,,pictorial ,,beauty ,,on ,,! ,,scre5 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,bo/on ,,*icago ,,dallas ,,atlanta ,,san ,,francisco ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,london ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto ,illu/ration3 ,f ,! ,cov]$ ,wagon4 ,! ri* v>iety ( light & %ad[ 9 ?is sc5e1 comb9$ ) ! simple /r5g? ( ! mov+ patt]n1 makes x "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ sections 9 a rem>kable photoplay4 ,see pages #i1 #ff & #adj4 ,,pictorial ,,beauty ,,on ,,! ,,scre5 ,,by ,,victor ,,osc> ,,freeburg1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,art ,,( ,,photoplay ,,mak+10 ,,& 8,,disguise ,,plots ,,9 ,,elizabe?an ,,drama40 ,,) ,a ,,prefatory ,,note ,,by ,,rex ,,+ram ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aibc ,all rights res]v$ ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica4 ,,copyright1 #aibc1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aibc4 ,to ,,james ,,cruze ,because ! ,v>i\s ,types ( ,pictorial ,beauty ,describ$ 9 ?is ,book ,may ,be ,se5 ,ri*ly ,bl5d$ ) ,epic ,n>rative & ,/irr+ ,drama 9 8,! ,cov]$ ,wagon10 a ,c9ema ,composition ,t ,w ,live ,,prefatory ,,note ,by ,,rex ,,+ram1 ,director ( ! 8,f\r ,horsem5 ( ! ,apocalypse10 8,sc>am\*e10 etc41 etc4 ,9 ?is volume ,dr4 ,freeburg cont5ds t 9 ord] to be classifi$ among ! ,arts1 ! ,c9ema mu/ become some?+ m ?an a s]ies ( cle> photographs ( ?+s 9 motion4 ,9 o!r words1 a motion picture mu/ be compos$ ( sc5es t h c]ta9 pictorial qualifications1 su* z =m1 composition1 & a prop] di/ribution ( light & %ade4 ,x is *iefly accord+ to ! degree 9 :i* ^! qualities are pres5t 9 a picture1 t x c regi/] ! full effectiv5ess ( its drama1 *>act]izations & atmosph]e4 ,dr4 ,freeburg h&les 8 subject cle>ly & compreh5sively1 & ,i "k t ! majority :o read ?is book w ga9 a great deal m enjoym5t ?an previ\sly f productions ( ! calibre ( 8,brok5 ,blossoms10 8,dr4 ,calig>i10 8,bl9d ,husb&s10 8,dr4 ,jekyll & ,mr4 ,hyde10 8,nanook ( ! ,nor?10 & films m num]\s ?an ,i c m5tion by su* picture mak]s z ,messrs4 ,griffi?1 ,sea/rom1 ,t\rneur1 ,von ,/roheim & ,lubits*4 ,,rex ,,+ram4 ,augu/ #e?1 #aibc4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,if ,i look ^u a motion picture z a k9d ( sub/itute = "s /age play or novel1 x seems to me a poor ?+1 only a sub/itute = some?+ bett]2 b if ,i look ^u x z some?+ real 9 itself1 a new =m ( pictorial art 9 :i* ?+s h someh[ be5 conjur$ into significant motion1 !n ,i get _m a glimpse ( t\*+ beauty1 & ,i always see a great range ( possibilities = ri*] beauties 9 future examples ( ?is new art4 ,!n ,i see ! motion picture z ! equal ( any ( ! eld] arts4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i enjoy ! movies z pictures1 & ,i d n enjoy !m z any?+ else b pictures4 ,yet x is on ! pictorial side t ! movies are n[ 9 greate/ ne$ ( improvem5t4 ,& ?is ne$ w probably cont9ue = at lea/ ano!r t5 ye>s4 ,i feel t a book su* z ?is may prove to be ( consid]able help 9 br++ ab\t t improvem5t4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ?is is ! fir/ book 9 :i* a sy/ematic analysis ( pictorial composition on ! scre5 has be5 attempt$1 al?\gh !re are c]ta9 e>li] books 9 :i* ! pictorial art ( ! scre5 has be5 apprais$ )\t analysis1 ! pione] "w 9 t class be+ ,va*el ,l9dsay's 8,art ( ! ,mov+ ,picture40 ,! mo/ orig9al ?+s 9 my pres5t volume are to be f\nd 9 ! *apt]s on 8,pictorial ,motions0--or1 at lea/1 !y ought to be !re1 else ,i am to blame1 because t is ! phase ( c9ematic art :i* has hi!rto receiv$ ! lea/ att5tion f critics4 8,movie fans0 9 g5]al are my audi5ce1 my hope be+ t !y may f9d some?+ new 9 ?is discussion1 some?+1 "h & !re1 :i* !y _h n !mselves ?\ght (1 b :i* w help !m t[>d a consci\s & ke5 enjoym5t ( beauty sc>cely obs]v$ be=e1 & to a m c]ta9 discrim9ation betwe5 g5u9e art on ! scre5 & m]e pret5ti\s imitations ( art4 ,9 ord] n to confuse ! issue1 ,i h purposely omitt$ discussions ( plot1 dramatic situation1 *>act]ization1 etc41 except :]e ^! matt]s are s intimately connect$ ) pictorial =m t an omission w\ld be impossible4 ,9 %ort1 x is :at ! picture looks l1 r ?an :at x tells1 :i* "h occupies our att5tion4 ,?is /udy is1 !re=e1 supplem5t>y to my book 8,! ,art ( ,photoplay ,mak+10 :i* is publi%$ by ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,mr4 ,james ,o4 ,spe>+1 :o 0 = five ye>s ! di/+ui%$ motion picture critic on ! ,new ,york ,times1 & is n[ on ! production /aff ( ! ,goldwyn ,pictures ,corporation1 has be5 k9d en\gh to criticize ! manuscript ( ! pres5t "w1 & ,i take pride 9 ?ank+ him publicly = hav+ ?us s]v$ me ) 8 ext5sive k & cultivat$ ta/e4 ,v4 ,o4 ,f4 ,! ,national ,arts ,club1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,augu/ #bg?1 #aibc4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,pictorial ,,art ,,9 ,,! ,,movies #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,practical ,,value ,,( ,,pictorial ,,composition #i ,,iii4 ,,eye ,,te/s ,,= ,,beauty #be ,,iv4 ,,pictorial ,,=ce ,,9 ,,fix$ ,,patt]ns #ej ,v4 ,,rhy?m ,,& ,,repose ,,9 ,,fix$ ,,design #fh ,,vi4 ,,motions ,,9 ,a ,,picture #hc ,,vii4 ,,pictorial ,,motions ,,at ,,"w #ig ,,viii4 ,,pictorial ,,motions ,,at ,,play #aaf ,,ix4 ,,pictorial ,,motions ,,at ,,re/ #abh ,x4 ,,ma/]y ,,9 ,,! ,,movies #aed ,,xi4 ,,! ,,my/]i\s ,,emotions ,,( ,,art #agh ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations 8,! ,cov]$ ,wagon40 ,prairie ,sc5e ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page 8,! ,pl\gh ,girl0 #aa 8,! ,%eph]dess40 ,by ,le,rolle #ba 8,! ,spell ( ! ,yukon40 ,cab9 ,sc5e #bh ,a ,/udy ( ,composition 9 8,! ,spell ( ! ,yukon0 #bh 8,daylight & ,lamplight40 ,by ,paxton #ci ,a ,/udy ( ,l9es #ci 8,audrey0 #de ,a ,/ill ,illu/rat+ ,misplac$ ,emphasis #ee ,a ,specim5 ( ,bad ,composition #ee 8,! ,spell ( ! ,yukon40 ,ext]ior #eg ,a ,triangle ,patt]n #fa 8,d]by ,day40 ,by ,r[l&son #fd ,a ,/udy ( ,composition 9 8,d]by ,day0 #fd 8,m>ia ,rosa0 #ga 8,mme4 ,le,brun & ,h] ,daught]40 ,by ,mme4 ,le,brun #gf 8,polly ( ! ,circus0 #gi 8,banquet ( ! ,(fic]s ( ,/4 ,&rew40 ,by ,hals #gi 8,! ,cov]$ ,wagon40 ,arroyo ,sc5e #ic ,a ,typical ,bad ,movie ,composition #ajj 8,%]lock ,holmes0 #ajj 8,! ,f\r ,horsem5 ( ! ,apocalypse0 #acc 8,portrait ( ,*>les ,i40 ,by ,van ,dyck #afc 8,! ,cab9et ( ,dr4 ,calig>i0 #agi ,pictorial ,beauty ,on ! ,scre5 ,,*apt] ,i ,,pictorial ,,art ,,9 ,,! ,,movies ,va/ armies ( 8movie fans0 9 mass$ =mation move 9 & out ( ! !at]s day aft] day & night aft] night4 ,!y may be trampl$ on1 /umbl$ ov]1 suffocat$2 !y may h to wait we>ily = seats & ev5 = a glimpse ( ! scre51 & yet !y come1 drawn by a lure :i* !y nev] dream ( d5y+4 ,yet ! individuals 9 ^! cr[ds are n ! helpless victims ( mob impulses4 ,*oose ! av]age p]son among !m1 & y w f9d t he is able to criticize :at he sees4 ,he has develop$ no small degree ( arti/ic ta/e dur+ all ! hundr$s ( nights :i* he has sp5t ) eyes fix$ ^u ! scre54 ,he c1 at lea/1 tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 a dull1 common-place plot & "o t is orig9al & ?rill+4 ,he c di/+ui% betwe5 ! reasonable & ! ridicul\s4 ,he is p]fectly aw>e t mu* ( :at he sees is pla9 8bunk10 t x is false1 or silly1 or ( no consequ5ce2 & yet1 aft] wait+ pati5tly1 he is quick to cat* ! hone/ message ( significant tru? :5 x comes4 ,he is tra9$ 9 ! appreciation ( scre5 act+1 & does n confuse m]e %[y p]=mance ) s9c]e1 sympa!tic int]pretation ( a dramatic "*4 ,& n[1 at la/1 ! 8av]age movie fan0 is beg9n+ to dem& t motion pictures h real pictorial beauty1 t !y be some?+ m ?an cle> photographs ( ?+s 9 motion4 ,"h we h /ruck ! measure ( ! motion picture's possibilities z a new art4 ,! masses :o pay = tickets h ! situation entirely 9 _! h&s4 ,photoplays are improv+ ye> by ye> pr9cipally because ! public wants bett] photoplays ye> by ye>4 ,:5 ! movies 7 new1 p 7 satisfi$ ) novelties1 me*anical tricks1 s5sational 8/unts10 pictures ( s5sational p1 pictures ( pretty places1 etc41 b1 al?\gh !y appreciat$ :at 0 call$ good photography1 !y express$ no crav+ = g5u9e pictorial beauty4 ,lat] on came ! craze = adaptations ( popul> novels & /age plays to ! scre54 ,?is 0 really a great /ep =w>d4 ,! motion picture 0 no long] a m]e toy or trick1 b 0 be+ look$ ^u z a real art m$ium4 ,! public _h develop$ a ta/e = ! excit+1 cle>ly told /ory1 & ?is dem& 0 satisfi$ by hundr$s ( excell5t photoplays--excell5t1 at lea/1 accord+ to ! /&>ds ( ! day4 ,yet ! 8fans0 might h ask$ = m4 ,!y got ! /ory ( a fam\s novel or play1 ) fairly well act$ int]pretations by scre5 folk 9 prop] co/umes1 & ) sc5es & sett+s t usually answ]$ to ! descriptions 9 ! lit]>y "w adapt$2 !y ev5 got1 "h & !re1 a 8pretty0 view or a *ance gr\p+ ( /rik+ beauty1 b !y did n regul>ly get1 or ask =1 ! k9d ( beauty :i* we are accu/om$ to f9d 9 ! ma/]pieces ( pa9t+4 ,b ta/e has be5 develop$ by ta/+1 & at la/ ! crav+ = pictorial art has come4 ,along ) ?is new public dem& = bett] pictorial qualities 9 ! motion pictures h come high] ideals to ^? :o make & di/ribute motion pictures4 ,! produc]s are awak5+ to _! opportunities4 ,!y are no long] cont5t ) resurrect+ defunct /age plays & picturiz+ !m hurri$ly1 ) only en\gh additions to ! b>e plot to make ! photoplay la/ five reels4 ,x is n n[ s mu* a "q ( fix+ ov] some?+ old1 z ( con/ruct+ some?+ new4 ,!y are beg9n+ to ?9k 9 t]ms ( pictorial motion4 ,! directors1 too--^? :o h n be5 =c$ out ( ! /udios by _! lack ( ability--h le>n$ _! art ( pictorial composition 9 mu* ! same way z ! public has develop$ its ta/e1 t is1 by exp]i5ce4 ,once !y seem$ to ?9k t x 0 en\gh to tell ! h]o9e :5 to sob or raise h] eyebr[s2 n[ !y realize t ! l9es & patt]n ( ! entire figure %\ld be pictorially relat$ to e o!r l9e & patt]n :i* is to be record$ by ! cam]a & %[n ^u ! scre54 ,&1 f9ally1 along ) ! director's rise 9 p[] & importance is com+ ! bett] subord9ation ( ! 8/>s10 & yet !y %9e n ! less brightly on ! scre54 ,! e>ly exhibitors 7 (t5 accus$ ( be+ 8ballyhoo0 m51 hawk+ _! w>es ( m or less que/ionable "*4 ,mo/ ( !m1 inde$1 nev] suspect$ t motion pictures might conta9 beauty4 ,n[ ! wor/ ( !m c at lea/ be class$ ) picture deal]s :o value _! goods because o!rs love !m1 :ile ! be/1 includ+ su* m5 z ,dr4 ,hugo ,ries5feld1 h made exhibition itself a new art4 ,!y select pictures ) consci5ti\s ta/e1 place !m 9 a h>moni\s program1 & %[ !m 9 a !atrical sett+ t gives ! "r mood = /hetic appreciation on ! "p ( ! audi5ce4 ,publicity m51 too1 h felt ! temp] ( ! public4 ,al?\gh !y /ill l to exploit s5sational features1 ! language ( art is creep+ into _! 8dope40 ,!y are beg9n+ to f9d phrases = ! k9d ( beauty 9 a film :i* does n come f a ravi%+ 8/>0 or ! lavi% exp5diture ( money4 ,& ! indep5d5t review]s ^: criticisms are publi%$ 9 ! newspap]s & magaz9es h become pr(essional4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 !y cont5t$ !mselves ) li/+ ! ca/1 reveal+ ! plot 9 a p>agraph1 & add+ t 8! photography is excell5t40 ,b n[ we f9d ?\ghtful1 discrim9at+ criticisms ( photoplays 9 ! film magaz9es & 9 ! lead+ daily pap]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,^! critics h le>n$ h[ to analyze ! n>rative z a dramatic con/ruction1 & h[ to evaluate ! int]pretation ( "* 9 ! act+1 b !y h also le>n$ some?+ else1 & ?is belongs to ! new epo* 9 ! developm5t ( ! photoplay2 !y h begun to obs]ve ! pictorial art 9 motion pictures1 ! endless possibilities ( beauty 9 ! pictorial comb9ation ( figure1 sett+1 & action2 9 ! arrangem5t ( l9es & masses1 ( lights & %ad[s1 & 9 ! fasc9at+ rhy?ms ( movem5t on ! scre54 ,?is consci\s desire = beauty on ! scre51 :i* is spr++ up all along ! l9e1 f ! produc] to ! ultimate 8fan10 has naturally l$ to public discussion4 ,9 s*ool room & *ur*1 on 8lot0 & 8location10 9 (fice & /udio1 9 club or casual gr\p1 m5 & wom5 are try+ to f9d words & phrases to express ! c9ematic beauty :i* !y h s5s$4 ,& by t discussion !y are %>p5+ _! s5ses = ! discov]y ( ri*] beauty 9 ! films t are to come4 ,my contribution to t discussion has tak5 ! =m ( ?is book1 & my aim has be51 fir/1 to collect ! topics :i* are connect$ ) ! purely pictorial side ( ! movies1 &1 second1 to =mulate my conception ( "s ( ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! creation ( pictorial beauty on ! scre54 ,i h endeavor$ to see my subject f v>i\s angles1 assum+ at times ! position ( ! s5sitive spectator & at times /&+1 z x 71 beside ! av]age director1 & presum+ to sugge/ to him :at he ought to d to please t spectator4 ,to beg9 )1 let u take c>e to avoid "s ( ! common pitfalls ( photoplay criticism4 ,x has be5 a common error to judge a photoplay z ?\gh x 7 a k9d ( visualiz$ book4 ,_m ( u h slipp$ into ! mi/ake ( expect+ motion photographs to give u ! same k9d ( pleasure :i* we get f pr9t$ or spok5 words4 ,b let u und]/& f n[ on t ! beauty ( a design-&-motion art mu/ ( necessity be q diff]5t f ! beauty ( a ^w-&-voice art4 ,?is means t we %all h to get out ( ! habit ( us+ expressions l 8,he is writ+ a photoplay40 ,a writ] might inde$ devise a /ory = a motion picture play1 z he might orig9ate & describe an idea = a pa9t+1 b x w\ld n 9 ei!r case be prop] to say t he _h writt5 ! picture4 ,?is book is n a /udy ( words1 phrases1 s5t5ces1 p>agraphs1 etc4 ,x does n deal ) lit]>y expression4 ,x deals ) fix$ & mov+ designs1 ! ?+s :i* ! spectator actually sees1 ! only =ms :i* actually hold & pres5t ! cont5ts ( a photoplay4 ,at times we %all1 ( c\rse1 be oblig$ to say some?+ ab\t ! famili> 8sub-titles10 :i* int]rupt ! pictorial fl[ 9 a film4 ,b ^w-=ms are n *>act]i/ic photoplay =ms4 ,fundam5tally1 a photoplay is a sequ5ce ( motion pictures1 & a man c no m write ^? pictures ?an he c write a r[ ( pa9t+s on a wall4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld be unfair to say t a writ] c\ld n 9 "s way l5d a h& 9 ! mak+ ( a motion picture2 we m]ely insi/ t ! f9i%$ picture %\ld n be judg$ z writ+4 ,we mu/ also get rid ( ! notion t 8photoplays are act$40 ,x w\ld h>dly be fur!r f ! tru? to say t pa9t+s are pos$4 ,a f9i%$ pa9t+ may1 9 fact1 conta9 ! image ( "s p]son :o has pos$ = ! arti/2 b ! pa9t+ conta9s some?+ else f> m significant4 ,we _c ?ank ,raphael's model = ! beauty ( 8,! ,si/9e ,madonna10 nor c we ?ank ,*>les ,i4 ( ,engl& = ! beauty ( ,van ,dyck's portraits ( him4 ,turn+ to movies1 x mu/ be admitt$ t actors are trem5d\sly important1 b x mu/ n be said t !y act motion pictures4 ,!y only act :ile motion pictures are be+ made4 ,we _c ?ank !m = ! poignant beauty ( gl[+ lights & fall+ %ad[s1 ( fl[+ l9es1 & melt+ =ms1 & all t /range evanesc5ce t makes up ! lure ( c9ematic =ms4 ,also we mu/ reject ! !ory t ! arti/ic quality ( a photoplay c be gu>ante$ by engag+ s-call$ art directors :o design backgr\nds or select natural sett+s = ! action ( ! film /ory4 ,! picture :i* we see on ! scre5 consi/s n ( backgr\nds alone2 x is r an ev]-v>y+ design ( mov+ figures comb9$ ) a fix$ or *ang+ backgr\nd4 ,if an art director limits 8 "w to ! prep>ation ( mat]ial environm5t ( photoplay action1 he is1 by def9ition1 responsible only = ! place-elem5t 9 ! motion picture4 ,ev5 if he 7 to design co/umes & g5]al equipm5t = ! play]s he w\ld /ill be responsible = only a "p ( ! pictorial elem5ts t appe> ^u ! scre54 ,plot1 p]=m]s1 places1 equipm5t--^! are only ! mat]ials :i* a picture-mak] puts into c9ematic =ms4 ,! art does n lie 9 ! sep>ate mat]ials2 x lies 9 ! organization ( ^? mat]ials1 a process :i* may be call$ c9ema composition4,a ,9 a lat] *apt] we %all discuss ! proposition t ! motion picture director is1 or c]ta9ly %\ld be1 ! ma/] c9ema compos]4 ,"h we simply want to make ! po9t t criticism %\ld conc]n itself ) ! f9i%$ composition z a :ole & n ) ! p>ts alone4 ,! critic :o is int]e/$ only 9 ! plot con/ruction ( photoplays may inde$ be able to make p5etrat+ comm5t ^u su* dramatic qualities z susp5se1 logic1 etc41 b he _c !reby give u any in=mation on ^? visual aspects :i* please or displease ! eye :ile ! picture is %[+4 ,?us also ! critic :o looks only at ! act+ 9 ! photoplay is likely to be misl$ & to mislead u4 ,he may n obs]ve1 = example1 t a film :i* has bad jo9+ ( sc5es1 or a bad comb9ation ( figure & sett+1 is a bad c9ema composition1 h[ev] sup]b ! act+ may be4 ,& ! critic :o writes1 8,! photography is excell5t10--a rubb]-/amp criticism--is ( no help to art-lov]s1 because ! photography z su* may inde$ be excell5t :ile ! composition ( ! sc5es photograph$ is atroci\s4 ,c9ema criticism1 to be ( any real value to ! 8movie fan10 mu/ be complete4 ,& t means t he mu/ be enlight5$ conc]n+ ! nature ( pictorial design & pictorial progression1 z well z conc]n+ ! plot1 ! act+1 & ! me*anics ( photography4 ,a ,! t]ms 8c9ema compos]0 & 8c9ema composition0 7 devis$ by ! au?or 9 #aiaf1 at ! "t :5 he & 8 /ud5ts f\nd$ ! ,c9ema ,compos]s ,club at ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,all ( u are beg9n]s 9 ?is pione] "w ( analyz+ ! motion picture z a design-&-motion art4 ,b ! prize is well wor? ! adv5ture4 ,c]ta9ly ! dang] ( mak+ mi/akes ne$ n al>m u unduly1 = ev5 a mi/ake may be int]e/+ & helpful4 ,at ! />t we ne$ to %>p5 our insight by le>n+ z mu* ab\t ! gramm> ( pictorial art z we "k ab\t ! gramm> ( language1 by respect+ ! logic ( l9e & tone z highly z ! logic ( fictiti\s ev5ts1 by pay+ tribute to orig9ality 9 ! patt]n ( pictorial motions no less ?an to ! novelty 9 fre% dramatic situations4 ,beyond t ! prospect is allur+4 ,our new und]/&+ w give u great] enjoym5t ( ! pictorial beauty :i* ev5 n[ comes to ! scre51 & ! rumor ( t enjoym5t1 s\nd+ ?r\gh ! /udios1 w assure ( u ( /ill great] beauty 9 ! future4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,practical ,,value ,,( ,,pictorial ,,composition ,! production manag] ( a l>ge motion picture /udio 9 ,new ,york once decl>$ to ! au?or t he 0 8aga9/ arti/ry 9 ! movies because x usually spoils ! picture40 8,emotion's :at gets 'em1 n art10 he add$4 8,besides1 a director has to %oot ?irty or =ty sc5es a day1 & hasn't got any "t to fool away ) art notions40 ,any "o :o has se5 8,! ,cov]$ ,wagon0 7direct$ by ,james ,cruze = ! ,fam\s ,play]s-,lasky ,corporation7 kn[s t su* talk is nons5se4 ,?is rem>kable photoplay *>ms ! eye1 appeals to ! imag9ation1 & /irs ! emotions--all 9 ! same 8%ot40 ,"o c nev] =get ! pictorial beauty 9 ^? magnific5t expanses ( b>r5 prairie1 trav]s$ by ! long tra9 ( cov]$ wagons1 a :ite l9e w9d+ 9 sl[ rhy?m1 :ile a s(tly ris+ cl\d ( du/ bl5ds ! tones ( ! curv+ canvas tops & ( ! w9d-bl[n sage bru%4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! wagon tra9 becomes a /rik+ pictorial motif1 &1 :e!r x is se5 creep+ across ! prairie1 foll[+ ! bank ( a riv]1 climb+ t[>d a pass 9 ! m\nta9s1 /ret*+ out1 a ?9 black *a9 ( silh\ettes on ! horizon1 curv+ itself along ! palisade-l walls ( an arroyo1 or halt$ 9 sn[ aga9/ a backgr\nd ( ,oregon p9es1 x always adds emphasis to ! int5se drama ( ! pione]s battl+ aga9/ ! h>d%ips ( ! trail 9 '#dh & '#di4 ,"h is entranc+ *ange & fl[ ( patt]n1 b "h is human /riv+ & p]=mance1 too2 & ! emotions ( ! audi5ce are t\*$ m directly & m deeply because picture & drama h be5 fus$ into a s+le art4 ,%ortly aft] 8,! ,cov]$ ,wagon0 _h op5$ 9 ,new ,york an executive ( a c]ta9 film company 0 he>d to rem>k1 8,well1 no wond] x's a success4 ,x co/ #gjj1jjj to make x6 ,any "o c\ld take t mu* money & make a great picture40 ,i consid] t reflection highly unju/ & ! argum5t entirely fallaci\s4 ,good pictorial composition does n necess>ily co/ a c5t m ?an bad composition4 ,9 fact1 x w be %[n 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s t a sc5e ( c9ematic beauty (t5 co/s less ?an an ord9>y arrangem5t ( ! same sc5e4 ,! pictorial beauty discuss$ 9 ?is book is really a k9d ( pictorial effici5cy1 & !re=e mu/ h practical1 economic value4 ,:5 a motion picture is well compos$ x pleases ! eye1 its mean+ is easily und]/ood1 & ! emotion x conta9s is quickly & =cefully convey$4 ,9 %ort1 x has ! p[] ( art4 ,pictorial effici5cy _c be b\ght4 ,x _c be gu>ante$ by ! possession ( exp5sive cam]as & o!r me*anical equipm5t4 ,! cam]a has no s5se1 no s\l1 no capacity = select+1 emphasiz+1 & int]pret+ ! pictorial subject = ! b5efit ( ! spectator4 ,9 fact1 ! cam]a is positively /upid1 because x always %[s m ?an is necess>y2 x (t5 emphasizes ! wrong ?+1 & x is notori\sly bl9d to beautiful significance4 ,y :o c>ry kodaks = ! purpose ( gett+ s\v5irs ( y\r travels h p]haps (t5 be5 surpris$1 :5 ! films 7 develop$1 to discov] "s v conspicu\s object1 ugly & j>r+1 :i* y _h n notic$ at ! "t :5 ! picture 0 tak54 ,at t "t y\r m9d _h =c$ y\r eye to ignore all t 0 n int]e/+ & beautiful1 b ! cam]a _h made no su* *oice4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,! ,pl\gh ,girl4 ,! pictorial composition at ?is mom5t ( ! action is bad because ! spectator's eye is n l$ in/antly to ! book1 :i* is ! mo/ important dramatic int]e/ 9 ?is sc5e4 ,see page #aa4 ,x w n help matt]s to buy a bett] l5s = y\r cam]a & to be m c>eful ( ! focus next "t4 ,su* ?+s c only make ! images m %>p2 !y _c alt] ! emphasis4 ,un=tunately !re are /ill movie mak]s1 & movie 8fans10 too1 9 ! _w :o h ! notion t %>pness ( photography1 or 8cle>ness10 z !y call x1 is a wond]ful quality4 ,b su* p d n appreciate art2 !y m]ely appreciate ma*9]y4 ,to make ! sep>ate p>ts ( a picture m di/9ct does n help u to see ! total mean+ m cle>ly4 ,x may1 9 fact1 prev5t u f see+4 ,let u look1 = example1 at ! 8/ill0 reproduc$ on ! opposite page4 ,! picture is cle> en\gh4 ,we obs]ve t x conta9s ?ree figures & ab\t a doz5 objects4 ,our att5tion is caught by a conspicu\s lamp1 ^: light falls ^u a suspici\s-look+ jug1 ) its /opp] n too tightly 94 ,yet ^! objects1 emphasiz$ z !y are1 h b slight importance inde$ :5 comp>$ ) ! book clut*$ 9 ! man's h&4 ,?is mi/ake 9 emphasis is n ! fault ( ! cam]a2 x is ! fault ( ! director1 :o 9 ! ha/e1 or ignorance1 p]haps1 ( days gone by1 compos$ ! picture s badly t ! spectators are =c$ to look fir/ at ! wrong ?+s1 ?us wa/+ "t & en]gy be=e !y c f9d ! "r ?+s4 ,on ! scre51 to be sure1 ! book attracts "s att5tion because x is 9 motion1 yet t does n suffice to draw our att5tion imm$iately away f ! /rik+ objects 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! prim>y int]e/s %\ld1 ( c\rse1 h be5 plac$ 9 ! /ronge/ light & 9 ! mo/ prom95t position4 ,guid+ ! att5tion ( ! spectator prop]ly helps him to und]/& :at he is look+ at1 b x is /ill m important to help him feel :at he is look+ at4 ,movie produc]s us$ to h a great deal to say ab\t ! ne$ ( putt+ 8pun*0 into a picture1 ( mak+ x s /rong t x w\ld 8hit ! audi5ce betwe5 ! eyes40 ,well1 let ^? hot injunctions /ill be giv54 ,we ma9ta9 t good composition w make any motion picture 8pun*0 h>d]1 & t bad composition w weak5 ! 8pun*10 may1 inde$1 prev5t its be+ felt at all4 ,b be=e argu+ t proposition1 let u philosophize a bit ov] ! mann] 9 :i* a 8pun*0 op]ates on our m9ds4 ,any?+ t impresses ! human m9d ?r\gh ! eye requires a ?ree-fold exp5diture ( human en]gy4 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! physical ex]tion ( look+1 !n ! m5tal ex]tion ( see+1 t is1 und]/&+ :at "o looks at1 &1 f9ally1 ! joy ( feel+1 ! p\r+ out ( emotional en]gy4 ,?is la/ is ! 8pun*10 ! result :i* e arti/ aims to produce2 b x c only be a*iev$ ?r\gh ! spectator's enjoym5t ( look+ & see+4 ,n[1 s9ce ! total human en]gy available at any "o "t = look+1 see+1 & feel+ is limit$1 x is cle>ly desirable to economize 9 ! ef=ts ( look+ & see+1 9 ord] to leave s mu* ! m en]gy = emotional enjoym5t4 ,we %all discuss 9 ! foll[+ *apt] "s ( ! ?+s :i* wa/e our en]gies dur+ ! ef=ts ( look+ & see+4 ,let u "h consid] h[ pictorial composition c control ! exp5diture ( emotional en]gy1 & h[ x may ?us ei!r help or h9d] ! spectator 9 8 appreciation ( beauty on ! scre54 ,let u imag9e an example ( a typical 8pun*0 picture & describe x "h 9 words--inadequate ?\gh !y may be--to illu/rate h[ a bad arrangem5t ( ev5ts & sc5es may use up ! spectator's emotional en]gy be=e ! /ory arrives at ! ev5t int5d$ to furni% ! ma9 ?rill4 ,! 8pun*0 9 ?is case is to be ! transf] ( a man f "o airplane to ano!r4 ,b _m o!r ?+s w di/urb u on ! way1 & c]ta9 /rik+ sc5es w rob ! a]ial transf] ( its int5d$ 8pun*40 ,fir/ we see ! h]o & 8 pilot j />t+ _! flight 9 a hydro-airplane1 ! d>k compact ma*9e contra/+ /rongly ) ! magnific5t spread ( :ite sails ( a l>ge sloop ya*t--p]haps ?us t5d+ to focus our att5tion on ! ya*t--:i* skims along t[>d ! left ( our view4 ,!n1 9 ! next sc5e1 ne> "s c\ntry village1 evid5tly miles away f ! expanse ( wat] 9 ! fir/ picture1 we see a huge ,caproni triplane1 :i* mu/ h made a =c$ l&+ 9 ! muddy creek ( a pa/ure4 ,a h]d ( ,hol/e9 c[s ) /range black & :ite m>k+s1 two b>e-foot$ c\ntry girls1 a %eph]d dog1 & five helmet$ me*anicians1 /& helpless1 all equally admir+ & dumb1 :ile an al]t f>m] hit*es an amus+ span ( mules1 "o black & "o gray1 to ! triplane & drags x out ( ! mud4 ,! ?ird sc5e is /range inde$4 ,x looks at fir/ l a dazzl+ sea ( foam--p]haps ! ocean *urn$ to fury by a /orm--no1 y may n believe x1 b x is a sea ( cl\ds4 ,we are 9 an airplane ( our own high 9 ! sky1 p]haps miles & miles1 or maybe only ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile1 above sea level4 ,j z we become fasc9at$ by ! ne/s ( %ad[s among ! cl\d bill[s1 a black object sw+s up f ! :it5ess1 l a dolph9 or a subm>9e f ! sea4 ,x is ! hydro-airplane ) our h]o & 8 pilot2 we recognize !m because !y are n[ sail+ abrea/ ( u only a few y>ds away4 ,! h]o /&s up & is ab\t to assume ! pose ( ,wa%+ton cross+ ! ,delaw>e1 a difficult ?+ 9 su* a /rong w9d :5 he is sudd5ly /ruck f beh9d by a villa9 :o evid5tly _h conceal$ himself 9 ! body ( ! hydro-airplane be=e ! flight 0 />t$4 ,! villa9 is dress$ l a soldi] & seems to h a knapsack on 8 back4 ,mean:ile1 ! sea ( cl\ds fl[s by1 dazzl+ :ite & )\t a rift ?r\gh :i* "o might look to see :e!r a city1 an ocean1 a =e/1 or a cornfield lies bel[4 ,sudd5ly we look upw>d & discov] ! triplane1 silh\ett$ %>ply aga9/ ! sky l ! skeleton ( "s mon/]4 ,x has five bodies & ! five propellors1 :i* ?ree or f\r m9utes ago 7 p>alyz$ 9 ! c[ pa/ure1 n[ are revolv+ s rapidly t we _c see !m4 ,x w\ld be v int]e/+--b look6 ! villa9 & ! h]o are hav+ a little wre/l+ mat* on "o ( ! w+s ( _! plane4 ,let u hope ! h]o ?r[s ! villa9 into ! cl\ds6 ,he does1 too6 ,b villa9s are deuc$ly clev]4 ,! knapsack turns into a p>a*ute1 :i* spreads out into a :ite circul> =m1 m circul> ?an any ( ! cl\ds4 ,we wond] if !re w be any "o to meet him :5 he l&s--b1 don't miss x6 ,?is is ! 8pun*06 ,! triplane is fly+ j above ! hydro-airplane4 ,somebody lets d[n a rope ladd]1 :i* b5ds back l ! tail ( a kite4 ,! h]o grabs x1 gr9s at ! cam]a1 climbs up1 & ) p]fect calmness asks = a cig>ette1 ?\gh he doesn't light x1 because t w\ld be aga9/ ! pilot's rules4 ,well1 ! transf] f "o airplane to ano!r wasn't s mu* ( a 8pun*10 aft] all4 ,n[ let u c\nt ! ?rills ( su* a picture z !y might come to u f ! scre54 ,fir/1 9 ord] ( "t1 w\ld be our delight at ! /ately curves ( ! gleam+ sails ( ! ya*t1 b ?is delight w\ld be dull$ some:at by ! physical difficulty exp]i5c$ by ! eyes 9 foll[+ ! sway+1 ?ru/+ movem5t ( ! ya*t z x heels f ! breeze1 & at ! same "t foll[+ ! ris+ %ape ( ! hydro-airplane2 & x w\ld be fur!r dull$ by ! m5tal ef=t ( try+ to see ! dramatic relation betwe5 ya*t & plane4 ,b1 :e!r dull$ or n1 ?is ?rill w\ld be all 9 va91 = x surely does n put m =ce into ! 8pun*0 :i* we set out to produce1 namely1 ! transf] ( a man f "o airplane to ano!r4 ,! ya*t1 !re=e1 be+ unnecess>y to our /ory1 violates ! pr9ciple ( unity2 x violates ! pr9ciples ( emphasis & balance1 because x di/racts our att5tion f ! ma9 int]e/2 & x violates ! pr9ciple ( rhy?m1 because x does n take a "p 9 ! upw>d-curv+ succession ( int]e/s t %\ld culm9ate ) ! ma9 8pun*40 ,if ! plane ( our h]o mu/ rise f ! wat]1 & if !re is to be a second>y int]e/ 9 ! picture1 let x be some?+ :i*1 ?\gh really subord9ate1 c int5sify our int]e/ 9 ! plane4 ,p]haps a clumsy old tug w\ld s]ve ! purpose1 its smoke trac+ a b>ri]1 above :i* ! plane so>s z easily z a bird4 ,or p]haps a r[boat w\ld be j z well1 ) a fi%]man gaz+ spellb\nd at ! ma*9e t rises into ! air4 ,ei!r ( ^! elem5ts w\ld emphasize ! idea ( height & dang]4 ,! sc5e ( ! triplane 9 ! pa/ure ) ! c[s1 mules1 etc41 might be mildly amus+4 ,b our eyes w\ld be tax$ by its mov+ spots1 &1 s9ce its tones w\ld be d>k or d>k gray1 ! pupils ( our eyes w\ld become dilat$1 & w\ld !re=e be totally unprep>$ = ! fla% ( :ite :i* foll[s 9 ! next sc5e4 ,! :ite expanse ( fleecy cl\ds w\ld %ock ! eyes at fir/ sight1 s9ce ! approa* to ! subject _h n be5 prop]ly made2 b 9 a mom5t we w\ld be /irr$ by ! feel+ t we 7 really above ! cl\ds4 ,we w\ld seem to h pass$ into a new _w ) floods ( mi/4 ,! long /ret*es ( :ite are s(t z eid]d[n1 yet1 because ( our own motion1 !y seem l ! curr5ts ( a broad riv]1 & "o c almo/ imag9e t x 7 possible to /e] a canoe ov] ^? rapids4 ,all ?is w\ld be ! second ?rill1 beautiful 9 itself b n actually t5d+ to emphasize ! 8pun*0 ( a man transf]r+ f "o airplane to ano!r4 ,! ?ird ?rill w\ld surely come :5 ! hydro-airplane sw+s up ?r\gh ^! cl\ds1 l a dolph9 f ! sea1 & yet n l a dolph91 because x rises m sl[ly & 9 a few mom5ts so>s freely into ! air1 a m>vell\s happ5+ :i* no words c describe4 ,yet ?is ?rill1 l ! o!rs1 w\ld exhau/ our emotions r ?an leave !m fre% = ! 8pun*0 we />t$ out to produce1 ! transf] ( a man f "o airplane to ano!r4 ,mo/ ?rill+ ( all w\ld be ! mom5ts betwe5 ! in/ant :5 ! villa9 is pu%$ (f ! w+ ( ! plane & ! in/ant :5 8 p>a*ute snaps op54 ,! :ite mass ( ! p>a*ute1 almo/ l a t9y cl\d1 spreads out at ! in/ant :5 x rea*es ! lay] ( cl\ds1 z if !y pu%$ x op52 !n ! p>a*ute s9ks into ! cl\ds & dies out l a wave ( ! sea4 ,aft] all ^! ?rills1 ! int5d$ 8pun*0 w\ld come l a slap on ! wri/4 ,a man might n[ leap back & =? f "o airplane to ano!r until x 0 "t to g home = supp]1 & we w\ld only yawn at 8 exploits4 ,n[ "o ( ! morals ( ?is /ory is t we did get a 8pun*10 ev5 ?\gh x 0 n ! "o orig9ally int5d$ by our imag9$ produc]4 ,treasures (t5 lie 9 unsuspect$ places4 ,ne>ly e common-place film on ! scre5 conta9s "s beauty by accid5t1 "s unexpect$ *>m1 "s un=se5 8pun*10 some?+ ! director nev] dream$ (1 :i* out%9es ! v beauty :i* he aim$ to produce4 ,& :5ev] a ?\ghtful p]son is /irr$ by su* accid5tal beauty he is delight$ to ?9k t su* a ?+ is possible4 ,9 ! exceptional films1 he kn[s1 su* effects are produc$ by design in/ead ( by *ance4 ,x is bett] bus9ess1 & x is bett] art4 ,we said at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] t x 0 cle>ly desirable to economize ! spectator's ef=ts ( look+ & see+1 9 ord] t he may h ! greate/ possible am\nt ( en]gy left = ! exp]i5ce ( emotion4 ,?is is desirable ev5 f a bus9ess man's po9t ( view4 ,we %all n[ try to %[ t emotional ?rills c actually be controll$ by design1 by :at we %all call pictorial composition4 ,b h[ is pictorial composition controll$1 & :o controls x8 ,h[ f> is ! sc5>io writ] responsible = pictorial value8 ,h[ mu* ( ! pictorial composition %all ! director direct1 & h[ mu* ( x may safely be left to o!r h&s8 ,&1 if a picture is well compos$1 does t gu>antee beauty8 ,! answ]s to ^! que/ions dep5d ^u our def9ition ( t]ms4 ,composition 9 g5]al means1 ( c\rse1 simply br++ ?+s toge!r into a mutual relation4 ,a p>ticul> comb9ation ( p>ts 9 a picture may help ! spectator1 or may h9d] him m ?an "s o!r possible comb9ation ( ! same p>ts4 ,composition is =m1 & z su* %\ld be reveal+ & expressive at ! same "t t x is appeal+ 9 itself4 ,good composition _c easily be def9$ 9 a s+le s5t5ce1 b1 = ! sake ( ord] 9 our discussion1 ,i wi% to (f] ! foll[+ z my work+ def9ition4 ,! be/ c9ema composition is t arrangem5t ( elem5ts 9 a sc5e or succession ( sc5es :i* enables u to see ! mo/ ) ! lea/ difficulty & ! deepe/ feel+4 ,a rem>kable ?+ ab\t composition is t x _c be avoid$4 ,e picture mu/ h "s k9d ( arrangem5t1 :e!r t arrangem5t be good1 bad1 or indiff]5t4 ,z soon z an actor ent]s a room he makes a composition1 because e ge/ure1 e movem5t1 e l9e ( 8 body be>s "s pictorial relation to ev]y?+ else )9 range ( our vision4 ,ev5 to draw a s+le l9e or to prick a s+le po9t ^u a %eet ( pap] is to />t a composition1 because su* a m>k mu/ be> "s relation to ! f\r unavoidable l9es :i* are describ$ by ! edges ( ! pap]4 ,to place a fl[] 9 a vase is to make a composition4 ,if ! arrangem5t conta9s m mean+1 m significance ?an ! exhibition ( ! fl[] & ! vase sep>ately1 & if ?is mean+ c easily be p]ceiv$1 ! composition is good4 ,a bad composition w\ld d\btless result if we plac$ ! fl[] & vase toge!r 9 front ( a fram$ photograph1 because ! ?ree ?+s w\ld n fuse toge!r into a unity :i* conta9$ m mean+ ?an ! ?+s _h sep>ately4 ,9 fact1 ev5 ! sep>ate values w\ld be lo/1 because ! vase w\ld obscure ! photograph1 :i* 9 turn w\ld di/ract our att5tion f ! vase4 ,9 o!r words1 ! arrangem5t w\ld n help u to see mu* ) ease4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to place ! fl[] & vase aga9/ "s hang+ or panel :i* h>monizes ) !m 9 color & emphasizes ! beauty ( ! fl[]1 is good composition1 provid+ ! re/ ( ! environm5t is 9 h>mony4 ,! vase mu/1 ( c\rse1 /& on some?+1 p]haps a table or a mantel-piece4 ,?is support mu/ h %ape1 l9es1 color & texture1 all visual elem5ts :i* mu/ be skillfully wr\ght into our design if ! composition is to be successful4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! arti/ic arrangem5t ( simple ?+s :i* d n move1 :i* /ay :]e y put !m1 is by no means a simple matt]4 ,:at we h j describ$ may be call$ composition 9 a g5]al s5se1 b x repres5ts only ! initial process 9 pictorial composition4 ,! picture mak]'s "w only beg9s ) ! arrang+ ( ! subject4 ,x does n end until he has record$ t subject 9 "s p]man5t =m1 su* z a pa9t+1 a draw+1 or a celluloid negative4 ,9 ! record+1 or treatm5t1 ! pa9t] tries to improve ! composition ( 8 subject4 ,he *anges ! curves ( ! vase & ! fl[] some:at 9 ord] to obta9 a m def9ite unity4 ,he s(t5s ! emphasis 9 "o place & height5s x 9 ano!r4 ,he balances %ape aga9/ %ape4 ,he sw+s into ! picture a rhy?m ( l9e & tone :i* he hopes may express to "s behold] ! h>mony :i* he1 ! arti/1 feels4 ,9 o!r words1 ! pa9t] beg9s by arrang+ ?+s1 he cont9ues by alt]+ ! aspects ( ^? ?