a v beautiful woman1 ! wife ( "o ( ,caes>'s h\sehold-(fic]s1 :o 0 really 9 love ) ,alex&] & 0 lov$ by him1 & %e kiss$ ! rascal's eyes & embrac$ him 9 ! view ( all1 &1 if !re _h n be5 s _m tor*es1 worse w\ld p]haps h foll[$ 7 7#adhc40 ,! inf]5ces :i* may be drawn f ?is n>rative are1 fir/1 t ! my/]ies 9 g5]al1 :ile reproduc+ 9 "s dramatic =m ! :ole /ory ( ! deities conc]n$1 culm9at$ 9 ! repres5tation ( a my/ic m>riage betwe5 m5 & gods2 7! bir? ( a *ild 0 also repres5t$ or ann\nc$ 9 ?is p>ody1 z we "k t x 0 at ,eleusis#adhd1 b x _h1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 no my/ic significance o!rwise ?an z pro( ( ! consummation ( t m>riage27 &1 secondly1 t ! wild *>ges ( indec5cy br\ght by e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s aga9/ ! my/]ies are baseless2 = ,lucian condemns a mu* less] lic5se 9 ?is p>ody ?an t :i* !y attribut$ to ! g5u9e rites4 ,?us our exam9ation ( ! my/]ies1 s f> z !y are kn[n to u1 t5ds to prove t ! doctr9es reveal$ 9 !m to ! initiat$ 7 simply a developm5t ( c]ta9 vagu] popul> ideas :i* h be5 preval5t among ! ,greek folk f ! classical age d[n to our own day4 ,! p ent]ta9$ hopes t ?is physical life w\ld cont9ue 9 a simil> =m aft] dea?2 ! my/]ies gave def9ite assurance ( t immortality by exhibit+ to ! initiat$ ,p]sephone or ,adonis or ,attis re/or$ f ! l[] _w 9 bodily =m2 & ?\gh t exhibition 0 9 fact m]ely a dramatic repres5tation1 yet to ! eyes ( religi\s ec/asy x seem$ j z mu* a liv+ reality z does ! ris5 ,*ri/ 9 ! mod]n celebration ( ,ea/]4 ,! p aga9 7 wont to ?9k & to speak ( dea? z a m>riage into ! l[] _w2 ! my/]ies %[$ to ! initiat$ c]ta9 repres5tatives ( mank9d :o by dea?1 or ev5 9 life1 _h be5 admitt$ to ! felicity ( w$lock ) deities1 & !reby confirm$ ! fai?ful 9 _! happi] hopes ( be+ 9 l mann] !mselves god-belov$ & ( %>+ ! life ( gods4 ,s9ce !n !re is good reason to believe t ?is 0 9 effect ! secret tea*+ ( ! my/]ies1 x w\ld naturally be expect$ t human m>riage %\ld h be5 reckon$ z x 7 a =eta/e ( t union ) ! div9e :i* 0 promis$ h]eaft]1 & also t dea? %\ld h be5 c\nt$ ! h\r ( its approa*+ fulfilm5t2 9 o!r words1 if my view ( ! my/]ies is correct1 x w\ld almo/ inevitably foll[ t ! my/]ies %\ld h be5 br\ght into close association bo? ) w$d+s & ) fun]als4 ,?is expectation is confirm$ by ! facts4 ,an ord9>y w$d+ 0 treat$ z some?+ ak9 to initiation into ! my/]ies4 ,an inscription ( ,cos#adhe1 relat+ to ! appo9tm5t ( prie/esses ( ,demet]1 m5tions among o!r duties c]ta9 s]vices on ! occasion ( w$d+s2 & ! brides1 :o are ! recipi5ts ( ^! s]vices1 are divid$ into two classes1 & 1 ! maid5s :o1 are be+ #8initiat$1' & ! wid[s :o are be+ m>ri$ aga92 a woman's fir/ m>riage 9 fact is call$ by a religi\s docum5t h] initiation1 & ,demet]'s prie/esses are *>g$ !re)4 ,nor 0 ?is usage or idea conf9$ to ,cos2 ,plut>* speaks ( s]vices r5d]$ by ! prie/ess ( ,demet] 9 ! solemnisation ( matrimony z "p ( an #8ance/ral rite#adhf'2 :ile ! t]m 0 commonly us$ bo? ( ! my/ic rites & ( m>riage1 & might d5ote ! newly-w$#adhg4 ,! same ?\ght seems also to h inspir$ ano!r cu/om associat$ ) m>riage4 ,! newly-w$1 we he>1 sometimes att5d$ a repres5tation ( ! m>riage ( ,zeus & ,h]a#adhh1 an :i* =m$ ! subject ( my/ic drama or leg5d all ov] ,greece#adhi4 ,! widely ext5d$ cults ( ,h]a "u ! titles ( ,maid5 7 or 7 & ( ,bride 7 or 7 appe> to h be5 closely int]wov52 inde$ = a full appreciation ( ! ,greek conception ( ! goddess !y mu/ be treat$ z complem5t>y4 ,!y are well int]pret$ by ,f>nell4 ,reject+ ! !ory ( physical symbolism1 he sugge/s #8a m human explanation4 ,h]a 0 ess5tially ! goddess ( wom51 & ! life ( wom5 0 reflect$ 9 h]2 _! maid5hood & m>riage 7 solemnis$ by ! cults ( ,h]a & ,h]a or 1 & ! v r>e wor%ip ( ,h]a might allude to ! n infrequ5t cu/om ( divorce & sep>ation#adij4' ,)1 ,h]a ! ,wid[ we are n "h conc]n$1 b only ) ! high] conceptions ( ,zeus & ,h]a z express$ 9 ! repres5tation ( ! #8sacr$ m>riage'2 ! bride & bridegroom :o look$ ^u t saw 9 x1 we may be sure1 n a symbolical repres5tation ( ! seasons & ! productive p[]s ( ! e>?1 b r ! div9e prototype ( human m>riage4 ,x rem9d$ !m t deities1 l mortals1 7 m>ri$ & giv5 9 m>riage1 & x imp>t$ to _! w$d+ a sacram5tal "*1 mak+ x at once a =eta/e & a gage ( t close communion ) ! gods :i*1 :5 dea? ! divid+ l9e betwe5 mortals & immortals %\ld once be pass$1 await$ ! bless$ among mank9d4 ,o!r small po9ts too sugge/ ! same tr5d ( ?\ght4 ,! prelim9>ies ( a w$d+ (t5 compris$ a sacrifice to ,zeus ,teleios & ,h]a ,teleia#adia1 & 7 call$ be+ ! #8prelim9>ies ( initiation' into t my/]y1 ( :i* ! sacr$ m>riage1 enact$ be=e ! n[ w$d$ pair1 0 ! full revelation#adib4 ,aga9 ^! prelim9>ies always includ$ ! solemn ablution#adic ( :i* ,i h spok5 above1 & 9 ?is resembl$ ! prep>ations = admittance to ! my/]ies4 ,moreov] an in/ance is record$ 9 :i* ?is ablution 0 itself inve/$ ) ! significance ( a w$d+ betwe5 ! human & ! div9e4 ,! maid5s ( ! ,troad be=e m>riage 7 wont to unrobe & ba! !mselves 9 ! ,scam&]2 & ! pray] :i* !y made to ! riv]-god1 ^: b$ !y ent]$1 01 #8,receive ?\1 ,scam&]1 my virg9ity#adid4' ,f9ally ! fir/ night on :i* ! w$d$ pair came toge!r 0 kn[n z ! #8my/ic night' 7 7#adie1 a t]m n a little sugge/ive ( ! great night ( ,demet]'s my/]ies :5 to ! eyes ( ! initiat$ 0 display$ ! secret pro( & promise ( w$lock betwe5 m5 & gods h]eaft]4 ,9 %ort ! c]emonies ( a w$d+ by "o means or ano!r proclaim$ x to be a =m ( initiation1 & ! e/ate ( m>riage 0 to ! ,greeks1 z our pray]-book calls x1 #8an excell5t my/]y4' ,h5ce naturally foll[$ ! belief t ! unm>ri$ & ! un9itiat$ %>$ ! same fate 9 ! future life4 ,"o conception ( ! puni%m5t ( ! un9itiat$ 01 accord+ to ,plato#adif1 t !y %\ld c>ry wat] 9 a sieve to a brok5 j>2 & ?is1 z is well kn[n1 0 also ! lot ( ! ,danaids 9 ! ne!r _w4 ,comm5t+ on ^! facts ,dr ,fraz] says1 #8,x is possible t ! orig9al reason :y ! ,danaids 7 believ$ to be condemn$ to ?is puni%m5t 9 hell 0 n s mu* t !y murd]$1 z t !y did n m>ry1 ! sons ( ,aegyptus4 ,accord+ to "o tradition inde$ !y aft]w>ds m>ri$ o!r husb&s 7,paus4 ,,iii4 #ab4 #b72 b accord+ to ano!r leg5d !y 7 murd]$ by ,lynceus1 app>5tly be=e m>riage 7,s*ol4 on ,euripides1 ,hecuba1 #hhf74 ,!y may !re=e h be5 *os5 z types ( unm>ri$ wom51 & _! puni%m5t ne$ n h be5 peculi> to !m b may h be5 ! "o suppos$ to await all unm>ri$ p]sons 9 ! ne!r _w#adig4' ,a passage ( ,lucian1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ov]look$ 9 ?is connexion#adih1 conv]ts ! view ( ! ,danaids :i* ,dr ,fraz] consid]s possible into a practical c]ta9ty4 ,! passage 9 po9t =ms ! conclusion ( t dialogue 9 :i* ,poseidon ) ! aid ( ,triton plots & c>ries out ! rape ( ,amymone1 ! ,danaid4 ,%e has j be5 seiz$ & is prote/+ aga9/ h] abduction & ?reat5+ to call h] fa!r1 :5 ,triton int]v5es3 #8,keep quiet1 ,amymone1' he says1 #8x is ,poseidon4' ,& ! girl rejo9s1 #8,oh1 ,poseidon y call him1 d y8' & !n turn+ to h] ravi%]1 #8,:at d y mean1 sirrah1 by h&l+ me s r\ghly1 & dragg+ me d[n into ! sea8 ,i %all g "u & be dr[n$1 mis]able girl4' ,& ,poseidon answ]s1 #8,d n be fright5$1 y %all come to no h>m2 no1 ,i w /rike ! rock "h1 ne> :]e ! waves break1 ) my trid5t1 & w let a spr+ bur/ up :i* %all be> y\r "n1 & y y\rself %all be bless$ &1 unlike y\r si/]s1 %all n c>ry wat] :5 y are dead 7 7#adii4' ,! :ole po9t ( ,poseidon's answ] cle>ly dep5ds ^u ! exi/5ce ( a well-kn[n belief t ! ,danaids 7 puni%$ h]eaft] = rema9+ unm>ri$ & t ! puni%m5t took ! =m ( va9ly fet*+ wat] = t bridal ba? :i* 0 a necess>y prelim9>y to a w$d+2 ,amymone %all h a v ?or\gh bridal ba?1 & ! spr+ t be>s h] "n %all be a monum5t ( x1 :ile %e h]self %all be #8bless$' by w$lock ) ,poseidon2 ?us %all %e escape ! fate ( ! unm>ri$4 ,cle>ly !n !re 0 no di/9ction betwe5 ! un9itiat$ & ! unm>ri$2 bo? alike 7 doom$ va9ly to fet* wat] = ^? ablutions :i* prec$$ initiation into ! my/]ies or into matrimony2 & once aga9 ! conception ( m>riage z a my/ic & sacram5tal rite ak9 to ! rites ( ,eleusis is cle>ly reveal$4 ,x may fur!r be not$ "h t ?is idea ( ! puni%m5t ( ! unm>ri$ completely expla9s ! cu/om1 on :i* ,i h already t\*$1 ( erect+ a wat]-pit*] 77 ov] ! grave ( unm>ri$ p]sons4 ,?is intimat$1 accord+ to ,eu/a?ius#aejj1 t ! p]son !re buri$ _h nev] tak5 ! ba? :i* bo? bride & bridegroom 7 wont to take be=e m>riage4 ,b ?is mu/ n be tak5 to mean t ! wat]-pit*] 0 erect$ z a symbol ( ! puni%m5t :i* ! dead p]son 0 suppos$ to be und]go+2 ?is 0 n an idea :i* 8 relatives & fri5ds1 ev5 if !y _h held x1 w\ld h wi%$ to blazon abroad4 ,"o might z soon expect to f9d depict$ on a mod]n tomb/one ! worm t die? n & ! fire t is n qu5*$4 ,no2 ! wat]-pit*] 0 n a symbol1 x 0 an in/rum5t2 = my "p ,i h little fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( any symbols 9 popul> religion :i* are n 9 orig9 at lea/ in/rum5ts2 & ! purpose to :i* ?is in/rum5t 0 put 0 to supply ! dead p]son ) t w$d+-ba? :i* he _h n tak5 9 life1 & )\t :i* he w\ld va9ly /rive 9 ! "u-_w to prep>e himself = div9e w$lock4 ,! wat]-pit*] 0 n commemorative1 b prev5tive1 ( future puni%m5t4 ,its erection 0 n a w>n+ to ! liv+1 b a s]vice to ! dead4 ,?us !n ! evid5ce = ! intimate association ( ! my/]ies1 or ( ! ma9 idea :i* runs ?r\gh !m1 ) human w$d+s is complete &1 ,i hope1 conv9c+2 & ! cu/om ( ! wat]-pit*]1 :i* concludes x1 fitly introduces at ! same "t ! evid5ce = ! association ( ! same idea ) fun]als4 ,?is is equally pl5tiful4 ,! vague conception ( dea? z a w$d+1 :i* z ,i h %[n 0 elaborat$ 9 ! my/]ies1 has ( c\rse already be5 exemplifi$ 9 all ^? passages ( anci5t lit]ature & mod]n folk-songs :i* ,i h adduc$1 & ,i h f\nd 9 x also ! motive = ! assimilation ( fun]al-cu/oms to ! cu/oms ( m>riage4 ,b ! evid5ce t ! actual doctr9es ( ! my/]ies1 9 :i* m def9ite expression 0 giv5 to t vague idea1 7 closely associat$ ) dea? & fun]al-cu/om is to be f\nd r 9 epitaphs & sepul*ral monum5ts4 ,! tone ( ! epitaphs may be suffici5tly illu/rat$ by a s+le c\plet3 #aeja4 #8,i1 ,gorgippus1 liv$ n to look ^u a bridal b$ ere ,i w5t d[n to ! *amb] ( bright-hair$ ,p]sephone :i* none may escape4' ,!re is naturally "h a note ( lam5t1 z befits any epitaph1 & m especially t ( "o :o dies "y & unm>ri$2 b none ! less !re is an anticipation--ju/ifi$1 we may ?9k1 if we w1 by "s c]emony ( bridal ablution p]=m$ = ! dead man by 8 fri5ds--t 8 dea? is a w$d+ ) ! goddess ( ! "u-_w2 & inde$ ! phrase 1 #8! bridal *amb] ( ,p]sephone1' recurs ) "s frequ5cy 9 ?is class ( epitaphs#aejb4 ,consid]$ collectively1 su* epitaphs w\ld sugge/ a di/9ctly (f5sive conception ( ,p]sephone2 b 9 ea* tak5 sep>ately1 z x 0 compos$1 x w be all[$1 ,i ?9k1 t if !re is supreme audacity1 !re is equal sublimity4 ,x is j ^! qualities :i* give pung5cy to a blasphem\s p>ody ( su* epitaphs1 9 :i* ! wit ( ,ausonius exposes ! wor/ possible aspect ( a religi\s conception :i* to ! pure-m9d$ 0 :olly pure4 ,my apology = quot+ l9es :i* ,i w n translate mu/ be ! fact t a c>icature is (t5 no less in/ructive ?an a true portrait4 ,! mock epitaph concludes z foll[s3 ,s$ neque functorum socius misceb]e vulgo ,nec metues ,/ygios flebilis umbra lacus3 ,v]um aut ,p]sephonae ,c9yreius ibis ,adonis1 ,aut ,jovis ,elysii tu catamitus eris#aejc4 ,ausonius 9 je/ be>s an unpleasant resemblance to ,clem5t 9 e>ne/2 bo? p]v]t$ to _! utt]mo/ a doctr9e :i* comm&$ no?