,clair ,a4 ,brown ,harold ,e4 ,grelen ,,identifying ,,hardwoods ,,growing ,,on ,,pine ,,sites ,southern ,forest ,experiment ,station ,u4,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,forest ,service ,general ,technical ,report ,,so-#ae ,acknowledgments ,the authors thank ,bryan ,a4 ,jowers1 ,glendale1 ,california1 for the excellent winter silhouettes4 ,for help in obtaining specimens or photographs of species not easily accessible to us1 we thank the following3 ,roger ,w4 ,barbour1 ,university of ,kentucky2 ,william ,harlow1 ,college of ,environmental ,science and ,forestry1 ,state ,university of ,new ,york2 ,richard ,johnson1 ,caroline ,dormon ,nature ,preserve2 ,betty ,e4 ,lemon1 ,university of ,southwestern ,louisiana2 ,r4 ,dale ,thomas1 ,northeast ,louisiana ,university2 and ,lino ,della-,bianca and ,edwin ,r4 ,lawson of the ,u4,s4 ,forest ,service4 ,summary ,this publication illustrates and describes #bf hardwood species or varieties1 including #af oaks and hickories1 with photographs of leaves1 bark1 buds1 flowers1 and fruits4 ,line drawings feature the winter silhouette of each species and a key is included to assist in identification4 ,,us4 ,department of ,agriculture ,forest ,service ,general ,technical ,report ,,so-#ae ,identifying ,hardwoods ,growing ,on ,pine ,sites ,,clair ,a4 ,,brown ,professor ,emeritus1 ,department of ,botany ,louisiana ,state ,university ,baton ,rouge1 ,louisiana ,,harold ,e4 ,,grelen ,principal ,range ,scientist ,southern ,forest ,experiment ,station ,forest ,service--,,usda ,pineville1 ,louisiana #aigg ,for sale by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4,s4 ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb ,contents ,page ,overview of ,southern ,hardwoods #a ,key to ,hardwoods #f ,species ,described and ,illustrated ,mockernut hickory #aj ,pignut hickory #ab ,shagbark hickory #ad ,bitternut hickory #af ,southern red oak #ah ,cherrybark oak #bj ,black oak #bb ,scarlet oak #bd ,northern red oak #bf ,shumard oak #bh ,blackjack oak #cj ,laurel oak #cb ,water oak #cd ,white oak #cf ,post oak #ch ,chestnut oak #dj ,winged elm #db ,american elm #dd ,sugarberry #df ,yellow-poplar #dh ,sweetbay #ej ,sweetgum #eb ,red maple #ed ,black tupelo #ef ,white ash #eh ,green ash #fj ,selected ,references #fc ,glossary #fe ,index #fi ,overview of ,southern ,hardwoods ,throughout the ,south some #di billion cubic feet of small1 low-quality hardwoods are growing on southern pine sites#a 7,staff1 ,for4 ,resour4 ,res4 ,work ,unit #aigf74 ,this material is usually wasted2 if the site is prepared for regeneration to pine1 the hardwoods there are destroyed4 ,research is underway to find economical methods of harvesting and utilizing these hardwoods4 ,the descriptions1 key1 and illustrations in this book should help wood utilization researchers1 especially those new to the ,south1 to identify the most prevalent hardwood species on southern pine sites 7,table #a74 ,table #a4--;,important hardwoods on southern pine sites1 ranked according to percentage of total hardwood volume ,percentages were derived from ,staff1 ,for4 ,resour4 ,res4 ,work ,unit 7#aigf74 ,nomenclature used herein follows ,little 7#aiec74 ,species ,percent ,sweetgum ,liquidambar styraciflua ,l4 #ac4b ,white oak ,quercus alba ,l4 #ab4c ,hickory ,carya spp4 #h4e ,southern red oak ,quercus falcata ,michx4 #h4a ,post oak ,quercus stellata ,wangenh4 #g4j ,yellow-poplar ,liriodendron tulipifera ,l4 #g4j ,black tupelo ,nyssa sylvatica ,marsh4 #e4e ,water oak ,quercus nigra ,l4 #d4g ,black oak ,quercus velutina ,lam4 #d4j ,scarlet oak ,quercus coccinea ,muenchh4 #c4f ,red maple ,acer rubrum ,l4 #c4f ,chestnut oak ,quercus prinus ,l4 #b4i ,northern red oak ,quercus rubra ,l4 #b4d ,laurel oak ,quercus laurifolia ,michx4 #a4d ,elm ,ulmus spp4 #a4d ,cherrybark oak ,quercus falcata var4 pagodaefolia ,ell4 #a4b ,ash ,fraxinus spp4 4#i ,sweetbay ,magnolia virginiana ,l4 4#f ,shumard oak ,quercus shumardii ,buckl4 4#b ,hackberry ,celtis spp4 4#a ,other hardwoods including blackjack oak 7,quercus #aa4d marilandica ,muenchh47 ,total hardwoods #ajj4j ,hickories have alternate compound leaves with #e to #ac leaflets4 ,they are monoecious2 that is1 the stamens and pistil are borne in separate flowers on the same plant4 ,flowers generally develop after the leaves are three-fourths to full grown4 ,staminate flowers are in catkins1 which occur on last year's wood and usually have three branches4 ,the stalkless pistillate flowers are in several-flowered spikes at the apex of the current season's growth4 ,catkins last from #aj days to #c weeks and are usually not useful in distinguishing the species4 ,the fruit1 however1 is widely used for identification4 ,the husk may be very thin 7about #a mm71 moderately thick 7#c to #e mm71 or very thick 7more than #e mm74 ,similarly1 the shell may be thin1 moderately thick1 or very thick4 ,the meat varies from sweet to bitter4 ,upon drying1 the husk usually separates along sutures and frees the nut4 ,in some species the husk partly splits at the sutures but still encloses the nut when it falls4 ,such nuts are usually sterile1 because the meat is seldom filled out4 ,for identification purposes use nuts from the ground with caution2 if more than one species grows in the vicinity1 the fruits could be mixed4 ,also some trees shed defective or sterile fruits early1 and these fruits are often different in shape and size from typical fruit4 ,hickories are generally divided into true hickories1 which have overlapping 7imbricate7 bud scales1 and pecan hickories1 which have valvate bud scales4 ,true hickories are divided into those with tight bark and those with loose bark4 ,mockernut ,hickory1 ,carya tomentosa ,nutt41 a tight bark species1 has very pubescent leaves1 large buds1 and a thick husk over a large nut4 ,pignut ,hickory1 ,c4 glabra 7,mill47 ,sweet1 also a tight bark hickory1 has three to nine glabrous leaflets and a tardily dehiscing husk about #c mm thick4 ,shagbark ,hickory1 ,c4 ovata 7,mill47 ,k4 ,koch1 is one of the few species with bark in thin1 loose plates4 ,it has small buds and usually has five leaflets4 ,bitternut ,hickory1 ,c4 cordiformis 7,wangenh47 ,k4 ,koch1 belongs to the pecan hickory group and has yellow buds with valvate scales4 ,it also has tight bark1 thin four-winged husks1 thin shells1 and bitter meat4 ,oaks are also monoecious1 and staminate flowers are in drooping catkins1 which consist of a central1 flexible axis with sessile1 apetalous and pubescent flowers4 ,they are most abundant on the developing new twigs4 ,although catkins vary among oaks1 they are usually not used as distinguishing characteristics because they last only #b to #c weeks4 ,pistillate flowers occur on wood of the previous season and in leaf axils of twigs4 ,in red oaks1 however1 pistillate flowers on current twigs do not mature until the second fall4 ,the fruit1 a nut or acorn1 consists of the seed enclosed in a shell4 ,the nut is seated in a cup consisting of many scales4 ,at maturity nuts are shed from the tree by shrinkage of the cup 7dehydration74 ,considerable variation in mature acorn size occurs among trees of a species1 notably in water oak1 willow oak1 and white oak4 ,differences in foliage within a species