,transcriber's ,notes ,obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected4 ,italics are represented thus italic1 bold thus bold4 ,illustration3 ,the ,author1 signed1 ,yours truly ,eugen ,sandow ,,strength ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,obtain ,,it1 ,,by ,,eugen ,,sandow1 ,,with ,,anatomical ,,chart1 ,,illustrating ,,exercises ,,for ,,physical ,,development4 ,,revised ,,edition4 ,,illustrated ,,with ,,full ,,page ,,portraits ,,of ,,the ,,author ,,and ,,some ,,of ,,his ,,pupils4 ,reproduced from ,photographs by ,falk of ,new ,york1 and ,warwick ,brookes of ,manchester4 ,london3 ,,gale ,,polden1 ,,ltd41 #b1 ,,amen ,,corner1 ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,e4,c41 ,,and ,,wellington ,,works1 ,,aldershot4 ,,two-,,and-,,six ,,nett4 ,,printed ,,by ,,gale ,,polden1 ,,ltd41 ,,wellington ,,works1 ,,aldershot4 ,copyright--,gale ,polden1 ,ltd4 ,,introduction4 ,in writing this book ,i have taken it as a commonplace that everyone--man1 woman1 and child--wants to be strong4 ,without strength--and by strength ,i mean health1 vitality1 and a general sense of physical well-being--life is but a gloomy business4 ,wealth1 talent1 ambition1 the love and affection of friends1 the pleasure derived from doing good to those about one1 all these things may afford some consolation for being deprived of life's chief blessing1 but they can never make up for it4 8,but10 ,i am constantly being asked1 8it is all very well for you to say this1 and everyone of sense agrees with you2 the point is1 can we obtain this much-prized blessing80 ,in the vast majority of cases ,i can say unhesitatingly 8,yes40 ,you can all be strong1 all enjoy the heritage which was intended for you4 ,not all to the same extent1 perhaps4 ,those who are afflicted with some hereditary disease1 who may have unsound organs handed down to them1 cannot reasonably expect to get such results as their more fortunate brethren4 ,still1 even they need not despair2 even if their condition be such as to put out of the question any such thing as athletics1 they can1 at all events1 attain to such a condition as will permit of their enjoying life1 and render them fit to carry on their work without difficulty4 ,and after all1 those who wish to be strong for this reason are innumerable4 ,it is only the young and vigorous who desire to excel in athletic pastimes1 but the middle-aged and elderly1 the delicate women and young children1 who yearn for health are countless4 ,i claim that by carefully following out my system1 as set out in the following pages1 and fully illustrated in the ,anatomical ,chart at the end of the volume1 these results may be attained4 ,,note ,,to ,,the ,,second ,,edition4 ,it is nearly two years since the first edition of 8,strength and ,how to ,obtain it0 was published1 and its success has been very gratifying to me4 ,it plainly demonstrates that the people of my adopted country are gradually beginning to understand and appreciate what is meant by 8physical culture10 and that my ideas are steadily taking root in productive ground4 ,i am1 therefore1 encouraged to bring out a new edition of the book1 which1 ,i trust1 will be an improvement upon its predecessor4 ,several chapters have been added and a few inaccuracies and ambiguities remedied1 and ,i trust the book in its new form will find favour with my readers4 ,i wish to draw particular attention to chapters ,v4 and ,,viii41 in which ,i refer to 8,my #8,grip' ,dumb-bell0 and to 8,physical ,culture for ,women40 ,there are various other additions to which ,i need not refer here4 ,sufficient to say that during the past eighteen months ,i have learned much1 and that so far as lies in my power ,i have endeavoured to give the benefit of such knowledge as ,i have acquired to all who believe with me that the cultivation of the body is a sacred and imperative duty4 ,,eugen ,,sandow4 ,,part ,i4 ,,my ,,system ,,of ,,physical ,,culture4 ,,strength ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,obtain ,,it4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,concerning ,,physical ,,culture4 ,it is curious to me to look back a year or two and to reflect upon the change in public opinion upon this subject which has taken place in so short a time4 ,when ,i first began to preach the 8gospel of health and strength0 the general tendency was to make fun of me4 ,some people called me a fool2 others1 a charlatan4 ,very few indeed took the trouble to see whether there was anything in my theories1 and to test for themselves their truth or falsity4 ,that was1 so to speak1 only yesterday2 what an alteration1 and an alteration for the better1 is to be observed to-day4 ,i shall not be accused of undue egotism if ,i say that my ideas have 8caught on40 ,all over the country1 among the young1 8physical culture0 is now the rage1 and that it is no mere passing fancy is proved by the fact that those who are no longer in their first youth are its equally devoted1 though possibly less feverish1 disciples4 8,and what is physical culture80 is naturally the question which arises to the lips of those to whom the subject is still unfamiliar4 ,let me begin by saying what it is not4 ,to begin with1 to suppose1 as many people do suppose1 that athletics and physical culture are the same thing is quite a mistaken notion4 ,then is physical culture opposed to athletics8 ,certainly not4 ,cricket and football and rowing and swimming1 and1 indeed1 all forms of manly sport and exercise1 are admirable things in their way1 but they are not physical culture4 ,a part of it1 if you like2 but physical culture is something far wider in its scope1 infinitely loftier in its ideals4 ,what was the ideal of the ,greeks8 ,they were ardent athletes1 but their pastimes were only regarded as a means to an end4 ,the ,greeks regarded the culture of the body as a sacred duty2 their aim was to bring it to the highest possible state of power and beauty1 and we know how they succeeded4 ,surely what they succeeded in doing cannot be impossible for us4 ,does the reader now begin to get a clearer idea of what is meant by physical culture8 ,as ,i have previously said1 it is to the body what culture1 in the accepted sense of the word1 is to the mind4 ,to constantly and persistently cultivate the whole of the body so that at last it shall be capable of anything that sound organs and perfectly developed muscles can accomplish--that is physical culture4 ,the production1 in short1 of an absolutely perfect body--that is physical culture4 ,to undo the evil for which civilization1 and all the drawbacks it has brought in its train1 have been responsible in making man regard his body lightly--that is the aim of physical culture4 ,i think ,i am justified in saying that while it embraces every variety of athletics it goes very much further4 ,possibly there are people who will refuse to admit that this aim is in itself a desirable one4 ,they may say that the sound body is only valuable in so far as it enables the sound mind to perform its work4 ,this ,i regard as nonsensical cant4 ,i absolutely and strenuously refuse to allow for an instant that the cultivation of the body is1 per se1 a comparatively valueless thing4 ,on the contrary1 ,i maintain that he who neglects his body--and not to cultivate it is to neglect it--is guilty of the worst sin2 for he sins against ,nature4 ,i take my stand upon this then--that the care of the body is in itself an absolutely good thing1 and its neglect is no more to be excused than is the neglect of the opportunities of mental advancement which have been placed in a man's way4 ,i am quite aware that it takes a very long time to thoroughly free ourselves from the trammels of old-established prejudice4 ,i am quite prepared to hear of some worthy folk gravely shaking their heads and deprecating any great amount of attention being paid to the body as likely to engender undue vanity and self-esteem4 ,i do not think that is likely to be so1 but even if it should be the case ,i do not hold it to be such a grievous matter4 ,if a man has striven his utmost to make the best of himself a certain amount of pride in the fact may well be forgiven him4 ,or1 at all events1 we can look upon his failing with the eye of charity4 ------------------------------ ,i do not think ,i can conclude this chapter better than by reprinting some remarks on the subject which ,i wrote in the first number of 8,physical ,culture10 my monthly magazine4 ,the article was carefully thought out1 and ,i do not think there is any need for me to add to it4 8,for after all1 why should not a man feel some pride in a healthy and well-cared-for body8 ,though ,i contend that it in itself is emphatically a good thing1 that is not to say the effects of physical culture are confined to the body4 ,in bringing the body to its highest pitch of perfection1 various moral qualities1 the value of which it would be difficult to over-estimate1 must necessarily be brought into play4 ,the first essential to success is the power of concentrating the will upon the work4 ,muscles are not developed by muscular action alone4 ,physical exertion1 however arduous and long continued1 will not make a man strong1 or the day labourer and the blacksmith would be the strongest of men4 ,mechanical and desultory exertion will never materially increase a man's strength4 ,he must first learn the great secret1 which ought to be no secret at all4 ,he must use his mind4 ,he may not be able to add a cubit to his stature1 but by taking thought a man can most assuredly increase the size of his muscles1 strengthen all his organs1 and add to his general vitality4 ,but he must put his mind1 as well as his muscles1 into the work4 ,and by exercise and practice the will-power is greatly increased1 until1 in course of time1 the whole organism is so absolutely under its control that the muscles can be kept in perfect condition even without what1 in ordinary language1 is called 8exercise40 ,that is to say1 that without violent exertion1 but merely by the exertion of the will1 the muscles can be exercised almost to any extent4 ,can it for a moment be supposed that this cultivation of the will-power is not of great value to an individual1 no matter what sort of task or work he may be engaged in8 ,is it not largely by the exercise of will-power that most things are achieved8 ,take two men of equal talents2 give them equal opportunities2 but let one's will-power and power of concentration be relatively much greater than his fellow's4 ,then set them to perform the same task4 ,which will succeed best8 ,no person endowed with ordinary intelligence can be in doubt for a moment4 ,will-power is a mighty factor--perhaps the mightiest--in all that goes to make up the sum of human success or failure4 ,but the strengthening of will--though perhaps the chief--is not by a long way the only benefit which physical culture confers4 ,the man who means to make his body as nearly perfect as possible must perforce cultivate habits of self-control and of temperance4 ,not the temperance which consists of rigidly abstaining from all the #8pleasant vices1' but the real temperance which teaches a man to say #8,no1' which teaches him to indulge in all that is conducive to happiness without being in danger of that overstepping of the boundary line which leads to misery4 ,the man who has cultivated his body has also cultivated self-respect4 ,he has learned the virtue and the happiness of rigid personal cleanliness2 his views of life are sane and wholesome4 ,respecting himself he learns to respect others4 ,he is gentle1 and only uses his powers against his fellowmen when called upon to do so in the defence of the oppressed and helpless4 ,it is your weakling who is generally a bully and a tyrant4 ,to take a few men who are exceptionally endowed by ,nature1 to make them extraordinarily strong1 and to then train them to perform particular feats1 is not a thing very difficult of accomplishment4 ,but that is not the aim of physical culture4 ,its ultimate object is to raise the average standard of the race as a whole4 ,that is1 no doubt1 a stupendous task1 and one which it may take many lifetimes to accomplish4 ,but everything must have its beginning1 and unless we set about improving the physique of the present generation1 we cannot hope to benefit those who come after us4 ,healthier and more perfect men and women will beget children with better constitutions and more free from hereditary taint4 ,they in their turn1 if the principles and the duty of physical culture are early instilled into them1 will grow up more perfect types of men and women than were their mothers and fathers4 ,so the happy progression will go on1 until1 who knows1 if in the days to come there will not be a race of mortals walking this earth of ours even surpassing those who1 according to the old myth1 were the offspring of the union of the sons of the gods with the daughters of men6 ,that is1 perhaps1 an almost impossible ideal1 but it is well to set one's ideals high4 ,surely what has been done for the horse and the dog cannot be impossible of accomplishment in the case of man4 ,at all events1 it is worth trying40 ,to wind up this chapter with a word of encouragement to those who come quite fresh to the subject2 to those who in taking up ,physical ,culture are venturing into what is to them unexplored territory--8,read1 think1 and work4 ,do not be disheartened because your progress at first seems slow2 nothing worth having is to be won without labour4 ,i can only tell you what to do1 only point out to you the right road4 ,the rest lies with yourself4 ,i should be the sorriest humbug if ,i endeavoured to make you believe otherwise1 and you would be the simplest of fools if you did believe me4 ,there is no royal road to success1 and a very bad thing would it be if there were4 ,for your reward lies not so much in the accomplishment as in the effort and struggle1 and all the good qualities which they bring out40 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,system4 ,i have already remarked upon the satisfactory progress which the system has made during the last few years4 ,it is probably well-known that my system has practically been adopted in the ,army2 although the method adopted in the ,army gymnasia is not absolutely identical with that which ,i advocate1 it is obviously based upon the same principles4 ,people may be interested to hear that since ,i opened my first school1 some eighteen months ago1 amongst my pupils have been a great number of gentlemen1 who1 desirous of adopting the ,army as a career1 have been unable to do so through not coming up to the physical standpoint required4 ,in many cases they have actually been rejected on this account2 in others they have been fearful that such might be their fate1 and have come to me in order to avoid it4 ,some have not been heavy enough for their height2 others lacking in chest measurement1 and so on4 ,now let my system be judged by the results4 ,in not a single instance have ,i failed to do what is necessary4 ,that may stand by itself without any further comment from me4 ,however1 as a further proof of the efficacy of the system1 ,i may say that ,i have put an inch on the height of a young fellow in three weeks6 ,this may sound incredible1 but it is an absolute fact4 ,the majority of these gentlemen1 whom ,i have helped to pass the ,army 8medical10 have written me appreciative letters1 and though for obvious reasons ,i cannot publish them1 ,i shall be happy to show them to any reader who may care to call at the ,st4 ,james'-street school4 ,that the value of the system is fully recognised in the ,army is demonstrated by the letter from ,colonel ,fox1 late inspector of the ,army ,gymnasia1 which appears in this book4 ,amongst the civilian public the system is spreading rapidly2 private individuals are taking it up and working steadily in their own homes1 whilst in a great number of gymnasia throughout the country1 classes are being formed to carry it out4 ,in connection with this1 it is highly diverting to notice that various individuals who are never tired of denouncing me and all my works1 have set up as 8professors0 of physical culture1 and are actually teaching my system6 ,of course they would be loth to admit this1 and would assert that it is a system of their own4 ,all ,i can say is that by a strange coincidence nearly every one of these systems which ,i have examined is based upon the same principles as my own4 ,now that ,i have made mention of those who try to gain notoriety by attacking my system1 ,i cannot refrain from commenting upon certain statements which1 having been widely circulated1 may tend to do the system injury4 ,the subject is1 ,i think1 worthy of a short chapter to itself4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,stupidity ,,of ,,envy4 ,the statement to which ,i refer is this--that though by my system a man may increase the size of his muscles1 add to his bodily strength1 and improve his physique1 he does so at the expense of his vital organs4 ,this statement has been freely bandied about by those who ought to be above such petty and stupid malice2 men1 who1 professing to teach physical culture1 are mostly quite ignorant of the very rudiments of the subject4 ,their reasons for such utterances are not far to seek2 they are envious of the success which has attended the years of hard work and endeavour ,i have gone through1 and regard me as a rival to damage whom everything is justifiable4 ,one or two have even gone so far as to say that ,i myself am anything but sound1 that my heart is in a very bad condition1 and that there is every probability of my 8going over to the majority0 at a very early age4 ,let me nail these outrageous lies to the counter once and for all4 ,some who repeat them doubtless do so in good faith2 let them listen and amend their ways4 ,for those who circulated them1 well knowing them to be false1 ,i have no words in which to express my contempt4 ,fair and square opposition ,i can face2 but a lie1 however groundless1 once sent on its journey is difficult to overtake4 ,now for my refutation4 ,first1 amongst my pupils have been many who1 prior to coming to me1 had been rejected as unsound by ,life ,insurance ,companies2 well1 they have got their policies safely locked up now4 ,some had weak hearts1 some poor lungs1 others were generally unfit4 ,they came to me1 generally1 for two or three months1 applied again1 and were accepted4 ,those who doubt my word can1 as in the case of the ,army lads1 see the proofs for themselves4 ,is that good enough1 or does 8our friend1 the enemy10 require any further demonstration that1 far from injuring the vital organs1 in many cases my system is enormously beneficial to those who are delicate4 ,if so1 here it is4 ,they say ,i am unsound2 very well1 here is an answer for them4 ,some months ago ,i was insured for a large sum in the ,norwich ,union ,life ,insurance ,company2 ,i was accepted in the highest class1 and the doctor who saw me expressed great surprise at the soundness of my heart1 the strength of my lungs1 and in fact at the fine condition of all my organs4 ,surely these envious people show little ingenuity in inventing falsehoods which can be so easily disproved4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,how ,,to ,,exercise4 ,in commencing the system of exercises described and illustrated by the anatomical chart1 there are certain questions which every student naturally asks himself4 ,probably the very first of these questions is1 8,what part of the day ought ,i to devote to these exercises80 ,the answer to this question must depend on the pupil himself--on his leisure and on his inclination4 ,some persons find the early morning the best and most convenient time2 others prefer the afternoon2 and a third class1 again1 find that they feel best1 and have the most leisure1 at night4 ,i do not1 therefore1 lay down a hard and fast rule of time4 ,the golden rule is to select such part of the day as suits you best1 always avoiding exercise immediately after meals4 ,if possible1 let two hours elapse between a meal and exercise4 ,moreover1 do not exercise just before going to bed if you find it has a tendency to keep you awake4 ,many of my pupils find that they sleep much better after exercise2 but there are some upon whom it has a reverse effect4 ,if possible1 the pupil should always exercise stripped to the waist2 if he wear a singlet it should be cut well away round the arms1 so as to allow of free play for the muscles around the shoulder4 ,it is also desirable to exercise before a looking-glass1 for then the movements of the various muscles can be followed1 and to see the muscles at work1 and to mark their steady development1 is itself a help and a pleasure4 ,in performing the exercises the pupil should bend the knees slightly and keep the muscles of the thighs tense2 the legs will thus share in the benefit of all the movements4 ,what ,i wish to impress on delicate pupils is the desirability of progress by degrees4 ,many men before beginning my system of physical training have been so weak that doctors have thought little of the prospect of saving their lives1 yet to-day they are amongst the strongest4 ,they have progressed gradually1 always being careful not to undertake too much1 and thus to adapt the exercises to their own individual requirements4 ,it may be mentioned also that the old1 as well as the young1 may derive great benefits from my system1 though all who are over the age of fifty should moderate the exercises on the lines suggested in the table of ages for pupils between fifteen and seventeen4 ,my exercises will also be found of considerable benefit to persons who suffer from obesity4 ,pupils must not be discouraged because1 after the first few days' training1 they may feel stiff4 ,it sometimes happens that a young man or woman1 or perhaps a middle-aged one1 sets out on the course of training with the greatest enthusiasm4 ,after the first two or three days the enthusiasm1 perhaps1 wears off4 ,then comes a period of stiffness1 and the pupil is inclined to think that he cannot be bothered to proceed with the course4 ,to such pupils1 ,i would say1 in all earnestness1 8,don't be overcome by apparent difficulties2 if you wish to succeed1 go forward2 never draw back40 ,this stiffness1 moreover1 becomes a very pleasant feeling4 ,you soon grow to like it2 personally1 indeed1 it may be said that it is one of the most agreeable sensations ,i have ever had4 ,frequently pupils ask me how long it