,transcrib$ f ! #aiaj ,a4 ,c4 ,fifield edition by ,david ,price1 email ccx#jgdpglaf4org ,unconsci\s ,memory ,by ,samuel ,butl] ,au?or ( 8,life & ,habit10 8,ere:on10 8,! ,way ( ,all ,fle%10 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,edition1 entirely reset1 ) an ,introduction by ,m>cus ,h>tog1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 ,pro- fessor ( ,zoology 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,cork4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,op4 #e 99 99 99 99 99 ,london ,a4 ,c4 ,fifield1 #ac ,clif=d's ,inn1 ,e4,c4 #aiaj 99 99 99 99 99 8,z ?is pap] conta9s no?+ :i* des]ves ! "n ei!r ( exp]im5t or discov]y1 & z x is1 9 fact1 de/itute ( e species ( m]it1 we %\ld h all[$ x to pass among ! multitude ( ^? articles :i* mu/ always f9d _! way into ! collections ( a society :i* is pl$g$ to publi% two or ?ree volumes e ye>4 4 4 4 ,we wi% to raise our feeble voice aga9/ innovations1 t c h no o!r effect ?an to *eck ! progress ( sci5ce1 & r5ew all ^? wild phantoms ( ! imag9ation :i* ,bacon & ,newton put to flight f h] temple40--,op5+ ,p>agraph ( a ,review ( ,dr4 ,"y's ,bak]ian ,lecture4 ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,janu>y #ahjc1 p4 #dej4 8,"y's "w 0 laid be=e ! ,royal society1 & 0 made ! #ahja ,bak]ian ,lecture4 ,b he 0 be=e 8 "t4 ,! second numb] ( ! ,ed9burgh ,review conta9$ an article levell$ aga9/ him by ,h5ry 7aft]w>ds ,"l7 ,br\gham1 & ?is 0 s sev]e an attack t ,"y's ideas 7 absolutely qu5*$ = fifte5 ye>s4 ,br\gham 0 !n only tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age4 ,"y's !ory 0 reproduc$ 9 ,france by ,fresnel4 ,9 our days x is ! accept$ !ory1 & is f\nd to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( light40--,times ,report ( a ,lecture by ,pr(essor ,tyndall on ,light1 ,april #bg1 #ahhj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is ,book ,is inscrib$ to ,,ri*>d ,,g>nett1 ,,esq4 7,( ! ,briti% ,museum7 ,9 grateful ackn[l$gm5t ( ! unwe>y+ k9dness ) :i* he has s (t5 plac$ at my disposal 8 v>i$ /ore ( in=mation4 ,cont5ts ,,page ,,note4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,/reatfeild viii ,,introduction4 ,by ,pr(essor ,m>cus ,h>tog ix ,,au?or',s ,,preface xxxvii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction--,g5]al ignorance on ! subject #a ( evolution at ! "t ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 0 publi%$ 9 #ahei ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,h[ ,i came to write 8,life & ,habit10 & #ab ! circum/ances ( its completion ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,h[ ,i came to write 8,evolution1 ,old & #bf ,new0--,mr ,d>w9's 8brief b imp]fect0 sket* ( ! op9ions ( ! writ]s on evolution :o _h prec$$ him--,! reception :i* 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 met ) ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 met #ch 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new0 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,introduction to ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture #eb ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,pr(essor ,ewald ,h]+ 8,on ,memory0 #fc ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,introduction to a translation ( ! #hg *apt] ^u in/9ct 9 ,von ,h>tmann's 8,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s0 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,translation ( ! *apt] on 8,! #ib ,unconsci\s 9 ,in/9ct10 f ,von ,h>tmann's 8,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s0 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,rem>ks ^u ,von ,h>tmann's position 9 #acg reg>d to in/9ct ,,*apt] ,x4 ,recapitulation & /atem5t ( an objection #adf ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,on ,cycles #aef ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,refutation--,memory at once a promot] & a #afa di/urb] ( uni=mity ( action & /ructure ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,conclusion #agc ,note ,,= _m ye>s a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ,samuel ,butl]'s biological works has be5 miss+4 8,unconsci\s ,memory0 0 orig9ally publi%$ ?irty ye>s ago1 b = fully half t p]iod x has be5 out ( pr9t1 ow+ to ! de/ruction ( a l>ge numb] ( ! unb\nd %eets 9 a fire at ! premises ( ! pr9t]s "s ye>s ago4 ,! pres5t repr9t comes1 ,i ?9k1 at a peculi>ly =tunate mom5t1 s9ce ! att5tion ( ! g5]al public has ( late be5 drawn to ,butl]'s biological !ories 9 a m>k$ mann] by sev]al di/+ui%$ m5 ( sci5ce1 notably by ,dr4 ,francis ,d>w91 :o1 9 8 presid5tial address to ! ,briti% ,association 9 #aijh1 quot$ f ! translation ( ,h]+'s address on 8,memory z a ,univ]sal ,function ( ,orig9al ,matt]10 :i* ,butl] incorporat$ into 8,unconsci\s ,memory10 & spoke 9 ! highe/ t]ms ( ,butl] himself4 ,x is n necess>y = me to d m ?an ref] to ! *ang$ attitude ( sci5tific au?orities ) reg>d to ,butl] & 8 !ories1 s9ce ,pr(essor ,m>cus ,h>tog has mo/ k9dly cons5t$ to contribute an introduction to ! pres5t edition ( 8,unconsci\s ,memory10 summ>is+ ,butl]'s views ^u biology1 & def9+ 8 position 9 ! _w ( sci5ce4 ,a ^w mu/ be said z to ! controv]sy betwe5 ,butl] & ,d>w91 ) :i* ,*apt] ,,iv is conc]n$4 ,i h be5 told t 9 reissu+ ! book at all ,i am committ+ a griev\s error ( ta/e1 t ! _w is no long] int]e/$ 9 ^! 8old1 unhappy f>-(f ?+s & battles long ago10 & t ,butl] himself1 by refra9+ f republi%+ 8,unconsci\s ,memory10 tacitly admitt$ t he wi%$ ! controv]sy to be consign$ to oblivion4 ,?is la/ sugge/ion1 at any rate1 has no f\ndation 9 fact4 ,butl] desir$ no?+ less ?an t 8 v9dication ( himself aga9/ :at he consid]$ unfair treatm5t %\ld be =gott54 ,he w\ld h republi%$ 8,unconsci\s ,memory0 himself1 _h n ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life be5 devot$ to all-engross+ "w 9 o!r fields4 ,9 issu+ ! pres5t edition ,i am fulfill+ a wi% t he express$ to me %ortly be=e 8 dea?4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,/reatfeild4 ,april1 #aiaj4 ,introduction ,by ,m>cus ,h>tog1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,9 review+ ,samuel ,butl]'s works1 8,unconsci\s ,memory0 gives u an invaluable lead2 = x tells u 7,*aps4 ,,ii1 ,,iii7 h[ ! au?or came to write ! ,book ( ! ,ma*9es 9 8,ere:on0 7#ahgb71 ) its =e%ad[+ ( ! lat] !ory1 8,life & ,habit10 7#ahgh71 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new0 7#ahgi71 z well z 8,unconsci\s ,memory0 7#ahhj7 itself4 ,8 f\r? book on biological !ory 0 8,luck8 or ,cunn+80 7#ahhg74 #j;a ,besides ^! books1 8 contributions to biology comprise sev]al essays3 8,rem>ks on ,romanes' ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals1 conta9$ 9 8,selections f ,previ\s ,works0 7#ahhd7 incorporat$ into 8,luck8 or ,cunn+10 8,! ,deadlock 9 ,d>w9ism0 7,univ]sal ,review1 ,april-,june1 #ahij71 republi%$ 9 ! po/hum\s volume ( 8,essays on ,life1 ,art1 & ,sci5ce0 7#aijd71 &1 f9ally1 "s ( ! 8,extracts f ! ,notebooks ( ! late ,samuel ,butl]10 edit$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,fe/+ ,jones1 n[ 9 c\rse ( publication 9 ! ,new ,qu>t]ly ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( all ^!1 8,,life ,,& ,,habit0 7#ahgh7 is ! mo/ important1 ! ma9 build+ to :i* ! o!r writ+s are buttresses or1 at mo/1 annexes4 ,its tea*+ has be5 summ>is$ 9 8,unconsci\s ,memory0 9 f\r ma9 pr9ciples3 87#a7 ! on5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 p>5t & (fspr+2 7#b7 memory on ! "p ( ! (fspr+ ( c]ta9 actions :i* x did :5 9 ! p]sons ( its =efa!rs2 7#c7 ! lat5cy ( t memory until x is rek9dl$ by a recurr5ce ( ! associat$ ideas2 7#d7 ! unconsci\sness ) :i* habitual actions come to be p]=m$40 ,to ^! we mu/ add a fif?3 ! purposiv5ess ( ! actions ( liv+ be+s1 z ( ! ma*9es :i* !y make or select4 ,butl] tells 78,life & ,habit10 p4 #cc7 t he sometimes hop$ 8t ?is book w\ld be reg>d$ z a valuable adjunct to ,d>w9ism40 ,he 0 bitt]ly disappo9t$ 9 ! ev5t1 = ! book1 z a :ole1 0 receiv$ by pr(essional biologi/s z a gigantic joke--a joke1 moreov]1 n 9 ! be/ possible ta/e4 ,true1 its c5tral ideas1 l>gely ^? ( ,lam>ck1 _h be5 pres5t$ by ,h]+ 9 #ahgj 7z ,butl] f\nd %ortly aft] 8 publication72 !y _h be5 fav\rably receiv$1 develop$ by ,haeckel1 exp\nd$ & prais$ by ,ray ,lanke/]4 ,com+ f ,butl]1 !y met ) contumely1 ev5 f su* m5 z ,romanes1 :o1 z ,butl] _h no difficulty 9 prov+1 7 unconsci\sly inspir$ by ! same ideas--8,nur mit e9 bis*5 &]'n ,wrt]40 ,x is easy1 look+ back1 to see :y 8,life & ,habit0 s miss$ its m>k4 ,*>les ,d>w9's pres5tation ( ! evolution !ory _h1 = ! fir/ "t1 r5d]$ x possible = a 8s\nd naturali/0 to accept ! doctr9e ( common desc5t ) div]g5ce2 & s giv5 a real mean+ to ! t]m 8natural relation%ip10 :i* _h =c$ itself ^u ! old] naturali/s1 despite _! belief 9 special & indep5d5t creations4 ,! imm$iate aim ( ! naturali/s ( ! day 0 n[ to fill up ! gaps 9 _! k1 s z to /r5g!n ! fabric ( a unifi$ biology4 ,= ?is purpose !y f\nd _! actual sci5tific equipm5t s inadequate t !y 7 fully occupi$ 9 inv5t+ fre% te*nique1 & work+ !re) at facts--save a few critics1 su* z ,/4 ,george ,miv>t1 :o 0 reg>d$ z negligible1 s9ce he evid5tly held a brief = a p>ty /&+ outside ! sci5tific _w4 ,butl] introduc$ himself z :at we n[ call 8,! ,man 9 ! ,/reet10 f> too b>e ( sci5tific clo?+ to satisfy ! ,mrs4 ,grundy ( ! doma93 lack+ all recognis$ tools ( sci5ce & all s5se ( ! difficulties 9 8 way1 he proce$$ to tackle ! problems ( sci5ce ) little save ! deft p5 ( ! lit]>y exp]t 9 8 h&4 ,8 v failure to appreciate ! difficulties gave great] p[] to 8 "w--mu* z ,t>t>9 ( ,t>ascon asc5d$ ! ,jungfrau & fac$ successfully all dang]s ( ,alp9e travel1 s long z he believ$ !m to be ! m]e 8blagues de rclame0 ( ! wily ,swiss ho/4 ,8 brilliant qualities ( /yle & irony !mselves told heavily aga9/ him4 ,0 he n already kn[n = hav+ writt5 ! mo/ tr5*ant satire t _h appe>$ s9ce 8,gulliv]'s ,travels08 ,_h he n sne]$ !re9 at ! v f\ndations ( society1 & foll[$ up its success by a pseudo-biography t _h tak5 9 ! 8,record0 & ! 8,rock08 ,9 8,life & ,habit10 at ! v />t1 he goes out ( 8 way to heap scorn at ! respect$ names ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,"l ,bacon1 ,goe!1 ,arnold ( ,rugby1 & ,dr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,c>p5t]4 ,he express$ ! l[e/ op9ion ( ! ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,to him ! pr(essional man ( sci5ce1 ) self-consci\s k = 8 ideal & aim1 0 a m$ic9e-man1 prie/1 augur--useful1 p]haps1 9 8 way1 b to be c>efully wat*$ by all :o value fre$om ( ?\ght & p]son1 le/ ) opportunity he develop into a p]secutor ( ! wor/ type4 ,n cont5t ) blackgu>d+ ! audi5ce to :om 8 "w %\ld mo/ appeal1 he w5t on to depreciate t "w itself & its au?or 9 8 f9e/ ve9 ( irony4 ,hav+ argu$ t our be/ & highe/ k is t ( ^: possession we are mo/ ignorant1 he proce$s3 8,above all1 let no unw>y read] d me ! inju/ice ( believ+ 9 me4 ,9 t ,i write at all ,i am among ! damn$40 99 99 99 99 99 ,8 writ+ ( 8,,evolution1 ,,old ,,& ,,new0 7#ahgi7 0 due to 8 conviction t scant ju/ice _h be5 done by ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,alfr$ ,wallace & _! admir]s to ! pione]+ "w ( ,buffon1 ,erasmus ,d>w91 & ,lam>ck4 ,to repair ?is he gives a brilliant exposition ( :at seem$ to him ! mo/ valuable portion ( _! tea*+s on evolution4 ,8 analysis ( ,buffon's true mean+1 veil$ by ! retic5ces due to ! conditions "u :i* he wrote1 is z ma/]ly z ! ,engli% 9 :i* he develops x4 ,8 s5se ( w\nd$ ju/ice expla9s ! vigor\s polemic :i* "h1 z 9 all 8 lat] writ+s1 he c>ries to ! extreme4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he nev] realis$ ,*>les ,d>w9's utt] lack ( sympa!tic und]/&+ ( ! "w ( 8 ,fr5* precursors1 let alone 8 own gr&fa!r1 ,erasmus4 ,yet ?is practical ignorance1 :i* to ,butl] 0 s /range z to transc5d belief1 0 altoge!r g5u9e1 & easy to realise :5 we recall ! position ( ,natural ,sci5ce 9 ! e>ly ?irties 9 ,d>w9's /ud5t days at ,cambridge1 & = a decade or two lat]4 ,cata/roph>ianism 0 ! t5et ( ! day3 to ! la/ x comm5d$ itself to 8 ,pr(essors ( ,botany & ,geology1--= :om ,d>w9 held ! f]v5t allegiance ( ! ,indian s*ol>1 or *ela1 to 8 guru4 ,z ,geikie has rec5tly po9t$ out1 x 0 only lat]1 :5 ,lyell _h %[n t ! breaks 9 ! succession ( ! rocks 7 only p>tial & local1 )\t involv+ ! univ]sal cata/rophes t de/roy$ all life & r5d]$ fre% creations !re( necess>y1 t any g5]al acceptance ( a desc5t !ory c\ld be expect$4 ,we may be v sure t ,d>w9 mu/ h receiv$ _m solemn w>n+s aga9/ ! dang]\s speculations ( ! 8,fr5* ,revolution>y ,s*ool40 ,he himself 0 f> too busy at ! "t ) ! reception & assimilation ( new facts to be awake to ! deep] int]e/ ( f>-rea*+ !ories4 ,x is ! m un=tunate t ,butl]'s lack ( appreciation on ^! po9ts %\ld h l$ to ! enorm\s proportion ( bitt] p]sonal controv]sy t we f9d 9 ! rema9d] ( 8 biological writ+s4 ,possibly1 z sugge/$ by ,george ,b]n>d ,%aw1 8 acqua9tance & admir]1 he 0 also sway$ by philosophical res5tm5t at t bani%m5t ( m9d f ! organic univ]se1 :i* 0 g5]ally ?\ght to h be5 a*iev$ by ,*>les ,d>w9's !ory4 ,/ill1 we mu/ rememb] t ?is m9dless view is n implicit 9 ,*>les ,d>w9's pres5tm5t ( 8 own !ory1 nor 0 x accept$ by him z x has be5 by s _m ( 8 pr(ess$ disciples4 99 99 99 99 99 8,,unconsci\s ,,memory0 7#ahhj74--,we h already allud$ to an anticipation ( ,butl]'s ma9 !ses4 ,9 #ahgj ,dr4 ,ewald ,h]+1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t physiologi/s ( ! day1 ,pr(essor at ,vi5na1 gave an ,inaugural ,address to ! ,imp]ial ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces3 8,das ,g$*tniss als allgeme9e ,funktion d] organisirt] ,sub/anz0 78,memory z a ,univ]sal ,function ( ,organis$ ,matt]074 ,:5 8,life & ,habit0 0 well advanc$1 ,francis ,d>w91 at ! "t a frequ5t visitor1 call$ ,butl]'s att5tion to ?is essay1 :i* he himself only knew f an article 9 8,nature40 ,h]e9 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/] _h ref]r$ to x ) admir+ sympa?y 9 connection ) its fur!r developm5t by ,haeckel 9 a pamphlet entitl$ 8,die ,p]ig5ese d] ,pla/idule40 ,we may note1 h[ev]1 t 9 8 collect$ ,essays1 8,! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce0 7#ahij71 ,sir ,ray ,lanke/]1 :ile includ+ ?is ,essay1 ins]ts on ! blank page #j;b--we _h almo/ writt5 8! :ite %eet0--at ! back ( x an apology = hav+ ev] advocat$ ! possibility ( ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s4 8,unconsci\s ,memory0 0 l>gely writt5 to %[ ! relation ( ,butl]'s views to ,h]+'s1 & conta9s an exquisitely writt5 translation ( ! ,address4 ,h]+ does1 inde$1 anticipate ,butl]1 & t 9 language f> m suitable to ! p]suasion ( ! sci5tific public4 ,x conta9s a subsidi>y hypo!sis t memory has = its me*anism special vibrations ( ! protoplasm1 & ! acquir$ capacity to respond to su* vibrations once felt ^u _! repetition4 ,i d n ?9k t ! !ory ga9s any?+ by ! introduction ( ?is ev5 z a m]e =mal hypo!sis2 & !re is no evid5ce = its be+ any?+ m4 ,butl]1 h[ev]1 gives x a w>m1 nay1 en?usia/ic1 reception 9 ,*apt] ,v 7,introduction to ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture71 & 9 8 notes to ! translation ( ! ,address1 :i* bulks s l>ge 9 ?is book1 b po9ts out t he 0 8n committ$ to ?is hypo!sis1 ?\gh incl9$ to accept x on a prima facie view40 ,lat] on1 z we %all see1 he atta*$ m importance to x4 ,! ,h]+ ,address is foll[$ 9 8,unconsci\s ,memory0 by translations ( select$ passages f ,von ,h>tmann's 8,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s10 & annotations to expla9 ! diff]5ce f ?is p]sonification ( 8,! ,unconsci\s0 z a mighty all-rul+1 all-creat+ p]sonality1 & 8 own sci5tific recognition ( ! great "p play$ by unconsci\s processes 9 ! region ( m9d & memory4 ,^! are ! ess5tials ( ! book z a contribution to biological philosophy4 ,! clos+ *apt]s conta9 a lucid /atem5t ( objections to 8 !ory z !y might be put by a rigid necessit>ian1 & a refutation ( t int]pretation z appli$ to human action4 ,b 9 ! second *apt] ,butl] /ates 8 recession f ! /rong logical position he _h hi!rto develop$ 9 8 writ+s f 8,ere:on0 onw>ds2 s f> he _h n only di/+ui%$ ! liv+ f ! non-liv+1 b di/+ui%$ among ! latt] ma*9es or tools f ?+s at l>ge4 #j;c ,ma*9es or tools are ! ext]nal organs ( liv+ be+s1 z organs are _! int]nal ma*9es3 !y are fa%ion$1 assembl$1 or select$ by ! be+s = a purposes s !y h a future purpose1 z well z a pa/ hi/ory4 8,?+s at l>ge0 h a pa/ hi/ory1 b no purpose 7s long z "s be+ does n conv]t !m into tools & give !m a purpose73 ,ma*9es h a ,:y8 z well z a ,h[83 8?+s at l>ge0 h a ,h[8 only4 ,9 8,unconsci\s ,memory0 ! allurem5ts ( unit>y or moni/ic views h ga9$ ! upp] h&1 & ,butl] writes 7p4 #bc73-- 8,! only ?+ ( :i* ,i am sure is1 t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! organic & inorganic is arbitr>y2 t x is m coh]5t ) our o!r ideas1 & !re=e m acceptable1 to />t ) e molecule z a liv+ ?+1 & !n d$uce dea? z ! break+ up ( an association or corporation1 ?an to />t ) inanimate molecules & smuggle life into !m2 & t1 !re=e1 :at we call ! inorganic _w mu/ be reg>d$ z up to a c]ta9 po9t liv+1 & in/9ct1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ) consci\sness1 volition1 & p[] ( conc]t$ action4 ,x is only ( late1 h[ev]1 t ,i h come to ?is op9ion40 ,i h italicis$ ! la/ s5t5ce1 to %[ t ,butl] 0 m or less consci\s ( its irreconcilability ) mu* ( 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic doctr9e4 ,aga91 9 ! clos+ *apt]1 ,butl] writes 7p4 #bge73-- 8,we %\ld endeav\r to see ! s-call$ inorganic z liv+ 9 respect ( ! qualities x has 9 common ) ! organic1 r ?an ! organic z non-liv+ 9 respect ( ! qualities x has 9 common ) ! inorganic40 ,we conclude our survey ( ?is book by m5tion+ ! lit]>y controv]sial "p *iefly to be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 b cropp+ up else:]e4 ,x ref]s to int]polations made 9 ! au?oris$ translation ( ,krause's 8,life ( ,erasmus ,d>w940 ,only "o side is pres5t$2 & we are n call$ ^u1 "h or else:]e1 to discuss ! m]its ( ! "q4 99 99 99 99 99 8,,luck1 ,,or ,,cunn+1 z ! ,ma9 ,means ( ,organic ,modification8 an ,attempt to ?r[ ,additional ,light ^u ! late ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9's ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection0 7#ahhg71 completes ! s]ies ( biological books4 ,?is is ma9ly a book ( /r5u\s polemic4 ,x br+s out /ill m =cibly ! ,h]+-,butl] doctr9e ( cont9u$ p]sonality f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & ( ! work+ ( unconsci\s memory ?r\gh\t2 & po9ts out t1 :ile ?is is implicit 9 mu* ( ! tea*+ ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,romanes1 & o!rs1 x 0 n[h]e--ev5 aft] ! appe>ance ( 8,life & ,habit0--explicitly recognis$ by !m1 b1 on ! contr>y1 mask$ by inconsi/5t /atem5ts & tea*+4 ,n ,luck b ,cunn+1 n ! un9spir$ we$+ out by ,natural ,selection b ! intellig5t /riv+ ( ! organism1 is at ! bottom ( ! useful v>iety ( organic life4 ,& ! p>allel is drawn t n ! happy accid5t ( "t & place1 b ! ,ma*iavellian cunn+ ( ,*>les ,d>w91 succe$$ 9 impos+1 z entirely 8 own1 on ! civilis$ _w an un9spir$ & inadequate !ory ( evolution :]e9 luck play$ ! lead+ "p2 :ile ! m inspir$ & inspir+ views ( ! old] evolutioni/s _h fail$ by ! inf]iority ( _! luck4 ,on ?is controv]sy ,i am b\nd to say t ,i d n 9 ! v lea/ %>e ,butl]'s op9ions2 & ,i mu/ ascribe !m to 8 lack ( p]sonal famili>ity ) ! biologi/s ( ! day & _! modes ( ?\ght & ( "w4 ,butl] ev]y:]e und]values ! important "w ( elim9ation play$ by ,natural ,selection 9 its wide/ s5se4 ,! 8,conclusion0 ( 8,luck1 or ,cunn+80 %[s a /rong advance 9 moni/ic views1 & a yet m m>k$ developm5t 9 ! vibration hypo!sis ( memory giv5 by ,h]+ & only adopt$ ) ! greate/ res]ve 9 8,unconsci\s ,memory40 8,our conception1 !n1 conc]n+ ! nature ( any matt] dep5ds solely ^u its k9d & degree ( unre/1 t is to say1 on ! *>act]i/ics ( ! vibrations t are go+ on )9 x4 ,! ext]ior object vibrat+ 9 a c]ta9 way imp>ts "s ( its vibrations to our bra92 b if ! /ate ( ! ?+ itself dep5ds ^u its vibrations1 x ! ?+ mu/ be consid]$ z to all int5ts & purposes ! vibrations !mselves--plus1 ( c\rse1 ! und]ly+ sub/ance t is vibrat+4 4 4 4 ,! same vibrations1 !re=e1 =m ! sub/ance rememb]$1 introduce an inf9itesimal dose ( x )9 ! bra91 modify ! sub/ance rememb]+1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 create & fur!r modify ! me*anism ( bo? ! s5sory & ! motor n]ves4 ,?\ght & ?+ are "o4 8,i comm5d ^! two la/ speculations to ! read]'s *>itable consid]ation1 z feel+ t ,i am "h travell+ beyond ! gr\nd on :i* ,i c safely v5ture4 4 4 4 ,i believe !y are bo? sub/antially true40 ,9 #ahhe he _h writt5 an ab/ract ( ^! ideas 9 8 notebooks 7see ,new ,qu>t]ly ,review1 #aiaj1 p4 #aaf71 & z 9 8,luck1 or ,cunn+80 associat$ !m vaguely ) ! unit>y conceptions introduc$ into *emi/ry by ,newl&s & ,m5delejeff4 ,judg+ himself z an outsid]1 ! au?or ( 8,life & ,habit0 w\ld c]ta9ly h consid]$ ! mild expression ( fai?1 8,i believe !y are bo? sub/antially true10 equival5t to "o ( extreme d\bt4 ,?us 8! fact ( ! ,ar*bi%op's recognis+ ?is z among ! numb] ( 8 beliefs is conclusive evid5ce1 ) ^? :o h devot$ att5tion to ! laws ( ?\ght1 t 8 m9d is n yet cle>0 on ! matt] ( ! belief av[$ 7see 8,life & ,habit10 pp4 #bd1 #be74 ,to sum up3 ,butl]'s fundam5tal attitude to ! vibration hypo!sis 0 all ?r\gh t tak5 9 8,unconsci\s ,memory02 he play$ ) x z a pretty pet1 & fanci$ x m & m z "t w5t on2 b in/ead ( back+ x = all he 0 wor?1 l ! ma9 !ses ( 8,life & ,habit10 he put a big /ake on x--& !n h$g$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! la/ ( ,butl]'s biological writ+s is ! ,essay1 8,,! ,,deadlock ,,9 ,,d>w9ism10 conta9+ mu* valuable criticism on ,wallace & ,weismann4 ,x is 9 allusion to ! misnom] ( ,wallace's book1 8,d>w9ism10 t he introduces ! t]m 8,wallaceism0 #j;d = a !ory ( desc5t t excludes ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,?is 01 inde$1 ! *ief factor t l$ ,*>les ,d>w9 to inv5t 8 hypo!sis ( pang5esis1 :i*1 unacceptable z x has prov$1 _h f> m to recomm5d x z a =mal hypo!sis ?an ! equally =mal g]m-plasm hypo!sis ( ,weismann4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! *ief difficulty 9 accept+ ! ma9 !ses ( ,butl] & ,h]+ is "o famili> to e biologi/1 & n at all difficult to und]/& by ! layman4 ,ev]yone kn[s t ! complicat$ be+s t we t]m 8,animals0 & 8,plants10 consi/ ( a numb] ( m or less individualis$ units1 ! cells1 ea* analog\s to a simpl] be+1 a ,proti/--save 9 s f> z ! "* ( ! cell unit ( ! ,high] be+ is modifi$ 9 accordance ) ! "p x plays 9 t complex be+ z a :ole4 ,mo/ p1 too1 are famili> ) ! fact t ! complex be+ />ts z a s+le cell1 sep>at$ f its p>5t2 or1 :]e bisexual reproduction occurs1 f a cell due to ! fusion ( two cells1 ea* deta*$ f its p>5t4 ,su* cells are call$ 8,g]m-cells40 ,! g]m-cell1 :e!r ( s+le or ( dual orig91 />ts by divid+ repeat$ly1 s z to =m ! prim>y embryonic cells1 a complex mass ( cells1 at fir/ ess5tially simil>1 :i*1 h[ev]1 z !y g on multiply+1 und]go diff]5tiations & migrations1 los+ _! simplicity z !y d s4 ,^? cells t are modifi$ to take "p 9 ! prop] "w ( ! :ole are call$ tissue-cells4 ,9 virtue ( _! activities1 _! gr[? & reproductive p[] are limit$--mu* m 9 ,animals ?an 9 ,plants1 9 ,high] ?an 9 ,l[] be+s4 ,x is ^! tissues1 or "s ( !m1 t receive ! impressions f ! outside :i* leave ! impr9t ( memory4 ,o!r cells1 :i* may be closely associat$ into a cont9u\s organ1 or m or less surr\nd$ by tissue-cells1 ^: "p x is to n\ri% !m1 are call$ 8second>y embryonic cells10 or 8g]m-cells40 ,! g]m-cells may be diff]5tiat$ 9 ! "y organism at a v e>ly /age1 b 9 ,plants !y are sep>at$ at a mu* lat] date f ! less isolat$ embryonic regions t provide = ! ,plant's bran*+2 9 all cases we f9d embryonic & g]m-cells scre5$ f ! life processes ( ! complex organism1 or tak+ no v obvi\s "p 9 x1 save to =m new tissues or new organs1 notably 9 ,plants4 ,aga91 9 ourselves1 & to a great] or less ext5t 9 all ,animals1 we f9d a sy/em ( special tissues set ap>t = ! reception & /orage ( impressions f ! out] _w1 & = guid+ ! o!r organs 9 _! appropriate responses--! 8,n]v\s ,sy/em02 & :5 ?is sy/em is ill-develop$ or out ( ge> ! rema9+ organs "w badly f lack ( prop] skill$ guidance & co-ord9ation4 ,h[ c we1 !n1 speak ( 8memory0 9 a g]m-cell :i* has be5 scre5$ f ! exp]i5ces ( ! organism1 :i* is too simple 9 /ructure to realise !m if x 7 expos$ to !m8 ,my own answ] is t we _c =m any !ory on ! subject1 ! only "q is :e!r we h any "r to inf] ?is 8memory0 f ! behavi\r ( liv+ be+s2 & ,butl]1 l ,h]+1 ,haeckel1 & "s m mod]n au?ors1 has %[n t ! inf]5ce is a v /rong presumption4 ,aga91 x is easy to ov]-value su* complex in/rum5ts z we possess4 ,! possessor ( an up-to-date cam]a1 well in/ruct$ 9 ! function & manipulation ( e "p1 b ignorant ( all optics save a h&-to-m\? k ( ! prop]ties ( 8 own l5s1 might say t a priori no picture c\ld be tak5 ) a cig>-box p]=at$ by a p9-hole2 & our ignorance ( ! me*anism ( ! ,psy*ology ( any organism is great] by _m times ?an t ( my suppos$ photograph]4 ,we "k t ,plants are able to d _m ?+s t c only be acc\nt$ = by ascrib+ to !m a 8psy*e10 & ^! co-ord9at$ en\gh to satisfy _! ne$s2 & yet !y possess no c5tral organ comp>able to ! bra91 no highly specialis$ sy/em = int]communication l our n]ve trunks & fibres4 ,z ,osc> ,h]twig says1 we are z ignorant ( ! me*anism ( ! developm5t ( ! individual z we are ( t ( h]$it>y transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s1 & ! abs5ce ( su* me*anism 9 ei!r case is no reason = reject+ ! prov5 fact4 ,h[ev]1 ! relations ( g]m & body j describ$ l$ ,jg]1 ,nussbaum1 ,galton1 ,lanke/]1 &1 above all1 ,weismann1 to ! view t ! g]m-cells or 8/irp0 7,galton7 7 9 ! body1 b n ( x4 ,inde$1 9 ! body & out ( x1 :e!r z reproductive cells set free1 or 9 ! develop+ embryo1 !y are reg>d$ z =m+ "o cont9u\s homog5eity1 9 contra/ to ! diff]5tiation ( ! body2 & x is to ^! cells1 reg>d$ z a cont9uum1 t ! t]ms /irp1 g]m-plasm1 are especially appli$4 ,yet on ?is view1 s eag]ly advocat$ by its support]s1 we h to sub/itute = ! hypo!sis ( memory1 :i* !y decl>e to h no real mean+ "h1 ! f> m fanta/ic hypo!ses ( ,weismann3 by ^! !y expla9 ! process ( diff]5tiation 9 ! "y embryo into new g]m & body2 & 9 ! "y body ! diff]5tiation ( its cells1 ea* 9 due "t & place1 into ! v>i$ tissue cells & organs4 ,su* views might p]haps be acceptable if x c\ld be %[n t ov] ea* cell-division !re presid$ a wise all-guid+ g5ie ( transc5d+ intellect1 to :i* ,cl]k-,maxwell's sort+ demons 7 m]e infants4 ,yet ^! views h s en*ant$ _m di/+ui%$ biologi/s1 t 9 deal+ ) ! subject !y h actually ignor$ ! exi/5ce ( equally able work]s :o hesitate to %>e ! extreme/ ( _! views4 ,! ph5om5on is "o well kn[n 9 hypnotic practice4 ,s long z ! non-,weismannians deal ) matt]s outside ?is discussion1 _! exi/5ce & _! "w is rat$ at its j value2 b any "w ( !irs on ?is po9t s affects ! or?odox ,weismannite 7:e!r he accept ?is label or reject x does n matt]71 t = ! "t be+ _! exi/5ce & ! good "w !y h done are alike non-exi/5t4 #j;e ,butl] f\nd$ no s*ool1 & wi%$ to f\nd none4 ,he desir$ t :at 0 true 9 8 "w %\ld prevail1 & he look$ =w>d calmly to ! "t :5 ! recognition ( t tru? & ( 8 %>e 9 advanc+ x %\ld give him 9 ! lives ( o!rs t immortality = :i* alone he crav$4 ,lam>ckian views h nev] lack$ def5d]s "h & 9 ,am]ica4 ,( ! ,engli%1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o h[ev]1 0 av]se to ! vitali/ic attitude1 ,v9es & ,h5sl[ among botani/s1 ,cunn+ham among zoologi/s1 h always resi/$ ,weismannism2 b1 ,i ?9k1 none ( ^! 0 di/9ctly influ5c$ by ,h]+ & ,butl]4 ,9 ,am]ica ! majority ( ! great s*ool ( palontologi/s h be5 /rong ,lam>ckians1 notably ,cope1 :o has po9t$ out1 moreov]1 t ! trans=mations ( en]gy 9 liv+ be+s are peculi> to !m4 ,we h already adv]t$ to ,haeckel's acceptance & developm5t ( ,h]+'s ideas 9 8 8,p]ig5ese d] ,pla/idule40 ,osc> ,h]twig has be5 a consi/5t ,lam>ckian1 l ,yves ,delage ( ! ,sorbonne1 & ^! occupy pre-em95t positions n only z obs]v]s1 b z discrim9at+ !ori/s & hi/orians ( ! rec5t progress ( biology4 ,we may also cite z a ,lam>ckian--( a sort--,felix ,le ,dantec1 ! lead] ( ! *emico-physical s*ool ( ! pres5t day4 ,b we mu/ seek else:]e = special att5tion to ! po9ts :i* ,butl] reg>d$ z ! ess5tials ( 8,life & ,habit40 ,9 #ahic ,h5ry ,p4 ,orr1 ,pr(essor ( ,biology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\isiana1 publi%$ a little book entitl$ 8,a ,!ory ( ,h]$ity40 ,h]e9 he insi/s on ! n]v\s control ( ! :ole body1 & on ! transmission to ! reproductive cells ( su* /imuli1 receiv$ by ! body1 z w guide !m on _! pa? until !y %all h acquir$ adequate exp]i5ce ( _! own 9 ! new body !y h =m$4 ,i h f\nd ! "n ( nei!r ,butl] nor ,h]+1 b ! treatm5t is ess5tially on _! l9es1 & is bo? cle> & int]e/+4 ,9 #ahif ,i wrote an essay on 8,! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ,h]$ity10 prim>ily direct$ to ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,?is1 aft] be+ held ov] = m ?an a ye> by "o lead+ review1 0 8decl9$ ) regret10 & aga9 aft] "s weeks met ! same fate f ano!r editor4 ,x appe>$ 9 ! pages ( 8,natural ,sci5ce0 = ,octob]1 #ahig1 & 9 ! 8,biologis*es ,c5tralblatt0 = ! same ye>4 ,i reproduce its clos+ p>agraph3-- 8,?is !ory ,h]+-,butl]'s has1 inde$1 a t5tative "*1 & lacks symmetrical complet5ess1 b is ! m welcome z n aim+ at ! impossible4 ,a :ole s]ies ( ph5om5a 9 organic be+s are correlat$ "u ! t]m ( memory1 consci\s & unconsci\s1 pat5t & lat5t4 4 4 4 ,( ! ord] ( unconsci\s memory1 lat5t till ! arrival ( ! appropriate /imulus1 is all ! co-op]ative gr[? & "w ( ! organism1 includ+ its developm5t f ! reproductive cells4 ,conc]n+ ! modus op]&i we "k no?+3 ! ph5om5a may be due1 z ,h]+ sugge/s1 to molecul> vibrations1 :i* mu/ be at lea/ z di/9ct f ord9>y physical di/urbances z ,rntg5's rays are f ord9>y light2 or x may be correlat$1 z we ourselves are incl9$ to ?9k1 ) complex *emical *anges 9 an intricate b ord]ly succession4 ,= ! pres5t1 at lea/1 ! problem ( h]$ity c only be elucidat$ by ! light ( m5tal1 & n mat]ial processes40 ,x w be se5 t ,i express d\bts z to ! validity ( ,h]+'s invocation ( molecul> vibrations z ! me*anism ( memory1 & sugge/ z an alt]native rhy?mic *emical *anges4 ,?is view has rec5tly be5 put =? 9 detail by ,j4 ,j4 ,cunn+ham 9 8 essay on ! 8,hormone #j;f ,!ory ( ,h]$ity10 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,entwicklungsme*anik 7#aiji71 b ,i h fail$ to note any direct effect ( my essay on ! tr5d ( biological ?\ght4 ,among po/-,d>w9ian controv]sies ! "o t has latt]ly assum$ ! greate/ prom95ce is t ( ! relative importance ( small v>iations 9 ! way ( m or less 8fluctuations10 & ( 8discont9u\s v>iations10 or 8mutations10 z ,de ,vries has call$ !m4 ,d>w91 9 ! fir/ f\r editions ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 atta*$ m importance to ! latt] ?an 9 subsequ5t editions2 he 0 sway$ 9 8 attitude1 z is well kn[n1 by an article ( ! physici/1 ,fleem+ ,j5k91 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review4 ,! ma!matics ( ?is article 7 unimpea*able1 b !y 7 f\nd$ on ! assumption t exceptional v>iations w\ld only occur 9 s+le individuals1 :i* is1 inde$1 (t5 ! case among ^? dome/icat$ races on :i* ,d>w9 especially /udi$ ! ph5om5a ( v>iation4 ,d>w9 0 no ma!matician or physici/1 & we are told 9 8 biography t he reg>d$ e tool-%op rule or optician's !rmomet] z an in/rum5t ( precision3 s he appe>s to h reg>d$ ,fleem+ ,j5k9's demon/ration z a ma!matical d$uction :i* he 0 b\nd to accept )\t criticism4 ,mr4 ,william ,bateson1 late ,pr(essor ( ,biology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 z e>ly z #ahid laid great /ress on ! importance ( discont9u\s v>iations1 collect+ & collat+ ! kn[n facts 9 8 8,mat]ials = ! ,/udy ( ,v>iations02 b ?is important "w1 n[ become r>e & valuable1 at ! "t excit$ s little int]e/ z to be #8rema9d]$' )9 a v few ye>s aft] publication4 ,9 #aija ,hugo ,de ,vries1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,am/]dam1 publi%$ 8,die ,mutation/heorie10 :]e9 he %[$ t mutations or discont9u\s v>iations 9 v>i\s directions may appe> simultane\sly 9 _m individuals1 & 9 v>i\s directions4 ,9 ! g>d5]'s phrase1 ! species may take to sport+ 9 v>i\s directions at ! same "t1 & ea* sport may be repres5t$ by num]\s specim5s4 ,de ,vries %[s ! probability t species g on = long p]iods %[+ only fluctuations1 & !n sudd5ly take to sport+ 9 ! way describ$1 %ort p]iods ( mutation alt]nat+ ) long int]vals ( relative con/ancy4 ,x is to mutations t ,de ,vries & 8 s*ool1 z well z ,lu!r ,burbank1 ! great =m] ( new fruit- & fl[]-plants1 look = ^? v>iations :i* =m ! mat]ial ( ,natural ,selection4 ,9 8,god ! ,kn[n & ,god ! ,unkn[n10 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,exam9] 7,may1 ,june1 & ,july71 #ahgi1 b ?\gh !n revis$ 0 only publi%$ po/hum\sly 9 #aiji1 ,butl] anticipates ?is di/9ction3-- 8,"u ^! circum/ances organism mu/ act 9 "o or o!r ( ^! two ways3 x mu/ ei!r *ange sl[ly & cont9u\sly ) ! surr\nd+s1 pay+ ca% = ev]y?+1 meet+ ! smalle/ *ange ) a correspond+ modification1 s f> z is f\nd conv5i5t1 or x mu/ put (f *ange z long z possible1 & !n make l>g] & m sweep+ *anges4 8,bo? ^! c\rses are ! same 9 pr9ciple1 ! diff]5ce be+ "o ( scale1 & ! "o be+ a m9iature ( ! o!r1 z a ripple is an ,atlantic wave 9 little2 bo? h _! advantages & disadvantages1 s t mo/ organisms w take ! "o c\rse = "o set ( ?+s & ! o!r = ano!r4 ,!y w deal promptly ) ?+s :i* !y c get at easily1 & :i* lie m ^u ! surface2 ^?1 h[ev]1 :i* are m tr\blesome to rea*1 & lie deep]1 w be h&l$ ^u m cataclysmic pr9ciples1 be+ all[$ long] p]iods ( repose foll[$ by %ort p]iods ( great] activity 4 4 4 x may be que/ion$ :e!r :at is call$ a sport is n ! organic expression ( discont5t :i* has be5 long felt1 b :i* has n be5 att5d$ to1 nor be5 met /ep by /ep by z mu* small rem$ial modification z 0 f\nd practicable3 s t :5 a *ange does come x comes by way ( revolution4 ,or1 aga9 7only t x comes to mu* ! same ?+71 x may be comp>$ to "o ( ^? happy ?\ghts :i* sometimes come to u unbidd5 aft] we h be5 ?9k+ = a long "t :at to d1 or h[ to arrange our ideas1 & h yet be5 unable to come to any conclusion0 7pp4 #ad1 #ae74 #j;g ,we come to ano!r ord] ( m9d 9 ,hans ,dries*4 ,at ! "t he began 8 "w biologi/s 7 l>gely busy 9 a region indicat$ by ,d>w91 & r\ghly mapp$ out by ,haeckel--t ( phylog5y4 ,f ! facts ( developm5t ( ! individual1 f ! comp>ison ( fossils 9 successive /rata1 !y set to "w at ! con/ruction ( p$igrees1 & /rove to br+ into l9e ! pr9ciples ( classification ) ! m or less hypo!tical 8/emtrees40 ,dries* consid]$ ?is futile1 s9ce we nev] c\ld recon/ruct f su* evid5ce any?+ c]ta9 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,he !re=e ass]t$ t a m complete k ( ! physics & *emi/ry ( ! organic _w might give a sci5tific explanation ( ! ph5om5a1 & ma9ta9$ t ! prop] "w ( ! biologi/ 0 to deep5 our k 9 ^! respects4 ,he embodi$ 8 views1 seek+ ! explanation on ?is track1 fill+ up gaps & trac+ project$ roads along l9es ( probable tru? 9 8 8,analytis*e ,!orie d] organis*e ,entwicklung40 ,b 8 own "w conv9c$ him ( ! hopelessness ( ! task he _h und]tak51 & he has become z /r5u\s a vitali/ z ,butl]4 ,! mo/ complete /atem5t ( 8 pres5t views is to be f\nd 9 8,! ,philosophy ( ,life0 7#aijh-i71 be+ ! ,giffold ,lectures = #aijg-h4 ,h]e9 he po/ulates a quality 78psy*oid07 9 all liv+ be+s1 direct+ en]gy & matt] = ! purpose ( ! organism1 & to ?is he applies ! ,ari/otelian designation 8,entele*y40 ,! "q ( ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s is reg>d$ z d\btful1 & he does n emphasise--if he accepts--! doctr9e ( cont9u\s p]sonality4 ,8 e>ly y\?ful impati5ce ) desc5t !ories & hypo!ses has1 h[ev]1 disappe>$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! next "w ! influ5ce ( ,h]+ & ,butl] is def9itely pres5t & recognis$4 ,9 #aijf ,signor ,eug5io ,rignano1 an eng9e] ke5ly int]e/$ 9 all bran*es ( sci5ce1 & a little lat] ! f\nd] ( ! int]national review1 ,rivi/ di ,sci5za 7n[ simply call$ ,sci5tia71 publi%$ 9 ,fr5* a volume entitl$ 8,sur la transmissibilit des ,c>actres acquis--,hypo?se d'un ,c5tro-pig5se40 ,into ! details ( ! au?or's "w we w n ent] fully4 ,suffice x to "k t he accepts ! ,h]+-,butl] !ory1 & makes a di/9ct advance on ,h]+'s r crude hypo!sis ( p]si/5t vibrations by sugge/+ t ! rememb]+ c5tres /ore slightly diff]5t =ms ( en]gy1 to give out en]gy ( ! same k9d z !y h receiv$1 l electrical accumulators4 ,! la/ *apt]1 8,le ,phnomne mnmonique et le ,phnomne vital10 is frankly bas$ on ,h]+4 ,9 8,! ,lesson ( ,evolution0 7#aijg1 po/hum\s1 & only publi%$ = private circulation7 ,fr$]ick ,wolla/on ,hutton1 ,f4,r4,s41 late ,pr(essor ( ,biology & ,geology1 fir/ at ,dun$9 & aft] at ,*ri/*ur*1 ,new ,zeal&1 puts =w>d a /rongly vitali/ic view1 & adopts ,h]+'s tea*+4 ,aft] /at+ ?is he adds1 8,! same idea ( h]$ity be+ due to unconsci\s memory 0 advocat$ by ,mr4 ,samuel ,butl] 9 8 8,life & ,habit40 ,dr4 ,james ,m>k ,baldw91 ,/u>t ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ology 9 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 ,u4,s4,a41 call$ att5tion e>ly 9 ! #ij's to a reaction *>act]i/ic ( all liv+ be+s1 :i* he t]ms ! 8,circul> ,reaction40 ,we take 8 mo/ rec5t acc\nt ( ?is f 8 8,developm5t & ,evolution0 7#aijb73--j;h 8,! g5]al fact is t ! organism reacts by conc5tration ^u ! locality /imulat$ = ! cont9uance ( ! conditions1 movem5ts1 /imulations1 :i* are vitally b5eficial1 & = ! cessation ( ! conditions1 movem5ts1 /imulations :i* are vitally depress+40 ,?is am\nts to say+ 9 ! t]m9ology ( ,j5n+ 7see bel[7 t ! liv+ organism alt]s its 8physiological /ates0 ei!r = its direct b5efit1 or = its indirect b5efit 9 ! r$uction ( h>mful conditions4 ,aga93-- 8,?is =m ( conc5tration ( en]gy on /imulat$ localities1 ) ! result+ r5ewal ?r\gh movem5t ( conditions t are pleasure-giv+ & b5eficial1 & ! consequ5t repetition ( ! movem5ts is call$ #8circul> reaction4'0 ,( c\rse1 ! inhibition ( su* movem5ts z w\ld be pa9ful on repetition is m]ely ! negative case ( ! circul> reaction4 ,we mu/ n put too mu* ( our own ideas into ! au?or's m9d2 he n[h]e says explicitly t ! animal or plant %[s its s5se & does ?is because x likes ! "o ?+ & wants x repeat$1 or dislikes ! o!r & /ops its repetition1 z ,butl] w\ld h said4 ,baldw9 is v /rong 9 insi/+ t no full explanation c be giv5 ( liv+ processes1 any m ?an ( hi/ory1 on purely *emico-physical gr\nds4 ,! same view is put diff]5tly & indep5d5tly by ,h4 ,s4 ,j5n+s1 #j;i :o />t$ 8 inve/igations ( liv+ ,proti/a1 ! simple/ ( liv+ be+s1 ) ! idea t only accurate & ample obs]vation 0 ne$$ to enable u to expla9 all _! activities on a me*anical basis1 & devis$ +5i\s models ( protopla/ic movem5ts4 ,he 0 l$1 l ,dries*1 to r5\nce su* ef=ts z illusory1 & has come to ! conviction t 9 ! behavi\r ( ^! l[ly be+s !re is a purposive & a t5tative "*--a me?od ( 8trial & error0--t c only be int]pret$ by ! invocation ( psy*ology4 ,he po9ts out t aft] /imulation ! 8/ate0 ( ! organism may be alt]$1 s t ! response to ! same /imulus on repetition is o!r4 ,or1 z he puts x1 ! fir/ /imulus has caus$ ! organism to pass into a new 8physiological /ate40 ,z ! *ange ( /ate f :at we may call ! 8prim>y indiff]5t /ate0 is advantage\s to ! organism1 we may reg>d ?is z equival5t to ! doctr9e ( ! 8circul> reaction10 & also z conta9+ ! ess5ce ( ,semon's doctr9e ( 8engrams0 or impr9ts :i* we are ab\t to consid]4 ,we cite "o passage :i* = audacity ( ?\ght 7und]ly+1 x is true1 mo/ gu>d$ expression7 may well comp>e ) _m ( ! bolde/ flights 9 8,life & ,habit03-- 8,x may be not$ t regulation 9 ! mann] we h set =? is :at1 9 ! behavi\r ( high] organisms1 at lea/1 is call$ intellig5ce ! examples h be5 tak5 f ,proti/a1 ,corals1 & ! ,l[e/ ,worms4 ,if ! same me?od ( regulation is f\nd 9 o!r fields1 !re is no reason = refus+ to comp>e ! action to intellig5ce4 ,comp>ison ( ! regulatory processes t are %[n 9 int]nal physiological *anges & 9 reg5]ation to intellig5ce seems to be look$ ^u sometimes z h]etical & unsci5tific4 ,yet intellig5ce is a "n appli$ to processes t actually exi/ 9 ! regulation ( movem5ts1 & !re is1 a priori1 no reason :y simil> processes %\ld n occur 9 regulation 9 o!r fields4 ,:5 we analyse regulation objectively !re seems inde$ reason to ?9k t ! processes are ( ! same "* 9 behavi\r z else:]e4 ,if ! t]m intellig5ce be res]v$ = ! subjective accompanim5ts ( su* regulation1 !n ( c\rse we h no direct k ( its exi/5ce 9 any ( ! fields ( regulation outside ( ! self1 & 9 ! self p]haps only 9 behavi\r4 ,b 9 a purely objective consid]ation !re seems no reason to suppose t regulation 9 behavi\r 7intellig5ce7 is ( a fundam5tally diff]5t "* f regulation else:]e40 78,me?od ( ,regulation10 p4 #dib47 ,j5n+s makes no m5tion ( que/ions ( ! !ory ( h]$ity4 ,he has made "s exp]im5ts on ! transmission ( an acquir$ "* 9 ,protozoa2 b x 0 a mutilation-"*1 :i* is1 z has be5 (t5 %[n1 #j;j n to ! po9t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s criticisms ( ,h]+'s exposition is bas$ ^u ! ext5d$ use he makes ( ! ^w 8,memory03 ?is he _h =ese5 & deprecat$4 8,we h a p]fect "r10 he says1 8to ext5d our conception ( memory s z to make x embrace involunt>y & also unconsci\s reproductions ( s5sations1 ideas1 p]ceptions1 & ef=ts2 b we f9d1 on hav+ done s1 t we h s f> enl>g$ h] b\nd>ies t %e proves to be an ultimate & orig9al p[]1 ! s\rce &1 at ! same "t1 ! unify+ bond1 ( our :ole consci\s life40 78,unconsci\s ,memory10 p4 #fh47 ,?is s5t5ce1 c\pl$ ) ,h]+'s omission to give to ! concept ( memory s enl>g$ a new "n1 cle> alike ( ! limitations & ( ! /a9s ( habitual use1 may well h be5 ! inspiration ( ! next "w on our li/4 ,ri*>d ,semon is a pr(essional zoologi/ & an?ropologi/ ( su* high /atus = 8 orig9al obs]vations & rese>*es 9 ! m]e te*nical s5se1 t 9 ^! c\ntries he w\ld assur$ly h be5 acclaim$ z "o ( ! ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society :o 7 ,samuel ,butl]'s special av]sion4 ,! full title ( 8 book is 8,,die ,,mneme als erhalt5de ,pr9zip im ,we*sel des organis*5 ,ges*eh5s0 7,muni*1 ,ed4 #a1 #aijd2 ,ed4 #b1 #aijh74 ,we may translate x 8,,mneme1 a ,pr9ciple ( ,cons]vation 9 ! ,trans=mations ( ,organic ,exi/5ce40 ,f ?is ,i quote 9 free translation ! op5+ passage ( ,*apt] ,,ii3-- 8,we h %[n t 9 v _m cases1 :e!r 9 ,proti/1 ,plant1 or ,animal1 :5 an organism has pass$ into an indiff]5t /ate aft] ! reaction to a /imulus has ceas$1 its irritable sub/ance has suff]$ a la/+ *ange3 ,i call ?is aft]-action ( ! /imulus its #8impr9t' or #8engraphic' action1 s9ce x p5etrates & impr9ts itself 9 ! organic sub/ance2 & ,i t]m ! *ange s effect$ an #8impr9t' or #8engram' ( ! /imulus2 & ! sum ( all ! impr9ts possess$ by ! organism may be call$ its #8/ore ( impr9ts1' :]e9 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ^? :i* x has inh]it$ f its =be>s & ^? :i* x has acquir$ itself4 ,any ph5om5on display$ by an organism z ! result ei!r ( a s+le impr9t or ( a sum ( !m1 ,i t]m a #8mnemic ph5om5on'2 & ! mnemic possibilities ( an organism may be t]m$1 collectively1 its #8,,mneme4' 8,i h select$ my own t]ms = ! concepts t ,i h j def9$4 ,on _m gr\nds ,i refra9 f mak+ any use ( ! good ,g]man t]ms #8,g$*tniss1 ,er9n]ungsbild4' ,! fir/ & *iefe/ gr\nd is t = my purpose ,i %\ld h to employ ! ,g]man words 9 a mu* wid] s5se ?an :at !y usually convey1 & ?us leave ! door op5 to c\ntless misund]/&+s & idle controv]sies4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 ev5 am\nt to an error ( fact to give to ! wid] concept ! "n already curr5t 9 ! n>r[] s5se--nay1 actually limit$1 l #8,er9n]ungsbild1' to ph5om5a ( consci\sness4 4 4 4 ,9 ,animals1 dur+ ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 "o set ( organs has1 s to speak1 specialis$ itself = ! reception & transmission ( /imuli--! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 ,b f ?is specialisation we are n ju/ifi$ 9 ascrib+ to ! n]v\s sy/em any monopoly ( ! function1 ev5 :5 x is z highly develop$ z 9 ,man4 4 4 4 ,j z ! direct excitability ( ! n]v\s sy/em has progress$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 s has its capacity = receiv+ impr9ts2 b nei!r susceptibility nor ret5tiv5ess is its monopoly2 &1 inde$1 ret5tiv5ess seems insep>able f susceptibility 9 liv+ matt]40 ,sem5 "h takes ! in/ance ( /imulus & impr9t actions affect+ ! n]v\s sy/em ( a dog 8:o has up till n[ nev] exp]i5c$ aught b k9dness f ! ,"l ( ,creation1 & !n "o day t he is out alone is pelt$ ) /ones by a boy4 4 4 4 ,"h he is affect$ at once by two sets ( /imuli3 7#a7 ! optic /imulus ( see+ ! boy /oop = /ones & ?r[ !m1 & 7#b7 ! sk9 /imulus ( ! pa9 felt :5 !y hit him4 ,"h bo? /imuli leave _! impr9ts2 & ! organism is p]man5tly *ang$ 9 relation to ! recurr5ce ( ! /imuli4 ,hi!rto ! sight ( a human figure quickly /oop+ _h produc$ no con/ant special reaction4 ,n[ ! reaction is con/ant1 & may rema9 s till dea?4 4 4 4 ,! dog tucks 9 its tail betwe5 its legs & takes flight1 (t5 ) a h[l z ( pa940 8,"h we ga9 on "o side a deep] insight into ! impr9t action ( /imuli4 ,x reposes on ! la/+ *ange 9 ! conditions ( ! liv+ matt]1 s t ! repetition ( ! imm$iate or syn*ron\s reaction to its fir/ /imulus 79 ?is case ! /oop+ ( ! boy1 ! fly+ /ones1 & ! pa9 on ! ribs71 no long] dem&s1 z 9 ! orig9al /ate ( indiff]5ce1 ! full /imulus a1 b may be call$ =? by a p>tial or diff]5t /imulus1 b 79 ?is case ! m]e /oop+ to ! gr\nd74 ,i t]m ! influ5ces by :i* su* *ang$ reaction are r5d]$ possible1 #8outcome-reactions1' & :5 su* influ5ces assume ! =m ( /imuli1 #8outcome-/imuli4'0 ,!y are t]m$ 8outcome0 78ecphoria07 /imuli1 because ! au?or reg>ds !m & w\ld h u reg>d !m z ! outcome1 manife/ation1 or eff]5ce ( an impr9t ( a previ\s /imulus4 ,we h not$ t ! impr9t is equival5t to ! *ang$ 8physiological /ate0 ( ,j5n+s4 ,aga91 ! capacity = ga9+ impr9ts & reveal+ !m by outcomes fav\rable to ! individual is ! 8circul> reaction0 ( ,baldw91 b ,semon gives no ref]5ce to ei!r au?or4 #jk ,9 ! preface to 8 fir/ edition 7repr9t$ 9 ! second7 ,semon writes1 aft] discuss+ ! "w ( ,h]+ & ,haeckel3-- 8,! problem receiv$ a m detail$ treatm5t 9 ,samuel ,butl]'s book1 #8,life & ,habit1' publi%$ 9 #ahgh4 ,?\gh he only made acqua9tance ) ,h]+'s essay aft] ?is publication1 ,butl] gave :at 0 9 _m respects a m detail$ view ( ! co9cid5ces ( ^! diff]5t ph5om5a ( organic reproduction ?an did ,h]+4 ,) mu* t is unt5able1 ,butl]'s writ+s pres5t _m a brilliant idea2 yet1 on ! :ole1 !y are r a retrogression ?an an advance ^u ,h]+4 ,evid5tly !y fail$ to ex]cise any m>k$ influ5ce ^u ! lit]ature ( ! day40 ,?is judgm5t ne$s a little exam9ation4 ,butl] claim$1 ju/ly1 t 8 8,life & ,habit0 0 an advance on ,h]+ 9 its deal+ ) que/ions ( hybridity1 & ( longevity pub]ty & /]ility4 ,s9ce ,semon's ext5d$ treatm5t ( ! ph5om5a ( crosses might almo/ be reg>d$ z ! rewrit+ ( ! correspond+ section ( 8,life & ,habit0 9 ! 