,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,equal signs 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate bold in the original text4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs4 ,typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected4 ,,young ,,engineer',s ,,guide4 ,,by ,j4 ,v4 ,,rohan1 ,,racine1 ,,wisconsin4 ,,price3 ,cloth ,bound1 #a4jj4 ,leather ,bound1 #a4be4 ,,copyright1 #ahid4 ,,by ,j4 ,v4 ,,rohan4 ,all rights reserved4 ,,index4 ,,page4 ,ascending ,hills1 #aej ,automatic ,oiler1 #gi ,banking ,fires1 #afb ,babbitting ,boxes1 #ahh ,belting1 #afe ,blower1 #ee ,blow-off ,valve1 #aje ,calking ,flues1 #eb ,check ,valve1 #ajg ,cleaning ,flues1 #ec ,compression ,grease ,cup1 #ajh ,compound ,engines1 #ahi ,connecting ,rod1 #fg ,crank1 #fh ,crank-,pin1 #fi ,cross-head1 #ff ,cross-head ,pump1 #ia ,crossing ,bridges and ,culverts1 #aef ,cylinder ,cocks1 #ajg ,descending ,hills1 #aed ,differential ,gear1 #aae ,duties of ,engineers1 #ac ,eccentrics1 #gc ,eccentric ,strap1 #gc ,eccentric ,rod1 #gd ,ejector1 #ig ,engine ,frame1 #fg ,engine ,stalled1 #aee ,exhaust ,nozzle1 #ee ,firing ,with ,coal1 #afj ,firing with ,wood1 #aei ,firing with ,straw1 #aei ,foaming1 #aef ,friction ,clutch1 #aaf ,fusible ,plug1 #ef ,gauge ,cocks1 #ajf ,gearing1 #aac ,general ,information1 #agj ,governor1 #gf ,heater1 #if ,heating of ,journals1 #ada ,hints to ,purchasers1 #i ,horizontal ,tubular ,boiler1 #ae ,injector1 #hc ,jet ,pump1 #ig ,knocks or ,pounds1 #acg ,laying ,up a ,traction ,engine1 #afc ,link ,reverse1 #fi ,link1 #gb ,locomotive ,boiler1 #af ,low ,water ,alarm1 #eg ,packing ,piston and ,valve ,rods1 #adc ,piston and ,rod1 #fb ,priming1 #aeg ,questions with ,answers concerning ,boilers1 #cj ,questions with ,answers concerning ,engines and ,boilers1 #aai ,questions with ,answers for ,engineers applying for ,license1 #aie ,return ,flue ,boiler1 #ah ,reversing an ,engine1 #acj ,reverse ,lever1 #gb ,rules and ,tables1 #bbf ,safety ,valve1 #aja ,setting ,plain ,slide ,valve1 #add ,setting ,slide ,valve of ,reversing ,engine1 #adg ,setting ,valve ,duplex ,pump1 #aej ,steam ,cylinder1 #fa ,steam ,chest1 #fc ,steam ,engine1 #fj ,steam ,gauge1 #ih ,steam ,pump1 #hi ,testing ,piston ,rings and ,valves1 #acf ,throttle1 #hh ,traction ,engines1 #aab ,valve1 #fd ,vertical ,boiler1 #bb ,water ,tube ,boiler1 #bd ,water ,gauge1 #ajd ,work-shop ,recipes1 #ahf ,woolf ,valve ,gear1 #gd ,,index ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,,engines4 ,e4 ,p4 ,allis ,co41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 #ba ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,threshing ,machine ,co41 ,racine1 ,wis41 #bf1 #bi1 #bbd ,gaar1 ,scott ,co41 ,richmond1 ,ind41 #cf ,nichols ,shepard1 ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 #di ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,engine ,co41 ,new ,britain1 ,conn41 #eh ,m4 ,rumely ,co41 ,la,porte1 ,ind41 #ga ,minneapolis ,thresh4 ,machine ,co41 ,minneapolis1 ,minn41 #aaa ,advance ,thresher ,co41 ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 #abi ,watertown ,engine ,co41 ,watertown1 ,n4 ,y41 #ace ,frick ,co41 ,waynesboro1 ,pa41 #aec ,armington ,sims ,engine ,co41 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 #afh ,the ,geiser ,manufacturing ,co41 ,waynesboro1 ,pa41 #agh ,the ,ball ,engine ,co41 ,erie1 ,pa41 #aic ,a4 ,w4 ,stevens ,son1 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y41 #bjc ,,boilers4 ,s4 ,freeman ,sons ,manuf'g ,co41 ,racine1 ,wis41 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #bb ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,threshing ,machine ,co41 ,racine1 ,wis41 #ai ,the ,stirling ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill41 #be ,,fittings4 ,thomas ,prosser ,son1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #bhgc1 ,new ,york ,city1 #eb ,frontier ,manufacturing ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 #ed ,the ,lunkenheimer ,co41 ,cincinnati1 ,o41 #ef1 #hi1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajg ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,threshing ,machine ,co41 ,racine1 ,wis41 #ge1 #ij1 #aaf ,the ,gardner ,governor ,co41 ,quincy1 ,ill41 #gf ,the ,detroit ,lubricator ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mich41 #ha1 #hb1 #hc ,american ,injector ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mich41 #hd1 #hg1 #ig1 #ih ,battle ,creek ,steam ,pump ,co41 ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 #ic1 #id ,the ,ashcroft ,manuf'ct'g ,co41 ,p ,o ,box #bhjc1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 #ii1 #ajj ,e4 ,b4 ,kunkle ,co41 ,fort ,wayne1 ,ind41 #aja1 #ajb ,chas ,h4 ,besly ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill41 #aji ,,preface4 ,some two years ago the author commenced collecting memoranda of mechanical and practical information pertaining to the care and operation of steam engines and boilers1 with a view of forming a systematic digest4 ,being an employee of the ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,threshing ,machine ,co4 for a number of years my attention was called to the constant inquiry for a book of this description from young men mechanically inclined and those running farm engines and small steam plants4 ,by repeated assurance that there was great need for such a work1 and by ready and valuable assistance from personal friends and experts in mechanical engineering1 ,i have considered it advisable to publish a practical guide for young engineers4 ,the aim has been to place the information contained in the book in the most simple and compact form1 and while it is not intended for the education of the more advanced engineers1 the instructions given will be found practical in the operation of steam plants of any size4 ,it is more especially intended for the instruction and guidance of young men learning to run engines1 and those operating farm engines and small plants1 whose experience has been limited4 ,after carefully considering the mode of presentation1 it was thought best to adopt the form of a catechism1 with the questions and answers so set forth as to resemble an ordinary conversation2 also to illustrate and give a minute description of the construction and function of the different parts used in the building of engines and boilers4 ,while the greater part of the information is new1 parts have been compiled from ,power1 ,roper and other mechanical papers and books1 simplified to meet the required aim1 for which due acknowledgement is here given4 ,j4 ,v4 ,,rohan4 ,racine1 ,wis41 #ahie4 ,young ,engineer's ,guide4 ,,hints ,,to ,,purchasers4 ,in selecting an engine of whatever style1 or for whatever purpose it is very important to get not only a good one1 but one that is of the proper size4 ,do not entertain the mistaken idea that it is best to have a larger engine than is required 7so that it will do its work easily71 as an engine which is too large for the work required is very wasteful both of fuel and water4 ,an engine always gives the best results when it has a fair load4 ,in the selection of a farm or traction engine you should look carefully to the arrangement of the driving gear1 the manner in which the engine and the traction wheels are attached to the boiler1 the convenient arrangement of the throttle lever1 reverse lever1 steering wheel1 friction clutch lever1 independent pump 7if used7 and injector for easy operation from the footboard1 as the easy control of all these parts by the engineer saves much time and annoyance and in many instances may prevent accident which might prove disastrous to both life and property4 ,always purchase a boiler with sufficient capacity to allow a small margin beyond its ordinary requirements4 ,be sure and have the boiler or boilers properly set so that the best results may be derived from the fuel burned4 ,many good boilers are condemned because they do not steam well on account of bad setting4 ,if a locomotive style of boiler1 see that it has a large fire box 7well stayed7 and a sufficient number of flues to allow of easy firing and good combustion of the fuel without being obliged to use a forced draft4 ,if a return flue boiler see that the main flue is of sufficient size and of the required _/ inch thickness of material2 also that it has a mud drum and from four to six hand-holes 7the more the better7 both top and bottom for the purpose of keeping the boiler free from scale and becoming mud burnt and unsafe4 ,remember there is no advantage in carrying low steam pressure in boilers as it is more economical to carry high pressure rather than low4 ,the average boiler pressure should be about #hj lbs4 per square inch1 which is not too high for safety1 nor too low for economy of fuel4 ,the purchaser must use his own discretion as to the style of engine he prefers1 a horizontal or vertical1 side or center crank1 as all styles are extensively used with equally good results4 ,it is purely a matter of preference depending1 of course1 largely upon space or room available for stationary engine4 ,do not make the mistake of deeming that any kind of a foundation will answer for a stationary engine4 ,it should be built by a skillful mason in every case and hard brick or stone and cement used in its construction4 ,the best is always the cheapest in the end4 ,an engine or boiler should never be put in a dark corner or damp cellar1 rather place them when possible in dry well lighted rooms and so arranged that every part can be reached when necessary without trouble or delay4 ,walls and floors should be kept clean and a good supply of oil cans1 wrenches1 waste and whatever tools are needed should be kept in their proper places4 ,the purchaser of a traction engine should see that it has a ,friction ,clutch as an engine with a clutch is much more practical1 convenient and safe to handle upon the road than one without a clutch4 ,the matter of brackets1 braces1 gearing1 traction wheels1 axle1 the manner in which the engine is mounted upon the boiler should be well considered as there are many kinds and styles1 all of which have their merit 8more or less40 ,your own judgment should be used as to the style wanted after thoroughly studying the various kinds4 ,do not make the too common mistake of thinking a cheap engineer is the man you want4 ,the engine and boiler are important factors in the success of your business and no matter how simple and strong they may be it will pay you to put them in charge of a competent engineer who is capable of taking the proper care of them4 ,for a small plant1 or traction engine1 it is not necessary to have the highest grade of ability1 as there are several grades among engineers2 but it is better to pay a suitable man for competent and faithful work than to pay for what may happen through the neglect or incompetency of one whose only recommendation is that he is cheap4 ,do not be deceived by imposters claiming to be first-class engineers1 who1 the first thing they do1 to substantiate their claims1 alter the engine in some way that only deranges it4 ,be watchful of this and see that such men do not tamper with the valves and adjustments of the engine1 which are always set properly before it leaves the factory4 ,,duties ,,of ,,engineers4 ,the duties of an engineer are of much more importance and require a better knowledge of the operating of machinery than is generally understood4 ,the responsibilities that rest upon him are very great2 this applies to all engineers1 but more especially to inexperienced men who take charge of small plants or farm engines1 whose knowledge of machinery and the dangers connected with the improper handling of it1 is limited4 ,the proper management of boilers and engines is of as vital importance to prevent accident as their proper construction2 as they are liable to get out of order and become unsafe unless the engineer is sufficiently informed to know what precautions should be taken under any and all circumstances that might prove disastrous4 ,not only should an engineer be ever on the alert to guard against accident1 but he should also be capable of keeping the engine1 boiler and appliances in good condition1 as the life of the machinery depends largely upon his competency and the faithful performance of his duties4 ,an ,,engineer3 ,should be sober4 ,should be industrious4 ,should be careful4 ,should be faithful to his charge4 ,should keep his engine and its surroundings neat and clean4 ,should keep his engine running smoothly without knocks or pounds4 ,should learn to let 8well enough0 alone4 ,should never attempt experiments unless he knows what he is about4 ,should have a place for everything and keep everything in its place4 ,should show by the quietness in running and appearance of the engine in his charge that it is properly cared for4 ,should constantly endeavor to expand his mind as to the management1 construction and care of boilers1 engines and their appliances4 ,should carry this book in his pocket for reference as it contains much valuable information and in a time of need may save much time and expense1 or even prevent a catastrophe4 ,boilers4 ,,horizontal ,,tubular ,,boiler4 ,q4 ,how is a horizontal tubular boiler constructed8 ,a4 ,it has a cylindrical shell1 with heads riveted at each end1 in which are placed a large number of tubes1 #d inches or less in diameter4 ,it is set in brick work1 with the furnace at one end1 beneath the shell4 ,the products of combustion pass under the boiler its full length and return through the tubes or flues to an up-take at the front end4 ,it is furnished with a man-hole beneath the flues1 and hand-holes for cleaning1 and generally has a steam dome4 ,illustration3 ,freeman's ,horizontal ,tubular ,boiler4 ,q4 ,what are the advantages of a horizontal boiler8 ,a4 ,it is simple in form1 easy to construct1 requires bracing only on the flat heads1 which are sustained their greater part by the tubes1 generates a large amount of steam for the space occupied1 and is not difficult to keep clean with fairly pure feed water4 ,,locomotive ,,boiler4 ,q4 ,how is a locomotive or fire box boiler constructed8 ,a4 ,the ends of a cylindrical shell are continued straight down upon the sides1 and enclosed to form a rectangular structure in its lower portion and conformed to the curvature of the cylindrical shell at the top4 ,in the rectangular portion is secured a fire box1 separated from the sides and ends by water spaces called 8water legs10 and having its top which is called the 8crown sheet0 about the center of the cylindrical shell4 ,an opening is formed in both sheets in rear end of the fire box door frame4 ,the cylindrical shell has heads riveted at both ends4 ,these heads have numerous flues open at both ends put in4 ,all the flat surfaces are stayed to each other at suitable intervals1 and the crown sheet is stayed from the shell4 ,the fuel is thrown in through the door at the rear1 and the products of combustion are conveyed to further extremity through the tubes or flues4 ,it is furnished with hand-holes for cleaning and a steam dome4 ,there are two different styles of fire boxes on ,locomotive ,boilers1 the round bottom fire box in which the water circulates under the grates1 and the square open bottom fire box4 ,both kinds are used extensively4 ,illustration3 ,freeman ,locomotive ,boiler4 ,illustration3 ,sectional ,view ,freeman ,locomotive ,boiler4 ,q4 ,what advantages have the locomotive or fire box boiler8 ,a4 ,it is entirely self-contained1 generates steam very rapidly1 is economical in space1 and needs no elaborate foundation4 ,q4 ,what disadvantages has the locomotive or fire box boiler8 ,a4 ,expensive first cost1 and difficulty in cleaning1 especially where impure feed water is used4 ,,return ,,flue ,,boiler4 ,q4 ,describe the construction of a ,return ,flue ,boiler8 ,a4 ,it has a cylindrical shell1 with heads riveted at each end1 in which are placed a large main flue1 and a number of small flues or tubes1 open at both ends4 ,the top row of flues is placed below the water line4 ,one end of the main flue is used for the fire box1 into which the fuel is thrown through door at back end and the products of combustion pass forward through this main flue to an ample smoke box in front end1 and return through the smaller flues or tubes to smoke box at rear end1 which is connected to the smoke stack4 ,they are generally supplied with steam dome and mud drum1 and are used extensively in the construction of traction engines where straw is used for fuel4 ,they are also furnished with several hand-holes placed in proper places for cleaning the boiler4 ,illustration3 ,sectional ,view ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,return ,flue ,boiler4 ,q4 ,what are the advantages of this style of boiler8 ,a4 ,large heating surface1 easily repaired and cleaned1 simplicity of construction and compactness4 ,,reynolds ,,corliss ,,condensing ,,and ,,non-,,condensing ,,engine4 ,this engine has a massive1 peculiarly constructed frame1 being cast in two parts4 ,the forward part contains the main pillow block bearing1 and the part in which the cross-head runs is cylindrical in shape1 and has bored ,guides1 and large lateral openings4 ,the crank is a large disc plate1 and the large heavy fly-wheel serves the double purpose of a drive pulley and balance wheel4 ,the cylinder is supplied with four valves1 two at the top and two at the bottom1 and directly upon the bore of the cylinder4 ,the two at the top are the steam valves1 the two at the bottom are exhaust valves1 and receive their motion from a single eccentric acting through the medium of a wrist plate or vibrating disc1 from which the valve connections radiate4 ,the valve being independently adjusted1 the commencement1 extent and rapidity of the movement of each can be most accurately arranged4 ,the steam valves are controlled by the ,governor1 which1 being very sensitive to the variation of load1 allows just the required amount of steam to enter the cylinder to keep up the uniform speed4 ,the exhaust valves being at the lower ends of the cylinder1 at the clearance space1 the water of condensation is allowed to escape in the most thorough manner1 without the use of cylinder cocks or other devices4 ,this style of engine is intended for all purposes1 but is especially adapted to heavy and continuous work and where the conditions call for an engine capable of working under a high steam pressure1 also when the work is of an intermittent character4 ,illustration3 ,reynolds ,corliss 8#ahij0 ,engine--,front ,view4 ,,vertical ,,boiler4 ,illustration3 ,sectional ,view ,freeman ,vertical ,boiler4 ,q4 ,how is a ,vertical ,tubular ,boiler generally constructed8 ,a4 ,a cylindrical fire box set into the lower part of a vertical cylindrical shell1 the space between forming an annular 8water leg40 ,an opening is formed in both sheets for the fire door4 ,the top of the fire box serves as a flue sheet for numerous tubes or flues which extend through the closed top of the outside shell1 and through which the products of combustion pass to the smoke stack4 ,the upper portions of the tubes are surrounded by steam4 ,where this style of boiler is made for marine purposes1 the upper part of the tubes is submerged1 and is called a submerged-flue boiler4 ,q4 ,what advantages has the vertical type of boiler8 ,a4 ,minimum floor space1 portability1 low cost of setting1 and a wide allowable variation in the water level4 ,q4 ,what disadvantages has this type8 ,a4 ,liability to leakage in the exposed upper ends of flues where they are not submerged1 deposits from impure water in the 8water leg10 in small sizes insufficient heating surface1 though the latter fault can be corrected by making the boiler very tall4 ,some of the very large vertical boilers are remarkably efficient4 ,,water ,,tube ,,boiler4 ,illustration3 ,stirling ,water ,tube ,boiler4 ,q4 ,how is a water tube boiler constructed8 ,a4 ,the ,stirling ,water ,tube ,boiler as illustrated1 has three upper or steam domes1 the steam space of all of which is connected1 while the water space of the two front domes is connected4 ,all of these three domes are connected with a lower or mud drum1 which is not bricked in1 but is left free to expand and contract4 ,the three upper domes are supported on wrought iron beams1 which are entirely free and independent from the brick work4 ,the feed water enters the rear upper dome1 and descends gradually to the lower or mud drum1 being heated in its descent by the escaping gases to a sufficiently high degree to cause precipitation in the mud drum of all of the solid or scale bearing matter that the feed water contains4 ,the water then in the front bank of tubes is chemically pure1 and all danger of scale reduced to a minimum4 ,q4 ,what advantages have the water tube boilers8 ,a4 ,one of the great advantages of this style of boilers is its distinct circulation1 being up the front bank of tubes across from the front upper dome to the middle dome1 down the middle bank of tubes to the lower or mud drum1 and up again the front bank of tubes1 and so on in circuit4 ,it also has great steaming capacity1 and is economical in fuel4 ,steam is taken from the middle dome4 ,this marked circulation is a desideratum in boiler practice1 and the ,stirling may be said to be the first that has accomplished it to so great a degree4 ,q4 ,what disadvantages have the water tube boilers8 ,a4 ,expensive first cost of setting them up in brick work4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,traction ,engine4 ,j4 ,i4 ,,case ,,traction ,,engine4 ,this engine is known as the ,center ,crank1 ,rear ,gear traction4 ,the engine is mounted on the center of boiler at the rear end1 and rests upon and is securely bolted to two saddles4 ,the rear saddle also supports the two outer bearings for the crank shaft4 ,the engine frame is cast in one piece1 cylindrical in shape1 with bored guides for cross-head1 and has large lateral openings4 ,it forms the front cylinder head at one end1 and contains the two pillow block bearings at the other4 ,the cylinder is overhanging and self-lining4 ,it has the locomotive type boiler1 with open bottom fire box1 covered with an ash pan1 and has a steam dome at front end4 ,the outer shell of this boiler over fire box extends beyond the back head4 ,to this extension is bolted the two brackets containing the bearings for the main axle and cross shaft4 ,the traction wheels are of the wrought rim steel spoke type1 with high mud cleats bolted diagonally across the entire width of tire4 ,the front axle is supplied with a ball-bearing bolster1 which supports the front end of boiler4 ,the engine has the ,friction ,clutch1 ,link ,reverse ,gear1 ,long ,heater1 ,independent ,pump1 ,injector1 ,water ,tank on side1 ,foot ,board with ,tool ,boxes attached1 and all necessary attachments and fittings to make a complete traction engine1 and one that will be perfectly safe with proper handling4 ,the steering wheel and band wheel are on the same side of engine1 and the straight stack and extension front has a spark arrester on the inside4 ,this engine is constructed to burn either coal or wood and with special arrangement can be made to burn straw4 ,j4 ,i4 ,,case ,,return ,,flue ,,traction ,,engine4 ,the foregoing description of the ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,traction ,engine will apply to this engine in every particular with the exception of the boiler1 the construction of engine1 the traction gear and fittings being exactly the same4 ,the boiler however is of the return flue1 straw-burner type ,it is supplied with a large steam dome on front end and also a mud drum on under side4 ,the fire box is at the rear end of main flue1 and is covered by an ash pan4 ,the boiler is lagged and jacketed1 and the stack has a screen spark arrester at the top4 ,this engine is intended to burn straw1 but it will burn either wood or coal equally well1 and is said to be very economical in fuel4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,return ,flue ,traction ,engine4 ,,questions ,,with ,,answers1 concerning the operation and care of steam boilers4 ,q4 ,how is steam taken from the boiler8 ,a4 ,by suitable piping leading from a steam dome on top of boiler4 ,q4 ,what is a steam dome and how is it made8 ,a4 ,a steam dome is cylindrical in shape1 is made usually of boiler plate flanged and riveted over a hole on top of boiler4 ,q4 ,of what use is a steam dome8 ,a4 ,its use is to afford space for dry steam to collect4 ,q4 ,what is a mud drum1 and of what use is it8 ,a4 ,the mud drum is cylindrical in shape1 made of boiler iron flanged and riveted over a hole on under side of boiler1 in which mud and sediment may collect1 and is of great value on a return flue boiler4 ,q4 ,what are boilers furnished with so that they may be easily cleaned8 ,a4 ,man-holes and hand-holes4 ,q4 ,what are man-holes and hand-holes8 ,a4 ,the man-hole is a hole cut in boiler large enough to admit a man and is covered by a portable plate which can be fastened absolutely tight4 ,hand-holes are small holes cut in boiler in convenient places into which a hose can be placed and the boiler washed out and the mud and scale removed4 ,hand-holes are covered with portable plates which can be fastened absolutely tight4 ,q4 ,how can a boiler be protected from the cold8 ,a4 ,by a non-conducting jacket which keeps off the cold1 retains the high temperature of the boiler and prevents the radiation of heat4 ,q4 ,what materials are used for jacketing a boiler8 ,a4 ,plaster1 wood1 hair1 rags1 felt1 paper and asbestos4 ,q4 ,how are they applied8 ,a4 ,wood is put on in long strips close together like barrel staves1 fastened with hoops and usually covered with sheet iron4 ,the other materials are put close to the boiler and held in place by sheet iron or canvas4 ,they are sometimes put on with an intervening air space between them and the boiler4 ,q4 ,what is the use of air space8 ,a4 ,it protects the material from being burned or otherwise injured by the heat4 ,q4 ,is there no radiation through these coverings8 ,a4 ,yes1 but the loss is very slight1 as the temperature of covering should never rise above what just seems warm to the hand4 ,q4 ,how should you feed water to a boiler8 ,a4 ,continuously during the whole time that steam is being used4 ,q4 ,will a steam pump feed continuously8 ,a4 ,yes1 by running the pump faster or slower according to the amount of water required4 ,q4 ,why is a continuous feed preferable8 ,a4 ,because it maintains the water in the boiler at a uniform level and gives the most perfect action4 ,q4 ,should precaution be taken in choice of water used in the boiler8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,always use water that is as clear and free from foreign matter as can be procured1 rain water preferred4 ,q4 ,what is the result of using impure water8 ,a4 ,it will form a scale upon the flues and plates on the inside of boiler4 ,q4 ,what harm does scale do8 ,a4 ,in the first place scale is a non-conductor and prevents the heat of furnace from producing its best effects upon the water and in the second place it allows the plates and flues to become over heated and burn4 ,q4 ,how can you prevent the formation of scale8 ,a4 ,there are numerous compounds upon the market some of which are known to be very reliable1 but for ordinary purposes sal soda dissolved in the feed water answers very well4 ,q4 ,what precaution should be taken in the use of sal soda8 ,a4 ,great care should be taken that too much is not used at a time4 ,if too much is used a great deal of trouble will be caused by the water in the boiler foaming4 ,q4 ,how often should a boiler be cleaned8 ,a4 ,it depends entirely upon the condition of the feed water used and the amount of service exerted from it4 ,it may vary from once or twice a week to once in two or three months1 or even longer4 ,q4 ,does a boiler only require the regular cleaning8 ,a4 ,no1 it should be blown off three or four times a day by the surface blow-off4 ,q4 ,should the surface blow-off be left open any length of time8 ,a4 ,no1 only a few seconds at a time1 say from fifteen seconds to a minute1 even longer on larger boilers1 but the engineer must use his own judgement in this matter4 ,q4 ,what does the surface blow-off do8 ,a4 ,it blows out all the impurities that arise in the form of scum