,,scouting ,,for ,,boys4 ,illustration3 ,the ,boy ,scout in ,action4 ,,scouting ,,for ,,boys ,robert ,baden-,powell #aijh ,,contents ,,of ,,the ,,parts4 ,,part ,i4 ,,scoutcraft ,,and ,,scout ,,law1 giving the ,duties of ,boy ,scouts1 their ,secret ,signs1 ,laws1 ,badges1 ,war ,dance1 etc4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,observation ,,and ,,tracking4 ,,woodcraft ,,and ,,knowledge ,,of ,,animals4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,campaigning ,,and ,,camp ,,life4 ,,pioneering ,,and ,,resourcefulness4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,endurance ,,and ,,health4 ,,chivalry ,,and ,,brave ,,deeds4 ,,discipline4 ,,part ,v4 ,,saving ,,life ,,and ,,first-,,aid4 ,,patriotism ,,and ,,loyalty4 ,,part ,,vi4 ,,scouting ,,games1 ,,competitions1 ,,and ,,plays4 ,,words ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,foreword ,,for ,,instructor4 ,n4,b4--,remarks printed in italics are1 throughout the book1 addressed to the ,instructor4 ,by the term ,instructor ,i mean any man or lad who takes up the training of either a ,patrol 7i4e41 six to eight boys71 or a ,troop i4e41 7several ,patrols joined together74 ,by means of this book ,i hope that anyone1 even without previous knowledge of scouting1 may be able to teach it to boys--in town just as well as in the country4 ,the system is applicable to existing organisations such as schools1 boys' brigades1 cadet corps1 etc41 or can supply a simple organisation of its own where these do not exist4 ,but in all cases ,i would strongly commend the ,patrol system3 that is1 small permanent groups1 each under responsible charge of a leading boy1 as the great step to success4 ,the reasons for this1 the objects of the training and full hints to ,instructors ,i have already published in a pamphlet called ,the ,boy ,scouts ,scheme4 ,price ,twopence4 ,published by ,bradbury1 ,agnew1 ,bouverie ,street1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,they will be further set forth in ,part ,,vi4 of the present book4 ,i recommend the ,instructor to begin with a ,patrol of eight boys if possible1 and when these have qualified as ,first-class ,scouts to select the best five or six to raise each a patrol of his own and instruct it under his 7the ,instructor's7 supervision4 ,a great step is to obtain1 if possible1 a room1 barn1 or school to serve as a ,club1 especially for work on long winter evenings4 ,it must be well-lit and warmed4 ,and to have a camp-out in the summer4 ,there need be no great expense in working a troop of ,boy ,scouts4 ,finance must largely depend on the efforts of the ,scouts themselves4 ,methods for making money will be indicated in ,part ,,iv4 ,i do not hold with begging for funds if it can possibly be avoided4 ,any further information or advice will readily be given on application1 and ,i shall be glad to have any suggestions or informal reports of progress and numbers trained4 ,but ,i have no desire to trouble ,instructors with red-tape returns1 and so on4 ,scouts' ,badges1 ,medals1 ,patrol ,flags1 and ,crests1 ,tracking ,irons1 and such articles of scouts' equipment1 can be obtained at low rates on application here4 ,all communications should be addressed1 not to me by name1 but to3 ,,the ,,manager1 ,boy ,scouts1 ,goschen ,buildings1 ,henrietta ,street1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 ,b4-,p4 ,january1 #aijh4 ,,part ,i4--,,contents4 ,,scoutcraft4 ,,notes ,,for ,,instructor4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarns4 #a4--,,scouts' ,,work3 ,the ,mafeking ,cadets4 ,kim4 #b4--,,summary ,,of ,,course ,,of ,,instruction3 ,the ,elsdon ,murder4 #c4--;,,boy ,,scouts' ,,organisation3 ,officers2 ,test for ,scouts2 ,scout's ,badges1 ,medals1 etc42 ,scout's ,oath2 ,secret ,signs and ,calls2 ,dress4 #d4--,,scout ,,law4 ,,games ,,and ,,practices4 ,,books ,,on ,,the ,,subject4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,scoutcraft4 ,,note ,,for ,,instructor4 ,the following is a suggestion for the distribution of the work for the first week4 ,it is merely a suggestion and in no sense binding4 ,,first ,,evening3 ,,indoors4 ,address the boys on ,scoutcraft1 giving a summary of the whole scheme1 as in this chapter1 with demonstrations or lantern slides1 etc4 ,swear in the ,scouts1 form ,patrols1 and give shoulder knots4 ,,following ,,day3 ,,morning ,,and ,,afternoon4 ,practical work1 outdoors if possible1 as follows3-- ,alternatives according to whether in town or country1 indoors or out4 ,,morning4 ,parade1 hoist ,union ,jack and salute it4 ,scouting game3 e4g41 ,scout ,meets ,scout4 7,see page #ec74 ,practise salutes1 secret signs1 patrol calls1 scouts' chorus1 etc4 ,practise drawing scout-signs on ground or walls with stick or chalk4 ,tie knots4 ,make ration bags1 leather buttons1 etc4 ,,morning4 ,parade4 ,prayers or ,church ,parade 7if ,sunday74 ,physical ,exercises4 ,drill4 ,self-measurement by each scout of span1 cubit1 finger joint1 stride1 etc4 ,send out scouts independently or in pairs to do a good turn1 to return and report how they have done it4 ,march out the ,patrol to see the neighbourhood4 ,make them note direction of starting by compass1 wind1 and sun4 ,notice and question them on details seen1 explain land marks1 etc4 ,make ,scout's ,marks on ground or chalk them on pavement or walls4 ,practise ,scout's pace4 ,judge distances4 ,,afternoon4 ,play an extended ,scouting ,game4 7,see ,games1 ,p4 #ea74 ,or indoors if wet--,ju-,jitsu1 ,scouts' ,war ,dance1 ,boxing1 ,scouts' ,chorus and ,rally1 etc4 ,,evening4 ,camp ,fire ,yarns from this book or from books recommended 7see p4 #ai74 ,or rehearse a ,scout play1 or hold ,debate1 ,kim's ,game1 etc4 ,patrols to continue practice in these throughout the week in their own time or under the scout master1 with final games or exercise on the following ,saturday afternoon4 ,if more evenings than one are available in the week one of the subjects might be taken in turn more fully each evening1 and rehearsals carried out of a display such as ,pocahontas4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #a4 ,,mafeking ,,boy ,,scouts4 ,we had an example of how useful ,boy ,scouts can be on active service1 when a corps of boys was formed in the defence of ,mafeking1 #ahii-aijj4 ,mafeking1 you may remember1 was quite a small ordinary country town out on the open plains of ,south ,africa4 ,nobody ever thought of its being attacked by an enemy any more than you would expect this town 7or village7 to be attacked--the thing was so improbable4 ,but it just shows you how you must be prepared for what is possible1 not only what is probable in war2 and so1 too1 we ought to be prepared in ,britain against being attacked by enemies2 for though it may not be probable1 it is quite as possible as it was at ,mafeking2 and every boy in ,britain should be just as ready as those boys were in ,mafeking to take their share in its defence4 ,well1 when we found we were to be attacked at ,mafeking1 we told off our garrison to the points that they were to protect--some #gjj trained men1 police1 and volunteers4 ,and then we armed the townsmen1 of whom there were some #cjj4 ,some of them were old frontiersmen1 and quite equal to the occasion2 but many of them1 young shopmen1 clerks1 and others1 had never seen a rifle before1 and had never tried to learn to drill or to shoot1 and so they were hopelessly at sea at first4 ,it is not much fun to have to face an enemy who means to kill you1 when you have never learned to shoot4 ,every boy ought to learn how to shoot and to obey orders1 else he is no more good when war breaks out than an old woman1 and merely gets killed like a squealing rabbit1 being unable to defend himself4 ,altogether1 then1 we only had about a thousand men all told to defend the place which contained #fjj white women and children1 and about #g1jjj natives1 and was about five miles round4 ,illustration3 ,lord ,edward ,cecil and ,boy ,scouts in ,mafeking4 ,every man was of value1 and as their numbers gradually got less1 owing to men getting killed and wounded1 the duties of fighting and keeping watch at night got harder for the rest4 ,it was then that ,lord ,edward ,cecil1 the chief staff officer1 got together the boys in the place and made them into a cadet corps1 put them in uniform and drilled them2 and a jolly smart and useful lot they were4 ,we had till then used a large number of men for carrying orders and messages and keeping look-out1 and acting as orderlies and so on4 ,these duties were now handed over to the boy cadets1 and the men were released to go and strengthen the firing line4 ,and the cadets1 under their serjeant-major1 a boy named ,goodyear1 did right good work1 and well deserved the medals which they got at the end of the war4 ,many of them rode bicycles1 and we were thus able to establish a post by which people could send letters to their friends in the different forts1 or about the town1 without going out under fire themselves2 and we made postage stamps for these letters which had on them a picture of a cadet bicycle orderly4 ,illustration3 ,stamp4 ,i said to one of these boys on one occasion1 when he came in through rather a heavy fire3 ,you will get hit one of these days riding about like that when shells are flying4 ,and he replied3 ,i pedal so quick1 sir1 they'd never catch me4 ,these boys didn't seem to mind the bullets one bit2 they were always ready to carry out orders1 though it meant risk to their life every time4 ,would any of you do that8 ,if an enemy were firing down this street1 and ,i were to tell one of you to take a message across to a house on the other side1 would you do it8 ,i am sure you would4 ,but probably you wouldn't much like doing it4 ,but you want to prepare yourself for it beforehand4 ,it's just like taking a header into cold water2 a fellow who is accustomed to bathing thinks nothing of it2 he has practised it over and over again1 but ask a fellow to do it who has never practised it and he will funk it4 ,so1 too1 with a boy who has been accustomed to obey orders at once1 whether there is risk about it or not2 the moment you order him to do a thing on active service1 no matter how great the danger is to him he does it1 while another chap who has never cared to obey would object1 and would then be despised as a coward even by his former friends4 ,but you need not wait for war in order to be useful as a scout4 ,as a peace scout there is lots for you to do any day1 wherever you may be4 ,,scouts' ,,work4 ,i suppose every ,british boy wants to help his country in some way or other4 ,there is a way1 by which he can do so easily1 and that is by becoming a scout4 ,a scout1 as you know1 is generally a soldier who is chosen for his cleverness and pluck to go out in front of an army in war to find out where the enemy are1 and report to the commander all about them4 ,but1 besides war scouts1 there are also peace scouts1 i4e41 men who in peace time carry out work which requires the same kind of abilities4 ,these are the frontiersmen of all parts of our ,empire4 ,the trappers of ,north ,america1 hunters of ,central ,africa1 the ,british pioneers1 explorers1 and missionaries over ,asia and all the wild parts of the world1 the bushmen and drovers of ,australia1 the constabulary of ,north-,west ,canada and of ,south ,africa--all are peace scouts1 real men in every sense of the word1 and thoroughly up in scout craft1 i4e41 they understand living out in the jungles1 and they can find their way anywhere1 are able to read meaning from the smallest signs and foot-tracks2 they know how to look after their health when far away from any doctors1 are strong and plucky1 and ready to face any danger1 and always keen to help each other4 ,they are accustomed to take their lives in their hands1 and to fling them down without hesitation if they can help their country by doing so4 ,they give up everything1 their personal comforts and desires1 in order to get their work done4 ,they do not do all this for their own amusement1 but because it is their duty to their ,king1 fellow-countrymen1 or employers4 ,the ,history of the ,empire has been made by ,british adventurers and explorers1 the scouts of the nation1 for hundreds of years past up to the present time4 ,the ,knights of ,king ,arthur1 ,richard ,coeur de ,lion1 and the ,crusaders1 carried ,british chivalry into distant parts of the earth4 ,raleigh1 ,drake1 and ,capt4 ,john ,smith1 soldiers and sailors of ,queen ,elizabeth's time1 faced unknown dangers of strange seas1 as well as the known dangers of powerful enemies1 to take and hold new lands for the expansion of our small kingdom4 ,capt4 ,cook in ,australia1 ,lord ,clive in ,india1 opened up new countries4 ,speke1 ,baker1 and ,livingstone pushed their way through the savage deserts and forests of ,africa2 ,franklin and ,ross braved the ice and snows of the ,arctic regions4 ,in the present time ,selous1 the great hunter1 and ,lieut4 ,boyd ,alexander1 who last year crossed ,africa1 are peace scouts4 ,these are just a few names out of many hundreds of the scouts of the nation who have from all times down to the present spread the good name and power of our country in all parts of the world4 ,and there have been women scouts of the nation1 too3 such as ,grace ,darling1 who risked her life to save a shipwrecked crew2 ,florence ,nightingale1 who nursed sick soldiers in the ,crimean ,war2 ,miss ,kingsley1 the ,african explorer2 ,lady ,lugard1 in ,africa and ,alaska2 and many devoted lady missionaries and nurses in all parts of our ,empire4 ,these have shown that girls as well as boys may well learn scouting while they are young1 and so be able to do useful work in the world as they grow older4 ,it is a grand life1 but it cannot suddenly be taken up by any man who thinks he would like it1 unless he has prepared himself for it beforehand4 ,those who succeed best are those who learnt scouting while they were still boys4 ,scouting also comes in very useful in any kind of life you like to take up1 whether it is soldiering or even business life in a city4 ,sir ,william ,crookes says it is even valuable for a man who goes in for science1 and finding out little things about air1 and light1 and so on4 ,so ,i am going to show you how you can learn scout-craft for yourself and can put it into practice at home4 ,it is very easy to learn and very interesting when you get into it4 ,you can best learn by joining the ,boy ,scouts4 ,,kim4 ,a good example of what a ,boy ,scout can do is to be found in ,rudyard ,kipling's story of ,kim4 ,kim1 or1 to give him his full name1 ,kimball ,o',hara1 was the son of a sergeant of an ,irish regiment in ,india4 ,his father and mother died while he was a child1 and he had been left to the care of an aunt who lived in an humble way in ,india4 ,his playmates were all natives1 so he got to talk their language and to know their ways better than any ,european4 ,he became great friends with an old wandering priest who was tramping about ,india1 and with whom he travelled all over the north part of that country4 ,at last1 one day he chanced to meet his father's old regiment on the line of march1 and in visiting the camp he was arrested on suspicion of being a thief4 ,his birth certificate and other papers were found on him1 and the regiment1 seeing that he had belonged to them1 took charge of him1 and started to educate him4 ,but whenever he could get away for holidays he dressed himself in ,indian clothes1 and went again among the natives as one of them4 ,after a time he became acquainted with a ,mr4 ,lurgan1 a dealer in old jewellery and curiosities1 who1 owing to his knowledge from dealing with natives1 was also a member of the ,government ,intelligence ,department4 ,explain this4 ,this man1 finding that ,kim had such special knowledge of native habits and customs1 saw that he would make a useful agent for ,government ,intelligence work1 that is1 a kind of detective among the natives4 ,but1 first of all1 before employing him1 he put him to one or two tests to see whether he was sufficiently brave and strong-minded4 ,as a trial of his strong-mindedness he attempted to mesmerise him1 that is to say1 he tried to make ,kim's thoughts obey what was in his own mind4 ,it is possible for strong-minded men to do this with those of weaker mind4 ,the way he attempted it was by throwing down a jug of water so that it smashed to pieces2 he then laid his fingers on the boy's neck1 and wished him to imagine the jug mended itself again4 ,but1 do what he would to make his thought reach the boy's brain1 he failed2 ,kim saw the jug was broken1 and would not believe it was mended1 although at one time he nearly obeyed him1 for he saw a kind of vision of the jug being mended1 but it faded away again4 ,most boys would have let their mind and eyes wander1 and would not have been able to keep them on the one subject1 and would so have easily become mesmerised by the man4 ,lurgan1 finding him strong-minded and quick at learning1 then gave him lessons at noticing small details and remembering them1 which is a most important point in the training of a scout--it is a thing that he should learn and be practising every hour of the day wherever he may be4 ,lurgan began it with ,kim by showing him a tray full of precious stones of different kinds--he let him look at it for a minute1 and then covered it with a cloth1 and asked him to state how many stones and what sort were there4 ,at first he found he could only remember a few1 and could not describe them very accurately1 but with a little practice he soon got to remember them all quite well4 ,and so1 also1 with many other kinds of articles which were shown to him in the same way4 ,then ,kim travelled about the country a great deal with a fine old ,afghan horse-dealer to whom he was much attached1 who was also an agent of the ,intelligence ,department4 ,on one occasion ,kim was able to do him a good turn by carrying an important message for him secretly2 and another time he saved his life by overhearing some natives planning to murder him when he came along4 ,by pretending to be asleep and then having a nightmare which caused him to move from his position1 ,kim got away from the neighbourhood of the would-be murderers1 and was able to give warning to his friend in good time4 ,at last he was made a member of the ,secret ,service1 and was given a secret sign--namely1 a badge to wear round his neck and a certain sentence to say1 which1 if said in a peculiar way1 meant he was one of the service4 ,scouts generally have secret signs by which they can communicate with each other4 ,the members of the ,intelligence ,service are very numerous in ,india1 and do not know each other by sight1 so they have to have a secret sign by which they will recognise each other among other people who may be their enemies4 ,once when travelling in the train ,kim met another member whom he did not know4 ,this was a native1 who when he got into the carriage was evidently in a great state of alarm1 and was rather badly cut about the head and arms4 ,he explained to the other passengers that he had met with an accident from a cart whilst he was driving to the station1 but ,kim1 like a good scout1 noticed the cuts were sharp and not grazes such as you would get by falling from a cart1 and so did not believe him4 ,while the man was tying up a bandage over his head1 ,kim noticed he was wearing a locket like his own2 so ,kim let his own be seen4 ,directly the man saw it he brought into conversation some of the secret words1 and ,kim answered with the proper ones in reply4 ,so then the stranger got into a corner with ,kim and explained to him that he was carrying out some secret service work1 and had been found out and hunted by some of the enemies of the ,government who had nearly killed him4 ,they probably knew he was in the train and would therefore telegraph down the line to their friends that he was coming4 ,he wanted to get his message to a certain police officer without being caught by the enemy1 but he could not tell how to do it if they were already warned of his coming4 ,kim thereupon hit upon the idea of disguising him4 ,illustration3 ,kim disguising the native spy4 ,in ,india there are a number of holy beggars who go about the country4 ,they wear next to no clothing and smear themselves with ashes1 and paint certain marks on their faces2 they are considered very holy1 and people always help them with food and money4 ,so ,kim made a mixture of flour and wood ashes1 which he took from the bowl of a native pipe1 and he undressed his friend and smeared these all over him1 and finally1 with the aid of a little paint-box which he carried1 he painted the proper marks on the man's forehead4 ,he smeared the man's wounds with flour and ashes1 partly so as to heal them1 and also so that they did not show2 and he brushed his hair down to look wild and shaggy like that of a beggar1 and covered it with dust so that the man's own mother would not have known him4 ,soon afterwards they got to a big station where on the platform they found the police officer to whom the report was to be made4 ,the imitation beggar pushed up against him and got abused by the officer in ,english2 the beggar replied with a string of native abuse into which he introduced the secret words4 ,the police officer1 although he had pretended not to know ,hindustani1 understood it quite well1 and at once recognised from the secret words that this beggar was an agent2 and so he pretended to arrest him and marched him off to the police-station where he could talk to him quietly4 ,it was thus done without anyone on the platform knowing that they were in league with each other1 or that this native beggar was the escaped ,intelligence agent4 ,finally1 ,kim became acquainted with another agent of the department--an educated native or ,babu as they are called in ,india--and was able to give him great assistance in capturing two ,russian officers who were acting as spies against the ,british on the north-west frontier of ,india4 ,note4--,point out on map respective positions of ,british and ,russians4 ,the ,babu pretended to the ,russians that he was the manager for a local native prince who did not like the ,english1 and travelled with them for some time as representative of this prince4 ,in this way he got to know where they kept their secret papers in their baggage4 ,at last he got up trouble between them and a holy priest1 whom they struck2 this caused great excitement among the natives1 who rushed off with the baggage and got lost in the darkness4 ,kim1 who was among the natives1 opened the luggage and found the secret papers which he took out and carried to headquarters4 ,these and other adventures of ,kim are well worth reading1 because they show what valuable work a boy scout could do for his country if he were sufficiently trained and sufficiently intelligent4 ,,books4 ,the following books1 which may be got from a ,lending ,library or from friends1 may be found useful in connection with ,chapter ,i43-- ,rob the ,ranger1 by ,herbert ,strang1 price #fs4 7,published by ,hodder ,stoughton71 describes the exciting adventures of boy scouts in ,canada in the early days1 including tracking and backwoods life4 ,also1 99 ,kidnapped1 by ,r4 ,l4 ,stevenson4 99 ,kim1 by ,rudyard ,kipling4 ,siege of ,mafeking1 by ,major ,f4 ,baillie4 99 ,two ,little ,savages1 by ,e4 ,thompson ,seton4 ,parents and ,children1 by ,miss ,charlotte ,mason4 ,the ,romance of ,every ,day1 by ,l4 ,quiller ,couch1 gives inspiring instances of heroism in everyday life4 #es4 ,heroes of ,pioneering1 by ,edgar ,sanderson4 #es4 7,published by ,seeley ,co47 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #b4 ,,summary ,,of ,,scout',s ,,course ,,of ,,instruction4 ,to become a ,boy ,scout you join a patrol belonging to your ,cadet ,corps1 or ,boys' ,brigade or club4 ,if you are not a member of one of these1 or if it does not as yet possess a patrol of scouts1 you can raise a patrol yourself by getting five other boys to join4 ,they should1 if possible1 be all about the same age4 ,one boy is then chosen as ,patrol ,leader to command the patrol1 and he selects another boy to be the ,corporal or second in command4 ,several patrols together can form a ,troop under an officer called a ,scoutmaster4 ,you all take the scout's oath1 that is you promise1 on your honour1 three things1 namely3 #a4 ,to be loyal to ,god and the ,king4 #b4 ,to help other people at all times4 #c4 ,to obey the scout law4 ,you learn the scout sign of the scouts 7see page #dj71 and also the call of your patrol 7see page #de74 ,every patrol is named after some animal1 and each scout in it has to be able to make the cry of that animal in order to communicate with his pals1 especially at night4 ,thus you may be the ,wolves1 the ,curlews1 the ,eagles1 or the ,rats if you like4 ,no scout may ever use the call of another patrol4 ,the second law binds you to be loyal1 kind1 obedient1 and cheerful4 ,most of your work then consists in playing scouting games and practices by which you gain experience as scouts4 ,when you have learned sufficient to pass the test you can win the badge of either a first class or second class scout4 ,that of the first class scout consists of a brass arrow head with the motto on it ,,be ,,prepared4 ,that of the second class scout is merely the motto without the arrow head4 ,the meaning of the motto is that a scout must prepare himself by previous thinking out and practising how to act on any accident or emergency so that he is never taken by surprise2 he knows exactly what to do when anything unexpected happens4 ,the following subjects are what you have to know about to pass the test as a scout3-- ,,woodcraft means knowing all about animals1 which is gained by following up their foot-tracks and creeping up to them so that you can watch them in their natural state1 and learn the different kinds of animals and their various habits4 ,you only shoot them if in want of food2 but no scout wilfully kills an animal for the mere sake of killing1 unless it is a harmful creature4 ,a good story is told of a soldier in the ,south ,african ,war who killed a harmless animal1 namely a sheep1 when the order had been given out that nobody was to kill any animal except a savage wild beast4 ,but the soldier wanted some mutton1 and he found a sheep round at the back of a house2 so he started to make it into mutton with his bayonet4 ,just as he was doing so an officer happened to come round the corner4 ,the soldier saw the danger that he was in for disobeying the order1 but he did not lose his head4 ,pretending not to see the officer1 he again plunged his bayonet into the wretched sheep1 shouting at the same time1 ,ah1 you would bite me1 would you8 ,you 'savage wild beast'6 ,by continually watching animals in their natural state one gets to like them too well to shoot them4 ,the whole sport of hunting animals lies in the woodcraft of stalking them1 not in the killing4 ,woodcraft includes1 besides being able to see the tracks and other small signs1 the power to read their meaning1 such as at what pace the animal was going1 whether he was frightened or unsuspicious1 and so on4 ,it enables the hunter also to find his way in the jungle or desert2 it teaches him which are the best wild fruits1 roots1 etc41 for his own food1 or which are favourite food for animals1 and1 therefore1 likely to attract them4 ,in the same way in scouting in civilised countries you read the tracks of men1 horses1 bicycles1 etc41 and find out from these what has been going on2 noticing by small signs1 such as birds suddenly starting up1 that someone is moving near1 though you cannot see them4 ,by noticing little things on the ground you will often find lost articles1 which you can then restore to their owners4 ,by noticing details of harness1 and so on1 you can often save a horse from the pain of an ill-fitting strap or bit4 ,by noticing the behaviour or dress of people1 and putting this and that together1 you can sometimes see that they are up to no good1 and can thus prevent a crime1 or you can often tell when they are in distress and need help or sympathy--and you can then do what is one of the chief duties of a scout1 namely1 help those in distress in any possible way that you can4 ,remember that it is a disgrace to a scout if1 when he is with other people1 they see anything big or little1 near or far1 high or low1 that he has not already seen for himself4 ,kim1 when learning to be scout1 was taught to notice small things quickly and to remember them1 by being shown a tray full of small articles for a few moments and then having to state what he had seen4 ,play ,kim's game4 ,see page #ed4 ,,campaigning4--,scouts must1 of course1 be accustomed to living in the open2 they have to know how to put up tents or huts for themselves2 how to lay and light a fire2 how to kill1 cut up1 and cook their food2 how to tie logs together to make bridges and rafts2 how to find their way by night1 as well as by day1 in a strange country1 and so on4 ,but very few fellows learn or practise these things when they are living in civilised places because they get comfortable houses and beds to sleep in1 their food is prepared and cooked for them1 and when they want to know the way they ask a policeman4 ,well1 when those fellows go out to a colony1 or try to go scouting1 they find themselves helpless duffers4 ,take even the captain of your cricket eleven and put him down on the ,south ,african veldt alongside the young ,colonial1 and see which can look after himself4 ,high averages and clean flannels are not much good to him there4 ,he is only a tenderfoot1 and would be the object of continual chaff until he got some scoutcraft into him4 ,and scoutcraft1 mind you1 comes in useful in any line of life that you like to take up4 ,cricket doesn't matter a hang--though it is a jolly good game to play1 and comes in useful to a certain extent in training a fellow's eye1 nerve1 and temper4 ,but1 as the ,american would say1 it isn't a circumstance to scouting which teaches a fellow to be a man4 ,make each boy lay a fire in his own way and light it4 ,after failures1 show them the right way 7i4e41 delicate use of dry chips and shavings1 and sticks in a pyramid71 and make them do it again4 ,also teach them how to tie knots4 ,see ,part ,,iii4 ,,chivalry4--,in the old days the knights were the scouts of ,britain1 and their rules were very much the same as the scout law which we have now4 ,and very much like what the ,japs have1 too4 ,we are their descendants1 and we ought to keep up their good name and follow in their steps4 ,they considered that their honour was the most sacred thing to uphold2 they would not do a dishonourable thing1 such as telling a lie or stealing3 they would really rather die than do it4 ,they were always ready to fight and to be killed in upholding their king1 or their religion1 or their honour4 ,thousands of them went out to ,palestine 7the ,holy ,land7 to maintain the ,christian religion against the ,mahommedan ,turks4 ,each knight had a small following of a squire and some men-at-arms1 just as our patrol leader has his corporal and four or five scouts4 ,the knight's patrol used to stick to him through thick and thin1 and all carried out the same idea as their leader--namely3 ,their honour was sacred4 ,they were loyal to ,god1 and their king1 and to their country4 ,they were particularly courteous and polite to all women and children and infirm people4 ,they were helpful to everybody4 ,they gave money and food where it was wanted and saved up their money in order to do so4 ,they taught themselves the use of arms in order to protect their religion and their country against enemies4 ,they kept themselves strong and healthy and active in order to be able to do these things well4 ,you scouts cannot do better than follow the example of your forefathers1 the knights1 who made the tiny ,british nation into one of the best and greatest that the world has ever known4 ,one great point about them was that every day they had to do a good turn to somebody1 and that is one of our rules4 ,when you get up in the morning remember that you have got to do a good turn to someone during the day2 tie a knot in your handkerchief or necktie1 and leave the tail of your necktie outside your waistcoat to remind yourself of it2 and when you go to bed at night think who you did the good turn to4 ,if you should ever find that you had forgotten to do it1 you must do two good turns the next day instead4 ,remember that by your scout's oath you are on your honour to do it4 ,a good turn need only be a very small one2 if it is only to put a halfpenny into a poor box1 or to help an old woman to cross the street1 or to make room on a seat for someone1 or to give water to a thirsty horse1 or to remove a bit of banana skin off the pavement where it is likely to throw people down1 it is a good turn4 ,but one must be done every day1 and it only counts as a good when you do not accept any reward in return4 ,make each scout tie knot in his necktie to remind him to do a good turn next day4 ,illustration3 ,a ,boy ,scout's ,necktie4 ,,saving ,,life4--,you have all heard of the ,victoria ,cross--the little bronze cross given by ,queen ,victoria to soldiers who specially distinguish themselves in action under the fire of the enemy4 ,but there is the companion medal to it1 and that is the ,albert ,medal for those who are not soldiers1 and who distinguish themselves in saving life in peace time4 ,and ,i think the man who wins this medal1 as he does in the sudden appalling accidents which occur in big cities1 mines1 and factories1 in everyday life1 is no less a hero than the soldier who rushes into the thick of the fight to rescue a comrade amid all the excitement and glamour of the battle4 ,my great hope is that many of you scouts will in time to come win for yourselves the high honour of receiving the ,albert ,medal4 ,it is certain that very many of you will at one time or another get the chance of it if you are prepared to seize the opportunity4 ,that is1 you must be prepared for it2 you should know what to do the moment an accident occurs--and do it then and there4 ,it is not enough to read about it in a book and think that you know how to do it--but you must actually practise1 and practise pretty often1 the actual things to be done2 such as how to cover your mouth and nose with a wet handkerchief to enable you to breath in smoke1 how to tear a sheet into strips and make a rope for escaping from fire1 how to open a manhole to let air into a gassy sewer1 how to lift and carry an insensible person1 how to collar1 save1 and revive apparently drowned people1 and so on4 ,when you have learnt all these things you will have confidence in yourself1 so that when an accident happens and everybody is in a state of fluster1 not knowing what to do1 you will quietly step out and do the right thing4 ,remember the case at the ,hampstead ,ponds last year when a woman drowned herself in shallow water before a whole lot of men1 who were too frightened to do anything but shout to her4 ,it was a disgrace to our nation that there was not a real man amongst them4 ,it would have been a grand opportunity for a ,boy ,scout1 had there been one there1 to go in and fetch her out4 ,as it was1 these cowards stood there clamouring and chattering on the bank--not one of them daring to go in because the others did not4 ,and she was drowned before their eyes4 ,teach the scouts how to lift and carry an insensible man4 ,also how to drag an insensible man through smoke1 gas1 etc4 ,also how to cover nose and mouth with wet handkerchief4 ,divide them off into pairs1 and let each in turn act as insensible patient to be rescued by his comrade4 ,,endurance4--,to carry out all the duties and work of a scout properly a fellow has to be strong1 healthy1 and active4 ,and he can make himself so if he takes a little care about it4 ,it means a lot of exercise1 like playing games1 running1 walking1 cycling1 and so on4 ,a scout has to sleep very much in the open1 and a boy who is accustomed to sleep with his window shut will probably suffer1 like many a tenderfoot has done1 by catching cold and rheumatism when he first tries sleeping out4 ,the thing is always to sleep with your windows open1 summer and winter1 and you will never catch cold4 ,personally ,i cannot sleep with my window shut or with blinds down1 and when living in the country ,i always sleep outside the house1 summer and winter alike4 ,a soft bed and too many blankets make a boy dream bad dreams1 which weaken him4 ,a short go of ,swedish or ju-jitsu exercises every morning and evening is a grand thing for keeping you fit--not so much for making showy muscle as to work all your internal organs ,explain1 and to work up the circulation of the blood in every part of you4 ,a good rub down daily with a wet rough towel1 even if you cannot get a bath1 which of course is preferable1 is of the utmost importance4 ,scouts breathe through the nose1 not through the mouth2 in this way they don't get thirsty2 they don't get out of breath so quickly2 they don't suck into their insides all sorts of microbes or seeds of disease that are in the air2 and they don't snore at night1 and so give themselves away to an enemy4 ,deep breathing exercises are of great value for developing the lungs1 and for putting fresh air 7oxygen7 into the blood1 provided that they are carried out in the open air1 and are not overdone so as to injure the heart1 etc4 ,for deep breathing the breath must be taken in slowly and deeply through the nose1 not through the mouth1 till it opens out the ribs to the greatest extent1 especially at the back2 then1 after a time it should be slowly and steadily1 breathed out again without strain4 ,but the best deep breathing after all is that which comes naturally from plenty of running exercise4 ,alcohol is now shown to be quite useless as a health-giving drink1 and it is mere poison when a man takes much of it4 ,a man who is in the habit of drinking wine or spirits in strong doses every day is not the slightest use for scouting1 and very little use for anything else4 ,similarly a man who smokes much4 ,the best war scouts don't smoke because it weakens their eyesight2 it sometimes makes them shaky and nervous2 it spoils their noses for smelling 7which is of great importance at night71 and the glow of their pipe1 or even the scent of tobacco carried on them at night gives them away to watchful enemies4 ,they are not such fools as to smoke4 ,no boy ever began smoking because he liked it1 but because he thought it made him look like a grown-up man4 ,as a matter of fact it generally makes him look a little ass4 ,show ju-jitsu or ,swedish extension motions--one or two exercises only to begin with4 ,also deep breathing4 ,,patriotism4--,you belong to the ,great ,british ,empire1 one of the greatest empires that has ever existed in the world4 ,show on the map4 ,from this little island of ,great ,britain have sprung colonies all over the world1 ,australia1 ,new ,zealand1 ,south ,africa1 ,india1 ,canada4 ,almost every race1 every kind of man1 black1 white1 or yellow1 in the world furnishes subjects of ,king ,edward ,,vii4 ,this vast empire did not grow of itself out of nothing2 it was made by your forefathers by dint of hard work and hard fighting1 at the sacrifice of their lives--that is1 by their hearty patriotism4 ,people say that we have no patriotism nowadays1 and that therefore our empire will fall to pieces like the great ,roman empire did1 because its citizens became selfish and lazy1 and only cared for amusements4 ,i am not so sure about that4 ,i am sure that if you boys will keep the good of your country in your eyes above everything else she will go on all right4 ,but if you don't do this there is very great danger1 because we have many enemies abroad1 and they are growing daily stronger and stronger4 ,therefore1 in all that you do1 remember to think of your country first2 don't spend the whole of your time and money on games and tuck shops merely to amuse yourself1 but think first how you can be of use in helping your empire1 and when you have done that you can justly and honestly sit down and enjoy yourself in your own way4 ,country first1 self second1 should be your motto4 ,probably1 if you ask yourself truly1 you will find you have at present got them just the other way about4 ,i hope if it is so that you will from this moment put yourself right and remain so always1 ,patriot first1 player second4 ,don't be content1 like the ,romans were1 and some people now are1 to pay other people to play your football or to fight your battles for you4 ,do something yourself to help in keeping the flag flying4 ,if you take up scouting in that spirit you will be doing something2 take it up1 not merely because it amuses you1 but because by doing so you will be fitting yourself to help your country4 ,then you will have in you the true spirit of patriotism1 which every ,british boy ought to have if he is worth his salt4 ,show the ,union ,jack4 ,explain its history and composition1 and which is the right way for flying it4 7,see ,part ,v47 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,to ,,fly ,,britain',s ,,flag3 ,right way up4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,not ,,to ,,fly ,,britain',s ,,flag3 ,upside down4 ,,winter',s ,,stob2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,elsdon ,,murder4 ,note3 ,the following story1 which in the main is true1 is a sample of a story that should be given by the ,instructor illustrating generally the duties of a ,boy ,scout4 ,a brutal murder took place many years ago in the ,north of ,england2 and the murderer was caught1 convicted1 and hanged chiefly through the scoutcraft of a shepherd boy4 ,,woodcraft4--,the boy1 ,robert ,hindmarsh1 had been up on the moor tending his sheep1 and was finding his way home over a wild1 out-of-the-way part of the hills1 when he passed a tramp sitting on the ground with his legs stretched out in front of him eating some food4 ,,observation4--,the boy in passing noticed his appearance1 and especially the peculiar nails in the soles of his boots4 ,,concealment4--,he did not stop and stare1 but just took these things in at a glance as he went by without attracting much attention from the man1 who merely regarded him as an ordinary boy not worth his notice4 ,illustration3 ,observing the murderer's boots4 ,,deduction4--,when he got near home1 some five or six miles away1 he came to a crowd round a cottage1 where they had found the old woman 7,margaret ,crozier7 who inhabited it lying murdered4 ,all sorts of guesses were being hazarded as to who had done the deed1 and suspicion seemed to centre on a small gang of three or four gipsies who were going about the country robbing and threatening death to anyone who made any report of their misdeeds4 ,the boy heard all these things1 but presently he saw some peculiar footprints in the little garden of the cottage2 the nailmarks agreed with those he had seen in the boots of the man on the moor1 and he naturally deduced from these that the man might have something to do with the murder4 ,,chivalry4--,the fact that it was a helpless old woman who had been murdered made the boy's chivalrous feelings rise against the murderer1 whoever it might be4 ,,pluck ,,and ,,self-,,discipline1 ,,alacrity4--,so1 although he knew that the friends of the murderer might kill him for giving information1 he cast his fears on one side and went at once and told the constable of the footmarks in the garden1 and where he could find the man who had made them--if he went immediately4 ,,health ,,and ,,strength4--,the man up on the moor had got so far from the scene of the murder1 unseen 7except by this one small boy71 that he thought himself safe1 and never thought of the boy being able to walk all the way to the scene of the murder and then to come back1 as he did1 with the police4 ,so he took no precautions4 ,but the boy was a strong1 healthy hill-boy1 and did the journey rapidly and well1 so that they found the man and captured him without difficulty4 ,the man was ,willie ,winter1 a gipsy4 ,he was tried1 found guilty1 and hanged at ,newcastle4 ,his body was then brought and hung on a gibbet near the scene of the murder1 as was the custom in those days1 and the gibbet still stands to this day4 ,two of the gipsies who were his accomplices were caught with some of the stolen property1 and were also executed at ,newcastle4 ,,kind-,,heartedness4--,but when the boy saw the murderer's body hanging there on the gibbet he was overcome with misery at having caused the death of a fellow-creature4 ,illustration3 ,the gibbet at ,stang's ,cross4 ,,saving ,,life4--,however1 the magistrate sent for him and complimented him on the great good he had done to his fellow-countrymen--probably saving some of their lives--by ridding the world of such a dangerous criminal4 ,,duty4--,he said3 ,you have done your duty although it caused you personally some danger and much distress4 ,still you must not mind that--it was your duty to the ,king to help the police in getting justice done1 and duty must always be carried out regardless of how much it costs you1 even if you had to give up your life4 ,,example4--,thus the boy did every part of the duty of a boy scout without ever having been taught4 ,he exercised-- ,woodcraft4 ,observation without being noticed4 ,deduction4 ,chivalry4 ,sense of duty4 ,endurance4 ,kind-heartedness4 ,he little thought that the act which he did entirely of his own accord would years afterwards be held up as an example to you other boys in teaching you to do your duty4 ,in the same way you should remember your acts may be watched by others after you1 and taken as an example too4 ,so try to do your duty the right way on all occasions4 ,since writing down the above story ,i have visited the place1 ,stang's ,cross1 where the gibbet1 with a wooden head hanging from it1 still stands as a warning to evildoers4 ,some foolish people used to believe that toothache could be cured by rubbing the teeth with chips of wood cut from this gibbet1 and used to come from miles round to get them4 ,mrs4 ,haldane1 the mother of our present ,secretary of ,state for ,war1 remembers seeing the effigy of ,winter hanging on the gibbet1 and recalls with horror the doleful rattling of the chains on which it swung in the night wind on the lonely moor4 ,the gibbet is known as ,winter's ,stob4 ,winter belonged to a notable family4 ,he was not the only one who distinguished himself1 for his father and his brother were also hanged for different offences4 ,another brother1 feeling the disgrace of belonging to such a family1 changed his name from ,winter to ,spring1 and became--a prize-fighter4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #c4 ,,boy ,,scouts' ,,organisation4 ,it is not intended that boy scouts should necessarily form a new corps separate from all others1 but the boys who belong to any kind of existing organisation1 such as schools1 football clubs1 ,boys' or ,church ,lads' ,brigades1 factories1 district messengers1 ,telegraph ,service1 ,cadet ,corps1 etc41 etc41 can also take up scouting in addition to their other work or play--especially on ,saturdays and ,sundays4 ,but where there are any boys who do not belong to any kind of organisation--and there is a very large number of such boys about the ,united ,kingdom--they can form themselves into ,patrols and become ,boy ,scouts4 ,for this purpose officers are necessary4 ,officers3 ,the head officer of all the boy scouts in the world is called the ,chief ,scout4 ,a ,scout ,master is an officer who has charge of a troop4 ,a troop consists of not less than three patrols4 ,scouts address the scout master as ,sir4 ,a ,patrol ,leader is a scout appointed to command a patrol4 ,a patrol consists of six scouts4 ,any lad or young man who learns scouting from this book can make himself a patrol leader and collect and train five or seven boys to be scouts4 ,a ,corporal is a scout selected by the patrol leader to be his assistant1 and to take command of the patrol when he himself is away4 ,a ,scout is of two kinds--first-class and second-class4 ,first-class scout is one who has passed certain tests to show that he is able to scout4 ,second-class scout is one who has passed certain easy tests in scouting4 ,a ,tenderfoot is a boy who is not yet a scout4 ,a ,court of ,honour is formed of the scout master and two patrol leaders1 or in the case of a single patrol by the patrol leader and the corporal4 ,it decides rewards1 punishments1 and other questions4 ,tests3 ,to become a second-class scout and gain the motto badge1 a boy must satisfy his scout master in the following details3 #a4 ,tie four of the following knots in less than thirty seconds each knot3 ,bowline1 fisherman's bend1 reef knot1 clove hitch1 sheet bend4 #b4 ,track a deer's spoor 7made with tracking irons7 or a horse's track for a quarter of a mile in not more than fifteen minutes2 or1 in a town1 to describe satisfactorily the contents of one shop window out of four observed for one minute each4 #c4 ,go at scout's pace for one mile in not more than thirteen minutes4 #d4 ,know the scout's laws and signs4 #e4 ,know the composition of the ,union ,jack1 and the right way to fly it4 ,to become a first-class scout and gain the whole scout's badge1 a boy must pass the following test--in addition to those for second-class scout 7above7--before a ,court of ,honour4 7,n4,b4--,in the case of a new troop the ,scout ,master can act as the ,court of ,honour47 #f4 ,point out the direction of different points of the compass where he stands4 #g4 ,make a journey alone of not less than fifteen miles from point to point by walking1 riding1 boat1 or bicycle4 #h4 ,describe or show the proper means for saving life in case of one 7selected by the ,court7 of the following accidents3 fire1 drowning1 runaway carriage1 sewer gas1 ice-breaking2 or bandage an injured patient1 or revive apparently drowned persons4 #i4 ,be able to read and write4 #aj4 ,have at least sixpence in the savings bank4 #aa4 ,show that he has brought a recruit to the ,boy ,scouts1 and has taught him to tie the six principal knots4 #ab4 ,to lay and light a fire1 using not more than two matches1 and cook a quarter of a pound of flour and two potatoes without cooking utensils4 ,badges and ,medals3 ,the scout's badge is this3 ,illustration3 ,scout ,badge4 ,the scout's badge is the arrow head1 which shows the north on a map or on the compass4 ,it is the badge of the scout in the ,army1 because he shows the way3 so1 too1 a peace scout shows the way in doing his duty and helping others4 ,the motto on it is the scout's motto of ,,be ,,prepared4 7,b4 ,p41 my initials71 which means that a scout must always be prepared at any moment to do his duty1 and to face danger in order to help his fellow-men4 ,its scroll is turned up at the ends like a scout's mouth1 because he does his duty with a smile and willingly4 ,the knot is to remind the scout to do a good turn to some one daily4 ,a scout's badge represents and is called his life4 ,it is given him when he passes the tests in scout-craft necessary to make him a scout4 ,he will be called on at some time or the other to risk his life1 that is to perform some difficult task1 and if he fails in it he loses his life--that is his badge4 ,in such case a ,court of ,honour may allow him to remain in the patrol1 but he cannot have his badge again1 unless he performs some very specially good work4 ,if he breaks his word of honour1 or otherwise disgraces himself1 his life is taken 7that is his badge71 and he is expelled from the patrol4 ,the badge is worn by scout masters on the left side of the hat or cap4 ,the badge is worn by patrol leaders on front of the hat or cap4 ,the badge is worn by corporal on the left arm above elbow with a strip of white braid below it4 ,the badge is worn by scouts on the left arm above the elbow4 ,the badge worn by first-class scouts is the whole badge4 ,only the motto part of the badge is worn by second-class scouts4 ,badges of ,honour are also given for certain tests4 ,these are worn on the right arm below the elbow4 ,signalling3 ability to read and send ,morse or semaphore message1 twenty letters a minute4 ,first ,aid3 for passing the ,st4 ,john ,ambulance tests in ,first ,aid4 ,stalking3 series of twelve photos of wild animals taken from life by the scout and developed and printed by himself4 ,merit3 for twenty good marks for various good deeds4 ,medals are worn on the right breast1 and are as follows3 ,bronze medal with red ribbon3 ,for gallantry in saving life1 or attempting to save life at risk of own life4 ,silver medal with red ribbon3 ,for saving and helping to save life without risk of own life1 but where life might have been lost4 ,silver medal with blue ribbon3 ,meritorious service1 or assisting police at personal risk4 ,these are only granted by the chief scout on special recommendation from the patrol leader or scout master1 who should send in a full account of the case when applying4 ,marks are awarded by scout masters1 from their own knowledge or on recommendation of patrol leaders1 or as marks for competition4 ,two marks are given to any scout who brings a recruit whom he has already taught to tie the regulation knots4 ,such recruit must be in addition to the one who enabled him to qualify for his scout's badge4 ,the ,wolf4--,the ,red ,indians of ,north ,america call their best scout ,grey ,wolf1 because the grey wolf is a beast that sees everything and yet is never seen4 ,and the fighting tribes in ,south ,africa in the same way speak of a scout as a wolf4 ,in the ,matabele ,war1 #ahif-ahig1 the enemy called me ,the ,wolf for that reason4 ,mr4 ,thompson ,seton1 the head of the ,red ,indian ,boy ,scouts in ,america1 is called ,grey ,wolf4 ,so in the ,boy ,scouts a special badge and title of ,wolf will be given as a reward for very special distinction in scouting2 not more than one will be granted in a year4 ,all medals and badges are only worn as above when scouts are on duty or in camp4 ,at other times they should be worn on the right breast of the waistcoat1 underneath the jacket4 ,a small arrow-head badge may be worn at all times in the button-hole4 ,,the ,,scout',s ,,oath4 ,before he becomes a scout a boy must take the scout's oath1 thus3 ,on my honour ,i promise that-- #a4 ,i will do my duty to ,god and the ,king4 #b4 ,i will do my best to help others1 whatever it costs me4 #c4 ,i know the scout law1 and will obey it4 7,for ,scout ,law1 see page #dj47 ,while taking this oath the scout will stand1 holding his right hand raised level with his shoulder1 palm to the front1 thumb resting on the nail of the little finger1 and the other three fingers upright1 pointing upwards3-- ,illustration3 ,scout's ,salute and ,secret ,sign4 ,this is the scout's salute and secret sign4 ,when the hand is raised shoulder high it is called the ,half ,salute4 ,when raised to the forehead it is the ,full ,salute4 ,,scout',s ,,salute ,,and ,,secret ,,sign4 ,the three fingers held up 7like the three points of the scout's badge7 remind him of his three promises in the scout's oath4 #a4 ,honour ,god and the ,king4 #b4 ,help others4 #c4 ,obey the ,scout ,law4 ,when a scout meets another for the first time in the day1 whether he is a comrade or a stranger1 he salutes with the secret sign in the half salute4 ,he always salutes an officer--that is1 a patrol leader1 or a scout master1 or any officer of ,his ,majesty's forces1 army1 navy1 or police in uniform--with the full salute4 ,also the hoisting of the ,union ,jack1 the colours of a regiment1 the playing of ,god ,save the ,king1 and any funeral4 ,a scout who has the ,wolf honour is entitled to make the sign with the first finger and thumb opened out1 the remaining fingers clenched1 thumb upwards4 ,a man told me the other day that he was an ,englishman1 and just as good as anybody else1 and he was blowed if ever he would raise a finger to salute his so-called 'betters'3 he wasn't going to be a slave and kow-tow to them1 not he6 and so on4 ,that is a churlish spirit1 which is very common among fellows who have not been brought up as scouts4 ,i didn't argue with him1 but ,i might have told him that he had got hold of the wrong idea about saluting4 ,a salute is merely a sign between men of standing4 ,it is a privilege to be able to salute anyone4 ,in the old days the free men of ,england all were allowed to carry weapons1 and when they met each other each would hold up his right hand to show that he had no weapon in it1 and that they met as friends4 ,so also when an armed man met a defenceless person or a lady4 ,slaves or serfs were not allowed to carry weapons1 and so had to slink past the freemen without making any sign4 ,nowadays people do not carry weapons2 but those who would have been entitled to do so1 such as knights1 esquires1 and men-at-arms1 that is anyone living on their own property or earning their own living1 still go through the form of saluting each other by holding up their hand to their cap1 or even taking it off4 ,wasters are not entitled to salute1 and so should slink by1 as they generally do1 without taking notice of the free men or wage-earners4 ,to salute merely shows that you are a right sort of fellow and mean well to the other2 there is nothing slavish about it4 ,if a stranger makes the scout's sign to you1 you should acknowledge it at once by making the sign back to him1 and then shake hands with the ,,left ,,hand4 ,if he then shows his scout's badge1 or proves that he is a scout1 you must treat him as a brother-scout1 and help him in any way you can4 ,,scout',s ,,uniform4 ,illustration3 ,,scout',s ,,uniform4 ,patrol ,leader with ,scout4 ,if you already belong to a corps which has a uniform1 you dress in that uniform2 but on passing the tests for a scout given here you wear the scout badge1 if your commanding officer allows it1 in addition to any of your corps' badges that you may have won4 ,a scout does not use a showy uniform1 because it would attract attention2 but scouts in a patrol should1 as far as possible1 dress alike1 especially as regards hats1 or caps1 and neckerchief4 ,if your patrol does not belong to any uniformed corps1 it should dress as nearly as possible thus3 ,flat brimmed hat if possible1 or wide-awake hat4 ,coloured handkerchief tied loosely round neck4 ,shirt3 ,flannel4 ,colours3 ,a bunch of ribbons of patrol colour on left shoulder4 ,belt1 with coat rolled tight and strapped or tied on it behind4 ,haversack3 ,to carry food1 etc41 slung on back across the shoulders4 ,shorts3 ,trousers cut short at knee4 ,a kilt if you are a ,scotsman4 ,stockings1 with garters made of green braid1 with one end hanging down one inch4 ,boots or shoes4 ,staff as high as scout's shoulder4 ,not shod1 as it is for feeling the way at night quietly4 ,badge on left arm above elbow4 ,whistle1 with cord round neck for patrol leader4 ,n4,b4--,the colour of the neckerchief1 or necktie and shoulder knot should be the colour of the patrol4 ,corporal has a white stripe of braid three inches long stitched across his sleeve below the badge4 ,,scout',s ,,war ,,songs4 #a4 ,the ,scout's ,chorus4 ,to be shouted on the march1 or as applause at games1 meetings1 etc4 ,must be sung exactly in time4 ,leader3 ,een gonyama--gonyama4 ,chorus3 ,invooboo4 ,yah bobo6 ,yah bo6 ,invooboo4 ,the meaning is-- ,leader3 ,he is a lion6 ,chorus3 ,yes6 he is better than that2 he is a hippopotamus6 ,,the ,,scouts' ,,chorus4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,scouts' ,,chorus4 #b4 ,the ,scout's ,rally4 ,to be shouted as a salute1 or in a game1 or at any time4 ,leader3 ,be ,prepared6 ,chorus3 ,zing-a-,zing6 ,bom6 ,bom6 7,stamp or bang something at the ,bom6 ,bom67 ,,the ,,scouts' ,,rally4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,scouts' ,,rally4 ,,the ,,scouts' ,,call4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,scouts' ,,call4 ,for scout master to call together his troop by bugle2 or for scout to whistle to attract attention of another scout4 ,,patrol ,,signs4 ,each troop is named after the place to which it belongs4 ,each patrol in that troop is named after an animal or bird4 ,thus the #ccrd ,london ,troop may have five patrols which are respectively the ,wolves1 the ,ravens1 the ,curlews1 the ,bulls1 the ,owls4 ,each scout in a patrol has his regular number1 the patrol leader being ,no4 #a1 the corporal ,no4 #b1 and the scouts have the consecutive numbers after these4 ,scouts usually work in pairs as comrades1 ,nos4 #c and #d together1 ,nos4 #e and #f together1 and ,nos4 #g and #h4 ,,signs ,,and ,,calls ,,of ,,different ,,patrols4 7,for each patrol1 the sign1 name1 call1 and colours are given47 ,illustration3 ,curlew4 ,,curlew4 ,whistle-- ,,green4 ,curley4 ,illustration3 ,owl4 ,,owl4 ,whistle-- ,,blue4 ,koot-koot-kooo4 ,illustration3 ,wolf4 ,wolf4 ,howl-- ,,yellow4 ,how-oooo4 ,illustration3 ,bull4 ,,bull4 ,lowing-- ,,red4 ,um-maouw4 ,illustration3 ,raven4 ,,raven4 ,cry-- ,,black4 ,kar-kaw4 ,illustration3 ,hound4 ,,hound4 ,bark-- ,,orange4 ,ba-wow-wow4 ,illustration3 ,ram4 ,,ram4 ,bleat-- ,,brown4 ,ba-a-a4 ,a white shoulder knot is worn by ,officers and ,umpires at games4 ,each scout in the patrol has to be able to make the call of his patrol-animal--thus every scout in the ,ravens must be able to imitate the croak of the raven4 ,this is the sign by which scouts of a patrol can communicate with each other when hiding or at night4 ,no scout is allowed to imitate the call of any patrol except his own4 ,the patrol leader calls up the patrol at any time by sounding his whistle and uttering the call of the patrol4 ,also when a scout makes signs on the ground for others to read he also draws the head of the patrol animal4 ,thus if he wants to show that a certain road should not be followed he draws the sign across it ,not to be followed1 and adds the head of his patrol animal to show which patrol discovered that the road was no good1 and his own number to the left of the head to show which scout discovered it1 thus3 ,illustration3 ,sign4 ,illustration3 ,patrol ,leader's ,flag of ,the ,wolves ,patrol of the #ast ,london ,troop4 ,each patrol leader has a small white flag on his staff with the head of his patrol animal shown in green cloth stitched on to it on both sides4 ,thus the ,wolves of the #ast ,london ,troop would have the flag shown on the opposite page4 ,patrol flags can be got on payment of fourpence each by applying to ,the ,manager1 ,boy ,scouts1 ,goschen ,buildings1 ,henrietta ,street1 ,london1 ,w4 ,c4 ,all these signs scouts must be able to draw according to the patrol to which they belong4 ,practise with chalk on floor or walls1 or with a stick on the sand or mud4 ,scout signs on the ground or wall1 etc43 ,illustration3 ,road to be followed4 ,illustration3 ,letter hidden three paces from here in the direction of the arrow4 ,illustration3 ,this path not to be followed4 ,illustration3 ,i have gone home4 ,illustration3 7,signed7 ,patrol ,leader of the ,ravens ,fifteenth ,london ,troop4 ,at night sticks with a wisp of grass round them should be laid on the road in similar forms so that they can be felt with the hand4 ,practise this4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #d4 ,,scout ,,law4 ,scouts1 all the world over1 have unwritten laws which bind them just as much as if they had been printed in black and white4 ,they come down to us from old times4 ,the ,japanese have their ,bushido1 or laws of the old ,samurai warriors1 just as we have chivalry or rules of the knights of the ,middle ,ages4 ,the ,red ,indians in ,america have their laws of honour1 the ,zulus1 the natives of ,india1 the ,european nations--all have their ancient codes4 ,the following are the rules which apply to ,boy ,scouts1 and which you swear to obey when you take your oath as a scout1 so it is as well that you should know all about them4 ,the scouts' motto is founded on my initials1 it is3 ,,be ,,prepared1 which means1 you are always to be in a state of readiness in mind and body to do your ,,duty2 ,be ,prepared in ,mind by having disciplined yourself to be obedient to every order1 and also by having thought out beforehand any accident or situation that might occur1 so that you know the right thing to do at the right moment1 and are willing to do it4 ,be ,prepared in ,body by making yourself strong and active and able to do the right thing at the right moment1 and do it4 ,,the ,,scout ,,law4 #a4 ,a ,,scout',s ,,honour ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,trusted4 ,if a scout says ,on my honour it is so1 that means that it is so1 just as if he had taken a most solemn oath4 ,similarly1 if a scout officer says to a scout1 ,i trust you on your honour to do this1 the scout is bound to carry out the order to the very best of his ability1 and to let nothing interfere with his doing so4 ,if a scout were to break his honour by telling a lie1 or by not carrying out an order exactly when trusted on his honour to do so1 he would cease to be a scout1 and must hand over his scout badge1 and never be allowed to wear it again--he loses his life4 #b4 ,a ,,scout ,,is ,,loyal to the ,king1 and to his officers1 and to his country1 and to his employers4 ,he must stick to them through thick and thin against anyone who is their enemy1 or who even talks badly of them4 #c4 ,a ,,scout',s ,,duty ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,useful ,,and ,,to ,,help ,,others4 ,and he is to do his duty before anything else1 even though he gives up his own pleasure1 or comfort1 or safety to do it4 ,when in difficulty to know which of two things to do1 he must ask himself1 ,which is my duty8 that is1 ,which is best for other people8--and do that one4 ,he must ,be ,prepared at any time to save life1 or to help injured persons4 ,and he must do a good turn to somebody every day4 #d4 ,a ,,scout ,,is ,a ,,friend ,,to ,,all1 ,,and ,a ,,brother ,,to ,,every ,,other ,,scout1 ,,no ,,matter ,,to ,,what ,,social ,,class ,,the ,,other ,,belongs4 ,thus if a scout meets another scout1 even though a stranger to him1 he must speak to him1 and help him in any way that he can1 either to carry out the duty he is then doing1 or by giving him food1 or1 as far as possible1 anything that he may be in want of4 ,a scout must never be a ,,snob4 ,a snob is one who looks down upon another because he is poorer1 or who is poor and resents another because he is rich4 ,a scout accepts the other man as he finds him1 and makes the best of him4 ,kim1 the boy scout1 was called by the ,indians ,little friend of all the world1 and that is the name that every scout should earn for himself4 #e4 ,a ,,scout ,,is ,,courteous3 ,that is1 he is polite to all--but especially to women and children and old people and invalids1 cripples1 etc4 ,and he must not take any reward for being helpful or courteous4 #f4 ,a ,,scout ,,is ,a ,,friend ,,to ,,animals4 ,he should save them as far as possible from pain1 and should not kill any animal unnecessarily1 even if it is only a fly--for it is one of ,god's creatures4 #g4 ,a ,,scout ,,obeys ,,orders of his patrol leader or scout master without question4 ,even if he gets an order he does not like he must do as soldiers and sailors do1 he must carry it out all the same because it is his duty2 and after he has done it he can come and state any reasons against it3 but he must must carry out the order at once4 ,that is discipline4 #h4 ,a ,,scout ,,smiles ,,and ,,whistles under all circumstances4 ,when he gets an order he should obey it cheerily and readily1 not in a slow1 hang-dog sort of way4 ,scouts never grouse at hardships1 nor whine at each other1 nor swear when put out4 ,when you just miss a train1 or some one treads on your favourite corn--not that a scout ought to have such things as corns--or under any annoying circumstances1 you should force yourself to smile at once1 and then whistle a tune1 and you will be all right4 ,a scout goes about with a smile on and whistling4 ,it cheers him and cheers other people1 especially in time of danger1 for he keeps it up then all the same4 ,the punishment for swearing or using bad language is for each offence a mug of cold water to be poured down the offender's sleeve by the other scouts4 #i4 ,a ,,scout ,,is ,,thrifty1 that is1 he saves every penny he can1 and puts it into the bank1 so that he may have money to keep himself when out of work1 and thus not make himself a burden to others2 or that he may have money to give away to others when they need it4 ,,scouting ,,games4 ,,for ,,winter ,,in ,,the ,,country4 ,,arctic ,,expedition4 ,each patrol makes a bob sleigh with ropes1 harness1 for two of their number to pull 7or for dogs if they have them1 and can train them to the work74 ,two scouts go a mile or so ahead1 the remainder with the sleigh follow1 finding the way by means of the spoor1 and by such signs as the leading scouts may draw in the snow4 ,all other drawings seen on the way are to be examined1 noted1 and their meaning read4 ,the sleigh carries rations and cooking-pots1 etc4 ,build snow huts4 ,these must be made narrow1 according to the length of sticks available for forming the roof1 which can be made with brushwood1 and covered with snow4 ,,snow ,,fort4 ,the snow fort may be built by one patrol according to their own ideas of fortification1 with loop holes1 etc41 for looking out4 ,when finished it will be attacked by hostile patrols1 using snowballs as ammunition4 ,every scout struck by a snowball is counted dead4 ,the attackers should1 as a rule1 number at least twice the strength of the defenders4 ,,siberian ,,man ,,hunt4 ,one scout as fugitive runs away across the snow in any direction he may please until he finds a good hiding place1 and there conceals himself4 ,the remainder1 after giving him twenty minutes' start or more1 proceed to follow him by his tracks4 ,as they approach his hiding-place1 he shoots at them with snowballs1 and everyone that is struck must fall out dead4 ,the fugitive must be struck three times before he is counted dead4 ,,in ,,towns4 ,scouts can be very useful in snowy weather by working as a patrol under their leader in clearing away the snow from pavements1 houses1 etc4 ,this they may either do as a good turn1 or accept money to be devoted to their funds4 ,,scout ,,meets ,,scout4 ,,in ,,town ,,or ,,country4 ,single scouts1 or complete patrols or pairs of scouts1 to be taken out about two miles apart1 and made to work towards each other1 either alongside a road1 or by giving each side a landmark to work to1 such as a steep hill or big tree1 which is directly behind the other party1 and will thus insure their coming together4 ,the patrol which first sees the other wins4 ,this is signified by the patrol leader holding up his patrol flag for the umpire to see1 and sounding his whistle4 ,a patrol need not keep together1 but that patrol wins which first holds out its flag1 so it is well for the scouts to be in touch with their patrol leaders by signal1 voice1 or message4 ,scouts may employ any ruse they like1 such as climbing into trees1 hiding in carts1 etc41 but they must not dress up in disguise4 ,this may also be practised at night4 ,,despatch ,,runners4 ,a scout is sent out to take note of some well-known spot1 say1 the post office in a neighbouring town or district4 ,he will there get the note stamped with the post mark of the office and return4 ,the rest of the scouts are posted by their leader to prevent him getting there by watching all the roads and likely paths by which he can come1 but none may be nearer to the post office than two hundred yards4 ,the despatch runner is allowed to use any disguise and any method of travelling that he can hit upon4 ,in the country the game may similarly be played1 the scout being directed to go to a certain house or other specified spot4 ,,kim',s ,,game4 ,place about twenty or thirty small articles on a tray1 or on the table or floor1 such as two or three different kinds of buttons1 pencils1 corks1 rags1 nuts1 stones1 knives1 string1 photos--anything you can find--and cover them over with a cloth or coat4 ,make a list of these1 and make a column opposite the list for each boy's replies4 ,like this3 ,list ,adams ,smith ,long4 ,atkins ,jones ,walnut ,button ,black button ,red rag ,yellow rag ,black rag ,knife ,red pencil ,cork ,string knot ,plain string ,blue bead ,then uncover the articles for one minute by your watch1 or while you count sixty at the rate of quick march4 ,then cover them over again4 ,take each boy separately and let him whisper to you each of the articles that he can remember1 and mark it off on your scoring sheet4 ,the boy who remembers the greatest numbers wins the game4 ,,morgan',s ,,game4 7,played by the #bast ,dublin ,co4 ,boys' ,brigade47 ,,in ,,town4 ,scouts are ordered to run to a certain hoarding where an umpire is already posted to time them4 ,they are each allowed to look at this for one minute1 and then to run back to headquarters and report to the instructor all that was on the hoarding in the way of advertisements4 ,,debates1 ,,trials1 ,,etc4 ,a good exercise for a winter's evening in the clubroom is to hold a debate on any subject of topical interest1 the ,instructor acting as chairman4 ,he will see that there is a speaker on one side prepared beforehand to introduce and support one view of the subject1 and that there is another speaker prepared to expound another view4 ,after hearing them1 he will call on the others present in turn to express their views4 ,and in the end he takes the votes for and against the motion4 ,at first boys will be very shy of speaking unless the subject selected by the ,instructor is one which really interests them and takes them out of themselves4 ,after a debate or two they get greater confidence1 and are able to express themselves coherently2 and also pick up the proper procedure for public meetings1 such as seconding the motion1 moving amendments1 obeying chairman's ruling1 voting1 according votes of thanks to chair--etc41 etc4 ,in place of a debate a mock trial may be of interest as a change4 ,for instance1 the story of the murder given in ,part ,i4 might form the subject of trial4 ,the ,instructor would appoint himself to act the judge1 and detail boys to the following parts3 ,prisoner ,william ,winter4 ,witness ,boy1 ,robert ,hindmarsh4 ,police ,constable4 ,villager4 ,old woman 7friend of the murdered woman74 ,counsel for prisoner4 prosecution4 ,foreman and jury 7if there are enough scouts74 ,follow as nearly as possible the procedure of a court of law4 ,let each make up his own evidence1 speeches1 or cross-examination according to his own notions and imagination1 the evidence to be made up on the lines of the story1 but in greater detail4 ,do not necessarily find the prisoner guilty unless the prosecution prove their case to the jury4 ,in your summing up bring out the fact of the boy 7,hindmarsh7 having carried out each part of the duty of a scout1 in order to bring home its lesson to the boys4 ,,scouts' ,,war ,,dance4 ,scouts form up in one line with leader in front1 each holding his staff in the right hand1 and his left on the next man's shoulder4 ,leader sings the ,ingonyama song4 ,scouts sing chorus1 and advance to their front a few steps at a time1 stamping in unison on the long notes4 ,at the second time of singing they step backwards4 ,at the third1 they turn to the left1 still holding each other's shoulders1 and move round in a large circle1 repeating the chorus until they have completed the circle4 ,they then form into a wide circle1 into the centre of which one steps forward and carries out a war dance1 representing how he tracked and fought with one of his enemies4 ,he goes through the whole fight in dumb show1 until he finally kills his foe4 ,the scouts meantime still singing the ,ingonyama chorus1 and dancing on their own ground4 ,so soon as he finishes the fight1 the leader starts the ,be ,prepared chorus1 which they repeat three times in honour of the scout who has just danced4 ,then they recommence the ,ingonyama chorus1 and another scout steps into the ring1 and describes in dumb show how he stalked and killed a wild buffalo4 ,while he does the creeping up and stalking the animal1 the scouts all crouch and sing their chorus very softly1 and as he gets more into the fight with the beast1 they similarly spring up and dance and shout the chorus loudly4 ,when he has slain the beast1 the leader again gives the ,be ,prepared chorus in his honour1 which is repeated three times1 the scouts banging their staffs on the ground at the same time as they stamp ,bom6 bom6 ,at the end of the third repetition1 ,bom6 bom6 is repeated the second time4 ,the circle then close together1 turn to their left again1 grasping shoulders with the left hand1 and move off1 singing the ,ingonyama chorus1 or1 if it is not desired to move away1 they break up after the final ,bom6 bom6 ,,scouts' ,,play4 ,,pocahontas2 or1 ,,the ,,capture ,,of ,,captain ,,john ,,smith4 ,,scene3 ,in the jungle1 ,virginia1 in #afjg4 ,,enter3 ,a band of ,red ,indians1 ,r41 scouting4 ,the leading scout suddenly signals to the others to halt and hide1 and remains himself keenly looking ahead4 ,the ,,patrol ,,leader creeps nearer to him1 and they speak in a loud whisper4 ,,patrol ,,leader 7,eagle's ,wing74 ,ho6 ,silver ,fox6 ,what dost thou see8 ,,silver ,,fox 7the leading scout74 ,my leader1 ,i saw but just now a strange figure ahead--but for the moment ,i see it not4 ,there was an ,indian1 one of the hated ,assock tribe1 and close by him was a being who looked like a man yet not a man4 ,he wore no feathers1 no war paint4 ,but his body was all hidden in skins or cloths1 and his head was covered with a huge kind of protector4 ,he had1 it is true1 two arms and legs1 but his face was of a horrible colour--not bronze like ours1 but an awful white1 like that of a dead man1 and half covered with a bush of hair4 ,,eagle',s ,,wing4 ,it must be either a medicine man or devil4 ,,silver ,,fox 7still gazing ahead74 ,look there1 he moves6 7,,patrol ,,leader springs forward and crouches near ,,silver ,,fox47 ,close to yonder birch tree4 ,what is it he carries8 ,a heavy shining staff of iron4 ,see he is pointing at those ducks with it4 ,ah6 7,report of gun in the distance47 ,,patrol ,,leader4 ,scouts6 ,there is the devil before us4 ,he spits fire and smoke from an iron staff4 ,,silver ,,fox4 ,aye1 and see how the birds fall dead before him4 ,,patrol ,,leader4 ,yes1 he is a very devil4 ,what a prize for us if we can kill him and take his scalp4 ,,scouts4 ,nay1 nay4 ,he is a devil4 ,he will kill us6 ,,silver ,,fox4 ,yes1 that is true4 ,there is a saying1 ,let dogs that sleep lie sleeping1 then they harm you not4 ,let us leave this devil so he harm us not4 ,,scouts4 ,aye1 aye4 ,,eagle',s ,,wing4 ,scouts6 ,what woman's talk is this8 ,are ye no longer scouts and warriors when ye see a foe8 ,the worse the foe the greater the glory of defeating him4 ,are four ,sioux scouts afraid of one1 even though he be the devil himself8 ,begone to your lodges1 but never call yourselves warriors more4 ,ye be dogs6 ,curs but to harbour such thoughts4 ,for me ,i am going to have that scalp--devil or no devil1 ,i am going to have that scalp6 ,illustration3 ,princess ,pocahontas4 ,,silver ,,fox4 ,pardon1 my leader6 ,i am no cur4 ,any man ,i will fight1 but a witch or the devil is more than ,i had thought on4 ,but if you mean to face him1 why1 then1 so do ,i4 ,,scouts4 ,ay1 and so do all of us4 ,,eagle',s ,,wing4 ',tis well1 my scouts4 ,but soft1 he is coming this way4 ,what luck6 ,better than scalping him1 we will catch him alive1 and present him living to our ,king4 ,hide4 ,hide yourselves4 ,lie close around his path1 and1 when ,i give the call1 then rush upon him and secure him4 7,all hide1 ,r47 7,enter ,,capt4 ,,john ,,smith1 ,l41 accompanied by ,indian guide1 who is tied to ,,smith',s left arm by his wrist by means of a garter--coloured tape74 ,,smith4 ,how now1 my untruthful friend8 ,you