also complicate identification4 ,apparently because lower leaves receive less sunlight they differ in size and appearance from those in the middle or upper crown4 ,most taxonomists prefer a specimen from the upper half of the crown because they consider leaves from this area typical for the species4 ,to get such specimens easily1 use a tree pruner and take leaves from at least #bj to #cj feet off the ground or collect them from freshly felled trees4 ,moreover1 foliage of seedlings and small saplings often differs from that of mature trees1 and spring and summer growth flushes on the same branch often appear markedly different4 ,this seasonal variation has been noted for many oaks1 including laurel1 post1 blackjack1 and especially water oak4 ,for example1 by late ,march or ,april1 water oak leaves reach their normal size and shape--obovate with a wavy apex2 the second flush of growth1 which starts in late ,april or ,may1 produces lobed leaves4 ,identification is further complicated because hybrids commonly occur among the oaks4 ,the oaks are divided into two main groups3 the white oaks and the red 7or black7 oaks4 ,the white oaks have leaves with rounded lobes and no bristles2 acorns mature the first fall1 and the inner surface of the shell is glabrous4 ,white oak1 chestnut oak1 and post oak belong to this group4 ,the red oak group is characterized by bristle-tipped leaf lobes in such species as ,shumard1 southern red1 northern red1 cherrybark1 and black oak4 ,the red oak group also includes non-lobed species such as water1 laurel1 and willow oak1 which usually have entire margins4 ,blackjack oak leaves usually lack lobes and bristles1 but leaves with terminal lobes occasionally occur and may have one bristle per lobe4 ,acorns mature the second fall1 and the inner surface of the shell is pubescent4 ,southern ,red ,oak1 ,quercus falcata ,michx41 and its variety ,cherrybark ,oak1 ,q4 falcata var4 pagodaefolia ,ell41 have almost identical acorns1 but they can be distinguished by other characteristics4 ,the leaf base of southern red oak is somewhat bell-shaped1 but that of cherrybark is not4 ,southern red oak forms heavy ridges of bark2 cherrybark does not4 ,the distinctive feature of ,black ,oak1 ,q4 velutina ,lam41 is its yellow-orange inner bark4 ,its leaves take three forms4 ,seedlings to small saplings have a 8bear-paw0 leaf with only a suggestion of lobing4 ,lower leaves on large trees also have little lobing1 but leaves from the middle and upper crown are clearly lobed4 ,the uppermost leaves1 which have seven lobes and deep sinuses1 are usually illustrated as typical4 ,scarlet1 ,q4 coccinea ,muenchh41 ,northern ,red1 ,q4 rubra ,l41 and ,shumard ,oak1 ,q4 shumardii ,buckl41 are difficult to distinguish4 ,northern red oak leaves have shallow sinuses and a dull-green upper surface with little or no pubescence in the vein axils on the underside4 ,shumard oak leaves have a glossier surface1 shallow to deep sinuses that are usually wider than the adjacent lobes1 and definite hairiness at the vein axils4 ,the sinuses of scarlet oak are also usually wider than their adjacent lobes1 which are usually toothed4 ,both ,shumard and scarlet oak have outstanding fall coloration4 ,blackjack ,oak1 ,q4 marilandica ,muenchh41 can be recognized by its leathery1 usually entire1 broadly obovate leaf1 which has a rusty undersurface4 ,the branches are stout1 irregular1 gnarled1 drooping to horizontal4 ,laurel ,oak1 ,q4 laurifolia ,michx41 and ,water ,oak1 ,q4 nigra ,l41 are similar in size and shape1 but water oak has oblong-obovate or spatula-shaped leaves gradually narrowed to a wedge-shaped base4 ,laurel oak leaves are elliptic to oblong-ovate4 ,laurel oaks tend to shed leaves late and thus may retain about #cj to #ej percent of their lower leaves after water oaks are bare4 ,some recent authors separate the laurel oaks into two species1 upland laurel oak1 ,q4 hemisphaerica ,bartr41 and swamp laurel oak1 ,q4 laurifolia ,michx4 ,white ,oak1 ,q4 alba ,l41 has a thin1 light green leaf with a light glaucous bloom at maturity2 it is oblong or ovate1 with rounded lobes and three to five narrow sinuses extending nearly to the mid-rib4 ,the cup scales of the acorn-cup are heavy and distinct4 ,post ,oak1 ,q4 stellata ,wangenh41 has stout1 irregular branches4 ,the leathery leaves are usually five-lobed2 usually the two side lobes are at right angles to the central axis1 thus forming a cross-shaped leaf4 ,chestnut ,oak1 ,q4 prinus ,l41 resembles swamp chestnut oak1 ,q4 michauxii ,nutt41 a commercially important tree southwide4 ,chestnut oak is primarily a northeastern tree1 extending into the ,south along the ,appalachian highlands into northern ,georgia and ,alabama where its range overlaps that of swamp chestnut oak1 and its leaves lack the dense pubescence found on those of swamp chestnut oak4 ,common elms include ,american ,elm1 ,ulmus americana ,l41 and ,winged ,elm1 ,u4 alata ,michx4 ,both bloom after a freeze breaks dormancy4 ,for example1 if a killing frost occurs in the last week of ,november or the first week of ,december1 ,american elm will bloom the first week of ,january4 ,if no killing frost occurs by early ,december4 ,american elm may not bloom until the third week of ,january4 ,winged elm usually blooms #aj days to #b weeks later than ,american elm4 ,small winged elm trees frequently have a corky outgrowth on opposite sides of twigs at least #c years old4 ,mature trees often lack this characteristic4 ,the ,american elm leaf has unequal basal lobing and pubescent or ciliate samaras about #ab mm in diameter2 winged elm has a smaller leaf with round to acute leaf bases and a very ciliate samara about #h mm long4 ,young ,sugarberry1 ,celtis laevigata ,willd41 and ,hackberry1 ,c4 occidentalis ,l41 trees are readily recognized by a whitish to light gray bark dotted with small corky warts4 ,older trees often have relatively smooth1 light to medium gray bark4 ,leaf margins of sugarberry are usually entire or indistinctly toothed2 the upper half of hackberry leaves are usually conspicuously serrate4 ,both species produce tiny flowers on the new growth when the leaves are about half normal size4 ,the fruit of sugarberry is orange-red to black2 that of hackberry is dark red to nearly black at maturity4 ,yellow-poplar1 ,liriodendron tulipifera ,l41 or tulip tree1 has alternate1 four- to six-lobed leaves with truncate to distinctly notched apices1 a unique feature among ,american trees4 ,the flowers are tulip-like with red markings on a greenish-yellow background4 ,the fruit is a cone-like aggregate of samaras4 ,sweetbay1 ,magnolia virginiana ,l41 produces moderate-sized trunks on uplands or numerous pole-like suckers in branch bottoms4 ,it is evergreen in the southern part of its range and deciduous in the northern portion4 ,a wind blowing in the crown will expose the silvery underside of the leaves4 ,the white flowers1 about #e to #aj cm in diameter1 open for the first time about #c p4m4 and close about #i p4m4 ,they reopen the next morning and shed their stamens4 ,the fruit is a green pickle-like aggregate of follicles that splits open to reveal red seeds4 ,sweetbay and yellow-poplar1 both members of the ,magnolia family1 have stipule scars circling