+s until !y fit 8 conception ( ! p]fect picture ( ! subject be=e him1 & he f9i%es ! composition only :5 he leaves a p]man5t record ( :at he has se5 & felt4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,%eph]dess1 a pa9t+ by ,le,rolle1 illu/rat+ sev]al pr9ciples ( design :i* c be effectively us$ 9 photoplays4 ,see page #ee4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! pa9t] might beg91 )\t an actual fl[] or vase or panel or table1 by m]ely arrang+ 8 m5tal images ( ^? ?+s4 ,b ! process w\ld1 ( c\rse1 /ill be composition4 ,if1 = example1 he 7 to say to himself 8,to-morr[ ,i %all pa9t a picture ( a rose 9 a slate-blue vase /&+ on an antique oak table back$ by a gray panel10 t v arrangem5t ( images 9 8 m9d w\ld be ! fir/ phase ( 8 composition4 ,or if a cu/om] 7 to come to him & say 8,to-morr[ ,i want y to pa9t = me a picture ( a rose10 etc41 ! process ( br++ ?+s toge!r w\ld /ill be composition2 only 9 t case x beg9s ) ! cu/om] & is complet$ by ! pa9t]4 ,if we apply ?is reason+ to ! movies x is cle> t z soon z a sc5>io writ] writes a s+le l9e say+ t a hydro-airplane takes (f f ! sea1 he has already />t$ a pictorial composition4 ,al?\gh he may n realize x1 he has already br\ght toge!r ! long /raight l9e ( ! horizon1 ! %ort curv+ l9es ( ! waves1 & ! %ort /raight & oblique l9es ( ! plane4 ,he has already made x necess>y to comb9e c]ta9 tonal values ( airplane & sky & sea1 ?\gh he may n h /opp$ to consid] :at ^? tonal values might be4 ,b ! writ] does o!r ?+s ( great] consequ5ce ?an ! comb9+ ( %apes & tonal values4 ,he prescribes motions & locomotions ( ?+s1 & he ord]s ! succession ( sc5es4 ,ev5 if he writes only t 8a plane rises f ! sea10 he makes necess>y ! comb9ation ( a great numb] ( movem5ts4 ,on ! scre5 t plane w h at lea/ f\r movem5ts1 namely1 ris+1 tilt+1 go+ t[>d ! "r or ! left1 & ! movem5t ( dim9i%+ size4 ,& ! sea w h at lea/ ?ree movem5ts1 namely1 undulation1 fl[+1 & ! movem5t ( ! wake4 ,n[ if ! sc5>io writ] adds some?+ else to ! same sc5e1 or prescribes ! mutual relation ( ?+s & movem5ts :i* are to appe> 9 ! next sc5e1 he is1 ( c\rse1 m]ely cont9u+ ! process ( c9ema composition4 ,ins(> z ! writ] makes ! comb9ation ( ^! ?+s ess5tial to ! /ory he circumscribes ! p[]1 he may ev5 tie ! h&s1 ( ! director4 ,= ! latt]1 unless he ignores ! composition ?us begun1 c d only "o ?+ ) x2 he c only c>ry x on4 ,n[ x is a sad ?+ to relate t _m sc5>io writ]s d n suspect ! tru? ( :at we h j said4 ,"s ( !m are evid5tly unaw>e ( ! significant fact t _! description is really a prescription1 t ev5 by _! writt5 words !y are really draw+ ! fir/ l9es ( hundr$s ( pictures1 t !y are actually engag$ 9 pictorial composition4 ,!y may be )\t k ( graphic art & )\t skill4 ,!y may n be able to take a p5cil or a piece ( *>coal & sket* out a horse or a hut or ! g5]al aspect ( a s+le pictorial mom5t z x w\ld appe> on ! scre54 ,!y may nev] h giv5 any ?\ght to ! "q ( h[ be/ to arrange simultane\s or successive movem5ts 9 ord] to give ! /ronge/ emotional appeal to ! spectator4 ,yet !y are draw+ scre5 pictures1 & draw+ !m on ! typewrit]6 ,( c\rse1 ev5 ! mo/ intellig5t sc5>io writ]s1 ev5 ^? :o h ! mo/ accurate k ( pictorial values on ! scre5 & ! ke5e/ p[] ( visualiz+ _! /ory z x w appe> aft] x has be5 scre5$1 are always h&icapp$ by work+ 9 ! m$ium ( language4 ,words are n motion-photographs1 any m ?an !y are pa9t or m>ble4 ,?is is ! sc5>io writ]'s h&icap4 ,b1 ?\gh we may sympa?ize ) him because ( ! h&icap1 we _c relieve him ( responsibility z ! design] ( beg9n+s 9 ! c9ema composition4 ,! director has a h&icap1 too4 ,he also does n "w 9 ! m$ium ( motion photographs4 ,he _c d s4 ,ev5 if he 7 to look ?r\gh ! view-f9d] ( ! motion picture cam]a dur+ ! entire tak+ ( e sc5e1 he w\ld n see exactly :at we are de/9$ to see 9 ! !at]4 ,he w\ld see ?+s only 9 m9iature1 9 a glass "s two in*es squ>e1 in/ead ( l>g] ?an life4 ,he w\ld see ?+s1 n 9 black & :ite1 b 9 _! true colors4 ,& he c nev]1 "u any circum/ance1 behold two or m sc5es directly connect$1 ) no m ?an ! w9k ( an eye betwe5 !m1 until aft] ! negatives h be5 develop$1 positives pr9t$1 & ! /rips splic$ toge!r 9 ! cutt+ & jo9+ room4 ,9 o!r words1 nei!r ! sc5>io writ] nor ! motion picture director c ev] "k def9itely 9 advance j :at ! f9i%$ "w w look l to u 9 ! !at]4 ,if we are aw>e ( ^! h&icaps1 x may help u to und]/& :y ugl9ess s (t5 slips ?r\gh to ! scre51 b x w n p]mit u to tol]ate t ugl9ess4 ,we1 z spectators & critics1 mu/ =ev] insi/ t ! photoplay mak]s ma/] _! art1 no matt] h[ difficult ! ma/]y may be4 ,x 0 held "s ye>s ago t ! only ?+ ! matt] ) ! movies 0 t ! /ories 7 badly compos$ & ( little orig9ality4 ,h5ce1 a numb] ( prom95t noveli/s & playwrights 7 hir$ to adapt _! own lit]>y "w or prep>e new /ories = ! scre54 ,b ^! lit]>y m5 7 among ! fir/ to discov] t bett] writ+ does n 9 itself gu>antee bett] pictures4 ,x is ! director :o is m truly ! picture mak] ?an any "o ( 8 collaborators 9 ! "w4 ,ideally1 he %\ld prep>e 8 own sc5>io1 j z ! pa9t] makes 8 own prelim9>y sket*es1 & ! fiction writ] makes 8 own fir/ draught ( a /ory4 ,ideally1 too1 ! plot %\ld be devis$ by ! director 7:o might !n truly be call$ a c9ema compos]71 devis$ especially = motion pictures1 & ) peculi> qualities & appeals t c\ld nev] s well be express$ 9 o!r m$iums4 ,b t is an ideal to be dream$ (4 ,&1 mean:ile1 we 8movie fans0 c enjoy ! be/ t is be+ produc$ by collaborative me?ods1 & we c help t[>d ! a*ievem5t ( /ill bett] ?+s by develop+ a ?or\gh appreciation ( :at is pictorially pleas+1 at ! same "t t we tra9 ourselves to detect & talk out ( exi/5ce ! common faults ( ! movies4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,eye ,,te/s ,,= ,,beauty ,d ! movies hurt y\r eyes8 ,"s say 8yes0 & "s say 8no40 ,:y is x t photoplay sc5es sometimes fla% & dazzle1 b h nei!r radiance nor sp>kle8 ,:y is x t ! motions sometimes %[n on ! scre5 get 8on y\r n]ves08 ,:y is x t y look at s mu* on ! scre5 & rememb] s little8 ,^! que/ions c be answ]$ by mak+ c]ta9 eye te/s = beauty1 &1 hav+ answ]$ !m1 we may proce$ to a detail$ discussion ( pictorial composition 9 a great v>iety ( cases4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ ! pleasure ( pictorial beauty comes to a spectator1 we mu/ analyze ! processes ( look+ & see+4 ,^! processes consi/ p>tly ( eye-"w & p>tly ( bra9-"w4 ,t is1 ! physical eye mu/ d c]ta9 "w be=e ! bra9 gets ! visual image4 ,n[ if ! physical eye has to "w too h>d1 or be> a sudd5 /ra91 or und]go excessive we>1 x w n function well2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! bra9 w h to "w h>d] 9 ord] to grasp ! picture4 ,all ?is causes displeasure1 & displeasure is 9 conflict ) beauty4 ,let u /ate1 once = all1 t motion pictures ne$ nev] hurt ! eyes--q ! contr>y4 ,yet we h (t5 se5 photoplays t did hurt ! eyes4 ,"s ( ! reasons = ?is w be giv5 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,a famili> op]ation ( ! physical eye is ! contraction & dilation ( ! pupil4 ,we "k f *ildhood t ! pupil gr[s l>ge :5 ! light is weak1 & small :5 ! light is /rong4 ,we also "k t ! eye _c make ?is adju/m5t in/antly4 ,if a /rong light is sudd5ly fla%$ on u1 = example1 :5 we lie awake 9 a d>k room x dazzles u1 because our pupils are adju/$ = d>kness2 x ev5 hurts s mu* t we def5d ourselves by clos+ ! eyelids4 ,9 exactly ! same way our eyes are %ock$ by ! movies :5 a dazzl+ :ite light is fla%$ on ! scre5 :]e a some:at d>k5$ sc5e has j vani%$4 ,! pupil is caught unaw>es1 is n in/antly able to protect ! eye1 &1 besides1 mu/ use up a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy 9 adapt+ itself to ! new condition4 ,su* a %ock once or twice dur+ ! ev5+ might easily be =giv5 & =gott51 might1 9 fact1 be h>dly felt at ! "t2 b fifty su* %ocks 9 a five-reel photoplay w\ld c]ta9ly we>y ! eye1 & a play ( t sort c\ld h>dly be call$ beautiful4 ,! fault :i* we h j nam$ lies 9 ! jo9+ ( sc5es4 ,b x is n1 z a rule1 necess>y to connect sc5es or sections ( a film s t !re is a jump f ! d>ke/ d>k to ! :ite/ :ite1 or vice v]sa4 ,?is c be avoid$1 ( c\rse1 by ! device ( 8fad+ out0 "o sc5e & 8fad+ 90 ! next1 :i* gives ! eye "t to adapt itself1 or by 8fad+ d[n0 or 8up0 j f> en\gh to mat* ! exact tone ( ! next picture4 ,! %ock c also be avoid$ by jo9+ v>i\s sections ( ! film 9 a s]ies ( /eps ( increas+ brightness or d>kness4 ,! eye is hurt1 we h said1 by a %>p succession ( black & :ite4 ,x is also hurt by a %>p contra/ ( :ites & blacks ly+ side by side on ! scre54 ,su* extremes are avoid$ 9 pa9t+s4 ,! next "t y are 9 an art museum please comp>e ! brighte/ :ite 9 any portrait ) ! :ite ( y\r cuff1 or y\r h&k]*ief1 or a piece ( pap]4 ,y may be surpris$ to discov] t ! high light 9 t pa9t+ is n sev]ely :ite4 ,x is r grayi% or yell[i%1 s(t & easy to ! eye4 ,obs]ve also t ! d>ke/ hue 9 t pa9t+ is f> f ! deepe/ possible black4 ,! extremes ( tone are1 9 fact1 nev] v f> ap>t1 & are !re=e easily grasp$ by ! eye )\t undue /ra94 ,& :ile y are ?9k+ ( ?is practice ( pa9t]s1 y might comp>e x ) ! simil> practice ( compos]s ( music4 ,y\r piano has _m keys1 ! highe/ "o 9 ! treble be+ extremely f> f ! l[e/ "o 9 ! bass4 ,yet if y exam9e ! score ( any s+le piece ( music y w discov] t ! highe/ note 9 t piece is n s v f> f ! l[e/ note 9 ! same piece4 ,x might h be5 possible to use ! entire keybo>d1 b ! compos] has be5 wise en\gh n to try x4 ,8 extreme notes are s ne> toge!r t ! e> is able to cat* !m & all ! subtle values ( ! music 9 betwe51 )\t be+ /ra9$ by ! ef=t4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t 9 arti/ic matt]s mod]ation is a good ?+1 is1 9 fact1 necess>y to produce real beauty4 ,b mod]ation 9 ! movies is n yet a widely accept$ gospel4 ,too (t5 we f9d t ! dazzl+ flood ( rays f a /rong se>*light blazes ov] sev]al squ>e y>ds ( ! silv] scre51 :ile at ! same mom5t1 on adjo9+ p>ts ( ! same scre5 hang ! deep %ades ( night4 ,! contra/s are %>p z lightn+1 n only 9 ! sc5es1 b also 9 ! sub-titles :i* are cut 9 betwe54 ,our eyes gaze & twit* & hurt1 until x is a real relief to /ep out & re/ !m ^u some?+ comp>atively mod]ate1 l ! electric signs on ,broadway4 ,if !re 7 "s me*anical difficulty :i* made ?is cla%+ effect ( ! motion pictures necess>y1 we c\ld nev] hope = beauty on ! scre52 = no art c a*ieve beauty by produc+ pa94 ,b we "k f ! "w ( su* directors z ,james ,cruze1 ,d4 ,w4 ,griffi?1 ,allan ,dwan1 ,rex ,+ram1 & ,john ,rob]tson1 t ! mov+ picture cam]a is capable ( record+ light gray & d>k gray1 z well z /eel :ite & ebony4 ,!y h %[n u t x is possible to produce sub-titles ) light gray lett]+ aga9/ a d>k gray gr\nd1 & t su* a comb9ation ( tones is pleas+ to ! eye4 ,!y h %[n u t x is possible to scre5 a lady ( ! faire/ face & dress$ 9 ! sn[ie/ g[n s z to br+ out ! s(te/ tones ( light & %ade1 yet %[ no?+ z dazzl+ z sn[ & no?+ z black z ebony4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,! ,spell ( ! ,yukon4 ,an int]e/+ example ( *i>oscuro & ! h>moniz+ ( dramatic pantomime ) pictorial patt]n4 ,! composition1 h[ev]1 is slightly m>r$ by ov]-emphasis on ! w9d[4 ,see pages #ee & #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,a /udy ( ! 8/ill0 %[n above1 illu/rat+ a simple me?od ( analyz+ pictorial composition4 ,see page #fc4 ,"s ( ! 8/ills0 9 ?is book give a h9t ( ! %>p contra/s 9 ! inf]ior films1 b x is only a h9t1 because ! :ite portions 9 ^? illu/rations c be no :it] ?an ! pap] ( ! page1 :i* is dull 9 comp>ison ) ! blaze on ! scre54 ,! movie !at] is ! be/ place to v]ify ! !ories :i* we are "h try+ to expla9 9 words4 ,g to ! movies4 ,:5ev] y f9d t y enjoy ! films ?or\ghly1 !n by all means d n /op to analyze or criticise4 ,if y enjoy any p>ticul> film s mu* t y are sure y w\ld l to see x two or ?ree times e ye> = ! re/ ( y\r life1 y may be happy1 = y h discov]$ "o ( ! classics ( ! scre54 ,d n analyze t film ei!r1 unless y are 9 ! bus9ess ( mak+ pictures4 ,b if a film makes y uncom=table1 or if x is s bad t y are q disgu/$ ) x1 !n1 ?\gh y mu/ become a m>tyr to d x1 please /ay & see x aga94 ,comp>e ! good p>ts ( ! film1 if !re are any1 ) ! bad p>ts2 /udy x 9 detail until y see :]e ! tr\ble lies4 ,& :5 y h discov]$ ! real causes ( ugl9ess 9 t film1 w\ldn't x be a public s]vice to express y\r op9ion 9 su* a way t ! manag] ( y\r !at] might he> x8 ,?us f> 9 ?is *apt] we h discuss$ only a s+le op]ation ( ! eye1 namely1 ! exp&+ & contract+ ( ! pupils "u ! effect ( d>kness & brightness1 b x is easy to und]/& n[ h[ su* an app>5tly slight ?+ may s]i\sly affect our enjoym5t ( ! movies4 ,let ! read]1 :5 he is next displeas$ by a picture1 te/ x = %>pness ( contra/ betwe5 :ite & black4 ,he w probably n h to seek fur!r = explanation ( its ugl9ess4 ,ano!r op]ation :i* ! eye-ma*9e p]=ms is ! accommodation to color4 ,x is some:at simil> to ! accommodation to di/ance1 :i* we %all describe1 if ! read] w help u by mak+ an exp]im5t4 ,close "o eye & look /eadily ) ! o!r at an object across ! room4 ,n[1 )\t *ang+ y\r gaze1 hold up y\r f+] 9 l9e ) ?is object & ab\t a foot away f y\r eye4 ,! outl9e ( ! f+] w be indi/9ct z long z y keep ! eye focus$ on ! remote object4 ,n[1 /ill keep+ "o eye %ut1 look at y\r f+] until y c see ! little ridges on x4 ,! eye has *ang$ its focus1 & ! remote object is n[ indi/9ct4 ,:at happ5s is t ! l5s )9 ! eye *anges its %ape1 bulg+ m = ne> objects & flatt5+ aga9 = di/ant objects4 ,?is "w ( ! eye1 call$ accommodation1 is done by c]ta9 delicate muscles4 ,a little ( x may be /imulat+1 b too mu* w make ! eyes tir$4 ,n[ x is a /range ?+ t c]ta9 colors affect ! eyes 9 ! same way z di/ances4 ,pa9t]s knew ?is fact = hundr$s ( ye>s be=e ! sci5ti/s 7 able to expla9 ! reason4 ,!y knew t blue seem$ f>!r away ?an r$1 & arrang$ ! colors 9 _! pa9t+s accord+ly4 ,all arti/s h le>n$ ! trick1 ev5 "s ( our comm]cial arti/s1 :o make adv]tis+ po/]s = /reet c>s4 ,blue makes ! backgr\nd fall back2 r$ makes a figure /& =w>d4 ,! reason = ?is illusion is t :5 ! eye looks at r$ x adju/s itself exactly z if x 7 look+ at a ne> object1 & ?us deceives ! bra91 s to speak2 & :5 x looks at blue x adju/s itself z if x 7 look+ at a di/ant object & aga9 deceives ! bra94 ,or1 to /ate ! fact m completely1 a color f ! r$ end ( ! color scale 7r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 violet7 seems ne>] to ! eye ?an "o f ! violet end1 ev5 ?\gh ! colors are all plac$ equally di/ant f ! eye4 ,n[ we %all see t1 al?\gh ^! effects ( color are useful 9 a pa9t+1 !y may be h>mful 9 a motion picture4 ,:5 we behold a pa9t+ 9 :i* colors rang+ f r$ to yell[ are contra/$ ) colors rang+ f violet to blue1 we may1 inde$1 get a pleasant s5sation ( ! eye because ( ! /imulat+ activity 9 ! "w ( accommodation4 ,!re is to mo/ p a di/9ct pleasure1 = example1 9 %ift+ ! gaze f orange-yell[ to blue1 because ^? colors are felt to be 8complem5t>y40 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! circum/ances ( look+ at a pa9t+ are entirely diff]5t f ^? ( look+ at a motion picture4 ,two diff]5ces are especially notable4 ,! fir/ diff]5ce is t :5 we look at a pa9t+ we ourselves are practically ! *oos]s ( :5 & h[ long to look at any spot1 l9e1 %ape1 or color4 ,9 o!r words1 we ourselves practically decide on h[ mu* & :at k9d ( "w our eyes %all d2 b :5 we look at a motion picture we nev] "k at any in/ant :at we may be call$ ^u to d ! next in/ant4 ,t makes u n]v\s4 ,we ne$ to be con/antly brac$ = ! %ock &1 if we are n s brac$1 we mu/ suff] :5 ! %ock comes4 ,! second diff]5ce is t ev]y?+ 9 a pa9t+ is always actually at re/1 :ile ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 a motion picture is always 9 motion4 ,if a pa9t+1 :i* does n move 9 any ( its p>ts1 c sugge/ movem5t to our imag9ation1 or c make our eyes p]=m actual movem5ts ( vision1 su* movem5ts1 actual & imag9>y1 are pleasantly /imulat+4 ,! eyes enjoy ! natural activity ( _! "w1 & we feel t !re is life 9 ! pa9t+4 ,b ! motion picture1 by its v nature1 has z mu* life z x ne$s4 ,x naturally gives ! eyes all ! "w !y c /&4 ,h5ce1 if !y ne$ any /imulat+ *ange at all1 x is r ! *ange f movem5t to repose4 ,n[ let u g to ! movie !at]4 ,v likely be=e ! %[ is ov] we %all be treat$ to a rapid %ift+ f ! blue ( "s ext]ior sc5e 9 ! moonlight to ! orange-yell[i% gl[ ( "s int]ior sc5e 9 lamplight4 ,our eyes1 !re=e1 mu/ accommodate _! l5ses to "o ( ^! colors aga9 & aga91 only to receive a sudd5 dem& = accommodation to ! o!r color4 ,we h no *oice 9 ! matt] except to get up & g out4 ,our eyes1 already busy en\gh1 d n ne$ ! /imulation ( any m activity1 & our m9ds1 already active en\gh1 w\ld pref] ! relief ( some?+ m reposeful4 ,if ! director mu/ h ?is %ift+ f blue to orange to blue1 etc41 he might1 at lea/1 give u "s w>n+1 "s s(t5+ ( ! %ock1 s to speak4 ,= example1 if !re is to be a sudd5 %ift f a yell[i% lamp-light sc5e to a blui% night sc5e1 a h9t might be giv5 by attract+ our att5tion to a w9d[1 ?r\gh :i* ! blue ( night is %[n4 ,& simil>ly 9 a blui% night sc5e our att5tion might be attract$ t[>d ! w>m gl[ f a door or w9d[ z a w>n+ t ! next sc5e is to be flood$ ) t color4 ,?us 9 ei!r case we w\ld h a *ance to prep>e our eyes = ! %ift1 & we w\ld s5se a bett] cont9uity ( movem5t4 ,! subject ( color 9 ! movies w be discuss$ aga9 9 foll[+ *apt]s4 ,x may be rem>k$ 9 pass+ t1 s9ce color movies are /ill highly exp]im5tal1 x is only to be expect$ t mi/akes ( _m k9ds w be made4 ,d\btless ! lead+ directors c be tru/$ to le>n f exp]i5ce4 ,yet x behooves u :o sit 9 ! !at]s to be z disapprov+ ( new faults z we are exultant ov] new beauties4 ,x is n disc\rag+ to discov] a fault1 s long z we see t x is "o :i* might h be5 avoid$4 ,we want to make x pla9 9 ?is *apt] t1 al?\gh ! movies sometimes hurt ! eyes1 x is nev] due to any necessity4 ,x is a fact t pictures on ! scre51 :5 prop]ly made1 are always pleas+ to ! spectators' eyes4 ,& he :o does n accept ?is z a fundam5tal proposition c h>dly come by any l>ge fai? 9 ! future ( ! photoplay z art4 ,b we mu/ make a few m eye te/s = beauty4 ,if y face a wall ab\t tw5ty feet away1 y c1 )\t *ang+ ! position ( y\r head1 look at ! left side or ! "r1 at ! top or bottom1 or y c look at ! f\r corn]s ( ! wall 9 succession4 ,^! ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( movem5ts1 v]tical1 horizontal1 circul>1 are controll$ by z _m diff]5t sets ( muscles4 ,:5 we look at pictures1 especially l>ge pictures1 ^! muscles are con/antly busy direct+ our l9e ( reg>d f "o po9t ( int]e/ to ano!r2 &1 :e!r !re are def9ite po9ts ( int]e/ or n1 our eyes w range ov] ! l9es & %apes z we try to discov] :at !y are meant to repres5t4 ,n[ a c]ta9 am\nt ( eye-movem5t does n hurt ! muscles2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 r pleasant1 because _! bus9ess is to att5d to ^? matt]s4 ,b ! eye w become fatigu$ by a great am\nt ( movem5t1 especially :5 x is =c$ ^u u at unexpect$ mom5ts1 j z any o!r "p ( ! body w become fatigu$ :5 x is =c$ to p]=m a great numb] ( sudd51 unexpect$ tasks4 ,a simple exp]im5t w illu/rate ?is fur!r4 ,suppose t we are sitt+ 9 our door-y>d1 gaz+ across a valley at a gr\p ( trees a mile or s away4 ,x is m re/ful to look at ^? di/ant trees ?an at a s+le tree only fifty feet away2 & ! reason is simple4 ,:5 we look at any object our eyes h a t5d5cy to foll[ its outl9e4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 x requires m roll+ ( ! eyes to foll[ ! outl9e ( a tree ne> by ?an "o 9 ! di/ance4 ,?is roll+ movem5t involves muscul> "w4 ,&1 if we look fir/ at ! ne>1 l>ge object & !n %ift to ! di/ant1 small ones1 we imm$iately exp]i5ce ! re/fulness ( r$uc$ "w4 ,!re are o!r reasons :y di/ant objects are re/ful to ! eyes1 b !y d n conc]n u "h4 ,h y ev] notic$ ! pleas+ effect 9 ! motion pictures :5 ! ?+ ( int]e/1 say1 a tra9 or a b& ( horsem5 disappe>+ 9 ! di/ance1 n>r[s itself d[n to a small space8 ,all images on ! scre5 are1 ( c\rse1 equally di/ant f ! spectator2 yet !re is a s5se ( re/fulness1 z we h j expla9$1 because ! roll+ ( ! eyes decreases ) ! dim9i%+ ( ! image & its area ( movem5t on ! scre54 ,b sudd5ly !re comes a close-up ( a face tw5ty feet 9 diamet]1 & our eyes h to get busy 9 ! ef=t to cov] ! :ole field at once4 ,!y rove quickly ov] sev]al squ>e y>ds ( scre5 until t face is completely survey$ & e detail not$4 ,lots ( look+6 ,yes1 b t 8/>0 gets fifty ?\s& doll>s a mon?6 ,c't fool ! cam]a ?\gh--cr['s-feet on bo? sides--f\rte5 diamonds 9 ! left e>-drop &---- ,fla% to a broad1 quiet1 s(t gray l&scape1 ) a lone rid] on ! horizon--oh1 p%aw6--diamonds mu/ 'a' be5 glass ?\gh--anyway1 ?is picture's good = sore eyes--k9d o' easy feel9'--,indian sc\t maybe--or a---- ,fla% to a close-up ( a ,mexican b&it1 etc41 etc4 ,& our eyes get busy aga9 mapp+ out ! :ole subject f hat to ho(1 f bridle to tail4 ,excit+6 ,oh1 yes1 inde$1 & int]e/+ too1 b n z art2 = ^? little muscles up !re are j]k$ ar\nd too mu*1 !y are work+ ov]time1 & soon get we>y4 8,oh1 well1 ,i reckon ,i c /& ! /ra910 says "s heckl]1 :o 8don't q1 y "k1 get ?is high-br[ /uff40 ,( c\rse1 he c /& x4 ,we h /ood ! mad or*e/ra ( ! elevat$ tra9s1 & ! rivet]s1 & ! neighbor's p>rot = ye>s1 b we d n call x music4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 noise & h>mony is a physical diff]5ce4 ,if ?is 7 n true1 no "o c\ld ev] tune y\r piano4 ,j>r+1 cla%+1 discordant s\nds displease ! e>4 ,j :y noise displeases is n = u to say4 ,b we h already expla9$ ?ree reasons :y bad motion pictures hurt ! eyes4 ,let u rememb] !m4 ,fir/1 sudd5 %ifts f d>k to bright pictures %ock ! eye4 ,second1 sudd5 %ifts f a picture 9 a 8cool0 t9t to ano!r 9 a 8w>m0 t9t1 & vice v]sa1 ov]-"w ! eye4 ,?ird1 a s]ies ( quick close-ups or o!r pictures 9 :i* ! frame is fill$ ) ! subject dem&s too mu* eye-movem5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! close-up1 or any l>ge picture :]e ! po9ts ( int]e/ are scatt]$ all ov] ! field ( vision1 ! eyes1 z we h said1 become /ra9$ by too mu* roll+1 a muscul> ef=t :i* is necess>y ev5 ?\gh ! sep>ate po9ts ( int]e/ may !mselves be fix$1 z fix$ z ! f\r corn]s ( ! scre5 itself4 ,b :5 ! po9ts ( int]e/ are mov+ ?+s1 z !y g5]ally are 9 ! movies1 new causes ( /ra9 (t5 arise4 ,sometimes ! object we are try+ to look at moves s fa/ t we c h>dly foll[ x4 ,quick movem5t is g5]ally desir$ by ! directors because !y ?9k t briskness1 or 8pep10 makes ! dramatic action m int5se4 ,consequ5tly p 9 ! movies walk1 m>*1 dance1 fight1 & c>ry on ) t]rific spe$ until our eyes become tir$ 9 ! attempt to obs]ve all t is happ5+4 ,! cure = su* pictorial hy/]ics is simple mod]ation1 ! elim9ation ( j]ky movem5ts :]ev] possible1 & ! *oice ( movem5ts s easy to foll[ t ! eye may p]ceive !m ) ! lea/ muscul> ef=t4 ,we d n say t y :o wor%ip spe$ %all n h y\r express tra9s1 y\r rac+ c>s1 y\r airplanes1 y\r c[-ponies1 & y\r ,arabian /e$s4 ,y may h !m all1 because !y c be s photograph$ t an actual run ( two or ?ree miles may be pres5t$ on ! scre5 z a movem5t ( only two or ?ree feet4 ,we f9d1 too1 t !re is some?+ pleas+ ab\t ! app>5t sl[ness ( actions t are mod]at$ by di/ance4 ,on ! f> horizon1 !re=e1 ! fleete/ ?+s seem ret>d$ to a /ately pace t claims our re/ful gaze4 ,b :5 a quick movem5t takes place 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! picture1 too ne> ! cam]a1 ugl9ess results1 because ! dem&s on ! eye-muscles are too sev]e & unexpect$4 ,?us a sudd5 ge/ure1 or ! wav+ bran*es ( trees or bu%es1 or a motor c> driv+ up 9 front ( a h\se1 or ev5 su* int5d$ grace z ! movem5t 9 danc+1 may spoil a picture by be+ too ne> ! cam]a4 ,ano!r ?+ :i* makes close-up movem5ts ugly is ! flick]1 :i* _c be entirely elim9at$4 ,our read]s are d\btless g5]ally aw>e t :at we see on ! scre5 is simply ! bl5d+ ( a rapid succession ( /ill pictures fall+ on diff]5t spots 9 an ord] & a direction :i* gives ! appe>ance ( motion4 ,if y exam9e a film y w f9d t !re are 9 fact sixte5 little photographs1 or 8frames0 to e foot ( ribbon4 ,! negative runs ?r\gh ! cam]a1 & ! positive film ?r\gh ! project+ ma*9e1 at a rate ( ab\t a foot p] second4 ,n[ let u suppose t we h a scre5 sixte5 feet long & t we ?r[ ^u x a picture ( a c> runn+ at ! rate ( t5 or elev5 miles p] h\r4 ,if ! picture is a close view ! image w move across our scre5 9 j "o second ( "t1 = ! spe$ we h assum$ is at ! rate ( sixte5 feet p] second4 ,b1 s9ce !re are only sixte5 frames 9 t foot1 or second1 ( film1 we "k t only sixte5 fla%es ( ! c> h be5 ?r[n on ! scre5 dur+ t second4 ,!re=e1 :atev] p>ticul> "p ( ! c> we are look+ at has fall5 on sixte5 diff]5t spots ( ! scre51 & ea* spot is j "o foot to ! side ( ! previ\s "o1 because ! scre5 is by assumption j sixte5 feet wide4 ,n[ ^! sep>ations are s wide t ! eye _c help notic+ !m ev5 9 ! fraction ( a second2 !re is n suffici5t bl5d+ ( images to =m smoo? motion2 & ! s-call$ flick] results4 ,h[ev]1 if ! c> is photograph$ go+ obliquely away f u1 ! entire motion may occupy only a small area ( ! scre51 no matt] h[ f> or fa/ ! c> goes2 consequ5tly ! images fall mu* clos] toge!r & ! flick] becomes s slight t we sc>cely notice x4 ,also1 s9ce ! field ( movem5t is small] 9 ext5t1 ! roll+ ( our eyes 9 rang+ ov] ! subject is less1 & ! fatigue ( ! muscles is s slight t we sc>cely notice t ei!r4 ,we h be5 argu+ t l>ge viol5t movem5ts on ! scre5 hurt ! eyes1 & we hope t our read]s agree ) u4 ,b if any "o is d\btful we invite him to make ! foll[+ te/4 ,g to any movie !at] & sit d[n 9 ! sev5? or eigh? r[4 ,!n aft] hav+ se5 ab\t half ( ! picture1 move back to ! la/ r[1 or /& beh9d ! la/ r[4 ,! picture w imm$iately seem m re/ful to ! eyes1 because ! di/ance has made ! scre5 seem small] & ! motions sl[]1 two *anges :i*1 ( c\rse1 make less "w = ! eyes4 ,n[ /ay 9 ! new position until ! program is f9i%$1 & !n see t "p ( ! picture :i* 0 at fir/ se5 f ! front seat4 ,x w appe> mu* m pleas+ to ! eye ?an x did ! fir/ "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,daylight & ,lamplight1 a pa9t+ by ,william ,mc,gregor4 ,! design illu/rates arti/ic balance & rhy?m4 ,see pages #da & #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,a /udy ( l9es to illu/rate ! value ( repetition )9 a patt]n4 ,see page #dj4 ,b we _c all sit 9 ! back r[ ( a !at]1 & besides1 ev5 :5 scre5 motions are reasonably sl[ & limit$1 !y may /ill fail to produce ! effect ( beauty4 ,n[1 be=e we g fur!r into ?is discussion ( beauty on ! scre51 let u recall1 t1 z we h already said1 ! process ( vision is p>tly eye-"w & p>tly bra9-"w4 ,^! two factors are s closely connect$ 9 fact1 t sci5ti/s _c def9itely sep>ate !m4,b ,b ,if any ( our read]s are especially int]e/$ 9 ! details ( physiological & psy*ological exp]im5ts 9 vision :i* are made by exp]ts1 !y %\ld read ,*apt] ,,iii 9 ,hugo ,mu5/]b]g's 8,! ,photoplay10 & %\ld consult ! curr5t numb]s & ! volumes = ! la/ five or six ye>s ( ! 8,psy*ological ,review10 ! 8,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology10 ! 8,j\rnal ( ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology10 & o!r simil> p]iodicals1 :i* are available 9 any l>ge libr>y4 ,f ! results publi%$ 9 sci5tific p]iodicals x may be le>n$ t visible ugl9ess does n always make ! physical "w ( ! eye m difficult4 ,?is is n to contradict :at we h already said 9 ?is *apt]1 b m]ely to /ate t !re may be c]ta9 k9ds ( ugl9ess on ! scre5 :i* app>5tly d n hurt ! eye at all4 ,& yet ugl9ess does affect ! m5tal phase ( vision4 ,x w be wor? :ile giv+ a page or m to ! te/+ ( ?is /atem5t2 & ! discussion may lead to a useful def9ition to keep 9 m9d :5 criticiz+ ! movies4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! muscul> movem5t ( ! eye :5 rang+ ov] a s+le jagg$1 irregul> l9e is practically ! same z :5 rang+ ov] a graceful l9e ( simil> l5g? & direction4 ,sci5tific exp]im5t %[s t we move our eye-balls 9 a j]ky1 irregul> mann]1 ev5 :5 we view ! mo/ graceful l9e t c be drawn4 ,yet x is commonly said by all ( u t "o l9e delights ! eye & ! o!r does n4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 ! diff]5ce mu/ lie 9 t function ( see+ :i* ! bra9 p]=ms4 ,b ! bra91 too1 is a physical organ4 ,x1 too1 c become fatigu$1 & x f9ds c]ta9 k9ds ( "w less fatigu+ ?an o!rs4 ,psy*ologi/s h sugge/$ t a graceful l9e is pleasant to look at because ! regul>ity & smoo?ness ( its *anges 9 direction make x easily p]ceiv$ z a complete unity4 ,?us 9 ! diagram fac+ page #ci1 l9es ,a & ,b are pleasant] to look at ?an l9es ,c & ,d1 because _! "* z l9es c be grasp$ by ! m9d m quickly & m easily ?an ! "* ( ,c or ,d4 ,&1 = ! same reason1 l9es ,a & ,b tak5 toge!r make a m pleas+ comb9ation ?an l9es ,b & ,c or l9es ,c & ,d4 ,n[1 if y w %ut ! book & try to draw any "o ( ^! f\r l9es1 ev5 9 y\r imag9ation1 y w discov] t y rememb] ,a & ,b almo/ p]fectly1 :ile y c h>dly rememb] a s+le "p ( ei!r ,c or ,d4 ,?is proves t 9 y\r own case ! bus9ess ( see+ has be5 m successful ) graceful l9es ?an ) ugly ones4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 successful ef=t is always m pleas+ ?an failure4 ,our work+ def9ition ( good pictorial composition1 (f]$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 may be adapt$ "h4 ,let u put x ?is way3 ,a beautiful l9e or comb9ation ( l9es is "o 9 :i* we c see & feel mu* ) ease1 :ile an ugly l9e or comb9ation is "o 9 :i* we _c see or feel mu* except ) great difficulty4 ,! t]ms 8ease0 & 8difficulty0 apply bo? to eye-"w & bra9-"w4 ,"o reason :y we see mu* ) ease 9 a beautiful l9e is evid5tly t any "o "p ( ! :ole is a k9d ( key to "s adjo9+ or correspond+ "p4 ,?us 9 l9e ,a ! l[] curve is v simil> to ! upp] curve & leads into x ) ! smoo!/ cont9uity4 ,& ?is same l[] curve ( ,a is s simil> to ! l[] curve ( ,b t we c see in/antly ! balanc$ relation betwe5 !m4 ,9 ugly l9es1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are no su* visual helps4 ,yet1 if "s k9d ( balance or repetition is adopt$1 x may be t l9es :i* are ugly :5 consid]$ s+ly take on a k9d ( beauty or int]e/+ness :5 consid]$ z a gr\p4 ,?us l9es ,e1 ,f1 & ,g1 are n z pleas+ :5 /&+ alone z !y become :5 consid]$ 9 relation to a simil> l9e symmetrically plac$4 ,!re=e1 ! comb9ations ,,ef or ,,fg1 or ev5 ,,efg are m pleas+ ?an any "o ( _! p>ts4 ,n[ let u apply ^! pr9ciples ( cont9uity & repetition to ! l9es 9 a picture4 ,if y turn to ,paxton's 8,daylight & ,lamplight10 fac+ page #ci1 y w obs]ve in/antly ! beautifully curv+ l9e ( ! woman's back & also a balanc+ l9e d[n ! side ( ! urn4 ,t sweep ( l9e gives at once ! key to ! arrangem5t ( ! picture4,c ,9 o!r words1 y c see mu* ( t picture ) ease1 ev5 9 a glance4 ,n[ if y exam9e ?is picture m 9 detail y w f9d mu* cont9uity ( l9e & _m p>allelisms ( l9e & %ape1 all ( :i* t5d to make ! arrangem5t simple1 )\t r$uc+ any ( ! actual cont5ts ( ! picture4 ,c ,out ( fairness to ! pa9t] x mu/ be add$ t ?is canvas1 z ! title indicates1 is also a /udy 9 ! balanc+ ( cool & w>m colors4 ,! 8mu*0 :i* we c see 9 a beautiful l9e includes su* ?+s z its mean+ or use 9 ! picture1 its fitness = t use1 its p[] to sugge/ associations1 its int]e/+ness1 etc4 ,b we %all n take up ^? phases ( beauty 9 ?is *apt]2 we are n[ m]ely argu+ t pictorial beauty economizes ! "w ( ! eye & bra91 :ile visible ugl9ess does n4 ,:at we said1 a mom5t ago1 reg>d+ ! value ( cont9uity & repetition 9 fix$ l9es may also be appli$ to mov+ l9es & objects4 ,! great appeal ( ! scre5 lies 9 ! %[+ ( vivid movem5t1 ! fl[ ( =ms1 ! subtle weav+1 ?r\gh s(t play ( light & %ad[1 ( fanciful figures t melt l music :ile we gaze1 & yet rema9 9 our m9ds l curves ( a /range melody4 ,:5 su* glimpses ( beauty come1 our eyes & bra9s surely d n feel any friction or /ra9 9 ! process ( look+4 ,b :5 ugly motions are pres5t$ ! eye mu/ p]=m excessive movem5t1 & ! bra9 mu/ ex]t excessive ef=t4 ,:at is an ugly motion8 ,to answ] ?is we mu/ obs]ve "o or two facts conc]n+ ! visual process ( see+ motions4 ,we mu/ admit ! fact t "o c p]ceive ! motion ( an object )\t foll[+ x ) ! eyes4 ,any "o c te/ ?is = himself by fix+ 8 eyes /eadily on "s spot on ! wall4 ,)\t %ift+ 8 glance he may h k ( motions go+ on at o!r places _m feet away f t spot4 ,b x is also a fact t he w imm$iately feel an incl9ation to %ift 8 eyes 9 ord] to see any "o ( ^! motions m cle>ly4 ,9 mak+ t %ift he w1 ( c\rse1 h to move 8 eyeballs4 ,n[1 if t mov+ object *anges its place1 8 eyeballs w cont9ue to make ! movem5ts necess>y to foll[ x4 ,&1 if ! att5tion cont9ues direct$ t[>d t object1 8 eyes w h to make great or small movem5ts1 accord+ z ! object makes a great or small *ange ( place4 ,an int]e/+ !ory1 :i* sci5tific te/s support1 is t1 al?\gh ! eye has to make a s]ies ( irregul>1 j]ky movem5ts :5 foll[+ any mov+ object1 ^! movem5ts become few] & small] z ! smoo?ness & regul>ity ( ! obs]v$ motion increases4 ,:at we h j said ab\t eye movem5t expla9s1 at lea/ p>tly1 :y ! aimless crawl+ ( a h\se fly ov] a w9d[ pane is ugly1 :ile ! graceful fly+ ( a sea gull is beautiful2 :y ! clamb]+ ( a monkey is ugly1 :ile ! swimm+ ( a fi% is graceful1 & :y ! zigzag fall+ ( a %eet ( pap] ?r[n f a w9d[ is displeas+1 :ile ! smoo? spirall+ ( an airplane is pleas+4 ,9 "s ( ! movem5ts :i* we classify z beautiful1 x is cle> t ! pr9ciple ( repetition is at "w1 :i*1 z we h said1 makes see+ easy4 ,any task accompli%$ once & und]tak5 aga9 becomes easi] & easi] ) repetition4 ,we h already %[n h[ ?is makes ! p]ception ( rhy?mical fix$ l9es or balanc$ composition ( fix$ l9es easi] = ! m9d1 if n = ! eye itself4 ,a simil> exp]i5ce ( ease comes f view+ rhy?mical or balanc$ motions4 ,y w\ld n enjoy wat*+ a danc] ^: e movem5t 0 entirely unlike e previ\s movem5t4 ,! effect w\ld be utt] confusion4 ,y c\ld n grasp1 c\ld n rememb]1 :at y saw4 ,& y w\ld probably say t x 0 n danc+ at all4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! beauty ( a dance is l>gely due to ! frequ5t repetitions or simil>ities ( movem5ts4 ,aga9 & aga9 y see & enjoy ! same flex+ ( knee & pois+ ( foot1 ! same curv+ ( back & toss+ ( head1 ! same sweep+ ( h& & float+ ( drap]y2 & aga9 & aga9 ! danc] moves ?r\gh ! same pa? ( circl+ l9es4 ,yet 9 ^! repetitions !re are slight v>iations1 too1 because no human be+ works ) ! precision ( a ma*9e4 ,& z y wat* ! dance y get v>iety )\t multiplicity2 y see mu* ) ease4 8,n[1 look "h10 cuts 9 "s old-"t produc]1 8y don't mean to say t y want our actors to dance ?r\gh a drama1 d y--a murd] sc5e1 or a w$d+1 or a meet+ ( pr(ite]s to raise ! price ( soap80 ,no1 inde$1 we d n4 ,9 fact1 we are h>dly ?9k+ ( !m z actors at all--n 9 ?is *apt]4 ,we are m]ely ?9k+ ( !m z mov+ %apes ^u a scre54 ,& we want ^? %apes to move ab\t 9 su* a way t ! motions w n hurt our eyes4 ,if we /udy ^? films t please u mo/ we %all discov] easy cont9uity ( movem5t1 s t a pa? ( motion describ$ 9 any "o sc5e is ext5d$1 z x 71 into a simil> pa? ( motion 9 ! foll[+ sc5e4 ,9 su* motion pictures !re may be %ifts1 b !re are no breaks4 ,pa?s ( motion on ! scre5 c rema9 long 9 our memories1 z ?