8,mneme0 t]m9ology1 we may inf] t ?is view ( ! "q 0 "o ( ,butl]'s 8brilliant ideas40 ,t ,butl] %rank f accept+ su* a =mal explanation ( memory z ,h]+ did ) 8 hypo!sis %\ld c]ta9ly be c\nt$ z a di/9ct 8advance ^u ,h]+10 = ,semon also avoids any attempt at an explanation ( 8,mneme40 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 we may ga!r ! real mean+ ( ,semon's /rictures f ! foll[+ passages3-- 8,i refra9 "h f a discussion ( ! developm5t ( ?is !ory ( ,lam>ck's by ^? ,neo-,lam>ckians :o w\ld ascribe to ! individual elem5t>y organism an equipm5t ( complex psy*ical p[]s--s to say1 an?ropomorphic p]ception & volitions4 ,?is treatm5t is no long] direct$ by ! sci5tific pr9ciple ( ref]r+ complex ph5om5a to simpl] laws1 ( d$uc+ ev5 human intellect & w f simpl] elem5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y foll[ t mo/ abhorr5t me?od ( tak+ ! mo/ complex & unresolv$ z a datum1 & employ+ x z an explanation4 ,! adoption ( su* a me?od1 z =m]ly by ,samuel ,butl]1 & rec5tly by ,pauly1 ,i reg>d z a big & dang]\s /ep backw>d0 7ed4 #b1 pp4 #chj-a1 note74 ,?us ,butl]'s alleg$ retrogressions belong to ! same ord] ( ?9k+ t we h se5 %>$ by ,dries*1 ,baldw91 & ,j5n+s1 & mo/ explicitly av[$1 z we %all see1 by ,francis ,d>w94 ,semon makes "o r c&id admission1 8,! impossibility ( int]pret+ ! ph5om5a ( physiological /imulation by ^? ( direct reaction1 & ! undeception ( ^? :o _h put fai? 9 ?is be+ possible1 h l$ _m on ! backw>d pa? ( vitalism40 ,semon assur$ly w nev] be able to complete 8 !ory ( 8,mneme0 until1 guid$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ,j5n+s & ,dries*1 he =sakes ! bl9d alley ( me*ani/icism & retraces 8 /eps to reasonable vitalism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ! mo/ notable publications be>+ on our matt] are incid5tal to ! ,d>w9 ,celebrations ( #aijh-i4 ,dr4 ,francis ,d>w91 son1 collaborator1 & biograph] ( ,*>les ,d>w91 0 select$ to preside ov] ! ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association held 9 ,dubl9 9 #aijh1 ! jubilee ( ! fir/ publications on ,natural ,selection by 8 fa!r & ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace4 ,9 ?is address we f9d ! !ory ( ,h]+1 ,butl]1 ,rignano1 & ,semon tak+ its prop] place z a v]a causa ( t v>iation :i* ,natural ,selection mu/ f9d be=e x c act1 & recognis$ z ! basis ( a rational !ory ( ! developm5t ( ! individual & ( ! race4 ,! organism is ess5tially purposive3 ! impossibility ( devis+ any adequate acc\nts ( organic =m & function )\t tak+ acc\nt ( ! psy*ical side is mo/ /r5u\sly ass]t$4 ,& ) our regret t pa/ misund]/&+s %\ld be s prom95t 9 ,butl]'s works1 x 0 v pleasant to he> ,francis ,d>w9's quotation f ,butl]'s translation ( ,h]+ #jl foll[$ by a p]sonal tribute to ,butl] himself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 commemoration ( ! c5t5>y ( ! bir? ( ,*>les ,d>w9 & ( ! fiftie? anniv]s>y ( ! publication ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 at ! sugge/ion ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society1 ! ,univ]sity ,press publi%$ dur+ ! curr5t ye> a volume entitl$ 8,d>w9 & ,mod]n ,sci5ce10 edit$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,sew>d1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,( ! tw5ty-n9e essays by m5 ( sci5ce ( ! highe/ di/9ction1 "o is ( peculi> int]e/ to ! read]s ( ,samuel ,butl]3 8,h]$ity & ,v>iation 9 ,mod]n ,lights10 by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,bateson1 ,f4,r4,s41 to ^: "w on 8,discont9u\s ,v>iations0 we h already ref]r$4 ,"h once m ,butl] receives f an (ficial biologi/ ( ! fir/ rank full recognition = 8 wond]ful insight & ke5 critical p[]4 ,?is is ! m notewor?y because ,bateson has app>5tly no fai? 9 ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s2 b su* a passage z ?is w\ld h comm5d$ itself to ,butl]'s admiration3-- 8,all ?is indicates a def9it5ess & specific ord] 9 h]$ity1 & !re=e 9 v>iation4 ,?is ord] _c by ! nature ( ! case be dep5d5t on ,natural ,selection = its exi/5ce1 b mu/ be a consequ5ce ( ! fundam5tal *emical & physical nature ( liv+ ?+s4 ,! /udy ( ,v>iation _h f ! fir/ %[n t an ord]l9ess ( ?is k9d 0 pres5t4 ,! bodies & prop]ties ( liv+ ?+s are cosmic1 n *aotic4 ,no matt] h[ l[ 9 ! scale we g1 nev] d we f9d ! slighte/ h9t ( a dim9ution 9 t all-p]vad+ ord]l9ess1 nor c we conceive an organism exi/+ = "o mom5t 9 any o!r /ate40 ,we h n[ be=e u ! mat]ials to det]m9e ! problem ( ,butl]'s relation to biology & to biologi/s4 ,he 01 we h se51 anticipat$ by ,h]+2 b 8 attitude 0 8 own1 fre% & orig9al4 ,he did n hamp] 8 exposition1 l ,h]+1 by a subsidi>y hypo!sis ( vibrations :i* may or may n be true1 :i* burd5s ! !ory )\t giv+ x great] c>ry+ p[] or p]suasiv5ess1 :i* is bas$ on no objective facts1 & :i*1 z ,semon has practically demon/rat$1 is ne$less = ! detail$ work+ out ( ! !ory4 ,butl] fail$ to impress ! biologi/s ( 8 day1 ev5 ^? on :om1 l ,romanes1 he might h reasonably c\nt$ = und]/&+ & = support4 ,b he kept alive ,h]+'s "w :5 x bade fair to s9k into ! limbo ( obsolete hypo!ses4 ,to use ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes's phrase1 he 8depol>is$0 evolution>y ?\ght4 ,we quote ! words ( a "y biologi/1 :o1 :5 an ard5t & dogmatic ,weismanni/ ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ type1 0 induc$ to read 8,life & ,habit03 8,! book 0 to me a trans=mation & an inspiration40 ,su* le>n$ writ+s z ,semon's or ,h]+'s c\ld nev] produce su* an effect3 !y d n p5etrate to ! he>t ( man2 !y _c c>ry conviction to ! intellect already fill$ full ) rival !ories1 & ) ! unreason$ fai? t to-morr[ or next day a new discov]y w oblit]ate all di/9ction betwe5 ,man & 8 mak+s4 ,! m9d mu/ ne$s be op5 = ! reception ( tru?1 = ! rejection ( prejudice2 & ! viol5ce ( a ,samuel ,butl] may 9 ! future z 9 ! pa/ be ne$$ to %att] ! coat ( mail =g$ by too exclusively pr(essional a tra9+4 ,,m>cus ,,h>tog ,cork1 ,april1 #aiaj ,au?or's ,preface ,,n f9d+ ! 8well-kn[n ,g]man sci5tific j\rnal ,kosmos0 #jm ent]$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,catalogue1 ,i h pres5t$ ! ,museum ) a copy ( ! numb] = ,febru>y #ahgi1 :i* conta9s ! article by ,dr4 ,krause ( :i* ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 has giv5 a translation1 ! accuracy ( :i* is gu>ante$--s he in=ms u--by ! translator's 8sci5tific reputation toge!r ) 8 k ( ,g]man40 #jn ,i h m>k$ ! copy1 s t ! read] c see at a glance :at passages has be5 suppress$ & :]e matt] has be5 int]polat$4 ,i h also pres5t a copy ( 8,erasmus ,d>w940 ,i h m>k$ ?is too1 s t ! g5u9e & spuri\s passages c be easily di/+ui%$4 ,i und]/& t bo? ! 8,erasmus ,d>w90 & ! numb] ( ,kosmos h be5 s5t to ! ,keep] ( ,pr9t$ ,books1 ) in/ructions t !y %all be at once catalogu$ & made accessible to read]s1 & d n d\bt t ?is w h be5 done be=e ! pres5t volume is publi%$4 ,! read]1 !re=e1 :o may be suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 ! matt] to c>e to see exactly :at has be5 done w n[ h an opportunity ( do+ s4 ,octob] #be1 #ahhj4 ,*apt] ,i ,introduction--,g5]al ignorance on ! subject ( evolution at ! "t ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 0 publi%$ 9 #ahei4 ,,!re are few ?+s :i* /rike u ) m surprise1 :5 we review ! c\rse tak5 by op9ion 9 ! la/ c5tury1 ?an ! sudd5ness ) :i* belief 9 wit*craft & demoniacal possession came to an end4 ,?is has be5 (t5 rem>k$ ^u1 b ,i am n acqua9t$ ) any record ( ! fact z x appe>$ to ^? "u ^: eyes ! *ange 0 tak+ place1 nor h ,i se5 any contempor>y explanation ( ! reasons :i* l$ to ! app>5tly sudd5 ov]?r[ ( a belief :i* _h seem$ hi!rto to be deeply root$ 9 ! m9ds ( almo/ all m54 ,z a p>allel to ?is1 ?\gh 9 respect ( ! rapid spread ( an op9ion1 & n its decad5ce1 x is probable t ^? ( our desc5dants :o take an int]e/ 9 ourselves w note ! sudd5ness ) :i* ! !ory ( evolution1 f hav+ be5 g5]ally ridicul$ dur+ a p]iod ( ov] a hundr$ ye>s1 came into popul>ity & almo/ univ]sal acceptance among educat$ p4 ,x is indisputable t ?is has be5 ! case2 nor is x less indisputable t ! works ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,wallace h be5 ! ma9 ag5ts 9 ! *ange t has be5 br\ght ab\t 9 our op9ions4 ,! names ( ,cobd5 & ,bright d n /& m prom95tly =w>d 9 connection ) ! repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws ?an d ^? ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,wallace 9 connection ) ! g5]al acceptance ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,!re is no liv+ philosoph] :o has any?+ l ,mr4 ,d>w9's popul>ity ) ,engli%m5 g5]ally2 & n only ?is1 b 8 p[] ( fasc9ation ext5ds all ov] ,europe1 & inde$ 9 e c\ntry 9 :i* civilisation has obta9$ foot+3 n among ! illit]ate masses1 ?\gh ^! are rapidly foll[+ ! suit ( ! educat$ classes1 b among exp]ts & ^? :o are mo/ capable ( judg+4 ,france1 inde$--! c\ntry ( ,buffon & ,lam>ck--mu/ be c\nt$ an exception to ! g5]al rule1 b 9 ,engl& & ,g]many !re are few m5 ( sci5tific reputation :o d n accept ,mr4 ,d>w9 z ! f\nd] ( :at is commonly call$ 8,d>w9ism10 & reg>d him z p]haps ! mo/ p5etrative & pr(\nd philosoph] ( mod]n times4 ,to quote an example f ! la/ few weeks only1 #b ,i h obs]v$ t ,pr(essor ,huxley has celebrat$ ! tw5ty-fir/ ye> s9ce ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 0 publi%$ by a lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & am told t he describ$ ,mr4 ,d>w9's c&\r z some?+ actually 8t]rible0 7,i give ,pr(essor ,huxley's own ^w1 z report$ by "o :o he>d x72 & on op5+ a small book entitl$ 8,deg5]ation10 by ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/]1 publi%$ a few days be=e ^! l9es 7 writt51 ,i f9d ! foll[+ passage amid m t is to ! same purport3-- 8,sudd5ly "o ( ^? great guesses :i* occasionally appe> 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce 0 giv5 to ! sci5ce ( biology by ! imag9ative insight ( t greate/ ( liv+ naturali/s--,i w\ld say t greate/ ( liv+ m5--,*>les ,d>w940--,deg5]ation1 p4 #aj4 ,?is is v /rong language1 b x is h>dly /rong] ?an t habitually employ$ by ! lead+ m5 ( sci5ce :5 !y speak ( ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,to g f>!r afield1 9 ,febru>y #ahgi ! ,g]mans devot$ an entire numb] ( "o ( _! sci5tific p]iodicals #c to ! celebration ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's sev5tie? bir?day4 ,!re is no o!r ,engli%man n[ liv+ :o has be5 able to w9 su* a complim5t z ?is f =eign]s1 :o %\ld be dis9t]e/$ judges4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x mu/ seem ! height ( presumption to diff] f s great an au?ority1 & to jo9 ! small b& ( malcont5ts :o hold t ,mr4 ,d>w9's reputation z a philosoph]1 ?\gh x has gr[n up ) ! rapidity ( ,jonah's g\rd1 w yet n be p]man5t4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh we mu/ always gladly & gratefully owe x to ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,wallace t ! public m9d has be5 br\ght to accept evolution1 ! admiration n[ g5]ally felt = ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 w appe> z unacc\ntable to our desc5dants "s fifty or eighty ye>s h5ce z ! en?usiasm ( our gr&fa!rs = ! poetry ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 does to ourselves2 & z "o :o has yield$ to none 9 respect ( ! fasc9ation ,mr4 ,d>w9 has ex]cis$ ov] him1 ,i w\ld fa9 say a few words ( explanation :i* may make ! matt] cle>] to our future hi/orians4 ,i d ?is ! m readily because ,i c at ! same "t expla9 ?us bett] ?an 9 any o!r way ! /eps :i* l$ me to ! !ory :i* ,i aft]w>ds advanc$ 9 8,life & ,habit40 ,?is la/1 inde$1 is p]haps ! ma9 purpose ( ! e>li] *apt]s ( ?is book4 ,i %all pres5tly give a translation ( a lecture by ,pr(essor ,ewald ,h]+ ( ,prague1 :i* appe>$ t5 ye>s ago1 & :i* conta9s s exactly ! !ory ,i subsequ5tly advocat$ myself1 t ,i am half uneasy le/ x %\ld be suppos$ t ,i knew ( ,pr(essor ,h]+'s "w & made no ref]5ce to x4 ,a fri5d to :om ,i submitt$ my translation 9 ,,ms41 ask+ him h[ closely he ?\ght x resembl$ 8,life & ,habit10 wrote back t x gave my own ideas almo/ 9 my own words4 ,z f> z ! ideas are conc]n$ ?is is c]ta9ly ! case1 & consid]+ t ,pr(essor ,h]+ wrote betwe5 sev5 & eight ye>s be=e ,i did1 ,i ?9k x due to him1 & to my read]s z well z to myself1 to expla9 ! /eps :i* l$ me to my conclusions1 &1 :ile putt+ ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture be=e !m1 to %[ cause = ?9k+ t ,i arriv$ at an almo/ id5tical conclusion1 z x w\ld appe>1 by an almo/ id5tical road1 yet1 nev]!less1 q indep5d5tly1 ,i mu/ ask ! read]1 !re=e1 to reg>d ^! e>li] *apt]s z 9 "s measure a p]sonal explanation1 z well z a contribution to ! hi/ory ( an important feature 9 ! developm5ts ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,i hope also1 by %[+ ! /eps by :i* ,i 0 l$ to my conclusions1 to make ! conclusions !mselves m acceptable & easy ( compreh5sion4 ,be+ on my way to ,new ,zeal& :5 ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 appe>$1 ,i did n get x till #ahfj or #ahfa4 ,:5 ,i read x1 ,i f\nd 8! !ory ( natural selection0 repeat$ly spok5 ( z ?\gh x 7 a synonym = 8! !ory ( desc5t ) modification02 ?is is especially ! case 9 ! recapitulation *apt] ( ! "w4 ,i fail$ to see h[ important x 0 t ^! two !ories--if inde$ 8natural selection0 c be call$ a !ory--%\ld n be conf\nd$ toge!r1 & t a 8!ory ( desc5t ) modification0 might be true1 :ile a 8!ory ( desc5t ) modification ?r\gh natural selection0 #d might n /& be+ look$ into4 ,if any "o _h ask$ me to /ate 9 brief :at ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory 01 ,i am afraid ,i might h answ]$ 8natural selection10 or 8desc5t ) modification10 :i*ev] came fir/1 z ?\gh ! "o meant mu* ! same z ! o!r4 ,i obs]ve t mo/ ( ! lead+ writ]s on ! subject are /ill unable to cat* sight ( ! di/9ction "h allud$ to1 & console myself = my want ( acum5 by reflect+ t1 if ,i 0 misl$1 ,i 0 misl$ 9 good company4 ,i--& ,i may add1 ! public g5]ally--fail$ also to see :at ! unaid$ read] :o 0 new to ! subject w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to ov]look4 ,i mean1 t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 ! v>iations ^: accumulation result$ 9 div]sity ( species & g5us 7 indef9ite1 =tuit\s1 attributable b 9 small degree to any kn[n causes1 & )\t a g5]al pr9ciple und]ly+ !m :i* w\ld cause !m to appe> /eadily 9 a giv5 direction = _m successive g5]ations & 9 a consid]able numb] ( individuals at ! same "t4 ,we did n "k t ! !ory ( evolution 0 "o t _h be5 quietly b /eadily ga9+ gr\nd dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,buffon we knew by "n1 b he s\nd$ too l 8buffoon0 = any good to come f him4 ,we _h he>d also ( ,lam>ck1 & held him to be a k9d ( ,fr5* ,"l ,monboddo2 b we knew no?+ ( 8 doctr9e save ?r\gh ! c>icatures promulgat$ by 8 oppon5ts1 or ! misrepres5tations ( ^? :o _h ano!r k9d ( int]e/ 9 disp>ag+ him4 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 we believ$ to be a =gott5 m9or poet1 b n9ety-n9e out ( e hundr$ ( u _h nev] s mu* z he>d ( ! 8,zoonomia40 ,we 7 little likely1 !re=e1 to "k t ,lam>ck drew v l>gely f ,buffon1 & probably also f ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 & t ?is la/-nam$ writ]1 ?\gh ess5tially orig9al1 0 f\nd$ ^u ,buffon1 :o 0 greatly m 9 advance ( any pr$ecessor ?an any successor has be5 9 advance ( him4 ,we did n "k1 !n1 t accord+ to ! e>li] writ]s ! v>iations ^: accumulation results 9 species 7 n =tuit\s & def9ite1 b 7 due to a kn[n pr9ciple ( univ]sal application--namely1 8s5se ( ne$0--or appreh5d ! diff]5ce betwe5 a !ory ( evolution :i* has a backbone1 z x 71 9 ! tol]ably con/ant or sl[ly v>y+ ne$s ( l>ge numb]s ( individuals = long p]iods toge!r1 & "o :i* has no su* backbone1 b accord+ to :i* ! progress ( "o g5]ation is always liable to be cancell$ & oblit]at$ by t ( ! next4 ,we did n "k t ! new !ory 9 a quiet way pr(ess$ to tell u less ?an ! old _h done1 & decl>$ t x c\ld ?r[ little if any light ^u ! matt] :i* ! e>li] writ]s _h endeav\r$ to illum9ate z ! c5tral po9t 9 _! sy/em4 ,we took x = grant$ t m light mu/ be be+ ?r[n in/ead ( less2 & read+ 9 p]fect good fai?1 we rose f our p]usal ) ! impression t ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 advocat+ ! desc5t ( all exi/+ =ms ( life f a s+le1 or f1 at any rate1 a v few primordial types2 t no "o else _h done ?is hi!rto1 or t1 if !y _h1 !y _h got ! :ole subject into a mess1 :i* mess1 :atev] x 0--= we 7 nev] told ?is--0 n[ be+ remov$ once = all by ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,! evolution "p ( ! /ory1 t is to say1 ! fact ( evolution1 rema9$ 9 our m9ds z by f> ! mo/ prom95t feature 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's book2 & be+ grateful = x1 we 7 v ready to take ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w at ! e/imate tacitly claim$ = x by himself1 & vehem5tly insi/$ ^u by review]s 9 influ5tial j\rnals1 :o took mu* ! same l9e t[>ds ! e>li] writ]s on evolution z ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself _h tak54 ,b p]haps no?+ m prepossess$ u 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's fav\r ?an ! air ( c&\r t 0 omnipres5t ?r\gh\t 8 "w4 ,! prom95ce giv5 to ! argum5ts ( oppon5ts completely c>ri$ u away2 x 0 ?is :i* ?rew u (f our gu>d4 ,x nev] occurr$ to u t !re might be o!r & m dang]\s oppon5ts :o 7 n br\ght =w>d4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 did n tell u :at 8 gr&fa!r & ,lam>ck w\ld h _h to say to ?is or t4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 an unobtrusive p>ade ( hidd5 le>n+ & ( difficulties at la/ ov]come :i* 0 p>ticul>ly grateful to u4 ,:atev] op9ion might be ultimately come to conc]n+ ! value ( 8 !ory1 !re c\ld be b "o ab\t ! value ( ! example he _h set to m5 ( sci5ce g5]ally by ! p]fect frankness & unselfi%ness ( 8 "w4 ,fri5ds & foes alike comb9$ to d homage to ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 ?is respect4 ,=1 brilliant z ! reception ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 01 x met 9 ! fir/ in/ance ) h>dly less ho/ile ?an fri5dly criticism4 ,b ! attacks 7 ill-direct$2 !y came f a suspect$ qu>t]1 & ^? :o l$ !m did n detect m ?an ! g5]al public _h done :at 7 ! really weak places 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's arm\r4 ,!y attack$ him :]e he 0 /ronge/2 & above all1 !y 71 z a g5]al rule1 /amp$ ) a dis+5u\sness :i* at t "t we believ$ to be peculi> to !ological writ]s & ali5 to ! _s ( sci5ce4 ,see+1 !re=e1 t ! m5 ( sci5ce rang$ !mselves m & m decid$ly on ,mr4 ,d>w9's side1 :ile 8 oppon5ts _h manife/ly--s f> z ,i c rememb]1 all ! m prom95t among !m--a bias to :i* _! ho/ility 0 attributable1 we left (f look+ at ! argum5ts aga9/ 8,d>w9ism10 z we n[ began to call x1 & pigeon-hol$ ! matt] to ! effect t !re 0 "o evolution1 & t ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 its prophet4 ,! blame ( our errors & ov]sights re/s prim>ily ) ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself4 ,! fir/1 & f> ! mo/ important1 edition ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 came out z a k9d ( lit]>y ,mel*is$ec1 )\t fa!r & )\t "m 9 ! works ( o!r p4 ,"h is its op5+ p>agraph3-- 8,:5 on bo>d ,h4,m4,s4 #8,beagle' z naturali/1 ,i 0 mu* /ruck ) c]ta9 facts 9 ! di/ribution ( ! inhabitants ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 9 ! geological relations ( ! pres5t to ! pa/ inhabitants ( t cont95t4 ,^! facts seem$ to me to ?r[ "s light on ! orig9 ( species--t my/]y ( my/]ies1 z x has be5 call$ by "o ( our greate/ philosoph]s4 ,on my return home1 x occurr$ to me1 9 #ahcg1 t some?+ might be made out on ?is "q by pati5tly accumulat+ & reflect+ ^u all sorts ( facts :i* c\ld possibly h any be>+ on x4 ,aft] five ye>s' "w ,i all[$ myself to speculate on ! subject1 & drew up "s %ort notes2 ^! ,i enl>g$ 9 #ahdd into a sket* ( ! conclusions :i* !n seem$ to me probable3 f t p]iod to ! pres5t day ,i h /eadily pursu$ ! same object4 ,i hope t ,i may be excus$ = ent]+ on ^! p]sonal details1 z ,i give !m to %[ t ,i h n be5 ha/y 9 com+ to a decision40 #h;a ,9 ! late/ edition ?is passage rema9s unalt]$1 except 9 "o unimportant respect4 ,:at c\ld m completely ?r[ u (f ! sc5t ( ! e>li] writ]s8 ,if !y _h writt5 any?+ wor?y ( our att5tion1 or inde$ if !re _h be5 any e>li] writ]s at all1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to tell u ab\t !m1 & to aw>d !m _! due me$ ( recognition4 ,b1 no2 ! :ole ?+ 0 an orig9al gr[? 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's m9d1 & he _h nev] s mu* z he>d ( 8 gr&fa!r1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w94 ,dr4 ,krause1 inde$1 ?\ght o!rwise4 ,9 ! numb] ( ,kosmos = ,febru>y #ahgi he repres5t$ ,mr4 ,d>w9 z 9 8 y\? approa*+ ! works ( 8 gr&fa!r ) all ! devotion :i* p usually feel = ! writ+s ( a r5[n$ poet4 #h;b ,?is %\ld p]haps be a delicately ironical way ( h9t+ t ,mr4 ,d>w9 did n read 8 gr&fa!r's books closely2 b ,i h>dly ?9k t ,dr4 ,krause look$ at ! matt] 9 ?is light1 = he goes on to say t 8almo/ e s+le "w ( ! y\ng] ,d>w9 may be p>allel$ by at lea/ a *apt] 9 ! works ( 8 ance/or3 ! my/]y ( h]$ity1 adaptation1 ! protective arrangem5ts ( animals & plants1 sexual selection1 insectivor\s plants1 & ! analysis ( ! emotions & sociological impulses2 nay1 ev5 ! /udies on infants are to be f\nd already discuss$ 9 ! pages ( ! eld] ,d>w940 #h;c ,nev]!less1 innoc5t z ,mr4 ,d>w9's op5+ s5t5ce appe>$1 x conta9$ en\gh to h put u ^u our gu>d4 ,:5 he in=m$ u t1 on 8 return f a long voyage1 8x occurr$ to0 him t ! way to make any?+ out ab\t 8 subject 0 to collect & reflect ^u ! facts t bore ^u x1 x %\ld h occurr$ to u 9 our turn1 t :5 p betray a return ( consci\sness ^u su* matt]s z ?is1 !y are on ! conf9es ( t /ate 9 :i* o!r & n less elem5t>y matt]s w n 8occur to0 !m4 ,! introduction ( ! ^w 8pati5tly0 %\ld h be5 conclusive4 ,i w n analyse m ( ! s5t5ce1 b w repeat ! next two l9es3--8,aft] five ye>s ( "w1 ,i all[$ myself to speculate ^u ! subject1 & drew up "s %ort notes40 ,we read ?is1 ?\s&s ( u1 & 7 bl9d4 ,if ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9's "n 0 n m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 we %\ld n be surpris$ at !re be+ no notice tak5 ( ,buffon1 or at ,lam>ck's be+ ref]r$ to only twice--on ! fir/ occasion to be s]5ely wav$ aside1 he & all 8 works2 #i;a on ! second1 #i;b to be comm5d$ on a po9t ( detail4 ,! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges ( ,creation0 0 m widely kn[n to ,engli% read]s1 hav+ writt5 m rec5tly & ne>] home4 ,he 0 dealt ) summ>ily1 on an e>ly & prom95t page1 by a misrepres5tation1 :i* 0 sil5tly expung$ 9 lat] editions ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species40 ,9 8 lat] editions 7,i believe fir/ 9 8 ?ird1 :5 #fjjj copies _h be5 already sold71 ,mr4 ,d>w9 did inde$ introduce a few pages 9 :i* he gave :at he designat$ z a 8brief b imp]fect sket*0 ( ! progress ( op9ion on ! orig9 ( species prior to ! appe>ance ( 8 own "w2 b ! g5]al impression :i* a book conveys to1 & leaves ^u1 ! public is convey$ by ! fir/ edition--! "o :i* is alone1 ) r>e exceptions1 review$2 & 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 ,mr4 ,d>w9's great precursors 7 all ei!r ignor$ or misrepres5t$4 ,moreov]1 ! 8brief b imp]fect sket*10 :5 x did come1 0 s v brief1 b1 9 spite ( ?is 7= ?is is :at ,i suppose ,mr4 ,d>w9 mu/ mean71 s v imp]fect1 t x might z well h be5 left unwritt5 = all ! help x gave ! read] to see ! true "q at issue betwe5 ! orig9al prop\nd]s ( ! !ory ( evolution & ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 himself4 ,t "q is ?is3 ,:e!r v>iation is 9 ! ma9 attributable to a kn[n g5]al pr9ciple1 or :e!r x is n8--:e!r ! m9ute v>iations ^: accumulation results 9 specific & g5]ic diff]5ces are ref]able to some?+ :i* w ensure _! appe>+ 9 a c]ta9 def9ite direction1 or 9 c]ta9 def9ite directions1 = long p]iods toge!r1 & 9 _m individuals1 or :e!r !y are n8--:e!r1 9 a ^w1 ^! v>iations are 9 ! ma9 def9ite or indef9ite8 ,x is obs]vable t ! lead+ m5 ( sci5ce seem r>ely to und]/& ?is ev5 n[4 ,i am told t ,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 8 rec5t lecture on ! com+ ( age ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 nev] s mu* z allud$ to ! exi/5ce ( any su* division ( op9ion z ?is4 ,he did n ev51 ,i am assur$1 m5tion 8natural selection10 b appe>$ to believe1 ) ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 #aj;a t 8evolution0 is 8,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory40 ,9 8 article on evolution 9 ! late/ edition ( ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica10 ,i f9d only a veil$ p]ception ( ! po9t :]e9 ,mr4 ,d>w9 is at v>iance ) 8 precursors4 ,pr(essor ,huxley evid5tly kn[s little ( ^! writ]s beyond _! names2 if he _h kn[n m1 x is impossible he %\ld h writt5 t 8,buffon contribut$ no?+ to ! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution10 #aj;b & t ,erasmus ,d>w91 8?\gh a zeal\s evolutioni/1 c h>dly be said to h made any real advance on 8 pr$ecessors40 #aa ,! article is 9 a high degree unsatisfactory1 & betrays at once an am\nt ( ignorance & ( p]ception :i* leaves an uncom=table impression4 ,if ?is is ! /ate ( ?+s t prevails ev5 n[1 x is n surpris+ t 9 #ahfj ! g5]al public %\ld1 ) few exceptions1 h kn[n ( only "o evolution1 namely1 t prop\nd$ by ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,z a memb] ( ! g5]al public1 at t "t resid+ eighte5 miles f ! ne>e/ human habitation1 & ?ree days' j\rney on horseback f a booksell]'s %op1 ,i became "o ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's _m en?usia/ic admir]s1 & wrote a philosophical dialogue 7! mo/ (f5sive =m1 except poetry & books ( travel into suppos$ unkn[n c\ntries1 t ev5 lit]ature c assume7 ^u ! 8,orig9 ( ,species40 ,?is production appe>$ 9 ! ,press1 ,cant]bury1 ,new ,zeal&1 9 #ahfa or #ahfb1 b ,i h long lo/ ! only copy ,i _h4 ,*apt] ,,ii ,h[ ,i came to write 8,life & ,habit10 & ! circum/ances ( its completion4 ,,x 0 impossible1 h[ev]1 = ,mr4 ,d>w9's read]s to leave ! matt] z ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h left x4 ,we want$ to "k :5ce came t g]m or ^? g]ms ( life :i*1 if ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 "r1 7 once ! _w's only inhabitants4 ,!y c\ld h>dly h come hi!r f "s o!r _w2 !y c\ld n 9 _! wet1 cold1 slimy /ate h travell$ ?r\gh ! dry e!real m$ium :i* we call space1 & yet rema9$ alive4 ,if !y travell$ sl[ly1 !y w\ld die2 if fa/1 !y w\ld cat* fire1 z meteors d on ent]+ ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,! idea1 aga91 ( _! hav+ be5 creat$ by a quasi-an?ropomorphic be+ out ( ! matt] ^u ! e>? 0 at v>iance ) ! :ole _s ( evolution1 :i* indicat$ t no su* be+ c\ld exi/ except z himself ! result1 & n ! cause1 ( evolution4 ,hav+ got back f ourselves to ! monad1 we 7 sudd5ly to beg9 aga9 ) some?+ :i* 0 ei!r un?9kable1 or 0 only ourselves aga9 ^u a l>g] scale--to return to ! same po9t z t f :i* we _h />t$1 only made h>d] = u to /& ^u4 ,!re 0 only "o o!r conception possible1 namely1 t ! g]ms _h be5 develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t f "s ?+ or ?+s t 7 n :at we call$ liv+ at all2 t !y _h gr[n up1 9 fact1 out ( ! mat]ial sub/ances & =ces ( ! _w 9 "s mann] m or less analog\s to t 9 :i* man _h be5 develop$ f !mselves4 ,i fir/ ask$ myself :e!r life might n1 aft] all1 resolve itself into ! complexity ( arrangem5t ( an inconceivably intricate me*anism4 ,kitt5s ?9k our %oe-/r+s are alive :5 !y see u lac+ !m1 because !y see ! tag at ! end jump ab\t )\t und]/&+ all ! ins & outs ( h[ x comes to d s4 8,( c\rse10 !y argue1 8if we _c und]/& h[ a ?+ comes to move1 x mu/ move ( itself1 = !re c be no motion beyond our compreh5sion b :at is spontane\s2 if ! motion is spontane\s1 ! ?+ mov+ mu/ he alive1 = no?+ c move ( itself or )\t our und]/&+ :y unless x is alive4 ,ev]y?+ t is alive & n too l>ge c be tortur$1 & p]haps eat52 let u !re=e spr+ ^u ! tag0 & !y spr+ ^u x4 ,cats are above ?is2 yet give ! cat some?+ :i* pres5ts a few m ( ^? appe>ances :i* %e is accu/om$ to see :5ev] %e sees life1 & %e w fall z easy a prey to ! p[] :i* association ex]cises ov] all t lives z ! kitt5 itself4 ,%[ h] a toy-m\se t c run a few y>ds aft] be+ w\nd up2 ! =m1 col\r1 & action ( a m\se be+ "h1 !re is no good cat :i* w n conclude t s _m ( ! appe>ances ( m\sehood c\ld n be pres5t at ! same "t )\t ! pres5ce also ( ! rema9d]4 ,%e w1 !re=e1 spr+ ^u ! toy z eag]ly z ! kitt5 ^u ! tag4 ,suppose ! toy m complex /ill1 s t x might run a few y>ds1 /op1 & run on aga9 )\t an additional w9d+ up2 & suppose x s con/ruct$ t x c\ld imitate eat+ & dr9k+1 & c\ld make z ?\gh ! m\se 7 clean+ its face ) its paws4 ,%\ld we n at fir/ be tak5 9 ourselves1 & assume ! pres5ce ( ! rema9+ facts ( life1 ?\gh 9 reality !y 7 n !re8 ,qu]y1 !re=e1 :e!r a ma*9e s complex z to be prep>$ ) a correspond+ mann] ( action = ea* "o ( ! successive em]g5cies ( life z x arose1 w\ld n take u 9 = good & all1 & look s mu* z if x 7 alive t1 :e!r we lik$ x or n1 we %\ld be compell$ to ?9k x & call x s2 & :e!r ! be+ alive 0 n simply ! be+ an exce$+ly complicat$ ma*9e1 ^: p>ts 7 set 9 motion by ! action ^u !m ( ext]ior circum/ances2 :e!r1 9 fact1 man 0 n a k9d ( toy-m\se 9 ! %ape ( a man1 only capable ( go+ = sev5ty or eighty ye>s1 in/ead ( half z _m seconds1 & z mu* m v]satile z he is m durable8 ,( c\rse ,i _h an uneasy feel+ t if ,i ?us made all plants & m5 into ma*9es1 ^! ma*9es mu/ h :at all o!r ma*9es h if !y are ma*9es at all--a design]1 & "s "o to w9d !m up & "w !m2 b ,i ?\ght ?is might wait = ! pres5t1 & 0 p]fectly ready !n1 z n[1 to accept a design] f )\t1 if ! facts ^u exam9ation r5d]$ su* a belief reasonable4 ,if1 !n1 m5 7 n really alive aft] all1 b 7 only ma*9es ( s complicat$ a make t x 0 less tr\ble to u to cut ! difficulty & say t t k9d ( me*anism 0 8be+ alive10 :y %\ld n ma*9es ultimately become z complicat$ z we are1 or at any rate complicat$ en\gh to be call$ liv+1 & to be inde$ z liv+ z x 0 9 ! nature ( any?+ at all to be8 ,if x 0 only a case ( _! becom+ m complicat$1 we 7 c]ta9ly do+ our be/ to make !m s4 ,i d n suppose ,i at t "t saw t ?is view comes to mu* ! same z d5y+ t !re are su* qualities z life & consci\sness at all1 & t ?is1 aga91 works r\nd to ! ass]tion ( _! omnipres5ce 9 e molecule ( matt]1 inasmu* z x de/roys ! sep>ation betwe5 ! organic & inorganic1 & ma9ta9s t :atev] ! organic is ! inorganic is also4 ,d5y x 9 !ory z mu* z we please1 we %all /ill always feel t an organic body1 unless dead1 is liv+ & consci\s to a great] or less degree4 ,!re=e1 if we once break d[n ! wall ( p>tition betwe5 ! organic & inorganic1 ! inorganic mu/ be liv+ & consci\s also1 up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,i h be5 at "w on ?is subject n[ = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 :at ,i h publi%$ be+ only a small "p ( :at ,i h writt5 & de/roy$4 ,i _c1 !re=e1 rememb] exactly h[ ,i /ood 9 #ahfc4 ,nor c ,i pret5d to see f> into ! matt] ev5 n[2 = :5 ,i ?9k ( life1 ,i f9d x s difficult1 t ,i take refuge 9 dea? or me*anism2 & :5 ,i ?9k ( dea? or me*anism1 ,i f9d x s inconceivable1 t x is easi] to call x life aga94 ,! only ?+ ( :i* ,i am sure is1 t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! organic & inorganic is arbitr>y2 t x is m coh]5t ) our o!r ideas1 & !re=e m acceptable1 to />t ) e molecule z a liv+ ?+1 & !n d$uce dea? z ! break+ up ( an association or corporation1 ?an to />t ) inanimate molecules & smuggle life into !m2 & t1 !re=e1 :at we call ! inorganic _w mu/ be reg>d$ z up to a c]ta9 po9t liv+1 & in/9ct1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ) consci\sness1 volition1 & p[] ( conc]t$ action4 ,x is only ( late1 h[ev]1 t ,i h come to ?is op9ion4 ,"o mu/ />t ) a hypo!sis1 no matt] h[ mu* "o di/ru/s x2 s ,i />t$ ) man z a me*anism1 ?is be+ ! /r& ( ! knot t ,i c\ld !n pick at mo/ easily4 ,hav+ work$ ^u x a c]ta9 "t1 ,i drew ! inf]5ce ab\t ma*9es becom+ animate1 & 9 #ahfb or #ahfc wrote ! sket* ( ! *apt] on ma*9es :i* ,i aft]w>ds rewrote 9 8,ere:on40 ,?is sket* appe>$ 9 ! ,press1 ,cant]bury1 ,n4,z41 ,june #ac1 #ahfc2 a copy ( x is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,i soon felt t ?\gh !re 0 pl5ty ( amusem5t to be got out ( ?is l9e1 x 0 "o t ,i %\ld h to leave soon] or lat]2 ,i !re=e left x at once = ! view t ma*9es 7 limbs :i* we _h made1 & c>ri$ outside our bodies in/ead ( incorporat+ !m ) ourselves4 ,a few days or weeks lat] ?an ,june #ac1 #ahfc1 ,i publi%$ a second lett] 9 ! ,press putt+ ?is view =w>d4 ,( ?is lett] ,i h lo/ ! only copy ,i _h2 ,i h n se5 x = ye>s4 ,! fir/ 0 c]ta9ly n good2 ! second1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 0 a good deal worse1 ?\gh ,i believ$ m 9 ! views x put =w>d ?an 9 ^? ( ! fir/ lett]4 ,i _h lo/ my copy be=e ,i wrote 8,ere:on10 & !re=e only gave a c\ple ( pages to x 9 t book2 besides1 !re 0 m amusem5t 9 ! o!r view4 ,i %\ld p]haps say !re 0 an int]m$iate ext5sion ( ! fir/ lett] :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,reason]1 ,july #a1 #ahfe4 ,9 #ahgj & #ahga1 :5 ,i 0 writ+ 8,ere:on10 ,i ?\ght ! be/ way ( look+ at ma*9es 0 to see !m z limbs :i* we _h made & c>ri$ ab\t ) u or left at home at pleasure4 ,i 0 n1 h[ev]1 satisfi$1 & %\ld h gone on ) ! subject at once if ,i _h n be5 anxi\s to write 8,! ,fair ,hav510 a book :i* is a developm5t ( a pamphlet ,i wrote 9 ,new ,zeal& & publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahfe4 ,z soon z ,i _h f9i%$ ?is1 ,i return$ to ! old subject1 on :i* ,i _h already be5 engag$ = ne>ly a doz5 ye>s z cont9u\sly z o!r bus9ess w\ld all[1 & propos$ to myself to see n only ma*9es z limbs1 b also limbs z ma*9es4 ,i felt imm$iately t ,i 0 ^u firm] gr\nd4 ,! use ( ! ^w 8organ0 = a limb told its own /ory2 ! ^w c\ld n h become s curr5t "u ?is mean+ unless ! idea ( a limb z a tool or ma*9e _h be5 agreeable to common s5se4 ,:at w\ld foll[1 !n1 if we reg>d$ our limbs & organs z ?+s t we _h ourselves manufactur$ = our conv5i5ce8 ,! fir/ "q t sugge/$ itself 01 h[ did we come to make !m )\t kn[+ any?+ ab\t x8 ,& ?is rais$ ano!r1 namely1 h[ comes anybody to d any?+ unconsci\sly8 ,! answ] 8habit0 0 n f> to seek4 ,b c a p]son be said to d a ?+ by =ce ( habit or r\t9e :5 x is 8 ance/ors1 & n he1 t has done x hi!rto8 ,n unless he & 8 ance/ors are "o & ! same p]son4 ,p]haps1 !n1 !y are ! same p]son aft] all4 ,:at is sam5ess8 ,i rememb]$ ,bi%op ,butl]'s s]mon on 8,p]sonal ,id5tity10 read x aga91 & saw v pla9ly t if a man ( eighty may consid] himself id5tical ) ! baby f :om he has develop$1 s t he may say1 8,i am ! p]son :o at six mon?s old did ?is or t10 !n ! baby may j z fairly claim id5tity ) its fa!r & "m1 & say to its p>5ts on be+ born1 8,i 0 y only a few mon?s ago40 ,by p>ity ( reason+ ea* liv+ =m n[ on ! e>? mu/ be able to claim id5tity ) ea* g5]ation ( its ance/ors up to ! primordial cell inclusive4 ,aga91 if ! octog5>ian may claim p]sonal id5tity ) ! infant1 ! infant may c]ta9ly d s ) ! impregnate ovum f :i* x has develop$4 ,if s1 ! octog5>ian w prove to h be5 a fi% once 9 ?is 8 pres5t life4 ,?is is z c]ta9 z t he 0 liv+ ye/]day1 & /&s on exactly ! same f\ndation4 ,i am aw>e t ,pr(essor ,huxley ma9ta9s o!rwise4 ,he writes3 8,x is n true1 = example1 4 4 4 t a reptile 0 ev] a fi%1 b x is true t ! reptile embryo0 7& :at is said "h ( ! reptile holds good also = ! human embryo71 8at "o /age ( its developm5t1 is an organism1 :i*1 if x _h an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 mu/ be classifi$ among fi%es40 #ag ,?is is l say+1 8,x is n true t su* & su* a picture 0 reject$ = ! ,academy1 b x is true t x 0 submitt$ to ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,academy1 ) a view to acceptance at _! next =?com+ annual exhibition1 & t ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil regrett$ !y 7 unable ?r\gh want ( space1 c41 c40--& z mu* m z ! read] *ooses4 ,i %all v5ture1 !re=e1 to /ick to x t ! octog5>ian 0 once a fi%1 or if ,pr(essor ,huxley pref]s x1 8an organism :i* mu/ be classifi$ among fi%es40 ,b if a man 0 a fi% once1 he may h be5 a fi% a million times ov]1 = aught he kn[s2 = he mu/ admit t 8 consci\s recollection is at fault1 & has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! matt]1 :i* mu/ be decid$1 n1 z x 71 ^u 8 own evid5ce z to :at de$s he may or may n recollect hav+ execut$1 b by ! production ( 8 signatures 9 c\rt1 ) satisfactory pro( t he has deliv]$ ea* docum5t z 8 act & de$4 ,?is made ?+s v mu* simpl]4 ,! processes ( embryonic developm5t1 & in/9ctive actions1 might be n[ se5 z repetitions ( ! same k9d ( action by ! same individual 9 successive g5]ations4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t !y %\ld come 9 ! c\rse ( "t to be done unconsci\sly1 & a consid]ation ( ! mo/ obvi\s facts ( memory remov$ all fur!r d\bt t habit--:i* is bas$ on memory--0 at ! bottom ( all ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity4 ,i _h got to ?is po9t ab\t ! spr+ ( #ahgd1 & _h begun to write1 :5 ,i 0 compell$ to g to ,canada1 & = ! next ye> & a half did h>dly any writ+4 ,! fir/ passage 9 8,life & ,habit0 :i* ,i c date ) c]ta9ty is ! "o on page #eb1 :i* runs z foll[s3-- 8,x is "o aga9/ legion :5 a man tries to diff] f 8 own pa/ selves4 ,he mu/ yield or die if he wants to diff] widely1 s z to lack natural in/9cts1 su* z hung] or ?ir/1 & n to gratify !m4 ,x is m righte\s 9 a man t he %\ld #8eat /range food1' & t 8 *eek %\ld #8s mu* z lank n1' ?an t he %\ld />ve if ! /range food be at 8 comm&4 ,8 pa/ selves are liv+ 9 him at ?is mom5t ) ! accumulat$ life ( c5turies4 #8,d ?is1 ?is1 ?is1 :i* we too h done1 & f\nd out pr(it 9 x1' cry ! s\ls ( 8 =efa!rs )9 him4 ,fa9t are ! f> ones1 com+ & go+ z ! s\nd ( bells waft$ on to a high m\nta92 l\d & cle> are ! ne> ones1 urg5t z an al>m ( fire40 ,?is 0 writt5 a few days aft] my arrival 9 ,canada1 ,june #ahgd4 ,i 0 on ,montreal m\nta9 = ! fir/ "t1 & 0 /ruck ) its extreme beauty4 ,x 0 a magnific5t ,summ]'s ev5+2 ! noble ,/4 ,lawr5ce fl[$ almo/ imm$iately b5ea?1 & ! va/ expanse ( c\ntry beyond x 0 suffus$ ) a col\r :i* ev5 ,italy _c surpass4 ,sitt+ d[n = a :ile1 ,i began mak+ notes = 8,life & ,habit10 ( :i* ,i 0 !n cont9ually ?9k+1 & _h writt5 ! fir/ few l9es ( ! above1 :5 ! bells ( ,notre ,dame 9 ,montreal began to r+1 & _! s\nd 0 c>ri$ to & fro 9 a rem>kably beautiful mann]4 ,i took advantage ( ! incid5t to ins]t !n & !re ! la/ l9es ( ! piece j quot$4 ,i kept ! :ole passage ) h>dly any alt]ation1 & am ?us able to date x accurately4 ,?\gh s occupi$ 9 ,canada t writ+ a book 0 impossible1 ,i nev]!less got _m notes toge!r = future use4 ,i left ,canada at ! end ( #ahge1 & e>ly 9 #ahgf began putt+ ^! notes into m coh]5t =m4 ,i did ?is 9 ?irty pages ( closely writt5 matt]1 ( :i* a press$ copy rema9s 9 my commonplace-book4 ,i f9d two dates among !m--! fir/1 8,sunday1 ,feb4 #f1 #ahgf02 & ! second1 at ! end ( ! notes1 8,feb4 #ab1 #ahgf40 ,f ^! notes ,i f9d t by ?is "t ,i _h ! !ory conta9$ 9 8,life & ,habit0 completely be=e me1 ) ! f\r ma9 pr9ciples :i* x involves1 namely1 ! on5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+2 memory on ! "p ( (fspr+ ( c]ta9 actions :i* x did :5 9 ! p]sons ( its =efa!rs2 ! lat5cy ( t memory until x is rek9dl$ by a recurr5ce ( ! associat$ ideas2 & ! unconsci\sness ) :i* habitual actions come to be p]=m$4 ,! fir/ half-page ( ^! notes may s]ve z a sample1 & runs ?us3-- 8,^? habits & functions :i* we h 9 common ) ! l[] animals come ma9ly )9 ! womb1 or are done involunt>ily1 z our gr[? ( limbs1 eyes1 c41 & our p[] ( dige/+ food1 c4 4 4 4 8,we say ( ! *ick5 t x kn[s h[ to run ab\t z soon z x is hat*$1 4 4 4 b _h x no k be=e x 0 hat*$8 8,x knew h[ to make a great _m ?+s be=e x 0 hat*$4 8,x grew eyes & fea!rs & bones4 8,yet we say x knew no?+ ab\t all ?is4 8,aft] x is born x gr[s m fea!rs1 & makes its bones l>g]1 & develops a reproductive sy/em4 8,aga9 we say x kn[s no?+ ab\t all ?is4 8,:at !n does x "k8 8,:atev] x does n "k s well z to be unconsci\s ( kn[+ x4 8,k dwells ^u ! conf9es ( unc]ta9ty4 8,:5 we are v c]ta91 we d n "k t we "k4 ,:5 we w v /rongly1 we d n "k t we w40 ,i !n began my book1 b consid]+ myself /ill a pa9t] by pr(ession1 ,i gave comp>atively little "t to writ+1 & got on b sl[ly4 ,i left ,engl& = ,nor? ,italy 9 ! middle ( ,may #ahgf & return$ e>ly 9 ,augu/4 ,x 0 p]haps ?us t ,i fail$ to he> ( ! acc\nt ( ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture giv5 by ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/] 9 ,nature1 ,july #ac #ahgf2 ?\gh1 nev] at t "t see+ ,nature1 ,i %\ld probably h miss$ x "u any circum/ances4 ,on my return ,i cont9u$ sl[ly writ+4 ,by ,augu/ #ahgg ,i consid]$ t ,i _h to all int5ts & purposes complet$ my book4 ,my fir/ pro( be>s date ,octob] #ac1 #ahgg4 ,at ?is "t ,i _h n be5 able to f9d t any?+ l :at ,i 0 advanc+ _h be5 said already4 ,i ask$ _m fri5ds1 b n "o ( !m knew ( any?+ m ?an ,i did2 to !m1 z to me1 x seem$ an idea s new z to be almo/ prepo/]\s2 b kn[+ h[ ?+s turn up aft] "o has writt51 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* "o _h n kn[n be=e1 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly c>eful to gu>d aga9/ be+ suppos$ to claim orig9ality4 ,i nei!r claim$ x nor wi%$ = x2 = if a !ory has any tru? 9 x1 x is almo/ sure to occur to sev]al p mu* ab\t ! same "t1 & a reasonable p]son w look ^u 8 "w ) great suspicion unless he c confirm x ) ! support ( o!rs :o h gone be=e him4 ,/ill ,i knew ( no?+ 9 ! lea/ resembl+ x1 & 0 s afraid ( :at ,i 0 do+1 t ?\gh ,i c\ld see no flaw 9 ! argum5t1 nor any loophole = escape f ! conclusion x l$ to1 yet ,i did n d>e to put x =w>d ) ! s]i\sness & sobriety ) :i* ,i %\ld h treat$ ! subject if ,i _h n be5 9 cont9ual fe> ( a m9e be+ sprung ^u me f "s unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,i am exce$+ly glad n[ t ,i knew no?+ ( ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture1 = x is mu* bett] t two p %\ld ?9k a ?+ out z f> z !y c indep5d5tly be=e !y become aw>e ( ea* o!r's works b if ,i _h se5 x1 ,i %\ld ei!r1 z is mo/ likely1 n h writt5 at all1 or ,i %\ld h pit*$ my book 9 ano!r key4 ,among ! additions ,i int5d$ mak+ :ile ! book 0 9 ! press1 0 a *apt] on ,mr4 ,d>w9's provisional !ory ( ,pang5esis1 :i* ,i felt conv9c$ mu/ be "r if x 0 ,mr4 ,d>w9's1 & :i* ,i 0 sure1 if ,i c\ld once und]/& x1 mu/ h an important be>+ on 8,life & ,habit40 ,i _h n z yet se5 t ! pr9ciple ,i 0 cont5d+ = 0 ,d>w9ian1 n ,neo-,d>w9ian4 ,my pages /ill teem$ ) allusions to 8natural selection10 & ,i sometimes all[$ myself to hope t 8,life & ,habit0 0 go+ to be an adjunct to ,d>w9ism :i* no "o w\ld welcome m gladly ?an ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself4 ,at ?is "t ,i _h a visit f a fri5d1 :o k9dly call$ to answ] a "q ( m9e1 relative1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 to 8,pang5esis40 ,he came1 ,septemb] #bf1 #ahgg4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s he said 01 t ! !ory :i* _h pleas$ him m ?an any?+ he _h he>d ( = "s "t 0 "o ref]r+ all life to memory4 ,i said t 0 exactly :at ,i 0 do+ myself1 & inquir$ :]e he _h met ) 8 !ory4 ,he repli$ t ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/] _h writt5 a lett] ab\t x 9 ,nature "s "t ago1 b he c\ld n rememb] exactly :51 & _h giv5 extracts f a lecture by ,pr(essor ,ewald ,h]+1 :o _h orig9at$ ! !ory4 ,i said ,i %\ld n look at x1 z ,i _h complet$ t "p ( my "w1 & 0 on ! po9t ( go+ to press4 ,i c\ld n reca/ my "w if1 z 0 mo/ likely1 ,i %\ld f9d some?+1 :5 ,i saw :at ,pr(essor ,h]+ _h said1 :i* w\ld make me wi% to rewrite my own book2 x 0 too late 9 ! day & ,i did n feel equal to mak+ any radical alt]ation2 & s ! matt] end$ ) v little said ^u ei!r side4 ,i wrote1 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds to my fri5d ask+ him to tell me ! numb] ( ,nature :i* conta9$ ! lecture if he c\ld f9d x1 b he 0 unable to d s1 & ,i 0 well en\gh cont5t4 ,a few days be=e ?is ,i _h met ano!r fri5d1 & _h expla9$ to him :at ,i 0 do+4 ,he told me ,i ought to read ,pr(essor ,miv>t's 8,g5esis ( ,species10 & t if ,i did s ,i %\ld f9d !re 7 two sides to 8natural selection40 ,?9k+1 z s _m p d--& no wond]--t 8natural selection0 & evolution 7 mu* ! same ?+1 & hav+ f\nd s _m attacks ^u evolution produce no effect ^u me1 ,i decl9$ to read x4 ,i _h z yet no idea t a writ] c\ld attack ,neo-,d>w9ism )\t attack+ evolution4 ,b my fri5d k9dly s5t me a copy2 & :5 ,i read x1 ,i f\nd myself 9 ! pres5ce ( argum5ts diff]5t f ^? ,i _h met ) hi!rto1 & did n see my way to answ]+ !m4 ,i _h1 h[ev]1 read only a small "p ( ,pr(essor ,miv>t's "w1 & 0 n fully awake to ! position1 :5 ! fri5d ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph call$ on me4 ,:5 ,i _h f9i%$ ! 8,g5esis ( ,species10 ,i felt t some?+ 0 c]ta9ly want$ :i* %\ld give a def9ite aim to ! v>iations ^: accumulation 0 to am\nt ultimately to specific & g5]ic diff]5ces1 & t )\t ?is !re c\ld h be5 no progress 9 organic developm5t4 ,i got ! late/ edition ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 9 ord] to see h[ ,mr4 ,d>w9 met ,pr(essor ,miv>t1 & f\nd 8 answ]s 9 _m respects unsatisfactory4 ,i _h lo/ my orig9al copy ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 & _h n read ! book = "s ye>s4 ,i n[ set ab\t read+ x aga91 & came to ! *apt] on in/9ct1 :]e ,i 0 horrifi$ to f9d ! foll[+ passage3-- 8,b x w\ld be a s]i\s error to suppose t ! great] numb] ( in/9cts h be5 acquir$ by habit 9 "o g5]ation & !n transmitt$ by inh]itance to ! succe$+ g5]ations4 ,x c be cle>ly %[n t ! mo/ wond]ful in/9cts ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 namely1 ^? ( ! hive-bee & ( _m ants1 c\ld n possibly h be5 acquir$ by habit40 #bc;a ,?is %[$ t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 ,i _h fall5 into s]i\s error1 & my fai? 9 him1 ?\gh some:at %ak51 0 f> too great to be de/roy$ by a few days' c\rse ( ,pr(essor ,miv>t1 ! full importance ( ^: "w ,i _h n yet appreh5d$4 ,i cont9u$ to read1 & :5 ,i _h f9i%$ ! *apt] felt sure t ,i mu/ inde$ h be5 blund]+4 ,! conclud+ words1 8,i am surpris$ t no "o has hi!rto advanc$ ?is demon/rative case ( neut] insects aga9/ ! well-kn[n doctr9e ( inh]it$ habit z advanc$ by ,lam>ck10 #bc;b 7 positively awful4 ,!re 0 a quiet consci\sness ( /r5g? ab\t !m :i* 0 m conv9c+ ?an any am\nt ( m detail$ explanation4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ,i _h he>d ( any doctr9e ( inh]it$ habit z hav+ be5 prop\nd$ by ,lam>ck 7! passage /&s 9 ! fir/ edition1 8! well-kn[n doctr9e ( ,lam>ck10 p4 #bdb72 & n[ to f9d t ,i _h be5 only busy+ myself ) a /ale !ory ( ?is long-s9ce explod$ *>latan--) my book ?ree p>ts writt5 & already 9 ! press--x 0 a s]i\s sc>e4 ,on reflection1 h[ev]1 ,i 0 aga9 met ) ! ov]:elm+ weight ( ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( /ructure & habit be+ ma9ly due to memory4 ,i accord+ly ga!r$ z mu* z ,i c\ld second-h& ( :at ,lam>ck _h said1 res]v+ a /udy ( 8 8,philosophie ,zoologique0 = ano!r occasion1 & read z mu* ab\t ants & bees z ,i c\ld f9d 9 readily accessible works4 ,9 a few days ,i saw my way aga92 & n[1 read+ ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 m closely1 & ,i may say m sceptically1 ! antagonism betwe5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck became fully app>5t to me1 & ,i saw h[ incoh]5t & unworkable 9 practice ! lat] view 0 9 comp>ison ) ! e>li]4 ,!n ,i read ,mr4 ,d>w9's answ]s to miscellane\s objections1 & 0 met1 & ?is "t br\ght up1 by ! passage beg9n+ 8,9 ! e>li] editions ( ?is "w10 #bd;a c41 on :i* ,i wrote v sev]ely 9 8,life & ,habit02 #bd;b = ,i felt by ?is "t t ! diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 u 0 radical1 & t ! matt] mu/ be f\ght out accord+ to ! rules ( ! game4 ,aft] ?is ,i w5t ?r\gh ! e>li] "p ( my book1 & cut out ! expressions :i* ,i _h us$ inadv]t5tly1 & :i* 7 inconsi/5t ) a teleological view4 ,?is necessitat$ only v]bal alt]ations2 =1 ?