,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,f ,orig9al ,draw+s ,,*9ese ,,looms4 ,see ,page #aai4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,silk1 ,,cotton1 ,,l951 ,,wool1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,fibr\s ,,sub/ances2 ,,includ+ ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,sp9n+1 ,,dye+ ,,& ,,weav+4 ,,also ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,pa/oral ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts1 ,,_! ,,social ,,/ate ,,& ,,atta9m5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,dome/ic ,,arts4 ,,) ,,app5dices ,,on ,,pl9y',s ,,natural ,,hi/ory2 ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,manufacture ,,( ,,l95 ,,& ,,cotton ,,pap]2 ,,on ,,felt+1 ,,nett+1 ,c4 ,,d$uc$ ,,f ,,copi\s ,,& ,,au!ntic ,,s\rces4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,/eel ,,engrav+s4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 #hb ,,cliff ,,/reet4 #ahde4 ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahde1 ,,by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york4 ,,to ,,! ,,p ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,respectfully ,,inscrib$4 ,,preface4 ,hi/ory1 until a rec5t p]iod1 0 ma9ly a record ( gigantic crimes & _! consequ5t mis]ies4 ,! dazzl+ gl[ ( its n>rations light$ nev] ! pa? ( ! peaceful ,husb&man1 z 8 noiseless1 incessant ex]tions trans=m$ ! h[l+ wild]ness into a bloom+ & fruitful g>d51 b gleam$ & danc$ on ! armor ( ! ,w>rior z he rode =? to deva/ate & de/roy4 ,"o ye> ( 8 labors suffic$ to undo :at ! =m] _h pati5tly a*iev$ ?r\gh c5turies2 & ! campaign 0 duly *ronicl$ :ile ! labors x blight$ 7 left to oblivion4 ,! writt5 annals ( a nation trace vividly ! c\rse ( its corruption & d[nfall1 b are sil5t or meagre ) reg>d to ! ultimate causes ( its gr[? & em95ce4 ,! long p]iods ( peace & prosp]ity 9 :i* ! ,useful ,arts 7 elaborat$ or p]fect$ are pass$ ov] ) ! b>e rem>k t !y af=d little ( int]e/ to ! read]1 :5 9 fact _! true hi/ory1 c\ld x n[ be writt51 w\ld prove ( ! deepe/ & mo/ sub/antial value4 ,! _w might well af=d to lose all record ( a hundr$ anci5t battles or sieges if x c\ld !reby rega9 ! k ( "o lo/ art1 & ev5 ! ,pyramids bequea!d to u by ,egypt 9 h] glory w\ld be well ex*ang$ = a few ( h] humble work%ops & manufactories1 z !y /ood 9 ! days ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,( ! true hi/ory ( mank9d only a few *apt]s h yet be5 writt51 & n[1 :5 ! defici5cies ( t we h are beg9n+ to be realiz$1 we f9d t ! mat]ials = supply+ !m h 9 good "p p]i%$ 9 ! lapse ( "t1 or be5 trampl$ recklessly b5ea? ! ho( ( ! w>-horse4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages1 an ef=t has be5 made to re/ore a portion ( ?is hi/ory1 s f> z ! meagre & c>eless traces scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,lit]ature ( ,antiquity w all[4--,( ! _m b5efic5t a*ievem5ts ( inv5tive g5ius1 ^? :i* m imm$iately m9i/] to ! p]sonal conv5i5ce & com=t ( mank9d seem to ass]t a natural pre-em95ce4 ,among ! fir/ "u ?is head may be class$ ! inv5tion ( ,weav+1 ) its collat]al bran*es ( ,sp9n+1 ,nett+1 ,sew+1 ,felt+1 & ,dye+4 ,an acc\nt ( ! orig9 & progress ( ?is family ( dome/ic arts c h>dly fail to int]e/ ! intellig5t read]1 :ile x w\ld seem to h a special claim on ! att5tion ( ^? engag$ 9 ! prosecution or improvem5t ( ^! arts4 ,?is "w is int5d$ to subs]ve ! ends "h indicat$4 ,9 ! pres5t age1 :5 ! res\rces ( ,sci5ce & ( ,intellect h s l>gely press$ into ! s]vice ( ,me*anical ,inv5tion1 especially ) ref]5ce to ! production ( fabrics f fibr\s sub/ances1 x is some:at rem>kable t no me?odical treatise on ?is topic has be5 (f]$ to ! public1 & t ! topic itself seems to h almo/ elud$ ! inve/igations ( ! le>n$4 ,) ! exception ( ,mr4 ,yates's erudite production1 8,textr9um ,antiquorum10 we possess no compet5t "w on ! subject2 & valuable z is ?is production = its au?ority & pr(\nd rese>*1 x is yet1 = v>i\s reasons1 ( comp>ative inutility to ! g5]al read]4 ,t a topic ( su* int]e/ des]v$ elucidation w n be d5i$ :5 x is rememb]$ t1 ap>t f ! "q ( ! direct influ5ce ^! important arts h ev] ex]t$ ^u ! civilization & social condition ( communities1 9 v>i\s ages ( ! _w1 !re are o!r & sc>cely inf]ior consid]ations to ! /ud5t1 involv$ 9 _! be>+ ^u ! true und]/&+ ( hi/ory1 sacr$ & pr(ane4 ,to supply1 !re=e1 an important desid]atum 9 classical ar*ology1 by ?us seek+ ! bett] to illu/rate ! true social /ate ( ! anci5ts1 !reby af=d+ a comm5t>y on _! comm]ce & progress 9 dome/ic arts1 is "o ( ! lead+ objects contemplat$ by ! pres5t "w4 ,9 addition to ?is1 our bett] acqua9tance ) ! actual condition ( ^! arts 9 e>ly times w t5d1 9 _m in/ances1 to confirm ! hi/oric accuracy & elucidate ! idiom ( _m portions ( ,holy ,writ4 ,h[ _m ( ! gr&e/ discov]ies 9 ! sci5tific _w owe _! exi/5ce to accid5t6 & h[ _m m ( ! boa/$ creations ( human skill h prov$ to be b re/orations ( lo/ or =gott5 arts6 ,h[ mu* also is /ill be+ reveal$ to u by ! monum5tal records ( ! old _w1 ^: occult glyphs1 till rec5tly1 defi$ ! mo/ p]sev]+ ef=ts ( ! le>n$ = _! solution6 ,to be told t ! ,egyptians1 f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 7 cunn+ artific]s 9 _m ( ! pursuits :i* con/itute lucrative bran*es ( our mod]n indu/ry1 might surprise "s read]s3 yet we le>n f und\bt$ au?orities t su* !y 74 ,!y also 7 acqua9t$ ) ! fabrication ( crapes1 transp>5t tissues1 cotton1 silk1 & pap]1 z well z ! art ( prep>+ colors :i* /ill cont9ue to defy ! corrosions ( defac+ "t4 ,if ! spid] may be reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ practical weav] ^u record--! g5]ic "n ,textori1 supply+ ! root f :i* is cle>ly d]iv$ ! ,engli% t]ms1 texture & textile1 z appli$ to wov5 fabrics1 ( :atev] mat]ials !y may be compos$--! wasp may claim ! honor ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ pap]-manufactur]1 = he pres5ts u ) a mo/ und\bt$ specim5 ( cle> :ite pa/ebo>d1 ( s smoo? a surface z to admit ( be+ writt5 ^u ) ease & legibility4 ,w\ld ! sup]lative wisdom ( man b deign1 ) microscopic gaze1 to /udy ! +5i\s movem5ts ( ! insect tribe m m9utely1 x w\ld n be easy to e/imate h[ mu* might !reby be a*iev$ = human sci5ce1 philosophy1 & ev5 morals6 ,= ^? :o love to add to _! fund ( g5]al k1 especially 9 ! dep>tm5t ( natural hi/ory1 ! au?or tru/s t mu* valuable & int]e/+ in=mation w be f\nd compris$ 9 ^? pages ( ?is "w :i* del9eate ! habits ( ! ,silk-,worm1 ! ,%eep1 ! ,goat1 ! ,camel1 ! ,beav]1 c42 :ile ano!r dep>tm5t1 be+ devot$ to ! hi/ory ( ! ,pa/oral ,life ( ! ,anci5ts1 w naturally enli/ ! sympa?ies ( su* z take a deep] int]e/ 9 ! records ( ages & nations long s9ce pass$ away4 ,f a mass ( het]og5e\s1 ?\gh highly valuable mat]ials1 x has be5 ! design ( ! au?or to select1 arrange1 & cons]ve all t 0 apposite to 8 subject & ( intr9sic value4 ,?us has he endeavor$ to r5d] ! piles ( antiquity1 to adopt ! words ( a rec5t writ]1 well compact$--a process :i* has be5 begun 9 our times1 & ) su* em95t success t ev5 ! m5 ( ! pres5t age may live to see _m ( ! ?\s& & "o folios ( ! anci5ts h&$ ov] )\t a sigh to ! trunk-mak]4 ,! ample doma9s ( ,le>n+ are fa/ be+ submitt$ to fre% irrigation & r5ew$ culture1--! exclusiv5ess ( ! cloi/] has giv5 place to an unre/rict$ di/ribution ( ! intellectual weal? ( all times4 ,:at civilization has accompli%$ 9 ! physical is also be+ a*iev$ 9 ! m5tal _w4 ,! /]ile & inaccessible wild]ness is trans=m$ into ! well-till$ g>d51 ab\nd+ 9 luxuri\s fruits & fragrant fl[]s4 ,x is ! gold5 age ( k--its ,p>adise ,rega9$4 ,! pond]\s works ( ! old5 "t h be5 displac$ by ! cond5s+ process ( mod]n lit]ature2 yield+ u _! _s & ess5ce1 )\t ! heavy1 obscur+ folds ( _! =m] v]bal drap]y4 ,we want real & sub/antial k2 b we are a labor-sav+ & a "t-economiz+ p1--x mu/ !re=e be obta9$ by ! mo/ comp5di\s processes4 ,except ^? ) :om le>n+ is ! bus9ess ( life1 we are too g5]ally ignorant ( ! mighty my/]ies :i* ,nature has heap$ ar\nd our pa?2 ignorant1 