+ b rev]5ce f fai?ful p>ticipants 9 ! my/]ies4 ,ak9 to ^! epitaphs are c]ta9 tablets :i* rec5tly h be5 fully discuss$ by ,miss ,jane ,h>rison#aejd1 & h be5 %[n to be ( ,orphic orig94 ,!y 7 buri$ ) ! dead1 & = ?is reason 7 m outspok5 9 _! ref]5ces to ! my/ic doctr9es ?an 0 p]missible 9 epitaphs expos$ to ! vulg> gaze4 ,! mo/ complete ( ^! tablets is "o :i* 0 f\nd ne> ,syb>is1 &1 ) ! exception ( ! la/ s5t5ce ( all1 ! inscription is 9 hexamet] v]se4 ,miss ,h>rison1 to ^: "w ,i am :olly indebt$ = ?is valuable evid5ce1 translates z foll[s#aeje3 #8,out ( ! pure ,i come1 ,pure ,que5 ( ,!m ,bel[1 ,eukles & ,eub\leus & ! o!r ,gods immortal4 ,= ,i also av[ me t ,i am ( y\r bless$ race1 ,b ,fate laid me l[ & ! o!r ,gods immortal 444 />flung ?und]bolt4 ,i h fl[n out ( ! sorr[ful we>y ,:eel4 ,i h pass$ ) eag] feet to ! ,circle desir$4 ,i h sunk b5ea? ! bosom ( ,despo9a1 ,que5 ( ! ,und]world4 ,i h pass$ ) eag] feet f ! ,circle desir$4 ,happy & ,bless$ ,"o1 ?\ %alt be ,god in/ead ( mortal4 ,a kid ,i h fall5 into milk4' ,! gi/ ( ! docum5t :i* ! dead man takes ) him is !n briefly ?is4 ,he claims to h be5 pure orig9ally & ( ! same race z 8 gods2 b z a man he 0 mortal & expos$ to dea?1 & 9 ?is respect diff]$ f 8 gods4 ,he /ates h[ev] t he has p]=m$ c]ta9 ritual acts :i* entitle him to be re-admitt$ to ! pure fell[%ip ( ! gods n[ t dea? is pass$4 ,& ! answ] comes1 #8,?\ %alt be ,god in/ead ( mortal4' ,n[ "h ,i wi% to consid] "o only ( ^! ritual acts--t "o ( :i* ! mean+ is cle>e/-- ' 1 :i* means1 if ,i may give my own r5d]+1 #8,i 0 admitt$ to ! embrace ( ,despo9a1 ,que5 ( ! "u-_w4' ,! phrase is "o :i* repeats ! idea :i* we h already se5 express$ 9 ! =mul>y ( ,cybele's rites1 #aejf1 #8,i 0 privily admitt$ to ! bridal *amb]1' & 9 ! tok5 ( ! ,sabazian my/]ies1 #aejg1 #8! god press$ to ! bosom'2 & ,lucian's f9al phrase 9 8 acc\nt ( ,alex&]'s mock-my/]ies %[s a k9dr$ phrase1 #aejh1 z an euphemism ( ! same k9d#aeji4 ,! ,orphic !re=e no less ?an o!rs bas$ 8 claim to future happ9ess on ! fact t he _h p]=m$ a ritual act1 ( ! nature ( a sacram5t1 :i* con/itut$ a pl$ge t ! w$lock betwe5 him & 8 goddess =e%ad[$ "h %\ld be consummat$ h]eaft]4 ,ev5 m abundant evid5ce is furni%$ by sepul*ral monum5ts2 & 9 support ( my views ,i _c d bett] ?an quote two high au?orities :o co9cide 9 _! v]dict ^u ! mean+ ( ! sc5es repres5t$4 ,9 ref]5ce to ^? sc5es #89 :i* dea? is conceiv$ 9 ! guise ( a m>riage' ,furtwngl] writes3 #8,! monum5ts belong+ to ?is class are extraord9>ily num]\s1 & exhibit v diff]5t me?ods ( treat+ ! idea :i* !y c>ry out4 ,a relief ^u a s>cophagus f ! ,villa ,borghese %[s ! ,god ( ! dead 9 ! act ( c>ry+ d[n ! fair ,kore to be 8 bride 9 ! l[] _w4 ,above ! /e$s ( 8 *>iot1 :i* are already disappe>+ into ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 flies ,eros z guide4 ,! bride h[ev] appe>s to be go+ only "u compulsion & aft] "s /ruggle2 ! look ( ! bridegroom expresses /]nness r ?an g5tl5ess2 & ! "m :o sits ) face av]t$ seems to exclude all ?\ghts ( ! daught]'s return4 ,only 9 ! tor*es :i* ! guide c>ries 9 8 h&1 9 ! snakes :i* are look+ upw>d1 & 9 ! obs]vant attitude ( ,hecate1 c a sugge/ion ( ! return be f\nd4 #8,on ano!r s>cophagus--f ,nazz>a--:i* repres5ts ! same m>riage-j\rney1 ,eros is n m]ely ! guide ( ! /e$s1 b aids ! bridegroom 9 c>ry+ (f ,kore1 s t 9 ?is case ! /ruggle ) dea? takes purely ! =m ( a /ruggle ) love4 ,at ! same "t ! "m is driv+ along ) h] *>iot1 !reby signify+ ! r5ewal ( life1 :i* is yet m cle>ly betok5$ 9 ! pl\ghman & ! s[] at h] side4 #8,9 a yet g5tl] _s we see ! same j\rney conceiv$ 9 a vase-pa9t+ f l[] ,italy4 ,"h !re is a look ( g5tl5ess on ,hades' face2 ! bride accompanies him gladly1 & ev5 takes an affectionate f>ewell ( h] "m1 :o appe>s to acquiesce 9 h] dep>ture4 ,9 ?is case too ,eros is fly+ above ! horses1 & is turn$ t[>ds ! lov]s1 :ile 9 front ( him !re flies a dove1 ! bird sacr$ to ! goddess ( love4 ,hecate ) tor*es guides ! /e$s2 ne> at h& waits ,h]mes to escort ! procession2 & above ! :ole sc5e ! />s are %9+1 z if to indicate ! new life 9 ! region ( dea?4 #8,9 ano!r =m1 exalt$ to a yet high] hol9ess1 ! same m>riage is repeat$ 9 ! sph]e ( ,dionysus-wor%ip4 ,?us on a cameo 9 ! ,vatican1 ,dionysus is repres5t$ driv+ ) 8 bride1 ,ariadne1 9 a brightly-deck$ triumphal c>4 ,holy rapture is manife/$ on ! features ( bo?1 & on top ( ! *>iot /&s a ,cupid direct+ x4 ,dionysus is array$ 9 ! doe-sk91 & holds 9 8 left h& a ?yrsus1 9 8 "r a goblet2 ,ariadne is c>ry+ e>s ( corn & poppy-heads1 & has h] hair wrea!d ) v9e-leaves4 ,! c> is drawn by ,c5taurs ( bo? sexes1 ) tor*es1 dr9k+-horns1 & musical in/rum5ts4 ,! idea :i* und]lies ?is sc5e is ! reproduction ( ,life out ( ,dea?2 ,hades has issu$ =? aga9 = a new m>riage-bond ) ,kore 9 ! realm ( light1 appe>+ n[ rejuv5at$ 9 ! =m ( ,dionysus1 j z 8 bride assumes ! =m ( ,ariadne1 & because ! p[] ( dea? is brok5 beh9d him1 8 c> likewise becomes a triumphal c>4 #8,j z ! m>riage ( ,zeus 9 ! realm ( light became a type = m5 9 ?is life1 s ! m>riage ( ,hades1 or ( ,dionysus repres5t+ him1 develop$ into a simil> prototype = ! dead4 ,s9ce t :i* is true ( ,dea? be>s directly ^u ! actual dead1 x 0 q natural t gradually ! process ( dea? came to be consid]$ 9 g5]al z a w$d+ ) ! deities ( dea?4 ,) ?is conception too h>monize ^? w$d+-sc5es :i* are s common & conspicu\s on fun]al monum5ts1 z well z ! (t5-recurr+ sc5es f ! joy\s cycle ( ,dionysus-my?s#aeaj4' ,two brief comm5ts may be made ^u ?is passage4 ,fir/1 ,furtwngl] cle>ly recognises 9 ,dionysus a m]e sub/itute = ,hades1 & ?us confirms my int]pretation ( ! /range leg5d conc]n+ ,dionysus & ,prosymnus#aeaa4 ,we notic$ t ! some:at obscure obs]vation ( ,h]aclitus 7z quot$ by ,clem5t7 ^u t /ory conta9$ ! words #8,dionysus & ,hades are "o & ! same'2 & we n[ see t 9 art too ! same id5tification 0 made1 & t ! m>riage ( a mortal ) ,dionysus 0 us$ to typify ! future m>riage ( ! dead ) _! gods4 ,! reason = ?is id5tification seems simply to be t ! cults 9 :i* ! two gods figur$1 al?\gh diff]+ 9 outw>d =m1 7 felt to express "o & ! same idea--namely ! conception ( dea? z a =m ( m>riage2 & ! t5d5cy to id5tify 9 su* cases 0 c>ri$ s f> t ! god ,dionysus 0 ev51 we are told1 id5tifi$ ) ! mortal ,adonis#aeab1 presumably because ! wor%ip ( ea*1 z ,i h %[n above1 turn$ ^u ?is "o c>d9al doctr9e4 ,secondly1 ,furtwngl] po9ts out t ! m>riage ( ,zeus & ,h]a repres5t$ = liv+ m5 ! same doctr9e z ! m>riage ( ,hades & ,p]sephone 7or ( ,dionysus & ,ariadne7 repres5t$ = ! dead4 ,! tru? ( ?is is well illu/rat$ by ! close resemblance betwe5 ,ari/ophanes' picture ( ,h]a's w$d+ & ^? fun]al monum5ts & vases :i* ,furtwngl] describes2 = !re too #8gold5-w+$ ,eros held firm ! re9s1 & drave ! w$d+-c> ( ,zeus & bless$ ,h]a#aeac4' ,9 o!r words1 ?is ,olympian m>riage 0 only "o among sev]al my/ic m>riages :i* all convey$1 ?\gh 9 div]se =m1 ! same lesson1 t m>riage 0 ! p]fection ( div9e life no less ?an ( human life1 & !re=e t h]eaft] :5 m51 or at any rate ! bless$ & initiat$ among m51 %\ld come to dwell ) _! gods1 no bond ( communion betwe5 gods & m5 c\ld be p]fect %ort ( ! m>riage-bond4 ,x 0 natural en\gh t ! drama ( ,h]a's w$d+ ) ,zeus %\ld mo/ (t5 h be5 *os5 to be play$ at an ord9>y w$d+1 because x w\ld n obtrude ?\ghts ( dea? ^u a joy\s ev5t ) su* insi/5ce z mo/ ( ! o!r religi\s leg5ds :i* repos$ ^u ! same fundam5tal doctr9e2 b sometimes1 we "k1 x 0 ! prie/esses ( ,demet] :o (ficiat$ at w$d+-c]emonies1 & 9 ^? cases x _c be d\bt$ t x 0 ,p]sephone & n ,h]a :o 0 ! div9e prototype ( ! bride1 & ! ?\ght t h] w$d+ 0 a w$d+ ) ! god ( dea? c\ld n h be5 exclud$4 ,at fun]als1 on ! o!r h&1 ! /ory ( ,zeus & ,h]a :i* 0 pref]r$ at w$d+s ow+ to its less obvi\s allusion to dea?1 w\ld = t same reason h f\nd less fav\r ?an ^? o!r m>riage-leg5ds 9 :i* ! id5tity ( dea? ) m>riage 0 m cle>ly enunciat$2 & ( ^!1 ow+ to ! exceptional rev]5ce 9 :i* ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies 7 held1 ! /ory ( ,p]sephone seems to h be5 among ! mo/ frequ5t4 ,yet 9 ! picture drawn by ,ari/ophanes at :i* we h j glanc$1 = "o subtle t\* :i* sugge/s ! connexion ( ,h]a's w$d+ ) human w$d+s1 !re is ano!r subtle t\* :i* sugge/s its relation ) human dea?4 ,! fir/ is an epi!t appli$ to ,eros :o drove ! w$d+-c>--! epi!t 1 us$ ( "o :o has bo? p>5ts liv+#aead4 ,! allusion to human w$d+s is cle>4 ,x 0 no d\bt imp]ative 9 old "t1 z x /ill is1 9 ,greece1 t anyone :o att5d$ ^u a bride or bridegroom1 z = in/ance ! be>] ( wat] = ! bridal ba?1 %\ld h bo? p>5ts liv+2 & ! use ( ! same t]m 9 ref]5ce to ,eros1 ! att5dant ^u ,zeus & ,h]a1 m>ks ! intimate connexion betwe5 ! div9e m>riage & ! m>riage ( liv+ m5 & wom54 ,b ano!r epi!t 9 ! passage conveys no less cle> an allusion to ! m>riage ( ^?1 :om m5 call dead1 ) _! deities4 ,h]a is nam$ 1 a ^w :i*1 mean+ #8fav\r$ by ,god1' may seem /rangely appli$ to "o :o h]self 0 div9e#aeae4 ,b x 0 select$ by ,ari/ophanes = a good reason2 by ! ^w 0 commonly d5ot$ t future bliss :i* ! initiat$ believ$ to consi/ 9 w$lock ) _! deities4 ,l 1 #8god-belov$1' ! t]m 1 #8bless$1' 01 s to speak1 a cat*-^w ( ! my/]ies#aeaf2 & ! application ( x to ,h]a 9 ,ari/ophanes' ode br+s ! leg5d ( ,h]a's m>riage into rank ) ^? o!r w$d+-/ories ^: actual plot h+$ ^u ! id5tity ( dea? & m>riage4 ,?us ?