\gh ,i _h n kn[n x1 ! _s ( ! book 0 ?r\gh\t teleological4 ,i n[ saw t ,i _h got my h&s full1 & ab&on$ my int5tion ( t\*+ ^u 8,pang5esis40 ,i took up ! words ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 quot$ above1 to ! effect t x w\ld be a s]i\s error to ascribe ! great] numb] ( in/9cts to transmitt$ habit4 ,i wrote *apt] xi4 ( 8,life & ,habit10 :i* is head$ 8,in/9cts z ,inh]it$ ,memory02 ,i also wrote ! f\r subsequ5t *apt]s1 8,in/9cts ( ,neut] ,insects10 8,lam>ck & ,mr4 ,d>w910 8,mr4 ,miv>t & ,mr4 ,d>w910 & ! conclud+ *apt]1 all ( !m 9 ! mon? ( ,octob] & ! e>ly "p ( ,novemb] #ahgg1 ! complete book leav+ ! b9d]'s h&s ,decemb] #d1 #ahgg1 b1 accord+ to trade cu/om1 be+ dat$ #ahgh4 ,x w be se5 t ^! five conclud+ *apt]s 7 rapidly writt51 & ?is may acc\nt 9 "p = ! directness ) :i* ,i said any?+ ,i _h to say ab\t ,mr4 ,d>w92 p>tly ?is1 & p>tly ,i felt ,i 0 9 = a p5ny & might z well be 9 = a p\nd4 ,i !re=e wrote ab\t ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w exactly z ,i %\ld ab\t any "o else's1 be>+ 9 m9d ! ine/imable s]vices he _h und\bt$ly--& mu/ always be c\nt$ to h--r5d]$ to evolution4 ,*apt] ,,iii ,h[ ,i came to write 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new0--,mr ,d>w9's 8brief b imp]fect0 sket* ( ! op9ions ( ! writ]s on evolution :o _h prec$$ him--,! reception :i* 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 met )4 ,,?\gh my book 0 out 9 #ahgg1 x 0 n till ,janu>y #ahgh t ,i took an opportunity ( look+ up ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/]'s acc\nt ( ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture4 ,i c h>dly say h[ reliev$ ,i 0 to f9d t x sprung no m9e ^u me1 b t1 s f> z ,i c\ld ga!r1 ,pr(essor ,h]+ & ,i _h come to pretty mu* ! same conclusion4 ,i _h already f\nd ! passage 9 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 :i* ,i quot$ 9 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 b may p]haps z well repeat x "h4 ,x runs-- 8,ow+ to ! imp]fection ( language1 ! (fspr+ is t]m$ a new animal2 b is1 9 tru?1 a bran* or elongation ( ! p>5t1 s9ce a "p ( ! embryon animal is or 0 a "p ( ! p>5t1 &1 !re=e1 9 /rict language1 _c be said to be entirely new at ! "t ( its production1 &1 !re=e1 x may reta9 "s ( ! habits ( ! p>5t sy/em40 #bf ,:51 !n1 ! ,a!num review$ 8,life & ,habit0 7,janu>y #bf1 #ahgh71 ,i took ! opportunity to write to t pap]1 call+ att5tion to ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture1 & also to ! passage j quot$ f ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w94 ,! editor k9dly ins]t$ my lett] 9 8 issue ( ,febru>y #i1 #ahgh4 ,i felt t ,i _h n[ done all 9 ! way ( ackn[l$gm5t to ,pr(essor ,h]+ :i* x 01 = ! "t1 9 my p[] to d4 ,i aga9 took up ,mr4 ,d>w9's 8,orig9 ( ,species10 ?is "t1 ,i admit1 9 a _s ( scepticism4 ,i read 8 8brief b imp]fect0 sket* ( ! progress ( op9ion on ! orig9 ( species1 & turn$ to ea* "o ( ! writ]s he _h m5tion$4 ,fir/1 ,i read all ! p>ts ( ! 8,zoonomia0 t 7 n purely m$ical1 & 0 a/oni%$ to f9d t1 z ,dr4 ,krause has s9ce said 9 8 essay on ,erasmus ,d>w91 8he 0 ! fir/ :o propos$ & p]si/5tly c>ri$ out a well-r\nd$ !ory ) reg>d to ! developm5t ( ! liv+ _w0 #bg 7italics 9 orig9al74 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! case1 & ,i 0 surpris$ at f9d+ ,pr(essor ,huxley say conc]n+ ?is v em95t man t he c\ld 8h>dly be said to h made any real advance ^u 8 pr$ecessors40 ,/ill m 0 ,i surpris$ at rememb]+ t1 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 _h nev] be5 s mu* z nam$2 :ile 9 ! 8brief b imp]fect0 sket* he 0 dismiss$ ) a l9e ( half-contemptu\s patronage1 z ?\gh ! m+l$ tribute ( admiration & curiosity :i* atta*es to sci5tific prophecies1 z di/+ui%$ f discov]ies1 0 ! utmo/ he 0 entitl$ to4 8,x is curi\s10 says ,mr4 ,d>w9 innoc5tly1 9 ! middle ( a note 9 ! smalle/ possible type1 8h[ l>gely my gr&fa!r1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 anticipat$ ! views & errone\s gr\nds ( op9ion ( ,lam>ck 9 8 #8,zoonomia' 7vol4 i4 pp4 #ejj-eaj71 publi%$ 9 #agid02 ?is 0 all he _h to say ab\t ! f\nd] ( 8,d>w9ism10 until ,i myself une>!d ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 & put 8 "w fairly be=e ! pres5t g5]ation 9 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new40 ,six mon?s aft] ,i _h done ?is1 ,i _h ! satisfaction ( see+ t ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h woke up to ! propriety ( do+ mu* ! same ?+1 & t he _h publi%$ an int]e/+ & *>m+ly writt5 memoir ( 8 gr&fa!r1 ( :i* m anon4 ,n t ,dr4 ,d>w9 0 ! fir/ to cat* sight ( a complete !ory ( evolution4 ,buffon 0 ! fir/ to po9t out t1 9 view ( ! kn[n modifications :i* _h be5 effect$ among our dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants1 ! ass & ! horse %\ld be consid]$ z1 9 all probability1 desc5d$ f a common ance/or2 yet1 if ?is is s1 he writes--if ! po9t 87 once ga9$ t among animals & vegetables !re _h be51 ,i d n say sev]al species1 b ev5 a s+le "o1 :i* _h be5 produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( direct desc5t f ano!r species2 if1 = example1 x c\ld be once %[n t ! ass 0 b a deg5]ation f ! horse1 !n !re is no fur!r limit to be set to ! p[] ( ,nature1 & we %\ld n be wrong 9 suppos+ t1 ) suffici5t "t1 %e has evolv$ all o!r organis$ =ms f "o primordial type0 #bh;a 7et l'on n'auroit pas tort de suppos]1 que d'un seul tre elle a su tir] avec le temps t\s les autres tres organiss74 ,?is1 ,i imag9e1 9 spite ( ,pr(essor ,huxley's dictum1 is contribut+ a good deal to ! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution2 = ?\gh ,desc>tes & ,leibnitz may h ?r[n out h9ts po9t+ m or less broadly 9 ! direction ( evolution1 "s ( :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley has quot$1 he has adduc$ no?+ approa*+ to ! passage f ,buffon giv5 above1 ei!r 9 respect ( ! cle>ness ) :i* ! conclusion int5d$ to be arriv$ at is po9t$ out1 or ! bread? ( view ) :i* ! :ole gr\nd ( animal & vegetable nature is cov]$4 ,! passage ref]r$ to is only "o ( _m to ! same effect1 & mu/ be connect$ ) "o quot$ 9 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 #bh;b f p4 #ac ( ,buffon's fir/ volume1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agdi1 & ?an :i* no?+ c well po9t m pla9ly 9 ! direction ( evolution4 ,x is n easy1 !re=e1 to und]/& :y ,pr(essor ,huxley %\ld give #agec-gh z ! date ( ,buffon's "w1 nor yet :y he %\ld say t ,buffon 0 8at fir/ a p>tisan ( ! absolute immutability ( species10 #bi;a unless1 inde$1 we suppose he has be5 cont5t to foll[ t v unsatisfactory writ]1 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire 7:o falls into ?is error1 & says t ,buffon's fir/ volume on animals appe>$ #agec71 )\t v]ify+ him1 & )\t mak+ any ref]5ce to him4 ,pr(essor ,huxley quotes a passage f ! 8,pal+nsie ,philosophique0 ( ,bonnet1 ( :i* he says t1 mak+ all[ance = 8 peculi> views on ! subject ( g5]ation1 !y be> no small resemblance to :at is und]/ood by 8evolution0 at ! pres5t day4 ,! mo/ important p>ts ( ! passage quot$ are z foll[s3-- 8,%\ld ,i be go+ too f> if ,i 7 to conjecture t ! plants & animals ( ! pres5t day h aris5 by a sort ( natural evolution f ! organis$ be+s :i* peopl$ ! _w 9 its orig9al /ate z x left ! h&s ( ! ,creator8 4 4 4 ,9 ! outset organis$ be+s 7 probably v diff]5t f :at !y are n[--z diff]5t z ! orig9al _w is f our pres5t "o4 ,we h no means ( e/imat+ ! am\nt ( ^! diff]5ces1 b x is possible t ev5 our able/ naturali/1 if transplant$ to ! orig9al _w1 w\ld entirely fail to recognise our plants & animals !re940 #bi;b ,b ?is is feeble 9 comp>ison ) ,buffon1 & did n appe> till #agfi1 :5 ,buffon _h be5 writ+ on evolution = fully tw5ty ye>s ) ! eyes ( sci5tific ,europe ^u him4 ,:atev] concession to ! op9ion ( ,buffon ,bonnet may h be5 incl9$ to make 9 #agfi1 9 #agfd1 :5 he publi%$ 8 8,contemplation de la ,nature10 & 9 #agfb :5 8 8,considrations sur les ,corps ,organes0 appe>$1 he _c be consid]$ to h be5 a support] ( evolution4 ,i w5t ?r\gh ^! works 9 #ahgh :5 ,i 0 writ+ 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 to see :e!r ,i c\ld claim him z on my side2 b ?\gh frequ5tly delight$ ) 8 "w1 ,i f\nd x impossible to press him into my s]vice4 ,! pre-em95t claim ( ,buffon to be consid]$ z ! fa!r ( ! mod]n doctr9e ( evolution _c be reasonably disput$1 ?\gh he 0 d\btless l$ to 8 conclusions by ! works ( ,desc>tes & ,leibnitz1 ( bo? ( :om he 0 an av[$ & v w>m admir]4 ,8 claim does n re/ ^u a passage "h or !re1 b ^u ! _s ( =ty qu>tos writt5 ov] a p]iod ( ab\t z _m ye>s4 ,nev]!less he wrote1 z ,i h %[n 9 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 ( set purpose enigmatically1 :]eas !re 0 no beat+ ab\t ! bu% ) ,dr4 ,d>w94 ,he speaks /raight out1 & ,dr4 ,krause is ju/ifi$ 9 say+ ( him 8t he 0 ! fir/ :o propos$ & p]si/5tly c>ri$ out a well-r\nd$ !ory0 ( evolution4 ,i n[ turn$ to ,lam>ck4 ,i read ! fir/ volume ( ! 8,philosophie ,zoologique10 analys$ x & translat$ ! mo/ important p>ts4 ,! second volume 0 beside my purpose1 deal+ z x does r ) ! orig9 ( life ?an ( species1 & travell+ too fa/ & too f> = me to be able to keep up ) him4 ,aga9 ,i 0 a/oni%$ at ! little m5tion ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h made ( ?is illu/ri\s writ]1 at ! mann] 9 :i* he _h motion$ him away1 z x 71 ) 8 h& 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 & at ! brevity & imp]fection ( ! rem>ks made ^u him 9 ! subsequ5t hi/orical sket*4 ,i got ,isidore ,ge(froy's 8,hi/oire ,naturelle ,gnrale10 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 comm5ds 9 ! note on ! second page ( ! hi/orical sket*1 z giv+ 8an excell5t hi/ory ( op9ion0 ^u ! subject ( evolution1 & a full acc\nt ( ,buffon's conclusions ^u ! same subject4 ,?is at lea/ is :at ,i suppos$ ,mr4 ,d>w9 to mean4 ,:at he said 0 t ,isidore ,ge(froy gives an excell5t hi/ory ( op9ion on ! subject ( ! date ( ! fir/ publication ( ,lam>ck1 & t 9 8 "w !re is a full acc\nt ( ,buffon's fluctuat+ conclusions ^u ! same subject4 #ca ,b ,mr4 ,d>w9 is a m ?an commonly puzzl+ writ]4 ,i read :at ,m4 ,ge(froy _h to say ^u ,buffon1 & 0 surpris$ to f9d t1 aft] all1 accord+ to ,m4 ,ge(froy1 ,buffon1 & n ,lam>ck1 0 ! f\nd] ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,8 "n1 z ,i h already said1 0 nev] m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species40 ,m4 ,ge(froy goes into ! accusations ( hav+ fluctuat$ 9 8 op9ions1 :i* he tells u h be5 br\ght aga9/ ,buffon1 & comes to ! conclusion t !y are unju/1 z any "o else w d :o turns to ,buffon himself4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 h[ev]1 9 ! 8brief b imp]fect sket*10 cat*es at ! accusation1 & repeats x :ile say+ no?+ :atev] ab\t ! def5ce4 ,! foll[+ is /ill all he says3 8,! fir/ au?or :o 9 mod]n times has treat$0 evolution 89 a sci5tific _s 0 ,buffon4 ,b z 8 op9ions fluctuat$ greatly at diff]5t p]iods1 & z he does n ent] on ! causes or means ( ! trans=mation ( species1 ,i ne$ n "h ent] on details40 ,on ! next page1 9 ! note la/ quot$1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 orig9ally repeat$ ! accusation ( ,buffon's hav+ be5 fluctuat+ 9 8 op9ions1 & appe>$ to give x ! imprimatur ( ,isidore ,ge(froy's approval2 ! fact be+ t ,isidore ,ge(froy only quot$ ! accusation 9 ord] to refute x2 & ?\gh1 ,i suppose1 mean+ well1 did n make half ! case he might h done1 & ab\nds ) mis/atem5ts4 ,my read]s w f9d ?is matt] p>ticul>ly dealt ) 9 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 ,*apt] ,x4 ,i ga!r t "s "o mu/ h compla9$ to ,mr4 ,d>w9 ( 8 say+ t ,isidore ,ge(froy gave an acc\nt ( ,buffon's 8fluctuat+ conclusions0 conc]n+ evolution1 :5 he 0 do+ all he knew to ma9ta9 t ,buffon's conclusions did n fluctuate2 = ,i see t 9 ! edition ( #ahgf ! ^w 8fluctuat+0 has dropp$ out ( ! note 9 "q1 & we n[ le>n t ,isidore ,ge(froy gives 8a full acc\nt ( ,buffon's conclusions10 )\t ! 8fluctuat+40 ,b ,buffon has n tak5 mu* by ?is1 = 8 op9ions are /ill left fluctuat+ greatly at diff]5t p]iods on ! prec$+ page1 & ?\gh he /ill 0 ! fir/ to treat evolution 9 a sci5tific _s1 he /ill does n ent] ^u ! causes or means ( ! trans=mation ( species4 ,no "o c und]/& ,mr4 ,d>w9 :o does n collate ! diff]5t editions ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 ) "s att5tion4 ,:5 he has done ?is1 he w "k :at ,newton meant by say+ he felt l a *ild play+ ) pebbles ^u ! sea%ore4 ,"o ^w m ^u ?is note be=e ,i leave x4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 speaks ( ,isidore ,ge(froy's hi/ory ( op9ion z 8excell5t10 & 8 acc\nt ( ,buffon's op9ions z 8full40 ,i wond] h[ well qualifi$ he is to be a judge ( ^! matt]s8 ,if he kn[s mu* ab\t ! e>li] writ]s1 he is ! m inexcusable = hav+ said s little ab\t !m4 ,if little1 :at is 8 op9ion wor?8 ,to return to ! 8brief b imp]fect sket*40 ,i d n ?9k ,i c ev] aga9 be surpris$ at any?+ ,mr4 ,d>w9 may say or d1 b if ,i c\ld1 ,i %\ld wond] h[ a writ] :o did n 8ent] ^u ! causes or means ( ! trans=mation ( species10 & ^: op9ions 8fluctuat$ greatly at diff]5t p]iods10 c be held to h treat$ evolution 89 a sci5tific _s40 ,nev]!less1 :5 ,i reflect ^u ! sci5tific reputation ,mr4 ,d>w9 has atta9$1 & ! means by :i* he has won x1 ,i suppose ! sci5tific _s mu/ be mu* :at he "h implies4 ,i see ,mr4 ,d>w9 says ( 8 own fa!r1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,d>w9 ( ,%rewsbury1 t he does n consid] him to h _h a sci5tific m9d4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 _c tell :y he does n ?9k 8 fa!r's m9d to h be5 fitt$ = advanc+ sci5ce1 8= he 0 fond ( !oris+1 & 0 incomp>ably ! be/ obs]v]0 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ev] knew4 #cc;a ,f ! h9t giv5 9 ! 8brief b imp]fect sket*10 ,i fancy ,i c help ,mr4 ,d>w9 to see :y he does n ?9k 8 fa!r's m9d to h be5 a sci5tific "o4 ,x is possible t ,dr4 ,rob]t ,d>w9's op9ions did n fluctuate suffici5tly at diff]5t p]iods1 & t ,mr4 ,d>w9 consid]$ him z hav+ 9 "s way ent]$ ^u ! causes or means ( ! trans=mation ( species4 ,c]ta9ly ^? :o read ,mr4 ,d>w9's own works att5tively w f9d no lack ( fluctuation 9 8 case2 & reflection w %[ !m t a !ory ( evolution :i* relies ma9ly on ! accumulation ( accid5tal v>iations comes v close to n ent]+ ^u ! causes or means ( ! trans=mation ( species4 #cc;b ,i h %[n1 h[ev]1 9 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 t ! ass]tion t ,buffon does n ent] on ! causes or means ( ! trans=mation ( species is absolutely )\t f\ndation1 & t1 on ! contr>y1 he is cont9ually deal+ ) ?is v matt]1 & devotes to x "o ( 8 longe/ & mo/ important *apt]s1 #cc;c b ,i admit t he is less satisfactory on ?is head ?an ei!r ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 or ,lam>ck4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,buffon is mu* m ( a ,neo-,d>w9ian ?an ei!r ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 or ,lam>ck1 = ) him ! v>iations are sometimes =tuit\s4 ,9 ! case ( ! dog1 he speaks ( !m z mak+ _! appe>ance 8by "s *ance common en\gh ) ,nature10 #cc;d & be+ p]petuat$ by man's selection4 ,?is is exactly ! 8if any slight fav\rable v>iation happ5 to arise0 ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w94 ,buffon also speaks ( ! v>iations among pigeons aris+ 8p> has>d40 ,b ^! expressions are only %ips2 8 ma9 cause ( v>iation is ! direct action ( *ang$ conditions ( exi/5ce1 :ile ) ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck ! action ( ! conditions ( exi/5ce is indirect1 ! direct action be+ t ( ! animals or plants !mselves1 9 consequ5ce ( *ang$ s5se ( ne$ "u *ang$ conditions4 ,i %\ld say t ! sket* s (t5 ref]r$ to is at fir/ sight n[ no long] imp]fect 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's op9ion4 ,x 0 8brief b imp]fect0 9 #ahfa & 9 #ahff1 b 9 #ahgf ,i see t x is brief only4 ,( c\rse1 discov]+ t x 0 no long] imp]fect1 ,i expect$ to f9d x brief]4 ,:at1 !n1 0 my surprise at f9d+ t x _h become r long]8 ,i h f\nd no p]fectly satisfactory explanation ( ?is inconsi/5cy1 b1 on ! :ole1 incl9e to ?9k t ! 8greate/ ( liv+ m50 felt himself unequal to prolong+ 8 /ruggle ) ! ^w 8b10 & resolv$ to lay t conjunction at all haz>ds1 ev5 ?\gh ! do+ s might co/ him ! balance ( 8 adjectives2 = ,i ?9k he mu/ "k t 8 sket* is /ill imp]fect4 ,f ,isidore ,ge(froy ,i turn$ to ,buffon himself1 & _h n long to wait be=e ,i felt t ,i 0 n[ br\ght into communication ) ! ma/]-m9d ( all ^? :o h up to ! pres5t "t busi$ !mselves ) evolution4 ,= a brief & imp]fect sket* ( him1 ,i mu/ ref] my read]s to 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new40 ,i h no great respect = ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges ( ,creation10 :o behav$ h>dly bett] to ! writ]s ^u :om 8 own "w 0 f\nd$ ?an ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself has done4 ,nev]!less1 ,i c\ld n =get ! gravity ( ! misrepres5tation ) :i* he 0 assail$ on page #c ( ! fir/ edition ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 nor impugn ! ju/ice ( 8 rejo9d] 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #cd :5 he repli$ t x 0 to be regrett$ ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h read 8 "w 8almo/ z mu* amiss z if1 l its decl>$ oppon5ts1 he _h an int]e/ 9 misrepres5t+ x40 #ce;a ,i c\ld n1 aga91 =get t1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,d>w9 did n v5ture to /& by ! passage 9 "q1 x 0 expung$ )\t a ^w ( apology or explanation ( h[ x 0 t he _h come to write x4 ,a writ] ) any claim to our consid]ation w nev] fall into s]i\s error ab\t ano!r writ] )\t ha/5+ to make a public apology z soon z he becomes aw>e ( :at he has done4 ,reflect+ ^u ! sub/ance ( :at ,i h writt5 9 ! la/ few pages1 ,i ?\ght x "r t p %\ld h a *ance ( kn[+ m ab\t ! e>li] writ]s on evolution ?an !y 7 likely to he> f any ( our lead+ sci5ti/s 7no matt] h[ _m lectures !y may give on ! com+ ( age ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species07 except ,pr(essor ,miv>t4 ,a book po9t+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 teleological & non-teleological views ( evolution seem$ likely to be useful1 & w\ld af=d me ! opportunity ,i want$ = giv+ a rsum ( ! views ( ea* "o ( ! ?ree *ief f\nd]s ( ! !ory1 & ( contra/+ !m ) ^? ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w91 z well z = call+ att5tion to ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture4 ,i accord+ly wrote 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 :i* 0 prom95tly ann\nc$ 9 ! lead+ lit]>y p]iodicals at ! end ( ,febru>y1 or on ! v fir/ days ( ,m>* #ahgi1 #ce;b z 8a comp>ison ( ! !ories ( ,buffon1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 & ,lam>ck1 ) t ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w91 ) copi\s extracts f ! works ( ! ?ree fir/-nam$ writ]s40 ,9 ?is book ,i 0 h>dly able to conceal ! fact t1 9 spite ( ! obligations "u :i* we mu/ always rema9 to ,mr4 ,d>w91 ,i _h lo/ my respect = him & = 8 "w4 ,i %\ld po9t out t ?is ann\ncem5t1 c\pl$ ) :at ,i _h writt5 9 8,life & ,habit10 w\ld enable ,mr4 ,d>w9 & 8 fri5ds to =m a pretty %rewd guess z to :at ,i 0 likely to say1 & to quote f ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 9 my =?com+ book4 ,! ann\ncem5t1 inde$1 w\ld tell almo/ z mu* z ! book itself to ^? :o knew ! works ( ,erasmus ,d>w94 ,z may be suppos$1 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 met ) a v unfav\rable reception at ! h&s ( _m ( its review]s4 ,! ,saturday ,review 0 furi\s4 8,:5 a writ]10 x exclaim$1 8:o has n giv5 z _m weeks to ! subject z ,mr4 ,d>w9 has giv5 ye>s1 is n cont5t to air 8 own crude ?\gh clev] fallacies1 b assumes to criticise ,mr4 ,d>w9 ) ! sup]cili\sness ( a "y s*oolma/] look+ ov] a boy's !me1 x is difficult n to take him m s]i\sly ?an he des]ves or p]haps desires4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ,mr4 ,butl] 0 ! travell$ & labori\s obs]v] ( ,nature1 & ,mr4 ,d>w9 ! p]t speculator :o takes all 8 facts at secondh&40 #cf ,! lady or g5tleman :o writes 9 su* a /ra9 z ?is %\ld n be too h>d ^u o!rs :om %e or he may consid] to write l s*oolma/]s4 ,x is true ,i h travell$--n mu*1 b /ill z mu* z _m o!rs1 & h endeav\r$ to keep my eyes op5 to ! facts be=e me2 b ,i _c ?9k t ,i made any ref]5ce to my travels 9 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new40 ,i did n q see :at t _h to d ) ! matt]4 ,a man may get to "k a good deal )\t ev] go+ beyond ! f\r-mile radius f ,*>+ ,cross4 ,mu* less did ,i imply t ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 p]t3 p]t is "o ( ! la/ words t c be appli$ to ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,nor1 aga91 _h ,i blam$ him = tak+ 8 facts at secondh&2 no "o is to be blam$ = ?is1 provid$ he takes well-e/abli%$ facts & ackn[l$ges 8 s\rces4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has g5]ally gone to good s\rces4 ,! gr\nd ( compla9t aga9/ him is t he muddi$ ! wat] aft] he _h drawn x1 & tacitly claim$ to be ! rightful own] ( ! spr+1 on ! score ( ! damage he _h effect$4 ,not)/&+1 h[ev]1 ! g5]ally ho/ile1 or m or less contemptu\s1 reception :i* 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 met )1 !re 7 "s reviews--z1 = example1 ^? 9 ! ,field1 #cg;a ! ,daily ,*ronicle1 #cg;b ! ,a!num1 #cg;c ! ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #cg;d ! ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,homopa?y1 #cg;e ! ,daily ,news1 #cg;f ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,review #cg;g--:i* 7 all ,i c\ld expect or wi%4 ,*apt] ,,iv ,! mann] 9 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 met 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new40 ,,by f> ! mo/ important notice ( 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 0 t tak5 by ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself2 = ,i c h>dly be mi/ak5 9 believ+ t ,dr4 ,krause's article w\ld h be5 all[$ to repose unalt]$ 9 ! pages ( ! well-kn[n ,g]man sci5tific j\rnal1 ,kosmos1 unless some?+ _h happ5$ to make ,mr4 ,d>w9 feel t 8 retic5ce conc]n+ 8 gr&fa!r mu/ n[ be end$4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 inde$1 gives me ! impression ( wi%+ me to und]/& t ?is is n ! case4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is ye> he wrote to me1 9 a lett] :i* ,i w pres5tly give 9 full1 t he _h obta9$ ,dr4 ,krause's cons5t = a translation1 & _h arrang$ ) ,mr4 ,dallas1 be=e my book 0 8ann\nc$40 8,i rememb] ?is10 he cont9ues1 8because ,mr4 ,dallas wrote to tell me ( ! adv]tisem5t40 ,b ,mr4 ,d>w9 is n a cle> writ]1 & x is impossible to say :e!r he is ref]r+ to ! ann\ncem5t ( 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new0--9 :i* case he means t ! arrangem5ts = ! translation ( ,dr4 ,krause's article 7 made be=e ! end ( ,febru>y #ahgi1 & be=e any public intimation c\ld h rea*$ him z to ! sub/ance ( ! book on :i* ,i 0 !n engag$--or to ! adv]tisem5ts ( its be+ n[ publi%$1 :i* appe>$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,may2 9 :i* case1 z ,i h said above1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 & 8 fri5ds _h = "s "t _h full opportunity ( kn[+ :at ,i 0 ab\t4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 to int5d t he rememb]$ ! arrangem5ts hav+ be5 made be=e ! beg9n+ ( ,may--8 use ( ! ^w 8ann\nc$10 in/ead ( 8adv]tis$10 be+ an accid5t2 b let ?is pass4 ,"s "t aft] ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w appe>$ 9 ,novemb] #ahgi1 ,i got x1 & look+ at ! la/ page ( ! book1 ,i read z foll[s3-- 8,!y0 7! eld] ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck7 8expla9 ! adaptation to purpose ( organisms by an obscure impulse or s5se ( :at is purpose-l2 yet ev5 ) reg>d to man we are 9 ! habit ( say+1 t "o c nev] "k :at s-&-s is good =4 ,! purpose-l is t :i* approves itself1 & n always t :i* is /ruggl$ = by obscure impulses & desires4 ,j 9 ! same way ! beautiful is :at pleases40 ,i _h a sort ( feel+ z ?\gh ! writ] ( ! above might h _h 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 9 8 m9d1 b w5t on to ! next s5t5ce1 :i* ran-- 8,erasmus ,d>w9's sy/em 0 9 itself a mo/ significant fir/ /ep 9 ! pa? ( k :i* 8 gr&son has op5$ up = u1 b to wi% to revive x at ! pres5t day1 z has actually be5 s]i\sly attempt$1 %[s a weakness ( ?\ght & a m5tal ana*ronism :i* no "o c envy40 8,t's me10 said ,i to myself promptly4 ,i notic$ also ! position 9 :i* ! s5t5ce /ood1 :i* made x bo? "o ( ! fir/ t w\ld be likely to cat* a read]'s eye1 & ! la/ he w\ld c>ry away ) him4 ,i !re=e expect$ to f9d an op5 reply to "s p>ts ( 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 & turn$ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's preface4 ,to my surprise1 ,i !re f\nd t :at ,i _h be5 read+ c\ld n by any possibility ref] to me1 = ! preface ran z foll[s3-- 8,9 ! ,febru>y numb] ( a well-kn[n ,g]man sci5tific j\rnal1 ,kosmos1 #ci ,dr4 ,erne/ ,krause publi%$ a sket* ( ! #8,life ( ,erasmus ,d>w91' ! au?or ( ! #8,zoonomia1' #8,botanic ,g>d51' & o!r works4 ,?is article be>s ! title ( a #8,contribution to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,desc5t ,!ory'2 & ,dr4 ,krause has k9dly all[$ my bro!r ,erasmus & myself to h a translation made ( x = publication 9 ?is c\ntry40 ,!n came a note z foll[s3-- 8,mr4 ,dallas has und]tak5 ! translation1 & 8 sci5tific reputation1 toge!r ) 8 k ( ,g]man1 is a gu>antee = its accuracy40 ,i ought to h suspect$ inaccuracy :]e ,i f\nd s mu* consci\sness ( accuracy1 b ,i did n4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 p9s himself d[n ) e circum/ance ( precis5ess to giv+ ,dr4 ,krause's article z x appe>$ 9 ,kosmos1--! :ole article1 & no?+ b ! article4 ,no "o c\ld "k ?is bett] ?an ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,on ! second page ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's preface !re is a small-type note say+ t my "w1 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 _h appe>$ s9ce ! publication ( ,dr4 ,krause's article4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ?us di/9ctly precludes 8 read]s f suppos+ t any passage !y might meet ) c\ld h be5 writt5 9 ref]5ce to1 or by ! light (1 my book4 ,if any?+ appe>$ condemnatory ( t book1 x 0 an undesign$ co9cid5ce1 & w\ld %[ h[ little wor?y ( consid]ation ,i mu/ be :5 my op9ions 7 refut$ 9 advance by "o :o c\ld h no bias 9 reg>d to !m4 ,kn[+ t if ! article ,i 0 ab\t to read appe>$ 9 ,febru>y1 x mu/ h be5 publi%$ be=e my book1 :i* 0 n out till ?ree mon?s lat]1 ,i saw no?+ 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's preface to compla9 (1 & felt t ?is 0 only ano!r in/ance ( my absurd vanity hav+ l$ me to ru% to conclusions )\t suffici5t gr\nds1--z if x 0 likely1 inde$1 t ,mr4 ,d>w9 %\ld ?9k :at ,i _h said ( suffici5t importance to be affect$ by x4 ,x 0 pla9 t "s "o besides myself1 ( :om ,i z yet knew no?+1 _h be5 writ+ ab\t ! eld] ,d>w91 & _h tak5 mu* ! same l9e conc]n+ him t ,i _h done4 ,x 0 = ! b5efit ( ?is p]son1 !n1 t ,dr4 ,krause's p>agraph 0 int5d$4 ,i return$ to a becom+ s5se ( my own insignificance1 & began to read :at ,i suppos$ to be an accurate translation ( ,dr4 ,krause's article z x orig9ally appe>$1 be=e 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 0 publi%$4 ,on pp4 #c & #d ( ,dr4 ,krause's "p ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's book 7pp4 #acc & #acd ( ! book itself71 ,i detect$ a sub-apologetic tone :i* a little surpris$ me1 & a notice ( ! fact t ,col]idge :5 writ+ on ,/ill+fleet _h us$ ! ^w 8,d>w9is+40 ,mr4 ,r4 ,g>nett _h call$ my att5tion to ?is1 & ,i _h m5tion$ x 9 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 b ! p>agraph only /ruck me z be+ a little odd4 ,:5 ,i got a few pages f>!r on 7p4 #adg ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's book71 ,i f\nd a long quotation f ,buffon ab\t rudim5t>y organs1 :i* ,i _h quot$ 9 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new40 ,i obs]v$ t ,dr4 ,krause us$ ! same edition ( ,buffon t ,i did1 & began 8 quotation two l9es f ! beg9n+ ( ,buffon's p>agraph1 exactly z ,i _h done2 also t he _h tak5 8 nom9ative f ! omitt$ "p ( ! s5t5ce across a full /op1 z ,i _h myself tak5 x4 ,a little l[] ,i f\nd a l9e ( ,buffon's omitt$ :i* ,i _h giv51 b ,i f\nd t at t place ,i _h inadv]t5tly left two pair ( inv]t$ commas :i* ought to h come out1 #da hav+ int5d$ to end my quotation1 b *ang$ my m9d & cont9u$ x )\t eras+ ! commas4 ,x seem$ to me t ^! commas _h bo!r$ ,dr4 ,krause1 & made him ?9k x saf] to leave some?+ out1 = ! l9e he omits is a v good "o4 ,i notic$ t he translat$ 8,mais comme n\s v\lons t\j\rs t\t rapport] un c]ta9 b10 8,b we1 always wi%+ to ref]10 c41 :ile ,i _h x1 8,b we1 ev] on ! look-out to ref]10 c42 & 8,n\s ne faisons pas att5tion que n\s altrons la philosophie10 8,we fail to see t ?us we deprive philosophy ( h] true "*10 :]eas ,i _h 8,we fail to see t we ?us rob philosophy ( h] true "*40 ,?is la/ 0 too mu*2 & ?\gh x might turn out t ,dr4 ,krause _h quot$ ?is passage be=e ,i _h done s1 _h us$ ! same edition z ,i _h1 _h begun two l9es f ! beg9n+ ( a p>agraph z ,i _h done1 & t ! lat] resemblances 7 m]ely due to ,mr4 ,dallas hav+ comp>$ ,dr4 ,krause's ,g]man translation ( ,buffon ) my ,engli%1 & v prop]ly made use ( x :5 he ?\ght fit1 x look$ prim facie m z ?\gh my quotation _h be5 copi$ 9 ,engli% z x /ood1 & !n alt]$1 b n q alt]$ en\gh4 ,?is1 9 ! face ( ! preface1 0 incr$ible2 b s _m po9ts _h su* an unpleasant aspect1 t ,i ?\ght x bett] to s5d = ,kosmos & see :at ,i c\ld make out4 ,at ?is "t ,i knew n "o ^w ( ,g]man4 ,on ! same day1 !re=e1 t ,i s5t = ,kosmos ,i began acquire t language1 & 9 ! =tnight be=e ,kosmos came _h got f> en\gh =w>d = all practical purposes--t is to say1 ) ! help ( a translation & a diction>y1 ,i c\ld see :e!r or no a ,g]man passage 0 ! same z :at purport$ to be its translation4 ,:5 ,kosmos came ,i turn$ to ! end ( ! article to see h[ ! s5t5ce ab\t m5tal ana*ronism & weakness ( ?\ght look$ 9 ,g]man4 ,i f\nd no?+ ( ! k9d1 ! orig9al article end$ ) "s innoc5t rhym+ dogg]el ab\t somebody go+ on & explor+ some?+ ) eagle eye2 b t5 l9es f ! end ,i f\nd a s5t5ce :i* correspond$ ) "o six pages f ! end ( ! ,engli% translation4 ,aft] ?is !re c\ld be little d\bt t ! :ole ( ^! la/ six ,engli% pages 7 spuri\s matt]4 ,:at little d\bt rema9$ 0 aft]w>ds remov$ by my f9d+ t !y _h no place 9 any "p ( ! g5u9e article4 ,i look$ = ! passage ab\t ,col]idge's us+ ! ^w 8,d>w9is+02 x 0 n to be f\nd 9 ! ,g]man4 ,i look$ = ! piece ,i _h quot$ f ,buffon ab\t rudim5t>y organs2 b !re 0 no?+ ( x1 nor inde$ any ref]5ce to ,buffon4 ,x 0 pla91 !re=e1 t ! article :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h giv5 0 n ! "o he pr(ess$ to be giv+4 ,i read ,mr4 ,d>w9's preface ov] aga9 to see :e!r he left himself any loophole4 ,!re 0 n a *9k or cranny ?r\gh :i* escape 0 possible4 ,! only inf]5ce t c\ld be drawn 0 ei!r t "s "o _h impos$ ^u ,mr4 ,d>w91 or t ,mr4 ,d>w91 al?\gh x 0 n possible to suppose him ignorant ( ! int]polations t _h be5 made1 nor ( ! obvi\s purpose ( ! conclud+ s5t5ce1 _h nev]!less palm$ (f an article :i* _h be5 add$ to & made to attack 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 z ?\gh x 7 ! orig9al article :i* appe>$ be=e t book 0 writt54 ,i c\ld n & w\ld n believe t ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h condesc5d$ to ?is4 ,nev]!less1 ,i saw x 0 necess>y to sift ! :ole matt]1 & began to comp>e ! ,g]man & ! ,engli% articles p>agraph by p>agraph4 ,on ! fir/ page ,i f\nd a passage omitt$ f ! ,engli%1 :i* ) great lab\r ,i manag$ to get ?r\gh1 & c n[ translate z foll[s3-- 8,alex&] ,von ,humboldt us$ to take pleasure 9 rec\nt+ h[ p[]fully ,=/]'s pictures ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s & ,/4 ,pi]re's illu/rations ( ,nature _h provok$ 8 ard\r = travel & influ5c$ 8 c>e] z a sci5tific inve/igator4 ,h[ mu* m impressively mu/ ! works ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 ) _! reit]at$ =e%ad[+ ( a m l(ty int]pretation ( ,nature1 h affect$ 8 gr&son1 :o 9 8 y\? assur$ly approa*$ !m ) ! devotion due to ! works ( a r5[n$ poet40 #dc ,i !n came ^u a passage common to bo? ,g]man & ,engli%1 :i* 9 its turn 0 foll[$ 9 ! ,engli% by ! sub-apologetic p>agraph :i* ,i _h be5 /ruck ) on fir/ read+1 & :i* 0 n 9 ! ,g]man1 its place be+ tak5 by a mu* long] passage :i* _h no place 9 ! ,engli%4 ,a little f>!r on ,i 0 amus$ at com+ ^u ! foll[+1 & at f9d+ x :olly trans=m$ 9 ! suppos$ accurate translation3-- 8,h[ mu/ ?is e>ly & p5etrat+ explanation ( rudim5t>y organs h affect$ ! gr&son :5 he read ! poem ( 8 ance/or6 ,b inde$ ! biological rem>ks ( ?is accurate obs]v] 9 reg>d to c]ta9 def9ite natural objects mu/ h produc$ a /ill deep] impression ^u him1 po9t+1 z !y d1 to que/ions :i* hay atta9$ s great a prom95ce at ! pres5t day2 su* z1 ,:y is any creature any:]e su* z we actually see x & no?+ else8 ,:y has su* & su* a plant poison\s juices8 ,:y has su* & su* ano!r ?orns8 ,:y h birds & fi%es light-col\r$ brea/s & d>k backs1 &1 ,:y does e creature resemble ! "o f :i* x sprung80 #dd;a ,i w n we>y ! read] ) fur!r details z to ! omissions f & additions to ! ,g]man text4 ,let x suffice t ! s-call$ translation beg9s on p4 #aca & ends on p4 #baf ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's book4 ,!re is new matt] on ea* "o ( ! pp4 #acb-aci1 :ile almo/ ! :ole ( pp4 #adg-aeb inclusive1 & ! :ole ( pp4 #baa-baf inclusive1 are spuri\s--t is to say1 n :at ! purport to be1 n translations f an article t 0 publi%$ 9 ,febru>y #ahgi1 & be=e 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 b int]polations n publi%$ till six mon?s aft] t book4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! cont5ts ( two ( ! add$ passages & ! t5or ( ! conclud+ s5t5ce quot$ above1 #dd;b ,i c\ld no long] d\bt t ! article _h be5 alt]$ by ! light ( & ) a view to 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new40 ,! /eps are p]fectly cle>4 ,fir/ ,dr4 ,krause publi%$ 8 article 9 ,kosmos & my book 0 ann\nc$ 7its purport be+ ?us made obvi\s71 bo? 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y #ahgi4 ,soon aft]w>ds arrangem5ts 7 made = a translation ( ,dr4 ,krause's essay1 & 7 complet$ by ! end ( ,april4 ,!n my book came out1 & 9 "s way or o!r ,dr4 ,krause happ5$ to get hold ( x4 ,he help$ himself--n to mu*1 b to en\gh2 made :at o!r additions to & omissions f 8 article he ?\ght w\ld be/ meet 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 & !n fell to condemn+ t book 9 a f9ale t 0 meant to be cru%+4 ,no?+ 0 said ab\t ! revision :i* ,dr4 ,krause's "w _h und]gone1 b x 0 expressly & p>ticul>ly decl>$ 9 ! preface t ! ,engli% translation 0 an accurate v]sion ( :at appe>$ 9 ! ,febru>y numb] ( ,kosmos1 & no less expressly & p>ticul>ly /at$ t my book 0 publi%$ subsequ5tly to ?is4 ,bo? ^! /atem5ts are untrue2 !y are 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's fav\r & prejudicial to myself4 ,all ?is 0 done ) t well-kn[n 8happy simplicity0 ( :i* ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahgi1 decl>$ t ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 8a ma/]40 ,! f9al s5t5ce1 ab\t ! 8weakness ( ?\ght & m5tal ana*ronism :i* no "o c envy10 0 especially successful4 ,! review] 9 ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette j quot$ f gave x 9 full1 & said t x 0 ?or\ghly ju/ifi$4 ,he !n mus$ =? a g5]al gnome t ! 8confid5ce ( writ]s :o deal 9 semi-sci5tific p>adoxes is commonly 9 inv]se proportion to _! grasp ( ! subject40 ,aga9 my vanity sugge/$ to me t ,i 0 ! p]son = ^: b5efit ?is gnome 0 int5d$4 ,my vanity1 inde$1 0 well f$ by ! :ole transaction2 = ,i saw t n only did ,mr4 ,d>w91 :o %\ld be ! be/ judge1 ?9k my "w wor? notice1 b t he did n v5ture to meet x op5ly4 ,z = ,dr4 ,krause's conclud+ s5t5ce1 ,i ?\ght t :5 a s5t5ce _h be5 ant$at$ ! less x conta9$ ab\t ana*ronism ! bett]4 ,only "o ( ! reviews t ,i saw ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's 8,life ( ,erasmus ,d>w90 %[$ any k ( ! facts4 ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,review = ,janu>y #ahhj1 9 flat contradiction to ,mr4 ,d>w9's preface1 said t only "p ( ,dr4 ,krause's article 0 be+ giv5 by ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,?is review] _h pla9ly se5 bo? ,kosmos & ,mr4 ,d>w9's book4 ,9 ! same numb] ( ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,review1 & imm$iately foll[+ ! review ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's book1 !re is a review ( 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new40 ,! writ] ( ?is review quotes ! passage ab\t m5tal ana*ronism z quot$ by ! review] 9 ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 & adds imm$iately3 8,?is ana*ronism has be5 committ$ by ,mr4 ,samuel ,butl] 9 a 4 4 4 little volume n[ be=e u1 & x is d\btless to ?is1 :i* appe>$ :ile 8 own "w 0 9 progress italics m9e t ,dr4 ,krause alludes 9 ! =ego+ passage40 ,consid]+ t ! editor ( ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,review & ! translator ( ,dr4 ,krause's article = ,mr4 ,d>w9 are "o & ! same p]son1 x is likely ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,review is well in=m$ 9 say+ t my book appe>$ be=e ,dr4 ,krause's article _h be5 trans=m$ into its pres5t %ape1 & t my book 0 int5d$ by ! passage 9 "q4 ,unable to see any way ( escap+ f a conclusion :i* ,i c\ld n will+ly adopt1 ,i ?\ght x be/ to write to ,mr4 ,d>w91 /at+ ! facts z !y appe>$ to myself1 & ask+ an explanation1 :i* ,i w\ld h gladly /ra9$ a good _m po9ts to h accept$4 ,x is bett]1 p]haps1 t ,i %\ld give my lett] & ,d>w9's answ] 9 full4 ,my lett] ran ?us3-- ,janu>y #b1 #ahhj4 ,,*>les ,,d>w91 ,,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,w y k9dly ref] me to ! edition ( ,kosmos :i* conta9s ! text ( ,dr4 ,krause's article on ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 z translat$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,dallas8 ,i h be=e me ! la/ ,febru>y numb] ( ,kosmos1 :i* appe>s by y\r preface to be ! "o f :i* ,mr4 ,dallas has translat$1 b 8 translation conta9s long & important passages :i* are n 9 ! ,febru>y numb] ( ,kosmos1 :ile _m passages 9 ! orig9al article are omitt$ 9 ! translation4 ,among ! passages introduc$ are ! la/ six pages ( ! ,engli% article1 :i* seem to condemn by anticipation ! position ,i h tak5 z reg>ds ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 9 my book1 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 & :i* ,i believe ,i 0 ! fir/ to take4 ,! conclud+1 & !re=e1 p]haps1 mo/ prom95t s5t5ce ( ! translation y h giv5 to ! public /&s ?us3-- 8,erasmus ,d>w9's sy/em 0 9 itself a mo/ significant fir/ /ep 9 ! pa? ( k :i* 8 gr&son has op5$ up = u1 b to wi% to revive x at ! pres5t day1 z has actually be5 s]i\sly attempt$1 %[s a weakness ( ?\ght & a m5tal ana*ronism :i* no man c envy40 ,! ,kosmos :i* has be5 s5t me f ,g]many conta9s no su* passage4 ,z y h /at$ 9 y\r preface t my book1 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 appe>$ subsequ5tly to ,dr4 ,krause's article1 & z no intimation is giv5 t ! article has be5 alt]$ & add$ to s9ce its orig9al appe>ance1 :ile ! accuracy ( ! translation z ?\gh f ! ,febru>y numb] ( ,kosmos is1 z y expressly say1 gu>ante$ by ,mr4 ,dallas's 8sci5tific reputation toge!r ) 8 k ( ,g]man10 y\r read]s w naturally suppose t all !y read 9 ! translation appe>$ 9 ,febru>y la/1 & !re=e be=e 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 0 writt51 & !re=e indep5d5tly (1 & necess>ily )\t ref]5ce to1 t book4 ,i d n d\bt t ?is 0 actually ! case1 b h fail$ to obta9 ! edition :i* conta9s ! passage above ref]r$ to1 & sev]al o!rs :i* appe> 9 ! translation4 ,i h a p]sonal int]e/ 9 ?is matt]1 & v5ture1 !re=e1 to ask = ! explanation :i* ,i d n d\bt y w readily give me4--,y\rs fai?fully1 ,s4 ,,butl]4 ,! foll[+ is ,mr4 ,d>w9's answ]3-- ,janu>y #c1 #ahhj4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1--,dr4 ,krause1 soon aft] ! appe>ance ( 8 article 9 ,kosmos told me t he int5d$ to publi% x sep>ately & to alt] x consid]ably1 & ! alt]$ ,,ms4 0 s5t to ,mr4 ,dallas = translation4 ,?is is s common a practice t x nev] occurr$ to me to /ate t ! article _h be5 modifi$2 b n[ ,i mu* regret t ,i did n d s4 ,! orig9al w soon appe> 9 ,g]man1 & ,i believe w be a mu* l>g] book ?an ! ,engli% "o2 =1 ) ,dr4 ,krause's cons5t1 _m long extracts f ,miss ,sew>d 7 omitt$ 7z well z mu* o!r matt]71 f be+ 9 my op9ion sup]flu\s = ! ,engli% read]4 ,i believe t ! omitt$ p>ts w appe> z notes 9 ! ,g]man edition4 ,%\ld !re be a repr9t ( ! ,engli% ,life ,i w /ate t ! orig9al z x appe>$ 9 ,kosmos 0 modifi$ by ,dr4 ,krause be=e x 0 translat$4 ,i may add t ,i _h obta9$ ,dr4 ,krause's cons5t = a translation1 & _h arrang$ ) ,mr4 ,dallas be=e y\r book 0 ann\nc$4 ,i rememb] ?is because ,mr4 ,dallas wrote to tell me ( ! adv]tisem5t4--,i rema91 y\rs fai?fully1 ,c4 ,,d>w94 ,?is 0 n a lett] ,i c\ld accept4 ,if ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h said t by "s inadv]t5ce1 :i* he 0 unable to excuse or acc\nt =1 a blund] _h be5 made :i* he w\ld at once correct s f> z 0 9 8 p[] by a lett] to ! ,times or ! ,a!num1 & t a notice ( ! erratum %\ld be pr9t$ on a flyleaf & pa/$ into all unsold copies ( ! 8,life ( ,erasmus ,d>w910 !re w\ld h be5 no m he>d ab\t ! matt] f me2 b :5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ma9ta9$ t x 0 a common practice to take advantage ( an opportunity ( revis+ a "w to int]polate a cov]t attack ^u an oppon5t1 & at ! same "t to misdate ! int]polat$ matt] by expressly /at+ t x appe>$ mon?s soon] ?an x actually did1 & prior to ! "w :i* x attack$2 :5 he ma9ta9$ t :at 0 be+ done 0 8s common a practice t x nev] occurr$10 to him--! writ] ( "s tw5ty volumes--to d :at all lit]>y m5 mu/ "k to be inexorably requisite1 ,i ?\ght ?is 0 go+ f> beyond :at 0 p]missible 9 hon\rable w>f>e1 & t x 0 "t1 9 ! int]e/s ( lit]>y & sci5tific morality1 ev5 m ?an 9 my own1 to appeal to public op9ion4 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly /ruck ) ! use ( ! words 8x nev] occurr$ to me10 & felt h[ completely ( a piece x 0 ) ! op5+ p>agraph ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species40 ,x 0 n m]ely t x did n occur to ,mr4 ,d>w9 to /ate t ! article _h be5 modifi$ s9ce x 0 writt5--?is w\ld h be5 bad en\gh "u ! circum/ances b t x did occur to him to g out ( 8 way to say :at 0 n true4 ,!re 0 no necessity = him to h said any?+ ab\t my book4 ,x appe>$1 moreov]1 inadequate to tell me t if a repr9t ( ! ,engli% ,life 0 want$ 7:i* might or might n be ! case1 & if x 0 n ! case1 :y1 a %rug ( ! %\ld]s1 & ,i mu/ make ! be/ ( x71 ,mr4 ,d>w9 might p]haps sil5tly omit 8 note ab\t my book1 z he omitt$ 8 misrepres5tation ( ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges ( ,creation10 & put ! words 8revis$ & correct$ by ! au?or0 on 8 title-page4 ,no matt] h[ high a writ] may /&1 nor :at s]vices he may h unque/ionably r5d]$1 x _c be = ! g5]al well-be+ t he %\ld be all[$ to set aside ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( /raight=w>dness & fair play4 ,:5 ,i ?\ght ( ,buffon1 ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 ( ,lam>ck & ev5 ( ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges ( ,creation10 to all ( :om ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h dealt ! same measure :i* he 0 n[ deal+ to myself2 :5 ,i ?\ght ( ^! great m51 n[ dumb1 :o _h borne ! burd5 & heat ( ! day1 & ^: laurels _h be5 fil*$ f !m2 ( ! mann]1 too1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h be5 abett$ by ^? :o %\ld h be5 ! fir/ to detect ! fallacy :i* _h misl$ him2 ( ! hotb$ ( intrigue :i* sci5ce has n[ become2 ( ! disrepute into :i* we ,engli% mu/ fall z a nation if su* practices z ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h attempt$ 9 ?is case 7 to be tol]at$2--:5 ,i ?\ght ( all ?is1 ,i felt t ?\gh pray]s = ! repose ( dead m5's s\ls might be unavail+1 yet a def5ce ( _! "w & memory1 no matt] aga9/ :at odds1 might avail ! liv+1 & resolv$ t ,i w\ld d my utmo/ to make my c\ntrym5 aw>e ( ! _s n[ rul+ among ^? :om !y delight to hon\r4 ,at fir/ ,i ?\ght ,i ought to cont9ue ! correspond5ce privately ) ,mr4 ,d>w91 & expla9 to him t 8 lett] 0 insuffici5t1 b on reflection ,i felt t little good 0 likely to come ( a second lett]1 if :at ,i _h already writt5 0 n en\gh4 ,i !re=e wrote to ! ,a!num & gave a cond5s$ acc\nt ( ! facts conta9$ 9 ! la/ t5 or a doz5 pages4 ,my lett] appe>$ ,janu>y #ca1 #ahhj4 #ej ,! accusation 0 a v grave "o2 x 0 made 9 a v public place4 ,i gave my "n2 ,i adduc$ ! /ronge/ prim facie gr\nds = ! acceptance ( my /atem5ts2 b !re 0 no rejo9d]1 & = ! be/ ( all reasons--t no rejo9d] 0 possible4 ,besides1 :at is ! good ( hav+ a reputation = c&\r if "o may n /& ^u x at a p9*8 ,i nev] yet knew a p]son ) an especial reputation = c&\r )\t f9d+ soon] or lat] t he _h develop$ x z animals develop _! organs1 ?r\gh 8s5se ( ne$40 ,n only did ,mr4 ,d>w9 rema9 p]fectly quiet1 b all review]s & littrateurs rema9$ p]fectly quiet also4 ,x seem$--?\gh ,i d n = a mom5t believe t ?is is s--z if public op9ion r approv$ ( :at ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h done1 & ( 8 sil5ce ?an o!rwise4 ,i saw ! 8,life ( ,erasmus ,d>w90 m frequ5tly & m prom95tly adv]tis$ n[ ?an ,i _h se5 x hi!rto--p]haps 9 ! hope ( sell+ (f ! adult]at$ copies1 & be+ able to repr9t ! "w ) a correct$ title page4 ,pres5tly ,i saw ,pr(essor ,huxley ha/5+ to ! rescue ) 8 lecture on ! com+ ( age ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 & by ,may x 0 easy = ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/] to imply t ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 ! greate/ ( liv+ m54 ,i h s9ce notic$ two or ?ree o!r controv]sies rag+ 9 ! ,a!num & ,times2 9 ea* ( ^! cases ,i saw x assum$ t ! defeat$ p>ty1 :5 prov$ to h publicly misrepres5t$ 8 adv]s>y1 %\ld d 8 be/ to correct 9 public ! injury :i* he _h publicly inflict$1 b ,i notic$ t 9 none ( !m _h ! beat5 side any especial reputation = c&\r4 ,?is probably made all ! diff]5ce4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 left me 9 possession ( ! field1 9 ! hope1 d\btless1 t ! matt] w\ld bl[ ov]--:i* x app>5tly soon did4 ,:e!r x has done s 9 reality or no1 is a matt] :i* rema9s to be se54 ,my own belief is t p paid no att5tion to :at ,i said1 z believ+ x simply incr$ible1 & t :5 !y come to "k t x is true1 !y w ?9k z ,i d conc]n+ x4 ,f ladies & g5tlem5 ( sci5ce ,i admit t ,i h no expectations4 ,!re is no conduct s di%on\rable t p w n d5y x or expla9 x away1 if x has be5 committ$ by "o :om !y recognise z ( _! own p]suasion4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t facts _c be respect$ by ! sci5ti/ 9 ! same way z by o!r p4 ,x is 8 bus9ess to famili>ise himself ) facts1 &1 z we all "k1 ! pa? f famili>ity to contempt is an easy "o4 ,"h1 !n1 ,i take leave ( ?is matt] = ! pres5t4 ,if x appe>s t ,i h us$ language su* z is r>ely se5 9 controv]sy1 let ! read] rememb] t ! occasion is1 s f> z ,i "k1 unp>allel$ = ! cynicism & audacity ) :i* ! wrong compla9$ ( 0 committ$ & p]si/$ 94 ,i tru/1 h[ev]1 t1 ?