,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/pl\gh%>ep runi#jj;h\s ,,pl\gh%>e ,,& ,,prun+-,,hook ,t5 ,lectures on ,social ,subjects by ,,laur5ce ,,h\sman ,! ,sw>?more ,press ,ltd4 7=m]ly trad+ z ,headley ,bros4 ,publi%]s ,ltd47 #gb ,ox=d ,/reet1 ,london1 ,w#a ,fir/ ,pr9t$ ,septemb]1 #aiai ,,preface ,^! pap]s1 orig9ally giv5 z lectures1 make no pret5ce to ! solution ( ! social or political problems ) :i* !y are conc]n$4 ,!y indicate r a c]ta9 /&po9t or attitude ( m9d f :i* ^! & l que/ions may be view$1 "o :i* may f9d acceptance ) only a few ( my read]s4 ,ev5 ^? :o are fri5dly may consid] x too ideali/ic2 ^? :o are adv]se w employ o!r & h>d] t]ms4 ,) reg>d to t /&po9t1 :ile n wi%+ to av]t criticism1 ,i w\ld l to secure und]/&+2 & if a few words ( g5]al application c make t m possible x may be well to (f] !m "h4 ,:e!r ^! lectures 7 prim>ily int5d$ = ! pulpit or ! plat=m x w\ld be h>d to say4 ,mo/ ( !m h be5 giv5 9 bo? places3 & _! drawback to "s :o he>d !m 9 ! =m] 0 7,i h be5 told7 _! occasional t5d5cy to make ! congregation laugh4 ,t 9 itself is no special recomm5dation2 x takes s mu* less to make a congregation laugh ?an an audi5ce4 ,betwe5 ! pulpit & ! plat=m !re is b\nd to be a diff]5ce2 ev5 ! fact t ! prea*] is normally immune f int]jection or debate t5ds to give to 8 /atem5ts a complac5cy :i* is n always intellectually ju/ifi$4 ,& ,i rememb] well t two ( ^! lectures1 aft] hav+ be5 accept$ 9 a *ur* ) only mom5t>y brea*es ( decorum1 ar\s$ else:]e a /orm ( criticism & rebuke :i* taught me1 if ,i did n "k x be=e1 t a prea*] occupies a v privileg$ position1 & c turn a *ur*1 if he *ooses1 into a place ( lic5ce :i* else:]e w n be accord$ him4 ,b !re is "o po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! pulpit & ! plat=m1 betwe5 ! exposition ( religion & politics1 :i* ,i h nev] be5 able to und]/&4 ,aft] all1 9 bo? cases1 y are deal+ ) & mak+ y\r appeal to human nature2 y may be incit+ x to virtue1 y may be expos+ its imp]fections & its faults4 ,:y is x1 !n1 t 9 ! religi\s appeal 8conv]sion0--*ange ( he>t--/&s = almo/ ev]y?+1 :il/ on ! political plat=m x is h>dly reckon$ )8 ,x is s mu* easi] & saf] to tell a congregation t !y are 8mis]able s9n]s10 & ev5 to get !m 7p]haps conv5tionally7 to say x ( !mselves1 ?an to tell x1 or to extract a l confession f a political audi5ce4 ,9 a *ur* we all[ ourselves to be tak5 to task = 8h>dness ( he>t & contempt ( ,god's ^w & comm&m5ts02 at a political meet+ x is only our oppon5ts :om we s take to task1 :ile ( ourselves & our p>ty we h no?+ b praise4 ,x is on ^! l9es t a g5]al election is run--revivali/ meet+s are held ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry to d5\nce1 n our own s9s1 b ! s9s ( o!rs4 ,is x any wond] t x does n produce hone/ results8 ,hav+ said ?is1 ,i h giv5 ! ma9 /&po9t ( ! pap]s t foll[4 ,i d n believe t we c get home to our political & social problems )\t self-accusation go+ q z deep z any?+ we say ( ourselves 9 *ur* or *apel--or )\t mak+ ! application v direct & p]sonal4 ,!re is no in/itution 9 our mid/1 religi\s or secul>1 :i* does n /& q z mu* 9 ne$ ( conv]sion1 *ange ( he>t1 z d ! individuals = ^: b5efit or discipl9>y treatm5t x is run4 ,our s*ools1 prisons1 law c\rts1 ,/ate in/itutions1 m9i/ries1 diplomacies--all ^? ?+s on :i* we mo/ pride ourselves--are j z liable1 p]haps m liable1 to h>dness ( he>t & contempt ( ,god's ^w & comm&m5ts z we ourselves1 = !y are all "p ( u4 ,x is1 inde$1 "o ( our social devices to get rid ( our consci5ces by mak+ !m in/itutional4 ,!re is a c]ta9 class ( m9d :i* ?9ks t if x has e/abli%$ legality x has e/abli%$ a "r ov] consci5ce--t if x has e/abli%$ ord] x has e/abli%$ virtue4 ,x has v (t5 e/abli%$ q ! contr>y--n virtue b a ,/ate-regulation ( vice2 = if we c turn ! h>dness ( our he>ts into a ,/ate-regulation1 !re we h vice en?ron$2 & ! call\sness ( ! individual is enl>g$ & becomes a national call\sness1 all ! m difficult to get rid (1 because x has become id5tifi$ ) law & au?ority4 ,a v good 7or bad7 example ( ?is 0 provid$ by ! conduct ( ! ,bi%ops 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords a few ye>s ago1 :51 to provide ! ,gov]nm5t ) a %ort cut out ( its difficulties 9 deal+ ) political prison]s 7ma9ly caus$ by its refusal to treat !m z political prison]s7 !y all[$ ! rules ( ! ,h\se to be susp5d$ = ! pass+ ?r\gh all its /ages 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ! 8,cat & ,m\se ,act40 ,be=e long its op]ations horrifi$ !m1 & !y sign$ 7or "s ( !m did7 lett]s & memorials ( prote/ to ! ,gov]nm5t1 ask+ = ^? op]ations to be /opp$4 ,b n "o ( !m w\ld make a motion 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords = ! susp5sion or repeal ( t ,act = :i*1 9 s special a way1 !y _h made !mselves responsible4 ,by all[+ x to become law !y _h pass$ on ! responsibility to o!rs2 & be+ ?us quit ( x1 ! la/ ?+ probably t occurr$ to any ( !m 0 t !y !mselves ne$$ 8a *ange ( he>t0 9 ord] to recov] moral integrity1 or ev5 political hone/y4 ,& s1 9 ^! pages1 law & au?ority are j z mu* que/ion$ z any o!r ( our social features1 on ! direct assumption t l produces l1 & t a =m ( society :i* e/abli%es1 enc\rages1 or condones z 8necess>y0 su* defilem5ts ( human nature z milit>ism1 pro/itution1 sweat$ lab\r1 slum-dwell+s1 v5geful & unre=mative puni%m5t--hav+ its he>t s h>d5$ z to tol]ate ^!--is n likely 9 its in/itutions & gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts to h escap$ f a reproduction ( t attitude ( m9d :i* makes !m possible or reg>ds !m z a def5sible solution ( ! social problem4 ,! w> has reveal$ mu* to u4 ,x has %[n h[ mu* society is will+ to af=d = ?+s :i* x consid]s wor? :ile2 & has ?us %[n by implication ^? ?+s :i* =m]ly society did n ?9k wor? :ile--because its he>t 0 n 9 !m4 ,x has _h ! he>t to sp5d colossal sums1 to conscript millions ( "y lives to dea? 9 def5ce ( its organisation ^u ! l9es ( p[] aga9/ a rival organisation will+ to pay a simil> price4 ,x _h n ! he>t1 9 ! days ( peace & prosp]ity1 to sp5d "o-hundr$? "p ( t sum 9 organis+ ev5 ^? in/itutions :i* x entirely controll$1 on ! l9es ( love4 ,9 our own mid/1 beh9d our sea-def5ces1 we 7 /ill competitive1 jeal\s1 grudg+1 p>simoni\s1 wa/eful1 sl[ to m]cy & ( great ang]2 & ! prevail+ *>act]i/ic ( our civil cont5tions 0 t no side w\ld ev] admit itself to be 9 ! wrong1 or cons5t to ?9k t a *ange ( its own he>t 0 necess>y4 ,& z ! v cr[n & apex to t m\nta9 ( self-deception1 /ood ! m9i/]ial b5* 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,:5 blund]s _h be5 p]petrat$ & became too obvi\s = concealm5t1 we might occasionally be told t to make mi/akes 0 human1 & t gov]nm5t did n claim immunity f ! op]ation ( t law2 b m9i/]s w\ld dodge1 & %uffle1 & lie--suppress1 or ev5 falsify in=mation to :i* only !y _h access1 r ?an admit t !y _h 8done wrong10 or op5 _! eyes to ! fact t :at !y ma9ly ne$$ 0 a *ange ( he>t4 ,& z ) m9i/]s z a :ole1 s z a :ole ) p4 ,^? elem5ts ( our national & int]national relations :i* 7 lead+ /eadily on to ! great conflagration :]e9 we 7 all pres5tly to be involv$1 7 ^? 9 :i* 7our pride be+ implicat$7 we /ubbornly d5i$ t any *ange ( he>t 0 necess>y4 ,! ,/ate w\ld n admit t its exaltation ( ! ,w to ,p[] ov] ! ,w to ,love 0 morally wrong2 x w\ld n admit t ! alt]native came )9 ! scope ( practical politics2 su* tea*+ x left to ! advocacy ( ! ,*ur*es2 & h[ half-he>t$ t advocacy _h become "u pressure ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e ( national self-suffici5cy 0 reveal$ :5 ! w> came ^u u4 ,*ri/ianity became almo/ mute2 ! "o =m ( pray]1 special to ! occasion1 :i* ! ,*ur* c\ld n or w\ld n use 0 t :i* alone is truly ,*ri/ian--pray] 9 id5tical t]ms bo? = ourselves & our enemies4 ,to pray t spiritual /r5g? & moral virtue might be giv5 equally to u & !m 0 beyond u--?\gh 9 ! grant+ ( x w> w\ld h ceas$4 ,we 7 n cont5t to pray m]ely t "r %\ld prevail--"r1 t mo/ difficult ( all outcomes to secure :5 once1 ev5 = a j cause1 nations emb>k on w>--we insi/$ on pray+ t we %\ld prevail3 & s 7pray+ = ?+s mat]ially e/abli%$7 n t we %\ld prevail by a clean adh]5ce to ! pr9ciples ( democracy1 b by ! in/rum5tality ( a corrupt & secret diplomacy4 ,& s be=e long--kn[+ly or unkn[+ly--we 7 pray+ = ! success ( ! secret treaties1 = ! successful repudiation ( ! v pr9ciples = :i* we _h set out to fight1 = ! suppression ( ,irel&'s "r to self-det]m9ation1 = ! d[nfall ( ! ,russian ,revolution1 :i* 0 insi/+ s inconv5i5tly on a belat$ return to fir/ pr9ciples1 & = o!r d\btful advantages n at all synonym\s ) ! com+ ( ,*ri/'s ,k+dom4 ,& we 7 pray+ = ^! ?+s--j z really1 ?\gh we did n m5tion !m by "n--because our he>ts 7 n set on pray+ = ! well-be+ ( all nations & all gov]nm5ts alike4 ,_h we be5 capable ( s pray+1 x w\ld h meant t a real *ange ( he>t _h come to u1 & t we 7 (f]+ t *ang$ he>t to all ! _w alike = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! new ,int]national4 ,b to su* *ange ( he>t we c\ld n atta9--c\ld n ev5 cons5t2 = x w\ld h impli$ t !re 0 some?+ morally wrong 9 our national in/itutions1 9 our gov]nm5t & our :ole social /ructure1 :i* we w\ld n admit4 ,we w\ld n admit t ! *emic elem5ts ( our own national life _h conduc$ to w> 9 common ) ! *emic elem5ts ( ! nation ^: flagrant violation ( treaties _h giv5 u ! imm$iate mat]ials = a good consci5ce4 ,we fatt5$ our he>ts = w> on ! imm$iate mat]ial ?us provid$ u1 ignor+ ^? o!r mat]ials :i* lay beh9d1 & :i* we & all o!r nations %>$ alike--?\gh n necess>ily 9 equal degrees4 ,& "h we h ! ess5tial & fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! g5u9e pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity & ! pr(ession ( ,cs>ism4 ,= ! foll[] ( ,*ri/ to confess t he has done wrong1 t he ne$s a *ange ( he>t1 r$\nds to 8 hon\r--he goes d[n to 8 h\se ju/ifi$4 ,b :5 a nation has giv5 itself to ,cs>1 its ma9 idea ( 8hon\r0 is to refuse to admit x has done wrong1 or to accept puni%m5t2 x may be beat51 cru%$1 b y _c extract f x a confession ( moral wrong-do+2 a s5se ( s9 is ! negation n only ( ! ,g]man ,/ate sy/em1 b ( all4 ,a 8pr\d nation0 w n own t x has be5 9 ! wrong1 lea/ ( all :5 x emb>ks on w>2 if x did x w\ld g d[n to its h\se 9 du/4 ,n[ t be+1 z ,i see x1 ! moral product ( ,cs>ism1 9 all its degrees & k9ds--:e!r autocratic or democratic ,cs>ism--( ! sett+ up ( ! ,w to ,p[] ov] ! ,w to ,love--x foll[s t ! *ange ( he>t :i* ,i pr$icate 9 ^! pages = ! solution ( our social & int]national problems1 is almo/ a ,tol/oian negation ( ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! mod]n /ate sy/em /&s4 ,z su*1 x w be v unwelcome to _m ( my read]s2 b ,i hope t1 z "h set d[n1 ,i h made my /&po9t pla94 ,! pl\gh%>e & ! prun+-hook are n m9e to wield2 ,i only po9t 9 ! direction :]e ,i ?9k !y are to be f\nd4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,great ,possessions #a ,crime & ,puni%m5t #bf ,*ri/ianity a ,dang] to ! ,/ate #dh ,! ,salt ( ! ,e>? #fc ,! ,rights ( ,majorities #he ,discr$itable ,conduct #aji ,:at is ,womanly8 #ace ,use & ,ornam5t #aeg ,art & ,citiz5%ip #ahi ,consci\s & ,unconsci\s ,immortality #bah ,,great ,,possessions 7#aiac7 8,y nev] "k y\rself10 says ,?omas ,trah]ne1 8till y "k m ?an y\r own body4 ,! ,image ( ,god 0 n seat$ 9 ! features ( y\r face b 9 ! l9eam5ts ( y\r s\l4 ,9 ! k ( y\r p[]s1 incl9ations1 & pr9ciples1 ! k ( y\rself *iefly consi/e?4444 ,! _w is b a little c5tre 9 comp>ison ( y 444 l a g5tleman's h\se to "o t is travell+1 x is a long "t be=e y come unto x--y pass x 9 an in/ant--& y leave x = ev]4 ,! omnipres5ce & et]nity ( ,god are y\r fell[s & companions4 ,y\r und]/&+ compreh5ds ! _w l ! du/ ( a balance1 measures ,heav5 ) a span1 & e/eems a ?\s& ye>s b z "o day40 ,to ?is /atem5t ( man's compreh5sive p[]s1 a fur!r "o might legitimately be add$3 ,y %all nev] "k delight1 till y delight 9 m ?an y\r own body4 ,man's body be+ ! crucible :]e9 su* va/ ?+s come to be te/$1 8,et]nal ,delights are10 says ,trah]ne1 9 a fur!r passage1 8its only fit enjoym5t40 ,8 doctr9e is rem>kable 9 ?is1 t :ile he t5ds to see 9 ev]y?+ a spiritual significance1 & almo/ refuses to f9d beauty 9 ext]nals alone1 he insi/s1 nev]!less1 t man 0 s5t into ! _w to enjoy himself1 to /ret* out = new acquisitions ) all 8 faculties1 & take to himself great possessions4 ,he reg>ds ev5 ! base & mat]ial =m ( conque/1 express$ 9 endless covet\sness & fi]ce desire = possession1 r z a l[] type ( :at man %\ld d & be1 ?an ( :at he %\ld n4 ,man's faculties 7 giv5 him s t he might be div9ely unsatisfi$1 ev] seek+ m1 ev] assimilat+ m--reg>d+ ?is e>? n z a vale ( mis]y or a s\rce ( temptation1 b z a v ,p>adise & ! true gate by :i* ,heav5 is to be atta9$ & ent]$4 8,x is1 inde$10 he writes1 8! beautiful frontispiece ( ,et]nity1 ! ,temple ( ,god1 & ! ,palace ( ,8 ,*ildr540 ,9 ?is respect ,trah]ne's tea*+ is rem>kably l ! tea*+ ( ,william ,blake1 :o reg>d$ ! m]e outw>dness ( ?+s z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) _! real inw>dness1 & yet 0 insi/5t t "h & n[ ! _s ( delight & en]gy & enjoym5t 0 ! true & undefil$ way ( life4 ,b ?is revolt aga9/ ! mona/ic asceticism ( ! middle ages /&s f> remov$ f any implication ( s5sual indulg5ce4 8,my m9d to me a k+dom is10 wrote "o ( our poets4 8,! k+dom ( ,heav5 is )9 y0 gives 9 m scriptural phrase precisely ! same tru?2 & = its application to ! conduct ( life we h ?is fur!r scripture3 8,lay n up = y\rselves treasure on e>? :]e mo? & ru/ do? corrupt & :]e ?ieves break ?r\gh & /eal1 b lay up = y\rselves treasure 9 ,heav5 :]e nei!r mo? nor ru/ do? corrupt & :]e ?ieves d n break ?r\gh & /eal40 ,& if x be a true boa/ t man's m9d is 8 real & legitimate k+dom1 !n he mu/ make t k+dom 8 ,heav51 & )9 t k+dom 8 treasure mu/ be /or$4 ,x is !re1 by ! p[] ( 8 m9d m ?an by ! p[] ( 8 h&s1 t he mu/ ga!r & hold toge!r 8 great possessions4 ,we are accu/om$ to speak 9 "o s+le connection 7) book-k1 namely1 & ) ! use ( words7--( 8le>n+ ?+s by he>t40 ,x is only 8by he>t0 t we c ev] really le>n any?+2 only :5 our he>t is 9 x d we "k & value a ?+ s z to und]/& x4 ,! man ^: he>t is n 9 8 "w is n a complete craftsman2 he has n yet le>n$ ! 8my/]y0 ( 8 trade4 ,:5 m5's he>ts 7 9 _! "w !y call$ _! trades 8my/]ies10 & did1 z a consequ5ce1 m excell5tly ?an we d n[1 :5 we make r = ! price ( a ?+ ?an = ! joy ( x4 ,until we h joy 9 our lab\r1 all lab\r is a =m ( wa/e--= x wa/es ! bodies & s\ls :i* are put to x1 & is de/ructive ( ! mo/ wond]ful & valuable commodity :i* ?is planet has yet produc$--human nature4 ,lab\r )\t joy causes x to det]iorate2 & if a man is put to "w :]e9 x is impossible to f9d joy1 !n x 7 bett] = ! weal? ( ! nation1 z well z = ! weal? ( 8 own individual s\l1 t he %\ld be free f x4 ,& if t is impossible !n let u n boa/ ourselves ab\t our 8national weal?0 or our great possessions4 ,nations ^: weal? & indu/ries are built up out ( ! h>d & gr9d+ me*anical lab\r ( millions are n capable 9 any true s5se ( hold+ great possessions1 = at _! v root is an enorm\s mass ( pov]ty--impov]i%$ blood1 impov]i%$ bra91 & impov]i%$ _s4 ,if y w\ld exam9e into ! weal? ( ?is or any o!r nation1 look n fir/ at its temples or its arts1 b into ! bodies & m9ds & *>act]s--& ! faculty = joy--( its m5 & wom54 ,& if ^!1 9 ! majority ( cases1 are bel[ p>1 !n ! nation's weal? is bel[ p> also2 its great possessions are ov]%ad[$ by ! great] dispossession :i* /&s impos$ ^u ! lives ( its p4 ,! ^w possession itself has1 9 our use ( x1 a d\ble significance4 ,:5 we speak ( a man 8hav+ a possession10 we may mean two ?+s--ei!r t he possesses1 or else t he is possess$4 ,a man ) a possession ( jeal\sy1 or hatr$1 lu/ or covet\sness1 has no real possession or control ( ^? ?+s1 b is himself possess$ or controll$ by !m1 & s is r5d]$ n /rong] b weak]--subject to a ma/] o!r ?an himself4 ,yet ! man :o is ?us possess$ is n consci\s ( any dim9ution ( 8 individuality1 any r$uction ( p]sonal p[] or pr[ess3 he does n disc]n f x any clos+ 9 ( t r\nd horizon to :i* fir/ 8 _s 0 heir4 ,= t by :i* he is possess$ fills him ) su* a pressure ( emotion--its dynamic =ces )9 him are s /rong1 t he may actually imag9e 8 p]sonality to be !reby n dim9i%$ b enl>g$1 & may 7by reason ( ! viol5ce ) :i* ?is di/emp] dis*>ges itself on o!rs7 be *eat$ into ! belief t ?us he secures = himself a broad] base1 rais+ 8 life to a high] level ( consci\sness1 in/ead ( :at actually is ! tru?1 turn+ x to consumption & wa/e--n op5+ 8 s5ses to new joys b %utt+ !m 92 %>p5+ !m inde$ l tee?1 b clos+ !m toge!r ) spr+s made n = expansion b = contraction1 s t !y act l a trap de/ructive ( ! v life !y w\ld control4 ,& z ) individual m51 s ) nations4 8,w\ld y "k a man10 said ! ,greek oracle1 8give him p[]40 ,b t1 ?\gh sure z a te/ ( o!rs1 is no sure means = enabl+ a man to "k himself4 ,p[] all d[n ! ages has be5 ! ar*-deceiv] ( mank9d4 ,p[] :i* has set itself on great possessions has br\ght dis9h]itance to ! human race4 ,we d n "k :at humanity might be--h[ fair1 h[ lovely1 & ( :at good report--t great beatific vision is /ill hidd5 f our eyes--ma9ly because we h int]pret$ p[] 9 t]ms ( possession2 &1 =c+ o!rs to g )\t1 9 ord] t we ourselves may possess1 we /& to-day immeasurably poor] & weak] ?an we %\ld h be5 _h we int]pret$ our p[] & our possessions diff]5tly4 ,= c5turies ( "t 7s long1 inde$1 z hi/ory records any?+7 ! lead+ nations ( ! _w h gone out to conqu] o!r nations & to possess !m4 ,& h[ h !y done s8--ma9ly by depriv+ !m ( _! lib]ty1 by r$uc+ _! p[] ( initiative1 by und]m9+ & w>p+ _! racial *>act]i/ics4 ,h[ mu* has n t impov]i%$ ! hi/ory ( ! _w & ! real weal? ( nations8 ,= p liv+ 9 subs]vi5ce or subjection1 accept+ & n rebell+ aga9/ x1 bre$ less nobly z a consequ5ce--!y fail1 !n1 to produce great m9ds or to express !mselves greatly 9 ! arts4 ,_! life-pot5cy is dim9i%$2 & we1 hold+ !m ^u ^? t]ms1 are own]s ( a prop]ty :i* we squ&] by our v mode ( possess+ x4 ,q z mu* ( ! art1 ! lit]ature & ! philosophy ( ! greate/ p]iods ( civilisation has be5 wip$ out & de/roy$ beyond recov]y by ^! possessive /ruggles ( ! pa/ z has be5 haz>d\sly pres]v$ & pass$ d[n to u ?r\gh int]ludes ( peace2 nor h we any cause to ?9k t 9 ! future we %all be any wis] :ile our views z to possession %[ s little *ange4 ,& t loss 9 beautiful production is b ! symbol1 ! outw>d & visible sign ( a loss imm5sely m great 9 fle% & blood & _s1 :i* has gone on--n only :ile w>s 7 wag$1 b :5 7w> be+ end$7 dom9ance ov] ! conqu]$ 0 impos$ z a condition ( peace4 ,e nation t has made itself mat]ially great on ^! t]ms1 has done s on a dbris ( p]i%$ lovel9ess :i* does n rea* its full am\nt 9 ! h\r ( ! victors' triumph2 b goes on accumulat+ till t also :i* caus$ x is br\ght to ! du/4 ,x is _m ye>s1 = in/ance1 s9ce we conqu]$ ,india2 & 9 s f> z our dom9ion has sav$ x f o!r conque/s & w>s ( native ,/ate aga9/ ,/ate1 & cre$ aga9/ cre$1 our rule may h be5 b5eficial--?\gh ,i d n ?9k t we ought to take our own ^w = x1 or inde$ anyone's ^w except t ( ! native communities !mselves & a native press1 free & unfett]$ = ! giv+ or ! )hold+ ( its te/imonial4 ,b "o ?+ we assur$ly h done3 we h gone on /eadily de/roy+ ! native arts & 8my/]ies10 & sub/itut+ = !m our own bas] code ( comm]cialism & capitalis$ indu/ry4 ,& 9 s f> z we h done ?is we h n possess$ ourselves1 b h dispossess$ ourselves ( ! real beauties & values ( ,indian civilization2 &1 = ! sake ( trade-pr(it to our m]*ants & manufactur]s1 we hold 9 our h& a poor] ,india 9 consequ5ce1 & are ! poor] possessors ( x4 ,all t pov]ty--pov]ty ( inv5tion1 pov]ty ( craft--is ! product ( a false ideal ( possession1 false to human nature1 because q obvi\sly a cause ( det]ioration to ^? visible pro(s ( man's well-be+--! joy\s lab\r ( 8 h& & bra94 ,set aga9/ ! witness ( all t misguidance ( ! pa/ t wise & lovely say+ ( ,*ri/1 s unlikely 9 its fir/ seem+3 8,bless$ are ! meek1 = !y %all possess ! e>?40 ,at fir/ x s\nds s improbable--s contr>y to all we "k ( man's long /ruggle = exi/5ce up to date4 ,& yet1 7h[ev] mu* we mu/ /ill qualify ! possession ( ! meek ^u e>?7 /ill m mu/ we qualify ! possession ( ! ov]be>+ & ! pr\d1 :5 we realise :at true possession %\ld be4 ,a mod]n writ] has describ$ w> z 8! great illusion10 & has set himself to %[ t all ^? advantages at :i* ! ,/ate aims :5 x turns to milit>y op]ations1 become z du/ 9 ! balance if comp>$ to ! real co/ 9 treasure :i* w> entails ev5 = ^? :o are nom9ally ! victors4 ,& w> is only "o =m or aspect ( t great /rife = possession :i* has afflict$ e race 9 its progress f ! cradle to ! grave--m]ely a l>g] & m app>5t v]sion ( ! conflict betwe5 folly & wisdom :i* goes on 9 e human brea/4 ,possession is ! great illusion ?r\gh :i* man physically or intellectually /rong seeks to secure p[]1 & succe$s only 9 secur+ weakness--n only = himself b = o!rs4 ,= y _c te/ /r5g? tru?fully )\t relation to its surr\nd+s4 ,a t[] built ^u f\ndations t %ift & give way "u its weight is n /rong1 h[ev] =midably x has be5 re>$1 or h[ev] closely its w9d[s are grat$ & b>r$4 ,its v bulk & weight may help to br+ ab\t its fall4 ,simil>ly any /r5g? ( despotism or gov]nm5t :i* is re>$ up & dep5ds = its /ay ^u ! weakness ( o!rs is a m]e app>ition ( p[]4 ,"h to-day1 x is gone to-morr[ :5 ^? ^u ^: subjection x re/$ h discov]$ a /r5g? ( _! own--or1 because ( _! weakness1 h fail$ 9 its support4 ,true possession c only be _h 9 relation & 9 proportion to ! self-possession ( o!rs2 ! man :o r$uces ! self-possession ( o!rs nev] adds to 8 own2 & :]e self-possession is abs5t1 no real or /r5g?-giv+ possession rema9s possible4 8,:at %all x pr(it a man if he ga9 ! :ole _w & lose 8 own s\l10 is "o ( ^? pr(\nd messages ( wisdom :i* h be5 obscur$ by ! !ological gloss laid ^u !m4 ,in/ead ( ! imm$iate & practical condemnation ( "h & n[1 ! hypo!tical condemnation to loss 9 a future life has be5 sub/itut$1 & our spiritual preceptors h n conc5trat$ ^u mak+ cle> to u h[1 "h & n[1 possession ( ! :ole _w 79 any mat]ial s5se7 does actually t5d to de/roy s\l4 ,! possessive outlook1 9 its v inception1 sets a limit to ! spr+s ( spiritual gr[? or action1 & to t 8p]fect fre$om0 ! basis ( :i* is s]vice4 ,b if 8s]vice is p]fect fre$om10 !n 8dom9ation is p]fect bondage10 z mu* = ^? :o impose z = ^? :o suff] x4 ,= ! man :o dom9e]s ov] 8 fell[s receives 9 8 own s\l ! reflex or complem5t>y "p ( t evil effect :i* he has on o!rs4 ,!re is no act done by man to man :i* is n sacram5tal 9 its op]ation = good or ill2 9 all 8 de$s to 8 neighb\rs he bo? gives & receives1 ei!r = 8 own help or h9drance4 ,:osoev] gives a bl[ receives "o2 & t bl[ may be ! heavi] t is n return$ 9 k9d4 ,he :o does unk9dness to o!rs is unk9d to 8 own s\l2 he :o dim9i%es ! self-possession ( o!rs dim9i%es 8 own4 ,yet possession--9 ! s5se ( realis+ ea* "o = himself ! weal? & enjoym5t :i* life has to (f]--is s deep an in/9ct1 is s knit up ) ! adv5tur\s & progressive _s out ( :i* ! high] human consci\sness is built--t x is useless to turn on man & say to him3 8,possess no?+--rid y\rself ( all joys1 ( all ! delights ( ! s5ses & ! und]/&+--s only %all y atta9 to ! heav5ly /ature40 ,t doctr9e has be5 prea*$ 9 ! pa/2 & ! squeals ( ,mani*ean h]mits 9 ! wild]ness1 & ( mona/ic contortioni/s1 d5y+ to _! s5ses ! v gr\nd ^u :i* !y /ood1 has be5 its e*o+ *orus all d[n ! ages4 ,nev] 7 s\ls m horribly possess$ ?an ^! fli]s f possession2 nev] 7 m5 m defeat$ 9 _! w>f>e ) ! ?+ !y spurn$4 ,l a t9 ti$ to a dog's tail ! m !y ran f x1 ! m ! fle% afflict$ !m rem9d+ !m ( its neglect$ claims4 ,! lovelie/ & wise/ ( ^! m$ival s9n]s aga9/ ! life :i* ,god _h giv5 !m 0 br\ght by 8 own gospel ( peace to a dea?-b$ rep5tance :i* o!rs did n atta9 to4 8,bro!r ass1 ,i h be5 too h>d ^u !e10 said ,/4 ,francis1 turn+ ) compunction at la/ to 8 mu*-wrong$ body1 ! "o ?+ to :i*1 9 mi/ak5 piety1 he _h d5i$ ei!r consid]ation or love4 ,! s+le gre$ :i* ate up & de/roy$ ! life ( t lovely sa9t 0 a gre$ = mortification2 & he di$ v lit]ally ( blood-poison+1 br\ght ab\t by 8 own suicidal act1 because he will$ too possessively to %>e ! passion & suff]+s ( ,*ri/--! dea? in/ead ( ! life4 ,t blood-poison+ ( ! m$ival sa9t's 0 a reaction1 viol5t & unk9d1 aga9/ ! wrongful v]sion ( possession :i*1 9 _! day z 9 our own1 0 de/roy+ ! peaceful possibilities ( human society4 ,yet )\t a c]ta9 quality ( possessiv5ess ! human m9d _c gr[4 ,wordswor? pictures = u v beautifully t natural possessive elem5t 9 its age ( innoc5ce4 ,behold ! ,*ild among 8 new-born blisses1 ,a six ye> d>l+ ( a pigmy size6 ,see1 :]e 'mid "w ( 8 own h& he lies1 ,frett$ by sallies ( 8 "m's kisses1 ,) light ^u him f 8 fa!r's eyes6 ,see1 at 8 feet1 "s little plan or *>t1 ,"s fragm5t f 8 dream ( human life1 ,%ap$ by himself ) newly-le>nd art2 ,a w$d+ or a fe/ival1 ,a m\rn+ or a fun]al2 ,& ?is ha? n[ 8 he>t1 ,& unto ?is he frames 8 song4 ,) ^! m5tal possessions he is op5+ 8 m9d to ! com+ conque/s ( life3 z mu* to be conqu]$ by its beauty z to conqu] x4 ,b :at he ga9s f 8 appreciation ( e>?'s lovel9ess br+s loss to none2 9 ?is ext5sion ( 8 m5tal horizon !re is no %utt+ ( o!rs f a l view2 ?is aspect ( ! dom9ion ^u :i* he is n[ ent]+ is communal1 some?+ illimitable1 :i* all may %>e4 ,( possession acquir$ ^u ^? t]ms we ne$ nev] be afraid4 ,& x is a v real possession1 f> m real1 z ,i %all hope pres5tly to %[1 ?an any m]e p[] to ?w>t1 h9d]1 or control ! fre$om ( o!rs1 :i* is ! =m ( possession at :i* too (t5 man aims4 ,let u />t1 9 ord] to realise ?is1 ) c]ta9 o!r exp]im5ts ( *ildhood4 ,:i* *ild m truly 8possesses0 ! life ( l9net or h$ge-sp>r[1 mak+ x 9 "s measure 8 own3 ! *ild :o /ays quiet & discipl9es himself to wat* ! bird at ! build+ ( its ne/1 ! hat*+ ( its eggs & ! fe$+ ( its "y2 or ! *ild :o puts an end to all t beauty & complexity ( motion by br++ d[n 8 bird ) a /one8 ,if he comes to tell o!rs ( 8 exp]i5ce1 :at alt]natively is !re = him to tell8 ,9 ! "o case only 8 own act ( de/ruction1 a ?+ done & br\ght to a dead end2 9 ! o!r he has a doz5 new ?+s to tell (--discov]ies made 9 a process ( life :i* he has wat*$ ) delight & kn[s /ill to be go+ on4 ,f :i* ( ^! two exp]im5ts does he draw ! l>g] consci\sness8 ,:i* ( ! two mo/ peoples 8 _w = him8 ,/ep by /ep z he advances he w f9d h[ mu*1 by int]f]+ ) ! lives ( o!rs1 he c de/roy1 b h[ little he c build up2 he c take hold ( ! daddy-legs leg by leg & f9d t !y all come (f1 & wond] p]haps at ! ze/ ) :i* t eag] little m>tyr fulfils ! words ( ,scripture1 8,if ?y foot (f5d !e cut x (f & ca/ x f !e40 ,b con/ant repetition ( ! exp]im5t1 ?\gh x may give him an evil s5se ( p[]1 w give him no v>iety1 no real advance 9 k conc]n+ ! life1 or ! use & beauty ( flies' legs4 ,he w n treasure--to b5efit by !m--! legs t he has pull$ (f1 nor w 8 bra9 h /or$ any?+ b an add$ s5se ( & lik+ = 8 own p[] to de/roy4 ,& s w x be ) ev]y?+ on :i* he exp]im5ts de/ructively4 ,8 k & und]/&+ ( _! nature w rema9 at a m9imum4 ,progress+ on ^! l9es1 he w = ev] be mak+ ?+s cease to be !mselves )\t mak+ !m really 8 own4 ,b if he rev]se t process ( exp]im5t by enc\rag+ ?+s to be !mselves1 h[ v>i$ & multitud9\s w gr[ 8 consci\sness ( life1 8 appreciation ( its f9] %ades1 its delicacy1 its grace1 its adaptability1 its vig\r & its fre$om4 ,if 8 int]e/ is 9 birds1 h[ mu* m he w "k ( !m1 & f9d 9 !m h[ mu* m ( al]tness & beauty1 if he hang food = !m outside 8 w9d[1 r ?an cages = !m )92 if he w recognise t ! beauty ( a bird lies too l>gely 9 its w+s1 = cag+ to be any?+ b a contradiction ( its true exi/5ce4 ,if 8 int]e/ is 9 animals1 h[ f> m he w le>n ( _! res\rces & "*1 if he aims n at c[+ !m & caus+ !m to flee f him 9 fe>1 b at enc\rag+ !m 9 all g5u9e & *>act]i/ic developm5t4 ,t does n mean tea*+ !m to 8p]=m0 9 pa9ful & artificial ways--exploits :i* are always built up on processes ( cruelty1 & d n 9 ! lea/ reveal animal nature z x really is b only impose ^u x a mask ( concealm5t--an?ropomorphic1 full ( conceit & self-flatt]y--! same fond ?+ :i* he did :5 he began mak+ ,god also 9 8 own image to wor%ip x4 ,!re1 inde$1 9 man's %ap+ ( ,god to be l himself1 rev5geful1 deceitful1 pomp\s1 inconsid]ate1 unm]ciful1 "o-sid$ & mascul9e2 9 mak+ ,him1 too1 a p]=m] ( tricks1 s t 9 ^? attributes he might see himself reflect$ & /& enl>g$ 9 8 own eyes--surely !re m ?an 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( life has man by 8 fooli% possessiv5ess br\ght to ! human race pov]ty in/ead ( weal?1 a curse in/ead ( a bless+4 ,t is b "o example ( h[ ?is n>r[ possessiv5ess ) :i* man set out to conqu] heav5 & e>? we>s ?9 & poor "u ! te/ ( "t1 & leaves him 9 ! end no /&+ monum5ts b j a heap ( rubble on :i* to gaze--only t1 or p]haps less--p]haps only des]t s&4 ,t failure ( mat]ial ambitions /&s immortalis$ = u 9 ,%elley's 8,ozym&ias03 ,i met a travell] f an antique l&1 ,:o said3 8,two va/ & trunkless legs ( /one ,/& 9 ! des]t4 ,ne> !m on ! s&1 ,half sunk1 a %att]$ visage lies1 ^: fr[n ,& wr9kl$ lip1 & sne] ( cold comm& ,tell t its sculptor well ^? passions read ,:i* yet survive--/amp$ on ^! lifeless ?+s-- ,! h& t mock$ !m1 & ! he>t t f$4 ,& on ! p$e/al ^! words appe>3-- #8,my "n is ,ozym&ias1 ,k+ ( ,k+s2 ,look on my works1 ye ,mighty1 & despair6' ,no?+ beside rema9s4 ,r\nd ! decay ,( t colossal wreck1 b\ndless & b>e1 ,! lone & level s&s /ret* f> away60 ,t is a moral :i* we %all d well to rememb]4 ,all great possessions mat]ially f\nd$ come at la/ to t1 & ! he>t t cl+s to !m mu/ g d[n aft] !m to ! grave4 ,x is ! same :5 we base our delight ( human relation%ip 9 an insi/5ce ^u possession3 x s]ves only to acc5tuate ! place ( dea? 9 ! _w & to give x size4 ,! man1 or woman1 ^: idea ( love lies 9 ! claim to possess & to control o!rs1 dies _m dea?s be=e he rea*es 8 f9al end1 & walks daily ) 8 foot 9 ! grave4 ,^! trag$ies ( possession1 s impov]i%+ to ! _s1 are all r\nd u2 ! _w is humanly m full ( !m ?an ( any?+ else3 ,husb&s :o adore _! wives1 b _c let !m call _! s\ls _! own2 p>5ts1 possessive ( _! *ildr51 impos+ ^u !m _! w up to ! legal limit & beyond2 homes dev\r+ ! indep5d5ce ( womanhood1 cramp+1 con/ra9+1 robb+ ( initiative & =ce1 & do+ all ^! ?+s "u cov] ( ! claims ( love1 ( natural affection1 ( piety6 ,:at is all ?is really b possession masqu]ad+ "u ano!r "n8 ,i rememb] once read+ a rem>kable /ory by ,mr4 ,john ,gray1 call$ ,nigg>d ,tru?1 ( a woman :o took ma/]ful possession ( a weak husb& & 8ran0 him z an expression1 n ( 8 own p]sonality1 b ( h]s4 ,& :5 at la/ %e _h v lit]ally run him to e>?1 %e buri$ him 9 a g>m5t ( r$ flannel s t1 z %e express$ x1 %e might 8see him bett]0 9 ! grave4 ,& !re1 at ! end ( a /r5u\s life1 %e sat amid h] dome/ic possessions1 h] glass %ades1 h] family plate1 & h] mahogany1 ) h] m5tal eye fix$ ^u a corpse1 & h] he>t fill$ ) a ,magnificat ( self-applause4 ,%e 0 ! 8,ozym&ias0 ( ! dome/ic he>?2 & !re are ?\s&s ( !m 9 ?is c\ntry to-day4 8,look on _! works1 ye mighty1 & despair60 ,i h tak5 = example ! dome/ic relations1 because !re we get 9 small1 b simple & concise1 t demoralis+ claim to possession :i* goes =? ) mission>y zeal to deva/ate ! _w2 & because "h1 9 ! home1 ! true social s]vice t is ow+ is1 9 !ory at lea/1 recognis$ & admitt$4 ,! duty--surely ! obvi\s duty--( p>5ts to _! *ildr5 is to assi/ !m1 to ! full ext5t ( _! means1 t[>d self-developm5t4 ,we h no "r to br+ *ildr5 into ! _w to w>p & /unt _! gr[?1 to make !m m]ely reflections ( ourselves1 or to keep !m back f indep5d5ce :5 !y come to man's or woman's e/ate4 ,:at ! p>5t ne$s1 p]haps1 mo/ to le>n is to relax con/antly & 9 ev]-increas+ degree t hold :i* 0 necess>y dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( *ildhood1 b :i*1 ev5 !n1 we take too mu* = grant$ & employ f> too habitually4 ,p>5ts (t5 claim too great a possession ( _! own *ildr52 !y make cages = _! *>act]s1 & m\ld !m away f _! natural b5t to :at suits _! own family pride1 _! own ta/e1 or _! own s5se ( importance1 sometimes consci5ti\sly believ+ ?is to be ! p>5tal pr]ogative4 ,b if p>5ts are to use safely _! p[] to impose moral tra9+ !y mu/ build up fir/ 9 _! *ildr5 a s5se ( self-reliance1 ( initiative1 ( fre$om1 & !n tru/ to x4 ,!y h no "r to rely = _! rew>d on cag$ *>act]s1 or1 by any dictation or control1 to exact recomp5se = ! s]vices :i* 7) :atev] devotion7 !y h r5d]$4 ,! same holds good ?r\gh all human relations1 p>5tal1 m>ital1 social1 racial3 x is ignoble to claim loyalty or devotion f ^? :om y h n fir/ made free4 ,gratitude--ev5 filial gratitude--has no moral value save if x comes f a free ag5t4 ,if x comes f "o tra9$ to be n free x p>takes ( s]vility4 ,& x is bett] = p>5ts to =go gratitude ?an to exact its imitation or sub/itute1 by ! imposition ( any re/rictive conditions or claims aft] ! ye>s ( tutelage are ov]4 ,x may well be t gratitude has f> too small a place 9 ! human he>t2 b ,i am q sure t ! claim = gratitude has too l>ge a "o1 & t ?is 9 excess br+s ! v rev]se ( a rem$y :5 ! o!r is lack+4 ,& :at is true 9 relation to p>5ts & _! *ildr5 is true also 9 e o!r human relation%ip :]e ! claim to possess intrudes to ! h9drance ( self-realization & self-developm5t4 ,! possessor1 9 claim+ re/rictive possession ( o!rs1 loses possession ( himself4 ,t is :at made slav]y z an in/itution s d\bly impov]i%+ to ! human race4 ,x impov]i%$ ! m9d ( ! slave1 b x impov]i%$ q z mu* ! m9d ( ! slave-own]4 ,:]ev] man has tri$ to possess o!rs he has lo/ possession ( himself4 ,t is ! price inevitably paid by any class or section ( ! community :i* seeks to dom9ate ! lives & re/rict ! lib]ty ( its fell[s4 ,tyranny does n /r5g!n b weak5s ! moral nature ( ^? :o ex]cise x1 & he :o owns slaves _c himself be free4 ,dom9ation is z de/ructive to human wor? & m de/ructive to moral integrity ?an subjection4 ,if 8possession is n9e po9ts ( ! law0 on ! mat]ial plane1 ! t5? po9t--spiritual 9 its work+--is an>*y to ! s\l4 ,f "t immemorial man has claim$ x z 8 natural "r to possess woman4 ,& x is 9 consequ5ce 9 relation to woman1 & 9 matt]s ( sex1 t he has mo/ obvi\sly lo/ self-possession4 ,& j z he has claim$ t to possess woman is ! natural pr]ogative ( ! male1 s y w he> him ma9ta9 t lack ( self-possession 9 reg>d to woman is natural also--& a c]ta9 degree ( lic5ce ! male pr]ogative4 ,! two ?+s g toge!r--claim to possess o!rs & y lose possession ( y\rself3 ,give to all ) :om y come 9 contact _! full "r ( self-possession & self-developm5t1 & y1 f t social discipl9e & s]vice1 w 9 y\r own body & m9d become self-possess$4 ,= t is true possession :i*1 :ile x br+s y a s5se ( enl>gem5t & joy1 takes no?+ f ! fre$om & ! joy ( o!rs4 ,( t k9d ( possession y may be prodigal1 b ( t :i* takes any?+ f o!rs1 or dem&s any condition ( s]vice f o!rs1 h a c>e6 ,& look well :at ! conditions may be4 ,ask y\rself con/antly :at is ?is or t dem& = s]vice or lab\r do+ to o!r s\ls8 ,:at conditions does x lay ^u !m8 ,y may boa/ t y h simplifi$ y\r life--rid y\rself1 = in/ance1 ( dome/ic s]vice by gett+ rid ( cook & h\semaid4 ,y h n4 ,! bread1 ! meat1 ev5 ! gr\nd fl\r t comes into y\r h\se is all provid$ by a dome/ic s]vice :i* takes place outside y\r door & :i* y d n see4 ,& y are z morally conc]n$ = ! conditions ( t lab\r z if y y\rself sup]vis$ x4 ,y ne$ x & use x z mu*2 x is only done = y at a fur!r remove--out ( sight & out ( m9d--s t x is mu* easi] 7b n m ju/ifiable71 to be call\s z to ! conditions ( ^? :o r5d] x4 ,& if ^u ^? mat]ial l9es ( com=t & luxury y ext5d y\r dem&s1 y are also ext5d+ y\r claim ov] ! lives ( o!rs--& y\r responsibility = ^? lives1 if !y g lack+ :]e y g f$4 ,surely1 = ! :ole ( t "p ( y\r life y are "u a /rict obligation to r5d] s]vice 9 return--equal to t :i* y claim4 ,& if y1 by y\r s]vice1 _c insure to o!rs an equality ( possession 9 ?+s mat]ial 7& make z good & :olesome a use ( !m z !y c\ld make71 ^? mat]ial possessions %\ld be a weight ^u y\r consci5ce1 till y h got matt]s m fairly adju/$4 ,take x z y\r /&>d ( life to consume no m ?an y1 by y\r own lab\r1 9 y\r own lifetime1 c\ld produce4 ,:at "r has any man to m ?an t1 except ?r\gh ! b\nty & k9dness ( 8 fell[s8 ,b if he insi/s on m1 & takes m1 does he really possess x8 ,only 9 an ev] dim9i%+ degree 9 proportion to 8 excess1 because z he exce$s he is ev] dim9i%+ 8 true faculty = reception4 ,"h is a simple illu/ration ( t tru?1 a gross example :i* ,i read 9 a newspap] ! o!r day3 ,9 ,am]ica a prize is annually giv5 to ! man :o c eat ! l>ge/ numb] ( pies at a sitt+--ea* ( ! pies1 a comp\nd ( jam & pa/ry1 weigh+ on an av]age half a p\nd4 ,! prize-w9n] became ! ext]nal possessor ( tw5ty-sev54 ,b int]nally he c\ld h>dly be said to possess !m at all--!y possess$ him1 & made him1 "o w\ld imag9e1 a ?or\ghly ineffective citiz5 = at lea/ ! two or ?ree foll[+ days4 ,t man w\ld h be5 f> m really ! possessor ( ?ree or f\r pies 7see+ t he c\ld h prop]ly dige/$ !m7 ?an x 0 possible = him to be ( ! tw5ty-sev54 ,9 ?is excess he m]ely injur$ himself )\t any ga91 except ! monet>y bribe :i* induc$ him to make a bea/ ( himself4 ,& h[ _m m5 are !re n1 :o 7receiv+ ! monet>y bribe ( our pres5t unequal & inequitable sy/em ( rew>d = indu/ry or = idl5ess7 proce$ to make bea/s ( !mselves--m elaborately1 b j z truly & completely z ?is pie-eat]2 & by mak+ bea/s ( !mselves are by s mu* ! less m5 ( s\l & und]/&+--n m1 b less ! possessors ( _! human bir?right4 ,if we /ore up treasure mat]ially 7treasure ( a k9d :i*1 if "o has m ( x1 ano!r mu/ ne$s h less7--if we ga!r ab\t u1 9 excess1 creature com=ts = ! ov]-indulg5ce ( our bodily appetites1 we are ga!r+ t :i* is liable to mo? & ru/ & !ft--liable to be a cause ( envy & covet\sness 9 o!rs2 & :5 we h ga!r$ to ourselves ?is excess ( p]i%able delight & h appli$ x1 ! result1 m likely ?an n1 is a cloy+ ( ^? v appetites to :i* we seek to m9i/]--&1 ev5tually1 det]ioration & enfeeblem5t ( ! body itself4 ,& z ) individuals s ) nations2 !re is no greatness ( possession 9 hold+ t :i* involves ! deprivation ( o!rs1 ! dim9ution ( _! fre$om1 _! happ9ess1 _! p[] ( self-developm5t4 ,t is n true k+dom4 ,x is ! manufacture ( slaves4 ,b if we lay up treasure 9 ! k+dom ( ! m9d1 9 ! developm5t ( our s5se ( beauty1 our faculty = joy1 we h some?