\gh !y 7 fix$ l9es 9 a picture4 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 x w\ld n be pleas+ to h ^! rememb]$ l9es ( motion cla%+ ) ^? :i* are be+ p]ceiv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,audrey4 ,cov] up ! left half ( ?is picture & ! l[] half ( ! rema9+ "p1 & ! qu>t] :i* !n rema9s w conta9 a m pleas+ & dramatic composition ?an t ( ! view tak5 z a :ole4 ,see pages #ec & #ga4 ,s mu* = ! optical effects ( s+le motions com+ 9 succession4 ,n[ we mu/ advance to ! consid]ation ( sev]al motions go+ on 9 v>i\s directions dur+ ! same mom5t1 :i* is a m usual situation 9 ! photoplay4 ,sev]al motions at once may con/itute a h>mony or a jumble1 accord+ to ! fir/ dem&s :i* !y make ^u ! eye-"w & bra9-"w ( vision4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 visual h>mony & di%>mony seems to dep5d p>tly on ! fact t a pair ( human eyes "w toge!r z "o1 & n z two sep>ate in/rum5ts4 ,y _c look up ) "o eye & d[n ) ! o!r2 y _c look to ! left ) "o eye & to ! "r ) ! o!r2 y _c look at a di/ant object ) "o eye & at a ne> "o ) ! o!r4 ,h5ce1 if y try to look int5tly at two or m objects cross+ ea* o!r 9 opposite directions1 y\r eyes are baffl$ & ! effect is n pleasurable4 ,!re is also a conflict 9 our m5tal "w ( see+1 :5 oppos+ motions try to claim equal att5tion at ! same "t1 unless1 z we h previ\sly /at$1 ^! motions are 9 "s k9d ( rhy?mical balance ) ea* o!r4 ,because ( ?is baffl+ ( eye & bra91 !re=e1 we are displeas$ by ! sight ( two automobiles pass+ ea* o!r 9 opposite directions1 or by ! cross+ ( an actor's ge/ures ) ! spoke ( a :eel or ! twig ( a tree4 ,a p>ticul>ly ugly cross+ is t ( false & real motion1 :i* ev5 "s ( ! be/ directors /ill indulge 94 ,false1 or app>5t1 motion occurs :5 ! cam]a itself has be5 mov+ ab\t :ile ! picture 0 be+ tak54 ,?us a road is made to %oot upw>ds ov] ! scre5 :ile our h]o is rid+ madly t[>d u1 or a p>lor slides drunk5ly to "o side :ile "s fair lady m>*es t[>d a door1 or a /airway becomes a wat]fall :i* %e swims up/airs4 ,! real motion1 ( c\rse1 conta9s ! dramatic int]e/1 b ! false motion =ces itself ^u u by its novelty or unexpect$ness2 x becomes difficult = u to see mu* ) ease1 & ! result is ugl9ess4 ,a p>ticul>ly annoy+ device ( rec5t vogue is ! sub-title ins]t :i* is decorat$ ) symbolical motions4 ,x =ces ! spectator to read words & look at motions at ! same "t & ^u ! same spot ( ! scre54 ,! ,metro int]pretation ( ! 8,f\r ,horsem5 ( ! ,apocalypse10 beautiful 9 its photograph$ sc5es1 0 spoil$ by mu* ugl9ess ( t k9d4 ,9 "o sub-title we mu/ look at ! ,bea/ snort+ & *opp+ 8 long jaws1 :ile sev]al l9es ( type are spread ov] 8 horrible movem5ts4 ,9 o!rs we see wat] fl[+ f ! bottom ( ! scre5 t[>d ! top1 or we see a p9-:eel ( sp>ks1 to repres5t telegraphic messages go+ ar\nd ! _w1 or we see a squirrel 9 8 :eel-cage1 to repres5t some?+ or o!r1 & 9 ea* ( ^! cases we mu/ also read words 9 gl>+ type blaz$ on top ( ! mov+ symbols4 ,oppositions & conflicts baffle & bewild] ! eye & m9d1 b concurr5t co-op]at+ motions please !m4 ,x is easy1 = example1 to look at ! %[] ( fire f a sky rocket1 because ! l9es move 9 simil> directions & rema9 comp>atively ne> toge!r1 ea* "o1 z x 71 help+ ! o!rs1 s t :at we see 9 "o "p ( ! motion is a key to ! re/ ( ! motion4 ,!re is a simil> unity & rhy?mical balance 9 ! motion ( a flock ( birds1 a s*ool ( fi%1 or a gr\p ( danc]s1 ! bill[s ( ! sea1 or ! fea!ry fall ( sn[flakes4 ,! production ( h>moni\s motions 9 a photoplay might seem to u spectators to be m]ely a matt] ( spy+ ) a cam]a & cat*+ views ( h>moni\s actions & sett+s4 ,b ! problem is n s simple4 ,= ! movem5ts )9 any giv5 sc5e may be p]fectly or*e/rat$ ) respect to ea* o!r1 & yet may cla% ) e "o ( ! movem5ts 9 ! foll[+ sc5e4 ,if 9 "o picture our eyes & m9ds h adju/$ !mselves to ! delicate ?read+ ( sn[-flakes1 fall+ l a s(tly *ang+ tape/ry1 !y c only be %ock$ by a sudd5 jump to ! vigor\s curl+ ( a sea wave break+ on ! bea*4 ,& 9 our natural desire to appreciate bo? subjects at once we are disappo9t$ to f9d t ea* has spoil$ ! o!r4 ,delicacy looks at p[] & ?9ks x viol5ce2 p[] looks at delicacy & ?9ks x weakness4 ,x is a visual effect su* z "o w\ld get f a draw+ :]e ! hair l9es ( ! f9e/ p5 & ?9ne/ ink 7 cross$ by ! co>se m>ks ( a blunt piece ( *>coal4 ,s %>p a contra/ might h a c]ta9 dramatic1 /irr+ effect1 l ! use ( swe> words 9 a pray]2 ! v hurt might br+ a c]ta9 ?rill4 ,an orig9al & +5i\s man1 ,mr4 ,griffi?1 = in/ance1 may *oose to %[ u a close-up ( a little girl smil+ 9 wi/ful innoc5ce1 h] pretty curls quiv]+ 9 ! light breeze1 contra/$ sudd5ly ) a reek+ flood ( soldi]s p\r+ into a city /reet4 ,/rik+8 ,yes1 exactly4 ,! device is s /rik+ t ,mr4 ,griffi? himself has le>n$ to use x ) re/ra9t4 ,because once ^u a "t he compos$ a photoplay call$ 8,intol]ance10 :i* 0 s full ( /rik+ contra/s t x fail$4 ,!re 7 only a few ?\s& p 9 ! _w :o c\ld /& ! /ra9 ( look+ at x4 ,?us z we analyze ! optical aspects ( a motion picture we are amaz$ at ! numb] ( ?+s t may conspire to hurt our eyes1 & we sympa?ize m ?an ev] ) ! s9c]e c9ema compos]4 ,he1 ! new hope ( ! movies1 feels ! ne$ ( o!r equipm5t ?an a l9e ( talk & a megaphone4 ,he no long] applies = a position 9 a /udio on ! /r5g? ( 8 record z an actor1 z a /age director1 z a city editor1 z a college *e] lead]1 or z a drill s]geant 9 ! army4 ,he has begun to ?9k 9 pictorial composition & n 9 words4 ,he is nev] )\t 8 sket*+ pad & piece ( *>coal1 because1 =soo?1 8 bus9ess is picture mak+4 ,he makes hundr$s ( sket*es by day1 ( %apes1 & l9es1 & tones1 & he goes ov] !m aga9 & *anges !m by night4 ,8 sc5>io conta9s almo/ z _m draw+s z words4 ,he kn[s be=e he says 8,good morn+0 to 8 que5s & cut-?roats j :at places & spaces _! figures w occupy dur+ ! pictorial climaxes1 z well z dur+ ! movem5ts to1 & away f1 ^? climaxes4 ,he sits among miles ( films :i* he cuts1 jo9s1 runs ?r\gh 8 project+ ma*9e1 & cuts & jo9s aga94 ,he kn[s t pictorial beauty does n come to ! scre5 m]ely because ! cam]a itself is a wond]ful in/rum5t4 ,he kn[s1 :at s _m critics are beg9n+ to discov]1 t 8! photography0 may be excell5t 9 a film1 :ile its pictorial composition is atroci\s4 ,he kn[s fir/ & la/ & always t1 unless he makes 8 photoplay fundam5tally pleas+ to ! eyes ( ! spectator1 he c nev] give x ! magic p[] ( graphic art4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,pictorial ,,=ce ,,9 ,,fix$ ,,patt]ns ,frequ5tly :ile a director is rehe>s+ a photoplay sc5e he w s+ out ! comm&1 8,hold x60 indicat+ !reby t ! play] has /ruck an attitude1 or ! play]s h wov5 !mselves into a patt]n1 :i* is s expressive & beautiful t x des]ves to be held = sev]al seconds4 ,:at ! cam]a !n records w be %[n on ! scre5 z a /rik+ pictorial mom5t1 &1 :ile x la/s1 w appe> z fix$ z a pa9t+4 ,b x is a peculi> psy*ological fact t su* pictorial mom5ts seem to occur 9 e movem5t1 :e!r ! actors h paus$ or n1 ! spectator see+ & rememb]+ ^! arre/$ mom5ts z ?\gh !y 7 fix$ pictures4 ,?is peculi> fact1 t we rememb] fix$ mom5ts among cont9u\s movem5ts1 has be5 discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 ,*apt] ,,iii ( 8,! ,art ( ,photoplay ,mak+10 & w1 !re=e1 n be dwelt ^u "h4 ,h[ev]1 a s+le example may illu/rate :at we mean4 ,suppose we wat* a div] /epp+ out ^u a high spr+bo>d & div+ into a pool4 ,! :ole feat is1 ( c\rse1 a movem5t )\t pause f beg9n+ to end2 yet our eyes w someh[ arre/ "o mom5t z ! mo/ int]e/+1 ! mo/ pictorial4 ,x may be ! mom5t :5 ! div] is ab\t midway betwe5 ! spr+bo>d & ! wat]1 a mom5t :5 ! body seems to float /rangely ^u ! air4 ,we are n unaw>e ( ! o!r phases ( ! dive1 yet ?is p>ticul> mom5t impresses u2 to x we apply our f9e appraisal ( =m4 ,simil>ly 9 a motion picture !at] we unconsci\sly select mom5ts f ! action be=e u4 ,^! fleet+ mom5ts :i* fix !mselves1 s to speak1 dem& practically ! same "w 7or %all we call x play87 f our eyes & m9ds z ! mom5t>ily fix$ pictures :i* ! director sometimes dem&s4 ,at su* times ! :ole patt]n on ! scre5 becomes z /atic z a pa9t+1 & its p[] or weakness1 its beauty or lack ( beauty1 may be appreciat$ mu* z "o w\ld appreciate a design 9 a pa9t+4 ,a pa9t+ en*ants ! behold]1 n only by its color1 b also by its l9es & patt]n4 ,! peculi> p[] :i* resides 9 ! arrangem5t ( l9es & masses has be5 /udi$ by art critics = hundr$s ( ye>s1 & _m ( ! pr9ciples :i* !y h discov]$ might well be recall$ by u 9 judg+ ^? mom5ts ( a motion picture :i* may be view$ z fix$ designs4 ,& :at we le>n by mak+ su* applications w help u greatly t[>d a bett] und]/&+ ( ! beauty ( pictorial motions on ! scre54 ,by :at visual processes d we grasp ! mean+ ( a picture8 ,:at happ5s :5 we fir/ look at ! picture8 ,& :at happ5s z we cont9ue look+8 ,! answ]s1 z ne>ly z c be asc]ta9$1 are z foll[s4 ,:5 we face a picture our eyes fir/ glance at "s spot or region :i* is m attractive ?an all o!rs1 & !n proce$ to explore ! :ole picture1 rang+ ov] all ( its p>ts1 & return+ aga9 to ! c5t] ( attraction4 ,9 c]ta9 compositions ?is :ole t\r ( inspection may be accompli%$ 9 "o trip1 & may be repeat$ at w1 :ile 9 o!r compositions ! inspection may require v>i\s side trips away f ! c5t] ( int]e/ to ! outly+ di/ricts & back aga94 ,( c\rse1 we are n aw>e t our eyes are do+ all ^! ?+s :5 we are at ! movies1 b t is :at happ5s1 j ! same4 ,^! visual processes take place 9 an exce$+ly %ort "t1 usually only a fraction ( a second1 b !y are real physical processes1 nev]!less1 subject to ! laws ( physical com=t & fatigue1 & capable ( be+ te/$ by ! ord9>y laws ( physical effici5cy4 ,p]haps ! fir/ te/1 9 ?is hectic age ( ours1 is spe$4 ,! quick] we c see & int]pret a ?+ aft] we beg9 look+ at x1 ! m satisfi$ we are4 ,ano!r te/ is ease1 or fre$om f fatigue4 ,! less en]gy we exp5d 9 look+1 ! m pleas$ we are4 ,h5ce1 if ! sev]al p>ts ( a picture c be quickly & easily se5 & relat$ to ea* o!r1 ! picture z a :ole may be consid]$ beautiful1 provid+ x satisfies c]ta9 o!r dem&s1 :i* w be analyz$ lat] on4 ,n[ suppose t we are at ! movies & t "s pictorial mom5t f ! fl[+ action is arre/$ 9 our m9ds4 ,if we are critical & feel l analyz+ ! effect ( t arre/$ mom5t we may well ask su* que/ions z ! foll[+3 ,:at portion ( t picture did we look at fir/1 & :y8 ,0 t ! spot :i* ! c9ema compos] desir$ u to see fir/8 ,if n1 h[ did he happ5 to mislead u & wa/e our "t8 ,:]e did our glances w&] z we cont9u$ look+ at ! picture8 ,did !y foll[ ! l9es :i* ! c9ema compos] _h mapp$ out8 ,if n1 :at is wrong ) 8 plan8 ,:at "p ( ! picture rema9s longe/ 9 memory8 ,does x co9cide ) ! dramatic emphasis int5d$ by ! compos]8 ,if n1 :at caus$ ! wrong acc5t8 ,0 ! picture z a :ole really beautiful to ! eyes8 ,if n1 :at made x displeas+8 ,beg9n+ ) ! fir/ "q1 we may say t ! attract+ p[] ( any portion ( a picture dep5ds ^u _m circum/ances & conditions4 ,= example1 a pat* ( :ite on an area ( d>k w attract ! eye1 because x is natural = ! eye to seek light 9 pref]5ce to d>k4 ,h5ce1 9 ! 8/ill0 f 8,audrey0 on page #de we see ! woman fir/2 !n we see ! tree trunks1 ! reflections 9 ! wat]1 & ! p]son half hidd5 9 ! bu%es to ! left4 ,x is also natural = ! eye to cat* & foll[ ! longe/ l9e 9 a composition4 ,!re=e ! trunk ( ! fall5 tree 9 ?is picture helps to lead ! eye to ! woman4 ,x is1 fur!rmore1 natural = ! eye to foll[ two or m l9es to a po9t :]e !y meet4 ,!re=e ?is picture w\ld h giv5 m emphasis to ! woman if %e _h be5 plac$ ne> ! root ( ! tree trunk1 :]e _m l9es conv]ge4 ,! spectator 9 ! !at] %\ld be enabl$ to see ! c5tral int]e/ at ! v fir/ in/ant ( projection4 ,h5ce :5 ! picture is be+ tak51 all l9es ( indication1 ge/ure1 drap]ies1 etc41 %\ld be set1 be=e ! cam]a beg9s 8%oot+10 & ^! l9es %\ld connect up ) ! pa?s ( previ\sly mov+ objects1 s t ! spectator's eyes may sweep at once to ! c5tral int]e/4 ,! ne$ ( ?is may be illu/rat$ by a horrible example4 ,let u turn to ! 8/ill0 on page #ee4 ,x is a safe bet t e "o :o looks at ?is picture w fir/ see a long diagonal pole1 "o ( ! supports ( ! sw+1 because t is ! longe/1 mo/ /rik+ l9e ( ! picture4 ,! poles lean+ toge!r & ! conv]g+ *a9s1 ?\gh ( no dramatic importance :atsoev]1 attract imm$iate att5tion to !mselves1 & also c>ry ! eye to ! two /&+ girls2 :i* is cle>ly a mi/ake 9 composition1 = ! real int]e/ evid5tly lies 9 ! facial expressions ( ! man & woman1 :o are conv]s+ ) ea* o!r4 ,/ud5ts ( pictorial design h discov]$ t1 ( all conv]g+ l9es 9 a draw+1 ^? :i* meet at "r angles usually attract ! eyes mo/ /rongly4 ,n[ if we look aga9 at ! 8/ill0 "u discussion we w obs]ve t !re are _m squ>e corn]s 9 its composition1 b t none ( ^! angles co9cide ) any int]e/ des]v+ ( pictorial emphasis4 ,two ( ! /ronge/ acc5ts are at ! squ>e corn]s :]e ! long pole & ! brick curb+ meet4 ,yet !re is c]ta9ly no v excit+ int]e/ 9 t region4 ,h5ce our eyes w&] ?i!r 9 va94 ,let u speculate = a mom5t on :at w\ld happ5 to ?is composition if we remove ! diagonal poles1 *a9s1 etc41 & turn ! sw+ into a seat4 ,! figures1 ev5 z !y /&1 w\ld !n =m a n unpleas+ rhy?m1 & ! l9e ( heads1 ) expressions help+ to give direction1 w\ld lead to ! h]o9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is 8/ill0 illu/rates misplac$ emphasis & sev]al o!r defects 9 pictorial composition :i* *>act]iz$ ! g5]al run ( movies a few ye>s ago4 ,see page #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,a specim5 ( bad composition1 f an old film4 ,! w9d[ is emphasiz$ by its curi\s %ape1 by its c5tral position1 by its /rong contra/s ( black & :ite1 & by ! woman's ge/ure2 yet ?is w9d[ has no dramatic significance :atsoev] 9 ! sc5e4 ,see page #ee4 ,a gl>+ example ( wrong emphasis caus$ by ! attraction ( a "r-angl$ %ape is to be se5 9 a 8/ill0 f 8,o!r ,m5's ,wives10 on opposite page1 :]e ! w9d[1 t[>d :i* ! woman unconsci\sly po9ts h] w&1 irresi/ibly attracts ! att5tion ( ! spectator4 ,is x n evid5t f ev5 a cursory analysis ( ^! 8/ills0 t1 ?\gh ! directors may h giv5 "s ?\ght to ! poses & gr\p+s ( ! p]=m]s1 !y h fail$ to realize t e o!r visible ?+ )9 scope ( ! cam]a mu/ also be h>moniz$ ) ! figures 9 ord] to keep ! dramatic emphasis :]e x belongs8 ,keep+ 9 m9d :at we h j said ab\t ! visual acc5ts ( "r angles we turn to a 8/ill0 f ! 8,spell ( ! ,yukon10 fac+ page #bh4 ,! w9d[ cat*es our eyes be=e any?+ else 9 ! picture1 bo? because ( its squ>e corn]s & because ( its %>p contra/s ( black & :ite4 ,?\gh ?is di/raction may be only = a brief mom5t1 x is en\gh to keep our att5tion = t mom5t away f ! man & boy1 set 9 f9e atmosph]e4 ,x is only common s5se to aim at mak+ ! visual int]e/ ( a picture co9cide ) ! dramatic int]e/4 ,& ?is c be done by controll+ su* means ( attraction z we h j m5tion$4 ,:5 we look at ! pa9t+ entitl$ 8,! ,%eph]dess10 fac+ page #ba1 our glance falls imm$iately ^u ! %eph]dess1 because ! almo/ v]tical l9e ( h] body =ms a cross ) ! horizontal l9e ( ! %eep's backs4 ,yet ! design is s subtle t1 unless we /op to analyze1 we d n notice h[ ! pa9t] a*ieves 8 emphasis4 ,we d n notice t ! front ( ! woman's body is really a cont9uation ( ! left edge ( a tree :i* ext5ds to ! top ( ! frame1 t h] pr(ile is ! cont9uation ( a l9e ( foliage f ano!r tree1 t h] /aff makes "r angles ) h] ?roat & ) ! back ( h] head1 t ! rhy?mical cont\rs ( a %eep fl[ into h] left h& & arm1 & t a %ad[ f ! l[] c5t] ( ! picture leads to h] feet4 ,if a pa9t] e/abli%es 8 emphasis s c>efully 9 a picture :i* ! behold] may reg>d = h\rs at a "t1 x w\ld seem all ! m urg5t = a c9ema compos] to /udy out ! correct emphasis = a pictorial mom5t :i* ! spectator mu/ grasp 9 only a second or two4 ,x is extremely important1 = ! simple reason t1 if ! director does n delib]ately draw ! att5tion ( ! spectator to ! dramatic int]e/ 9 ! picture1 x is mo/ likely t accid5t w emphasize "s o!r "p1 z we h se5 9 ! examples already discuss$2 & !n1 be=e ! spectator has "t to reason himself away f ! false emphasis to ! true int]e/1 ! action w g on to "s o!r sc5e1 & a "p ( ! real message w be lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,! ,spell ( ! ,yukon4 ,!re are too _m di/ract+ %apes 9 ! left end ( ?is picture4 ,mask ov] ! cab91 ! sleigh1 & ! two dogs f>!/ to ! left1 & ! rema9+ "p ( ! picture becomes a pleas+ composition ( l9e1 %ape1 & tone4 ,see page #ef4 ,let u illu/rate ?is aga9 by turn+ to ano!r 8/ill0 f 8,! ,spell ( ! ,yukon10 fac+ page #eg4 ,! ?+ :i* attracts fir/ & longe/ is ! /range object 9 ! upp] left-h& corn]4 ,on ! scre5 our eyes w\ld w&] away to ! dogs & ! man1 b !y w\ld w&] back aga9 to t /range %ape1 because x is a law ( visual att5tion t ! /range/ & mo/ unfamili> %ape attracts mo/ /rongly4 ,we w\ld be curi\s ab\t t %ape1 & by ! "t we _h decid$ t x 0 an ,alaskan sl$1 ! picture w\ld fade out & we w\ld h miss$ ! message1 namely ! affectionate companion%ip ( ! man & 8 dogs4 ,if ! sl$ _h be5 m completely %[n1 or view$ f a diff]5t angle1 or plac$ 9 a m natural position imm$iately beh9d a team ( dogs1 x w\ld n h seem$ /range & di/ract+4 ,?is composition c\ld be greatly improv$ by simply elim9at+ ! left ?ird ( x4 ,if y cov] up ! sl$ & ! two dogs ne>e/ x ) a %eet ( pap] y w see t :at rema9s is a fairly pleas+ arrangem5t1 ) consid]ably m emphasis on ! man & ! !me ( 8 affection = ! dogs1 ) a bett] patt]n & m rhy?mical l9es4 ,if ! director _h simplifi$ 8 composition z we h sugge/$ he might h elim9at$ ! wrong emphasis & secur$ ! "r emphasis 9 "o /roke4 ,! d>k figure ( ! man fram$ r\ghly 9 :ite & gray w\ld h attract$ att5tion by its tonal isolation4 ,emphasis by isolation involves simplicity & economy1 & = t v reason1 p]haps1 ?is device is s (t5 neglect$ by less exp]i5c$ directors4 ,!y brea! ! poison\s air ( extravagance & ?ra% _! arms 9 ! h]etical belief t multiplicity is p[]4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! 8/ill0 ( 8,polly ( ! ,circus10 fac+ page #gi1 ) 8,! ,banquet ( ! ,(fic]s ( ,/4 ,&rew10 by ,frans ,hals1 fac+ page #gi1 & y get at once ! di/9ct impression t ,hals's picture depicts a l>g] cr[d ?an ! 8/ill40 ,b y w be a/oni%$ to f9d t ! pa9t+ actually conta9s b twelve m51 :ile ! 8/ill0 conta9s sev5te5 m51 "o woman1 & "o horse4 ,9 ! pa9t+ e head is isolat$ by hat1 ruff1 co/ume1 or panel1 & seems to h pl5ty ( room to move freely )\t bump+4 ,our eyes c /udy ! cont\rs & values ( ^? heads )\t collid+ ) o!r int]e/s4 ,& ! fact t ea* head is treat$ almo/ z ?\gh x 7 a sep>ate portrait might be call$ a trick ( design :i* makes u ov]e/imate ! numb] 9 ! gr\p1 ?us gett+ ! impression ( a ?rong4 ,surely ?is is good economy4 ,comp>e x ) ! extravagant composition ( ! circus cr[d4 ,!re y see heads & bodies huddl$ toge!r 9 a mean+less jumble4 ,no int]e/ is significantly fram$1 no two int]e/s are prop]ly spac$4 ,! director may h swell$ ! wage roll1 b he has %rivell$ ! art product4 ,p]haps x is n necess>y to g fur!r 9 support ( our cont5tion t c]ta9 visual values & devices ( arrangem5t c be us$1 sep>ately or 9 comb9ation1 to control ! glances ( spectators1 & t1 unless ^! means are prop]ly us$1 pictorial impressiv5ess _c be obta9$4 ,we h discuss$ ! uses ( a bright pat* on a g5]ally d>k gr\nd1 long conv]g+ l9es1 crosses1 %>p contra/s ( tone & color1 unfamili> %apes1 & isolation ( subject4 ,scores ( o!r pr9ciples ( design1 well kn[n to pa9t]s1 might be us$ to emphasize a scre5 picture dur+ t mom5t ( ! action :5 all movem5t seems to h /opp$4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ! movem5t is actually or app>5tly resum$1 emphasis w be controll$ accord+ to ! laws by :i* motion appeals to ! eye4 ,b t is a subject = ano!r *apt]4 ,to cont9ue our analysis ( fix$ design1 let u exam9e ! me?ods :]eby v>i\s pictorial elem5ts may be fus$ into a unity4 ,e writ] kn[s t a s5t5ce is really a tra9 ( words :i*1 ?\gh actually /&+ /ill on ! pap]1 c c>ry ! read]'s m9d swiftly across ! page4 ,by v>i\s lit]>y devices ! read]'s int]e/ is caught & c>ri$ f emphasis to emphasis1 & by v>i\s devices ! read]'s ?\ghts may be organiz$ into a complete unity4 ,s1 too1 ! l9es & %apes ( a picture1 h[ev] /ill !y may /& = ! mom5t on ! scre5 h ! p[] to c>ry ! spectator's eyes f int]e/ to int]e/2 & !y may1 if prop]ly design$1 guide 8 att5tion ?r\gh ! picture 9 su* a way z to ga!r all ( its p>ts into a complete unity4 ,:5 ! eyes are caught by some?+ 9 a picture1 !y d n at fir/ re/ !re1 b proce$1 z we h said1 on a t\r ( inspection ( ! :ole area )9 ! frame ( t picture1 aft] :i* !y return aga9 to ! fir/ visual int]e/4 ,9 mak+ ?is t\r ! eyes seek1 or at lea/1 foll[ a patt]n4 ,let u te/ ^! /atem5ts by turn+ to ! 8/ill0 fac+ page #fa4 ,y _c see e po9t ( ! picture at once4 ,!re=e y\r eyes range ov] x4 ,p]haps1 n[ t we call y\r att5tion to x1 y c feel y\r eyes mov+ z !y foll[ ! outl9es ( ! :ite mass :i* is produc$ by ! girl's figure & dress4 ,to make sure t y feel ^! movem5ts1 j look quickly f h] head to h] foot1 to h] "r h&1 to h] head aga91 etc4 ,n[ y realize t ! :ite mass is conta9$ 9 a di/9ct triangle4 ,t triangle is ! patt]n ( ! picture4 ,:e!r y l x or n makes no diff]5ce2 ! triangul> pa? mu/ be foll[$ by y\r eyes4 ,?is little ex]cise %[s t ! eyes1 unlike ! l5s ( a cam]a1 _c see e "p ( a picture at once1 b mu/ range ov] x f po9t to po9t1 repeat+ ! t\r aga9 & aga9 z long z ! picture is 9 view4 ,b1 if we _c see head1 h&1 & foot at once1 x is evid5t t we mu/ rememb] ! head :ile we are obs]v+ ! h&1 t we mu/ rememb] bo? ! head & ! h& :ile we are obs]v+ ! foot1 etc41 else ! :ole picture c\ld nev] be built up 9 our m9ds4 ,x is also evid5t t ! smoo!r ! pa?1 ! m easily & quickly c ! t\r ( inspection be made4 ,! eye ne$s pa?s1 f+]-po/s1 & bridges to c>ry x f "o "p ( a picture to ano!r1 a ne$ :i* pa9t]s discov]$ ages ago1 & respond$ to by unit+ ! l9es ( _! draw+s into "s sort ( image or design4 ,?us ! old ma/]s (t5 con/ruct$ _! pa9t+s on ! design ( a circle1 a rectangle1 a triangle1 a diamond1 a "r-angl$ cross1 an ,x %ape1 an ,s curve1 or "s o!r equally simple patt]n1 f9d+ by exp]i5ce t ?is practice always help$ ! behold] to grasp ! picture z a unity4 ,b !y 7 real magicians1 ^? m$ieval ma/]s1 & z su* knew h[ to conceal _! designs4 ,_! te*nique1 :i* ! prob+ critic lays b>e1 is nei!r se5 nor suspect$ by ! av]age behold] :o /&s wor%ipful be=e _! pa9t+s4 ,9 fact1 ! te*nique ( graphic design c be effective only :5 x works subconsci\sly 9 ! spectator's m9d4 ,fur!rmore1 ^? old ma/]s knew h[ to a*ieve _m results ?r\gh simple means4 ,!y knew h[ to produce unity1 emphasis1 balance1 & rhy?m by ! skillful manipulation ( ev5 a s+le device4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,triangle4 ,! fundam5tal patt]n 9 a picture %\ld n be obtrusive1 z 9 ?is too obvi\sly triangul> %ape4 ,comp>e ?is 8/ill0 ) ! illu/ration fac+ page #gf4 ,see also pages #ei1 #gb & #gf4 ,by contra/ _m motion picture directors ( to-day are m]e bungl]s4 ,= example1 9 ! 8/ill0 portrait :i* we h j /udi$ !re is unity & a def9ite1 ?\gh heavy1 equilibrium1 b !re is no rhy?m1 & ! emphasis is sadly misplac$4 ,! pose ( ! woman & h] relation to ! rug & ! backgr\nd admitt$ly make a unity4 ,our eyes rang+ ov] ! triangle1 c easily grasp all t is important 9 ! picture & leave out ! re/2 b ! triangul> design is sev]e & makes a wrong emphasis4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! design is too obvi\sly a triangle4 ,we ?9k ( x z a ma!matical figure1 & ?us wa/e "p ( ! att5tion :i* %\ld be direct$ ^u ! woman h]self4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 ! acc5t is at ! wrong corn] & on ! wrong side ( ! triangle4 ,! base ( ! triangle is acc5t$ by conta9+ ! longe/ l9e 9 ! composition1 ! l9e be+ fur!r emphasiz$ by its /raightness & by ! %>p contra/ betwe5 black & :ite :i* x m>ks4 ,?is emphasis is1 ( c\rse1 wrong1 = we are c]ta9ly n int]e/$ 9 ! patt]n ( ?is rug4 ,!re is also no reason :y our att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! woman's foot1 or to ! adjac5t corn] ( ! :ite panel 9 ! rug1 yet our glance is attract$ to t region by ! /range zigzag l9e describ$ by ! slipp] & t :ite corn]4 ,^! acc5ts are wrong at fir/ glance1 & !y rema9 wrong z long z ! picture la/s1 because e "t we repeat ! t\r ( inspection our eyes re/ a mom5t on ^! false int]e/s4 ,to %[ t ^! mi/akes lie entirely 9 ! treatm5t1 & n 9 ! device ( ! triangle1 we ne$ only turn to ! pa9t+ ( 8,mme4 ,lebrun & ,h] ,daught]10 fac+ page #gf4 ,"h is a composition di/9ctly triangul> 9 design1 yet "o may h admir$ ?is picture hundr$s ( times )\t obs]v+ t fact4 ,"h is unity1 )\t obvi\sness or sev]ity4 ,our eyes leap to ! apex ( ! triangle1 & !re f9d ! *ief int]e/1 ! head ( ! "m4 ,&1 z we cont9ue gaz+1 our att5tion /ill favors ! "m1 because ! :ite areas ( h] %\ld]1 arm1 & robe attract ! eye m /rongly ?an ! o!r portions ( ! picture4 ,"h1 too1 is graceful balance & a fl[+ rhy?m 9 e l9e4 ,if we consid] m]ely ! dramatic action ( ! subjects1 z ! motion picture directors s (t5 d1 we obs]ve t ! poses 9 ,mme4 ,lebrun's pa9t+ are natural & easy1 t ! ge/ure is graceful & tell+1 & we realize h[ completely & impressively ! te*nique ( design1 ! craft ( composition1 expresses ! message ( ! pa9t]4 ,a "p ( ,mme4 ,lebrun's te*nique consi/$ 9 elim9at+ ! sett+1 because 9 ?is p>ticul> case %e f\nd x easi] to express h] mean+ )\t describ+ environm5t4 ,sett+ may (t5 well be elim9at$ 9 ! movies1 too1 z 9 8,moon-,gold10 discuss$ bel[2 b usually ! physical environm5t ( action1 z has be5 /at$ r exhau/ively 9 ,*apt] ,,viii ( 8,! ,art ( ,photoplay ,mak+10 c be dramatiz$ m vividly 9 ! movies ?an 9 any o!r n>rative art4 ,& x is an int]e/+ problem ( design to weave places into a def9ite unity ) p]sons1 ?+s1 & action4 ,let u see h[ ?is problem has be5 met 9 ! cab9 sc5e ( 8,! ,spell ( ! ,yukon10 fac+ page #bh1 :i*1 9 spite ( ! too conspicu\s w9d[1 already spok5 (1 has a r successful pictorial arrangem5t4 ,= ! sake ( exp]im5t1 ?is 8/ill0 may be analyz$ by mak+ a simple draw+1 z 9 ! sket* fac+ page #bh4 ,we see t ! design consi/s ess5tially ( an oval %ape surr\nd$ by rectangles4 ,! rectangles may be se5 9 ! l9es ( ! w9d[1 ! bunk1 ! table1 etc4 ,! oval1 :i* includes all ( ! dramatic action1 may be trac$ f ! boy's head1 d[n ! boy's arm to ! man's "r knee & leg1 up ! man's left h&1 arm1 & %\ld] to 8 head1 & !nce across to ! boy's head aga94 ,9 ! c5t] ( ?is oval is ! h& hold+ a pipe & mak+ a tell+ ge/ure 9 ! /ory4 ,?is oval design1 tak5 by itself1 is an excell5t composition4 ,! l9es furni% easy pa?s = ! eye1 & b9d ! boy & man toge!r into a dramatic unity4 ,!re is1 to be sure1 only an imag9>y l9e betwe5 ! faces ( ! man & ! boy1 b t imag9>y l9e is nev]!less z vivid z any visible ?+ 9 ! picture4 ,9 fact1 ! break 9 ! visible "p ( ! oval s]ves to arre/ our att5tion ^u ! faces = a mom5t e "t our glance sw+s ?r\gh ! oval patt]n4 ,lead+ t[>d ?is oval are ! /raight l9es ( ! bunk & ! table1 ?us s]v+ to give unity & =ce4 ,b ! l9es ( ! w9d[ make an isolat$ patt]n :i*1 in/ead ( lead+ "o's eye t[>d ! dramatic focus1 does j ! opposite4 ,! design1 z a :ole1 !re=e1 is imp]fect4 ,&1 ?\gh we see mu* 9 ! picture1 we d n see x entirely ) ease4 ,if we turn to 8,d]by ,day10 fac+ ?is page1 a draw+ by ! ,engli% arti/1 ,?omas ,r[l&son1 we %all f9d a m int]e/+ design & a sur] control ( acc5ts4 ,"h ! basic !me is a long l9e4 ,by 8l9e0 9 ?is case we mean1 n m]ely a s+le /roke ( ! p5cil1 b any succession ( l9es1 %apes1 or ev5 spots1 s arrang$ t !y make a track = ! eye to foll[4 ,9 8,d]by ,day0 ! long sw++ l9e ( ! road is ! basis ( ! design4 ,yet ?is l9e is n q id5tical ) ! :eel tracks4 ,x beg9s1 9 fact1 ) ! feet ( ! donkey at ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! frame1 & foll[s ?r\gh ! dog1 ! baskets "u ! wagon1 ! hub ( ! :eel1 !n ov] ! heads ( ! gr\p1 ?r\gh ! hubs ( ! ?ird wagon1 !n ) a slight d[nw>d drop x sw+s along ! edge ( ! field & ! h$ge1 & f9ally leads ?r\gh ! horses & wagons1 out at ! left end ( ! picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,d]by ,day1 a draw+ by ,?omas ,r[l&son1 %[+ ! k9d ( composition :i* c\ld be effectively us$ 9 photoplays4 ,see page #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,analysis ( ! fundam5tal design 9 ,d]by ,day 7above74 ,see page #fd4 ,^u ?is l9e ! :ole design is built1 & r clev]ly1 too1 = our att5tion is controll$ by ! subtle ord9ation ( acc5ts4 ,at ! "r end ( ! l9e is ! mo/ unusual & /rik+ %ape 9 ! picture1 namely1 ! curv$ figure describ$ by ! wagon-cov] & ! :eel4 ,su* a /range %ape1 z we h po9t$ out e>li] 9 ?is *apt]1 has a /rong attraction = ! eye1 & 9 ?is picture m>ks emphasis ,numb] ,"o4 ,emphasis ,numb] ,two occurs ne> ! middle ( ! road at ! turn1 :]e f\r or m l9es meet to =m a cross4 ,^! l9es are produc$ by ! basic l9e already describ$1 by ! conspicu\s tree1 & by ! h$ge :i* runs up to x f ! left side ( ! bottom frame4 ,"h aga9 are illu/rat$ visual laws already discuss$4 ,! ?ird emphasis 9 ?is picture is :]e ! road runs out on ! left1 our eyes be+ drawn 9 t direction by ! famili> device ( conv]g+ l9es4 ,obs]ve t ! mass ( trees 9 ! backgr\nd =ms a di/9ct w$ge ) ! po9t t[>d ! left1 t ! wagon tra9 itself tap]s %>ply1 t ! ?ree trees along ! road are successively small] t[>d ! left1 & t ! field on t side ( ! road tap]s some:at 9 ! same direction4 ,! comb9$ effect ( ^! conv]g+ l9es & tap]+ %apes c>ries our vision along ! road s insi/5tly t we foll[ x 9 imag9ation beyond ! frame4 ,?us by ! magic ( pictorial design our vision is caught & s controll$ t a s+le glance1 sweep+ ! picture 9 ! direction orda9$ by ! arti/1 gives u a def9ite feel+ ( movem5t4 ,no matt] :o looks1 or h[ (t51 he w see ! acc5ts 9 ! ord] we h nam$--cov]$ wagon1 turn ( ! road1 f> end ( ! road--& w ?us get ! ma9 /ory ( ! picture 9 ! %orte/ "t1 ! simple/ t]ms1 & ) ! "r emphasis4 ,if ?is picture 7 to be ?r[n ^u ! scre5 = only a second we are confid5t t e spectator w\ld in/antly get ! prim>y mean+1 7#a7 wagon loads ( m]ry-mak]s 7#b7 are sw++ 7#c7 up ! road4 ,!re are m9or int]e/s1 too1 su* z ! comic figures & actions ( ! *>act]s1 ! pranc+ ( dogs & horses1 ! ru/ic cottage1 ! tops ( trees1 cl\ds1 etc42 b ^! are kept subsidi>y 9 ! design & yet1 z !y em]ge "o by "o1 !y are f\nd to be 9 complete h>mony ) ! ma9 !me1 ! movem5t ( m]ry-mak]s along a c\ntry road4 ,( c\rse1 if a sc5e l ?is 7 film$ & ?r[n ^u ! scre51 ! wagon tra9 w\ld actually be mov+1 & we w\ld p]ceive ! motion1 r ?an inf] x or feel x1 z we d f ! fix$ design ( ! draw+4 ,yet1 if ! c9ema director 7 indiff]5t z to :]e he plac$ 8 acc5ts1 & tru/$ to *ance = 8 pictorial patt]n1 we w\ld surely n p]ceive t motion 9 its full significance4 ,n[1 if l9es1 %apes & tonal values 9 a c]ta9 arrangem5t c cl>ify & emphasize ! message ( a picture1 x is obvi\s t 9 "s o!r arrangem5t !y c\ld obscure & m9imize t message4 ,= example1 if 8,d]by ,day0 7 film$1 & ! composition 7 left to accid5t or to ! bungl+ ( "s director ignorant ( ! laws ( design1 x is q probable t he w\ld 8feature0 ! 8picturesque0 cottage1 or p]haps a 8cunn+0 dog1 a 8sc5ic0 tree1 ! 8patriotic pull0 ( ! flag1 or ! 8side-splitt+0 corpul5cy ( a woman4 ,no spectator w\ld !n see or feel ! dom9ant idea ( ?is subject1 :i* is ! joy ( go+ away on ! op5 road4 ,"r "h x is a pleasure to /ate = ! b5efit ( any read] :o may n h se5 8,! ,cov]$ ,wagon10 t ,james ,cruze1 ! director ( t photoplay1 did n bungle 8 composition4 ,always ! hi/oric wagon tra9 ( ! pione]s /rikes ! dom9ant note ( ! sc5e1 seem+ to compose itself spontane\sly into a pictorial patt]n :i* acc5ts ! dramatic mean+4 ,?is is true ev5 :5 !re is no physical movem5t4 ,9 ! arroyo sc5e1 = example1 fac+ page #ic1 ! wagons1 drawn up into =mation = a camp1 h>monize /]nly ) ! savage-look+ cliffs1 & _! zigzag arrangem5t someh[ sugge/s ! %>p action ( ! fight ) ! ,indians :i* fate holds 9 /ore = ?is v place4 ,en\gh has n[ be5 said to illu/rate h[ design 9 a picture c control our att5tion dur+ ! pauses & arre/$ mom5ts on ! scre51 & by s do+ c relieve ! eyes ( unnecess>y1 wa/eful "w & give unity & emphasis to ! message ( ! picture4 ,b /ill o!r p[]s reside 9 design4 ,:ile x ha/5s our grasp ( mean+s1 & ev5 acc5tuates ^? mean+s1 x c affect ! m9d 9 o!r ways t are /ill m important4 ,& if we delve deep] into ^! ways we %all come out ) a cle>] vision ( ! arti/ic possibilities ( ! movies4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,rhy?m ,,& ,,repose ,,9 ,,fix$ ,,design ,directness1 ease1 emphasis1 unity--^! are ! ?+s :i* we h j dem&$ ( c9ema composition1 ! pictorial =m :i* conta9s1 & at ! same "t reveals1 ! /ory ( a photoplay4 ,b we dem& some?+ m4 ,we d n get complete /hetic pleasure f any composition :i* m]ely conta9s & reveals some?+ else4 ,! vessel1 :ile s]v+ to convey its treasure1 %\ld h a *>m ( its own4 ,9 poetry1 = example1 we are n satisfi$ ) ! language :i* m]ely expresses ! poetic cont5t 9 cle> & =ceful /yle4 ,we crave poetic language1 too1 words & s5t5ces t s\nd l music & t by _! v =m appeal to our fancy4 ,9 fact mo/ p :o h a highly develop$ ta/e = pictorial art1 consid] t beauty ( treatm5t is m important ?an beauty ( subject4 ,_! emotions are /irr$ by some?+ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! l9es1 masses1 tones1 & colors1 some?+ t s]ves o!r purposes ?an ^? ( cle>ness1 coh]5ce1 & emphasis4 ,:at t some?+ is1 has always be5 a great "q to /ud5ts ( /hetics4 ,mr4 ,clive ,bell1 = example1 sugge/s t ! ess5tial beauty ( art lies 9 8significant =m40 ,b y h to read ?r\gh 8 v int]e/+ book entitl$ 8,art0 to get "s notion ( :at he means by t t]m4 ,miss ,e!l ,d4 ,puff]1 9 h] book 8,! ,psy*ology ( ,beauty10 has develop$ ! v illum9at+ !ory t ! effect ( beauty on ! human m9d is bo? to /imulate & give repose4 ,& we %all adopt h] !ory = a :ile z a basis = a brief discussion ( rhy?m & balance 9 c9ematic =ms4 ,! t]ms 8/imulation & repose10 are1 ( c\rse1 contr>y4 ,! feel+s :i* !y describe are 9 conflict4 ,yet ?is inn] conflict betwe5 /imulation & repose always takes place :5 a p]son is fac$ ) great beauty ( art or nature4 ,any "o ( u c te/ify to t f exp]i5ce4 ,:5 li/5+ to music1 :5 read+ a poem1 :5 wat*+ a play1 :5 gaz+ at a temple1 at a /atue1 or a pa9t+1 we h felt some?