\gh n indiff]5t to ?is1 my indignation has be5 ma9ly r\s$1 z :5 ,i wrote 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 be=e ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h giv5 me p]sonal gr\nd ( compla9t aga9/ him1 by ! wrongs he has inflict$ on dead m51 on ^: behalf ,i n[ fight1 z ,i tru/ t "s "o--:om ,i ?ank by anticipation--may "o day fight on m9e4 ,*apt] ,v ,introduction to ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture4 ,,aft] ,i _h f9i%$ 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 ,i wrote "s articles = ! ,exam9]1 #eb 9 :i* ,i c>ri$ out ! idea put =w>d 9 8,life & ,habit10 t we are "o p]son ) our ance/ors4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t all liv+ animals & vegetables1 be+--z appe>s likely if ! !ory ( evolution is accept$--desc5d$ f a common ance/or1 are 9 reality "o p]son1 & unite to =m a body corporate1 ( ^: exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 !y are unconsci\s4 ,!re is an obvi\s analogy betwe5 ?is & ! mann] 9 :i* ! compon5t cells ( our bodies unite to =m our s+le individuality1 ( :i* x is n likely !y h a conception1 & ) :i* !y h probably only ! same p>tial & imp]fect sympa?y z we1 ! body corporate1 h ) !m4 ,9 ! articles above allud$ to ,i sep>at$ ! organic f ! inorganic1 & :5 ,i came to rewrite !m1 ,i f\nd t ?is c\ld n be done1 & t ,i mu/ recon/ruct :at ,i _h writt54 ,i 0 at "w on ?is--to :i* ,i hope to return %ortly--:5 ,dr4 ,krause's' 8,erasmus ,d>w910 ) its prelim9>y notice by ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w91 came out1 & hav+ be5 compell$1 z ,i h %[n above1 by ,dr4 ,krause's "w to look a little into ! ,g]man language1 ! opportunity seem$ fav\rable = go+ on ) x & becom+ acqua9t$ ) ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture4 ,i !re=e began to translate 8 lecture at once1 ) ! k9d assi/ance ( fri5ds ^: pati5ce seem$ inexhau/ible1 & f\nd myself well rew>d$ = my tr\ble4 ,pr(essor ,h]+ & ,i1 to use a metaphor ( 8 own1 are z m5 :o h obs]v$ ! action ( liv+ be+s ^u ! /age ( ! _w1 he f ! po9t ( view at once ( a spectator & ( "o :o has free access to mu* ( :at goes on beh9d ! sc5es1 ,i f t ( a spectator only1 ) none b ! vague/ notion ( ! actual mann] 9 :i* ! /age ma*9]y is work$4 ,if two m5 s plac$1 aft] ye>s ( reflection1 arrive indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r at an id5tical conclusion z reg>ds ! mann] 9 :i* ?is ma*9]y mu/ h be5 inv5t$ & p]fect$1 x is natural t ea* %\ld take a deep int]e/ 9 ! argum5ts ( ! o!r1 & be anxi\s to put !m =w>d ) ! utmo/ possible prom95ce4 ,x seems to me t ! !ory :i* ,pr(essor ,h]+ & ,i are support+ 9 common1 is "o ! importance ( :i* is h>dly inf]ior to t ( ! !ory ( evolution itself--= x puts ! backbone1 z x 71 into ! !ory ( evolution4 ,i %all !re=e make no apology = lay+ my translation ( ,pr(essor ,h]+'s "w be=e my read]4 ,conc]n+ ! id5tity ( ! ma9 idea put =w>d 9 8,life & ,habit0 ) t ( ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture1 !re c h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 be two op9ions4 ,we bo? ( u ma9ta9 t we gr[ our limbs z we d1 & possess ! in/9cts we possess1 because we rememb] hav+ gr[n our limbs 9 ?is way1 & hav+ _h ^! in/9cts 9 pa/ g5]ations :5 we 7 9 ! p]sons ( our =efa!rs--ea* individual life add+ a small 7b s small1 9 any "o lifetime1 z to be h>dly appreciable7 am\nt ( new exp]i5ce to ! g5]al /ore ( memory2 t we h ?us got into c]ta9 habits :i* we c n[ r>ely break2 & t we d mu* ( :at we d unconsci\sly on ! same pr9ciple z t 7:atev] x is7 on :i* we d all o!r habitual actions1 ) ! great] ease & unconsci\sness ! m (t5 we repeat !m4 ,n only is ! ma9 idea ! same1 b ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d h[ (t5 ,pr(essor ,h]+ & ,i _h tak5 ! same illu/rations ) :i* to po9t our mean+4 ,nev]!less1 we h ea* ( u left undealt ) "s po9ts :i* ! o!r has treat$ (4 ,pr(essor ,h]+1 = example1 goes into ! "q ( :at memory is1 & ?is ,i did n v5ture to d4 ,i conf9$ myself to say+ t :atev] memory 01 h]$ity 0 also4 ,pr(essor ,h]+ adds t memory is due to vibrations ( ! molecules ( ! n]ve fibres1 :i* "u c]ta9 circum/ances recur1 & br+ ab\t a correspond+ recurr5ce ( visible action4 ,?is approa*es closely to ! !ory conc]n+ ! physics ( memory :i* has be5 mo/ g5]ally adopt$ s9ce ! "t ( ,bonnet1 :o wrote z foll[s3-- 8,! s\l nev] has a new s5sation b by ! int] position ( ! s5ses4 ,?is s5sation has be5 orig9ally atta*$ to ! motion ( c]ta9 fibres4 ,its reproduction or recollection by ! s5ses w !n be likewise connect$ ) ^! same fibres40 4 4 4 #ed;a ,& aga93-- 8,x appe>$ to me t s9ce ?is memory is connect$ ) ! body1 x mu/ dep5d ^u "s *ange :i* mu/ happ5 to ! primitive /ate ( ! s5sible fibres by ! action ( objects4 ,i h1 !re=e1 admitt$ z probable t ! /ate ( ! fibres on :i* an object has act$ is n precisely ! same aft] ?is action z x 0 be=e ,i h conjectur$ t ! s5sible fibres exp]i5ce m or less durable modifications1 :i* con/itute ! physics ( memory & recollection40 #ed;b ,pr(essor ,h]+ comes ne> to endors+ ?is view1 & uses x = ! purpose ( expla9+ p]sonal id5tity4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is :at he does 9 fact1 ?\gh p]haps h>dly 9 words4 ,i did n say m ^u ! ess5ce ( p]sonality ?an t x 0 insep>able f ! idea t ! v>i\s phases ( our exi/5ce %\ld h fl[$ "o out ( ! o!r1 89 :at we see z a cont9u\s1 ?\gh x may be at times a v tr\bl$1 /ream0 #ee b ,i ma9ta9$ t ! id5tity betwe5 two successive g5]ations 0 ( ess5tially ! same k9d z t exi/+ betwe5 an infant & an octog5>ian4 ,i ?us left p]sonal id5tity unexpla9$1 ?\gh insi/+ t x 0 ! key to two app>5tly di/9ct sets ( ph5om5a1 ! "o ( :i* _h be5 hi!rto consid]$ incompatible ) our ideas conc]n+ x4 ,pr(essor ,h]+ insi/s on ?is too1 b he gives u f>!r insight into :at p]sonal id5tity is1 & expla9s h[ x is t ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity are ph5om5a also ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,he implies1 ?\gh 9 ! %ort space at 8 comm& he has h>dly said s 9 express t]ms1 t p]sonal id5tity z we commonly ?9k ( x--t is to say1 z conf9$ to ! s+le life ( ! individual--consi/s 9 ! un9t]rupt$ness ( a suffici5t numb] ( vibrations1 :i* h be5 communicat$ f molecule to molecule ( ! n]ve fibres1 & :i* g on communicat+ ea* "o ( !m its own peculi> *>act]i/ic elem5ts to ! new matt] :i* we introduce into ! body by way ( nutrition4 ,^! vibrations may be s g5tle z to be imp]ceptible = ye>s toge!r2 b !y are !re1 & may become p]ceiv$ if !y receive accession ?r\gh ! runn+ into !m ( a wave go+ ! same way z !mselves1 :i* wave has be5 set up 9 ! e!r by ext]ior objects & has be5 communicat$ to ! organs ( s5se4 ,z ^! pages are on ! po9t ( leav+ my h&s1 ,i see ! foll[+ rem>kable passage 9 ,m9d = ! curr5t mon?1 & introduce x p>5!tically "h3-- 8,i foll[$ ! sluggi% curr5t ( hyal9e mat]ial issu+ f globules ( mo/ primitive liv+ sub/ance4 ,p]si/5tly x foll[$ its way into space1 conqu]+1 at fir/1 ! manifold resi/ances oppos$ to x by its wat]y m$ium4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 its en]gies became exhau/$1 till at la/1 completely ov]:elm$1 x /opp$1 an immovable projection /agnat$ to dea?-l rigidity4 ,?us = h\rs1 p]haps1 x rema9$ /ation>y1 "o ( _m su* rays ( "s ( ! _m k9ds ( protoplasmic />s4 ,by degrees1 !n1 or p]haps q sudd5ly1 help w\ld come to x f =eign b congru\s s\rces4 ,x w\ld seem to comb9e ) outside complem5tal matt] drift$ to x at r&om4 ,sl[ly x w\ld rega9 !reby its vital mobility4 ,%r9k+ at fir/1 b gradually completely re/or$ & re9corporat$ into ! onw>d tide ( life1 x 0 ready to take "p aga9 9 ! progressive fl[ ( a new ray40 #ef ,to return to ! end ( ! la/ p>agraph b "o4 ,if ?is is s--b ,i %\ld w>n ! read] t ,pr(essor ,h]+ is n responsible = ?is sugge/ion1 ?\gh x seems to foll[ s naturally f :at he has said t ,i imag9e he int5d$ ! inf]5ce to be drawn1--if ?is is s1 assimilation is no?+ else ?an ! communication ( its own rhy?ms f ! assimilat+ to ! assimilat$ sub/ance1 to ! effacem5t ( ! vibrations or rhy?ms h]et(ore exi/+ 9 ?is la/2 & suitability = food w dep5d ^u :e!r ! rhy?ms ( ! sub/ance eat5 are su* z to fl[ h>moni\sly into & *ime 9 ) ^? ( ! body :i* has eat5 x1 or :e!r !y w refuse to act 9 conc]t ) ! new rhy?ms ) :i* !y h become associat$1 & w p]si/ ob/9ately 9 pursu+ _! own c\rse4 ,9 ?is case !y w ei!r be turn$ out ( ! body at once1 or w disconc]t its arrangem5ts1 ) p]haps fatal consequ5ces4 ,?is comes r\nd to ! conclusion ,i arriv$ at 9 8,life & ,habit10 t assimilation 0 no?+ b ! imbu+ ( "o ?+ ) ! memories ( ano!r4 7,see 8,life & ,habit10 pp4 #acf1 #acg1 #adj1 c47 ,x w be not$ t1 z ,i resolv$ ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity into ph5om5a ( p]sonal id5tity1 & left ! matt] !re1 s ,pr(essor ,h]+ resolves ! ph5om5a ( p]sonal id5tity into ! ph5om5a ( a liv+ me*anism ^: equilibrium is di/urb$ by vibrations ( a c]ta9 "*--& leaves x !re4 ,we n[ want to und]/& m ab\t ! vibrations4 ,b if1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,h]+1 ! p]sonal id5tity ( ! s+le life consi/s 9 ! un9t]rupt$ness ( vibrations1 s also d ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity4 ,= n only may vibrations ( a c]ta9 viol5ce or "* be p]si/5t unp]ceiv$ = _m ye>s 9 a liv+ body1 & communicate !mselves to ! matt] x has assimilat$1 b !y may1 & w1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ext5d to ! p>ticle :i* is ab\t to leave ! p>5t body z ! g]m ( its future (fspr+4 ,9 ?is m9ute piece ( matt] !re mu/1 if ,pr(essor ,h]+ is "r1 be an inf9ity ( rhy?mic undulations incessantly vibrat+ ) m or less activity1 & ready to be set 9 m active agitation at a mom5t's w>n+1 "u due accession ( vibration f ext]ior objects4 ,on ! occurr5ce ( su* /imulus1 t is to say1 :5 a vibration ( a suitable rhy?m f )\t concurs ) "o )9 ! body s z to augm5t x1 ! agitation may ga!r su* /r5g? t ! t\*1 z x 71 is giv5 to a h\se ( c>ds1 & ! :ole comes toppl+ ov]4 ,?is toppl+ ov] is :at we call action2 & :5 x is ! result ( ! di/urbance ( c]ta9 usual arrangem5ts 9 c]ta9 usual ways1 we call x ! habitual developm5t & in/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ! race4 ,9 ei!r case1 !n1 :e!r we consid] ! cont9u$ id5tity ( ! individual 9 :at we call 8 s+le life1 or ^? features 9 8 (fspr+ :i* we ref] to h]$ity1 ! same explanation ( ! ph5om5a is applicable4 ,x foll[s f ?is z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ! cont9uation ( life or p]sonal id5tity 9 ! individual & ! race are fundam5tally ( ! same k9d1 or1 9 o!r words1 t !re is a v]itable prolongation ( id5tity or on5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+4 ,pr(essor ,h]+ rea*es 8 conclusion by physical me?ods1 :ile ,i rea*$ m9e1 z ,i am told1 by metaphysical4 ,i nev] yet c\ld und]/& :at 8metaphysics0 & 8metaphysical0 mean2 b ,i %\ld h said ,i rea*$ x by ! ex]cise ( a little common s5se :ile reg>d+ c]ta9 facts :i* are op5 to e "o4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 s f> z ,i c see1 no diff]5ce 9 ! conclusion come to4 ,! view :i* connects memory ) vibrations may t5d to ?r[ light ^u t difficult "q1 ! mann] 9 :i* neut] bees acquire /ructures & in/9cts1 n "o ( :i* 0 possess$ by any ( _! direct ance/ors4 ,^? :o h read 8,life & ,habit0 may rememb]1 ,i sugge/$ t ! food prep>$ 9 ! /oma*s ( ! nurse-bees1 ) :i* ! neut] work+ bees are f$1 might ?us acquire a quasi-sem9al "*1 & be made a means ( communicat+ ! in/9cts & /ructures 9 "q4 #eh ,if assimilation be reg>d$ z ! receiv+ by "o sub/ance ( ! rhy?ms or undulations f ano!r1 ! explanation j ref]r$ to receives an accession ( probability4 ,if x is object$ t ,pr(essor ,h]+'s !ory z to cont9uity ( vibrations be+ ! key to memory & h]$ity involves ! action ( m :eels )9 :eels ?an our imag9ation c come ne> to compreh5d+1 & also t x supposes ?is complexity ( action z go+ on )9 a compass :i* no unaid$ eye c detect by reason ( its littl5ess1 s t we are c>ri$ into a fairy l& ) :i* sob] p %\ld h no?+ to d1 x may be answ]$ t ! case ( light af=ds u an example ( our be+ truly aw>e ( a multitude ( m9ute actions1 ! hundr$ million million? "p ( :i* we %\ld h decl>$ to be beyond our k51 c\ld we n inconte/ably prove t we notice & c\nt !m all ) a v suffici5t & cr$itable accuracy4 8,:o w\ld n10 #ei;a says ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 8ask = demon/ration :5 told t a gnat's w+1 9 its ord9>y flight1 beats _m hundr$ times 9 a second8 or t !re exi/ animat$ & regul>ly organis$ be+s _m ?\s&s ( ^: bodies laid close toge!r w\ld n ext5d to an in*8 ,b :at are ^! to ! a/oni%+ tru?s :i* mod]n optical inquiries h disclos$1 :i* tea* u t e po9t ( a m$ium ?r\gh :i* a ray ( light passes is affect$ ) a succession ( p]iodical movem5ts1 recurr+ regul>ly at equal int]vals1 no less ?an five hundr$ millions ( millions ( times 9 a second2 t x is by su* movem5ts communicat$ to ! n]ves ( our eyes t we see2 nay1 m1 t x is ! diff]5ce 9 ! frequ5cy ( _! recurr5ce :i* affects u ) ! s5se ( ! div]sity ( col\r2 t1 = in/ance1 9 acquir+ ! s5sation ( r$ness1 our eyes are affect$ f\r hundr$ & eighty-two millions ( millions ( times2 ( yell[ness1 five hundr$ & =ty-two millions ( millions ( times2 & ( violet1 sev5 hundr$ & sev5 millions ( millions ( times p] second8 #ei;b ,d n su* ?+s s\nd m l ! rav+s ( madm5 ?an ! sob] conclusions ( p 9 _! wak+ s5ses8 ,!y are1 nev]!less1 conclusions to :i* any "o may mo/ c]ta9ly arrive :o w only be at ! pa9s ( exam9+ ! *a9 ( reason+ by :i* !y h be5 obta9$40 ,a man c\nt+ z h>d z he c repeat numb]s "o aft] ano!r1 & nev] c\nt+ m ?an a hundr$1 s t he %all h no long words to repeat1 may p]haps c\nt t5 ?\s&1 or a hundr$ a hundr$ times ov]1 9 an h\r4 ,at ?is rate1 c\nt+ night & day1 & all[+ no "t = re/ or refre%m5t1 he w\ld c\nt "o million 9 f\r days & f\r h\rs1 or say f\r days only4 ,to c\nt a million a million times ov]1 he w\ld require f\r million days1 or r\ghly t5 ?\s& ye>s2 = five hundr$ millions ( millions1 he mu/ h ! utt]ly unrealisable p]iod ( five million ye>s4 ,yet he actually goes ?r\gh ?is /up5d\s piece ( reckon+ unconsci\sly h\r aft] h\r1 day aft] day1 x may be = eighty ye>s1 (t5 9 ea* second ( daylight2 & h[ mu* m by artificial or subdu$ light ,i d n "k4 ,he kn[s :e!r 8 eye is be+ /ruck five hundr$ millions ( millions ( times1 or only f\r hundr$ & eighty-two millions ( millions ( times4 ,he ?us %[s t he e/imates or c\nts ea* set ( vibrations1 & regi/]s !m accord+ to 8 results4 ,if a man writes ^u ! back ( a ,briti% ,museum blott+-pad ( ! common nonp>eil patt]n1 on :i* !re are "s ?\s&s ( small spaces ea* diff]+ 9 col\r f t :i* is imm$iately next to x1 8 eye w1 nev]!less1 )\t an ef=t assign its true col\r to ea* "o ( ^! spaces4 ,?is implies t he is all ! "t c\nt+ & tak+ tally ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! numb]s ( ! vibrations f ea* "o ( ! small spaces 9 "q4 ,yet ! m9d t is capable ( su* /up5d\s computations z ^! s long z x kn[s no?+ ab\t !m1 makes no little fuss ab\t ! consci\s add+ toge!r ( su* almo/ inconceivably m9ute numb]s z1 we w say1 #bgcjafi & #egijace--or1 if ^! be consid]$ too l>ge1 z #bg & #ai4 ,let ! read] rememb] t he _c by any ef=t br+ be=e 8 m9d ! units1 n 9 ones1 b 9 millions ( millions ( ! processes :i* 8 visual organs are und]go+ second aft] second f dawn till d>k1 & !n let him demur if he w to ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce 9 a g]m1 ( curr5ts & und]curr5ts1 & rhy?ms & c\nt] rhy?ms1 also by ! million ( millions--ea* "o ( :i*1 on be+ ov]tak5 by ! rhy?m f )\t t *imes 9 ) & /imulates x1 may be ! beg9n+ ( t unsettlem5t ( equilibrium :i* results 9 ! cra% ( action1 unless x is timely c\nt]act$4 ,if ano!r objector ma9ta9s t ! vibrations )9 ! g]m z above suppos$ mu/ be cont9ually cross+ & int]f]+ ) "o ano!r 9 su* a mann] z to de/roy ! cont9uity ( any "o s]ies1 x may be repli$ t ! vibrations ( ! light proce$+ f ! objects t surr\nd u trav]se "o ano!r by ! millions ( millions e second yet 9 no way int]f]e ) "o ano!r4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! difficulties ( ! !ory t[>ds :i* ,i suppose ,pr(essor ,h]+ to incl9e are l ^? ( all o!r !ories on ! same subject--almo/ inconceivably great4 ,9 8,life & ,habit0 ,i did n t\* ^u ^! vibrations1 kn[+ no?+ ab\t !m4 ,"h1 !n1 is "o important po9t ( diff]5ce1 n betwe5 ! conclusions arriv$ at1 b betwe5 ! aim & scope ( ! "w t ,pr(essor ,h]+ & ,i sev]ally attempt$4 ,ano!r diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! po9ts at :i* we h left (f4 ,pr(essor ,h]+1 hav+ e/abli%$ 8 ma9 !sis1 is cont5t4 ,i1 on ! o!r h&1 w5t on to ma9ta9 t if vig\r 0 due to memory1 want ( vig\r 0 due to want ( memory4 ,?us ,i 0 l$ to connect memory ) ! ph5om5a ( hybridism & ( old age2 to %[ t ! /]ility ( c]ta9 animals "u dome/ication is only a phase (1 & ( a piece )1 ! v common /]ility ( hybrids--ph5om5a :i* at fir/ sight h no connection ei!r ) ea* o!r or ) memory1 b ! connection betwe5 :i* w nev] be lo/ sight ( by ^? :o h once laid hold ( x4 ,i also po9t$ out h[ exactly ! ph5om5a ( developm5t agre$ ) ^? ( ! abeyance & recurr5ce ( memory1 & ! rationale ( ! fact t pub]ty 9 s _m animals & plants comes ab\t ! end ( developm5t4 ,! pr9ciple und]ly+ longevity foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,i h no idea h[ f> ,pr(essor ,h]+ w\ld agree ) me 9 ! position ,i h tak5 9 respect ( ^! ph5om5a1 b !re is no?+ 9 ! above at v>iance ) 8 lecture4 ,ano!r matt] on :i* ,pr(essor ,h]+ has n t\*$ is ! be>+ ( 8 !ory on t view ( evolution :i* is n[ commonly accept$4 ,x is pla9 he accepts evolution1 b x does n appe> t he sees h[ fatal 8 !ory is to any view ( evolution except a teleological "o--! purpose resid+ )9 ! animal & n )\t x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ 9 8 lecture to indicate t he does n see ?is4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! "q :e!r memory is due to ! p]si/5ce )9 ! body ( c]ta9 vibrations1 :i* h be5 already set up )9 ! bodies ( its ance/ors1 is true or no1 w n affect ! position ,i took up 9 8,life & ,habit40 ,9 t book ,i h ma9ta9$ no?+ m ?an t :atev] memory is h]$ity is also4 ,i am n committ$ to ! vibration !ory ( memory1 ?\gh incl9$ to accept x on a prim facie view4 ,all ,i am committ$ to is1 t if memory is due to p]si/5ce ( vibrations1 s is h]$ity2 & if memory is n s due1 !n no m is h]$ity4 ,f9ally1 ,i may say t ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture1 ! passage quot$ f ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 on p4 #bf ( ?is volume1 & a few h9ts 9 ! extracts f ,mr4 ,patrick ,ma!w :i* ,i h quot$ 9 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 are all t ,i yet "k ( 9 o!r writ]s z po9t+ to ! conclusion t ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity are ph5om5a also ( memory4 ,*apt] ,,vi ,pr(essor ,ewald ,h]+ 8,on ,memory40 ,i ,,w n[ lay be=e ! read] a translation ( ,pr(essor ,h]+'s own words4 ,i h _h x c>efully revis$ ?r\gh\t by a g5tleman ^: native language is ,g]man1 b :o has resid$ 9 ,engl& = _m ye>s pa/4 ,! orig9al lecture is entitl$ 8,on ,memory z a ,univ]sal ,function ( ,organis$ ,matt]10 & 0 deliv]$ at ! anniv]s>y meet+ ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,vi5na1 ,may #cj1 #ahgj4 #fc ,x is z foll[s3-- 8,:5 ! /ud5t ( ,nature quits ! n>r[ work%op ( 8 own p>ticul> inquiry1 & sets out ^u an excursion into ! va/ k+dom ( philosophical inve/igation1 he does s1 d\btless1 9 ! hope ( f9d+ ! answ] to t great riddle1 to ! solution ( a small "p ( :i* he devotes 8 life4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :om he leaves beh9d him /ill work+ at _! own special bran* ( inquiry1 reg>d 8 dep>ture ) secret misgiv+s on 8 behalf1 :ile ! born citiz5s ( ! k+dom ( speculation among :om he w\ld naturalise himself1 receive him ) well-au?oris$ di/ru/4 ,he is likely1 !re=e1 to lose gr\nd ) ! fir/1 :ile n ga9+ x ) ! second4 ,! subject to ! consid]ation ( :i* ,i w\ld n[ solicit y\r att5tion does c]ta9ly appe> likely to lure u on t[>ds ! flatt]+ l& ( speculation1 b be>+ 9 m9d :at ,i h j said1 ,i w bew>e ( quitt+ ! dep>tm5t ( natural sci5ce to :i* ,i h devot$ myself hi!rto4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 endeav\r to atta9 its highe/ po9t1 s z to take a fre] view ( ! surr\nd+ t]ritory4 ,x w soon appe> t ,i %\ld fail 9 ?is purpose if my rem>ks 7 to conf9e !mselves solely to physiology4 ,i hope to %[ h[ f> psy*ological inve/igations also af=d n only p]missible1 b indisp5sable1 aid to physiological inquiries4 ,consci\sness is an accompanim5t ( t animal & human organisation & ( t mat]ial me*anism :i* x is ! prov9ce ( physiology to explore2 & z long z ! atoms ( ! bra9 foll[ _! due c\rse accord+ to c]ta9 def9ite laws1 !re arises an inn] life :i* spr+s f s5sation & idea1 f feel+ & w4 ,we feel ?is 9 our own cases2 x /rikes u 9 our conv]se ) o!r p2 we c see x pla9ly 9 ! m highly organis$ animals2 ev5 ! l[e/ =ms ( life be> traces ( x2 & :o c draw a l9e 9 ! k+dom ( organic life1 & say t x is "h ! s\l ceases8 ,) :at eyes1 !n1 is physiology to reg>d ?is two-fold life ( ! organis$ _w8 ,%all %e close !m entirely to "o :ole side ( x1 t %e may fix !m m int5tly on ! o!r8 ,s long z ! physiologi/ is cont5t to be a physici/1 & no?+ m--us+ ! ^w 8physici/0 9 its wide/ signification--8 position 9 reg>d to ! organic _w is "o ( extreme b legitimate "o-sid$ness4 ,z ! cry/al to ! m9]alogi/ or ! vibrat+ /r+ to ! ac\/ician1 s f ?is po9t ( view bo? man & ! l[] animals are to ! physiologi/ nei!r m nor less ?an ! matt] ( :i* !y consi/4 ,t animals feel desire & repugnance1 t ! mat]ial me*anism ( ! human frame is 9 *ose connection ) emotions ( pleasure or pa91 & ) ! active idea-life ( consci\sness--?is _c1 9 ! eyes ( ! physici/1 make ! animal or human body into any?+ m ?an :at x actually is4 ,to him x is a comb9ation ( matt]1 subject$ to ! same inflexible laws z /ones & plants--a mat]ial comb9ation1 ! outw>d & inw>d movem5ts ( :i* int]act z cause & effect1 & are 9 z close connection ) ea* o!r & ) _! surr\nd+s z ! work+ ( a ma*9e ) ! revolutions ( ! :eels t compose x4 ,nei!r s5sation1 nor idea1 nor yet consci\s w1 c =m a l9k 9 ?is *a9 ( mat]ial occurr5ces :i* make up ! physical life ( an organism4 ,if ,i am ask$ a "q & reply to x1 ! mat]ial process :i* ! n]ve fibre conveys f ! organ ( he>+ to ! bra9 mu/ travel ?r\gh my bra9 z an actual & mat]ial process be=e x c rea* ! n]ves :i* w act ^u my organs ( spee*4 ,x _c1 on rea*+ a giv5 place 9 ! bra91 *ange !n & !re into an immat]ial some?+1 & turn up aga9 "s "t aft]w>ds 9 ano!r "p ( ! bra9 z a mat]ial process4 ,! travell] 9 ! des]t might z well hope1 be=e he aga9 goes =? into ! wild]ness ( reality1 to take re/ & refre%m5t 9 ! oasis ) :i* ! ,fata ,morgana illudes him2 or z well might a prison] hope to escape f 8 prison ?r\gh a door reflect$ 9 a mirror4 ,s mu* = ! physiologi/ 9 8 capacity ( pure physici/4 ,z long z he rema9s beh9d ! sc5es 9 pa9ful exploration ( ! details ( ! ma*9]y--z long z he only obs]ves ! action ( ! play]s f beh9d ! /age--s long w he miss ! _s ( ! p]=mance1 :i* is1 nev]!less1 caught easily by "o :o sees x f ! front4 ,may he n1 !n1 = once 9 a way1 be all[$ to *ange 8 /&po9t8 ,true1 he came n to see ! repres5tation ( an imag9>y _w2 he is 9 se>* ( ! actual2 b surely x mu/ help him to a compreh5sion ( ! dramatic app>atus itself1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* x is work$1 if he 7 to view its action f 9 front z well z f beh9d1 or at lea/ all[ himself to he> :at sob]-m9d$ spectators c tell him ^u ! subject4 ,!re c be no "q z to ! answ]2 & h5ce x comes t psy*ology is su* an indisp5sable help to physiology1 ^: fault x only 9 small "p is t %e has hi!rto made su* little use ( ?is assi/ance2 = psy*ology has be5 late 9 beg9n+ to till h] f]tile field ) ! pl\gh ( ! inductive me?od1 & x is only f gr\nd s till$ t fruits c spr+ :i* c be ( s]vice to physiology4 ,if1 !n1 ! /ud5t ( n]v\s physiology takes 8 /& betwe5 ! physici/ & ! psy*ologi/1 & if ! fir/ ( ^! rightly makes ! unbrok5 causative cont9uity ( all mat]ial processes an axiom ( 8 sy/em ( inve/igation1 ! prud5t psy*ologi/1 on ! o!r h&1 w inve/igate ! laws ( consci\s life accord+ to ! inductive me?od1 & w h5ce1 z mu* z ! physici/1 make ! exi/5ce ( fix$ laws 8 initial assumption4 ,if1 aga91 ! mo/ sup]ficial introspection tea*es ! physiologi/ t 8 consci\s life is dep5d5t ^u ! me*anical adju/m5ts ( 8 body1 & t inv]sely 8 body is subject$ ) c]ta9 limitations to 8 w1 !n x only rema9s = him to make "o assumption m1 namely1 t ?is mutual int]dep5d5ce betwe5 ! spiritual & ! mat]ial is itself also dep5d5t on law1 & he has discov]$ ! bond by :i* ! sci5ce ( matt] & ! sci5ce ( consci\sness are unit$ into a s+le :ole4 ,?us reg>d$1 ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness become functions ( ! mat]ial *anges ( organis$ sub/ance1 & inv]sely--?\gh ?is is involv$ 9 ! use ( ! ^w 8function0--! mat]ial processes ( bra9 sub/ance become functions ( ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness4 ,= :5 two v>iables are s dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r 9 ! *anges !y und]go 9 accordance ) fix$ laws t a *ange 9 ei!r involves simultane\s & correspond+ *ange 9 ! o!r1 ! "o is call$ a function ( ! o!r4 ,?is1 !n1 by no means implies t ! two v>iables above-nam$--matt] & consci\sness--/& 9 ! relation ( cause & effect1 antec$5t & consequ5ce1 to "o ano!r4 ,= on ?is subject we "k no?+4 ,! mat]iali/ reg>ds consci\sness z a product or result ( matt]1 :ile ! ideali/ holds matt] to be a result ( consci\sness1 & a ?ird ma9ta9s t matt] & _s are id5tical2 ) all ?is ! physiologi/1 z su*1 has no?+ :atev] to d2 8 sole conc]n is ) ! fact t matt] & consci\sness are functions "o ( ! o!r4 ,by ! help ( ?is hypo!sis ( ! functional int]dep5d5ce ( matt] & _s1 mod]n physiology is enabl$ to br+ ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness )9 ! doma9 ( h] inve/igations )\t leav+ ! t]ra firma ( sci5tific me?ods4 ,! physiologi/1 z physici/1 c foll[ ! ray ( light & ! wave ( s\nd or heat till !y rea* ! organ ( s5se4 ,he c wat* !m ent]+ ^u ! ends ( ! n]ves1 & f9d+ _! way to ! cells ( ! bra9 by means ( ! s]ies ( undulations or vibrations :i* !y e/abli% 9 ! n]ve filam5ts4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 he loses all trace ( !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 /ill look+ ) ! eyes ( a pure physici/1 he sees s\nd waves ( spee* issue f ! m\? ( a speak]2 he obs]ves ! motion ( 8 own limbs1 & f9ds h[ ?is is conditional ^u muscul> contractions occasion$ by ! motor n]ves1 & h[ ^! n]ves are 9 _! turn excit$ by ! cells ( ! c5tral organ4 ,b "h aga9 8 k comes to an end4 ,true1 he sees indications ( ! bridge :i* is to c>ry him f excitation ( ! s5sory to t ( ! motor n]ves 9 ! labyr9? ( intricately int]wov5 n]ve cells1 b he kn[s no?+ ( ! inconceivably complex process :i* is introduc$ at ?is /age4 ,"h ! physiologi/ w *ange 8 /&po9t2 :at matt] w n reveal to 8 inquiry1 he w f9d 9 ! mirror1 z x 71 ( consci\sness2 by way ( a reflection1 inde$1 only1 b a reflection1 nev]!less1 :i* /&s 9 intimate relation to ! object ( 8 inquiry4 ,:5 at ?is po9t he obs]ves h[ "o idea gives rise to ano!r1 h[ closely idea is connect$ ) s5sation & s5sation ) w1 & h[ ?\ght1 aga91 & feel+ are insep>able f "o ano!r1 he w be compell$ to suppose correspond+ successions ( mat]ial processes1 :i* g5]ate & are closely connect$ ) "o ano!r1 & :i* att5d ! :ole ma*9]y ( consci\s life1 accord+ to ! law ( ! functional int]dep5d5ce ( matt] & consci\sness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ?is explanation ,i %all v5ture to reg>d "u a s+le aspect a great s]ies ( ph5om5a :i* app>5tly h no?+ to d ) "o ano!r1 & :i* belong p>tly to ! consci\s & p>tly to ! unconsci\s life ( organis$ be+s4 ,i %all reg>d !m z ! outcome ( "o & ! same prim>y =ce ( organis$ matt]--namely1 its memory or p[] ( reproduction4 ,! ^w 8memory0 is (t5 und]/ood z ?\gh x meant no?+ m ?an our faculty ( int5tionally reproduc+ ideas or s]ies ( ideas4 ,b :5 ! figures & ev5ts ( bygone days rise up aga9 unbidd5 9 our m9ds1 is n ?is also an act ( recollection or memory8 ,we h a p]fect "r to ext5d our conception ( memory s z to make x embrace involunt>y reproductions1 ( s5sations1 ideas1 p]ceptions1 & ef=ts2 b we f9d1 on hav+ done s1 t we h s f> enl>g$ h] b\nd>ies t %e proves to be an ultimate & orig9al p[]1 ! s\rce1 & at ! same "t ! unify+ bond1 ( our :ole consci\s life4 ,we "k t :5 an impression1 or a s]ies ( impressions1 has be5 made ^u our s5ses = a long "t1 & always 9 ! same way1 x may come to impress itself 9 su* a mann] ^u ! s-call$ s5se-memory t h\rs aft]w>ds1 & ?\gh a hundr$ o!r ?+s h occupi$ our att5tion mean:ile1 x w yet return sudd5ly to our consci\sness ) all ! =ce & fre%ness ( ! orig9al s5sation4 ,a :ole gr\p ( s5sations is sometimes reproduc$ 9 its due sequ5ce z reg>ds "t & space1 ) s mu* reality t x illudes u1 z ?\gh ?+s 7 actually pres5t :i* h long ceas$ to be s4 ,we h "h a /rik+ pro( ( ! fact t aft] bo? consci\s s5sation & p]ception h be5 ext+ui%$1 _! mat]ial ve/iges yet rema9 9 our n]v\s sy/em by way ( a *ange 9 its molecul> or atomic disposition1 #fi t enables ! n]ve sub/ance to reproduce all ! physical processes ( ! orig9al s5sation1 & ) ^! ! correspond+ psy*ical processes ( s5sation & p]ception4 ,e h\r ! ph5om5a ( s5se-memory are pres5t ) ea* "o ( u1 b 9 a less degree ?an ?is4 ,we are all at times aw>e ( a ho/ ( m or less fad$ recollections ( e>li] impressions1 :i* we ei!r summon int5tionally or :i* come ^u u involunt>ily4 ,visions ( abs5t p come & g be=e u z fa9t & fleet+ %ad[s1 & ! notes ( long-=gott5 melodies float ar\nd u1 n actually he>d1 b yet p]ceptible4 ,"s ?+s & occurr5ces1 especially if !y h happ5$ to u only once & hurri$ly1 w be reproducible by ! memory 9 respect only ( a few conspicu\s qualities2 9 o!r cases ^? details alone w recur to u :i* we h met ) else:]e1 & = ! reception ( :i* ! bra9 is1 s to speak1 attun$4 ,^! la/ recollections f9d !mselves 9 full] accord ) our consci\sness1 & ent] ^u x m easily & en]getically2 h5ce also _! aptitude = reproduction is enhanc$2 s t :at is common to _m ?+s1 & is !re=e felt & p]ceiv$ ) exceptional frequ5cy1 becomes reproduc$ s easily t ev5tually ! actual pres5ce ( ! correspond+ ext]nal /imuli is no long] necess>y1 & x w recur on ! vibrations set up by fa9t /imuli f )94 #gj ,s5sations aris+ 9 ?is way f )91 z1 = example1 an idea ( :it5ess1 are n1 inde$1 p]ceiv$ ) ! full fre%ness ( ^? rais$ by ! actual pres5ce ( :ite light )\t u1 b !y are ( ! same k9d2 !y are feeble repetitions ( "o & ! same mat]ial bra9 process--( "o & ! same consci\s s5sation4 ,?us ! idea ( :it5ess arises 9 our m9d z a fa9t1 almo/ ext9ct1 s5sation4 ,9 ?is way ^? qualities :i* are common to _m ?+s become sep>at$1 z x 71 9 our memory f ! objects ) :i* !y 7 orig9ally associat$1 & atta9 an indep5d5t exi/5ce 9 our consci\sness z ideas & conceptions1 & ?us ! :ole ri* sup]/ructure ( our ideas & conceptions is built up f mat]ials suppli$ by memory4 ,on exam9+ m closely1 we see pla9ly t memory is a faculty n only ( our consci\s /ates1 b also1 & mu* m s1 ( our unconsci\s ones4 ,i 0 consci\s ( ?is or t ye/]day1 & am aga9 consci\s ( x to-day4 ,:]e has x be5 mean:ile8 ,x does n rema9 cont9u\sly )9 my consci\sness1 nev]!less x returns aft] hav+ quitt$ x4 ,our ideas tread b = a mom5t ^u ! /age ( consci\sness1 & !n g back aga9 beh9d ! sc5es1 to make way = o!rs 9 _! place4 ,z ! play] is only a k+ :5 he is on ! /age1 s !y too exi/ z ideas s long only z !y are recognis$4 ,h[ d !y live :5 !y are (f ! /age8 ,= we "k t !y are liv+ some:]e2 give !m _! cue & !y reappe> imm$iately4 ,!y d n exi/ cont9u\sly z ideas2 :at is cont9u\s is ! special disposition ( n]ve sub/ance 9 virtue ( :i* ?is sub/ance gives out to-day ! same s\nd :i* x gave ye/]day if x is rightly /ruck4 #ga ,c\ntless reproductions ( organic processes ( our bra9 connect !mselves ord]ly toge!r1 s t "o acts z a /imulus to ! next1 b a ph5om5on ( consci\sness is n necess>ily atta*$ to e l9k 9 ! *a94 ,f ?is x arises t a s]ies ( ideas may appe> to disreg>d ! ord] t w\ld be obs]v$ 9 purely mat]ial processes ( bra9 sub/ance unaccompani$ by consci\sness2 b on ! o!r h& x becomes possible = a long *a9 ( recollections to h its due developm5t )\t ea* l9k 9 ! *a9 be+ necess>ily p]ceiv$ by ourselves4 ,"o may em]ge f ! bosom ( our unconsci\s ?\ghts )\t fully ent]+ ^u ! /age ( consci\s p]ception2 ano!r dies away 9 unconsci\sness1 leav+ no successor to take its place4 ,betwe5 ! 8me0 ( to-day & ! 8me0 ( ye/]day lie night & sleep1 abysses ( unconsci\sness2 nor is !re any bridge b memory ) :i* to span !m4 ,:o c hope aft] ?is to dis5tangle ! inf9ite intricacy ( our inn] life8 ,= we c only foll[ its ?reads s f> z !y h /ray$ ov] )9 ! b\nds ( consci\sness4 ,we might z well hope to famili>ise ourselves ) ! _w ( =ms t teem )9 ! bosom ( ! sea by obs]v+ ! few t n[ & aga9 come to ! surface & soon return into ! deep4 ,! bond ( union1 !re=e1 :i* connects ! individual ph5om5a ( our consci\sness lies 9 our unconsci\s _w2 & z we "k no?+ ( ?is b :at inve/igation into ! laws ( matt] tea* u--z1 9 fact1 = purely exp]im5tal purposes1 8matt]0 & ! 8unconsci\s0 mu/ be "o & ! same ?+--s ! physiologi/ has a full "r to d5ote memory z1 9 ! wid] s5se ( ! ^w1 a function ( bra9 sub/ance1 ^: results1 x is true1 fall1 z reg>ds "o "p ( !m1 into ! doma9 ( consci\sness1 :ile ano!r & n less ess5tial "p escapes unp]ceiv$ z purely mat]ial processes4 ,! p]ception ( a body 9 space is a v complicat$ process4 ,i see sudd5ly be=e me1 = example1 a :ite ball4 ,?is has ! effect ( convey+ to me m ?an a m]e s5sation ( :it5ess4 ,i d$uce ! sph]ical "* ( ! ball f ! gradations ( light & %ade ^u its surface4 ,i =m a correct appreciation ( its di/ance f my eye1 & h5ce aga9 ,i d$uce an inf]5ce z to ! size ( ! ball4 ,:at an exp5diture ( s5sations1 ideas1 & inf]5ces is f\nd to be necess>y be=e all ?is c be br\ght ab\t2 yet ! production ( a correct p]ception ( ! ball 0 ! "w only ( a few seconds1 & ,i 0 unconsci\s ( ! individual processes by means ( :i* x 0 effect$1 ! result z a :ole be+ alone pres5t 9 my consci\sness4 ,! n]ve sub/ance pres]ves fai?fully ! memory ( habitual actions4 #gb ,p]ceptions :i* 7 once long & difficult1 requir+ con/ant & consci\s att5tion1 come to reproduce !mselves 9 transi5t & abridg$ guise1 )\t su* duration & int5sity t ea* l9k has to pass ov] ! ?re%old ( our consci\sness4 ,we h *a9s ( mat]ial n]ve processes to :i* ev5tually a l9k becomes atta*$ t is att5d$ ) consci\s p]ception4 ,?is is suffici5tly e/abli%$ f ! /&po9t ( ! physiologi/1 & is also prov$ by our unconsci\sness ( _m :ole s]ies ( ideas & ( ! inf]5ces we draw f !m4 ,if ! s\l is n to %ip ?r\gh ! f+]s ( physiology1 %e mu/ hold fa/ to ! consid]ations sugge/$ by our unconsci\s /ates4 ,z f>1 h[ev]1 z ! inve/igations ( ! pure physici/ are conc]n$1 ! unconsci\s & matt] are "o & ! same ?+1 & ! physiology ( ! unconsci\s is no 8philosophy ( ! unconsci\s40 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( our movem5ts are ! result ( long & ardu\s practice4 ,! h>moni\s coop]ation ( ! sep>ate muscles1 ! f9ely adju/$ measure ( p>ticipation :i* ea* contributes to ! work+ ( ! :ole1 mu/1 z a rule1 h be5 labori\sly acquir$1 9 respect ( mo/ ( ! movem5ts t are necess>y 9 ord] to effect x4 ,h[ long does x n take ea* note to f9d its way f ! eyes to ! f+]s ( "o :o is beg9n+ to le>n ! pian(orte2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :at an a/oni%+ p]=mance is ! play+ ( ! pr(essional piani/4 ,! sight ( ea* note occasions ! correspond+ movem5t ( ! f+]s ) ! spe$ ( ?\ght--a hurri$ glance at ! page ( music be=e him suffices to give rise to a :ole s]ies ( h>monies2 nay1 :5 a melody has be5 long practis$1 x c be play$ ev5 :ile ! play]'s att5tion is be+ giv5 to some?+ ( a p]fectly diff]5t "* ov] & above 8 music4 ,! w ne$ n[ no long] w5d its way to ea* individual f+] be=e ! desir$ movem5ts c be extort$ f x2 no long] n[ does a su/a9$ att5tion keep wat* ov] ! movem5ts ( ea* limb2 ! w ne$ ex]cise a sup]vis+ control only4 ,at ! ^w ( comm& ! muscles become active1 ) a due reg>d to "t & proportion1 & g on work+1 s long z !y are bidd5 to keep 9 _! accu/om$ groove1 :ile a slight h9t on ! "p ( ! w1 w indicate to !m _! fur!r j\rney4 ,h[ c\ld all ?is be if e "p ( ! c5tral n]ve sy/em1 by means ( :i* movem5t is effect$1 7 n able #gd;a to reproduce :ole s]ies ( vibrations1 :i* at an e>li] date requir$ ! con/ant & cont9u\s p>ticipation ( consci\sness1 b :i* are n[ set 9 motion automatically on a m]e t\*1 z x 71 f consci\sness--if x 7 n able to reproduce !m ! m quickly & easily 9 proportion to ! frequ5cy ( ! repetitions--if1 9 fact1 !re 0 no p[] ( recollect+ e>li] p]=mances8 ,our p]ceptive faculties mu/ h rema9$ always at _! l[e/ /age if we _h be5 compell$ to build up consci\sly e process f ! details ( ! s5sation-caus+ mat]ials t5d]$ to u by our s5ses2 nor c\ld our volunt>y movem5ts h got beyond ! helplessness ( ! *ild1 if ! necess>y impulses c\ld only be imp>t$ to e movem5t ?r\gh ef=t ( ! w & consci\s reproduction ( all ! correspond+ ideas--if1 9 a ^w1 ! motor n]ve sy/em _h n also its memory1 #gd;b ?\gh t memory is unp]ceiv$ by ourselves4 ,! p[] ( ?is memory is :at is call$ 8! =ce ( habit40 ,x seems1 !n1 t we owe to memory almo/ all t we ei!r h or are2 t our ideas & conceptions are its "w1 & t our e p]ception1 ?\ght1 & movem5t is d]iv$ f ?is s\rce4 ,memory collects ! c\ntless ph5om5a ( our exi/5ce into a s+le :ole2 & z our bodies w\ld be scatt]$ into ! du/ ( _! compon5t atoms if !y 7 n held toge!r by ! attraction ( matt]1 s our consci\sness w\ld be brok5 up into z _m fragm5ts z we _h liv$ seconds b = ! b9d+ & unify+ =ce ( memory4 ,we h already repeat$ly se5 t ! reproductions ( organic processes1 br\ght ab\t by means ( ! memory ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ent] b p>tly )9 ! doma9 ( consci\sness1 rema9+ unp]ceiv$ 9 o!r & n less important respects4 ,?is is also confirm$ by num]\s facts 9 ! life ( t "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em :i* m9i/]s almo/ exclusively to our unconsci\s life processes4 ,= ! memory ( ! s-call$ sympa!tic ganglionic sy/em is no less ri* ?an t ( ! bra9 & sp9al m>r[1 & a great "p ( ! m$ical art consi/s 9 mak+ wise use ( ! assi/ance ?us af=d$ u4 ,to br+1 h[ev]1 ?is "p ( my obs]vations to a close1 ,i w take leave ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & glance hurri$ly at o!r phases ( organis$ matt]1 :]e we meet ) ! same p[]s ( reproduction1 b 9 simpl] guise4 ,daily exp]i5ce tea*es u t a muscle becomes ! /rong] ! m we use x4 ,! muscul> fibre1 :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance may h answ]$ b feebly to ! /imulus conduct$ to x by ! motor n]ve1 does s ) ! great] en]gy ! m (t5 x is /imulat$1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t reasonable times are all[$ = repose4 ,aft] ea* individual action x becomes m capable1 m dispos$ t[>ds ! same k9d ( "w1 & has a great] aptitude = repetition ( ! same organic processes4 ,x ga9s also 9 weight1 = x assimilates m matt] ?an :5 con/antly at re/4 ,we h "h1 9 its simple/ =m1 & 9 a phase :i* comes home mo/ closely to ! compreh5sion ( ! physici/1 ! same p[] ( reproduction :i* we enc\nt]$ :5 we 7 deal+ ) n]ve sub/ance1 b "u su* f> m complicat$ conditions4 ,& :at is kn[n ?us c]ta9ly f muscle sub/ance holds good ) great] or less pla9ness = all our organs4 ,m especially may we note ! fact1 t aft] increas$ use1 alt]nat$ ) times ( repose1 !re accrues to ! organ 9 all animal economy an increas$ p[] ( execution ) an increas$ p[] ( assimilation & a ga9 9 size4 ,?is ga9 9 size consi/s n only 9 ! enl>gem5t ( ! individual cells or fibres ( :i* ! organ is compos$1 b 9 ! multiplication ( _! numb]2 = :5 cells h gr[n to a c]ta9 size !y give rise to o!rs1 :i* inh]it m or less completely ! qualities ( ^? f :i* !y came1 & !re=e appe> to be repetitions ( ! same cell4 ,?is gr[?1 & multiplication ( cells is only a special phase ( ^? manifold functions :i* *>act]ise organis$ matt]1 & :i* consi/ n only 9 :at goes on )9 ! cell sub/ance z alt]ations or undulatory movem5t ( ! molecul> disposition1 b also 9 t :i* becomes visible outside ! cells z *ange ( %ape1 enl>gem5t1 or subdivision4 ,reproduction ( p]=mance1 !re=e1 manife/s itself to u z reproduction ( ! cells !mselves1 z may be se5 mo/ pla9ly 9 ! case ( plants1 ^: *ief "w consi/s 9 gr[?1 :]eas ) animal organism o!r faculties greatly prepond]ate4 ,let u n[ take a brief survey ( a class ( facts 9 ! case ( :i* we may mo/ abundantly obs]ve ! p[] ( memory 9 organis$ matt]4 ,we h ample evid5ce ( ! fact t *>act]i/ics ( an organism may desc5d to (fspr+ :i* ! organism did n inh]it1 b :i* x acquir$ ow+ to ! special circum/ances "u :i* x liv$2 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 e organism imp>ts to ! g]m t issues f x a small h]itage ( acquisitions :i* x has add$ dur+ its own lifetime to ! gross inh]itance ( its race4 ,:5 we reflect t we are deal+ ) ! h]$ity ( acquir$ qualities :i* came to developm5t 9 ! mo/ div]se p>ts ( ! p>5t organism1 x mu/ seem 9 a high degree my/]i\s h[ ^? p>ts c h any k9d ( influ5ce ^u a g]m :i* develops itself 9 an entirely diff]5t place4 ,_m my/ical !ories h be5 prop\nd$ = ! elucidation ( ?is "q1 b ! foll[+ reflections may s]ve to br+ ! cause ne>] to ! compreh5sion ( ! physiologi/4 ,! n]ve sub/ance1 9 spite ( its ?\s&fold subdivision z cells & fibres1 =ms1 nev]!less1 a unit$ :ole1 :i* is pres5t directly 9 all organs--nay1 z m rec5t hi/ology conjectures1 9 ea* cell ( ! m important organs--or is at lea/ 9 ready communication ) !m by means ( ! liv+1 irritable1 & !re=e highly conductive sub/ance ( o!r cells4 ,?r\gh ! connection ?us e/abli%$ all organs f9d !mselves 9 su* a condition ( m or less mutual int]dep5d5ce ^u "o ano!r1 t ev5ts :i* happ5 to "o are repeat$ 9 o!rs1 & a notification1 h[ev] slight1 ( a vibration set up #gg 9 "o qu>t] is at once convey$ ev5 to ! f>!/ p>ts ( ! body4 ,) ?is easy & rapid int]c\rse betwe5 all p>ts is associat$ ! m difficult communication t goes on by way ( ! circulation ( sap or blood4 ,we see1 fur!r1 t ! process ( ! developm5t ( all g]ms t are m>k$ out = indep5d5t exi/5ce causes a p[]ful reaction1 ev5 f ! v beg9n+ ( t exi/5ce1 on bo? ! consci\s & unconsci\s life ( ! :ole organism4 ,we may see ?is f ! fact t ! organ ( reproduction /&s 9 clos] & m important relation to ! rema9+ p>ts1 & especially to ! n]v\s sy/em1 ?an d ! o!r organs2 &1 inv]sely1 t bo? ! p]ceiv$ & unp]ceiv$ ev5ts affect+ ! :ole organism f9d a m m>k$ response 9 ! reproductive sy/em ?an else:]e4 ,we c n[ see ) suffici5t pla9ness 9 :at ! mat]ial connection is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! acquir$ peculi>ities ( an organism1 & ! proclivity on ! "p ( ! g]m 9 virtue ( :i* x develops ! special *>act]i/ics ( its p>5t4 ,! microscope tea*es u t no diff]5ce c be p]ceiv$ betwe5 "o g]m & ano!r2 x _c1 h[ev]1 be object$ on ?is acc\nt t ! det]m9+ cause ( its ult]ior developm5t mu/ be some?+ immat]ial1 r ?an ! specific k9d ( its mat]ial con/itution4 ,! curves & surfaces :i* ! ma!matician conceives1 or f9ds conceivable1 are m v>i$ & inf9ite ?an ! =ms ( animal life4 ,let u suppose an inf9itely small segm5t to be tak5 f e possible curve2 ea* "o ( ^! w appe> z l e o!r z "o g]m is to ano!r1 yet ! :ole ( e curve lies dormant1 z x 71 9 ea* ( !m1 & if ! ma!matician *ooses to develop x1 x w take ! pa? indicat$ by ! elem5ts ( ea* segm5t4 ,x is an error1 !re=e1 to suppose t su* f9e di/9ctions z physiology mu/ assume lie beyond ! limits ( :at is conceivable by ! human m9d4 ,an inf9itely small *ange ( position on ! "p ( a po9t1 or 9 ! relations ( ! p>ts ( a segm5t ( a curve to "o ano!r1 suffices to alt] ! law ( its :ole pa?1 & s 9 l mann] an inf9itely small influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! p>5t organism on ! molecul> disposition ( ! g]m #gh may suffice to produce a det]m9+ effect ^u its :ole f>!r developm5t4 ,:at is ! desc5t ( special peculi>ities b a reproduction on ! "p ( organis$ matt] ( processes 9 :i* x once took "p z a g]m 9 ! g]m-conta9+ organs ( its p>5t1 & ( :i* x seems /ill to reta9 a recollection t reappe>s :5 "t & ! occasion s]ve1 inasmu* z x responds to ! same or l /imuli 9 a l way to t 9 :i* ! p>5t organism respond$1 ( :i* x 0 once "p1 & 9 ! ev5ts ( ^: hi/ory x 0 itself also an accomplice8 #gi ,:5 an action ?r\gh long habit or cont9ual practice has become s mu* a second nature to any organisation t its effects w p5etrate1 ?\gh ev] s fa9tly1 into ! g]m t lies )9 x1 & :5 ?is la/ comes to f9d itself 9 a new sph]e1 to ext5d itself1 & develop into a new creature--7! individual p>ts ( :i* are /ill always ! creature itself & fle% ( its fle%1 s t :at is reproduc$ is ! same be+ z t 9 company ) :i* ! g]m once liv$1 & ( :i* x 0 once actually a "p7--all ?is is z wond]ful z :5 a grey-hair$ man rememb]s ! ev5ts ( 8 own *ildhood2 b x is n m s4 ,:e!r we say t ! same organis$ sub/ance is aga9 reproduc+ its pa/ exp]i5ce1 or :e!r we pref] to hold t an (f%oot or "p ( ! orig9al sub/ance has wax$ & develop$ itself s9ce sep>ation f ! p>5t /ock1 x is pla9 t ?is w con/itute a diff]5ce ( degree1 n k9d4 ,:5 we reflect ^u ! fact t unimportant acquir$ *>act]i/ics c be reproduc$ 9 (fspr+1 we are apt to =get t (fspr+ is only a full-siz$ reproduction ( ! p>5t--a reproduction1 moreov]1 t goes z f> z possible into detail4 ,we are s accu/om$ to consid] family resemblance a matt] ( c\rse1 t we are sometimes surpris$ :5 a *ild is 9 "s respect unlike its p>5t2 surely1 h[ev]1 ! inf9ite numb] ( po9ts 9 respect ( :i* p>5ts & *ildr5 resemble "o ano!r is a m reasonable gr\nd = our surprise4 ,b if ! sub/ance ( ! g]m c reproduce *>act]i/ics acquir$ by ! p>5t dur+ its s+le life1 h[ mu* m w x n be able to reproduce ^? t 7 cong5ital to ! p>5t1 & :i* h happ5$ ?r\gh c\ntless g5]ations to ! organis$ matt] ( :i* ! g]m ( to-day is a fragm5t8 ,we _c wond] t action already tak5 on innum]able pa/ occasions by organis$ matt] is m deeply impress$ ^u ! recollection ( ! g]m to :i* x gives rise ?an action tak5 once only dur+ a s+le lifetime4 #hj;a ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t e organis$ be+ n[ 9 exi/5ce repres5ts ! la/ l9k ( an inconceivably long s]ies ( organisms1 :i* come d[n 9 a direct l9e ( desc5t1 & ( :i* ea* has inh]it$ a "p ( ! acquir$ *>act]i/ics ( its pr$ecessor4 ,ev]y?+1 fur!rmore1 po9ts 9 ! direction ( our believ+ t at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *a9 !re exi/$ an organism ( ! v simple/ k9d1 some?+1 9 fact1 l ^? :i* we call organis$ g]ms4 ,! *a9 ( liv+ be+s ?us appe>s to be ! magnific5t a*ievem5t ( ! reproductive p[] ( ! orig9al organic /ructure f :i* !y h all desc5d$4 ,z ?is subdivid$ itself & transmitt$ its *>act]i/ics #hj;b to its desc5dants1 ^! acquir$ new ones1 & 9 _! turn transmitt$ !m--all new g]ms transmitt+ ! *ief "p ( :at _h happ5$ to _! pr$ecessors1 :ile ! rema9+ "p laps$ out ( _! memory1 circum/ances n /imulat+ x to reproduce itself4 ,an organis$ be+1 !re=e1 /&s be=e u a product ( ! unconsci\s memory ( organis$ matt]1 :i*1 ev] increas+ & ev] divid+ itself1 ev] assimilat+ new matt] & return+ x 9 *ang$ %ape to ! inorganic _w1 ev] receiv+ "s new ?