+ "h on e>? :i* nei!r mo? nor ru/ c corrupt1 nor ?ieves /eal4 ,our possessions !n are ?+s t c ar\se no base covet\sness1 we ne$ n hold !m "u lock & key1 or make laws = _! protection1 = none c deprive u ( !m4 ,& :ile y s hold !m on su* free & noble conditions1 y d n fail to disp5se some?+ ( _! beauty & wor? to ^? ) :om y associate4 ,^! possessions1 ) :i* y h enri*$ y\r lives1 make no man poor]1 rob no fell[ creature ( 8 "r1 conflict n ) ! law ( *>ity to all4 ,seek+ possession ^u ^? l9es1 y %all f9d t noble ?+s d t5d to make possible a =m ( possession 9 :i* all alike may %>e2 t ar*itecture1 music1 lit]ature & pa9t+ d (f] !mselves to ! s]vice ( a f> nobl] & m communal int]pretation ( weal? ?an t :i* w\ld keep x = sep>ate & individual enjoym5t4 ,a ?\s& may look ^u ! beauty ( "o picture1 & detract no?+1 9 ! enjoym5t ( ea*1 f ! enjoym5t ( all2 nor has virtue or value gone out ( x because s _m h look$ on x2 & s x is 7or s x may be7 ) all beauty :e!r we f9d x 9 nature or 9 art4 ,if ,i 7 ask$ to "n ! man :o 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s _h ! greate/ possessions1 ,i ?9k ,i w\ld "n ,wordswor?4 ,read 8 poetry ) ?is ?\ght 9 y\r m9d1 ( h[ day by day he ga!r$ possessions ( an imp]i%able k9d1 :i* ne$$ no gu>dian%ip beyond ! purity ( 8 m9d1 & excit$ 9 o!rs no envy4 ,nay1 h[ mu* ( ^? wond]ful possessions 0 he n able to give to o!rs8 ,"s ( 8 lovelie/ l9es ( poetry are a record ( possession rightly atta9$4 ,i give "h only "o ( 8 poems--"o ( 8 simple/ 9 inspiration--to %[ :at ,i mean3 ,i w&]$ lonely z a cl\d ,t floats on high o'er vales & hills1 ,:5 all at once ,i saw a cr[d-- ,a ho/ ( gold5 daffodils2 ,beside ! lake1 b5ea? ! trees1 ,flutt]+ & danc+ 9 ! breeze4 ,cont9u\s z ! />s t %9e ,& tw9kle on ! ,milky ,way1 ,!y /ret*$ 9 nev]-end+ l9e ,along ! m>g9 ( a bay4 ,i gaz$--& gaz$--b little ?\ght ,:at weal? ! %[ to me _h br\ght3 ,= (t :5 on my c\* ,i lie ,9 vacant or 9 p5sive mood1 ,!y fla% ^u t inw>d eye ,:i* is ! bliss ( solitude2 ,& !n my he>t ) pleasure fills1 ,& dances ) ! daffodils4 8,only daffodils0 y say8 ,b he made !m = himself & o!rs an et]nal possession ( beauty & delight4 ,^? :o h great possessions on ^! t]ms ne$ nev] turn sorr[fully away :5 ! comm& comes3 8,sell all ?\ ha/ & give to ! poor40 ,= ^! are ! inexhau/ible treasures ( ! s\l1 & are 9 _! nature communal2 & happy is ! man or nation t f9ds !m4 ,,crime ,,& ,,puni%m5t 7#aiah7 ,! two words ,crime & ,puni%m5t h come to u 9 a conjunction :i* x is v difficult to sep>ate4 ,our fa!rs h told u1 & our tea*]s & !ologians h /r5u\sly insi/$ t ! "o necess>ily entails ! o!r4 ,! :ole ( our social ord] is bas$ ^u ! idea t if a man commits crime--an (f5ce1 t is to say1 aga9/ ! writt5 law ( ! community--he mu/ be puni%$ = x4 ,if he 7 n1 social ord] w\ld g to pieces4 ,b our social ord] does n lay equal /ress ^u ! idea t if a man lives virtu\sly he mu/ be rew>d$4 ,if a man lives virtu\sly 8 rew>d is 9 ,heav5--t is to say1 he takes 8 *ance4 ,8 virtue may assi/ or may h9d] 8 worldly advancem5t2 b we h n yet committ$ ourselves to ! conviction t social ord] w necess>ily g to pieces if virtue is n rew>d$4 ,x w only g to pieces if crime is n puni%$4 ,society c reconcile itself to ! "o omission2 b x _c reconcile itself to ! o!r4 ,?is inequality ( int]e/ 9 retribution & rew>d is bas$ p]haps ^u ! calculation t :ile y look aft] ! crimes1 ! virtues w look aft] !mselves2 & t ! virtues w n--= lack ( ,bir?day ,hon\rs--rebel aga9/ ! society 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves4 ,& really1 !re is some?+ 9 x4 ,virtue is already self-gov]n+2 vice is n4 ,! virtu\s & humane "p ( a man--8 w to unite & co-op]ate ) o!rs = social developm5t & s]vice--incl9es him to accept & make ! be/ ( ! conditions ( life1 to take ! r\gh ) ! smoo?1 ! h9drances ) ! aids1 ! good ) ! evil3 n1 inde$1 passively1 or )\t "s ef=t to get rid ( bad smells1 bad ta/es1 bad laws1 bad gov]nm5ts--b ) a def9ite consci\sness t 9 op]at+ aga9/ ^! he is op]at+ n = 8 own s+le b5efit1 b = ! b5efit ( ! community4 ,& t be+ s1 he c be left1 unrecomp5s$ & unrew>d$1 to face a v consid]able am\nt ( discom=t1 adv]sity1 & ev5 inju/ice1 )\t becom+ ei!r a rebel or a crim9al4 ,al?\gh if gov]n$ un9tellig5tly en\gh1 or wick$ly en\gh1 he may be turn$ into bo?4 ,b ) ! crim9al x is n s4 ,8 social s5se is m rudim5t>y2 & :5 he f9ds himself up aga9/ adv]se & p]haps unju/ conditions1 he seeks a solution satisfactory to himself alone4 ,& ,i suppose ! ma9 idea ( ! use ( puni%m5t 7ap>t f ! v5geful pleasure x gives to ^? :o inflict x7 is t x takes ! satisfaction out ( him aga91 mak+ him feel t1 9 a highly organis$ community1 ! individual solution has uncom=table results4 ,& ,society's calculation1 9 ?us puni%+ him1 is 7or has be5 hi!rto7 t x is a less tr\blesome & exp5sive way ( mak+ him cease to be a nuisance1 ?an educat+ him1 or employ+ him1 or re=m+ ! social conditions :i* h produc$ him4 ,s long z we believe t ,society is "r 9 t calculation1 s long1 ,i suppose1 %all we cont9ue to advocate puni%m5t2 b :5 we come to believe t ,society is wrong1 we %all beg9 to advocate education1 employm5t1 social re=m1 &1 above all1 human sympa?y & und]/&+ z a sub/itute2 ) ! idea t !y may gradually d away ) ! necessity = puni%m5t4 ,b p5d+ t consummation s dev\tly to be wi%$1 mo/ ( u w probably cont9ue to believe t puni%m5t is j & "r2 & w f9d x v difficult to ?9k ( ,society1 & ( ourselves--z all equally crim9al along ) ! individual :om our social contempt & neglect h de-socialis$ & made a fit recipi5t = punitive treatm5t4 ,! temptation to ?9k t puni%m5t is j & "r has be5 ) u f "t immemorial2 x is probably arboreal1 c]ta9ly neoli?ic2 & !re=e1 to our atavi/ic in/9cts1 x is supremely sacr$4 ,we h got x firmly into our heads t puni%m5t is a sup]ior ord]+ ( consequ5ces4 ,& z ! law ( cause & effect :i* we see op]at+ 9 nature is ! basis ( our moral s5se1 we h fall5 to ! confus$ notion t puni%m5t is ! same4 ,b z a matt] ( fact ! two are entirely diff]5t4 ,! law ( cause & effect /&s = natural consequ5ces2 ! law ( puni%m5t sub/itutes artificial consequ5ces2 & we fly to puni%m5t l>gely z an escape f ! results ( our age-long indiff]5ce to natural consequ5ces4 ,hav+ produc$ ! crim9al we set to "w to de/roy 8 self-respect1 z a %ort cut to ! pres]vation ( our own4 ,t may s\nd a puzzl+ /atem5t2 b ! m we acc5tuate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! crim9al & ourselves--! m1 sup]ficially1 are we able to get rid ( our s5se ( bro!rhood & responsibility4 ,& s1 :5 bi%ops g on to ! plat=m to advocate ! flogg+ ( m5 :o live on ! e>n+s ( pro/itutes1 x helps !m to =get t !y also are liv+ on ! e>n+s ( pro/itutes1 & are by _! support ( a capitali/ sy/em involv+ sweat$ lab\r & degrad$ h\s+ conditions--neatly & efficaci\sly driv+ ! pro/itute into ! h&s ( ! male 8bully0--:om !y !n flog = extract+ 8 pr(it f a damag$ article :i*1 9 ! public m>ket ( supply & dem&1 !y h already wrung dry4 ,! v mon/r\sness ( ! propos$ p5alty helps u to =get t we are all l9ks 9 ! same *a9 ( circum/ances4 ,9 ! 8bully0 ! degrad+ brutality ( ! sy/em f9ally em]ges & becomes pat5t2 j z 9 w> ! degrad+ brutality ( our peace sy/em f9ally em]ges4 ,!n we po9t to x ) horror & cry t we are peace-lov]s6 ,s we are2 we h lov$ peace at a price :i* we w\ld n exce$--we ran x on sweat$ conditions2 & we pay = x 9 w>4 ,= !re exi/1 9 e nation1 s\rces ( weal?1 suffici5t--if equitably di/ribut$ & con/ructively appli$ = ! good ( all--to allay t economic unre/ :i* is ! ma9 inc5tive by :i* mod]n nations are l$ into w>4 ,b 9 e c\ntry alike !re are int]e/s :i* refuse to pay t price1 & :i* w1 if ?reat5$1 precipitate _! c\ntry into w> r ?an be held at a ransom :i* w\ld m]ely readju/ weal? m equitably to ! true s\rces ( its production4 ,w> has come to u--n z a puni%m5t div9ely impos$--7a spl5did old lady ( n9ety told me ! o!r day t ! w> 0 ,god's visitation ^u u = our divorces & = hav+ giv5 votes to wom57--w> has come ^u u1 n z a puni%m5t = ^! (f5ces aga9/ ,taboo1 b z a natural consequ5ce ( our social peace conditions4 ,& at pres5t1 9 ! m5tality ( nations1 puni%m5t 7n ( ! sy/em1 b ( ! crim9al act :i* has f9ally em]g$ f x to horrify u7 is ! only rem$y4 ,& s puni%m5t /ill appe>s to u z ! v b$ ( ju/ice--! f\ndation /one ( morality4 ,if y d n insi/ on x1 social ord] w g to pieces4 ,& z we h attempt$ sc>cely any crim9al re=m )\t puni%m5t--& none till ! day be=e ye/]day--! cont5tion is accept$ z true = lack ( witnesses aga9/ x4 ,! /&po9t t[>d human nature ( our g5]ally accept$ 8moral code0 is t ( a dev\t believ] 9 corporal puni%m5t--( t k9d ( p>5t :o says3 8,i h to flog my boy because he is s untru?ful40 ,& ! idea t ! untru?fulness is ! product ( ! corporal puni%m5t nev] ent]s ! p>5tal m9d4 ,b ?is v5geful ex]cise ( p>5tal au?ority is only a second>y symptom ( belief 9 a v5geful ord] ( ,creation--( a ,god ^: me?od x 0 to v9dicate ! moral law1 n by br++ home to ill-do]s ?r\gh natural consequ5ces ! defects ( c]ta9 c\rses ( conduct1 b by express+ ,8 moral indignation 9 exempl>y puni%m5ts ( an arbitr>y k9d--g5]ally ( a miracul\s "*4 ,:5 man fir/ conceiv$ ( ,god1 he conceiv$ ( ,him z a sort ( ,dr4 ,busby--"o 9 ^: m9d ! ,rod 0 ! beg9n+ & end ( wisdom2 & ! ,rod ( ,heav5 op]at$ by int]v5tion1 ov] & above ! op]ations ( ,nature--! law ( cause & effect4 ,natural consequ5ces did n suffici5tly v9dicate div9e ju/ice4 ,a belief 9 miracul\s & v5geful int]v5tion & a belief 9 8exempl>y0 legal puni%m5t g toge!r2 & w1 ,i believe1 die toge!r4 ,a great deal ( ,old ,te/am5t tea*+ is m]ely an elaborate ext5sion ( ,pun*'s picture ( ! ,briti% workman hold+ a brick's end ov] an un=tunate batra*ian1 & say+1 8,i'll l'arn ye to be a toad60 ,& all he succe$s 9 do+ is produc+ a dead toad in/ead ( a live "o2 ! species itself rema9+ entirely unalt]$4 ,t is a p>able ( ! do+s ( our !ologians1 s9ce !ology 0 inv5t$ = ! ,fall ( ,man4 ,& if humans came to ! conclusion t t 0 ! m9d ( ,god1 x is no wond] t !y imitat$ ,him1 & d s to ?is day4 ,we mu/ believe 9 puni%m5t z ! prop] rew>d ( crime--we mu/ ev5 believe 9 unre=mative puni%m5t z ! prop] rew>d ( crime1 if we believe 9 a ,hell to :i* lo/ s\ls are relegat$ aga9/ _! w1 & !re kept ) no hope :atev] ( cure or bett]m5t f ! process4 ,& t is :at ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom believ$ ab\t ,hell :5 ,*ri/ians really did believe 9 x4 ,unre=mative puni%m5t ^u e>? 0 a necess>y consequ5ce ( t belief2 &1 !re=e1 belief 9 puni%m5t = ! sake ( puni%m5t became univ]sal4 ,& ov] aga9/ x--q unreg>d$--/ood ! new gospel ( humanity--8,love y\r enemies1 bless !m t curse y1 d good to !m t hate y1 pray = !m :i* despitefully use y & p]secute y40 ,& !n ! reason1 ! key to x all3--8,t ye may be *ildr5 ( y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 ,heav51 = ,he make? ,8 sun to rise on ! evil & on ! good1 & s5de? ra9 on ! j & on ! unju/4 ,be ye1 !re=e1 p]fect1 ev5 z y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 ,heav5 is p]fect40 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 :i* ?rew ov] ! doctr9e ( puni%m5t on e>?1 ?rew ov] ) equal emphasis ! doctr9e ( puni%m5t 9 ,heav5--( any arbitr>y or miracul\s int]v5tion = ! bett]m5t 7to moral ends7 ( ! law ( natural consequ5ces4 8,be ye ! *ildr5 ( ,creation60 is ! real human solution--n by h>k+ back 7z oppon5ts w\ld pret5d7 to ! savag]y ( a l[] species1 b by accept+ ! spiritualis+ impulse ( evolution>y =ces--:i* h br\ght u to ?is great developm5t f ! m5tality ( ! l[] animal _w--! k t we are all "p ( "o :ole4 ,& x is on t recognition ( an und]ly+ unity 7f :i* we are insep>able7 t ! great natural revolution ( our ideas ab\t crime & puni%m5t mu/ be br\ght ab\t4 ,if we cl+ to ! viol5t & ! arbitr>y1 & ! sep>ative solution 7( :i* miracul\s retribution is ! coroll>y7 we are 9 ! ,d>k ,ages /ill4 ,x mu/ h be5 ! exp]i5ce ( _m ^: "w has tak5 !m n only into slums b into prisons & police-c\rts1 t ! oppressive s5se ( ,evil triumphant1 /rong & pr\d ( itself1 has weigh$ m heavily ^u !m 9 ! prison & 9 ! police-c\rt ?an 9 ! slum2 = ! slum only repres5ts ! neglect ( ,society1 b ! adm9i/ration ( our p5al code repres5ts its /]eotyp$ preoccupation 7) sympa?y & und]/&+ almo/ entirely elim9at$7 on a problem :i* no?+ b sympa?y & und]/&+ w ev] solve4 ,!re ,society is 9 its tr5*es fight+ aga9/ ! human nature :i* x fir/ violates & !n fe>s4 ,we1 law-mak]s & law-abid]s1 are 9 league )--& are dep5d5t = our mat]ial prosp]ity & protection ^u--a sy/em :i* is v ne>ly z bad z ! crimes we d5\nce4 ,& until we h made our sy/em v mu* m beautiful1 v mu* bett]1 & m conv9c+ to ! crim9al & ! revolution>i/--x is only by fe> & a punitive code t we c keep x go+4 ,x is n possible to ma9ta9 su* adjuncts to our social sy/em z pr(ite]+1 exploitation1 class privilege1 wage-slav]y1 race-subjection1 int]national jeal\sy1 )\t a p5al code & its logical outcome1 w>4 ,if we want to get rid ( ! "o we mu/ h a :ole m9d to get rid ( ! o!rs too4 ,d n let u pret5d to sep>ate !m1 = we _c4 ,n only does ! attempt produce weak practical results--x produces also a false m9d4 ,! attempt to sep>ate "o ?+ f ano!r1 "o human be+ f ano!r1 is at ! root ( our belief 9 puni%m5t4 ,puni%m5t helps to sep>ate1 helps to make u feel sep>ate2 x does n unite4 ,an ,engli% judge decl>$ q rec5tly t ! ma9 object ( puni%m5t 0 n to re=m ! crim9al b to protect society4 ,& s long z t is true1 ! crim9al is j z consci\s z we are t ! discipl9e laid on him is ! expression ( a divid$ /&>d ( morality1 kn[+ p]fectly well t we 9 l circum/ances %\ld n ?9k su* puni%m5t good = ourselves or our *ildr54 ,= is x n true t :]ev] a local or gr\p int]e/ comes to be e/abli%$1 !re ! memb]s ( t gr\p cease to believe t puni%m5t f any outside p[] or au?ority is good = !m8 ,take ! family--^? ( y :o believe 9 puni%m5t--^? :o pr(ess to be law-abid+2 "o ( its memb]s commits a !ft4 ,is he h&$ ov] to ! police to be dealt ) accord+ to law8 ,n at all4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ is done to enable him to escape ! puni%m5t4 ,we don't believe 9 legal puni%m5t :5 x comes to our own circle4 ,& we only believe 9 legal puni%m5t = o!rs1 because1 lov+ & und]/&+ !m less1 we are unwill+ to take z mu* tr\ble ab\t !m4 ,& t same vici\s pr9ciple ( belief 9 puni%m5t only = o!rs m\nts up & up ?r\gh e communal int]e/ t has e/abli%$ itself 9 our mid/ on a unity ( feel+ clos] ?an t :i* obta9s g5]ally4 ,e class-int]e/1 e trade-int]e/1 e p>ty-int]e/ t /&s comb9$ = its own b5efit does all x c to evade ! puni%m5t ( its memb]s by ! l>g] & m imp]sonal au?ority ( ! ,/ate4 ,sc&als are hu%$ up 9 ! police2 sc&als are hu%$ up 9 ! ,army2 sc&als are hu%$ up 9 ! ,cab9et2 ev]y?+ possible is done to prev5t our p5al code f act+ equally on ! ve/$ int]e/s 9 :i* we specially are conc]n$4 ,& yet we say t we believe 9 puni%m5t6 ,b if we d hone/ly believe 9 puni%m5t1 ought we n !n to insi/ n m]ely t ! adm9i/ration ( our law-c\rts %\ld be imp>tial & judicial1 b t ! s\rce & promotion ( our ,/ate-prosecutions %\ld be imp>tial also8 ,probably mo/ unreflect+ p ?9k t !y are4 ,b aga9 & aga9 ! ,gov]nm5t1 :5 x *ooses or refuses to put ! law into motion & prosecute1 ?\gh nom9ally ! accus]1 is really ! accus$1 us+ its p[]s = ! sav+ ( its own sk91 to keep ! case out ( c\rt--sometimes ev5 9 spite ( ! prote/s ( ! magi/racy itself4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! judicial scales h be5 fraudul5tly weight$--n 9 c\rt b out ( x by ! int]e/s ( p>ty gov]nm5t4 ,let u take a r notori\s in/ance :]e ?is 0 done4 ,)9 q rec5t times1 two m5 h conspir$--! "o to raise an army ( rebellion if ,home ,rule 7 impos$ on ,ul/]2 ! o!r to raise an army ( rebellion if conscription 7 impos$ on ,irel&4 ,! crime 9 ea* case 0 precisely ! same2 b ! puni%m5t 0 diff]5t4 ,! "o--! m rec5t--0 s5t to prison = x )\t trial4 ,! o!r1 equally )\t trial1 0 elevat$ to ,cab9et rank4 ,n[1 ea* ( ^! m51 9 conspir+ to break ! law1 did probably :at he consci5ti\sly ?\ght to be "r "u ! circum/ances4 ,t we c believe4 ,b x is v difficult to believe t ! ,gov]nm5t 7:51 ) ! connivance ( ,p>liam5t1 x puni%$ ! same (f5ce s diff]5tly7 ?\ght t x 0 do+ "r--! equal & ! j ?+ 9 ea* case4 ,x 0 only do+ ! conv5i5t ?+ to cov] its own blund]s4 ,& ! "q is1 !re=e1 :e!r--morally--! ,gov]nm5t 0 n ! real crim9al4 ,b if we ask :e!r x is go+ to be puni%$ = x1 ! answ] is--probably n4 ,x is n my po9t to urge t ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld be puni%$1 b only to %[ h[--z adm9i/]$ to-day--puni%m5t is an arbitr>y & artificial device1 p>tially appli$ or n1 accord+ to ! prosecutor's political conv5i5ce4 ,! consequ5ce--! logical consequ5ce ( ?is corrupt inequality ( ,/ate-prosecution1 is t a ,gov]nm5t :i* does su* ?+s is mislik$ & di/ru/$ by m5 ( hone/ "*--& s weak5s its hold on ! m judici\s m9ds ( ! community--& ev5tually1 "o may hope1 its p[] ov] ! c\ntry's policy4 ,"o might po9t fur!r to ano!r in/ance4 ,! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 by its (ficial committee1 rec5tly publi%$1 )\t submitt+ x to ! ,c5sor1 a pamphlet call$ ,a ,*all5ge to ,milit>ism4 ,= t corporate act ( a committee ( tw5ty--all equally guilty--! ,gov]nm5t 7to avoid too great a sc&al7 select$ two memb]s = prosecution1 & got !m s5t to prison = six & = ?ree mon?s4 ,ab\t a =tnight lat] ano!r *all5ge to milit>ism1 a pamphlet entitl$ ,a ,league ( ,nations1 0 publi%$1 )\t be+ submitt$ to ! ,c5sor1 by ,"l ,grey ( ,fallod52 & he has n be5 s5t to prison = x4 ,n[ if we believ$ 9 puni%m5t1 we %\ld want ! ,gov]nm5t puni%$ = ^! acts ( corrupt fav\ritism 9 ,/ate-prosecution4 ,b if we believe 9 natural consequ5ces--^? :i* ,i h already indicat$--we %all confid5tly anticipate t 9 ! end 7! real end7 div9e ju/ice w be done2 & t ^! ephem]al misdo+s w ev5tually help ! _s ( man to a bett] & l>g] und]/&+ ( ! follies :i* are committ$ :5 m5 sub/itute ! ,w to ,p[] = ! ,w to ,love4 ,& if we c--z we are go+ to--if we c leave inju/ice :5 done 9 conspicu\s high places to ! natural & logical consequ5ces1 )\t apply+ ! p5al code1 :y _c we tru/ natural consequ5ces a v great deal m1 :]e small] & m humble misdemean\rs are conc]n$1 & give to ^? natural consequ5ces a great] unity ( effect by irradiat+ !m ) ! true _s ( man--love1 joy1 g5tl5ess1 peace1 aga9/ :i* !re is no law8 ,"o ( ! reasons :y we d>e n be humane & curative in/ead ( punitive to our crim9als lies 9 ! fact t ! /&>d ( life 9 :i* we h all[$ hone/ & h>d-work+ millions to subsi/ outside our prisons1 has be5 s inhuman & degrad$ t if we made our prisons really humane1 really curative1 !y w\ld be a rew>d in/ead ( a puni%m5t4 ,we d>e n (f] s beautiful a temptation4 ,& s x is sep>ation aga9--! sep>ation ( class f class1 ( ri* f poor1 :i* makes impossible ! /&>dis+ ( our prisons f liv+ tombs into g5u9e re=matories & sanatoria4 ,if we _h n sep>at$ ourselves 9 our national life f a s5se ( responsibility = ! pov]ty & mis]y ar\nd u1 we %\ld n be driv5 into s sep>ate a treatm5t ( our crim9als4 ,we _c af=d to humanise our prisons1 :ile we w n af=d to humanise our slums4 ,aga9 & aga91 :5 y appeal = real prison re=m1 ! ob/ructive argum5t arises3 8,:y %\ld we take s mu* tr\ble = ! crim9al1 :5 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ! hone/ /ruggl+ poor are s mu* worse (f80 ,b we h to take tr\ble anyh[2 & ! m un9tellig5tly we take tr\ble ! great] is likely to be ! co/ ( our crim9als p] head to ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 ,am]ica1 :]e ,mr4 ,mott ,osborne has be5 try+ to e/abli% ! pr9ciple ( self-gov]nm5t among ! prison]s ( ,s+-,s+1 !re 0 actually a dang] t 7"u an ext5sion ( ! sy/em7 ! prisons might become self-support+4 ,& at once trade int]e/s did ev]y?+ !y c\ld to get x condemn$2 ! contractors 7 afraid ( los+ _! ,/ate contracts4 ,t is j "o little glimpse ( :at we are up aga9/ :]e ve/$ int]e/s are conc]n$--int]e/s s /rongly repres5t$ 9 ! legislatures ev5 ( 8free nations40 ,b we are up aga9/ some?+ mu* bigg] ?an t4 ,we are up aga9/ a moral reluctance ( ! :ole community to pron\nce ! ^w 8,bro!r40 ,= if ! ,/ate is go+ to %[ a really und]/&+ m9d t[>d ! crim9al1 x has got to %[ x j z mu* to ! :ole social problem ( pov]ty & disease4 ,& t is go+ to co/ ! ,/ate m money ?an x is prep>$ to sp5d on any?+--except on ,w>4 ,crime is sometimes a v %ameful ?+4 ,b is n ! record ( ! way p[]ful ,/ates h dealt ) crime 9 ! pa/ m uni=mly %ameful ev5 ?an crime itself8 ,has n t record /ood out z a gha/ly bl9d spot 9 ! consci5ce ( ,*ri/ian ,society8 ,p ( cons]vative m9d are s extraord9>ily ready to make excuses = organis$ ,society :i* !y w n make = ! individual4 8,t 0 a cruel age10 !y w say1 :5 y recall ! judicial horrors p]petrat$ aga9/ human nature ?ree hundr$1 two hundr$1 "o hundr$ ye>s ago2 x 0 tradition1 x 0 cu/om4 ,b !re 7 nations1 pr(ess+ ,*ri/ianity--a doctr9e hav+ exactly ! same basis !n z n[--! same cre$1 ! same gospel1 ! same div9e life ( compassion & m]cy exempl>y ( :at ,heav5 requir$ 9 ! conduct ( man to man2 & !re 7 rul]s & adm9i/rators ) m9ds & p[] ( reason j z capable z our own--giants ( intellect "s ( !m--:o1 ) all _! pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity--int]pret+ x to ! suppos$ ne$s ( ! ,/ate--h left to u ?is gha/ly record ( a p5al code worse ?an ! crimes x 0 set to rem$y4 ,t p5al code--! obsequi\s s]vant ( ,/ate-au?ority--/ood hundr$s ( ye>s beh9d ! av]age individual consci5ce ( ! community4 ,& yet 9 moral au?ority we exalt x above ! individual6 ,9 age aft] age ! consci5ce1 ! liv+ consci5ce ( ?is c\ntry w5t to prison & to execution to br+ x j a little m up-to-date4 ,revolt+ juries refus$ to convict because ( its savag]ies2 & /ill x mov$ sl[ly & reluctantly1 cruel 9 its fe> ( ! human nature x did n und]/&4 ,less ?an a c5tury & a half ago a girl ( f\rte5 0 s5t5c$ 9 ?is c\ntry to be burn$ alive = c\nt]feit co9+2 only eighty-five ye>s ago a boy ( n9e 0 s5t5c$ to dea? = break+ a pane ( glass & /eal+ two p5ce4 ,! s5t5ces 7 n c>ri$ out1 b !y 7 pron\nc$4 ,i suppose x 0 /ill consid]$ 8exempl>y0 to rem9d ! crim9al classes ( :at p[]s ! law _h ov] !m4 ,n[ let u imag9e t "s individual caught a boy indulg+ 9 petty !ft2 & to puni% him--9 hot blood p]haps--took him & hung him up by ! neck till he 0 dead4 ,%\ld we n be incl9$ to say t s rabid a wild bea/ mu/ be ext]m9at$ f ! face ( ! e>?1 le/ he %\ld h desc5dants l himself8 ,yet t is :at our own ,c\rts ( ,ju/ice--! au?oris$ in/rum5t ( ! p ( ,engl&--7 do+ 9 cold blood to "y boys 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,lamb4 ,!y _h n ! excuse ( national dang]1 or w>2 yet we don't ?9k t our ance/ors ought to h be5 aboli%$ (f ! face ( ! e>? = do+ x1 or = all[+ x4 ,we manage to =give !m1 because aft] all !y 7--our ance/ors4 ,:5 x comes to a ,/ate-act1 ! individual %>es ! responsibility ) s _m t he is able to %ift x f 8 consci5ce4 ,b 9 t process :at _h ! ,/ate done to itself8 ,9 s deal+ ) ! crim9al--x _h become a crim9al1 mak+ ( itself a moral mon/rosity--all ! m f\l because 9 ! p]petration ( su* acts x decl>$ t x 0 do+ no wrong6 ,h[1 "o may ask1 0 x possible = su* p5alties z ^!1 & o!rs ev5 m savage ?an ^!1 to become emb$d$ 9 ! p5al code ( a civilis$ & a ,*ri/ian ,/ate8 ,ma9ly = two reasons ,i believe3 fir/ ! fact 7ref]r$ to be=e7 t ! doctr9e ( unre=mative puni%m5t1 z expressive ( ! ,ju/ice ( ,god1 0 "p ( its religion2 & secondly1 t ! ,/ate bas$ itself !n1 z n[1 on ! ,w to ,p[]1 & n on ! ,w to ,love4 ,& seek+ its safety 9 t]ms ( p[] x p]petrat$ ^! atrocities4 ,f ^? two premises ! results 7 only natural4 ,are we go+ to salve our consci5ces to-day by m]e degrees ( comp>ison1 by say+3 8,we are n s bad z t n[08 ,p]haps we are n s bad2 b ! basis on :i* we cont9ue to act has n alt]$4 ,! ,w to ,p[] 7= :i* ! ,/ate /ill /&s7 mu/ always lag beh9d ! ,w to ,love 9 its und]/&+ ( human nature4 ,& :ile x lags beh9d ! p5al code ( ! ,/ate w always be a drag ^u ! social consci5ce4 ,n[ s f> we h be5 consid]+ ?is doctr9e ( puni%m5t 9 relation to ! crim9al section ( society--=ce & punitive treatm5t be+ necess>y1 we say1 = ! discipl9e & control ( ! wa/e products ( our civilisation4 ,b 9 ! :ole body politic :at does x all come to8 ,:at type ( m9d is f9ally evolv$ by ! ,/ate :i* s deals ) its human mat]ial8 ,:at is ! f9al moral aspect ( ! ,/ate itself8 ,exam9e t "q f ! int]national po9t ( view4 ,:y is e ,/ate arm$8 ,because e ,/ate1 :5 all is said & done1 is a pot5tial crim9al :om o!r ,/ates _c tru/4 ,& ?\gh ^! ,/ates look d[n ^u _! crim9als1 !y are pr\d ( !mselves4 ,we are gr\p$ to-day1 _m ,/ates toge!r1 9 arm$ alliance = :at 7:5 we took up arms7 we believ$ to be a great & a j cause2 & :ile we are s gr\p$ we speak well ( our ,allies4 ,b ! gr\p+s ( to-day are n ! gr\p+s ( ye/]day2 & ! int]national spectacle :i* we h pres5t$ age aft] age has be5 simply ?is3 t no nation c\ld tru/ any o!r nation to behave morally1 ju/ly1 humanely1 & = ! good ( ! :ole1 :]e s+le self-int]e/ 0 conc]n$4 ,s l to its own crim9als did ea* nation rema91 t all ! o!rs _h ev] to keep _! in/rum5ts ( puni%m5t ready to h& 9 case ( ne$4 ,is n t an extraord9>y comm5t>y on ! law ( puni%m5t2 t n m]ely does x fail to d away ) ! crim9al )9 its own jurisdiction1 b reproduces 8 lik5ess 9 all ! high places ( ! _w--giv+ him 8 ju/ification by %[+ him t1 :]e community ( int]e/ ends1 ,/ates are no o!r & no bett] ?an he8 ,we all agree t w> is a v horrible ?+4 ,b at "o po9t x has a moral value :i* is n %>$ s obvi\sly by o!r p5al codes2 a value :i* p are com+ m & m to recognise to-day1 & :i* w--m ?an any?+ else p]haps--help to put an end to w>4 ,= :5 y seek to puni% wrong by go+ to w>1 !n y y\rself h to %>e ! puni%m5t4 ,innoc5t & guilty alike mu/ agonise & suff] & die4 ,to inflict t puni%m5t y mu/ *oose out y\r brave/ & y\r be/1 & s5d !m to %>e equally ) ^? y w\ld puni% ! s5t5ce ( suff]+ & dea?4 ,all puni%m5t1 inflict$ by p5al codes1 really comes back to ! community2 b only 9 w> d we see x %>$3 actively & volunt>ily by "s1 passively & unavoidably by o!rs4 ,& p]haps x is t m ?an any?+ else :i* w ev5tually p]suade civilis$ man t w> is intol]able--t he _c puni% )\t %>+ ! puni%m5t4 ,x may s\nd fanta/ic to sugge/ t a l condition %\ld be def9itely atta*$ to our civil & p5al sy/em1 9 ord] to br+ home to u t all puni%m5t is %>$1 t :at we manufacture 9 our prisons becomes a /aple commodity4 ,b ,i c ?9k ( no device t w\ld s quickly & effectively get rid ( t sep>ation ( int]e/ :i* puni%m5t seems to e/abli%4 ,imag9e t = e prison] s5t5c$1 a lot fell on someone else1 call+ ^u him or h] to g & %>e 9 t demon/ration ( society's failure to produce only good citiz5s4 ,imag9e ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 ab\t to make an important /atem5t 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 call$ sudd5ly by lot to %>e ! inc>c]ation ( a def5d] ( ! lib]ty ( ! press or ( a robb] ( h5-roo/s6 ,%\ld we h to wait a mon?--a week--to h our prisons trans=m$ into places :]e human nature 0 no long] ?r[n to wa/e1 ) its en]gies cut (f f sane employm5t & developm5t8 ,w\ld x n br+ home to u--z p]haps no?+ else w\ld--! mill-/one weight on ! life ( ! nation ( all puni%m5t t is n purely re=mative & curative8 ,w\ld x n v soon put an end to puni%m5t 9 ! old s5se altoge!r8 ,y may look ^u ?is sugge/ion z a fanta/ic p>able2 b spiritually x is :at we %all h to d4 8,!re is only "o s910 said ! unkn[n writ] ( "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & fam\s books ( devotion produc$ dur+ ! middle-ages--! ,!ologia ,g]manica4 8,! only s9 is sep>ation40 ,we %all nev] get rid ( ! crim9al till we cease to sep>ate ourselves f him1 till we make 8 int]e/ our int]e/1 till we %>e1 will+ly & consci\sly1 ! responsibility ( ! society :i* has produc$ him4 ,,*ri/ianity ,a ,,dang] ,,to ,,! ,,/ate 7#aiaf7 ,! ,/ate1 :i* accepts ! proposition t =ce is a rem$y1 has logical gr\nd = employ+ =ce to secure its ends1 until wor/$ by ! =ces oppos$ to x1 or by "s o!r p[]4 ,su* a ,/ate1 naturally & logically1 claims ! assi/ance ( its subjects 9 pursu+ a c\rse = :i*1 9 "t ( peace1 & ) _! app>5t cons5t1 x has made great prep>ation1 entail+ a va/ exp5diture ( ! nation's weal? & en]gy4 ,?is claim ( ! ,/ate = ! p]sonal s]vice ( its citiz5s is always lat5t ev5 9 peace-"t2 b 9 peace-"t ! great majority ( ! s]vices x requires are r5d]$ ^u a volunt>y basis1 & g5]ally 9 ex*ange = a monet>y equival5t4 ,only1 !re=e1 :5 ! ,/ate is press$ by necessity to make an extreme ass]tion ( its claims = p]sonal s]vice does x f9d itself actively oppos$ by citiz5s :o h nev] 9 _! own lives & consci5ces accept$ ! proposition t =ce is a rem$y = evil4 ,x is true t _m ( ^! objectors h paid taxes )\t resi/ance = ! upkeep ( ,army & ,navy4 ,if !y h done s consci5ti\sly & n m]ely neglig5tly1 x has probably be5 ^u ! l9es ( 8r5d]+ to ,cs> ! ?+s :i* are ,cs>'s10 & f a recognition t all ! devices ( b>t] & ex*ange 7includ+ a co9-curr5cy7 are a mat]ial conv5i5ce devis$ by ! ,/ate1 :i* may legitimately be giv5 to or )drawn f ! control ( ! individual )\t affect+ 8 p]sonal integrity4 ,m5 s m9d$ may say q plausibly3 8,my worldly goods y c take or leave2 my pockets y may fill or empty2 b my body is ! temple ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & if ,i am call$ ^u to give p]sonal s]vice = ! infliction ( legal p5alties1 = ! suppression ( civil commotion1 or = ! prosecution ( w>1 !n ,i am ask$ = s]vice 9 a =m :i* ,i c only r5d] if my consci5ce approves40 ,fac$ by ?is cont5tion1 ! ,/ate has (t5 ?\ght wise to admit1 or to make all[ance =1 a claim :i* nev]!less x w n recognise by law4 ,p :o object to jury-s]vice = ! en=cem5t ( a p5al code :i* is aga9/ _! consci5ce1 are frequ5tly excus$ )\t f9e or p5alty4 ,! same all[ance w\ld probably be made to excuse any "o oppos$ to capital puni%m5t f assum+ ! (fice ( hangman4 ,yet capital puni%m5t only exi/s because a majority 9 ! ,/ate believes x to be ess5tial to public safety2 & if !re 7 a de>? ( h&s ready to und]take ! task1 x w\ld !n become a te/ ( good citiz5%ip = all to (f] !mselves2 & ! consci5ti\s objector1 ^: argum5t 0 tol]at$ & respectfully li/5$ to ! day be=e1 w\ld sudd5ly become a disreputable object to all law-abid+ m51 unless ! ,/ate 7 weak en\gh1 or wise en\gh1 to provide him ) ! "r ( exemption4 ,if x did s he w\ld imm$iately cease to be disreputable 9 ! eyes ( ! law1 8 "r to a consci5ce be+ grant$4 ,t concession has frequ5tly be5 made 9 ! pa/ to p :o1 call+ !mselves ,*ri/ians1 h held t5ets subv]sive ( ,/ate-au?ority4 ,:5 religi\s con=mity 0 consid]$ necess>y to ! spiritual security ( ! ,/ate1 ,noncon=mi/s resi/$1 till ! ,/ate made all[ance = !m4 ,:5 ! tak+ ( an oa? 0 consid]$ necess>y = ! security ( tru? 9 ! witness-box1 ,quak]s resi/$1 till ! ,/ate made all[ance = !m4 ,:5 ! co]cion ( ,ul/] 0 consid]$ necess>y = ! well-be+ ( ,irel&1 m5 :o _h tak5 ! oa? ( milit>y ob$i5ce ?reat5$ a consci5ti\s /rike1 & ! ,/ate made all[ance = !m4 ,incid5tally !y became ! h]oes ( t p>ty :i* is to-day mo/ /r5u\s 9 its dete/ation ( ^? lat] consci5ti\s objectors :o refuse to take ! oa? ( milit>y ob$i5ce2 b nobody 0 s5t to prison = utt]+ propag&a 9 _! praise6 ,n[ ! reason :y ! ,/ate c\ld tol]ate !m 0 n a moral reason2 x 0 simply ^u ! calculation t1 :ile /ill pursu+ its policy ( physical =ce1 x c\ld af=d to d )\t !m4 ,x c\ld all[ non-con=mity bas$ ^u ,*ri/ian tea*+1 or ^u consci5ti\s scruples1 to /reak ! curr5t ( its policy1 )\t !reby suff]+ any deflection ( its c\rse4 ,b x is q diff]5t :5 ! ,/ate1 driv5 by its belief 9 ! rightness & ! rem$ial value ( physical =ce1 comes to commit ! :ole ( its res\rces to ! prosecution ( w>4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! consci5ti\s objector !n becomes a m inconv5i5t factor 9 ! situation2 x may ev51 f ! ,/ate's po9t ( view1 become a dang]\s "o4 ,!n ^? insidi\s ,*ri/ian idiosyncrasies1 :i* h s (t5 be5 all[$ to )/& au?ority1 mu/ h all possible gr\nd cut f "u !m1 le/ x %\ld af=d /&+ to a new social ideal4 ,we h x on ! au?ority ( ! public prosecutor himself t1 if all m5 became consci5ti\s objectors1 w> w\ld no long] be possible2 & f su* a cata/rophe ! ,/ate mu/1 ( c\rse1 be sav$ by all possible means4 ,x is at ?is po9t1 !re=e1 t ! lat5t claim 7:i* 9 peace-"t is (t5 m hon\r$ 9 ! brea* ?an 9 ! obs]vance7 becomes insi/5t & active4 ,! ,/ate mu/ h--if x c get x--! p]sonal s]vice ( all its able-bodi$ citiz5s4 ,& ?us1 practically = ! fir/ "t1 ! rival claims ( law & consci5ce ^u a man's allegiance come to be f\ght out 9 public on a l>ge scale2 & if ! ,nation is engag$ 9 a popul> w>1 or 9 "o :]e ! va/ majority believes t x has righte\sness ^u its side1 !n !re w inevitably be mu* prejudice 9 ! public m9d aga9/ ! consci5ti\s objector2 :]eas !re might be mu* sympa?y = him 7?\gh n really on ! pr9ciple = :i* he cont5d$7 if he 7 refus+ to fight 9 a w> :i* happ5$ to be unpopul>1 or :i* a great numb] ( p reg>d$ z unju/4 ,b if we want to get to ! true basis ( ! pr9ciple aga9/ :i* ! consci5ti\s objector is cont5d+ 7a pr9ciple :i* _c logically be sep>at$ f any =m ( gov]nm5t built up on =ce7 we mu/ n col\r our view ) ! rightness or wrongness 79 our own e/imation7 ( ! w> 9 :i* we are engag$1 s9ce we obscure !reby t quality ( allegiance :i* is claim$ by ! ,/ate4 ,! ,/ate's claim--lat5t 9 peace-"t & liable to em]ge :5ev] w> or crisis %all arise--is n t its citiz5s %\ld fight = x :5 ! cause is j & "r1 b t !y %\ld fight = x 9 any case1 if x ord]s !m4 ,t claim1 made by e ,/ate ) m or less urg5cy1 we are n[ invit$ to view ) horror op]at+ at its full effici5cy ?r\gh\t a ,prussianis$ ,g]many4 ,?us exalt$ & p]fect$1 x has become1 we are told1 a dang] to ! _w2 9 su* a ,/ate ! moral consci5ce ( ! individual has become atrophi$ by subord9ation1 & he is n free to *oose betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,b w> only br+s home to u ! logic ( a situation :i* 9 peace-"t we h burk$2 & n[1 9 ord] to combat ! evil1 9 its fulle/ manife/ation1 m5 9 ?is c\ntry are ask$ to give _! s\ls into simil> keep+--to accept1 t is to say1 ! ov]-rid+ ( individual consci5ce by ! law ( ,/ate-necessity4 ,x is a claim :i* any ,/ate1 f\nd$ on =ce1 is b\nd ev5tually to make2 x is a claim :i* anyone :o believes =ce to be evil is b\nd to repudiate4 ,! foll[] ( ! "o s*ool draws 8 e?ics f ! e/abli%$ rules ( ! body politic to :i* he belongs2 ! foll[] ( ! o!r draws !m1 x may be1 f ! p]sonal example & tea*+ ( ,"o :om ! body politic ( 8 day reg>d$ z a crim9al1 & put to dea?2 ( ,"o ^: foll[]s1 x may be said fur!r1 7 p]secut$ 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 n because ( _! op9ions1 b because1 9 practice1 !y 7 a dang] to ! ,/ate4 ,! ,roman m9d 0 v logical2 & only :5 ,*ri/ianity _h become absorb$ 9 ! ,/ate sy/em & _h accept$ ! view t physical =ce & p]secution 7 good social rem$ies1 only !n did ,*ri/ianity cease to be an app>5t dang] & a fit subject = p]secution4 ,b ! primitive ,*ri/ian /&po9t is always liable to em]ge2 & :5 x does1 !n we get ! oppos+ pr9ciples ( two incompatible s*ools4 ,& we mu/ keep ^! pr9ciples 9 m9d--! pr9ciple ( conduct bas$ ^u a p]sonal example reject+ =ce1 & ! pr9ciple ( conduct bas$ ^u a social edifice rely+ ^u =ce = its well-be+ & advancem5t2 o!rwise we confuse ! issue1 & weak5 our appreciation ( ! moral position :i* ea* side assumes4 ,x is surely q evid5t t ! ,/ate1 :ile bas$ ^u =ce1 _c 7except z an indulg5ce7 c\nt5ance ! claim ( any individual to make ! morality ( its action ! te/ = p]sonal allegiance & s]vice4 ,& s ?is ,/ate-claim mu/ be unequivocably def9$1 o!rwise we d n really "k :]e we are4 ,n[ _m f]v5t support]s ( ! doctr9e t ,/ate-necessity mu/ /& supreme above individual consci5ce1 confuse matt]s by import+ ! moral equation1 & by argu+ = ! compell+ pr9ciple f p>ticul> in/ances :]e moral consid]ations seem to fav\r x3 8,our ,cause is j2 !re=e1 etc410 is ! l9e on :i* !y cont5d4 ,b ! ,/ate's claim /&s indep5d5t ( ! ju/ice ( its cause2 & 8,my ,c\ntry "r or wrong60 is ! real motto :i* ! objector to consci5ti\s lib]ty is call$ to fight "u4 ,all t ! ,/ate-back]s say z to ! obligation = ,engli%m5 to fight ,g]many to-day1 applies equally to ! obligation = ,g]mans to fight ,engl&4 ,s :ile we cont9ue to ass]t t a man mu/ fight "h ) u = ! cause ( lib]ty1 hon\r1 righte\sness--9 a ^w1 = ,god--we ass]t equally t 9 ano!r c\ntry he mu/ subject 8 consci5ce to ! claims ( ! ,/ate1 & fight = oppression1 di%on\r1 unrighte\sness--9 a ^w1 = ! ,devil 7& t 9 spite ( ! baptismal v[s :i* oblige him to 8fight manfully "u ,*ri/'s bann]10 n m]ely aga9/ s91 z he individually is conc]n$1 b s9 spiritually comb9$ 9 its symbolic repres5tative1 & def5d$ by ! temporalities ( ! _w74 ,f :i* we mu/ argue t1 if ,*ri/ 7 "h on e>? to-day1 born ( ,g]man p>5ts1 he w\ld be call$ ^u to fight 9 ! ranks ( ,g]many2 t if he 7 born ( ,engli% p>5ts he w\ld be call$ to fight = ,engl&2 :ile1 if aga91 born ( ,jewi% p>5ts1 he might be accord$ ! alt]native privilege ( fight+ = ,engl& :i* 0 n 8 c\ntry1 or ( be+ deport$ to ,russia to fight = ! p]secutors ( 8 race4 ,! consci5ti\s objector1 on ! o!r h&1 feels b\nd to take ! moral equation ( all su* p>ticul> in/ances z a guide to 8 diagnosis ( ! evils ( w>2 & he comes ?us to reg>d ! exp$i5t ( w> z altoge!r s bad a rem$y = evil t he d>es to d\bt :e!r ,*ri/ w\ld be se5 be>+ arms on ei!r side2 & he is probably /r5g!n$ 9 t conviction by ! fact t mod]n conditions ( w> t5d m & m to involve ! weak1 ! innoc5t1 & ! helpless 9 ! ru9 & suff]+ wr\ght by indu/rial & f9ancial exhau/ion1 invasion & blockade1 & t 8arms ( precision0 are s unprecise & bl9d 9 action t !y are q z likely1 :5 direct$ aga9/ t[ns1 to de/roy ! non-fight]s z ! fight]s4 ,& ! consci5ti\s objector f9ds a difficulty 9 see+ ,*ri/ s]v+ a gun = ! artill]y ( ei!r side 7h[ev] righte\s ! cause7 :i* may h = imm$iate result ! disemb[ell+ ( a "m :ile 9 ! pa9s ( *ild-bir?1 or ! dismemb]+ ( "y *ildr54 ,he holds fur!r 7& x is a t5able argum5t address$ to any ,p[] :i* ma9ta9s despotic sway ov] an ali5 race1 decl>+ su* sway to be acceptable to ! p conc]n$1 :ile treat+ z 8s$iti\s0 any reluctance to reg>d x z acceptable71 he holds t1 if ! wor/ comes to ! wor/1 submission to =ce1 or m]e passive resi/ance !reto1 is m lifesav+1 bo? morally & physically1 ?an ! sett+ ( =ce aga9/ =ce ev5 = ! def5ce ( 8lib]ty40 ,he holds1 probably1 t ,f9l&1 9 h] policy ( passive resi/ance to ,ts>i/ dom9ation1 has bett] conditions & prospects to-day ?an ,s]bia2 t ! pres5t fate ( ,india1 z ! result ( submission to a /rong] ,p[] is pref]able to ! pres5t fate ( ,belgium2 ev5 ?