,clair ,a4 ,br[n                        
,h>old ,e4 ,grel5                       
,,id5tify+ ,,h>dwoods ,,gr[+ ,,on ,,p9e 
,,sites                         ,s\!rn  
,=e/ ,exp]im5t ,/ation                  
,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1        
,=e/ ,s]vice                            
,g5]al ,te*nical ,report ,,s-#ae        
,ackn[l$gm5ts      ,! au?ors ?ank ,bryan
 ,a4 ,j[]s1 ,gl5dale1 ,cali=nia1 = !    
excell5t w9t] silh\ettes4 ,= help 9     
obta9+ specim5s or  photographs (       
species n easily accessible to u1 we    
?ank !  foll[+3 ,rog] ,w4 ,b>b\r1       
,univ]sity ( ,k5tucky2 ,william ,h>l[1  
,college ( ,environm5tal ,sci5ce &      
,=e/ry1 ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,new  ,york2 
,ri*>d ,johnson1 ,c>ol9e ,dormon ,nature
 ,pres]ve2 ,betty ,e4 ,lemon1           
,univ]sity ( ,s\?we/]n ,l\isiana2 ,r4   
,dale ,?omas1 ,nor!a/  ,l\isiana        
,univ]sity2 & ,l9o ,della-,bianca &     
,edw9 ,r4 ,lawson ( !  ,u4,s4 ,=e/      
,s]vice4                                
,summ>y      ,?is publication illu/rates

 & describes #bf h>dwood species or     
v>ieties1 includ+ #af oaks & hickories1 
) photographs ( leaves1  b>k1 buds1     
fl[]s1 & fruits4 ,l9e draw+s feature !  
w9t]  silh\ette ( ea* species & a key is
 includ$ to assi/ 9  id5tification4     
,,u4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture           
,=e/ ,s]vice ,g5]al ,te*nical ,report   
,,s-#ae                        ,id5tify+
 ,h>dwoods ,gr[+ ,on ,p9e ,sites        
,,clair ,a4 ,,br[n                      
,pr(essor ,em]itus1                     
,dep>tm5t ( ,botany                     
,l\isiana ,/ate ,univ]sity              
,baton ,r\ge1 ,l\isiana                 
,,h>old ,e4 ,,grel5                     
,pr9cipal ,range ,sci5ti/               
,s\!rn ,=e/ ,exp]im5t ,/ation           
,=e/ ,s]vice--,,usda                    
,p9eville1 ,l\isiana                    
#aigg     ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t (    
,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+      
,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb         
,cont5ts                                
,page    ,ov]view ( ,s\!rn ,h>dwoods    

#a    ,key to ,h>dwoods                 
#f    ,species ,describ$ & ,illu/rat$   
,mock]nut hickory                       
#aj        ,pignut hickory              
#ab        ,%agb>k hickory              
#ad        ,bitt]nut hickory            
#af        ,s\!rn r$ oak                
#ah        ,*]ryb>k oak                 
#bj        ,black oak                   
#bb        ,sc>let oak                  
#bd        ,nor!rn r$ oak               
#bf        ,%um>d oak                   
#bh        ,blackjack oak               
#cj        ,laurel oak                  
#cb        ,wat] oak                    
#cd        ,:ite oak                    
#cf        ,po/ oak                     
#ch        ,*e/nut oak                  
#dj        ,w+$ elm                     
#db        ,am]ican elm                 
#dd        ,sug>b]ry                    
#df        ,yell[-popl>                 
#dh        ,sweetbay                    
#ej        ,sweetgum                    
#eb        ,r$ maple                    

#ed        ,black tupelo                
#ef        ,:ite a%                     
#eh        ,gre5 a%                     
#fj    ,select$ ,ref]5ces               
#fc    ,gloss>y                         
#fe    ,index                           
#fi                                     
,ov]view ( ,s\!rn ,h>dwoods             
,?r\gh\t ! ,s\? "s #di billion cubic    
feet ( small1 l[-quality  h>dwoods are  
gr[+ on s\!rn p9e sites#a 7,/aff1 ,=4   
,res\r4  ,res4 ,"w ,unit #aigf74 ,?is   
mat]ial is usually wa/$2 if ! site is   
prep>$ = reg5]ation to p9e1 ! h>dwoods  
!re are de/roy$4  ,rese>* is und]way to 
f9d economical me?ods ( h>ve/+ &        
utiliz+ ^! h>dwoods4 ,! descriptions1   
key1 & illu/rations 9  ?is book %\ld    
help wood utilization rese>*]s1         
especially ^? new  to ! ,s\?1 to id5tify
 ! mo/ preval5t h>dwood species on      
s\!rn p9e sites 7,table #a74      ,table
 #a4--;,important h>dwoods on s\!rn p9e 
sites1 rank$ accord+  to p]c5tage (     
total h>dwood volume      ,p]c5tages 7  

d]iv$ f ,/aff1 ,=4 ,res\r4 ,res4 ,"w    
,unit    7#aigf74      ,nom5clature us$ 
h]e9 foll[s ,little 7#aiec74            
,species                                
,p]c5t      ,sweetgum                   
,liquidamb> /yraciflua ,l4              
#ac4b    ,:ite oak        ,qu]cus alba  
,l4                                #ab4c
    ,hickory          ,c>ya spp4        
#h4e    ,s\!rn r$ oak ,qu]cus falcata   
,mi*x4                          #h4a    
,po/ oak         ,qu]cus /ellata        
,wang5h4                       #g4j     
,yell[-popl>    ,liriod5dron tulipif]a  
,l4                      #g4j    ,black 
tupelo     ,nyssa sylvatica ,m>%4       
#e4e    ,wat] oak        ,qu]cus nigra  
,l4                                #d4g 
,black oak        ,qu]cus velut9a ,lam4 
#d4j    ,sc>let oak      ,qu]cus cocc9ea
 ,mu5*h4                       #c4f     
,r$ maple        ,ac] rubrum ,l4        
#c4f    ,*e/nut oak     ,qu]cus pr9us   
,l4                               #b4i  
,nor!rn r$ oak ,qu]cus rubra ,l4        

#b4d    ,laurel oak       ,qu]cus       
laurifolia ,mi*x4                       
#a4d    ,elm              ,ulmus spp4   
#a4d    ,*]ryb>k oak   ,qu]cus falcata  
v>4 pagodaefolia ,ell4        #a4b      
,a%              ,frax9us spp4          
4#i    ,sweetbay         ,magnolia      
virg9iana ,l4                           
4#f    ,%um>d oak      ,qu]cus %um>dii  
,buckl4                         4#b     
,hackb]ry        ,celtis spp4           
4#a    ,o!r h>dwoods  includ+ blackjack 
oak 7,qu]cus                #aa4d       
m>il&ica ,mu5*h47    ,total h>dwoods    
#ajj4j      ,hickories h alt]nate       
comp\nd leaves ) #e to #ac leaflets4 ,!y
 are  monoeci\s2 t is1 ! /am5s & pi/il  
are borne 9 sep>ate  fl[]s on ! same    
plant4 ,fl[]s g5]ally develop aft] !    
leaves  are ?ree-f\r?s to full gr[n4    
,/am9ate fl[]s are 9 catk9s1 :i*  occur 
on la/ ye>'s wood & usually h ?ree      
bran*es4 ,! /alkless  pi/illate fl[]s   
are 9 sev]al-fl[]$ spikes at ! apex ( ! 
curr5t season's gr[?4 ,catk9s la/ f #aj 

days to #c weeks & are  usually n useful
 9 di/+ui%+ ! species4 ,! fruit1 h[ev]1 
is  widely us$ = id5tification4 ,! husk 
may be v ?9 7ab\t #a mm71  mod]ately    
?ick 7#c to #e mm71 or v ?ick 7m ?an #e 
mm74 ,simil>ly1  ! %ell may be ?91      
mod]ately ?ick1 or v ?ick4 ,! meat v>ies
  f sweet to bitt]4 ,^u dry+1 ! husk    
usually sep>ates along  sutures & frees 
! nut4 ,9 "s species ! husk p>tly splits
 at !  sutures b /ill encloses ! nut :5 
x falls4 ,su* nuts are usually  /]ile1  
because ! meat is seldom fill$ out4     
,= id5tification purposes use nuts f !  
gr\nd ) caution2 if  m ?an "o species   
gr[s 9 ! vic9ity1 ! fruits c\ld be mix$4
  ,also "s trees %$ defective or /]ile  
fruits e>ly1 & ^! fruits  are (t5       
diff]5t 9 %ape & size f typical fruit4  
,hickories are g5]ally divid$ into true 
hickories1 :i* h  ov]lapp+ 7imbricate7  
bud scales1 & pecan hickories1 :i* h    
valvate bud scales4 ,true hickories are 
divid$ into ^? ) tight  b>k & ^? ) loose
 b>k4 ,mock]nut ,hickory1 ,c>ya tom5tosa

  ,nutt41 a tight b>k species1 has v    
pubesc5t leaves1 l>ge buds1 &  a ?ick   
husk ov] a l>ge nut4 ,pignut ,hickory1  
,c4 glabra 7,mill47  ,sweet1 also a     
tight b>k hickory1 has ?ree to n9e      
glabr\s leaflets  & a t>dily dehisc+    
husk ab\t #c mm ?ick4 ,%agb>k ,hickory1 
,c4  ovata 7,mill47 ,k4 ,ko*1 is "o ( ! 
few species ) b>k 9 ?91  loose plates4  
,x has small buds & usually has five    
leaflets4 ,bitt]nut  ,hickory1 ,c4      
cordi=mis 7,wang5h47 ,k4 ,ko*1 belongs  
to ! pecan  hickory gr\p & has yell[    
buds ) valvate scales4 ,x also has tight
  b>k1 ?9 f\r-w+$ husks1 ?9 %ells1 &    
bitt] meat4    ,oaks are also monoeci\s1
 & /am9ate fl[]s are 9 droop+ catk9s1   
:i* consi/ ( a c5tral1 flexible axis )  
sessile1 apetal\s &  pubesc5t fl[]s4 ,!y
 are mo/ abundant on ! develop+ new     
twigs4  ,al?\gh catk9s v>y among oaks1  
!y are usually n us$ z  di/+ui%+        
*>act]i/ics because !y la/ only #b to #c
 weeks4  ,pi/illate fl[]s occur on wood 
( ! previ\s season & 9 leaf  axils (    