too1 ( _m ( ! discov]ies ( sci5ce & philosophy1 9 anci5t z well z mod]n times4 ,to meet ! exig5cies ( our day1 a judgm5t 9 ! selection & cond5sation ( works design$ = popul> use is dem&$--a facility l t ( ! al*ymi/1 extract+ f ! crude ores ( antiquity ! f9e gold ( true k4 ,! plan ( ?is "w naturally divides itself into f\r dep>tm5ts4 ,! fir/ division is devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ,silk1 its e>ly hi/ory & cultivation 9 ,*9a & v>i\s o!r p>ts ( ! _w2 illu/rat$ by copi\s citations f anci5t writ]s3 ,f among :om to in/ance ,hom]1 we le>n t embroid]y & tape/ry 7 prom95t arts ) ! ,!bans1 t poet d]iv+ _m ( 8 pictures ( dome/ic life f ! pa9t+s :i* h be5 f\nd to ornam5t _! palaces4 ,?us x is evid5t t "s ( ! pr\de/ atta9m5ts ( art 9 our own day date _! orig9 f a p]iod coeval at lea/ ) ! ,iliad4 ,aga9 we f9d t ! use ( ! di/aff & sp9dle1 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 0 almo/ z well und]/ood 9 ,egypt z x n[ is 9 ,india2 :ile ! factory sy/em1 s f> f be+ a mod]n inv5tion1 0 9 full op]ation1 & conduct$ "u patrician influ5ce1 "s ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! ,arabians also1 ev5 s f> back z five c5turies subsequ5t to ! deluge1 71 x is /at$ on cr$ible au?ority1 skill$ 9 fabricat+ silk5 textures2 :ile1 at a p]iod sc>cely less remote1 we possess irrefragable te/imony 9 favor ( _! k ( pap] made f cotton rags4 ,! inhabitants ( ,phnicia & ,tyre 71 x appe>s1 ! fir/ acqua9t$ ) ! process ( dye+3 ! ,tyrian purple1 s (t5 notic$ by writ]s1 be+ ( s gorge\s a hue z to baffle description4 ,! ,p]sians 7 also prodigal 9 _! indulg5ce 9 ve/m5ts ( gold1 embroid]y & silk3 ! memorable army ( ,d>ius af=d+ an in/ance ( sumptu\s magnific5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,an example might also be giv5 ( ! extravagance ( ! ,romans 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 9 ! fact ( a p\nd ( silk be+ e/imat$ lit]ally by its weight 9 gold4 ,! nuptial robes ( ,m>ia1 wife ( ,honorius1 :i* 7 discov]$ 9 h] c(f9 at ,rome 9 #aedd1 on be+ burnt1 yield$ #cf p\nds ( pure gold6 ,9 ! "w "h pres5t$1 mu* int]e/+ z well z valuable in=mation is giv5 "u ?is section1 respect+ ! cultivation & manufacture ( ,silk 9 ,*9a1 ,greece & o!r c\ntries4 ,! second division ( ! "w1 compris+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,%eep1 ,goat1 ,camel1 & ,beav]1 x is hop$ w also be f\nd curi\s & valuable4 ,! anci5t hi/ory ( ! ,cotton manufacture foll[s--a topic t has enli/$ ! p5s ( _m writ]s1 ?\gh _! essays1 ) two or ?ree exceptions1 m]it little notice4 ,! subsequ5t pages embody _m new & important facts1 connect$ ) its e>ly hi/ory & progress1 d]iv$ f s\rces inaccessible to ! g5]al read]4 ,! f\r? & la/ division1 embrac+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,l95 manufacture1 includes notices ( ,hemp1 ,flax1 ,asbe/os1 c4 ,?is dep>tm5t aga9 af=ds a fruitful !me = ! curi\s1 & "o t w be deem$1 p]haps1 n ! lea/ attractive ( ! volume4 ,complet+ ! design ( ! "w1 w be f\nd ! ,app5dices1 compris+ r>e & valuable extracts1 d]iv$ f unque/ionable au?orities4 ,( ! ,t5 ,illu/rations h]e) pres5t$1 five are entirely orig9al4 ,x is hop$ t ^!1 at lea/1 w be deem$ wor?y ! att5tion ( ! s*ol> z well z ( ! g5]al read]1 & t _! value w n be limit$ by _! utility z elucidations ( ! text4 ,among ^!1 especial notice is reque/$ to ! engrav+ ( ! ,*9ese ,loom1 a r$uc$ fac-simile1 copi$ by p]mission f a magnific5t ,*9ese production1 rec5tly obta9$ f ! ,cele/ial ,empire1 & n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,presbyt]ian ,bo>d ( ,=eign ,missions 9 ?is city4 ,ano!r1 equally wor?y ( notice1 repres5ts an ,egyptian weav+ factory1 ) ! processes ( ,sp9n+ & ,w9d+2 also a r$uc$ fac-simile1 copi$ f ,*ampollion's great "w on ,egypt4 ,! ,spid]1 magnifi$ ) 8 web1 & ! ,indian ,loom1 x is presum$1 w n fail to attract att5tion4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire "w1 ! mo/ dilig5t c>e has be5 us$ 9 ! collation ( ! num]\s