\gh ! ,gov]nm5t =c$ ^u x be m ali5 to ! g5ius ( its races ?an is ! ,g]man to ! ,flemi%4 ,he may believe t 9 ! long run ,india is m likely to escape f be+ ,brita9is$ by b[+ to ! subjugat+ ,p[]1 ?an ,brita9 is likely to escape f be+ ,prussianis$ by a hurri$ adoption ( a simil> sy/em to t :i* %e has set out to de/roy4 ,he may ev5 ?9k 7= !re is no limit to ! contr>iety ( 8 views7 t if ,engl& w9s h&somely 9 ?is w> by adopt+ ! ,prussian sy/em ( milit>ism1 %e is m likely to reta9 x ?an if %e gets beat54 ,9 a ^w he ?9ks w> ! mo/ haz>d\s ( all rem$ies = ! evils x sets out to cure4 ,! ,/ate1 on ! o!r side1 sees ! v grave/ dang] to t edifice ( worldly p[] :i* is summ$ up 9 ! ^w 8imp]ial10 if once x all[s ! individual consci5ce to pick & *oose ! moral t]ms ( its allegiance4 ,& ! bett] ! argum5t ! consci5ti\s objector c pres5t f political p>allels 9 o!r c\ntries1 or f ! failures & blund]s ( pa/ hi/ory1 ! m dang]\s becomes 8 propag&a & ! m rigor\sly mu/ x be suppress$4 ,! ,/ate's claim to our duty to-day is precisely ! same1 nei!r m nor less1 ?an x w\ld be if x requir$ our s]vices = ! prosecution ( a second ,bo] ,w>1 a second ,opium-trade w> aga9/ ,*9a1 or a second w> aga9/ ! ,indep5d5ce ( ,am]ica4 ,! causes ( ! w> might be no m reputable ?an 9 ^! cases1 b ! ,/ate's claim on our allegiance w\ld rema9 ! same4 8,x is n = y10 ! ,/ate says1 9 effect1 8to judge :e!r ,i am "r or wrong1 if ,i come to claim y\r s]vices = w>40 ,n[ nobody1 ,i presume1 is s conv9c$ ( ! p]5nial purity ( 8 c\ntry's motives1 or t its =eign policy has 9 ! pa/ be5 s safe-gu>d$ by democratic control1 z to claim t x has nev] wag$ fooli% or unju/ w>s4 ,mo/ reasonable p w admit t ! ,/ate is1 9 matt]s ( morals1 a fallible au?ority4 ,! claim is1 !re=e1 t ( a fallible au?ority = ! unque/ion+ ob$i5ce ( its citiz5s 9 a c\rse ( action :i* may involve ! ru91 torture1 & dea? ( an innoc5t p1 or ! subjugation ( a lib]ty-lov+ race4 ,t claim by a ,/ate :i* /&s bas$ on ! doctr9e t ,might is a sur] rem$y & def5ce ?an ,"r1 is a p]fectly logical "o4 ,i h n a ^w to say aga9/ x4 ,b :5 t claim is made = ! ,/ate by foll[]s ( ,*ri/ianity on ,*ri/ian gr\nds1 !n ,i am anxi\s to relieve ! ,/ate ( ! entanglem5t !y w\ld ?ru/ ^u x4 ,i am sure t a ,/ate :i* bases its au?ority on ,might is weak5$ & n /r5g!n$ by any attempt to sanction its claim z be+ compatible ) ! ,*ri/ianity taught by ,*ri/4 ,! less ,*ri/ianity a ,/ate pret5ds to :5 x goes to w>1 ! m is x likely to conduct its w> effectively1 & to f9d no m5tal h9drance 9 its way z x advances to its true end--! de/ruction ( its enemies4 ,because our c\nsels 7 mix$ ) a c]ta9 modicum ( ,*ri/ianity1 we _h a reluctance e>ly 9 ! w> to use asphyxiat+ gas1 explod+ bullets1 & c]ta9 o!r improv$ devices = add+ to ! frightful effectiv5ess ( w>4 ,we /ill hesitate to sme> phosphorus on our %ells s z to make w\nds incurable1 or to />ve our prison]s because we he> t our fell[ c\ntrym5 are be+ />v$ 9 ,g]many4 ,9 "s in/ances ) ! help ( ! ,daily ,mail ! doctr9e ( 8an eye = an eye & a too? = a too?0 has c>ri$ ! day = u2 b x is n a ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & else:]e ,*ri/ianity1 or its %ad[1 /ill holds u by ! leg4 ,! ,morn+ ,po/1 see+ ! national dang] we 7 9 f ^! divid$ c\nsels1 rightly dem&$ a ,gov]nm5t t w\ld 8/ick at no?+10 b has only p>tially succe$$ 9 secur+ :at x wants4 ,n[ ! consci5ti\s objectors h be5 try+ to d u ! s]vice1 :i* we h ignor$1 ( po9t+ out f ! v beg9n+ t w> is n & _c be ,*ri/ian1 & s %[+ u t :5 a nation goes to w> ,*ri/ianity is ! real dang]4 ,! bigg] ! bulk ( g5u9e & practical ,*ri/ianity 9 any c\ntry1 ! m impossible is x = t c\ntry to adopt effective me?ods ( w>4 ,! reluctance :i* we feel to %ell out phosphorus1 or to />ve civilians1 w 9 ! g5u9ely ,*ri/ian ,/ate make itself felt at a mu* e>li] /age ( w>like practice1 long be=e ^? p>ticul> devices h be5 appli$ or ev5 ?\ght (2 & x w arise 7to ! discr$it+ ( all p[] :i* places ,might above ,"r7 f ! ass]tion t 8an eye = an eye & a too? = a too?0 is n ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & is1 9 result1 no rem$y = ! evil x sets itself to av5ge4 ,?is is ! real p>t+ ( ! ways2 x is fundam5tal4 ,*ri/ianity1 bas$ ^u ! p]sonal example & tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 is too individuali/ to be 9 accordance ) ,society z at pres5t con/itut$4 ,in/itutional ,*ri/ianity1 on ! o!r h&1 has obvi\sly transf]r$ its allegiance 9 c]ta9 matt]s ( moral guidance f ,*ri/ to ,cs>2 & claims t ^? matt]s h be5 left = ,cs> to decide4 ,i he>d x argu$1 = in/ance1 q rec5tly1 by a ,roman ,ca?olic1 t z ,*ri/5dom 9 all ages _h tol]at$ w>1 all "q ( consci5ti\s objection !reto by a ,ca?olic falls to ! gr\nd4 ,! answ] ( ! ,*ri/ian individuali/1 ,i conceive1 w\ld be1 t ,*ri/5dom also tol]at$ torture = ! extraction ( tru?1 & slav]y = ! extraction ( lab\r2 & t1 nev]!less1 ! consci5ti\s objection ( resi/ant m9orities succe$$1 9 spite ( ! sup95ess ( ,*ri/5dom1 9 plac+ ^? mon/rosities outside ! pale ( civiliz$ conv5tion4 ,no d\bt :ile ^? devices fl\ri%$ "u ! c\nt5ance ( ,"m ,*ur*1 ,*ri/ians oppos$ to _! abolition w\ld h cri$ !n1 z !y cry n[ ab\t w>1 8,h[ are y to d )\t !m8 ,h[ c y extract tru? f an unwill+ witness1 or lab\r f a subjugat$ race1 except by compulsion & =ce80 ,! answ] to t app>5tly insoluble problem n[ /&s writt5 9 hi/ory--a hi/ory :i* has n elim9at$ untru? f ! witness-box1 or indol5ce f ! lab\r m>ket2 yet torture & slav]y alike h ceas$ to be practical politics1 except :]e ! ,/ate /ill answ]s ) reg>d to w> z x us$ to answ] ) reg>d to ^!3 8,i _c d )\t40 ,!re1 9 _! la/ real /ronghold1 unaffect$ by ,*ri/ian e?ics1 slav]y & torture /ill /&4 ,b we h to rememb] t ! ,/ate's claim1 if we accept x z a b9d+ pr9ciple1 comes mu* clos] home to u ?an x w\ld d if x arose only 9 "t ( w>4 ,milit>y s]vice1 once we are 9 x1 involves u 9 su* ?+s z ! fir+ at ,pet]loo on def5celess citiz5s1 9 ! murd] "u sup]ior ord]s ( ,%eehy ,skeff+ton2 9 ! %oot+1 if we are ord]$ to %oot !m1 ( consci5ti\s objectors--m5 :o are !mselves sworn n to take life4 ,milit>y s]vice1 loyally r5d]$ 9 ,ts>i/ ,russia1 involv$ ! rid+ d[n1 ! sabr+ to dea?1 & ! dr[n+ ( ^? meek cr[ds :o /ood be=e ! ,w9t] ,palace 9 ,janu>y1 #aije1 ask+ = _! 8,little ,fa!r0 to come & speak to !m words ( com=t4 ,^! are ?+s un=tunately :i* ,*ri/ians _c d ) a good consci5ce1 b :i* ! ,/ate = its safety may say t x requires4 ,let ^? ( u :o agree ) ! ,/ate's claim to our p]sonal s]vice1 irrespective ( consci5ce1 d our utmo/ to sep>ate x f ! weak5+ effects :i* true & g5u9e ,*ri/ianity is b\nd to h on x4 ,,! ,,salt ,,( ,,! ,,e>? 7#aiah7 ,x is a curi\s comm5t>y ^u ! confusion ( tongues :i* has desc5d$ ^u u 9 our ef=ts to build t[]s rea*+ to ,heav51 t y w\ld h be5 misl$ _h ,i giv5 ?is address its true title4 ,_h ,i call$ x 8! ,value ( ,purity0 mo/ ( y w\ld h imag9$ t ,i 0 go+ to speak ( :at is usually call$--) su* /range "o-sid$ness--! 8social evil02 j z we call ! liquor traffic 8! ,trade40 ,y w\ld h ?\ght1 probably1 t ,i 0 go+ to speak ab\t ,regulation #dj ,d1 or "s o!r aspect ( ! sex problem ) :i* ! ^w 8purity0 has become conv5tionally alli$4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be "o-sid$ 9 ! o!r direction1 to exclude su* consid]ations f ! scope ( s embrac+ a !me2 b my int5tion is r to dis5cumb] ! ^w 8purity0 f ! n>r[ & puritanical mean+ to :i* x has become limit$2 & ! 8,salt ( ! ,e>?0 does br+ u ne>] by its salut>y implication to :at purity %\ld really mean4 ,= if purity is n a good sanit>y pr9ciple ( fundam5tal application to all e?ical problems alike1 x is m]ely a pi\s fad :i* may easily become a pi\s fraud--a religi\s t5et pigeon-hol$ by crabb$ age = ! affliction ( y\?4 ,to dep>tm5talise x 9 a p>ticul> direction leads to impurity ( ?\ght2 = we de/roy ! balance ( life & degrade its /&>ds if we d n use our moral weights & measures consi/5tly 9 all relations alike4 ,& if y all[ a p>ticul> implication ( purity to impose its claim 9 a society ^: impurity 9 o!r directions makes x entirely impracticable1 !n y are r$uc+ y\r social e?ics to m]e pret5ce & mock]y2 & hone/ y\? w f9d y out1 & w turn away f y\r religions & y\r e?ical codes ) ! contempt :i* !y des]ve4 ,is n t :at is actually happ5+--m app>5tly to-day1 p]haps1 ?an ev] be=e8 ,has n t dep>tm5tal code to :i* ,i ref] brok5 d[n & become fooli% 9 ! eyes ( hone/ m5 & wom51 l>gely because purity is n[h]e e/abli%$ 9 ! surr\nd+ conditions ( our social life8 ,:at is ! true aim ( social life & social organisation 9 reg>d to ! individual8 ,:at claim has x ^u 8 allegiance if x does n (f] ! means ( self-realisation & self-fulfilm5t equally to all8 ,& suppose1 in/ead ( do+ ?is 9 a l>ge majority ( cases1 x does ! rev]se3 />ves 8 imag9ation1 r$uces 8 initiative1 cripples 8 developm5t1 makes practically impossible 7at ! "t :5 desire awakes & becomes /rong7 ! fulfilm5t ( 8 nature in/9ct = mat+2 h[ does ! claim /& !n8 ,if y c only (f] him m>riage conditions :i* are !mselves impure1 unequal laws :i* are !mselves a temptation1 h\ses incompatible ) heal? or dec5cy1 wages insuffici5t = ! heal?y support ( home1 & wife1 & *ildr52 if t1 broadly speak+1 has be5 ! m>riage condition :i* society (f]s to wage-e>n+ y\?1 :at "r has x to babble ab\t 8purity0 9 t n>r[] & m individual relation1 :ile c>eless to provide x 9 its own l>g] doma98 ,if y h employm5ts--su* z t ( bank-cl]k or %op-assi/ant--:i* dem& ( ^? engag$ a c]ta9 g5tility ( dress & appe>ance1 b (f] only a wage ^u :i* 7till a man is ov] ?irty7 dome/ic e/abli%m5t at ! requir$ /&>d ( respectability is q impossible--if t is ! social condition impos$ 9 a great bran* ( middle-class indu/ry--if y tol]ate t condition & draw bigg] pr(its f y\r bus9ess1 & bigg] divid5ds f y\r inve/m5ts ^u ! /r5g? ( x--:at "r h y to dem& ( y\r victims an ab/95ce :i* is 9 itself unnatural & p5uri\s1 & !re=e impure8 ,yet :at proportion ( s]mons1 ?9k y1 h be5 prea*$ dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s 9 *ur*es & *apels aga9/ t great social impurity ( und]paid lab\r1 & und]f$ life :i* h betwe5 !m done s f> m to create pro/itution ?an any indwell+ depravity 9 ! he>t ( y\?8 ,?w>t$ life1 & sweat$ lab\r1 ^? h be5 ! mak+s ( ! 8social evil10 s call$2 & !y lie at ! door ( an impure sy/em :i* has made its money sav+s at ! co/ ( a great wa/e ( life4 ,t p>ticul> in/ance1 :i* ,i ref] to m]ely 9 pass+1 has to d ) our ord9>y application ( ! ^w purity4 ,b ,i want to %[ h[ all social purity really hangs toge!r1 & h[1 unless y h a great fundam5tal social pr9ciple pure ?r\gh\t1 corruption w c>ry infection f "o dep>tm5t to ! o!r1 mak+ useless or impracticable any ideal ( purity :i* y try to set up 9 "o p>ticul> direction4 ,if y d--to put x pla9ly & colloquially--! doctr9e won't wa%2 hone/ m9ds w f9d out t ! "p is inconsi/5t ) ! :ole4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! :ole social ideal :i* lies at ! root ( ! mod]n ,/ate8 ,is x pure1 or is x impure8 ,is x ! true 8,salt ( ! ,e>?0 :i*1 if equally appli$1 w b5efit all nations & all peoples alike3 ^? to :om1 9 ,presid5t ,wilson's phrase1 we wi% to be j1 & ^? to :om we d n wi% to be j8 ,does any mod]n ,/ate really pres5t )9 its own bord]s1 & 9 its treatm5t ( all classes & int]e/s1 an example :i*1 if ext5d$1 w\ld make ! _w safe = ,int]nationalism--an end :i* ,i am incl9$ to ?9k is m important ?an mak+ x safe = ,democracy8 ,! phrase 8,salt ( ! ,e>?10 :i* ,i h tak5 to illu/rate ! mean+ & value ( social purity1 has come to u f t wond]ful comp5dium ( e?ical tea*+ kn[n to ,*ri/ians z ! 8,s]mon on ! ,m\nt02 t body ( coh]5t1 consi/5t1 & con/ructive doctr9e f :i* ,*ri/ianity--s soon z x _h alli$ itself ) ,cs> & ! ?+s ( ,cs>--made su* ha/e to dep>t4 ,& ! :ole process ( t dep>ture 0 7f ! pure e?ical /&>d ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt7 a process ( adult]ation--( impurity--an adaptation ( a spiritual ideal to a secul> practice ( mix$ motives4 ,b ! process really began e>li]4 ,x began 9 ! attempt to id5tify ! ,god ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt ) ,jahveh1 ! tribal ,god ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,& 9 t attempt$ id5tification 7incompatible e?ics hav+ to be reconcil$7 e?ics became conf\nd$4 ,! ,rabb9ical tra9+ ( ,/4 ,paul1 ! ,hebrai/ic t5d5cies ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7^: fir/ device 0 to proselytize ! ,jews on ! old nationali/ic assumption t !y 7 ! ,*os5 ,p71 all comb9$ to give an impure vision ( ,god to ! foll[]s ( ! new fai?4 ,! nationalism ( ,judaism corrupt$ ! int]nationalism ( ! ,day ( ,p5teco/2 & ! primitive ,mosaic code utt]$ f ,s9ai1 & adapt$ to ! mission ( racial conque/ !re enjo9$1 /ultifi$ ! tea*+ ( ,calv>y4 ,! two 7 incompatible2 yet1 someh[ or ano!r1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h to evolve an e?ic :i* embrac$ bo?4 ,& x did s ?r\gh allegiance to ! ,/ate1 & ! sett+-up ( a compromise betwe5 ?+s secul> & ?+s spiritual :i* has exi/$ ev] s9ce4 ,y c see = y\rselves :i* ( ! two is to-day ! m recognis$ & obs]v$ among nations :i* call !mselves ,*ri/ian4 ,! old t5ets ( ,judaism--bas$ on ! ,mosaic law & summ$ up 9 ! say+1 8,an eye = an eye1 & a too? = a too?0--c be obs]v$ by any "o to-day 9 practical entirety ) ! full approval ( ! ,/ate4 ,a /rict obs]vance ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & a practical belief 9 ! tea*+ ( ,calv>y l& a man 9 prison or may ev5 r5d] him liable to be %ot4 ,rightly or wrongly he is reg>d$ z a dang] or a weakness to ! mod]n ,/ate4 ,p]sonally1 ,i ?9k t he is rightly reg>d$ s2 = ,i d n see h[ ! mod]n ,/ate c\ld exi/ if ev]yone 7 a s9c]e believ] 9 t great peace-(f5sive1 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & 9 its great practical exposition1 ! ,dea? on ,calv>y4 ,! only ?+ ,i am 9 d\bt ab\t is :e!r ! mod]n ,/ate is ! bett] alt]native4 ,*ri/ianity1 s9c]ely & :ole-he>t$ly practis$1 might h /range social results2 x might1 on ! o!r h&1 be unexpect$ly pleasant & workable4 ,b ( "o ?+ ,i feel q sure2 x w\ld n--z humanity is at pres5t con/itut$--be practis$ by any b a v small m9ority2 & x w\ld h to "w entirely )\t ,/ate aid4 ,b t m9ority w\ld fulfil1 = ! purposes ( demon/ration1 ! condition :i*1 ,i ?9k1 is necess>y = all great e?ical adv5tures3 x w\ld be pure & unadult]at$4 ,x w\ld succe$ or x w\ld fail /&+ ^u its own feet & n ^u ,cs>'s1 n rely+ on mix$ motives or compromise1 b on a s+le pr9ciple--! pr9ciple ( lov+ y\r neighb\r z y\rself1 & conv]t+ him f evil ways by a process ( peaceful p5etration4 ,& be+--& rema9+1 a decisive m9ority 9 ! _w's affairs1 its "p !re9 w\ld resemble ! "p play$ by salt 9 ! *emical sanitation ( ! soil out ( :i* gr[ ! clean or ! unclean ?+s ( e>? :i* fe$ or :i* poison u4 ,& t is ! fir/ po9t :i* ,i ask y to consid]2 ! extraord9>y value to society1 & to ! :ole evolution ( ! human race ( m9orities hold+ extremi/ op9ions--s extreme t !y d n seem at ! pres5t day to be practical politics--& yet hav+ a *emic influ5ce 7:i* w\ld n be o!rwise obta9able7 = br++ into be+ ! m9d ( to-morr[1 :i* has always be51 all d[n ! ages1 ! "w ( m9orities1 & g5]ally ( p]secut$ m9orities4 ,= ! ,salt ( ! ,e>? is only "o s+le con/itu5t1 :i* enables a bett] /&>d ( life to become e/abli%$ :]e ! virtue ( its pres5ce is felt4 ,salt is n1 & _c be1 ! g5]al con/itu5t ( life2 its ess5ce always rema9s a m9or quantity1 & yet q def9itely x affects ! g5]ality ( ?+s ar\nd x4 ,b 9 itself x is an extreme1 an uncompromis+ elem5t2 its mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic is its saltness4 ,x w\ld be fooli%1 !re=e1 to blame x = n be+ sweet1 or = n be+ acid1 or = n be+ capable ( tak+ ! place ( beef or mutton 9 ! diet>y ( ! human race1 or = n mak+ ! :ole human race 9 its own image4 7,! only p]son ,i ev] he>d ( :o 0 turn$ into an image ( salt 0 ,lot's wife2 & z a human be+ x made h] entirely useless74 ,& yet1 z1 q lit]ally1 ! sub/ance salt has help$ ! e>? to become habitable1 & ! human race to become human1 s has t symbolic salt ( ! e>?1 help$ ! human race to become humane1 & to envisage 7?\gh n to obey7 a new e?ic ( conduct bas$ ^u an ideal conception ( ! bro!rhood ( man4 ,x 0 ! extreme expression ( a new & high] moral plane to :i* evolution is only gradually br++ u4 ,_h x />t$ ^u compromise x w\ld h be5 useless4 ,its special value 01 & /ill is1 9 its uncompromis+ enunciation ( a pr9ciple :i* we /ill reg>d z impracticable4 ,b x _h1 at lea/1 :5 x 0 fir/ utt]$1 ?is degree ( practicability--x appeal$ to m5's m9ds2 & x has gone on appeal+ to !m ev] s9ce4 ,_h x be5 utt]$ to neoli?ic man1 x w\ld h be5 m]ely un9telligible1 ) no imag9able relation to ! exp]i5ces ( life2 :]eas x has a v obvi\s relation n[4 ,e>? 0 !n 9 ! toils n ( a moral b ( a physical problem1 dem&+ a /raight=w>d physical solution2 & ! salt+ ( ! e>? consi/$ !n v l>gely 9 ! indomitable c\rage & ob/9acy ) :i* man--! crude /ruggl+ bip$--/ood up aga9/ ! l>g] & m p[]ful =ms ( life :i* b>r$ ! way ( 8 advance t[>d civilisation--j z previ\sly1 ! salt+ ( ! e>? 7! prep>+ x = a high] =m ( life7 dep5d$ ^u ! huge & unc\? ant$iluvian mon/]s :i* dev\r$ & trod d[n ! ov]:elm+ gr[?s ( m>% & jungle4 ,& f t fir/ salt+ ( ! e>?1 la/+ ?r\gh s _m ages1 x is no wond] t mu* ( ! old physical recipe /ill survives2 & t ! hi/ory ( civilisation has %[n u a process 9 :i* ru?less ext]m9ation by w> 0 reg>d$ z ! be/ means ( e/abli%+ ,god's elect ^u e>?4 ,! doctr9e t =ce is a rem$y1 or a security = moral ends1 dies a sl[ dea? 9 ! m9ds ( m54 ,in/itutional ,*ri/ianity has1 by its traditions & its precepts1 done all x c\ld to keep x alive4 ,we /ill h read to u 9 our *ur*es--= our approv+ acceptance--a proposition made by ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel to a neighb\r+ tribe1 precisely simil> to t made five ye>s ago by ,g]many to ,belgium4 ,& ! inf]5ce left on ! m9ds ( ,*ri/ian congregations1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 has be5 t ,god q approv$ ( x 7& ( ! ru?less deva/ation :i* foll[$7 z a means = mak+ 8 *os5 p ! salt ( ! e>?4 ,x is n )\t significance t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* all d[n ! ages has all[$ t sort ( tea*+ to ent] ! m9ds ( ! common p4 ,x is n )\t significance t ! common p five ye>s ago rose sup]ior to _! ,bible-tea*+1 & reg>d$ its reproduction 9 ! _w ( to-day z a moral outrage4 ,& yet if ! _w's affairs1 & its racial problems are to be solv$ by physical =ce1 x 0 a p]fectly consi/5t ?+ to d2 & ! inconsi/5cy lies 9 our moral revolt aga9/ x4 ,! tru? is1 ( c\rse1 t we are 9 a p]iod ( transition4 ,we are indignant ) p :o reg>d successful =ce z a ju/ification = wrong2 b we are almo/ equally indignant ) ^? :o w n reg>d x z a rem$y = wrong4 ,& we are sl[ to see t :ile ! s*ool ( ju/ification by =ce rema9s rampant 9 ! _w1 !re may be "s *emic value = ! spiritual developm5t ( ! human race 9 ! s*ool :i* d5ies ! efficacy ( rem$y by =ce4 ,yet is x n possible t z ! pa/ belongs to ! "o1 s ! future may belong to ! o!r8 ,:5 we />t$ ^u ?is w> we decl>$ t x 0 a w> to end w>2 & x 0 q a popul> ?+ to say t if x did n result 9 ! end+ ( w>1 !n ! cause ( ! ,allies w\ld /& defeat$4 ,b t 0 only ano!r way ( say+ t we %\ld suff] defeat if 9 ! ne> future ! :ole _w 7 n conv]t$ to ! po9t ( view ( ! consci5ti\s objector4 ,b t w\ld h be5 a v unpopul> way ( putt+ x1 s x 0 n said4 ,surely ?is sort ( contradiction 9 :i* w> l&s u is only ano!r pro( t we are 9 an age ( transition4 ,transition makes consi/5cy difficult4 ,b ! inconsi/5cy1 :i* conditions ( w> br+ into prom95t reality1 lies emb$d$ 9 our social sy/em 7:i* is itself a compromise betwe5 two incompatible pr9ciples7--! ,w to ,love & ! ,w to ,p[]2 & !re w always be t inconsi/5cy till ! _w has def9itely decid$ :e!r ,love or ,p[] is to =m ! basis ( our moral ord]4 ,x has n decid$ x yet4 ,9 our own c\ntry 7leav+ out all "q ( =eign relations7 we h n decid$ x yet4 ,x is ! condition ( impurity result+ f t indecision--& p]meat+ m or less ! :ole ( our social organisation--:i* ,i ask y n[ to consid]4 ,h[ x came ab\t is really n difficult to expla94 ,:5 primitive man began to develop ! rudim5ts ( society 7! gr\p1 or ! h]d7 he did s ma9ly = self-pres]vation4 ,9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce coord9at$ numb]s gave him a bett] *ance2 & giv+ him a bett] *ance ( life1 !y gave him also a bett] *ance ( self-developm5t & self-enjoym5t4 ,b into t e>ly society man br\ght n only 8 social in/9cts b 8 pr$atory in/9cts z well4 ,& :ile ! gr\p help$ him to prey m effectively on ^? left outside1 x did n prev5t him f prey+ 9 a c]ta9 measure on ^? )94 ,! exceptionally /rong man _h an exceptional value 9 8 own tribe2 & he exact$ an exceptional price = x--9 wives1 or 9 slaves captur$ 9 w>1 or 9 ! division ( ! spoil4 ,x 0 ! same1 z society develop$1 ) ! exceptionally res\rceful lead]2 bra9 began to c\nt above muscle2 & ! m5 ( exceptional ability acquir$ ! weal?4 ,& y "k p]fectly well1 )\t my go+ fur!r into detail1 t out ( ! price exact$ )9 ! community 7^: broad int]e/s 7 9 common7 sep>ate & conflict+ int]e/s arose2 ! int]e/ :i* secur$ political control exact$ f all ! dep5d5t int]e/s an unfair price = its s]vices2 & :]ev] slav]y 0 an e/abli%$ "p ( social developm5t1 man did n love 8 neighb\r z himself1 he only lov$ him z 8 *attel4 ,y may take a big jump ?r\gh hi/ory1 f primitive to feudal1 f feudal to mod]n times2 & y w /ill f9d ! same int]e/s /rong 9 e /ate1 us+ _! inh]it$ control ( weal?1 ( organisation1 & ( law1 to extract advantage to !mselves f ! weak]1 & ! less educat$ memb]s ( ! community2 & always do+ x 9 ! "n ( ! commonweal?--! /r5g? & /ability ( ! ,/ate4 ,only ! o!r day 79 a ,/ate z advanc$ z any 9 its democratic fai? & its doctr9e ( equality = all--! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica7 ! mom5t !re 0 a tempor>y breakd[n 9 ! legal safegu>ds aga9/ *ild-lab\r--!re 0 a great organis$ ru% 9 c]ta9 ,/ates ( conscript$ *ild-lab\r into indu/ry--conscript$ n by ! ,/ate b by capital1 exploit+ ! increas$ ne$ ( ! wage-e>n+ classes br\ght ab\t by ! rais$ prices ( w>4 ,! m5 :o d t k9d ( ?+ 7& !y are m5 ( great p[] & influ5ce 9 ! ,/ate7 /ill only love _! neighb\rs z _! *attels1 & /ill take advantage ( all =ms ( law1 or abs5ce ( law1 to keep e/abli%$ z f> z !y c ! conditions ( social slav]y4 ,y may say t a ?+ l t lies outside ! law1 or t x is an abuse :i* legislation has n yet ov]tak5 & put an end to2 b :at is m important & m significant is t x is an abuse :i* public op9ion 9 ^? ,/ates :]e x 0 done _h n ov]tak5 & put an end to1 or n m]ely put an end to1 b made impossible4 ,x makes x impossible = a black man ov] !re to m>ry a :ite woman2 & if x c d ! "o x c d ! o!r4 ,b :at are ^? p do+8 ,!y are m]ely reflect+ 9 _! own p]sonal affairs an ideal :i* lies engra9$ 9 e ,/ate :i* puts self-int]e/ above ! int]e/ ( ! :ole human race4 ,& t1 9 our pres5t transitional /age1 is ! /&po9t ( e c\ntry to-day4 ,9 our he>t ( he>ts we /ill hold ,nationalism m important ?an ,int]nationalism4 ,& 8my c\ntry "r or wrong0 is /ill = "s p ! la/ ^w 9 morality2 r ?an admit _! c\ntry to be 9 ! wrong !y w let morality g4 ,9 t matt]1 inde$1 ! _w to-day seems to be divid$ into two s*ools4 ,!re is "o s*ool :i* s exalts ! idea ( ! ,/ate z to say t ! ,/ate c d no wrong3 t if morality & ,/ate-int]e/ conflict morality mu/ g "u1 or r t morals only exi/ to subs]ve ,/ate-int]e/s1--& be+ a ,/ate-product1 ! ,/ate has ! "r to limit _! application4 ,we are fight+ to-day aga9/ a race :i* is *>g$ ) hav+ tak5 up t attitude2 & ! pron\ncem5ts ( "s ( its mo/ di/+ui%$ writ]s1 z well z c]ta9 me?ods :i* x has employ$ 9 w>1 seem to be> out ! *>ge4 ,b :5 x comes to w>1 t p>ticul> s*ool ( ,/ate-e?ics gives itself away by prote/+ t ! o!r ,/ates :i* are 9 ho/ile alliance aga9/ x are behav+ v wrongly inde$--?\gh by its own doctr9e 7,/ates be+ above morals7 !y are incapable ( wrong4 ,x _c /ick to its own !sis4 ,b :at are we to say if t o!r s*ool1 :i* admits t ! ,/ate c d wrong2 b is n go+ to all[ ! ,/ate to be puni%$ = do+ wrong if t ,/ate happ5s to be its own8 ,x is n t ?is s*ool does n believe 9 puni%m5t2 x believes 9 x en?usia/ically1 raptur\sly1 s long z x is direct$ aga9/ ! wrong-do+ ( "s o!r ,/ate4 ,puni%m5t is good = o!r ,/ates1 :5 !y d wrong2 )\t puni%m5t ! ju/ice ( ,god w\ld n be satisfi$4 ,b = _! own p>ticul> ,/ate puni%m5t is bad1 & is no long] to be advocat$4 ,& s y may say--look+ back 9 hi/ory--t y\r c\ntry 0 q wrong 9 wag+ su* & su* a w>2 b patriotism =bids ! wi% 9 t case t "r %\ld h prevail$ & ! ju/ice ( ,god be5 satisfi$4 ,n[ t s*ool 0 v vocal 9 ,engl& dur+ ! ,bo] ,w>2 & ,i d>esay dur+ ! ,opium ,w> ) ,*9a2 & ,i d>esay1 also1 dur+ ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce--v l\d t we 7 9 ! wrong2 b n at all admitt+1 = t reason1 t x w\ld be good = u to be beat54 ,b ,i ?9k x %\ld be "o ( our pr\de/ boa/s t1 9 ! long run 7n imm$iately--n p]haps = a g5]ation or two7 ! political & moral good s5se ( ?is c\ntry goes back ^u ! tea*+ ( t s*ool4 ,i believe t on ! :ole we are glad t we 7 beat5 9 ! w> ) ,am]ica2 & t we are glad we 7 beat5 because we 7 9 ! wrong4 ,&1 p]haps1 "s day--n yet1 = our fe> ( ! ,yell[ ,race is /ill great] ?an our fe> ( any :ite race y c "n--b1 p]haps1 "s day we may be sorry t we 7 n beat5 to a /&/ill 9 our opium w> ) ,*9a4 7,i see1 incid5tally1 t to-day we are address+ a %>p remon/rance to ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t1 because x is n[ do+ t v ?+ :i* we !n compell$ x to d at ! po9t ( ! bayonet--p]mitt+1 namely1 ! opium trade to be reviv$4 ,t remon/rance only came1 h[ev]1 aft] we _h sold to ,*9a suffici5t opium to la/ its m$ical ne$s = #adj ye>s67 ,n[ ^? acts ( our national pa/1 :i* we n[ reprobate1 7 only bad prom95t expressions ( ! fundam5tal idea on :i* ! mod]n ,/ate runs its =eign policies--reflect+ outw>dly some?+ :i* lives /rongly engra9$ 9 our mid/--! ,w to ,p[]4 ,x is because t pr9ciple is m firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! _w ( diplomacy ?an ei!r ! ,w to ,s]ve or ! ,w to ,love1 t our policies h be5 able to %ape !mselves4 ,x 0 n because we wi%$ to give ! ,hea!n ,*9ee a good "t t we =c$ our opium ^u him2 x 0 because we want$ to give our opium trade good returns4 ,& t 0 m]ely a fai?ful reflection ( :at 0 go+ on at home4 ,x 0 because we want$--or because our rul+ classes want$--to give capital good returns1 t ! work+ classes 7 n all[$ to comb9e1 t *ild-lab\r1 & sweat$ indu/ries rema9$ l in/itutions 9 our mid/1 t legislation 9 ! int]e/s ( lab\r & ( wom5 & *ildr5 fell hopelessly into arre>s4 ,democracy1 y may say1 has done away ) all t3 well1 ) "s ( x4 ,9 proportion to ! broad5+ ( its p[] 9 ! ,/ate1 ,democracy has look$ aft] its own int]e/s4 ,b s long z ! av]age human m9d is b5t ^u secur+ advantage to ! detrim5t ( o!rs1 or ^u secur+ = itself privileges n to be %>$ by o!rs1 t m9d w inevitably be reflect$ 9 ! way we "w our ,/ate in/itutions1 & ! =m we give to our =eign policies4 ,& always1 & 9 e in/ance1 y w f9d1 if y foll[ x out1 t ?is incl9ation to secure advantage to ! detrim5t ( o!rs always l&s y 9 an e?ical contradiction unless y\r ideal is entirely inhuman & non-social4 ,x is inconsi/5t ) t community ( int]e/ to :i* social ord] pret5ds4 ,we set up laws = ! good ( ! ,/ate2 & we call !m equal laws4 ,& if !y are good laws1 & if we love our c\ntry1 we mu/ necess>ily love ! laws :i* are = ! good ( our c\ntry1 & embrace !m ) equal f]v\r1 :e!r !y t\* u or :e!r !y t\* our neighb\rs4 ,b :5 a memb] ( our own family commits a !ft1 or a =g]y1 we d ev]y?+ we c to save him f ! op]ation ( t law :i* we ?9k s good = o!rs4 ,& if we d2 !n our affection or respect = ! law is entirely "o-sid$ & impure4 ,& ! p :o make laws & devise puni%m5ts ^u ^? unequal premises are n at all likely to make _! laws j1 or _! =ms ( puni%m5t wise4 ,our :ole prison sy/em is bad j because x is n really design$ fir/ & =emo/ to d ! crim9al good1 & to develop him into a useful citiz52 b only to repress him & make him a disc\rag+ example to o!rs4 ,our prisons are impure because !y are lack+ 9 good-w2 we h reg>d$ p[] in/ead ( love z ! solution ( ! crime problem2 & we h be5 cont5t$ to apply an impati5t1 un9tellig5t1 & s\l-de/roy+ rem$y to ! crimes ( o!rs1 :i* we w\ld n wi% to see appli$ 9 l case to ^? ( our own family4 ,( c\rse1 ,i "k t our prisons h be5 greatly improv$2 because1 z ,i said be=e1 we are 9 a /ate ( transition1 & a new s*ool ( ?\ght1 ^: basis is ,love & ,s]vice1 is fight+ an old s*ool ( ?\ght ^: basis is ,p[]1 & gradually--only v gradually--gett+ ! bett] ( x4 ,x is ! same ) ,education2 ! old idea ( education 0 l>gely bas$ on dom9ance & p[]--! p[] ( ! tea*] to puni%4 ,! new idea is l>gely bas$ ^u ! p[] ( ! tea*] to int]e/1 & ^u tru/ 9 y\?'s natural in/9ct to acquire k4 ,x is a trem5d\s *ange2 ! old sy/em 0 impure 9 its psy*ology1 & corrupt$ alike ! m9d ( ! tea*] & ! taught4 ,nobody 9 ! old days 0 s untea*able z a s*ool-ma/]2 & yet 8 :ole pr(ession is really--to le>n ( y\?4 ,& ! e?ical impurity ( ! old sy/em came at ! po9t :]e !re 0 a lack ( goodwill--a lack ( mutual confid5ce4 ,9 trade aga91 h[ mu* co-op]ation has be5 ov]-ridd5 by competition--manuvres ( "o aga9/ ! o!r1 design$ to ! o!r's detrim5t4 ,we h be5 told t competition is absolutely necess>y to keep u effici5t 9 bus9ess2 x is precisely ! same s*ool ( ?\ght :i* says t w> is necess>y to keep u effici5t z a nation4 ,b 9 a family y don't ne$ competition2 :]e !re is goodwill1 co-op]ation & ! give-&-take ( new ideas = ! common /ock are en\gh4 ,to-day we are beg9n+ to wake up to ! possibility ( co-op]ation tak+ ! place ( competition4 ,x is ! pur] idea2 & be+ ! pur] we %all probably 9 ! end f9d x ! m economical4 ,& :at %all we say ab\t politics8 ,does anyone pret5d t our politics are pure2 or t ! sy/em on :i* we run !m is any?+ b a va/ sy/em ( adult]ation8--:i* may p]haps be ?us express$3--,two great bodies ( op9ion try+ to misund]/& ea* o!r & try+ to make ! g5]al public %>e 9 _! misund]/&+1 9 ord] t _! own side may atta9 to p[]4 ,:5 y />t on a discussion1 :at is ! pure reason = t discussion8 ,to try to arrive at a common und]/&+--m5tal co-op]ation4 ,b is x = t purpose t we raise our p>ty cries & run a g5]al election8 ,we are be+ ?reat5$ ) t great boon 9 ! ne> future4 ,& :5 x takes place a great wave ( impurity w rise & w flood ?r\gh ! l&2 & m5 w be /r5u\sly misrepres5t+ ! words & ?\ghts & motives ( _! oppon5ts--& v (t5 m5 w be misrepres5t+ _! own motives--because _! end is really p[]--p[] ov] o!rs in/ead ( goodwill to o!rs4 ,& out ( t process we %all draw toge!r ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,nation6 ,t process--:i* we see q well is an impure process--is =c$ ^u u because we are 9 a /age ( transition2 x is difficult z a matt] ( practical politics to sugge/ a bett]4 ,b ought n t obvi\s fact to make u v humble ab\t our pres5t /age ( political developm5t--& humble 9 g5]al ab\t ! position to :i* we h atta9$ 9 our moral evolution8 ,is x n a little premature to call ourselves a ,free ,nation8 ,is any ,nation really free till x has f\nd itself on peace & good-w to all8 ,n[ ,i h put be=e y ^! sorry spectacles to %[ t :]e ! true social ideal ( bro!rhood & goodwill breaks d[n1 y arrive at "s e?ical absurdity ( :i* y h to be a%am$--y f9d y\rself driv5 into inconsi/5cy1 into impurity4 ,& ! only ?+ t is consi/5t & is pure 7once y h />t$ ) ! social idea7 is t we are all "o bro!rhood--& t h>m to "o memb] ( ! community is h>m to all4 ,& :5 y h once got a nation t has really tak5 t idea to he>t & made a practice ( x1 su* a nation w nev] re/ cont5t till !re is a ,society ( ,nations ( l m9d ext5d+ ov] all ! _w4 ,i ref]r$ j n[ to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,to mo/ ( ! _w its tea*+s s\nd impracticable4 ,!y are ! extreme /atem5t ( an ideal2 & x is h>d 9 ?is _w to live ideally4 ,b t /atem5t has ab\t x ?is m]it ( commons5se--x is pure1 x is consi/5t--x is a unit$ :ole2 & x is bas$ on some?+ ( :i* we h nev] yet really all[$ ourselves ! luxury--a tru/ 9 human nature4 ,a belief t if y set y\rself :ole-he>t$ly to d good to o!rs--to d good ev5 to y\r enemies--human nature w respond4 ,we _c all love our neighb\rs z ourself--t individual emotion is beyond u4 ,b if we c love our c\ntry en\gh to die = x1 we c also love x en\gh to give to x laws & in/itutions & policies t %all prep>e ! way = ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( man4 ,,! ,,rights ,,( ,,majorities 7#aiab7 ,9 e age "s feti* ( gov]nm5t has be5 set up design$ to delude ! gov]n$1 & to induce a bl9d r ?an an intellectual acceptance ( au?ority4 ,to set up 9 gov]nm5t "s po9t ov] :i* y mu/ n argue1 is always v conv5i5t to ^? :o gov]n2 & s y w note1 ?r\gh\t ! _w's hi/ory1 t ! manipulators ( gov]nm5t h always tri$ to impose "s incontrov]tible proposition z ! basis on :i* _! au?ority %all re/2 & !n1 hav+ done s1 to get ! /r+s ( x into _! own h&s1 & "w x to _! own conv5i5ce4 ,9 ! pres5t day 8majority rule0 is ! pret5d$ feti*2 a majority ^: qualification is almo/ automatic1 ^: regi/ration is all done = x by ! p>ty ag5ts1 & ^: free & indep5d5t vote is br\ght up to ! poll+-boo? v l>gely by ! bribe ( a free ride 9 a motor-c>4 ,scores ( elections1 t is to say1 are turn$ by ! indiff]5t vot]1 & on ?is sort ( cook]y recipe ! moral products ( majority rule are s]v$ up to u z 8a di% fit = a k+10 & z giv+ moral sanction to gov]nm5t4 ,& :atev] indige/ion comes to u z ! result ( our swall[+ x :ole we are to sit d[n "u4 ,if ! majority has decid$1 ! matt] 7we are told7 is beyond argum5t4 ,t is ! feti*1 ! sup]/ition on :i*1 9 !ory1 gov]nm5t re/s to-day4 ,9 o!r times !re 7 o!r feti*es1 q z respectable4 8,! ,k+ c d no wrong10 0 "o ( !m4 ,& we h _h /ag$ be=e our eyes1 9 due ord]1 ! div9e "r--or ! div9e sanction2 x is all ! same--( ,k+s1 ( ,prop]ty1 ( ,inh]itance1 ( ,slav]y1 & ( ,w>4 ,all ^! h be5 ma9ta9$ z necessities ( gov]nm5t--infallible doctr9es1 bas$ on ,scripture & ! w ( ,god4 ,"s ( !m pres5t r a batt]$ front to-day4 ,! feti* :i* has tak5 _! place is ! 