on the surface of the water1 thus lessening the amount of scale formation4 ,q4 ,how should a boiler be cleaned8 ,a4 ,by blowing the water out at a low pressure of steam and after cooling off wash out and scrape the inside1 removing all scale and sediment4 ,q4 ,how do you blow off your boiler8 ,a4 ,by means of a blow-off valve situated at the bottom part of the boiler4 ,q4 ,when should a boiler be blown off8 ,a4 ,when the steam pressure entirely disappears and the water is at boiling point1 if boiler is set in brick work4 ,q4 ,why not blow off under a full head of steam8 ,a4 ,because when blown off under pressure there is heat enough remaining in the shell and flues to bake the scale upon the interior1 thus rendering it exceedingly difficult to remove4 ,q4 ,in what condition is the scale after blowing off at low pressure4 ,a4 ,some may be baked hard and attached to the flues and shell1 but the greater part will be soft and slushy so that it can be easily removed4 ,q4 ,how is this slush removed from the boiler8 ,a4 ,if a fire box or return flue boiler1 all the hand-hole plates should be removed and as much of the slush as possible raked out2 then a hose is inserted and a stream of water forced in which will carry the remainder out4 ,the hose should be placed in the top holes first4 ,q4 ,is it a good idea after blowing off a boiler to fill it with water again without delay8 ,a4 ,no4 ,because the boiler is hot1 and if cold water is put in before it is thoroughly cooled off the boiler will be subjected to severe strains caused by the sudden contraction of the metal that is expanded by the heat1 which will injure it to a greater or less degree4 ,illustration3 ,garr-,scott ,traction ,engine4 ,,garr-,,scott ,,traction ,,engine4 ,this engine1 as will be seen by examining the cut1 is of the ,side ,crank1 ,side ,gear style1 the engine of which is mounted upon a long heater1 to which the cylinder and the main pillow block bearing are attached1 and is supplied with the bar or locomotive guides for cross-head4 ,it is fitted with the ,link ,reverse peculiar to their own style of manufacture1 also ,injector1 ,friction ,clutch1 ,cross-head ,pump1 ,governor1 ,syphon for filling ,tank on front end1 ,automatic ,sight-,feed ,lubricator1 and large ,foot ,board with ,tool ,boxes attached4 ,the boiler is of the locomotive or round bottom fire box type1 with dome on front end1 and is mounted upon the traction wheels with axle arms attached to the sides of boiler1 which are supplied with springs4 ,the front axle is attached to the boiler with a bolster arrangement1 which is also supplied with a spring4 ,the traction wheels are made practically in one piece1 having the spokes cast in both hub and rim1 the cast iron rim being chilled faced1 with the mud cleats cast on4 ,the smoke stack is supplied with a screen suitable for burning either wood or coal4 ,it has a patent steering attachment1 the hand wheel of which is on the same side of engine as the band wheel4 ,the engine and boiler are supplied with all the necessary fittings to make them convenient and safe with proper handling4 ,q4 ,when should a boiler be filled after being blown off and cleaned8 ,a4 ,a boiler should not be filled under any circumstances until it is about the same temperature as the water used to fill it4 ,q4 ,how are the hand-hole plates put back in position8 ,a4 ,the plate that covers the hole is put on the inside of the boiler and held in position against the plate by a bolt attached to it and passing out through a yoke which straddles the hole upon the outside and serves as a brace against which the bolt acts4 ,q4 ,how is a leak prevented8 ,a4 ,by placing packing between the hand-hole plate and the boiler plate4 ,q4 ,what is the best kind of packing to use for this purpose8 ,a4 ,two or three ply sheet rubber is the best1 cut in the form of a ring to fit the bearing surface of the plate4 ,q4 ,can any other material be used8 ,a4 ,yes1 hemp or cotton packing4 ,when this is used it should be pulled out in fine shreds and thoroughly oiled before putting in position4 ,use as little as possible4 ,q4 ,do the metals need any preparation8 ,a4 ,yes1 all the old packing that may have burned on the metal should be thoroughly scraped off1 also the scale should be removed from the vicinity so that the packing will have a smooth and even surface to bear against4 ,q4 ,how are man-hole plates put in position8 ,a4 ,in the same manner as the hand-hole plates4 ,q4 ,what is required of an engineer or fireman in the care of a boiler8 ,a4 ,he should watch carefully all the parts that are exposed to any steam and see that they do not become unduly weakened by corrosion or accident4 ,all the working parts and fittings should be examined daily and be repaired or replaced as soon as they show signs of wear or weakness4 ,the steam gauge and safety valve should receive constant care and both should be tested frequently1 the one by the other1 and the steam gauge by a standard in order that it may be known to be in perfect order4 ,when scale forming water is used the feed pipe should be frequently uncoupled and examined and all sediment removed4 ,the check valve should be examined frequently to see that it seats properly so that water cannot leak from boiler in this way and the utmost care should be taken in regard to the consumption of fuel4 ,q4 ,in case of accident how should an engineer conduct himself8 ,a4 ,with the utmost coolness4 ,q4 ,if the water gauge glass breaks1 what should be done8 ,a4 ,the upper and lower gauge valves should be closed immediately4 ,q4 ,can a new glass be put in at once8 ,a4 ,no1 because a new glass is cold1 and if put in position and steam turned on1 the sudden heat and expansion would be apt to crack it4 ,q4 ,when can a new glass be put in8 ,a4 ,after the boiler has been cooled off4 ,q4 ,what is to be done in the meantime8 ,a4 ,the boiler must be run by the use of the gauge cocks alone4 ,q4 ,what is to be done if the gauge cocks leak8 ,a4 ,if the leak is in the seat1 that part should be taken out and re-ground and refitted4 ,this should be done at once4 ,q4 ,what harm is done by a leaky gauge cock8 ,a4 ,it allows the water to run down over the face of the boiler1 which tends to corrode it4 ,q4 ,when the leak is where the gauge cock is screwed into the boiler1 what is to be done8 ,a4 ,as soon as the boiler is cooled down examine and see if the gauge cock can be screwed up another turn4 ,if so try that1 then if the leak is not stopped the gauge cock must be taken out and a new one put in its place1 or the thread of the old one so repaired that there will be no leak4 ,q4 ,why not screw up the leaky gauge cock when the boiler is under pressure8 ,a4 ,because there is great danger of breaking the cock1 thereby placing the engineer or fireman in great peril4 ,q4 ,what should be done in case a gauge cock is accidentally broken off8 ,a4 ,open the furnace door and if possible partially bank the fire1 close the damper and allow the water to blow out at the hole until steam alone comes out4 ,in the meantime get a piece of soft pine six or seven feet long and whittle down one end until it will about fit and jam it into the hole4 ,work it around until the jet of steam is stopped4 ,fasten the stick in temporarily and stop the engine if not already done4 ,it will now depend on the condition of the break and the position of the surrounding parts as to the means to be employed4 ,the stick should be cut off short and firmly driven into the hole and braced or tied securely4 ,the engineer or fireman must use his own ingenuity for this work4 ,q4 ,can a boiler be worked in this condition8 ,a4 ,yes1 by the use of the gauge glass to determine the level of water4 ,q4 ,should a boiler be run in this condition continually8 ,a4 ,no4 ,a new gauge cock should be supplied as soon as possible4 ,q4 ,when a gauge cock becomes stopped up what should be done8 ,a4 ,after steam is down1 the front or outer part may be taken off and a stiff wire run into it to open the clogged tube4 ,q4 ,is it simply necessary to get the wire through8 ,a4 ,no1 the wire should be worked back and forth until all the deposit or scale is thoroughly cleaned out4 ,q4 ,in case the steam gauge gets out of order what should be done8 ,a4 ,there should always be an extra gauge on hand that may be put to use4 ,if there is no extra steam gauge1 the engine should be shut down until the gauge can be repaired4 ,q4 ,why not continue running by using the safety valve8 ,a4 ,because it is very dangerous and should never be attempted4 ,q4 ,how much variation from the actual pressure can be allowed on steam gauge before it is repaired8 ,a4 ,none4 ,as soon as suspected of being even slightly out of order it should be repaired4 ,q4 ,in case the pump does not work what should be done8 ,a4 ,supply the boiler by the injector4 ,q4 ,what is to be done where there is no injector8 ,a4 ,first1 care should be taken that the water in the boiler does not fall below the second gauge cock or out of sight in the gauge glass1 then stop the engine and bank the fire4 ,when this is done1 examine the packing around the plunger to see that it does not leak air1 then examine the valves of the pump to ascertain whether they are worn and leak4 ,if this be the case they must be reseated at once4 ,if the valves are all right1 work the pump and open the side valve in the delivery pipe to see if the pump draws water4 ,if no water appears1 the trouble is probably in the suction pipe4 ,q4 ,how can this be remedied8 ,a4 ,first examine the strainer at end of suction pipe or hose to see if it is stopped up2 if it is1 clean it out and try the pump4 ,if it works1 the difficulty is remedied4 ,if the strainer is clean1 examine the pipe or hose from end to end to see that it is perfectly air tight2 if not1 it should be made so4 ,q4 ,if the delivery pipe is choked1 how can it be cleaned8 ,a4 ,close the globe valve next to boiler1 and then examine the check valve to see if it is all right4 ,if it is choked or filled with sediment1 take out the valve1 clean the shell and re-seat the valve2 if the check is all right1 disconnect the pipe and clean out if necessary4 ,q4 ,what if this pipe and check valve are all right8 ,a4 ,let the boiler cool off1 then blow off the water1 disconnect the pipe between check and boiler1 where the difficulty will probably be found1 and clean thoroughly4 ,q4 ,how can check valve and delivery pipe be choked with water that has already passed through the injector or valves of the pump8 ,a4 ,the water may contain quantities of lime which are deposited from the heated water upon the interior of the pipe1 which will thus be gradually decreased in size until the hole is too small to answer the purpose4 ,q4 ,when the communication between the water gauge and boiler is interrupted1 what should be done8 ,a4 ,the glass should be blown out frequently by opening the drip cock at the bottom1 then shut the upper valve1 allowing the water to blow through the lower valve until the water runs free and clear4 ,then shut the lower valve and open the upper one and blow through in like manner4 ,q4 ,in case of low water what should be done8 ,a4 ,cover the fire quickly with fresh coal or damp ashes1 close the lower draft door1 and allow the furnace to cool4 ,never dash water into the furnace to check the fire1 it is dangerous4 ,q4 ,why not draw or dump the fire8 ,a4 ,because it would result momentarily in stirring up an intense heat1 cooling can be effected more rapidly by covering the fire and checking the draft4 ,q4 ,should the pop or safety valve be opened8 ,a4 ,no4 ,never let more steam out of the boiler in this condition than can be avoided4 ,q4 ,should the engine be stopped or the throttle valve be closed8 ,a4 ,no4 ,a sudden stoppage of the outflow of steam will cause the water level to fall4 ,the first thing to be looked after is to subdue the heat which is the source from which trouble may arise4 ,q4 ,should the feed water supply be turned on8 ,a4 ,no4 ,leave it alone4 ,should the pump or injector be running1 the water level will be recovered gradually as the boiler cools down4 ,if the feed is not on1 the sudden admittance of water on the overheated surfaces will cause a disaster4 ,the feed should not be turned on until sufficient time has been allowed to avert such danger4 ,q4 ,are there any appliances by which to guard against accident from low water8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,alarms to call attention by blowing a whistle or ringing a bell when the water is below a certain level4 ,also fusible or safety plug placed in the heating surface of boiler most liable to be overheated from lack of water4 ,q4 ,of what use is the safety valve8 ,a4 ,to prevent the accumulation of pressure above a given point4 ,q4 ,should water be left in the boiler when not in use8 ,a4 ,no4 ,it is better to draw out all the water and properly clean the boiler before leaving4 ,q4 ,what should be done in case a grate bar breaks and drops out of place8 ,a4 ,if no other bar is at hand1 it might be repaired with a heavy stick of wood4 ,q4 ,how can this be done8 ,a4 ,by cutting the stick in such a shape as to fit the space made by the broken bar1 then cover with ashes before the fire spreads over it4 ,q4 ,will the stick burn out8 ,a4 ,yes1 but it will last for several hours4 ,,nichols ,,shepard ,,traction ,,engine4 ,this engine is also of the ,side ,crank1 ,side ,gear pattern1 the engine is mounted upon the side of the boiler1 upon a long heater1 which is securely bolted to the boiler by three brackets4 ,it is of the ,locomotive ,guide pattern1 and has a cross-head pump4 ,the cylinder rests its full length upon the heater and is lagged4 ,it has the link reverse gear and plain slide valve1 ,friction ,clutch1 ,injector1 ,automatic ,sight ,feed ,lubricator1 ,governor1 ,extension ,front and ,straight ,stack4 ,the hand steering wheel is on the opposite side from the band wheel4 ,the boiler is of the round bottom fire box style with double riveted seams1 and has a dome in the center1 and is mounted upon the wheels in the rear with a wrought iron axle which passes around underneath the boiler and is held in place by brackets attached to the side of the boiler4 ,these brackets contain springs4 ,the traction wheels are of the cast iron rim style1 with wrought iron spokes cast in both rim and hub and mud cleats are cast on rim4 ,the foot board is furnished with a water tank and tool box and all necessary fittings and attachments are supplied to make a complete traction engine4 ,illustration3 ,nichols ,shepard ,traction ,engine4 ,q4 ,what harm would result from firing for a short time without the bar8 ,a4 ,none to speak of to furnace or grate bars1 but the quantity of air admitted to the fire box would make it exceedingly hard to keep up steam and the hole thus made would cause a great loss of fuel4 ,q4 ,what should be done if a bar in a rocker grate should fall out8 ,a4 ,take a piece of flat wrought iron and cut it to fit the bearings1 this will do for some time and will not interfere with the rocking of the bars4 ,or1 take a heavy piece of plank1 covering the opening completely1 and cover the plank carefully with ashes1 surrounding it on all sides to protect it as much as possible from the fire4 ,q4 ,will not this latter prevent the rocking of the grate8 ,a4 ,yes1 and it can only be cleaned by raking out from underneath4 ,q4 ,how should such difficulties be avoided8 ,a4 ,a good engineer will always have on hand at least two or three extra grate bars4 ,q4 ,should a boiler be forced beyond its normal capacity8 ,a4 ,never force a boiler beyond its normal capacity1 as such excessive firing distorts the fire sheets and results in leaks and fractures4 ,q4 ,should intense fires be started in or under boilers8 ,a4 ,never build an intense fire in or under a boiler until the shell is well heated4 ,hot fires in or under cold boilers hurry their destruction4 ,,caution4 ,never blow out the boiler under high steam pressure or fill it again with cold water when the boiler is hot1 as either one of these is likely to fracture the transverse riveting and is dangerous4 ,do not feed the water to the boiler irregularly4 ,the slower the water goes through the heater the more heat it takes up4 ,to fill the boiler to three gauges and then shut off the feed until the water level is again down1 the exhaust steam1 after it has heated the water standing in heater1 passes off without leaving any of its heat1 and then turning on the feed water again much faster than needed1 the water has not time to take up so much heat as if the feed were slow and regular4 ,much bad effect on the boiler is due to the difference in temperature at the time when the feed is off and on4 ,never calk a boiler under steam pressure unless you are tired of life4 ,,calking ,,flues4 ,q4 ,in case the boiler flues become leaky1 can they be tightened8 ,a4 ,yes1 by the use of a tool called an 8expander10 which is generally kept in stock by the boiler manufacturer4 ,illustration3 ,prosser's ,spring ,expander4 ,q4 ,can an unskilled person expand and tighten the flues of his boiler without the aid of an expert or boiler maker8 ,a4 ,yes1 if he is careful and follows these instructions1 viz3 ,first clean the ends of the flues and flue sheet of all dirt1 soot and cinders1 and place the expander within the leaky flue1 being careful to have the shoulder of the tool well against the head and end of flue4 ,now1 with a light hammer drive in the taper expanding pin and after two or three blows of the hammer1 jar the pin out1 turn the expander a little and drive in pin as before1 removing the pin and turning expander again until a full turn has been made4 ,great care must be taken in expanding flues not to expand them so hard as to stretch or enlarge the hole containing flue in the flue sheet1 thereby loosening the adjoining flue4 ,after all the loose flues have been carefully expanded1 take the beading tool and place the long or guide end within the flue1 then with the aid of a light hammer the ends of flues can be gradually beaded or calked against the flue sheet1 rendering them perfectly tight4 ,with a little practice1 a careful man can do a neat job of calking1 thereby avoiding loss of time and expense in being obliged to call a boiler maker4 ,an expander and calking tools should be among the tools of every engineer1 as many little leaks that may occur in a steam boiler1 although they may not be dangerous1 give it a bad appearance and should be calked and stopped by the engineer4 ,,cleaning ,,flues4 ,q4 ,how are boiler flues cleaned8 ,a4 ,there are two ways of cleaning flues1 viz3 with a steam blower and a scraper4 ,the latter is more commonly used and when properly applied does its work most efficiently4 ,the scraper is screwed on the end of a rod of sufficient length to allow it to pass through the flue1 and when cleaning1 the scraper should be passed forward and backward through the flue or least two or three times1 to insure all the soot and ashes being removed4 ,illustration3 ,wilson ,pat4 ,flue ,scraper4 ,the cleaning of flues should be done systematically1 as often as required to keep them clean1 as clean flues not only add greatly to the steaming capacity of the boiler1 but make a great difference in the amount of fuel used4 ,if the flues are allowed to become covered inside with soot and ashes1 the formation of which becomes a non-conductor for heat1 the product of combustion passes through the flues without leaving more than one-half as much heat as it would otherwise leave if the flues were clean4 ,,blower4 ,the ,blower consists of a small pipe attached to the steam dome or top of the boiler with a globe or angle valve1 and is situated near the stack4 ,this pipe enters the stack just above the boiler1 the end being bent up toward the top of stack and reduced to a very small opening4 ,when steam is turned on through this pipe1 it displaces the air in the stack1 causes a partial vacuum in the smoke box1 and the air rushes through the grates1 fuel and flues to replace that which is blown out by the blower1 and the draught can be increased as much as desired4 ,,exhaust ,,nozzle4 ,the ,exhaust ,nozzle1 as generally constructed1 is an elbow attached to the end of the exhaust pipe in the smoke box or smoke stack of the boiler1 the end of which points upward1 with the opening reduced so that the exhaust steam will be forced up the stack1 and thereby produce the same effect as a blower4 ,the opening in the exhaust nozzle should never be made so small as to check the exhaust steam to any great degree1 and cause back pressure in the cylinder1 as the power of the engine would be diminished4 ,the opening should be as large as possible1 and still produce sufficient draught to keep the required steam pressure4 ,,fusible ,,plug4 ,illustration3 ,lunkenheimer ,fusible ,plug4 ,a ,fusible ,plug is a short brass bolt which has a hole running through its center1 filled with a metal that melts at a low temperature4 ,this plug is screwed into the crown sheet directly over the fire1 and as long as it is covered with water the metal will not melt and run out2 but should the water become low1 exposing the crown sheet to the intense heat of the fire1 the metal will run out1 and the steam rushing through the hole puts out the fire and many times saves the crown sheet from injury4 ,q4 ,in what condition would the plug become useless and of no value8 ,a4 ,by allowing it to become covered on the inner end with scale and sediment4 ,it should be unscrewed and occasionally examined1 at least two or three times during the season1 and all scale and dirt removed from the end of the plug before replacing4 ,examine the crown sheet to see that no scale has formed over the hole to prevent the water from reaching the plug4 ,q4 ,how can a plug that has melted out be refilled8 ,a4 ,unscrew the plug from crown sheet and cap one end with clay1 then melt the lead or babbitt metal in a shovel1 spoon1 or even a piece of bent sheet iron1 and refill the plug4 ,now1 with a light hammer1 close the ends tight1 and screw the plug into the crown sheet4 ,,low ,,water ,,alarm4 ,a low water alarm is an instrument attached to a boiler1 and so arranged and constructed that when the water in the boiler gets to a certain level1 whereby it is becoming dangerously low1 the alarm is given by the blowing of a whistle or ringing of a bell4 ,j4 ,i4 ,,case ,,automatic ,,high ,,speed ,,engine4 ,this style of ,automatic ,engines combines simplicity1 compactness1 direct action1 lightness of moving parts1 automatic lubrication1 and perfect regulation4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,automatic ,pedestal ,engine4 ,it is made in three main varieties3 ,the ,pedestal ,engine1 the ,bracket ,engine1 and the ,hanger ,engine4 ,the illustration represents the ,pedestal type1 the upright frame of which is cast in one piece1 and encloses and protects the principal moving parts1 its lower part being a reservoir for oil1 into which the crank-pin dips at every revolution1 affording a simple and efficient means of lubrication4 ,the piston is connected directly with the crank shaft1 thus doing away with the cross-head1 wrist-pin and guides4 ,the piston being thus connected at one end to the crank-pin1 it travels back and forth at its other extremity through the bore of the cylinder4 ,the latter by reason of its shape is free to turn in its casing1 and is therefore rocked by the vibrating piston rod through an arc sufficient to open and close the steam and exhaust ports on its face4 ,the cut-off valve is of the plug type1 and receives its motion from the shaft cut-off governor1 attached to the balance wheel4 ,the center crank shaft runs in two large bearings which are bolted securely to the side of the frame4 ,access to the inside of the frame can be had by taking off the plates from either side4 ,the ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,high ,speed ,engines range in size from #b to #be horse power1 the speed of which ranges from #ijj down to #eej revolutions per minute1 and can be used in any capacity4 ,,steam ,,engines4 ,all styles of engines both large and small should receive proper attention4 ,all the vibrating and moving parts should be kept well oiled and free from grit and dirt4 ,if this is neglected1 the friction of the moving parts will soon wear away the metal and induce pounding and cause what is called 8lost motion10 which detracts greatly from the power of the engine1 and if allowed to run in this condition will soon necessitate large expense for repairs and shorten the life of the engine4 ,tighten all the boxes as they wear1 being careful not to get them too tight4 ,keep the piston rod and valve rod well packed with a good quality of soft packing4 ,keep the valve or valves set properly to give the required amount of lap and lead and an equal cut-off at the end of each stroke whether working in full gear or notched up4 ,keep the cross-head shoes fitted properly in the guides1 being careful to keep the piston rod in line4 ,if the above instructions are followed1 your engine will run smoothly and do good service4 ,illustration3 ,sectional ,view of ,simple ,engine1 ,showing ,cylinder1 ,steam ,chest1 ,plain ,slide ,valve1 ,steam and ,exhaust ,ports1 ,piston and ,rod1 ,engine ,frame1 ,cross-head1 ,connecting ,rod1 ,crank ,disc1 and ,rocker ,arm and ,rod for ,operating ,valve4 ,,steam ,,cylinder4 ,the ,steam ,cylinder is that part of an engine in which the piston travels2 it also contains the steam and exhaust ports and is one of the most expensive1 as well as essential1 parts of an engine4 ,the cylinder should be made of the best quality of cast iron1 and the greatest care taken in boring it perfectly true and round4 ,it should be counter-bored at each end to allow the piston in its travel to overlap at the end of each stroke4 ,without the counter-bore1 a shoulder would be formed at both ends of the cylinder as it became worn by the piston rings1 which in time would cause a knock or pound at the end of every stroke2 the only remedy being to have the cylinder re-bored4 ,special attention should be paid to keeping the cylinder well oiled with the best quality of cylinder oil to prevent it from being cut by the piston rings4 ,if allowed to run dry and cut1 it will cause no end of trouble4 ,the size of cylinder is not always the measure of the power of the engine4 ,the power depends upon the heating surface of the boiler and steam pressure2 as the piston speed can always be increased1 by running the engine faster1 until the maximum evaporating capacity of the boiler is reached4 ,,piston ,,and ,,rod4 ,the ,piston is another very important part in the construction of an engine1 and it conveys the power of the steam to the crank4 ,it is composed of a piston head1 on which are placed the piston rings held in position by the follower plate1 and is securely attached to the piston rod4 ,great care should be taken in the construction of the piston rings to have them fit the cylinder perfectly tight1 at the same time to have the least possible friction4 ,piston rings should always be made of a softer metal than the cylinder so that the greater part of the wear will be upon the rings instead of the cylinder1 as the rings can easily be replaced4 ,there are a great many kinds of packing for piston rings1 but the most commonly used at the present time are the steam packing rings4 ,the character1 accuracy in construction and condition of the piston make a great difference in the quantity of fuel consumed and the amount of power developed by the engine4 ,the ,piston ,rod connects the piston to the cross-head and is generally made of steel4 ,where the piston rod enters the cylinder1 a steam tight joint is obtained by the use of a soft1 pliable packing placed in the stuffing box1 and held in position by the stuffing box gland4 ,this box is kept packed just tight enough to prevent leaking1 by drawing up the stuffing box gland when required4 ,this can be repeated until the packing is all used up1 when box must be repacked4 ,,steam ,,chest4 ,the ,steam ,chest contains the valve1 and can be on either side of cylinder as may best suit the style of engine4 ,steam is admitted into the steam chest1 and passes into the cylinder by the action of the valve4 ,many engine builders cast cylinder and steam chest in one