\gh "o leg5d might be m appropriate 9 its ext]nals to "o occasion1 & ano!r leg5d to ano!r occasion1 ! ultimate & fundam5tal idea ( !m all 0 s+le & ! same4 ,?is view is boldly *ampion$ by ! second au?ority :om ,i propos$ to quote ^u ! subject ( my/ic m>riage-sc5es depict$ on fun]al-monum5ts4 #8,! idea1' says ,l5ormant1 #8( my/ic union 9 dea? is frequ5tly indicat$ 9 ! sc5es repres5t$ ^u s>cophagi & pa9t$ vases4 ,b = ! mo/ "p ! idea is express$ !re only 9 an allusive mann]1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! id5tification :i* ?is m>riage-sc5e e/abli%$ betwe5 ! dead p]son & ! deity1 by means ( su* subjects z ! c>ry+ (f ( ,cephalus by ,aurora1 or ,ori?yia by ,boreas1 or ! love-/ory ( ,aphrodite & ,adonis#aeag4' #8,?us1' he expla9s1 #8a girl c>ri$ (f 7by dea?7 f h] p>5ts 0 simply a bride betro!d to ! inf]nal god1 & 0 id5tifi$ ) ,demet]'s maid5 daught]1 ! victim ( ! passion & viol5ce ( ,hades2 a "y man cut (f by an e>ly fate figur$ z ! beautiful ,adonis1 snat*$ away by ,p]sephone f ! love ( ,aphrodite1 & br\ght1 9 spite ( himself1 to ! b$ ( ! que5 ( ! l[] _w#aeah4' ,! id5tification :i* ,l5ormant sees 9 ^! sev]al in/ances is an id5tification1 ,i suppose1 n ( p]sonalities b ( de/9ies4 ,! popul> religion ( anci5t ,greece %[s little trace ( any pan!i/ic view :i* w\ld h contemplat$ ! absorption ( ! p]sonality ( ! dead man or woman into t ( any god or goddess4 ,inde$ ! v numb] ( ! p]sonally di/9ct deities ) :om1 on su* an hypo!sis1 ! dead w\ld h be5 id5tifi$1 z well z t cont9uance ( sexual diff]5ce 9 ! future life :i* is po/ulat$ by ! v doctr9e be=e u1 precludes all ?\ght ( p]sonal id5tification4 ,r x is ! future de/9y ( ! dead p]son :i* 0 id5tifi$ ) ! de/9y ( ! deity or h]o ^: m>riage 0 repres5t$ on s>cophagus or cippus or commemorative vase#aeai4 ,! lot ( ,kore or ,ariadne or ,ori?yia prefigur$ ! lot ( mortal wom5 h]eaft]2 ! =tunes ( ,adonis or ,cephalus typifi$ ^? ( mortal m52 & all ! m>riage-sc5es alike1 :atev] ! diff]5ces ( pres5tation1 reveal$ ! hope & ! promise ( w$lock h]eaft] betwe5 mank9d & _! deities4 ,b ,l5ormant m5tions "o vase-pa9t+#aebj 9 :i* ?is fundam5tal doctr9e is taught n by p>ables ( my?ology1 b m ov]tly & directly4 ,! sc5e depict$ is ! m>riage ( a y\?1 ^: "n1 ,polyetes1 is 9 pa!tic contra/ ) 8 %ort span ( ye>s sp5t ^u e>?1 ) a goddess ,eudaemonia 7or #8,bliss'7 9 ! l[] _w4 ,9 ?is deity ,l5ormant sees #8! inf]nal goddess "u an euphemi/ic "n4' ,nor c\ld any m significant "n h be5 us$4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t 0 a t]m mu* fav\r$ by ! initiat$ 9 ! my/]ies1 & 0 op5ly us$ by !m to d5ote t future bliss :i* secretly 0 und]/ood to consi/ 9 div9e w$lock4 ,h5ce ! sc5e ^u ?is vase w\ld at once sugge/ to ^? :o 7 famili> ) ! doctr9es ( ! my/]ies1 t ! y\?1 be+ presumably ( ! numb] ( ! initiat$1 _h f\nd 9 dea? ! realisation ( 8 happy hopes & _h ent]$ into blissful union ) ! goddess ( ! l[] _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to sum up briefly3 we h se5 alike 9 ! lit]ature ( anci5t ,greece & 9 ! folk-songs ( mod]n ,greece t dea? has commonly be5 conceiv$ by ! ,hell5ic race 9 ! guise ( a w$d+2 a review ( m>riage-cu/oms & fun]al-cu/oms bo? anci5t & mod]n has re-affirm$ ! con/ant association ( dea? & m>riage1 & has %[n h[ deep-root$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! common p t idea mu/ h be5 :i* produc$ a delib]ate assimilation ( fun]al-rites to ! c]emonies ( m>riage4 ,next we inve/igat$ ! connexion ( ! my/]ies ) ! popul> religion1 & saw reason to hold t1 f> f be+ subv]sive ( x or ali5 to x1 !y inculcat$ doctr9es :i* 7 :olly evolv$ f vagu] popul> ideas always curr5t 9 ,greece4 ,f9ally we trac$ 9 _m ( ^? leg5ds1 on :i* ! dramatic repres5tations ( ! my/]ies are kn[n to h be5 bas$1 a common motif1 ! idea t dea? is ! entrance = m5 into a blissful e/ate ( w$d$ union ) _! deities4 ,& ?is religi\s ideal n only satisfies ! condition ( agreem5t )1 & evolution f1 ^? popul> views 9 :i* dea? figur$ some:at vaguely z a =m ( w$d+1 b also proves to be ! natural & necess>y outcome ( two religi\s s5tim5ts ) :i* e>li] *apt]s h dealt2 fir/1 ! ard5t desire = close communion ) ! gods1 & secondly1 ! belief t m5's bodies z well z _! s\ls surviv$ dea? & dissolution2 = if ! body by means ( its dis9tegration rejo9$ ! s\l 9 ! ne!r _w1 & ! human entity 0 !n complete1 enjoy+ ! same sub/antial exi/5ce1 ! same physical no less ?an m5tal p[]s1 :i* x _h enjoy$ 9 ! upp] _w1 & :i* ! immortal gods enjoy$ un9t]rupt$ by dea?1 !n1 s9ce ! same rite ( m>riage 0 ! consummation bo? ( div9e life & ( human life1 m5's ye>n+ = close communion ) _! gods requir$ = its ideal & p]fect satisfaction ! full union ( w$lock2 & ! sacram5t :i* assur$ m5 ( ?is consummation 0 ! highe/ developm5t ( ! :ole ,greek religion1 ! my/]ies4 ,su* a sacram5t & su* aspirations might well h (f5d$ ev5 ^? ,*ri/ians ( e>ly days1 if su* !re 71 :o 7 will+ to deal sympa!tically ) paganism2 t ^? :o 7 its decl>$ enemies1 & 7 ready to use aga9/ x ! weapons ( p]v]sion & vitup]ation1 f\nd 9 ?is conception a vuln]able po9t1 is readily und]/ood4 ,x is true inde$ t 9 ! v idea :i* !y mo/ vilifi$ !re 0 a c]ta9 curi\s analogy betwe5 ! new religion & ! old4 ,j z paganism all[$ to ea* man or woman individually ! hope ( becom+ ! bridegroom or ! bride ( "o ( _! _m deities1 s ,*ri/ianity repres5t$ ! ,*ur*1 ! :ole body ( ! fai?ful collectively1 z ! bride ( its sole deity4 ,b ! analogy is sup]ficial only4 ,! bond ( feel+ :i* unit$ ! ,*ur* ) ,god 0 v diff]5tly conceiv$ f t :i* drew toge!r ! pagans & _! deities4 ,! *a/5$ #8*>ity' 77 ( ! ,*ri/ians _h little 9 common ) ! passionate love 77 ) :i* ! ,greeks ( old "t _h d>$ look ^u _! gods4 ,!irs 0 ! ,love t #8held firm ! re9s & drave ! w$d+-c> ( ,zeus & bless$ ,h]a#aeba'2 ! ,love t hov]$ above ! /e$s ( ,hades & *ang$ = ,p]sephone ! road ( dea? into a road to bliss2 ! ,love :om #8no immortal may escape nor any ( mank9d ^: life passe? x z a day1 b :oso ha? him is z "o mad#aebb'2 & ! only true consummation ( su* love 0 w$lock4 ,?is conception necess>ily impli$ ! equality ( m5 ) _! gods 9 ! future life2 & t future equality 0 sometimes repres5t$ z no m ?an a return to t :i* 0 9 ! beg9n+4 #8,"o is ! race ( m5 ) ! race ( gods2 = "o is ! "m t gave to bo? our brea?2 yet are !y sund]$ by p[]s :olly div]se1 9 t mank9d is z naught1 b heav5 is build$ ( brass t abide? ev] un%ak5#aebc4' ,s sang ,p9d> ( ! pa/ & ( ! pres5t2 b ! ,orphic tablet :i* has be5 already quot$ c>ries on ! ?\ght into ! future3 #8,out ( ! pure ,i come1 ,pure ,que5 ( ,!m ,bel[1 ,eukles & ,eub\leus & ! o!r ,gods immortal4 ,= ,i also av[ me t ,i am ( y\r bless$ race1 ,b ,fate laid me l[4444' ,s f> ) ,p9d>4 ,b ! dead man's claims d n end !re3 #8,i 0 admitt$ to ! embrace ( ,despo9a1 ,que5 ( ! ,und]world'2 already _h he receiv$ a =eta/e ( t div9e w$lock :i* impli$ equality ) ! gods2 & s !re comes ! answ]1 #8,happy & ,bless$ ,"o1 ?\ %alt be ,god in/ead ( mortal4' ,?is idea comm5d$ itself ev5 to ?9k]s :o did n believe 9 bodily survival aft] dea?4 ,plato1 9 ! ,pha$o1 :]e above all ?+s is taught ! p]i%able nature ( ! body & ! immortality ( ! s\l alone1 yet avails himself ( ! belief t ! pure among mank9d %all atta9 ev5 to godhead h]eaft]4 ,to him ! pure are n ! initiat$ inde$1 b ! e>ne/ /riv]s aft] wisdom4 ,9 8 !ory ( retributive metempsy*osis he surmises t ^? :o h foll[$ ! lu/s ( ! fle% %all h]eaft] ent] ! ranks ( asses & o!r lu/ful bea/s2 t ^? :o h wr\ght viol5ce %all ent] ! ranks ( wolves & hawks & kites2 t ^? :o h practis$ :at is popul>ly acc\nt$ virtue1 b )\t true und]/&+1 %all ent] ! ranks ( h>mless & social creatures1 bees1 wasps1 & ants1 or ev5 ! ranks ( m5 once m4 #8,b into ! ranks ( gods none may ent] )\t hav+ foll[$ aft] wisdom & s dep>t+ h5ce :olly pure--none save ! lov] ( k#aebd4' ,:at precise mean+ ,plato atta*$ to 8 phrase #8to ent] ! ranks' 7 or 71 to :i* he adh]es ?r\gh\t ! passage1 is a "q :i* agitat$ ! ,neoplatoni/s#aebe some:at ne$lessly4 ,! phrase is int5d$ ei!r lit]ally ?r\gh\t or allegorically ?r\gh\t4 ,if x be allegorical1 ! mean+ mu/ be t all human s\ls %all ent] aga9 into human bodies1 b t !y %all />t ?is new phase ( exi/5ce ) ! qualities ( lu/1 viol5ce1 respectability1 or real virtue & purity1 acquir$ 9 ! previ\s life--m]ely resembl+1 z ne>ly z m5 may1 asses1 wolves1 bees1 or gods4 ,n[ z reg>ds ! fir/ ?ree classes1 ?is allegorical int]pretation1 if a little =c$1 is feasible en\gh2 b :at ( ! f\r? class8 ,%all ! s\l :i* has atta9$ purity1 ! v negation ( fle%l9ess 9 ,plato's view1 suff] re-inc>nation & /ruggle once m aga9/ ! fle%8 ,surely ! allegorical explanation is at once condemn$4 ,! phrase 0 int5d$ lit]ally#aebf4 ,plato signifi$ ! re-inc>nation ( ! lu/ful1 ! viol5t1 & ! m]ely respectable1 9 ! =ms ( animals ( l "*1 & he signifi$--,i mu/ n say ! re-inc>nation1 = ,plato's gods 7 spiritual & n c>nal--b ! reg5]ation ( ! pure 9 ! =m ( gods4 ,& 9 ! same _s ,plut>* too contemplat$ ! possibility ( "s m5's s\ls becom+ fir/ h]oes1 & f h]oes ris+ to ! rank ( #8daemons1' & f #8daemons' com+ to %>e1 albeit b r>ely1 9 real godhead#aebg4 ,?us ev5 ! highe/ aspirations ( ! mo/ spiritually-m9d$ ( pagan ?9k]s ow$ mu* to ! purely popul> religion4 ,! ,orphic tablet l9ks up ! popul> conception ( dea? z a w$d+ ) ! ,platonic conception ( ! deification ( ! s\l4 #8,i 0 admitt$ to ! embrace ( ,despo9a1 ,que5 ( ! und]world'3 #8,happy & ,bless$ ,"o1 ?\ %alt be ,god in/ead ( mortal4' ,b if ,plato1 ev5 9 8 conception ( a purely spiritual life h]eaft]1 ow$ some?+ to ! popul> religion1 he drew ^u x f> m freely 9 8 conception ( ,love4 ,9 ! ,symposium "o spee* aft] ano!r culm9ates 9 ! ass]tion ( t belief :i* f\nd its highe/ expression 9 ! my/]ies4 #8,s !n ,i say1' says ,pha$rus1 #8t ,love is ! mo/ v5]able ( ! gods1 ! mo/ wor?y ( hon\r1 ! mo/ p[]ful to grant virtue & bless$ness unto mank9d bo? 9 life & aft] dea?