8,"r ( ,majorities40 ,we d n exactly say 8,majorities c d no wrong40 ,b we d incl9e to say 7(t5 = ! sake ( a quiet life1 & = no bett] reason7 8,majorities mu/ be all[$ to d z !y please40 ,& t means 9 effect--^? mu/ be all[$ to d z !y please :o c pull ! wires by :i* majorities are manipulat$4 ,i ne$ h>dly rem9d y t to-day ! wire-pull]s are ! /atesm51 ! lead]s ( p>ty1 :o h secur$ m & m ! control ( ! p>ty-ma*9e1 & ) x ! control ( ! education ( ! electorate4 ,hav+ secur$ ?is control1 !y let loose ^u y ! a/oni%+ doctr9e t1 if y h numb]s1 !re y h y\r "r cut & dri$2 t if y h n numb]s y\r "r 7politically speak+7 does n exi/4 ,n[ e /ud5t ( hi/ory kn[s t 9 ! pa/ majorities1 m especially manipulat$ majorities--or _! c\nt]p>t =ce majeure--h done great crimes4 ,b we d n to-day ma9ta9 t ^? majorities _h a 8"r0 to sack cities1 to violate wom51 to massacre1 to ext]m9ate1 & to br+ o!rs into subjection4 ,! mo/ we say is t ^! happ5+s are an extreme1 &1 "u "s circum/ances1 an inevitable expression ( c]ta9 bad elem5ts 9 human nature4 ,is x n1 !n1 p]fectly absurd to imag9e t "u int]nal & dome/ic conditions all su* bad elem5ts h dep>t$ f majorities2 & t a cons5sus ( vice1 ( self-indulg5ce1 ( unfairness1 ( a desire = dom9ation1 may n spread ?r\gh v l>ge sections ( ! community1 ev5 ?r\gh :ole peoples :]e ! opportunity s to indulge is accord$--especially if x be accord$ by law or embodi$ z a ,/ate doctr9e8 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 !re mu/ be "s limitation or *eck impos$ ^u ! s-call$ 8rights0 ( majorities2 & "s ( !m may be limitations :i* ^? majorities w\ld n *oose = !mselves1 b w1 all ! same1 submit to )\t revolt if !y are prop]ly rubb$ home6 ,"o ( ! ess5tial conditions = majority rule 7if x is to c>ry ) x any moral sanction at all7 is t x mu/ be ready to submit to ! same conditions :i* x imposes ^u o!rs2 & t x mu/ n set up qualification1 or prohibition f qualification1 )\t any liability ( t prohibition fall+ ^u itself4 ,x mu/ make ! liability fairly equal4 ,! speci\s excuse & ju/ification = gov]nm5t by majority1 z put =w>d by ! mat]iali/s1 is t1 lat5t1 )9 x1 lies ! physical =ce ( ! nation4 7,i may say1 9 pass+1 t ! physical =ce ( ! nation lies lat5t 9 e =m ( gov]nm5t :i* secures ! ass5t ( ! gov]n$2 & only ceases to be lat5t :5 "s ( x gets on to its h9d-legs & insi/s on ano!r =m ( gov]nm5t2 & to be effective1 t 8"s ( x0 ne$ n always be a majority47 ,b x is no use talk+ ( physical =ce be+ ! basis & ! moral ju/ification ( majority rule--x is no use invok+ ! physical =ce argum5t--unless y\r majority is also prep>$ to g to ! tr\ble ( ex]cis+ x & pay+ ! price = ex]cis+ x4 ,& ! ma9 ph5om5on ( our pres5t =m ( gov]nm5t by majority is t ! majority won't take any tr\ble at all2 t1 tak5 9 ! bulk1 !y c>e v little1 & won't put !mselves to inconv5i5ce--c]ta9ly won't risk physical discom=t & pa9--unless gov]nm5t has v s]i\sly incommod$ !m by damag+ or by neglect+ _! int]e/s4 ,if ! physical =ce basis is to be y\r full sanction ( gov]nm5t--if t is really y\r argum5t--!n t basis1 t sanction1 is possess$ equally by k+ or despot1 s long z he has 8 organisation at 8 comm&4 ,!re are 8 numb]s1 obey+ him j z1 ) u1 ,m4,p4's1 #gjj /rong1 obey ! p>ty-:ips1 (t5 aga9/ _! pr9ciples1 b f no physical compulsion :atev]4 ,:at ! prea*]s ( physical =ce seem to ignore 9 argu+ ab\t ! basis ( gov]nm5t1 is ! aim ( gov]nm5t4 ,:at1 9 ! m9ds & consci5ces ( ^? :o believe 9 gov]nm5t1 is gov]nm5t aim+ =8 ,is its aim only to keep ord] or to be j8 ,does x seek to repress humanity to ! utmo/ ext5t1 or to develop x8 ,to wrap its tal5ts 9 a napk91 or to make x spiritually a rul] ( cities8 ,:at is humanity out =8 ,to :at is x evolv+8 ,:at has be5 its impulse1 its motive =ce 9 press+ =1 & 9 extract+ f reluctant au?orities ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t1 ) its accompany+ symbol--! voice ( ! majority8 ,x has be5 seek+ humane gov]nm5t--9 ! belief1 surely1 t ! ne>] y get to really humane gov]nm5t ! m w unre/ & revolt & crime cease2 &1 by ! consequ5t r$uction ( ! police & ( ! =ces ( repression n[ ne$$1 repay ! ,/ate a hundr$-fold = ! lib]ties x has e/abli%$4 ,& majority rule is m]ely a device to get ne>] to humane gov]nm5t1 to op5 up ! m9d ( man to 8 own humane possibilities1 & to develop 8 tru/ 9 o!rs by repos+ tru/ 9 him4 ,! m y spread gov]nm5t z an organization ( ! p !mselves1 ! m humane1 ^u t work+ basis1 are likely to be its op]ations--on "o condition3 t su* organisation ( ! p1 :atev] its numb]s1 submits to ! op]ation ( its own laws & %>es equally 9 ! conditions :i* x imposes--t1 if x provides a qualification = citiz5%ip1 x provides also ! means = all to qualify4 ,n[ ?is br+s u to ! relative duties ( ^? :o gov]n & ( ^? :o are gov]n$2 &1 :]eas1 fundam5tally _! duty is ! same1 9 "o important respect x diff]s4 ,9 ea* case1 broadly & fundam5tally1 _! duty is t[>d _! neighb\r--to d to him z !y w\ld he %\ld d unto !m4 ,t axiom1 rightly c>ri$ out1 cov]s all ! law & ! prophets1 be+ great] ?an ei!r2 nay1 if x 7 rightly & univ]sally c>ri$ out1 ! law & ! prophets might safely be %elv$4 ,law m]ely exi/s z an exp$i5t1 because m5 h n yet le>n$ ?or\ghly to d1 or ev5 to wi% to d1 _! duty t[>d _! neighb\r2 & z law is an imp]fect ?+1 only exi/+ because (1 & only applicable to1 imp]fect conditions1 ! law & its uphold]s are n1 & nev] c be1 a p]fect expression ( t duty :i* is mutually ow$ by all4 ,law is only an exp$i5t = av]t+ great] evils :i* might1 & probably w\ld1 take place )\t x 9 our pres5t v imp]fect /age ( human developm5t4 ,b !re is "o obvi\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! gov]nors & ! gov]n$4 ,9 ! action ( ! =m] !re is an ass]tion ( au?ority--an und]ly+ assumption ( a p[] to improve matt]s by regulat+ !m4 ,9 ! gov]n$ !re is no su* assumption ( moral sup]iority2 ! gov]n$ are !re :e!r !y l x or no2 & ! laws :i* condition _! lives are laid ^u !m by a p[] beyond !mselves1 ev5 :5--"u a repres5tative sy/em--!y h secur$ "s m9ute voice 9 reg>d to _! %ap+4 ,! gov]nors1 !re=e1 by _! assumption ( an ability to improve matt]s1 are 9 a fiduci>y position to ! re/ ( ! community--! onus prob&i ( _! b5efic5ce re/s ^u !m & n ^u ! p4 ,x is _! duty to pacify ! gov]n$2 x is n ! duty ( ! gov]n$ to pacify !m2 & if !y fail 9 ! "w ( pacification1 :i* is _! ma9 raison d'tre1 !y1 & n ! community1 h to meet ! *>ge ( functional incompet5ce4 ,gov]nm5t is a function2 be+ gov]n$ is n a function4 ,humanity 9 all /ages ( civilization or ( savag]y has fall5 subject to gov]nm5t )\t be+ ask$ to %[ any c]tificate ( its fitness to be gov]n$4 ,x is !re=e1 ! gov]nors :o h to prove !mselves fit--n ! gov]n$2 & if a p5al code be f\nd1 or decl>$1 necess>y to enable ! gov]nors to secure peace & ord]1 !n 7if y\r sy/em be j & equal7 ! p5al code %\ld be applicable 9 at lea/ equal sev]ity to ! gov]nors :o impose x1 :5 in/ead ( produc+ cont5tm5t1 x produces unre/ & disord]4 ,liability to impea*m5t & condemnation "u laws ( an equal /r+5cy w\ld be1 ,i ?9k1 a v :olesome corrective to ! legislative action ( ,m4,p4's vot+ co]cive measures :i* only result 9 failure4 ,i fancy t "u su* conditions !re w\ld h be51 = in/ance1 a f> small] majority = ! 8,cat & ,m\se ,act10 ! futility ( :i* soon became s ridicul\sly app>5t4 ,imprisonm5t ) compulsory />vation1 foll[$ by release ^u a m$ical c]tificate1 & !n by a fre% t]m ( imprisonm5t w\ld h be5 a mo/ enlight5+ =m ( vacation = c]ta9 memb]s ( ,p>liam5t4 ,& until we h secur$ 9 ?is c\ntry a mu* m equal adju/m5t ( ! relations betwe5 gov]nors & gov]n$1 "s su* corrective = v9dictive legislation is c]ta9ly ne$$4 ,x is n a suffici5t equival5t1 or safegu>d to popul> lib]ty1 to be able m]ely to dismiss f (fice a ,m9i/] ( ! ,cr[n :o has by 8 adm9i/rative blund]s br\ght citiz5s to dea? & prop]ty to de/ruction1 or :o has s$ul\sly manufactur$ crim9als out ( a class ^: w is to be law-abid+4 ,he1 if anybody1 des]ves puni%m5t2 & ,p>liam5ts 7back$ by :atev] majority7 :i*1 ?r\gh ma9ta9+ political inequalities1 produce su* results1 are "u ! same condemnation4 ,! onus prob&i ( _! b5efic5ce re/s ^u !m2 & if1 commission$ to secure peace & ord]1 !y produce only unre/ & disord]1 !n ! pro( is aga9/ !m4 ,li/5 to ^! rem>kable words by s great a support] ( con/itutional au?ority z ,edmund ,burke3 8,nations10 he says1 8are n prim>ily rul$ by laws1 /ill less by viol5ce4 ,:atev] orig9al en]gy may be suppos$ 9 =ce or regulation1 ! op]ation ( bo? is1 9 tru?1 m]ely in/rum5tal4 ,nations are gov]n$ by ! same me?ods & on ! same pr9ciples by :i* an individual )\t au?ority is (t5 able to gov]n ^? :o are 8 equals or 8 sup]iors--by a k ( _! temp]1 & by a judici\s managem5t ( x4 ,i mean--:5 public affairs are /eadily & quietly conduct$3 n :5 gov]nm5t is no?+ b a cont9u$ scuffle betwe5 ! magi/rate & ! multitude1 9 :i* sometimes "o & sometimes ! o!r is upp]mo/1 9 :i* !y alt]nately yield & prevail 9 a s]ies ( contemptible victories & sc&al\s submissions4 ,! temp] ( ! p among/ :om he presides ought1 !re=e1 to be ! fir/ /udy ( ! /atesman4 ,& ! k ( ?is temp] x is by no means impossible = him to atta91 if he has n an int]e/ 9 be+ ignorant ( :at x is 8 duty to le>n40 ,& fur!r on he says3 8,9 all disputes betwe5 !m 7! gov]n$7 & _! rul]s1 ! presumption is at lea/ ^u a p> 9 fav\r ( ! p4 ,exp]i5ce may p]haps ju/ify me 9 go+ fur!r4 ,:5 popul> discont5ts h be5 v preval5t1 x may well be affirm$ t !re has be5 some?+ f\nd amiss 9 ! con/itution or 9 ! conduct ( gov]nm5t4 ,! p h no int]e/ 9 disord]4 ,:5 !y d wrong1 x is _! error & n _! crime4 ,b ) ! gov]n+ "p ( ! ,/ate x is f> o!rwise4 ,!y c]ta9ly may act ill by design z well z by mi/ake4444 ,& if ?is presumption 9 fav\r ( ! subject aga9/ ! tru/ees ( p[] be n ! m probable1 ,i am sure x is ! m com=table speculation2 because x is m easy to *ange an adm9i/ration ?an to re=m a p40 ,!re1 !n1 is a great au?ority1 ,edmund ,burke1 ma9ta9+ t gov]nm5ts are m liable to wilful error ?an ^? :om !y gov]n--& ! ma9 value ( majority rule is t x t5ds to br+ ! presumption r\nd to ! side ( gov]nm5t1 by mak+ ! voice ( gov]nm5t also ! voice ( ! p4 ,i d n ?9k ! claims ( majority rule c be put on any high] foot+ ?an t--t if ! gov]nm5t is really expressive ( a gov]n$ majority 7& n m]ely ( a majority to :om ! con/itution has accord$ lic5ce & privilege above its fell[s7 !n ! fav\rable presumption 9 any conflict comes r\nd to ! side ( gov]nm5t4 ,b if gov]nm5t claims its sanction f a majority1 !n we mu/ enquire fur!r into ! composition & "* ( t majority2 & yet fur!r :e!r ! m&ate ( t majority is ! output ( its consci5ce or m]ely ( its self-int]e/2 we mu/ wat* its work+s1 & see :at really br+s x to ! poll--its moral s5se1 its pleasure 9 motor-c>s1 or its incl9ation 7bas$ on a national love ( sport7 to select & to back ! w9n]4 ,at ^: bidd+ to-day1 & = :at motive1 are we really be+ gov]n$8 ,our duty t[>d gov]nm5t c nev] be great] ?an t[>d t voice ( sanction on :i* x re/s4 ,& %ort ( a voice ( ! :ole p consci5ti\sly utt]$1 & s condition$ z to be really free & equal1 ,i d n see :5ce an entire sanction ( gov]nm5t is to come--?\gh y may h 7"u su* & su* circum/ances7 a l>ge increase ( presumption 9 its fav\r4 ,b obvi\sly !re are degrees4 ,we 9 ,engl& cle>ly recognise t4 ,we h recognis$ x 9 our own hi/ory2 we recognise x 9 look+ abroad ^u o!r c\ntries4 ,& we r approve--mo/ ( u--( revolution aga9/ a ,russian or a ,g]man gov]nm5t :i* has refus$ s to aim t ! p %all be 9 "s sort _! own gov]nors4 ,simil>ly1 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! sanction may be imp]fect--we may h secur$ ! =m b n ! sub/ance4 ,if s--if ! =m is s manipulat$ z to be virtually ( no effect--! moral sanction is by s mu* less5$4 ,univ]sal fran*ise--on ! unatta9able qualification1 let u say1 ( /&+ on "o leg = a =tnight1 w\ld be a mock]y des]v+ ( in/ant revolt4 ,& !re is "s mock]y 9 sett+ up any qualification ( :i* a will+ & pa9/ak+ citiz5 _c avail himself--or h]self4 ,p]haps !re is also "s mock]y--"s *eap5+ ( citiz5%ip--9 sett+ up a qualification :i* requires no will+ness & no pa9s4 ,! moral sanction ( gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 is ev] fluctuant & v>iable--condition$ always by ! s9c]e relation%ip ( !ory to practice1 ( =m to fact4 ,no am\nt ( =m or !ory1 h[ev] j 9 appe>ance1 or legal 9 fact1 w condone unju/ gov]nm5t4 ,& z we w\ld wi% to be condemn$ & puni%$ 7 we s to impose on o!rs--s mu/ we act t[>ds any gov]nm5t :i* seeks to impose on u by sub/itut+ =m = sub/ance4 ,if its moral sanction is imp]fect x _c claim p]fect ob$i5ce4 ,n[ if !re is n a full & hone/ wi% among ^? :o gov]n to d z !y w\ld be done by--claim+ no advantage or privilege = !mselves1 & n attempt+ to keep 9 ord] "o section ( ! community r ?an ano!r by fram+ laws :i* p5alise ?is section r ?an t--if !re is n ?is hone/ wi%1 !re w all ! m be an attempt on ! "p ( ! gov]n+ section to give to its gov]nm5t 9 =m t virtue :i* x lacks 9 practice1--to say to objectors3 8,see h[ safegu>d$ on all h&s are y\r int]e/s1 h[ p]fectly y are repres5t$1 h[ obvi\sly y are ! ma/]s ( ! situation1 & we only ! s]vants40 ,& ! ne>] ! gov]n$ are to an intellectual awak5+ & appreh5sion ( _! true condition1 ! m elaborate & plausible w be ! pret5ce t ! real ultimate p[] re/s--n !re 9 ! h&s ( ! gov]nors1 b "h 9 ! h&s ( ! gov]n$4 ,& be/ ( all--because mo/ deceptive ( all--w be ! device :i* does actually put ! means ( re=m+ or ( ov]?r[+ gov]nm5t into ! h&s ( ! gov]n$1 :ile s nullify+ ! application ( ^? means t ! fair =m1 s fruitful 9 seem+1 %all be 9 reality an empty husk4 ,n[1 if x be true--z f hi/ory ,i h cont5d$--t ! moral sanction ( gov]nm5t is v>iable1 & dep5ds on hone/ conditions & relations1 obvi\sly x is n ! m]e plausible =m :i* %all decide :e!r ?is or t gov]nm5t be des]v+ ( ob$i5ce or n4 ,t =m :i* is e/abli%$ by law mu/ br+ =? fruit to ! satisfaction ( ! gov]n$--produc+1 z pro( ( its claim1 peaceful conditions & g5]al cont5t4 ,if x fail to d ?is !n x mu/ be suspect$1 enquir$ into1 &1 if ne$ be1 dis[n$4 ,b x mu/ bre$ some?+ m ?an ! acquiesc5ce ( a majority4 ,! cont5tm5t1 or at lea/ ! acquiesc5ce ( m9orities is "o ( ! signs ( good gov]nm5t4 ,= :ile x takes little to make m9orities critical1 x takes mu* to make !m revolt--if = no o!r reason ?an t ! *ances are aga9/ !m4 ,& x is n 9 human nature to face s heavy odds except = "s grave cause4 ,consid] fir/1 !n1 9 any giv5 case1 8,are ^? 9 ! m9ority seek+ to keep or fil* lib]ty f y1 or only to obta9 su* lib]ty z is already y\rs8 ,are !y seek+ to set up equality ( condition or inequality8 ,are !y press+ = privilege or only = common gr\nd80 ,& if ! answ] to su* que/ions be t !y seek only a l lib]ty ^u common gr\nd & equality ) y\rselves--!n1 ,i c>e n h[ l>ge ! majority aga9/ !m--y mu/ op5 or make available to !m t same /&+ :i* y claim z y\r due2 & on :atev] basis ( public s]vice or private wor? y h obta9$ y\r "r1--t means1 t te/1 t qualification mu/ be op5 also to !m1 else y\r majority rule is no?+ m ?an brute =ce1 a despotism ext5d$ f ! embodim5t ( "o or ( a few to an embodim5t ( #aj1 #ae1 or #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,b if y sanction t & make x y\r base1 !n1 to be logical1 y mu/ sanction also 7at lea/ z a te/7 ! employm5t ( =ce by a m9ority to make its position unt5able4 ,& rememb]1 t if among a m9ority "s t5 p] c5t4 are will+ to die1 z aga9/ only "s "o or two p] c5t4 9 a majority1 t m9ority is likely to w91 & all y\r numb]s w be va94 ,t fact puts no undue or dang]\s p[] into ! h&s ( m9orities4 ,cons5t1 on a j basis1 c be obta9$ to gov]nm5t ^: acts are little to ! lik+ ( individual m9ds or ( m9orities4 ,b if1 aft] long trial ( exp$i5t1 p]suasion1 or co]cion1 cons5t _c be obta9$1 !n ! weight ( evid5ce 7bas$ on ! unfail+ docum5t ( human nature7 has %ift$ aga9/ gov]nm5t2 & x re/s m ) ! gov]nm5t ?an ) ! rebel to prove t its claims are j4 ,:5 gov]nm5ts e/abli% inequalities affect+ ! lives & lib]ties ( any1 h[ev] few1 ,i see no sanction :atsoev] 9 majorities4 ,"o runaway slave _h n to wait ^u a majority ( 8 fell[-slaves 9 ord] to e/abli% 8 "r to escape f slav]y--/ill less ^u a majority ( ! nation :i* own$ him4 ,if he c\ld f9d a pa? along :i* to escape1 t 0 ! highroad appo9t$ = him by ,god f ( old2 & if he di$ 9 ! attempt 8 grave 0 /ill a monum5t to ,lib]ty4 ,n ! w ( a million c\ld de/roy ! "r ( t "o4 ,& ?\gh ,i admit t a society :i* sanctions slav]y mu/ treat z a murd]] ! slave :o kills 9 8 ef=t to escape1--nev]!less1 by po/]ity1 & 9 a society :i* has repudiat$ slav]y1 t act w be v diff]5tly reg>d$2 & s long z ! man's aim :5 he committ$ t legal (f5ce 0 fre$om1 we1 :o h repudiat$ slav]y1 look ^u him n z a murd]] b z a fight] 9 a j cause4 ,we are 9 a society to-day :i* tol]ates & ev5 sanctions ?+s :i* to-morr[ w be reg>d$ z slav]y is reg>d$ n[4 ,:ile society ?us *ooses to e/abli% evil x is driv5 9 self-def5ce to treat ^? :o rebel z crim9als4 ,b po/]ity w n s ?9k ( !m2 & ! great] ! =ces ( ! majority :i* /ood aga9/ !m :5 !y /ruck--! m w x admire & rev]5ce1 & approve4 ,surely a />tl+ comm5t>y on ! 8rights0 ( majorities3 approval ( ! m9ority 9 an inv]se proportion to its size6 ,n[1 y might h a ,/ate almo/ equally divid$ into :at 71 broadly speak+1 oppos$ int]e/s2 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 = in/ance1 7circum/ances :i* h actually occurr$ 9 ! pa/7 manufactur+ & agricultural int]e/s might be oppos$4 ,if1 !n1 y accept$ majority rule z a bl9d dogma1 ^? two int]e/s w\ld h ! "r alt]nately to prey ^u & to ble$ ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! =tunes ( ! polls--& !y might d x by putt+ =w>d legislative programmes :i* w\ld bribe ! electoral wobbl]s fir/ to ?is side & !n to t4 ,:]e1 on su* a device does moral "r come 98 ,0 ev] any?+ s ludicr\s z a doctr9e8 ,z a doctr9e ( "r1 majority rule has b d\btful gr\nd to /& on4 ,z an exp$i5t1 = practical use "u s\nd conditions1 !re is mu* to be said = x4 ,b :5 once y recognise x z a m]e work+ exp$i5t1 !n its work+s mu/ be wat*$1 prov$1 & sometimes correct$ & *eck$--by a m9ority4 ,majority rule is only tol]able :5 x has ! equal rights ( man & woman firmly fix$ z its goal2 & x is z t5d+ to ! e/abli%m5t ( t doctr9e t majority rule is acceptable 7) "s caution & res]vations7 to our progressive s5se ( citiz5%ip4 ,9 ! great hi/oric mom5ts ( upheaval :i* h br\ght x ab\t1 x has consci\sly or subconsci\sly be5 an attempt to get rid ( ! bad pr9ciple ( dom9ance ov] o!rs4 ,x expresses ! hope1 or x embodies ! probability1 t a majority w be s broadly made up ( all sorts & conditions--( ! :ole *emical composition ( human society1 t is to say--t 9 a gov]nm5t prompt$ & direct$ by a majority !re w be no dom9ance ( "o section ov] ano!r section3 t !y w1 9 ! long run 7or1 if effici5tly *eck$1 9 ! %ort run7 correct ea* o!r1 /rike a balance1 & prev5t ! rigid & cont9u\s exi/5ce 9 ! body politic ( any subject$ section4 ,b if a majority c\ld s sort its mat]ials z to select = rigid & p]man5t subjection "o section ( ! community1 !n ! reason = its exi/5ce1 & ! gr\nds = its moral sanction w\ld be gone4 ,if1 !n1 two-?irds or ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! community c secure a great] app>5t measure ( com=t = !mselves by =c+ ! rema9+ "o-?ird1 or "o-qu>t]1 to wait ^u !m & m9i/] to _! ne$s1 ! actual size ( t dom9ant majority conf]s ^u x no moral "r :atev]4 ,!re w\ld1 inde$1 be m semblance ( "r1 or at lea/ m t5able gr\nd1 if a m9ority c\ld s impose on a majority2 because 9 t case ! p[] ( imposition w\ld arise n f m]e brute =ce s mu* z f sup]ior ability2 & a m9ority :i* c manipulate to its purpose ! bulk mat]ial ( a community has %[n bett] gr\nd = ! rule ( o!rs 7n v good gr\nd1 ,i admit7 ?an ! m]e weight ( numb]s c supply4 ,weight ( numb]s z a gr\nd = dom9at+ o!rs gives y no moral or effici5t basis at all4 ,weight ( capacity does give y an effici5t basis1 if n a moral "o4 ,n[1 if y\r two-?irds majority is extract+ com=t on unequal & compulsory t]ms f ! rema9+ "o-?ird1 y surely _c d5y ! "r ( ! rema9+ "o-?ird s to dim9i% ! com=t ?us compulsorily extract$ z to br+ x to vani%+ po9t1 or to make x ev5 a m9us quantity4 ,& ! bigg] ! majority :i* is ?us extract+ su/5ance f ! m9ority1 & exploit+ x to its own ends1 ! m y w admire ! m9ority if x rises 9 revolt1 & makes ! impos$ & "o-sid$ b>ga9 unpr(itable to ! majority4 ,& %\ld ! cont5tion be c>ri$ to extremes 7z x w be if bo? sides are suffici5tly resolv$7 !n ! majority w h to ext]m9ate ! m9ority1 & 7if x wi%es to cont9ue gov]nm5t on ! same l9es7 w h to extract = exploitation a new m9ority f its own body--give up "o ( its own ribs to s]vitude--& s become a dim9i%$ p 9 its p]petuation ( a bad sy/em4 ,n[1 ^! consid]ations ( moral "r are irrespective ( numb]s4 ,x may be ! b\nd5 duty ( "o man to resi/ ! w ( hundr$s1 or ?\s&s1 or millions4 ,inde$1 e religi\s sy/em admits1 & hi/ory gives cle> evid5ce1 t t is s4 ,a man mu/ obey 8 consci5ce2 t is 8 "o ultimate guide4 ,t /atem5t expresses :at "o may call ! atomic !ory ( human society4 ,x sugge/s1 at fir/ sight1 an impossible splitt+ to pieces ( all sy/ems ( law & ord]2 b x is n s 9 reality1 because--& ?is is ! really wond]ful ?+ & ! spiritual root ( ! :ole matt]--consci5ce is ! mo/ infecti\s & conv9c+ =ce 9 life4 ,9 a community !re is really a f> great] agreem5t ( consci5ce ?an ( desire or ( op9ion4 ,a consci5ti\s resi/] may1 ( c\rse1 be mi/ak52 b if he is prep>$ to g on resi/+1 mak+ sacrifice1 & endur+ suff]+ = 8 scruples--t process is ! lea/ fallible z a te/1 & ! mo/ conv]t+ 9 its t5d5cy ( all ! processes ( propag&a t ! human m9d c conceive2 & by recogniz+ ! moral "r ( ! individual to put himself to t te/ be=e ! eyes ( 8 fell[ citiz5s1 & s at ! same "t to te/ _! consci5ces 9 ! matt]1 y are n really enc\rag+ a c\rse :i* leads to disunion & an>*y1 b a c\rse :i*1 on ! :ole1 w be/ br+ ab\t a g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion4 ,a community :i* recognises ! moral wor? ( su* te/s ( its own & ( ! individual consci5ce1 w be f> less likely to ar\se su* demon/rations ( revolt ?an "o :i* altoge!r ignores & despises !m2 = ! simple reason t su* a community w be bett] bas$ 9 its duty t[>d its neighb\r2 x w wi% ea* man to d t :i* x w\ld claim ! "r to d itself 9 a l case1 if fac$ by a sup]ior p[] back$ by great] numb]s ?an its own4 ,if ,i "k t my consci5ti\s resi/ance w be respectfully consid]$ 7?\gh n made easy or *eap to me71 t my te/ ( o!r consci5ces may be tri$ & may be adjudg$ to fail--,i %all n be m incl9$ to ent] into conflict ) s consid]ate a majority1 b less2 = x is n op5-m9d$ ju/ice b close-m9d$ inju/ice :i* ar\ses opposition & rebellion4 ,b :ile human nature makes x safe1 9 ! ma91 t m5 & wom5 w n 9 any appreciable numb]s submit !mselves volunt>ily to cont9u\s discom=t1 deprivation1 loss ( lib]ty & ease1 except = a j cause or a high motive wor? look+ into1 consid]+1 & mak+ all[ances =3 human nature does n make x safe t ^? 9 au?ority w n be ov]be>+ & unju/1 unless !y too are liable to a l te/4 ,& "h aga9 we come to consid] ! duty ( ! law & ( law-mak]s to individuals4 ,! law %\ld be prep>$ :]ev] its fallibility /&s prov$--:]e1 = in/ance1 x has done hurt & damage to innoc5cy by its op]ations--at lea/ to make full rep>ation4 ,x is n an hon\rable position1 = t :i* holds fiduci>y toge!r ) compulsory p[]s1 to say to "o :om x has falsely imprison$ or unju/ly *>g$--8,y1 on ! :ole1 b5efit by gov]nm5t1 &1 !re=e1 mu/ y\rself be> ?is hurt ( gov]nm5t :i* has fall5 ^u y40 ,! ,/ate or ! community :i* p]mits su* individual h>d%ip to result f its imposition ( a fallible code is n j 9 its gov]nm5t or dutiful to its neighb\r4 ,& if x s acts1 x und]m9es 9 ! gov]n$ _! s5se ( its moral sanction4 ,! ,/ate _c s d hurt to its citiz5s & reta9 an unimpair$ claim on _! allegiance2 nor c x ) any moral dec5cy claim rep>ation f its enemies abroad1 if x does n make full rep>ation = its own misc>riages ( ju/ice at home4 8,"o10 x is sometimes argu$1 8mu/ suff] = ! g5]al good40 ,b ! g5]al good is n s s]v$4 ,9 ?is connection g5]al good only means 8g5]al *eapness40 ,! ,/ate1 & n ! citiz51 mu/ pay ! price ( its presumption--or x mu/ look = an alt]$ m9d 9 e citiz5 :om x s afflicts f its position ( immunity4 ,nay1 x may be well t its suppos$ immunity %\ld occasionally be disprov$ by a det]m9$ & self-sacrific+ citiz51 entirely = ! g5]al good1 & ! ,/ate =c$ to pay 9 extra upkeep = ! bad condition ( its laws4 ,! c>eless self-all[ance ( majorities 9 wrong done to m9orities1 or ev5 to individuals1 is n to ! g5]al good2 & "o c\ld r wi% to a ,/ate t its m9orities %\ld be al]t & pugnaci\s1 ?an its majorities self-satisfi$ & indiff]5t on ! score ( m]e numb]s4 ,numb]s1 uncorrect$ by consci5ce & uncontroll$ by p5alties1 may be ! *eape/1 na/ie/ & mo/ unscrupul\s =m ( tyranny4 ,! indiff]5ce or acquiesc5ce ( hundr$s to conditions by :i* !y !mselves are n consci\sly affect$ _c h ! same moral weight z ! discont5t ( "o or ( a few :o are s affect$4 ,t is a consid]ation :i* mu/ always qualify ! 8rights0 ( majorities4 ,9 su* circum/ances ! sanction ( m]e numb]s is n suffici5t4 ,are m9orities1 !n1 always to h _! way8 ,by no means4 ,we "k t !y _c4 ,c\ntless m9orities 9 our political controv]sies h cont5d$1 h fail$1 & h acquiesc$ 9 _! failure4 ,"t has te/$ !m1 & has measur$ ! dep? ( _! grievance by ! scale ( human nature4 ,b o!r m9orities1 :i* h p]si/5tly refus$ to acquiesce h won4 ,"t has te/$ !m also2 & human nature1 n numb]s1 has 9 ! long run prov$ _! case4 ,m$ical sci5ce tells u t !re is 9 ! human eye a bl9d spot1 by ! exi/5ce ( :i* alone we are enabl$ to see4 ,if t bl9d spot 7 abs5t ! eye w\ld be )\t focus4 ,9 human nature 7h[ev] mu* we hold by ! pr9ciple ( ord]$ gov]nm5t7 !re is a po9t ( revolt :i* /&>dises ! relations ( ! individual to gov]nm5t4 ,x _c be br\ght into play by m]e artifice or calculation1 except = brief spells2 b :5 naturally ar\s$ x la/s4 ,x is t po9t ( revolt1 lat5t at all times 9 a fre$om-lov+ p1 b only ar\s$ by unju/ conditions--x is ! exi/5ce ( t po9t ( revolt 9 human nature :i* secures good gov]nm5t4 ,m9orities1 if det]m9$1 c make unju/ gov]nm5t an economic extravagance1 & c indicate to majorities 7) "s tr\ble & co/ to !mselves7 ! limitation ( _! rights4 ,! sleep+ p>tn] ( good gov]nm5t is ! _s ( revolt4 ,to-day we h n good gov]nm5t2 & t is :y ! sleep+ p>tn] is awake4 ,,discr$itable ,,conduct 7#aiae7 ,discr$itable conduct1 accord+ to its "r d]ivation1 is conduct provocative ( disbelief4 ,x is t k9d ( conduct :i* makes u d\bt ! pr(essions ( its ag5ts1 because x is practically inconsi/5t ) ! ?+s t !y prea*4 ,_m ?+s are done 9 ?is _w :i* are v repreh5sible1 v9dictive1 cruel1 n>r[-m9d$--,i might g ?r\gh a :ole catalogue ( ! vices2 b !y are n !re=e 8discr$itable40 ,a man :o has gone ab\t ! _w express+ 8 undy+ hatr$ = ano!r man1 & !n ends by kill+ him1 has done no?+ discr$itable f 8 own /&>d4 ,he has n made y believe less 9 8 pr(essions1 b m2 = he actually did mean :at he said1 & has become by 8 act a cr$itable witness to ! fai? t 0 9 him--! d>k gospel ( hatr$4 ,b if1 :ile n\ri%+ a p]sonal hatr$1 he 0 at ! same "t lay+ x d[n z ! duty ( all m5 to love _! enemies1 !n we h n to wait = ! murd] 9 ord] to look ^u him z a ta9t$ & a discr$it$ witness4 ,x is n s mu* ! blood ^u 8 h&s z ! hatr$ )9 8 he>t :i* has discr$it$ him z a prea*] to o!rs4 ,or1 put ! case o!rwise2 )\t pret5d+ to su* a c\nsel ( p]fection z t he c love 8 enemies1 a man may yet ass]t t human life is sacr$1 & t he has no "r to take ! life ( 8 fell[4 ,hav+ done s he beg9s to set up exceptions3 8,?\gh ,i may n d x at my own10 he says1 8,i may d x at ! bidd+ ( o!rs40 ,& ?is n by ord]s t he is compell$ into on pa9 ( dea? or torture 7:5 he might plead a natural human infirmity z 8 excuse = wrongdo+7 b by volunt>y enli/m5t 9 an army1 or by volunt>y acceptance ( ! po/ ( public hangman1 or ( a judge%ip1 or ( s]vice ^u a jury 9 cases involv+ ! dea?-p5alty4 ,n[1 x may be v comm5dable to take human life at ! bidd+ ( o!rs2 b x is n consi/5t ) ! unqualifi$ /atem5t t 8all human life is sacr$40 ,! "o proposition--x is n my conc]n "h to def5d or attack ei!r ( !m--becomes discr$it$ by ! o!r4 ,! advocate ( ! judicial ext9ction ( life "u ! in/itution ( capital puni%m5t1 or ( :olesale ext9ction "u ! in/itution ( w>--if he wi%es to be he>d z a cr$ible witness1 & to avoid ! imputation ( discr$itable conduct :5 he gives a h& to x--mu/ re%ape 8 /atem5t some?+ aft] ?is mann]3 8,human life is s important a ?+ t "o man mu/ n take x on 8 own responsibility2 b ,society may40 ,& !n he w h to make up 8 m9d :at he means by ,society1 & :y he ?9ks ,society is m to be tru/$ ?an himself4 ,& if he f9ds himself 9 a community :i* p]mits or ev5 inculcates moral evils :i* he individually _c tol]ate1 !n he mu/ puzzle out = himself :y he w tru/ su* a community ) ! p[] to kill1 :5 he sees x make s vile & mis]able a misuse ( ! p[] to keep alive--or to keep f life 9 any =m t is wor? hav+--s _m millions ( 8 fell[-creatures4 ,& he w f9d pres5tly t 8 ass]tion t human life is sacr$ mu/--if x is to mean any?+--ext5d f ! comp>atively easy & simple problem ( ! dea?-p5alty to ^? f> great] problems1 :i* lie all ar\nd him1 ( ! cruel life-p5alties tol]at$ or exact$ by ,society4 ,s be=e long :at he w f9d himself up aga9/ is ?is--! necessity ( be+ a cr$itable or a discr$itable witness to ! value ( ,society itself--( t ?+ to ^: apron-/r+s he has ti$ 8 consci5ce4 ,= y _c ass]t t x is "r = ,society to unmake human life unless y also ass]t t ,society is mak+ human life 9 a =m t is wor? hav+1 9 a =m1 too1 t w\ld be imp]ill$ 7 its p[] ( judicial murd] to be tak5 f x4 ,b ! po9t ( dep>ture ,i h wi%$ to br+ y to is ?is3 man did n beg9 to d\bt 8 own moral "r to kill o!r m5 until !re ent]$ into 8 be+ an idea ( some?+ bett] able ?an himself to judge1 to control1 & to provide4 ,& s long z he believ$ 9 t idea z protective ( a morality sup]ior to 8 own1 & productive ( ! fruits ( life 9 bett] quality1 he c\ld )\t discr$it put into its h&s p[]s :i* he d>$ n himself ex]cise4 ,b :51 on ! contr>y1 a man comes to ! conclusion t ! products ( ,society z con/itut$ h 9 !m m ( evil ?an ( good1 he may q cr$itably1 9 a /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 />t an attack ^u ,society1 or ^u great social in/itutions1 & seek to br+ !m to dissolution4 ,su* a c\rse ( action may be arrogant1 or may h an insuffici5t basis ( fact1 b x is n discr$itable4 ,r does x prove ! man's fai? 9 8 pr(essions4 ,hi/ory gives record ( _m su* *>act]s1 & po/]ity has approv$ ( de$s :i* 9 _! own day 7 reg>d$ z viol5t1 arrogant1 & unju/ifiable4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r attack$ a f> great] social in/itution ( 8 own day ?an 0 compris$ "u any s+le =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,he attack$ some?+ mu* bigg] ?an ! ,engli% or ! ,am]ican ,con/itution4 ,9 decid+ to attack x he 0 m arrogant 7if s+le unorganis$ action aga9/ l>ge & organis$ numb]s be ! pro( ( arrogance7 ?an y or ,i c\ld be if we attack$ any in/itution to-day t y l to "n1 ev5 ! in/itution ( w>4 ,n[1 ! result ( t great attack 0 t x succe$$--n unconditionally1 n univ]sally1 b 7broadly speak+7 racially & t]ritorially4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ,europe 0 conqu]$ by x2 & ab\t two-?irds rema9 to ?is day--n inde$ unaffect$1 b c]ta9ly n conqu]$ by ,lu!ranism4 ,if y are to judge ( sacr$ causes by m]e numb]s1 !re are /ill m nom9al ,ca?olics ?an nom9al ,prote/ants 9 ! _w2 &1 !re=e1 by numb]s1 up to date ,lu!r is condemn$4 ,lu!r's real conque/--! ?+ t he really did br+ ab\t1 & 9 :i* numb]s are n[ on 8 side1 w\ld h horrifi$ him4 ,lu!r 0 ! root-cause :y !re are to-day m nom9al ,*ri/ians 9 ! _w :o pick & *oose doctr9es to suit _! own ta/e1 ?an ,*ri/ians :o submissively take _! doctr9es :olesale f o!rs :e!r f ,lu!r or f ,rome4 ,x is due to ,lu!r1 z mu* z to anybody1 t s _m ,roman ,ca?olics :o h no lean+s to ,lu!ranism1 are only nom9al ,ca?olics4 ,lu!r1 t is to say1 has br\ght into exi/5ce an enorm\s numb] ( discr$itable ,*ri/ians :o w n op5ly admit t !y are free-?9k]s4 ,y h cl]gy ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 = in/ance1 :o read !mselves into _! pulpits ) ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 & d n believe half ( !m4 ,! av]age "y man :o ent]s ! m9i/ry ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& has be5 reasonably mo!r$ by a univ]sity education2 & :5 he takes ! plunge x is n total imm]sion4 ,8 "m--8 ,alma ,mat]--/ill holds him by ! heel4 ,x is 9 consequ5ce1 ) a sort ( heel ( ,a*illes t he ent]s ^u div9ity2 & ov] ?is he draws a /ock+ ) a l>ge hole 9 x j :]e ! we> ( ! heel comes h>de/4 ,t /ock+ 7conta9+ =ty /ripes save "o7 is ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles4 ,x has be5 loosely knit1 x is w>rant$ to %r9k ! long] he we>s x1 & ! hole 9 consequ5ce gets l>g]4 ,!re y h ! weakness ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,nobody to-day 9 8 s5ses is prep>$ to die = ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles4 ,yet to hold m9i/ry 9 ! ,*ur* he has to swe> by !m1 & ?us at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 m9i/]ial c>e] discr$itable conduct is impos$ on him4 ,x is no wond] t ^u t basis ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is p]meat$ ) unbelief 9 ! ?+s t x pr(esses4 ,a ,*ur*1 a religion1 may be full ( cr$ulity1 bigotry1 sup]/ition--& ) all ^? ?+s x may yet h a true & a liv+ fai?3 x may bre$ m>tyrs & inquisitors 9 equal numb]s & ) equal facility2 b1 9 ord] to d s x mu/ h at its back some?+ def9ite & di/9ctive t its memb]s are prep>$ to die =4 ,& if x has n t1 x is b\nd to become be=e long a discr$it$ in/itution4 ,x is an int]e/+ & a hopeful trait 9 human nature t x w only believe ob/9ately1 cont9u\sly1 & 9 spite ( p]secution1 9 ^? ?+s :i* seem greatly to matt]4 ,:5 !y no long] seem to matt]1 belief falls away f !m4 ,&1 broadly speak+1 we h come to see t ?+s d n greatly matt] unless !y affect life & conduct4 8,! ,k+dom ( ,heav50 is )9 y2 & if y\r doctr9al te/ does n produce good e?ical results1 y beg9 to d\bt--n ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5--b ! doctr9e on :i* x 0 made to dep5d4 ,simil>ly1 if a doctr9e obvi\sly lays itself op5 to grave abuse1 or pres5ts /rong temptation to ! infirmities ( human nature1 y beg9 to d\bt :e!r x is s heav5ly 9 orig9 z x pret5ds to be4 ,! doctr9e held by "s cannibal ,african tribe t ! bride's "m %all provide ! w$d+-breakfa/ 9 h] own p]son1 is s cle>ly a truckl+ to ! prejudice aga9/ mo!rs-9-law--:i* exi/s ev5 9 ?is c\ntry--t su* a religi\s t5et imm$iately becomes suspect1 & we guess t x emanates n f ! gods b f _! mak]1 man4 ,notice1 too1 h[ ! gradual displacem5t ( miracle has be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,s long z miracles appeal$ to ! human m9d z a moral & n a lic5ti\s exp$i5t = ! ,creator ( ! univ]se to indulge 91 !y rema9$ acceptable to ! human und]/&+ & 7 easily believ$4 ,_! real de?ronem5t began :5 x 0 se5 t a belief 9 !m gave ! greate/ possible assi/ance to ! cruel1 grasp+1 & crim9al in/9cts ( ! human race--t1 f ! social po9t ( view1 !y op5$ a way = ! t]roris+ ( ! weak1 = fraud1 = covet\sness1 = murd]1 = !ft--9 a ^w = prie/-craft 9 all its wor/ =ms4 ,! belief 9 miracle enabl$ ,samuel1 ) 8 punitive ?reats ( div9e v5geance1 to t]rorise fir/ ,eli & !n ,saul1 & br+ ,israel to su* a pass "u 8 prie/ly gov]nm5t t at no p]iod ( t p's e>ly hi/ory 7 !y m 9 subjection to _! enemies4 ,! belief 9 miracle enabl$ ,eli%a to cajole ,elijah into ! wild]ness & !re murd] him1 p]suad+ subsequ5t inquir]s t he _h gone up to ,heav5 9 a *>iot ( fire4 ,ev]ybody believ$ him except ! *ildr52 & :5 !y mock$ him & told him to g & d likewise1 he ?reat5$ t be>s w\ld come & eat !m4 ,& ,scripture1 z a w>n+ to u aga9/ l conduct1 tells u t !y did4 ,t is h[ miracle 0 play$ "u ! old disp5sation2 & 7z long z x c\ld possibly be ma9ta9$7 "u ! new also4 ,!n1 z ! bad social results ( a belief 9 miracles became accumulatively app>5t--:5 c>ri$ outside ! canon ( ,scripture into contempor>y life--!n x began to dawn ^u "s p h[ bad also a belief 9 !m 0 = ! m9d ( man 9 relation to ! ,deity4 ,x began to be se5 t ! in/itution ( a law ( nature 79 conjunction ) an arbitr>y susp5sion !re( :5ev] div9ely conv5i5t7 0 n compatible ) :at m5 h n[ come to reg>d z 8moral conduct40 ,x 0 lit]ally 8discr$itable02 = x made m5 disbelieve ! law ( _! own be+4 ,9 n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e cases out ( a ?\s& a man 0 to be guid$ by exp]i5ce1 by ?\ght1 reason1 & consci5ce--by a belief 9 cause & effect4 ,!n--9 ! (f case--unreason & inexp]i5ce 7 to desc5d ^u him l a ?und]bolt1 & ei!r beat him to du/1 or lift him1 an +5u\sly amaz$ ,ganym$e to ! seats ( bliss4 ,n[1 we may admit--inde$ we mu/--t !re are _m my/]ies & secrets ( nature :i* man has n yet fa?om$2 !re may be _m ( :i* z yet he has no suspicion4 ,a sudd5 exhibition ( any ( ^? p[]s & my/]ies might ev5 to-day seem 8miracul\s40 ,:5 9 ! pa/ "s =tuit\s circum/ance br\ght !m ab\t1 8miracle0 0 ! only explanation ( !m :i* human und]/&+ 0 able to (f]4 ,b n[ we are com+ m & m to believe t if bl9d m5 h sudd5ly receiv$ _! sight x has n be5 by miracle b by law2 if fai? has remov$ m\nta9s lit]ally1 or caus$ ! sun & ! moon to /& /ill1 x has done s by reliance on s\rces :i* lay hi!rto untapp$ 9 ! g5]al ord] ( ?+s1 & implicit ev] s9ce ! creative s*eme 0 e/abli%$4 ,= if any o!r explanation is to be (f]$1 !n ! "w ( creation is discr$it$1 & ! mean+ & ! moral values ( ^? processes :i* we sum up 9 ! ^w 8life0 become *eap5$1 because we c no long] reg>d !m z a law1 b only z a sort ( police-regulation1 arbitr>y1 caprici\s1 & provocative ( misconduct1 9 t we are unable to dep5d ^u !m1 or to h any gu>antee t !y w be imp>tially adm9i/]$4 ,miracle discr$its ! ord]$ s*eme ( creation2 & q z mu* does x d s if y believe creation to be ! "w ( a p]sonal ,deity4 ,creation 7sci5ce %[s u m & m7 0 f its inception a process ( absolutely relat$ causes & effects--a :ole sy/em re>$ up ?r\gh millions & millions ( ye>s ^u a /ructure involv+ inf9ite millions ( lives & dea?s--& ! :ole a p]fect sequ5ce ( causal happ5+s4 ,t is 8life0 z x is pres5t$ to man's reason & und]/&+2 & if 8 reason & und]/&+ are n to fa9t utt]ly1 he mu/ 9 8 se>* = a moral pr9ciple 8f9d ,god 7z ! ,psalmi/ puts x7 9 ! l& ( ! liv+10 or n at all4 ,= z he e/imates ! moral value ( ?