,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,"y ,,eng9e]',s ,,guide4 ,,by ,j4 ,v4 ,,rohan1 ,,rac9e1 ,,wiscons94 ,,price3 ,clo? ,b\nd1 #a4jj4 ,lea!r ,b\nd1 #a4be4 ,,copyright1 #ahid4 ,,by ,j4 ,v4 ,,rohan4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,index4 ,,page4 ,asc5d+ ,hills1 #aej ,automatic ,oil]1 #gi ,bank+ ,fires1 #afb ,babbitt+ ,boxes1 #ahh ,belt+1 #afe ,bl[]1 #ee ,bl[-(f ,valve1 #aje ,calk+ ,flues1 #eb ,*eck ,valve1 #ajg ,clean+ ,flues1 #ec ,compression ,grease ,cup1 #ajh ,comp\nd ,eng9es1 #ahi ,connect+ ,rod1 #fg ,crank1 #fh ,crank-,p91 #fi ,cross-head1 #ff ,cross-head ,pump1 #ia ,cross+ ,bridges & ,culv]ts1 #aef ,cyl9d] ,cocks1 #ajg ,desc5d+ ,hills1 #aed ,diff]5tial ,ge>1 #aae ,duties ( ,eng9e]s1 #ac ,ecc5trics1 #gc ,ecc5tric ,/rap1 #gc ,ecc5tric ,rod1 #gd ,ejector1 #ig ,eng9e ,frame1 #fg ,eng9e ,/all$1 #aee ,exhau/ ,nozzle1 #ee ,fir+ ,) ,coal1 #afj ,fir+ ) ,wood1 #aei ,fir+ ) ,/raw1 #aei ,foam+1 #aef ,friction ,clut*1 #aaf ,fusible ,plug1 #ef ,gauge ,cocks1 #ajf ,ge>+1 #aac ,g5]al ,in=mation1 #agj ,gov]nor1 #gf ,heat]1 #if ,heat+ ( ,j\rnals1 #ada ,h9ts to ,pur*as]s1 #i ,horizontal ,tubul> ,boil]1 #ae ,injector1 #hc ,jet ,pump1 #ig ,knocks or ,p\nds1 #acg ,lay+ ,up a ,traction ,eng9e1 #afc ,l9k ,rev]se1 #fi ,l9k1 #gb ,locomotive ,boil]1 #af ,l[ ,wat] ,al>m1 #eg ,pack+ ,pi/on & ,valve ,rods1 #adc ,pi/on & ,rod1 #fb ,prim+1 #aeg ,que/ions ) ,answ]s conc]n+ ,boil]s1 #cj ,que/ions ) ,answ]s conc]n+ ,eng9es & ,boil]s1 #aai ,que/ions ) ,answ]s = ,eng9e]s apply+ = ,lic5se1 #aie ,return ,flue ,boil]1 #ah ,rev]s+ an ,eng9e1 #acj ,rev]se ,lev]1 #gb ,rules & ,tables1 #bbf ,safety ,valve1 #aja ,sett+ ,pla9 ,slide ,valve1 #add ,sett+ ,slide ,valve ( ,rev]s+ ,eng9e1 #adg ,sett+ ,valve ,duplex ,pump1 #aej ,/eam ,cyl9d]1 #fa ,/eam ,*e/1 #fc ,/eam ,eng9e1 #fj ,/eam ,gauge1 #ih ,/eam ,pump1 #hi ,te/+ ,pi/on ,r+s & ,valves1 #acf ,?rottle1 #hh ,traction ,eng9es1 #aab ,valve1 #fd ,v]tical ,boil]1 #bb ,wat] ,tube ,boil]1 #bd ,wat] ,gauge1 #ajd ,"w-%op ,recipes1 #ahf ,woolf ,valve ,ge>1 #gd ,,index ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,eng9es4 ,e4 ,p4 ,allis ,co41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 #ba ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,?re%+ ,ma*9e ,co41 ,rac9e1 ,wis41 #bf1 #bi1 #bbd ,ga>1 ,scott ,co41 ,ri*mond1 ,ind41 #cf ,ni*ols ,%ep>d1 ,battle ,creek1 ,mi*41 #di ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,eng9e ,co41 ,new ,brita91 ,conn41 #eh ,m4 ,rumely ,co41 ,la,porte1 ,ind41 #ga ,m9neapolis ,?re%4 ,ma*9e ,co41 ,m9neapolis1 ,m9n41 #aaa ,advance ,?re%] ,co41 ,battle ,creek1 ,mi*41 #abi ,wat]t[n ,eng9e ,co41 ,wat]t[n1 ,n4 ,y41 #ace ,frick ,co41 ,waynesboro1 ,pa41 #aec ,arm+ton ,sims ,eng9e ,co41 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i41 #afh ,! ,geis] ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,waynesboro1 ,pa41 #agh ,! ,ball ,eng9e ,co41 ,erie1 ,pa41 #aic ,a4 ,w4 ,/ev5s ,son1 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y41 #bjc ,,boil]s4 ,s4 ,freeman ,sons ,manuf'g ,co41 ,rac9e1 ,wis41 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #bb ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,?re%+ ,ma*9e ,co41 ,rac9e1 ,wis41 #ai ,! ,/irl+ ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill41 #be ,,fitt+s4 ,?omas ,pross] ,son1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #bhgc1 ,new ,york ,city1 #eb ,fronti] ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 #ed ,! ,lunk5heim] ,co41 ,c9c9nati1 ,o41 #ef1 #hi1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajg ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,?re%+ ,ma*9e ,co41 ,rac9e1 ,wis41 #ge1 #ij1 #aaf ,! ,g>dn] ,gov]nor ,co41 ,qu9cy1 ,ill41 #gf ,! ,detroit ,lubricator ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*41 #ha1 #hb1 #hc ,am]ican ,injector ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*41 #hd1 #hg1 #ig1 #ih ,battle ,creek ,/eam ,pump ,co41 ,battle ,creek1 ,mi*41 #ic1 #id ,! ,a%cr(t ,manuf'ct'g ,co41 ,p ,o ,box #bhjc1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 #ii1 #ajj ,e4 ,b4 ,kunkle ,co41 ,=t ,wayne1 ,ind41 #aja1 #ajb ,*as ,h4 ,besly ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill41 #aji ,,preface4 ,"s two ye>s ago ! au?or comm5c$ collect+ memor&a ( me*anical & practical in=mation p]ta9+ to ! c>e & op]ation ( /eam eng9es & boil]s1 ) a view ( =m+ a sy/ematic dige/4 ,be+ an employee ( ! ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,?re%+ ,ma*9e ,co4 = a numb] ( ye>s my att5tion 0 call$ to ! con/ant inquiry = a book ( ?is description f "y m5 me*anically incl9$ & ^? runn+ f>m eng9es & small /eam plants4 ,by repeat$ assurance t !re 0 great ne$ = su* a "w1 & by ready & valuable assi/ance f p]sonal fri5ds & exp]ts 9 me*anical eng9e]+1 ,i h consid]$ x advisable to publi% a practical guide = "y eng9e]s4 ,! aim has be5 to place ! in=mation conta9$ 9 ! book 9 ! mo/ simple & compact =m1 & :ile x is n int5d$ = ! education ( ! m advanc$ eng9e]s1 ! in/ructions giv5 w be f\nd practical 9 ! op]ation ( /eam plants ( any size4 ,x is m especially int5d$ = ! in/ruction & guidance ( "y m5 le>n+ to run eng9es1 & ^? op]at+ f>m eng9es & small plants1 ^: exp]i5ce has be5 limit$4 ,aft] c>efully consid]+ ! mode ( pres5tation1 x 0 ?\ght be/ to adopt ! =m ( a cate*ism1 ) ! que/ions & answ]s s set =? z to resemble an ord9>y conv]sation2 also to illu/rate & give a m9ute description ( ! con/ruction & function ( ! diff]5t p>ts us$ 9 ! build+ ( eng9es & boil]s4 ,:ile ! great] "p ( ! in=mation is new1 p>ts h be5 compil$ f ,p[]1 ,rop] & o!r me*anical pap]s & books1 simplifi$ to meet ! requir$ aim1 = :i* due ackn[l$gem5t is "h giv54 ,j4 ,v4 ,,rohan4 ,rac9e1 ,wis41 #ahie4 ,"y ,eng9e]'s ,guide4 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,pur*as]s4 ,9 select+ an eng9e ( :atev] /yle1 or = :atev] purpose x is v important to get n only a good "o1 b "o t is ( ! prop] size4 ,d n ent]ta9 ! mi/ak5 idea t x is be/ to h a l>g] eng9e ?an is requir$ 7s t x w d its "w easily71 z an eng9e :i* is too l>ge = ! "w requir$ is v wa/eful bo? ( fuel & wat]4 ,an eng9e always gives ! be/ results :5 x has a fair load4 ,9 ! selection ( a f>m or traction eng9e y %\ld look c>efully to ! arrangem5t ( ! driv+ ge>1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! eng9e & ! traction :eels are atta*$ to ! boil]1 ! conv5i5t arrangem5t ( ! ?rottle lev]1 rev]se lev]1 /e]+ :eel1 friction clut* lev]1 indep5d5t pump 7if us$7 & injector = easy op]ation f ! footbo>d1 z ! easy control ( all ^! p>ts by ! eng9e] saves mu* "t & annoyance & 9 _m in/ances may prev5t accid5t :i* might prove disa/r\s to bo? life & prop]ty4 ,always pur*ase a boil] ) suffici5t capacity to all[ a small m>g9 beyond its ord9>y requirem5ts4 ,be sure & h ! boil] or boil]s prop]ly set s t ! be/ results may be d]iv$ f ! fuel burn$4 ,_m good boil]s are condemn$ because !y d n /eam well on acc\nt ( bad sett+4 ,if a locomotive /yle ( boil]1 see t x has a l>ge fire box 7well /ay$7 & a suffici5t numb] ( flues to all[ ( easy fir+ & good combu/ion ( ! fuel )\t be+ oblig$ to use a =c$ draft4 ,if a return flue boil] see t ! ma9 flue is ( suffici5t size & ( ! requir$ _/ in* ?ickness ( mat]ial2 also t x has a mud drum & f f\r to six h&-holes 7! m ! bett]7 bo? top & bottom = ! purpose ( keep+ ! boil] free f scale & becom+ mud burnt & unsafe4 ,rememb] !re is no advantage 9 c>ry+ l[ /eam pressure 9 boil]s z x is m economical to c>ry high pressure r ?an l[4 ,! av]age boil] pressure %\ld be ab\t #hj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 :i* is n too high = safety1 nor too l[ = economy ( fuel4 ,! pur*as] mu/ use 8 own discretion z to ! /yle ( eng9e he pref]s1 a horizontal or v]tical1 side or c5t] crank1 z all /yles are ext5sively us$ ) equally good results4 ,x is purely a matt] ( pref]5ce dep5d+1 ( c\rse1 l>gely ^u space or room available = /ation>y eng9e4 ,d n make ! mi/ake ( deem+ t any k9d ( a f\ndation w answ] = a /ation>y eng9e4 ,x %\ld be built by a skillful mason 9 e case & h>d brick or /one & cem5t us$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,! be/ is always ! *eape/ 9 ! end4 ,an eng9e or boil] %\ld nev] be put 9 a d>k corn] or damp cell>1 r place !m :5 possible 9 dry well light$ rooms & s arrang$ t e "p c be rea*$ :5 necess>y )\t tr\ble or delay4 ,walls & floors %\ld be kept clean & a good supply ( oil cans1 wr5*es1 wa/e & :atev] tools are ne$$ %\ld be kept 9 _! prop] places4 ,! pur*as] ( a traction eng9e %\ld see t x has a ,friction ,clut* z an eng9e ) a clut* is mu* m practical1 conv5i5t & safe to h&le ^u ! road ?an "o )\t a clut*4 ,! matt] ( brackets1 braces1 ge>+1 traction :eels1 axle1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! eng9e is m\nt$ ^u ! boil] %\ld be well consid]$ z !re are _m k9ds & /yles1 all ( :i* h _! m]it 8m or less40 ,y\r own judgm5t %\ld be us$ z to ! /yle want$ aft] ?or\ghly /udy+ ! v>i\s k9ds4 ,d n make ! too common mi/ake ( ?9k+ a *eap eng9e] is ! man y want4 ,! eng9e & boil] are important factors 9 ! success ( y\r bus9ess & no matt] h[ simple & /rong !y may be x w pay y to put !m 9 *>ge ( a compet5t eng9e] :o is capable ( tak+ ! prop] c>e ( !m4 ,= a small plant1 or traction eng9e1 x is n necess>y to h ! highe/ grade ( ability1 z !re are sev]al grades among eng9e]s2 b x is bett] to pay a suitable man = compet5t & fai?ful "w ?an to pay = :at may happ5 ?r\gh ! neglect or incompet5cy ( "o ^: only recomm5dation is t he is *eap4 ,d n be deceiv$ by impo/]s claim+ to be fir/-class eng9e]s1 :o1 ! fir/ ?+ !y d1 to sub/antiate _! claims1 alt] ! eng9e 9 "s way t only d]anges x4 ,be wat*ful ( ?is & see t su* m5 d n tamp] ) ! valves & adju/m5ts ( ! eng9e1 :i* are always set prop]ly be=e x leaves ! factory4 ,,duties ,,( ,,eng9e]s4 ,! duties ( an eng9e] are ( mu* m importance & require a bett] k ( ! op]at+ ( ma*9]y ?an is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,! responsibilities t re/ ^u him are v great2 ?is applies to all eng9e]s1 b m especially to inexp]i5c$ m5 :o take *>ge ( small plants or f>m eng9es1 ^: k ( ma*9]y & ! dang]s connect$ ) ! improp] h&l+ ( x1 is limit$4 ,! prop] managem5t ( boil]s & eng9es is ( z vital importance to prev5t accid5t z _! prop] con/ruction2 z !y are liable to get out ( ord] & become unsafe unless ! eng9e] is suffici5tly in=m$ to "k :at precautions %\ld be tak5 "u any & all circum/ances t might prove disa/r\s4 ,n only %\ld an eng9e] be ev] on ! al]t to gu>d aga9/ accid5t1 b he %\ld also be capable ( keep+ ! eng9e1 boil] & appliances 9 good condition1 z ! life ( ! ma*9]y dep5ds l>gely ^u 8 compet5cy & ! fai?ful p]=mance ( 8 duties4 ,an ,,eng9e]3 ,%\ld be sob]4 ,%\ld be indu/ri\s4 ,%\ld be c>eful4 ,%\ld be fai?ful to 8 *>ge4 ,%\ld keep 8 eng9e & its surr\nd+s neat & clean4 ,%\ld keep 8 eng9e runn+ smoo?ly )\t knocks or p\nds4 ,%\ld le>n to let 8well en\gh0 alone4 ,%\ld nev] attempt exp]im5ts unless he kn[s :at he is ab\t4 ,%\ld h a place = ev]y?+ & keep ev]y?+ 9 its place4 ,%\ld %[ by ! quietness 9 runn+ & appe>ance ( ! eng9e 9 8 *>ge t x is prop]ly c>$ =4 ,%\ld con/antly endeavor to exp& 8 m9d z to ! managem5t1 con/ruction & c>e ( boil]s1 eng9es & _! appliances4 ,%\ld c>ry ?is book 9 8 pocket = ref]5ce z x conta9s mu* valuable in=mation & 9 a "t ( ne$ may save mu* "t & exp5se1 or ev5 prev5t a cata/rophe4 ,boil]s4 ,,horizontal ,,tubul> ,,boil]4 ,q4 ,h[ is a horizontal tubul> boil] con/ruct$8 ,a4 ,x has a cyl9drical %ell1 ) heads rivet$ at ea* end1 9 :i* are plac$ a l>ge numb] ( tubes1 #d in*es or less 9 diamet]4 ,x is set 9 brick "w1 ) ! furnace at "o end1 b5ea? ! %ell4 ,! products ( combu/ion pass "u ! boil] its full l5g? & return ?r\gh ! tubes or flues to an up-take at ! front end4 ,x is furni%$ ) a man-hole b5ea? ! flues1 & h&-holes = clean+1 & g5]ally has a /eam dome4 ,illu/ration3 ,freeman's ,horizontal ,tubul> ,boil]4 ,q4 ,:at are ! advantages ( a horizontal boil]8 ,a4 ,x is simple 9 =m1 easy to con/ruct1 requires brac+ only on ! flat heads1 :i* are su/a9$ _! great] "p by ! tubes1 g5]ates a l>ge am\nt ( /eam = ! space occupi$1 & is n difficult to keep clean ) fairly pure fe$ wat]4 ,,locomotive ,,boil]4 ,q4 ,h[ is a locomotive or fire box boil] con/ruct$8 ,a4 ,! ends ( a cyl9drical %ell are cont9u$ /raight d[n ^u ! sides1 & enclos$ to =m a rectangul> /ructure 9 its l[] portion & con=m$ to ! curvature ( ! cyl9drical %ell at ! top4 ,9 ! rectangul> portion is secur$ a fire box1 sep>at$ f ! sides & ends by wat] spaces call$ 8wat] legs10 & hav+ its top :i* is call$ ! 8cr[n %eet0 ab\t ! c5t] ( ! cyl9drical %ell4 ,an op5+ is =m$ 9 bo? %eets 9 re> end ( ! fire box door frame4 ,! cyl9drical %ell has heads rivet$ at bo? ends4 ,^! heads h num]\s flues op5 at bo? ends put 94 ,all ! flat surfaces are /ay$ to ea* o!r at suitable int]vals1 & ! cr[n %eet is /ay$ f ! %ell4 ,! fuel is ?r[n 9 ?r\gh ! door at ! re>1 & ! products ( combu/ion are convey$ to fur!r extremity ?r\gh ! tubes or flues4 ,x is furni%$ ) h&-holes = clean+ & a /eam dome4 ,!re are two diff]5t /yles ( fire boxes on ,locomotive ,boil]s1 ! r\nd bottom fire box 9 :i* ! wat] circulates "u ! grates1 & ! squ>e op5 bottom fire box4 ,bo? k9ds are us$ ext5sively4 ,illu/ration3 ,freeman ,locomotive ,boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,sectional ,view ,freeman ,locomotive ,boil]4 ,q4 ,:at advantages h ! locomotive or fire box boil]8 ,a4 ,x is entirely self-conta9$1 g5]ates /eam v rapidly1 is economical 9 space1 & ne$s no elaborate f\ndation4 ,q4 ,:at disadvantages has ! locomotive or fire box boil]8 ,a4 ,exp5sive fir/ co/1 & difficulty 9 clean+1 especially :]e impure fe$ wat] is us$4 ,,return ,,flue ,,boil]4 ,q4 ,describe ! con/ruction ( a ,return ,flue ,boil]8 ,a4 ,x has a cyl9drical %ell1 ) heads rivet$ at ea* end1 9 :i* are plac$ a l>ge ma9 flue1 & a numb] ( small flues or tubes1 op5 at bo? ends4 ,! top r[ ( flues is plac$ bel[ ! wat] l9e4 ,"o end ( ! ma9 flue is us$ = ! fire box1 into :i* ! fuel is ?r[n ?r\gh door at back end & ! products ( combu/ion pass =w>d ?r\gh ?is ma9 flue to an ample smoke box 9 front end1 & return ?r\gh ! small] flues or tubes to smoke box at re> end1 :i* is connect$ to ! smoke /ack4 ,!y are g5]ally suppli$ ) /eam dome & mud drum1 & are us$ ext5sively 9 ! con/ruction ( traction eng9es :]e /raw is us$ = fuel4 ,!y are also furni%$ ) sev]al h&-holes plac$ 9 prop] places = clean+ ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,sectional ,view ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,return ,flue ,boil]4 ,q4 ,:at are ! advantages ( ?is /yle ( boil]8 ,a4 ,l>ge heat+ surface1 easily repair$ & clean$1 simplicity ( con/ruction & compactness4 ,,reynolds ,,corliss ,,cond5s+ ,,& ,,non-,,cond5s+ ,,eng9e4 ,?is eng9e has a massive1 peculi>ly con/ruct$ frame1 be+ ca/ 9 two p>ts4 ,! =w>d "p conta9s ! ma9 pill[ block be>+1 & ! "p 9 :i* ! cross-head runs is cyl9drical 9 %ape1 & has bor$ ,guides1 & l>ge lat]al op5+s4 ,! crank is a l>ge disc plate1 & ! l>ge heavy fly-:eel s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( a drive pulley & balance :eel4 ,! cyl9d] is suppli$ ) f\r valves1 two at ! top & two at ! bottom1 & directly ^u ! bore ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! two at ! top are ! /eam valves1 ! two at ! bottom are exhau/ valves1 & receive _! motion f a s+le ecc5tric act+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a wri/ plate or vibrat+ disc1 f :i* ! valve connections radiate4 ,! valve be+ indep5d5tly adju/$1 ! comm5cem5t1 ext5t & rapidity ( ! movem5t ( ea* c be mo/ accurately arrang$4 ,! /eam valves are controll$ by ! ,gov]nor1 :i*1 be+ v s5sitive to ! v>iation ( load1 all[s j ! requir$ am\nt ( /eam to ent] ! cyl9d] to keep up ! uni=m spe$4 ,! exhau/ valves be+ at ! l[] ends ( ! cyl9d]1 at ! cle>ance space1 ! wat] ( cond5sation is all[$ to escape 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh mann]1 )\t ! use ( cyl9d] cocks or o!r devices4 ,?is /yle ( eng9e is int5d$ = all purposes1 b is especially adapt$ to heavy & cont9u\s "w & :]e ! conditions call = an eng9e capable ( work+ "u a high /eam pressure1 also :5 ! "w is ( an int]mitt5t "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,reynolds ,corliss 8#ahij0 ,eng9e--,front ,view4 ,,v]tical ,,boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,sectional ,view ,freeman ,v]tical ,boil]4 ,q4 ,h[ is a ,v]tical ,tubul> ,boil] g5]ally con/ruct$8 ,a4 ,a cyl9drical fire box set into ! l[] "p ( a v]tical cyl9drical %ell1 ! space betwe5 =m+ an annul> 8wat] leg40 ,an op5+ is =m$ 9 bo? %eets = ! fire door4 ,! top ( ! fire box s]ves z a flue %eet = num]\s tubes or flues :i* ext5d ?r\gh ! clos$ top ( ! outside %ell1 & ?r\gh :i* ! products ( combu/ion pass to ! smoke /ack4 ,! upp] portions ( ! tubes are surr\nd$ by /eam4 ,:]e ?is /yle ( boil] is made = m>9e purposes1 ! upp] "p ( ! tubes is subm]g$1 & is call$ a subm]g$-flue boil]4 ,q4 ,:at advantages has ! v]tical type ( boil]8 ,a4 ,m9imum floor space1 portability1 l[ co/ ( sett+1 & a wide all[able v>iation 9 ! wat] level4 ,q4 ,:at disadvantages has ?is type8 ,a4 ,liability to leakage 9 ! expos$ upp] ends ( flues :]e !y are n subm]g$1 deposits f impure wat] 9 ! 8wat] leg10 9 small sizes insuffici5t heat+ surface1 ?\gh ! latt] fault c be correct$ by mak+ ! boil] v tall4 ,"s ( ! v l>ge v]tical boil]s are rem>kably effici5t4 ,,wat] ,,tube ,,boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,/irl+ ,wat] ,tube ,boil]4 ,q4 ,h[ is a wat] tube boil] con/ruct$8 ,a4 ,! ,/irl+ ,wat] ,tube ,boil] z illu/rat$1 has ?ree upp] or /eam domes1 ! /eam space ( all ( :i* is connect$1 :ile ! wat] space ( ! two front domes is connect$4 ,all ( ^! ?ree domes are connect$ ) a l[] or mud drum1 :i* is n brick$ 91 b is left free to exp& & contract4 ,! ?ree upp] domes are support$ on wr\ght iron beams1 :i* are entirely free & indep5d5t f ! brick "w4 ,! fe$ wat] ent]s ! re> upp] dome1 & desc5ds gradually to ! l[] or mud drum1 be+ heat$ 9 its desc5t by ! escap+ gases to a suffici5tly high degree to cause precipitation 9 ! mud drum ( all ( ! solid or scale be>+ matt] t ! fe$ wat] conta9s4 ,! wat] !n 9 ! front bank ( tubes is *emically pure1 & all dang] ( scale r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,q4 ,:at advantages h ! wat] tube boil]s8 ,a4 ,"o ( ! great advantages ( ?is /yle ( boil]s is its di/9ct circulation1 be+ up ! front bank ( tubes across f ! front upp] dome to ! middle dome1 d[n ! middle bank ( tubes to ! l[] or mud drum1 & up aga9 ! front bank ( tubes1 & s on 9 circuit4 ,x also has great /eam+ capacity1 & is economical 9 fuel4 ,/eam is tak5 f ! middle dome4 ,?is m>k$ circulation is a desid]atum 9 boil] practice1 & ! ,/irl+ may be said to be ! fir/ t has accompli%$ x to s great a degree4 ,q4 ,:at disadvantages h ! wat] tube boil]s8 ,a4 ,exp5sive fir/ co/ ( sett+ !m up 9 brick "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,traction ,eng9e4 ,j4 ,i4 ,,case ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,?is eng9e is kn[n z ! ,c5t] ,crank1 ,re> ,ge> traction4 ,! eng9e is m\nt$ on ! c5t] ( boil] at ! re> end1 & re/s ^u & is securely bolt$ to two saddles4 ,! re> saddle also supports ! two out] be>+s = ! crank %aft4 ,! eng9e frame is ca/ 9 "o piece1 cyl9drical 9 %ape1 ) bor$ guides = cross-head1 & has l>ge lat]al op5+s4 ,x =ms ! front cyl9d] head at "o end1 & conta9s ! two pill[ block be>+s at ! o!r4 ,! cyl9d] is ov]hang+ & self-l9+4 ,x has ! locomotive type boil]1 ) op5 bottom fire box1 cov]$ ) an a% pan1 & has a /eam dome at front end4 ,! out] %ell ( ?is boil] ov] fire box ext5ds beyond ! back head4 ,to ?is ext5sion is bolt$ ! two brackets conta9+ ! be>+s = ! ma9 axle & cross %aft4 ,! traction :eels are ( ! wr\ght rim /eel spoke type1 ) high mud cleats bolt$ diagonally across ! entire wid? ( tire4 ,! front axle is suppli$ ) a ball-be>+ bol/]1 :i* supports ! front end ( boil]4 ,! eng9e has ! ,friction ,clut*1 ,l9k ,rev]se ,ge>1 ,long ,heat]1 ,indep5d5t ,pump1 ,injector1 ,wat] ,tank on side1 ,foot ,bo>d ) ,tool ,boxes atta*$1 & all necess>y atta*m5ts & fitt+s to make a complete traction eng9e1 & "o t w be p]fectly safe ) prop] h&l+4 ,! /e]+ :eel & b& :eel are on ! same side ( eng9e1 & ! /raight /ack & ext5sion front has a sp>k arre/] on ! inside4 ,?is eng9e is con/ruct$ to burn ei!r coal or wood & ) special arrangem5t c be made to burn /raw4 ,j4 ,i4 ,,case ,,return ,,flue ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! =ego+ description ( ! ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,traction ,eng9e w apply to ?is eng9e 9 e p>ticul> ) ! exception ( ! boil]1 ! con/ruction ( eng9e1 ! traction ge> & fitt+s be+ exactly ! same4 ,! boil] h[ev] is ( ! return flue1 /raw-burn] type ,x is suppli$ ) a l>ge /eam dome on front end & also a mud drum on "u side4 ,! fire box is at ! re> end ( ma9 flue1 & is cov]$ by an a% pan4 ,! boil] is lagg$ & jacket$1 & ! /ack has a scre5 sp>k arre/] at ! top4 ,?is eng9e is int5d$ to burn /raw1 b x w burn ei!r wood or coal equally well1 & is said to be v economical 9 fuel4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,return ,flue ,traction ,eng9e4 ,,que/ions ,,) ,,answ]s1 conc]n+ ! op]ation & c>e ( /eam boil]s4 ,q4 ,h[ is /eam tak5 f ! boil]8 ,a4 ,by suitable pip+ lead+ f a /eam dome on top ( boil]4 ,q4 ,:at is a /eam dome & h[ is x made8 ,a4 ,a /eam dome is cyl9drical 9 %ape1 is made usually ( boil] plate flang$ & rivet$ ov] a hole on top ( boil]4 ,q4 ,( :at use is a /eam dome8 ,a4 ,its use is to af=d space = dry /eam to collect4 ,q4 ,:at is a mud drum1 & ( :at use is x8 ,a4 ,! mud drum is cyl9drical 9 %ape1 made ( boil] iron flang$ & rivet$ ov] a hole on "u side ( boil]1 9 :i* mud & s$im5t may collect1 & is ( great value on a return flue boil]4 ,q4 ,:at are boil]s furni%$ ) s t !y may be easily clean$8 ,a4 ,man-holes & h&-holes4 ,q4 ,:at are man-holes & h&-holes8 ,a4 ,! man-hole is a hole cut 9 boil] l>ge en\gh to admit a man & is cov]$ by a portable plate :i* c be fa/5$ absolutely tight4 ,h&-holes are small holes cut 9 boil] 9 conv5i5t places into :i* a hose c be plac$ & ! boil] wa%$ out & ! mud & scale remov$4 ,h&-holes are cov]$ ) portable plates :i* c be fa/5$ absolutely tight4 ,q4 ,h[ c a boil] be protect$ f ! cold8 ,a4 ,by a non-conduct+ jacket :i* keeps (f ! cold1 reta9s ! high temp]ature ( ! boil] & prev5ts ! radiation ( heat4 ,q4 ,:at mat]ials are us$ = jacket+ a boil]8 ,a4 ,pla/]1 wood1 hair1 rags1 felt1 pap] & asbe/os4 ,q4 ,h[ are !y appli$8 ,a4 ,wood is put on 9 long /rips close toge!r l b>rel /aves1 fa/5$ ) hoops & usually cov]$ ) %eet iron4 ,! o!r mat]ials are put close to ! boil] & held 9 place by %eet iron or canvas4 ,!y are sometimes put on ) an int]v5+ air space betwe5 !m & ! boil]4 ,q4 ,:at is ! use ( air space8 ,a4 ,x protects ! mat]ial f be+ burn$ or o!rwise injur$ by ! heat4 ,q4 ,is !re no radiation ?r\gh ^! cov]+s8 ,a4 ,yes1 b ! loss is v slight1 z ! temp]ature ( cov]+ %\ld nev] rise above :at j seems w>m to ! h&4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld y fe$ wat] to a boil]8 ,a4 ,cont9u\sly dur+ ! :ole "t t /eam is be+ us$4 ,q4 ,w a /eam pump fe$ cont9u\sly8 ,a4 ,yes1 by runn+ ! pump fa/] or sl[] accord+ to ! am\nt ( wat] requir$4 ,q4 ,:y is a cont9u\s fe$ pref]able8 ,a4 ,because x ma9ta9s ! wat] 9 ! boil] at a uni=m level & gives ! mo/ p]fect action4 ,q4 ,%\ld precaution be tak5 9 *oice ( wat] us$ 9 ! boil]8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,always use wat] t is z cle> & free f =eign matt] z c be procur$1 ra9 wat] pref]r$4 ,q4 ,:at is ! result ( us+ impure wat]8 ,a4 ,x w =m a scale ^u ! flues & plates on ! inside ( boil]4 ,q4 ,:at h>m does scale d8 ,a4 ,9 ! fir/ place scale is a non-conductor & prev5ts ! heat ( furnace f produc+ its be/ effects ^u ! wat] & 9 ! second place x all[s ! plates & flues to become ov] heat$ & burn4 ,q4 ,h[ c y prev5t ! =mation ( scale8 ,a4 ,!re are num]\s comp\nds ^u ! m>ket "s ( :i* are kn[n to be v reliable1 b = ord9>y purposes sal soda dissolv$ 9 ! fe$ wat] answ]s v well4 ,q4 ,:at precaution %\ld be tak5 9 ! use ( sal soda8 ,a4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 t too mu* is n us$ at a "t4 ,if too mu* is us$ a great deal ( tr\ble w be caus$ by ! wat] 9 ! boil] foam+4 ,q4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld a boil] be clean$8 ,a4 ,x dep5ds entirely ^u ! condition ( ! fe$ wat] us$ & ! am\nt ( s]vice ex]t$ f x4 ,x may v>y f once or twice a week to once 9 two or ?ree mon?s1 or ev5 long]4 ,q4 ,does a boil] only require ! regul> clean+8 ,a4 ,no1 x %\ld be bl[n (f ?ree or f\r times a day by ! surface bl[-(f4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! surface bl[-(f be left op5 any l5g? ( "t8 ,a4 ,no1 only a few seconds at a "t1 say f fifte5 seconds to a m9ute1 ev5 long] on l>g] boil]s1 b ! eng9e] mu/ use 8 own judgem5t 9 ?is matt]4 ,q4 ,:at does ! surface bl[-(f d8 ,a4 ,x bl[s out all ! impurities t arise 9 ! =m ( scum on ! surface ( ! wat]1 ?us less5+ ! am\nt ( scale =mation4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld a boil] be clean$8 ,a4 ,by bl[+ ! wat] out at a l[ pressure ( /eam & aft] cool+ (f wa% out & scrape ! inside1 remov+ all scale & s$im5t4 ,q4 ,h[ d y bl[ (f y\r boil]8 ,a4 ,by means ( a bl[-(f valve situat$ at ! bottom "p ( ! boil]4 ,q4 ,:5 %\ld a boil] be bl[n (f8 ,a4 ,:5 ! /eam pressure entirely disappe>s & ! wat] is at boil+ po9t1 if boil] is set 9 brick "w4 ,q4 ,:y n bl[ (f "u a full head ( /eam8 ,a4 ,because :5 bl[n (f "u pressure !re is heat en\gh rema9+ 9 ! %ell & flues to bake ! scale ^u ! int]ior1 ?us r5d]+ x exce$+ly difficult to remove4 ,q4 ,9 :at condition is ! scale aft] bl[+ (f at l[ pressure4 ,a4 ,"s may be bak$ h>d & atta*$ to ! flues & %ell1 b ! great] "p w be s(t & slu%y s t x c be easily remov$4 ,q4 ,h[ is ?is slu% remov$ f ! boil]8 ,a4 ,if a fire box or return flue boil]1 all ! h&-hole plates %\ld be remov$ & z mu* ( ! slu% z possible rak$ out2 !n a hose is ins]t$ & a /ream ( wat] =c$ 9 :i* w c>ry ! rema9d] out4 ,! hose %\ld be plac$ 9 ! top holes fir/4 ,q4 ,is x a good idea aft] bl[+ (f a boil] to fill x ) wat] aga9 )\t delay8 ,a4 ,no4 ,because ! boil] is hot1 & if cold wat] is put 9 be=e x is ?or\ghly cool$ (f ! boil] w be subject$ to sev]e /ra9s caus$ by ! sudd5 contraction ( ! metal t is exp&$ by ! heat1 :i* w injure x to a great] or less degree4 ,illu/ration3 ,g>r-,scott ,traction ,eng9e4 ,,g>r-,,scott ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,?is eng9e1 z w be se5 by exam9+ ! cut1 is ( ! ,side ,crank1 ,side ,ge> /yle1 ! eng9e ( :i* is m\nt$ ^u a long heat]1 to :i* ! cyl9d] & ! ma9 pill[ block be>+ are atta*$1 & is suppli$ ) ! b> or locomotive guides = cross-head4 ,x is fitt$ ) ! ,l9k ,rev]se peculi> to _! own /yle ( manufacture1 also ,injector1 ,friction ,clut*1 ,cross-head ,pump1 ,gov]nor1 ,syphon = fill+ ,tank on front end1 ,automatic ,sight-,fe$ ,lubricator1 & l>ge ,foot ,bo>d ) ,tool ,boxes atta*$4 ,! boil] is ( ! locomotive or r\nd bottom fire box type1 ) dome on front end1 & is m\nt$ ^u ! traction :eels ) axle arms atta*$ to ! sides ( boil]1 :i* are suppli$ ) spr+s4 ,! front axle is atta*$ to ! boil] ) a bol/] arrangem5t1 :i* is also suppli$ ) a spr+4 ,! traction :eels are made practically 9 "o piece1 hav+ ! spokes ca/ 9 bo? hub & rim1 ! ca/ iron rim be+ *ill$ fac$1 ) ! mud cleats ca/ on4 ,! smoke /ack is suppli$ ) a scre5 suitable = burn+ ei!r wood or coal4 ,x has a pat5t /e]+ atta*m5t1 ! h& :eel ( :i* is on ! same side ( eng9e z ! b& :eel4 ,! eng9e & boil] are suppli$ ) all ! necess>y fitt+s to make !m conv5i5t & safe ) prop] h&l+4 ,q4 ,:5 %\ld a boil] be fill$ aft] be+ bl[n (f & clean$8 ,a4 ,a boil] %\ld n be fill$ "u any circum/ances until x is ab\t ! same temp]ature z ! wat] us$ to fill x4 ,q4 ,h[ are ! h&-hole plates put back 9 position8 ,a4 ,! plate t cov]s ! hole is put on ! inside ( ! boil] & held 9 position aga9/ ! plate by a bolt atta*$ to x & pass+ out ?r\gh a yoke :i* /raddles ! hole ^u ! outside & s]ves z a brace aga9/ :i* ! bolt acts4 ,q4 ,h[ is a leak prev5t$8 ,a4 ,by plac+ pack+ betwe5 ! h&-hole plate & ! boil] plate4 ,q4 ,:at is ! be/ k9d ( pack+ to use = ?is purpose8 ,a4 ,two or ?ree ply %eet rubb] is ! be/1 cut 9 ! =m ( a r+ to fit ! be>+ surface ( ! plate4 ,q4 ,c any o!r mat]ial be us$8 ,a4 ,yes1 hemp or cotton pack+4 ,:5 ?is is us$ x %\ld be pull$ out 9 f9e %r$s & ?or\ghly oil$ be=e putt+ 9 position4 ,use z little z possible4 ,q4 ,d ! metals ne$ any prep>ation8 ,a4 ,yes1 all ! old pack+ t may h burn$ on ! metal %\ld be ?or\ghly scrap$ (f1 also ! scale %\ld be remov$ f ! vic9ity s t ! pack+ w h a smoo? & ev5 surface to be> aga9/4 ,q4 ,h[ are man-hole plates put 9 position8 ,a4 ,9 ! same mann] z ! h&-hole plates4 ,q4 ,:at is requir$ ( an eng9e] or fireman 9 ! c>e ( a boil]8 ,a4 ,he %\ld wat* c>efully all ! p>ts t are expos$ to any /eam & see t !y d n become unduly weak5$ by corrosion or accid5t4 ,all ! work+ p>ts & fitt+s %\ld be exam9$ daily & be repair$ or replac$ z soon z !y %[ signs ( we> or weakness4 ,! /eam gauge & safety valve %\ld receive con/ant c>e & bo? %\ld be te/$ frequ5tly1 ! "o by ! o!r1 & ! /eam gauge by a /&>d 9 ord] t x may be kn[n to be 9 p]fect ord]4 ,:5 scale =m+ wat] is us$ ! fe$ pipe %\ld be frequ5tly unc\pl$ & exam9$ & all s$im5t remov$4 ,! *eck valve %\ld be exam9$ frequ5tly to see t x seats prop]ly s t wat] _c leak f boil] 9 ?is way & ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 9 reg>d to ! consumption ( fuel4 ,q4 ,9 case ( accid5t h[ %\ld an eng9e] conduct himself8 ,a4 ,) ! utmo/ coolness4 ,q4 ,if ! wat] gauge glass breaks1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,! upp] & l[] gauge valves %\ld be clos$ imm$iately4 ,q4 ,c a new glass be put 9 at once8 ,a4 ,no1 because a new glass is cold1 & if put 9 position & /eam turn$ on1 ! sudd5 heat & expansion w\ld be apt to crack x4 ,q4 ,:5 c a new glass be put 98 ,a4 ,aft] ! boil] has be5 cool$ (f4 ,q4 ,:at is to be done 9 ! meantime8 ,a4 ,! boil] mu/ be run by ! use ( ! gauge cocks alone4 ,q4 ,:at is to be done if ! gauge cocks leak8 ,a4 ,if ! leak is 9 ! seat1 t "p %\ld be tak5 out & re-gr\nd & refitt$4 ,?is %\ld be done at once4 ,q4 ,:at h>m is done by a leaky gauge cock8 ,a4 ,x all[s ! wat] to run d[n ov] ! face ( ! boil]1 :i* t5ds to corrode x4 ,q4 ,:5 ! leak is :]e ! gauge cock is screw$ into ! boil]1 :at is to be done8 ,a4 ,z soon z ! boil] is cool$ d[n exam9e & see if ! gauge cock c be screw$ up ano!r turn4 ,if s try t1 !n if ! leak is n /opp$ ! gauge cock mu/ be tak5 out & a new "o put 9 its place1 or ! ?read ( ! old "o s repair$ t !re w be no leak4 ,q4 ,:y n screw up ! leaky gauge cock :5 ! boil] is "u pressure8 ,a4 ,because !re is great dang] ( break+ ! cock1 !reby plac+ ! eng9e] or fireman 9 great p]il4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 case a gauge cock is accid5tally brok5 (f8 ,a4 ,op5 ! furnace door & if possible p>tially bank ! fire1 close ! damp] & all[ ! wat] to bl[ out at ! hole until /eam alone comes out4 ,9 ! meantime get a piece ( s(t p9e six or sev5 feet long & :ittle d[n "o end until x w ab\t fit & jam x into ! hole4 ,"w x ar\nd until ! jet ( /eam is /opp$4 ,fa/5 ! /ick 9 tempor>ily & /op ! eng9e if n already done4 ,x w n[ dep5d on ! condition ( ! break & ! position ( ! surr\nd+ p>ts z to ! means to be employ$4 ,! /ick %\ld be cut (f %ort & firmly driv5 into ! hole & brac$ or ti$ securely4 ,! eng9e] or fireman mu/ use 8 own +5uity = ?is "w4 ,q4 ,c a boil] be work$ 9 ?is condition8 ,a4 ,yes1 by ! use ( ! gauge glass to det]m9e ! level ( wat]4 ,q4 ,%\ld a boil] be run 9 ?is condition cont9ually8 ,a4 ,no4 ,a new gauge cock %\ld be suppli$ z soon z possible4 ,q4 ,:5 a gauge cock becomes /opp$ up :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,aft] /eam is d[n1 ! front or out] "p may be tak5 (f & a /iff wire run into x to op5 ! clogg$ tube4 ,q4 ,is x simply necess>y to get ! wire ?r\gh8 ,a4 ,no1 ! wire %\ld be work$ back & =? until all ! deposit or scale is ?or\ghly clean$ out4 ,q4 ,9 case ! /eam gauge gets out ( ord] :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,!re %\ld always be an extra gauge on h& t may be put to use4 ,if !re is no extra /eam gauge1 ! eng9e %\ld be %ut d[n until ! gauge c be repair$4 ,q4 ,:y n cont9ue runn+ by us+ ! safety valve8 ,a4 ,because x is v dang]\s & %\ld nev] be attempt$4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* v>iation f ! actual pressure c be all[$ on /eam gauge be=e x is repair$8 ,a4 ,none4 ,z soon z suspect$ ( be+ ev5 slightly out ( ord] x %\ld be repair$4 ,q4 ,9 case ! pump does n "w :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,supply ! boil] by ! injector4 ,q4 ,:at is to be done :]e !re is no injector8 ,a4 ,fir/1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! wat] 9 ! boil] does n fall bel[ ! second gauge cock or out ( sight 9 ! gauge glass1 !n /op ! eng9e & bank ! fire4 ,:5 ?is is done1 exam9e ! pack+ ar\nd ! plung] to see t x does n leak air1 !n exam9e ! valves ( ! pump to asc]ta9 :e!r !y are worn & leak4 ,if ?is be ! case !y mu/ be reseat$ at once4 ,if ! valves are all "r1 "w ! pump & op5 ! side valve 9 ! deliv]y pipe to see if ! pump draws wat]4 ,if no wat] appe>s1 ! tr\ble is probably 9 ! suction pipe4 ,q4 ,h[ c ?is be rem$i$8 ,a4 ,fir/ exam9e ! /ra9] at end ( suction pipe or hose to see if x is /opp$ up2 if x is1 clean x out & try ! pump4 ,if x works1 ! difficulty is rem$i$4 ,if ! /ra9] is clean1 exam9e ! pipe or hose f end to end to see t x is p]fectly air tight2 if n1 x %\ld be made s4 ,q4 ,if ! deliv]y pipe is *ok$1 h[ c x be clean$8 ,a4 ,close ! globe valve next to boil]1 & !n exam9e ! *eck valve to see if x is all "r4 ,if x is *ok$ or fill$ ) s$im5t1 take out ! valve1 clean ! %ell & re-seat ! valve2 if ! *eck is all "r1 disconnect ! pipe & clean out if necess>y4 ,q4 ,:at if ?is pipe & *eck valve are all "r8 ,a4 ,let ! boil] cool (f1 !n bl[ (f ! wat]1 disconnect ! pipe betwe5 *eck & boil]1 :]e ! difficulty w probably be f\nd1 & clean ?or\ghly4 ,q4 ,h[ c *eck valve & deliv]y pipe be *ok$ ) wat] t has already pass$ ?r\gh ! injector or valves ( ! pump8 ,a4 ,! wat] may conta9 quantities ( lime :i* are deposit$ f ! heat$ wat] ^u ! int]ior ( ! pipe1 :i* w ?us be gradually decreas$ 9 size until ! hole is too small to answ] ! purpose4 ,q4 ,:5 ! communication betwe5 ! wat] gauge & boil] is int]rupt$1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,! glass %\ld be bl[n out frequ5tly by op5+ ! drip cock at ! bottom1 !n %ut ! upp] valve1 all[+ ! wat] to bl[ ?r\gh ! l[] valve until ! wat] runs free & cle>4 ,!n %ut ! l[] valve & op5 ! upp] "o & bl[ ?r\gh 9 l mann]4 ,q4 ,9 case ( l[ wat] :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,cov] ! fire quickly ) fre% coal or damp a%es1 close ! l[] draft door1 & all[ ! furnace to cool4 ,nev] da% wat] into ! furnace to *eck ! fire1 x is dang]\s4 ,q4 ,:y n draw or dump ! fire8 ,a4 ,because x w\ld result mom5t>ily 9 /irr+ up an int5se heat1 cool+ c be effect$ m rapidly by cov]+ ! fire & *eck+ ! draft4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! pop or safety valve be op5$8 ,a4 ,no4 ,nev] let m /eam out ( ! boil] 9 ?is condition ?an c be avoid$4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! eng9e be /opp$ or ! ?rottle valve be clos$8 ,a4 ,no4 ,a sudd5 /oppage ( ! outfl[ ( /eam w cause ! wat] level to fall4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be look$ aft] is to subdue ! heat :i* is ! s\rce f :i* tr\ble may arise4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! fe$ wat] supply be turn$ on8 ,a4 ,no4 ,leave x alone4 ,%\ld ! pump or injector be runn+1 ! wat] level w be recov]$ gradually z ! boil] cools d[n4 ,if ! fe$ is n on1 ! sudd5 admittance ( wat] on ! ov]heat$ surfaces w cause a disa/]4 ,! fe$ %\ld n be turn$ on until suffici5t "t has be5 all[$ to av]t su* dang]4 ,q4 ,are !re any appliances by :i* to gu>d aga9/ accid5t f l[ wat]8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,al>ms to call att5tion by bl[+ a :i/le or r++ a bell :5 ! wat] is bel[ a c]ta9 level4 ,also fusible or safety plug plac$ 9 ! heat+ surface ( boil] mo/ liable to be ov]heat$ f lack ( wat]4 ,q4 ,( :at use is ! safety valve8 ,a4 ,to prev5t ! accumulation ( pressure above a giv5 po9t4 ,q4 ,%\ld wat] be left 9 ! boil] :5 n 9 use8 ,a4 ,no4 ,x is bett] to draw out all ! wat] & prop]ly clean ! boil] be=e leav+4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 case a grate b> breaks & drops out ( place8 ,a4 ,if no o!r b> is at h&1 x might be repair$ ) a heavy /ick ( wood4 ,q4 ,h[ c ?is be done8 ,a4 ,by cutt+ ! /ick 9 su* a %ape z to fit ! space made by ! brok5 b>1 !n cov] ) a%es be=e ! fire spreads ov] x4 ,q4 ,w ! /ick burn out8 ,a4 ,yes1 b x w la/ = sev]al h\rs4 ,,ni*ols ,,%ep>d ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,?is eng9e is also ( ! ,side ,crank1 ,side ,ge> patt]n1 ! eng9e is m\nt$ ^u ! side ( ! boil]1 ^u a long heat]1 :i* is securely bolt$ to ! boil] by ?ree brackets4 ,x is ( ! ,locomotive ,guide patt]n1 & has a cross-head pump4 ,! cyl9d] re/s its full l5g? ^u ! heat] & is lagg$4 ,x has ! l9k rev]se ge> & pla9 slide valve1 ,friction ,clut*1 ,injector1 ,automatic ,sight ,fe$ ,lubricator1 ,gov]nor1 ,ext5sion ,front & ,/raight ,/ack4 ,! h& /e]+ :eel is on ! opposite side f ! b& :eel4 ,! boil] is ( ! r\nd bottom fire box /yle ) d\ble rivet$ seams1 & has a dome 9 ! c5t]1 & is m\nt$ ^u ! :eels 9 ! re> ) a wr\ght iron axle :i* passes ar\nd und]nea? ! boil] & is held 9 place by brackets atta*$ to ! side ( ! boil]4 ,^! brackets conta9 spr+s4 ,! traction :eels are ( ! ca/ iron rim /yle1 ) wr\ght iron spokes ca/ 9 bo? rim & hub & mud cleats are ca/ on rim4 ,! foot bo>d is furni%$ ) a wat] tank & tool box & all necess>y fitt+s & atta*m5ts are suppli$ to make a complete traction eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,ni*ols ,%ep>d ,traction ,eng9e4 ,q4 ,:at h>m w\ld result f fir+ = a %ort "t )\t ! b>8 ,a4 ,none to speak ( to furnace or grate b>s1 b ! quantity ( air admitt$ to ! fire box w\ld make x exce$+ly h>d to keep up /eam & ! hole ?us made w\ld cause a great loss ( fuel4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done if a b> 9 a rock] grate %\ld fall out8 ,a4 ,take a piece ( flat wr\ght iron & cut x to fit ! be>+s1 ?is w d = "s "t & w n int]f]e ) ! rock+ ( ! b>s4 ,or1 take a heavy piece ( plank1 cov]+ ! op5+ completely1 & cov] ! plank c>efully ) a%es1 surr\nd+ x on all sides to protect x z mu* z possible f ! fire4 ,q4 ,w n ?is latt] prev5t ! rock+ ( ! grate8 ,a4 ,yes1 & x c only be clean$ by rak+ out f und]nea?4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld su* difficulties be avoid$8 ,a4 ,a good eng9e] w always h on h& at lea/ two or ?ree extra grate b>s4 ,q4 ,%\ld a boil] be =c$ beyond its normal capacity8 ,a4 ,nev] =ce a boil] beyond its normal capacity1 z su* excessive fir+ di/orts ! fire %eets & results 9 leaks & fractures4 ,q4 ,%\ld int5se fires be />t$ 9 or "u boil]s8 ,a4 ,nev] build an int5se fire 9 or "u a boil] until ! %ell is well heat$4 ,hot fires 9 or "u cold boil]s hurry _! de/ruction4 ,,caution4 ,nev] bl[ out ! boil] "u high /eam pressure or fill x aga9 ) cold wat] :5 ! boil] is hot1 z ei!r "o ( ^! is likely to fracture ! transv]se rivet+ & is dang]\s4 ,d n fe$ ! wat] to ! boil] irregul>ly4 ,! sl[] ! wat] goes ?r\gh ! heat] ! m heat x takes up4 ,to fill ! boil] to ?ree gauges & !n %ut (f ! fe$ until ! wat] level is aga9 d[n1 ! exhau/ /eam1 aft] x has heat$ ! wat] /&+ 9 heat]1 passes (f )\t leav+ any ( its heat1 & !n turn+ on ! fe$ wat] aga9 mu* fa/] ?an ne$$1 ! wat] has n "t to take up s mu* heat z if ! fe$ 7 sl[ & regul>4 ,mu* bad effect on ! boil] is due to ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature at ! "t :5 ! fe$ is (f & on4 ,nev] calk a boil] "u /eam pressure unless y are tir$ ( life4 ,,calk+ ,,flues4 ,q4 ,9 case ! boil] flues become leaky1 c !y be tight5$8 ,a4 ,yes1 by ! use ( a tool call$ an 8exp&]10 :i* is g5]ally kept 9 /ock by ! boil] manufactur]4 ,illu/ration3 ,pross]'s ,spr+ ,exp&]4 ,q4 ,c an unskill$ p]son exp& & tight5 ! flues ( 8 boil] )\t ! aid ( an exp]t or boil] mak]8 ,a4 ,yes1 if he is c>eful & foll[s ^! in/ructions1 viz3 ,fir/ clean ! ends ( ! flues & flue %eet ( all dirt1 soot & c9d]s1 & place ! exp&] )9 ! leaky flue1 be+ c>eful to h ! %\ld] ( ! tool well aga9/ ! head & end ( flue4 ,n[1 ) a light hamm] drive 9 ! tap] exp&+ p9 & aft] two or ?ree bl[s ( ! hamm]1 j> ! p9 out1 turn ! exp&] a little & drive 9 p9 z be=e1 remov+ ! p9 & turn+ exp&] aga9 until a full turn has be5 made4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 exp&+ flues n to exp& !m s h>d z to /ret* or enl>ge ! hole conta9+ flue 9 ! flue %eet1 !reby loos5+ ! adjo9+ flue4 ,aft] all ! loose flues h be5 c>efully exp&$1 take ! bead+ tool & place ! long or guide end )9 ! flue1 !n ) ! aid ( a light hamm] ! ends ( flues c be gradually bead$ or calk$ aga9/ ! flue %eet1 r5d]+ !m p]fectly tight4 ,) a little practice1 a c>eful man c d a neat job ( calk+1 !reby avoid+ loss ( "t & exp5se 9 be+ oblig$ to call a boil] mak]4 ,an exp&] & calk+ tools %\ld be among ! tools ( e eng9e]1 z _m little leaks t may occur 9 a /eam boil]1 al?\gh !y may n be dang]\s1 give x a bad appe>ance & %\ld be calk$ & /opp$ by ! eng9e]4 ,,clean+ ,,flues4 ,q4 ,h[ are boil] flues clean$8 ,a4 ,!re are two ways ( clean+ flues1 viz3 ) a /eam bl[] & a scrap]4 ,! latt] is m commonly us$ & :5 prop]ly appli$ does its "w mo/ effici5tly4 ,! scrap] is screw$ on ! end ( a rod ( suffici5t l5g? to all[ x to pass ?r\gh ! flue1 & :5 clean+1 ! scrap] %\ld be pass$ =w>d & backw>d ?r\gh ! flue or lea/ two or ?ree times1 to insure all ! soot & a%es be+ remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,wilson ,pat4 ,flue ,scrap]4 ,! clean+ ( flues %\ld be done sy/ematically1 z (t5 z requir$ to keep !m clean1 z clean flues n only add greatly to ! /eam+ capacity ( ! boil]1 b make a great diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( fuel us$4 ,if ! flues are all[$ to become cov]$ inside ) soot & a%es1 ! =mation ( :i* becomes a non-conductor = heat1 ! product ( combu/ion passes ?r\gh ! flues )\t leav+ m ?an "o-half z mu* heat z x w\ld o!rwise leave if ! flues 7 clean4 ,,bl[]4 ,! ,bl[] consi/s ( a small pipe atta*$ to ! /eam dome or top ( ! boil] ) a globe or angle valve1 & is situat$ ne> ! /ack4 ,?is pipe ent]s ! /ack j above ! boil]1 ! end be+ b5t up t[>d ! top ( /ack & r$uc$ to a v small op5+4 ,:5 /eam is turn$ on ?r\gh ?is pipe1 x displaces ! air 9 ! /ack1 causes a p>tial vacuum 9 ! smoke box1 & ! air ru%es ?r\gh ! grates1 fuel & flues to replace t :i* is bl[n out by ! bl[]1 & ! draught c be increas$ z mu* z desir$4 ,,exhau/ ,,nozzle4 ,! ,exhau/ ,nozzle1 z g5]ally con/ruct$1 is an elb[ atta*$ to ! end ( ! exhau/ pipe 9 ! smoke box or smoke /ack ( ! boil]1 ! end ( :i* po9ts upw>d1 ) ! op5+ r$uc$ s t ! exhau/ /eam w be =c$ up ! /ack1 & !reby produce ! same effect z a bl[]4 ,! op5+ 9 ! exhau/ nozzle %\ld nev] be made s small z to *eck ! exhau/ /eam to any great degree1 & cause back pressure 9 ! cyl9d]1 z ! p[] ( ! eng9e w\ld be dim9i%$4 ,! op5+ %\ld be z l>ge z possible1 & /ill produce suffici5t draught to keep ! requir$ /eam pressure4 ,,fusible ,,plug4 ,illu/ration3 ,lunk5heim] ,fusible ,plug4 ,a ,fusible ,plug is a %ort brass bolt :i* has a hole runn+ ?r\gh its c5t]1 fill$ ) a metal t melts at a l[ temp]ature4 ,?is plug is screw$ into ! cr[n %eet directly ov] ! fire1 & z long z x is cov]$ ) wat] ! metal w n melt & run out2 b %\ld ! wat] become l[1 expos+ ! cr[n %eet to ! int5se heat ( ! fire1 ! metal w run out1 & ! /eam ru%+ ?r\gh ! hole puts out ! fire & _m times saves ! cr[n %eet f injury4 ,q4 ,9 :at condition w\ld ! plug become useless & ( no value8 ,a4 ,by all[+ x to become cov]$ on ! inn] end ) scale & s$im5t4 ,x %\ld be unscrew$ & occasionally exam9$1 at lea/ two or ?ree times dur+ ! season1 & all scale & dirt remov$ f ! end ( ! plug be=e replac+4 ,exam9e ! cr[n %eet to see t no scale has =m$ ov] ! hole to prev5t ! wat] f rea*+ ! plug4 ,q4 ,h[ c a plug t has melt$ out be refill$8 ,a4 ,unscrew ! plug f cr[n %eet & cap "o end ) clay1 !n melt ! lead or babbitt metal 9 a %ovel1 spoon1 or ev5 a piece ( b5t %eet iron1 & refill ! plug4 ,n[1 ) a light hamm]1 close ! ends tight1 & screw ! plug into ! cr[n %eet4 ,,l[ ,,wat] ,,al>m4 ,a l[ wat] al>m is an in/rum5t atta*$ to a boil]1 & s arrang$ & con/ruct$ t :5 ! wat] 9 ! boil] gets to a c]ta9 level1 :]eby x is becom+ dang]\sly l[1 ! al>m is giv5 by ! bl[+ ( a :i/le or r++ ( a bell4 ,j4 ,i4 ,,case ,,automatic ,,high ,,spe$ ,,eng9e4 ,?is /yle ( ,automatic ,eng9es comb9es simplicity1 compactness1 direct action1 lightness ( mov+ p>ts1 automatic lubrication1 & p]fect regulation4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,automatic ,p$e/al ,eng9e4 ,x is made 9 ?ree ma9 v>ieties3 ,! ,p$e/al ,eng9e1 ! ,bracket ,eng9e1 & ! ,hang] ,eng9e4 ,! illu/ration repres5ts ! ,p$e/al type1 ! upright frame ( :i* is ca/ 9 "o piece1 & encloses & protects ! pr9cipal mov+ p>ts1 its l[] "p be+ a res]voir = oil1 into :i* ! crank-p9 dips at e revolution1 af=d+ a simple & effici5t means ( lubrication4 ,! pi/on is connect$ directly ) ! crank %aft1 ?us do+ away ) ! cross-head1 wri/-p9 & guides4 ,! pi/on be+ ?us connect$ at "o end to ! crank-p91 x travels back & =? at its o!r extremity ?r\gh ! bore ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! latt] by reason ( its %ape is free to turn 9 its cas+1 & is !re=e rock$ by ! vibrat+ pi/on rod ?r\gh an arc suffici5t to op5 & close ! /eam & exhau/ ports on its face4 ,! cut-(f valve is ( ! plug type1 & receives its motion f ! %aft cut-(f gov]nor1 atta*$ to ! balance :eel4 ,! c5t] crank %aft runs 9 two l>ge be>+s :i* are bolt$ securely to ! side ( ! frame4 ,access to ! inside ( ! frame c be _h by tak+ (f ! plates f ei!r side4 ,! ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,high ,spe$ ,eng9es range 9 size f #b to #be horse p[]1 ! spe$ ( :i* ranges f #ijj d[n to #eej revolutions p] m9ute1 & c be us$ 9 any capacity4 ,,/eam ,,eng9es4 ,all /yles ( eng9es bo? l>ge & small %\ld receive prop] att5tion4 ,all ! vibrat+ & mov+ p>ts %\ld be kept well oil$ & free f grit & dirt4 ,if ?is is neglect$1 ! friction ( ! mov+ p>ts w soon we> away ! metal & induce p\nd+ & cause :at is call$ 8lo/ motion10 :i* detracts greatly f ! p[] ( ! eng9e1 & if all[$ to run 9 ?is condition w soon necessitate l>ge exp5se = repairs & %ort5 ! life ( ! eng9e4 ,tight5 all ! boxes z !y we>1 be+ c>eful n to get !m too tight4 ,keep ! pi/on rod & valve rod well pack$ ) a good quality ( s(t pack+4 ,keep ! valve or valves set prop]ly to give ! requir$ am\nt ( lap & lead & an equal cut-(f at ! end ( ea* /roke :e!r work+ 9 full ge> or not*$ up4 ,keep ! cross-head %oes fitt$ prop]ly 9 ! guides1 be+ c>eful to keep ! pi/on rod 9 l9e4 ,if ! above in/ructions are foll[$1 y\r eng9e w run smoo?ly & d good s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,sectional ,view ( ,simple ,eng9e1 ,%[+ ,cyl9d]1 ,/eam ,*e/1 ,pla9 ,slide ,valve1 ,/eam & ,exhau/ ,ports1 ,pi/on & ,rod1 ,eng9e ,frame1 ,cross-head1 ,connect+ ,rod1 ,crank ,disc1 & ,rock] ,arm & ,rod = ,op]at+ ,valve4 ,,/eam ,,cyl9d]4 ,! ,/eam ,cyl9d] is t "p ( an eng9e 9 :i* ! pi/on travels2 x also conta9s ! /eam & exhau/ ports & is "o ( ! mo/ exp5sive1 z well z ess5tial1 p>ts ( an eng9e4 ,! cyl9d] %\ld be made ( ! be/ quality ( ca/ iron1 & ! greate/ c>e tak5 9 bor+ x p]fectly true & r\nd4 ,x %\ld be c\nt]-bor$ at ea* end to all[ ! pi/on 9 its travel to ov]lap at ! end ( ea* /roke4 ,)\t ! c\nt]-bore1 a %\ld] w\ld be =m$ at bo? ends ( ! cyl9d] z x became worn by ! pi/on r+s1 :i* 9 "t w\ld cause a knock or p\nd at ! end ( e /roke2 ! only rem$y be+ to h ! cyl9d] re-bor$4 ,special att5tion %\ld be paid to keep+ ! cyl9d] well oil$ ) ! be/ quality ( cyl9d] oil to prev5t x f be+ cut by ! pi/on r+s4 ,if all[$ to run dry & cut1 x w cause no end ( tr\ble4 ,! size ( cyl9d] is n always ! measure ( ! p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,! p[] dep5ds ^u ! heat+ surface ( ! boil] & /eam pressure2 z ! pi/on spe$ c always be increas$1 by runn+ ! eng9e fa/]1 until ! maximum evaporat+ capacity ( ! boil] is rea*$4 ,,pi/on ,,& ,,rod4 ,! ,pi/on is ano!r v important "p 9 ! con/ruction ( an eng9e1 & x conveys ! p[] ( ! /eam to ! crank4 ,x is compos$ ( a pi/on head1 on :i* are plac$ ! pi/on r+s held 9 position by ! foll[] plate1 & is securely atta*$ to ! pi/on rod4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ! con/ruction ( ! pi/on r+s to h !m fit ! cyl9d] p]fectly tight1 at ! same "t to h ! lea/ possible friction4 ,pi/on r+s %\ld always be made ( a s(t] metal ?an ! cyl9d] s t ! great] "p ( ! we> w be ^u ! r+s in/ead ( ! cyl9d]1 z ! r+s c easily be replac$4 ,!re are a great _m k9ds ( pack+ = pi/on r+s1 b ! mo/ commonly us$ at ! pres5t "t are ! /eam pack+ r+s4 ,! "*1 accuracy 9 con/ruction & condition ( ! pi/on make a great diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( fuel consum$ & ! am\nt ( p[] develop$ by ! eng9e4 ,! ,pi/on ,rod connects ! pi/on to ! cross-head & is g5]ally made ( /eel4 ,:]e ! pi/on rod ent]s ! cyl9d]1 a /eam tight jo9t is obta9$ by ! use ( a s(t1 pliable pack+ plac$ 9 ! /uff+ box1 & held 9 position by ! /uff+ box gl&4 ,?is box is kept pack$ j tight en\gh to prev5t leak+1 by draw+ up ! /uff+ box gl& :5 requir$4 ,?is c be repeat$ until ! pack+ is all us$ up1 :5 box mu/ be repack$4 ,,/eam ,,*e/4 ,! ,/eam ,*e/ conta9s ! valve1 & c be on ei!r side ( cyl9d] z may be/ suit ! /yle ( eng9e4 ,/eam is admitt$ into ! /eam *e/1 & passes into ! cyl9d] by ! action ( ! valve4 ,_m eng9e build]s ca/ cyl9d] & /eam *e/ 9 "o piece1 :ile o!rs ca/ !m sep>ately & bolt !m toge!r4 ,! only advantage ( ! =m] ov] ! latt] is ! abs5ce ( "o less jo9t to keep pack$4 ,illu/ration3 ,/eam ,*e/ & ,pla9 ,slide ,valve4 ,! /eam