+ /rangely /irr+ & at ! same "t soo?+1 some?+ bo? k9dl+ & cool+1 an inspiration to d great de$s1 & at ! same "t a desire to re/ = ! :ile 9 satisfi$ contemplation4 ,apply+ ?is !ory to pictorial composition on ! scre51 we may say t ! quality ( balance 9 l9e1 patt]n1 & tone sugge/s repose1 :ile pulsat+ rhy?m /imulates u to activity4 ,?is application at lea/ has ! m]it ( giv+ u some?+ def9ite to discuss4 ,look+ at ! me*anical aspects ( balance 9 a picture we %all see t x c easily be analyz$4 ,!re is ! balance ( quantity :i* may be se5 by comp>+ ! "r half ( ! picture ) ! left half1 or ! upp] half ) ! l[] half4 ,balance ( quantity is (t5 connect$ ) symmetry 9 ! fundam5tal patt]n1 z 9 ! figure ( ! triangle4 ,fur!r1 !re is balance ?r\gh dep?1 ! =egr\nd weigh+ aga9/ ! backgr\nd4 ,ano!r k9d ( balance is t ( e*o+ motifs1 a sort ( fulfillm5t ( ! eye's expectations4 ,!re is also a balance ( int]e/s1 :i* is q diff]5t f ! balance ( quantity1 because a small quantity ( "o ?+ may h great] weight ( int]e/ ?an a l>ge quantity ( some?+ else4 ,& !re is ! balance ( contra/s1 su* z light aga9/ %ad[1 or /raight l9es aga9/ curv$ l9es4 ,h[ balance 9 all ( ^! =ms may be obta9$ 9 c9ema composition w be discuss$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ?is *apt]4 ,"o ( ! simple/ te/s = balance 9 a /atic picture is to draw a v]tical l9e ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! picture1 & !n to e/imate ! weight1 s to speak1 ( ! two halves ( ! composition ?us =m$4 ,if we try ! exp]im5t ) ! 8/ill0 f ! photoplay 8,m>ia ,rosa10 fac+ page #ga1 we see at once t ! left half is too heavy4 ,besides conta9+ by f> ! great] dramatic int]e/1 x conta9s too _m objects1 %apes1 & l9es to attract ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,m>ia ,rosa4 ,an int]e/+ composition1 b ?r[n out ( balance by too mu* weight 9 ! left half4 ,see page #gj4 ,n[ if ?is 8/ill0 7 a /ud5t's pa9t+ :i* fell "u ! eye ( ! ma/]1 he might sugge/ v>i\s ways ( 8sav+0 x4 ,= example1 "s ( ! bric-a-brac might be 8pa9t$ out0 f ! dress+ table1 ! l[] l9es ( ! mirror might be s(t5$1 & ! door reflect$ 9 ! mirror might be pa9t$ out1 :ile "s simil> int]e/ might be pa9t$ 9 at ! "r ( ! picture4 ,or if ?is 8/ill0 7 an amateur pr9t = y\r kodak album1 y might improve ! picture consid]ably by trimm+ (f ! "r end z f> z ! woman's skirt2 t is1 ab\t "o-fif? ( ! entire wid?4 ,y c e/imate ! value ( t improvem5t "r n[ by %utt+ (f t "p ( ! 8/ill0 ) a %eet ( pap] or any conv5i5t ?+ t may be us$ z a mask4 ,ano!r picture may be =m$ by %utt+ (f ! left ?ird1 j includ+ ! reflection ( ! woman 9 ! mirror4 ,:at !n rema9s is a composition 9 beautiful balance1 :i*1 incid5tally1 appeals m /rongly to ! imag9ation ?an ! 8/ill0 tak5 z a :ole4 ,b nei!r trimm+ nor repa9t+ nor ret\*+ c be employ$ to alt] a bad gr\p+ t has be5 record$ on a film4 ,we sympa?ize1 !re=e1 ) ! consci5ti\s c9ema compos] :o has made a mi/ake 9 composition1 = he is =c$ ei!r to 8%oot0 ! sc5e aga9 or to clip x out entirely f ! film4 ,ano!r te/ = balance ( quantity is to draw a horizontal l9e ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! composition & weigh ! visual values 9 ! upp] & l[] halves ?us =m$4 ,9 ! case ( horizontal divisions1 h[ev]1 we h accu/om$ ourselves to expect great] weight at ! bottom1 because t is ! natural arrangem5t ( mat]ial ?+s ab\t u4 ,keep+ ?is fact 9 m9d let u analyze ! 8/ill0 f 8,audrey10 fac+ page #de4 ,a glance %[s u t ! composition is top-heavy1 = almo/ ev]y?+ ( int]e/ lies above ! c5t] l9e4 ,b turn ! picture upside d[n1 & look ^u x z ?\gh x 7 a patt]n meant to be view$ 9 t position2 y feel imm$iately t ! di/ribution ( weights is m pleas+4 ,n[ hold x z if ! "r end 7 ! bottom1 & ! composition takes on a heavy balance1 ) a commonplace symmetry ( f\r long1 ris+ & spread+ l9es4 ,?is is s because ! "r half1 :i* is really too heavy :5 ! picture is view$ 9 ! position int5d$ by ! director1 seems to be a weight 9 place :5 consid]$ z ! bottom ( a patt]n4 ,yet we may f9d beauty 9 ?is 8/ill10 if we only h ! pati5ce to corn] x4 ,cov] up ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! composition1 t is1 all ( ! left half1 & all ( ! l[] half2 !n ! rema9+ qu>t] w conta9 a pleasant composition1 & a delightful appeal to ! imag9ation4 ,!re is 9 t upp] "r-h& qu>t]1 bo? balance & rhy?m1 bo? repose & /imulation4 ,! h]o9e's ge/ures c>ry our att5tion to ! left1 9 ! direction %e is go+2 b h] glances1 & ! attract+ p[] ( ! conv]g+ trees1 c>ry our att5tion to ! "r4 ,& 9 ! c\rse ( ?is easy play+ to & fro our fancy sw+s out beyond ! frame into realms ( our own imag9ation4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r te/ = pictorial equilibrium4 ,besides ! balance ( "o side aga9/ ! o!r & ( ! top aga9/ ! bottom1 a picture %\ld pres]ve a balance betwe5 ! =egr\nd & ! backgr\nd4 ,?is assumes t ! picture really sugge/s ! dim5sion ( dep?1 :i* is usually ! case4 ,int]e/+ exceptions1 h[ev]1 may appe> occasionally1 z 9 ! 8/ill0 fac+ page #fa1 & ! pa9t+ fac+ page #gf4 ,"o may ev5 f9d entire photoplays ) sc5es done 9 two dim5sions only4 ,= example1 8,moon-,gold10 a ,w ,bradley production1 releas$ 9 #aiba1 pres5ts a /ory ( ,pi]rot1 ,columb9e1 & ,h>lequ9 9 a s]ies ( sc5es 9 a s+le plane4 ,!re is no backgr\nd except blackness1 & !re is no =egr\nd at all4 ,! pictures are z flat z a po/]4 ,su* elim9ation ( sett+ may h arti/ic m]it1 especially 9 /ories ( famili> or nave !mes1 b 9 m involv$ /ories x is desirable to include ! :ole sett+ ( ! action1 n only because ( ! dramatic p[] ( environm5t1 b also because ( ! pictorial weal? :i* may ?us be add$4 ,to te/ ?is ?ird balance ( a picture y ne$ only imag9e a curta9 ( glass dropp$ s z to sep>ate equally ! int]e/s ne> ! spectator f ^? f>!r away4 ,su* a plane is1 9 fact1 usually imag9$ by a pa9t] :5 he lays out 8 design4 ,?\gh he does n cut 8 gr\nd me*anically into two equal areas1 he usually does di/ribute 8 subjects s t ! spectator ne$s n feel t ! =egr\nd is only a long wa/e to be cross$1 or t ! backgr\nd is b an empty region :i* lies beyond ev]y?+ ( int]e/4 ,! ^w 8dep?0 9 connection ) ! scre5 has d\btless made our read]s ?9k ( ! /]eoscopic motion picture z produc$ by ! ,teleview & o!r companies4 ,su* pictures are truly rem>kable 9 _! me*anical p[] ( %[+ physical dep? ?r\gh a sc5e4 ,!y %[ y ! images cle>ly sep>at$1 "s ne> & "s f> away1 s t y feel z if y c\ld really walk 9 & out among !m4 ,to be able to produce su* an illusion is some?+ t any inv5tor may well be pr\d (2 & yet x is d\btful t ! /]eoscopic picture w br+ ab\t any improvem5t 9 ! arti/ic composition ( ! motion picture4 ,mo/ ( u c recall ! 8/]eoscope & views0 :i* we us$ to f9d on ! c5t] tables ( our c\ntry aunts4 ,h[ well we rememb] ! my/ify+ illusion ( dep? :i* 0 creat$4 ,h[ well we rememb] also t !re 0 ! same dep? 9 ! reek+ /ocky>ds ( ,kansas ,city z 9 ! ca!dral aisle ( ,rheims6 ,t illu/rates ! %ortcom+ ( purely me*anical ?+s 9 ! s]vice ( art4 ,! /]eoscopic ma*9]y _c 9 itself create beauty4 ,x _c automatically s select trees or di/ribute p ov] a l&scape t balance & rhy?m1 unity & emphasis w appe> 9 ! f9i%$ picture4 ,un=tunately1 = ! un9spir$ arti/1 ! me*anician _c help him4 ,x may be ask$ :e!r /]eoscopic pictures may n be utiliz$ to get sculptural effects ^u ! scre54 ,! answ] is t if a piece ( sculpture _h to be view$ ?r\gh a s+le peep-hole & "u an un*ang+ light x w\ld n really h a sculptural appeal4 ,! *>act]i/ic appeal ( sculpture is due l>gely to ! fact t x is possible = ! behold] to %ift 8 gaze at w f "o side ( ! /atue to ! o!r4 ,he ev5 walks ar\nd ! /atue1 ?us gett+ ev] new aspects ( ! subject until he has complet$ ! circle ( inspection4 ,& ?is %ift+ view is gov]n$ entirely by 8 own int]e/ & *oice4 ,! sculptor has delib]ately %ap$ 8 m>ble s t ! _m aspects w be int]e/+ v>iations ( ! same !me4 ,t _m-sid$ness ( sculpture is "o ( its di/9ctive qualities z art4 ,b :5 y look at a /]eoscopic motion picture x is absolutely impossible = y to 8see ar\nd0 ! objects any f>!r ?an ! cam]a has done1 no matt] h[ mu* y %ift y\r position4 ,! o!r sides ( all ! objects & figures might z well be miss+4 ,y\r po9t ( view is fix$ absolutely 9 ! /]eoscopic picture1 j z x is 9 ! ord9>y 8flat0 picture4 ,b p]haps !re are o!r ways 9 :i* ! ,teleview & simil> inv5tions c provide new opportunities = ! c9ema arti/4 ,t rema9s to be %[n by exp]im5tation1 &1 ( c\rse1 su* exp]im5tation is welcome & %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,h[ev]1 = all purposes ( pictorial art a suffici5t illusion ( dep? c be produc$ 9 ! 8flat0 picture4 ,?is c be done by ! simple/ in/rum5ts & means ( picture mak+1 ev5 by ! use ( a lead p5cil & a piece ( pap]4 ,!re are only two secrets ( p]spective4 ,"o is to r5d] p>allel l9es1 t is1 l9es :i* are actually p>allel 9 ! subject1 s t !y conv]ge 9 ! di/ance &1 if cont9u$1 w\ld meet at a 8vani%+ po9t40 ,! o!r is to r5d] objects ) increas+ dimness z !y occupy positions at increas+ di/ances away f u4 ,"o might suppose t 9 a photograph ^! problems ( p]spective w\ld take c>e ( !mselves4 ,b !y d n1 z may be se5 by turn+ to ! 8/ill0 ( ! cons]vatory sc5e1 fac+ page #ajj4 ,!re we f9d a jumble ( /uff app>5tly all 9 ! same v]tical plane4 ,:y does ! /&+ woman we> a palm leaf 9 h] hair8 ,:y does ! man we> ! top ( a doorway ^u 8 head8 ,& :y does ! seat$ woman bury h] head 9 ! f]ns8 ,!y d n actually1 ( c\rse1 c>ry on ?us hil>i\sly2 b "s "o has c>elessly coax$ ! backgr\nd into ! =egr\nd by mak+ remote objects int5sely di/9ct1 in/ead ( subdu+ !m into ! s(t values ( di/ance4 ,b we h dwelt s long on ! subject ( balance 9 design t we fe> ! read] may ?9k we h ov]-emphasiz$ ! po9t4 ,no "o quality 9 pictorial composition %\ld be out ( balance ) ! o!rs4 ,?us1 too %>p an emphasis may violate balance1 & too p]fect a balance may violate rhy?m4 ,aft] all1 ! k9d ( balance we desire 9 pictorial design is t :i* is suffici5t1 b no m4 ,we d n1 z a rule1 enjoy ! ma!matical figure ( ! equilat]al triangle1 /&+ heavily on its base1 because x is balanc$ beyond ! ne$ ( any liv+ ?+4 ,x sugge/s ! dead repose ( ! pyramids ( ,egypt1 ! tombs ( h] =gott5 k+s4 ,su* a sev]e design is utt]ly unsuitable1 !re=e1 9 ! portrait ( a li! "y lady clad 9 silks & tulle1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! 8/ill0 fac+ page #fa4 ,x is flat & h>d1 & ! eye foll[+ =ev] its monoton\s outl9es misses ! v>iety ( rhy?m4 ,yet a triangle1 y say1 s]ves ! purpose ( unity & emphasis4 ,alt] x !n by mak+ x n>r[]1 ) a less obvi\s base1 & by sw++ a live rhy?m into its sides1 z 9 ! pa9t+ ( 8,mme4 ,lebrun & ,h] ,daught]10 fac+ ?is page4 ,b ?is br+s u to a discussion ( ! my/]i\s quality ( rhy?m4 ,rhy?m is entirely too evasive = a tight def9ition1 b p]haps we c le>n mu* by say+ ?+s ab\t x4 ,illu/ration3 ,mme4 ,le,brun & ,h] ,daught]1 a pa9t+ by ,mme4 ,vige-,lebrun4 ,a good figure composition on ! basis ( a triangle4 ,comp>e ) ! 8/ill0 %[n fac+ page #fa4 ,see also pages #fb & #gf4 ,rhy?m 9 music may be p>tially describ$ z a peculi> alt]nat+ movem5t1 ) an alt]nation betwe5 s\nds ( diff]5t pit*1 quality1 & quantity2 betwe5 diff]5t s\nd gr\ps1 & betwe5 s\nd & sil5ce4 ,! rhy?m ( visible motion is ( a some:at simil> nature1 z we %all see 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,b a s5se ( alt]nat+ movem5t may be produc$ by ?+s :i* are n !mselves 9 motion4 ,we c1 !re=e1 f9d rhy?m 9 fix$ l9es1 %apes1 tones1 colors1 & textures4 ,?is we %all call rhy?m ( fix$ design4 ,! peculi> ?+ ab\t ! elem5t ( alt]nation 9 rhy?m :i* di/+ui%es x f m]e repetition1 is t x is n regul>1 l ! sw++ ( a p5dulum1 b conta9s num]\s v>iations f regul>ity4 ,b1 :ile ! symmetry ( rhy?m is only p>tial1 s also ! v>iety is limit$4 ,x is ! comb9$ effect ( ^! two factors :i* makes rhy?m delightful4 ,repetition or symmetry 9 a l9e or a patt]n is pleasurable because1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 x enables u to see mu* ) ease4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 subtle or ev5 bold v>iations are appeal+ because !y relieve u ( monotony1 /imulate our int]e/1 & lead our eyes 9 se>* ( fur!r v>iations4 ,a famili> rhy?m ( l9e is t ( ! rev]se curve1 :i* ,hog>? call$ 8! l9e ( beauty40 ,?is l9e is beautifully us$ 9 ! pa9t+ 8,daylight & ,lamplight10 fac+ page #ci4 ,obs]ve ! effect ( alt]nation ) v>iety 9 ! l9es :i* b\nd ! urn1 ! woman's figure1 & ! v>i\s %ad[s & lights 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,y\r eye sweeps ov] ^? pa?s )\t ef=t1 & y get a s5se ( movem5t1 z ?\gh y y\rself 7 draw+ ^! l9es ) a bru% or crayon4 ,analyze ! composition & y w see h[ ri*ly ! l9es are wov5 toge!r4 ,comp>e all ! small curves ) ea* o!r1 comp>e all ! l>g] curves1 all ! %ort /raight l9es1 all ! long] /raight l9es1 etc41 & y w discov] an amaz+ am\nt ( alt]nation & repetition1 ) an equally amaz+ am\nt ( deviation f regul>ity4 ,imag9e t ! pa9t+ :i* we h j analyz$ is an acc5t$ mom5t 9 a motion picture1 & y mu/ imag9e ano!r simil> design a few seconds e>li] 9 ! action & /ill ano!r "o a few seconds lat]1 z ! woman walks gracefully ?r\gh ! room4 ,9 fact1 !re w\ld be a :ole s]ies ( simil> designs dur+ ! brief "t t ! woman's figure & ! urn are 9 decorative contact4 ,! in/ant ( action :i* ! pa9t] has *os5 to fix on canvas might well be ! same in/ant :i* y w\ld select z ! pictorial climax 9 ?is motion picture4 ,?is climax1 acc5t$ p]haps ) a pause1 acc5t$ also by ! pictorial approa* & dep>ture1 is some?+ :i* y w\ld long rememb] z a rhy?mical mom5t 9 ! photoplay4 ,9 ! picture :i* we h j describ$ ! rhy?m is f\nd *iefly 9 ! cont9uity & ri*ness ( l9e & 9 a c]ta9 active balanc+ ( simil> ) dissimil> l9es4 ,! design is simple1 almo/ pla94 ,x is a s+le patt]n :i* does n recur aga9 )9 ! frame4 ,q diff]5t 9 type is ! composition ( a gr\p picture su* z 8,! ,banquet ( ! ,(fic]s ( ,/4 ,&rew10 fac+ page #gi1 :]e ! rhy?m is 9 ! fl[ ( patt]ns r ?an 9 ! fl[ ( l9es4 ,take a hat1 = example1 z ! decorative !me & obs]ve h[ def9itely1 yet h[ subtly1 t !me is f\r times v>i$4 ,note fur!r h[ ! curves ( ! hats are e*o$1 always ) v>iety1 9 ! ruffs4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,polly ( ! ,circus4 ,comp>e ?is 8/ill0 ) ,banquet ( ! ,(fic]s ( ,/4 ,&rew 7bel[7 & y get at once ! di/9ct impression t ! pa9t+ depicts a l>g] cr[d ?an ! 8/ill40 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! pa9t] has us$ only twelve m5 to produce 8 effect1 :ile ! motion picture director has employ$ sev5te5 m51 a woman1 & a horse4 ,?is diff]5ce illu/rates ! practical utility ( pictorial design4 ,see page #eg4 ,illu/ration3 ,banquet ( ! ,(fic]s ( ,/4 ,&rew1 a pa9t+ by ,frans ,hals4 ,see above & page #gh4 ,b s _m curves w\ld make ! picture too ri* 9 quality 7 x n = ! skillful introduction ( /raight l9es to make1 z x 71 a s]ies ( alt]nat+ notes4 ,y obs]ve imm$iately ! long /raight l9es ( ! w9d[s1 ( ! two flags1 & ( ! table4 ,b y d n at fir/ obs]ve t !re are sev]al doz5 %ort] /raight l9es1 & t1 curi\sly en\gh1 !y are ne>ly all p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,take z a key ! sa% ( ! fir/ seat$ (fic]1 c\nt+ f ! left1 & y w f9d a surpris+ numb] ( simil>ities to ?is motif ?r\gh\t ! composition1 all ! way f ! %ad[s on ! w9d[ cas+ 9 ! upp] left h& corn] to ! edge ( ! table 9 ! l[] "r h& corn]4 ,yet1 because ^! simil> /raight l9es are s frequ5tly alt]nat$ ) v>y+ curves1 we get f ! picture a /irr+ s5se ( a sw++ movem5t4 ,"h1 aga91 is an arre/$ mom5t ( action :i* might conceivably h come out ( a motion picture4 ,:at ! arrangem5t ( ! twelve m5 might h be5 at o!r mom5ts ( ! sc5e we d n "k4 ,p]haps !y 7 all sitt+ :5 ! sc5e op5$2 p]haps !y _h all aris5 be=e x clos$2 b = ?is "o in/ant1 at lea/1 !y h resolv$ !mselves into an int]e/+ design ( simple patt]ns 9 a rhy?mical s]ies4 ,ano!r s\rce ( rhy?m 9 a fix$ picture may be ! tonal gradations4 ,9 a pa9t+ !re w\ld be a play ( colors f hue to hue & f t9t to %ade4 ,9 ord9>y photography !re may be a simil> play f deep black to int5se :ite ?r\gh all ! int]v5+ values4 ,x is all a "q ( light+ & *oice ( subjects = ! light to fall ^u4 ,! pa9t] has an advantage ov] ! photograph] because he does n h to record light & %ad[ exactly z !y are on ! subject4 ,he c s(t5 8 %ad[s or pa9t !m out completely4 ,he c alt] 8 tones & values at w1 ev5 aft] ! pa9t+ is practically f9i%$4 ,z an (fset to ?is ! c9ema compos] has1 ( c\rse1 ! p[] ( pres5t+ movem5t1 fugues & passages ( light & %ad[4 ,&1 by ! use ( ! newe/ app>atus = light+1 & by c>eful att5tion to ! color values & textures ( sets1 co/umes1 etc41 he c also produce _m ( ! rhy?mical effects ( gradation 9 fix$ tones :i* we are accu/om$ to look = 9 pa9t+4 ,z "t goes on we %all m & m (t5 f9d pictorial mom5ts on ! scre5 :i* exhibit z f9e a rhy?m ( fix$ tones & masses z1 = example1 ,van ,dyck's 8,portrait ( ,*>les ,i10 fac+ page #afc4 ,if y draw a /raight l9e across ?is picture 9 almo/ any direction1 x w m>k a great v>iety ( grad$ values1 a lovely %ift+ ( light & %ad[1 ) no %>p contra/s except ^? :i* s]ve to attract ! spectator's att5tion to ! head ( ! k+4 ,!re is p]fect h>mony ( composition "h4 ,! tones are 9 a rhy?mical design1 yet x is a rhy?m :i* keeps ! emphasis on ! focal int]e/ & pres]ves ! balance ?r\gh\t ! pa9t+4 ,two or ?ree m51 a horse1 & a bit ( l&scape is no uncommon subject 9 photoplays4 ,we h reason1 !re=e1 to expect t f long practice all directors w le>n h[ to treat x pictorially1 & ) ev] new v>iety ( beauty4 ,! g5]al field ( composition 9 fix$ design has n[ be5 survey$4 ,we h tri$ to %[ t a good pictorial composition1 ev5 f a comm]cial po9t ( view1 is "o :i* provides in/ant emphasis on ! focal int]e/2 :i* unites ?is focal int]e/ ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! picture by means ( a c]ta9 arrangem5t1 or patt]n2 :i* keeps all ( its values 9 a reposeful balance1 & :i* pulsates ) a vital rhy?m4 ,^! f\r qualities--emphasis1 unity1 balance1 & rhy?m--are necess>y 9 :at might be call$ ! me*anics ( beauty1 ! te*nique ( design4 ,we admit1 *e]fully1 t ! beauty ( a giv5 ma/]piece _c be expla9$ by po9t+ out an obs]vance ( c]ta9 fundam5tal laws ( design1 = an un9spir$ arti/ might obey all ^! laws )\t ev] a*iev+ beauty1 j z a ma*9i/ might obey all ! laws ( me*anics )\t ev] inv5t+ a ma*9e4 ,b we insi/ t an obs]vance ( pictorial laws is a fir/ condition t mu/ be fulfill$ by ! arti/ be=e ! my/]i\s quality ( beauty w arise 9 8 "w4 ,! acc5t$ mom5t 9 a pictorial movem5t1 :i* we h /udi$ f s _m angles1 is1 ( c\rse1 n fix$ on ! scre5 = any great l5g? ( "t1 nev] = m ?an a few seconds1 ?\gh x may rema9 fix$ 9 memory = ye>s4 ,nor is x a sep>ate ?+ ^u ! scre54 ,x rises f an e>li] mom5t & fl[s into a lat] "o4 ,! rapid succession ( mom5t>ily fix$ pictures on ! scre5 is1 9 fact1 :at gives ! illusion ( motion4 ,yet x w\ld n1 !re=e1 be correct to say t ! motion picture z a :ole c be made beautiful by mak+ ea* sep>ate exposure 9 itself a beautiful composition4 ,! successive pictures mu/ play1 "o into ! next1 9 a /ream ( composition :i* conta9s new delights = ! eye1 & :i*1 alas1 conta9s new dang]s = ! ignorant or c>eless mak] ( pictures4 ,:at ^! delights & dang]s are we %all see 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,motions ,,9 ,a ,,picture ,pictorial motion is ?\s&s ( ye>s old] ?an ! motion picture4 ,x is z old z ! olde/ art ( all1 ! dance4 ,be=e man _h le>n$ h[ to weave 8 own fancies into plots1 or h[ to make draw+s ( ?+s t he saw1 he _h d\btless (t5 fea/$ 8 eyes ^u ! rhy?mic beauty creat$ by danc]s4 ,_! art 0 ! composition ( motions4 ,we c well imag9e h[ !y began by exhibit+ bodily po/ures1 ge/ures1 & mimicry2 h[ !y proce$$ to add o!r movem5ts1 su* z ! flutt]+ ( g>m5ts1 ! br&i%+ ( weapons1 ! wav+ ( fl>+ tor*es1 & h[ !y1 9 "t1 made _! composition m involv$ by sw++ !mselves into sway+ gr\ps1 circl+ & ?read+ fanciful patt]ns4 ,z a =m ( art ! dance has be5 pres]v$ ?r\gh ! ages 9 an app>5tly unbrok5 hi/ory4 ,& x has _h v>i\s (f-%oots besides2 = religi\s & secul> processions1 pantomime1 & ev5 drama1 h _h _! beg9n+s 9 ! dance4 ,pictorial motion 0 to be se5 two ?\s& ye>s ago 9 ! ,roman triumphs & processions1 ^: gaudie/ features survive 9 ! famili> circus p>ade ( today4 ,& ! circus itself is 9 a s5se ! pictorial motion ( animals & m54 ,9 ! pres5tation ( drama1 too1 pictorial motion has always play$ a vital "p4 ,:5 we look back ov] ! hi/ory ( ! !at] we see t ! manag]s 7 nev] satisfi$ ) ! m]e physical exhibition ( actors & danc]s1 b began v e>ly to add o!r motions to _! p]=mance4 ,a l>ge v>iety ( motions 0 add$ by br++ animals ^u ! sc5es4 ,fire 0 put into ! s]vice ( %[4 ,we "k t its flame & flick]1 borne 9 tor*es or beat+ ^u ! wit*es' caldron1 0 n uncommon on ,%akespe>e's /age4 ,wat] 9 ! =m ( leap+ cascades & play+ f\nta9s 0 us$ at lea/ two hundr$ ye>s ago to make ! sc5e m pictorial4 ,m rec5tly1 w9d has be5 produc$ artificially 9 ord] to give motion to drap]ies1 flags1 or foliage4 ,all ?is am\nts to some?+ f> m ?an an attempt to br+ nature ^u ! /age4 ,x is ! creation ( new beauty4 ,! k9d ( beauty :i* pr(essional ent]ta9]s h = ?\s&s ( ye>s spun toge!r f v>i\s motions into patt]ns simple or subtle1 is ! beauty ( art1 = x comes f human p]sonality express+ itself 9 =ms & comb9ations nev] f\nd z su* 9 nature4 ,n[1 if ^! %[m5 are really arti/s1 at lea/ 9 int5t1 we may well ask h[ !y h comb9$ _! motions s z to produce ! pleas+ effects :i* !y desir$4 ,h !y work$ hit-or-miss & a*iev$ beauty only by accid5t1 or h !y int5tionally or in/9ctively obey$ c]ta9 laws ( ! human eye & m9d8 ,h[ does ! director ( a motion picture make sure t pleas+ motion w appe> ^u ! scre58 ,does he alt]1 or select1 8 subjects8 ,does he *oose 8 po9t ( view8 ,does he pati5tly wait = ! "r mom5t8 ,or mu/ beauty come by accid5t1 z music might come f a cat's runn+ ov] ! keybo>d ( a piano8 ,!re mu/ be laws ( pictorial motion1 j z !re are laws ( color1 design1 modell+1 ar*itectural con/ruction1 all ( :i* appeal to ! eye )\t visible motion4 ,&1 s9ce ! motion picture c capture & comb9e & reproduce a great] v>iety ( mov+ ?+s ?an 0 ev] be=e possible 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 x seems p>ticul>ly important t we make e>ne/ ef=ts to f9d out "u :at laws ^! manifold motions may be organiz$ into art4 ,9 /udy+ ! movies "o might easily come to ! conclusion t "s directors aim only to make motions life-l4 ,_! :ole cre$ seems to be t a he>t-brok5 woman %\ld move h] %\ld]s & *e/ z ?\gh %e really 7 he>t-brok51 t a goat %\ld act exactly l a goat1 & t a w9dmill %\ld behave itself exactly l a w9dmill4 ,n[1 x may be v desirable1 z f> z x goes1 t an emotion be 8regi/]$0 fitly4 ,b to aim at fitt+ expression alone is to aim at naturalness alone4 ,& ?is is n en\gh1 because !re may be natural ugl9ess1 & because ev5 ! beauty ( nature is ess5tially diff]5t f ! beauty ( art4 ,%akespe>e's plays are n admir$ simply because !y reveal human "* tru?fully4 ,rembr&t's pa9t+s are n pres]v$ 9 museums m]ely because !y are tru?ful repres5tations ( ,dut*m54 ,! ,v5us ( ,milo w\ld n h a room to h]self 9 ! ,l\vre if ! /atue 7 no?+ m ?an a life-l figure ( a woman p>tly dress$4 ,9 drama1 poetry1 fiction1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & music1 x has nev] be5 consid]$ t appropriat5ess1 naturalness1 or tru?fulness 0 9 itself suffici5t to di/+ui% ! "w z art4 ,& x surely _c be s 9 ! movies4 ,x c]ta9ly has n be5 s 9 ! e>li] arts ( motion4 ,! dance z a =m ( expression is beautiful1 b x is s f> f natural t if ! av]age vot] />t$ out to express 8 joy or grief1 or love or defiance1 ! way a danc] does on ! /age1 he w\ld be giv5 a free ride to ! psy*opa?ic w>d4 ,! /age pantomime is *>m+1 b if y behav$ 9 ! pres5ce ( y\r true love ! way ,pi]rot & ,columb9e behave1 he or %e1 z ! case may be1 w\ld probably decide t y 7 too mu* ( a cl[n ev] to become a responsible p>5t4 ,! circus1 too1 ?\gh n prop]ly to be class$ z a =m ( art1 comb9es & pres5ts a va/ numb] ( int]e/+ motions :i* y nev] expect to see outside ! big t5t4 ,danc]s1 pantomime actors1 circus ma/]s & p]=m]s1 all cle>ly /rive to collect our money by %[+ u ! k9d ( motions :i* nature h]self does n %[4 ,b d n become al>m$4 ,we d n propose to e/abli% a s*ool ( unnatural act+ 9 ! movies4 ,let ! wom5 & m5 & greyh\nds & weep+ will[s & brooks be z natural z !y c be1 l !mselves & n l ea* o!r4 ,natural1 yes1 provid+ !y be n natural 9 an ugly way4 ,if a brook is runn+ 9 "o direction z naturally z x c1 & a greyh\nd is runn+ 9 ! opposite direction z naturally z he c1 ! comb9ation ( _! contr>y movem5ts may n be pleas+ 9 a motion picture4 ,art is art1 n because x reflects "s actual bit ( nature1 b because x is end[$ ) "s beauty made by man4 ,:at o!r prop]ties pictorial motion %\ld h1 besides correct repres5tation ( action has be5 p>tly told 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 :]e ! dem&s ( ease & economy ( vision 7 made a condition concomitant ) beauty4 ,we may fur!r apply ! same te/s :i* h be5 appli$ to fix$ design4 ,b1 9 ord] to get a firm grasp ( our subject let u fir/ r$uce pictorial motions to _! simple/ =ms4 ,! simple/ motion ( all is ! mov+ spot1 especially :5 x is entirely unrelat$ to a sett+ or backgr\nd2 t is1 ! k9d ( mov+ spot :i* ! spectator may see )\t at ! same "t see+ any o!r ?+1 ei!r fix$ or mov+4 ,a famili> example 9 nature is ! d>k dot ( a bird fly+ high above u 9 a cl\dless sky4 ,an example f ! scre5 is ! effect ( a ball ( fire %ot f a ,roman c&le ?r\gh d>kness1 z 9 ! battle sc5es ( ,griffi?'s 8,bir? ( a ,nation40 ,b ev5 s simple a mov+ ?+ z a spot has two prop]ties :i* are v important to ! compos] ( motions4 ,! mov+ spot1 l all o!r motions1 has direction & velocity4 ,! buzz>d so>+ sl[ly 9 l>ge circles affects u 9 "o way1 :ile ! hawk swoop+ d[nw>d %>ply1 or ! cr[ fly+ 9 a /raight l9e1 or ! bat flutt]+ crazily 9 ! air1 affects u 9 q a diff]5t way4 ,:5 direction & velocity are controll$1 ev5 a s+le mov+ spot may describe beautiful motion4 ,witness an airplane maneuv]+ high 9 ! sky1 or a tor* wav$ gracefully 9 ! d>kness4 ,beauty spr+s f control2 ugl9ess foll[s lack ( control4 ,b control is no easy ?+ 9 ! movies1 = x is r>e inde$ t a director has only a s+le mov+ po9t to manage4 ,almo/ always1 he has ! problem ( relative direction & relative spe$4 ,mov+ ?+s mu/ be relat$ to o!r mov+ ?+s1 & also to fix$ ?+s4 ,ev5 if ! picture consi/s only ( a tor* wav$ aga9/ a black backgr\nd1 we h ! problem ( relat+ t motion to ! f\r fix$ l9es ( ! frame ( ! scre54 ,b c we expect a motion picture director to /op & ?9k ( s small a matt] z a ball ?r[n f "o h& to ano!r1 to ask himself :e!r su* an action is beautifully relat$1 9 direction & velocity1 to ev]y?+ else 9 ! picture1 fix$ or mov+8 ,yes1 we c expect him to d s until he becomes arti/ en\gh to ?9k ( ^! matt]s )\t /opp+4 ,he %\ld ?9k ab\t pictorial composition until he c obey its laws )\t ?\ght4 ,let him rememb] t ev5 a flock ( geese c compose !mselves s appeal+ly 9 ! sky & a h]d ( c[s c w9d s gracefully d[n a hillside t a t5d] girl & a t\gh hobo w gaze alike ^u !m 9 op5-m\!d admiration4 ,! geese 9 ! sky & ! c[s on ! hillside are only a lot ( mov+ spots1 until !y arrange1 or compose1 !mselves4 ,!y may !n illu/rate ! second type ( mov+ object1 t ( ! mov+ l9e4 ,a l9e may1 = example1 move along its own l5g? 9 a way :i* pleases ! eyes4 ,su* motions we see 9 ! sl5d] wat]fall1 9 ! n>r[ /ream1 9 su* inanimate ?+s z ! long belt+ 9 a factory1 or ! gl[+ l9e ( a %oot+ />1 & 9 ! files ( geese1 or cattle1 or m>*+ m54 ,a l9e may move 9 o!r directions besides t ( its own l5g?4 ,x may sw+ /iffly f "o end1 z 9 ! case ( a p5dulum or ! rays f a se>*light4 ,x may wave l a /ream] 9 ! breeze4 ,x may move sidewise1 z 9 ! long l9es ( surf t roll up on ! bea*4 ,x may move 9 c\ntless o!r mann]s1 z 9 ! h&l+ ( canes1 swords1 spe>s1 golf clubs1 polo mallets1 :ips1 etc4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ! director ord9>ily ?9ks ( a weapon z a weapon1 & n z a mov+ l9e4 ,he /udies ! *>act]i/ic action ( an (fic] draw+ 8 sword or ( a ,hott5tot hurl+ 8 spe> & tries to reproduce !m fai?fully s t no small boy 9 ! audi5ce may be able to pick out flaws4 ,?is is well1 s f> z x goes4 ,a pa9t] w\ld /udy ^! *>act]i/ic actions1 too1 & w\ld sugge/ !m ) equal fai?fulness4 ,b he w\ld d some?+ m4 ,he w\ld place e object s c>efully 9 8 picture t its l9e h>moniz$ ) ! f\r l9es ( ! frame & ) all ( ! o!r l9es1 spots1 & pictorial values 9 8 "w4 ,n[ we are beg9n+ to guess h[ pictorial motions mu/ be compos$2 b fir/ let u see :at o!r k9ds ( motion !re are4 ,if we take ano!r look at ! geese 9 ! sky we may f9d t !y h compos$ !mselves into ! =m ( a 8,v0 or a 8,y0 float+ /rangely b5ea? ! cl\ds4 ,?is illu/rates ! ?ird type ( motion1 ! mov+ patt]n4 ,we di/+ui% betwe5 a mov+ patt]n & a mov+ spot or l9e1 because a patt]n relates its sep>ate elem5ts to ea* o!r4 ,?is relation may or may n *ange z ! patt]n moves4 ,?us ! ,v-%ap$ patt]n =m$ by ! fly+ geese may become %>p] or flatt]1 or "o side may be /ret*$ out long] ?an ! o!r1 z ! flight cont9ues4 ,all fix$ pictures are patt]ns :i* d n *ange 9 =m :ile we look at !m1 & ! pictorial pr9ciples !re9 involv$ h be5 ?or\ghly discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,b if ! director wants a patt]n to move to ! "r or left1 up or d[n1 away f him or t[>d him1 or to *ange its "* gradually1 !n a new problem ( composition arises1 & ! solution ( ?is new problem is bo? invit+ & p]plex+4 ,x is invit+ because !re are s _m patt]ns :i* ga9 beauty f motion or *ange4 ,a fix$ circle is n s appeal+ to ! eye1 = example1 z a roll+ hoop4 ,a :eel /&+ /ill is n s fasc9at+ z "o t rotates1 l ! :eel ( a w9d mill1 or "o t rolls1 l ! :eel ( a c>riage4 ,?us also ! patt]n =m$ by ! rectangul> %apes ( a tra9 /&+ /ill does n please ! eye s mu* z ! h>moni\s *ange 9 t same patt]n :5 ! tra9 sw+s by u & w9ds away into ! di/ance4 ,! patt]ns :i* may be comp>$ ) ma!matical figures1 su* z circles1 squ>es1 triangles1 diamond %apes1 etc41 are n ! only ones4 ,we are simply m5tion+ !m fir/ to make our analysis cle>4 ,e gr\p ( two or m visible ?+s1 & ne>ly e visible ?+ 9 itself1 mu/ ( necessity be look$ ^u z a patt]n1 ei!r pleas+ or displeas+ to ! eye4 ,!re=e e motion picture t has be51 or c be1 ?r[n ^u ! scre5 describes a patt]n1 fix$1 mov+1 or *ang+4 ,if ! direction & rate ( ^! motions & *anges c be controll$1 !re is hope = beauty on ! scre52 if !y _c be controll$1 !re is no help b accid5t4 ,a peculi> type ( visible motion is t :i* we h else:]e call$ 8mov+ texture40 ,examples 9 nature are ! *ang+ texture ( fall+ sn[1 ! /ately coil+ ( cl\ds1 & ! maje/ic weav+ ( ice floes 9 a riv]4 ,9 ! movies ! effect ( mov+ texture is produc$ :5ev] ! elem5ts ( ! subject are s _m & s small t we view !m r z a surface ?an z a design or patt]n4 ,x may be se51 n only 9 subjects f nature1 b also 9 su* ?+s z a mob ( p or a closely pack$ h]d ( cattle view$ f a high position4 ,mr4 ,griffi? has a good eye & ta/e = ! composition ( mov+ textures1 & has furni%$ int]e/+ examples 9 ne>ly all ( 8 l>g] productions4 ,n[ let u see h[ f> we h gone4 ,we h def9$ f\r diff]5t types ( pictorial motion1 namely1 ! mov+ spot1 ! mov+ l9e1 ! mov+ patt]n1 & ! mov+ texture4 ,!y may appe> s+ly or gr\p$4 ,= example1 9 a picture ( ! old-fa%ion$ wat] :eel we h a comb9ation ( ! mov+ l9e ( ! /ream ) ! mov+ patt]n ( ! :eel4 ,& 9 a picture ( a small motor boat1 se5 f af>1 spe$+ ov] a lake ! composition conta9s a mov+ spot1 ! *ang+ patt]n ( ! wake1 & ! *ang+ texture ( ! wat]4 ,if we add to ?is picture a long tra9 on ! bank1 trail+ a ribbon ( smoke1 an airplane 9 ! sky1 & a sail+ ya*t on ! lake1 we h a subject :i* is difficult inde$ to analyze1 & inf9itely m difficult to compose into pictorial beauty4 ,yet ^? are ! v k9ds ( motion :i* a motion picture director mu/ compose 9 e sc5e t he 8%oots40 ,b we h n yet complet$ our analysis ( ! nature ( pictorial motion4 ,x has /ill ano!r prop]ty1 :i* we %all call 8*ang+ tonal value40 ,*ang+ tonal value dep5ds ^u *anges 9 ! am\nt & k9d ( light :i* falls ^u ! subject1 & ^u *anges 9 ! surface ( ! subject itself4 ,= example1 ! %ad[ ( a cl\d pass+ ov] a l&scape gives a slightly diff]5t hue to e grove or mead[1 to e rock or road4 ,to wat* ^! values come & g is "o ( ! delights ( ! nature lov]4 ,nature's supreme example ( ! beauty ( *ang+ values may be se5 9 a sunset play+ ) delicate spl5dor on sea & sky4 ,& if ?is beauty defies ! skill ( pa9t]s x is because !y h no means ( repres5t+ ! subtle *anges :i* run ?r\gh any p>ticul> hue z ! mom5ts pass by4 ,! beauty ( a sunset may long1 p]haps =ev]1 elude ! c9ematograph1 b ?is ma*9e c produce tonal *anges 9 black & :ite at ! w ( ! op]ator by ! famili> trick ( 8fad+ 90 & 8fad+ out40 ,?is cam]a trick is ( great s]vice = dramatic effects1 su* z ! dissolv+ ( "o picture into ano!r2 b x has a great] p[]1 :i* has n always be5 appreciat$ & tak5 advantage ( by directors1 ! p[] ( produc+ = ! eye a pictorial rhy?m ( tonal int5sities4 ,?is effect is some:at l ! 8cresc5do0 & 8dim9u5do0 9 music4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,! ,cov]$ ,wagon4 ,di/9ctive rhy?m ( mov+ l9es1 int]e/+ *anges 9 pictorial patt]n1 & h>moni\s play ( light & %ade are skillfully us$ 9 ?is photoplay to int5sify its dramatic mean+4 ,see pages #i1 #ff & #adj4 ,:5 we consid] t *ang+ tonal value may be comb9$ ) *ang+ direction1 z well z ) *ang+ velocity1 ( mov+ spots1 mov+ l9es1 mov+ patt]ns1 & mov+ textures1 we realize m ke5ly ! problems ( ! c9ema compos]4 ,8 m$ium is at once extremely complex1 extremely flexible1 & extremely delicate4 ,b we h n yet reveal$ all ( ! /range qualities ( ! motion picture4 ,a unique p[] ( ! scre51 :i* c nev] be utiliz$ by any o!r graphic art1 is t :i* gives motion to ?