piece1 while others cast them separately and bolt them together4 ,the only advantage of the former over the latter is the absence of one less joint to keep packed4 ,illustration3 ,steam ,chest and ,plain ,slide ,valve4 ,the steam ports are the two openings through which the steam is admitted to the cylinder4 ,the exhaust port is the opening through which the exhaust or waste steam passes out of the cylinder4 ,,valve4 ,there are a great many kinds of valves used on steam engines1 namely1 the ,corliss1 ,slide1 ,rocker1 ,balance1 ,rotary1 etc41 but the one most commonly used on farm engines is the plain slide valve1 which has been generally adopted by all the larger engine builders in this country4 ,it is simple in design1 and when properly set does its work very efficiently4 ,they are less complicated than others and are easily set2 they are made in many different designs1 but the principle of each is the same4 ,the slide valve is constructed to slide upon the smooth surface of the valve seat1 in which are contained the two steam ports for the admission of steam to each end of the cylinder1 and also the exhaust port through which the exhaust or waste steam passes out of the cylinder4 ,the slide valve is operated by the eccentrics1 which are attached to the main crank shaft of the engine and revolve with it1 the object of the eccentrics being to move the slide valve back and forth upon its seat to admit the steam alternately through the steam ports to the cylinder4 ,the valve gear is a most important detail and one upon which the economy of fuel in a great measure depends1 and any derangement in this part of an engine causes an immediate increase in the fuel consumed and decrease in the power of the engine4 ,in a properly constructed valve the slide upon the seat should be reduced to the smallest possible amount1 and should be so designed as to give an equal cut-off and release at both ends of the cylinder1 whether working full gear or notched up4 ,the engine should also have the same power whether working forward or backward1 and the cut-off should be as sharp as possible4 ,the more perfect the valve gear the more the engine can be notched up1 and thus allow the steam to expand in the cylinder to its utmost4 ,the engine which can be notched up the most is the most economical in fuel and water4 ,,cross-,,head4 ,illustration3 ,cross-head4 ,the ,cross-head is of cast iron and connects the piston rod to the connecting rod1 and is that part of an engine where the motion is changed from vibrating to rotary4 ,the piston rod is fastened securely to it1 while the connecting rod is attached by wrist-pin4 ,on a ,v guide or bored guide engine frame the cross-head is supplied with adjustable shoe slides that can be adjusted to take up their wear and fit the guides properly1 also to keep the piston rod in line4 ,on a bar or locomotive guide engine the cross-head is adjusted by removing the liners from between the bars4 ,,engine ,,frame4 ,the ,engine ,frame is the large casting which contains the bored1 ,v shaped or locomotive guides for cross-head shoes4 ,it also contains the pillow block for crank shaft at one end and the cylinder is bolted to the other4 ,they are made in many different styles and shapes1 but all answer the same purpose4 ,,connecting ,,rod4 ,the ,connecting ,rod on an engine is the connection between the cross-head and crank-pin2 it is generally made of wrought iron or steel1 with brass boxes at each end held in position by wrought straps4 ,these straps are attached to the connecting rod by gibs and keys4 ,connecting rods are sometimes made with mortised ends to receive the brass boxes1 which are held in place by wedge block and adjusting screw4 ,the latter style is used principally on the larger makes of engines4 ,while the connecting rod with mortised ends are considered a little the safest1 the straps on the ends of rods are most commonly used4 ,the brass boxes at ends of connecting rod are adjustable to take up the wear by use of the gibs and keys1 and they should be adjusted as frequently as there is any lost motion discovered at the crank-pin or cross-head1 which will be indicated by a knocking or pounding as the crank passes over the centers4 ,illustration3 ,connecting ,rod4 ,,crank4 ,the ,crank is that part of an engine by which the effect of the steam acting against the piston is converted into work4 ,there are two kinds1 ,side and ,center crank4 ,the term ,side crank refers to a disc plate or a crank attached to one end of a shaft and in which is placed the crank-pin4 ,when the shaft extends to the right the engine is called a right hand engine1 and when it extends to the left it is called a left hand engine4 ,the term ,center crank refers to a shaft with the crank in the center1 the shaft extending equally both ways and so constructed as to be very well balanced4 ,it is optional as to which gives the best results as both kinds are used upon all sizes of engines4 ,,crank-,,pin4 ,the ,crank-,pin connects the connecting rod and crank4 ,it is made of steel1 and special care should be taken to keep the crank-pin well oiled4 ,if allowed to run dry and cut1 it will soon heat and ruin both pin and boxes4 ,if once allowed to become cut1 it will be impossible to prevent it from heating4 ,,link ,,reverse4 ,the ,link ,reverse is composed of two eccentrics and rods1 link1 block and slide1 also lever and quadrant for holding link in any position4 ,the duty of the link is to reverse the engine by simply throwing the reverse lever backward and forward4 ,the speed of the engine can also be reduced and increased by the same operation4 ,illustration3 ,link ,reverse4 ,,rumely ,,traction ,,engine4 ,in the construction of this engine1 which is of the side crank1 rear gear style1 it will be seen that the engine is in a different position upon the boiler from the ordinary side crank1 having the cylinder forward1 and the crank shaft at the rear end4 ,the frame is of the girder pattern1 with overhanging cylinder attached to one end1 the pillow block bearing at the other1 and is secured to the boiler by two brackets4 ,the engine is supplied with a ,cross-head ,pump1 ,link ,reverse ,gear1 ,friction ,clutch1 ,automatic ,oiler1 ,governor1 ,large ,cylindrical ,water ,tank on the side1 and ,tool ,boxes upon the ,platform4 ,the boiler is of the round bottom fire box or locomotive style1 has the dome in front1 and the ash pan is in the lower part of the fire box4 ,it is mounted upon the traction wheels by brackets attached to the rear end of the boiler1 which contain the main axle4 ,the front end rests upon a trussed axle4 ,the traction wheels are high1 and are of the wrought iron rim direct spoke type4 ,the loose traction wheel is furnished with a locking device for securing it to the axle4 ,in the arrangement of the engine and the high traction wheels1 the driving or band wheel is placed between one of the traction wheels and the boiler4 ,the necessary fittings are furnished with both boiler and engine to keep them in good running order and perfectly safe if properly handled4 ,illustration3 ,rumely ,traction ,engine4 ,,link4 ,the ,link is that part which holds the link block and is connected at each end to the eccentric rods2 it is used only on reversing engines4 ,the link is made on a curve1 so that when the link block is at either extreme end the valve is operated to its full movement4 ,when the block is in the center of link1 the valve covers both ports and prevents the ingress of steam to the cylinder4 ,the ,link ,block is attached to the slide which connects it to the valve rod4 ,the valve rod connects the slide and valve1 and where it enters the steam chest is packed in like manner to the piston rod4 ,,reverse ,,lever4 ,the ,reverse ,lever is that part of the valve gear connected with the link for raising and lowering it1 thereby changing the travel of the valve and reversing the motion of the engine4 ,when the reverse lever is placed in the center notch of quadrant1 the lap of slide valve should cover both steam ports1 preventing any steam from entering the cylinder1 thus stopping the engine4 ,in moving this lever from the center notch1 it either drops or raises the link as the case may be1 increasing the travel of the valve and allowing steam to enter the cylinder4 ,when the reverse lever is thrown into the outside notch of quadrant at either end you get full travel of the valve which gives full power of engine1 providing you have sufficient steam pressure4 ,,eccentrics4 ,the ,eccentric on an engine is for the purpose of moving the valve back and forth upon the valve seat and has a throw equal to the travel of the valve4 ,the throw of eccentric is caused by the wheel or plate being bored to one side of its true center1 and generally equals one-half the travel of the valve4 ,if more or less1 the difference is caused by the use of rocker arm or similar devices for increasing or diminishing the throw of eccentric as the case may be4 ,the eccentric is accurately fitted and fastened to the main shaft of the engine with set screws or key4 ,,eccentric ,,strap4 ,the ,eccentric ,strap is that part of the engine in which the eccentric revolves1 and is attached to link by the eccentric rod4 ,it should be kept well oiled to secure a free and easy movement to the link4 ,on reversing engines there are two eccentrics exactly alike1 one connecting with upper end of link1 the other with lower end by the eccentric straps and rods4 ,in this case the eccentric rod that is moving the valve is the one nearest to the link block4 ,when the lever is in the center notch the link is also in the center of its travel4 ,in this case1 both of the eccentric rods move an equal distance and the link vibrates back and forth1 but as the block is in the center it gives no motion to the valve1 and as the valve1 having sufficient lap1 covers both ports when the lever is in this position prevents the ingress of steam to the cylinder1 consequently no motion4 ,,eccentric ,,rod4 ,the ,eccentric ,rod connects the eccentric to the link1 two being used on a reversing engine4 ,on a simple engine only one eccentric rod is used and is connected to a rocker arm which is attached to the valve rod4 ,,woolf ,,valve ,,gear4 ,the ,woolf ,valve ,gear is used in connection with an engine to reverse its motion4 ,it is arranged with one eccentric attached to the crank shaft the strap of which has a long arm cast on1 to which the eccentric rod that moves the valve is attached4 ,this arm is also supplied with a roller1 which runs in a slot on a rocking head4 ,this head is held in position by a box and is connected to the reverse lever by a rod4 ,by throwing the reverse lever to either end of the quadrant1 the position of the rocking head is so placed that the roller in the slide operates the eccentric strap1 rod and valve1 and the engine will run in the direction desired4 ,by throwing the reverse lever to the opposite end of the quadrant1 the position of the rocking head is so changed that it will reverse the motion of the valve1 and the engine will run in the opposite direction4 ,illustration3 ,woolf ,valve ,gear4 ,the ,quadrant being notched1 the point of cut-off can be regulated with the reverse lever1 according to the load2 by placing it in the last notch in quadrant when full power of engine is required1 or notching it up when doing light work1 the same as with the link reverse gear4 ,,governor4 ,the ,governor contains a valve so constructed and connected with the weighted balls that an increase of speed of the engine throws out the balls1 which raises the arms attached to valve rod1 thereby closing the valve and thus decreases the flow of steam through the governor valve and reduces the speed of engine until the governor balls are again in their true position4 ,now1 when the speed decreases and the weighted balls rise above their true position1 the valve opens1 allows more steam to enter the cylinder and the speed of the engine increases until the engine is again running at its proper speed4 ,illustration3 ,gardner ,governor4 ,governors are used to regulate the quantity of steam required to run an engine at a uniform speed under variation of load1 and to run properly they should be kept perfectly clean and free from the accumulation of gummy substances caused by using inferior oil1 which has a tendency to interfere with the free and easy movement of the different parts4 ,q4 ,if you desire to run your engine faster or slower with the throttle valve wide open1 how can it be done8 ,a4 ,some makes of governors are provided with regulating screws at the top2 by turning the hand nut in one direction you lengthen the valve stem and reduce the steam opening in the governor valve1 which reduces the speed4 ,to increase the speed of the engine the handle nut is turned the opposite direction1 which shortens the stem and increases the opening in governor valve1 allowing more steam to enter the cylinder and the speed is proportionately increased4 ,the ,gardner ,governors are provided with a hand screw at the side for regulating the speed1 as will be seen by examining the accompanying cut4 ,it also has a ,sawyer's ,lever for opening the valve to its full extent1 and a belt tightener4 ,q4 ,will the handle nut stay in position after once being set to a certain speed8 ,a4 ,not unless the check nut directly over the handle nut is screwed down tight to prevent the stem from changing its position4 ,q4 ,is a governor liable to cause trouble and fail to govern the engine properly8 ,a4 ,all governors are more or less delicate in construction and must be kept clean and well oiled1 the belt must not be allowed to slip1 nor must it be so tight as to cause the governor to work hard4 ,the small stuffing box that packs the valve stem should never be screwed down steam tight1 as it causes too much friction on the stem and prevents the balls from operating it1 and the engine will run unsteadily and spasmodically4 ,always allow the stuffing box to leak a little1 then you know it is not too tight4 ,first class governors may sometimes be condemned for not regulating the engine to a uniform speed1 when a good cleaning1 oiling or loosening of the valve stem stuffing box nut would allow them to work perfectly4 ,,automatic ,,oiler4 ,an ,automatic ,oiler is used on an engine to keep the cylinder1 piston and valve lubricated1 and is most essential for the safety and easy operation of these parts4 ,it works automatically and is supplied with a glass tube through which the oil can be seen passing into the cylinder4 ,the feed can be regulated to allow just the required amount of oil to pass into the cylinder4 ,where a sight-feed automatic oiler is used on an engine there can be no excuse whatever for the engineer to allow the cylinder to run dry and cut1 as he at all times can see whether oil is passing into it or not4 ,q4 ,how do you fill an automatic oiler8 ,a4 ,close valves ,d and ,e1 open valve ,g to draw off the water4 ,close valve ,g and take out filling plug ,c1 fill ,a with oil and replace plug ,c1 then open valve ,d1 and the flow of oil to the cylinder can be regulated with valve ,e4 ,q4 ,will the oil feed as soon as the oiler is filled8 ,a4 ,no2 time must be given for sight-feed glass and condensing chamber to fill with water of condensation4 ,illustration3 ,,description4 ,a4 ,oil ,reservoir4 ,c4 ,filler ,plug4 ,d4 ,water ,feed ,valve4 ,e4 ,regulating ,valve4 ,f4 ,condensing ,chamber4 ,g4 ,drain ,valve4 ,h4 ,sight-,feed ,glass4 ,l4 ,plug to ,insert ,glass4 ,k4 ,connection to ,steam ,pipe or ,steam ,chest4 ,q4 ,drain ,valve for ,sight-,feed ,glass4 ,single ,connection ,detroit ,oiler4 ,q4 ,how is a double connection automatic oiler attached8 ,a4 ,first1 the steam pipe must be drilled and tapped above the throttle with or inch gas tap1 as may be necessary to receive the oil discharge pipe of oiler and put oiler in place4 ,then tap the steam pipe about #ah inches if possible above the top of the condensing chamber and fit in a inch gas pipe for steam connecting tube1 which attaches to the top of condensing chamber4 7,see illustration47 ,illustration3 ,double ,connection ,detroit ,oiler4 ,where the steam pipe cannot be tapped #ah inches above the condensing chamber1 it may be tapped lower down and the steam connecting tube of required length be bent in a horizontal coil4 ,with the single connection oiler it is only necessary to drill and tap one hole in the steam pipe4 ,illustration3 ,double ,connection ,detroit ,oiler4 ,q4 ,should oiler become clogged1 how can it be cleaned8 ,a4 ,open the valves1 by which steam can be forced through it1 and all the passages will be cleaned4 ,this can be done without stopping the engine4 ,q4 ,if oiler is not in use and in danger of freezing1 what should be done8 ,a4 ,leave valves ,d1 ,g and ,e open1 and all water will be drained off4 ,q4 ,if the glass tube in oiler should get broken1 what should be done8 ,a4 ,shut valves ,d and ,e1 remove broken glass and replace with new4 ,q4 ,how can oil be prevented from sticking to lubricator glasses8 ,a4 ,a very simple remedy is to fill the glass with glycerine and let the oil feed through it4 ,,injector4 ,an ,injector is an automatic machine attached to a boiler1 for injecting or forcing water into it and at the same time heating the water to a very high temperature1 which saves fuel and prevents the danger of sudden contraction of the plates and flues4 ,it can be used independently and is indispensable on a farm engine4 ,in piping an injector to boiler1 use as short and as straight pipes as possible and especially avoid short turns4 ,take steam directly from boiler1 and have a globe valve in steam pipe close to injector2 have the water suction or supply pipe independent of any other connection1 and it must be supplied with a globe valve close to injector4 ,this pipe and connections must be absolutely air tight2 the slightest leak will cause trouble4 ,the discharge pipe to boiler must be supplied with a tight and reliable check valve4 ,if valve leaks1 the injector will become hot and cause no end of annoyance4 ,it is a good plan to put a stop valve between check and boiler in discharge pipe1 so that check valve maybe taken off and repaired1 or a new one put on without loss of time4 ,a foot of straight pipe screwed into the overflow assists in starting an injector1 especially at low pressure4 ,illustration3 ,american ,u4 ,s4 ,injector4 ,q4 ,how do you start an injector to work8 ,a4 ,to start an injector1 open the suction valve wide1 then open steam valve4 ,if water appears at the overflow1 close and open quickly the suction valve1 opening only about of a turn if at low steam pressure1 and one turn or more if at high steam pressure1 regulating the water supply according to steam pressure4 ,the injector is controlled entirely by the valve in suction pipe1 or by the suction lever after the steam is turned on4 ,q4 ,will an injector work with hot supply water8 ,a4 ,an injector will not work if the water that is delivered from the tank is too hot to condense the steam4 ,q4 ,what are the principal causes of an injector not working accurately8 ,a4 ,leak in suction pipe1 supply cut off by strainer being clogged1 loose lining inside the hose1 leak in the stem of valve1 too little steam pressure to lift1 dirt in the tubes1 red lead blown or drawn in through steam or supply pipe1 bad check valve1 not lift enough or none at all1 new boiler full of grease1 wet steam1 obstruction in the connection to the boiler4 ,if injector fails1 examine at all of these points before condemning4 ,the most common trouble is a leaky suction4 ,in describing the method of connection and operating an injector the foregoing may have to be modified in some instances1 as there are a great many different kinds and styles of injectors which operate and connect differently1 but the above if followed carefully and with a little discretion will be found useful4 ,bear in mind1 however1 that the injector does not start to work to boiler as soon as it gets the water4 ,at first the water will run out of the overflow4 ,at this point you start the injector working to the boiler by closing and opening the water valve as quickly as possible with a jerk1 or as nearly with one motion as you can4 ,q4 ,how do you find the maximum and minimum capacity of injectors8 ,a4 ,injectors are controlled entirely by the suction valve after steam is turned on4 ,to find the maximum capacity of an injector after starting1 gradually open the suction valve in supply pipe until steam 8breaks0 and water comes out of the overflow1 then start the injector again and you will know about how far the suction valve can be opened without causing the 8break40 ,to find the minimum capacity of the injector1 manipulate the suction valve in the same manner in exactly the opposite direction4 ,,directions ,,for ,,operating ,,world ,,injector4 ,see that the injector is shut off when put on1 by turning the handle as far to the right as it will go4 ,to start1 turn handle to the left one-quarter turn2 when the water appears at the overflow1 turn the handle slowly to the left as far as it will go1 and the injector will be working to the boiler4 ,illustration3 ,american ,world ,injector4 ,if steam is high and lift long1 the injector will lift the water better if the handle is turned a little less than a quarter of a turn1 until the water appears at overflow--then start to boiler as before4 ,if you have valves in steam and suction pipes1 be sure and open them before starting4 ,q4 ,how high will an injector draw its supply8 ,a4 ,about twenty feet is the limit4 ,q4 ,how hot does an injector deliver water8 ,a4 ,from #aej degrees to #bjj degrees1 according to the steam pressure and the proportions of its capacity at which injector is working4 ,q4 ,how should the jets be cleaned when they become scaled8 ,a4 ,by soaking in diluted muriated acid1 about one part acid to ten parts water4 ,,throttle4 ,the ,throttle on an engine is the valve which allows the steam to enter or be shut off from the cylinder and should always be left wide open on a governor engine when running1 as the governor regulates the quantity of steam required to run it at its proper speed and is much more economical4 ,there are different styles of valves used for throttles1 such as ,globe ,valves1 ,butterfly ,valves1 ,disc ,valves1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,lunkenheimer ,throttle ,valve4 ,the ,lunkenheimer is a double disc valve1 and is operated by the handle or rod attachment1 and requires no lock or ratchet4 ,,steam ,,pump4 ,an ,independent ,steam ,pump is virtually an engine with two cylinders1 one for the steam piston1 the other for the water piston or plunger1 and is used in connection with a steam boiler for supplying it with water4 ,the discharge pipe of a pump is generally connected with a feed water heater of some sort1 which heats the water to a high temperature before entering the boiler1 though there is a late pattern of steam pump which delivers the feed water to the boiler at about the same temperature as the injector4 ,the cylinder of steam pump should always be well oiled before starting in the morning and stopping at night4 ,the stuffing boxes on piston and valve rod should in all cases be kept well filled with soft and moist packing4 ,if the packing is allowed to become dry and hard1 it will cut the rod1 inducing leakage and necessitating repairs4 ,when a steam pump is not in use in cold weather all the drain1 drip and pet cocks should be left open1 to allow the water to run out4 ,while most farm engines are furnished with an independent steam pump1 some are equipped with what is called a cross-head pump4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,steam ,pump4 ,a ,cross-,head ,pump is operated by a plunger attached to the cross-head of engine and has two valves1 a supply and a discharge valve1 also is supplied with an air chamber4 ,this style of pump is available only when engine is running4 ,engines with a cross-head pump should always be supplied with an injector to be used in case of failure of pump to work and while engine is shut down4 ,the cross-head pump is connected to the heater in the same manner as an independent pump4 ,q4 ,how high will the steam pump lift water8 ,a4 ,a steam pump will lift or draw water about #cc feet1 as with one inch area1 #cc feet of water will weigh #ad4g lbs41 but the pump must be in very good order to lift #bj feet and all pipes must be absolutely air tight4 ,a pump will give better satisfaction lifting from #aj to #ae feet4 ,no pump however good will lift hot water1 for the reason that as soon as air is expelled from the barrel of the pump the vapor occupies the space1 thereby destroys the vacuum and interferes with the supply of water4 ,when necessary to pump hot water1 place the pump below the supply1 so that the water will flow into the valve chamber4 ,always have a strainer at lower end of suction or supply pipe4 ,a pump should be set up so that it is accessible for inspection1 cleaning and repairs1 and so that the shortest and straightest suction and delivery pipes can be used4 ,,marsh ,,steam ,,pump4 ,the ,marsh ,steam ,pump is so constructed that the exhaust steam may be turned into the suction1 thereby condensing its exhaust steam and returning it with its heat to the boiler1 thus heating the feed water to a high degree4 ,the pump is automatically regulated and can never run too fast to take suction1 or should the water supply give out when the throttle valve is wide open no injury can occur to the moving parts4 ,the steam valve1 though nicely fitted1 moves freely in the central bore of the steam chest1 and has no mechanical connection with other moving parts of the pump1 but is actuated to admit1 cut off and release the steam by live steam currents which alternate with the reciprocation of the piston4 ,each end of the valve is made to fit the enlarged bore of the steam chest1 and it is due to these large valve heads1 which present differential areas to the action of steam and the perfect freedom of the valve to move without hindrance from other mechanical arrangements or parts1 that the flow of steam into the pump is automatically regulated4 ,illustration3 ,,marsh ,,pump4 ,capacity #aj to #ce ,horse-,power4 ,the steam valve does not require setting1 as it has no dead center and will always start when steam is admitted4 ,the steam piston is double and each head is provided with a metal packing ring4 ,the piston rod is made of ,tobin bronze1 the stuffing boxes and water piston are made of brass1 and the water cylinder is brass lined4 ,the water valves may be removed for inspection by simply taking off the air chamber4 ,illustration3 ,view of ,marsh ,steam ,pump1 ,showing ,water ,valves1 ,steam ,valves1 ,suction ,chamber and ,piston4 ,,directions ,,for ,,setting ,,up ,,and ,,running4 ,before connecting the steam pipes1 blow out with steam pressure the chips and dirt in the steam pipes4 ,always use the union furnished with the pump4 ,it has a gauze gasket in it to catch the dirt that may get into the valve4 ,before starting pump1 open air cock in delivery pipe and turn exhaust lever back1 away from the air chamber4 ,then open throttle valve wide and allow pump to exhaust into the air until it takes suction1 when deflecting lever may be thrown forward toward air chamber and cold water in the pump will condense the exhaust and return it to the boiler4 ,if pump refuses to work1 the difficulty is to be looked for in the valve chest4 ,do not take off the chest4 ,the valve may be taken out and cleaned but never filed4 ,the valve must be returned through same end as taken from4 ,before closing1 be sure that the head is screwed tight on the valve1 using the socket wrench furnished4 ,when the pump is stopped1 pull the exhaust lever back1 so the condensed steam from leak of throttle valve will not go into the pump4 ,it is safer also in cold weather to take off head of water end4 ,slight but constant lubrication adds much to the regular working of the pump4 ,be sure there are no leaks in the suction pipe1 and when water is raised more than #aj feet1 a foot valve should be put in4 ,compress the packings on piston rod as little as possible and yet prevent the escape of steam4 ,before leaving the pump in cold weather1 break the suction and allow it to run empty for a minute with all the