ports are ! two op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! /eam is admitt$ to ! cyl9d]4 ,! exhau/ port is ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! exhau/ or wa/e /eam passes out ( ! cyl9d]4 ,,valve4 ,!re are a great _m k9ds ( valves us$ on /eam eng9es1 namely1 ! ,corliss1 ,slide1 ,rock]1 ,balance1 ,rot>y1 etc41 b ! "o mo/ commonly us$ on f>m eng9es is ! pla9 slide valve1 :i* has be5 g5]ally adopt$ by all ! l>g] eng9e build]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is simple 9 design1 & :5 prop]ly set does its "w v effici5tly4 ,!y are less complicat$ ?an o!rs & are easily set2 !y are made 9 _m diff]5t designs1 b ! pr9ciple ( ea* is ! same4 ,! slide valve is con/ruct$ to slide ^u ! smoo? surface ( ! valve seat1 9 :i* are conta9$ ! two /eam ports = ! admission ( /eam to ea* end ( ! cyl9d]1 & also ! exhau/ port ?r\gh :i* ! exhau/ or wa/e /eam passes out ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! slide valve is op]at$ by ! ecc5trics1 :i* are atta*$ to ! ma9 crank %aft ( ! eng9e & revolve ) x1 ! object ( ! ecc5trics be+ to move ! slide valve back & =? ^u its seat to admit ! /eam alt]nately ?r\gh ! /eam ports to ! cyl9d]4 ,! valve ge> is a mo/ important detail & "o ^u :i* ! economy ( fuel 9 a great measure dep5ds1 & any d]angem5t 9 ?is "p ( an eng9e causes an imm$iate increase 9 ! fuel consum$ & decrease 9 ! p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,9 a prop]ly con/ruct$ valve ! slide ^u ! seat %\ld be r$uc$ to ! smalle/ possible am\nt1 & %\ld be s design$ z to give an equal cut-(f & release at bo? ends ( ! cyl9d]1 :e!r work+ full ge> or not*$ up4 ,! eng9e %\ld also h ! same p[] :e!r work+ =w>d or backw>d1 & ! cut-(f %\ld be z %>p z possible4 ,! m p]fect ! valve ge> ! m ! eng9e c be not*$ up1 & ?us all[ ! /eam to exp& 9 ! cyl9d] to its utmo/4 ,! eng9e :i* c be not*$ up ! mo/ is ! mo/ economical 9 fuel & wat]4 ,,cross-,,head4 ,illu/ration3 ,cross-head4 ,! ,cross-head is ( ca/ iron & connects ! pi/on rod to ! connect+ rod1 & is t "p ( an eng9e :]e ! motion is *ang$ f vibrat+ to rot>y4 ,! pi/on rod is fa/5$ securely to x1 :ile ! connect+ rod is atta*$ by wri/-p94 ,on a ,v guide or bor$ guide eng9e frame ! cross-head is suppli$ ) adju/able %oe slides t c be adju/$ to take up _! we> & fit ! guides prop]ly1 also to keep ! pi/on rod 9 l9e4 ,on a b> or locomotive guide eng9e ! cross-head is adju/$ by remov+ ! l9]s f betwe5 ! b>s4 ,,eng9e ,,frame4 ,! ,eng9e ,frame is ! l>ge ca/+ :i* conta9s ! bor$1 ,v %ap$ or locomotive guides = cross-head %oes4 ,x also conta9s ! pill[ block = crank %aft at "o end & ! cyl9d] is bolt$ to ! o!r4 ,!y are made 9 _m diff]5t /yles & %apes1 b all answ] ! same purpose4 ,,connect+ ,,rod4 ,! ,connect+ ,rod on an eng9e is ! connection betwe5 ! cross-head & crank-p92 x is g5]ally made ( wr\ght iron or /eel1 ) brass boxes at ea* end held 9 position by wr\ght /raps4 ,^! /raps are atta*$ to ! connect+ rod by gibs & keys4 ,connect+ rods are sometimes made ) mortis$ ends to receive ! brass boxes1 :i* are held 9 place by w$ge block & adju/+ screw4 ,! latt] /yle is us$ pr9cipally on ! l>g] makes ( eng9es4 ,:ile ! connect+ rod ) mortis$ ends are consid]$ a little ! safe/1 ! /raps on ! ends ( rods are mo/ commonly us$4 ,! brass boxes at ends ( connect+ rod are adju/able to take up ! we> by use ( ! gibs & keys1 & !y %\ld be adju/$ z frequ5tly z !re is any lo/ motion discov]$ at ! crank-p9 or cross-head1 :i* w be indicat$ by a knock+ or p\nd+ z ! crank passes ov] ! c5t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,connect+ ,rod4 ,,crank4 ,! ,crank is t "p ( an eng9e by :i* ! effect ( ! /eam act+ aga9/ ! pi/on is conv]t$ into "w4 ,!re are two k9ds1 ,side & ,c5t] crank4 ,! t]m ,side crank ref]s to a disc plate or a crank atta*$ to "o end ( a %aft & 9 :i* is plac$ ! crank-p94 ,:5 ! %aft ext5ds to ! "r ! eng9e is call$ a "r h& eng9e1 & :5 x ext5ds to ! left x is call$ a left h& eng9e4 ,! t]m ,c5t] crank ref]s to a %aft ) ! crank 9 ! c5t]1 ! %aft ext5d+ equally bo? ways & s con/ruct$ z to be v well balanc$4 ,x is optional z to :i* gives ! be/ results z bo? k9ds are us$ ^u all sizes ( eng9es4 ,,crank-,,p94 ,! ,crank-,p9 connects ! connect+ rod & crank4 ,x is made ( /eel1 & special c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! crank-p9 well oil$4 ,if all[$ to run dry & cut1 x w soon heat & ru9 bo? p9 & boxes4 ,if once all[$ to become cut1 x w be impossible to prev5t x f heat+4 ,,l9k ,,rev]se4 ,! ,l9k ,rev]se is compos$ ( two ecc5trics & rods1 l9k1 block & slide1 also lev] & quadrant = hold+ l9k 9 any position4 ,! duty ( ! l9k is to rev]se ! eng9e by simply ?r[+ ! rev]se lev] backw>d & =w>d4 ,! spe$ ( ! eng9e c also be r$uc$ & increas$ by ! same op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,l9k ,rev]se4 ,,rumely ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ?is eng9e1 :i* is ( ! side crank1 re> ge> /yle1 x w be se5 t ! eng9e is 9 a diff]5t position ^u ! boil] f ! ord9>y side crank1 hav+ ! cyl9d] =w>d1 & ! crank %aft at ! re> end4 ,! frame is ( ! gird] patt]n1 ) ov]hang+ cyl9d] atta*$ to "o end1 ! pill[ block be>+ at ! o!r1 & is secur$ to ! boil] by two brackets4 ,! eng9e is suppli$ ) a ,cross-head ,pump1 ,l9k ,rev]se ,ge>1 ,friction ,clut*1 ,automatic ,oil]1 ,gov]nor1 ,l>ge ,cyl9drical ,wat] ,tank on ! side1 & ,tool ,boxes ^u ! ,plat=m4 ,! boil] is ( ! r\nd bottom fire box or locomotive /yle1 has ! dome 9 front1 & ! a% pan is 9 ! l[] "p ( ! fire box4 ,x is m\nt$ ^u ! traction :eels by brackets atta*$ to ! re> end ( ! boil]1 :i* conta9 ! ma9 axle4 ,! front end re/s ^u a truss$ axle4 ,! traction :eels are high1 & are ( ! wr\ght iron rim direct spoke type4 ,! loose traction :eel is furni%$ ) a lock+ device = secur+ x to ! axle4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! eng9e & ! high traction :eels1 ! driv+ or b& :eel is plac$ betwe5 "o ( ! traction :eels & ! boil]4 ,! necess>y fitt+s are furni%$ ) bo? boil] & eng9e to keep !m 9 good runn+ ord] & p]fectly safe if prop]ly h&l$4 ,illu/ration3 ,rumely ,traction ,eng9e4 ,,l9k4 ,! ,l9k is t "p :i* holds ! l9k block & is connect$ at ea* end to ! ecc5tric rods2 x is us$ only on rev]s+ eng9es4 ,! l9k is made on a curve1 s t :5 ! l9k block is at ei!r extreme end ! valve is op]at$ to its full movem5t4 ,:5 ! block is 9 ! c5t] ( l9k1 ! valve cov]s bo? ports & prev5ts ! +ress ( /eam to ! cyl9d]4 ,! ,l9k ,block is atta*$ to ! slide :i* connects x to ! valve rod4 ,! valve rod connects ! slide & valve1 & :]e x ent]s ! /eam *e/ is pack$ 9 l mann] to ! pi/on rod4 ,,rev]se ,,lev]4 ,! ,rev]se ,lev] is t "p ( ! valve ge> connect$ ) ! l9k = rais+ & l[]+ x1 !reby *ang+ ! travel ( ! valve & rev]s+ ! motion ( ! eng9e4 ,:5 ! rev]se lev] is plac$ 9 ! c5t] not* ( quadrant1 ! lap ( slide valve %\ld cov] bo? /eam ports1 prev5t+ any /eam f ent]+ ! cyl9d]1 ?us /opp+ ! eng9e4 ,9 mov+ ?is lev] f ! c5t] not*1 x ei!r drops or raises ! l9k z ! case may be1 increas+ ! travel ( ! valve & all[+ /eam to ent] ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! rev]se lev] is ?r[n into ! outside not* ( quadrant at ei!r end y get full travel ( ! valve :i* gives full p[] ( eng9e1 provid+ y h suffici5t /eam pressure4 ,,ecc5trics4 ,! ,ecc5tric on an eng9e is = ! purpose ( mov+ ! valve back & =? ^u ! valve seat & has a ?r[ equal to ! travel ( ! valve4 ,! ?r[ ( ecc5tric is caus$ by ! :eel or plate be+ bor$ to "o side ( its true c5t]1 & g5]ally equals "o-half ! travel ( ! valve4 ,if m or less1 ! diff]5ce is caus$ by ! use ( rock] arm or simil> devices = increas+ or dim9i%+ ! ?r[ ( ecc5tric z ! case may be4 ,! ecc5tric is accurately fitt$ & fa/5$ to ! ma9 %aft ( ! eng9e ) set screws or key4 ,,ecc5tric ,,/rap4 ,! ,ecc5tric ,/rap is t "p ( ! eng9e 9 :i* ! ecc5tric revolves1 & is atta*$ to l9k by ! ecc5tric rod4 ,x %\ld be kept well oil$ to secure a free & easy movem5t to ! l9k4 ,on rev]s+ eng9es !re are two ecc5trics exactly alike1 "o connect+ ) upp] end ( l9k1 ! o!r ) l[] end by ! ecc5tric /raps & rods4 ,9 ?is case ! ecc5tric rod t is mov+ ! valve is ! "o ne>e/ to ! l9k block4 ,:5 ! lev] is 9 ! c5t] not* ! l9k is also 9 ! c5t] ( its travel4 ,9 ?is case1 bo? ( ! ecc5tric rods move an equal di/ance & ! l9k vibrates back & =?1 b z ! block is 9 ! c5t] x gives no motion to ! valve1 & z ! valve1 hav+ suffici5t lap1 cov]s bo? ports :5 ! lev] is 9 ?is position prev5ts ! +ress ( /eam to ! cyl9d]1 consequ5tly no motion4 ,,ecc5tric ,,rod4 ,! ,ecc5tric ,rod connects ! ecc5tric to ! l9k1 two be+ us$ on a rev]s+ eng9e4 ,on a simple eng9e only "o ecc5tric rod is us$ & is connect$ to a rock] arm :i* is atta*$ to ! valve rod4 ,,woolf ,,valve ,,ge>4 ,! ,woolf ,valve ,ge> is us$ 9 connection ) an eng9e to rev]se its motion4 ,x is arrang$ ) "o ecc5tric atta*$ to ! crank %aft ! /rap ( :i* has a long arm ca/ on1 to :i* ! ecc5tric rod t moves ! valve is atta*$4 ,?is arm is also suppli$ ) a roll]1 :i* runs 9 a slot on a rock+ head4 ,?is head is held 9 position by a box & is connect$ to ! rev]se lev] by a rod4 ,by ?r[+ ! rev]se lev] to ei!r end ( ! quadrant1 ! position ( ! rock+ head is s plac$ t ! roll] 9 ! slide op]ates ! ecc5tric /rap1 rod & valve1 & ! eng9e w run 9 ! direction desir$4 ,by ?r[+ ! rev]se lev] to ! opposite end ( ! quadrant1 ! position ( ! rock+ head is s *ang$ t x w rev]se ! motion ( ! valve1 & ! eng9e w run 9 ! opposite direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,woolf ,valve ,ge>4 ,! ,quadrant be+ not*$1 ! po9t ( cut-(f c be regulat$ ) ! rev]se lev]1 accord+ to ! load2 by plac+ x 9 ! la/ not* 9 quadrant :5 full p[] ( eng9e is requir$1 or not*+ x up :5 do+ light "w1 ! same z ) ! l9k rev]se ge>4 ,,gov]nor4 ,! ,gov]nor conta9s a valve s con/ruct$ & connect$ ) ! weight$ balls t an increase ( spe$ ( ! eng9e ?r[s out ! balls1 :i* raises ! arms atta*$ to valve rod1 !reby clos+ ! valve & ?us decreases ! fl[ ( /eam ?r\gh ! gov]nor valve & r$uces ! spe$ ( eng9e until ! gov]nor balls are aga9 9 _! true position4 ,n[1 :5 ! spe$ decreases & ! weight$ balls rise above _! true position1 ! valve op5s1 all[s m /eam to ent] ! cyl9d] & ! spe$ ( ! eng9e increases until ! eng9e is aga9 runn+ at its prop] spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,g>dn] ,gov]nor4 ,gov]nors are us$ to regulate ! quantity ( /eam requir$ to run an eng9e at a uni=m spe$ "u v>iation ( load1 & to run prop]ly !y %\ld be kept p]fectly clean & free f ! accumulation ( gummy sub/ances caus$ by us+ inf]ior oil1 :i* has a t5d5cy to int]f]e ) ! free & easy movem5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,q4 ,if y desire to run y\r eng9e fa/] or sl[] ) ! ?rottle valve wide op51 h[ c x be done8 ,a4 ,"s makes ( gov]nors are provid$ ) regulat+ screws at ! top2 by turn+ ! h& nut 9 "o direction y l5g!n ! valve /em & r$uce ! /eam op5+ 9 ! gov]nor valve1 :i* r$uces ! spe$4 ,to increase ! spe$ ( ! eng9e ! h&le nut is turn$ ! opposite direction1 :i* %ort5s ! /em & increases ! op5+ 9 gov]nor valve1 all[+ m /eam to ent] ! cyl9d] & ! spe$ is proportionately increas$4 ,! ,g>dn] ,gov]nors are provid$ ) a h& screw at ! side = regulat+ ! spe$1 z w be se5 by exam9+ ! accompany+ cut4 ,x also has a ,sawy]'s ,lev] = op5+ ! valve to its full ext5t1 & a belt tight5]4 ,q4 ,w ! h&le nut /ay 9 position aft] once be+ set to a c]ta9 spe$8 ,a4 ,n unless ! *eck nut directly ov] ! h&le nut is screw$ d[n tight to prev5t ! /em f *ang+ its position4 ,q4 ,is a gov]nor liable to cause tr\ble & fail to gov]n ! eng9e prop]ly8 ,a4 ,all gov]nors are m or less delicate 9 con/ruction & mu/ be kept clean & well oil$1 ! belt mu/ n be all[$ to slip1 nor mu/ x be s tight z to cause ! gov]nor to "w h>d4 ,! small /uff+ box t packs ! valve /em %\ld nev] be screw$ d[n /eam tight1 z x causes too mu* friction on ! /em & prev5ts ! balls f op]at+ x1 & ! eng9e w run un/eadily & spasmodically4 ,always all[ ! /uff+ box to leak a little1 !n y "k x is n too tight4 ,fir/ class gov]nors may sometimes be condemn$ = n regulat+ ! eng9e to a uni=m spe$1 :5 a good clean+1 oil+ or loos5+ ( ! valve /em /uff+ box nut w\ld all[ !m to "w p]fectly4 ,,automatic ,,oil]4 ,an ,automatic ,oil] is us$ on an eng9e to keep ! cyl9d]1 pi/on & valve lubricat$1 & is mo/ ess5tial = ! safety & easy op]ation ( ^! p>ts4 ,x works automatically & is suppli$ ) a glass tube ?r\gh :i* ! oil c be se5 pass+ into ! cyl9d]4 ,! fe$ c be regulat$ to all[ j ! requir$ am\nt ( oil to pass into ! cyl9d]4 ,:]e a sight-fe$ automatic oil] is us$ on an eng9e !re c be no excuse :atev] = ! eng9e] to all[ ! cyl9d] to run dry & cut1 z he at all times c see :e!r oil is pass+ into x or n4 ,q4 ,h[ d y fill an automatic oil]8 ,a4 ,close valves ,d & ,e1 op5 valve ,g to draw (f ! wat]4 ,close valve ,g & take out fill+ plug ,c1 fill ,a ) oil & replace plug ,c1 !n op5 valve ,d1 & ! fl[ ( oil to ! cyl9d] c be regulat$ ) valve ,e4 ,q4 ,w ! oil fe$ z soon z ! oil] is fill$8 ,a4 ,no2 "t mu/ be giv5 = sight-fe$ glass & cond5s+ *amb] to fill ) wat] ( cond5sation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,description4 ,a4 ,oil ,res]voir4 ,c4 ,fill] ,plug4 ,d4 ,wat] ,fe$ ,valve4 ,e4 ,regulat+ ,valve4 ,f4 ,cond5s+ ,*amb]4 ,g4 ,dra9 ,valve4 ,h4 ,sight-,fe$ ,glass4 ,l4 ,plug to ,ins]t ,glass4 ,k4 ,connection to ,/eam ,pipe or ,/eam ,*e/4 ,q4 ,dra9 ,valve = ,sight-,fe$ ,glass4 ,s+le ,connection ,detroit ,oil]4 ,q4 ,h[ is a d\ble connection automatic oil] atta*$8 ,a4 ,fir/1 ! /eam pipe mu/ be drill$ & tapp$ above ! ?rottle ) or in* gas tap1 z may be necess>y to receive ! oil dis*>ge pipe ( oil] & put oil] 9 place4 ,!n tap ! /eam pipe ab\t #ah in*es if possible above ! top ( ! cond5s+ *amb] & fit 9 a in* gas pipe = /eam connect+ tube1 :i* atta*es to ! top ( cond5s+ *amb]4 7,see illu/ration47 ,illu/ration3 ,d\ble ,connection ,detroit ,oil]4 ,:]e ! /eam pipe _c be tapp$ #ah in*es above ! cond5s+ *amb]1 x may be tapp$ l[] d[n & ! /eam connect+ tube ( requir$ l5g? be b5t 9 a horizontal coil4 ,) ! s+le connection oil] x is only necess>y to drill & tap "o hole 9 ! /eam pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,d\ble ,connection ,detroit ,oil]4 ,q4 ,%\ld oil] become clogg$1 h[ c x be clean$8 ,a4 ,op5 ! valves1 by :i* /eam c be =c$ ?r\gh x1 & all ! passages w be clean$4 ,?is c be done )\t /opp+ ! eng9e4 ,q4 ,if oil] is n 9 use & 9 dang] ( freez+1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,leave valves ,d1 ,g & ,e op51 & all wat] w be dra9$ (f4 ,q4 ,if ! glass tube 9 oil] %\ld get brok51 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,%ut valves ,d & ,e1 remove brok5 glass & replace ) new4 ,q4 ,h[ c oil be prev5t$ f /ick+ to lubricator glasses8 ,a4 ,a v simple rem$y is to fill ! glass ) glyc]9e & let ! oil fe$ ?r\gh x4 ,,injector4 ,an ,injector is an automatic ma*9e atta*$ to a boil]1 = inject+ or =c+ wat] into x & at ! same "t heat+ ! wat] to a v high temp]ature1 :i* saves fuel & prev5ts ! dang] ( sudd5 contraction ( ! plates & flues4 ,x c be us$ indep5d5tly & is indisp5sable on a f>m eng9e4 ,9 pip+ an injector to boil]1 use z %ort & z /raight pipes z possible & especially avoid %ort turns4 ,take /eam directly f boil]1 & h a globe valve 9 /eam pipe close to injector2 h ! wat] suction or supply pipe indep5d5t ( any o!r connection1 & x mu/ be suppli$ ) a globe valve close to injector4 ,?is pipe & connections mu/ be absolutely air tight2 ! slighte/ leak w cause tr\ble4 ,! dis*>ge pipe to boil] mu/ be suppli$ ) a tight & reliable *eck valve4 ,if valve leaks1 ! injector w become hot & cause no end ( annoyance4 ,x is a good plan to put a /op valve betwe5 *eck & boil] 9 dis*>ge pipe1 s t *eck valve maybe tak5 (f & repair$1 or a new "o put on )\t loss ( "t4 ,a foot ( /raight pipe screw$ into ! ov]fl[ assi/s 9 />t+ an injector1 especially at l[ pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,u4 ,s4 ,injector4 ,q4 ,h[ d y />t an injector to "w8 ,a4 ,to />t an injector1 op5 ! suction valve wide1 !n op5 /eam valve4 ,if wat] appe>s at ! ov]fl[1 close & op5 quickly ! suction valve1 op5+ only ab\t ( a turn if at l[ /eam pressure1 & "o turn or m if at high /eam pressure1 regulat+ ! wat] supply accord+ to /eam pressure4 ,! injector is controll$ entirely by ! valve 9 suction pipe1 or by ! suction lev] aft] ! /eam is turn$ on4 ,q4 ,w an injector "w ) hot supply wat]8 ,a4 ,an injector w n "w if ! wat] t is deliv]$ f ! tank is too hot to cond5se ! /eam4 ,q4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal causes ( an injector n work+ accurately8 ,a4 ,leak 9 suction pipe1 supply cut (f by /ra9] be+ clogg$1 loose l9+ inside ! hose1 leak 9 ! /em ( valve1 too little /eam pressure to lift1 dirt 9 ! tubes1 r$ lead bl[n or drawn 9 ?r\gh /eam or supply pipe1 bad *eck valve1 n lift en\gh or none at all1 new boil] full ( grease1 wet /eam1 ob/ruction 9 ! connection to ! boil]4 ,if injector fails1 exam9e at all ( ^! po9ts be=e condemn+4 ,! mo/ common tr\ble is a leaky suction4 ,9 describ+ ! me?od ( connection & op]at+ an injector ! =ego+ may h to be modifi$ 9 "s in/ances1 z !re are a great _m diff]5t k9ds & /yles ( injectors :i* op]ate & connect diff]5tly1 b ! above if foll[$ c>efully & ) a little discretion w be f\nd useful4 ,be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! injector does n />t to "w to boil] z soon z x gets ! wat]4 ,at fir/ ! wat] w run out ( ! ov]fl[4 ,at ?is po9t y />t ! injector work+ to ! boil] by clos+ & op5+ ! wat] valve z quickly z possible ) a j]k1 or z ne>ly ) "o motion z y c4 ,q4 ,h[ d y f9d ! maximum & m9imum capacity ( injectors8 ,a4 ,injectors are controll$ entirely by ! suction valve aft] /eam is turn$ on4 ,to f9d ! maximum capacity ( an injector aft] />t+1 gradually op5 ! suction valve 9 supply pipe until /eam 8breaks0 & wat] comes out ( ! ov]fl[1 !n />t ! injector aga9 & y w "k ab\t h[ f> ! suction valve c be op5$ )\t caus+ ! 8break40 ,to f9d ! m9imum capacity ( ! injector1 manipulate ! suction valve 9 ! same mann] 9 exactly ! opposite direction4 ,,directions ,,= ,,op]at+ ,,_w ,,injector4 ,see t ! injector is %ut (f :5 put on1 by turn+ ! h&le z f> to ! "r z x w g4 ,to />t1 turn h&le to ! left "o-qu>t] turn2 :5 ! wat] appe>s at ! ov]fl[1 turn ! h&le sl[ly to ! left z f> z x w g1 & ! injector w be work+ to ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,_w ,injector4 ,if /eam is high & lift long1 ! injector w lift ! wat] bett] if ! h&le is turn$ a little less ?an a qu>t] ( a turn1 until ! wat] appe>s at ov]fl[--!n />t to boil] z be=e4 ,if y h valves 9 /eam & suction pipes1 be sure & op5 !m be=e />t+4 ,q4 ,h[ high w an injector draw its supply8 ,a4 ,ab\t tw5ty feet is ! limit4 ,q4 ,h[ hot does an injector deliv] wat]8 ,a4 ,f #aej degrees to #bjj degrees1 accord+ to ! /eam pressure & ! proportions ( its capacity at :i* injector is work+4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! jets be clean$ :5 !y become scal$8 ,a4 ,by soak+ 9 dilut$ muriat$ acid1 ab\t "o "p acid to t5 p>ts wat]4 ,,?rottle4 ,! ,?rottle on an eng9e is ! valve :i* all[s ! /eam to ent] or be %ut (f f ! cyl9d] & %\ld always be left wide op5 on a gov]nor eng9e :5 runn+1 z ! gov]nor regulates ! quantity ( /eam requir$ to run x at its prop] spe$ & is mu* m economical4 ,!re are diff]5t /yles ( valves us$ = ?rottles1 su* z ,globe ,valves1 ,butt]fly ,valves1 ,disc ,valves1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,lunk5heim] ,?rottle ,valve4 ,! ,lunk5heim] is a d\ble disc valve1 & is op]at$ by ! h&le or rod atta*m5t1 & requires no lock or rat*et4 ,,/eam ,,pump4 ,an ,indep5d5t ,/eam ,pump is virtually an eng9e ) two cyl9d]s1 "o = ! /eam pi/on1 ! o!r = ! wat] pi/on or plung]1 & is us$ 9 connection ) a /eam boil] = supply+ x ) wat]4 ,! dis*>ge pipe ( a pump is g5]ally connect$ ) a fe$ wat] heat] ( "s sort1 :i* heats ! wat] to a high temp]ature be=e ent]+ ! boil]1 ?\gh !re is a late patt]n ( /eam pump :i* deliv]s ! fe$ wat] to ! boil] at ab\t ! same temp]ature z ! injector4 ,! cyl9d] ( /eam pump %\ld always be well oil$ be=e />t+ 9 ! morn+ & /opp+ at night4 ,! /uff+ boxes on pi/on & valve rod %\ld 9 all cases be kept well fill$ ) s(t & moi/ pack+4 ,if ! pack+ is all[$ to become dry & h>d1 x w cut ! rod1 induc+ leakage & necessitat+ repairs4 ,:5 a /eam pump is n 9 use 9 cold wea!r all ! dra91 drip & pet cocks %\ld be left op51 to all[ ! wat] to run out4 ,:ile mo/ f>m eng9es are furni%$ ) an indep5d5t /eam pump1 "s are equipp$ ) :at is call$ a cross-head pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,/eam ,pump4 ,a ,cross-,head ,pump is op]at$ by a plung] atta*$ to ! cross-head ( eng9e & has two valves1 a supply & a dis*>ge valve1 also is suppli$ ) an air *amb]4 ,?is /yle ( pump is available only :5 eng9e is runn+4 ,eng9es ) a cross-head pump %\ld always be suppli$ ) an injector to be us$ 9 case ( failure ( pump to "w & :ile eng9e is %ut d[n4 ,! cross-head pump is connect$ to ! heat] 9 ! same mann] z an indep5d5t pump4 ,q4 ,h[ high w ! /eam pump lift wat]8 ,a4 ,a /eam pump w lift or draw wat] ab\t #cc feet1 z ) "o in* area1 #cc feet ( wat] w weigh #ad4g lbs41 b ! pump mu/ be 9 v good ord] to lift #bj feet & all pipes mu/ be absolutely air tight4 ,a pump w give bett] satisfaction lift+ f #aj to #ae feet4 ,no pump h[ev] good w lift hot wat]1 = ! reason t z soon z air is expell$ f ! b>rel ( ! pump ! vapor occupies ! space1 !reby de/roys ! vacuum & int]f]es ) ! supply ( wat]4 ,:5 necess>y to pump hot wat]1 place ! pump bel[ ! supply1 s t ! wat] w fl[ into ! valve *amb]4 ,always h a /ra9] at l[] end ( suction or supply pipe4 ,a pump %\ld be set up s t x is accessible = inspection1 clean+ & repairs1 & s t ! %orte/ & /raighte/ suction & deliv]y pipes c be us$4 ,,m>% ,,/eam ,,pump4 ,! ,m>% ,/eam ,pump is s con/ruct$ t ! exhau/ /eam may be turn$ into ! suction1 !reby cond5s+ its exhau/ /eam & return+ x ) its heat to ! boil]1 ?us heat+ ! fe$ wat] to a high degree4 ,! pump is automatically regulat$ & c nev] run too fa/ to take suction1 or %\ld ! wat] supply give out :5 ! ?rottle valve is wide op5 no injury c occur to ! mov+ p>ts4 ,! /eam valve1 ?