,illustration3 ,saved by ,antitoxin ,which ,shall ,live,men or ,animals8 ,reprinted from ,hygeia1 ,october1 #aibc ,copyright1 #aibc ,american ,medical ,association1 #ece ,n4 ,dearborn ,st41 ,chicago ,,which ,,shall ,,live,,men ,,or ,,animals8 ,,ernest ,,harold ,,baynes ,if the ,united ,states were threatened with invasion by a foreign power1 even if we knew that the invasion would be only temporary and that only a few thousand of our citizens would be killed1 the whole country would be aroused in an effort to prevent that invasion4 ,if necessary1 millions of men would be drafted and trained to meet the invaders and billions of dollars would be expended to protect those few thousand people from the death that must otherwise overtake them4 ,in such a case1 every real man and every real woman in the country would be doing something to insure the defeat of that invading army4 ,yet such an army is like a box of tin soldiers compared with armies that threaten us all the time1 but which cause scarcely an extra beat of the nation's pulse4 ,i refer to the armies of disease4 ,the army of bubonic plague alone1 if permitted to effect a foothold on our shores1 might at any time ravage our cities as it once ravaged the cities of ,europe and ,asia1 leaving scarcely enough living to bury the dead4 ,we read in ,de,foe's 8,history of the ,plague0 in ,london in #affe of 8people in the rage of their distemper or in the torment of their swellings1 which were indeed intolerable1 running out of their own government1 raving and distracted1 and often times laying violent hands upon themselves1 throwing themselves out of windows1 shooting themselves1 mothers murdering their own children in their lunacy40 ,indeed1 we do not have to go back so far to realize what the plague can do4 ,in #aije in ,india alone there were #a1jdj1dbi deaths from this one disease4 ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,bubonic ,,plague ,in this country no layman loses any sleep on account of bubonic plague4 ,is that because it does not exist8 ,not at all4 ,it comes to our waters1 even effects a landing sometimes4 ,but we have a small garrison of vigilant medical men on our coasts watching day and night for that enemy1 ready to give him instant combat if he comes4 ,we sleep in peace because we trust that garrison4 ,thirty years ago we did not know what caused this terrible plague1 but in #ahid the germ 7,bacillus pestis bubonicae7 was discovered4 ,even then it was not known how the disease was carried or what caused it to spread so rapidlyand before it could be combated successfully1 that must be known4 ,a series of experiments on living animals1 chiefly rats1 guinea-pigs and monkeys1 yielded the desired information and through these experiments we have been delivered from this terrible scourge4 ,it was known that rats were subject to plague2 consequently attempts were made to find out how it was transmitted from one rat to another4 ,the idea that it might be carried by parasites occurred to several investigators4 ,accordingly1 healthy rats were placed in cages close to diseased rats2 they remained perfectly well until a few fleas were introduced4 ,then1 almost immediately1 the hitherto healthy rats were stricken with plague4 ,cages containing healthy monkeys were suspended over cages occupied by diseased and flea-infested rats4 ,at regular intervals the monkeys were lowered nearer to the stricken rodents4 ,the monkeys were all right until they were brought within jumping distance of a flea1 when they at once contracted the plague4 ,these and other experiments left no doubt that rat fleas were the carriers among animals1 and since rat fleas also feed on man when their natural prey is not available1 it was an easy matter to show that the plague is spread by means of rat fleas4 ,this led to a definite program for checking the spread of the disease1 by relentless warfare on fleas and the rats that carried them4 ,the rats were trapped1 their breeding places destroyed1 and diseased rats from infested ports were prevented from entering the country4 ,for example1 when it was found that rats frequently come ashore along the cables stretched between the ships and the wharves1 metal cones similar to those used to prevent rodents from climbing into corn cribs were placed on the cables4 ,the fact that ,i wish to emphasize is that it is due to experiments on living mammals that this black death is no longer a terror to us4 ,,experimental ,,study ,,of ,,health ,,and ,,disease ,until the middle of the last century very little had been done in the way of experimental study of physiology and pathology4 ,physicians