twigs4 ,9 r$ oaks1 h[ev]1 pi/illate     
fl[]s on curr5t  twigs d n mature until 
! second fall4    ,! fruit1 a nut or    
acorn1 consi/s ( ! se$ enclos$ 9 a %ell4
 ,!  nut is seat$ 9 a cup consi/+ ( _m  
scales4 ,at maturity nuts are  %$ f !   
tree by %r9kage ( ! cup 7dehydration74  
,consid]able  v>iation 9 mature acorn   
size occurs among trees ( a species1    
notably  9 wat] oak1 will[ oak1 & :ite  
oak4    ,diff]5ces 9 foliage )9 a       
species also complicate id5tification4  
,app>5tly because l[] leaves receive    
less sunlight !y diff] 9  size &        
appe>ance f ^? 9 ! middle or upp] cr[n4 
,mo/  taxonomi/s pref] a specim5 f !    
upp] half ( ! cr[n because  !y consid]  
leaves f ?is area typical = ! species4  
,to get su*  specim5s easily1 use a tree
 prun] & take leaves f at lea/ #bj to   
#cj feet (f ! gr\nd or collect !m f     
fre%ly fell$ trees4  ,moreov]1 foliage (
 se$l+s & small sapl+s (t5 diff]s f  t (
 mature trees1 & spr+ & summ] gr[?      
flu%es on ! same  bran* (t5 appe> m>k$ly

 diff]5t4 ,?is seasonal v>iation has be5
  not$ = _m oaks1 includ+ laurel1 po/1  
blackjack1 & especially  wat] oak4 ,=   
example1 by late ,m>* or ,april1 wat]   
oak leaves rea*  _! normal size &       
%ape--obovate ) a wavy apex2 ! second   
flu%  ( gr[?1 :i* />ts 9 late ,april or 
,may1 produces lob$ leaves4             
,id5tification is fur!r complicat$      
because hybrids commonly occur  among ! 
oaks4    ,! oaks are divid$ into two ma9
 gr\ps3 ! :ite oaks & ! r$  7or black7  
oaks4 ,! :ite oaks h leaves ) r\nd$     
lobes & no  bri/les2 acorns mature !    
fir/ fall1 & ! inn] surface ( !  %ell is
 glabr\s4 ,:ite oak1 *e/nut oak1 & po/  
oak belong to ?is  gr\p4 ,! r$ oak gr\p 
is *>act]iz$ by bri/le-tipp$ leaf lobes 
9 su* species z ,%um>d1 s\!rn r$1 nor!rn
 r$1 *]ryb>k1 &  black oak4 ,! r$ oak   
gr\p also includes non-lob$ species su* 
z  wat]1 laurel1 & will[ oak1 :i*       
usually h entire m>g9s4  ,blackjack oak 
leaves usually lack lobes & bri/les1 b  
leaves )  t]m9al lobes occasionally     

occur & may h "o bri/le p] lobe4        
,acorns mature ! second fall1 & ! inn]  
surface ( ! %ell is  pubesc5t4    ,s\!rn
 ,r$ ,oak1 ,qu]cus falcata ,mi*x41 & its
 v>iety ,*]ryb>k  ,oak1 ,q4 falcata v>4 
pagodaefolia ,ell41 h almo/ id5tical    
acorns1 b !y c be di/+ui%$ by o!r       
*>act]i/ics4 ,! leaf  base ( s\!rn r$   
oak is some:at bell-%ap$1 b t ( *]ryb>k 
is n4 ,s\!rn r$ oak =ms heavy ridges (  
b>k2 *]ryb>k does  n4    ,! di/9ctive   
feature ( ,black ,oak1 ,q4 velut9a      
,lam41 is its  yell[-orange inn] b>k4   
,its leaves take ?ree =ms4 ,se$l+s to   
small sapl+s h a 8be>-paw0 leaf ) only a
 sugge/ion ( lob+4  ,l[] leaves on l>ge 
trees also h little lob+1 b leaves f !  
middle & upp] cr[n are cle>ly lob$4 ,!  
upp]mo/ leaves1 :i*  h sev5 lobes & deep
 s9uses1 are usually illu/rat$ z        
typical4    ,sc>let1 ,q4 cocc9ea        
,mu5*h41 ,nor!rn ,r$1 ,q4 rubra ,l41 &  
,%um>d ,oak1 ,q4 %um>dii ,buckl41 are   
difficult to di/+ui%4  ,nor!rn r$ oak   
leaves h %all[ s9uses & a dull-gre5 upp]

  surface ) little or no pubesc5ce 9 !  
ve9 axils on ! und]side4  ,%um>d oak    
leaves h a glossi] surface1 %all[ to    
deep s9uses t  are usually wid] ?an !   
adjac5t lobes1 & def9ite hair9ess at !  
ve9 axils4 ,! s9uses ( sc>let oak are   
also usually wid] ?an _!  adjac5t lobes1
 :i* are usually too!d4 ,bo? ,%um>d &   
sc>let oak  h out/&+ fall coloration4   
,blackjack ,oak1 ,q4 m>il&ica ,mu5*h41 c
 be recogniz$ by its  lea!ry1 usually   
entire1 broadly obovate leaf1 :i* has a 
ru/y  und]surface4 ,! bran*es are /\t1  
irregul>1 gn>l$1 droop+ to  horizontal4 
,laurel ,oak1 ,q4 laurifolia ,mi*x41 &  
,wat] ,oak1 ,q4 nigra ,l41 are  simil> 9
 size & %ape1 b wat] oak has            
oblong-obovate or  spatula-%ap$ leaves  
gradually n>r[$ to a w$ge-%ap$ base4    
,laurel  oak leaves are elliptic to     
oblong-ovate4 ,laurel oaks t5d to %$    
leaves  late & ?us may reta9 ab\t #cj to
 #ej p]c5t ( _! l[] leaves  aft] wat]   
oaks are b>e4 ,"s rec5t au?ors sep>ate !
 laurel oaks  into two species1 upl&    

laurel oak1 ,q4 hemispha]ica ,b>tr41 &  
swamp laurel oak1 ,q4 laurifolia ,mi*x4 
,:ite ,oak1 ,q4 alba ,l41 has a ?91     
light gre5 leaf ) a light  glauc\s bloom
 at maturity2 x is oblong or ovate1 )   
r\nd$ lobes  & ?ree to five n>r[ s9uses 
ext5d+ ne>ly to ! mid-rib4 ,!  cup      
scales ( ! acorn-cup are heavy & di/9ct4
    ,po/ ,oak1 ,q4 /ellata ,wang5h41 has
 /\t1 irregul> bran*es4 ,!  lea!ry      
leaves are usually five-lob$2 usually ! 
two side lobes are  at "r angles to !   
c5tral axis1 ?us =m+ a cross-%ap$ leaf4 
,*e/nut ,oak1 ,q4 pr9us ,l41 resembles  
swamp *e/nut oak1 ,q4  mi*auxii ,nutt41 
a comm]cially important tree s\?wide4   
,*e/nut oak  is prim>ily a nor!a/]n     
tree1 ext5d+ into ! ,s\? along !        
,appala*ian highl&s into nor!rn ,georgia
 & ,alabama :]e its range  ov]laps t (  
swamp *e/nut oak1 & its leaves lack !   
d5se  pubesc5ce f\nd on ^? ( swamp      
*e/nut oak4    ,common elms include     
,am]ican ,elm1 ,ulmus am]icana ,l41 &   
,w+$ ,elm1  ,u4 alata ,mi*x4 ,bo? bloom 

aft] a freeze breaks dormancy4 ,=       
example1 if a kill+ fro/ occurs 9 ! la/ 
week ( ,novemb] or !  fir/ week (       
,decemb]1 ,am]ican elm w bloom ! fir/   
week (  ,janu>y4 ,if no kill+ fro/      
occurs by e>ly ,decemb]4 ,am]ican elm   
may  n bloom until ! ?ird week (        
,janu>y4 ,w+$ elm usually blooms #aj    
days to #b weeks lat] ?an ,am]ican elm4 
,small w+$ elm trees  frequ5tly h a     
corky outgr[? on opposite sides ( twigs 
at lea/ #c  ye>s old4 ,mature trees (t5 
lack ?is *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,am]ican elm    
leaf has unequal basal lob+ & pubesc5t  
or ciliate sam>as ab\t #ab  mm 9        
diamet]2 w+$ elm has a small] leaf )    
r\nd to acute leaf  bases & a v ciliate 
sam>a ab\t #h mm long4    ,"y ,sug>b]ry1
 ,celtis laevigata ,willd41 & ,hackb]ry1
 ,c4  occid5talis ,l41 trees are readily
 recogniz$ by a :iti% to light  gray b>k
 dott$ ) small corky w>ts4 ,old] trees  
(t5 h  relatively smoo?1 light to m$ium 
gray b>k4 ,leaf m>g9s ( sug>b]ry  are   
usually entire or indi/9ctly too!d2 !   

upp] half ( hackb]ry  leaves are usually
 conspicu\sly s]rate4 ,bo? species      
produce t9y  fl[]s on ! new gr[? :5 !   
leaves are ab\t half normal size4  ,!   
fruit ( sug>b]ry is orange-r$ to black2 
t ( hackb]ry is  d>k r$ to ne>ly black  
at maturity4    ,yell[-popl>1           
,liriod5dron tulipif]a ,l41 or tulip    
tree1 has  alt]nate1 f\r- to six-lob$   
leaves ) truncate to di/9ctly not*$     
apices1 a unique feature among ,am]ican 
trees4 ,! fl[]s are  tulip-l ) r$ m>k+s 
on a gre5i%-yell[ backgr\nd4 ,! fruit   
is a cone-l aggregate ( sam>as4         
,sweetbay1 ,magnolia virg9iana ,l41     
produces mod]ate-siz$ trunks on  upl&s  
or num]\s pole-l suck]s 9 bran* bottoms4
 ,x is ev]gre5  9 ! s\!rn "p ( its range
 & decidu\s 9 ! nor!rn portion4  ,a w9d 
bl[+ 9 ! cr[n w expose ! silv]y und]side
 ( !  leaves4 ,! :ite fl[]s1 ab\t #e to 
#aj cm 9 diamet]1 op5 = !  fir/ "t ab\t 
#c p4m4 & close ab\t #i p4m4 ,!y reop5 !
 next  morn+ & %$ _! /am5s4 ,! fruit is 
a gre5 pickle-l  aggregate ( follicles t

 splits op5 to reveal r$ se$s4 ,sweetbay
  & yell[-popl>1 bo? memb]s ( !         
,magnolia family1 h /ipule  sc>s circl+ 
! twigs4    ,sweetgum1 ,liquidamb>      
/yraciflua ,l41 or r$gum1 is easily     
recogniz$  by its alt]nate1 />-%ap$1    
palmately lob$ leaves4 ,"s trees h      
corky outgr[?s on ! small bran*es4 ,its 
fl[] consi/s ( sev]al  r\nd clu/]s (    
/am5s arrang$ 9 a raceme & a /alk$      
pi/illate  head t develops into a sp9y1 
woody fruit conta9+ _m se$s4    ,r$     
,maple1 ,ac] rubrum ,l41 has simple1    
opposite leaves t are  usually glauc\s &
 pubesc5t4 ,! fl[]s appe> 9 e>ly        
,febru>y &  ! fruit is a d\ble sam>a4 ,!
 v>iety ,a4 rubrum v>4 drummondii       
7,hook4 & ,arn47 ,s>g41 :i* has d5sely  
matt$ :ite hairs on !  und]sides ( "y   
leaves1 gr[s 9 swamps ?r\gh\t ! ,s\?4   
,leaves  may h ?ree to five lobes1 b    
s\!rn trees are pr$om9antly  ?ree-lob$4 
,= ?is reason1 "s au?ors recognize !    
s\!rn =m  z ,a4 rubrum v>4 trid5s       
,woods4    ,! leaves ( ,black ,tupelo   