#aebh4' ,& 9 ! same tone too ,eryxima*us3 #8,he x is t wields ! mightie/ p[] & is ! s\rce = u ( all bless$ness & ( our p[] to h lov+ fell[%ip bo? ) "o ano!r & ) ! gods t are /rong] ?an we#aebi4' ,& f9ally ,ari/ophanes3 ,x is ,love1 #8:o 9 ?is pres5t life gives u mo/ joys by draw+ l unto l1 & = our h]eaft] displays hopes mo/ high1 if we = our "p display piety t[>ds ! gods1 t he w re/ore u to our er/:ile nature & w heal u & w make u happy & bless$#aecj4' ,?is is n ,platonic philosophy b popul> religion4 ,phrase aft] phrase reveals ! orig9 ( ?is conception ( ,love4 ,! hopes mo/ high 7 ! hopes held =? by ! my/]ies2 ! bless$ness & ! lov+ fell[%ip ) gods 7 ! fulfilm5t ( ^? hopes4 ,9 su* language did m5 ev] h9t at ! joys to :i* _! my/ic sacram5ts gave access4 ,& ,plato "h v5tures yet fur!r4 ,! au?or ( ^? high hopes1 ! f\nd] ( t bless$ness1 he proclaims1 is none o!r ?an ,love--,love t appeal$ n to ! s\l only ( ! initiat$1 b to ! :ole man1 bo? s\l & body--,love t meant n only ! ye>n+ aft] wisdom & hol9ess & spiritual equality ) ! gods1 b t same passion :i* drew toge!r man & woman1 god & goddess--! passion ( mank9d = _! deities1 f$ 9 ?is life by manifold means ( communion & ev5 by sacram5tal union1 satisfi$ h]eaft] 9 ! full fruition ( w$d$ bliss4 ,,footnotes3 #aceh ,il4 ,,xi4 #bda4 #acei ,hes4 ,w4 & ,d4 #aaf4 #acfj e4g4 ,hom4 ,il4 ,,xvi4 #ded & #fgb2 ,,xiv4 #bca4 #acfa ,hes4 ,!og4 #bab1 #gef4 #acfb ,see ,prell]1 ,grie*4 ,my?4 ,i4 #fij ff4 #acfc ,paus4 ,v4 #ah4 #a4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 #ah4 #a4 #acfd ,pass[1 ,popul4 ,c>m4 ,,cccxcvi4 #acfe ,hom4 ,od4 ,,xxiv4 #a4 #acff ,virg4 ,a54 ,,iv4 #bdb ff4 #acfg ,see above1 pp4 #if ff4 & pp4 #acd ff4 #acfh ,paus4 ,,viii4 #b4 #e4 #acfi ,paus4 ibid4 #d4 #acgj ,pass[1 ,pop4 ,c>m4 no4 #cfd4 #acga ,pass[1 ,pop4 ,c>m4 no4 #cgd4 #acgb ,! ^w 1 7#8joy'71 z ,i h po9t$ out else:]e1 is inde$ (t5 us$ te*nically ( m>riage4 #acgc ,pass[1 ,pop4 ,c>m4 no4 #ch 7ll4 #ac-ah7 & also nos4 #fe1 #aeb1 #ahj4 #acgd ,see above1 pp4 #bee ff4 #acge ,abbott1 ,mac$on4 ,folklore1 p4 #bee4 #acgf ,pass[1 ,pop4 ,c>m4 no4 #cgj4 ,! phrase 1 :i* ,i h inadequately r5d]$ z #8make? glad1' is te*nically us$ ( m>riage4 ,see above1 p4 #abg4 #acgg ,= au?orities see ,lobeck1 ,aglaoph4 ,i4 pp4 #gf ff4 #acgh ,soph4 ,antig4 #egd-e4 ,i d n "k h[ mu* /ress may be laid on ! repetition ( ! pron\n 9 ^! two l9es 7viz4 & 72 b ! l9es foll[ closely on t 9 :i* ,creon bids ,ism5e speak no m ( ,antigone z 1 & an ironical /ress might well be laid by ,creon on ! ^w z he uses x1 :i* w\ld sugge/ to 8 audi5ce its anti!sis 4 #acgi ,soph4 ,antig4 #hjd-e4 #achj ibid4 #haj-af4 #acha ibid4 #hia-b4 #achb ibid4 #abjc-g4 #achc ibid4 #abdj-a4 #achd ,p9d>1 ,fragm4 #aci 7,b]gk74 #ache ,aes*4 ,prom4 #idj ff4 #achf ,oneirocr4 ,,ii4 #di4 ,! ^w d5otes "h n m]ely a #8rite1' b a #8consummation' by :i* a man becomes 4 ,see bel[1 p4 #eia4 #achg ibid4 ,i4 #hj4 ,to translate ! passage m fully is n conv5i5t2 ,i app5d ! orig9al3 1 4 #achh ibid4 ,,ii4 #fe4 #achi ,oneirocr4 ,,ii4 #di4 #acij ,! majority ( ! ref]5ces to anci5t usage giv5 bel[ are borr[$ f ,beck]'s ,*>icles4 #acia ,?uc4 ,,ii4 #ae4 #acib ,eur4 ,pho54 #cdg4 #acic ,aes*9es1 ,epi/4 ,x4 p4 #fhj4 #acid ,cf4 ,pollux1 ,,iii4 #dc4 #acie ,soph4 ,antig4 #ija4 #acif ,de ,luctu1 #aa4 #acig ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore1 p4 #aic4 #acih ,= a discussion ( ?is po9t see ,beck]1 ,*>icles pp4 #dhc-d4 #acii ,h>pocrat4 s4v4 4 1 4 4 ,! same words are repeat$ by ,photius & ,suidas4 ,) x appe>s necess>y to supply 4 ,cf4 ,pollux ,,viii4 #ff ' 1 4444 ,= o!r ref]5ces see ,beck]1 ,*>icles p4 #dhd4 ,?is in=mation1 z reg>ds ! emblem us$1 is held to be incorrect4 ,! 0 n a boy be>+ a pit*]1 b ! pit*] itself4 ,see ,fraz]1 ,pausanias1 vol4 ,v4 p4 #chh4 #adjj ,= ?is view see ,fraz]1 ,pausanias1 vol4 ,v4 p4 #chi4 #8,x may be sugge/$ t orig9ally ! cu/om ( plac+ a wat]-pit*] on ! grave ( unm>ri$ p]sons 444 may h be5 meant to help !m to obta9 9 ano!r _w ! happ9ess !y _h miss$ 9 ?is4 ,9 fact x may h be5 "p ( a c]emony design$ to provide ! dead maid5 or ba*elor ) a sp\se 9 ! _s l&4 ,su* c]emonies h be5 obs]v$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w by peoples1 :o1 l ! ,greeks1 e/eem$ x a great mis=tune to die unm>ri$4' #adja ,plut4 #ebi4 #adjb ,cf4 ,lucian1 de ,luctu #aa4 #adjc ,= a discussion ( ! po9t 9 relation to fun]als see ,beck]1 ,*>icles pp4 #che f4 & 9 relation to m>riage pp4 #dhf f4 #adjd ,lucian1 de ,luctu #aa4 #adje ,i4 #f4 #adjf ,cf4 ,pass[1 ,popul4 ,c>m4 ,graec4 ,rec5t4 no4 #dae1 & ,t\rne=t1 ,voyage du ,levant1 ,i4 p4 #aec1 :o describes a dead woman1 ^: fun]al he witness$1 z #8p>e la ,grque de ses habits de nces4' #adjg ,pass[1 ,popul4 ,c>m4 #cgh4 #adjh ,*>icles p4 #dhg4 #adji ,lucian1 de ,luctu #aa4 ,ari/oph4 ,lysi/4 #fjb etc4 #adaj ,! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* 0 aga9/ ! use ( g>l&s 9 e>ly times & p]haps suppress$ x 9 "s di/ricts4 ,cf4 ,m9ucius1 p4 #aji #8,nec mortuos coronamus4 ,ergo vos 7! hea!n7 9 hoc magis miror1 quemadmodum tribuatis exanimi aut non s5ti5ti facem aut non s5ti5ti coronam3 cum et beatus non egeat1 et mis] non gaudeat floribus4' ,! fir/ non is cle>ly to be delet$4 #adaa ,cf4 ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore1 p4 #aic4 #adab ,cf4 ibid4 p4 #aig4 #adac ,hom4 ,hymn4 9 ,demet4 #cgb ff4 ,h5ce ! pomegranate 0 treat$ z #8an accurs$ ?+' 9 ! wor%ip ( ,demet] at ,lycosura1 ,paus4 ,,viii4 #cg4 #g4 #adad ,paus4 ,,ii4 #ag4 #d4 #adae ,see above1 p4 #edh4 #adaf ,see above1 p4 #hj4 #adag ,! foll[+ ref]5ces are 9 ! ma9 tak5 f ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus4 #adah ,soph4 ,fragm4 #gai 7,d9d474 #adai ,hom4 ,hymn4 ad ,c]4 #dhj ff4 #adbj ,p9d4 ,fragm4 #acg 7,b]gk74 #adba ,id4 ,fragm4 #abi4 ,see above1 p4 #eah4 #adbb ,ari/oph4 ,ranae #ddj-dei4 #adbc ,isocr4 ,paneg4 p4 #df4 #adbd ,aglaoph4 ,i4 p4 #gj4 #adbe 1 p4 #aff4 #adbf ,ari/id4 ,eleus94 #bei 7#ded74 #adbg ,julian4 ,or4 ,,vii4 #bch4 ,! same /ory 9 simil> words recurs 9 ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,vi4 #ci & ,plut4 de ,aud4 ,poet4 ,,ii4 p4 #ba ,f4 #adbh ,cr9agoras1 ,ep4 ,,xxx4 #adbi ,cic4 de ,leg4 ,,ii4 #cf4 #adcj ,ma!m4 ,i4 p4 #ah1 ed4 ,bull]4 #adca ,aglaoph4 ,i4 pp4 #ci f4 #adcb ,see ,lobeck1 ,aglaoph4 ,i4 pp4 #f ff4 #adcc ,diodorus1 v4 #gg4 ,cf4 ,miss ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 p4 #efg4 #adcd ,= ref]5ces on ?is po9t1 see ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 ,i4 #ad ff4 #adce ,= ! evid5ce t ! ,a*aeans adopt$ ! language ( ! ,pelasgians1 & n vice v]s1 see ,ridgeway1 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #fca ff4 #adcf ,protrept4 #ee4 #adcg ,hom4 ,il4 ,i4 #bba f4 #adch ,euseb4 ,demon/r4 ,evang4 ,v4 #a1 #bfh ,e4 #adci ,praep4 ,evang4 ,,xv4 #a1 #ghh ,c4 #addj 4 #fa4 #adda ,synes4 de ,prov4 ,,ii4 #abd ,b4 #addb ,cf4 ,artemid4 ,oneirocr4 ,bk ,,iii4 cap4 #fa4 #addc ,9 ,!ra1 z ,i myself witness$1 & until rec5tly at ,delphi4 ,greeks ) :om ,i h spok5 ( ?is cu/om h (t5 se5 or he>d ( x some:]e4 #addd ,i regret t my notes conta9 no m5tion ( my in=mant's "n4 ,i mu/ apologise to him = ! omission4 #adde ,a/]ius1 ,encom4 9 ,,ss4 ,m>tyr4 9 ,migne1 ,patrolog4 ,graeco-,lat4 vol4 ,,xl4 p4 #cbd4 #addf ,adv4 ,val5t94 cap4 ,i4 #addg ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccles4 ,,iv4 #aa4 ,cf4 ,sa9te-,croix1 ,re*]*es sur les ,my/res1 #bnd ed41 ,i4 p4 #cff4 #addh loc4 cit4 #addi ,orig5 ,philosophum5a1 p4 #aae 7ed4 ,mill]71 p4 #agj 7ed4 ,cruice74 ,cf4 ,miss ,j4 ,h>rison1 ,proleg4 to ,/udy ( ,gk ,relig4 p4 #edi4 #adej ,clem4 ,alex4 ,protrept4 ,,ii4 #ah4 #adea ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?ras-,liturgie1 p4 #abe1 cit$ by ,miss ,j4 ,h>rison1 ,proleg4 to ,/udy ( ,gk ,relig4 p4 #aee1 note #c4 #adeb ,hesiod1 ,!og4 #igj f4 ,cf4 ,hom4 ,od4 ,v4 #abe4 #adec ,!ocr4 ,id4 ,,iii4 #di ff4 7,a4 ,lang's translation74 #aded ,plut>*1 de fac4 9 orb4 lun4 #bh1 cit$ by ,miss ,h>rison1 ,proleg4 to ,/udy ( ,gk ,relig4 p4 #bfg4 #adee ,see above1 pp4 #ia f4 & #if ff4 #adef ,!ocr4 ,id4 ,,iii4 #df ff4 #adeg ,protrept4 #ad4 #adeh ,!ocr4 ,id4 ,,xv4 #hf4 #adei ,orph4 ,hymn4 ,,lvi42 ,bion1 ,id4 ,i4 #e4 #ed2 ,lucian1 ,dial4 deor4 ,,xi4 #a2 ,macrob4 ,saturn4 ,i4 #ba2 ,procop4 9 ,esai4 ,,xviii4 p4 #beh4 ,cf4 ,l5ormant1 ,monogr4 de la voie sacre leus941 :]e _m o!r ref]5ces are giv54 #adfj ,dem4 1 pp4 #acfi-acga et passim4 ,cf4 ,ari/4 4 4 #c4 #adfa ,etymol4 ,mag4 #bbg4 #cf4 #adfb ,hesy*4 s4v4 4 #adfc ,see above1 pp4 #cci ff4 #adfd ,plut>*1 de defectu orac4 cap4 #ad 7p4 #dag74 #adfe ,see above1 p4 #aci4 #adff ,n s1 h[ev]1 to ,artemidorus4 ,cf4 ,oneirocr4 ,i4 #hj4 #adfg ,protrept4 #cd4 #adfh l4 c4 #adfi ,protrept4 #af4 #adgj ,!ophr4 ,*>4 #bh 7ed4 ,jebb74 #adga l4 c4 #adgb ,clem4 ,alex4 ,protrept4 ,,ii4 #ae4 #adgc ,! cymbal c]ta9ly belong$ to ,demet] also 7see ,miss ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 p4 #efb7 b n1 ,i ?9k1 ! kettle-drum4 #adgd ,psellus 7,qua5am sunt ,graecorum op9iones de daemonibus1 #c1 ed4 ,migne7 ref]s ! =mul>y to ! rites ( ,demet] & ,kore4 ,b ,i _c agree ) ,miss ,j4 ,h>rison 7,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 p4 #efi7 z to ! importance ( ,psellus' te/imony 9 any respect4 ,he appe>s to me to give no m ?an a rsum ( in=mation d]iv$ f ,clem5t's ,protreptica1 misund]/ood & ev5 m confus$4 #adge ,paus4 ,,ii4 #ag4 #c4 #adgf ,miss ,j4 ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 p4 #ecf1 comm5t+ on ,philosophum5a1 ed4 ,cruice1 v4 #c4 #adgg ,a title "u :i* bo? ,zeus & ,h]mes 7 kn[n2 see ,ari/oph4 ,pax1 #db1 & ,s*ol4 ibid4 #fdi4 #adgh ,clem4 ,alex4 ,protrept4 #ed4 #adgi ,a!n4 ,,vi4 p4 #bec ,a4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he quotes a song 7#bec ,d7 9 :i* x is ! "n ( ,demet] :i* is c\pl$ ) t ( ,demetrius4 #adhj ,a!n4 ,,vi4 #bec ,a1 & #bfa ,b4 #adha ,glycon 0 ,alex&]'s new god1 a re-inc>nation ( ,asclepius1 born 9 ! =m ( a snake out ( an egg discov]$ by ,alex&]4 #adhb ,a sup]/iti\s old ,roman entrapp$ by ,alex&]4 #adhc ,lucian1 ,alex&] seu ,pseudomantis1 cap4 #ch-ci 7,,ii4 #bdd ff474 #adhd ,see ,miss ,j4 ,h>rison1 op4 cit4 pp4 #edi ff4 #adhe ,paton1 ,inscr4 ( ,cos1 #chf1 cit$ by ,r\se1 ,greek ,votive ,(f]+s1 p4 #bdf4 #adhf ,plut>*1 ,conjug4 ,praec4 ad init4 #adhg ,s*ol4 ad ,soph4 ,antig4 #abda4 #adhh ,photius1 ,lex4 ,rhet4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #fgj 7ed4 ,porson71 cit$ by ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 ,i4 p4 #bde4 #adhi ,= ! *ief ref]5ces1 see ,f>nell1 loc4 cit4 #adij ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 p4 #aia4 #adia ,diod4 ,sic4 ,v4 #gc2 ,pollux ,,iii4 #ch4 ,cf4 ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdf4 #adib ,pollux1 l4 c4 7 7 4 #adic ,cf4 ,plut>*1 ,amator4 ,n>rat4 #a1 :]e ! girls ( ,hali>tus are said to h ba!d !mselves 9 ! spr+ ,cissoessa imm$iately be=e mak+ ! sacrifices j m5tion$1 & evid5tly z "p ( ! same ritual4 #adid ,aes*9es ,epi/4 #aj1 p4 #fhj4 #adie ,*>iton ,,iv4 #d4 #adif ,gorgias1 p4 #dic ,b4 #adig ,fraz]1 ad ,pausan4 ,x4 #ca4 #i 7vol4 ,v4 p4 #chi74 #adih ,i _c pret5d to h gone into ! :ole lit]ature ( ! subject1 b ,i f9d no ref]5ce to ?is passage ei!r 9 ,dr ,fraz]'s ,pausanias1 l4 c41 or 9 ,miss ,h>rison's ,proleg4 to ,/udy ( ,gk ,relig4 pp4 #fad ff41 :]e ! same topic is fully discuss$4 #adii ,lucian1 ,dial4 ,m>94 #f4 #c4 #aejj ,eu/a?4 ad ,hom4 ,il4 ,,xxiii4 #ada4 #aeja ,an?ol4 ,pal4 ,,vii4 #ejg4 #aejb ,= o!r examples see ,l5ormant1 ,monographie de la voie sacre leus9i5ne1 pp4 #ej f41 :]e also ! above example is quot$4 #aejc ,auson4 ,epitaph4 no4 #cc4 #aejd ,prolegom5a to ,/udy ( ,gk ,religion1 pp4 #egc ff4 #aeje op4 cit4 p4 #ehf2 ,kaibel1 ,c4,i4,g4,i4,s41 #fda4 #aejf ,see above1 p4 #ehf4 #aejg ,see above1 p4 #ehf4 #aejh ,see above1 p4 #ehi4 #aeji ,i am =c$ by ^! consid]ations to diss5t f ,miss ,h>rison's view z express$ op4 cit4 p4 #eid1 #8,"h ! symbolism seems to be ( bir? r ?an ( m>riage1' & aga9 #8?is rite ( bir? or adoption 444'3 & inde$ ?is view seems h>dly to tally ) t :i* %e sugge/s lat] 7p4 #fjj71 8,burial itself may well h be5 to !m 7! ,py?agoreans7 z to ,antigone a my/ic m>riage3 #8,i h sunk b5ea? ! bosom ( ,despo9a1 ,que5 ( ! ,und]world4'0 #aeaj ,furtwngl]1 ,die ,idee des ,todes1 p4 #bic4 #aeaa ,see above1 p4 #ehe4 #aeab ,plut>*1 ,sympos4 ,,iv4 #e4 #c4 #aeac ,ari/oph4 ,aves1 #agcg4 #aead ,cf4 ,s*ol4 ad ,ari/oph4 l4 c4 #aeae ,?is1 ,i am aw>e1 is n an unique case4 ,plato applies ! same epi!t to ! gods z a :ole1 b above all to ,eros1 cle>ly1 ,i ?9k1 ) some?