have just told me that there are no ,indians in this part of the country1 and here are footmarks of several quite fresh1 and see where the grass quite newly trod down is still giving out juice4 ,they must be quite close by4 ,lucky that ,i have thee tied to me1 else could you run away and leave me guideless2 but whatever befalls us now we share the risks together4 ,how like you that1 my red cocksparrow8 7,an arrow whizzes past47 ,ha6 ,they're not far off4 ,behold1 they come1 but they'll find one ,briton is stouter stuff than the foes that they're accustomed to4 7,the ,red ,indians are heard shouting their war cries without4 ,arrows fly past4 ,,john ,,smith fires1 loads1 and fires again1 talking all the time1 while his native guide crouches back alarmed47 ,,smith 7laughing74 ,ha6 ha6 ,they like not my rifle-fire4 ,they run1 the dogs6 ,another bites the dust4 7,patting his rifle47 ,well done1 thou trusty ,bess--thou art a good lass6 ,there6 ,have at them again4 7,fires47 ,good2 another falls6 ,but now they rally and come on again--their leader gives them heart4 ,well1 and we will give them lead4 7,fires again4 ,to his guide1 who is very frightened47 ,cheer up4 ,gadzooks1 but ,i like their leader--that last ball struck him1 still he fainteth not4 ,he leads them on again4 ,by my head6 but we shall yet have a decent fight of it4 ,aid me1 ,st4 ,george1 and let me show what stuff an ,englishman is made of4 7,as he presses forward the guide in his fear slips down and accidentally drags ,,smith down with him47 ,how now--fool8 ,you have undone me4 7,indians rush in from all sides and spring on to ,,smith1 and after a severe struggle capture and bind his arms behind his back4 ,he stands panting and smiling4 ,the ,indians stand back to either side while ,,eagle',s ,,wing--with one arm bleeding--addresses him47 ,,eagle',s ,,wing4 ,so1 devil1 we have thee caught at last4 ,four good warriors hast thou sent to their happy hunting grounds1 but our turn has come and we have thee fast--a prize for kings--and for our ,king4 ,illustration3 ,captain ,john ,smith4 ,,smith4 ,well1 'twas a good fight1 and you deserve to win for facing rifle-fire1 which you had never seen before4 ,i should like to shake you by the hand had ,i a hand free to do it with4 ,but by ,st4 ,george1 had it not been for this white-livered knave who dragged me down1 there would have been more of you to join your hunting-party down below4 ,but who is this who comes8 7,scouts chorus heard without ,ingonyama1 etc4 ,scouts all raise their hands and join in the chorus1 looking off to the ,r47 7,enter ,,king ,,powhattan1 ,r41 w'th his chiefs and warriors47 ,,king4 ,how now6 ,eagle's ,wing1 what have you here8 ,,eagle',s ,,wing4 ,my lord1 we have just fought and foiled a very devil4 ,we killed him not in order that you1 our liege1 might have him to see and question and to kill yourself4 7,brings gun47 ,he used the lightning and the thunder of ,heaven with this engine1 so that he killeth those he hateth4 ,four of us lie yonder stricken dead therewith4 ,he is a very devil4 ,,king to ,,smith4 ,so6 ,what be you8 ,devil or witch or ,indian painted white8 ,what do you here8 ,,smith4 ,hail1 ,king6 ,i am no witch nor devil--nothing but a man--an ,englishman1 which is something more than a mere man4 ,i came across the seas4 ,five moons it took me2 so far away my country is4 ,but here ,i am1 and where ,i am there follow others4 ,and we come to tell you of a greater ,king than thou4 ,our ,king who is now to be your king also4 ,,king 7very angry74 ,what6 a greater ,king than ,i8 ,knave1 how dare you1 whether devil or no--how dare thou speak like this8 ,,king4 ,aye1 ,i have heard of these white folk4 ,art not afraid8 ,,smith4 ,nay4 ,i have faced the seas and storms1 the anger of the elements1 beside which the rage of men is very small4 7,laughing47 ,forget not--,i am an ,englishman--an ,englishman knows not fear4 ,,king4 ,ho6 ,say you so8 ,we'll soon put that beyond all question by a proof4 7,draws dagger1 rushes on ,,smith with a yell1 as if to stab him1 and stops the knife only as it touches ,,smith',s breast4 ,,smith does not flinch47 ,ah6 ,,smith4 ,a joke was it4 7,laughs47 ,by ,st4 ,george1 ,i thought you meant to kill me4 7,enter ,,princess ,,pocahontas 7the ,,king',s ,,daughter47 ,r4 ,aside47 ,what is this strange being8 ,a man1 yet not a red man4 ,he has a noble look4 ,alas6 that he should fall into my father's power1 for he will surely slay him4 ,,king to ,,smith4 ,and thou wert not afraid8 ,,smith4 ,nay4 ,why should ,i be8 ,i have long ago thought out how to meet my fate4 ,death and ,i have looked at each other face to face before now1 and death has a kindly smile for anyone who has never wilfully done ill to a fellow creature2 to such an one he is no longer a dreaded demon1 but a kindly host4 ,illustration3 ,king ,powhattan4 ,,king4 ,well6 he'll have a guest before long now2 for since you say he is a friend of yours it proves that you are1 as my people first told me1 some kind of witch or devil yourself4 ,therefore1 it will be well for the land that we do slay thee4 ,besides1 ,i have not seen a man's red blood for many days1 and ,i am tired of the blood of the ,assocks4 7,,pocahontas shrinks down1 holding her ears47 ,i shall dearly like to see how looks the blood of a white half-man1 half-devil4 ,but first ,i want to see him cower1 and squeal for mercy2 for therein lies the joy of killing4 7,calls to his ,,warriors47 ,ho6 there6 ,stretch out this devil on the ground1 and let him learn that death is not the joy he thinks it is4 7,they drag ,,smith down1 and lay him on his back on the ground1 ,c4 ,one holds his feet1 but the rest1 finding that he does not struggle1 stand back2 two prepare to use their battle-axes on him1 while the rest dance weird dances1 singing ,ingonyama chorus round him4 ,the executioners make false blows at his head--but he never flinches47 ,,pocahontas 7kneeling beside the ,,king4 ,r474 ,oh6 ,king--,i have not often asked for gifts from you--and now ,i pray you1 on my bended knee1 to grant me this request4 ,i have no slave to guard me when ,i walk abroad4 ,it is not seemly that ,i take a young brave of our tribe1 and the old ones are so very old and slow4 ,now here2 a slave of whom one may be proud--one strange to see1 yet strong and great and brave4 ,ah6 give him to thy child instead of unto death4 ,,king4 ,nay6 nay6 my child4 ,if you don't like the scene1 withdraw1 for he shall die4 ',tis sport for me to see how long he lasts before he cries for mercy4 ,and when he does he dies4 7,to ,,warriors47 ,now stand him up1 and try some new device to make him quail4 7,,pocahontas shrinks back4 ,they raise ,,smith1 and he stands boldly facing them47 ,,king4 ,death now comes to thee1 and thou hast no chance of escaping him4 ,art thou not now afraid of him8 ,,john ,,smith4 ,nay4 ,why should ,i be8 ,we men are born not for ourselves but as a help to others2 and if we act thus loyally we know our ,god will have us in his care both now and after death4 ,,king4 ,but after death you're dead6 ,,john ,,smith4 ,not so4 ,a ,christian lives again4 ,,king to ,,smith4 ,well now your hour has come4 ,i know not what has brought you to this land1 but you shall know that witch or no1 your spells can have no power on me2 and you will die1 and ,i shall smile to see you die4 ,,smith4 ,what brought me here was duty to my ,king and ,god and countrymen2 to spread his powerful sway over all the earth1 that you and yours may know of ,god1 that trade may spread to carry peace and wealth throughout the world4 ,if you accept these views all will be well2 if you accept them not then do your worst1 but use your haste2 our mission is to clean the world6 ,kill me1 but that will not avail1 for where ,i fall a thousand more will come4 ,know this1 ,o ,savage ,king1 a ,briton's word is trusted over all the world2 his first care is for others--not himself2 he sticks to friend through thick and thin2 he's loyal to his ,king4 ,and though you threat with death or pains1 he'll do his duty to the end4 ,illustration3 ,warrior4 ,,king 7springs angrily forward74 ,i'll hear no more4 ,you offer terms to ,,me1 the ,king6 ,down1 dog1 upon your knees1 and meet the death you feign to smile at4 7,to ,,warriors47 ,strike1 strike1 and smash this vermin from my path4 7,,princess ,,pocahontas1 who has been cowering in the background1 runs forward and places herself close in front of ,capt4 ,,john ,,smith1 so as to protect him from the ,,warriors1 who are preparing1 ,r4 and ,,back1 to rush at him with their spears and axes74 ,,princess ,,pocahontas4 ,hold6 ,warriors--,i am your ,princess1 and to get at him you have to kill me first4 7,to ,,king47 ,o ,king--,i call you no more ,father4 ,o ,king your rule has been a time of blood and murder4 ,i was too young to think before1 but now ,i know that all your works are cruel1 bad1 not just4 7,,warriors lower their weapons1 and whisper among themselves1 as if saying1 ,yes4 ,she's quite right47 ,and ,i have been obedient as your child till now4 ,but now my eyes are opened1 and ,i see that as ,king you are neither just nor kind towards your tribe--or other men4 ,to bring it home to you1 ,i swear that if you slay this man you also slay your daughter6 ,for ,i'll not leave him thus to die alone4 7,to ,,warriors47 ,now1 braves1 come on and do your work4 7,they hang back47 ,how now--you never feared an enemy1 so why fear me8 ,,eagle',s ,,wing 7bowing74 ,nay1 sweet ,princess1 it may not be4 ,we care not what of men we kill in fighting for our land1 but this we cannot do--to raise a hand against a woman1 and she our own ,princess4 ,,king 7furious74 ,how now6 ,what talk is this8 ,ye speak as though you had no ,king and no commands4 ,slay on--strike true1 and spare not man nor maid1 for she no longer is a child of mine4 7,braves still hesitate47 ,ye will not8 ,dogs1 wouldst have me do it for myself8 ,i will1 and1 what is more1 ,i'll slay you ,eagle's ,wing for this1 and you too---- 7,enter a warrior scout1 ,l41 who rushes up to the ,,king and kneels while shots are heard outside47 ,,scout4 ,o ,king6 ,there be more white devils over there4 ,they're pressing on1 and none can stand against them4 ,,king to ,,warriors4 ,stand firm1 and kill these devils as they come4 ,to every brave who takes a white man's scalp ,i'll give the noblest feather for his head4 ,stand firm6 ,bend well your bows4 7,while the ,,king and ,,warriors are looking off ,l4 towards the fight1 ,,pocahontas takes ,,smith ,r41 draws a dagger and cuts ,,john ,,smith',s arms lose4 ,he shakes hands with her4 ,taking the dagger1 he rushes to the ,,king1 and seizing his hair with one hand1 and threatening him with the dagger with the other1 he leads him ,c47 ,,smith4 ,now yield thee1 ,king1 as prisoner1 or ,i will send thee quick to other hunting grounds4 7,to ,warriors who rush forward to rescue the ,,king47 ,nay1 stand you there3 another step1 and lo6 your ,king will die4 7,a pause4 ,all stand quite still47 ,i will not harm if he lists to me4 7,leads ,,king to front1 ,c41 and then lets go his hold of him4 ,,warriors remain at back4 ,distant noise of fighting1 cries and shots heard all the time4 ,,warriors keep looking off to see how the fight is going on47 7,,smith standing ,l41 facing ,,king1 ,c4 ,,pocahontas1 ,r41 ,,warriors1 back47 ,,smith4 ,if you would live in peace1 your only way is now to join with us4 ,our ,god is stronger than your idols1 and our ,king is king of many tribes far greater and more powerful than your own4 ,but if you join with us your wicked ways must cease2 no more to kill your people for no crime1 no more to steal their goods or beasts1 no more to make them slaves against their will4 ,beneath the ,british flag all men are free4 7,,warriors whisper among themselves4 ,,smith turns to them47 ,what say you8 ,will you join and serve our ,king1 and live in peace1 or will you go on being slaves of cruel chiefs1 to live a life of fear and poverty8 ,,eagle',s ,,wing4 ,nay4 ,we should like to join you well1 but we have aye been faithful to our ,king1 and what he says1 why that is what we'll do4 ,,smith4 ,you're right in being faithful to your ,king4 ,now1 ,king1 what say you8 ,will you join our mighty ,king with all your braves1 or will you face his power and be destroyed8 ,,king 7sullenly74 ,you talk as though you were a king yourself and conqueror1 instead of but a prisoner in my hands4 ,you must be mad or very brave1 since ,i could kill thee at one stroke4 ,,smith4 ,well1 mad or brave1 it matters not2 but there are others just as mad or brave out there1 who even now 7points off ,l47 are pressing back your men2 and were your men to kill off all of us1 a thousand more will come for each one killed1 and in the end you too would meet your fate4 ,know this1 that ,britain1 once she puts her hand to the plough for doing noble work1 does not withdraw1 but presses on till peace and justice are set up1 and cruel wrongs redressed4 ,you would yourself remain as ,king among your people1 but beneath the friendly wing of ,britain's world-wide power4 ,,king to ,,warriors4 ,my braves6 ,i never asked your will before2 but ye have heard what this brave man has said4 ,what think ye8 ,should we yield or fight this white man's power8 ,,eagle',s ,,wing4 ,my ,king1 we all say yield1 and join this mighty power1 whereby we shall ourselves be strong4 ,,pocahontas 7kneeling to ,,king1 ,r474 ,once more ,i call thee ,father1 and ,i pray1 for all the wives and children of our tribe1 that you will take this noble man's advice1 and bring true peace at last into our land4 7,kisses ,,king',s hands and remains kneeling while he speaks47 ,,king4 ',tis well4 ,fair1 sir1 we yield2 and on our oath we swear allegiance to your ,king for aye and ever1 weal or woe4 ,we will be true 7holding up right hand in scout's sign74 ,,warriors 7holding up right hands in scout's salute74 ,we will be true4 ,,smith 7taking ,st4 ,george's flag from under his coat1 and tying it on to a scout's staff1 holds it aloft47 ,behold your flag--the flag of ,st4 ,george and ,merry ,england6 ,,warriors salute and sing ,ingonyama ,chorus4 ,band plays ,rule ,britannia6 ,,curtain4 ,,dresses4 ,,warriors4--,band or tape round head1 with plait of hair over ear1 and four goose feathers with black tips4 ,naked body coloured red brick dust colour4 ,trousers3 light-coloured if possible1 with strips of coloured rag and goose feathers stitched all down the outside seam of the leg4 ,bare feet4 ,bow and arrows and staff4 ,,king4--,like warriors1 but with red blanket or shawl over one shoulder1 and headdress made of linen band with goose feathers1 some upright in it and continued down the back4 ,,pocahontas4--,headdress band of linen1 with three upright goose feathers and two drooping on each side2 also a plait of hair over each shoulder4 ,brass curtain-rings tied with thread round each ear as earrings4 ,necklace of beads1 also bracelets4 ,a skirt4 ,coloured short petticoat under it4 ,bare feet4 ,,john ,,smith4--,big hat with pheasant's tails feathers4 ,beard and moustache and long hair of tow or crepe hair4 ,could all be stitched to hat if desired4 ,steel gorget or wide soft linen collar2 long brown or yellow coat1 with big belt4 ,bagging knickerbockers4 ,stockings4 ,shoes with big buckles4 ,old-fashioned flint-lock gun4 ,,scenery4--,strips of brown paper1 #a ft4 to #a-a_/b ft4 wide1 and #b ft4 to #c ft4 wide at the bottom will represent trees if stuck up on the back wall1 and marked with charcoal and chalk to represent rough bark4 ,,scouting ,,for ,,boys4 ,,part ,,ii4 will be published on ,january #cjth1 #aijh4 ,,contents3 ,,chapter ,,ii4--,,tracking4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn ,,no4 #e4 ,observation of ,sign1 or ,how ,scouts ,find ,out ,things4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn ,,no4 #f4 ,spooring ,men or ,animals4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn ,,no4 #g4 ,reading ,sign3 ,sherlock ,holmes-ism4 ,stories1 ,games1 and ,practices in ,tracking in ,town and ,country4 ,,chapter ,,iii4--,,woodcraft4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn ,,no4 #h4 ,stalking1 ,hiding1 and ,creeping up to ,animals or ,men4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn ,,no4 #i4 ,habits of ,animals1 ,birds1 and ,reptiles4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn ,,no4 #aj4 ,plants1 useful to ,scouts4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn ,,no4 #aa4 ,stars useful to ,scouts4 ,stories1 ,games1 and ,practices in ,woodcraft in ,town and ,country4 ,,note ,,to ,,instructors ,,and ,,learners4--,it would be well not to commence a course of instructions until you have this ,part as well as ,part ,i4 in your hands4 ,,price ,,fourpence4 ,published by ,,horace ,,cox1 ,windsor ,house1 ,breams ,buildings1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,the ,,yachting ,,and ,,boating ,,monthly 7,illustrated74 ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,field4 ,,dealing ,,with ,,designing1 ,,building1 ,,engineering1 ,,marine ,,motoring1 ,,cruising1 ,,racing1 ,,canoeing1 ,,sailing1 ,,navigation1 c4 ,,price ,,one ,,shilling ,,net4 ,,on ,,sale ,,everywhere4 ,annual ,subscription1 #aes41 ,post ,free 7,home and ,abroad74 ,,horace ,,cox1 ,,windsor ,,house1 ,,bream',s ,,buildings1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,the ,,field1 ,,the ,,country ,,gentleman',s ,,newspaper4 ,published every ,saturday1 price ,sixpence4 ,,leaders ,,on ,interesting ,sporting subjects are given every week in ,,the ,,field4 ,,coursing4 ,,reports of all ,meetings are given weekly for the duration of the season4 ,,shooting4 ,,contents3 ,original ,articles and ,correspondence on ,shooting ,adventures1 ,game ,preservation1 ,new ,guns1 ,cartridges1 and all the paraphernalia of a sportsman4 ,,angling4 ,,articles and ,correspondence on ,fishing1 ,reports from the ,rivers1 ,fish ,preservation and ,culture1 and all matters connected with river1 lake1 or sea fishing4 ,,hunting4 ,,description of ,hunting ,countries1 reports of ,runs with the various ,packs of ,hounds1 ,hunting ,appointments1 ,visits to the ,kennels1 ,notes from the ,shires1 c41 are given during the season4 ,,the ,,turf4 ,,reports of all the principal ,race and ,steeplechase ,meetings are given1 together with ,notes and ,anticipations on ,future ,events1 ,sales of ,blood ,stock1 c4 ,,dogs ,,and ,,horses4 ,,articles and ,correspondence on the above subjects4 ,reports of ,horse and ,dog ,shows1 c4 ,,the ,,veterinarian ,,gives full and practical instruction for the management of ,cattle in health and disease4 ,,the ,,country ,,house4 ,,under this heading will be found ,articles1 ,notes1 ,queries1 c41 on all ,subjects and ,inventions that concern the ,country ,house4 ,,poultry ,,and ,,pigeons4 ,,articles on their management1 accounts of ,pigeon ,races1 c4 ,,cycling1 ,,motoring1 c4 ,,reports of the principal ,races1 ,descriptions of ,new ,machines1 ,accounts of ,tours1 c4 ,a ,,chess ,,problem ,,is given constantly1 with annotated ,games1 and ,chess news4 ,,archery4 ,,all the principal ,matches throughout the ,united ,kingdom are reported during the season4 ,,golf4 ,,reports of ,golf ,contests1 ,descriptions of ,links1 c4 ,,lawn ,,tennis4 ,,reports of all the principal ,matches1 and ,notes on the ,formation of ,courts1 c4 ,,swimming4 ,,full ,,reports of all the principal ,contests of the ,season4 ,,yachting4 ,,articles on ,yacht ,building1 ,reports of ,matches1 ,accounts of ,cruises1 ,correspondence1 ,yacht ,intelligence1 c4 ,,rowing4 ,,reports of ,matches and ,regattas1 ,articles on ,training4 ,,athletic ,,sports ,,are fully reported every week during the season4 ,,football4 ,,reports of ,association and ,rugby ,matches during the season4 ,,cricket4 ,,full and accurate ,reports of all ,matches of interest are given during the season4 ,,travel ,,and ,,colonisation ,,contains ,articles upon ,explorations in little known parts of the world1 their capabilities for colonisation1 stock-raising1 sport1 c4 ,,the ,,farm ,,gives practical advice for the proper management of ,farms 7both arable and pasture7 and ,farm ,stock1 ,reports of ,agricultural ,shows1 ,sales of ,shorthorns1 c4 ,,the ,,garden4 ,,practical instruction for laying out and managing ,flower and ,kitchen ,gardens1 ,grape ,houses1 ,orchard ,houses1 ,forcing ,beds1 c41 are given4 ,,cards4 ,,bridge ,hands illustrated with ,notes on other ,games4 ,also ,articles relating to ,,the ,,naturalist1 ,,foreign ,,field ,,sports1 ,,racquets1 ,,billiards1 c41 c4 ,,subscription--,quarterly1 #gs42 ,half-,yearly1 #ads42 ,yearly1 #a #hs4 ,part ,,ii4 ,,fortnightly4 ,price #d;d4 net4 ,,scouting ,,for ,,boys ,,by ,,lieut4 ,,gen4 ,,baden ,,powell ,c4,b4 ,,published ,,by ,,horace ,,cox1 ,,windsor ,,house1 ,,bream',s ,,buildings1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,illustration3 ,scout4 ,scouting for ,boys4 ,a ,,handbook ,,for ,,instruction ,,in ,,good ,,citizenship4 ,,by ,lieut4-,general ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,baden-,,powell1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,all communications should be addressed to-- ,,lieut4-,,general ,,baden-,,powell1 ,,boy ,,scouts' ,,office1 ,,goschen ,,buildings1 ,,henrietta ,,street1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 by whom ,scouts will be enrolled1 and from where all further information can be obtained4 ,copyrighted by ,lieut4-,general ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,baden-,,powell1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #aijh4 ,all rights reserved4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,contents3 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,tracking2 or1 ,noticing and ,reading the ,meaning of ,small ,signs4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarns4 #e4--,,observation ,,of ,,sign ,,or ,,tracks3 ,details of ,people2 ,sign round a ,dead ,body2 ,use of ,eyes1 ,ears1 and ,nose2 ,night ,scouting4 #f4--,,spooring3 ,adventures2 ,value of ,spooring1 ,how to ,learn4 #g4--,,reading ,,sign3 ,sherlock ,holmesism2 ,deduction1 or putting this and that together2 ,instances2 ,how to ,practice4 ,,practices1 ,,games1 ,,and ,,plays ,,in ,,tracking4 ,,books ,,on ,,tracking4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,instruction in the art of observation and deduction is difficult to lay down in black and white4 ,it must be taught by practice4 ,one can only give a few instances and hints1 the rest depends upon your own powers of imagination and local circumstances4 ,the importance of the power of observation and deduction to the young citizen is great4 ,children are proverbially quick in observation1 but it dies out as they grow older1 largely because first experiences catch their attention1 which they fail to do on repetition4 ,,observation is1 in fact1 a habit to which a boy has to be trained4 ,,tracking is an interesting step towards gaining it4 ,,deduction is the art of subsequently reasoning out and extracting the meaning from the points observed4 ,when once observation and deduction have been made habitual in the boy1 a great step in the development of character has been gained4 ,,contents3 ,,chapter ,,iii4 7,commences on page #aji47 ,,woodcraft2 or1 ,knowledge of ,animals and ,nature4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarns4 #h4--,,stalking3 ,as an ,aid to ,observation2 ,how to ,hide4 #i4--;,,animals3 ,the ,calling of ,wild ,animals4 ,animals2 ,birds2 ,reptiles2 ,fish2 ,insects4 #aj4--,,plants3 ,trees and ,how to ,identify ,them4 ,,practices1 ,,games1 ,,competitions1 ,,and ,,plays ,,in ,,woodcraft4 ,,books ,,on ,,woodcraft4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,how ,,to ,,teach ,,natural ,,history4 ,if in ,london take your scouts to the ,zoological ,gardens and to ,natural ,history ,museum1 ,south ,kensington4 ,take them to certain animals on which you are prepared to lecture to them4 ,about half a dozen animals would be quite enough for one day4 ,if in the country1 get leave from a farmer or carter to show the boys how to put on harness1 etc41 and how to feed and water the horse2 how he is shod1 etc4 ,how to catch hold of a runaway horse in harness4 ,how to milk a cow4 ,study habits of cows1 rabbits1 birds1 water-voles1 trout1 etc41 by stalking them and watching all that they do4 ,take your scouts to any menagerie1 and explain the animals4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,tracking2 or1 ,noticing and ,reading the meaning of small ,signs4--,camp ,fire ,yarns on ,observation--,spooring--,reading ,sign4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #e4 ,,observation ,,of ,,sign4 ,,noticing ,,sign4--,details of ,people4--,sign round a dead body--,details in the ,country--,use of eyes1 ears1 and nose by ,scouts--,night ,scouting--,hints to ,instructors--,practices and ,games in ,observation--,books on ,observation4 ,,noticing ,,sign4 ,sign is the word used by scouts to mean any little details such as footprints1 broken twigs1 trampled grass1 scraps of food1 a drop of blood1 a hair1 and so on2 anything that may help as clues in getting the information they are in search of4 ,mrs4 ,smithson1 when travelling in ,kashmir last year1 was following up with some native ,indian trackers the pugs of a panther which had killed and carried off a young buck4 ,he had crossed a wide bare slab of rock which1 of course1 gave no mark of his soft feet4 ,the tracker went at once to the far side of the rock where it came to a sharp edge2 he wetted his finger1 and just passed it along the edge till he found a few buck's hairs sticking to it4 ,this showed him where the panther had passed down off the rock dragging the buck with him4 ,those few hairs were what scouts call sign4 ,mrs4 ,smithson's tracker also found bears by noticing small sign4 ,on one occasion he noticed a fresh scratch in the bark of a tree evidently made by a bear's claw1 and on the other he found a single black hair sticking to the bark of a tree1 which told him that a bear had rubbed against it4 ,one of the most important things that a scout has to learn1 whether he is a war scout or a hunter or peace scout1 is to let nothing escape his attention2 he must notice small points and signs1 and then make out the meaning of them3 but it takes a good deal of practice before a tenderfoot can get into the habit of really noting everything and letting nothing escape his eye4 ,it can be learnt just as well in a town as in the country4 ,and in the same way you should notice any strange sound or any peculiar smell and think for yourself what it may mean4 ,unless you learn to notice signs you will have very little of this and that to put together and so you will be no use as a scout2 it comes by practice4 ,remember1 a scout always considers it a great disgrace if an outsider discovers a thing before he has seen it for himself1 whether that thing is far away in the distance1 or close by under his feet4 ,if you go out with a really trained scout you will see that his eyes are constantly moving1 looking out in every direction near and far1 noticing everything that is going on1 just from habit1 not because he wants to show off how much he notices4 ,i was walking with one the other day in ,hyde ,park in ,london4 ,he presently remarked that horse is going a little lame--there was no horse near us1 but ,i found he was looking at one far away across the ,serpentine3 the next moment he picked up a peculiar button lying by the path4 ,his eyes1 you see1 were looking both far away and near4 ,in the streets of a strange town a scout will notice his way by the principal buildings1 and side-streets1 and in any case he will notice what shops he passes and what is in their windows2 also what vehicles pass him and such details as whether the horses' harness and shoes are all right2 and most especially what people he passes1 what their faces are like1 their dress1 their boots1 and their way of walking1 so that if1 for instance1 he should be asked by a policeman1 ,have you seen a man with dark over-hanging eyebrows dressed in a blue suit1 going down this street1 he should be able to give some such answer as ,yes--he was walking a little lame with the right foot1 wore foreign looking boots1 was carrying a parcel in his hand1 he turned down ,gold ,street1 the second turning on the left from here1 about three minutes ago4 ,information of that kind has often been of greatest value in tracing out a criminal1 but so many people go along with their eyes shut and never notice things4 ,in the story of ,kim1 by ,rudyard ,kipling1 there is an account of two boys being taught observation in order to become detectives1 or scouts1 by means of a game in which a trayful of small objects was shown to them for a minute and was then covered over and they had to describe all the things on it from memory4 ,we will have that game1 as it is excellent practice for scouts4 ,there was a revolutionary society in ,italy called the ,camorra who used to train their boys to be quick at noticing and remembering things4 ,when walking through the streets of the city1 the ,camorrist would suddenly stop and ask his boy--,how was the woman dressed who sat at the door of the fourth house on the right in the last street8 or1 ,what were the two men talking about whom we met at the corner of the last street but three8 or1 ,where was the cab ordered to drive to1 and what was its number8 ,what is the height of that house and what is the width of its upper floor window8 and so on4 ,or the boy was given a minute to look in a shop window and then he had to describe all that was in it4 ,captain ,cook1 the great explorer and scout1 was trained in the same way as a boy1 and so was ,houdin the great conjurer4 ,every town scout should know1 as a matter of course1 where is the nearest chemist's shop 7in case of accidents71 the nearest police fixed point1 police-station1 hospital1 fire alarm1 telephone1 ambulance station1 etc4 ,the scout must also have his eyes on the ground especially along the edge of the pavement against the houses or in the gutter4 ,i have often found valuable trinkets that have been dropped1 and which have been walked over by numbers of people1 and swept to one side by ladies' dresses without being noticed4 ,illustration3 ,how the wearing of a hat shows character4 ,,details ,,of ,,people4 ,when you are travelling by train or tram always notice every little thing about your fellow travellers2 notice their faces1 dress1 way of talking and so on so that you could describe them each pretty accurately afterwards2 and also try and make out from their appearance and behaviour whether they are rich or poor 7which you can generally tell from their boots71 and what is their probable business1 whether they are happy1 or ill1 or in want of help4 ,but in doing this you must not let them see you are watching them1 else it puts them on their guard4 ,remember the shepherd-boy who noticed the gipsy's boots1 but did not look at him and so did not make the gipsy suspicious of him4 ,close observation of people and ability to read their character and their thoughts is of immense value in trade and commerce1 especially for a shop-assistant or salesman in persuading people to buy goods1 or in detecting would-be swindlers4 ,it is said that you can tell a man's character from the way he wears his hat4 ,if it is slightly on one side1 the wearer is good-natured3 if it is worn very much on one side1 he is a swaggerer3 if on the back of his head1 he is bad at paying his debts3 if worn straight on the top1 he is probably honest but very dull4 ,the way a man 7or a woman7 walks is often a good guide to his character--witness the fussy1 swaggering little man paddling along with short steps with much arm-action1 the nervous man's hurried1 jerky stride1 the slow slouch of the loafer1 the smooth going and silent step of the scout1 and so on4 ,i was once accused of mistrusting men with waxed moustaches4 ,well1 so1 to a certain extent1 ,i do4 ,it often means vanity and sometimes drink4 ,certainly the quiff or lock of hair which some lads wear on their forehead is a sure sign of silliness4 ,the shape of the face gives a good guide to the man's character4 ,perhaps you can tell the character of these gentlemen8 ,illustration3 ,character of gentlemen4 ,i was speaking with a detective not long ago about a gentleman we had both been talking to1 and we were trying to make out his character4 ,i remarked--well1 at any rate1 he was a fisherman1 but my companion could not see why3 but then he was not a fisherman himself4 ,i had noticed a lot of little tufts of cloth sticking upon the left cuff of his coat4 ,a good many fishermen1 when they take their flies off the line1 stick them into their cap to dry3 others stick them into their sleeve4 ,when dry they pull them out1 which often tears a thread or two of the cloth4 ,it is an amusing practice when you are in a railway carriage or omnibus with other people to look only at their feet and guess without looking any higher what sort of people they are1 old or young1 well to do or poor1 fat or thin1 and so on1 and then look up and see how near you have been to the truth4 ,mr4 ,nat ,goodwin1 the ,american actor1 once described to me how he went to see a balloon ascent at a time when he happened to be suffering from a stiff neck4 ,he was only able to look down instead of up--and he could only see the feet of the people round him in the crowd so he chose among the feet those that he felt sure belonged to an affable kind-hearted man who would describe to him what the balloon was doing4 ,i once was able to be of service to a lady who was in poor circumstances1 as ,i had guessed it from noticing1 while walking behind her1 that though she was well dressed the soles of her shoes were in the last stage of disrepair4 ,i don't suppose she ever knew how ,i guessed that she was in a bad way4 ,but it is surprising how much of the sole of the boot you can see when behind a person walking--and it is equally surprising how much meaning you can read from that boot4 ,it is said that to wear out soles and heels equally is to give evidence of business capacity and honesty2 to wear your heels down on the outside means that you are a man of imagination and love of adventure2 but heels worn down on the inside signify weakness and indecision of character1 and this last sign is more infallible in the case of man than in that of woman4 ,remember how ,sherlock ,holmes met a stranger and noticed that he was looking fairly well-to-do1 in new clothes with a mourning band on his sleeve1 with a soldierly bearing1 and a sailor's way of walking1 sunburnt1 with tattoo marks on his hands1 and he was carrying some children's toys in his hand4 ,what should you have supposed that man to be8 ,well6 ,sherlock ,holmes guessed1 correctly1 that he had lately retired from the ,royal ,marines as a ,sergeant1 and his wife had died1 and he had some small children at home4 ,,signs ,,round ,a ,,dead ,,body4 ,it may happen to some of you that one day you will be the first to find the dead body of a man1 in which case you will remember that it is your duty to examine and note down the smallest signs that are to be seen on and near the body before it is moved or the ground disturbed and trampled down4 ,besides noticing the exact position of the body 7which should if possible be photographed exactly as found7 the ground all round should be very carefully examined--without treading on it yourself more than is absolutely necessary1 for fear of spoiling existing tracks4 ,if you can also draw a little map of how the body lay and where the signs round it were1 it might be of value4 ,twice lately bodies have been found which were at first supposed to be those of people who had hanged themselves--but close examination of the ground round them1 in one case some torn twigs and trampled grass1 and in the other a crumpled carpet1 showed that murder had been committed1 and that the bodies had been hung after death to make it appear as though they had committed suicide4 ,finger-marks should especially be looked for on any likely articles and if they do not correspond to those of the murdered man they may be those of his murderer1 who could then be identified by comparing the impression with his fingers4 ,such a case occurred in ,india1 where a man was found murdered and a bloody finger-mark on his clothes4 ,the owner of the finger-mark was found1 tried1 and convicted4 ,in ,st4 ,petersburg in ,russia a banker was found murdered4 ,near the body was found a cigar-holder with an amber mouthpiece4 ,this mouthpiece was of peculiar shape and could only be held in the mouth in one position1 and it had two teeth marks in it4 ,these marks showed that the two teeth were of different lengths4 ,the teeth of the murdered man were quite regular1 so the cigar-holder was evidently not his4 ,but his nephew had teeth which corresponded to the marks on the mouthpiece1 so he was arrested1 and then further proof came up and showed that he was the murderer4 ,compare the story in ,sherlock ,holmes' ,memoirs called ,the ,resident ,patient in which a man was found hanging and was considered to be a suicide till ,sherlock ,holmes came in and showed various signs such as cigar ends bitten by different teeth1 footprints1 and that three men had been in the room with the dead man for some time previous to his death and had hanged him4 ,,details ,,in ,,the ,,country4 ,if you are in the country you should notice landmarks1 that is objects which help you to find your way or prevent you getting lost1 such as distant hills1 church towers1 and nearer objects such as peculiar buildings1 trees1 gates1 rocks1 etc4 ,and remember in noticing such landmarks that you may want to use your knowledge of them some day for telling someone else how to find his way1 so you must notice them pretty closely so as to be able to describe them unmistakably and in their proper order4 ,you must notice and remember every by-road and footpath4 ,then you must also notice smaller signs such as birds getting up and flying hurriedly which means somebody or some animal is there2 dust shows animals1 men1 or vehicles moving4 ,of course when in the country you should notice just as much as in town all passers-by very carefully--how they are dressed1 what their faces are like1 and their way of walking1 and examine their footmarks--and jot down a sketch of them in your notebook1 so that you would know the footmark again if you found it somewhere else--7as the shepherd boy did in the story at the beginning of this book74 ,and notice all tracks--that is footmarks of men1 animals1 birds1 wheels1 etc41 for from these you can read the most important information1 as ,captain d',artagnan did in the story of the secret duel1 of which ,i shall tell you later4 ,this track-reading is of such importance that ,i shall give you a lecture on that subject by itself4 ,,using ,,your ,,eyes4 ,let nothing be too small for your notice1 a button1 a match1 a cigar ash1 a feather1 or a leaf1 might be of great importance4 ,a scout must not only look to his front but also to either side and behind him1 he must have eyes at the back of his head as the saying is4 ,often by suddenly looking back you will see an enemy's scout or a thief showing himself in a way that he would not have done had he thought you would look round4 ,there is an interesting story by ,fenimore ,cooper called ,the ,pathfinder in which the action of a ,red ,indian scout is well described4 ,he had eyes at the back of his head1 and after passing some bushes he caught sight of a withered leaf or two among the fresh ones which made him suspect that somebody might have put the leaves there to make a better hiding place1 and so he discovered some hidden fugitives4 ,,night ,,scouting4 ,a scout has to be able to notice small details just as much by night as by day and this he has to do chiefly by listening1 occasionally by feeling or smelling4 ,in the stillness of the night sounds carry further than by day4 ,if you put your ear to the ground or place it against a stick1 or especially against a drum1 which is touching the ground1 you will hear the shake of horses' hoofs or the thud of a man's footfall a long way off4 ,another way is to open a knife with a blade at each end1 stick one blade into the ground and hold the other between your teeth and you will hear all the better4 ,the human voice1 even though talking low1 carries to a great distance and is not likely to be mistaken for any other sound4 ,i have often passed through outposts at night after having found where the picquets were posted by hearing the low talking of the men or the snoring of those asleep4 ,,books ,,to ,,read ,,on ,,observation4 ,criminal ,investigation by ,dr4 ,gross4 ,edited by ,john ,adam4 #cjs4 ,aids to ,scouting4 #as4 7,gale and ,polden47 ,illustration3 ,an ,alarm ,bell in ,mafeking--,look out for shells6 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,how ,,to ,,teach ,,observation ,,in ,,practice4 ,,practices4 ,,in ,,towns3 ,practise your boys first in walking down a street to notice the different kinds of shops as they pass and to remember them in their proper sequence at the end4 ,then to notice and remember the names on the shops4 ,then to notice and remember the contents of a shop window after two minutes' gaze4 ,finally to notice the contents of several shop windows in succession with half a minute at each4 ,the boys must also notice prominent buildings as landmarks2 the number of turnings off the street they are using2 names of other streets2 details of horses and vehicles passing by2 and--especially--details of the people as to dress1 features1 gait2 numbers on motor cars1 policemen1 etc4 ,take them the first time to show them how to do it2 and after that send them out and on their return question them1 as below4 ,make them learn for themselves to notice and remember the whereabouts of all chemists' shops1 fire alarms1 police fixed points1 ambulances1 etc41 etc4 ,,in ,,the ,,country3 ,take the patrol out for a walk and teach the boys to notice distant prominent features as landmarks such as hills1 church steeples1 and so on1 and as nearer landmarks such things as peculiar buildings1 trees1 rocks1 gates1 etc4 ,by-roads or paths1 nature of fences1 crops2 different kinds of trees1 birds1 animals1 tracks1 etc41 also people1 vehicles1 etc4 ,also any peculiar smells of plants1 animals1 manure1 etc4 ,then send them out a certain walk1 and on their return have them in one by one and examine them verbally1 or have them all in and let them write their answers on1 say1 six questions which you give them with reference to certain points which they should have noticed4 ,it adds to the value of the practice if you make a certain number of small marks in the ground beforehand1 or leave buttons or matches1 etc41 for the boys to notice or to pick up and bring in 7as a means of making them examine the ground close to them as well as distant objects74 ,,telling ,,character3 ,send scouts out for half an hour to look for1 say1 a brutish character1 or a case of genteel poverty1 etc4 ,the scout must on his return be able to describe the person accurately1 and give the reasons which made him think the person was of the character he reports4 ,he should also state how many other characters he passed in his search1 such as silly1 good-natured1 deceitful swaggering1 wax-moustached1 and so on1 judging of course by their faces1 their walk1 their boots1 hats1 and clothing1 etc4 ,,games ,,in ,,observation4 ,,thimble ,,finding 7,indoors74 ,send the patrol out of the room4 ,take a thimble1 ring1 coin1 bit of paper1 or any small article1 and place it where it is perfectly visible but in a spot where it is not likely to be noticed4 ,let the patrol come in and look for it4 ,when one of them sees it he should go and quietly sit down without indicating to the others where it is4 ,after a fair time he should be told to point it out to those who have not succeeded in finding it4 ,this ensures his having really seen it4 ,,shop ,,window 7,outdoors in town74 ,umpire takes a patrol down a street past six shops4 ,gives them half a minute at each shop1 then1 after moving them off to some distance1 he gives each boy a pencil and card1 and tells him to write from memory1 or himself takes down what they noticed in1 say1 the third and fifth shops4 ,the one who sets down most articles correctly wins4 ,it is useful practice to match one boy against another in heats--the loser competing again1 till you arrive at the worst4 ,this gives the worst scouts the most practice4 ,,similar ,,game 7,indoors74 ,send each scout in turn into a room for half a minute2 when he comes out take down a list of furniture and articles which he noticed4 ,the boy who noticed most wins4 ,the simplest way of scoring is to make a list of the articles in the room on your scoring paper with a column for marks for each scout against them1 which can then easily be totalled up at foot4 ,,spotting ,,the ,,spot 7,indoors--town or country74 ,show a series of photos or sketches of objects1 in the neighbourhood such as would be known to all the scouts if they kept their eyes open--such1 for instance1 as cross-roads1 curious window1 gargoyle or weathercock1 tree1 reflection in the water 7guess the building causing it71 and so on4 ,a pair of scouts can play most of the above competitions off between themselves1 if they like1 as a matter of practice4 ,patrol leaders can match one pair of their scouts against another pair in the game1 and thus get them really practised at it1 and when they become really good he can challenge other patrols to compete against his4 ,,follow ,,the ,,trail4 ,send out a hare1 either walking or cycling1 with a pocketful of corn1 nutshells1 confetti paper or buttons1 etc41 and drop a few here and there to give a trail for the patrol to follow4 ,or go out with a piece of chalk and draw the patrol sign on walls1 gateposts1 pavements1 lamp-posts1 trees1 etc41 every here and there1 and let the patrol hunt you by these marks4 ,patrols should wipe out all these marks as they pass them for tidiness1 and so as not to mislead them for another day's practice4 ,the other road signs should also be used1 such as closing up certain roads as not used1 and hiding a letter at some point1 giving directions as to the next turn4 ,,scouts' ,,nose 7,indoors74 ,prepare a number of paper-bags1 all alike1 and put in each a different smelling article such as chopped onion in one1 tan in another1 roseleaves1 leather1 aniseed1 violet powder1 orange-peel1 etc4 ,put these packets in a row a couple of feet apart and let each competitor walk down the line and have five seconds' sniff at each4 ,at the end he has one minute in which to write down or to state to the umpire the names of the different objects smelled1 from memory1 in their correct order4 ,,far ,,and ,,near4 7,for town or country47 ,umpire goes along a given road or line of country with a patrol in patrol formation4 ,he carries a scoring card with the name of each scout on it4 ,each scout looks out for the details required and directly he notices one he runs to the umpire and informs him or hands in the article if it is an article he finds4 ,the umpire enters a mark accordingly against his name4 ,the scout who gains most marks in the walk1 wins4 ,details like the following should be chosen1 to develop the scout's observation and to encourage him to look far and near1 up and down1 etc4 ,the details should be varied every time the game is played2 and about #h or #aj should be given at a time4 ,every match found #a mark4 ,every button found #a mark4 ,birds' foot tracks #b marks4 ,patch noticed on stranger's clothing or boots4 #b marks4 ,grey horse seen #b marks4 ,pigeon flying #b marks4 ,sparrow sitting #a mark4 ,ash-tree #b marks4 ,broken chimney pot #b marks4 ,broken window #a mark4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #f4 ,,spooring4 ,men's ,tracks--,animals' ,tracks--,how to ,learn ,spooring4--,hints to ,instructor--,tracking ,games--,books on ,spooring4 ,,men',s ,,tracks4 ,general ,dodge1 of the ,american ,army1 describes how he once had to pursue a party of ,red ,indians who had been murdering some people4 ,the murderers had nearly a week's start and had gone away on horseback4 ,but ,general ,dodge got a splendid tracking-scout named ,espinosa to help him4 ,the ,indians were all riding unshod horses1 except one1 and after ,espinosa had been tracking them for many miles he suddenly got off his horse and pulled four horseshoes out of a hidden crevice in the rocks4 ,the ,indian had evidently pulled them off so that they should not leave a track4 ,for six days they pursued the band1 and for a great part of the time there was so sign visible to an ordinary eye1 and after going for #aej miles they eventually overtook and captured the whole party4 ,but it was all entirely due to ,espinosa's good tracking4 ,on another occasion some ,american troops were following up a number of ,indians1 who had been raiding and murdering whites1 and they had some other ,red ,indian scouts to assist them in tracking4 ,in order to make a successful attack1 they marched by night1 and the trackers found the way in the darkness by feeling the tracks of the enemy with their hands1 and they went at a fairly good pace for many miles1 merely touching the track with their fingers2 but suddenly they halted and reported that the track they had been following had been crossed by a fresh track1 and on the commanding officer going up1 he found the ,indians still holding the track with their hands1 so that there should be no mistake4 ,a light was brought and it was found that the new track was that of a bear which had walked across the trail of the enemy6 ,so the march continued without further incident1 and the enemy were surprised1 and caught in the early hours of the morning4 ,the scout1 ,burnham1 in ,south ,africa1 who was with ,wilson's party when they were massacred on the ,shangani ,river in ,matabeleland1 was sent away with a dispatch shortly before they were surrounded4 ,he travelled during the night to escape observation of the enemy4 ,he found his way by feeling for the tracks left in the mud by the column when it marched up there in the morning4 ,i myself led a column through an intricate part of the ,matopo ,mountains in ,rhodesia by night to attack the enemy's stronghold which ,i had reconnoitred the previous day4 ,i found the way by feeling my own tracks1 sometimes with my hands and sometimes through the soles of my shoes which had worn very thin2 and ,i never had any difficulty in finding the line4 ,tracking1 or following up tracks1 is called by different names in different countries4 ,thus1 in ,south ,africa you would talk only of spooring1 that is1 following up the spoor2 in ,india it would be following the pugs1 or pugging2 in ,america it is trailing4 ,it is one of the principal ways by which scouts gain information1 and hunters find their game4 ,but to become a good tracker you must begin young1 and practise it at all times when you are out walking1 whether in town or country4 ,if at first you constantly remind yourself to do it you will soon find that you do it as a habit without having to remind yourself4 ,and it is a very useful habit1 and makes the dullest walk interesting4 ,hunters when they are looking about in a country to find game first look for any tracks1 old or new1 to see if there are any animals in the country2 then they study the newer marks to find out where the animals are hiding themselves2 then1 after they have found a fresh track1 they follow it up till they find the animal and kill him2 and afterwards they often have to retrace their own tracks to find their way back to camp4 ,and war scouts do much the same as regards their enemies4 ,first of all you must be able to distinguish one man's footmark from that of another1 by its size1 shape1 and nails1 etc4 ,and similarly the prints of horses and other animals4 ,from a man's track1 that is1 from the size of his foot and the length of his stride1 you can tell1 to a certain extent1 his height4 ,in taking notes of a track you should pick out a well-marked print1 very carefully measure its length1 length of heel1 with widest point of tread1 width at waist1 width of heel1 number of rows of nails1 and number of nails in each row1 heel and toe-plates or nails1 shape of nail-heads1 etc4 ,it is best to make a diagram of the foot-print thus--nails missing4 ,you should also measure very carefully the length of the man's stride from the toe of one foot to the heel of the other4 ,,note ,,to ,,instructor3 ,make each scout take off his own boot and draw a diagram of it on paper1 putting in all nails and other points4 ,or1 out of doors1 give each scout the outline ready drawn of a foot-mark1 and then let him find a foot-mark 7or make his own7 and fill in the details of nail-marks1 etc4 ,also1 he should note down the length of stride taken1 and how much the feet point outwards from the straight direction of their path4 ,a man was once found drowned in a river4 ,it was supposed that he must have fallen in accidentally1 and that the cuts on his head were caused by stones1 etc41 in the river4 ,but some one took a drawing of his boots1 and after searching the river bank came on his tracks1 and followed them up to a spot where there had evidently been a struggle1 the ground being much trampled and bushes broken down to the water's edge1 and the track of two other men's feet4 ,and though these men were never found1 it showed the case to be one of probable murder1 which would not otherwise have been suspected4 ,a scout must learn to recognise at a glance at what pace the maker of the tracks was going1 and so on4 ,a man walking puts the whole flat of his foot on the ground1 each foot a little under a yard from the other4 ,in running the toes are more deeply dug into the ground1 and a little dirt is kicked up1 and the feet are more than a yard apart4 ,sometimes men walk backwards in order to deceive anyone who may be tracking1 but a good scout can generally tell this at once by the stride being shorter1 the toes more turned in1 and the heels being tightly impressed4 ,with animals1 if they are moving fast1 their toes are more deeply dug into the ground1 and they kick up the dirt1 and their paces are longer than when going slowly4 ,you ought to be able to tell the pace at which a horse has been going directly you see the tracks4 ,at a walk the horse makes two pairs of hoof prints--the near 7left7 hind foot close in front of near forefoot mark1 and the off 7right7 forefoot similarly just behind the print of the off hindfoot4 ,at a trot the track is similar but the stride is longer4 ,the hind feet are generally longer and narrower in shape than the forefeet4 ,,horses' ,,tracks4 ,illustration3 ,walking4 ,illustration3 ,trotting4 ,illustration3 ,canter4 ,illustration3 ,galloping4 ,illustration3 ,lame ,horse ,walking4 ,illustration3 ,bird tracks4 ,these are the tracks of two birds on the ground4 ,one lives generally on the ground1 the other in bushes and trees4 ,which track belongs to which bird8 ,native trackers boast that not only can they tell a person's sex and age by their tracks1 but also their characters4 ,they say that people who turn out their toes much are generally liars4 ,it was a trick with highwaymen of old1 and with horse stealers more recently1 to put their horses' shoes on wrong way round in order to deceive trackers who might try to follow them up1 but a good tracker would not be taken in4 ,similarly1 thieves often walk backwards for the same reason1 but a clever tracker will very soon recognise the deception4 ,illustration3 ,track of 7#a7 ,bicycle and 7#b7 ,motor4 ,wheel tracks should also be studied till you can tell the difference between the track of a gun1 a carriage1 a country cart1 motor-car1 or a bicycle1 and the direction they were going in4 ,see diagram4 ,in addition to learning to recognise the pace of tracks1 you must get to know how old they are4 ,this is a most important point1 and requires a very great amount of practice and experience before you can judge it really well4 ,so much depends on the state of the ground and weather1 and its effects on the spoor4 ,if you follow one track1 say on a dry1 windy day1 over varying ground1 you will find that when it is on light1 sandy soil it will look old in a very short time1 because any damp earth that it may kick up from under the surface will dry very rapidly to the same colour as the surface dust1 and the sharp edges of the footmark will soon be rounded off by the breeze playing over the dry dust in which they are formed4 ,when it gets into damp ground1 the same track will look much fresher1 because the sun will have only partially dried up the upturned soil1 and the wind will not1 therefore1 have bevelled off the sharp edges of the impression1 and if it gets into damp clay1 under shade of trees1 etc41 where the sun does not get at it1 the same track1 which may have looked a day old in the sand1 will here look quite fresh4 ,of course1 a great clue to the age of tracks will often be found in spots of rain having fallen on them since they were made 7if you know at what time the rain fell71 dust or grass seeds blown into them 7if you noticed at what time the wind was blowing71 or the crossing of other tracks over the original ones1 or where the grass has been trodden down1 the extent to which it has since dried or withered4 ,in following a horse1 the length of time since it passed can also be judged by the freshness1 or otherwise1 of the droppings--due allowance being made for the effect of sun1 rain1 or birds1 etc41 upon them4 ,having learnt to distinguish the pace and age of spoor1 you must next learn to follow it over all kinds of ground4 ,this is an accomplishment that you can practice all you life1 and you will still find yourself learning at the end of it--you will find yourself continually improving4 ,then there is a great deal to learn from the ashes of fires--whether they are still warm or cold1 scraps showing what kind of food the people were eating1 whether plentiful or scarce4 ,you must not only keep a sharp look out for scout signs made by your own scouts1 but also for those made by hostile scouts4 ,foreign scouts also have their private signs--as also do tramps4 ,the following are some of the signs made by tramps on walls or fences near houses where they have been begging which they chalk up to warn others of their class3 ,illustration3 ,very bad3 they give you in charge here4 ,illustration3 ,too many tramps been here already4 ,illustration3 ,no good4 ,illustration3 ,bad people4 ,there are very good native trackers in the ,soudan and ,egypt1 and ,i saw some of their work there4 ,the ,colonel of the ,egyptian ,cavalry had had some things stolen out of his house1 so a tracker was sent for from the neighbouring ,jaalin tribe4 ,he soon found the footprints of the thief and followed them a long way out on to the desert1 and found the spot where he had buried the stolen goods4 ,his tracks then came back to the barracks4 ,so the whole of the regiment was paraded without shoes on for the tracker to examine4 ,and at the end when he had seen every man walk1 he said1 ,no the thief is not there4 ,just then the ,colonel's native servant came up to him with a message1 and the tracker who was standing by said to the ,colonel ,that is the man who buried the stolen things4 ,the servant1 surprised at being found out1 then confessed that it was he who had stolen his master's property1 thinking that he would be the last man to be suspected4 ,mr4 ,deakin1 the ,premier of ,australia1 told me how he travelled on board ship with a number of natives of ,australia who were on the sea for the first time in their lives4 ,when the ship got out to sea he noticed all these natives had got into the bows and were lying flat on the deck with their heads over the side staring intently into the water ahead of the ship4 ,so interested were they in the water that for some time he could not get any reply to his question as to what they were looking at1 till at length one of them said3 ,we cannot understand how the ship is finding its way across the sea2 we cannot see the trail that it is following2 we know that our eyes are sharp enough on shore and often when we are guiding white men along a trail they say they cannot see the tracks which to us are clear enough--their eyes are different to ours4 ,but here at sea the ,english sailors evidently can see tracks ahead of them1 otherwise they would not know which way to send the ship1 and yet we1 who are so good at seeing on shore1 cannot see any sign of a track or mark on the water4 ,when getting on to very fresh spoor of man or beast1 the old scout will generally avoid following it closely because the hunted animal will frequently look back to see if it is being followed4 ,the tracker therefore makes a circle1 and comes back on to where he would expect to find the spoor again4 ,if he finds it1 he makes another circle further ahead till he finds no spoor4 ,then he knows he is ahead of his game1 so he gradually circles nearer and nearer till he finds it4 ,see diagram4 ,,hints ,,to ,,spooring4 ,some trackers of ,scinde followed up a stolen camel from ,karachi to ,sehwan1 #aej miles over sand and bare rock4 ,the thieves1 to escape detection1 drove the camel up and down a crowded street1 in order to get the trail mixed up with others--but the trackers foresaw this and made a cast round the town1 and hit on the outgoing spoor on the far side1 which they successfully followed up4 ,illustration3 ,tracking4 ,in tracking where the spoor is difficult to see1 such as on hard ground1 or in grass1 note the direction of the last foot-print that you can see1 then look on in the same direction1 but well ahead of you1 say #bj or #cj yards1 and in grass you will generally see the blades bent or trodden1 and on hard ground1 possibly stones displaced or scratched1 and so on1 small signs which1 seen in a line one behind the other1 give a kind of track that otherwise would not be noticed4 ,i once tracked a bicycle on a hard macadam road where it really made no impression at all1 but by looking along the surface of the road for a long distance ahead of me1 under the rising sun as it happened1 the line it had taken was quite visible through the almost invisible coating of dew upon the ground4 ,standing on the track and looking upon it close to my feet ,i could not see the slightest sign of it4 ,the great thing is to look for a difficult track against the sun1 so that the slightest dent in the ground throws a shadow4 ,if you lose sight of the track you must make a cast to find it again4 ,to do this put your handkerchief1 staff1 or other mark at the first footmark that you noticed1 then work round it in a wide circle1 say #cj1 #ej or #ajj yards away from it as a centre--choosing the most favourable ground1 soft ground if possible1 to find signs of the outward track4 ,if you are with a patrol it is generally best for the patrol to halt while one or perhaps two men make the cast4 ,if everybody starts trying to find the spoor they very soon defeat their object by treading it out or confusing it with their own footmarks--too many cooks easily spoil the broth in such a case4 ,in making a cast use your common-sense as to which direction the enemy has probably taken1 and try it there4 ,i remember an instance of tracking a boar which illustrates what ,i mean4 ,the boar had been running through some muddy inundated fields1 and was easy enough to follow until he turned off over some very hard and stony ground1 where after a little while not a sign of his spoor was to be seen4 ,a cast had accordingly to be made4 ,the last footmark was marked1 and the tracker moved round a wide circle1 examining the ground most carefully1 but not a sign was found4 ,then the tracker took a look round the country1 and1 putting himself in place of the pig1 said ,now which direction would ,i have gone in8 ,some distance to the front of him1 as the original track led1 stood a long hedge of prickly cactus2 in it were two gaps4 ,the tracker went to one of these as being the line the boar would probably take4 ,here the ground was still very hard1 and no footmark was visible1 but on a leaf of the cactus in the gap was a pellet of wet mud2 and this gave the desired clue2 there was no mud on this hard ground1 but the pig had evidently brought some on his feet from the wet ground he had been travelling through4 ,this one little sign enabled the tracker to work on in the right direction to another and another1 until eventually he got on to the spoor again in favourable ground1 and was able to follow up the boar to his resting place4 ,i have watched a tracker in the ,soudan following tracks1 where for a time they were quite invisible to the ordinary eye in this way4 ,while the track was clear he made his own stride exactly to fit that of the track1 so that he walked step for step with it1 and he tapped the ground with his staff as he walked along--ticking off each footprint as it were4 ,when the footprints disappeared on hard ground1 or had been buried by drifting sand he still walked on at the same place tap-tapping the ground with his staff at the spot where there ought to have been a footprint4 ,occasionally one saw a slight depression or mark which showed that there had been a footprint there1 and thus he knew he was still on the right line4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,practices ,,in ,,tracking4 #a4 ,the ,instructor should make his scouts prepare a well-rolled or flattened piece of ground 7about ten or fifteen yards square7 and make one boy walk across it1 then run1 and then bicycle across it4 ,part of the ground should be wet as if by rain1 the other part dry4 ,he can then explain the difference in the tracks so that scouts can tell at once from any tracks they may see afterwards whether a person was walking or running4 ,if possible1 a day later make fresh tracks alongside the old and notice the difference in appearance so that the scouts can learn to judge the age of tracks4 ,then make tracks of various kinds overrunning each other such as a bicycle meeting a boy on foot1 each going over the other's tracks1 and let the scouts read the meaning4 #b4 ,send out a boy with ,tracking ,irons on and let the patrol track him and notice when any other tracks override his1 showing what people or animals have passed since4 ,n4,b4 ,tracking irons are an invention of ,mr4 ,thompson ,seton's and can be strapped on to soles of scout's boots 7like a pair of skates7 so that wherever he goes he leaves a track similar to that of a deer4 ,,tracking ,,games4 ,,practices ,,and ,,games ,,in ,,spooring4 ,,track ,,memory4 ,make a patrol sit with their feet up so that other scouts can study them4 ,give the scouts1 say1 three minutes to study the boots4 ,then leaving the scouts in a room or out of sight let one of the patrol make some footmarks in a good bit of ground4 ,call up the scouts one by one and let them see the track and say who made it4 ,,track ,,drawing ,take out a patrol2 set them on to one foot-track4 ,award a prize to the scout who makes the most accurate drawing of one of the footprints of the track4 ,the scouts should be allowed to follow up the track till they get to a bit of ground where a good impression of it can be found4 ,,for ,,honours4 ,,spot ,,the ,,thief4 ,get a stranger to make a track unseen by the scouts4 ,the scouts study his track so as to know it again4 ,then put the stranger among eight or ten others and let them all make their tracks for the boys to see1 going by in rotation4 ,each scout then in turn whispers to the umpire which man made the original track--describing him by his number in filing past4 ,the scout who answers correctly wins2 if more than one answers correctly1 the one who then draws the best diagram1 from memory1 of the foot-print wins4 ,this game may also be carried out as a test for marks towards a badge of honour4 ,correct detection of the thief counts two marks2 if good diagram is also drawn another mark may be added4 ,,smugglers ,,over ,,the ,,border4 ,the ,border is a certain line of country about four hundred yards long1 preferably a road or wide path or bit of sand1 on which foot-tracks can easily be seen4 ,one patrol watches the border with sentries posted along this road1 with a reserve posted further inland4 ,this should be about half-way between the border and the town1 the town would be a base marked by trees1 buildings1 or flags1 etc41 about half a mile distant from the border4 ,a hostile patrol of smugglers assembles about half a mile on the other side of the border4 ,they will all cross the border1 in any formation they please1 either singly or together or scattered1 and make for the town1 either walking or running1 or at scout's pace4 ,only one among them is supposed to be smuggling1 and he wears tracking irons1 so that the sentries walk up and down their beat 7they may not run till after the 'alarm'71 waiting for the tracks of the smuggler4 ,directly a sentry sees the track1 he gives the alarm signal to the reserve and starts himself to follow up the track as fast as he can4 ,the reserve thereupon co-operate with them and try to catch the smuggler before he can reach the town4 ,once within the boundary of the town he is safe and wins the game4 ,,books ,,to ,,read ,,on ,,spooring4 ,lectures on ,tracking3 ,cavalry ,journal ,office1 ,whitehall1 ,s4,w4 ,scouting and reconnaissance in ,savage ,countries3 ,captain4 ,stigand4 ,tracks of ,wild ,animals4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #g4 ,,reading ,,sign ,,or ,,deduction4 ,putting this and that together--,sherlock-,holmesism--,instanc es of ,deduction--,hints to ,instructors--,practice in ,deduction--,books on ,deduction4 ,when a scout has learned to notice sign1 he must then learn to put this and that together1 and so read a meaning from what he has seen4 ,this is called deduction4 ,here is an example of what ,i mean which was lately given in the ,forest and ,stream1 which shows how the young scout can read the meaning from sign when he has been trained to it4 ,a cavalry soldier had got lost and some of his comrades were hunting all over the country to find him1 when they came across a native boy1 and asked him if he had seen the lost man4 ,he immediately said3 ,do you mean a very tall soldier1 riding a roan horse that was slightly lame8 ,they said1 ,yes2 that was the man4 ,where did you see him8 ,the boy replied ,i have not seen him1 but ,i know where he has gone4 ,thereupon they arrested him1 thinking that probably the man had been murdered and made away with1 and that the boy had heard about it4 ,but eventually he explained that he had seen tracks of the man which he could point out to them4 ,finally he brought them to a place where the signs showed that the man had made a halt4 ,the horse had rubbed itself against a tree1 and had left some of its hairs sticking to the bark which showed that it was a roan horse2 its hoof marks showed that it was lame1 that is1 one foot was not so deeply indented on the ground and did not take so long a pace as the other feet4 ,that the rider was a soldier was shown by the imprint of his boot which was an army boot4 ,then they asked the boy ,how could you tell that he was a tall man8 and the boy pointed out to where the soldier had broken a branch from the tree which would have been out of reach of a man of ordinary height4 ,deduction exactly like reading a book4 ,a boy who has never been taught to read and who sees you reading from a book would ask ,how do you do it8 and you would point out to him that a number of small signs on a page are letters2 these letters when grouped form words2 and words form sentences2 and sentences give information4 ,similarly a trained scout will see little signs and tracks1 he puts them together in his mind and quickly reads a meaning from them such as an untrained man would never arrive at4 ,and from frequent practice he gets to read the meaning at a glance just as you do a book without the delay of spelling out each word1 letter by letter4 ,i was one day1 during the ,matabele war ,show on map with a native out scouting near to the ,matopo ,hills over a wide grassy plain4 ,suddenly we crossed a track freshly made in grass1 where the blades of grass were still green and damp though pressed down2 all were bending one way which showed the direction in which the people had been travelling2 following up the track for a bit it got on to a patch of sand1 and we then saw that it was the spoor of several women 7small feet with straight edge1 and short steps71 and boys 7small feet1 curved edge and longer strides7 walking not running1 towards the hills1 about five miles away2 where we believed the enemy to be hiding4 ,then we saw a leaf lying about ten yards off the track--,there were no trees for miles1 but we knew that trees having this kind of leaf grew at a village fifteen miles away1 in the direction from which the footmarks were coming4 ,it seemed likely therefore that the women had come from that village1 bringing the leaf with them1 and had gone to the hills4 ,illustration3 ,from ,sketches in ,mafeking and ,east ,africa4 ,by permission of ,messrs4 ,smith ,elder4 ,on picking up the leaf we found it was damp1 and smelled of native beer4 ,the short steps showed that the women were carrying loads4 ,so we guessed that according to the custom they had been carrying pots of native beer on their heads1 the mouths of the pots being stopped up with bunches of leaves4 ,one of these leaves had fallen out2 but we found it ten yards off the track1 which showed that at the time it fell a wind was blowing4 ,there was no wind now1 i4e41 seven o'clock1 but there had been one about five o'clock4 ,so we guessed from all these little signs that a party of women and boys had brought beer during the night from the village #ae miles away and had taken it to the enemy on the hills1 arriving there soon after six o'clock4 ,the men would probably start to drink the beer at once 7as it goes sour in a few hours71 and would1 by the time we could get there1 be getting sleepy and keeping a bad look-out1 so we should have a favourable chance of looking at their position4 ,we accordingly followed the women's track1 found the enemy1 made our observations and got away with our information without any difficulty4 ,and it was chiefly done on the evidence of that one leaf4 ,so you see the importance of noticing even a little thing like that4 ,,instances ,,of ,,deduction4 ,mr4 ,tighe ,hopkins writing in ,world's ,work describes how by noticing very small signs detectives have discovered crimes4 ,in one case a crime had been committed and a stranger's coat was found which gave no clue to the owner4 ,the coat was put into a stout bag and beaten with a stick4 ,the dust was collected from the bag and examined under a powerful magnifying glass and was found to consist of fine sawdust which showed that the owner of the coat was probably a carpenter1 or sawyer1 or joiner4 ,the dust was then put under a more powerful magnifying glass--called a microscope--and it was then seen that it also contained some tiny grains of gelatine and powdered glue4 ,these things are not used by carpenters or sawyers1 so the coat was shown to belong to a joiner1 and the police got on the track of the criminal4 ,dust out of pockets1 or in the recesses of a pocket-knife1 and so on1 if closely examined1 tells a great deal4 ,then on another occasion a murder was committed1 and close by a cap was found which did not belong to the victim1 so probably it belonged to the murderer4 ,two hairs were found sticking to the lining of the cap2 they were carefully taken to ,dr4 ,emile ,pfaff1 a celebrated observer4 ,he examined the hairs under a microscope and was able to read from them that the owner of the cap was ,a man of middle age1 strong1 inclined to be fat2 black hair with some grey among it1 getting bald2 lately had his hair cut4 ,in this way a clue was got to the appearance of the murderer4 ,dr4 ,bell of ,edinburgh is said to be the original from whom ,sir ,conan ,doyle drew his idea of ,sherlock ,holmes4 ,the doctor was once teaching a class of medical students at a hospital how to doctor people4 ,a patient was brought in1 so that the doctor might show how an injured man should be treated4 ,the patient in this case came limping in1 and the doctor turned to one of the students and asked him3 ,what is the matter with this man8 ,the student replied1 ,i don't know1 sir4 ,i haven't asked him yet4 ,the doctor said1 ,well1 there is no need to ask him1 you should see for yourself--he has injured his right knee2 he is limping on that leg3 he injured it by burning it in the fire2 you see how his trouser is burnt away at the knee4 ,this is ,monday morning4 ,yesterday was fine2 ,saturday was wet and muddy4 ,the man's trousers are muddy all over4 ,he had a fall in the mud on ,saturday night4 ,then he turned to the man and said1 ,you drew your wages on ,saturday and got drunk1 and in trying to get your clothes dry by the fire when you got home you fell on the fire and burnt your knee--,isn't that so8 ,yes1 sir1 replied the man4 ,i saw a case in the paper last week where a judge at the county court used his powers of noticing little things1 and putting this and that together4 ,he was trying a man as a debtor4 ,the man pleaded that he was out of work1 and could get no employment4 ,the judge said--,then what are you doing with that pencil behind your ear if you are not in business8 ,the man had to admit that he had been helping his wife in her business1 which1 it turned out1 was a very profitable one1 and the judge thereupon ordered him to pay his debt4 ,dr4 ,reiss1 of the ,police ,department of the ,university of ,lausanne1 records how the police read the spoor4 ,a burglary had taken place in a house1 and the thief's footprints were found in the garden4 ,those going towards the house were not so deeply impressed as those coming away from it nor were they so close together2 from this the police gathered that the burglar had carried away with him a heavy load which made him take short steps and he was fully weighted down so that they sank deeply in the ground4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,how ,,to ,,teach ,,deduction ,,in ,,practice4 ,read aloud a story in which a good amount of observation of details occur1 with consequent deductions1 such as in either the ,memoirs or the ,adventures of ,sherlock ,holmes4 ,then question the boys afterwards as to which details suggested certain solutions1 to see that they really have grasped the method4 ,follow up ordinary tracks and deduce their meaning4 ,for examples of daily practice see my book of ,aids to ,scouting4 ,,example ,,of ,,practice ,,in ,,deduction4 ,a simple deduction from signs noticed in my walk one morning on a stony mountain path in ,kashmir4 ,sign ,observed--,tree-stump1 about three feet high1 by the path4 ,a stone about the size of a cocoanut lying near it1 to which were sticking some bits of bruised walnut rind1 dried up4 ,some walnut rind also lying on the stump4 ,further along the path1 #cj yards to the south of the stump1 were lying bits of walnut shell of four walnuts4 ,close by was a high sloping rock1 alongside the path4 ,the only walnut tree in sight was #aej yards north of the stump4 ,at the foot of the stump was a cake of hardened mud which showed the impression of a grass shoe4 ,what would you make out from those signs8 ,my solution of it was this3 ,a man had gone southward on a long journey along the path two days ago1 carrying a load2 and had rested at the rock while he ate walnuts4 ,my deductions were these3 ,it was a man carrying a load1 because carriers when they want to rest do not sit down1 but rest their load against a sloping rock and lean back4 ,had he had no load he would probably have sat down on the stump1 but he preferred to go #cj yards further to where the rock was4 ,women do not carry loads there1 so it was a man4 ,but he first broke the shells of his walnuts on