7blackgum7 ,nyssa sylvatica ,m>%41 are  
alt]nate1 elliptical to obovate1 &      
become spott$ e>ly 9 _!  developm5t1    
turn+ purpli% 9 ,septemb] be=e _! e>ly  
%$d+4  ,! fl[]s are small1 inconspicu\s1
 & produce a blue-black fruit4    ,two (
 ! mo/ common a%es are ,:ite ,a%1       
,frax9us am]icana ,l41 &  ,gre5 ,a%1 ,f4
 p5nsylvanica ,m>%4 ,! mo/ reliable     
di/9ction  betwe5 ! two species appe>s  
to be sam>a diff]5ces4 ,:ite a% has  a  
plump1 %ort se$ end ) ! w+ practically  
t]m9al1 :]eas  gre5 a% has a sl5d] se$  
end & ! w+ ext5ds m ?an halfway  d[n !  
se$ end4 ,:ite a% usually has a r\nd$   
leaflet base1 b  gre5 a% has w$ge-%ap$  
leaflet bases4 ,! und]surfaces ( fre%   
:ite a% leaves are :ite1 b ! color is   
difficult to detect on dry  specim5s4   
,gre5 a% leaves are gre5 on bo?         
surfaces1 al?\gh  some:at pal] on       
und]surfaces4                           
,key ,to ,h>dwoods      ,! key is       
compos$ ( pair$ /atem5ts1 "o true & "o  
false = any  giv5 specim54 ,! guide     

numb]s at ! end ( /atem5ts are us$ to   
locate ! next pair4 ,foll[ ! true       
/atem5ts until y come to a  common "n4  
,if y h made no mi/ake 9 int]pret+ !    
pair$  /atem5ts1 y %\ld arrive at !     
correct id5tity ( ! specim54  ,!n *eck !
 text & illu/ration4      #a4 ,leaves   
comp\nd1 ) blades divid$ into leaflets  
#b    #a4 ,leaves simple1 blades n      
divid$ into leaflets                    
#g      #b4 ,leaves ) opposite          
arrangem5t on twigs                     
#c      #b4 ,leaves ) alt]nate          
arrangem5t on twigs                     
#d    #c4 ,leaflets ) r\nd$ bases1      
conspicu\sly :iti% bel[ :5        fre%2 
se$ end ( sam>a ?ick5$1 w+ t]m9al only  
,:ite ,a%    #c4 ,leaflets ) w$ge-%ap$  
bases1 gre5 bel[2 w+ t]m9al &           
ext5d+ ab\t half ! l5g? ( ! se$         
,gre5 ,a%      #d4 ,buds valvate2 buds1 
fruits1 & l[] surface ( leaflets cov]$  
) yell[ gl&ul> scales2 fruit w+$ on upp]
 half ( husk          suture1 husk ?91  
%ell ?91 meat bitt]     ,bitt]nut       

,hickory      #d4 ,buds imbricate1      
compos$ ( ov]lapp+ scales               
#e    #e4 ,leaflets typically #e1       
glabr\s except = a few hairs on ra*is & 
midribs2 b>k %aggy                      
,%agb>k ,hickory    #e4 ,leaflets #g    
#f      #f4 ,leaflets d5sely tom5tose2  
b>k tight1 9 diamond-%ap$               
patt]n2 husk v ?ick1 %ell ?ick1 meat    
sweet                                   
,mock]nut ,hickory      #f4 ,leaflets   
usually glabr\s2 b>k tight1 9           
diamond-%ap$ patt]n2          husk      
mod]ately ?ick1 %ell ?ick1 meat sweet1  
husk t>dily          dehisc5t           
,pignut ,hickory    #g4 ,leaves         
ess5tially ev]gre51 l>ge p]c5tage /ay+  
on trees        until bud expansion1 d>k
 gre5 above1 silky :ite pubesc5t        
bel[2 fl[]s :ite1 ab\t #e to #h cm 9    
diamet]         ,sweetbay    #g4 ,leaves
 typically decidu\s1 or trees reta9+ "s 
dead leaves to        bud expansion     
#h      #h4 ,leaf m>g9s entire          
#i      #h4 ,leaf m>g9s lob$ or too!d   

#ab    #i4 ,leaves ) ru/y pubesc5ce     
bel[1 broadly obovate1 lea!ry bases     
tap]+ to cordate or cuneate             
,blackjack ,oak    #i4 ,leaves          
ess5tially glabr\s or ) a few hairs 9   
ve9 axils    #aj      #aj4 ,leaves %9y  
bel[1 elliptic or rhombic to spatulate  
,laurel ,oak      #aj4 ,leaves dull gre5
 bel[                                   
#aa    #aa4 ,leaves elliptic to obovate1
 /rongly ve9$ ) purple spots &          
discoloration 9 summ]2 fruit a drupe    
,black ,tupelo    #aa4 ,leaves abruptly 
obovate1 bases w$ge-%ap$1 few lat]al    
ve9s2        fruit an acorn             
,wat] ,oak      #ab4 ,leaf m>g9s too!d  
#ac      #ab4 ,leaf m>g9s lob$          
#af    #ac4 ,m>g9s indi/9ctly too!d1    
blades n>r[ly to broadly ovate1         
base unequal1 apex long acum9ate        
,sug>b]ry    #ac4 ,m>g9s di/9ctly too!d 
#ad      #ad4 ,tee? obtuse or r\nd$1    
leaf base w$ge-%ap$1 /ellate            
pubesc5t bel[                           
,*e/nut ,oak      #ad4 ,tee? %>p        

#ae    #ae4 ,leaves normally elliptic1  
ve9s prom95t bel[1 bases r\nd$2         
corky outgr[?s on old] bran*es1 (t5     
lack+ on l>ge trees                     
,w+$ ,elm    #ae4 ,leaves broadly oval1 
p9nate ve9s di/9ct1 m>g9s d\bly         
too!d1 bases oblique1 unequally r\nd$   
,am]ican ,elm      #af4 ,leaves         
palmately lob$                          
#ag      #af4 ,leaves p9nately or       
apically lob$                           
#ah    #ag4 ,leaves opposite1 m or less 
glauc\s & pubesc5t bel[2 fruit        a 
d\ble sam>a                             
,r$ ,maple    #ag4 ,leaves alt]nate1    
glabr\s bel[2 fruit sph]ical1 woody )   
sp9e-l projections2 corky outgr[?s on   
bran*es frequ5t                         
,sweetgum      #ah4 ,blades truncate to 
not*$ at apex1 #d-lob$2 fruit an        
aggregate          ( sam>as2 fl[]       
conspicu\s1 gre5i%-yell[ ) r$           
m>k+s                                   
,yell[-popl>      #ah4 ,blades ) acute  
to obtuse apices                        

#ai    #ai4 ,blades apically #c-lob$    
#bj    #ai4 ,blades p9nately lob$       
#ba      #bj4 ,blades broadly obovate1  
base r\nd$1 ru/y pubesc5t bel[          
,blackjack ,oak      #bj4 ,blades n>r[ly
 obovate1 base w$ge-%ap$1 mo/ly glabr\s 
,wat] ,oak    #ba4 ,leaves ) r\nd$ lobes
                                        
#bb    #ba4 ,leaves ) bri/le tips to    
lobes & lat]al tee?             #bc     
#bb4 ,leaves ) #g to #i lobes1 divid$   
ne>ly to ! midrib1 :iti%          bel[  
,:ite ,oak      #bb4 ,leaves ) #e       
unequal lobes1 upp] lat]al pair l>g]1   
squ>i%1 at "r angles to midrib1         
crosslike 9 appe>ance1          pubesc5t
 bel[                                   
,po/ ,oak    #bc4 ,leaves pubesc5t bel[1
 :iti% to tawny                         
#bd    #bc4 ,leaves glabr\s bel[ or ) a 
few hairs on midrib & 9 ve9        axils
                                        
#bf      #bd4 ,leaves ) #g to #i lobes1 
t]m9al lobes long1 /rap-%ap$1           
slightly curv$1 bases bell-%ap$         

,s\!rn ,r$ ,oak      #bd4 ,leaves ) #g  
to #aa lobes                            
#be    #be4 ,leaves oblong1 #g to #aa   
lobes1 base broadly w$ge-%ap$ to        
truncate1 second>y lobes r>e2 inn] b>k  
r$di%  ,*]ryb>k ,oak    #be4 ,leaves    
broadly oval1 #g to #i lobes1 ea* lobe )
 second>y        bri/le-tipp$ tee?2 inn]
 b>k yell[-orange           ,black ,oak 
#bf4 ,upp] leaf surface glossy gre5     
#bg      #bf4 ,upp] leaf surface dull   
gre51 #g to #i lobes1 #h to #bb cm long1
          r\nd s9uses ext5d+ less ?an   
half way to midrib                      
,nor!rn ,r$ ,oak    #bg4 ,leaves ) #g to
 #i n>r[ lobes1 s9uses ext5d+ m ?an     
halfway to midrib                       
,sc>let ,oak    #bg4 ,leaves ) #e to #g 
n>r[ lobes1 r\nd$ s9uses1 ext5d+ ab\t   
?ree-f\r?s ( way to midrib              
,%um>d ,oak                             
,species ,describ$ & ,illu/rat$         
,mock]nut ,hickory  ,c>ya tom5tosa      
,nutt4        ,illu/ration3 silh\ette   
,b>k grayi%1 tight1 m>k$ ) di/9ct       

diamond-%ap$ ridges &  furr[s4 ,bran*es 
/\t1 droop+ to spread+ & asc5d+4 ,twigs 
#aj  to #ab mm 9 diamet]1 conspicu\s    
leaf sc>s4 ,buds 7t]m9al7 #aj to #ae  mm
 long1 #e to #h mm 9 diamet]1 scales    
imbricate4 ,leaves alt]nate1  decidu\s1 
odd-p9nately comp\nd1 #bj to #dj cm long
 ) #e to #g droop+  leaflets2 yell[     
hairs & gl&ul> hairs on l[] leaflet     
surface1  apex acum9ate1 m>g9 f9ely     
s]rate1 base obtuse1 on v %ort          
petiolules4 ,fl[]s unisexual1 appe>+ 9  
spr+ ) develop+  leaves1 /am9ate 9      
#c-p>t$ droop+ catk9s1 pi/illate t]m9al 
on  new gr[?4 ,fruit subglobose to      
obovate1 #c to #e cm 9 diamet]1 husk #a 
cm ?ick1 sl[ to op51 %ell ( nut ?ick &  
h>d1 meat sweet4        ,illu/ration3   
,mock]nut ,hickory_/,c>ya tom5tosa      
,pignut ,hickory  ,c>ya glabra 7,mill47 
,sweet        ,illu/ration3 silh\ette   
,b>k light to d>k gray1 (t5 blacki%1    
r\gh & deeply furr[$4  ,bran*es /\t1    
droop+ to spread+4 ,twigs #c to #e mm 9 
diamet]1  r$di% br[n1 smoo?4 ,buds      

