,illu/ration3 ,sav$ by ,antitox9 ,:i* ,%all ,live,m5 or ,animals8 ,repr9t$ f ,hygeia1 ,octob]1 #aibc ,copyright1 #aibc ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 #ece ,n4 ,de>born ,/41 ,*icago ,,:i* ,,%all ,,live,,m5 ,,or ,,animals8 ,,erne/ ,,h>old ,,baynes ,if ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 ?reat5$ ) invasion by a =eign p[]1 ev5 if we knew t ! invasion w\ld be only tempor>y & t only a few ?\s& ( our citiz5s w\ld be kill$1 ! :ole c\ntry w\ld be ar\s$ 9 an ef=t to prev5t t invasion4 ,if necess>y1 millions ( m5 w\ld be draft$ & tra9$ to meet ! invad]s & billions ( doll>s w\ld be exp5d$ to protect ^? few ?\s& p f ! dea? t mu/ o!rwise ov]take !m4 ,9 su* a case1 e real man & e real woman 9 ! c\ntry w\ld be do+ some?+ to insure ! defeat ( t invad+ army4 ,yet su* an army is l a box ( t9 soldi]s comp>$ ) armies t ?reat5 u all ! "t1 b :i* cause sc>cely an extra beat ( ! nation's pulse4 ,i ref] to ! armies ( disease4 ,! army ( bubonic plague alone1 if p]mitt$ to effect a foo?old on our %ores1 might at any "t ravage our cities z x once ravag$ ! cities ( ,europe & ,asia1 leav+ sc>cely en\gh liv+ to bury ! dead4 ,we read 9 ,de,foe's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,plague0 9 ,london 9 #affe ( 8p 9 ! rage ( _! di/emp] or 9 ! torm5t ( _! swell+s1 :i* 7 inde$ intol]able1 runn+ out ( _! own gov]nm5t1 rav+ & di/ract$1 & (t5 times lay+ viol5t h&s ^u !mselves1 ?r[+ !mselves out ( w9d[s1 %oot+ !mselves1 mo!rs murd]+ _! own *ildr5 9 _! lunacy40 ,inde$1 we d n h to g back s f> to realize :at ! plague c d4 ,9 #aije 9 ,india alone !re 7 #a1jdj1dbi dea?s f ?is "o disease4 ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,bubonic ,,plague ,9 ?is c\ntry no layman loses any sleep on acc\nt ( bubonic plague4 ,is t because x does n exi/8 ,n at all4 ,x comes to our wat]s1 ev5 effects a l&+ sometimes4 ,b we h a small g>rison ( vigilant m$ical m5 on our coa/s wat*+ day & night = t enemy1 ready to give him in/ant combat if he comes4 ,we sleep 9 peace because we tru/ t g>rison4 ,?irty ye>s ago we did n "k :at caus$ ?is t]rible plague1 b 9 #ahid ! g]m 7,bacillus pe/is bubonicae7 0 discov]$4 ,ev5 !n x 0 n kn[n h[ ! disease 0 c>ri$ or :at caus$ x to spread s rapidly& be=e x c\ld be combat$ successfully1 t mu/ be kn[n4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on liv+ animals1 *iefly rats1 gu9ea-pigs & monkeys1 yield$ ! desir$ in=mation & ?r\gh ^! exp]im5ts we h be5 deliv]$ f ?is t]rible sc\rge4 ,x 0 kn[n t rats 7 subject to plague2 consequ5tly attempts 7 made to f9d out h[ x 0 transmitt$ f "o rat to ano!r4 ,! idea t x might be c>ri$ by p>asites occurr$ to sev]al inve/igators4 ,accord+ly1 heal?y rats 7 plac$ 9 cages close to diseas$ rats2 !y rema9$ p]fectly well until a few fleas 7 introduc$4 ,!n1 almo/ imm$iately1 ! hi!rto heal?y rats 7 /rick5 ) plague4 ,cages conta9+ heal?y monkeys 7 susp5d$ ov] cages occupi$ by diseas$ & flea-infe/$ rats4 ,at regul> int]vals ! monkeys 7 l[]$ ne>] to ! /rick5 rod5ts4 ,! monkeys 7 all "r until !y 7 br\ght )9 jump+ di/ance ( a flea1 :5 !y at once contract$ ! plague4 ,^! & o!r exp]im5ts left no d\bt t rat fleas 7 ! c>ri]s among animals1 & s9ce rat fleas also fe$ on man :5 _! natural prey is n available1 