cocks open1 then be sure the throttle valve is closed tight4 ,when necessary1 pack the joints under the steam chest1 side plate and air chamber with manilla paper or thin rubber4 ,,heater4 ,the ,heater is used on an engine in connection with a boiler for heating the feed water before it enters the boiler under steam pressure4 ,it is usually constructed of a shell of cast or boiler iron into which live or exhaust steam is admitted4 ,this shell usually contains a series of pipes or a coil of pipe1 through which the feed water is forced by the pump1 the water thereby being heated to a high temperature before entering the boiler4 ,,ejector4 ,an ,ejector is a machine for lifting water from various depths and forcing it to various heights with steam pressure1 as follows3 ,with #bj pounds steam pressure an ejector will lift water to a level from #af or #ag feet below and force it to a height of #ae or #af feet4 ,illustration3 ,american ,ejector4 ,with #fj pounds steam pressure will lift #bj feet and force to a height of #fj feet4 ,with #ajj pounds steam pressure will lift #bc feet and force to a height of #ajg feet4 ,an ejector may be placed in any position to suit the convenience in piping2 they require but three connections1 steam1 suction and delivery4 ,,jet ,,pump4 ,a ,jet ,pump is a machine used for drawing water and discharging it above the surface level4 ,it will draw water to a level from #aj or #ae feet below and discharge it at a height of about one foot to every pound steam pressure applied4 ,a jet pump has three connections1 steam1 suction and delivery1 and may be placed in any position to suit convenience in piping4 ,illustration3 ,american ,jet ,pump4 ,,steam ,,gauge4 ,a ,steam ,gauge is an instrument used for indicating in pounds the amount of steam pressure upon each square inch of surface of the boiler4 ,it is very delicately constructed1 and should not be tampered with after once being set to indicate correctly4 ,if a steam gauge is found not to indicate the exact pressure in the boiler it should be sent to the factory for repairs4 ,never attempt to repair it unless all the appliances for so doing are at hand4 ,a steam gauge should always be placed on a boiler with a syphon1 or by tying a knot in the pipe between it and the boiler1 so that the steam may condense1 thereby allowing the water to operate it4 ,if steam is allowed to enter1 the heat would tend to expand the tube in the gauge and it would indicate more than the real pressure4 ,a steam gauge is usually constructed with a hollow1 flat tube1 called the ,bourdon spring4 ,this tube is bent in a simple curve and fastened at one end1 the other end is free and by a simple clock work actuates the pointer which indicates upon the dial the steam pressure per square inch upon the boiler4 ,illustration3 ,ashcroft ,steam ,gauge4 ,illustration3 ,interior ,ashcroft ,steam ,gauge4 ,q4 ,what should be done in case the steam gauge becomes defective8 ,a4 ,when the steam gauge has become broken by freezing or otherwise1 and there is none on hand1 the engineer may run by setting the safety valve so that it will blow off within from ten to fifteen pounds less than it is ordinarily set at1 and then by careful firing1 run until a new gauge can be procured1 which should be done without delay4 ,some engineers have been known to make a practice of running without a steam gauge4 ,q4 ,would you recommend this method8 ,a4 ,no1 it must be resorted to only in case of a sudden accident and where shutting down would cause great loss4 ,every engineer should have an extra steam gauge on hand1 to be used in case of accident to the one in use4 ,,safety ,,valve4 ,safety ,valves1 or pop valves1 as they are sometimes termed1 are made in many different kinds and styles1 but the one most commonly used on a farm engine is constructed with a coil spring1 which is adjustable1 to allow the valve to pop off at a certain pressure4 ,when the pressure exceeds this amount1 it raises the valve from its seat and allows the surplus steam to escape4 ,it should be set with the steam gauge1 to allow a little margin of steam pressure over that which is necessary to drive the load1 and should be compared with the steam gauge frequently to see that it works accurately4 ,it is furnished with a lever for raising the valve1 which should be raised occasionally to see that it operates freely4 ,illustration3 ,kunkle ,safety ,valve4 ,illustration3 ,kunkle ,safety ,valve1 ,sectional4 ,the safety valve being set with steam gauge1 the gauge should be watched when safety valve blows off4 ,if it indicates more or less than the gauge something is wrong1 the valve marked incorrectly or the steam gauge is out of order4 ,in case the safety valve and steam gauge do not register alike1 the valve should be examined to see that the valve is not stuck in its seat1 and should be thoroughly cleaned of all sediment2 then put back in place again and compared with the steam gauge as before4 ,if they do not register alike1 the gauge should be examined4 ,q4 ,is not a safety valve attached to a boiler to prevent explosion and loss of life8 ,a4 ,the ,safety ,valve is only intended to prevent an explosion from excessive steam pressure1 and should never be set to hold more than the required pressure to give the rated power for which the engine is designed4 ,,glass ,,water ,,gauge4 ,a ,glass ,water ,gauge is a device attached to a boiler to show the level of water in the boiler4 ,it consists of a glass tube ten or twelve inches long1 with an angle valve attached at each end4 ,the lower valve enters the boiler below the water line1 the top valve enters the boiler above the water line in the steam space4 ,the ends of the glass are made steam and water tight by means of rubber gaskets and stuffing boxes4 ,as water will seek its own level1 the height of water in the boiler will show a corresponding height in the glass1 and the engineer at a glance knows just how high the water in the boiler is above the flues and crown sheet4 ,illustration3 ,lunkenheimer ,water ,gauge4 ,,blow ,,off ,,valve4 ,the ,blow ,off ,valve is an angle or globe valve attached to the lower part of a boiler for the purpose of blowing off the sediment accumulated by the use of impure water1 and should be used more or less frequently according to the condition of the water used1 but never less than once a week4 ,there is also a surface blow off which is attached to the boiler at about the safe water level for the purpose of blowing off the scum which accumulates on top of the water4 ,this scum should be blown off once or twice a day4 ,,gauge ,,cock4 ,a ,gauge ,cock is a stop cock attached to a boiler to ascertain the height of water in the boiler4 ,there are generally two and sometimes three gauge cocks attached to a boiler4 ,the lower one enters the boiler as low down as it is deemed safe to allow the water to get1 while the upper one enters the boiler sufficiently high to avoid getting too much water4 ,where three gauges are used1 the middle one enters the boiler at about the proper water level4 ,they should be opened frequently to keep them free from corrosion1 being sure to close them tightly to prevent leaking4 ,illustration3 ,lunkenheimer ,gauge ,cock4 ,,cylinder ,,cocks4 ,cylinder ,cocks are used in connection with the cylinder to allow the water accumulated by the condensing of steam in the cylinder to escape1 and should be opened every time the engine is started or stopped4 ,this should never be neglected1 as great damage may be caused by the breaking of the follower plate or cylinder head4 ,they should also be left open when engine is shut down1 and at night in cold weather to prevent freezing and the consequent damage4 ,illustration3 ,lunkenheimer ,cylinder ,cock4 ,,check ,,valve4 ,a ,check ,valve is the valve on the feed pipe between pump or injector and the boiler4 ,the check valve is so constructed that the pressure of the feed water from the pump or injector lifts the valve from its seat and the water passes into the boiler4 ,immediately after the pressure from the pump or injector is released1 the pressure from the boiler closes this valve and prevents the water from being forced back into the pump or injector4 ,there are two check valves used in connection with a pump1 one on suction1 the other on deliver pipe4 ,q4 ,how can check valves that get stuck open be closed8 ,a4 ,by simply tapping them slightly with a light hammer4 ,q4 ,should this be practiced8 ,a4 ,no1 when they stick at all they should be opened and thoroughly cleaned as soon as pressure can be shut off4 ,,compression ,,grease ,,cup4 ,compression grease cups are used extensively on engines for lubricating the crank-pin and wrist-pin1 also pillow block bearings for crank shaft2 in fact this method of lubrication for all kinds of bearings and journals is becoming universally adopted4 ,in construction the ,besly ,bonanza ,cup is simple and durable4 ,the outer casing is threaded and fits tightly over the bottom part of cup4 ,after the cup has been put in place1 remove the top part1 fill it with ,helmet oil or grease and screw it on the lower part for two or three threads4 ,the cup is then in working order4 ,illustration ,to insure a plentiful supply of grease to the journal or bearing1 all that is necessary is to give the top part of cup an occasional turn4 ,c4 ,h4 ,besly ,co4's ,helmet ,solid ,oil is for use in compression cups1 and is a perfect lubricant1 in fact it is said to be the best4 ,,minneapolis ,,traction ,,engine4 ,the engine is supplied with a return flue1 straw1 wood and coal burning boiler4 ,the shell of the main flue is cylindrical in shape1 but tapers toward the front end4 ,by this arrangement the return flues can be set lower at the front end1 which it is claimed has some advantage in protecting front end of flues when ascending steep hills4 ,the steam used is superheated by being conducted through a pipe which extends from the top of the dome on the inside of boiler through the front head and smoke stack to the steam chest4 ,the engine is of the ,side ,crank1 ,side ,gear style1 the frame of which is the girder pattern with bored guides1 and has an overhanging cylinder attached to one end1 and contains the pillow block bearing at the other4 ,it is fitted with the ,woolf ,valve ,gear for reversing1 ,friction ,clutch1 ,cross-head ,pump1 ,injector1 ,syphon for filling water tank on front end1 and a large ,foot ,board with ,tool ,boxes attached4 ,the wheels are of steel1 and the traction or drive wheels are furnished with malleable mud cleats extending diagonally across the entire width of tire4 ,the boiler is safe with proper care1 economical in fuel1 and the engine moves over the road rapidly4 ,although simple in its general construction1 it has all the appliances and fittings necessary on a traction engine4 ,illustration3 ,minneapolis ,traction ,engine4 ,,traction ,,engines4 ,traction ,farm ,engines are becoming more generally used each year1 and to supply the increasing demand for traction engines1 the manufacturers have spared no expense or mechanical skill to place upon the market the latest improvements in this line1 and a great many kinds of this class of engine now made in the ,united ,states are simply perfect4 ,they travel over the roughest roads1 up and down steep hills with heavy loads1 and the engine is at all times entirely under the control of the engineer4 ,in fact1 there is no class of engines that has had a more marked advancement toward perfection in the past few years than the farm traction engine4 ,as this class of engines in the majority of cases goes into the hands of men inexperienced in the handling of machinery1 they are subjected to the very hardest usage and neglect1 which1 of course1 hastens their destruction4 ,every purchaser of an engine should acquire sufficient knowledge of the operating and handling of it so that he will know when it is properly cared for4 ,no engine has to run at more variable speeds than a traction engine4 ,it is very important for this reason that the steam ports should be of sufficient area to admit of a very high piston speed1 and allow the steam to follow the piston at the necessary velocity4 ,small ports are useless1 as when the link is notched up1 and the travel of the valve thereby reduced1 the openings are too cramped for the steam to pass in and out of the cylinder comfortably4 ,the result is1 that the slide valve is forced off its seat and the engine primes as soon as any great speed is attained4 ,it is easy to tell by the sound of the exhaust if the ports are rightly proportioned1 and whether running at high or low speed1 the engine should give a clear and distinct exhaust at every stroke of the piston4 ,,gearing4 ,the power of the traction engine is transmitted to the traction wheels by a series of gearing1 all of which should be made from accurately cut patterns to insure the teeth meshing perfectly to prevent them from cutting and grinding out1 and of sufficient strength to withstand the very rough usage to which they are subjected4 ,the gearing of an engine should never be run without first greasing them thoroughly with a good quality of solid oil or axle grease1 for if once you allow the teeth to cut1 it will be impossible to stop them from cutting1 the result being they will soon be ruined4 ,the gearing on traction engines are placed in many different positions for transmitting the power to the traction wheels1 as will be seen by examining the different illustrations given in this book4 ,on a side gear engine the power is transmitted from a small pinion on the main shaft to an intermediate gear1 from this gear to the differential gear on cross shaft which is placed under the cylindrical part of the boiler against the fire box4 ,to this shaft are keyed two small pinions at each end1 which mesh in large spur gears fastened securely to the traction wheels4 ,on a rear gear engine the power is transmitted from the small pinion on crank shaft to large spur gear attached to one end of cross shaft1 which crosses the boiler at the rear end4 ,to the other end of this shaft is attached a small pinion that meshes in the large differential gear which is attached to traction wheel and main axle4 ,,differential ,,gear4 ,the gearing on a traction engine must be so designed as to allow one of the ground or traction wheels to run faster than the other1 when turning engine either to right or left on the road4 ,to accomplish this1 the ,differential ,gear is made use of1 and answers all purposes admirably4 ,the ,differential ,gear on many styles of engines is attached to the cross shaft1 while on others it is secured to the main axle1 and1 as generally constructed1 consists of one large spur gear1 having three or four bevel pinions placed in it at equal distances apart and from the center of main gear4 ,these pinions revolve loosely on pins secured to the gear1 and the spur gear runs loosely on the cross shaft or axle4 ,at each side of the spur gear are placed bevel gears1 meshing into the bevel pinions1 one of which is keyed fast to the shaft or axle1 while the other is firmly bolted to small pinion that drives the traction wheel1 or to hub of the traction wheel1 which also runs loosely on its axle4 ,this device allows one drive wheel to remain idle while the opposite wheel may revolve as fast as is required to make the turn4 ,differential ,gears should be kept well greased with solid oil or axle grease to prevent the cogs from being cut and wearing away rapidly4 ,,friction ,,clutch4 ,this attachment on a traction engine is almost indispensable as it allows the engineer to give the whole power of the engine instantly to the traction gear in getting the engine out of bad places1 or to move the engine backward or forward with so little apparent effort as to be almost imperceptible1 while the engine may be running at full speed2 also for tightening the main drive belt when attached to machinery without stopping the engine4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,friction ,clutch4 ,the friction clutch shown in illustration is constructed as follows3 ,the friction pulley is constructed with a friction ring upon its arms1 the outer ring acting as a guard or protection1 the friction ring being turned accurately to receive the wooden shoes attached to the driving arm2 these wooden friction shoes are fitted to the outer surface of the ring as well as the inner1 all being connected to one set of levers2 so when force is applied to engage the friction to start the engine there is no tendency or danger of bursting the rim1 as the pressure is equal on both sides of it4 ,the pulley is keyed to the crank shaft1 while the driving arm1 with driving pinion secured firmly to it1 runs loosely upon the shaft4 ,upon the hub of driving arm is placed a sliding sleeve with lever attached1 which connects with toggle levers beneath the sliding pieces which contain the wooden friction shoes1 the whole being operated by the sliding strap from footboard of engine near by the reverse lever4 ,this makes a strong and convenient arrangement for transmitting power4 ,many other styles of clutches are made by engine builders1 adapted to their particular style of engines1 a common way being to have the shoes tighten against the inner rim of the fly-wheel4 ,this is not deemed as good an arrangement1 for the reason that the pressure or strain is all outward against the rim1 though their being used extensively indicates good results4 ,when operating a friction clutch1 always draw or push the lever over gradually4 ,by doing this the engine will start slowly and easily1 while if the lever is jammed over suddenly1 the engine will start with a jerk1 which is liable to damage the traction gear4 ,the latter should never be done unless absolutely necessary to get the engine out of bad places on the road4 ,,questions ,,with ,,answers1 ,concerning the ,operation and ,care of ,steam ,engines and ,boilers4 ,q4 ,what should be done first1 after receiving a new engine1 to prepare it for running properly8 ,a4 ,if a traction or farm engine1 remove the box containing the fittings and tools1 from the fire box1 and see that the grates are in their proper places4 ,also take out the tools which are packed in the smoke box at front end of boiler4 ,then1 with waste or rags well saturated with kerosene1 turpentine or benzine1 wipe off all the grease that the manufacturer has put on to protect the bright work from rusting4 ,after this has been thoroughly done1 clean every oil hole and bearing found upon the engine1 of all dirt and cinders4 ,special attention should be given to this1 as if dirt and cinders are allowed to remain1 the bearings will cut and heat4 ,q4 ,after this is done thoroughly1 what next8 ,a4 ,take all the fittings from the box and clean them carefully1 fit each oil cup to its proper place and screw them in tightly with a wrench1 to prevent them from working loose and falling off while engine is running on the road4 ,fill all cups with good oil1 lard oil for bearings1 good cylinder oil for the automatic oiler1 which oils the cylinder and valve1 and solid oil for both grease cups at crank and cross-head4 ,then put the steam gauge1 the glass water gauge1 gauge cocks1 safety valve1 whistle1 surface blow-off and blow-off valves1 cylinder cocks1 governor belt1 etc41 in their proper places2 all fittings should be screwed up tight with a wrench4 ,examine the stuffing boxes and see that they are all well packed and cleaned4 ,q4 ,the fittings all being attached1 what next8 ,a4 ,proceed to fill the boiler with water by unscrewing the cap from filling plug located on top of boiler near the steam dome1 screw funnel on plug1 and fill boiler with as clean soft water as is obtainable4 ,q4 ,how much water is required in the boiler before starting fire8 ,a4 ,fill the boiler until the water shows about one and one-half inches in the glass water gauge1 or have a free flow of water from the lowest gauge cock4 ,q4 ,after the boiler is filled with water to the proper level1 what next8 ,a4 ,start a moderate fire with dry wood in the furnace or fire box1 and open the draught damper wide4 ,add fuel slowly1 and while steam is being raised take your oil can and wrench and examine the engine thoroughly at all its parts4 ,see that every screw and bolt is tight and that none of the oil holes have been overlooked4 ,if a traction engine1 examine all the gearing and see that all gears1 axles and bearings are thoroughly greased and oiled--grease for gears and axles1 oil for bearings4 ,if firing with coal1 keep the grates well covered with a thin layer4 ,do not throw in large lumps or too much fresh coal at one time4 ,a thin fire lightly and frequently renewed1 is the most economical4 ,q4 ,is the natural draught of the boiler enough to enable steam to be raised quickly8 ,a4 ,no4 ,the boiler and water being cold the fire will not burn briskly1 but as soon as steam pressure shows upon the steam gauge1 turn on the blower1 which will force and increase the draught2 then with good fuel1 any desired steam pressure can be raised quickly4 ,q4 ,must the blower be used when the engine is running to keep up sufficient steam pressure8 ,a4 ,no4 ,when the engine is started1 the exhaust steam is discharged from the cylinder first through the heater1 then into smoke stack1 producing the same effect as the blower4 ,q4 ,if the boiler steams too fast1 what should be done8 ,a4 ,simply close the damper4 ,do not open the fire door1 as the fire door should never be opened unless absolutely necessary1 nor should it be kept open longer than is needed1 as the cold air admitted through it injures the boiler and is wasteful of fuel4 ,q4 ,after sufficient steam is raised1 how do you proceed to start the engine8 ,a4 ,before turning steam on the engine1 go to the fly-wheel and turn it a few times to see that everything is all right and no obstacle in the way to prevent the engine from running when steam is applied1 being sure to leave the crank-pin off the center to enable the steam to start the engine when throttle valve is opened4 ,next1 open both the cylinder cocks1 then the throttle valve just a trifle to allow a little steam to enter the cylinder1 to warm it and expel the water of condensation4 ,then open the throttle gradually1 and if everything is right1 the engine will move off faster and faster until the proper speed is attained4 ,after engine is thoroughly heated and is working dry steam1 close the cylinder cocks and set the automatic oiler to work4 ,q4 ,how do you obtain the proper speed1 and how is the engine made to run steadily with the steam pressure so varied8 ,a4 ,the proper speed and steadiness in running is maintained by the use of the governor1 which receives its motion from the engine shaft by means of a belt4 ,q4 ,are the bearings of a new engine liable to heat when first started up8 ,a4 ,not if proper attention is given to them4 ,when starting a new engine the first time1 it should be stopped frequently and the moving parts and bearings carefully examined4 ,feel of all the bearings1 the link block1 the eccentrics1 crank-pin1 cross-head1 etc41 to ascertain if they are heating4 ,if they are1 slacken up the boxes a little1 but not enough to make them knock or pound4 ,always be careful not to loosen or tighten bearings or keys too much2 just a trifle at a time1 but do it often1 until the bearings and boxes run cool1 but tight4 ,if this is done carefully1 the engine will run smoothly and quietly4 ,q4 ,after the engine is started1 what should be done next8 ,a4 ,fill the tank on the engine with water and start the injector to work1 so that the proper level of water may be kept in the boiler4 ,the independent pump1 if used1 should now be fitted1 connected and tried1 to see if it is in proper shape to feed the boiler4 ,if a cross-head pump is used1 it should be fitted and attached to water supply with the suction hose4 ,in this case when the engine is running1 the pump can be regulated to supply the required amount of feed water4 ,q4 ,how is the boiler supplied with water while the engine is stopped8 ,a4 ,by the independent pump or injector4 ,q4 ,has the independent pump sufficient capacity to supply the boiler with water under all conditions8 ,a4 ,yes1 always1 when running at a reasonable speed4 ,q4 ,why should an injector be furnished if the pump will supply the boiler8 ,a4 ,many times through carelessness or otherwise the pump is prevented from working by dirt1 straw1 chips and other obstructions which find their way into the pump and hold the valves from their seats4 ,in this case it is necessary to take the pump apart and remove the obstructions wherever found1 which would necessitate stopping the engine and allowing the steam to go down1 involving a large loss of time4 ,whereas if the engine is also supplied with an injector1 should the pump fail1 the injector can immediately be started and the pump examined at leisure without loss of time and avoiding all danger of explosion4 ,q4 ,should the supply of feed water be continuous while the engine is running8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,gauge the speed of the independent pump so that it will furnish the required amount of water to the boiler4 ,regulate the feed of a cross-head pump1 by the suction valve4 ,by so doing1 the boiler steams easier1 the flues are not so liable to leak1 and a uniform steam pressure can be easily maintained more economically4 ,q4 ,how is a boiler supplied when engine is in motion8 ,a4 ,by the independent or cross-head pump4 ,q4 ,when should the injector be used in preference to the independent pump8 ,a4 ,there being no exhaust steam when engine is not running1 no benefit is derived from the heater4 ,now1 as cold water should never be forced into a hot boiler the injector becomes of great value1 as it heats the feed water to a very high temperature before it enters the boiler4 ,q4 ,is there any independent steam pump made that heats the feed water before it goes into the boiler8 ,a4 ,see ,marsh ,pump description4 ,q4 ,when engine1 pump1 and injector are found to be working properly1 what next8 ,a4 ,if a traction engine1 the engine should be reversed several times4 ,this can be done by throwing the reverse lever forward and backward1 to ascertain whether the valve is so set that engine will run equally well both ways2 then the traction gear may be tried4 ,if engine is supplied with a friction clutch1 by simply pressing the clutch lever gradually until the friction shoes take hold1 the engine will start slowly upon the road4 ,this can be done while engine proper is running at full speed4 ,the clutch lever should be held in one hand when first starting1 so that in case of anything being wrong with gearing1 it can be stopped immediately by quickly loosening the lever4 ,with the other hand1 the steering wheel should be operated to guide the engine upon the road4 ,when all is found to be working properly1 and you wish to run the engine any distance1 the clutch lever should be placed in notch provided for it2 this will hold the friction shoes securely to the wheel1 and the engine will move along the road at full speed4 ,q4 ,if the engine has no friction clutch1 how do you proceed to start the gearing8 ,a4 ,stop the engine and place the reversing lever in center notch1 slide the spur pinion on main shaft into gear and open the throttle valve wide2 then with the reverse lever in one hand 7the steering wheel in the other7 you can start engine upon the road by throwing the lever backward or forward1 which should be done gradually at first1 so that engine will start slowly4 ,if all is right1 by throwing the reverse lever in the last notch in quadrant1 the engine will travel its full speed upon the road4 ,q4 ,how should a traction engine be first started upon the road1 forward or backward8 ,a4 ,always forward1 as you can see where you are going and can guide the engine more easily4 ,,advance ,,traction ,,engine4 ,in illustration is given the engine side of the ,advance ,engine1 which is of the side crank1 side gear type1 with the engine placed at forward end of boiler4 ,the cylinder is overhanging1 and is bolted to the cylindrical formed engine frame which forms the front head4 ,the frame is attached to the boiler with two brackets1 and it contains the bored cross-head guides and pillow block bearing4 ,the engine has the ,marsh ,reverse ,gear1 ,marsh ,pump1 ,friction ,clutch attached to band wheel1 ,injector1 ,governor and all necessary fittings4 ,the boiler is the locomotive round bottom fire box style1 with dome in center4 ,it is mounted upon the traction wheels with axle arms attached to brackets bolted to the sides of fire box1 in which are placed springs4 ,the spokes of the wheels are cast in both hub and rim1 the latter having mud cleats cast on4 ,the platform has both ,water ,tank and ,tool ,box attached1 and the steering wheel and band wheel are on the same side of the engine4 ,the chains for the steering attachment are supplied with springs4 ,illustration3 ,advance ,traction ,engine4 ,q4 ,how should you guide a traction engine8 ,a4 ,there is no fixed rule for guiding a traction engine upon the road4 ,it must be learned by experience4 ,good judgment is required to make a success of it4 ,one man should always handle both reverse lever and steering wheel when guiding an engine4 ,q4 ,how should the steering chains be put on a traction engine8 ,a4 ,the chains should be so put on1 that when the steering wheel is turned to the right1 the engine turns to the right2 when wheel is turned to the left1 the engine turns to the left4 ,,reversing ,,an ,,engine4 ,to reverse the motion of a plain ,slide ,valve engine1 remove the cover of steam chest and place the engine on the dead center4 ,observe the amount of lead or opening that the valve has on the steam end1 then loosen the eccentric and turn it around on the shaft1 in the direction the engine is wanted to run1 until the valve has exactly the same amount of lead at the other end2 then turn the engine to the opposite center1 to determine whether the lead at this end is the same as at the other2 then place the crank at half stroke top and bottom1 and see that the port openings are equal in both positions1 and replace cover4 ,q4 ,what is dead center8 ,a4 ,the dead center of an engine is the point where crank and piston rod are in an exact line4 ,q4 ,what is a half stroke8 ,a4 ,it is the point reached by the piston after traveling exactly one-half its travel4 ,q4 ,what is the meaning of 8lost motion08 ,a4 ,lost motion is looseness of the connecting rod at crank or wrist-pin1 or looseness of the link or link block1 cross-head and guides1 main crank shaft and pillow block1 caused by friction and wearing away of the metals and the neglect to take up the wear4 ,the lost motion in all parts of an engine should be taken up frequently1 to keep it running smoothly1 but care must be taken not to tighten bearings or keys too tight4 ,q4 ,what is lap and lead8 ,a4 ,lap is the position of the valve which extends or laps over the edge of the ports when the valve is in its central position4 ,that on the inside of the ,d is the inside or exhaust lap1 while that at the ends of the valve is the outside lap and affects the admission and cut-off4 ,lead is the amount of opening which is given to the port by the valve when the engine is on the center4 ,lead on a valve is the admission of steam into the cylinder before the piston completes its stroke4 ,q4 ,how much 8lead0 should a valve have8 ,a4 ,there is no general rule for the amount of lead that would be best suited for all makes of engines4 ,it must be determined by the design or construction1 speed and work required1 to produce the best results for economy and quietness in running4 ,q4 ,what is a throttle engine8 ,a4 ,a throttle engine is one in which the speed is controlled by throttling the steam with a governor1 as opposed to an automatic engine in which the speed is regulated by varying the point of cut-off at the valve4 ,q4 ,what is the difference between a stroke and a revolution8 ,a4 ,a stroke is the movement of the piston1 from one end to the other of cylinder4 ,a revolution takes two strokes of piston4 ,q4 ,how are steam packing rings put on the piston head8 ,a4 ,remove the back cylinder head and take the piston and rod out of the cylinder1 and stand it 8head up40 ,then place the inside of the ring1 opposite to the opening1 against the side of the piston head next to you2 gradually press the ring open with your hands1 and it can be easily slipped over the head and put in place4 ,q4 ,how is a piston put into cylinder8 ,a4 ,it is always entered from the back end in horizontal engines4 ,the rings 7if steam packing7 should be carefully placed in position and compressed by the hand if piston is small1 but if large1 curved blocks of wood or a band of sheet iron can be used to support them until they enter cylinder4 ,when the piston rod passes through the stuffing box1 it should be supported at outer end to prevent cutting4 ,,watertown ,,high ,,speed ,,engine4 ,the frame of this engine is very heavy1 with longitudinal and cross ribs securely bracing it4 ,it forms the lower guide for cross-head1 and contains the pillow block bearings at the front end4 ,it also forms the front cylinder head1 to which the cylinder is bolted4 ,the working parts are placed as low in the frame as is possible1 so that the strain is brought in line with the line of greatest resistance4 ,the double disc center crank shaft allows of two small heavy band wheels1 one of which has the shaft governor attached to the inside1 that operates the valve automatically to give the point of cut-off in accordance with the variation of load4 ,the valve is of a special design1 and so constructed as to admit steam to the cylinder port through four different openings4 ,it also exhausts steam through four different openings at once4 ,the engine frame rests its whole length and is securely bolted to the sub-base1 which is bolted to the floor1 and the smaller sizes need no elaborate foundations4 ,this style of engine ranges in size from #ce to #cej horse-power approximately1 the speed of the smaller ones ranging from #bge to #cbe revolutions1 and of the larger from #afj to #ahe revolutions1 and are used extensively where high speed is required1 and where the load is of an intermittent character4 ,illustration3 ,watertown ,high ,speed ,engine4 ,,testing ,,piston ,,rings ,,and ,,valves4 ,to ascertain whether the piston rings and valves are leaking or not1 first place a block of wood about four inches long upon the guide for cross-head and against the front cylinder head4 ,then turn the engine 8over0 until the cross-head comes back tight against the block4 ,this will place the valve of a simple engine in such a position that steam would be admitted to cylinder through front steam port4 ,if a reversing engine1 throw the reverse lever in the last notch in end of quadrant that would allow the engine to run 8over04 ,then take off the back cylinder head1 and open the throttle valve wide4 ,if steam blows out past the piston1 it would indicate that the rings were not tight4 ,in case steam packing rings are used1 they should be refitted or replaced by new ones4 ,if adjustable rings are used1 they should be adjusted to stop the leak1 care being taken not to get them too tight4 ,if the steam blows out through the back port1 the slide valve is not tight and it will require refitting1 as will also the valve seat4 ,if a very small amount of steam blows through1 new rings or adjustment would not be necessary1 as the waste of steam or back pressure resulting from it would amount to very little4 ,this test should be tried occasionally with a full head of steam on1 to assure of the piston rings and valve being tight1 as leaky pistons and valves are very wasteful of steam1 sometimes causing priming1 and greatly diminishing the power of the engine4 ,never run your engine with leaky piston or valve4 ,have them properly fitted at once4 ,after making the test1 and repairing if necessary1 replace the cylinder head1 and be sure to remove the wood block from the guides4 ,,knocks ,,or ,,pounds4 ,the ,knocks or ,pounds of steam engines are frequently caused by lost motion in the crank and wrist-pin boxes1 valve rod and valve1 cross-head and link2 looseness of the piston rod1 pillow block or main bearings1 follower plate1 or eccentrics2 the slide valve having not enough or too much lead1 the exhaust being cut off too soon or too late1 shoulders being worn in each end of the cylinder by the packing rings not traveling over the counter-bore at the end of each stroke2 or shoulders may be worn in the guides by the cross-head slides1 or they may not be adjusted properly to fit the guides2 boiler may foam1 causing the water to be drawn over in cylinder2 the piston rings may leak1 thus causing cushioning2 and as the crank approaches the centers1 steam occupies the space between the cylinder head and piston1 causing a tremendous strain upon the engine2 the piston rod being packed too tight1 the boxes and pins being worn flat or oval2 the key in driving pulley may be loose4 ,,to ,,remedy ,,knocks ,,or ,,pounds ,,of ,a ,,steam ,,engine4 ,while it is hardly possible to prescribe a remedy for all cases1 if the following practical methods are closely followed they will be found to be very useful1 although in many instances the remedy must be determined by the circumstances of the individual case4 ,the knock or pound of boxes in connecting rod at cross-head or crank pin or the valve rod1 may be remedied by taking out the boxes1 and filing off the top and bottom inside edges sufficiently to allow them to just come together and not fit the pin too tightly4 ,in replacing them1 be careful not to key them up too tight4 ,where there is not sufficient draught in the key or gib1 place a liner in front or behind the boxes4 ,knocks or pounds in the link may be remedied 7if the link block has too much play in the link7 by reducing the liners in each end of the link enough to fit the block properly4 ,the knocks or pounds of piston are caused by the rod becoming loose in the head2 and if allowed to continue1 will destroy the fit of the rod in the hole4 ,it may be remedied under such circumstances by removing the rod1 re-boring the hole and bushing it perfectly true1 and refitting the rod4 ,knocks or pounds of follower plate are generally caused by dirt accumulating in the hole1 which will not allow the bolts to enter far enough to take up the lost motion of the plate1 or the bolts may be too long4 ,to remedy this1 remove the accumulation of dirt from the hole1 or shorten the bolts4 ,the knocks or pounds in main crank shaft1 if caused by the bearings being worn oval or out of round1 may be remedied by removing the shaft2 true it up in a lathe1 and refit or re-babbitt the boxes4 ,the knock or pound in eccentrics is generally caused by the eccentric straps being too loose upon the eccentrics1 which can be remedied by reducing the liners in the straps to allow them to fit perfectly4 ,the knock or pound in slide valve caused by being improperly set1 may be remedied by taking off the steam chest bonnet and re-adjusting the valve so as to give the same amount of lead at each end of stroke4 ,this being done1 and the valve well proportioned and the connections properly fitted1 there should be no knocks or pounds from this cause4 ,the knock or pound in cylinder caused by shoulders being worn in it1 can be remedied by re-boring the cylinder1 being sure to make the counter bore of sufficient depth to allow the piston rings to overlap them at the end of each stroke4 ,the knock or pound on guides caused by shoulders being worn on them1 is remedied by planing the guides and making the shoe slides of sufficient length to overlap the guides at either end when crank is on the center4 ,the knock or pound caused by the cross-head slides not fitting the guides properly1 may be remedied by adjusting them both top and bottom to fit the guides closely1 being careful not to get them too tight1 which causes undue wear and strain upon the frame4 ,the knock or pound caused by wrist-pin or crank-pin becoming worn flat or oval1 may be remedied by filing them perfectly round4 ,the knock or pound caused by the piston leaking1 which causes cushioning1 can be remedied only by having a tight piston4 ,the knock or pound caused by the driving pulley key being loose1 can be remedied by driving the key in its seat2 or if a defective key1 replace by a new one perfectly fitted4 ,if the knocks or pounds are caused by lost motion in any of the revolving1 reciprocating or vibrating parts of an engine1 they may be detected and located by placing the finger upon the different parts while the engine is running very slowly or worked back and forth by hand4 ,,heating ,,of ,,journals4 ,the heating of journals and reciprocating parts of an engine may be attributed to the following causes3 ,improper proportions and fitting1 unsuitable material1 want of homogeneity between the metals of which the journals and bearings are composed1 the revolving or reciprocating parts not being in line1 the boxes being keyed up too tight1 sand or grit getting into the journals1 improper lubricating1 etc4 ,the last mentioned cause is very complicated1 as the conditions of weight of load1 area of surface subject to pressure1 velocity of movement1 etc41 must be taken into consideration4 ,to remedy the heating of journals which is caused by the revolving or reciprocating parts not being in line1 the engine or shaft must be put in line4 ,when caused by the boxes or bearings being too tight1 they must be loosened a very little at a time until bearings run cool4 ,apply plenty of good oil4 ,clean the boxes and journals thoroughly1 and see that the oil holes are not stopped up2 also see that the oil-cups are clean1 to assure of the oil getting to the bearings freely4 ,oiling frequently1 using a little oil at a time1 gives the best results and is the most economical4 ,,packing ,,piston ,,and ,,valve ,,rods4 ,when the piston or valve rod of an engine or pump needs re-packing1 take off the stuffing box gland1 remove all the old packing carefully1 and replace with new4 ,if a patent packing is used1 it should be cut in suitable lengths diagonally across the packing1 making the angle of one end opposite from that of the other1 so that when ends are brought together they will make a splice joint4 ,the joint of each ring of this packing should be placed at opposite sides of the rod1 and the stuffing box filled1 the gland replaced and screwed up just tight enough to stop leakage4 ,if hemp packing is used1 take about the amount required and pick it to pieces1 removing all sticks1 lumps or hard substances4 ,then twist it into three compact cords1 saturate well with oil or tallow1 and braid the cords together tightly4 ,then wind this braid around the rod until stuffing box is full1 replace the stuffing box gland1 and screw up as before described4 ,care should be taken not to screw the packing in stuffing boxes too tight1 as it not only increases the friction on the rod and diminishes the power of the engine1 but will have a tendency to flute the rod4 ,if the rod is once fluted1 it will be very difficult to stop leakage at this joint4 ,when stuffing box of water piston of pumps needs re-packing1 the same rule will apply1 with the exception that little or no grease or tallow should be used upon the packing4 ,always keep piston and valve rod packing in a clean place1 as any dirt or gritty substance that may become attached to it will have a tendency to cut the rod4 ,,setting ,a ,,plain ,,slide ,,valve4 ,first1 take up all 8lost motion0 and place the engine on the center4 ,this is done by putting the wrist-pin1 crank-pin and center of the main shaft in line4 ,to do this accurately1 turn the engine until the cross-head is about half an inch from the end of its stroke1 and mark the position of the cross-head on the guide4 ,place a marker against the edge of the fly-wheel1 and make a mark on the fly-wheel opposite the marker1 then turn the engine until the cross-head completes the stroke and comes back to the mark made on the guide4 ,the crank will now be as much below the center as it was above before4 ,in this position make another mark upon the fly-wheel opposite the marker4 ,now1 midway between the two marks on the fly-wheel1 when turned opposite the marker will put the engine on dead center4 ,next1 remove steam chest cover and place the eccentrics about one-quarter turn ahead of the crank in the direction the engine is to run4 ,if the engine is to run 8over01 place the throw of eccentric up4 ,if it is to run 8under01 place throw of eccentric down4 ,then set eccentric carefully at such a point that the valve will have just commenced to open say _/ of an inch on the end that should be taking steam4 ,if there is a rocker arm used which reverses the direction of the motion1 i4 e41 making the valve stem move in the opposite direction from the eccentric rod1 the eccentric must be set behind the crank1 when the engine is to run 8over01 in order that the port may open as the engine turns forward2 but if a rocker arm is used merely to multiply the motion without changing the direction1 proceed as though there was no rocker arm at all4 ,next1 measure the 8lead0 which you have given to the valve at end which you have set4 ,this is easily done by pushing a wedge-shaped stick or piece of soft wood into the port opening4 ,the edge of the valve and port will mark the distance it goes in4 ,turn the engine upon the other center1 which will be found as before described1 and see if the lead is the same at both ends of the valve4 ,if it is1 the engine is properly set4 ,if it is not1 move the valve on the stem towards the end having the greatest amount of lead1 a distance equal to one-half the difference in the leads4 ,if the equalized lead is more than is necessary1 set the eccentric back a little4 ,there are numerous methods of attaching the stem to the valve4 ,a common way is with jam-nuts4 ,with this arrangement it is only necessary to turn back the nuts on end towards which the valve is to be moved1 an amount which will allow the given movement2 then1 turn the other nuts until the valve is forced into place to travel equal distance both ways from its center position4 ,when the stem screws directly into the valve1 the connection to the rocker arm or guide must be taken apart1 and the stem screwed into or out of the valve enough to give it the required position4 ,after the valve is set1 replace the steam chest cover1 and secure the eccentric perfectly tight with the set-screws1 to prevent it from slipping4 ,,setting ,,slide ,,valve ,,of ,,reversing ,,engines4 ,the ,link ,reverse ,being ,used4 ,first1 see that all the lost motion in the connecting rod1 pillow block bearings and cross-head is taken up2 then throw the reverse lever in last notch in quadrant1 which would allow the engine to run 8over02 then1 remove the steam chest cover4 ,next1 loosen eccentric 7the eccentric rod of which is in direct line with the valve rod71 turn the eccentric completely around1 and watch the valve to see whether it laps the steam ports exactly the same amount at both ends1 or travels an equal distance from its central position both ways4 ,if it does1 the valve is in proper position upon the rod4 ,if it does not travel equally1 the valve must be made to do so by adjusting it upon the valve rod1 which is done by lengthening or shortening the rod1 by use of jam-nuts1 with which the rod is usually furnished4 ,after this is done accurately1 place the engine upon its forward center4 ,this is done by turning the engine forward until the cross-head is about inch from end of its stroke and mark the position of the cross-head upon the guide2 then1 with the use of long tram or dividers1 mark from any convenient point on the frame to the band wheel or disc1 and mark both points with prick-punch4 ,again turn the engine forward until the cross-head completes its stroke and comes back to the mark made on the guide2 then1 with the same long tram or dividers1 mark the band wheel or disc as before from the prick mark already made on the frame4 ,midway between punch marks on band wheel or disc1 which can be found by use of dividers1 will give the point which will place the engine on the 8center0 by turning engine back far enough to allow the long tram or divider to fit in punch mark on frame1 and center punch mark on band wheel or disc4 ,now turn the eccentric over in the direction in which the engine is to run1 until the valve gives the proper amount of lead on the front of steam port1 which is about _/ of an inch1 and fasten eccentric with set-screw4 ,then turn engine over the way it is to run1 and place it upon its back center4 ,this is done exactly as before described for forward center1 and if the valve is properly proportioned1 it will give the required _/ of an inch lead on the back steam port1 and valve will be properly set for running in this direction4 ,now throw the reverse lever in the last notch in opposite end of quadrant1 which would allow the engine to run 8under01 then loosen the other eccentric 7the eccentric rod of which is in a direct line with the valve rod71 and proceed same as described when engine is running 8over01 to get valve to lap both steam ports equally4 ,then place engine upon either center and move the eccentric in opposite direction from the other eccentric until the valve gives the _/ of an inch lead to steam port1 fasten the eccentric and place the engine upon opposite center1 and the amount of lead should be the same on both steam ports1 and the valve properly set4 ,the valve being set1 replace the steam chest cover1 and secure the eccentrics perfectly tight by screwing the set-screws up hard to prevent them from slipping4 ,always set the valve so as to run the engine backwards or 8under0 first4 ,,to ,,set ,,valves ,,of ,,duplex ,,pump4 ,set the pistons at mid-stroke1 and set the valves which are worked from the opposite side at mid-stroke also1 and it will be right at all other points4 ,the mid position of the valve can be obtained by moving it back and forth the amount of its lost motion1 and dividing it so that the lead or opening on both sides will be the same4 ,,ascending ,,hills4 ,q4 ,how do you ascend a hill with a traction engine8 ,a4 ,when approaching a hill which you have to climb with a traction engine1 see that about two inches of water shows in the glass gauge when engine is on a level4 ,open draft door wide1 stir the fire and get it to burn briskly1 and get up a good head of steam4 ,put reverse lever in last notch1 then open throttle gradually1 allowing just the necessary amount of steam to pass into the cylinder to keep the engine pulling steadily up the hill4 ,always start up the hill slowly2 do not attempt to go up a hill at full speed1 but go slowly and steadily1 keeping the speed as uniform as possible by opening or closing the throttle as the case may be4 ,never attempt to go up a hill on a decreasing steam pressure1 as there is a great liability to become stalled1 in which case great damage may be done to the front end of flues4 ,always start on a rising steam pressure2 then you know the boiler is making steam1 which assures a steady ascent1 as at every exhaust of the engine on an increasing or steady pressure the power becomes stronger1 while at every exhaust on a decreasing pressure the power becomes weaker4 ,keep a uniform supply of water in the boiler at all times by use of either the pump or injector4 ,always when going up hill keep the draft door wide open until the steam gauge indicates that the pressure has risen almost to the blow-off point1 then close the damper4 ,never allow steam to blow off when going up hill1 as it will cause the water to raise and be carried over into the cylinder1 greatly diminishing the power of the engine4 ,do not under any circumstances allow your engine to be stopped when going either up or down hill1 as great damage may be done to the boiler4 ,,frick ,,traction ,,engine4 ,the illustration of the left side of the ,frick ,traction given on opposite page represents it as being a ,center ,crank1 ,rear ,geared traction engine4 ,this engine is constructed with an overhanging cylinder1 bolted to the cast iron engine frame1 which contains the locomotive style guides and both pillow block bearings for the crank shaft4 ,it has a ,cross-head ,pump connected with long heater1 has a specially designed ,reverse ,gear1 also a ,friction ,clutch attached to the band wheel4 ,the round bottom fire box boiler swings in a channel iron frame1 which reaches from front axle to the rear of the boiler1 around the fire box1 to which it is attached1 and has a spring in front end only4 ,the wheels are made entirely of iron1 with forged spokes and wrought tire1 with high mud grouters bolted on4 ,on the channel iron frame in front of fire box is placed a heavy plank1 to which two large water tanks are attached on either side4 ,the steering wheel and band wheel are on opposite sides of engine and it has all the necessary fittings1 so that with proper handling it will be found perfectly safe and reliable4 ,the platform in rear is also supported upon the channel iron frame4 ,illustration3 ,frick ,traction ,engine4 ,,descending ,,hills4 ,q4 ,how do you descend a hill with a traction engine8 ,a4 ,when approaching a hill which you wish to descend with a traction engine1 see that the water in the boiler is at the regular height1 or two inches in glass gauge when engine is on the level4 ,close the draught door to ash pan and open damper in smoke box when about to descend4 ,close the throttle almost tight1 allowing just a little steam to enter cylinder1 then take hold of the reversing lever1 and the speed of the engine can be governed so as to descend at any speed desired1 or be stopped1 if absolutely necessary by throwing the lever into last notch4 ,do not stop while going down hill unless absolutely necessary1 as there is great danger of melting out the fusible plug and damaging the crown sheet1 as the water is much lower over the crown sheet when going down hill with the required amount of water in the boiler than at any other time4 ,when it is absolutely necessary to stop the engine for a short time when descending a hill1 do not turn on the pump or injector2 but open the fire door1 allowing the cold air to pass over the fire1 which will protect the crown sheet4 ,this should never be done1 though1 except in extreme cases4 ,,engine ,,stalled4 ,there is no standard rule by which a traction engine can be gotten out of bad places upon the road1 as one rule would not apply to all situations1 though a few suggestions on this subject may be beneficial4 ,when the engine is in a bad mud hole1 or on a very sandy road1 and the driving wheels will not take hold1 but simply turn around1 the best way to get out of the fix is to hitch a good team of horses to it and pull it out with what assistance the engine can give4 ,though in many cases1 if a quantity of straw1 stones or brush1 as may be most handy1 is placed under the driving wheels and the power applied1 the wheels may get a footing and the engine will come out all right4 ,old boards or rails placed in the same manner will produce the same result4 ,it should be understood1 however1 that if the driving wheels do not take hold1 but simply turn around in the sand or mud1 the engine should be stopped at once and some of the aforesaid remedies tried4 ,if you continue to work the engine under such circumstances1 it will become more difficult to get out of the mire1 as the wheels sink deeper in at every revolution4 ,,crossing ,,bridges ,,and ,,culverts4 ,before crossing a bridge or culvert with a traction engine1 examine the stringers and floor carefully to ascertain whether it is in condition to hold the engine or not4 ,if it appears a little weak1 by laying heavy plank across for the traction wheels to run on1 it may be crossed in safety1 though the crossing of small bridges and culverts must be done with judgment1 to prevent accident and delay4 ,,foaming4 ,foaming is the violent agitation of the volume of water in the boiler2 it occurs only in dirty boilers and where dirty feed water is used1 which causes the water to become saturated with foreign matter1 such as lime1 sediment1 mud1 oil or grease1 etc4 ,the steam trying to escape through the scum formed by these impurities1 raises the whole mass from the surface of the water in large bubbles1 and causes a general frothing or foaming condition of the water level1 which is indicated by the dirty appearance of the gauge cocks and joints and the cutting