ovoid1 acute1 glabr\s1 #h to #ab mm     
long1  scales imbricate4 ,leaves        
alt]nate1 decidu\s1 odd-p9nately        
comp\nd1  #bj to #dj cm long1 usually ) 
#g leaflets2 upp] pair & t]m9al  l>ge/1 
#aj to #ae cm long by #d to #f cm wide1 
broadly oval to slightly  obovate4      
,fl[]s unisexual1 /am9ate 9 #c-;bran*$  
catk9s appe>+  ab\t ! "t ( leaf         
maturity2 pi/illate t]m9al on new gr[?4 
,fruit oblong to obovoid to obpyri=m1   
#cj mm 9 diamet] by #ce mm long1  husk  
ab\t #c mm ?ick1 t>dily dehisc5t1 %ell (
 nut ?ick1 meat  sweet4                 
,illu/ration3 ,pignut ,hickory_/,c>ya   
glabra      ,%agb>k ,hickory  ,c>ya     
ovata 7,mill47 ,k4 ,ko*    ,b>k smoo? at
 fir/1 !n break+ into long1 flat1       
irregul> gray  /rips1 to #e mm ?ick1    
usually atta*$ at ! apex1 free at !     
base4  ,bran*es /\t1 smoo?1 spread+ to  
asc5d+4 ,twigs /\t1  orange-br[n1 leaf  
sc>s l>ge4 ,buds 7t]m9al71 #aj to #bj mm
 long1 #f to  #h mm 9 diamet]1 scales   
imbricate4 ,leaves alt]nate1 decidu\s1  

odd-p9nately comp\nd ) #e to #g         
leaflets1 usually #e to #ah cm wide &   
#bj to #ce cm long2 lat]al leaflets     
ovate to ovate-lanceolate1 t]m9al       
leaflet usually obovate1 apices acute to
 acum9ate1 m>g9s f9ely  s]rate1 bases   
w$ge-%ap$1 m or less yell[1 pubesc5t    
bel[1  gradually becom+ glabr\s ) age4  
,fl[]s unisexual1 appe>+ 9  spr+ ) !    
develop+ leaves1 /am9ate 9 #c-lob$      
catk9s1  pi/illate on new gr[?4 ,fruits 
subglobose1 #b4e to #f cm 9 diamet]1    
husk #c to #e mm ?ick1 %ell ( nut h>d & 
mod]ately ?91 meat sweet4               
,illu/ration3 ,%agb>k ,hickory_/,c>ya   
ovata      ,bitt]nut ,hickory  ,c>ya    
cordi=mis 7,wang5h47 ,k4 ,ko*    ,b>k   
br[n to slate gray1 smoo? to lightly    
furr[$ or ) /rongly  int]lac$ ridges4   
,bran*es /iff1 asc5d+1 spread+4 ,twigs  
sl5d]1  glossy1 (t5 ) yell[ gl&s e>ly 9 
! season4 ,buds compress$1  ovoid1 #f to
 #aj mm long1 cov]$ ) yell[1 valvate    
gl&ul> scales4  ,leaves alt]nate1       
decidu\s1 odd-p9nately comp\nd1 #ae to  

#be cm long  ) #g to #i leaflets1 #g to 
#ae cm long & #c to #f cm wide2 lat]al  
leaflets n>r[ly to broadly elliptic1    
t]m9al leaflet l>ge/ &  usually obovate1
 apex acum9ate1 m>g9 f9ely s]rate1 base 
w$ge-%ap$1 ) yell[ gl&s on und]surfaces 
& on ra*is4 ,fl[]s  unisexual1 /am9ate 9
 #c-;bran*$ catk9s appe>+ aft] leaves2  
pi/illate t]m9al on new gr[?4 ,fruit    
ovate to subglobose1 #b to #c cm  9     
diamet]1 (t5 slightly compress$1 #d-w+$ 
on sutures f apex to  middle ( husk1    
husk ?91 cov]$ ) yell[ gl&ul> scales1   
%ell  ( nut ?91 meat v bitt]4           
,illu/ration3 ,bitt]nut ,hickory_/,c>ya 
cordi=mis      ,s\!rn ,r$ ,oak  ,qu]cus 
falcata ,mi*x4        ,illu/ration3     
silh\ette    ,b>k d>k br[n to grayi%    
black1 divid$ by %all[1 irregul>        
fissures  into broad ridges4 ,bran*es   
/\t1 spread+ to asc5d+4 ,twigs #b to #e 
mm 9 diamet]1 dull r$di% br[n4 ,buds    
ovoid1 angulate #h to #ac mm  long1 apex
 acute4 ,leaves alt]nate1 decidu\s1     
simple1 _m rema9+ z  dead foliage until 

spr+1 ovate to obovate ) bell-%ap$ base1
 #aj to  #bh cm long1 #g to #cj cm wide2
 ) #c to #i lobes & m>g9s ) deep  r\nd$ 
s9uses2 :5 #c-lob$1 c5tral lobe         
/rap-%ap$ & too!d  ne> ! apex & side    
lobes acute to acum9ate1 some:at        
falcate2  p]man5tly pubesc5t bel[1 :ite 
at fir/1 turn+ ru/4 ,fl[]s  unisexual1  
/am9ate 9 tom5tose catk9s z leaves      
unfold2 pi/illate  9 leaf axils on      
twigs4 ,fruit an acorn1 small1 sph]ical 
to  hemisph]ical2 cup #ab to #ae mm     
wide1 %all[ sauc]-%ap$1 enclos+  ab\t   
"o-f\r? to "o-half ( ! nut2 nut #h to   
#ab mm long4        ,illu/ration3 ,s\!rn
 ,r$ ,oak_/,qu]cus falcata      ,*]ryb>k
 ,oak  ,qu]cus falcata v>4 pagodaefolia 
,ell4        ,illu/ration3 silh\ette    
,b>k d>k gray to gray-black consi/+ (   
appress$ scales 9 n>r[  flat ridges )   
%all[ furr[s4 ,bran*es /\t1 spread+ to  
asc5d+4 ,twigs #b to #d mm 9 diamet]1   
r$di%1 lightly flut$4 ,buds  ovoid1 #aj 
to #ae mm long1 angl$1 scales pubesc5t )
 d>k m>g9s4  ,leaves alt]nate1 t>dily   

decidu\s1 p]si/+ into ,decemb]1 simple1 
oval to oblong1 #ab to #bj cm long1 #g  
to #h cm wide2 ) #e to #aa lobes1  major
 lobes opposite ea* o!r1 l>ge r\nd$     
s9uses ext5d+ ne>ly  to ! midrib1 m>g9  
entire ) occasional bri/le-tipp$ tee?   
ne>  ! apex ( ! lobes1 d>k gre5 above1  
p]man5tly pubesc5t bel[1  sometimes ?9ly
 s1 v>y+ f :ite to ru/ color1 especially
 on  dry+4 ,fl[]s z 9 ,q4 falcata4      
,fruit an acorn broad] ?an tall2  cups  
#ab to #ae mm wide2 nut ab\t #h to #aj  
mm long1 subglobose1 flatt5$  at base1  
r\nd$ at apex4        ,illu/ration3     
,*]ryb>k ,oak_/,qu]cus falcata v>4      
pagodaefolia      ,black ,oak  ,qu]cus  
velut9a ,lam4        ,illu/ration3      
silh\ette    ,b>k br[ni%-black on old]  
trees1 ) ?ick1 broad scaly ridges &     
deep furr[s2 inn] b>k yell[-orange--!   
only ,am]ican oak ) ?is  feature4       
,bran*es /\t1 spread+ to asc5d+4 ,twigs 
ab\t #e mm 9  diamet]1 r$di% br[n to d>k
 br[n1 lightly flut$4 ,buds ovoid1 #aj  
to  #ae mm long1 lat]al buds %>ply      

angl$1 scales ciliate1 m>g9 d>k4        
,leaves alt]nate1 decidu\s1 simple2     
membran\s 9 se$l+s &  sapl+s to some:at 
lea!ry 9 ! middle to upp] cr[n2 l[]     
leaves  broadly elliptic to obovate1 #ae
 to #cj cm long1 #aj to #ae cm wide1    
entire  to fa9tly lob$2 middle-cr[n     
leaves #aj to #bj cm long1 #aj to #ae cm
  wide1 di/9ctly #e to #i lob$ ) broad  
r\nd$ s9uses ) apical  bri/les on ea*   
lobe2 upp]-cr[n leaves oblong to        
obovate1 #h to #bj cm  long1 #h to #ae  
cm wide2 d>k %9y gre5 above1 yell[      
scurfy pubesc5ce  on "y leaves ( middle 
& upp] cr[n1 petioles #d to #f cm long1 
yell[ to r$di%4 ,fl[]s unisexual2       
/am9ate catk9s #g to #ae cm long2       
pi/illate on %ort tom5tose p$uncles4    
,fruit an oval to obovoid acorn  #aj to 
#be mm long2 cup cup-%ap$ to conical    
enclos+ ab\t "o-half (  ! nut4          
,illu/ration3 ,black ,oak_/,qu]cus      
velut9a      ,sc>let ,oak  ,qu]cus      
cocc9ea ,mu5*h4        ,illu/ration3    
silh\ette    ,b>k d>k grayi%-black1     

divid$ into irregul> fissures & scaly   
ridges4 ,bran*es /\t1 spread+ to asc5d+4
 ,twigs #c to #d mm 9  diamet]1 r$di%1  
turn+ a dull r$4 ,buds ovoid1 acute1 #e 
to #g mm  long1 cov]$ ) r\nd$1 lightly  
pubesc5t scales4 ,leaves alt]nate1      
decidu\s1 simple2 glabr\s1 except 9     
axils ( ma9 ve9s on und]side1  oval to  
slightly obovate1 #h to #ag cm long1 #e 
to #ac cm wide1 ) #e to #i  deep lobes  
(t5 t]m9at$ by second>y lobes ) bri/le  
tips1  s9uses usually deep1 r\nd1 & wid]
 ?an lobes2 bo? surfaces pale  gre51    
upp] surface %9y1 bright sc>let 9       
autumn1 petioles ab\t #d  cm long4      
,fl[]s unisexual2 /am9ate 9 catk9s )    
develop+ leaves2  pi/illate on pubesc5t 
p$uncles4 ,fruit an acorn2 cup #ae to   
#cj mm wide1  cov]$ ) br[n scales       
enclos+ ab\t "o-?ird to "o-half ( !     
nut2 nut ovoid1 #aj to #bj mm long1     
occasionally ) r+ grooves ne>  apical   
po9t at maturity4        ,illu/ration3  
,sc>let ,oak_/,qu]cus cocc9ea           
,nor!rn ,r$ ,oak  ,qu]cus rubra ,l4     