the tree-stump with the stone1 having brought them from the tree #aej yards north4 ,so he was travelling south1 and he was on a long journey1 as he was wearing shoes1 and not going barefooted as he would be if only strolling near his home4 ,three days ago there was rain1 the cake of mud had been picked up while the ground was still wet--but it had not been since rained upon and was now dry4 ,the walnut rind was also dry and confirmed the time that had elapsed4 ,there is no important story attached to this1 but it is just an example of everyday practice which should be carried out by scouts4 ,,games ,,and ,,competitions ,,in ,,deduction4 ,get some people who are strangers to the boys to come along as passers-by in the street or road1 and let the boys separately notice all about them2 and after an interval ask each for a full description of each of the passers-by as to appearance1 peculiar recognisable points1 and what he guesses his business to be2 or let each boy have two minutes' conversation with your friend and try to find out what he can about him in that time by questioning and observation4 ,set a room or prepare a piece of ground with small signs1 tracks1 etc41 read aloud the story of the crime up to that point and let each boy or each patrol in turn examine the scene for a given time and then privately give each his solution of it4 ,the very simplest1 most elementary schemes should be given at first1 and they can gradually be elaborated4 ,for instance take a number of footmarks and spent matches by a tree showing where a man had difficulty in lighting his pipe1 etc4 ,for a more finished theme take a mystery like that in ,memoirs of ,sherlock ,holmes called ,the ,resident ,patient4 ,set a room to represent the patient's room where he was found hanging1 with footprints of muddy boots on the carpet1 cigar ends bitten or cut in the fireplace1 cigar ashes1 screw-driver and screws1 etc4 ,put down a strip or stepping stones of stuff1 handkerchiefs1 or paper on which the competitors shall walk 7so as not to confuse existing tracks74 ,let each scout 7or patrol7 come in separately and have three minutes in which to investigate4 ,then to go out and give in his solution1 written or verbal1 half an hour later4 ,let one patrol make tracks by carrying out such a series as that which ,d',atagnan elucidated4 ,the other patrol then acts as detectives and endeavours to unravel the mystery from the tracks and other sign4 ,,play4 ,any one of ,sherlock ,holmes stories makes a good play4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,memoirs of ,sherlock ,holmes4 ,adventures of ,sherlock ,holmes4 ,the ,thinking ,machine which contains a number of stories like ,sherlock ,holmes4 ,criminal ,investigation by ,dr4 ,gross4 ,edited by ,j4 ,adam4 7,published by ,specialist ,press1 ,london47 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,woodcraft2 or1 ,knowledge of ,animals and ,nature4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #h4 ,,stalking4 ,as an aid to ,observation--,how to hide yourself--,how to learn ,stalking--,games--,book on ,stalking4 ,at some manoeuvres lately1 two hostile patrols of soldiers were approaching1 looking for each other1 till the ground between them became very open1 and it seemed hopeless for a scout to cross it without being seen4 ,however1 a small ditch about two feet deep and overgrown with bushes ran across part of the open plain from the point where one patrol was lying hidden4 ,they noticed two calves which came out on to the plain from the opposite side and walked across the open till they got to the end of this ditch1 and here they stopped and separated and began browsing4 ,a scout now started to make use of this ditch by crawling along it till he should get to the far end near the calves1 and there he hoped to find some way of getting on further1 or of at least peeping out and getting a nearer view of the possible position of the enemy4 ,when about half-way along the ditch he was suddenly fired at by an enemy's scout already there1 in the ditch4 ,when the umpire rode up and asked him how he had got there without being seen1 the hostile scout said that finding he could not reach the ditch without being seen if he went across the plain1 he seized two calves which he had found among the bushes where his patrol were hiding1 and stepping between them1 he drove the pair of them1 by holding their tails across the open ditch2 here he let them go and slid himself into the ditch without being noticed4 ,,how ,,to ,,hide ,,yourself4 ,when you want to observe wild animals you have to stalk them1 that is1 to creep up to them without their seeing or smelling you4 ,a hunter when he is stalking wild animals keeps himself entirely hidden1 so does the war scout when watching or looking for the enemy2 a policeman does not catch pickpockets by standing about in uniform watching for them1 he dresses like one of the crowd and as often as not gazes into a shop window and sees all that goes on behind him reflected as if in a looking-glass4 ,if a guilty person finds himself being watched it puts him on his guard1 while an innocent person becomes annoyed4 ,so when you are observing a person don't do so by openly staring at them but notice the details you want to at one glance or two1 and if you want to study them more1 walk behind them2 you can learn just as much from a backview1 in fact1 more than you can from a frontview1 and1 unless they are scouts and look round frequently1 they do not know that you are observing them4 ,war scouts and hunters stalking game always carry out two important things when they don't want to be seen4 ,one is--they take care that the ground behind them1 or trees1 or buildings1 etc41 are of the same colour as their clothes4 ,and the other is--if an enemy or a deer is seen looking for them they remain perfectly still without moving so long as he is there4 ,in that way a scout even though he is out in the open will often escape being noticed4 ,in choosing your background1 consider the colour of your clothes2 thus1 if you are dressed in khaki1 don't go and stand in front of a white-washed wall1 or in front of a dark-shaded bush1 but go where there is khaki-coloured sand or grass or rocks behind you--and remain perfectly still4 ,it will be very difficult for an enemy to distinguish you even at a short distance4 ,if you are in dark clothes1 get among dark bushes1 or in the shadow of trees1 or rocks1 but be careful that the ground beyond you is also dark--if there is light-coloured ground beyond the trees under which you are standing1 for instance1 you will stand out clearly defined against it4 ,if you are in red1 try and get against red brick buildings1 or red earth or rocks1 and so on4 ,illustration3 ,stalking ,attitudes4 ,in making use of hills as lookout places be very careful not to show yourself on the top or sky-line4 ,that is the fault which a ,tenderfoot generally makes4 ,it is quite a lesson to watch a ,zulu scout making use of a hill-top or rising ground as a look-out place4 ,he will crawl up on all fours1 lying flat in the grass2 on reaching the top he will very slowly raise his head1 inch by inch1 till he can see the view4 ,if he sees the enemy on beyond1 he will have a good look1 and1 if he thinks they are watching him1 will keep his head perfectly steady for an immense time1 hoping that he will be mistaken for a stump or a stone4 ,if he is not detected he will very gradually lower his head1 inch by inch1 into the grass again1 and crawl quietly away4 ,any quick or sudden movement of the head on the sky-line would be very liable to attract attention1 even at a considerable distance4 ,at night keep as much as possible in low ground1 ditches1 etc41 so that you are down in the dark while an enemy who comes near will be visible to you outlined against the stars on higher ground4 ,by squatting low in the shadow of the bush at night1 and keeping quite still1 ,i have let an enemy's scout come and stand within three feet of me1 so that when he turned his back towards me ,i was able to stand up where ,i was and fling my arms round him4 ,a point also to remember in keeping hidden while moving1 especially at night1 is to walk quietly2 the thump of an ordinary man's heel on the ground can be heard a good distance off1 but a scout or hunter always walks lightly1 on the ball of his foot not on his heels2 and this you should practise whenever you are walking by day or by night1 indoors as well as out1 so that it becomes a habit with you--so as to walk as lightly and silently as possible4 ,you will find that as you grow into it your power of walking long distances will grow1 you will not tire so soon as you would if clumping along in the heavy footed manner of most people4 ,remember always that to stalk a wild animal1 or a good scout you must keep down wind of him even if the wind is so slight as to be merely a slight air4 ,before starting to stalk your enemy then you should be sure which way the wind is blowing1 and work up against it4 ,to find this out you should wet your thumb all round with your tongue1 and then hold it up and see which side feels coldest1 or you can throw some light dust1 or dry grass or leaves in the air1 and see which way they drift4 ,the ,red ,indian ,scouts when they wanted to reconnoitre an enemy's camp1 used to tie a wolf's skin on their backs and walk on all fours1 and1 imitating the howl of a wolf1 prowled round the camps at night4 ,in ,australia the natives stalk emus--which are great birds something like an ostrich--by putting an emu's skin over themselves and walking with body bent and one hand held up to represent the bird's head and neck4 ,american scouts when peeping over a ridge or any place where their head might be seen against the sky line put on a cap made of wolf's head skin with ears on it--so that they may be mistaken for a wolf if seen4 ,illustration3 ,from ,sketches in ,mafeking and ,east ,africa4 ,by permission of ,messrs4 ,smith ,elder4 ,our scouts also when looking out among grass etc41 tie a string or band round their head and stick a lot of grass in it1 some upright some dropping over their face1 so that their head is very invisible4 ,when hiding behind a big stone or mound1 etc41 they don't look over the top but round the side of it4 ,,how ,,to ,,teach ,,stalking4 ,demonstrate the value of adapting colour of clothes to background1 by sending out one boy about #ejj yards to stand against different backgrounds in turn1 till he gets one similar in colour to his own clothes4 ,the rest of the patrol to watch and to notice how invisible he becomes when he gets a suitable background1 e4g4 a boy in a grey suit standing in front of dark bushes1 etc41 is quite visible--but becomes less so if he stands in front of a grey rock or house2 a boy in dark suit is very visible in a green field but not when he stands in an open door-way against dark interior shadow4 ,,games ,,in ,,stalking4 ,,scout ,,hunting4 ,one scout is given time to go out and hide himself1 the remainder then start to find him1 he wins if he is not found1 or if he can get back to the starting point within a given time without being touched4 ,,despatch ,,running4 ,a scout is told to bring a note into a certain spot or house from a distance within a given time3 other hostile scouts are told to prevent any message getting to this place and to hide themselves at different points to stop the despatch carrier getting in with it4 ,to count as a capture two scouts must touch the despatch runner before he reaches the spot for delivering the message4 ,,stalking4 ,instructor acts as a deer--not hiding but standing1 moving a little now and then if he likes4 ,scouts go out to find and each in his own way tries to get up to him unseen4 ,directly the instructor sees a scout he directs him to stand up as having failed4 ,after a certain time the instructor calls time1 all stand up at the spot which they have reached and the nearest wins4 ,the same game may be played to test the scouts in stepping lightly--the umpire being blindfolded4 ,the practice should preferably be carried out where there are dry twigs lying about1 and gravel1 etc4 ,the scout may start to stalk the blind enemy at #ajj yards distance1 and he must do it fairly fast--say in one minute and a half--to touch the blind man before he hears him4 ,,stalking ,,and ,,reporting4 ,the umpire places himself out in the open and sends each scout or pair of scouts away in different directions about half a mile off4 ,when he waves a flag1 which is the signal to begin1 they all hide and then proceed to stalk him1 creeping up and watching all he does4 ,when he waves the flag again1 they rise1 come in1 and report each in turn all that he did1 either by handing in a written report or verbally as may be ordered4 ,the umpire meantime has kept a look-out in each direction1 and1 every time he sees a scout1 he takes two points off that scout's score4 ,he1 on his part1 performs small actions1 such as sitting down1 kneeling up1 and looking through glasses1 using handkerchief1 taking hat off for a bit1 walking round in a circle a few times1 to give scouts something to note and report about him4 ,scouts are given three points for each act reported correctly4 ,it saves time if the umpire makes out a scoring card beforehand1 giving the name of each scout1 and a number of columns showing each act of his and what mark that scout wins1 also a column of deducted marks for exposing themselves4 ,,book ,,on ,,stalking4 ,deer ,stalking4 ,badminton ,library ,series4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,,no4 #i4 ,,animals4 ,the calling of ,wild ,animals--,animals--,birds--,reptiles--, fish--,insects--,practical ,instruction about ,animals--,games--,a ,play about ,animals--,books to read4 ,scouts in many parts of the world use the calls of wild animals and birds for communicating with each other1 especially at night or in thick bush1 or in fog1 etc41 but it is also very useful to be able to imitate the calls if you want to watch the habits of the animals4 ,you can begin by calling chickens2 or by talking to dogs in dog language and you very soon find you can give the angry growl or the playing growl of a dog4 ,owls1 woodpigeons1 and curlews are very easily called4 ,in ,india ,i have seen a certain tribe of gipses who eat jackals4 ,now a jackal is one of the most suspicious animals that lives and is very difficult to catch in a trap1 but these gipsies catch them by calling them in this way4 ,several men with dogs hide themselves in a grass and bushes round a small field4 ,in the middle of this open place one gipsy imitates the call of the jackals calling to each other2 he gets louder and louder till they seem to come together2 then they begin to growl and finally tackle each other with violent snapping1 snarling and yelling1 and at the same time he shakes a bundle of dried leaves which sounds like the animals dashing about among grass and reeds4 ,then he flings himself down on the ground and throws up dust in the air so that he is completely hidden in it1 still growling and fighting4 ,if any jackal is within sound of this he comes tearing out of the jungle and dashes into the dust to join in the fight4 ,when he finds a man there he comes out again in a hurry2 but meantime the dogs have been loosed from all sides1 and they quickly catch him and kill him4 ,mr4 ,william ,long in his very interesting book1 called ,beasts of the ,field1 describes how he once called a moose4 ,the moose is a very huge kind of stag with a ugly1 bulging kind of nose4 ,he lives in the forests of ,north ,america and ,canada1 and is very hard to get near2 and is pretty dangerous when he is angry4 ,illustration3 ,indian ,gipsy calling ,jackals4 ,mr4 ,long was in a canoe fishing when he heard a moose bull calling in the forest--so just for fun he went ashore and cut a strip of bark of a birch tree and rolled it up into a cone or trumpet shape so as to make a kind of megaphone 7about fifteen inches long1 five inches wide at the larger end1 and about an inch or two at the mouth-piece74 ,with this he proceeded to imitate the roaring grunt of the bull-moose4 ,the effect was tremendous2 the old moose came tearing down and even came into the water and tried to get at him--and it was only by hard paddling that in the end he got away4 ,one of the best things in scouting is the hunting of big game--that is going after elephants1 lions1 rhino1 wild boar1 deer1 and those kind of animals2 and a fellow has to be a pretty good scout if he hopes to succeed at it4 ,you get plenty of excitement and plenty of danger too2 and all that ,i have told you about observation and tracking and hiding yourself comes in here4 ,and in addition to these you must know all about animals and their habits and ways if you want to be successful4 ,i have said the hunting or going after big game is one of the best things in scouting4 ,i did not say shooting or killing the game was the best part2 for as you get to study animals you get to like them more and more1 and you will soon find that you don't want to kill them for the mere sake of killing1 and that the more you see of them the more you see the wonderful work of ,god in them4 ,all the fun of hunting lies in the adventurous life in the jungle1 the chance in many cases of the animal hunting you instead of you hunting the animal1 the interest of tracking him up1 stalking him and watching all that he does and learning his habits4 ,the actual shooting the animal that follows is only a very small part of the fun4 ,no scout should ever kill an animal unless there is some real reason for doing so1 and in that case he should kill it quickly and effectively1 so as to give it as little pain as possible4 ,in fact many big-game hunters nowadays prefer to shoot their game with the camera instead of with the rifle--which gives just as interesting results--except when you and your natives are hungry1 then you must1 of course1 kill your game4 ,my brother was lately big game shooting in ,east ,africa and had very good sport with the camera1 living in the wilds1 and tracking and stalking and finally snap-shotting elephants1 rhinoceros and other big animals4 ,one day he had crept up near to an elephant and had set up his camera and had got his head under the cloth focussing it1 when his native cried1 ,look out1 sir6 and started to run4 ,my brother poked his head out from under the cloth and found a great elephant coming for him1 only a few yards off4 ,so he just pressed the button1 and then lit out and ran too4 ,the elephant rushed up to the camera1 stopped1 and seemed to recognise that it was only a camera after all and smiling at his own irritability lurched off into the jungle again4 ,mr4 ,schillings' book ,with ,flashlight and ,rifle in ,africa is a most interesting collection of instantaneous photos of wild animals1 most of them taken by night by means of flashlight1 which was set going by the animals themselves striking against wires which he had put out for the purpose4 ,he got splendid photos of lions1 hynas1 deer of all sorts1 zebras1 and other beasts4 ,there is one of a lion actually in the air springing on to a buck4 ,the boar is certainly the bravest of all animals2 he is the real ,king of ,jungle1 and the other animals all know it4 ,if you watch a drinking pool in the jungle at night1 you will see the animals that come to it all creeping down nervously1 looking out in every direction for hidden enemies4 ,but when the boar comes he simply swaggers down with his great head and its shiny tusks swinging from side to side3 he cares for nobody1 but everybody cares for him2 even a tiger drinking at the pool will give a snarl and sneak quickly out of sight4 ,i have often lain out on moonlight nights to watch the animals1 especially wild boars1 in the jungle2 and it is just as good fun as merely going after them to kill them4 ,and ,i have caught and kept a young wild boar and a young panther1 and found them most amusing and interesting little beggars4 ,the boar used to live in my garden1 and he never became really tame though ,i got him as a baby4 ,he would come to me when ,i called him--but very warily2 he would never come to a stranger1 and a native he would go for and try and cut him with his little tusks4 ,he used to practise the use of his tusks while turning at full speed round on old tree stump in the garden1 and he would gallop at this and round it in a figure-of-eight continuously for over five minutes at a time1 and then fling himself down on his side1 panting with his exertions4 ,my panther was also a beautiful and delightfully playful beast1 and used to go about with me like a dog2 but he was very uncertain with his dealings with strangers4 ,i think one gets to know more about animals and to understand them better by keeping them as pets at first1 and then going and watching them in their wild natural life4 ,but before going to study big game in the jungles everybody must study all animals wild and tame at home4 ,it would be a very good thing if every scout kept some kind of animal such as a pony or a dog1 or even birds1 rabbits1 or even live butterflies4 ,every boy scout ought to know all about the tame animals which he sees every day4 ,you ought to know all about grooming1 feeding1 and watering a horse1 about putting him into harness or taking him out of harness and putting him in the stable1 and know when he is going lame and should not therefore be worked4 ,and when you harness a horse ,i hope you will show more knowledge of the animal and more kindness towards him than do half the carriage coachmen in ,london--by not putting bearing reins on him4 ,prince ,edward of ,wales was reported a short time ago to have said as follows3-- ,when ,i am ,king ,i shall make three laws3 #a4 ,that no one shall cut puppies' tails1 because it must hurt them so4 #b4 ,that there shall be no more sin in the country4 #c4 ,that nobody shall use bearing-reins because they hurt the horses4 ,these laws not only show us that ,king ,edward ,,viii4 will be a kind and humane monarch1 but that he is farseeing1 for the last one at any rate might well be a law of the country now4 ,it is much needed4 ,bearing reins are small extra reins which are hooked on to the horse's collar to hold up his head4 ,they are generally put on so tightly as to cause him pain the moment he droops his head at all2 when put on loosely they do not cause him to hold up his head and therefore are not of any use4 ,there are no better drivers than the ,london cabbies and 'busmen1 and they do not use bearing reins1 and their horses are more handy than those usually seen in carriages4 ,sometimes you see them used on horses in heavy carts2 they are then called ,hame-reins--but they are cruel on the horse if tightly tied4 ,a horse when pulling a heavy cart wants to lean forward with his head down1 just as you or ,i would do when pulling a garden roller--but this hame-rein pulls at the corners of his mouth and forces him to keep his head up4 ,illustration3 ,torture4 ,illustration3 ,comfort4 ,i saw lately a man in charge of a loaded cart whose horse was thus tied up4 ,he wanted to get the cart through some heavy mud 7it was on the new ,mall from ,buckingham ,palace to ,charing ,cross7 and the horse tried to lean forward to pull but could not4 ,the man beat him for not trying--the poor beast in his pain and terror reared up on his hind legs1 and the man beat him again for showing temper4 ,when ,i saw it ,i felt inclined to beat the man1 but ,i went up and said ,i thought ,i could make the horse do it4 ,the man grinned while ,i was undoing the hame-rein and said ,i should have to get another horse to do it then4 ,but when the horse found his head free and ,i smacked him on the back1 he flung the whole of his weight into the collar with his head well down1 and with both hind toes dug into the ground he heaved the cart forward a few inches1 and then again a few more1 and not many seconds later had it all safe on the hard road4 ,often you can help a horse struggling with a load on a slippery road by scattering a few handfuls of sand or ashes4 ,miss ,lisette ,rest used to do this in ,london and when she died she left money for that purpose4 ,other tame animals to understand are1 of course1 dogs4 ,and a good dog is the very best companion for a scout1 who need not think himself a really good scout till he has trained a young dog to do all he wants of him4 ,it requires great patience and kindness1 and genuine sympathy with the dog4 ,a dog is the most human of all animals and1 therefore the best companion for a man4 ,he is always courteous1 and always ready for a game--full of humour1 and very faithful and loving4 ,of course a scout who lives in the country has much better chances of studying animals and birds than one who lives in a town4 ,still if you live in ,london there are lots of different kinds of birds in the parks1 ducks and waterfowl of every kind1 pelicans1 woodpigeons1 woodpeckers1 and most of the ,english birds2 there is almost every animal under the sun to be seen alive in the ,zoological ,gardens1 or stuffed and set up in the ,natural ,history ,museum at ,south ,kensington--so that a ,boy ,scout in ,london ought to know as much about all animals as most people4 ,and even in ,leadenhall ,market you can see a number of different kinds of live animals for sale1 as well as in the many animal shops about ,london or any other big town4 ,in other towns it is perhaps a little more difficult1 but most of them have their ,natural ,history ,museum where a fellow can learn the appearance and names of many animals2 and you can do a lot of observing in the parks or by starting a feeding-box for birds at your own window4 ,and1 best of all1 by going out into the country whenever you can get a few hours for it by train1 or bicycle or on your own flat feet1 and there to stalk such animals as rabbits1 hares1 water-rats1 birds1 fish1 etc41 and watch all they do1 and get to know their different kinds and their names1 and also what kind of tracks they make on the ground1 their nests and eggs1 and so on4 ,if you are lucky enough to own a camera you cannot possibly do better than start making a collection of photos of animals and birds taken from life4 ,such a collection is ten times more interesting than the ordinary boy's collection of stamps1 or crests1 or autographs1 which any ass can accomplish by sitting at home and bothering other people to give4 ,and cameras can be got very cheaply now3 it only means saving up money in a money-box for a short time4 ,the wild animals ,i shall talk of now are those which you find in ,great ,britain4 ,any scouts who live in the ,colonies or elsewhere must make up their own lists for themselves4 ,as a scout you should study the habits of as many of these animals as you can3-- ,red ,deer ,hares ,rabbits ,rats ,badgers ,foxes ,mice ,weasles ,otters ,fallow ,deer ,bats ,moles ,hedgehogs ,voles ,squirrels ,polecats ,stoats ,every animal is interesting to watch and it is just as difficult to stalk a weasel as it is to stalk a lion4 ,even the humble hedgehog can be a hero among animals4 ,here is a description of a fight between a hedgehog and a viper by ,mr4 ,millais in his book on the ,mammals of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 7,mammals mean animals that have ,mammas--that is1 they are born alive1 not like chickens in eggs that have to be hatched--birds are not mammals47 ,everyone knows that the hedgehog is a sworn enemy of reptiles in general and of the viper in particular2 but few1 perhaps1 are aware in what way he overcomes so dangerous an enemy4 ,my keeper was going his rounds this summer in a wood which was infested by vipers when he espied an enormous one asleep in the sun4 ,he was on the point of killing it with a charge of shot1 when he perceived a hedgehog coming cautiously over the moss and noiselessly approaching the reptile4 ,he then witnessed a curious sight4 ,as soon as the hedgehog was within reach of his prey1 he seized it by the tail with his teeth and as quick as thought rolled himself into a ball4 ,the viper1 awakened by the pain1 at once turned and made a terrific dart at him4 ,the hedgehog did not wince4 ,the viper1 infuriated1 extends itself1 hisses and twists in fearful contortions4 ,in five minutes it is covered with blood1 its mouth one large wound 7from the spines of the hedgehog71 and it lies exhausted on the ground4 ,a few more starts1 and then a last convulsive agony1 and it expires4 ,when the hedgehog perceived that it was quite dead he let go his hold and quietly unrolled himself4 ,he was just about to begin his meal and devour the reptile when the sight of my keeper1 who had approached during the struggle1 alarmed him1 and he rolled himself up again till the man had retreated into the wood4 ,we are apt to think that all animals are guided in their conduct by instinct1 that is by a sort of idea that is born in them4 ,for instance1 we imagine that a young otter swims naturally directly he is put into water1 or that a young deer runs away from a man from a natural inborn fear of him4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,long in his book ,school of the ,woods shows that animals largely owe their cleverness to their mothers who teach them while yet young4 ,thus he has seen an otter carry two of her young upon her back into the water1 and after swimming about for a little while she suddenly dived from under them and left them struggling in the water4 ,but she rose near them and helped them to swim back to the shore4 ,in this way she gradually taught them to swim4 ,i once saw a lioness in ,east ,africa sitting with her four little cubs all in a row watching me approaching her4 ,she looked exactly as though she were teaching her young ones how to act in the case of a man coming4 ,she was evidently saying to them1 ,now1 cubbies1 ,i want you all to notice what a white man is like4 ,then1 one by one1 you must jump up and skip away1 with a whisk of your tail4 ,the moment you are out of sight in the long grass you must creep and crawl till you have got to leeward 7down-wind7 of him2 then follow him1 always keeping him to windward1 so that you can smell whereabouts he is and he cannot find you4 ,illustration3 ,teaching the ,youngsters4 ,in ,the ,school of the ,woods1 ,long writes3 ,watch1 say1 a crow's nest4 ,one day you will see the mother bird standing near the nest and stretching her wings over her little ones4 ,presently the young stand up and stretch their wings in imitation4 ,that is the first lesson4 ,next day1 perhaps1 you will see the old bird lifting herself to tip-toe and holding herself there by vigorous flapping4 ,again the young imitate and soon learn that their wings are a power to sustain them4 ,next day you may see both parent birds passing from branch to branch about the nest aided by their wings in the long jumps4 ,the little ones join and play and1 lo6 they have learned to fly without even knowing that they were being taught4 ,,birds4 ,a man who studies birds is called an ornithologist4 ,mark ,twain1 the amusing1 yet kind-hearted1 ,american writer1 says3 ,there are fellows who write books about birds and love them so much that they'll go hungry and tired to find a new kind of bird--and kill it4 ,they are called 'ornithologers4' ,i could have been an 'ornithologer' myself1 because ,i always loved birds and creatures4 ,and ,i started out to learn how to be one4 ,i see a bird sitting on a dead limb of a high tree1 singing away with his head tilted back and his mouth open--and before ,i thought ,i fired my gun at him2 his song stopped all suddenly1 and he fell from the branch1 limp like a rag1 and ,i ran and picked him up--and he was dead3 his body was warm in my hand1 and his head rolled about this way and that1 like as if his neck was broke1 and there was a white skin over his eyes1 and one drop of red blood sparkled on the side of his head--and--laws6 ,i couldn't see nothing for the tears4 ,i haven't ever murdered no creature since then that warn't doing me no harm--and ,i ain' agoing to neither4 ,a good scout is generally a good ornithologer as ,mark ,twain calls him4 ,that is to say he likes stalking birds and watching all that they do4 ,he discovers by watching them where and how they build their nests4 ,he does not1 like the ordinary boy1 want to go and rob them of their eggs1 but he likes to watch how they hatch out their young and teach them to feed themselves and to fly4 ,he gets to know every species of bird by its call and by its way of flying2 and he knows which birds remain all the year round and which only come at certain seasons2 and what kind of food they like best1 and how they change their plumage2 what sort of nests they build1 where they build them1 and what the eggs are like4 ,there are #agg different kinds of birds in ,great ,britain4 ,here are some of the commoner birds which a scout should know by sight and sound3 ,wood pigeon ,heron ,jackdaw ,pheasant ,wren ,rook ,partridge ,wagtail ,crow ,grouse ,swallow ,raven ,cuckoo ,martin ,thrush ,skylark ,woodpecker ,blackbird ,snipe ,gull ,tit ,wild duck ,tern ,finch ,plover ,owl ,woodcock ,wild goose ,hawk ,curlew ,robin ,falcon ,kingfisher ,starling ,moorhen ,a good deal of natural history can even be studied by keeping birds in your houses1 or watching them in your neighbourhood1 especially if you feed them daily in winter4 ,it is interesting to note1 for instance1 their different ways of singing1 how some sing to make love to the hen birds1 while others1 like the barndoor cock1 crow or sing to challenge another to fight4 ,a herring gull makes an awful ass of himself1 when he tries to sing and to show himself off to the ladies1 and an old crow is not much better4 ,then it is interesting to watch how the young birds hatch out2 some appear naked with no feathers and their eyes shut and their mouths open4 ,others1 with fluffy kind of feathers all over them1 are full of life and energy4 ,young moorhens1 for instance1 swim as soon as they come out of the egg2 young chickens start running about and hunting flies within a very few minutes2 while a young sparrow is useless for days1 and has to be fed and coddled by his parents4 ,there are over forty different kinds of birds which visit ,england from abroad1 especially from ,india and ,africa1 at certain times of the year1 chiefly in ,april1 such as the sand martin1 swallow1 house martin1 nightingale1 hobby falcon1 cuckoo1 corncrake1 and swift4 ,a good many birds are almost dying out in ,great ,britain1 because so many boys bag all their eggs when they find their nests4 ,birds'-nesting is very like big game shooting--you look out in places that1 as a hunter1 you know are likely places for the birds you want2 you watch the birds fly in and out and you find the nest4 ,but do not then go and destroy the nest and take all the eggs4 ,if you are actually a collector1 take one egg and leave the rest1 and1 above all1 don't pull the nest about1 otherwise the parent birds will desert it1 and all those eggs which might have developed into jolly young birds will be wasted4 ,far better than taking the eggs is to take a photo or make a sketch of the hen sitting on her nest1 or to make a collection of pictures of the different kinds of nests1 made by the different kinds of birds4 ,aberdeen in ,scotland is supposed to be specially well off for skylarks1 for the following reason4 ,a few years ago there came a very severe gale and snowstorm late in ,march--and all the high ground inland was so buried under snow and ice1 that the birds were all driven to the lower land near the coast4 ,the fields by the seashore were covered with them4 ,numbers of people went out to catch them with bird-lime1 nets1 snares1 and guns4 ,large numbers were taken alive to be sent to market in ,london and other towns4 ,one gentleman found a man selling a big cage full of them4 ,they were crowded up to a fearful extent and all fluttering with terror at their imprisonment1 struggling over each other in their frantic desire to escape4 ,he felt so sorry for them that he bought the whole lot and took them to his warehouse where he was able to give them plenty of room and food and water4 ,then he offered to buy all the larks that were being captured for the market at market prices4 ,in this way he received over a thousand--and these he put in a big room where they had comparative freedom and plenty of food4 ,it is said that the noise of their singing in the morning was almost deafening and crowds of birds used to gather over the house to hear them4 ,at last the bad weather passed off1 the sun shone out again and the fields became green and bright1 and then the kind man who had housed the birds opened the windows of the room and all the birds flew out in a happy crowd chirping and singing as they mounted into the bright warm air or fluttered off to the adjoining fields and woods4 ,and there they build their nests and hatched out their young so that to-day the song of the lark is to be heard everywhere round ,aberdeen4 ,through ignorance of natural history many keepers and others see no difference between sparrow-hawks1 merlins1 and kestrels1 and destroy all of them as mischievous to game4 ,sparrow-hawks and merlins do1 no doubt1 kill young game1 but a kestrel hardly ever1 if ever4 ,he lives principally on field mice4 ,you can tell him by his flight--he spends much of his time hovering in the air looking out with his sharp eyes for a mouse upon which to swoop down4 ,the sparrow-hawk flits in and out round rocks and over fences hoping thus to come on prey by surprise4 ,the merlin is a very small but very plucky little hawk and hunts down his prey by fast flying4 ,,reptiles ,,and ,,fishes4 ,the more usual reptiles in ,great ,britain are3 ,grass ,snake4 ,viper4 ,frog4 ,toad4 ,lizard4 ,the commoner fishes are3 ,trout4 ,grayling4 ,perch4 ,roach4 ,dace4 ,chub4 ,bream4 ,pike4 ,minnow4 ,salmon4 and a number of sea fish4 ,every scout ought to be able to fish in order to get food for himself4 ,a tenderfoot who starved on the bank of a river full of fish would look very silly1 yet it might happen to one who had never learnt to catch fish4 ,and fishing brings out a lot of the points in scouting1 especially if you fish with a fly4 ,to be successful you must know a lot about the habits and ways of the fish1 what kind of haunt he frequents1 in what kind of weather he feeds1 and at what time of day1 which kind of food he likes best1 how far off he can see you1 and so on4 ,without knowing these you can fish away until you are blue in the face and never catch one4 ,a fish generally has his own particular haunt in the stream and when once you discover a fish at home you can go and creep near and watch all that he does4 ,then you have to be able to tie very special knots with delicate gut--which is a bit of a puzzler to any boy whose fingers are all thumbs4 ,and you have to have infinite patience2 your line gets caught up in bushes and reeds1 or your clothes--or when it can't find any other body it ties itself up in a knot round itself4 ,well1 it's no use getting angry with it4 ,there are only two things to do--the first is to grin a smile1 and the second is to set to work1 very leisurely1 to undo it4 ,then you will have loads of disappointments in losing fish through the line breaking1 or other mishaps2 but remember those are what happen to everybody when they begin fishing and are the troubles that in the end make it so very enjoyable when you have got over them4 ,and when you catch your fish1 do as ,i do--only keep those you specially want for food or as specimens2 put back the others the moment you have landed them4 ,the prick of the hook in their leathery mouth does not hurt them permanently1 and they swim off quite happily to enjoy life in their water again4 ,if you use a dry fly1 that is keeping your fly sitting on top of the water instead of sunk under the surface1 you have to really stalk your fish just as you would deer or any other game1 for a trout is very sharp-eyed and shy4 ,you can also catch fish by netting1 or1 as scouts often have to do1 by spearing them with a very sharp three-pronged spear4 ,i have done it many a time1 but it requires practice to be successful4 ,a scout1 of course1 has to look at animals of all sorts1 partly with an eye to their being useful to him sometime or another for food4 ,reptiles don't look tempting as food but1 once you have tasted frogs legs nicely cooked1 you will want more of them4 ,i believe that fried snake1 like fried eel1 is not half bad4 ,i have eaten the huge kind of lizard called an iguana4 ,he had his head and tail cut off to enable him to go into the cooking pot1 and when he was boiled and put on the table he looked exactly like a headless baby with his arms and legs and little hands4 ,and when we ate him he tasted just like a baby too4 ,well--you know what a baby tastes like--sort of soft chicken flavoured with violet-powder6 ,illustration3 ,a ,viper 7or ,adder7 has this marking on his head and neck2 other snakes have none--in ,great ,britain4 ,as far as snakes go1 there are not1 fortunately1 many poisonous ones in ,england--only the viper is poisonous4 ,it is differently marked from other snakes having a black ,v or arrow-head mark on its head and a dark zig-zag line along its back4 ,it is generally dark brown in colour4 ,the viper is sometimes called adder4 ,of course a scout ought to know about snakes because in almost all wild countries you come across plenty of them and many of them dangerous4 ,they have a horrid knack of creeping into tents and under blankets1 or into boots4 ,you will always notice an old hand in camp before he turns in at night look very carefully through his blankets1 and in the morning before putting on his boots he will carefully shake them out4 ,i even find myself doing it now in my bedroom at home1 just from habit4 ,snakes don't like crawling over anything rough as a rule2 so in ,india you often construct a kind of path made of sharp jagged stones all round a house to prevent snakes crawling into it from the garden4 ,and on the prairie hunters sometimes lay a hair rope on the ground in a circle round their blankets4 ,a hair rope has so many tiny spikes sticking out of it that it tickles the snake's tummy to such an extent he cannot go over it4 ,i used to catch snakes when ,i was at school1 by using a long stick with a small fork at the end of it4 ,when ,i saw a snake ,i stalked him1 jammed the fork down on his neck1 and then tied him up the stick with strips of old handkerchief1 and carried him back to sell to anybody who wanted a pet4 ,but they are not good things to make pets of as a rule because so many people have a horror of them1 and it is not fair1 therefore1 to have them about in a house where servants or others might get frightened by them4 ,poisonous snakes carry their poison in a small kind of bag inside their mouths4 ,they have two fangs or long pointed teeth1 which are on a kind of hinge2 they lie flat along the snake's gums till he gets angry and wants to kill something2 then they stand on end1 and he dives his head forward and strikes them into his enemy4 ,as he does so the poison passes out of the poison bag1 or gland as it is called1 into the two holes in your skin made by the fangs4 ,this poison then gets into the veins of the man who has been bitten and is carried by the blood all over the body in a few seconds1 unless steps are at once taken to stop it by sucking the wound and binding the veins up very tightly4 ,,insects4 ,insects are very interesting animals to collect1 or to watch1 or to photograph4 ,also for a scout who fishes1 or studies birds1 or reptiles1 it is most important that he should know a certain amount about the insects which are their favourite food at different times of the year or different hours of the day4 ,the usual insects about which a scout ought to know something1 are3 ,moths4 ,gnats4 ,beetles4 ,grasshoppers4 ,ants4 ,spiders4 ,glow-worms4 ,butterflies4 ,lice4 ,bees and wasps4 ,about bees alone whole books have been written--for they have wonderful powers in making their honeycomb1 in finding their way for miles--sometimes as far as six miles--to find the right kind of flowers for giving them the sugary juice for making honey1 and getting back with it to the hive4 ,they are quite a model community1 for they respect their ,queen and kill their unemployed4 ,then some insects are useful as food4 ,ants make a substitute for salt4 ,locusts--a big kind of grasshopper--are eaten in ,india and ,south ,africa4 ,we were very glad to get a flight or two of them over ,mafeking4 ,when they settled on the ground we went1 and with empty sacks1 beat them down as they tried to rise4 ,they were then dried in the sun and pounded up and eaten4 ,,hints ,,for ,,instructor4 ,,practices4 ,set your scouts to find out by observation1 and to report on such points as these3 ,,in ,,country3 ,how does a wild rabbit dig his hole8 ,when a lot of rabbits are alarmed does a rabbit merely run because the others do1 or does he look round and see what is the danger before he goes1 too8 ,does a woodpecker break the bark away to get at insects on a tree trunk1 or does he pick them out of holes1 or how does he get at them8 ,does a trout when disturbed by people passing along the bank1 go up or down stream8 ,does he go away altogether1 or return to his place8 ,how long does he stay away8 etc4 ,,in ,,town3 ,make your scouts go out and report if they see a lame horse or one with collar gall or sore mouth or tight bearing-rein4 ,patrol to make a beehive or two1 and put in queen bees or swarms1 and start bee-farming for profit4 ,scouts make lures1 traps1 snares1 etc41 and set them 7not on preserved ground7 to catch birds and animals for food4 ,,honours4 ,the following marks can be gained in this section by ,first ,class ,scouts towards ,badge of ,honour4 ,for drawing correctly the foot-tracks of twelve different animals or birds1 #c marks4 ,name twelve different kinds of fish and describe the points by which they may be recognised1 up to #b marks4 ,the same illustrated by drawings1 or models in clay1 up to #d marks4 ,photos or sketches from life of twelve wild animals1 birds1 reptiles1 c41 with short description of about twenty words each4 ,taken and developed1 or drawn by the scout himself1 up to #e marks4 ,,lion ,,hunting4 ,a lion is represented by one scout who goes out with tracking irons on his feet1 and a pocketful of corn or peas1 and six tennis balls4 ,he is allowed half an hour's start1 and then the patrol go after him1 following his spoor1 each armed with one tennis ball with which to shoot him1 when they find him4 ,the lion may hide or creep about or run just as he feels inclined1 but whenever the ground is hard or very grassy1 he must drop a few grains of corn1 every few yards to show the trail4 ,if the hunters fail to come up to him neither wins the game4 ,when they come near to his lair the lion fires at them with his tennis balls1 and the moment a hunter is hit he must fall out dead and cannot throw his tennis ball4 ,if the lion gets hit by a hunting tennis ball he is wounded1 and if he gets wounded three times he is killed4 ,tennis balls may only be fired once2 they cannot be picked up and fired again in the same fight4 ,each scout must collect and hand in his tennis balls after the game4 ,in winter if there is snow1 this game can be played without tracking irons1 and using snowballs instead of tennis balls4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,every ,boy's ,book of ,british ,natural ,history4 by ,w4 ,p4 ,westall4 7,pub4 ,religious ,tract ,society1 ,london47 ,with ,flashlight and ,rifle in ,east ,africa1 by ,schilling4 ,duty1 by ,s4 ,smiles4 7,chap4 ,,xiii41 ,,xiv47 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a ,year with ,nature1 by ,westall4 ,giving the habits of animals and birds of the ,british ,isles according to the months4 ,beasts of the ,field by ,william ,j4 ,luy4 7,pub4 ,ginn ,co474 ,countryside1 weekly1 ,illustrated1 #a;d4 ,wild ,sports of the ,highlands1 by ,c4 ,st4 ,john4 7,murray47 ,i ,go ,a-walking ,through ,lanes and ,meadows4 ,photos and short accounts of ,english birds4 ,rev4 ,c4 ,johns4 7,foulis47 99 ,the ,jungle ,book1 by ,rudyard ,kipling4 ,jock of the ,bushveld1 by ,sir ,percy ,fitz ,patrick4 ,a story of big game hunting in ,s4 ,africa1 and the active part that ,jock the terrier played in it4 ,,play4 ,the ,wild ,animal ,play4 ,by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,thompson ,seton4 ,a musical play in which the parts of ,lobo1 ,waahb1 and ,vixen are taken by boys and girls4 ,price #f;d4 ,published by ,doubleday1 ,page ,co41 #acc ,east #afth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,camp-,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #aj4 ,,plants4 ,trees and their leaves--,eatable ,plants--,practices and games connected with ,plants--,books about ,plants4 ,,trees4 ,although they are not animals1 trees are things about which scouts should know something4 ,very often a scout has to describe country which he has seen1 and if he says it is well-wooded it would often be of great importance that the reader of his report should know what kind of trees the woods were composed of4 ,for instance1 if the wood were of fir or larch trees it would mean you could get poles for building bridges2 if it were palm trees you know you could get cocoa-nuts 7or dates if they were date palms71 and the palm juice for drinking4 ,willow trees mean water close by4 ,or if pine woods or sugar bush or gum-trees it would mean lots of good fuel4 ,and he must know a poplar tree by sight1 so as not to use poplar wood in camp if there are any old scouts present--they have a superstition that poplar brings bad luck4 ,a scout should1 therefore1 make a point of learning the names and appearances of the trees in his country4 ,he should get hold of a leaf of each kind and compare it with the leaf on the tree4 ,illustration3 ,oak4 ,illustration3 ,elm4 ,illustration3 ,poplar4 ,illustration3 ,plane4 ,illustration3 ,sycamore4 ,illustration3 ,ash4 ,illustration3 ,spanish ,chestnut4 ,horse chestnut is not so called because horses like the chestnuts1 but because it has on the bark of its smaller branches small marks like horse-shoes with all the nails in them2 and then get to know the general shape and appearance of each kind of tree1 so as to be able to recognise it at a distance1 and not only in summer1 but also in winter4 ,the common trees in ,great ,britain which a scout should know by sight are3 ,oak ,poplar ,holly ,beech ,elm ,pine ,horse ,birch ,plane ,sycamore ,chestnut ,spanish ,cedar ,larch ,ash ,chestnut ,fir ,willow ,lime ,walnut ,,plants4 ,but especially you ought to know which kinds of plants are useful to you in providing you with food4 ,supposing you were out in a jungle without any food1 as very often happens2 if you knew nothing about plants you would probably die of starvation1 or of poisoning1 from not knowing which fruit or roots were wholesome and which dangerous to eat4 ,there are numbers of berries1 nuts1 roots1 barks1 and leaves that are good to eat4 ,the same with crops of different kinds of corn and seed1 vegetable roots1 and even grasses and vetches4 ,seaweed is much eaten in ,ireland 7,sloke7 and ,scotland4 ,certain kinds of moss are also used as food4 ,,hints ,,for ,,instructor4 ,,practices4 ,take out scouts to get specimens of leaves1 fruits1 or blossoms of various trees1 shrubs1 etc41 and observe the shape and nature of the tree both in summer and in winter4 ,collect leaves of different trees2 let scouts make tracings of them and write the name of the tree on each4 ,in the country make scouts examine crops in all stages of their growth so that they know pretty well by sight what kind of crop is coming up4 ,start gardens1 if possible1 either a patrol garden or individual scout's garden4 ,let them grow flowers and vegetables for profit to pay for their equipment1 etc4 ,show all the wild plants which may be made use of for food4 ,,competitions ,,and ,,games4 ,marks towards a ,badge of ,honour may be awarded to first-class scouts for collection of not less than twenty-five kinds of leaf--pressed1 with names neatly written against them4 ,marks1 #c2 or the leaves may be drawn on paper4 ,marks awardable1 #d4 ,prize for best window-box of flowers planted and grown by the scout himself4 ,,games4 ,,plant ,,race4 ,start off your scouts1 either cycling or on foot1 to go in any direction they like1 to get a specimen of any ordered plant1 say a sprig of yew1 a shoot of ilex1 a horseshoe mark from a chestnut-tree1 a briar rose1 or something of that kind1 whichever you may order1 such as will tax their knowledge of plants and will test their memory as to where they noticed one of the kind required1 and will also make them quick in getting there and back4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,school ,gardening1 by ,w4 ,e4 ,watkins1 #bs4 7,philip ,son47 ,,play4 ,,the ,,diamond ,,thief4 7,best performed in the open air and in dumbshow47 ,a party of prospectors have been out into the wild country in ,south ,africa1 and have found a magnificent diamond4 ,they are now making their way back to civilization with it4 ,horse-sickness has killed off their horses1 and so they are doing the journey on foot1 carrying their blankets1 food1 and cooking pots4 ,as the heat of the day comes on they camp for the day1 meaning to push on again at night4 ,they rig up blanket-tents and light fires and cook their food1 weave mattresses1 sing songs of home1 play cards1 etc4 ,the diamond is taken out of the sardine tin in which it is kept for all to look at and admire4 ,it is then put carefully back4 ,the box is placed out in the open where it can be seen and one man is told off as a sentry to guard it4 ,the remainder have their food1 and then gradually lie down to sleep4 ,when the camp is all still1 the sentry gets tired of standing and presently sits down and begins to nod4 ,while he is dozing the diamond thief sneaks into sight1 creeps near to the camp1 and crouches1 watching the sleeping man2 when the sentry wakes up for a moment with a start the thief crouches flat4 ,eventually the sentry reclines and goes to sleep4 ,inch by inch the thief creeps up1 till he stealthily removes the sentry's gun 7or pistol7 out of his reach2 then he swiftly glides up to the diamond-box1 seizes it1 and sneaks quickly away1 without being discovered1 dodges about1 walks backward1 and wipes out his tracks as he goes in order to confuse pursuers4 ,the leader wakes with a yawn1 and1 when looking round1 starts when he sees there is no sentry standing about4 ,he springs up1 rushes to the sleeping sentry1 shakes him up1 and asks him where is the diamond4 ,sentry wakes up confused and scared4 ,remainder wake and crowd angrily together threatening and questioning the sentry4 ,when one suddenly sees the footprints of the thief he follows in jerks of a few paces2 along the trail the rest follow and help to pick it up1 first one and then another finding it till they go off the scene4 ,the leader is about to follow them when he stops1 and waves them onward1 and then turns back to the sentry who is standing stupefied4 ,he hands him a pistol and hints to him that having ruined his friends by his faithlessness1 he may as well shoot himself4 ,the leader then turns to follow the rest1 looking about for them4 ,a shout is heard in the distance just as the guilty sentry is putting the pistol to his head--the leader stops him from shooting himself4 ,and both stand listening to shouts in the distance4 ,remainder of the men return bringing in with them the thief and the diamond all safe4 ,they then sit round in a semicircle1 the leader on a mound or box in the centre with the diamond in front of him4 ,the thief standing with arms bound1 is tried and condemned to be shot4 ,he goes away a few paces and sits down with his back to the rest and thinks over his past life4 ,they then try the sentry1 and condemn him as a punishment for his carelessness to shoot the thief4 ,all get up4 ,they start to dig a grave4 ,when ready1 the thief is made to stand up1 his eyes are bound4 ,the sentry takes a pistol and shoots him4 ,remainder then bring a blanket and lift the dead man into it and carry him to the grave--to the opposite side from the audience so that everyone can see the body lowered into the grave4 ,they then withdraw the blanket1 fill in the grave1 and trample the earth down4 ,all shake hands with the sentry to show that they forgive him4 ,pack up camp1 put out fire1 and continue their journey with the diamond4 ,n4,b4--,the grave is managed thus3 ,a hole must be previously prepared rather near to the edge of the scena4 ,then a tunnel must be made by which the corpse can creep out of the grave and get away underground4 ,this is done by digging a trench and roofing it with boards or hurdles and covering it over with earth and turf again1 so that the audience will not notice it4 ,the grave1 too1 is made in the same way1 but shallower and partly filled up with sods2 the diggers remove the top earth1 then1 hidden by the rest crowding round1 they remove the board and pile up the sods on the surface4 ,as soon as the corpse is lowered into the grave he creeps away down the tunnel1 and so goes off the scene ,the diggers throw in some earth1 jump down and trample it1 then pile up the sods on top till they make a nice1 looking grave4 ,the whole thing wants careful rehearsing beforehand1 but is most effective when well done1 especially if accompanied by sympathetic music4 ,it is a good thing to use for an open air show to attract a crowd when raising funds for your troop4 ,,scouting ,,for ,,boys4 ,,part ,,iii4 will be published on ,february #abth1 #aijh1 at ,,fourpence4 ,,contents-- ,chapter ,,iv4--,,camp ,,life4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn ,,no4 #aa4--,,pioneering4 ,,no4 #ab4--;,,camping4 ,,no4 #ac4--;,,cooking4 ,,practices1 ,,games1 ,,competitions1 ,,and ,,play4 ,,books ,,on ,,camp ,,life4 ,chapter ,v4--,,campaigning2 or1 ,work in the ,woods and ,plains4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn ,,no4 #ad4--,,life ,,in ,,the ,,open4 ,,no4 #ae4--,,pathfinding4 ,,no4 #af4--;,,information ,,by ,,signal4 ,,practices4 ,,games1 ,,competitions1 ,,and ,,play4 ,,books ,,on ,,campaigning4 ,published by ,,horace ,,cox1 ,windsor ,house1 ,bream's ,buildings1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,contents ,,of ,,the ,,parts4 ,,part ,i4 ,,scoutcraft ,,and ,,scout ,,law1 giving the ,duties of ,boy ,scouts1 their ,secret ,signs1 ,laws1 ,badges1 ,war ,dance1 etc4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,observation ,,and ,,tracking4 ,,woodcraft ,,and ,,knowledge ,,of ,,animals4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,campaigning ,,and ,,camp ,,life4 ,,pioneering ,,and ,,resourcefulness4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,endurance ,,and ,,health4 ,,chivalry ,,and ,,brave ,,deeds4 ,,discipline4 ,,part ,v4 ,,saving ,,life ,,and ,,first-,,aid4 ,,patriotism ,,and ,,loyalty4 ,,part ,,vi4 ,,scouting ,,games1 ,,competitions1 ,,and ,,plays4 ,,words ,,to ,,instructors4 ,part ,,iii4 ,,fortnightly4 ,price #d;d4 net4 ,,scouting ,,for ,,boys ,,lieut ,,gen4 ,,baden ,,powell ,c4,b4 ,,published ,,by ,,horace ,,cox1 ,,windsor ,,house1 ,,bream',s ,,buildings1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,scouting for ,boys4 ,a ,,handbook ,,for ,,instruction ,,in ,,good ,,citizenship1 ,,by ,lieut4-,general ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,baden-,,powell1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,all communications should be addressed to-- ,,lieut4-,,general ,,baden-,,powell1 ,,boy ,,scouts' ,,office1 ,,goschen ,,buildings1 ,,henrietta ,,street1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 by whom ,scouts will be enrolled1 and from where all further information can be obtained4 ,copyrighted by ,lieut4-,general ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,baden-,,powell1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #aijh4 ,all rights reserved4 ,,part ,,iii ,,contents3 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,camp ,,life4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarns4 #aa4--,,pioneering3 ,knot-tying2 ,hut-making2 ,felling ,trees2 ,bridging2 ,measurements2 ,handicrafts4 #ab4--;,,camping3 ,comfort in ,camp2 ,camp ,fires2 ,tidiness2 ,camp ,orders4 #ac4--;,,cooking3 ,cooking2 ,bread-making2 ,driving ,cattle2 ,cleanliness2 ,water4 ,,practices1 ,,games1 ,,competitions1 ,etc4 ,,books ,,to ,,read ,,on ,,camp ,,life4 ,,contents3 ,,chapter ,v4 7,commences on page #agb47 ,,campaigning4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarns4 #ad4--,,life ,,in ,,the ,,open3 ,on the ,veldt2 ,exploring2 ,boating2 ,watermanship2 ,mountaineering2 ,patrolling2 ,night ,work2 ,weather ,wisdom4 #ae4--,,pathfinding3 ,finding the ,way2 ,judging ,heights and ,distances2 ,finding the ,north4 #af4--,,signalling ,,information3 ,hidden ,information2 ,signalling2 ,whistle and ,flag ,signals4 ,,practices1 ,,games1 and ,,competitions ,,in ,,campaigning4 ,,books ,,on ,,campaigning4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,camp ,,life4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #aa4 ,,pioneering4 ,knot-tying--,hutmaking--,felling ,trees--,bridging--,measurements--,handi crafts4 ,pioneers are men who go ahead to open up a way in the jungles or elsewhere for those coming after them4 ,when ,i was on service on the ,west ,coast of ,africa ,i had command of a large force of native scouts1 and1 like all scouts1 we tried to make ourselves useful in every way to our main army4 ,so not only did we look out for the enemy and watch his moves1 but we also did what we could to improve the road for our own army1 since it was merely a narrow track through thick jungle and swamps4 ,that is1 we became pioneers as well as scouts4 ,in the course of our march1 we built nearly two hundred bridges of timber over streams4 ,but when ,i first set the scouts to do this most important work ,i found that1 out of the thousand men1 a great many did not know how to use an axe to cut down the trees1 and1 except one company of about sixty men1 none knew how to make knots--even bad knots4 ,so they were quite useless for building bridges1 as this had to be done by tying poles together4 ,so every scout ought to be able to tie knots4 ,to tie a knot seems to be a simple thing1 and yet there are right ways and wrong ways of doing it1 and scouts ought to know the right way4 ,very often it may happen that lives depend on a knot being properly tied4 ,the right kind of knot to tie is one which you can be certain will hold under any amount of strain1 and which you can always undo easily if you wish to4 ,illustration3 ,pioneering ,scouts in ,ashanti4 ,a bad knot1 which is called a granny1 is one which slips away when a hard pull comes on it1 or which gets jammed so tight that you cannot untie it4 ,the following are useful knots which every scout ought to know1 and ought to use whenever he is tying string or rope1 etc4 ,illustration3 #a4--,reef ,knot1 for tying ropes together4 ,illustration3 #b4--,sheet ,bend1 for tying two rope ends together4 ,illustration3 #c4--;,clove ,hitch1 for fastening a rope to a pole4 ,illustration3 #d4--,two ,half-,hitches to make a rope fast to a pole with a sliding loop4 #e4--;,bowline1 for making a loop that will not slip1 such at you tie round a man when you want to rescue him from fire1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,first step in the bowline4 ,illustration3 ,second step in the bowline4 ,illustration3 #f4--,overhand ,knot4 ,illustration3 #g4--,middleman's ,knot4 ,illustration3 ,,note4--,in the above diagrams this means the end of the rope4 ,illustration3 ,this means the continuation of the rope4 ,illustration3 ,rope4 ,we had no rope with us in ,west ,africa1 so we used the strong creeping plants1 and also used thin withes or long whippy sticks which we made still more pliant or bendable by holding one end under foot and twisting the other round and round with our hands4 ,the best wood for withes in ,england is willow or hazel4 ,you see them used for binding faggots of wood together4 ,you cannot tie all knots with them as with rope--but they can generally make a timber hitch2 or this withe knot4 ,,hut ,,building4 ,to live comfortably in camp a scout must know how to make a bivouac shelter for the night1 or a hut if he is going to be for a long time in camp4 ,it all depends on the country and weather as to what sort of shelter you put up4 ,in making your roof1 whether of branches of fir-trees1 or of grass or reeds1 etc41 put them on as you would do tiles or slates1 beginning at the bottom so that the upper overlap the lower ones and thus run off the rain without letting it through4 ,notice which direction the wind generally blows from and put the back of your shelter that way with your fire in front of it4 ,the simplest shelter is to plant two forked sticks firmly in the ground1 and rest a cross bar on them as ridge-pole4 ,then lean other poles against it1 or a hurdle or branches1 and thatch it with grass1 etc4 ,or another good way1 and quicker1 is to cut one pole only and lean it against a tree1 binding its end there2 then thatch it with branches or brushwood1 etc4 ,where you have no poles available you can do as the ,south ,african natives do--pile up a lot of brushwood1 heather1 etc41 into a small wall made in semi-circle to keep out the cold wind2 and make your fire in the open part4 ,if your tent or hut is too hot in the sun1 put blankets or more straw1 etc41 over the top4 ,the thicker the roof the cooler is the tent in summer4 ,if it is too cold1 make the bottom of the walls thicker1 or build a small wall of sods about a foot high round the foot of the wall outside4 ,never forget to dig a good drain all round your hut1 so that if heavy rain comes in the night your floor will not get flooded from outside4 ,illustration3 ,framework of a ,bivouac ,shelter1 to be thatched with brushwood or grass4 ,a second lean-to roof on opposite side of ridge pole will then make a hut4 ,zulus make their huts by planting in the ground a circle of long whippy sticks standing upright1 then they bend the tops all down towards the centre and tie them together1 then they weave more whippy sticks round in and out of the uprights horizontally until they have made a kind of circular bird-cage1 this they then cover with a straw mat or thatch1 or with straw woven into the sticks4 ,sometimes a small hole is left at the top where all the sticks join1 to act as a chimney4 ,illustration3 ,hut4 ,the ,red ,indians make their ,tee ,pee with several poles tied together in the form of a pyramid1 and over these they pass a piece of canvas1 which at a little distance looks like a bell tent4 ,,felling ,,trees4 ,a scout must know how to use an axe or bill-hook for chopping down small trees and branches4 ,the way to cut down a tree is first to chop out a chunk of wood near the bottom of the stem on that side to which you want the tree to fall1 then go round to the other side1 and chop away on the opposite side of the stem a few inches above the first cut until the tree topples over4 ,it is a matter of practice to become a wood-cutter1 but you have to be very careful at first lest in chopping you miss the tree and chop your own leg4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,bridges4 ,as ,i told you before1 my scouts in ,ashanti1 when also acting as pioneers1 had to build nearly two hundred bridges--and they had to make them out of any kind of material that they could find on the spot4 ,there are many ways of making bridges4 ,in the ,army they are generally made of poles lashed together4 ,in ,india1 in the ,himalaya ,mountains the natives make bridges out of three ropes stretched across the river and connected together every few yards by ,v-shaped sticks1 so that one rope forms the footpath and the other two make the handrail on each side4 ,they are jumpy kind of bridges to walk across1 but they take you over2 and they are easily made4 ,illustration3 ,how to ,fell a ,tree4 ,the simplest way for bridging a narrow1 deep stream is to fell a tree1 or two trees side by side1 on the bank1 so that they fall across the stream4 ,with an adze you then flatten the topside2 put up a hand-rail1 and there you have a very good bridge4 ,rafts1 too1 can be used4 ,you build your raft alongside the bank1 in the water if the river is shallow2 on the bank if deep4 ,when it is finished you hold on to the down stream end1 push the other out from the bank and let the stream carry it down into position4 ,illustration3 ,rope ,bridge4 ,,self ,,measures4 ,every pioneer should know his exact personal measurement in the following details 7of which ,i give the average man's measure73 ,nail joint of forefinger1 or breath of #a inch4 thumb ,span of thumb and forefinger #h inches4 ,span of thumb and little finger or other #i inches4 finger 7,this also gives you the length of your foot74 ,wrist to elbow #aj inches4 ,elbow to tip of forefinger 7called #ag inches4 cubit7 ,middle of kneecap to ground #ah inches4 ,extended arms1 from finger-tip to finger-tip1 is called a fathom and nearly equals your height4 ,pulse beats about #ge times a minute3 each beat is a little quicker than a second4 ,pace3 ,a pace is about #b-a_/b feet3 about #abj paces equal #ajj yards4 ,fast walking paces are shorter than when going slow4 ,fast walking you walk a mile in #af minutes1 or nearly four miles an hour4 ,,the ,,scout ,,is ,,always ,a ,,handy-,,man4 ,pioneers are always handy-men4 ,in the ,army the ,regimental ,pioneers are the men who in war make bridges and roadways for the troops to get along2 they destroy the enemy's bridges and railways so that he cannot get away2 and they blow up his fortifications so that the rest of the soldiers can rush in and capture the place1 and so on4 ,in peace-time the pioneers do all the useful jobs in barracks1 such as carpentering1 doing plumbers' and painters' work1 bricklaying and metal work1 making chairs1 tables1 bookshelves1 etc4 ,so scouts1 if they want to be handy pioneers1 should also learn this kind of work2 and it will always be useful to them afterwards4 ,also scouts must know how to mend and even to make themselves clothes and boots4 ,i have made myself boots as well as shoes out of all sorts of materials1 but always wished ,i had1 while a boy1 learned to do a bit of boot-mending from a cobbler4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,start a carpentry class1 or instruction in electricity1 or plumbing1 elementary engineering1 etc41 with a view to teaching the boys handicrafts that may be of real use to them in their future life4 ,if you do not know enough about it yourself1 get a friend to come and demonstrate with models or instruments for a few evenings4 ,get leave to take the scouts over a factory to study the engines1 etc4 ,teach the boys to chop firewood4 ,if they learn to chop up old packing cases1 etc41 and make the billets into bundles for the trade1 they can earn a good deal towards their funds4 ,teach them to make wooden mechanical toys1 7from one or two penny ones as models47 ,thereby teaching them elementary mechanics1 and handiness with tools4 ,,practices4 ,knot-tying should be practised against time1 by knot-tying races between scouts in heats1 the losers to pair off again for further heats till the slowest knot-tyer is found4 ,in this way 7which should be used in other branches of instruction also7 the worst performers get the most practice--and the emulation is just as great to avoid being the worst1 as it would be in striving to be the best1 and win a prize4 ,knot-tying races should also be carried out in the dark1 the instructor turning out the light for a few seconds on naming the knot to be tied4 ,hurdle-making by planting a row of upright stakes and weaving in withes4 ,make models of bridges with scouts' staves1 cords1 planks out of old packing cases4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,manual of ,military ,engineering3 ,war ,office ,publication4 ,active ,service ,pocket ,book1 by ,mr4 ,bertrand ,stewart1 #cs4 #f;d4 7,clowes and ,son47 ,romance of ,engineering and ,mechanism1 #es4 7,published by ,seely and ,co47 ,how it ,works4 ,showing how such things work as steam engines1 motors1 vacuum brakes1 telephones1 telegraphs1 etc4 #as4 books on ,carpentering1 ,joinery1 ,engine-driving1 etc4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #ab4 ,,camping4 ,comfort in ,camp--,useful ,tricks and ,dodges--,camp ,fires and all about them--,tidiness4 ,,comfort ,,in ,,camp4 ,some people talk of roughing it in camp4 ,those people are generally tenderfoots2 an old backwoodsman doesn't rough it1 he knows how to look after himself and to make himself comfortable by a hundred little dodges4 ,for instance if there are no tents he doesn't sit down to shiver and grouse1 but at once sets to work to rig up a shelter or a hut for himself4 ,he chooses a good spot for it where he is not likely to be flooded out if a storm of rain were to come on4 ,then he lights up a camp fire and makes himself a comfortable mattress of ferns or straw4 ,an old scout is full of resource1 that is he can find a way out of any difficulty or discomfort4 ,he is full of dodges1 like the boy who had to rap on the door with the knocker which he could not reach4 ,he showed resourcefulness4 ,a bivouac is a halt without tents and generally is not meant to last for many hours2 a camp generally means a resting place with tents or huts to live in4 ,there are many ways of making a comfortable bed in camp1 but always if possible have some kind of covering over the ground between your body and the earth1 especially after wet weather4 ,cut grass or straw or bracken are very good things to lay down thickly where you are going to lie1 but if you cannot get any of these and are obliged to lie on the ground1 do not forget before lying down to make a small hole about the size of a tea-cup in which your hip joint will rest when you are lying on your side2 it makes all the difference for sleeping comfortably4 ,a very comfortable bed1 almost a spring mattress1 is made in ,canada by cutting a large number of tops of the fir-tree branches and planting them upright in the ground as close together as possible1 like bristles in a brush1 so close that when you lie down on them they form a comfortable and springy couch4 ,illustration3 ,resourcefulness in ,doing a ,good ,turn4 ,remember when sleeping in camp the secret of keeping warm is to have as many blankets underneath you as you have above you4 ,if a patrol were sleeping round a fire you would all lie with your feet towards it like the spokes of a wheel4 ,if your blankets do not keep you sufficiently warm1 put straw or bracken over yourselves and newspapers if you have them4 ,it is also a good tip in cold weather1 if you have not sufficiently warm clothing1 to put a newspaper under your coat or waistcoat up your back and round your body1 it will be as good as a great-coat in giving you extra warmth4 ,to make a bed1 cut four poles--two of seven feet1 two of three--lay them on the ground so as to form the edges4 ,illustration3 ,bed4 ,cut four pegs1 two feet long1 and sharpen1 drive them into the ground at the four corners to keep the poles in place4 ,cut down a fir tree2 cut off all branches and lay them overlapping each other like slates on a roof till a thick bed of them is made2 the outside ones underlapping the poles4 ,cover with a blanket4 ,to make a mattress you first set up a camp loom 7see ,hints to ,instructors1 page #afc7 and weave a mattress out of bracken1 ferns1 heather1 straw1 or grass1 etc41 six feet long and two feet nine inches across4 ,with this same loom you can make grass or straw mats1 with which to form tents1 or shelters1 or walls1 or carpets1 etc4 ,camp candlesticks can be made by bending a bit of wire into a small spiral spring2 or by using a cleft stick stuck in the wall2 or a glass candle shade can be made by cutting the bottom off a bottle and sticking it upside down in the ground with a candle stuck into the neck4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,candlesticks4 ,the bottom of the bottle may be cut off either by putting about an inch or an inch and a half of water into the bottle and then standing it in the embers of the fire till it gets hot and cracks at the water-level4 ,or it can be done by passing a piece of string round the body of the bottle1 and drawing it rapidly to and fro till it makes a hot line round the bottle which then breaks neatly off with a blow or on being immersed in cold water4 ,camp forks can also be made out of wire sharpened at the points4 ,it is something to know how to sit down in a wet camp4 ,you squat instead of sitting4 ,natives in ,india squat on their heels1 but this is a tiring way if you have not done it as a child2 though it comes easy if you put a sloping stone or chock of wood under your heels4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,fork4 ,boers and other camp men squat on one heel4 ,it is a little tiring at first4 ,buttons are always being lost in camp1 and it adds greatly to your comfort to know how to make buttons out of bootlaces or string4 ,this will be shown to you4 ,scouts should also be able to carve collar studs out of wood1 bone1 or horn4 ,a great secret of sleeping comfortably in camp is to have a canvas bag about two feet long by one foot wide into which you pack odds and ends--or carry empty and fill up with grass or underclothing to form your pillow at night4 ,,camp ,,fires4--,,the ,,right ,,way ,,of ,,making ,,them4 ,before lighting your fire remember always to do as every backwoodsman does1 and that is to cut away or burn all bracken1 heather1 grass1 etc41 round the fire to prevent its setting light to the surrounding grass or bush4 ,many bad bush-fires have been caused by young tenderfoots fooling about with blazes which they imagined to be camp fires4 ,in burning the grass for this purpose1 7or ring-burning as it is called7 burn only a little at a time and have branches of trees or old sacks ready with which you can beat it out again at once when it has gone far enough4 ,scouts should always be on the look-out to beat out a bush-fire that has been accidentally started at any time as a good turn to the owner of the land or to people who may have herds and crops in danger4 ,it is no use to learn how to light a fire by hearsay1 the only way is to pay attention to the instructions given you1 and then practise laying and lighting a fire yourself4 ,in the book called ,two ,little ,savages1 instructions for laying a fire are given in the following rhyme3 ,first a curl of birch bark as dry as it can be1 ,then some twigs of soft wood dead from off a tree1 ,last of all some pine knots to make a kettle foam1 ,and there's a fire to make you think you're sitting right at home4 ,illustration3 ,star ,fire ,ready to ,light4 ,remember to begin your fire with a small amount of very small chips or twigs of really dry dead wood lightly heaped together and a little straw or paper to ignite it2 about this should be put little sticks leaning together in the shape of a pyramid1 and above this bigger sticks similarly standing on end4 ,when the fire is well alight bigger sticks can be added1 and1 finally1 logs of wood4 ,a great thing for a cooking fire is to get a good pile of red hot wood ashes1 and if you use three large logs they should be placed lying on the ground1 star-shaped1 like the spokes of a wheel1 with their ends centred in the fire4 ,a fire made in this way need never go out1 for as the logs burn away you keep pushing them towards the centre of the fire1 always making fresh red hot ashes there4 ,this makes a good cooking fire1 and also one which gives very little flame or smoke for the enemy to detect from a distance4 ,to leave your fire alight at night1 cover it over with a heap of ashes and it will smoulder all night ready for early use in the morning1 when