au?orities cit$1 z well z a rigid reg>d paid to _! v]acity4 ,z a "w s elaborate 9 its "* w\ld necess>ily h to dep5d1 to a consid]able ext5t1 = its facts & illu/rations1 ^u ! labors ( previ\s writ]s1 ! au?or deems no apology necess>y 9 ?us publicly & gratefully av[+ 8 indebt$ness to ! sev]al au?ors cit$ 9 ord] at ! foot ( 8 pages2 b he w\ld especially m5tion ! em95t "n ( ,mr4 ,yates1 to ! fruits ( ^: labors ! pres5t production owes mu* ( its novelty1 attractiv5ess1 & intr9sic value4 ,new ,york1 ,oct4 #a/1 #ahde4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,silk4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,sp9n+1 ,,dye+1 ,,& ,,weav+4 ,:e!r ,silk is m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t--,e>lie/ ,clo?+--,coats ( ,sk91 ,tunic1 ,simla--,progress ( ,inv5tion--,*9ese *ronology relative to ! ,culture ( ,silk--,exagg]at$ /atem5ts--,op9ions ( ,mailla1 ,le ,sage1 ,m4 ,lavoisn1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,rob9son1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,cl>ke1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,hales1 ,d4,d41 ,mairan1 ,bailly1 ,guignes1 & ,sir ,william ,jones--,noah suppos$ to be ! fir/ emp]or ( ,*9a--,extracts f ,*9ese publications--,silk ,manufactures ( ! ,isl& ( ,cos--,describ$ by ,ari/otle--,te/imony ( ,v>ro--,sp9n+ & ,weav+ 9 ,egypt--,great +5uity ( ,bezaleel & ,aholiab 9 ! production ( ,figur$ ,textures = ! ,jewi% ,tab]nacle--,skill ( ! ,sidonian wom5 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,ornam5tal ,textures--,te/imony ( ,hom]--,great antiquity ( ! ,di/aff & ,sp9dle--,! prophet ,ezekiel's acc\nt ( ! ,broid]$ ,/uffs1 etc4 ( ! ,egyptians--,beautiful eulogy on an indu/ri\s woman--,hel5 ! ,sp>tan1 h] sup]ior skill 9 ! art ( ,embroid]y--,gold5 ,di/aff pres5t$ h] by ! ,egyptian que5 ,alc&ra--,sp9n+ a dome/ic occupation 9 ,miletus--,!ocritus's complim5t>y v]ses to ,!ug9is on h] indu/ry & virtue--,ta/e ( ! ,roman & ,grecian ladies 9 ! decoration ( _! ,sp9n+ ,implem5ts--,ovid's te/imony to ! skill ( ,ara*ne 9 ,sp9n+ & ,weav+--,me?od ( ,sp9n+ ) ! ,di/aff--,describ$ by ,hom] & ,catullus--,use ( ,silk 9 ,arabia #ejj ye>s aft] ! flood--,=/]'s te/imony #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,silk ,,manufacture ,,cont9u$ ,,to ,,! #d,,? ,,c5tury4 ,,sp9n+1 ,,dye+1 ,,& ,,weav+4--,,high ,,degree ,,( ,,excell5ce ,,atta9$ ,,9 ,,^! ,,arts4 ,te/imony ( ! ,lat9 poets ( ! ,augu/an age--,tibullus--,prop]tius--,virgil--,ho race--,ovid--,dyonisius ,p]igetes--,/rabo4 ,m5tion ( silk by au?ors 9 ! fir/ c5tury--,s5eca ! ,philosoph]--,s5eca ! ,trag$ian--,lucan--,pl9y--,josephus--,sa 9t ,john--,silius ,italicus--,/atius--,plut>*--,juv5al--,m >tial--,pausanias--,gal5--,clem5s ,alex&r9us--,caution to ,*ri/ian conv]ts aga9/ ! use ( silk 9 dress4 ,m5tion ( silk by au?ors 9 ! second c5tury--,t]tullian--,apuleius--,ulpian-- ,julius ,pollux--,ju/94 ,m5tion ( silk by au?ors 9 ! ?ird c5tury--lius ,lampidius--,vopiscus--,trebellius ,pollio--,cyprian--,sol9us--,ammianus--, m>cell9us--,use ( silk by ! ,roman emp]ors--,extraord9>y beauty ( ! textures--,use ( wat] to deta* silk f ! trees--,invectives ( ^! au?ors aga9/ extravagance 9 dress--,! ,s]es describ$ z a happy p--,_! mode ( traffic1 etc4--7,macph]son's op9ion ( ! ,*9ese47--,city ( ,dioscurias1 its va/ comm]ce 9 =m] times4--7,colonel ,syke's acc\nt ( ! ,kolissura silk-worm--,dr4 ,roxburgh's description ( ! ,tusseh silk-worm47 #bb ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,silk ,,manufacture ,,f ,,! ,,?ird ,,to ,,! ,,six? ,,c5tury4 ,,sp9n+1 ,,dye+1 ,,& ,,weav+4--,,high ,,degree ,,( ,,excell5ce ,,atta9$ ,,9 ,,^! ,,arts4 ,f\r? ,c5tury--,curi\s acc\nt ( silk f\nd 9 ! ,edict ( ,diocletian--,extravagance ( ! ,consul ,furius ,placidus--,transp>5t silk %ifts--,ausonius describes silk z ! produce ( trees--,qu9tus ,aur ,symma*us1 & ,claudian's te/imony ( silk & gold5 textures--,_! extraord9>y beauty--,pis&]'s description--,p]iplus ,m>is ,ery?ri--,dido ( ,sidon4 ,m5tion ( silk 9 ! laws ( ,manu--,rufus ,fe/us ,av9us--,silk %awls--,m>ciannus ,capella--,inscription by ,m4 ,n4 ,proculus1 silk manufactur]--,extraord9>y spid]s' webs--,bombyces comp>$ to spid]s--,wild silk-worms ( ,ts\5-,ki5 & ,tiao-,ki5--,m4 ,b]t9's acc\nt--,fur!r rem>ks on wild silk-worms4 ,*ri/ian au?ors ( ! f\r? c5tury--,arnobius--,gregorius ,nazi5z5us--,basil--,illu/ration ( ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection--,ambrose--,georgius ,pisida--,mac>ius--,j]ome--,*ryso/om--,h eliodorus--,salmasius--,extraord9>y beauty ( ! silk & gold5 textures describ$ by ^! au?ors--,_! invectives aga9/ ,*ri/ians we>+ silk4 ,m5tion ( silk by ,*ri/ian au?ors 9 ! fif? c5tury--,prud5tius--,palladius--,!odosia n ,code--,appoll9>is ,sidonius--,alcimus ,avitus4 ,six? c5tury--,boe?ius4 7,manufactures ( ,tyre & ,sidon--,purple--,its great durability--,incr$ible value ( purple /uffs f\nd 9 ! treasury ( ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia47 #da ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,silk ,,manufacture ,,cont9u$ ,,f ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,silk-,,worms ,,into ,,europe1 ,a4 ,d4 #ecj1 ,,to ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury4 ,a4 ,d4 #ecj4--;,introduction ( silk-worms into ,europe--,mode by :i* x 0 effect$--,! ,s]9da ( ,procopius ! same ) ! mod]n ,khotan--,! silk-worm nev] br$ 9 ,sir-h9d--,silk %awls ( ,tyre & ,b]ytus--,tyrannical conduct ( ,ju/9ian--,ru9 ( ! silk manufactures--,oppressive conduct ( ,pet] ,b>sames--,m5&] ,protector--,surprise ( ,maniak ! ,sogdian ambassador--,conduct ( ,*osroes1 k+ ( ,p]sia--,union ( ! ,*9ese & ,p]sians aga9/ ! ,turks--,! ,turks 9 self-def5ce seek an alliance ) ! ,romans--,mortification ( ! ,turki% ambassador--,reception ( ! ,byzant9e ambassador by ,disabul1 k+ ( ! ,sogdiani--,display ( silk textures--,paul ! ,sil5ti>y's acc\nt ( silk--,isidorus ,hispal5sis4 ,m5tion ( silk by au?ors 9 ! sev5? c5tury--,doro!us1 ,ar*im&rite ( ,pale/9e--,introduction ( silk-worms into ,*ubdan1 or ,khotan--,!ophylactus ,simocatta--,silk manufactures ( ,turfan--,silk kn[n 9 ,engl& 9 ?is c5tury--,fir/ worn by ,e!lb]t1 k+ ( ,k5t--,use ( by ! ,fr5* k+s--,aldhelmus's beautiful description ( ! silk-worm--,simile betwe5 weav+ & virtue4 ,silk 9 ! eigh? c5tury--,b$e4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury--,use ( silk by ! ,engli%1 ,wel%1 & ,scot* k+s4 ,twelf? c5tury--,!odoras ,prodromus--,figur$ %awls ( ! ,s]es--,+ulphus describes ve/m5ts ( silk int]wov5 ) eagles & fl[]s ( gold--,great value ( silk ab\t ?is "t--,silk manufactures ( ,sicily--,its introduction into ,spa94 ,f\rte5? c5tury--,ni*olas ,tegr9i--,ext5sion ( ! ,silk manufacture ?r\gh ,europe1 illu/rat$ by etymology--,extraord9>y beauty ( silk & gold5 textures us$ 9 ! decoration ( *ur*es 9 ! middle ages--,silk r>ely m5tion$ 9 ! n9?1 elev5?1 or ?irte5? c5turies #ff ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,silk ,,& ,,gold5 ,,textures ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts4 ,,high ,,degree ,,( ,,excell5ce ,,atta9$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,manufacture4 ,manufacture ( gold5 textures 9 ! "t ( ,moses--,hom]--,gold5 tunics ( ! ,lydians--,_! use by ! ,indians & ,arabians--,extraord9>y display ( sc>let robes1 purple1 /rip$ ) silv]1 gold5 textures1 c41 by ,d>ius1 k+ ( ,p]sia--,purple & sc>let clo?s int]wov5 ) gold--,tunics & %awls v>iegat$ ) gold--,purple g>m5ts ) bord]s ( gold--,gold5 *lamys--,attalus1 k+ ( ,p]gamus1 n ! inv5tor ( gold ?read--,bo/ick--,gold5 robe worn by ,agripp9a--,caligula & ,heliogabalus--,%eets int]wov5 ) gold us$ at ! obsequies ( ,n]o--,babylonian %awls int]mix$ ) gold--,silk %awls int]wov5 ) gold--,figur$ clo?s ( gold & ,tyrean purple--,use ( gold 9 ! manufacture ( %awls by ! ,greeks--#d1jjj1jjj se/]ces 7ab\t #aej1jjj7 paid by ! ,emp]or ,n]o = a ,babyloni% cov]let--,portrait ( ,con/antius ,,ii4--,magnific5ce ( ,babylonian c>pets1 mantles1 c4--,m$ian s9dones #hd ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,silv] ,,textures1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts4 ,,extreme ,,beauty ,,( ,,^! ,,manufactures4 ,magnific5t dress worn by ,h]od ,agrippa1 m5tion$ 9 ,acts xii4 #ba--;,josephus's acc\nt ( ?is dress1 & dreadful dea? ( ,h]od--,discov]y ( anci5t ,piece-goods--,beautiful manuscript ( ,!odolphus1 ,bi%op ( ,orleans1 :o liv$ 9 ! n9? c5tury--,extraord9>y beauty ( ,indian1 ,*9ese1 ,egyptian1 & o!r manufactur$ goods pres]v$ 9 ?is manuscript--,egyptian arts--,wise regulations ( ! ,egyptians 9 relation to ! arts--,late discov]ies 9 ,egypt by ! ,prussian hi]ologi/1 ,dr4 ,lepsius--,clo? ( glass #ic ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,silk-,,worm1 ,,etc4 ,prelim9>y obs]vations--,! silk-worm--,v>i\s *anges ( ! silk-worm--,its sup]iority above o!r worms--,beautiful v]ses on ! ,may-fly1 illu/rative ( ! %ortness ( human life--,trans=mations ( ! silk-worm--,its small desire ( locomotion--,fir/ sickness ( ! worm--,mann] ( ca/+ its ,exuvi--,sometimes _c be fully accompli%$--,consequ5t dea? ( ! insect--,second1 ?ird1 & f\r? sickness ( ! worm--,its disgu/ = food--,mat]ial ( :i* silk is =m$--,mode ( its secretion--,mann] ( unw9d+ ! filam5ts--,floss-silk--,cocoon--,its imp]vi\sness to moi/ure--,effect ( ! filam5ts break+ dur+ ! =mation ( ! cocoon--,mr4 ,rob9et's curi\s calculation on ! movem5ts made by a silk-worm 9 ! =mation ( a cocoon--,c[p]'s beautiful l9es on ! silk-worm--,p]iods 9 :i* its v>i\s progressions are effect$ 9 diff]5t climates--,effects ( sudd5 transitions f heat to cold--,! worm's appetite %>p5$ by increas$ temp]ature--,%ort5s its exi/5ce--,v>i\s exp]im5ts 9 artificial heat+--,modes ( artificial heat+--,s+ul> e/imate ( ,c\nt ,d&olo--,a/oni%+ increase ( ! worm--,its brief exi/5ce 9 ! mo? /ate--,=mation ( silk--,! silk5 filam5t =m$ 9 ! worm be=e its expulsion--,errone\s op9ions ent]ta9$ by writ]s on ?is subject--,! silk-worm's ,w #ih ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,*9ese ,,mode ,,( ,,re>+ ,,silk-,,worms1 ,,etc4 ,great antiquity ( ! silk-manufacture 9 ,*9a--,"t & mode ( prun+ ! ,mulb]ry-tree--,n all[$ to exce$ a c]ta9 height--,mode ( plant+--,situation ( re>+-rooms1 & _! con/ruction--,effect ( noise on ! silk-worm--,precautions obs]v$ 9 pres]v+ cleanl9ess--,isan-mon1 "m ( ! worms--,mann] ( fe$+--,space allott$ to ! worms--,de/ruction ( ! ,*rysalides--,great skill ( ! ,*9ese 9 weav+--,am]ican writ]s on ! ,mulb]ry-tree--,silk-worms sometimes re>$ on trees--7,m4 ,m>teloy's exp]im5ts 9 #agfd1 9 re>+ silk-worms on trees 9 ,france7--,produce inf]ior to t ( worms re>$ 9 h\ses--,mode ( delay+ ! hat*+ ( ! eggs--,me?od ( hat*+--,necessity = prev5t+ damp--,numb] ( meals--,mode ( /imulat+ ! appetite ( ! worms--,effect ( ?is ^u ! quantity ( silk produc$--,d>kness injuri\s to ! silk-worm--,its effect on ! ,mulb]ry-leaves--,mode ( prep>+ ! cocoons = ! reel+ process--,wild silk-worms ( ,india--,mode ( hat*+1 c4--7,obs]vations on ! cultivation ( silk by ,dr4 ,/ebb9s--,dr4 ,b[r+'s admirable illu/ration ( ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! arts ^u ea* o!r47 #aai ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,spid]4 ,,attempts ,,to ,,procure ,,silk5 ,,filam5ts ,,f ,,spid]s4 ,/ructures ( spid]s--,spid]s n prop]ly insects1 & :y--,app>atus = sp9n+--,extraord9>y numb] ( sp9n]ules--,great numb] ( filam5ts compos+ "o ?read--,raumur & ,leeuw5hoeck's laughable e/imates--,atta*m5t ( ! ?read aga9/ a wall or /ick--,%oot+ ( ! l9es ( spid]s--#a4 ,op9ions ( ,r$i1 ,swamm]dam1 & ,kirby--#b4 ,li/]1 ,kirby1 & ,:ite--#c4 ,la ,plu*e & ,b+ley--#d4 ,d',isjonval1 ,murray1 & ,b[man--#e4--;,exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,blackwall--,8 acc\nt ( ! asc5t ( gossam]--#f4 ,exp]im5ts by ,r5nie--,?read suppos$ to g (f d\ble--,subsequ5t exp]im5ts--,ne/s1 ,webs1 & ,nets ( ,spid]s--,ela/ic sat9 ne/ ( a spid]--,evelyn's