+s solely by t empyric s5se :i* has be5 evolv$ 9 him ?r\gh a fai?ful recognition ( ! inevitable laws ( cause & effect1 s mu/ he become demoralis$1 if he is to be taught t :at he has reg>d$ z inevitable c be caprici\sly susp5d$ by a p[] indep5d5t ( ^? laws :i* life has taught him to rev]5ce4 ,d n ?9k1 = a mom5t1 t ,i am que/ion+ ! p[] ( fai? or ! p[] ( pray]4 ,x is a t5able proposition t !y are ! mo/ trem5d\s p[] 9 ! _w2 & yet we may hold t !y take effect ?r\gh ! natural law alone1 & h come into exi/5ce ?r\gh ! c\rses ( evolution--or1 if y l to put x s--9 a fai?ful foll[+ ( ! ,w :i*1 9 ! act ( ,creation1 made a compact & kept x4 ,b if ! compact ( ,creation 0 n kept1 if t impact ( _s ^u matt] 7:i* ?r\gh su* va/ eras & ?r\gh su* innum]able phases ( life work$ by cause & effect7 0 ev] tamp]$ ) s t cause & effect 7 susp5d$1 !n ! :ole process becomes discr$it$ to our moral s5se1 & its presid+ g5ius is discr$it$ also4 ,are we to suppose t ?r\gh ! e>li] millions ( ye>s1 :5 only ! elem5t>y =ms ( life 7 pres5t ^u ?is globe1 cause & effect w5t on unsusp5d$ & unh9d]$1 & t ^! processes1 hav+ once be5 />t$ 7eng5d]$1 let u assume1 by ! ,imman5t ,w71 held absolute sway ov] ! developm5t ( life = millions & millions ( ye>s1 until a "t came :5 humanity appe>$1 & ! idea ( religion & a ,deity ent]$ ! _w2 & t ?is process !n became subject to a de?ronem5t8 ,are we to believe t !n int]v5tion 9 a new =m1 & ^u a diff]5t basis 7n ( cause & effect7 began to take place8 ,if t is ! proposition1 !n1 x seems to me1 we are ask$ 7hav+ accept$ ! idea ( a ,creator7 to impute to ,him discr$itable conduct--to believe t a po9t came 9 ^! causal processes :i* ,he _h in/itut$ :5 ,he c\ld no long] 8play ! game0 )\t arbitr>y int]f]5ce ) its rules1 & t ! appe>ance ( man ^u ! globe 0 ! signal = a fatal weak5+ to ,8 "*4 ,i h se5 a cl]gyman *eat at croquet4 ,he 0 ! by-^w ( ! neighb\rhood = t curi\s little weakness2 b ,i assure y t ! spectacle ( t rev]5d g5tleman surreptiti\sly pu%+ 8 ball into bett] position ) 8 foot in/ead ( dep5d+ ^u ! legitimate use ( 8 mallet1 0 no m ignoble a spectacle ?an t :i* ,i am ask$ to contemplate by believ]s 9 miracle :5 !y pres5t to my eyes a ,deity :o 7^u _! ass]tion7 does simil> ?+s4 ,te/ ^u ?is basis ( morality ! mo/ crucial ( all ev5ts 9 ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,! idea ( ! ,inc>nation ( ,god 9 human =m z ! f9al & logical fulfilm5t ( ! ,creative purpose & process--! manife/ation ( ! ,creator 9 ! creat$--has _h = _m great ?9k]s a v deep attraction4 ,b if ! process :i* br+s ,him into mat]ial be+--! s-call$ ,virg9-,bir?--is n a process implicit 9 ,nature itself & "o t only dep5ds = its realisation on man's grasp ( ! high] law :i* %all make x natural & normal to ! human race--if ! ,virg9-,bir? is miracle in/ead ( p]fectly condition$ law reveal+ itself1 !n1 surely1 su* a device = br++ ab\t ! desir$ end is 8discr$itable conduct0--because x discr$its t va/ sy/em ( evolution ?r\gh cause & effect :i* we call 8life40 ,f su* an ,inc>nation ,i am repuls$ z f some?+ mon/r\s & aga9/ nature2 & ! do+s & say+s ( a be+ s br\ght into ! _w are discr$it$ by ! fact ( a half-p>5tage n 9 con=mity ) creative law4 ,n[ :5 "o v5tures to "q ! moral integrity ( s fundam5tal a religi\s doctr9e1 & to give def9ite gr\nds z to :y adv]se judgm5t %\ld be pass$ on x1 !re w n be lack+ !ologians ready to turn swiftly & r5d "o some?+ aft] ?is mann]3 8,:o are y1 worm ( a man1 to "q ! op]ations ( ! ,et]nal m9d1 or d>e to sit 9 judgm5t on :at ,god y\r mak] ?9ks good80 ,! answ] is 8,i don't4 ,x is only y\r int]pretation ( ^? op]ations t ,i "q40 ,b on t head !re is ?is fur!r to say3 8,by ! ,creative process ,god has giv5 to man a reason+ m9d2 & x is only by ! use ( ! reason s giv5 him t man c wor%ip 8 ,mak]40 ,to give man ! gift ( reason & !n to take f him ! "r fully to ex]cise x1 is discr$itable conduct4 ,t t5d5cy ,i attribute n to ! ,deity b to ! !ologian--m especially z ,i read 9 ! ,scriptures t :]e ,god _h a special revelation to make to a c]ta9 prophet :o ?\ght a pro/rate attitude ! "r "o to assume "u su* circum/ances1 div9e correction came 9 ^! words1 8,/& ^u ?y feet1 & ,i w speak to !e40 ,"s p seem to ?9k t ! "r attitude is to /& ^u _! heads4 ,x is told 9 "s ,e>ly ,victorian memoirs t a gr\p ( ,ox=d dons 7 discuss+ toge!r ! relations ( mortal man to 8 ,god1 & "o po/ulat$ t ! only possible attitude = man to assume 9 su* a connection 0 t ( 8abject submission & surr5d]40 ,b ev5 9 t d>k epo* su* a doctr9e 0 n all[$ to g unque/ion$4 8,no1 no10 prote/$ ano!r1 8def]5ce1 n abject submission40 ,& ?\gh x is a qua9t example ( ! ,ox=d mann]1 surely "o mu/ agree ) x4 ,reason be+ man's bir?right1 8,/& ^u ?y feet & ,i w speak to !e10 is ! necess>y coroll>y4 ,ev5 if !re be su* a ?+ z div9e revelation--! revelation mu/ be conv9c+ to man's reason1 & n m]ely an attack ^u 8 n]ves1 or an appeal to 8 physical fe>s4 ,simil>ly any =m ( gov]nm5t or ( society :i* does n all[ reason to /& ^u its feet & utt] itself una%am$ is a discr$itable =m ( discipl9e to impose1 if reason is to be man's guide4 ,n[ ,i d n "k :e!r1 by *>act]is+ ! device ( a 8miracul\s0 bir? z discr$itable to its au?or1 ,i am n incurr+ ! p5alty ( imprisonm5t 9 a c\ntry :i* says t x p]mits free ?\ght & free spee* 7at all ev5ts 9 peace-"t74 ,a few ye>s ago a man 0 s5t to prison--,i ?9k x 0 = ?ree mon?s--= say+ simil> ?+s3 a man :o 0 a pr(ess$ unbeliev] 9 ,div9ity4 ,& q obvi\sly ! discr$itable conduct 9 t case 0 n ( ! man :o act$ hone/ly up to 8 pr(essions1 b ( ?is c\ntry :i*1 pr(ess+ "o ?+1 does ano!r4 ,& ! mo/ discr$itable figure 9 ! case 0 ! ,home ,secret>y :o1 ?\gh entirely disapprov+ ( ?is legal survival ( religi\s p]secution1 & ) full p[] to ex]cise ! royal pr]ogative ( m]cy :i* has n[ become 8 p]quisite1 refus$ to move 9 ! matt]1 & said he saw no reason = do+ s4 ,8 discr$it 01 ( c\rse1 %>$ by ! ,cab9et1 by ,p>liam5t & by ! ,c\ntry--:i* 7)\t prote/ except f a few di/+ui%$ m5 ( lett]s & lead]s ( religi\s ?\ght7 all[$ t savage s5t5ce to /& on gr\nds s antiquat$ & s inconsi/5t ) our pres5t national pr(essions4 ,nationally we are guilty ( a good deal ( discr$itable conduct on simil> l9es4 ,we pr(ess "o ?+1 & we d ano!r4 ,our politicians tell u t !y rely ^u ! voice ( ! p1 yet (t5 !y employ ! political ma*9e :i* !y control1 = ! express purpose ( evad+ x4 ,a few ye>s ago a ,lib]al /atesman 0 appo9t$ to ,cab9et-rank1 & _h 9 consequ5ce to g to 8 con/itu5cy = re-election4 ,he belong$ to ! p>ty :i* makes a p>ticul> boa/ ( its tru/ 9 ! popul> v]dict4 ,b 9 ord] to make 8 election m safe--be=e 8 appo9tm5t became public prop]ty--he communicat$ to 8 p>ty ag5t 8 m9i/]ial k ( ! com+ ev5t s t ! date ( ! bye-election c\ld be calculat$4 ,& ! ag5t proce$$ to book up all ! public halls 9 ! con/itu5cy ov] ! p]iod indicat$4 ,!n1 9 ord] t ! sc&al might n become too flagrant he g5]\sly releas$ a proportion ( 8 book+s to 8 ,cons]vative oppon5t1 b refus$ to release any at all to 8 ,lab\r oppon5t2 & on ^? nicely arrang$ conditions he f\ght 8 election--& got beat54 ,n[ t 0 surely discr$itable conduct1 = "h 0 a /atesman :o1 :ile o/5sibly appeal+ to ! voice ( ! p 0 do+ 8 level be/ beh9d ! sc5es to d5y to x a full & a free opportunity ( expression4 ,yet ! :ole political _w 0 9 s discr$itable a condition t !re 7 actually p :o ?\ght !n--& p]haps /ill ?9k to-day--t t budd+ politician 0 unfairly & h>dly treat$ :5 he 0 !reaft] pursu$ f con/itu5cy to con/itu5cy by 8 *eat$ oppon5t1 & successfully prev5t$ f re-ent]+ ,p>liam5t ev5 to ?is day4 ,probably 9 o!r bran*es ( life he 0 an upright & hon\rable man1 b politics _h affect$ him1 z religion or social ambition has affect$ o!rs1 & made him a discr$itable witness to ! fai? :i* he pr(ess$4 ,n[ :5 y h great organisations & great in/itutions ?us discr$it+ !mselves by conniv+ at ! d\ble-deal+s ( ^? :om !y w\ld place or keep 9 au?ority--y _c expect ! hone/ly critical obs]v] to cont9ue to place _! judgm5t above 8 own1 or to believe 7:5 "s difficult moral problem pres5ts itself7 t !re is safety = 8 own s\l 9 rely+ ^u _! solution ( x4 ,! sanction ( ! popul> v]dict 9 a community :i* is true to its pr(essions is v great & %\ld n lightly be set aside4 ,b ! sanction ( a community or ( an organisation :i* is false to its pr(essions is nil4 ,& x is 9 ! face ( su* conditions 7to :i* ,society & religion always t5d to rev]t s long z _! claim is to hold p[] on any basis ( inequality or privilege7 t ! individual consci5ce is b\nd to ass]t itself & become a resi/ant irrespective ( ! weight ( numb]s aga9/ x4 ,& s1 9 any ,/ate :]e x c be said ) tru? t ! av]age e?ical /&>d = individual conduct is bett] ?an ! legal /&>d1 ! duty ( individual resi/ance to evil law beg9s to arise4 8,bad laws10 said a wise magi/rate1 8h to be brok5 be=e !y c be m5d$40 ,& to be brok5 ) good effect !y mu/ be brok5 n by ! crim9al classes b by ! m>tyrs & ! re=m]s4 ,x is n )\t significance t e great moral *ange 9 hi/ory has be5 br\ght ab\t by lawbreak]s & by resi/ance to au?ority4 ,:5 ! ,engli% ,noncon=mi/s ( two or ?ree c5turies ago 7 fight+ gov]nm5ts & break+ laws1 !y 7 do+ s 9 def5ce ( a det]m9ation to hold doctr9es (t5 ( a ridicul\s k9d & productive ( a v n>r[ & bigot$ =m ( religi\s tea*+--a =m :i*1 _h x obta9$ ! upp] h& & secur$ a g5]al allegiance1 might h done ! ,/ate h>m & n good4 ,b1 h[ev] egregi\s & ev5 p]nici\s _! doctr9e1 ! ju/ice 7& ev5 ! value7 ( ! pr9ciple = :i* !y cont5d$ 0 n affect$ !reby4 ,! life ( ! _s mu/ take its *ance 9 contact ) ! life mat]ial1 & ,society mu/ h fai? t all true & vital pr9ciples w 7giv5 a free field & no fav\r7 hold _! own aga9/ :atev] oppon5ts4 ,t is ! true fai? to :i* ,society is call$ to-day--b :i* x c]ta9ly does n foll[--especially n 9 w> "t4 ,we talk a great deal ab\t lib]ty1 democratic pr9ciple1 & gov]nm5t by majority2 b if ^? ideals h any real mean+1 !y mean t--giv5 free trade 9 ideas & 9 propag&a on all e?ical & moral que/ions--y h got to tru/ y\r community to *oose :at x ?9ks good4 ,& to refuse to ! g5]al community ! means ( decid+ = itself by ! utmo/ fre$om ( discussion1 is--9 a ,/ate bas$ on ^! pr9ciples--! mo/ discr$itable conduct imag9able4 ,b ( :at wor?1 y may ask1 is ?is moral sanction ( a majority8 ,i am n myself greatly enam\r$ ( majority rule 9 ! s5se ( a majority ex]cis+ compulsion on a m9ority4 ,compulsion by a majority ,i %\ld (t5 ?9k x a duty to resi/4 ,b to ! te/imony ( a majority t refra9$ f compulsion ,i %\ld atta* ! greate/ possible weight4 ,!re y w\ld get a public op9ion :i* by its own self-re/ra9t & scrupul\s mod]ation ( conduct w\ld be ( ! highe/ moral value4 ,= ,society fe>lessly to admit ! full & op5 advocacy ( t :i* x disapproves is ! f9e/ pro( ,i c imag9e ( its moral /ability1 & ( its fai? 9 ! social pr9ciples x lives by4 ,broadly speak+--) ! exception ,i h already ref]r$ to--t view is n[ admitt$ 9 matt]s ( religion2 y may hold & y may advocate :at religi\s pr9ciples y l4 ,b y are n s free to hold & advocate social & e?ical pr9ciples4 ,! veto ( ,society has %ift$1 & y are f> less likely to incur opprobrium & o/racism to-day if y advocate poly!ism ?an if y advocate polygamy or pacifism4 ,& ! reason = ?is1 ,i take to be1 t ! religion ( mod]n ,society is no long] doctr9al b e?ical2 & s our t5d5cy is to inhibit new e?ical tea*+ ?\gh we w\ld n = a mom5t c\nt5ance ! inhibition ( new doctr9al tea*+4 ,t is our temptation1 & ,i ?9k t 9 ! com+ decade !re w be a great fight ab\t x2 we are n s prep>$ z we ought to be to all[ a free criticism ( ^? social in/itutions on :i* our ideas ( moral conduct are bas$1 ev5 :5 !y cov] 7z at pres5t con/itut$7 a va/ am\nt ( d\ble-deal+4 ,take = in/ance ?is ,we/]n civilization ( ours :i* bases its social in/itutions ( m>riage1 prop]ty1 & inh]itance on ! monogamic pr9ciple1 b p]si/s 9 moral judgm5ts & practices ^: only possible ju/ification is to be f\nd 9 ! r div]g5t !ory t ! male is naturally polygam\s & ! female monogam\s4 ,^! two ideals1 or social practices1 make mutually discr$it+ claims ! "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,i am n conc]n$ to say :i* ,i ?9k is "r4 ,b on "o side or ! o!r we are bl9k+ facts1 & are behav+ z ?\gh !y _h n a det]m9+ effect ^u conduct & "* :i* ,society ought /raight=w>dly to recognise4 ,! man :o ma9ta9s t x is impossible = ! male to live happily & cont5t$ly 9 fai?ful w$lock ) "o wife & !n goes & does s1 commits himself by su* matrimonial felicity to discr$itable conduct--discr$itable to 8 pr(essions1 ,i mean4 ,& x is1 ( c\rse1 ! same if 8 inconsi/5cy takes him ! o!r way ab\t4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 be an alt]native & m hone/ solution to ?is conflict ( claims2 bo? may conta9 a measure ( tru?4 ,x may be true t monogamy--or s+le mat+--fai?fully practis$ by man & woman alike1 is ideally by f> ! be/ solution ( ! sex-relations1 & ! be/ = ! ,/ate to recognise & enc\rage by all legitimate means2 j z veget>ianism & total ab/95ce may be ! be/ solution ( our relation to food1 or non-resi/ance ( our relation to gov]nm5t1 or abject submission ( our relation to !ological tea*+4 ,b ?\gh ^! may be ideals to /rive =1 x does n foll[ t human nature is s uni=mly con/ruct$ ^u "o model z to ju/ify u 9 mak+ !m compulsory1 or 9 turn+ r\nd & d5\nc+ z moral obliquity ei!r plural mat+ or ! eat+ ( meat1 or ! dr9k+ ( w9e1 or rebellion aga9/ civil au?ority1 or free ?\ght 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,if ! community delib]ately decides t "o ( ^! c\rses gives ! bett] social results1 x is )9 its p[] to disc\rage ! o!r c\rse1 )\t desc5d+ to compulsion2 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is may1 9 ! majority ( cases1 be done by treat+ ! desires & appetites ( resi/ant m9orities z taxable luxuries4 ,if ! ,/ate f9ds1 = in/ance1 t alcoholism increases ! "w ( its magi/rates & police1 & dim9i%es ! heal? & com=t ( home-conditions1 x may q reasonably tax be]1 w9e & spirits1 n m]ely to produce rev5ue b to abate a nuisance4 ,b x w\ld be fooli%1 7 x to g on to say t ev]ybody :o incurr$ su* taxes 0 guilty ( moral obliquity4 ,9 ! same way1 if ! ,/ate wi%es to disc\rage veget>ianism & temp]ance1 x w tax sug>1 currants1 rais9s1 tea1 cocoa & c(fee1 & w cont9ue to tax !m till x has dim9i%$ ! consumption2 & incid5tally x w let meat g free4 ,b x w n pass moral judgm5ts--hav+ ! fe> ( human nature be=e its eyes--on ^? :o consci5ti\sly be> ! burd5 ( ^? taxes r ?an give up :at !y ?9k good = !m4 ,i c\ld imag9e ! ,/ate1 9 its wisdom1 seek+ to disc\rage luxury & ! accumulation ( weal? into ! possession ( ! few1 by impos+ a graduat$ income tax ( f> m dra/ic sev]ity ?an t :i* is n[ deplet+ ! pockets ( our millionaires--b n !re=e say+ t all :o incurr$ income tax above a c]ta9 scale 7 guilty ( moral obliquity4 ,we h se5 a ,/ate :i* requir$ an increase ( its population sett+ a premium on *ildr5 s z to enc\rage p>5ts to produce !m2 & ,i c imag9e a ,/ate :i* requir$ a dim9ution 9 ! increase ( its population sett+ a tax on *ildr51 b n !re=e jo9+ 9 ! cry ( ! ,neo-,mal?usians t e m>ri$ c\ple :o produc$ m ?an f\r *ildr5 7 guilty ( a k9d ( moral depravity4 ,& fur!r1 ,i c imag9e a ,/ate :i* wi%$ to enc\rage pure & unadult]at$ monogamy putt+ a graduat$ tax1 practically prohibitive 9 price1 on any o!r c\rse ( conduct productive ( second or ?ird e/abli%m5ts4 ,b ,i d n see :y ! ,/ate1 z ,/ate1 %\ld conc]n itself fur!r1 or :y ,society %\ld conc]n itself m deeply ab\t sexual ?an x does ab\t comm]cial & trade relations1 :]e9 x all[s f> m griev\s defections f ! ideal ( human *>ity to exi/4 ,leav+ x to ! individual is n to say t y\r views z to ! desirability ( su* conduct w n influ5ce y\r social int]c\rse1 & p]haps ev5 affect y\r call+ li/4 ,a great _m ?+s affect our call+ li/s1 )\t any necessity = u to be self-righte\s & bigot$ ab\t ! pr9ciple on :i* we make our own circle select4 ,!re are "s p :o w call ^u ! wives ( _! doctors1 b n ( _! d5ti/s2 !re are o!rs :o w n call ^u ! organi/ :o conducts !m to ! h>monies ( ,div9e ,s]vice on ,sunday1 b w\ld be v glad to call ^u ,sir ,h5ry ,wood1 :o conducts _! popul> conc]ts = !m dur+ ! week4 ,we make our selection accord+ to our social ta/es & aspirations1 & sometimes ^? social ta/es may include a c]ta9 am\nt ( moral judgm5t4 ,b t moral judgm5t ne$ n make u int]f]e2 if x keeps u at a respectful & k9dly di/ance f ^? :om we _c reg>d ) full *>ity1 x keeps u suffici5tly out ( mis*ief4 ,take ! public hangman1 = in/ance4 ,i1 p]sonally1 w\ld n h him ^u my call+ li/4 ,i w\ld l to put a graduat$ tax ^u him & tax him out ( exi/5ce4 ,i ?9k he is l5d+ himself to a base dep>tm5t ( ,/ate s]vice2 b ,i also ?9k t ! ,/ate is tempt+ him2 & ,i ?9k t1 9 a symbolical way1 all ( y :o approve ( capital puni%m5t ought to put ! public hangman ^u y\r call+ li/--or n exclude him because ( 8 pr(ession 7:i* y reg>d z useful & necess>y71 b only because he happ5s to be p]sonally unattractive to y4 ,if y exclude him1 because ( 8 pr(ession1 :ile y consid] 8 pr(ession a necessity--y are guilty1 ,i ?9k1 ( discr$itable conduct1 & 9 ord] to /& morally "r ) y\rselves y _h bett] g 7,i speak symbolically7 & leave c>ds on him to-morr[4 ,:at ,i mean s]i\sly to say is ?is3 !re is a great dang] to moral integrity 9 any acceptance ( social conditions :i* y w\ld refuse to int]pret into social int]c\rse4 ,if y believe pro/itution to be necess>y = ! safety ( ! home--:i* is ! doctr9e ( "s--y mu/ accept ! pro/itute z "o :o fulfils an hon\rable function 9 ! ,/ate4 ,if y accept capital puni%m5t1 y mu/ accept ! hangman4 ,if y accept meat1 y mu/ accept ! slaught]man2 if y accept sanitation y mu/ accept ! scav5g]4 ,if y accept divid5ds or pr(it f sweat$ lab\r1 y mu/ accept responsibility = sweat$ conditions1 & = ! mis]y1 ! ill-heal?1 ! immorality & ! degradation :i* spr+ f !m4 ,we may be q sure t f> worse ?+s come f ^! conditions on :i* we make our pr(it ?an are conta9$ 9 ! majority ( ^? lives :i*1 because ( _! irregul>ities or brea*es ( conv5tion1 we s swiftly rule (f our call+ li/s4 ,if we are n will+ to =ego ! divid5ds produc$ = u out ( our tol]at$ social conditions1 :y =ego contact ) t human mat]ial :i* !y br+ into be+8 ,b if y accept contact !re1 !n y w h a difficulty 9 f9d+ any human mat]ial ( great] abasem5t to d5y to x ! advantage ( y\r acqua9tance4 ,i h purposely put my argum5t provocatively1 & appli$ x to ?orny & que/ionable subjects1 because ,i want to rea* no halfway conclusion 9 ?is matt]1 & because ! real te/ ( our spiritual tol]ation is n[ %ift+ f matt]s religi\s to matt]s social1 f que/ions ( doctr9e to que/ions ( daily life4 ,to-day we mu/ be prep>$ to tol]ate a propag&a ( social ideas--! products ( :i*1 if !y succe$$ 9 obta9+ a hold1 w\ld 9 ! e/imation ( _m be z regrettable z 7 ! products ( ,calv9ism or ,puritanism 9 ! pa/1 :5 !y 7 mu* m p[]ful ?an n[4 ,our hatr$ ( ^! new social ideas may be j z ke5 z ! hatr$ ( ,ca?olicism = ,prote/antism or ( ,prote/antism = ,ca?olicism1 9 days :5 religi\s doctr9e seem$ to matt] ev]y?+4 ,m ke5 x c\ld n be4 ,! dang]s ^! new ideas pres5t c\ld n be great] 9 our eyes ?an 9 ! eyes ( our =efa!rs 7 ! dang]s ( false doctr9e ?ree c5turies ago4 ,b ! pr9ciple :i* dem&s t !y %all be free to /ate _! case & to make conv]ts rema9s always ! same4 ,nev]!less x is unlikely to be grant$ )\t /ruggle except by an intellig5t m9ority4 ,! religi\s movem5t ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ,i say aga91 is n doctr9al b social2 & its scripture is n ! ,bible or any writt5 ^w1 b human nature itself4 ,we are on ! br9k ( great discov]ies 9 human nature1 & _m ( our e?ical f\ndations are ab\t to be gravely di/urb$4 ,! old ,mani*ee dread ( ! ess5tial evil--! orig9al & engra9$ s9--( human nature rema9s ) u /ill1 & !re w be a great temptation1 z !re always has be51 n m]ely to controv]t 7:i* is p]missible7 b to p]secute & suppress ^? :o prea* new ideas4 ,x is aga9/ su* discr$itable conduct t we h n[ to be on our gu>d4 ,at ! ?re%old ( ?is new era to :i* we h come1 ) our old civilisation s brok5 & %att]$ ab\t u by our own civilis+ h&s1 ! guid+ _s ( man's de/9y has its new ^w to say1 to :i* we mu/ li/5 ) brave e>s4 ,& fir/ & =emo/ x is ?is1 8,/& ^u ?y feet--& ,i w speak ) !e40 ,,:at ,,is ,,womanly8 7#aiaa7 ,! title ( my lecture has1 ,i hope1 s5t a good _m ( y "h--! wom5 ( my audi5ce1 ,i mean--9 a v bri/l+ & combative frame ( m9d1 ready to res5t any lay+ d[n ( ! law on my "p z to :at is or :at is n 8womanly40 ,i hope1 t is to say1 t y are n prep>$ to h ! t]ms ( y\r womanl9ess dictat$ to y by a man--or1 = t matt]1 by a woman ei!r4 ,= :o c "k ei!r ! ext5t or ! direction ( woman's social effectiv5ess until %e has secur$ full "r ( way--a "r ( way equal to man's--9 all directions ( m5tal & physical activity1 or1 to put x 9 "o ^w1 ! "r to exp]im5t8 ,!re are1 ,i h no d\bt1 _m ?+s :i* wom5 might take x into _! heads to d1 :i* "o w\ld n ?9k womanly at _! fir/ p]=mance1 b :i* "o w\ld ?9k womanly :5 "o saw _! results at long range4 ,no rule ( conduct c be set up z an ab/ract "r or wrong2 we mu/ =m our e?ics on our social results2 & 9 ! _w's moral progress ! really effective results h g5]ally come by %ock ( attack ^u1 or ( resi/ance to1 "s *]i%$ conv5tions ( ! day4 ,take1 = example1 a ?+ :i* has seem$ to conc]n only ! male sex1 b :i* has really conc]n$ wom5 j z intimately--! hi/ory ( our male code ( hon\r 9 relation to ! in/itution ( duell+4 ,!re 0 a "t 9 our hi/ory :5 x w\ld h be5 v difficult to reg>d z manly ! refusal to fight a duel4 ,b x is n difficult to-day to see 9 su* a refusal a v true manl9ess4 ,we 9 ?is c\ntry h got rid ( ! sup]/ition t hon\r c 9 any way be m5d$ by two m5 /&+ up to take snap-%ots at ea* o!r2 & n[ t we are free f ! sup]/ition ourselves1 we c und]/&1 look+ at o!r c\ntries--,g]many1 = in/ance--t x mu/ (t5 require m c\rage to refuse to fight ?an to cons5t4 ,b we h arriv$ at t /age ( enlight5m5t only because 9 our own hi/ory !re h be5 m5 c\rage\s en\gh & manly en\gh to d>e to be ?\ght unmanly & c[>dly4 ,& z ) our manhood s ) our womanhood2 y _c judge ( :at is womanly m]ely on ! l9es ( pa/ conv5tions1 produc$ "u circum/ances v diff]5t f ^? ( our own days4 ,y mu/ give to wom5 z y give to m5 ! "r to exp]im5t1 ! "r to make _! own successes & _! own failures4 ,y _c ) good results lay ^u m5 & wom51 z !y "w side by side 9 ! _w 7v (t5 "u h>d competitive conditions7 ! incompatible rules :i* gov]n respectively a liv+ language & a dead language4 ,a liv+ language is con/antly 9 flux1 inv5t+ new words = itself1 modify+ its spell+ & its grammatical con/ruction1 splitt+ its inf9itives4 ,9 a dead language ! vocabul>y is fix$1 ! spell+ is fix$1 ! con/ruction is fix$2 b ! use & ! mean+ (t5 rema9 d\btful4 ,& s1 if y attempt to det]m9e ! woman's capabilities m]ely by h] pa/ record1 & to fix ! mean+ ( 8womanl9ess0 9 any way t =bids flux & developm5t1 !n y are mak+ ! mean+ & ! use ( ! ^w v d\btful4 ,n[1 obvi\sly1 if to be 8womanly0 means m]ely to 8/rike an av]age10 & be z l ! majority ( wom5 z possible--womanl9ess z a quality is n wor? ?9k+ ab\t2 x w come ( its own accord1 & exi/s probably a good deal 9 excess ( our social ne$ = x4 ,x /&s on a p> ) t faculty = submission to ! unconscionable dem&s ( o!rs :i* makes a %eep %eepi% & a h5 prolific4 ,to be :at ,h5ry ,james calls 8int5sely ord9>y0 is1 f ! evolution>y po9t ( view1 to be out ( ! runn+4 ,we see ?is directly we />t apply+ ! ^w 8manly0 to m54 ,= we d n take t to mean m]ely av]age quality--if x did1 ov]-eat+1 ov]-dr9k+1 & t =m ( spee* :i* ,i w call ov]-emphasis--w\ld all be manly qualities--& ! evolution ( ! race w\ld1 accord+ to t doctr9e1 lie on ! l9es ( all sorts ( ov]-indulg5ce4 ,b :5 we say 8manly10 we mean ! pick & poli% ( ^? qualities :i* enable a man to possess himself & to develop all 8 faculties2 & if x d5otes discipl9e x also d5otes an insi/5ce on fre$om--fre$om = developm5t1 s t all t is 9 him may be br\ght out = social use4 ,n[1 ! great pov]ty :i* mod]n civilization suff]s f1 is ! undevelopm5t or ! "u-developm5t ( ! bulk ( its citiz5s4 ,& ! great wa/age t we suff] f lies 9 ! misdirection t[>d ! ov]-indulg5ce ( our mat]ial appetites--( ! en]gies :i* %\ld make = our full human developm5t4 ,& y may be q sure t :]e 9 a community ( ov]-population & pov]ty su* z ours1 ! av]age man1 z ma/]1 is dem&+ = himself m ( ^! ?+s ?an 8 %>e1 !re ! av]age woman 7:]e %e is 9 economic subjection7 is gett+ less ?an h] %>e4 ,yet !re are _m p :o 7view+ ?is problem ( woman's subjection :]e ! savage 9 man is /ill upp]mo/7 w tell y t x is 8womanly0 to be self-sacrific+ & self-d5y+2 !y w say t x is ! woman's nature to be s m ?an x is ! man's2 =1 l ,milton1 9 8 def9ition ( ! ideal qualities ( womanhood1 !y put ! ^w 8subjection0 fir/ & =emo/4 ,t condition1 :i*1 accord+ to ,scripture1 only foll[$ aft] ! curse z its direct product1 01 y w rememb]1 pr$icat$ by ,milton1 q falsely1 z ess5tial ev5 to ! p>adisal /ate2 & :5 9 ,p>adise ,lo/ he laid d[n ?is law ( 8subjection0 z ! "r condition = unfall5 womanhood1 he w5t on to describe ! div9ely appo9t$ l9es on :i* x 0 to op]ate4 ,! woman 0 to subject h]self to man-- 8) submission1 ,& sweet1 reluctant1 amor\s delay40 ,^?1 surely1 are ! qualifications ( ! c\rtesan = mak+ h]self desir$2 & x is no wond]1 if he _h su* an ,eve by 8 side z 0 inv5t$ = him by ,milton1 t ,adam fell4 ,:]e true womanl9ess is to end ,i d n "k2 b ,i am pretty sure ( ?is--t x mu/ beg9 9 self-possession4 ,x is n womanly = a woman to d5y h]self ei!r 9 com=ts or n\ri%m5t1 or 9 h] in/9cts ( cont95ce & *a/ity 9 ord] t someone else--:e!r x be h] *ildr5 or h] husb&--may ov]-indulge4 ,x is womanly 7x is also manly71 :5 !re is dang] ( hurt or />vation to ^? = :om y are responsible1 to suff] mu* r ?an t !y %\ld suff]2 b x is n 9 ! lea/ womanly or manly to suff] s t !y may indulge4 ,! woman :o submits to ! />v+ ( h]self or ( h] *ildr5 by a drunk5 or a lazy husb& is n 9 any positive s5se womanly--= %e is !n prov+ h]self ineffective = h] social task4 ,& %e w\ld be m effective1 & !re=e m womanly1 if %e c\ld1 by any means y l to "n1 drive t lazy husb& into "w1 or ab/ract f t drunk5 husb& a "r %>e ( 8 wages4 ,& if by mak+ 8 home a purgatory to him %e succe$$1 %e w\ld be m womanly 9 ! valuable s5se ( ! ^w ?an if 7by submission to inju/ice7 %e fail$1 & let h] *ildr5 g />v$4 ,!n1 aga91 a woman may see t ! *ildr5 %e & h] husb& are produc+ ought nev] to h be5 born4 ,& if t is s1 is x womanly = h] to g on be>+ *ildr5 at ! dictates ( ! man1 ev5 ?\gh ,/4 ,paul says1 8,wives1 obey y\r husb&s08 ,is %e any m womanly1 if %e kn[+ly br+s diseas$ (fspr+ into ! _w1 ?an he is manly 9 ! fa!r+ ( !m8 ,b n[1 come out ( ! home into ,society--n into any ( ^? dep>tm5ts ( unsolv$ problems :]e humanity is se5 at its wor/--pass all ^? by = ! mom5t--& come to ! seat ( adm9i/ration--into t great regulator ( ,society1 ! law-c\rts 79 ! sup]9t5d5ce & con/itution ( :i* woman is conspicu\s by h] abs5ce74 ,!re1 z 9 matt]s connect$ ) ! male code ( hon\r1 any duty ( initiative on ! "p ( wom5 may seem1 at fir/ sight1 to be f> remov$4 ,b let u see6 ,9 ! law-c\rts y meet ) a doctr9e--a sort ( unwritt5 law--t !re are c]ta9 cases to :i* wom5 mu/ n li/54 ,& occasionally 8all dec5t wom50 are reque/$ to leave ! c\rt1 :5 8dec5t0 m5 are all[$ to /ay4 ,n[1 9 ! face ( t reque/ x mu/ be a v pa9ful ?+ inde$ = a woman to hold h] gr\nd--b x may be womanly = h] to d s4 ,x may be t 9 t case !re are wom5 witnesses2 & ,i d n ?9k our judges suffici5tly realise :at m5tal agony x may be to a woman to give evid5ce 9 a c\rt :]e !re are only m54 ,i am q sure t 9 su* cases1 if ! judge ord]s wom5 g5]ally out ( c\rt1 he ought to provide "o woman to /& by ! woman 9 ! witness-box4 ,h[ w\ld any man feel1 if he 7 call$ be=e a c\rt compos$ only ( wom51 wom5 judges1 a woman jury1 wom5 report]s1 & saw all m5 turn$ out ( ! c\rt be=e he began 8 evid5ce8 ,w\ld he feel sure t x meant ju/ice = him8 ,i ?9k n4 ,n[ ^! cases to :i* wom5 are n to li/5 almo/ always specially conc]n wom52 yet "h y h m5 claim+ to deal ) !m z mu* z possible beh9d ! woman's back1 & to keep h] 9 ignorance ( ! l9es on :i* !y arrive at a conclusion4 ,surely1 !n1 x w\ld be well = wom5 ( exp]t k & tra9+ to insi/ t ^! ?+s %all n be decid$ )\t wom5 assessors1 & to be s 8womanly0 z to incur ! *>ge ( braz5ness & immode/y 9 def5d+ ! woman's int]e/1 :i* 9 su* matt]s is also ! int]e/ ( ! race4 ,b x is only v gradually--& 9 ! face ( immemorial disc\ragem5t--t ?is communal or social _s1 :5 x began to draw woman outside h] own dome/icity1 has f\ght d[n & sil5c$ ! reproa* rais$ aga9/ x1 ( 8unwomanl9ess10 ( an intrusion by woman into affairs :i* 7 outside h] sph]e4 ,! awak5+ ( ! social consci5ce 9 wom5 is "o ( ! mo/ pregnant signs ( ! "t4 ,b see :at 79 ord] to make itself effective7 x has _h to ?r[ ov] at ea* /age ( its advance--?+s to :i* beautiful names h be5 giv51 ?+s :i* 7 assum$ all ?r\gh ! ,victorian era to be ess5tial to womanl9ess1 & to be s engra9$ 9 ! woman's nature1 t )\t !m womanl9ess itself mu/ p]i%4 ,! ideal ( woman's life 0 t %e %\ld live unobs]v$ except :5 display$ to ! _w on ! arm ( a pr\d & possessive husb&1 & ! height ( h] =tune 0 express$ 9 ! phrase envi\sly quot$ by ,mrs4 ,norton1 8,happy ! woman :o has no hi/ory40 ,n[ t ideal 0 entirely repressive ( ^? wid] activities :i* dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s h m>k$ & made happy1 9 spite ( /ruggle1 ! hi/ory ( woman's social developm5t2 & e fre% ef=t ( t social _s to f9d itself & to become effective has always _h to face1 at ! beg9n+ ( ea* new phase 9 its activity1 ! *>ge ( unwomanl9ess4 ,comp>e t attack1 fundam5tal 9 its nature1 all-embrac+ 9 its condemnation1 ) ! k9d ( attack levell$ aga9/ ! correspond+ manife/ations ( ! social or re=m+ _s 9 man4 ,9 a man1 new & unfamili> indications ( a /irr+-up ( ! social consci5ce may e>n su* epi!ts ( opprobrium z 8ra%10 8hot-head$10 8ill-consid]$10 8impracticable10 8utopian0--b we d n label !m z 8unmanly40 ,initiative1 fre% adv5ture ( ?\ght or action 9 man h always be5 reg>d$ z ! natural concomitant ( 8 nature4 ,9 a woman !y h v g5]ally be5 reg>d$ z unnatural1 unwomanly4 ,! accusation is fundam5tal3 x does n conc]n itself ) any uns\ndness 9 ! doctr9es put =w>d2 b only ) ! fact t a woman has d>$ to become _! m\?piece or _! in/rum5t4 ,g back to any p]iod 9 ! la/ #bjj ye>s1 :]e a def9itely new attempt 0 made by woman t[>d civic ?\ght & action1 & y w f9d t1 at ! "t1 ! *>ge ( 8unwomanl9ess0 0 levell$ aga9/ h]2 y f9d also t 9 ! succe$+ g5]ation t disput$ t]ritory has always become a c5tre ( recognis$ womanly activity4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! e/abli%m5t ( high] tra9+ = girls2 !re are t[ns 9 ?is c\ntry :]e ! wom51 :o fir/ emb>k$ on su* a design1 7 je]$ & laugh$ at1 & ev5 mobb$4 ,& ! same ?+ happ5$ 9 an ev5 great] degree to ! wom5 :o s\ght to recov] = _! own sex admission to ! m$ical pr(ession3 & :ile ! *>ge levell$ aga9/ !m 0 8unwomanl9ess10 x 0 yet ?r\gh _! in/9cts ( res]ve & sex-mode/y t _! enemies tri$ to defeat !m4 ,ev5 :5 !y ga9$ ! "r ( admission to m$ical colleges !re 7 lectur]s :o tri$1 by ! way !y express$ !mselves 9 _! lectures1 to drive !m out aga94 ,or take ! v sali5t in/ance ( ,flor5ce ,night+ale4 ,:5 %e volunte]$ to g out & nurse our soldi]s 9 ! ,crimea1 ! opposition to a woman's invasion ( a dep>tm5t :]e m5 _h %[n a hopeless incompet5ce at once bas$ itself on ! plea t su* a task 0 8unwomanly40 ,?\gh 9 _! own homes f "t immemorial1 wom5 _h be5 nurs+ fa!rs1 bro!rs1 sons1 uncles1 c\s9s1 s]vants1 ma/]s1 ?r\gh all ! ref9$ & mode/ly-conduct$ diseases to :i* ^! lords ( creation are dome/ically subject1 directly "o woman propos$ to c>ry h] exp]t k into a public dep>tm5t & nurse m5 :o 7 /rang]s to h]1 %e 0 told t %e 0 expos+ h]self to an exp]i5ce :i* 0 incompatible ) womanly mode/y4 ,well1 %e 0 prep>$ to let h] womanly mode/y take its risk 9 face ( ! black looks ( sc&alis$ (ficials ( ,admiralty or ,w> ,(fice2 & %e manag$ to live d[n pretty completely ! *>ge ( unwomanl9ess4 ,b ! example is a valuable "o to rememb]1 = !re y get ! claim ( conv5tion to keep wom5 f a great "w ( organisation & public s]vice1 al?\gh already1 9 ! home1 _! abilities = t special s]vice _h be5 prov$4 ,& s1 break+ ) t conv5tion ( h] day ,flor5ce ,night+ale w5t to be ! nurs+ "m ( ! ,briti% ,army 9 ! ,crimea1 & came home1 ! "o conspicu\sly successful g5]al ( t we>y & pr(itless campaign1 %att]$ 9 heal? by h] ex]tions1 b ( a reputation s rais$ above mi/ru/ & calumny t ?r\gh h] p]sonal pre/ige alone 0 e/abli%$ t organisation ( nurs+ by tra9$ wom5 :i* we h 9 our hospitals to-day4 ,take aga9 ! special & peculi> opposition :i* wom5 _h to face :5 !y began to agitate aga9/ c]ta9 laws :i* p>ticul>ly affect$ ! lives ( wom5 & did cruel wrong to !m ev5 9 _! home relations4 ,read ! life ( ,c>ol9e ,norton1 = in/ance--a woman ^: husb& br\ght aga9/ h] a public *>ge ( infidelity1 ?\gh privately admitt+ t %e 0 innoc5t2 & :51 aft] t *>ge 0 prov$ to be baseless1 %e sep>at$ f h] husb&1 refus+ to live ) him any m1 !n he1 9 consequ5ce ( t refusal cut h] (f absolutely f h] *ildr51 ?\gh !y 7 all "u sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,t wrong1 :i* our laws _h immemorially sanction$1 r\s$ h] to action1 & x 0 ?r\gh h] ef=ts1 s long ago z #ahch1 t ! law 0 alt]$ s z to all[ a "m ( unblemi%$ "* "r ( access to h] own *ildr5 dur+ ! ye>s ( e>ly infancy6 ,& t is h[ ! law /ill /&s to-day--a woman's contribution--! mo/ t c\ld be done at ! "t = ju/ice to wom54 ,b !re is no /atue to ,c>ol9e ,norton 9 ,p>liam5t ,squ>e--or any:]e else1 s f> z ,i "k4 ,b :at ,i specially want to draw att5tion to is ?is--t :5 %e wrote ! pamphlet ) :i* %e />t$ h] agitation all h] relatives entreat$ h] n to publi% x1 because x w\ld be an exposure to ! _w ( h] own private affairs4 ,by t "t1 h[ev]1 ,c>ol9e ,norton _h le>n$ h] lesson 9 8womanl9ess10 & %e no long] said 8,happy is ! woman :o has no hi/ory40 ,h] answ] 03 8,!re is too mu* fe> ( publicity among wom53 ) wom5 x is reckon$ a crime to be accus$1 & su* a disgrace t !y wi% no?+ bett] ?an to hide !mselves & say no m ab\t x40 ,does n t set =? 9 all its weakness ! conv5tional womanly attitude ( ! p]iod8 ,! ,bill :i*1 ?r\gh h] ef=ts1 0 br\ght ?ree times be=e ,p>liam5t1 0 at fir/ defeat$4 ,h[8 ,by ! votes ( ! ,judges1 to :om ! ,h\se ( ,lords left ! matt] to be decid$4 ,& ,"l ,br\gham1 9 speak+ aga9/ t ,bill us$ ?is l9e ( argum5t3 ,!re 71 he said1 sev]al legal h>d%ips :i* 7 ( necessity inflict$ on wom52 !re=e we %\ld n relieve !m f ^? :i* are n necess>y--! necess>y h>d%ips be+ ! great]2 & x be+ bad policy to raise 9 wom5 a false expectation t ! legal h>d%ips relat+ to _! sex 7 ( a removable k9d6 ,0 ev] a m p]v]t$ & devili% int]pretation giv5 to ! ,scripture1 8,to him t ha? %all be giv51 & f h] t ha? n %all be tak5 ev5 t :i* %e ha?40 ,let u rememb] t we are ! direct desc5dants & inh]itors ( ! age & ( ! m5 :o pron\nc$ ^! unju/ judgm5ts1 & t no miracle has happ5$ betwe5 !n & n[ to remove ! guilt ( ! fa!rs f ! ?ird & ! f\r? g5]ation4 ,h]$ity is too /rong a ?+ = u to h any good gr\nd = believ+ t our eyes1 ev5 n[1 are entirely op5$4 ,!re are _m ( u :o _c dr9k port at all1 because our gr&fa!rs drank x by ! bottle e night ( _! lives4 ,we inh]it con/itutions1 p]sonal & political--we also inh]it prov]bs1 :i* express s vividly & 9 s few words1 ! full-bodi$ & highly-cru/$ wisdom ( =m] g5]ations4 ,^? prov]bs express$ once--else !y _h n become prov]bs--an almo/ univ]sal contempor>y op9ion4 ,"s ( !m are n[ beg9n+ to we> ?91 h ( rec5t ye>s be5 dy+ ! dea?1 & w pres5tly be he>d no m4 ,b _! s\rce & inc5tive are /ill q recognisable2 & _! dw9dl$ _s /ill lives 9 our mid/4 ,!re 0 "o1 = in/ance1 on :i* g5teel families 7 br\ght up 9 ! days ( my y\?--a rhym$ prov]b :i* laid x d[n t-- ,a :i/l+ woman & a cr[+ h5 ,are hateful alike to ,god & m54 ,n[ let u look into ! bit ( real natural hi/ory :i* lies at ! root ( t prov]b4 ,a cr[+ h5 is a di/urbance1 b s is a cr[+ cock4 ,b ! h5 is n to cr[ because %e only lays eggs1 & because ! bulk ( h5s manage to lay eggs )\t cr[+4 ,!y make1 x is true1 a peculi> clutt] ( _! own :i* is j z di/urb+2 b t is a ?or\ghly fem99e noise & a disp5sation ( ,provid5ce2 & !y don't d x at all times ( ! night1 & )\t a reason = x1 z cocks d4 ,b z a matt] ( fact x is f> m easy to prev5t a cock f cr[+ ?an a h5 f clutt]+2 y h only to put a cock 9 a p5 ! ro( ( :i* knocks 8 head :5ev] he re>s himself up to cr[ & he w rema9 z sil5t z ! grave1 ?\gh he w cont9ue to d t spasmodic duty by 8 (fspr+ :i* is all t nature requires ( him4 ,b no su* simple me?od w /op ! clutt]+ ( a h5 :5 h] egg is once well & truly laid2 ! social di/urbance caus$ by ! pomp ( mascul9e va9-glory is f> less inevitable ?an ! di/urbance caus$ by ! circum/ances ( mat]nity4 ,yet ! normal mascul9e claim to pomp ( s\nd is m readily all[$ 9 our prov]bial philosophy ?an ! occasional fem99e claim4 ,& t is :]e we h gone wrong2 x is really mat]nity :i* "u :olesome conditions decides ! social ord] ( ?