you can easily blow it into a glow4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,grate4 ,if you want to keep a fire going all night to show or to warm you1 put good-sized logs end to end star shaped--and one long one reaching to your hand so that you can push it in from time to time to the centre without trouble of getting up to stoke the fire4 ,if coals or wood are difficult to get for making fires at home1 don't forget that old boots which you often find lying about on dustheaps1 make very good fuel4 ,you can do a good turn to any poor old woman in winter time by collecting old boots and giving them to her for firing4 ,another way to make a good cooking fire is one they use in ,america4 ,drive two stout stakes into the ground about four feet apart1 both leaning a bit backwards4 ,cut down a young tree with a trunk some fifteen feet high and ten inches thick2 chop it into five-foot lengths2 lay three logs1 one on top of another1 leaning against the upright stakes4 ,this forms the back of your fireplace4 ,two short logs are then laid as fire-dogs1 and a log laid across them as front bar of the fire4 ,inside this grate you build a pyramid-shaped fire1 which then gives out great heat4 ,the grate must1 of course1 be built so that it faces the wind4 ,tongs are useful about a camp-fire1 and can be made from a rod of beech or other tough wood1 about four feet long and one inch thick4 ,shave it away in the middle to about half its proper thickness1 and put this part into the hot embers of the fire for a few moments1 and bend the stick over till the two ends come together4 ,then flatten away the inside edges of the ends so that they have a better grip--and there are your tongs4 ,a besom is also useful for keeping the camp clean1 and can easily be made with a few sprigs of birch bound tightly round a stake4 ,,drying ,,clothes4--,you will often get wet through on service1 and you will see recruits remaining in their wet clothes until they get dry again2 no old scout would do so1 as that is the way to catch fever and get ill4 ,when you are wet1 take the first opportunity of getting your wet clothes off and drying them1 even though you may not have other clothes to put on1 as happened to me many a time4 ,i have sat naked under a waggon while my one suit of clothes was drying over a fire4 ,the way to dry clothes over a fire is to make a fire of hot ashes1 and then build a small beehive-shaped cage of sticks over the fire1 and then to hang your clothes all over this cage1 and they will very quickly dry4 ,also1 in hot weather it is dangerous to sit in your clothes when they have got wet from your perspiration4 ,on the ,west ,coast of ,africa ,i always carried a spare shirt1 hanging down my back1 with the sleeves tied round my neck2 so soon as ,i halted ,i would take off the wet shirt ,i was wearing and put on the dry1 which had been hanging out in the sun on my back4 ,by these means ,i never got fever when almost everyone else went down with it4 ,,tidiness4 ,the camp ground should at all times be kept clean and tidy1 not only 7as ,i have pointed out7 to keep flies away1 but also because if you go away to another place1 and leave an untidy ground behind you1 it gives so much important information to enemy's scouts4 ,for this reason scouts are always tidy1 whether in camp or not1 as a matter of habit4 ,if you are not tidy at home you won't be tidy in camp2 and if you're not tidy in camp you will be only a tenderfoot and no scout4 ,illustration3 ,right ,shoe laced in the ,scout's ,way4 ,one end of the lace is knotted under the lowest outside hole1 and the lace is brought through and threaded downwards through the opposite hole2 it is then taken up to the top4 ,the dotted part of the lace is the part which lies underneath the shoe and is not visible4 ,a scout is tidy also in his tent or room1 because he may yet be suddenly called upon to go off on an alarm1 or something unexpected3 and if he does not know exactly where to lay his hand on his things he will be a long time in turning out1 especially if called up in the middle of the night4 ,so on going to bed1 even when at home1 practise the habit of folding up your clothes and putting them where you can at once find them in the dark and get into them quietly4 ,a scout even ties his shoe laces neatly--in fact they are not tied1 but are wove through the eyelet holes from top of the boot downwards1 and so need no tying4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,camp ,,orders4 ,in going into camp it is essential to have a few ,standing ,orders published1 which can be added to from time to time if necessary4 ,these should be carefully explained to patrol leaders1 who should then be held fully responsible that their scouts carry them out exactly4 ,such orders might point out that each patrol will camp separately from the others1 and there will be a comparison between the respective cleanliness and good order of tents and surrounding ground4 ,patrol leaders to report on the good work or otherwise of their scouts1 which will be recorded in the scoutmaster's book of marks4 ,rest time for one hour and a half in middle of day4 ,bathing under strict supervision to prevent non-swimmers getting into dangerous water4 ,bathing piquet of two good swimmers will be on duty while bathing is going on1 and ready to help any boy in distress4 ,this piquet will be in the boat 7undressed7 with greatcoats on4 ,they may only bathe when the general bathing is over and the last of the bathers has left the water4 ,orders as what is to be done in case of fire alarm4 ,orders as to boundaries of grounds to be worked over1 damages to fences1 property1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,latrine1 with screens across4 ,,camp ,,latrines4--,a simple trench should be dug1 one foot wide1 two and a half feet deep1 for the user to squat astride4 ,straw mats or canvas screens to be put up across the trench every four feet to secure privacy between the users4 7,n4,b4--,this is an important point in education47 ,side screens to hide the latrine from outside view4 ,,practices4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,camp ,,loom4--,plant a row of five stakes1 #b;ft4 #f;in41 firmly in the ground2 opposite to them1 at a distance of #f;ft4 to #g;ft41 drive in a row of from two to five stakes4 ,fasten a cord or gardener's twine to the head of each stake in ,no4 #a row and stretch it to the corresponding stake in ,no4 #b and make it fast there1 then carry the continuation of it back over ,no4 #a row for some #e;ft4 extra1 and fasten it to a loose crossbar or beam at exactly the same distances apart from the next cord as it stands at the stakes4 ,this beam is then moved up and down at slow intervals by one scout1 while the remainder lay bundles of fern or straw1 etc41 in layers alternately under and over the stretched strings1 which are thus bound in by the rising or falling on to them4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,loom1 for making ,mats and ,mattresses4 ,if in camp1 practise making different kinds of beds4 ,if indoors1 make camp candlesticks1 lamps1 forks1 tongs1 buttons1 besoms4 ,if outdoors1 practise laying and lighting fires4 ,make scouts lace shoes neatly on the principle given4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #ac4 ,,camp ,,life4 ,cooking1 ,right ,ways and ,wrong ,ways--,bread-making--,driving ,cattle--,cleanliness--,water4 ,,cooking4 ,every scout must1 of course1 know how to cook his own meat and vegetables and to make bread for himself without regular cooking utensils4 ,for boiling water a scout would usually have his tin billy1 and in that he can boil vegetables or stew his meat1 and often he will want it for drinking and will cook his meat in some other way4 ,this would usually be done by sticking it on sharp sticks and hanging it close to the fire so that it gets broiled2 or the lid of an old biscuit tin can be used as a kind of frying-pan4 ,put grease or water in it to prevent the meat getting burnt before it is cooked4 ,meat can also be wrapped in a few sheets of wet paper or in a coating of clay and put in the red-hot embers of the fire1 where it will cook itself4 ,birds and fish can also be cooked in this manner1 and there is no need to pluck the bird before doing so if you use clay1 as the feathers will stick to the clay when it hardens in the heat1 and when you break it open the bird will come out cooked1 without its feathers1 like the kernel out of a nutshell4 ,another way is to clean out the inside of the bird1 get a pebble about the size of its inside1 and heat it till nearly red-hot1 place it inside the bird1 and put the bird on a gridiron or on a wooden spit over the fire4 ,birds are most easily plucked immediately after being killed4 ,don't do as ,i did once when ,i was a tenderfoot4 ,it was my turn to cook1 so ,i thought ,i would vary the dinner by giving them soup4 ,i had some pea-flour1 and ,i mixed it with water and boiled it up1 and served it as pea-soup2 but ,i did not put in any stock or meat juice of any kind4 ,i didn't know that it was necessary or would be noticeable4 ,but they noticed it directly--called my beautiful soup a wet peas-pudding1 and told me ,i might eat it myself--not only told me ,i might1 but they jolly well made me eat it4 ,i never made the mistake again4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,kitchen4 ,to boil your billy or camp kettle you can either stand it on the logs 7where it often falls over unless care is taken71 or1 better1 stand it on the ground among the hot embers of the fire1 or else rig up a triangle of three green poles over the fire1 tying them together at the top and hanging the pot by a wire or chain from the poles4 ,but in making this tripod do not1 if there is an old scout in camp1 use poplar sticks for poles1 because1 although they are easy to cut and trim for the purpose1 old-fashioned scouts have a fancy that they bring bad luck to the cooking4 ,any other kind of wood will do better4 ,this is as good a kind of camp kitchen as any1 it is made with two lines of sods1 bricks1 stones1 or thick logs1 flattened at the top1 about six feet long1 slightly splayed from each other1 being four inches apart at one end and eight inches at the other--the big end towards the wind4 ,another way1 when there are several billies to cook1 is to put them in two lines a few inches apart1 one end of the line facing towards the wind4 ,lay your fire of small wood between the two lines1 and put a third row of billies standing on top of the first two rows--so that a small tunnel is made by the billies4 ,in the windward end of this tunnel start your fire2 the draught will carry its heat along the tunnel1 and this will heat all the pots4 ,the fire should be kept up with small split chunks of wood4 ,when boiling a pot of water on the fire1 do not jam the lid on too firmly1 as when the steam forms inside the pot it must have some means of escape or it will burst the pot4 ,to find out when the water is beginning to boil1 you need not take off the lid and look1 but just hold the end of a stick1 or knife1 etc41 to the pot1 and if the water is boiling you will feel it trembling4 ,kabobs4--,cut your meat up into a slice about half or three-quarters of an inch thick2 cut this up into small pieces about one to one and a half inches across4 ,string a lot of these chunks on to a stick or iron rod1 and plant it in front of the fire1 or suspend it over the hot embers for a few minutes till the meat is roasted4 ,hunter's ,stew4--,chop your meat into small chunks about an inch or one and a half inches square4 ,scrape and chop up any vegetables1 such as potatoes1 carrots1 onions1 etc41 and put them into your billy4 ,add clean water or soup till it is half full4 ,mix some flour1 salt1 and pepper together1 and rub your meat well in it1 and put this in the billy4 ,there should be enough water just to cover the food--no more4 ,let the billy stand in the embers and simmer for about one hour and a quarter4 ,the potatoes take longest to cook4 ,when these are soft 7which you try with a fork7 enough not to lift out1 the whole stew is cooked4 ,,bread ,,making4 ,to make bread1 the usual way is for a scout to take off his coat1 spread it on the ground1 with the inside uppermost 7so that any mess he makes in it will not show outwardly when he wears his coat afterwards72 then he makes a pile of flour on the coat and scoops out the centre until it forms a cup for the water which he then pours in hot2 he then mixes the dough with a pinch or two of salt1 and of baking-powder or of ,eno's ,fruit ,salt1 and kneads and mixes it well together until it forms a lump of well-mixed dough4 ,then with a little fresh flour sprinkled over the hands to prevent the dough sticking to them1 he pats it and makes it into the shape of a large bun or several buns4 ,then he puts it on a gridiron over hot ashes1 or sweeps part of the fire to one side1 and on the hot ground left there he puts his dough1 and piles hot ashes round it and lets it bake itself4 ,only small loaves like buns can be made in this way4 ,if real bread is required1 a kind of oven has to be made1 either by using an old earthenware pot or tin box1 and putting it into the fire and piling fire all over it1 or by making a clay oven1 lighting a fire inside it1 and then when it is well heated raking out the fire and putting the dough inside1 and shutting up the entrance tightly till the bread is baked4 ,another way is to cut a stout club1 sharpen its thin end1 peel it and heat it in the fire4 ,make a long strip of dough1 about two inches wide and half an inch thick3 wind it spirally down the club2 then plant the club close to the fire and let the dough toast itself1 just giving the club a turn now and then4 ,ration ,bags4--,very often on service they serve you out with a double handful of flour instead of bread or biscuits1 a bit of meat1 a spoonful of salt1 one of pepper1 one of sugar1 one of baking-powder1 and a handful of coffee or tea4 ,it is rather fun to watch a tenderfoot get this ration and see how he carries it away to his bivouac4 ,how would you do it8 ,of course you could put the pepper into one pocket1 the salt into another1 the sugar into another1 the flour into your hat1 and carry that in one hand1 the bit of beef in the other hand1 and the coffee in the other4 ,only if you are in your shirt sleeves1 as you generally are1 you haven't many pockets1 and if1 like some people1 you have only two hands1 it is a difficult job4 ,the old campaigner1 therefore1 always has his three ration bags1 little bags which he makes himself out of bits of shirt tails or pocket-handkerchiefs1 or other such luxuries2 and into one he puts the flour and baking-powder1 into ,no4 #b his coffee and sugar1 into ,no4 #c his salt and pepper4 ,very often just after we had got our rations we would have to march at once4 ,how do you suppose we made our flour into bread in one minute8 ,we just mixed it with a lot of water in a mug and drank it6 ,it did just as well in the end4 ,,cattle-,,driving ,,and ,,slaughtering4 ,before you cook your hare you've got to catch him4 ,so with mutton or beef--you have to bring the sheep or ox to the place where you want him4 ,then you have to kill him and cut him up before you can cook him and eat him4 ,scouts ought to know how to drive sheep and cattle and horses4 ,tenderfoots always forget to send someone in front of the herd to draw them on4 ,sheep are apt to crowd up too much together so that those in the middle of the flock soon get half suffocated in dust and heat1 and then they faint4 ,it is often therefore1 advisable for one driver to keep moving in the centre of the flock to make an occasional opening for air1 and it keeps the whole flock moving better4 ,if you come to an obstacle like a stile or wall with sheep1 lift one or two over it and the rest will soon follow1 but they should not be too hurried4 ,scouts should also know how to kill and cut up their cattle4 ,cattle are generally poleaxed1 or a spike is driven into the forehead with a mallet1 or a shot or blank cartridge is fired into the forehead1 or a big sharp knife is driven into the spine just behind the horns1 the animal's head having first been securely tied down to a cart wheel or fence4 ,sheep are generally killed either by being laid on their side and having their head drawn back and throat cut with a big sharp knife1 or by being shot in the forehead with a revolver or blank cartridge of a rifle4 ,the animal should then be gutted by having the belly slit open and the inside taken out1 liver and kidneys being kept4 ,to skin the beast1 lay the carcase on its back and slit the skin down the centre with a sharp knife1 slit up the inside of the legs1 and pull the skin off1 helping it with the knife where it sticks to the body1 first one side and then the other down to the back bone4 ,the carcase is split in half in the case of a big beast2 with a sheep it is cut into two1 and the fore quarters and hind quarters are then again divided into joints4 ,a scout should know how to milk a cow or a goat1 else he may go thirsty when there is lots of milk available4 ,a goat is not so easy to milk as you might think4 ,you have to keep hold of its head with one hand1 its hind leg with the other1 and milk it with the other if you had a third4 ,the way a native does it is to catch hold of its hind leg between his big toe and the next1 and thus he has a hand to spare to milk with4 ,,cleanliness4 ,one thing to remember in camp is that if you get sick you are no use as a scout1 and are only a burden to others1 and you generally get ill through your own fault4 ,either you don't change into dry clothes when you get wet1 or you let dirt get into your food1 or you drink bad water4 ,so1 when cooking your food1 always be careful to clean your cooking pots1 plates1 forks1 etc41 very thoroughly4 ,flies are most dangerous1 because they carry about seeds of disease on their feet1 and if they settle on your food they will often leave the poison there for you to eat--and then you wonder why you get ill4 ,flies generally live best where there is dirt1 and scraps of food are left lying about4 ,for this reason you should be careful to keep your camp very clean1 so that flies won't come there4 ,all slops and scraps should be thrown away into a properly-dug hole1 where they can be buried1 and not scattered about all over the place4 ,patrol leaders must be very careful to see that this is always done4 ,,water4 ,good drinking water is one of the most important of all things in campaigning1 in order to make sure of your being healthy4 ,all water has a large number of tiny animals floating about in it1 too small to be seen without the help of a microscope4 ,some of them are poisonous1 some are not2 you can't tell whether the poisonous ones are there1 so the safest way is to kill them all before you drink any water2 and the way to kill them is to boil the water1 and let it cool again before drinking it4 ,in boiling the water don't let it merely come to a boil and then take it off1 but let it boil fully for a quarter of an hour1 as these little beasts1 or microbes as they are called1 are very tough customers1 and take a lot of boiling before they get killed4 ,for the same reason it is very dangerous to drink out of streams1 and especially out of ponds1 when you feel thirsty1 for you may suck down any amount of poison in doing so4 ,if a pond is your only water-supply1 it is best to dig a small well1 three feet deep1 about ten feet away from the pond1 and the water will ooze through into it1 and will be much more healthy to drink4 ,we did this in ,mafeking1 when the ,boers cut off our regular water-supply1 and so had no sickness from bad water4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,practise in mixing dough and baking2 it is useful4 ,if possible1 get a baker to give a lesson4 ,but let each scout mix his own dough with the amount of water he thinks right4 ,let him make his mistakes at first to get experience4 ,a visit to a slaughter-house and butcher's shop to see the cutting up is useful for boys4 ,get scouts to make their own linen ration bags4 ,issue raw rations1 and let each scout make his own fire and cook his own meal4 ,,camp ,,games4 ,hockey1 ,rounders1 ,football1 ,basket ,ball1 which is practically football played only with the hands1 with a basket seven feet above ground as goal4 ,a small bit of ground or a room or court will do for the game4 ,bang the ,bear 7from ,mr4 ,seton ,thompson's ,birchbark of the ,woodcraft ,indians47 ,one big boy is bear1 and has three bases1 in which he can take refuge and be safe4 ,he carries a small air balloon on his back4 ,the other boys are armed with clubs of straw rope twisted1 with which they try to burst his balloon while he is outside the base4 ,the bear has a similar club1 with which he knocks off the hunters' hats4 ,the hat represents the hunter's life4 ,a good game for introducing strange or shy boys to each other4 ,songs1 recitations1 small plays1 etc41 can be performed round the camp fire1 and every scout should be made to contribute something to the programme1 whether he thinks he is a performer or not4 ,a different patrol may be told off for each night of the week to provide for the performance2 they can thus prepare it beforehand4 ,,book ,,to ,,read4 ,woodcraft4 ,by ,nessmuk4 #bs4 7,pub43 ,forest and ,stream1 ,new ,york47 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,campaigning4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #ad4 ,,life ,,in ,,the ,,open4 ,outdoor ,training--,exploration--,boat ,cruising--,watermanship--,mountaineerin g--,patrolling--,nightwork--,weather ,wisdom4 ,the native boys of the ,zulu and ,swazi tribes learn to be scouts before they are allowed to be considered men1 and they do it in this way3 when a boy is about fifteen or sixteen he is taken by the men of his village1 stripped of all clothes and painted white from head to foot1 and he is given a shield and one assegai or small spear1 and he is turned out of the village and told that he will be killed if anyone catches him while he is still painted white4 ,so the boy has to go off into the jungle and mountains and hide himself from other men until the white paint wears off1 and this generally takes about a month2 so that all this time he has to look after himself and stalk game with his one assegai and kill it and cut it up2 he has to light his fire by means of rubbing sticks together in order to cook his meat2 he has to make the skin of the animal into a covering for himself2 and he has to know what kind of wild root1 berries1 and leaves are good for food as vegetables4 ,if he is not able to do these things1 he dies of starvation1 or is killed by wild animals4 ,if he succeeds in keeping himself alive1 and is able to find his way back to his village1 he returns when the white paint has worn off and is then received with great rejoicings by his friends and relations1 and is allowed to become a soldier of the tribe since he has shown that he is able to look after himself4 ,it is a pity that all ,british boys cannot have the same sort of training before they are allowed to consider themselves men--and the training which we are now doing as scouts is intended to fill that want as far as possible4 ,if every boy works hard at this course and really learns all that we try to teach him1 he will1 at the end of it1 have some claim to call himself a scout and a man1 and will find if ever he goes on service1 or to a colony1 that he will have no difficulty in looking after himself and in being really useful to his country4 ,there is an old ,canadian scout and trapper1 now over eighty years of age1 still living1 and1 what is more1 still working at his trade of trapping4 ,his name is ,bill ,hamilton4 ,in a book which he lately wrote1 called ,my ,sixty ,years in the ,plains1 he describes the dangers of that adventurous line of life4 ,the chief danger was that of falling into the hands of the ,red ,indians4 ,to be taken prisoner was to experience a death not at all to be desired4 ,a slow fire is merciful beside other cruelties practised by the ,indians4 ,i have often been asked why we exposed ourselves to such danger8 ,my answer has always been that there was a charm in the open-air life of a scout from which one cannot free himself after he has once come under its spell4 ,give me the man who has been raised among the great things of ,nature2 he cultivates truth1 independence1 and self-reliance2 he has generous impulses2 he is true to his friends1 and true to the flag of his country4 ,i can fully endorse what this old scout has said1 and1 what is more1 ,i find that those men who come from the furthest frontiers of the ,empire1 from what we should call a rude and savage life1 are among the most generous and chivalrous of their race1 especially towards women and weaker folk4 ,they become gentle men by their contact with nature4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt1 the ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america1 also is one who believes in outdoor life1 and he indulges in it himself on every possible occasion when his duties allow4 ,he writes3 ,i believe in outdoor games1 and ,i do not mind in the least that they are rough games1 or that those who take part in them are occasionally injured4 ,i have no sympathy with the overwrought sentiment which would keep a young man in cotton wool4 ,the out-of-doors man must always prove the better in life's contest4 ,when you play1 play hard2 and when you work1 work hard4 ,but do not let your play and your sport interfere with your study4 ,i knew an old ,boer who after the war said that he could not live in the country with the ,british1 so he went off to take service with the ,german troops which were at that time fighting in the neighbouring district of ,south ,west ,africa4 ,but after some months he came back and said that after all he preferred to be with the ,british4 ,he said that one of his reasons for disliking the ,british was that when they arrived in the country they were so 'stom' as he called it--i4e4 so utterly stupid when living on the veldt that they did not know how to look after themselves1 to make themselves comfortable in camp1 to kill their food or to cook it1 and they were always losing their way on the veldt2 he allowed that after six months or so the ,english soldiers got to learn how to manage for themselves fairly well4 ,but when he went to the ,germans he found that they were even more 'stom' than the ,british1 with the great difference that they went on being 'stom1' no matter how long they remained in the country4 ,he said they were 'stom' till they died1 and they generally died through blundering about at the business end of a mule4 ,the truth is that1 being brought up in a civilised country like ,england1 soldiers and others have no training whatever in looking after themselves out on the veldt1 or in the backwoods1 and the consequence is that when they go out to a colony or on a campaign they are for a long time perfectly helpless and go through a lot of hardship and trouble which would not occur had they learnt1 while boys1 how to look after themselves both in camp and when on patrol4 ,they are just a lot of ,tenderfoots4 ,they have never had to light a fire1 or to cook their own food2 that has always been done for them4 ,at home1 if they wanted water they merely had to turn on the tap1 and had no idea of how to set about finding water in a desert place by looking at the grass1 or bush1 or by scratching at the sand till they began to find signs of dampness2 and if they lost their way1 or did not know the time1 they merely had to ask a policeman4 ,they had always found houses to shelter them1 and beds to lie in4 ,they had never to manufacture these for themselves1 nor to make their own boots or clothing4 ,that is why a tenderfoot talks of roughing in camp2 but living in camp for a scout who knows the game is by no means roughing it4 ,he knows how to make himself comfortable in a thousand small ways1 and then when he does come back to civilisation1 he enjoys it all the more for having seen a contrast2 and even there he can do very much more for himself than the ordinary mortal who has never really learned to provide for his own wants4 ,the man who has had to turn his hand to many things1 as the scout does in camp1 finds that when he comes into civilisation he is more easily able to obtain employment1 because he is ready to turn his hand to whatever kind of work may turn up4 ,,exploration4 ,a good form of scout work can be got in ,great ,britain by scouts going about either as patrols on an exploring expedition1 or in pairs like knight-errants of old on a pilgrimage through the country to find people wanting help and to help them4 ,this can equally well be done with bicycles1 or1 in the winter1 by skating along the canals4 ,scouts in carrying out such a tramp should never1 if possible1 sleep under a roof--that is to say1 on fine nights they would sleep in the open wherever they may be1 or1 in bad weather1 would get leave to occupy a hay loft or barn4 ,you should on all occasions take a map with you1 and find your way by it1 as far as possible1 without having to ask the way of passers-by4 ,you would1 of course1 have to do your daily good turn whenever opportunity presented itself1 but besides that1 you should do good turns to farmers and others who may allow you the use of their barns1 and so on1 as a return for their kindness4 ,as a rule1 you should have some object in your expedition1 that is to say1 if you are a patrol of town boys1 you would go off with the idea of scouting some special spot1 say a mountain in ,scotland or ,wales1 or a lake in ,cumberland1 or1 possibly1 some old castle1 or battle-field1 or a sea-side beach4 ,or you may be on your way to join one of the larger camps4 ,if1 on the other hand1 you are a patrol from the country1 you can make your way up to ,london1 or to a big town1 with the idea of going to see its buildings1 and its ,zoological ,gardens1 circuses1 museums1 etc4 ,and you should notice everything as you go along the roads1 and remember1 as far as possible1 all your journey1 so that you could give directions to anybody else who wanted to follow that road afterwards4 ,and make a map4 ,explorers1 of course1 keep a log or journal giving a short account of each day's journey1 with sketches or photos of any interesting things they see4 ,,boat ,,cruising4 ,instead of tramping or cycling1 it is also an excellent practice for a patrol to take a boat and make a trip in that way through the country2 but none should be allowed in the boat who is not a good swimmer1 because accidents are pretty sure to happen1 and if all are swimmers1 it does not matter2 in fact1 it is rather a good experience than otherwise4 ,i once made such a cruise with two of my brothers4 ,we took a small folding-up canvas boat1 and went as far up the ,thames as we could possibly get till it became so narrow and small a stream that we were continually having to get out and pull our boat over fallen trees and stopped up bits of river4 ,then we took it on the ,avon1 which rises near the source of the ,thames1 but flows to the westward1 and here1 again1 we began where the river was very small1 and gradually worked our way down until it developed into a big stream1 and so through ,bath and ,bristol on to the ,severn4 ,then across the ,severn1 and up the ,wye into ,wales4 ,we carried with us our tent1 stores1 and cooking apparatus1 so that we were able to live out independent of houses the whole time4 ,a more enjoyable trip could not be imagined1 and the expense was very small4 ,,watermanship4 ,it is very necessary for a scout to be able to swim1 for he never knows when he may have to cross a river1 to swim for his life1 or to plunge in to save someone from drowning1 so those of you that cannot swim should make it your business to begin at once and learn2 it is not very difficult4 ,also1 a scout should be able to manage a boat1 to bring it properly alongside the ship or pier1 that is1 either by rowing it or steering it in a wide circle so that it comes up alongside with its head pointing the same way as the bow of the ship or towards the current4 ,you should be able to row one oar in time with the rest of the boat's crew1 or to scull a pair of oars1 or to scull a boat by screwing a single oar over the stern4 ,in rowing1 the object of feathering or turning the blade of the oar flat when it is out of the water1 is to save it from catching the wind and thereby checking the pace of the boat4 ,you should know how to throw a coil of rope so as to fling it on to another boat or wharf1 or how to catch and make fast a rope thrown to you4 ,also you should know how to make a raft out of any materials that you can get hold of1 such as planks1 logs1 barrels1 sacks of straw1 and so on1 for often you may want to cross a river with your food and baggage where no boats are available1 or you may be in a shipwreck where nobody can make a raft for saving themselves4 ,you should also know how to throw a lifebuoy to a drowning man4 ,these things can only be learnt by practice4 ,as a scout you must know how to fish1 else you would find yourself very helpless1 and perhaps starving1 on a river which is full of food for you if you were only able to catch it4 ,,mountaineering4 ,a good deal of interesting mountaineering can be done in the ,british ,isles if you know where to go2 and it is grand sport1 and brings out into practice all your scout-craft to enable you to find your way1 and to make yourself comfortable in camp4 ,you are1 of course1 continually losing your direction because1 moving up and down in the deep gullies of the mountain side1 you lose sight of the landmarks which usually guide you1 so that you have to watch your direction by the sun1 and by your compass1 and keep on estimating in what direction your proper line of travel lies4 ,then1 again1 you are very liable to be caught in fogs and mists1 which are at all times upsetting to the calculations even of men who know every inch of the country4 ,i had such an experience in ,scotland last year when1 in company with a ,highlander who knew the ground1 we got lost in the mist4 ,but supposing that he knew the way1 ,i committed myself entirely to his guidance1 and after going some distance ,i felt bound to remark to him that ,i noticed the wind had suddenly changed1 for it had been blowing from our left when we started1 and was now blowing hard on our right cheek4 ,however1 he seemed in no way nonplussed1 and led on4 ,presently ,i remarked that the wind was blowing behind us1 so that either the wind1 or the mountain1 or we ourselves were turning round2 and eventually it proved as ,i suggested1 that it was not the wind that had turned1 or the mountain1 it was ourselves who had wandered round in a complete circle1 and were almost back at the point we started from within an hour4 ,then scouts working on a mountain ought to practise the art of roping themselves together1 as mountaineers do on icy slopes to save themselves from falling into holes in the snow and slipping down precipices4 ,when roped together in this way supposing that one man falls1 the weight of the others will save him from going down into the depths4 ,when roped together each man has about #ad;ft4 between himself and the next man4 ,the rope is fastened round his waist by a loop or bowline1 the knot being on his left side4 ,each man has to keep back off the man in front of him so as to keep the rope tight all the time2 then if one falls or slips the others lean away from him with all their weight and hold him up till he regains his footing4 ,a loop takes up about #d;ft4 #f;in4 of rope and should be a bowline at the ends of the rope1 and an overhead knot or a middleman's loop for central men on the rope4 ,,patrolling4 ,scouts generally go about scouting in pairs1 or sometimes singly2 if more go together they are called a patrol4 ,when they are patrolling the scouts of a patrol hardly ever move close together1 they are spread out so as to see more country and so that if cut off or ambuscaded by an enemy they will not all get caught1 some will get away to give information4 ,a patrol of six scouts working in open country would usually move in this sort of formation3 in the shape of a kite with the patrol leader in the centre1 if going along a street or road the patrol would move in a similar way1 but in this formation keep close to the hedges or walls4 ,no4 #b scout is in front1 ,nos4 #c and #d to the right and left1 ,no4 #e to the rear1 and ,no4 #f with the leader 7,no4 #a7 in the centre4 ,patrols when going across open country where they are likely to be seen by enemies or animals should get over it as quickly as possible1 i4e41 by moving at the scout's pace1 walking and running alternately from one point of cover to another4 ,as soon as they are hidden in cover they can rest and look round before making the next move4 ,if as leading scout you get out of sight of your patrol1 you should1 in passing thick bushes1 reeds1 etc41 break branches or stems of reed and grass every few yards1 making the heads point forward to show your path1 for in this way you can always find your way back again1 or the patrol or anyone coming after you can easily follow you up and they can judge from the freshness of the grass pretty well how long ago it was you passed that way4 ,it is also useful to blaze trees--that means take a chip out of the bark with your axe or knife1 or chalk marks upon walls1 or make marks in the sand1 or lay stones1 or show which way you have gone by the signs which ,i have given you4 ,illustration3 ,patrol in the ,open1 or on a ,road or ,street4 ,,night ,,work4 ,scouts must be able to find their way equally well by night as by day4 ,in fact1 military scouts in the ,army work mostly by night in order to keep hidden1 and lie up during the day4 ,but unless they practise it frequently1 fellows are very apt to lose themselves by night1 distances seem greater1 and landmarks are hard to see4 ,also1 you are apt to make more noise than by day1 in walking along1 by accidently treading on dry sticks1 kicking stones1 etc4 ,if you are watching for an enemy at night you have to trust much more to your ears than to your eyes1 and also to your nose1 for a scout who is well-practised at smelling out things and who has not damaged his sense of smell by smoking1 can often smell an enemy a good distance away4 ,i have done it many times myself and found it of the greatest value4 ,when patrolling at night1 scouts keep closer together than by day1 and in very dark places1 such as woods1 etc41 they should keep touch with each other by each catching hold of the end of the next scout's staff4 ,when working singly the scout's staff is most useful for feeling the way in the dark1 and pushing aside dry branches1 etc4 ,scouts working apart from each other in the dark keep up communication by occasionally giving the call of their patrol-animal4 ,any enemy would thus not be made suspicious4 ,all scouts have to guide themselves very much by the stars at night4 ,,weather ,,wisdom4 ,,weather4--,every scout ought to be able to read signs of the weather1 especially when going mountaineering or cruising1 and to read a barometer4 ,he should remember the following points3 ,red at night shepherd's delight 7i4e41 fine day coming74 ,red in morning is the shepherd's warning 7i4e41 rain74 ,yellow sunset means wind4 ,pale yellow sunset means rain4 ,dew and fog in early morning means fine weather4 ,clear distant view means rain coming or just past4 ,red dawn means fine weather--so does low dawn4 ,high dawn is when sun rises over a bank of clouds2 high above the horizon means wind4 ,soft clouds1 fine weather4 ,hard edged clouds1 wind4 ,rolled or jagged1 strong wind4 ,when the wind's before the rain1 ,soon you may make sail again2 ,when the rain's before the wind1 ,then your sheets and halyards mind4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,practices4 ,practise roping scouts together for mountain climbing4 ,practise 7if boats available7 coming alongside1 making fast1 sculling1 punting1 laying oars1 coiling ropes1 etc41 and other details of boat management4 ,read barometer4 ,,games ,,in ,,life ,,in ,,the ,,open4 ,,night ,,patrolling4 ,practise scouts to hear and see by night by posting some sentries1 who must stand or walk about1 armed with rifles and blank cartridges1 or with whistles4 ,other scouts should be sent out as enemies to stalk and kill them4 ,if a sentry hears a sound he fires1 calls1 or whistles4 ,scouts must at once halt and lie still4 ,the umpire comes to the sentry and asks which direction the sound came from1 and1 if correct1 the sentry wins4 ,if the stalker can creep up within #ae yards of the sentry without being seen1 he deposits some article1 such as a handkerchief1 on the ground at that point1 and creeps away again4 ,then he makes a noise for the sentry to fire at1 and when the umpire comes up1 he can explain what he has done4 ,,games4 ,a ,,whale ,,hunt4 ,the whale is made of a big log of wood with a roughly shaped head and tail to represent a whale4 ,two boats will usually carry out the whale hunt1 each boat manned by one patrol--the patrol leader acting as captain1 the corporal as bowman or harpooner1 the remainder of the patrol as oarsmen4 ,each boat belongs to a different harbour1 the two harbours being about a mile apart4 ,the umpire takes the whale and lets it loose about halfway between the two harbours1 and on a given signal1 the two boats race out to see who can get to the whale first4 ,the harpooner who first arrives within range of the whale drives his harpoon into it1 and the boat promptly turns round and tows the whale to its harbour4 ,the second boat pursues1 and when it overtakes the other1 also harpoons the whale1 turns round1 and endeavours to tow the whale back to its harbour4 ,in this way the two boats have a tug-of-war1 and eventually the better boat tows the whale1 and1 possibly1 the opposing boat into its harbour4 ,it will be found that discipline and strict silence and attention to the captain's orders are very strong points towards winning the game4 ,it shows1 above all things1 the value of discipline4 ,the game is similar to one described in ,e4 ,thompson ,seton's ,birchbark of the ,woodcraft ,indians4 ,illustration3 ,a ,whale ,hunt4 ,,mountain ,,scouting4 ,this has been played by tourists' clubs in the ,lake ,district1 and is very similar to the ,spider and ,fly game4 ,three hares are sent out at daybreak to hide themselves about in the mountains2 after breakfast a party of hounds go out to find them before a certain hour1 say #d p4m4 ,if they find them1 even with field glasses1 it counts1 provided that the finder can say definitely who it was he spotted4 ,certain limits of ground must be given1 beyond which anyone would be out of bounds1 and therefore disqualified4 ,,books ,,on ,,life ,,in ,,the ,,open4 ,a ,woman ,tenderfoot1 by ,mrs4 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton4 #es4 7,published by ,doubleday47 ,a book of outdoor adventures and hints for camping for women and girls4 ,two ,little ,savages1 by ,ernest ,thompson ,seton4 #fs4 7,published by ,a4 ,constable ,co47 ,mountaineering4 ,badminton ,library ,series4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #ae4 ,,pathfinding4 ,finding the ,way--,judging ,distances--,finding the ,north4 ,among the ,red ,indian scouts the man who was good at finding his way in a strange country was termed a ,pathfinder1 which was with them a name of great honour1 because a scout who cannot find his way is of very little use4 ,many a tenderfoot has got lost in the veldt or forest1 and has never been seen again1 through not having learned a little scouting1 or what is called eye for a country1 when a boy4 ,i have known many instances of it myself4 ,in one case a man got off a coach1 which was driving through the bush in ,matabeleland1 for a few minutes1 while the mules were being changed4 ,he apparently walked off a few yards into the bush1 and when the coach was ready to start they called for him in every direction1 and searched for him1 but were unable to find him2 and at last1 the coach being unable to wait any longer1 pursued its journey1 leaving word for the lost man to be sought for4 ,full search was made for him2 his tracks were followed as far as they could be1 in the very difficult soil of that country1 but he was not found for weeks afterwards1 and then his dead body was discovered nearly fifteen miles away from where he started1 and close to the road4 ,it often happens that when you are tramping along alone through the bush1 or even in a town1 you become careless in noticing what direction you are moving in2 that is1 you frequently change it to get round a fallen tree1 or some rocks1 or some other obstacle1 and having passed it1 you do not take up exactly the correct direction again1 and a man's inclination somehow is to keep edging to his right1 and the consequence is that when you think you are going straight1 you are really not doing so at all2 and unless you watch the sun1 or your compass1 or your landmarks1 you are very apt to find yourself going round in a big circle after a short time4 ,in such a case a tenderfoot1 when he suddenly finds himself out of his bearings1 and lost alone in the desert or forest1 at once loses his head and gets excited1 and probably begins to run1 when the right thing to do is to force yourself to keep cool and give yourself something useful to do--that is1 to track your own spoor back again2 or1 if you fail1 start getting firewood for making signal fires to direct those who are looking for you4 ,the main point is not to get lost in the first instance4 ,every old scout on first turning out in the morning notices which way the wind is blowing4 ,when you start out for a walk or on patrol1 you should notice which direction1 by the compass1 you start in1 and also notice which direction the wind is blowing1 as that would be a great help to you in keeping your direction1 especially if you have not got a compass1 or if the sun is not shining4 ,then you should notice all landmarks for finding your way1 that is1 in the country notice any hills or prominent towers1 steeples1 curious trees1 rocks1 gates1 mounds1 bridges1 and so on2 any points1 in fact1 by which you could find your way back again1 or by which you could instruct anyone to go the same line which you have gone4 ,if you notice your landmarks going out you can always find your way back by them1 but you should take care occasionally to look back at them after passing them1 so that you get to know their appearance for your return journey4 ,the same holds good when you are in a town1 or when you arrive in a new town by train2 the moment you step out from the station notice where the sun is1 or which way the smoke is blowing4 ,also notice your landmarks1 which would be prominent buildings1 churches1 factory chimneys1 names of streets and shops1 etc41 so that when you have gone down numerous streets you can turn round and find your way back again to the station without any difficulty4 ,it is wonderfully easy when you have practised it a little1 yet many people get lost when they have turned a few corners in a town which they do not know4 ,the way to find which way the wind is blowing if there is only very light air is to throw up little bits of dry grass1 or to hold up a handful of light dust and let it fall1 or to suck your thumb and wet it all round and let the wind blow on it1 and the cold side of it will then tell you which way the wind is blowing4 ,when you are acting as scout to find the way for a party you should move ahead of them and fix your whole attention on what you are doing1 because you have to go by the very smallest signs1 and if you get talking and thinking of other things you are very apt to miss them4 ,old scouts are generally very silent people1 from having got into this habit of fixing their attention on the work in hand4 ,very often you see a tenderfoot out for the first time1 thinking that the leading scout looks lonely1 will go and walk or ride alongside of him and begin a conversation1 until the scout shows him by his manner or otherwise that he does not particularly want him there4 ,on ,thames steamers you see a notice1 ,don't speak to the man at the wheel1 and the same thing applies with a scout who is guiding a party4 ,when acting as scout you must keep all your thoughts on the one subject1 like ,kim did when ,lurgan tried to mesmerise him4 ,,judging ,,heights ,,and ,,distances4 ,every scout must be able to judge distance from an inch up to a mile and more4 ,you ought1 first of all1 to know exactly what is the span of your hand and the breadth of your thumb1 and the length from your elbow to your wrist1 and the length from one hand to the other with your arms stretched out to either side1 and also the length of your feet2 if you remember these accurately they are a great help to you in measuring things4 ,also it is useful to cut notches on your staff1 showing such measurements as one inch1 six inches1 one foot1 and one yard4 ,these you can measure off with a tape measure before you use your staff1 and they may come in very useful4 ,judging the distance of objects from you is only gained by practice1 and judging the distance of a journey is generally estimated by seeing how long you have been travelling1 and at what rate2 that is to say1 supposing you walk at the rate of four miles an hour1 if you have been walking for an hour and a half you know that you have done about six miles4 ,distance can also be judged by sound2 that is to say1 if you see a gun fired in the distance1 and you count the number of seconds between the flash and the sound of the explosion reaching you1 you will be able to tell how far off you are from the gun4 ,sound travels at the rate of #cfe feet in a second2 that is1 as many feet as there are days in the year4 ,a scout must also be able to estimate heights1 from a few inches up to two or three thousand feet or more2 that is to say1 he ought to be able to judge the height of a fence1 the depth of a ditch1 or the height of an embankment1 of a house1 tree1 of a tower1 or hill1 or mountain4 ,it is easy to do when once you have practised it for a few times1 but it is very difficult to teach it by book4 ,you must also know how to estimate weights1 from a letter of an ounce1 or a fish1 or a potato of one pound1 or a sack of bran1 or a cartload of coals2 and also the probable weight of a man from his appearance--these1 again1 are only learnt by practice1 but as a scout you should take care to learn them for yourself4 ,also you should be able to judge of numbers2 that is to say1 you should be able to tell at a glance about how many people are in a group1 or on a 'bus1 or in a big crowd1 how many sheep in a flock1 how many marbles on a tray1 and so on4 ,these you can practise for yourself at all times in the street or field4 ,in the ,german ,army instructions for judging distance are given as follows3 ,at fifty yards1 mouth and eyes of the enemy can be clearly seen4 ,at #ajj yards1 eyes appear as dots2 #bjj yards1 buttons and details of uniform can still be seen4 ,at #cjj yards1 face can be seen2 at #djj yards1 the movement of the legs can be seen2 at #ejj yards the colour of the uniform can be seen4 ,for distances over these1 think out for yourself which point is halfway to the object4 ,estimate how far this may be from you1 and then double it to obtain the distance4 ,or another way is to estimate the furthest distance that the object can be away1 and then the very nearest it could be1 and strike a mean between the two4 ,objects appear nearer than they really are3 ,first1 when the light is bright and shining on the object2 secondly1 when looking across water or snow1 or looking uphill or down4 ,objects appear further off when in the shade2 across a valley2 when the background is of the same colour2 when the observer is lying down or kneeling2 when there is a heat haze over the ground4 ,,finding ,,the ,,north4 ,every sailor boy knows the points of the compass by heart and so should a scout4 ,i have talked a good deal about the north1 and you will understand that it is a most important help to a scout in pathfinding to know the direction of the north4 ,if you have not a compass the sun will tell you by day where the north is1 and the moon and the stars by night4 ,at six o'clock in the morning the sun is due east1 at nine o'clock he is south-east1 at noon he is south1 at three o'clock in the afternoon he is south-west1 and at six o'clock he is due west4 ,in winter he will have set long before six o'clock1 but he will not have reached due west when he is set4 ,the ,phoenicians who sailed round ,africa in ancient times noticed that when they started the sun rose on their left-hand side--they were going south4 ,then they reported that they got to a strange country where the sun got up in the wrong quarter1 namely1 on their right-hand4 ,the truth was that they had gone round the ,cape of ,good ,hope and were steering north again up the east side of ,africa4 ,illustration3 ,directions4 ,to find the south at any time of day by the sun--hold your watch flat1 face upwards1 so that the sun shines on it4 ,turn it round till the hour hand points at the sun4 ,then1 without moving the watch1 lay the edge of a piece of paper or a pencil across the face of the watch so that it rests on the centre of the dial and points out halfway between the ,figure ,,xii4 and the hour hand4 ,the line given by that pencil will be the true south and north line4 7,instructor should make each boy find the south for himself with a watch74 ,,the ,,stars4--,the stars appear to circle over us during the night1 which is really due to our earth turning round under them4 ,there are various groups which have got names given to them because they seem to make some kind of pictures or sky-signs of men and animals4 ,the ,plough is an easy one to find1 being shaped something like a plough4 ,and it is the most useful one for a scout to know1 because in the northern part of the world it shows him exactly where the north is4 ,the ,plough is also called the ,great ,bear1 and the four stars in the curve make its tail4 ,it is the only bear ,i know of that wears a long tail4 ,illustration3 ,great ,bear4 ,the two stars in the ,plough called the ,pointers point out where the ,north or ,pole ,star is4 ,all the stars and constellations move round1 as ,i have said1 during the night1 but the ,pole ,star remains fixed in the north4 ,there is also the ,little ,bear near the ,great ,bear1 and the last star in his tail is the ,north or ,pole ,star4 ,the sky may be compared to an umbrella over you4 ,the pole star is where the stick goes through the centre of it4 ,a real umbrella has been made with all the stars marked on it in their proper places4 ,if you stand under it and twist it slowly round you see exactly how the stars quietly go round1 but the ,pole ,star remains steady in the middle4 ,then another set of stars or constellation1 as it is called1 represents a man wearing a sword and belt1 and is named ,orion4 ,it is easily recognised by the three stars in line1 which are the belt1 and three smaller stars in another line1 close by which are the sword4 ,then two stars to right and left below the sword are his feet1 while two more above the belt are his shoulders1 and a group of three small stars between them make his head4 ,now the great point about ,orion is that by him you always can tell which way the north or ,pole ,star lies1 and which way the south1 and you can see him whether you are in the south or the north part of the world4 ,the ,great ,bear you only see when you are in the north1 and the ,southern ,cross when you are in the south4 ,if you draw a line1 by holding up your staff against the sky1 from the centre star of ,orion's belt through the centre of his head1 and carry that line on through two big stars till it comes to a third1 that third one is the ,north or ,pole star4 ,then if you draw a line the other way1 beginning again with the centre star of the belt1 and passing through the centre star of the sword your line goes through another group of stars shaped like the letter ,l4 ,and if you go about as far again past ,l1 you come to the ,south ,pole1 which unfortunately is not marked by any star4 ,roughly1 ,orion's sword--the three small stars--points north and south4 ,the ,zulu scouts call ,orion's belt and sword the ,ingolubu1 or three pigs pursued by three dogs4 ,the ,masai in ,east ,africa say that the three stars in ,orion's belt are three bachelors being followed by three old maids4 ,you see scouts all know ,orion1 though under different names4 ,illustration3 ,orion and his sword always point ,north and ,south4 ,on the south side of the world1 that is in ,south ,africa1 ,south ,america1 and ,australia1 the ,plough or ,great ,bear is not visible1 but the ,southern ,cross is seen4 ,the ,southern ,cross is a good guide as to where the exact south is1 which1 of course1 tells a scout just as much as the ,great ,bear in the north pointing to the ,north ,star4 ,illustration3 ,southern ,cross4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,practices ,,in ,,pathfinding4 ,teach the boys to recognise the ,great ,bear and the ,pole ,star1 and ,orion2 to judge time by the sun2 find the south by the watch4 ,practise map reading and finding the way by the map2 and mark off roads by blazing1 broken branches1 and signs drawn on the ground4 ,practise judging distance1 heights and weights1 and numbers4 ,the way to estimate the distance across a river is to take an object ,x1 such as a tree or rock on the opposite bank2 start off at right angles to it from ,a1 and pace1 say1 ninety yards along your bank2 on arriving at sixty yards1 plant a stick or stone1 ,b2 on arriving at ,c1 thirty yards beyond that1 that is ninety from the start1 turn at right angles and walk inland1 counting your paces until you bring the stick and the distant tree in line2 the number of paces that you have taken from the bank ,c ,d will then give you the half distance across ,a ,x4 ,illustration3 ,distance4 ,illustration3 ,height4 ,to find the height of an object1 such as a tree 7,a ,x71 or a house1 pace a distance of1 say1 eight yards away from it1 and there at ,b plant a stick1 say1 six feet high2 then pace on until you arrive at a point where the top of the stick comes in line ,c with the top of the tree2 then the whole distance ,a ,c from the foot is to ,a ,x1 the height of the tree1 the same as the distance ,b ,c1 from the stick1 is to the height of the stick2 that is if the whole distance ,a ,c is thirty-three feet1 and the distance ,b ,c from the stick is nine 7the stick being six feet high71 the tree is twenty-two feet high4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,boundy1 of ,exeter1 has been practising his boys in judging distances in the following manner3 ,he has a board put up on which are given the actual distances and heights and measurements of the various streets and buildings round about with which they are well acquainted4 ,this gives the boys a standard to work upon1 and they then go out and guess heights and distances1 and other objects given to them by ,mr4 ,boundy1 who has previously ascertained their correct measurements by inquiry or otherwise4 ,in this way they are able to learn a good deal of the subject in the immediate neighbourhood in the middle of the town4 ,it is often useful for the instructor1 if he has a bicycle1 to measure a number of distances beforehand by running over them and counting the revolutions of his wheel4 ,he can then make the boys guess those distances1 and can check them1 knowing the correct distance himself4 ,,games ,,in ,,pathfinding4 ,instructor takes a patrol in patrolling formation into a strange town or into an intricate piece of strange country1 with a cycling map4 ,he then gives instructions as to where he wants to go to1 makes each scout in turn lead the patrol1 say for seven minutes if cycling1 fifteen minutes if walking4 ,this scout is to find the way entirely by the map1 and marks are given for ability in reading1 that is to say1 each scout is given ten marks on starting1 and one is deducted for every mistake that he makes4 ,if he makes no mistake at all throughout the exercise1 his ten small marks will count as one real scout mark towards a badge of merit4 ,,star-,,gazing4--,take out the scouts on clear nights and post them separately1 and let each find the ,north ,star and ,orion1 etc41 and point them out to you as you come round4 ,,judging ,,distance4--,take a patrol and station its members about in different directions and with different background1 according to the colour of their clothes2 then take another patrol to judge distance of these points4 ,two competitors are sent in turn to three different points4 ,at the first point they are merely given the compass bearing of the next one1 which is some three hundred yards distant1 and so on in succession4 ,at each point each pair of scouts notices regarding the enemy--first1 how many visible2 second1 how far off2 third1 what is their compass direction2 fourth1 how they are clothed4 ,the best answers win provided they are within the specified time4 ,the time allowed should be one minute for observation at each station1 and half a minute for each bit of running4 ,,find ,,the ,,north4--,scouts are posted thirty yards apart1 and each lays down his staff on the ground pointing to what he considers the exact north 7or south71 without using any instrument4 ,the umpire compares each stick with the compass2 the one who guesses nearest wins4 ,this is a useful game to play at night or on sunless days as well as sunny days4 ,,other ,,games4--,for further games in ,pathfinding1 see ,appendix1 ,part ,,vi4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,guide to the ,umbrella ,star ,map1 by ,d4 ,mac,ewan1 member of the ,british ,astronomical ,association1 #as4 ,the ,umbrella ,star ,map1 made by ,reid ,todd1 #bae1 ,sauchiehall ,street1 ,glasgow4 7,an ordinary umbrella with all the stars in their proper places on the inside4 ,this map can be correctly set for any day in the year and any hour1 showing the approximate positions of the stars47 ,the ,science ,year ,book1 by ,major ,baden-,powell4 #es4 ,king1 ,sell ,olding1 #bg1 ,chancery ,lane4 ,an ,easy ,guide to the ,constellations1 by the ,rev4 ,james ,gall4 #as4 7,gall ,inglis47 ,contains diagrams of the constellations4 ,astronomy for ,everybody1 by ,simon ,newcomb4 #fs4 7,publisher1 ,isbister47 ,also books on astronomy by ,professors ,ball1 ,heath1 ,maunder1 and ,flammarion4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #af4 ,,information ,,by ,,signal4 ,hidden ,despatches--,signalling--,whistle and ,flag-,signals4 ,scouts have to be very clever at passing news secretly from one place to another1 or signalling to each other2 and if it should ever happen that an enemy got into ,england1 the ,boy ,scouts would be of greatest value if they have practised this art4 ,before the siege of ,mafeking commenced1 ,i received a secret message from some unknown friend in the ,transvaal1 who sent me news of the ,boers' plans against the place1 and the numbers that they were getting together of men1 horses1 and guns4 ,this news came to me by means of a very small letter which was rolled up in a little ball1 the size of a pill1 and put inside a tiny hole in a rough walking stick1 and plugged in there with wax4 ,the stick was given to a native1 who merely had orders to come into ,mafeking and give me the stick as a present4 ,naturally1 when he brought me this stick1 and said it was from another white man1 ,i guessed there must be something inside it1 and soon found this very important letter4 ,also ,i received another letter from a friend1 which was written in ,hindustani language1 but in ,english writing1 so that anybody reading would be quite puzzled as to what language it was written in2 but to me it was all as clear as daylight4 ,then when we sent letters out from ,mafeking1 we used to give them to natives1 who were able to creep out between the ,boer outposts1 and once through the line of sentries1 the ,boers mistook them for their own natives1 and took no further notice of them4 ,they carried their letters in this way4 ,the letters were all written on thin paper in small envelopes1 and half a dozen letters or more would be crumpled up tightly into a little ball1 and then rolled up into a piece of lead paper1 such as tea is packed in4 ,the native scout would carry a number of these little balls in his hand1 and hanging round his neck loosely by strings4 ,then1 if he saw he was in danger of being captured by a ,boer1 he would drop all his balls on the ground1 where they looked exactly like so many stones1 and he would notice landmarks from two or three points round about him1 by which he would be able again to find the exact spot where the letters were lying2 then he would walk boldly on until accosted by the ,boer1 who1 if he searched him1 would have found nothing suspicious about him4 ,he would then wait about for perhaps a day or two until the coast was clear1 and come back to the spot where the landmarks told him the letters were lying4 ,landmarks1 you may remember1 mean any objects1 like trees1 mounds1 rocks1 or other details which do not move away1 and act as signposts for a scout who notices and remembers them4 ,,signalling4 ,captain ,john ,smith was one of the first to make use of signals to express regular words1 three hundred years ago4 ,he was then fighting on the side of the ,austrians against the ,turks4 ,he thought it wicked for ,christian men to fight against ,christians if it could possibly be avoided1 but he would help any ,christian1 although a foreigner1 to fight against a heathen2 so he joined the ,austrians against the ,turks4 ,he invented a system of showing lights at night with torches1 which when held in certain positions with each other meant certain words4 ,several officers in the ,austrian forces practised these signals till they knew them4 ,on one occasion one of these officers was besieged by the ,turks4 ,john ,smith brought a force to help him1 and arrived on a hill near the town in the night4 ,here he made a number of torch signals1 which were read by the officer inside1 and they told him what to do when ,smith attacked the enemy in the rear2 and this enabled the garrison to break out successfully4 ,in the ,american ,civil ,war1 ,captain ,clowry1 a scout officer1 wanted to give warning to a large force of his own army that the enemy were going to attack it unexpectedly during the night1 but he could not get to his friends1 because there was a flooded river between them which he could not cross1 and a storm of rain was going on4 ,what would you have done if you had been him8 ,a good idea struck him4 ,he got hold of an old railway engine that was standing near him4 ,he lit the fire1 and got up steam in her1 and then started to blow the whistle with short and long blasts--what is called the ,morse alphabet4 ,soon his friends heard and understood1 and answered back with a bugle4 ,and he then spelt out a message of warning to them1 which they read and acted upon4 ,and so their force of #bj1jjj men was saved from surprise4 ,lieutenant ,boyd-,alexander describes in his book ,from the ,niger to the ,nile1 how a certain tribe of natives in ,central ,africa signal news to each other by means of beats on a drum4 ,and ,i have known tribes in the forests of the ,west ,coast of ,africa who do the same4 ,illustration3 ,morse and ,semaphore ,codes4 ,illustration3 ,morse and ,semaphore ,codes4 ,every scout ought to learn the dot and dash or ,morse method of signalling1 because it comes in most useful whenever you want to send messages some distance by flag signalling1 as in the ,army and ,navy1 and it is also useful in getting you employment as a telegraphist4 ,it is not difficult to learn if you set about it with a will4 ,i found it most useful once during the ,boer ,war4 ,my column had been trying to get past a ,boer force who was holding a pass in the mountains4 ,finding they were too strong for us1 we gave it up late in the evening1 and leaving a lot of fires alight as if we were in camp in front of them1 we moved during the night by a rapid march right round the end of the mountain range1 and by daylight next day we were exactly in rear of them without their knowing it4 ,we then found a telegraph line evidently leading from them to their headquarters some fifty miles further off1 so we sat down by the telegraph wire and attached our own little wire to it and read all the messages they were sending1 and they gave us most valuable information4 ,but we should not have been able to do that had it not been that some of our scouts could read the ,morse code4 ,then the semaphore signalling1 which is done by waving your arms at different angles to each other1 is most useful and quite easy to learn1 and is known by every soldier and sailor in the service4 ,here you have all the different letters1 and the different angles at which you have to put your arms to represent those letters1 and though it looks complicated in the picture1 when you come to work it out1 you will find it is very simple4 ,for all letters from ,a to ,g the right arm only is used1 making a quarter of a circle for each letter in succession4 ,then from ,h to ,n 7except ,j71 the right arm stands at ,a1 while the left moves round the circle again for the other letters4 ,from ,o to ,s the right arm stands at ,b1 and the left arm moves round as before4 ,for ,t1 ,v1 ,y1 and the annul the right arm stands at ,c1 the left moving to the next point of the circle successively4 ,the letters ,a to ,k also mean figures #a to #i1 if you first make the sign ,y to show that you are going to send numbers4 ,if you want to write a despatch that will puzzle most people to read1 use the ,morse or ,semaphore letters in place of the ordinary alphabet4 ,it will be quite readable to any of your friends who understand signalling4 ,also if you want to use a secret language in your patrol you should all set to work to learn ,esperanto4 ,it is not difficult1 and is taught in a little book costing one penny4 ,this language is being used in all countries so that you would be able to get on with it abroad now4 ,,whistle ,,and ,,flag ,,signals4 ,each patrol leader should provide himself with a whistle and a lanyard or cord for keeping it4 ,the following commands and signals should be at your finger ends1 so that you can teach them to your patrol1 and know how to order it properly4 ,,words ,,of ,,command4 ,fall in 7in line74 ,alert 7stand up smartly74 ,easy 7stand at ease74 ,stand easy 7sit or lie down without leaving the ranks74 ,dismiss 7break off74 ,right 7or left72 7each scout turns accordingly74 ,patrol right 7or left72 7each patrol with its scouts in line wheels to that hand74 ,quick march 7walk smartly1 stepping off on the left foot74 ,double 7run at smart pace1 arms hanging loose74 ,scouts' ,pace 7walk fifty yards and run fifty yards alternately74 ,,signals ,,and ,,signs4 ,when a scoutmaster wants to call his troop together he makes his bugler sound the ,the ,scout's ,call4 ,patrol leaders thereupon call together their patrols by sounding their whistles1 followed by their patrol 7animal7 war cry4 ,then they double their patrol to the scoutmaster4 ,whistle ,signals are these3 ,one long blast means3 ,silence2 ,alert2 ,look out for my next signal4 #a4 ,a succession of long slow blasts means3 ,go out2 ,get further away2 or ,advance2 ,extend2 ,scatter4 #b4 ,a succession of short1 sharp blasts means3 ,rally2 ,close in2 ,come together2 ,fall in4 #c4 ,a succession of short and long blasts alternately means3 ,alarm2 ,look out2 ,be ready2 ,man your alarm posts4 #d4 ,three short blasts followed by one long one1 from scoutmaster calls up the patrol leaders--i4e4 ,leaders come here6 ,any whistle signal must be instantly obeyed at the double as fast as ever you can run--no matter what other job you may be doing at the time4 ,hand ,signals1 which can also be made by patrol leaders with their patrol flags when necessary4 ,hand waved several times across the face from side to side1 or flag waved horizontally from side to side opposite the face means3 ,no2 ,never mind2 ,as you were4 ,hand or flag held high1 and waved very slowly from side to side at full extent of arm1 or whistle a succession of slow blasts means3 ,extend2 ,go further out2 ,scatter4 ,hand or flag held high and waved quickly from side to side at full extent of arm1 or whistle a succession of short1 quick blasts means3 ,close in2 ,rally2 ,come here4 ,hand or flag pointing in any direction means3 ,go in that direction4 ,hand or flag jumped rapidly up and down several times1 means3 ,run4 ,hand or flag held straight up over head1 means3 ,stop2 ,halt4 ,when a leader is shouting an order or message to a scout who is some way off1 the scout1 if he hears what is being said1 should hold up his hand level with his head all the time4 ,if he cannot hear he should stand still making no sign4 ,the leader will then repeat louder or beckon to the scout to come in nearer4 ,the following signals are made by a scout with his staff when he is sent out to reconnoitre within sight of his patrol1 and they have the following meanings3 ,staff held up horizontally1 that is flat with both hands above the head1 means a few enemy in sight4 ,the same1 but with staff moved up and down slowly1 means a number of enemy in sight1 a long way off4 ,the same1 staff moved up and down rapidly means a number of enemy in sight1 and close by4 ,the staff held straight up over the head means no enemy in sight4 ,,practices ,,in ,,signalling4 ,practice laying1 lighting1 and use of signal fires of smoke or flame4 ,practice whistle and drill signals4 ,teach ,semaphore and ,morse ,codes2 also ,esperanto if feasible4 ,encourage competitive ingenuity in concealing despatches on the person4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,in all games and competitions1 it should be arranged as far as possible that all the scouts should take part1 because we do not want to have merely one or two brilliant performers1 and the others no use at all4 ,all ought to get practice1 and all ought to be pretty good4 ,in competitions where there are enough entries to make heats1 ties should be run off by losers instead of the usual system of by winners1 and the game should be to find out which are the worst instead of which are the best4 ,good men will strive just as hard not to be worst1 as they would to gain a prize1 and this form of competition gives the bad man most practice4 ,,marks ,,towards ,,badges ,,of ,,honour ,,in ,,campaigning4 ,making a complete model bridge4 ,up to four marks4 ,lay and light the following fires separately1 using only six matches for the whole3 ,first1 cooking fire1 and cook a bannock4 ,second1 flame signal fire and make signals4 ,third1 smoke signal fire and make signals4 ,marks up to three4 ,to measure without instruments1 within ten per cent4 of correctness1 three different widths of river1 or impassable ground1 without crossing it4 ,heights of three different trees or buildings4 ,number of sheep in a flock1 stones on a table1 etc4 ,weights of four different things from one ounce up to one hundred pounds4 ,four distances between one inch and one mile4 ,marks up to five for the whole lot4 ,,dispatch ,,running4 ,a scout is given a dispatch to take to the headquarters of a besieged town1 which may be a real town 7village1 farm1 or house71 and he must return with a receipt for it4 ,he must wear a coloured rag #b;ft4 long pinned on to his shoulder4 ,he must start at least four miles away from the town he is going to4 ,besiegers who have to spot him can place themselves where they like1 but must not go nearer to the headquarters' building than three hundred yards4 7,best to give certain boundaries that they know or can recognise47 ,anyone found within that limit by the umpire will be ruled out as shot by the defenders at headquarters4 ,the dispatch runner can use any ruse he likes1 except dressing up as a woman1 but he must always wear the red rag on his shoulder4 ,to catch him1 the enemy must get the red rag from him4 ,ten hours may be allowed as the limit of time1 by which the dispatch runner should get his message to headquarters and get back again to the starting-point with the receipt4 ,this game may also be made a life-and-death venture1 in which case any scout who volunteers to risk his life 7i4e4 his scout's badge7 in getting through with a dispatch1 gains the badge ,for ,merit if he wins2 but if he fails1 he loses his scout's badge 7fleurs-de-lis71 and cannot get it again1 although he may still remain a member of the corps4 ,the enemy win three marks each if they spot him1 and lose three marks if he succeeds4 ,to win a badge of merit there must be not less than two patrols out against him4 ,a similar game can be played in a city1 but requires modifications to suit the local conditions4 ,for ,exploration ,practice1 see ,appendix1 ,part ,,vi41 for imitating exploring expedition in ,africa1 ,arctic regions1 etc4 ,,display4 ,act a scene of castaways on a desert island4 ,they make camp fire3 pick seaweed1 grass1 roots1 etc41 and cook them3 ,make pots1 etc41 out of clay3 ,weave mats out of grass3 ,build raft1 and if water is available get afloat in it3 put up a mast and grass mat sail1 etc43 and punt or sail away1 or can be rescued by sighting ship and making smoke signals or getting a boat's crew of sailors to come and fetch them4 ,,scouting ,,for ,,boys4 ,,contents ,,of ,,parts ,,iv41 ,v41 and ,,vi4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,endurance ,,and ,,health4 ,,chivalry ,,and ,,brave ,,deeds4 ,,discipline4 ,,part ,v4 ,,saving ,,life ,,and ,,first-,,aid4 ,,patriotism ,,and ,,loyalty4 ,,part ,,vi4 ,,scouting ,,games1 ,,competitions1 ,,and ,,plays4 ,,words ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,what ,,parts ,i4 and ,,ii4 ,,contain4 ,part ,i4--,,scoutcraft4 ,,special ,,foreword ,,for ,,instructors4--,the ,boy ,scouts scheme and its easy application to all existing organisations4 ,,scoutcraft4--,its wide uses and wide interest4 ,,summary ,,of ,,scout',s ,,course ,,of ,,instruction1 showing the scope of ,scout's work4 ,,organisation4--,dress1 secret signs1 scouts' songs1 and tests for badges of honour4 ,,scouts' ,,law ,,and ,,scouts' ,,honour under the guiding motto ,be ,prepared4 ,,scouting ,,games ,,and ,,practices for indoors and out of doors1 in town and in country4 ,part ,,ii4--,,tracking and ,,woodcraft4 ,,observation and its value2 how to use your eyes1 nose1 and ears1 and how to follow a night trail4 ,,spooring4--,tracks of men and animals and games in tracking4 ,,reading ,,sign and making deductions from it4 ,,woodcraft4--,how to stalk and how to hide properly4 ,,animals4--,how to stalk and know them--a better game than stamp collecting4 ,,birds1 ,,fishes1 ,,and ,,insects all scouts should know4 ,,plants ,,and ,,trees4 ,,games ,,and ,,competitions in ,tracking1 ,stalking1 and ,woodcraft4 ,part ,,iv4 ,,fortnightly4 ,price #d;d4 net4 ,,scouting ,,for ,,boys 7,,lieut4 ,,gen4 ,,baden ,,powell ,c4,b47 ,illustration3 ,the ,boy ,scout in ,action4 ,,published ,,by ,,horace ,,cox1 ,,windsor ,,house1 ,,bream',s ,,buildings1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,scouting for ,boys4 ,a ,,handbook ,,for ,,instruction ,,in ,,good ,,citizenship1 by ,lieut4-,general ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,baden-,,powell1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,all communications should be addressed to-- ,,lieut4-,,general ,,baden-,,powell1 ,,boy ,,scouts' ,,office1 ,,goschen ,,buildings1 ,,henrietta ,,street1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 by whom ,scouts will be enrolled1 and from where all further information can be obtained4 ,copyrighted by ,lieut4-,general ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,baden-,,powell1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #aijh4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,contents3 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,endurance ,,for ,,scouts2 ,or1 ,how to be ,strong4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors for ,helping in a ,great ,national ,work4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarns4 #ag4--;,,how ,,to ,,grow ,,strong3 ,endurance for ,scouting2 ,body ,exercises2 ,care of the ,body1 ,nose1 ,ears1 ,eyes1 ,teeth1 etc4 #ah4--;,,health-,,giving ,,habits3 ,keep ,clean2 ,don't ,smoke2 ,don't ,drink2 ,avoid ,self-,abuse2 ,rise ,early2 ,laugh and ,grow ,fat4 #ai4--,,preventing ,,disease3 ,camp ,doctoring2 ,fighting the ,microbes2 ,proper ,food2 ,clothing2 ,use of ,drill4 ,,practices1 ,,games1 ,,and ,,body ,,exercises4 ,,books ,,on ,,health4 ,,contents3 ,,chapter ,,vii4 7,commences on page #bdj47 ,,chivalry of the ,,knights4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarns4 #bj4--;,,chivalry ,,to ,,others3 ,knight ,errantry2 ,helpfulness2 ,courtesy4 #ba4--,,self-,,discipline3 ,honour2 ,obedience2 ,courage2 ,cheeriness4 #bb4--,,self-,,improvement3 ,religion2 ,thrift2 ,how to get on4 ,,practices1 ,,games1 ,,displays1 ,,etc41 ,,in ,,chivalry4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,,endurance ,,for ,,scouts4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,how ,,to ,,help ,,in ,a ,,great ,,national ,,work4 ,recent reports on the deterioration of our race ought to act as a warning to be taken in time before it goes too far4 ,one cause which contributed to the downfall of the ,roman ,empire was the fact that the soldiers fell away from the standard of their forefathers in bodily strength4 ,our standard of height in the ,army was #e;ft4 #f;in4 in #ahde2 it was ,,four ,,inches less in #ahie4 ,in #aijj forty-four men in every thousand recruits weighed under #gst4 #ablbs42 in #aije this deficiency had increased to seventy-six per thousand4 ,this year our recruits were two inches below the standard height of men of their age1 viz41 eighteen to nineteen1 and six pounds under the average weight4 ,three thousand men were sent home from the ,south ,african ,war on account of bad teeth4 ,reports on school children1 made by the ,london ,county ,council1 show that out of #gjj examined only twenty had sound teeth1 #cbc had more than five teeth decayed4 ,out of #a1eba examined for adenoids in the throat #bi per cent4 had enlargements1 #aj per cent4 required operation4 ,out of #a1jjj boys of thirteen1 sons of rich or well-to-do persons1 examined by ,dr4 ,clement ,dukes1 #ebf had knock-knees1 #dde had curvature of the spine1 #cbi flat feet1 #abf pigeon-breasts--all preventable deformities4 ,in this case1 however1 the teeth were well cared for4 ,deafness from adenoids and weak eyesight are also very prevalent among them4 ,dr4 ,wright ,thomson1 in the ,british ,medical ,journal1 ,september #adth1 #aijg1 shows how town children suffer greatly from defective sight1 which might be1 to a great extent1 remedied by special exercises for the eyes and by good feeding4 ,the report see ,blue ,book ,c4 ,d4 #cfcg last year on the school children of ,glasgow showed their average weight and height were very much below the standard2 and these varied almost exactly according to the number of rooms occupied by the family1 that is1 according to the air space available4 ,these and the many similar reports show that much ,,preventable deterioration is being allowed to creep in among the rising generation4 ,then there is also prevalent a great amount of illness resulting from self-abuse and venereal disease1 as well as from drink4 ,also much pauper over-population due to want of self-restraint on the part of men and women4 ,the training of ,boy ,scouts would be therefore incomplete if it did not endeavour to help in remedying these evils4 ,some idea is much needed among boys of their personal hygiene4 ,it has been stated on good authority that half our losses in the ,boer ,war from sickness might have been avoided had our men and officers had any knowledge of personal care of their health4 ,no doubt it is the same in peace time1 as numbers of men are thrown out of work by sickness1 which might be avoided if they knew how to look after themselves1 and took reasonable precautions4 ,since most of these causes of physical decay are preventable1 they open to instructors a field for doing a work of national value4 ,for these reasons the following chapter suggests the instruction of boys in being ,,personally ,,responsible for their own ,strength1 ,health and ,sanitary ,surroundings4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,endurance for ,,scouts2 or1 ,how to be ,strong4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #ag4 ,,how ,,to ,,grow ,,strong4 ,need for ,scouts to be strong--,exercises--,care of ,body--,nose--,ears--,eyes--,teeth--,pra ctices4 ,a ,,scout',s ,,endurance4 ,a scout lay sick in hospital in ,india with that most fatal disease called cholera4 ,the doctor told the native man in attendance on him that the only chance of saving his life was to violently warm up his feet and keep the blood moving in his body by constantly rubbing him4 ,the moment the doctor's back was turned the native gave up rubbing and squatted down to have a quiet smoke4 ,the poor patient1 though he could not speak1 understood all that was going on--and he was so enraged at the conduct of his native attendant1 that he resolved then and there that he would get well if only to give the native a lesson4 ,having made up his mind to get well he got well4 ,a scout's motto is ,never say die till you're dead--and if he acts up to this it will pull him out of many a bad place when everything seems to be going wrong for him4 ,it means a mixture of pluck1 patience1 and strength1 which we call ,endurance4 ,the great ,south ,african hunter and scout1 ,f4 ,c4 ,selous1 gave a great example of scout's endurance when on a hunting expedition in ,barotseland north of the ,zambesi ,river some years ago4 ,in the middle of the night his camp was suddenly attacked by a hostile tribe who fired into it at close range and charged in4 ,he and his small party of natives scattered at once into the darkness and hid themselves away in the long grass4 ,selous himself had snatched up his rifle and a few cartridges and got safely into the grass4 ,but he could not find any of his men1 and seeing that the enemy had got possession of his camp and that there were still a few hours of darkness before him in which to make his escape1 he started off southward1 using the stars of the ,southern ,cross as his guide4 ,he crept past an outpost of the enemy whom he overheard talking1 and then swam across a river and finally got well away1 only dressed in a shirt1 and shorts and shoes4 ,for the next few days and nights he kept walking southward1 having frequently to hide to avoid hostile natives4 ,he shot deer for food4 ,but one night going into what he thought was a friendly village he had his rifle stolen from him1 and was again a fugitive without any means of protecting himself or of getting food4 ,however1 he was not one to give in while there was a chance of life left1 and he pushed on and on till at length he reached a place where he met some of his men who had also escaped1 and after further tramping they got safely back into friendly country4 ,but what a terrible time they must have had6 ,three weeks had passed since the attack1 and the great part of that time ,selous had been alone--hunted1 starving1 and bitterly cold at night1 and in sweltering heat by day4 ,none but a scout with extraordinary endurance could have lived through it1 but then ,selous is a man who as a lad had made himself strong by care and exercise2 and he neither drinks nor smokes4 ,and he kept up his pluck all the time4 ,it shows you that if you want to get through such adventures safely when you are a man you must train yourself up to be strong1 healthy1 and active as a lad4 ,,exercises ,,and ,,their ,,object4 ,there is a great deal of nonsense in fashion in the way of bodily exercises2 so many people seem to think that their only object is to make huge muscle4 ,but to make yourself strong and healthy it is necessary to begin with your inside and to get the blood into good order and the heart to work well2 that is the secret of the whole thing1 and physical exercises should be taken with that intention4 ,this is the way to do it3 7a7 ,,make ,,the ,,heart ,,strong1 in order to pump the blood properly to every part of the body and so to build up flesh1 bone1 and muscle4 ,exercise3 ,the ,struggle and ,wrist ,pushing4 ,see ,page #bai4 7b7 ,,make ,,the ,,lungs ,,strong1 in order to revive the blood with fresh air4 ,exercise3 ,deep breathing4 ,see ,page #bbg4 7c7 ,,make ,,the ,,skin ,,perspire1 to get rid of the dirt from the blood4 ,exercise3 ,bath1 or dry rub with a damp towel every day4 7d7 ,,make ,,the ,,stomach ,,work1 to feed the blood4 ,exercise3 ,cone1 or ,body ,bending1 and ,twisting4 ,see ,page #bcg4 7e7 ,,make ,,the ,,bowels ,,active1 to remove the remains of food and dirt from the body4 ,,exercise3 ,body ,bending and ,kneading the ,abdomen4 ,drink plenty of good water4 ,regular daily rear4 7f7 ,,work ,,muscles ,,in ,,each ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,body1 to make the blood circulate to that part1 and so increase your strength4 ,exercise3 ,running and walking1 and special exercises of special muscles1 such as ,wrist ,pushing1 etc4 ,the secret of keeping well and healthy is to keep your blood clean and active4 ,these different exercises will do that if you will use them everyday4 ,someone has said1 ,if you practise body exercises every morning you will never be ill3 and if you also drink a pint of hot water every night you will never die4 ,the blood thrives on simple good food1 plenty of exercise1 plenty or fresh air1 cleanliness of the body both inside and out1 and proper rest of body and mind at intervals4 ,the ,japs are particularly strong and healthy1 as was shown in the late war with ,russia4 ,there was very little sickness among them and those who were wounded generally very quickly recovered because their skin was clean and their blood was in a healthy1 sound condition4 ,they are the best example that we can copy4 ,they keep themselves very clean by having two or three baths every day4 ,they eat very plain food1 chiefly rice and fruit1 and not much of it4 ,they drink plenty of water1 but no spirits4 ,they take lots of exercise4 ,they make themselves good-tempered and do not worry their brain4 ,they live in fresh air as much as possible day and night4 ,their particular exercise is ,ju-,jitsu1 which is more of a game than drill and is generally played in pairs4 ,and pupils get to like the game so much that they generally go on with it after their course of instruction has finished4 ,by ,ju-,jitsu1 the muscles and body are developed in a natural way in the open air as a rule4 ,it requires no apparatus1 and once the muscles have been formed by it they do not disappear again when you cease the practices as is the case in ordinary gymnastics4 ,admiral ,kamimura1 the great ,admiral of our friends the ,japanese1 strongly recommends all young men and lads to practise ,ju-,jitsu1 as it not only makes them strong1 but also quick in the mind4 ,,the ,,nose4 ,a scout must be able to smell well in order to find his enemy by night4 ,if he always breathes through the nose and not through the mouth this helps him considerably4 ,but there are other reasons more important than that for always breathing through the nose4 ,fifty years ago1 ,mr4 ,catlin in ,america wrote a book called ,shut your mouth and save your life1 and he showed how the ,red ,indians for a long time had adopted that method with their children to the extent of tying up their jaws at night to ensure their only breathing through their nose4 ,breathing through the nose prevents germs of disease getting from the air into the throat and stomach1 it also prevents a growth in the back of the throat called adenoids which are apt to stop the breathing power of the nostrils1 and also to cause deafness4 ,for a scout nose-breathing is also specially useful4 ,by keeping the mouth shut you prevent yourself from getting thirsty when you are doing hard work4 ,and also at night if you are in the habit of breathing through the nose it prevents snoring1 and snoring is a dangerous thing if you are sleeping anywhere in an enemy's country4 ,therefore practise keeping your mouth shut and breathing through your nose at all times4 ,,ears4 ,a scout must be able to hear well4 ,generally the ears are very delicate and once damaged are apt to become incurably deaf4 ,people are too apt to fiddle about with their ears in cleaning them by putting the corners of handkerchiefs1 hairpins and so on into them1 and also stuffing them up with hard cotton wool1 all of which are dangerous with such a delicate organ as the ear1 the drum of the ear being a very delicate1 tightly-stretched skin which is easily damaged4 ,very many children have had the drums of their ears permanently injured by getting a box on the ear4 ,,eyes4 ,a scout1 of course1 must have particularly good eyesight2 he must be able to see anything very quickly and to see at a long way off4 ,by practising your eyes in looking at things at a great distance they will grow stronger4 ,while you are young you should save your eyes as much as possible1 or they are not strong when you get older3 therefore avoid reading by lamplight as much as possible and also sit with your back or side to the light when doing any work during the day2 if you sit facing the light it strains your eyes4 ,the strain of the eyes is a very common failure with growing boys1 although very often they do not know it1 and headaches come most frequently from the eyes being strained2 frowning on the part of a boy is very generally a sign that his eyes are being strained4 ,a scout1 besides having good eyesight1 must be able to tell the colour of things which he sees4 ,colour blindness is a great infliction which some boys suffer from4 ,it takes away a pleasure from them1 and it also makes them useless for certain trades and professions4 ,for instance1 a railway signalman or engine-driver or a sailor would not be much good if he couldn't tell the difference between red and green4 ,it can very often be cured1 and a simple way of doing this1 if you find you are rather colour blind1 is to get a collection of little bits of wool1 or paper1 of every different kind of colour1 and pick out which you think is red1 blue1 yellow1 green1 and so on1 and then get someone to tell you where you were right and where wrong4 ,then you go at it again1 and in time you will find yourself improving1 until you have no difficulty in recognising the right colours4 ,it is better still to practise by looking at coloured lights at night in chemists' shops1 railway signals1 etc4 ,,teeth4 ,a would-be recruit came up to the recruiting officer to be enlisted during the ,boer ,war4 ,he was found to be a sufficiently strong and well-made man but when they came to examine his teeth they found that these were in bad condition1 and he was told that he could not be accepted as a soldier4 ,to this he replied3 ,but1 sir1 that seems hard lines4 ,surely we don't have to eat the enemy when we've killed them1 do we8 ,a scout with bad teeth is no use at all for scouting work1 because he has to live on hard biscuits and hard meat which he cannot possibly eat or digest if his teeth are not good1 and good teeth depend upon how you look after them when you are young1 it means that you should keep them very carefully clean4 ,at least twice a day they should be brushed1 when you get up in the morning and when you go to bed1 both inside and out1 with a tooth brush and tooth powder2 and should be rinsed with water if possible after every meal but especially after eating fruit or acid food4 ,scouts in the jungle cannot always find tooth brushes1 but they make substitutes out of dry sticks which they fray out at the end and make an imitation of a brush4 ,three thousand men had to be sent away from the war in ,south ,africa because their teeth were so bad that they could not chew the hard biscuits1 etc41 on which they had to live there4 ,illustration3 ,camp ,toothbrush4 ,out ,west1 in ,america1 cowboys are generally supposed to be pretty rough customers1 but they are in reality peace scouts of a high order4 ,they live a hard life doing hard and dangerous work far away from towns and civilisation--where nobody sees them4 ,but there is one civilised thing that they do--they clean their teeth every day1 morning and evening4 ,years ago ,i was travelling through ,natal on horseback1 and ,i was anxious to find a lodging for the night1 when ,i came across a hut evidently occupied by a white man1 but nobody was about4 ,in looking round inside the hut1 ,i noticed that though it was very roughly furnished there were several tooth-brushes on what served as a wash-hand stand1 so ,i guessed that the owner must be a decent fellow1 and ,i made myself at home until he came in1 and ,i found that ,i had guessed aright4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,practices ,,in ,,developing ,,strength4 ,,measurement ,,of ,,the ,,boy4 ,it is of paramount importance to teach the young citizen to assume responsibility for his own development and health4 ,physical drill is all very well as a disciplinary means of development1 but it does not give the lad any responsibility in the matter4 ,it is therefore deemed preferable to tell each boy1 according to his age1 what ought to be his height1 weight1 and various measurements 7such as chest1 waist1 arm1 leg1 etc474 ,he is then measured1 and learns in which points he fails to come up to the standard4 ,he can then be shown which exercises to practise for himself in order to develop those particular points4 ,encouragement must afterwards be given by periodical measurements1 say every three months or so4 ,cards can be obtained from the ,boy ,scouts ,office1 ,henrietta ,street1 ,london1 ,w4,c41 which1 besides giving the standard measurements for the various ages1 give columns to be filled in periodically showing the boy's re-measurements and progress in development4 ,if each boy has his card it is a great incentive to him to develope himself at odd times when he has a few minutes to spare4 ,teach how to make camp tooth brushes out of sticks4 ,dragon-root sticks for cleaning teeth can be got at chemists' shops as samples4 ,,games ,,to ,,develop ,,strength4 ,,boxing1 wrestling1 rowing1 skipping1 cock-fighting1 are all valuable health aids to developing strength4 ,,old ,,spotty-,,face 7,to develop eyesight74--,prepare squares of cardboard divided into about a dozen small squares4 ,each scout should take one1 and should have a pencil and go off a few hundred yards1 or1 if indoors1 as far as space will allow4 ,the umpire then takes a large sheet of cardboard1 with twelve squares ruled on it of about three inch sides if in the open1 or one and a half to two inches if indoors4 ,the umpire has a number of black paper discs 7half an inch diameter7 and pins ready1 and sticks about half a dozen on to his card1 dotted about where he likes4 ,he holds up his card so that it can be seen by the scouts4 ,they then gradually approach1 and as they get within sight they mark their cards with the same pattern of spots4 ,the one who does so at the farthest distance from the umpire wins4 ,give five points for every spot correctly shown1 deduct one point for every two inches nearer than the furthest man4 ,this teaches long sight4 ,illustration3 ,spotty-face for ,strengthening the ,eyesight4 ,,quick ,,sight can also be taught with the same apparatus1 by allowing the scouts to come fairly close1 and then merely showing your card for five seconds1 and let them mark their cards from memory4 ,the one who is most correct wins4 ,,the ,,struggle4--,two players face each other about a yard apart1 stretch arms out sideways1 lock fingers of both hands1 and lean towards each other till their chests touch1 push chest to chest1 and see who can drive the other back to the wall of the room or on to a goal line4 ,at first a very short struggle is sufficient to set their hearts pumping1 but after practice for a few days the heart grows stronger and they can go on for a long time4 ,illustration3 ,the ,struggle for ,strengthening the ,heart4 ,,wrist ,,pushing by one man alone4 ,stand with both your arms to the front about level with the waist1 cross your wrists so that one hand has knuckles up1 the other knuckles down4 ,clench the fists4 ,now make the lower hand press upwards and make the upper hand press downwards4 ,press as hard as you can with both wrists gradually1 and only after great resistance let the lower push the upper one upwards till opposite your fore-head1 then let the upper press the lower down1 the lower one resisting all the time4 ,these two exercises1 although they sound small and simple1 if carried out with all your might1 develop most muscles in your body and especially those about the heart4 ,they should not be carried on too long at a time1 but should be done at frequent intervals during the day for a minute or so4 ,,wrist ,,pushing can also be played by two boys half facing each other1 each putting out the wrist nearest to his opponent1 at arm's length2 pressing it against the other's wrist and trying to turn him round backwards4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,cassell's ,physical ,educator1 by ,e4 ,miles 7,cassell ,co474 ,a complete compendium of all kinds of ,physical ,training for boys and girls4 ,ju-jitsu4 ,price #f;d4 7,published by ,richard ,fox47 ,school ,games1 by ,t4 ,chesterton4 7,educational ,supply ,association47 ,boxing1 by ,a4 ,j4 ,newton1 #as4 7,c4 ,a4 ,pearson ,ltd47 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #ah4 ,,health-,,giving ,,habits4 ,keep ,clean--,don't ,smoke--,don't ,drink--,avoid ,self-,abuse--,rise ,early--,laugh and ,grow ,fat4 ,,how ,,to ,,keep ,,healthy4 ,all the great peace-scouts who have succeeded in exploring or hunting expeditions in wild countries have only been able to get on by being pretty good doctors themselves2 because diseases1 accidents1 and wounds are always being suffered by them or their men1 and they don't find doctors and chemists' shops in the jungles to cure them4 ,so that a scout who does not know something about doctoring would never get on at all2 he might just as well stay at home for all the good he will be4 ,therefore1 practise keeping healthy yourself1 and then you will be able to show others how to keep themselves healthy too4 ,in this way you can do many good turns4 ,david ,livingstone1 the great missionary and peace-scout1 endeared himself to the natives by his cleverness as a doctor4 ,also1 if you know how to look after yourself you need never have to pay for medicines4 ,the great ,english poet1 ,dryden1 in his poem1 ,cymon and ,iphigenia1 wrote that it was better to trust to fresh air and exercise than to pay doctors' bills to keep yourself healthy3 ,better to hunt in fields for health unbought ,than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught2 ,the wise1 for cure1 on exercise depend2 ,god never made his work for man to mend4 ,,keep ,,yourself ,,clean4 ,in the war in ,south ,africa we lost an enormous number of men dying from disease as well as from wounds4 ,the ,japs1 in their war1 lost very few from sickness1 and a very small proportion of those who were wounded4 ,what made the difference8 ,probably a good many things4 ,our men were not so particular as to what water they drank as the ,japs were1 and they ate more meat than the ,japs2 but1 also1 they did not keep themselves or their clothes very clean--it was often difficult to find water4 ,the ,japs1 on the other hand1 kept themselves very clean1 with baths every day4 ,if you cut your hand when it is dirty it is very likely to fester1 and to become very sore2 but if your hand is quite clean and freshly washed no harm will come of it1 it heals up at once4 ,it was the same with wounds in the war2 they became very bad in the case of men who had not kept themselves clean4 ,cleaning your skin helps to clean your blood4 ,the ,japs say that half the good of exercise is lost if you do not have a bath immediately after it4 ,it may not be always possible for you to get a bath every day1 but you can at any rate rub yourself over with a wet towel1 or scrub yourself with a dry one1 and you ought not to miss a single day in doing this if you want to keep fit and well4 ,you should also keep clean in your clothing1 both your underclothing as well as that which shows4 ,beat it out with a stick every day before putting it on4 ,and to be healthy and strong you must keep your blood healthy and clean inside you4 ,this is done by breathing in lots of pure1 fresh air1 by deep breathing1 and by clearing out all dirty matter from inside your stomach1 which is done by having a rear daily1 without fail2 many people are the better for having it twice a day4 ,if there is any difficulty about it one day1 drink plenty of good water1 both morning and evening1 and practise body-twisting exercises1 and all should be well4 ,never start work in the morning without some sort of food inside you1 if it is only a cup of hot water4 ,never bathe in deep water very soon after a meal1 it is very likely to cause cramp1 which doubles you up1 and so you get drowned4 ,,smoking4 ,a scout does not smoke4 ,any boy can smoke2 it is not such a very wonderful thing to do4 ,but a scout will not do it because he is not such a fool4 ,he knows that when a lad smokes before he is fully grown up it is almost sure to make his heart feeble1 and the heart is the most important organ in a lad's body4 ,it pumps the blood all over him to form flesh1 bone1 and muscle4 ,if the heart does not do its work the body cannot grow to be healthy4 ,any scout knows that smoking spoils his eyesight1 and also his sense of smell1 which is of greatest importance to him for scouting on active service4 ,illustration3 ,the boy who apes the man by smoking will never be much good4 ,illustration3 ,a strong and healthy boy has the ball at his feet4 ,sir ,william ,broadbent1 the great doctor1 and ,professor ,sims ,woodhead have both told us what bad effects tobacco smoking has on the health of boys4 ,numerous well-known sportsmen and others in all kinds of professions have given up the use of tobacco as they find they can do better without it4 ,lord ,roberts and ,lord ,wolseley as soldiers1 ,lord ,charles ,beresford as a sailor1 the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 the judge1 ,sir ,william ,grantham1 all do not smoke1 nor do ,dr4 ,grace the cricketer1 ,mr4 ,noble and seven of the chief ,australian cricketers1 ,mr4 ,eustace ,miles the champion tennis player1 ,basset the football player1 ,hanlon the sculler1 ,weston the pedestrian1 ,taylor the golf player1 ,burnham the scout1 ,selous the hunter1 and very many other celebrated men4 ,they are all non-smokers4 ,the railway and post office authorities in ,america will not employ boys who smoke4 ,i know one big employer who not only does not smoke1 but will not employ a boy who does4 ,so with a great many other employers in ,great ,britain4 ,in ,japan no boy under twenty is allowed to smoke1 and if he does his parents are taken up and fined4 ,professor ,osler1 in speaking against tobacco1 said it would be a good thing if all the beer and spirits in ,england could be thrown into the sea one day1 and if1 on the second day1 you dumped all the tobacco there too it would be very good for everyone in ,england--although unhealthy for the fish4 ,no boy ever began smoking because he liked it1 but generally because either he feared being chaffed by the other boys as afraid to smoke1 or because he thought that by smoking he would look like a great man--when all the time he only looks like a little ass4 ,so don't funk1 but just make up your own mind for yourself that you don't mean to smoke till you are grown up2 and stick to it4 ,that will show you to be a man much more than any slobbering about with a half-smoked cigarette between your lips4 ,the other fellows will in the end respect you much more1 and will probably in many cases secretly follow your lead4 ,if they do this you will already have done a good thing in the world1 although you are only a boy4 ,from that small start you will most probably go on and do big things as you grow up4 ,,drinking4 ,a priest in the ,east ,end of ,london has lately stated that out of a thousand cases of distress known to him only two or three were not caused by drink4 ,a soldierly-looking man came up to me one night and brought out his discharge certificates1 showing that he had served with me in ,south ,africa4 ,he said he could get no work1 and he was starving4 ,every man's hand was against him1 apparently because he was a soldier4 ,my nose and eyes told me in a moment another tale1 and that was the real cause of his being in distress4 ,a stale smell of tobacco and beer hung about his clothes1 his finger-tips were yellow with cigarette smoke1 he had even taken some kind of scented lozenge to try and hide the whisky smell in his breath4 ,no wonder nobody would employ him1 or give him more money to drink with1 for that was all that he would do with money if he got it4 ,very much of the poverty and distress in this country is brought about by men getting into the habit of wasting their money and time on drink4 ,and a great deal of crime1 and also of illness1 and even madness is due to the same habit of drinking too much4 ,liquor--that is beer or spirits--is not at all necessary to make a man strong and well4 ,quite the contrary4 ,the old saying1 ,strong drink makes weak men1 is a very true one4 ,yet #aff1djj1jjj were spent last year alone on drink in the ,united ,kingdom--enough to have made every family in the country better off by #ae if they had drunk water4 ,and this #ae would be increased to #bb if the men gave up tobacco4 ,it would be simply impossible for a man who drinks to be a scout4 ,keep off liquor from the very first1 and make up your mind to have nothing to do with it4 ,water1 tea1 or coffee are quite good enough drinks for quenching your thirst or for picking you up at any time1 or if it is very hot lemonade or a squeeze of lemon are much better refreshment4 ,a good scout trains himself pretty well to do without liquid4 ,it is very much a matter of habit4 ,if you keep your mouth shut when walking or running1 or chew a pebble 7which also makes you keep your mouth shut71 you do not get thirsty like you do when you go along with your mouth open sucking in the air and dry dust4 ,but you must also be in good1 hard condition4 ,if you are fat from want of exercise you are sure to get thirsty and want to drink every mile4 ,if you do not let yourself drink the thirst wears off after a short time4 ,if you keep drinking water on the line of march1 or while playing games1 it helps to tire you and spoils your wind4 ,it is often difficult to avoid taking strong drinks when you meet friends who want to treat you1 but they generally like you all the better if you say you don't want anything1 as then they don't have to pay for it2 if they insist you can take a gingerbeer or something quite harmless4 ,but it is a stupid fashion when1 in order to prove that you are friends1 you have to drink with each other4 ,luckily it is dying out now2 the best men do not do it because they know it does them no good4 ,wasters like to stand about a bar talking and sipping--generally at the other fellow's expense1 but they are wasters1 and it is as well to keep out of their company1 if you want to get on and have a good time4 ,,early ,,rising4 ,the scout's time for being most active is in the early morning1 because that is the time when wild animals all do their feeding and moving about2 and also in war the usual hour for an attack is just before dawn1 when the attackers can creep up unseen in the dark1 and get sufficient light to enable them to carry out the attack suddenly while the other people are still asleep4 ,so a scout trains himself to the habit of getting up very early2 and when once he is in the habit it is no trouble at all to him1 like it is to some fat fellows who lie asleep after the daylight has come4 ,the ,emperor ,charlemagne1 who was a great scout in the old days1 used always to get up in the middle of the night4 ,the ,duke of ,wellington1 who1 like ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 preferred to sleep on a little camp bed1 used to say1 ,when it is time to turn over in bed it is time to turn out8 ,many men who manage to get through more work than others in a day1 do so by getting up an hour or two earlier4 ,by getting up early you also can get more time for play4 ,if you get up one hour earlier than other people you get thirty hours a month more of life than they do2 while they have twelve months in the year you get #cfe extra hours1 or thirty more days--that is1 thirteen months to their twelve4 ,the old rhyme has a lot of truth in it when it says1 ,early to bed and early to rise1 ,makes a man healthy1 and wealthy1 and wise4 ,,smile4 ,want of laughter means want of health4 ,laugh as much as you can3 it does you good2 so whenever you can get a good laugh on4 ,and make other people laugh too1 when possible1 as it does them good4 ,if you are in pain or trouble make yourself smile at it3 if you remember to do this1 and force yourself1 you will find it really does make a great difference4 ,if you read about great scouts like ,captain ,john ,smith1 the ,pathfinder1 and others1 you will generally find that they were pretty cheery old fellows4 ,the ordinary boy is apt to frown when working hard at physical exercises1 but the boy scout is required to smile all the time3 he drops a mark off his score whenever he frowns4 ,,how ,,to ,,keep ,,healthy4 ,,practices4 ,,deep ,,breathing4--,deep breathing is of the greatest importance for bringing fresh air into the lungs to be put into the blood1 and for developing the size of the chest1 but it should be done carefully1 according to instructions1 and not overdone1 otherwise it is liable to strain the heart4 ,the ,japs always carry on deep breathing exercise for a few minutes when they first get up in the morning1 and always in the open air4 ,it is done by sucking air in through the nose until it swells out your ribs as far as possible1 especially at the back2 then1 after a pause1 you breathe out the air slowly and gradually through the mouth until you have not a scrap of air left in you1 then after a pause draw in your breath again through the nose as before4 ,singing1 if carried out on a system like that of ,mr4 ,tomlin's1 develops simultaneously proper breathing and development of heart1 lungs1 chest1 and throat1 together with dramatic feeling in rendering the song4 ,illustration3 ,japanese ,cock ,fighting to ,strengthen the ,legs4 ,for instance1 his method of ,hooligan ,taming is to get a large crowd of wild lads together1 and to start shouting a chorus to piano accompaniment--say1 ,hearts of ,oak4 ,he shouts the suggestion of a story as they go along with it2 how they are marching boldly to attack a fort which they mean to carry in style for the glory of themselves and their country1 when suddenly they become aware that the enemy does not know of their approach1 so they must creep and crawl1 in a whisper1 as they stealthily get nearer to the fort4 ,closer and closer they come with gradually increasing tone4 ,now charge on up the hill1 through shot and shell1 a scramble1 a rush and a fight1 and the fort is theirs4 ,but there are wounded to be picked up tenderly1 and the dead to be laid out reverently with quiet and measured song1 solemn and soft4 ,illustration3 ,body ,twisting for ,stomach ,muscles4 ,and then they pick up their arms again1 and with the prisoners and spoils of war they march gaily away in triumph1 at the full power of their lungs4 ,old ,english ,morris ,dances1 too1 are excellent practice for winter evenings1 with their quaint music and movements4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,what's the ,harm in ,smoking8 ,by ,b4 ,mc,call ,barbour1 #a;d4 7,published by ,s4 ,w4 ,partridge47 ,in ,my ,youth4 ,same series4 ,practical ,hints on ,purity4 7,b4 ,m4 ,barbour1 #cg ,chambers ,street1 ,edinburgh47 ,what a ,young ,boy ought to ,know4 ,by ,sylvanus ,stall4 #ds4 ,giving information and warning to boys regarding the organs of reproduction4 ,a ,note for ,parents4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,bradley4 #c;d4 7,ballantyne ,press1 ,london47 ,suggestions for teaching children about reproduction4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #ai4 ,,prevention ,,of ,,disease4 ,camp doctoring--,microbes and how to fight them--,proper food--,clothing--,use of drill and exercise4 ,,camp ,,doctoring4 ,some years ago1 when ,i was in ,kashmir1 ,northern ,india1 some natives brought to me a young man on a stretcher who they said had fallen off a high rock and had broken his back and was dying4 ,i soon found that he had only dislocated his shoulder and had got a few bruises1 and seemed to think that he ought to die4 ,so ,i pulled off my shoe1 sat down alongside him facing his head1 put my heel in his arm-pit1 got hold of his arm1 and pulled with all my force till the bone jumped into its socket4 ,the pain made him faint and his friends thought ,i really had killed him4 ,but in a few minutes he recovered and found his arm was all right4 ,then they thought ,i must be no end of a doctor1 so they sent round the country for all the sick to be brought in to be cured2 and ,i had an awful time of it for the next two days4 ,cases of every kind of disease were carried in and ,i had scarcely any drugs with which to treat them1 but ,i did the best ,i could1 and ,i really believe that some of the poor creatures got better from simply believing that ,i was doing them a lot of good4 ,but most of them were ill from being dirty and letting their wounds get poisoned with filth2 and many were ill from bad drainage1 and from drinking foul water1 and so on4 ,this ,i explained to the headmen of the villages1 and ,i hope that ,i did some good for their future health4 ,at any rate1 they were most grateful1 and gave me a lot of help ever afterwards in getting good bear-hunting and in getting food1 etc4 ,if ,i had not known a little doctoring ,i could have done nothing for these poor creatures4 ,,microbes ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,fight ,,them4 ,disease is carried about in the air and in water by tiny invisible insects called germs or microbes1 and you are very apt to breathe them in through the mouth or to get them in your drink or food and to swallow them1 and then they breed disease inside you4 ,if your blood is in really good order it generally does not matter1 no harm results2 but if your blood is out of order from weakness or constipation--that is1 not going regularly to the rear--these microbes will very probably make you ill4 ,a great point is1 therefore1 to abolish the microbes if possible4 ,they like living in dark1 damp1 and dirty places4 ,and they come from bad drains1 old dustbins1 and rotting flesh1 etc42 in fact1 generally where there is a bad smell4 ,therefore1 keep your room1 or your camp1 and your clothes clean1 dry1 and as sunny as possible and well aired2 and keep away from places that smell badly4 ,before your meals you should always wash your hands and finger-nails1 for they are very apt to harbour microbes which have come from anything that you may have been handling in the day4 ,you frequently see notices in omnibuses and public places requesting you not to spit4 ,the reason for this is that many people spit who have diseased lungs and from their spittle the microbes of their diseases get in the air and are breathed by healthy people into their lungs1 and they become also diseased4 ,often you may have a disease in you for some years without knowing it and if you spit you are liable to communicate that disease to sound people2 so you should not do it for their sake4 ,but you need not be afraid of diseases if you breathe through your nose and keep your blood in good order4 ,it is always well on coming out of a crowded theatre1 church or hall1 to cough and blow your nose in order to get rid of microbes which you might have breathed in from other people in the crowd4 ,one in every thirty of people that you meet has got the disease of consumption on him--and it is very catching4 ,it comes very much from living in houses where the windows are kept always shut up4 ,the best chance of getting cured of it if you get the disease is to sleep always out of doors4 ,a scout has to sleep a great deal in the open air1 therefore when he is in a house he sleeps with the windows as wide open as possible1 otherwise he feels stuffy2 and also if he gets accustomed to sleeping in warm atmosphere he would catch cold when he goes into camp1 and nothing could be more ridiculous or more like a tenderfoot than a scout with a cold in his head4 ,when once he is accustomed to having his windows open he will never catch cold in a room4 ,,food4 ,a good many illnesses come from over-eating or eating the wrong kind of food4 ,a scout must know how to take care of himself1 else he is of no use4 ,he must keep himself light and active4 ,once he has got the right kind of muscles on he can remain fit without further special exercising of those muscles1 provided that he eats the right kind of food4 ,eustace ,miles1 the tennis and racket champion1 does not go into training before he plays his matches2 he knows he has got his muscles rightly formed1 and he simply lives on plain1 light food always1 and so is always fit to play a hard game4 ,he never eats meat4 ,in the siege of ,mafeking1 when we were put on short commons1 those of the garrison who were accustomed to eat very little at their meals did not suffer like some people1 who had been accustomed to do themselves well in peace time2 these became weak and irritable4 ,our food there towards the end was limited to a hunk of pounded-up oats1 about the size of a penny bun1 which was our whole bread-supply for the day1 and about a pound of meat and two pints of sowens1 a kind of stuff like bill-stickers' paste that had gone wrong4 ,english people as a rule eat more meat than is necessary1 in fact they could do without it altogether if they tried1 and would be none the worse4 ,it is an expensive luxury4 ,the ,japanese are as strong as us1 but they do not eat any meat1 and only eat small meals of other things4 ,the cheapest and best foods are ,dried ,peas1 #b;d4 per lb2 ,flour1 #as4 #d;d4 per stone2 ,oatmeal1 #b;d4 per lb42 ,potatoes1 #a_/b;d4 per lb42 ,hominy1 #a-a_/b;d4 per lb42 ,cheese at #f;d4 per lb4 ,other good foods are fruit1 vegetables1 fish1 eggs1 nuts1 rice1 and milk1 and one can live on these perfectly well without meat2 bananas are especially good food1 they are cheap1 have no seeds nor pips to irritate your inside1 their skin protects them from germs of disease and their flesh is of a wholesome kind and satisfying4 ,the natives of the ,west ,coast of ,africa eat very little else all their lives and they are fat and happy4 ,if you have lots of fresh air you do not want much food1 if on the other hand you are sitting indoors all day much food makes you fat and sleepy1 so that in either case you are better for taking a little2 still1 growing boys should not starve themselves but1 at the same time1 they need not be like that little hog at the school-feast who1 when asked1 ,can't you eat any more8 replied1 ,yes1 ,i could eat more1 but ,i've no room to swallow it4 ,a great cause of illness nowadays is the amount of medicine which fellows dose themselves with when there is no reason for taking any medicine at all4 ,the best medicine is open-air and exercise and a big cup of water in the early morning if you are constipated1 and a pint of hot water on going to bed4 ,,clothing4 ,a scout's clothing should be of flannel or wool as much as possible1 because it dries easily4 ,cotton next the skin is not good unless you change it directly it gets wet--it is so likely to give you a chill1 and a scout is no use if he gets laid up4 ,one great point that a scout should take care about1 to ensure his endurance and being able to go on the march for a long time1 is his boots4 ,a scout who gets sore feet with much walking becomes useless4 ,you should therefore take great care to have good1 well-fitting1 roomy boots1 and fairly stout ones1 and as like the natural shape of your bare feet as possible with a straighter edge on the inside than bootmakers usually give to the swagger boot4 ,scouts have no use for swagger boots4 ,the feet should be kept as dry as possible2 if they are allowed to get wet the skin is softened and very soon gets blistered and rubbed raw where there is a little pressure of the boot4 ,of course they get wet from perspiration as well as from outside wet4 ,therefore to dry this it is necessary to wear good woollen socks4 ,if a man wears thin cotton or silk socks you can tell at once that he is no walker4 ,a fellow who goes out to a ,colony for the first time is called a ,tender-foot because he generally gets sore feet until by experience he learns how to keep his feet in good order4 ,it is a good thing to soap or grease your feet and the inside of your socks before putting them on4 ,if your feet always perspire a good deal it is a useful thing to powder them with powder made of boric acid1 starch1 and oxide of zinc in equal parts4 ,this powder should be rubbed in between the toes so as to prevent soft corns forming there4 ,your feet can be hardened to some extent by soaking them in alum and water1 or salt and water4 ,keep your boots soft with lots of grease1 mutton fat1 dubbin1 or castor oil--especially when they have got wet from rain1 etc4 ,wash the feet every day4 ,,practices4 ,,drill4 ,scouts have to drill to enable them to be moved quickly from one point to another in good order4 ,drill also sets them up1 and makes them smart and quick4 ,it strengthens the muscles which support the body and by keeping the body upright the lungs and heart get plenty of room to work1 and the inside organs are kept on the proper position for proper digestion of food and so on4 ,a slouching position on the other hand depresses all the other organs and prevents them doing their work properly1 so that a man in that position is generally weak and often ill4 ,growing lads are very apt to slouch and should therefore do all they can to get out of the habit by plenty of physical exercises and drill4 ,stand upright when you are standing and when you are sitting down sit upright with your back well into the back part of the chair4 ,alertness of the body whether you are moving1 standing1 or sitting means alertness of mind and it is a paying thing to have because many an employer will select an alert-looking boy for work and pass over a sloucher4 ,when you have to stoop over writing at a table or even tying a boot-lace do not round your back but tuck in the small of your back which thus helps to strengthen your body4 ,illustration3 ,how not to sit4 ,illustration3 ,how to sit4 ,,drill4--,on the word ,alert the scout stands upright with both feet together1 hands hanging naturally at the sides1 fingers straight1 and looking straight to his front4 ,on the word ,easy he carries the right foot away six inches to the right1 and clasps his hands behind his back1 and can turn his head about4 ,at the word ,sit ,easy he squats down on the ground in any position he likes4 ,sit ,easy should usually be given whenever you don't want the boys to be at the ,alert1 provided that the ground is dry4 ,on the command ,quick ,march1 boys move off with the left foot leading1 at a smart pace1 swinging the arms freely1 as this gives good exercise to the body and muscles and interior organs4 ,illustration3 ,walking for ,exercise4 ,at the command ,double boys run at a jog-trot with short sharp steps1 hands swinging loosely1 not tucked up at the side4 ,on the command ,scout ,pace the boys march at the quick march for fifty paces then double fifty paces1 and so on alternately running and walking1 until the word is given ,quick ,march or ,halt4 ,right turn each boy turns to the right4 ,follow ,your ,leader4 ,leader ,right ,turn--the leading man turns to his right1 the remainder move up to the place where he turned and then follow after him4 ,front ,form 7when following the leader74 ,those in rear run up and form in line alongside the leader on his left4 ,,cone ,,exercises4--,standing at the ,alert raise both hands as high as possible over the head1 and link fingers1 lean backwards1 then sway the arms very slowly round in the direction of a cone so that the hands make a wide circle above and round the body1 the body turning from the hips1 and leaning over to one side then to the front1 then to the other side and then back2 this is to exercise the muscles of the waist and stomach1 and should be repeated say six times to either hand4 ,with the eyes you should be trying to see all that goes on behind you during the movement4 ,illustration3 ,body-bending or ,cone ,exercise4 ,,touch ,,the ,,toes4--,from the position of ,alert raise the hands above the head then bend slowly forward and touch the toes with the fingers1 or knuckles of clenched fists1 then slowly rise to the original position and continue the motion a dozen times1 the knees not to be bent in performing this exercise4 ,this makes the body supple1 and strengthens the back and legs4 ,,squatting ,,exercise4--,from the position of the ,alert bend the knees and slowly lower the body into a squatting position1 the back being kept upright2 after a momentary pause slowly rise to the standing position again1 repeat this a dozen times standing on the toes throughout4 ,the hands may be resting on the hips or held out straight to the front in line with the shoulders4 ,this exercise strengthens the leg and feet muscles4 ,,leg ,,raising ,,from ,,the ,,back4--,lie on your back and slowly raise the legs till they are upright above you1 then slowly lower them almost to the ground and raise them again1 several times in succession4 ,this strengthens the stomach muscles4 ,,games4 ,ju-jitsu--contains numerous interesting games to teach grips and holds1 and development of muscles4 ,doctoring--each scout in turn acts as an explorer or missionary1 with a few simple remedies4 ,three patients are brought to him in succession to be treated1 each having a different disease or injury4 ,he has to advise or show what treatment should be carried out4 ,all ordinary boys' games1 where all are players and none lookers-on1 are good for health and cheerfulness--,leap-frog1 ,rounders1 ,squash-football1 ,tip-and run4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,japanese ,physical ,training1 by ,irving ,hancock4 7,pub4 ,putnam47 ,how to be well and strong1 by ,w4 ,edwards4 #d;d4 7,melrose47 ,walking1 by ,c4 ,lang ,neil4 #as4 7,c4 ,a4 ,pearson ,ltd47 ,useful hints on walking1 training1 mountain-climbing1 food1 etc4 ,modern ,physical ,culture1 by ,c4 ,lang ,neil4 #as4 7,c4 ,a4 ,pearson ,ltd47 ,gives summary of various systems3 ,curative exercises2 hints on food1 on organs of the body1 etc4 ,health and ,strength4 ,monthly ,journal4 #b;d4 ,,chivalry ,,of ,,the ,,knights4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,one aim of the ,boy ,scouts scheme is to revive amongst us1 if possible1 some of the rules of the knights of old1 which did so much for the moral tone of our race1 just as the ,bushido of the ancient ,samurai ,knights has done1 and is still doing1 for ,japan4 ,unfortunately1 chivalry with us has1 to a large extent1 been allowed to die out1 whereas in ,japan it is taught to the children1 so that it becomes with them a practice of their life1 and it is also taught to children in ,germany and ,switzerland with the best results4 ,our effort is not so much to discipline the boys1 as to teach them to discipline themselves4 ,it is impossible in so short a space as ,i have at my disposal to do more than touch upon subjects which the instructor may elaborate for himself4 ,the different qualities which the ,knight's ,code demanded are here grouped under the three heads3 #a4--;,chivalry to ,others4 #b4--;,discipline of ,self4 #c4--,self ,improvement4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,chivalry of the ,,knights4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #bj4 ,,chivalry ,,to ,,others4 ,knights ,errant--,helpfulness to ,others--,courtesy to ,women4 ,in days of old1 when knights were bold it must have been a fine sight to see one of these steel-clad horsemen come riding through the dark green woods in his shining armour1 with shield and lance and waving plumes1 bestriding his gallant war-horse1 strong to bear its load1 and full of fire to charge upon an enemy4 ,and near him rode his squire1 a young man1 his assistant and companion1 who would some day become a knight4 ,behind him rode his group1 or patrol of men-at-arms--stout1 hearty warriors1 ready to follow their knight to the gates of death if need be4 ,they were the tough yeomen of the old days1 who won so many of her fine fights for ,britain through their pluck and loyal devotion to their knights4 ,in peace time1 when there was no fighting to be done1 the knight would daily ride about looking for a chance of doing a good turn to any wanting help1 especially woman or child who might be in distress4 ,when engaged in thus doing good turns he was called a ,knight ,errant4 ,his patrol naturally acted in the same way as their leader1 and a man-at-arms was always equally ready to help the distressed with his strong right arm4 ,the knights of old were the patrol leaders of the nation1 and the men-at-arms were the scouts4 ,you patrol leaders and scouts are therefore very like the knights and their retainers1 especially if you keep your honour ever before you in the first place and do your best to help other people who are in trouble or who want assistance4 ,your motto is1 ,be ,prepared to do this1 and the motto of the knights was a similar one1 ,be ,always ,ready4 ,chivalry--that is1 the order of the knights--was started in ,england some #aejj years ago by ,king ,arthur4 ,on the death of his father1 ,king ,uther ,pendragon1 he was living with his uncle1 and nobody knew who was to be ,king4 ,he did not himself know that he was son of the late ,king4 ,then a great stone was found in the churchyard1 into which a sword was sticking1 and on the stone was written3 ,whosoever pulleth this sword out of this stone is the rightwise ,king born of all ,england4 ,all the chief lords had a try at pulling it out1 but none could move it4 ,that day there was a tournament at which ,arthur's cousin was to fight1 but when he got to the ground he found he had left his sword at home1 and he sent ,arthur to fetch it4 ,arthur could not find it1 but remembering the sword in the churchyard he went there and pulled at it1 and it came out of the stone at once2 and he took it to his cousin4 ,after the sports he put it back again into the stone2 and again they all tried to pull it out1 but could not move it1 but when he tried he drew it out quite easily4 ,so he was proclaimed ,king4 ,he afterwards got together a number of knights1 and used to sit with them at a great round table1 and so they were called the ,knights of the ,round ,table4 ,the table is still to be seen at ,winchester4 ,,st4 ,,george4 ,they had as their patron saint ,st4 ,george1 because he was the only one of all the saints who was a horseman4 ,he is the patron saint of cavalry and scouts all over ,europe4 ,st4 ,george is the special saint of ,england4 ,the battle-cry of the knights used to be1 ,for ,saint ,george and ,merrie ,england6 ,st4 ,george's ,day is #bcrd ,april1 and on that day all good scouts wear a rose in his honour and fly their flags4 ,don't forget it on the next #bcrd ,april4 ,,the ,,knights' ,,code4 ,the laws of the knights were these3 ,be ,always ,ready1 with your armour on1 except when you are taking your rest at night4 ,defend the poor1 and help them that cannot defend themselves4 ,do nothing to hurt or offend anyone else4 ,be prepared to fight in the defence of ,england4 ,at whatever you are working try and win honour and a name for honesty4 ,never break your promise4 ,maintain the honour of your country with your life4 ,rather die honest than live shamelessly4 ,chivalry requireth that youth should be trained to perform the most laborious and humble offices with cheerfulness and grace2 and to do good unto others4 ,these are the first rules with which the old knights started1 and from which the scout laws of to-day come4 ,a knight 7or scout7 is at all times a gentleman4 ,so many people seem to think that a gentleman must have lots of money4 ,that does not make a gentleman4 ,a gentleman is anyone who carries out the rules of chivalry of the knights4 ,a ,london policeman1 for instance1 is a gentleman1 because he is well disciplined1 loyal1 polite1 brave1 good-tempered1 and helpful to women and children4 ,,unselfishness4 ,captain ,john ,smith1 the old ,english adventurer of three hundred years ago1 was a pretty tough customer to deal with1 as he had fought in every part of the world and had been wounded over and over again2 but he also had a good1 kind heart within him4 ,he was as good a type of scout as you could find anywhere4 ,one of his favourite expressions was1 ,we were born1 not for ourselves1 but to do good to others1 and he carried this out very much in his life1 for he was the most unselfish of men4 ,,self-,,sacrifice4 ,king ,richard ,i41 who was one of the first of the ,scouts of the ,empire1 left his kingdom1 his family1 and everything to go and fight against the enemies of the ,christian religion1 and very nearly lost his kingdom by doing so1 for he was absent for some years1 and in the meantime his brother tried to usurp his place4 ,on his way home from the wars in ,palestine he was caught by the ,king of ,austria1 and was put by him in prison1 where he lingered for twelve months4 ,he was discovered by his minstrel1 ,blondel1 who knowing that he must have been captured somewhere went about ,europe singing his favourite songs outside the prisons until he was answered from inside2 and so he found him and procured his release4 7,see ,the ,talisman1 by ,sir ,walter ,scott47 ,but self-sacrifice is also to be found among us to-day4 ,only the other day a lad of eighteen named ,currie saw a little girl playing on the railway line at ,clydebank in front of an approaching train4 ,he tried to rescue her1 but he was lame from an injury he had got at football1 and it delayed him in getting her clear4 ,the train knocked both of them over1 and both were killed4 ,but ,currie's gallant attempt is an example of chivalry for scouts to follow4 ,it was sacrifice of himself in the attempt to save a child4 ,,kindness4 ,kindness and gentleness are great virtues1 says an old ,spanish proverb1 and another says1 ,oblige without regarding whom you oblige1 which means be kind to anyone1 great or small1 rich or poor4 ,the great point about a knight was that he was always doing kindnesses or good turns to people4 ,his idea was that everyone must die1 but you should make up your mind that before your time comes you will do something good4 ,therefore1 do it at once1 for you never know when you may be going off4 ,so1 with the scouts1 it has been made one of our laws that we do a good turn to somebody every day4 ,it does not matter how small that good turn may be1 if it were only to help an old woman lift her bundle1 or to guide a child across a crowded street1 or to put a halfpenny in the poor-box4 ,something good ought to be done each day of your life1 and you should start to-day to carry out this rule1 and never forget it during the remaining days of your life4 ,remember the knot in your necktie and on your scout's badge--they are reminders to you to do a good turn4 ,and do your good turn not only to your friends1 but to strangers and even to your enemies4 ,when the ,russians were besieged in ,port ,arthur by the ,japanese in #aije1 the ,japs got close up to their forts by digging long1 deep trenches1 into which the ,russians were not able to shoot4 ,on one occasion they were so close that a ,russian soldier was able to throw a letter into the ,japanese trench4 ,in this letter he said that he wanted to send a message to his mother in ,russia1 as she was very anxious about him2 but as ,port ,arthur was now cut off from all communication he begged that the ,japs would send the message for him2 and he inclosed a note for his mother and a gold coin to pay the cost4 ,the ,japanese soldier who found the note1 instead of tearing up the letter and keeping the money1 did what every scout would do1 took it to his officer1 and the officer telegraphed the ,russian's message to his mother1 and threw a note back into the enemy's fort to tell him that he had done so4 ,this1 with other instances of chivalry on both sides1 is described in ,mr4 ,richmond ,smith's book1 ,the ,siege and ,fall of ,port ,arthur4 ,,generosity4 ,some people are fond of hoarding up their money and never spending it4 ,it is well to be thrifty1 but it is also well to give away money where it is wanted2 in fact1 that is part of the object of saving up your money4 ,in being charitable1 be careful that you do not fall into the mistake of false charity4 ,that is to say1 it is very easy and comforting to you to give a penny to a poor beggar in the street1 but you ought not to do it4 ,that poor beggar is ninety-nine times out of a hundred an arrant old fraud1 and by giving your penny you are encouraging him and others to go on with that trade4 ,there may be1 probably are1 hundreds of really poor and miserable people hiding away1 whom you never see and to whom that penny would be a godsend4 ,the ,charity ,organisation ,society knows where they are1 and which they are1 and if you give your penny to them1 they will put it into the right hands for you4 ,you need not be rich in order to be charitable4 ,many of the knights were poor men4 ,at one time some of them wore as their crest two knights riding on one horse1 which meant that they were too poor to afford a horse apiece4 ,,tips4 ,then tips are a very bad thing4 ,wherever you go1 people want to be tipped for doing the slightest thing which they ought to do out of common good feeling4 ,a scout will never accept a tip1 even if it is offered him4 ,it is often difficult to refuse1 but for a scout it is easy4 ,he has only to say1 ,thank you very much1 but ,i am a scout1 and our rules don't allow us to accept anything for doing a good turn4 ,tips put you on a wrong footing with everyone4 ,you cannot work in a friendly way with a man if you are thinking how much tip you are going to get out of him1 or he is thinking how much he'll have to tip you4 ,and all scouts' work for another ought to be done in a friendly way4 ,of course1 proper pay that is earned by your work is another thing1 and you will be right to accept it4 ,,friendliness4 ,the great difference in a ,colonial bushman and a stay-at-home ,briton is that the ,colonial is in shirt-sleeves while the other is buttoned up in his coat1 and their characters are much the same4 ,the ,colonial is open and cheery with everybody at once1 while the ,briton is rather inclined to shut himself up from his neighbours inside his coat1 and takes a deal of drawing out before he becomes friendly4 ,the free1 open-air1 shirt-sleeve habits of the ,colonial do away with this1 and life becomes much more pleasant to everybody all round4 ,a boy scout should remember that he is like the ,colonial1 and1 like ,kim1 the friend of all the world4 ,but don't let your friendliness lead you into that foolery that is too common in ,england1 namely1 throwing away your hard-earned savings in standing treat to your friends4 ,,politeness4 ,one of the stories that the knights used to tell as an example of politeness was that ,julius ,csar1 when he was entertained to supper by a poor peasant1 was so polite that when the man gave him a dish of pickles to eat1 thinking they were the sort of vegetables that a high-born officer would like1 ,csar ate the whole dish1 and pretended to like them1 although they burnt his mouth and disagreed with him considerably4 ,in ,spain you ask a man the way--he does not merely point it out1 but takes off his hat1 bows1 and says that it will be a great pleasure to him to show it1 and walks with you till he has set you properly upon it4 ,he will take no reward4 ,a ,frenchman will take off his hat when he addresses a stranger1 as you may often see him do in ,london1 even when he asks a policeman the way4 ,the ,dutch fishermen1 big and brawny as they are1 take up the whole street when walking down it2 but when a stranger comes along they stand to one side1 and smilingly take off their caps to let him pass4 ,a lady told me that when in one of the far west ,canadian townships she met a group of wild-looking cowboys walking down the street1 she felt quite alarmed4 ,but as they got near they stood to one side1 and took off their hats with the greatest respect1 and made way for her4 ,,courtesy ,,to ,,women4 ,the knights of old were particularly attentive in respect and courtesy to women4 ,sir ,nigel ,loring in ,the ,white ,company is a type of a chivalrous knight of the old times4 ,although very small1 and half blind by reason of some lime which an enemy had thrown in his eyes early in his career1 he was an exceedingly brave man1 and at the same time very humble1 and very helpful to others4 ,but above all things he reverenced women4 ,he had a big1 plain lady as his wife1 but he always upheld her beauty and virtue1 and was ready to fight anybody who doubted him4 ,then with poor women1 old or young1 he was always courteous and helpful4 ,and that is how a scout should act4 ,king ,arthur1 who made the rules of chivalry1 was himself chivalrous to women of whatever class4 ,one day a girl rushed into his hall crying for help4 ,her hair was streaming and smeared with mud1 her arms were torn with brambles1 and she was dressed in rags4 ,she had been ill-treated by a band of robbers who roved the country1 doing all the harm they could4 ,when he heard her tale ,king ,arthur sprang on to his horse and rode off himself to the robbers' cave1 and even at the risk of his own life he fought and defeated them1 so that they could no more trouble his people4 ,when walking with a lady or a child1 a scout should always have her on his left side1 so that his right is free to protect her4 ,this rule is altered when walking in the streets3 then a man will walk on the side of her nearest to the traffic1 to protect her against accident1 or mud-splashes1 etc4 ,in meeting a woman or a child1 a man should1 as a matter of course1 always make way for her1 even if he has to step off the pavement into the mud4 ,so also in riding in a crowded tram or railway carriage no man worthy of the name will allow a woman or a child to stand up if he has a seat4 ,he will at once give it up to the woman and stand himself4 ,as a scout1 you should set an example in this by being the first man in the carriage to do it4 ,and in doing so1 do it cheerfully1 with a smile1 so that she may not think you are annoyed at having to do it4 ,when in the street always be on the look out to help women and children4 ,a good opportunity is when they want to cross a street1 or to find the way1 or to call a cab or 'bus4 ,if you see them1 go and help them at once--and don't accept any reward4 ,the other day ,i saw a boy help a lady out of a carriage1 and as he shut the door after her1 she turned to give him some money1 but he touched his cap1 and smilingly said1 ,no1 thank you1 ,marm2 it's my duty1 and walked off4 ,so ,i shook hands with him1 for ,i felt that although he had not been taught1 he was a scout by nature4 ,this is the kind of courtesy one wants to see more amongst boys of to-day4 ,only the other day in ,london1 a girl who had been robbed ran after a thief and pursued him till he dashed down into a narrow alley1 where she could not follow1 but she waited for him2 so did the crowd4 ,and when he came out again1 she collared him and struggled to prevent him escaping2 but not one of the crowd would help her1 although there were men and boys present there4 ,they must have been a poor lot not to help a girl6 ,of course1 in accidents men and boys will always see that the women and children are safely got out of danger1 before they think of going themselves4 ,in two wrecks which occurred in #aijf on the south coast of ,england1 viz41 the ,jebba1 and the ,suevic1 it was very noticeable how carefully arrangements were made for saving the women and children and old people1 before any idea was given as to how the men were to be rescued4 ,you should carry your courtesy on with ladies at all times4 ,if you are sitting down and a lady comes into the room1 stand up1 and see if you can help her in any way before you sit down4 ,don't lark about with a girl whom you would not like your mother or sister to see you with4 ,don't make love to any girl unless you mean to marry her4 ,don't marry a girl unless you are in a position to support her1 and to support some children4 ,,practices4 ,other ways of doing good turns1 are such small things as these3 sprinkle sand on a frozen road where horses are liable to slip2 remove orange or banana skins from the pavement1 as they are apt to throw people down2 don't leave gates open1 and don't injure fences or walk over crops in the country2 help old people in drawing water or carrying fuel1 etc41 to their homes2 help to keep the streets clean by removing scraps of paper4 ,illustration3 ,a ,scout looking out ready to help others4 ,,scout',s ,,uniform4--,scout hat2 ,handkerchief 7not a white one7 round neck2 ,shirt 7not white72 ,belt1 with pouch2 ,shorts1 with hip pocket2 ,stockings1 with coloured garters2 ,boots or ,shoes1 with good nails2 ,long ,stick for feeling way2 ,whistle2 ,haversack1 with food2 ,coat rolled1 with dry socks and vest inside in pockets4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,how ,,to ,,practise ,,chivalry4 ,make each scout tie a knot in his necktie every morning as a reminder to carry out his idea of doing a good turn every day1 till it becomes a habit with him4 ,take your boys to an armoury1 such as the ,tower of ,london or ,south ,kensington ,museum1 and explain to them the armour and weapons of the knights4 ,make a scout bring in a boy1 who is a total stranger1 as his guest for the evening to play in club games1 and hear camp yarns1 etc4 ,,games4 ,,knight ,,errantry4--,scouts go out singly1 or in pairs1 or as a patrol4 ,if in a town1 to find women or children in want of help1 and to return and report1 on their honour1 what they have done4 ,if in the country call at any farms or cottages and ask to do odd jobs--for nothing4 ,the same can be made into a race called a ,good ,turn race4 ,,play4 ,king ,arthur and the ,round ,table4 ,see ,part ,,vi4 ,also other stories of chivalry1 as in ,stories of ,king ,arthur4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,ivanhoe1 by ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,stories of ,king ,arthur4 ,cutler4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,the ,white ,company1 by ,sir ,conan ,doyle1 #as4 ,the ,broad ,stone of ,honour1 by ,kenelm ,digby4 ,fifty-two stories of ,chivalry4 ,puck of ,pook's ,hill1 by ,rudyard ,kipling4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #ba4 ,,self-,,discipline4 ,honour--,obedience--,courage--,cheerine ss4 ,,to ,,instructors4 ,the self-disciplined man is described by ,browning as3 ,one who never turned his back but marched breast forward2 ,never doubted clouds would break2 ,never dreamed1 though right were worsted1 wrong would triumph2 ,held we fall to rise1 are baffled to fight better1 ,sleep--to wake4 ,lycurgus said that the wealth of a state lay not so much in money as in men who were sound in body and mind1 with a body fit for toil and endurance1 and with a mind well disciplined1 and seeing things in their proper proportions4 ,,honour4 ,the true knight placed his honour before all things4 ,it was sacred1 and he will never do a dishonourable action1 such as telling an untruth or deceiving his superiors or employers4 ,a man who is honourable is always to be trusted1 and always commands the respect of his fellow men4 ,his honour guides him in everything that he does4 ,a captain sticks to the ship till the last1 in every wreck that was ever heard of4 ,why8 ,she is only a lump of iron and wood2 his life is as valuable as that of any of the women and children on board1 but he makes everybody get away safely before he attempts to save his more valuable life4 ,why8 ,because the ship is his ship1 and he has been taught that it is his duty to stick to it1 and he considers it would be dishonourable in him to do otherwise2 so he puts honour before safety4 ,so also a scout should value his honour most of anything4 ,,fair ,,play4--,britons1 above all other people1 insist on fair play4 ,if you see a big bully going for a small or weak boy1 you stop him because it is not fair play4 ,and if a man1 in fighting another1 knocks him down1 he must not hit or kick him while he is down2 everybody would think him an awful beast if he did4 ,yet there is no law about it2 you could not get him imprisoned for it4 ,the truth is that fair play is an old idea of ,chivalry that has come down to us from the knights of old1 and we must always keep up that idea4 ,other nations are not all so good4 ,often we hear of wounded men being again shot and killed in battle when they are lying helpless on the ground4 ,in the ,south ,african ,war1 when ,major ,mac,laren1 now our ,manager in the ,boy ,scouts1 was lying helpless1 with his thigh broken by a bullet and his horse shot on top of him1 a ,boer came up and finding him alive1 fired two more shots into him4 ,luckily he recovered and is alive to-day4 ,but that ,boer had no ,chivalry in him4 ,,honesty4--,honesty is a form of ,honour4 ,an honourable man can be trusted with any amount of money or other valuables with the certainty that he will not steal it4 ,cheating at any time is a sneaking1 underhand thing to do4 ,when you feel inclined to cheat in order to win a game1 or feel very distressed when a game in which you are playing is going against you1 just say to yourself1 ,after all1 it is only a game4 ,it won't kill me if ,i do lose4 ,one can't win always1 though ,i will stick to it in case of a chance coming4 ,if you keep your head in this way1 you will very often find that you win after all from not being over-anxious or despairing4 ,and don't forget1 whenever you do lose a game1 if you are a true scout1 you will at once cheer the winning team or shake hands with and congratulate the fellow who has beaten you4 ,this rule will be carried out in all games and competitions among ,boy ,scouts4 ,,loyalty4--,loyalty was1 above all1 one of the distinguishing points about the knights4 ,they were always devotedly loyal to their ,king and to their country1 and were always ready and eager to die in their defence4 ,in the same way a follower of the ,knights should be loyal not only to the ,king but also to everyone who is above him1 whether his officers or employers1 and he should stick to them through thick and thin as part of his duty4 ,he should also be equally loyal to his own friends and should support them in evil times as well as in good times4 ,loyalty to duty was shown by the ,roman soldier of old who stuck to his post when the city of ,pompeii was overwhelmed with ashes and lava from the volcano ,vesuvius4 ,his remains are still there1 with his hand covering his mouth and nose to prevent the suffocation which in the end overcame him4 ,his example was followed at some manoeuvres not long ago by a cadet of ,reigate ,grammar ,school who when posted as sentry was accidentally left on his post when the field day was over4 ,but though night came on and it was very cold--in ,november last--the lad stuck to his post till he was found in the middle of the night1 half-perished with cold1 but alive and alert4 ,,obedience ,,and ,,discipline4 ,discipline and obedience are as important as bravery for scouts and for soldiers4 ,the ,birkenhead was a transport-ship carrying troops4 ,she had on board #fcj soldiers with their families and #acj seamen4 ,near the ,cape of ,good ,hope one night1 she ran on to some rocks1 and began to break up4 ,the soldiers were at once paraded on deck4 ,some were told off to get out the boats1 and to put the women and children into them1 and others were told off to get the horses up out of the hold1 and to lower them overboard into the sea in order that they might have a chance of swimming ashore4 ,when this had all been done it was found that there were not enough boats to take the men1 and so the men were ordered to remain in their ranks4 ,then the ship broke in half and began to go down4 ,the ,captain shouted to the men to jump over and save themselves1 but the ,colonel1 ,colonel ,seaton1 said ,no1 keep your ranks4 ,for he saw that if they swam to the boats and tried to get in they would probably sink them too4 ,so the men kept their ranks and as the ship rolled over and sank they gave a cheer and went down with her4 ,out of the whole #gfj on board1 only #aib were saved1 but even those would probably have been lost had it not been for the discipline and self-sacrifice of the others4 ,last year a ,british ,training ,ship1 the ,fort ,jackson1 full of boy-sailors was run into by a steamer1 but just as on the ,birkenhead there was no panic or crying out4 ,the boys fell in quickly on parade1 put on their lifebelts1 and faced the danger calmly and well4 ,and not a life was lost4 ,,discipline4--,gibraltar is a great big fortified rock which belongs to ,england1 down on the ,south ,coast of ,spain4 ,one hundred and twenty years ago it was besieged by the ,spanish and ,french armies together4 ,the ,spanish ,army attacked ,gibraltar on the land side1 while the ,french attacked it by sea1 but though they fought hard and with greatest endurance for over three years1 the ,british troops defending the place were a match for them and held out successfully until they were relieved by the ,fleet from home4 ,general ,elliot1 who had been a ,cavalry officer in the #aeth ,hussars1 commanded the troops at ,gibraltar1 and it was largely owing to his strict discipline that the ,garrison succeeded in holding out4 ,every man had learnt to obey orders without any hesitation or question4 ,one day a man disobeyed an order1 so ,general ,elliot had him up before him and explained that for a man to be insubordinate at such a time showed that he could not be in his right senses2 he must be mad4 ,so he ordered that his head should be shaved and that he should be blistered1 bled1 and put into a strait-waistcoat and should be put in the cells1 with bread and water1 as a lunatic1 and should also be prayed for in church6 ,,humility4--,humility or being humble was one of the things which was practised by the knights1 that is to say that1 although they were generally superior to other people in fighting or campaigning1 they never allowed themselves to swagger about it4 ,so ,don't ,swagger4 ,and don't imagine that you have got rights in this world except those that you earn for yourself4 ,you've got the right to be believed if you earn it by always telling the truth1 and you've got the right to go to prison if you earn it by thieving2 but there are lots of men who go about howling about their rights who have never done anything to earn any rights4 ,do your duty first and you will get your rights afterwards4 ,,fortitude4--,then the knights were men who never said ,die till they were dead2 they were always ready to stick