depended almost entirely on bedside observations4 ,some of these physicians were wonderful men1 and often their observations were remarkably shrewd4 ,but the human body is a complex machine1 the organs are so interdependent1 that in the presence of any given set of symptoms and signs of disease1 it was almost impossible to be sure just what caused them1 and1 consequently1 what was best to do for the patient4 ,when the experimental method was adopted disease could be observed systematically1 conditions could be controlled1 and the phenomena that resulted could be studied intelligently because the experimenter knew exactly what had produced them4 ,in such experiments mammals are the animals chiefly used1 because in most respects they most nearly resemble man1 himself a mammal4 ,practically all the domestic mammals have been used1 horses1 cattle1 sheep1 goats1 swine1 dogs1 cats1 rabbits1 guinea-pigs1 and rats and mice2 monkeys are also used4 ,and all have made wonderful contributions to medicine or surgery or both4 ,,types ,,of ,,experiments ,,on ,,animals ,i ,there are several classes of experiments4 ,some are in the field of pure research1 not having for their object any immediate benefit to man or animals4 ,experiments of this nature were carried on some years ago in work on bubonic plague among rodents in ,california4 ,it was discovered that ground squirrels have a disease similar to plague and yet distinctly different4 ,by a long series of experiments it was found that monkeys are susceptible to this disease1 and it was predicted that eventually cases would be found in man4 ,as a result of this work a bacteriologist in ,cincinnati was able to identify the disease in persons in his own vicinity4 ,another investigator found it among persons in ,utah1 and showed that it is carried from infected rabbits and ground squirrels by biting insects4 ,it also was shown that the disease is widespread over the ,united ,states4 ,with this knowledge of the means of transmission of the disease it is comparatively easy to prevent the infection of man4 ,,ii ,another class of experiments is carried on by surgeons to develop dexterity before they attempt operations on man4 ,such experiments are usually carried out on dogs4 ,the animals are invariably under complete anesthesia and usually they are killed by added ether at the end of the experiment4 ,illustration3 ,does this dog look unhappy8 ,ten years ago ,buster had an operation performed on the stomach2 the results have been of aid in the study of digestion4 ,buster has not suffered thereby1 and she has saved much suffering to others4 ,she is receiving a visit from the author4 ,recently ,i attended the clinic of a throat specialist in the east4 ,i saw child after child wheeled into the amphitheatre and relieved1 usually in a few moments1 of foreign bodies that they had sucked into the windpipe and that a few years ago would in many cases have caused death1 either directly or as the result of a dangerous operation4 ,so dextrous is this man that his little patients do not need any anesthetic4 ,after his work was done ,i had a talk with him1 and he told me that the technic of these operations had been worked out with great care on dogs that were always under an anesthetic4 ,he also told me that by the use of two dogs he had trained fifty other men to do similar work4 ,illustration3 ,this is ,whitey1 about eight months after the complete removal of the parathyroid glands4 ,these glands are quite often partly and accidentally removed during operations on the thyroid gland in man1 with alarming and sometimes fatal results4 ,following complete removal of the parathyroid glands1 carnivorous animals1 including man1 die within from four to six days4 ,as a result of experimental work on this dog and other animals1 three effective curative measures have been developed1 which indefinitely preserve the life of such animals in normal health4 ,two persons are known to have been saved and several others have been rendered free from symptoms as a result of this study4 ,,iii ,in the ,civil ,war if a man was shot through the bowels1 he was doomed to death2 the surgeons hardly dared to open the abdomen and if they did they didn't know how to join the ends of the bowel so that it would not leak4 ,of course the slightest leak meant infection and death4 ,then came along an experimenter who etherized about thirty dogs1 shot them through the bowels1 and practiced joining bowel ends until he could make a perfect joint4 ,it is safe to say that in the ,world ,war the lives of thousands of men were saved as a result of that series of experiments4 ,illustration3 ,these children at the ,anna ,durand ,hospital1 ,chicago1 have been saved from death from diphtheria by the use of antitoxin4 ,the boy in the center has a squint as the result of his sickness4 ,lockjaw1 tetanus1 chiefly a disease of war1 that threatened to take frightful toll of soldiers wounded on the tetanus-infected battlefields of ,europe1 did little damage during the late war because of antitetanus serum made from the blood of immunized horses4 ,every wounded man received an injection of this serum at the earliest possible moment1 and usually the length of time that had intervened determined whether the man would live or whether he would die a most distressing and horrible death4 ,illustration3 ,the homes of this boy and girl have to thank research workers and animals for the lives saved by antitoxin for diphtheria4 ,without antitoxin1 developed by experimental work on animals1 such children would have had slim chances of recovery4 ,the antityphoid vaccine1 also worked out on mammals and tested on mammals1 has practically abolished typhoid fever in soldiers' camps4 ,it is estimated by the ,surgeon ,general's office that during the ,world ,war it saved the lives of #fj1jjj men in the ,american army alone4 ,illustration3 ,on the roof garden of the ,home for ,destitute ,crippled ,children1 ,chicago4 ,suppose one of these victims of infantile paralysis were your child8 ,would you hesitate to sacrifice under ether one or more animals if through the knowledge gained the disease could have been prevented1 or your child could have recovered without being crippled8 ,,benefits ,,of ,,experimentation ,,to ,,man ,these are only a very few examples from the long list of benefits that have accrued to humanity through the use of living mammals for experimental purposes4 ,i must mention only one morethe recent discovery of a specific treatment for diabetes4 ,less than two years ago ,i invited a little girl to go for a bird walk with me that ,i might give her the pleasure of stroking and feeding a wild bird in its nest4 ,i was particularly eager that she should enjoy that day1 because both she and ,i knew that she had not many days to live4 ,she was doomed to die of diabetes within six months2 as a matter of fact she died in less than three months from the date of our walk4 ,i remember thinking that ,i would give anything ,i possessed if ,i could by some miracle restore that child to health4 ,today1 less than two years later1 that miracle could be performed1 because ,dr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,banting of the ,university of ,toronto1 by a brilliant series of experiments on dogs1 has completed investigations begun on rabbits by ,claude ,bernard seventy-five years ago4 ,the story of this wonderful discovery is long1 but here are the outstanding facts4 ,it was found that when the pancreas of a dog is removed1 the animal at once develops acute diabetes and usually dies of that disease within three or four weeks4 ,under the microscope the pancreas is seen to be studded with countless little bodies1 known as the islands of ,langerhans1 after the ,german scientist who discovered them4 ,it was found that these islands secrete a substance quite different from that secreted by the rest of the pancreas1 and that it is the absence of this substance1 not the absence of the pancreas itself1 that causes diabetes4 ,a method was devised for obtaining an extract from these islands of ,langerhans1 and it was found that when this extract was injected into a dog whose pancreas has been removed it did not die1 but got well and continued to be well as long as it was given injections of this extract4 ,after these injections had been proved to be safe by repeated experiments on dogs1 they were tried on human patients with startlingly beneficial results4 ,even when the disease is of long standing1 when the patient has reached the very last stage and is in the coma that immediately precedes death1 injections of this extract1 now known to the world as insulin1 will bring him out of the coma1 snatch him from the very jaws of death1 and restore him to health4 ,illustration3 ,pacific and ,atlantic ,not man alone1 but animals also have benefited by experimental work4 ,the best example of this is the conquest of hydrophobia4 ,,the ,,false ,,stand ,,of ,,the ,,antivivisectionists ,we have seen that all these great advances in medicine and surgery have been made as the result of experiments on living mammals1 and you will agree1 ,i believe1 that in all probability further advances in these fields must be brought about by the same means4 ,this is the opinion of practically all