+s t are !mselves absolutely at re/ & immovable4 ,ev5 ! pyramids ( ,egypt c be inve/$ ) app>5t motion1 s t _! %>p l9es fl[ con/antly into new patt]ns4 ,x c be done by simply mov+ ! cam]a itself :ile ! film is be+ expos$4 ,! appeal ( app>5t motion 9 natural sett+ is famili> to any "o :o has ev] gaz$ dreamily f ! w9d[ ( a railroad c> or f ! deck ( a ya*t sail+ among isl&s4 ,app>5t motion on ! scre5 makes a simil> appeal1 :i* c be enhanc$ by *ang+ di/ance & po9t ( view & by arti/ic comb9ation ) real motions 9 ! picture4 ,/ill o!r fre% means ( pleas+ ! eye may be f\nd 9 ! alt]+ ( natural motions1 z by ! ret>d+ action ( ! sl[-motion cam]a1 :i* c make a horse float 9 ! air l a real ,pegasus2 or by ! c9ematographic accel]ation ( motion :i* c out-rival an ,indian conjuror 9 mak+ a tree rise1 blossom1 & be> fruit :ile y are wat*+4 ,ano!r peculi> type ( pictorial motion1 :i* has nev] be=e exi/$1 & does n come into be+ until x is project$ ^u ! scre51 is ! magic motion ( ! 8animat$ c>toons40 ,! cam]a-man sees no su* m>vel\s motions4 ,he faces only a /ack ( draw+s4 ,! arti/ :o makes ! draw+s does n see ! motions except 9 8 own imag9ation4 ,b ! spectator 9 ! !at] is delight$ to see ! /rangely bewit*$ m5 & bea/s1 birds & trees1 rocks & /reams1 weapons & ma*9es1 all behav+ 9 impossible ways t no mak] ( fairy tales ev] dream$ (4 ,"h is a new field ( pictorial composition1 ) di/ant b\nd>ies & fabul\s weal?4 ,^? :o exploit x w be able to tea* _m a valuable lesson to ! director :o m]ely takes photographs ( actors 9 motion4 ,ne>ly all ( ^! motions might be f\nd 9 a s+le 8%ot10 t is1 9 a s+le section ( film4 ,b :5 ^! sections ( film are jo9$ toge!r to =m ! f9i%$ photoplay !y produce /ill ano!r k9d ( motion1 a con/ant %ift+ f sc5e to sc5e4 ,:e!r ?is succession is to be a s]ies ( collisions or a h>moni\s fl[1 dep5ds ^u ^? :o cut & jo9 ! films4 ,!re is f9ally ! total movem5t :i* is ! product ( all ( ^! motions work+ toge!r4 ,a sci5ti/ c %[ y 9 8 laboratory t :5 a cord vibrates 9 "o way x gives =? a p>ticul> note1 & t :5 ! same cord vibrates 9 ano!r way x gives =? a diff]5t note4 ,he c also %[ y t a s+le cord c vibrate 9 sev]al diff]5t ways at ! same "t4 ,! tones & ov]tones ?us produc$ con/itute ! peculi> timbre1 or quality1 ( a musical note4 ,?us1 too1 9 a motion picture ! ensemble ( all ! k9ds1 directions1 & velocities ( motion con/itutes ! p>ticul> c9ematic quality ( t p>ticul> picture play4 ,:e!r t resultant quality %all be l a symphony or l ! cries ( a mad-h\se1 dep5ds on ! k1 ! skill1 & ! inspiration ( ! c9ema compos]4 ,hav+ nam$ ! pr9cipal motions 9 a picture we come n[ to ! "q ( h[ ^? motions %\ld be compos$4 ,:5 a musical compos] sits d[n be=e 8 piano he kn[s t he may /rike s+le notes 9 succession1 giv+ a simple melody1 or sev]al notes at ! same mom5t1 produc+ a *ord1 or he may play a melody ) "o h& & a diff]5t melody ) ! o!r1 or he may play a melody ) "o h& & a succession ( *ords ) ! o!r1 or he may use bo? h&s 9 play+ two successions ( *ords4 ,be=e he is ?r\gh ) 8 composition he w probably h done all ( ^? ?+s4 ,x is mu* ! same ) ! c9ema compos]4 ,be=e he has f9i%$ ev5 a s+le sc5e he w probably h produc$ all ( ! diff]5t types ( motions 9 v>y+ directions1 ) v>y+ velocities1 & v>y+ int5sities4 ,h[ may he "k :e!r 8 "w is good or bad8 ,:at are ! pro(s ( beauty 9 ! composition ( pictorial motion8 ,a practical pro( is dramatic utility4 ,! motions ( a photoplay are 9 ! s]vice ( ! /ory4 ,!y %\ld p]=m t "w well1 )\t wa/e ( "t & en]gy4 ,an /hetic pro( is _! p[] to /imulate our fancy & to sway our feel+4 ,pictorial motions %\ld play = u1 until by ! illusion ( art we c play ) !m4 ,ano!r pro( is reposefulness4 ,= at ! v mom5t :5 we are /imulat$ by art we desire to re/ 9 satisfi$ contemplation4 ,h[ pictorial motions may produce beauty on ! scre5 by be+ at "w1 at play1 & at re/ w be told 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,pictorial ,,motions ,,at ,,"w ,all ! movem5t :i* y see on ! scre5 may be enjoy$1 we h said1 z some?+ :i* appe>s beautiful to y\r eye1 reg>dless ( its mean+ to y\r m9d4 ,b if t movem5t1 beautiful 9 itself1 also c>ries to y\r m9d "s significance1 if x s]ves ! dramatic plot 9 "s positive way1 !n ! picture w be s mu* ! ri*]4 ,act+1 ( c\rse1 is visible movem5t t del9eates "* & advances plot4 ,x is pictorial motion at "w4 ,& act+1 curi\sly en\gh1 is n limit$ to p & animals4 ,9 a s5se !re may be act+ also by ?+s1 by wagons or trees or brooks or waves or wat]-falls or f\nta9s or flames or smoke or cl\ds or w9d-bl[n g>m5ts4 ,! motions ( ^! ?+s also con/itute a k9d ( "w 9 ! s]vice ( ! photoplay4 ,"o might say t ! arti/ic effici5cy ( a motion picture may be p>tly te/$ 9 ! same way z ! practical value ( a ma*9e4 ,9 ei!r case motions are no good unless !y help to p]=m "s "w4 8,lo/ motions0 are a wa/e1 & resi/+ motions are a h9drance4 ,! be/ me*anical comb9ation ( motions1 !n1 is t :i* results 9 ! mo/ "w ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,d\btless e "o w agree ) u t if1 :ile a picture is %[+1 any great "w is necess>y to 8get ! /ory across10 t "w %\ld be done by ! picture & n by ! spectators4 ,!y want ! /ory to be cle>1 & !y want x to be impressive4 ,9 o!r words1 !y want beautiful & significant mat]ial pres5t$ ) ! fulle/ emphasis4 ,emphasis results :5 ! att5tion ( ! spectator is caught & held by ! prim>y int]e/ 9 ! picture1 in/ead ( ! second>y int]e/4 ,9 pa9t+s1 or 9 8/ill0 pictures1 or 9 ^? p>ts ( mov+ pictures :i* are held or rememb]$ z fix$ mom5ts1 a great numb] ( devices may be us$ sep>ately or toge!r to control ! att5tion ( ! spectator s t ! ma9 int]e/ gets its full emphasis4 ,pictorial motions on ! scre5 may also be s well organiz$ t !y w cat* & control ! spectator's att5tion1 & w reveal ! dynamic vitality ( ! pictorial cont5t4 ,! simple/ pr9ciple ( acc5t by motion is s obvi\s t we are almo/ a%am$ to "n x4 ,x is ?is1 t if 9 ! :ole picture ev]y?+ rema9s at re/ except "o ?+ :i* moves1 t ?+ w attract our att5tion4 ,photoplays are full ( mi/akes :i* arise ?r\gh ! violation ( ?is simple law4 ,9 _m a sc5e our att5tion is drawn f ! /alw>t h]o to a c&le on ! mantlepiece m]ely because its flame happ5s to flick]2 or f ! h]o9e's sweet face to a common bu% m]ely because its leaves happ5 to quiv] 9 ! breeze2 or f ! villa9's /eady pi/ol to a dog's tail m]ely because ! dog happ5s to wag x4 ,x is no excuse to say t su* motions are natural1 or t !y give local color4 ,=1 ?\gh a mov+ trifle may help to give ! correct atmosph]e1 x may also at ! same "t rob ! h]o9e ( ! att5tion :i* is rightly due h]4 ,= example1 9 8,! ,love ,light10 :i* 0 conceiv$ & direct$ by ,frances ,m>ion1 !re is ! kit*5 ( ! little ,italian home :]e ,angela 7,m>y ,pick=d7 sits d[n to muse = a :ile4 ,%e occupies ! "r side ( ! picture :ile at ! left is ! fire-place ) a brisk fire4 ,! fanciful play+ ( ! flames & smoke ( t fire cat* our att5tion imm$iately4 ,we guess t ?is fire-place is n important 9 ! /ory1 & we turn our glances ^u ! h]o9e1 b we _c keep !m !re because ! fire is too int]e/+4 ,:5 ! spectator's reason tries to make him d "o ?+ & 8 natural incl9ation tempts him to d ! opposite1 !re is confusion & wa/e ( m5tal en]gy2 & dur+ t hesitation ( m9d ! opportunity = be+ impress$ by ! ma9 int]e/ ( ! play passes by4 ,t rule may s\nd l a commonplace1 b x is n ne>ly s commonplace z ! violation ( x 9 ! movies4 ,if ! director mu/ h a fire 9 ! fire-place1 & if ,angela is m important ?an t fire1 !n1 ( c\rse1 h] motions %\ld be made m int]e/+ ?an its motions4 ,x %\ld always be rememb]$ t ! /range/1 lea/ famili> ( two motions w attract our att5tion away f ! o!r4 ,! fire is /range1 :ile ,angela is famili>4 ,9 ! prec$+ sc5es %e has walk$1 run1 romp$1 laugh$1 cri$1 talk$1 & made faces2 %e has1 9 %ort1 p]=m$ s _m diff]5t k9ds ( motions t !re is almo/ no?+ unexpect$ left = h] to d 9 ord] to take our eyes away f ! fire4 ,%e m]ely sits = a long "t unnotic$4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 aft] ! fire has lo/ its novelty = u1 %e arises1 grasps a fry+ pan1 &1 us+ x z a mirror1 beg9s to primp4 ,!n at la/ we look at h]4 ,a m /rik+ case ( misplac$ emphasis may be f\nd 9 ! photoplay 8,%]lock ,holmes10 direct$ by ,alb]t ,p>k]4 ,! "p ( ! great detective 0 play$ by no less a p]son ?an ,john ,b>rymore1 yet 9 ! v sc5e :]e he makes 8 fir/ appe>ance he is totally eclips$ by a calico c[4 ,9 ?is sc5e1 repres5t$ by ! 8/ill0 opposite ?is page1 we see a beautifully patt]n$ c[ sw++ into ! idyllic sett+ ( a side /reet 9 ,cambridge1 foll[+ a rhy?mic pa? f ! backgr\nd ) its dim t[]s ( ! univ]sity1 pa/ ! honeysuckle-clad walls ( 8,ye ,*e%ire ,*eese10 & out into ! %ad[s ( a picturesque tree4 ,?is c[ holds our att5tion by h] photographic contra/s ( black & :ite1 & because %e & h] att5dant are ! only mov+ ?+s )9 ! :ole scope ( ! cam]a4 ,?is inscrutable c[ gets ! spotlight :ile ! great ,%]lock is neglect$ :]e he recl9es dr[sily 9 ! %ade4 ,"h 0 really ! mo/ pictorial sc5e ( ! :ole photoplay1 & ! annoy+ ?+ 0 t ! c[ nev] aga9 %[$ ho( or horn4 ,:y 0 %e ev] let 98 ,no suspicion ( murd]1 !ft1 or o!r deviltry 0 ev] ca/ ^u h]4 ,%e nei!r %ield$ nor %am$ any "o4 ,%e did n help to solve any problem4 ,!re 0 no fur!r allusion to cattle1 dairies1 or *eese4 ,!re 0 n ev5 a glass ( milk 9 ! re/ ( ! play4 ,illu/ration3 ,a typical bad movie composition f an old film4 ,b ! pictorial mi/akes "h illu/rat$ may be se5 9 "s ( ! mo/ rec5t productions4 ,intellig5t criticism by spectators w\ld soon make su* c>eless direct+ intol]able4 ,see page #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,%]lock ,holmes4 ,an example ( wrong emphasis4 ,! c[ attracts att5tion by h] /rong m>k+1 ! c5tral position1 & because %e is ! only mov+ ?+ 9 ! picture4 ,b ! c[ %\ld n h be5 dragg$ 9 at all1 mu* less acc5t$4 ,see page #ajj4 ,p]haps ! innoc5t c[ 0 an accid5t4 ,p]haps ! director did n "k1 or _h =gott51 t ! :ite/ pat* 9 a picture attracts ! eye1 t an irregul> %ape1 su* z ! m>k+ ( a ,hol/e9 c[1 attracts m att5tion ?an ! famili> patt]n+ ( walls1 w9d[s1 tree trunks1 etc41 t a mov+ object 9 a sc5e :]e ev]y?+ else is /ill attracts & holds att5tion1 & t a humble c[ emphasiz$ by all ^! c9ematographic means makes m ( a hit ?an ! mo/ highly paid actor doz+ 9 ! %ade4 ,b ! /rang5ess or novelty ( a motion may emphasize x1 ev5 ?\gh o!r motions go+ on at ! same "t are l>g] & /rong]4 ,9 support ( ?is /atem5t ! au?or (f]s a p]sonal exp]i5ce :i* came 9 ! nature ( a surprise :5 fir/ see+ ,niag>a ,falls4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t if a p]son :o _h nev] se5 ?is sight 7 plac$ sudd5ly be=e x1 he w\ld gaze spellb\nd at ! awful ru% ( wat]1 & t no o!r motion c\ld possibly di/ract him4 ,b ! au?or's att5tion 0 fir/ attract$ to some?+ else :i* impress$ him m deeply1 some?+ :i* mov$ sil5tly1 v sl[ly & v delicately4 ,t /rangely attractive ?+ 0 ! cl\d ( spray t rose /eadily f ! bottom ( ! fall1 float+ g5tly upw>d pa/ ! br9k & vani%+ cont9ually 9 ! sky4 ,its peculi> appeal lay 9 its /rang5ess1 n 9 its /r5g?4 ,! read] c d\btless recall simil> cases :]e /rang5ess ex]t$ an ov]p[]+ appeal4 ,at be/ t /rang5ess is mu* m ?an ! satisfaction ( curiosity4 ,x is a type ( beauty :i* comes z a relief f ! common1 famili> facts ( e-day life4 ,! comb9ation ( /rang5ess & beauty has a p[]ful *>m1 & he is an ideal director :o c emphasize dramatic significance ) t *>m4 ,viol5ce1 at lea/1 is n a virtue 9 ! movies1 z s _m directors seem to believe4 ,inde$1 sl[ness & slightness may sometimes be m impressive ?an spe$ & volume4 ,?is is (t5 demon/rat$ on ! /age ( ! spok5 drama1 :51 = example1 ! lead+ lady :o speaks sl[ly & 9 l[ tones holds our int]e/ bett] ?an h] att5dants :o *att] 9 high pit*4 ,! beauty ( h] spee* is emphasiz$ by its contra/ ) ! ugl9ess ( ! o!rs4 ,s 9 ! photoplay !re may be m p[] 9 a s+le slight l[]+ ( ! eyes or 9 ! firm cl5*+ ( a fi/ ?an 9 a /orm ( wav+ arms & heav+ *e/s4 ,:at has j be5 said ref]s to motions 9 a fix$ sett+1 :i* op]ate ei!r aga9/ or 9 spite (1 ea* o!r2 b two or m motions 9 a picture may "w z a team1 & may ?us control our att5tion bett] ?an if !y 7 op]at+ s+ly4 ,fir/ we obs]ve t if a s+le object is mov+ along 9 a cont9u\s direction x w pull our att5tion along 9 t direction1 may1 inde$1 s5d our att5tion on ahead ( ! object4 ,?us if an actor sw+s 8 h& dramatically 9 ! direction ( a door he may c>ry our glance beyond 8 h& to ! door itself4 ,?is law ( vision works s surely t x c always be dep5d$ ^u by a magician1 a highly specializ$ k9d ( actor1 :5 he wi%es to div]t ! att5tion ( 8 audi5ce f "s "p ( ! /age or ( 8 own p]son :]e a trick is be+ prep>$4 ,x is n true1 z is popul>ly suppos$1 t we are deceiv$ because 8! h& is fa/] ?an ! eye02 x is really because ! eye is fa/] ?an ! h&4 ,9 o!r words1 our att5tion out/rips ! mov+ object4 ,9 ! movies ?is law controls our att5tion to travel+ p]sons1 vehicles1 & ?+s4 ,if horsem5 are repres5t$ z rid+ away !y %\ld be photograph$ ) _! backs t[>d u & ) ! di/ance betwe5 u & !m increas+4 ,!n1 s9ce our eyes travel beyond ! rid]s1 we get a /rong] impression t ! m5 are really rid+ f> away4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! horsem5 are com+ home1 ! direction ( movem5t %\ld naturally be t[>d u4 ,?is seems cle> en\gh2 yet directors frequ5tly prev5t u f feel+ ! dramatic int5t & =ce ( travel1 by 8%oot+0 ! mov+ subject f v>i\s angles 9 succession4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,griffi? has be5 guilty ( ?is sort ( c>elessness4 ,9 8,! ,idol ,danc]10 = example1 we h a sc5e 7a7 9 :i* a p>ty ( ,s\? ,sea isl& villag]s are paddl+ away 9 a l>ge canoe2 correctly en\gh !y are mov+ away f ! cam]a4 ,! next sc5e 7b7 %[s "s "o rais+ an al>m 9 ! village by beat+ a drum1 :i*1 z we h be5 in=m$1 c be he>d tw5ty miles away4 ,x is a call to ! canoe p>ty to return4 ,! sc5e :i* is !n fla%$ on 7c7 is a close-up ( ! canoe com+ t[>d ! cam]a4 ,! m5 are paddl+ vigor\sly4 ,we ?9k1 ( c\rse1 t !y h already he>d ! al>m & are n[ return+4 ,b no6 ,pres5tly !y /op paddl+ & li/54 ,!y he> ! drum4 ,! next picture 7d71 a 8long %ot10 %[s ! canoe be+ maneuv]$ ar\nd1 & ! succe$+ pictures all %[ ! m5 paddl+ t[>d ! cam]a4 ,n[ x is p]fectly logical = u to inf] t ! canoe is already homew>d b\nd1 :5 we see x com+ t[>d u 9 sc5e 8c0 imm$iately aft] ! drum has s\nd$ ! al>m1 & we c !re=e only res5t be+ caught 9 error & virtually told1 two sc5es lat]1 8,?is "t we won't fool y1 n[ ! canoe1 z y see1 is really turn+ ab\t40 ,if "o mov+ object c s5d our ?\ghts ahead to ! goal ( its travel1 two or m objects mov+ t[>d ! same po9t c s5d our ?\ghts !re ) greatly increas$ =ce4 ,?us a picture ( two %ips %[n approa*+ ea* o!r on conv]g+ c\rses w surely make u ?9k ( t region ( ! sea :]e !y are likely to come close abo>d ea* o!r4 ,if !re is an enemy subm>9e at t po9t & if ! two vessels are de/roy]s1 ! susp5se & emphasis is complete4 ,a simil> law ( att5tion may be se5 at "w 9 cases :]e l9es move along _! l5g? to a junction4 ,suppose we take z a sett+ a we/]n l&scape 9 :i* two swiftly fl[+ /reams meet & =m ! figure ( a 8,y40 ,suppose n[ t we desire to place an ,indian camp 9 ?is sett+ s c>efully t x w attract att5tion z soon z ! picture is fla%$ on ! scre54 ,we mu/ place x at ! junction ( ! two /reams1 because ! eyes ( ! spectators w naturally be drawn to t po9t4 ,n[ suppose t a long :ite road crosses ! ma9 /ream j bel[ ! place :]e ! tribut>ies meet4 ,! position w\ld be emphasiz$ m ?an ev] because ! road w\ld virtually =m two fix$ l9es lead+ t[>d ! bridge2 & fix$ l9es1 z we saw 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 also h ! p[] ( direct+ our att5tion to ! po9t :]e a cross+ is made4 ,!n let u suppose t ! ,indians build a fire1 f :i* ! smoke rises 9 a tall1 ?9 column4 ,t w\ld con/itute ano!r l9e ( motion4 ,b w\ld x emphasize or weak5 ! c5t] ( int]e/8 ,x w\ld1 z a matt] ( fact1 /ill hold our att5tion on ! camp because ( ! curi\s law t1 no matt] 9 :at directions l9es may move1 x is ! po9t :i* !y h 9 common t attracts our att5tion4 ,?us if we assume a l&scape :]e !re is only a s+le /ream1 ) a camp at ! upp] end1 & ) smoke ris+ f a fire1 we w\ld /ill h emphasis on ! camp1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! two l9es ( motion are direct$ away f x4 ,! same curi\s p[] ov] our att5tion may be ex]cis$ by mov+ spots4 ,if we see1 = example1 two %ips sail+ away on div]g+ c\rses1 we imm$iately suppose t ! %ips are sail+ out ( ! same port1 &1 ev5 ?\gh we _c see any sign ( t port1 our m9ds w se>* = x4 ,s also 9 ^? electric adv]tisem5ts :]e l9es ( fire1 spray$ f a c5tral s\rce1 rise & curve ov] into ! v>i\s lett]s ( a ^w1 ! emphasis is r on ! po9t :]e ! l9es orig9ate ?an on any s+le lett] or on ! ^w z a :ole4 ,electric signs1 by ! way1 are surpris+ly (t5 examples ( :at n to d ) motion if "o desires to cat* ! eye & to /rike deep into ! m9d & emotions ( ! obs]v]4 ,! mo/ common mi/ake1 p]haps1 is ! sign consi/+ ( a ^w 9 /eady light surr\nd$ by a fla%+ bord] 9 :i* a /ream ( fire fl[s cont9u\sly f dusk till dawn4 ,our eyes *ase madly ar\nd ) ?is motion & h no *ance to re/ ^u ! ^w = :i* ! adv]tis] is wa/+ 8 money4 ,b1 to return to ! "q ( h[ motions runn+ away f ea* o!r c ?r[ ! spectator's att5tion to ! po9t :]e !y orig9ate1 we c ?9k ( no m p]fect example 9 nature ?an ! effect :i* is produc$ by ?r[+ a pebble into a pool4 ,ripples =m !mselves imm$iately into exp&+ r+s :i* seem to pursue ea* o!r /eadily away f a common c5t]4 ,yet1 despite ! outw>d motion ( ^! r+s our eyes con/antly seek ! po9t f :i* !y s my/]i\sly arise4 ,t ?is is true e read] has exp]i5c$ = himself4 ,"h !n we h discov]$ a fasc9at+ p>adox ( motion1 namely1 t a ?+ may sometimes be caught by runn+ away f x4 ,?is ought to be good news to _m a movie director4 ,b let u see :at o!r means !re are ( emphasiz+ a !me or "s o!r feature ( significant beauty 9 a photoplay4 ,"o me?od is repetition4 ,b :at is ! effect ( repetition8 ,is x monotony or emphasis8 ,does x dull our s5ses or %>p5 !m8 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! /eady repetition ( ! sea waves break+ on ! bea*1 or ( ra9 drops dripp+ on our ro(s1 or ( leaves ru/l+ 9 ! =e/1 or ( flames leap+ 9 our fire-places c s5d u into ! =getfulness ( sleep4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p]iodic repetition ( a movem5t 9 a dance1 or ( a motif 9 music1 or ( a refra9 9 poetry c drive t movem5t1 t motif1 or t refra9 s deeply into our s\ls t we nev] =get x4 ,we ref]1 ( c\rse1 to ! high] =ms ( danc+1 music1 & poetry2 = 9 ! l[] =ms1 su* z ! danc+ ( savages1 ! gr9d+ ( h& organs1 & ! 8s+-song0 ( un9spir$ recitations ! too frequ5t repetition soon results 9 monotony4 ,9 ! movies ( to-day !re is1 we are glad to obs]ve1 v little bad repetition except t ( close-ups1 & ev5 !y are n[ m & m elim9at$ by directors4 ,b !re is also v little good repetition 9 ! cause ( arti/ic emphasis4 ,! t5d5cy is r a t\* & run4 ,sev5ty sett+s are us$ :]e sev5te5 w\ld give u a /rong] s5se ( environm5t4 ,we read m publicity 8dope0 ab\t a woman :o c d a hundr$ 8/unts0 9 five reels ?an ab\t "o :o c /rike a s+le en?rall+ pose1 & c return to x aga9 & aga9 until x becomes z un=gettable z a ma/]piece ( sculpture4 ,! photoplay ne$s repetition1 especially because ( ! fact t any pictorial motion or mom5t mu/ by its v nature vani% :ile we look4 ,h5ce1 unless all o!r circum/ances are especially favorable = emphasis1 su* a motion or mom5t may vani% f our m9ds z well z f ! scre54 ,to fix ^! fleet+ values is a problem1 b x c be solv$ )\t ! dang] ( monotony if ea* repetition is provid$ ) a v>iety ( approa*1 or if ea* repetition is made "u a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,?is is ! me?od 9 music4 ,a p>ticul> s]ies ( notes is /ruck & s]ves = a !me2 !n ! melody w&]s (f into a maze ( h>mony & returns to ! !me1 only to w&] (f aga9 into a new h>mony & to return f a new direction to ! same !me4 ,aft] a :ile ?is musical !me1 ?us repeat$ ) a v>iety ( approa*1 p5etrates our s\ls & rema9s imb$d$ !re long aft] ! p]=mance has ceas$4 ,! same me?od is (t5 employ$ to give emphasis to a p>ticul> movem5t or pose 9 /hetic danc+4 ,to %[ h[ repetition ) v>iety ( approa* may op]ate on ! scre5 let u remake 9 imag9ation "s sc5es f ,griffi?'s 8,brok5 ,blossoms10 a photoplay :i* 0 adapt$ f ,?omas ,burke's %ort /ory 8,! ,*9k & ! ,*ild40 ,! wi/ful h]o9e1 call$ simply ,! ,girl1 play$ *>m+ly by ,lillian ,gi%1 is %[n 9 ! wret*$ hovel ( h] fa!r1 8,battl+0 ,burr[s1 a prize-fight]4 ,we see h] aga9/ a backgr\nd ( fad+ & brok5 walls1 a b>e table1 a c\ple ( *airs1 a cot1 & a /ove4 ,if %e sits d[n1 /&s up1 lies d[n1 or walks across ! room1 %e moves1 ( c\rse1 ?r\gh a *ang+ patt]n ( motion aga9/ fix$ l9es4 ,& %e ends ea* movem5t 9 a diff]5t fix$ design4 ,n[ let u suppose t ! mo/ pictorial ( all ^! arre/$ mom5ts is ! "o :i* is /ruck :5 %e pauses be=e an old mirror to gaze sadly at h] own pa!tic image1 & t dur+ ?is mom5t we see1 n only ! be/ arrangem5t ( l9es1 patt]ns1 & tones1 & ! be/ phase ( all h] bodily movem5ts1 b also ! mo/ emotional expression ( h] tragic situation z ! slave ( h] brutal fa!r4 ,w\ldn't x be a pity if ?is pictorial mom5t 7 to occur once only dur+ ! play8 ,h[ mu* m impressive x w\ld be if %e paus$ (t5 be=e ?is mirror1 always /rik+ ! same dramatic note4 ,su* a pause w\ld be q natural imm$iately aft] %e ent]s ! room or :5 %e is ab\t to g out1 or dur+ h] we>y %uffl+ betwe5 ! /ove & ! table :ile s]v+ supp]1 or aft] %e has aris5 f a spell ( cry+ on ! cot & tries to %ape h] te>-/a9$ face into a smile4 ,9 all ( ^! cases !re w\ld be v>iety & yet emphasis1 always ! same tonal h>mony betwe5 h] blond hair & ! fad$ wall1 always ! same resemblance betwe5 ! l9es ( h] ragg$ dress & ^? ( ! old furniture1 always ! same b9d+ ( h] frail figure into ! h>d patt]n ( h] surr\nd+s1 z ?\gh %e 7 b a ?+ to be kick$ ab\t & brok51--all ?is %[n aga9 & aga9 until ! full dramatic =ce & beauty ( ! pictorial mom5t is impress$ ^u ! spectator4 ,?is k9d ( repetition c be done mu* m effectively & ) less dang] ( monotony 9 ! photoplay ?an 9 ! /age play1 because mu* ( ! action :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! repetitions c be elim9at$ & o!r sc5es c be cut 9 )\t break+ ! cont9uity ( visible motion1 :ile on ! /age no bridg+ ( "t or %ift+ ( sc5e is feasible )\t dropp+ ! curta94 ,"o device :i* is unique on ! scre5 is ! repetition ( ! same 8%ot0 by simply cutt+ into ! film num]\s pr9ts f a s+le negative4 ,a well-rememb]$ case 0 ! 8,out-(-!-cradle endlessly-rock+0 !me ( ,griffi?'s 8,intol]ance10 a picture ( a "y woman rock+ a cradle1 :i* 0 repeat$ at frequ5t int]vals ?r\gh\t ! /ory4 ,! picture rema9$ ! same1 b ! context 0 ev] new2 &1 if ! repetition 0 n impressive to ! spectators1 ! fault 0 n 9 ! device itself1 b r 9 ! fact t !re really 0 no v cle> connection betwe5 ! cradle-rock+ & intol]ance4 ,:5ev] we speak ( emphasis 9 art we are naturally conc]n$ ab\t emphasiz+ t :i* is vital 9 ! !me or /ory4 ,we d n1 = example1 emphasize a man's susp5d]s 9 a portrait :]e ! ma9 !me is grief4 ,nor ne$ we1 = t matt]1 emphasize te>s2 = a man might %[ z mu* grief ) 8 %\ld]s z ) a wet h&k]*ief4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! !me is grief we %\ld emphasize grief itself r ?an any p>ticul> ge/ure ( grief4 ,simil>ly if 9 a romantic /ory ! ma9 !me is da%+ sword play1 x is swordsman%ip :i* %\ld be /ress$1 & n ! sword itself1 unless1 ( c\rse1 t sword happ5s to h "s magic prop]ty4 ,!re=e x is bad art 9 8,! ,m>k ( ,zorro10 a ,d\glas ,fairbanks play1 to repeat ) e sub-title a conv5tional sket* ( a sword4 ,x is bad1 n only because ! h]o's sword ne$s no emphasis1 b because a m]e decorative draw+ ( a sword _c re9=ce ! significance ( ! real sword :i* ! h]o s gallantly wields4 ,!re is a recurr+ note1 h[ev]1 9 ?is play :i* c be comm5d$4 ,x is ! 8,z0 %ap$ m>k or w\nd :i* ,zorro makes ) 8 sword4 ,we see x fir/ z an old sc> on ! *eek ( a man :om ,zorro has reprim&$4 ,!n we see ,zorro himself trace ! m>k on a bullet9 bo>d f :i* he te>s d[n a notice4 ,!n we see him cut ! dread$ 8,z0 ^u ! neck ( an antagoni/4 ,&1 f9ally1 we see him1 "s days lat]1 fix 8 weird m>k squ>ely on ! br[ ( 8 old enemy4 ,& 9 e case except ! fir/ we obs]ve ! quick zigzag motion ( ! av5g+ sword4 ,"h ! emphasis lies 9 ! repetition ( a pictorial elem5t ) "s v>iety ( %ape & movem5t & "u a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,! 8m>k0 ( ,zorro becomes a %>p symbol :i* inscribes ev] anew ^u our m9ds ! "* ( ! h]o1 8 da%+ pursuit & lightn+ retribution4 ,emphasis by repetition 9 ! photoplay may fur!r be a*iev$ 9 ways :i* we %all n take ! "t to discuss4 ,?us an especially significant sett+ may be repeat$ 9 v>i\s lights & 9 comb9ation ) v>i\s actions2 or "s p>ticul> action1 su* z a dramatic dance1 may be repeat$ 9 a v>iety ( sett+s4 ,a sure means ( emphasis is contra/4 ,we h already %[n h[ ?is pr9ciple works 9 cases :]e a mov+ ?+ is contra/$ ) o!r ?+s :i* are at re/4 ,yet ! contra/ 9 su* cases works only 9 "o direction4 ,t is to say1 ! contra/ ?r[s ! att5tion on ! motion1 b x does n at ! same "t draw any att5tion to ! fix$ objects4 ,x w be int]e/+ n[ to illu/rate a sort ( d\ble-act+ contra/ :i* may produce great emphasis 9 pictures4 ,9 ! well-kn[n case :]e a tall man /&s beside a %ort "o on a /age ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is emphasiz$ by ! contra/ 9 _! /atures2 & :5 we meet !m (f ! /age we are surpris$ to discov] t "o is n s tall1 & ! o!r n s %ort1 z we _h be5 l$ to believe4 ,9 a photograph1 = a simil> reason1 if a v black tone is plac$ %>ply along a v :ite "o1 ea* tone w make ! o!r seem m int5se4 ,& if a pa9t] desires to emphasize a color1 say r$1 9 8 pa9t+ he does n ne$ to d s by spread+ m pa9t ov] ! fir/ coat4 ,r$ may be acc5t$ by plac+ gre5 beside x4 ,9 fact1 ea* ( ^! two colors c acc5t ! o!r by contra/4 ,simil>ly :5 two motions occur toge!r ! contra/ betwe5 !m may be d\ble-act+4 ,:5 y are sett+ y\r wat*1 = example1 ! m9ute-h& seems to run fa/]1 & ! h\r-h& m sl[ly1 ?an is actually true1 because ( ! contra/ 9 _! rates ( spe$4 ,?is simple law might well be appli$ 9 ! movies :5 emphasis ( motion is requir$4 ,we w\ld ?us get ! effect ( spe$ ^u ! m9d )\t ! annoyance ( spe$ = ! eye4 ,"o does n h to be a critic to realize t !re is entirely too mu* spe$ on ! scre54 ,"s ( ?is dizzy swiftness is due to imp]fect projection or to ! worn-out condition ( ! film2 witness ! flick] & ! 8ra90 ( specks & l9es4 ,mu* ( x is due also to ! fact t ! projection is 8spe$$ up0 to a fa/] rate ?an t ( ! actual p]=mance be=e ! cam]a4 ,b !re is also a lam5table /ra9+ = effect by _m directors :o believe t an unnaturally fa/ tempo gives life & sp>kle to ! action4 ,p]haps "s ( ^! directors h n be5 able to =get a lesson le>n$ dur+ _! /age exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! spok5 drama x has long be5 a tradition t actors mu/ speak m rapidly1 & mu/ pick up _! cues m promptly1 ?an p d 9 real life1 9 ord] t ! play may n seem to drag4 ,b we "k t ! motion picture is 9 dang] ( rac+ r ?an dragg+4 ,& rac+1 z we h said1 hurts ! eyes4 ,! pr9ciple ( contra/ c relieve ! eye ( a "p ( its "w )\t impos+ any additional task ^u ! m9d4 ,?us "s crazy ,don ,quixote may seem to cut & ?ru/ ) great] agility ?an ! fight+ :i* we actually see1 provid$ 8 action is contra/$ ) ! re/ful pok+ ( 8 ham-f$ s]vant1 ,san*o ,panza4 ,& ?us a railroad tra9 :i* really 0 runn+ at a mod]ate spe$1 might seem to da% by on ! scre51 if x 7 contra/$ ) ! ambl+ gait ( a f>m]'s team driv5 9 ! same direction along ! tracks4 ,a k9d ( emphasis :i* we may classify z contra/ is t :i* occurs :5 movem5t is sudd5ly arre/$4 ,! unexpect$ /op n only makes ! previ\s motion seem fa/] ?an x really 01 b x also fixes att5tion m al]tly on ! ?+ :i* has j /opp$ mov+4 ,:5 y bump aga9/ a *air 9 ! d>kness y are always a/oni%$ to f9d t y 7 da%+ along in/ead ( m]ely walk+ sl[ly4 ,b ! %ock has deceiv$ y1 = y really 7 walk+ sl[ly4 ,if y are out hunt+ & y\r sett] /ops 9 8 tracks1 y\r eye is imm$iately ^u him1 & w rema9 s fix$ until he or some?+ else makes ! next move4 ,! same pr9ciple works on ! scre54 ,if an actor1 or an animal1 or a ?+ is 9 motion & !n unexpect$ly pauses1 ! effect ( ! pause is to attract imm$iate att5tion1 z well z to make ! previ\s motion seem to h be5 fa/] ?an x actually 04 ,sometimes ?is law may op]ate to di/ract our att5tion f ! dramatic int]e/4 ,if1 = example1 an outdoor sc5e has be5 8%ot0 on a squally day1 & ! w9d has abruptly di$ d[n = a few mom5ts dur+ ! climax ( ! sc5e1 ! effect on ! scre5 w be to attract our att5tion in/antly to ! leaves :i* h /opp$ flutt]+1 or ! g>m5ts :i* h /opp$ flapp+4 ,we w obs]ve ! sudd5 *ange 9 ! wea!r & =get ! /ate ( ! /ory4 ,) ?is argum5t we ourselves %all pause1 9 ord] to summ>ize ! pr9cipal ways 9 :i* pictorial motions1 work+ s+ly or toge!r1 c produce ! greate/ impression on ! spectator ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( 8 m5tal en]gy4 ,"h is ! li/3 ,a ?+ 9 motion is normally m emphatic ?an any?+ at re/ 9 ! same picture4 ,( two motions ! "o :i* is ! m surpris+ or fanciful gets ! *ief att5tion4 ,sl[ness or slightness may sometimes by contra/ be m emphatic ?an great spe$ or volume4 ,a mov+ spot or a l9e fl[+ along its own l5g? has a t5d5cy to c>ry att5tion along )1 or ev5 ahead (1 itself 9 ! direction ( movem5t4 ,two or m movem5ts along well-m>k$ l9es1 :e!r conv]g+ or div]g+1 focus att5tion on ! po9t :i* ^! l9es h 9 common4 ,l9es mov+ 9 circles away f a common c5t] hold att5tion on t c5t]4 ,repetition c "w = emphasis )\t monotony1 provid$ x be a repetition ) v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,contra/ betwe5 two simultane\s motions or betwe5 a motion & an abrupt re/ may be d\ble-act+1 t is1 may emphasize 9 bo? directions4 ,our discussion ( motions at "w 9 a picture has n be5 exhau/ive4 ,! li/ might easily be made ?ree times z long z x is4 ,b x is long en\gh to illu/rate ! evil :i* motions may d if !y are turn$ wild on ! scre51 & ! good :i* !y may "w if !y are h>ness$ by a director :o und]/&s ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( pictorial composition4 ,h[ev]1 all "w & no play w\ld make any picture dull1 b t is a subject = ano!r *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,pictorial ,,motions ,,at ,,play ,! av]age matt]-(-fact man ?9ks t arti/s conc]n !mselves only ) copy+ _! subjects1 & t _! success z arti/s consi/s 9 copy+ correctly4 ,he is satisfi$ ) a pa9t$ portrait ( 8 wife1 provid$ x is a 8speak+ lik5ess10 & he craves no o!r magic ( design & color4 ,su* a man praises a photoplay if x pres5ts a 8rattl+ good /ory10 & expects no ?rill f ! c9ema compos]'s conjur+ ) %ift+ patt]ns & evanesc5t tones4 ,at lea/ he w\ld say some?+ to t effect if y argu$ ! matt] ) him4 ,b he w\ld be mi/ak5 9 8 self-analysis1 = ev5 a prosaic p]son really enjoys ! decorative rhy?mical quality 9 a picture1 ?\gh he may n be consci\s ( do+ s4 ,& e spectator c get ! ri*e/ beauty f ! scre5 only :5 ! pictorial motions play z well z !y "w4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 play & "w8 ,we "k t :5 our "w mo/ resembles play x is mo/ enjoyable4 ,& we "k1 too1 t play1 ev5 :5 x has n be5 pr(essionaliz$1 (t5 comes v ne> be+ "w4 ,! play+ ( *ildr51 z t ( gr[n-ups1 is (t5 v highly organiz$ & pursu$ ) a great deal ( ef=t & e>ne/ness4 ,play1 h[ev]1 may be *>act]iz$ by spontaneity & v>iety4 ,x is n =c$1 l "w1 :i* aims = "s def9ite practical result2 & x does n h ! rigidity & uni=mity :i* 9 "w sometimes develops into dullness4 ,if ! emphasiz+ ( dramatic expression may be call$ ! "w ( pictorial motions1 !n ! spontaneity & v>iety :i* accompanies ?is "w may be call$ ! play ( pictorial motions4 ,& t play is ess5tially ! same z rhy?m4 ,we ?9k imm$iately ( two ( ! eld] arts 9 :i* rhy?m is all important--danc+ & music4 ,music leads u to ! ?\ght ( song1 & poetry1 & oratory1 arts :i* also are dep5d5t on rhy?m4 ,danc+ sugge/s sculpture1 & sculpture sugge/s pa9t+1 arts :i* w\ld h little beauty )\t ! quality ( rhy?m4 ,ev5 ar*itecture mu/ h x4 ,f art we turn to nature1 & we see ! poignant beauty ( rhy?m 9 cl\d & wave1 9 tree & fl[]1 9 brook & m\nta91 9 bird & bea/4 ,! motion picture1 :i* is ! mirror ( nature1 & at ! same "t ! tablet ^u :i* all ( ! eld] arts may write _! laws1 mu/ br+ to u ! inh]itance & reflection ( rhy?m4 ,?is quality has already be5 discuss$ 9 connection ) ! laws ( ! eye1 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 & 9 connection ) /atic composition1 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,we come n[ to ! pictorial problem ( weav+ ! individual & comb9$ motions ( a photoplay into a totality ( rhy?m4 ,fir/1 let u consid] ! case ( a s+le mov+ spot4 ,suppose t we h be=e u a b>r5 hillside ( ,mexico1 an expanse ( light gray on ! scre54 ,d[n t hillside a horseman is to come1 d>k aga9/ ! gray4 ,if he rides 9 a s+le /raight l9e1 directly t[>d ! cam]a or obliquely d[n ! hill1 8 movem5t w n be pleas+ to ! eye1 nor w x seem natural4 ,b if he moves 9 a wav+ l9e1 a s]ies ( rev]se curves freely made1 ! effect on ! eye ( ! spectator w be some:at l t ( ! 8l9e ( beauty0 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,an important diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 a fix$ l9e & "o trac$ by a mov+ object is t ! latt] disappe>s z soon z x is drawn4 ,x may l+] 9 our memories1 to be sure1 yet our eyes c trace t l9e only once1 & only 9 ! direction tak5 by ! mov+ object4 ,t is1 our physical eye _c range back & =? ov] ! vani%$ pa?1 z x c ov] a fix$ l9e4 ,& a /ill great] diff]5ce is t ! mov+ object has a rhy?m ( velocity z well z a rhy?m ( direction4 ,velocity & direction ( movem5t arise & exi/ toge!r1 & consequ5tly _! relation to ea* o!r may produce a new rhy?m4 ,! horse1 v>y+ 8 pace accord+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 may gallop along ! level /ret*es1 & may pick 8 way cauti\sly d[n ! /eep decl9es4 ,!re is natural h>mony 9 rapid motion ov] a long smoo? l9e1 & sl[ motion ov] a %ort jagg$ "o4 ,a simple case l ?is may help u to answ] ! "q1 ,:5 is ! relation betwe5 velocity & direction h>moni\s8 ,b we h /ill ! fundam5tal que/ions1 ,:5 is a *ange ( direction rhy?mical8 ,&1 :5 is a *ange ( velocity rhy?mical8 ,we _c promise to give direct & def9ite answ]s to ^! que/ions2 b1 recall+ our discussion 9 ,*apt] ,v conc]n+ rhy?m 9 fix$ design1 let u say t c9ematic rhy?m is a peculi> alt]nation ( phases or prop]ties ( pictorial motion :i* gives ! spectator a vivid s5se ( movem5t p]=m$ ) ease & v>iety4 ,n[ x may seem a va9 task to analyze or try to def9e s delicate a ?