the twigs4 ,sweetgum1 ,liquidambar styraciflua ,l41 or redgum1 is easily recognized by its alternate1 star-shaped1 palmately lobed leaves4 ,some trees have corky outgrowths on the small branches4 ,its flower consists of several round clusters of stamens arranged in a raceme and a stalked pistillate head that develops into a spiny1 woody fruit containing many seeds4 ,red ,maple1 ,acer rubrum ,l41 has simple1 opposite leaves that are usually glaucous and pubescent4 ,the flowers appear in early ,february and the fruit is a double samara4 ,the variety ,a4 rubrum var4 drummondii 7,hook4 and ,arn47 ,sarg41 which has densely matted white hairs on the undersides of young leaves1 grows in swamps throughout the ,south4 ,leaves may have three to five lobes1 but southern trees are predominantly three-lobed4 ,for this reason1 some authors recognize the southern form as ,a4 rubrum var4 tridens ,woods4 ,the leaves of ,black ,tupelo 7blackgum7 ,nyssa sylvatica ,marsh41 are alternate1 elliptical to obovate1 and become spotted early in their development1 turning purplish in ,september before their early shedding4 ,the flowers are small1 inconspicuous1 and produce a blue-black fruit4 ,two of the most common ashes are ,white ,ash1 ,fraxinus americana ,l41 and ,green ,ash1 ,f4 pennsylvanica ,marsh4 ,the most reliable distinction between the two species appears to be samara differences4 ,white ash has a plump1 short seed end with the wing practically terminal1 whereas green ash has a slender seed end and the wing extends more than halfway down the seed end4 ,white ash usually has a rounded leaflet base1 but green ash has wedge-shaped leaflet bases4 ,the undersurfaces of fresh white ash leaves are white1 but the color is difficult to detect on dry specimens4 ,green ash leaves are green on both surfaces1 although somewhat paler on undersurfaces4 ,key ,to ,hardwoods ,the key is composed of paired statements1 one true and one false for any given specimen4 ,the guide numbers at the end of statements are used to locate the next pair4 ,follow the true statements until you come to a common name4 ,if you have made no mistake in interpreting the paired statements1 you should arrive at the correct identity of the specimen4 ,then check the text and illustration4 #a4 ,leaves compound1 with blades divided into leaflets #b #a4 ,leaves simple1 blades not divided into leaflets #g #b4 ,leaves with opposite arrangement on twigs #c #b4 ,leaves with alternate arrangement on twigs #d #c4 ,leaflets with rounded bases1 conspicuously whitish below when fresh2 seed end of samara thickened1 wing terminal only ,white ,ash #c4 ,leaflets with wedge-shaped bases1 green below2 wing terminal and extending about half the length of the seed ,green ,ash #d4 ,buds valvate2 buds1 fruits1 and lower surface of leaflets covered with yellow glandular scales2 fruit winged on upper half of husk suture1 husk thin1 shell thin1 meat bitter ,bitternut ,hickory #d4 ,buds imbricate1 composed of overlapping scales #e #e4 ,leaflets typically #e1 glabrous except for a few hairs on rachis and midribs2 bark shaggy ,shagbark ,hickory #e4 ,leaflets #g #f #f4 ,leaflets densely tomentose2 bark tight1 in diamond-shaped pattern2 husk very thick1 shell thick1 meat sweet ,mockernut ,hickory #f4 ,leaflets usually glabrous2 bark tight1 in diamond-shaped pattern2 husk moderately thick1 shell thick1 meat sweet1 husk tardily dehiscent ,pignut ,hickory #g4 ,leaves essentially evergreen1 large percentage staying on trees until bud expansion1 dark green above1 silky white pubescent below2 flowers white1 about #e to #h cm in diameter ,sweetbay #g4 ,leaves typically deciduous1 or trees retaining some dead leaves to bud expansion #h #h4 ,leaf margins entire #i #h4 ,leaf margins lobed or toothed #ab #i4 ,leaves with rusty pubescence below1 broadly obovate1 leathery bases tapering to cordate or cuneate ,blackjack ,oak #i4 ,leaves essentially glabrous or with a few hairs in vein axils #aj #aj4 ,leaves shiny below1 elliptic or rhombic to spatulate ,laurel ,oak #aj4 ,leaves dull green below #aa #aa4 ,leaves elliptic to obovate1 strongly veined with purple spots and discoloration in summer2 fruit a drupe ,black ,tupelo #aa4 ,leaves abruptly obovate1 bases wedge-shaped1 few lateral veins2 fruit an acorn ,water ,oak #ab4 ,leaf margins toothed #ac #ab4 ,leaf margins lobed #af #ac4 ,margins indistinctly toothed1 blades narrowly to broadly ovate1 base unequal1 apex long acuminate ,sugarberry #ac4 ,margins distinctly toothed #ad #ad4 ,teeth obtuse or rounded1 leaf base wedge-shaped1 stellate pubescent below ,chestnut ,oak #ad4 ,teeth sharp #ae #ae4 ,leaves normally elliptic1 veins prominent below1 bases rounded2 corky outgrowths on older branches1 often lacking on large trees ,winged ,elm #ae4 ,leaves broadly oval1 pinnate veins distinct1 margins doubly toothed1 bases oblique1 unequally rounded ,american ,elm #af4 ,leaves palmately lobed #ag #af4 ,leaves pinnately or apically lobed #ah #ag4 ,leaves opposite1 more or less glaucous and pubescent below2 fruit a double samara ,red ,maple #ag4 ,leaves alternate1 glabrous below2 fruit spherical1 woody with spine-like projections2 corky outgrowths on branches frequent ,sweetgum #ah4 ,blades truncate to notched at apex1 #d-lobed2 fruit an aggregate of samaras2 flower conspicuous1 greenish-yellow with red markings ,yellow-poplar #ah4 ,blades with acute to obtuse apices #ai #ai4 ,blades apically #c-lobed #bj #ai4 ,blades pinnately lobed #ba #bj4 ,blades broadly obovate1 base rounded1 rusty pubescent below ,blackjack ,oak #bj4 ,blades narrowly obovate1 base wedge-shaped1 mostly glabrous ,water ,oak #ba4 ,leaves with rounded lobes #bb #ba4 ,leaves with bristle tips to lobes and lateral teeth #bc #bb4 ,leaves with #g to #i lobes1 divided nearly to the midrib1 whitish below ,white ,oak #bb4 ,leaves with #e unequal lobes1 upper lateral pair larger1 squarish1 at right angles to midrib1 crosslike in appearance1 pubescent below ,post ,oak #bc4 ,leaves pubescent below1 whitish to tawny #bd #bc4 ,leaves glabrous below or with a few hairs on midrib and in vein axils #bf #bd4 ,leaves with #g to #i lobes1 terminal lobes long1 strap-shaped1 slightly curved1 bases bell-shaped ,southern ,red ,oak #bd4 ,leaves with #g to #aa lobes #be #be4 ,leaves oblong1 #g to #aa lobes1 base broadly wedge-shaped to truncate1 secondary lobes rare2 inner bark reddish ,cherrybark ,oak #be4 ,leaves broadly oval1 #g to #i lobes1 each lobe with secondary bristle-tipped teeth2 inner bark yellow-orange ,black ,oak #bf4 ,upper leaf surface glossy green #bg #bf4 ,upper leaf surface dull green1 #g to #i lobes1 #h to #bb cm long1 round sinuses extending less than half way to midrib ,northern ,red ,oak #bg4 ,leaves with #g to #i narrow lobes1 sinuses extending more than halfway to midrib ,scarlet ,oak #bg4 ,leaves with #e to #g narrow lobes1 rounded sinuses1 extending about three-fourths of way to midrib ,shumard ,oak ,species ,described and ,illustrated ,mockernut ,hickory ,carya tomentosa ,nutt4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark grayish1 tight1 marked with distinct diamond-shaped ridges and furrows4 ,branches stout1 drooping to spreading and ascending4 ,twigs #aj to #ab mm in diameter1 conspicuous leaf scars4 ,buds 7terminal7 #aj to #ae mm long1 #e to #h mm in diameter1 scales imbricate4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 odd-pinnately compound1 #bj to #dj cm long with #e to #g drooping leaflets2 yellow hairs and glandular hairs on lower leaflet surface1 apex acuminate1 margin finely serrate1 base obtuse1 on very short petiolules4 ,flowers unisexual1 appearing in spring with developing leaves1 staminate in #c-parted drooping catkins1 pistillate terminal on new growth4 ,fruit subglobose to obovate1 #c to #e cm in diameter1 husk #a cm thick1 slow to open1 shell of nut thick and hard1 meat sweet4 ,illustration3 ,mockernut ,hickory_/,carya tomentosa ,pignut ,hickory ,carya glabra 7,mill47 ,sweet ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark light to dark gray1 often blackish1 rough and deeply furrowed4 ,branches stout1 drooping to spreading4 ,twigs #c to #e mm in diameter1 reddish brown1 smooth4 ,buds ovoid1 acute1 glabrous1 #h to #ab mm long1 scales imbricate4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 odd-pinnately compound1 #bj to #dj cm long1 usually with #g leaflets2 upper pair and terminal largest1 #aj to #ae cm long by #d to #f cm wide1 broadly oval to slightly obovate4 ,flowers unisexual1 staminate in #c-;branched catkins appearing about the time of leaf maturity2 pistillate terminal on new growth4 ,fruit oblong to obovoid to obpyriform1 #cj mm in diameter by #ce mm long1 husk about #c mm thick1 tardily dehiscent1 shell of nut thick1 meat sweet4 ,illustration3 ,pignut ,hickory_/,carya glabra ,shagbark ,hickory ,carya ovata 7,mill47 ,k4 ,koch ,bark smooth at first1 then breaking into long1 flat1 irregular gray strips1 to #e mm thick1 usually attached at the apex1 free at the base4 ,branches stout1 smooth1 spreading to ascending4 ,twigs stout1 orange-brown1 leaf scars large4 ,buds 7terminal71 #aj to #bj mm long1 #f to #h mm in diameter1 scales imbricate4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 odd-pinnately compound with #e to #g leaflets1 usually #e to #ah cm wide and #bj to #ce cm long2 lateral leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate1 terminal leaflet usually obovate1 apices acute to acuminate1 margins finely serrate1 bases wedge-shaped1 more or less yellow1 pubescent below1 gradually becoming glabrous with age4 ,flowers unisexual1 appearing in spring with the developing leaves1 staminate in #c-lobed catkins1 pistillate on new growth4 ,fruits subglobose1 #b4e to #f cm in diameter1 husk #c to #e mm thick1 shell of nut hard and moderately thin1 meat sweet4 ,illustration3 ,shagbark ,hickory_/,carya ovata ,bitternut ,hickory ,carya cordiformis 7,wangenh47 ,k4 ,koch ,bark brown to slate gray1 smooth to lightly furrowed or with strongly interlaced ridges4 ,branches stiff1 ascending1 spreading4 ,twigs slender1 glossy1 often with yellow glands early in the season4 ,buds compressed1 ovoid1 #f to #aj mm long1 covered with yellow1 valvate glandular scales4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 odd-pinnately compound1 #ae to #be cm long with #g to #i leaflets1 #g to #ae cm long and #c to #f cm wide2 lateral leaflets narrowly to broadly elliptic1 terminal leaflet largest and usually obovate1 apex acuminate1 margin finely serrate1 base wedge-shaped1 with yellow glands on undersurfaces and on rachis4 ,flowers unisexual1 staminate in #c-;branched catkins appearing after leaves2 pistillate terminal on new growth4 ,fruit ovate to subglobose1 #b to #c cm in diameter1 often slightly compressed1 #d-winged on sutures from apex to middle of husk1 husk thin1 covered with yellow glandular scales1 shell of nut thin1 meat very bitter4 ,illustration3 ,bitternut ,hickory_/,carya cordiformis ,southern ,red ,oak ,quercus falcata ,michx4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark dark brown to grayish black1 divided by shallow1 irregular fissures into broad ridges4 ,branches stout1 spreading to ascending4 ,twigs #b to #e mm in diameter1 dull reddish brown4 ,buds ovoid1 angulate #h to #ac mm long1 apex acute4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple1 many remaining as dead foliage until spring1 ovate to obovate with bell-shaped base1 #aj to #bh cm long1 #g to #cj cm wide2 with #c to #i lobes and margins with deep rounded sinuses2 when #c-lobed1 central lobe strap-shaped and toothed near the apex and side lobes acute to acuminate1 somewhat falcate2 permanently pubescent below1 white at first1 turning rust4 ,flowers unisexual1 staminate in tomentose catkins as leaves unfold2 pistillate in leaf axils on twigs4 ,fruit an acorn1 small1 spherical to hemispherical2 cup #ab to #ae mm wide1 shallow saucer-shaped1 enclosing about one-fourth to one-half of the nut2 nut #h to #ab mm long4 ,illustration3 ,southern ,red ,oak_/,quercus falcata ,cherrybark ,oak ,quercus falcata var4 pagodaefolia ,ell4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark dark gray to gray-black consisting of appressed scales in narrow flat ridges with shallow furrows4 ,branches stout1 spreading to ascending4 ,twigs #b to #d mm in diameter1 reddish1 lightly fluted4 ,buds ovoid1 #aj to #ae mm long1 angled1 scales pubescent with dark margins4 ,leaves alternate1 tardily deciduous1 persisting into ,december1 simple1 oval to oblong1 #ab to #bj cm long1 #g to #h cm wide2 with #e to #aa lobes1 major lobes opposite each other1 large rounded sinuses extending nearly to the midrib1 margin entire with occasional bristle-tipped teeth near the apex of the lobes1 dark green above1 permanently pubescent below1 sometimes thinly so1 varying from white to rust color1 especially on drying4 ,flowers as in ,q4 falcata4 ,fruit an acorn broader than tall2 cups #ab to #ae mm wide2 nut about #h to #aj mm long1 subglobose1 flattened at base1 rounded at apex4 ,illustration3 ,cherrybark ,oak_/,quercus falcata var4 pagodaefolia ,black ,oak ,quercus velutina ,lam4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark brownish-black on older trees1 with thick1 broad scaly ridges and deep furrows2 inner bark yellow-orange--the only ,american oak with this feature4 ,branches stout1 spreading to ascending4 ,twigs about #e mm in diameter1 reddish brown to dark brown1 lightly fluted4 ,buds ovoid1 #aj to #ae mm long1 lateral buds sharply angled1 scales ciliate1 margin dark4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple2 membranous in seedlings and saplings to somewhat leathery in the middle to upper crown2 lower leaves broadly elliptic to obovate1 #ae to #cj cm long1 #aj to #ae cm wide1 entire to faintly lobed2 middle-crown leaves #aj to #bj cm long1 #aj to #ae cm wide1 distinctly #e to #i lobed with broad rounded sinuses with apical bristles on each lobe2 upper-crown leaves oblong to obovate1 #h to #bj cm long1 #h to #ae cm wide2 dark shiny green above1 yellow scurfy pubescence on young leaves of middle and upper crown1 petioles #d to #f cm long1 yellow to reddish4 ,flowers unisexual2 staminate catkins #g to #ae cm long2 pistillate on short tomentose peduncles4 ,fruit an oval to obovoid acorn #aj to #be mm long2 cup cup-shaped to conical enclosing about one-half of the nut4 ,illustration3 ,black ,oak_/,quercus velutina ,scarlet ,oak ,quercus coccinea ,muenchh4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark dark grayish-black1 divided into irregular fissures and scaly ridges4 ,branches stout1 spreading to ascending4 ,twigs #c to #d mm in diameter1 reddish1 turning a dull red4 ,buds ovoid1 acute1 #e to #g mm long1 covered with rounded1 lightly pubescent scales4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple2 glabrous1 except in axils of main veins on underside1 oval to slightly obovate1 #h to #ag cm long1 #e to #ac cm wide1 with #e to #i deep lobes often terminated by secondary lobes with bristle tips1 sinuses usually deep1 round1 and wider than lobes2 both surfaces pale green1 upper surface shiny1 bright scarlet in autumn1 petioles about #d cm long4 ,flowers unisexual2 staminate in catkins with developing leaves2 pistillate on pubescent peduncles4 ,fruit an acorn2 cup #ae to #cj mm wide1 covered with brown scales enclosing about one-third to one-half of the nut2 nut ovoid1 #aj to #bj mm long1 occasionally with ring grooves near apical point at maturity4 ,illustration3 ,scarlet ,oak_/,quercus coccinea ,northern ,red ,oak ,quercus rubra ,l4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark dark brown1 thick1 divided by shallow furrows into long1 flat-topped scaly ridges4 ,branches stout1 spreading and ascending to form a round-topped crown4 ,twigs slender1 reddish-brown to dark red4 ,buds ovate1 acute1 light brown1 #h to #aj mm long4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple1 oblong to oval to obovate1 #ab to #bb cm long1 #aj to #ae cm wide2 #g to #aa short lobes1 lobes #c-toothed1 bristle-tipped2 upper surface dull green4 ,flowers unisexual2 staminate in slender catkins appearing with the developing leaves1 pistillate inconspicuous on last year's wood4 ,fruit an acorn1 #ae to #cj mm long2 cup saucer-shaped1 enclosing about one-fourth of the nut4 ,illustration3 ,northern ,red ,oak_/,quercus rubra ,shumard ,oak ,quercus shumardii ,buckl4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark dark gray to blackish1 relatively smooth at first1 then breaking into scaly ridges4 ,branches spreading to ascending4 ,twigs about #e mm in diameter1 olive green then turning dark reddish4 ,buds clustered at apex #e to #g mm long1 sharp pointed1 strongly angled4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple2 oval to slightly obovate1 #aj to #bj cm long1 #f to #ae cm wide2 with #g to #aj bristle-tipped lobes1 lobes on upper crown leaves narrower to slightly wider than sinuses1 lobes on lower crown leaves wider than sinuses2 dark green above1 paler below1 glabrous except for vein axils on lower surface2 petiole about #e cm long4 ,flowers unisexual2 staminate in yellow catkins appearing with the unfolding leaves2 pistillate on pubescent peduncles4 ,fruit an acorn2 cup #bj to #ca mm across1 enclosing about one-fourth of the nut2 nut about #be mm long1 #ae mm in diameter4 ,illustration3 ,shumard ,oak_/,quercus shumardii ,blackjack ,oak ,quercus marilandica ,muenchh4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark black1 very rough1 consisting of thick blocky plates4 ,branches stout1 spreading to drooping4 ,twigs stout1 about #e mm in diameter4 ,buds with rusty brown hairs1 about #d to #h mm long4 ,leaves alternate1 tardily deciduous1 simple1 #g to #be cm long1 broadly obovate at apex 7bear-paw shape7 tapering to a narrow base1 margin entire or with #c bristle-tipped apical lobes1 upper surface dark green1 rusty pubescent on undersurfaces4 ,flowers unisexual2 staminate in catkins1 appearing with the leaves2 pistillate solitary or paired4 ,fruit an acorn1 cup enclosing one-half to two-thirds of the nut2 nut nearly ovoid1 #bj to #be mm long by #ae to #bj mm in diameter4 ,illustration3 ,blackjack ,oak_/,quercus marilandica ,laurel ,oak ,quercus laurifolia ,michx4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark nearly black1 divided into broad flat ridges by deep fissures4 ,twigs #b to #c mm in diameter1 usually reddish brown4 ,buds ovoid1 reddish brown1 #b to #d mm long4 ,leaves alternate1 semi-deciduous1 simple1 a few shed in fall1 a few persisting until spring2 elliptic to spatulate1 #g to #ae cm long1 #b to #d cm wide2 apex acute or obtuse1 margin entire1 base cuneate2 shiny green above1 paler below2 petioles #c to #e mm long1 midrib conspicuous on underside4 ,flowers unisexual2 staminate in catkins as leaves unfold2 pistillate on twigs at leaf scars4 ,fruit an acorn1 sessile to subsessile1 cup #ae to #bj mm wide1 enclosing about one-fourth of nut2 nut hemispheric1 rounded at apex and flattened at bottom1 #ae mm long4 ,illustration3 ,laurel ,oak_/,quercus laurifolia ,water ,oak ,quercus nigra ,l4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark smooth1 grayish black1 becoming scaly with age4 ,branches spreading to ascending1 forming a round-topped crown in the open4 ,twigs #c to #e mm in diameter1 gray4 ,buds ovoid1 acute1 reddish brown1 #c to #g mm long4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple2 variable in shape and size1 obovate to spatulate1 #e to #aj cm long1 #b to #e cm wide2 margin entire1 wavy to distinctly lobed in juvenile specimens2 sessile or with petiole to #a cm long4 ,flowers unisexual2 staminate catkins #e to #h cm long1 pistillate catkins short-peduncled4 ,fruit an acorn about #ae mm wide1 #aj mm high2 cup thin1 enclosing about one-fifth to one-third of the nut4 ,illustration3 ,water ,oak_/,quercus nigra ,white ,oak ,quercus alba ,l4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark light gray1 separated by shallow furrows into flat ridges with loose appressed scales4 ,branches stout1 drooping1 spreading to ascending4 ,twigs #b to #c mm in diameter1 reddish4 ,buds globose to ovoid1 angulate1 apex acute to obtuse1 #c to #e mm4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple1 oblong to obovate1 #g to #bj cm long1 #d to #aj cm wide1 with #g to #aa uneven1 rounded lobes and deep sinuses4 ,flowers unisexual1 in catkins1 preceding leaf expansion4 ,fruit an acorn1 #ae to #ce mm long1 #bj to #be mm in diameter1 cup #a4e to #c cm wide1 usually cup-shaped1 conspicuous with thickened scales1 enclosing one-fourth to one-third of the nut4 ,illustration3 ,white ,oak_/,quercus alba ,post ,oak ,quercus stellata ,wangenh4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark medium to dark gray1 with deep furrows1 scaly ridges4 ,branches stout1 irregular1 drooping to horizontal and ascending4 ,twigs #c to #e mm in diameter1 gray to brownish4 ,buds broadly ovate1 blunt to acute1 #e mm long1 clustered at apex of twig4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple2 obovate1 to #ah cm long1 #e to #aj cm wide2 divided into #e to #g sinuate rounded lobes1 the two lower lobes smaller than the upper pair1 upper lobes and the terminal lobe resembling a cross1 dark1 shiny green above1 grayish to brownish below1 leathery4 ,flowers unisexual2 staminate in catkins appearing with the unfolding leaves2 pistillate on last year's wood4 ,fruit an acorn1 #ac to #be mm long1 #f to #bj mm in diameter2 cup hemispherical1 enclosing about one-half of the nut1 cup scales rusty-pubescent2 nut ovate to ovate-oblong1 about #ae mm long4 ,illustration3 ,post ,oak_/,quercus stellata ,chestnut ,oak ,quercus prinus ,l4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark dark reddish brown to nearly black1 deeply furrowed with narrow ridges4 ,branches stout1 spreading to ascending4 ,twigs stout1 angulate1 smooth1 purplish-green when new1 turning orange or reddish-brown4 ,buds ovate-conical1 somewhat angulate1 #h to #ab mm long1 silky hairy4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple2 elliptic to obovate1 #aj to #cj cm long1 #c to #h cm wide2 somewhat leathery1 margin crenate with a vein ending in each rounded tooth1 smooth green above1 stellate-pubescent below4 ,flowers unisexual2 staminate in catkins #e to #aj cm long2 pistillate in short spikes on stout peduncles4 ,fruit an acorn #be to #ce mm long1 #ae to #be mm in diameter2 cup vase-shaped1 thin1 rough with thickened scales1 covering one-third to one-half of the nut4 ,illustration3 ,chestnut ,oak_/,quercus prinus ,winged ,elm ,ulmus alata ,michx4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark dark1 smooth at first becoming deeply furrowed on larger trees4 ,branches slender1 ascending to spreading1 corky ridges or wings on branches #c years or older4 ,twigs about #b mm in diameter1 light green tinged with red4 ,buds sharp-pointed1 divergent from twig #c to #d mm long4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple2 broadly ovate to elliptic1 #d to #h cm long1 #b to #d cm wide2 apex acute to short-acuminate1 margin doubly to triply serrate1 base rounded2 dull green above1 lighter green below with prominent pinnate veins4 ,flowers perfect1 abundant1 tiny1 opening just before leaves unfold1 several in a cluster at a leaf scar1 blooming late ,january into ,february4 ,fruit a samara1 flat and elliptic1 #f to #h mm long1 margin ciliate4 ,illustration3 ,winged ,elm_/,ulmus alata ,american ,elm ,ulmus americana ,l4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark gray to blackish1 thick1 divided into flat ridges by deep furrows4 ,branches ascending1 arching1 and spreading2 open-grown trees vase-shaped in outline4 ,twigs #b to #c mm in diameter with #e to #g leaves which increase in size from basal to apical leaf1 red-brown4 ,buds 7leaf7 brown1 small1 scaly1 acute4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple2 broadly ovate1 #e to #ae cm long1 #d to #f cm wide2 apex acuminate1 margin usually doubly serrate1 base oblique on short petiole2 upper surface smooth1 marked with sunken veins pinnately arranged2 veins more prominent on underside4 ,flowers perfect1 buds greatly enlarge before opening2 with very small flowers abundant in clusters2 opening before the leaves expand1 blooming from late ,december into ,february4 ,fruit a samara1 oval to circular with wing surrounding the seed1 about #aj mm in diameter1 margin ciliate4 ,illustration3 ,american ,elm_/,ulmus americana ,sugarberry2 hackberry ,celtis laevigata ,willd4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark light gray to almost white1 thin1 smooth1 usually more or less studded with irregular corky outgrowths4 ,branches spreading1 slender4 ,twigs about #c mm in diameter1 reddish-brown4 ,buds about #c mm long1 alternate4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple2 narrowly elliptic to broadly ovate1 #f to #aj cm long1 #b to #d cm wide2 apex acute1 margin usually entire1 base broadly rounded or oblique4 ,flowers unisexual or perfect1 tiny1 inconspicuous1 many staminate and few pistillate appearing on the new growth as the leaves unfold4 ,fruit a drupe with a bony reticulated nutlet1 about #e mm in diameter1 orange-red on a pedicel often shorter than the petiole of the subtending leaf4 ,illustration3 ,sugarberry2 hackberry_/,celtis laevigata ,yellow-poplar ,liriodendron tulipifera ,l4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark thin and dark green on young trees1 becoming ash-gray and conspicuously furrowed and ridged with age4 ,branches spreading to ascending1 often drooping on large open-grown trees4 ,twigs smooth1 about #e mm in diameter1 encircled by stipule scars1 red-brown4 ,buds 7terminal7 grayish green1 turning red in winter1 flat about #aj to #af mm long1 scales valvate4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple2 dark green above1 turning yellow in fall2 #f to #bj cm long and as wide as long2 petioles #e to #bj cm long1 often longer than the blades on low branches4 ,flowers perfect1 tulip-shaped1 about #d to #f cm long1 greenish-yellow with orange to reddish markings at base of petals1 color intensifies with age4 ,fruit an aggregate cone1 #e to #h cm long1 gradually shattering into one-seeded1 winged samaras4 ,illustration3 ,yellow-poplar_/,liriodendron tulipifera ,sweetbay ,magnolia virginiana ,l4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark dark gray1 usually smooth1 thin1 in shady areas often encrusted with mosses1 liverworts1 and lichens4 ,branches stout1 spreading to ascending4 ,twigs about #e to #g mm in diameter1 encircled by stipule scars1 green4 ,buds 7terminal71 silvery gray1 pubescent1 #ae mm long2 smaller lateral buds often subtended by persistent petiole base4 ,leaves alternate1 evergreen in ,south1 deciduous in northern part of range1 simple2 elliptic to oblong1 #aj to #ae cm long1 #d to #f cm wide2 margin entire1 dark green above1 silvery pubescent below4 ,flowers perfect1 white1 sweet-scented1 #e to #h cm in diameter1 appearing ,may to ,september4 ,fruit an aggregate of follicles which open and shed red seeds1 irregular in shape1 ovoid to ellipsoid1 smooth1 about #e cm long4 ,illustration3 ,sweetbay_/,magnolia virginiana ,sweetgum2 redgum ,liquidambar styraciflua ,l4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark dark gray1 divided by deep furrows into narrow1 rounded ridges4 ,branches stout1 often with corky wings or outgrowths4 ,twigs about #d to #f mm in diameter1 gray-brown4 ,buds 7terminal7 broadly egg-shaped1 about #aj to #ae mm long1 scales overlapping1 slightly sticky4 ,leaves alternate1 deciduous1 simple2 palmately #e- to #g-lobed2 #h to #bj cm wide1 #f to #ae cm long1 often longer than broad2 margin finely serrate2 petioles #d to #ac cm long4 ,flowers unisexual 7plants monoecious71 appearing as the leaves unfold2 staminate clustered in terminal racemes2 pistillate in small drooping spherical heads4 ,fruit in stalked spherical heads covered with small spine-like projections2 seed cavity at base of each spine4 ,illustration3 ,sweetgum2 redgum_/,liquidambar styraciflua ,red ,maple ,acer rubrum ,l4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark gray1 divided into scaly ridges by narrow furrows4 ,branches slender1 spreading and ascending4 ,twigs about #c mm in diameter1 reddish4 ,buds spherical1 reddish1 clustered at apex of twig1 scales with white ciliate margins4 ,leaves opposite1 deciduous1 simple2 ovate to almost circular1 #d to #i cm long1 #b4e to #g cm wide1 usually longer than broad2 #c-lobed near the apex1 margin finely serrate2 dark green above1 glaucous and lightly pubescent below1 pubescence usually shed4 ,flowers typically polygamous1 occasionally with perfect flowers1 small1 forming dense clusters from separate buds before leaf expansion1 conspicuous because of the red to orange coloration4 ,fruit twin samaras #aj to #bj mm long4 ,var4 drummondii3 ,leaves larger than typical red maple1 usually broader than long2 #c