acc\nt ( hunt+ spid]s--,labyr9?ic spid]'s ne/--,errone\s acc\nt ( ! ,h\se ,spid]--,geometric ,spid]s--,attempts to procure silk5 filam5ts f ,spid]s' bags--,exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,bon--,silk5 mat]ial--,mann] ( its prep>ations--,m4 ,bon's en?usiasm--,8 spid] e/abli%m5t--,spid]-silk n poison\s--,its usefulness 9 heal+ w\nds--,inve/igation ( ,m4 ,bon's e/abli%m5t by ,m4 ,raumur--,8 objections--,swift's satire aga9/ speculators & projectors--,ewbank's int]e/+ obs]vations on ! +5uity ( spid]s--,mason-spid]s--,+5i\s door ) a h+e--,ne/ f ! ,we/ ,indies ) spr+ h+e--,raft-build+ ,spid]--,div+ ,wat]-,spid]--,rev4 ,mr4 ,kirby's beautiful description ( x--,obs]vations ( ,m4 ,cl]ck--,cleanl9ess ( ,spid]s--,/ructure ( _! claws--,fanciful acc\nt ( !m patt+ _! webs--,proce$+s ( a spid] 9 a /eamboat--,addison--,8 sugge/ions on ! compilation ( a 8,hi/ory ( ,insects0 #ach ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,fibres ,,or ,,silk5 ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,! ,,p9na4 ,! ,p9na--,description (--,delicacy ( its ?reads--,raumur's obs]vations--,mode ( =m+ ! filam5t or ?read--,p[] ( cont9ually produc+ new ?reads--,exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ?is fact--,! ,p9na & its ,canc] ,fri5d--,nature ( _! alliance--,beautiful ph5om5on--,ari/otle & ,pl9y's acc\nt--,! ,greek poet ,oppianus's l9es on ! ,p9na1 & its ,canc] fri5d--,mann] ( procur+ ! ,p9na--,poli's description--,specim5s ( ! ,p9na 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--,pe>ls f\nd 9 ! ,p9na--,pl9y & ,a!nu's acc\nt--,mann] ( prep>+ ! fibres ( ! ,p9na = weav+--,sc>c5ess ( ?is mat]ial--,no pro( t ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) ! art ( knitt+--,t]tullian ! fir/ anci5t writ] :o makes m5tion ( ! manufacture ( clo? f ! fibres ( ! ,p9na--,procopius m5tions a *lamys made ( ! fibres ( ! ,p9na1 & a silk5 tunic adorn$ ) sprigs or fea!rs ( gold--,boots ( r$ lea!r worn only by ,emp]ors--,gold5 fleece ( ! ,p9na--,/4 ,basil's acc\nt--,fibres ( ! ,p9na n manufactur$ into clo? at ,t>5tum 9 anci5t times1 b 9 ,india--,div+ = ! ,p9na at ,col*i--,arrian's acc\nt #agd ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,fibres1 ,,or ,,silk5 ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,! ,,p9e-,,apple4 ,fibres ( ! ,p9e-,apple--,facility ( dye+--,mann] ( prep>+ ! fibres = weav+--,easy cultivation ( ! plant--,?rives :]e no o!r plant w live--,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,burt ,z9cke's pat5t process ( manufactur+ clo? f ! fibres ( ?is plant--,its comp>ative want ( /r5g?--,silk5 mat]ial procur$ f ! ,papyf]a--,spun & wov5 into clo?--,clo? ( ?is description manufactur$ g5]ally by ! ,otaheiteans1 & o!r inhabitants ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s--,great /r5g? 7suppos$7 ( ropes made f ! fibres ( ! aloe--,exagg]at$ /atem5ts #ahe ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,mall[s4 ,,cultivation ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,mall[ ,,among ,,! ,,anci5ts4--,,te/imony ,,( ,,lat91 ,,greek1 ,,& ,,attic ,,writ]s4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( ,mall[s is to be f\nd 9 ,job xxx4 #d4--,v>ieties ( ! ,mall[--,cultivation & use ( ! ,mall[--,te/imony ( anci5t au?ors--,papias & ,isidore's m5tion ( ,mall[ clo?--,mall[ clo? common 9 ! days ( ,*>lemagne--,mall[ %awls--,mall[ clo?s m5tion$ 9 ! ,p]iplus z export$ f ,india to ,b>ygaza 7,b>o*7--,calidsa ! ,indian dramati/1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4 ,c4--,8 te/imony--,walli*'s 7! ,indian botani/7 acc\nt--,mantles ( wov5 b>k1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,sacontla ( ,calidsa--,valclas1 or ,mantles ( wov5 b>k1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,ramayana1 a not$ poem ( anci5t ,india--,%eets made f trees--,ctesias' te/imony--,/rabo's acc\nt--,te/imony ( ,/atius ,ccilius & ,plautus1 :o liv$ #afi ,b4 ,c4 & #ahd ,b4 ,c4--,plautus's