should take them to get strong4 ,the answer again depends on themselves1 not only on their physical constitution1 but also on the amount of will power they put into their exercises4 ,as ,i have said already1 it is the brain that developers the muscles4 ,brain will do as much as dumb-bells1 even more4 ,for example1 when you are sitting down reading1 practise contracting your muscles4 ,do this every time you are sitting down leisurely1 and by contracting them harder and harder each time1 you will find that it will have the same effect as the use of dumb-bells or any more vigorous form of exercise4 ,it is very advisable for all pupils to get into the habit of constantly practising this muscle-contraction4 ,in itself it is an admirable exercise1 but it is perhaps even more valuable owing to the fact that it improves the will power and helps to establish that connection between the brain and the muscles which is the basis of strength and 8condition40 ,it will be noticed that throughout my exercises ,i make a point of alternate movements4 ,by this means one arm1 or1 as the case may be1 one set of muscles1 is given a momentary rest whilst the other is in motion1 and thus freer circulation is gained than by performing the movements simultaneously and the strain upon the heart and lungs relieved4 ,another question which pupils are constantly asking me is whether it is right for them to perspire after the exercises4 ,the answer to this question is that it depends on the constitution of the pupil4 ,if you perspire1 it does you good2 if you do not it shows that your condition is sound already4 ,of course it will be understood that ,i am answering in this1 as in other questions1 for general cases4 ,there are always exceptions4 ,again1 8,what10 it is asked1 8are the general benefits of the ,sandow system of physical training80 ,the benefits are not1 of course1 confined to the visible muscular development4 ,the inner organs of the body also share them4 ,the liver and kidneys are kept in good order1 the heart and nerves are strengthened1 the brain and energy are braced up4 ,the body1 in fact1 like a child1 wants to be educated1 and only through a series of exercises can this education be given4 ,by its aid the whole body is developed and1 as will be seen1 pupils who have conscientiously worked at my system testify freely to the good results obtained1 not only in the direction of vastly increasing their muscular strength1 but of raising the standard of their vitality and general health4 ,for the beginner the most difficult part of my system is so fully to concentrate his mind on his muscles as to get them absolutely under control4 ,it will be found1 however1 that this control comes by degrees4 ,the brain sends a message to the muscles2 the nerves receive it1 and pass it on to them4 ,with regard to the will power that is exerted it should be remembered that whilst the effect of weight lifting is to contract the muscles1 the same effect is produced by merely contracting the muscles without lifting the weight4 ,this question of 8will power0 has1 ,i am aware1 troubled a good many of my pupils4 ,the majority find it difficult to 8put all they know0 into movements with small dumb-bells1 and consequently are apt to be disappointed at the results of their work4 ,not infrequently ,i have received a letter stating that the writer is doing the exercises an immense number of times1 occupying several hours a day--three or four or even more6--and yet does not find that there is very much improvement4 ,the reason is obvious2 he is simply 8going through0 the motions and not really working at them4 ,on the other hand1 here and there1 ,i come across a man possessing an amount of will power out of all proportion to his strength4 ,the consequence is that he soon gets exhausted1 and either cannot get through his exercises or only does so at the cost of becoming thoroughly done up and jaded4 ,the great rule that progress in the direction of the exertion of will power should be gradual and ever continuing1 is one that many people confess they are unable to carry out4 ,now ,i have for long been perplexed to find a means of remedying this1 and at last ,i think ,i have discovered a method whereby the amount of will-power exerted by the pupil can be regulated4 ,in the next chapter particulars are given of my new 8,grip0 ,dumb-bell1 which ,i think ought to prove a veritable godsend to all1 and especially to those to whom reference has just been made4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,my 8,,grip0 ,,dumb-,,bell4 ,this appliance is very simple and may be described in a few words4 ,it consists of a dumb-bell made in two halves separated about an inch and a half from one another1 the intervening space being occupied by a small steel spring4 ,when exercising1 the spring is compressed by gripping the bells and bringing the two halves close together1 in which position they are kept until the exercise is over4 ,the springs can be of any strength1 and consequently the power necessary to keep the two halves together can be varied to any extent4 ,the advantages of this arrangement are obvious4 ,whether he will or no1 the pupil must grip the bells hard1 and as the strength of the springs are known he can regulate his progress to a nicety as he grows stronger4 ,there is also another point in connection with the new device to which ,i want to draw particular attention4 ,it will often happen that a pupil who is exercising will feel 8a bit off-colour0 one day1 and consequently less inclined to exercise1 or he may be worried and perplexed by his business affairs to a degree which lenders it almost impossible for him to concentrate his mind solely upon the work4 ,the natural consequence of either of these two conditions is that unless he possess very uncommon will power1 if he is exercising with ordinary bells1 he only does so in a desultory and half-hearted manner1 and benefits little thereby4 ,now this is impossible with the 8grip0 bell--however preoccupied and worried the pupil may be he has a definite point upon which to concentrate his mind2 he must exert a certain amount of force in gripping the bells to keep the two halves together1 and consequently must put out a certain amount of will-power4 ,of course there is no reason why in using the 8grip0 dumb-bells1 only the grip necessary to keep the two halves together should be exerted4 ,on the contrary1 as with ordinary bells1 a man may1 and should put 8all he knows0 into the work2 the special point and the great merit about the former is that with them the amount of power exerted can never fall below a known and easily regulated minimum4 ,the pupil who possesses these bells will find that instead of having to be continually buying heavier dumb-bells1 one pair will suffice him for all time4 ,all that it will be necessary for him to do will be to purchase1 at a small expense1 new springs from time to time4 ,all pupils are advised to use the dumb-bell1 upon the merits of which ,i need not further enlarge4 ,as will have been seen1 this is not a mechanical device which will render unnecessary the employment of will-power2 that would be opposed to all my theories and teaching4 ,on the contrary it will aid in developing will-power1 as it will stimulate the pupil to put it forth1 and guide him how to use it in the proper direction4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,magic ,,cold ,,bath4 ,i am sometimes accused of being a bit of a faddist about the use of the cold bath1 and possibly the heading of this chapter may give strength to that opinion4 ,but its exhilarating and health-giving effects really justify the use of the adjective4 ,the longer ,i live1 and the greater my experience1 the more am ,i convinced of its virtues4 ,let me advise every pupil after exercising1 while the body is still hot1 to take a cold bath4 ,it does not matter how much he may be perspiring2 the cold bath will prove exceedingly beneficial4 ,he must be careful1 however1 not to take his bath if he is out of breath4 ,the exercises will1 no doubt1 quicken the heart's action2 but in from three to five minutes after the series is completed1 the heart should be beating normally again4 ,for persons who suffer from weak heart ,i should not advise a cold bath4 ,as a general rule there is no need to ask the question1 8,is my heart weak80 ,for if it is weak you should know it beyond a doubt4 ,after every little exertion1 though the assertion may appear paradoxical1 you will feel it beating in your head4 ,in advising cold baths1 ,i speak1 of course1 for persons in the enjoyment of ordinary health4 ,the bath should be begun in the summer and continued every morning throughout the year4 ,in the winter1 if the room is cold1 light the gas and close the window4 ,if your hair is not injuriously affected by cold water--and in many cases1 ,i believe1 cold water will be found to strengthen it--begin1 as you stand over the bath1 by splashing the water five and twenty times over your head4 ,in any case1 if you are averse to wetting the hair1 be careful to begin by sponging the temples and nape of the neck4 ,next1 whilst still standing over the bath1 splash the water fifteen times against the chest and ten times against the heart4 ,then jump into the bath1 going right down under the water4 ,in the summer you may remain in the water from ten to fifteen seconds1 but in the winter let it be just a jump in and out again4 ,the subsequent rub down with towels is popularly supposed to produce half the benefits that result from a cold bath4 ,i have no hesitation in saying that this is a great mistake4 ,let me explain the reason3 ,as you get out of the bath you rub down first one part of the body and then the other1 and thus1 whilst the one part is being warmed by the friction1 the other is getting cold4 ,many people who take cold baths in this way complain of touches of rheumatism1 and the whole trouble arises1 ,i believe1 from different parts of the body being alternately warmed and chilled4 ,in order to overcome the risk of this ill-effect my advice is this3 ,do not spend any time over rubbing yourself down4 ,if you do not like the idea of getting into your clothes wet1 just take the water off the body as quickly as you possibly can with a dry towel1 jump into your clothes1 and let ,nature restore your circulation in her own way4 ,you will get quite as warm by this method as by vigorously rubbing down1 with the added advantage that the heat of the body will be more evenly distributed4 ,if1 owing to poor health or other exceptional causes1 the circulation is not fully and promptly restored1 walk briskly up and down the room4 ,if you should still feel cold in any part of the body probably the bath is not suited to your constitution1 and in that case it is not advised4 ,in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred1 however1 the cold bath1 taken as ,i have described1 will have nothing but the most beneficial effects2 and1 if taken every morning throughout the year1 it is the surest preventive that ,i know against catching cold4 ,on the other hand1 irregularity is liable to produce cold4 ,in short1 having once begun the cold bath1 make a rule1 summer and winter1 never to leave it off4 ,personally1 ,i find the very best form of the cold bath is to get into your clothes after it without drying the body at all4 ,for the first moment or two the sensation may not be perfectly agreeable1 but afterwards you feel better and warmer for adopting this method4 ,the damp is carried away through the clothes and no particle of wet is left4 ,for pupils who have not the convenience of a bathroom a cold sponging down may be recommended as a substitute4 ,in this case let two towels be taken and soaked with water4 ,rub the front of the body down with one1 and the back with the other4 ,this method prevents the towel from absorbing the heat from the body1 and the cold sponging is thus distributed evenly over its surface4 ,afterwards dry the body quickly as before1 letting no time be lost in getting into your clothes4 ,i have often been asked whether in the event of exercising at night it is advisable to take a cold bath afterwards4 ,my reply is3--8certainly40 ,always have a cold bath or sponge down after exercising4 ,it will make you feel 8as fresh as paint10 improve your appetite1 and make the skin clean and firm1 and be generally conducive to happiness and good health4 ,some people tell me that a cold bath immediately before retiring keeps them awake2 if that be so1 ,i should advise them to exercise earlier in the day4 ,but the exercise and the cold bath ought to be regarded as inseparable4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,physical ,,culture ,,for ,,the ,,middle-,,aged4 ,it is scarcely necessary for me to say that the benefits to be obtained by conscientiously working upon my system are by no means confined to the young and vigorous4 ,on the contrary1 it is particularly suitable for the middle-aged1 who are all too apt to suffer from the effects of the period of physical indolence which has succeeded their youthful activity4 ,to such1 the system should prove invaluable4 ,it is quite a false notion to suppose that when once youth is passed exercise is no longer necessary4 ,so long as life lasts1 if an individual wants to keep healthy1 exercise is just as necessary as food4 ,it is through neglecting to recognise this that so many men become aged before their time4 ,when a man begins to get into middle life he has a natural tendency to 8take things easy40 ,he lives more luxuriously1 devotes more time to the pleasures1 of the table1 and exerts himself as little as possible4 ,is it anything to wonder at that his health suffers1 that he grows fat and flabby1 and that his digestive apparatus quickly gets out of gear8 ,if in his youth he has been an athlete the more will his changed mode of life tell upon him2 it is indeed better never to have exercised at all than to exercise for a few years and then drop it entirely4 ,it is for this reason we hear of the health of so many athletes failing them at a comparatively early age4 ,and this failure is1 as a rule1 erroneously ascribed to the effects upon their constitution of their early efforts4 ,once and again errors in 8training0 may be responsible for poor health in middle-age1 but in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred the complete cessation from active bodily work1 combined with the greater indulgence which naturally follows1 is alone responsible4 ,of course1 while it is advisable that the middle-aged man should exercise regularly1 ,i must warn him not to do too much4 ,he must remember that what is perfectly safe and prudent at five-and-twenty may be rash and hazardous at fifty2 in short1 that he1 while exercising consistently and steadily1 must be careful not to over-tax his powers4 ,if he bears this in mind he will find that the discomforts and ailments which he has perhaps got to regard as natural to his time of life are quickly banished1 and that1 in spite of his grey beard and thinning hair1 it is still 8good to be alive40 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,physical ,,culture ,,for ,,women4 ,i am exceedingly anxious to remove the impression1 which has1 ,i fear1 gained ground1 that my system is not a thing for women4 ,now-a-days1 when women have practically freed themselves from the antiquated ideas of a generation or so ago1 there ought to be small difficulty in convincing them that to make the best of themselves1 in a physical sense1 is just as imperative a duty for them as for their brothers4 ,women go in for all sorts of sports and pastimes to-day2 they bicycle1 row1 play tennis and hockey1 and not infrequently display no small degree of excellence in sports which have hitherto been regarded as 8for men only40 ,this is a hopeful sign1 but ,i am not at all sure that in many cases it is not more provocative of harm than good4 ,women are possessed of a great amount of nervous energy1 and1 unless their bodies and organs are gradually and systematically trained to bear exertion and fatigue1 they are likely to attempt performances which are quite beyond their physical power1 although1 buoyed up as they are by a fund of nervous energy and mental exhilaration1 they may observe no ill-effects at the time4 ,this is one reason why it is so advisable for women to commence by working upon my system1 which is so mild and gradual that they can pursue it without any risks1 and1 while daily growing stronger and healthier1 be scarcely conscious that they are making any effort whatever4 ,i am quite aware that there is a very wide-spread notion that exercise tends to coarsen and render a woman unbeautiful1 but that is absolutely false4 ,were there any truth in it ,i should indeed despair of converting my fair readers to my way of thinking1 for truly it is woman's mission to look beautiful4 ,but the idea is absurd2 ,nature1 which intended woman to look lovely1 also intended her to be healthy2 indeed1 the two are practically synonymous4 ,of course1 improper1 violent and one-sided exercise will naturally result in making a woman clumsy1 heavy1 and ungraceful1 but proper exercise1 having for its object symmetrical and perfect development1 will have an exactly contrary effect4 ,curiously enough1 the visible effect of proper exercise upon a woman's muscles is not precisely the same as upon those of a man4 ,regular and gradually progressive exercise will not make a woman's muscles prominent1 but will cause them to grow firm and round and impart to the outline of the figure those graceful contours which are so universally admired4 ,without well-conditioned muscle the most beautifully proportioned woman in the world will look comparatively shapeless and flabby2 her muscles are not required to show up as in the case of a man's1 but they must be there all the same as a solid foundation for the overlying flesh4 ,take a woman's arm1 for instance2 if it has been duly exercised and developed1 it is easy enough to see that its shapeliness and good modelling are due to the muscles2 white and soft though the skin may be1 you can tell at a glance that it is firm and elastic to the touch4 ,on the other hand1 the arm of the woman who has never exercised the muscles1 betrays the fact unmistakably2 it may be plump and round1 but its lines are lacking in beauty1 its movements in grace2 and so with the figure generally4 ------------------------------ ,the effects of my system are very rapidly noticeable4 ,it reduces the size of the waist1 makes the limbs round1 the figure pliant1 the walk and carriage graceful and easy4 ,for those women who are doomed to a more or less sedentary life it works wonders1 and those whose means and occupation permit of their indulging in a healthier outdoor life will find it a splendid preparation for their favourite pastimes4 ,just a word with regard to complexion4 ,a fine skin and a good healthy colour are the best proofs of the possession of good health4 ,indeed1 without health a good skin and complexion are out of the question2 and where is the woman who does not desire to possess both8 ,she is indeed rare4 ,therefore1 to those women who1 while they do not set a high enough value upon health and strength for their own sakes1 yet desire to be fair to look upon1 ,i say the two things must inevitably go hand in hand4 ,whether your prime object be to obtain beauty or health does not matter2 by working upon my system you will obtain both4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,tables ,,of ,,ages4 ,from the following tables pupils of all ages will be able to see at a glance how many times the movements of each exercise illustrated by the anatomical chart should be practised daily4 ,it should be clearly understood that the tables are only intended as a guide1 and that they are not intended to arbitrarily fix the amount of work which the pupil should do4 ,it is an absolute impossibility to lay down rules which will suit every individual case1 and consequently pupils must1 after taking the table as a basis1 use their own discretion as to how they shall vary them4 ,the great thing to bear in mind is to proceed very gradually2 while exercising1 put 8all you know0 into the work1 but don't attempt to do too much4 ,exercise until the muscles ache1 but never go on to the point of feeling thoroughly 8blown0 and exhausted4 ,a quarter of an hour's conscientious work is better than an hour spent in 8going through the motions0 in a desultory fashion4 ,pupils who are in any difficulty and wish for special guidance are advised to go in for the #bs4 #f;d4 course of instruction by post which is given in connection with 8,physical ,culture10 full particulars of which are given in this book4 ,as ,i have already said1 ,i should advise all pupils to use the 8,grip0 dumb-bell2 then1 instead of buying a heavier pair of dumb-bells after the exercises are being done a certain number of times1 all that will be necessary will be to use a stronger spring4 ,i do not advise pupils to keep on with the same weight bells or the same spring too long2 when the exercises are done a very great number of times the work becomes monotonous and there is a natural tendency to do it in a mechanical manner4 ,roughly speaking1 when it takes much over half-an-hour to get through the whole series it is desirable to begin again with heavier bells or springs4 ,parents who desire to see their little ones grow into well-developed men and women may be advised to buy their babies light wooden dumb-bells as playthings4 ,the exercises themselves1 of course1 should not be attempted until the child has reached the age of six or seven4 ,parents especially would do well to remember1 as has already been said1 that the tables are only intended as a guide1 and they should exercise their own discretion with regard to the weight of bells used by their children1 and the number of times the exercises should be done4 ,in some cases a girl or boy of ten years may be so delicate as to have no more strength than a more sturdy child two or three years younger2 in such cases the table for the younger child should be adhered to4 ,from that age onwards be guided in the amount of practice by the tables4 ,in order that every reader may understand the exercises easily1 the leading muscles only are mentioned in the chart4 ,pupils should guard against over-exertion2 and1 above all things1 should not exercise violently4 ,it will be found convenient to let each arm 7not both arms7 move once in a second4 ,thus1 for example1 