+ z rhy?m1 because all ( u c be c>ri$ away by rhy?m )\t saddl+ x ) a =mula4 ,yet analysis w s]ve a useful purpose if x c help ! director to avoid motions :i* are n rhy?mical & if x c help ! ?\ghtful spectator to fix ! blame = ! jumble ( unrhy?mical motions :i* he n[ s (t5 sees on ! scre54 ,suppose we make a few te/s ^u ! horseman com+ d[n ! hillside4 ,if he moves 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e at a p]fectly /eady pace1 ! action w seem to be a =c$1 h>d ef=t ex]t$ )\t v>iety4 ,no rhy?m w be !re4 ,b if he moves1 ev5 )\t *ange ( pace1 along a pa? ( fl[+ curves1 we w s5se a rhy?m ( direction1 provid+ ! horse seems to foll[ ! w9d+ pa? freely & )\t undue ef=t4 ,if1 )\t *ange ( direction1 ! horse frequ5tly alt]s 8 gait f a gallop to a walk & back to a gallop aga9 9 equal p]iods ( "t1 say half a m9ute ea*1 x w be app>5t t ease & v>iety are utt]ly abs5t f ! movem5t4 ,& ev5 if ! horse foll[s a w9d+ pa? & *anges gait at su* regul> int]vals ! rhy?m 9 direction w be neutraliz$ by ! lack ( rhy?m 9 velocity4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is a progression ( v>y+ directions1 v>y+ gaits1 & v>y+ durations ( "t :i* appe> to be spontane\sly & easily p]=m$1 a progression1 moreov]1 9 :i* bo? ! simil>ities & ! diff]5ces ( ! v>i\s phases c in/antly be p]ceiv$ by ! spectator1 he w imm$iately exp]i5ce ! emotion ( rhy?mical movem5t4 ,! above example illu/rates h[ a s+le spot c move rhy?mically ov] ! area ( a picture4 ,a mov+ l9e1 say a column ( soldi]s on ! m>*1 may h /ill m rhy?m4 ,we get a h9t ( ?is f ! 8/ill10 fac+ page #acc4 ,x repres5ts a sc5e f ! ,metro production ( ,ibanez's 8,f\r ,horsem5 ( ! ,apocalypse10 :i* 0 direct$ by ,rex ,+ram4 ,we see !re t ! soldi]s describe a pa? ( alt]nate curves1 in/ead ( ! /raight l9es & squ>e corn]s :i* a less imag9ative director w\ld h ord]$4 ,mr4 ,+ram has fur!r height5$ ! rhy?m by plac+ gaps "h & !re 9 ! ma9 column1 & by introduc+ a second>y movem5t 9 ! deta*m5t :i* turns (f f ! road j be=e rea*+ ! village4 ,^! movem5ts are truly pictorial 9 composition2 yet _! mean+ is none ! less milit>y & dramatic4 ,9 ! sc5e j describ$ ! v>i\s motions are simil>1 & ! h&l+ ( !m is !re=e comp>atively easy4 ,b x is v difficult to make a rhy?mical comb9ation ( motions :i* diff] widely 9 "*4 ,9 8,! ,dumb ,girl ( ,portici10 = in/ance1 we are %[n ,pavl[a danc+ on ! bea*1 :ile ! /ately waves & p\nd+ surf ( ! ocean fill mo/ ( ! area ( ! scre54 ,b !re is no rhy?m 9 ! comb9$ movem5ts ( t picture4 ,! danc] )\t ! sea1 or ! sea )\t ! danc]1 might h be5 p]fectly rhy?mical4 ,b :5 we try to view !m toge!r 9 ?is photoplay we get only ! /rong cla% betwe5 _! movem5ts1 & we feel no pleasure :5 %ift+ our gaze f "o to ! o!r4 ,p]haps ! picture might h be5 a success if ! danc]'s gr\nd _h be5 a bank suffici5tly high to mask ! sev]e effect ( ! surf1 yet p]mitt+ a view ( ! incom+ waves1 & if ! /ately v>iety 9 ! movem5t ( ! sea _h be5 tak5 z a key to a sympa!tic movem5t ( ! danc]4 ,we might !n get a h>moni\s1 alt]nat+ fl[ ( ! two movem5ts1 our eyes might play easily f "o to ! o!r1 & ! total pictorial effect might ar\se ! emotion ( rhy?m4 ,9 a simil> way any ( ! movem5ts ( nature1 su* z ! effect ( w9d on cl\d1 or tree1 or field ( gra92 ! fall or fl[ ( wat]2 ! flight ( bird or *>act]i/ic movem5t ( bea/1 movem5ts :i*1 once admitt$ to ! sc5e1 _c easily be controll$1 might be tak5 z keys 9 :i* to play ^? movem5ts :i* c be controll$4 ,"s practical-m9d$ p]son may sugge/ t in/ead ( worry+ ab\t ! composition ( 8unnecess>y0 motions1 x w\ld be bett] to omit !m4 ,b su* a p]son ov]looks ! natural human desire = ri*ness 9 art4 ,we are s con/itut$ t we crave lively emotional activity4 ,we love ri* v>iety1 & at ! same "t we enjoy our ease4 ,:5 we li/5 to ! music ( a piani/ we are n satisfi$ if he plays ) only "o f+]1 ev5 ?\gh he might ?us play ! melody correctly1 because ! melody alone is n ri* en\gh4 ,we want t melody aga9/ all its backgr\nd ( music4 ,we want ^? musical s\nds s beautifully relat$ to ea* o!r t _! h>mony may ar\se our feel+s )\t unduly /ra9+ our att5tion4 ,a spl5did example ( second>y motion may be se5 9 ! light drap]ies ( a danc]4 ,ev5 9 ! elem5t>y movem5t ( a few leaps across ! /age we see ! delicate rhy?m ( a sc>f :i* is at fir/ ret>d$ by ! air1 !n foll[s ! danc] gracefully1 & at la/ g5tly ov]takes h]4 ,betwe5 ! movem5ts ( body & sc>f !re is a *>m+ play4 ,!y are pleasantly simil>1 yet !y are pleasantly diff]5t4 ,& !re is a di/9ct feel+ ( progression 9 ! v>i\s phases ( ?is simil>ity & ?is diff]5ce4 ,z spectators we cat* ?is progression )\t any ef=t ( ! intellect & are in/antly swept into its rhy?m4 ,x w\ld be easy = ! director1 ( c\rse1 if ! /ory :i* he is ab\t to film always call$ = action z graceful z t ( a dance4 ,b un=tunately 8 sc5>io (t5 dem&s ! connect+ ( actions :i*1 pictorially consid]$1 are totally unrelat$ to ea* o!r4 ,yet if ! director c>es to seek ! pr9ciples ( beauty he w f9d _m ways ( h>moniz+ elem5ts t are seem+ly 9 conflict4 ,"o way is simply to impose on ea* ( ! discordant elem5ts a new value :i* !y may assume 9 common )\t los+ _! own di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t we mu/ %[ a society lady1 ) all h] s(t ref9em5t1 on a visit to a f\ndry1 ) all its sweat+ r\ghness4 ,"o may fe> t !re mu/ be some?+ repell5t betwe5 h] /ately g5tility & ! b5d+ backs ( workm52 betwe5 h] kid-glov$ ge/ures & ! fl[ ( molt5 metal4 ,yet we c bl5d ! :ole sc5e into a s+le rhy?m by suffus+ all its elem5ts ) ! w>m gl[ ( ! furnace & by play+ ov] !m all ! same movem5t ( quiv]+ light & %ad[4 ,?is vibrant1 weld+ beauty :i* lady & labor] & ma*9e may h 9 common1 :ile /ill reta9+ _! individual dramatic significance1 w ?us give ! t\* ( art to a motion picture :i* might o!rwise be m]ely a crude photographic record ( an incid5t 9 a /ory4 ,ano!r way ( br++ two conflict+ motions into a rhy?mical relation is to place betwe5 !m a ?ird motion :i*1 by be+ some:at l ei!r ( ! o!r two1 bridges ! gap & ?us trans=ms a s5se ( fix$ opposition into a s5se ( mov+ v>iety4 ,x w\ld be some:at ( a %ock1 = in/ance1 to %ift our view in/antly f ! rippl+ fl[ ( a n>r[ /ream to ! :eels & lev]s ( a mill4 ,b !re w\ld und\bt$ly be a s5se ( cont9uity1 & p]haps ( rhy?m1 9 %ift+ f a g5]al view ( ! /ream to a view ( ! wat]-:eel ov] :i* x fl[s1 & !nce to ! :eels ( ! ma*9]y inside ! mill4 ,?is me?od ( int]pos+ a h>moniz] might be useful also 9 c>ry+ ov] ! rhy?m ( motion into ! rhy?m ( fix$ =ms4 ,?us if we 7 to ?r[ ^u ! scre5 a picture ( ! g5tly roll+ sea1 %>ply foll[$ by a view ( ! sweep+ horizon ( ! hills1 x is mo/ probable t ! two k9ds ( rhy?m w\ld n unite to draw a s+le emotional response f ! spectator4 ,he w\ld feel only ! contra/4 ,b if ! view ( ! sea 7 foll[$ by a view ( a field ( gra91 ^: w9d-driv5 bill[s resembl$ ! waves ( ! sea & ^: roll+ gr\nd resembl$ ! sweep ( ! hills1 !n ! rhy?m ( ! quiet hills !mselves might easily seem to be "o ) ! rhy?m ( ! re/less sea4 ,z we /udy ! subject ( visual rhy?m we are l$ to comp>e x aga9 & aga9 ) auditive rhy?m1 :i* is be/ exemplifi$ 9 music4 ,?us x is easy to see h[ a giv5 motion 9 a picture might be consid]$ ! melody :ile all ! o!r motions s]ve z accompanim5t1 & h[ *>act]i/ic motions might be play$ aga9/ ea* o!r l c\nt]po9t 9 music4 ,x is easy to see h[ a :ole succession ( sc5es might be consid]$ a s+le rhy?mical totality1 l a 8movem5t0 9 a musical composition4 ,& x is c]ta9 t any director :o ?\ght ( c9ema composition 9 t s5se w\ld nev] p]mit ! slov5ly jo9+ :i* is s famili> 9 photoplays4 ,he w\ld n !n all[ ! %ift f "o sc5e to ano!r to be ess5tially a cla% ( unrelat$ motions4 ,he w\ld assure himself r t ! *>act]i/ic types ( motion 9 "o sc5e1 _! directions1 velocities1 & patt]ns1 play$ into correspond+ factors ( ! next sc5e1 until ! entire succession became a symphony ( motion4,d ,d ,= a fur!r comp>ison betwe5 music & pictorial motions see ,*apt] ,,iv ( 8,! ,art ( ,photoplay ,mak+40 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t movem5t 9 a photoplay may come f o!r ?+s besides motions4 ,"o w\ld get a s5se ( movem5t1 = example1 ev5 if e sc5e 9 a photoplay 7 itself a fix$ picture held = a few seconds on ! scre54 ,! v>i\s durations ( ^! pictures might be 9 a rhy?mical s]ies4 ,! same might be said ( _! dom9ant tones1 & ( _! *>act]i/ic patt]ns & textures4 ,w\ld ! "t-l5g?s #c1 #d1 #b1 #g1 #e1 be a good succession8 ,or w\ld #c1 #g1 #d1 #e1 #b be bett]8 ,:i* w\ld make a bett] succession ( figures8 ,a circle1 a triangle1 & a cross8 ,or a cross1 a squ>e1 & a circle8 ,que/ions l ^! are n trivial2 nei!r are !y ov]-ref9$4 ,!y & _! answ]s %\ld appe> 9 ! cate*ism ( e c9ema compos]4 ,speak+ ( durations ( sc5es rem9ds u t 9 music x is (t5 ! sil5ces betwe5 ! notes :i* v>y 9 l5g? :ile ! notes !mselves are uni=m4 ,?is w\ld be true 9 ! case ( a simple melody play$ on ! piano4 ,! int]vals betwe5 notes c be obs]v$ by tapp+ out ! 8"t0 ( ! piece on a s+le key ( ! piano1 or on a t9 pan1 = t matt]2 & ! rhy?m ( "t ?us repres5t$ w\ld alone enable a li/5] to id5tify any popul> piece ( music4 ,at pres5t !re are no re/s on ! scre51 no blank p]iods betwe5 ! sc5es4 ,!re are1 to be sure1 mom5ts ( relaxation :5 sc5es are be+ 8fad$ out10 & ^! 8fades10 l ! dy+ away ( musical s\nds1 h g5u9e rhy?mical movem5t4 ,b !re is n on ! scre5 any alt]nation betwe5 /imulus & non-/imulus1 z !re is 9 music1 & z !re is also 9 ! p]=mance ( a /age play4 ,! motion picture1 !re=e1 lacks t s\rce ( rhy?m :i* exi/s 9 musical re/s or 9 ! dramatic pauses ( /age dialogue4 ,:e!r int]vals ( non-/imulus c\ld be successfully introduc$ on ! scre5 c be le>n$ only by exp]im5t4 ,any director :o is really 9 e>ne/ ab\t develop+ ! motion picture z art %\ld make su* an exp]im5t4 ,if he inve/igates ! results ( sci5tific te/s 9 psy*ological laboratories he w le>n t "u c]ta9 conditions ! normal spectator unconsci\sly creates rhy?m 9 :at he sees4 ,x has be5 %[n1 = example1 t a p]son look+ at a small light :i* is fla%$ on & (f at int]vals has a t5d5cy to make rhy?mic gr\p+s ( ^? fla%es1 by ov]e/imat+ or und]e/imat+ ! l5g?s ( ! int]vals4 ,9 o!r words1 if y give ! behold]'s imag9ation a *ance to function1 x w indulge 9 rhy?mic play4 ,we believe t if a c9ema compos] c\ld ?us produce rhy?m by illusion1 z well z by actual pres5tation1 8 a*ievem5t w\ld be epo*-mak+ 9 ! movies4 ,movem5t1 movem5t ?r\gh ri* v>iety1 movem5t accompli%$ ) ! utmo/ ease--t is ! ess5ce ( :at we h *os5 to call ! play ( pictorial motions4 ,t play1 z we h se5 9 ! illu/rations giv51 involves e k9d ( pictorial motion1 :e!r ( spot1 or l9e1 or patt]n1 or texture1 or tone2 & e prop]ty or phase1 :e!r ( direction1 or rate1 or duration2 & e circum/ance1 :e!r 9 relation to o!r motions ne> or remote1 simultane\s1 or successive1 or 9 relation to fix$ elem5ts ( ! picture4 ,any two or ?ree ( ^! ?+s may be treat$ z a sep>ate problem1 b x is 9 ! or*e/ration ( all ( !m toge!r t ! director may a*ieve ! dom9ant1 di/9ctive rhy?m ( 8 photoplay4 ,if he does n aspire to su* a*ievem5t he is unwor?y ( 8 pr(ession4 ,if he evades 8 problems because !y are difficult he is robb+ 8 tru/4 ,if he decl>es t ! _w t loves movies does n crave beauty on ! scre51 he is be>+ false witness4 ,if he believes t ! beauty ( a photoplay lies :olly 9 ! emotional appeal ( ! p]=m] & 9 ! dramatic action ( ! plot1 he is /one bl9d to art4 ,s f> z ! motions 9 a picture pres5t ! actions & reactions ( ! dramatic *>act]s cle>ly & emphatically1 !y d fai?ful "w2 b ?is "w becomes play :5 x is reliev$ ( its h>dness & dullness1 & is animat$ ) a spontaneity & v>iety t cat*es up ! spectator into a sw++ movem5t ( att5tion4 ,& ^? motions :i* are bo? "w & play are basic 9 ! beauty ( c9ematic art4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,pictorial ,,motions ,,at ,,re/ ,t a mov+ ?+ may sometimes seem to be at re/ is well kn[n by any "o :o has ev] spun a top4 ,! top sp9s itself to sleep4 ,we gaze ^u x 9 a peculi> spell ( re/fulness1 :i* is brok5 only :5 ! top wakes up & beg9s to wabble4 ,n[ "o tr\ble ) ! movies is t !y (t5 wabble :5 !y ought to sp94 ,! motions 9 ! picture too (t5 lack a c5t] ( balance1 a po9t ( re/4 ,all ( u h be5 annoy$ by excessive motions1 jumbl+1 cla%+1 on ! scre54 ,b _m ( u h also1 9 lucky mom5ts1 be5 delight$ by sudd5 h>monies on ! scre51 :5 ! pictorial motions1 )\t sl[+ up 9 ! lea/1 7 conjur$ into a /range vital repose4 ,& aft]w>d1 :5 we recall$ ! en?rallm5t ( su* mom5ts1 we became optimi/s ab\t ! future ( c9ema art4 ,surely ?is is "o ( ! *>act]i/ic appeal+ ?+s ab\t a motion picture1 t x c %[ u motions do+ ! "w ( pictorial expression1 indulg+ 9 rhy?mic play1 & yet sugge/+ a dynamic repose4 ,?us ! y\nge/ art c give u 9 a new way t 8/imulation & repose0 :i*1 psy*ologi/s say1 is ! function ( all arts4 ,! pa9t] :o c sugge/ movem5t by means ( fix$ l9es1 masses1 & colors is no m ( a magician ?an ! c9ema compos] :o c make mov+ ?+s sugge/ re/4 ,let me propose ! foll[+ z work+ !ories to expla9 ! effect ( reposefulness 9 organiz$ pictorial motions3 ,fir/1 t ! sep>ate motions are balanc$ aga9/ ea* o!r2 ,second1 t ! significant motions are kept ne> to a c5t] ( re/ )9 ! frame ( ! picture1 are sometimes ev5 limit$ to an exce$+ly small area ( ! scre52 &1 ,?ird1 t e significant motion is h>moniz$ 9 k9d1 direction1 & tempo ) ev]y?+ else 9 ! picture4 ,! balanc+ ( pictorial motions does n imply t !y mu/ be pair$ (f 9 exact equals4 ,c]ta9ly we d n insi/ t a dramatic sc5e be s compos$ t :51 = example1 a p]son rises f a *air 9 "o "p ( a room1 "s o!r p]son sits d[n 9 a *air 9 ! opposite "p ( ! room4 ,su* an effect w\ld be highly me*anical1 l ! teet]+ ( a see-saw2 & x is n possible = a spectator to get a ?rill ( beauty :ile 8 att5tion is be+ held d[n to me*anics4 ,we mean r to apply ! same reason+ to pictorial motions :i* we h 9 ,*apt] ,v appli$ to fix$ l9es1 %apes1 & tones4 ,9 %ort1 we want to see ! values ( pictorial motions s well di/ribut$ ov] ! scre51 & s relat$ to ea* o!r1 t !y give ! impression ( be+ 9 p]fect equilibrium4 ,suppose we imag9e a c9ema sc5e :i* conta9s a wat]fall 9 ! left half1 & no?+ 9 ! "r half except a d>k1 un9t]e/+ side ( a cliff4 ,t composition w\ld be out ( balance4 ,& if a b& ( ,indians ent]$ ! sc5e f ! left & did a w> dance directly 9 front ( ! wat]fall1 t w\ld ?r[ ! composition /ill m out ( balance4 ,or if1 at ! op5+ ( ! sc5e1 ! ,indians appe>$ danc+ 9 front ( ! b>e cliff1 & !n gradually mov$ ov] to a place 9 front ( ! wat]fall1 ?is clutt]+ ( motions w\ld c]ta9ly unbalance ! picture4 ,su* clutt]+ is common on ! scre5 because ( ! _m movie directors :o ei!r are afraid ( simplicity1 or lack ! skill :i* is necess>y to make complexity appe> simple4 ,9 ! sc5e j m5tion$ ! safe/ c\rse w\ld be to leave out ! wat]fall1 h[ev] mu* ( a natural wond] x may be1 & to let ! b>e cliff s]ve z ! entire backgr\nd = ! ,indian dance4 ,b if ?is _c be done because ( ! peculi> dem&s ( ! plot1 !n ! picture might be balanc$ by introduc+ "s additional motion 9 ! "r half1 say a column ( smoke ris+ f a camp fire4 ,?us ev5 ! c>eful addition ( a new elem5t w\ld t5d to br+ unity & re/fulness into ! arrangem5t ( p>ts4 ,j visualize t composition1 ! :iti% wat] fall+ on "o side1 & ! light gray smoke ris+ on ! o!r1 & y w feel a peculi> re/ful balance :i* c\ld nev] be obta9$ by a me*anical pair+ ( two wat]falls or two columns ( smoke4 ,z critics se>*+ = beauty on ! scre51 we might ev5 c>ry our dem& = pictorial balance /ill f>!r4 ,9 "s o!r picture we might dem& t !re be motions 9 ! upp] "p ( ! composition to balance ^? 9 ! l[] "p4 ,to be sure1 we w\ld h>dly look = su* balance 9 a /age play1 or 9 an ord9>y c9ema sc5e :]e ! cam]a 8%oots0 9 a level l9e1 because 9 ord9>y e-day life we see m motion ne> ! bottom ( our view ?an any:]e 9 ! upp] levels4 ,besides x is natural t weights %\ld be kept l[2 any object is m likely to be 9 equilibrium :5 its c5t] ( gravity is l[4 ,b :5 we are %[n a motion picture :i* has be5 made ) ! cam]a po9t+ d[nw>d1 s t a level ?+1 l a pla9 or ! surface ( ! sea1 appe>s /&+ on end1 !n we l to see ! po9ts ( int]e/ s di/ribut$ t ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! scre5 seem to be proportionally fill$4 ,?us 9 a motion picture ( a lake tak5 f a high cliff we are n pleas$ to see mov+ objects1 boats1 swans1 etc41 only 9 t area ( ! picture :i* comes ne> ! l[] edge ( ! frame4 ,we realize in/antly t ! objects are n actually above or bel[ ea* o!r 9 ! air4 ,& we =get1 !re=e1 t ! scre5 is really 9 a v]tical plane & ?9k ( x r z we w\ld ( a map ly+ be=e u4 ,9 fact1 if !re are swans 9 ! ne> "p ( ! lake view1 !n ! di/ant surface ( ! lake w n appe> to s9k back into its prop] level unless x be>s "s balanc+ weight & value1 say1 two or ?ree small boats "u sail4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 ! be/ ( balanc+ 9 a sep>ate sc5e _c insure a balance betwe5 t sc5e & ! next "o4 ,directors are (t5 tempt$ to make %ots f odd angles1 /raight up or /raight d[n1 & to scatt] !m ?r\gh a film1 %[+1 = example1 a skyscrap] ly+ d[n1 or a city /reet /&+ on end4 ,b ! result+ s]ies ( sc5es does n make a composition pleas+ to ! eye4 ,x gives ! effect ( wabbl+4 ,ev5 if ^! oblique views %[ no mov+ ?+s :atsoev]1 _! comb9$ effect is ! opposite ( re/fulness4 ,return+ n[ to ! subject ( balance 9 sep>ate sc5es1 we may consid] dep?1 ! ?ird dim5sion ( a c9ema subject4 ,?is dim5sion is usually f> great] ?an ei!r ! height or ! bread? ( t space :i* ! cam]a measures (f = u4 ,& x is int]e/+ to see :at problems ! c9ema compos] has 9 relat+ motions 9 ! ?ird dim5sion to ^? 9 ! o!r dim5sions ( ! picture4 ,he (t5 f9ds x h>d1 = in/ance1 to comp5sate 9 ! backgr\nd = ! movem5ts 9 ! =egr\nd1 )\t de/roy+ ! dramatic emphasis4 ,! usual tr\ble 9 ! movies is t1 :5 ! dramatic int]e/ is 9 ! =egr\nd1 ! motions 9 ! backgr\nd nev]!less draw s mu* ( our att5tion to t region t ! picture becomes too heavy 9 ! re>2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! dramatic int]e/ is 9 ! backgr\nd1 ! motions 9 ! =egr\nd nev]!less become s heavy t ! front ( ! picture falls into our faces4 ,^! are common faults2 yet !y may be avoid$ by =esight & +5uity4 ,9 ! 8,f\r ,horsem5 ( ! ,apocalypse10 ,rex ,+ram reveals a sure s5se ( proportion 9 8 control ( ! m>*+ soldi]s4 ,if y turn to ! 8/ill0 ( a village sc5e f ?is photoplay1 fac+ page #acc1 y w get a sugge/ion ( ! equilibrium :i* is obta9$ = a "t1 at lea/1 betwe5 ! motions 9 v>i\s regions ( ! picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,! ,f\r ,horsem5 ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,! arrangem5t 9 ?is sc5e has int]e/+ balance betwe5 ! "r & left halves ( ! picture1 z well z betwe5 ! =egr\nd & ! backgr\nd1 & !re is a vigor\s rhy?m 9 ! mov+ columns ( soldi]s4 ,see pages #abj & #acb4 ,let u say t ! =egr\nd ( t sc5e ext5ds f ! cam]a to ! cavalryman1 t ! middle gr\nd is t area :i* is occupi$ by ! build+s1 & t ! backgr\nd is all ! region :i* lies beyond ! ru9$ t[]4 ,?is picture has _m di/ances1 & yet !y fuse toge!r into a s+le composition4 ,equilibrium is ma9ta9$ by ! fact t ! scatt]+ figures ne> ! f\nta9 weigh aga9/ ! m>*+ soldi]s to ! left 9 ! =egr\nd1 :ile ! two sides f9d a c5t] ( balance 9 ! quiet horseman & ! ?ree p]sons to :om he is talk+4 ,9 ! middle gr\nd ! same c>e has be5 %[n1 = ! soldi]s fir/ sw+ to _! left1 pa/ ! t[]1 & !n execute a balanc+ movem5t to _! "r4 ,9 ! backgr\nd !re is a balance betwe5 ^? =ces :i* are execut+ a 8column "r0 & ^? :i* are proce$+ d[n into ! village /reet4 ,& if we take ! backgr\nd ( ! picture z aga9/ ! =egr\nd1 we %all f9d a balanc+ po9t 9 ! n>r[e/ "p ( ! /reet4 ,no undue att5tion is attract$ to ei!r side ( ?is po9t1 b ! :ole sweep ( int]e/ f front to back1 or f back to front1 is cont9u\s & ev54 ,!re is pl5ty ( milit>y movem5t "h amid evid5ces ( t]rific bomb>dm5t1 & yet1 because ( ! arti/ic composition ( ! picture1 we get f x all a mom5t>y s5se ( repose1 z ?\gh w> itself 7 at re/4 ,sev]al details 9 ?is 8/ill0 are wor? not+4 ,= example1 ! comp>atively few figures 9 ! "r side ( ! =egr\nd are giv5 additional weight by ! :it5ess ( co/ume1 z aga9/ ! gray ( ! soldi]s4 ,ano!r int]e/+ ?+ is ! balance betwe5 ! l9e describ$ by ! lead+ company ( soldi]s & ! l9e ( tree tops on ! wood$ hill1 :i* beg9s ne> ! upp] "r h& corn] & ext5ds to ! ca/le4 ,?is relation c be cle>ly se5 by hold+ ! 8/ill0 upside d[n4 ,! read] mu/ keep 9 m9d1 ( c\rse1 t 9 a 8/ill0 ! arre/$ motion has n ! same weight z ! actual motion on ! scre51 & consequ5tly ! fix$ ?+s get m ?an _! %>e ( weight4 ,!re=e 9 ?is 8/ill0 f 8,! ,f\r ,horsem50 ! jagg$ holes 9 ! build+s attract m att5tion ?an !y d on ! scre51 :]e ! movem5t ( ! soldi]s & civilians br+s ! :ole composition into balance4 ,:5 ! :ole picture is deep1 z 9 ! example j discuss$1 x (f5ds u if "s ( ! mov+ objects come ne> ! cam]a1 because ?is produces two pictures )9 a s+le frame1 namely1 a close-up & a long %ot4 ,! effect is z bad z t ( li/5+ to an or*e/ra s plac$ t "s ( ! in/rum5ts are five feet away f our e>s :ile ! o!rs are sev5ty-five feet away4 ,9 ei!r case !re comes a s5se ( viol5ce in/ead ( re/fulness4 ,! close-up sup]pos$ on ! long %ot is a common fault 9 photoplays4 ,b we are (t5 annoy$ by ! opposite fault also1 t ( jumbl+ two sets ( actions :i* are go+ on 9 adjo9+ areas1 "o j beyond ! o!r4 ,9 su* a case ! director %\ld contrive to make ! v]tical planes seem f>!r ap>t ?an !y really are2 & x c easily be done )\t cleav+ ! picture 9 two4 ,to prove ?is let u imag9e a cab>et sc5e conta9+ prom95t p]sons ( ! play sitt+ at tables ne> ! cam]a1 & a numb] ( c\ples danc+ on a floor f>!r away4 ,9 su* an arrangem5t x is probable t ! d9]s h m dramatic value ?an ! danc]s2 yet ! danc+ figures are likely to di/ract att5tion f ^? seat$ at ! tables1 & ?us ?r[ ! picture out ( balance4 ,mr4 ,+ram 9 8,! ,f\r ,horsem50 _h ?is v problem1 & he solv$ x 9 a v simple & conv9c+ way4 ,he all[$ a ?ick haze ( cig>ette smoke to envelop ! danc]s till !y seem$ dim & di/ant4 ,or1 r1 he us$ ! smoke z a transp>5t curta9 :i* sep>ates ! d9]s f ! action 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,?us balance 0 re/or$ & ! spectator c\ld foll[ ! action 9 ! =egr\nd )\t a s5se ( di/urbance4 ,a sep>ation ( planes some:at simil> to ?is 0 skilfully effect$ by ,allan ,dwan 9 8,sah>a40 ,"o ( ! sett+s is a luxuri\s t5t 9 ! des]t4 ,! front ( ?is t5t _h a wide op5+ ov] :i* hung a veil ( mosquito nett+4 ,view$ f )9 ! t5t1 ?is veil became a s(t backgr\nd aga9/ :i* ! figures mov$1 :ile at ! same "t x s]v$ z a ?ick atmosph]e to give dimness & di/ance to ! figures :i* 7 j outside ! t5t4 ,by ?is device1 :i* is z natural & unobtrusive z ! smoke scre5 describ$ above1 ,mr4 ,dwan1 besides provid+ a peculi> pictorial quality ( gradat$ tones1 kept two sets ( figures sep>ate & yet comb9$ !m 9 ri* re/fulness4 ,:5 a director is compos+ a sc5e 9 :i* !re is a s+le mov+ elem5t ) a v %ort pa? ( motion & no /rong fix$ int]e/s to c\nt]-balance x1 he %\ld rememb] t an object t5ds to %ift ! weight ( int]e/ some:at 9 advance ( its own movem5t4 ,!re=e1 a picture w seem to be 9 bett] balance if a movem5t beg9s ne> "o edge & ends ne> ! c5t]1 ?an if x beg9s at ! c5t] ( ! picture & passes out at "o side4 ,?is obs]vation reg>d+ ! %ift+ ( balance dur+ pictorial action raises ! "q :e!r x is a practical possibility to keep ! composition ( a c9ema sc5e /eadily 9 equilibrium = m9ute aft] m9ute4 ,s9ce ! fix$ acc5ts d n *ange _! positions & ! mov+ acc5ts d1 "o might suppose t ! sc5e mu/ soon] or lat] fall out ( balance4 ,b ?is is n necess>ily s4 ,x is true t if1 = example1 !re is a gr\p ( fix$ acc5ts 9 ! left half ( ! picture1 & a s+le figure />ts f ! c5t] & passes out ( ! sc5e at ! "r1 x w\ld t5d1 fir/1 to ov]-balance ! "r side ( ! picture1 & !n sudd5ly to leave x )\t weight4 ,b ?is t5d5cy may be c\nt]-act$ by sw++ ! cam]a slightly to ! left )\t /opp+ ! exposure4 ,su* an exp$i5t w\ld %ift all ( ! fix$ acc5ts toge!r1 ?\gh at ! co/ ( introduc+ a mom5t>y false motion4 ,! +5i\s director may f9d o!r means by :i* to comp5sate = ! *anges :i* mu/ ( necessity come ab\t 9 a c9ematic composition4 ,h[ev]1 :5 x is n possible to h good proportion & balance at m ?an "o mom5t ( a *ang+ sc5e1 t mom5t %\ld be at ! pictorial climax1 ! crucial po9t ( t sc5e1 ! in/ant :5 ! spectator is to receive ! /ronge/ impression1 ! greate/ /imulation & yet ! mo/ p]fect repose4 ,equilibrium is reposeful because x is *>act]i/ic ( a ?+ at re/4 ,to say t ano!r *>act]i/ic ( a ?+ at re/ is t x /ays :]e x is1 may s\nd l an ,iri% bull2 b we say x1 nev]!less1 9 ord] to make ano!r po9t 9 our argum5t t pictorial motions may sometimes be 9 dynamic repose4 ,x is q possible = a pictorial motion to give a %>p impression ( p[]1 weight1 & velocity1 & yet /ay practically :]e x fir/ appe>s on ! scre54 ,an express tra91 = example1 may be %[n 9 a 8long %ot0 />t+ sev]al hundr$ y>ds away f ! cam]a & cont9u+ = miles into ! di/ance1 & yet ! actual mov+ image on ! scre5 might cov] an area less ?an two feet squ>e1 & might1 f beg9n+ to end ( ! sc5e1 nev] come ne> ! frame ( ! picture4 ,?us ! tra91 )\t los+ any ( its impressive "*1 w\ld provide a reposeful motion = ! eye to gaze ^u4 ,surely su* an effect w\ld be bett] ?an to %[ ! tra9 z a close-up on a track at "r angles to our l9e ( sight1 ) ! locomotive cra%+ 9 ?r\gh ! frame at ! left ( ! picture & cra%+ out ?r\gh ! frame at ! "r4 ,! reposeful quality ( re/rict$ movem5t on ! scre5 is due p>tly to ! fact t ! flick] & ! eye movem5t is ?us r$uc$1 z we h said 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,9 ! case j describ$ x is due also to ! contra/ betwe5 ! slight movem5t :i* we actually look at & ! l>ge movem5t :i* we really p]ceive & feel4 ,we look at in*es & p]ceive miles4 ,?us we see v mu* ) extreme ease4 ,we h rem>k$ 9 prec$+ *apt]s t e picture has f\r l9es1 ^? ( ! frame1 :i* ! compos] mu/ always consid]4 ,he c\ld1 x is true1 s(t5 ! %>p b\nd>ies ( ! picture by us+ "s mask+ device ) ! cam]a1 b ?is is n usually done4 ,! f\r corn]s ( ! frame are always /rongly emphasiz$1 because ( ! cross+ ( l9es at "r angles4 ,to lead ano!r /rong l9e into "o ( ! corn]s w\ld surely result 9 undue emphasis & lack ( balance1 because ( ! p[] ( conv]g+ l9es4 ,x is almo/ z bad to lead a /rong l9e squ>ely into ! frame betwe5 ! corn]s1 because su* a meet+ creates two m "r angles to attract att5tion4 ,( c\rse1 !re may be c]ta9 l9es 9 a composition1 su* z ! l9e ( ! horizon1 :i* _c /op %ort ( ! frame4 ,9 su* a case x is well to h "s o!r /rong acc5t n f> f ! c5t] ( ! picture 9 ord] to keep ! att5tion ( ! behold] )9 ! frame4 ,:at is true ( ! relation betwe5 fix$ l9es is also true ( ! relation betwe5 pa?s ( motion & fix$ l9es4 ,x is r annoy+ to wat* a cont9u\s movem5t cont9ually be+ cut (f by ! frame2 & x is especially annoy+ :5 "o sees t su* a composition might h be5 avoid$4 ,9 a wat]fall1 = example1 ! po9ts ( greate/ int]e/ are ! curv+ top & ! foam+ bottom1 & we l to see bo? at ! same "t & :olly )9 ! frame4 ,a motion %[n entirely surr\nd$ by ?+s at re/ is reposeful on ! scre5 z well z 9 nature4 ,l a fix$ object x /ays :]e x is4 ,!re are c]ta9 pictorial motions1 h[ev]1 su* z ! fall+ ( sn[1 :i* mu/ always ei!r beg9 or cont9ue outside ( ! frame4 ,b ev5 :5 we view su* a motion on ! scre5 or 9 nature we get a feel+ ( repose1 because our eyes d n p]=m any foll[+ movem5t2 we d n1 9 wat*+ a sn[ /orm ?r\gh a w9d[1 pick out c]ta9 flakes & foll[ !m f a height until !y /rike ! gr\nd2 b r we keep our l9e ( sight /eady ^u a c]ta9 spot :ile ! *ang+ texture slips by4 ,"o c get ! same effect by look+ d[n f a tall build+ into a cr[d$ /reet4 ,! individuals are no long] ?\ght ( z sep>ate mov+ objects1 because !y weave !mselves into a broad b& ( mov+ & *ang+ texture4 ,"h we get ! feel+ ( re/fulness1 ( motion 9 repose1 9 contra/ to ! feel+ ( re/less motion :5 we ourselves become "p ( t cr[d4 ,a delightful picture 9 8,b>b>y ,%eep10 direct$ by ,maurice ,t\rneur1 is ! view ( a flock ( %eep mov+ sl[ly along f left to "r4 ,! animals are s cr[d$ toge!r t ! mass z a :ole has a textural quality4 ,& yet x is n fix$ texture1 l t ( clo?1 because "s ( ! %eep move fa/] & !n aga9 m sl[ly ?an ! o!rs1 & ?us1 z 9 ! case ( ! sn[ flakes1 or ! cr[d 9 ! /reet1 give u a vital /imulus ( *ange )9 ! texture itself4 ,a some:at simil> s5se ( re/ comes f wat*+ ^? motions :i* arise & vani% )9 "s giv5 area ( ! scre54 ,a cl\d ( cig>ette smoke :i* floats & coils = a few mom5ts & !n fades into no?+1 bubbles :i* rise 9 a pool & break into fa9t ripples t f9ally die on ! glassy surface1 ! blaz+ & dimm+ ( tones ?r\gh ! photographic device ( ! 8fade-out0 & ! 8fade-90--all *anges ( ?is type we s5se vividly z movem5ts1 & yet z movem5ts 9 delightful repose4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] we m5tion$ ! sp9n+ top z an example ( motion t _h ! appe>ance ( be+ at re/4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t all circul> movem5t pres5ts t appe>ance & may be v pleas+ on ! scre51 provid+ x does n conflict ) our desire = fitness & is n all[$ to become monoton\s4 ,a fly :eel :irl+ may look l a disk at re/1 b x is monoton\s & entirely )\t arti/ic /imulation4 ,! action )9 ! r+ ( a circus pres5ts a m /imulat+ %[1 & yet x is n q satisfy+ z an arti/ic composition ( motion1 because we _c help feel+ t x is n natural1 t x is unfit = a horse to turn =ev] )9 a =ty-foot r+4 ,9 ! /hetic dance1 on ! o!r h&1 a circl+ movem5t c always be ( satisfy+ beauty1 full ( graceful vitality & yet delightfully reposeful1 too1 because x nev] flies away f its axis fix$ )9 our area ( vision4 ,n[1 we _c recomm5d t ! play]s ( a film /ory %\ld always be %[n runn+ ar\nd 9 circles4 ,& yet _! sep>ate actions1 ge/ures & bodily movem5ts 9 g5]al1 may (t5 be s compos$ t !y progress 9 a circul> pa?1 ea* movem5t trac+ an arc ( a circle :i* n[h]e t\*es ! frame ( ! picture4 ,su* circul>ity ( motions w\ld give unity1 balance1 & repose4 ,a good example ( circul>ity may be se5 9 8,! ,cov]$ ,wagon0 :5 ! wagon tra91 j be=e com+ to a halt1 divides & sw+s into two l>ge arcs ( a circle1 :i* sl[ly contract z ! wagons turn inw>d t[>d a common c5t]4 ,ano!r int]e/+ example ( circul> balance may be se5 9 8,"o ,arabian ,night10 a ,g]man photoplay direct$ by ,ern/ ,lubits*4 ,! sc5e is a c\rt y>d1 view$ f on high4 ,look+ d[n we see eight or t5 s]vants runn+ inw>d f all sides to a focal place1 :]e !y pile up cu%ions = ! h]o & h]o9e4 ,!n !y turn & run outw>ds to get m cu%ions4 ,9 a few mom5ts !y return1 & f9ally !y seat !mselves 9 a circle ab\t ! c5tral figures4 ,"h is a *>m+ comb9ation ( pictorial motion ) a natural dramatic by-play1 delight+ ! eye & l+]+ long z a pleasant motor image 9 memory4 ,:5 we analyze ?is "p ( ! picture we discov] t ! pr9ciple ( balanc+ motions has be5 appli$ p]fectly4 ,to beg9 )1 ! design is kept 9 balance because ! m5 ent] at ! same "t f opposite directions & approa* ! c5t] at equal spe$4 ,?us1 :ile !y are sep>ate figures mov+ ov] symmetrically arrang$ c\rses1 !y also =m a circle :i* gradually contracts ab\t a fix$ c5t]4 ,?is inw>d movem5t ( ! m5 is itself balanc$ by ! correspond+ outw>d movem5t :5 !y g to get m cu%ions1 :i* is 9 turn balanc$ :5 !y come back4 ,f9ally ?is patt]n ( a circle contract+1 exp&+1 & contract+ aga91 h>monizes p]fectly ) ! fix$ circle :i* is =m$ :5 ! m5 seat !mselves4 ,!re is a fur!r pleas+ cont9uity 9 ! composition :5 a woman ent]s ! sc5e & dances ov] a circul> pa? j )9 ! r+ =m$ by ! s]vants4 ,to ! s-call$ practical bus9ess man1 ^: arti/ic exp]i5ce consi/s *iefly 9 draw+ doll> signs1 x may s\nd l %e] folly = u spectators to ask a director to sp5d valuable "t 9 ref9+ ! art ( pictorial motions by "s ( ! me?ods above sugge/$4 ,! money magnate may n realize t ev5 a slight improvem5t1 a delicate t\*1 may be z important 9 a picture z 9 ! motor ( 8 t\r+ c>4 ,yet he does "k1 ( c\rse1 t 9 ! _w ( indu/ry ! sup]iority ( "o article ov] ano!r may lie 9 a secret kn[n only to ! mak]1 a secret p]haps nev] ev5 suspect$ by ! man :o sells ! article4 ,we %\ld be sorry inde$ to lose cr$it ) ! man :o c draw doll> signs1 because we ne$ 8 co-op]ation1 & we hope1 !re=e1 t he w n long rema9 bl9d to ! fact t 9 art ! sup]iority ( "o article ov] ano!r may lie 9 a conceal$ design s skilfully wr\ght t nei!r ! spectator nor ! man :o traffics 9 ! spectator's pleasure may suspect its pres5ce4 ,balanc$ motions & motions t are limit$ 9 area are valuable on ! scre51 we h said1 because !y c /imulate ! spectator :ile giv+ him ! satisfaction ( repose4 ,we come n[ to a ?ird *>act]i/ic ( motions t appe> to be at re/1 ! fact t !y are 9 p]fect adju/m5t ) ev]y?+ else ar\nd !m4 ,p]fect adju/m5t means t all ( ! mov+ elem5ts ( a pictorial composition are at peace ) ! fix$ elem5ts1 z well z ) ea* o!r4 ,x means h>mony1 ! supreme quality ( e art4 ,no o!r art1 n ev5 music1 conta9s s great a numb] ( v>i$ p>ts z ! motion picture4 ,to fuse all ( ^! p>ts into a s+le h>moni\s :ole requires k & skill & happy inspiration1 yet fusion mu/ take place 9 ! c9ema composition itself 9 ord] t ! spectator may be sp>$ ! annoyance ( try+ to unify 9 8 own m9d ! ill-adju/$ factors on ! scre54 ,! pleas+ effect ( motions 9 h>mony c be illu/rat$ by some?+ ) :i* we are all famili> f *ildhood1 ! display ( sky rockets4 ,! spray ( />s1 flam+ up1 burn+ bright l9es 9 ! sky1 & fad+ out aga9 into ! d>kness ( night1 exhibits a p]fect h>mony ( k9ds1 directions1 & rates ( motions1 z well z ( *anges 9 brightness4 ,we h expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii t ?+s mov+ 9 simil> directions are m pleas+ ?an ^? cross+ 9 opposite directions because !y are easi] = ! eye to foll[4 ,& x is1 ( c\rse1 true t :atev] hurts ! eyes w probably n seem beautiful4 ,b a picture mu/ please our emotions z well z our eyes4 ,we mu/ feel t x is good1 t x is 9 ord]1 t x obeys "s law ( h>mony4 ,9 ! case ( ! sky rocket we d feel t !re is unity & n discord1 re/ & n w>f>e4 ,?