+ into its memory1 & transmitt+ its acquisitions by ! way ( reproduction1 gr[s cont9ually ri*] & ri*] ! long] x lives4 ,?us reg>d$1 ! developm5t ( "o ( ! m highly organis$ animals repres5ts a cont9u\s s]ies ( organis$ recollections conc]n+ ! pa/ developm5t ( ! great *a9 ( liv+ =ms1 ! la/ l9k ( :i* /&s be=e u 9 ! p>ticul> animal we may be consid]+4 ,z a complicat$ p]ception may arise by means ( a rapid & sup]ficial reproduction ( long & labori\sly practis$ bra9 processes1 s a g]m 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t hurries ?r\gh a s]ies ( phases1 h9t+ at !m only4 ,(t5 & long =e%ad[$ 9 !ories ( v>i$ *>act]s1 ?is conception has only n[ f\nd correct exposition f a naturali/ ( our own "t4 #ha ,= ,tru? hides h]self "u _m disguises f ^? :o seek h]1 b 9 ! end /&s unveil$ be=e ! eyes ( him :om %e has *os54 ,n only is !re a reproduction ( =m1 outw>d & inn] con=mation ( body1 organs1 & cells1 b ! habitual actions ( ! p>5t are also reproduc$4 ,! *ick5 on em]g+ f ! egg%ell runs (f z its "m ran (f be=e x2 yet :at an extraord9>y complication ( emotions & s5sations is necess>y 9 ord] to pres]ve equilibrium 9 runn+4 ,surely ! supposition ( an inborn capacity = ! reproduction ( ^! intricate actions c alone expla9 ! facts4 ,z habitual practice becomes a second nature to ! individual dur+ 8 s+le lifetime1 s ! (t5-repeat$ action ( ea* g5]ation becomes a second nature to ! race4 ,! *ick5 n only displays great dext]ity 9 ! p]=mance ( movem5ts = ! effect+ ( :i* x has an innate capacity1 b x exhibits also a tol]ably high p]ceptive p[]4 ,x imm$iately picks up any gra9 t may be ?r[n to x4 ,yet1 9 ord] to d ?is1 m is want$ ?an a m]e visual p]ception ( ! gra9s2 !re mu/ be an accurate appreh5sion ( ! direction & di/ance ( ! precise spot 9 :i* ea* gra9 is ly+1 & !re mu/ be no less accuracy 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! movem5ts ( ! head & ( ! :ole body4 ,! *ick5 _c h ga9$ exp]i5ce 9 ^! respects :ile x 0 /ill 9 ! egg4 ,x ga9$ x r f ! ?\s&s ( ?\s&s ( be+s t h liv$ be=e x1 & f :i* x is directly desc5d$4 ,! memory ( organis$ sub/ance displays itself "h 9 ! mo/ surpris+ fa%ion4 ,! g5tle /imulus ( ! light proce$+ f ! gra9 t affects ! ret9a ( ! *ick51 #hb gives occasion = ! reproduction ( a _m-l9k$ *a9 ( s5sations1 p]ceptions1 & emotions1 :i* 7 nev] yet br\ght toge!r 9 ! case ( ! individual be=e u4 ,we are accu/om$ to reg>d ^! surpris+ p]=mances ( animals z manife/ations ( :at we call in/9ct1 & ! my/icism ( natural philosophy has ev] %[n a pr$ilection = ?is !me2 b if we reg>d in/9ct z ! outcome ( ! memory or reproductive p[] ( organis$ sub/ance1 & if we ascribe a memory to ! race z we already ascribe x to ! individual1 !n in/9ct becomes at once intelligible1 & ! physiologi/ at ! same "t f9ds a po9t ( contact :i* w br+ x into connection ) ! great s]ies ( facts indicat$ above z ph5om5a ( ! reproductive faculty4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a physical explanation :i* has n1 inde$1 be5 giv5 yet1 b ! "t = :i* appe>s to be rapidly approa*+4 ,:51 9 accordance ) its in/9ct1 ! cat]pill> becomes a *rysalis1 or ! bird builds its ne/1 or ! bee its cell1 ^! creatures act consci\sly & n z bl9d ma*9es4 ,!y "k h[ to v>y _! proce$+s )9 c]ta9 limits 9 con=mity ) alt]$ circum/ances1 & !y are ?us liable to make mi/akes4 ,!y feel pleasure :5 _! "w advances & pa9 if x is h9d]$2 !y le>n by ! exp]i5ce ?us acquir$1 & build on a second occasion bett] ?an on ! fir/2 b t ev5 9 ! outset !y hit s readily ^u ! mo/ judici\s way ( a*iev+ _! purpose1 & t _! movem5ts adapt !mselves s admirably & automatically to ! end !y h 9 view--surely ?is is ow+ to ! inh]it$ acquisitions ( ! memory ( _! n]ve sub/ance1 :i* requires b a t\* & x w fall at once to ! mo/ appropriate k9d ( activity1 ?9k+ always1 & directly1 ( :atev] x is t may be want$4 ,man c readily acquire surpris+ k9ds ( dext]ity if he conf9es 8 att5tion to _! acquisition4 ,specialisation is ! "m ( pr(ici5cy4 ,he :o m>vels at ! skill ) :i* ! spid] weaves h] web %\ld be> 9 m9d t %e did n le>n h] art all on a sudd51 b t innum]able g5]ations ( spid]s acquir$ x toilsomely & /ep by /ep--?is be+ ab\t all t1 z a g5]al rule1 !y did acquire4 ,man took to b[s & arr[s if 8 nets fail$ him--! spid] />v$4 ,?us we see ! body &--:at mo/ conc]ns u--! :ole n]v\s sy/em ( ! new-born animal con/ruct$ be=eh&1 &1 z x 71 ready attun$ = int]c\rse ) ! outside _w 9 :i* x is ab\t to play its "p1 by means ( its t5d5cy to respond to ext]nal /imuli 9 ! same mann] z x has (t5 h]et(ore respond$ 9 ! p]sons ( its ance/ors4 ,we naturally ask :e!r ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em ( ! human infant are subject$ to ! pr9ciples we h laid d[n above8 ,man c]ta9ly f9ds x difficult to acquire arts ( :i* ! l[] animals are born ma/]s2 b ! bra9 ( man at bir? is mu* f>!r f its highe/ developm5t ?an is ! bra9 ( an animal4 ,x n only gr[s = a long] "t1 b x becomes /rong] ?an t ( o!r liv+ be+s4 ,! bra9 ( man may be said to be exceptionally "y at bir?4 ,! l[] animal is born precoci\s1 & acts precoci\sly2 x resembles ^? infant prodigies ^: bra91 z x 71 is born old into ! _w1 b :o1 9 spite (1 or r 9 addition to1 _! ri* end[m5t at bir?1 9 aft] life develop z mu* m5tal p[] z o!rs :o 7 less spl5didly furni%$ to />t )1 b born ) great] fre%ness ( y\?4 ,man's bra91 & inde$ 8 :ole body1 af=ds great] scope = individuality1 inasmu* z a relatively great] "p ( x is ( po/-natal gr[?4 ,x develops "u ! influ5ce ( impressions made by ! environm5t ^u its s5ses1 & ?us makes its acquisitions 9 a m special & individual mann]1 :]eas ! animal receives !m ready made1 & ( a m f9al1 /]eotyp$ "*4 ,nev]!less1 x is pla9 we mu/ ascribe bo? to ! bra9 & body ( ! new-born infant a f>-rea*+ p[] ( rememb]+ or reproduc+ ?+s :i* h already come to _! developm5t ?\s&s ( times ov] 9 ! p]sons ( its ance/ors4 ,x is 9 virtue ( ?is t x acquires pr(ici5cy 9 ! actions necess>y = its exi/5ce--s f> z x 0 n already at bir? pr(ici5t 9 !m--mu* m quickly & easily ?an w\ld be o!rwise possible2 b :at we call in/9ct 9 ! case ( animals takes 9 man ! loos] =m ( aptitude1 tal5t1 & g5ius4 #hd ,grant$ t c]ta9 ideas are n innate1 yet ! fact ( _! tak+ =m s easily & c]ta9ly f out ( ! *aos ( 8 s5sations1 is due n to 8 own lab\r1 b to t ( ! bra9 sub/ance ( ! ?\s&s ( ?\s&s ( g5]ations f :om he is desc5d$4 ,!ories conc]n+ ! developm5t ( individual consci\sness :i* d5y h]$ity or ! p[] ( transmission1 & insi/ ^u an entirely fre% />t = e human s\l1 z ?\gh ! inf9ite numb] ( g5]ations t h gone be=e u might z well h nev] liv$ = all ! effect !y h _h ^u ourselves1--su* !ories w contradict ! facts ( our daily exp]i5ce at e t\* & turn4 ,! bra9 processes & ph5om5a ( consci\sness :i* ennoble man 9 ! eyes ( 8 fell[s h _h a less anci5t hi/ory ?an ^? connect$ ) 8 physical ne$s4 ,hung] & ! reproductive in/9ct affect$ ! olde/ & simple/ =ms ( ! organic _w4 ,x is 9 respect ( ^! in/9cts1 !re=e1 & ( ! means to gratify !m1 t ! memory ( organis$ sub/ance is /ronge/--! impulses & in/9cts t arise h5ce hav+ /ill p>am\nt p[] ov] ! m9ds ( m54 ,! spiritual life has be5 sup]add$ sl[ly2 its mo/ spl5did outcome belongs to ! late/ epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( organis$ matt]1 nor has any v great l5g? ( "t elaps$ s9ce ! n]v\s sy/em 0 fir/ cr[n$ ) ! glory ( a l>ge & well-develop$ bra94 ,oral tradition & writt5 hi/ory h be5 call$ ! memory ( man1 & ?is is n )\t its tru?4 ,b !re is ano!r & a liv+ memory 9 ! innate reproductive p[] ( bra9 sub/ance1 & )\t ?is bo? writ+s & oral tradition w\ld be )\t significance to po/]ity4 ,! mo/ sublime ideas1 ?\gh nev] s immortalis$ 9 spee* or lett]s1 are yet no?+ = heads t are out ( h>mony ) !m2 !y mu/ be n only he>d1 b reproduc$2 & bo? spee* & writ+ w\ld be 9 va9 7 !re n an inh]itance ( inw>d & outw>d bra9 developm5t1 gr[+ 9 correspond5ce ) ! inh]itance ( ideas t are h&$ d[n f age to age1 & did n an enhanc$ capacity = _! reproduction on ! "p ( ea* succe$+ g5]ation accompany ! ?\ghts t h be5 pres]v$ 9 writ+4 ,man's consci\s memory comes to an end at dea?1 b ! unconsci\s memory ( ,nature is true & in]adicable3 :oev] succe$s 9 /amp+ ^u h] ! impress ( 8 "w1 %e w rememb] him to ! end ( "t4 ,*apt] ,,vii ,introduction to a translation ( ! *apt] ^u in/9ct 9 ,von ,h>tmann's 8,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s40 ,i ,,am afraid my read]s w f9d ! *apt] on in/9ct f ,von ,h>tmann's 8,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s10 :i* w n[ foll[1 z di/a/eful to read z ,i did to translate1 & w\ld gladly h sp>$ x !m if ,i c\ld4 ,at pres5t1 ! works ( ,mr4 ,sully1 :o has treat$ ( ! 8,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s0 bo? 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review 7vol4 xlix4 ,n4,s47 & 9 8 "w 8,pessimism10 are ! be/ s\rce to :i* ,engli% read]s c h rec\rse = in=mation conc]n+ ,von ,h>tmann4 ,giv+ him all cr$it = ! pa9s he has tak5 ) an ungrateful1 if n impossible subject1 ,i ?9k t a suffici5t sample ( ,von ,h>tmann's own words w be a useful adjunct to ,mr4 ,sully's "w1 & may p]haps save "s read]s tr\ble by resolv+ !m to look no f>!r into ! 8,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s40 ,ov] & above ?is1 ,i h be5 s (t5 told t ! views conc]n+ unconsci\s action conta9$ 9 ! =ego+ lecture & 9 8,life & ,habit0 are only ! v fallacy ( ,von ,h>tmann ov] aga91 t ,i %\ld l to give ! public an opportunity ( see+ :e!r ?is is s or no1 by plac+ ! two cont5d+ !ories ( unconsci\s action side by side4 ,i hope t x w ?us be se5 t nei!r ,pr(essor ,h]+ nor ,i h fall5 into ! fallacy ( ,von ,h>tmann1 b t r ,von ,h>tmann has fall5 into 8 fallacy ?r\gh failure to grasp ! pr9ciple :i* ,pr(essor ,h]+ has insi/$ ^u1 & to connect h]$ity ) memory4 ,pr(essor ,h]+'s philosophy ( ! unconsci\s is ( extreme simplicity4 ,he re/s ^u a fact ( daily & h\rly exp]i5ce1 namely1 t practice makes ?+s easy t 7 once difficult1 & (t5 results 9 _! be+ done )\t any consci\sness ( ef=t4 ,b if ! repetition ( an act t5ds ultimately1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 to its be+ done unconsci\sly1 s also is ! fact ( an intricate & difficult action be+ done unconsci\sly an argum5t t x mu/ h be5 done repeat$ly already4 ,z ,i said 9 8,life & ,habit10 x is m easy to suppose t occasions on :i* su* an action has be5 p]=m$ h n be5 want+1 ev5 ?\gh we d n see :5 & :]e !y 71 ?an t ! facility :i* we obs]ve %\ld h be5 atta9$ )\t practice & memory 7p4 #ef74 ,!re c be no?+ bett] e/abli%$ or m easy1 :e!r to und]/& or v]ify1 ?an ! unconsci\sness ) :i* habitual actions come to be p]=m$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is once conc$$ t x is ! mann] ( habitual action g5]ally1 !n all priori objection to ,pr(essor ,h]+'s philosophy ( ! unconsci\s is at an end4 ,! "q becomes "o ( fact 9 individual cases1 & ( degree4 ,h[ f>1 !n1 does ! pr9ciple ( ! conv]tibility1 z x 71 ( practice & unconsci\sness ext5d8 ,c any l9e be drawn beyond :i* x %all cease to op]ate8 ,if n1 may x n h op]at$ & be op]at+ to a va/ & hi!rto unsuspect$ ext5t8 ,?is is all1 & c]ta9ly x is suffici5tly simple4 ,i sometimes ?9k x has f\nd its greate/ /umbl+-block 9 its total want ( my/]y1 z ?\gh we mu/ be l ^? conjur]s ^: /ock 9 trade is a small deal table & a kit*5-*air ) b>e legs1 & :o1 ) _! p>ade ( 8no deception0 & 8exam9e ev]y?+ = y\rselves10 deceive worse ?an o!rs :o make use ( all mann] ( elaborate p>aph]nalia4 ,x is true we require no p>aph]nalia1 & we produce unexpect$ results1 b we are n conjur+4 ,to turn n[ to ,von ,h>tmann4 ,:5 ,i read ,mr4 ,sully's article 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 ,i did n "k :e!r ! s5se ( my/ification :i* x produc$ 9 me 0 :olly due to ,von ,h>tmann or no2 b on mak+ acqua9tance ) ,von ,h>tmann himself1 ,i f\nd t ,mr4 ,sully has err$1 if at all1 9 mak+ him m intelligible ?an he actually is4 ,von ,h>tmann has n got a mean+4 ,give him ,pr(essor ,h]+'s key & he might get "o1 b x w\ld be at ! exp5se ( see+ :at approa* he _h made to a sy/em fall5 to pieces4 ,grant$ t 9 8 details & subord9ate passages he (t5 bo? has & conveys a mean+1 !re is1 nev]!less1 no coh]5ce betwe5 ^! details1 & ! ne>e/ approa* to a broad conception cov]+ ! "w :i* ! read] c c>ry away ) him is at once s incompreh5sible & repulsive1 t x is difficult to write ab\t x )\t say+ m p]haps ?an ^? :o h n se5 ! orig9al w accept z likely to be true4 ,! idea to :i* ,i ref] is t ( an unconsci\s clairvoyance1 :i*1 f ! language cont9ually us$ conc]n+ x1 mu/ be ( ! nature ( a p]son1 & :i* is suppos$ to take possession ( liv+ be+s s fully z to be ! v ess5ce ( _! nature1 ! promot] ( _! embryonic developm5t1 & ! in/igator ( _! in/9ctive actions4 ,?is approa*es closely to ! p]sonal ,god ( ,mosaic & ,*ri/ian !ology1 ) ! exception t ! ^w 8clairvoyance0 #hi is sub/itut$ = ,god1 & t ! ,god is suppos$ to be unconsci\s4 ,mr4 ,sully says3-- 8,:5 we grasp x ! philosophy ( ,von ,h>tmann z a :ole1 x am\nts to no?+ m ?an ?is1 t all or ne>ly all ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial & spiritual _w re/ ^u & result f a my/]i\s1 unconsci\s be+1 ?\gh to call x be+ is really to add on an idea n imm$iately conta9$ )9 ! all-suffici5t pr9ciple4 ,b :at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 ?is & say+ t ! ph5om5a ( ! _w at l>ge come we "k n :5ce8 4 4 4 ,! unconsci\s1 !re=e1 t5ds to be simple phrase & no?+ m 4 4 4 ,no d\bt !re are a numb] ( m5tal processes 4 4 4 ( :i* we are unconsci\s 4 4 4 b to inf] f ?is t !y are due to an unconsci\s p[]1 & to proce$ to demon/rate !m 9 ! pres5ce ( ! unconsci\s ?r\gh all nature1 is to make an unw>rantable saltus 9 reason+4 ,:at1 9 fact1 is ?is #8unconsci\s' b a high-s\nd+ "n to veil our ignorance8 ,is ! unconsci\s any bett] explanation ( ph5om5a we d n und]/& ?an ! #8devil-devil' by :i* ,au/ralian tribes expla9 ! ,leyd5 j> & its ph5om5a8 ,does x increase our k to "k t we d n "k ! orig9 ( language or ! cause ( in/9ct8 4 4 4 ,alike 9 organic creation & ! evolution ( hi/ory #8p]=mances & actions'--! words are ^? ( ,/rauss--are ascrib$ to an unconsci\s1 :i* c only belong to a consci\s be+4 #ij;a 4 4 4 4 4 8,! difficulties ( ! sy/em advance z we proce$4 #ij;b ,subtract ?is que/ionable factor--! unconsci\s f ,h>tmann's #8,biology & ,psy*ology1' & ! *apt]s rema9 pleasant & in/ructive read+4 ,b ) ! ?ird "p ( 8 "w--! ,metaphysic ( ! ,unconsci\s--our feet are clogg$ at e /ep4 ,we are encircl$ by ! m]e/ play ( words1 ! mo/ unsatisfactory demon/rations1 & mo/ inconsi/5t inf]5ces4 ,! !ory ( f9al causes has be5 hi!rto employ$ to %[ ! wisdom ( ! _w2 ) our ,pessimi/ philosoph] x %[s no?+ b its irrationality & mis]y4 ,consci\sness has be5 g5]ally suppos$ to be ! condition ( all happ9ess & int]e/ 9 life2 "h x simply awak5s u to mis]y1 & ! l[] an animal lies 9 ! scale ( consci\s life1 ! bett] & ! pleasant] its lot4 4 4 4 4 4 8,?us1 !n1 ! univ]se1 z an emanation ( ! unconsci\s1 has be5 con/ruct$4 #ij;c ,?r\gh\t x has be5 m>k$ by design1 by purpose1 by f9ality2 ?r\gh\t a wond]ful adaptation ( means to ends1 a wond]ful adju/m5t & relativity 9 diff]5t portions has be5 notic$--& all ?is = :at conclusion8 ,n1 z 9 ! h&s ( ! natural !ologians ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 to %[ t ! _w is ! result ( design1 ( an intellig5t1 b5efic5t ,creator1 b ! manife/ation ( a ,be+ ^: only pr$icates are negatives1 ^: v ess5ce is to be unconsci\s4 ,x is n only l anci5t ,a!ns1 to an unkn[n1 b to an unkn[+ ,god1 t mod]n ,pessimism re>s its alt>4 ,yet surely ! fact t ! motive pr9ciple ( exi/5ce moves 9 a my/]i\s way outside our consci\sness no way requires t ! ,all-"o ,be+ %\ld be himself unconsci\s40 ,i believe ! =ego+ to convey z correct an idea ( ,von ,h>tmann's sy/em z x is possible to convey1 & w leave x to ! read] to say h[ mu* 9 common !re is betwe5 ?is & ! lecture giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 beyond ! fact t bo? t\* ^u unconsci\s actions4 ,! extract :i* w =m my next *apt] is only ab\t a ?irtie? "p ( ! entire 8,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s10 b x w1 ,i believe1 suffice to sub/antiate ! ju/ice ( :at ,mr4 ,sully has said 9 ! passages above quot$4 ,z reg>ds ! accuracy ( ! translation1 ,i h submitt$ all passages ab\t :i* ,i 0 9 ! lea/ d\btful to ! same g5tleman :o revis$ my translation ( ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture2 ,i h also giv5 ! ,g]man :]ev] ,i ?\ght ! read] might be glad to see x4 ,*apt] ,,viii ,translation ( ! *apt] on 8,! ,unconsci\s 9 ,in/9ct10 f ,von ,h>tmann's 8,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s40 ,,von ,,h>tmann',s *apt] on in/9ct is z foll[s3-- ,in/9ct is action tak5 9 pursuance ( a purpose b )\t consci\s p]ception ( :at ! purpose is4 #ib;a ,a purposive action1 ) consci\sness ( ! purpose & :]e ! c\rse tak5 is ! result ( delib]ation is n said to be in/9ctive2 nor yet1 aga91 is bl9d aimless action1 su* z outbreaks ( fury on ! "p ( (f5d$ or o!rwise enrag$ animals4 ,i see no occasion = di/urb+ ! commonly receiv$ def9ition ( in/9ct z giv5 above2 = ^? :o ?9k !y c ref] all ! s-call$ ord9>y in/9cts ( animals to consci\s delib]ation ipso facto d5y t !re is su* a ?+ z in/9ct at all1 & %\ld /rike ! ^w out ( _! vocabul>y4 ,b ( ?is m h]eaft]4 ,assum+1 !n1 ! exi/5ce ( in/9ctive action z above def9$1 x c be expla9$ z-- ,i4 ,a m]e necess>y consequ5ce ( bodily organisation4 #ib;b ,,ii4 ,a me*anism ( bra9 or m9d contriv$ by nature4 ,,iii4 ,! outcome ( an unconsci\s activity ( m9d4 ,9 nei!r ( ! two fir/ cases is !re any scope = ! idea ( purpose2 9 ! ?ird1 purpose mu/ be pres5t imm$iately be=e ! action4 ,9 ! two fir/ cases1 action is suppos$ to be br\ght ab\t by means ( an initial arrangem5t1 ei!r ( bodily or m5tal me*anism1 purpose be+ conceiv$ ( z exi/+ on a s+le occasion only--t is to say1 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! initial arrangem5t4 ,9 ! ?ird1 purpose is conceiv$ z pres5t 9 e individual in/ance4 ,let u proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ^! ?ree cases4 ,in/9ct is n a m]e consequ5ce ( bodily organisation2 =-- 7a47 ,bodies may be alike1 yet !y may be end[$ ) diff]5t in/9cts4 ,all spid]s h ! same sp9n+ app>atus1 b "o k9d weaves radiat+ webs1 ano!r irregul> ones1 :ile a ?ird makes none at all1 b lives 9 holes1 ^: walls x ov]sp9s1 & ^: entrance x closes ) a door4 ,almo/ all birds h a l organisation = ! con/ruction ( _! ne/s 7a beak & feet71 b h[ inf9itely d _! ne/s v>y 9 appe>ance1 mode ( con/ruction1 atta*m5t to surr\nd+ objects 7!y /&1 are glu$ on1 hang1 c471 selection ( site 7caves1 holes1 corn]s1 =ks ( trees1 %rubs1 ! gr\nd71 & excell5ce ( workman%ip2 h[ (t51 too1 are !y n v>i$ 9 ! species ( a s+le g5us1 z ( p>us4 ,_m birds1 moreov]1 build no ne/ at all4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! songs ( birds are 9 l mann] indep5d5t ( ! special con/ruction ( _! voice app>atus1 nor d ! modes ( ne/ con/ruction t obta9 among ants & bees dep5d ^u _! bodily organisation4 ,organisation1 z a g5]al rule1 only r5d]s ! bird capable ( s++1 z giv+ x an app>atus ) :i* to s+ at all1 b x has no?+ to d ) ! specific "* ( ! execution 4 4 4 ,! nurs+1 def5ce1 & education ( (fspr+ _c be consid]$ z 9 any way m dep5d5t ^u bodily organisation2 nor yet ! sites :i* insects *oose = ! lay+ ( _! eggs2 nor1 aga91 ! selection ( deposits ( spawn1 ( _! own species1 by male fi% = impregnation4 ,! rabbit burr[s1 ! h>e does n1 ?\gh bo? h ! same burr[+ app>atus4 ,! h>e1 h[ev]1 has less ne$ ( a subt]ranean place ( refuge by reason ( its great] swiftness4 ,"s birds1 ) excell5t p[]s ( flight1 are nev]!less /ation>y 9 _! habits1 z ! secret>y falcon & c]ta9 o!r birds ( prey2 :ile ev5 su* mod]ate fli]s z quails are sometimes kn[n to make v di/ant migrations4 7b47 ,l in/9cts may be f\nd associat$ ) unlike organs4 ,birds ) & )\t feet adapt$ = climb+ live 9 trees2 s also d monkeys ) & )\t flexible tails1 squirrels1 slo?s1 pumas1 c4 ,mole-crickets dig ) a well-pron\nc$ spade ^u _! =e-feet1 :ile ! bury+-beetle does ! same ?+ ?\gh x has no special app>atus :atev]4 ,! mole conveys its w9t] prov5d] 9 pockets1 an in* wide1 long & half an in* wide )9 its *eeks2 ! field-m\se does s )\t ! help ( any su* contrivance4 ,! migratory in/9ct displays itself ) equal /r5g? 9 animals ( widely diff]5t =m1 by :atev] means !y may pursue _! j\rney1 :e!r by wat]1 l&1 or air4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t in/9ct is 9 great measure indep5d5t ( bodily organisation4 ,grant$1 inde$1 t a c]ta9 am\nt ( bodily app>atus is a s9e qu non = any p[] ( execution at all--z1 = example1 t !re w\ld be no +5i\s ne/ )\t organs m or less adapt$ = its con/ruction1 no sp9n+ ( a web )\t sp9n+ gl&s--nev]!less1 x is impossible to ma9ta9 t in/9ct is a consequ5ce ( organisation4 ,! m]e exi/5ce ( ! organ does n con/itute ev5 ! smalle/ inc5tive to any correspond+ habitual activity4 ,a s5sation ( pleasure mu/ at lea/ accompany ! use ( ! organ be=e its exi/5ce c incite to its employm5t4 ,& ev5 s :5 a s5sation ( pleasure has giv5 ! impulse :i* is to r5d] x active1 x is only ! fact ( !re be+ activity at all1 & n ! special *>act]i/ics ( ! activity1 t c be due to organisation4 ,! reason = ! special mode ( ! activity is ! v problem t we h to solve4 ,no "o w call ! action ( ! spid] in/9ctive 9 void+ ! fluid f h] sp9n+ gl& :5 x is too full1 & !re=e pa9ful to h]2 nor t ( ! male fi% :5 x does :at am\nts to mu* ! same ?+ z ?is4 ,! in/9ct & ! m>vel lie 9 ! fact t ! spid] sp9s ?reads1 & proce$s to weave h] web ) !m1 & t ! male fi% w only impregnate ova ( 8 own species4 ,ano!r pro( t ! pleasure felt 9 ! employm5t ( an organ is :olly inadequate to acc\nt = ?is employm5t is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! moral greatness ( in/9ct1 ! po9t 9 respect ( :i* x mo/ comm&s our admiration1 consi/s 9 ! ob$i5ce paid to its behe/s1 to ! po/ponem5t ( all p]sonal well-be+1 & at ! co/1 x may be1 ( life itself4 ,if ! m]e pleasure ( reliev+ c]ta9 gl&s f ov]fulness 7 ! reason :y cat]pill>s g5]ally sp9 webs1 !y w\ld g on sp9n+ until !y _h reliev$ ^! gl&s1 b !y w\ld n repair _! "w z (t5 z any "o de/roy$ x1 & d ?is aga9 & aga9 until !y die ( exhau/ion4 ,! same holds good ) ! o!r in/9cts t at fir/ sight appe> to be inspir$ only by a s5sation ( pleasure2 = if we *ange ! circum/ances1 s z to put self-sacrifice 9 ! place ( self-int]e/1 x becomes at once app>5t t !y h a high] s\rce ?an ?is4 ,we ?9k1 = example1 t birds pair = ! sake ( m]e sexual gratification2 :y1 !n1 d !y leave (f pair+ z soon z !y h laid ! requisite numb] ( eggs8 ,t !re is a reproductive in/9ct ov] & above ! desire = sexual gratification appe>s f ! fact t if a man takes an egg out ( ! ne/1 ! birds w come toge!r aga9 & ! h5 w lay ano!r egg2 or1 if !y belong to "s ( ! m w>y species1 !y w des]t _! ne/1 & make prep>ation = an entirely new brood4 ,a female wryneck1 ^: ne/ 0 daily robb$ ( ! egg %e laid 9 x1 cont9u$ to lay a new "o1 :i* grew small] & small]1 till1 :5 %e _h laid h] tw5ty-n9? egg1 %e 0 f\nd dead ^u h] ne/4 ,if an in/9ct _c /& ! te/ ( self-sacrifice--if x is ! simple outcome ( a desire = bodily gratification--!n x is no true in/9ct1 & is only s call$ errone\sly4 ,in/9ct is n a me*anism ( bra9 or m9d implant$ 9 liv+ be+s by nature2 =1 if x 71 !n in/9ctive action )\t any1 ev5 unconsci\s1 activity ( m9d1 & ) no conception conc]n+ ! purpose ( ! action1 w\ld be execut$ me*anically1 ! purpose hav+ be5 once = all ?\ght out by ,nature or ,provid5ce1 :i* has s organis$ ! individual t x acts h5ce=? z a purely me*anical m$ium4 ,we are n[ deal+ ) a psy*ical organisation z ! cause in/9ct1 z we 7 above deal+ ) a physical4 ,a psy*ical organisation w\ld be a conceivable explanation & we ne$ look no f>!r if e in/9ct once belong+ to an animal dis*>g$ its functions 9 an unv>y+ mann]4 ,b ?is is nev] f\nd to be ! case1 = in/9cts v>y :5 !re arises a suffici5t motive = v>y+ !m4 ,?is proves t special ext]ior circum/ances ent] into ! matt]1 & t ^! circum/ances are ! v ?+s t r5d] ! atta9m5t ( ! purpose possible ?r\gh means select$ by ! in/9ct4 ,"h fir/ d we f9d in/9ct act+ z ?\gh x 7 actually design ) action foll[+ at its heels1 = until ! arrival ( ! motive1 ! in/9ct rema9s late & dis*>ges no function :atev]4 ,! motive ent]s by way ( an idea receiv$ into ! m9d ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! s5ses1 & !re is a con/ant connection betwe5 in/9ct 9 action & all s5sual images :i* give in=mation t an opportunity has aris5 = atta9+ ! ends propos$ to itself by ! in/9ct4 ,! psy*ical me*anism ( ?is con/ant connection mu/ also be look$ =4 ,x may help u "h to turn to ! piano = an illu/ration4 ,! /ruck keys are ! motives1 ! notes t s\nd 9 consequ5ce are ! in/9cts 9 action4 ,?is illu/ration might p]haps be all[$ to pass 7if we also suppose t entirely diff]5t keys c give out ! same s\nd7 if in/9cts c\ld only be comp>$ ) di/9ctly tun$ notes1 s t "o & ! same in/9ct act$ always 9 ! same mann] on ! ris+ ( ! motive :i* %\ld set x 9 action4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n s2 = x is ! bl9d unconsci\s purpose ( ! in/9ct t is alone con/ant1 ! in/9ct itself--t is to say1 ! w to make use ( c]ta9 means--v>y+ z ! means t c be mo/ suitably employ$ v>y "u v>y+ circum/ances4 ,9 ?is we condemn ! !ory :i* refuses to recognise unconsci\s purpose z pres5t 9 ea* individual case ( in/9ctive action4 ,= he :o ma9ta9s in/9ct to be ! result ( a me*anism ( m9d1 mu/ suppose a special & con/ant me*anism = ea* v>iation & modification ( ! in/9ct 9 accordance ) ext]ior circum/ances1 #ig t is to say1 a new /r+ giv+ a note ) a new tone mu/ be ins]t$1 & ?is w\ld involve ! me*anism 9 endless complication4 ,b ! fact t ! purpose is con/ant not)/&+ all mann] ( v>iation 9 ! means *os5 by ! in/9ct1 proves t !re is no necessity = ! supposition ( su* an elaborate m5tal me*anism--! pres5ce ( an unconsci\s purpose be+ suffici5t to expla9 ! facts4 ,! purpose ( ! bird1 = example1 t has laid h] eggs is con/ant1 & consi/s 9 ! desire to br+ h] "y to maturity4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( ! air is insuffici5t to effect ?is1 %e sits ^u h] eggs1 & only int]mits h] sitt+s 9 ! w>me/ c\ntries2 ! mammal1 on ! o!r h&1 atta9s ! fulfilm5t ( its in/9ctive purpose )\t any co-op]ation on its own "p4 ,9 w>m climates _m birds only sit by night1 & small exotic birds t h built 9 avi>ies kept at a high temp]ature sit little ^u _! eggs or n at all4 ,h[ inconceivable is ! supposition ( a me*anism t impels ! bird to sit z soon z ! temp]ature falls bel[ a c]ta9 height6 ,h[ cle> & simple1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! view t !re is an unconsci\s purpose con/ra9+ ! volition ( ! bird to ! use ( ! fitt+ means1 ( :i* process1 h[ev]1 only ! la/ l9k1 t is to say1 ! w imm$iately prec$+ ! action falls )9 ! consci\sness ( ! bird6 ,9 ,s\? ,africa ! sp>r[ surr\nds h] ne/ ) ?orns z a def5ce aga9/ apes & s]p5ts4 ,! eggs ( ! cuckoo1 z reg>ds size1 col\r1 & m>k+1 inv>iably resemble ^? ( ! birds 9 ^: ne/s %e lays4 ,sylvia ruja1 = example1 lays a :ite egg ) violet spots2 ,sylvia hippolais1 a r$ "o ) black spots2 ,regulus ignicapellus1 a cl\dy r$2 b ! cuckoo's egg is 9 ea* case s deceptive an imitation ( its model1 t x c h>dly be di/+ui%$ except by ! /ructure ( its %ell4 ,hub] contriv$ t 8 bees %\ld be unable to build 9 _! usual in/9ctive mann]1 beg9n+ f above & work+ d[nw>ds2 on ?is !y began build+ f bel[1 & aga9 horizontally4 ,! out]mo/ cells t spr+ f ! top ( ! hive or abut aga9/ its sides are n hexagonal1 b p5tagonal1 s z to ga9 9 /r5g?1 be+ atta*$ ) "o base in/ead ( two sides4 ,9 autumn bees l5g!n _! exi/+ honey cells if ^! are insuffici5t1 b 9 ! ensu+ spr+ !y aga9 %ort5 !m 9 ord] to get great] roadway betwe5 ! combs4 ,:5 ! full combs h become too heavy1 !y /r5g!n ! walls ( ! upp]mo/ or be>+ cells by ?ick5+ !m ) wax & propolis4 ,if l>v ( work+ bees are introduc$ into ! cells set ap>t = drones1 ! work+ bees w cov] ^! cells ) ! flat lids usual = ?is k9d ( l>v1 & n ) ! r\nd ones t are prop] = drones4 ,9 autumn1 z a g5]al rule1 bees kill _! drones1 b !y refra9 f do+ ?is :5 !y h lo/ _! que51 & keep !m to f]tilise ! "y que51 :o w be develop$ f l>v t w\ld o!rwise h become work+ bees4 ,hub] obs]v$ t !y def5d ! entrance ( _! hive aga9/ ! inroads ( ! sph9x mo? by means ( skilful con/ructions made ( wax & propolis4 ,!y only introduce propolis :5 !y want x = ! execution ( repairs1 or = "s o!r special purpose4 ,spid]s & cat]pill>s also display m>vell\s dext]ity 9 ! repair ( _! webs if !y h be5 damag$1 & ?is requires p[]s p]fectly di/9ct f ^? requisite = ! con/ruction ( a new "o4 ,! above examples might be multipli$ indef9itely1 b !y are suffici5t to e/abli% ! fact t in/9cts are n capacities roll$1 z x 71 (f a reel me*anically1 accord+ to an inv>iable sy/em1 b t !y adapt !mselves mo/ closely to ! circum/ances ( ea* case1 & are capable ( su* great modification & v>iation t at times !y almo/ appe> to cease to be in/9ctive4 ,_m w1 inde$1 ascribe ^! modifications to consci\s delib]ation on ! "p ( ! animals !mselves1 & x is impossible to d5y t 9 ! case ( ! m intellectually gift$ animals !re may be su* a ?+ z a comb9ation ( in/9ctive faculty & consci\s reflection4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 ! examples already cit$ are en\gh to %[ t (t5 :]e ! normal & ! abnormal action spr+s f ! same s\rce1 )\t any complication ) consci\s delib]ation1 !y are ei!r bo? in/9ctive or bo? delib]ative4 #ii ,or is t :i* prompts ! bee to build hexagonal prisms 9 ! middle ( h] comb some?+ ( an actually di/9ct "* f t :i* impels h] to build p5tagonal ones at ! sides8 ,are !re two sep>ate k9ds ( ?+1 "o ( :i* induces birds "u c]ta9 circum/ances to sit ^u _! eggs1 :ile ano!r leads !m "u c]ta9 o!r circum/ances to refra9 f do+ s8 ,& does ?is hold good also ) bees :5 !y at "o "t kill _! bre?r5 )\t m]cy & at ano!r grant !m _! lives8 ,or ) birds :5 !y con/ruct ! k9d ( ne/ peculi> to _! race1 &1 aga91 any special provision :i* !y may ?9k fit "u c]ta9 circum/ances to take8 ,if x is once grant$ t ! normal & ! abnormal manife/ations ( in/9ct--& !y are (t5 incapable ( be+ di/+ui%$--spr+ f a s+le s\rce1 !n ! objection t ! modification is due to consci\s k w be f\nd to be a suicidal "o lat] on1 s f> z x is direct$ aga9/ in/9ct g5]ally4 ,x may be suffici5t "h to po9t out1 9 anticipation ( rem>ks t w be f\nd 9 lat] *apt]s1 t in/9ct & ! p[] ( organic developm5t involve ! same ess5tial pr9ciple1 ?\gh op]at+ "u diff]5t circum/ances--! two melt+ into "o ano!r )\t any def9ite b\nd>y betwe5 !m4 ,"h1 !n1 we h conclusive pro( t in/9ct does n dep5d ^u organisation ( body or bra91 b t1 m truly1 ! organisation is due to ! nature & mann] ( ! in/9ct4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ n[ return to a clos] consid]ation ( ! conception ( a psy*ical me*anism4 #ajj ,& "h we f9d t ?is me*anism1 9 spite ( its expla9+ s mu*1 is itself s obscure t we c h>dly =m any idea conc]n+ x4 ,! motive ent]s ! m9d by way ( a consci\s s5sual impression2 ?is is ! fir/ l9k ( ! process2 ! la/ l9k #aja appe>s z ! consci\s motive ( an action4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 are entirely unlike1 & nei!r has any?+ to d ) ord9>y motivation1 :i* consi/s exclusively 9 ! desire t spr+s f a conception ei!r ( pleasure or dislike--! =m] prompt+ to ! atta9m5t ( any object1 ! latt] to its avoidance4 ,9 ! case ( in/9ct1 pleasure is = ! mo/ "p a concomitant ph5om5on2 b x is n s always1 z we h already se51 inasmu* z ! consummation & highe/ moral developm5t ( in/9ct displays itself 9 self-sacrifice4 ,! true problem1 h[ev]1 lies f> deep] ?an ?is4 ,= e conception ( a pleasure proves t we h exp]i5c$ ?is pleasure already4 ,b x foll[s f ?is1 t :5 ! pleasure 0 fir/ felt !re mu/ h be5 w pres5t1 9 ! gratification ( :i* w ! pleasure consi/$2 ! "q1 !re=e1 arises1 :5ce did ! w come be=e ! pleasure t w\ld foll[ on its gratification 0 kn[n1 & be=e bodily pa91 z1 = example1 ( hung]1 r5d]$ relief imp]ative8 ,yet we may see t ev5 ?\gh an animal has gr[n up ap>t f any o!rs ( its k9d1 x w yet none ! less manife/ ! in/9ctive impulses ( its race1 ?\gh exp]i5ce c h taught x no?+ :atev] conc]n+ ! pleasure t w ensue ^u _! gratification4 ,z reg>ds in/9ct1 !re=e1 !re mu/ be a causal connection betwe5 ! motivat+ s5sual conception & ! w to p]=m ! in/9ctive action1 & ! pleasure ( ! subsequ5t gratification has no?+ to d ) ! matt]4 ,we "k by ! exp]i5ce ( our own in/9cts t ?is causal connection does n lie )9 our consci\sness2 #ajb;a !re=e1 if x is to be a me*anism ( any k9d1 x c only be ei!r an unconsci\s me*anical induction & metamorphosis ( ! vibrations ( ! conceiv$ motive into ! vibrations ( ! consci\s action 9 ! bra91 or an unconsci\s spiritual me*anism4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 x is surely /range t ?is process %\ld g on unconsci\sly1 ?\gh x is s p[]ful 9 its effects t ! w result+ f x ov]p[]s e o!r consid]ation1 e o!r k9d ( w1 & t vibrations ( ?is k9d1 :5 set up 9 ! bra91 become always consci\sly p]ceiv$2 nor is x easy to conceive 9 :at way ?is metamorphosis c take place s t ! con/ant purpose c be atta9$ "u v>y+ circum/ances by ! result+ w 9 modes t v>y ) v>iation ( ! special features ( ea* individual case4 ,b if we take ! o!r alt]native1 & suppose an unconsci\s m5tal me*anism1 we _c legitimately conceive ( ! process go+ on 9 ?is z o!r ?an :at prevails 9 all m5tal me*anism1 namely1 ?an z by way ( idea & w4 ,we are1 !re=e1 compell$ to imag9e a causal connection betwe5 ! consci\sly recognis$ motive & ! w to d ! in/9ctive action1 ?r\gh unconsci\s idea & w2 nor d ,i "k h[ ?is connection c be conceiv$ z be+ br\ght ab\t m simply ?an ?r\gh a conceiv$ & will$ purpose4 #ajb;b ,arriv$ at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 we h atta9$ ! logical me*anism peculi> to & insep>able f all m9d1 & f9d unconsci\s purpose to be an indisp5sable l9k 9 e in/9ctive action4 ,) ?is1 !re=e1 ! conception ( a m5tal me*anism1 dead & pr$e/9$ f )\t1 has disappe>$1 & has become trans=m$ into ! spiritual life insep>able f logic1 s t we h rea*$ ! sole rema9+ requirem5t = ! conception ( an actual in/9ct1 :i* proves to be a consci\s will+ ( ! means t[>ds an unconsci\sly will$ purpose4 ,?is conception expla9s cle>ly & )\t viol5ce all ! problems :i* in/9ct pres5ts to u2 or m truly1 all t 0 problematical ab\t in/9ct disappe>s :5 its true nature has be5 ?us decl>$4 ,if ?is "w 7 conf9$ to ! consid]ation ( in/9ct alone1 ! conception ( an unconsci\s activity ( m9d might excite opposition1 inasmu* z x is "o ) :i* our educat$ public is n yet famili>2 b 9 a "w l ! pres5t1 e *apt] ( :i* adduces fre% facts 9 support ( ! exi/5ce ( su* an activity & ( its rem>kable consequ5ces1 ! novelty ( ! !ory %\ld be tak5 no f>!r into consid]ation4 ,?\gh ,i s confid5tly d5y t in/9ct is ! simple action ( a me*anism :i* has be5 contriv$ once = all1 ,i by no means exclude ! supposition t 9 ! con/itution ( ! bra91 ! ganglia1 & ! :ole body1 9 respect ( morphological z well z molecul>-physiological condition1 c]ta9 pr$ispositions c be e/abli%$ :i* direct ! unconsci\s int]m$i>ies m readily into "o *annel ?an into ano!r4 ,?is pr$isposition is ei!r ! result ( a habit :i* keeps cont9ually cutt+ = itself a deep] & deep] *annel1 until 9 ! end x leaves indelible traces :e!r 9 ! individual or 9 ! race1 or x is expressly call$ into be+ by ! unconsci\s =mative pr9ciple 9 g5]ation1 s z to facilitate action 9 a giv5 direction4 ,?is la/ w be ! case m frequ5tly 9 respect ( ext]ior organisation--z1 = example1 ) ! weapons or work+ organs ( animals--:ile to ! =m] mu/ be ref]r$ ! molecul> condition ( bra9 & ganglia :i* br+ ab\t ! p]petually recurr+ elem5ts ( an in/9ct su* z ! hexagonal %ape ( ! cells ( bees4 ,we %all pres5tly see t by individual "* we mean ! sum ( ! individual me?ods ( reaction aga9/ all possible motives1 & t ?is "* dep5ds ess5tially ^u a con/itution ( m9d & body acquir$ 9 "s measure ?r\gh habit by ! individual1 b = ! mo/ "p inh]it$4 ,b an in/9ct is also a mode ( reaction aga9/ c]ta9 motives2 "h1 too1 !n1 we are deal+ ) "*1 ?\gh p]haps n s mu* ) t ( ! individual z ( ! race2 = by "* 9 reg>d to in/9ct we d n int5d ! diff]5ces t di/+ui% individuals1 b races f "o ano!r4 ,if any "o *ooses to ma9ta9 t su* a pr$isposition = c]ta9 k9ds ( activity on ! "p ( bra9 & body con/itutes a me*anism1 ?is may 9 "o s5se be admitt$2 b z aga9/ ?is view x mu/ be rem>k$-- #a4 ,t su* deviations f ! normal s*eme ( an in/9ct z _c be ref]r$ to consci\s delib]ation are n provid$ = by any pr$isposition 9 ?is me*anism4 #b4 ,t h]$ity is only possible "u ! circum/ances ( a con/ant sup]9t5d5ce ( ! embryonic developm5t by a purposive unconsci\s activity ( gr[?4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ?is is influ5c$ 9 return by ! pr$isposition exi/+ 9 ! g]m4 #c4 ,t ! impress+ ( ! pr$isposition ^u ! individual f :om x is inh]it$ c only be effect$ by long practice1 consequ5tly ! in/9ct )\t auxili>y me*anism #aje;a is ! orig9at+ cause ( ! auxili>y me*anism4 #d4 ,t none ( ^? in/9ctive actions t are p]=m$ r>ely1 or p]haps once only1 9 ! lifetime ( any individual--z1 = example1 ^? connect$ ) ! propagation & metamorphoses ( ! l[] =ms ( life1 & none ( ^? in/9ctive omissions ( action1 neglect ( :i* necess>ily entails dea?--c be conceiv$ z hav+ become engra9$ into ! "* ?r\gh habit2 ! ganglionic con/itution1 !re=e1 t pr$isposes ! animal t[>ds !m mu/ h be5 fa%ion$ purposively4 #e4 ,t ev5 ! pres5ce ( an auxili>y me*anism #aje;b does n compel ! unconsci\s to a p>ticul> correspond+ mode ( in/9ctive action1 b only pr$isposes x4 ,?is is %[n by ! possibility ( dep>ture f ! normal type ( action1 s t ! unconsci\s purpose is always /rong] ?an ! ganglionic con/itution1 & takes any opportunity ( *oos+ f sev]al simil> possible c\rses ! "o t is h&ie/ & mo/ conv5i5t to ! con/itution ( ! individual4 ,we n[ approa* ! "q t ,i h res]v$ = our f9al "o1--,is !re1 namely1 actually su* a ?+ z in/9ct1 #aje;c or are all s-call$ in/9ctive actions only ! results ( consci\s delib]ation8 ,9 support ( ! second ( ^! two views1 x may be alleg$ t ! m limit$ is ! range ( ! consci\s m5tal activity ( any liv+ be+1 ! m fully develop$ 9 proportion to its entire m5tal p[] is its p]=mance commonly f\nd to be 9 respect ( its own limit$ & special in/9ctive dep>tm5t4 ,?is holds z good ) ! l[] animals z ) m51 & is expla9$ by ! fact t p]fection ( pr(ici5cy is only p>tly dep5d5t ^u natural capacity1 b is 9 great measure due to practice & cultivation ( ! orig9al faculty4 ,a philologi/1 = example1 is unskill$ 9 que/ions ( jurisprud5ce2 a natural philosoph] or ma!matician1 9 philology2 an ab/ract philosoph]1 9 poetical criticism4 ,nor has ?is any?+ to d ) ! natural tal5ts ( ! sev]al p]sons1 b foll[s z a consequ5ce ( _! special tra9+4 ,! m special1 !re=e1 is ! direction 9 :i* ! m5tal activity ( any liv+ be+ is ex]cis$1 ! m w ! :ole develop+ & practis+ p[] ( ! m9d be br\ght to be> ^u ?is "o bran*1 s t x is n surpris+ if ! special p[] comes ultimately to be> an increas$ proportion to ! total p[] ( ! individual1 ?r\gh ! contraction ( ! range )9 :i* x is ex]cis$4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o apply ?is to ! elucidation ( in/9ct %\ld n =get ! words1 89 proportion to ! entire m5tal p[] ( ! animal 9 "q10 & %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! entire m5tal p[] becomes less & less cont9ually z we desc5d ! scale ( animal life1 :]eas pr(ici5cy 9 ! p]=mance ( an in/9ctive action seems to be mu* ( a mu*ness 9 all grades ( ! animal _w4 ,z1 !re=e1 ^? p]=mances :i* indisputably proce$ f consci\s delib]ation decrease proportionately ) decrease ( m5tal p[]1 :ile no?+ ( ! k9d is obs]vable 9 ! case ( in/9ct--x foll[s t in/9ct mu/ involve "s o!r pr9ciple ?an t ( consci\s intellig5ce4 ,we see1 moreov]1 t actions :i* h _! s\rce 9 consci\s intellig5ce are ( "o & ! same k9d1 :e!r among ! l[] animals or ) mank9d--t is to say1 t !y are acquir$ by appr5tice%ip or in/ruction & p]fect$ by practice2 s t ! say+1 8,age br+s wisdom10 holds good ) ! brutes z mu* z ) ourselves4 ,in/9ctive actions1 on ! contr>y1 h a special & di/9ct "*1 9 t !y are p]=m$ ) no less pr(ici5cy by animals t h be5 re>$ 9 solitude ?an by ^? t h be5 in/ruct$ by _! p>5ts1 ! fir/ essays ( a hi!rto unpractis$ animal be+ z successful z its lat] ones4 ,!re is a diff]5ce 9 pr9ciple "h :i* _c be mi/ak54 ,aga91 we "k by exp]i5ce t ! feebl] & m limit$ an intellig5ce is1 ! m sl[ly d ideas act ^u x1 t is to say1 ! sl[] & m labori\s is its consci\s ?\ght4 ,s long z in/9ct does n come into play1 ?is holds good bo? 9 ! case ( m5 ( diff]5t p[]s ( compreh5sion & ) animals2 b ) in/9ct all is *ang$1 = x is ! speciality ( in/9ct nev] to hesitate or loit]1 b to take action in/antly ^u p]ceiv+ t ! /imulat+ motive has made its appe>ance4 ,?is rapidity 9 arriv+ at a resolution is common to ! in/9ctive actions bo? ( ! highe/ & ! l[e/ animals1 & indicates an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 in/9ct & consci\s delib]ation4 ,f9ally1 z reg>ds p]fection ( ! p[] ( execution1 a glance w suffice to %[ ! disproportion t exi/s betwe5 ?is & ! grade ( intellectual activity on :i* an animal may be /&+4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! cat]pill> ( ! emp]or mo? 7,saturnia pavonia m9or74 ,x eats ! leaves ( ! bu% ^u :i* x 0 born2 at ! utmo/ has j en\gh s5se to get on to ! l[] sides ( ! leaves if x beg9s to ra91 & f "t to "t *anges its sk94 ,?is is its :ole exi/5ce1 :i* c]ta9ly does n lead u to expect a display ( any1 ev5 ! mo/ limit$1 intellectual p[]4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! "t comes = ! l>va ( ?is mo? to become a *rysalis1 x sp9s = itself a d\ble cocoon1 =tifi$ ) bri/les t po9t outw>ds1 s t x c be op5$ easily f )91 ?\gh x is suffici5tly imp5etrable f )\t4 ,if ?is contrivance 7 ! result ( consci\s reflection1 we %\ld h to suppose "s su* reason+ process z ! foll[+ to take place 9 ! m9d ( ! cat]pill>3--8,i am ab\t to become a *rysalis1 &1 motionless z ,i mu/ be1 %all be expos$ to _m diff]5t k9ds ( attack4 ,i mu/ !re=e weave myself a web4 ,b :5 ,i am a mo? ,i %all n be able1 z "s mo?s are1 to f9d my way out ( x by *emical or me*anical means2 !re=e ,i mu/ leave a way op5 = myself4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 t my enemies may n take advantage ( ?is1 ,i w close x ) ela/ic bri/les1 :i* ,i c easily pu% asund] f )91 b :i*1 ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! ar*1 w resi/ all pressure f )\t40 ,surely ?is is ask+ r too mu* f a poor cat]pill>2 yet ! :ole ( ! =ego+ mu/ be ?\ght out if a correct result is to be arriv$ at4 ,?is !oretical sep>ation ( in/9ct f consci\s intellig5ce c be easily misrepres5t$ by oppon5ts ( my !ory1 z ?\gh a sep>ation 9 practice also w\ld be necessitat$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,?is is by no means my int5tion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i h already insi/$ at "s l5g? t bo? ! two k9ds ( m5tal activity may co-exi/ 9 all mann] ( diff]5t proportions1 s t !re may be e degree ( comb9ation1 f pure in/9ct to pure delib]ation4 ,we %all see1 h[ev]1 9 a lat] *apt]1 t ev5 9 ! highe/ & mo/ ab/ract activity ( human consci\sness !re are =ces at "w t are ( ! highe/ importance1 & are ess5tially ( ! same k9d z in/9ct4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ m>vell\s displays ( in/9ct are to be f\nd n only 9 plants1 b also 9 ^? l[e/ organisms ( ! simple/ bodily =m :i* are p>tly unicellul>1 & 9 respect ( consci\s intellig5ce /& f> bel[ ! high] plants--to :i*1 inde$1 any k9d ( delib]ative faculty is commonly d5i$4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ^? m9ute microscopic organisms t baffle our attempts to classify !m ei!r z animals or vegetables1 we are /ill compell$ to admire an in/9ctive1 purposive behavi\r1 :i* goes f> beyond a m]e reflex responsive to a /imulus f )\t2 all d\bt1 !re=e1 conc]n+ ! actual exi/5ce ( an in/9ct mu/ be at an end1 & ! attempt to d$uce x z a consequ5ce ( consci\s delib]ation be giv5 up z hopeless4 ,i w "h adduce an in/ance z extraord9>y z any we yet "k (1 %[+1 z x does1 t _m diff]5t purposes1 :i* 9 ! case ( ! high] animals require a complicat$ sy/em ( organs ( motion1 c be atta9$ ) incr$ibly simple means4 ,arcella vulg>is is a m9ute morsel ( protoplasm1 :i* lives 9 a concave-convex1 br[n1 f9ely reticulat$ %ell1 ?r\gh a circul> op5+ 9 ! concave side ( :i* x c project itself by ?r[+ out pseudopodia4 ,if we look ?r\gh ! microscope at a drop ( wat] conta9+ liv+ arcell1 we may happ5 to see "o ( !m ly+ on its back at ! bottom ( ! drop1 & mak+ fruitless ef=ts = two or ?ree m9utes to lay hold ( "s fix$ po9t by means ( a pseudopodium4 ,aft] ?is !re w appe> sudd5ly f two to five1 b sometimes m1 d>k po9ts 9 ! protoplasm at a small di/ance f ! circumf]5ce1 &1 z a rule1 at regul> di/ances f "o ano!r4 ,^! rapidly develop !mselves into well-def9$ sph]ical air vesicles1 & come pres5tly to fill a consid]able "p ( ! holl[ ( ! %ell1 !reby driv+ "p ( ! protoplasm outside x4 ,aft] f five to tw5ty m9utes1 ! specific gravity ( ! arcella is s mu* less5$ t x is lift$ by ! wat] ) its pseudopodia1 & br\ght up aga9/ ! upp] surface ( ! wat]-drop1 on :i* x is able to travel4 ,9 f five to t5 m9utes ! vesicles w n[ disappe>1 ! la/ small po9t vani%+ ) a j]k4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! creature has be5 accid5tally turn$ ov] dur+ its j\rney1 & rea*es ! top ( ! wat]-drop ) its back upp]mo/1 ! vesicles w cont9ue gr[+ only on "o side1 :ile !y dim9i% on ! o!r2 by ?is means ! %ell is br\ght fir/ into an oblique & !n into a v]tical position1 until "o ( ! pseudopodia obta9s a foot+ & ! :ole turns ov]4 ,f ! mom5t ! animal has obta9$ foo?old1 ! bladd]s become imm$iately small]1 & aft] !y h disappe>$ ! exp]im5t may be repeat$ at pleasure4 ,! positions ( ! protoplasm :i* ! vesicles fa%ion *ange cont9ually2 only ! gra9less protoplasm ( ! pseudopodia develops no air4 ,aft] long & fruitless ef=ts a manife/ fatigue sets 92 ! animal gives up ! attempt = a "t1 & resumes x aft] an int]val ( repose4 ,engelmann1 ! discov]] ( ^! ph5om5a1 says 7,pflg]'s ,ar*iv fr ,physologie1 ,bd4 ,,ii473 8,! *anges 9 volume 9 all ! vesicles ( ! same animal are = ! mo/ "p syn*ron\s1 effect$ 9 ! same mann]1 & ( l size4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 n a few exceptions2 x (t5 happ5s t "s ( !m increase or dim9i% 9 volume mu* fa/] ?an o!rs2 sometimes "o may increase :ile ano!r dim9i%es2 all ! *anges1 h[ev]1 are ?r\gh\t unque/ionably int5tional4 ,! object ( ! air-vesicles is to br+ ! animal into su* a position t x c take fa/ hold ( some?