,illu/ration3 silh\ette    ,b>k d>k     
br[n1 ?ick1 divid$ by %all[ furr[s into 
long1  flat-topp$ scaly ridges4 ,bran*es
 /\t1 spread+ & asc5d+ to  =m a         
r\nd-topp$ cr[n4 ,twigs sl5d]1          
r$di%-br[n to d>k r$4  ,buds ovate1     
acute1 light br[n1 #h to #aj mm long4   
,leaves alt]nate1  decidu\s1 simple1    
oblong to oval to obovate1 #ab to #bb cm
 long1 #aj to #ae  cm wide2 #g to #aa   
%ort lobes1 lobes #c-too!d1             
bri/le-tipp$2 upp]  surface dull gre54  
,fl[]s unisexual2 /am9ate 9 sl5d] catk9s
  appe>+ ) ! develop+ leaves1 pi/illate 
inconspicu\s on la/  ye>'s wood4 ,fruit 
an acorn1 #ae to #cj mm long2 cup       
sauc]-%ap$1  enclos+ ab\t "o-f\r? ( !   
nut4        ,illu/ration3 ,nor!rn ,r$   
,oak_/,qu]cus rubra      ,%um>d ,oak    
,qu]cus %um>dii ,buckl4                 
,illu/ration3 silh\ette    ,b>k d>k gray
 to blacki%1 relatively smoo? at fir/1  
!n break+  into scaly ridges4 ,bran*es  
spread+ to asc5d+4 ,twigs ab\t #e mm 9  
diamet]1 olive gre5 !n turn+ d>k r$di%4 

,buds clu/]$ at apex  #e to #g mm long1 
%>p po9t$1 /rongly angl$4 ,leaves       
alt]nate1  decidu\s1 simple2 oval to    
slightly obovate1 #aj to #bj cm long1 #f
 to #ae  cm wide2 ) #g to #aj           
bri/le-tipp$ lobes1 lobes on upp] cr[n  
leaves  n>r[] to slightly wid] ?an      
s9uses1 lobes on l[] cr[n leaves  wid]  
?an s9uses2 d>k gre5 above1 pal] bel[1  
glabr\s except =  ve9 axils on l[]      
surface2 petiole ab\t #e cm long4 ,fl[]s
 unisexual2  /am9ate 9 yell[ catk9s     
appe>+ ) ! unfold+ leaves2  pi/illate on
 pubesc5t p$uncles4 ,fruit an acorn2 cup
 #bj to #ca mm  across1 enclos+ ab\t    
"o-f\r? ( ! nut2 nut ab\t #be mm long1  
#ae  mm 9 diamet]4        ,illu/ration3 
,%um>d ,oak_/,qu]cus %um>dii            
,blackjack ,oak  ,qu]cus m>il&ica       
,mu5*h4        ,illu/ration3 silh\ette  
,b>k black1 v r\gh1 consi/+ ( ?ick      
blocky plates4 ,bran*es  /\t1 spread+ to
 droop+4 ,twigs /\t1 ab\t #e mm 9       
diamet]4 ,buds  ) ru/y br[n hairs1 ab\t 
#d to #h mm long4 ,leaves alt]nate1     

t>dily  decidu\s1 simple1 #g to #be cm  
long1 broadly obovate at apex 7be>-paw  
%ape7 tap]+ to a n>r[ base1 m>g9 entire 
or ) #c bri/le-tipp$  apical lobes1 upp]
 surface d>k gre51 ru/y pubesc5t on     
und]surfaces4 ,fl[]s unisexual2 /am9ate 
9 catk9s1 appe>+ )  ! leaves2 pi/illate 
solit>y or pair$4 ,fruit an acorn1 cup  
enclos+  "o-half to two-?irds ( ! nut2  
nut ne>ly ovoid1 #bj to #be mm long by  
#ae to #bj mm 9 diamet]4                
,illu/ration3 ,blackjack ,oak_/,qu]cus  
m>il&ica      ,laurel ,oak  ,qu]cus     
laurifolia ,mi*x4        ,illu/ration3  
silh\ette    ,b>k ne>ly black1 divid$   
into broad flat ridges by deep fissures4
  ,twigs #b to #c mm 9 diamet]1 usually 
r$di% br[n4 ,buds ovoid1 r$di%  br[n1 #b
 to #d mm long4 ,leaves alt]nate1       
semi-decidu\s1 simple1 a few  %$ 9 fall1
 a few p]si/+ until spr+2 elliptic to   
spatulate1 #g to  #ae cm long1 #b to #d 
cm wide2 apex acute or obtuse1 m>g9     
entire1 base  cuneate2 %9y gre5 above1  
pal] bel[2 petioles #c to #e mm long1   

midrib  conspicu\s on und]side4 ,fl[]s  
unisexual2 /am9ate 9 catk9s z  leaves   
unfold2 pi/illate on twigs at leaf sc>s4
 ,fruit an acorn1  sessile to           
subsessile1 cup #ae to #bj mm wide1     
enclos+ ab\t "o-f\r?  ( nut2 nut        
hemisph]ic1 r\nd$ at apex & flatt5$ at  
bottom1 #ae mm  long4                   
,illu/ration3 ,laurel ,oak_/,qu]cus     
laurifolia      ,wat] ,oak  ,qu]cus     
nigra ,l4        ,illu/ration3 silh\ette
    ,b>k smoo?1 grayi% black1 becom+    
scaly ) age4 ,bran*es spread+  to       
asc5d+1 =m+ a r\nd-topp$ cr[n 9 ! op54  
,twigs #c to #e mm  9 diamet]1 gray4    
,buds ovoid1 acute1 r$di% br[n1 #c to #g
 mm long4  ,leaves alt]nate1 decidu\s1  
simple2 v>iable 9 %ape & size1 obovate  
to spatulate1 #e to #aj cm long1 #b to  
#e cm wide2 m>g9 entire1 wavy to        
di/9ctly lob$ 9 juv5ile specim5s2       
sessile or ) petiole to #a cm  long4    
,fl[]s unisexual2 /am9ate catk9s #e to  
#h cm long1 pi/illate  catk9s           
%ort-p$uncl$4 ,fruit an acorn ab\t #ae  

mm wide1 #aj mm high2  cup ?91 enclos+  
ab\t "o-fif? to "o-?ird ( ! nut4        
,illu/ration3 ,wat] ,oak_/,qu]cus nigra 
,:ite ,oak  ,qu]cus alba ,l4            
,illu/ration3 silh\ette    ,b>k light   
gray1 sep>at$ by %all[ furr[s into flat 
ridges )  loose appress$ scales4        
,bran*es /\t1 droop+1 spread+ to        
asc5d+4 ,twigs #b to #c mm 9 diamet]1   
r$di%4 ,buds globose to ovoid1          
angulate1 apex acute to obtuse1 #c to #e
 mm4 ,leaves alt]nate1 decidu\s1        
simple1 oblong to obovate1 #g to #bj cm 
long1 #d to #aj cm wide1 ) #g to  #aa   
unev51 r\nd$ lobes & deep s9uses4 ,fl[]s
 unisexual1 9  catk9s1 prec$+ leaf      
expansion4 ,fruit an acorn1 #ae to #ce  
mm long1 #bj  to #be mm 9 diamet]1 cup  
#a4e to #c cm wide1 usually cup-%ap$1   
conspicu\s ) ?ick5$ scales1 enclos+     
"o-f\r? to "o-?ird (  ! nut4            
,illu/ration3 ,:ite ,oak_/,qu]cus alba  
,po/ ,oak  ,qu]cus /ellata ,wang5h4     
,illu/ration3 silh\ette    ,b>k m$ium to
 d>k gray1 ) deep furr[s1 scaly ridges4 

,bran*es  /\t1 irregul>1 droop+ to      
horizontal & asc5d+4 ,twigs #c to #e mm 
9 diamet]1 gray to br[ni%4 ,buds broadly
 ovate1 blunt to acute1 #e mm  long1    
clu/]$ at apex ( twig4 ,leaves alt]nate1
 decidu\s1 simple2  obovate1 to #ah cm  
long1 #e to #aj cm wide2 divid$ into #e 
to #g s9uate  r\nd$ lobes1 ! two l[]    
lobes small] ?an ! upp] pair1 upp]      
lobes & ! t]m9al lobe resembl+ a cross1 
d>k1 %9y gre5 above1  grayi% to br[ni%  
bel[1 lea!ry4 ,fl[]s unisexual2 /am9ate 
9  catk9s appe>+ ) ! unfold+ leaves2    
pi/illate on la/ ye>'s  wood4 ,fruit an 
acorn1 #ac to #be mm long1 #f to #bj mm 
9 diamet]2 cup  hemisph]ical1 enclos+   
ab\t "o-half ( ! nut1 cup scales        
ru/y-pubesc5t2 nut ovate to             
ovate-oblong1 ab\t #ae mm long4         
,illu/ration3 ,po/ ,oak_/,qu]cus /ellata
      ,*e/nut ,oak  ,qu]cus pr9us ,l4   
,illu/ration3 silh\ette    ,b>k d>k     
r$di% br[n to ne>ly black1 deeply furr[$
 ) n>r[  ridges4 ,bran*es /\t1 spread+  
to asc5d+4 ,twigs /\t1 angulate1  smoo?1

 purpli%-gre5 :5 new1 turn+ orange or   
r$di%-br[n4 ,buds  ovate-conical1       
some:at angulate1 #h to #ab mm long1    
silky hairy4 ,leaves  alt]nate1         
decidu\s1 simple2 elliptic to obovate1  
#aj to #cj cm long1 #c  to #h cm wide2  
some:at lea!ry1 m>g9 cr5ate ) a ve9 end+
 9  ea* r\nd$ too?1 smoo? gre5 above1   
/ellate-pubesc5t bel[4  ,fl[]s          
unisexual2 /am9ate 9 catk9s #e to #aj cm
 long2 pi/illate 9  %ort spikes on /\t  
p$uncles4 ,fruit an acorn #be to #ce mm 
long1 #ae to  #be mm 9 diamet]2 cup     
vase-%ap$1 ?91 r\gh ) ?ick5$ scales1    
cov]+ "o-?ird to "o-half ( ! nut4       
,illu/ration3 ,*e/nut ,oak_/,qu]cus     
pr9us      ,w+$ ,elm  ,ulmus alata      
,mi*x4        ,illu/ration3 silh\ette   
,b>k d>k1 smoo? at fir/ becom+ deeply   
furr[$ on l>g] trees4  ,bran*es sl5d]1  
asc5d+ to spread+1 corky ridges or w+s  
on  bran*es #c ye>s or old]4 ,twigs ab\t
 #b mm 9 diamet]1 light gre5  t+$ ) r$4 
,buds %>p-po9t$1 div]g5t f twig #c to #d
 mm long4  ,leaves alt]nate1 decidu\s1  