of piston rod and cylinder by the gritty matter carried over by the steam4 ,foaming does not result in carrying over so much water1 but a foamy boiler does not produce as dry steam as one that is kept perfectly clean4 ,q4 ,how do you prevent a boiler from foaming8 ,a4 ,to remedy foaming1 or prevent it1 requires frequent blowing off from the surface of the water the scum which causes it1 and the use of pure feed water4 ,it may be stopped for a while by closing the throttle valve for an instant1 to give the water and scum a chance to settle4 ,,priming4 ,priming in a steam boiler is the carrying over of large quantities of water by the steam to the engine1 and may occur in a perfectly clean boiler4 ,it is usually caused by too great a demand on the capacity of the boiler1 too sudden and fierce firing1 or after steam pressure is lowering1 an increasing demand is made for it4 ,it is usually a radical defect in the construction or capacity of the boiler1 and is most frequently the result of insufficient steam space1 small evaporating capacity1 and lack of good circulation4 ,priming is indicated by the water rising and lowering in the glass gauge more or less violently1 by the clicking sound in the steam cylinder of engine as the piston forces the water from end to end1 and by the regular shower of water falling from the exhaust4 ,q4 ,how do you remedy priming8 ,a4 ,there are several remedies for priming1 none of which will apply effectually in all cases4 ,where insufficient capacity is the cause1 the only remedy is a larger boiler4 ,in others1 it may be prevented by carrying the water level lower1 if same can be done with safety1 or taking steam from side of dome instead of top1 or increasing the size of steam pipe1 or taking out the top row of flues1 and in boilers that have no steam dome1 a long dry pipe with perforated top may be of benefit4 ,q4 ,what are other causes and remedies for priming8 ,a4 ,the piston rings may leak badly4 ,if they do1 they should be replaced1 or made to fit cylinder perfectly4 ,the cylinder may be badly cut by the rings4 ,if it is1 it should be re-bored and new piston rings put in4 ,the slide valve may be cut1 and leak4 ,in this case the valve will need re-planing and scraping1 also the valve seat4 ,if the valve is not properly set1 it may also cause priming4 ,the exhaust nozzle may be clogged with burnt oil and sediment2 if it is1 clean it out thoroughly4 ,,firing ,,with ,,wood4 ,always keep a level fire4 ,fill every open space as fast as the wood burns out4 ,allow as little cold air to pass through the fire as possible4 ,never stir a wood fire4 ,fire quickly1 and keep the door shut as much as possible4 ,,firing ,,with ,,straw4 ,to start the fire1 push a small forkful of dry straw into funnel in fire door1 leaving the small end of funnel pressed full2 then touch the match to it4 ,begin at once to push in the straw regularly1 a small quantity at a time1 being very careful not to clog the main flue1 and allowing ample time for straw to burn4 ,the fire should be raked down frequently1 as the burned straw leaves a charred mass over the grates4 ,this should be done when the funnel is full of straw1 thus allowing no cold air to pass through the funnel into the main flue4 ,clean out the ash pan frequently1 so that the natural draught may not be checked4 ,do not open blower until gauge shows ten or fifteen pounds steam pressure4 ,after steam is raised to the necessary pressure1 the feeding should be regular1 using small forkfuls of straw1 keeping the funnel full all the time1 and raking down at short intervals4 ,use as dry straw as it is possible to obtain4 ,the above will apply to any style or make of straw-burning engines4 ,,firing ,,with ,,coal4 ,after fire is well started with wood1 throw coal into the center of grate1 and do not disturb it until it is well ignited and burning briskly2 then break the fire down and put in a shovel or two of coal1 and so continue keeping the grates covered with a thin layer4 ,always aim to put in fresh coal on a rising head of steam pressure4 ,never pile coal against the flue sheet or keep the fire box too full4 ,nothing is gained by the latter1 but much is lost4 ,q4 ,which is the more economical to burn1 wet or dry coal8 ,a4 ,dry4 ,if your coal is wet1 you simply have to evaporate that much more water1 which goes out of the stack instead of to the engine4 ,q4 ,how much water will one pound of coal evaporate8 ,a4 ,one pound of coal will1 under very favorable circumstances1 evaporate twelve pounds of water1 but the average evaporative power of anthracite coal is #i pounds of water1 and semi-bituminous coal is #i_/ pounds4 ,q4 ,if cold air is allowed to strike the flue sheet and flues1 what is the result8 ,a4 ,it will eventually cause them to leak4 ,q4 ,how should a fire be regulated in case of temporary stoppage by accident or otherwise under full head of steam8 ,a4 ,close the damper and keep the fire door closed2 then open small door in smoke box or the damper in chimney4 ,q4 ,why not leave the fire door open8 ,a4 ,because it would allow the cold air to come in contact with flue sheet and flues1 and consequent damage to boiler4 ,,banking ,,fires4 ,to bank a fire in a furnace1 push the fire in a heap at the back of the furnace against the flue sheet2 leaving a large portion of the grate open1 to allow the air caused by the natural draught to pass up over the fire to the flues2 then cover it over with fine coal or a layer of dry ashes1 and see that the draught door is closed to prevent draught as much as possible4 ,this being done1 the fire will last over night1 and when ready to start again in the morning1 all that is necessary to do is to rake the fire over the grates1 open the damper and apply more fuel4 ,q4 ,what benefit is derived from banking the fire8 ,a4 ,by banking the fire1 the water in the boiler is kept warm over night and steam is raised quickly in the morning1 saving time and fuel4 ,q4 ,when leaving a banked fire1 is it practicable to shut the water out of the glass or water column8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,in freezing weather1 this may be done by closing the valve at the top and bottom of the glass2 and open pet cock beneath4 ,care should be taken1 however1 to open them before the fire is started in the morning4 ,,laying ,,up ,a ,,traction ,,engine4 ,q4 ,how should you prepare your engine and boiler for laying up through the winter1 to protect them from frost and injury8 ,a4 ,while steam is on1 clean your boiler and engine thoroughly outside1 scrape off all oil1 grease and scale2 after which apply a good coat of asphaltum paint to the boiler and smoke stack4 ,if no paint can be had1 lamp black and linseed oil will answer4 ,if this cannot be had1 take rags1 saturate them with grease or oil1 and go over them with that4 ,now open the blow-off valve1 and blow the water off with a low pressure of steam1 after which take out all the hand-hole plates and wash the boiler out thoroughly1 removing all the mud and scale2 then replace the hand-hole plates1 close the blow-off valve and fill the boiler nearly full of water1 after which pour in a gallon of black oil upon the water4 ,after this is done1 open the blow-off valve again and allow the water to run out4 ,the oil will follow the water down and cover the whole inside of boiler with a coating of oil1 making as good a protection against rust as can be found4 ,next1 remove all the brass fittings1 such as lubricator1 steam gauge1 safety valve1 injector1 check valves1 pump valves1 gauge cocks1 water gauge1 etc41 etc4 ,disconnect all pipes where water may lodge1 in order to prevent freezing4 ,every pipe and valve allowed to freeze will surely burst4 ,unscrew all stuffing boxes and remove the packing2 for unless this is done1 another season you will find parts badly rusted where the packing was allowed to remain4 ,take off all cylinder cocks1 pet cocks1 etc41 from the heater and pump4 ,all fittings should be carefully packed and laid away4 ,clean the flues and fire box1 also the ash pan1 and do not neglect to paint the ash pan both inside and outside4 ,remove the back cylinder head1 roll the engine forward and smear the inside of cylinder with tallow1 or oil if no tallow can be had4 ,place the head back again and smear all the bright work1 such as piston rod1 connecting rod1 etc41 with grease4 ,do not forget to cover top of smoke stack1 to keep out water and snow4 ,if the foregoing directions are followed carefully you will find another season that your engine will be clean1 free from rust and ready to serve you faithfully without any trouble or delay in starting1 either in time or expense4 ,,belting4 ,do not tax belts by overloading4 ,keep them free from accumulation of dust1 grease and all animal oils1 as these are injurious to both rubber and leather belts4 ,special care should be taken to protect the edges of rubber belts from all animal oils1 as they are liable to rot the belt4 ,always run the grain 7or hair7 side of leather belts on the pulley1 as it gives greater driving power1 hugs the pulley closer1 is less liable to slip1 and will drive #cj per cent4 more than the flesh side4 ,rubber belts will be greatly improved and their life prolonged1 by putting on with a brush1 and letting it dry1 the following mixture3 ,equal parts of black lead and litharge mixed with boiled oil2 add enough ,japan to dry it quickly4 ,in case the rubber peels off1 the same mixture can be used4 ,in comparison to leather belts1 #d-ply rubber is equivalent to a single leather belt and #f-ply rubber to double leather belt4 ,to find the length of a belt1 add the diameter of the two pulleys together1 divide the result by #b and multiply the quotient by #c_/2 then add to this product twice the distance between the centers of shafts4 ,when piecing a belt when pulleys are changed1 multiply the difference of the diameters of the pulleys by #a1 the product will be the length of the piece required4 ,the seam side of rubber belt should always be placed outside and not next to pulley4 ,in case the belt slips1 coat the side next to pulley with boiled linseed oil or soap4 ,in lacing a belt1 begin in the center and be careful to keep both ends exactly in line4 ,lace both ends equally tight and do not cross the lace on the pulley side of belt4 ,great care should be taken that the ends butting together be cut perfectly square2 if not1 the belt will stretch more on one side than the other1 which greatly impairs its worth4 ,q4 ,what is the practical limit of belt speed8 ,a4 ,belts should not be run much over #ejjj feet per minute4 ,q4 ,how then is the capacity of a belt affected by its speed8 ,a4 ,it varies directly as the speed4 ,a given belt will transmit twice the horse-power if its speed is doubled within limits4 ,q4 ,is the capacity of a belt affected by its width8 ,a4 ,yes1 the capacity varies directly as the width4 ,if a two inch belt will transmit one horse-power1 two such belts will transmit two horse power2 and this is true whether they are run separately or joined into a four inch belt4 ,to preserve cotton or ,gandy belting1 apply with a brush a little common paint to pulley side of belt while running1 to be followed shortly afterwards by a little soft oil or grease to preserve its flexibility4 ,if the edges of the belt become frayed from the use of belt guides or forks1 the loose threads may be cut off without injury to the belt4 ,if the belt slips at first1 consequent to the surface being ruffled by unrolling1 apply a little grease1 oil or soap to the pulley side to make it grip4 ,illustration3 ,armington ,sims ,high ,speed ,engine4 ,,armington ,,sims ,,high ,,speed ,,engine4 ,the cylinder and steam chest of this engine are cast in one piece and bolted securely to the engine frame1 which forms the front cylinder head4 ,the cylinder is lagged with mineral wool and jacketed to prevent radiation1 and it is overhanging and self-lining4 ,the valve is a hollow piston valve1 the body of which is steel tubing with cast iron ends4 ,it receives its motion from the shaft governor1 attached to one of the band wheels1 which regulates the cut-off automatically according to the variation of load4 ,the steam is exhausted at each end of the valve by very direct passages which quickly free the cylinder1 preventing back pressure4 ,the engine frame is cast heavy and rigid1 and contains the locomotive guides for cross-head and the pillow block bearings for the crank shaft4 ,the double disc center crank shafts allow of two small heavy band wheels being used4 ,the base of this engine is cast in one piece1 to which the engine frame is securely bolted1 and with this arrangement1 the engine needs no expensive foundation4 ,the engine is simple and self-contained1 ranging in sizes from #aa to #dej horse-power1 and is intended to run at the very high speed of from two hundred to three hundred and fifty revolutions per minute according to size1 and is used extensively in driving electric lighting machinery1 and where high speed and continuous work is desired4 ,,general ,,information4 ,never condemn an engine that is entirely new to you because it does not start off at your first effort4 ,study all the directions furnished by the maker4 ,perhaps you have overlooked some points that are of more importance than you imagine4 ,the above will apply to other machinery as well as engines4 ,when starting a new engine be sure that everything is in readiness4 ,turn it over by hand to see that all the revolving and reciprocating parts run freely4 ,start it very slowly under steam pressure and apply plenty of good oil4 ,after it has run a short time and everything is working properly turn on more steam and continue to do so until the engine is running at its rated speed4 ,to start it at full speed under steam pressure may result in great damage or totally destroy the engine4 ,an accurate machine which is thoroughly reliable is necessarily costly1 but is of more value than another which merely serves a purpose4 ,engineers or firemen in charge of a steam boiler should blow out the water gauge and gauge cocks every morning in order to remove the soft mud which settles in them at night when the boiler is at rest4 ,if this is neglected1 the soft mud may become baked in them which might lead to disastrous results4 ,every steam boiler for whatever purpose employed1 should be opened1 cleaned1 thoroughly examined and tested at least every six months1 and with muddy feed water once a week would not be too often4 ,by blowing out the gauge cocks regularly you not only ascertain the height of the water in the boiler1 but it prevents them from becoming choked with sediment or mud4 ,do not allow the gauge cocks1 glass water gauge or steam gauge to become filthy1 as it shows lack of care1 and furnishes evidence that the engineer who is not particular in this part of his duty is not reliable in others of equal or more importance4 ,upon entering the boiler room in the morning an engineer or fireman should always ascertain whether the valves or cocks which connect the water gauge with the boiler are open or shut1 otherwise he may be deceived by the appearance of the water in the tube4 ,this precaution should never be neglected4 ,if an engineer or fireman discovers that there is too much water in the boiler he should blow it down to the proper level1 but in doing so he must exercise judgment1 vigilance and care1 especially if there is a fire in the furnace4 ,never allow the gauge cocks to leak at all when it is practicable to repair them1 for the longer they leak the more difficult they are to repair1 as under the escape of water or steam the metal wastes rapidly4 ,an engineer or fireman should often remove the ashes from under the boiler1 or from ash pan2 if allowed to accumulate1 they retard the draft and interfere with combustion1 thereby causing waste of fuel and interfere with the evaporating efficiency of the boiler4 ,also keep grates clear of clinkers2 for if allowed to accumulate1 they produce the same result4 ,should it become necessary to blow down the water at intervals1 the engineer or fireman should stand by the blow-off cock and not allow his attention to be diverted to anything else1 as in a very short space of time the water may become so low as to induce stoppage or endanger the safety of the boiler4 ,engineers should always be cautious when they stop or start an engine with a heavy pressure of steam in the boiler1 as the vent given to the steam when starting1 and the check it receives when stopping1 may exert such a pressure as to strain1 crack1 or rupture the boiler4 ,the drip cocks in the cylinder should be left open when the engine is standing still1 and they should not be closed until after the engine has been started and made several strokes or revolutions4 ,do not open the throttle valve to its full extent in starting after the engine has been standing over night1 as the quantity of steam condensed by being brought in contact with the cold pipe 7particularly if it is a long one7 may result in breaking the follower plate1 springing the piston rod1 or knocking out the cylinder head4 ,after opening the gauge cocks to ascertain the height of water in the boiler1 they should be closed tightly to prevent leakage4 ,it may have been discovered that when gauge cocks are closed after being blown out1 they leak badly2 this is often due to the fact that mud or sand has become attached to the seat of the valve4 ,the easiest way to remedy this difficulty is to open the cocks and let them blow out for some time1 as the friction of the water in its escape will in all probability remove the obstacle4 ,glass water gauges may be cleansed by removing the glass2 then tying a piece of cotton waste or lamp wicking to a splint of wood1 applying soap or acetic acid1 and passing it through the inside of the tube2 then replace the glass1 and when steam is raised close the lower valve1 open the drip cock1 and the steam blowing through will wash the glass perfectly4 ,to cut a glass gauge tube4--,if a glass gauge is too long1 take a three-cornered file and wet it1 hold the tube in the left hand with the thumb and fore-finger at the place where you wish to cut1 saw it quickly and lightly two or three times with the edge of the file1 and it will mark the glass4 ,now1 take the tube in both hands1 both thumbs being on opposite sides of the mark and about an inch apart1 then try to bend the glass1 using your thumbs as fulcrums and it will break at the mark which has weakened the tube4 ,never touch the inside of the water gauge glass with iron or wire1 as while the glass may be cut on the outside with a file1 the slightest touch of steel or iron on the inside will cause an abrasion1 the result of which is that the glass will crack and become useless4 ,water gauge glasses frequently break because the steam and water connections are not in line1 because the stuffing boxes are screwed down too tight1 and sometimes in cold weather when struck by a cold draught of air admitted through an open door or window4 ,an engineer or fireman should never fill a boiler with cold water while the boiler is hot1 as the injurious effect produced by contraction is similar to that produced by blowing out at a high pressure1 and if persisted in will result in permanent injury to the boiler4 ,exhaust steam will heat water to #bab ,fahr4 under atmospheric pressure4 ,ten degrees extra heat in feed water means one per cent4 saving in fuel4 ,before blowing out the boiler the engineer or fireman should remove all the fire from the furnace1 as a small quantity left in the corners1 or attached to the bridge wall1 might spring a seam or cause a plate to bulge4 ,every engineer should know that unequal expansion and contraction is one of the evils which limit the longevity and endanger the safety of all classes of steam boilers2 consequently the blowing out1 the refilling1 the starting of fires and the regulation of the draught should be done with judgment4 ,it is not necessary to fill a boiler with cold water above the second gauge cock1 as the water expands under the process of the formation of steam and it will be found that there is a sufficiency of water in the boiler when steam is raised4 ,single riveted seams are equal to #ef of the original strength of the sheet2 double riveted seams are equal to #gj1 and triple riveted seams are equal to #he4 ,triple riveted seams1 however1 are very seldom used unless for some special purpose1 as they are too heavy and thick1 and would burn out rapidly if exposed to fire4 ,in making calculations on the strength of boilers1 the factor #ef should be employed instead of #ajj1 as #dd of the strength of the plate is lost by punching the holes for the rivets4 ,it should be understood that machine riveted seams in steam boilers are superior to hand made seams1 as the machine thoroughly upsets the rivet and brings the two sheets in such close contact as to produce friction between the sheets at the lap1 which of itself is an element of strength4 ,boilers do not improve by standing idle2 they will rust very rapidly4 ,never use sharp chisels to cut the scale from boiler plate1 as the cutting of the plate does more harm than good4 ,use only a light hammer4 ,in patching a boiler be careful not to make a pocket in which sediment may collect to cause another injury to the sheet and never put a steel patch upon an iron boiler as the two metals expanding unequally will induce trouble4 ,never forget to allow for expansion when running long lines of steam pipe1 whether for heating or power1 as the neglect of this precaution leads to the formation of immense crooks or bends in the line of pipe wonderful to behold4 ,there must be a slip joint somewhere in long lines of steam piping1 unless expansion is allowed for4 ,valves stick on their seats because they are frequently shut when cold1 and when heated by the steam the valve stem becomes lengthened1 and presses the valve hard into the seat4 ,illustration3 ,geiser ,traction ,engine--,right ,side4 ,,geiser ,,traction ,,engine4 ,the cut opposite represents the right side of the ,peerless1 ,side ,crank1 ,rear ,gear ,traction ,engine4 ,the main engine frame is of the girder pattern1 and contains the guides and pillow block bearing4 ,it also forms the front cylinder head1 to which the cylinder is bolted4 ,the cylinder is overhanging1 and connected to the long feed water heater by the exhaust pipe4 ,the valve is of the piston type4 ,the reverse gear is the ,landis ,patent ,reverse and ,variable ,cut-off4 ,it has the ,cross-head ,pump connected with a long ,feed ,water ,heater1 ,governor1 ,injector1 and the locomotive style of boiler swings in an iron frame1 to which it is attached1 and rests upon springs at both back and front ends4 ,the smoke stack is water lined1 and traction wheels have wrought iron rims with high grouters and wood spokes4 ,the platform has two steel tanks for water and tools1 and the steering wheel and band wheel are on opposite sides of the engine4 ,slide valves should be fitted to their seats by filing and scraping1 and never by the use of emery and oil4 ,the piston rod and valve rod may be packed with braids of hemp or cotton wicking1 with rings cut from patent packing of various kinds or metallic packing4 ,to clean brass articles with acid is a great mistake1 as with such treatment they very soon become dull4 ,sweet oil and putty powder followed by soap and water1 is one of the best mediums for brightening brass and copper4 ,to frost brass work and give it an ornamental finish1 boil the article in caustic potash1 rinse in clean water and dip in nitric acid until all oxide is removed2 then wash quickly1 dry in box-wood sawdust1 and lacquer while warm4 ,the best material for grinding in valves and stop cocks is pulverized glass4 ,it is superior to emery for this purpose4 ,fine sand may be used4 ,to remedy a leaky angle1 check or globe valve1 it should be taken apart1 and the valves ground to fit their seats properly with either fine sand1 pulverized glass or emery4 ,a lever stuck between the spokes of the fly-wheel of an engine for the purpose of starting it1 is a very dangerous instrument1 it is liable to get caught and do a great amount of damage4 ,if a lever is to be used1 be sure that the steam is first turned off4 ,a cubic inch of water evaporated under ordinary atmospheric pressure is converted into one cubic foot of steam 7approximately74 ,steam at atmospheric pressure flows into a vacuum at the rate of about #aeej feet per second1 and into the atmosphere at the rate of #fej feet per second4 ,condensing engines require from #bj to #cj gallons of water to condense the steam represented by every gallon of water evaporated--approximately2 for most engines we say from #a to #a gallons per minute per indicated horse-power4 ,jet condensers do not require quite as much water for condensing as surface condensers4 ,surface condensers require about #b square feet of tube 7cooling7 surface per horse-power of steam engine4 ,the best designed boilers well set1 with good draught and skillful firing1 will evaporate from #g to #aj lbs4 of water per pound of first-class coal4 ,the average result is from #be to #fj per cent4 below this4 ,when you have your boiler furnace to repair1 and cannot get fire clay1 take common earth mixed with water1 in which you have dissolved a little salt2 use same as fire clay1 and your furnace will last fully as long4 ,to make iron take bright polish like steel1 pulverize and dissolve the following articles in one quart of hot water3 ,blue vitriol #a oz41 borax #a oz41 prussiate of potash #a oz41 charcoal #a oz41 salt #g pt42 then add one gallon of linseed oil1 mix well1 bring your iron or steel to the proper heat1 and cool in the solution4 ,to write inscriptions on metal1 take #d oz4 of nitric acid and #a oz4 of muriatic acid1 mix and shake well together1 then cover your metal surface to be engraved1 with bees-wax or soap1 write your inscription plainly in the wax clear to the metal1 then apply the mixed acids1 carefully filling each letter4 ,let it remain from three to five minutes according to appearance desired1 then throw on water1 which stops the etching process1 scrape off the bees-wax or soap1 and the inscription is complete4 ,to remove rust from steel4--,brush the rusted steel with a paste composed of oz4 cyanide potassium1 oz4 castile soap1 #a oz4 whiting1 and enough water to make a paste2 then wash the steel in a solution of oz4 cyanide potassium and #b oz4 of water4 ,a solvent for rust4--,it is often very difficult1 and sometimes impossible1 to remove rust from articles made of iron4 ,those which are most thickly coated are most easily cleaned by being immersed in1 or saturated with1 a solution of chloride of tin4 ,the length of time they should remain in this bath is determined by the thickness of the rust1 generally twelve to twenty-four hours is long enough4 ,the solution ought not to contain a great excess of acid if the iron itself be not attacked4 ,on taking them from the bath1 the articles are rinsed first in water1 then in ammonia1 and quickly dried4 ,the iron when thus treated has the appearance of dull silver2 a simple polishing gives it its normal appearance4 ,one of the best varnishes for smoke stacks or steam pipes is good asphaltum dissolved in oil of turpentine4 ,iron or steel immersed warm in a solution of carbonate of soda 7washing soda7 for a few minutes will not rust4 ,cement to fasten iron to stone4--,take #aj parts of fine iron filings1 #cj parts of plaster of ,paris1 and part of sal ammoniac2 mix with weak vinegar to a fluid paste and apply at once4 ,cement for joints4--,paris white1 ground1 #d lbs42 litharge1 ground1 #aj lbs42 yellow ochre1 fine1 lb42 oz4 of hemp1 cut short2 mix well together with linseed oil to a stiff putty4 ,this cement is good for joints on steam or water pipes2 it will set under water4 ,the average consumption of coal for steam boilers is #ab pounds per hour for each square foot of grate surface4 ,one ton of coal is equivalent to two cords of wood for steam purposes4 ,doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times4 ,a cubic foot of water contains #g gallons4 ,a gallon weighs #h pounds4 ,water expands _/ of its bulk in freezing4 ,ice weighs #ef pounds per cubic foot4 ,engineers can judge of the condition of their machinery by the tone