the time of ten movements with each arm of the first exercise would be twenty seconds4 ,as a general rule1 this time will be found to give just the exercise that is needed4 ,faster movements are not recommended for either young or old4 ,be careful also not to jerk the movements4 ,always exercise easily and gracefully1 and when contracting the muscles take care not to hold the breath4 ,many pupils are inclined to do this unconsciously when bringing their minds to bear upon the muscles1 but it is quite wrong1 and the tendency must be striven against until it is overcome4 ,in one or two exercises1 as will be seen on the chart1 there are special instructions with regard to the breath2 in all the others the breathing should be perfectly natural4 ,,table #a4 ,,for ,,children ,,of ,,both ,,sexes ,,between ,,the ,,ages ,,of ,,seven ,,and ,,ten4 7,using one pound dumb-bells only47 ,when the maximum has been reached1 the child should continue to use the same weight bells and the same spring in the 8,grip0 dumb-bell until it arrives at the age at which it can follow ,table ,no4 #b1 and so on with the other tables4 ,increase ,no4 of ,no4 of of ,movements4 ,exercise4 ,movements 7,not to exceed #cj 7,see ,chart47 with each arm4 for ,no4 #a1 and other ,exercises in proportion47 #a #aj ,one every three days4 #b #e 0 0 0 #c #e 0 0 0 #d #d ,one every five days4 #e #d 0 0 0 #f #aj ,one every three days4 #g #f ,one every five days4 ,exercises #h1 #i1 and #aj are not advised for young children4 #aa #e ,one every five days4 #ab #e 0 0 0 #ac #a ,one every fortnight4 #ad #e ,one every three days4 #ae #c ,one every fortnight4 #af 7boys only7 #c 0 0 0 #ag #aj ,one every three days4 #ah #aj 0 0 0 ,,table #b4 ,,for ,,children ,,of ,,both ,,sexes ,,between ,,the ,,ages ,,of ,,ten ,,and ,,twelve4 7,using two pound dumb-bells only47 ,increase of ,movements4 ,no4 of ,no4 of 7,not to exceed #dj for ,exercise4 ,movements4 ,no4 #a1 and other ,exercises in proportion47 #a #aj ,one every three days4 #b #e 0 0 0 #c #e 0 0 0 #d #d ,one every five days4 #e #d 0 0 0 #f #aj ,one every three days4 #g #f ,one every five days4 ,exercises #h1 #i1 and #aj are not advised4 #aa #e ,one every five days4 #ab #e 0 0 0 #ac #a ,one every fortnight4 #ad #f ,one every three days4 #ae #c ,one every fortnight4 ,exercises #af and #ag are not advised4 #af 7boys only7 #c ,one every fortnight4 #ag #aj ,one every three days4 #ah #aj 0 0 0 ,,table #c4 ,,for ,,children ,,of ,,both ,,sexes ,,between ,,the ,,ages ,,of ,,twelve ,,and ,,fifteen4 7,using three pound dumb-bells only47 ,increase of ,movements4 ,no4 of ,no4 of 7,not to exceed #ej for ,exercise4 ,movements4 ,no4 #a1 and other ,exercises in proportion47 #a #aj ,one every three days4 #b #e 0 0 0 #c #e 0 0 0 #d #d ,one every five days4 #e #d 0 0 0 #f #aj ,one every three days4 #g #f ,one every five days4 ,exercises #h1 #i1 and #aj are not advised4 #aa #e ,one every five days4 #ab #e 0 0 0 #ac #a ,one every fortnight4 #ad #f ,one every three days4 #ae #c ,one every fortnight4 #af 7boys only7 #c 0 0 0 #ag #ae ,one every three days4 #ah #aj 0 0 0 ,,table #d4 ,,for ,,girls ,,between ,,the ,,ages ,,of ,,fifteen ,,and ,,seventeen4 7,using three pound dumb-bells only47 ,increase of ,movements4 ,no4 of ,no4 of 7,not to exceed #fj for ,exercise4 ,movements4 ,no4 #a1 and other ,exercises in proportion47 #a #ae ,one every three days4 #b #h 0 0 0 #c #f 0 0 0 #d #f ,one every five days4 #e #d 0 0 0 #f #aj ,one every three days4 #g #h ,one every five days4 ,exercises #h1 #i1 and #aj are not advised4 #aa #e ,one every five days4 #ab #e 0 0 0 #ac #a ,one every fortnight4 #ad #h ,one every three days4 #ae #c ,one every fortnight4 ,exercise #af is not advised4 #ag #ae ,one every fortnight4 #ah #ae 0 0 three days4 ,,table #e4 ,,for ,,boys ,,between ,,the ,,ages ,,of ,,fifteen ,,and ,,seventeen4 7,using at first three-pound dumb-bells47 ,at this age boys1 when they have increased the number of movements of the first exercise from #cj to #fj1 and all others in proportion1 are recommended to go through the course again with five pound dumb-bells4 ,no4 of ,no4 of ,increase ,exercise4 ,movements4 of ,movements4 #a #cj ,one every other day4 #b #ae ,one every three days4 #c #aj 0 0 #d #h 0 0 #e #e ,one every three days4 #f #ab ,one every three days4 #g #h ,one every three days4 ,exercises #h1 #i1 and #aj are not advised4 #aa #e ,one every two days4 #ab #e 0 0 #ac #b ,one a week4 #ad #ae ,one every other day4 #ae #c ,one every three days4 #af #c ,one every fortnight4 #ag #be ,one every three days4 #ah #be 0 0 ,,table #f4 ,,for ,,girls4 ,,of ,,seventeen ,,years ,,of ,,age ,,and ,,upwards4 7,using three-pound dumb-bells only47 ,increase of ,movements4 ,no4 of ,no4 of 7,not to exceed #hj for ,exercise4 ,movements4 ,no4 #a and other exercises in proportion74 #a #bj ,one every other day4 #b #aj ,one every three days4 #c #g 0 0 0 #d #g 0 0 0 #e #d ,one every three days4 #f #aj ,one every two days4 #g #h ,one every three days4 #h1 #i1 and #aj until the pupil feels tired4 #aa #e ,one every two days4 #ab #e 0 0 0 #ac #a ,one a week4 #ad #aj ,one every three days4 #ae #c 0 0 0 ,exercise #af is not advised4 #ag #bj ,one every three days4 #ah #bj 0 0 0 ,,table #g4 ,,for ,,youths4 ,,of ,,seventeen ,,years ,,of ,,age ,,and ,,upwards4 7,using at first four-pound dumb-bells47 ,when the pupil has increased the number of movements of ,no4 #a to #hj1 he should keep at the maximum with the same weight dumb-bells for six months2 he may then increase #alb41 beginning the course over again1 and so on every six months4 ,the heaviest bells used1 however1 should not exceed #ajlbs4 ,i am aware that in the former edition of the book ,i placed #bjlbs4 as the limit1 but the experience gained in my schools has taught me that for the majority of men this is far too heavy4 ,it is always better to use bells too light than too heavy2 the latter are liable to cause strains and other injuries4 ,no4 of ,no4 of ,increase ,exercise4 ,movements4 of ,movements4 #a #ej ,five every day4 #b #be ,two every day4 #c #aj ,one every day4 #d #aj ,one every three days4 #e #e ,one every two days4 #f #ae 0 0 0 #g #aj 0 0 0 #h1 #i1 and #aj until the pupil feels tired4 #aa #aj ,one every two days4 #ab #aj 0 0 0 #ac #c ,one every three days4 #ad #be ,two every day4 #ae #c ,one every two days4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,my ,,schools ,,of ,,physical ,,culture4 ,the reader of the second part of this book will see how my professional career was thrust upon me4 ,it came through no seeking of my own1 after my defeat of ,samson4 ,i accepted it partly because the offers seemed too good to be thrown away1 and partly because they enabled me to gratify a wish to see something of the world4 ,my ambition1 however1 was always to form and build up a system for the service of others1 rather than exhibit merely the results of that system in my own person4 ,that ambition1 ,i hope1 is to be realised1 for ,i have founded several schools of training for men1 women1 and children of both sexes1 and in the course of time1 ,i intend to establish branches in every important town4 ,the schools are conducted entirely on my own system of physical culture4 ,instruction is given by specially qualified teachers1 and every exercise is lucidly described and clearly demonstrated4 ,the pupils have every opportunity of developing their bodies to the highest extent1 and from time to time ,i personally examine them4 ,the instructors employed in the school have been specially trained for their work by me1 so that the pupils have the benefit of my best information1 and of thus learning the whole of my system exactly4 ,in addition to the classes for men1 women1 and children1 arrangements are made for giving private lessons when required4 ,my brother-in-law1 ,mr4 ,warwick ,brookes1 jun41 is the best pupil ,i have ever had4 ,for the past six years he has followed my system thoroughly1 and the results have been remarkable4 ,when ,i first met him he was exceedingly delicate4 ,he could only walk with the aid of crutches4 ,gradually1 however1 he began to improve1 and under my personal supervision1 by the help of my system1 his strength has so increased that to-day he is like a new man4 ,by means of the schools ,i hope to do something to substantially aid the physical development of this and succeeding generations4 ,letters from past pupils testify to the great benefits which can be derived from careful training under my system1 and if the training has the further advantage of individual instruction those benefits should be increased even more than by studying this book4 ,it is a pleasant ambition to hope by one's efforts to leave the world just a little better here and there than one found it2 and that has always been and is my ambition4 ,my pupils can help me to realise it4 ,as ,i have said1 ,i intend opening schools in every large town in the country2 at present schools are open at the following addresses3-- #cb1 ,st4 ,james's ,street1 ,s4,w4 #aae;,a1 ,ebury ,street1 ,s4,w4 ,,london ,walbrook1 ,city1 ,e4,c4 ,tottenham ,court ,road1 ,w4 ,crystal ,palace1 ,s4,e4 ,,manchester3--,oxford ,street4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,instruction ,,by ,,correspondence4 ,none of my departments has shown a more gratifying development than has the correspondence department4 ,letters pour in from all parts of the world asking for advice and instruction in such numbers that ,i have been obliged to organise a special system and department for dealing with the enquiries of my many friends1 who1 owing to their living at a distance and to other reasons1 cannot attend the schools personally4 ,every week many letters reach me from the ,colonies alone--from ,india1 ,canada1 ,australia1 ,south ,africa--even from distant ,klondike--and from one and all ,i have received flattering testimonials as to the benefits they have derived from following my instructions4 ,this is an example3--,mr4 ,dunbar1 of ,queensland1 writes3-- 8,dear ,mr4 ,sandow1 8,i cannot express my gratitude for the wonderful benefit ,i have derived from your three months' course of instruction4 ,previous to practising your system ,i was a chronic dyspeptic1 and owing to my sedentary occupation1 for many years ,i had not known what it was to feel the natural exhilaration and energy of a healthy man4 ,now ,i honestly believe that there is not a healthier man in the whole ,colony40 ,one pleasing feature of this undertaking is the steady increase in the number of applications from ladies4 ,this department has already become the most important part of my work1 and anyone wishing to keep in touch with my system of ,physical ,culture can do so by forwarding to me their measurements1 sex1 age1 and occupation4 ,in the case of any physical peculiarity1 or organic weakness1 a doctor should be consulted1 and the result of his examination stated in the letter of communication4 ,a form is inserted at the end of this book as a guide to those wishing to apply4 ,these forms are dealt with by myself and each case receives my individual consideration and instruction1 and is signed by me4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,sandow',s ,,chart ,,of ,,measurements4 ,the figure will show pupils how to take their own measurements4 ,they are advised to keep a careful record of these month by month1 so they can see how they are progressing4 ,the chest should be measured both with the lungs full of air and empty1 as well as in its normal condition4 ,date when training commenced4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444 ,date on completion of course4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444 ,measurements then4 ,measurements now4 ,age ,weight ,height ,neck ,chest ,contracted ,chest ,expanded ,upper ,right ,arm ,upper ,left ,arm ,forearm1 ,right ,forearm1 ,left ,waist ,thigh1 ,right ,thigh1 ,left ,calf1 ,right ,calf1 ,left ,illustration3 ,showing the positions of measurement ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,combined ,,developer4 ,after considerable experience and exhaustive experiments with rubber machines1 ,i have succeeded in inventing one which allows of a combination of dumb-bell and rubber exercises4 ,exclusive rubber exercise has not the effect of producing hard1 firm1 and supple muscles1 therefore ,i have patented the detachable dumb-bell handles1 which are simplicity itself4 ,this developer can be so regulated as to prove equally beneficial to a weak man as to myself4 ,from an economic point of view it stands alone1 as at a small outlay a ,developer can be purchased1 which is sufficient for a whole family1 and constitutes an entire athletic outfit4 ,the detachable rubbers and handles allow of the machine to be fixed up to any tension1 so that as one becomes stronger1 one has ample scope for gradually increasing one's strength4 ,the fatal drawback to the ordinary rubber exerciser is that it only proves beneficial up to a certain point1 and then it is not sufficient to carry one any further4 ,consequently one has to make another outlay in purchasing a heavier machine4 ,my ,developer has been designed to obviate this1 as it can be regulated up to any strength4 ,the machine is simply made and easily fixed1 causing no damage to the door or wall to which it is attached4 ,there being no pulleys1 no oiling is required1 and there is no friction to wear out the covering of the cords4 ,thus the ,developer is very durable4 ,charts1 illustrating ,chest ,expander1 ,dumb-bell and ,developer exercises1 together with a pair of nickel-plated dumb-bells1 are given free with each machine4 ,the dumb-bells being detachable can be used separately for the exercises as prescribed in this book4 ,the exercises are specially arranged by myself1 introducing several of the movements in my system of development which cannot be properly executed on any other machine4 ,in the charts are included special exercises for strengthening the legs2 many pupils have found this very beneficial4 ,illustration3 ,the above illustration shows the ,developer as a ,rubber ,exerciser1 ,chest ,expander1 and ,dumb-bells4 ,the great value of the ,developer lies in the fact that it serves to render the muscles pliable1 and the whole body flexible and supple4 ,certain movements with it1 too1 are difficult to perform satisfactorily with dumb-bells alone4 ,i recommend pupils to use the dumb-bells and complete ,developer alternately2 by this means ,i find the most satisfactory results are obtained4 ,exercise with the rubber ,developer affords a welcome change from work with the dumb-bells4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,heavy ,,weight-,,lifting4 ,it is not my purpose in this book to give anything beyond general directions for lifting heavy weights4 ,you can become thoroughly strong and enjoy perfect health by means of the series of exercises already described4 ,heavy weight-lifting requires personal instruction2 that instruction will be given to those who may desire it at my schools4 ,under qualified instructors it may be pursued without the risk of danger4 ,generally1 however1 it may be observed that to lift heavy weights it is desirable first to see what weight can be used without undue strain4 ,slowly raise this weight from your shoulder over your head1 or1 if from the ground1 raise it somewhat more quickly4 ,see how many times you are able to raise the weight first selected1 and when you can perform the exercise with comparative ease1 raising it1 say1 ten times1 up to #hj lbs41 six times from #hj to #ajj1 and afterwards three times1 increase the weight for the next day's exercise by five pounds4 ,continue this increase as you grow more capable1 remembering always to bring the left hand into play as well as the right2 at the same time1 though it should not be neglected1 avoid overtaxing the left side4 ,the great thing to remember is to go slowly4 ,avoid anything like spasmodic efforts1 and endeavour before trying a lift to thoroughly think out the different movements4 ,weight-lifting should never be practised in a confined space or where the weight cannot be readily dropped4 ,to attempt to hold on to a weight after the balance has been lost may result in serious strains and other injuries2 the pupil should practice dropping a weight from any position safely and gracefully4 ,if the pupil bear these few hints in mind he will come to no harm1 but1 as ,i have said1 weight-lifting is best left alone until it can be practised under the personal supervision of an experienced instructor4 ------------------------------ ,a ,,pleasing ,,tribute4 ,the following letter was written me by ,colonel ,fox1 late ,her ,majesty's ,inspector of ,army ,gymnasia1 a gentleman to whom ,i am very greatly indebted for the interest he has taken for years past in my work and for the zeal he has shown in getting the system introduced into the ,british ,army3-- ,the ,gymnasium4 ,aldershot4 #bith ,july1 #ahic4 ,dear ,mr4 ,sandow1 ,i am in receipt of your letter from ,new ,york which reached me on the #bcrd instant1 and am very glad to hear of your success in ,america4 ,the book you speak of as being about to be published should also be very successful1 and ought to do much towards making your system of physical development widely known4#a ,since your last visit to us here my ,staff ,instructors and non-commissioned officers under training have been energetically practicing the light dumb-bell exercises you so kindly showed them4 ,i am convinced that your series of exercises are excellent and most carefully thought out1 with a comprehensive view to the development of the body as a whole4 ,any man honestly following out your clear and simple instructions could not fail to enormously and rapidly improve his physique4 ,it is almost superfluous for me to add that you yourself1 in propria persona1 are the best possible advertisement of the merits of your system of training and developing of the human body4 ,any individual gifted with a fair amount of determination1 is absolutely certain to develop his physical powers at an extraordinarily rapid rate and with the most happy results to his general health and mental powers and activity1 by following with intelligence your system4 ,as you very rightly say1 it is only by bringing the brain to bear upon our exercises that we can hope to produce the best results with the shortest possible expenditure of time4 ,the absence of expensive and cumbrous apparatus is no small recommendation of your system1 and you are thoroughly in the right when you assert that lasting muscular development1 and consequent strength1 can be best produced by the constant and energetic use of light dumb-bells1 employed in a sound and scientific manner4 ,believe me1 yours very truly1 7,signed7 ,g4 ,m4 ,fox1 ,lieut4-,colonel1 ,h4,m4 ,inspector of ,gymnasia in ,great ,britain4 ,professor ,eugen ,sandow1 ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a4 #a ,the book referred to is the large one which was published some years ago1 and which is now out of print4 ,,letters ,,and ,,photographs ,,of ,,pupils4 ,in the following pages will be found a selection from many thousands of letters which have been addressed to me by pupils who have already profited from my system of ,physical ,culture4 ,attention is specially directed to the measurements before and after training1 showing the actual progress made in muscular development4 ,,vachwen1 ,,marlborough ,,road1 ,,watford1 ,march #aath1 #ahii4 ,,mr4 ,,sandow4 ,,dear ,,sir1 ,i have just completed a course of lessons at your 8,school of ,physical ,culture10 from which ,i have derived untold benefit4 ,through the greater part of last year ,i was so ill that for some time it was feared ,i might go into consumption4 ,i was medically treated1 and at length permitted by my doctor to try what your exercises would do4 ,i entered your ,school with weak heart1 weak lungs1 digestion sadly impaired4 ,after three lessons1 with persistent home work1 ,i began very slowly to gain strength and an appetite1 and now1 at the end of my course1 ,i am quite a new creature--full of vitality and energy4 ,the upper part of the lung1 which was the chief cause of my trouble1 is quite healed and healthy4 ,i never know now what it is to feel pain and tightness in the bronchial tubes1 from which ,i constantly suffered in the past4 ,my digestive organs too are quite well4 ,i have gained in weight #g lbs4 0 0 round the neck #a in4 0 0 in the chest 7contracted7 #c ins4 0 0 0 0 7expanded7 #d ins4 0 0 0 forearm #b ins4 0 0 0 upper arm #b ins4 0 0 in lung capacity #ajj cbc4 ins4 ,i should be quite pleased to be of use to you at any time in recommending to weak ones1 who may be timid to commence the work1 the immense benefit to be derived from it1 by my own personal experience4 ,i should like also to mention the very kind and careful treatment ,i have received both from your ,manager1 ,mr4 ,clease1 and the ,class ,instructor4 ,they give the weak ones their particular attention1 so that in working one is never over-worked4 ,i remain1 ,yours gratefully1 ,,mary ,e4 ,s4 ,,adams4 ,,ebury ,,street ,,school4 ,,copy ,,of ,,measurement ,,sheet4 ,name3--,,miss ,,adams4 ,address3--,marlborough ,road1 ,watford4 ,result of ,medical ,examination3--8,very ,bad40 ,nature of ,illness3--8,the doctors say consumption40 ,remarks3--8,this is the weakest case ,i have ever had to treat40 ,before ,after ,after ,training4 #f weeks4 #c months4 ,increases4 ,neck #aa #aa #ab #a ,chest ,contracted #bh #cj #ca #c 0 ,expanded #cj #cc #ce #e ,upper ,arm1 ,right #h #aj #aa #b 0 ,left #h #aj #aj #b ,fore ,arm1 ,right #h #i #aj #b 0 ,left #h #i #aj #b ,waist #bb #bc #bc #a ,thigh1 ,right #af #ag #ah #b 0 ,left #af #ag #ah #b ,calf1 ,right #aj #aa #aa #a 0 ,left #aj #aa #aa #a ,height #e;ft4 #f;in4 #e;ft4 #f;in4 #e;ft4 #g;in4 #a;in4 ,weight #gst4 #blb4 #gst4 #hlb4 #gst4 #ilb4 #glb4 ,lung ,capacity #ajj #agj #bjj #ajj ,chest ,expansion #b #b #c #a #eg1 ,,gloucester ,,terrace1 ,w41 ,march #abth1 #ahii4 ,,dear ,,sir1 ,i am glad to take this opportunity of saying how very much my health has benefited in every way from your system of ,physical ,culture4 ,it always gives me great pleasure to recommend the same to my friends4 ,i am1 ,yours faithfully1 ,,julia ,f4 ,m4 ,,johnston4 ,e4 ,,sandow1 ,,esq4 ,,ebury ,,street ,,school4 ,,copy ,,of ,,measurement ,,sheet4 ,name3--,,miss ,j4 ,f4 ,m4 ,,johnston4 ,address3--#eg1 ,gloucester ,terrace1 ,w4 ,before ,after ,after ,training4 #f weeks4 #c months4 ,increases4 ,neck #ab #ac #ac ,chest ,contracted #bi #ca #ca #b 0 ,expanded #cb #cf #cg #e ,upper ,arm1 ,right #aj #ab #ab #b 0 ,left #aj #ab #ab #b ,fore ,arm1 ,right #i #aj #aj #a 0 ,left #h #aj #aj #a ,waist #bd #bd #bd ,thigh1 ,right #ah #ai #ai #a 0 ,left #ah #ai #ai #a ,calf1 ,right #ab #ac #ac #a 0 ,left #ab #ac #ac #a ,height #e;ft4 #d;in4 #e;ft4 #d;in4 -- ,weight #hst4 #clb4 #hst4 #dlb4 #hst4 #flb4 #clb4 ,lung ,capacity #bjj #bai #bbb #bb ,chest ,expansion #b #e #e #c ,illustration3 ,,thos4 ,a4 ,,fox4 #bc1 ,,church ,,row1 ,,limehouse1 ,e41 ,december #crd4 ,,mr4 ,e4 ,,sandow1 ,,dear ,,sir1 ,i write these few lines to convey to you my thanks and gratitude for the boon you have given me and the public at large4 ,i refer to your excellent book on how to gain health1 muscle1 and strength4 ,i procured one about two years ago1 and have studied and practised the drills incessantly since4 ,the result is far beyond my expectations4 ,i am nineteen years of age and small of stature1 being only five feet in height and seven stone in weight1 yet1 without exaggeration1 ,i can say that my strength and muscular development would do credit to a man six feet high4 ,i have gained this solely by your system and cannot praise it too highly4 ,another great advantage over other systems is the small outlay required1 as ,i have obtained for a few shillings all that is necessary to train with1 whereas if ,i had trained under another system ,i should have had to have made a much larger outlay for apparatus4 ,i enclose a list stating what ,i have gained in strength and muscle since ,i started training4 ,it will always be a great pleasure to me to answer any questions concerning your system1 likewise interview anyone who might be desirous of seeing me4 ,i remain1 ,yours truly1 ,,thos4 ,a4 ,,fox4 ,name3--,t4 ,a4 ,,fox4 ,address3--#bc1 ,,church ,,row1 ,,limehouse1 ,e4 ,,measurements4 ,,before ,,training4 ,,after ,,training4 ,chest #bi inches #cb inches ,chest 7expanded7 #cj 0 #cd 0 ,biceps #aj 0 #ac 0 ,forearm #i 0 #ab 0 ,thigh #af 0 #bj 0 ,calf #aa 0 #ac 0 ,waist #bf 0 #bf 0 ------------------------------ ,,heavy ,,weight-,,lifting4 ,,before ,,training4 ,right hand #eflb dumb-bell4 ,from ground above ,left hand #dflb 0 head ,both hands #hdlb bar4 ,holding at arm's length ,right hand #bblb weight4 straight from shoulder ,left hand #bjlb 0 ------------------------------ ,after two years' training under your system4 ,right hand #ajjlb dumb-bell4 ,from ground above ,left hand #hjlb 0 head ,both hands #acjlb 0 ,holding at arm's length ,right hand #djlb weight4 straight from shoulder ,left hand #cjlb 0 ,illustration3 ,,john ,p4 ,,peters4 7,before ,training47 ,illustration3 ,,john ,p4 ,,peters4 7,after ,training47 ,,mon ,,repos1 #ff;,a1 ,,herne ,,hill1 ,,london1 ,s4,e41 ,march #fth4 ,,manager ,,clease1 ,,dear ,,sir1 ,it is just over three years since ,i started to improve my physical power by means of the ,sandow system1 and ,i take this opportunity of forwarding some photographs taken at different periods4 ,in what measure ,i have succeeded can best be seen by comparison of my original efforts and my present attainments1 of which ,i also forward a list4 ,although they are as yet nothing to boast about or sufficiently great to be handed down to posterity1 they are the result of close application to the system ,mr4 ,sandow originated1 and by means of which1 in a few years1 ,i hope to attain the culmination of human strength1 and1 if possible1 to rival that of ,sandow himself1 for ,i am a firm believer in starting with an almost unattainable ideal1 then gradually coming within measurable distance of it1 and eventually1 perhaps1 to reach it4 ,to do this will require the exercise of many mental qualities1 determination1 perseverance1 and endurance4 ,i suppose there are many young men like myself in whom ,mr4 ,sandow has awakened a latent ambition to muscular prowess1 and in doing so ,i state without any hesitation that he alone has done as much good for the country as any man of the present century4 ,i can only conclude with expressing my deep gratitude to ,mr4 ,sandow for the splendid facilities he has offered to those who wish to be classed as nature's men 7which is indeed the duty of man71 and in doing so ,i am but echoing the sentiments of many of his pupils4 ,i have the honour to be1 ,faithfully yours1 ,,john ,d4 ,,peters4 ,,ebury ,,street ,,school4 ------------------------------ ,,copy ,,of ,,measurement ,,sheet4 ------------------------------ ,name3--,,john ,,peters4 ,address3--#ff;a1 ,herne ,hill1 ,s4,e4 ,before ,after ,training4 ,course4 ,increase4 ,neck #af #ah #b ,chest1 contracted #ch #dj #b 0 expanded #dd #dg #c ,upper ,arm1 ,right #ae #ag #a 0 ,left #ae #ag #b ,forearm1 ,right #ac #ae #b 0 ,left #ab #ad #b ,waist #cj #cj -- ,thigh1 ,right #bc #bd #a 0 ,left #bc #bd ,calf1 ,right #ae #af #a 0 ,left #ae #af ,height #e;ft4 #aa;in4 #f;ft4 in4 #a ,weight #ac st4 #acst4 #flb #f ,lung ,capacity #bgf #cbj #dd ,chest ,expansion #f #g #a ------------------------------ ,mr4 ,peters is a fine weight-lifter1 having accomplished the splendid feat of raising #bajlb from the floor to arms' length above the head1 using one hand only4 ,this is probably the amateur record4 ,as he is only #bc years old there is yet plenty of time for him to far eclipse even this striking feat4 #cj1 ,,guildford ,,street1 ,,russell ,,square1 ,w4,c41 #acth ,march4 ,,dear ,,sir1 ,it affords me much pleasure in stating that since ,i commenced taking your course of instruction ,i have greatly increased in strength and physical development--my biceps having increased two inches1 and my other muscles proportionately4 ,i am convinced that a course of your instruction would prove beneficial to any one1 whether naturally muscular or otherwise4 ,your system is one of such gradual progression that it cannot fail to strengthen the constitution of a person even in a delicate state of health4 ,i shall have much pleasure in recommending your ,school of ,physical ,culture to my friends4 ,yours sincerely1 ,,leslie ,,hood4 ,,eugen ,,sandow1 ,,esq4 ,illustration3 ,,leslie ,,hood4 ,,ebury ,,street ,,school4 ------------------------------ ,,copy ,,of ,,measurement ,,sheet4 ------------------------------ ,name3--,l4 ,,hood4#b ,address3--#cj1 ,guildford ,st41 ,w4,c4 ,before ,after ,increases4 ,training4 #c months4 ,neck #ae #af #a ,chest ,contracted #ce #cf 0 ,expanded #ch #db #c ,upper ,arm1 ,right #ac #ae #a 0 0 ,left #ac #ad ,fore ,arm1 ,right #ab #ac #a 0 0 ,left #aa #ac #a ,waist #bh #bi #a ,thigh1 ,right #bb #bb 0 ,left #ba #bb ,calf1 ,right #ad #ae 0 ,left #ad #ad ,height #e;ft4 #g;in4 -- -- ,weight #ajst4 #hlbs #ajst4#ilbs4 #a ,lung ,capacity #bha -- -- ,chest ,expansion #c #f #b #b ,this pupil had been working three months before joining this school1 hence the increases are not so marked as in the case of a beginner4 ,illustration3 ,,roland ,,hastings #cd1 ,,duke ,,street1 ,,st4 ,,james',s1 ,s4,w41 ,march #dth1 #ahii4 ,,dear ,,mr4 ,,sandow1 ,not often is it given to us in this life to sow our seed and gather in the full fruits of the same4 ,therefore it is with more than ordinary pleasure that ,i write this letter to say that with your system of ,physical ,culture this extremely satisfactory result is to be obtained4 ,when first ,i joined your school some four or five months ago ,i was a very fair average specimen of a young ,englishman 7and our national thews and sinews are by no means to be despised71 but owing1 in a great measure1 ,i suppose1 to my city life1 ,i had run a little to seed1 and more than once had required the aid of doctors and tonics4 ,the advice of the former invariably ended with the same formula1 8take more exercise40 ,i was quite ready to agree with them1 as during my holidays in the country1 when ,i was exercising in one form or another nearly the whole day1 ,i felt quite a different man and as fit as possible4 ,but work in the city is a little difficult to reconcile with plenty of exercise4 ,some time previously ,mr4 ,sandow had opened his school for ,physical ,culture1 and having often admired him and his feats from afar1 ,i resolved to go to him4 ,i am a business man1 and from a business point of view ,i never did a better stroke of business in my life4 ,i am a mortal being1 and speaking from a human point of view ,i never in my life came to a happier conclusion than when ,i resolved to become a pupil of the ,school of ,physical ,culture4 ,i have increased in girth and weight without scarcely a superfluous ounce of flesh4 ,my working capabilities and staying powers are all doubled1 and what before was an effort has now become a pleasure4 ,indigestion1 torpid lassitudes1 rasped nerves1 and jaded appetite1 are to me now unknown quantities4 ,with splendid appetite1 long peaceful nights1 and wondrous powers of vigour and vitality1 ,i can face the world and with a deep sense of gratitude say1 this is what ,mr4 ,sandow and his system of ,physical ,culture have done for me4 ,yours sincerely1 ,,roland ,,hastings4 ,p4,s4--,i may add ,i am a pupil at the ,st4 ,james's ,street ,school4 ,,st4 ,,james',s ,,street ,,school4 ------------------------------ ,,copy ,,of ,,measurement ,,sheet4 ------------------------------ ,name3--,,roland ,,hastings4 ,address3--,southsea ,house1 ,threadneedle ,st41 ,e4,c4 ,before ,after ,increases ,training4 #c ,months4 ,neck #ad #af #b ,chest ,contracted #cd #cf #a 0 ,expanded #cf #dc #f ,upper ,arm1 ,right #aa #ae #c 0 ,left #aa #ae #c ,fore ,arm1 ,right #aa #ad #b 0 ,left #aa #ad #b ,waist #bi #cj #a ,thigh1 ,right #bj #bb #b 0 ,left #bj #bb #b ,calf1 ,right #ac #ad 0 ,left #ac #ad ,height #e;ft4 #g;in #e;ft4 #g;in -- ,weight #ajst4 #dlbs #aast4 #dlbs #ast4 ,lung ,capacity #bee -- -- ,chest ,expansion #b #g #e ,illustration3 ,a4 ,,foulkes4 #ah1 ,,st4 ,,stephen',s ,,road1 ,,bayswater1 ,w41 ,march #ajth1 #ahii4 ,,dear ,,sir1 ,your system has certainly done me a lot of good and freshened me up1 although ,i can hardly claim to have tested it fairly1 as ,i must plead guilty to having done none of the exercises out of the school during the three months' course that ,i have just concluded there4 ,attending the school obviates three defects in working by yourself3-- 7i47 ,you learn--not merely the exercises--but the way to do them4 7ii47 ,you get an instructor who knows his work1 and keeps you at yours4 7iii47 ,you are stimulated by seeing others working in the same room4 ,the only disadvantage ,i can see in the system is that1 if rigidly followed1 you would soon be driven to patronise a fresh tailor4 ,i was warned not to get muscle-bound by taking the course2 ,i now cannot see how this can happen1 unless you neglect some of the exercises entirely4 ,i hope1 at some future date1 you will receive a better account of your system with regard to measurements and developments from ,yours truly1 ,,arthur ,,foulkes4 ,,st4 ,,james',s ,,street ,,school4 ------------------------------ ,,copy ,,of ,,measurement ,,sheet4 ------------------------------ ,name3--,a4 ,,foulkes4 ,,address3--#ah1 ,st4 ,stephen's ,road1 ,bayswater4 ,before ,after ,training4 #c ,months4 ,increases ,neck #ad #ag #b ,chest ,contracted #cd #cc -- 0 ,expanded #ch #db #c ,upper ,arm1 ,right #ab #ad #b 0 ,left #aa #ad #b ,fore ,arm1 ,right #aa #ac #a 0 ,left #aa #ac #a ,waist #cj #ca #a ,thigh1 ,right #bb #bd #a 0 ,left #bb #bd #a ,calf1 ,right #ad #ad 0 ,left #ad #ad ,height #f;ft4 #f;ft4 -- ,weight #abst4 #alb4 #abst4 #glbs4 #e ,lung ,capacity #cbj #cdj #bj ,chest ,expansion #d #h #d #c1 ,,burlington ,,road1 ,,bayswater1 ,w41 ,march #ajth1 #ahii4 ,f4 ,a4 ,,hansard1 ,,esq4 ,,dear ,,sir1 ,with regard to my opinion of ,mr4 ,sandow's system ,i cannot speak too highly of it4 ,i commenced the three months' course when in poor health1 brought about by malarial fever1 but after attending ,mr4 ,sandow's school for two months ,i felt better than ,i had ever done previously4 ,the increase in measurements which you have recorded is the result of two hours' conscientious work a week only4 ,it would be fair to mention that when only #f lessons remained before the completion of the course1 my exercises were interrupted owing to a broken collar-bone4 ,with better luck1 these increases would possibly have been greater4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,yours truly1 ,c4 ,,foulkes4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,,foulkes4 ,,st4 ,,james',s ,,street ,,school4 ------------------------------ ,,copy ,,of ,,measurement ,,sheet4 ------------------------------ ,name3--,c4 ,,foulkes4 ,address3--,war ,office1 ,pall ,mall4 ,before ,after ,training4 #c ,months4 ,increases4 ,neck #ae #af #a ,chest ,contracted #cc #ce #b 0 ,expanded #ch #dc #e ,upper ,arm1 ,right #ab #ad #a 0 ,left #ab #ad #a ,fore ,arm1 ,right #aa #ac #b 0 ,left #aa #ac #b ,waist #cj #ca ,thigh1 ,right #ba #bc #b 0 ,left #ba #bc #b ,calf1 ,right #ad #ad 0 ,left #ad #ad ,height #e;ft4 #i;in4 #e;ft4 #i;in4 -- ,weight #aast4 #albs4 #aast4 #dlbs4 #b ,lung ,capacity #caj #cgc #fc ,chest ,expansion #e #h #c ,illustration3 ,j4 ,a4 ,,sinclair4 ,,york ,,place1 ,,manchester1 ,february1 #ahii4 ,,mr4 ,e4 ,,sandow4 ,,dear ,,sir1 ,i have much pleasure in enclosing a copy of my measurements taken at the end of last ,december4 ,i am a pupil attending your ,manchester ,school1 and cannot speak too highly of your system1 or the manner in which it is taught by your instructors4 ,wishing you every success1 ,believe me1 ,yours very sincerely1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,sinclair4 ,,oxford ,,street ,,school 7,,manchester74 ------------------------------ ,,copy ,,of ,,measurement ,,sheet4 ------------------------------ ,name3--,j4 ,a4 ,,sinclair4 ,address3--,york ,place1 ,manchester4 ,after ,before #c ,months' ,increases4 ,training4 ,course4 ,sept4 #ahth1 ,dec4 #bhth1 #ahih4 #ahih4 ,neck #ad #ae #a ,chest ,contracted#c #ce #ce 0 ,expanded #cg #da #d ,upper ,arm1 ,right #ad #af #b 0 ,left #ad #af #b ,fore ,arm1 ,right #aa #ad #b 0 ,left #aa #ac #b ,waist #ca #ca -- ,thigh1 ,right #bb #bd #b 0 ,left #ba #bd #b ,calf1 ,right #ad #ad 0 ,left #ac #ad #a ,height #e;ft4 #e;in4 #e;ft4 #e;in4 ,weight #aast4 #flbs4 #abst4 #jlbs4 #g ,lung ,capacity #bdj #bge #ce ,chest ,expansion #a #f #d #c ,it will be noted that the size of the ,chest when contracted is slightly smaller than before training2 this is not unusual1 and denotes that more control has been obtained over the muscles of the chest1 and consequently its walls can be drawn closer together4 ,illustration3 ,,harold ,l4 ,,butler4 ,,high ,,lawn1 ,,bolton-,,le-,,moors1 ,march #afth1 #ahii4 ,,dear ,,mr4 ,,sandow1 ,after six months training as a pupil at your ,school of ,physical ,culture 7,manchester71 ,i now feel qualified to judge as to the merits of your system4 ,for the perfect and symmetrical development of the human form ,i can conceive of nothing which rivals the dumb-bell and rubber exercises as taught and practised in your gymnasia4 ,for the promotion of lost health1 due to bodily neglect2 as a cure for insomnia1 and many abdominal disorders1 it needs no recommendation4 ,concerning my personal improvement1 little need be said1 sufficient to say ,i never felt better in my life1 and recent weight-lifting tests have proved me to be possessed of nearly double my former strength4 ,nor has my speed or activity suffered in the least 7which so many1 erroneously1 consider to be the inevitable result of such training74 ,on the contrary1 ,i feel as capable of doing my #aj for the #ajj as ever ,i did4 ,believe me1 ,yours very truly1 ,,harold ,l4 ,,butler4 ,,casteluan1 ,,wimbledon ,,hill1 ,s4,w41 ,march #hth1 #ahii4 ,,dear ,,sir1 ,having been under your system for a little over a year1 ,i should like to add a few words in praise of your system generally4 ,i hardly think that actual figures as to measurements and weight-lifting1 give any adequate idea of the general benefits received by anyone who takes up ,physical ,culture thoroughly and puts his back into it4 ,if figures are any guide to you1 however1 ,i may quote the following1 which were all taken at your ,school in ,ebury ,street4 ,my lung capacity has increased from #bhc to #dag cubic inches1 my chest expansion from #ci to #db1 thigh from #bj to #bb1 and calf from #ac to #ae4 ,in weight-lifting ,i can raise #abe lbs4 from the ground with my right hand above head by means of the body-press1 instead of #fj lbs4 ,with two hands ,i can jerk #afe lbs4 instead of #he lbs41 and ,i can hold out at arm's length with my right hand #de lbs4 instead of #bj lbs4 ,your system has so generally benefited my whole physique1 however1 that ,i consider my health has improved to an extent far beyond any actual increase in figures4 ,one of the grandest benefits of ,physical ,culture is1 to my mind1 the increase of will power and general concentration1 which can never be measured in any actual way1 but which is bound to appear in after life1 in short becomes an integral part of his character4 ,yours truly1 ,,claude ,,barton4 #bf1 ,,gordon ,,mansions1 ,w4,c41 ,march #bast1 #ahii4 ,,dear ,,mr4 ,,sandow1 ,i am glad to be able to say a few words about your system of ,physical ,culture4 ,i write feelingly1 for ,i can scarcely express how grateful ,i am for what it has done for me4 ,a few years back ,i became unpleasantly conscious that a careless disregard for my health was beginning to unfavourably affect my work before the ,british public4 ,notwithstanding the indulgence shown me by audiences in all the musical centres1 ,i could not disguise from myself the unpalatable fact that1 as a result of neglecting a cold and getting generally 8run down10 my singing voice was becoming seriously impaired4 ,and so it remained until chance led me to your school of ,physical ,culture1 and to renew the active bodily exercise which ,i had dropped for so long4 ,the result was eminently satisfactory2 ,i was soon once more able to fulfil my public engagements with reasonable satisfaction to myself and1 ,i trust1 some pleasure to my audiences4 ,i entirely attribute the return of my powers to the course ,i went through on your system4 ,actors and singers do not need great muscular strength1 but they do most emphatically require health1 and1 of course1 health and reasonable development go together4 ,no man is such a slave to his physical condition as the actor or lyric artist4 ,however great his talent1 he cannot give expression to it if the machine be out of repair2 his physical health is obviously his most valuable asset4 ,for this reason alone ,i am sure that every member of my profession would be well advised to get into the way of devoting a few minutes every day to your exercises4 ,the lyric artist especially would find his voice improve1 his spirits be more exuberant1 and his general vitality at a very much higher level4 ,in addition he would in most cases discover in a very short time that his figure and limbs were so much improved that his former expenditure upon lambs-wool tights1 padding1 c41 would be entirely obviated4 ,i am1 ,yours very faithfully1 ,,alec ,,marsh4 ,illustration3 ,,martinus ,,sieveking4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,incidents ,,of ,,my ,,professional ,,career4 ,illustration3 ,sandow at the age of ten4 ,,incidents ,,of ,,my ,,professional ,,career4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,my ,,childhood ,,and ,,boyhood4 ,it is not necessary1 as some may think1 to be born strong in order to become strong4 ,unlike the poet1 who1 we are told1 has to be born a poet1 the strong man can make himself4 ,as a child1 ,i was myself exceedingly delicate4 ,more than once1 indeed1 my life was despaired of4 ,until ,i was in my tenth year ,i scarcely knew what strength was4 ,then it happened that ,i saw it in bronze and stone4 ,my father took me with him to ,italy1 and in the art galleries of ,rome and ,florence ,i was struck with admiration for the finely developed forms of the sculptured figures of the athletes of old4 ,i remember asking my father if people were as well developed in these modern times4 ,he pointed out that they were not1 and explained that these were the figures of men who lived when might was right1 when men's own arms were their weapons1 and often their lives depended upon their physical strength4 ,moreover1 they knew nothing of the modern luxuries of civilization1 and1 besides their training and exercise1 their muscles1 in the ordinary course of daily life1 were always being brought prominently into play4 ,the memory of these muscular figures were ever present1 and when we returned home to ,konigsberg ,i wanted to become strong like them4 ,but though ,i used to try my strength and attend the gymnasium1 nothing came of my desire for some years4 ,so until ,i was eighteen ,i remained delicate4 ,at that age ,i began to study anatomy4 ,it was thus ,i ascertained the best means of developing the body1 and invented the system of giving each individual muscle a movement1 and of so arranging the form of the exercises that when some muscles are brought into play others are relaxed and left without strain4 ,about fifteen minutes every day was the average time devoted to special exercise at this period4 ,it may be useful to remark here that no particular form of diet was adopted4 ,i ate and drank in the ordinary way4 ,it may be said at once that ,i have no belief in special diet2 ,i have always eaten and drunk that which my fancy dictated1 but ,i have always taken care to avoid anything in the nature of excess4 ,there is no better guide to good living than moderation4 ,that is a fact ,i am always anxious to impress upon my pupils4 ,let them be moderate in all things1 and they need fear no interruption in gaining strength by my system of training4 ,illustration3 ,the author ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,how ,i ,,came ,,to ,,london ,,and ,,defeated ,,samson4 ,the years of my life between eighteen and twenty-one may be passed over with the remark that they saw a steady gain of strength and some occasional performances as an amateur athlete and wrestler4 ,in #ahhi ,i made the acquaintance of ,aubrey ,hunt1 the artist1 who was then at ,venice4 ,one of the most charming views in the neighbourhood was to be gained from the grounds of my villa near ,ledo4 ,naturally ,mr4 ,hunt wished to paint it1 and it was a pleasure to be able to afford him the facility4 ,one result of our acquaintance was that ,mr4 ,hunt painted me in the character of a gladiator in the ,coliseum at ,rome4 ,this picture1 which ,i prize very highly1 is to be seen in the reception room at my ,st4 ,james' ,street school4 ,i am told that it is a very striking likeness4 ,it was from ,mr4 ,hunt that ,i