simple2 broadly ovate to elliptic1 #d to
 #h  cm long1 #b to #d cm wide2 apex    
acute to %ort-acum9ate1 m>g9 d\bly to   
triply s]rate1 base r\nd$2 dull gre5    
above1 light] gre5 bel[ )  prom95t      
p9nate ve9s4 ,fl[]s p]fect1 abundant1   
t9y1 op5+ j  be=e leaves unfold1 sev]al 
9 a clu/] at a leaf sc>1 bloom+ late    
,janu>y into ,febru>y4 ,fruit a sam>a1  
flat & elliptic1 #f to #h mm  long1 m>g9
 ciliate4        ,illu/ration3 ,w+$     
,elm_/,ulmus alata      ,am]ican ,elm   
,ulmus am]icana ,l4        ,illu/ration3
 silh\ette    ,b>k gray to blacki%1     
?ick1 divid$ into flat ridges by deep   
furr[s4  ,bran*es asc5d+1 ar*+1 &       
spread+2 op5-gr[n trees vase-%ap$  9    
outl9e4 ,twigs #b to #c mm 9 diamet] )  
#e to #g leaves :i*  increase 9 size f  
basal to apical leaf1 r$-br[n4 ,buds    
7leaf7  br[n1 small1 scaly1 acute4      
,leaves alt]nate1 decidu\s1 simple2     
broadly  ovate1 #e to #ae cm long1 #d to
 #f cm wide2 apex acum9ate1 m>g9 usually
  d\bly s]rate1 base oblique on %ort    

petiole2 upp] surface smoo?1  m>k$ )    
sunk5 ve9s p9nately arrang$2 ve9s m     
prom95t on  und]side4 ,fl[]s p]fect1    
buds greatly enl>ge be=e op5+2 )  v     
small fl[]s abundant 9 clu/]s2 op5+ be=e
 ! leaves  exp&1 bloom+ f late ,decemb] 
into ,febru>y4 ,fruit a sam>a1 oval  to 
circul> ) w+ surr\nd+ ! se$1 ab\t #aj mm
 9 diamet]1  m>g9 ciliate4              
,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,elm_/,ulmus     
am]icana      ,sug>b]ry2 hackb]ry       
,celtis laevigata ,willd4               
,illu/ration3 silh\ette    ,b>k light   
gray to almo/ :ite1 ?91 smoo?1 usually m
 or less  /udd$ ) irregul> corky        
outgr[?s4 ,bran*es spread+1 sl5d]4      
,twigs ab\t #c mm 9 diamet]1 r$di%-br[n4
 ,buds ab\t #c mm long1  alt]nate4      
,leaves alt]nate1 decidu\s1 simple2     
n>r[ly elliptic to  broadly ovate1 #f to
 #aj cm long1 #b to #d cm wide2 apex    
acute1 m>g9  usually entire1 base       
broadly r\nd$ or oblique4 ,fl[]s        
unisexual or  p]fect1 t9y1 inconspicu\s1
 _m /am9ate & few pi/illate  appe>+ on !

 new gr[? z ! leaves unfold4 ,fruit a   
drupe ) a  bony reticulat$ nutlet1 ab\t 
#e mm 9 diamet]1 orange-r$ on a p$icel  
(t5 %ort] ?an ! petiole ( ! subt5d+     
leaf4        ,illu/ration3 ,sug>b]ry2   
hackb]ry_/,celtis laevigata             
,yell[-popl>  ,liriod5dron tulipif]a ,l4
        ,illu/ration3 silh\ette    ,b>k 
?9 & d>k gre5 on "y trees1 becom+       
a%-gray &  conspicu\sly furr[$ & ridg$ )
 age4 ,bran*es spread+ to  asc5d+1 (t5  
droop+ on l>ge op5-gr[n trees4 ,twigs   
smoo?1 ab\t  #e mm 9 diamet]1 encircl$  
by /ipule sc>s1 r$-br[n4 ,buds 7t]m9al7 
grayi% gre51 turn+ r$ 9 w9t]1 flat ab\t 
#aj to #af mm long1  scales valvate4    
,leaves alt]nate1 decidu\s1 simple2 d>k 
gre5 above1  turn+ yell[ 9 fall2 #f to  
#bj cm long & z wide z long2 petioles #e
  to #bj cm long1 (t5 long] ?an ! blades
 on l[ bran*es4 ,fl[]s  p]fect1         
tulip-%ap$1 ab\t #d to #f cm long1      
gre5i%-yell[ ) orange  to r$di% m>k+s at
 base ( petals1 color int5sifies ) age4 
,fruit  an aggregate cone1 #e to #h cm  

long1 gradually %att]+ into "o-se$$1    
w+$ sam>as4        ,illu/ration3        
,yell[-popl>_/,liriod5dron tulipif]a    
,sweetbay  ,magnolia virg9iana ,l4      
,illu/ration3 silh\ette    ,b>k d>k     
gray1 usually smoo?1 ?91 9 %ady areas   
(t5 encru/$  ) mosses1 liv]worts1 &     
li*5s4 ,bran*es /\t1 spread+ to  asc5d+4
 ,twigs ab\t #e to #g mm 9 diamet]1     
encircl$ by /ipule  sc>s1 gre54 ,buds   
7t]m9al71 silv]y gray1 pubesc5t1 #ae mm 
long2  small] lat]al buds (t5 subt5d$ by
 p]si/5t petiole base4 ,leaves          
alt]nate1 ev]gre5 9 ,s\?1 decidu\s 9    
nor!rn "p ( range1  simple2 elliptic to 
oblong1 #aj to #ae cm long1 #d to #f cm 
wide2 m>g9  entire1 d>k gre5 above1     
silv]y pubesc5t bel[4 ,fl[]s p]fect1    
:ite1 sweet-sc5t$1 #e to #h cm 9        
diamet]1 appe>+ ,may to ,septemb]4      
,fruit an aggregate ( follicles :i* op5 
& %$ r$ se$s1 irregul>  9 %ape1 ovoid to
 ellipsoid1 smoo?1 ab\t #e cm long4     
,illu/ration3 ,sweetbay_/,magnolia      
virg9iana      ,sweetgum2 r$gum         

,liquidamb> /yraciflua ,l4              
,illu/ration3 silh\ette    ,b>k d>k     
gray1 divid$ by deep furr[s into n>r[1  
r\nd$ ridges4  ,bran*es /\t1 (t5 ) corky
 w+s or outgr[?s4 ,twigs ab\t #d to #f  
mm 9 diamet]1 gray-br[n4 ,buds 7t]m9al7 
broadly egg-%ap$1 ab\t #aj  to #ae mm   
long1 scales ov]lapp+1 slightly /icky4  
,leaves alt]nate1  decidu\s1 simple2    
palmately #e- to #g-lob$2 #h to #bj cm  
wide1 #f to #ae cm  long1 (t5 long] ?an 
broad2 m>g9 f9ely s]rate2 petioles #d to
 #ac  cm long4 ,fl[]s unisexual 7plants 
monoeci\s71 appe>+ z ! leaves  unfold2  
/am9ate clu/]$ 9 t]m9al racemes2        
pi/illate 9 small  droop+ sph]ical      
heads4 ,fruit 9 /alk$ sph]ical heads    
cov]$ )  small sp9e-l projections2 se$  
cavity at base ( ea* sp9e4              
,illu/ration3 ,sweetgum2                
r$gum_/,liquidamb> /yraciflua      ,r$  
,maple  ,ac] rubrum ,l4                 
,illu/ration3 silh\ette    ,b>k gray1   
divid$ into scaly ridges by n>r[ furr[s4
 ,bran*es  sl5d]1 spread+ & asc5d+4     

,twigs ab\t #c mm 9 diamet]1 r$di%4     
,buds sph]ical1 r$di%1 clu/]$ at apex ( 
twig1 scales ) :ite  ciliate m>g9s4     
,leaves opposite1 decidu\s1 simple2     
ovate to almo/  circul>1 #d to #i cm    
long1 #b4e to #g cm wide1 usually long] 
?an broad2  #c-lob$ ne> ! apex1 m>g9    
f9ely s]rate2 d>k gre5 above1 glauc\s  &
 lightly pubesc5t bel[1 pubesc5ce       
usually %$4 ,fl[]s typically  polygam\s1
 occasionally ) p]fect fl[]s1 small1 =m+
 d5se  clu/]s f sep>ate buds be=e leaf  
expansion1 conspicu\s because  ( ! r$ to
 orange coloration4 ,fruit tw9 sam>as   
#aj to #bj mm long4    ,v>4 drummondii3 
,leaves l>g] ?an typical r$ maple1      
usually broad]  ?an long2 #c to #e lobes
 or occasionally sc>cely lob$1 m>g9s    
co>sely  too!d1 conspicu\sly glauc\s    
bel[1 usually p]man5tly tom5tose4       
,fruit sam>as #d to #e cm long4         
,illu/ration3 ,r$ ,maple_/,ac] rubrum   
,black ,tupelo2 blackgum  ,nyssa        
sylvatica ,m>%4        ,illu/ration3    
silh\ette    ,b>k black1 m>k$ ) furr[s &

 cross-cracks t divide ! ridges  into   
squ>i% plates4 ,bran*es sl5d]1 spread+  
to horizontal1 (t5  droop+ 9 op5-gr[n   
specim5s4 ,twigs #b to #c mm 9 diamet]1 
gray to  r$di%4 ,buds obtuse1 ( ov]lapp+
 yell[-br[n scales1 t]m9al buds  #f mm  
long4 ,leaves alt]nate1 e>ly decidu\s1  
simple2 m>k$ )  irregul> black spots &  
purple coloration f midsumm] on2        
elliptic  to broadly oval to obovate1 #e
 to #ae cm long1 #c to #h cm wide2 apex 
acute  to broadly r\nd$1 m>g9 entire1   
base w$ge-%ap$4 ,fl[]s unisexual1  less 
?an #d mm 9 diamet]1 appe>+ 9 ,april    
be=e leaf expansion4  ,fruit a black    
drupe #h to #aj mm long1 #a to #c on    
p$icels #c to #e cm long1  /one fa9tly  
ribb$4        ,illu/ration3 ,black      
,tupelo2 blackgum_/,nyssa sylvatica     
,:ite ,a%  ,frax9us am]icana ,l4        
,illu/ration3 silh\ette    ,b>k gray to 
br[ni%1 divid$ into n>r[1 deep furr[s & 
ridges (  equal wid?4 ,bran*es /\t1     
wide-spread+4 ,twigs #c to #f mm 9      
diamet]4 ,buds 7t]m9al7 broadly ovoid   