+s2 & we h be5 fight+ aga9/ x by putt+ mat]nity into a comp\nd & sett+ up pat]nity to cr[ on ! top rail4 ,we h n le>n$ t extraord9>y adaptability to s\nd economic conditions :i* we f9d 9 _m birds & 9 a few animals4 ,!re exi/s1 = in/ance1 a p>ticul> bre$ ( o/ri*es1 :i* mates & lays its eggs 9 a c\ntry :]e ! days are v hot & ! nights v cold2 & z x takes ! female o/ri* "s #ac or #ad days to lay all h] eggs & "s weeks to incubate1 %e _c z %e does 9 o!r c\ntries deposit !m 9 ! s& & leave ! sun to hat* !m1 because aft] ! sun has />t$ ! process1 ! cold night comes & kills !m4 ,! "m bird f9ds1 !re=e1 t %e _c bo? produce & nurse h] eggs2 yet directly !y are laid somebody mu/ beg9 sitt+ on !m4 ,well1 :at does %e d8 ,%e goes ab\t 9 flocks1 #ac or #ad females accompani$ by an equal numb] ( ! /]n] sex4 ,& on a giv5 day1 all ! h5s lay ea* an egg 9 "o ne/1 & "o ( ! fa!r birds is select$ to sit ^u !m4 ,& s ! process goes on till all ! males are s$5t>ily employ$ 9 hat*+ out _! (fspr+4 ,& ,i w\ld ask 7apply+ = ! mom5t our own t]m9ology to t wond]fully self-adaptive bre$ ( sociologi/s7 are n ^? male o/ri*es engag$ 9 a ?or\ghly 8manly0 occupation8 ,c\ld !y be bett] engag$ ?an 9 mak+ ! conditions ( mat]nity z fav\rable & z unhamp]$ z possible8 ,yet h[ difficult x is to make our own c\ntrym5 see t ! /r5g? ( a nation lies ma9ly--nay1 entirely--9 eug5ics1 9 s9k+ e o!r consid]ation = t great & c5tral "o--! p]fect+ ( ! conditions ( mat]nity4 ,b let u come back = a mom5t to :i/l+4 ,x is an accompli%m5t :i*1 z a rule1 m5 d bett] ?an wom52 x is ! only natural treble left to !m aft] !y rea* ! age ( pub]ty2 & !y are curi\sly pr\d ( x2 p]haps1 because wom51 z a rule1 h n ! knack ( x4 ,n[1 ! real (f5ce ( a woman's :i/l+ 0 n :5 %e did x badly 7= t m]ely flatt]$ ! male vanity7 b :5 %e did x well2 & no d\bt x 0 because "s wom5 manag$ to d x well t ! prov]b ,i speak ( 0 inv5t$4 ,we %\ld n h be5 tr\bl$ ) su* a prov]b if cr[+ h5s & :i/l+ wom5 _h be5 unable to raise _! accompli%m5t above a :isp]4 ,yet :i/l+ is really q beautiful1 :5 x is well done2 & :y is woman n to create ?is beauty ( s\nd1 if x is 9 h] p[] to create x1 m]ely because x f9ds h] 9 a m9ority among h] sex8 ,does x make h] less physically fit1 less capable ( becom+ a "m--less incl9$1 ev51 to become a "m8 ,no2 x does none ( ^! ?+s2 b x di/+ui%es h] f a conv5tion :i* has laid x d[n t !re are c]ta9 ?+s :i* wom5 c't d2 & s1 :5 ! exceptional woman does x1 %e is--or %e 0 ! day be=e ye/]day--labell$ 8unwomanly40 ,i d n sugge/ t :i/l+ is a necess>y +r$i5t = ! mo!rhood ( ! new race2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,i h notic$ t ^? wom5 :o :i/le well h1 z a rule1 /r5g? ( "*1 orig9ality1 ! gift ( initiative & a /rong organis+ capacity2 & if ^! ?+s d g toge!r1 !n surely we %\ld welcome an increase ( :i/l+ z a truly womanly accompli%m5t--some?+ atta9$--:i* has n be5 s g5]ally atta9$ hi!rto4 ,let u pass n[ to a mu* m s]i\s in/ance ( ^? artificial divisions betwe5 mascul9e & fem99e habits ( ?\ght & action :i* h 9 ! pa/ seem$ s absolute1 & are1 9 fact1 s impossible to ma9ta94 ,= y c h no code or /&>d ( manhood t is n intimately b\nd up ) a correspond+ code or /&>d ( womanhood4 ,:at raises ! "o1 raises ! o!r1 :at degrades ! "o degrades ! o!r2 & if !re is 9 exi/5ce1 any:]e 9 our social sy/em1 a false code ( manl9ess1 !re alongside ( x1 react+ on x1 dep5d+ on x1 or produc+ x1 is a false code ( womanl9ess4 ,take1 = example1 t matt] ( duell+ already ref]r$ to1 9 relation to ! male code ( hon\r1 & ! manl9ess :i* x is suppos$ to enc\rage & develop4 ,y might be incl9$ to ?9k t x lies s mu* outside ! woman's sph]e & h] p[] ( control1 z to affect v little ei!r h] womanl9ess or h] own s5se ( hon\r4 ,b ,i hope to %[ by a concrete example h[ v closely womanl9ess & woman's code ( hon\r are conc]n$ & adv]sely affect$ by t 8manly0 in/itution ( duell+--h[1 9 fact1 x has t5d$ to deprive wom5 ( a s5se ( hon\r1 by tak+ x f _! own keep+ & n leav+ to !m ! "r ( free & f9al judgm5t4 ,"h is :at happ5$ 9 ,g]many ab\t sev5 ye>s ago4 ,a "y m>ri$ (fic] und]took to escort home f a dance ! fiance ( ano!r (fic]2 & on ! way1 hav+ drunk r m ?an 0 good = him1 he tri$ to kiss h]4 ,%e res5t$ ! lib]ty1 & app>5tly made him suffici5tly a%am$ ( himself to come next day & beg h] p>don4 ,:e!r %e w\ld grant x 0 surely a matt] = h]self to decide2 %e accept$ 8 apology1 & !re1 "o w\ld h ?\ght1 ! matt] might h end$4 ,b un=tunately1 sev]al mon?s lat]1 ^w ( ?is v ord9>y bit ( male misdemean\r rea*$ ! e>s ( ! lady's betro!d4 ,x at once became 8an affair ( hon\r0--8 affair1 n ! lady's affair--8 to settle 9 8 own way1 n h]s to settle 9 h] way4 ,accord+ly he calls out 8 bro!r (fic]1 &1 probably )\t int5d+ x1 %oots him dead4 ,! murd]$ man1 z ,i h said1 0 m>ri$1 & at t v "t 8 wife 0 9 expectation ( hav+ a *ild4 ,! *ild 0 prematurely born to a poor "m gone craz$ ) grief4 ,!re1 !n1 we get a beautiful economic product ( ! male code ( hon\r & its crim9al effects on ,society2 & if trac$ to its s\rce we %all see t su* a code ( hon\r is bas$ ma9ly on man's claim to possession & proprietor%ip 9 woman--=1 _h ! woman n be5 "o :om he look$ ^u z 8 own prop]ty1 t (fic] w\ld h reg>d$ ! (f5ce v lightly inde$4 ,b because %e 0 8 betro!d ! woman's hon\r 0 n h] own1 x 0 82 %e 0 n to def5d x 9 h] own way--?\gh h] own way _h prov$ suffici5t = ! occasion--he mu/ int]f]e & def5d x 9 84 ,& we get = result1 a man kill$ = a petty (f5ce--! (f5ce itself a direct product ( ! way 9 :i* milit>ism has tra9$ m5 to look on wom5--a woman wid[$ & driv5 to ! untimely fulfilm5t ( h] mo/ important social function 9 angui% ( m9d1 & a *ild born into ! _w "u conditions :i* probably h&icapp$ x disa/r\sly = ! /ruggle ( life4#a ,n[1 obvi\sly1 if wom5 c\ld be taught to reg>d su* invasions ( _! "r to p>don (f5ce 9 o!rs z a direct attack ^u _! own hon\r & lib]ty--a f> worse attack ?an ! act ( folly :i* gave occasion = ?is trag$y--& if !y w\ld tea* ^! possessive lov]s ( !irs t any su* intrusion on _! womanly pr]ogative ( m]cy 0 9 itself an un=givable s9 aga9/ womanhood--!n su* invasions ( ! woman's sph]e w\ld quickly come to an end4 ,!y might ev5 put an end to duell+ altoge!r4 ,see1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ acceptance ( su* an in/itution tra9s wom5 to give up _! own "r ( judgm5t1 to ?9k ev5 t hon\r1 at fir/ h&1 h>dly conc]ns !m4 ,is x n natural t1 z ! outcome ( su* a sy/em f :i* we are only gradually em]g+1 we %\ld he> x said ( ^! conv5tionally womanly wom5 t !y h 8a v l[ s5se ( hon\r40 ,l[ x mu/ naturally be4 ,= t attitude ( complaisant passivity on ! "p ( ! woman :ile two male rivals fight to possess h] is ! normal attitude ( ! female 9 ! l[] animal _w2 b x is an attitude f :i*1 z ! human race evolves into m p]fect self-gov]nm5t1 y see ! woman gradually draw+ away4 ,:ile x pleases some?+ 9 h] animal in/9cts1 x (f5ds some?+ 9 h] human in/9cts2 & :ile to be f\ght ov] is ! highe/ complim5t to ! female animal1 x is com+ to be some?+ l an insult to ! really civiliz$ woman--! woman :o has ! _s ( citiz5%ip awake )9 h]4 ,"o rememb]s h[ ,c&ida1 :5 h] two lov]s are debat+ :i* ( !m is to possess h]--br+s !m at once to _! s5ses by rem9d+ !m t x is n 9 ! lea/ necess>y t %e %\ld be possess$ by ei!r ( !m2 b %e does 9 ! end give h]self to ! "o :o ne$s h] mo/4 ,t may be ! true/ womanl9ess "u pres5t conditions2 z x may once h be5 ! true/ womanl9ess = ! woman to give h]self to ! /ronge/4 ,b x may be ! true/ womanl9ess1 at times1 = ! woman to br+ m5 to _! s5ses by rem9d+ !m t x is n necess>y = h] to give h]self at all4 ,to be q sure ( atta9+ to full womanl9ess1 let h] fir/ make sure t %e possesses h]self4 ,9 ! pa/ m5 h set a b>ri] to h] "r ( k1 h] "r ( action1 h] "r ( indep5d5t be+2 & 9 ! light ( t hi/ory x seems probable t %e w be/ discov] h] full value by insi/+ on "r ( k1 on "r ( way1 & on "r ( economic indep5d5ce4 ,s long z conv5tion lays ^u wom5 any special & fundam5tal claim ( control--a claim altoge!r diff]5t 9 k9d & ext5t f ! claim x lays ^u m5--s long may x be ! ess5tially womanly duty ( e woman to h quick & alive )9 h] ! _s ( criticism1 & lat5t )9 h] blood ! _s ( revolt4 ,,footnote3 #a ,x may be not$ t ! w> has caus$ a recrudesc5ce ( ?is brutal 8code ( hon\r0 9 our own c\ntry4 ,b "h x has n tr\bl$ to resume ! obsolete =m ( ! duel4 ,! 8def5d] ( 8 wife's hon\r0 simply commits murd]1 & ! jury acquits4 ,,use ,,& ,,ornam5t 7,,or ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,liv+7 7#aiae7 ,i suppose y w\ld all be v mu* surpris$ if ,i said t n use b ornam5t 0 ! object ( life4 ,i refra9 f do+ s because s def9ite a /atem5t makes an assumption ( k :i* x may always be outside man's p[] to possess4 ,! object ( life may = ev] rema9 z obscure to u z its cause4 ,x seems1 inde$1 likely en\gh t ! "o ignorance h+es necess>ily on ! o!r1 & t )\t kn[+ ! cause ( life nei!r c we "k its object4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,scotti% ,*ur* ,cate*ism1 x is true1 ?\ght t !y knew :y man 0 creat$4 ,! social products ( _! cocksure !ology cause me to d\bt x4 ,i w\ld pref] to wor%ip m ignorantly a m lovable deity ?an ! "o :i* is !re pres5t$ to my gaze4 ,b ?\gh we may nev] "k :y we are "h1 we may "k1 by tak+ a little ?\ght & /udy+ ! manife/ations ( ! life ar\nd u1 :at aspects ( x make u glad t we are "h4 ,& gladness is z good a guide z any t ,i "k to ! true values ( life4 ,exam9+ life f t /&po9t ,i "k ( no?+ t gives me m delight ?an ! decoration & embelli%m5t ) :i* man has ov]laid all ! m]e uses ( exi/5ce--?+s :i* )\t ^? embelli%m5ts might n delight u at all--or only z a dry cru/ ( bread delights 9 8 necessity ! />v+ begg>1 or dit*-wat] "o dy+ ( ?ir/4 ,i c sc>cely ?9k ( a use 9 life :i* ,i enjoy1 t ,i d n enjoy m because ( ! embelli%m5t plac$ ab\t x by man1 :o claims to h be5 made 89 ,god's image40 ,no?+ t my s5ses respond to ) delight /ays limit$ )9 ! utilit>ian aspect on :i* its moral claims to acceptance are too frequ5tly bas$--or rema9s a b5efit m]ely mat]ial 9 its scope4 ,:5 we brea! happily1 :5 we eat happily1 & :5 we love happily1 we d n ?9k ( ! utilit>ian ends ) :i* ^? bodily in/9cts are relat$4 ,! utilit>ian motive connects1 b only subconsci\sly1 ) t s5se ( well-be+ & delight :i* !n fills u2 & ! consci\s life )9 u is happy )\t /oop+ to reason4 ,und]ly+ our receptivity ( ^! ?+s is1 no d\bt1 ! fact t our bodies h a use = !m4 ,b 7 we to consid] ! mat]ial uses alone1 our enjoym5t w\ld be less2 & if 7by foll[+ t process7 we absorb$ !m 9 a less joy\s _s1 our physical b5efit1 s sci5ce n[ tells u1 w\ld be less also4 ,= "s reason or ano!r1 :i* is occasionally h>d to def9e1 y f9d pleasure 9 a ?+ ov] & above its use2 & ,i want to p]suade y t ! f9] in/9ct1 ! g5ius ( ! human race1 t5ds always 9 t direction--n to re/ cont5t ) ! m]e use ( a ?+1 b to lay ^u x t additional t\* ( adornm5t--:e!r by well-select$ mat]ial1 or craftsman's skill1 or social am5ity1 :i* %all make x a ?+ delightful to our s5ses or to our intellig5ce4 ,take1 = in/ance1 s simple a ?+ z a w9e-glass1 or a wat]-glass4 ,mat]ially1 x is subject to a v consid]able drawback2 x is brittle1 & if brok5 is practically unm5dable4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( utility1 /r5g?1 *eapness1 cleanl9ess1 x has no advantage ov] h>dw>e or *9a4 ,b 9 its relation to bev]ages beautiful 9 col\r & ( a cle> transp>5cy1 glass has a delightfulness :i* greatly enhances ! pleasure ( its use4 ,!re is a subtle relation betwe5 ! sp>kle ( ! glass1 & ! sp>kle produc$ 9 ! bra9 by ! sight & ! ta/e ( good w9e 7or--let me add1 = ! b5efit ( temp]ance memb]s ( my audi5ce--( good g+]-ale74 ,i ?9k "o c\ld also trace a simil> delight to ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 glass 9 its transp>5cy & a draught ( pure wat]4 ,t relation%ip set up betwe5 two or m s5ses 79 ?is case betwe5 ! s5ses ( sight1 ta/e & t\*7 br+s into be+ a new value :i* ,i ask y to be> 9 m9d1 z ,i %all h a good deal to say ab\t x lat]--! value ( association4 ,! m y exam9e into ! matt]1 ! m y w f9d t association is a v important elem5t = evok+ man's faculties ( enjoym5t2 x secures by ! int]-relation ( ! s5ses a sort ( comp\nd int]e/ = ! appeal ov] :i* x presides4 ,& x is association1 ) ?is comp\nd appeal1 :i* aga9 & aga9 decides 7ov] & above all que/ions ( use7 :at mat]ial is ! be/1 or ! mo/ delightful1 to be employ$ = a giv5 purpose4 ,y *oose a mat]ial because x makes a decorative cov]+ to m]e utility4 ,t beauty ( *oice 9 mat]ial alone is ! beg9n+ ( ornam5t4 ,:5 ,i began1 ,i spoke = a mom5t z ?\gh use & ornam5t 7 opposite or sep>ate pr9ciples2 b :at ,i %all hope soon to %[ is t !y are s int]lock$ & comb9$ t !re is no keep+ !m ap>t :5 once ! _s ( man has op5$ to p]ceive ! true sacram5tal s]vice :i* spr+s f _! union1 & ! social discordance t inevitably foll[s ^u _! divorce4 ,b z man's ord9>y def9ition ( ! ^w 8use0 is sadly mat]ial & debas$1 & z 8 approval & sanction ( ! joys ( life h too (t5 be5 limit$ by a simil> mat]ialism ( ?\ght1 "o is oblig$1 = ! "t be+1 to accept ! ord9>y limit+ di/9ction1 s t ! f9] & less realis$ uses ( beauty & delight may be %[n m cle>ly z ! true end to :i* all less] uses %\ld conv]ge4 ,life itself is a usage ( mat]ial1 ! br++ toge!r ( atoms into =m2 & we "k1 f :at sci5ce tea*es ( evolution1 t ?is usage has con/antly be5 9 ! direction ( =ms ( life :i*1 = c]ta9 reasons1 we describe z 8high]40 ,em]g+ ?r\gh ^? =ms h come manife/ations or qualities1 :i* q obvi\sly give delight to ! hold]s ( !m2 & we are able to ga!r 9 wat*+ !m1 z !y live1 move1 & h _! be+1 t = !m life seems good4 ,x is no "p ( _! acceptance ( :at has come t !y are "h n to enjoy !mselves4 ,?us we see f ! upw>d tr5d ( creation a faculty = enjoym5t /eadily em]g+1 & exi/+ side by side ) fe>s1 risks1 & h>d%ips :i* ! /ruggle = exi/5ce entails--probably an ev5 increas$ faculty = enjoym5t1 z ^? fe>s & risks become m consci\sly "p ( _! lives4 ,& ,i "q :e!r we %\ld ?9k t ! wild de] _h *os5 well1 c\ld x resign its appreh5sion ( dea? at ! dr9k+-place = ! sake ( becom+ a worm--! wriggl+ b sc>cely consci\s prey ( ! e>ly bird4 ,man 7! mo/ consci\s prey ( dea?7 has also 8 comp5sations2 b1 wi%+ to eat 8 cake & h x1 he insi/s t 8 increas$ self-consci\sness is ! hall-m>k ( an immortality :i* he is unwill+ to conc$e to o!rs4 ,he sees 7or ! majority ( ^? see1 :o prea* p]sonal immortality aft] dea?7 no moral necessity = conc$+ immortality to ! worm because ! e>ly bird cuts %ort its c>e]1 or to ! wild de] because x enjoys life1 %r9ks f dea?1 & endures pa92 or to ! peewit1 because %e loves h] "y2 or to ! p>rot1 because x dies ) a vocabul>y /ill inadequate = express+ t contempt = ! human species ) :i* ! cag$ exp]i5ce ( a life-"t has fill$ its bra94 ,yet1 = ^! & simil> reasons appli$ to himself1 man ?9ks t immortality is 8 due4 ,9 do+ s1 he does b pursue1 to a r injudici\s ext5t1 t in/9ct = ! ornam5tation & embelli%m5t ( ! facts ( life :i* ,i spoke ( to beg9 )4 ,= :e!r x be well-f\nd$ or n1 a belief 9 immortality gives ornam5t to exi/5ce4 ,( c\rse1 x may be bad ornam5t2 & ,i ?9k x becomes bad ornam5t ! mom5t he bases x ^u ! idea t ?is life is evil & n good4 ,if he says 8,life is s good t ,i want x to g on = ev] & ev]10 & ?9ks t he c make x bett] by ass]t+ t x w g on = ev] & ev]1 t is a playful /atem5t :i* may h q a /imulat+ effect on 8 c>e]1 & make him a mu* m *>m+ & social & imag9ative p]son ?an he w\ld o!rwise be4 ,b if he wants a future life m]ely because he reg>ds ?is life z a 8vale ( mis]y0--& wants t future life to conta9 evil z well z good--a ,hell z well z a ,heav5 79 ord] t he may visualise retribution met$ out on a satisfactory scale ^u ^? :om he _c satisfactorily visit ) retribution to-day7 !n1 ,i ?9k1 t x t5ds to become bad ornam5t1 & is likely to make him less *>m+1 less social1 & less imag9atively inv5tive = ! gett+ rid ( evil conditions f pres5t exi/5ce ?an he w\ld be if he _h n s ov]-load$ 8 bra9 ) doctr9al adornm5ts4 ,/ill1 x is ornam5t ( a k9d2 & ) ornam5t1 good or bad 7! mom5t he has got = himself leisure or any elb[-room at all 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce7 man _c help embelli%+ ! facts ( life--! ?+s t he really kn[s4 ,n[ t in/9ct = embelli%m5t is ( c\rse lat5t 9 ,nature itself1 or we %\ld n f9d x 9 man2 & x comes ( ,nature 7! great sup]-ma!matician7 putt+ two & two toge!r 9 a way :i* does n m]ely make f\r4 ,:5 two & two are put toge!r by ,nature1 !y come to life 9 a new %ape2 & man is 7up-to-date7 ! mo/ appreciative receptacle ( t fact :i* ,nature has yet produc$4 ,man builds up 8 :ole appreciation ( life by association--by /udy+ a me?od ( putt+ two & two toge!r :i* comes to some?+ v mu* m ?an a dead num]ical result4 ,?is1 z ,i h said1 is ,nature's way ( giv+ to our inve/m5ts 9 life a comp\nd int]e/4 ,man ?r[s into life 8 :ole capital1 body1 s\l1 & _s2 & z a result ( t inve/m5t ,nature /eadily returns to him ye> by ye>--n deta*$ portions ( 8 orig9al outlay1 b some?+ new & diff]5t4 ,out ( e contact betwe5 man's en]gy & ,nature's1 some?+ new arises4 ,& yet1 ?\gh new1 x is n /range2 x has features ( famili>ity2 x is p>tly 81 p>tly h]s2 & if 8 _s rises above ! m]ely me*anical1 x is ende>$ to him by & d]ives its fulle/ value f association4 ,all beautiful "w1 all "w :i* is ( real use & b5efit to ! community1 be>s implicitly )9 x ?is m>k ( p>5tage--( ! way x has be5 come by1 ?r\gh pati5ce1 skill1 +5uity1 some?+ m intimate & subtle ?an ! dead imp5etrable surface ( a ?+ me*anically =m$ )\t ! accompanim5t ei!r ( hope or joy4 ,?is creation ( new values by association 7:i* y c trace ?r\gh all "r processes ( lab\r7 is se5 ev5 9 ?+s :i* h v little ( human ab\t !m4 ,! g]m ( its expression is to be f\nd 9 t simple/ ( ari?metic propositions to :i* ,i h j ref]r$3 two & two make--n two twos b f\r1 :i* is1 9 fact1 a fre% concept2 & ! m9d t c embrace s mu*--! idea ( f\r z a numb] ) an id5tity ( its own has already rais$ itself above ! l[e/ level ( savag]y4 ,9 t m9d some?+ has begun out ( :i* ! social idea may pres5tly be develop$2 = ! man :o has conceiv$ ! numb] f\r w pres5tly be id5tify+ 8 new concept ) a v>iety ( correspond5cies "u fre% aspects3 he w discov] t c]ta9 animals h f\r legs1 :]eas1 until !n1 8 view ( !m 0 r t ( ! *ild :o said t a horse _h two legs 9 front1 two legs beh9d1 & two at ea* side--a /atem5t :i* %[s1 inde$1 t ! horse has be5 e>ne/ly consid]$ f z _m po9ts ( view z are sometimes necess>y to enable a ,cab9et ,m9i/] to make up 8 m9d1 b1 = all t1 nev] z a :ole2 & 9 su* a m9d1 ?\gh ! id5tity ( ! horse may be e/abli%$ f :atev] po9t ( view he pres5ts himself1 ! ?\ght ( ! horse1 z a be+ ( h>moni\sly relat$ p>ts1 hav+ ord] & species1 has n yet be5 e/abli%$4 ,until a man c c\nt1 & sum up ! results ( 8 c\nt+ 9 syn!sis1 ,nature is compos$ m]ely ( a s]ies ( units--& ! m9d _c beg9 t gr\p+ & def9+ process :i* leads to association & f t to ! developm5t ( ! social idea4 ,y w rememb] 9 ,alice ?r\gh ! ,look+ ,glass1 :5 ! two ,que5s set to "w to te/ h] educational pr(ici5cy--y w rememb] h[ ! ,:ite ,que5 says 79 ord] to discov] :e!r ,alice c d addition7 8,:at's "o1 & "o1 & "o1 & "o1 & "o1 & "o80 8,i don't "k10 says ,alice1 8,i lo/ c\nt40 8,%e c't d addition10 says ! ,:ite ,que54 ,well--%e 8lo/ c\nt10 &1 !re=e1 t s]ies ( ones fail$ to h any fre% mean+ or association = h]4 ,9 ! same way ! primitive savage loses c\nt2 beyond ?ree1 numb]s are too _m = him--!y become m]ely a 8lot40 ,b w> & ! *ase beg9 to tea* him ! relative value ( numb]s2 & he f9ds out t if "o lot goes out to fight a bigg] lot1 ! small] lot probably gets beat52 s t1 be=e long1 calculation ( "s sort becomes necess>y = ! pres]vation ( exi/5ce4 ,he f9ds out also 7& ?is is :]e ornam5t beg9s to come 97 t a c]ta9 am\nt ( wilful miscalculation has a beauty & a value ( its own4 ,s1 aft] go+ out to fight t5 aga9/ t51 & defeat+ !m1 he comes back & says to 8 wives & ! surr\nd+ communities by :om he wi%es to be held 9 awe--8,my lot kill$ bigg] lot--mu*1 mu* bigg] lot40 ,& s1 :5 he comes lat] on to set d[n 8 wilful miscalculations 9 records ( scripture1 he provides delightful problems = ! ,bi%op ,col5sos ( future ages--problems ! undo+ ( :i* may %ake to ! f\ndations ! au?ority ( docum5ts :i* "s mid-,victorian s*ool ( ,*ri/ianity has hi!rto held to be div9ely & v]bally inspir$--n realis+ t ! normal t5d5cy ( human nature is to be decorative :5 writ+ its national hi/ory or :5 giv+ its reasons = hav+ plung$ into w>4 ,y beg9 n[1 !n1 to p]ceive 7if y did n be=e71 ! importance ( ornam5tal association1 ev5 :5 conf9$ to matt]s ( ari?metic2 & ! moral value to future ages n m]ely ( calculat$ tru?s b ( calculat$ untru?s4 ,b ?is m]ely figurative illu/ration ( ! quickness ( ! human bra91 9 its primitive /age1 to use ma!matics to unma!matical ends 7or sci5ce to ends q unsci5tific7 does n br+ u v f> ^u ! road to t self-realisation1 9 ornam5t r ?an 9 use1 :i* ,i hope to make manife/ by trac+ to _! mo/ *>act]i/ic =ms ( expression ! high] grades ( civilization4 ,& ,i %all hope1 by & by1 to %[ t y _c be social )\t also be+ ornam5tal2 x is ! beg9n+ ( t connect+ l9k :i* %all pres5tly make m5 realise t life is "o1 & t all life is good4 ,take1 to beg9 )1 ! e>lie/ in/rum5ts by :i* primitive man began rais+ himself f ! ruck ( mat]ial conditions2 8 weapons--fir/ ( ! *ase1 & !n ( w>4 ,no soon] _h he prov$ _! use ?an he began to ornam5t !m--to make !m records1 trophies1 & s--objects ( beauty4 ,he _c /op f do+ s2 8 delight 9 ! skill ( 8 h&s breaks out into ornam5t4 ,x is ! same ) ! arts ( peace1 ! "w ( ! woman-primitive--%e m\lds a pot1 or weaves a squ>e ( mat]ial1 & into x--! mom5t %e has accompli%$ ! rudim5ts--goes patt]n1 beauty1 some?+ additional & memorable t is n = use mat]ial1 b = use spiritual--pleasure1 delight4 ,& t q simple example1 f a "t :5 man 0 liv+ ! life1 z we %\ld n[ reg>d x1 ( a h>ri$ & hunt$ bea/--) 8 em]g5ce f surr\nd+ p]ils sc>cely yet assur$ to him--goes on consi/5tly up & up ! scale ( human evolution2 & ! m /rongly x gets to be e/abli%$ 9 social in/itutions1 ! m noble is likely to be ! =m ( civilization :i* en%r9es x4 ,& ! less x %[s1 ! less is t =m ( civilization likely to be wor?y ( pres]vation1 or its products ( p]man5t value to ! human race4 ,x is n ! millionaire :o leaves 8 m>k on ! _w s t h]eaft] m5 are glad :5 !y "n him2 x is ! 8mak]0 :o has turn$ uses into delights2 n ! ma/] ( ! money-m>ket1 b ! ,ma/] ( ,arts4 ,! ne>e/ ?+ we h on e>? to t immortality :i* s _m look to z ! human goal lies 9 ^? =ms ( ornam5t--( embelli%m5t ov] & above m]e use--:i* man's g5ius has left to u 9 ar*itecture1 poetry1 music1 sculpture1 & pa9t+4 ,no?+ t /ops at utility has any?+ l ! same value1 = ! revelation ( ! human _s1 z t :i* f9ds its sett+ 9 ! ,arts--! sculptures ( ,egypt & ,greece1 ! ,go?ic & ,romanesque ca!drals ( ,france1 ,engl&1 ,g]many & ,italy1 ! pa9t+s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! ma/]pieces ( ,ba* & ,bee?ov51 ! poems & writ+s all d[n ! ages ( m5 comp>atively poor 9 monet>y weal?1 b ri* beyond ! dreams ( av>ice 9 _! p[] to communicate _! own s\ls to ?+s mat]ial & to leave !m !re1 :5 _! own bodies h turn$ to du/4 ,9 ! embelli%m5t !y add$ to life !y be/[$ on ! age 9 :i* !y liv$ its mo/ significant comm5t>y4 ,!re y w f9d1 z n[h]e else1 ! mean+ & ! int]pretation ( ! :ole social ord] to :i* ^! =ms 7 z fl[] & fruit4 ,anci5t ,greece is n repres5t$ to u to-day by its desc5dants 9 ! fle% 7z an expression ( t life !y h ceas$ to exi/7 b by ^? works ( art & philosophy ?r\gh :i* m5--_m n[ nameless--made p]man5t ! vision ( delight to :i*1 9 ! brief life ( ! fle%1 !y _h become heirs4 ,! self-realisation ( t age--all ! be/ ( x t we inh]it--comes to u ?r\gh embodim5t 9 =ms transc5d+ mat]ial use4 ,run y\r m9d's eye ?r\gh ! v>i\s peoples & nationalities ( ,europe--( ! _w--& y w f9d t _! *>act]i/ic *>m--t :i* is 8racy0 ( _! native soil1 m>k+ ! di/9ction betwe5 race & race1 lies 9 ! expression !y h giv5 to life ov] & above use4 ,if we _h kept to use1 race w\ld h rema9$ expressionless4 ,race expresses itself 9 ornam5t2 & ev5 among a poor peasant p 7& f> m among !m ?an among ! cr[d$ & ov]-work$ populations ( our great cities :]e we pursue m]ely comm]cial weal?7 comes out 9 a *>act]i/ic appreciation ( ! sup]abundance ( mat]ial ) :i*1 at "s po9t or ano!r1 life has lift$ !m above p5ury4 ,9 ! great civilizations x ext5ds itself ov] a ri* bl5d ( all ^!1 drawn f f> s\rces2 & ! m widely x ext5ds ov] ! mat]ial uses ( life1 ! high] & ! m p]man5t are ! products ( t =m ( civilization likely to be4 ,:at does x mean b ?is8--man is out to enjoy himself4 ,hav+ said t1 ne$ ,i add t ,i put a v high int]pretation ^u ! ^w 8joy08 ,to t end--man's enjoym5t ( life--all art is pr(\ndly useful4 ,i put t =w>d 9 opposition to ! speci\s doctr9e ( ,osc> ,wilde t 8all art is entirely useless40 ,b x is usefulness ext5d$ 9 a new direction2 leav+ ! mat]ial uses1 by :i* ord9>y values are measur$1 x %ifts to ! spiritual2 & by ! spiritual ,i mean t :i* animates1 vitalizes1 socializes4 ,to t end x may (t5 be--& is g5]ally ! case--t1 9 ! mat]ial s5se1 art is a useless addition or ref9em5t ^u t :i* 0 fir/ plann$ m]ely = ! s]vice ( man's bodily ne$s4 ,yet :]e ! ne$ is ( a wor?y & g5u9e k9d1 art nev] ceases to rejoice at ! use t is und]ly+ x4 ,?is c be cle>ly se5 9 ar*itecture1 :]e ! beauty ( design1 ! proportion1 ! capacity ( ! edifice--?\gh f> transc5d+ ! physical ne$ :i* call$ x into be+--rema9 nev]!less 9 subtle relation !reto1 & give to x a new expression--useless inde$ to ! body--b ( ?is use to ! m9d1 t x awak5s1 k9dles1 enliv5s1 s5sitizes--mak+ x to be 9 "s sort creative1 by p]ception ( & response to ! creative purpose :i* evok$ t =m4 ,y _c ent] a ca!dral )\t becom+ aw>e t its embrac+ proportions mean some?+ f> m ?an ! m]e capacity to hold a cr[d2 its end & aim are to inspire 9 t cr[d a c]ta9 m5tal attitude1 a spiritual appreh5sion--to draw _m m9ds into h>mony1 & s to make !m "o--a really trem5d\s fact :5 successfully a*iev$4 ,n[ no?+ c be s made--to awak5 & enl>ge ! _s--)\t "s app>5t wa/efulness ( mat]ial or ( en]gy4 ,a ca!dral w absorb m /one1 & ! lab\r ( m m5's lives1 be=e x is f9i%$1 ?an a t5em5t ( equal h\s+ capacity :i* aims only at provid+ w>m? & a cov] f ! elem5ts4 ,to provide s mu* joy & enl>gem5t to ! human _s1 a k9d ( wa/e1 ^u ! mat]ial plane1 is necess>y2 & ! man )\t joy or imag9ation 9 8 composition is likely to say on behold+ x3 8,:y 0 all ?is wa/e made80 ,be> 9 m9d ?is accusation ( wa/e :i* c con/antly be made1 f a c]ta9 /&po9t aga9/ all =ms ( joy evolv$ by ! art ( liv+--possibly aga9/ all =ms ( joy t y c "n2 = all joy entails an exp5diture ( en]gy1 & = ^? :o d n realise ! value ( joy su* exp5diture mu/ necess>ily seem wa/eful4 ,b :5 a man employs h& or bra9 wor?ily1 /raightway he discov]s 7lat5t )9 t connection7 ! in/9ct ( delight1 ( ornam5t4 ,he _c rejoice 9 8 craftsman%ip )\t wi%+ to embelli% x--to place ^u x ! expression ( ! joy :i* w5t ) ! mak+4 ,all t he does to ?is end is app>5tly 7f ! mat]ial po9t ( view7 useless2 b f ! spiritual x is pr(\ndly useful2 & f ! _s 7& ?is ,i ?9k is important7 x t5ds to re-act & k9dle ! craftsman to f9] craftsman%ip ?an if he _h work$ = utility alone4 ,n[ if _s ?us acts on matt]--a*iev+ its own well-be+ only ?r\gh a c]ta9 wa/e ( mat]ial1 or exp5diture ( lab\r ^u ! l[] plane1 yet communicat+ back to matt] influ5ces f t /ate ( well-be+ to :i* x has ?us atta9$--may x n be t wa/e ( a c]ta9 k9d 7:at ,i w\ld call 8selective wa/e0 v]sus 8haphaz>d wa/e07 is ! concomitant n only ( spiritual b ( mat]ial gr[? also8 ,may x n be t evolution has foll[$ ^u a c\rse ( wa/e delib]ately will$ & insi/$ on--& t )\t su* wa/e1 life--ev5 mat]ial life--_h n evolv$ to its pres5t /age8 ,we see a c]ta9 wa/efulness atta*+ to _m ( ! mo/ beautiful biological manife/ations 9 ! _w4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t1 ! con/ruction ( fl[]1 bird1 bea/1 fi%1 %[s a wond]ful economy ( /ructure1 ( means to end 7x is ! same also 9 ! arts74 ,b !re comes a po9t at :i* ,nature1 8lett+ h]self g10 becomes fanta/ic1 extravagant--may "o n say 8wilful08--9 ! =ms %e selects = h] f9al t\*es ( adornm5t4 ,& is x n ne>ly always :5 ! matt] 9 h& is mo/ closely relat$ to ! 8w to live0--or1 9 o!r words1 9 relation to ! amative in/9cts--t ! 8art ( liv+0 breaks out1 & t ,nature quits all mod]ation ( design & becomes frankly ornam5tal & extravagant8 ,j at ! po9t :]e to be creative is ! imm$iate motive1 :]e1 9 ! fulfilm5t ( t motive1 life is f\nd to be a ?+ ( delight1 j !re1 ,nature1 be+ amative1 becomes playful1 exub]ant & ornam5tal4 ,!re are "s birds :i*1 9 ?is connection1 c>ry ^u _! p]sons adornm5ts s extravagant t "o wond]s h[ = s _m g5]ations !y h be5 able to live & move & multiply1 be>+ su* edifices ^u _! backs1 _! heads1 _! tails--t !y 7 n a cru%+ h9drance to ! necess>y affairs ( life4 ,!y c]ta9ly _c h be5 a help2 & yet--!y /ill p]si/ 9 !m6 ,tak+1 !n1 ^! natural embryonic beg9n+s z our />t+ po9t1 ,i w\ld be incl9$ to trace out ! liv+ value ( art & ornam5t some:at ^u ^! l9es3 ,exub]ance--! em]g5ce ( beauty & adornm5t1 9 addition to ! m]e functional grace aris+ out ( fitness = use--has always be5 go+ on ?r\gh ! :ole process ( creation among animate nature4 ,we see x e/abli%$ 9 a ?\s& =ms1 n only 9 bird1 bea/ & reptile1 b 9 ! vegetable _w z well4 ,! t5d5cy ( all life t has f\nd a fair field = its developm5t1 is to play ) its mat]ial--to %[ t x has some?+ ov] & above ! /raight ne$s impos$ on x by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :i* x c sp>e = self-expression4 ,x has be5 lur$ on to ^! manife/ations ma9ly by t 8w to live0 :i* und]lies ! attractions ( sex4 ,t exub]ance is an ess5tial feature ( ! evolution>y process at ! po9t :]e self-realisation by self-reproduction is ! game to play4 ,"u t impulse ! selective pr9ciple beg9s to ass]t itself1 & /raightway ! outcome is ornam5t4 ,self-realisation 7by self-reproduction "u all sorts ( images & symbols7 is ! true basis ( ornam5t & ( art3 self-realisation6 ,! _s ( man1 mov+ ?r\gh ^! means1 impresses itself reproductively on ! spirits ( o!rs ) a f> bett] calculation ( effect ?an c be secur$ ?r\gh bodily inh]itance4 ,= 9 physical p>5tage !re is always ! *ance ( a ?r[-back to ta9t$ orig9s2 ! sob] & moral citiz5 _c be sure ( sob] & moral *ildr5 9 :om ! desire ( 8 s\l %all be satisfi$4 ,!y may be drawn1 by irresi/ible =ces1 to take aft] "s giddy & disreputable old gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r in/ead ( aft] him2 = 9 8 ve9s run ! p>5tal weaknesses ( ?\s&s ( g5]ations2 & ov] ! racial /ra9 t passes ?r\gh him to o!rs he possesses no control :atev]4 ,b ! man :o has giv5 ornam5t to life 9 any =m ( art--?\gh he commits x to ! risks & *ances ( life1 ! de/ructive accid5ts ( peace & w>--is 9 dang] ( no atavi/ic trick be+ play$ ^u ! product ( 8 s\l2 he is assur$ ( 8 effect1 & s long z x endures x reflects & repres5ts 8 p]sonality m fai?fully ?an ! desc5dants ( 8 blood4 ,n[ = ! satisfaction ( t in/9ct1 ! p]petuation ( "n & id5tity is n necess>y4 ,! arti/ w\ld n 7if told t 8 self-realisation 0 de/9$ to become m]g$ anonym\sly 9 ! exi/5ce ( fresco1 or canvas1 or mosaic7--he w\ld n !re=e lay d[n 8 mallet or 8 bru%1 & say t 9 t case ! survival ( ^! ?+s to a future age 0 no survival = him4 ,! mak] ( beautiful inlay w\ld n lose all wi% to d inlay if ! k t he1 individually1 z ! craftsman 7 de/9$ to oblivion4 ,let ! future involve him 9 anonymity z imp5etrable z x lik$1 he w\ld /ill g on express+ himself 9 ornam5t2 self-realisation w\ld /ill be ! law ( 8 be+4 ,t is ! psy*ology ( ! arti/ m9d--( t "p ( humanity :i* produces ?+s t come ne>e/1 ( all :i* e>? has to %[1 to conditions ( immortality1 & s presumably are ! mo/ satisfy+ to man's wi% = cont9u$ individual exi/5ce4 ,! mak]s ( beauty d n set any great /ore on ! cont9uance ( _! names--! cont9uance ( _! self-realisation is :at !y c>e ab\t4 ,b ! possessors ( ^! works ( beauty d v (t5 make a great po9t ( hav+ _! own names p]petuat$1 ev5 ?\gh ! vehicle is ano!r p]sonality ?an _! own4 ,& s v frequ5tly we h ! names pass$ d[n to u ( ^! p>asites ( immortality--! tyrants = :om palaces1 or ar*es1 or temples 7 built--b n ! names ( ! arti/s :o design$ !m1 ^: immortality !y really are4 ,& ?\gh ! (ficial guide may refre% our memory ) snippets ( hi/ory1 & say ?is1 t1 or ! o!r ab\t ! "n to :i* ! temple rema9s atta*$--! really important ?+ t lives1 survives1 & influ5ces u is n ! ext]nally appli$ "n1 b ! inve/$ beauty :i* has no "n1 b is s\l inc>nate 9 /one to ! glory ( ,god--! self-realisation ( a be+ :o 7b = t7 has pass$ utt]ly f remembrance4 ,t1 z ,i h said be=e1 is ! ne>e/ ?+ to immortality t we "k4 ,& x comes to u1 9 a %ape :i*1 7s to be in=m$ ) immortality7 _c limit itself to ! dem&s ( use4 ,:5 all ! claims ( use are satisfi$1 !n ! life ( p]sonality beg9s to %[--! fulle/ & ! mo/ p]man5t =m ( self-realisation kn[n to man on e>? lies 9 ornam5t4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ,i say 8ornam5t10 ,i use ! ^w 9 a v wide s5se4 ,:at ,i h said ( sculpture1 pa9t+ or ar*itecture1 applies equally to poetry1 music or philosophy4 ,i w\ld ev5 g fur!r1 & apply x 9 o!r directions :]e no mat]ial matrix = x exi/s4 ,e dep>tm5t ( m5tal activity has its ornam5t--! culm9at+ expression ( t p>ticul> direction ( ! human w4 ,fai? is ! ornam5t ( de/9y1 ,hope ! ornam5t ( k1 ,love ! ornam5t ( sex4 ,)\t ^! ornam5ts de/9y & k & sex w\ld h no beauty t ! s\l ( man %\ld desire !m4 ,^? additions or glosses 7 q unnecess>y to exi/5ce--up to a po9t2 = millions ( ye>s ! _w did )\t !m1 & ,evolution manag$ to scramble along )\t fai?1 )\t hope1 )\t love4 ,b ,evolution itself br\ght !m into be+2 & !n = millions ( ye>s !y exi/$ 9 g]m1 )\t self-consci\sness2 b /eadily1 z !y g]m9at$1 !y produc$ beauty & a s5se ( design 9 _! environm5t4 ,co-ord9ation1 dovetail+ 7peaceful ^w671 ! h>monis+ & g5tle effect ( "o life ^u ano!r1 z oppos$ to ! savage & pr$atory1 began to h effect4 ,& 9 response came ornam5t2 fai?1 hope & love %[$ _! rudim5t>y beg9n+s ev5 9 ! l[] animals4 ,"o ( ! mo/ p]fectly decorative objects t ,i h ev] se5 9 ! animal _w 7y w f9d x 9 /ill-life =m 9 our ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum7 is ! device by :i* a c]ta9 small possum has taught h] "y to accompany h] f bran* to bran*4 ,along h] back %e seats h] litt]1 !n ov] _! heads l ! conduct+-wire ( a tram-l9e %e ext5ds h] tail--& !n 7ea* l an electric connect+ rod7 up g ! little tails1 make a loop1 adju/ !mselves to ! mat]nal guide-rope1 & hang on4 ,& !re1 safe f upset1 is ! family-omnibus ready to />t6 ,( c\rse1 y may say t is use2 b x is use 9 :i* ! spiritualities1 fai?1 hope & love1 beg9 to appe>2 & 9 ! g5tl5ess ( its int5tion x =ms a basis = ! up-gr[? ( beauty4 ,n[ all ! arts are1 9 ! same way1 fir/ ( all /ructural--hav+ = _! />t+-po9t a s\nd & economic use ( ! mat]ial on :i* !y are bas$4 ,music1 ar*itecture1 poetry1 & ! re/ 7 all1 to beg9 )1 ! result ( an in/9ctive *oice or selection1 direct$ to ! elim9ation ( sup]fluities1 accid5ts1 excresc5ces--:i* to ! craftsman's purpose are no?+4 ,nature1 9 h] se$-s[+1 has gone to "w to propagate by pr(usion2 h] me?od is to s[ a million se$s s z to make sure t "s may live2 ?us %e meets & out-mat*es ! *ances t are aga9/ h]4 ,! se$ ( ,art sprang up diff]5tly2 mak]-man took hold ( ! "o select$ se$1 n ( a doz51 or ( a ?\s& doz5 promiscu\sly1 & b5t 8 faculties on mak+ t "o se$ 78 *os5 mat]ial7 fit to face life & its *ances3 if a h\se--walls & ro( calculat$ to keep out ! ra9 & resi/ ! =ce ( /orms3 if a textile--fabric ( a /aple suffici5t to resi/ ! we> & te> to :i* x w\ld be subject$3 if a putt+ toge!r ( words meant to outla/ ! brief occasion ( _! utt]ance--!n 9 a =m likely to be impressive1 & !re=e memorable2 s t 9 an age be=e writ+ 0 kn[n !y might f9d a safe tab]nacle1 travell+ f place to place 9 ! m9ds ( m54 ,& simil>ly ) music--a sy/em ( s\nds s rul$ by /ructural law z to be capable ( transmission ei!r by in/rum5t1 or by voice discipl9$ & tra9$ to a c]ta9 code ( limitations4 ,& be+ ?us made memorable & pass$ f m\? to m\?1 f "o place to ano!r1 & f age to age1 !y acquir$ a social significance & importance2 till1 see+ !m ?us lift$ above *ance1 man set himself to give !m new =ms ( beauty & adornm5t4 ,& ! gov]n+ motive 01 & always has be51 fir/ man's wi% to leave memorable records--beyond ! limits ( 8 own g5]ation--( :at life has meant = him2 & secondly 7& ?is is ! m intimate phase7 ! delight ( ! craftsman 9 8 "w1 ! exub]ance ( vital en]gy 7secure ( its /ructural gr\nd-"w7 break+ out into play4 8,see10 x says1 8h[ ,i dance1 & gambol1 & triumph6 ,?is sup]fluity ( /r5g? proves me a victor 9 my /ruggle to live40 ,no?+ else does2 = if 7hav+ surviv$ ! /ruggle7 man only lives mis]ably--scrapes ?r\gh z x 7--! "q 9 ! face ( s pov]ty-/rick5 a result1 may /ill be--8,0 ! /ruggle wor? x80 ,& s by 8 arts & graces1 by 8 adornm5t ( 8 /reets1 temples & !atres1 by 8 huge delight 9 himself1 s soon z ! ess5tials ( m]e mat]ial exi/5ce are secur$ to him1 man has really %[n t life is good 9 itself1 t he c d well en\gh )\t ! assurance ( p]sonal immortality held out to him by ! !ologians4 ,:e!r t be or be n 8 rew>d h]eaft]1 he w /ill /rive to express himself2 b = t end m]e use alone w n satisfy him4 ,we h se51 !n1 h[ man1 9 8 social surr\nd+s1 beg9s to secure some?+ ov] & above ! m]e necessities ( life2 & s1 aft] provid+ himself ) a c]ta9 compet5ce ( food1 clo?+ & %elt]1 has means & en]gy left = ! supply ( luxuries1 ornam5ts1 delights--call !m :at y w4 ,& accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* he fl+s out = ! acquisition ( ^! sup]fluities--s w 8 :ole manhood develop1 or 8 type ( racial culture be m\ld$4 ,f> back 9 ! beg9n+s ( civilization "o ( ! fir/ =ms tak5 by ?is surplus ( p[] & en]gy ov] m]e necessity 0 ! acquisition ( slaves & wives4 ,civilization !n began to ornam5t itself ) two modes ( body-s]vice--! m5ial att5dance ( ! slave ^u 8 ma/]1 & ! polygam\s sexual att5dance ( ! woman ^u h] "l4 ,to-day we ?9k t bo? ^? ?