x 0 an easy matt] to %[ t ! plague is spread by means ( rat fleas4 ,?is l$ to a def9ite program = *eck+ ! spread ( ! disease1 by rel5tless w>f>e on fleas & ! rats t c>ri$ !m4 ,! rats 7 trapp$1 _! bre$+ places de/roy$1 & diseas$ rats f infe/$ ports 7 prev5t$ f ent]+ ! c\ntry4 ,= example1 :5 x 0 f\nd t rats frequ5tly come a%ore along ! cables /ret*$ betwe5 ! %ips & ! :>ves1 metal cones simil> to ^? us$ to prev5t rod5ts f climb+ into corn cribs 7 plac$ on ! cables4 ,! fact t ,i wi% to emphasize is t x is due to exp]im5ts on liv+ mammals t ?is black dea? is no long] a t]ror to u4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,/udy ,,( ,,heal? ,,& ,,disease ,until ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury v little _h be5 done 9 ! way ( exp]im5tal /udy ( physiology & pa?ology4 ,physicians dep5d$ almo/ entirely on b$side obs]vations4 ,"s ( ^! physicians 7 wond]ful m51 & (t5 _! obs]vations 7 rem>kably %rewd4 ,b ! human body is a complex ma*9e1 ! organs are s int]dep5d5t1 t 9 ! pres5ce ( any giv5 set ( symptoms & signs ( disease1 x 0 almo/ impossible to be sure j :at caus$ !m1 &1 consequ5tly1 :at 0 be/ to d = ! pati5t4 ,:5 ! exp]im5tal me?od 0 adopt$ disease c\ld be obs]v$ sy/ematically1 conditions c\ld be controll$1 & ! ph5om5a t result$ c\ld be /udi$ intellig5tly because ! exp]im5t] knew exactly :at _h produc$ !m4 ,9 su* exp]im5ts mammals are ! animals *iefly us$1 because 9 mo/ respects !y mo/ ne>ly resemble man1 himself a mammal4 ,practically all ! dome/ic mammals h be5 us$1 horses1 cattle1 %eep1 goats1 sw9e1 dogs1 cats1 rabbits1 gu9ea-pigs1 & rats & mice2 monkeys are also us$4 ,& all h made wond]ful contributions to m$ic9e or surg]y or bo?4 ,,types ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,animals ,i ,!re are sev]al classes ( exp]im5ts4 ,"s are 9 ! field ( pure rese>*1 n hav+ = _! object any imm$iate b5efit to man or animals4 ,exp]im5ts ( ?is nature 7 c>ri$ on "s ye>s ago 9 "w on bubonic plague among rod5ts 9 ,cali=nia4 ,x 0 discov]$ t gr\nd squirrels h a disease simil> to plague & yet di/9ctly diff]5t4 ,by a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts x 0 f\nd t monkeys are susceptible to ?is disease1 & x 0 pr$ict$ t ev5tually cases w\ld be f\nd 9 man4 ,z a result ( ?is "w a bact]iologi/ 9 ,c9c9nati 0 able to id5tify ! disease 9 p]sons 9 8 own vic9ity4 ,ano!r inve/igator f\nd x among p]sons 9 ,utah1 & %[$ t x is c>ri$ f infect$ rabbits & gr\nd squirrels by bit+ insects4 ,x also 0 %[n t ! disease is widespread ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,) ?is k ( ! means ( transmission ( ! disease x is comp>atively easy to prev5t ! infection ( man4 ,,ii ,ano!r class ( exp]im5ts is c>ri$ on by surgeons to develop dext]ity be=e !y attempt op]ations on man4 ,su* exp]im5ts are usually c>ri$ out on dogs4 ,! animals are inv>iably "u complete ane/hesia & usually !y are kill$ by add$ e!r at ! end ( ! exp]im5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,does ?is dog look unhappy8 ,t5 ye>s ago ,bu/] _h an op]ation p]=m$ on ! /oma*2 ! results h be5 ( aid 9 ! /udy ( dige/ion4 ,bu/] has n suff]$ !reby1 & %e has sav$ mu* suff]+ to o!rs4 ,%e is receiv+ a visit f ! au?or4 ,rec5tly ,i att5d$ ! cl9ic ( a ?roat speciali/ 