+ ( ! same significance4 ,see ,plato1 ,sympos4 #ba1 p4 #aie ,a4 #aeaf ,cf4 ,!o ,smyrnaeus1 ,ma?4 ,i4 #ah2 ,ari/id4 ,eleus94 p4 #dae2 ,plato1 ,pha$rus1 p4 #dh4 #aeag ,l5ormant1 ,monographie de la voie sacre leus9i5ne1 p4 #ed4 #aeah l4 c4 #aeai ,= a long li/ ( su* monum5ts deal+ ) ! /ory ( ,p]sephone1 see ,cl>ac1 ,muse de ,sculpt4 anc4 at mod4--#8,bas-reliefs ,grecs et ,roma9s1' pp4 #bji-aj4 #aebj ,monographie de la voie sacre leus9i5ne1 p4 #ef4 #aeba ,ari/oph4 ,aves1 #agcg4 #aebb ,soph4 ,antig4 #ghg ff4 #aebc ,p9d4 ,nem4 ,,vi4 init4 #aebd ,plato1 ,pha$o1 cap4 #cb1 p4 #hb ,b1 ,c4 #aebe ,see ,g$des' notes ad loc4 #aebf ,= o!r evid5ce confirm+ ?is view1 see ,g$des' notes ad loc4 #aebg ,plut>*1 de defect4 orac4 cap4 #aj1 p4 #dae4 #aebh ,plato1 ,symp4 #g1 p4 #ahj4 #aebi ibid4 #ae1 p4 #ahh4 #aecj ibid4 #ai1 p4 #aic4 ,,g5]al ,,index ,ablutions1 at w$d+s & at fun]als1 #eee ,aborig9es1 reg>d$ z wiz>ds1 #bdh2 _! relations ) invad]s1 #bdd ,absolution1 & dissolution1 #dja2 ( ! dead1 #cif ff4 ,a*aeans1 religion (1 #eba f4 ,adonis1 /ory (1 #ehb2 /ory (1 h[ int]pret$1 #ehj2 z type ( ! initiat$1 #ehb ,aes*ylus1 popul> beliefs utilis$ by1 #dcg ff41 #dei f42 religi\s sympa?ies (1 #ebc ,aetolus1 /ory (1 #bgc ,agamemnon1 z rev5ant1 #dch ,ala/or1 application ( ^w1 #dfe ff42 z prop] "n 79 ,hom]71 #dgc2 z t]m ( abuse1 #dgg2 d]ivation ( ^w1 #dga2 developm5t ( mean+ ( ^w1 #dge f42 mean+ (1 #dgf2 orig9al mean+ (1 #dgb ,ala/ores1 #dfb ff42 n orig9ally deities1 #dfg ff4 ,allatius1 on vrykolakes1 #cfd ff4 ,amorgos1 oracle (1 #ccb ,amulets1 #ab-ac1 #ba1 #adj ,amymone1 /ory (1 #eic ,anci5t language1 attempt$ revival (1 #cj ,angels1 exorcism (1 #fh2 good & bad1 #bhh2 wor%ip (1 #db ,animals1 unlucky species (1 #cjg ,ano9t+1 ( ! dead1 #eeg ,an?ropomorphic conception ( ,god1 #eb ,antigone1 z #8bride ( ,a*]on1' #eea ,antiphon1 on blood-guilt1 #ddc ,aphrodite1 #aag-abj2 #8elde/ ( ! ,fates1' #abj2 my/ic rites (1 #ehj ,apis1 /ory (1 #dei ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 #beg ,apo/asy1 #dji ,apple1 symbolic usage (1 #eeh #8,arabs' 7a class ( demons71 #baa1 #bgf f42 id5tifi$ ) vrykolakes 7q4v471 #bgg ,ariadne1 /ory (1 h[ repres5t$ on sepul*ral monum5ts1 #eih ,ari/om5es1 #gf ,arrogance ( ,greeks1 #bi ,art1 9 relation to religion1 #a ,artemidorus1 on dea? & m>riage1 #eec ff4 ,artemis1 #afc-aga2 z huntress1 #afe2 z ! ,moon1 #afe2 ba?+ (1 #afd-e2 displac$ by ,s4 ,artemidos1 #dd2 mod]n "* (1 #afi2 (f]+s to1 #agj ,asclepius1 9 s]p5t-=m1 #bgd f42 re-inc>nation (1 9 mock-my/]ies1 #ehi ,ass-c5taurs1 #bce & #bcg f4 ,a!ne1 & ! owl1 #bjg2 succe$$ by ,virg9 ,m>y1 #de ,a!nians1 religi\s sympa?ies (1 #ebc ,attis1 #ehf ,augury 7see ,auspices7 ,augu/1 c]ta9 days sacr$ to ,nymphs1 #aeb ,auspices1 #cjh ff42 affect$ by numb]1 #cac2 f any movem5t ( birds1 #caa2 f cry ( birds1 #caa2 f flight ( birds1 #caa2 f po/ure ( birds1 #caa2 modifi$ by position ( obs]v]1 #cab ,av5g]s1 dead p]sons z1 #dch ,av5g]s ( ,blood1 anci5t names =1 #dfb ff42 _! resemblance to mod]n vrykolakes1 #deh ,axe1 d\ble-head$1 z religi\s symbol1 #gb #8,bab\tzic>ios1' #bag ,bac*ic rites1 #ch ,baptism1 exorcisms at1 #ae2 neglect (1 #dji ,bea/-dances1 #bbd ff4 ,b$-*amb]s1 9 temples1 #ehg ,beehive tombs1 orig9al use (1 #id ,bells1 worn at popul> fe/ivals1 #bbd ff4 #8,b9d+' & #8loos+1' #cig ,b9d+-spells1 #ai2 means ( loos+1 #ai ,birds1 z mess5g]s1 9 mod]n ballads1 #caf f42 z mess5g]s ( p>ticul> gods1 #cji2 colloquial application ( ^w1 #cae2 9 popul> ballads1 #cae2 /ill ackn[l$g$ z mess5g]s ( heav51 #cae2 :i* classes obs]v$ = auspices 7q4v471 #cjh f42 :y select$ = div9ation1 #cjh ,black-h&l$ knife1 z *>m1 #bhf ,bless+ ! wat]s1 #aig ,blood-guilt1 anci5t conception (1 #dea2 ,attic law conc]n+1 #ddc2 p5alties =1 #dec2 ,plato's legislation conc]n+1 #ddd ,blue beads1 z amulets1 #ab ,body & s\l1 relation (1 #cfa ff41 #ebf ff42 re-union (1 #ech ,bones ( ! dead1 h[ treat$ aft] exhumation1 #edj f4 ,boreas1 #eb ,brea/-bone ( f[l1 div9ation f1 #cbg ,bridal cu/oms 7see ,w$d+1 ,m>riage7 #8,bridge ( ,arta1' ,!1 #bfb f4 ,brumalia 79 ,greece71 #bba ,burial 7see also ,cremation1 ,inhumation72 dem&$ by gho/s1 #dca2 lack (1 #djg f41 #dbg1 #ddi2 lack (1 z puni%m5t1 #deg ,buzz+ 9 e>1 z om51 #cbi ,callicantz>i1 #aij-bee2 afraid ( fire1 #bjb2 bea/-l elem5ts 91 #bjc2 comp>$ ) ,c5taurs1 #bec2 demons or m581 #bjg-baa2 description (1 #aia2 description ( small] species (1 #aic2 developm5t ( sup]/ition conc]n+1 #bed2 dialectic =ms ( "n1 #baa ff42 footge> (1 #bba2 g5]al habits (1 #aid2 h[ outwitt$1 #aif-bjj2 id5tifi$ ) ,c5taurs1 #bce2 id5tifi$ ) 7-wolves1 #bjh2 (f]+s to1 #bja1 #bcb2 orig9ally an?ropomorphic1 #bjf2 orig9 ( "n1 #baa ff42 p[] ( trans=mation possess$ by1 #bjd1 #bdj2 precautions aga9/1 #bjj-bjb2 resembl+ ,satyrs & ,c5taurs1 #aib2 s\rces ( _! features & attributes1 #bcg ff42 /ories conc]n+1 #aif-bjj2 _! activity limit$ to ,*ri/ma/ide1 #bba2 _! relation to ,satyrs1 etc41 #bbi ff42 two ma9 classes (1 #aia2 v>i\sly repres5t$1 #aij2 :e!r demons or m5 orig9ally1 #bji ff42 wives (1 #bjj ,callicantz>os1 ,! ,great1 #aie ,callirrho1 z sacr$ spr+1 #eee ,c&les1 ?r[n into grave at fun]al1 #eab #8,capta9 ,?irte51' a folk-/ory1 #ge ,c>nival1 celebrations (1 #bbd ff4 ,cat1 jump+ ov] dead p]son1 #daj2 om5s drawn f1 #cbh ,caves1 haunt$ by ,nymphs1 #afj ,c5otaphs1 #dij ,c5tauros1 son ( ,ixion1 #bdb ,c5taurs 7see ,callicantz>i71 #aij-bee2 & ,lapi?ae1 #bdb2 z wiz>ds1 #bdh f42 comp>$ ) ,callicantz>i1 #bec2 g5]al "* (1 #bdf2 ,h]acles' fight )1 #bec2 h[ repres5t$ 9 ,art1 #bdg2 9 ,hesiod1 #bdb2 9 ,hom]1 #bdc2 9 ,p9d>1 #bda2 popul> conception (1 h[ affect$ by ,art1 #beb2 ,pr(4 ,ridgeway's view (1 #bdd ff42 v>i\s species (1 #bce1 #bcg2 :e!r human or div9e 9 orig91 #bda ff42 :y call$ #8,bea/s1' #bde ff4 ,cephalus1 #fja ,c]b]us1 #ig1 #ii ,"* ( mod]n ,greeks1 #bh ff4 ,*>ms1 #bhf ,*>on1 #ih-aag2 address$ z #8,sa9t1' #ec2 anci5t lit]>y pres5tation (1 #ajf2 z f]ryman1 e>lie/ m5tion (1 #aad2 bro!r to ,uranos1 #aaf2 id5tifi$ ) ,dea?1 #aad ,*>on's obol1 #ajh1 #bhe2 z *>m to prev5t s\l f re-ent]+ body1 #dcd2 cu/om (1 h[ int]pret$1 #dje f4 ,*>os1 appe>ance (1 #ajj2 z ag5t ( ,god1 #aja-d2 z ar*]1 #aje2 z f]ryman1 #ajg2 z godfa!r1 /ory (1 #ajb2 z horseman1 #aje2 z pirate1 #ajg-h2 z w>rior1 #aje2 z wre/l]1 #ajd1 #aje2 ,*ri/ianis$ "* (1 #aja2 co9 z fee =1 #aji2 functions (1 #aja2 h\sehold (1 #ii2 9 connexion ) ,*ri/ianity1 #aja2 orig9ally ,pelasgian deity1 #aaf2 pagan "* (1 #aje ,*>un1 ,etruscan god1 #aaf ,*ild-bir?1 precautions aga9/ ,n]eids obs]v$ at1 #adj2 precautions at1 #aj-aa ,*ildr51 conceiv$ or born on ,*ur*-fe/ivals1 h[ afflict$1 #djh2 liable to lycan?ropy1 #bjh2 prey$ ^u by ,gell\des1 #agg2 prey$ ^u by ,/riges1 #aha2 /rick5 by ,n]eids1 h[ treat$1 #ade2 suspect$ ( lycan?ropy1 h[ treat$1 #baj ,*iron1 #bda ff41 #bdh2 z magician & prophet1 #bdh f4 ,*ol]a1 p]sonifi$1 #bb ,*ri/1 accept$ z new deity by pagans1 #da #8,*ri/ian1' popul> usage ( ^w1 #ff ,*ri/ianity1 became poly!i/ic1 #db2 & paganism1 #cf ,*ur*1 influ5c$ by paganism1 #egb f4 ,*ur*+ ( wom51 #bj ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 on ! ,my/]ies1 #egj1 #egb2 on rites ( ,aphrodite1 #eha ,clytemne/ra1 gho/ (1 #dgd ,cock1 z victim1 #cbf ,cocks1 sup]/itions conc]n+1 #aie ,co91 z *>m1 #aaa2 plac$ 9 m\? ( dead p]sons1 #ajh1 #dje2 plac$ 9 m\? ( dead p]sons1 v>i\s sub/itutes =1 #aab #8,com=t+1' fea/ (1 #ecc ,common orig9 ( gods & m51 #fe ,communion ) gods1 philosoph]s' views (1 #bif ,conqu]+ & conqu]$ races1 relations (1 #bdd ,cons]vatism1 religi\s1 #ie1 #bie1 #ccg #8,con/ant9e & ,aret' 7ballad71 #cia f4 ,cont9uity ( ,greek life & ?\ght1 #eeb ,conv5tion1 lit]>y1 #dbi ,corpse1 re-animation (1 #aab 7see ,re-animation1 ,resuscitation7 ,corycian cave1 #afa ,c\rage ( ,greeks1 #bh ,cremation 7see also ,fun]al-rites71 #dhe ff42 c]emonial1 #dif1 #eab2 c]emonial sub/itute =1 #dia2 ,*ri/ian attitude t[>ds1 #eja2 comb9$ ) inhumation1 #did2 disuse (1 #eja f42 = dispos+ ( rev5ants 9 ,anci5t ,greece1 #daf2 = dispos+ ( vrykolakes1 #daa2 9 !ory pref]able to inhumation1 #dhh f42 9 rec5t times1 #ejc2 introduc$ by ,a*aeans1 #dia2 motives =1 #ejb f42 pref]r$ to inhumation1 #ejj f42 revival (1 #ejb2 s]v+ same religi\s end z inhumation1 #dia ff4 ,crock]y brok5 at fun]als1 #ebj ,cr[1 #cji2 exception to ord9>y rules ( div9ation1 #caj ,curses1 #chg ff41 #dji2 diagnos$ by _! effects1 #cif2 execut$ by demonic ag5ts1 #ddh2 fixity (1 #dag2 9 ,euripides1 #dah2 9 ,sophocles1 #dai2 op]ation (1 #ddg2 p>5tal1 #cia ff42 revok+ (1 #chh f4 ,cu/om-dues1 = passage ( s\l to o!r _w1 #bhe ,cu/oms-(fic]s1 cele/ial1 #bhd ,cybele1 rites (1 #ehf ,daemons1 ,plut>*'s !ory (1 #ehc f4 ,danaids1 z types ( unm>ri$ wom51 #eib ,dances1 #cd ,dead1 messages to !1 #cde2 wor%ip ( !1 #ebi note #a ,dead p]sons1 z mess5g]s to ! o!r _w1 #cdd ff42 :at k9ds ( food pres5t$ to1 #ecc f4 ,deadly s9s1 #dbe ff4 ,dea?1 z p5alty = bloodguilt1 #dee2 conceiv$ z a =m ( m>riage1 by ,sophocles1 #edi ff42 conceiv$ z a =m ( m>riage1 9 mod]n dirges1 #edf ff42 conceiv$ z a w$d+ ) ,p]sephone1 #eie2 h[ p]sonifi$ 9 ! ,alce/is1 #aae2 9 correlation ) m>riage1 #eec2 repres5t$ z a w$d+ on sepul*ral monum5ts1 #eig f42 sudd5 or viol5t1 #djh1 #dbg ,dea?