it out till the last extremity1 but it is a very common fault with men to give in to trouble or fear long before there is any necessity4 ,they often give up working because they don't get success all at once1 and probably if they stuck to it a little longer1 success would come4 ,a man must expect hard work and want of success at first4 ,,courage4 ,very few men are born brave1 but any man can make himself brave if he tries--and especially if he begins trying when he is a boy4 ,the brave man dashes into danger without any hesitation1 when a less brave man is inclined to hang back4 ,it is very like bathing4 ,a lot of boys will come to a river to bathe1 and will cower shivering on the bank1 wondering how deep the water is1 and whether it is very cold--but the brave one will run through them and take his header into the water1 and will be swimming about happily a few seconds later4 ,the thing is1 when there is danger before you1 don't stop and look at it--the more you look at it the less you will like it--but take the plunge1 go boldly in at it1 and it won't be half so bad as it looked1 when you are once in it4 ,in the late war between ,japan and ,russia some ,japanese pioneers had been ordered to blow up the gate of a ,russian fort so that the attackers could get in4 ,after nearly all of them had been shot down1 a few of them managed to get to the gate with their charges of powder4 ,these had to be tamped or jammed tight against the door somehow1 and then fired4 ,the ,japs tamped them by pushing them against the door with their chests2 they then lit their matches1 fired the charge1 and blew up the gates1 but blew up themselves in doing so4 ,but their plucky self-sacrifice enabled their comrades to get in and win the place for the ,emperor4 ,,good ,,temper ,,and ,,cheeriness4 ,the knights laid great stress on being never out of temper4 ,they thought it bad form to lose their temper1 and to show anger4 ,captain ,john ,smith1 of whom ,i spoke just now1 was himself a type of a cheerful man4 ,in fact1 towards the end of his life two boys 7and he was very fond of boys7 to whom he told his adventures1 wrote them down in a book1 but they said that they found great difficulty in hearing all that he said1 because he roared with laughter so over his own descriptions of his troubles4 ,but it is very certain1 that had he not been a cheery man1 he never could have got through half the dangers with which he was faced at different times in his career4 ,over and over again he was made prisoner by his enemies--sometimes savage enemies--but he managed always to captivate them with his pleasant manner and become friends with them1 so that often they let him go1 or did not trouble to catch him when he made his escape4 ,if you do your work cheerfully1 your work becomes much more of a pleasure to you1 and also if you are cheerful it makes other people cheerful as well1 which is part of your duty as a scout4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,barrie writes3 ,those who bring sunshine to the lives of others1 cannot keep happiness from themselves1 which means1 if you make other people happy1 you make yourself happy4 ,if you are in the habit of taking things cheerfully1 you will very seldom find yourself in serious trouble1 because if a difficulty or annoyance or danger seems very great1 you will1 if you are wise1 force yourself to laugh at it1 although ,i will allow it is very difficult to do so at first4 ,still1 the moment you do laugh1 most of the difficulty seems to disappear at once1 and you can tackle it quite easily4 ,good temper can be attained by a boy who wants to have it1 and it will help him in every game under the sun1 and more especially in difficulty and danger1 and will often keep him in a situation where a short-tempered fellow gets turned out1 or leaves in a huff4 ,bad language and swearing are generally used1 like smoking1 by boys who want to try and show off how manly they are1 but it only makes them look like fools4 ,generally1 a man who swears is a man easily upset1 and loses his head in a difficult situation1 and he is not1 therefore1 to be depended upon4 ,you want to be quite undisturbed under the greatest difficulties2 and so when you find yourself particularly anxious or excited1 or angry1 don't swear1 force yourself to smile1 and it will set you right in a moment4 ,captain ,john ,smith1 who neither smoked nor swore1 had a way of dealing with swearers1 which is also adopted by our scouts4 ,he says in his diary that when his men were cutting down trees1 the axes blistered their tender fingers1 so that at about every third blow1 a loud oath would drown the echo of the axe4 ,to remedy this he devised a plan of having every man's oath noted down1 and at night1 for every oath1 he had a can of water poured down the swearer's sleeve1 with which an offender was so washed1 that a man would scarce hear an oath in a week4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,courage4 ,by ,charles ,wagner4 7,published by ,t4 ,fisher ,unwin1 ,london47 ,golden ,deeds4 7,macmillan47 ,parents and ,children4 ,miss ,charlotte ,mason4 ,duty4 ,by ,samuel ,smiles1 #bs4 7,murray47 7,published by ,kegan ,paul47 ,,practice ,,in ,,self-,,discipline4 ,practice unselfishness by a picnic to which all contribute what they are able to1 according to their means4 ,no remarks to be allowed on the amounts given4 ,,games4 ,call for volunteers for some dangerous enterprise1 such as ,dispatch ,running1 or some other game made dangerous by the condition that if the scout selected to do the dangerous job fails he will lose his life2 that is1 will forfeit his scout's badge permanently4 ,if he succeeds he may get up to #ae marks towards a badge of merit4 ,any games such as football1 basketball1 etc41 where rules are strictly enforced1 are good for teaching discipline and unselfishness4 ,ju-jitsu has many excellent points1 too1 in that direction4 ,bowmanship4--,crossbow shooting4 ,scouts should1 if possible1 make their own crossbows4 ,longbowmanship as by the archers of the ,middle ,ages4 ,scouts to make their own bows and arrows if possible4 ,read ,aylward's doings in ,the ,white ,company4 ,quarter ,staff ,play with scouts' staves1 as played by the yeomen and apprentices in old days4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #bb4 ,,self-,,improvement4 ,religion--,thrift--,how to get on4 ,,to ,,instructors4 ,this camp fire yarn opens to instructors a wide field for the most important work of all in this scheme of ,boy ,scouts1 and gives you an opportunity for doing really valuable work for the nation4 ,the prevailing want of religion should be remedied by a practical working religion rather than a too spiritual one at first4 ,,self-,,employment4--,a great amount of poverty and unemployedness results from boys being allowed to run riot outside the school walls as loafers1 or from being used early in life as small wage-earners1 such as errand boys1 etc41 and then finding themselves at the commencement of manhood without any knowledge of a trade to go on with1 and unable to turn their hand to any work out of their one immediate line4 ,they are helpless and unemployable4 ,it is here that as instructor you can do invaluable work for the boy1 by getting each in turn to talk privately over his future1 and to map out a line for himself1 and to start preparing himself for it4 ,encourage him to take up hobbies or handicrafts4 ,the suggestions offered here are1 owing to the want of space1 very limited in number1 but your own experience or imagination will probably provide many more4 ,,duty ,,to ,,god4 ,an old ,british chieftain1 some thirteen hundred years ago1 said3 ,our life has always seemed to me like the flight of a sparrow through the great hall1 when one is sitting at meals with the log-fire blazing on the hearth1 and all is storm and darkness outside4 ,he comes in1 no one knows from where1 and hovers for a short time in the warmth and light1 and then flies forth again into the darkness4 ,and so it is with the life of a man2 he comes no one knows from where2 he is here in the world for a short time till he flies forth again1 no one knows whither4 ,but now you show us that if we do our duty during our life we shall not fly out into darkness again when life is ended1 since ,christ has opened a door for us to enter a brighter room1 a ,heaven where we can go and dwell in peace for ever4 ,this old chief was speaking for all the chiefs of northern ,england when ,king ,edwin had introduced to them a knowledge of the ,christian religion2 and they adopted it then and there as one more comforting to them than their old ,pagan worship of heathen gods2 and ever since those days the ,christian religion has been the one to rule our country4 ,religion is a very simple thing3 #ast4 ,to believe in ,god4 #bnd4 ,to do good to other people4 ,the old knights1 who were the scouts of the nation1 were very religious4 ,they were always careful to attend church or chapel1 especially before going into battle or undertaking any serious difficulty4 ,they considered it was the right thing always to ,be ,prepared for death4 ,in the great church of ,malta you can see to-day where the old knights used to pray1 and they all stood up and drew their swords during the reading of the ,creed1 as a sign that they were prepared to defend the gospel with their swords and lives4 ,besides worshipping ,god in church1 the knights always recognised ,his work in the things which ,he made1 such as animals1 plants1 and scenery4 ,and so it is with peace scouts to-day that wherever they go they love the woodlands1 the mountains1 and the prairies1 and they like to watch and know about the animals that inhabit them and the wonders of the flowers and plants4 ,no man is much good unless he believes in ,god and obeys ,his laws4 ,so every scout should have a religion4 ,there are many kinds of religion such as ,roman ,catholics1 ,protestants1 ,jews1 ,mohammedans1 and so on1 but the main point about them is that they all worship ,god1 although in different ways4 ,they are like an army which serves one king1 though it is divided into different branches1 such as cavalry1 artillery1 and infantry1 and these wear different uniforms4 ,so1 when you meet a boy of a different religion from your own1 you should not be hostile to him1 but recognise that he is like a soldier in your own army1 though in a different uniform1 and still serving the same king as you4 ,in doing your duty to ,god1 always be grateful to ,him4 ,whenever you enjoy a pleasure or a good game1 or succeed in doing a good thing1 thank ,him for it1 if only with a word or two1 just as you say grace after a meal4 ,and it is a good thing to bless other people4 ,for instance1 if you see a train starting off1 just pray for ,god's blessing on all that are in the train and so on4 ,in doing your duty towards man1 be helpful and generous and also always be grateful for any kindness done to you1 and be careful to show that you are grateful4 ,remember that a present given to you is not yours until you have thanked for it4 ,while you are the sparrow flying through the ,hall1 that is to say1 while you are living your life on this earth1 try and do something good which may remain after you4 ,one writer says3 ,i often think that when the sun goes down the world is hidden by a big blanket from the light of ,heaven1 but the stars are little holes pierced in that blanket by those who have done good deeds in this world4 ,the stars are not all the same size2 some are big1 some little1 and some men have done great deeds and others have done small deeds1 but they have made their hole in the blanket by doing good before they went to ,heaven4 ,try and make your hole in the blanket by good work while you are on the earth4 ,it is something to be good1 but it is far better to do good4 ,,thrift4 ,it is a funny thing that out of you boys who now read these words1 some of you are certain to become rich men1 and some of you may die in poverty and misery4 ,and it just depends on your own selves which you are going to do4 ,and you can very soon tell which your future is going to be4 ,the fellow who begins making money as a boy will go on making it as a man4 ,you may find it difficult to do at first1 but it will come easier later on2 but if you begin and if you go on1 remember1 you are pretty certain to succeed in the end--especially if you get your money by hard work4 ,if you only try to make it by easy means--that is by betting1 say1 on a football match or a horse-race--you are bound to lose after a time4 ,nobody who makes bets ever wins in the end2 it is the book-maker1 the man who receives the bets1 that scores over it4 ,yet there are thousands of fools who go on putting their money on because they won a bit once or hope to win some day4 ,any number of poor boys have become rich men--but in nearly every case it was because they meant to do so from the first2 they worked for it1 and put every penny they could make into the bank to begin with4 ,so each one of you has the chance if you like to take it4 ,the great owner of millions of pounds1 ,j4 ,astor1 began his career as a poor boy-pedlar with seven ,german flutes as his stock-in-trade4 ,he sold them for more than he gave and went on increasing his business4 ,the knights of old were ordered by their rules to be thrifty1 that is to save money as much as possible1 not to expend large sums on their own enjoyment1 but to save it in order that they might keep themselves and not be a burden to others1 and also in order that they might have more to give away in charity2 and if they had no money of their own1 they were not allowed to beg for it1 they must work and make it in one way or another4 ,thus money-making goes with manliness1 hard work1 and sobriety4 ,boys are not too young to work for money4 ,mr ,thomas ,holmes1 the police-court missionary1 tells us how hundreds of poor boys in ,london are working pluckily and well at making their living1 even while doing their school work4 ,they get up early1 at half-past four in the morning1 and go round with milk or bakers' barrows till about eight1 and after that off to school2 back in the afternoon to the shop to clean the pails and cans4 ,they save up their money every day2 those who have mothers1 hand it over to them2 those who have not1 store it up or bank it4 ,they are regular men before they are twelve years of age1 and good examples to other boys wherever they may be4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,money4 ,there are many ways by which a scout1 or a patrol working together1 can make money1 such as3 ,,carpentering4--,making arm-chairs1 recovering old furniture1 etc41 is a very paying trade4 ,fretwork and carving1 picture-frames1 birdcages1 cabinets1 carved pipe-bowls1 can be sold through a shop4 ,get permission to cut certain sticks in hedges or woods and trim them into walking-sticks1 after hanging them with weights attached to straighten and dry them4 ,breeding canaries1 chickens1 rabbits1 or dogs pays well4 ,beekeeping brings in from #a to #b a year per hive1 after you have paid for hive and queen bee or swarm4 ,you can make novel sets of buttons out of bootlaces4 ,collect old packing cases and boxes and chop them into bundles of firewood4 ,make nets1 besoms1 etc41 for gardeners4 ,keeping goats and selling their milk will pay in some places4 ,basket making1 pottery1 book-binding1 etc41 all bring money4 ,or a patrol working together can form themselves into a corps of messenger-boys in a country town1 or they can get an allotment garden and work it for selling vegetables and flowers1 or they can make themselves into a minstrel troupe1 or perform scouting displays or pageants1 etc41 like those shown in this book1 and take money at the doors4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,buttons ,,out ,,of ,,bootlaces4 #a4 ,illustration3 #b4 ,illustration3 #c4 ,illustration3 #d4 ,continue till you have the whole knot doubled or trebled4 ,illustration3 #e4 ,the loop for attaching the button is moved from its original position to hang from the centre of the knot4 ,illustration3 #f4 ,pull all tight1 cut off loose end1 and the button is complete4 ,these are only a few suggestions2 there are loads of other ways of making money which you can think out for yourselves1 according to the place you are in4 ,but in order to get money you must expect to work4 ,the actor1 ,ted ,payne1 used to say in one of his plays1 ,i don't know what is wrong with me1 ,i eat well1 ,i drink well1 and ,i sleep well1 but somehow whenever anybody mentions the word ',work' to me ,i get a cold shudder all over me4 ,that is what happens to a great many men in ,england1 ,i am afraid4 ,there are a good many other chicken-hearted fellows1 who1 when any work faces them get a cold shudder all over them2 or when trouble comes1 they go and take to drink1 instead of facing it and working it off4 ,start a money-box1 put any money you can make into that1 and when you have got a fair amount in it1 hand it over to a bank1 and start an account for yourself4 ,as a scout1 you have to have a certain amount in the savings bank before you can become entitled to wear a badge4 ,save your pence and you'll get pounds4 7,scouts' ,money ,boxes can be obtained from ,manager ,boy ,scouts1 ,henrietta ,street1 ,london1 ,w4,c47 ,,how ,,to ,,get ,,on4 ,a few years ago the ,american ,government was at war with rebels in the island of ,cuba4 7,point out on map47 ,america1 as you know1 is ruled by a ,president and not by a ,king4 ,the late ,president1 ,mc,kinley1 wanted to send a letter to ,garcia1 the chief of the rebels in ,cuba1 but did not know how to get it taken to him1 as the rebels were a savage lot inhabiting a wild and difficult country4 ,when he was talking it over with his advisers1 someone said3 ,there's a young fellow called ,rowan who seems to be able to get anything done that you ask him4 ,why not try him8 ,so ,rowan was sent for1 and when he came in the ,president explained why he had sent for him1 and1 putting the letter in his hand1 said3 ,now1 ,i want that letter sent to ,garcia4 ,the lad simply smiled and said1 ,i see1 and walked out of the room without saying another word4 ,some weeks passed and ,rowan appeared again at the ,president's door and said1 ,i gave your letter to ,garcia1 sir1 and walked out again4 ,of course1 ,mr4 ,mc,kinley had him back and made him explain how he had done it4 ,it turned out that he had got a boat and sailed away in her for some days2 had landed on the coast of ,cuba1 and disappeared into the jungle2 in three weeks' time he reappeared on the other side of the island having gone through the enemy and found ,garcia1 and given him the letter4 ,he was a true scout1 and that is the way a scout should carry out an order when he gets it4 ,no matter how difficult it may seem he should tackle it1 with a smile2 the more difficult it is the more interesting it will be to carry out4 ,most fellows would have asked a lot of questions--first as to how they were to set about it1 how they could get to the place1 where were they to get food from1 and so on2 but not so ,rowan3 he merely learnt what duty was wanted of him1 and he did the rest without a word2 any fellow who acts like that is certain to get on4 ,we have a lot of good scouts already in ,england among the ,district ,messenger ,boys in ,london4 ,these lads1 from having difficult jobs frequently given them and being expected to carry them out successfully1 take them on with the greatest confidence in themselves2 and1 without asking a lot of silly questions1 they start off in a businesslike way1 and do them4 ,that is the way to deal with any difficulty in life4 ,if you get a job or a trouble that seems to you to be too big for you1 don't shirk it3 smile1 think out a way by which you might get successfully through with it1 and then go at it4 ,remember that a difficulty is no longer a difficulty when once you laugh at it--and tackle it4 ,don't be afraid of making a mistake4 ,napoleon said ,nobody ever made anything who never made a mistake4 ,,memory4--,then practise remembering things4 ,a fellow who has a good memory will get on because so many other people have bad memories from not practising them4 ,at the ,olympic ,theatre1 ,liverpool1 the forgetfulness on the part of the people in the audience gradually made it necessary for the manager to keep a special room and ledgers for all lost articles left behind in the theatre after each performance4 ,but the happy idea struck him of putting a notice on the curtain by means of a bioscope lantern a few minutes before the end of the performance saying1 ,please look under your seat before leaving4 ,this has made a great difference in the number of things left behind4 ,people used to leave every kind of thing1 even medicine bottles1 and false teeth2 and once a cheque for #ej was left4 ,,luck4--,a great coral island is build up of tiny sea insects blocking themselves together2 so also great knowledge in a man is built up by his noticing all sorts of little details and blocking them together in his mind by remembering them4 ,if you want to catch a tramcar when it is not at a stopping station you don't sit down and let it run past you and then say1 ,how unlucky ,i am2 you run and jump on4 ,it is just the same with what some people call luck2 they complain that luck never comes to them4 ,well1 luck is really the chance of getting something good or of doing something great2 the thing is to look out for every chance and seize it--run at it and jump on--don't sit down and wait for it to pass you4 ,opportunity is a tramcar which has very few stopping places4 ,,choose ,a ,,career4--,be ,prepared for what is going to happen to you in the future4 ,if you are in a situation where you are earning money as a boy what are you going to do when you finish that job8 ,you ought to be learning some proper trade to take up2 and save your pay in the meantime1 to keep you going till you get employment in your new trade4 ,and try to learn something of a second trade in case the first one fails you at any time1 as so very often happens4 ,if you want to serve your ,king and ,country there is the ,royal ,navy open to you1 a fine service with its grand traditions1 its splendid ships1 guns1 and seamen4 ,it takes you across the seas to our great ,colonies and to foreign lands1 from the frozen ,arctic to the tropical coasts of ,africa4 ,or there is the ,army1 with cavalry1 infantry1 artillery1 engineers1 and other branches1 in which you can wear the uniform of your country and do good work in every climate under the sun4 ,in either service a good and honourable career is open to you--for you have everything found for you1 food1 housing1 clothing1 and hospital1 with good pay and the certainty of promotion and pension for the rest of your life if you make up your mind to serve loyally1 steadily1 and well4 ,in such a career you have plenty of adventure and you are among good comrades and friends4 ,and if you start early to save your pay1 and not to throw it away as too many do1 you can easily put by #be a year in the bank4 ,the instructor should similarly give advice on other trades and professions1 especially those in the neighbourhood4 ,,practices ,,in ,,self-,,improvement4 ,,market ,,gardening4--,the patrol or troop can work an allotment or other garden and sell the produce for their fund4 ,,for ,a ,,troop ,,or ,a ,,number ,,of ,,troops4--,offer a good prize for the best article made by a scout with materials which have not cost more than #bs4 ,entrance fee to competition #c;d4 ,have an exhibition of these1 coupled with displays and scenes1 etc41 by the scouts1 and take money at the doors4 ,at the end sell the articles by auction3 the articles which fetch the highest prices win the prizes4 ,,instruction ,,classes in ,esperanto1 ,bookkeeping1 ,mechanics1 ,electricity1 and1 especially1 ,shorthand4 ,,army ,,class4--,at the ,home ,office ,school1 ,stoke ,farm1 boys are put through the same examination as in the ,army ,schools for promotion certificates4 ,they thus know their classification should they then go into the ,army4 ,,memorizing4--,read something to the boys1 a line or two at a time1 to see who can repeat it best4 ,to concentrate the mind and develop memory4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,boundy of ,exeter has had great success in developing intelligence amongst his lads by taking parties of them round to see the different factories in ,exeter4 ,they all take notes and rough drawings as they go along and reproduced them the following meeting1 and report on what they have seen4 ,,information ,,on ,,professions1 ,,etc4 ,conditions of service in the ,royal ,navy1 ,army1 ,post1 ,telegraph1 or ,police can be obtained at the nearest ,post ,office or ,police ,station4 ,conditions of service in the ,mercantile ,marine or ,training for it can be obtained from the ,navy ,league3 ,lancashire ,sea ,training ,home for boys from #ac-a_/b to #ae-a_/b41 #bh ,chapel ,street1 ,liverpool4 ,post ,office ,savings ,bank1 ,penny ,banks and ,benefit ,societies exist in all leading towns and will give full information4 ,as an example3 ,national ,deposit ,friendly ,society1 #cg ,queen ,square1 ,southampton ,row1 ,london4 ,payments for children from #f;d4 a month1 adults #bs4 #c;d4 and entitles them to sick pay1 pension1 funeral expenses1 in addition to their own cash capital4 ,so soon as it becomes possible organise an employment agency for getting your boys in touch with employers1 etc4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,thrift1 by ,samuel ,smiles4 #bs4 7,john ,murray47 ,one ,hundred and ,one ,ways of ,making ,money4 #as4 7,sell ,odling1 ,london47 ,do ,it ,now1 by ,peter ,keary4 #as4 7,c4 ,a4 ,pearson ,ltd47 ,rabbits for ,profit1 by ,j4 ,brod4 #as4 ,the ,secrets of ,success1 by ,peter ,keary4 #as4 7,c4 ,a4 ,pearson ,ltd47 ,bees for ,pleasure and ,profit1 by ,swanson4 #as4 ,esperanto for the ,million4 #a;d4 7,stead1 #ci ,whitefriars ,street1 ,london1 ,e4,c47 ,cassell's ,handbooks4 #as4 #f;d4 each4 ,joinery1 ,pottery1 ,painters' ,work1 etc4 ,work ,handbooks series4 #as4 each4 ,on ,harness-making1 ,tinplate1 ,pumps1 ,bookbinding1 ,signwriting1 ,beehives1 etc4 ,how to ,make ,baskets1 by ,miss ,white4 #as4 ,rafia ,work1 by ,m4 ,swannell4 #bs4 7,geo4 ,philip ,son1 ,fleet ,street47 ,rafia or ,bast is the inner bark of a tree and is used for making baskets1 mats1 hats1 etc4 ,self ,help1 by ,s4 ,smiles4 #bs4 7,john ,murray47 ,see also ,papers on ,trades for ,boys in ,boys ,brigade ,gazette4 ,,contents ,,of ,,parts ,v4 and ,,vi4 ,,part ,v4 ,,saving ,,life ,,and ,,first-,,aid4 ,,patriotism ,,and ,,loyalty4 ,,part ,,vi4 ,,scouting ,,games1 ,,competitions1 ,,and ,,plays4 ,,words ,,to ,,instructors4 ,so great has been the success of this ,handbook1 ,scouting for ,boys1 that ,lt4-,gen4 ,baden-,powell has decided to complete it with ,part #f1 and make arrangements instead for a weekly penny paper for young men1 to be entitled3 ,,the ,,scout1 in order to get into quicker touch with the numerous scouting patrols being formed4 ,full particulars will be given later4 ,meanwhile all communications should be addressed to ,messrs4 ,c4 ,arthur ,pearson ,ltd41 #ag-ah ,henrietta ,street1 ,strand1 ,london1 ,w4,c41 who will be the publishers4 ,,what ,,parts ,i41 ,,ii41 and ,,iii4 ,,contain4 ,part ,i4--,,scoutcraft4 ,,special ,,foreword ,,for ,,instructors4--,the ,,boy ,,scouts scheme and its easy application to all existing organisations4 ,,scoutcraft4--,its wide uses and wide interest4 ,,summary ,,of ,,scout',s ,,course ,,of ,,instruction1 showing the scope of ,scout's work4 ,,organisation4--,dress1 secret signs1 scouts' songs1 and tests for badges of honour4 ,,scouts' ,,law ,,and ,,scouts' ,,honour under the guiding motto ,be ,prepared4 ,,scouting ,,games ,,and ,,practices for indoors and out of doors1 in town and in country4 ,part ,,ii4--,,tracking and ,,woodcraft4 ,,observation and its value2 how to use your eyes1 nose1 and ears1 and how to follow a night trail4 ,,spooring4--,tracks of men and animals and games in tracking4 ,,reading ,,sign and making deductions from it4 ,,woodcraft4--,how to stalk and how to hide properly4 ,,animals4--,how to stalk and know them--a better game than stamp collecting4 ,,birds1 ,,fishes1 ,,and ,,insects all scouts should know4 ,,plants ,,and ,,trees4 ,,games ,,and ,,competitions in ,tracking1 ,stalking1 and ,woodcraft4 ,part ,,iii4--,,life ,,in ,,the ,,open4 ,,camps ,,and ,,campaigning4 ,,pioneer ,,dodges4--,how to make huts1 knots1 and bridges4 ,,camp ,,comfort ,,hints4--,right ways to make fires and to keep the camp straight and clean4 ,,cooking4--,how to use your cooking-tin2 ideas for camp games4 ,,open ,,air ,,life4--,water games2 weather reading2 exploration at home2 night work4 ,,pathfinding4--,how to find your way2 methods of signalling by code1 whistle1 smoke1 flame1 and flag2 some good games4 ,part ,v4 ,,fortnightly4 ,price #d;d4 net4 ,,scouting ,,for ,,boys ,,by ,b-,p ,,published ,,by ,,horace ,,cox1 ,,windsor ,,house1 ,,bream',s ,,buildings1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,scouting for ,boys4 ,a ,,handbook ,,for ,,instruction ,,in ,,good ,,citizenship4 ,,by ,lieut4-,general ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,baden-,,powell1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,all communications should be addressed to-- ,,lieut4-,,general ,,baden-,,powell1 ,,boy ,,scouts' ,,office1 ,,goschen ,,buildings1 ,,henrietta ,,street1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 by whom ,scouts will be enrolled1 and from where all further information can be obtained4 ,copyrighted by ,lieut4-,general ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,baden-,,powell1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #aijh4 ,all rights reserved4 ,,continuation ,,of ,,part ,,iv4--,sobriety3 ,practise ,observation2 ,fortitude2 ,notes to ,instructors4 ,,part ,v4 ,,contents3 ,,chapter ,,viii4 7,commences on page #bgi47 ,,saving ,,life2 or1 ,how to ,deal with ,accidents4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarns4 #bc4--;,,be ,,prepared ,,for ,,accidents3 ,the ,knights ,hospitallers of ,st4 ,john2 ,boy ,heroes2 ,girl ,heroines2 ,life-,saving ,medals4 #bd4--;,,accidents ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,deal ,,with ,,them3 ,panic2 ,fire2 ,drowning2 ,horses2 ,mad ,dog2 ,miscellaneous4 #be4--;,,aid ,,to ,,the ,,injured3 ,first ,aid2 ,prevention of ,suicide4 ,,practices1 ,,games1 and ,,displays ,,in ,,life-,,saving4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,,contents3 ,,chapter ,,ix4 7,commences on page #cji74 ,,patriotism2 or1 ,our ,duties as ,citizens4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarns4 #bf4--,,our ,,empire3 ,how it ,grew2 ,how it must be ,maintained4 #bg4--;,,citizenship3 ,duties of ,scouts as ,citizens2 ,duties as ,citizen ,soldiers2 ,marksmanship2 ,helping the ,police4 #bh4--,,united ,,we ,,stand1 ,,divided ,,we ,,fall3 ,our ,flag2 ,our ,navy and ,army2 ,our ,government2 ,our ,king4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,,continuation ,,of ,,part ,,iv4 ,,sobriety4 ,remember that drink never yet cured a single trouble2 it only makes troubles grow worse and worse the more you go on with it4 ,it makes a man forget for a few hours what exactly his trouble is1 but it also makes him forget everything else4 ,if he has wife and children it makes him forget that his duty is to work and help them out of the difficulties instead of making himself all the more unfit to work4 ,a man who drinks is generally a coward--and one used to see it very much among soldiers4 ,nowadays they are a better class and do not drink4 ,some men drink because they like the feeling of getting half stupid1 but they are fools1 because once they take to drink no employer will trust them1 and they soon become unemployed and easily get ill1 and finally come to a miserable end4 ,there is nothing manly about getting drunk4 ,once a man gives way to drink it ruins his health1 his career1 and his happiness1 as well as that of his family4 ,there is only one cure for this disease1 and that is--never to get it4 ,,practise ,,observation4 ,a well-known detective1 ,mr4 ,justin ,chevasse1 describes how with a little practice in observation you can tell pretty accurately a man's character from his dress4 ,he tells the story of a ,duke who used to dress very shabbily4 ,one day this nobleman was travelling by train with a friend of his1 ,lord ,a4 ,a commercial traveller who was in the carriage got into conversation with them4 ,at one station the ,duke got out1 and after he was gone the commercial traveller asked ,who is the gentleman who has just got out8 ,oh1 said ,lord ,a1 that is the ,duke of ,x4 ,the commercial traveller was quite taken aback and said1 ,fancy that6 ,fancy him talking so affably to you and me4 ,i thought all the time that he must be a gardener4 ,i expect that that commercial traveller had not been brought up as a scout and did not look at people's boots3 if he had he would probably have seen that neither the ,duke's nor ,lord ,a's were those of a gardener4 ,the boots are very generally the best test of all the details of clothing4 ,i was with a lady the other day in the country1 and a young lady was walking just in front of us4 ,i wonder who she is said my friend4 ,well1 ,i said1 ,i should be inclined to say ,i wonder whose maid she is4 ,the girl was very well dressed but when ,i saw her boots ,i guessed that the dress had belonged to someone else1 had been given to her and refitted by herself--but that as regards boots she felt more comfortable in her own4 ,she went up to the house at which we were staying--to the servants' entrance--and we found that she was the maid of one of the ladies staying there4 ,dr4 ,gross relates the story of a learned old gentleman who was found dead in his bedroom with a wound in his forehead and another in his left temple4 ,very often after a murder the murderer1 with his hands bloody from the deed and running away1 may catch hold of the door1 or a jug of water to wash his hands4 ,in the present case a newspaper lying on the table had the marks of three blood-stained fingers on it4 ,the son of the murdered man was suspected and was arrested by the police4 ,but careful examination of the room and the prints of the finger-marks showed that the old gentleman had been taken ill in the night--had got out of bed to get some medicine1 but getting near the table a new spasm seized him and he fell1 striking his head violently against the corner of the table and made the wound on his temple which just fitted the corner4 ,in trying to get up he had caught hold of the table and the newspaper on it and had made the bloody finger-marks on the newspaper in doing so4 ,then he had fallen again1 cutting his head a second time on the foot of the bed4 ,the finger-marks were compared with the dead man's fingers1 and were found to be exactly the same4 ,well1 you don't find two men in #fd1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj with the same pattern on the skin of their fingers4 ,so it was evident there had been no murder1 and the dead man's son was released as innocent4 ,,fortitude4 ,in ,japan1 whenever a child is born1 the parents hang up outside the house either a doll or a fish1 according as the child is a girl or boy4 ,it is a sign to the neighbours3 the doll means it is a girl1 who will some day have children to nurse2 the fish means it is a boy1 who1 as he grows into manhood1 will1 like a fish1 have to make his way against a stream of difficulties and dangers4 ,a man who cannot face hard work or trouble is not worth calling a man4 ,illustration3 ,perseverance3 ,frogs in the ,milk4 ,some of you may have heard the story of the two frogs4 ,if you have not1 here it is3 ,two frogs were out for a walk one day and they came to a big jug of cream4 ,in looking into it they both fell in4 ,one said3 ,this is a new kind of water to me4 ,how can a fellow swim in stuff like this8 ,it is no use trying4 ,so he sank to the bottom and was drowned through having no pluck4 ,but the other was a more manly frog1 and he struggled to swim1 using his arms and legs as hard as he could to keep himself afloat2 and whenever he felt he was sinking he struggled harder than ever1 and never gave up hope4 ,at last1 just as he was getting so tired that he thought he must give it up1 a curious thing happened4 ,by his hard work with his arms and legs he had churned up the cream so much that he suddenly found himself standing all safe on a pat of butter6 ,so when things look bad just smile and sing to yourself1 as the thrush sings3 ,stick to it1 stick to it1 stick to it1 and you will come through all right4 ,,duty ,,before ,,all4--,you have all heard of ,lynch-,law1 by which is meant stern justice by hanging an evil-doer4 ,the name came from ,galway in ,ireland where a memorial still commemorates the act of a chief magistrate of that city named ,lynch who in the year #adic had his own son ,walter ,lynch executed for killing a young ,spaniard4 ,the murderer had been properly tried and convicted4 ,his mother begged the citizens to rescue her son when he was brought out from the jail to suffer punishment1 but the father foreseeing this had the sentence carried out in the prison1 and young ,lynch was hanged from the prison window4 ,the elder ,lynch's sense of duty must have been very strong indeed to enable him to make his feelings as a father give way to his conscience as a magistrate4 ,general ,gordon sacrificed his life to his sense of duty4 ,when he was besieged at ,khartum he could have got away himself had he liked1 but he considered it his duty to remain with the ,egyptians whom he had brought there although he had no admiration for them4 ,so he stuck to them and when at last the place was captured by the enemy he was killed4 ,,notes ,,to ,,instructors ,,religion4 ,,charles ,,stelzle1 in his ,boys of the ,streets and ,how to ,win ,them1 says3 ,sometimes we are so much concerned about there being enough religion in our plans for the boy that we forget to leave enough boy in the plans4 ,according to the notions of some1 the ideal boys' club would consist of prayer meetings and ,bible classes1 with an occasional missionary talk as a treat1 and perhaps magic lantern views of the ,holy ,land as a dizzy climax4 ,religion can and ought to be taught to the boy1 but not in a milk-and-watery way1 or in a mysterious and lugubrious manner2 he is very ready to receive it if it is shown in its heroic side and as a natural every-day quality in every proper man1 and it can be well introduced to boys through the study of ,nature2 and to those who believe scouting to be an unfit subject for ,sunday instruction1 surely the study of ,god's work is at least proper for that day4 ,there is no need for this instruction to be dismal1 that is1 all tears and texts4 ,arthur ,benson1 writing in the ,cornhill ,magazine1 says there are four ,christian virtues1 not three4 ,they are--,faith1 ,hope1 ,charity--and ,humour4 ,so also in the morning prayer of ,robert ,louis ,stevenson3 ,the day returns and brings us the petty round of irritating concerns and duties4 ,help us to play the man--help us to perform them with laughter and kind faces4 ,let cheerfulness abound with industry4 ,give us to go blithely on our business all this day4 ,bring us to our resting beds weary and content and undishonoured1 and grant us in the end the gift of sleep4 ,,thrift4 ,a very large proportion of the distress and unemployedness in the country is due to want of thrift on the part of the people themselves2 and social reformers1 before seeking for new remedies1 would do well to set this part of the problem right in the first place2 they would then probably find very little more left for them to do4 ,mr4 ,john ,burns1 in a recent speech1 pointed out that there is plenty of money in the country to put everyone on a fair footing1 if only it were made proper use of by the working man4 ,in some places1 it is true1 there is thrift--workmen save their pay and buy their own houses1 and become prosperous1 contented citizens in happy homes4 ,it is estimated that #ejj1jjj1jjj of working-men's money is invested in savings banks and friendly societies4 ,but there is a reverse to the medal4 ,this great balance represents savings of many years1 whereas it could be doubled in two or three years were men to give up drinking and smoking4 ,where we deposit #d per head per annum in savings banks1 other countries deposit far more1 although earning lower wages1 and in ,denmark such deposits amount1 on an average1 to #ai per head4 #aff1jjj1jjj were spent last year on drink1 and #be1jjj1jjj on tobacco4 ,this alone would be enough1 if divided amongst our thirty-five millions of poor1 to give #bb a year to each family2 and we know that this is only part of the extravagance of the nation4 ,from #hjjj to #aj1jjj a week is estimated to go into the pockets of the bookmakers at ,liverpool and its surrounding towns at football4 ,holiday1 or ,going ,off clubs1 are common in ,lancashire1 where workers save up money to spend on their holidays4 ,in ,blackburn alone #aag1jjj was thus expended last year4 ,at ,oldham #be1jjj was saved to be expended in festivities at the ,wakes4 ,the wastefulness in ,great ,britain is almost inconceivable1 and ought to be made criminal4 ,men draw big wages of #c and #d on ,saturday nights1 but have nothing to show for it by ,monday night4 ,if they had thrift a large majority of our working-men and their families might be in prosperous circumstances to-day1 but they have never been taught what thrift may be1 and they naturally do as their neighbours do4 ,if the rising generation could be started in the practice of economy1 it would make a vast difference to the character and prosperity of the nation in the future4 ,in ,manchester the school children are encouraged to save up their money by means of money-boxes1 and #dd1jjj of them now have deposits in the savings banks4 ,it has been found a very successful way of encouraging thrift4 ,for this reason we have instituted money-boxes for ,boy ,scouts4 ,,politeness4 ,an instance of politeness in war occurred at the ,battle of ,fontenoy1 when we were fighting against the ,french4 ,the ,coldstream ,guards coming up over a hill suddenly found themselves close up to the ,french ,guards4 ,both parties were surprised1 and neither fired a shot for a minute or two4 ,in those days when gallant men quarrelled1 they used to settle their differences by fighting duels with pistols4 ,at a duel both combatants were supposed to fire at the same moment when the word was given1 but it often happened that one man1 in order to show how brave he was1 would tell his adversary to fire first4 ,and so in this case4 ,when both parties were about to fire1 the officer commanding the ,british ,guards1 to show his politeness and fearlessness1 bowed to the ,french commander1 and said1 ,you fire first1 sir4 ,when the ,french ,guards levelled their rifles to fire1 one of the soldiers of the ,coldstreams exclaimed1 ,for what we are going to receive may the ,lord make us truly thankful4 ,in the volley that followed1 a great number of our men fell1 but the survivors returned an equally deadly volley1 and immediately charged in with the bayonet1 and drove the ,french off the field4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,saving ,,life2 or1 ,how to ,deal with ,accidents4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #bc4 ,,be ,,prepared ,,for ,,accidents4 ,the ,knights ,hospitallers of ,st4 ,john--,boy ,heroes and ,girl ,heroines--,life-,saving ,medals4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,the subjects in this chapter should not only be explained to the scouts1 but should also1 wherever possible1 be demonstrated practically1 and should be practised by each boy himself in turn4 ,theoretical knowledge in these points is nothing without practice4 ,,the ,,knights ,,of ,,st4 ,,john4 ,the knights of old days were called ,knights ,hospitallers1 because they had hospitals for the treatment of the sick poor and those injured in accidents or in war4 ,they used to save up their money to keep these hospitals going1 and they used to act as nurses and doctors themselves4 ,the ,knights of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem especially devoted themselves to this work #hjj years ago1 and the ,st4 ,john's ,ambulance ,corps is to-day a branch which represents those knights4 ,their badge is an eight-pointed white cross on a black ground1 and when worn as an ,order it has a black ribbon4 ,explorers and hunters and other scouts in out-of-the-way parts of the world have to know what to do in the case of accident or sickness1 either to themselves or their followers1 as they are often hundreds of miles away from any doctors4 ,for these reasons boy scouts should1 of course1 learn all they can about looking after sick people and dealing with accidents4 ,my brother was once camping with a friend away in the bush in ,australia4 ,his friend was drawing a cork1 holding the bottle between his knees to get a better purchase4 ,the bottle burst1 and the jagged edge of it ran deeply into his thigh1 cutting an artery4 ,my brother quickly got a stone and wrapped it in a handkerchief to act as a pad1 and he then tied the handkerchief round the limb above the wound1 so that the stone pressed on the artery4 ,he then got a stick1 and1 passing it through the loop of the handkerchief1 twisted it round till the bandage was drawn so tight that it stopped the flow of blood4 ,had he not known what to do1 the man would have bled to death in a few minutes4 ,as it was1 he saved his life by knowing what to do1 and doing it at once4 ,demonstrate how to bind up an artery1 and also the course taken by the arteries1 viz41 practically down the inside seam of sleeves and trousers4 ,accidents are continually happening1 and ,boy ,scouts will continually have a chance of giving assistance at first aid4 ,in ,london alone during the past year #bab people were killed and #ad1jjj were injured in street accidents4 ,we all think a great deal of any man who at the risk of his own life saves someone else's4 ,he is a hero4 ,boys especially think him so1 because he seems to them to be a being altogether different from themselves4 ,but he isn't2 every boy has just as much a chance of being a life-saving hero if he chooses to prepare himself for it4 ,it is pretty certain that nearly every one of you scouts will some day or another be present at an accident where1 if you know what to do1 and do it promptly1 you may win for yourself the life-long satisfaction of having rescued or helped a fellow-creature4 ,remember your motto1 ,,be ,,prepared4 ,be prepared for accidents by learning beforehand what you ought to do in the different kinds that are likely to occur4 ,be prepared to do that thing the moment the accident does occur4 ,i will explain to you what ought to be done in the different kinds of accidents1 and we will practise them as far as possible4 ,but the great thing for you scouts to bear in mind is that wherever you are1 and whatever you are doing1 you should think to yourself1 ,what accident is likely to occur here8 and1 ,what is my duty if it occurs8 ,you are then prepared to act4 ,and when an accident does occur1 remember always that as a scout it is your business to be the first man to go to the rescue2 don't let an outsider be beforehand with you4 ,suppose1 for instance1 that you are standing on a crowded platform at a station1 waiting for the train4 ,you think to yourself1 ,now1 supposing someone fell off this platform on to the rails just as the train is coming in1 what shall ,i do8 ,i must jump down and jerk him off the track on to the far side into the six-foot way--there would be no time to get him up on to the platform again4 ,or if the train were very close the only way would be to lie flat and make him lie flat too between the rails1 and let the train go over us both4 ,then1 if this accident happened1 you would at once jump down and carry out your idea1 while everybody else would be running about screaming and excited and doing nothing1 not knowing what to do4 ,such a case actually happened last year4 ,a lady fell off the platform at ,finsbury ,park ,station just as the train was coming in2 a man named ,albert ,hardwick jumped down and lay flat1 and held her down1 too1 between the rails1 while the train passed over both of them without touching them4 ,the ,king gave him the ,albert ,medal for it4 ,when there is a panic among those around you1 you get a momentary inclination to do as the others are doing4 ,perhaps it is to run away1 perhaps it is to stand still and cry out ,oh6 ,well1 you should check yourself when you have this feeling4 ,don't catch the panic1 as you see others do2 keep your head and think what is the right thing to do1 and do it at once4 ,then last year that disgraceful scene occurred on ,hampstead ,heath1 where a woman drowned herself before a whole lot of people in a shallow pond1 and took half-an-hour doing it1 while not one of them had the pluck to go in and bring her out4 ,one would not have thought it possible with ,englishmen that a lot of men could only stand on the bank and chatter1 but so it was--to their eternal disgrace4 ,it was again a case of panic4 ,the first man to arrive on the scene did not like going in1 and merely called another4 ,more came up1 but finding that those already there did not go in1 they got a sort of fear of something uncanny1 and would not go in themselves1 and so let the poor woman drown before their eyes4 ,had one ,boy ,scout been there1 there would ,i hope have been a very different tale to tell4 ,it was just the opportunity for a ,boy ,scout to distinguish himself4 ,he would have remembered his training4 ,do your duty4 ,help your fellow-creature1 especially if it be a woman4 ,don't mind if other people are funking4 ,plunge in boldly and look to the object you are trying to attain1 and don't bother about your own safety4 ,boys have an idea that they are too young and too small to take any but an outside part in saving life4 ,but this is a great mistake4 ,in the ,boys' ,brigade last year nine boys got the ,cross for saving life1 eight of them for saving other people from drowning4 ,all aged between #ac and #af4 ,cyril ,adion 7#ac7 and ,newlyn ,elliott 7#ag7 also saved lives from drowning last year1 and a small boy only nine years old1 ,david ,scannell1 was given a silver watch at ,st4 ,pancras for saving a child's life at a fire4 ,in addition to this1 a boy named ,albert ,abraham was recommended for the highest honour that any man can get for saving life1 and that is the ,albert ,medal4 ,three boys were climbing up some cliffs from the seashore1 when one of them fell to the bottom and was very badly hurt4 ,another climbed up the rest of the cliff and ran away home1 but told nobody for fear of getting into trouble4 ,the third one1 ,albert ,abraham1 climbed down again to the assistance of the boy who had fallen1 and he found him lying head downwards between two rocks1 with his scalp nearly torn off and his leg broken4 ,abraham dragged him up out of reach of the tide1 for where he had fallen he was in danger of being drowned1 and then replaced his scalp and bound it on1 and also set his leg as well as he could1 and bound it up in splints1 having learned the ,first ,aid duties of the ,st4 ,john's ,ambulance ,society4 ,then he climbed up the cliff and gathered some ferns and made a bed for the injured boy4 ,he stayed with him all that day1 and when night came on he still remained with him1 nor did he desert him even when a great seal climbed on to the rocks close to him and appeared to be rather aggressive4 ,he drove it off with stones4 ,parties went out and eventually rescued both boys1 but the injured one died soon after1 in spite of the efforts that ,albert ,abraham had made to save him4 ,in talking of boys ,i may as well state that the same remark applies to women and girls1 that they are not only capable of doing valuable work in saving life1 but they have done so over and over again4 ,for the ,albert ,medal a small girl aged nine has been recommended4 ,kate ,chapman endeavoured to rescue two small children from being run over by a runaway cart4 ,she succeeded in doing so1 but was herself run over and badly injured in the attempt4 ,mrs4 ,ann ,racebottom was awarded the ,albert ,medal in #ahha for rescuing some school children when the roof of the schoolhouse had fallen in upon them and she got them out by crawling in under the falling ruins at the greatest risk to her own life4 ,doris ,kay1 of ,leytonstone1 is only eight years old1 but she was awarded the diploma for life saving by the ,royal ,humane ,society last year4 ,,life-,,saving ,,medals4 ,in war1 as you know1 the ,victoria ,cross is awarded to soldiers for performing acts of valour4 ,so1 in peace1 a decoration is given to anybody who distinguishes himself by bravery in saving life at the risk of his own4 ,the ,albert ,medal is the highest of these rewards4 ,the ,royal ,humane ,society also give medals or certificates4 ,the ,edward ,medal is granted for gallantry in accidents which so frequently happen in mines4 ,in the ,boys' ,brigade medals are given for acts of daring and self-sacrifice in saving life or marked courage in the face of danger4 ,in the ,boy ,scouts we have a medal for gallantry1 which is granted for similar acts4 ,but of all these the ,albert ,medal and the ,edward ,medal are the most valued1 being given by the ,king himself1 and only in very special cases4 ,so let every ,boy ,scout prepare himself to win one of these4 ,some day1 most probably1 an accident will happen before you to give you your chance4 ,if you have learnt beforehand what to do1 you can step forward at once and do the right thing2 you may find yourself decorated with the medal4 ,in any case1 you will have what is far greater than a mere medal--you will have the satisfaction of having helped a fellow-creature at the risk of your own life4 ,,practice ,,for ,,life ,,saving4 ,,flinging ,,the ,,squaler4 ,the squaler is a piece of cane1 #ai inches long1 loaded at the butt with #a-c_/dlb4 of lead1 and having attached to it at the other end a life-saving line of six-thread ,italian hemp4 ,the target is a crossbar and head1 life-size1 representing the head and arms of a drowning man1 planted in the ground twenty yards away4 ,each competitor throws in turn from behind a line drawn on the ground2 he may stand or run to make the throw4 ,whoever throws the furthest wins1 provided that the line falls on some part of the dummy1 so that it could be caught by the drowning man4 ,or have heats to find out who is the worst thrower4 ,practise throwing a life-belt in the same way4 ,practise making two lines of bucket-men1 for full and empty buckets4 ,each line to relieve the other frequently by exchanging duties4 ,practise carrying1 unrolling1 and rolling up hose4 ,joining up lengths4 ,affixing to hydrants4 ,throwing on water1 and directing its fall4 ,practise use of ladders1 poles1 ropes1 lowering people from window by ropes or bed-clothes4 ,jumping sheet and shoot-escape2 how to rig1 hold1 and use carpets or double blankets1 but not flimsy ones or sheets4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #bd4 ,,accidents ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,deal ,,with ,,them4 ,panic--,fire--,drowning--,runaway ,horse--,mad ,dog--,miscellaneous4 ,,panics4 ,every year numbers of lives are lost by panics1 which very often are due to the smallest causes1 and which might be stopped if only one or two men would keep their heads4 ,one evening1 two years ago1 on board a ferry-boat in ,new ,york1 a man who had been catching some crabs thought it would be a good joke to let one of them loose on board the boat4 ,this crab caught hold of the ship's cat and made it squeal1 and it jumped into the middle of a crowd of schoolgirls1 who at once scattered screaming4 ,this started a panic among the hundreds of passengers on board2 they rushed in every direction1 and in a moment the railings broke and eight people fell overboard1 and before anything could be done they were swept away by the tide and drowned4 ,in ,germany1 a girl who was bathing suddenly pretended to be drowning1 just for fun4 ,three men sprang into the river to rescue her1 but one began to sink1 and another went to his help1 and both were drowned4 ,and only last ,september a tobacconist in a town in ,russia1 on opening his shop in the morning1 saw a big black bomb lying on the counter4 ,he rushed out into the street to get away from it1 and a policeman seeing him running mistook him for a thief1 and when he would not stop he fired at him4 ,the bullet missed him1 but hit another man who was a ,jew2 the remainder of the ,jews immediately collected and made a riot1 and many lives were lost4 ,after it was over1 the tobacconist went back to his shop and found the bomb still on his counter1 but it was not a bomb1 it was only a black water-melon6 ,only the other day occurred a case of panic among children in a theatre at ,barnsley1 when a crush and panic occurred from no cause at all except overcrowding1 and eight children were crushed to death4 ,more lives would certainly have been lost had not two men kept their heads and done the right thing4 ,one man named ,gray called to a number of the children in a cheery voice to come another way1 while the man who was working a lantern-slide show threw a picture on the screen and so diverted the attention of the rest1 and prevented them catching the panic4 ,that is the great point in a panic4 ,if only one or two men keep their heads and do the right thing on the spur of the moment1 they can often calm hundreds of people and thus save many lives4 ,this is a great opportunity for a ,boy ,scout4 ,force yourself to keep calm and not to lose your head4 ,think what is the right thing to do and do it at once4 ,,rescue ,,from ,,fire4 ,instances of gallant rescues of people from burning houses are frequent4 ,one sees them every day in the newspapers1 and scouts should study each of these cases as they occur1 and imagine to themselves what they would have done under the circumstances1 and in this way you begin to learn how to deal with the different accidents4 ,an instance occurred only the other day where a young sailor named ,george ,obeney stationed at ,chatham in ,h4,m4,s4 ,andromeda was walking along the ,kingsland ,road1 when he suddenly saw a house on fire1 and a woman on the second storey was screaming that she had some children there who could not get out4 ,the sailor rushed from his friends and somehow scrambled up the face of the wall till he reached the window on the first storey and broke in that window so that he could obtain room to stand4 ,the woman at the window above was then able to lower a child so that he could catch it1 and he again passed it down to the ground4 ,child after child was thus handed down till he passed six of them to the ground1 and finally two women1 and then he1 overcome by smoke himself1 fell insensible1 but was caught by the people below4 ,his act was an example to you of how to do your duty ,,at ,,once without thinking of dangers or difficulties4 ,in ,january1 #aijf1 at ,enfield ,hospital1 the ,children's ,ward caught fire in the middle of the night1 and a number of children would probably have been burnt before the firemen arrived on the spot had it not been that the matron1 ,miss ,eardley1 rushed over from her house in her nightdress and fixed up the fire-hose and played it on the flames while the two night nurses set to work and rescued twenty children out of the burning building4 ,the ,boys' ,life ,brigade have taken up the instruction of boys in what to do in cases of fire4 ,,directions4 ,these are some of their directions3 ,if you discover a house on fire you should #ast4 ,alarm the people inside4 #bnd4 ,warn the nearest policeman or fire brigade station4 #crd4 ,rouse neighbours to bring ladders1 mattresses1 carpets1 to catch people jumping4 ,after arrival of fire engines the best thing boys can do is to help the police in keeping back the crowd out of the way of the firemen1 hose1 etc4 ,the ,boys' ,life ,brigade are taught a certain drill called ,scrum for keeping back the crowd4 ,they form a line or double line1 and pass their arms round each other's waists1 and shove1 head down1 into the crowd1 and so drive it back4 ,if it is necessary to go into a house to search for feeble or insensible people1 the thing is to place a wet handkerchief or worsted stocking over your nose and mouth and walk in a stooping position1 or crawl along on your hands and knees quite near the floor1 as it is here that there is least smoke or gas4 ,also1 for passing through fire and sparks1 if you can1 get hold of a blanket and wet it1 and cut a hole in the middle through which to put your head1 it forms a kind of fireproof mantle with which you can push through flames and sparks4 ,practise this4 ,when a fire occurs anywhere near the ,boy ,scouts should assemble their patrols as quickly as possible1 and go off at scouts' pace to the fire1 guided by the glare or the smoke4 ,then the patrol leader should report to the police or firemen1 and offer the help of his patrol either to keep the crowd back or to run messages or guard property or to help in any way4 ,if you find a person with his clothes on fire1 you should throw him flat on the floor1 because flames only burn upwards1 then roll him up in the hearthrug or carpet1 coat or blanket1 and take care in doing so that you don't catch fire yourself4 ,the reason for doing this is that fire cannot continue to burn when it has no air4 ,then pour water over the patient to put out all sparks4 ,illustration3 ,dragging ,insensible ,man3 ,both heads down near the floor4 ,when you find an insensible person 7and very often in their fright they will have hidden themselves away under beds and tables1 etc471 you should either carry him out on your shoulder1 or what is often more practicable in the case of heavy smoke1 gas fumes1 etc41 harness yourself on to him with sheets or cords1 and drag him out of the room along the floor1 crawling on all fours yourself4 ,practise this by tying a bowline round the patient's waist1 another round his ankles1 and another round your own neck4 ,turn your back to him1 go on all fours with the rope underneath you1 and thus drag him out4 ,also practise the ,fireman's ,lift for getting an insensible person on to your shoulders4 ,,rescue ,,from ,,drowning4 ,the list of ,boys' ,brigade heroes shows you what a large proportion of accidents are due to not knowing how to swim4 ,it is therefore most important that every boy should learn to swim1 and having done so to learn how to save others from being drowned4 ,mr4 ,holbein1 the great ,channel swimmer1 writing in ,the ,boys' ,own ,paper1 points out that a boy1 when learning to swim1 should learn first how to get in and out of a boat1 i4e41 by climbing in over the stern4 ,secondly1 how to support himself on an oar or plank1 i4e41 by riding astride on it1 or by catching hold of one end and pushing it before him and swimming with his legs4 ,thirdly1 how to get into a floating lifebuoy1 i4e41 by shoving the nearest side of it down under water and capsizing it over his head and shoulders1 so that he is inside it when it floats4 ,fourthly1 how to save life4 ,practise these at swimming baths or bathing parade4 ,a moderate swimmer can save a drowning man if he knows how1 and has practised it a few times with his friends4 ,the popular idea that a drowning person rises three times before he finally sinks is all nonsense4 ,he often drowns at once1 unless someone is quick to help him4 ,the important point is not to let the drowning person catch hold of you1 or he will probably drown you too4 ,keep behind him always4 ,if you find yourself clutched by the wrist1 turn your wrist against his thumb1 and force yourself free4 ,your best way in helping a drowning man is to keep behind and hold him up by the hair1 or by the back of the neck1 or by putting your arms under his armpits1 and telling him to keep quiet and not to struggle2 if he obeys1 you can easily keep him afloat2 but otherwise be careful that in his terror he does not turn over and catch hold of you4 ,if he should seize you by the neck1 ,holbein says1 ,scrag him1 and scrag him quickly4 ,place your arm round his waist1 and the other hand1 palm upwards1 under his chin1 with your finger-tips under his nose4 ,pull and push with all your might1 and he must perforce let go4 ,but you will never remember this unless you practise it frequently with other boys first1 each taking it in turns to be the drowning man rescuer4 ,practise this4 ,among the innumerable cases of saving life from drowning1 ,mr4 ,scullion was recommended for the ,albert ,medal4 ,he sprang into the river to save a boy from drowning who had fallen between the wharf and the ship's side4 ,when he got hold of the boy there was no room for him to swim in that narrow space1 and the tide was very strong1 so he dived down1 taking the boy with him1 under the ship's bottom1 and came up in open water on the other side of the ship1 and then easily swam to a boat and thus rescued him4 ,had he not kept his head and dived under the ship1 it is probable that both would have been drowned4 ,any of you who cannot swim as yet1 and who fall into the water out of your depth1 remember that you need not sink if you can remember to do the following things4 ,first1 keep your mouth upwards by throwing the head well back4 ,secondly1 keep your lungs full of air by taking in long breaths1 but breathe out very little4 ,thirdly1 keep your arms under water4 ,to do this you should not begin to shout1 which will only empty your lungs1 and you should not throw your arms about or beckon for help1 else you will sink4 ,practise this position4 ,if you see a person fall into the water and begin to drown1 and you yourself are unable to swim1 you must throw him a rope1 or an oar1 or plank right over him1 so that when he comes up again he may clutch at it and hold it4 ,if a person falls through ice1 and is unable to get out again because of the edges breaking1 throw him a rope1 and tell him not to struggle4 ,this may give him confidence until you can get a long ladder or pole which will enable him to crawl out1 or will allow you to crawl out to catch hold of him4 ,,rescue ,,from ,,runaway ,,horses4 ,accidents are continually recurring from runaway horses running over people4 ,in fact1 on an average1 the number of runaway horses that are stopped by policemen during the year amounts to over two hundred2 and it is well that everybody should know how to stop a runaway horse1 and thus to save numerous accidents and injuries4 ,private ,davies1 of the #afth ,lancers1 was awarded the ,albert ,medal1 at ,aldershot1 for stopping the horses of an artillery wagon1 which had become unmanageable and run away4 ,the driver1 who was riding one of them1 had been thrown off1 and the horses were careering down hill towards the married quarters of the cavalry barracks1 where a number of children were at play1 when ,private ,davies1 seeing the danger to the children1 ran to the horses1 and seizing the off horse with his right hand1 held on to the shaft with his left1 and endeavoured to stop the waggon4 ,he was dragged in that position for some yards when the chain fastening the shafts to the waggon gave way and let the shafts fall1 bringing ,davies also to the ground4 ,the waggon passed over his legs1 and very severely injured him1 and1 though he did not actually succeed in stopping the horses1 he so diverted them from their course that time was given for the children to be saved from being run over4 ,not long ago a lady was being run away with by her horse in ,hyde ,park4 ,the animal was tearing along quite mad with fright1 and though she was a good rider and kept her head1 she had no control over him whatever4 ,the danger was that the road on which he was galloping1 though straight for a good distance1 turned at the end very sharply1 and was bounded by a high iron railing4 ,now a horse when he is thoroughly frightened seems to lose his sight as well as his wits2 he will run over a cliff or into a wall without trying to stop1 and on this occasion it seemed most likely that he would charge into the great iron railings at the end of the road1 and the consequences to the girl on his back would have been too awful to think of4 ,in front of her as she came thundering along were two gentlemen riding quietly along talking together1 heading in the same direction that she was going4 ,one of them--it was the ,hon4 ,george ,wyndham1 at that time ,chief ,secretary for ,ireland--turned his head to see what was happening behind him1 and in one moment he grasped the whole situation1 saw what to do1 and did it4 ,he saw that a girl was being rushed to her death by the maddened horse if something were not done to stop it1 or to make it turn round the corner at the end of the road which was now not far away4 ,now what would any of you have done had you been in ,mr4 ,wyndham's place8 ,he saw that to put his horse across her path would be easy1 but if he did so it would probably throw both horses down1 and possibly kill both riders2 so what he did was to put his own horse at once into a gallop1 and for a moment it looked as if he were running away1 with the lady chasing him at full speed4 ,but it soon became evident what he was doing4 ,he gradually let the lady's horse overtake him until its head was abreast of him and close alongside him1 then he gradually turned his own horse for taking the corner1 and1 pressing all the time against the shoulder of the lady's horse1 forced it also gradually to turn with him till it was safely directed away from the railings and into the new direction of the road1 and here1 while still keeping partly ahead of it1 he got hold of its reins1 and in a short time succeeded in pulling it up and bringing it to its senses4 ,this is a lesson to everyone to ,,be ,,prepared1 even at most ordinary moments of strolling along1 talking to a friend1 to spring at once to the assistance of a fellow-creature who is in danger4 ,the other day ,i myself found a horse and cab running away over ,westminster ,bridge1 but ,i stopped it without any difficulty4 ,the way to stop a runaway horse is not to run out in front of it and wave your arms1 as so many people do1 but to try and race alongside it1 catch hold of the shaft to keep yourself from falling1 and seize the reins with the other hand1 and drag the horse's head round towards you1 and so turn him until you can bring him up against a wall or house1 or otherwise compel him to stop4 ,but1 of course1 for a boy1 with his light weight1 this is a very difficult thing to do4 ,the share he would have in such an accident would probably be to look after the people injured by the runaway horse4 ,,miscellaneous ,,accidents4 ,one cannot go through the whole list of accidents that might come under your notice1 but the point is that a scout should always remember to keep his head1 and think what is the right thing to do at the moment1 and be the man to do it1 even under the most unexpected circumstances4 ,police-,sergeant ,cole was awarded the ,albert ,medal some years ago for removing a dynamite bomb1 which he found in ,westminster ,hall4 ,it was already lit for exploding1 and instead of running away and taking cover himself he snatched it up and rushed out of the place and flung it away1 and very nearly lost his life in the explosion which followed immediately after4 ,had he hesitated to think what would be the best thing to do he would probably have lost his own life1 and have allowed the place to be smashed up4 ,a man named ,john ,smith was awarded the ,albert ,medal1 because one day1 when at his work in a steel-casting factory1 a great1 red-hot steel ingot1 weighing #bf tons1 was about being hoisted out of a casting-pit1 when one of the workmen named ,stanley slipped1 and fell into the pit1 which was fifteen feet deep1 alongside the ingot in a space of about two feet1 which existed between the ingot and the wall of the pit4 ,john ,smith immediately got a ladder and ran down into the next pit1 from which there was a passage communicating into the first one1 and in this way he managed to get into the lower part of the ingot pit and drag ,stanley out of it into the empty one4 ,stanley died of his burns two days later1 but ,smith1 though badly burnt himself1 recovered to wear the ,albert ,medal4 ,,mad ,,dog4 ,a dog that is mad runs along snapping at everybody in his path4 ,every scout should know what to do when there is a mad dog about1 and should be prepared to do it4 ,sir ,thomas ,fowell ,buxton was one day out for a ride when his dog1 which was running with him1 went mad1 and started to run through the town4 ,sir ,thomas edged him off the road and drove him into a garden4 ,he then jumped off his horse1 ran at the dog1 and succeeded in grabbing him by the neck without getting bitten4 ,then followed a tremendous struggle between man and dog4 ,at last the gardener came and brought a chain which ,sir ,thomas then clipped on1 and only when the other end had been securely fastened to a tree he let go his hold of the dog4 ,the dog was then raving mad and tore at his chain so badly that it was in danger of breaking1 when ,sir ,thomas went at him again with a second and stronger chain1 and pinning him down by the neck with a pitchfork he fastened it on to him4 ,when this was done and the pitchfork removed the dog sprang at him with such force that it burst the old chain4 ,luckily the new one held4 ,and soon after the dog died4 ,the way to prevent a dog biting you is to hold a stick1 or even a handkerchief1 in your two hands across your front1 and the dog will generally try to paw it down before he actually bites you1 and you may thus get a chance of landing him a kick under the jaw4 ,,practices ,,in ,,life-,,saving4 ,practise scrum for keeping back crowd at fire4 ,practise holding and wrestling with drowning men4 ,how to prevent a man shooting another with pistol4 ,make ladders out of poles1 twine1 and cross sticks4 ,instruct scouts to know the position of neighbouring fire plugs and hydrants1 police points1 fire alarms1 fire stations1 ambulances1 hospitals1 etc4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,manual of ,boys' ,life ,brigade3 ,life-saving ,drill4 ,price #b;d4 7#ef ,old ,bailey1 ,london47 ,manual of ,fire ,drill of ,london ,county ,council4 #as4 7,p4 ,king and ,son1 #i ,bridge ,street1 ,westminster47 ,swimming4 ,by ,prof4 ,holbein4 #as4 7,a4 ,pearson1 ,ltd47 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #be4 ,,helping ,,others4 ,rendering ,first ,aid--,suicides--,how to ,carry a ,patient4 ,,rendering ,,first ,,aid4 ,,note ,,to ,,instructor4--,it is impossible in the short space at one's disposal to give all the details of ,first ,aid4 ,these can be found in any of the books mentioned at the end of this ,camp ,fire ,yarn4 ,in an accident when you are alone with the injured person1 if he is unconscious lay him on his back with his head a little raised and on one side so that he does not choke1 and so that any vomit or water1 etc41 can run out of his mouth4 ,loosen the clothing about his neck and chest4 ,see where he is injured and treat him according to what you are taught in learning ,first ,aid4 ,if you have found the man lying insensible you should carefully examine the ground round him for any sign1 and take note of it and of his position1 etc41 in case it should afterwards appear that he had been attacked by others4 ,practise above1 one boy as patient1 the other to find him4 ,make sign round the patient4 ,if you are out with a patrol and an accident happens1 or you find an injured man1 the patrol leader should direct one scout to go for a doctor2 he himself will attend to the patient with one scout to help him4 ,the corporal will use the other scouts in assisting by getting water or blankets1 or making a stretcher1 or keeping the crowd back4 ,as a rule1 it is best to keep the patient quite quiet at first2 unless it is necessary1 do not try to move him2 and don't bother him with questions until he recovers a bit4 ,practise above4 ,illustration3 ,artificial ,breathing3 ,schfer ,system4 ,,artificial ,,breathing4--,to restore anyone who is apparently drowned1 it is necessary at once to clear the water out of his lungs1 for which purpose therefore you should incline him face downwards and head downwards1 so that the water may run out of his mouth1 and to help it you should open his mouth and pull forward his tongue2 take off the wet clothing and wrap him in blankets if possible1 and rub and move his limbs as much as possible to get back the circulation of the blood4 ,after running the water out of the patient1 place him on his side with his body slightly hanging down1 and keep the tongue hanging out4 ,if he is breathing let him rest2 if he is not breathing1 you must at once endeavour to restore breathing artificially4 ,lay him flat on his front with his arm bent and placed under his forehead to keep his nose and mouth on the ground4 ,put a folded coat or pillow under his chest and let his head hang down4 ,in this way his tongue will not block his throat1 and any water or slime can run out4 ,then either stand astride of him or kneel alongside him1 and1 placing both your hands on his lower ribs1 press steadily down and forwards to drive any air out of his body for three or four seconds1 and then ease up to let the air come in again through the throat1 then press down again4 ,continue this pressing and easing1 counting four to each movement1 until the patient begins to breathe again4 ,sometimes this doesn't happen till you have been trying for an hour or even more4 ,this is called the ,schafer method1 and can be used equally well for drowned people or for those overcome with smoke or gas fumes4 ,make the scouts1 in pairs1 practise above4 ,,smoke ,,or ,,fumes4--,accidents are continually occurring from escapes of gas in mines1 sewers1 and houses4 ,in endeavouring to rescue a person1 keep your nose and month well covered with wet rags1 and get your head as close to the floor as possible1 and drag the insensible person out as ,i have suggested in case of a fire4 ,drag your patient as quickly as possible into the fresh air--7,i say as quickly as possible1 because if you delay about it you are very apt to be overcome by the noxious gas yourself7--then loosen all his clothing about the neck and chest1 dash cold water in his face and apply burnt feathers under his nose4 ,if you find that he is no longer breathing1 then treat him as you would a drowned person1 and try and work back the breath into his body4 ,,burns4--,in treating a man who has been burnt1 remove his clothes1 not by peeling them off1 but by cutting them with a ,,sharp knife or scissors4 ,if any part of the dress sticks to the skin from having been burnt there1 do not tear it away but cut the cloth round it1 then as quickly as possible protect the burnt parts from the air which causes intense pain4 ,the best way to protect them is by dusting them with powdered chalk or flour1 or by laying strips of lint well soaked in sweet oil or linseed oil1 and covering the whole with cotton wool4 ,keep the patient warm1 and give warm drinks1 such as hot tea1 hot milk1 or spirits and water4 ,major ,john ,garroway1 ,m4,d41 strongly recommends1 instead of flour or oil to stop the pain of a burn1 to put a piece of paper firmly over the wound1 and the pain will be relieved in a few seconds4 ,,acid ,,burning4--,a case occurred only the other day of a woman throwing vitriol over a man's face4 ,this is an awful acid which burns and eats away the flesh wherever it touches4 ,fortunately a policeman happened to be on the spot at the time and knew what to do4 ,he at once applied water to wash off the acid1 and then applied flour or whitening to protect the wound from the air and ease the pain4 ,,broken ,,limbs4--,you may get persons with broken limbs or stunned4 ,in the case of broken limbs you would learn what to do in passing your ambulance course1 which every boy scout ought to pass before he can be considered to be fully trained4 ,you would there learn how to know when a limb was broken1 and how to tie it up between splints made of pieces of wood1 rolls of newspaper or rushes1 bundles of twigs1 walking sticks1 or any other articles that will make a straight support for the limb4 ,practise this4 ,illustration3 ,pulling in a ,dislocated ,shoulder--an actual experience of mine in ,india4 ,,bleeding4--,when a man is bleeding badly from a wound1 squeeze the wound or the flesh just above it--that is between the wound and the heart--press it hard with your thumb to try and stop the blood running in the artery4 ,then make a pad with something like a flat rounded pebble1 and bind it over the wound4 ,if bleeding violently1 tie a handkerchief loosely round the limb above the wound and twist it tight with a stick4 ,demonstrate this4 ,keep the wounded part raised above the rest of the body if possible4 ,apply cold water1 or ice if possible1 wet rags1 etc4 ,,fainting4--,if your patient faints and is pale--fainting comes from too little blood in the head--let him lie flat down with head on the ground4 ,if his face is flushed raise the head--there is too much blood in it1 as in apoplexy or sunstroke4 ,,fits4--,a man cries out and falls1 and twitches and jerks his limbs about1 froths at the mouth1 he is in a fit4 ,it is no good to do anything to him but to put a bit of wood or cork between his jaws1 so that he does not bite his tongue4 ,let him sleep well after a fit4 ,,poisoning4--,if a person suddenly falls very ill after taking food1 or is known to have taken poison1 the first thing to do is to make him swallow some milk or raw eggs4 ,these seem to collect all the poison that is otherwise spread about inside him4 ,then1 if the mouth is not stained or burnt by the poison1 make him sick if possible by giving him salt and warm water1 and try tickling the inside of his throat with a feather4 ,then more milk and eggs and weak tea4 ,if the poison is an acid that burns1 the patient should not be made to vomit1 but milk or salad oil should be given4 ,the patient should be kept awake if he gets drowsy4 ,,blood-,,poisoning4--,this results from dirt being allowed to get into a wound4 ,swelling1 pain1 red veins appear4 ,fomenting with hot water is the best relief4 ,,choking4--,loosen collar2 hold the patient's nose with one hand and with the forefinger of the other1 or with the handle of a spoon try and pull out whatever is stuck in his throat4 ,by pressing down the root of the tongue you may make him sick and throw out the obstruction4 ,for slight choking make patient bend head well back and swallow small pills made of bread1 and sip of water4 ,sometimes a good hard smack on the back will do him good4 ,,snake ,,bite4 ,fortunately poisonous snakes are uncommon in ,england1 but if you travel in a colony you are sure to come across them1 and you ought always to know how to deal with bites from them4 ,the same treatment does also for wounds from poisoned arrows1 mad dogs1 etc4 ,remember the poison from a bite gets into your blood and goes all through your body in a very few beats of your pulse4 ,therefore1 whatever you do must be done immediately4 ,the great thing is to stop the poison rushing up the veins into the body4 ,to do this bind a cord or handkerchief immediately round the limb above the place where the patient has been bitten1 so as to stop the blood flying back to the heart with the poison4 ,then try and suck the poison out of the wound1 and1 if possible1 cut the wound still more1 to make it bleed1 and run the poison out4 ,the poison1 when sucked into the mouth1 does no harm unless you have a wound in your mouth4 ,the patient should also be given stimulants1 such as coffee or spirits1 to a very big extent1 and not allowed to become drowsy1 but should be walked about and pricked and smacked in order to keep his senses alive4 ,practise this process in make-believe4 ,,grit ,,in ,,the ,,eye4 ,do not let your patient rub the eye2 it will only cause inflammation and swelling1 and so make the difficulty of removing the grit all the greater4 ,if the grit is in the lower eyelid1 draw down the lid as far as you can1 and gently brush it out with the corner of a moistened handkerchief1 or with a paintbrush1 or feather4 ,if it is under the upper lid1 pull the lid away from the eyeball and push the underlid up underneath the upper one4 ,in this way the eyelashes of the lower lid will generally clean the inside of the upper one4 ,another way1 which every scout must practise1 is to seat your patient and stand behind him yourself with the back of his head against your chest4 ,lay a card1 match1 or any flat substance under your own thumb on the upper part of the upper eyelid and then catch hold of the edge of the eyelid and draw it upwards over the match so that it turns inside out2 gently remove the grit with a feather or wet handkerchief1 and roll the eyelid down again4 ,if the eye is much inflamed1 bathe it with lukewarm weak tea4 ,if the grit is firmly embedded in the eye1 drop a little oil 7olive or castor oil7 into the lower lid2 close the eye and bandage it with a soft wet pad and bandage1 and get a doctor to see it4 ,practise above4 ,,suicides4 ,i was once travelling in the train in ,algeria1 a part of ,north ,africa which belongs to the ,french1 and there was with me only one other passenger in the carriage1 a ,french farmer1 with whom ,i got into conversation4 ,he became very communicative1 and told me that if ,i had not come into the carriage he would by this time have been a dead man1 as he had got into the train with the intention of killing himself4 ,so ,i asked him about his troubles1 and1 as he unfolded them to me1 ,i was able to tell him various remedies which promised success for him in the future1 for he was chiefly upset over his recent failures in farming4 ,after we had been going on for some time1 he quite cheered up1 and told me that he was going to get out at the next station1 and go back and set to work in the way suggested4 ,you may have opportunities of saving people who are thinking of killing themselves4 ,the newspapers give cases of suicides almost every day1 and go into details of them1 because they know that so many people have a foolish love of reading horrors4 ,most people at one time or the other of their lives get a feeling that they will kill themselves2 as a rule they get over it in a day or two1 and find that it comes from nothing worse than an attack of indigestion1 liver1 or influenza1 or from disappointment1 or over-anxiety2 but there are others with weaker minds1 who read these newspaper accounts1 and brood over them till they can think of nothing else4 ,they hug the idea to themselves1 although with horror1 and get panic-stricken4 ,they think too much of their own trouble1 without thinking how the rest of the world is doing4 ,it only needs a sympathising friend to come along and take command of the would-be suicide1 and to give him something else to think about and to do4 ,you can point out that suicide does no good to anybody2 that it generally comes from something wrong with the bodily health1 which makes the patient hysterical2 that he has only got to command his own mind firmly1 and the attack will pass off again4 ,then1 if possible1 try to get a ,salvation ,army officer to see him2 he will probably set him right4 ,in this way you may be able to save lives4 ,the ,salvation ,army have now a department which gives advice to people who are feeling inclined to kill themselves4 ,this past year #aabe men and #ij women have applied to their ,london office alone2 and of these probably three-quarters would have killed themselves if it had not been for the sympathy and advice of the officers who reasoned with them1 and found for them ways out of their difficulties4 ,the official returns of suicides for the past year show a much smaller number than usual4 ,where a man has gone so far as to attempt suicide1 a scout should know what to do with him4 ,in the case of a man cutting his throat1 the great point is to stop the bleeding from the artery1 if it be cut4 ,the artery runs from where the collarbone and breast-bone join1 up to the corner of the jaw1 and the way to stop bleeding is to press hard with the thumb on the side of the wound nearest to the heart1 and pressure should be kept up as hard as possible until assistance arrives4 ,demonstrate this4 ,in a case where the would-be suicide has taken poison1 give milk and make him vomit1 which is done by tickling the inside of the throat with the finger or a feather1 or pouring down his throat a tumbler of water mixed with a tablespoon of mustard or salt4 ,in the case of hanging1 cut down the body at once1 taking care to support it with one arm while cutting the cord4 ,cut the noose1 loosen all tight clothing about the neck and chest4 ,let the patient have as much fresh air as possible1 throw cold water on the face and chest1 or cold and hot water alternately4 ,perform artificial breathing as in the case of apparently drowned people4 ,a tenderfoot is sometimes inclined to be timid about handling an insensible man or a dead man1 or even of seeing blood4 ,well1 he won't be much use till he gets over such nonsense2 the poor insensible fellow can't hurt him1 and he must force himself to catch hold of him2 when once he has done this his fears will pass off4 ,and if he visits a butcher's slaughterhouse he will soon get accustomed to the sight of blood4 ,at ,reading1 not long ago1 two men were severely reprimanded by the coroner for being afraid to go and cut down a man who had hanged himself--they only ran and fetched someone else1 and so he was killed4 ,what would you have done had you been one of the men8 ,,how ,,to ,,carry ,a ,,patient4 7,see ,national ,health ,society's ,manual47 ,,to ,,carry ,,single-,,handed ,,an ,,unconscious ,,person4--,turn patient on his face4 ,raise him into a kneeling posture4 ,kneel1 and place yourself across and under him1 so that his stomach rests on your right shoulder4 ,pass your right arm between his thighs and behind his right thigh4 ,with your left arm draw his left hand forwards under your left1 and grasp the wrist with your right hand2 then raise yourself to an erect position4 ,make scouts practise this in pairs4 ,illustration3 ,lifting ,insensible ,man4 ,,with ,,two ,,helpers ,,to ,,carry ,a ,,conscious ,,person4 7,see ,manual47 ,,stretchers may be arranged in some of the following ways3 7a7 ,a hurdle1 shutter1 door1 gate1 covered well with straw1 hay1 clothing1 sacking4 7b7 ,a piece of carpet1 blanket1 sacking1 tarpaulin1 spread out1 and two stout poles rolled up in the sides4 ,put clothes for a pillow4 7c7 ,two coats1 with the sleeves turned inside out2 pass two poles through the sleeves2 button the coats over them4 7d7 ,two poles passed through a couple of sacks1 through holes at the bottom corners of each4 ,illustration3 ,carrying ,insensible ,man4 ,in carrying a patient on a stretcher be careful that he is made quite comfortable before you start4 ,let both bearers rise together2 they must walk out of step1 and take short paces4 ,it should be the duty of the hinder bearer to keep a careful watch on the patient4 ,practise these different methods4 ,,how ,,to ,,practise4 ,in practising ,first ,aid it is a great thing to bespatter the patient with blood to accustom the rescuer to the sight of it1 otherwise it will often unnerve him in a real accident4 ,sheep's blood can be got from the butcher's shop4 ,prepare a heavy smoke fire in a neighbouring room or building 7if possible on the first floor71 while you are lecturing in the club room4 ,secretly arrange with two or three boys that if an alarm of fire is given they should run about frightened and try to start a panic4 ,have the alarm given either by getting someone to rush in and tell you of the fire1 or by having some explosive bombs fired4 ,then let a patrol1 or two patrols1 tackle the fire under direction of their patrol leaders4 ,they should shut windows and doors4 ,send scouts into different parts of the building to see if the fire is spreading1 and to search for people in need of rescue4 ,these scouts should have wet handkerchiefs over their months and noses4 ,insensible people 7or sack dummies7 should be hidden under tables1 etc4 ,scouts rescue them by shouldering or dragging them out and getting them down to the ground4 ,use jumping sheet1 shoot1 etc4 ,other parties lay and connect the hose1 or make lines for passing fire buckets4 ,another party revive the rescued by restoring animation4 ,another party form scrum to help the police and fire brigade by keeping the crowd back4 ,,games4 ,,dragging ,,race4 ,a line of patients of one patrol are laid out at one hundred yards distance from start4 ,another patrol1 each carrying a rope1 run out1 tie ropes to the patients1 and drag them in4 ,time taken of last in4 ,patrols change places4 ,the one which completes in shortest time wins4 ,knots must be correctly tied1 and patients' coats laid out under their heads4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,aid to the ,injured or ,sick4 ,h4 ,w4 ,gell1 ,m4,b4 ,twopence4 7,published by ,g4 ,gill ,sons1 #ac1 ,warwick ,lane1 ,london1 ,e4,c47 ,national ,health ,society's ,booklets1 one penny1 on hygiene and sanitation4 ,same publishers4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,patriotism2 or1 ,our ,duties as ,citizens4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #bf4 ,,our ,,empire4 ,how it ,grew--,how it ,must be ,held4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,the use of a large ,map of the ,empire is very desirable for illustrating this4 ,the ,arnold ,forster or the ,navy ,league or the ,league of the ,empire ,map are very good1 and we hope to issue one specialty designed for the ,boy ,scouts4 ,look up the local history of your neighbourhood1 and give your scouts the more interesting and dramatic bits of it1 on the actual scene of the events if possible4 ,,our ,,empire4 ,any of you who have travelled much about this country by train1 going for your holidays and so on1 know how two or three hours will take you a good long distance and six or eight hours will take you to the other end of ,england4 ,well1 if instead of hours you travelled for as many days1 even six or eight days would take you a very little way over our ,empire4 ,it would get you into ,canada1 but you would want several more days--not hours--to get you across that country4 ,eighteen days' hard travelling day and night would get you to ,india or ,south ,africa1 but either of these are little more than half way to ,australia4 ,and all that distance off1 across the seas1 on the other side of the world1 we have a ,british country into which you could put nine ,great ,britains and ,irelands4 #i ,united ,kingdoms #a ,australia4 #aj #a ,canada4 #f #a ,india and ,burma4 #e ,east ,africa1 ,uganda1 and ,soudan4 #e ,south ,africa4 #a ,new ,zealand4 #a-a_/b ,nigeria4 ,then there are numbers of smaller ,colonies or ,dependencies1 such as ,guiana 7nearly as big as the ,united ,kingdom71 ,north ,borneo1 ,new ,guinea1 ,somaliland1 ,straits ,settlements1 ,gold ,coast1 ,west ,indies1 ,tasmania1 etc41 and numbers of islands in ever sea all over the world4 ,our ,colonies together are something like forty times the size of the ,united ,kingdom at home4 ,our fellow-subjects amount to four hundred millions1 and comprise almost every known race4 ,almost every known species of wild animal occurs in ,british territory4 ,it is a magnificent ,empire over which the ,union ,jack flies1 but it is still only at the beginning of its development4 ,the territories are there1 but the people are only coming4 ,the white population of all these ,colonies only amounts to a little over a quarter of the population of our crowded little island4 ,we have nearly forty-four millions here2 they have among the colonies a little over eleven millions4 ,many of you scouts1 as you grow up1 will probably become scouts of the nation1 and will find your way to some of the ,colonies to help to push them up into big prosperous countries4 ,your scout's training will come in very useful to you there4 ,but when you go there you must be prepared to work1 and to work hard1 and to turn your hand to any kind of job4 ,,how ,,our ,,empire ,,grew4 ,all those vast ,colonies did not come to ,england of themselves4 ,they were got for us by the hard work and the hard fighting of our forefathers4 ,,america4--,when we first got to ,america it took ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 ,captain ,john ,smith1 and other great pioneers four or five months to get there in their little cockleshells of ships1 some of them only #cj tons measurement--no bigger than a ,thames barge4 ,nowadays you can get there in five or six days1 instead of months1 in steamers of #cj1jjj tons4 ,think of the pluck of those men tackling a voyage like that1 with very limited supply of water and salt food4 ,and1 when they got to land with their handful of men1 they had to overcome the savages1 and in some cases other ,europeans1 like the ,dutch1 the ,spaniards1 and the ,french2 and then they had hard work to till the ground1 to build settlements1 and to start commerce4 ,hard sailoring1 hard soldiering1 hard colonising by those old ,british sea-dogs1 ,sir ,francis ,drake1 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 ,hawkins1 ,frobisher1 and1 best of all to my mind1 ,captain ,john ,smith4 ,he left ,louth ,grammar ,school in ,lincolnshire to become a clerk in an office1 but he soon went off to the wars4 ,after two years' fighting he returned home4 ,he admitted he had gone out as a tenderfoot1 and had not properly prepared himself as a boy for a life of adventure2 so he set to work then and there to learn scouting4 ,he built himself a hut in the woods1 and learnt stalking game1 and killing and cooking it for himself2 he learnt to read maps and to draw them1 and also the use of weapons2 and then1 when he had made himself really good at scoutcraft1 he went off to the wars again4 ,he afterwards became a sailor1 fought in some very tough sea-fights1 and eventually1 in #afjg1 he went with an expedition to colonise ,virginia in ,america4 ,they sailed from ,london in three ships1 the biggest of which was only #ajj tons1 the smallest #cj tons4 ,but they got there after five months1 and started a settlement on the ,james ,river4 ,here ,john ,smith was captured by the ,red ,indians one day when out shooting 7as you have seen by the play in ,chapter ,i471 and they were proceeding to kill him when the ,king's daughter1 ,pocahontas1 asked for him to be spared4 ,after this the ,red ,indians and the ,whites got on good terms with each other4 ,pocahontas became a ,christian1 and married ,smith's lieutenant1 ,rolfe1 and came to ,england4 ,after many strange and exciting adventures in ,america1 ,john ,smith got much damaged by an accidental explosion of gunpowder1 and came home ill4 ,he eventually died in ,london4 ,he was a splendid character--and always did his duty in spite of all temptations to let it slide4 ,he was a tremendous worker1 very keen1 and very brave4 ,he was never defeated by any difficulty however great1 because he was always cheery under the worst of circumstances4 ,his motto was1 ,we were born not for ourselves1 but to do good to others1 and he acted up to it4 ,,in ,,south ,,africa we had to drive out the ,dutch and then fight the natives for our foothold1 which once gained we never let go--and though it has cost us thousands of lives and millions of money we have got it now4 ,,australia was got by our sailor-adventurers1 like ,captain ,cook1 outstripping all other nations in their plucky navigation of immense unknown oceans4 ,,india was practically in possession of the ,french when ,clive and ,wellesley drove them out1 and then in turn had to fight the hordes of fighting natives of the interior1 and gradually1 foot by foot1 by dint of hard fighting1 we have won that country for our ,empire4 ,,east ,,africa1 ,uganda1 and the ,soudan beyond ,egypt1 and ,somaliland have also been fought for and won in quite recent times4 ,and now in all of these we are spreading the blessings of peace and justice1 doing away with slavery and oppression1 and developing commerce1 and manufactures1 and prosperity in those countries4 ,other nations could formerly only look on and wonder1 but now they too are pressing forward in the race for empire and commerce1 so that we cannot afford to sit still or let things slide4 ,we have had this enormous ,empire handed down to us by our forefathers1 and we are responsible that it develops and goes ahead1 and above all that we make ourselves fit and proper men to help it to go ahead4 ,it won't do so of itself1 any more than it would have become ours of itself4 ,if we don't do this some other nation will take it from us4 ,if our island of ,england were attacked and taken1 down comes our ,empire like a house built of cards4 ,we have had this danger always1 even before our ,empire was a paying one and worth taking4 ,nowadays it is much more tempting for other people to take4 ,we defeated determined attacks of the ,dutch upon us in the old days4 ,the ,spaniards with their ,armada attempted to invade us1 when1 largely thanks to a storm1 we defeated them utterly4 ,then the ,french1 after a long struggle to best us1 had their invasion stopped by ,nelson's victory at ,trafalgar1 and their harmfulness ended by ,wellington at ,waterloo4 ,the ,french ,emperor had been so sure of success that he had had medals got ready to commemorate the capture of ,england4 ,and since helping in the defeat of the ,russians in the ,crimea we have been at peace with our ,continental neighbours4 ,let us hope that this peace will remain permanent4 ,,how ,,the ,,empire ,,must ,,be ,,held4 ,peace cannot be certain unless we show that we are always fully prepared to defend ourselves in ,england1 and that an invader would only find himself ramming his head against bayonets and well-aimed bullets if he tried landing on our shores4 ,the surest way to keep peace is to be prepared for war4 ,don't be cowards1 and content yourselves by merely paying soldiers to do your fighting and dying for you4 ,do something in your own self-defence4 ,you know at school how if a swaggering ass comes along and threatens to bully you1 he only does so because he thinks you will give in to him2 but if you know how to box and square up to him he alters his tone and takes himself off4 ,and it is just the same with nations4 ,it is much better that we should all be good friends--and we should all try for that--no calling each other names1 or jeering2 but if one of them comes along with the idea of bullying us1 the only way to stop him is to show him that you can hit and will hit if he drives you to it4 ,every boy should prepare himself1 by learning how to shoot and to drill1 to take his share in defence of the ,empire1 if it should ever be attacked4 ,if our enemies saw that we were thus prepared as a nation1 they would never dare to attack1 and peace would be assured4 ,remember that the ,roman ,empire #bjjj years ago was comparatively just as great as the ,british ,empire of to-day4 ,and though it had defeated any number of attempts against it1 it fell at last1 chiefly because the young ,romans gave up soldiering and manliness altogether2 they paid men to play their games for them1 so that they themselves could look on without the fag of playing1 just as we are doing in football now4 ,they paid soldiers to fight their battles for them instead of earning the use of arms themselves2 they had no patriotism or love for their grand old country1 and they went under with a run when a stronger nation attacked them4 ,well1 we have got to see that the same fate does not fall upon our ,empire4 ,and it will largely depend upon you1 the younger generation of ,britons that are now growing up to be the men of the ,empire4 ,don't be disgraced like the young ,romans1 who lost the ,empire of their forefathers by being wishy-washy slackers without any go or patriotism in them4 ,play up6 ,each man in his place1 and play the game6 ,your forefathers worked hard1 fought hard1 and died hard1 to make this ,empire for you4 ,don't let them look down from heaven1 and see you loafing about with hands in your pockets1 doing nothing to keep it up4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,teach the words and choruses of3 ,the ,maple ,leaf 7,canada71 ,the ,song of ,australia1 and other ,colonial songs4 ,god ,bless the ,prince of ,wales4 ,rule ,britannia4 ,hearts of ,oak4 ,the ,flag of ,britain4 ,god ,save the ,king4 7,j4 ,s4 ,maddison1 #cb ,charing ,cross47 ,apply to ,secretary1 ,league of the ,empire1 ,caxton ,hall1 ,westminster1 ,s4,w4 ,explore ,westminster ,abbey1 ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral1 the ,temple ,church1 etc41 with following books3 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral and ,westminster ,abbey1 both by ,mrs4 ,frewen ,lord1 #as4 7,published by ,clowes and ,son1 ,charing ,cross47 7,excellent short histories of our famous men and their deeds47 ,travels of ,captain ,john ,smith1 by ,dr4 ,rouse4 #f;d4 7,blackie47 ,the ,story of ,captain ,cook4 ,edited by ,john ,lang4 #as4 #f;d4 ,deeds that ,won the ,empire1 by ,fitchett4 ,heroes of ,pioneering 7in ,america1 ,india1 ,africa71 by ,sanderson4 7,seeley47 #bs4 #f;d4 ,excellent ,lantern ,slide ,lectures can be got on hire from the ,league of the ,empire1 ,caxton ,hall1 ,victoria ,street1 ,london1 on the history of our ,colonies and ,empire4 ,,display4 ,john ,nicholson was one of the finest among many fine ,britons who helped to rule ,india4 ,on one occasion he had a meeting of a number of chiefs at a time when they were beginning to show some signs of mutiny4 ,the most important one of these chiefs was called ,mehtab ,singh1 and just before the meeting he told the others that he for one was not afraid of the ,englishman1 and that he meant to swagger into the room with his shoes on4 7,it is the custom in ,india for natives to take off their shoes on entering the presence of a superior just as in ,england you take off your hat on coming in47 ,and he did so4 ,he walked in before them all with his shoes on4 ,nicholson did not appear to take any notice of it and went on with the meeting2 but at the end of it1 just as they were all leaving1 he suddenly stopped ,mehtab ,singh1 and ordered the others to wait4 ,he then reprimanded him for his insolence1 and ordered him to take off his shoes then and there and to walk out with them in his hand before all the other chiefs4 ,and so he had to go1 hanging his head with shame1 disgraced and humbled by the firmness of the ,british ruler4 ,this makes a good subject for a display4 ,scene in a great tent or hall in ,india4 ,nicholson 7with a black beard71 in a dark suit1 sitting on a throne in the centre1 with several ,british and native officers in red tunics grouped behind him4 ,native princes1 seated in chairs in semi-circle to either side of him1 all with white socks or bare feet1 except ,mehtab ,singh1 who has black shoes on1 put out well before him for all to see4 ,nicholson rises1 signs to the chiefs that they may go4 ,all rise and bow to him1 with both hands to the forehead4 ,as they turn to go he stops them4 ,stay1 gentlemen1 one moment4 ,i have a matter with you1 ,mehtab ,singh6 ,thou camest here intent to show contempt for me1 who represent your ,queen4 ,but you forget that you are dealing with a ,briton--one of that band who never brooks an insult even from an equal1 much less from a native of this land4 ,were ,i a common soldier it would be the same2 a ,briton1 even though alone1 amongst a thousand of your kind1 shall be respected1 though it brought about his death4 ,that's how we hold the world4 ,to plot against your master brings but trouble on yourself4 ,take off those shoes4 ,illustration3 ,mehtab ,singh4 ,mehtab starts1 draws himself up1 and glares at ,nicholson angrily4 ,nicholson very quietly and deliberately--,take--off--those--shoes4 ,points at them4 ,a pause4 ,mehtab looks round as if for help1 takes a step towards ,nicholson1 but catches his eye1 and stops4 ,he sinks slowly on one knee1 head down1 and slowly takes off his shoes4 ,rises1 keeping his head down1 slowly turns--,nicholson still pointing--and walks slowly out1 shoes in hand4 ,if a longer scene is required ,nicholson might then address the chiefs on the might of ,britain1 which1 though a small country1 is all powerful for good of the world1 and so he1 as representing her1 stands one among them for the good of the whole4 ,and that if they want peace and prosperity they themselves must be loyal and true to the hand that is arranging it4 ,nicholson's words are splendidly rendered in the poem by ,henry ,newbolt4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #bg4 ,,citizenship4 ,duties of ,scouts as ,citizens--,duties as ,citizen ,soldiers--,marksmanship--,helping the ,police4 ,,scout',s ,,duty ,,as ,a ,,citizen4 ,there are two ways by which every good ,briton ought to be prepared to keep up our ,empire4 ,the first is by peaceful means as a citizen4 ,if every citizen of the ,empire were to make himself a really good useful man1 our nation would be such a blessing to the civilised world1 as it has been in the past1 that nobody would wish to see it broken up by any other nation4 ,no other nation would probably wish to do it4 ,but to hold that position we must be good citizens and firm friends all round among ourselves in our country4 ,a house divided against itself cannot stand4 ,if a strong enemy wants our rich commerce and ,colonies1 and sees us in ,england divided against each other1 he would pounce in and capture us4 ,for this you must begin1 as boys1 not to think other classes of boys to be your enemies4 ,remember1 whether rich or poor1 from castle or from slum1 you are all ,britons in the first place1 and you've got to keep ,england up against outside enemies4 ,you have to stand shoulder to shoulder to do it4 ,if you are divided among yourselves you are doing harm to your country4 ,you must sink your differences4 ,if you despise other boys because they belong to a poorer class than yourself you are a snob2 if you hate other boys because they happen to be born richer and belong to higher class schools than yourself1 you are a fool4 ,we have got1 each one of us1 to take our place as we find it in this world and make the best of it1 and pull together with the others around us4 ,we are very like bricks in a wall1 we have each our place1 though it may seem a small one in so big a wall4 ,but if one brick gets rotten1 or slips out of place1 it begins to throw an undue strain on others1 cracks appear1 and the wall totters4 ,don't be too anxious to push yourself on to good billets4 ,you will get disappointments without end if you start that way4 ,work for the good of the ,state1 or of the business in which you are employed1 and you will find that as you succeed in doing this you will be getting all the promotion and all the success that you want4 ,try and prepare yourself for this by seriously taking up the subjects they teach you at school1 not because it amuses you1 but because it is your duty to your country to improve yourself4 ,take up your mathematics1 your history1 and your language--learning in that spirit1 and you'll get on4 ,don't think of yourself1 but think of your country and your employers4 ,self-sacrifice pays all round4 ,,duties ,,as ,,citizen-,,soldier4 ,a cuttle-fish is an animal with a small1 round body and several enormously long arms which reach out in every direction to hold on to rocks to enable it to keep its position and to get food4 ,great ,britain has been compared to a cuttle-fish1 the ,british ,isles being the body and our distant ,colonies the arms spread all over the world4 ,when anyone wants to kill a cuttle-fish he does not go and lop off one of its arms2 the other arms would probably tackle him and hold him for the cuttle-fish to eat4 ,no1 the way to kill a cuttle-fish is to suddenly stab him in the heart1 and then his arms fall helpless and dead4 ,well1 we have many powerful enemies round about us in ,europe who want very much to get hold of the trade in our great manufacturing towns1 and of the vast farm-lands in our ,colonies4 ,if they tried to lop off one of our ,colonies it would be like trying to lop off one of the arms of the cuttle-fish4 ,all the rest would tackle him at once1 as happened in the last war in ,south ,africa4 ,their only way--and they know it--is to stab suddenly at the heart of the ,empire1 that is to attack ,england4 ,if they succeeded1 the whole of the ,empire must fall at once1 because the different parts of it cannot yet defend themselves without help from home4 ,for this reason every ,briton who has any grit in him will ,,be ,,prepared to help in defending his country4 ,when ,mafeking was attacked by the ,boers1 the boys of the town made themselves into a ,cadet ,corps1 and did very useful work in the defence4 ,it is quite likely that ,england will some day be attacked just as ,mafeking was1 unexpectedly1 by a large number of enemies4 ,illustration3 ,cuttle ,fish4 ,if this happens1 every boy in the country should be prepared to take his place and help in the defence like those ,mafeking boys did4 ,we don't think much of a fellow who is no good at cricket or football1 and who only loafs about trying 7without success7 to look like a man by smoking cheap cigarettes4 ,but we ought really not to think too much of any boy1 even though a cricketer and footballer1 unless he can also shoot1 and can drill and scout4 ,that is the fellow who is going to be useful if ,england is attacked4 ,i hope that before long every eleven1 whether football or cricket1 will also make itself a good eleven for shooting and scouting and therefore useful for defence of our ,king and country when needed4 ,in the ,colonies boys think more of their shooting than of their games1 because the shooting is for their country1 the games for themselves4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt1 ,president of the ,united ,states of ,america1 writes3 ,the qualities that make a good scout are1 in large part1 the qualities that make a good hunter4 ,most important of all is the ability to shift for one's self--the mixture of hardihood and resourcefulness which enables a man to tramp all day in the right direction1 and1 when night comes1 to make the best of whatever opportunities for shelter and warmth may be at hand4 ,skill in the use of the rifle is another trait2 quickness in seeing game1 another2 ability to take advantage of cover1 yet another2 while patience1 endurance1 keenness of observation1 resolution1 good nerves1 and instant readiness in an emergency1 are all indispensable to a really good hunter4 ,roosevelt is not1 like certain men ,i know of1 a man who pays others to do his fighting for him1 but1 when ,america went to war with ,spain about ,cuba1 he went to the front as a soldier--like many good ,britons did in ,south ,africa--and was of greatest value to his side because he had begun life as a scout4 ,so make yourselves good scouts and good rifle shots in order to protect the women and children of your country if it should ever become necessary4 ,,marksmanship4 ,lord ,roberts1 who has seen more of war than almost anybody alive1 knows how terrible a thing it would be if war came into ,england1 and he urges everybody to join in preventing it by becoming a good marksman with the rifle4 ,thanks to him1 all those who have patriotism in them are taking it up everywhere4 ,the value of non-smoking again comes in rifle shooting4 ,i used to smoke myself as a youngster1 but ,i had to do some rifle shooting1 and when in training ,i found my eyesight was better when ,i did not smoke4 ,so ,i gave up smoking altogether1 and am very glad ,i did4 ,the boys of the ,international ,anti-,cigarette ,league bind themselves not to smoke1 in order to make themselves better men for their country--that is the best reason for doing it4 ,i heard another reason given the other day for not smoking1 and that was that ,st4 ,paul did not smoke4 ,i don't suppose he did4 ,tobacco wasn't invented in his time4 ,illustration3 ,boer ,boys ,shooting with ,crossbows4 ,the ,boers are all good shots1 and so are the ,swiss4 ,in both countries the boys begin learning marksmanship at an early age by using crossbows4 ,they have much the same action for the firer as the rifle1 since they are aimed from the shoulder and fired by pulling a trigger when the aim is taken4 ,boys trained with the crossbow have no difficulty in shooting accurately with a rifle directly it is put in their hands4 ,to be able to shoot well1 a great secret is to hold your rifle properly2 if it leans over a little bit to one side or the other the bullet will fly low over to that side4 ,keep your left arm well underneath the rifle to support it1 and hold it well into the shoulder with your left hand4 ,the right hand should have the thumb on the top of the stock1 and the forefinger as far round the trigger as you can get it2 then in firing don't give a pull with your forefinger or you will pull the aim off the target just as you fire2 you should squeeze the woodwork of the rifle between your thumb and forefinger1 and that will fire it with steadiness4 ,then when your rifle has gone off1 don't throw up the muzzle in a hurry1 but do like all old scouts1 continue to look along your sights after firing to see how much you have jumped off your aim in firing1 and try and correct it next time4 ,shooting at a fixed target is only a step towards shooting at a moving one like a man4 ,firing at moving objects is1 of course1 more difficult1 but more real1 because you will not find a deer or an enemy as a rule kind enough to stand still while you shoot at him1 he will be running and dodging behind cover1 so you have to get your aim quick and to shoot quick4 ,the very best practice for this is always to be aiming at moving objects with your staff1 using it as if it were a rifle4 ,aim first at the man1 then moving the muzzle a little faster than he is moving1 and fire while moving it when it is pointing where he will be a second or two later1 and the bullet will just get there at the same time as he does and will hit him4 ,,helping ,,police4 ,boy ,scouts can be of special use in assisting the police in towns4 ,in the first place every ,boy ,scout ought to know where the fixed police points are--that is1 where a constable is always stationed1 apart from the policemen on their beats4 ,he ought also to know where to find the fire alarm2 also where is the nearest fire brigade station1 and the nearest hospital or ambulance station1 and chemist4 ,on seeing an accident1 if you cannot help at it you should run and inform the nearest policeman1 and ask him how you can help him1 whether you can call a doctor1 a cab1 and so on4 ,if you hear a policeman's whistle sounding1 run and offer to help him1 it is your duty1 as he is a ,king's servant4 ,if you should happen to see a door or window left open and unguarded at night1 it is as well to inform a policeman on that beat1 but you should on no account attempt to do detective work by watching people or playing the spy4 ,if you find a lost child1 or lost dog1 or any lost property1 you should take them at once to the police station4 ,sir ,h4 ,poland1 ,k4,c41 had his watch snatched by a pickpocket the other day4 ,the thief darted away down the street2 but a small boy jumped on to a bike and followed him1 crying1 ,stop thief6 till he was caught--with the watch on him4 ,not only can boys help the police1 but girls also4 ,within the last few months ,i have noticed three cases of girls going to the assistance of constables who were in difficulties with violent men4 ,in each case the girl got the policeman's whistle and blew it for him until assistance arrived4 ,these heroines were ,miss ,edith ,harris at ,southampton1 ,miss ,bessie ,matthews in ,clerkenwell1 and ,mrs4 ,langley at ,brentford4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,marksmanship can be taught indoors with the ,blanchette ,air ,gun ,tube4 ,price four guineas with ,air ,rifle4 ,targets #aj;d4 per #ajj4 ,,crossbow4--,scouts can make their own crossbows and learn marksmanship with them4 ,get leave to use1 or join1 a ,miniature ,rifle ,club range4 ,,games4 ,,shoot ,,out4--,two patrols compete4 ,targets3 ,bottles or bricks set up on end to represent the opposing patrol4 ,both patrols are drawn up in line at about #bj to #be yards from the targets4 ,at the word fire they throw stones at the targets4 ,directly a target falls the umpire directs the corresponding man of the other patrol to sit down--killed4 ,the game goes on1 if there are plenty of stones1 till the whole of one patrol is killed4 ,or a certain number of stones can be given to each patrol1 or a certain time limit1 say one minute4 ,french and ,english1 or ,tug of ,war4--,one patrol against another4 ,,the ,,storming ,,of ,,badajoz4--,one patrol 7,french7 mounts on a very strong kitchen-table1 or bank1 and holds it against all comers4 ,the ,british attack1 and try to gain possession of the fortress by pulling the defenders off4 ,defenders may have half their number on the ground behind the rampart4 ,if the defenders pull a ,briton over the rampart on to the ground behind he is dead4 ,no hitting or kicking allowed4 ,badajoz was a ,spanish fortress held by #e1jjj ,french and ,spaniards4 ,it was attacked1 and stormed1 and taken by the ,british1 who lost #c1ejj in the assault1 on ,march #agth1 #ahab4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,the ,boys' ,book of ,bravery4 ,by ,power ,berry4 7,c4 ,a4 ,pearson47 ,the ,boys' ,book of ,battles4 ,by ,herbert ,cadett4 7,c4 ,a4 ,pearson47 ,rules for ,miniature ,rifle ,clubs4 ,secretary ,national ,rifle ,association1 ,bisley1 ,surrey4 ,,camp ,,fire ,,yarn4--,no4 #bh4 ,,united ,,we ,,stand4 ,,divided ,,we ,,fall4 ,our ,fleet and ,army--,our ,union ,jack--,our ,government--,our ,king4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,hoist the flag and salute it every morning when in camp1 and on special days get up a show1 or sports1 or competitions1 etc41 on such as ,king's ,birthday1 ,empire ,day1 ,may #bdth1 annually1 or on the day of the ,patron ,saint of your ,country3 ,st4 ,george1 ,april #bcrd2 ,st4 ,patrick1 ,march #agth2 ,st4 ,david1 ,march #ast2 ,st4 ,andrew1 ,nov4 #cjth4 ,get up tableaux or small pageants by the scouts to illustrate scenes from history of your town1 or of ,britain1 or of ,greater ,britain4 ,these interest the boys and impress the incident upon them1 and they educate spectators1 and bring in money for your funds4 ,take scouts to see meeting of town council and how business is carried out4 ,if in ,london1 take your boys to the ,museum of the ,royal ,united ,service ,institution1 ,whitehall1 and show them the models of ,waterloo and ,trafalgar2 the gun which we manufactured in ,mafeking2 the medals of different campaigns2 and a hundred other interesting relics4 ,take your scouts round and explain each statue in your town4 ,hold debates on questions of the day4 ,,our ,,navy ,,and ,,army4 ,the ,british ,navy and ,army have made our ,empire for us1 and if it had not been for their help the ,empire would have been broken up by our enemies long ago4 ,so we must be careful to keep those ,services supplied with good men who1 like the scouts1 must ,,be ,,prepared to give their lives for their country at any time4 ,there are always members of ,parliament who try to make the ,navy and ,army smaller1 so as to save money4 ,they only want to be popular with the voters in ,england so that they and the party to which they belong may get into power4 ,these men are called politicians4 ,they do not look to the good of the county4 ,most of them know and care very little about our ,colonies4 ,if they had had their way before1 we should by this time have been talking ,french2 and if they are allowed to have their way in the future we may as well learn ,german or ,japanese1 for we shall be conquered by these4 ,but fortunately there are other better men in ,parliament1 who are called statesmen2 these are men who look out for the welfare of the country1 and do not mind about being popular or not so long as they keep the country safe4 ,,the ,,british ,,navy4--,every ,british boy should study the ,navy as much as possible1 and learn the history of the different ships1 and their power and guns1 etc4 ,a collection of postcard portraits of all ,his ,majesty's ships is a very interesting one to make4 ,you should know the badges of rank of the officers1 because it is the duty of a scout to salute officers of ,his ,majesty's service4 ,badges of rank on the sleeve or shoulder-strap are these4 ,illustration3 ,admiral1 ,captain1 ,lieutenant1 ,sub-,lieutenant4 ,perhaps you may like to know some facts about the dress of the sailors4 ,the reason they wear that flap collar on their back is a relic of the time when they wore their hair in pig-tails4 ,the grease used to come off and spoil their jackets1 so they wore big linen flaps1 which could be easily taken off and washed4 ,they wear a black silk tie round their neck as a mark of mourning for the death of ,nelson at the battle of ,trafalgar4 ,they wear three lines of white braid to commemorate ,nelson's naval victories1 ,the ,nile1 ,copenhagen1 and ,trafalgar4 ,they wear baggy trousers so that they can easily roll them up above their knees when they want to wade4 ,soldiers and sailors tattoo their arms with the idea that when they are killed in battle they can be identified the more easily4 ,,the ,,british ,,army4--,the ,army is made up of-- ,the ,regulars or ,active ,army1 which includes infantry1 cavalry1 artillery1 engineers1 and many other branches of both white and native soldiers4 ,the ,militia at home are to help the ,regulars in time of war4 ,the ,militia exist also in most of our ,colonies for their own defence4 ,the ,territorial ,force is made up of volunteers to protect the ,british ,isles in case of the ,active ,army being called away for war in other parts4 ,in the ,army1 field-marshals and generals 7including major-generals and lieutenant-generals7 wear cocked hats1 with long white cock's feather plumes1 and red tunics or black frock-coats4 ,their swords are curved scimitars1 with ivory handles4 ,colonels wear the uniform of their regiment with crown and star on the shoulder strap1 or1 in khaki1 on the cuff2 majors1 one crown2 captains1 three stars2 lieutenants1 two stars4 ,you can tell what wars soldiers or sailors have been in by the colours of their medal ribbons4 ,these ,i will show you later on4 ,,our ,,flag4 ,scouts will always salute the colours 7or standard7 of a regiment when they pass4 ,there are generally two such standards1 one the ,king's ,colour1 the other the ,regimental ,colour4 ,men-of-war carry a pennant1 i4e41 a long thin flag like a whip lash4 ,you may remember that the ,dutch fleet under ,van ,tromp1 after defeating ours1 carried a broom at their mastheads to show that they had swept us off the seas4 ,but when we shortly after defeated them we put up a whip at the masthead to show that we had whipped the enemy1 and this whip has been carried ever since by men-of-war4 ,the ,royal ,navy fly the ,white ,ensign2 no one else is allowed to except yachts belonging to the ,royal ,yacht ,squadron4 ,the ,white ,ensign is a white flag with the ,red ,cross of ,st4 ,george on it and a ,union ,jack in the corner4 ,it is flown at the stern of the ship1 a small ,union ,jack at the bow4 ,the mercantile navy flies the ,red ,ensign2 or if the captain of the ship belongs to the ,royal ,reserve1 the ship flies a ,blue ,ensign4 ,the ,army and ,government buildings fly the ,union ,jack4 ,private houses and individuals should only fly the ,red ,ensign4 ,the ,royal ,standard1 which shows the ,lions of ,england1 the ,harp of ,ireland1 and the ,lion of ,scotland1 is only flown when the ,king is present4 ,the ,union ,jack is the national flag of ,england1 and is made up originally of the flag of ,st4 ,george1 a red cross on a white ground4 ,in #afjf ,king ,james ,i4 added to it the banner of ,scotland1 which was a blue flag with a white ,st4 ,andrew's ,cross diagonal1 that is from corner to corner4 ,in #ahja the ,banner of ,st4 ,patrick of ,ireland was added to the flag2 ,st4 ,patrick's ,cross was a red diagonal cross on a white ground1 so that the flag now means the union of ,england1 ,ireland1 and ,scotland4 ,but there is a right way and a wrong way of putting it up1 which all of you ought to know and understand1 because so very frequently one sees it hoisted the wrong way up1 which literally means that you are in distress2 but people put it that way by mistake or from ignorance4 ,you will notice that the red diagonal arms of the flag have a narrow white band on one side of them and a broad one on the other4 ,well1 the broad one should be to the top of the flag on the side nearest to the flagpost1 that is the hoist of the flag1 and towards the bottom of the flag in the loose end1 or1 as it is called1 the fly of the flag4 7,see picture1 ,part #a1 page #bi47 ,it was called a ,jack1 either from ,jacques1 the nickname of ,king ,james ,i41 who first started it2 or1 more probably1 from the jack or jacket1 which the knights used to wear over their armour to show which nation they belonged to4 ,the ,english knights wore a white ,jack with the red cross of ,st4 ,george upon it4 ,this was also their flag4 ,if the flag is flown upside down it is a signal of distress4 ,if it is half-mast it is a sign of mourning4 ,on going on board a man-of-war1 when you reach the quarter-deck--that is the upper stern deck--always salute the ensign4 ,in the ,navy1 flags are hoisted at eight o'clock and saluted4 ,with the ,boy ,scouts when in camp the same practice will be observed4 ,of course you will always rise and salute or take off your hat on hearing the ,national ,anthem played4 ,the #bdth of ,may1 the birthday of the great ,queen ,victoria1 is ,empire ,day1 and we all hoist the flag and salute in special honour of the ,empire on that occasion4 ,remember it is going to be the business of everyone of you to keep the old flag flying1 even if you have to bleed for it--just as your forefathers did before you4 ,we have all got to die some day2 a few years more or less of our own lives don't make much matter in the history of the world1 but it is a very great matter if by dying a year or two sooner than we should otherwise do from disease we can help to save the flag of our country from going under4 ,therefore think it over--,,be ,,prepared to die for your country if need be2 so that when the moment arrives you may charge home with confidence1 not caring whether you are going to be killed or not4 ,if your enemy sees that you are bent on either killing or being killed1 the probability is that he won't wait to oblige you4 ,don't merely talk1 like some gas-bags do1 about shedding the last drop of your blood for your country--the difficulty with them1 when the time comes1 is to get them to shed the ,,first drop of their blood4 ,the ,union ,jack stands for something more than only the ,union of ,england1 ,ireland1 and ,scotland--it means the ,union of ,great ,britain with all our ,colonies across the seas2 and also it means closer comradeship with our brothers in those ,colonies1 and between ourselves at home4 ,we must all be bricks in the wall of that great edifice--the ,british ,empire--and we must be careful that we do not let our differences of opinion on politics or other questions grow so strong as to divide us4 ,we must still stick shoulder to shoulder as ,britons if we want to keep our position among the nations2 and we must make ourselves the best men in the world for honour and goodness to others so that we may ,,deserve to keep that position4 ,unite the ,empire2 make it stand compact1 ,shoulder to shoulder let its members feel ,the touch of ,british ,brotherhood1 and act ,as one great nation--strong and true as steel4 ,,our ,,government4 ,of all the different kinds of government in the world1 ours is the easiest and fairest for everybody4 ,some countries have kings who make their laws for them whether the people like the laws or not2 other countries make their own laws1 but have not a king or a head who can carry on dealings on equal terms with other foreign countries4 ,with us the wants of the people are made known through ,parliament4 ,the ,house of ,commons is made up of men chosen by the people to make known their wants and to suggest remedies1 and the ,house of ,lords sees whether these are equally good for all and for the future of the country2 and what they recommend the ,king makes into law4 ,when you grow up you will become voters and have a share in putting members into the ,house of ,commons4 ,and you will many of you be inclined to belong to ,conservative or ,liberal or ,radical or other parties1 whichever your father or friends belong to4 ,i should not if ,i were you4 ,i should hear what each party has to say4 ,if you listen to one party you will certainly agree that that is the only right one1 the rest must all be wrong4 ,but if you go and listen to another you will find that after all that one is quite right1 and the first one wrong4 ,the thing is to listen to them all and don't be persuaded by any particular one1 for they all tell fibs2 they each want to get into power4 ,and then be a man1 make up your mind and decide for yourself which you think is best for the country and future of the ,empire--not for some two-penny-halfpenny little local question--and vote for that one so long as it works the right way1 namely1 for the good of the country4 ,many people get led away by some new politician with some new extreme idea4 ,never believe in one man's idea till it has been well considered from all points of view4 ,extreme ideas are seldom much good2 if you look them up in history you will see almost always they have been tried before somewhere4 ,the ,socialists are right in wishing to get money more evenly distributed so that there would be no millionaires and no paupers1 but everyone pretty well off4 ,but they go the wrong way to work2 they want to fight all other people to get themselves up1 instead of joining in with everybody in doing a great thing for the whole country by a way which is fair and good for all4 ,they do not read history1 which shows that their plans have been tried before1 and failed1 because they made life a kind of slavery for everybody1 and left the country an easy prey to another stronger one4 ,more thrift rather than change of government will bring money to all4 ,and a strong united ,empire1 where all are helpful and patriotic will bring us power1 peace1 and prosperity such as no ,socialistic dream could do4 ,,our ,,king4 ,the word ,empire comes from an old ,roman word ,imperium1 which means well-ordered rule4 ,and the title ,emperor1 or ruler of the ,empire1 comes from the ,roman word ,imperator4 ,the ,king signs himself ,r4 ,i41 which means ,rex1 or ,king of ,england1 and ,imperator or ,emperor of ,india and the ,colonies4 ,imperator comes from two ,roman words1 ,im and ,parere1 which together mean ,to prepare for--that is1 to ,,be ,,prepared4 ,an ,emperor is one who has to be prepared to face any difficulty or danger that may threaten the country4 ,scouts have in the same way to ,,be ,,prepared to help their country in any difficulty or danger2 and1 therefore1 we are all working to back up our ,king4 ,,god ,,save ,,the ,,king4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,the ,union ,jack and ,how ,it ,was ,made4 ,by ,f4 ,wintour4 ,one penny4 7,st4 ,dunstan's ,road1 ,west ,kensington1 ,london1 ,w47 ,leaflets at one penny from the ,empire ,day ,association1 #hc1 ,lancaster ,gate1 ,london1 ,w4 ,history of the ,british ,empire4 ,by ,arnold ,forster4 7,cassell47 ,so great has been the success of this ,handbook1 ,scouting for ,boys1 that ,lt4-,gen4 ,baden-,powell has decided to complete it with ,part #f1 and make arrangements instead for a weekly penny paper for young men1 to be entitled3 ,,the ,,scout4 ,it will be first published on ,april #adth1 and every ,thursday following4 ,it will1 primarily1 be a paper for young men between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five4 ,it will not be planned or conducted as a boys' paper4 ,it will appeal to the ,imperialistic spirit of the young men of ,great ,britain and will endeavour to educate them in a pleasant1 easy1 anecdotal way towards their future responsibilities in life as the head of a family and as good citizens4 ,the founder of ,,the ,,scout is ,lt4-,gen4 ,baden-,powell1 who will write in its pages each week4 ,for three months ,lt4-,gen4 ,baden-,powell has been lecturing in every great town in the ,kingdom on the subject of ,scouting for ,boys1 and at the present moment something between #ejj1jjj and #gjj1jjj young men are interested in his scheme1 which will come into full swing about ,april4 ,fuller particulars of ,,the ,,scout will be given later4 ,meanwhile all communications should be addressed to ,messrs4 ,c4 ,arthur ,pearson ,ltd41 #ag-ah ,henrietta ,street1 ,strand1 ,london1 ,w4,c41 who will be the publishers4 ,part ,,vi4 ,price #d;d4 net4 ,,scouting ,,for ,,boys ,,by ,b-,p 7,,lieut4 ,,gen4 ,,baden ,,powell ,c4,b47 ,,published ,,by ,,horace ,,cox1 ,,windsor ,,house1 ,,bream',s ,,buildings1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,notes for ,,instructors4 ,,summary4 ,the ,empire wants your help4 ,bad citizenship1 which ruined the ,roman ,empire1 is creeping in among us to-day4 ,the future of our ,empire will much depend on the character of the rising generation4 ,for this too little is at present being done in the way of development4 ,peace ,scouting is suggested as an attractive means towards developing character and good citizenship4 ,can be carried out by young men of all kinds without expense1 each training a few boys4 ,experiment has already been successful4 ,hints to would-be instructors for carrying out the training4 ,books to read on the subject4 ,,play ,,the ,,game3 ,,don',t ,,look ,,on4 ,every ,briton who is worth his salt would like to help his country3 ,firstly1 if he thought it was wanted4 ,secondly1 if he saw a way by which he could do it4 ,,the ,,british ,,empire ,,wants ,,your ,,help4 ,our great ,empire is to-day to the rest of the world very much what the ,roman ,empire was two thousand years ago4 ,but the ,roman ,empire1 great as it was1 fell4 ,the same causes which brought about the fall of the great ,roman ,empire are working to-day in ,great ,britain4 ,these words were lately spoken by one of our best-known democratic politicians1 and they have been confirmed in a recent lecture at ,cambridge by ,mr4 ,warde ,fowler1 as also in various pamphlets and writings4 ,that they are true is practically admitted by those who have studied and compared the general conditions of both countries4 ,,fall ,,of ,,the ,,roman ,,empire ,,was ,,due ,,to ,,bad ,,citizenship4 ,illustration3 ,instruction of ,boy ,scouts4 ,boyhood of ,raleigh1 after ,sir ,j4 ,millais4 ,from such instruction was a great character formed4 ,the main causes of the downfall of ,rome is similar to that which resulted in the downfall of other great empires1 such as the ,babylonian1 ,egyptian1 ,greek1 ,spanish1 and ,dutch1 and that cause may be summed up in each case as the decline of good citizenship and the want of energetic patriotism4 ,each nation1 after climbing laboriously to the zenith of its power1 seemed then to become exhausted by its effort1 and sit down in a state of repose1 relapsing into idleness1 studiously blind to the fact that other nations were gradually pushing up to destroy it4 ,it is easy to push historical parallels too far1 and whether or not these parallels are real or exaggerated1 they give us food for reflection4 ,the main point is for us to take the lesson to heart1 and see1 before it is too late1 that our ,empire also be not undermined by these defects4 ,i am not so pessimistic myself as to think with some people that we are already so far on the downward grade as to be in a hopeless condition4 ,on the contrary1 ,i think that we are only near to the parting of the ways where it becomes incumbent upon everyone of us who has the slightest patriotism in him to earnestly help1 in however small a way1 to turn the rising generation on the right road for good citizenship4 ,the aim may seem too big to attain1 but most big things are only got by combination of small efforts4 ,a coral island is erected by the work of myriads of sea-insects1 the ,pyramids of ,egypt were the result of co-operation of thousands of workers4 ,,bad ,,citizenship ,,is ,,becoming ,,apparent ,,in ,,this ,,country ,,to-,,day4 ,one form of bad citizenship among many is evident around us on the part of the people themselves1 who1 not having been taught to think of the future1 or of their country1 allow themselves to come under the despotic power of a few professional agitators whose living depends on agitating 7whether it is needed or not72 and1 blinded by the talk of these men1 they attack the hand that finds the money1 till they force employers to spend fortunes1 either in devising machinery that will take their place and not go on strike1 or in removing their business to other countries1 leaving the agitators fat and happy1 and a mass of people unemployed and starving1 and unable to provide for the crowds of children they continue improvidently to bring into the world4 ,,football4 ,one of the causes of the downfall of ,rome was that the people1 being fed by the ,state to the extent of three-quarters of the population1 ceased to have any responsibility for themselves or their children1 and consequently became a nation of unemployed wasters4 ,they frequented the circuses1 where paid performers appeared before them in the arena1 much as we see the crowds now flocking to look on at paid players playing football4 ,football in itself is a grand game for developing a lad physically and also morally1 for he learns to play with good temper and unselfishness1 to play in his place and play the game1 and these are the best of training for any game of life4 ,but it is a vicious game when it draws crowds of lads away from playing the game themselves to be merely onlookers at a few paid performers4 ,i yield to no one in enjoyment of the sight of those splendid specimens of our race1 trained to perfection1 and playing faultlessly2 but my heart sickens at the reverse of the medal--thousands of boys and young men1 pale1 narrow-chested1 hunched-up1 miserable specimens1 smoking endless cigarettes1 numbers of them betting1 all of them learning to be hysterical as they groan or cheer in panic unison with their neighbours--the worst sound of all being the hysterical scream of laughter that greets any little trip or fall of a player4 ,one wonders whether this can be the same nation which had gained for itself the reputation of being a stolid1 pipe-sucking manhood1 unmoved by panic or excitement1 and reliable in the tightest of places4 ,get the lads away from this--teach them to be manly1 to play the game whatever it may be1 and not be merely onlookers and loafers4 ,indifferent citizenship is1 and always has been1 the progeny of indifferent government4 ,with it there arises a crop of doctors to suggest remedies3 faddists on feeding1 faddists on ,socialism1 faddists like myself on scouting1 and so on4 ,some may be right1 some wrong2 all mean well4 ,a certain class of ,socialist1 for instance1 has come to the fore lately4 ,as a matter of fact we are all ,socialists in that we want to see the abolition of the existing brutal anachronism of war1 and of extreme poverty and misery shivering alongside of superabundant wealth1 and so on2 but we do not quite agree as to how it is to be brought about4 ,some of us are for pulling down the present social system1 but the plans for what is going to be erected in its place are very hazy4 ,we have not all got the patience to see that improvement is in reality gradually being effected before our eyes4 ,we have a parallel in ,london just now in the several railway stations1 which1 having been found to be out of date and inadequate for their increased traffic1 are being reconstructed4 ,the ,man in the ,street has demanded that they should be pulled down at once1 and that afterwards something better should be devised and built up4 ,but the management have been wiser2 they have recognised the defects of the old1 but before pulling down they have seen that it would be fatal to stop traffic during the alterations1 and have therefore laid the new foundations outside the old2 they have erected the new buildings over the effete ones1 and have then pulled these away piecemeal1 without interrupting the public convenience1 trade1 or routine for a moment4 ,it is easy to pull down2 the difficulty is to do so without damage to the country4 ,we ought to begin by building up on a sounder foundation before destroying the old4 ,,our ,,future ,,citizens4 ,that foundation seems to me to be in the rising generation4 ,if the whole of our youth were taken in hand and taught good citizenship1 we should have a solid foundation on which our nation could stand for a long time to come4 ,but it does not exist at present4 ,we have at the present time in ,great ,britain two million boys1 of whom one-quarter to one-half a million are under good influences outside their school walls4 7,see ,sir ,john ,gorst's ,children of the ,nation and ,dr4 ,macnamara's ,report47 #b1jjj1jjj boys4 #bgj1jjj under good influence4 ---------- ,remainder #a1gcj1jjj independent of such4 ,the remainder are drifting towards hooliganism or bad citizenship for want of hands to guide them the right way towards being useful4 ,it is this remainder1 nearly two million boys1 that we want to tackle and reduce4 ,they are boys1 full of spirit and enthusiasm1 approaching the cross-road1 where they take the turn1 either to good or evil4 ,in spite of the improved school teaching and of the good work of ,boys' and ,church ,lads' ,brigades1 ,y4,m4,c4,a41 and kindred associations1 a large proportion of them are drifting1 owing to their environments1 to evil1 that is1 to becoming hooligans and ultimately wasters for the natural term of their lives2 no good to themselves1 worse than no good to their country1 just from want of a guiding hand or two at the turning point of their career4 ,cannot we find these guiding hands amongst us8 ,,peace-,,scouting4 ,here is one suggestion1 at any rate1 for a remedy by which every young man can help his country4 ,i believe that under the attractive term and practice of ,scouting1 a large number of boys might be taken in hand in a practical way1 by every young man1 without expense in time or money4 ,by scouting ,i do not mean the military work as carried on on active service4 ,the scouting we are considering has nothing to do with this4 ,there is another form1 which one might term peace-scouting1 such as is usual with frontiersmen of our ,empire in every corner of the world4 ,the pioneers of civilisation in ,central ,africa2 the ranchmen1 cowboys1 and trappers of the ,west2 the drovers and bushmen of ,australia2 the explorers of the ,arctic and ,asiatic regions2 the hunters and prospectors of ,south ,africa2 missionaries in all parts of the uncivilised world2 and the constabularies of ,north-,west ,canada1 ,south ,africa1 etc41 are all peace-scouts1 men accustomed to live on their own resources1 taking their lives in their hands1 brave and loyal to their employers1 chivalrous and helpful to each other1 unselfish and reliable2 ,,men1 in fact1 of the best type4 ,these are the peace-scouts of the ,empire1 and there is no reason why we should not train a large number of boys to follow in their footsteps as regards character and manliness4 ,a small book which ,i published a short time ago on the subject of scouting for soldiers has been so freely taken up by schools and boys' clubs in ,england that ,i am encouraged to think a system organised for the special purpose of teaching boys would be acceptable1 and ,i am still further encouraged in the idea by the fact that a somewhat similar organisation founded by ,mr4 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton in ,america has had a full and widespread success4 ,,militarism4 ,two or three prominent authorities have written deprecating my attempt to foster among the boys of ,britain a bloodthirsty and warlike spirit4 ,i can only fear that either these gentlemen have not read the handbooks very carefully1 or that ,i have expressed myself very badly4 ,the whole intention of the ,boy ,scouts' training is for peaceful citizenship4 ,even if ,i had advocated training the lads in a military way 7which ,i have not done71 ,i am impenitent enough to see no harm in it4 ,i have not noticed that ex-soldiers are more inclined than other people to commit murders2 all that ,i see in them1 as a rule1 is that they have been taught self-discipline1 to sacrifice themselves1 if need be1 for others1 to obey orders1 to be sober1 clean1 and active1 to make the best of things as they find them1 to be loyal to themselves and their officers4 ,all of which appear to me to be valuable assets in character for a citizen1 whatever may be his grade or trade4 ,the fact that industrial employers now prefer ex-soldiers in very many of their departments speaks to the peace value of a military training4 ,but when an eminent public man wrote to me that ,i ought not to teach boys soldiering because1 as he puts it1 he hates war like the devil1 ,i felt bound to reply that had he actually seen anything of war himself1 he would1 like most soldiers1 hate it worse than the devil4 ,it is for that very reason that officers almost without exception urge upon their fellow countrymen to be prepared to defend their country4 ,it is not that they wish to make the men bloodthirsty1 but it is that they may avert from our own land that worst of all modern anachronisms--the horrors of war1 brought on to our own homes1 our women and children4 ,those who preach shutting our eyes to what is quite patent to all who dare to look out will themselves be guilty of tempting the enemy on1 of bringing war upon our country1 and of the blood and ruin which will assuredly follow--if there is any truth in history4 ,with our rising generation brought up as good citizens1 sensible of their responsibilities and duties in return for the benefits which they enjoy in a free country1 there would be no danger for the ,state2 but without manliness and good citizenship we are bound to fall4 ,manliness can only be taught by men1 and not by those who are half men1 half old women4 ,,how ,,to ,,teach ,,scouting4 ,the first point is to get men to take up the instruction of the boys in the art of peace-scouting4 ,the men ,i have in my mind as the best qualified and able to do this are schoolmasters1 clergymen1 members of the ,y4,m4,c4,a41 ,legion of ,frontiersmen1 officers of ,cadet ,corps1 ,boys' and ,church ,lads' ,brigades1 ,rifle ,clubs1 country squires1 ex-army officers1 telegraph-masters1 etc4 ,these could carry out the training of a few boys apiece1 with very little expense of time or money1 by devoting1 say1 ,saturday afternoons and ,sundays to the work1 which1 ,i can promise them1 they will find a pleasure rather than a labour in practice4 ,my suggestion to them would be for each to select a party of six or eight youths or smart boys1 and carefully instruct them in the details of peace-scouting4 ,these boys could then act as assistant instructors or patrol leaders in training each five or six more in the same art in the progressive course of instruction in this handbook4 ,the instruction is designed for boys of every class4 ,to help the lowest from drifting into hooliganism and to give them health1 character1 and aims4 ,to teach the middle class how to work well1 and to be patriotic first and political second4 ,to teach the wealthier to be chivalrous and sympathetic with their less-favoured brothers1 and ultimately to help in spreading the training4 ,one wants to bring all classes more in touch with each other1 to break down the existing barriers1 which are only artificial after all1 and to teach them to give and take in the common cause instead of being at snarls of class against class1 which is snobbery all round and a danger to the ,state4 ,the training is applicable to town or country1 indoors as well as out4 ,,not ,,in ,,opposition ,,to ,,existing ,,organisations ,,for ,,boys4 ,the scheme is not in any way intended to be in opposition to any existing organisation4 ,on the contrary1 we want amalgamation rather than rivalry1 and scouting is only intended to be used as an additional attraction by those in charge of boys' organisations of any kind4 ,if scouting is taken up by several it may prove a bond between all4 ,where such organisations do not already exist it can supply a particularly simple and effective one for catching a number of boys who would otherwise have no hand to guide them4 ,,experimental ,,camp4 ,i have already made a preliminary trial of the scheme with a camp of boys of all sorts1 from ,eton as well as from the streets1 and the results were such as to encourage very great hopes as to the possibilities of the scheme when carried out on a larger scale4 ,a large island was lent for the purpose by the late ,mr4 ,charles ,van ,raalte1 ,brownsea ,island1 near ,poole4 ,,patrol ,,system4 ,the troop of boys was divided up into ,patrols of five1 the senior boy in each being ,patrol ,leader4 ,this organisation was the secret of our success4 ,each patrol leader was given full responsibility for the behaviour of his patrol at all times1 in camp and in the field4 ,the patrol was the unit for work or play1 and each patrol was camped in a separate spot4 ,the boys were put on their honour to carry out orders4 ,responsibility and competitive rivalry were thus at once established1 and a good standard of development was ensured throughout the troop from day to day4 ,the troop was trained progressively in the subjects of scouting given on page #h4 ,every night one patrol went on duty as night picket--that is1 drew rations of flour1 meat1 vegetables1 tea1 etc41 and went out to some indicated spot to bivouac for the night4 ,each boy had his greatcoat and blankets1 cooking pot and matches4 ,on arrival at the spot1 fires were lit and suppers cooked1 after which sentries were posted and bivouac formed4 ,the picket was scouted by patrol leaders of other patrols and myself1 at some time before eleven p4m41 after which the sentries were withdrawn and picket settled down for the night4 ,,method ,,of ,,instruction4 ,we found the best way of imparting theoretical instruction was to give it out in short instalments with ample illustrative examples when sitting round the camp fire or otherwise resting1 and with demonstrations in the practice hour before breakfast4 ,a formal lecture is apt to bore the boys4 ,the practice was then carried out in competitions and schemes4 ,for example1 take one detail of the subject1 ,observation--namely1 tracking4 #a4 ,at the camp fire overnight we would tell the boys some interesting instance of the value of being able to track4 #b4 ,next morning we would teach them to read tracks by making foot-marks at different places1 and showing how to read them and to deduce their meaning4 #c4 ,in the afternoon we would have a game1 such as deer-stalking1 in which one boy went off as the deer1 with half-a-dozen tennis balls in his bag4 ,twenty minutes later four hunters went off after him1 following his tracks1 each armed with a tennis ball4 ,the deer1 after going a mile or two1 would hide and endeavour to ambush his hunters1 and so get them within range2 each hunter struck with his tennis ball was counted gored to death2 if1 on the other hand1 the deer was hit by three of their balls he was killed4 ,this was our principle for teaching most of the items4 ,discipline was very satisfactory indeed4 ,a court of honour was instituted to try any offenders against discipline1 but it was never needed4 ,in the first place1 the boys were put on their honour to do their best2 in the second place1 the senior boys were made responsible for the behaviour of the boys forming their patrol4 ,and this worked perfectly well4 ,,results ,,of ,,the ,,camp ,,experiment4 ,since this experimental camp ,i am more than ever convinced of the possibilities which underlie the scouts' training as an educator for boys of all classes4 ,prepared as ,i was for enthusiastic endeavour on the part of the lads1 ,i was surprised at the effect on their character1 which became visible even in the few days we were at work4 ,i have not trusted merely to my own observation1 but have had reports from all the parents1 bearing out this conclusion1 and giving incidentally some very useful hints from the parents' point of view4 ,that the boys enjoyed the training is evident from the letters which ,i have had from them1 and some of them1 at any rate1 have remembered what they learnt4 ,one of the boys--a working boy--writes3 ,the most important thing that a great many boys need to learn is to look at the bright side of things1 and to take everything by the smooth handle4 ,i myself found that a great lesson1 and ,i shall never find words enough to thank you for teaching me it4 ,i have already found it a great help even in everyday life4 ,,authorities ,,who ,,might ,,find ,,the ,,scheme ,,useful4 ,,lord ,,mayors ,,and ,,mayors4--,this scheme might suggest some useful forms of instruction for the newly-authorised vacation schools4 ,,schoolmasters ,,and ,,teachers4--,this scheme may1 ,i hope1 supply an additional means by which to get hold of the more unruly boys and to continue out of hours the practice of the theory which they have learnt in school4 ,unruly boys are often the best1 once you have got the right side of them4 ,a ,commission on our schools has recently shown that there is an excess of book instruction in many of them2 possibly if one day a week were devoted to scouting it would greatly benefit both the teachers and the scholars mentally and physically4 ,,clergymen4--,clergymen would1 ,i think1 find in scouting a good means of keeping the wilder spirits among their boys in some kind of order1 and also of arousing the loafers among them into some sort of energy and interest in life4 ,,parents4--,parents might be apprehensive that this course would lead their sons to imbibe too much the spirit of adventure and romance1 and those whose sons are wage-earners would fear for their getting unsettled and wasting their working hours on a useless fad4 ,but to such ,i would point out that the course is purposely designed to teach the boys useful knowledge in a form that will attract them1 and it can be carried out entirely on ,saturday afternoons and ,sundays as a counter-attraction to that ,sunday loafing which is the ruin of so large a proportion of our young men4 ,,ladies4--,to ladies interested in the care and education of girls1 ,i think this scheme might supply a suggestion for an attractive organisation and valuable training4 ,the experiment of a somewhat similar camp for factory girls has been such an unqualified success as to lead one to hope that scouting camps might with advantage be employed for the rising generation of girls as well as boys4 ,,boys' ,,clubs ,,and ,,brigades4--,officers of ,boys' ,clubs1 ,boys' ,brigades1 ,church ,lads' ,brigades1 ,university and ,public ,schools ,missions1 ,cricket ,clubs1 and ,cadet ,corps1 but most especially officers of ,rifle ,clubs1 will1 ,i hope1 find in this scheme an additional means of attracting recruits and of maintaining their interest in their corps after the first glamour of it has worn off4 ,,legion ,,of ,,frontiersmen4--,the ,legion includes many an