9 ! ea/4 ,i saw *ild aft] *ild :eel$ into ! amphi!atre & reliev$1 usually 9 a few mom5ts1 ( =eign bodies t !y _h suck$ into ! w9dpipe & t a few ye>s ago w\ld 9 _m cases h caus$ dea?1 ei!r directly or z ! result ( a dang]\s op]ation4 ,s dextr\s is ?is man t 8 little pati5ts d n ne$ any ane/hetic4 ,aft] 8 "w 0 done ,i _h a talk ) him1 & he told me t ! te*nic ( ^! op]ations _h be5 work$ out ) great c>e on dogs t 7 always "u an ane/hetic4 ,he also told me t by ! use ( two dogs he _h tra9$ fifty o!r m5 to d simil> "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is ,:itey1 ab\t eight mon?s aft] ! complete removal ( ! p>a?yroid gl&s4 ,^! gl&s are q (t5 p>tly & accid5tally remov$ dur+ op]ations on ! ?yroid gl& 9 man1 ) al>m+ & sometimes fatal results4 ,foll[+ complete removal ( ! p>a?yroid gl&s1 c>nivor\s animals1 includ+ man1 die )9 f f\r to six days4 ,z a result ( exp]im5tal "w on ?is dog & o!r animals1 ?ree effective curative measures h be5 develop$1 :i* indef9itely pres]ve ! life ( su* animals 9 normal heal?4 ,two p]sons are kn[n to h be5 sav$ & sev]al o!rs h be5 r5d]$ free f symptoms z a result ( ?is /udy4 ,,iii ,9 ! ,civil ,w> if a man 0 %ot ?r\gh ! b[els1 he 0 doom$ to dea?2 ! surgeons h>dly d>$ to op5 ! abdom5 & if !y did !y didn't "k h[ to jo9 ! ends ( ! b[el s t x w\ld n leak4 ,( c\rse ! slighte/ leak meant infection & dea?4 ,!n came along an exp]im5t] :o e!riz$ ab\t ?irty dogs1 %ot !m ?r\gh ! b[els1 & practic$ jo9+ b[el ends until he c\ld make a p]fect jo9t4 ,x is safe to say t 9 ! ,_w ,w> ! lives ( ?\s&s ( m5 7 sav$ z a result ( t s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,^! *ildr5 at ! ,anna ,dur& ,hospital1 ,*icago1 h be5 sav$ f dea? f diph!ria by ! use ( antitox94 ,! boy 9 ! c5t] has a squ9t z ! result ( 8 sickness4 ,lockjaw1 tetanus1 *iefly a disease ( w>1 t ?reat5$ to take frightful toll ( soldi]s w\nd$ on ! tetanus-infect$ battlefields ( ,europe1 did little damage dur+ ! late w> because ( antitetanus s]um made f ! blood ( immuniz$ horses4 ,e w\nd$ man receiv$ an injection ( ?is s]um at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t1 & usually ! l5g? ( "t t _h int]v5$ det]m9$ :e!r ! man w\ld live or :e!r he w\ld die a mo/ di/ress+ & horrible dea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,! homes ( ?is boy & girl h to ?ank rese>* work]s & animals = ! lives sav$ by antitox9 = diph!ria4 ,)\t antitox91 develop$ by exp]im5tal "w on animals1 su* *ildr5 w\ld h _h slim *ances ( recov]y4 ,! antityphoid vacc9e1 also work$ out on mammals & te/$ on mammals1 has practically aboli%$ typhoid fev] 9 soldi]s' camps4 ,x is e/imat$ by ! ,surgeon ,g5]al's (fice t dur+ ! ,_w ,w> x sav$ ! lives ( #fj1jjj m5 9 ! ,am]ican army alone4 ,illu/ration3 ,on ! ro( g>d5 ( ! ,home = ,de/itute ,crippl$ ,*ildr51 ,*icago4 ,suppose "o ( ^! victims ( infantile p>alysis 7 y\r *ild8 ,w\ld y hesitate to sacrifice "u e!r "o or m animals if ?r\gh ! k ga9$ ! disease c\ld h be5 prev5t$1 or y\r *ild c\ld h recov]$ )\t be+ crippl$8 ,,b5efits ,,( ,,exp]im5tation ,,to ,,man ,^! are only a v few examples f ! long li/ ( b5efits t h accru$ to humanity ?r\gh ! use ( liv+ mammals = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,i mu/ m5tion only "o m! rec5t discov]y ( a specific treatm5t = diabetes4 ,less ?an two ye>s ago ,i invit$ a little girl to g = a bird walk ) me t ,i might give h] ! pleasure ( /rok+ & fe$+ a wild bird 9 its ne/4 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly eag] t %e %\ld enjoy t day1 because bo? %e & ,i knew t %e _h n _m days to live4 ,%e 0 doom$ to die ( diabetes )9 six mon?s2 z a matt] ( fact %e di$ 9 less ?an ?ree mon?s f ! date ( our walk4 ,i rememb] ?9k+ t ,i w\ld give any?