+ ) its pseudopodia4 ,:5 ?is has be5 obta9$1 ! air disappe>s )\t our be+ able to discov] any o!r reason = its disappe>ance ?an ! fact t x is no long] ne$$4 4 4 4 ,if we be> ^! circum/ances 9 m9d1 we c almo/ always tell :e!r an arcella w develop air-vesicles or no2 & if x has already develop$ !m1 we c tell :e!r !y w increase or dim9i% 4 4 4 ,! arcell1 9 fact1 9 ?is p[] ( alt]+ _! specific gravity possess a me*anism = rais+ !mselves to ! top ( ! wat]1 or l[]+ !mselves to ! bottom at w4 ,!y use ?is n only 9 ! abnormal circum/ances ( _! be+ "u microscopical obs]vation1 b at all times1 z may be kn[n by our be+ always able to f9d "s specim5s ) air-bladd]s at ! top ( ! wat] 9 :i* !y live40 ,if :at has be5 already advanc$ has fail$ to conv9ce ! read] ( ! hopelessness ( attempt+ to expla9 in/9ct z a mode ( consci\s delib]ation1 he mu/ admit t ! foll[+ consid]ations are conclusive4 ,x is mo/ c]ta9 t delib]ation & consci\s reflection c only take acc\nt ( su* data z are consci\sly p]ceiv$2 if1 !n1 x c be %[n t data absolutely indisp5sable = ! arrival at a j conclusion _c by any possibility h be5 kn[n consci\sly1 ! result c no long] be held z hav+ _h its s\rce 9 consci\s delib]ation4 ,x is admitt$ t ! only way 9 :i* consci\sness c arrive at a k ( ext]ior facts is by way ( an impression made ^u ! s5ses4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 prove t a k ( ! facts indisp5sable = arrival at a j conclusion c\ld n h be5 ?us acquir$4 ,?is may be done z foll[s3 #aaa =1 ,fir/ly1 ! facts 9 "q lie 9 ! future1 & ! pres5t gives no gr\nd = conjectur+ ! "t & mann] ( _! subsequ5t developm5t4 ,secondly1 !y are manife/ly deb>r$ f ! category ( p]ceptions p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 inasmu* z no in=mation c be d]iv$ conc]n+ !m except ?r\gh exp]i5ce ( simil> occurr5ces 9 "t pa/1 & su* exp]i5ce is pla9ly out ( ! "q4 ,x w\ld n affect ! argum5t if1 z ,i ?9k likely1 x 7 to turn out1 ) ! advance ( our physiological k1 t all ! examples ( ! fir/ case t ,i am ab\t to adduce r$uce !mselves to examples ( ! second1 z mu/ be admitt$ to h already happ5$ 9 respect ( _m t ,i h adduc$ hi!rto4 ,= x is h>dly m difficult to conceive ( priori k1 disconnect$ f any impression made ^u ! s5ses1 ?an ( k :i*1 x is true1 does at ! pres5t day manife/ itself ^u ! occasion ( c]ta9 g5]al p]ceptions1 b :i* c only be suppos$ to be connect$ ) ^! by means ( su* a *a9 ( inf]5ces & judici\sly appli$ k z _c be believ$ to exi/ :5 we h reg>d to ! capacity & organisation ( ! animal we may be consid]+4 ,an example ( ! fir/ case is suppli$ by ! l>va ( ! /ag-beetle 9 its endeav\r to make itself a conv5i5t hole 9 :i* to become a *rysalis4 ,! female l>va digs a hole exactly h] own size1 b ! male makes "o z long aga9 z himself1 s z to all[ = ! gr[? ( 8 horns1 :i* w be ab\t ! same l5g? z 8 body4 ,a k ( ?is circum/ance is indisp5sable if ! result a*iev$ is to be consid]$ z due to reflection1 yet ! actual pres5t ( ! l>va af=ds x no gr\nd = conjectur+ be=eh& ! condition 9 :i* x w pres5tly f9d itself4 ,z reg>ds ! second case1 f]rets & buzz>ds fall =?) ^u bl9d worms or o!r non-poison\s snakes1 & dev\r !m !n & !re4 ,b !y exhibit ! greate/ caution 9 lay+ hold ( add]s1 ev5 ?\gh !y h nev] be=e se5 "o1 & w endeav\r fir/ to bruise _! heads1 s z to avoid be+ bitt54 ,z !re is no?+ 9 any o!r respect al>m+ 9 ! add]1 a consci\s k ( ! dang] ( its bite is indisp5sable1 if ! conduct above describ$ is to be ref]r$ to consci\s delib]ation4 ,b ?is c\ld only h be5 acquir$ ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 & ! possibility ( su* exp]i5ce may be controll$ 9 ! case ( animals t h be5 kept 9 captivity f _! y\? up1 s t ! k display$ c be asc]ta9$ to be indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bo? ! above illu/rations af=d evid5ce ( an unconsci\s p]ception ( ! facts1 & prove ! exi/5ce ( a direct k und]ivable f any s5sual impression or f consci\sness4 ,?is has always be5 recognis$1 #aac & has be5 describ$ "u ! words 8pres5tim5t0 or 8=ebod+40 ,^! words1 h[ev]1 ref]1 on ! "o h&1 only to an unkn[able 9 ! future1 sep>at$ f u by space1 & n to "o t is actually pres5t2 on ! o!r h&1 !y d5ote only ! fa9t1 dull1 indef9ite e*o return$ by consci\sness to an inv>iably di/9ct /ate ( unconsci\s k4 ,h5ce ! ^w 8pres5tim5t10 :i* c>ries ) x an idea ( fa9tness & indi/9ctness1 :ile1 h[ev]1 x may be easily se5 t s5tim5t de/itute ( all1 ev5 unconsci\s1 ideas c h no influ5ce ^u ! result1 = k c only foll[ ^u an idea4 ,a pres5tim5t t s\nds 9 consonance ) our consci\sness c inde$1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 become tol]ably def9ite1 s t 9 ! case ( man x c be express$ 9 ?\ght & language2 b exp]i5ce tea*es u t ev5 among ourselves ?is is n s :5 in/9cts special to ! human race come into play2 we see r t ! e*o ( our unconsci\s k :i* f9ds its way into our consci\sness is s weak t x manife/s itself only 9 ! accompany+ feel+s or frame ( m9d1 & repres5ts b an inf9itely small fraction ( ! sum ( our s5sations4 ,x is obvi\s t su* a fa9tly sympa!tic consci\sness _c =m a suffici5t f\ndation = a sup]/ructure ( consci\s delib]ation2 on ! o!r h&1 consci\s delib]ation w\ld be unnecess>y1 inasmu* z ! process ( ?9k+ mu/ h be5 already gone ?r\gh unconsci\sly1 = e fa9t pres5tim5t t obtrudes itself ^u our consci\sness is 9 fact only ! consequ5ce ( a di/9ct unconsci\s k1 & ! k ) :i* x is conc]n$ is almo/ always an idea ( ! purpose ( "s in/9ctive action1 or ( "o mo/ intimately connect$ !re)4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( ! /ag-beetle1 ! purpose consi/s 9 ! leav+ space = ! gr[? ( ! horns2 ! means1 9 ! digg+ ! hole ( a suffici5t size2 & ! unconsci\s k1 9 presci5ce conc]n+ ! future developm5t ( ! horns4 ,la/ly1 all in/9ctive actions give u an impression ( absolute security & infallibility4 ,) in/9ct ! w is nev] hesitat+ or weak1 z x is :5 inf]5ces are be+ drawn consci\sly4 ,we nev] f9d in/9ct mak+ mi/akes2 we _c1 !re=e1 ascribe a result :i* is s inv>iably precise to su* an obscure condition ( m9d z is impli$ :5 ! ^w pres5tim5t is us$2 on ! contr>y1 ?is absolute c]ta9ty is s *>act]i/ic a feature ( in/9ctive actions1 t x con/itutes almo/ ! only well-m>k$ po9t ( di/9ction betwe5 ^! & actions t are done ^u reflection4 ,b f ?is x mu/ aga9 foll[ t "s pr9ciple lies at ! root ( in/9ct o!r ?an t :i* und]lies reflective action1 & ?is c only be look$ = 9 a det]m9ation ( ! w ?r\gh a process t lies 9 ! unconsci\s1 #aae;a to :i* ?is "* ( unhesitat+ infallibility w atta* itself 9 all our future inve/igations4 ,_m w be surpris$ at my ascrib+ to in/9ct an unconsci\s k1 aris+ out ( no s5sual impression1 & yet inv>iably accurate4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a consequ5ce ( my !ory conc]n+ in/9ct2 x is ! f\ndation on :i* t !ory is bas$1 & is =c$ ^u u by facts4 ,i mu/ !re=e adduce examples4 ,& to give a "n to ! unconsci\s k1 :i* is n acquir$ ?r\gh impression made ^u ! s5ses1 b :i* w be f\nd to be 9 our possession1 ?\gh atta9$ )\t ! in/rum5tality ( means1 #aae;b ,i pref] ! ^w 8clairvoyance0 #aae;c to 8pres5tim5t10 :i*1 = reasons already giv51 w n s]ve me4 ,?is ^w1 !re=e1 w be "h employ$ ?r\gh\t1 z above def9$4 ,let u n[ consid] examples ( ! in/9cts ( self-pres]vation1 subsi/5ce1 migration1 & ! cont9uation ( ! species4 ,mo/ animals "k _! natural enemies prior to exp]i5ce ( any ho/ile designs ^u !mselves4 ,a flight ( "y pigeons1 ev5 ?\gh !y h no old birds ) !m1 w become %y1 & w sep>ate f "o ano!r on ! approa* ( a bird ( prey4 ,horses & cattle t come f c\ntries :]e !re are no lions become unquiet & display al>m z soon z !y are aw>e t a lion is approa*+ !m 9 ! night4 ,horses go+ along a bridle-pa? t us$ to leave ! t[n at ! back ( ! old d5s ( ! c>nivora 9 ! ,b]l9 ,zoological ,g>d5s 7 (t5 t]rifi$ by ! prop9quity ( enemies :o 7 entirely unkn[n to !m4 ,/icklebacks w swim compos$ly among a numb] ( voraci\s pike1 kn[+1 z !y d1 t ! pike w n t\* !m4 ,= if a pike once by mi/ake swall[s a /ickleback1 ! /ickleback w /ick 9 its ?roat by reason ( ! sp9e x c>ries ^u its back1 & ! pike mu/ />ve to dea? )\t be+ able to transmit 8 pa9ful exp]i5ce to 8 desc5dants4 ,9 "s c\ntries !re are p :o by *oice eat dog's fle%2 dogs are inv>iably savage 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! p]sons1 z recognis+ 9 !m enemies at ^: h&s !y may "o day come to h>m4 ,?is is ! m wond]ful inasmu* z dog's fat appli$ ext]nally 7z :5 rubb$ ^u boots7 attracts dogs by its smell4 ,grant saw a "y *impanzee ?r[ itself into convulsions ( t]ror at ! sight ( a l>ge snake2 & ev5 among ourselves a ,gret*5 c (t5 detect a ,mephi/opheles4 ,an insect ( ! g5ius bombyx w seize ano!r ( ! g5us p>nopa1 & kill x :]ev] x f9ds x1 )\t mak+ any subsequ5t use ( ! body2 b we "k t ! la/-nam$ insect lies 9 wait = ! eggs ( ! fir/1 & is !re=e ! natural enemy ( its race4 ,! ph5om5on kn[n to /ockdriv]s & %eph]ds z 8das ,bies5 des ,viehes0 af=ds ano!r example4 ,= :5 a 8dassel0 or 8bies0 fly draws ne> ! h]d1 ! cattle become unmanageable & run ab\t among "o ano!r z ?\gh !y 7 mad1 kn[+1 z !y d1 t ! l>v f ! eggs :i* ! fly w lay ^u !m w pres5tly pi]ce _! hides & occasion !m pa9ful sores4 ,^! 8dassel0 flies--:i* h no /+--closely resemble ano!r k9d ( gadfly :i* has a /+4 ,nev]!less1 ?is la/ k9d is little fe>$ by cattle1 :ile ! fir/ is s to an inord9ate ext5t4 ,! lay+ ( ! eggs ^u ! sk9 is at ! "t q pa9less1 & no ill consequ5ces foll[ until long aft]w>ds1 s t we _c suppose ! cattle to draw a consci\s inf]5ce conc]n+ ! connection t exi/s betwe5 ! two4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! =esight %[n by f]rets & buzz>ds 9 respect ( add]s2 9 l mann] a "y honey-buzz>d1 on be+ %[n a wasp = ! fir/ "t1 imm$iately dev\r$ x aft] hav+ squeez$ ! /+ f its body4 ,no animal1 ^: in/9ct has n be5 vitiat$ by unnatural habits1 w eat poison\s plants4 ,ev5 :5 apes h contract$ bad habits ?r\gh _! hav+ be5 br\ght into contact ) mank9d1 !y c /ill be tru/$ to %[ u :e!r c]ta9 fruits f\nd 9 _! native =e/s are poison\s or no2 = if poison\s fruits are (f]$ !m !y w refuse !m ) l\d cries4 ,e animal w *oose = its su/5ance exactly ^? animal or vegetable sub/ances :i* agree be/ ) its dige/ive organs1 )\t hav+ receiv$ any in/ruction on ! matt]1 & )\t te/+ !m be=eh&4 ,ev51 inde$1 ?\gh we assume t ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( food is due to sight & n to smell1 x rema9s none ! less my/]i\s h[ ! animal c "k :at x is t w agree ) x4 ,?us ! kid :i* ,gal5 took prematurely f its "m smelt at all ! diff]5t k9ds ( food t 7 set be=e x1 b drank only ! milk )\t t\*+ any?+ else4 ,! *]ry-f9* op5s a *]ry-/one by turn+ x s t h] beak c hit ! "p :]e ! two sides jo91 & does ?is z mu* ) ! fir/ /one %e cracks z ) ! la/4 ,fit*ets1 m>t5s1 & weasels make small holes on ! opposite sides ( an egg :i* !y are ab\t to suck1 s t ! air may come 9 :ile !y are suck+4 ,n only d animals "k ! food t w suit !m be/1 b !y f9d out ! mo/ suitable rem$ies :5 !y are ill1 & con/antly =m a correct diagnosis ( _! malady ) a !rapeutical k :i* !y _c possibly h acquir$4 ,dogs w (t5 eat a great quantity ( grass--p>ticul>ly c\*-grass--:5 !y are unwell1 especially aft] spr+1 if !y h worms1 :i* ?us pass f !m entangl$ 9 ! grass1 or if !y want to get fragm5ts ( bone f out ( _! /oma*s4 ,z a purgative !y make use ( plants t /+4 ,h5s & pigeons pick lime f walls & pavem5ts if _! food does n af=d !m lime en\gh to make _! egg%ells )4 ,little *ildr5 eat *alk :5 suff]+ f acidity ( ! /oma*1 & pieces ( *>coal if !y are tr\bl$ ) flatul5ce4 ,we may obs]ve ^! same in/9cts = c]ta9 k9ds ( food or drugs ev5 among gr[n-up p1 "u circum/ances 9 :i* _! unconsci\s nature has unusual p[]2 z1 = example1 among wom5 :5 !y are pregnant1 ^: caprici\s appetites are probably due to "s special condition ( ! ftus1 :i* r5d]s a c]ta9 /ate ( ! blood desirable4 ,field-mice bite (f ! g]ms ( ! corn :i* !y collect toge!r1 9 ord] to prev5t its gr[+ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,"s days be=e ! beg9n+ ( cold wea!r ! squirrel is mo/ assidu\s 9 augm5t+ its /ore1 & !n closes its dwell+4 ,birds ( passage betake !mselves to w>m] c\ntries at times :5 !re is /ill no sc>city ( food = !m "h1 & :5 ! temp]ature is consid]ably w>m] ?an x w be :5 !y return to u4 ,! same holds good ( ! "t :5 animals beg9 to prep>e _! w9t] qu>t]s1 :i* beetles con/antly d dur+ ! v hotte/ days ( autumn4 ,:5 swall[s & /orks f9d _! way back to _! native places ov] di/ances ( hundr$s ( miles1 & ?\gh ! aspect ( ! c\ntry is rev]s$1 we say t ?is is due to ! acut5ess ( _! p]ception ( locality2 b ! same _c be said ( dogs1 :i*1 ?\gh !y h be5 c>ri$ 9 a bag f "o place to ano!r t !y d n "k1 & h be5 turn$ r\nd & r\nd tw5ty times ov]1 h /ill be5 kn[n to f9d _! way home4 ,"h we c say no m ?an t _! in/9ct has conduct$ !m--t ! clairvoyance ( ! unconsci\s has all[$ !m to conjecture _! way4 #aai;a ,be=e an e>ly w9t]1 birds ( passage collect !mselves 9 prep>ation = _! flight soon] ?an usual2 b :5 ! w9t] is go+ to be mild1 !y w ei!r n migrate at all1 or travel only a small di/ance s\?w>d4 ,:5 a h>d w9t] is com+1 tortoises w make _! burr[s deep]4 ,if wild geese1 cranes1 etc41 soon return f ! c\ntries to :i* !y _h betak5 !mselves at ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 x is a sign t a hot & dry summ] is ab\t to ensue 9 ^? c\ntries1 & t ! dr\ght w prev5t _! be+ able to re> _! "y4 ,9 ye>s ( flood1 beav]s con/ruct _! dwell+s at a high] level ?an usual1 & %ortly be=e an inundation ! field-mice 9 ,kamts*atka come out ( _! holes 9 l>ge b&s4 ,if ! summ] is go+ to be dry1 spid]s may be se5 9 ,may & ,april1 hang+ f ! ends ( ?reads sev]al feet 9 l5g?4 ,if 9 w9t] spid]s are se5 runn+ ab\t mu*1 fight+ ) "o ano!r & prep>+ new webs1 !re w be cold wea!r )9 ! next n9e days1 or f t to twelve3 :5 !y aga9 hide !mselves !re w be a ?aw4 ,i h no d\bt t mu* ( ?is p[] ( prophesy+ ! wea!r is due to a p]ception ( c]ta9 atmosph]ic conditions :i* escape ourselves1 b ?is p]ception c only h relation to a c]ta9 actual & n[ pres5t condition ( ! wea!r2 & :at c ! impression made by ?is h to d ) _! idea ( ! wea!r t w ensue8 ,no "o w ascribe to animals a p[] ( progno/icat+ ! wea!r mon?s be=eh& by means ( inf]5ces drawn logically f a s]ies ( obs]vations1 #aai;b to ! ext5t ( be+ able to =etell floods4 ,x is f> m probable t ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ subtle diff]5ces ( actual atmosph]ic condition is no?+ m ?an ! s5sual p]ception :i* acts z motive--= a motive mu/ assur$ly be always pres5t--:5 an in/9ct comes into op]ation4 ,x cont9ues to hold good1 !re=e1 t ! p[] ( =esee+ ! wea!r is a case ( unconsci\s clairvoyance1 ( :i* ! /ork :i* takes its dep>ture = ! s\? f\r weeks e>li] ?an usual kn[s no m ?an does ! /ag :5 be=e a cold w9t] he gr[s himself a ?ick] pelt ?an is 8 wont4 ,on ! "o h&1 animals h pres5t 9 _! consci\sness a p]ception ( ! actual /ate ( ! wea!r2 on ! o!r1 _! ensu+ action is precisely su* z x w\ld be if ! idea pres5t ) !m 0 t ( ! wea!r t is ab\t to come4 ,?is !y _c consci\sly h2 ! only natural int]m$iate l9k1 !re=e1 betwe5 _! consci\s k & _! action is suppli$ by unconsci\s idea1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is always accurately presci5t1 inasmu* z x conta9s some?+ :i* is nei!r giv5 directly to ! animal ?r\gh s5sual p]ception1 nor c be d$uc$ inf]5tially ?r\gh ! und]/&+4 ,mo/ wond]ful ( all are ! in/9cts connect$ ) ! cont9uation ( ! species4 ,! males always f9d out ! females ( _! own k9d1 b c]ta9ly n solely ?r\gh _! resemblance to !mselves4 ,) _m animals1 z1 = example1 p>asitic crabs1 ! sexes s little resemble "o ano!r t ! male w\ld be m likely to seek a mate f ! females ( a ?\s& o!r species ?an f 8 own4 ,c]ta9 butt]flies are polymorphic1 & n only d ! males & females ( ! same species diff]1 b ! females pres5t two di/9ct =ms1 "o ( :i* z a g5]al rule mimics ! outw>d appe>ance ( a di/ant b highly valu$ species2 yet ! males w pair only ) ! females ( _! own k9d1 & n ) ! /rang]s1 ?\gh ^! may be v likely mu* m l ! males !mselves4 ,among ! insect species ( ! /repsipt]a1 ! female is a %apeless worm :i* lives its :ole life long 9 ! h9d body ( a wasp2 its head1 :i* is ( ! %ape ( a l5til1 protrudes betwe5 two ( ! belly r+s ( ! wasp1 ! re/ ( ! body be+ inside4 ,! male1 :i* only lives = a few h\rs1 & resembles a mo?1 nev]!less recognises 8 mate 9 spite ( ^! adv]se circum/ances1 & fecundates h]4 ,be=e any exp]i5ce ( p>turition1 ! k t x is approa*+ drives all mammals into solitude1 & bids !m prep>e a ne/ = _! "y 9 a hole or 9 "s o!r place ( %elt]4 ,! bird builds h] ne/ z soon z %e feels ! eggs com+ to maturity )9 h]4 ,snails1 l&-crabs1 tree-frogs1 & toads1 all ( !m ord9>ily dwell]s ^u l&1 n[ betake !mselves to ! wat]2 sea-tortoises g on %ore1 & _m saltwat] fi%es come up into ! riv]s 9 ord] to lay _! eggs :]e !y c alone f9d ! requisites = _! developm5t4 ,insects lay _! eggs 9 ! mo/ v>i$ k9ds ( situations1--9 s&1 on leaves1 "u ! hides & horny sub/ances ( o!r animals2 !y (t5 select ! spot :]e ! l>va w be able mo/ readily to f9d its future su/5ance1 z 9 autumn ^u ! trees t w op5 fir/ 9 ! com+ spr+1 or 9 spr+ ^u ! blossoms t w fir/ be> fruit 9 autumn1 or 9 ! insides ( ^? cat]pill>s :i* w soone/ z *rysalides provide ! p>asitic l>va at once ) food & ) protection4 ,o!r insects select ! sites f :i* !y w fir/ get =w>d$ to ! de/9ation be/ adapt$ = _! developm5t4 ,?us "s horseflies lay _! eggs ^u ! lips ( horses or ^u p>ts :]e !y are accu/om$ to lick !mselves4 ,! eggs get convey$ h5ce into ! entrails1 ! prop] place = _! developm5t1--& are excret$ ^u _! arrival at maturity4 ,! flies t infe/ cattle "k s well h[ to select ! mo/ vigor\s & heal?ie/ bea/s1 t cattle-deal]s & tann]s place entire dep5d5ce ^u !m1 & pref] ^? bea/s & hides t are mo/ sc>r$ by maggots4 ,?is selection ( ! be/ cattle by ! help ( ^! flies is no evid5ce 9 support ( ! conclusion t ! flies possess ! p[] ( mak+ exp]im5ts consci\sly & ( reflect+ !reupon1 ev5 ?\gh ! m5 ^: trade x is to d ?is recognise !m z _! ma/]s4 ,! solit>y wasp makes a hole sev]al in*es deep 9 ! s&1 lays h] egg1 & packs along ) x a numb] ( gre5 maggots t h no legs1 & :i*1 be+ on ! po9t ( becom+ *rysalides1 are well n\ri%$ & able to g a long "t )\t food2 %e packs ^! maggots s closely toge!r t !y _c move nor turn into *rysalides1 & j en\gh ( !m to support ! l>va until x becomes a *rysalis4 ,a k9d ( bug 7c]c]is bupre/icida71 :i* itself lives only ^u poll51 lays h] eggs 9 an und]gr\nd cell1 & ) ea* "o ( !m %e deposits ?ree beetles1 :i* %e has la9 9 wait = & captur$ :5 !y 7 /ill weak ?r\gh hav+ only j left (f be+ *rysalides4 ,%e kills ^! beetles1 & appe>s to sme> !m ) a fluid :]eby %e pres]ves !m fre% & suitable = food4 ,_m k9ds ( wasps op5 ! cells 9 :i* _! l>v are conf9$ :5 ^! mu/ h consum$ ! provision t 0 left ) !m4 ,!y supply !m ) m food1 & aga9 close ! cell4 ,ants1 aga91 hit always ^u exactly ! "r mom5t = op5+ ! cocoons 9 :i* _! l>v are conf9$ & = sett+ !m free1 ! l>va be+ unable to d ?is = itself4 ,yet ! life ( only a few k9ds ( insects la/s long] ?an a s+le bre$+ season4 ,:at !n c !y "k ab\t ! cont5ts ( _! eggs & ! fitte/ place = _! developm5t8 ,:at c !y "k ab\t ! k9d ( food ! l>va w want :5 x leaves ! egg--a food s diff]5t f _! own8 ,:at1 aga91 c !y "k ab\t ! quantity ( food t w be necess>y8 ,h[ mu* ( all ?is at lea/ c !y "k consci\sly8 ,yet _! actions1 ! pa9s !y take1 & ! importance !y evid5tly atta* to ^! matt]s1 prove t !y h a =ekn[l$ge ( ! future3 ?is k !re=e c only be an unconsci\s clairvoyance4 ,= clairvoyance x mu/ c]ta9ly be t inspires ! w ( an animal to op5 cells & cocoons at ! v mom5t t ! l>va is ei!r ready = m food or fit = leav+ ! cocoon4 ,! eggs ( ! cuckoo d n take only f two to ?ree days to mature 9 h] ov>ies1 z ^? ( mo/ birds d1 b require f elev5 to twelve2 ! cuckoo1 !re=e1 _c sit ^u h] own eggs1 = h] fir/ egg w\ld be spoil$ be=e ! la/ 0 laid4 ,%e !re=e lays 9 o!r birds' ne/s--( c\rse lay+ ea* egg 9 a diff]5t ne/4 ,b 9 ord] t ! birds may n p]ceive h] egg to be a /rang] & turn x out ( ! ne/1 n only does %e lay an egg mu* small] ?an might be expect$ f a bird ( h] size 7= %e only f9ds h] opportunity among small birds71 b1 z already said1 %e imitates ! o!r eggs 9 ! ne/ %e has select$ ) surpris+ accuracy 9 respect bo? ( col\r & m>k+4 ,z ! cuckoo *ooses ! ne/ "s days be=eh&1 x may be ?\ght1 if ! ne/ is an op5 "o1 t ! cuckoo looks ^u ! col\r ( ! eggs )9 x :ile h] own is 9 process ( matur+ inside h]1 & t x is ?us h] egg comes to assume ! col\r ( ! o!rs2 b ?is explanation w n hold good = ne/s t are made 9 ! holes ( trees1 z t ( sylvia phnicurus1 or :i* are ov5-%ap$ ) a n>r[ entrance1 z ) sylvia rufa4 ,9 ^! cases ! cuckoo c nei!r slip 9 nor look 91 & mu/ !re=e lay h] egg outside ! ne/ & pu% x inside ) h] beak2 %e c !re=e h no means ( p]ceiv+ ?r\gh h] s5ses :at ! eggs already 9 ! ne/ are l4 ,if1 !n1 9 spite ( all ?is1 h] egg closely resembles ! o!rs1 ?is c only h come ab\t ?r\gh an unconsci\s clairvoyance :i* directs ! process t goes on )9 ! ov>y 9 respect ( col\r & m>k+4 ,an important argum5t 9 support ( ! exi/5ce ( a clairvoyance 9 ! in/9cts ( animals is to be f\nd 9 ! s]ies ( facts :i* te/ify to ! exi/5ce ( a l clairvoyance1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ev5 among human be+s1 :ile ! self-curative in/9cts ( *ildr5 & ( pregnant wom5 h be5 already m5tion$4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 #abd 9 correspond5ce ) ! high] /age ( developm5t :i* human consci\sness has atta9$1 a /rong] e*o ( ! unconsci\s clairvoyance commonly res\nds )9 consci\sness itself1 & ?is is repres5t$ by a m or less def9ite pres5tim5t ( ! consequ5ces t w ensue4 ,x is also 9 accord ) ! great] indep5d5ce ( ! human intellect t ?is k9d ( pres5tim5t is n felt exclusively imm$iately be=e ! c>ry+ out ( an action1 b is occasionally disconnect$ f ! condition t an action has to be p]=m$ imm$iately1 & displays itself simply z an idea indep5d5tly ( consci\s w1 provid$ only t ! matt] conc]n+ :i* ! pres5tim5t is felt is "o :i* 9 a high degree conc]ns ! w ( ! p]son :o feels x4 ,9 ! int]vals ( an int]mitt5t fev] or ( o!r illness1 x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t sick p]sons c accurately =etell ! day ( an approa*+ attack & h[ long x w la/4 ,! same ?+ occurs almo/ inv>iably 9 ! case ( spontane\s1 & g5]ally 9 t ( artificial1 somnambulism2 c]ta9ly ! ,py?ia1 z is well kn[n1 us$ to ann\nce ! date ( h] next ec/atic /ate4 ,9 l mann] ! curative in/9ct displays itself 9 somnambuli/s1 & !y h be5 kn[n to select rem$ies t h be5 no less rem>kable = ! success att5d+ _! employm5t ?an = ! complet5ess ) :i* !y h run c\nt] to receiv$ pr(essional op9ion4 ,! indication ( m$ic9al rem$ies is ! only use :i* respectable electro-biologi/s w make ( ! half-sleep+1 half-wak+ condition ( ^? :om !y are influ5c+4 8,p 9 p]fectly s\nd heal? h be5 kn[n1 be=e *ildbir? or at ! comm5cem5t ( an illness1 to pr$ict accurately _! own approa*+ dea?4 ,! accompli%m5t ( _! pr$ictions c h>dly be expla9$ z ! result ( m]e *ance1 = if ?is 7 all1 ! prophecy %\ld fail at lea/ z (t5 z n1 :]eas ! rev]se is actually ! case4 ,_m ( ^! p]sons nei!r desire dea? nor fe> x1 s t ! result _c be ascrib$ to imag9ation40 ,s writes ! celebrat$ physiologi/1 ,burda*1 f ^: *apt] on pres5tim5t 9 8 "w 8,bhicke 9's ,leb50 a great "p ( my mo/ /rik+ examples is tak54 ,?is pres5tim5t ( dea?s1 :i* is ! exception among m51 is q common ) animals1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n "k nor und]/& :at dea? is4 ,:5 !y become aw>e t _! end is approa*+1 !y /eal away to outly+ & solit>y places4 ,?is is :y 9 cities we s r>ely see ! dead body or skeleton ( a cat4 ,we c only suppose t ! unconsci\s clairvoyance1 :i* is ( ess5tially ! same k9d :e!r 9 man or bea/1 calls =? pres5tim5ts ( diff]5t degrees ( def9it5ess1 s t ! cat is driv5 to )draw h]self ?r\gh a m]e in/9ct )\t kn[+ :y %e does s1 :ile 9 man a def9ite p]ception is awak5$ ( ! fact t he is ab\t to die4 ,n only d p h pres5tim5ts conc]n+ _! own dea?1 b !re are _m in/ances on record 9 :i* !y h become aw>e ( t ( ^? ne> & de> to !m1 ! dy+ p]son hav+ appe>$ 9 a dream to fri5d or wife or husb&4 ,/ories to ?is effect prevail among all nations1 & unque/ionably conta9 mu* tru?4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is is ! p[] ( second sight1 :i* exi/$ =m]ly 9 ,scotl&1 & /ill does s 9 ! ,dani% isl&s4 ,?is p[] enables c]ta9 p )\t any ec/asy1 b simply ?r\gh _! ke5] p]ception1 to =esee com+ ev5ts1 or to tell :at is go+ on 9 =eign c\ntries on matt]s 9 :i* !y are deeply int]e/$1 su* z dea?s1 battles1 conflagrations 7,sw$5borg =etold ! burn+ ( ,/ockholm71 ! arrival or ! do+s ( fri5ds :o are at a di/ance4 ,) _m p]sons ?is clairvoyance is conf9$ to a k ( ! dea? ( _! acqua9tances or fell[-t[nspeople4 ,!re h be5 a great _m in/ances ( su* dea?-prophetesses1 &1 :at is mo/ important1 "s cases h be5 v]ifi$ 9 c\rts ( law4 ,i may say1 9 pass+1 t ?is p[] ( second sight is f\nd 9 p]sons :o are 9 ec/atic /ates1 9 ! spontane\s or artificially induc$ somnambulism ( ! high] k9ds ( wak+ dreams1 z well z 9 lucid mom5ts be=e dea?4 ,^! prophetic glimpses1 by :i* ! clairvoyance ( ! unconsci\s reveals itself to consci\sness1 #abf are commonly obscure because 9 ! bra9 !y mu/ assume a =m p]ceptible by ! s5ses1 :]eas ! unconsci\s idea c h no?+ to d ) any =m ( s5sual impression3 x is = ?is reason t hum\rs1 dreams1 & ! halluc9ations ( sick p]sons c s easily h a false signification atta*$ to !m4 ,! *ances ( error & self-deception t arise f ?is s\rce1 ! ease ) :i* p may be deceiv$ int5tionally1 & ! mis*ief :i*1 z a g5]al rule1 att5ds a k ( ! future1 ^! consid]ations place beyond all d\bt ! practical unwisdom ( attempts to arrive at c]ta9ty conc]n+ ! future4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c affect ! weight :i* 9 !ory %\ld be atta*$ to ph5om5a ( ?is k9d1 & mu/ n prev5t u f recognis+ ! positive exi/5ce ( ! clairvoyance ^: exi/5ce ,i am ma9ta9+1 ?\gh x is (t5 hidd5 "u a *aos ( madness & impo/ure4 ,! mat]iali/ic & rationali/ic t5d5cies ( ! pres5t day lead mo/ p ei!r to d5y facts ( ?is k9d 9 toto1 or to ignore !m1 inasmu* z !y are inexplicable f a mat]iali/ic /&po9t1 & _c be e/abli%$ by ! inductive or exp]im5tal me?od--z ?\gh ?is la/ 7 n equally impossible 9 ! case ( morals1 social sci5ce1 & politics4 ,a m9d ( any c&\r w only be able to d5y ! tru?s ( ?is entire class ( ph5om5a s long z x rema9s 9 ignorance ( ! facts t h be5 relat$ conc]n+ !m2 b1 aga91 a cont9uance 9 ?is ignorance c only arise f unwill+ness to be conv9c$4 ,i am satisfi$ t _m ( ^? :o d5y all human p[] ( div9ation w\ld come to ano!r1 &1 to say ! lea/1 m cauti\s conclusion if !y w\ld be at ! pa9s ( fur!r inve/igation2 & ,i hold t no "o1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 ne$ be a%am$ ( jo9+ 9 ) an op9ion :i* 0 ma9ta9$ by all ! great spirits ( antiquity except ,epicurus--an op9ion ^: possible tru? h>dly "o ( our be/ mod]n philosoph]s has v5tur$ to contrav5e1 & :i* ! *ampions ( ,g]man enlight5m5t 7 s little dispos$ to relegate to ! doma9 ( old wives' tales1 t ,goe! furni%es u ) an example ( second sight t fell )9 8 own exp]i5ce1 & confirms x d[n to its m9ute/ details4 ,al?\gh ,i am f> f believ+ t ! k9d ( ph5om5a above ref]r$ to =m 9 !mselves a prop] f\ndation = a sup]/ructure ( sci5tific demon/ration1 ,i nev]!less f9d !m valuable z a completion & fur!r confirmation ( ! s]ies ( ph5om5a pres5t$ to u by ! clairvoyance :i* we obs]ve 9 human & animal in/9ct4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y only cont9ue ?is s]ies #abh ?r\gh ! e*o t is awak5$ )9 our consci\sness1 !y z p[]fully support ! acc\nt :i* in/9ctive actions give conc]n+ _! own nature1 z !y are !mselves support$ by ! analogy !y pres5t to ! clairvoyance obs]vable 9 in/9ct4 ,?is1 !n1 z well z my desire n to lose an opportunity ( prote/+ aga9/ a mod]n prejudice1 mu/ /& z my reason = hav+ all[$ myself to ref]1 9 a sci5tific "w1 to a class ( ph5om5a :i* has fall5 at pres5t into s mu* discr$it4 ,i w conclude ) a few words ^u a special k9d ( in/9ct :i* has a v in/ructive be>+ ^u ! subject g5]ally1 & %[s h[ impossible x is to evade ! supposition ( an unconsci\s clairvoyance on ! "p ( in/9ct4 ,9 ! examples adduc$ hi!rto1 ! action ( ea* individual has be5 done on ! individual's own behalf1 except 9 ! case ( in/9cts connect$ ) ! cont9uation ( ! species1 :]e ! action b5efits o!rs--t is to say1 ! (fspr+ ( ! creature p]=m+ x4 ,we mu/ n[ exam9e ! cases 9 :i* a solid>ity ( in/9ct is f\nd to exi/ betwe5 sev]al individuals1 s t1 on ! "o h&1 ! action ( ea* r$\nds to ! common welf>e1 &1 on ! o!r1 x becomes possible = a useful purpose to be a*iev$ ?r\gh ! h>moni\s association ( individual work]s4 ,?is community ( in/9ct exi/s also among ! high] animals1 b "h x is h>d] to di/+ui% f associations orig9at+ ?r\gh consci\s w1 inasmu* z spee* supplies ! means ( a m p]fect int]communication ( aim & plan4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 def9itely recognise #abi ?is g5]al effect ( a univ]sal in/9ct 9 ! orig9 ( spee* & 9 ! great political & social movem5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,"h we are conc]n$ only ) ! simple/ & mo/ def9ite examples t c be f\nd any:]e1 & !re=e we w deal 9 pref]5ce ) ! l[] animals1 among :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( voice1 ! means ( communicat+ ?\ght1 mimicry1 & physiognomy1 are s imp]fect t ! h>mony & int]connection ( ! individual actions _c 9 its ma9 po9ts be ascrib$ to an und]/&+ arriv$ at ?r\gh spee*4 ,hub] obs]v$ t :5 a new comb 0 be+ con/ruct$ a numb] ( ! l>ge/ work+-bees1 t 7 full ( honey1 took no "p 9 ! ord9>y bus9ess ( ! o!rs1 b rema9$ p]fectly alo(4 ,tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft]w>ds small plates ( wax _h =m$ "u _! bellies4 ,! bee drew ^! (f ) h] h9d-feet1 ma/icat$ !m1 & made !m into a b&4 ,! small plates ( wax ?us prep>$ 7 !n glu$ to ! ro( ( ! hive "o on ! top ( ! o!r4 ,:5 "o ( ! bees ( ?is k9d _h us$ up h] plates ( wax1 ano!r foll[$ h] & c>ri$ ! same "w =w>d 9 ! same way4 ,a ?9 r\gh v]tical wall1 half a l9e 9 ?ickness & fa/5$ to ! sides ( ! hive1 0 ?us con/ruct$4 ,on ?is1 "o ( ! small] work+-bees ^: belly 0 empty came1 & aft] survey+ ! wall1 made a flat half-oval excavation 9 ! middle ( "o ( its sides2 %e pil$ up ! wax ?us excavat$ r\nd ! edge ( ! excavation4 ,aft] a %ort "t %e 0 reliev$ by ano!r l h]self1 till m ?an tw5ty foll[$ "o ano!r 9 ?is way4 ,mean:ile ano!r bee began to make a simil> holl[ on ! o!r side ( ! wall1 b correspond+ only ) ! rim ( ! excavation on ?is side4 ,pres5tly ano!r bee began a second holl[ ^u ! same side1 ea* bee be+ cont9ually reliev$ by o!rs4 ,o!r bees kept com+ up & br++ "u _! bellies plates ( wax1 ) :i* !y height5$ ! edge ( ! small wall ( wax4 ,9 ?is1 new bees 7 con/antly excavat+ ! gr\nd = m cells1 :ile o!rs proce$$ by degrees to br+ ^? already begun into a p]fectly symmetrical %ape1 & at ! same "t cont9u$ build+ up ! prismatic walls betwe5 !m4 ,?us ! bees work$ on opposite sides ( ! wall ( wax1 always on ! same plan & 9 ! close/ correspond5ce ) ^? ^u ! o!r side1 until ev5tually ! cells on bo? sides 7 complet$ 9 all _! wond]ful regul>ity & h>mony ( arrangem5t1 n m]ely z reg>ds ^? /&+ side by side1 b also z reg>ds ^? :i* 7 ^u ! o!r side ( _! pyramidal base4 ,let ! read] consid] h[ animals t are accu/om$ to conf] toge!r1 by spee* or o!rwise1 conc]n+ designs :i* !y may be pursu+ 9 common1 w wrangle ) ?\s&fold div]sity ( op9ion2 let him reflect h[ (t5 some?+ has to be undone1 de/roy$1 & done ov] aga92 h[ at "o "t too _m h&s come =w>d1 & at ano!r too few2 :at runn+ to & fro !re is be=e ea* has f\nd 8 "r place2 h[ (t5 too _m1 & aga9 too few1 pres5t !mselves = a relief gang2 & h[ we f9d all ?is 9 ! conc]t$ works ( m51 :o /& s f> high] ?an bees 9 ! scale ( organisation4 ,we see no?+ ( ! k9d among bees4 ,a survey ( _! op]ations leaves r ! impression ^u u z ?\gh an invisible ma/]-build] _h pre>rang$ a s*eme ( action = ! entire community1 & _h impress$ x ^u ea* individual memb]1 z ?\gh ea* class ( work]s _h le>nt _! appo9t$ "w by he>t1 knew _! places & ! numb]s 9 :i* !y %\ld relieve ea* o!r1 & 7 in=m$ in/antane\sly by a secret signal ( ! mom5t :5 _! action 0 want$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is exactly ! mann] 9 :i* an in/9ct works2 & z ! int5tion ( ! entire community is in/9ctively pres5t 9 ! unconsci\s clairvoyance #aca;a ( ea* individual bee1 s ! possession ( ?is common in/9ct impels ea* "o ( !m to ! dis*>ge ( h] special duties :5 ! "r mom5t has arriv$4 ,x is only ?us t ! wond]ful tranquillity & ord] :i* we obs]ve c\ld be atta9$4 ,:at we are to ?9k conc]n+ ?is common in/9ct mu/ be res]v$ = explanation lat] on1 b ! possibility ( its exi/5ce is already evid5t1 inasmu* #aca;b z ea* individual has an unconsci\s insight conc]n+ ! plan propos$ to itself by ! community1 & also conc]n+ ! means imm$iately to be adopt$ ?r\gh conc]t$ action--( :i*1 h[ev]1 only ! "p requir+ 8 own co-op]ation is pres5t 9 ! consci\sness ( ea*4 ,?us1 = example1 ! l>va ( ! bee itself sp9s ! silky *amb] 9 :i* x is to become a *rysalis1 b o!r bees mu/ close x ) its lid ( wax4 ,! purpose ( !re be+ a *amb] 9 :i* ! l>va c become a *rysalis mu/ be pres5t 9 ! m9ds ( ea* ( ^! two p>ties to ! transaction1 b nei!r ( !m acts "u ! influ5ce ( consci\s w1 except 9 reg>d to 8 own p>ticul> dep>tm5t4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! fact t ! l>va1 aft] its metamorphosis1 mu/ be fre$ f its cell by o!r bees1 & h told h[ ! work+-bees 9 autumn kill ! drones1 s t !y may n h to fe$ a numb] ( useless m\?s ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 & h[ !y only sp>e !m :5 !y are want$ 9 ord] to fecundate a new que54 ,fur!rmore1 ! work+-bees build cells 9 :i* ! eggs laid by ! que5 may come to maturity1 &1 z a g5]al rule1 make j z _m *amb]s z ! que5 lays eggs2 !y make ^!1 moreov]1 9 ! same ord] z t 9 :i* ! que5 lays h] eggs1 namely1 fir/ = ! work+-bees1 !n = ! drones1 & la/ly = ! que5s4 ,9 ! polity ( ! bees1 ! work+ & ! sexual capacities1 :i* 7 once unit$1 are n[ p]sonifi$ 9 ?ree di/9ct k9ds ( individual1 & ^! comb9e ) an inn]1 unconsci\s1 spiritual union1 s z to =m a s+le body politic1 z ! organs ( a liv+ body comb9e to =m ! body itself4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 !re=e1 we h arriv$ at ! foll[+ conclusions3-- ,in/9ct is n ! result ( consci\s delib]ation2 #acb x is n a consequ5ce ( bodily organisation2 x is n a m]e result ( a me*anism :i* lies 9 ! organisation ( ! bra92 x is n ! op]ation ( dead me*anism1 glu$ on1 z x 71 to ! s\l1 & =eign to its inmo/ ess5ce2 b x is ! spontane\s action ( ! individual1 spr++ f 8 mo/ ess5tial nature & "*4 ,! purpose to :i* any p>ticul> k9d ( in/9ctive action is subs]vi5t is n ! purpose ( a s\l /&+ outside ! individual & ne> ak9 to ,provid5ce--a purpose once = all ?\ght out1 & n[ become a matt] ( necessity to ! individual1 s t he c act 9 no o!r way1 ?\gh x is engraft$ into 8 nature f )\t1 & n natural to x4 ,! purpose ( ! in/9ct is 9 ea* individual case ?\ght out & will$ unconsci\sly by ! individual1 & aft]w>ds ! *oice ( means adapt$ to ea* p>ticul> case is arriv$ at unconsci\sly4 ,a k ( ! purpose is (t5 absolutely unatta9able #acc by consci\s k ?r\gh s5sual p]ception4 ,!n does ! peculi>ity ( ! unconsci\s display itself 9 ! clairvoyance ( :i* consci\sness p]ceives p>tly only a fa9t & dull1 & p>tly1 z 9 ! case ( man1 a m or less def9ite e*o by way ( s5tim5t1 :]eas ! in/9ctive action itself--! c>ry+ out ( ! means necess>y = ! a*ievem5t ( ! unconsci\s purpose--falls always m cle>ly )9 consci\sness1 inasmu* z due p]=mance ( :at is necess>y w\ld be o!rwise impossible4 ,f9ally1 ! clairvoyance makes itself p]ceiv$ 9 ! conc]t$ action ( sev]al individuals comb9+ to c>ry out a common b unconsci\s purpose4 ,up to ?is po9t we h enc\nt]$ clairvoyance z a fact :i* we obs]ve b _c expla91 & ! read] may say t he pref]s to take 8 /& "h1 & be cont5t ) reg>d+ in/9ct simply z a matt] ( fact1 ! explanation ( :i* is at pres5t beyond our rea*4 ,aga9/ ?is x mu/ be urg$1 fir/ly1 t clairvoyance is n conf9$ to in/9ct1 b is f\nd also 9 man2 secondly1 t clairvoyance is by no means pres5t 9 all in/9cts1 & t !re=e our exp]i5ce %[s u clairvoyance & in/9ct z two di/9ct ?+s--clairvoyance be+ ( great use 9 expla9+ in/9ct1 b in/9ct s]v+ no?+ to expla9 clairvoyance2 ?irdly & la/ly1 t ! clairvoyance ( ! individual w n cont9ue to be s incompreh5sible to u1 b w be p]fectly well expla9$ 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( our inve/igation1 :ile we mu/ give up all hope ( expla9+ in/9ct 9 any o!r way4 ,! conception we h ?us arriv$ at enables u to reg>d in/9ct z ! inn]mo/ k]nel1 s to speak1 ( e liv+ be+4 ,t ?is is actually ! case is %[n by ! in/9cts ( self-pres]vation & ( ! cont9uation ( ! species :i* we obs]ve ?r\gh\t creation1 & by ! h]oic self-ab&onm5t ) :i* ! individual w sacrifice welf>e1 & ev5 life1 at ! bidd+ ( in/9ct4 ,we see ?is :5 we ?9k ( ! cat]pill>1 & h[ %e repairs h] cocoon until %e yields to exhau/ion2 ( ! bird1 & h[ %e w lay h]self to dea?2 ( ! disquiet & grief display$ by all migratory animals if !y are prev5t$ f migrat+4 ,a captive cuckoo w always die at ! approa* ( w9t] ?r\gh despair at be+ unable to fly away2 s w ! v9ey>d snail if x is h9d]$ ( its w9t] sleep4 ,! weake/ "m w enc\nt] an enemy f> surpass+ h] 9 /r5g?1 & suff] dea? *e]fully = h] (fspr+'s sake4 ,e ye> we see fre% cases ( p :o h be5 un=tunate go+ mad or committ+ suicide4 ,wom5 :o h surviv$ ! ,cs>ian op]ation all[ !mselves s little to be det]r$ f fur!r *ildbe>+ ?r\gh fe> ( ?is frightful & g5]ally fatal op]ation1 t !y w und]go x no less ?an ?ree times4 ,c we suppose t :at s closely resembles demoniacal possession c h come ab\t ?r\gh some?+ engraft$ on to ! s\l z a me*anism =eign to its inn] nature1 #ace or ?r\gh consci\s delib]ation :i* adh]es always to a b>e egoism1 & is utt]ly incapable ( su* self-sacrifice = ! sake ( (fspr+ z is display$ by ! procreative & mat]nal in/9cts8 ,we h n[1 f9ally1 to consid] h[ x arises t ! in/9cts ( any animal species are s simil> )9 ! limits ( t species--a circum/ance :i* has n a little contribut$ to ! engraft$-me*anism !ory4 ,b x is pla9 t l causes w be foll[$ by l effects2 & ?is %\ld af=d suffici5t explanation4 ,! bodily me*anism1 = example1 ( all ! individuals ( a species is alike2 s aga9 are _! capabilities & ! outcomes ( _! consci\s intellig5ce--?\gh ?is1 inde$1 is n ! case ) man1 nor 9 "s measure ev5 ) ! highe/ animals2 & x is ?r\gh ?is want ( uni=mity t !re is su* a ?+ z individuality4 ,! ext]nal conditions ( all ! individuals ( a species are also tol]ably simil>1 & :5 !y diff] ess5tially1 ! in/9cts are likewise diff]5t--a fact 9 support ( :i* no examples are necess>y4 ,f l conditions ( m9d & body 7& ?is includes l pr$ispositions ( bra9 & ganglia7 & l ext]ior circum/ances1 l desires w foll[ z a necess>y logical consequ5ce4 ,aga91 f l desires & l inw>d & outw>d circum/ances1 a l *oice ( means--t is to say1 l in/9cts--mu/ ensue4 ,^! la/ two /eps w\ld n be conc$$ )\t re/riction if ! "q 7 "o involv+ consci\s delib]ation1 b z ^! logical consequ5ces are suppos$ to foll[ f ! unconsci\s1 :i* takes ! "r /ep unfail+ly )\t vacillation or delay s long z ! premises are simil>1 ! ensu+ desires & ! in/9cts to adopt ! means = _! gratification w be simil> also4 ,?us ! view :i* we h tak5 conc]n+ in/9ct expla9s ! v la/ po9t :i* x may be ?\ght wor? :ile to br+ =w>d 9 support ( ! op9ions ( our oppon5ts4 ,i w conclude ?is *apt] ) ! words ( ,s*ell+3 8,?\ghtful m9ds w hold ! ph5om5a ( animal in/9ct to belong to ! mo/ important ( all ph5om5a1 & to be ! true t\*/one ( a durable philosophy40 ,*apt] ,,ix ,rem>ks ^u ,von ,h>tmann's position 9 reg>d to in/9ct4 ,,unc]ta9 h[ f> ! =ego+ *apt] is n bett] left )\t comm5t ( any k9d1 ,i nev]!less ?9k t "s ( my read]s may be help$ by ! foll[+ extracts f ! notes ,i took :ile translat+4 ,i w give !m z !y come1 )\t ?r[+ !m into connect$ =m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,von ,h>tmann def9es in/9ct z action done ) a purpose1 b )\t consci\sness ( purpose4 ,! build+ ( h] ne/ by a bird is an in/9ctive action2 x is done ) a purpose1 b x is arbitr>y to say t ! bird has no k ( t purpose4 ,"s hold t birds :5 !y are build+ _! ne/ "k z well t !y mean to br+ up a family 9 x z a "y m>ri$ c\ple d :5 !y build !mselves a h\se4 ,?is is ! conclusion :i* w\ld be come to by a pla9 p]son on a prim facie view ( ! facts1 & ,von ,h>tmann %[s no reason = modify+ x4 ,a bett] def9ition ( in/9ct w\ld be t x is inh]it$ k 9 respect ( c]ta9 facts1 & ( ! mo/ suitable mann] 9 :i* to deal ) !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,von ,h>tmann speaks ( 8a me*anism ( bra9 or m9d0 contriv$ by nature1 & aga9 ( 8a psy*ical organisation10 z ?\gh x 7 some?+ di/9ct f a physical organisation4 ,we c conceive ( su* a ?+ z me*anism ( bra91 = we h se5 bra9 & h&l$ x2 b until we h se5 a m9d & h&l$ x1 or at any rate be5 enabl$ to draw inf]5ces :i* w w>rant u 9 conceiv+ ( x z a mat]ial sub/ance ap>t f bodily sub/ance1 we _c inf] t x has an organisation ap>t f bodily organisation4 ,does ,von ,h>tmann mean t we h two bodies--a body-body1 & a s\l-body8 99 99 99 99 99 ,he says t no "o w call ! action ( ! spid] in/9ctive 9 void+ ! fluids f its gl&s :5 !y are too full4 ,:y n8 99 99 99 99 99 ,he is cont9ually p]sonify+ in/9ct2 ?us he speaks ( ! 8ends propos$ to itself by ! in/9ct10 ( 8! bl9d unconsci\s purpose ( ! in/9ct10 ( 8an unconsci\s purpose con/ra9+ ! volition ( ! bird10 ( 8ea* v>iation & modification ( ! in/9ct10 z ?\gh in/9ct1 purpose1 &1 lat] on1 clairvoyance1 7 p]sons1 & n words *>act]is+ a c]ta9 class ( actions4 ,! ends are propos$ to itself by ! animal1 n by ! in/9ct4 ,no?+ b mis*ief c come ( a mode ( expression :i* does n keep ?is cle>ly 9 view4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! same cuckoo is 9 ! habit ( lay+ 9 ! ne/s ( sev]al diff]5t species1 & ( *ang+ ! col\r ( h] eggs accord+ to t ( ! eggs ( ! bird 9 ^: ne/ %e lays4 ,i h inquir$ f ,mr4 ,r4 ,b[dl] ,%>pe ( ! orni?ological dep>tm5t at ! ,briti% ,museum1 :o k9dly gives x me z 8 op9ion t ?\gh cuckoos d imitate ! eggs ( ! species on :om !y foi/ _! "y ones1 yet "o cuckoo w probably lay 9 ! ne/s ( "o species also1 & w /ick to t species = life4 ,if s1 ! same race ( cuckoos may impose ^u ! same species = g5]ations toge!r4 ,! in/9ct w ev5 ?us rema9 a v wond]ful "o1 b x is n at all inconsi/5t ) ! !ory put =w>d by ,pr(essor ,h]+ & myself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,return+ to ! idea ( psy*ical me*anism1 he admits t 8x is itself s obscure t we c h>dly =m any idea conc]n+ x10 #aci;a & !n goes on to claim = x t x expla9s a great _m o!r ?+s4 ,?is mu/ h be5 ! passage :i* ,mr4 ,sully _h 9 view :5 he v ju/ly wrote t ,von ,h>tmann 8dogmatically closes ! field ( physical inquiry1 & takes refuge 9 a phantom :i* expla9s ev]y?+1 simply because x is itself incapable ( explanation40 99 99 99 99 99 ,accord+ to ,von ,h>tmann #aci;b ! unpractis$ animal manife/s its in/9ct z p]fectly z ! practis$4 ,?is is n ! case4 ,! "y animal exhibits m>vell\s pr(ici5cy1 b x ga9s by exp]i5ce4 ,i h wat*$ sp>r[s1 :i* ,i c h>dly d\bt to be "y ones1 sp5d a :ole mon? 9 try+ to build _! ne/1 & give x up 9 ! end z hopeless4 ,i h wat*$ ?ree su* cases ?is spr+ 9 a tree n tw5ty feet f my own w9d[ & on a level ) my eye1 s t ,i h be5 able to see :at 0 go+ on at all h\rs ( ! day4 ,9 ea* case ! ne/ 0 made well & rapidly up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & !n got top-heavy & tumbl$ ov]1 s t little 0 left on ! tree3 x 0 recon/ruct$ & recon/ruct$ ov] & ov] aga91 always ) ! same result1 till at la/ 9 all ?ree cases ! birds gave up 9 despair4 ,i believe ! old] & /rong] birds secure ! fix$ & be/ sites1 driv+ ! y\ng] birds to ! trees1 & t ! art ( build+ ne/s 9 trees is dy+ out among h\se-sp>r[s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he decl>es t in/9ct is n due to organisation s mu* z organisation to in/9ct4 #adj ,! fact is1 t nei!r c claim prec$5ce ( or pre-em95ce ov] ! o!r4 ,in/9ct & organisation are only m9d & body1 or m9d & matt]2 & ^! are n two sep>able ?+s1 b "o & insep>able1 )1 z x 71 two sides2 ! "o ( :i* is a function ( ! o!r4 ,!re 0 nev] yet ei!r matt] )\t m9d1 h[ev] l[1 nor m9d1 h[ev] high1 )\t a mat]ial body ( "s sort2 !re c be no *ange 9 "o )\t a correspond+ *ange 9 ! o!r2 nei!r came be=e ! o!r2 nei!r c ei!r cease to *ange or cease to be2 = 8to be0 is to cont9ue *ang+1 s t 8to be0 & 8to *ange0 are "o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5ce1 he asks1 comes ! desire to gratify an in/9ct be=e exp]i5ce ( ! pleasure t w ensue on gratification8 ,?is is a p]t95t "q1 b x is met by ,pr(essor ,h]+ ) ! answ] t ?is is due to memory--to ! cont9uation 9 ! g]m ( vibrations t 7 vibrat+ 9 ! body ( ! p>5t1 & :i*1 :5 /imulat$ by vibrations ( a suitable rhy?m1 become m & m p[]ful till !y suffice to set ! body 9 visible action4 ,= my own "p ,i only v5ture to ma9ta9 t x is due to memory1 t is to say1 to an endur+ s5se on ! "p ( ! g]m ( ! action x took :5 9 ! p]sons ( its ance/ors1 & ( ! gratification :i* ensu$ !reon4 ,?is meets ,von ,h>tmann's :ole difficulty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! glaci] is n sn[4 ,x is sn[ pack$ tight into a small compass1 & has ?us lo/ all trace ( its orig9al =m4 ,h[ incomplete1 h[ev]1 w\ld be any !ory ( glacial action :i* left out ( sight ! orig9 ( ! glaci] 9 sn[6 ,von ,h>tmann loses sight ( ! orig9 ( in/9ctive 9 delib]ative actions because ! two classes ( action are n[ 9 _m respects diff]5t4 ,8 philosophy ( ! unconsci\s fails to consid] :at is ! normal process by means ( :i* su* common actions z we c wat*1 & ^: hi/ory we c foll[1 h come to be done unconsci\sly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he says1 #ada 8,h[ inconceivable is ! supposition ( a me*anism1 c41 c42 h[ cle> & simple1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! view t !re is an unconsci\s purpose con/ra9+ ! volition ( ! bird to ! use ( ! fitt+ means40 ,does he mean t !re is an actual ?+--an unconsci\s purpose--some?+ outside ! bird1 z x 7 a man1 :i* lays hold ( ! bird & makes x d ?is or t1 z a ma/] makes a s]vant d 8 bidd+8 ,if s1 he aga9 p]sonifies ! purpose itself1 & mu/ !re=e embody x1 or be talk+ 9 a mann] :i* pla9 p _c und]/&4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he means 8h[ simple is ! view t ! bird acts unconsci\sly10 ?is is n m simple ?an suppos+ x to act consci\sly2 & :at gr\nd has he = suppos+ t ! bird is unconsci\s8 ,x is z simple1 & z mu* 9 accordance ) ! facts1 to suppose t ! bird feels ! air to be cold]1 & kn[s t %e mu/ w>m h] eggs if %e is to hat* !m1 z consci\sly z a "m kn[s t %e mu/ n expose h] new-born infant to ! cold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on page #ii ( ?is book we f9d ,von ,h>tmann say+ t if x is once grant$ t ! normal & abnormal manife/ations ( in/9ct spr+ f a s+le s\rce1 !n ! objection t ! modification is due to consci\s k w be f\nd to be a suicidal "o lat] on1 9 s f> z x is direct$ aga9/ in/9ct g5]ally4 ,i und]/& him to mean t if we admit in/9ctive action1 & ! modifications ( t action :i* m ne>ly resemble results ( reason1 to be actions ( ! same ultimate k9d diff]+ 9 degree only1 & if we ?us attempt to r$uce in/9ctive action to ! prophetic /ra9 aris+ f old exp]i5ce1 we %all be oblig$ to admit t ! =mation ( ! embryo is ultimately due to reflection--:i* he seems to ?9k is a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! argum5t4 ,!re=e1 he concludes1 if !re is to be only "o s\rce1 ! s\rce mu/ be unconsci\s1 & n consci\s4 ,we reply1 t we d n see ! absurdity ( ! position :i* we grant we h be5 driv5 to4 ,we hold t ! =mation ( ! embryo is ultimately due to reflection & design4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! writ] ( an article 9 ! ,times1 ,april #a1 #ahhj1 says t s]vants mu/ be taught _! call+ be=e !y c practise x2 b1 9 fact1 !y c only be taught _! call+ by practis+ x4 ,s ,von ,h>tmann says animals mu/ feel ! pleasure consequ5t on gratification ( an in/9ct be=e !y c be /imulat$ to act ^u ! in/9ct by a k ( ! pleasure t w ensue4 ,?is s\nds logical1 b 9 practice a little p]=mance & a little tea*+--a little s5se ( pleasure & a little connection ( t pleasure ) ?is or t practice1--come up simultane\sly f some?