consi/+ ( #d appress$  scales1 d>k br[n 
to black2 lat]al buds sph]ical1 tightly 
appress$  to a cresc5t-%ap$ leaf sc>4   
,leaves opposite1 decidu\s1             
odd-p9nately comp\nd2 #bj to #cj cm     
long1 :ite bel[ :5 fre%2  leaflets #g to
 #i1 petiolulate1 oval to ovate1 #e to  
#ae cm long1 #c to #e cm  wide1 apex    
acum9ate1 m>g9 ess5tially entire1 base  
broadly r\nd$1  p9nate ve9s conspicu\s  
on und]side4 ,fl[]s unisexual 7plants   
dioeci\s72 pi/illate inconspicu\s ab\t  
#a mm 9 diamet]1 arrang$ 9  d5se        
paniculate clu/]s2 /am9ate conspicu\s 9 
mass4 ,fruit a  sam>a1 #be to #fj mm    
long1 w+ t]m9al on ! ?ick5$ se$4        
,illu/ration3 ,:ite ,a%_/,frax9us       
am]icana      ,gre5 ,a%  ,frax9us       
p5nsylvanica ,m>%4        ,illu/ration3 
silh\ette    ,b>k br[ni%1 smoo? :5 "y1  
!n break+ into n>r[ ridges )  %all[ n>r[
 furr[s4 ,bran*es droop+ to spread+ &   
asc5d+4  ,twigs /\t1 #d to #f mm 9      
diamet]1 olive gre54 ,buds t]m9al black2
  small] lat]al buds tightly appress$ to

 ! g5]ally /raight upp]  edge ( ! leaf  
sc>4 ,leaves opposite1 decidu\s1        
odd-p9nately  comp\nd ) #e to #g1       
occasionally #i1 leaflets2 leaflets     
n>r[ly to  broadly elliptical1 apex     
acum9ate1 m>g9 entire to f9ely s]rate1  
base w$ge-%ap$1 hairy bel[ along ! ve9s4
 ,fl[]s unisexual  7plants dioeci\s72   
pi/illate inconspicu\s 9 op5 panicles2  
/am9ate  9 compact conspicu\s clu/]s4   
,fruit a sam>a #be to #ej mm long1 se$  
end conspicu\sly sl5d] & ext5d+ ab\t    
half ! l5g? ( !  sam>a1 w+ decurr5t on  
se$ end4        ,illu/ration3 ,gre5     
,a%_/,frax9us p5nsylvanica              
,select$ ,ref]5ces        ,bailey1 ,l4  
,h4      #aidi4 ,manual ( cultivat$     
plants4 ,rev4 ed4 #aaaf p4 ,macmillan   
,co41                ,new ,york4        
,br[n1 ,c4 ,a4      #aide4 ,l\isiana    
trees & %rubs4 ,bull4 #a1 #bfb p4       
,l\isiana ,=e/ry                        
,commission1 ,baton ,r\ge4      ,cok]1  
,w4 ,c41 & ,h4 ,r4 ,tott54      #aide4  
,trees ( ! s\!a/]n /ates4 #crd ed4 #dai 

p4 ,univ4 ( ,n4                ,c4      
,press1 ,*apel ,hill4      ,coll+wood1  
,g4 ,h41 & ,w4 ,d4 ,bru%4      #aigd4   
,kn[+ y\r trees4 ,rev4 by ,d4 ,but*]4   
#cgd p4 ,am]ican                ,=e/ry  
,association1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4          
,correll1 ,d4 ,c41 & ,m4 ,c4 ,john/on4  
#aigj4 ,manual ( ! vascul> plants (     
,texas4 ,contributions f !              
,texas ,rese>* ,f\ndation1 ,vol4 #f4    
#ahha p4 ,texas ,rese>*                 
,f\ndation1 ,r5n]1 ,texas4      ,f]nald1
 ,m4 ,l4      #aiej4 ,gray's ,manual (  
,botany4 #h? ed4 #afcb p4 ,am]ican ,book
 ,co41                ,new ,york4       
,h>l[1 ,w4 ,m4      #aiei4 ,fruit key & 
twig key to trees & %rubs4 #ajf p4 ,dov]
                ,publications1 ,new     
,york4      ,h>l[1 ,w4 ,m41 & ,e4 ,s4   
,h>r>4      #aida4 ,textbook ( d5drology
 cov]+ ! important =e/ trees (          
! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 #bnd ed4 #efa
 p4 ,mc,graw-,hill                ,book 
,co41 ,new ,york & ,london4      ,h>r>1 
,e4 ,s41 & ,j4 ,g4 ,h>r>4      #aidf4   

,guide to s\!rn trees4 #gab p4 ,:ittlesy
 ,h\se1 ,mc,graw-,hill                  
,book ,co41 ,new ,york4      ,kurz1 ,h41
 & ,r4 ,k4 ,godfrey4      #aifb4 ,trees 
( nor!rn ,florida4 #caa p4 ,univ4 (     
,fla4 ,press1                           
,ga9esville4      ,little1 ,e4 ,l4      
#aiec4 ,*eck li/ ( native & naturaliz$  
trees ( ! ,unit$                ,/ates  
7includ+ ,alaska74 ,u4,s4 ,dep4 ,agric41
 ,agric4 ,h&b4                ,no4 #da4 
#dgb p4      ,mull]1 ,c4 ,h4      #aiea4
 ,! oaks ( ,texas4 ,contributions f ,!  
,texas ,rese>*                ,f\ndation
 #a7c73ba-caa4      ,pre/on1 ,r4 ,j41   
,jr4      #aifa4 ,nor? ,am]ican trees4  
#bnd ed4 #cie p4 ,i[a ,/ate ,univ4      
,press1                ,ames 7,repr9t$  
#aigj by ,m4,i4,t4 ,press1 ,cambridge1  
,mass474      ,s>g5t1 ,c4 ,s4           
#aibb4 ,manual ( ! trees ( ,nor? ,am]ica
 7exclusive ( ,mexico74                 
#bnd ed4 #iaj p4 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co41 
,bo/on & ,new ,york4                    
7,repr9t$ by ,dov] ,publications1 ,new  

,york74      ,small1 ,j4 ,k4      #aicc4
 ,manual ( s\!a/]n flora4 #aeed p4      
,publi%$ by au?or 9                ,new 
,york4      ,/aff ( ,=e/ ,res\rces      
,rese>* ,"w ,unit      #aigf4 ,h>dwood  
di/ribution on p9e sites 9 ! ,s\?4 ,u4  
,s4 ,dep4                ,agric4 ,=4    
,s]v4 ,res\r4 ,bull4 ,,s-#ei4 #bg p4    
,s\?4 ,=4                ,exp4 ,/n41    
,new ,orleans1 ,la4      ,v9es1 ,r4 ,a4 
#aifj4 ,trees1 %rubs1 & woody v9es ( !  
s\?we/4 #aajd p4 ,univ4                (
 ,texas ,press1 ,au/91 ,texas4          
,:>ton1 ,m4 ,e41 & ,r4 ,w4 ,b>b\r       
#aigc4 ,trees & %rubs ( ,k5tucky4 #ehb  
p4 ,univ4 ,ky4 ,press1                  
,lex+ton4                               
,,gloss>y        ,acum9ate4 ,gradually  
tap]+ to a po9t$ apex4    ,acute4 ,hav+ 
! %ape ( an acute angle4    ,aggregate4 
,a clu/] ( rip5$ ov>ies traceable to    
sep>ate pi/ils                ( ! same  
fl[] & ins]t$ on a common receptacle4   
,an!r4 ,! poll5-be>+ portion ( ! /am54  
,an!sis4 ,"t ( fl[]+4    ,apetal\s4 ,)\t

 petals4    ,apex4 ,! tip ( leaf1 twig1 
or o!r plant "p4    ,apical4 ,p]ta9+ to 
apex4    ,asc5d+4 ,gr[+ obliquely or    
indirectly upw>d f po9t (               
atta*m5t4    ,axil4 ,upp] angle betwe5 a
 leaf or o!r plant "p & ! /em to        
:i* x is atta*$4    ,bisexual4 ,hav+ bo?
 sex organs on ! same plant2 a          
h]maphrodite4    ,blade4 ,! flat exp&$  
portion ( a leaf or p>ts ( a comp\nd    
leaf4    ,catk94 ,a flexible1 usually   
p5dul\s1 scaly spike be>+ unisexual     
fl[]s4    ,ciliate4 ,hav+ a m>g9 fr+$ ) 
hair4    ,comp\nd ,leaf4 ,a leaf ) two  
or m sep>ate leaflets4    ,cordate4     
,he>t-%ap$ ) ! po9t at ! t]m9al end4    
,cr5ate4 ,hav+ a m>g9 ) r\nd$ to blunt  
tee?4    ,cuneate4 ,w$ge-%ap$4          
,decidu\s4 ,n p]si/5t2 said ( leaves    
fall+ 9 autumn or (                     
floral p>ts fall+ aft] an!sis4          
,dehisc5t4 ,op5+ by bur/+ or splitt+4   
,d5tate4 ,a m>g9 ) %>p tee? po9t+       
outw>d4    ,dimorph\s4 ,occurr+ 9 two   
=ms4    ,dioeci\s4 ,unisexual1 ) /am9ate

 & pi/illate fl[]s on                   
sep>ate plants4    ,drupe4 ,a simple    
"o-se$$ fle%y fruit1 ! out] wall fle%y1 
!                inn] wall bony4        
,entire4 ,m>g9s )\t tee? or lobes4      
,ev]gre54 ,hav+ gre5 leaves ?r\gh\t !   
ye>4    ,falcate4 ,sickle- or scy!-%ap$4
    ,follicle4 ,a dry1 s+le-c>pel fruit1
 op5+ along "o side = se$               
disp]sal4    ,flut$4 ,regul>ly m>k$ by  
alt]nat+ ridges & grooves4    ,fruit4 ,!
 se$-be>+ product ( a plant4            
,glabr\s4 ,smoo?1 devoid ( hair or      
surface gl&s4    ,gl&ul>4 ,furni%$ )    
gl&s1 or gl&like4    ,glauc\s4 ,cov]$ ) 
a :ite waxy or p[d]y bloom4    ,globose4
 ,sph]ical1 globul>4    ,husk4 ,fle%y   
cov]+ ( nut 9 hickories4    ,imbricate4 
,ov]lapp+4    ,leaflet4 ,a s+le division
 ( a comp\nd leaf4    ,membran\s4 ,?91 m
 or less flexible1 transluc5t4          
,midrib4 ,! c5tral rib or c5tral ve9 ( a
 leaf or simil>                /ructure4
    ,monoeci\s4 ,hav+ unisexual fl[]s1 )
 bo? sexes borne on !                   