+ ,i possess$ if ,i c\ld by "s miracle re/ore t *ild to heal?4 ,today1 less ?an two ye>s lat]1 t miracle c\ld be p]=m$1 because ,dr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,bant+ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto1 by a brilliant s]ies ( exp]im5ts on dogs1 has complet$ inve/igations begun on rabbits by ,claude ,b]n>d sev5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,! /ory ( ?is wond]ful discov]y is long1 b "h are ! out/&+ facts4 ,x 0 f\nd t :5 ! pancreas ( a dog is remov$1 ! animal at once develops acute diabetes & usually dies ( t disease )9 ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,"u ! microscope ! pancreas is se5 to be /udd$ ) c\ntless little bodies1 kn[n z ! isl&s ( ,lang]hans1 aft] ! ,g]man sci5ti/ :o discov]$ !m4 ,x 0 f\nd t ^! isl&s secrete a sub/ance q diff]5t f t secret$ by ! re/ ( ! pancreas1 & t x is ! abs5ce ( ?is sub/ance1 n ! abs5ce ( ! pancreas itself1 t causes diabetes4 ,a me?od 0 devis$ = obta9+ an extract f ^! isl&s ( ,lang]hans1 & x 0 f\nd t :5 ?is extract 0 inject$ into a dog ^: pancreas has be5 remov$ x did n die1 b got well & cont9u$ to be well z long z x 0 giv5 injections ( ?is extract4 ,aft] ^! injections _h be5 prov$ to be safe by repeat$ exp]im5ts on dogs1 !y 7 tri$ on human pati5ts ) />tl+ly b5eficial results4 ,ev5 :5 ! disease is ( long /&+1 :5 ! pati5t has rea*$ ! v la/ /age & is 9 ! coma t imm$iately prec$es dea?1 injections ( ?is extract1 n[ kn[n to ! _w z insul91 w br+ him out ( ! coma1 snat* him f ! v jaws ( dea?1 & re/ore him to heal?4 ,illu/ration3 ,pacific & ,atlantic ,n man alone1 b animals also h b5efit$ by exp]im5tal "w4 ,! be/ example ( ?is is ! conque/ ( hydrophobia4 ,,! ,,false ,,/& ,,( ,,! ,,antivivisectioni/s ,we h se5 t all ^! great advances 9 m$ic9e & surg]y h be5 made z ! result ( exp]im5ts on liv+ mammals1 & y w agree1 ,i believe1 t 9 all probability fur!r advances 9 ^! fields mu/ be br\ght ab\t by ! same means4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( practically all em95t physicians & surgeons & vet]9>ians1 & ( all ! great sci5ti/s & educators 9 o!r fields9 %ort1 x is ! op9ion ( all p]sons :o h va/ responsibilities = ! heal? ( m5 & ( animals4 ,! only p]sons :o are oppos$ to ^! reasonable exp]im5ts are ! antivivisectioni/s1 :o h no su* responsibilities4 ,w\ld any sane p]son ?9k ( go+ to ! antivivisectioni/s = help if !re 7 an epidemic ( smallpox or diph!ria1 or if !re 7 an outbreak ( hog *ol]a or ( blackleg 9 cattle8 ,we don't g to !m because !y "k no?+ ab\t su* matt]s4 ,yet !y boldly contradict all compet5t au?orities & tell u t exp]im5ts on animals are useless1 t !y h nev] accompli%$ any?