old scout in its ranks who could at once take up the instruction of a few boys and youths and do really valuable work for the ,empire1 while reviving for himself many a delightful experience of camp and prairie life4 ,,ex-,,army ,,officers4--,then there are a number of ex-,army officers1 keen and capable1 but without occupation1 who would here have a great opportunity for the exercise of their special gifts and of their prestige among boys for doing a great national good with very little trouble and expense to themselves4 ,,country ,,squires4--,members of county families might do much among their tenants and villagers by making good ,englishmen of their lads1 somewhat on the old feudal lines1 by means of scouting4 ,y4,m4,c4,a4--,everyone recognises the keenness and go-a-head manliness of the members of the ,y4,m4,c4,a4 and ,polytechnics in all parts of the kingdom1 and ,i am convinced that if these men could see their way to do a good turn to the rising generation of their countrymen they would take it up with ardour1 especially since this kind of work is becoming a part of their policy4 ,it is these gentlemen that ,i have specially in my eye in suggesting this scheme1 as being the men who can1 if they wish1 get hold of practically the whole of the ,british boyhood by means of scouting4 ,if every member of the ,y4,m4,c4,a4 took a friend as his second-in-command and six boys as pupils1 each of them being required to bring in another recruit1 and then acting as leaders and instructors to further patrols of six1 there would at once be the commencement of a great snowball movement for good4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,i do not in these ,hints propose to teach my grandmother to suck eggs1 and1 therefore1 ,i only address them to those who have had no previous practice in teaching boys4 ,they are merely a few notes from my own experience in that line1 and tend to explain some of the arrangement of details in the ,handbook4 ,when you are trying to get boys to come under good influence you are as a fisherman wishful to catch fish4 ,if you bait your hook with the kind of food that you like yourself it is probable that you will not catch many--certainly1 not the shy1 game kind of fish4 ,you1 therefore1 use as bait the food that the fish likes4 ,so with boys1 if you try to preach to them what you consider1 elevating matter you won't catch them4 ,any obvious goody-goody will scare away the more spirited among them1 and those are the ones you want to get hold of4 ,the only way is to hold out something that really attracts and interests them4 ,and ,i think you will find that scouting does this4 ,you can afterwards season it with what you want them to have4 ,to get hold of your boys you must be their friend2 but don't be in too great a hurry at first to gain this footing until they have got over their shyness of you4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,d4 ,how1 in his ,book of the ,child1 sums up the right course in the following story3 ,a man whose daily walk led him down a certain dingy street saw a tiny boy with grimy face and badly-developed limbs playing with a banana-skin in the gutter4 ,the man nodded to him--the boy shrank away in terror4 ,next day the man nodded again4 ,the boy had decided there was nothing to be afraid of1 and spat at the man4 ,next day the little fellow only stared4 ,the day after he shouted ',hi6' as the man went on4 ,in time the little fellow smiled back at the greeting which he now began to expect4 ,finally the triumph was complete when the boy--a tiny chap--was waiting at the corner and seized the man's fingers in his dirty little fist4 ,it was a dismal street1 but it became one of the very brightest spots in all that man's life4 ,,be ,,prepared4 ,in this book ,i suggest as subjects to teach your boys such things as ,observation of ,details and consequent ability to read character and thereby to gain sympathy1 the value of patience and cheery good temper1 the duty of giving up some of one's time and pleasure for helping one's country and fellow men1 and the inner meaning of our motto ,be ,prepared4 ,but as you come to teach these things you will very soon find 7unless you are a ready-made angel7 that you have to acquire them yourself before you can succeed with the boys1 and when once this is accomplished the occupation is intensely interesting and improving4 ,you must ,be ,prepared yourself for disappointments at first1 though you will as often as not find them outweighed by unexpected successes4 ,you must from the first ,be ,prepared for the prevailing want of concentration of mind on the part of boys1 and if you then frame your teaching accordingly ,i think you will have very few disappointments4 ,do not expect them to pay great attention to any one subject for very long until you have educated them to do so4 ,you must meet them half-way and not give them too long a dose of one drink--a short1 pleasing sip of one kind and then off to another1 gradually lengthening the sips till they become steady draughts4 ,thus a formal lecture on the subject which you want to practise very soon palls on them1 their thoughts begin to wander and they get bored because they have not learnt the art of switching their mind where they want it to be and holding it there4 ,this making the mind amenable to the will is one of the important inner points in our training4 ,for this reason it is well to think out beforehand each day what you want to say on your subject and then bring it out a bit at a time as opportunity offers--at the camp-fire or in intervals of play and practice1 not in one long set address4 ,the lectures in this book are broken up into sections for this purpose4 ,frequent practical demonstrations and practices should be sandwiched in between the sections of the lectures to hold the attention of the boys and to drive home your theory4 ,,clubroom4 ,half the battle is to get a room lent for certain nights in the week1 or hired as a club for the scouts1 even if they only consist of a patrol in a village4 ,it must be well lit and well ventilated to prevent depression and boredom4 ,pictures of incidents 7not landscapes or old portraits7 help to make attraction4 ,a bright fire in winter4 ,interesting illustrated books and magazines4 ,this can generally be got1 furniture1 games1 etc41 being given in the first instance by well-wishers4 ,a coffee-bar1 commencing on the smallest lines1 will generally succeed1 and if carefully managed may develop a regular income for the upkeep of the clubroom4 ,the scouts themselves must do the cleaning and decorating1 and making furniture4 ,discipline and good order should be kept inside the room1 and neatness insisted on1 ,patrol leaders being made responsible1 ,patrols taking it in turn to be responsible for cleanliness and good order of the room for a week at a time4 ,if a bit of ground1 even waste ground or a backyard1 is available as club ground so much the better4 ,you want some place where the scouts can make huts1 light fires1 play basket-ball1 make tracks1 etc4 ,make the boys themselves manage the club affairs1 as far as possible1 by committees1 and putting boys in responsible charge of room1 equipment1 papers1 etc4 ,sit back yourself and let them make their mistakes at first till they learn sense and responsibility4 ,committee and annual meetings are very useful for giving self-respect and responsibility to a number of boys4 ,in ,america small1 self-managed boys' clubs are becoming exceedingly numerous and popular in all towns and villages4 ,and the education authorities help them by allowing them the use of classrooms in the school buildings in the evenings4 ,this might easily be done in ,england too4 ,at the same time1 when you can get your own clubroom1 no matter how small1 it gives the boys more a sense of proprietorship and responsibility1 especially if they have taken a hand themselves in making the furniture1 putting up pictures1 etc4 ,the clubroom must not be made cosy like a lady's boudoir1 as the boys must be able to romp in it occasionally1 or play handball or ,bang the ,bear1 etc4 ,so you want furniture that will pack away into a corner1 such as folding wooden chairs1 small tables1 and a cupboard in which to put away books1 games1 etc41 when the romp comes on4 ,the ideal club is one of two rooms--one for quiet games1 reading and talking2 the other for romping1 gymnastics1 etc4 ,the boys must of course pay subscription towards rent1 lighting1 furnishing1 etc41 and the major expenses must be provided for by means of some joint work by them1 such as garden produce1 toys1 displays or bazaars 7as described in ,appendix74 ,one penny weekly1 paid strictly in advance1 is sufficient as a membership subscription4 ,a ,penny ,savings ,bank should be started to enable boys to put by money to pay for outings and eventually to start them in the practice of thrift4 ,a piano is of great help in a club1 if you have some one who can play it1 to help out songs1 musical drill1 war-dances1 etc4 ,,the ,,handbook4 ,the ,handbook is merely intended to offer suggestions1 not to tie instructors to one set course4 ,in such brief space it can only touch sketchily upon subjects whose detail as instructor you must fill in for yourself1 according to your own imagination and resourcefulness1 to suit your particular local circumstances4 ,i give with each lecture the titles of books bearing on the subject1 to which you can probably get access in your public library1 but you will also find every day as you read your newspaper fresh things worth cutting out to use in your lectures4 ,indeed1 if you are ever hard up for a subject1 take the leading news items of the past week1 and explain them in an interesting way with maps1 etc4 ,i have found the value of this also in dealing with grown-ups in men's clubs1 hospitals1 etc4 ,the ,history of ,england by ,h4 ,o4 ,arnold-,forster will at all times give you useful subjects in most interesting form4 ,for your own information read ,duty1 by ,samuel ,smiles4 ,i have endeavoured to make the ,handbook readable by the boy himself1 since a boy should be encouraged to read for himself4 ,the worst of it is that the literature to which as a rule he has access is the cheap and nasty press with little else than crimes and tragedies and big football matches to catch his attention4 ,he thus becomes educated downwards instead of being elevated by good examples to higher deeds4 ,the reading of such books as ,golden ,deeds1 ,deeds that ,won the ,empire1 and so on1 are the best of antidotes1 especially if impressed by means of modern examples1 illustrations and lantern slides1 and acting the incidents4 ,,course ,,of ,,instruction4 ,i suggest the following scheme of work1 to be altered according to local circumstances4 ,give a week to each chapter of the book4 ,on ,saturday evening give a lecture with practical demonstrations and1 where possible1 with lantern slides1 on the subject of the following week's instruction4 ,among the worst classes in our slums ,sunday is1 unfortunately1 perhaps the most unholy day of the week1 but by using it for instruction of the proposed kind ,i believe that a good proportion of these lads might be won and led to better things than the loafing and vice which are at present incidental to the day4 ,so1 for such lads1 ,i advocate using ,sunday morning for teaching the minor practices1 and the afternoon for the consequent scouting exercises4 ,it is true that this suggestion has been criticised in some quarters1 but it has1 in the end1 been generally accepted on the plea that it makes for saving souls1 for which work there need be no ,sunday closing4 ,the details thus taught could then be carried out and perfected by the boys individually in their own time during the week1 or by occasional parades when possible under their patrol leaders1 till the following ,saturday afternoon1 when you could have a final competition or games on that subject before starting on the next chapter that evening4 ,this is only a suggestion on the supposition that you and your boys are at other work all the week4 ,if you would thus devote eight ,saturday afternoons and ,sundays to this work you will have completed a course of instruction which will guide a number of boys for life1 and will take them from that present school of loafing which is to be found1 to our great disgrace1 at the corner of every village street in ,england on ,sunday afternoon4 ,if funds are then forthcoming amongst the boys a camp of a week or ten days1 or for two or three week-ends in the summer1 would complete their instruction and put it to a practical test1 while serving as a great reward for good preliminary work4 ,and it need not be very expensive if the boys work for it and save up1 as suggested in ,chapter ,,iv4 ,as ,i have before remarked1 the training laid down in this book is merely suggestive4 ,the instructor should use his own knowledge and imagination and enlarge upon it4 ,there is much useful technical knowledge which he might incidentally impart to his boys1 either himself or by getting friends to come and demonstrate 7,i don't say lecture7 on such points as the principles of steam or petrol-engines1 or electricity2 the work of sailors1 soldiers1 firemen1 police1 and so on2 pioneer work such as bridging with models1 road making1 building1 etc41 also carpentering1 modelling1 casting1 plumbing1 gardening1 etc4 ,excursions from town into country1 and seeing farm life1 mining1 fisheries1 etc42 or from country to town and visiting the ,zoological ,gardens1 interesting portions of museums1 picture-galleries1 armouries1 etc41 would be valuable and popular4 ,with a carefully-laid programme of such items the scouts' training can be carried out indefinitely in an interesting way1 and on lines that will be of use to them in their future career4 ,i even advocate taking the boys to a theatre to see something really good1 as a very great inducement to them to save the money necessary to pay for their seats4 ,it can be made the first step towards thrift4 ,,method ,,of ,,instruction4 ,the way to teach a language is not to bore your pupil at first with the dry bones of elementary grammar1 but to plunge into fairly deep water with phrases and conversation2 the grammar will then quickly follow of itself4 ,so also with most other subjects of instruction1 including scouting4 ,for instance1 take tracking4 ,after preparing the boys' minds with a few good tracking yarns and showing a few actual tracks and their meaning1 don't wait till they get bored in trying to learn the elementary details1 but take them for a real piece of practical tracking4 ,after they have found out for themselves how weak they are at it1 give them further sips of the elementary part4 ,,imagination4 ,boys are full of romance1 and they love make-believe to a greater extent than they like to show4 ,all you have to do is to play up to this and to give rein to your imagination to meet their requirements4 ,but you have to treat with all seriousness the many tickling incidents that will arise3 the moment you laugh at a situation the boys are quick to feel that it is all a farce1 and to lose faith in it forthwith and for ever4 ,for instance1 in instructing a patrol to make the call of its tutelary animal 7page #cee71 the situation borders on the ridiculous1 but if the instructor remains perfectly serious the boys work at it with the idea that it is business--and once accomplished the call becomes a fetish for esprit de corps among the members of the patrol4 ,bacon said that play-acting was one of the best means of educating children1 and one can quite believe him4 ,it develops the natural power in them of imitation1 and of wit and imagination1 all of which help in the development of character2 and at the same time lessons of history and morality can be impressed on their minds far better by their assuming the characters and acting the incidents themselves than by any amount of preaching of the same on the part of the teacher4 ,the recent craze for historical pageants is1 in reality1 one of the best ideas1 educationally1 that has come over us of late years4 ,in places where pageants have been held1 both old and young have learnt--and learnt for the rest of their lives--something of the history of their forefathers1 their town1 and their country4 ,instructors will similarly find it a genuinely useful practice to make their scouts act scenes from history or of incidents with which they desire to impress them4 ,such1 for instance1 as ,wilson's last ,stand1 ,the ,wreck of the ,birkenhead1 ,the ,sentry at ,pompeii1 and so on4 ,for this reason a few suggestions for pageants are given in the ,appendix4 ,it is also easy to get up real plays1 such as ,to ,parents and ,guardians 7,see ,messrs4 ,samuel ,french's ,list71 for which the organisation1 rehearsals1 and performance are all good1 useful practice1 especially in the long winter evenings4 ,begin with a small play first1 such as ,box and ,cox or ,area ,belle4 ,when these performances attain some degree of merit they might be used as a means of gaining funds4 ,,responsibility ,,to ,,juniors4 ,the great thing in this scheme is to delegate responsibility--mainly through the patrol leaders4 ,have1 if possible1 a good ,second in ,command to yourself to ensure continuity of instruction should you be unable on occasions to be present yourself1 and to relieve you of many minor details of administration4 ,give full responsibility and show full confidence in your patrol leaders4 ,expect a great deal from them1 and you will get it4 ,this is the key to success in scout-training4 ,foster the patrol spirit and friendly rivalry between patrols and you will get immediate good results in an improved standard of the whole4 ,don't try to do everything yourself or the boys will merely look on1 and the scheme will flag4 ,,discipline4 ,insist on discipline and strict obedience2 let them run riot only when you give leave for it1 which is a good thing to do every now and then4 ,a nation to be powerful and prosperous must be well disciplined1 and you only get discipline in the mass by discipline in the individual4 ,by discipline ,i mean patient obedience to authority and to other dictates of duty4 ,this cannot be got by repressive measures1 but by educating the boy first in self-discipline and in sacrificing of self and selfish pleasures for the benefit of others4 ,this teaching is largely effected by means of example1 and by expecting it of him4 ,there lies our work4 ,smiles gives in his book on ,duty ,baron ,stoeffel's report comparing the discipline of the ,germans and the ,french before the war1 #ahgj-ga1 in which he foretold the victory of the ,germans1 on account of their superior discipline2 and1 in commenting on this1 ,mr4 ,smiles writes3 ,can it be that we are undergoing the same process in ,england as in ,france2 that the ever-extending tide of democracy is bearing down the best points of a very vain-glorious people8 ,we are a very vain-glorious people4 ,we boast of our wealth1 our naval and military strength1 and our commercial superiority4 ,yet all these may depart from us in a very few years1 and we may remain1 like ,holland1 a rich and yet powerless people4 ,the nation depends on the individuals who compose it2 and no nation can ever remain distinguished for morality1 duty1 adherence to the rules of honour and justice whose citizens1 individually and collectively1 do not possess the same traits4 ,sir ,henry ,knyvett1 in #aeif1 warned ,queen ,elizabeth that the ,state which neglects to train and discipline its youth produces not merely rotten soldiers or sailors1 but the far greater evil of equally rotten citizens for civil life2 or1 as he words it1 ,for want of true discipline the honour and wealth both of ,prince and countrie is desperatlie and frivolouslie ruinated4 ,discipline is not gained by punishing a child for a bad habit1 but by substituting a better occupation that will absorb his attention and gradually lead him to forget and abandon the old one4 ,,religion4 ,an organisation of this kind would fail in its object if it did not bring its members to a knowledge of religion--but the usual fault in such cases is the manner in which this is done4 ,if it were treated more as a matter of everyday life and quite unsectarian1 it would not lose its dignity and it would gain a hold4 ,it is often the best not to have religious instruction as a special feature1 but to introduce it by sips here and there among other instruction1 as ,i suggest in the chapter on ,chivalry and elsewhere in this book4 ,,continence4 ,in the ,handbook ,i have touched on many important items of a boy's education1 but there is scarcely one more important than this1 which1 under advice1 ,i have relegated from the body of the book to these ,notes for ,instructors4 ,the training of the boy would be very incomplete did it not contain some clear and plain-spoken instructions on the subject of continence4 ,the prudish mystery with which we have come to veil this important question is doing incalculable harm4 ,the very secrecy with which we withhold all knowledge from the boy prompts him the more readily to take his own line1 also secretly1 and1 therefore1 injuriously4 ,i have never known a boy who was not the better for having the question put to him frankly and openly4 ,it can quite well be done without indelicacy4 ,you can warn him that indulgence or self-abuse is a temptation more likely to assail him than any other vices1 such as drinking1 gambling1 or smoking1 and is more harmful than any of them1 since it brings with it weakness of heart and head1 and1 if persisted in1 idiocy and lunacy4 ,show him that it is not even a manly vice1 but is everywhere looked down upon with contempt2 and that it can be overcome by determination and strength of will4 ,the temptation may arise from physical causes1 such as eating rich foods1 sleeping on the back in a soft bed with too many blankets on1 or from constipation1 or it may come from suggestion through pictures1 stories1 or dirty talk of others4 ,in any case1 knowing their danger1 these causes must be avoided1 and the temptation met with a mental determination to fight it by substituting other thoughts1 by washing in cold water1 and by exercising the upper part of the body1 with boxing or arm exercises1 to draw away the blood1 and so on4 ,the first occasion will be the difficult one1 but once this is successfully overcome subsequent attacks will be more easy to deal with4 ,if the boy still finds difficulty about it he should come and speak quite openly to his officer1 who can then advise him what to do4 ,but for an instructor to let his boys walk on this exceedingly thin ice without giving them a warning word1 owing to some prudish sentimentality1 would be little short of a crime4 ,,hints ,,to ,,instructors4 ,priggishness or conceit is sure to come to some of your boys as they find themselves good at various games or branches of their work4 ,these must be taken down by the skill and patience of the instructors4 ,don't get upset by having one or two of these to deal with1 but1 on the contrary1 take it as a sporting adventure1 and treat them as interesting subjects4 ,it is far more satisfactory to turn one unruly character the right way than to deal with a dozen milk-and-water cases4 ,there are also boys who1 though with other boys1 are not of them4 ,these need special individual study and special treatment1 which will avail in almost every case4 ,boys of rich parents need the training of a scout quite as much as any poor boy1 and should1 therefore1 be taken in hand by those who are willing to deal with them4 ,in ,the ,boy ,problem it is shown how in the days of chivalry boys were pages to the esquires in order that they might learn knightly habits1 and then they went to one of the young knight's castles to learn knightly ideas4 ,in the same way boys of to-day need contact with chivalrous young men to make them into noble and courtly men4 ,,forming ,,character4 ,keep before your mind in all your teaching that the whole ulterior object of this scheme is to form character in the boys--to make them manly1 good citizens4 ,for the individual it is useful1 when describing a situation1 to stop narration at the critical point and ask a boy what would be his action under the circumstances1 in order to develop quick decision1 and so on4 ,in the games it is of the greatest importance to so arrange that a boy imagines himself running a great danger in carrying out the mission given him4 ,in this way he becomes accustomed to taking risks4 ,for the mass it is a useful practice frequently to give false alarms to see what they do and to accustom them to face sudden crises4 ,such alarms1 for instance1 as having smoke blown into the room and a sudden alarm of fire given1 or getting a boy to rush in and report that ,johnny ,tomkins has fallen from a tree and hurt himself4 ,instruction of the individual is the only really successful form of instruction4 ,in teaching your boy to be alert and energetic1 teach him also how to be restful and not to worry4 ,the physical attitude of the natural man1 as one sees it in the savage1 is the one to cultivate in the boy in mind as well as body4 ,the normal attitude of the natural man is a graceful slackness of body1 but with eyes and ears alert1 able on the instant to spring like a cat from apparent inertness to steel-spring readiness4 ,study the individual fads and characteristics of your boys1 and1 having found them1 encourage their development on these directions2 then when advising the boys as to their future line of life you will be in a position to direct the square boy to a square hole in the world1 and the round boy to a round one4 ,don't1 as many people do1 make him aim for some sphere for which he is not really fitted4 ,aim for making each individual into a useful member of society1 and the whole will automatically come on to a high standard4 ,one great cause of unemployment--in all walks of life in ,england--is the inability of our men to take up any line other than the one they have first attempted and failed in4 ,we call a sailor the handy man with admiration1 because he seems to be the only kind of man among us who can turn his hand to any kind of job4 ,well1 so can anyone if he only has the idea put into his head and tries it for himself4 ,our aim should be1 therefore1 to make the boys handy men4 ,but most of all we want to raise the lowest to a higher place4 ,go for the worst is the motto of the ,salvation ,army in its great work4 ,our mission is to the bottom dog says ,colonel ,ruston1 ,mayor of ,lincoln4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,dawson1 in his very able articles in the ,evening ,standard1 has put the question of the loafer in clear and easy terms4 ,he points out that the very efficient work of our police in big cities has stopped thieves1 but produced a class of criminally-inclined loafers4 ,on the ,canadian prairie1 he says1 if a perfectly able-bodied man without means were deliberately to abstain from work for any considerable time he would die and would cease to cumber the earth4 ,but in ,london it is different2 a man can loaf for months1 or years1 leaning against a public-house--and they do it by the hundreds4 ,he assigns two reasons for this3 #a4 ,want of discipline in the lives of those who are not absolute criminals4 #b4 ,indiscriminate charity4 ,we want to save lads from drifting into this class of loafer who swells the ranks of the unemployed4 ,the complaint has recently come from ,canada that ,no ,englishmen need apply for employment there4 ,the subsequent ,canadian explanation was to the effect that the average type of ,englishman who came there was unsuitable1 because3 #a4 ,he had no idea of discipline4 #b4 ,he was generally surly and ready to grumble at difficulties4 #c4 ,he could not be relied upon to stick to a job the moment he found it at all distasteful4 ,these faults are1 undoubtedly1 very widespread among us1 in all classes of society1 owing to want of an education like that of the scouts4 ,they are the result of putting self in the first place and ignoring duty or the interests of others2 in other words1 they mean bad citizenship4 ,,conclusion4 ,i fear ,i have stated my hints in very long and formidable array1 such as seem to make the instructor's part a very complicated and responsible one1 but it is not so when you come to put them into practice4 ,my hints are like the rows of oil-valves on a motor-car1 they look complicated1 but in reality they are intended to drop their oil automatically and make the wheels run easily4 ,i merely offer this scheme as one among many for helping in the vital work of developing good citizenship in our rising generation4 ,every man of the present generation ought as a matter of duty to take a hand in such work4 ,this scheme purposes to be one by which any man can do this1 since it requires but little time1 expense1 or knowledge2 and it is one which attracts the boys and is at the same time interesting and beneficial to the instructor himself4 ,if you who read this are a man who has charge of boys in any way1 or if you are one who has so far had nothing to do with them but who has a desire to see your country keep her place among the nations for the good of the world1 and would take a hand by training half-a-dozen boys and putting them on the right road for good citizenship1 you would be doing a great thing for your country1 for your younger brothers1 and for yourself4 ,,books ,,on ,,the ,,subject4 ,boys of the ,street and ,how to ,win ,them4 ,by ,charles ,stelzle4 7,h4 ,revell1 publisher47 ,the ,boy ,problem4 ,a study of boys and how to train them4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,forbush4 7,progress ,press1 ,boston1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,the ,teacher's ,problem4 7,perry1 ,mason1 ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass47 ,duty4 ,by ,samuel ,smiles4 ,the ,children of the ,nation4 ,by ,sir ,john ,gorst4 ,the ,citizen of ,to-morrow4 ,by ,samuel ,keeble4 7,kelly47 ,the ,canker at the ,heart4 ,by ,l4 ,cope ,cornford4 ,the ,child ,slaves of ,britain4 ,by ,m4 ,sherard4 ,the ,abandoned ,child4 ,by ,bramwell ,booth4 ,pamphlets 7at #c;d47 on training of children4 ,secretary1 ,moral ,education ,committee1 #bi1 ,bloomsbury ,square1 ,w4,c4 ,y4,m4,c4,a41 ,junior ,branch1 #ac ,russell ,square1 ,w4,c4 ,national ,league of ,workers with ,boys1 ,toynbee ,hall1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,national ,institution of ,apprenticeship4 ,secretary1 ,j4 ,ballin4 ,,scouting ,,games1 ,,practices1 ,,and ,,displays4 ,,notes ,,to ,,instructors4 ,instruction in scouting should be given as far as possible through practices1 games1 and competitions4 ,games should be organised mainly as team matches1 where the patrol forms the team1 and every boy is playing1 none merely looking on4 ,strict obedience to the rules to be at all times insisted on as instruction in discipline4 ,the rules given in the book should be altered by instructors where necessary to suit local conditions4 ,the ideas given here are merely offered as suggestions1 upon which it is hoped that instructors will develop further games1 competitions1 and displays4 ,several of the games given here are founded on those in ,mr4 ,thompson ,seton's ,birchbark ,roll of the ,woodcraft ,indians1 called ,spearing the ,sturgeon 7,whale ,hunt71 ,quick ,sight 7,spotty ,face71 ,spot the ,rabbit1 ,bang the ,bear1 ,hostile ,spy 7,stop ,thief71 etc4 ,a number of non-scouting games are quoted from the book ,social--to ,save4 ,,scoutcraft4 ,,practices ,,and ,,games4--,kim's ,game1 p4 #ed2 ,morgan's ,game1 p4 #ee2 ,scout's ,war ,dance1 p4 #eg2 ,scouts' ,rally1 p4 #dd4 ,teach the scouts to look out trains in ,bradshaw's ,railway ,guide4 ,,boom-,a-,,tata4--,kindly supplied by ,dr4 ,h4 ,kingston as a good marching rally4 ,illustration3 ,boom a-ra-ta4 ,,tracking4 ,,practices4--,street ,observation1 p4 #hc2 ,telling ,character1 p4 #hd2 ,scout's ,nose1 p4 #hf2 ,footmarks1 pp4 #hi1 #ih1 #ii2 ,deduction1 pp4 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,,display4--,the ,diamond ,thief1 p4 #adj4 ,,games4--,observation1 pp4 #hd1 #he1 #hf2 ,far and ,near1 p4 #hf2 ,spot the ,thief1 p4 #ii2 ,smugglers ,over the ,border1 p4 #ajj4 ,,alarm4 ,,stop ,,thief4--,this is similar to the game of ,hostile ,spy1 in the ,birchbark ,roll of ,woodcraft ,indians1 by ,mr4 ,thompson ,seton4 ,a red rag is hung up in the camp or room in the morning3 the umpire goes round to each scout in turn1 while they are at work or play and whispers to him1 ,there is a thief in the camp2 but to one he whispers1 ,there is a thief in the camp1 and you are he--,marble ,arch1 or some other well-known spot about a mile away4 ,that scout then knows that he must steal the rag at any time within the next three hours1 and bolt with it to the ,marble ,arch4 ,nobody else knows who is to be the thief1 where he will run to1 and when he will steal it4 ,directly anyone notices that the red rag is stolen1 he gives the alarm1 and all stop what they may be doing at the time1 and dart off in pursuit of the thief4 ,the scout who gets the rag or a bit of it wins4 ,if none succeed in doing this1 the thief wins4 ,he must carry the rag tied round his neck1 and not in his pocket or hidden away4 ,,woodcraft4 ,,games ,,and ,,practices4--,scout ,hunting1 ,dispatch ,running1 ,deer ,stalking1 ,stalking and ,reporting1 see pp4 #aad1 #aae2 ,observation of ,animals1 p4 #acd2 ,lion ,hunting1 p4 #acd2 ,plant ,race1 p4 #aci2 ,scout meets ,scout1 p4 #ec4 ,,track ,,the ,,assassin4--,the assassin escapes after having stabbed his victim1 carrying in his hand the dripping dagger4 ,the remainder1 a minute later1 start out to track him by the drops of blood 7represented by ,indian corn or peas7 which fall at every third pace4 ,his confederate 7the umpire7 tells him beforehand where to make for1 and if he gets there without being touched by his pursuers1 over eight minutes ahead of them1 he wins4 ,if they never reach his confederate1 neither side wins4 ,,relay ,,race4--,one patrol pitted against another to see who can get a message sent a long distance in shortest time by means of relays of runners 7or cyclists74 ,the patrol is ordered out to send in three successive notes1 or tokens 7such as sprigs of certain plants71 from a point1 say1 two miles distant or more4 ,the leader in taking his patrol out to the spot drops scouts at convenient distances1 who will then act as runners from one post to the next and back4 ,if relays are posted in pairs messages can be passed both ways4 ,,spider ,,and ,,fly4--,a bit of country or section of the town about a mile square is selected as the web1 and its boundaries described1 and an hour fixed at which operations are to cease4 ,one patrol 7or half-patrol7 is the spider1 which goes out and selects a place to hide itself4 ,the other patrol 7or half-patrol7 goes a quarter of an hour later as the fly to look for the spider4 ,they can spread themselves about as they like1 but must tell their leader anything that they discover4 ,an umpire goes with each party4 ,if within the given time 7say about two hours7 the fly has not discovered the spider1 the spider wins4 ,the spiders writes down the names of any of the fly patrol that they may see2 similarly the flies write down the names of any spiders that they may see and their exact hiding-place4 ,marks will be awarded by the umpires for each such report4 ,the two sides should wear different colours1 or be differently dressed 7e4g41 one side in shirt-sleeves74 ,,throwing ,,the ,,assegai4--,target1 a thin sack1 lightly stuffed with straw1 or a sheet of cardboard1 or canvas stretched on a frame4 ,assegais to be made of wands1 with weighted ends sharpened1 or with iron arrow-heads on them4 ,,display4--,the ,diamond ,thief4 ,see pp4 #adj-ada4 ,,play4--,wild ,animal ,play1 by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,thompson ,seton4 ,a musical play1 in which boys and girls take parts4 ,price #f;d4 7,publishers1 ,doubleday1 ,page1 ,co41 #acc ,east ,sixteenth-street1 ,new ,york47 ,animal ,artisans1 by ,c4 ,j4 ,cornish4 #fs4 7,longmans1 ,green47 ,,flag ,,raiding 7from ,aids to ,scouting1 #as4 ,gale ,polden74 ,two or more patrols on each side4 ,each side will form an outpost within a given tract of country to protect three flags 7or at night three lanterns two feet above ground71 planted not less than #bjj yards 7#ajj yards at night7 from it4 ,the protecting outpost will be posted in concealment either altogether or spread out in pairs not more than #hj yards apart4 ,it will then send out scouts to discover the enemy's position4 ,when these have found out where the outpost is they try and creep round out of sight till they can get to the flags and bring them away to their own line4 ,one scout may not take away more than one flag4 ,this is the general position of a patrol on such an outpost3 ,illustration3 ,outpost4 ,any scout coming within #ej yards of a stronger party will be put out of action if seen by the enemy2 if he can creep by without being seen it is all right4 ,scouts posted to watch as outposts cannot move from their ground1 but their strength counts as double1 and they may send single messengers to their neighbours or to their own scouting party4 ,an umpire should be with each outpost and with each scouting patrol4 ,at a given hour operations will cease1 and all will assemble at the given spot to hand in their reports4 ,the following marks would be awarded3 ,for each flag or lamp captured and brought in #e marks ,for each report or sketch of the position of the enemy's outposts ,up to #e marks ,for each report of movement of enemy's scouting patrols #b marks ,the side which makes the biggest total wins4 ,,camp ,,life4 ,,practices4--,knot-tying1 pp4 #adf-aec2 hut building1 p4 #adh2 bridging1 p4 #aej2 self-measurement1 p4 #aea2 hurdle-making1 p4 #aec2 models1 p4 #aec2 handicrafts generally2 camp furniture1 p4 #aef2 camp fires1 p4 #aeg2 camp room1 p4 #afc2 cooking1 p4 #afe2 making ration bags1 p4 #aga2 breadmaking1 pp4 #afg1 #aga4 ,the three ,b's of life in camp are the ability to cook bannock1 beans1 and bacon4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,tent4 ,for ,tee pee or ,american ,indian tent1 see ,thompson ,seton's ,birchbark ,roll1 #be cents4 7,doubleday1 ,page1 ,co41 ,new ,york47 ,for light cyclists' tents1 see ,the ,camper's ,handbook1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,holding2 ,boy ,scouts' tent1 with canvas and scouts' stoves4 ,this is made simple and easy by the three pictures showing the different stages4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,ladder ,,with ,a ,,pole4--,tie firmly sticks1 or tufts of twigs1 or straw1 across the pole at intervals to form steps4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,sleigh4--,see ,camp ,life1 by ,hamilton ,gibson4 #es4 7,harper47 ,,game4--,food2 ,name not less than twelve different kinds of wild food1 such as you would find in ,great ,britain1 supposing there were no supplies available from butchers1 bakers1 grocers1 or greengrocers4 ,n4,b4--,a pike or a trout are not considered different kinds of food for this competition4 ,,fire-,,lighting ,,race4--,to collect material1 lay1 and light a fire till the log given by umpire is alight4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 7,additional to those mentioned on pp4 #aec1 #aga1 etc47 ,the ,camper's ,handbook1 by ,t4 ,h4 ,holding4 #es4 7,simpkin1 ,marshall1 ,co47 ,the ,young ,marooners1 by ,f4 ,goulding4 #bs4 7,nisbet47 ,a story of resourcefulness in camp1 including raft-building1 shoemaking1 first aid1 etc4 ,carpentering and ,cabinetmaking1 by ,w4 ,m4 ,oakwood4 #as4 7,c4 ,a4 ,pearson47 ,models and ,how to ,make ,them1 by ,cyril ,hall4 #as4 ,including steam-engine1 turbine1 electric motor1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,frame of six ,scouts' ,staves1 and an extra joint to lengthen ridge-pole4 ,illustration3 ,six squares of canvas1 #e;ft4 #f;in4 square1 with eyelets and hemmed tube on one side4 ,each ,scout carries one1 and can pack his kit in it if necessary1 or use it as a cape in rain4 ,illustration3 ,boy ,scouts' ,tent for a ,patrol4 ,four canvas squares make the tent4 ,two make the ground sheet4 ,n4,b4--,before making a real article1 whether tent1 or boat1 or other thing1 to scale1 it is almost always best to make a model on a small scale first--make an inch of model represent a foot of the real thing4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,boat1 from ,camp ,life1 by ,hamilton ,gibson1 #es4 7,harper74 ,get two boards1 ,a and ,b1 #ab feet long1 #bj inches wide1 and #c_/d inch thick4 ,cut them both as in ,fig4 #a4 ,nail a plank 7,c7 between them at the centre to hold them in position1 and a second similar plank below it4 ,cut solid block of wood 7,d7 to form the stem or bow-piece1 and a stern board about #b feet long1 #aj inches deep4 ,join the two bow ends of ,a and ,b by screwing them into the block ,d4 ,join the two stern ends by screwing them to each end of the stern board1 and strengthen by screwing stern seat 7,e7 on to both sides and stern piece4 ,turn the boat upside down1 and screw on planks ,f ,f to form the bottom4 ,caulk the seams between these by driving in tow by means of a blunt chisel and mallet1 and paint them with pitch1 if necessary1 to make them water-tight4 ,mark where the seats ,g ,g are to come1 and nail pieces of plank to the sides of the boat1 reaching to a height of one foot from the floor1 to act as supports to the seats4 ,put the seats in resting on these chocks1 and screw them to the sides4 ,screw a pair of strong wooden pins to each side of the boat 7,h ,h7 to form rowlocks4 ,knock out plank ,c1 and your boat is ready4 ,,campaigning ,,and ,,pathfinding4 ,,practices 7see p4 #ahb74--,mountain ,climbing1 ,boat ,management1 ,barometer and ,thermometer ,reading1 ,find the ,north1 pp4 #aij-aid2 ,judging ,heights and ,distances1 pp4 #ahg-ahh1 #aie1 #bje2 ,semaphore and ,morse ,signalling1 pp4 #bja-bjb2 ,drill ,signals1 p4 #bjc2 ,hiding ,dispatches1 ,campaigning ,tests1 p4 #bje2 ,exploration1 pp4 #age-agf4 ,,games4--,night ,patrolling1 p4 #ahb2 ,whale ,hunt1 p4 #ahc2 ,mountain ,scouting1 p4 #ahc2 ,star-gazing1 p4 #aif2 ,judging ,distance1 p4 #aig2 ,finding ,north1 p4 #aig2 ,dispatch ,running1 pp4 #ec1 #bje2 ,arctic ,expedition1 p4 #eb2 ,siberian ,man ,hunt1 #ec4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,boat4 ,,scouting ,,race4--,instructor stations three individuals or groups1 each group differently clothed as far as possible1 and carrying different articles 7such as stick1 bundle1 paper1 etc47 at distances from #cjj to #a1bjj yards from starting point4 ,if there are other people about1 these groups might be told to kneel on one knee1 or take some such attitude to distinguish them from passers-by4 ,he makes out a circular course of three points for the competitors to run1 say about #a_/d mile1 with a few jumps if possible4 ,the competitors start and run to ,no4 #a point4 ,here the umpire tells them the compass-direction of the group they have to report on4 ,each competitor on seeing this group writes a report showing-- #a4 ,how many in the group4 #b4 ,how clothed or how distinguishable4 #c4 ,position as regards any landmark near them4 #d4 ,distance from his own position4 ,he then runs to the next point and repeats the same on another group1 and so on2 and finally he runs with his report to the winning post4 ,marks4--,full marks1 #e for each correct and complete description of a group--that is an aggregate of #ae marks for the course4 ,one mark deducted for every ten seconds later than the first boy handing in his report at the winning post4 ,marks or half marks deducted for mistakes or omissions in reports4 ,,on ,,trek4--,make a trek through ,central ,africa--each scout carrying his kit and food packed in a bundle on his head2 walk in single file with scout #bjj yards out in front and find the way2 he makes scout signs as to the road to follow2 make bridge over stream or raft over lake3 corduroy or faggots in boggy ground3 leave signs and notes for any parties who may follow by day or night4 ,to teach your scouts1 individually1 ideas of time and distance1 send each out in a different direction on some such order as this4 ,go two miles to ,north-north-east4 ,write a report to show exactly where you are 7with sketch map if possible1 to explain it47 ,bring in your report as quickly as possible4 ,then test by ordnance maps or otherwise to see how far he was out of the distance and direction ordered4 ,send out ,scouts in pairs1 to compete each pair against the other4 ,each pair to be started by a different route to gain the same spot1 finding the way by map1 and to reach the goal without being seen by the others on the way4 ,this develops map reading1 eye for country1 concealment1 look-out1 etc4 ,for judging time4 ,send out scouts in different directions1 each with a slip of paper1 to say how long he is to be away1 say seven minutes for one1 ten for another1 and so on4 ,note down his exact time of starting1 and take it again on his return4 ,scouts must be put on their honour not to consult watches or clocks4 ,n4,b4--,many of these games and practices can be carried out in town just as well as in the country4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4--,in addition to those mentioned in ,chap4 ,v41 ,heroes of ,pioneering1 ,e4 ,sanderson1 7,seely ,co47 ,boys' ,book of ,exploration by ,tudor ,jenks4 ,,endurance ,,and ,,health4 ,,practices4--,making tooth-brushes1 p4 #baf4 ,measurement1 #bag4 ,deep breathing1 p4 #bbg4 ,drill1 p4 #bce4 ,staff exercises 7to music if possible74 ,,follow ,,my ,,leader4--,with a large number of boys this can be made a very effective display1 and is easy to do--at a jog-trot1 and occasional knees up1 with musical accompaniment4 ,it can also be done at night1 each boy carrying a ,chinese lantern on top of his staff4 ,if in a building1 all lights would1 of course1 be turned down4 ,a usual fault is that the exercise is kept on too long1 till it wearies both audience and performers4 ,among the most effective figures are the following3 ,illustration3 ,follow ,my ,leader3 ,the ,spiral4 ,illustration3 ,follow ,my ,leader3 ,turn at the corners1 and double zig-zag4 ,illustration3 ,follow ,my ,leader3 ,windmill4 ,how to ,keep ,fit is a little book1 costing #c;d41 by ,surgeon-,captain ,waite 7,gale ,polden71 which tells a man how to look after his health1 and so avoid getting ill4 ,it is much better to study and act upon advice of this kind than to read the advertisements of patent medicines and then to fill yourselves up with these drugs4 ,they are often harmless1 but sometimes very bad for you2 very seldom are they any good4 ,,books ,,to ,,read in addition to those already suggested3-- ,healthful1 ,physical ,exercises1 ,swedish system4 ,w4 ,l4 ,rooper1 #bs4 #i;d4 7,newmann1 #hd1 ,newman ,street47 ,the ,fine ,art of ,ju ,jitsu1 by ,mrs4 ,roger ,watts1 with excellent photos4 7,heinemann74 ,,chivalry4 ,,practices4--,the knot in the necktie to remind the scout to do a good turn4 ,the money-box to develop thrift and charity4 ,archery and quarter-staff play4 ,carpentering and other ways of making money1 pp4 #bfc-e1 #bfh4 ,,games4--,knight-,errantry1 see p4 #bej4 ,risking ,life1 p4 #beh4 ,further displays1 etc41 will be published in the ,scout4 ,,saving ,,life ,,and ,,first ,,aid4 ,,practices4--,dragging insensible man1 p4 #bhi2 scrum1 p4 #bhh2 rescuing drowning men1 pp4 #bij-bia2 fire drill2 first aid for all injuries1 see ,st4 ,john's ,handbooks2 artificial breathing1 p4 #bih2 carrying a patient1 pp4 #cjf-g2 fire alarm1 p4 #cjh4 ,how to make eye tweezers for removing a piece of grit from eye4 ,fold a piece of paper in two4 ,with a sharp knife cut it to a point at an angle of #cj;deg41 and slightly moisten the point4 ,then bring it straight down over the eyeball of the patient1 so that it can nip the obstruction1 which it generally removes at the first attempt4 ,,games4--,dragging ,race1 see page #cjh4 ,book to read in addition to those mentioned on p4 #cjh4 ,r4,e4,p4 ,elliman's ,handbook4 ,apart from its advertising1 it contains a very complete vade mecum of ,first ,aid and ,sick ,room ,hints and ,massage4 7,apply to ,messrs4 ,elliman1 ,slough47 ,,displays4--,a few ideas for life-saving displays can be taken from programmes of the ,boys' ,life ,brigade1 as suggestions4 ,these displays are very popular both with performers and with the audience4 ,,patriotism4 ,a good map of the ,empire is very desirable1 as stated on page #cji4 ,a globe is of even more value than a map4 ,paper globes which can fold up or open out like an umbrella can be got1 which are inexpensive and most instructive4 ,,practice3 ,marksmanship1 pp4 #cbb-cbe4 ,flag-flying1 p4 #cca4 ,observe ,saints' ,days3 ,see p4 #cbg4 ,the visits to museums and armouries 7as suggested on p4 #cbg and elsewhere7 are on the lines of what is regularly done in ,germany as part of the training of the boys while at school4 ,classes are taken by the masters to armouries and museums to be taught their ,national ,history4 ,,games4--,shoot out1 p4 #cbe2 ,french and ,english1 p4 #cbf2 ,badajoz1 p4 #cbf2 ,the ,empire card game4 ,navigation1 #gs4 #f;d41 ,newmann1 #hd1 ,newman ,street2 ,separate ,cruises1 #cs4 #f;d42 ,contraband1 #fs4 #f;d41 ,newmann1 #hd1 ,newman ,street4 ,,displays4--,pageants of incidents in local history4 ,,play ,,the ,,game4--,see p4 #chj4 ,storming the ,kashmir ,gate1 ,delhi4--,see p4 #chb4 ,,songs4--,the ,maple ,leaf ,for ,ever 7,canada74 ,the song of ,australia4 ,,books ,,to ,,read in addition to those already suggested3-- ,heroic ,deeds ,simply ,told2 ,heroes and ,heroines of ,everyday ,life as well as those of ,war1 by ,ernest ,protheroe4 #as4 #aa;d4 7,newmann74 ,history of ,england1 by ,h4 ,o4 ,arnold-,forster4 #cs4 #i;d4 7,cassell74 ,adventures of ,beowulf1 by ,c4 ,l4 ,thomson1 #i;d4 7,marshall74 ,school ,atlas1 by ,h4 ,o4 ,arnold-,forster4 #as4 #aa;d4 7#cg1 ,bedford ,street47 ,through the ,british ,empire in a ,few ,minutes4 ,a short address by ,sir ,howard ,vincent4 7,a4 ,k4 ,johnstone1 #g1 ,paternoster ,square47 ,a ,,bicycle ,,accident4--,boys returning from camp4 ,a rash cyclist4 ,misfortune4 ,injuries attended to and patients carried away to hospital on improvised stretchers4 ,a ,,gas ,,explosion4--,mrs4 ,coddles and family take a walk4 ,they witness a terrible railway accident4 ,mrs4 ,coddles on her way home meets a friend4 ,maria is sent on to light the gas-stove and prepare father's tea4 ,father gets back from work and finds the house full of gas4 ,ambulance squad to the rescue4 ,fireman's lift and artificial respiration4 ,constable ,,aooo arrives on the scene4 ,how not to look for a gas escape4 ,sad end of a gallant but thoughtless policeman4 ,,fire ,,display4--,evening at ,no4 #e ,suburbi ,villas4 ,fire alarm4 ,inmates aroused4 ,escape by the chute4 ,arrival of fire section with jumping sheet4 ,life-lines and pompier ladders4 ,rescue of remaining occupants4 ,,synopsis4--,the workmen are engaged in their daily occupation when an explosion occurs1 causing a fire inside the building and an exterior wall to collapse1 which injures a man who happens to be passing at the time4 ,the uninjured workmen attend to their unfortunate comrades1 while others rush off for help and return with the ambulance and fire apparatus4 ,some of the men are rescued from the burning building by jumping from the tower4 ,,play ,,the ,,game6 ,,poem ,,by ,,henry ,,newbolt4 ,scene ,i43 ,tableau of boys playing cricket4 ,,recitation4 ,there's a breathless hush in the close to-night ,ten to make and the match to win-- ,a bumping pitch and a blinding light1 ,an hour to play and the last man in4 ,and it's not for the sake of a ribboned coat ,or the selfish hope of a season's fame1 ,but his captain's hand on his shoulder smote4 ,action3 ,the captain steps up to the batsman1 puts his hand on his shoulder1 and says to him urgently-- ,play up6 ,play up6 ,and play the game6 ,scene ,,ii43 ,tableau4 ,soldiers in a hard-fought fight retreating--a young officer among them4 ,,recitation4 ,the sand of the desert is sodden red-- ,red with the wreck of the square that broke2 ,the gatling's jammed and the colonel dead1 ,and the regiment blind with dust and smoke4 ,the river of death has brimmed its banks1 ,and ,england's far and ,honour a name1 ,but the voice of a schoolboy rallies the ranks4 ,action3 ,the young officer stands forward pointing his sword to the enemy1 and the retreating soldiers turn ready to charge with him as he cries-- ,play up6 ,play up6 ,and play the game6 ,scene ,,iii43 ,a procession of all kinds of men1 old ones at the head1 middle-aged in centre1 young ones behind--soldiers1 sailors1 lawyers1 workmen1 footballers1 etc41 etc4--,scotch1 ,irish1 ,english1 ,colonial--all linked hand in hand4 ,,recitation4 ,this is the word that year by year1 ,while in her place the school is set1 ,every one of her sons must hear1 ,and none that hears it dare forget4 ,this they all with joyful mind ,bear through life like a torch in flame1 ,and falling fling to the host behind4 ,action3 ,the leader flings out a ,union ,jack1 and calls to the rest-- ,play up6 ,play up6 ,and play the game6 ,one in the centre then calls back to the juniors3 ,play up6 ,play up6 ,and play the game6 ,the smallest of the juniors steps forward and cries to the audience-- ,,play ,,up6 ,,play ,,up6 ,,and ,,play ,,the ,,game6 ,,the ,,storming ,,of ,,delhi4 ,scene1 ruined drawbridge at ,kashmir ,gate4 ,group of officers and soldiers about to blow in the gate4 ,description to be read during the picture4 ,lord ,roberts1 in ,forty-one ,years in ,india1 describes how the ,kashmir ,gate of ,delhi was captured by the ,british troops during the ,mutiny4 ,lieutenants ,home and ,salkeld1 with eight sappers and a bugler of the #ebnd ,regiment1 went forward to blow the gate open for the column to get into ,delhi4 ,the enemy were apparently so astounded at the audacity of this proceeding that for a minute or two they offered but slight resistance4 ,they soon1 however1 discovered how small the party was and the object for which it had come1 and forthwith opened a deadly fire upon the gallant little band from the top of the gateway1 from the city wall1 and through the open wicket4 ,the bridge over the ditch in front of the gateway had been destroyed1 and it was with some difficulty that the single beam which remained could be crossed4 ,home with the men carrying the powder bags got over first4 ,as the bags were being attached to the gate1 ,sergeant ,carmichael was killed1 and ,havildar 7native ,sergeant7 ,madhoo wounded4 ,the rest then slipped into the ditch to allow the firing party which had come up under ,salkeld to carry out its share of the duty4 ,while endeavouring to fire the charge ,salkeld was shot through the leg and arm1 and handed the slow match to ,corporal ,burgess4 ,burgess succeeded in his task1 but fell mortally wounded as he did so4 ,as soon as the explosion took place1 ,bugler ,hawthorne sounded the regimental call of the #ebnd as a signal to the attacking column to advance4 ,in this way the troops got in through the ,kashmir ,gate1 and ,delhi was taken4 ,lieutenant ,home was unfortunately killed within a few weeks by an accidental explosion of a mine he was firing1 otherwise he would have received the ,v4,c4 ,,the ,,maple ,,leaf ,,for ,,ever4 ,alexander ,muir4 ,in days of yore1 from ,britain's shore1 ,wolfe1 the dauntless hero1 came ,and planted firm ,britannia's flag ,on ,canada's fair domain2 ,here may it wave1 our boast and pride1 ,and join in love together1 ,the ,lily1 ,thistle1 ,shamrock1 ,rose entwine ,the ,maple ,leaf for ever4 ,the ,maple ,leaf1 our emblem dear1 ,the ,maple ,leaf for ever1 ,god save our ,king1 and ,heaven bless ,the ,maple ,leaf for ever4 ,at ,queenstown ,heights and ,lundy's ,lane1 ,our brave fathers side by side1 ,for freedom1 homes1 and loved ones dear1 ,firmly stood and nobly died2 ,and those dear rights which they maintained ,we swear to yield them never4 ,our watchword evermore shall be1 ,the ,maple ,leaf forever4 ,refrain4 ,our fair ,dominion now extends ,from ,cape ,race to ,nootka ,sound1 ,may peace for ever be our lot1 ,and plenteous store abound2 ,and may those ties of love be ours1 ,which discord cannot sever1 ,and flourish green o'er ,freedom's home1 ,the ,maple ,leaf for ever4 ,refrain4 ,on ,merry ,england's far-famed land ,may kind ,heaven sweetly smile2 ,god bless ,old ,scotland evermore1 ,and ,ireland's ,emerald ,isle2 ,then swell the song both loud and long ,till rocks and forest quiver4 ,god save our ,king1 and ,heaven bless ,the ,maple ,leaf for ever4 ,the ,maple ,leaf1 our emblem dear1 ,the ,maple ,leaf for ever1 ,god save our ,king1 and ,heaven bless ,the ,maple ,leaf for ever4 ,,the ,,song ,,of ,,australia4 ,words by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,j4 ,carleton4 ,music by ,herr ,carl ,linger4 ,there is a land where summer skies ,are gleaming with a thousand dyes1 ,blending in witching harmonies2 ,and grassy knoll and forest height ,are flushing in the rosy light1 ,and all above is azure bright1 ,,australia4 ,there is a land where honey flows1 ,where laughing corn luxuriant grows1 ,land of the myrtle and the rose4 ,on hill and plain the clust'ring vine ,is gushing out with purple wine1 ,and cups are quaffed to thee and thine1 ,,australia4 ,there is a land where treasures shine1 ,deep in the dark unfathomed mine1 ,for worshippers at mammon's shrine2 ,where gold lies hid and rubies gleam1 ,and fabled wealth no more doth seem ,the idle fancy of a dream1 ,,australia4 ,there is a land where homesteads peep1 ,from sunny plains and woodlands steep1 ,and love and joy bright vigils keep2 ,where the glad voice of childish glee ,is mingling with the melody ,of ,nature's hidden minstrelsy1 ,,australia4 ,there is a land where floating free1 ,from mountain top to girdling sea1 ,a proud flag waves exultingly2 ,and freedom's sons the banner bear1 ,no shackled slave can breathe the air-- ,fairest of ,britain's daughters1 fair1 ,,australia4 ,,note4--,when sung1 repeat at end of third line in each verse as follows3 harmonies1 and the rose1 mammon's shrine1 vigils keep1 exultingly4 ,,god ,,bless ,,the ,,prince ,,of ,,wales4 ,among our ancient mountains1 ,and from our lovely vales1 ,oh6 let the prayer re-echo1 ,god ,bless the ,prince of ,wales6 ,with heart and voice awaken ,those minstrel strains of yore1 ,till ,britain's name and glory ,resound from shore to shore4 ,chorus ,among our ancient mountains1 ,and from our lovely vales1 ,oh6 let the prayer re-echo1 ,god ,bless the ,prince of ,wales ,should hostile bands or danger ,e'er threaten our fair ,isle1 ,may ,god's strong arm protect us1 ,may ,heav'n still on us smile4 ,above the ,throne of ,england ,may fortune's star long shine6 ,and round its sacred bulwarks ,the olive branches twine4 ,among our ancient mountains1 etc4 ,,god ,,save ,,the ,,king4 ,god save our gracious ,king1 ,long live our noble ,king1 ,god save the ,king6 ,send him victorious1 ,happy and glorious1 ,long to reign over us1 ,god save the ,king6 ,thy choicest gifts in store1 ,on him be pleas'd to pour1 ,long may he reign4 ,may he defend our laws1 ,and ever give us cause1 ,to sing with heart and voice1 ,god save the ,king6 ,,sample ,,programme ,,of ,,athletic ,,sports4 ,throwing the life line ,open4 ,patrol drill 7demonstration7 ,curlews4 ,fire-lighting competition ,wolves v4 ,bulls4 ,physical drill or ju jitsu 7demonstration7 ,ravens4 ,dragging insensible men race ,lions v4 ,curlews4 ,basket ball 7final ties7 ,patrols4 ,deer-stalking ,wolves4 ,spotty face ,bulls4 ,shoot out ,ravens v4 ,lions4 ,bang the bear ,curlews4 ,cockfighting ,wolves v4 ,ravens4 ,french and ,english tug of war ,birds v4 ,beasts4 ,whale hunt ,all patrols4 ,in place of ,challenge ,cups it is well to have ,challenge ,banners4 ,each scout in the patrol that wins a banner should receive a small copy of the flag to keep as a memento4 ,,non-,,scouting ,,games4 ,,useful ,,for ,,evenings ,,in ,,the ,,club ,,or ,,in ,,camp4 ,,nobody',s ,,airship4--,two patrols sit on two forms facing each other1 knees about a foot from those of opposite side4 ,a small air-balloon is thrown in1 both sides pat it with their hands to keep it up in the air and try to send it far over the heads of their opponents4 ,if it falls to the ground behind one party that party loses a point4 ,the game is best of five points4 ,,artists4--,players sit round a table1 each with paper and pencil4 ,the right-hand one draws a picture1 in separate firm strokes1 of an ordinary figure or head--putting in his strokes in unusual sequence so that for a long time it is difficult to see what he is drawing4 ,each player looks over to see what the man on his right is drawing and copies it stroke by stroke4 ,when the right-hand artist has finished his picture1 compare all the rest with it4 ,,target ,,ball4--,indoor cricket with a lawn tennis ball1 small wooden bat1 and a disc or small target for wicket4 ,,circle ,,ball4--,a large circle of players throw lawn tennis ball at one in the centre4 ,the object of the player in the centre is to remain in as long as possible without being hit2 if he catches the ball in his hands it does not count as a hit4 ,whoever hits him with the ball takes his place4 ,the player who remains in longest wins4 ,,counting ,,the ,,words4--,let someone read out half a page from a book1 pronouncing the words with moderate rapidity4 ,as he reads1 let the members of the company try to count his words4 ,the persons who comes the nearest to the truth in his estimate is judged the victor4 ,it is astonishing how widely these estimates vary4 ,,animated ,,portraits4--,over a door drape a curtain1 in the centre of which is hung a frame through which can be thrust the heads of various persons chosen from those present4 ,these heads are to be attired in such a fashion as to represent various well-known characters1 such as ,christopher ,columbus1 ,queen ,victoria1 etc4 ,the audience are to be informed that they are at liberty to make frank criticisms on these animated pictures for the purpose of causing a smile4 ,in case the audience is successful in identifying within a certain time1 the person who represents the picture must pay a fine4 ,,to ,,fit4--,cut a square opening in a pasteboard1 which is placed prominently in front of the room4 ,distribute to the members corks of different sizes4 ,provide with sharp knives those that are not already provided4 ,explain that the task before them is to cut the corks so that they will fit the square opening1 without measuring the opening1 judging entirely by the eye4 ,the one whose cork fits the best wins4 ,,city ,,chains4--,place the players in two groups facing each other4 ,each group must choose a leader1 with whom the members of his side communicate in whispers4 ,in the centre is an umpire1 who1 with his watch1 gives each side a quarter of a minute1 or less1 for their response4 ,the leader of one side begins by naming a city1 such as ,new ,york4 ,within the prescribed time the leader of the opposite side must name a city beginning with the last letter of ,new ,york1 as ,kalamazoo2 and so it proceeds1 each leader using the wits of all in his group to assist his own4 ,when a leader fails to respond in time1 the opposite leader chooses one player from his opponent's side1 and in his turn starts a new chain4 ,the game can be played also with the names of famous persons1 but this is harder4 ,a ,,memory ,,game4--,in order to play this game successfully1 it is necessary that the list of words and sentences given below be in the memory of one of the players1 who acts as leader4 ,this leader1 turning to his next neighbour remarks1 ,one old owl4 ,he turns to his neighbour1 and gives the same formula4 ,so it passes around the circle till it comes to the leader again1 who repeats it1 and adds the formula1 ,two tantalising tame toads4 ,so again it goes around1 and again1 and each time the leader adds a new formula1 until the whole is repeated1 up to ten4 ,it is safe to say1 however1 that no society will ever get that far4 ,all who forget part of the formula are dropped from the circle4 ,here is the whole3 ,one old owl4 ,two tantalising tame toads4 ,three tremulous1 tremendous1 terrible tadpoles4 ,four fat1 fussy1 frivolous1 fantastic fellows4 ,five flaming1 flapping1 flamingoes fishing for frogs4 ,six silver-tongued1 saturnine senators standing stentoriously shouting1 ,so-so4 ,seven serene seraphs soaring swiftly sunward1 singing1 ,say1 sisters4 ,eight elderly1 energetic1 effusive1 erudite1 enterprising editors eagerly eating elderberries4 ,nine nice1 neat1 notable1 neighbourly1 nautical1 nodding nabobs nearing northern ,normandy4 ,ten tall1 tattered1 tearful1 turbulent tramps1 talking tumultuously through tin trumpets4 ,,post4--,this game may be played in a large hall1 or out of doors on the lawn4 ,it is especially adapted to the juniors1 and may be so played as to teach them a great deal of geography4 ,the leader either marks with chalk1 or indicates with his fingers1 the outlines of some mission country4 ,let it be ,india1 for example4 ,a rough triangle is fixed1 and the places of the prominent mission stations are indicated by marks1 sticks1 stones1 bushes1 or trees1 and at each of these places one of the players is stationed4 ,one player might stand at ,calcutta1 one at ,bombay1 one at ,madras1 one at ,madura1 one at ,delhi1 etc4 ,the leader then takes upon himself the name of some prominent missionary of ,india--say ,bishop ,thoburn2 then1 declaring that ,bishop ,thoburn wants to go from ,calcutta to ,madras1 he attempts to reach one of those stations while the two occupants thereof are rapidly changing places4 ,if he succeed in doing this1 the player left out has to take his place as ,bishop ,thoburn1 and in this way the game proceeds4 ,,number ,,groups4--,give each person present a number1 printed in large type on a card which is pinned conspicuously on the breast4 ,the numbers range from #aj to #bd1 and so of course there will be many duplicates4 ,there is a leader1 who begins the game by calling in a loud voice some number1 such as #ahj4 ,immediately the players as rapidly as possible arrange themselves in groups1 seeking to form a group the sum of whose numbers will equal #ahj4 ,as soon as a group has been thus formed it presents itself to the leader1 and to each member of this successful group is given a slip of paper4 ,as soon as one group has thus formed #ahj and been rewarded1 the half-formed groups are dissolved1 since they do not count anything1 and the leader calls out a new number4 ,after this has been tried a certain number of times1 the person that has received the largest number of slips is adjudged the winner4 ,if you want to make this game very difficult1 use higher numbers1 and attach them to the backs instead of the fronts1 of the members4 ,,their ,,weight4--,this contest will make pleasant material to fill some interval in your socials4 ,let the committee previously gather six articles1 as dissimilar as may be in size1 shape1 and material1 but each weighing a pound4 ,you may take1 for instance1 a wooden pail1 a tin pan1 a piece of lead4 ,call out different members of the company1 and request them to arrange these six articles in the order of their weight4 ,of course1 almost every one will think the large article to be the heaviest4 ,,basket ,,ball4 ,this is a game something like football1 which can be played in a room or limited space4 ,a small football is used1 but it is never to be kicked4 ,it is only to be thrown or patted with the hands4 ,kicking or stopping the ball with the foot or leg is not allowed4 ,the ball may be held in the hands1 but not hugged close to the body1 nor may it be carried for more than two paces4 ,all holding1 dashing1 charging1 shouldering1 tripping1 etc41 is forbidden2 and there is a penalty of a free throw to the opposite side from the fifteen foot mark at the net1 which forms the goal4 ,the net is hung up about ten feet above the ground on a post1 tree1 or wall1 so that the ball can be thrown into it4 ,opposite each goal a path of fifteen feet long and six feet wide1 beginning immediately under the basket and leading towards the centre of the ground1 is marked out4 ,at the end of this path a circle is drawn of ten feet diameter4 ,when there is a free throw1 the thrower stands inside this circle1 and no player is allowed within it or within the measured path4 ,corners1 byes1 and shies are the same as in ,association football2 but in ordinary rooms1 with side walls1 it is not necessary to have out at the sides4 ,the usual number of players is four or five a side1 and these can be divided into goal-keeper1 back1 and three forwards4 ,if there is plenty of room the number of players could be increased4 ,a referee is required1 who throws up the ball at the start of each half of the game1 and also after each goal4 ,when he throws in1 the ball must be allowed to touch the ground before it is played4 ,with four players a side1 #g-a_/b minutes each way is sufficient time2 with five a side1 ten minutes is the usual time4 ,a short interval at half time4 ,the net or basket goal should be about #ah inches diameter at the top and #b feet deep4 ,,books ,,to ,,read4 ,school ,games4 ,by ,t4 ,chesterton4 7,educational ,supply ,association47 ,new ,games and ,sports4 ,by ,h4 ,alexander4 7,george ,philip ,son47 ,industrial ,games4 ,by ,mrs4 ,aldrich4 7,gale ,polden47 ,social--to ,save4 7,published in ,new ,york47 ,finger ,problems3 ,games with ,string4 7,plumbe ,richardson1 ,mansfield47 ,,suggestion ,,for ,a ,,display ,by two patrols or more1 to demonstrate ,scoutcraft1 bringing in ,drill1 ,pathfinding1 ,camping1 ,pioneering1 ,life-saving1 ,hygiene1 etc4 ,can be performed out of doors or in a big arena4 ,improved by incidental music4 ,enter advanced scout1 left1 finding his way by the map1 noticing landmarks1 and looking for sign4 ,he crosses the arena and disappears1 right1 unless it is a wide1 outdoor space1 when he remains at a distance1 squatting1 on the look-out4 ,enter scouts1 left1 in patrol formation1 followed by second patrol in close formation4 ,scoutmaster halts them4 ,one scout semaphores to advanced scout1 ,we camp here4 ,keep good look-out4 ,patrol leaders drill their patrols at quick1 smart drill for about three minutes by whistle or hand signal1 etc4 7,page #bjc47 ,camp3 ,break off and form camp4 ,one patrol makes camp-loom 7page #afc7 and weaves a straw mat #d feet wide #f feet long1 and makes a lean-to frame 7page #adh7 or tent frame1 with scout staves1 and with the mat form a lean-to shelter4 ,the other patrol makes a camp grate or kitchen 7page #aei or #afe71 and lights fire4 ,it then makes tent frame of staves 7page #cga71 and makes tent with canvas squares 7page #cga74 ,one patrol commences cooking1 making dough in coat1 etc4 ,the scouts of the other give themselves physical exercises1 such as body-twisting 7page #bbi--page #bcg74 ,clean teeth with sticks 7page #baf74 ,scouts' ,war ,dance3 ,all fall in and carry out ,scouts' ,war ,dance 7page #ef71 combined with ,follow ,my ,leader 7page #cge74 ,just towards the end the dance is interrupted by an ,alarm3 ,shots heard without 7right74 ,alarm signal given by leaders 7page #bjc74 ,smoke-fire made1 alarm signal sent up by one of the patrols1 while the other throws down tent and shelter1 cuts lashings1 and distributes the staves to scouts4 ,one patrol then doubles out in extended formation 7right7 towards the firing4 ,sentry staggers in1 and falls4 ,one scout attends to him4 ,second patrol follows the first at a double in close formation4 ,a scout returns from right carrying a wounded one on his shoulder2 bandages him4 ,another scout drags in a wounded one 7see pages #bhi and #cjf74 ,firing ceases2 both patrols ,return1 cheerful in having driven off the enemy4 ,one patrol makes stretcher with staves and tent-canvases4 ,the other tidies camp ground1 puts out fire1 etc4 ,parade and march off4 ,union ,jack in front4 ,then scoutmaster1 followed by one patrol2 second patrol carrying one sick man on crossed hands1 the other on stretcher4 ,the whole scene should be frequently and thoroughly rehearsed beforehand4 ,it must all be carried out as smartly and quickly as possible1 without pauses4 ,everybody doing something1 helping the others1 never standing idle4 ,it is well to have a short explanatory story on the programme1 so that the public understand what it is all about4 ,such as this3 ,,the ,,explorers4 ,a troop of scouts1 with an advanced scout finding the way1 are exploring a strange country4 ,they halt4 ,a little drill1 and then form camp4 ,while food is preparing they gain an appetite by physical exercise and indulgence in a war dance4 ,the alarm is given and signalled4 ,the camp successfully defended4 ,the wounded cared for1 and the expedition continues on its way4 ,,true ,,scouting ,,stories4 ,interesting examples of the great value of scouting have1 of course1 occurred many times4 ,here are a few--unavoidably omitted from a previous part of ,scouting for ,boys4 ,captain ,stigand in ,scouting and ,reconnaissance in ,savage ,countries gives the following instances of scouts reading important meaning from small signs4 ,when he was going round outside his camp one morning he noticed fresh spoor of a horse which had been walking4 ,he knew that all his horses only went at a jog-trot1 so it must have been a stranger's horse4 ,so he recognised that a mounted scout of the enemy had been quietly looking at his camp in the night4 ,coming to a village in ,central ,africa from which the inhabitants had fled1 he could not tell what tribe it belonged to till he found a crocodile's foot in one of the huts1 which showed that the village belonged to the ,awisa tribe1 as they eat crocodiles1 and the neighbouring tribes do not4 ,a man was seen riding a camel over half a mile away4 ,a native who was watching him said1 ,it is a man of slave blood4 ,how can you tell at this distance4 ,because he is swinging his leg4 ,a true ,arab rides with his leg close to the camel's side4 ,general ,joubert1 who was ,commander-in-,chief of the ,boer ,army in the ,boer ,war1 #aijj1 told me 7some years before that7 that in the previous ,boer ,war1 #ahha1 it was his wife who first noticed the ,british troops were occupying ,majuba ,mountain4 ,the ,boers were at that time camped near the foot of the mountain1 and they generally had a small party of men on the top as a look-out4 ,on this particular day they had intended moving away early in the morning so the usual picquet had not been sent up on to the mountain4 ,while they were getting ready to start1 ,mrs4 ,joubert1 who evidently had the eyes of a scout1 looked up and said1 ,why1 there is an ,englishman on the top of ,majuba6 ,the ,boers said ,no--it must be our own men who have gone up there1 after all4 ,but ,mrs4 ,joubert stuck to it and said1 ,look at the way he walks1 that is no ,boer--it is an ,englishman4 ,and so it was2 she was right4 ,an ,english force had climbed the mountain during the night1 but by the stupidity of this man showing himself up on the sky-line their presence was immediately detected by the ,boers who1 instead of being surprised by them1 climbed up the mountain unseen under the steep crags and surprised the ,british1 and drove them off with heavy loss4 ,an officer lost his field-glasses during some manoeuvres on the desert five miles from ,cairo and he sent for the native trackers to look for them4 ,they came and asked to see the tracks of his horse2 so the horse was brought out and led about so that they could see his footprints4 ,these they carried in their minds and went out to where the manoeuvres had been3 there1 among the hundreds of hoof marks of the cavalry and artillery1 they very soon found those of the officer's horse1 and followed them up wherever he had ridden1 till they found the field-glasses lying where they had dropped out of their case on the desert4 ,these trackers are particularly good at spooring camels4 ,to anyone not accustomed to them the footmark of one camel looks very like that of any other camel1 but to a trained eye they are all as different as people's faces1 and these trackers remember them very much as you would remember the faces of people you had seen4 ,about a year ago a camel was stolen near ,cairo4 ,the police tracker was sent for and shown its spoor4 ,he followed it for a long way until it got into some streets where it was entirely lost among other footmarks4 ,but the other day1 a year later1 this police tracker suddenly came on the fresh track of this camel2 he had remembered its appearance all that time4 ,it had evidently been walking with another camel whose footmark he knew was one which belonged to a well-known camel thief4 ,so without trying to follow the tracks when they got into the city he went with a policeman straight to the man's stable and there found the long-missing camel4 ,,corrections4 ,owing to difficulties in getting out this handbook punctually in fortnightly parts1 ,i am afraid a number of inaccuracies have crept in1 which ,i hope you will excuse4 ,these are some of them3 ,page #de4--;,in the colour for the ,wolf patrol1 for ,yellow read ,yellow and ,black4 #aga4--;,for ,mr4 ,seton ,thompson read ,mr4 ,thompson ,seton4 #ahh 7line #ai74--;,for #cfe feet read #cfe yards4 #bjb4--,sign ,y read semaphore #bei4--;,for ,,self-,,employment read ,,self-,,improvement4 #bfg 7line #ai74--;,heading ,,luck should be the heading of the next paragraph1 before the words ,if you1 etc4 #bha 7line #h74--;,for we will read you must4 #bif 7last line74--,for ,two ,scouts in ,mafeking read ,marksmanship4 ,colonial boys think more of their rifle shooting than of their games4 ,see page #cbb4 7,pictures from ,sketches in ,mafeking1 by the ,author4 ,by permission of ,messrs4 ,smith1 ,elder ,co47 #cja 7last line74--,for ,an actual experience of mine read ,an incident in ,kashmir4 ,see page #bcj4 #ccb 7last line but one74--,for made known read remedied4 #ccd 7line #ba74--;,after we are insert or should be4 ,after ,king add for the good of our country4 ,,ready ,,may #ast4 ,,in ,,book ,,form4 ,scouting for ,boys4 ,a ,,handbook ,,for ,,instruction ,,in ,,good ,,citizenship ,,by ,lieut4-,general ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,baden-,,powell1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,price #bs4 ,cloth ,bound4 ,,published ,,by ,,horace ,,cox1 ,,windsor ,,house1 ,,bream',s ,,buildings1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,copyrighted #aijh4 ,all rights reserved4 ,all communications regarding ,boy ,scouts should be addressed to-- ,,the ,,quartermaster1 ,,boy ,,scouts1 ,,bedford ,,mansions1 ,,henrietta ,,street1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 ,this ,part ,,vi4 of ,scouting for ,boys is the concluding one of the ,series4 ,the book has met with unexpected success4 ,its work of imparting suggestions and knowledge of ,peace-,scouting will therefore now be continued and amplified in ,,the ,,scout1 a weekly newspaper1 at ,one ,penny1 which will appear on #adth ,april1 and every succeeding ,thursday4 ,the ,scout is founded by ,lieut4-,general ,baden-,powell1 with a view to keeping touch among the very large number of those already interested in ,boys' ,scouting in every part of the country1 and also as appealing to all ,british young men and lads of honour1 grit1 and spirit4 ,the founder will write in its pages each week1 and the services of a number of known writers have been secured4 ,,the ,,scout will be fully illustrated and up-to-date4 ,its publication will be in the hands of ,messrs4 ,c4 ,,arthur ,,pearson ,,ltd4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,archaic and colloquial spelling and punctuation was retained4 ,missing or obscured punctuation was corrected4 ,text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores 7italics74 ,text that was in bold face is enclosed by equals signs 7bold74