+s 71 f a moral po9t ( view1 bad ornam5t4 ,b y _c look into ! hi/ory ( any civilization conduct$ on ^? l9es )\t see+ t !y decorat$ x--& t1 out ( _! acceptance1 came col\r1 pomp1 spl5d\r1 means = leisure1 = enjoym5t--= a v ke5 self-realisation ( a k9d by ! few at ! exp5se ( ! _m4 ,& ! ma/]ful few made t =m ( decorat$ civilization m sure = !mselves by ext5d+ a good deal ( ! decorative elem5t to ! subs]vi5t lives ar\nd !m4 ,! slaves wore f9e liv]ies & lord$ x ov] l[] slaves1 ! fav\rite wives liv$ 9 luxury & laz9ess1 eat+ sweets & sp5d+ _! days 9 ! frivol\s my/]ies ( ! toilet4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! social scale ?is =m ( ornam5tal exi/5ce produc$ great mis]y1 great h>d%ips1 great abasem5t4 ,b x 0 n in/itut$ & ma9ta9$ = t reason4 ,^? und]ly+ conditions 7 a drawback1 !y 7 a misuse ( human nature employ$ z a basis = t ornam5tal sup]/ructure to build on4 ,& out ( t und]ly+ misuse came ! weakness & ! ev5tual decay ( t once fl\ri%+ s*ool ( ornam5t4 ,b :5 t s*ool ( ornam5t 0 ?reat5$ by o!r s*ools1 x 0 ready to fight to ! dea? = its ornam5tal sup]fluities--= polygamy1 = slav]y1 = p[] ov] o!rs1 :i* _h come to mean = x all t made life wor? liv+6 ,life 0 q capable ( be+ c>ri$ on )\t ^? ?+s--01 & is1 happily liv$ by o!r races to ! accompanim5t ( ano!r set ( ornam5ts :i* ^? races ?9k m enjoyable4 ,b no race w cons5t to live )\t "s sort ( ornam5t ( its own *oos+2 & :5 its *oice ( ornam5ts1 or ( social sup]fluities1 ov] & above ! ne$s ( exi/5ce1 is s]i\sly ?reat5$ f )\t x decl>es t x is fight+ n m]ely = lib]ty b = exi/5ce4 ,yet we "k q well t ! p ( invad$ & conqu]$ ,/ates cont9ue 9 ! ma9 to exi/--!y cont9ue ev5 to we> ornam5ts2 b ^! are apt to be impos$ ornam5ts gall+ to ! national pride4 ,& s to-day1 9 ! mid/ ( a va/ bellig]5cy1 we h committees & consultations go+ on1 to see to x le/1 at ! end ( ! w>1 "u ,g]man dom9ance1 our wom5 %\ld h _! future fa%ions impos$ on !m f ,b]l9 in/ead ( f ,p>is1 a fe>ful doom = any lady ( ta/e to contemplate4 ,! example may seem frivol\s1 b x is a p>able ( ! tru?2 we call our ornam5ts our lib]ties1 & if we _c ourselves die fight+ = !m1 we make o!rs die = u4 ,let u take up 7= illu/ration ( ! same po9t7 ano!r /age ( civilization--t ( anci5t ,greece4 ,9 ,greece ! city 0 ! c5tre ( civilization1 & its public build+s became ! outw>d & visible sign ( ! p's pride ( life & ( _! s5se ( p[]4 ,! fact t _! private dwell+s 7 v simple1 & t !y exp5d$ ne>ly ! :ole ( _! arti/ry ^u public works 7?+s to be %>$ & delight$ 9 by all ! citiz5s 9 common7 _h a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u _! civilization4 ,t new social ideal ( civic pride f\nd its way irresi/ibly into ornam5t4 ,y c\ld n h _h civic pride 9 any?+ l ! same degree )\t x4 ,b ,greek civilization did n fall into decay because ( ! beauty & p]fection ) :i* x cr[n$ itself 9 ! public eye1 b because ( c]ta9 und]ly+ evils & misuses 9 ! body politic--9 :i* aga9 slav]y & ! subjection ( wom5 _h _! %>e4 ,greek civilization fell because x fail$ to recognise ! dignity ( all human nature2 x res]v$ its s5se ( dignity = a select$ race & class2 x fail$ to recognise ! dignity ( all true k9ds ( s]vice1 & prid$ itself 9 milit>y s]vice alone--9 t & 9 ! philosophies & ! arts4 ,x built a wond]ful temple to its gods1 b fail$ 9 a v l>ge degree to take into ,god ! :ole body ( humanity ov] :i* x _h control4 ,& s1 ,greek civilization broke up into portions ( an unimportant size & p]i%$4 ,at a lat] day--& aga9 ) ! city z c5tre to its life ( self-realisation--we get ! great p]iod ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 a p]iod 9 :i* civic & feudal & ecclesia/ical influ5ces alt]nately jo/l$ & comb9$4 ,& out ( ^! ?ree prides arose a wond]fully complex art--trem5d\sly expressive ( :at life meant = t p4 ,& y got !n 7= ! fir/ "t1 ,i ?9k71 gr\p$ "u ! civic arm1 a new life-consci\sness--! consci\sness ( ! guilds1 ! work]s1 & ! craftsm54 ,! dignity ( lab\r began to ass]t itself2 & :5 x did1 inevitably x broke into ornam5t on its own acc\nt--n at ! bidd+ ( an employ]1 b = ! hon\r & glory ( ! work] himself4 ,& s1 f t date on1 ! homes & halls & *ur*es ( ! guilds became "s ( ! noble/ monum5ts to :at life meant = m5 :o _h f\nd joy 9 _! lab\r4 ,n[ t did n come till ! craftsman _h won free f slav]y & f =c$ lab\r2 b :5 he 0 a freeman1 ) room to turn r\nd1 he built up temples to 8 craft1 to make m evid5t t ! true goal ( lab\r is n use b delight4 ,& only :5 x fell back into mod]n slav]y at ! h&s ( comm]cial capitalism1 only !n did lab\r's p[] ( spontane\s expression dep>t f x & become imitative & debas$4 ,i c\ld take y fur!r1 & %[ y 7among ! survivals f our ,engl& ( ! ,middle ,ages7 ! 8joy ( ! h>ve/0 express$ 9 ! great gran>ies & ti!-b>ns :i* /ill cr[n l abbey-*ur*es ! corn-l&s ( ,home4 ,conc]n+ "o ( ^! ,william ,morris said t x /ood second 9 8 e/imation among all ! ,go?ic build+s ( ,europe6 ,?9k ( x6--( :at t means 9 ! realisation ( life-values by ! age :i* _h a m9d s to celebrate man's re/ aft] ! lab\r ( ! h>ve/6 ,9 ^? days ,engl& 0 call$ 8m]ry0 & =eign]s :o came to h] %ores report$ z a national *>act]i/ic ! happy looks ( h] p3 ev5 _! faces %[$ adornm5t6 ,& ?us x is t beautiful use always clo!s itself 9 beauty4 ,i h said t all art is useful4 ,to _m t may h seem$ a v cont5ti\s /atem5t4 ,b h[ c "o sep>ate beauty f use if "o holds t ev]y?+ :i* delights u is useful8 ,on t /atem5t !re is only "o condition ,i w\ld impose4 ,! use 9 :i* we delight mu/ n mean ! misuse or ! infliction ( pa9 on o!rs4 ,9 ^? p]iods ( civilization to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 7s magnific5t 9 _! p[]s ( self-discov]y & self-adornm5t71 !re 7 always d>k & cruel habitations :]e ! 8art ( liv+0 0 n appli$4 ,!y 7 cont5t t ! beauty on :i* !y prid$ !mselves %\ld be built up on ! suff]+1 ! oppression1 or ! corruption ( o!rs4 ,9 ! lu/ ( _! eyes !re 0 a bl9d spot1 s t !y c>$ little ab\t ! conditions impos$ by _! own too arrogant claim = happ9ess on ! lives t 7 sp5t to s]ve !m4 ,& out ( _! bl9dness came at la/ ! d[nfall ( _! p[]4 ,s x has always be51 s x always mu/ be4 ,i believe t beauty1 delight1 ornam5t1 are z ne> to ! object ( life z any?+ t "o c "n1 & t ?r\gh "r uses we atta9 to ^! z our goal4 ,b x is no good claim+ to possess delightful ?+s if we d n see to x t ^? :o make !m = u h also ! means to live delightfully4 ,if man _c make all ! uses & s]vices ( life dec5t & :olesome z a />t+-po9t1 nei!r c he make life enjoyable--n1 ,i mean1 ) a good consci5ce4 ,if he w\ld see ,god ?r\gh beauty1 he mu/ see ,him n "h & !re only1 b 9 ! 8l& ( ! liv+02 else 7z ! psalmi/ said7 8 _s mu/ fa9t utt]ly4 ,our life is built up--we "k n to :at ultimate end--on an inf9ite numb] ( uses1 functions1 me*anisms4 ,^! uses enable u to live2 !y d n necess>ily enable u to enjoy4 ,y c q well imag9e ! use ( all y\r s5ses & organs s condition$ t y c\ld n enjoy a s+le "o ( !m1 & yet !y might /ill fulfil _! utilit>ian purpose ( keep+ y alive4 ,i ne$ n rehe>se to y 9 tr\blesome detail conditions ( life :]e ev]y?+ y see is an eyesore1 e t\* a cause ( %r9k+1 e s\nd a discord1 :]e ta/e & smell become a revolt & a loa?+4 ,our mod]n civilization d]ives _m ( its pres5t com=ts f conditions su* z ^! "u :i* ?\s&s1 nay millions1 ( subs]vi5t human lives become brutalis$4 ,s long z we base our ideal ( weal? on individual aggr&isem5t1 & on monet>y & comm]cial prosp]ity1 & n 7z we %\ld d7 ^u human nature itself--mak+ x our *ief aim t e life %\ld be set free = self-realisation 9 ornam5t & delight--s long w ^! ?+s be inevitable4 ,b :5 we1 z m5 & wom51 & z nations1 realise t human nature is ! mo/ beautiful ?+ on e>? 79 its possibilities1 ,i mean7 !n surely our *ief desire w be to make t our weal? "h & n[1 & out ( x re> up our memorial to ! ages t come aft]4 ,,art ,,& ,,citiz5%ip 7#aiaj7 ,! mo/ h>d5$ advocate ( 8,art = ,art's sake10 w h>dly d5y t ,art1 = all its 8sacr$ egoism10 is a social =ce4 ,! ma9 "q is :]e does y\r ,art-tra9+ beg98 ,! conditions ( ! home1 ! work%op1 & ( social indu/ries d m ?an ! s*ools & ! univ]sities to educate a nation2 & m especially1 p]haps1 to educate x t[>d a "r or a wrong feel+ ab\t ,art4 ,& if1 9 ^! dep>tm5ts1 y\r national education takes a wrong l9e1 !n 7h[ev] mu* y build s*ools ov] ! heads ( y\r pupils & int]cept _! feet ) s*ol>%ips1 & block _! natural outlook on life ) beautiful objects produc$ 9 pa/ ages & 9 o!r c\ntries7 y\r ,art-tra9+ w p>take ( ! same condemnation4 ,true education1 z oppos$ to m]ely comm]cial education1 is a tra9+ ( m9d & body to an appreciation ( "r values2 values1 n prices4 ,! man :o has an all-r\nd appreciation ( "r values is a well-educat$ man2 & he c\ld n h a bett] basis ei!r = ! love or ! practice ( ,art ?an ?is appreciation ( :at ?+s are really wor?4 ,b1 9 ! pres5t age1 :i* prides itself on its inhuman sy/em ( specialisation z a means to economy1 su* a man is r a r>e ph5om5on2 = x is ab\t z difficult to get out ( pres5t conditions a true appreciation ( life values--a true ,art-tra9+--z x is to get a true arti/4 ,:]e y\r national conditions %ut d[n ! critical faculties1 & make _! ex]cise difficult1 !re too1 y\r creative arti/ic faculties are be+ %ut d[n & made difficult also4 ,!y are f> m int]dep5d5t ?an y\r av]age ,art-tea*] or ,art-/ud5t is g5]ally will+ to admit4 ,! idea t he has to conc]n himself ) conditions outside 8 own p>ticul> dep>tm5t ?reat5s him ) extra tr\ble1 & ! burd5 ( a consci5ce t ! doctr9e ( 8,art = ,art's sake10 w n :olly satisfy2 & s he is incl9$ to %ut 8 eyes1 & direct 8 en]gies to ! secur+ ( fav\rable dep>tm5tal in/ead ( "r national conditions4 ,b ! man1 or woman1 :o emb>ks :ole-he>t$ly on ,art-tra9+ mu/ 9 ! end f9d himself involv$ 9 a /ruggle = ! recov]y ( ^? true social values :i* h be5 lo/ 7or ! acquisition ( ^? :i* are z yet unrealis$7 & = ! sub/itution1 among o!r ?+s1 ( true = false economics4 ,he _c af=d to live a life ( alo( specialisation1 :5 ! conditions out ( :i* he d]ives & into :i* he is ?r[+ 8 "w are ( a complem5t>ily di/urb+ k9d4 ,if1 t is to say1 ! give-&-take conditions betwe5 arti/ic supply & social dem& h become vitiat$1 if ! conditions ( ! m>ket1 or ( society1 are unfav\rable to ! reception ( products ( true wor?1 !n ! arti/ mu/ to "s ext5t be an active p>ty 9 ! /ruggle = gett+ ?+s set "r4 ,t does n mean t1 if he has a gift = ! design+ ( /age-sc5]y1 he %\ld necess>ily be involv$ 9 a /ruggle to secure a good dra9age sy/em 7?\gh ev5 t %\ld h an int]e/ = him7 b x does mean v mu* t he %\ld be trem5d\sly int]e/$ 9 ! education ( 8 own & ! public m9d to ! po9t ( receiv+ good drama r ?an bad1 9 ord] t 8 art may h wor?y mat]ial to "w ^u2 & z good drama l>gely arises f a lively consci5ce & ! quick5+ 9 ! community ( new ideas1 he w wi% 8 public a ke5 & op5 m9d on all social que/ions4 ,simil>ly a man :o designs = textile fabrics %\ld be v mu* conc]n$ inde$ 9 gett+ cleanly conditions & pure air 9 ! t[ns & dwell+-h\ses :]e 8 designs h to live & look beautiful1 or gr[ ugly & rot4 ,& !re y get set be=e y 9 small1 ! opposition betwe5 ! int]e/s ( ,art & ! suppos$ int]e/s ( trade4 ,x is--or x is suppos$ to be--9 ! int]e/ ( trade t ?+s %\ld we> out or get brok51 & be replac$ by o!r ?+s4 ,x is 9 ! int]e/ ( ,art t !y %\ld n we> out1 t !y %\ld la/2 t ev]y?+ wor?y :i* is giv5 to man's h& to d %\ld h secur$ to x ! greate/ possible l5g? ( life4 ,& ! reason is t ! arti/1 if he be a true arti/1 realises ! value ( ?+s1 ! life value2 t he is on ! side ( creation & n ( de/ruction1 ( pres]vation & n ( wa/e4 ,he has )9 8 nature an in/9ct t ! greate/ possible longevity is ! "r condition = all manual lab\r2 t :5 a man sets 8 h& to a ?+ he %\ld h x z 8 ma9 aim to give good value1 to make x s t x w endure4 ,& 9 ?is connection ,i w\ld l to sub/itute = ! words 8art tra9+0 ! ^w 8education40 ,x is 9 ! int]e/s ( education t ?+s %\ld be made to la/1 & t only ?+s %\ld be made ( any la/+ mat]ial t des]ve la/+4 ,no?+ %\ld be produc$ ! value ( :i* w become negligible be=e x is hone/ly worn out4 ,& s x is 9 ! int]e/ ( education1 z ( ,art1 t we %\ld elim9ate z mu* z possible ! pass+ & ! ephem]al1 ! dem& ( mood & fa%ion1 ! ?+ *eaply *os51 *eaply acquir$1 & *eaply let g2 & sub/itute ! ?+ t we %all h a long use =1 & %\ld l to keep p]man5tly--! ?+ acquir$ ) ?\ght & c>e1 & ?\ghtfully & c>efully pres]v$ because x has 9 itself a value4 ,b y won't get any broad ex]cise ( t k9d ( *oice betwe5 evil & good until y get a s5se ( "r values--go+ f> away f :at app>5tly t\*es art--9 ! m9d1 & ! public & private life ( ! community4 ,& s1 z ,i />t$ by say+1 true ,art is b\nd up ) true education & social conditions4 ,good citiz5%ip is "o ( ! conditions = sett+ national ,art ^u a prop] basis4 ,a lively s5se ( y\r duty to y\r neighb\r _c fail to h an effect ^u y\r ta/e 9 art4 ,n[ ,i want to br+ ?is view ( ?+s home to y4 ,s ,i w ask ev]yone "h to ?9k = a mom5t ( _! own homes1 _! own liv+-rooms1 & especially ( _! p>l\rs or draw+-rooms1 :i* are by _! nature int5d$ to express n s mu* our dome/ic necessities z our dome/ic s5se ( ! value ( beauty1 recreation1 & re/4 ,& to beg9 )1 h[ d y %[ y\r s5se ( duty to ! ar*itect1 :o has 7if y are =tunate7 design$ = y rooms ( pleasant & re/ful proportions8 ,h[ _m ( ! objects 9 ^? rooms help at all to give a unify+ & a h>moni\s effect1 or are 9 !mselves 9 any way beautiful--?+s1 t is to say1 :i* 7if n ( actual use7 we love to set our eyes on1 & feel :at f95ess ( skill 9 h&l+1 :at clean human ?\ght 9 design w5t to _! production8 ,h ^? ?+s be5 put !re q irrespective ( _! price & ! display !y make ( _! own]'s 8com=table circum/ances08 ,are !y subord9at$ to a really intellig5t s5se ( :at a liv+-room %\ld be8 ,or are !y m]ely a cr[d1 a litt]1 ?+s flung into ! room pell-mell by a h\se-mi/ress b5t on secur+ = h] p>l\r-maid a silly h\r's du/+ e day ( objects--n ( virtue--& = h]self ! recognition by h] neighb\rs t %e has money en\gh to ?r[ away 9 mak+ h] liv+-room a silly imitation ( a %op = bric-a-brac4 ,c y1 ev5 ^? ( y :o d n live 9 /reets :]e y h to safegu>d y\r privacy--c y look out ( ! w9d[ )\t be+ tickl$ 9 ! face by lace curta9s1 bl9d-tassels1 or pott$ palm-leaves8 ,c y sit d[n to ! writ+-table )\t entangl+ ! legs ( y\r *air 9 a woolly mat & y\r feet 9 ! wa/e-pap] basket1 or get at ! draw] ( ! cab9et )\t mov+ two or ?ree arm-*airs1 or play ! piano )\t caus+ ! crocks :i* /& ^u x to jangle8 ,is ! re/ & recreation y get 9 t room any?+ else b a s5se ( self-complac5cy bas$ ^u pride ( possession8 ,i ask y to ?9k :at y\r furni%+ ( y\r rooms means1 & rememb] t to e p]son :o comes into ^? rooms--& m especially p]haps to ! maids :om y set to du/ !m--y are help+ to give ei!r an ,art-tra9+ or an anti-,art-tra9+1 a tra9+ 9 true uses & values1 or 9 misuses & m]e wa/e & wantonness4 ,( c\rse ,i "k t to "s ext5t y are victims4 ,y h de> fri5ds :o w give y pres5ts1 & y c't hurt _! feel+s by n putt+ up ano!r %elf1 or erect+ ano!r glass-%ade1 :]e nei!r are want$1 or driv+ ano!r peg into ! wall to hang a picture :]e no picture c be prop]ly se54 ,& probably ! reason y _c is because y h %[n y\rself s ?\ghtless & haphaz>d 9 all y\r ideas ab\t decoration & h\se-furni%+ t ev5 9 t h\se1 :i* y falsely ass]t to be y\r ca/le1 y /& def5celess be=e ?is invasion ( ornam5tal microbes6 ,obvi\sly ! h\se is n y\rs if o!rs c break 9 & spoil its bord]s ) _! own false ta/e4 ,b ,i c assure y t ^? inroads d n happ5 to p ^: rooms %[ a scrupul\s s5se ( selection4 ,y inspire !n 7ev5 9 ! ?\ghtless7 a c]ta9 dread & respect4 ,?\gh !y reg>d y z uncanny & call y a crank1 y are beg9n+ _! ,art-tra9+ = !m4 ,i rememb]1 9 ?is connection1 a ,quak] acqua9tance ^: fri5ds desc5d$ ^u him at ! "t ( 8 m>riage ) c]ta9 h\sehold mon/rosities :i* he 0 expect$ !reaft] to live d[n to4 ,x 0 a cataclysm :i* he c\ld n av]t2 b he f\nd a rem$y4 ,he became a passive resi/] to ! ,education rate1 & ye> by ye> he plac$ at ! disposal ( ! di/ra9+ au?orities a selection ( 8 w$d+-pres5ts till 8 h\se 0 purg$ ( !m4 ,i h said t y _c sep>ate ,art-tra9+ f g5]al education2 & "h1 at all ev5ts1 y f9d ! two happily comb9$--a w> on bad art & on a bad educational sy/em jo9$ economically 9 "o4 ,s mu*1 !n1 = ?\ghtless sup]fluity z an imp$im5t to a recognition ( true values4 ,i want n[ to come to ! importance ( p]man5ce z a condition und]ly+ ! aim ( all production if x is to be :olesome 9 its social results4 ,i h said t an in/9ct = p]man5ce is :at diff]5tiates arti/ic f suppos$ trade int]e/s4 ,take ar*itecture4 ,d y imag9e t ar*itects or build]s are likely to design or build 9 ! same /yle = a sy/em ( %ort leaseholds z !y might = freeholds8 ,& is ! build+ :i* is calculat$ j to 8save its face0 until ! lease expires likely to be s good ei!r 9 design or workman%ip8 ,read1 9 t connection1 :at ,cov5try ,patmore says 9 8 essay on 8,greatness 9 ,ar*itecture03 8,! h\se & cottage build] ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies 010 he says1 8fully aw>e t ! /r5g? ( a raft] lay r 9 its dep? ?an its bread?1 & t1 = a "t at lea/1 a few bo>ds two in*es ?ick & t5 in*es deep1 set edgeways1 w\ld suffice to c>ry ! ro(1 :i* nev]!less x pleas$ him bett] to lay ^u a succession ( beams t5 in*es squ>e4 ,x is ! reality1 & ! mode/ o/5tation ( ! reality1 ( su* sup]flu\s sub/antiality t con/itutes ! :ole secret ( effect 9 _m an old h\se t /rikes u z 8ar*itectural10 ?\gh x may n conta9 a s+le item ( ar*itectural ornam5t2 &1 9 ! v few in/ances 9 :i* mod]n build+s h be5 rais$ 9 ! same fa%ion1 ! behold] at once feels t _! g5]\s reg>d = ! f> future is ( almo/ z poetical a "* z ! ag$ retrospect ( a simil> h\se ( ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 or ,elizabe?4 ,a man10 he goes on1 8n[ hires a bit ( gr\nd = eighty or n9ety ye>s2 &1 if he has some?+ to sp>e to sp5d on beauty1 he says to himself3 #8,i w build me a h\se t w la/ my "t1 & :at money ,i h to sp>e ,i w sp5d 9 decorat+ x4 ,:y %\ld ,i wa/e my means 9 rais+ wall & ro( :i* w la/ five times z long z ,i or m9e %all want !m8' ,! answ] is3 ,because t v #8wa/e' is ! true/ & mo/ /rik+ ornam5t2 & ?\gh y\r & y\r family's enjoym5t ( a h\se ?us magnanim\sly built may la/ b a t5? ( its natural age1 !re lies 9 t v fact an #8ornam5t' ( ! mo/ noble & t\*+ k9d1 :i* w be obvi\s at all seasons to y\rself & e behold]1 ?\gh ! consci\sness ( its cause may be dormant2 :]eas ! meanness ( ! o!r plan w be only ! m app>5t ) e p5ny y sp5d 9 mak+ x m]etrici\s40 ,aga91 are y likely to get s good an ar*itectural design :]e y _c be fairly sure t ! use = :i* ! build+ is rais$ is likely to be p]man5t8 ,& d our mod]n trade conditions & pres5t enorm\s dem& = ?\ghtless sup]fluities t5d to make t prospect m probable8 ,if n1 !n in/ability ( trade1 or trade direct$ to ! satisfaction ( frivol\s & ephem]al dem&s is bad = ar*itecture1 & h9d]s any wor?y developm5t 9 x ( national *>act]i/ics4 ,b !re1 m9d y1 9 trade1 lies to-day ! v life ( ! nation2 = ! life ( our teem+ millions dep5ds on x4 ,by our indu/rial specialisation 9 ! pursuit ( weal? va/ numb]s ( u h ceas$ to be self-support+ 9 ! necess>ies ( life4 ,& ! "q = arti/s is1 are we bas+ our national life on conditions t _c secure p]man5ce & /ability 9 ! ?+s :i* we produce8 ,is x a necess>y condition ( our indu/rial developm5t t ?+s %\ld h a %ort] life & we a %ort] use = !m ?an 9 ! old days8 ,to ! arti/ ! drawback ( ma*9e-made ?+s is n necess>ily 9 ! me*anism ( _! production 7= 9 "s cases y\r ma*9e relieves ! human h& ( a h>d & we>+ monotony71 b !re is a v obvi\s drawback if x imposes ^u ! work] m]ely ano!r =m ( h>d & we>+ monotony1 & at ! same "t %ort5s ! life ( ! ?+ produc$4 ,if h&icraft does n (f] to ! work] wor?i] conditions = h& & bra91 & insure long] life 9 ! ?+ produc$1 x is no good p9n+ our fai? to x4 ,elim9ate x1 & let ma*9]y take its place4 ,y h n1 !n1 9 ! transf]1 de/roy$ any "r values1 & y are n go+ c\nt] to ! conditions :i* t5d to produce national ,art4 ,b1 z an example ( ! p>ticul> value :i* does sometimes atta* to h& lab\r 7irrespective ( its arti/ic value71 ,i h "h a small unus$ sample ( *air-cov] mat]ial ( ,engli% make1 produc$ ab\t eighty ye>s ago1 at a probable co/--s ,i am told by exp]ts--( "u #b ! squ>e y>d4 ,! *airs x 0 made to cov] are n[ 9 my possession4 ,dur+ ! tw5ty-five ye>s ( my own p]sonal acqua9tance ) !m !y h _h pl5ty ( h>d we>2 b ev5 at ! corn]s t mat]ial has n yet begun to we> out2 & ! col\r has only become s(t] & m mell[ 9 quality4 ,)9 ! la/ t5 ye>s ,i endeav\r$ to get t cov]+ mat*$ 9 a mod]n mat]ial1 & ,i paid = ! ne>e/ mat* ,i c\ld get ab\t "o-fif? ( ! price ,i h quot$4 ,t mat]ial has already gone %abby2 & :]e x is mo/ worn & fad$ ! col\r1 in/ead ( mell[+1 has gone dead & dirty 9 quality4 ,! old] mat]ial w probably outla/ my "t4 ,!re1 !n1 are ! comp>ative values ( ! old & ! new mat]ial4 ,y pay ! high] price = ! old1 b 9 ! end x is m economical4 ,& x has ?is d\ble advantage 7or :at w\ld be a d\ble advantage 9 a ,/ate :]e indu/rial conditions 7 s\nd71 t x incl9es its possessor to adopt a m p]man5t /yle ( furni%+1 by mak+ age beautiful & *ange unnecess>y2 & s x sets free a great am\nt ( human lab\r = o!r purposes2 n m]ely ! lab\r ( ! textile work]s :o h n to provide new cov]s1 b ! lab\r ( ! uphol/]]s1 :o are n call$ ^u to rip (f a s]ies ( old cov]s & fit on new ones1 dragg+ old nails out & driv+ fre% nails 91 ) ! result t ! framework ( ! *air itself is pres5tly worn out & a new "o requir$ 9 its place4 ,all t lab\r is sav$4 ,t small example is important because x exemplifies ^? possibilities ( p]man5ce atta*+ to c]ta9 =ms ( h&-lab\r out ( :i* c be develop$ a s*ool ( textile manufacture indig5\s 9 "*--indig5\s 9 t y give x "t to become emb$d$ 9 its dome/ic sett+1 & to make = itself dome/ic hi/ory4 ,x enables y to develop an appreciation = subtleties ( col\r1 & to secure tones & h>monies :i* y _c get ready-made 9 a %op3 x gives to a piece ( furniture life-value4 ,b x is bad = trade6 ,n[ :y is x bad = trade8 ,x is bad = trade because our mod]n indu/rial conditions h br\ght u to ?is pass1 t x is no long] our national aim to direct lab\r & set x free = o!r "w t really ne$s to be done4 ,our national problem is r to f9d "w = p1 at times ev5 to inv5t ne$s1 & to create a fictiti\s turnov] 9 trade s t we may n h ^u our h&s an enorm\s increase ( ! unemploy$ problem4 ,& z h&s g begg+1 z we h m h&s 9 ! c\ntry ?an we c employ on useful & fit lab\r 7fit1 ,i mean1 = su* f9e implem5ts z ^! & = ! bra9s beh9d !m71 !re=e h&s are inevitably put to degrad+ uses1 & ! joy goes out ( "w2 & = ! delight 7or at lea/ ! intellig5t pati5ce7 ( true craftsman%ip is sub/itut$ ! s\l-de/roy+ bondage ( me*anical lab\r at some?+ :i* is n really wor? produc+4 ,y may take t1 ,i ?9k1 z a te/ :e!r a ,/ate is 9 indu/rial heal? or disease--:e!r1 namely1 x t5ds m 9 ! direction ( sett+ lab\r free = o!r & high] purposes 7?r\gh ! p]man5t quality ( its products71 & s evolv+ an ari/ocracy ( lab\r2 or :e!r 7ow+ to _! ephem]al quality7 x con/antly t5ds to inv5t "w ( a l[] & m trivial k9d1 & to provide jobs ( an ephem]al "* :i* are n really want$4 ,n[ bad & wa/eful ta/e is directly productive1 n s mu* ( trade z ( fluctuations 9 trade1 because t sort ( ta/e soon tires & asks = *ange2 & ! consequ5ce is t ?\s&s ( work]s 7especially wom51 ^: indu/ries us$ to be home indu/ries be=e ma*9]y drew !m out ( ! homes7 are 9 ?is c\ntry con/antly be+ ?r[n out ( "o useless employm5t into ano!r1 & v (t5 h to pass ?r\gh a fre% appr5tice%ip at a />vation wage4 ,& s1 :5 we create frivol\s dem&s = ?+s t we %all n want ! day aft] to-morr[1 we are n 7z we too (t5 ?9k7 do+ any?+ t is really good = trade1 b only some?+ mu* m horrible1 :i* y w und]/& )\t my nam+ x4 ,y see1 !n1 h[ v closely ! arti/'s incl9ation t[>d p]man5ce ( ta/e may be connect$ ) morality4 ,& if t in/9ct = p]man5ce 7) an accompany+ adaptation ( mat]ial & design to mak+ ?+s la/ _! full "t )\t wa/e7 is n pres5t 9 ! craftsman%ip ( our day1 !n we h n got ! true basis1 ei!r 9 _s or mat]ial1 = ,art to build ^u4 ,n[ ,i am go+ to put be=e y "s q homely in/ances1 because ,i ?9k !y w /ick be/ 9 y\r memories1 9 ord] to %[ y t ! real /ruggle ( ! arti/ to-day is n s mu* to secure appreciation ( beauty 9 l9e & texture1 z hone/y ( con/ruction1 & real adaptation ( =m to utility & ( production to la/+ness4 ,i h be5 notic+1 ) q simple objects ( dome/ic use1 t ! trade-purpose t[>d !m seems almo/ ! opposite4 ,! trade purpose is to pres5t u ) an article :i*1 app>5tly s\nd 9 con/ruction1 w break d[n at "s crucial po9t be=e ! re/ ( x is worn out4 ,a wat]+ c1 a c>v+ =k1 a kettle1 a du/b91 a coal scuttle1 ! fix+s ( a door-h&le1 are g5]ally made1 ,i f9d1 on an ignobly artful plan :i* insures t !y %all break d[n j at t po9t :]e ! we> & te> come h>de/1 s t an article o!rwise complete %all be scrapp$ wa/efully or g back to ! trade to be t9k]$4 ,b leave ?+s ! actual design ( :i* y _c control1 & come to dress1 our own daily we>+ app>el4 ,i d n "k if ! m5 ( my audi5ce are aw>e t und]g>m5ts we> out mu* quick] if !y are tight-fitt+ & worn at a /ret* ?an if !y are loose1 b t is s4 ,&1 9 consequ5ce1 a sm>t %opman has ! greate/ reluctance to sell y any?+ t is1 z he conceives x1 "o size too l>ge = y4 ,! reason be+ t ! loos] fit la/s long] & is bad = trade--t x makes = endurance in/ead ( = gallop+ consumption4 ,9 ! majority ( h\ses ^: cold wat] sy/ems ,i h inspect$ ! pipes are ne>ly always run at ! mo/ expos$ angle ( ! conta9+ walls1 s t if !re is a fro/1 ! fro/ may h a *ance ( gett+ at ! pipes & bur/+ !m1 & s give ! trade a fre% job4 ,aga91 e h\sewife kn[s t 9 ! ord9>y daily conflicts betwe5 tea-sets & dome/ic s]vice m cups get brok5 ?an sauc]s4 ,& ,i suppose e h\sehold 9 ,london has got "s corn] %elf pil$ ) sup]flu\s sauc]s 7useless wid[]s m\rn+ ! dep>ture ( _! bett] halves72 b x is v exceptional--only 9 "o %op t ,i "k--t "o is able to replace ! cup 79 c]ta9 /ock patt]ns7 )\t encumb]+ oneself ) ! sauc] :i* "o does n want4 ,! sauc]s cont9ue to be made 9 wa/eful sup]abundance1 because wa/e ( t sort is 8good = trade40 ,i h be5 assur$ by an obs]vant h\sewife t c]ta9 articles d n[ & aga9 appe> ^u ! m>ket specially design$ to safegu>d by little con/ructive devices1 ! ma9 po9t ( we>-&-te> ?r\gh :i* !y become useless1 & t pres5tly ^! ?+s disappe> & are unobta9able1 presumably because !y prove too la/+1 & s are 8bad = trade40 ,& !y are all[$ to disappe> because we1 z a community1 h n suffici5tly set our he>ts & m9ds aga9/ wa/e & uselessness4 ,we buy *eaply because we ?9k *eaply1 & because we h lo/ our s5se ( hon\r t[>ds ! products ( m5's h&s1 & t[>d t wond]ful in/rum5t itself :i* we are cont5t to put to su* base uses1 lett+ ! work]s !mselves see h[ mu* we despise ! ?+s !y h made4 ,i h se5 9 ,london a comic music-hall 8turn0 9 :i* ! com$y l>gely consi/$ 9 a cont9u\s breakage ( piles ( plates by a burlesque wait]1 :o1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 duties1 ei!r drops !m1 falls aga9/ !m1 sits on !m1 or kicks !m4 ,dur+ ! turn ,i %\ld say "s ?irty or =ty plates get brok54 ,!y 7 *eap plates1 no d\bt2 b x seems to me t if !re is any fun 9 ?is monoton\s repetition ( de/ruction1 !n ! great] ! co/ & wa/e ( human lab\r ! m irresi/ibly comic %\ld ! situation appe>2 & ! managem5t :i* provid$ ,worce/] or ,dresd5 *9a = its l[-com$y wits to play ^u w\ld h logical gr\nds = consid]+ t x 0 !reby supply+ its audi5ce ) liveli] ent]ta9m5t m satisfy+ to its ta/e4#b ,n[ :at ,i want y to see is t su* a production w\ld n be ent]ta9+ to an audi5ce :i* _h n come to reg>d ! lab\r ( man's h&s ) a lic5ti\s indiff]5ce--:i* _h n develop$ ! gambl]'s contempt = ! true relations betwe5 lab\r & value4 ,& "h ,i want to put be=e y a proposition :i* may at fir/ %ock y1 b :i* ,i hope to prove true4 ,& t is t lab\r 9 itself1 ap>t f its ju/ification 9 "s useful result1 is bad & degrad+2 ! man :o is put to "w :i* he kn[s is to h no result comes f t "w m degrad$ & cru%$ 9 _s ?an ! man :o m]ely 8loafs0 & lives 8naturally40 ,p]haps ! readie/ example ( t is ! old treadmill sy/em :i* 0 once employ$ 9 our prisons1 :]e ! prison] 0 set to gr9d at a crank artificially adju/$ to 8 physical /r5g?1 b hav+ no useful result2 & ,i believe t ! ma9 reason :y prison]s on ^? ma*9es 7 n all[$ to gr9d _! own bread or put _! /r5g? to any self-support+ indu/ry 0 because x 0 8bad = trade0 & br\ght !m into competition ) ! contractors :o suppli$ food to 8 ,maje/y's prisons4 ,x 0 n ! monotony half s mu* z ! consci\sness t x 0 )\t result :i* made t =m ( lab\r s degrad+ & s utt]ly exhau/+ to m9d & body4 ,y might ?9k x 0 ! compulsion2 b ,i am n sure t compulsion to "w may n sometimes be v moral & salut>y4 ,at any rate1 "h is an in/ance ( ! same ?+ pres5t$ "u volunt>y conditions4 ,a man out ( "w appli$ to a f>m] = a job2 ! f>m] _h no job = him1 & told him s2 b z ! man p]si/$ he />t$ him at half a cr[n a day to move a heap ( /ones f "o side ( ! road to ! o!r4 ,& :5 ! man _h done t & ask$ :at next he 0 to d1 he told him to move !m back aga96 ,b ?\gh t man 0 out ( "w1 & 0 on 8 way to e>n ! half-cr[n1 r ?an submit 8 body to ! consci\s degradation ( su* useless lab\r1 he did z ! f>m] _h calculat$ on 8 do+1 & ?rew up ! job4 ,t same quality ( outrage & degradation att5ds on all lab\r t is subject1 )9 ! work]'s k1 to wanton de/ruction1 or is obvi\sly ( no real use or ( 8fak$0 value4 ,& ! f9] ! skill employ$ ! great] ! angui% ( m9d1 or else ! h>d call\sness ( indiff]5ce :i* mu/ result4 ,call ^u m5 to make useless ?+s1 or ?+s :i* y mean wantonly to de/roy ! day aft] to-morr[1 or to :i* by ! conditions y tol]ate y make a fair l5g? ( life impossible--call ^u lab\r to d ^? ?+s1 & y are ei!r fill+ its _s ) mis]y & depression1 or y are mak+ x1 9 self-def5ce1 call\s & h>d4 ,indu/rial conditions :i* enc\rage ! build+ ( h\ses t are only int5d$ to la/ a lease2 :i* p]mit ! de/ruction ( our canal sy/em because t means ( transit has prov$ a dang]\s rival to ! railway sy/em2 :i* impose a quick *ange 9 fa%ions on :i* dep5d v>i\s k9ds ( ephem]al & p>asitic indu/ries2 :i* enc\rage a va/ production ( ephem]al j\rnalism & magaz9e illu/ration :i* aft] a s+le read+ is ?r[n aside & wa/$--all ^! ?+s1 :i* h become nationalis$ 9 our mid/1 are a national anti-,art tra9+4 ,we ,engli% h1 z ! result ( ^! ?+s1 no national s*ool ( ar*itecture2 we h no national co/ume 7?\gh ,i myself c rememb] ! "t :5 9 our ,midl& c\nties n only ! f>m lab\r]1 b ! small yeoman f>m] himself w5t to *ur* z well z to lab\r 9 ! beautiful smock-frock worn by _! =efa!rs7 & we h kill$ out f our mid/ "o ( ! mo/ beautiful national s*ools ( popul> art t ev] exi/$1 ! s*ool ( ! illu/rators ( ! 'sixties2 & we h done ^! ?+s ma9ly f our increas+ ha/e to get hold ( some?+ new1 & our almo/ equal ha/e1 :5 we h x1 to ?r[ x away aga94 ,we h ca/ our bread ^u ! wat]s4 ,! sort ( weal? to ! pursuit ( :i* nations h committ$ !mselves ne$s 7x n[ appe>s7 an enorm\s am\nt ( protection4 ,& x _c h be5 )\t "s demoralis+ effect ^u ! m9d ( ! community t we h be5 driv5 by our out/&+ necessities to build e ye> six or sev5 ( ^? enorm\s eng9es ( de/ruction call$ 8,dreadn\ghts10 ^: effective lease ( life is ab\t #bj ye>s1 some?+ consid]ably %ort] ?an ! lease ( life :i* we all[ = our mo/ j]ry-built lodg+-h\ses6 ,& on ^! %ort-liv$ products ( indu/ry 7:i* are to-day ! sign & symbol & safegu>d ( our _w-p[]71 our ari/ocracy ( lab\r has be5 sp5d+ its /r5g?1 & ! nation has n[ to dep5d on !m = its safety4 ,! co/ ( build+ a 8,dreadn\ght0 is ab\t ! same z ! co/ ( build+ ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,imag9e to y\rself a nation build+ e ye> six or sev5 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!drals1 ) ! consci\sness t 9 tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s !y w all aga9 be levell$ to ! du/1 & y w get f t picture some?+ ( ! horror :i* an arti/ is b\nd to feel at ! necessity :i* ?us drives u =w>d1 ev5 9 peace-"t1 to ! cont9u\s de/ruction1 on su* a colossal scale1 ( ! lab\r ( m5's h&s4 ,& ! m x is reveal$ to u to-day 7by ! pres5t cata/rophe7 z an absolute political necessity1 ! m is ! disord] ( civilization we h arriv$ at condemn$4 ,well1 ,i mu/ leave n[1 9 t example ,i h set be=e y1 ! wa/eful aspect ( mod]n indu/ry1 9 ord] to t\* briefly on ano!r1 & an almo/ equally hateful aspect1 :i* ,i w call 8! vivisection ( mod]n indu/ry40 ,i mean its subdivision into s _m sep>ate dep>tm5ts1 or r fragm5ts1 t x loses = ! m9d ( ! work] all relation to ! ?+ made--t "t-sav+ device at ! exp5se ( ! human h& & bra91 :i* we glorify "u ! t]m 8specialisation40 ,n[1 h[ev] mu* y may def5d t sy/em on gr\nd ( trade competition1 ! arti/ is b\nd by 8 pr9ciples to reg>d x z a national evil2 = any?+ :i* t5ds to take away ! work]'s joy & pride 9 ! di/9ctiv5ess ( 8 trade & to undo its human elem5ts is anti-,art tra9+4 ,& s t inhuman specialisation :i* 7= ! sake ( trade *eapness7 sets d[n a man to ! p]=mance ( "o p>ticul> me*anical action all 8 life1 9 ! mak+ ( "s "o p>ticul> "p ( "s article :i* 9 its fur!r /ages he is nev] to h&le1 or a woman to /amp out ! t9 skeleton ( a button1 ) h] eyes glu$ to "o spot = t5 h\rs ( ! day--all ^! dehumanis+ ?+s are anti-,art because !y are de/ructive ( life-values4 ,we h erect$ !m into a sy/em1 & :ile cutt+ prices by su* means at "o end1 we are m\nt+ up co/s at ! o!r4 ,we are promot+1 maybe1 a quick] circulation ( ! curr5cy ( ! realm1 b we are impov]i%+ ! curr5cy ( ! race4 ,= t h>d me*anical effici5cy we are pay+ a price :i* is eat+ up all our real pr(its2 q ap>t f its effect 9 ! increase ( lunacy & ( ! unfit bir?-rate & dea?-rate among *ildr51 x is help+ to implant 9 ! :ole _w ( lab\r a bitt] & a rev5geful _s :i* we h no "r to wond] at or to blame4 ,& ! results affect u n only 9 our work%ops b 9 our pa/imes1 by driv+ ^? ^: lab\r is s condition$ into a m consumptive =m ( pleasure-seek+ & relaxation4 ,y _c put p into inhuman conditions = long h\rs ( ea* day1 & expect !m to be normal & humane :5 y turn !m out to _! %ort h\rs ( leisure4 ,i am po9t+ to conditions :i* y "k probably z well z1 or bett] ?an1 ,i d2 b ,i am po9t+ to !m = ! express purpose ( say+ t y _c dissociate !m f y\r national appreciation ( ,art4 ,! m y c connect ! work] ) ! raw mat]ial on ! "o h& & ! f9i%$ product on ! o!r1 ! m surely y are e/abli%+ conditions out ( :i* national ,art c gr[2 & ! m y dissociate him f ^! two ends ( 8 mat]ial ! m y make national ,art impossible4 ,i w give y an in/ance1 q away f sweat$ lab\r conditions1 :]e y w see at once h[ wa/eful & oppos$ to ,art is ?is sy/em ( break+ up craftsman%ip into dep>tm5ts4 ,x 0 an ar*itect :o told me t ! foll[+ sy/em is q frequ5tly foll[$ 9 deal+ ) ! /one out ( :i* we build ! outside walls ( our mod]n *ur*es4 ,x is hewn at ! qu>ries into a r\gh surface1 ?or\ghly expressive ( ! /onemason's craft1 & n 9 any way too r\gh = its purpose4 ,x is !n tak5 & submitt$ by ma*9]y to a gr9d+ process :i* makes x me*anically smoo?1 & x is !n h&$ ov] to o!r workm5 :o give back to x a *isell$ surface ( an absolutely uni=m & me*anical "* :i* expresses no?+4 ,& ) t wanton & wa/eful lie we are cont5t to set up temples to ! ,god ( ,tru?6 ,n[ if ! ,*ur* has become s bl9d to ! values ( life1 & s lack+ 9 any /&>d ( hon\r t[>d ! lab\r ( m5's h&s1 z to all[ itself to be s clo!d 9 falsehood1 yet ,i d /ill plead t ^? :o call !mselves arti/s %all prote/ by all means 9 _! p[] aga9/ ! sy/ematisation ( su* indignities t[>d h&icraft4 ,t is ! sort ( ?+ aga9/ :i* any national ,art tra9+ we h ought to fight4 ,h[ c we fight8 ,be/ ( all1 ,i believe1 by e/abli%+ a /&>d ( hon\r t[>d manual lab\r2 &1 q def9itely1 :]ev] we h ,art s*ools1 by tra9+ all /ud5ts to hate & despise %ams & to loa! all wa/e ( lab\r4 ,b1 p]haps1 ! mo/ direct way w\ld be = ! ,/ate to set up1 9 e t[n1 9 connection ) its ,art s*ools & its te*nical s*ools1 a /&>d ( hone/y by practical demon/ration1 9 ! /aple indu/ry ( ! locality4 ,i w\ld n tr\ble1 s long z t indu/ry _h a useful purpose1 h[ mu* or h[ little x 0 connect$ ) ,art2 b ,i w\ld give ! y\? ( t place ! *ance ( an hone/ appr5tice%ip "u true human conditions to ! trade 9 :i* !y might be call$ ^u to sp5d _! lives4 ,i w\ld n h ^? s*ools ( lab\r adopt any amateuri%ness ( me?od or /&>d2 !y %\ld n ob/9ately reject ! aid ( ma*9]y :]e ma*9]y c relieve monotony1 b !y %\ld v c>efully consid] at :at /age ! dehumanis+ elem5t came 91 ei!r by sub/itut+ me*anism = skill1 or by sep>at+ ! work] too mu* f 8 "w 9 its complet$ =m4 ,& f ^? s*ools ( lab\r ,i w\ld all[ p to pur*ase all ! "w ( ^! ,/ate-appr5tices :i* _! ma/]-craftsm5 c\ld pass z be+ ( a /&>d quality4 ,!y w\ld n compete 9 po9t ( *eapness ) ! trade article1 = _! price w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be high]1 b !y w\ld1 ,i tru/1 compete 9 po9t ( quality & design2 & by exhibit+ a /&>d1 & mak+ ! ?+ procurable1 !y might create a dem& :i* ! v trade itself w\ld at la/ be =c$ to recognise4 ,?is is b a v bald & brief /atem5t ( ! k9d ( ext5sion ,i mean2 b :at ,i want to put to y is ?is1 t :]ev] a nation has turn$ f agriculture to trade1 !re1 if y want national ,art y mu/ invade ^? trade conditions & set up y\r /&>d ( hon\r1 n outside1 b 9 ! trades !mselves2 y mu/ get hold ( ^? :o are go+ to be y\r work]s & craftsm5 & put into !m 7by exhibit+ to !m manual lab\r "u "r human conditions7 ! old craftsman's pride :i* exi/$ 9 ! days ( ! ,guilds1 :5 ! trade unions 7 n m]ely organisations to secure good wages1 b to secure good "w1 & to ma9ta9 a /&>d ( hon\r 9 lab\r4 ,b y mu/ n /op !re4 ,to make y\r tra9+ 9 any true s5se national y mu/ make x *>act]i/ic1 or r x mu/ make itself4 ,x mu/ aim at br++ out racial & local "*2 & be=e x c d s we mu/ recov] t love ( locality :i* we h s l>gely lo/4 ,a m]e multiplication ( s*ools & classes :]e a dep>tm5tal sy/em evolv$ at "s city c5tre is put 9 =ce1 is n national3 x is only metropolitan1 p]haps only dep>tm5tal4 ,y c put su* a sy/em1 9 a c]ta9 sup]ficial way1 into ! heads & h&s ( y\r local /ud5ts1 b y _c put x into ! blood4 ,unless y\r ,art tra9+ ent]s into & l9ks up ! lives ( ^? y w\ld tea* ) a l>g] s5se ( citiz5%ip1 x isn't national4 ,!y won't c>ry x away ) !m into _! daily pursuits1 !y won't make a spontane\s & in/9ctive application ( x2 !y w only come to x at class-h\rs1 &1 :5 class-h\rs are ov]1 quit aga94 ,i h spok5 ( ! necessity ( a /&>d ( hon\r t[>d lab\r1 b we ne$ also a /&>d ( hon\r t[>d life4 ,x is /ill1 y see1 values--life-values--t ,i am try+ to get at z a basis = ,art4 ,n[ to "s ( y ,i mu/ h seem$1 9 all consci5ce1 gloomy & pessimi/ic 9 my outlook on pres5t conditions2 & !re=e1 be=e ,i end1 ,i w try to emit a ray ( hope4 ,!re are c]ta9 social developm5ts go+ on ar\nd u :i* make me hope t we may yet em]ge f ?is valley ( ! %ad[s ?r\gh :i* we are /ill /umbl+4 ,"o is t !re has be5 9 ! la/ g5]ation a v g5]al breakd[n ( ! old artificial class notion ( ! k9d ( "w :i* 0 compatible ) 8g5tility40 ,& "o meets to-day p1 ^: culture has giv5 !m e *ance to develop t /&>d ( hon\r t[>d life 7)\t :i* _! claim to be g5try means no?