+ t we _c see1 ! two be+ s small & s mu* abrea/1 t we d n "k :i* is fir/1 p]=mance or tea*+2 &1 aga91 action1 or pleasure suppos$ z com+ f ! action4 99 99 99 99 99 8,gei/es-me*anismus0 comes z ne> to 8disposition ( m9d10 or1 m %ortly1 8disposition10 z s unsatisfactory a ^w c come to any?+4 ,yet1 if we translate x ?r\gh\t by 8disposition10 we %all see h[ little we are be+ told4 ,we f9d on page #aad t 8all in/9ctive actions give u an impression ( absolute security & infallibility02 t 8! w is nev] weak or hesitat+1 z x is :5 inf]5ces are be+ drawn consci\sly40 8,we nev]10 ,von ,h>tmann cont9ues1 8f9d in/9ct mak+ mi/akes40 ,pass+ ov] ! fact t in/9ct is aga9 p]sonifi$1 ! /atem5t is /ill incorrect4 ,in/9ctive actions are c]ta9ly1 z a g5]al rule1 p]=m$ ) less unc]ta9ty ?an delib]ative ones2 ?is is explicable by ! fact t !y h be5 m (t5 practis$1 & ?us r$uc$ m completely to a matt] ( r\t9e2 b no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t animals act+ "u ! guidance ( inh]it$ exp]i5ce or in/9ct frequ5tly make mi/akes :i* ) fur!r practice !y correct4 ,von ,h>tmann has abundantly admitt$ t ! mann] ( an in/9ctive action is (t5 v>i$ 9 correspond5ce ) v>iation 9 ext]nal circum/ances4 ,x is impossible to see h[ ?is does n involve bo? possibility ( error & ! connection ( in/9ct ) delib]ation at "o & ! same "t4 ,! fact is simply ?is--:5 an animal f9ds itself 9 a l position ) t 9 :i* x has already (t5 done a c]ta9 ?+ 9 ! p]sons ( its =efa!rs1 x w d ?is ?+ well & easily3 :5 x f9ds ! position some:at1 b n unrecognisably1 alt]$ ?r\gh *ange ei!r 9 its own p]son or 9 ! circum/ances ext]ior to x1 x w v>y its action ) great] or less ease accord+ to ! nature ( ! *ange 9 ! position3 :5 ! position is gravely alt]$ ! animal ei!r bungles or is completely ?w>t$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n only does ,von ,h>tmann suppose t in/9ct may1 & does1 involve k antec$5t to1 & indep5d5t (1 exp]i5ce--an idea z contr>y to ! t5d5cy ( mod]n ?\ght z t ( spontane\s g5]ation1 ) :i* inde$ x is id5tical ?\gh pres5t$ 9 ano!r %ape--b he implies by 8 frequ5t use ( ! ^w 8unmittelb>0 t a result c come ab\t )\t any cause :atev]4 ,s he says1 8,um fr die unbewus/] ,erk5ntniss1 wel*e ni*t dur* s9nli*e ,wahrnehmung erworb51 sond]n als unmittelb> ,besitz10 c4 #add;a ,because he does n see :]e ! exp]i5ce c h be5 ga9$1 he cuts ! knot1 & d5ies t !re has be5 exp]i5ce4 ,we say1 ,look m att5tively & y w discov] ! "t & mann] 9 :i* ! exp]i5ce 0 ga9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aga91 he cont9ually assumes t animals l[ d[n 9 ! scale ( life _c "k _! own bus9ess because !y %[ no sign ( kn[+ ours4 ,see 8 rem>ks on ,saturnia pavonia m9or 7page #ajg71 & else:]e on cattle & gadflies4 ,! "q is n :at c !y "k1 b :at does _! action prove to u t !y d "k4 ,) ea* species ( animal or plant !re is "o pr(ession only1 & x is h]$it>y4 ,) u !re are _m pr(essions1 & !y are n h]$it>y2 s t !y _c become in/9ctive1 z !y w\ld o!rwise t5d to d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he attempts #add;b to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! causes t h produc$ ! weapons & work+ in/rum5ts ( animals1 on ! "o h&1 & ^? t lead to ! =mation ( hexagonal cells by bees1 c41 on ! o!r4 ,no su* di/9ction c be ju/ly drawn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! gho/-/ories :i* ,von ,h>tmann accepts w h>dly be accept$ by p ( s\nd judgm5t4 ,!re is "o well-m>k$ di/9ctive feature betwe5 ! k manife/$ by animals :5 act+ in/9ctively & ! suppos$ k ( se]s & clairvoyants4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! animal nev] exhibits k except ^u matt]s conc]n+ :i* its race has be5 conv]sant = g5]ations2 9 ! second1 ! se] is suppos$ to d s4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 a new feature is inv>iably att5d$ ) di/urbance ( ! p]=mance & ! awak5+ ( consci\sness & delib]ation1 unless ! new matt] is too small 9 proportion to ! rema9+ features ( ! case to attract att5tion1 or unless1 ?\gh really new1 x appe>s s simil> to an old feature z to be at fir/ mi/ak5 = x2 ) ! second1 x is n ev5 pr(ess$ t ! se]'s ance/ors h _h long exp]i5ce ^u ! matt] conc]n+ :i* ! se] is suppos$ to h special insight1 & ,i c imag9e no m p[]ful priori argum5t aga9/ a belief 9 su* /ories4 99 99 99 99 99 ,close ^u ! end ( 8 *apt] ,von ,h>tmann t\*es ^u ! "o matt] :i* requires consid]ation4 ,he ref]s ! simil>ity ( in/9ct t is obs]vable among all species to ! fact t l causes produce l effects2 & ,i ga!r1 ?\gh he does n expressly say s1 t he consid]s simil>ity ( in/9ct 9 successive g5]ations to be ref]able to ! same cause z simil>ity ( in/9ct betwe5 all ! contempor>y memb]s ( a species4 ,he ?us raises ! "o objection aga9/ ref]r+ ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity to memory :i* ,i ?9k ne$ be gone into ) any fulness4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 res]ve ?is matt] = my conclud+ *apt]s4 ,von ,h>tmann concludes 8 *apt] ) a quotation f ,s*ell+1 to ! effect t ! ph5om5a ( animal in/9ct are ! true t\*/one ( a durable philosophy2 by :i* ,i suppose x is int5d$ to say t if a sy/em or !ory deals satisfactorily ) animal in/9ct1 x w /&1 b n o!rwise4 ,i c wi% no?+ bett] ?an t ! philosophy ( ! unconsci\s advanc$ by ,von ,h>tmann be te/$ by ?is /&>d4 ,*apt] ,x ,recapitulation & /atem5t ( an objection4 ,,! true !ory ( unconsci\s action1 !n1 is t ( ,pr(essor ,h]+1 f ^: lecture x is no /ra9$ conclusion to ga!r t he holds ! action ( all liv+ be+s1 f ! mom5t ( _! conception to t ( _! fulle/ developm5t1 to be f\nd$ 9 volition & design1 ?\gh ^! h be5 s long lo/ sight ( t ! "w is n[ c>ri$ on1 z x 71 dep>tm5tally & 9 due c\rse accord+ to an (ficial r\t9e :i* c h>dly n[ be dep>t$ f4 ,?is involves ! old] 8,d>w9ism0 & ! !ory ( ,lam>ck1 accord+ to :i* ! modification ( liv+ =ms has be5 effect$ ma9ly ?r\gh ! ne$s ( ! liv+ =ms !mselves1 :i* v>y ) v>y+ conditions1 ! survival ( ! fitte/ 7:i*1 z ,i see ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,baildon has j said1 8sometimes comes to mean m]ely ! survival ( ! survivors0 #adf7 be+ tak5 almo/ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,accord+ to ?is view ( evolution1 !re is a rem>kable analogy betwe5 ! developm5t ( liv+ organs or tools & t ( ^? organs or tools ext]nal to ! body :i* has be5 s rapid dur+ ! la/ few ?\s& ye>s4 ,animals & plants1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,h]+1 are guid$ ?r\gh\t _! developm5t1 & pres]ve ! due ord] 9 ea* /ep :i* !y take1 ?r\gh memory ( ! c\rse !y took on pa/ occasions :5 9 ! p]sons ( _! ance/ors4 ,i am afraid ,i h already too (t5 said t if ?is memory rema9s = long p]iods toge!r lat5t & )\t effect1 x is because ! undulations ( ! molecul> sub/ance ( ! body :i* are its suppos$ explanation are dur+ ^! p]iods too feeble to g5]ate action1 until !y are augm5t$ 9 =ce ?r\gh an accession ( suitable undulations issu+ f ext]ior objects2 or1 9 o!r words1 until recollection is /imulat$ by a return ( ! associat$ ideas4 ,on ?is ! et]nal agitation becomes s mu* enhanc$1 t equilibrium is visibly di/urb$1 & ! action ensues :i* is prop] to ! vibration ( ! p>ticul> sub/ance "u ! p>ticul> conditions4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is :at ,i suppose ,pr(essor ,h]+ to int5d4 ,leav+ ! explanation ( memory on "o side1 & conf9+ ourselves to ! fact ( memory only1 a cat]pill> on be+ j hat*$ is suppos$1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 to lose its memory ( ! "t x 0 9 ! egg1 & to be /imulat$ by an int5se b unconsci\s recollection ( ! action tak5 by its ance/ors :5 !y 7 fir/ hat*$4 ,x is guid$ 9 ! c\rse x takes by ! exp]i5ce x c ?us comm&4 ,ea* /ep x takes recalls a new recollection1 & ?us x goes ?r\gh its developm5t z a p]=m] p]=ms a piece ( music1 ea* b> lead+ 8 recollection to ! b> t %\ld next foll[4 ,9 8,life & ,habit0 w be f\nd examples ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is view solves a numb] ( difficulties = ! explanation ( :i* ! lead+ m5 ( sci5ce express !mselves at a loss4 ,! foll[+ f ,pr(essor ,huxley's rec5t "w ^u ! crayfi% may s]ve = an example4 ,pr(essor ,huxley writes3-- 8,x is a widely receiv$ notion t ! en]gies ( liv+ matt] h a t5d5cy to decl9e & f9ally disappe>1 & t ! dea? ( ! body z a :ole is a necess>y correlate ( its life4 ,t all liv+ be+s soon] or lat] p]i% ne$s no demon/ration1 b x w\ld be difficult to f9d satisfactory gr\nds = ! belief t !y ne$s mu/ d s4 ,! analogy ( a ma*9e1 t soon] or lat] mu/ be br\ght to a /&/ill by ! we> & te> ( its p>ts1 does n hold1 inasmu* z ! animal me*anism is cont9ually r5ew$ & repair$2 & ?\gh x is true t individual compon5ts ( ! body are con/antly dy+1 yet _! places are tak5 by vigor\s successors4 ,a city rema9s not)/&+ ! con/ant dea?-rate ( its inhabitants2 & su* an organism z a crayfi% is only a corporate unity1 made up ( innum]able p>tially indep5d5t individualities40--,! ,crayfi%1 p4 #abg4 ,surely ! !ory :i* ,i h indicat$ above makes ! reason pla9 :y no organism c p]man5tly outlive its exp]i5ce ( pa/ lives4 ,! dea? ( su* a body corporate z ! crayfi% is due to ! social condition becom+ m complex ?an !re is memory ( pa/ exp]i5ce to deal )4 ,h5ce social disruption1 insubord9ation1 & decay4 ,! crayfi% dies z a /ate dies1 & all /ates t we h he>d ( die soon] or lat]4 ,!re are "s savages :o h n yet arriv$ at ! conception t dea? is ! necess>y end ( all liv+ be+s1 & :o consid] ev5 ! g5tle/ dea? f old age z viol5t & abnormal2 s ,pr(essor ,huxley seems to f9d a difficulty 9 see+ t ?\gh a city commonly outlives _m g5]ations ( its citiz5s1 yet cities & /ates are 9 ! end no less mortal ?an individuals4 8,! city10 he says1 8rema9s40 ,yes1 b n = ev]4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,huxley c f9d a city t w la/ = ev]1 he may wond] t a crayfi% does n la/ = ev]4 ,i h already "h & else:]e said all t ,i c yet br+ =w>d 9 support ( ,pr(essor ,h]+'s !ory2 x n[ rema9s = me to meet ! mo/ tr\blesome objection to x t ,i h be5 able to ?9k (--an objection :i* ,i _h be=e me :5 ,i wrote 8,life & ,habit10 b :i* !n z n[ ,i believe to be uns\nd4 ,see+1 h[ev]1 z ,i h po9t$ out at ! end ( ! prec$+ *apt]1 t ,von ,h>tmann has t\*$ ^u x1 & be+ aw>e t a plausible case c be made out = x1 ,i w /ate x & refute x "h4 ,:5 ,i say refute x1 ,i d n mean t ,i %all h done ) x--= x is pla9 t x op5s up a va/] "q 9 ! relations betwe5 ! s-call$ organic & inorganic worlds--b t ,i w refute ! supposition t x any way militates aga9/ ,pr(essor ,h]+'s !ory4 ,:y1 x may be ask$1 %\ld we g out ( our way to inv5t unconsci\s memory--! exi/5ce ( :i* mu/ at ! be/ rema9 an inf]5ce #adi--:5 ! obs]v$ fact t l antec$5ts are inv>iably foll[$ by l consequ5ts %\ld be suffici5t = our purpose8 ,:y %\ld ! fact t a giv5 k9d ( *rysalis 9 a giv5 condition w always become a butt]fly )9 a c]ta9 "t be connect$ ) memory1 :5 x is n pret5d$ t memory has any?+ to d ) ! inv>iabl5ess ) :i* oxyg5 & hydrog5 :5 mix$ 9 c]ta9 proportions make wat]8 ,we assume confid5tly t if a drop ( wat] 7 decompos$ into its compon5t p>ts1 & if ^! 7 br\ght toge!r aga91 & aga9 decompos$ & aga9 br\ght toge!r any numb] ( times ov]1 ! results w\ld be inv>iably ! same1 :e!r decomposition or comb9ation1 yet no "o w ref] ! inv>iabl5ess ( ! action dur+ ea* repetition1 to recollection by ! gase\s molecules ( ! c\rse tak5 :5 ! process 0 la/ repeat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 we are assur$ t molecules 9 "s di/ant "p ( ! _w1 :i* _h nev] ent]$ into su* & su* a kn[n comb9ation !mselves1 nor held conc]t ) o!r molecules t _h be5 s comb9$1 & :i*1 !re=e1 c\ld h _h no exp]i5ce & no memory1 w\ld none ! less act ^u "o ano!r 9 t "o way 9 :i* o!r l comb9ations ( atoms h act$ "u l circum/ances1 z readily z ?\gh !y _h be5 comb9$ & sep>at$ & recomb9$ aga9 a hundr$ or a hundr$ ?\s& times4 ,x is ?is assumption1 tacitly made by e man1 bea/1 & plant 9 ! univ]se1 ?r\gh\t all "t & 9 e action ( _! lives1 t has made any action possible1 ly+1 z x does1 at ! root ( all exp]i5ce4 ,z we admit ( no d\bt conc]n+ ! ma9 result1 s we d n suppose an alt]native to lie be=e any atom ( any molecule at any mom5t dur+ ! process ( _! comb9ation4 ,?is process is1 9 all probability1 an exce$+ly complicat$ "o1 involv+ a multitude ( actions & subord9ate processes1 :i* foll[ "o ^u ! o!r1 & ea* "o ( :i* has a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end1 ?\gh !y all come to pass 9 :at appe>s to be an in/ant ( "t4 ,yet at no po9t d we conceive ( any atom z sw]v+ ev] su* a little to "r or left ( a det]m9$ c\rse1 b inve/ ea* "o ( !m ) s mu* ( ! div9e attributes z t ) x !re %all be no v>iabl5ess1 nei!r %ad[ ( turn+4 ,we attribute ?is regul>ity ( action to :at we call ! necessity ( ?+s1 z det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! atoms & ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are plac$4 ,we say t only "o proximate result c ev] arise f any giv5 comb9ation4 ,if1 !n1 s great uni=mity ( action z no?+ c exce$ is manife/$ by atoms to :i* no "o w impute memory1 :y ?is desire = memory1 z ?\gh x 7 ! only way ( acc\nt+ = regul>ity ( action 9 liv+ be+s8 ,sam5ess ( action may be se5 abundantly :]e !re is no room = any?+ t we c consi/5tly call memory4 ,9 ^! cases we say t x is due to sam5ess ( sub/ance 9 same circum/ances4 ,! mo/ cursory reflection ^u our actions w %[ u t x is no m possible = liv+ action to h m ?an "o set ( proximate consequ5ts at any giv5 "t ?an = oxyg5 & hydrog5 :5 mix$ 9 ! proportions prop] = ! =mation ( wat]4 ,:y1 !n1 n recognise ?is fact1 & ascribe repeat$ simil>ity ( liv+ action to ! reproduction ( ! necess>y antec$5ts1 ) no m s5se ( connection betwe5 ! /eps 9 ! action1 or memory ( simil> action tak5 be=e1 ?an we suppose on ! "p ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 molecules betwe5 ! sev]al occasions on :i* !y may h be5 disunit$ & reunit$8 ,a boy cat*es ! measles n because he rememb]s hav+ caught !m 9 ! p]sons ( 8 fa!r & "m1 b because he is a fit soil = a c]ta9 k9d ( se$ to gr[ ^u4 ,9 l mann] he %\ld be said to gr[ 8 nose because he is a fit comb9ation = a nose to spr+ f4 ,dr4 ,x--'s fa!r di$ ( ang9a pectoris at ! age ( =ty-n9e2 s did ,dr4 ,x--4 ,c x be pret5d$ t ,dr4 ,x-- rememb]$ hav+ di$ ( ang9a pectoris at ! age ( =ty-n9e :5 9 ! p]son ( 8 fa!r1 & accord+ly1 :5 he came to be =ty-n9e ye>s old himself1 di$ also8 ,= ?is to hold1 ,dr4 ,x--'s fa!r mu/ h begott5 him aft] he 0 dead2 = ! son c\ld n rememb] ! fa!r's dea? be=e x happ5$4 ,z = ! diseases ( old age1 s v commonly inh]it$1 !y are develop$ = ! mo/ "p n only long aft] ! av]age age ( reproduction1 b at a "t :5 no appreciable am\nt ( memory ( any previ\s exi/5ce c rema92 = a man w n h _m male ance/ors :o become p>5ts at ov] sixty ye>s old1 nor female ance/ors :o did s at ov] =ty4 ,by our own %[+1 !re=e1 recollection c h no?+ to d ) ! matt]4 ,yet :o c d\bt t g\t is due to inh]itance z mu* z eyes & noses8 ,9 :at respects d ! two ?+s diff] s t we %\ld ref] ! inh]itance ( eyes & noses to memory1 :ile d5y+ any connection betwe5 memory & g\t8 ,we may h a gho/ ( a pret5ce = say+ t a man grew a nose by rote1 or ev5 t he cat*es ! measles or :oop+-c\gh by rote dur+ 8 boyhood2 b d we mean to say t he develops ! g\t by rote 9 8 old age if he comes ( a g\ty family8 ,if1 !n1 rote & r$-tape h no?+ to d ) ! "o1 :y %\ld !y ) ! o!r8 ,rememb] also ! cases 9 :i* ag$ females develop male *>act]i/ics4 ,"h are gr[?s1 (t5 ( n inconsid]able ext5t1 :i* make _! appe>ance dur+ ! decay ( ! body1 & gr[ ) great] & great] vig\r 9 ! extreme ( old age1 & ev5 = days aft] dea? itself4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t an especial t5d5cy to develop ^! *>act]i/ics runs z an inh]itance 9 c]ta9 families2 "h !n is p]haps ! be/ case t c be f\nd ( a developm5t /rictly inh]it$1 b hav+ cle>ly no?+ :atev] to d ) memory4 ,:y %\ld n all developm5t /& ^u ! same foot+8 ,a fri5d :o _h be5 argu+ ) me = "s "t z above1 conclud$ ) ! foll[+ words3-- 8,if y _c be cont5t ) ! simil> action ( simil> sub/ances 7liv+ or non-liv+7 "u simil> circum/ances--if y _c accept ?is z an ultimate fact1 b consid] x necess>y to connect repetition ( simil> action ) memory be=e y c re/ 9 x & be ?ankful--be consi/5t1 & introduce ?is memory :i* y f9d s necess>y into ! inorganic _w also4 ,ei!r say t a *rysalis becomes a butt]fly because x is ! ?+ t x is1 &1 be+ t k9d ( ?+1 mu/ act 9 su* & su* a mann] & 9 su* a mann] only1 s t ! act ( "o g5]ation has no m to d ) ! act ( ! next ?an ! fact ( cream be+ *urn$ into butt] 9 a dairy "o day has to d ) o!r cream be+ *urnable into butt] 9 ! foll[+ week--ei!r say ?is1 or else develop "s m5tal condition--:i* ,i h no d\bt y w be v well able to d if y feel ! want ( x--9 :i* y c make out a case = say+ t oxyg5 & hydrog5 on be+ br\ght toge!r1 & cream on be+ *urn$1 are 9 "s way acqua9t$ )1 & m9dful (1 action tak5 by o!r cream & o!r oxyg5 & hydrog5 on pa/ occasions40 ,i felt incl9$ to reply t my fri5d ne$ n twit me ) be+ able to develop a m5tal organism if ,i felt ! ne$ ( x1 = 8 own +5i\s attack on my position1 & inde$ e action ( 8 life 0 b an example ( ?is omnipres5t pr9ciple4 ,:5 he 0 gone1 h[ev]1 ,i ?\ght ov] :at he _h be5 say+4 ,i endeav\r$ to see h[ f> ,i c\ld get on )\t volition & memory1 & reason$ z foll[s3--,a repetition ( l antec$5ts w be c]ta9ly foll[$ by a repetition ( l consequ5ts1 :e!r ! ag5ts be m5 & wom5 or *emical sub/ances4 8,if !re be two c[>ds p]fectly simil> 9 e respect1 & if !y be subject$ 9 a p]fectly simil> way to two t]rify+ ag5ts1 :i* are !mselves p]fectly simil>1 !re are few :o w n expect a p]fect simil>ity 9 ! runn+ away1 ev5 ?\gh t5 ?\s& ye>s int]v5e betwe5 ! orig9al comb9ation & its repetition40 #aec ,"h c]ta9ly !re is no com+ into play ( memory1 m ?an 9 ! pan ( cream on two successive *urn+ days1 yet ! action is simil>4 ,a cl]k 9 an (fice has an h\r 9 ! middle ( ! day = d9n]4 ,ab\t half-pa/ twelve he beg9s to feel hungry2 at once he takes d[n 8 hat & leaves ! (fice4 ,he does n yet "k ! neighb\rhood1 & on gett+ d[n into ! /reet asks a policeman at ! corn] :i* is ! be/ eat+-h\se )9 easy di/ance4 ,! policeman tells him ( ?ree h\ses1 "o ( :i* is a little f>!r (f ?an ! o!r two1 b is *eap]4 ,money be+ a great] object to him ?an "t1 ! cl]k decides on go+ to ! *eap] h\se4 ,he goes1 is satisfi$1 & returns4 ,next day he wants 8 d9n] at ! same h\r1 &--x w be said--rememb]+ 8 satisfaction ( ye/]day1 w g to ! same place z be=e4 ,b :at has 8 memory to d ) x8 ,suppose him to h entirely =gott5 all ! circum/ances ( ! prec$+ day f ! mom5t ( 8 beg9n+ to feel hungry onw>d1 ?\gh 9 o!r respects s\nd 9 m9d & body1 & un*ang$ g5]ally4 ,at half-pa/ twelve he w\ld beg9 to be hungry2 b 8 beg9n+ to be hungry _c be connect$ ) 8 rememb]+ hav+ begun to be hungry ye/]day4 ,he w\ld beg9 to be hungry j z mu* :e!r he rememb]$ or no4 ,at "o o'clock he aga9 takes d[n 8 hat & leaves ! (fice1 n because he rememb]s hav+ done s ye/]day1 b because he wants 8 hat to g out )4 ,be+ aga9 9 ! /reet1 & aga9 ignorant ( ! neighb\rhood 7= he rememb]s no?+ ( ye/]day71 he sees ! same policeman at ! corn] ( ! /reet1 & asks him ! same "q z be=e2 ! policeman gives him ! same answ]1 & money be+ /ill an object to him1 ! *eape/ eat+-h\se is aga9 select$2 he goes !re1 f9ds ! same m5u1 makes ! same *oice = ! same reasons1 eats1 is satisfi$1 & returns4 ,:at simil>ity ( action c be great] ?an ?is1 & at ! same "t m incontrov]tible8 ,b x has no?+ to d ) memory2 on ! contr>y1 x is j because ! cl]k has no memory t 8 action ( ! second day s exactly resembles t ( ! fir/4 ,z long z he has no p[] ( recollect+1 he w day aft] day repeat ! same actions 9 exactly ! same way1 until "s ext]nal circum/ances1 su* z 8 be+ s5t away1 modify ! situation4 ,till ?is or "s o!r modification occurs1 he w day aft] day g d[n into ! /reet )\t kn[+ :]e to g2 day aft] day he w see ! same policeman at ! corn] ( ! same /reet1 & 7= we may z well suppose t ! policeman has no memory too7 he w ask & be answ]$1 & ask & be answ]$1 till he & ! policeman die ( old age4 ,?is simil>ity ( action is pla9ly due to t--:atev] x is--:i* ensures t l p]sons or ?+s :5 plac$ 9 l circum/ances %all behave 9 l mann]4 ,all[ ! cl]k ev] su* a little memory1 & ! simil>ity ( action w disappe>2 = ! fact ( rememb]+ :at happ5$ to him on ! fir/ day he w5t out 9 se>* ( d9n] w be a modification 9 him 9 reg>d to 8 !n condition :5 he next goes out to get 8 d9n]4 ,he _h no su* memory on ! fir/ day1 & he has ^u ! second4 ,"s modification ( action mu/ ensue ^u ?is modification ( ! actor1 & ?is is imm$iately obs]vable4 ,he wants 8 d9n]1 inde$1 goes d[n into ! /reet1 & sees ! policeman z ye/]day1 b he does n ask ! policeman2 he rememb]s :at ! policeman told him & :at he did1 & !re=e goes /raight to ! eat+-h\se )\t wa/+ "t3 nor does he d9e (f ! same di% two days runn+1 = he rememb]s :at he _h ye/]day & likes v>iety4 ,if1 !n1 simil>ity ( action is r h9d]$ ?an promot$ by memory1 :y introduce x into su* cases z ! repetition ( ! embryonic processes by successive g5]ations8 ,! embryos ( a well-fix$ bre$1 su* z ! goose1 are almo/ z mu* alike z wat] is to wat]1 & by consequ5ce "o goose comes to be almo/ z l ano!r z wat] to wat]4 ,:y %\ld x n be suppos$ to become s ^u ! same gr\nds--namely1 t x is made ( ! same /uffs1 & put toge!r 9 l proportions 9 ! same mann]8 ,*apt] ,,xi ,on ,cycles4 ,,! "o fai? on :i* all normal liv+ be+s consci\sly or unconsci\sly act1 is t l antec$5ts w be foll[$ by l consequ5ts4 ,?is is ! "o true & ca?olic fai?1 undemon/rable1 b except a liv+ be+ believe :i*1 )\t d\bt x %all p]i% ev]la/+ly4 ,9 ! assurance ( ?is all action is tak54 ,b if ?is fundam5tal article is admitt$1 & x _c be ga9said1 x foll[s t if ev] a complete cycle 7 =m$1 s t ! :ole univ]se ( "o in/ant 7 to repeat itself absolutely 9 a subsequ5t "o1 no matt] aft] :at int]val ( "t1 !n ! c\rse ( ! ev5ts betwe5 ^! two mom5ts w\ld g on repeat+ itself = ev] & ev] aft]w>ds 9 due ord]1 d[n to ! m9ute/ detail1 9 an endless s]ies ( cycles l a circulat+ decimal4 ,= ! univ]se comprises ev]y?+2 !re c\ld !re=e be no di/urbance f )\t4 ,once a cycle1 always a cycle4 ,let u suppose ! e>?1 ( giv5 weight1 mov+ ) giv5 mom5tum 9 a giv5 pa?1 & "u giv5 conditions 9 e respect1 to f9d itself at any "o "t condition$ 9 all ^! respects z x 0 condition$ at "s pa/ mom5t2 !n x mu/ move exactly 9 ! same pa? z ! "o x took :5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! cycle x has j complet$1 & mu/ !re=e 9 ! c\rse ( "t fulfil a second cycle1 & !re=e a ?ird1 & s on = ev] & ev]1 ) no m *ance ( escape ?an a circulat+ decimal has1 if ! circum/ances h be5 reproduc$ ) p]fect accuracy4 ,we see some?+ v l ?is actually happ5 9 ! ye>ly revolutions ( ! planets r\nd ! sun4 ,b ! relations betwe51 we w say1 ! e>? & ! sun are n reproduc$ absolutely4 ,^! relations deal only ) a small "p ( ! univ]se1 & ev5 9 ?is small "p ! relation ( ! p>ts int] se has nev] yet be5 reproduc$ ) ! p]fection ( accuracy necess>y = our argum5t4 ,!y are liable1 moreov]1 to di/urbance f ev5ts :i* may or may n actually occur 7z1 = example1 our be+ /ruck by a comet1 or ! sun's com+ )9 a c]ta9 di/ance ( ano!r sun71 b ( :i*1 if !y d occur1 no "o c =esee ! effects4 ,nev]!less ! conditions h be5 s ne>ly repeat$ t !re is no appreciable diff]5ce 9 ! relations betwe5 ! e>? & sun on "o ,new ,ye>'s ,day & on ano!r1 nor is !re reason = expect+ su* *ange )9 any reasonable "t4 ,if !re is to be an et]nal s]ies ( cycles involv+ ! :ole univ]se1 x is pla9 t n "o s+le atom mu/ be exclud$4 ,exclude a s+le molecule ( hydrog5 f ! r+1 or v>y ! relative positions ( two molecules only1 & ! *>m is brok52 an elem5t ( di/urbance has be5 introduc$1 ( :i* ! utmo/ t c be said is t x may n prev5t ! ensu+ ( a long s]ies ( v ne>ly p]fect cycles be=e simil>ity 9 recurr5ce is de/roy$1 b :i* mu/ inevitably prev5t absolute id5tity ( repetition4 ,! movem5t ( ! s]ies becomes no long] a cycle1 b spiral1 & conv]g5t or div]g5t at a great] or less rate accord+ to circum/ances4 ,we _c conceive ( all ! atoms 9 ! univ]se /&+ twice ov] 9 absolutely ! same relation ea* "o ( !m to e o!r4 ,!re are too _m ( !m & !y are too mu* mix$2 b1 z has be5 j said1 9 ! planets & _! satellites we d see l>ge gr\ps ( atoms ^: movem5ts recur ) "s approa* to precision4 ,! same holds good also ) c]ta9 comets & ) ! sun himself4 ,! result is t our days & nights & seasons foll[ "o ano!r ) ne>ly p]fect regul>ity f ye> to ye>1 & h done s = z long "t z we "k any?+ = c]ta94 ,a va/ prepond]ance ( all ! action t takes place ar\nd u is cycul> action4 ,)9 ! great cycle ( ! planet>y revolution ( our own e>?1 & z a consequ5ce !re(1 we h ! m9or cycle ( ! ph5om5a ( ! seasons2 ^! g5]ate atmosph]ic cycles4 ,wat] is evaporat$ f ! ocean & convey$ to m\nta9 ranges1 :]e x is cool$1 & :5ce x returns aga9 to ! sea4 ,?is cycle ( ev5ts is be+ repeat$ aga9 & aga9 ) little appreciable v>iation4 ,! tides & w9ds 9 c]ta9 latitudes g r\nd & r\nd ! _w ) :at am\nts to cont9u\s regul>ity4--,!re are /orms ( w9d & ra9 call$ cyclones4 ,9 ! case ( ^!1 ! cycle is n v complete1 ! movem5t1 !re=e1 is spiral1 & ! t5d5cy to recur is comp>atively soon lo/4 ,x is a common say+ t hi/ory repeats itself1 s t an>*y w lead to despotism & despotism to an>*y2 e nation c po9t to in/ances ( m5's m9ds hav+ gone r\nd & r\nd s ne>ly 9 a p]fect cycle t _m revolutions h occurr$ be=e ! cessation ( a t5d5cy to recur4 ,la/ly1 9 ! g5]ation ( plants & animals we h1 p]haps1 ! mo/ /rik+ & common example ( ! inevitable t5d5cy ( all action to repeat itself :5 x has once proximately done s4 ,let only "o liv+ be+ h once succe$$ 9 produc+ a be+ l itself1 & ?us h return$1 s to speak1 ^u itself1 & a s]ies ( g5]ations mu/ foll[ ( necessity1 unless "s matt] int]f]e :i* _h no "p 9 ! orig9al comb9ation1 &1 z x may happ51 kill ! fir/ reproductive creature or all its desc5dants )9 a few g5]ations4 ,if no su* mi%ap occurs z ?is1 & if ! recurr5ce ( ! conditions is suffici5tly p]fect1 a s]ies ( g5]ations foll[s ) z mu* c]ta9ty z a s]ies ( seasons foll[s ^u ! cycle ( ! relations betwe5 ! e>? & sun4 ,let ! fir/ p]iodically recurr+ sub/ance--we w say ,a--be able to recur or reproduce itself1 n once only1 b _m times ov]1 z ,a#a1 ,a#b1 c42 let ,a also h consci\sness & a s5se ( self-int]e/1 :i* qualities mu/1 ex hypo!si1 be reproduc$ 9 ea* "o ( its (fspr+2 let ^! get plac$ 9 circum/ances :i* diff] suffici5tly to de/roy ! cycle 9 !ory )\t do+ s practically--t is to say1 to r$uce ! rotation to a spiral1 b to a spiral ) s little deviation f p]fect cycul>ity z = ea* revolution to appe> practically a cycle1 ?\gh aft] _m revolutions ! deviation becomes p]ceptible2 !n "s su* diff]5tiations ( animal & vegetable life z we actually see foll[ z matt]s ( c\rse4 ,a#a & ,a#b h a s5se ( self-int]e/ z ,a _h1 b !y are n precisely 9 circum/ances simil> to ,a's1 nor1 x may be1 to ea* o!r's2 !y w !re=e act some:at diff]5tly1 & e liv+ be+ is modifi$ by a *ange ( action4 ,hav+ become modifi$1 !y foll[ ! _s ( ,a's action m ess5tially 9 begett+ a creature l !mselves ?an 9 begett+ "o l ,a2 = ! ess5ce ( ,a's act 0 n ! reproduction ( ,a1 b ! reproduction ( a creature l ! "o f :i* x sprung--t is to say1 a creature be>+ traces 9 its body ( ! ma9 influ5ces t h work$ ^u its p>5t4 ,)9 ! cycle ( reproduction !re are cycles ^u cycles 9 ! life ( ea* individual1 :e!r animal or plant4 ,obs]ve ! action ( our lungs & he>t1 h[ regul> x is1 & h[ a cycle hav+ be5 once e/abli%$1 x is repeat$ _m millions ( times 9 an individual ( av]age heal? & longevity4 ,rememb] also t x is ?is p]iodicity--?is inevitable t5d5cy ( all atoms 9 comb9ation to repeat any comb9ation :i* !y h once repeat$1 unless =cibly prev5t$ f do+ s--:i* alone r5d]s n9e-t5?s ( our me*anical inv5tions ( practical use to u4 ,!re is no int]nal p]iodicity ab\t a hamm] or a saw1 b !re is 9 ! /eam-eng9e or wat]mill :5 once set 9 motion4 ,! actions ( ^! ma*9es recur 9 a regul> s]ies1 at regul> int]vals1 ) ! un]r+ness ( circulat+ decimals4 ,:5 we be> 9 m9d1 !n1 ! omnipres5ce ( ?is t5d5cy 9 ! _w ar\nd u1 ! absolute fre$om f exception :i* att5ds its action1 ! mann] 9 :i* x holds equally good ^u ! va/e/ & ! smalle/ scale1 & ! complet5ess ( its accord ) our ideas ( :at mu/ inevitably happ5 :5 a l comb9ation is plac$ 9 circum/ances l ^? 9 :i* x 0 plac$ be=e--:5 we be> 9 m9d all ?is1 is x possible n to connect ! facts toge!r1 & to ref] cycles ( liv+ g5]ations to ! same unalt]abl5ess 9 ! action ( l matt] "u l circum/ances :i* makes ,jupit] & ,saturn revolve r\nd ! sun1 or ! pi/on ( a /eam-eng9e move up & d[n z long z ! /eam acts ^u x8 ,b :o w attribute memory to ! h&s ( a clock1 to a pi/on-rod1 to air or wat] 9 a /orm or 9 c\rse ( evaporation1 to ! e>? & planets 9 _! circuits r\nd ! sun1 or to ! atoms ( ! univ]se1 if !y too be mov+ 9 a cycle va/] ?an we c take acc\nt (8 #afj ,& if n1 :y introduce x into ! embryonic developm5t ( liv+ be+s1 :5 !re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce 9 support ( its actual pres5ce1 :5 regul>ity ( action c be ensur$ j z well )\t x z ) x1 & :5 at ! be/ x is consid]$ z exi/+ "u circum/ances :i* x baffles u to conceive1 inasmu* z x is suppos$ to be ex]cis$ )\t any consci\s recollection8 ,surely a memory :i* is ex]cis$ )\t any consci\sness ( recollect+ is only a p]iphrasis = ! abs5ce ( any memory at all4 ,*apt] ,,xii ,refutation--,memory at once a promot] & a di/urb] ( uni=mity ( action & /ructure4 ,,to meet ! objections 9 ! two =ego+ *apt]s1 ,i ne$ d little m ?an %[ t ! fact ( c]ta9 (t5 inh]it$ diseases & developm5ts1 :e!r ( y\? or old age1 be+ obvi\sly n due to a memory on ! "p ( (fspr+ ( l diseases & developm5ts 9 ! p>5ts1 does n militate aga9/ suppos+ t embryonic & y\?ful developm5t g5]ally is due to memory4 ,?is is ! ma9 "p ( ! objection2 ! re/ resolves itself into an ass]tion t !re is no evid5ce 9 support ( in/9ct & embryonic developm5t be+ due to memory1 & a cont5tion t ! necessity ( ea* p>ticul> mom5t 9 ea* p>ticul> case is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! facts )\t ! introduction ( memory4 ,i w deal ) ^! two la/ po9ts briefly fir/4 ,z reg>ds ! evid5ce 9 support ( ! !ory t in/9ct & gr[? are due to a rapid unconsci\s memory ( pa/ exp]i5ces & developm5ts 9 ! p]sons ( ! ance/ors ( ! liv+ =m 9 :i* !y appe>1 ,i mu/ ref] my read]s to 8,life & ,habit10 & to ! translation ( ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture giv5 9 ?is volume4 ,i w only repeat "h t a *rysalis1 we w say1 is z mu* "o & ! same p]son ) ! *rysalis ( its prec$+ g5]ation1 z ?is la/ is "o & ! same p]son ) ! egg or cat]pill> f :i* x sprang4 ,y _c d5y p]sonal id5tity betwe5 two successive g5]ations )\t soon] or lat] d5y+ x dur+ ! successive /ages 9 ! s+le life ( :at we call "o individual2 nor c y admit p]sonal id5tity ?r\gh ! /ages ( a long & v>i$ life 7embryonic & po/natal7 )\t admitt+ x to endure ?r\gh an endless s]ies ( g5]ations4 ,! p]sonal id5tity ( successive g5]ations be+ admitt$1 ! possibility ( ! second ( two g5]ations rememb]+ :at happ5$ to x 9 ! fir/ is obvi\s4 ,! priori objection1 !re=e1 is remov$1 & ! "q becomes "o ( fact--does ! (fspr+ act z if x rememb]$8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is n only t x does s act1 b t x is n possible to acc\nt = ei!r its developm5t or its e>ly in/9ctive actions ^u any o!r hypo!sis ?an t ( its rememb]+1 & rememb]+ exce$+ly well4 ,! only alt]native is to decl>e ) ,von ,h>tmann t a liv+ be+ may display a va/ & v>i$ in=mation conc]n+ all mann] ( details1 & be able to p]=m mo/ intricate op]ations1 indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce & practice4 ,once admit k indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce1 & f>ewell to sob] s5se & reason f t mom5t4 ,fir/ly1 !n1 we %[ t (fspr+ has _h e facility = rememb]+2 secondly1 t x %[s e appe>ance ( hav+ rememb]$2 ?irdly1 t no o!r hypo!sis except memory c be br\ght =w>d1 s z to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( in/9ct & h]$ity g5]ally1 :i* is n easily r$ucible to an absurdity4 ,beyond ?is we d n c>e to g1 & mu/ all[ ^? to diff] f u :o require fur!r evid5ce4 ,z reg>ds ! argum5t t ! necessity ( ea* mom5t w acc\nt = lik5ess ( result1 )\t !re be+ any ne$ = introduc+ memory1 ,i admit t lik5ess ( consequ5ts is due to lik5ess ( antec$5ts1 & ,i grant ?is w hold z good ) embryos z ) oxyg5 & hydrog5 gas2 :at w cov] ! "o w cov] ! o!r1 = "t writs ( ! laws common to all matt] run )9 ! womb z freely z else:]e2 b admitt+ t !re are comb9ations into :i* liv+ be+s ent] ) a faculty call$ memory :i* has its effect ^u _! conduct1 & admitt+ t su* comb9ations are f "t to "t repeat$ 7z we obs]ve 9 ! case ( a practis$ p]=m] play+ a piece ( music :i* he has committ$ to memory71 !n ,i ma9ta9 t ?\gh1 inde$1 ! lik5ess ( "o p]=mance to its imm$iate pr$ecessor is due to lik5ess ( ! comb9ations imm$iately prec$+ ! two p]=mances1 yet memory plays s important a "p 9 bo? ^! comb9ations z to make x a di/+ui%+ feature 9 !m1 & !re=e prop] to be insi/$ ^u4 ,we d n1 = example1 say t ,h]r ,joa*im play$ su* & su* a sonata )\t ! music1 because he 0 su* & su* an arrangem5t ( matt] 9 su* & su* circum/ances1 resembl+ ^? "u :i* he play$ )\t music on "s pa/ occasion4 ,?is goes )\t say+2 we say only t he play$ ! music by he>t or by memory1 z he _h (t5 play$ x be=e4 ,to ! objector t a cat]pill> becomes a *rysalis n because x rememb]s & takes ! action tak5 by its fa!rs & mo!rs 9 due c\rse be=e x1 b because :5 matt] is 9 su* a physical & m5tal /ate z to be call$ cat]pill>1 x mu/ p]=ce assume pres5tly su* ano!r physical & m5tal /ate z to be call$ *rysalis1 & t !re=e !re is no memory 9 ! case--to ?is objector ,i rejo9 t ! (fspr+ cat]pill> w\ld n h become s l ! p>5t z to make ! next or *rysalis /age a matt] ( necessity1 unless bo? p>5t & (fspr+ _h be5 influ5c$ by some?+ t we usually call memory4 ,= x is ?is v possession ( a common memory :i* has guid$ ! (fspr+ into ! pa? tak5 by1 & h5ce to a virtually same condition )1 ! p>5t1 & :i* guid$ ! p>5t 9 its turn to a /ate virtually id5tical ) a correspond+ /ate 9 ! exi/5ce ( its own p>5t4 ,to memory1 !re=e1 ! mo/ prom95t place 9 ! transaction is assign$ rightly4 ,to d5y t w guid$ by memory has any?+ to d ) ! developm5t ( embryos seems l d5y+ t a desire to ob/ruct has any?+ to d ) ! rec5t conduct ( c]ta9 memb]s 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( "o :o said t ! action ( ^! g5tlem5 _h no?+ to d ) a desire to emb>rass ! ,gov]nm5t1 b 0 simply ! necess>y outcome ( ! *emical & me*anical =ces at "w1 :i* be+ su* & su*1 ! action :i* we see is inevitable1 & has !re=e no?+ to d ) wilful ob/ruction8 ,we %\ld answ] t !re 0 d\btless a great deal ( *emical & me*anical action 9 ! matt]2 p]haps1 = aught we knew or c>$1 x 0 all *emical & me*anical2 b if s1 !n a desire to ob/ruct p>liam5t>y bus9ess is involv$ 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( *emical & me*anical action1 & t ! k9ds involv+ ?is _h prec$$ ! rec5t proce$+s ( ! memb]s 9 "q4 ,if ask$ to prove ?is1 we c get no fur!r ?an t su* action z has be5 tak5 has nev] yet be5 se5 except z foll[+ aft] & 9 consequ5ce ( a desire to ob/ruct2 t ?is is our nom5clature1 & t we c no m be expect$ to *ange x ?an to *ange our "m tongue at ! bidd+ ( a =eign]4 ,a little reflection w conv9ce ! read] t he w be unable to d5y w & memory to ! embryo )\t at ! same "t d5y+ _! exi/5ce ev]y:]e1 & ma9ta9+ t !y h no place 9 ! acquisition ( a habit1 nor inde$ 9 any human action4 ,he w feel t ! actions1 & ! relation ( "o action to ano!r :i* he obs]ves 9 embryos is su* z is nev] se5 except 9 association ) & z a consequ5ce ( w & memory4 ,he w !re=e say t x is due to w & memory4 ,to say t ^! are ! necess>y outcome ( c]ta9 antec$5ts is n to de/roy !m3 grant$ t !y are--a man does n cease to be a man :5 we reflect t he has _h a fa!r & "m1 nor d w & memory cease to be w & memory on ! gr\nd t !y _c come causeless4 ,!y are manife/ m9ute by m9ute to ! p]ception ( all sane p1 & ?is tribunal1 ?\gh n infallible1 is nev]!less our ultimate c\rt ( appeal--! f9al arbitrator 9 all disput$ cases4 ,we mu/ rememb] t !re is no action1 h[ev] orig9al or peculi>1 :i* is n 9 respect ( f> ! great] numb] ( its details f\nd$ ^u memory4 ,if a desp]ate man bl[s 8 bra9s out--an action :i* he c d once 9 a lifetime only1 & :i* none ( 8 ance/ors c h done be=e leav+ (fspr+--/ill n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e ?\s&?s ( ! movem5ts necess>y to a*ieve 8 end consi/ ( habitual movem5ts--movem5ts1 t is to say1 :i* 7 once difficult1 b :i* h be5 practis$ & practis$ by ! help ( memory until !y are n[ p]=m$ automatically4 ,we c no m h an action ?an a creative ef=t ( ! imag9ation cut (f f memory4 ,ideas & actions seem almo/ to resemble matt] & =ce 9 respect ( ! impossibility ( orig9at+ or de/roy+ !m2 ne>ly all t are1 are memories ( o!r ideas & actions1 transmitt$ b n creat$1 disappe>+ b n p]i%+4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t :5 9 ,*apt] ,x4 we suppos$ ! cl]k :o want$ 8 d9n] to =get on a second day ! action he _h tak5 ! day be=e1 we /ill1 )\t p]haps p]ceiv+ x1 suppos$ him to be guid$ by memory 9 all ! details ( 8 action1 su* z 8 tak+ d[n 8 hat & go+ out into ! /reet4 ,we c\ld n1 inde$1 deprive him ( all memory )\t absolutely p>alys+ 8 action4 ,nev]!less new ideas1 new fai?s1 & new actions d 9 ! c\rse ( "t come ab\t1 ! liv+ expressions ( :i* we may see 9 ! new =ms ( life :i* f "t to "t h aris5 & are /ill aris+1 & 9 ! increase ( our own k & me*anical inv5tions4 ,b x is only a v little new t is add$ at a "t1 & t little is g5]ally due to ! desire to atta9 an end :i* _c be atta9$ by any ( ! means = :i* !re exi/s a p]ceiv$ prec$5t 9 ! memory4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 ei!r ! memory is fur!r ransack$ = any =gott5 %r$s ( details1 a comb9ation ( :i* may s]ve ! desir$ purpose2 or action is tak5 9 ! d>k1 :i* sometimes succe$s & becomes a f]tile s\rce ( fur!r comb9ations2 or we are br\ght to a dead /op4 ,all action is r&om 9 respect ( any ( ! m9ute actions :i* compose x t are n done 9 consequ5ce ( memory1 real or suppos$4 ,s t r&om1 or action tak5 9 ! d>k1 or illusion1 lies at ! v root ( progress4 ,i w n[ consid] ! objection t ! ph5om5a ( in/9ct & embryonic developm5t ought n to be ascrib$ to memory1 inasmu* z c]ta9 o!r ph5om5a ( h]$ity1 su* z g\t1 _c be ascrib$ to x4 ,^? :o object 9 ?is way =get t our actions fall into two ma9 classes3 ^? :i* we h (t5 repeat$ be=e by means ( a regul> s]ies ( subord9ate actions beg9n+ & end+ at a c]ta9 tol]ably well-def9$ po9t--z :5 ,h]r ,joa*im plays a sonata 9 public1 or :5 we dress or undress ourselves2 & actions ! details ( :i* are inde$ guid$ by memory1 b :i* 9 _! g5]al scope & purpose are new--z :5 we are be+ m>ri$ or pres5t$ at c\rt4 ,at ea* po9t 9 any action ( ! fir/ ( ! two k9ds above ref]r$ to !re is a memory 7consci\s or unconsci\s accord+ to ! less or great] numb] ( times ! action has be5 repeat$71 n only ( ! /eps 9 ! pres5t & previ\s p]=mances :i* h l$ up to ! p>ticul> po9t t may be select$1 b also ( ! p>ticul> po9t itself2 !re is1 !re=e1 at ea* po9t 9 a habitual p]=mance a memory at once ( l antec$5ts & ( a l pres5t4 ,if ! memory1 :e!r ( ! antec$5t or ! pres5t1 7 absolutely p]fect2 if ! vibration 7accord+ to ,pr(essor ,h]+7 on ea* repetition exi/$ 9 its full orig9al /r5g? & )\t hav+ be5 int]f]$ ) by any o!r vibration2 & if1 aga91 ! new wave runn+ into x f ext]ior objects on ea* repetition ( ! action 7 absolutely id5tical 9 "* ) ! wave t ran 9 ^u ! la/ occasion1 !n !re w\ld be no *ange 9 ! action & no modification or improvem5t c\ld take place4 ,= ?\gh inde$ ! late/ p]=mance w\ld always h "o memory m ?an ! late/ b "o to guide x1 yet ! memories be+ id5tical1 x w\ld n matt] h[ _m or h[ few !y 74 ,on any repetition1 h[ev]1 ! circum/ances1 ext]nal or int]nal1 or bo?1 nev] are absolutely id5tical3 !re is "s slight v>iation 9 ea* individual case1 & "s "p ( ?is v>iation is rememb]$1 ) approbation or disapprobation z ! case may be4 ,! fact1 !re=e1 t on ea* repetition ( ! action !re is "o memory m ?an on ! la/ b "o1 & t ?is memory is slightly diff]5t f its pr$ecessor1 is se5 to be an inh]5t &1 ex hypo!si1 necess>ily di/urb+ factor 9 all habitual action--& ! life ( an organism %\ld be reg>d$ z ! habitual action ( a s+le individual1 namely1 ( ! organism itself1 & ( its ance/ors4 ,?is is ! key to accumulation ( improvem5t1 :e!r 9 ! arts :i* we assidu\sly practise dur+ our s+le life1 or 9 ! /ructures & in/9cts ( successive g5]ations4 ,! memory does n complete a true circle1 b is1 z x 71 a spiral slightly div]g5t !refrom4 ,x is no long] a p]fectly circulat+ decimal4 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no memory ( a l pres5t1 :]e1 9 fact1 ! memory is n1 s to speak1 spiral1 !re is no accumulation ( improvem5t4 ,! effect ( any v>iation is n transmitt$1 & is n ?us pregnant ( /ill fur!r *ange4 ,z reg>ds ! second ( ! two classes ( actions above ref]r$ to--^?1 namely1 :i* are n recurr5t or habitual1 & at no po9t ( :i* is !re a memory ( a pa/ pres5t l ! "o :i* is pres5t n[--!re w h be5 no accumulation ( /rong & well-knit memory z reg>ds ! action z a :ole1 b action1 if tak5 at all1 w be tak5 ^u disjo9t$ fragm5ts ( individual actions 7our own & ^? ( o!r p7 piec$ toge!r ) a result m or less satisfactory accord+ to circum/ances4 ,b x does n foll[ t ! action ( two p :o h _h tol]ably simil> antec$5ts & are plac$ 9 tol]ably simil> circum/ances %\ld be m unlike ea* o!r 9 ?is second case ?an 9 ! fir/4 ,on ! contr>y1 no?+ is m common ?an to obs]ve ! same k9d ( p mak+ ! same k9d ( mi/ake :5 plac$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! same k9d ( new circum/ances4 ,i did n say t !re w\ld be no sam5ess ( action )\t memory ( a l pres5t4 ,!re may be sam5ess ( action proce$+ f a memory1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 ( l antec$5ts1 & a pres5ce only ( l pres5ts )\t recollection ( ! same4 ,! sam5ess ( action ( l p]sons plac$ "u l circum/ances = ! fir/ "t1 resembles ! sam5ess ( action ( inorganic matt] "u ! same comb9ations4 ,let u = ! mom5t suppose :at we call non-liv+ sub/ances to be capable ( rememb]+ _! antec$5ts1 & t ! *anges !y und]go are ! expressions ( _! recollections4 ,!n ,i admit1 ( c\rse1 t !re is n memory 9 any cream1 we w say1 t is ab\t to be *urn$ ( ! cream ( ! prec$+ week1 b ! common abs5ce ( su* memory f ea* week's cream is an elem5t ( sam5ess betwe5 ! two4 ,& ?\gh no cream c rememb] hav+ be5 *urn$ be=e1 yet all cream 9 all "t has _h ne>ly id5tical antec$5ts1 & has !re=e ne>ly ! same memories1 & ne>ly ! same proclivities4 ,?us1 9 fact1 ! cream ( "o week is z truly ! same z ! cream ( ano!r week f ! same c[1 pa/ure1 c41 z any?+ is ev] ! same ) any?+2 = ! hav+ be5 subject$ to l antec$5ts eng5d]s ! close/ simil>ity t we c conceive (1 if ! sub/ances 7 l to />t )4 ,! manife/ abs5ce ( any connect+ memory 7or memory ( l pres5ts7 f c]ta9 ( ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity1 su* z1 = example1 ! diseases ( old age1 is n[ se5 to be no valid reason = say+ t su* o!r & f> m num]\s & important ph5om5a z ^? ( embryonic developm5t are n ph5om5a ( memory4 ,gr[? & ! diseases ( old age d inde$1 at fir/ sight1 appe> to /& on ! same foot+1 b reflection %[s u t ! "q :e!r a c]ta9 result is due to memory or no mu/ be settl$ n by %[+ t comb9ations into :i* memory does n c]ta9ly ent] may yet g5]ate l results1 & !re=e consid]+ ! memory !ory dispos$ (1 b by ! evid5ce we may be able to adduce 9 support ( ! fact t ! second ag5t has actually rememb]$ ! conduct ( ! fir/1 inasmu* z he _c be suppos$ able to d :at x is pla9 he c d1 except "u ! guidance ( memory or exp]i5ce1 & c also be %[n to h _h e opportunity ( rememb]+4 ,:5 ei!r ( ^! te/s fails1 simil>ity ( action on ! "p ( two ag5ts ne$ n be connect$ ) memory ( a l pres5t z well z ( l antec$5ts1 b mu/1 or at any rate may1 be ref]r$ to memory ( l antec$5ts only4 ,return+ to a p>5!sis a few pages back1 9 :i* ,i said t consci\sness ( memory w\ld be less or great] accord+ to ! great] or few] numb] ( times t ! act _h be5 repeat$1 x may be obs]v$ z a coroll>y to ?is1 t ! less consci\sness ( memory ! great] ! uni=mity ( action1 & vice v]sa4 ,= ! less consci\sness involves ! memory's be+ m p]fect1 ?r\gh a l>g] numb] 7g5]ally7 ( repetitions ( ! act t is rememb]$2 !re is !re=e a less proportionate diff]5ce 9 respect ( ! numb] ( recollections ( ?is p>ticul> act betwe5 ! mo/ rec5t actor & ! mo/ rec5t b "o4 ,?is is :y v old civilisations1 z ^? ( _m insects1 & ! great] numb] ( n[ liv+ organisms1 appe> to ! eye n to *ange at all4 ,= example1 if an action has be5 p]=m$ only t5 times1 we w say by ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 c41 :o are simil> 9 all respects1 except t ,a acts )\t recollection1 ,b ) recollection ( ,a's action1 ,c ) recollection ( bo? ,b's & ,a's1 :ile ,j rememb]s ! c\rse tak5 by ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 & ,i--! possession ( a memory by ,b w inde$ s *ange 8 action1 z comp>$ ) ,a's1 t x may well be h>dly recognisable4 ,we saw ?is 9 our example ( ! cl]k :o ask$ ! policeman ! way to ! eat+-h\se on "o day1 b did n ask him ! next1 because he rememb]$2 b ,c's action w n be s diff]5t f ,b's z ,b's f ,a's1 = ?\gh ,c w act ) a memory ( two occasions on :i* ! action has be5 p]=m$1 :ile ,b recollects only ! orig9al p]=mance by ,a1 yet ,b & ,c bo? act ) ! guidance ( a memory & exp]i5ce ( "s k9d1 :ile ,a act$ )\t any4 ,?us ! cl]k ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,x4 w act on ! ?ird day mu* z he act$ on ! second--t is to say1 he w see ! policeman at ! corn] ( ! /reet1 b w n "q him4 ,:5 ! action is repeat$ by ,j = ! t5? "t1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,j's repetition ( x & ,i's w be due solely to ! diff]5ce betwe5 a recollection ( n9e pa/ p]=mances by ,j aga9/ only eight by ,i1 & ?is is s mu* proportionately less ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 a recollection ( two p]=mances & ( only "o1 t a less modification ( action %\ld be expect$4 ,at ! same "t consci\sness conc]n+ an action repeat$ = ! t5? "t %\ld be less acute ?an on ! fir/ repetition4 ,memory1 !re=e1 ?