to #e lobes or occasionally scarcely lobed1 margins coarsely toothed1 conspicuously glaucous below1 usually permanently tomentose4 ,fruit samaras #d to #e cm long4 ,illustration3 ,red ,maple_/,acer rubrum ,black ,tupelo2 blackgum ,nyssa sylvatica ,marsh4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark black1 marked with furrows and cross-cracks that divide the ridges into squarish plates4 ,branches slender1 spreading to horizontal1 often drooping in open-grown specimens4 ,twigs #b to #c mm in diameter1 gray to reddish4 ,buds obtuse1 of overlapping yellow-brown scales1 terminal buds #f mm long4 ,leaves alternate1 early deciduous1 simple2 marked with irregular black spots and purple coloration from midsummer on2 elliptic to broadly oval to obovate1 #e to #ae cm long1 #c to #h cm wide2 apex acute to broadly rounded1 margin entire1 base wedge-shaped4 ,flowers unisexual1 less than #d mm in diameter1 appearing in ,april before leaf expansion4 ,fruit a black drupe #h to #aj mm long1 #a to #c on pedicels #c to #e cm long1 stone faintly ribbed4 ,illustration3 ,black ,tupelo2 blackgum_/,nyssa sylvatica ,white ,ash ,fraxinus americana ,l4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark gray to brownish1 divided into narrow1 deep furrows and ridges of equal width4 ,branches stout1 wide-spreading4 ,twigs #c to #f mm in diameter4 ,buds 7terminal7 broadly ovoid consisting of #d appressed scales1 dark brown to black2 lateral buds spherical1 tightly appressed to a crescent-shaped leaf scar4 ,leaves opposite1 deciduous1 odd-pinnately compound2 #bj to #cj cm long1 white below when fresh2 leaflets #g to #i1 petiolulate1 oval to ovate1 #e to #ae cm long1 #c to #e cm wide1 apex acuminate1 margin essentially entire1 base broadly rounded1 pinnate veins conspicuous on underside4 ,flowers unisexual 7plants dioecious72 pistillate inconspicuous about #a mm in diameter1 arranged in dense paniculate clusters2 staminate conspicuous in mass4 ,fruit a samara1 #be to #fj mm long1 wing terminal on the thickened seed4 ,illustration3 ,white ,ash_/,fraxinus americana ,green ,ash ,fraxinus pennsylvanica ,marsh4 ,illustration3 silhouette ,bark brownish1 smooth when young1 then breaking into narrow ridges with shallow narrow furrows4 ,branches drooping to spreading and ascending4 ,twigs stout1 #d to #f mm in diameter1 olive green4 ,buds terminal black2 smaller lateral buds tightly appressed to the generally straight upper edge of the leaf scar4 ,leaves opposite1 deciduous1 odd-pinnately compound with #e to #g1 occasionally #i1 leaflets2 leaflets narrowly to broadly elliptical1 apex acuminate1 margin entire to finely serrate1 base wedge-shaped1 hairy below along the veins4 ,flowers unisexual 7plants dioecious72 pistillate inconspicuous in open panicles2 staminate in compact conspicuous clusters4 ,fruit a samara #be to #ej mm long1 seed end conspicuously slender and extending about half the length of the samara1 wing decurrent on seed end4 ,illustration3 ,green ,ash_/,fraxinus pennsylvanica ,selected ,references ,bailey1 ,l4 ,h4 #aidi4 ,manual of cultivated plants4 ,rev4 ed4 #aaaf p4 ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,brown1 ,c4 ,a4 #aide4 ,louisiana trees and shrubs4 ,bull4 #a1 #bfb p4 ,louisiana ,forestry ,commission1 ,baton ,rouge4 ,coker1 ,w4 ,c41 and ,h4 ,r4 ,totten4 #aide4 ,trees of the southeastern states4 #crd ed4 #dai p4 ,univ4 of ,n4 ,c4 ,press1 ,chapel ,hill4 ,collingwood1 ,g4 ,h41 and ,w4 ,d4 ,brush4 #aigd4 ,knowing your trees4 ,rev4 by ,d4 ,butcher4 #cgd p4 ,american ,forestry ,association1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,correll1 ,d4 ,c41 and ,m4 ,c4 ,johnston4 #aigj4 ,manual of the vascular plants of ,texas4 ,contributions from the ,texas ,research ,foundation1 ,vol4 #f4 #ahha p4 ,texas ,research ,foundation1 ,renner1 ,texas4 ,fernald1 ,m4 ,l4 #aiej4 ,gray's ,manual of ,botany4 #hth ed4 #afcb p4 ,american ,book ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,harlow1 ,w4 ,m4 #aiei4 ,fruit key and twig key to trees and shrubs4 #ajf p4 ,dover ,publications1 ,new ,york4 ,harlow1 ,w4 ,m41 and ,e4 ,s4 ,harrar4 #aida4 ,textbook of dendrology covering the important forest trees of the ,united ,states and ,canada4 #bnd ed4 #efa p4 ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co41 ,new ,york and ,london4 ,harrar1 ,e4 ,s41 and ,j4 ,g4 ,harrar4 #aidf4 ,guide to southern trees4 #gab p4 ,whittlesy ,house1 ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,kurz1 ,h41 and ,r4 ,k4 ,godfrey4 #aifb4 ,trees of northern ,florida4 #caa p4 ,univ4 of ,fla4 ,press1 ,gainesville4 ,little1 ,e4 ,l4 #aiec4 ,check list of native and naturalized trees of the ,united ,states 7including ,alaska74 ,u4,s4 ,dep4 ,agric41 ,agric4 ,handb4 ,no4 #da4 #dgb p4 ,muller1 ,c4 ,h4 #aiea4 ,the oaks of ,texas4 ,contributions from ,the ,texas ,research ,foundation #a7c73ba-caa4 ,preston1 ,r4 ,j41 ,jr4 #aifa4 ,north ,american trees4 #bnd ed4 #cie p4 ,iowa ,state ,univ4 ,press1 ,ames 7,reprinted #aigj by ,m4,i4,t4 ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass474 ,sargent1 ,c4 ,s4 #aibb4 ,manual of the trees of ,north ,america 7exclusive of ,mexico74 #bnd ed4 #iaj p4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,co41 ,boston and ,new ,york4 7,reprinted by ,dover ,publications1 ,new ,york74 ,small1 ,j4 ,k4 #aicc4 ,manual of southeastern flora4 #aeed p4 ,published by author in ,new ,york4 ,staff of ,forest ,resources ,research ,work ,unit #aigf4 ,hardwood distribution on pine sites in the ,south4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep4 ,agric4 ,for4 ,serv4 ,resour4 ,bull4 ,,so-#ei4 #bg p4 ,south4 ,for4 ,exp4 ,stn41 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,vines1 ,r4 ,a4 #aifj4 ,trees1 shrubs1 and woody vines of the southwest4 #aajd p4 ,univ4 of ,texas ,press1 ,austin1 ,texas4 ,wharton1 ,m4 ,e41 and ,r4 ,w4 ,barbour #aigc4 ,trees and shrubs of ,kentucky4 #ehb p4 ,univ4 ,ky4 ,press1 ,lexington4 ,,glossary ,acuminate4 ,gradually tapering to a pointed apex4 ,acute4 ,having the shape of an acute angle4 ,aggregate4 ,a cluster of ripened ovaries traceable to separate pistils of the same flower and inserted on a common receptacle4 ,anther4 ,the pollen-bearing portion of the stamen4 ,anthesis4 ,time of flowering4 ,apetalous4 ,without petals4 ,apex4 ,the tip of leaf1 twig1 or other plant part4 ,apical4 ,pertaining to apex4 ,ascending4 ,growing obliquely or indirectly upward from point of attachment4 ,axil4 ,upper angle between a leaf or other plant part and the stem to which it is attached4 ,bisexual4 ,having both sex organs on the same plant2 a hermaphrodite4 ,blade4 ,the flat expanded portion of a leaf or parts of a compound leaf4 ,catkin4 ,a flexible1 usually pendulous1 scaly spike bearing unisexual flowers4 ,ciliate4 ,having a margin fringed with hair4 ,compound ,leaf4 ,a leaf with two or more separate leaflets4 ,cordate4 ,heart-shaped with the point at the terminal end4 ,crenate4 ,having a margin with rounded to blunt teeth4 ,cuneate4 ,wedge-shaped4 ,deciduous4 ,not persistent2 said of leaves falling in autumn or of floral parts falling after anthesis4 ,dehiscent4 ,opening by bursting or splitting4 ,dentate4 ,a margin with sharp teeth pointing outward4 ,dimorphous4 ,occurring in two forms4 ,dioecious4 ,unisexual1 with staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants4 ,drupe4 ,a simple one-seeded fleshy fruit1 the outer wall fleshy1 the inner wall bony4 ,entire4 ,margins without teeth or lobes4 ,evergreen4 ,having green leaves throughout the year4 ,falcate4 ,sickle- or scythe-shaped4 ,follicle4 ,a dry1 single-carpel fruit1 opening along one side for seed dispersal4 ,fluted4 ,regularly marked by alternating ridges and grooves4 ,fruit4 ,the seed-bearing product of a plant4 ,glabrous4 ,smooth1 devoid of hair or surface glands4 ,glandular4 ,furnished with glands1 or glandlike4 ,glaucous4 ,covered with a white waxy or powdery bloom4 ,globose4 ,spherical1 globular4 ,husk4 ,fleshy covering of nut in hickories4 ,imbricate4 ,overlapping4 ,leaflet4 ,a single division of a compound leaf4 ,membranous4 ,thin1 more or less flexible1 translucent4 ,midrib4 ,the central rib or central vein of a leaf or similar structure4 ,monoecious4 ,having unisexual flowers1 with both sexes borne on the same plant4 ,nut4 ,a hard-shelled1 indehiscent1 usually one-celled1 one-seeded fruit4 ,oblique4 ,slanted2 of unequal-sided or non-symmetrical leaves or leaf bases4 ,obovate4 ,inverted ovate4 ,obpyriform4 ,inverted pear-shaped4 ,obtuse4 ,blunt4 ,odd ,pinnate4 ,pinnately compound with a terminal leaflet4 ,ovate4 ,having the lengthwise outline of an egg1 broadest at the base4 ,ovoid4 ,egg-shaped in #c-;dimensions4 ,ovule4 ,an embryonic seed in the ovary of a flower4 ,palmate4 ,with veins or lobes radiating from a common center4 ,panicle4 ,a compound or branched raceme4 ,paniculate4 ,borne in a panicle4 ,parted4 ,divided by sinuses which extend nearly to the midrib4 ,perfect4 ,having stamens and pistils in the same flower4 ,persistent4 ,remaining attached4 ,petiolate4 ,having petioles1 not sessile4 ,petiole4 ,the stalk of a leaf4 ,petiolulate4 ,having petiolules4 ,petiolule4 ,the stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf4 ,pinnate4 ,descriptive of compound leaves with the leaflets arranged on opposite sides along a common rachis4 ,also used to describe leaf venation4 ,pistil4 ,the seed-bearing organ of the flower4 ,pistillate4 ,provided with pistils2 usually descriptive of unisexual flowers4 ,polygamous4 ,bearing perfect and unisexual flowers on the same plant4 ,polymorphic4 ,having two or more forms4 ,pubescent4 ,covered with fine1 soft1 short hairs4 ,pyriform4 ,pear-shaped4 ,raceme4 ,an inflorescence consisting of a central rachis bearing a number of flowers with stalks of nearly equal length4 ,rachis4 ,the axis of a compound leaf or inflorescence4 ,receptacle4 ,the portion of the floral axis upon which the flowers are borne4 ,reticulate4 ,forming a network4 ,rhombic4 ,somewhat diamond-shaped4 ,rib4 ,a prominent vein4 ,samara4 ,an indehiscent winged fruit4 ,scurfy4 ,covered with small scales4 ,seed4 ,a ripened ovule4 ,serrate4 ,with sharp teeth pointing forward4 ,sessile4 ,without a stalk of any kind4 ,simple4 ,of one piece2 not compound4 ,sinuate4 ,deeply or strongly undulate or wavy4 ,sinus4 ,a recess1 cleft1 or gap between two lobes4 ,spatulate4 ,spatula-shaped4 ,spike4 ,an inflorescence consisting of a central rachis bearing a number of stalkless flowers4 ,stamen4 ,pollen-bearing organ of the flower4 ,staminate4 ,bearing stamens4 ,stellate4 ,star-shaped4 ,stipule4 ,a leafy appendage attached to the twig at the base of a petiole2 usually in pairs1 one on each side1 often shedding early4 ,striate4 ,with fine grooves1 ridges1 or lines of color4 ,suture4 ,line of dehiscence4 ,subglobose4 ,globe shaped1 but slightly flattened4 ,subsessile4 ,almost stalkless4 ,tomentose4 ,coated with short1 matted woolly hair4 ,truncate4 ,having a blunt tip or end1 appearing as if abruptly cut off transversely4 ,undulate4 ,wavy4 ,unisexual4 ,having stamens and pistils in separate flowers4 ,valvate4 ,opening by valves as in a capsule or some leaf buds2 meeting at the edges without overlapping4 ,whorl4 ,circular arrangement of appendages at a node4 ,woolly4 ,clothed with long1 matted hairs4 ,footnotes #a;,for the purposes of this paper1 pine sites are defined as forested uplands1 excluding those growing cove-type hardwoods1 that are supporting southern pine or show evidence1 such as stumps1 of its former occurrence4 ,index ,a ,acer rubrum1 #e1 #ed var4 drummondii1 #e1 #ed var4 tridens1 #e ,american elm1 #d1 #dd ,ash1 green1 #e1 #fj white1 #e1 #eh ,b ,bitternut hickory1 #b1 #af ,blackgum1 #e1 #ef ,blackjack oak1 #d1 #cj ,black oak1 #c1 #bb ,black tupelo1 #e1 #ef ,c ,carya cordiformis1 #b1 #af glabra1 #b1 #ab ovata1 #b1 #ad tomentosa1 #b1 #aj ,celtis laevigata1 #d1 #df occidentalis1 #d ,cherrybark oak1 #c1 #bj ,chestnut oak1 #d1 #dj ,e ,elm1 ,american1 #d1 #dd winged1 #d1 #db ,f ,fraxinus americana1 #e1 #eh pennsylvanica1 #e1 #fj ,g ,green ash1 #e1 #fj ,h ,hackberry1 #d1 #df ,hickory1 bitternut1 #b1 #af mockernut1 #b1 #aj pignut1 #b1 #ab shagbark1 #b1 #ad ,l ,laurel oak1 #d1 #cb ,liriodendron tulipifera1 #d1 #dh ,liquidambar styraciflua1 #e1 #eb ,m ,magnolia virginiana1 #d1 #ej ,maple1 red1 #e1 #ed ,mockernut hickory1 #b1 #aj ,n ,northern red oak1 #c1 #bf ,nyssa sylvatica1 #e1 #ef ,o ,oak1 black1 #c1 #bb blackjack1 #d1 #cj cherrybark1 #c1 #bj chestnut1 #d1 #dj laurel1 #d1 #cb northern red1 #c1 #bf post1 #d1 #ch scarlet1 #c1 #bd ,shumard1 #c1 #bh southern red1 #c1 #ah swamp chestnut1 #d water1 #d1 #cd white1 #d1 #cf ,p ,pignut hickory1 #b1 #ab ,post oak1 #d1 #ch ,q ,quercus alba1 #d1 #cf coccinea1 #c1 #bd falcata1 #c1 #ah falcata var4 pagodaefolia1 #c1 #bj hemisphaerica1 #d laurifolia1 #d1 #cb marilandica1 #d1 #cj michauxii1 #d nigra1 #d1 #cd prinus1 #d1 #dj rubra1 #c1 #bf shumardii1 #c1 #bh stellata1 #d1 #ch velutina1 #c1 #bb ,r ,redgum1 #e1 #eb ,red maple1 #e1 #ed ,s ,scarlet oak1 #c1 #bd ,shagbark hickory1 #b1 #ad ,shumard oak1 #c1 #bh ,southern red oak1 #c1 #ah ,sugarberry1 #d1 #df ,swamp chestnut oak1 #d ,sweetbay1 #e1 #ej ,sweetgum1 #e1 #eb ,t ,tupelo1 black1 #e1 #ef ,u ,ulmus alata1 #d1 #db americana1 #d1 #dd ,w ,water oak1 #d1 #cd ,white ash1 #e1 #eh ,white oak1 #d1 #cf ,winged elm1 #d1 #db ,y ,yellow-poplar1 #d1 #dh ,brown1 ,c4 ,a4 and ,h4 ,e4 ,grelen4 #aigg4 ,identifying hardwoods growing on pine sites4 ,,usda ,for4 ,serv4 ,gen4 ,tech4 ,rep4 ,,so-#ae1 #fi p4 ,south4 ,for4 ,exp4 ,stn41 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,this publication illustrates and describes #bf hardwood species or varieties1 including #af oaks and hickories1 with photographs of leaves1 bark1 buds1 flowers1 and fruits4 ,line drawings feature the winter silhouette of each species and a key is included to assist in identification4 ,u4,s4 ,,government ,,printing ,,office #aigh--ggb-bca ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture ,,forest ,,service ,,southern ,,forest ,,experiment ,,station ,t-#ajbaj ,,postal ,,service ,,building4 #gja ,,loyola ,,ave4 ,,new ,,orleans1 ,,louisiana #gjaac ,,official ,,business ,,penalty ,,for ,,private ,,use1 #cjj ,,postage ,,and ,,fees ,,paid ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture ,,agr-#aja ,,an ,,equal ,,opportunity ,,employer ,,third ,,class ,transcriber's ,notes --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4 --,created a ,table of ,contents based on the chapter headings4