\gh we may n /op to analyze ! matt]1 we feel t at any "o mom5t all ( ! burn+ elem5ts are 9 p]fect agreem5t1 obey+ ! same law ( motion4 ,n[ let u recall "s famili> movie subjects1 & te/ !m = h>mony4 ,a common picture is t ( a horse & an automobile rac+ side by side4 ,"h !re is simil>ity ( direction1 b !re is no simil>ity ( motion4 ,! c> glides2 ! horse b\nds4 ,! *ang+ patt]n :i* ! horse describes ) legs & neck & back & tail f9ds no p>allel 9 ! mov+ panel ( ! c>4 ,besides1 we feel t !re is antagonism betwe5 ! two4 ,!y hate ea* o!r4 ,_! hi/ories & de/9ies are diff]5t4 ,!y are n 9 h>mony4 ,a mu* bett] subject is a huntsman gallop+ ov] ! c\ntryside ) a dog at ! horse's heels4 ,e action ( ! "o animal is some:at l e correspond+ action ( ! o!r animal4 ,"o might ev5 say t ! horse is a l>ge k9d ( dog1 :ile ! dog is a small k9d ( horse4 ,&1 z !y cross ! fields 9 loyalty to ! same ma/]1 _! motions h>monize4 ,!re w\ld be unity ( a simil> k9d 9 a picture ( an automobile & a railroad tra9 rac+ on p>allel roads4 ,al?\gh !y are two sep>ate ma*9es1 _! motions fuse into "o ?+1 :i* we call a race4 ,if ! roads are n p]fectly p>allel b sw+ sl[ly away f & t[>d ea* o!r aga91 we get a pleas+ rhy?m ( motions1 yet1 because ! directions & spe$s are simil>1 ! unity /ill rema9s4 ,b if we imag9e ! tra9 da%+ by a f>m/ead :]e a ,dut* w9dmill sweeps its l>ge arms sl[ly ar\nd1 we w\ld feel aga9 a lack ( unity betwe5 ! two k9ds ( motions4 ,! impression ^u our m9ds w\ld be confus$2 x w\ld n be a s+le impression1 because ! mov+ objects %[ two diff]5t k9ds ( patt]ns1 ) rates ( spe$ t are n suffici5tly alike to be grasp$ z a unity4 ,a bett] picture w\ld be t ( an old ,dut* mill on ! bank ( a riv] ^: sluggi% wat]s fl[ we>ily by4 ,p]haps ev5 an old /eamboat ) a l>ge paddle :eel might be s introduc$ t ! revolutions & patt]ns ( ! two :eels w\ld be simil>1 :ile ! =w>d ?ru/s ( ! boat & ! curr5t w\ld also be simil>1 all f\r movem5ts bl5d+ toge!r into a s+le h>mony1 l ! music ( f\r diff]5t in/rum5ts 9 an or*e/ra4 ,! or*e/ration ( motions is1 9 fact1 ! prop] "w ( ! c9ema compos]4 ,if he _c control ! objects :i* move be=e him1 he is 9 z bad a way z ! director ( an or*e/ra :o _c make ! musicians d 8 bidd+4 ,we c sympa?ize ) ! movie director1 because "s ( ! ?+s he wants to br+ into a picture are n s easily controll$ z musicians4 ,"o c talk to a fiddl]1 b "o _c wa/e "t talk+ to a brook or to a ,dut* w9dmill4 ,h[ev]1 if a w9dmill w n behave itself1 x c be dismiss$ no less promptly ?an a fiddl]4 ,! av]age photoplay se5 9 ! !at]s to-day c\ld und\bt$ly be improv$ by retak+ x ) at lea/ half ( ! mat]ial omitt$ f e sc5e4 ,! simplicity ?us obta9$ w\ld help to give a m unifi$ effect1 w\ld be less ( a /ra9 on ! eyes1 & w\ld require less ef=t ( ! m9d4 ,b simplicity is wor%ip$ by only a few ( our be/ directors4 ,! av]age director :o is ask$ to film a sc5e ( a c\ntry girl 9 a b>ny>d1 a sc5e 9 :i* simplicity itself %\ld pr$om9ate1 w produce a conglom]ation ( *ick5s flutt]+1 ducks waddl+1 calves frisk+1 a dog trott+ back & =?1 wagg+ 8 tail & snapp+ 8 jaws1 gooseb]ry bu%es %ak+ 9 ! w9d 7always ! w9d71 a brook rippl+ ov] pebbles1 &1 some:]e 9 ! c5t] ( ! excitem5t1 ! girl h]self1 scatt]+ corn f h] basket :ile h] skirts flap fi]cely ab\t h] knees4 ,f su* a picture ! spectator goes out into ! comp>ative quiet ( cr[d$ ,broadway ) a sigh ( relief1 ?ankful t he does n h to live amid ! n]ve-wrack+ sc5es ( a f>m4 ,:5 we insi/ t ! motions 9 a picture %\ld be 9 h>mony ) ea* o!r because ( ! pictorial re/fulness :i* ?us results1 we d n =get t motions %\ld also be 9 h>mony ) ! mean+1 ! dramatic action1 :i* ! sc5e conta9s4 ,"s r$-blood$ read] ( ?is book might possibly h ! notion t arti/ic composition ( a picture w rob x ( its /r5g?4 ,please may we ask su* a p]son to read c>efully ,*apt]s ,,ii1 ,,iv1 & ,,vii ( ?is book8 ,we h ma9ta9$ !re t good pictorial composition c make any movie 8pun*0 h>d] ?an ev]4 ,let u illu/rate t argum5t aga94 ,suppose we 8%oot0 two brawny m5 9 a fi/ fight4 ,! motions ( ! m5 %\ld h unity1 ev5 ?\gh _! s\ls might lack x4 ,x s\nds l a contradiction1 b ! me?ods ( ! m5 fight+ %\ld h>monize 9 motion4 ,if !y d n1 we _c enjoy ! fight4 ,:at w\ld y ?9k ( a fi/ fight 9 :i* "o man _h ! motions ( a w9dmill1 & ! o!r _h ! motions ( a *ick58 ,_m movie directors h _h /age exp]i5ce1 ei!r z actors or directors1 & are in/9ctively able to h>monize ! dramatic pantomime ( actors or actresses1 :5ev] ?is pantomime takes place 9 ! mid/ ( p]fectly quiet surr\nd+s1 z is usual 9 ! sett+ ( ! !at] /age4 ,b z soon z ^! directors take _! tr\pe out 8on location0 !y enc\nt] difficulties1 because ! w9d ne>ly always bl[s co/umes1 bu%es & trees into motion1 because !re are ne>ly always animals or mov+ vehicles on ! sc5e1 & because ! 8location0 is m likely ?an n to include su* ?+s z f\nta9s1 wat]falls1 or sea bea*es4 ,!y f9d !re=e1 t ! movem5t ( ! actors dur+ any "o mom5t ( ! picture is likely to be disc\nt$ by ! gambol+ ( a lamb or ! break+ ( a sea wave dur+ ! next m9ute4 ,! sea & surf possess a p]fectly rhy?mical motion :i* "o may wat* = h\rs )\t becom+ we>y4 ,& ! effect ( t motion may well be height5$ by compos+ x ) o!r mov+ objects s t ! v>i\s motions tak5 toge!r w h>monize 9 directions1 %apes1 & velocities4 ,su* composition 0 v well done 9 ! climactic sc5es ( 8,! ,love ,light10 ! ,m>y ,pick=d play direct$ by ,frances ,m>ion1 :o also wrote ! /ory4 ,views ( ! sea break+ on ! %ore are %[n "t & aga9 ?r\gh\t ! play1 b ! mo/ impressive sc5es are ne> ! end :]e a sail+ p>ty lose control ( _! sloop 9 a /orm & are %ipwreck$ on ! %oals4 ,"h ! pr9cipal mov+ objects p>take ( ! movem5ts ( ! sea & !re=e h>monize ) x 9 tempo4 ,! vessel rises & falls ) ! waves4 ,! p above & bel[ decks sway & lur* ) ! same motion4 ,! wat] :i* breaks ?r\gh ! hat*es & trickles d[n ! companionway describes ! same %apes & fl[s ) ! same rate z ! wat] :i* breaks ov] & trickles d[n ! rocks4 ,! total effect is a s+le impression ( motion 9 :i* ! sep>ate p>ts p>allel & re9=ce ea* o!r4 ,& ?is total impression is su/a9$ ?r\gh _m sc5es1 ev5 ?\gh ! position ( ! cam]a is (t5 %ift$ & ! subject is view$ f _m angles4 ,?is c9ematic climax is a good example = read]s to keep 9 m9d :5 !y set out ?r\gh ! movie !at]s 9 se>* ( cases :]e ! motion ( nature has be5 successfully h>moniz$ ) ^? ( o!r motions dem&$ by ! action ( ! /ory4 ,"o ( ! uglie/ ( pictorial conflicts occurs :5 false motion & real motion are project$ toge!r ^u ! scre54 ,:o has n be5 annoy$ by ! typical 8foll[0 picture 9 :i* a lady is %[n asc5d+ a flight ( /airs1 :ile ! /airs !mselves 7because ! cam]a has be5 swept upw>d dur+ ! exposure7 fl[ swiftly d[nw>d across ! scre58 ,! 8foll[0 or 8panoram0 picture ( mov+ ?+s is usually bad because x falsifies real motion & gives ! appe>ance ( ugly motion to ?+s :i* actually are at re/4 ,an atroci\s picture ( a horse race1 exhibit$ n v long ago1 _h be5 tak5 by c>ry+ ! cam]a on a motor c> :i* _h be5 kept abrea/ ?\gh n /eadily abrea/1 ( ! horses4 ,! result 0 t ! gr& /&1 gu>d rails1 & all fix$ objects flew crazily f left to "r1 & t1 because ( ! irregul> sw++ ( ! cam]a1 ! horses sometimes seem$ to drop back toge!r1 ev5 ?\gh !y _h cle>ly n slack5$ _! spe$4 ,we h be5 discuss+ 9 ! above p>agraphs ! h>mony ( pictorial motions :i* occur toge!r at a giv5 mom5t4 ,!y may h a h>mony l t ( musical notes /ruck 9 a *ord4 ,b pictorial motions come 9 a procession z well z abrea/1 & ^! successive motions may h a h>mony l t :i* runs ?r\gh a melody 9 music4 ,9 a /age play x is n difficult to organize simultane\s or successive actions s t ! total action w produce a s+le effect1 because all ! movem5ts ( human p]=m]s are naturally v mu* ( ! same /yle4 ,! ge/ures & po/ures ( a p]=m] 9 any giv5 action are v likely to be foll[$ by simil> ge/ures & po/ures at frequ5t int]vals dur+ ! play4 ,/age directors h develop$ _! traditions ( unity & h>mony ?r\gh c5turies ( !atrical hi/ory4 ,!y h le>n$ to pres]ve1 n only ! 8key0 ( ! action1 b ! 8tempo0 z well4 ,if !y /rike a c]ta9 pace at ! beg9n+ ( ! act or play !y w ma9ta9 t pace ) practically no v>iation to ! end4 ,x w\ld be mo/ desirable if unity ( motion c\ld be su/a9$ ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? ( a photoplay1 z 9 a /age play or 9 a musical composition4 ,!re %\ld be a real cont9uity ( pictures1 z !re is suppos$ to be 8cont9uity0 ( actions describ$ 9 a sc5>io4 ,b su* cont9uity is h>d to f9d on ! scre54 ,9 8,! ,love ,light10 = in/ance1 ! film :i* we h j discuss$1 !re is little unity ( motion except 9 ! climactic sc5es4 ,! v action f :i* ! title 8,! ,love ,light0 is d]iv$1 is bot*$ 9 composition4 ,! light is t ( a ligh?\se & ! h]o9e manipulates x s z to ?r[ a signal to h] lov]4 ,?is action is %[n 9 a s]ies ( cut-backs f a close-up ( a girl 9 ! ligh?\se to a g5]al view ( ! sea bel[ & to a close-up ( ! h]o4 ,b ! lant]n ) its app>atus ( prisms makes a cyl9drical patt]n :i* does n h>monize 9 %ape ) ! long :ite p5cil ( ! se>*light sweep+ ! sea4 ,nor does x h>monize 9 motion1 = ! simple reason t ! sweep+ ray moves clock-wise1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! girl rotates ! lant]n c\nt]-clock-wise4 ,two o!r discrepancies 9 ^! sc5es may be not$4 ,"o is t 9 ! close-ups ! lant]n does n appe> to be light$1 & ! o!r is t ligh?\ses d n1 z a rule1 s5d out light 9 p5cil-l %ape4 ,! sc5e above cit$ lacks pictorial unity1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! neighbor+ sc5es are 9 p]fect unity ( dramatic mean+4 ,?is illu/rates ! dang]\s diff]5ce betwe5 say+ ?+s 9 words & say+ !m 9 pictures4 ,if we write1 = example1 8%e sw+s ! lant]n ar\nd sl[ly1 etc410 no read] is likely to "q :e!r ! lant]n is light$ or n1 or :e!r x is rotat$ 9 "o direction or ! opposite4 ,b ! cam]a impolitely tells ! :ole tru?4 ,& "s tru?s are full ( fight :5 !y are br\ght face to face ) ea* o!r4 ,! sudd5ness ) :i* "o sc5e leaps to ! next on ! scre5 is a factor :i* _m directors & mo/ sc5>io writ]s fail to reckon )4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iii we h discuss$ at "s l5g? ! effect :i* ^! sudd5 jumps h ^u our eyes4 ,x rema9s n[ to see h[ ! 8fla%0 f "o sc5e to ano!r affects our m9ds4 ,9 8,b>b>y ,%eep10 direct$ by ,maurice ,t\rneur1 !re is bad jo9+ :i* may be illu/rat$ by nam+ a succession ( ?ree sc5es4 ,!y are3 7#a7 ,a picture ( a m\nta9 %eep "s di/ance away on ! edge ( a cliff1 %>p aga9/ ! sky1 an excell5t t>get = a hunt]4 7#b7 ,! h]o out hunt+4 ,he sees some?+1 aims 8 gun obliquely upw>d4 ,our eyes foll[ ! l9e ( ! gun t[>d ! upp] left-h& corn] ( ! frame4 7#c7 ,"s society ladies 9 a room4 ,p]haps ! read] c guess1 ev5 f ?is incomplete description 9 words1 h[ sudd5 & complete 0 ! %ock ( sc5e #c com+ aft] ! prep>ation ( sc5e #b4 ,!re 0 a complete violation ( unity ( mean+s1 z well z ( motions4 ,we _c say :o 0 to blame = ?is bad art1 :e!r x 0 ! director1 or "s "o 9 ! 8cutt+ room40 ,possibly "s motion picture op]ator _h mutilat$ ! film 9 ! !at]4 ,! fact rema9s t ?is "p ( ! picture z x rea*$ ! audi5ce 0 badly compos$4 ,! promise ( "o sc5e 0 n only ignor$ b ridicul$ 9 ! next sc5e4 ,an excell5t illu/ration ( h[ ! promise made by a sc5e c be beautifully fulfill$ = ! eye by a foll[+ sc5e may be f\nd 9 ,griffi?'s 8,! ,idol ,danc]40 ,incid5tally ! jo9+ %[s h[ false motion may be h>moniz$ ) real motion4 ,let ! read] imag9e himself look+ at a motion picture scre54 ,! sett+ is a ,new ,engl& c\ntry road 9 w9t]4 ,into ! picture f ! l[] "r side ( ! frame comes a "o-horse sleigh1 :i*1 z x glides along ! road1 describes a curv+ motion ov] ! scre51 fir/ to ! left & !n upw>d to ! "r4 ,x !n beg9s curv+ to ! left aga91 :5 ! sc5e is sudd5ly cut4 ,! effect on our eyes at ?is mom5t is su* t we expect a cont9uation ( motion t[>d ! left1 a completion ( ! sw+4 ,& ?is is j :at we get 9 ! next picture1 :i* %[s1 n ! sleigh at all1 b ! motion ( ! l&scape glid+ by1 f "r to left1 z ! sleigh-rid]s !mselves might h se5 x4 ,we feel a pleasure ( ! eye some:at ak9 to ! pleasure ( our e>s :5 a musician /rikes a note :i* ! melody has l$ u to expect4 ,griffi?'s t\* ( art 9 ?is jo9+ is especially delightful because x is s subtle t any spectator1 ?\gh he w\ld surely feel x1 w\ld n obs]ve x unless he 7 especially occupi$ 9 ! analysis ( motion on ! scre54 ,sometimes two sc5es may be jo9$ 9 p]fect h>mony ( motions & yet %[ a conflict ( mean+s4 ,9 8,! ,love ,light10 above m5tion$1 we h "o sc5e :]e ! h]o is ab\t to take refuge 9 ! cell> b5ea? ! room occupi$ by ! h]o9e4 ,he raises a trap door1 goes d[n ! /eps1 &1 z he desc5ds sl[ly1 closes ! door beh9d him4 ,?is d[nw>d-sw++ motion ( ! door is 9 our eyes :5 ! sc5e is cut1 & ! next in/ant we see ! out] door ( ! h\se sw++ op5 sudd5ly z ! h]o9e ru%es out into ! y>d4 ,! motions ( ! two doors are 9 p]fect unity & balance1 b we are %ock$ nev]!less1 because1 s9ce our m9ds & eyes 7 on ! h]o 9 ! cell>1 we _h expect$ ano!r view ( him b5ea? ! trap door4 ,b !re are worse compositions ?an ?is 9 ! movie !at]s4 ,sometimes :ole plays are out ( unity f beg9n+ to end4 ,a notori\s example 0 a photoplay call$ 8,! ,bir? ( a ,race10 :i* began ) ,adam & ,eve & end$ up ) visions ( ! future1 t\*+ z x ran su* ?+s z little ,moses & ! ,daught] ( ,ph>aoh1 ! slave driv]s ( ,egypt1 ! exodus ( ,israel1 ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/1 ! ?ree %ips ( ,columbus1 ! sign+ ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ,l9coln & ! ,emancipation ,proclamation1 ! ,_w ,w>1 ,g]man spies1 /eel works 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a /rike ( ! work]s1 etc41 etc4 ,all ( ^! sc5es 7 badly jo9$1 b ! greate/ %ock ( all came :5 ! action jump$ 9 a fla% f ,*ri/ & ! two ?ieves wri?+ 9 crucifixion to ! ?ree %ips ( ,columbus heel+ gracefully 9 a light breeze4 ,m]ely to h9t at ! cont5ts ( su* a play is1 we hope1 suffici5t criticism4 ,)\t h>mony ( subject matt] !re c]ta9ly c be no h>mony ( treatm5t4 ,& if ! director ( 8,! ,bir? ( a ,race0 (f]s z 8 def5se t he did n write ! /ory1 we c only retort t he %\ld n h picturiz$ x4 ,ev5 :5 ! subject matt] is 9 cont9u\s unity x requires a skillful1 pa9/ak+1 s9c]e director to weave its v>i\s mat]ials into a s+le h>mony ( impressiv5ess4 ,p]haps we h cont9u$ long en\gh ! discussion ( ! _m-sid$ nature & ! arti/ic value ( pictorial motions at re/4 ,let u simply add t ! k9d ( re/ we h 9 m9d is nev] ! re/ ( inaction1 ( sleep1 or ( dea?2 x is r a dynamic repose4 ,j z ! /ill portions ( ! motion picture may be active ^u ! spectator's m9d1 s ! motions may be reposeful :ile !y are bo? at "w & at play4 ,su* h>mony ( pictorial motions on ! scre5 is n too high an ideal = ! lov]s ( ! c9ema4 ,! glimpses we get ( t ideal n[ are en\gh to assure u t z "t goes on m & m directors w be fill$ ) inspiration & w a*ieve triumphant expression ?r\gh _! *os5 art4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,ma/]y ,,9 ,,! ,,movies ,:o is ! legitimate ma/] 9 movie mak+8 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ! director1 & he %\ld take complete comm& ov] ! plot action ( ! photoplay1 ov] ! play]s & _! accessories1 ov] ! sett+s & ^? :o make ! sett+s1 ov] ! cam]a m51 ov] ! cutt]s1 jo9]s1 & title writ]s2 9 %ort1 ov] all ^? :o are co-work]s 9 photoplay mak+4 ,if ?is ma/]y _c be obta9$2 if writ]s & play]s & sc5e pa9t]s w n agree to %$ _! royal purple = ! badge ( s]vice2 if all ^? :o co-op]ate 9 mak+ a photoplay _c see t ! product mu/ be judg$ by its total effect & n by m]e details ( p]=mance1 !n1 ( c\rse we %all nev] h art ^u ! scre54 ,b x is usually v difficult = ! director to take & keep complete comm&4 ,among ! fir/ rebels aga9/ 8 au?ority is ! writ] ( ! /ory :i* is to be film$4 ,x w\ld be be/1 ( c\rse1 if ! director c\ld orig9ate 8 own plot1 z a pa9t] conceives 8 idea = a pa9t+1 or if he c\ld1 at lea/1 prep>e 8 own sc5>io z /udi\sly z ! pa9t] makes 8 own prelim9>y sket*es = a pa9t+4 ,b1 "u ! pres5t sy/em1 ^! two tasks ( movie mak+ c only 9 exceptional cases be p]=m$ 9 detail by ! same p]son4 ,! next be/ ?+1 !n1 is = ! writ] to limit himself to ! b>e subject matt] ( a picture1 t is1 ! g5]al action 9 :i* ! *>act]s are involv$1 :ile ! director takes ! responsibility = ! pictorial treatm5t ( ?is subject matt]4 ,n[ comes an int]e/+ "q4 ,:i* has ! m arti/ic weight on ! scre51 ! treatm5t ( ! subject1 t is ! pres5tation ( ! /ory pictorially1 or ! subject z su* reg>dless ( its pres5tation8 ,! same "q may be ask$ ( any ma/]piece ( art2 is x di/9ctive because ( ! subject matt] or because ( :at ! arti/ has done to t subject matt]8 ,9 o!r words1 w\ld ! subject matt] rema9 di/9ctive ev5 if x 7 badly treat$8 ,!re are sometimes happ5+s 9 real life t c hold "o's unwav]+ att5tion1 no matt] h[ poorly pres5t$ 9 language or picture4 ,= example1 if a panic-/rick5 idiot 7 to ru% to y & say1 8,x 7 quick1 oh1 explosion by ,wall ,/reet & lots ( fell]s %ut up dead & ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan's w9d[s all ov] bloody m5 e way10 y w\ld be %ock$--n amus$--& y w\ld n /op to consid] ! ridicul\s language ( ! report4 ,& if by "s /range co9cid5ce a cam]a man _h secur$ a motion picture ( t explosion 9 ,wall ,/reet1 y w\ld be curi\s to see t picture1 & w\ld und\bt$ly be impress$ by x1 no matt] h[ ineffective might be its photography or pictorial composition4 ,9 fiction !re may be c]ta9 *a9s ( incid5ts1 su* z ! action ( a detective /ory1 :i* might c>ry a /rong dramatic appeal1 ev5 ?\gh ! language ( ! n>rator 7 crude1 confus$1 obscure1 weak1 & ( no beauty appropriate to ! ?+ express$4 8,!re may be10 we say2 b all self-respect+ writ]s w agree ) u t language-pro( /ories are extremely r>e4 ,! /ory is usually impressive because ( ! tell+1 & n 9 spite ( x4 ,9 ! motion picture1 naturally1 ! tell+ is n 9 words1 b 9 arrangem5ts ( l9es & %apes1 ( tones & textures1 ( lights & %ad[s1 ^! values be+ ei!r fix$ or *ang+1 & exhibit$ simultane\sly or 9 succession4 ,:atev] arrangem5t ! director makes comes directly to u 9 ! !at]4 ,b>r+ accid5t we see x un*ang$ on ! scre51 &1 z f> z we are conc]n$1 x is ! only treatm5t :i* ! /ory has4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t c9ematographic treatm5t may be vaguely sugge/$ by writt5 or spok5 words2 x may be m def9itely sugge/$ by draw+s2 b x c nev] actually be giv5 ei!r by words or draw+s4 ,ev5 ! director himself _c "k def9itely1 9 advance ( ! actual rehe>s+ & tak+ ( ! picture1 j :at ! composition w be4 ,he may plan 9 advance1 b he does n actually compose until ! play]s are on ! sc5e & ! cam]a 8gr9d+40 ,dur+ ^? mom5ts are creat$ ! actual designs :i* become fix$ p]man5tly 9 ! film4 ,turn+ f pictures = a mom5t1 let u consid] ! relation betwe5 plot & treatm5t 9 lit]>y art4 ,x is int]e/+ to /udy ,%akespe>e's attitude t[>d ! mat]ial :i* he borr[$ = 8 plays4 ,glance ?r\gh ! introduction & notes ( any s*ool text1 & y w see t ! plot :i* came to 8 h& ready-made 0 n held sacr$4 ,he twi/$ x1 tore out pieces f x1 or spun x toge!r ) o!r plots simil>ly alt]$4 ,& ev5 !n ! alt]$ plot1 ?\gh an improvem5t ov] ! raw mat]ial1 0 n a ma/]piece2 x 0 only a bett] framework = ma/]ly treatm5t4 ,9 ! art ( ,%akespe>e x is ! tell+1 n ! framework1 ( ! /ory t c\nts4 ,h5ce any play ( 8 becomes a poor ?+ inde$ if y take away f x ! tone-color ( 8 words1 ! rhy?m ( 8 l9es1 ! imag9ative appeal ( 8 imag]y1 ! /imulat+ tru? 9 8 casual comm5t on "* & de$4 ,:5 a play ( ,%akespe>e is film$1 ^? lit]>y values are lo/2 x _c 9 ! nature ( ! motion picture be o!rwise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! di/9ctive value & p>ticul> *>m ( a photoplay lies 9 its pictorial treatm5t1 9 :at ! director does pictorially ) ! subject 9 h&4 ,& t di/9ctive value w\ld 9 turn be lo/ if "s "o else attempt$ to transf] ! picture to a lit]>y m$ium4 ,9 view ( all ?is x is surely fair to say t if a writ] & a picture-mak] 7 to co-op]ate 9 produc+ a piece ( lit]ature1 ! writ] %\ld be 9 comm&2 b :5 !y co-op]ate 9 produc+ a picture ! picture-mak] %\ld be 9 comm&4 ,n[ :5 ! director is 9 comm& ( ! /ory1 :at does he d ) x8 ,he may p]mit ! incid5ts to /& 9 _! orig9al ord]1 or he may *ange or omit or add4 ,b 9 any case he sweeps away ! phrases1 s5t5ces1 & p>agraphs :i* describe ! places ( ! action1 & erects in/ead real sett+s1 or selects suitable 8locations0 f already exi/+ sett+s4 ,he m>%als =? real human be+s to p]=m ! p>ts :i* are describ$ 9 words4 ,he divides ! action into limit$ p]iods ( "t1 & decides h[ to connect ^! p]iods visually s t ! pictorial movem5t on ! scre5 may be a fl[+ unity4 ,! director1 n ! writ]1 does ?is2 &1 if he 7 satisfi$ to d less1 he w\ld be only p>tly a director4 ,8 "w is n ! 8translation0 ( lit]ature into motion pictures2 x is a complete sub/itution ( motion pictures = lit]ature4 ,:5 we analyze pictorial composition on ! scre5 we mu/ proce$ z we h done ?r\gh\t ?is book4 ,we mu/ look at x f ! po9t ( view ( ! spectator 9 ! !at]4 ,! spectator does n see ! sett+ ) "o eye & ! actors ) ! o!r1 he does n sep>ate ! respective movem5ts ( human be+s1 animals1 trees1 wat]1 fire1 etc41 z !y play be=e him1 & he does n disconnect any "o sc5e f ! sc5es :i* prec$e or foll[ x4 ,to him ev]y?+ on ! scre5 is connect$ ) ev]y?+ else !re4 ,! connection may be /rong or weak1 bad or beautiful1 b x is nev]!less a connection4 ,?is ought to be cle> en\gh to any "o :o gives ! matt] any ?\ght2 yet !re are sc5e design]s :o appe> to believe t _! sett+ is a complete "w ( art q indep5d5t ( ! actors1 = :om & ) :om x ought to be compos$1 & !re are c]ta9ly any numb] ( play]s :o look ^u !mselves z />s t dwell ap>t4 ,we d n und]e/imate ! individual p[] ( ! play] z an int]pret] ( ! de$s & emotions ( dramatic *>act]s4 ,pantomimic act+ is "o ( ! mo/ p]sonal ( arts1 yet ! act+ 9 a photoplay is a some:at small] factor 9 ! total result ?an act+ 9 ! /age pantomime2 & nei!r k9d ( act+ c comp>e 9 importance ) act+ 9 ! /age play1 :]e ! magic ( ! actor's voice works its spell ^u ! audi5ce4 ,9 ! photoplay ! play]1 :e!r at re/ or 9 action1 is usually ! emphatic "p ( ! picture2 b he is only a "p1 & ! relation betwe5 t "p & ! o!r p>ts ( ! picture c be/ be e/abli%$ by ! director4 ,if ! play] attempts to compose ! picture 9 :i* he appe>s1 he is h&icapp$1 n only because he _c see himself1 b also because he _c see any o!r portion ( ! composition f ! same po9t ( view z ! ultimate spectator :o is tempor>ily repres5t$ by ! director4 ,he is1 9 fact1 9 dang] ( spoil+ 8 own pantomime1 ( de/roy+ 8 own p[]4 ,! frequ5t abuse ( ! close-up1 = example1 is (t5 due to ! mi/ak5 idea t an actor's facial expression is ! sole means ( repres5t+ emotion4 ,to ?9k t dramatic pantomime consi/s ( mak+ faces is j z fooli% z to ?9k t danc+ is m]ely a matt] ( %ak+ ! feet & legs4 ,x is really z important = a scre5 actress to be able to %[ grief ) h] elb[s or knees z = a danc] to h rhy?m 9 h] neck4 ,! 8/>0 actress1 !re=e1 :o insi/s on sev]al facial close-ups p] reel reveals a lack ( capability 9 h] own art1 z well z an ov]-develop$ appreciation ( h] own looks4 ,! fur!r objection to ! close-up is t x takes ! play] out ( ! picture4 ,= ! mom5t all ! sett+1 all ! o!r play]s are %ut (f f sight4 ,x is z ?\gh a pa9t]1 :ile ent]ta9+ a gr\p ( fri5ds ) a view ( a newly f9i%$ "w1 7 sudd5ly to cov] ! :ole pa9t+ except a s+le spot1 & !n to say1 8,n[ =get ! re/ ( ! picture1 & j look at ?is spot4 ,isn't x wond]ful80 ,! play] %\ld1 ( c\rse1 always be 9 p]fect union ) ! re/ ( ! picture1 yet c>ry+ z mu* emphasis z ! /ory dem&s4 ,b ev5 :5 ! play] wisely desires to rema9 9 ! picture1 he %\ld n be all[$ to det]m9e 8 own position1 pose1 or movem5t !re4 ,he is1 aft] all1 only a glorifi$ model ) :i* ! arti/ works4 ,:5 an actress moves ab\t 9 a room1 = example1 %e _c "k t to ! eye ( ! cam]a h] nose seems to collide ) ! corn] ( ! mantel-piece1 t h] neck is press$ out ( %ape by a bad %ad[1 t h] ge/ure po9ts out "s gim-crack ( no dramatic significance at ! mom5t1 t h] movem5t is ?r[+ h] out ( balance ) "s o!r movem5t 9 ! sc5e1 t h] walk+1 sitt+1 or ris+ appe>s awkw>d1 9 spite ( ! fact t x feels natural & rhy?mical to h]4 ,^! & a ?\s& o!r accid5ts ( composition c be avoid$ only by ! play]'s in/ant ob$i5ce to an al]t & ma/]ful director :o c /op or guide ! mov+ factor 9 ! picture z surely z a pa9t] c /op or guide 8 bru%4 ,:5 ! action takes place out ( doors1 or 9 an int]ior sett+ ) consid]able dep?1 ! play] is /ill m ignorant ( :at ! composition looks l to ! eye ( ! cam]a4 ,:e!r ! movem5t ( a p>ticul> p]son w h>monize ) a sway+ will[ tree & ) ! %ad[s play+ ov] ! gr\nd1 c be discov]$ only by exp]im5ts view$ f ! angle ( ! cam]a4 ,& ev5 !n1 aft] ! action has be5 c>efully plann$ ?r\gh a succession ( rehe>sals1 x may h to be v>i$ dur+ ! actual 8%oot+40 ,a sudd5 *ange ( w9d or light or an unexpect$ movem5t ( a dog or horse may br+ 9 a new factor t mu/ be in/antly tak5 into acc\nt4 ,at ! beg9n+ & end ( a sc5e ! play] %\ld be especially pliable "u ! h&s ( ! director1 because ! latt] alone kn[s :at ! c9ematic connection is to be ) ! prec$+ & foll[+ sc5es4 ,! lack ( control 9 ?is pictorial cont9uity is (t5 evid5t on ! scre54 ,sep>ate sc5es become little dramas 9 !mselves1 & ! :ole photoplay is !n really a succession ( acts1 ) a /ructure always t5d+ to fall ap>t1 in/ead ( coh]+ firmly into a unity4 ,! peculi> difficulty 9 ! movies is t ! sc5es are n tak5 9 ! same ord] z !y are project$ 9 ! !at]4 ,on ! scre5 ! sc5es %ift m quickly ?an ! actors c\ld pass f "o sett+ to ! next1 & yet ! actual tak+ ( ^? actions may h be5 weeks or ev5 mon?s ap>t4 ,?is is s because x is m economical to let ! p>ticul> sett+1 & n ! cont9uity ( action1 det]m9e ! gr\p+ ( ! 8%ots40 ,?us1 = example1 ! sc5es numb]$ #i1 #bb1 #be1 #da1 #ih1 & #acc1 ) a draw+-room z sett+1 may all be tak5 on a s+le day1 :ile numb]s #h1 #dj1 & #acd1 ) a /reet z sett+1 may be tak5 "s o!r day4 ,& /ill ano!r gr\p ( disconnect$ sc5es may be tak5 a mon? lat] 8on location0 hundr$s ( miles away4 ,?is may be a f9e sy/em ( effici5cy = ! manufactur]1 b x (t5 plays havoc ) pictorial cont9uity4 ,:5 an actress goes directly f sc5e #ih to #acc1 = example1 %e may be able to rememb] :e!r ! latt] sc5e is suppos$ to f9d h] /ill s+le or already divorc$1 b %e _c be all[$ to det]m9e h] own positions1 pauses1 tempo & g5]al nature ( movem5t1 because t might spoil ! transition f sc5e #acb1 :i* is n to be 8%ot0 until sev]al days lat]6 ,! f>!r we g into ! /udy ( ! relation betwe5 ! play] & ! re/ ( ! motion picture1 ! m we realize t ?is relation c be/ be e/abli%$ & controll$ by ! director1 & t ! play] is1 9 a s5se1 only a pigm5t ) :i* ! director pa9ts4 8,b :at ( ! movie fans80 y ask4 8,are !y n m int]e/$ 9 ! p]=m] z a p]=m] ?an 9 ! play z a play1 or 9 ! picture z a picture80 ,yes1 ! audi5ce is und\bt$ly 8crazy ab\t ! />10 b t is l>gely because !y h n be5 giv5 any?+ else to be crazy ab\t4 ,x is true t we all admire ! di/9ction ( individual p]=m]s 9 any k9d ( ent]ta9m5t2 yet we w\ld n approve ( a football game1 = example1 9 :i* ! 8/>0 half-back made s _m brilliant plays t ! re/ ( ! elev5 c\ld n prev5t ! oppos+ team f pil+ up a w9n+ score1 or ( a baseball game :i* 0 lo/ because ! batt] ) a _w's record refus$ to make a 8sacrifice hit40 ,&1 besides1 a di/+ui%$ actor or actress may rema9 di/+ui%$ ev5 aft] hav+ submitt$ to ! direct+ ( ! ma/] c9ema compos]1 j z a figure 9 a pa9t+ may /ill be fasc9at+ ev5 ?\gh ! pa9t] has made x a ?or\ghly organic "p ( ! :ole composition4 ,illu/ration3 ,portrait ( ,*>les ,i1 a pa9t+ by ,van ,dyck4 ,! composition is *>act]iz$ by rhy?m ( tone & l9e1 balance ( design1 & skilful subord9ation ( int]e/s4 ,_m ( ! pr9ciples t und]lie good pa9t+ may be successfully appli$ 9 a motion picture4 ,see page #hj4 ,z ! figure is really only a "p ( ! motion picture s ! sett+ is also only a "p1 & nei!r ! sett+ nor ! figure %\ld be consid]$ suffici5t unto itself4 ,"o )\t ! o!r is really incomplete2 toge!r !y c be organiz$ into a unifi$ picture4 ,?is simple tru?1 always recogniz$ by pa9t]s1 has (t5 be5 ignor$1 bo? by /age directors & motion picture directors4 ,p]haps ! explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! mat]ials ) :i* ! ?ree diff]5t compos]s "w4 ,9 a pa9t+ bo? ! figure & ! backgr\nd are only pa9t1 only repres5tations side by side on a flat surface1 & !re=e easily admit ( a p]fect fusion ( mat]ial4 ,b 9 ! case ( /age drama ! situation is diff]5t4 ,! /age composition does n give u a simil> natural bl5d+ ( actor & backgr\nd4 ,! actor is a real human be+1 s ne> ! spectators t "s ( !m c\ld t\* him ) _! h&s1 :ile ! backgr\nd is m]ely an artificial repres5tation ( a room1 a g>d51 or a cliff4 ,! two elem5ts ( ! /age picture refuse to mix1 & ! av]age spectator seems q cont5t to take !m sep>ately4 ,9 fact1 x is n unusual = ! audi5ce to 8give ! sc5]y a h&0 long be=e a s+le figure has ent]$ to complete ! composition4 ,n[ ! scre5 picture is entirely diff]5t f ! /age picture1 because on ! scre5 ev]y?+ we see is photographic repres5tation1 m]e gradations ( light & %ad[1 j z ev]y?+ on ! canvas ( a pa9t+ is pa9t4 ,9 ! motion picture )\t color ! b\nd>y l9e ( a w9d[ or a table is describ$ 9 exactly ! same m$ium z ! cont\r ( an actor's face2 & ! actor's complexion diff]s f ! wall pap] only 9 be+ light] or d>k]4 ,x %\ld be impossible1 !re=e1 to consid] t ! photoplay sett+ is a complete1 indep5d5t picture1 & t ! actors are sep>ate visible ?+s m]ely plac$ 9 front ( ! sett+4 ,& if ! movie director makes ! mi/ake ( n fus+ actor & sett+ into a pictorial composition1 x is p]haps because he imag9es ! spectator ) himself 9 ! /udio1 :]e ! sc5e & action are l ^? ( ! /age1 in/ead ( putt+ himself ) ! spectator be=e ! scre54 ,b !re are signs ( awak5+ 9 ! !at] ( ! /age play4 ,m & m ! influ5ce ( su* ,european ma/]s z ,max ,re9h>dt & ,gordon ,craig is be+ felt4 ,accord+ to _! me?od ( production ! sett+ & ! actors are int]dep5d5t & make a co-op]ative appeal to ! eye ( ! audi5ce4 ,! "y design]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are beg9n+ to ?9k ( ! dramatic picture z a :ole1 r ?an ( ! sett+ z a self-suffici5t exhibition ( _! skill 9 pa9t+4 ,mr4 ,lee ,simonson1 = example1 n long ago1 9 comm5t+ on 8 designs = ! ,!at] ,guild's production ( 8,! ,fai?ful10 said t he purposely design$ 8 sets s t !y w\ld seem top-heavy until ! actors ent]$ & fill$ 9 ! comp>atively empty zone ne> ! bottom ( ! /age picture4 ,)\t ! pres5ce ( ! actor1 he decl>$1 "o c\ld nev] say t ! set 0 good or bad2 "o c\ld only say t x 0 incomplete4 ,su* reason+ w\ld d a great deal ( good 9 ! movie /udios1 f :i* a va/ am\nt ( silly publicity 8dope0 has come1 ann\nc+ t ?is or t photoplay 0 highly arti/ic because su*-&-su* a well-kn[n pa9t] _h be5 engag$ to design ! int]ior sett+s4 ,"o might z well say t a c]ta9 art /ud5t's mural decoration 0 good because a fam\s ma/] _h begun ! "w by pa9t+ a backgr\nd = ! figures1 or t a piece ( music 0 beautiful because a ma/] compos] _h writt5 an accompanim5t :i* somebody else _h aft]w>d comb9$ ) a melody4 ,9 ! c9ema composition ! director mu/1 ( c\rse1 h ma/]y ov] ! places1 z well z ov] ! p]sons ( a film /ory4 ,he c !n make ! sett+ a live1 active "p ( ! picture in/ead ( m]ely a dead backgr\nd2 he may truly dramatize x4,e ,a notable example ( ! p]fect bl5d+ ( dramatic !me1 actors1 & sett+ is ! ,g]man photoplay 8,! ,cab9et ( ,dr4 ,calig>i10 :i* 0 fir/ %[n to ! ,am]ican public 9 ,april1 #aiba4 ,?is film1 produc$ by ! ,decla ,company1 0 direct$ by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,wi51 & ! sc5ic designs 7 made by ,h]man ,w>m1 ,walt] ,reiman1 & ,walt] ,rork4 ,:5 ! 8movie fan0 sees ! beg9n+ ( ?is photoplay he is />tl$ by ! /range %apes ( places4 ,h\ses & rooms are n laid out f\r-squ>e1 b look z ?\gh !y _h be5 built by a cyclone & f9i%$ up by a ?und]/orm4 ,w9d[s are sick triangles1 floors are misbehav$ surfaces & %ad[s are /reak$ ) gleam+ :ite4 ,/reets wri! z ?\gh 9 di/ress & ! skies are ( ! inky blackness t fills ev5 /rong m5 ) =ebod+4 ,! p are equally biz>re4 ,!y resemble c>toons r ?an fell[ humans1 & _! m9ds are /rangely w>p$4 ,e ,! subject ( dramatiz+ a sett+ is discuss$ at l5g? 9 ,*apt] ,,viii ( 8,! ,art ( ,photoplay ,mak+40 ,9 ! pres5ce ( all ?is ! spectator feels t ! scre5 has gone mad2 yet he does n leave ! !at]1 because 8 att5tion is *a9$ & 8 emotions are beg9n+ to surge ) a peculi>ly pleas+ unre/4 ,he /ays & />es at ! rem>kable fitness ( ^! crazy p 9 crazy places2 = ! /ory is1 9 fact1 a madman's fantasy ( crimes committ$ by a sleep-walk] "u ! hypnotic control ( a physician :o is ! head ( an insane asylum4 ,:5 we exam9e ?is photoplay critically we discov]1 n only t ! sett+s are p]fectly sympa!tic ) ! action1 b t ! v>i\s factors are skillfully organiz$ into an excell5t pictorial composition4 ,look1 = example1 at ! 8/ill10 fac+ page #agi1 & y w obs]ve ! uncanny emphasis ^u ! d>k sleep-walk] :o sl9ks along ! wall & a mom5t lat] turns upw>d into ! hallway on 8 evil err& to ! b$-*amb] ( ! h]o9e4 ,place t figure 9 an ord9>y village alley & x w lose half its horror2 keep x out ( ?is weird sett+ & ! place w cry out = "s "o to come into x 9 pursuit ( crime4 ,/udy ! plan ( ! pictorial design & y w see t z soon z ! man has em]g$ f ! %ad[s 9 ! backgr\nd he becomes ! /ronge/ acc5t 9 an area ( :ite4 ,! end ( ! alley f :i* he comes is acc5t$ by ! jagg$ :ite %ape above ! %ad[s1 & ! doorway ?r\gh :i* he goes is simil>ly acc5t$ by irregul> %apes4 ,^! two acc5ts keep ! composition 9 balance1 & :5 our glance passes f "o to ! o!r ! pa? ( att5tion mu/ cross ! area ( c5tral int]e/4 ,!re is rhy?m 9 ! composition1 too1 ?\gh "o w\ld sc>cely realize x at fir/ glance4 ,note ! sw++ curves 9 ! :ite pat* on ! /reet & 9 ! correspond+ pat* on ! wall1 & note also h[ "s ( ^! curves h>monize ) ! l9es ( ! actor's body & ) 8 %ad[ ^u ! wall4 ,! 8/ill0 :i* we h j analyz$ is typical ( ! c9ema sc5es ?r\gh\t 8,! ,cab9et ( ,dr4 ,calig>i40 ,:e!r ! subject is ! unscrupul\s ,doctor 9 8 (fice )9 ! gates ( ! insane asylum1 or ! unnatural sleep-walk] cramp$ 9 8 cab9et1 or ! innoc5t girl asleep 9 a sea ( :ite cov]lets1 or ! gawk+ villag]s at ! fake %[s ( ! fair1 ! two factors ( p]son & place complete ea* o!r 9 a ma/]ly composition4 ,b t composition z a :ole 0 n made ei!r by ! actors or by ! design]s ( sett+s2 !y 7 happily helpful1 b ! director 0 ! ma/] compos]4 ,any "o :o sees 8,! ,cab9et ( ,dr4 ,calig>i0 is likely to rem>k t ! sett+s w\ld n be ( mu* value 9 any /ory except ! "o = :i* !y 7 design$4 ,:at a f9e complim5t to ?is photoplay z art6 ,p]haps "s "o long ago 9 ! gray dawn ( musical composition made a rem>k t ! accompanim5t 9 a c]ta9 piece ( music c\ld h>dly s]ve = ano!r melody ?an ! "o = :i* x 0 compos$6 ,at any rate let u hope t 9 ! future ! lov] ( ! films may n look 9 va9 = weird /ories 9 uncanny haunts1 = fairy tales 9 :imsical nooks1 = epic dramas 9 spaci\s doma9s1 = com$ies 9 funny places2 & let u hope1 too1 t he w f9d ! compositions s p]fect t n a s+le sett+ w\ld h any arti/ic value ap>t f its own /ory4 8,b :at ( nature80 says "s "o4 8,mu/ ! movie director h ma/]y ov] ! works ( ! ,creator1 too80 ,inde$ he mu/6 ,because if he is an arti/ he is a creator2 & if nature becomes a m$ium 9 8 art1 !n he mu/ h ma/]y ov] t m$ium ins(> z x ent]s ! art4 ,hills h be5 levell$1 /reams h be5 dri$ up1 & valleys h be5 fill$ ) wat]1 all = ! welf>e or pr(it ( man4 ,ma/]y ( ?is k9d co/s money2 b are n ! movie magnates not$ = _! fe>lessness 9 sign+ *ecks8 ,weal?y m5 h be5 kn[n to build l&scapes = _! own pleasure2 !re is no v valid reason :y !y %\ld n build l&scapes = _! own bus9ess1 especially :5 t bus9ess is an art4 ,! movie director ( to-day we>s out automobiles se>*+ ! c\ntry = 8locations0 t w d z natural backgr\nds = scre5 /ories2 & 9 ?is en?usiasm he is almo/ z amateuri% z ! kodak fi5d :o sc\rs ! c\ntry = good ?