-/ruggle1 #bhh1 #bhi2 h[ eas$1 #chi ,decomposition 7see ,dissolution7 ,deg5]acy ( mank9d1 #bid ,deities1 greg>i\s or solit>y1 #gj2 non-,*ri/ian1 h[ d5ot$1 #fg2 pagan1 local names =1 #fi #8,deliv]+ unto ,satan1' #djf ,demet] 7see also ,my/]ies ( ,demet]71 #gi-ih2 & ,poseidon1 mod]n /ory (1 #hf2 z corn-goddess1 #efb2 "* (1 #ib2 ,cretan leg5d (1 #egi2 displac$ by ,s4 ,demetrius1 #dd2 dwell+-place (1 #ib2 evid5ce = id5tity (1 #ib2 h] prie/esses (ficiat+ at w$d+s1 #eij2 horse-head$1 #hg1 #beb2 9 ,hom]1 #ebb2 9 mod]n /ory1 #ed2 mod]n functions (1 #ic2 mod]n titles (1 #hi2 mod]n wor%ip ( h] /atue1 #hj2 my/]ies ( 7see ,my/]ies72 repres5t$ by ,s4 ,demetrius1 #gi2 /ories ( h] union ) m51 #egi f42 /ory (1 comp>$ ) /ory ( ,*ri/1 #egf2 :]e orig9ally domicil$1 #ic-if ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 mod]n leg5d (1 #hj2 symbolism ( my? conc]n+1 #hh2 unity (1 #hh ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 /ory (1 #ehg ,demons1 exorcism (1 #fh ,despo9a1 #egi2 m>riage )1 #eif ,deucalion1 #ic ,devils1 ent]+ bodies ( dead m51 #daf2 exorcism (1 #fh ,devil1 responsible = resuscitation ( dead p]sons1 #djb #8,diana1' #afd ,dionysus1 & ,prosymnus1 /ory (1 #ehe2 displac$ by ,s4 ,dionysius1 #dc2 fe/ivals (1 #bbh-bcj2 id5tifi$ ) ,adonis1 #eii2 id5tifi$ ) ,hades1 #ehe1 #eii2 9 sc5es on sepul*ral monum5ts1 #eih f42 m>riage ( ! #8que5' )1 #ehc2 my/ic rites (1 #ehb ,dioscuri1 #bhf ,dipylon-cemet]y1 excavations 91 #did ,dirges1 #cdg2 "* ( mod]n1 #edi2 examples ( mod]n1 #edf ff42 purpose (1 #eai1 #edi ,diseases1 caus$ by demons1 #bb ,di%one/y ( ,greeks1 #ca ,dis9tegration 7see ,dissolution7 ,dissolution1 & absolution1 #dja2 be/ secur$ by cremation1 #ejb2 desire =1 a feature ( ,pelasgian religion1 #ebd2 di/+ui%$ f annihilation1 #ebe1 #ech2 summ>y ( anci5t views conc]n+1 #ebf2 "t requir$ =1 #dhf ff42 :y desir$1 #eae ff4 ,div9ation1 at w$d+s1 #cbf2 by *ance words1 #cjc ff42 by lot1 #cjc2 by sacrifice1 #bfd1 #cah2 #8dome/ic1' #cbg2 f birds 7see also ,auspices71 #cjh ff42 f brea/-bone ( f[l1 #cbg2 f *ance words1 9 antiquity1 #cje2 f demean\r ( victim1 #cbf2 f eggs1 #cca2 f involunt>y movem5ts ( limbs1 etc41 #cbi2 f meet+s on ! road1 #cjf2 f pig's sple51 #cbe2 f %eep's %\ld]-blade1 #cba ff42 f sieves1 #cca2 f wat]1 #ccb f42 me?ods (1 comp>$1 #bih2 sugge/$ divisions (1 #bih2 v>i\s bran*es (1 #bih ,dog h[l+ at night1 significance (1 #cbh ,dogs1 #cb ,donkey1 ill-om5$1 #cjg ,dragons1 z gu>dians ( buri$ treasure1 #bha2 9 folk-/ory1 #hb2 popul> conception (1 #bhj2 /ory (1 #bha f4 ,drama1 primitive1 #bbd-f2 re/rictions (1 #dbi2 rudim5ts (1 #ce ,dreams1 #cjj ff42 delib]ately induc$1 #cjc2 ecclesia/ical use (1 #cja ,dress1 at w$d+s & at fun]als1 #eeg #8,drumlike' 7z description ( dead bodies7 7see 71 #cgj ,drunk5ness1 :5 p]missible1 #cjc1 #ecc ,dryads1 #aea ,eagle1 #cji ,ea/]1 #ege f42 celebration (1 #egb ff4 ,ec/asy1 9 anci5t religion1 #cg2 religi\s1 #bid f41 #egf ,eleus9ian my/]ies 7see ,my/]ies ( ,demet]7 ,eleusis1 excavations 9 cemet]y at1 #die ,empusa1 #agd1 #age ,entrails1 inspection ( victim's1 #cbj1 #cbe ,ephialtes1 #ba 7note #b7 ,epiphany1 obs]vance (1 #aig2 sup]/itions conc]n+1 #bba ,equality ( m5 & gods1 #fjd ,er9yes 7see ,furies7 ,eros1 #aah-abj #8,et]nal drunk5ness1' #ci ,e?ical influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ci ,eudaemonia1 z goddess1 #fjb ,eumaeus1 reception ( ,odysseus by1 #cb ,euphemi/ic names = deities1 #fi1 #gj ,euripides1 popul> =m ( imprecation utilis$ by1 #dah ,evil ,eye1 amulets aga9/1 #ac2 animals affect$ by1 #aa-ab2 cures = maladies caus$ by1 #ad2 effects (1 #aj2 inanimate ?+s affect$ by1 #ab2 9 ,greece1 #i-ae2 means ( av]t+1 #ad2 p]sons affect$ by1 #aa2 to :om attribut$1 #i-aj2 widespread belief 91 #h ,excommunication 7see also #8b9d+' & #8loos+'71 #dja2 caus+ non-dissolution1 in/ances (1 #cih ff42 effects (1 #chf1 #cif ff42 orig9 (1 #djf2 pagan influ5ce on doctr9e (1 #dja f4 ,execration 7see ,curses1 ,imprecations7 ,exhumation1 #edj2 at end ( ?ree ye>s1 #dhg ,exile1 z puni%m5t ( homicide1 #dde1 #dee ,exorcism1 by wit*1 #ad-ae #8,fair ,lady ( ! ,m\nta9s1' #aff ,fai?-cures1 #fj1 #fb ,fallm]ay]1 #be ,fa/s1 /rictly obs]v$1 #egd ,fate1 #bhi ,fates1 !1 #abj-acj2 appe>ance (1 #abd2 at bir? ( ,a!na1 #acj2 "* (1 #abe2 di/ribution ( functions among1 #abg2 functions (1 #abd1 #abg2 inexorability (1 #abb2 invocations (1 #abb1 #abh2 numb] (1 #abd2 (f]+s to1 #abj1 #aba1 #abe2 pray] to1 #abc2 se5 or he>d1 #abe-f2 ! less]1 #abg-h2 visits (1 #abe2 wra? (1 #abf ,fe/ival-dress1 z heirloom f "m to daught]1 #ecg ,fe/ivals1 popul>1 #cd1 #ce2 survival ( pagan1 #bba ff4 ,fire1 kept burn+ at grave-side1 #ejg ff42 om5s drawn f1 #cbh ,fi%+-net1 z prophylactic1 #ba ,five1 om9\s numb]1 #cjg 7note #a7 ,flood1 mod]n traditions ( !1 #ic ,folklore1 antiquity (1 #h2 z clue to anci5t religion1 #g2 laws (1 #h ,folk-/ories & anci5t my?s1 relation (1 #gf ,=eign cults naturalis$ 9 ,greece1 #ehj ,=e/ry1 sup]/itions relat+ to1 #aeh ,=tie? day aft] dea?1 cu/oms & beliefs conc]n+1 #dhf ff4 ,f\ndation-/one1 c]emonial ( lay+1 #bfd ,fun]al-cu/oms1 #cde ff41 #dif ff42 assimilat$ to m>riage-cu/oms1 #efj2 comp>$ ) m>riage-cu/oms1 #eed ff42 9 relation to ! ,my/]ies1 #eic f4 ,fun]al-fea/s 7see also ,memorial ,fea/s71 #ecb f4 ,fun]al-meats1 #ecc f41 #ece f4 ,fun]al-rites1 ,*ri/ian & pagan contra/$1 #eja2 ,hom]ic1 #dib2 9 ,dipylon-p]iod1 #did2 ,myc5aean1 #dic2 purpose (1 #dhe ff42 :y necess>y = due dissolution ( body1 #dij ,fun]als1 ,solon's regulations conc]n+1 #cdf ff4 ,fun]al-usage1 summ>y ( conclusions conc]n+1 #eac f4 ,furies1 z ag5ts ( ,clytemne/ra1 #ddh2 z p]sonifi$ ,curses1 #ddh2 9 ,hom]1 #ebb2 orig9 ( ,aes*ylus' conception (1 #dfj f4 ,furtwngl]1 on dea? conceiv$ z w$d+1 #eig ,future life1 ,a*aean conception (1 #eba f42 conceiv$ 9 g5]al z resembl+ life ( gods1 #ebe2 ,hom]ic conception (1 #eaf ff42 mat]ial "* (1 #ebd2 mod]n conceptions (1 #eah f42 ,p9d>ic conception (1 #eah ,g>l&s1 at w$d+s & at fun]als1 #eeg f4 ,g>lic1 z prophylactic1 #adj #8,g>lic 9 y\r eyes1' #ad ,gello1 #ga2 by-names (1 #agi2 /ory (1 #agg ,gell\des1 #agf-i1 #baa2 activities (1 #agi2 cure = injuries inflict$ by1 #agi ,g5ii1 #bee-bia2 confus$ ) victims (f]$ to !m1 #bfg1 #bga ff41 #bgf f42 def9ition (1 #bef2 h[ relat$ to ! place or object :i* !y inhabit1 #bei2 9 =m ( bulls1 #bfa f41 #bgg2 9 =m ( dragons1 #bfb1 #bhj2 9 =m ( snakes1 #beh1 #bei1 #bgb f42 9 ,hom]1 #bfi2 9 human %ape1 #bge2 mat+ ) ,lamiae1 #bgf2 ( air1 #bhc ff42 ( bridges1 #bfb2 ( build+s1 #bei-bge2 ( *ur*es1 #bfa2 ( h\ses1 #bei2 ( human be+s1 #bhg ff42 ( m\nta9s & caves1 etc41 #bhj ff42 ( wat]1 #bge ff42 (f]+s to1 #bfj1 #bgd2 sacrifice to1 #bfb ff42 sacrifice to1 9 ,anci5t ,greece1 #bfi ff4 ,g5nadius1 /ory (1 #cii ,getae1 human sacrifice among !1 #cej ,gho/s1 ask+ = burial ( body1 #dca2 conv5tionally sub/itut$ = rev5ants 9 anci5t lit]ature1 #dbi2 haunt+ neighb\rhood ( tombs1 #dcj f41 #dcc2 9 anci5t lit]ature1 #dbg2 a mod]n ,greek notions conc]n+1 #dbh ,giants1 /ory (1 #gc ,gifts to ! dead1 #dic1 #ebh ff42 h[ reg>d$ by ! ,*ur*1 #eca f42 9 =m ( clo?+1 #ecf f42 9 =m ( dr9k1 #ecf2 9 =m ( food1 #ecc ff42 9 mod]n ,greece1 #ecb2 9 ! classical-p]iod1 #ecj f42 9 ! ,dipylon-p]iod1 #ecj2 9 ! ,hom]ic ,age1 #ebi2 9 ! ,myc5aean ,age1 #ebi2 motive =1 #eca1 #ecg2 on :at days pres5t$1 #ecj f42 until :at date cont9u$1 #eci f4 ,goat-sk9s1 worn at c]ta9 popul> fe/ivals1 #bbc ff4 ,god1 z controll] ( wea!r1 9 popul> phrases1 #ea2 mod]n applications ( ^w1 #dh #8,god ( ,crete1' #gd ,godhead1 anci5t view (1 #fe2 atta9able by m51 #fjd f4 ,gods1 "* ( ,greek1 #ebf2 ,greek conception (1 #bib f4 ,good ,friday1 #egb ff41 #egd f4 ,gorgons1 #ahd-aij2 & ,scylla1 #ahh2 appe>ance (1 #ahd2 z deities ( ! sea1 #ahh2 "* (1 #ahe2 comp>$ ) ,sir5s1 #ahg2 depravity (1 #ahe-f ,gorgon1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #ahf ,go%awk1 #caa ,gu>dian-angels1 #bhh ,gu>dian-spirits1 9 anci5t ,greece1 #bij ,hades1 #ig2 h\se (1 h[ conceiv$ by ,hom]1 #eag2 mod]n pres5tm5t (1 #eah1 #edi ,hair1 z s\rce ( /r5g?1 #gf2 cf4 #hc ,h>e1 unlucky to meet1 #cjg ,hawks1 #cji ,heada*e1 magical cure (1 #bb ,heal+1 miracul\s1 #fj1 #cjb ,hebrew religion1 contra/$ ) ,greek1 #c ,hel5a1 #bhf ,helios1 displac$ by ,s4 ,elias1 #dd ,hemlock1 #egh ,h]a1 z type ( wom51 #eia2 cults (1 #eia2 w$d+ (1 #eii ,h]acles1 #dfi ,h]mes ,agoraeus1 oracle (1 #cje ,h]mes1 z escort] ( ! dead1 #edd2 succe$$ by ,s4 ,mi*ael1 #de ,h]oes1 9 =m ( s]p5ts1 #bgc ,h]on1 #cji ,hesiodic ,ages ( mank9d1 #bid ,hesp]ides1 #bhb ,hicc\gh1 z om51 #ccj ,hippolytus1 oa? (1 #dah ,holy ,gho/1 r>ely nam$ by peasants1 #ea ,holy ,week1 #egb ff4 ,homicide1 ,delphic tradition conc]n+1 #ddd1 #dhj2 ,plato's legislation conc]n+1 #dea ,honey-cakes1 z diet ( g5ii1 #bgd ,honey1 z food = ! dead1 #ecc2 *ief (f]+ to ,nymphs1 #aej2 (f]$ to ! ,fates1 #aba ,hospitality ( ,greeks1 #ca ,human sacrifice1 #bfb ff41 #bgc1 #bgf2 a mod]n conception (1 #cda ff42 z means ( s5d+ a wife to "s god1 #ehc2 long-cont9u$ 9 ,anci5t ,greece1 #cdc2 mod]n /ory (1 #cci1 #dcf2 sub/itute =1 #ehc ,hum\r1 popul> s5se (1 #fi ,hylas1 mod]n p>allel to /ory (1 #afa ,hym5aeus1 leg5d (1 #eeb ,iasion1 z type ( ! initiat$1 #egi ,ic>us1 #gf ,icons1 #cja ,idolatry1 popul> incl9ation t[>ds1 #ei ,image1 magical treatm5t (1 #af ,immorality ( anci5t deities1 #ci ,immortal fruit1 #bha f42 wat]s1 #bha ,immortality1 doctr9e (1 #cej f4 ,imprecations 7see also ,curses71 #chg ff4 ,incantation1 aga9/ :irlw9ds1 #aej ,incorruptibility 7see also ,vrykolakes71 #chd2 anci5t imprecations (1 #dag ff42 ,apollo's ?reat (1 #dba2 z puni%m5t ( blood-guilt1 #def2 ecclesia/ical view conc]n+1 #cif ,inhumation 7see also ,fun]al-rites71 #dhe ff42 c]emonial sub/itutes =1 #dhi f42 comb9$ ) cremation1 #did2 s]v+ same religi\s end z cremation1 #dia ff42 ! ,pelasgian rite1 #dia ,initiat$1 future happ9ess ( !1 #efc f42 hopes ( !1 #egh f4 ,ino1 p>allel to /ory (1 #ach ,insanity1 popul> view (1 #bii ,inspiration1 #bii ,int]m5t 7see ,inhumation7 ,intoxication1 :5 p]mitt$1 #cjc1 #ecc ,iphig5ia1 sacrifice (1 #bgj ,iron1 z prophylactic1 #adj ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 #ebj ,it*+ ( h& or foot1 z om51 #ccj ,ixion1 #bdb ,kalndae 7fe/ival ( ! ,kal5ds ( ,janu>y71 #bba ,k]1 #bhi f4 ,key laid on brea/ ( corpse1 #aji1 #aab ,knife1 black-h&l$1 z *>m1 #bj1 #agb ,kore 7see also ,p]sephone72 z repres5tative ( ! initiat$1 #egh2 /ory (1 h[ repres5t$ on sepul*ral monum5ts1 #eig f4 ,lac]ation ( *ecks1 etc41 at fun]als1 #cdf ,lam5tation1 at fun]als1 #cdg #8,lame ,demon1' ,!1 #aie ,lamia1 anci5t conception (1 #age2 ( ! ,sea1 #aga2 responsible = wat]-sp\ts1 #agb ,lamiae1 #agd-f2 "* (1 #agd2 mat$ ) g5ii1 #bgf ,lamp1 9 ,prytaneum1 #eac2 #8,! ,unsleep+1' #ejh2 ?r[n into grave at fun]al1 #eab2 :y plac$ 9 graves1 #eje f4 ,language1 z evid5ce ( tradition1 #ce ,law gov]n+ evolution ( ,greek folklore1 #bjf ,leav51 damag$ by ,evil ,eye1 #ab ,left h&1 unlucky1 #cab ,left to "r1 lucky direction1 #cab ,l5ormant1 on dea? conceiv$ z a w$d+1 #fja ,leprosy1 p5alty = eat+ pig's fle%1 #hg2 :y nam$ by ,aes*ylus among p5alties ( blood-guilt1 #dec f4 ,lightn+1 z in/rum5t ( ,god's v5geance1 #gc2 p]sons & objects /ruck by1 #gc ,lit]ature1 9 relation to religion1 #b #8,loos+1' #cig2 equival5t to bo? #8absolution' & #8dissolution1' #dja ,love1 z ! bond ( feel+ betwe5 m5 & deities1 #fjc2 9 relation to ! doctr9e ( ! ,my/]ies1 #fjf ,love-*>ms1 #ah ,lucian1 on (f]+s to gods1 #cce ,lycaean ,zeus1 #ceb ,lycan?ropy1 #bjh1 #bci f42 9 *ildr51 #chj2 infants liable to1 #ahc ,ly+-9-/ate1 #dig ,madness1 #bii2 among p5alties ( blood-guilt1 #ded ,magic1 #ae-be2 sympa!tic1 #af1 #eba ,maniotes1 !1 #dda ,mank9d1 ( same race z gods1 #fe1 #fjd ,m>riage & dea?1 correlation (1 #ecc ,m>riage1 arrang$ by ,a!nians betwe5 ,a!ne & ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 #ehg f42 z #8initiation1' #eij2 association ( ! ,my/]ies )1 #eij f42 b9d+-spells to prev5t consummation (1 #ai2 mimetic1 z culm9at+ po9t ( ,my/]ies1 #ehi2 mimetic1 enact$ 9 _m cults1 #egg-ehg2 ( m5 ) deities1 #ede ff42 ( m5 ) deities1 z a religi\s doctr9e1 #efj f42 ( m5 ) deities1 z my/ic doctr9e 7summ>y71 #fjb f42 ! ,sacr$ 7 71 #eia ,m>riage-cu/oms1 comp>$ ) fun]al-cu/oms1 #eed ff42 transf]r$ to ! fun]al-rite1 #efj ,masks worn at popul> fe/ivals1 #bbb ff4 ,matrimonial prospects1 div9ation conc]n+1 #cjc ,meat1 exclud$ f fun]al-repa/s1 #ecb ,m$ea1 #dfc1 #dfh ,m$ic9e1 popul>1 #ba ,megrim1 cure (1 #bc ,memorial-fea/s1 #dhf ff42 dates (1 #ecd2 real purpose (1 #ecd f42 significance ( ! dates (1 #eci ,m5 elevat$ to rank ( daemons1 #baa ,messages to ! dead1 #cdd ff4 ,metamorphosis 7see ,trans=mation7 ,metempsy*osis1 ,plato's !ory (1 #fjd f4 ,mia/or1 application ( ^w1 #dfc f42 mean+ (1 #dgg ff42 orig9al mean+ ( ^w1 #dfe ,mia/ores1 #dfb ff4 ,midday1 dang]s (1 #gi ,miracles1 expect$ by common-folk1 #ei2 g5u9e1 #fj2 %am1 #fj ,mirrors1 sup]/ition conc]n+1 #aj #8,mi/ress1 ,!1' #hi2 m>riage (1 #ig #8,mi/ress ( ! ,e>? & ( ! ,sea1' #ed1 #ia1 #egi ,mono!ism1 comp>$ ) poly!ism1 #dj2 no popul> t5d5cy t[>ds1 #c ,morality1 little connect$ ) anci5t religion1 #cg ,mormo1 #age ,m\nta9-nymphs1 #adh ,m\rn]s1 conduct (1 #cdg2 pr(essional1 #cdg ,m\se1 om5s drawn f1 #cbh ,m\?1 z exit ( s\l1 #aaa ,mumm]s1 at ,*ri/ma/ime & at ,c>nival1 #bbc ff42 repres5t+ ,callicantz>i1 #bbg ,mumm+1 a survival ( ,dionysiac fe/ivals1 #bbi ff4 ,murd] ( k9sman1 #dbe2 legal puni%m5t =1 #deg ,murd]$ m5 z av5g]s 7see ,av5g]s1 ,rev5ants7 ,murd]$ p]sons1 av5g+ _! own wrongs1 #dcg ff42 bodily activity (1 #dch2 future lot (1 #dcd f42 mutilation (1 #dce2 p]sonal activity (1 #ddj ff42 return+ 9 bodily =m1 #dch ,murd]]s1 future puni%m5t (1 #dcd ff42 p5alties incurr$ by1 #dec ff4 ,mutilation ( murd]$ p]sons1 #dce ,my/]ies1 alleg$ impurity (1 #efi f42 allusions to1 9 ,trag$y1 #eej2 associat$ ) fun]als1 #eid f42 associat$ ) w$d+-rites1 #eij f42 b5efits secur$ by p>ticipation 91 #ch2 ,*ri/ian attitude t[>ds1 #efi2 conta9+ no doctr9e ali5 to popul> religion1 #efg2 grades ( initiation 91 #eff2 ma9 doctr9es ( !1 #efi2 op5ly p]=m$ 9 ,crete1 #efh2 ( ,aphrodite1 #eha f42 ( ,cybele1 #ehf2 ( ,demet]1 7see bel[ ,my/]ies ( ,demet]72 ( ,dionysus1 #ehb2 p>odi$ by ! false prophet ,alex&]1 #ehh f42 ,sabazian1 #ehe2 summ>y ( doctr9es taught by1 #ehi f42 summ>y ( argum5t conc]n+1 #fjb f42 _! doctr9es kept secret1 #efg2 _! promises summ>is$ by ,!o ,smyrnaeus1 #eff ,my/]ies ( ,demet]1 ,a*aeans exclud$ f1 #efg f42 anci5t ref]5ces to1 #efc f42 ,*ri/ian attitude t[>ds1 #egh2 comp>$ ) mod]n celebration ( ,holy ,week & ,ea/]1 #egb ff42 dramatic nature (1 #egg2 _! effect on spectators1 #egf2 held 9 great v5]ation1 #efb f42 h[ und]/ood by p>ticipants1 #egh f42 ,pelasgian 9 orig91 #efg2 safegu>ds ( morality 91 #egg f42 specific *>ge ( impurity aga9/1 #egg2 te/ ( l+ui/ic purity impos$ at ,eleusis1 #efh2 _! k9%ip ) ,*ri/ian beliefs1 #egf2 _! promises bas$ on ideas ( popul> religion1 #efe2 _! promises summ>is$1 #efe ,naiads1 #aei #8,nail+1' magical rite1 #ag ,nationality1 #bg ,n]eids 7see also ,nymphs1 ,sea-nymphs1 ,m\nta9-nymphs1 ,tree-nymphs1 & ,wat]-nymphs71 #acj ff42 animals susceptible to influ5ce (1 #ace2 appe>ances (1 #aca2 bride-l appe>ance (1 #acc2 by-names (1 #acb2 call$ #8%e-devils1' #adi2 *ildr5 c>ri$ (f by1 #aej2 confusion ( diff]5t species1 #aec2 consorts (1 #adi2 cruelty (1 #aci2 cures = mis*ief done by1 #ade2 dep>t at cock-cr[1 #acg2 description (1 #acb-d2 dome/ic accompli%m5ts (1 #acc2 dress (1 #acc2 fam$ = skill 9 sp9n+1 #acd2 fe/ival (1 #aec2 =ms ( "n1 #acj 7note #c72 g5]al precautions aga9/1 #add2 9 old signification1 #adf2 incon/ancy (1 #ace1 #ach2 longevity (1 #aef2 magical k]*ief (1 #acf2 male1 #adi2 means ( protection aga9/1 #adj2 n immortal1 #aef2 (f]+s to1 #adj1 #aej2 responsible = :irlw9ds1 #aej2 #8seizure' by1 #adb2 /ory ( w$d+-procession (1 #adi2 sup]natural qualities 9 dress (1 #acf2 !ft ( *ildr5 by1 #ada2 _! love ( *ildr51 #adj2 _! m>riage ) m51 #acd2 _! relations ) m51 #acd-i2 _! relations ) wom51 #aci2 trans=mation (1 #acg2 widespread belief 91 #aca2 ) feet ( goat or ass1 #acc ,ne!r _w 7see ,"u-_w7 ,nomocanon de excommunicatis1 #cig ,nomocanon conc]n+ vrykolakes1 #cfe1 #djb f4 ,non-dissolution 7see also ,vrykolakes71 #cff2 anci5t imprecations (1 #dag ff4 ,numb]s1 lucky & unlucky1 #cac ,nymphs 7see also ,n]eids71 #acj ff42 n immortal1 #aef2 puni%m5t = viol5ce done to1 #ehd2 seizure by1 #adb ,o$ipus1 curse pron\nc$ by1 #dai ,(f]+s1 h[ affect$ by ,*ri/ianity1 #ccg2 to ,artemis1 #agj2 to ,callicantz>i1 #bja2 to g5ii1 #bgd2 to gods1 motive (1 #cce1 #ccf f42 to ,n]eids1 #adj2 to ,sa9ts1 #eh1 #ccg2 to ! dead 7see ,gifts71 #dic ,oil1 spill+ (1 z om51 #cbh ,olive1 foliage or wood us$ 9 fun]als1 #dih f4 ,olympus1 z abode ( ! ,fates1 #abh ,om5s 7see ,div9ation72 f dripp+ ( wat]1 #aba ,oracle ( ,amorgos1 #ccb ,oracles1 #cje1 #cca ff4 ,or*e/ra1 #ce ,oreads1 #adh ,ore/es1 h[ spurr$ on to v5geance1 #dda f42 ) :at p5alties ?reat5$ by ,apollo1 #dba ,ori?yia1 #fja ,orphics1 #ch ,orphic tablets1 #eie f4 ,owl-fac$ ,a!ne1 #bjg ,owls1 #cji1 #caj1 #caa #8,ox-head$ man1' ,!1 7popul> /ory71 #bgh ,pagan cu/oms1 invet]acy (1 #df2 deities1 h[ d5ot$1 #fg ,palmi/ry1 #cbi ,pan1 #gg-i ,panagia1 portraits (1 #cja ,p>adise1 popul> conception (1 #eai ,p>ga1 evacuation (1 #ejc ,p>!non1 ,*ri/ian use (1 #de2 figures 9 ea/ p$im5t (1 #acj ,patriotism ( ,greeks1 #bh ,patroclus1 fun]al (1 #cdh f41 #ebi ,patroclus' gho/1 #dbi2 :y desir\s ( burial1 #eaf ,pausanias1 on human sacrifice1 #cec ,p$antry ( ,greeks1 #cj ,pelasgians1 religion (1 #ebb f4 ,peleus 7see ,!tis7 ,p5tacle1 #aac1 #djf ,p]p]a1 #bd ,p]sephone 7see also ,kore1 ,demet]72 #8bridal-*amb]' (1 #eie ,ph>makos1 #cee ff4 ,ph5eos1 ,lake1 #he #8,ph]es1' #bdc ,phil9nion1 /ory (1 #dac1 #dcc ,phlegon1 /ory ( rev5ant n>rat$ by1 #dab ff4 ,phlya1 my/ic rites at1 #ehg ,physique ( ,mod]n ,greeks1 #bf1 #bg ,pig's fle%1 taboo1 #hg2 sple51 us$ = div9ation1 #cbe ,plague1 p]sonifi$1 #bb2 p]sonifi$ z trio ( female demons1 #abd ,pollution1 #dbe2 anci5t conception (1 #dea2 ( bloodguilt1 #dde ,polydorus1 gho/ (1 #dbi ,polynices1 doom (1 #dbj ,poly!ism1 comp>$ ) mono!ism1 #dj2 m]its (1 #bib2 mod]n1 #dg1 #dh2 popul> b5t t[>ds1 #ed ,pomegranate1 symbolic usage (1 #eeh ff4 ,poseidon1 #ge-gg2 z heal]1 #df #8,possession1' by angels or devils1 #fh2 by devils1 #add2 by ! devil1 z puni%m5t1 #djf ,p\ltry1 div9ation f1 #cab ,pray]1 usually accompani$ by (f]+s1 #cce ,pr$e/9ation1 #abb ,prie/1 unlucky to meet1 #cjf ,prome!us1 leg5d (1 #gd ,prome!us' prophecy ( ,zeus' d[nfall1 #eeb ,prytaneum ( ,a!ns1 %ape (1 #if ,psellus1 on div9ation1 #cba1 #cbd ,pulcra montium1 #afg ,puni%m5t aft] dea?1 #dai ff4 ,purification1 f bloodguilt1 #dea1 #dhc2 means (1 #ceg ,purity1 confusion ( physical & moral1 #cg ,py?agoras & ,zalmoxis1 #cea #8,que5 ( ! ,m\nta9s1' ,!1 #afc #8,que5 ( ! ,%ore1' ,!1 #afc ,qu9ce1 symbolic usage (1 #eeh f4 ,rail 7orni?471 #cji ,ra9-*>m1 #bc ,ra9-mak+1 #di ,ram1 z victim1 #cbf ,rat1 unlucky to meet1 #cjg ,rav51 #cji ,re-animation 7see also ,resuscitation1 ,vrykolakes71 #chd2 ( corpses left unburi$1 #ddi2 ( dead body by ! s\l1 #dcb ff4 ,religion1 ,a*aean & ,pelasgian elem5ts 91 #ebb f42 "* ( ,greek1 #b1 #bid1 #cfa f41 #ede2 complexity ( ,greek1 #d ,religi\s feel+1 dom9ance (1 #e-g2 lit]ature1 abs5ce (1 #b-e ,resuscitation 7see also ,re-animation1 ,vrykolakes71 #chh2 ( dead p]sons1 h[ view$ by ! ,*ur*1 #djb ff42 ( dead p]sons1 summ>y ( ,hell5ic belief conc]n+1 #dcd ,retribution1 doctr9e ( future1 #ebc2 exactitude (1 #dec ff42 law (1 #dce ,rev5ants 7see also ,vrykolakes72 anci5t names =1 #dfb ff42 anci5t ,greek in/ances (1 #dab ff42 z ,av5g]s ( blood1 #dcd ff42 z ,av5g]s ( blood1 summ>y ( anci5t belief conc]n+1 #dfa2 z ,av5g]s ( blood1 _! traits transf]r$ to ! ,furies1 #dfj2 call$ up by sorc]]s1 #djd2 contra/$ ) gho/s1 #dbg2 diff]5t species (1 #chd2 di/+ui%$ f gho/s1 #daf2 exact+ _! own v5geance1 9 anci5t lit]ature1 #dch2 ,greek conception (1 #cid2 h>mless type (1 #cid f42 ,hell5ic conception (1 #dab2 9 anci5t lit]ature1 #dcj1 #dch f4 ,rhapsodes1 #cd ,ri*>d1 le ,pre1 on vrykolakes1 #cfg ,ridgeway1 on cremation & inhumation1 #dia ,"r h&1 lucky1 #cab #8,riot+s1' ,!1 #bbf ,riv]-gods1 #bgg1 #bhj ,rohde1 on cremation1 #dib rosalia1 #de ,sabazian my/]ies1 #ehe ,sabazius1 9 =m ( snake1 #ehf ,sacrifice 7see also ,human ,sacrifice71 #cce ff42 at laun*+ ( %ip1 #bff2 at lay+ f\ndation-/one1 #bfd2 at op5+ ( qu>ry1 #bfe2 at w$d+s1 #cbf2 human1 #bfb ff42 to g5ii1 #bgf2 to g5ii1 ,slavonic influ5ce ^u1 #bfh ,sacrifices1 classification (1 #cch ,sacrificial om5s1 #cai ,sa9ts1 functions (1 #ee2 functions sugge/$ by names (1 #ef2 (f]+s made to1 #eh2 sometimes reput$ immoral or malign1 #ef2 sub/itut$ = anci5t gods1 #dc2 ) titles d5ot+ locality1 function1 etc41 #ee2 wor%ip (1 #db ,s4 ,artemidos1 cures *ildr5 #8/ruck by ! ,n]eids1' #dd2 successor to ,artemis1 #dd #8,sa9t ,beautiful1' #afd ,s4 ,ca?>9e1 #cjc ,s4 ,demetra1 at ,eleusis1 #hj2 ,eleus9ian leg5d (1 #hj ,s4 ,demetrius1 successor to ,demet]1 #dd ,s4 ,dionysius1 successor to ,dionysus1 #dc ,s4 ,elias1 responsible = ?und]1 #eb2 successor to ,helios1 #dd ,s4 ,elmo's light1 #bhf ,s4 ,george1 displac+ ,!seus or ,h]acles1 #de2 leg5d conc]n+1 #bfa #8,s4 ,john ( ! ,column1' #eh ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 #cg1 #cjd ,s4 ,luke1 z pa9t]1 #cja ,s4 ,mi*ael1 successor to ,h]mes1 #de ,s4 ,nicolas1 #cdj2 patron ( sailors1 #bhg2 sup]s$+ ,poseidon1 #ge ,salt-cake1 #cjc ,salt1 dissolv+ (1 z magical c]emony1 #chh f4 ,satan1 deliv]+ p]sons unto1 #djf ,saturnalia 79 ,greece71 #bba ,satyrs & ,c5taurs1 closely relat$1 #bcf ,satyr-dances1 #bbi ,scylla1 replac$ by mod]n ,gorgon1 #ahh2 p>5tage (1 #agc ,scyros1 fai?