\gh nicely fitt$1 moves freely 9 ! c5tral bore ( ! /eam *e/1 & has no me*anical connection ) o!r mov+ p>ts ( ! pump1 b is actuat$ to admit1 cut (f & release ! /eam by live /eam curr5ts :i* alt]nate ) ! reciprocation ( ! pi/on4 ,ea* end ( ! valve is made to fit ! enl>g$ bore ( ! /eam *e/1 & x is due to ^! l>ge valve heads1 :i* pres5t diff]5tial areas to ! action ( /eam & ! p]fect fre$om ( ! valve to move )\t h9drance f o!r me*anical arrangem5ts or p>ts1 t ! fl[ ( /eam into ! pump is automatically regulat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>% ,,pump4 ,capacity #aj to #ce ,horse-,p[]4 ,! /eam valve does n require sett+1 z x has no dead c5t] & w always />t :5 /eam is admitt$4 ,! /eam pi/on is d\ble & ea* head is provid$ ) a metal pack+ r+4 ,! pi/on rod is made ( ,tob9 bronze1 ! /uff+ boxes & wat] pi/on are made ( brass1 & ! wat] cyl9d] is brass l9$4 ,! wat] valves may be remov$ = inspection by simply tak+ (f ! air *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,m>% ,/eam ,pump1 ,%[+ ,wat] ,valves1 ,/eam ,valves1 ,suction ,*amb] & ,pi/on4 ,,directions ,,= ,,sett+ ,,up ,,& ,,runn+4 ,be=e connect+ ! /eam pipes1 bl[ out ) /eam pressure ! *ips & dirt 9 ! /eam pipes4 ,always use ! union furni%$ ) ! pump4 ,x has a gauze gasket 9 x to cat* ! dirt t may get into ! valve4 ,be=e />t+ pump1 op5 air cock 9 deliv]y pipe & turn exhau/ lev] back1 away f ! air *amb]4 ,!n op5 ?rottle valve wide & all[ pump to exhau/ into ! air until x takes suction1 :5 deflect+ lev] may be ?r[n =w>d t[>d air *amb] & cold wat] 9 ! pump w cond5se ! exhau/ & return x to ! boil]4 ,if pump refuses to "w1 ! difficulty is to be look$ = 9 ! valve *e/4 ,d n take (f ! *e/4 ,! valve may be tak5 out & clean$ b nev] fil$4 ,! valve mu/ be return$ ?r\gh same end z tak5 f4 ,be=e clos+1 be sure t ! head is screw$ tight on ! valve1 us+ ! socket wr5* furni%$4 ,:5 ! pump is /opp$1 pull ! exhau/ lev] back1 s ! cond5s$ /eam f leak ( ?rottle valve w n g into ! pump4 ,x is saf] also 9 cold wea!r to take (f head ( wat] end4 ,slight b con/ant lubrication adds mu* to ! regul> work+ ( ! pump4 ,be sure !re are no leaks 9 ! suction pipe1 & :5 wat] is rais$ m ?an #aj feet1 a foot valve %\ld be put 94 ,compress ! pack+s on pi/on rod z little z possible & yet prev5t ! escape ( /eam4 ,be=e leav+ ! pump 9 cold wea!r1 break ! suction & all[ x to run empty = a m9ute ) all ! cocks op51 !n be sure ! ?rottle valve is clos$ tight4 ,:5 necess>y1 pack ! jo9ts "u ! /eam *e/1 side plate & air *amb] ) manilla pap] or ?9 rubb]4 ,,heat]4 ,! ,heat] is us$ on an eng9e 9 connection ) a boil] = heat+ ! fe$ wat] be=e x ent]s ! boil] "u /eam pressure4 ,x is usually con/ruct$ ( a %ell ( ca/ or boil] iron into :i* live or exhau/ /eam is admitt$4 ,?is %ell usually conta9s a s]ies ( pipes or a coil ( pipe1 ?r\gh :i* ! fe$ wat] is =c$ by ! pump1 ! wat] !reby be+ heat$ to a high temp]ature be=e ent]+ ! boil]4 ,,ejector4 ,an ,ejector is a ma*9e = lift+ wat] f v>i\s dep?s & =c+ x to v>i\s heights ) /eam pressure1 z foll[s3 ,) #bj p\nds /eam pressure an ejector w lift wat] to a level f #af or #ag feet bel[ & =ce x to a height ( #ae or #af feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,ejector4 ,) #fj p\nds /eam pressure w lift #bj feet & =ce to a height ( #fj feet4 ,) #ajj p\nds /eam pressure w lift #bc feet & =ce to a height ( #ajg feet4 ,an ejector may be plac$ 9 any position to suit ! conv5i5ce 9 pip+2 !y require b ?ree connections1 /eam1 suction & deliv]y4 ,,jet ,,pump4 ,a ,jet ,pump is a ma*9e us$ = draw+ wat] & dis*>g+ x above ! surface level4 ,x w draw wat] to a level f #aj or #ae feet bel[ & dis*>ge x at a height ( ab\t "o foot to e p\nd /eam pressure appli$4 ,a jet pump has ?ree connections1 /eam1 suction & deliv]y1 & may be plac$ 9 any position to suit conv5i5ce 9 pip+4 ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,jet ,pump4 ,,/eam ,,gauge4 ,a ,/eam ,gauge is an in/rum5t us$ = indicat+ 9 p\nds ! am\nt ( /eam pressure ^u ea* squ>e in* ( surface ( ! boil]4 ,x is v delicately con/ruct$1 & %\ld n be tamp]$ ) aft] once be+ set to indicate correctly4 ,if a /eam gauge is f\nd n to indicate ! exact pressure 9 ! boil] x %\ld be s5t to ! factory = repairs4 ,nev] attempt to repair x unless all ! appliances = s do+ are at h&4 ,a /eam gauge %\ld always be plac$ on a boil] ) a syphon1 or by ty+ a knot 9 ! pipe betwe5 x & ! boil]1 s t ! /eam may cond5se1 !reby all[+ ! wat] to op]ate x4 ,if /eam is all[$ to ent]1 ! heat w\ld t5d to exp& ! tube 9 ! gauge & x w\ld indicate m ?an ! real pressure4 ,a /eam gauge is usually con/ruct$ ) a holl[1 flat tube1 call$ ! ,b\rdon spr+4 ,?is tube is b5t 9 a simple curve & fa/5$ at "o end1 ! o!r end is free & by a simple clock "w actuates ! po9t] :i* indicates ^u ! dial ! /eam pressure p] squ>e in* ^u ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a%cr(t ,/eam ,gauge4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]ior ,a%cr(t ,/eam ,gauge4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 case ! /eam gauge becomes defective8 ,a4 ,:5 ! /eam gauge has become brok5 by freez+ or o!rwise1 & !re is none on h&1 ! eng9e] may run by sett+ ! safety valve s t x w bl[ (f )9 f t5 to fifte5 p\nds less ?an x is ord9>ily set at1 & !n by c>eful fir+1 run until a new gauge c be procur$1 :i* %\ld be done )\t delay4 ,"s eng9e]s h be5 kn[n to make a practice ( runn+ )\t a /eam gauge4 ,q4 ,w\ld y recomm5d ?is me?od8 ,a4 ,no1 x mu/ be resort$ to only 9 case ( a sudd5 accid5t & :]e %utt+ d[n w\ld cause great loss4 ,e eng9e] %\ld h an extra /eam gauge on h&1 to be us$ 9 case ( accid5t to ! "o 9 use4 ,,safety ,,valve4 ,safety ,valves1 or pop valves1 z !y are sometimes t]m$1 are made 9 _m diff]5t k9ds & /yles1 b ! "o mo/ commonly us$ on a f>m eng9e is con/ruct$ ) a coil spr+1 :i* is adju/able1 to all[ ! valve to pop (f at a c]ta9 pressure4 ,:5 ! pressure exce$s ?is am\nt1 x raises ! valve f its seat & all[s ! surplus /eam to escape4 ,x %\ld be set ) ! /eam gauge1 to all[ a little m>g9 ( /eam pressure ov] t :i* is necess>y to drive ! load1 & %\ld be comp>$ ) ! /eam gauge frequ5tly to see t x works accurately4 ,x is furni%$ ) a lev] = rais+ ! valve1 :i* %\ld be rais$ occasionally to see t x op]ates freely4 ,illu/ration3 ,kunkle ,safety ,valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,kunkle ,safety ,valve1 ,sectional4 ,! safety valve be+ set ) /eam gauge1 ! gauge %\ld be wat*$ :5 safety valve bl[s (f4 ,if x indicates m or less ?an ! gauge some?+ is wrong1 ! valve m>k$ incorrectly or ! /eam gauge is out ( ord]4 ,9 case ! safety valve & /eam gauge d n regi/] alike1 ! valve %\ld be exam9$ to see t ! valve is n /uck 9 its seat1 & %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ ( all s$im5t2 !n put back 9 place aga9 & comp>$ ) ! /eam gauge z be=e4 ,if !y d n regi/] alike1 ! gauge %\ld be exam9$4 ,q4 ,is n a safety valve atta*$ to a boil] to prev5t explosion & loss ( life8 ,a4 ,! ,safety ,valve is only int5d$ to prev5t an explosion f excessive /eam pressure1 & %\ld nev] be set to hold m ?an ! requir$ pressure to give ! rat$ p[] = :i* ! eng9e is design$4 ,,glass ,,wat] ,,gauge4 ,a ,glass ,wat] ,gauge is a device atta*$ to a boil] to %[ ! level ( wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,x consi/s ( a glass tube t5 or twelve in*es long1 ) an angle valve atta*$ at ea* end4 ,! l[] valve ent]s ! boil] bel[ ! wat] l9e1 ! top valve ent]s ! boil] above ! wat] l9e 9 ! /eam space4 ,! ends ( ! glass are made /eam & wat] tight by means ( rubb] gaskets & /uff+ boxes4 ,z wat] w seek its own level1 ! height ( wat] 9 ! boil] w %[ a correspond+ height 9 ! glass1 & ! eng9e] at a glance kn[s j h[ high ! wat] 9 ! boil] is above ! flues & cr[n %eet4 ,illu/ration3 ,lunk5heim] ,wat] ,gauge4 ,,bl[ ,,(f ,,valve4 ,! ,bl[ ,(f ,valve is an angle or globe valve atta*$ to ! l[] "p ( a boil] = ! purpose ( bl[+ (f ! s$im5t accumulat$ by ! use ( impure wat]1 & %\ld be us$ m or less frequ5tly accord+ to ! condition ( ! wat] us$1 b nev] less ?an once a week4 ,!re is also a surface bl[ (f :i* is atta*$ to ! boil] at ab\t ! safe wat] level = ! purpose ( bl[+ (f ! scum :i* accumulates on top ( ! wat]4 ,?is scum %\ld be bl[n (f once or twice a day4 ,,gauge ,,cock4 ,a ,gauge ,cock is a /op cock atta*$ to a boil] to asc]ta9 ! height ( wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,!re are g5]ally two & sometimes ?ree gauge cocks atta*$ to a boil]4 ,! l[] "o ent]s ! boil] z l[ d[n z x is deem$ safe to all[ ! wat] to get1 :ile ! upp] "o ent]s ! boil] suffici5tly high to avoid gett+ too mu* wat]4 ,:]e ?ree gauges are us$1 ! middle "o ent]s ! boil] at ab\t ! prop] wat] level4 ,!y %\ld be op5$ frequ5tly to keep !m free f corrosion1 be+ sure to close !m tightly to prev5t leak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,lunk5heim] ,gauge ,cock4 ,,cyl9d] ,,cocks4 ,cyl9d] ,cocks are us$ 9 connection ) ! cyl9d] to all[ ! wat] accumulat$ by ! cond5s+ ( /eam 9 ! cyl9d] to escape1 & %\ld be op5$ e "t ! eng9e is />t$ or /opp$4 ,?is %\ld nev] be neglect$1 z great damage may be caus$ by ! break+ ( ! foll[] plate or cyl9d] head4 ,!y %\ld also be left op5 :5 eng9e is %ut d[n1 & at night 9 cold wea!r to prev5t freez+ & ! consequ5t damage4 ,illu/ration3 ,lunk5heim] ,cyl9d] ,cock4 ,,*eck ,,valve4 ,a ,*eck ,valve is ! valve on ! fe$ pipe betwe5 pump or injector & ! boil]4 ,! *eck valve is s con/ruct$ t ! pressure ( ! fe$ wat] f ! pump or injector lifts ! valve f its seat & ! wat] passes into ! boil]4 ,imm$iately aft] ! pressure f ! pump or injector is releas$1 ! pressure f ! boil] closes ?is valve & prev5ts ! wat] f be+ =c$ back into ! pump or injector4 ,!re are two *eck valves us$ 9 connection ) a pump1 "o on suction1 ! o!r on deliv] pipe4 ,q4 ,h[ c *eck valves t get /uck op5 be clos$8 ,a4 ,by simply tapp+ !m slightly ) a light hamm]4 ,q4 ,%\ld ?is be practic$8 ,a4 ,no1 :5 !y /ick at all !y %\ld be op5$ & ?or\ghly clean$ z soon z pressure c be %ut (f4 ,,compression ,,grease ,,cup4 ,compression grease cups are us$ ext5sively on eng9es = lubricat+ ! crank-p9 & wri/-p91 also pill[ block be>+s = crank %aft2 9 fact ?is me?od ( lubrication = all k9ds ( be>+s & j\rnals is becom+ univ]sally adopt$4 ,9 con/ruction ! ,besly ,bonanza ,cup is simple & durable4 ,! out] cas+ is ?read$ & fits tightly ov] ! bottom "p ( cup4 ,aft] ! cup has be5 put 9 place1 remove ! top "p1 fill x ) ,helmet oil or grease & screw x on ! l[] "p = two or ?ree ?reads4 ,! cup is !n 9 work+ ord]4 ,illu/ration ,to insure a pl5tiful supply ( grease to ! j\rnal or be>+1 all t is necess>y is to give ! top "p ( cup an occasional turn4 ,c4 ,h4 ,besly ,co4's ,helmet ,solid ,oil is = use 9 compression cups1 & is a p]fect lubricant1 9 fact x is said to be ! be/4 ,,m9neapolis ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! eng9e is suppli$ ) a return flue1 /raw1 wood & coal burn+ boil]4 ,! %ell ( ! ma9 flue is cyl9drical 9 %ape1 b tap]s t[>d ! front end4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! return flues c be set l[] at ! front end1 :i* x is claim$ has "s advantage 9 protect+ front end ( flues :5 asc5d+ /eep hills4 ,! /eam us$ is sup]heat$ by be+ conduct$ ?r\gh a pipe :i* ext5ds f ! top ( ! dome on ! inside ( boil] ?r\gh ! front head & smoke /ack to ! /eam *e/4 ,! eng9e is ( ! ,side ,crank1 ,side ,ge> /yle1 ! frame ( :i* is ! gird] patt]n ) bor$ guides1 & has an ov]hang+ cyl9d] atta*$ to "o end1 & conta9s ! pill[ block be>+ at ! o!r4 ,x is fitt$ ) ! ,woolf ,valve ,ge> = rev]s+1 ,friction ,clut*1 ,cross-head ,pump1 ,injector1 ,syphon = fill+ wat] tank on front end1 & a l>ge ,foot ,bo>d ) ,tool ,boxes atta*$4 ,! :eels are ( /eel1 & ! traction or drive :eels are furni%$ ) malleable mud cleats ext5d+ diagonally across ! entire wid? ( tire4 ,! boil] is safe ) prop] c>e1 economical 9 fuel1 & ! eng9e moves ov] ! road rapidly4 ,al?\gh simple 9 its g5]al con/ruction1 x has all ! appliances & fitt+s necess>y on a traction eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,m9neapolis ,traction ,eng9e4 ,,traction ,,eng9es4 ,traction ,f>m ,eng9es are becom+ m g5]ally us$ ea* ye>1 & to supply ! increas+ dem& = traction eng9es1 ! manufactur]s h sp>$ no exp5se or me*anical skill to place ^u ! m>ket ! late/ improvem5ts 9 ?is l9e1 & a great _m k9ds ( ?is class ( eng9e n[ made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are simply p]fect4 ,!y travel ov] ! r\ghe/ roads1 up & d[n /eep hills ) heavy loads1 & ! eng9e is at all times entirely "u ! control ( ! eng9e]4 ,9 fact1 !re is no class ( eng9es t has _h a m m>k$ advancem5t t[>d p]fection 9 ! pa/ few ye>s ?an ! f>m traction eng9e4 ,z ?is class ( eng9es 9 ! majority ( cases goes into ! h&s ( m5 inexp]i5c$ 9 ! h&l+ ( ma*9]y1 !y are subject$ to ! v h>de/ usage & neglect1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 ha/5s _! de/ruction4 ,e pur*as] ( an eng9e %\ld acquire suffici5t k ( ! op]at+ & h&l+ ( x s t he w "k :5 x is prop]ly c>$ =4 ,no eng9e has to run at m v>iable spe$s ?an a traction eng9e4 ,x is v important = ?is reason t ! /eam ports %\ld be ( suffici5t area to admit ( a v high pi/on spe$1 & all[ ! /eam to foll[ ! pi/on at ! necess>y velocity4 ,small ports are useless1 z :5 ! l9k is not*$ up1 & ! travel ( ! valve !reby r$uc$1 ! op5+s are too cramp$ = ! /eam to pass 9 & out ( ! cyl9d] com=tably4 ,! result is1 t ! slide valve is =c$ (f its seat & ! eng9e primes z soon z any great spe$ is atta9$4 ,x is easy to tell by ! s\nd ( ! exhau/ if ! ports are rightly proportion$1 & :e!r runn+ at high or l[ spe$1 ! eng9e %\ld give a cle> & di/9ct exhau/ at e /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,,ge>+4 ,! p[] ( ! traction eng9e is transmitt$ to ! traction :eels by a s]ies ( ge>+1 all ( :i* %\ld be made f accurately cut patt]ns to insure ! tee? me%+ p]fectly to prev5t !m f cutt+ & gr9d+ out1 & ( suffici5t /r5g? to )/& ! v r\gh usage to :i* !y are subject$4 ,! ge>+ ( an eng9e %\ld nev] be run )\t fir/ greas+ !m ?or\ghly ) a good quality ( solid oil or axle grease1 = if once y all[ ! tee? to cut1 x w be impossible to /op !m f cutt+1 ! result be+ !y w soon be ru9$4 ,! ge>+ on traction eng9es are plac$ 9 _m diff]5t positions = transmitt+ ! p[] to ! traction :eels1 z w be se5 by exam9+ ! diff]5t illu/rations giv5 9 ?is book4 ,on a side ge> eng9e ! p[] is transmitt$ f a small p9ion on ! ma9 %aft to an int]m$iate ge>1 f ?is ge> to ! diff]5tial ge> on cross %aft :i* is plac$ "u ! cyl9drical "p ( ! boil] aga9/ ! fire box4 ,to ?is %aft are key$ two small p9ions at ea* end1 :i* me% 9 l>ge spur ge>s fa/5$ securely to ! traction :eels4 ,on a re> ge> eng9e ! p[] is transmitt$ f ! small p9ion on crank %aft to l>ge spur ge> atta*$ to "o end ( cross %aft1 :i* crosses ! boil] at ! re> end4 ,to ! o!r end ( ?is %aft is atta*$ a small p9ion t me%es 9 ! l>ge diff]5tial ge> :i* is atta*$ to traction :eel & ma9 axle4 ,,diff]5tial ,,ge>4 ,! ge>+ on a traction eng9e mu/ be s design$ z to all[ "o ( ! gr\nd or traction :eels to run fa/] ?an ! o!r1 :5 turn+ eng9e ei!r to "r or left on ! road4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! ,diff]5tial ,ge> is made use (1 & answ]s all purposes admirably4 ,! ,diff]5tial ,ge> on _m /yles ( eng9es is atta*$ to ! cross %aft1 :ile on o!rs x is secur$ to ! ma9 axle1 &1 z g5]ally con/ruct$1 consi/s ( "o l>ge spur ge>1 hav+ ?ree or f\r bevel p9ions plac$ 9 x at equal di/ances ap>t & f ! c5t] ( ma9 ge>4 ,^! p9ions revolve loosely on p9s secur$ to ! ge>1 & ! spur ge> runs loosely on ! cross %aft or axle4 ,at ea* side ( ! spur ge> are plac$ bevel ge>s1 me%+ into ! bevel p9ions1 "o ( :i* is key$ fa/ to ! %aft or axle1 :ile ! o!r is firmly bolt$ to small p9ion t drives ! traction :eel1 or to hub ( ! traction :eel1 :i* also runs loosely on its axle4 ,?is device all[s "o drive :eel to rema9 idle :ile ! opposite :eel may revolve z fa/ z is requir$ to make ! turn4 ,diff]5tial ,ge>s %\ld be kept well greas$ ) solid oil or axle grease to prev5t ! cogs f be+ cut & we>+ away rapidly4 ,,friction ,,clut*4 ,?is atta*m5t on a traction eng9e is almo/ indisp5sable z x all[s ! eng9e] to give ! :ole p[] ( ! eng9e in/antly to ! traction ge> 9 gett+ ! eng9e out ( bad places1 or to move ! eng9e backw>d or =w>d ) s little app>5t ef=t z to be almo/ imp]ceptible1 :ile ! eng9e may be runn+ at full spe$2 also = tight5+ ! ma9 drive belt :5 atta*$ to ma*9]y )\t /opp+ ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,friction ,clut*4 ,! friction clut* %[n 9 illu/ration is con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,! friction pulley is con/ruct$ ) a friction r+ ^u its arms1 ! out] r+ act+ z a gu>d or protection1 ! friction r+ be+ turn$ accurately to receive ! wood5 %oes atta*$ to ! driv+ arm2 ^! wood5 friction %oes are fitt$ to ! out] surface ( ! r+ z well z ! inn]1 all be+ connect$ to "o set ( lev]s2 s :5 =ce is appli$ to engage ! friction to />t ! eng9e !re is no t5d5cy or dang] ( bur/+ ! rim1 z ! pressure is equal on bo? sides ( x4 ,! pulley is key$ to ! crank %aft1 :ile ! driv+ arm1 ) driv+ p9ion secur$ firmly to x1 runs loosely ^u ! %aft4 ,^u ! hub ( driv+ arm is plac$ a slid+ sleeve ) lev] atta*$1 :i* connects ) toggle lev]s b5ea? ! slid+ pieces :i* conta9 ! wood5 friction %oes1 ! :ole be+ op]at$ by ! slid+ /rap f footbo>d ( eng9e ne> by ! rev]se lev]4 ,?is makes a /rong & conv5i5t arrangem5t = transmitt+ p[]4 ,_m o!r /yles ( clut*es are made by eng9e build]s1 adapt$ to _! p>ticul> /yle ( eng9es1 a common way be+ to h ! %oes tight5 aga9/ ! inn] rim ( ! fly-:eel4 ,?is is n deem$ z good an arrangem5t1 = ! reason t ! pressure or /ra9 is all outw>d aga9/ ! rim1 ?\gh _! be+ us$ ext5sively indicates good results4 ,:5 op]at+ a friction clut*1 always draw or pu% ! lev] ov] gradually4 ,by do+ ?is ! eng9e w />t sl[ly & easily1 :ile if ! lev] is jamm$ ov] sudd5ly1 ! eng9e w />t ) a j]k1 :i* is liable to damage ! traction ge>4 ,! latt] %\ld nev] be done unless absolutely necess>y to get ! eng9e out ( bad places on ! road4 ,,que/ions ,,) ,,answ]s1 ,conc]n+ ! ,op]ation & ,c>e ( ,/eam ,eng9es & ,boil]s4 ,q4 ,:at %\ld be done fir/1 aft] receiv+ a new eng9e1 to prep>e x = runn+ prop]ly8 ,a4 ,if a traction or f>m eng9e1 remove ! box conta9+ ! fitt+s & tools1 f ! fire box1 & see t ! grates are 9 _! prop] places4 ,also take out ! tools :i* are pack$ 9 ! smoke box at front end ( boil]4 ,!n1 ) wa/e or rags well saturat$ ) k]os5e1 turp5t9e or b5z9e1 wipe (f all ! grease t ! manufactur] has put on to protect ! bright "w f ru/+4 ,aft] ?is has be5 ?or\ghly done1 clean e oil hole & be>+ f\nd ^u ! eng9e1 ( all dirt & c9d]s4 ,special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ?is1 z if dirt & c9d]s are all[$ to rema91 ! be>+s w cut & heat4 ,q4 ,aft] ?is is done ?or\ghly1 :at next8 ,a4 ,take all ! fitt+s f ! box & clean !m c>efully1 fit ea* oil cup to its prop] place & screw !m 9 tightly ) a wr5*1 to prev5t !m f work+ loose & fall+ (f :ile eng9e is runn+ on ! road4 ,fill all cups ) good oil1 l>d oil = be>+s1 good cyl9d] oil = ! automatic oil]1 :i* oils ! cyl9d] & valve1 & solid oil = bo? grease cups at crank & cross-head4 ,!n put ! /eam gauge1 ! glass wat] gauge1 gauge cocks1 safety valve1 :i/le1 surface bl[-(f & bl[-(f valves1 cyl9d] cocks1 gov]nor belt1 etc41 9 _! prop] places2 all fitt+s %\ld be screw$ up tight ) a wr5*4 ,exam9e ! /uff+ boxes & see t !y are all well pack$ & clean$4 ,q4 ,! fitt+s all be+ atta*$1 :at next8 ,a4 ,proce$ to fill ! boil] ) wat] by unscrew+ ! cap f fill+ plug locat$ on top ( boil] ne> ! /eam dome1 screw funnel on plug1 & fill boil] ) z clean s(t wat] z is obta9able4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* wat] is requir$ 9 ! boil] be=e />t+ fire8 ,a4 ,fill ! boil] until ! wat] %[s ab\t "o & "o-half in*es 9 ! glass wat] gauge1 or h a free fl[ ( wat] f ! l[e/ gauge cock4 ,q4 ,aft] ! boil] is fill$ ) wat] to ! prop] level1 :at next8 ,a4 ,/>t a mod]ate fire ) dry wood 9 ! furnace or fire box1 & op5 ! draught damp] wide4 ,add fuel sl[ly1 & :ile /eam is be+ rais$ take y\r oil c & wr5* & exam9e ! eng9e ?or\ghly at all its p>ts4 ,see t e screw & bolt is tight & t none ( ! oil holes h be5 ov]look$4 ,if a traction eng9e1 exam9e all ! ge>+ & see t all ge>s1 axles & be>+s are ?or\ghly greas$ & oil$--grease = ge>s & axles1 oil = be>+s4 ,if fir+ ) coal1 keep ! grates well cov]$ ) a ?9 lay]4 ,d n ?r[ 9 l>ge lumps or too mu* fre% coal at "o "t4 ,a ?9 fire lightly & frequ5tly r5ew$1 is ! mo/ economical4 ,q4 ,is ! natural draught ( ! boil] en\gh to enable /eam to be rais$ quickly8 ,a4 ,no4 ,! boil] & wat] be+ cold ! fire w n burn briskly1 b z soon z /eam pressure %[s ^u ! /eam gauge1 turn on ! bl[]1 :i* w =ce & increase ! draught2 !n ) good fuel1 any desir$ /eam pressure c be rais$ quickly4 ,q4 ,mu/ ! bl[] be us$ :5 ! eng9e is runn+ to keep up suffici5t /eam pressure8 ,a4 ,no4 ,:5 ! eng9e is />t$1 ! exhau/ /eam is dis*>g$ f ! cyl9d] fir/ ?r\gh ! heat]1 !n into smoke /ack1 produc+ ! same effect z ! bl[]4 ,q4 ,if ! boil] /eams too fa/1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4 ,simply close ! damp]4 ,d n op5 ! fire door1 z ! fire door %\ld nev] be op5$ unless absolutely necess>y1 nor %\ld x be kept op5 long] ?an is ne$$1 z ! cold air admitt$ ?r\gh x injures ! boil] & is wa/eful ( fuel4 ,q4 ,aft] suffici5t /eam is rais$1 h[ d y proce$ to />t ! eng9e8 ,a4 ,be=e turn+ /eam on ! eng9e1 g to ! fly-:eel & turn x a few times to see t ev]y?+ is all "r & no ob/acle 9 ! way to prev5t ! eng9e f runn+ :5 /eam is appli$1 be+ sure to leave ! crank-p9 (f ! c5t] to enable ! /eam to />t ! eng9e :5 ?rottle valve is op5$4 ,next1 op5 bo? ! cyl9d] cocks1 !n ! ?rottle valve j a trifle to all[ a little /eam to ent] ! cyl9d]1 to w>m x & expel ! wat] ( cond5sation4 ,!n op5 ! ?rottle gradually1 & if ev]y?+ is "r1 ! eng9e w move (f fa/] & fa/] until ! prop] spe$ is atta9$4 ,aft] eng9e is ?or\ghly heat$ & is work+ dry /eam1 close ! cyl9d] cocks & set ! automatic oil] to "w4 ,q4 ,h[ d y obta9 ! prop] spe$1 & h[ is ! eng9e made to run /eadily ) ! /eam pressure s v>i$8 ,a4 ,! prop] spe$ & /ead9ess 9 runn+ is ma9ta9$ by ! use ( ! gov]nor1 :i* receives its motion f ! eng9e %aft by means ( a belt4 ,q4 ,are ! be>+s ( a new eng9e liable to heat :5 fir/ />t$ up8 ,a4 ,n if prop] att5tion is giv5 to !m4 ,:5 />t+ a new eng9e ! fir/ "t1 x %\ld be /opp$ frequ5tly & ! mov+ p>ts & be>+s c>efully exam9$4 ,feel ( all ! be>+s1 ! l9k block1 ! ecc5trics1 crank-p91 cross-head1 etc41 to asc]ta9 if !y are heat+4 ,if !y are1 slack5 up ! boxes a little1 b n en\gh to make !m knock or p\nd4 ,always be c>eful n to loos5 or tight5 be>+s or keys too mu*2 j a trifle at a "t1 b d x (t51 until ! be>+s & boxes run cool1 b tight4 ,if ?is is done c>efully1 ! eng9e w run smoo?ly & quietly4 ,q4 ,aft] ! eng9e is />t$1 :at %\ld be done next8 ,a4 ,fill ! tank on ! eng9e ) wat] & />t ! injector to "w1 s t ! prop] level ( wat] may be kept 9 ! boil]4 ,! indep5d5t pump1 if us$1 %\ld n[ be fitt$1 connect$ & tri$1 to see if x is 9 prop] %ape to fe$ ! boil]4 ,if a cross-head pump is us$1 x %\ld be fitt$ & atta*$ to wat] supply ) ! suction hose4 ,9 ?is case :5 ! eng9e is runn+1 ! pump c be regulat$ to supply ! requir$ am\nt ( fe$ wat]4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! boil] suppli$ ) wat] :ile ! eng9e is /opp$8 ,a4 ,by ! indep5d5t pump or injector4 ,q4 ,has ! indep5d5t pump suffici5t capacity to supply ! boil] ) wat] "u all conditions8 ,a4 ,yes1 always1 :5 runn+ at a reasonable spe$4 ,q4 ,:y %\ld an injector be furni%$ if ! pump w supply ! boil]8 ,a4 ,_m times ?r\gh c>elessness or o!rwise ! pump is prev5t$ f work+ by dirt1 /raw1 *ips & o!r ob/ructions :i* f9d _! way into ! pump & hold ! valves f _! seats4 ,9 ?is case x is necess>y to take ! pump ap>t & remove ! ob/ructions :]ev] f\nd1 :i* w\ld necessitate /opp+ ! eng9e & all[+ ! /eam to g d[n1 involv+ a l>ge loss ( "t4 ,:]eas if ! eng9e is also suppli$ ) an injector1 %\ld ! pump fail1 ! injector c imm$iately be />t$ & ! pump exam9$ at leisure )\t loss ( "t & avoid+ all dang] ( explosion4 ,q4 ,%\ld ! supply ( fe$ wat] be cont9u\s :ile ! eng9e is runn+8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,gauge ! spe$ ( ! indep5d5t pump s t x w furni% ! requir$ am\nt ( wat] to ! boil]4 ,regulate ! fe$ ( a cross-head pump1 by ! suction valve4 ,by s do+1 ! boil] /eams easi]1 ! flues are n s liable to leak1 & a uni=m /eam pressure c be easily ma9ta9$ m economically4 ,q4 ,h[ is a boil] suppli$ :5 eng9e is 9 motion8 ,a4 ,by ! indep5d5t or cross-head pump4 ,q4 ,:5 %\ld ! injector be us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! indep5d5t pump8 ,a4 ,!re be+ no exhau/ /eam :5 eng9e is n runn+1 no b5efit is d]iv$ f ! heat]4 ,n[1 z cold wat] %\ld nev] be =c$ into a hot boil] ! injector becomes ( great value1 z x heats ! fe$ wat] to a v high temp]ature be=e x ent]s ! boil]4 ,q4 ,is !re any indep5d5t /eam pump made t heats ! fe$ wat] be=e x goes into ! boil]8 ,a4 ,see ,m>% ,pump description4 ,q4 ,:5 eng9e1 pump1 & injector are f\nd to be work+ prop]ly1 :at next8 ,a4 ,if a traction eng9e1 ! eng9e %\ld be rev]s$ sev]al times4 ,?is c be done by ?r[+ ! rev]se lev] =w>d & backw>d1 to asc]ta9 :e!r ! valve is s set t eng9e w run equally well bo? ways2 !n ! traction ge> may be tri$4 ,if eng9e is suppli$ ) a friction clut*1 by simply press+ ! clut* lev] gradually until ! friction %oes take hold1 ! eng9e w />t sl[ly ^u ! road4 ,?is c be done :ile eng9e prop] is runn+ at full spe$4 ,! clut* lev] %\ld be held 9 "o h& :5 fir/ />t+1 s t 9 case ( any?