\gh t5d+ to di/urb simil>ity ( action less & less cont9ually1 mu/ always cause "s di/urbance4 ,at ! same "t ! possession ( a memory on ! successive repetitions ( an action aft] ! fir/1 &1 p]haps1 ! fir/ two or ?ree1 dur+ :i* ! recollection may be suppos$ /ill imp]fect1 w t5d to ensure uni=mity1 = x w be "o ( ! elem5ts ( sam5ess 9 ! ag5ts--!y bo? act+ by ! light ( exp]i5ce & memory4 ,dur+ ! embryonic /ages & 9 *ildhood we are almo/ entirely "u ! guidance ( a practis$ & p[]ful memory ( circum/ances :i* h be5 (t5 repeat$1 n only 9 detail & piecemeal1 b z a :ole1 & "u _m slightly v>y+ conditions2 ?us ! p]=mance has become well av]ag$ & matur$ 9 its arrangem5ts1 s z to meet all ord9>y em]g5cies4 ,we !re=e act ) great unconsci\sness & v>y our p]=mances little4 ,babies are mu* m alike ?an p]sons ( middle age4 ,up to ! av]age age at :i* our ance/ors h _h *ildr5 dur+ _m g5]ations1 we are /ill guid$ 9 great measure by memory2 b ! v>iations 9 ext]nal circum/ances beg9 to make !mselves p]ceptible 9 our *>act]s4 ,9 middle life we live m & m cont9ually ^u ! piec+ toge!r ( details ( memory drawn f our p]sonal exp]i5ce1 t is to say1 ^u ! memory ( our own antec$5ts2 & ?is resembles ! k9d ( memory we hypo!tically atta*$ to cream a little "t ago4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t a son :o has inh]it$ 8 fa!r's ta/es & con/itution1 & :o lives mu* z 8 fa!r _h done1 %\ld make ! same mi/akes z 8 fa!r did :5 he rea*es 8 fa!r's age--we w say ( sev5ty--?\gh he _c possibly rememb] 8 fa!r's hav+ made ! mi/akes4 ,x 7 to be wi%$ we c\ld1 = !n we might "k bett] h[ to avoid g\t1 canc]1 or :at n4 ,& x is to be notic$ t ! developm5ts ( old age are g5]ally ?+s we %\ld be glad en\gh to avoid if we knew h[ to d s4 ,*apt] ,,xiii ,conclusion4 ,,if we obs]v$ ! resemblance betwe5 successive g5]ations to be z close z t betwe5 di/ill$ wat] & di/ill$ wat] ?r\gh all "t1 & if we obs]v$ t p]fect un*angeabl5ess 9 ! action ( liv+ be+s :i* we see 9 :at we call *emical & me*anical comb9ations1 we might inde$ suspect t memory _h z little place among ! causes ( _! action z x c h 9 any?+1 & t ea* repetition1 :e!r ( a habit or ! practice ( art1 or ( an embryonic process 9 successive g5]ations1 0 an orig9al p]=mance1 = all t memory _h to d ) x4 ,i submit1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! case ( ! reproductive =ms ( life we see j s mu* v>iety1 9 spite ( uni=mity1 z is consi/5t ) a repetition involv+ n only a ne>ly p]fect simil>ity 9 ! ag5ts & _! circum/ances1 b also ! little dep>ture !refrom t is inevitably involv$ 9 ! supposition t a memory ( l pres5ts z well z ( l antec$5ts 7z di/+ui%$ f a memory ( l antec$5ts only7 has play$ a "p 9 _! developm5t--a cyclonic memory1 if ! expression may be p>don$4 ,!re is life inf9itely l[] & m m9ute ?an any :i* our mo/ p[]ful microscopes reveal to u1 b let u leave ?is ^u "o side & beg9 ) ! amba4 ,let u suppose t ?is /ructureless morsel ( protoplasm is1 = all its /ructurelessness1 compos$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( liv+ molecules1 ea* "o ( !m ) hopes & fe>s ( its own1 & all dwell+ toge!r l ,tekke ,turcomans1 ( :om we read t !y live = plund] only1 & t ea* man ( !m is entirely indep5d5t1 ackn[l$g+ no con/itut$ au?ority1 b t "s among !m ex]cise a tacit & undef9$ influ5ce ov] ! o!rs4 ,let u suppose ^! molecules capable ( memory1 bo? 9 _! capacity z individuals1 & z societies1 & able to transmit _! memories to _! desc5dants1 f ! traditions ( ! dimme/ pa/ to ! exp]i5ces ( _! own lifetime4 ,"s ( ^! societies w rema9 simple1 z hav+ _h no hi/ory1 b to ! great] numb] unfamili>1 & !re=e /rik+1 incid5ts w f "t to "t occur1 :i*1 :5 !y d n di/urb memory s greatly z to kill1 w leave _! impression ^u x4 ,! body or society w rememb] ^! incid5ts1 & be modifi$ by !m 9 its conduct1 & !re=e m or less 9 its int]nal arrangem5ts1 :i* w t5d inevitably to specialisation4 ,?is memory ( ! mo/ /rik+ ev5ts ( v>i$ lifetimes ,i ma9ta91 ) ,pr(essor ,h]+1 to be ! diff]5tiat+ cause1 :i*1 accumulat$ 9 c\ntless g5]ations1 has l$ up f ! amba to man4 ,if !re _h be5 no su* memory1 ! amba ( "o g5]ation w\ld h exactly resembl$ "t amba ( ! prec$+1 & a p]fect cycle w\ld h be5 e/abli%$2 ! modify+ effects ( an additional memory 9 ea* g5]ation h made ! cycle into a spiral1 & into a spiral ^: ecc5tricity1 9 ! outset h>dly p]ceptible1 is becom+ great] & great] ) increas+ longevity & m complex social & me*anical inv5tions4 ,we say t ! *ick5 gr[s ! horny tip to its beak ) :i* x ultimately pecks its way out ( its %ell1 because x rememb]s hav+ gr[n x be=e1 & ! use x made ( x4 ,we say t x made x on ! same pr9ciples z a man makes a spade or a hamm]1 t is to say1 z ! jo9t result bo? ( desire & exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ,i say exp]i5ce1 ,i mean exp]i5ce n only ( :at w be want$1 b also ( ! details ( all ! means t mu/ be tak5 9 ord] to effect ?is4 ,memory1 !re=e1 is suppos$ to guide ! *ick5 n only 9 respect ( ! ma9 design1 b 9 respect also ( e atomic action1 s to speak1 :i* goes to make up ! execution ( ?is design4 ,x is n only ! sugge/ion ( a plan :i* is due to memory1 b1 z ,pr(essor ,h]+ has s well said1 x is ! b9d+ p[] ( memory :i* alone r5d]s any consolidation or coh]5ce ( action possible1 inasmu* z )\t ?is no action c\ld h p>ts subord9ate "o to ano!r1 yet be>+ ^u a common end2 no "p ( an action1 great or small1 c\ld h ref]5ce to any o!r "p1 mu* less to a comb9ation ( all ! p>ts2 no?+1 9 fact1 b ultimate atoms ( actions c\ld ev] happ5--^! be>+ ! same relation to su* an action1 we w say1 z a railway j\rney f ,london to ,ed9burgh z a s+le molecule ( hydrog5 to a gallon ( wat]4 ,if ask$ h[ x is t ! *ick5 %[s no sign ( consci\sness conc]n+ ?is design1 nor yet ( ! /eps x is tak+ to c>ry x out1 we reply t su* unconsci\sness is usual 9 all cases :]e an action1 & ! design :i* prompts x1 h be5 repeat$ exce$+ly (t54 ,if1 aga91 we are ask$ h[ we acc\nt = ! regul>ity ) :i* ea* /ep is tak5 9 its due ord]1 we answ] t ?is too is *>act]i/ic ( actions t are done habitually--!y be+ v r>ely misplac$ 9 respect ( any "p4 ,:5 ,i wrote 8,life & ,habit10 ,i _h arriv$ at ! conclusion t memory 0 ! mo/ ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( life1 & w5t s f> z to say1 8,life is t prop]ty ( matt] :]eby x c rememb]--matt] :i* c rememb] is liv+40 ,i %\ld p]haps h writt51 8,life is ! be+ possess$ ( a memory--! life ( a ?+ at any mom5t is ! memories :i* at t mom5t x reta9s02 & ,i w\ld modify ! words t imm$iately foll[1 namely1 8,matt] :i* _c rememb] is dead02 = !y imply t !re is su* a ?+ z matt] :i* _c rememb] any?+ at all1 & ?is on full] consid]ation ,i d n believe to be ! case2 ,i c conceive ( no matt] :i* is n able to rememb] a little1 & :i* is n liv+ 9 respect ( :at x c rememb]4 ,i d n see h[ action ( any k9d is conceivable )\t ! supposition t e atom reta9s a memory ( c]ta9 antec$5ts4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 at ?is po9t1 ent] ^u ! reasons :i* h compell$ me to ?is conclusion4 ,:e!r ^! w\ld be deem$ suffici5t or no1 at any rate we _c believe t a sy/em ( self-reproduc+ associations %\ld develop f ! simplicity ( ! amba to ! complexity ( ! human body )\t ! pres5ce ( t memory :i* c alone acc\nt at once = ! resemblances & ! diff]5ces betwe5 successive g5]ations1 = ! aris+ & ! accumulation ( div]g5ces--= ! t5d5cy to diff] & ! t5d5cy n to diff]4 ,at p>t+1 !re=e1 ,i w\ld recomm5d ! read] to see e atom 9 ! univ]se z liv+ & able to feel & to rememb]1 b 9 a humble way4 ,he mu/ h life et]nal1 z well z matt] et]nal2 & ! life & ! matt] mu/ be jo9$ toge!r insep>ably z body & s\l to "o ano!r4 ,?us he w see ,god ev]y:]e1 n z ^? :o repeat phrases conv5tionally1 b z p :o w\ld h _! words tak5 accord+ to _! mo/ natural & legitimate mean+2 & he w feel t ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 him & _m ( ^? :o oppose him lies 9 ! fact t :]eas bo? he & !y use ! same language1 8 oppon5ts only half mean :at !y say1 :ile he means x entirely4 ,! attempt to get a high] =m ( a life f a l[] "o is 9 accordance ) our obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,x is !re=e prop] to be believ$4 ,! attempt to get x f t :i* has absolutely no life is l try+ to get some?+ out ( no?+4 ,! million? "p ( a f>?+ put out to int]e/ at t5 p] c5t1 w 9 five hundr$ ye>s become ov] a million p\nds1 & s long z we h any million? ( a million? ( ! f>?+ to />t )1 our gett+ z _m million p\nds z we h a fancy = is only a "q ( "t1 b )\t ! initial million? ( a million? ( a million? "p1 we %all get no increm5t :atev]4 ,a little leav5 w leav5 ! :ole lump1 b !re mu/ be "s leav54 ,i w "h quote two passages f an article already quot$ f on page #ee ( ?is book4 ,!y run3-- 8,we are gr[+ consci\s t our e>ne/ & mo/ det]m9$ ef=ts to make motion produce s5sation & volition h prov$ a failure1 & n[ we want to re/ a little 9 ! opposite1 mu* less labori\s conjecture1 & all[ any k9d ( motion to />t into exi/5ce1 or at lea/ to receive its specific direction f psy*ical s\rces2 s5sation & volition be+ = ! purpose quietly ins9uat$ into ! con/itution ( ! ultimately mov+ p>ticles40 #agg;a ,&3-- 8,9 ?is light x c rema9 no long] surpris+ t we actually f9d motility & s5sibility s intimately int]bl5d$ 9 nature40 #agg;b ,we %\ld endeav\r to see ! s-call$ inorganic z liv+1 9 respect ( ! qualities x has 9 common ) ! organic1 r ?an ! organic z non-liv+ 9 respect ( ! qualities x has 9 common ) ! inorganic4 ,true1 x w\ld be h>d to place "o's self on ! same moral plat=m z a /one1 b ?is is n necess>y2 x is en\gh t we %\ld feel ! /one to h a moral plat=m ( its own1 ?\gh t plat=m embraces little m ?an a pr(\nd respect = ! laws ( gravitation1 *emical aff9ity1 c4 ,z = ! difficulty ( conceiv+ a body z liv+ t has n got a reproductive sy/em--we %\ld rememb] t neut] insects are liv+ b are believ$ to h no reproductive sy/em4 ,aga91 we %\ld be> 9 m9d t m]e assimilation involves all ! ess5tials ( reproduction1 & t bo? air & wat] possess ?is p[] 9 a v high degree4 ,! ess5ce ( a reproductive sy/em1 !n1 is f\nd l[ d[n 9 ! s*eme ( nature4 ,at pres5t our lead+ m5 ( sci5ce are 9 ?is difficulty2 on ! "o h& _! exp]im5ts & _! !ories alike tea* !m t spontane\s g5]ation ought n to be accept$2 on ! o!r1 !y mu/ h an orig9 = ! life ( ! liv+ =ms1 :i*1 by _! own !ory1 h be5 evolv$1 & !y c at pres5t get ?is orig9 9 no o!r way ?an by ! ,deus ex ma*9 me?od1 :i* !y reject z unprov$1 or a spontane\s g5]ation ( liv+ f non-liv+ matt]1 :i* is no less =eign to _! exp]i5ce4 ,z a g5]al rule1 !y pref] ! latt] alt]native4 ,s ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 8 celebrat$ article 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,novemb] #ahgh71 wrote3-- 8,x is g5]ally conc$$ 7& seems to be a necess>y inf]5ce f ! lessons ( sci5ce7 t spontane\s g5]ation mu/ at "o "t h tak5 place0 7italics m9e74 ,no inf]5ce c well be m unnecess>y or unsci5tific4 ,i suppose spontane\s g5]ation ceases to be objectionable if x 0 8only a v little "o10 & came (f a long "t ago 9 a =eign c\ntry4 ,! prop] inf]5ce is1 t !re is a l[ k9d ( liv+ness 9 e atom ( matt]4 ,life et]nal is z inevitable a conclusion z matt] et]nal4 ,x %\ld n be d\bt$ t :]ev] !re is vibration or motion !re is life & memory1 & t !re is vibration & motion at all times 9 all ?+s4 ,! read] :o takes ! above position w f9d t he c expla9 ! entry ( :at he calls dea? among :at he calls ! liv+1 :]eas he c\ld by no means introduce life into 8 sy/em if he />t$ )\t x4 ,dea? is d$ucible2 life is n d$ucible4 ,dea? is a *ange ( memories2 x is n ! de/ruction ( all memory4 ,x is z ! liquidation ( "o company1 ea* memb] ( :i* w pres5tly jo9 a new "o1 & reta9 a trifle ev5 ( ! old cancell$ memory1 by way ( great] aptitude = work+ 9 conc]t ) o!r molecules4 ,?is is :y animals fe$ on grass & on ea* o!r1 & _c proselytise or conv]t ! rude gr\nd be=e x has be5 tutor$ 9 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! high] k9ds ( association4 ,aga91 ,i w\ld recomm5d ! read] to bew>e ( believ+ any?+ 9 ?is book unless he ei!r likes x1 or feels angry at be+ told x4 ,if requir$ belief 9 ?is or t makes a man angry1 ,i suppose he %\ld1 z a g5]al rule1 swall[ x :ole !n & !re ^u ! spot1 o!rwise he may take x or leave x z he likes4 ,i h n gone f> = my facts1 nor yet f> f !m2 all on :i* ,i re/ are z op5 to ! read] z to me4 ,if ,i h sometimes us$ h>d t]ms1 ! probability is t ,i h n und]/ood !m1 b h done s by a slip1 z "o :o has caught a bad habit f ! company he has be5 lately keep+4 ,!y %\ld be skipp$4 ,d n let him be too mu* ca/ d[n by ! bad language ) :i* pr(essional sci5ti/s obscure ! issue1 nor by _! seem+ to make x _! bus9ess to fog u "u ! pretext ( remov+ our difficulties4 ,x is n ! ratcat*]'s int]e/ to cat* all ! rats2 &1 z ,h&el obs]v$ s s5sibly1 8,e pr(essional g5tleman mu/ d 8 be/ = to live40 ,! art ( "s ( our philosoph]s1 h[ev]1 is suffici5tly transp>5t1 & consi/s too (t5 9 say+ 8organism :i* mu/ be classifi$ among fi%es10 in/ead ( 8fi%10 #agi;a & !n proclaim+ t !y h 8an in]adicable t5d5cy to try to make ?+s cle>40 #agi;b ,if ano!r example is requir$1 "h is ! foll[+ f an article ?an :i* ,i h se5 few ) :i* ,i m completely agree1 or :i* h giv5 me great] pleasure4 ,if our m5 ( sci5ce w\ld take to writ+ 9 ?is way1 we %\ld be glad en\gh to foll[ !m4 ,! passage ,i ref] to runs ?us3-- 8,pr(essor ,huxley speaks ( a #8v]bal fog by :i* ! "q at issue may be hidd5'2 is !re no v]bal fog 9 ! /atem5t t ! tiology ( crayfi%es resolves itself into a gradual evolution 9 ! c\rse ( ! mesosoic & subsequ5t epo*s ( ! _w's hi/ory ( ^! animals f a primitive a/acomorph\s =m8 ,w\ld x be fog or light t w\ld envelop ! hi/ory ( man if we said t ! exi/5ce ( man 0 expla9$ by ! hypo!sis ( 8 gradual evolution f a primitive an?ropomorph\s =m8 ,i %\ld call ?is fog1 n light40 #ahj ,especially let him mi/ru/ ^? :o are hold+ =? ab\t protoplasm1 & ma9ta9+ t ?is is ! only liv+ sub/ance4 ,protoplasm may be1 & p]haps is1 ! mo/ liv+ "p ( an organism1 z ! mo/ capable ( reta9+ vibrations1 b ?is is ! utmo/ t c be claim$ = x4 ,hav+ m5tion$ protoplasm1 ,i may ask ! read] to note ! breakd[n ( t s*ool ( philosophy :i* divid$ ! ego f ! non ego4 ,! protoplasmi/s1 on ! "o h&1 are :ittl+ away at ! ego1 till !y h r$uc$ x to a little jelly 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body1 & !y w :ittle away ?is too pres5tly1 if !y g on z !y are do+ n[4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are s unify+ ! ego & ! non ego1 t ) !m !re w soon be z little ( ! non ego left z !re is ( ! ego ) _! oppon5ts4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 are s f> agre$ z t we "k n :]e to draw ! l9e betwe5 ! two1 & ?is r5d]s nugatory any sy/em :i* is f\nd$ ^u a di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,! tru? is1 t all classification :atev]1 :5 we exam9e its raison d'tre closely1 is f\nd to be arbitr>y--to dep5d on our s5se ( our own conv5i5ce1 & n on any inh]5t di/9ction 9 ! nature ( ! ?+s !mselves4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re is only "o ?+ & "o action4 ,! univ]se1 or ,god1 & ! action ( ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,la/ly1 ,i may pr$ict ) "s c]ta9ty t be=e long we %all f9d ! orig9al ,d>w9ism ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 7) an infusion ( ,pr(essor ,h]+ into ! b>ga97 g5]ally accept$ in/ead ( ! neo-,d>w9ism ( to-day1 & t ! v>iations ^: accumulation results 9 species w be recognis$ z due to ! wants & endeav\rs ( ! liv+ =ms 9 :i* !y appe>1 in/ead ( be+ ascrib$ to *ance1 or1 9 o!r words1 to unkn[n causes1 z by ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9's sy/em4 ,we %all h "s idyllic "y naturali/ br++ up ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9's note on ,trapa natans1 #aha;a & ,lam>ck's k9dr$ passage on ! desc5t ( ,ranunculus h$]aceus f ,ranunculus aquatilis #aha;b z fre% discov]ies1 & be told1 ) mu* happy simplicity1 t ^? animals & plants :i* h felt ! ne$ ( su* or su* a /ructure h develop$ x1 :ile ^? :i* h n want$ x h gone )\t x4 ,?us1 x w be decl>$1 e leaf we see ar\nd u1 e /ructure ( ! m9ute/ insect1 w be> witness to ! tru? ( ! 8great guess0 ( ! greate/ ( naturali/s conc]n+ ! memory ( liv+ matt]4 ,i d>e say ! public w n object to ?is1 & am v sure t none ( ! admir]s ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 or ,mr4 ,wallace w prote/ aga9/ x2 b x may be z well to po9t out t ?is 0 n ! view ( ! matt] tak5 by ,mr4 ,wallace 9 #aheh :5 he & ,mr4 ,d>w9 fir/ came =w>d z prea*]s ( natural selection4 ,at t "t ,mr4 ,wallace saw cle>ly en\gh ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! !ory ( 8natural selection0 & t ( ,lam>ck4 ,he wrote3-- 8,! hypo!sis ( ,lam>ck--t progressive *anges 9 species h be5 produc$ by ! attempts ( animals to increase ! developm5t ( _! own organs1 & ?us modify _! /ructure & habits--has be5 repeat$ly & easily refut$ by all writ]s on ! subject ( v>ieties & species1 4 4 4 b ! view "h develop$ t5d]s su* an hypo!sis q unnecess>y4 4 4 4 ,! p[]ful retractile talons ( ! falcon & ! cat tribes h n be5 produc$ or increas$ by ! volition ( ^? animals1 nei!r did ! giraffe acquire its long neck by desir+ to rea* ! foliage ( ! m l(ty %rubs1 & con/antly /ret*+ its neck = ?is purpose1 b because any v>ieties :i* occurr$ among its antitypes ) a long] neck ?an usual at once secur$ a fre% range ( pa/ure ov] ! same gr\nd z _! %ort]-neck$ companions1 & on ! fir/ sc>city ( food 7 !reby enabl$ to outlive !m0 7italics 9 orig9al74 #ahb;a ,?is is absolutely ! neo-,d>w9ian doctr9e1 & a d5ial ( ! ma9ly =tuit\s "* ( ! v>iations 9 animal & vegetable =ms cuts at its root4 ,t ,mr4 ,wallace1 aft] ye>s ( reflection1 /ill adh]$ to ?is view1 is prov$ by 8 head+ a repr9t ( ! p>agraph j quot$ f #ahb;b ) ! words 8,lam>ck's hypo!sis v diff]5t f t n[ advanc$02 nor d any ( 8 m rec5t works %[ t he has modifi$ 8 op9ion4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ,mr4 ,wallace does n call 8 "w 8,contributions to ! ,!ory ( ,evolution10 b to t ( 8,natural ,selection40 ,mr4 ,d>w91 ) *>act]i/ic caution1 only commits himself to say+ t ,mr4 ,wallace has arriv$ at almo/ 7italics m9e7 ! same g5]al conclusions z he1 ,mr4 ,d>w91 has done2 #ahb;c b he /ill1 z 9 #ahei1 decl>es t x w\ld be 8a s]i\s error to suppose t ! great] numb] ( in/9cts h be5 acquir$ by habit 9 "o g5]ation1 & !n transmitt$ by inh]itance to succe$+ g5]ations10 #ahc;a & he /ill compreh5sively condemns ! 8well-kn[n doctr9e ( inh]it$ habit1 z advanc$ by ,lam>ck40 #ahc;b ,z = ! /atem5t 9 ! passage quot$ f ,mr4 ,wallace1 to ! effect t ,lam>ck's hypo!sis 8has be5 repeat$ly & easily refut$ by all writ]s on ! subject ( v>ieties & species10 x is a v surpris+ "o4 ,i h se>*$ ,evolution lit]ature 9 va9 = any refutation ( ! ,erasmus ,d>w9ian sy/em 7= ?is is :at ,lam>ck's hypo!sis really is7 :i* ne$ make ! def5d]s ( t sy/em at all uneasy4 ,! be/ attempt at an answ] to ,erasmus ,d>w9 t has yet be5 made is 8,paley's ,natural ,!ology10 :i* 0 ?r\gh\t obvi\sly writt5 to meet ,buffon & ! 8,zoonomia40 ,x is ! mann] ( !ologians to say t su* & su* an objection 8has be5 refut$ ov] & ov] aga910 )\t at ! same "t tell+ u :5 & :]e2 x is to be regrett$ t ,mr4 ,wallace has "h tak5 a leaf out ( ! !ologians' book4 ,8 /atem5t is "o :i* w n pass mu/] ) ^? :om public op9ion is sure 9 ! end to foll[4 ,did ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 = example1 8repeat$ly & easily refute0 ,lam>ck's hypo!sis 9 8 brilliant article 9 ! ,lead]1 ,m>* #bj1 #aheb8 ,on ! contr>y1 t article is expressly direct$ aga9/ ^? 8:o cavali]ly reject ! hypo!sis ( ,lam>ck & 8 foll[]s40 ,?is article 0 writt5 six ye>s be=e ! words la/ quot$ f ,mr4 ,wallace2 h[ absolutely1 h[ev]1 does ! ^w 8cavali]ly0 apply to !m6 ,does ,isidore ,ge(froy1 aga91 be> ,mr4 ,wallace's ass]tion out bett]8 ,9 #ahei--t is to say1 b a %ort "t aft] ,mr4 ,wallace _h writt5--he wrote z foll[s3-- 8,su* 0 ! language :i* ,lam>ck he>d dur+ 8 protract$ old age1 sadd5$ alike by ! weight ( ye>s & bl9dness2 ?is 0 :at p did n hesitate to utt] ov] 8 grave yet b>ely clos$1 & :at inde$ !y are /ill say+--commonly too )\t any k ( :at ,lam>ck ma9ta9$1 b m]ely repeat+ at secondh& bad c>icatures ( 8 tea*+4 8,:5 w ! "t come :5 we may see ,lam>ck's !ory discuss$--&1 ,i may z well at once say1 refut$ 9 "s important po9ts #ahd;a--) at any rate ! respect due to "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ma/]s ( our sci5ce8 ,& :5 w ?is !ory1 ! h>dihood ( :i* has be5 greatly exagg]at$1 become fre$ f ! int]pretations & comm5t>ies by ! false light ( :i* s _m naturali/s h =m$ _! op9ion conc]n+ x8 ,if its au?or is to be condemn$1 let x be1 at any rate1 n be=e he has be5 he>d40 #ahd;b ,9 #ahgc ,m4 ,m>t9 publi%$ 8 edition ( ,lam>ck's 8,philosophie ,zoologique40 ,he 0 /ill able to say1 )1 ,i believe1 p]fect tru?1 t ,lam>ck's !ory has 8nev] yet _h ! hon\r ( be+ discuss$ s]i\sly40 #ahd;c ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 8 article on ,evolution is no less cavali] ?an ,mr4 ,wallace4 ,he writes3--#ahd;d 8,lam>ck introduc$ ! conception ( ! action ( an animal on itself z a factor 9 produc+ modification40 ,lam>ck did no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x 0 ,buffon & ,dr4 ,d>w9 :o introduc$ ?is1 b m especially ,dr4 ,d>w94 8,b a little consid]ation %[$0 7italics m9e7 8t ?\gh ,lam>ck _h seiz$ :at1 z f> z x goes1 is a true cause ( modification1 x is a cause ! actual effects ( :i* are :olly inadequate to acc\nt = any consid]able modification 9 animals1 & :i* c h no influ5ce :atev] 9 ! vegetable _w1 c40 ,i %\ld be v glad to come across "s ( ! 8little consid]ation0 :i* w %[ ?is4 ,i h se>*$ = x f> & wide1 & h nev] be5 able to f9d x4 ,i ?9k ,pr(essor ,huxley has be5 ex]cis+ "s ( 8 in]adicable t5d5cy to try to make ?+s cle> 9 ! article on ,evolution1 already s (t5 quot$ f4 ,we f9d him 7p4 #gej7 pooh-pooh+ ,lam>ck1 yet on ! next page he says1 8,h[ f> #8natural selection' suffices = ! production ( species rema9s to be se540 ,& ?is :5 8natural selection0 0 already s ne>ly ( age6 ,:y1 to ^? :o "k h[ to read betwe5 a philosoph]'s l9es1 ! s5t5ce comes to v ne>ly ! same z a decl>ation t ! writ] has no great op9ion ( 8natural selection40 ,pr(essor ,huxley cont9ues1 8,few c d\bt t1 if n ! :ole cause1 x is a v important factor 9 t op]ation40 ,a philosoph]'s words %\ld be weigh$ c>efully1 & :5 ,pr(essor ,huxley says 8few c d\bt10 we mu/ rememb] t he may be includ+ himself among ! few :om he consid]s to h ! p[] ( d\bt+ on ?is matt]4 ,he does n say 8few w10 b 8few c0 d\bt1 z ?\gh x 7 only ! enlight5$ :o w\ld h ! p[] ( do+ s4 ,c]ta9ly 8nature10--= ?is is :at 8natural selection0 comes to1--is r an important factor 9 ! op]ation1 b we d n ga9 mu* by be+ told s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,huxley nei!r believes 9 ! orig9 ( species1 ?r\gh s5se ( ne$ on ! "p ( animals !mselves1 nor yet 9 8natural selection10 we %\ld be glad to "k :at he does believe 94 ,! battle is "o ( great] importance ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,x is a battle betwe5 teleology & non-teleology1 betwe5 ! purposiv5ess & ! non-purposiv5ess ( ! organs 9 animal & vegetable bodies4 ,accord+ to ,erasmus ,d>w91 ,lam>ck1 & ,paley1 organs are purposive2 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s1 !y are n purposive4 ,b ! ma9 argum5ts aga9/ ! sy/em ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 are argum5ts :i*1 s f> z !y h any weight1 tell aga9/ evolution g5]ally4 ,n[ t ^! h be5 dispos$ (1 & ! prejudice aga9/ evolution has be5 ov]come1 x w be se5 t !re is no?+ to be said aga9/ ! sy/em ( ,dr4 ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck :i* does n tell ) f> great] =ce aga9/ t ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,wallace4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,william ,,br5don ,,& ,,son1 ,,ltd4 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,plym\? ,footnotes #j;a ,?is is ! date on ! title-page4 ,! preface is dat$ ,octob] #ae1 #ahhf1 & ! fir/ copy 0 issu$ 9 ,novemb] ( ! same ye>4 ,all ! dates are tak5 f ! ,bibliography by ,mr4 ,h4 ,fe/+ ,jones prefix$ to ! 8,extracts0 9 ! ,new ,qu>t]ly ,review 7#aiji74 #j;b ,i4e4 aft] p4 #bhe3 x be>s no numb] ( its own6 #j;c ,! di/9ction 0 m]ely implicit 9 8 publi%$ writ+s1 b has be5 pr9t$ s9ce 8 dea? f 8 8,notebooks10 ,new ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,april1 #aijh4 ,i _h develop$ ?is !sis1 )\t kn[+ ( ,butl]'s explicit anticipation 9 an article !n 9 ! press3 8,me*anism & ,life10 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,may1 #aijh4 #j;d ,! t]m has rec5tly be5 reviv$ by ,pr(4 ,hubre*t & by myself 7,contempor>y ,review1 ,novemb] #aijh74 #j;e ,see ,=tnightly ,review1 ,febru>y #aijh1 & ,contempor>y ,review1 ,septemb] & ,novemb] #aiji4 ,s9ce ^! publications ! hypnosis seems to h some:at weak5$4 #j;f ,a 8hormone0 is a *emical sub/ance :i*1 =m$ 9 "o "p ( ! body1 alt]s ! reactions ( ano!r "p1 normally = ! good ( ! organism4 #j;g ,mr4 ,h4 ,fe/+ ,jones fir/ direct$ my att5tion to ^! passages & _! be>+ on ! ,mutation ,!ory4 #j;i ,he says 9 a note1 8,?is g5]al type ( reaction 0 describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 a diff]5t connection by ,pflug] 9 #8,pflug]'s ,ar*iv4 f4d4 ges4 ,physiologie1' ,bd4 ,,xv40 ,! essay be>s ! significant title 8,die teleologis*e ,me*anik d] leb5dig5 ,natur10 & is a v rem>kable "o1 z com+ f an (ficial physiologi/ 9 #ahgg1 :5 ! *emico-physical s*ool 0 ne>ly at its z5i?4 #j;j 8,contributions to ! ,/udy ( ! ,l[] ,animals0 7#aijd71 8,modifiability 9 ,behavi\r0 & 8,me?od ( ,regulability 9 ,behavi\r & 9 o!r ,fields10 9 ,j\rn4 ,exp]im5tal ,zoology1 vol4 ii4 7#aije74 #j;h ,see 8,! ,h]$it>y ,transmission ( ,acquir$ ,*>act]s0 9 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,septemb] & ,novemb] #aijh1 9 :i* ref]5ces are giv5 to e>li] /atem5ts4 #jk ,semon's te*nical t]ms are exclusively tak5 f ! ,greek1 b z exp]i5ce tells t pla9 m5 9 ,engl& h a special dread ( su*like1 ,i h sub/itut$ 8impr9t0 = 8engram10 8outcome0 = 8ecphoria02 = ! latt] t]m ,i _h ?\ght ( 8eff]5ce10 8manife/ation10 etc41 b decid$ on :at look$ m homely1 & at ! same "t 0 q di/9ctive en\gh to avoid t confusion :i* ,semon has dodg$ ) 8 ,grcisms4 #jl 8,betwe5 ! #8me' ( to-day & ! #8me' ( ye/]day lie night & sleep1 abysses ( unconsci\sness2 nor is !re any bridge b memory ) :i* to span !m40--,unconsci\s ,memory1 p4 #ga4 #jm ,preface by ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 to 8,erasmus ,d>w940 ,! ,museum has copies ( a ,kosmos t 0 publi%$ #aheg-fj & !n discont9u$2 b ?is is cle>ly n ! ,kosmos ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,d>w91 :i* began to appe> 9 #ahgh4 #jn ,preface to 8,erasmus ,d>w940 #b ,may #ahhj4 #c ,kosmos1 ,febru>y #ahgi1 ,leipsic4 #d ,orig9 ( ,species1 ed4 i41 p4 #dei4 #h;a ,orig9 ( ,species1 ed4 i41 p4 #a4 #h;b ,kosmos1 ,febru>y #ahgi1 p4 #cig4 #h;c ,erasmus ,d>w91 by ,erne/ ,krause1 pp4 #acb1 #acc4 #i;a ,orig9 ( ,species1 ed4 i41 p4 #bdb4 #i;b ,ibid41 p4 #dbg4 #aj;a ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,novemb] #ahgh2 ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 pp4 #cfj4 #cfa4 #aj;b ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ed4 ix41 art4 8,evolution10 p4 #gdh4 #aa ,ibid4 #ag ,encycl4 ,brit41 ed4 ix41 art4 8,evolution10 p4 #gej4 #bc;a ,orig9 ( ,species1 #f? ed41 #ahgf1 p4 #bjf4 #bc;b ,ibid41 p4 #bcc4 #bd;a ,orig9 ( ,species1 #f? ed41 p4 #aga1 #ahgf4 #bd;b ,pp4 #beh-bfj4 #bf ,zoonomia1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhd2 ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 p4 #bad4 #bg 8,erasmus ,d>w910 by ,erne/ ,krause1 p4 #baa1 ,london1 #ahgi4 #bh;a ,see 8,evolution1 ,old & ,new10 p4 #ia1 & ,buffon1 tom4 iv4 p4 #chc1 ed4 #agec4 #bh;b ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 p4 #ajd4 #bi;a ,encycl4 ,brit41 #i? ed41 art4 8,evolution10 p4 #gdh4 #bi;b ,pal+nsie ,philosophique1 "p x4 *ap4 ii4 7quot$ f ,pr(essor ,huxley's article on 8,evolution10 ,encycl4 ,brit41 #i? ed41 p4 #gde74 #ca ,! note began ?us3 8,i h tak5 ! date ( ! fir/ publication ( ,lam>ck f ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire's 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gnrale tom4 ii4 p4 #dje1 #ahei7 excell5t hi/ory ( op9ion ^u ?is subject4 ,9 ?is "w a full acc\nt is giv5 ( ,buffon's fluctuat+ conclusions ^u ! same subject40--,orig9 ( ,species1 #c;d ed41 #ahfa1 p4 xiv4 #cc;a ,life ( ,erasmus ,d>w91 pp4 #hd1 #he4 #cc;b ,see ,life & ,habit1 p4 #bfd & pp4 #bgf1 #bgg4 #cc;c ,see ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 pp4 #aei-afe4 #cc;d ,ibid41 p4 #abb4 #cd ,see ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 pp4 #bdg1 #bdh4 #ce;a ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 ed4 #ahfj1 8,pro(s1 ,illu/rations1 c410 p4 lxiv4 #ce;b ,! fir/ ann\ncem5t 0 9 ! ,exam9]1 ,febru>y #bb1 #ahgi4 #cf ,saturday ,review1 ,may #ca1 #ahgi4 #cg;a ,may #bf1 #ahgi4 #cg;b ,may #ca1 #ahgi4 #cg;c ,july #bf1 #ahgi4 #cg;d ,july #ahgi4 #cg;e ,july #ahgi4 #cg;f ,july #bi1 #ahgi4 #cg;g ,janu>y #ahhj4 #ci ,h[ f> ,kosmos 0 8a well-kn[n0 j\rnal1 ,i _c det]m9e4 ,x _h j ent]$ ^u its second ye>4 #da ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 p4 #abj1 l9e #e4 #dc ,kosmos1 ,febru>y #ahgi1 p4 #cig4 #dd;a ,kosmos1 ,febru>y #ahgi1 p4 #djd4 #dd;b ,page #ci ( ?is volume4 #ej ,see ,app5dix ,a4 #eb ,s9ce publi%$ z 8,god ! ,kn[n & ,god ! ,unkn[n40 ,fifield1 #as4 #f;d4 net4 #aiji4 #ed;a 8,contemplation ( ,nature10 ,engl4 trans41 ,lond4 #aggf4 ,preface1 p4 xxxvi4 #ed;b ,ibid41 p4 xxxviii4 #ee ,life & ,habit1 p4 #ig4 #ef 8,! ,unity ( ! ,organic ,individual10 by ,edw>d ,montgom]y1 ,m9d1 ,octob] #ahhj1 p4 #dff4 #eh ,life & ,habit1 p4 #bcg4 #ei;a ,disc\rse on ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,l>dn]'s ,cab4 ,cyclo41 vol4 xcix4 p4 #bd4 #ei;b ,"y's ,lectures on ,natural ,philosophy1 ii4 #fbg4 ,see also ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahja-b4 #fc ,! lecture is publi%$ by ,k>l ,g]old's ,sohn1 ,vi5na4 #fi ,see quotation f ,bonnet1 p4 #ed ( ?is volume4 #gj ,pr(essor ,h]+ is n cle> "h4 ,vibrations 7if ,i und]/& 8 !ory rightly7 %\ld n be set up by fa9t /imuli f )94 ,:5ce & :at are ^! /imuli8 ,! vibrations )9 are already exi/+1 & x is !y :i* are ! /imuli to action4 ,on hav+ be5 once set up1 !y ei!r cont9ue 9 suffici5t =ce to ma9ta9 action1 or !y die d[n1 & become too weak to cause fur!r action1 & p]haps ev5 to be p]ceiv$ )9 ! m9d1 until !y receive an accession ( vibration f )\t4 ,! only 8/imulus f )90 t %\ld be able to g5]ate action is t :i* may foll[ :5 a vibration already e/abli%$ 9 ! body runs into ano!r simil> vibration already s e/abli%$4 ,on ?is consci\sness1 & ev5 action1 might be suppos$ to foll[ )\t ! pres5ce ( an ext]nal /imulus4 #ga ,?is expression seems h>dly applicable to ! ov]tak+ ( an int]nal by an ext]nal vibration1 b x is n inconsi/5t ) x4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 z frequ5tly else:]e1 ,i d\bt h[ f> ,pr(essor ,h]+ has fully realis$ 8 conception1 beyond be+1 l myself1 conv9c$ t ! ph5om5a ( memory & ( h]$ity h a common s\rce4 #gb ,see quotation f ,bonnet1 p4 #ed ( ?is volume4 ,by 8pres]v+ ! memory ( habitual actions0 ,pr(essor ,h]+ probably means1 reta9s = a long :ile & repeats motion ( a c]ta9 "* :5 su* motion has be5 once communicat$ to x4 #gd;a ,x %\ld n be 8if ! c5tral n]ve sy/em 7 n able to reproduce :ole s]ies ( vibrations10 b 8if :ole s]ies ( vibrations d n p]si/ ?\gh unp]ceiv$10 if ,pr(essor ,h]+ int5ds :at ,i suppose him to int5d4 #gd;b ,memory 0 9 full op]ation = s long a "t be=e any?+ l :at we call a n]v\s sy/em c be detect$1 t ,pr(essor ,h]+ mu/ n be suppos$ to be int5d+ to conf9e memory to a motor n]ve sy/em4 ,8 words d n ev5 imply t he does1 b x is z well to be on "o's gu>d4 #gg ,x is f su* passages z ?is1 & ^? t foll[ on ! next few pages1 t ,i collect ! impression ( ,pr(essor ,h]+'s mean+ :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to convey 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 #gh ,t is to say1 8an inf9itely small *ange 9 ! k9d ( vibration communicat$ f ! p>5t to ! g]m40 #gi ,x may be ask$ :at is meant by respond+4 ,i may repeat t ,i und]/& ,pr(essor ,h]+ to mean t !re exi/s 9 ! (fspr+ c]ta9 vibrations1 :i* are _m ( !m too fa9t to upset equilibrium & ?us g5]ate action1 until !y receive an accession ( =ce f )\t by ! runn+ into !m ( vibrations ( simil> *>act]i/ics to _! own1 :i* la/ vibrations h be5 set up by ext]ior objects4 ,on ?is !y become /rong en\gh to g5]ate t corporeal e>?quake :i* we call action4 ,?is may be true or n1 b x is at any rate intelligible2 :]eas mu* t is writt5 ab\t 8fray+ *annels0 raises no def9ite ideas 9 ! m9d4 #hj;a ,i int]pret ?is1 8,we _c wond] if (t5-repeat$ vibrations ga!r /r5g?1 & become at once m la/+ & requir+ less accession ( vibration f )\t1 9 ord] to become /rong en\gh to g5]ate action40 #hj;b 8,*>act]i/ics0 mu/1 ,i imag9e1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,h]+1 resolve !mselves ultimately into 8vibrations10 = ! *>act]i/ics dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! vibrations4 #ha ,pr(essor ,h>tog tells me t ?is probably ref]s to ,fritz ,mll]'s =mulation ( ! 8recapitulation process0 9 8,facts = ,d>w910 ,engli% edition 7#ahfi71 p4 #aad4--,r4,a4,s4 #hb ,?is is ! passage :i* makes me suppose ,pr(essor ,h]+ to mean t vibrations f ext]ior objects run into vibrations already exi/+ )9 ! liv+ body1 & t ! accession to p[] ?us d]iv$ is 8 key to an explanation ( ! physical basis ( action4 #hd ,i int]pret ?is3 8,!re are few] vibrations p]si/5t )9 ! bodies ( ! l[] animals2 ^? t !re are1 !re=e1 are /rong] & m capable ( g5]at+ action or upsett+ ! /atus 9 quo4 ,h5ce also !y require less accession ( vibration f )\t4 ,man is agitat$ by m & m v>i$ vibrations2 ^!1 int]f]+1 z to "s ext5t !y mu/1 ) "o ano!r1 are weak]1 & !re=e require m accession f )\t be=e !y c set ! me*anical adju/m5ts ( ! body 9 motion40 #hi ,i am oblig$ to ,mr4 ,sully = ?is excell5t translation ( 8,hellseh540 #ij;a ,we/m9/] ,review1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 xlix4 p4 #adc4 #ij;b ,ibid41 p4 #ade4 #ij;c ,ibid41 p4 #aea4 #ib;a 8,in/9ct i/ zweckmssiges ,h&eln ohne ,bewus/se9 des ,zwecks40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 ,b]l91 #ahga1 p4 #gj4 #ib;b 8#a4 ,e9e blosse ,folge d] krp]li*5 ,organisation4 8#b4 ,e9 von d] ,natur e+]i*tet] ,gehirn-od] ,gei/esme*anismus4 8#c4 ,e9e ,folge unbewus/] ,gei/e/hiitigkeit40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #gj4 #ig 8,hi]mit i/ d] ,annahme das ,ur!il gespro*51 wel*e die unbewus/e ,vor/ellung des ,zwecks 9 j$em e9zeln5 ,falle vorwiegt2 d5n wollte man nun no* die ,vor/ellung des ,gei/esme*anismus fe/halt5 s ms/e fr j$e ,v>iation und ,modification des ,in/9cts1 na* d5 uss]5 ,um/nd51 e9e besond]e con/ante ,vorri*tung 4 4 4 e+efgt se940--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s #c;d ed41 p4 #gd4 #ii 8,indess5 glaube i*1 dass die angefhrt5 ,beispiele zur ,g5ge beweis51 dass es au* viele ,flle giebt1 wo ohne j$e ,complication mit d] bewus/5 ,ueb]legung die gewhnli*e und auss]gewhnli*e ,h&lung aus d]selb5 ,quelle /amm51 dass sie entw$] beide wirkli*] ,in/9ct1 od] beide ,resultate bewus/] ,ueb]legung s9d40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #gf4 #ajj 8,dageg5 hab5 wir nunmehr uns]5 ,blick no* e9mal s*rf] auf d5 ,begriff e9es psy*is*5 ,me*anismus zu ri*t51 und da zeigt si*1 dass d]selbe1 abgeseh5 davon1 wie viel er erklrt1 s dunke li/1 dass man si* kaum etwas dabei d5k5 kann40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #gf4 #aja 8,das ,endgli$ tritt als bewus/] ,wille zu irg5d e9] ,h&lung auf2 beide s9d ab] ganz unglei*>tig und hab5 mit d] gewhnli*5 ,motivation ni*ts zu ?un1 wel*e auss*liessli* d>9 be/eht1 dass die ,vor/ellung e9] ,lu/ od] e9] ,unlu/ das ,begehr5 erzeugr1 er/]e zu erlang51 letzt]e si* f]n zu halt540--,ibid41 p4 #gf4 #ajb;a 8,diese causale ,v]b9dung fllt erfahrungsmssig1 wie wir von uns]n m5s*li*5 ,in/9ct5 wiss51 ni*t 9's ,bewussise92 folgli* kann dieselbe1 w5n sie e9 ,me*anismus se9 soll1 nur entw$] e9 ni*t 9's ,bewus/se9 fall5de me*anis*e ,leitung und ,umw&lung d] ,s*w+ung5 des vorge/ellt5 ,motivs 9 die ,s*w+ung5 d] gewollt5 ,h&lung im ,gehirn1 od] e9 unbewus/] gei/ig] ,me*anismus se940--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s #c;d ed41 p4 #gg4 #ajb;b 8,man hat si* also zwis*5 dem bewus/5 ,motiv1 und dem ,will5 zur ,in/ic?&lung e9e causale ,v]b9dung dur* unbewus/es ,vor/ell5 und ,woll5 zu d5k51 und i* weiss ni*t1 wie diese ,v]b9dung e9fa*] g$a*t w]d5 knnte1 als dur* d5 vorge/ellt5 und gewollt5 ,zweck4 ,damit s9d wir ab] bei dem all5 ,gei/]n eig5?mli*5 und imman5t5 ,me*anismus d] ,logik angelangt1 und hab5 die unbewus/] ,zweckvor/ellung bei j$] e9zeln5 ,in/9c?&lung als un5tbehrli*es ,gli$ gefund52 hi]mit hat also d] ,begrift des todt51 uss]li* prde/9irt5 ,gei/esme*anismus si* selb/ aufgehob5 und 9 das imman5te ,gei/esleb5 d] ,logik umgew&elt1 und wir s9d bei d] letzt5 ,mgli*keit angekomm51 wel*e fr die ,auffassung e9es wirkli*5 ,in/9cts brig bleibt3 d] ,in/9ct i/ bewus/es ,woll5 des ,mittels zu e9em unbewus/ gewollt5 ,zweck40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #gh4 #aje;a 8,also d] ,in/9ct ohne ,hlfsme*anismus die ,ursa*e d] ,ent/ehung des ,hlfsme*anismus i/40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #gi4 #aje;b 8,dass au* d] f]tige ,hlfsme*anismus das ,unbewus/e ni*t etwa zu dies] be/immt5 ,in/9c?&lung necessirt1 sond]n blosse prdisponirt40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #gi4 #aje;c 8,giebt es e95 wirkli*5 ,in/9ct1 od] s9d die sog5annt5 ,in/9c?&lung5 nur ,resultate bewus/] ,ueb]legung80--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #gi4 #aaa 8,dies] ,beweis i/ dadur* zu fhr52 er/5s dass die betreff5d5 ,?atsa*5 92 d] ,zukunft lieg51 und dem ,v]/&e die ,anhaltepunkte fehl51 um ihr zuknftiges ,e9tret5 aus d5 geg5wrtig5 ,v]hltniss5 zu ers*liess52 zweit5s1 dass die betreff5d5 ,?atsa*5 aug5s*e9li* d] s9nli*5 ,wahrnehmung v]s*loss5 lieg51 weil nur die ,erfahrung frh]] ,flle b] sie belehr5 kann1 und diese laut d] ,beoba*tung ausges*loss5 i/4 ,es wrde fr uns]e ,int]ess5 ke95 ,unt]s*i$ ma*51 w5n1 0 i* wahrs*e9li* halte1 bei =ts*reit5d] physiologis*] ,erk5ntniss alle jetzt fr d5 er/5 ,fall anzufhr5d5 ,beispiele si* als sol*e des zweit5 ,falls ausweis5 sollt51 wie dies unleugb> bei viel5 frh] gebrau*t5 ,beispiel5 s*on ges*eh5 i/2 d5n e9 aprioris*es ,wiss5 ohne j$5 s9nli*5 ,an/oss i/ wohl kaum wund]b>] zu n5n51 als e9 ,wiss51 wel*es zw> bei ,geleg5heit gewiss] s9nli*] ,wahrnehmung zu ,tage tritt1 ab] mit dies5 nur dur* e9e sol*e ,kette von ,s*lss5 und angew&t5 ,k5ntniss5 9 ,v]b9dung /eh5d g$a*t w]d5 knnte1 dass d]5 ,mgli*keit bei dem ,zu/&e d] ,fhigkeit5 und ,bildung d] betreff5d5 ,?i]e ents*i$5 geleugnet w]d5 muss40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #he4 #aac 8,man hat dieselbe j$]zeit an]kannt und mit d5 ,wort5 ,vorgefhl od] ,ahnung bezei*net2 indess bezieh5 si* diese ,wrte e9]seits nur auf zuknftiges1 ni*t auf geg5wrtiges1 rumli* getr5ntes ,unwahmehrnb>es1 &]seits bezei*n5 sie nur die leise1 dumpfe1 unbe/immte ,resonanz des ,bewus/se9s mit dem unfehlb> be/immt5 ,zu/&e d] unbewus/5 ,erk5ntniss4 ,dah] das ,wort ,vorgefhl 9 ,rcksi*t auf die ,dumpfheit und ,unbe/imm!it1 whr5d do* lei*t zu seh5 i/1 dass das von all51 au* d5 unbewus/5 ,vor/ellung5 entbls/e ,gefhl fr das ,resultat g> ke95 ,e9fluss hab5 kann1 sond]n nur e9e ,vor/ellung1 weil diese alle9 ,erk5ntniss en?lt4 ,die 9 ,bewus/se9 mitkl+5de ,ahnung kann all]d+s unt] ,um/nd5 ziemli* deutli* se91 s dass sie si* beim ,m5s*5 9 ,g$ank5 und ,wort fixir5 ls/2 do* i/ dies au* im ,m5s*5 erfahrungsmssig bei d5 eig5?mli*5 ,in/9ct5 ni*t d] ,fall1 vielmehr i/ bei dies5 die ,resonanz d] unbewus/5 ,erk5ntniss im ,bewus/se9 mei/5s s s*wa*1 dass sie si* wirkli* nur 9 begleit5d5 ,gefhl5 od] d] ,/immung uss]t1 dass sie e95 un5dli* kle95 ,bru*!il des ,geme+efhls bildet40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #hf4 #aae;a 8,9 d] ,be/immung des ,will5s dur* e95 im ,unbewus/5 lieg5d5 ,process 4 4 4 fr wel*5 si* dies] ,"* d] zweifellos5 ,selb/gewis%eit 9 all5 folg5d5 ,unt]su*ung5 bewhr5 wird40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 p4 #hg4 #aae;b 8,sond]n als unmittelb>] ,besitz vorgefund5 wird40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 p4 #hg4 #aae;c 8,hellseh540 #aai;a 8,das ,hellsehon des ,unbewus/5 hat sie d5 re*t5 ,weg ahn5 lass540--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 p4 #ij1 #c;d ed41 #ahga4 #aai;b 8,man wird do* wahrli* ni*t d5 ,?i]5 zumu!n woll51 dur* meteorologis*e ,s*lsse das ,wett] auf ,monate im ,voraus zu b]e*n51 ja sog> ,ueb]s*wemmung5 vorauszuseh54 ,vielmehr i/ e9e sol*e ,gefhlswahrnehmung geg5wrtig] atmosphris*] ,e9flsse ni*ts weit] als die s9nli*e ,wahrnehmung1 wel*e als ,motiv wirkt1 und e9 ,motiv muss ja do* imm] vorh&5 se91 w5n e9 ,in/9ct functionir5 soll4 ,es bleibt also trotzdem be/eh5 dass das ,vorausseh5 d] ,witt]ung e9 unbewus/es ,hellseh5 i/1 von dem d] ,/or*1 d] vi] ,wo*5 frh] na* ,sd5 aufbri*t1 s w5ig etwas weiss1 als d] ,hirs*1 d] si* vor e9em kalt5 ,w9t] e95 dick]5 ,pelz als gewhnli* wa*s5 ls/4 ,die ,?i]e hab5 eb5 e9]seits das geg5wrtige ,witt]ungsgefhl im ,bewus/se91 d>aus folgt &]]seits ihr ,h&eln g]ade s1 als ob sie die ,vor/ellung d] zuknftig5 ,witt]ung htt52 im ,bewus/se9 hab5 sie dieselbe ab] ni*t1 also bietet si* als e9zig natrli*es ,mittelgli$ die unbewus/e ,vor/ellung1 die nun ab] imm] e9 ,hellseh5 i/1 weil sie etwas en?lt1 0 dem ,?i] w$] dut* s9nli*e ,wahrnehmung direct gegeb5 i/1 no* dur* se9e ,v]/&esmittel aus d] ,wahrnehmung ges*loss5 w]d5 kann40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 p4 #ia1 #c;d ed41 #ahga4 #abd 8,mei/5!ils tritt ab] hi] d] hh]5 ,bewus/se9/ufe d] ,m5s*5 entspre*5d e9e /rkete ,resonanz des ,bewus/se9s mit dem bewus/5 ,hellseh5 h]vor1 die si* also mehr odor m9d] deutli*e ,ahnung d>/ellt4 ,auss]dem entspri*t es d] grss]5 ,selb//ndigkeit des m5s*li*5 ,intellects1 dass diese ,ahnung ni*t auss*liessli* ,behufs d] unmittelb>5 ,ausfhrung e9] ,h&lung e9tritt1 sond]n bisweil5 au* unabngig von d] ,b$+ung e9] mom5tan zu lei/5d5 ,t als blosse ,vor/ellung ohne bewus/5 ,will5 si* zeigte1 w5n nur die ,b$+ung erfllt i/1 dass d] ,geg5/& dieses ,ahn5s d5 ,will5 des ,ahn5d5 im ,allgeme95 9 hohem ,grade int]essirt40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #id4 #abf 8,hufig s9d die ,ahnung51 9 d55 das ,hellseh5 des ,unbewus/5 si* dem ,bewus/se9 (f5b>t1 dunkel1 unv]/ndli* und symbolis*1 weil sie im ,gehirn s9nli*e ,=m annehm5 mss51 whr5d die unbewus/e ,vor/ellung an d] ,=m d] ,s9nli*keit ke9 ,!il hab5 kann40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #if4 #abh 8,eb5so weil es diese ,reihe nur 9 ge/eig]t] ,bewus/se9resonanz =tsetzt1 /tzt es j5e ,aussag5 d] ,in/9c?&lung5 h] ihr eig5es ,wes5 eb5so sehr10 c4--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #ig4 #abi 8,wir w]d5 trotzdem diese gome9same ,wirkung e9es ,mass59/9cts 9 d] ,ent/ehung d] ,spra*e und d5 gross5 politis*5 und social5 ,bewegung5 9 d] ,woltges*i*te deutli* wi$] erk5n52 hi] h&elt es si* um mgli*/ e9fa*e und deutli*e ,beispiele1 und d>um greif5 wir zu ni$]5 ,?i]51 wo die ,mittel d] ,g$ank5mit!ilung bei fehl5d] ,/imme1 ,mimik und ,physiognomie s unvollkomm5 s9d1 dass die ,ueb]e9/immung und das ,ine9&]greif5 d] e9zeln5 ,lei/ung5 9 d5 ,hauptsa*5 unmgli* d] bewus/5 ,v]/ndigung dur* ,spra*e zuges*rieb5 w]d5 d>f40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #ih4 #aca;a 8,und wie dur* ,in/9ct dot ,plan des ganz5 ,/ocks 9 unbewus/em ,hellseh5 j$] e9zeln5 ,bi5e e9wohnt40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #ii4 #aca;b 8,indem j$es ,individuum d5 ,plan des ,ganz5 und ,smmtli*e geg5w>tig zu ergreif5de ,mittel im unbewus/5 ,hellseh5 hat1 wovon ab] nut das ,e9e1 0 ihm zu ?un obliegt1 9 se9 ,bewus/se9 fllt40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #ii4 #acb 8,d] ,in/9ct i/ ni*t ,resultat bewus/] ,ueb]legung1 ni*t ,folge d] krp]li*5 ,organisation1 ni*t blosses ,resultat e9es 9 d] ,organisation des ,gehirns geleg55 ,me*anismus1 ni*t ,wirkung e9es dem ,gei/e von auss5 angeklebt5 todt51 se9em inn]/5 ,wes5 fremd5 ,me*anismus1 sond]n selb/eig5e ,lei/ung des ,individuum aus se9em inn]/5 ,wes5 und ,"* entspr+5d40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #ajj4 #acc 8,hufig i/ die ,k5ntniss des ,zwecks d] bewus/5 ,erk5ntniss dur* s9nli*e ,wahrnehmung g> ni*t zugngli*2 dann docum5tirt si* die ,eig5?mli*keit des ,unbewus/5 im ,hellseh51 von wel*em das ,bewus/se9 !ils n> e9e v]s*w9d5d dumpfe1 !ils au* nam5tli* beim ,m5s*5 mehr od] m9d] deutli*e ,resonanz als ,ahnung v]sptt40--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #ajj4 #ace 8,und e9e s dmonis*e ,gewalt sollte dur* etwas ausgebt w]d5 knnon1 0 als e9 dem inn]5 ,wes5 fremd] ,me*anismus dem ,gei/e aufgepfropft i/1 od] g> dur* e9e bewus/e ,ueb]legung1 wel*e do* /ets nur im kahl5 ,egoismus /eck5 bleibt10 c4--,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 #c;d ed41 p4 #aja4 #aci;a ,page #ajj ( ?is vol4 #aci;b ,pp4 #ajf1 #ajg ( ?is vol4 #adj ,page #ajj ( ?is vol4 #ada ,page #ii ( ?is vol4 #add;a ,see page #aae ( ?is volume4 #add;b ,page #ajd ( ?is vol4 #adf ,! ,_s ( ,nature4 ,j4 ,a4 ,*ur*ill ,co41 #ahhj1 p4 #ci4 #adi ,i h put ^! words into ! m\? ( my suppos$ objector1 & %all put o!rs l !m1 because !y are *>act]i/ic2 b no?+ c become s well kn[n z to escape be+ an inf]5ce4 #aec ,ere:on1 *ap4 xxiii4 #afj ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is passage is put z if 9 ! m\? ( an objector4 #agg;a 8,! ,unity ( ! ,organic ,individual10 by ,edw>d ,montgom]y4 ,m9d1 ,octob] #ahhj1 p4 #dgg4 #agg;b ,ibid41 p4 #dhc4 #agi;a ,pr(essor ,huxley1 ,encycl4 ,brit41 #i? ed41 art4 ,evolution1 p4 #gej4 #agi;b 8,hume10 by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 p4 #de4 #ahj 8,! ,philosophy ( ,crayfi%es10 by ! ,"r ,rev4 ! ,"l ,bi%op ( ,c>lisle4 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury = ,octob] #ahhj1 p4 #fcf4 #aha;a ,les ,am\rs des ,plantes1 p4 #cfj4 ,p>is1 #ahjj4 #aha;b ,philosophie ,zoologique1 tom4 i4 p4 #bca4 ,ed4 ,m4 ,m>t94 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 #ahb;a ,j\rnal ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society4 ,williams ,norgate1 #aheh1 p4 #fa4 #ahb;b ,contributions to ! ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection1 #b;d ed41 #ahga1 p4 #da4 #ahb;c ,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #a1 ed4 #ahgb4 #ahc;a ,orig9 ( ,species1 #f? ed41 p4 #bjf4 ,i ought 9 fairness to ,mr4 ,d>w9 to say t he does n hold ! error to be q z s]i\s z he once did4 ,x is n[ 8a s]i\s error0 only2 9 #ahei x 0 8! mo/ s]i\s error40--,orig9 ( ,species1 #a/ ed41 p4 #bji4 #ahc;b ,orig9 ( ,species1 #a/ ed41 p4 #bdb2 #f? ed41 p4 #bcc4 #ahd;a ,i nev] c\ld f9d :at ^! p>ticul> po9ts 74 #ahd;b ,isidore ,ge(froy1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541 tom4 ii4 p4 #djg1 #ahei4 #ahd;c ,m4 ,m>t9's edition ( ! 8,philosophie ,zoologique0 7,p>is1 #ahgc71 ,introduction1 p4 vi4 #ahd;d ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #i? ed41 p4 #gej4