same plant4    ,nut4 ,a h>d-%ell$1      
indehisc5t1 usually "o-cell$1 "o-se$$   
fruit4    ,oblique4 ,slant$2 (          
unequal-sid$ or non-symmetrical leaves  
or leaf                bases4           
,obovate4 ,inv]t$ ovate4    ,obpyri=m4  
,inv]t$ pe>-%ap$4    ,obtuse4 ,blunt4   
,odd ,p9nate4 ,p9nately comp\nd ) a     
t]m9al leaflet4    ,ovate4 ,hav+ !      
l5g?wise outl9e ( an egg1 broade/ at !  
base4    ,ovoid4 ,egg-%ap$ 9            
#c-;dim5sions4    ,ovule4 ,an embryonic 
se$ 9 ! ov>y ( a fl[]4    ,palmate4 ,)  
ve9s or lobes radiat+ f a common c5t]4  
,panicle4 ,a comp\nd or bran*$ raceme4  
,paniculate4 ,borne 9 a panicle4        
,p>t$4 ,divid$ by s9uses :i* ext5d ne>ly
 to ! midrib4    ,p]fect4 ,hav+ /am5s & 
pi/ils 9 ! same fl[]4    ,p]si/5t4      
,rema9+ atta*$4    ,petiolate4 ,hav+    
petioles1 n sessile4    ,petiole4 ,!    
/alk ( a leaf4    ,petiolulate4 ,hav+   
petiolules4    ,petiolule4 ,! /alk ( a  
leaflet 9 a comp\nd leaf4    ,p9nate4   
,descriptive ( comp\nd leaves ) !       

leaflets arrang$ on                     
opposite sides along a common ra*is4    
,also us$ to                describe    
leaf v5ation4    ,pi/il4 ,! se$-be>+    
organ ( ! fl[]4    ,pi/illate4 ,provid$ 
) pi/ils2 usually descriptive (         
unisexual                fl[]s4         
,polygam\s4 ,be>+ p]fect & unisexual    
fl[]s on ! same plant4    ,polymorphic4 
,hav+ two or m =ms4    ,pubesc5t4 ,cov]$
 ) f9e1 s(t1 %ort hairs4    ,pyri=m4    
,pe>-%ap$4    ,raceme4 ,an infloresc5ce 
consi/+ ( a c5tral ra*is be>+ a         
numb] ( fl[]s ) /alks ( ne>ly equal     
l5g?4    ,ra*is4 ,! axis ( a comp\nd    
leaf or infloresc5ce4    ,receptacle4 ,!
 portion ( ! floral axis ^u :i* ! fl[]s 
are                borne4               
,reticulate4 ,=m+ a network4            
,rhombic4 ,some:at diamond-%ap$4        
,rib4 ,a prom95t ve94    ,sam>a4 ,an    
indehisc5t w+$ fruit4    ,scurfy4 ,cov]$
 ) small scales4    ,se$4 ,a rip5$      
ovule4    ,s]rate4 ,) %>p tee? po9t+    
=w>d4    ,sessile4 ,)\t a /alk ( any    

k9d4    ,simple4 ,( "o piece2 n comp\nd4
    ,s9uate4 ,deeply or /rongly undulate
 or wavy4    ,s9us4 ,a recess1 cleft1 or
 gap betwe5 two lobes4    ,spatulate4   
,spatula-%ap$4    ,spike4 ,an           
infloresc5ce consi/+ ( a c5tral ra*is   
be>+ a                numb] ( /alkless  
fl[]s4    ,/am54 ,poll5-be>+ organ ( !  
fl[]4    ,/am9ate4 ,be>+ /am5s4         
,/ellate4 ,/>-%ap$4    ,/ipule4 ,a leafy
 app5dage atta*$ to ! twig at ! base ( a
                petiole2 usually 9      
pairs1 "o on ea* side1 (t5              
%$d+ e>ly4    ,/riate4 ,) f9e grooves1  
ridges1 or l9es ( color4    ,suture4    
,l9e ( dehisc5ce4    ,subglobose4 ,globe
 %ap$1 b slightly flatt5$4              
,subsessile4 ,almo/ /alkless4           
,tom5tose4 ,coat$ ) %ort1 matt$ woolly  
hair4    ,truncate4 ,hav+ a blunt tip or
 end1 appe>+ z if abruptly cut (f       
transv]sely4    ,undulate4 ,wavy4       
,unisexual4 ,hav+ /am5s & pi/ils 9      
sep>ate fl[]s4    ,valvate4 ,op5+ by    
valves z 9 a capsule or "s leaf buds2   

meet+                at ! edges )\t     
ov]lapp+4    ,:orl4 ,circul> arrangem5t 
( app5dages at a node4    ,woolly4      
,clo!d ) long1 matt$ hairs4             
,footnotes      #a;,= ! purposes ( ?is  
pap]1 p9e sites are def9$ z =e/$        
upl&s1 exclud+ ^? gr[+ cove-type        
h>dwoods1 t are      support+ s\!rn p9e 
or %[ evid5ce1 su* z /umps1 ( its       
=m] occurr5ce4                          
,index                                  
,a    ,ac] rubrum1 #e1 #ed        v>4   
drummondii1 #e1 #ed        v>4 trid5s1  
#e    ,am]ican elm1 #d1 #dd    ,a%1     
gre51 #e1 #fj        :ite1 #e1 #eh      
,b    ,bitt]nut hickory1 #b1 #af        
,blackgum1 #e1 #ef    ,blackjack oak1   
#d1 #cj    ,black oak1 #c1 #bb    ,black
 tupelo1 #e1 #ef                        
,c    ,c>ya cordi=mis1 #b1 #af          
glabra1 #b1 #ab        ovata1 #b1 #ad   
tom5tosa1 #b1 #aj    ,celtis laevigata1 
#d1 #df        occid5talis1 #d          
,*]ryb>k oak1 #c1 #bj    ,*e/nut oak1   
#d1 #dj                                 

,e    ,elm1 ,am]ican1 #d1 #dd           
w+$1 #d1 #db                            
,f    ,frax9us am]icana1 #e1 #eh        
p5nsylvanica1 #e1 #fj                   
,g    ,gre5 a%1 #e1 #fj                 
,h    ,hackb]ry1 #d1 #df    ,hickory1   
bitt]nut1 #b1 #af        mock]nut1 #b1  
#aj        pignut1 #b1 #ab              
%agb>k1 #b1 #ad                         
,l    ,laurel oak1 #d1 #cb              
,liriod5dron tulipif]a1 #d1 #dh         
,liquidamb> /yraciflua1 #e1 #eb         
,m    ,magnolia virg9iana1 #d1 #ej      
,maple1 r$1 #e1 #ed    ,mock]nut        
hickory1 #b1 #aj                        
,n    ,nor!rn r$ oak1 #c1 #bf    ,nyssa 
sylvatica1 #e1 #ef                      
,o    ,oak1 black1 #c1 #bb              
blackjack1 #d1 #cj        *]ryb>k1 #c1  
#bj        *e/nut1 #d1 #dj              
laurel1 #d1 #cb        nor!rn r$1 #c1   
#bf        po/1 #d1 #ch        sc>let1  
#c1 #bd        ,%um>d1 #c1 #bh          
s\!rn r$1 #c1 #ah        swamp *e/nut1  
#d        wat]1 #d1 #cd        :ite1 #d1

 #cf                                    
,p    ,pignut hickory1 #b1 #ab    ,po/  
oak1 #d1 #ch                            
,q    ,qu]cus alba1 #d1 #cf             
cocc9ea1 #c1 #bd        falcata1 #c1 #ah
        falcata v>4 pagodaefolia1 #c1   
#bj        hemispha]ica1 #d             
laurifolia1 #d1 #cb        m>il&ica1 #d1
 #cj        mi*auxii1 #d        nigra1  
#d1 #cd        pr9us1 #d1 #dj           
rubra1 #c1 #bf        %um>dii1 #c1 #bh  
/ellata1 #d1 #ch        velut9a1 #c1 #bb
                                        
,r    ,r$gum1 #e1 #eb    ,r$ maple1 #e1 
#ed                                     
,s    ,sc>let oak1 #c1 #bd    ,%agb>k   
hickory1 #b1 #ad    ,%um>d oak1 #c1 #bh 
,s\!rn r$ oak1 #c1 #ah    ,sug>b]ry1 #d1
 #df    ,swamp *e/nut oak1 #d           
,sweetbay1 #e1 #ej    ,sweetgum1 #e1 #eb
                                        
,t    ,tupelo1 black1 #e1 #ef           
,u    ,ulmus alata1 #d1 #db             
am]icana1 #d1 #dd                       
,w    ,wat] oak1 #d1 #cd    ,:ite a%1   

#e1 #eh    ,:ite oak1 #d1 #cf    ,w+$   
elm1 #d1 #db                            
,y    ,yell[-popl>1 #d1 #dh             
,br[n1 ,c4 ,a4 & ,h4 ,e4 ,grel54        
#aigg4 ,id5tify+ h>dwoods gr[+ on p9e   
sites4 ,,usda ,=4 ,s]v4                 
,g54 ,te*4 ,rep4 ,,s-#ae1 #fi p4 ,s\?4  
,=4 ,exp4 ,/n41 ,new                    
,orleans1 ,la4    ,?is publication      
illu/rates & describes #bf h>dwood      
species or  v>ieties1 includ+ #af oaks &
 hickories1 ) photographs ( leaves1     
b>k1 buds1 fl[]s1 & fruits4 ,l9e draw+s 
feature ! w9t]  silh\ette ( ea* species 
& a key is includ$ to assi/ 9           
id5tification4                   ,u4,s4 
,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice              
#aigh--ggb-bca                          
,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture    
,,=e/ ,,s]vice                          
,,s\!rn ,,=e/ ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation       
,t-#ajbaj ,,po/al ,,s]vice ,,build+4    
#gja ,,loyola ,,ave4                    
,,new ,,orleans1 ,,l\isiana #gjaac      
,,(ficial ,,bus9ess                     

,,p5alty ,,= ,,private ,,use1 #cjj      
,,po/age ,,& ,,fees ,,paid              
,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,(                  
,,agriculture                           
,,agr-#aja                         ,,an 
,,equal ,,opportunity ,,employ]         
,,?ird ,,class                          
,transcrib]'s ,notes      --,reta9$     
publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3
 ?is e,book    is public-doma9 9 !      
c\ntry ( publication4    --,9 ! text    
v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$
 by    und]scores4    --,creat$ a ,table
 ( ,cont5ts bas$ on ! *apt] head+s4