-cure at1 #fb ,sea-nymphs1 #adf #8,seizure1' by ,nymphs1 #adb ,s]p5ts1 z inc>nations ( h]oes1 #bgd ,%ad[1 z g5ius1 #bhi ,%ad[-victims1 #bfe #8,%e-devils1' ,n]eids s call$1 #adi ,%eep-dogs1 #cb ,%oot+-/>s1 #bhf ,%\ld]-blade ( %eep1 us$ = div9ation1 #cba ff4 ,sieve1 employ$ to deta9 ,callicantz>i1 #aif-g ,sieves1 div9ation f1 #cca ,sil5i1 #bcj ,silic]nium1 #ece ,s9s1 deadly1 #dji f41 #dbe ff4 ,sir5s1 #ahg ,slavonic immigrations1 #bf2 influ5ce on belief 9 vampires1 #cgf ff4 ,sleep & ,dea?1 #edc ,sleep+ 9 *ur*es1 #fa ,small-pox1 p]sonifi$1 #bb ,snake1 z g5ius ( ,acropolis1 #bfj2 auspici\s 9 h\se1 #cbh2 be>d$1 #bgd2 unlucky to meet on road1 #cjg ,snakes1 z manife/ations ( deities1 #bge ,snake-=m1 assum$ by g5ii 7see ,g5ii7 ,sneez+1 z om51 #ccj ,socrates' famili> _s1 #bia ,sophocles1 popul> =m ( imprecation utilis$ by1 #dai ,sorc]y1 puni%m5t (1 #dji ,sosipolis1 /ory (1 #bgb ,s\ls 7see ,gho/s7 ,s\l & body1 relations (1 #cfa ff41 #ebf ff42 re-union (1 #ech ,s\l-cult1 ,rohde's !ory (1 #ebi1 note #a ,s\l1 emancipation (1 #eae f42 ,hom]ic conception (1 #eag f42 ,socrates' tea*+ conc]n+1 #eaf ,spitt+1 to av]t malign influ5ces1 #ad1 #cjg ,/>s1 baneful influ5ce (1 #aj1 #aa ,/oat1 unlucky to meet1 #cjg ,/riges1 #agi-ahd1 #baa2 ,italian orig9 (1 #ahj2 int]c\rse ( devils )1 #daf2 precautions aga9/1 #aha2 prey ^u *ildr51 #aha2 /ories conc]n+1 #ahb-c ,/rigla1 #bhb ,suck+-pig1 z victim1 #dhc ,suicides1 #djh ,sun1 relics ( wor%ip (1 #dd ,surrogate ,victims1 #cee ,swall[-song1 #ce ,sympa!tic magic1 #bfd ,taboo1 #hg1 #ceg ,ta5>us1 desc5t to ,hades at1 #de ,t>t>us1 #ih ,telonia1 #bhd2 local usages ( "n1 #bhg ,temples1 z treasuries1 #if2 conv]t$ to *ur*es1 #de ,t5os1 ,*ur* ( ,annunciation at1 #de1 #eh2 fai?-cures at1 #fj2 miracul\s icon (1 #cja ,?>gelia1 #cef #8,! ,beautiful ,"o ( ! ,e>?1' #ig #8,! ,great ,lady1' #afc #8,! ,lady ,beautiful1' #afc #8,! ,lamia ( ! ,sea1' #aga #8,! ,lamia ( ! ,%ore1' #aga #8,! ,mi/ress1' #hi2 m>riage (1 #ig ,!seum1 ,*ri/ian use (1 #de ,!seus1 #dfi ,!smophoria1 #hg ,!tis1 mod]n p>allel to /ory (1 #acg ,?racians1 fun]al-rites (1 #ejj ,?read ( life1 #abd ,?ree1 om9\s numb]1 #cjg 7note #a71 #dhg ,?und]bolt1 #gb ,?und]-god1 #ej ,timo?y1 ,bi%op ( ,ephesus1 m>tyrdom (1 #bbb ,titans1 /ory (1 #gc ,titles ( sa9ts1 s\rces (1 #ee ,tol]ance ( pagans1 #db ,tor*es1 at fun]als1 #eje ff4 ,traditions1 popul> & lit]>y1 #dcb ,trance1 #fi ,trans=mation1 magic p[] (1 #hf1 #bdi2 p[] (1 attribut$ to g5ii1 #bgf2 p[] (1 h[ indicat$ 9 ,art1 #bea ,transmigration ( s\ls1 ,plato's !ory (1 #fjd f4 ,treasure1 gu>d$ by dragons1 #bha ,treasury ( ,atreus1 orig9al use (1 #id ,tree1 support+ ! _w1 #aee ,tree-nymphs1 #aea2 confus$ ) wat]-nymphs1 #aec2 woodcutt]s' precautions aga9/1 #aeh ,trees1 n to be cut or peel$ on c]ta9 days 9 ,augu/1 #aeb ,tuesday1 unlucky day1 #cac ,tutel>y g5ii1 f$ on honey-cakes1 #bgd #8,twelve ,days1' ,!1 #bba ,twit*+ ( eyebr[1 z om51 #cbi ,unburi$ 7see ,burial1 lack (7 ,"u-_w 7see also ,future life72 ,hom]ic conception (1 #eag f42 mod]n pres5tm5t (1 #edi ,un9itiat$1 future fate ( !1 #efc f41 #eib ,unm>ri$1 fun]al-rite ( !1 #eef2 future fate ( !1 #eib #8,unsleep+ ,lamp1' ,!1 #edj ,vampires 7see ,vrykolakes72 *>act]i/ics ( ,slavonic1 #chg2 mod]n ,greek conception (1 #cfc ff42 ,slavonic treatm5t (1 #daj f4 ,vampirism1 causes (1 #cge1 #djg ff42 imprecations (1 #chg2 in/ances (1 #cfg ff42 widespread belief 91 #cga ff4 ,v5detta1 #ddj ff4 ,v5geance = blood-guilt1 ext5d$ to :ole communities1 #dei2 = homicide1 ,delphic tradition conc]n+1 #ddd ff4 ,v5geance = murd]1 effect$ by a curse1 #ddf f42 effect$ by demonic ag5ts1 #ddh2 exact$ by murd]$ p]son1 #dce ff42 incumb5t on next-(-k91 #ddj2 legally incumb5t on next-(-k91 #ddc f42 me?ods (1 #dec ff4 ,ve/a1 temple (1 #if ,victim1 z mess5g]1 #cdj ff42 elevat$ to rank ( g5ius1 #bfg ff41 #bgf ,v9tage-fe/ival1 #ce ,virg91 wor%ip ( !1 #ea ,virg9ity1 consecrat$ to riv]-god1 #eib ,virility1 affect$ by magical spell1 #ai ,visualisation1 peasants' p[]s (1 #dg ,votive (f]+s1 "* (1 #eh ,v[s1 #ei ,vrykolakas1 ,greek equival5ts = ^w1 #cha f42 h[ orig9ally employ$ 9 ,greek1 #cgh2 occasionally us$ 9 s5se ( #87-wolf1' #cgi f42 orig9 ( ^w1 #cgg2 orig9al mean+ ( ^w1 #cgg f42 ,slavonic =ms ( ^w1 #cgg 7note #b7 ,vrykolakes 7see also ,incorruptibility1 ,resuscitation1 ,rev5ants1 ,vampires1 ,vampirism71 #cfa ff42 attitude ( au?orities t[>ds belief 91 #cga f42 belief 9 !m n :olly ,slavonic1 #cha2 capable ( sexual comm]ce1 #dae f42 classes ( p]sons liable to become1 #cge1 #djg ff42 close resemblance ( anci5t rev5ants to1 #deh2 corporeal nature (1 #cgf2 cremation (1 sub/itutes =1 #dhh2 ecclesia/ical view (1 #chf1 #cif ff42 ,greek treatm5t (1 #daj f41 #ejb2 ,hell5ic elem5t 9 conception (1 #djg2 h[ dispos$ (1 #cga f42 l9eage trac$ f1 #daf2 mod]n ,greek conception (1 #cfc ff42 nomocanon conc]n+1 #cfe1 #djb2 n to be confus$ ) gho/s1 #cgf2 occasional b>b>ities inflict$ ^u1 #dab2 orig9al ,greek type (1 #cia ff42 peculi> me?od ( treat+1 #edj2 rec5t cases ( ! burn+ (1 #cgd2 rec5t ,cretan acc\nt (1 #cgb2 resuscitat$ by ! ,devil1 #dje f42 ,slavonic influ5ce ^u conception (1 #cgf ff42 /ories (1 #cfh ff42 widespread belief 91 #cga ff41 #cgd ,vultures1 #cji #8,w&]]s1' #dgc ,wa%+1 prohibit$ on c]ta9 days ( ,augu/1 #aeb ,wat]1 immortal1 #bha2 miracul\s1 #fj2 oracul> prop]ty (1 #ccd2 p\r+ out (1 z magic rite1 #ebj2 salt1 b>s passage ( sup]natural be+s1 #cfh 7note #a71 #cgb2 #8spee*less1' #cjd1 #cca2 spill+ (1 z om51 #cbh suppli$ daily to ! dead1 #eci2 #8,wat]-be>]1' !1 #eef1 #eib f4 ,wat]-nymphs1 #aei2 confus$ ) tree-nymphs1 #aec2 precautions aga9/1 #afj ,wat]-pit*] 7see also ,wat]-be>]71 #eid ,wat]-sp\t1 caus$ by ,lamia ( ! ,sea1 #eb2 sup]/itions conc]n+1 #agb ,weasel1 unlucky to meet1 #cjg2 :y unlucky to see1 #cbg ,wea!r1 *ief prov9ce ( ,god1 #ea ,w$d+1 #8,! ,sacr$1' #eii f42 9 ,hades1 ,!1 7ballad71 #edh ,w$d+-cu/oms 7see ,m>riage-cu/oms7 ,w$d+-dress1 z fun]al-g>b ( betro!d girls or "y wives1 #eeg ,w$d+s1 precautions at1 #ac2 precautions aga9/ magic at1 #bj2 sacrifice & div9ation at1 #cbf ,w$d+-sc5es on fun]al-monum5ts1 #eig f41 #fja f4 ,7-wolves1 #bci2 & vampires1 #cgg f42 become vampires aft] dea?1 #che ,:irlw9ds1 caus$ by nymphs1 #eb1 #aej2 safegu>d aga9/1 #aej ,w9ds1 p]sonifi$1 #eb ,w9e1 pass$ f left to "r1 #cab2 spill+ (1 z om51 #cbh ,w9t] fe/ivals1 #bba ff4 ,wit*1 z ra9-mak] 9 ,santor9i1 #di ,wit*craft1 male & female expon5ts (1 #ae1 #af ,wit*es1 #ae ,woodpeck]1 #cji ,woo+1 h[ conduct$1 #eeh ,wr51 #cji ,zalmoxis1 #cej f4 ,zeus1 #gb-gd2 ,lycaean1 #ceb2 ,meili*ios1 #bge2 ,pro/ropaeus1 #dha2 survival ( "n1 #gd ,,index ,,( ,,greek ,,words ,,& ,,phrases 1 #fjc 1 #fh 1 #bhh 1 #bhi 1 #bhi 1 #bhi 1 #bhi 1 #aig 1 #adg1 #agf 1 #dea 1 1 #gj 1 #bjh 1 #fh1 #bhc 1 #aaf 1 1 #ejh 1 #dgb1 #dgd 1 #dgd 7see ,ala/or71 #dfb f41 #dfe ff4 1 #bjd1 #bhh 1 #dhb 1 #aee 1 #cha1 #cig 1 #ai 1 #fjj 1 #chb 1 #adb 1 #cha 1 #bje 7note #a7 1 #aej 1 #aej 7prov]b71 #bha 1 #cjf 1 #dde 79 ,soph4 ,o4 ,c4 #achc ff471 #dai 1 #efi 1 #bgf 1 #eah 1 #efi 1 #gb 1 1 #add 1 #aah 1 #cgh 1 #ehc 1 1 #afc 1 1 #afc 1 #i 1 #i 1 #ad 1 #i 7note #b7 1 #cgh 1 #cfd 1 #ba 1 #cfd 1 #cij 1 #adh1 #agg 1 #eca 1 #ehc 1 #adg1 #agf 1 #agh 1 #bjg 1 #ahd 1 #abf 1 #eff 1 1 #ge 1 #efi 77 1 #da 1 #fh 1 #gi 1 #abg 1 #cig 1 #ai 1 #ij 1 #cig 1 #egi 1 #adi 1 1 #bhj 7prov]b71 #dce 1 #aea 1 #aea 1 #fa 1 #fh 1 #ce 1 #dbd 1 #ecj1 #eca 1 #eca1 #ecb 1 #bih 1 #adc 1 #adc 1 #fg 1 #bjh 1 #eff 1 #egh 1 #fjc 1 1 #aah 1 #fjj 1 #dci 1 #eah ' 1 #adc 1 #adf 1 #fi 1 #fi 1 p]sonification (1 #aae 1 mod]n applications ( ^w1 #dh 1 #eff 1 #cce 1 #cce 1 #ecj 1 #eia 1 #eff 1 #bce 1 #bhi 1 #bhi 1 #ah 1 #bce 1 #bjh 1 #efh 1 #cee 1 #bji 1 #bje 1 #aec 1 1 #acb 1 to :om appli$1 #aga 1 1 #afd 1 1 #aff 1 #bae 1 #bbj 1 #bac 1 #bac 1 #bae 1 #bjj 1 d]ivation (1 #bcb ff42 dialectic v>ieties ( =m (1 #baa ff42 propos$ d]ivations (1 #bae ff42 table ( dialectic =ms (1 #bad 1 #bjj 1 #acb 1 #aib 1 1 #gj 1 #bhi 1 1 #abe1 #acb 1 1 #gj 1 1 #afc 1 #bbc1 #bbg 1 #bai 1 #dhg 1 #fi 1 #bcc 1 #ag 7see ,vrykolakes71 #cgb 1 #chb 1 #ece 7note #d7 1 #bai 1 #aic 1 #bbc1 #bbg 1 #bjc 1 #bhi 1 #caa 7epi!t ( ,h]mes71 #cjf 1 1 #cjd 1 #bih 1 #cjd 1 #dfj 1 #edb 1 #dhg1 #ece 1 #eif 1 #abi 7prov]bial71 #abd 1 #abi 1 #cca 1 #caj1 #caa 1 #cbb 1 1 #bjg 1 #eah 1 #eah 1 1 #afc 1 1 #hi 1 1 #ed1 #ia 1 #aib 1 1 #cha 1 #ecj 1 #eef1 #eid 1 #ceb 1 #bda1 #chd 1 #bjc1 #bae 1 #bci f4 1 #cig 1 #cig 7prov]b71 #cdf 7prov]bial71 #abd 1 #ecb 1 #ecb 1 #aef 1 1 #aah 1 #bih 1 #dce f41 #ddb 1 #cei 1 1 #i 1 #i 1 #i 1 #id 1 #ecc 1 #ddg1 #ddi 1 #dbe1 #dea 7see ,mia/or71 #dfb ff4 1 #dhg1 #ecd 1 #bhi 1 #abj1 #abb1 etc4 7or 71 1 #agd 1 1 #cdg 7see ,dirges7 1 #dea 1 #ad 1 #eca 1 #adh 1 #acj 1 #adi 1 #acd 1 #acd 1 #acd 1 #bfj 1 #cgj 1 #aca 1 #adb 1 #cbh 1 #aie 1 #fh 1 #afj 1 #cag 7note #a7 1 #bbf 1 1 #ad 1 #fg1 #bjg 7prov]b71 #chg 1 #ehf 1 #bih1 #cbg 1 #bfj 1 #cjh 1 #bce1 #bcg f4 1 #cjg 1 7prov]bial say+71 #abb 1 #fg1 #bjg 1 #ddh 1 #bih1 #cbi 1 #cd 1 #bd 1 #ecc 1 #adb 1 #aie 1 #if1 #ehg 1 #ehg 1 #aac 1 #aac 1 #aji1 #bhf 1 #eca1 #ecb 1 #bd 7title ( ,s4 ,george71 #bfa 1 #adb 1 #gj 1 #aib1 #bjd 1 #adh 1 #dig 1 #eeh 1 #eeh 1 1 #dgi 1 #dfb f41 #dgi ff4 1 #eia 1 1 #cjd 7note #c7 1 #bbd1 #bbf 1 #de 1 #bhh 1 1 #dhh 7notes #a & #b7 1 #bj 1 #chb 7see 71 #bac 1 #bae 1 #bae 1 #ce 1 #bjc1 #bje ' 1 #ad 1 #fi 1 #cbe 1 #ecj 77 7see ,g5ii72 compreh5sive usage (1 #fi 1 developm5t ( mean+ (1 #bee ff42 1 7,/ ,paul71 #bee-f 1 #edh 1 #bfg 1 #bef 1 #bef 1 #beh1 #chb 1 #add 71 71 #ahj-a 1 #ahj 1 #cd 1 #ccf 1 #fh 7prov]bial71 #abd 1 1 #bbf 7,aes*4 ,*oeph4 #bhh71 #dba1 #def 1 #eia 1 1 #eij 1 #eec 1 compreh5sive usage (1 #fi 1 #bhf 7prov]b71 #agd 1 #bfj 1 #eca 1 #ecj1 #ecb 1 1 #he 1 #caa 1 #aib 1 #fh 1 #cfe1 #cgj1 #cha1 #che f41 #djj 7see also 71 #djj 1 #bhi 1 #eic 1 1 #cjd 7note #c7 1 #fh 1 1 #cee 1 1 #ad 1 #fh 1 #bde1 #bej 1 #bha 7note #b7 1 #caj 1 #ig 1 #ig 1 1 #gj 1 #aad 1 #aad 1 #bih 1 mean+ (1 #afa 7note #b7 1 #ce 1 #ecj 1 #ecd 1 #cba 1 #cca 1 #adc ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,! foll[+ app>5t errors h be5 correct$3 p4 #eh sanctu>y 9 p]son *ang$ to sanctu>y 9 p]son4 p4 #fj 7note7 footnote numb] ins]t$ p4 #he 7note7 ,conon1 ,n>rat4 #ae *ang$ to ,conon1 ,n>rat4 #ae4 p4 #ii 7note7 footnote numb] ins]t$ p4 #aje 7note7 'sorr[ful4 *ang$ to 'sorr[ful4' p4 #adh 444 *ang$ to 444 p4 #aea ! honey$ ones#cfe4' *ang$ to '! honey$ ones#cfe4' p4 #cfj gu>d+ & t5d+ ( ,love' *ang$ to gu>d+ & t5d+ ( ,love4' p4 #dgf 7note7 cap4 #ae 7p4 #dah7 *ang$ to cap4 #ae 7p4 #dah74 p4 #fjh small] species ( #aic *ang$ to small] species (1 #aic p4 #fji "t requir$ = entry plac$ 9 alphabetical ord] p4 #faf suppli$ daily to ! dead entry plac$ 9 alphabetical ord] ,inconsi/5t or ar*aic spell+1 hyph5ation & punctuation h o!rwise be5 kept z pr9t$4