+ be+ wrong ) ge>+1 x c be /opp$ imm$iately by quickly loos5+ ! lev]4 ,) ! o!r h&1 ! /e]+ :eel %\ld be op]at$ to guide ! eng9e ^u ! road4 ,:5 all is f\nd to be work+ prop]ly1 & y wi% to run ! eng9e any di/ance1 ! clut* lev] %\ld be plac$ 9 not* provid$ = x2 ?is w hold ! friction %oes securely to ! :eel1 & ! eng9e w move along ! road at full spe$4 ,q4 ,if ! eng9e has no friction clut*1 h[ d y proce$ to />t ! ge>+8 ,a4 ,/op ! eng9e & place ! rev]s+ lev] 9 c5t] not*1 slide ! spur p9ion on ma9 %aft into ge> & op5 ! ?rottle valve wide2 !n ) ! rev]se lev] 9 "o h& 7! /e]+ :eel 9 ! o!r7 y c />t eng9e ^u ! road by ?r[+ ! lev] backw>d or =w>d1 :i* %\ld be done gradually at fir/1 s t eng9e w />t sl[ly4 ,if all is "r1 by ?r[+ ! rev]se lev] 9 ! la/ not* 9 quadrant1 ! eng9e w travel its full spe$ ^u ! road4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld a traction eng9e be fir/ />t$ ^u ! road1 =w>d or backw>d8 ,a4 ,always =w>d1 z y c see :]e y are go+ & c guide ! eng9e m easily4 ,,advance ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,9 illu/ration is giv5 ! eng9e side ( ! ,advance ,eng9e1 :i* is ( ! side crank1 side ge> type1 ) ! eng9e plac$ at =w>d end ( boil]4 ,! cyl9d] is ov]hang+1 & is bolt$ to ! cyl9drical =m$ eng9e frame :i* =ms ! front head4 ,! frame is atta*$ to ! boil] ) two brackets1 & x conta9s ! bor$ cross-head guides & pill[ block be>+4 ,! eng9e has ! ,m>% ,rev]se ,ge>1 ,m>% ,pump1 ,friction ,clut* atta*$ to b& :eel1 ,injector1 ,gov]nor & all necess>y fitt+s4 ,! boil] is ! locomotive r\nd bottom fire box /yle1 ) dome 9 c5t]4 ,x is m\nt$ ^u ! traction :eels ) axle arms atta*$ to brackets bolt$ to ! sides ( fire box1 9 :i* are plac$ spr+s4 ,! spokes ( ! :eels are ca/ 9 bo? hub & rim1 ! latt] hav+ mud cleats ca/ on4 ,! plat=m has bo? ,wat] ,tank & ,tool ,box atta*$1 & ! /e]+ :eel & b& :eel are on ! same side ( ! eng9e4 ,! *a9s = ! /e]+ atta*m5t are suppli$ ) spr+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,advance ,traction ,eng9e4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld y guide a traction eng9e8 ,a4 ,!re is no fix$ rule = guid+ a traction eng9e ^u ! road4 ,x mu/ be le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 ,good judgm5t is requir$ to make a success ( x4 ,"o man %\ld always h&le bo? rev]se lev] & /e]+ :eel :5 guid+ an eng9e4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! /e]+ *a9s be put on a traction eng9e8 ,a4 ,! *a9s %\ld be s put on1 t :5 ! /e]+ :eel is turn$ to ! "r1 ! eng9e turns to ! "r2 :5 :eel is turn$ to ! left1 ! eng9e turns to ! left4 ,,rev]s+ ,,an ,,eng9e4 ,to rev]se ! motion ( a pla9 ,slide ,valve eng9e1 remove ! cov] ( /eam *e/ & place ! eng9e on ! dead c5t]4 ,obs]ve ! am\nt ( lead or op5+ t ! valve has on ! /eam end1 !n loos5 ! ecc5tric & turn x ar\nd on ! %aft1 9 ! direction ! eng9e is want$ to run1 until ! valve has exactly ! same am\nt ( lead at ! o!r end2 !n turn ! eng9e to ! opposite c5t]1 to det]m9e :e!r ! lead at ?is end is ! same z at ! o!r2 !n place ! crank at half /roke top & bottom1 & see t ! port op5+s are equal 9 bo? positions1 & replace cov]4 ,q4 ,:at is dead c5t]8 ,a4 ,! dead c5t] ( an eng9e is ! po9t :]e crank & pi/on rod are 9 an exact l9e4 ,q4 ,:at is a half /roke8 ,a4 ,x is ! po9t rea*$ by ! pi/on aft] travel+ exactly "o-half its travel4 ,q4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( 8lo/ motion08 ,a4 ,lo/ motion is loos5ess ( ! connect+ rod at crank or wri/-p91 or loos5ess ( ! l9k or l9k block1 cross-head & guides1 ma9 crank %aft & pill[ block1 caus$ by friction & we>+ away ( ! metals & ! neglect to take up ! we>4 ,! lo/ motion 9 all p>ts ( an eng9e %\ld be tak5 up frequ5tly1 to keep x runn+ smoo?ly1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to tight5 be>+s or keys too tight4 ,q4 ,:at is lap & lead8 ,a4 ,lap is ! position ( ! valve :i* ext5ds or laps ov] ! edge ( ! ports :5 ! valve is 9 its c5tral position4 ,t on ! inside ( ! ,d is ! inside or exhau/ lap1 :ile t at ! ends ( ! valve is ! outside lap & affects ! admission & cut-(f4 ,lead is ! am\nt ( op5+ :i* is giv5 to ! port by ! valve :5 ! eng9e is on ! c5t]4 ,lead on a valve is ! admission ( /eam into ! cyl9d] be=e ! pi/on completes its /roke4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* 8lead0 %\ld a valve h8 ,a4 ,!re is no g5]al rule = ! am\nt ( lead t w\ld be be/ suit$ = all makes ( eng9es4 ,x mu/ be det]m9$ by ! design or con/ruction1 spe$ & "w requir$1 to produce ! be/ results = economy & quietness 9 runn+4 ,q4 ,:at is a ?rottle eng9e8 ,a4 ,a ?rottle eng9e is "o 9 :i* ! spe$ is controll$ by ?rottl+ ! /eam ) a gov]nor1 z oppos$ to an automatic eng9e 9 :i* ! spe$ is regulat$ by v>y+ ! po9t ( cut-(f at ! valve4 ,q4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a /roke & a revolution8 ,a4 ,a /roke is ! movem5t ( ! pi/on1 f "o end to ! o!r ( cyl9d]4 ,a revolution takes two /rokes ( pi/on4 ,q4 ,h[ are /eam pack+ r+s put on ! pi/on head8 ,a4 ,remove ! back cyl9d] head & take ! pi/on & rod out ( ! cyl9d]1 & /& x 8head up40 ,!n place ! inside ( ! r+1 opposite to ! op5+1 aga9/ ! side ( ! pi/on head next to y2 gradually press ! r+ op5 ) y\r h&s1 & x c be easily slipp$ ov] ! head & put 9 place4 ,q4 ,h[ is a pi/on put into cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,x is always ent]$ f ! back end 9 horizontal eng9es4 ,! r+s 7if /eam pack+7 %\ld be c>efully plac$ 9 position & compress$ by ! h& if pi/on is small1 b if l>ge1 curv$ blocks ( wood or a b& ( %eet iron c be us$ to support !m until !y ent] cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! pi/on rod passes ?r\gh ! /uff+ box1 x %\ld be support$ at out] end to prev5t cutt+4 ,,wat]t[n ,,high ,,spe$ ,,eng9e4 ,! frame ( ?is eng9e is v heavy1 ) longitud9al & cross ribs securely brac+ x4 ,x =ms ! l[] guide = cross-head1 & conta9s ! pill[ block be>+s at ! front end4 ,x also =ms ! front cyl9d] head1 to :i* ! cyl9d] is bolt$4 ,! work+ p>ts are plac$ z l[ 9 ! frame z is possible1 s t ! /ra9 is br\ght 9 l9e ) ! l9e ( greate/ resi/ance4 ,! d\ble disc c5t] crank %aft all[s ( two small heavy b& :eels1 "o ( :i* has ! %aft gov]nor atta*$ to ! inside1 t op]ates ! valve automatically to give ! po9t ( cut-(f 9 accordance ) ! v>iation ( load4 ,! valve is ( a special design1 & s con/ruct$ z to admit /eam to ! cyl9d] port ?r\gh f\r diff]5t op5+s4 ,x also exhau/s /eam ?r\gh f\r diff]5t op5+s at once4 ,! eng9e frame re/s its :ole l5g? & is securely bolt$ to ! sub-base1 :i* is bolt$ to ! floor1 & ! small] sizes ne$ no elaborate f\ndations4 ,?is /yle ( eng9e ranges 9 size f #ce to #cej horse-p[] approximately1 ! spe$ ( ! small] ones rang+ f #bge to #cbe revolutions1 & ( ! l>g] f #afj to #ahe revolutions1 & are us$ ext5sively :]e high spe$ is requir$1 & :]e ! load is ( an int]mitt5t "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,wat]t[n ,high ,spe$ ,eng9e4 ,,te/+ ,,pi/on ,,r+s ,,& ,,valves4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r ! pi/on r+s & valves are leak+ or n1 fir/ place a block ( wood ab\t f\r in*es long ^u ! guide = cross-head & aga9/ ! front cyl9d] head4 ,!n turn ! eng9e 8ov]0 until ! cross-head comes back tight aga9/ ! block4 ,?is w place ! valve ( a simple eng9e 9 su* a position t /eam w\ld be admitt$ to cyl9d] ?r\gh front /eam port4 ,if a rev]s+ eng9e1 ?r[ ! rev]se lev] 9 ! la/ not* 9 end ( quadrant t w\ld all[ ! eng9e to run 8ov]04 ,!n take (f ! back cyl9d] head1 & op5 ! ?rottle valve wide4 ,if /eam bl[s out pa/ ! pi/on1 x w\ld indicate t ! r+s 7 n tight4 ,9 case /eam pack+ r+s are us$1 !y %\ld be refitt$ or replac$ by new ones4 ,if adju/able r+s are us$1 !y %\ld be adju/$ to /op ! leak1 c>e be+ tak5 n to get !m too tight4 ,if ! /eam bl[s out ?r\gh ! back port1 ! slide valve is n tight & x w require refitt+1 z w also ! valve seat4 ,if a v small am\nt ( /eam bl[s ?r\gh1 new r+s or adju/m5t w\ld n be necess>y1 z ! wa/e ( /eam or back pressure result+ f x w\ld am\nt to v little4 ,?is te/ %\ld be tri$ occasionally ) a full head ( /eam on1 to assure ( ! pi/on r+s & valve be+ tight1 z leaky pi/ons & valves are v wa/eful ( /eam1 sometimes caus+ prim+1 & greatly dim9i%+ ! p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,nev] run y\r eng9e ) leaky pi/on or valve4 ,h !m prop]ly fitt$ at once4 ,aft] mak+ ! te/1 & repair+ if necess>y1 replace ! cyl9d] head1 & be sure to remove ! wood block f ! guides4 ,,knocks ,,or ,,p\nds4 ,! ,knocks or ,p\nds ( /eam eng9es are frequ5tly caus$ by lo/ motion 9 ! crank & wri/-p9 boxes1 valve rod & valve1 cross-head & l9k2 loos5ess ( ! pi/on rod1 pill[ block or ma9 be>+s1 foll[] plate1 or ecc5trics2 ! slide valve hav+ n en\gh or too mu* lead1 ! exhau/ be+ cut (f too soon or too late1 %\ld]s be+ worn 9 ea* end ( ! cyl9d] by ! pack+ r+s n travel+ ov] ! c\nt]-bore at ! end ( ea* /roke2 or %\ld]s may be worn 9 ! guides by ! cross-head slides1 or !y may n be adju/$ prop]ly to fit ! guides2 boil] may foam1 caus+ ! wat] to be drawn ov] 9 cyl9d]2 ! pi/on r+s may leak1 ?us caus+ cu%ion+2 & z ! crank approa*es ! c5t]s1 /eam occupies ! space betwe5 ! cyl9d] head & pi/on1 caus+ a trem5d\s /ra9 ^u ! eng9e2 ! pi/on rod be+ pack$ too tight1 ! boxes & p9s be+ worn flat or oval2 ! key 9 driv+ pulley may be loose4 ,,to ,,rem$y ,,knocks ,,or ,,p\nds ,,( ,a ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,:ile x is h>dly possible to prescribe a rem$y = all cases1 if ! foll[+ practical me?ods are closely foll[$ !y w be f\nd to be v useful1 al?\gh 9 _m in/ances ! rem$y mu/ be det]m9$ by ! circum/ances ( ! individual case4 ,! knock or p\nd ( boxes 9 connect+ rod at cross-head or crank p9 or ! valve rod1 may be rem$i$ by tak+ out ! boxes1 & fil+ (f ! top & bottom inside edges suffici5tly to all[ !m to j come toge!r & n fit ! p9 too tightly4 ,9 replac+ !m1 be c>eful n to key !m up too tight4 ,:]e !re is n suffici5t draught 9 ! key or gib1 place a l9] 9 front or beh9d ! boxes4 ,knocks or p\nds 9 ! l9k may be rem$i$ 7if ! l9k block has too mu* play 9 ! l9k7 by r$uc+ ! l9]s 9 ea* end ( ! l9k en\gh to fit ! block prop]ly4 ,! knocks or p\nds ( pi/on are caus$ by ! rod becom+ loose 9 ! head2 & if all[$ to cont9ue1 w de/roy ! fit ( ! rod 9 ! hole4 ,x may be rem$i$ "u su* circum/ances by remov+ ! rod1 re-bor+ ! hole & bu%+ x p]fectly true1 & refitt+ ! rod4 ,knocks or p\nds ( foll[] plate are g5]ally caus$ by dirt accumulat+ 9 ! hole1 :i* w n all[ ! bolts to ent] f> en\gh to take up ! lo/ motion ( ! plate1 or ! bolts may be too long4 ,to rem$y ?is1 remove ! accumulation ( dirt f ! hole1 or %ort5 ! bolts4 ,! knocks or p\nds 9 ma9 crank %aft1 if caus$ by ! be>+s be+ worn oval or out ( r\nd1 may be rem$i$ by remov+ ! %aft2 true x up 9 a la!1 & refit or re-babbitt ! boxes4 ,! knock or p\nd 9 ecc5trics is g5]ally caus$ by ! ecc5tric /raps be+ too loose ^u ! ecc5trics1 :i* c be rem$i$ by r$uc+ ! l9]s 9 ! /raps to all[ !m to fit p]fectly4 ,! knock or p\nd 9 slide valve caus$ by be+ improp]ly set1 may be rem$i$ by tak+ (f ! /eam *e/ bonnet & re-adju/+ ! valve s z to give ! same am\nt ( lead at ea* end ( /roke4 ,?is be+ done1 & ! valve well proportion$ & ! connections prop]ly fitt$1 !re %\ld be no knocks or p\nds f ?is cause4 ,! knock or p\nd 9 cyl9d] caus$ by %\ld]s be+ worn 9 x1 c be rem$i$ by re-bor+ ! cyl9d]1 be+ sure to make ! c\nt] bore ( suffici5t dep? to all[ ! pi/on r+s to ov]lap !m at ! end ( ea* /roke4 ,! knock or p\nd on guides caus$ by %\ld]s be+ worn on !m1 is rem$i$ by plan+ ! guides & mak+ ! %oe slides ( suffici5t l5g? to ov]lap ! guides at ei!r end :5 crank is on ! c5t]4 ,! knock or p\nd caus$ by ! cross-head slides n fitt+ ! guides prop]ly1 may be rem$i$ by adju/+ !m bo? top & bottom to fit ! guides closely1 be+ c>eful n to get !m too tight1 :i* causes undue we> & /ra9 ^u ! frame4 ,! knock or p\nd caus$ by wri/-p9 or crank-p9 becom+ worn flat or oval1 may be rem$i$ by fil+ !m p]fectly r\nd4 ,! knock or p\nd caus$ by ! pi/on leak+1 :i* causes cu%ion+1 c be rem$i$ only by hav+ a tight pi/on4 ,! knock or p\nd caus$ by ! driv+ pulley key be+ loose1 c be rem$i$ by driv+ ! key 9 its seat2 or if a defective key1 replace by a new "o p]fectly fitt$4 ,if ! knocks or p\nds are caus$ by lo/ motion 9 any ( ! revolv+1 reciprocat+ or vibrat+ p>ts ( an eng9e1 !y may be detect$ & locat$ by plac+ ! f+] ^u ! diff]5t p>ts :ile ! eng9e is runn+ v sl[ly or work$ back & =? by h&4 ,,heat+ ,,( ,,j\rnals4 ,! heat+ ( j\rnals & reciprocat+ p>ts ( an eng9e may be attribut$ to ! foll[+ causes3 ,improp] proportions & fitt+1 unsuitable mat]ial1 want ( homog5eity betwe5 ! metals ( :i* ! j\rnals & be>+s are compos$1 ! revolv+ or reciprocat+ p>ts n be+ 9 l9e1 ! boxes be+ key$ up too tight1 s& or grit gett+ into ! j\rnals1 improp] lubricat+1 etc4 ,! la/ m5tion$ cause is v complicat$1 z ! conditions ( weight ( load1 area ( surface subject to pressure1 velocity ( movem5t1 etc41 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,to rem$y ! heat+ ( j\rnals :i* is caus$ by ! revolv+ or reciprocat+ p>ts n be+ 9 l9e1 ! eng9e or %aft mu/ be put 9 l9e4 ,:5 caus$ by ! boxes or be>+s be+ too tight1 !y mu/ be loos5$ a v little at a "t until be>+s run cool4 ,apply pl5ty ( good oil4 ,clean ! boxes & j\rnals ?or\ghly1 & see t ! oil holes are n /opp$ up2 also see t ! oil-cups are clean1 to assure ( ! oil gett+ to ! be>+s freely4 ,oil+ frequ5tly1 us+ a little oil at a "t1 gives ! be/ results & is ! mo/ economical4 ,,pack+ ,,pi/on ,,& ,,valve ,,rods4 ,:5 ! pi/on or valve rod ( an eng9e or pump ne$s re-pack+1 take (f ! /uff+ box gl&1 remove all ! old pack+ c>efully1 & replace ) new4 ,if a pat5t pack+ is us$1 x %\ld be cut 9 suitable l5g?s diagonally across ! pack+1 mak+ ! angle ( "o end opposite f t ( ! o!r1 s t :5 ends are br\ght toge!r !y w make a splice jo9t4 ,! jo9t ( ea* r+ ( ?is pack+ %\ld be plac$ at opposite sides ( ! rod1 & ! /uff+ box fill$1 ! gl& replac$ & screw$ up j tight en\gh to /op leakage4 ,if hemp pack+ is us$1 take ab\t ! am\nt requir$ & pick x to pieces1 remov+ all /icks1 lumps or h>d sub/ances4 ,!n twi/ x into ?ree compact cords1 saturate well ) oil or tall[1 & braid ! cords toge!r tightly4 ,!n w9d ?is braid ar\nd ! rod until /uff+ box is full1 replace ! /uff+ box gl&1 & screw up z be=e describ$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to screw ! pack+ 9 /uff+ boxes too tight1 z x n only increases ! friction on ! rod & dim9i%es ! p[] ( ! eng9e1 b w h a t5d5cy to flute ! rod4 ,if ! rod is once flut$1 x w be v difficult to /op leakage at ?is jo9t4 ,:5 /uff+ box ( wat] pi/on ( pumps ne$s re-pack+1 ! same rule w apply1 ) ! exception t little or no grease or tall[ %\ld be us$ ^u ! pack+4 ,always keep pi/on & valve rod pack+ 9 a clean place1 z any dirt or gritty sub/ance t may become atta*$ to x w h a t5d5cy to cut ! rod4 ,,sett+ ,a ,,pla9 ,,slide ,,valve4 ,fir/1 take up all 8lo/ motion0 & place ! eng9e on ! c5t]4 ,?is is done by putt+ ! wri/-p91 crank-p9 & c5t] ( ! ma9 %aft 9 l9e4 ,to d ?is accurately1 turn ! eng9e until ! cross-head is ab\t half an in* f ! end ( its /roke1 & m>k ! position ( ! cross-head on ! guide4 ,place a m>k] aga9/ ! edge ( ! fly-:eel1 & make a m>k on ! fly-:eel opposite ! m>k]1 !n turn ! eng9e until ! cross-head completes ! /roke & comes back to ! m>k made on ! guide4 ,! crank w n[ be z mu* bel[ ! c5t] z x 0 above be=e4 ,9 ?is position make ano!r m>k ^u ! fly-:eel opposite ! m>k]4 ,n[1 midway betwe5 ! two m>ks on ! fly-:eel1 :5 turn$ opposite ! m>k] w put ! eng9e on dead c5t]4 ,next1 remove /eam *e/ cov] & place ! ecc5trics ab\t "o-qu>t] turn ahead ( ! crank 9 ! direction ! eng9e is to run4 ,if ! eng9e is to run 8ov]01 place ! ?r[ ( ecc5tric up4 ,if x is to run 8"u01 place ?r[ ( ecc5tric d[n4 ,!n set ecc5tric c>efully at su* a po9t t ! valve w h j comm5c$ to op5 say _/ ( an in* on ! end t %\ld be tak+ /eam4 ,if !re is a rock] arm us$ :i* rev]ses ! direction ( ! motion1 i4 e41 mak+ ! valve /em move 9 ! opposite direction f ! ecc5tric rod1 ! ecc5tric mu/ be set beh9d ! crank1 :5 ! eng9e is to run 8ov]01 9 ord] t ! port may op5 z ! eng9e turns =w>d2 b if a rock] arm is us$ m]ely to multiply ! motion )\t *ang+ ! direction1 proce$ z ?\gh !re 0 no rock] arm at all4 ,next1 measure ! 8lead0 :i* y h giv5 to ! valve at end :i* y h set4 ,?is is easily done by pu%+ a w$ge-%ap$ /ick or piece ( s(t wood into ! port op5+4 ,! edge ( ! valve & port w m>k ! di/ance x goes 94 ,turn ! eng9e ^u ! o!r c5t]1 :i* w be f\nd z be=e describ$1 & see if ! lead is ! same at bo? ends ( ! valve4 ,if x is1 ! eng9e is prop]ly set4 ,if x is n1 move ! valve on ! /em t[>ds ! end hav+ ! greate/ am\nt ( lead1 a di/ance equal to "o-half ! diff]5ce 9 ! leads4 ,if ! equaliz$ lead is m ?an is necess>y1 set ! ecc5tric back a little4 ,!re are num]\s me?ods ( atta*+ ! /em to ! valve4 ,a common way is ) jam-nuts4 ,) ?is arrangem5t x is only necess>y to turn back ! nuts on end t[>ds :i* ! valve is to be mov$1 an am\nt :i* w all[ ! giv5 movem5t2 !n1 turn ! o!r nuts until ! valve is =c$ into place to travel equal di/ance bo? ways f its c5t] position4 ,:5 ! /em screws directly into ! valve1 ! connection to ! rock] arm or guide mu/ be tak5 ap>t1 & ! /em screw$ into or out ( ! valve en\gh to give x ! requir$ position4 ,aft] ! valve is set1 replace ! /eam *e/ cov]1 & secure ! ecc5tric p]fectly tight ) ! set-screws1 to prev5t x f slipp+4 ,,sett+ ,,slide ,,valve ,,( ,,rev]s+ ,,eng9es4 ,! ,l9k ,rev]se ,be+ ,us$4 ,fir/1 see t all ! lo/ motion 9 ! connect+ rod1 pill[ block be>+s & cross-head is tak5 up2 !n ?r[ ! rev]se lev] 9 la/ not* 9 quadrant1 :i* w\ld all[ ! eng9e to run 8ov]02 !n1 remove ! /eam *e/ cov]4 ,next1 loos5 ecc5tric 7! ecc5tric rod ( :i* is 9 direct l9e ) ! valve rod71 turn ! ecc5tric completely ar\nd1 & wat* ! valve to see :e!r x laps ! /eam ports exactly ! same am\nt at bo? ends1 or travels an equal di/ance f its c5tral position bo? ways4 ,if x does1 ! valve is 9 prop] position ^u ! rod4 ,if x does n travel equally1 ! valve mu/ be made to d s by adju/+ x ^u ! valve rod1 :i* is done by l5g!n+ or %ort5+ ! rod1 by use ( jam-nuts1 ) :i* ! rod is usually furni%$4 ,aft] ?is is done accurately1 place ! eng9e ^u its =w>d c5t]4 ,?is is done by turn+ ! eng9e =w>d until ! cross-head is ab\t in* f end ( its /roke & m>k ! position ( ! cross-head ^u ! guide2 !n1 ) ! use ( long tram or divid]s1 m>k f any conv5i5t po9t on ! frame to ! b& :eel or disc1 & m>k bo? po9ts ) prick-pun*4 ,aga9 turn ! eng9e =w>d until ! cross-head completes its /roke & comes back to ! m>k made on ! guide2 !n1 ) ! same long tram or divid]s1 m>k ! b& :eel or disc z be=e f ! prick m>k already made on ! frame4 ,midway betwe5 pun* m>ks on b& :eel or disc1 :i* c be f\nd by use ( divid]s1 w give ! po9t :i* w place ! eng9e on ! 8c5t]0 by turn+ eng9e back f> en\gh to all[ ! long tram or divid] to fit 9 pun* m>k on frame1 & c5t] pun* m>k on b& :eel or disc4 ,n[ turn ! ecc5tric ov] 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! eng9e is to run1 until ! valve gives ! prop] am\nt ( lead on ! front ( /eam port1 :i* is ab\t _/ ( an in*1 & fa/5 ecc5tric ) set-screw4 ,!n turn eng9e ov] ! way x is to run1 & place x ^u its back c5t]4 ,?is is done exactly z be=e describ$ = =w>d c5t]1 & if ! valve is prop]ly proportion$1 x w give ! requir$ _/ ( an in* lead on ! back /eam port1 & valve w be prop]ly set = runn+ 9 ?is direction4 ,n[ ?r[ ! rev]se lev] 9 ! la/ not* 9 opposite end ( quadrant1 :i* w\ld all[ ! eng9e to run 8"u01 !n loos5 ! o!r ecc5tric 7! ecc5tric rod ( :i* is 9 a direct l9e ) ! valve rod71 & proce$ same z describ$ :5 eng9e is runn+ 8ov]01 to get valve to lap bo? /eam ports equally4 ,!n place eng9e ^u ei!r c5t] & move ! ecc5tric 9 opposite direction f ! o!r ecc5tric until ! valve gives ! _/ ( an in* lead to /eam port1 fa/5 ! ecc5tric & place ! eng9e ^u opposite c5t]1 & ! am\nt ( lead %\ld be ! same on bo? /eam ports1 & ! valve prop]ly set4 ,! valve be+ set1 replace ! /eam *e/ cov]1 & secure ! ecc5trics p]fectly tight by screw+ ! set-screws up h>d to prev5t !m f slipp+4 ,always set ! valve s z to run ! eng9e backw>ds or 8"u0 fir/4 ,,to ,,set ,,valves ,,( ,,duplex ,,pump4 ,set ! pi/ons at mid-/roke1 & set ! valves :i* are work$ f ! opposite side at mid-/roke also1 & x w be "r at all o!r po9ts4 ,! mid position ( ! valve c be obta9$ by mov+ x back & =? ! am\nt ( its lo/ motion1 & divid+ x s t ! lead or op5+ on bo? sides w be ! same4 ,,asc5d+ ,,hills4 ,q4 ,h[ d y asc5d a hill ) a traction eng9e8 ,a4 ,:5 approa*+ a hill :i* y h to climb ) a traction eng9e1 see t ab\t two in*es ( wat] %[s 9 ! glass gauge :5 eng9e is on a level4 ,op5 draft door wide1 /ir ! fire & get x to burn briskly1 & get up a good head ( /eam4 ,put rev]se lev] 9 la/ not*1 !n op5 ?rottle gradually1 all[+ j ! necess>y am\nt ( /eam to pass into ! cyl9d] to keep ! eng9e pull+ /eadily up ! hill4 ,always />t up ! hill sl[ly2 d n attempt to g up a hill at full spe$1 b g sl[ly & /eadily1 keep+ ! spe$ z uni=m z possible by op5+ or clos+ ! ?rottle z ! case may be4 ,nev] attempt to g up a hill on a decreas+ /eam pressure1 z !re is a great liability to become /all$1 9 :i* case great damage may be done to ! front end ( flues4 ,always />t on a ris+ /eam pressure2 !n y "k ! boil] is mak+ /eam1 :i* assures a /eady asc5t1 z at e exhau/ ( ! eng9e on an increas+ or /eady pressure ! p[] becomes /rong]1 :ile at e exhau/ on a decreas+ pressure ! p[] becomes weak]4 ,keep a uni=m supply ( wat] 9 ! boil] at all times by use ( ei!r ! pump or injector4 ,always :5 go+ up hill keep ! draft door wide op5 until ! /eam gauge indicates t ! pressure has ris5 almo/ to ! bl[-(f po9t1 !n close ! damp]4 ,nev] all[ /eam to bl[ (f :5 go+ up hill1 z x w cause ! wat] to raise & be c>ri$ ov] into ! cyl9d]1 greatly dim9i%+ ! p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,d n "u any circum/ances all[ y\r eng9e to be /opp$ :5 go+ ei!r up or d[n hill1 z great damage may be done to ! boil]4 ,,frick ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! illu/ration ( ! left side ( ! ,frick ,traction giv5 on opposite page repres5ts x z be+ a ,c5t] ,crank1 ,re> ,ge>$ traction eng9e4 ,?is eng9e is con/ruct$ ) an ov]hang+ cyl9d]1 bolt$ to ! ca/ iron eng9e frame1 :i* conta9s ! locomotive /yle guides & bo? pill[ block be>+s = ! crank %aft4 ,x has a ,cross-head ,pump connect$ ) long heat]1 has a specially design$ ,rev]se ,ge>1 also a ,friction ,clut* atta*$ to ! b& :eel4 ,! r\nd bottom fire box boil] sw+s 9 a *annel iron frame1 :i* rea*es f front axle to ! re> ( ! boil]1 ar\nd ! fire box1 to :i* x is atta*$1 & has a spr+ 9 front end only4 ,! :eels are made entirely ( iron1 ) =g$ spokes & wr\ght tire1 ) high mud gr\t]s bolt$ on4 ,on ! *annel iron frame 9 front ( fire box is plac$ a heavy plank1 to :i* two l>ge wat] tanks are atta*$ on ei!r side4 ,! /e]+ :eel & b& :eel are on opposite sides ( eng9e & x has all ! necess>y fitt+s1 s t ) prop] h&l+ x w be f\nd p]fectly safe & reliable4 ,! plat=m 9 re> is also support$ ^u ! *annel iron frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,frick ,traction ,eng9e4 ,,desc5d+ ,,hills4 ,q4 ,h[ d y desc5d a hill ) a traction eng9e8 ,a4 ,:5 approa*+ a hill :i* y wi% to desc5d ) a traction eng9e1 see t ! wat] 9 ! boil] is at ! regul> height1 or two in*es 9 glass gauge :5 eng9e is on ! level4 ,close ! draught door to a% pan & op5 damp] 9 smoke box :5 ab\t to desc5d4 ,close ! ?rottle almo/ tight1 all[+ j a little /eam to ent] cyl9d]1 !n take hold ( ! rev]s+ lev]1 & ! spe$ ( ! eng9e c be gov]n$ s z to desc5d at any spe$ desir$1 or be /opp$1 if absolutely necess>y by ?r[+ ! lev] into la/ not*4 ,d n /op :ile go+ d[n hill unless absolutely necess>y1 z !re is great dang] ( melt+ out ! fusible plug & damag+ ! cr[n %eet1 z ! wat] is mu* l[] ov] ! cr[n %eet :5 go+ d[n hill ) ! requir$ am\nt ( wat] 9 ! boil] ?an at any o!r "t4 ,:5 x is absolutely necess>y to /op ! eng9e = a %ort "t :5 desc5d+ a hill1 d n turn on ! pump or injector2 b op5 ! fire door1 all[+ ! cold air to pass ov] ! fire1 :i* w protect ! cr[n %eet4 ,?is %\ld nev] be done1 ?\gh1 except 9 extreme cases4 ,,eng9e ,,/all$4 ,!re is no /&>d rule by :i* a traction eng9e c be gott5 out ( bad places ^u ! road1 z "o rule w\ld n apply to all situations1 ?\gh a few sugge/ions on ?is subject may be b5eficial4 ,:5 ! eng9e is 9 a bad mud hole1 or on a v s&y road1 & ! driv+ :eels w n take hold1 b simply turn ar\nd1 ! be/ way to get out ( ! fix is to hit* a good team ( horses to x & pull x out ) :at assi/ance ! eng9e c give4 ,?\gh 9 _m cases1 if a quantity ( /raw1 /ones or bru%1 z may be mo/ h&y1 is plac$ "u ! driv+ :eels & ! p[] appli$1 ! :eels may get a foot+ & ! eng9e w come out all "r4 ,old bo>ds or rails plac$ 9 ! same mann] w produce ! same result4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t if ! driv+ :eels d n take hold1 b simply turn ar\nd 9 ! s& or mud1 ! eng9e %\ld be /opp$ at once & "s ( ! a=esaid rem$ies tri$4 ,if y cont9ue to "w ! eng9e "u su* circum/ances1 x w become m difficult to get out ( ! mire1 z ! :eels s9k deep] 9 at e revolution4 ,,cross+ ,,bridges ,,& ,,culv]ts4 ,be=e cross+ a bridge or culv]t ) a traction eng9e1 exam9e ! /r+]s & floor c>efully to asc]ta9 :e!r x is 9 condition to hold ! eng9e or n4 ,if x appe>s a little weak1 by lay+ heavy plank across = ! traction :eels to run on1 x may be cross$ 9 safety1 ?\gh ! cross+ ( small bridges & culv]ts mu/ be done ) judgm5t1 to prev5t accid5t & delay4 ,,foam+4 ,foam+ is ! viol5t agitation ( ! volume ( wat] 9 ! boil]2 x occurs only 9 dirty boil]s & :]e dirty fe$ wat] is us$1 :i* causes ! wat] to become saturat$ ) =eign matt]1 su* z lime1 s$im5t1 mud1 oil or grease1 etc4 ,! /eam try+ to escape ?r\gh ! scum =m$ by ^! impurities1 raises ! :ole mass f ! surface ( ! wat] 9 l>ge bubbles1 & causes a g5]al fro?