+72 y meet ) _m su* p n[adays :o h come back to manual lab\r 9 v>i\s =ms1 9 f>m+1 9 horticulture1 & 9 craftsman%ip--"s also1 ,i am glad to say1 :o h become %opkeep]s--& :o are br++1 presumably1 _! /&>d ( hon\r to be> on ^? trades on :i* !y no long] fooli%ly look d[n4 ,among ^! a def9ite revival ( h&icraft is tak+ place1 & :]e !y are do+ _! "w hone/ly & well !y are und\bt$ly inculcat+ a bett] ta/e4 ,x is especially among ?is class :i* has come back to h&icraft t "o meets ) dome/ic int]iors ( a f9e & scrupul\s simplicity :i* we may ev5tually see imitat$ 7m]etrici\sly1 p]haps1 b on ! :ole b5eficially7 ev5 9 lodg+-h\ses :i* are at pres5t ! du/-hung mausoleums ( ! ae/hetic movem5t ( ?irty ye>s ago4 ,ano!r matt] = congratulation--n a movem5t1 b a survival--is ! unspoil$ tradition ( beauty :i* /ill exi/s 9 ! cottage g>d5s ( ,engl&4 ,!re1 9 our villages1 y f9d a note ( beauty t has sc>cely be5 t\*$ by ! evil ( our mod]n conditions4 ,& ,i take x z a pro( t :]e1 by "s happy *ance1 we h manag$ to 8let well alone10 !re ! in/9ct = beauty & = fitness is /ill a natural +r$i5t ( indu/rial life4 ,t survival ( ta/e 9 our cottage g>d5s is culture 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w2 & x is /ill popul>4 ,we d n yet dig our g>d5s by ma*9]y2 :5 we d !y w die ! dea?4 ,& two o!r bright po9ts ( movem5t1 :i* ,i look to z hav+ 9 !m ! basis ( a true ,art tra9+1 are ! widespread revival1 9 s _m ( our t[ns & villages1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,miss ,m>y ,neal1 ,mr4 ,cecil ,%>p & o!rs1 ( our old folk-songs & ,morris dances1 & la/ly--p]haps ,i %all surprise y--! ,boy ,sc\t movem5t4 ,com+ into contact ) ^! two movem5ts1 ,i h f\nd t !y h 9 !m c]ta9 elem5ts 9 common4 ,in/itut$ ) a r>e comb9ation ( tact & en?usiasm1 !y h tak5 hold ( ! blood2 !y h got home at a c]ta9 po9t 9 boy & girl nature :i* has already made !m become native4 ,i f9d t ^! two organisations t5d to develop among _! memb]s grace & vig\r ( movem5t1 good mann]s1 a *e]ful _s1 a m al]t int]e/ 9 ! ?+s ab\t !m1 a feel+ ( comrade%ip1 & be/ ( all1 a c]ta9 s5se ( hon\r t[>d life4 ,& !re=e1 ev5 9 a place te*nically devot$ to ! tra9+ ( /ud5ts1 ,i say boldly t ,i see n[h]e bett] hope ( a s\nd basis = national ,art ?an 9 ?is revival ( village danc+ & folk-song & 9 ! ,boy ,sc\t movem5t4 ,! ass]tion may p]haps seem /range & ironic to "s ( y t x is n f a /udy ( beautiful objects t ! s5se ( beauty c be made national1 b only 9 ! recov]y ( an ord]$ plan = our social & indu/rial life1 & 9 ! f9d+ ( a true & wor?y purpose = all t our h&s are put to d4 ,b 9 t connection y may rememb] h[ ,rusk9 ma9ta9$ t great ,art has only fl\ri%$ 9 c\ntries :i* produc$ 9 abundance ei!r w9e or corn2 9 c\ntries1 t is to say1 :]e ! greate/ indu/ries 7 ^? ) :i* we mo/ readily associate t note ( joy :i* has become prov]bial1 ! joy ( ! h>ve/4 ,x is p]haps too mu* to dream t we %all ev] aga9 see ,engl& liv+ ^u its own corn2 & ! greate/ =ms ( ,art may1 !re=e1 rema9 = ev] beyond our rea*4 ,b until a nation does hon\r to ! human h& z ! mo/ p]fect & beautiful ( all in/rum5ts "u ! sun1 by giv+ x only hon\rable & useful tasks--until !n ,i mu/ r wi% y to be good valu]s1 ke5--indignantly ke5--to de/roy ! false values :i* y see ab\t y1 ?an t y %\ld be ei!r good draughtsm5 or good arti/s4 ,y c d hone/ & good "w z design]s & illu/rators & ar*itects1 z work]s 9 wood & metal & /one2 b y are hamp]$ & b\nd by ! conditions ( y\r day1 & y _c by y\r be/ ef=ts make ,art national till y h e/abli%$ joy 9 lab\r4 ,no great s*ool ( ,art c ev] arise 9 our mid/ 9 su* a =m z to c>ry ) x ?r\gh all ! _w its national "*1 until ! nation itself has f\nd t voice 7:i* to-day seems s conspicu\sly abs5t1 ev5 :5 we close our %ops to make holiday72 ,i mean ! voice ( joy4 ,,footnote3 #b ,by t reckon+ we 9 ,europe are to-day ! be/ com$ians ! _w has ev] se54 ,out ( peace-conditions nations produce _! w>s4 ,,consci\s ,,& ,,unconsci\s ,,immortality4 7#aiae47 ,we are frequ5tly told 7m especially by ^? ^: pr(ession x is to prea* belief 9 a reveal$ religion71 t if man be n end[$ ) an immortal s\l1 !n ! game ( life is n wor? ! c&le4 ,incid5tally we are w>n$ t if ! bottom 7 knock$ out ( t belief1 morals w\ld g to pieces & humanity w\ld become reprobate4 ,n[ ,i c imag9e a simil> sort ( claim put =w>d 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( life = o!r pursuits :i* seem to _! advocate to make life m appetis+4 ,i c imag9e sportsm5 say+ t )\t sport m5 w\ld cease to be manly1 morals & physique w\ld det]iorate & life be no long] wor? liv+4 ,i c imag9e ! but*] say+ t )\t meat1 & ! lic5s$ victuall] t )\t be]1 m5 7 ( all ?+s ! mo/ mis]able4 ,i h rec5tly se5 adv]tisem5ts :i* say t only by support+ ! c9ema 7made beautiful by ! feet ( ,*>lie ,*apl971 c we hope to be victori\s 9 ! pres5t w>4 ,! ass]tion t man _c d )\t c]ta9 ?+s :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 va/ numb]s ( 8 fell[s are con/antly do+ )\t--7& ) no v m>k$ set-back z reg>ds heal?1 effici5cy1 or g5]al morals7--is a que/ionable way ( =c+ home conviction t ^! ?+s or beliefs are indisp5sable4 ,x is q possible t be]1 meat1 ! pursuit ( game1 ! p]sonality ( ,*>lie ,*apl91 & a belief 9 immortality are all alike capable ( giv+ /imulus to ! human s\l 7especially to ^? s\ls :i* h come by habit to dep5d ^u !m74 ,b x is q c]ta9 t o!r human s\ls h f\nd )\t !m suffici5t /imulus to make life wor? liv+4 ,& ?\gh1 aga9/ t fact1 x may be argu$ t ^! unconsci\sly receive _! driv+ =ce1 _! social & e?ical /&>ds1 f ^? ^: motive p[] !y reject z sup]flu\s1 & t we1 :o d n g to see ,*>lie ,*apl9 on ! films1 are w9n+ ?is w> some:at circuit\sly ?r\gh ! p[]s ( ^? :o d--! argum5t is h>dly a conv9c+ "o1 s9ce x rema9s = ev] 9 ! nature ( an unprov$ hypo!sis4 ,b :5 ! majority ( ^? :o believe 9 p]sonal immortality are ask$ = ! gr\nd ( _! belief1 x g5]ally resolves itself into ?is3 !y h an int5se individual conviction t x is s--s int5se t to hold ! contr>y becomes 8un?9kable40 ,b t int5se1 individual conviction1 ov] ?+s we greatly c>e ab\t1 is a con/ant ph5om5on ( ! work+ ( ! human m9d1 & is n limit$ to belief 9 a future /ate4 ,to a conv9c$ ,lib]al x is 8un?9kable0 t he %\ld ev] pass into su* a /ate ( m5tal annihilation z to become a ,cons]vative4 ,to a conv9c$ ,cons]vative x is un?9kable t he %\ld fall f ! grace :i* guides him into ! sl\gh ( ,lib]alism4 ,x is ! same ) ,prote/ant or ,ca?olic1 ) ,sociali/1 ,univ]sali/1 or ,sect>ian3 conviction always pres5ts an adamant9e front to oppos+ =ces & argum5ts--s long z x la/s4 ,! same ph5om5on con/antly occurs 9 ! doma9 ( ! amative passion4 ,! lov] 7if he be really 9 love71 believes t 8 love w la/ = ev]--t no?+ c possibly *ange x2 & all ! evid5ce 9 ! _w t lov]s ( a l fai? h too (t5 liv$ to see ! immortal dream put on mortality1 w fail to conv9ce him 7:ile he is 9 ! toils7 t 8 own love is liable to any su* *ange z !irs4 ,! reason is t /rongly vitalis$ =ces always c>ry ) !m a s5se ( p]man5ce4 ,! vital sp>k 7focus$ )9 u by /rong conviction or emotion71 is b an individually appreh5d$ "p ( a great :ole3 = ?is ?read ( life pass+ ?r\gh u has already /ret*$ itself out ov] millions ( ye>s1 & c\ntless atavisms h t\*$ x to individual ends :i* 7 n ours2 ! w to live has clung to x by myriads ( adhesions1 feel]s1 t5tacles1 & n by human h&s alone 7?\gh our palms /ill moi/51 & our arms fly upw>d to ! imag9>y bran* ov]head :5 dang] ( fall+ ?reat5s u1 because ! in/9ct ( our arboreal ance/ry /ill prevails 9 u ov] reason74 ,& ?r\gh ^? atavisms1 ! /ruggle to secure survival = ! family1 ! clan1 ! race1 has left an impress :i* may v naturally convey f ! g5]al to ! individual a s5se ( immortality4 ,= ( all ^! con/itu5t =ces ! majority knew & ?\ght v little ab\t dea?1 except 9 _! in/9ctive & spasmodic ef=ts to escape f x2 & :5 at la/ man began to envisage dea? consci\sly & philosophically1 /raightway1 ) all ^! atavisms beh9d him1 he belittl$ x ) dreams ( a future life4 ,x 0 z p]fectly natural a ?+ to d z = ! lov] to decl>e t 8 love = 8 mi/ress 0 et]nal & n m]ely = a season1 s9ce any less] /atem5t w\ld fail to convey adequately ! int5sity ( ! =ce by :i* he 0 mov$4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh 9 millions ( individual cases ! /atem5t & ! s9c]e belief t ! love exp]i5c$ w rema9 *angeless & et]nal1 are contradict$ by lat] fact1 x is at lea/ true t ! passion itself is an ev]-recurr+ ph5om5on ( life1 & does1 by its inf9ite recurr5ce & resurrection 9 =m beyond =m ?r\gh evolv+ g5]ations1 pres5t to f9ite m9ds an aspect ( immortality4 ,j z ! wat] we dr9k is an imp]i%able ?+1 ?\gh aft] dr9k+ x we %all ?ir/ aga91 s is t love1 :i* satisfies ! lov]'s s\l1 a pr9ciple ( life ext5d+ illimitably beyond 8 own use = x4 ,& if t be true ab\t love1 :y %\ld x n be true ab\t life8 ,= surely 7put x ?us71 :5 across limit$ vision a ?read passes1 ( :i* ! eye c see nei!r ! beg9n+ nor ! end1 & :5 ^u t ?read1 = ! "t be+1 ! limit$ life hangs all its hopes1 is x n q natural = t cl++ life to id5tify itself1 ?r\gh ! clos5ess ( its mom5t>y contact1 ) ! spiritually appreh5d$ :ole1 & to id5tify ) t concept ( a g5]al cont9uity its own pres5t degree ( individual consci\sness4 ,moreov]1 9 a _w gov]n$ by cause & effect1 x c h>dly be pr$icat$ t ! results ei!r ( love or hatr$1 individually indulg$1 are n1 or may n be illimitable1 ev5 ?\gh ! individual _s be n !re to preside consci\sly ov] _! ext5d$ op]ations4 ,:51 !re=e1 s mu* is true1 :5 s _m elem5ts :i* pass ?r\gh our lives h 7by association71 l9ks & connections :i* to f9ite m9ds seem inf9ite1 !y may well impress u 7by reason ( ! close id5tification e/abli%$ betwe5 u & !m = ! "t be+7 ) a s5se t our own individual %>e & appreh5sion ( !m are address$ also to a univ]sal goal4 8,univ]sal10 = surely m]e cont9uity--a /ret*+ out ( l5g? )\t correspond+ bread?--ought n to be ! limit ( our claim4 ,yet x is significant t1 9 _! dem& = p]sonal immortality1 s _m ?9k]s h f\nd suffici5t satisfaction 9 ! idea ( an ext5d$ survival ?r\gh "t into et]nity1 )\t mak+ a correspond+ dem& = ext5sion into unity ?r\gh space4 ,!y are will+1 t is to say1 to put up = all et]nity ) ^? limitations ( p]sonality :i* !y enjoy--! relations ( meum & tuum ^u :i* ! possessive life ( ! s5ses is bas$1 b n ) ^? limitations 7! prospect ( :i* !y d n enjoy71 ! t]m9ation ( ^? same relation%ips impos$ by dea?4 ,x seems r a "o-sid$ way ( do+ ?+s--?is n>r[+ ( ! claim 9 a two-dim5sional direction 7"o might almo/ say 9 a "o-dim5sional71 yet x has be5 v g5]ally done--,i %all pres5tly hope to %[ :y--& mo/ ( our ,we/]n !ology has built up our future hopes = u entirely on ^? l9es4 ,p]sonality1 ! sort ( p]sonality we h le>n$ to enjoy1 is bas$ ^u limitations4 ,aboli% limitations 9 y\r conception ( future life1 & = ! majority ( ^? pi\s m9ds :i* n[ clam\r = x z _! due y aboli% p]sonality also2 x is swall[$ up n 9 dea? b 9 a life f :i* ! individual p[] to focus & to enjoy has disappe>$4 ,x is true t !re has n[ begun1 9 mod]n sociali/ic ,*ri/ianity1 a yea/+ ( desire = an all r\nd1 or expansive1 z well z a =w>d1 or ext5sive p]sonality aft] dea?2 t an all-embrac+ & n m]ely an all-surviv+ consci\sness is m & m pr$icat$ = ! full satisfaction ( man's spiritual ne$4 ,b t 0 by no means ! =m ( moral hung] :i* p]meat$ primitive or m$ival ,*ri/ianity1 & suffic$1 we are to suppose1 to keep poor human nature f t depravity into :i* x w fall if belief 9 p]sonal immortality is surr5d]$4 ,oregon1 z we "k1 look$ =w>d to f9d+ 9 ! ne!r groans ( ! damn$ a full completion ( ! or*e/ral h>monies ( ,heav52 & 9 ! :ole conception ( immortality z x has illum9$ ! pa? ( ! ,*ur* f its beg9n+ d[n to q mod]n times1 individualism has be5 rampant4 ,on t basis1 s long z x satisfi$ 8 moral consci5ce1 man did great ?+s ) x1 mak+ x %9e z a great light by ! unfl9*+ witness :i* he bore to its efficacy ?r\gh suff]+ & ?r\gh m>tyrdom4 ,x is probably true t an individuali/ic =m to ! doctr9e 0 !n1 & always w be1 necess>y to attract ^? ^: lives h be5 run f a highly individualis$ /&po9t2 & t1 = !m1 dea?-b$ consolation w\ld h>dly be a*iev$ 9 ! pres5tation ( a doctr9e s def9$ z to ?reat5 annihilation to all ! feti% wor%ip & social values ( ! pa/4 8,god w\ld ?9k twice10 said a c\rtly ,fr5* ,abb ( ! sev5te5? c5tury to a ,k+'s mi/ress :o1 ^u h] dea?-b$1 0 seiz$ by spiritual qualms--8,god w\ld ?9k twice be=e damn+ a lady ( y\r quality40 ,& no "o :o holds by class-di/9ctions really wi%es to f9d 9 ! ,new ,j]usalem any abolition ( t respect = p]sons or prejudices :i* has1 9 ?is _w1 be5 ! ma9 gr\nd on :i* _! self-e/eem & _! e/imate ( p]sonality h be5 bas$4 ,to !m ! mo/ 8un?9kable0 proposition w\ld be n ! contraction ( ! future _w to n>r[] & m select limits ?an ^? ( ! "o !y "k1 b a future _w conduct$ on any code ( morals :i* _h n _! own entire approval & sanction4 ,we are told t ! late ,que5 ,victoria look$ =w>d ) v great int]e/ to a future meet+ ) ! ,hebrew patri>*s1 ) ,abraham1 ,moses1 & ,elijah1 b hop$ to be excus$ f any p]sonal acqua9tance ) ,k+ ,david on acc\nt ( 8 affair ) ,ba?%eba4 ,& :5 we realise h[ v (t5 ! hope ( ,heav5 is really a species ( self-love & self-applause1 conditional on ,heav5 be+ :at we ourselves want x to be1 "o is l$ to wond] :e!r ! real condition = entry into t /ate ( bliss may n prove to be ! precise opposite1 & :e!r ! discipl9>y motto ^u its portal may n be ^? my/ic words1 hi!rto attribut$ to ano!r place1 8,all hope ab&on ye :o ent] "h40 ,t1 aft] all1 is only a m emphatic way ( /at+ :at ,*ri/ ,himself laid d[n z ! pa? by :i* man %\ld atta92 t only ^? namely :o 7 ready to lose life %\ld f9d x4 ,& ,i r "q :e!r our ,*ri/ian individuali/s h1 up till n[1 be5 hone/ly prep>$ to 8lose life0 9 ! full s5se1 )\t condition or res]ve1 & :e!r1 7if !y h n71 !y h yet atta9$ ! spiritual /&po9t necess>y to br+ !m )9 ! t]ms ( ! promise4 ,s f> ,i h dealt ) ! doctr9e ( immortality z pres5t$ to u f ! individuali/ic basis alone4 ,b1 9 "s =m or ano!r1 ! doctr9e ( immortality belongs to _m religions & s*ools 7inde$1 "o might almo/ say to all7 & has1 !re=e1 mo/ v>i$ & ev5 contradictory mean+s atta*$ to x4 ,9 "s s*ools1 z we h se51 x sets great /ore on ! survival ( ! individual2 9 o!rs individuality is held to be ( small acc\nt--a dim9i%+ r ?an a p]si/5t factor 9 ! ultimate ends ( life view$ z a :ole4 ,i rememb] 9 t connection discuss+ ) ! late ,fa!r ,george ,tyrrell1 9 ! days be=e ,rome's excommunication fell on him1 ! div]g5t views z to immortality ( ,*ri/ianity & ,buddhism2 & at t "t he held t ! sup]iority ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? lay 9 its insi/5ce on ! p]sonal immortality1 consci\s & self-conta9$1 ( e human be+4 ,"s ye>s lat]1 a mon? be=e 8 dea?1 we discuss$ ! matt] aga92 & ,i ask$ him !n1 9 :at degree1 if at all1 8 view z to p]sonal immortality _h *ang$4 ,8 answ] gave me a curi\s in/ance ( ^? sci5tific analogies by :i* ,mod]nism has be5 seek+ to deliv] ! ,roman ,*ur* f its m$ival entanglem5ts4 8,9 ! ma910 he said1 8,i h only *ang$ 9 my appreh5sion ( :at #8p]sonality' really is4 ,j z "o may f9d 9 an hy/]ical subject five or six pseudo-p]sonalities :i* reveal !mselves 9 turn1 ea* "o ( :i* is a "* q sep>ately & consi/5tly def9$1 b n "o ( !m 7h[ev] completely 9 possession = ! "t7 a real p]son1 s x seems to me mu/ we reg>d all ^? limitations ( #8p]sonality' :i* f9d expression 9 individual =m4 ,!re is only "o true p]sonality1 & t is ,*ri/2 any?+ less ?an ! "o all-embrac+ :ole is b a simulacrum1 conceal+ r ?an reveal+ ! true sub/ance & =m40 ,i _c pret5d to give 8 actual words1 b ,i believe t ,i h accurately /at$ ! s5se ( !m2 & y w see1 ,i ?9k1 t !y g a long way t[>d ! adaptation ( ! ,*ri/ian to ! ,buddhi/ic /&po9t4 ,t t5d5cy1 ,i believe1 we %all f9d m & m at "w 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* z "t goes on--n m]ely because by su* a def9ition ! doctr9e w be bett] able to hold its own aga9/ ! inroads ( sci5ce--b because x gives also a bett] response to t socialis+ g5ius ( ! human race :i* is com+ m & m to dem& a p]fect unity z ! ultimate expression ( good4 ,t1 !n1 we %all probably f9d to be ! future t5d5cy ( idealism4 ,!re rema9s1 ( c\rse1 ! ,rationali/ic s*ool ( ?\ght1 by :i* ! possibility ( individual or p]sonal survival aft] dea? is f fir/ to la/ ei!r absolutely d5i$ or v sev]ely disc\nt5anc$ z an idea bas$ ^u :olly insuffici5t evid5ce4 ,nev]!less1 9 "s =m or ano!r1 immortality1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 p]sonal or imp]sonal1 is accept$ by all s*ools alike2 ! sci5tific law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy be+ "o =m ( x :i* human reason w\ld n[ f9d x v difficult to d5y4 ,let u = "o mom5t apply t law to our own individual lives & consci\sness4 ,has life conv9c$ u t we are all self-conta9$ p]sons8 ,?r\gh social contact we h und]gone _m *anges1 _m damages1 & _m repairs4 ,p>ts ( u h gone to o!r p1 p>ts ( o!r p h come1 to u4 ,we h %$ & h absorb$ q z mu* spiritually z mat]ially2 & ?\gh ?r\gh our mat]ial *anges we reta9 a c]ta9 lik5ess1 s t fri5ds meet+ u aft] a sev5 ye>s' abs5ce recognise u aga9 9 bodies no p>ticle ( :i* h !y ev] se5 be=e2 & ?\gh simil>ly we c recognise our inn] selves across wid] int]vals ( "t1 h we any reason to suppose t our id5tity is m fix$ 9 ! spiritual sub/ance ?an 9 ! mat]ial8 ,= myself1 ,i hope n4 ,may "o n pref] ! idea ( int]*ange betwe5 life & life1 to ! notion t "o is to rema9 = ev] fix$ & self-possess$--a ?+ ap>t8 ,! m we are comp\nd$ ( o!r lives1 ! m we h contribut$ to ! lives ( o!rs--! m c we recognise our entrance into ! only et]nal life t we c demon/rably be sure ab\t1 or t c 7s x mu/ seem to _m ( u71 be s5sibly desir$ or des]v$4 ,is ,et]nal ,bliss1 9 ! individual s5se1 a m tol]able doctr9e ?an et]nal ,hell-fire8 ,?\gh1 inde$1 ?is latt] may be b a sci5tific /atem5t ( fact p]v]t$ & made fooli% by ! !ologians4 ,= life1 aft] all1 is b a =m ( combu/ion = ev] go+ on1 & outside ( x we "k no?+4 ,no d\bt ! atoms ( our be+1 :e!r physical or spiritual1 w =ev] =m "p ( x2 b ,i see no reason :y our spirits %\ld n be z diffus$1 ?r\gh prop] elem5tal *anges1 z our bodies are n[ be+ diffus$ f day to day2 or :y ,i %\ld rep9e t ,i p]sonally %all n always be !re to preside ov] ! op]ation & f9d x good4 ,ev5 if1 at ! f> end ( ?is e>?'s hi/ory1 ev]y?+ is aga9 to be reabsorb$ 9 ! heat & light out ( :i* x came1 ,i c tru/ ! suns & planets to fulfil _! mission ( progress--or ! w ( ,god--q z well z1 or bett] ?an1 9 my own small sph]e ,i c tru/ ,con/itutional ,gov]nm5ts or ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*es4 ,& s9ce ^! less] lights1 9 _! fooli% & provid5tial deal+s1 d n conf\nd my fai?1 nei!r d ! />s 9 _! c\rses fight aga9/ x4 ,r d !y confirm me 9 my s5se t ev5 ! mo/ acute p]ceptions ) :i* human life is end[$ fail ( !mselves to ju/ify me 9 any claim to a l>g] lease ( life ?an c naturally belong to !m2 = ,i see 9 ! univ]se ?+s f> great] ?an any individual man1 do+ s]vice & su/a9+ ! life ( c\ntless millions1 7:i* )\t !m c\ld n live at all71 )\t any prospect ( s great a rew>d4 ,! eye ( ! sun itself is bl9d2 & = ev]1 :ile x dazzles u ) its light1 bl9d x mu/ rema94 ,nay1 :at ne$ has x = sight at all1 if 9 bl9dness x be able to fulfil its mission8 ,& yet implicit )9 its va/ en]gies1 !re lies ! gift ( sight4 ,= t bl9d ,eye ( ,heav5 taught u to see2 our sub/ance came f x1 our eyes 7 made by x1 & )\t x 0 n any?+ made on e>? t 0 made4 ,& if1 by ?is gift ( sight1 x has op5$ to u s va/ a space = our und]/&+ to dwell 9--be/[+ s huge a conception ( life on ?is frail vessel ( clay--if by s giv+ ( itself ?r\gh long aeons ( "t x has op5$ to u s mu* m ?an x kn[s itself1 _c we r5d] back )\t grudg+ ^! %ort]1 frail] lives ( ours1 ^: brevity1 p]haps1 is ! v price requir$ ( u = _! enjoym5t1 s9ce )\t su* limits our f>-rea*+ compreh5sion ( space & its possessions c\ld nev] h be5 ga9$4 ,%\ld !re be any despair1 or any depression 9 ! ?\ght t f ! bl9d eye ( day & f ! p[]s ( its heat 0 develop$ ! human bra98 ,= if f t app>5t ,bl9dness ( our ,univ]se came really ! eyes ( life by :i* we p]ceive all ?+s1 c we n commit our spirits back to its keep+ ) an equal tru/ t :at lies ahead w be at lea/ z good z :at lies beh9d1 ?\gh we be n !re to see x8 ,b ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy does n 9 ! lea/ satisfy ! aspirations ( ^? :o are out = p]sonal immortality 9 ! individual s5se4 ,to ^! x seems a grievance t !y %\ld h be5 call$ into be+ = any end n :olly satisfy+ to t ,ego :i* is n[ lay+ ^u _! consci\sness ! weight ( its possessive limitations4 ,?is sep>ative quality ( ! ,ego is to !m ! :ole pr9ciple ( exi/5ce2 )\t x !y _c see life4 ,to !m1 life 9 any less focus$ or m diffus$ =m w\ld be no bett] ?an annihilation1 an obvi\s sett+-back ( ! evolution>y process by :i* creation has l$ /ep by /ep to t degree ( self-consci\sness realis$ 9 ! human race4 ,d n ^! objectors =get n m]ely h[ consid]able a "p ( human nature already moves & has its be+ on ! l9es ( a diffus$ & r dec5tralis$ subconsci\sness1 b also h[ l>gely ! g5ius ( ! human race has committ$ to su* conditions ( sep>ation f all possible enjoym5t by ! ,ego1 "s ( ! r>e/ gifts & highe/ ef=ts at self-realisation t ! _w has ev] se58 ,x is a condition atta*+ to all ! m p]man5t =ms ( expression 9 ! arts1 to ev]y?+ t man designs & makes = ! delight ( ! g5]ations t come aft]4 ,x is a condition will+ly accept$ by all :o rejoice 9 _! p[] to ?r[ ! influ5ce ( _! p]sonalities beyond ! mat]ial uses ( _! own pres5t exi/5ce4 ,& 9 t will+ness to lose out ( !mselves = future g5]ations--to turn aside f m]e physical enjoym5t--! life-=ces )9 !m1 9 t will+ness arti/1 poet1 & ?9k]1 h come f> ne>] to ! f9d+ ( life ?an ^? :o live indulg5tly = ends f9i%$ by _! own absorption !re(4 ,n[ x is ! support]s ( ! individuali/ic s*ool ( ?\ght :o h g5]ally urg$ t grave moral dang]s w\ld befall ! human race 7 a belief 9 p]sonal immortality to p]i%2 & x is at lea/ arguable 7by m9ds t c only see values individually71 t if man is n to be p]man5tly rew>d$ or puni%$ = 8 pres5t & future conduct1 he has no reason = conduct+ himself z a dec5t "p ( ! social :ole1 & t x w\ld be bett] = him to break out on entirely individual l9es1 live a %ort & m]ry life1 & ?r[+ all altrui/ic & e?ical consid]ations to ! w9ds1 enjoy himself z mu* z he c :ile ! mat]ial is to him4 ,on pap] t consid]ation may seem to hold /rong gr\nd2 b :5 x is put into practice ! facts ( life are f\nd to be ov]:elm+ly aga9/ x4 ,= "o ?+ excess & self-indulg5ce fail to produce enjoym5t1 = ano!r ! socialis+ ( life by mutual aid t5ds q obvi\sly to ! increase ( com=t1 safety1 & happ9ess4 ,& :]e app>5tly x does n is ma9ly at t po9t :]e rampant individualism grasps & w>ps x to its own ends1 mak+ ! social organism subs]ve n ! goodwill ( ! _m b ! ill-w ( ! few4 ,b ! e?ical argum5t ab\t ! bad effects ( non-belief 9 p]sonal immortality has be5 consid]ably disc\nt$ by ! gr[+ s5sitiv5ess ( ! mod]n consci5ce--m especially among ^? :o are 9 a s]i\s s5se 8free-?9k]s0--t[>d ! social ills ly+ ar\nd u4 ,g5]ally speak+1 our s5se ( duty t[>d our neighb\r is mu* m lively ?an x 0 9 ! mid-,victorian era2 b our conviction ( p]sonal immortality is probably f> less4 ,! two ?+s d n g toge!r3 ! dim9ution ( *ur* att5dance 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s has n wors5$ ! conditions ( lab\r4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be argu$ t an in/9ct = immortality is /ill subconsci\sly at "w )9 u1 col\r+ our actions & direct+ u on "r e?ical l9es4 ,b if x be a subconsci\s direction :i* ?us works 9 u = righte\sness1 x may equally be to a subconsci\s end4 ,! subconsci\s impulse may m]ely be guid+ u to a subconsci\s realisation :i* w\ld n at all satisfy ! advocates ( consci\s immortality aft] dea?4 ,:at works subconsci\sly c 9 all probability f9d satisfaction 9 a subconsci\s rew>d4 ,! *emic processes ( ! /oma* & ( ! blood1 = in/ance1 are l>gely subconsci\s 9 _! op]ation2 & _! ne$s may be subconsci\sly appeas$ )\t ! bra9 be+ told any?+ ab\t x ?r\gh ! usual int]m$i>ies ( ta/e & ma/ication4 ,we h a pref]5ce = a consci\s p]=mance ( ! functions ( life :i* we h always be5 accu/om$ to p]=m consci\sly2 b a v l>ge proportion ( our life-functions "w !mselves out subconsci\sly & indep5d5tly ( our w4 ,our he>ts beat1 our blood circulates1 our nails gr[1 our /oma*s dige/1 our w\nds heal1 :e!r we tell !m to or no1 & yet we are q happy ab\t !m4 ,we d n consid] 7because !y op]ate by a volition ( :i* we are unaw>e71 t !re=e we c>ry ab\t ) u a body ( dea? f :i* our consci\s ego mu/ ne$s %r9k 9 disgu/--a dead he>t1 dead /oma*1 dead blood--t ! unconsci\sness :i* accompanies heal? is a /ate ne>] to annihilation1 & s less to be desir$1 ?an ! pa9s accompany+ functional di/urbances4 ,:5 ^? ?+s happ5--functional di/urbances--we are consci\s ( some?+ m imm$iately relat+ to dea? ?an to life3 x is because ( local mortification t we become s mu* aw>e ( ?+s :i* our immortal "p helps u to use unconsci\sly & )\t ?\ght4 ,virtue itself1 :5 engra9$1 t5ds to become in/9ctive & subconsci\s in/ead ( an ef=t4 ,!re is q z mu* evid5ce1 !re=e1 9 our own bodies t unconsci\sness is ! real gate to immortal life1 & ! condition t[>d :i* all t is be/ & highe/ 9 u is seek+1 z ( ! contr>y tea*+ t increas$ self-consci\sness is man's f9al goal4 ,9 ! functional work+ ( our own bodies an enorm\s am\nt ( self-consci\sness has be5 elim9at$1 & we d n = our happ9ess or self-realisation wi% x re/or$ to u2 :ole tracts & areas are immune f x1 or only make a spasmodic grab at our consci\sness :5 ?+s g ill ) !m4 8,if y g on do+ t10 !y say1 :5 y misuse !m1 8we w make y "k t we are "h40 ,& s y become consci\s ( !m3 b t doesn't make y happi]4 ,yet 9 a sort ( way1 ,i suppose1 a man w\ld realise himself m completely if he _h sciatica all ov] him1 & c\ld c\nt up 8 n]ves1 & tell all 8 bones by ! a*es & pa9s atta*+ to !m4 ,n[ x is easy en\gh = a man to say 7,i ?9k x 0 ,h4 ,m4 ,/anley1 ! explor]1 :o did say s7 t he w\ld r endure torm5t = all et]nity ?an accept a /ate ( annihilation4 ,9 ?us prote/+ he is talk+ ?r\gh 8 hat ( some?+ too f> beyond human exp]i5ce = ! m9d to realise4 ,too?a*e he has probably always f\nd be>able1 because he knew t 9 c\rse ( "t x w\ld end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s\nd dreamless sleep is probably n less be>able to him because dur+ t sleep he has n a gho/ ( a notion t he w ev] wake up aga94 ,he is c>ri$1 t is to say1 e day ( 8 life :ile 9 heal?1 into a /ate closely resembl+ annihilation ( consci\sness1 9 :i* su* annihilation has no t]rors = him at all2 he accepts x z a com=table "p ( exi/5ce1 & goes to x ) delight :5 8 faculties are tir$4 ,its attractions = him w\ld naturally be less :ile all 8 s5ses 7 al]t & fre%4 ,b ! wak+ man is n ! :ole man2 ! subconsci\s life1 acquiesc5t to impos$ conditions1 occupies by f> ! l>g] "p ( him4 ,he c1 !re=e1 only pr$icate ! incl9ations ( 8 wak+ h\rs2 9 sleep he may rev]t to a v /rong aff9ity = t annihilation ( self-consci\s life aga9/ :i*1 9 8 wak+ h\rs1 he prote/s 8 dread4 ,& n[ a fur!r ^w ( com=t = ^? moral tea*]s :o assure u t if once we let g ! idea ( p]sonal immortality1 ) its accompany+ implications ( et]nal rew>d or puni%m5t1 ! conduct ( ! human race is b\nd to deg5]ate1 & t man's only logical motto w !n be1 8,let u eat1 dr9k1 & be m]ry1 = to-morr[ we die40 ,to refute t d$uction we h b to rememb] t sociology is a ?+ ( ance/ry & evolution1 & has committ$ u to a weight ( facts aga9/ :i* precept & !ory are p[]less4 ,we h only to look back into ,nature to see h[ p]si/5tly 7)\t1 "o mu/ suppose1 any promise ( future rew>d aft] dea?7 a contr>y in/9ct em]ges f ! e/abli%m5t ( ! social bond 9 ne/ & h]d & hive4 ,& :y--if t em]g+ in/9ct leads on1 9 man's reason$ e/imation1 to fooli%ness--:y d we s specially admire ! communal life ( ant & bee1 & incl9e sometimes to wond] :e!r 7beh9d s m>vell\s an ord] ( altrui/ic en]gy7 !re be n conceal$ m & n less ( spiritual appreh5sion ?an 9 ! m individuali/ic =ms ( insect & animal life8 ,& :y1 on ! contr>y1 has ! wise cuckoo become a sort ( byword = ! s+ul> economy ) :i* x has dis5tangl$ its life f c>e or responsibility8 ,x is surely v unfair ?us to erect ! cuckoo into a moral emblem = reprobation1 if x is only do+ by in/9ct1 :at man w\ld d by reason & logic 7 ! d>kness ( 8 own de/9y made cle> to him4 ,& simil>ly1 x is surely dis+5u\s on our "p to exalt z a moral emblem ! in/9ct ( ant & bee to subord9ate ! life ( ! individual to ! g5]al--if we d5y to ant & bee ! immortality by :i* alone su* altruism c be recomp5s$2 or if we are to believe t a cle>] k ( _! future lot w\ld cause !m 9 logic & reason to decl>e t life on ^? t]ms 0 n wor? liv+1 & t 8to eat1 dr9k1 & die to-morr[0 7 bett] ?an to live long] & lab\r = a va9 repetition ( lives l _! own indef9itely multipli$4 ,x is ridicul\s to impose ! moral emblem unless y grant also ! ju/ify+ conditions4 ,because ! bee & ! ant live unconsci\s ( _! imp5d+ doom1 are we1 !re=e1 to reg>d !m z a hoodw9k$ race1 set to lab\r at ! dictates ( ! ,creative capitali/ on t]ms :i* conta9 9 !m no adequate rew>d8 ,suppose1 = a mom5t1 t revelation c\ld desc5d ^u ants' ne/ & hive1 & tell ^! work]s t beyond dea? ! future held = !m no /ore--t _! immortality 0 ! immortality n ( individual b ( race2 & suppose t !reupon !y all /ruck & w5t =? to die ea* s+ly 9 _! own way--w\ld t moral emblem impress u1 d y ?9k1 z a ?+ wor?y ( imitation or ( praise8 ,b :y 7let u ?9k7 is ! pr$ication ( su* an ev5t s impossible & s grotesque8 ,is x n because ! life1 ! individual life ( ant or bee is s impregnat$ ) t in/9ct ( communalism :i* gives ! species its di/9ctive "*1 t x is impossible to sund] !m1 or to imag9e ! individual capable 7:ile 9 ! social milieu7 ( pursu+ individual ends alone1 aft] a foll[+1 ov] millions ( ye>s1 ( life 9 ! communal =m4 ,life1 ! ?read ( life :i* runs ?r\gh !m1 is too mu* engra9$ ) communism = sep>ati/ pr9ciples ev] aga9 to prevail4 ,& surely x is ! same ) man4 ,individualism1 sep>atism1 self-obsessionism1 ?\gh /ill pres5t 9 ! ph5om5a ( exi/5ce1 are m & m subject to qualifications f :i* !y _c escape4 ,& ev5 ! mo/ evil =m ( individualism has to be p>asitic or pr$atory2 x _c exi/ alone2 ev5 aga9/ its w x becomes condition$ by o!r lives4 ,& ! communal s5se ( man1 implicit )9 ! innum]able =ms ( life ?r\gh :i* he has evolv$1 w cont9ue to lay its hold on ! p>asitic & ! pr$atory1 & w d s q effectively on ! basis ( an evolution>y pa/1 ! t5d5cies ( :i* 7 e/abli%$ be=e ev] !ological def9itions came to give !m impulse & /r5g?4 ,is x n almo/ ludicr\s to sugge/ t t communal in/9ct w cease to play1 if ! hope ( individual rew>d aft] dea? is )drawn f ! human race8 ,w man--because he is nobl] ?an ! bea/1 because at 8 be/ he does ?+s m altrui/ic1 m self-sacrific+1 m self-=gett+1 m self-transc5d+ ?an any ( ^!--d less nobly because he envisages de/9y1 :i* 7if he see x z de/9y7 he w see z ! logical outcome ( evolution>y law8 ,x is possible1 x is ev5 probable1 t all phases ( !ological ?\ght h _h _! use 9 giv+ direction & /imulus to ! human bra92 if !y h done no?+ b /imulate rebellion aga9/ obscuranti/ au?ority !y h _h value ( a positive k9d4 ,b we may g ev5 fur!r ?an ?is1 = 8ev]y?+ possible to be believ$10 says ,blake1 8is an image ( tru?40 ,& "u _m a concept1 di/ort$ by ignorance or guile1 has la9 a g]m ( ! true life :i* draws man on to communal ends4 ,9 "t t g]m puts (f ! husk t seem$ once 7p]haps 9 "s cases actually 07 ! protective arm\ry ?r\gh :i* alone x c\ld survive = ! use ( a lat] day4 ,b ?\gh old reasons h be5 %$1 ! ess5tial value has n *ang$2 & (t5 x is less by logic & reason ?an by ! /rong & subtle l9ks ( association t we pres]ve :at is good ( pa/ cr$ulities4 ,! doctr9e ( consci\s immortality1 h[ev] mu* belittl$ by its appeal to selfi% individualism1 has done a "w = ! human race4 ,x has held ! g]m ( an ideal = unity :i* is receiv+ a m univ]sal int]pretation to-day ?an ! e>li] !ologians w\ld ev] h all[$1 or ?an man1 9 8 !n /age ( developm5t1 c\ld h ?\ght x wor? :ile to h& on to 8 intellectual heirs4 ,p]haps only because he conceiv$ x 9 j su* a =m h its values be5 pres]v$4 ,i am rem9d$ 9 ?is connection ( ! me?od by :i* ! wild sw9e ( ! ,new ,=e/ 7 taught to obey ! voice ( ! horn by means ( :i* ! sw9e-h]d1 call$ !m back ea* night f _! free roam+ 9 ! =e/4 ,! way he did x 0 ?is4 ,hav+ fir/ =m$ 8 h]d1 "s f\r or five hundr$ /rong1 he p5n$ !m 9 a n>r[ space :]e wat] & w>m %elt] 7 to be f\nd2 & !re1 9 ! allott$ enclosure1 accord+ !m no lib]ty1 he f$ !m daily to ! s\nd ( ! horn4 ,food & music became a sort ( cele/ial h>mony to pig's bra9--:5 !y he>d ! "o1 good reason 0 giv5 !m = expect+ ! o!r4 ,pres5tly1 9 a well-f$ condition1 !y 7 set free to roam2 & be+ full & satisfi$ !y did n roam f>2 & at night ! horn s\nd$ !m back to an ample meal1 & cont9u$ to s\nd :ile aga9 !y ate & 7 satisfi$4 ,s at la/1 by association1 ! horn came to h su* a b5efic5t mean+ t ! m]e s\nd ( x suffic$ to br+ !m back at nightfall to _! appo9t$ place ( re/4 ,!y might roam = miles & miles dur+ ! day1 b night & ! s\nd ( ! horn br\ght !m all back safe to fold4 ,& :5 t habit _h become e/abli%$1 !y did n cease to return ev5 ?\gh ! sw9eh]d no long] suppli$ ! food :i* _h fir/ giv5 music its *>m to ^? savage brea/s4 ,&1 simil>ly1 ,i d\bt n1 t1 ?\gh all hope ( mat]ial pr(it or rew>d be )drawn f man's m9d1 t call ( ! horn :i* he has he>d ( old w /ill br+ 8 _s to ! re/+-place at ! appo9t$ "t2 nor w he wi% ei!r to %ort5 8 days or debase 8 pleasures because ! horn has ceas$ to provide ! meal :i* x once taught him to expect4 ,d n let any?+ ,i h said be tak5 z sugge/+ t ! spiritual =ces ( man's nature may n be cons]v$1 transmut$1 re-assimilat$1 or re-di/ribut$1 z surely & ) z little wa/e z are ! mat]ial elem5ts ( life :i* pass ?r\gh dis9tegration & decay into new =ms4 ,! processes by :i* su* *anges are wr\ght may be1 & may ev] rema91 a my/]y to human s5se4 ,!re may be yet 9 ! mak+ a new ord] or plane ( evolution by :i* ! process w be quick5$ & p]fect$4 ,s\l ( man may be 9 ! mak+1 ?\gh x may be v f> remov$ f t aspect ( individualism ) :i* ! an?ropomorphic t5d5cies ( !ology h burd5$ x4 ,b--:e!r life ?us rises by unkn[n law to fur!r ends1 or :e!r x passes out1 l ! life ( leaves1 into ! g5]al decay ) :i* autumn ea* ye> f]tilises ! b$ ( "m e>?--( "o ?+ ,i w\ld ask y to be confid5t--t ! b&y+ ( words & !ories1 & ! discussion1 t5d+ ?is way or t1 ( man's de/9y aft] dea?1 are n 9 any way likely to alt] or to undo ^? =w>d-driv+ =ces & communal desires ) :i*1 f an inh]itance ( s _m millions ( ye>s1 ! life ( humanity has become end[$4 ,! w to live w /ill lift up ! race & c>ry x =w>d to new ends1 :e!r man ?9ks he sees 9 dea? ! end ( 8 p]sonal exi/5ce1 or only a new & a bett] beg9n+4 ,& :e!r he claims or resigns t prospect ( rew>d he w nev] be able to rid himself ( ! s5se :i* revives aft] all failures & crimes1 t man is 8 bro!r-man--or be able to refra9 at 8 be/ f lay+ d[n 8 life1 )\t calculation ( p]sonal b5efit to himself1 s t o!rs may live4 ,! highe/ manife/ations ( human g5ius1 ! mo/ p]fect$ =ms ( self-realisation 9 art1 9 lit]ature1 & sci5ce1 h be5 giv5 to u--& w cont9ue to be giv5 to u--indep5d5t ( any b>ga9 t "n & id5tity %all = ev] rema9 atta*$ !reto :ile po/]ity enjoys ! b5efit4 ,! arti/ might =esee t 8 "n w\ld1 9 a brief "t1 become dissociat$ f 8 "w1 & 8 memory blott$ out f ! book ( ! liv+2 he w\ld produce x all ! same4 ,! re=m] might "k t 8 motives w\ld be asp]s$1 t 8 "n w\ld become aft] dea? a spitt+ & a reproa*2 b1 = ! sake ( ! cause he believ$ 91 he w\ld /ill be will+ to die a di%on\r$ dea? & leave a reprobat$ "n1 to a _w t _h fail$ to und]/&4 ,t is human nature at its be/2 & y w n *ange x or endang] x ?r\gh any increas$ d\bt ?r[n by mod]n ?\ght or sci5ce on ! prospect ( consci\s immortality aft] dea?4 ,= :e!r we recognise x or n1 a subconsci\s _s1 n p]haps ( immortality b ( unity1 p]meates u all2 & = fur!rance & wor%ip ( t :i* 8 s\l desires1 ! _s ( man w ev] be ready to "w & /rive1 & to pass unconditionally into du/--if t inde$ be ! condition on :i* he holds 8 bir?right 9 a life wor? liv+4 ,w4 ,h4 ,smi? ,son1 ,! ,ard5 ,press1 ,/am=d ,/reet1 ,london1 ,s4,e4#a ---------------------------------------- --------- ,transcrib]'s note3 ,obvi\s typographic errors h be5 correct$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------