eminent physicians and surgeons and veterinarians1 and of all the great scientists and educators in other fieldsin short1 it is the opinion of all persons who have vast responsibilities for the health of men and of animals4 ,the only persons who are opposed to these reasonable experiments are the antivivisectionists1 who have no such responsibilities4 ,would any sane person think of going to the antivivisectionists for help if there were an epidemic of smallpox or diphtheria1 or if there were an outbreak of hog cholera or of blackleg in cattle8 ,we don't go to them because they know nothing about such matters4 ,yet they boldly contradict all competent authorities and tell us that experiments on animals are useless1 that they have never accomplished anything4 ,the antivivisection societies are composed largely of well disposed but woefully misinformed persons4 ,and those who are responsible for the misinformation are the leaders of the antivivisectionists4 ,i have been studying these leaders for some years1 and ,i may say1 without any danger of my statements being disproved1 that among them may be found many of the most dangerous of the criminal insane to be found in this country todayand ,i have recently visited some of our largest penitentiaries and asylums4 ,i have found some of these leaders of the antivivisection movement to be guilty of falsehood1 slander1 libel1 perjury1 forgery1 and attempted bribery4 ,under false pretenses they obtain money from weakminded and unthinking people and1 with this money1 they wilfully and perennially attempt not only to prevent the advance of medicine and surgery1 but also to break down the bulwarks of preventive medicine by teaching contempt of vaccination and of the use of antitoxins4 ,few of the criminals in our jails are responsible for the deaths of more than a small number of persons2 few of them have attempted widespread destruction of life4 ,but it is the opinion of eminent physicians that through the pernicious teachings of the antivivisection leaders we shall in a few years have epidemics that will destroy the lives of many thousands of children4 ,unless we wish for a return of the plagues and pestilences that once devastated wide areas on this world before the introduction of modern methods1 we should use every means in our power to discourage these dangerous fanatics4 ,i believe that it is the duty of all good citizens who belong to antivivisection societies to send in their resignations at once1 and to stand with our government1 our great physicians1 surgeons1 veterinarians1 agriculturalists1 educators1 and divines in approving and supporting properly conducted animal experimentation and sane humane education generally4 ,after the presentation of this paper by ,mr4 ,baynes before the ,american ,society of ,mammalogists1 at its fifth annual meeting1 ,may #ae to #ag1 #aibc1 in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,philadelphia1 the ,society unanimously passed these resolutions3 ,,whereas1 ,it is a fact known to all thinking people that most of the great advances in medicine and surgery have been made as a result of experiments on living animals1 especially mammals1 and ,,whereas1 ,it is the belief of our eminent physicians1 surgeons1 and veterinarians1 and all others having great responsibility for the health of human beings and of animals1 that future advances in these fields will be made chiefly as the result of similar experiments1 and ,,whereas1 ,it is known that these experiments almost invariably are conducted humanely and with a minimum of discomfort to the animals used1 and ,,whereas1 ,there is an organized movement being carried on by certain misinformed and misguided individuals who seek to prevent or seriously interfere with such experiments1 be it ,resolved1 that we1 members of the ,american ,society of ,mammalogists1 in annual convention assembled in the city of ,philadelphia1 on the sixteenth day of ,may1 #aibc1 are of opinion that1 in the best interests of real humanity1 animal experimentation1 including vivisection1 as practiced in our laboratories today1 should continue unhampered4 ,,hygeia ,a ,journal of ,individual and ,community ,health ,the publication through which the medical profession of the ,united ,states presents to the public interesting1 instructive and authoritative articles about health ,published ,monthly #c4jj the year#be cents the copy ,,american ,,medical ,,association #ece ,north ,dearborn ,street - ,,chicago ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,text in italics is enclosed by underscores 7italics74 ,archaic and variable spelling has been preserved4