learned that ,samson was offering1 at the ,royal ,aquarium in ,london1 #ajj to the person who could perform the feats of his pupil1 ,cyclops1 and #a1jjj to anyone who could beat his own4 ,mr4 ,hunt suggested that ,i should accept the challenge1 and it was my original intention to come to ,london with him4 ,it was ultimately decided1 however1 that ,i should start without delay1 and the journey to ,england was made on the same day that ,i first heard of the challenge4 ,arriving in ,london at six o'clock in the evening1 ,i went to ,mr4 ,attila1 a friend whom ,i had previously met at ,brussels1 to ask him to act as interpreter1 for at that time ,i was unable to speak ,english4 ,mr4 ,attila not only promised his services1 but gave me fresh hope by expressing his assurance that everything that ,samson and his pupil could do ,i could accomplish easily4 ,we determined that the challenge should be accepted that night4 ,with ,mr4 ,albert ,fleming to act as agent1 we went at once to the ,aquarium4 ,when ,samson appeared on the stage he gave the usual challenge4 ,apparently to his surprise1 ,mr4 ,fleming accepted it1 asking him if he had the #ajj at hand4 ,samson replied that there would be no difficulty about the money1 but ,mr4 ,fleming insisted on seeing it1 and the note was accordingly produced4 ,samson was then asked if he had the #a1jjj ready1 and he promised that it would be forthcoming in the event of the defeat of his pupil4 ,the preliminary arrangements having been completed1 and the note for #ajj handed to ,captain ,molesworth1 the manager of the ,aquarium1 ,i walked up to the stage4 ,seeing me in evening dress1 the audience were unable to realise that ,i stood the slightest chance of defeating the strong man and his pupil4 ,they even shouted to ,samson not to heed me1 but to get on with his performance4 ,it seemed evident to them that ,i was unequal to the task that had been undertaken1 and ,samson himself burst out laughing when he saw me4 ,the coolness and indifference of this first reception in ,london were not1 perhaps1 unnatural1 for in evening dress there was nothing1 as everyone said at the time1 specially remarkable about my appearance4 ,but when ,i took off my coat1 and the people could see the muscular development1 the tone of indifference changed immediately to surprise and curiosity4 ,samson and ,cyclops themselves shared the general astonishment1 though they did not allow their surprise to be shown for more than a moment1 ,samson being heard to remark1 8,we will beat him1 anyhow40 ,the first feat which ,cyclops performed was to lift over his head two weights of #ef lbs4 each1 lowering them with arms fully extended4 ,this performance ,i repeated4 ,cyclops next took the bar bell1 weighing #bdj lbs41 and with two hands lifted it from the ground over his head4 ,when the audience saw that for the second time the same feat could be accomplished with ease they began to cheer2 and ,i repeated the performance1 after ,cyclops1 using only one hand4 ,all this time ,samson1 anxious of the issue1 kept asking me in asides in ,french to let him know my history4 ,as1 however1 he did not1 or would not1 speak in ,german1 he had to remain in ignorance4 ,the performance proceeded1 and now ,cyclops took with one hand a dumb-bell weighing #bajlbs41 and extending it at arm's length1 bent down and raised over his head with the other a second dumb-bell1 of #ajjlbs4 weight4 ,when ,i repeated this feat1 it was thought that the challenge had been won1 for this was the end of the performance for which it was understood it was offered4 ,mr4 ,fleming1 accordingly1 asked for the #ajj1 but ,samson refused1 saying that the whole performance would have to be repeated and continued until one of the two competitors gave in4 ,nothing less would satisfy him as to which of the two was the stronger4 ,on this point the audience disagreed1 and called on him to hand over the money4 ,appeal was made to ,captain ,molesworth1 who addressing the audience1 promised to see fair play4 ,he could not agree1 he said1 with ,mr4 ,samson that it was fair that the performance should be continued until one of them dropped from sheer exhaustion1 but he suggested that ,cyclops should introduce two fresh feats1 and that if ,i could repeat them the money should be mine without further question4 ,although the audience still maintained that the challenge had been won1 ,i expressed1 through my interpreter1 perfect willingness to perform not two only1 but twenty more feats1 should ,cyclops wish to try them4 ,the first of the two extra feats was then taken3 ,cyclops lying on his back1 raised a weight of #bdj lbs4 with two men sitting on it1 and when the men jumped off he himself stood up1 raising the weight with him4 ,this performance ,i also repeated4 ,now came the final effort4 ,at the side of the stage stood a great stone1 weighing1 ,i should think1 about #ejj lbs4 ,on this stone were secured the two #eflb4 weights4 ,two chairs were brought1 and ,cyclops1 standing on them1 in order to get a position above the stone and its weights1 raised the whole load with his middle finger some four inches above the ground4 ,when this performance had been repeated by me1 ,samson acknowledged that that part of the challenge relating to ,cyclops had been won1 and offered to hand over the #ajj4 ,my interpreter then explained that ,i had not come to ,london to win merely the #ajj2 ,i had come for the greater sum1 the #a1jjj1 in fact1 which had been offered to any person who should defeat ,samson himself4 ,samson1 who was clearly surprised at the issue1 replied that he was not prepared to meet me that night1 and though the public disapproved of the postponement1 it was eventually decided with ,captain ,molesworth that the test should be made on the following ,saturday evening4 ,the eventful evening which was to decide the issue between us fell on the #bnd of ,november1 #ahhi4 ,never1 it was said1 had the ,royal ,aquarium been so densely crowded4 ,the people began to arrive as early as two o'clock in the afternoon4 ,when ,i reached the building1 in company with ,captain ,molesworth1 ,mr4 ,attila1 and ,mr4 ,fleming1 twenty minutes before the hour announced for the challenge to be taken up1 it was literally impossible to get through the crowd4 ,here1 at the very outset1 was a difficulty of a new and an unexpected character4 ,what was to be done8 ,to try to get through the enormous throng in twenty minutes was obviously hopeless4 ,willing as the crowd might be to let us pass it was beyond their power to make way for us4 ,we determined1 therefore1 to go to the stage door1 and here a further difficulty presented itself4 ,we could not gain admission2 no one would open the heavy door4 ,the man behind had received the strictest orders to prevent anyone from entering4 ,in vain did ,captain ,molesworth implore him to let us through1 explaining who we were4 ,the man was obdurate4 ,he said that he was very sorry1 but he failed to recognise ,captain ,molesworth's voice1 and he could not disobey explicit instructions4 ,all the time the precious minutes were flying1 and the hour when the challenge was to be met had actually arrived4 ,it was1 indeed1 an anxious and a trying moment4 ,we heard afterwards that when the hour of the challenge came and ,samson saw that ,i was not there1 he strutted up and down the stage1 exclaiming3 8,ah6 see1 he does not come6 ,i thought he would not meet me4 ,i will give him five minutes1 nay1 ten minutes more40 ,he took out his watch1 the minutes were speeding1 and still ,samson stood alone4 ,meanwhile1 resolved not to be baffled by this absurd mischance1 it was determined that1 as fair words would not open the door1 strength should smash it open4 ,a blow well directed1 and the door was burst from its hinges4 ,the man inside was slightly injured by this rough method1 but a ten pound note served to solace ,ins feelings1 and to heal his wounds4 ,and we--well1 we just managed to save the challenge by the space of half-a-minute4 ,the ,marqus of ,queensberry and ,lord de ,clifford were appointed judges1 and they examined closely all the bars1 bells1 weights1 and chains that were to be used in the performance4 ,samson first desired that ,i should follow him in some juggling feat with a water bottle1 but the judges decided that this was not in the order of the performance4 ,only such tests of actual strength as ,samson was in the habit of displaying could now be allowed4 ,samson1 abiding by this decision1 took a large iron bar and bent it over his calf1 his arms1 and his neck1 just as1 in a similar way1 by striking it on the muscles of the arm1 one may bend a poker4 ,the thing is little more than a trick4 ,of course1 muscle is essential to its successful performance2 for if you have no muscle you will hit the bone1 with the danger of breaking it4 ,such a performance1 although there is a certain knack in doing it gracefully1 and with ease1 was not difficult to follow4 ,samson next took a wire cable1 winding it round his chest1 under his arms1 and then breaking it4 ,this feat1 which is performed by inflating the lungs and at the same time contracting the muscles of the chest1 ,i was also able to repeat4 ,by the third item in the display it seemed that ,samson desired to leave the issue of the challenge in doubt1 for it consisted in snapping a chain which encircled his arm4 ,this armlet1 which fitted ,samson well enough1 was too small for me4 ,fortunately ,i was prepared for the emergency4 ,i had ascertained where the chain was bought1 and had got the same firm to make me an armlet of exactly the same strength1 of a size suitable to my larger development4 ,when ,i produced it1 ,samson at first refused to be satisfied that it would be a fair test1 but a representative of the firm who made it stood up in the auditorium and assured the public that it was of the same strength as that of the chain made for ,samson4 ,the judges examined it1 together with the paper which testified to the equality of strength1 and decided that the test would be perfectly fair and that the performance was to continue4 ,i placed the chain on my arm and broke it4 ,samson was still dissatisfied1 and ,i made the offer that if either he or his pupil1 ,cyclops1 could repeat my performance with a dumb-bell which ,i had at hand1 we would declare the result a draw1 and he could keep his #a1jjj4 ,the dumb-bell1 which was then brought on to the stage1 weighed #bhjlbs4 ,with one hand ,i lifted it up1 then laid down1 and finally stood up with it4 ,after that feat ,i fastened some chains round my arms1 then took a dumb-bell weighing #bbjlbs41 raised it to my chest and burst the chains before releasing it4 8,i have had enough of this10 now exclaimed ,samson4 8,it's all humbug1 ,i don't call this fair play at all40 ,the judges1 however1 were sufficiently satisfied1 and ,mr4 ,fleming asked for the #a1jjj4 ,the reply was that it should be paid in the morning1 but it remains to be added that ,i never received that #a1jjj4 ,it was stated that ,samson had taken his money away1 and in the end ,i agreed to accept #cej from the management of the ,aquarium in settlement of the challenge4 ,when we left the ,aquarium after the contest the great crowd followed us cheering1 and the four-wheeled cab into which we got1 was lifted up by these enthusiasts4 ,the crowd cheered us all the way to my rooms in ,leicester-square2 newspaper men poured in to interview me2 and though ,i had then no intention of giving performances in public1 ,i was induced to accept one of numerous offers1 of #aej a week1 made by a syndicate of the members of the ,lyric ,club1 and ,i commenced an engagement at the ,alhambra1 giving ,mr4 ,attila #cj a week to assist me4 ,i spent three months at the ,alhambra1 and three months in the provinces1 and entered into engagements for some years to come4 ,the reader will probably ask if special means were adopted during this and succeeding engagements to maintain my strength4 ,the answer is very simple3 ,the performance itself provides the necessary amount of daily training4 ,i eat1 drink1 smoke1 and sleep quite in the ordinary way1 taking care to observe in all things that guiding rule of moderation to which reference is made in the preceding chapter4 ,i only practice1 in order that grace and perfection may be attained1 when some new feat is introduced4 ,personally it may be added1 ,i find that the best time for a performance is about three hours after a meal4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,i ,,meet ,,goliath4 ,at the end of my first engagement in ,london and the provinces1 ,i went to ,germany for a holiday4 ,driving out one day at ,aachen1 ,i met a veritable giant4 ,he was a quarryman1 and he was engaged in loading stones4 ,so huge and extraordinary was his appearance that my horse positively shied at him4 ,imagine1 if you can1 this tremendous fellow3 his head as huge and grotesque as that of any pantomime mask1 with a nose the size of an ordinary fist4 ,as for his own fist1 it would have made more than three of mine1 and when a five-shilling piece was placed beneath the ball of his finger1 believe me1 it was impossible to see it4 ,so large were his boots that not only could ,i get both my feet into one1 but ,i could turn entirely round inside4 ,and yet1 strangely enough1 despite his immense limbs and body1 he was not an extraordinarily tall man4 ,a little more than six feet2 six feet two-and-a-half inches1 in fact1 was his height4 ,his chest measurement was about eighty inches and his weight #djjlbs4 ,he was not a fat man in proportion to his size4 ,quite the contrary4 ,he was bony and muscular4 ,the thought occurred to me as soon as ,i saw him that to give him a part in a performance as a modern ,goliath would be1 from a popular point of view1 eminently attractive4 ,i asked him what wages he was earning4 8,five marks a day10 he replied4 ,it appeared that he was given nearly double the pay of an ordinary labourer because he could lift heavier weights and load the carts more quickly4 ,i told him that if he liked to accept an engagement with me ,i would give him twenty marks a day1 whether he worked or not4 ,a ,german mark1 as everyone knows1 is equivalent to an ,english shilling4 ,the giant quarry man could scarcely credit such good fortune1 and eventually it was agreed that he should come to my house to talk the proposal over1 and have his strength tested4 ,when he came it was found that he could do nothing more than lift heavy weights from the floor4 ,he had never put himself into training1 and his exceptional proportions1 which1 under different circumstances1 might have been turned to good account1 were of no special use to him4 ,however1 it was settled that he should come with me1 and ,i brought him to ,england4 ,well do ,i remember our arrival at ,charing ,cross4 ,the huge size of ,goliath1 whose real name1 by the way1 was ,karl ,westphal1 attracted the most pronounced attention4 ,it was impossible to think of taking a cab1 for no cab would have held him1 even if he had been able to get inside it4 ,there was1 therefore1 nothing for it but to walk to my chambers1 which were then in ,rupert-street1 ,piccadilly4 ,thousands of people followed us the whole way1 and ,rupert-street was blocked4 ,a giant1 when you have got him1 is rather like a white elephant4 ,he is a rare creature1 but it is difficult to know what to do with him4 ,it would have been clearly unwise to let him go into the streets1 and accordingly he had to be kept indoors4 ,for seven or eight weeks ,i tried to train him1 but he proved an idle fellow1 and it became evident that nothing much could be done with him4 ,i had an engagement at that time at the ,royal ,music ,hall1 and a performance was arranged in which ,goliath had to surprise me1 lumbering after me across the stage1 and trying to hold me in his grip4 ,we wrestled together1 and it was his business to make himself the victor4 ,then1 in order to finish me1 he took a cannon1 weighing #djjlbs41 and placing it on his broad shoulders1 prepared to fire4 ,in a moment or so ,i returned with the clubs4 ,it was now the turn of the giant to show alarm1 and gradually he had to retire1 with the cannon still on his back1 into a frame of refuge4 ,i at once climbed to the top1 and getting into a position above my antagonist1 ,i lifted him1 his refuge1 and his cannon1 with one finger1 a few inches off the ground4 ,during this part of the performance we fired the cannon1 and the whole display was brought to a conclusion by placing my arm through a leathern belt which girt his waist1 and carrying him at arm's length off the stage4 ,what became of him after he left me ,i never heard4 ,the last report was that he had carried off his own landlady1 and that the two had started some sort of show together4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,a ,,presentation ,,under ,,curious ,,circumstances4 ,after my engagement at the ,royal came a holiday in ,paris4 ,it was there ,i met a very dear school friend1 whom ,i had not seen since ,i was about ten years of age4 ,my friend's father was at this time ,german ,consul at ,paris4 ,the incident which followed our meeting will be better explained by prefacing the story with the statement that as boys we were great billiard players4 ,we were continually playing at each other's houses1 and1 though we were such mere lads1 we could even beat our fathers at the game4 ,nothing1 therefore1 was more natural than that1 when we met1 my friend should ask me if ,i was still a good player4 ,as a matter of fact ,i was not in practice1 but that did not deter us from deciding to try our skill4 ,so we went to a room which he selected1 and started a game4 ,he did not know then that ,i had made my strength a profession2 he was rather under the impression that ,i had followed my father's desire and studied medicine4 ,however1 the game began1 and1 as we talked a good deal over old times and spoke in ,german and played rather slowly1 ,i suppose we unconsciously annoyed a party of ,frenchmen4 ,at any rate they made unfriendly remarks1 and before we had finished our game they marked on the slate that they had engaged the table4 ,wishing to play again1 we were not disposed to give it up to people whose manner was obviously offensive4 ,as our right to continue was disputed1 the attendant was called1 and it was pointed out that1 according to the regulations of the establishment1 we were perfectly within our rights in playing a second game4 ,so we played on1 and whilst we were joking and laughing about old times they1 it seems1 thought we were making fun of their discomfiture4 ,when the game was finished we ordered two steaks1 which were served at a table behind the players4 ,we were still laughing over old times when one of the party came up1 saying angrily1 8,i've had enough of your laughter2 if you don't stop be sure ,i'll make you40 ,i told him that ,i was very sorry that my mood offended him1 and if ,i could not laugh at our own personal jokes ,i should be sorrier still4 ,it was added that ,i did not wish to interfere with him1 and it was suggested also that he should attend to his own game and leave us alone4 ,it was evident that he wished to pick a quarrel4 ,nor would hot words suffice him4 ,vowing that he must give me something to remember him by1 he struck me across the face4 ,beneath this fresh insult ,i tried to remain quite calm1 telling my assailant that it would be certainly better for him to take himself off and leave me alone4 ,but at such times1 when the temper is quick1 good advice is not heeded2 moreover1 he probably thought he had to deal with some one of poor spirit4 ,whatever may have been in his mind the facts are plain3 finding that ,i took one blow calmly he struck me another and called me coward4 ,my friend1 who had hitherto kept quiet1 now attempted to interfere1 but ,i held him down1 nearly wrenching his wrist round4 ,the force which was exerted must have given him an idea of the strength that was ready to be used if it were needed1 for looking first at his wrist and then at me1 he exclaimed in ,english1 8,why don't you knock the fellow down80 8,so you speak ,english10 said the ,frenchmen1 8,why don't you get up and fight me80 ,with these words he struck me fiercely on the nose4 ,the blood streamed down my clothes1 which were spoilt besides by the gravy that was splashed on them in the disturbance from the dishes4 ,my appearance must have been deplorable1 and as ,i was that morning wearing a new suit1 ,i lost my patience with the man4 ,i walked slowly towards him1 and with a quick grip of his neck and knees1 ,i picked him up1 knocked his head and knees together1 and banged him down in the centre of the table4 ,the table broke through1 and he fell to the ground4 ,you can imagine1 ,i daresay1 the scene of wreckage and consternation--the smashed table1 the man dazed1 lying in a heap on the floor1 his friends around him open-mouthed with amazement4 ,in the midst of this scene ,i sat down with my friend and smoked a cigar4 ,a gendarme was fetched4 ,he entered the room and wanted to arrest me4 ,the proprietor caught hold of him1 saying1 8,be careful1 he is an awful man1 he will kill you4 ,you must have some assistance40 ,four more gendarmes were summoned1 and1 refusing to take me in a cab1 they marched me along to the police station4 ,some of the friends of the man who was hurt accompanied us and explained to the authorities that the regrettable affair was not my fault4 ,they were sorry at what had happened1 and ,i was liberated on bail4 ,meanwhile they took their injured comrade to the hospital4 ,he was still unconscious1 and in that condition he remained a day and a half4 ,being sincerely sorry for the injury ,i had caused1 ,i called at the hospital and asked to see him1 but he refused4 ,as soon as he recovered1 which was not for some weeks1 ,i left ,paris to return to ,london to fulfil an engagement at the ,tivoli4 ,one night1 whilst ,i was performing there1 the porter brought me a message asking if ,i would step up to see a gentleman and a party of friends in a private box4 ,when ,i went up ,i seemed to recognise the face of the person who wished to see me1 but ,i could not recall where ,i had seen it before4 ,the party invited me to take wine with them1 and nothing would satisfy them but my consent to be their guest at supper4 ,when we reached the hotel1 my host said3 8,i perceive1 ,mr4 ,sandow1 you have only pretended that you know me4 ,you do not really recall my identity40 ,it had to be confessed that he was right4 8,if you really