+ or foam+ condition ( ! wat] level1 :i* is indicat$ by ! dirty appe>ance ( ! gauge cocks & jo9ts & ! cutt+ ( pi/on rod & cyl9d] by ! gritty matt] c>ri$ ov] by ! /eam4 ,foam+ does n result 9 c>ry+ ov] s mu* wat]1 b a foamy boil] does n produce z dry /eam z "o t is kept p]fectly clean4 ,q4 ,h[ d y prev5t a boil] f foam+8 ,a4 ,to rem$y foam+1 or prev5t x1 requires frequ5t bl[+ (f f ! surface ( ! wat] ! scum :i* causes x1 & ! use ( pure fe$ wat]4 ,x may be /opp$ = a :ile by clos+ ! ?rottle valve = an in/ant1 to give ! wat] & scum a *ance to settle4 ,,prim+4 ,prim+ 9 a /eam boil] is ! c>ry+ ov] ( l>ge quantities ( wat] by ! /eam to ! eng9e1 & may occur 9 a p]fectly clean boil]4 ,x is usually caus$ by too great a dem& on ! capacity ( ! boil]1 too sudd5 & fi]ce fir+1 or aft] /eam pressure is l[]+1 an increas+ dem& is made = x4 ,x is usually a radical defect 9 ! con/ruction or capacity ( ! boil]1 & is mo/ frequ5tly ! result ( insuffici5t /eam space1 small evaporat+ capacity1 & lack ( good circulation4 ,prim+ is indicat$ by ! wat] ris+ & l[]+ 9 ! glass gauge m or less viol5tly1 by ! click+ s\nd 9 ! /eam cyl9d] ( eng9e z ! pi/on =ces ! wat] f end to end1 & by ! regul> %[] ( wat] fall+ f ! exhau/4 ,q4 ,h[ d y rem$y prim+8 ,a4 ,!re are sev]al rem$ies = prim+1 none ( :i* w apply effectually 9 all cases4 ,:]e insuffici5t capacity is ! cause1 ! only rem$y is a l>g] boil]4 ,9 o!rs1 x may be prev5t$ by c>ry+ ! wat] level l[]1 if same c be done ) safety1 or tak+ /eam f side ( dome in/ead ( top1 or increas+ ! size ( /eam pipe1 or tak+ out ! top r[ ( flues1 & 9 boil]s t h no /eam dome1 a long dry pipe ) p]=at$ top may be ( b5efit4 ,q4 ,:at are o!r causes & rem$ies = prim+8 ,a4 ,! pi/on r+s may leak badly4 ,if !y d1 !y %\ld be replac$1 or made to fit cyl9d] p]fectly4 ,! cyl9d] may be badly cut by ! r+s4 ,if x is1 x %\ld be re-bor$ & new pi/on r+s put 94 ,! slide valve may be cut1 & leak4 ,9 ?is case ! valve w ne$ re-plan+ & scrap+1 also ! valve seat4 ,if ! valve is n prop]ly set1 x may also cause prim+4 ,! exhau/ nozzle may be clogg$ ) burnt oil & s$im5t2 if x is1 clean x out ?or\ghly4 ,,fir+ ,,) ,,wood4 ,always keep a level fire4 ,fill e op5 space z fa/ z ! wood burns out4 ,all[ z little cold air to pass ?r\gh ! fire z possible4 ,nev] /ir a wood fire4 ,fire quickly1 & keep ! door %ut z mu* z possible4 ,,fir+ ,,) ,,/raw4 ,to />t ! fire1 pu% a small =kful ( dry /raw into funnel 9 fire door1 leav+ ! small end ( funnel press$ full2 !n t\* ! mat* to x4 ,beg9 at once to pu% 9 ! /raw regul>ly1 a small quantity at a "t1 be+ v c>eful n to clog ! ma9 flue1 & all[+ ample "t = /raw to burn4 ,! fire %\ld be rak$ d[n frequ5tly1 z ! burn$ /raw leaves a *>r$ mass ov] ! grates4 ,?is %\ld be done :5 ! funnel is full ( /raw1 ?us all[+ no cold air to pass ?r\gh ! funnel into ! ma9 flue4 ,clean out ! a% pan frequ5tly1 s t ! natural draught may n be *eck$4 ,d n op5 bl[] until gauge %[s t5 or fifte5 p\nds /eam pressure4 ,aft] /eam is rais$ to ! necess>y pressure1 ! fe$+ %\ld be regul>1 us+ small =kfuls ( /raw1 keep+ ! funnel full all ! "t1 & rak+ d[n at %ort int]vals4 ,use z dry /raw z x is possible to obta94 ,! above w apply to any /yle or make ( /raw-burn+ eng9es4 ,,fir+ ,,) ,,coal4 ,aft] fire is well />t$ ) wood1 ?r[ coal into ! c5t] ( grate1 & d n di/urb x until x is well ignit$ & burn+ briskly2 !n break ! fire d[n & put 9 a %ovel or two ( coal1 & s cont9ue keep+ ! grates cov]$ ) a ?9 lay]4 ,always aim to put 9 fre% coal on a ris+ head ( /eam pressure4 ,nev] pile coal aga9/ ! flue %eet or keep ! fire box too full4 ,no?+ is ga9$ by ! latt]1 b mu* is lo/4 ,q4 ,:i* is ! m economical to burn1 wet or dry coal8 ,a4 ,dry4 ,if y\r coal is wet1 y simply h to evaporate t mu* m wat]1 :i* goes out ( ! /ack in/ead ( to ! eng9e4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* wat] w "o p\nd ( coal evaporate8 ,a4 ,"o p\nd ( coal w1 "u v favorable circum/ances1 evaporate twelve p\nds ( wat]1 b ! av]age evaporative p[] ( an?racite coal is #i p\nds ( wat]1 & semi-bitum9\s coal is #i_/ p\nds4 ,q4 ,if cold air is all[$ to /rike ! flue %eet & flues1 :at is ! result8 ,a4 ,x w ev5tually cause !m to leak4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld a fire be regulat$ 9 case ( tempor>y /oppage by accid5t or o!rwise "u full head ( /eam8 ,a4 ,close ! damp] & keep ! fire door clos$2 !n op5 small door 9 smoke box or ! damp] 9 *imney4 ,q4 ,:y n leave ! fire door op58 ,a4 ,because x w\ld all[ ! cold air to come 9 contact ) flue %eet & flues1 & consequ5t damage to boil]4 ,,bank+ ,,fires4 ,to bank a fire 9 a furnace1 pu% ! fire 9 a heap at ! back ( ! furnace aga9/ ! flue %eet2 leav+ a l>ge portion ( ! grate op51 to all[ ! air caus$ by ! natural draught to pass up ov] ! fire to ! flues2 !n cov] x ov] ) f9e coal or a lay] ( dry a%es1 & see t ! draught door is clos$ to prev5t draught z mu* z possible4 ,?is be+ done1 ! fire w la/ ov] night1 & :5 ready to />t aga9 9 ! morn+1 all t is necess>y to d is to rake ! fire ov] ! grates1 op5 ! damp] & apply m fuel4 ,q4 ,:at b5efit is d]iv$ f bank+ ! fire8 ,a4 ,by bank+ ! fire1 ! wat] 9 ! boil] is kept w>m ov] night & /eam is rais$ quickly 9 ! morn+1 sav+ "t & fuel4 ,q4 ,:5 leav+ a bank$ fire1 is x practicable to %ut ! wat] out ( ! glass or wat] column8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,9 freez+ wea!r1 ?is may be done by clos+ ! valve at ! top & bottom ( ! glass2 & op5 pet cock b5ea?4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 to op5 !m be=e ! fire is />t$ 9 ! morn+4 ,,lay+ ,,up ,a ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld y prep>e y\r eng9e & boil] = lay+ up ?r\gh ! w9t]1 to protect !m f fro/ & injury8 ,a4 ,:ile /eam is on1 clean y\r boil] & eng9e ?or\ghly outside1 scrape (f all oil1 grease & scale2 aft] :i* apply a good coat ( asphaltum pa9t to ! boil] & smoke /ack4 ,if no pa9t c be _h1 lamp black & l9se$ oil w answ]4 ,if ?is _c be _h1 take rags1 saturate !m ) grease or oil1 & g ov] !m ) t4 ,n[ op5 ! bl[-(f valve1 & bl[ ! wat] (f ) a l[ pressure ( /eam1 aft] :i* take out all ! h&-hole plates & wa% ! boil] out ?or\ghly1 remov+ all ! mud & scale2 !n replace ! h&-hole plates1 close ! bl[-(f valve & fill ! boil] ne>ly full ( wat]1 aft] :i* p\r 9 a gallon ( black oil ^u ! wat]4 ,aft] ?is is done1 op5 ! bl[-(f valve aga9 & all[ ! wat] to run out4 ,! oil w foll[ ! wat] d[n & cov] ! :ole inside ( boil] ) a coat+ ( oil1 mak+ z good a protection aga9/ ru/ z c be f\nd4 ,next1 remove all ! brass fitt+s1 su* z lubricator1 /eam gauge1 safety valve1 injector1 *eck valves1 pump valves1 gauge cocks1 wat] gauge1 etc41 etc4 ,disconnect all pipes :]e wat] may lodge1 9 ord] to prev5t freez+4 ,e pipe & valve all[$ to freeze w surely bur/4 ,unscrew all /uff+ boxes & remove ! pack+2 = unless ?is is done1 ano!r season y w f9d p>ts badly ru/$ :]e ! pack+ 0 all[$ to rema94 ,take (f all cyl9d] cocks1 pet cocks1 etc41 f ! heat] & pump4 ,all fitt+s %\ld be c>efully pack$ & laid away4 ,clean ! flues & fire box1 also ! a% pan1 & d n neglect to pa9t ! a% pan bo? inside & outside4 ,remove ! back cyl9d] head1 roll ! eng9e =w>d & sme> ! inside ( cyl9d] ) tall[1 or oil if no tall[ c be _h4 ,place ! head back aga9 & sme> all ! bright "w1 su* z pi/on rod1 connect+ rod1 etc41 ) grease4 ,d n =get to cov] top ( smoke /ack1 to keep out wat] & sn[4 ,if ! =ego+ directions are foll[$ c>efully y w f9d ano!r season t y\r eng9e w be clean1 free f ru/ & ready to s]ve y fai?fully )\t any tr\ble or delay 9 />t+1 ei!r 9 "t or exp5se4 ,,belt+4 ,d n tax belts by ov]load+4 ,keep !m free f accumulation ( du/1 grease & all animal oils1 z ^! are injuri\s to bo? rubb] & lea!r belts4 ,special c>e %\ld be tak5 to protect ! edges ( rubb] belts f all animal oils1 z !y are liable to rot ! belt4 ,always run ! gra9 7or hair7 side ( lea!r belts on ! pulley1 z x gives great] driv+ p[]1 hugs ! pulley clos]1 is less liable to slip1 & w drive #cj p] c5t4 m ?an ! fle% side4 ,rubb] belts w be greatly improv$ & _! life prolong$1 by putt+ on ) a bru%1 & lett+ x dry1 ! foll[+ mixture3 ,equal p>ts ( black lead & li?>ge mix$ ) boil$ oil2 add en\gh ,japan to dry x quickly4 ,9 case ! rubb] peels (f1 ! same mixture c be us$4 ,9 comp>ison to lea!r belts1 #d-ply rubb] is equival5t to a s+le lea!r belt & #f-ply rubb] to d\ble lea!r belt4 ,to f9d ! l5g? ( a belt1 add ! diamet] ( ! two pulleys toge!r1 divide ! result by #b & multiply ! quoti5t by #c_/2 !n add to ?is product twice ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( %afts4 ,:5 piec+ a belt :5 pulleys are *ang$1 multiply ! diff]5ce ( ! diamet]s ( ! pulleys by #a1 ! product w be ! l5g? ( ! piece requir$4 ,! seam side ( rubb] belt %\ld always be plac$ outside & n next to pulley4 ,9 case ! belt slips1 coat ! side next to pulley ) boil$ l9se$ oil or soap4 ,9 lac+ a belt1 beg9 9 ! c5t] & be c>eful to keep bo? ends exactly 9 l9e4 ,lace bo? ends equally tight & d n cross ! lace on ! pulley side ( belt4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! ends butt+ toge!r be cut p]fectly squ>e2 if n1 ! belt w /ret* m on "o side ?an ! o!r1 :i* greatly impairs its wor?4 ,q4 ,:at is ! practical limit ( belt spe$8 ,a4 ,belts %\ld n be run mu* ov] #ejjj feet p] m9ute4 ,q4 ,h[ !n is ! capacity ( a belt affect$ by its spe$8 ,a4 ,x v>ies directly z ! spe$4 ,a giv5 belt w transmit twice ! horse-p[] if its spe$ is d\bl$ )9 limits4 ,q4 ,is ! capacity ( a belt affect$ by its wid?8 ,a4 ,yes1 ! capacity v>ies directly z ! wid?4 ,if a two in* belt w transmit "o horse-p[]1 two su* belts w transmit two horse p[]2 & ?is is true :e!r !y are run sep>ately or jo9$ into a f\r in* belt4 ,to pres]ve cotton or ,g&y belt+1 apply ) a bru% a little common pa9t to pulley side ( belt :ile runn+1 to be foll[$ %ortly aft]w>ds by a little s(t oil or grease to pres]ve its flexibility4 ,if ! edges ( ! belt become fray$ f ! use ( belt guides or =ks1 ! loose ?reads may be cut (f )\t injury to ! belt4 ,if ! belt slips at fir/1 consequ5t to ! surface be+ ruffl$ by unroll+1 apply a little grease1 oil or soap to ! pulley side to make x grip4 ,illu/ration3 ,arm+ton ,sims ,high ,spe$ ,eng9e4 ,,arm+ton ,,sims ,,high ,,spe$ ,,eng9e4 ,! cyl9d] & /eam *e/ ( ?is eng9e are ca/ 9 "o piece & bolt$ securely to ! eng9e frame1 :i* =ms ! front cyl9d] head4 ,! cyl9d] is lagg$ ) m9]al wool & jacket$ to prev5t radiation1 & x is ov]hang+ & self-l9+4 ,! valve is a holl[ pi/on valve1 ! body ( :i* is /eel tub+ ) ca/ iron ends4 ,x receives its motion f ! %aft gov]nor1 atta*$ to "o ( ! b& :eels1 :i* regulates ! cut-(f automatically accord+ to ! v>iation ( load4 ,! /eam is exhau/$ at ea* end ( ! valve by v direct passages :i* quickly free ! cyl9d]1 prev5t+ back pressure4 ,! eng9e frame is ca/ heavy & rigid1 & conta9s ! locomotive guides = cross-head & ! pill[ block be>+s = ! crank %aft4 ,! d\ble disc c5t] crank %afts all[ ( two small heavy b& :eels be+ us$4 ,! base ( ?is eng9e is ca/ 9 "o piece1 to :i* ! eng9e frame is securely bolt$1 & ) ?is arrangem5t1 ! eng9e ne$s no exp5sive f\ndation4 ,! eng9e is simple & self-conta9$1 rang+ 9 sizes f #aa to #dej horse-p[]1 & is int5d$ to run at ! v high spe$ ( f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ & fifty revolutions p] m9ute accord+ to size1 & is us$ ext5sively 9 driv+ electric light+ ma*9]y1 & :]e high spe$ & cont9u\s "w is desir$4 ,,g5]al ,,in=mation4 ,nev] condemn an eng9e t is entirely new to y because x does n />t (f at y\r fir/ ef=t4 ,/udy all ! directions furni%$ by ! mak]4 ,p]haps y h ov]look$ "s po9ts t are ( m importance ?an y imag9e4 ,! above w apply to o!r ma*9]y z well z eng9es4 ,:5 />t+ a new eng9e be sure t ev]y?+ is 9 read9ess4 ,turn x ov] by h& to see t all ! revolv+ & reciprocat+ p>ts run freely4 ,/>t x v sl[ly "u /eam pressure & apply pl5ty ( good oil4 ,aft] x has run a %ort "t & ev]y?+ is work+ prop]ly turn on m /eam & cont9ue to d s until ! eng9e is runn+ at its rat$ spe$4 ,to />t x at full spe$ "u /eam pressure may result 9 great damage or totally de/roy ! eng9e4 ,an accurate ma*9e :i* is ?or\ghly reliable is necess>ily co/ly1 b is ( m value ?an ano!r :i* m]ely s]ves a purpose4 ,eng9e]s or firem5 9 *>ge ( a /eam boil] %\ld bl[ out ! wat] gauge & gauge cocks e morn+ 9 ord] to remove ! s(t mud :i* settles 9 !m at night :5 ! boil] is at re/4 ,if ?is is neglect$1 ! s(t mud may become bak$ 9 !m :i* might lead to disa/r\s results4 ,e /eam boil] = :atev] purpose employ$1 %\ld be op5$1 clean$1 ?or\ghly exam9$ & te/$ at lea/ e six mon?s1 & ) muddy fe$ wat] once a week w\ld n be too (t54 ,by bl[+ out ! gauge cocks regul>ly y n only asc]ta9 ! height ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]1 b x prev5ts !m f becom+ *ok$ ) s$im5t or mud4 ,d n all[ ! gauge cocks1 glass wat] gauge or /eam gauge to become fil?y1 z x %[s lack ( c>e1 & furni%es evid5ce t ! eng9e] :o is n p>ticul> 9 ?is "p ( 8 duty is n reliable 9 o!rs ( equal or m importance4 ,^u ent]+ ! boil] room 9 ! morn+ an eng9e] or fireman %\ld always asc]ta9 :e!r ! valves or cocks :i* connect ! wat] gauge ) ! boil] are op5 or %ut1 o!rwise he may be deceiv$ by ! appe>ance ( ! wat] 9 ! tube4 ,?is precaution %\ld nev] be neglect$4 ,if an eng9e] or fireman discov]s t !re is too mu* wat] 9 ! boil] he %\ld bl[ x d[n to ! prop] level1 b 9 do+ s he mu/ ex]cise judgm5t1 vigilance & c>e1 especially if !re is a fire 9 ! furnace4 ,nev] all[ ! gauge cocks to leak at all :5 x is practicable to repair !m1 = ! long] !y leak ! m difficult !y are to repair1 z "u ! escape ( wat] or /eam ! metal wa/es rapidly4 ,an eng9e] or fireman %\ld (t5 remove ! a%es f "u ! boil]1 or f a% pan2 if all[$ to accumulate1 !y ret>d ! draft & int]f]e ) combu/ion1 !reby caus+ wa/e ( fuel & int]f]e ) ! evaporat+ effici5cy ( ! boil]4 ,also keep grates cle> ( cl9k]s2 = if all[$ to accumulate1 !y produce ! same result4 ,%\ld x become necess>y to bl[ d[n ! wat] at int]vals1 ! eng9e] or fireman %\ld /& by ! bl[-(f cock & n all[ 8 att5tion to be div]t$ to any?+ else1 z 9 a v %ort space ( "t ! wat] may become s l[ z to induce /oppage or endang] ! safety ( ! boil]4 ,eng9e]s %\ld always be cauti\s :5 !y /op or />t an eng9e ) a heavy pressure ( /eam 9 ! boil]1 z ! v5t giv5 to ! /eam :5 />t+1 & ! *eck x receives :5 /opp+1 may ex]t su* a pressure z to /ra91 crack1 or rupture ! boil]4 ,! drip cocks 9 ! cyl9d] %\ld be left op5 :5 ! eng9e is /&+ /ill1 & !y %\ld n be clos$ until aft] ! eng9e has be5 />t$ & made sev]al /rokes or revolutions4 ,d n op5 ! ?rottle valve to its full ext5t 9 />t+ aft] ! eng9e has be5 /&+ ov] night1 z ! quantity ( /eam cond5s$ by be+ br\ght 9 contact ) ! cold pipe 7p>ticul>ly if x is a long "o7 may result 9 break+ ! foll[] plate1 spr++ ! pi/on rod1 or knock+ out ! cyl9d] head4 ,aft] op5+ ! gauge cocks to asc]ta9 ! height ( wat] 9 ! boil]1 !y %\ld be clos$ tightly to prev5t leakage4 ,x may h be5 discov]$ t :5 gauge cocks are clos$ aft] be+ bl[n out1 !y leak badly2 ?is is (t5 due to ! fact t mud or s& has become atta*$ to ! seat ( ! valve4 ,! easie/ way to rem$y ?is difficulty is to op5 ! cocks & let !m bl[ out = "s "t1 z ! friction ( ! wat] 9 its escape w 9 all probability remove ! ob/acle4 ,glass wat] gauges may be cleans$ by remov+ ! glass2 !n ty+ a piece ( cotton wa/e or lamp wick+ to a spl9t ( wood1 apply+ soap or acetic acid1 & pass+ x ?r\gh ! inside ( ! tube2 !n replace ! glass1 & :5 /eam is rais$ close ! l[] valve1 op5 ! drip cock1 & ! /eam bl[+ ?r\gh w wa% ! glass p]fectly4 ,to cut a glass gauge tube4--,if a glass gauge is too long1 take a ?ree-corn]$ file & wet x1 hold ! tube 9 ! left h& ) ! ?umb & =e-f+] at ! place :]e y wi% to cut1 saw x quickly & lightly two or ?ree times ) ! edge ( ! file1 & x w m>k ! glass4 ,n[1 take ! tube 9 bo? h&s1 bo? ?umbs be+ on opposite sides ( ! m>k & ab\t an in* ap>t1 !n try to b5d ! glass1 us+ y\r ?umbs z fulcrums & x w break at ! m>k :i* has weak5$ ! tube4 ,nev] t\* ! inside ( ! wat] gauge glass ) iron or wire1 z :ile ! glass may be cut on ! outside ) a file1 ! slighte/ t\* ( /eel or iron on ! inside w cause an abrasion1 ! result ( :i* is t ! glass w crack & become useless4 ,wat] gauge glasses frequ5tly break because ! /eam & wat] connections are n 9 l9e1 because ! /uff+ boxes are screw$ d[n too tight1 & sometimes 9 cold wea!r :5 /ruck by a cold draught ( air admitt$ ?r\gh an op5 door or w9d[4 ,an eng9e] or fireman %\ld nev] fill a boil] ) cold wat] :ile ! boil] is hot1 z ! injuri\s effect produc$ by contraction is simil> to t produc$ by bl[+ out at a high pressure1 & if p]si/$ 9 w result 9 p]man5t injury to ! boil]4 ,exhau/ /eam w heat wat] to #bab ,fahr4 "u atmosph]ic pressure4 ,t5 degrees extra heat 9 fe$ wat] means "o p] c5t4 sav+ 9 fuel4 ,be=e bl[+ out ! boil] ! eng9e] or fireman %\ld remove all ! fire f ! furnace1 z a small quantity left 9 ! corn]s1 or atta*$ to ! bridge wall1 might spr+ a seam or cause a plate to bulge4 ,e eng9e] %\ld "k t unequal expansion & contraction is "o ( ! evils :i* limit ! longevity & endang] ! safety ( all classes ( /eam boil]s2 consequ5tly ! bl[+ out1 ! refill+1 ! />t+ ( fires & ! regulation ( ! draught %\ld be done ) judgm5t4 ,x is n necess>y to fill a boil] ) cold wat] above ! second gauge cock1 z ! wat] exp&s "u ! process ( ! =mation ( /eam & x w be f\nd t !re is a suffici5cy ( wat] 9 ! boil] :5 /eam is rais$4 ,s+le rivet$ seams are equal to #ef ( ! orig9al /r5g? ( ! %eet2 d\ble rivet$ seams are equal to #gj1 & triple rivet$ seams are equal to #he4 ,triple rivet$ seams1 h[ev]1 are v seldom us$ unless = "s special purpose1 z !y are too heavy & ?ick1 & w\ld burn out rapidly if expos$ to fire4 ,9 mak+ calculations on ! /r5g? ( boil]s1 ! factor #ef %\ld be employ$ in/ead ( #ajj1 z #dd ( ! /r5g? ( ! plate is lo/ by pun*+ ! holes = ! rivets4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ma*9e rivet$ seams 9 /eam boil]s are sup]ior to h& made seams1 z ! ma*9e ?or\ghly upsets ! rivet & br+s ! two %eets 9 su* close contact z to produce friction betwe5 ! %eets at ! lap1 :i* ( itself is an elem5t ( /r5g?4 ,boil]s d n improve by /&+ idle2 !y w ru/ v rapidly4 ,nev] use %>p *isels to cut ! scale f boil] plate1 z ! cutt+ ( ! plate does m h>m ?an good4 ,use only a light hamm]4 ,9 pat*+ a boil] be c>eful n to make a pocket 9 :i* s$im5t may collect to cause ano!r injury to ! %eet & nev] put a /eel pat* ^u an iron boil] z ! two metals exp&+ unequally w induce tr\ble4 ,nev] =get to all[ = expansion :5 runn+ long l9es ( /eam pipe1 :e!r = heat+ or p[]1 z ! neglect ( ?is precaution leads to ! =mation ( imm5se crooks or b5ds 9 ! l9e ( pipe wond]ful to behold4 ,!re mu/ be a slip jo9t some:]e 9 long l9es ( /eam pip+1 unless expansion is all[$ =4 ,valves /ick on _! seats because !y are frequ5tly %ut :5 cold1 & :5 heat$ by ! /eam ! valve /em becomes l5g!n$1 & presses ! valve h>d into ! seat4 ,illu/ration3 ,geis] ,traction ,eng9e--,"r ,side4 ,,geis] ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! cut opposite repres5ts ! "r side ( ! ,pe]less1 ,side ,crank1 ,re> ,ge> ,traction ,eng9e4 ,! ma9 eng9e frame is ( ! gird] patt]n1 & conta9s ! guides & pill[ block be>+4 ,x also =ms ! front cyl9d] head1 to :i* ! cyl9d] is bolt$4 ,! cyl9d] is ov]hang+1 & connect$ to ! long fe$ wat] heat] by ! exhau/ pipe4 ,! valve is ( ! pi/on type4 ,! rev]se ge> is ! ,l&is ,pat5t ,rev]se & ,v>iable ,cut-(f4 ,x has ! ,cross-head ,pump connect$ ) a long ,fe$ ,wat] ,heat]1 ,gov]nor1 ,injector1 & ! locomotive /yle ( boil] sw+s 9 an iron frame1 to :i* x is atta*$1 & re/s ^u spr+s at bo? back & front ends4 ,! smoke /ack is wat] l9$1 & traction :eels h wr\ght iron rims ) high gr\t]s & wood spokes4 ,! plat=m has two /eel tanks = wat] & tools1 & ! /e]+ :eel & b& :eel are on opposite sides ( ! eng9e4 ,slide valves %\ld be fitt$ to _! seats by fil+ & scrap+1 & nev] by ! use ( em]y & oil4 ,! pi/on rod & valve rod may be pack$ ) braids ( hemp or cotton wick+1 ) r+s cut f pat5t pack+ ( v>i\s k9ds or metallic pack+4 ,to clean brass articles ) acid is a great mi/ake1 z ) su* treatm5t !y v soon become dull4 ,sweet oil & putty p[d] foll[$ by soap & wat]1 is "o ( ! be/ m$iums = bright5+ brass & copp]4 ,to fro/ brass "w & give x an ornam5tal f9i%1 boil ! article 9 cau/ic pota%1 r9se 9 clean wat] & dip 9 nitric acid until all oxide is remov$2 !n wa% quickly1 dry 9 box-wood sawdu/1 & lacqu] :ile w>m4 ,! be/ mat]ial = gr9d+ 9 valves & /op cocks is pulv]iz$ glass4 ,x is sup]ior to em]y = ?is purpose4 ,f9e s& may be us$4 ,to rem$y a leaky angle1 *eck or globe valve1 x %\ld be tak5 ap>t1 & ! valves gr\nd to fit _! seats prop]ly ) ei!r f9e s&1 pulv]iz$ glass or em]y4 ,a lev] /uck betwe5 ! spokes ( ! fly-:eel ( an eng9e = ! purpose ( />t+ x1 is a v dang]\s in/rum5t1 x is liable to get caught & d a great am\nt ( damage4 ,if a lev] is to be us$1 be sure t ! /eam is fir/ turn$ (f4 ,a cubic in* ( wat] evaporat$ "u ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure is conv]t$ into "o cubic foot ( /eam 7approximately74 ,/eam at atmosph]ic pressure fl[s into a vacuum at ! rate ( ab\t #aeej feet p] second1 & into ! atmosph]e at ! rate ( #fej feet p] second4 ,cond5s+ eng9es require f #bj to #cj gallons ( wat] to cond5se ! /eam repres5t$ by e gallon ( wat] evaporat$--approximately2 = mo/ eng9es we say f #a to #a gallons p] m9ute p] indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,jet cond5s]s d n require q z mu* wat] = cond5s+ z surface cond5s]s4 ,surface cond5s]s require ab\t #b squ>e feet ( tube 7cool+7 surface p] horse-p[] ( /eam eng9e4 ,! be/ design$ boil]s well set1 ) good draught & skillful fir+1 w evaporate f #g to #aj lbs4 ( wat] p] p\nd ( fir/-class coal4 ,! av]age result is f #be to #fj p] c5t4 bel[ ?is4 ,:5 y h y\r boil] furnace to repair1 & _c get fire clay1 take common e>? mix$ ) wat]1 9 :i* y h dissolv$ a little salt2 use same z fire clay1 & y\r furnace w la/ fully z long4 ,to make iron take bright poli% l /eel1 pulv]ize & dissolve ! foll[+ articles 9 "o qu>t ( hot wat]3 ,blue vitriol #a oz41 borax #a oz41 prussiate ( pota% #a oz41 *>coal #a oz41 salt #g pt42 !n add "o gallon ( l9se$ oil1 mix well1 br+ y\r iron or /eel to ! prop] heat1 & cool 9 ! solution4 ,to write inscriptions on metal1 take #d oz4 ( nitric acid & #a oz4 ( muriatic acid1 mix & %ake well toge!r1 !n cov] y\r metal surface to be engrav$1 ) bees-wax or soap1 write y\r inscription pla9ly 9 ! wax cle> to ! metal1 !n apply ! mix$ acids1 c>efully fill+ ea* lett]4 ,let x rema9 f ?ree to five m9utes accord+ to appe>ance desir$1 !n ?r[ on wat]1 :i* /ops ! et*+ process1 scrape (f ! bees-wax or soap1 & ! inscription is complete4 ,to remove ru/ f /eel4--,bru% ! ru/$ /eel ) a pa/e compos$ ( oz4 cyanide potassium1 oz4 ca/ile soap1 #a oz4 :it+1 & en\gh wat] to make a pa/e2 !n wa% ! /eel 9 a solution ( oz4 cyanide potassium & #b oz4 ( wat]4 ,a solv5t = ru/4--,x is (t5 v difficult1 & sometimes impossible1 to remove ru/ f articles made ( iron4 ,^? :i* are mo/ ?ickly coat$ are mo/ easily clean$ by be+ imm]s$ 91 or saturat$ )1 a solution ( *loride ( t94 ,! l5g? ( "t !y %\ld rema9 9 ?is ba? is det]m9$ by ! ?ickness ( ! ru/1 g5]ally twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs is long en\gh4 ,! solution ought n to conta9 a great excess ( acid if ! iron itself be n attack$4 ,on tak+ !m f ! ba?1 ! articles are r9s$ fir/ 9 wat]1 !n 9 ammonia1 & quickly dri$4 ,! iron :5 ?us treat$ has ! appe>ance ( dull silv]2 a simple poli%+ gives x its normal appe>ance4 ,"o ( ! be/ v>ni%es = smoke /acks or /eam pipes is good asphaltum dissolv$ 9 oil ( turp5t9e4 ,iron or /eel imm]s$ w>m 9 a solution ( c>bonate ( soda 7wa%+ soda7 = a few m9utes w n ru/4 ,cem5t to fa/5 iron to /one4--,take #aj p>ts ( f9e iron fil+s1 #cj p>ts ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 & "p ( sal ammoniac2 mix ) weak v9eg> to a fluid pa/e & apply at once4 ,cem5t = jo9ts4--,p>is :ite1 gr\nd1 #d lbs42 li?