+s to snap4 ,! movie director ( "s to-morr[ w n look = natural backgr\nds2 he w make !m4 ,:5 an arti/ pa9ts a picture ( a natural subject he does n try to reproduce exactly ! mat]ial ?+s :i* he sees be=e him4 ,he rises f> above ! craft ( ! copyi/ into ! div9ity ( creation4 ,8 pa9t+ is always a p]sonal v>iation ( ! natural !me4 ,if sev5 trees suit 8 composition bett] ?an ! sev5te5 :i* he views1 he pa9ts only sev51 & if !re are only five 9 ! grove1 he creates two m on 8 canvas4 ,if ! wat]fall is too high or too viol5t he re%apes x into ! ideal "o ( 8 vision4 ,?is he does1 n because nature is n beautiful 9 mo/ ( h] aspects1 b because no s+le "o ( ^? aspects fits into ! s*eme ( ! new beauty :i* he z an arti/ is try+ to create4 ,b ! c9ema compos] does n "w 9 s pla/ic a m$ium z pa9t4 ,! cam]a is only a record+ ma*9e1 work+ )\t ! p[] ( alt]+ :at x sees4 ,! subject mu/ be alt]$ by ! director be=e ! cam]a man beg9s 8%oot+40 ,on a small scale ?is is p]haps already be+ done4 ,bu%es1 = example1 may be cle>$ out f among ! trees1 & possibly ev5 a tree or two may be *opp$ d[n 9 ord] to facilitate ! c>ry+ on ( c]ta9 dramatic actions4 ,we %\ld l to see ! ax wield$ also 9 ! cause ( su* ?+s z simplicity1 or balance1 or rhy?m 9 pictorial composition4 ,already bridges are be+ built especially = c]ta9 sc5es 9 photoplays4 ,we %\ld l to see ! c9ema eng9e]s call$ ^u also to put an extra b5d 9 ! creek1 or to make ! wat]fall only half z l>ge1 or to %ape ! bank into a m graceful slope :5ev] any *ange ( t sort might s]ve to organize ! sett+ m h>moni\sly ) ! g5]al design ( ! picture4 ,already grass has be5 m[n to suit a director4 ,we %\ld l to see grass gr[n especially = ! director4 ,!y already make sun%9e & w9d & ra9 = motion pictures4 ,we %\ld l to see trees plant$ & t5d$ = a doz5 or fifty ye>s1 if necess>y1 9 ord] to provide a m pictorial natural backgr\nd = "o or a doz5 film /ories4 ,9 ?us advocat+ a new art ( c9ema l&scape g>d5+ we d n mean to imply t nature unt\*$ is n full ( beauty4 ,we "k well en\gh t ! rhy?m ( l9e 9 ! horizon ( a roll+ c\ntry1 or 9 ! lights & %ad[s ( trees mass$ 9 ! di/ance is (t5 a delight to ! behold]4 ,b natural beauty ( t sort is admissible to a c9ema composition only :5 x is itself ! dramatic !me ( ! /ory1 & c be emphasiz$ by ! introduction ( human figures or o!r elem5ts1 or :5 x c be subord9at$ to some?+ else :i* is ! dramatic !me4 ,if nature _c be ?us compos$ %e may /ill be photograph$ by ! mak] ( sc5ics1 travel pictures1 etc41 b %e is ( no practical value to ! director ( photoplays4 ,b !re is p]haps a "q brew+ 9 "s read]'s m9d4 8,w\ld x n be ridicul\sly extravagant10 he asks1 8to con/ruct a real l&scape especially = a photoplay1 s9ce y ma9ta9 t any p>ticul> sett+1 if x is a prop] "p ( a good composition1 w h little arti/ic value ap>t f ! p>ticul> action = :i* x has be5 design$80 ,yes1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be extravagant to sp5d t5 ye>s produc+ a natural sett+ :i* c\ld be us$ only = two days ( movie 8%oot+40 ,b our !ories really d n lead to any su* conclusion4 ,fir/1 any l&scape :i* has be5 design$ especially = c9ema composition1 c be 8%ot0 f fifty or a hundr$ diff]5t po9ts ( view1 & yet c h sep>ate arti/ic value f e angle4 ,&1 second1 any su* l&scape w\ld alt] itself p]iodically & gradually ?r\gh seasons & ye>s4 ,&1 ?ird1 ! c9ema l&scape eng9e] c\ld make consid]able alt]ations aga9 & aga9 )\t de/roy+ ! l&scape4 ,?us1 ev5 if only a s+le squ>e mile ( l& 7 us$1 x might well s]ve a film company = a numb] ( ye>s2 & mean:ile o!r l&scapes w\ld be 9 ! mak+ on o!r squ>e miles ( l&4 ,h[ev]1 x is n ! critic's bus9ess to ent] into ! ways & means ( f9anc+ ! production ( art4 ,he only und]takes to express ! ref9$ ta/e ( ! ?\ghtful public1 ! public :i* 9 ! long run x w pay ! produc]s to please4 ,we desire ! director's ma/]y 9 ! movies to ext5d also to t phase ( pictorial composition :i* is kn[n z ! 8cutt+ & jo9+0 ( sc5es4 ,bad "w 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( photoplay mak+ is some?+ :i* _c be c\nt]act$ by ! mo/ inspir$ pantomime1 by ! mo/ beautiful sett+1 or by ! mo/ p]fect composition 9 ! sep>ate sc5es4 ,)\t c>eful cutt+ & jo9+ ! photoplay c nev] a*ieve t dynamic movem5t1 t rhy?mical fl[ :i* is a *>act]i/ic & di/+ui%+ quality ( ! motion picture z art4 ,x %\ld be z important = ! c9ema compos] to decide ^u ! progression & trans=mation ( sc5es z x is = ! poet to arrange ! ord] & transitions ( 8 own v]ses & /anzas1 or = ! musical compos] to arrange ! movem5t ?r\gh ! music :i* he writes4 ,"s directors seem to =get t a piece ( art c ex]t its p[] only ?r\gh t f9al =m :i* comes 9 direct contact ) ! appreciator4 ,& _m ( ! o!rs :o desire to pres]ve _! "w intact mu/ gna% _! tee? at ! ?\ght t no matt] h[ c>efully !y may cut & jo9 a film1 x is likely to be m>r$ be=e x rea*es ! project+ ma*9e4 ,an example ( ! amaz+ lack ( arti/ic co-op]ation 9 ! movie _w is furni%$ by ! foll[+ press notice1 s5t out f "o ( ! l>ge/ mov+ picture !at]s on ,broadway4 8,audi5ces :o see a film project$ on ! scre5 at ! ---- ,!at]1 seldom take ! details connect$ ) its %[+ into consid]ation4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t a photoplay is seldom pres5t$ at ! ---- 9 ! =m x is receiv$ f ! manufactur]4 ,e foot ( film is c>efully p]us$ & cuts are made1 ei!r = complete elim9ation or = replacem5t 9 a m appropriate "p ( ! /ory40 ,add to su* delib]ate desecration ! havoc wr\ght by c5sors & by ! elim9ations caus$ by fire or breakage & y h a prospect ( but*]y :i* is bad en\gh to make any arti/ drop 8 "w 9 despair4 ,!re is no hope = him unless he c organize 8 photoplay s p]fectly & make its def9ite f9al =m s compell+ly beautiful t ev5 a dull me*anician 9 a project+ boo? w\ld recognize x z a sacr$ ?+ :i* mu/ be kept intact z x came f ! h&s ( ! ma/]4 ,b a photoplay is (t5 robb$ ( pictorial cont9uity long be=e x rea*es ! exhibitor4 ,! 8title-writ]10 :o frequ5tly comb9es 8 (fice ) t ( 8cutt]10 is at be/1 a dang]\s collaborator on a photoplay4 ,words 9 ! =m ( titles1 sub-titles1 dialogue1 comm5ts1 etc41 are r>ely 9 place on ! scre54 ,if !y are admitt$ = ! purpose ( tell+ or expla9+ a "p ( ! /ory1 !y come z a slur on ! art ( ! motion picture1 & (t5 z an insult to ! intellig5ce ( ! spectator4,f ,nev]!less1 ! produc] f9ds words practically useful z /op-gaps1 padd+1 & g5]al support = an ill-direct$ play t w\ld o!rwise h to be scrapp$4 ,& ev5 ! mo/ prom95t directors are incl9$ to lean heavily on words4 ,we are doom$1 !re=e1 to endure ! hybrid art ( read+ matt] mix$ ) illu/rations1 at lea/ = _m ye>s to come4 ,b we insi/ t ?is mixture %all be no worse ?an ! director makes x4 ,f ,words :i* appe> z an organic "p ( ! action1 su* z writ+1 pr9t1 sign-bo>ds1 etc41 d n come "u ! g5]al category ( 8cut-9 titles40 ,= a discussion ( ! dramatic value ( words on ! scre5 see ,*apt] ,,ix ( 8,! ,art ( ,photoplay ,mak+40 ,aft] a director has c>efully compos$ a s]ies ( sc5es s t ! motions & patt]ns & textures & tones dissolve1 f "o mom5t to ! next1 9 a rhy?mical fl[1 reg>dless ( h[ ! /ory may h %ift$ its sett+1 we d n want "s film doctor to come along & break t unity into pieces = ! sake ( a few jokes1 or ne>-jokes1 or = a few words ( s*oolroom wisdom or ( s5tim5tal gu%4 ,we object1 n only to ! cont5t1 ! d5otation ( su* 8titles10 b also to _! pictorial appe>ance4 ,t writt5 words h pictorial appe>ance is a fact :i* mo/ ( u =got z soon z we le>n$ to read4 ,we realize t ,*9ese *>act]s or ,egyptian hi]oglyphics are pictorial1 t !y are draw+s2 b we =get t ! *>act]s & arrangem5ts ( our own writ+ & pr9t+ are also draw+s4 ,judg$ z pictures ! words on ! scre5 are usually too sev]ely :ite = ! backgr\nd4 ,!y fairly fla% at y4 ,also ! horizontal l9es made by ! tops & bottoms ( ! lett]s con/itute a sort ( grill-"w :i* h>dly ev] bl5ds pictorially ) ! patt]n ( ! prec$+ or foll[+ sc5e4 ,z to ! design ( ! lett]s !mselves we f9d consid]able v>iety on ! scre51 (t5 ) no direct ref]5ce to ! mean+ ( ! words or to ! picture :]e !y are ins]t$4 ,?us ! t5d5cy to introduce y's & g's ) magnific5t sweep+ tails1 or capital lett]s 9 fanta/ic curves1 :ile reveal+ a comm5dable impulse to make writ+ pictorial1 (t5 leads to ov]emphasis1 or to a direct conflict ) o!r pictorial values 9 ! film4,g ,g ,a neat pictorial t\* 9 ! titles ( ! ,g]man play1 8,! ,golem10 is ! sugge/ion ( ,hebrew script 9 ! %ap+ ( ! lett]s4 ,fur!rmore1 ! eye-movem5t ov] read+ matt] %\ld be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! eye-movem5t ov] ! adjo9+ pictures4 ,= example1 aft] ! title has be5 %[n long en\gh to all[ ! normal read] to get to ! end ( ! text1 8 eye may be at a po9t ne> ! l[] "r corn] or at ! "r side ( ! frame4 ,!n if ! foll[+ picture does n attract att5tion at ?is portion ( ! frame1 a slight %ock is caus$ by ! necess>y jump to a remote po9t ( att5tion4 ,a simil> difficulty may arise 9 connect+ a prec$+ picture ) ! beg9n+ ( ! title4 ,_m directors h endeavor$ to make ! title sections ( a film m pictorial by introduc+ decorative draw+s or pa9t+s ar\nd ! words1 & ev5 by introduc+ m9iature motion pictures4 ,decorations 9 motion1 h[ev]1 are n to be recomm5d$1 because !y di/ract att5tion f ! words ( ! title1 z has be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! discussion ( 8,! ,f\r ,horsem5 ( ! ,apocalypse10 on page #df1 & because !y d n readily compose ) ^? words to =m a s+le picture4 ,x is1 9 fact1 z in>ti/ic to 8vision 90 motion pictures on ! backgr\nd ( a title z to 8vision 90 words on ! backgr\nd ( a motion picture4 ,9 ei!r case y really get two pictures )9 "o frame4 ,fix$ decorations ar\nd a title may fill a pictorial ne$ 9 unify+ ! portions ( ! film :i* h be5 cut ap>t by ! ins]t4 ,!y may bridge ! gap ) a cont9uity ( tone or l9e or %ape1 & may by _! mean+ pres]ve ! dramatic mood ( ! photoplay4 ,b "h1 too1 caution mu/ be obs]v$ le/ ! decorations draw att5tion away f ! words or fail to compose well ) ! pictorial "* ( ^? words4 ,! problem ( words on ! scre5 does n seem v ne> a solution4 ,!re w d\btless be a great deal ( juggl+ ) titles be=e "s magician comes :o c 8vani%0 !m completely f ! fabric ( a photoplay4 ,already photoplays su* z 8,! ,old ,swimm9' ,hole10 direct$ by ,joseph ,de ,grasse & 8,! ,j\rney's ,end10 direct$ by ,hugo ,ball91 h be5 successfully produc$ )\t sub-titles4 ,"s day1 we hope1 ! wordless picture play w no long] be a novelty4 ,ano!r factor1 :i* has already become tr\blesome1 is ! reproduction ( color 9 ! motion picture4 ,if ! director 7 a g5u9e colori/1 & if he c\ld produce ! exact t9t or %ade ( hue :i* ! p>ticul> composition ne$s1 & if ?is c\ld be project$ s t ! spectator w\ld really see :at ! director want$ him to see1 !n ! conditions w\ld be ideal = ma/]y 9 color movies4 ,su* conditions may "s day come1 b !y are n "h n[4 ,x is possible t ! ma*9]y ( color photography w become s p]fect t ! spectator may be able to see on ! scre5 ! exact color values :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! subject photograph$4 ,b t w be only a triumph ( sci5ce4 ,x w be a sci5tific a*ievem5t ( ! same k9d z ! correct reproduction ( colors 9 a li?ograph or color-gravure ( a pa9t+4 ,b art lies 9 ! production & arrangem5t1 n 9 ! reproduction1 ( colors4 ,an elem5t>y /udy ( pa9t+ mu/ conv9ce any "o t ! colors :i* ! arti/ puts on ! canvas are really only sugge/$ by ! model or subject1 & t 8 arrangem5t ( !m is inspir$ by an ideal p]sonal conception1 r ?an a desire to reproduce some?+ ) absolute accuracy4 ,!re9 lies creation & ma/]y4 ,h5ce1 !re is no arti/ic advantage to a c9ema compos] 9 hav+ ma*9es :i* c make a gre5 dress appe> gre51 & a r$ rose1 r$1 on ! scre51 unless t p>ticul> gre5 & t p>ticul> r$ 9 t p>ticul> comb9ation really add beauty to ! picture4 ,! 8t9t$0 sc5es1 usually blue or orange1 :i* are s famili> 9 ! movies1 are n color photographs1 s9ce !y are produc$ by imm]s+ an ord9>y black & :ite film 9 a ba? ( dye4 ,b f an arti/ic po9t ( view !y are bett] ?an color photographs4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! value ( ! t9t c be controll$ by ! director1 or at lea/ by ! p]son :o does ! t9t+4 ,& 9 ! second place1 al?\gh ! lights ( ! film take ! /ronge/ t9t1 ! %ad[s are also affect$ by x2 & ! entire picture1 !re=e1 gets a tonal unity :i* is nev] pres5t 9 color photography4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 8t9t$0 sc5es %\ld be us$ ) caution1 because1 :5 !y are cut into a film :i* is else:]e black & :ite1 !y break ! unity ( tonal fl[1 & usually get f> m emphasis ?an _! mean+ 9 ! /ory dem&s4 ,! effect is almo/ z bad z t ( ! old family photograph :i* baby si/] has improv$ by t\*+ up a s+le figure ) pretty wat] colors4 ,?us we h indicat$ ! _m dep>tm5ts & /ages ( developm5t 9 a photoplay composition1 ! _m pictorial =ces :i* %\ld be controll$ by a s+le h&4 ,t s+le h& holds ! re9s ( _m p[]s4 ,&1 if ^? p[]s _c be s guid$ t !y pull 9 ! same direction1 ) simil> spe$s1 & ) balanc$ ef=ts1 !n _! comb9ation is disa/r\s1 h[ev] elegant & blue-ribbon$ any individual p[] may be4 ,9 ! photoplay nei!r ! plot action1 nor ! act+1 nor ! sett+1 nor ! cutt+ & jo9+1 nor ! titles1 nor ! color+1 nor any o!r elem5t c be all[$ to pull 9 its own wild way4 ,& 9 any s+le section ( ! motion picture ! fix$ design & ! movem5t1 ! acc5tuation & ! h>mony1 ! "w & ! play1 mu/ be co-ord9at$ & all ?is te*nique mu/ itself be subord9ate to spontane\s endur+ inspiration4 ,)\t su* ma/]y no movie-mak] c ev] w9 to ! f> goal ( art4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,my/]i\s ,,emotions ,,( ,,art ,! end ( all aspir+ ma/]y 9 ! movies is to provide = e behold] ! ?rills ( art4 ,^! ?rills are n l ! emotions :i* are ar\s$ by o!r exp]i5ces ( life1 by sports1 = example1 or adv5ture1 or amusem5ts1 or indu/ry1 or w>4 ,!y are /irr+ exp]i5ces q diff]5t f ^? ( him :o makes a 8home run0 or a 8t\*-d[n10 or 8loops ! loop0 9 ! air1 or s9ks a subm>9e1 or has a play accept$1 or discov]s a new way ( evad+ "s obnoxi\s law4 ,x is true t ! dramatic cont5t ( a photoplay may sometimes seem s real t ! behold] =gets :]e he is & responds ) su* natural feel+s z fe> & triumph1 love & hate1 pride1 selfi% desire & hope2 b x is also true t ! pictorial =m ( a photoplay1 t is1 ! m]e arrangem5t ( ! sub/ance1 consid]$ ap>t f its mean+1 c ar\se /range1 pleasurable emotions :i* are peculi> to ! enjoym5t ( art4 ,:5 we recall ! ma/]pieces ( pa9t+ :i* h ?rill$ u we mu/ admit t mu* ( _! appeal came f o!r factors besides ! cont5t ( ! picture4 ,?9k ( a portrait ( "s ,dut*man pa9t$ by ,rembr&t4 ,! pa9t+ /irs y z ! ,dut*man himself 9 real life nev] c\ld h /irr$ y4 ,y may be impress$ by ! lik5ess ( ! portrait1 by ! engag+ "* ( ! p]son portray$1 & by "s significant tru? express$ 9 t portrayal4 ,b t is n all4 ,y are also /irr$ by ! colors 9 ! pa9t+1 by ! peculi> arrangem5t ( l9es & %apes4 ,t emotion :i* y get f ! =m & m$ium itself1 r ?an f ! subject1 is a *>act]i/ic art-emotion4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,! ,cab9et ( ,dr4 ,calig>i4 ,a rem>kable example ( 8/ylization0 9 ! movies1 %[+ h[ sett+1 figure1 & action may be h>moniz$ to express ! dom9ant mood ( ! photoplay4 ,see pages #afe & #ahj4 ,we are n n[ speak+ ( su* qualities z unity1 emphasis1 balance1 & rhy?m4 ,!y are inde$ fundam5tal ne$s 9 pictorial composition1 & yet a photoplay may h all ( ^? qualities )\t possess+ any /rong appeal z art4 ,a motion picture1 l a pa9t+1 mu/ possess o!r1 m subtle1 qualities if x is to make any la/+ impression ^u our s\ls4 ,:at ^! my/]i\s qualities really are1 we d n presume to "k4 ,at ! same "t we believe t a discussion ( !m w be /imulat+ & helpful bo? to 8movie fans0 & movie mak]s4 ,suppose we endeavor to isolate f\r ( ^! my/]i\s qualities 9 art & call !m poignancy1 appeal to ! imag9ation1 exquisit5ess1 & res]ve4 ,any "o :o goes frequ5tly to ! movies mu/ h felt m ?an once a c]ta9 poignancy1 a /range fasc9ation 9 "s pictorial arrangem5t1 9 "s curi\sly appeal+ movem5t on ! scre54 ,p]haps su* a feel+ came :5 y saw a 8dissolve0 = ! fir/ "t4 ,p]haps ! sl[ dy+ away ( a sc5e1 ev5 :ile a new "o 0 dawn+ be=e y1 gave a pang ( pleasure nev] felt be=e1 n ev5 9 ! magic bl5d+ ( dreams4 ,a 8que] feel+0 y may h call$ x1 & y may h be5 less aw>e ( x z ! novelty wore (f 9 lat] %[s4 ,!n x came aga9 :5 y saw an accel]at$ motion picture :i* %[$ a plant gr[+ f se$ to blossom )9 a few m9utes4 ,& /ill aga9 y felt x :5 9 "s sl[-motion picture y saw a horse float+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,b "t w5t on & ! frequ5t repetition ( ^! effects made _! appeal less poignant4 ,9 ea* case ! ?+ t /irr$ y 0 due to a novelty ( me*anics1 a trick ( c9ematography4 ,b y c get t emotion )\t wait+ = a new me*anical inv5tion4 ,x may come also f ! pictorial composition1 f "s peculi> patt]n+s ( ?+s1 :e!r fix$ or mov+1 )9 ! picture itself4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is may be f\nd 9 ! ,g]man photoplay1 8,! ,cab9et ( ,dr4 ,calig>i10 :i* has be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,x conta9s at lea/ two sc5es 9 :i* extremely simple arrangem5ts k9dle /range fl>es ( emotion4 ,"o ( ^! mom5ts comes 9 ! sc5e :i* is repres5t$ by ! 8/ill0 %[n opposite page #agi4 ,"h we see ,ces>e1 ! hypnotiz$ sleep-walk]1 sl9k+ along an alley ( weird lights & %ad[s4 ,we "k f e>li] sc5es t he is b5t on committ+ "s new crime4 ,8 face is gha/ly & 8 lanky frame is tightly clo!d 9 black4 ,he em]ges into a bright gl>e & /ret*es =? 8 arm 9 an unhuman ge/ure1 z ?\gh he 7 go+ to glide s]p5t-wise up ! v side ( ! wall4 ,?is movem5t makes a /range patt]n & s5ds ?r\gh u a fla% (--%all we call x a sweet %udd] or a horrible delight8--some?+ poignant & un=gettable4 ,a simil> exp]i5ce ( emotion comes to u a few m9utes lat] 9 ! same play :5 ,ces>e c>ries (f ! h]o9e f h] b$*amb]4 ,?is sc5e reveals a broad sea ( bill[y l951 evid5tly a b$1 yet l>ge en\gh = a :ole bevy ( h]o9es4 ,ces>e appe>s outside a w9d[1 :i* seems to crumble at 8 t\*4 ,he ent]s ! *amb] &1 dagg] 9 h&1 rea*es out t[>d ! head ( ! sleep+ lady4 ,we gasp at h] fate1 because we =get t ?is is only a play4 ,t gasp is an expression ( pity1 a famili> emotion4 ,b a my/]i\s emotion is 9 /ore = u4 ,ces>e is spellb\nd by ! lady's beauty4 ,he drops 8 dagg]4 ,!n sudd5ly he ga!rs h] up1 &1 hold+ h] aga9/ ! side ( 8 body1 />ts = ! w9d[4 ,z he does s a sudd5 /rik+ patt]n is produc$ by ! movem5t4 ,9 8 ha/e ,ces>e has caught up "s ( ! b$ l95 along ) 8 prey1 & ?is :ite expanse d>ts aft] him 9 a sudd5 inw>d-ru%+ movem5t f ! remote corn]s ( ! b$4 ,in/antly a /range s5sation %oots ?r\gh u4 ,?is %>p emotion1 bo? pa9ful & pleas+1 is n pity1 or hate1 or fe>4 ,x does n relate itself to ! villa9's viol5ce aga9/ an innoc5t1 def5seless girl4 ,x is m]ely a 8que] feel+0 caus$ by t /rik+ motion-patt]n ( ! sn[y l95 :isk$ unexpect$ly f ! b$4 ,to "o :o has be5 emotionally affect$ by su* ?+s z ! 8dissolve0 & ret>d$ motion & ! peculi> effects 9 8,dr4 ,calig>i0 ! above p>agraphs may give "s idea ( :at we mean by poignancy 9 composition4 ,x is a real quality t+$ ) an unreality t allies x ) ! effects :i* we exp]i5ce 9 dreams4 ,any c9ema compos] :o c /rike ?is note ( poignancy at lea/ once 9 e photoplay t he produces may ju/ly dem& t 8 "w be class$ ) ! f9e arts4 ,ano!r elusive quality1 f\nd all too seldom 9 ! movies1 is ! appeal to imag9ation4 ,su* an appeal may come f ?+s 9 real life or f t life :i* art reflects2 x may come also f ! arti/'s m$ium & composition4 ,?us1 = example1 "s p c imag9e melodi\s s\nds :5 !y look at colors 9 a pa9t+1 & ne>ly e "o c imag9e colors :5 li/5+ to music4 ,! motion picture's appeal to ! imag9ation has be5 treat$ at "s l5g? 9 ,*apt] ,,vi ( 8,! ,art ( ,photoplay ,mak+10 & we %all1 !re=e1 be brief ab\t x "h4 ,an illu/ration may be furni%$ by a sea-%ell4 ,we hold x to our e>s & he> a l[ musical s\nd :i* makes u imag9e ! surf ( ! sea1 sweetly vague4 ,a simil>1 yet m subtle1 delight may come f a picture ( "s p]son do+ ! same ?+4 ,su* a picture is to be f\nd 9 ! ,fox film v]sion ( ,longfell['s 8,evangel9e40 ,gabriel picks up a sea-%ell & holds x to 8 e>4 ,in/antly we imag9e ! s\nd :i* he he>s4 ,we also imag9e ! sea :i* t imag9$ s\nd sugge/s4 ,&1 if we are p>ticul>ly s5sitive1 we may ev5 try to imag9e :at ,gabriel imag9es4 ,all ?is is delightful1 a g5u9e emotional response to ! art ( ! scre54 ,b we are imm$iately insult$ by an ugly anti-climax4 ,quick z a fla%1 our fancies are kill$ by a cut-9 picture ( a /ret* ( real sea4 ,n[ we mu/ look2 we may no long] imag9e4 ,! above is a typical example ( bo? imag9ative & unimag9ative treatm5t 9 a motion picture4 ,any read] c g to ! movies & collect a hundr$ simil> examples 9 a few ev5+s4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 a director w lead u to ! ?re%old ( beautiful fancy1 only to slam ! door ( h>d realism aga9/ our faces4 ,:y is ?is8 ,is x because ! director ?9ks t audi5ces are incapable ( ex]cis+ & enjoy+ _! imag9ations8 ,or is x only because he wants to get m footage = ! film8 ,z ?\gh x 7 n bad en\gh to spoil ! pictorial beauty ( c9ema composition1 _m directors proce$ to spoil ! *>m ( o!r arts1 too4 ,poetry1 = in/ance1 may weave h] spells else:]e1 b n ^u ! scre54 ,ev5 ! simple/ poetic /atem5t mu/ be vulg>iz$ by explanation4 8,movie fans0 are n consid]$ intellig5t en\gh to be tru/$ ) ! enjoym5t ( ev5 su* h>mless imag]y z 8,!re is a tide 9 ! affairs ( m5 ,:i* tak5 at ! turn leads on to =tune40 ,dur+ all ! ?ree hundr$ ye>s s9ce ^? l9es 7 writt51 probably no illu/rator ( ,%akespe>e's plays ev] felt call$ ^u to draw a picture ( t tide1 & probably no actor ev] /rove to repres5t x on ! /age by voice or ge/ure4 ,b 9 ,de ,mille's photoplay 8,male & ,female10 :]e ! passage is quot$1 ! l9es on ! scre5 mu/ be accompani$ by a photograph ( surf1 :i* 0 evid5tly int5d$ to repres5t ! tide6 ,%akespe>e's poetic image 0 ?us kill$ by a s+le %ot4 ,b x sometimes takes m +5uity to de/roy a *>m4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ?is descriptive l9e f 8,evangel9e03 8,:5 %e _h pass$1 x seem$ l ! ceas+ ( exquisite music40 ,^? words are surely full ( emotional1 imag9ative appeal4 ,yes1 b n = ! director ( ! ,fox 8,evangel9e40 ,he ins]ts ! l9e z a title1 !n %[s ,evangel9e /roll+ ov] a =e/ pa?1 & !n 8cuts 90 a close-up ( h&s play+ across ! /r+s ( a gigantic h>p6 ,!re is no?+ my/]i\s ab\t ! emotions ( any mod]ately intellig5t p]son :o sees ?+s l t on ! scre54 8,movie /uff60 he groans1 & wond]s 8h[ !y h ! n]ve to get away ) x40 ,we h a qu>rel ) ! director1 n because he has fail$ to picturize ! imag9$ sweetness ( t sil5ce :i* comes :5 exquisite music has ceas$1 b because he has consid]$ x necess>y to picturize any?+ at all 9 support ( ! poet's words4 ,?is br+s u aga9 to ! "q :e!r art %\ld /rive to pres5t any beauty o!r ?an t ( ! subject repres5t$4 ,0 he a great arti/ :o1 accord+ to an old fable1 pa9t$ fruit s reali/ically t ! birds came to peck at x8 ,& w\ld ,mi*elangelo h be5 a bett] arti/ if he _h giv5 8 m>ble /atues ! colors ( real fle%1 or if he _h made /atues ) fle% s(t to ! t\* & capable ( p]spir+ on a hot day8 ,we ?9k n4 ,art may please ?r\gh illusion1 b nev] by deception4 ,we get a peculi> emotional exp]i5ce f imag9+ t ,mi*elangelo's 8,moses0 is alive ) human gr&eur1 b we %\ld n l to be caught 9 a mob ( idiots />+ at "s m reali/ically sculptural ,moses1 9 ! expectation t he 0 ab\t to make a spee* or p]=m a trick4 ,nei!r c we g into ec/asies ov] ! fact t ! fur mantle 9 "s portrait is s skillfully pa9t$ t all ! wom5 want to /roke x4 ,! depress+ ?+ ab\t _m movies is t !y are to ! ideal photoplay :at ! wax figure ( a %op w9d[ is to sculpture4 ,in/ead ( danc+ lightly ?r\gh a ri* atmosph]e ( sugge/ion !y are an*or$ heavily ) bolts ( doll>-m>k$ mat]ial4 ,& worse days are to come if ! 8/unt0 work]s are f$ ) applause4 ,!y promise u pictures 9 natural colors1 m natural ?an any n[ produc$4 ,!y promise u pictures t h dep? s real t ! behold] may be tempt$ to take a /roll into !m4 ,!y promise u pictures t talk1 & :i/le1 & *irp1 & b>k4 ,& p]haps some:]e !y are ev5 promis+ pictures t w give (f sc5ts4 ,all ^! wond]s w create indu/rial activity4 ,!y w make good adv]tis+1 & w d\btless br+ cr[ds to ! !at]s4 ,b !y w n br+ happ9ess to ^? =tunate individuals :o c enjoy art because x is art1 :o c get a f9] ?rill f a pa9t+ t felicit\sly sugge/s int]e/+ trees1 ?an f "o :i* looks s mu* l a real or*>d t ! birds & bees sw>m 9 ?r\gh ! gall]y doors4 ,let ! motion picture look l a motion picture ( life1 & n l life itself4 ,let ! mobilization ( *>act]s 9 a photoplay />t fancies & /ir emotions f9] & deep] ?an any :i* we c exp]i5ce by obs]v+ our neighbors or by read+ s5sational newspap]s4 ,let ! lights & %ad[s on ! scre51 ! l9es & %apes1 ! patt]ns & movem5ts sugge/ to our imag9ations ri*] beauties ?an ^? :i* are actually %[n to our eyes4 ,let ! motion picture become z romantic z music1 & yet rema9 equally consi/5t ) reality & tru?4 ,?us we h consid]$ two my/]i\s art-emotions1 namely1 t :i* is ar\s$ by a peculi> arti/ic poignancy 9 ! c9ema design itself1 & t :i* is ar\s$ :5 ! sugge/ions & associations ( ! design make our own imag9ations creative4 ,a ?ird art-emotion comes f ! consci\s or sub-consci\s appreciation ( some?+ exquisite 9 ! f9i%$ product4 ,exquisite values & exquisite comb9ations are pres5t 9 ! ma/]pieces ( e art4 ,! sweet bl5d+ ( musical tones :i* leads into a delicacy ( ov]tones t no e> c di/+ui%2 ! subtle %ad+s ( color 9 a pa9t+1 s(t t\*es ( pictorial h>mony :i* c be felt m surely ?an !y c be se52 t5d] curves 9 ! mo/ vigor\s /atue1 & m>ble surfaces surg+ s slightly t _! %ad[s sc>cely l+]2 crisp edges ( acan?us leaves 9 a ,greek capital & ! almo/ imp]ceptible swell+ ( ! column b5ea?2 ! sp>kle1 ! cap] & ! organ-music ( a poem y love--^! are ! exquisite ?+s 9 art4 ,& !re are _m o!rs less tangible4 ,!y ?rill y aga9 & aga9 ) feel+s too ref9$ = description 9 words4 ,c ! motion picture a*ieve a simil> ref9em5t8 ,or mu/ x always des]ve ! epi!t 8crude08 ,:5 half ( ! typical movie's brute /r5g? & snort+ spe$ c be ex*ang$ = t5d]ness & spirituality we %all h a new era 9 c9ema hi/ory4 ,t era may dawn :ile ! d\bt]s are /ill slumb]+4 ,ev5 n[ we occasionally see motion pictures :i* are sp>kl+ )\t ! s-call$ 8fla%es0 ( sc5es1 pictures :i* fl[ firmly1 "o into ! next1 ) delicate m+l+ ( tones & patt]ns1 pictures 9 :i* sometimes ! mov+ elem5ts are z airy z gossam] ?reads bl[n by a fairy's brea?4 ,?is quality ( exquisit5ess is some?+ :i* ! director _c produce by tak+ ?\ght or sign+ a contract4 ,o!r values he may develop by /udy & exp]im5t1 b n ?is "o4 ,he may br+ balance & unity to 8 pictorial elem5ts2 he may acc5t ! int]e/s prop]ly2 he may succe$ 9 />t+ a vital rhy?m & /imulat+ ! behold]'s fancy1 all ?is ?r\gh det]m9$ application ( skill2 b he w ne$ ! help ( inspiration be=e he c create ! *>m ( exquisit5ess4 ,! gods h grant$ t my/]i\s help to o!r arti/s2 !y w grant x to ! c9ema compos]1 too1 :5ev] he proves wor?y4 ,!re is at lea/ ano!r peculi> art-emotion :i* ! c9ema compos] %\ld be able to ar\se4 ,x is ! emotion :i* comes ov] u at ! ov]:elm+ discov]y t a giv5 ma/]piece ( art has a weal? ( beauty t we c nev] hope to exhau/4 ,t emotion is /imulat$ by ! res]ve :i* lies back ( all really ma/]ful p]=mance 9 art4 ,we feel x :5 we h read a poem = ! tw5tie? "t & "k t if we read x aga9 we %all f9d new beauties & deep] mean+4 ,we feel x 9 a conc]t hall li/5+ to a symphony t has be5 play$ = u repeat$ly s9ce *ildhood & yet reveals fre% beauties to our matur+ p[]s ( appreciation4 ,we feel x 9 ! my/ic dimness ( "s ca!dral b5ea? ^: ar*es a score ( g5]ations h pray$ & ! mo/ eloqu5t disbeliev] ( today /&s gap+ 9 sil5ce4 ,beh9d ! human p[] :i* wrote ! poem1 or compos$ ! music1 or built ! ca!dral lies a va/ res]ve2 &1 ?\gh x 0 n drawn ^u1 we seem to glimpse t res]ve =ev] 9 ! f9i%$ ma/]piece4 ,has any read] ( ?is book gone to see ! same photoplay t5 times8 ,& if s1 :y8 ,0 x because ( "s irresi/ible1 undy+ lure 9 ! cont5t ( t photoplay or 9 ! pictorial =m ( t cont5t8 ,did y g ( y\r own free w8 ,did y ev5 make a sacrifice to see x ! t5? "t8 ,if s1 !n y h kn[n ! calm joy ( a res]ve p[] 9 ! newe/ ( ! arts4 ,un=tunately res]ve is n *>act]i/ic ( ! movies4 ,x is seldom inde$ t a photoplay conta9s any?+ ( value t _c be caught dur+ ! fir/ %[+4 ,9 fact1 x happ5s r frequ5tly t a photoplay uses up e ounce ( its own prop] p[] & !n is =c$ to call 9 ! help ( some?+ kn[n z 8padd+0 be=e x measures up to ! comm]cial fullness ( five reels1 or :atev] ! contract /ipulates4 ,if y poke ar\nd ?r\gh ?is padd+1 y w f9d t x is usually made up ( innoc5t kitt5s1 duckl+s1 calves1 human babies1 & o!r 8a9't-x-cunn9'0 /uff1 :i* may ar\se emotions1 to be sure1 b n ! emotions :i* make up ! enjoym5t ( art z art4 ,ano!r typical lack ( res]ve is illu/rat$ 9 ! build+ & decoration ( sett+s4 ,avalan*es ( furniture are app>5tly necess>y to %[ t a "* is well-to-d4 ,! h]o9e's b\doir mu/ look l a gift %op1 & h] dress+ table l a drug /ore c\nt]1 9 ord] to conv9ce ! audi5ce t %e sp5ds a few sacr$ mom5ts ( ! day att5d+ to h] f+] nails4 ,walls ( rooms mu/ be panel$ (f by scores ( fram$ pictures1 mirrors1 etc41 s t1 no matt] :]e ! actor /&s1 8 head w be /rik+ly set (f by "s ornam5tal frame4 ,floors mu/ look p>tly l an ,ori5tal baza> & p>tly l a fur m>ket4 ,*airs1 tables1 cab9ets1 b$s1 & :at-nots1 mu/ c>ry our m9ds to ,v]sailles & ! ,bronx1 to ,buck+ham ,palace1 & ,hollywood4 ,hang+s ( plu% & silk1 tape/ries ( clo? ( gold1 curta9s ( lace or batik$ silk1 cords ( intricate plait+1 mu/ fl[ f ! heights1 wav+ 9 ! breeze to prove t !y are real4 ,all ?is extravagance mu/ be1 we presume1 9 ord] to %[ t ! h]o9e lives on an income & n a sal>y1 & 9 ord] to give ! brides 9 ! audi5ce new ideas = mortgag+ _! husb&s' futures at ! in/allm5t-plan /ores4 ,) su* extravagance ( mat]ials 9 a picture !re c be no simplicity or res]ve 9 ! pictorial composition1 if inde$ !re c be any composition at all4 ,:atev] design ! director gives to ! miscellane\s l9es & %apes w seem r l a la/ despair+ ef=t ?an ! easy1 happy t\* ( a ma/]'s h&4 ,! hy/]ical extravagance ( ! movies is fur!r illu/rat$ 9 ! brea?less spe$ :i* s (t5 *>act]izes e mov+ ?+ on ! scre54 ,we feel t1 at ! end ( ! road1 horses mu/ expire f exhau/ion & automobiles mu/ cat* fire f excessive friction4 ,cl\ds are driv5 by hurricanes1 riv]s %oot1 trees snap1 & ! mo/ dignifi$ g5tleman dog-trots4 ,x is true t "s ( ?is brea?lessness c>ries ) x a c]ta9 ?rill = ! spectator1 b t ?rill is by no means to be class$ z an /hetic emotion4 ,x has no?+ ( t abid+ joy :i* comes f ! consci\sness ( re/ra9$ en]gy 9 art4 ,mu* ( ?is fev]i% activity1 ?is 8jazz0 ( ! scre51 is due to rapidity ( projection2 & yet ! director is responsible1 = he c]ta9ly kn[s ! probable rate ( projection & c control 8 composition accord+ly by ret>d+ actions or by select+ sl[] actions 9 place ( ^? :i* _c be ret>d$4 ,sl[ness ( movem5t1 :]e x is n unnatural1 is pleasant to ! eye1 z we h said 9 prec$+ *apt]s1 b x has a peculi> appeal = ! emotions1 too4 ,x fills u ) a s5se ( ! maje/y t none c %ake1 ( ! deep curr5ts t none c turn aside4 ,h[ to produce a picture t %all impress an audi5ce ) its inexhau/ible res]ve is a secret t rema9s ) him :o has ! p[]4 ,s1 too1 ) ! o!r pictorial qualities discuss$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,we "k ( no =mulas by :i* ! my/]i\s art-emotions c be ar\s$4 ,yet if directors & spectators alike pond] ov] ^! my/]ies1 x w surely help !m to sep>ate ! gold f ! dross4 ,let u vision an ideal photoplay4 ,x is entranc+1 yet re/ful1 to ! eye4 ,its composition is bo? vigor\s & graceful1 z h>moni\s z music4 ,our sympa?ies are /irr$ w>mly by ! exp]i5ces ( ! p]sons 9 ! /ory4 ,we are held 9 ke5 susp5se z to ! dramatic outcome4 ,& we get also ! m subtle art-emotions4 ,our s\ls are %ot ?r\gh by ! poignancy ( fix$ & fl[+ designs4 ,we are fasc9at$ by ^! designs at ! same "t t our fancies pass ?r\gh & beyond !m4 ,! visible "w ( ! arti/ is only a me%-"w ?r\gh :i* our imag9ations are :irl$ away into raptur\s regions ( exp]i5ces unliv$ & unexpress$4 ,su* transports may be brief1 yet !y are measureless 9 _! flights4 ,our att5tion sw+s back f ^! f> flights into a quiet response to ! delicacy ( arrangem5t ( l9e & %ape1 ( texture & tone1 ( bl5d+ & weav+ & vani%+ values4 ,we feel an exquisit5ess too f9e = und]/&+1 :i* tap]s away at la/ until x is too f9e = ! mo/ s5sitive feel+4 ,& dur+ all ! :ile t we are rapt by ! poignancy1 ! imag9ation1 ! exquisit5ess ( ! ma/]'s production1 we feel t a ri* res]ve lies beyond our grasp or t\*4 ,we _c q so> to ! ma/]'s heights1 or plumb 8 dep?s1 or sep>ate ! airy fib]s ( 8 weav+4 ,yet1 :5 su* beauty comes to ! scre51 :o %all say t x is a miracle1 t ! mann] ( its com+ is above e law & beyond all conjecture8 ,& :o %all say t ! h\r ( its com+ has n be5 ha/5$ by ! million spectators ^: judgm5ts h be5 :ett$ & ^: sympa?ies h be5 deep5$ by tak+ ?\ght ab\t ! nature ( art8 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h be5 position$ betwe5 p>agraphs & outside quotations4 ,9 v]sions ( ?is e,book t support hyp]l9ks1 ! page ref]5ces 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations lead to ! correspond+ illu/rations4 ,page #ad3 8propellors0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #abj3 8,pavl[a0 0 pr9t$ t way4