+4 ,! antivivisection societies are compos$ l>gely ( well dispos$ b woefully mis9=m$ p]sons4 ,& ^? :o are responsible = ! mis9=mation are ! lead]s ( ! antivivisectioni/s4 ,i h be5 /udy+ ^! lead]s = "s ye>s1 & ,i may say1 )\t any dang] ( my /atem5ts be+ disprov$1 t among !m may be f\nd _m ( ! mo/ dang]\s ( ! crim9al insane to be f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry today& ,i h rec5tly visit$ "s ( our l>ge/ p5it5ti>ies & asylums4 ,i h f\nd "s ( ^! lead]s ( ! antivivisection movem5t to be guilty ( falsehood1 sl&]1 libel1 p]jury1 =g]y1 & attempt$ brib]y4 ,"u false pret5ses !y obta9 money f weakm9d$ & un?9k+ p &1 ) ?is money1 !y wilfully & p]5nially attempt n only to prev5t ! advance ( m$ic9e & surg]y1 b also to break d[n ! bulw>ks ( prev5tive m$ic9e by tea*+ contempt ( vacc9ation & ( ! use ( antitox9s4 ,few ( ! crim9als 9 our jails are responsible = ! dea?s ( m ?an a small numb] ( p]sons2 few ( !m h attempt$ widespread de/ruction ( life4 ,b x is ! op9ion ( em95t physicians t ?r\gh ! p]nici\s tea*+s ( ! antivivisection lead]s we %all 9 a few ye>s h epidemics t w de/roy ! lives ( _m ?\s&s ( *ildr54 ,unless we wi% = a return ( ! plagues & pe/il5ces t once deva/at$ wide areas on ?is _w be=e ! introduction ( mod]n me?ods1 we %\ld use e means 9 our p[] to disc\rage ^! dang]\s fanatics4 ,i believe t x is ! duty ( all good citiz5s :o belong to antivivisection societies to s5d 9 _! resignations at once1 & to /& ) our gov]nm5t1 our great physicians1 surgeons1 vet]9>ians1 agriculturali/s1 educators1 & div9es 9 approv+ & support+ prop]ly conduct$ animal exp]im5tation & sane humane education g5]ally4 ,aft] ! pres5tation ( ?is pap] by ,mr4 ,baynes be=e ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,mammalogi/s1 at its fif? annual meet+1 ,may #ae to #ag1 #aibc1 9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia1 ! ,society unanim\sly pass$ ^! resolutions3 ,,:]eas1 ,x is a fact kn[n to all ?9k+ p t mo/ ( ! great advances 9 m$ic9e & surg]y h be5 made z a result ( exp]im5ts on liv+ animals1 especially mammals1 & ,,:]eas1 ,x is ! belief ( our em95t physicians1 surgeons1 & vet]9>ians1 & all o!rs hav+ great responsibility = ! heal? ( human be+s & ( animals1 t future advances 9 ^! fields w be made *iefly z ! result ( simil> exp]im5ts1 & ,,:]eas1 ,x is kn[n t ^! exp]im5ts almo/ inv>iably are conduct$ humanely & ) a m9imum ( discom=t to ! animals us$1 & ,,:]eas1 ,!re is an organiz$ movem5t be+ c>ri$ on by c]ta9 mis9=m$ & misguid$ individuals :o seek to prev5t or s]i\sly int]f]e ) su* exp]im5ts1 be x ,resolv$1 t we1 memb]s ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,mammalogi/s1 9 annual conv5tion assembl$ 9 ! city ( ,philadelphia1 on ! sixte5? day ( ,may1 #aibc1 are ( op9ion t1 9 ! be/ int]e/s ( real humanity1 animal exp]im5tation1 includ+ vivisection1 z practic$ 9 our laboratories today1 %\ld cont9ue unhamp]$4 ,,hygeia ,a ,j\rnal ( ,individual & ,community ,heal? ,! publication ?r\gh :i* ! m$ical pr(ession ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates pres5ts to ! public int]e/+1 in/ructive & au?oritative articles ab\t heal? ,publi%$ ,mon?ly #c4jj ! ye>#be c5ts ! copy ,,am]ican ,,m$ical ,,association #ece ,nor? ,de>born ,/reet - ,,*icago ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74 ,ar*aic & v>iable spell+ has be5 pres]v$4