it gives out while running4 ,every make of engine has a peculiar tone of its own4 ,the engineer becomes accustomed to that1 and any departure from it at once excites a suspicion that all is not right4 ,the engineer may not know what is the matter1 he may have no ear for music1 but the change in tone of his machine will be instantly perceptible and will start him upon an immediate investigation4 ,an ,indicator is an instrument used to determine the indicated horse-power of an engine2 it shows the action of the steam in the cylinder and serves as a guide in setting valves to get the greatest amount of energy from the steam used4 ,atmospheric pressure is the weight of the air4 ,to take lime from injector tubes1 mix one part muriatic acid and ten parts soft water4 ,immerse tube in this mixture over night4 ,compound for ,cooling ,heavy ,bearings4--,for cooling heavy pillow block bearings1 or the steps of upright shafts1 the following will be found very valuable3 ,four pounds of tallow1 one-half pound of sugar of lead1 three-fourths pound plumbago4 ,when the tallow is melted 7not boiling7 add sugar of lead and let it dissolve2 then put in the plumbago1 and stir the whole mass until cold4 ,a mixture of soft soap and black lead makes an excellent lubricant for gears1 as it lessens the abrasion and noise and has the advantage over tallow of not becoming hard4 ,it is also easily removed should it become necessary to clean the parts on which it has been used4 ,the axles and axle arms of a traction engine should be well greased or oiled before moving1 to prevent them from being cut and wearing both hub and axle rapidly4 ,,workshop ,,recipes4 ,,loam4--,mixture of brick1 clay and old foundry sand4 ,,parting ,,sand4--,burnt sand scraped from the surface of castings4 ,,black ,,wash4--,charcoal1 plumbago and size4 ,,blackening ,,for ,,molds4--,charcoal powder1 or in some instances fine coal dust4 ,,mixture ,,for ,,welding ,,steel4--,one part sal ammoniac1 ten parts borax1 pounded together and fused until clear4 ,then it is poured out and after cooling1 reduce to powder4 ,,rust-,,joint ,,cement4--7,quickly setting47 ,one part sal ammoniac in powder 7by weight71 two parts flour of sulphur1 eighty parts iron borings1 made into a paste with water4 ,,rust ,,joint4--7,slowly setting47 ,two parts sal ammoniac1 one part flour of sulphur1 #bjj parts iron borings4 ,the latter cement is the best if the joint is not required for immediate use4 ,,red ,,lead ,,cement ,,for ,,face ,,joints4--,one part white lead1 one part red lead1 mixed with linseed oil to the proper consistency4 ,,case ,,hardening4--,place horn1 hoof1 bone dust1 or shreds of leather1 together with the article to be case hardened1 in an iron box2 subject to blood red heat1 then immerse the article in cold water4 ,,case ,,hardening ,,with ,,prussiate ,,of ,,potash4--,heat the article1 after polishing1 to a bright red2 rub the surface over with prussiate of potash2 allow it to cool to dull red1 and immerse it in water4 ,,case ,,hardening ,,mixtures4--,three parts of prussiate of potash1 one part sal ammoniac2 or1 one part of prussiate of potash1 two parts sal ammoniac and two parts bone dust4 ,,glue ,,to ,,resist ,,moisture4--,one pound of glue1 melted in two quarts of skim-milk4 ,,marine ,,glue4--,one part of ,india rubber1 twelve parts mineral naphtha or coal tar4 ,heat gently1 mix1 and add twenty parts of powdered shellac4 ,pour out on a slab to cool4 ,heat to about #bej degrees and it is ready for use4 ,,glue ,,cement ,,to ,,resist ,,moisture4--,one part glue1 one part black rosin1 part red ochre1 mixed with the least possible quantity of water2 or1 four parts of glue2 or1 one part oxide of iron1 one part of boiled oil 7by weight74 ,,babbitting ,,boxes4 ,when the babbitt in a box is badly worn1 and needs re-babbitting1 remove the cap1 take out the shaft and chip all the old babbitt out of both box and cap2 then replace the shaft in the box1 and line it up perfectly level and square by putting liners in between the shaft and the edges of the box2 then put stiff putty around the shaft and against the box at both ends1 to prevent the babbitt from running out2 then heat the babbitt metal until it runs freely1 and pour it into the box until it is full2 then put on the cap1 and place about the same amount of liners between its ends and the top of the shaft as was put under the shaft1 with long liners of sheet iron or tin extending from one end to the other of the box1 parallel with and on both sides of the shaft2 then put putty around the shaft and against the cap at both ends2 heat the metal again1 and pour it in through the oil hole4 ,after it is cool1 remove the cap and liners1 drill out the oil hole and replace the cap1 being careful to put just enough liners under it so that the box will be tight and still have the shaft run cool4 ,,compound ,,engines4 ,the ,compound ,engine dates from the year #agha1 when ,hornblower1 a contemporary of ,watt1 conceived the idea of utilizing the force in the exhaust steam of the simple engine in a second cylinder4 ,from his crude design1 the constant progress of experiment has developed the marvelous engines now used in ocean steamers1 and in both large and small power plants1 also on locomotives4 ,some of the compound engines built in the early part of the century show results1 according to the records1 not far behind the best attainable in modern times4 ,the era of the ,compound locomotive engine began in ,europe in #ahgf1 but in this country half a dozen years would almost cover its history4 ,however1 in this short time1 its advantages in putting to profitable use the entire force of the steam supplied1 has been so clearly shown1 that it has evidently come to stay4 ,its availability as an efficient1 economical1 powerful high speed locomotive1 demonstrates the value of the ,compound as a farm traction engine1 and makes it plain that it will be extremely serviceable on this class of engines4 ,the ,compound ,traction ,engines belonging to the class known as the 8,woolf10 or continuous expansion type1 are so constructed that the steam passes directly from the high pressure to the low pressure cylinder without the intervention of any receiving chamber or steam chest4 ,this arrangement is considered much better adapted to traction engine work1 and to produce superior results under the varying conditions of this class of work than the 8cross0 compound1 or what is generally styled the 8receiver0 type of compound engines1 in which the high pressure cylinder exhausts into a receiver connected with the steam chest of the low pressure cylinder4 ,in the ,woolf ,compound as constructed1 the cylinders are either cast in one piece1 end to end1 or cast separately and bolted together in substantially the same way1 in order that perfect alignment can be secured by boring both cylinders at the same operation4 ,this makes it not only easy to get them in line at the start1 but it prevents any possibility of their getting out of line1 which is a very important feature4 ,the pistons of both cylinders are upon the one rod1 thus requiring only one cross-head1 connecting rod and crank4 ,there is but one steam chest1 in which a valve is placed1 with such relation to the valve seat which contain the ports leading to both cylinders1 that it performs the double function of first admitting the steam to the high pressure cylinder1 cutting off the admission at the proper time to allow expansion to take place there1 and after high pressure piston has reached the end of its stroke1 passing on the steam to the low pressure cylinder1 where it is further expanded and exhausted in the usual manner after its work is done4 ,the valve is specially designed with cavities so arranged as to co-operate in increasing the area of opening to double the amount obtainable with an ordinary valve having the same travel4 ,without some special provision1 the full power of the compound engine cannot be exerted in starting1 as the steam operates primarily on the high pressure piston only1 which has led to the condemnation of the compound as a traction engine4 ,this objection has been thoroughly overcome in the ,woolf by means of a 8converting valve10 rendering it possible to admit steam directly to the large or low pressure cylinder1 thus largely increasing the power obtainable from the engine1 even when exerting its maximum power as a compound4 ,this arrangement can be used not only in starting1 but also in cases of emergency1 such as climbing steep hills1 getting out of bad places on the road1 or disposing of an especially tough cut in sawing1 etc4 ,without increasing the boiler pressure beyond that ordinarily used1 the compound engine gets fully one-third more force out of the steam used than is at present obtainable with the simple engine as commonly worked4 ,in other words1 the compound will show results compared favorably with a good condensing simple stationary engine doing the same work4 ,illustration3 ,ball ,tandem ,compound ,engine4 ,,ball ,,tandem ,,compound ,,engine4 ,the heavy case iron base is cast in two sections1 the rear part being securely bolted to the front section4 ,to the front section is also bolted the main engine frame4 ,this frame contains the bar guides for the cross-head1 and pillow block bearing for the double disc crank shaft1 and also forms the front head for the low pressure cylinder1 which is securely bolted to it4 ,the high pressure cylinder is attached to the low pressure cylinder by two brackets securely bolted1 and is supported by a pedestal1 bolted to the rear part of base4 ,by this arrangement1 both the high and low pressure pistons are upon the same piston rod1 which necessitates of but one cross-head1 connecting rod and crank4 ,the valve of the high pressure cylinder is operated and completely under the control of the automatic shaft governor attached to one of the band wheels1 while the valve of the low pressure cylinder receives its motion from a single eccentric on crank shaft at opposite side of engine4 ,when engine is running1 the steam enters the high pressure cylinder first1 and after performing its work there1 exhausts through the receiver pipe into the low pressure cylinder1 and there exerts its minimum force by expansion1 and passes out to the condenser1 if used1 or exhausts into the open air4 ,,examination ,,of ,,engineers ,,applying ,,for ,a ,,license4 ,,questions ,,with ,,answers4 ,q4 ,how long have you run an engine8 ,q4 ,have you done your own firing8 ,q4 ,what kinds of engines have you run8 ,q4 ,what would be your first duty if called upon to take charge of an engine8 ,a4 ,to ascertain the exact condition of the boiler and all its attachments1 such as safety valve1 steam gauge1 water gauge and cocks1 pump1 injector1 blow-off valve1 etc42 also the engine4 ,q4 ,how often would you blow off your boiler8 ,a4 ,once a week or month1 according to the condition of feed water used4 ,q4 ,how many feet of heating surface is allowed per horse-power by builders of boilers8 ,a4 ,from #ab to #ae square feet for flue and tubular boilers4 ,q4 ,how much steam pressure will be allowed on a boiler #dj inch diameter1 thick1 #fj1jjj pounds ,t4 ,s41 ,t4 ,s4 factor of safety8 ,a4 ,one-sixth of tensile strength of plate multiplied by thickness of plate1 divided by one-half of the diameter of boiler gives safe working pressure4 ,q4 ,how do you estimate the strength of a boiler8 ,a4 ,by its diameter and thickness of material1 single or double riveted4 ,q4 ,which is the stronger1 single or double riveted8 ,a4 ,double riveted is from #ad to #ah per cent4 stronger than single4 ,q4 ,what is the use of a mud drum on a boiler8 ,a4 ,to collect all the sediment from the water used in the boiler4 ,q4 ,what causes sediment to accumulate in boilers8 ,a4 ,the use of impure or muddy water4 ,q4 ,how often should it be blown out8 ,a4 ,three or four times a day4 ,a4 ,how much grate surface do boiler makers allow per horse-power8 ,a4 ,about two-thirds of a square foot4 ,q4 ,what is the steam dome of a boiler used for8 ,a4 ,for dry steam to collect in4 ,q4 ,of what use is a safety valve on a boiler8 ,a4 ,to prevent overpressure4 ,q4 ,what is your duty with reference to it8 ,a4 ,open it once or twice a day to see that it is in good order4 ,q4 ,of what use is a check valve8 ,a4 ,to prevent the water in boiler from returning into the pump or injector4 ,q4 ,what effect has cold water on hot boiler plates8 ,a4 ,it will fracture them4 ,q4 ,how should the gauge cocks be located on a boiler8 ,a4 ,so that the lowest gauge cock is about #a inches above the top row of flues4 ,q4 ,where should the blow-off valve be located8 ,a4 ,at the bottom of the fire box in locomotive style of boiler1 or in the mud drum when used4 ,q4 ,how would you have check valve arranged8 ,a4 ,with a stop cock between the boiler and check valve4 ,q4 ,does a man-hole in the top shell of boiler weaken it8 ,a4 ,yes1 to a certain extent4 ,q4 ,how many valves in a common plunger pump8 ,a4 ,two1 a receiving and a discharge valve4 ,q4 ,how are they situated8 ,a4 ,one at suction1 the other at discharge end4 ,q4 ,how do you find the proper size of safety valve for boiler8 ,a4 ,two square feet of grate surface is allowed for one inch area of common lever valve1 or three square feet of surface to one inch area of spring valve4 ,q4 ,why do pumps fail to work at times8 ,a4 ,leak in the suction1 leak around the plunger1 leaky check valve1 or valve out of order4 ,q4 ,why do injectors fail to work at times8 ,a4 ,leak in suction1 grit or dirt under seat of valve1 or valve not seated properly4 ,q4 ,how often should a boiler be examined and tested8 ,a4 ,twice a year at least4 ,q4 ,how would you test a boiler8 ,a4 ,by tapping it with a light hammer1 and hydrostatic test1 using warm water4 ,q4 ,where does the feed water enter the boiler8 ,a4 ,below the water level1 where the feed water will not strike the heated plates4 ,q4 ,what causes priming of boilers8 ,a4 ,too high water1 not steam space enough1 dirty feed water1 misconstruction of boiler1 or engine being too large for its capacity4 ,q4 ,how can you keep boilers clean or remove scale from them8 ,a4 ,by regularly cleaning them thoroughly1 and by the use of compounds4 ,q4 ,if you found a thin plate in your boiler what would you do8 ,a4 ,patch it on the inside1 first cutting out the damaged part4 ,q4 ,why cut out the damaged part of sheet1 when putting on a patch8 ,a4 ,to allow the water to rest against the patch to protect it from the intense heat4 ,q4 ,what would be the result if the damaged part of sheet was not cut out8 ,a4 ,the water not coming in contact with the patch1 it would soon bulge from the heat and crack4 ,q4 ,why patch it on the inside8 ,a4 ,because the action that has weakened the plate before will act upon the patch1 when this is worn it can be replaced4 ,q4 ,if you found you had to put on several patches what would you do8 ,a4 ,reduce the steam pressure4 ,q4 ,if you found a blister what would you do8 ,a4 ,cut it out and put a patch on the fire side4 ,q4 ,if you found a plate buckled or sagged what would you do8 ,a4 ,put a stay bolt through the center of the sag4 ,q4 ,what would you do with a cracked plate8 ,a4 ,cut out the damaged part and put a patch over it4 ,q4 ,how would you change the water in a boiler when steam is up8 ,a4 ,by supplying more feed water and opening the surface blow-off at short intervals4 ,q4 ,when blowing off a boiler1 would you leave the blow-off cock to attend to other work8 ,a4 ,never4 ,q4 ,what would you do to relieve the pressure on the boiler if the safety valve was stuck and steam constantly rising8 ,a4 ,cover the fire with coal or ashes1 close draught door and open damper in smoke box2 work off the steam with the engine and when boiler has cooled down put the safety valve in working order4 ,q4 ,what may be the result if you allow the water in the boiler to get low8 ,a4 ,burning of the crown sheet and flues and perhaps cause an explosion4 ,q4 ,would you turn feed water into a boiler in which the water was very low8 ,a4 ,never1 without first pulling the fire or covering it with dry ashes and allowing the steam to go down4 ,q4 ,if you allow water in the boiler to get too high what would be the result8 ,a4 ,it would cause priming or foaming4 ,q4 ,is priming or foaming dangerous to an engine8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,it may cause breaking of cylinder head and wrecking of the engine4 ,q4 ,what are other causes for foaming or priming of a boiler8 ,a4 ,dirty and impure water4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,stevens ,,traction ,,engine4 ,the position of the side crank engine upon the boiler allows of having the ,rear ,gear traction attachment4 ,the ,engine frame1 guides for cross-head1 cylinder1 steam chest1 saddles1 brackets and both pillow block bearings for crank shaft are cast in one piece and bolted to the boiler4 ,the frame is cast oval1 and cross-head guides are of the locomotive style4 ,the ,engine is furnished with a ,friction ,clutch1 a specially designed ,reversing ,gear1 ,governor1 ,marsh steam pump1 ,injector2 and is mounted upon an open bottom fire box locomotive boiler1 with ash pan under fire box and dome at rear end4 ,the boiler is mounted upon the traction wheels by brackets bolted to the rear end1 which contain the boxes for the main axle and cross shaft4 ,the traction wheels are of the cast iron rim type1 with spokes cast in both rim and hub4 ,the steering wheel and band wheel are on opposite sides of boiler1 and both engine and boiler are supplied with all necessary fittings4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,w4 ,stevens ,traction ,engine4 ,q4 ,how would you stop foaming8 ,a4 ,close the throttle long enough to show the true level of water4 ,if the level of the water is sufficiently high1 feeding and blowing off will usually correct the difficulty4 ,q4 ,what would you do if you discovered the water gone from sight in the water glass8 ,a4 ,pull the fire or cover it over with dry ashes1 and allow the boiler to cool off as quickly as possible2 and would not open or close any of the steam outlets4 ,q1 ,what is a traction engine8 ,a4 ,a traction engine is an engine the power of which is transmitted to the driving or ground wheels by a combination of gearing4 ,q4 ,what is an exhaust pipe8 ,a4 ,the pipe through which the exhaust steam escapes from cylinder to smoke stack4 ,q4 ,what is the feed pipe8 ,a4 ,the pipe through which the feed water passes from pump or injector to the boiler4 ,q4 ,what is the steam pipe8 ,a4 ,the pipe through which steam is taken from the dome to the steam chest4 ,q4 ,what is a pet cock8 ,a4 ,a small cock used in check valves1 pipes and places where draining off water is necessary to prevent freezing4 ,q4 ,what is clearance in a steam cylinder8 ,a4 ,it is the space between the cylinder head and piston head when the latter is at end of the stroke4 ,q4 ,what is 8cushion0 in a steam cylinder8 ,a4 ,cushion is the compression of steam let in through the lead of the valve in the clearance of the cylinder1 and is for the purpose of catching the weight of the piston and rod1 cross-head and connecting rod when the engine reaches the end of each stroke4 ,it also keeps the engine from pounding4 ,q4 ,how much water would you blow off at any one time while running8 ,a4 ,never blow off more than one gauge4 ,q4 ,what are your general views regarding boiler explosions8 ,a4 ,the greatest causes are from ignorance1 carelessness and neglect4 ,q4 ,what precaution should you take if necessary to stop with a heavy fire in the furnace8 ,a4 ,close the draught door1 and put the injector or pump at work4 ,q4 ,what is the proper height to carry water in the boiler8 ,a4 ,about #b inches above top row of flues4 ,q4 ,at what pressure should you blow off a boiler8 ,a4 ,at a pressure not to exceed ten pounds4 ,q4 ,if you wished to increase the power of an engine what would you do8 ,a4 ,increase its speed or get higher steam pressure4 ,q4 ,how do you find the horse-power of an engine8 ,a4 ,multiply the speed of piston travel in feet per minute by the total effective pressure upon the piston in pounds1 and divide the product by #cc1jjj4 ,q4 ,what is meant by 8brass bound08 ,a4 ,brass bound means that the half brasses touch each other and cannot be driven up any closer by the key4 ,q4 ,how would you remedy a brass bound box on crank-pin or wrist-pin8 ,a4 ,take off the boxes and file off the top and bottom edges1 being careful not to take off too much4 ,q4 ,does a perfect fitting or an imperfect fitting valve have the most friction8 ,a4 ,an imperfect fitting one4 ,q4 ,how would you refit an imperfect fitting or leaky valve8 ,a4 ,it should be re-faced on a planer or filed and scraped until it fits seat perfectly tight4 ,q4 ,how is a steam engine rated8 ,a4 ,by amount of horse-power developed4 ,q4 ,what is a foot-pound8 ,a4 ,one pound of force exerted through one foot of space4 ,q4 ,how many foot-pounds are required to lift #ajj pounds one foot8 ,a4 ,one hundred4 ,q4 ,how many foot-pounds required to lift one pound #ajj feet8 ,a4 ,one hundred4 ,q4 ,to lift #aaj pounds through #cjj feet how many foot-pounds required8 ,a4 #cjj #aaj #cc1jjj foot-pounds4 ,q4 ,would that equal one horse-power8 ,a4 ,yes1 if done in one minute4 ,q4 ,suppose it took two minutes8 ,a4 ,then there would be only half a horse-power1 or #cc1jjj #b #af1ejj foot-pounds per minute4 ,q4 ,is it correct to say 8horse-power per minute0 or 8horse-power per hour08 ,a4 ,no4 ,when an engine is working at the rate of #aj horse-power1 it is doing #aj horse-power all the time4 ,it is an error to assume that such an engine is doing #aj horse-power per minute1 and #aj #fj equals #fjj horse-power per hour4 ,when it is said that an engine uses #bj pounds of steam per horse-power per hour1 it is meant that this amount of steam is used per hour for each horse-power developed4 ,q4 ,how is the foot-pounds of work done by a steam engine1 found8 ,a4 ,multiply the average pressure per square inch during the stroke by the number of square inches in the piston1 and by the number of feet through which the piston has moved4 ,q4 ,what do you understand by the 8mean effective pressure08 ,a4 ,the mean pressure is the average pressure pushing the piston through the stroke1 which is about one-third the pressure in the boiler4 ,there is generally some back pressure working against it1 therefore the 8effective0 pressure is only the difference between the two4 ,it can only be determined accurately by measurements from an indicator diagram4 ,q4 ,what is a single acting engine8 ,a4 ,an engine in which the steam acts on one side of the piston only4 ,q4 ,how do you find the 8piston's speed08 ,a4 ,on double acting engines1 multiply the stroke in inches by two and by the number of revolutions per minute and divide by #ab4 ,q4 ,why multiply the stroke in inches by #b8 ,a4 ,because in double acting engines there are two working strokes to each revolution4 ,q4 ,why do you divide by #ab8 ,a4 ,to reduce the inches to feet4 ,q4 ,how is the 8piston's speed0 of a single acting engine found8 ,a4 ,multiply the stroke in inches by the revolutions per minute and divide by #ab4 ,q4 ,what is the horse-power developed by an engine1 say #ab #bd inch1 running #abe revolutions per minute1 with #dj pounds mean effective pressure8 ,a4 ,area #ab #ab 4#ghed #aac4jigf sq4 ins4 ,piston speed #bd #b #abe #ab #ejj feet per minute4 ,m4 ,e4 ,p4 #dj lbs4 ,then 7#aac4jigf #ejj #dj7 ---------------------------------------- -- #fh4edd ,h4 ,p4 #ccjjj ,q4 ,what is a single valve engine8 ,a4 ,it is an engine in which a single valve controls the admission and distribution of steam to both ends of the cylinder1 or a common slide valve engine4 ,q4 ,what is a four valve engine8 ,a4 ,an engine which has separate steam and exhaust valves for each end both top and bottom of cylinder1 such as a ,corliss engine4 ,q4 ,into what three classes are engines divided with reference to the manner in which they are governed8 ,a4 ,throttling engines1 ,automatic cut-off and ,governor engines4 ,q4 ,what is an ,automatic cut-off engine8 ,a4 ,an engine in which the amount of steam supplied is automatically cut off at various points in the stroke1 in accordance with the load and pressure4 ,in ,throttling engines the volume admitted is constant and the pressure varied4 ,in ,automatic cut-off engines1 steam is admitted at the highest available pressure1 and the volume is varied to meet the requirements of the load4 ,in ,governor engines1 the steam is admitted and cut off by the governor4 ,q4 ,what is a throttle governed engine8 ,a4 ,an engine in which the amount of steam supplied is regulated by changing the pressure at which it enters the cylinder in accordance with the variation of the load4 ,q4 ,what is a ,governor engine8 ,a4 ,an engine in which the supply of steam is regulated by the governor4 ,q4 ,into what classes may the ,automatic cut-off engine be divided8 ,a4 ,into two classes3 ,the four valve engine1 in which the cut-off is usually effected by a detaching mechanism or trip under the control of the governor2 the single valve engine1 in which the point of cut-off is varied by changing the amount of travel of the valve4 ,q4 ,give examples of the single valve type4 ,a4 ,high speed1 self-contained engines which have shaft governors4 ,q4 ,what are their advantages8 ,a4 ,high rotative speed1 compactness1 portability1 light weight and simplicity4 ,q4 ,are they more economical than the four valve engine8 ,a4 ,no2 the four valve engines are the more economical4 ,q4 ,give a prominent example of the four valve engine4 ,a4 ,the ,reynold's ,corliss4 ,q4 ,what is meant by an engine running 8over08 ,a4 ,the top of the drive wheel running away from the cylinder4 ,q4 ,what is meant by an engine running 8under08 ,a4 ,the top of the drive wheel running towards the cylinder4 ,q4 ,which way are engines generally run8 ,a4 8,over40 ,q4 ,what advantages do engines have in running 8over08 ,a4 ,the pressure of the cross-head on engines running over1 is always downward upon the guides2 for when the pressure is on the head end of the piston1 the pressure against the connecting rod which is pointing upward1 reacts by pressing the cross-head down upon the lower guide1 and when the pressure is on the crank end of the cylinder1 the cross-head will be dragging the crank1 and as the crank is below the center line1 it will pull the cross-head down upon the lower guide1 while if the engine is running under1 the pressure of the cross-head will be upon the top guide1 both on the outward and inward strokes1 and unless the cross-head is nicely adjusted to its guides and the guides are perfectly parallel1 the cross-head will be lifted when subjected to thrust1 and will fall on the center by its own weight1 causing the engine to pound4 ,q4 ,at what point in the stroke is the pressure on the cross-head greatest with a uniform pressure in the cylinder8 ,a4 ,when the crank is at right angles to the guide4 ,q4 ,how does the relative length of the connecting rod affect this pressure8 ,a4 ,the longer the connecting rod as compared with the crank1 the less will be the pressure on the guides4 ,q4 ,what is the usual ratio of connecting rod to crank8 ,a4 ,the connecting rod is from four to six times the length of the crank4 ,q4 ,are there any objections to a long connecting rod8 ,a4 ,a long connecting rod makes a long engine1 and makes extra cost in the bed or frame and the room occupied4 ,the longer rod is heavier1 and brings extra weight upon the cross-head1 guides and crank-pin4 ,the long rod also lacks stiffness unless excessively heavy4 ,q4 ,what determines the length of the crank8 ,a4 ,the stroke4 ,q4 ,what limits the stroke8 ,a4 ,the piston's speed limits the length of stroke allowable with a given rotative speed1 or the number of revolutions per minute with a given stroke4 ,q4 ,what is the practical limit of piston's speed8 ,a4 ,engines of from four to six foot stroke can run at from seven to eight hundred feet piston's speed per minute4 ,those of shorter stroke should not run over six hundred feet4 ,q4 ,why do high speed engines have a short stroke in comparison with the diameter of their cylinders8 ,a4 ,so that they can run at a high rate of speed without exceeding the limit of piston's travel4 ,q4 ,what is the office of the fly-wheel8 ,a4 ,it maintains a uniformity of motion of the crank1 notwithstanding the unequal moving force upon the crank-pin4 ,q4 ,is the force upon the crank-pin unequal1 even when the pressure from the cylinder is uniform throughout the stroke8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,no matter what the pressure on the piston is1 it has no effect in turning the engine when the crank is in line with the guides1 which is termed 8on the center40 ,as the crank gets away from the centers1 the effect of a given pressure becomes greater1 and reaches its maximum when the crank is nearly at right angles with the guides4 ,q4 ,how does the fly-wheel counteract the jerky motion of the crank which would result from this8 ,a4 ,by its tendency to resist an excessive moving force1 and by its momentum keeps the engine in motion when the moving force is deficient4 ,q4 ,what would you do if the cylinder gets worn or cut from too tight rings or lack of oil8 ,a4 ,rebore the cylinder4 ,q4 ,what would you do if the crank-pin heats1 gets worn or cut8 ,a4 ,if bent it should be turned true again2 if not bent it can be filed and polished perfectly true by hand4 ,q4 ,what would you do if the main bearings heat8 ,a4 ,loosen the caps and apply plenty of good oil4 ,if this does not stop it take off the caps1 examine the oil holes to ascertain why the oil does not reach the bearing4 ,if the bearings have become rough and cut1 the shaft will have to be smoothed again4 ,q4 ,would any harm result from starting an engine with the drip cocks closed8 ,a4 ,yes1 the condensed steam filling the space would smash the cylinder or piston head4 ,q4 ,what do you mean by atmospheric pressure8 ,a4 ,the weight of the atmosphere1 which is #ad4g lbs4 per square inch at sea level4 ,q4 ,how hot can you get water with exhaust steam under atmospheric pressure8 ,a4 #bab ,fahr4 ,q4 ,does atmospheric pressure have any influence on the boiling point8 ,a4 ,it does4 ,q4 ,would you run an engine with throttle wide open1 or partly open8 ,a4 ,wide open on governor engines1 as it is more economical4 ,q4 ,how many pounds of water required per horse-power for the best engines8 ,a4 ,from #be to #cj pounds4 ,q4 ,at what temperature has iron the greatest tensile strength8 ,a4 ,about #fjj degrees4 ,q4 ,how much water is consumed 7in pounds7 per hour per indicated horse power8 ,a4 ,from #be to #fj pounds4 ,q4 ,how much steam will be evaporated from one cubic inch of water under atmospheric pressure8 ,a4 ,about one cubic foot1 approximately4 ,q4 ,how much coal is consumed per hour per indicated horse-power8 ,a4 ,from two to seven pounds4 ,q4 ,how much does one cubic foot of fresh water weigh8 ,a4 #fb pounds4 ,q4 ,how much does one cubic foot of iron weigh8 ,a4 #dhf_/ pounds4 ,q4 ,what does one square foot of half inch boiler iron weigh8 ,a4 ,twenty pounds4 ,q4 ,for steam purposes1 how much wood is required to equal one ton of coal8 ,a4 ,about #djjj pounds of wood4 ,q4 ,of what does coal consist8 ,a4 ,carbon1 nitrogen1 sulphur1 hydrogen1 oxygen and ash4 ,q4 ,what are their relative proportions8 ,a4 ,there are different proportions in different specimens of coal4 ,the average per cent is carbon eighty1 nitrogen one1 sulphur two1 hydrogen five1 oxygen seven1 ash five4 ,q4 ,of what is air composed8 ,a4 ,it is composed of nitrogen and oxygen in the proportion of seventy-seven of nitrogen and #bc of oxygen4 ,q4 ,of what does water consist8 ,a4 ,hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion of one of hydrogen to eight of oxygen by weight4 ,q4 ,what are the different kinds of heat8 ,a4 ,latent heat1 sensible heat1 and sometimes total heat4 ,q4 ,what is meant by latent heat8 ,a4 ,heat that does not affect the thermometer and which expends itself in changing the nature of a body1 such as turning ice into water or water into steam4 ,q4 ,under what circumstances do bodies get latent heat8 ,a4 ,when they are passing from a solid to a liquid state1 or from a liquid to a gaseous state4 ,q4 ,how can latent heat be recovered8 ,a4 ,by bringing the body back from a state of gas to a liquid1 or from a liquid to a solid4 ,q4 ,if the power is in coal1 why should we use steam8 ,a4 ,because steam has some properties which make it an invaluable agent for applying the energy of the heat to the engine4 ,q4 ,what is steam8 ,a4 ,it is an invisible elastic fluid generated from water by the application of heat4 ,q4 ,what are its properties which make it so valuable to us8 ,a4 ,first4 ,the ease with which we can condense it4 ,second4 ,the small space which it occupies when condensed4 ,third4 ,its great expansive power4 ,q4 ,what do you understand by the term 8horse-power08 ,a4 ,a horse-power is equivalent to raising #cc1jjj pounds one foot per minute4 ,q4 ,what do you understand by 8lead0 on an engine valve8 ,a4 ,lead on a valve is the admission of steam into the cylinder before the piston completes its stroke4 ,q4 ,what are considered the greatest improvements on the stationary engine in the past forty years8 ,a4 ,the ,corliss valve gear1 the governor1 the compound and triple expansion4 ,q4 ,what is meant by triple expansion engine8 ,a4 ,a triple expansion engine has three cylinders using the same steam expansively in each one4 ,q4 ,what is the clearance of an engine as the term is applied at the present time8 ,a4 ,clearance is the space between the cylinder head and the piston head with the ports included4 ,q4 ,what is the principal which distinguishes a non-condensing from a condensing engine8 ,a4 ,where no condenser is used1 and the exhaust steam is open to the atmosphere1 it is a non-condensing engine4 ,q4 ,why do you condense steam8 ,a4 ,to form a vacuum and thus remove the atmospheric and back pressure that would otherwise be on the piston1 thereby getting more useful work out of the steam4 ,q4 ,what is meant by vacuum8 ,a4 ,a space void of all pressure4 ,q4 ,how can you maintain a vacuum8 ,a4 ,by the steam used being constantly condensed by the cold water or cold tubes1 and the air pump constantly clearing the condenser4 ,q4 ,why does condensing the used steam form a vacuum8 ,a4 ,because a cubic foot of steam at atmospheric pressure shrinks into about one cubic inch of water4 ,q4 ,what is a condenser as applied to an engine8 ,a4 ,the condenser is that part of an engine into which the exhaust steam enters and is condensed4 ,q4 ,about how much gain is there by using the condenser8 ,a4 ,seventeen to twenty-five per cent4 where cost of water is not figured4 ,q4 ,what do you understand by the use of steam expansively8 ,a4 ,where steam admitted at a certain pressure is cut off and allowed to expand to a lower pressure4 ,q4 ,how many inches of vacuum gives the best result in a condensing engine8 ,a4 ,about #be inches4 ,q4 ,what is meant by a horizontal compound tandem engine8 ,a4 ,one cylinder being back of the other with two pistons on the same rod4 ,q4 ,what do you understand by lap8 ,a4 ,outside lap is that portion of the valve which extends beyond the ports when valve is placed on the center of its travel2 inside lap is that portion of valve which projects over the ports on inside or toward the middle of the valve4 ,q4 ,of what use is lap8 ,a4 ,it gives expansion to the steam in the cylinder4 ,q4 ,what is the dead center of an engine8 ,a4 ,the point where the center of shaft1 center of wrist-pin and center of piston rod are in the same straight line4 ,q4 ,from what cause do belts have power to drive shafting8 ,a4 ,by friction and cohesion4 ,q4 ,when would you oil an engine8 ,a4 ,before starting it and as often while running as is necessary4 ,q4 ,what is the tensile strength of ,american boiler iron8 ,a4 #dj1jjj to #fj1jjj pounds per square inch4 ,q4 ,what are the principal defects found in boiler iron8 ,a4 ,imperfect welding1 brittleness1 low ductility4 ,q4 ,what is the advantage of steel as a material for boiler plate8 ,a4 ,tensile strength1 ductility1 homogeneity1 malleability and freedom from laminations and blisters4 ,q4 ,what are the disadvantages of steel as a material for boiler plate8 ,a4 ,it requires greater care in working than iron and is subject to flaws induced by the pressure of gas bubbles in the ingots from which the plates are made4 ,q4 ,how far apart should stay bolts be put in a boiler8 ,a4 ,they vary from #d to #f inches apart1 depending on thickness of plates1 size of stay bolts and amount of steam pressure to be carried4 ,illustration3 ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,portable ,skid ,engine4 ,j4 ,i4 ,,case ,,portable ,,skid ,,engine4 ,the engine frame is of the girder pattern1 cast in one piece1 and contains the guides for cross-head and pillow block bearing4 ,it also forms front head of cylinder to which it is firmly bolted4 ,the cylinder is supported and firmly attached to the large feed water heater1 and both cylinder and frame are entirely disconnected from the boiler4 ,the heater forms a support for front end of boiler4 ,the engine is placed diagonally with the boiler1 allowing the crank shaft to pass over the fire box end4 ,this permits the use of a very large band wheel4 ,the outer end of shaft is supported by a pillow block attached to a large bracket bolted to the boiler4 ,the locomotive style of boiler has a large steam dome in center and an ash pan under fire box4 ,it is supported upon the long wooden skids by brackets bolted to the sides of boiler1 the heater being also bolted to the skids4 ,the independent pump is connected to the heater1 and bolted to skid4 ,the engine has a ,plain ,slide ,valve1 which receives its motion from the rocker arm1 operated by the eccentric and rod4 ,it has ,governor1 ,steam ,gauge1 ,pop ,valve and all necessary fittings4 ,these engines range in size from #bj to #cj horse-power1 and are extensively used for driving portable saw mills4 ,,rules ,,and ,,tables4 ,to find the steam pressure on slide valve1 multiply the unbalanced area of valve in inches by pounds pressure of steam per square inch1 add weight of valve in pounds1 and multiply the sum by #j4ae4 ,safety boiler pressure according to the ,united ,states ,government rule is as follows3 ,multiply of the lowest tensile strength found on any plate in the cylindrical shell by the thickness expressed in inches or part of an inch of the thinnest plate in the same cylindrical shell1 and divide by the radius or half the diameter1 also expressed in inches1 and the sum will be the pressure allowable per square inch of surface for single riveting1 to which add #bj per centum for double riveting4 ,to find the water pressure on steam pipes leading from boiler to steam gauge1 divide the difference in height between the highest point of pipe and the center of steam gauge by #b_/2 the result will be the pressure exerted by the water in the pipe in pounds upon the gauge4 ,area of a ,circle4--,to find the area of a circle when the diameter is given1 multiply the diameter by itself1 or in other words square the diameter and multiply the result by 4#ghed4 ,ex4 ,diameter #e inches1 #e #e #be 4#ghed #bi4fce area4 ,circumference of a ,circle4--,to find the circumference of a circle when the diameter is given1 multiply the diameter by #c4adaf4 ,ex4 ,diameter is #e inches4 #e #c4adaf #ae4gjh inches circumference4 ,diameter of a ,circle4--,to find the diameter of a circle when the circumference is given1 multiply the circumference by 4#cahca4 ,ex4 ,circumference #bj inches4 #bj 4#cahca #f4cfb diameter4 ,to find the pressure of pounds per square inch of a column of water1 multiply the height of the column in feet by 4#dcd4 ,approximately1 we generally call every foot elevation equal to one-half pound pressure per inch1 this allows for ordinary friction4 ,to find the diameter of a pump cylinder to move a given quantity of water per minute 7#ajj feet of piston being the standard of speed71 divide the number of gallons by #d1 then extract the square root and the product will be the diameter in inches4 ,to find the horse-power necessary to elevate water to a given height1 multiply the total weight of water in pounds by the height in feet and divide the product by #ccjjj 7an allowance of #be should be added for friction1 etc474 ,the area of the steam piston multiplied by the steam pressure1 gives the total amount of pressure that can be exerted4 ,the area of the water piston multiplied by the pressure of water per square inch gives the resistance4 ,a margin must be made between the power and the resistance to move the piston at the required speed--say #ej4 ,to find the capacity of a cylinder in gallons1 multiply the area in inches by the height of stroke in inches1 which gives the total number of cubic inches2 divide this amount by #bca 7which is the cubic contents of a gallon in inches71 the product is the capacity in gallons4 ,,rules ,,for ,,calculating ,,the ,,speed ,,of ,,gears ,,and ,,pulleys4 ,in calculating for pulleys1 multiply or divide by their diameter in inches4 ,in calculating for gears1 multiply or divide by the number of teeth required4 ,the driving wheel is called the 8driver10 and the driven wheel the 8driven40 ,,problem #a4--,to find the diameter of the driver when the revolutions of the driver and driven and the diameter of the driven are given4 ,,rule4--,multiply the diameter of driven by its number of revolutions1 and divide by the number of revolutions of the driver4 ,,problem #b4--,to find the diameter of the driven to make the same number of revolutions in the same time as the driver1 when the diameter and revolutions of driver are given4 ,,rule4--,multiply the diameter of the driver by its number of revolutions1 and divide the product by the required number of revolutions4 ,,problem #c4--,to find the number of revolutions of the driven when the diameter or number of teeth and number of revolutions of the driver and the diameter or number of teeth of the driven are given4 ,,rule4--,multiply the diameter or number of teeth of the driver by its number of revolutions1 and divide by the diameter or number of teeth of the driven4 ,,problem #d4--,to find the number of revolutions of the driver when the diameter of the driven and the number or revolutions of driven are given4 ,,rule4--,multiply the diameter of driven by its number of revolutions1 and divide by the diameter of the driver4 ,,shafts ,,and ,,pulleys4 ,to find the size of pulley needed to give the main shaft a certain number of revolutions1 multiply the diameter of fly-wheel in inches by the number of revolutions of the engine1 and divide by revolutions of main shaft4 ,to find the revolutions of main shaft when diameter of its pulley is given1 multiply the diameter of fly-wheel in inches by its number of revolutions1 and divide by the diameter of pulley in inches4 ,to find diameter of fly-wheel needed to drive a pulley at a given number of revolutions1 multiply the diameter of pulley in inches by its number of revolutions1 and divide by number of revolutions of the engine4 ,to find revolutions of an engine with a given fly-wheel to drive a pulley at a given number of revolutions1 multiply the diameter of pulley in inches by its number of revolutions1 and divide by the diameter of fly-wheel in inches4 ,rule for finding the amount of heating surface in a locomotive boiler3 ,find surface of flues by multiplying the diameter by #c4ad to get circumference1 and multiply this product by the length of the flue1 then multiply this result by the number of flues in the boiler1 and divide by #add to get number of square feet of surface in the flues4 ,multiply length and width of fire box for number of square inches in crown sheet1 then multiply the length and height of the fire box and the result by two1 which gives the number of square inches in the sides2 then multiply the width and height and multiply the result by two1 which gives the number of square inches in the ends1 from which subtract number of square inches in space left for door and flues--then add all these results together and divide by #add to get the number of square feet in the fire box4 ,add same to number of square feet of flues1 and the total will be the number of square feet in the boiler4 ,by dividing number of square feet by rated horse-power of boiler will give number of square feet of heating surface to each horse-power4 ,,tables4 ,,alloys4 ,,alloys4 ,tin4,copper4,zinc4,anti-,lead4,bis- mony4 muth4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,brass1 engine bearings #ac #aab ,tough ,brass1 engine work #ae #ajj #ae ,tough1 for heavy bearings #be #afj #e ,yellow ,brass1 for turning #b #a ,flanges to stand brazing #cb #a #a ,bell ,metal #e #af ,babbitt's ,metal #aj #a #a ,brass ,locomotive ,bearings #g #fd #a ,brass1 for straps and glands #af #acj #a ,muntz's ,sheathing #f #d ,metal1 to expand in cooling #b #i #a ,pewter #ajj #ag ,spelter #a #a ,statuary ,bronze #b #ij #e #b ,type ,metal1 from #a #c ,type ,metal1 to #a #g ,,solders4 ,for ,lead #a #a ,for ,tin #a #b ,for ,pewter #b #a ,for ,brazing 7hardest7 #c #a ,for ,brazing 7hard7 #a #a ,for ,brazing 7soft7 #a #d #c ,for ,brazing 7soft7 or #b #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,circumference ,,and ,,areas ,,of ,,circles4 ,diam- ,circum- ,area4 eter4 ference4 --------------------------- _/ 4#jiha 4#jjjgf _/ 4#aifc 4#jjcjf 4#cibf 4#jabbg _/ 4#ehij 4#jbgfa 4#ghed 4#jdijh _/ 4#ihag 4#jgffi #a4agh 4#aajd _/ #a4cgd 4#aejc #a4egj 4#aifc _/ #a4gfg 4#bdhe #a4ifc 4#cjfg _/ #b4aei 4#cgab #b4cef 4#ddag _/ #b4eeb 4#eahd #b4gdh 4#fjac _/ #b4ide 4#fijb #a #c4ada 4#ghed #c4ecd 4#iidj #c4ibg #a4bbg #d4cai #a4dhd #d4gab #a4gfg #e4aje #b4jgc #e4dig #b4dje #e4hij #b4gfa #b #f4bhc #c4ada #f4fge #c4edf #g4jfh #c4igf #g4dfa #d4dcj #g4hed #d4ijh #h4bdf #e4daa #h4fci #e4ici #i4jcb #g4dia #c #i4dbd #g4jfh #aj4ba #h4bie #aj4ii #i4fba #aa4gh #aa4jdd #d #ab4ef #ab4eff #ac4ce #ad4ahf #ad4ac #ad4ijd #ad4ib #ag4gbj #e #ae4ij #ai4fce #ag4di #ba4fdg #ag4bg #bc4geh #ah4jf #be4ifg #f #ah4hd #bh4bgd #ai4fc #cj4fgi #bj4db #cc4ahc #ba4bj #ce4ghd #g #ba4ii #ch4dhd #bb4gg #da4bhb #bc4ef #dd4agh #bd4cd #dg4agc #h #be4ac #ej4bfe #be4ia #ec4def #bf4gj #ef4gde #bg4dh #fj4acb #i #bh4bg #fc4fag #bi4je #fg4bjj #bi4hd #gj4hhb #cj4fc #gd4ffb #aj #ca4da #gh4eci #cb4bj #hb4eaf #cb4ih #hf4eij #cc4gg #ij4gfb #aa #cd4ee #ie4jcc #ce4cd #ii4djb #cf4ab #ajc4hf #cf4ia #ajh4dc #ab #cg4fi #aac4ji #ch4dh #aag4he #ci4bg #abb4ga #dj4je #abg4fg #ac #dj4hd #acb4gc #da4fb #acg4hh #db4da #adc4ac #dc4ai #adh4dh #ad #dc4ih #aec4ic #dd4gf #aei4dh #de4ee #afe4ac #df4cc #agj4hg #ae #dg4ab #agf4gh #dg4ij #ahb4fe #dh4fi #ahh4fi #di4dh #aid4hb #af #ej4bf #bja4jf #ea4je #bjg4ci #ea4hc #bac4hb #eb4fb #bbj4ce #ag #ec4dj #bbf4ih #ed4ai #bcc4gj #ed4ig #bdj4eb #ee4gf #bdg4de #ah #ef4ed #bed4df #eg4cc #bfa4eh #eh4aa #bfh4hj #eh4ij #bgf4aa #ai #ei4fi #bhc4eb #fj4dg #bia4jc #fa4bf #bih4fd #fb4jd #cjf4ce #bj #fb4hc #cad4af #fd4dj #ccj4jf #ba #fe4ig #cdf4cf #fg4ed #cfc4je #bb #fi4aa #chj4ac #gj4fh #cig4fj #bc #gb4be #dae4dg #gc4hb #dcc4gc #bd #ge4ci #deb4ci #gf4if #dga4dc #be #gh4ed #dij4hg #hj4aj #eaj4gj #bf #ha4fh #ecj4ic #hc4be #eea4ed #bg #hd4hb #egb4ee #hf4ci #eic4ie #bh #hg4if #fae4ge #hi4ec #fcg4id #bi #ia4aj #ffj4eb #ib4fg #fhc4di #cj #id4bd #gjf4hf #ie4ha #gcj4fa #ca #ig4ch #ged4gf #ih4if #ggi4ca #cb #ajj4e #hjd4bd #ajb4a #hbi4eg #cc #ajc4f #hee4cj #aje4b #hha4da #cd #ajf4h #ijg4ib #ajh4c #icd4hb #ce #aji4i #ifb4aa #aaa4e #ihi4hj #cf #aac4j #ajag4h #aad4f #ajdf4c #cg #aaf4b #ajge4b #aag4h #aajd4d #ch #aai4c #aacd4a #abj4i #aafd4a #ci #abb4e #aaid4e #abd4j #abbe4d #dj #abe4f #abef4f #abg4b #abhh4b #da #abh4h #acbj4b #acj4c #aceb4e #db #aca4i #ache4d #acc4e #adah4f #dc #ace4j #adeb4b #acf4g #adhf4a #dd #ach4b #aebj4e #aci4h #aeee4b #de #ada4c #aeij4d #adb4i #afbe4i #df #add4e #affa4i #adf4j #afih4b #dg #adg4f #agcd4i #adi4b #aggb4j #dh #aej4g #ahji4e #aeb4c #ahdg4d #di #aec4i #ahhe4g #aee4e #aibd4d #ej #aeg4j #aifc4e #aeh4f #bjjb4i #ea #afj4b #bjdb4h #afa4g #bjhc4j #eb #afc4c #babc4g #afd4i #bafd4g #ec #aff4e #bbjf4a #afh4j #bbdh4j #ed #afi4f #bbij4b #aga4b #bccb4h #ee #agb4g #bcge4h #agd4c #bdai4b #ef #age4i #bdfc4j #agg4e #bejg4a #eg #agi4j #beea4g #ahj4f #beff4g #eh #ahb4b #bfdb4j #ahc4g #bfhg4h #ei #ahe4c #bgcc4i #ahf4i #bghj4e #fj #ahh4d #bhbg4d #aij4j #bhgd4g ----------------------------- ,,effective ,,pressure ,,of ,,steam ,,on ,,piston4 ,with different rates of expansion1 boiler pressure being assumed as #ajj lbs4 per square inch4 ,steam cut off at of stroke #ij lbs4 effective pressure4 8 8 8 8 8 #hj 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #fi 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #ej 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #dj 8 8 8 ,,measure ,,of ,,length4 #ab inches #a foot4 #c feet #a yard4 #b yards #a fathom4 #af feet #a rod4 #d rods #a chain4 #aj chains #a furlong4 #h furlongs #a mile4 #c miles #a league4 ,,measure ,,of ,,volume4 ,a cubic foot has #agbh cubic inches4 ,an ale gallon has #bhb 8 8 ,a standard or wine gallon has #bca 8 8 ,a dry gallon has #bfh4h 8 8 ,a bushel has #baej4d 8 8 ,a cord of wood has #abh 8 feet4 ,a perch of stone has #bd4ge 8 8 ,a ton of round timber has #dj 8 8 ,a ton of hewn timber has #ej 8 8 ,a box #ai #ai ins41 #ai ins4 deep1 contains #a barrel4 ,a 8 #ab_/ #ab_/ 8 #ab_/ ins4 deep1 8 #a bushel4 ,a 8 #h #h 8 #h ins4 deep1 8 #a peck4 ,a 8 #f_/ #f_/ 8 #f_/ ins4 deep1 8 8 ,a 8 #d_/ #d_/ 8 #d_/ ins4 deep1 8 #a quart4 ,an acre contains #dhdj sq4 yds4 #bji feet long by #bji feet broad is #a acre4 ,,liquid ,,measure4 ,a barrel holds #ca gallons4 ,a hogshead holds #fc 8 ,a tierce 8 #db 8 ,a puncheon 8 #hd 8 ,a tun 8 #beb 8 ,,barrel ,,measure ,,in ,,weight4 ,a barrel of flour is #aif pounds4 ,a barrel of pork is #bjj 8 ,a barrel of rice is #fjj 8 ,a firkin of butter is #ef 8 ,a tub of butter is #hd 8 ,,weight ,,of ,,cast ,,iron ,,balls4 ,lbs4 #b inch diameter #a4ji #b 8 8 #b4ac #c 8 8 #c4fh #c 8 8 #e4hd #d 8 8 #h4gc #d 8 8 #ab4db #e 8 8 #ag4jd #e 8 8 #bb4fh #f 8 8 #bi4dh #f 8 8 #cg4dd #g 8 8 #df4gf #g 8 8 #eg4eb #h 8 8 #fi4ha ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4 ,,avoirdupois ,,or ,,commercial ,,weight4 #af drachms #a ounce4 #af ounces #a pound4 #ad pounds #a stone4 #bh pounds #a quarter4 #d quarters #a cwt4 #bbdj pounds #a long ton4 #bjjj pounds #a ton4 ,,square ,,measure4 #add square inches #a square foot4 #i 8 feet #a 8 yard4 #cj 8 yards #a 8 rod4 #dj 8 rods #a 8 rood4 #d 8 roods #a 8 acre4 #fdj 8 acres #a 8 mile4 ,,table ,,of ,,distance4 ,a mile is #ebhj feet or #agfj yards4 ,a knot is #fjhf feet4 ,a league is #c miles4 ,a fathom is #f feet4 ,a metre is #c feet #c inches4 ,a hand is #d inches4 ,a palm is #c 8 ,a span #i 8 ,a hair is equal to _/ of an inch4 ,a line is equal to _/ of an inch4 ,,shrinkage ,,of ,,castings4 ,cast ,iron1 inch per lineal foot4 ,brass1 _/ inch per lineal foot4 ,lead1 inch per lineal foot4 ,tin1 _/ inch per lineal foot4 ,zinc1 _/ inch per lineal foot4 ,,weight ,,of ,,round ,,and ,,square ,,rolled ,,iron ,,per ,,lineal ,,foot4 ,inch4 ,round4 ,square4 -------------------------- 4#afe 4#baa 4#cgc 4#dge 4#ffc 4#hde #a4jdc #a4cbj #a4dic #a4ija #b4jcb #b4ehh #a #b4fed #c4chj #a #c4cei #d4bgh #a #d4adg #e4bhj #a #e4jai #f4cij #a #e4igb #g4fjd #a #g4jaj #h4ibf #a #h4abh #aj4ceb #a #i4ccc #aa4hhc #b #aj4faf #ac4ebj #b #aa4ihh #ae4bfc #b #ac4ddj #ag4aab #b #ad4ige #ai4jff #b #af4ehh #ba4abj #b #ah4bic #bc4bib #b #bj4jgf #be4efj #b #ba4idd #bg4ici #c #bc4hhh #cj4daf #c #bh4jdj #ce4gjd #c #cb4eab #da4djh #c #cg4ccb #dg4ecd #d #db4dfd #ed4jhd #d #dg4ieb #fa4jee #d #ec4gfj #fh4ddh #d #ei4ijj #gf4bfd #e #ff4cej #hd4dhj #e #gc4agb #ic4afh #e #hj4cjd #ajb4bd #e #hg4ggf #aaa4ge #f #ie4eeb #aba4ff #f #ajc4gj #acb4jd #f #aab4af #adb4ha #f #abj4if #aed4ja #g #acj4jd #afe4fc #g #aci4ed #agg4fg #g #adi4cb #aij4ac #g #aei4de #bjc4jb #h #afi4he #baf4cc #h #ahj4fi #bcj4jf #h #aia4hj #bdd4bb #h #bjc4bf #beh4hj #i #bae4jd #bgc4gi #i #bbg4ae #bhi4bb #i #bci4fj #cje4jef #i #beb4cg #cba4cc #aj #bfe4dj #ccg4ib #aj #bgh4ib #cee4cj #aj #bib4fh #cgb4gj #aj #cjf4hj #cij4hj #aa #cba4ba #dji4jj #ab #chb4bj #dhf4gj -------------------------- ,,table ,,of ,,the ,,capacity ,,of ,,cisterns ,,in ,,gallons ,for ,each #aj ,inches of ,depth4 ,diam4 in ,feet4 ,gallons4 ------------------ #b #ai4e #b #cj4f #c #dd4jf #c #ei4ig #d #gh4cc #d #ii4ad #e #abb4dj #e #adh4aj #f #agf4be #f #bjf4he #g #bci4hh #g #bge4dj #h #cac4cc #h #cec4gb #i #cif4ef #i #dfa4d #aj #dhi4b #aa #eib4d #ab #gje4j #ac #hbg4d #ad #iei4f #ae #aaja4f #bj #aieh4d #be #cjei4i ----------------- ,the ,american ,standard gallon contains #bca cubic inches1 or #h pounds of pure water4 ,a cubic foot contains #fb4c pounds of water1 or #g4dh gallons4 ,pressure per square inch is equal to the depth or head in feet multiplied by 4#dcc4 ,each #bg4gb inches of depth gives a pressure of one pound to the square inch4 ,,melting ,,point ,,of ,,metals1 ,,etc4 ,names4 ,fahr4 ,platina #deij ,antimony #hdb ,bismuth #dhg ,tin #dge ,lead #fbj ,zinc #gjj ,cast ,iron #bajj ,gold #baib ,wrought ,iron #bijj ,steel #bejj ,copper #bjjj ,glass #bcgg ,beeswax #aea ,sulphur #bci ,tallow #ib ,silver #ahcb ,,weight ,,of ,,metals ,,per ,,cubic ,,foot4 ,lbs4 ,brass #ebe ,copper #eej ,gold #abaj ,iron1 ,cast #dej ,iron1 ,wrought #dhe ,lead1 cast #gaj ,silver #fee ,steel #dij ,tin1 cast #def ,zinc #dej ,,horse-,,power ,,line ,,shafting4 ,will transmit with ,safety1 ,bearings say #h to #aj ft4 centres4 ------------------- ,diam4 of ,horse ,shaft in ,power in ,inches4 one ,rev4 ------------------- _/ 4#jjh #a_/ 4#jaef #a_/ 4#jbg #a_/ 4#jdc #a_/ 4#jfd #b_/ 4#jia #b_/ 4#abe #b_/ 4#aff #b_/ 4#baf #c_/ 4#bgb #c_/ 4#cdc #c_/ 4#dbd #c_/ 4#eab #d_/ 4#gbh #d_/ #a4jj #e_/ #a4cbh #e_/ #a4gbh #f_/ #b4aie #f_/ #b4gdd #g_/ #c4cfh #g_/ #d4jif #h_/ #d4iab #h_/ #e4hbd #i_/ #f4hdh ------------------- ,for ,jack ,shafts1 or main section of ,line ,shafts1 allow only three-fourths of the horse-power given above1 and also provide extra bearings wherever heavy strains occur1 as in main belts or gears4 ,,half-,,round1 ,,oval ,,and ,,half-,,oval ,,iron4 ,weight per ,lineal ,foot4 ,size ,size ,weight ,size ,weight ,half ,round4 ,oval4 per foot4 ,half ,oval4 per foot4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- _/ 4#ahf _/ 4#jic _/ _/ _/ 4#bec _/ _/ 4#abg 4#cca 4#aff _/ 4#eag _/ 4#bei 4#gdd _/ 4#cgb _/ #a4jac _/ 4#ejg #a #a #a4cbc #a 4#ffb #a #a _/ #a4fbd #a _/ 4#hab #a #a #b4jfg #a _/ #a4jcd #a #a #b4igf #a #a4dhh #a #a #d4jej #a _/ #b4jbf #b #b #a #e4bij #b #b4fde ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,weight ,,of ,,flat ,,rolled ,,iron1 ,,per ,,foot4 ,breadth4 ,thickness4 ,weight4 ------------------------------- #a in4 4#dbb 4#hde #a4bfg #a4fij #b4aab #b4ecd #b4ief #a in4 4#ebh #a4jef #a4ehd #b4aab #b4fdj #c4afh #c4fif #a #d4bbd #a #d4geb #a in4 4#fcc #a4bff #a4ijj #b4ece #c4afh #c4hjb #d4dce #a #e4jfi #a #e4gjc #a #f4ccg #a #f4igj #a in4 4#gci #a4dgi #b4bah #b4ieg #c4fif #d4dce #e4agh #a #e4iad #a #f4fec #a #g4cic #a #h4acb #a #h4hga #a #i4faj #b in4 4#hde #a4fhi #b4ecd #c4cgi #d4bbd #e4jfi #e4iad #a #f4geh #a #g4fjd #a #h4ddh #a #i4bid #a #aj4ach #a #aj4ihc #a #aa4hbh #a #ab4fgc #b in4 4#iej #a4ijj #b4hea #c4hjb #d4geb #e4gjc #f4fec #a #g4fjd #a #h4eed #a #i4eje #a #aj4dee #a #aa4djf #a #ab4cef #a #ac4cjg #a #ad4beg #b #ae4bjh #b #af4aeh #b in4 #a4jef #b4aab #c4afh #d4bbd #e4bhj #f4ccf #g4cib #a #h4ddh #a #i4ejd #a #aj4efj #a #aa4faf #a #ab4fgb #a #ac4gbh #a #ad4ghd #a #ae4hdj #b #af4hif #b #ag4ieb #b #ai4jjh #b #bj4jfd #b in4 #b4cbc #d4fdg #f4igj #a #i4bid #a #aa4fag #a #ac4idj #a #af4bfd #b #ah4ehg #b #bj4iaj #b #bc4bcd #c in4 #b4ece #e4jfi #g4fjd #a #aj4ach ------------------------------- ,,horse-,,power ,,belting4 ,will transmit with ,safety4 ,width of ,horse-,power per #ajj ,belt in feet ,velocity of ,belt4 ,inches4 ---------------------- ,single ,double ,belt4 ,belt4 ------------------------------- #a 4#ji 4#ah #b 4#ah 4#cf #c 4#bg 4#ee #d 4#cf 4#gc #e 4#de 4#ia #f 4#ee #a4ji #g 4#fd #a4bg #h 4#gc #a4df #i 4#hb #a4fd #aj 4#ia #a4hb #aa #a4jj #b4jj #ab #a4ji #b4ah #ad #a4bg #b4ee #af #a4de #b4ia #ah #a4fd #c4bg #bj #a4hb #c4fd #bb #b4jj #d4jj #bd #b4ah #d4cf #bh #b4ee #e4ji #cb #b4ia #e4hb #cf #c4bg #f4ee #dj #c4fd #g4bg ------------------------------- ,in the calculations for horse-power in the above table1 the belt is assumed to run about horizontally1 the semi-circumference of smaller pulley has been considered as the ordinary arc contact of belt4 ,any reduction of this contact will make approximate proportional reduction of horse-power4