knew me10 he proceeded1 8you would probably not speak to me40 8,why not80 ,i asked4 8,i speak to you because ,i seem to like you1 surely that is sufficient40 8,we will see10 he added2 8,i have come a long way to see you4 ,i have come from ,paris4 ,i am an amateur in your own line1 performing feats of strength myself4 ,of all my friends ,i have the reputation of being the strongest4 ,having read of your performances in the ,french and ,english papers1 ,i was determined to come to ,london to see you4 ,i saw the whole programme at the ,tivoli to-night1 waiting impatiently for your display4 ,when you stepped on to the stage ,i nearly dropped to the ground40 8,why60 ,i asked1 growing curious4 ,tears stood in his eyes1 as he exclaimed earnestly1 8,will you promise to forgive me1 promise me that or ,i cannot tell you40 ,i told him that ,i did not know what ,i had to forgive1 but at any rate ,i promised to forgive him in advance4 8,well10 he went on1 8if ,i had known you were ,mr4 ,sandow ,i would never have struck you that blow in ,paris20 and then in enthusiastic ,french fashion he clung hold of me and kissed me on the cheek--on the cheek that he had previously smacked--before all the people4 ,of course1 why had ,i been so blind8 ,this was my assailant of the ,french billiard room4 ,all1 however1 was now forgiven and forgotten1 and as a token of our good understanding he presented me with a handsome gold watch4 ,to-day we are the greatest friends1 and1 whenever ,i go to ,paris1 ,i stay with him4 ,he is a ,french ,count1 but for obvious reasons1 not the least being that he is my friend1 despite the hard knocks which came of our first meeting1 it would not be fair to disclose his name4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,living ,,weights4 ,about this time there were many strong men4 ,each hall in ,london could boast of at least one4 ,it was also a great weight lifting period4 ,when ,i lifted my heaviest bell1 #bhjlbs41 the other strong men put out a placard stating that they were lifting #cjjlbs4 ,by the time ,i had practised sufficiently to raise the weights ,i was lifting from #bhjlbs4 to #cjjlbs41 they came out with the statement that they were lifting #cbjlbs41 and so their little game went on4 ,for my part ,i was determined to introduce a novelty4 ,henceforth1 there should be actually living weights4 ,i started1 therefore1 at the ,tivoli with a new display1 lifting a horse at arm's length above my head1 and marching with it to musical accompaniment4 ,this was followed by a display with human dumb-bells4 ,taking a long bar with a large ball at each end1 ,i placed in each ball a man1 and ,i raised bar1 balls1 and men1 slowly over the head4 ,after putting them down the balls opened and the men rolled out4 ,this performance ,i accomplished in order to equal the feat of lifting #cjjlbs4 dead weight4 ,further1 ,i lifted1 and supported on my chest1 a grand pianoforte1 with an orchestra of eight performers on top of the instrument4 ,there was still a fourth feat which ,i performed1 knowing that no one could equal it1 and that was to turn a somersault whilst holding a weight of #eflbs4 in each hand4 ,these performances ,i repeated in the provinces4 ,during this tour ,i had the pleasure of visiting not only many of the chief cities of ,england1 but also ,edinburgh and ,glasgow4 ,who can fail to be deeply impressed by the grandeur and magnificence of the scenery of ,scotland8 ,certainly ,i was not proof against it4 ,never have ,i visited a more beautiful city than ,edinburgh1 and the ,scottish people themselves ,i found exceedingly kind and agreeable4 ,since then1 ,i have been to ,ireland1 and can testify that its people are as frank1 generous1 and warm-hearted1 as they are always represented to be4 ,certainly1 some of the happiest days of my life were those spent in the ,emerald ,isle4 ,at the end of my first provincial tour ,i returned to ,london to fulfil an engagement at the ,palace ,theatre4 ,here ,i introduced another novelty4 ,in place of the orchestra ,i held three horses on my chest4 ,these animals stood on a plank1 one at each side and the third in the centre1 holding the balance in a game of see-saw4 ,included in this performance was the feat in which a ,horse ,guardsman on his horse rode over me1 thus completing at that time the chapter of living weights4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,on ,,the 8,,elbe03 ,,bound ,,for ,,new ,,york4 ,we come now to the year of the ,chicago ,exhibition1 when ,i entered into a contract for an engagement in ,america1 with ,messrs ,abbey1 ,scheffel1 and ,grau4 ,an old friend and famous pianist1 ,martinus ,sieveking1 whom ,i knew years before in ,belgium and ,holland1 accompanied me to the ,new ,world4 ,sieveking was a brilliant artist1 but as a man he was exceedingly weak and delicate4 ,he had no powers of endurance1 and it was difficult for him to remain at the piano long at a time4 8,if ,i had only your strength10 he used to say1 8,i think ,i might become almost the greatest player in the world40 ,i suggested that he should come with me as my guest to ,america1 guaranteeing that in nine months or a year1 under my personal supervision and training1 he would grow so strong that his best friends would scarcely recognise him4 ,agreeing to come1 he travelled with me all through ,america4 ,the result of my system and supervision was that his strength grew marvellously4 ,within the year1 weak as he was at the start1 he became the strongest of all my pupils1 and the most redoubtable amateur ,i have ever met4 ,the portrait1 which is printed on an earlier page will speak for itself when you remember that a year before it was taken the sitter had a gaunt1 slim1 delicate figure1 with narrow chest1 sloping shoulders1 and no muscles worth speaking about4 ,but ,i am going ahead too fast4 ,let us revert for a moment to our departure from ,england4 ,we sailed on the ,elbe1 the vessel that was afterwards wrecked4 ,there was a good deal of bustle in getting on board1 and some curiosity1 ,i suppose1 amongst the passengers1 when they saw the sailors straining beneath the weight of my luggage and apparatus1 and got to know that a strong man was to sail with them4 ,with the captain and the first engineer ,i became very friendly1 giving them1 during the voyage1 lessons in my system4 ,somehow ,i used to feel that the ship we were on was a doomed vessel4 ,i am not ordinarily superstitious1 and it is not necessary to attempt to account for the feeling1 but do what ,i would ,i could not shake off the dread impression that one day that ship would go down4 ,i became so friendly with the engineer1 whom ,i used to visit in his own cabin1 that ,i advised him to give up his appointment and go to sea no more4 ,some time after that1 whilst ,i was in ,america1 the world was startled by the news of the ,elbe's disaster4 ,my friend1 the engineer1 was amongst the few who were saved4 ,he wrote me a letter telling me of the tidings4 ,this letter touched me very deeply1 and1 seeing that it contains a story of singular bravery1 it may not be inappropriate if ,i introduce here so much of it as ,i remember4 ,having commented on the strange fulfilment of my prediction1 he described how1 when the boat was going down1 the captain lashed himself to the bridge1 saying he would never leave his ship4 ,from the engineer's boat they called to him to come on1 but he would not stir4 ,then they sent back the pilot1 but still to no purpose4 ,by the faint glimmer of a lantern he pencilled a note which he asked might be sent1 if the bearer should be saved1 with his heart's love to his dear wife and children4 ,for the last time the pilot left the ship1 and as the boat bore away from its now fast sinking sides the captain from the bridge1 immovable from the post of duty1 waved his long farewell4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,my ,,first ,,hour ,,in ,,america4 ,first experiences are occasionally curious4 ,you shall hear one of mine4 ,although the day we reached ,new ,york was the hottest that had ever been known in that great country of wonderful records1 no heat1 however extreme1 could detract from the glories of ,new ,york ,harbour1 certainly the finest harbour ,i have ever seen4 ,numerous people1 including1 of course1 the ubiquitous newspaper men1 came on board to welcome me1 bands were playing1 and there was a gay and busy time generally4 ,having landed1 ,i entered a cab4 ,everyone1 ,i suppose1 has a vivid recollection of his first cab in ,america4 ,the independence of the ,american cab-driver is sublime4 ,it is something too great for words4 ,you can only draw a long breath--and admire it4 ,the particular journey which ,i was undertaking would have been in ,england something considerably less than a shilling fare4 ,hoping to be generous ,i proffered the driver an equivalent in ,english money to two shillings4 ,to my surprise he said1 8,i guess1 ,colonel1 that's for myself2 your fare is four dollars0--just eight times as much as ,i had offered4 ,of course1 ,i could not argue with the man4 ,he knew better than ,i1 and there was nothing for it but to pay promptly what he demanded4 ,moreover1 in ,america1 it must be remembered1 they charge1 not for the drive1 but for the cab4 ,mr4 ,abbey1 who met me on the boat1 accompanied me to the hotel at which ,i was to stay4 ,at the office his attention was called away for a moment1 and ,i was left to the tender mercies of the bell boy1 a nigger1 who was asked to show me the rooms4 8,come along1 sir10 the boy drawled4 ,and along ,i went1 making my first acquaintance with an ,american elevator1 in which we were shot up heavenwards4 8,how high are we80 ,i asked1 as we got out4 8,oh1 this is the sixteenth floor10 replied the boy1 in an off-hand manner1 8you can see if you look down40 ,i did look down4 ,by ,jove1 the depth down that staircase was tremendous4 ,having selected my apartments1 the boy coolly stood beside me in my own room rolling a cigarette and lighting it in my presence4 ,this action seemed a little impudent1 but it was nothing to that which was to come4 ,remarking that ,i desired to wash1 ,i also asked the boy if he would clean my boots4 8,clean your boots80 he exclaimed1 in blank astonishment1 8we don't do that in ,america1 we 7speaking of course for himself and the niggers like him7 don't clean boots here40 8,who then10 ,i asked1 8does clean them80 8,oh1 you must go down stairs for that40 ,and with these words he reclined on my sofa1 rolled another cigarette1 and calmly smiled at me4 ,this was really too much for white flesh and blood to bear4 ,i said to him sharply1 8,look here1 young man2 ,i may be a stranger in this country and ignorant of some of its ways1 but ,i know enough of ,americans to be quite sure that it is not right for you to conduct yourself in this way4 ,if you don't promptly clear off ,i will report you60 ,but the boy was not easily to be moved4 ,instead of taking himself off he squared up and wanted to fight me4 ,so ,i just took hold of that boy1 and testing his jacket and trousers to be sure that they would bear the strain1 ,i swung him over the sixteenth floor staircase4 ,and there for a few moments ,i held him1 just to give him a view of the depth1 which was so tremendous4 ,my word1 didn't that boy shout and scream6 ,i assured him that he was quite safe in my hand so long as it was closed1 but if he ever attempted his impertinences again ,i would bring him to the same spot and open it4 ,and ,i reminded him that a drop through sixteen floors would not be good even for nigger boys who smoked cigarettes in private rooms and affected to be indignant at the suggestion that they should clean a visitor's boots4 ,the boy's cries drew a small crowd1 including ,martinus ,sieveking and the manager of the hotel4 ,the manager fully agreed with the warning ,i gave the boy1 and was profuse in his apologies1 saying that such conduct from a bell boy was unprecedented4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,incidents ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,tour ,a fortnight after my arrival in ,new ,york ,i commenced an engagement at the ,casino1 and after each performance1 whilst ,i was still stripped to the waist1 ,i gave lecture on anatomy and my system of physical culture in my dressing-room4 ,these lectures were attended by many of the most notable people in ,america1 the crowded audiences including several ladies4 ,i demonstrated how each feat was accomplished1 and let the people feel for themselves my muscles1 to prove that whilst1 when they were relaxed they were as soft as butter1 when contracted they were as hard as steel4 ,i repeated at the ,casino the performances that ,i had been giving at the ,palace ,theatre in ,london4 ,as my engagement lengthened ,i grew better acquainted with the ,american people1 whom1 let it frankly be admitted1 ,i liked immensely4 ,they are wonderfully nice fellows1 these ,americans4 ,the only fault that is to be found with them is the too generous length to which their hospitality is liable to go in the direction of cock-tails4 ,they like to give you a bath of cock-tails1 and if a bath should not suffice1 they would think nothing of making a river for you4 ,for a moderate drinker like myself1 their generosity is a little embarrassing1 but as the point was emphasised that ,i could never have the assurance to say that ,i had been to ,america without tasting a cock-tail1 ,i at last yielded to their persuasions1 and1 judging from the samples of ,manhattan1 ,martini1 and ,oyster1 which ,i tried1 ,i am hound to confess that these drinks are exceedingly nice and that there is little to beat them4 ,another striking feature of life in ,america is to be found in the trotting horses4 ,they are simply marvellous creatures1 moving with the ease and almost with the speed of a railway engine4 ,from ,new ,york ,i went to ,boston1 where my system of physical training became very fashionable2 and after the ,boston visit came ,chicago1 ,mr4 ,sieveking always accompanying me4 ,when ,i arrived at ,chicago ,i went to the ,trocadero1 where ,i was to appear1 and inquired for the manager4 ,a tall slim fellow made his appearance in answer to the inquiry1 and for some minutes a game of cross purposes ensued4 ,for whilst ,i was not sure whether he really was the manager1 he doubted whether ,i was the strong man whom he expected4 ,at last1 however1 ,i ascertained that he was ,mr4 ,ziegfeld1 or at least ,mr4 ,ziegfeld's son1 and he was assured that ,i was ,sandow4 ,he showed me round the theatre1 which was a tremendous place1 with accommodation for fully six thousand people4 ,it had been originally an armoury1 and was used more for concerts than variety entertainments4 ,mr4 ,ziegfeld had taken it because his other theatre1 two days before the opening of the exhibition1 was burned down4 ,at the time of my arrival it was proving too big1 but1 as good luck would have it1 such was the popularity of my performances1 the building1 despite its huge size1 was filled nightly4 ,in the exhibition grounds one morning shortly after my arrival1 ,mr4 ,ziegfeld suggested that ,i should drive round in one of the hand wagons4 8,my dear fellow10 ,i said1 8it would never do for a strong man to be pushed round like that1 what would the people say80 8,oh1 they don't know you yet10 replied ,mr4 ,ziegfeld1 8you get in and try it40 ,it was no use for me to chaff him by saying that these wagons were more suitable for idle fellows of his slim proportions1 for inside he would have me get4 ,who of all people in the world should come to push me round but an unfortunate hunchback6 ,the result was that next morning the papers came out with illustrations of the ludicrous scene1 with the heading 8,the strong man too strong to walk40 ,at the termination of the ,world's ,fair1 ,mr4 ,ziegfeld proposed that ,i should prolong my tour4 ,i accepted his suggestion1 engaged him as my manager1 and he booked a tour for me1 including all the principal cities4 ,throughout this tour ,i offered at each performance ten thousand dollars to any person who could duplicate my feats of strength or even do anything that could be said reasonably to approach them4 ,at ,st4 ,louis1 one of the greatest beer brewing districts in the world1 the challenge1 ,i was informed1 was to be accepted4 ,the youth who was prepared to meet me1 explained that he was somewhat too stiff to accomplish all my feats1 and ,i accordingly promised that if he could repeat one of them1 that was to lift with one hand over his head my heaviest dumb-bell weighing #cjjlbs41 ,i would consent to give him the money4 ,when the time came for him to take up the challenge1 he grew alarmed at the prospect4 ,in answer to my manager's announcement from the stage that we were ready for him1 and that the money had been duly deposited1 he stood up in the auditorium to remark that the challenge was made only as an advertisement1 he did not believe in it1 and he refused to come to the stage4 ,with these words he rushed out of the building4 ,his friends1 who had a good deal of faith in his physical powers1 rushed after him1 and succeeded in bringing him back4 ,in order further to encourage his drooping spirits my manager offered him the ten thousand dollars if he would lift the weight over his head with both hands4 ,but still he did not like to attempt the task he had before rashly undertaken4 ,we then reduced the conditions still further1 promising that if he would lift the weight with two hands even as high as his shoulders we would still give him the money4 ,his friends now chaffed and now rallied him1 and at last he put his strength to the test2 but lo1 this vaunted strong man was a very weak man1 for so far from being able to raise the weight to his shoulders1 he succeeded scarcely in moving it from the ground4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,my ,,lion ,,fight ,,in ,,san ,,francisco4 ,perhaps the greatest1 certainly the most thrilling1 of all my experiences is that which ,i am about to relate4 ,it is the story of my lion fight in ,san ,francisco4 ,i was performing in that western city at the time of the mid-winter fair1 which followed the ,chicago ,exhibition4 ,in connection with this fair ,colonel ,bone was exhibiting a great menagerie4 ,one day he advertised a fight to the death between a lion and a bear4 ,a tremendous tent1 with accommodation for twenty thousand people1 was erected for the occasion4 ,thousands and thousands of persons had bought tickets1 when the police issued an order forbidding the performance1 and the proposed spectacle had to be abandoned4 ,the thought occurred to me that ,i should take the bear's place1 and measure my strength against the king of the forests4 ,of course there is always between the unarmed man and the beast this disadvantage1 that the beast has natural weapons in his teeth and claws1 whilst a man has nothing to help him in the fight4 ,this lion1 moreover1 was a particularly furious animal4 ,only a week before he made a meal of his keeper4 ,i have met many lions in various places1 and this beast was certainly the largest and finest of them all4 ,i was fully prepared to meet him as he was1 provided ,i could have an equivalent for his claws in a short dagger or some similar weapon2 but the law in ,america1 as in ,england1 is rightly very stern against cruelty to animals1 and the dagger1 of course1 could not be allowed4 ,if ,i desired to meet the beast the only way was to fight him as ,i would box a man1 completely unarmed4 ,as there is no law to prevent cruelty to men1 there was no objection to this method1 though ,colonel ,bone1 as well as my own friends1 insisted that if there was to be a fight it must be a struggle between brute strength and human strength4 ,in short1 mittens would have to be placed on the lion's feet to prevent him from tearing me to pieces with his claws1 and a muzzle would have to be placed over his head4 ,even with these precautions ,i was advised not to proceed with the contest4 8,with his strength10 said ,colonel ,bone1 8he'll knock your head off40 ,but1 personally1 ,i had no fear1 ,i was only anxious for the contest to begin4 ,the engagement was accordingly made1 and 8,a lion fight with ,sandow0 was boldly advertised4 ,the announcement sent a thrill through the cities for hundreds of miles around1 and in order fully to be equipped for a performance which would be bound to attract thousands and thousands of people1 ,i decided to rehearse my fight with the lion beforehand4 ,accordingly1 preparations were made1 and with much difficulty the lion was mittened and muzzled4 ,it took several men with lassos and chains some hours to perform this operation1 for not only had they to guard against the animal's overpowering strength1 but they had to proceed cautiously in order not to injure him4 ,a great cage1 measuring seventy feet across1 was brought round1 and into it ,colonel ,bone1 one of the most experienced of lion tamers1 let the animal enter4 ,few people were present1 but amongst them was my manager1 that tall1 slim1 great1 little ,ziegfeld1 with a face white as snow4 ,there is no doubt that ,mr4 ,ziegfeld and the small company felt the position acutely1 for1 though personally ,i had confidence in myself--and confidence of victory is always half a battle won--yet those around were by no means sure of the issue1 and there was some fear that my first fight with a lion might be my last4 ,however1 my purpose being fixed1 ,i entered the cage1 unarmed and stripped to the waist4 ,the lion1 with fury in his eyes1 crouched down ready to spring4 ,having read a good deal of the methods of the lion ,i was not unprepared for this form of attack4 ,as he made his last strain for a tremendous leap ,i stepped sharply to the side and he missed his mark4 ,turning quickly before he had time fully to recover1 ,i caught him round the throat with my left arm1 and round the middle with my right4 ,by this means1 though his weight was #ecjlbs41 ,i lifted him as high as my shoulder1 gave him a good hug to assure him that it was necessary to respect me1 and tossed him on to the floor4 ,thus outdone at his first attempt1 the lion roared with rage4 ,rushing fiercely towards me he raised his huge paw to strike a heavy blow at my head4 ,for the moment1 feeling the swish of the lion's paw as it passed my face1 ,i really thought that ,colonel ,bone's remark that he would knock my head off would prove true4 ,luckily ,i dodged my head just in time1 and got a good grip round the lion's body1 with my chest touching his and his feet