>ge1 gr\nd1 #aj lbs42 yell[ o*re1 f9e1 lb42 oz4 ( hemp1 cut %ort2 mix well toge!r ) l9se$ oil to a /iff putty4 ,?is cem5t is good = jo9ts on /eam or wat] pipes2 x w set "u wat]4 ,! av]age consumption ( coal = /eam boil]s is #ab p\nds p] h\r = ea* squ>e foot ( grate surface4 ,"o ton ( coal is equival5t to two cords ( wood = /eam purposes4 ,d\bl+ ! diamet] ( a pipe increases its capacity f\r times4 ,a cubic foot ( wat] conta9s #g gallons4 ,a gallon weighs #h p\nds4 ,wat] exp&s _/ ( its bulk 9 freez+4 ,ice weighs #ef p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,eng9e]s c judge ( ! condition ( _! ma*9]y by ! tone x gives out :ile runn+4 ,e make ( eng9e has a peculi> tone ( its own4 ,! eng9e] becomes accu/om$ to t1 & any dep>ture f x at once excites a suspicion t all is n "r4 ,! eng9e] may n "k :at is ! matt]1 he may h no e> = music1 b ! *ange 9 tone ( 8 ma*9e w be in/antly p]ceptible & w />t him ^u an imm$iate inve/igation4 ,an ,indicator is an in/rum5t us$ to det]m9e ! indicat$ horse-p[] ( an eng9e2 x %[s ! action ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] & s]ves z a guide 9 sett+ valves to get ! greate/ am\nt ( en]gy f ! /eam us$4 ,atmosph]ic pressure is ! weight ( ! air4 ,to take lime f injector tubes1 mix "o "p muriatic acid & t5 p>ts s(t wat]4 ,imm]se tube 9 ?is mixture ov] night4 ,comp\nd = ,cool+ ,heavy ,be>+s4--,= cool+ heavy pill[ block be>+s1 or ! /eps ( upright %afts1 ! foll[+ w be f\nd v valuable3 ,f\r p\nds ( tall[1 "o-half p\nd ( sug> ( lead1 ?ree-f\r?s p\nd plumbago4 ,:5 ! tall[ is melt$ 7n boil+7 add sug> ( lead & let x dissolve2 !n put 9 ! plumbago1 & /ir ! :ole mass until cold4 ,a mixture ( s(t soap & black lead makes an excell5t lubricant = ge>s1 z x less5s ! abrasion & noise & has ! advantage ov] tall[ ( n becom+ h>d4 ,x is also easily remov$ %\ld x become necess>y to clean ! p>ts on :i* x has be5 us$4 ,! axles & axle arms ( a traction eng9e %\ld be well greas$ or oil$ be=e mov+1 to prev5t !m f be+ cut & we>+ bo? hub & axle rapidly4 ,,work%op ,,recipes4 ,,loam4--,mixture ( brick1 clay & old f\ndry s&4 ,,p>t+ ,,s&4--,burnt s& scrap$ f ! surface ( ca/+s4 ,,black ,,wa%4--,*>coal1 plumbago & size4 ,,black5+ ,,= ,,molds4--,*>coal p[d]1 or 9 "s in/ances f9e coal du/4 ,,mixture ,,= ,,weld+ ,,/eel4--,"o "p sal ammoniac1 t5 p>ts borax1 p\nd$ toge!r & fus$ until cle>4 ,!n x is p\r$ out & aft] cool+1 r$uce to p[d]4 ,,ru/-,,jo9t ,,cem5t4--7,quickly sett+47 ,"o "p sal ammoniac 9 p[d] 7by weight71 two p>ts fl\r ( sulphur1 eighty p>ts iron bor+s1 made into a pa/e ) wat]4 ,,ru/ ,,jo9t4--7,sl[ly sett+47 ,two p>ts sal ammoniac1 "o "p fl\r ( sulphur1 #bjj p>ts iron bor+s4 ,! latt] cem5t is ! be/ if ! jo9t is n requir$ = imm$iate use4 ,,r$ ,,lead ,,cem5t ,,= ,,face ,,jo9ts4--,"o "p :ite lead1 "o "p r$ lead1 mix$ ) l9se$ oil to ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,,case ,,h>d5+4--,place horn1 ho(1 bone du/1 or %r$s ( lea!r1 toge!r ) ! article to be case h>d5$1 9 an iron box2 subject to blood r$ heat1 !n imm]se ! article 9 cold wat]4 ,,case ,,h>d5+ ,,) ,,prussiate ,,( ,,pota%4--,heat ! article1 aft] poli%+1 to a bright r$2 rub ! surface ov] ) prussiate ( pota%2 all[ x to cool to dull r$1 & imm]se x 9 wat]4 ,,case ,,h>d5+ ,,mixtures4--,?ree p>ts ( prussiate ( pota%1 "o "p sal ammoniac2 or1 "o "p ( prussiate ( pota%1 two p>ts sal ammoniac & two p>ts bone du/4 ,,glue ,,to ,,resi/ ,,moi/ure4--,"o p\nd ( glue1 melt$ 9 two qu>ts ( skim-milk4 ,,m>9e ,,glue4--,"o "p ( ,india rubb]1 twelve p>ts m9]al naph?a or coal t>4 ,heat g5tly1 mix1 & add tw5ty p>ts ( p[d]$ %ellac4 ,p\r out on a slab to cool4 ,heat to ab\t #bej degrees & x is ready = use4 ,,glue ,,cem5t ,,to ,,resi/ ,,moi/ure4--,"o "p glue1 "o "p black ros91 "p r$ o*re1 mix$ ) ! lea/ possible quantity ( wat]2 or1 f\r p>ts ( glue2 or1 "o "p oxide ( iron1 "o "p ( boil$ oil 7by weight74 ,,babbitt+ ,,boxes4 ,:5 ! babbitt 9 a box is badly worn1 & ne$s re-babbitt+1 remove ! cap1 take out ! %aft & *ip all ! old babbitt out ( bo? box & cap2 !n replace ! %aft 9 ! box1 & l9e x up p]fectly level & squ>e by putt+ l9]s 9 betwe5 ! %aft & ! edges ( ! box2 !n put /iff putty ar\nd ! %aft & aga9/ ! box at bo? ends1 to prev5t ! babbitt f runn+ out2 !n heat ! babbitt metal until x runs freely1 & p\r x into ! box until x is full2 !n put on ! cap1 & place ab\t ! same am\nt ( l9]s betwe5 its ends & ! top ( ! %aft z 0 put "u ! %aft1 ) long l9]s ( %eet iron or t9 ext5d+ f "o end to ! o!r ( ! box1 p>allel ) & on bo? sides ( ! %aft2 !n put putty ar\nd ! %aft & aga9/ ! cap at bo? ends2 heat ! metal aga91 & p\r x 9 ?r\gh ! oil hole4 ,aft] x is cool1 remove ! cap & l9]s1 drill out ! oil hole & replace ! cap1 be+ c>eful to put j en\gh l9]s "u x s t ! box w be tight & /ill h ! %aft run cool4 ,,comp\nd ,,eng9es4 ,! ,comp\nd ,eng9e dates f ! ye> #agha1 :5 ,hornbl[]1 a contempor>y ( ,watt1 conceiv$ ! idea ( utiliz+ ! =ce 9 ! exhau/ /eam ( ! simple eng9e 9 a second cyl9d]4 ,f 8 crude design1 ! con/ant progress ( exp]im5t has develop$ ! m>vel\s eng9es n[ us$ 9 ocean /eam]s1 & 9 bo? l>ge & small p[] plants1 also on locomotives4 ,"s ( ! comp\nd eng9es built 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury %[ results1 accord+ to ! records1 n f> beh9d ! be/ atta9able 9 mod]n times4 ,! era ( ! ,comp\nd locomotive eng9e began 9 ,europe 9 #ahgf1 b 9 ?is c\ntry half a doz5 ye>s w\ld almo/ cov] its hi/ory4 ,h[ev]1 9 ?is %ort "t1 its advantages 9 putt+ to pr(itable use ! entire =ce ( ! /eam suppli$1 has be5 s cle>ly %[n1 t x has evid5tly come to /ay4 ,its availability z an effici5t1 economical1 p[]ful high spe$ locomotive1 demon/rates ! value ( ! ,comp\nd z a f>m traction eng9e1 & makes x pla9 t x w be extremely s]viceable on ?is class ( eng9es4 ,! ,comp\nd ,traction ,eng9es belong+ to ! class kn[n z ! 8,woolf10 or cont9u\s expansion type1 are s con/ruct$ t ! /eam passes directly f ! high pressure to ! l[ pressure cyl9d] )\t ! int]v5tion ( any receiv+ *amb] or /eam *e/4 ,?is arrangem5t is consid]$ mu* bett] adapt$ to traction eng9e "w1 & to produce sup]ior results "u ! v>y+ conditions ( ?is class ( "w ?an ! 8cross0 comp\nd1 or :at is g5]ally /yl$ ! 8receiv]0 type ( comp\nd eng9es1 9 :i* ! high pressure cyl9d] exhau/s into a receiv] connect$ ) ! /eam *e/ ( ! l[ pressure cyl9d]4 ,9 ! ,woolf ,comp\nd z con/ruct$1 ! cyl9d]s are ei!r ca/ 9 "o piece1 end to end1 or ca/ sep>ately & bolt$ toge!r 9 sub/antially ! same way1 9 ord] t p]fect alignm5t c be secur$ by bor+ bo? cyl9d]s at ! same op]ation4 ,?is makes x n only easy to get !m 9 l9e at ! />t1 b x prev5ts any possibility ( _! gett+ out ( l9e1 :i* is a v important feature4 ,! pi/ons ( bo? cyl9d]s are ^u ! "o rod1 ?us requir+ only "o cross-head1 connect+ rod & crank4 ,!re is b "o /eam *e/1 9 :i* a valve is plac$1 ) su* relation to ! valve seat :i* conta9 ! ports lead+ to bo? cyl9d]s1 t x p]=ms ! d\ble function ( fir/ admitt+ ! /eam to ! high pressure cyl9d]1 cutt+ (f ! admission at ! prop] "t to all[ expansion to take place !re1 & aft] high pressure pi/on has rea*$ ! end ( its /roke1 pass+ on ! /eam to ! l[ pressure cyl9d]1 :]e x is fur!r exp&$ & exhau/$ 9 ! usual mann] aft] its "w is done4 ,! valve is specially design$ ) cavities s arrang$ z to co-op]ate 9 increas+ ! area ( op5+ to d\ble ! am\nt obta9able ) an ord9>y valve hav+ ! same travel4 ,)\t "s special provision1 ! full p[] ( ! comp\nd eng9e _c be ex]t$ 9 />t+1 z ! /eam op]ates prim>ily on ! high pressure pi/on only1 :i* has l$ to ! condemnation ( ! comp\nd z a traction eng9e4 ,?is objection has be5 ?or\ghly ov]come 9 ! ,woolf by means ( a 8conv]t+ valve10 r5d]+ x possible to admit /eam directly to ! l>ge or l[ pressure cyl9d]1 ?us l>gely increas+ ! p[] obta9able f ! eng9e1 ev5 :5 ex]t+ its maximum p[] z a comp\nd4 ,?is arrangem5t c be us$ n only 9 />t+1 b also 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 su* z climb+ /eep hills1 gett+ out ( bad places on ! road1 or dispos+ ( an especially t\gh cut 9 saw+1 etc4 ,)\t increas+ ! boil] pressure beyond t ord9>ily us$1 ! comp\nd eng9e gets fully "o-?ird m =ce out ( ! /eam us$ ?an is at pres5t obta9able ) ! simple eng9e z commonly work$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! comp\nd w %[ results comp>$ favorably ) a good cond5s+ simple /ation>y eng9e do+ ! same "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,ball ,t&em ,comp\nd ,eng9e4 ,,ball ,,t&em ,,comp\nd ,,eng9e4 ,! heavy case iron base is ca/ 9 two sections1 ! re> "p be+ securely bolt$ to ! front section4 ,to ! front section is also bolt$ ! ma9 eng9e frame4 ,?is frame conta9s ! b> guides = ! cross-head1 & pill[ block be>+ = ! d\ble disc crank %aft1 & also =ms ! front head = ! l[ pressure cyl9d]1 :i* is securely bolt$ to x4 ,! high pressure cyl9d] is atta*$ to ! l[ pressure cyl9d] by two brackets securely bolt$1 & is support$ by a p$e/al1 bolt$ to ! re> "p ( base4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 bo? ! high & l[ pressure pi/ons are ^u ! same pi/on rod1 :i* necessitates ( b "o cross-head1 connect+ rod & crank4 ,! valve ( ! high pressure cyl9d] is op]at$ & completely "u ! control ( ! automatic %aft gov]nor atta*$ to "o ( ! b& :eels1 :ile ! valve ( ! l[ pressure cyl9d] receives its motion f a s+le ecc5tric on crank %aft at opposite side ( eng9e4 ,:5 eng9e is runn+1 ! /eam ent]s ! high pressure cyl9d] fir/1 & aft] p]=m+ its "w !re1 exhau/s ?r\gh ! receiv] pipe into ! l[ pressure cyl9d]1 & !re ex]ts its m9imum =ce by expansion1 & passes out to ! cond5s]1 if us$1 or exhau/s into ! op5 air4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,eng9e]s ,,apply+ ,,= ,a ,,lic5se4 ,,que/ions ,,) ,,answ]s4 ,q4 ,h[ long h y run an eng9e8 ,q4 ,h y done y\r own fir+8 ,q4 ,:at k9ds ( eng9es h y run8 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be y\r fir/ duty if call$ ^u to take *>ge ( an eng9e8 ,a4 ,to asc]ta9 ! exact condition ( ! boil] & all its atta*m5ts1 su* z safety valve1 /eam gauge1 wat] gauge & cocks1 pump1 injector1 bl[-(f valve1 etc42 also ! eng9e4 ,q4 ,h[ (t5 w\ld y bl[ (f y\r boil]8 ,a4 ,once a week or mon?1 accord+ to ! condition ( fe$ wat] us$4 ,q4 ,h[ _m feet ( heat+ surface is all[$ p] horse-p[] by build]s ( boil]s8 ,a4 ,f #ab to #ae squ>e feet = flue & tubul> boil]s4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* /eam pressure w be all[$ on a boil] #dj in* diamet]1 ?ick1 #fj1jjj p\nds ,t4 ,s41 ,t4 ,s4 factor ( safety8 ,a4 ,"o-six? ( t5sile /r5g? ( plate multipli$ by ?ickness ( plate1 divid$ by "o-half ( ! diamet] ( boil] gives safe work+ pressure4 ,q4 ,h[ d y e/imate ! /r5g? ( a boil]8 ,a4 ,by its diamet] & ?ickness ( mat]ial1 s+le or d\ble rivet$4 ,q4 ,:i* is ! /rong]1 s+le or d\ble rivet$8 ,a4 ,d\ble rivet$ is f #ad to #ah p] c5t4 /rong] ?an s+le4 ,q4 ,:at is ! use ( a mud drum on a boil]8 ,a4 ,to collect all ! s$im5t f ! wat] us$ 9 ! boil]4 ,q4 ,:at causes s$im5t to accumulate 9 boil]s8 ,a4 ,! use ( impure or muddy wat]4 ,q4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld x be bl[n out8 ,a4 ,?ree or f\r times a day4 ,a4 ,h[ mu* grate surface d boil] mak]s all[ p] horse-p[]8 ,a4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( a squ>e foot4 ,q4 ,:at is ! /eam dome ( a boil] us$ =8 ,a4 ,= dry /eam to collect 94 ,q4 ,( :at use is a safety valve on a boil]8 ,a4 ,to prev5t ov]pressure4 ,q4 ,:at is y\r duty ) ref]5ce to x8 ,a4 ,op5 x once or twice a day to see t x is 9 good ord]4 ,q4 ,( :at use is a *eck valve8 ,a4 ,to prev5t ! wat] 9 boil] f return+ into ! pump or injector4 ,q4 ,:at effect has cold wat] on hot boil] plates8 ,a4 ,x w fracture !m4 ,q4 ,h[ %\ld ! gauge cocks be locat$ on a boil]8 ,a4 ,s t ! l[e/ gauge cock is ab\t #a in*es above ! top r[ ( flues4 ,q4 ,:]e %\ld ! bl[-(f valve be locat$8 ,a4 ,at ! bottom ( ! fire box 9 locomotive /yle ( boil]1 or 9 ! mud drum :5 us$4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y h *eck valve arrang$8 ,a4 ,) a /op cock betwe5 ! boil] & *eck valve4 ,q4 ,does a man-hole 9 ! top %ell ( boil] weak5 x8 ,a4 ,yes1 to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,q4 ,h[ _m valves 9 a common plung] pump8 ,a4 ,two1 a receiv+ & a dis*>ge valve4 ,q4 ,h[ are !y situat$8 ,a4 ,"o at suction1 ! o!r at dis*>ge end4 ,q4 ,h[ d y f9d ! prop] size ( safety valve = boil]8 ,a4 ,two squ>e feet ( grate surface is all[$ = "o in* area ( common lev] valve1 or ?ree squ>e feet ( surface to "o in* area ( spr+ valve4 ,q4 ,:y d pumps fail to "w at times8 ,a4 ,leak 9 ! suction1 leak ar\nd ! plung]1 leaky *eck valve1 or valve out ( ord]4 ,q4 ,:y d injectors fail to "w at times8 ,a4 ,leak 9 suction1 grit or dirt "u seat ( valve1 or valve n seat$ prop]ly4 ,q4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld a boil] be exam9$ & te/$8 ,a4 ,twice a ye> at lea/4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y te/ a boil]8 ,a4 ,by tapp+ x ) a light hamm]1 & hydro/atic te/1 us+ w>m wat]4 ,q4 ,:]e does ! fe$ wat] ent] ! boil]8 ,a4 ,bel[ ! wat] level1 :]e ! fe$ wat] w n /rike ! heat$ plates4 ,q4 ,:at causes prim+ ( boil]s8 ,a4 ,too high wat]1 n /eam space en\gh1 dirty fe$ wat]1 miscon/ruction ( boil]1 or eng9e be+ too l>ge = its capacity4 ,q4 ,h[ c y keep boil]s clean or remove scale f !m8 ,a4 ,by regul>ly clean+ !m ?or\ghly1 & by ! use ( comp\nds4 ,q4 ,if y f\nd a ?9 plate 9 y\r boil] :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,pat* x on ! inside1 fir/ cutt+ out ! damag$ "p4 ,q4 ,:y cut out ! damag$ "p ( %eet1 :5 putt+ on a pat*8 ,a4 ,to all[ ! wat] to re/ aga9/ ! pat* to protect x f ! int5se heat4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld be ! result if ! damag$ "p ( %eet 0 n cut out8 ,a4 ,! wat] n com+ 9 contact ) ! pat*1 x w\ld soon bulge f ! heat & crack4 ,q4 ,:y pat* x on ! inside8 ,a4 ,because ! action t has weak5$ ! plate be=e w act ^u ! pat*1 :5 ?is is worn x c be replac$4 ,q4 ,if y f\nd y _h to put on sev]al pat*es :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,r$uce ! /eam pressure4 ,q4 ,if y f\nd a bli/] :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,cut x out & put a pat* on ! fire side4 ,q4 ,if y f\nd a plate buckl$ or sagg$ :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,put a /ay bolt ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! sag4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y d ) a crack$ plate8 ,a4 ,cut out ! damag$ "p & put a pat* ov] x4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y *ange ! wat] 9 a boil] :5 /eam is up8 ,a4 ,by supply+ m fe$ wat] & op5+ ! surface bl[-(f at %ort int]vals4 ,q4 ,:5 bl[+ (f a boil]1 w\ld y leave ! bl[-(f cock to att5d to o!r "w8 ,a4 ,nev]4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y d to relieve ! pressure on ! boil] if ! safety valve 0 /uck & /eam con/antly ris+8 ,a4 ,cov] ! fire ) coal or a%es1 close draught door & op5 damp] 9 smoke box2 "w (f ! /eam ) ! eng9e & :5 boil] has cool$ d[n put ! safety valve 9 work+ ord]4 ,q4 ,:at may be ! result if y all[ ! wat] 9 ! boil] to get l[8 ,a4 ,burn+ ( ! cr[n %eet & flues & p]haps cause an explosion4 ,q4 ,w\ld y turn fe$ wat] into a boil] 9 :i* ! wat] 0 v l[8 ,a4 ,nev]1 )\t fir/ pull+ ! fire or cov]+ x ) dry a%es & all[+ ! /eam to g d[n4 ,q4 ,if y all[ wat] 9 ! boil] to get too high :at w\ld be ! result8 ,a4 ,x w\ld cause prim+ or foam+4 ,q4 ,is prim+ or foam+ dang]\s to an eng9e8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,x may cause break+ ( cyl9d] head & wreck+ ( ! eng9e4 ,q4 ,:at are o!r causes = foam+ or prim+ ( a boil]8 ,a4 ,dirty & impure wat]4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,/ev5s ,,traction ,,eng9e4 ,! position ( ! side crank eng9e ^u ! boil] all[s ( hav+ ! ,re> ,ge> traction atta*m5t4 ,! ,eng9e frame1 guides = cross-head1 cyl9d]1 /eam *e/1 saddles1 brackets & bo? pill[ block be>+s = crank %aft are ca/ 9 "o piece & bolt$ to ! boil]4 ,! frame is ca/ oval1 & cross-head guides are ( ! locomotive /yle4 ,! ,eng9e is furni%$ ) a ,friction ,clut*1 a specially design$ ,rev]s+ ,ge>1 ,gov]nor1 ,m>% /eam pump1 ,injector2 & is m\nt$ ^u an op5 bottom fire box locomotive boil]1 ) a% pan "u fire box & dome at re> end4 ,! boil] is m\nt$ ^u ! traction :eels by brackets bolt$ to ! re> end1 :i* conta9 ! boxes = ! ma9 axle & cross %aft4 ,! traction :eels are ( ! ca/ iron rim type1 ) spokes ca/ 9 bo? rim & hub4 ,! /e]+ :eel & b& :eel are on opposite sides ( boil]1 & bo? eng9e & boil] are suppli$ ) all necess>y fitt+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,w4 ,/ev5s ,traction ,eng9e4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y /op foam+8 ,a4 ,close ! ?rottle long en\gh to %[ ! true level ( wat]4 ,if ! level ( ! wat] is suffici5tly high1 fe$+ & bl[+ (f w usually correct ! difficulty4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y d if y discov]$ ! wat] gone f sight 9 ! wat] glass8 ,a4 ,pull ! fire or cov] x ov] ) dry a%es1 & all[ ! boil] to cool (f z quickly z possible2 & w\ld n op5 or close any ( ! /eam outlets4 ,q1 ,:at is a traction eng9e8 ,a4 ,a traction eng9e is an eng9e ! p[] ( :i* is transmitt$ to ! driv+ or gr\nd :eels by a comb9ation ( ge>+4 ,q4 ,:at is an exhau/ pipe8 ,a4 ,! pipe ?r\gh :i* ! exhau/ /eam escapes f cyl9d] to smoke /ack4 ,q4 ,:at is ! fe$ pipe8 ,a4 ,! pipe ?r\gh :i* ! fe$ wat] passes f pump or injector to ! boil]4 ,q4 ,:at is ! /eam pipe8 ,a4 ,! pipe ?r\gh :i* /eam is tak5 f ! dome to ! /eam *e/4 ,q4 ,:at is a pet cock8 ,a4 ,a small cock us$ 9 *eck valves1 pipes & places :]e dra9+ (f wat] is necess>y to prev5t freez+4 ,q4 ,:at is cle>ance 9 a /eam cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,x is ! space betwe5 ! cyl9d] head & pi/on head :5 ! latt] is at end ( ! /roke4 ,q4 ,:at is 8cu%ion0 9 a /eam cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,cu%ion is ! compression ( /eam let 9 ?r\gh ! lead ( ! valve 9 ! cle>ance ( ! cyl9d]1 & is = ! purpose ( cat*+ ! weight ( ! pi/on & rod1 cross-head & connect+ rod :5 ! eng9e rea*es ! end ( ea* /roke4 ,x also keeps ! eng9e f p\nd+4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* wat] w\ld y bl[ (f at any "o "t :ile runn+8 ,a4 ,nev] bl[ (f m ?an "o gauge4 ,q4 ,:at are y\r g5]al views reg>d+ boil] explosions8 ,a4 ,! greate/ causes are f ignorance1 c>elessness & neglect4 ,q4 ,:at precaution %\ld y take if necess>y to /op ) a heavy fire 9 ! furnace8 ,a4 ,close ! draught door1 & put ! injector or pump at "w4 ,q4 ,:at is ! prop] height to c>ry wat] 9 ! boil]8 ,a4 ,ab\t #b in*es above top r[ ( flues4 ,q4 ,at :at pressure %\ld y bl[ (f a boil]8 ,a4 ,at a pressure n to exce$ t5 p\nds4 ,q4 ,if y wi%$ to increase ! p[] ( an eng9e :at w\ld y d8 ,a4 ,increase its spe$ or get high] /eam pressure4 ,q4 ,h[ d y f9d ! horse-p[] ( an eng9e8 ,a4 ,multiply ! spe$ ( pi/on travel 9 feet p] m9ute by ! total effective pressure ^u ! pi/on 9 p\nds1 & divide ! product by #cc1jjj4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by 8brass b\nd08 ,a4 ,brass b\nd means t ! half brasses t\* ea* o!r & _c be driv5 up any clos] by ! key4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y rem$y a brass b\nd box on crank-p9 or wri/-p98 ,a4 ,take (f ! boxes & file (f ! top & bottom edges1 be+ c>eful n to take (f too mu*4 ,q4 ,does a p]fect fitt+ or an imp]fect fitt+ valve h ! mo/ friction8 ,a4 ,an imp]fect fitt+ "o4 ,q4 ,h[ w\ld y refit an imp]fect fitt+ or leaky valve8 ,a4 ,x %\ld be re-fac$ on a plan] or fil$ & scrap$ until x fits seat p]fectly tight4 ,q4 ,h[ is a /eam eng9e rat$8 ,a4 ,by am\nt ( horse-p[] develop$4 ,q4 ,:at is a foot-p\nd8 ,a4 ,"o p\nd ( =ce ex]t$ ?r\gh "o foot ( space4 ,q4 ,h[ _m foot-p\nds are requir$ to lift #ajj p\nds "o foot8 ,a4 ,"o hundr$4 ,q4 ,h[ _m foot-p\nds requir$ to lift "o p\nd #ajj feet8 ,a4 ,"o hundr$4 ,q4 ,to lift #aaj p\nds ?r\gh #cjj feet h[ _m foot-p\nds requir$8 ,a4 #cjj #aaj #cc1jjj foot-p\nds4 ,q4 ,w\ld t equal "o horse-p[]8 ,a4 ,yes1 if done 9 "o m9ute4 ,q4 ,suppose x took two m9utes8 ,a4 ,!n !re w\ld be only half a horse-p[]1 or #cc1jjj #b #af1ejj foot-p\nds p] m9ute4 ,q4 ,is x correct to say 8horse-p[] p] m9ute0 or 8horse-p[] p] h\r08 ,a4 ,no4 ,:5 an eng9e is work+ at ! rate ( #aj horse-p[]1 x is do+ #aj horse-p[] all ! "t4 ,x is an error to assume t su* an eng9e is do+ #aj horse-p[] p] m9ute1 & #aj #fj equals #fjj horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,:5 x is said t an eng9e uses #bj p\nds ( /eam p] horse-p[] p] h\r1 x is meant t ?is am\nt ( /eam is us$ p] h\r = ea* horse-p[] develop$4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! foot-p\nds ( "w done by a /eam eng9e1 f\nd8 ,a4 ,multiply ! av]age pressure p] squ>e in* dur+ ! /roke by ! numb] ( squ>e in*es 9 ! pi/on1 & by ! numb] ( feet ?r\gh :i* ! pi/on has mov$4 ,q4 ,:at d y und]/& by ! 8mean effective pressure08 ,a4 ,! mean pressure is ! av]age pressure pu%+ ! pi/on ?r\gh ! /roke1 :i* is ab\t "o-?ird ! pressure 9 ! boil]4 ,!re is g5]ally "s back pressure work+ aga9/ x1 !re=e ! 8effective0 pressure is only ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,x c only be det]m9$ accurately by measurem5ts f an indicator diagram4 ,q4 ,:at is a s+le act+ eng9e8 ,a4 ,an eng9e 9 :i* ! /eam acts on "o side ( ! pi/on only4 ,q4 ,h[ d y f9d ! 8pi/on's spe$08 ,a4 ,on d\ble act+ eng9es1 multiply ! /roke 9 in*es by two & by ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute & divide by #ab4 ,q4 ,:y multiply ! /roke 9 in*es by #b8 ,a4 ,because 9 d\ble act+ eng9es !re are two work+ /rokes to ea* revolution4 ,q4 ,:y d y divide by #ab8 ,a4 ,to r$uce ! in*es to feet4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! 8pi/on's spe$0 ( a s+le act+ eng9e f\nd8 ,a4 ,multiply ! /roke 9 in*es by ! revolutions p] m9ute & divide by #ab4 ,q4 ,:at is ! horse-p[] develop$ by an eng9e1 say #ab #bd in*1 runn+ #abe revolutions p] m9ute1 ) #dj p\nds mean effective pressure8 ,a4 ,area #ab #ab 4#ghed #aac4jigf sq4 ins4 ,pi/on spe$ #bd #b #abe #ab #ejj feet p] m9ute4 ,m4 ,e4 ,p4 #dj lbs4 ,!n 7#aac4jigf #ejj #dj7 ---------------------------------------- -- #fh4edd ,h4 ,p4 #ccjjj ,q4 ,:at is a s+le valve eng9e8 ,a4 ,x is an eng9e 9 :i* a s+le valve controls ! admission & di/ribution ( /eam to bo? ends ( ! cyl9d]1 or a common slide valve eng9e4 ,q4 ,:at is a f\r valve eng9e8 ,a4 ,an eng9e :i* has sep>ate /eam & exhau/ valves = ea* end bo? top & bottom ( cyl9d]1 su* z a ,corliss eng9e4 ,q4 ,into :at ?ree classes are eng9es divid$ ) ref]5ce to ! mann] 9 :i* !y are gov]n$8 ,a4 ,?rottl+ eng9es1 ,automatic cut-(f & ,gov]nor eng9es4 ,q4 ,:at is an ,automatic cut-(f eng9e8 ,a4 ,an eng9e 9 :i* ! am\nt ( /eam suppli$ is automatically cut (f at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! /roke1 9 accordance ) ! load & pressure4 ,9 ,?rottl+ eng9es ! volume admitt$ is con/ant & ! pressure v>i$4 ,9 ,automatic cut-(f eng9es1 /eam is admitt$ at ! highe/ available pressure1 & ! volume is v>i$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! load4 ,9 ,gov]nor eng9es1 ! /eam is admitt$ & cut (f by ! gov]nor4 ,q4 ,:at is a ?rottle gov]n$ eng9e8 ,a4 ,an eng9e 9 :i* ! am\nt ( /eam suppli$ is regulat$ by *ang+ ! pressure at :i* x ent]s ! cyl9d] 9 accordance ) ! v>iation ( ! load4 ,q4 ,:at is a ,gov]nor eng9e8 ,a4 ,an eng9e 9 :i* ! supply ( /eam is regulat$ by ! gov]nor4 ,q4 ,into :at classes may ! ,automatic cut-(f eng9e be divid$8 ,a4 ,into two classes3 ,! f\r valve eng9e1 9 :i* ! cut-(f is usually effect$ by a deta*+ me*anism or trip "u ! control ( ! gov]nor2 ! s+le valve eng9e1 9 :i* ! po9t ( cut-(f is v>i$ by *ang+ ! am\nt ( travel ( ! valve4 ,q4 ,give examples ( ! s+le valve type4 ,a4 ,high spe$1 self-conta9$ eng9es :i* h %aft gov]nors4 ,q4 ,:at are _! advantages8 ,a4 ,high rotative spe$1 compactness1 portability1 light weight & simplicity4 ,q4 ,are !y m economical ?an ! f\r valve eng9e8 ,a4 ,no2 ! f\r valve eng9es are ! m economical4 ,q4 ,give a prom95t example ( ! f\r valve eng9e4 ,a4 ,! ,reynold's ,corliss4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by an eng9e runn+ 8ov]08 ,a4 ,! top ( ! drive :eel runn+ away f ! cyl9d]4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by an eng9e runn+ 8"u08 ,a4 ,! top ( ! drive :eel runn+ t[>ds ! cyl9d]4 ,q4 ,:i* way are eng9es g5]ally run8 ,a4 8,ov]40 ,q4 ,:at advantages d eng9es h 9 runn+ 8ov]08 ,a4 ,! pressure ( ! cross-head on eng9es runn+ ov]1 is always d[nw>d ^u ! guides2 = :5 ! pressure is on ! head end ( ! pi/on1 ! pressure aga9/ ! connect+ rod :i* is po9t+ upw>d1 reacts by press+ ! cross-head d[n ^u ! l[] guide1 & :5 ! pressure is on ! crank end ( ! cyl9d]1 ! cross-head w be dragg+ ! crank1 & z ! crank is bel[ ! c5t] l9e1 x w pull ! cross-head d[n ^u ! l[] guide1 :ile if ! eng9e is runn+ "u1 ! pressure ( ! cross-head w be ^u ! top guide1 bo? on ! outw>d & inw>d /rokes1 & unless ! cross-head is nicely adju/$ to its guides & ! guides are p]fectly p>allel1 ! cross-head w be lift$ :5 subject$ to ?ru/1 & w fall on ! c5t] by its own weight1 caus+ ! eng9e to p\nd4 ,q4 ,at :at po9t 9 ! /roke is ! pressure on ! cross-head greate/ ) a uni=m pressure 9 ! cyl9d]8 ,a4 ,:5 ! crank is at "r angles to ! guide4 ,q4 ,h[ does ! relative l5g? ( ! connect+ rod affect ?is pressure8 ,a4 ,! long] ! connect+ rod z comp>$ ) ! crank1 ! less w be ! pressure on ! guides4 ,q4 ,:at is ! usual ratio ( connect+ rod to crank8 ,a4 ,! connect+ rod is f f\r to six times ! l5g? ( ! crank4 ,q4 ,are !re any objections to a long connect+ rod8 ,a4 ,a long connect+ rod makes a long eng9e1 & makes extra co/ 9 ! b$ or frame & ! room occupi$4 ,! long] rod is heavi]1 & br+s extra weight ^u ! cross-head1 guides & crank-p94 ,! long rod also lacks /iffness unless excessively heavy4 ,q4 ,:at det]m9es ! l5g? ( ! crank8 ,a4 ,! /roke4 ,q4 ,:at limits ! /roke8 ,a4 ,! pi/on's spe$ limits ! l5g? ( /roke all[able ) a giv5 rotative spe$1 or ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute ) a giv5 /roke4 ,q4 ,:at is ! practical limit ( pi/on's spe$8 ,a4 ,eng9es ( f f\r to six foot /roke c run at f sev5 to eight hundr$ feet pi/on's spe$ p] m9ute4 ,^? ( %ort] /roke %\ld n run ov] six hundr$ feet4 ,q4 ,:y d high spe$ eng9es h a %ort /roke 9 comp>ison ) ! diamet] ( _! cyl9d]s8 ,a4 ,s t !y c run at a high rate ( spe$ )\t exce$+ ! limit ( pi/on's travel4 ,q4 ,:at is ! (fice ( ! fly-:eel8 ,a4 ,x ma9ta9s a uni=mity ( motion ( ! crank1 not)/&+ ! unequal mov+ =ce ^u ! crank-p94 ,q4 ,is ! =ce ^u ! crank-p9 unequal1 ev5 :5 ! pressure f ! cyl9d] is uni=m ?r\gh\t ! /roke8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,no matt] :at ! pressure on ! pi/on is1 x has no effect 9 turn+ ! eng9e :5 ! crank is 9 l9e ) ! guides1 :i* is t]m$ 8on ! c5t]40 ,z ! crank gets away f ! c5t]s1 ! effect ( a giv5 pressure becomes great]1 & rea*es its maximum :5 ! crank is ne>ly at "r angles ) ! guides4 ,q4 ,h[ does ! fly-:eel c\nt]act ! j]ky motion ( ! crank :i* w\ld result f ?is8 ,a4 ,by its t5d5cy to resi/ an excessive mov+ =ce1 & by its mom5tum keeps ! eng9e 9 motion :5 ! mov+ =ce is defici5t4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y d if ! cyl9d] gets worn or cut f too tight r+s or lack ( oil8 ,a4 ,rebore ! cyl9d]4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y d if ! crank-p9 heats1 gets worn or cut8 ,a4 ,if b5t x %\ld be turn$ true aga92 if n b5t x c be fil$ & poli%$ p]fectly true by h&4 ,q4 ,:at w\ld y d if ! ma9 be>+s heat8 ,a4 ,loos5 ! caps & apply pl5ty ( good oil4 ,if ?is does n /op x take (f ! caps1 exam9e ! oil holes to asc]ta9 :y ! oil does n rea* ! be>+4 ,if ! be>+s h become r\gh & cut1 ! %aft w h to be smoo!d aga94 ,q4 ,w\ld any h>m result f />t+ an eng9e ) ! drip cocks clos$8 ,a4 ,yes1 ! cond5s$ /eam fill+ ! space w\ld sma% ! cyl9d] or pi/on head4 ,q4 ,:at d y mean by atmosph]ic pressure8 ,a4 ,! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* is #ad4g lbs4 p] squ>e in* at sea level4 ,q4 ,h[ hot c y get wat] ) exhau/ /eam "u atmosph]ic pressure8 ,a4 #bab ,fahr4 ,q4 ,does atmosph]ic pressure h any influ5ce on ! boil+ po9t8 ,a4 ,x does4 ,q4 ,w\ld y run an eng9e ) ?rottle wide op51 or p>tly op58 ,a4 ,wide op5 on gov]nor eng9es1 z x is m economical4 ,q4 ,h[ _m p\nds ( wat] requir$ p] horse-p[] = ! be/ eng9es8 ,a4 ,f #be to #cj p\nds4 ,q4 ,at :at temp]ature has iron ! greate/ t5sile /r5g?8 ,a4 ,ab\t #fjj degrees4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* wat] is consum$ 79 p\nds7 p] h\r p] indicat$ horse p[]8 ,a4 ,f #be to #fj p\nds4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* /eam w be evaporat$ f "o cubic in* ( wat] "u atmosph]ic pressure8 ,a4 ,ab\t "o cubic foot1 approximately4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* coal is consum$ p] h\r p] indicat$ horse-p[]8 ,a4 ,f two to sev5 p\nds4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* does "o cubic foot ( fre% wat] weigh8 ,a4 #fb p\nds4 ,q4 ,h[ mu* does "o cubic foot ( iron weigh8 ,a4 #dhf_/ p\nds4 ,q4 ,:at does "o squ>e foot ( half in* boil] iron weigh8 ,a4 ,tw5ty p\nds4 ,q4 ,= /eam purposes1 h[ mu* wood is requir$ to equal "o ton ( coal8 ,a4 ,ab\t #djjj p\nds ( wood4 ,q4 ,( :at does coal consi/8 ,a4 ,c>bon1 nitrog51 sulphur1 hydrog51 oxyg5 & a%4 ,q4 ,:at are _! relative proportions8 ,a4 ,!re are diff]5t proportions 9 diff]5t specim5s ( coal4 ,! av]age p] c5t is c>bon eighty1 nitrog5 "o1 sulphur two1 hydrog5 five1 oxyg5 sev51 a% five4 ,q4 ,( :at is air compos$8 ,a4 ,x is compos$ ( nitrog5 & oxyg5 9 ! proportion ( sev5ty-sev5 ( nitrog5 & #bc ( oxyg54 ,q4 ,( :at does wat] consi/8 ,a4 ,hydrog5 & oxyg5 9 ! proportion ( "o ( hydrog5 to eight ( oxyg5 by weight4 ,q4 ,:at are ! diff]5t k9ds ( heat8 ,a4 ,lat5t heat1 s5sible heat1 & sometimes total heat4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by lat5t heat8 ,a4 ,heat t does n affect ! !rmomet] & :i* exp5ds itself 9 *ang+ ! nature ( a body1 su* z turn+ ice into wat] or wat] into /eam4 ,q4 ,"u :at circum/ances d bodies get lat5t heat8 ,a4 ,:5 !y are pass+ f a solid to a liquid /ate1 or f a liquid to a gase\s /ate4 ,q4 ,h[ c lat5t heat be recov]$8 ,a4 ,by br++ ! body back f a /ate ( gas to a liquid1 or f a liquid to a solid4 ,q4 ,if ! p[] is 9 coal1 :y %\ld we use /eam8 ,a4 ,because /eam has "s prop]ties :i* make x an invaluable ag5t = apply+ ! en]gy ( ! heat to ! eng9e4 ,q4 ,:at is /eam8 ,a4 ,x is an invisible ela/ic fluid g5]at$ f wat] by ! application ( heat4 ,q4 ,:at are its prop]ties :i* make x s valuable to u8 ,a4 ,fir/4 ,! ease ) :i* we c cond5se x4 ,second4 ,! small space :i* x occupies :5 cond5s$4 ,?ird4 ,its great expansive p[]4 ,q4 ,:at d y und]/& by ! t]m 8horse-p[]08 ,a4 ,a horse-p[] is equival5t to rais+ #cc1jjj p\nds "o foot p] m9ute4 ,q4 ,:at d y und]/& by 8lead0 on an eng9e valve8 ,a4 ,lead on a valve is ! admission ( /eam into ! cyl9d] be=e ! pi/on completes its /roke4 ,q4 ,:at are consid]$ ! greate/ improvem5ts on ! /ation>y eng9e 9 ! pa/ =ty ye>s8 ,a4 ,! ,corliss valve ge>1 ! gov]nor1 ! comp\nd & triple expansion4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by triple expansion eng9e8 ,a4 ,a triple expansion eng9e has ?ree cyl9d]s us+ ! same /eam expansively 9 ea* "o4 ,q4 ,:at is ! cle>ance ( an eng9e z ! t]m is appli$ at ! pres5t "t8 ,a4 ,cle>ance is ! space betwe5 ! cyl9d] head & ! pi/on head ) ! ports includ$4 ,q4 ,:at is ! pr9cipal :i* di/+ui%es a non-cond5s+ f a cond5s+ eng9e8 ,a4 ,:]e no cond5s] is us$1 & ! exhau/ /eam is op5 to ! atmosph]e1 x is a non-cond5s+ eng9e4 ,q4 ,:y d y cond5se /eam8 ,a4 ,to =m a vacuum & ?us remove ! atmosph]ic & back pressure t w\ld o!rwise be on ! pi/on1 !reby gett+ m useful "w out ( ! /eam4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by vacuum8 ,a4 ,a space void ( all pressure4 ,q4 ,h[ c y ma9ta9 a vacuum8 ,a4 ,by ! /eam us$ be+ con/antly cond5s$ by ! cold wat] or cold tubes1 & ! air pump con/antly cle>+ ! cond5s]4 ,q4 ,:y does cond5s+ ! us$ /eam =m a vacuum8 ,a4 ,because a cubic foot ( /eam at atmosph]ic pressure %r9ks into ab\t "o cubic in* ( wat]4 ,q4 ,:at is a cond5s] z appli$ to an eng9e8 ,a4 ,! cond5s] is t "p ( an eng9e into :i* ! exhau/ /eam ent]s & is cond5s$4 ,q4 ,ab\t h[ mu* ga9 is !re by us+ ! cond5s]8 ,a4 ,sev5te5 to tw5ty-five p] c5t4 :]e co/ ( wat] is n figur$4 ,q4 ,:at d y und]/& by ! use ( /eam expansively8 ,a4 ,:]e /eam admitt$ at a c]ta9 pressure is cut (f & all[$ to exp& to a l[] pressure4 ,q4 ,h[ _m in*es ( vacuum gives ! be/ result 9 a cond5s+ eng9e8 ,a4 ,ab\t #be in*es4 ,q4 ,:at is meant by a horizontal comp\nd t&em eng9e8 ,a4 ,"o cyl9d] be+ back ( ! o!r ) two pi/ons on ! same rod4 ,q4 ,:at d y und]/& by lap8 ,a4 ,outside lap is t portion ( ! valve :i* ext5ds beyond ! ports :5 valve is plac$ on ! c5t] ( its travel2 inside lap is t portion ( valve :i* projects ov] ! ports on inside or t[>d ! middle ( ! valve4 ,q4 ,( :at use is lap8 ,a4 ,x gives expansion to ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,q4 ,:at is ! dead c5t] ( an eng9e8 ,a4 ,! po9t :]e ! c5t] ( %aft1 c5t] ( wri/-p9 & c5t] ( pi/on rod are 9 ! same /raight l9e4 ,q4 ,f :at cause d belts h p[] to drive %aft+8 ,a4 ,by friction & cohesion4 ,q4 ,:5 w\ld y oil an eng9e8 ,a4 ,be=e />t+ x & z (t5 :ile runn+ z is necess>y4 ,q4 ,:at is ! t5sile /r5g? ( ,am]ican boil] iron8 ,a4 #dj1jjj to #fj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,q4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal defects f\nd 9 boil] iron8 ,a4 ,imp]fect weld+1 brittl5ess1 l[ ductility4 ,q4 ,:at is ! advantage ( /eel z a mat]ial = boil] plate8 ,a4 ,t5sile /r5g?1 ductility1 homog5eity1 malleability & fre$om f lam9ations & bli/]s4 ,q4 ,:at are ! disadvantages ( /eel z a mat]ial = boil] plate8 ,a4 ,x requires great] c>e 9 work+ ?an iron & is subject to flaws induc$ by ! pressure ( gas bubbles 9 ! +ots f :i* ! plates are made4 ,q4 ,h[ f> ap>t %\ld /ay bolts be put 9 a boil]8 ,a4 ,!y v>y f #d to #f in*es ap>t1 dep5d+ on ?ickness ( plates1 size ( /ay bolts & am\nt ( /eam pressure to be c>ri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,portable ,skid ,eng9e4 ,j4 ,i4 ,,case ,,portable ,,skid ,,eng9e4 ,! eng9e frame is ( ! gird] patt]n1 ca/ 9 "o piece1 & conta9s ! guides = cross-head & pill[ block be>+4 ,x also =ms front head ( cyl9d] to :i* x is firmly bolt$4 ,! cyl9d] is support$ & firmly atta*$ to ! l>ge fe$ wat] heat]1 & bo? cyl9d] & frame are entirely disconnect$ f ! boil]4 ,! heat] =ms a support = front end ( boil]4 ,! eng9e is plac$ diagonally ) ! boil]1 all[+ ! crank %aft to pass ov] ! fire box end4 ,?is p]mits ! use ( a v l>ge b& :eel4 ,! out] end ( %aft is support$ by a pill[ block atta*$ to a l>ge bracket bolt$ to ! boil]4 ,! locomotive /yle ( boil] has a l>ge /eam dome 9 c5t] & an a% pan "u fire box4 ,x is support$ ^u ! long wood5 skids by brackets bolt$ to ! sides ( boil]1 ! heat] be+ also bolt$ to ! skids4 ,! indep5d5t pump is connect$ to ! heat]1 & bolt$ to skid4 ,! eng9e has a ,pla9 ,slide ,valve1 :i* receives its motion f ! rock] arm1 op]at$ by ! ecc5tric & rod4 ,x has ,gov]nor1 ,/eam ,gauge1 ,pop ,valve & all necess>y fitt+s4 ,^! eng9es range 9 size f #bj to #cj horse-p[]1 & are ext5sively us$ = driv+ portable saw mills4 ,,rules ,,& ,,tables4 ,to f9d ! /eam pressure on slide valve1 multiply ! unbalanc$ area ( valve 9 in*es by p\nds pressure ( /eam p] squ>e in*1 add weight ( valve 9 p\nds1 & multiply ! sum by #j4ae4 ,safety boil] pressure accord+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t rule is z foll[s3 ,multiply ( ! l[e/ t5sile /r5g? f\nd on any plate 9 ! cyl9drical %ell by ! ?ickness express$ 9 in*es or "p ( an in* ( ! ?9ne/ plate 9 ! same cyl9drical %ell1 & divide by ! radius or half ! diamet]1 also express$ 9 in*es1 & ! sum w be ! pressure all[able p] squ>e in* ( surface = s+le rivet+1 to :i* add #bj p] c5tum = d\ble rivet+4 ,to f9d ! wat] pressure on /eam pipes lead+ f boil] to /eam gauge1 divide ! diff]5ce 9 height betwe5 ! highe/ po9t ( pipe & ! c5t] ( /eam gauge by #b_/2 ! result w be ! pressure ex]t$ by ! wat] 9 ! pipe 9 p\nds ^u ! gauge4 ,area ( a ,circle4--,to f9d ! area ( a circle :5 ! diamet] is giv51 multiply ! diamet] by itself1 or 9 o!r words squ>e ! diamet] & multiply ! result by 4#ghed4 ,ex4 ,diamet] #e in*es1 #e #e #be 4#ghed #bi4fce area4 ,circumf]5ce ( a ,circle4--,to f9d ! circumf]5ce ( a circle :5 ! diamet] is giv51 multiply ! diamet] by #c4adaf4 ,ex4 ,diamet] is #e in*es4 #e #c4adaf #ae4gjh in*es circumf]5ce4 ,diamet] ( a ,circle4--,to f9d ! diamet] ( a circle :5 ! circumf]5ce is giv51 multiply ! circumf]5ce by 4#cahca4 ,ex4 ,circumf]5ce #bj in*es4 #bj 4#cahca #f4cfb diamet]4 ,to f9d ! pressure ( p\nds p] squ>e in* ( a column ( wat]1 multiply ! height ( ! column 9 feet by 4#dcd4 ,approximately1 we g5]ally call e foot elevation equal to "o-half p\nd pressure p] in*1 ?is all[s = ord9>y friction4 ,to f9d ! diamet] ( a pump cyl9d] to move a giv5 quantity ( wat] p] m9ute 7#ajj feet ( pi/on be+ ! /&>d ( spe$71 divide ! numb] ( gallons by #d1 !n extract ! squ>e root & ! product w be ! diamet] 9 in*es4 ,to f9d ! horse-p[] necess>y to elevate wat] to a giv5 height1 multiply ! total weight ( wat] 9 p\nds by ! height 9 feet & divide ! product by #ccjjj 7an all[ance ( #be %\ld be add$ = friction1 etc474 ,! area ( ! /eam pi/on multipli$ by ! /eam pressure1 gives ! total am\nt ( pressure t c be ex]t$4 ,! area ( ! wat] pi/on multipli$ by ! pressure ( wat] p] squ>e in* gives ! resi/ance4 ,a m>g9 mu/ be made betwe5 ! p[] & ! resi/ance to move ! pi/on at ! requir$ spe$--say #ej4 ,to f9d ! capacity ( a cyl9d] 9 gallons1 multiply ! area 9 in*es by ! height ( /roke 9 in*es1 :i* gives ! total numb] ( cubic in*es2 divide ?is am\nt by #bca 7:i* is ! cubic cont5ts ( a gallon 9 in*es71 ! product is ! capacity 9 gallons4 ,,rules ,,= ,,calculat+ ,,! ,,spe$ ,,( ,,ge>s ,,& ,,pulleys4 ,9 calculat+ = pulleys1 multiply or divide by _! diamet] 9 in*es4 ,9 calculat+ = ge>s1 multiply or divide by ! numb] ( tee? requir$4 ,! driv+ :eel is call$ ! 8driv]10 & ! driv5 :eel ! 8driv540 ,,problem #a4--,to f9d ! diamet] ( ! driv] :5 ! revolutions ( ! driv] & driv5 & ! diamet] ( ! driv5 are giv54 ,,rule4--,multiply ! diamet] ( driv5 by its numb] ( revolutions1 & divide by ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! driv]4 ,,problem #b4--,to f9d ! diamet] ( ! driv5 to make ! same numb] ( revolutions 9 ! same "t z ! driv]1 :5 ! diamet] & revolutions ( driv] are giv54 ,,rule4--,multiply ! diamet] ( ! driv] by its numb] ( revolutions1 & divide ! product by ! requir$ numb] ( revolutions4 ,,problem #c4--,to f9d ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! driv5 :5 ! diamet] or numb] ( tee? & numb] ( revolutions ( ! driv] & ! diamet] or numb] ( tee? ( ! driv5 are giv54 ,,rule4--,multiply ! diamet] or numb] ( tee? ( ! driv] by its numb] ( revolutions1 & divide by ! diamet] or numb] ( tee? ( ! driv54 ,,problem #d4--,to f9d ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! driv] :5 ! diamet] ( ! driv5 & ! numb] or revolutions ( driv5 are giv54 ,,rule4--,multiply ! diamet] ( driv5 by its numb] ( revolutions1 & divide by ! diamet] ( ! driv]4 ,,%afts ,,& ,,pulleys4 ,to f9d ! size ( pulley ne$$ to give ! ma9 %aft a c]ta9 numb] ( revolutions1 multiply ! diamet] ( fly-:eel 9 in*es by ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! eng9e1 & divide by revolutions ( ma9 %aft4 ,to f9d ! revolutions ( ma9 %aft :5 diamet] ( its pulley is giv51 multiply ! diamet] ( fly-:eel 9 in*es by its numb] ( revolutions1 & divide by ! diamet] ( pulley 9 in*es4 ,to f9d diamet] ( fly-:eel ne$$ to drive a pulley at a giv5 numb] ( revolutions1 multiply ! diamet] ( pulley 9 in*es by its numb] ( revolutions1 & divide by numb] ( revolutions ( ! eng9e4 ,to f9d revolutions ( an eng9e ) a giv5 fly-:eel to drive a pulley at a giv5 numb] ( revolutions1 multiply ! diamet] ( pulley 9 in*es by its numb] ( revolutions1 & divide by ! diamet] ( fly-:eel 9 in*es4 ,rule = f9d+ ! am\nt ( heat+ surface 9 a locomotive boil]3 ,f9d surface ( flues by multiply+ ! diamet] by #c4ad to get circumf]5ce1 & multiply ?is product by ! l5g? ( ! flue1 !n multiply ?is result by ! numb] ( flues 9 ! boil]1 & divide by #add to get numb] ( squ>e feet ( surface 9 ! flues4 ,multiply l5g? & wid? ( fire box = numb] ( squ>e in*es 9 cr[n %eet1 !n multiply ! l5g? & height ( ! fire box & ! result by two1 :i* gives ! numb] ( squ>e in*es 9 ! sides2 !n multiply ! wid? & height & multiply ! result by two1 :i* gives ! numb] ( squ>e in*es 9 ! ends1 f :i* subtract numb] ( squ>e in*es 9 space left = door & flues--!n add all ^! results toge!r & divide by #add to get ! numb] ( squ>e feet 9 ! fire box4 ,add same to numb] ( squ>e feet ( flues1 & ! total w be ! numb] ( squ>e feet 9 ! boil]4 ,by divid+ numb] ( squ>e feet by rat$ horse-p[] ( boil] w give numb] ( squ>e feet ( heat+ surface to ea* horse-p[]4 ,,tables4 ,,alloys4 ,,alloys4 ,t94,copp]4,z9c4,anti-,lead4,bis- mony4 mu?4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,brass1 eng9e be>+s #ac #aab ,t\gh ,brass1 eng9e "w #ae #ajj #ae ,t\gh1 = heavy be>+s #be #afj #e ,yell[ ,brass1 = turn+ #b #a ,flanges to /& braz+ #cb #a #a ,bell ,metal #e #af ,babbitt's ,metal #aj #a #a ,brass ,locomotive ,be>+s #g #fd #a ,brass1 = /raps & gl&s #af #acj #a ,muntz's ,%ea?+ #f #d ,metal1 to exp& 9 cool+ #b #i #a ,pewt] #ajj #ag ,spelt] #a #a ,/atu>y ,bronze #b #ij #e #b ,type ,metal1 f #a #c ,type ,metal1 to #a #g ,,sold]s4 ,= ,lead #a #a ,= ,t9 #a #b ,= ,pewt] #b #a ,= ,braz+ 7h>de/7 #c #a ,= ,braz+ 7h>d7 #a #a ,= ,braz+ 7s(t7 #a #d #c ,= ,braz+ 7s(t7 or #b #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,circumf]5ce ,,& ,,areas ,,( ,,circles4 ,diam- ,circum- ,area4 et]4 f]5ce4 --------------------------- _/ 4#jiha 4#jjjgf _/ 4#aifc 4#jjcjf 4#cibf 4#jabbg _/ 4#ehij 4#jbgfa 4#ghed 4#jdijh _/ 4#ihag 4#jgffi #a4agh 4#aajd _/ #a4cgd 4#aejc #a4egj 4#aifc _/ #a4gfg 4#bdhe #a4ifc 4#cjfg _/ #b4aei 4#cgab #b4cef 4#ddag _/ #b4eeb 4#eahd #b4gdh 4#fjac _/ #b4ide 4#fijb #a #c4ada 4#ghed #c4ecd 4#iidj #c4ibg #a4bbg #d4cai #a4dhd #d4gab #a4gfg #e4aje #b4jgc #e4dig #b4dje #e4hij #b4gfa #b #f4bhc #c4ada #f4fge #c4edf #g4jfh #c4igf #g4dfa #d4dcj #g4hed #d4ijh #h4bdf #e4daa #h4fci #e4ici #i4jcb #g4dia #c #i4dbd #g4jfh #aj4ba #h4bie #aj4ii #i4fba #aa4gh #aa4jdd #d #ab4ef #ab4eff #ac4ce #ad4ahf #ad4ac #ad4ijd #ad4ib #ag4gbj #e #ae4ij #ai4fce #ag4di #ba4fdg #ag4bg #bc4geh #ah4jf #be4ifg #f #ah4hd #bh4bgd #ai4fc #cj4fgi #bj4db #cc4ahc #ba4bj #ce4ghd #g #ba4ii #ch4dhd #bb4gg #da4bhb #bc4ef #dd4agh #bd4cd #dg4agc #h #be4ac #ej4bfe #be4ia #ec4def #bf4gj #ef4gde #bg4dh #fj4acb #i #bh4bg #fc4fag #bi4je #fg4bjj #bi4hd #gj4hhb #cj4fc #gd4ffb #aj #ca4da #gh4eci #cb4bj #hb4eaf #cb4ih #hf4eij #cc4gg #ij4gfb #aa #cd4ee #ie4jcc #ce4cd #ii4djb #cf4ab #ajc4hf #cf4ia #ajh4dc #ab #cg4fi #aac4ji #ch4dh #aag4he #ci4bg #abb4ga #dj4je #abg4fg #ac #dj4hd #acb4gc #da4fb #acg4hh #db4da #adc4ac #dc4ai #adh4dh #ad #dc4ih #aec4ic #dd4gf #aei4dh #de4ee #afe4ac #df4cc #agj4hg #ae #dg4ab #agf4gh #dg4ij #ahb4fe #dh4fi #ahh4fi #di4dh #aid4hb #af #ej4bf #bja4jf #ea4je #bjg4ci #ea4hc #bac4hb #eb4fb #bbj4ce #ag #ec4dj #bbf4ih #ed4ai #bcc4gj #ed4ig #bdj4eb #ee4gf #bdg4de #ah #ef4ed #bed4df #eg4cc #bfa4eh #eh4aa #bfh4hj #eh4ij #bgf4aa #ai #ei4fi #bhc4eb #fj4dg #bia4jc #fa4bf #bih4fd #fb4jd #cjf4ce #bj #fb4hc #cad4af #fd4dj #ccj4jf #ba #fe4ig #cdf4cf #fg4ed #cfc4je #bb #fi4aa #chj4ac #gj4fh #cig4fj #bc #gb4be #dae4dg #gc4hb #dcc4gc #bd #ge4ci #deb4ci #gf4if #dga4dc #be #gh4ed #dij4hg #hj4aj #eaj4gj #bf #ha4fh #ecj4ic #hc4be #eea4ed #bg #hd4hb #egb4ee #hf4ci #eic4ie #bh #hg4if #fae4ge #hi4ec #fcg4id #bi #ia4aj #ffj4eb #ib4fg #fhc4di #cj #id4bd #gjf4hf #ie4ha #gcj4fa #ca #ig4ch #ged4gf #ih4if #ggi4ca #cb #ajj4e #hjd4bd #ajb4a #hbi4eg #cc #ajc4f #hee4cj #aje4b #hha4da #cd #ajf4h #ijg4ib #ajh4c #icd4hb #ce #aji4i #ifb4aa #aaa4e #ihi4hj #cf #aac4j #ajag4h #aad4f #ajdf4c #cg #aaf4b #ajge4b #aag4h #aajd4d #ch #aai4c #aacd4a #abj4i #aafd4a #ci #abb4e #aaid4e #abd4j #abbe4d #dj #abe4f #abef4f #abg4b #abhh4b #da #abh4h #acbj4b #acj4c #aceb4e #db #aca4i #ache4d #acc4e #adah4f #dc #ace4j #adeb4b #acf4g #adhf4a #dd #ach4b #aebj4e #aci4h #aeee4b #de #ada4c #aeij4d #adb4i #afbe4i #df #add4e #affa4i #adf4j #afih4b #dg #adg4f #agcd4i #adi4b #aggb4j #dh #aej4g #ahji4e #aeb4c #ahdg4d #di #aec4i #ahhe4g #aee4e #aibd4d #ej #aeg4j #aifc4e #aeh4f #bjjb4i #ea #afj4b #bjdb4h #afa4g #bjhc4j #eb #afc4c #babc4g #afd4i #bafd4g #ec #aff4e #bbjf4a #afh4j #bbdh4j #ed #afi4f #bbij4b #aga4b #bccb4h #ee #agb4g #bcge4h #agd4c #bdai4b #ef #age4i #bdfc4j #agg4e #bejg4a #eg #agi4j #beea4g #ahj4f #beff4g #eh #ahb4b #bfdb4j #ahc4g #bfhg4h #ei #ahe4c #bgcc4i #ahf4i #bghj4e #fj #ahh4d #bhbg4d #aij4j #bhgd4g ----------------------------- ,,effective ,,pressure ,,( ,,/eam ,,on ,,pi/on4 ,) diff]5t rates ( expansion1 boil] pressure be+ assum$ z #ajj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,/eam cut (f at ( /roke #ij lbs4 effective pressure4 8 8 8 8 8 #hj 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #fi 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #ej 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #dj 8 8 8 ,,measure ,,( ,,l5g?4 #ab in*es #a foot4 #c feet #a y>d4 #b y>ds #a fa?om4 #af feet #a rod4 #d rods #a *a94 #aj *a9s #a furlong4 #h furlongs #a mile4 #c miles #a league4 ,,measure ,,( ,,volume4 ,a cubic foot has #agbh cubic in*es4 ,an ale gallon has #bhb 8 8 ,a /&>d or w9e gallon has #bca 8 8 ,a dry gallon has #bfh4h 8 8 ,a bu%el has #baej4d 8 8 ,a cord ( wood has #abh 8 feet4 ,a p]* ( /one has #bd4ge 8 8 ,a ton ( r\nd timb] has #dj 8 8 ,a ton ( hewn timb] has #ej 8 8 ,a box #ai #ai ins41 #ai ins4 deep1 conta9s #a b>rel4 ,a 8 #ab_/ #ab_/ 8 #ab_/ ins4 deep1 8 #a bu%el4 ,a 8 #h #h 8 #h ins4 deep1 8 #a peck4 ,a 8 #f_/ #f_/ 8 #f_/ ins4 deep1 8 8 ,a 8 #d_/ #d_/ 8 #d_/ ins4 deep1 8 #a qu>t4 ,an acre conta9s #dhdj sq4 yds4 #bji feet long by #bji feet broad is #a acre4 ,,liquid ,,measure4 ,a b>rel holds #ca gallons4 ,a hog%ead holds #fc 8 ,a ti]ce 8 #db 8 ,a pun*eon 8 #hd 8 ,a tun 8 #beb 8 ,,b>rel ,,measure ,,9 ,,weight4 ,a b>rel ( fl\r is #aif p\nds4 ,a b>rel ( pork is #bjj 8 ,a b>rel ( rice is #fjj 8 ,a firk9 ( butt] is #ef 8 ,a tub ( butt] is #hd 8 ,,weight ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron ,,balls4 ,lbs4 #b in* diamet] #a4ji #b 8 8 #b4ac #c 8 8 #c4fh #c 8 8 #e4hd #d 8 8 #h4gc #d 8 8 #ab4db #e 8 8 #ag4jd #e 8 8 #bb4fh #f 8 8 #bi4dh #f 8 8 #cg4dd #g 8 8 #df4gf #g 8 8 #eg4eb #h 8 8 #fi4ha ,,weights ,,& ,,measures4 ,,avoirdupois ,,or ,,comm]cial ,,weight4 #af dra*ms #a ounce4 #af ounces #a p\nd4 #ad p\nds #a /one4 #bh p\nds #a qu>t]4 #d qu>t]s #a cwt4 #bbdj p\nds #a long ton4 #bjjj p\nds #a ton4 ,,squ>e ,,measure4 #add squ>e in*es #a squ>e foot4 #i 8 feet #a 8 y>d4 #cj 8 y>ds #a 8 rod4 #dj 8 rods #a 8 rood4 #d 8 roods #a 8 acre4 #fdj 8 acres #a 8 mile4 ,,table ,,( ,,di/ance4 ,a mile is #ebhj feet or #agfj y>ds4 ,a knot is #fjhf feet4 ,a league is #c miles4 ,a fa?om is #f feet4 ,a metre is #c feet #c in*es4 ,a h& is #d in*es4 ,a palm is #c 8 ,a span #i 8 ,a hair is equal to _/ ( an in*4 ,a l9e is equal to _/ ( an in*4 ,,%r9kage ,,( ,,ca/+s4 ,ca/ ,iron1 in* p] l9eal foot4 ,brass1 _/ in* p] l9eal foot4 ,lead1 in* p] l9eal foot4 ,t91 _/ in* p] l9eal foot4 ,z9c1 _/ in* p] l9eal foot4 ,,weight ,,( ,,r\nd ,,& ,,squ>e ,,roll$ ,,iron ,,p] ,,l9eal ,,foot4 ,in*4 ,r\nd4 ,squ>e4 -------------------------- 4#afe 4#baa 4#cgc 4#dge 4#ffc 4#hde #a4jdc #a4cbj #a4dic #a4ija #b4jcb #b4ehh #a #b4fed #c4chj #a #c4cei #d4bgh #a #d4adg #e4bhj #a #e4jai #f4cij #a #e4igb #g4fjd #a #g4jaj #h4ibf #a #h4abh #aj4ceb #a #i4ccc #aa4hhc #b #aj4faf #ac4ebj #b #aa4ihh #ae4bfc #b #ac4ddj #ag4aab #b #ad4ige #ai4jff #b #af4ehh #ba4abj #b #ah4bic #bc4bib #b #bj4jgf #be4efj #b #ba4idd #bg4ici #c #bc4hhh #cj4daf #c #bh4jdj #ce4gjd #c #cb4eab #da4djh #c #cg4ccb #dg4ecd #d #db4dfd #ed4jhd #d #dg4ieb #fa4jee #d #ec4gfj #fh4ddh #d #ei4ijj #gf4bfd #e #ff4cej #hd4dhj #e #gc4agb #ic4afh #e #hj4cjd #ajb4bd #e #hg4ggf #aaa4ge #f #ie4eeb #aba4ff #f #ajc4gj #acb4jd #f #aab4af #adb4ha #f #abj4if #aed4ja #g #acj4jd #afe4fc #g #aci4ed #agg4fg #g #adi4cb #aij4ac #g #aei4de #bjc4jb #h #afi4he #baf4cc #h #ahj4fi #bcj4jf #h #aia4hj #bdd4bb #h #bjc4bf #beh4hj #i #bae4jd #bgc4gi #i #bbg4ae #bhi4bb #i #bci4fj #cje4jef #i #beb4cg #cba4cc #aj #bfe4dj #ccg4ib #aj #bgh4ib #cee4cj #aj #bib4fh #cgb4gj #aj #cjf4hj #cij4hj #aa #cba4ba #dji4jj #ab #chb4bj #dhf4gj -------------------------- ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,capacity ,,( ,,ci/]ns ,,9 ,,gallons ,= ,ea* #aj ,in*es ( ,dep?4 ,diam4 9 ,feet4 ,gallons4 ------------------ #b #ai4e #b #cj4f #c #dd4jf #c #ei4ig #d #gh4cc #d #ii4ad #e #abb4dj #e #adh4aj #f #agf4be #f #bjf4he #g #bci4hh #g #bge4dj #h #cac4cc #h #cec4gb #i #cif4ef #i #dfa4d #aj #dhi4b #aa #eib4d #ab #gje4j #ac #hbg4d #ad #iei4f #ae #aaja4f #bj #aieh4d #be #cjei4i ----------------- ,! ,am]ican ,/&>d gallon conta9s #bca cubic in*es1 or #h p\nds ( pure wat]4 ,a cubic foot conta9s #fb4c p\nds ( wat]1 or #g4dh gallons4 ,pressure p] squ>e in* is equal to ! dep? or head 9 feet multipli$ by 4#dcc4 ,ea* #bg4gb in*es ( dep? gives a pressure ( "o p\nd to ! squ>e in*4 ,,melt+ ,,po9t ,,( ,,metals1 ,,etc4 ,names4 ,fahr4 ,plat9a #deij ,antimony #hdb ,bismu? #dhg ,t9 #dge ,lead #fbj ,z9c #gjj ,ca/ ,iron #bajj ,gold #baib ,wr\ght ,iron #bijj ,/eel #bejj ,copp] #bjjj ,glass #bcgg ,beeswax #aea ,sulphur #bci ,tall[ #ib ,silv] #ahcb ,,weight ,,( ,,metals ,,p] ,,cubic ,,foot4 ,lbs4 ,brass #ebe ,copp] #eej ,gold #abaj ,iron1 ,ca/ #dej ,iron1 ,wr\ght #dhe ,lead1 ca/ #gaj ,silv] #fee ,/eel #dij ,t91 ca/ #def ,z9c #dej ,,horse-,,p[] ,,l9e ,,%aft+4 ,w transmit ) ,safety1 ,be>+s say #h to #aj ft4 c5tres4 ------------------- ,diam4 ( ,horse ,%aft 9 ,p[] 9 ,in*es4 "o ,rev4 ------------------- _/ 4#jjh #a_/ 4#jaef #a_/ 4#jbg #a_/ 4#jdc #a_/ 4#jfd #b_/ 4#jia #b_/ 4#abe #b_/ 4#aff #b_/ 4#baf #c_/ 4#bgb #c_/ 4#cdc #c_/ 4#dbd #c_/ 4#eab #d_/ 4#gbh #d_/ #a4jj #e_/ #a4cbh #e_/ #a4gbh #f_/ #b4aie #f_/ #b4gdd #g_/ #c4cfh #g_/ #d4jif #h_/ #d4iab #h_/ #e4hbd #i_/ #f4hdh ------------------- ,= ,jack ,%afts1 or ma9 section ( ,l9e ,%afts1 all[ only ?ree-f\r?s ( ! horse-p[] giv5 above1 & also provide extra be>+s :]ev] heavy /ra9s occur1 z 9 ma9 belts or ge>s4 ,,half-,,r\nd1 ,,oval ,,& ,,half-,,oval ,,iron4 ,weight p] ,l9eal ,foot4 ,size ,size ,weight ,size ,weight ,half ,r\nd4 ,oval4 p] foot4 ,half ,oval4 p] foot4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- _/ 4#ahf _/ 4#jic _/ _/ _/ 4#bec _/ _/ 4#abg 4#cca 4#aff _/ 4#eag _/ 4#bei 4#gdd _/ 4#cgb _/ #a4jac _/ 4#ejg #a #a #a4cbc #a 4#ffb #a #a _/ #a4fbd #a _/ 4#hab #a #a #b4jfg #a _/ #a4jcd #a #a #b4igf #a #a4dhh #a #a #d4jej #a _/ #b4jbf #b #b #a #e4bij #b #b4fde ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,weight ,,( ,,flat ,,roll$ ,,iron1 ,,p] ,,foot4 ,bread?4 ,?ickness4 ,weight4 ------------------------------- #a 94 4#dbb 4#hde #a4bfg #a4fij #b4aab #b4ecd #b4ief #a 94 4#ebh #a4jef #a4ehd #b4aab #b4fdj #c4afh #c4fif #a #d4bbd #a #d4geb #a 94 4#fcc #a4bff #a4ijj #b4ece #c4afh #c4hjb #d4dce #a #e4jfi #a #e4gjc #a #f4ccg #a #f4igj #a 94 4#gci #a4dgi #b4bah #b4ieg #c4fif #d4dce #e4agh #a #e4iad #a #f4fec #a #g4cic #a #h4acb #a #h4hga #a #i4faj #b 94 4#hde #a4fhi #b4ecd #c4cgi #d4bbd #e4jfi #e4iad #a #f4geh #a #g4fjd #a #h4ddh #a #i4bid #a #aj4ach #a #aj4ihc #a #aa4hbh #a #ab4fgc #b 94 4#iej #a4ijj #b4hea #c4hjb #d4geb #e4gjc #f4fec #a #g4fjd #a #h4eed #a #i4eje #a #aj4dee #a #aa4djf #a #ab4cef #a #ac4cjg #a #ad4beg #b #ae4bjh #b #af4aeh #b 94 #a4jef #b4aab #c4afh #d4bbd #e4bhj #f4ccf #g4cib #a #h4ddh #a #i4ejd #a #aj4efj #a #aa4faf #a #ab4fgb #a #ac4gbh #a #ad4ghd #a #ae4hdj #b #af4hif #b #ag4ieb #b #ai4jjh #b #bj4jfd #b 94 #b4cbc #d4fdg #f4igj #a #i4bid #a #aa4fag #a #ac4idj #a #af4bfd #b #ah4ehg #b #bj4iaj #b #bc4bcd #c 94 #b4ece #e4jfi #g4fjd #a #aj4ach ------------------------------- ,,horse-,,p[] ,,belt+4 ,w transmit ) ,safety4 ,wid? ( ,horse-,p[] p] #ajj ,belt 9 feet ,velocity ( ,belt4 ,in*es4 ---------------------- ,s+le ,d\ble ,belt4 ,belt4 ------------------------------- #a 4#ji 4#ah #b 4#ah 4#cf #c 4#bg 4#ee #d 4#cf 4#gc #e 4#de 4#ia #f 4#ee #a4ji #g 4#fd #a4bg #h 4#gc #a4df #i 4#hb #a4fd #aj 4#ia #a4hb #aa #a4jj #b4jj #ab #a4ji #b4ah #ad #a4bg #b4ee #af #a4de #b4ia #ah #a4fd #c4bg #bj #a4hb #c4fd #bb #b4jj #d4jj #bd #b4ah #d4cf #bh #b4ee #e4ji #cb #b4ia #e4hb #cf #c4bg #f4ee #dj #c4fd #g4bg ------------------------------- ,9 ! calculations = horse-p[] 9 ! above table1 ! belt is assum$ to run ab\t horizontally1 ! semi-circumf]5ce ( small] pulley has be5 consid]$ z ! ord9>y arc contact ( belt4 ,any r$uction ( ?is contact w make approximate proportional r$uction ( horse-p[]4