over my shoulders4 ,now came the tussle2 the more ,i hugged him the more he scratched and tore1 and1 though his feet were mittened1 he tore through my tights and parts of my skin4 ,but ,i had got him as in a vice1 and his efforts to get away were fruitless4 ,choosing an opportune moment1 ,i flung him off me1 ,colonel ,bone and my manager shouting to me to come out of the cage1 as ,i had done enough1 and the lion's rage was unbounded4 ,i was determined1 however1 before ,i left to try just one other feat4 ,moving away from the lion1 ,i stood with my back towards him1 thus inviting him to jump on me4 ,i had not to wait many moments4 ,he sprang right on my back4 ,throwing up my arms ,i gripped his head1 then caught him firmly by the neck1 and in one motion1 shot him clean over my own head to the ground before me4 ,colonel ,bone rushed into the cage1 snapping two revolvers to keep the lion off1 and ,i came out1 my legs torn1 my neck bleeding1 and with scratches all over my body2 but ,i felt that ,i had mastered that lion1 and that ,i should have little difficulty in mastering him again at the performance that was to be given next day in public4 ,when the hour for the fight came1 the huge tent which held twenty thousand people was literally packed in every part4 ,the cage with the lion was outside1 and whilst he was being mittened and muzzled he became so furious that he broke two iron chains that bound him1 and got loose4 ,the people shrieked1 the very men who a moment before had been boasting of their bravery1 were the first to fly1 and there was a general stampede4 ,but the moment the lion saw my eyes fixed fearlessly and firmly on him he seemed paralysed4 ,colonel ,bone came up and pulled out his revolver1 telling me not to take my eyes off him1 as ,i had him in my power4 ,whilst we both remained motionless1 the cage was brought near his head1 and by a dexterous movement ,i had him over on his back1 and once more he was a prisoner4 ,the keepers tried again to mitten him1 and after a great struggle they succeeded4 ,then came the scene in the arena4 ,the lion appeared first1 and as ,i entered the whole place shook with cheers and applause4 ,through the whole of that vast assembly ran a thrill of great excitement1 and photographers were there ready to take instantaneous pictures of the various positions of the fight with the lion4 ,but no sooner did ,i enter the cage than the animal cowered down4 ,he knew that ,i was his master3 and he refused to fight4 ,feeling that the audience would be sadly disappointed1 ,i tried to goad him on1 but nothing would move him4 ,most beasts are cowards at heart1 and this lion having met his match at the rehearsal1 refused to budge4 ,at last ,i caught hold of his tail and twisted it4 ,this was the only thing that moved him4 ,as he made a bound towards me ,i dodged1 swung round and picked him up1 and then tossed him down4 ,the fight lasted scarcely two minutes4 ,the lion1 recognising that my strength was too much for him1 would fight no more4 ,though ,i lifted him up and walked round the arena with him on my shoulders he remained as firm as a rock and as quiet as a lamb4 ,the fierce fight at the rehearsal had subdued his courage4 ,he was clearly conquered4 ,i was afraid that my audience would be disappointed with the comparative tameness of the proceedings1 but1 on the contrary1 everyone seemed thoroughly satisfied1 and 8the lion fight with ,sandow0 was long the talk of the day in ,san ,francisco4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,x4 ,,further ,,incidents ,,of ,,the ,,tour4 ,at the end of my engagement in ,san ,francisco ,i organised my own company for a holiday tour in ,california4 ,what a lovely country is that2 a country of perpetual summer and blue sky1 of bright flowers and delicious breezes4 ,well do ,i remember our arrival in ,los ,angeles4 ,thousands and thousands of people came to meet our coach1 the children smothering us with roses as though it were some battle of flowers4 ,but1 of course1 there were rough journeys in ,america as well as pleasant ones4 ,on the way to ,omaha1 for example1 we had an experience of the wilds4 ,at the small villages at which the train stopped it seemed to be the custom to adjourn for the fifteen or twenty minutes to the gambling dens that adjoin the stations4 ,gambling has never had any attraction for me personally1 but 8,in ,rome one does as ,rome does20 and so in ,america4 ,accordingly1 we visited one of these gambling houses4 ,there is no question about the gambling4 ,you play with dice4 ,everything is conducted at lightning speed1 and before you know where you are high stakes have been lost or won--usually1 it may be said1 they are lost4 ,in our case we started1 in the few minutes at our disposal1 by winning a good deal4 ,then we lost1 and we left that place with our pockets practically empty4 ,i had lost three hundred dollars1 another lost four hundred1 and a third eight hundred4 ,during the next part of the journey we heard that there was another gambling house at the station at which we should stop on our way4 ,it was in connection1 we understood1 with that at which we had just lost our money1 and no doubt the manager would be informed by telegram of the easy manner in which we had been duped1 in order to be prepared for our arrival4 ,but we were determined to be even with those gambling house keepers4 ,we agreed at the start not to risk more than five dollars1 and if we won we would depart with our winnings before the luck1 as in the last case1 set in against us4 ,for once expectations were realised4 ,precisely the same thing happened4 ,at the beginning we had all the luck2 we not only recovered what we had previously lost1 but each of us had a few hundred dollars to the good4 ,then of a sudden our luck began to turn4 ,that was the signal4 ,there was six or seven minutes to spare before the train started1 and the manager and his friends said 8,you have lots of time1 gentlemen1 they will tell you when the train's ready40 ,much to their astonishment1 however1 we insisted on leaving1 and as we walked out with our pockets fairly full the faces of those men were a study4 ,i think on this occasion we had turned the tables successfully4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,my ,,dog ,,sultan4 ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,tour4 ,at this stage of the tour ,i will introduce1 with the reader's permission1 my dog ,sultan1 the holder of seventeen first prizes4 ,this dog1 a handsome boar-hound1 standing about thirty-four inches high at the shoulders and weighing some two hundred pounds1 had been presented to me as a puppy by ,prince ,bismarck4 ,though ,i have never specially trained him1 the dog has remarkable intelligence4 ,my companion throughout my tour in ,america1 he used to jump into the luggage van at every journey's end to find my trunks1 and those that were not too heavy for him to lift1 he would bring out of the van4 ,a similar performance would be repeated when we reached the hotel4 ,sultan would himself carry a good deal of the luggage upstairs1 taking it up piece by piece1 and disdaining the assistance of the niggers who would sometimes offer to give him help4 ,not unnaturally1 he became a great favourite wherever we went1 and1 though it was against the regulations1 the hotel managers would allow us to have him in our rooms4 ,he would never go out without carrying a satchel containing his chain and muzzle1 a box of pills1 two brushes1 a tooth brush1 a comb1 and a few pieces of flannel1 which were used for rubbing him down and keeping his coat in careful condition4 ,he seemed to know perfectly each of these contents1 and if one was ever missing he would not be satisfied until it was found or replaced4 ,sultan can carry me very easily4 ,once in ,america ,i sprained my foot4 ,i happened to be staying at the time at about the only hotel in the country which is not furnished with elevators4 ,my rooms were on the second floor1 and that faithful and devoted creature would carry me up and down stairs before and after each performance1 for ,i was still able to fulfil my engagements despite the sprain4 ,it is a peculiar thing about ,sultan that1 though he will not hurt you1 yet if you enter a room whilst he is in it alone he will never let you leave until someone has attended to you4 ,as a thief catcher1 he is1 for this reason1 unequalled4 ,on one occasion1 as you shall hear1 during my ,american tour1 he saved my watch--that watch which was presented to me by my friend the ,french count4 ,whilst ,i am at the theatre ,i usually leave my coat and vest hanging on the wall of my dressing-room1 ,sultan being left in charge4 ,one night we missed for more than an hour one of the stage assistants4 ,when ,i returned to my dressing-room ,i was unable for the moment to enter4 ,sultan1 it appeared1 was blocking the door4 ,pushing it open ,i found the missing assistant at the other end of the room in a state of some uneasiness4 ,i asked him what he was doing1 and he explained that he had come to see if he could offer me any assistance4 ,having entered the room1 the dog would not let him move1 and altogether he made out such a piteous tale that ,i sent him off with half-a-dollar4 ,when1 however1 ,i came to look at my things ,i found that my watch1 instead of being where ,i left it1 in my vest pocket1 was lying on the table1 together with some money which had been taken from my pockets4 ,it was then clear that the man's real object in entering my room was not that of assistance1 but of robbery4 ,i called him back1 verified my suspicions1 and had him immediately discharged4 ,for that night's work we treated ,sultan to a special steak for his supper4 ,this unfortunately was not the only adventure which ,i had with this watch of which ,i was so proud4 ,my friend's gift seemed to be doomed4 ,whilst we were at ,omaha there was a ball given in the city1 and ,mrs4 ,sandow and ,i were invited to be present4 ,as we should be late in returning ,i told my valet to give ,sultan his walk and then to take the dog home with him for the night4 ,we reached home about half-past two in the morning1 and being tired we went straight to bed4 ,it may be explained that our bedroom stood behind the drawing-room1 from which it was entered4 ,beyond the bedroom was the bathroom1 in which ,i hung my clothes1 leaving my watch and chain in my vest pocket4 ,i felt that night1 as ,i felt on the 8,elbe10 that something was going to happen4 ,owing to this feeling ,i took the precaution to lock the drawing-room door4 ,no one could enter the bedroom without coming through the drawing-room first4 ,we felt1 therefore1 reasonably secure4 ,in addition to my watch and chain1 there was ,mrs4 ,sandow's jewellery1 which she had worn at the ball1 whilst1 amongst other special things1 ,i had five twenty dollar pieces1 which ,i had bought because of their rare dates4 ,these gold pieces ,i left in my clothes in the bathroom2 ,mrs4 ,sandow's jewellery remained in a drawer in the bedroom4 ,through the night we slept without disturbance4 ,in the morning the servant who came to look after our clothes noticed that my watch chain had been broken and that my watch was missing4 ,the five twenty dollar pieces were also gone1 but ,mrs4 ,sandow's jewellery was untouched4 ,questioned as to how she got into the room1 the girl said that the door was open4 ,someone had evidently broken into our rooms whilst we slept and had worked so quietly that they had not disturbed us4 ,a detective was called1 and it was ascertained that shortly after we returned from the ball two well dressed men entered the hotel and asked for rooms on the first floor4 ,it was then between two and three o'clock4 ,before five o'clock they left4 ,the detective remarked that about that hour two men answering the description that was given had been seen to enter a train1 and he thought he would be able to succeed in tracing them4 ,i told him that if he brought my watch back he should be well rewarded4 ,when the rooms were examined it was found that the door had been opened by means of an instrument which was pushed through the keyhole to turn the key4 ,the gas had been half turned on during the night1 and no doubt they saw my watch-chain shining in the uncertain light1 and decided to take those things that they could lay their hands on most easily without fear of waking us4 ,it might have been supposed to be risky work to rob a strong man2 but1 on the other hand1 it was found afterwards that the burglar was a desperate fellow1 who had just completed nineteen years' penal servitude for shooting a man who was unfortunate enough to wake up whilst he was rifling his room4 ,during the day the two men were arrested4 ,four of the twenty-dollar pieces were found on them1 but the watch was still missing4 ,the men were taken before the police authorities1 but on the ground that the case was not fully proved they were dismissed4 ,after this decision1 the detective came to me to ask what the watch was worth4 ,five hundred pounds ,i told him1 in actual money1 but for me it had a priceless value1 and not for five thousand pounds would ,i willingly part with it4 8,seeing that it is worth so much10 he said1 8,i will try to get it for you if you will promise to give me #hjj40 ,at this moment ,i realised the situation2 at any rate ,i felt justified in believing that this so-called detective was in league with the burglars1 who had themselves owned in court that they knew where the watch was1 though they refused flatly to give the information4 ,feeling disgusted with a man who could thus play so false and mean a game ,i took him by his neck and trousers and sent him flying through the door4 ,from that day to this ,i have never seen anything of my watch4 ,it is1 no doubt1 lost to me for ever4 ,if ,i had had my dog with me that night it would never have been stolen1 for no burglar would have got past ,sultan1 however clever he might be at picking locks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,throughout my tour ,i offered medals to those of my pupils who were able to show the highest developments under my system of physical training4 ,thousands of applications were received1 and the amount of my correspondence was enormous4 ,in the end ,i arranged a meeting1 at which the pupils stripped for my personal examination1 and there the awards were made4 ,i received also several challenges during my tour4 ,these challenges were frequently made after ,i had left a city1 and as it came to be clear that those who made them merely sought advertisement by associating their names with mine1 ,i deposited ten thousand dollars with the 8,new ,york ,herald0 on the understanding that anyone who seriously meant business should also make a deposit as a guarantee of his good faith4 ,if he duplicated my feats of strength the money would be his4 ,but though this sum was deposited for about nine months ,i never received an answer4 ,no one ever attempted to win that ten thousand dollars and ,i have the original cheque1 made out to ,james ,gordon-,bennett1 to this day4 ,i have had it framed and preserve it as a memento4 ,at the end of my first tour in ,america ,i returned to ,england1 engaged fresh talent for my company1 and invented and practised some new feats of strength1 including that which ,i have entitled the ,roman horse exercise1 and that in which two people drive over me with a horse and chariot4 ,afterwards ,i paid a short return visit to ,america1 to fulfil certain engagements1 and then came back again to ,london4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,my ,,performance ,,at ,,the ,,present ,,time4 ,it may be useful1 as a record1 to indicate briefly the nature of the salient features of my recent performance at the ,london ,pavilion1 and since in the provinces4 ,to begin with there is a tableau1 arranged for the purpose of showing muscular repose1 with all the muscles relaxed2 muscular tension1 with all the muscles as firm as steel2 the abdominal muscles2 the biceps1 muscles of the inside of the upper arm2 the triceps1 muscles of the back of the upper arm2 the deltoid1 muscles of the shoulders2 the trapezius muscle1 which raises the shoulders2 the muscles of the back2 the action and uses of different muscles2 and the chest expansion1 from #dh;ins4 normal to #fb;ins4 ,the tableau curtains are drawn1 and the scene changes to the arena4 ,resting with my neck on one trestle and my heels on another1 ,i hold a #eflb4 weight in each hand at arms' length and support four men simultaneously on my body4 ,for the performance of this feat it may be mentioned that exceptionally strong neck and abdominal muscles are necessary4 ,taking a pack of ordinary playing cards ,i tear them first in half1 then in four parts1 and finally into eighths4 ,next ,i tear two packs1 and finally three packs1 each pack containing the ordinary number of fifty-two cards4 ,the feat of tearing in half one pack of cards was originally shown to me by the late ,emperor of ,russia4 ,my reputation as an amateur had reached his ,imperial ,majesty1 who paid me the honour of commanding my presence4 ,during that interview his ,majesty1 as a test of his own manual strength1 took a pack of cards and tore it1 as ,i have said1 in halves4 ,he had never tried more than the one pack1 but as is apparent ,i have succeeded with three1 the torn cards being distributed each evening amongst the audience4 ,another feat is performed lying prone on the ground4 ,from this position ,i lift with one hand a ,roman chariot1 rising upright with it and afterwards lying down again4 ,this feat brings the whole of the muscles into play4 ,i also introduce my ,roman horse exercise4 ,sitting on a horse and so bending my back as to throw my head over the animal's tail ,i raise at arms' length heavy weights from the ground4 ,next ,i pick up two men1 one after the other1 raising them over my head and seating them in the saddle4 ,another interesting feat consists of lifting a man from a prone position on the ground to the horse's back1 using one hand only4 ,as a concluding feat1 ,i support on my chest a bridge weighing #hjj lbs4 ,over this bridge two persons drive a horse and chariot1 making a total weight of about #c1bjj lbs4 ,sometimes1 however1 ,i conclude my performance by lifting with one hand at arm's length a platform upon which rests an ordinary piano1 with a man seated playing upon it4 ,having lifted it1 ,i march off the stage with the lot1 the musician playing a lively tune as we go4 ,i have not attempted to enumerate all my feats here2 of course my performance has been varied from time to time4 ,but a number of other feats have been referred to in the body of the book4 ,it may be interesting1 perhaps1 to add that ,i have recently composed a musical march1 entitled 8,marche des ,athltes10 as well as a waltz1 8,sandowia0 and other pieces1 which musicians have been kind enough to commend for their brightness and originality4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,my ,,measurements4 ,as a supplement to the previous chapter it may be stated here1 in answer to many inquiries1 that my own measurements1 etc41 at the present time are as set forth below4 ,the first edition of the book was written rather hurriedly1 and consequently one or two trifling inaccuracies crept in4 ,these are now corrected3-- ,age #cb years4 ,weight #ad stone #flbs4 ,height #e feet #i inches4 ,neck #ah inches4 ,chest #dh 0 ,chest expanded #fb 0 ,waist #cj 0 ,hips #db 0 ,thigh #bf 0 ,knee #ad 0 ,calf #ah 0 ,ankle #h 0 ,upper arm #ai 0 ,forearm #af 0 ,wrist #g 0 ,my strength1 it may be added1 is steadily increasing4 ,if some one had told me two years ago that ,i should be able to perform the feats of strength that ,i now accomplish ,i would not have believed it4 ,i feel sure1 moreover1 that in the natural course of things1 my strength will continue to increase4 ,with careful training the bodily strength ought to increase steadily until the forty-fifth year is reached4 ,the above appeared in the first edition4 ,pupils will be glad to hear that my belief has been fully justified1 and that even since the book was first published1 some eighteen months ago1 there has been a very material increase in my strength4 ,,the ,,theory ,,of ,,physical ,,education ,,in ,,elementary ,,schools4 ,,by ,,thomas ,,chesterton1 ,organizing ,teacher of ,physical ,education to the ,london ,school ,board4 ,,late ,,chief ,,instructor ,,at ,,the ,,aldershot ,,gymnasium4 ,author of ,manual of ,drill ,physical ,exercises1 c41 c4 ,first-,class 7,advanced7 ,certificates for ,physiology and ,hygiene from the ,science ,department1 ,south ,kensington4 ,founder of the ,british ,college of ,physical ,education4 ------------------------------ ,,with ,a ,,preface ,,by ,,colonel ,g4 ,m4 ,,onslow1 ,late ,inspector of ,military ,gymnasia in ,great ,britain4 ,examiner in ,physical ,education to the ,school ,board for ,london4 ------------------------------ ,revised ,edition now ,ready ,,three ,,shillings4 ,,manual ,,of ,,drill ,,and ,,physical ,,exercises1 ,,with ,,or ,,without ,,dumb-,,bells ,,or ,,music4 ,for the use of ,teachers and ,instructors of ,physical ,exercises1 ,students in ,training ,colleges1 c41 as taught in the ,london and other ,board ,schools1 all ,army ,schools1 ,principal ,public ,schools1 ,civil ,gymnasia1 ,polytechnic ,institutions1 and ,evening ,classes throughout the ,country4 ,,compiled ,,and ,,arranged ,,from ,,the ,,best ,,authorities ,,by ,,thomas ,,chesterton4 ------------------------------ ,,illustrated ,,from ,,photographs4 ------------------------------ ,,revised ,,edition4 ,with an ,introduction by ,,charles ,,roberts1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ------------------------------ ,,three ,,shillings4 ,these works have been adopted1 by the ,london ,school ,board1 for use in their ,schools2 and also by the ,director-,general of ,military ,education1 for use in all ,army ,schools4 ,,london3 ,,gale ,,polden1 ,,ltd41 #b1 ,,amen ,,corner1 ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,e4,c4 ,all ,rights ,reserved4 ,,sandow',s 8,,grip0 ,,dumb-,,bell4 ,,patented ,,all ,,over ,,the ,,world4 ,complete #ab_/f ,outfit4 ,,why ,,be ,,weak ,,when ,,you ,,can ,,become ,,healthy ,,strong8 ,,the ,,perfect ,,dumb-,,bell for home use1 for increasing the ,strength1 ,flexibility1 and ,agility of the ,muscular ,system4 ,price #ab_/f ,complete4 ,each ,set includes3-- ,a ,,pair of ,,nickel-,,plated ,,dumb-,,bells2 ,a ,,set of ,,springs2 ,and ,,chart of ,,exercises2 with a ,special ,initiatory ,course1 made out by ,mr4 ,,sandow4 ,,all ,,packed ,,in ,,neat ,,case4 ,can be obtained from all ,athletic ,outfitters or from the ,proprietors3-- ,sandow1 ,ltd41 ,sandow ,hall1 ,victoria ,embankment1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,my 8,,grip0 ,,dumb-,,bell4 ,illustration2 ,author in profile ,the ordinary ,dumb-bell1 though excellent in itself1 has one great defect1 which ,i have been conscious of for years4 ,in prescribing exercises for my pupils ,i am compelled to trust entirely to them as to the amount of will-power used whilst exercising4 ,they may work energetically or slovenly according to their condition1 but how they work is beyond my knowledge or control4 ,how to combat this has long engaged my attention1 and after long years of study and experiment ,i have at last discovered a ,dumb-bell which absolutely compels the pupil to throw the necessary amount of will-power into his work4 ,this appliance is very simple1 and cannot go out of order4 ,it consists of a ,dumb-bell made in two halves1 separated about #a inches from one another1 the intervening space being occupied by small steel springs1 which may be of any strength4 ,when exercising1 the springs are compressed by gripping the ,bells1 and bringing the two halves close together1 in which position they are kept until the exercise is over4 ,the pupil who possesses these ,bells will find that instead of having to be continually buying heavier ,dumb-bells1 one pair will suffice him for all time4 ,all that it will be necessary for him to do will be to purchase1 at a small expense1 new springs from time to time4 ,all pupils are advised to use the 8,grip0 ,dumb-bell upon the merits of which ,i need not enlarge4 ,i have always taught that muscle is developed by will-power1 not by mechanical movement1 and the simple principle of this latest invention is1 by calling forth a continual exercise of will-power to obtain results impossible with any previous ,dumb-bell4 ,yours faithfully1 ,eugen ,sandow ,,sandow',s ,,schools ,,of ,,physical ,,culture4 ,central ,offices--,sandow ,hall1 ,savoy ,corner1 ,victoria ,embankment1 ,w4,c4 ,,london ,,establishments3 #cb1 ,st4 ,james's ,street1 ,london1 ,s4,w4--,chief ,west ,end ,school4 ,at this ,school each pupil receives individual instruction4 ,three ,months' ,course1 #aj #ajs4 #aae;a1 ,ebury ,street1 ,london1 ,s4,w41 close to ,victoria ,station1 accessible from all parts4 ,,sandow',s popular ,school at popular prices4 ,classes for ladies and gentlemen1 ,three ,months' ,course1 #c #ajs4 ,brook ,house1 ,walbrook1 ,london1 ,e4,c41 adjoining ,mansion ,house1 ,bank and ,stock ,exchange4 ,this ,school has been specially built for ,city men4 ,fitted with marble plunge bath1 c4 ,three ,months' ,course1 #aj #ajs4 #ahe1 ,tottenham ,court ,road1 ,london1 ,w4 ,,sandow',s ,residential ,school4 ,forty bedrooms1 restaurant1 smoke-room1 and two large airy gymnasia1 #gj feet long1 luxuriously fitted throughout4 ,the prices at this school are within the reach of everyone4 ,bedroom from #ajs4 per week4 ,non-,residential ,terms1 ,three ,months' ,course1 #b #ajs4 ,crystal ,palace ,school1 ,sydenham4 ,separate schools for ladies and gentlemen4 ,,provincial ,,establishment3 ,oxford ,street1 ,manchester4 ,classes for ladies and gentlemen4 ,three ,months' ,course1 #e #es4 ,inspection invited at all ,schools4 ,visitors will be shown over1 and the system explained4 ,in addition to ,mr4 ,,sandow',s ,system of ,physical ,culture1 boxing and fencing taught at all schools4 ,prospectuses of any ,school sent on application4 ,measurement ,form for ,postal ,instruction4 ,see ,figure on page #ci4 ,date4444444444444444444444444444 ,name44444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444 ,address44444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444 ,heart444444444444444444444444 ,lungs444444444444444444444444 ,digestion44444444444444444444 ,age44444444444444444444444444 ,occupation4444444444444444444 ,nature of ,illness1 if any44444444444444444444444444444 ,how long ago8444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 ,physical ,peculiarity1 if any44444444444444444444444444 ,medical ,examination4444444444444444444444444444 4444444 ,result444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,chest ,chest ,upper ,upper ,forearm ,forearm ,neck4 contract expand right left right4 left4 ,waist4 'd4 ed4 arm4 arm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,thigh ,thigh ,calf ,calf ,height4 ,weight4 ,measur'd ,right4 ,left4 ,right4 ,left4 by ---------------------------------------- ------ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,fill up this form correctly in black ink1 and forward1 together with ,postal ,order for #b_/f1 to ,,eugen ,,sandow1 ,sandow ,hall1 ,savoy ,corner1 ,victoria ,embankment1 ,w4,c4--,mark ,envelope 8,instruction40 ,sandow's ,large ,dumb-bell ,chart given ,,free with each ,first ,course2 usual price #a- ,,physical ,,culture ,,taught ,,by ,,letter666 ,mr4 ,sandow's scheme for teaching his system of ,physical ,culture by ,post1 for the benefit of all1 ,ladies1 ,gentlemen and ,children1 who cannot personally attend any of his various ,schools4 ,on receipt of pupil's measurements1 etc41 ,mr4 ,sandow will personally prescribe a course of ,exercises for home use which will be specially adapted for each individual case4 ,every ,course will bear ,mr4 ,sandow's signature4 ,each ,course consists of a month's work1 doing the ,exercises every day1 and should be renewed from month to month4 ,,fees4 ,for ,one ,month's ,instruction #b_/f 0 ,six ,months' 0 #ab_/f 0 ,one ,year's 0 ,one ,guinea ,after completing the first month pupils should send up fresh measurements with a brief letter describing results4 ,over #e1jjj ,pupils now enrolled4 ,communications should be addressed ,,instruction ,,dept4 ,,sandow',s ,,own ,,combined ,,developer4 ,used in all the ,sandow ,schools of ,physical ,culture4 ,on ,sale all over the ,world4 ,a ,combination of ,rubber ,exerciser1 ,chest ,expander1 ,light ,dumb-bells1 ,weight-,lifting ,apparatus4 ,illustration3 ,sandow with developer ------------------------------ ,a ,complete ,athletic ,outfit4 ,being detachable1 the parts may be used separately4 ,the ,,developer adapts itself to the ,strength of the user1 and may be used by a whole family4 ,,ladies1 ,,children1 ,,men1 ,,athletes4 ------------------------------ ,packed in strong box with ,charts1 ,foot ,attachment1 ,screw1 ,hooks1 c4 ------------------------------ ,one ,price only3 #ab_/f ,the following parts may be obtained separately3 ,extra ,chest ,expander ,strands #c_/- per pair ,long ,front ,strands 7for heavy weight lifting7 #d_/- 0 #b-lb4 ,nickel ,dumb-bells 7,sandow ,pattern7 #d_/f 0 ,chest ,expanders with ,dumb-bells1 wire attachments1 chart in box #g_/f 0 ,interchangeable ,screw ,dumb-bell ,heads1 from #b-lbs4 to #aj-lbs4 #d;d4 per lb4 ,all communications to be addressed to ,the ,,manager-- ,l4 ,,graham ,,lewis1 ,basing ,house1 #ag #ah1 ,basinghall ,street1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,bagshawes1 ,ltd41 ,,publish ,a ,,beautiful ,art ,catalogue ,,of ,,great ,,interest ,,to ,,all ,,concerned ,in ,cycling4 ,,two ,,pages ,,are ,,devoted ,,to ,,the ,,new ,,system ,,of ,,gradual ,,payment4 ,a copy will be sent ,,free to all readers of this book on application4 ,,bagshawes1 ,ltd41 #aei1 ,queen ,victoria ,street1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,gymnastic ,,apparatus ,of every ,description for ,,private and ,,public ,,use4 ,,chest ,,machines1 ,,exercisers ,,for ,,private ,,practice ,at every price to suit all classes4 ,price ,lists ,post ,free on ,application4 ,,heath ,,george1 #ah1 ,goswell ,road1 ,london4 ,,sandow',s ,,magazine ,,of ,,physical ,,culture4 ,price #f;d4 ,monthly or #h_/f per annum1 ,post ,free1 from-- ,,gale ,,polden1 ,,ltd41 #b1 ,,amen ,,corner1 ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,e4,c4 ,,catalogue ,,of ,,copyright ,,and ,,miscellaneous ,,publications ,,issued ,,by ,,gale ,,polden1 ,,ltd41 #b1 ,,amen ,,corner1 ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,breathing1 ,the ,art of4 ,as applied to ,physical ,development1 with ,respiratory ,exercises for ,children and ,adults4 ,by ,surgeon-,captain ,,hoper-,,dixon ,a4,m4,s41 #as4 #f;d4 ,physical ,drill ,with ,arms ,made ,easy1 in accordance with the ,new ,infantry ,drill4 ,illustrated with #cf ,plates1 as taught at ,aldershot1 #i;d42 ,bound in ,cloth1 #as4 8,an invaluable little ,book1 for1 thanks to the admirably drawn plates1 of which there are thirty-six1 it will be of great use to the thousands of desk-workers who can get no such training as that of the soldier1 and for whose health it is at least as necessary40--,united ,service ,gazette4 ,physical ,training ,without ,arms4 ,illustrated with #bf ,plates4 #crd ,edition1 #i;d42 ,bound in ,cloth1 #as4 8,physical ,training ,without ,arms1 ,made ,easy1 with its numerous and rich plates1 and costing but a shilling1 ought to be in the hands not only of military men1 but all ,schoolmasters40 8,it is a most useful1 handy1 and interesting volume40 8,its hints and directions are invaluable40 ,free ,gymnastics1 and ,light ,dumb-,bell ,drill as practised at the ,gymnasia at ,aldershot4 ,by ,sergt4-,major ,,noakes1 ,gymnastic ,staff4 #bnd ,edition4 ,fully ,illustrated with #di ,plates1 #as4 #f;d4 ,gymnastics4 ,upwards of #ajj ,tricks and ,exercises on the ,horizontal ,bar1 and how to do them4 ,by ,a4 ,,dimmock1 #as4 ,,new ,,light ,,literature ,a ,soldier and a ,maid3 ,a ,romance of the late ,war in ,burmah4 ,from ,reveille to ,lights ,out2 or1 ,lionel ,tregarthen1 ,lieutenant4 ,ronald the ,fusilier1 or ,foes under ,one ,flag4 ,a ,military ,crime2 or1 8,broke40 ,sword ,flashes2 all by ,f4 ,m4 ,,peacock4 ,price #a_/-;each1 ,post ,free4 8,the author writes in an easy1 natural style1 and gives graphic descriptions of military life abroad1 which brings vividly before the eyes the scenes he wishes to depict4 ,the stories abound with adventure1 the love incidents are full of pathos1 and there is a rich vein of humour running through them40 ,captain ,peacock has long left behind ,mr4 ,rudyard ,kipling and his 8,soldiers ,three10 and with a little more practice should rival ,hawley ,smart in depicting military life4--,madras ,mail4 ,strange ,case of a ,missing ,man4 ,a ,romance4 ,by ,,conway ,,cregan #a_/- ,a ,circumstantial ,case1 told by ,sinclair ,barton1 ,m4,d41 and ,john ,cox4 ,by ,,conway ,,cregan #a_/- 8,the reader will more than once be tempted to suppose that he is on the right track2 but he is always deceived1 and in the end the guilt is laid on the shoulders of one whom few1 if any1 will suspect4 ,the author's triumph is an uncommon one4 ,nor must it be forgotten that he has done something more than make an attractive short story2 he has pointed out in the most forcible way the danger of accepting circumstantial evidence when unsupported40--,yorkshire ,post4 ,a ,left-,handed ,murder4 ,by ,,annie ,,carruthers1 ,authoress of 8,the ,pet of the ,consulate0 #a_/- ,this is a shilling novel that should command a large sale4 ,it is written by ,miss ,annie ,carruthers1 and may be said to be quite as good as any of her former productions4 ,the locale of the crime is in ,france1 and the tale is written somewhat after the style of a ,french novel4 ,the ,black ,carnation4 ,by ,,fergus ,,hume1 ,author of 8,the ,mystery of a ,hansom ,cab10 c41 c4 #a_/- 8,the particular crime described in this startling initial chapter was the slaying of a popular and beautiful prima donna by a jealous adorer4 ,a bouquet in which dynamite is concealed is flung at ,la ,mazzucata's feet1 to be picked up1 and with fatal enthusiasm1 pressed against the fair one's bosom4 ,it is unnecessary to say more than that the rest of the novelette is worthy of this dramatic opening1 and that it has a certain cleverness of its own which deserves recognition1 even by those who do not profess to admire the methods of the sensation-storyteller40--,court ,circular4 ,a ,midnight ,mystery4 ,by ,,fergus ,,hume #a_/- 8,the author's clever handling of sensational subjects is again displayed in his new story4 ,the reader's interest is aroused on the first page by a scene at ,victoria ,station1 and held without a break40--,bookseller4 ,the ,white-,eyed ,woman4 ,by ,,ernest ,,bowen-,,rowlands #a_/- 8,is one of the best short sensational stories we have read4 ,the mystery with which it deals is almost an unsolvable puzzle1 and the writing is far and above what we have been accustomed to in this sort of book4 ,it is rumoured that a dramatised version will shortly be seen on the ,london boards1 and we are glad of it1 for a novel which lends itself better to adaptation to the stage we have never seen40--,man of the ,world4 ,,the 8,,house0 ,,on ,,sport4 ,the ,work consists of #da ,articles1 written by members of the ,stock ,exchange on the branch of ,sport with which they have particularly identified themselves4 ,for full list of contents see next page4 ,the work makes a handsome large octavo volume of #dgj pages1 printed on ,art ,paper and profusely illustrated by over #bcj ,half-,tone ,process ,blocks reproduced from photographs and drawings1 many having been specially taken and designed for the work1 the photographs of all the ,authors being included4 ,the frontispiece is a beautifully printed photogravure of 8,a ,group10 consisting of 8,persimmon0 in ,egerton ,house ,paddocks1 with ,watts up1 dressed in the ,royal ,colours1 ,h4,r4,h4 ,the ,prince of ,wales1 and his trainer1 ,richard ,marsh4 ,the profit derived from the sale of the book will be in aid of 8,,the ,,referee0 ,,children',s ,,dinner ,,fund2 already a cheque for 7#ajjj7 ,,one ,,thousand ,,pounds has been forwarded to the ,fund and acknowledged in the columns of ,the ,referee1 on ,january #aeth1 #ahii4 ,his ,royal ,highness ,the ,prince of ,wales has accepted a copy of the work and graciously expressed his appreciation of same4 ,the book can be obtained from all ,booksellers or from the ,publishers4 ,,price #ba_/-,,nett4 ,,what ,,the ,,press ,,says4 ,from the ,,times1 ,january1 #ahii4 ,not the members of the ,house of ,commons but those of the ,stock ,exchange are responsible for the collection of articles upon sports and pastimes and the collection of records published under the title ,,the 8,,house0 ,,on ,,sport and edited by ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,morgan4 ,of its success the names of the contributors are almost a certain guarantee1 for the greater number of them are1 or have been in their day1 among the most celebrated exponents of the sports and pastimes upon which they discourse4 ,it is impossible to name all the writers1 but a selection will serve the purpose of showing the authority and experience with which these gentlemen write4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,chinnery treats of ,athletic ,sports and ,athletes--his achievements on the running path in the 'sixties were great4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,j4 ,angle1 a veteran enthusiast1 contributes a very interesting article on 8,the ,noble ,art10 in which will be found not only the records of the prowess of fighters of old time but also the keen criticism of an expert upon the modern style of boxing as compared with the old time method4 99 99 99 ,of ,cricket1 ,messrs4 ,gregor ,mac,gregor and ,c4 ,carlos ,clarke write2 and of ,cycling ,mr4 ,g4 ,lacy ,hillier1 acknowledged to be the highest authority1 gives the history1 to which he adds useful suggestions4 99 99 99 ,the various epochs of ,rugby ,football fall into the hands of ,messrs4 ,w4 ,maclagan1 ,g4 ,l4 ,jeffery1 and ,a4 ,spurling1 and ,mr4 ,s4 ,mure ,fergusson has a useful little essay on ,golf4 ,still one well-known name follows another until the reader begins to think that the ,stock ,exchange is the very home of sport4 99 99 99 ,the articles likely to attract the greatest share of attention are those dealing with ,metropolitan and ,university ,rowing and on ,sculling4 ,mr4 ,morgan had1 no doubt1 plenty of talent to choose from4 ,but to have been able to collect in one volume the views of ,messrs4 ,s4 ,le ,blanc ,smith1 ,f4 ,i4 ,pitman1 ,s4 ,d4 ,muttlebury1 ,reginald ,p4 ,p4 ,rowe1 and ,guy ,nickalls is a real triumph4 ,that which they do not know of oarsmanship is not worth knowing4 99 99 99 ,many articles have been passed over of necessity1 but enough has been written to show that this is a pleasant and useful book1 the work of men who speak from experience2 it is generously illustrated1 mainly with good reproductions of photographs4 ,,the 8,,house0 ,,on ,,sport4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,archery ,by ,f4 ,l4 ,,govett #a ,,athletic ,,sports ,,athletes ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,chinnery #i ,,boat ,,sailing ,,on ,,the ,,upper ,,thames ,by ,w4 ,f4 ,,jackson #ag ,,boxing4 ,the ,noble ,art ,by ,b4 ,j4 ,,angle #cg ,,canoe ,,cruising4 ,a ,month in a ,canoe ,yawl ,by ,,geo4 ,a4 ,,rushton #ff ,,coaching ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,faulconer #eg ,,coursing ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,lang #gi ,,cricket in #ahih ,by ,,gregor ,,macgregor #hi ,,cricket ,by ,,charles ,,carlos ,,clarke #ajj ,,cycling ,by ,,geo4 ,,lacy ,,hillier #ajh ,,fencing ,by ,,godfrey ,r4 ,,pearse #aba ,,fishing1 ,salmon--,trout ,by ,,ernest ,m4 ,,bristowe #abh ,,football1 ,association ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,,nickisson #adb ,,football1 ,the ,different ,epochs of ,by ,w4 ,,maclagan the ,rugby ,game ,g4 ,l4 ,,jeffery #aej ,,football1 ,rugby ,by ,,aub4 ,,spurling #afd ,,golf ,by ,s4 ,,mure ,,fergusson #aga ,,hockey ,by ,,stanley ,,christopherson #ahb ,,hunting ,by ,,philip ,g4 ,,barthropp #aij ,,hunting ,by ,,lord ,,alwyne ,,compton4 ,m4 ,p4 #aie ,,hunting ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,schwabe #bjb ,,lacrosse ,by ,h4 ,e ,,byers #bjf ,,mountaineering ,by ,j4 ,,oakley ,,maund #bei ,,polo ,by ,e4 ,b4 ,,sheppard ,,walter ,s4 ,,buckmaster #bba ,,punt ,,racing ,by ,w4 ,,colin ,,romaine #bcf ,,racing ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,schwabe #bhg ,,rackets ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,,cokayne ,,henry ,d4 ,g4 ,,leveson ,,gower #bdc ,,rowing1 ,metropolitan and ,general ,by ,s4 ,,le ,,blanc-,,smith #bic ,,rowing1 ,cambridge ,by ,f4 ,i4 ,,pitman ,s4 ,d4 ,,muttlebury #cac ,,rowing1 ,oxford ,by ,,reginald ,p4 ,p4 ,,rowe #cbe ,,sculling ,by ,,guy ,,nickalls #cda ,,shooting1 ,pheasant--,partridge ,by ,,percy ,,laming ,,sir ,,thomas ,,troubridge1 ,,bart4 #che ,,shooting1 ,wood-,pigeon ,by ,h4 ,f4 ,,lawford #dja ,,skating1 ,bandy ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,kennedy #cdi ,,skating1 ,figure ,by ,,roger ,h4 ,,fuller #cef ,,steeplechasing ,by ,,cecil ,,grenfell #cfc ,,swimming ,by ,r4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,cohen #cgg ,,tennis ,by ,a4 ,e4 ,r4 ,,kennedy ,w4 ,h4 ,,cohen #djh ,,tennis1 ,lawn ,by ,h4 ,f4 ,,lawford #dbd ,,walking ,by ,,fred4 ,a ,,cohen #dcb ,,wild ,,fowling ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,beauclerk #dch ,,yachting4 ,corinthian ,yachting and ,corinthian ,yachtsmen ,by ,,augustus ,g4 ,,wildy #ddb ,price #ba_/- ,,gale ,,polden1 ,,ltd41 #b1 ,,amen ,,corner1 ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,e4,c4 ,,the ,,official ,,crests1 ,,badges ,,honours ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,army1 ,,all ,,beautifully ,,executed ,,and ,,handsomely ,,printed ,,in ,,gold ,,and ,,colours #f;d4 per ,,packet or #es4 per ,,dozen ,,packets4 ,the 8,crests0 are put up in ,twelve ,packets1 containing about #dh ,crests in each1 and the 8,badges and ,honours0 in ,eight ,packets1 containing about #bd ,badges and ,honours in each4 ,the ,contents of ,no4 #g ,packet of ,crests are-- ,army ,service ,corps4 ,cameronians 7,s4,r47 7#bfth and #ijth ,r47 ,do4 do4 do4 ,cheshire ,regt4 7#bbnd ,regt47 ,connaught ,rngrs1 #ast ,b4 7#hhth7 ,do4 do4 do4 ,do4 7#hhth #idth ,rgts47 ,do4 do4 do4 ,durham ,l4,i41 #ast ,bn4 7#fhth ,rgt47 ,essex ,rgt41 ,dept 7#ddth ,regt47 ,gloucestershire ,rt4 7#bhth #fast7 ,gordon ,hdrs4 7#geth 4 #ibnd ,regt47 ,grenadier ,guards4 ,hampshire ,regt4 7#cgth #fgth7 ,inniskilling ,fus41 ,r4 #ast ,b4 7#bgth7 ,irish ,fus41 ,royal 7#hith ,regt47 ,lanc4 ,rgt41 ,e41 #bnd ,b4 7#eith ,rt47 ,munster ,fus41 ,r4 7#ajast #ajdth7 ,norfolk ,regt4 7#ith ,regt47 ,do4 do4 ,do4 ,dept 7#ith ,regt47 ,rifle ,brigade4 ,do4 do4 ,royal ,artillery1 #ghth ,field ,bty4 ,royal ,engineers1 ,mountd4 ,dep4 ,royal ,horse ,guards4 ,royal ,monmouthshire ,militia ,school of ,musketry1 ,hythe ,scots ,guards ,scots1 ,royal 7#ast ,rgt47 ,s4 ,w4 ,borderers1 #bnd ,b4 7#bdth ,r47 ,suffolk ,regt4 7#abth ,regt47 ,warwickshire ,rt41 ,rl47#fth ,rgt47 ,west ,india ,rgt4 #bnd ,battn4 ,wiltshire ,rgt41 #bnd ,vol4 ,battn4 ,yorkshire ,l4,i41 #ast ,b4 7#east ,rt47 #ast 7,king's7 ,dragoon ,guards4 #gth #egth ,regtl4 ,dist4 7,dept ,rl4 ,fus4 ,middlesex ,regt47 ,behar ,lgt4 ,horse 7,indian ,army7 #crd ,lancers 7,hyderabad ,contingent7 7,indian ,army7 #crd ,goorkhas 7,indian ,army7 #crd ,gurkha ,rifle ,regt4 #bast ,regt4 ,madras ,pioneers4 #bcrd ,wallajhabad ,l4 ,inf4 ,military ,college1 ,guatemala ,manitoba ,l4,i41 #iast ,regiment of ,canadian ,infy4 ,egyptian ,army4 ,the ,contents of ,no4 #c ,packet of ,badges and ,honours are-- ,border ,rgt41 #cdth #eeth ,rgt4 ,connaught ,r'grs41 #b ,b4 #idth ,rgt4 ,cornwall ,l4,i41 #ast ,bn4 #cbnd ,rgt4 ,devon ,rgt41 #aath ,rgt4 ,derbyshire ,rgt41 #deth #ieth ,rgt4 ,essex ,rgt41 #ast ,bn41 #ddth ,rgt4 ,gloster ,rgt41 #bhth #fast ,rgt4 ,gordon ,hdrs41 #geth and #ibnd ,rgt4 ,lancaster ,rgt41 ,rl41 #dth ,rgt4 ,liverpool ,rgt41 #hth ,rgt4 ,naval ,crown4 ,northampton ,rgt41 #dhth ,rgt4 ,oxford ,l4,i41 #ast ,bn41 #dcrd ,rgt4 ,royal ,artillery4 ,royal ,engineers4 ,royal ,marine ,light ,infantry4 ,surrey ,rgt41 ,rl4 ,west1 #bnd ,rgt4 ,suffolk ,rgt41 #abth ,rgt4 ,warwick ,rgt41 ,rl41 #fth ,rgt4 ,wilts ,rgt41 #ast ,bn41 #fbnd ,rgt4 ,yorks ,rgt41 #bnd ,bn41 #aith ,rgt4 ,yorks ,rgt41 ,e41 #aeth ,rgt4 #eth ,dragoon ,guards4 #acth ,hussars4 ,,the ,,british ,,army ,,crest ,,album1 ,containing ,honours and ,nicknames of the ,army1 with spaces for ,regimental ,crests ,badges1 ,honours1 c4 ,,four ,,shillings4 ,obtainable from ,booksellers or from the ,publishers-- ,,gale ,,polden1 ,,ltd41 ,,publishers1 #b1 ,,amen ,,corner1 ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,,london1 ,e4,c41 ,,and ,,at ,,wellington ,,works1 ,,aldershot4 ,the most complete ,catalogue of ,military ,works ever issued4 ,post ,free on application4