laughable enum]ation ( ! analogy ( trades--,beauty ( g>m5ts ( ,amorgos m5tion$ by ,eupolis--,cle>*us's te/imony--,plato m5tions l95 %ifts--,amorg9e g>m5ts fir/ manufactur$ at ,a!ns 9 ! "t ( ,ari/ophanes #aia ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,sp>tum ,,or ,,spani% ,,broom4 ,,clo? ,,manufactur$ ,,f ,,broom ,,b>k1 ,,nettle1 ,,& ,,bulb\s ,,plant4--,,te/imony ,,( ,,greek ,,& ,,lat9 ,,au?ors4 ,au?ority = ,spani% ,broom--,/ipa ,t5acissima--,clo? made f ,broom-b>k--,albania--,italy--,france--, mode ( prep>+ ! fibre = weav+--,pl9y's acc\nt ( ,sp>tum--,bulb\s plant--,its fibr\s coats--,pl9y's translation ( ,!ophra/us--,socks & g>m5ts--,size ( ! bulb--,its g5us or species n suffici5tly def9$--,rem>ks ( v>i\s mod]n writ]s on ?is plant--,int]e/+ communications ( ,dr4 ,daniel ,/ebb9s1 ( ,nor?ampton1 ,mass4 to ,hon4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ellswor? #bjb ,,"p ,,second4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,%eep4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,%eep',s ,,wool4 ,,%eep-,,bre$+ ,,& ,,pa/oral ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts--,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,scriptures1 ,,etc4 ,! ,%eph]d ,boy--,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,scy?ia & ,p]sia--,mesopotamia & ,syria--,9 ,iduma & ,nor!rn ,arabia--,9 ,pale/9e & ,egypt--,9 ,e?iopia & ,libya--,9 ,caucasus & ,coraxi--,! ,coraxi id5tifi$ ) ! mod]n ,c>at%ai--,9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,pisidia1 ,pamphylia1 ,samos1 c4--,9 ,c>ia & ,ionia--,milesian wool--,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,?race1 ,magnesia1 ,!ssaly1 ,euba1 & ,botia--,9 ,phocis1 ,attica1 & ,meg>is--,9 ,arcadia--,wor%ip ( ,pan--,pan ! god ( ! ,arcadian ,%eph]ds--,introduction ( 8 wor%ip into ,attica--,ext5sion ( ! wor%ip ( ,pan--,8 dances ) ! nymphs--,pan n ! ,egyptian ,m5des1 b id5tical ) ,faunus--,! philosophical explanation ( ,pan reject$--,moral1 social1 & political /ate ( ! ,arcadians--,polybius on ! cultivation ( music by ! ,arcadians--,wor%ip ( ,m]cury 9 connection ) %eep-bre$+ & ! wool trade--,pres5t /ate ( ,arcadia--,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,mac$onia & ,epirus--,%eph]ds' dogs--,annual migration ( ,albanian %eph]ds #bag ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,%eep-,,bre$+ ,,& ,,pa/oral ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts--,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,scriptures1 ,,etc4 ,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,sicily--,bucolic poetry--,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,s\? ,italy--,annual migration ( ! flocks--,! ram employ$ to aid ! %eph]d 9 conduct+ 8 flock--,! ram an emblem ( au?ority--,bells--,anci5t inscription at ,sep9o--,use ( music by anci5t %eph]ds--,sup]ior quality ( ,t>5t9e %eep--,te/imony ( ,columella--,di/9ction ( ! co>se & s(t k9ds--,names giv5 to %eep--,suppos$ effect ( ! wat] ( riv]s on wool--,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,s\? ,italy1 ,t>5tum1 & ,apulia--,br[n & r$ wool--,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,nor? ,italy--,wool ( ,p>ma1 ,mod5a1 ,mantua1 & ,padua--,orig9 ( %eep-bre$+ 9 ,italy--,faunus ! same ) ,pan--,anci5t sculptures exhibit+ ,faunus--,bales ( wool & ! %eph]d's dress--,co/ume1 appe>ance1 & mann] ( life ( ! anci5t ,italian %eph]ds #bef ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,%eep-,,bre$+ ,,& ,,pa/oral ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts--,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,scriptures1 ,,etc4 ,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,g]many & ,gaul--,9 ,brita9--,improv$ by ! ,belgians & ,saxons--,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,spa9--,natural dyes ( ,spani% wool--,gold5 hue & o!r natural dyes ( ! wool ( ,btica--,native colors ( ,btic wool--,saga & *equ]$ plaids--,%eep always br$ pr9cipally = ! weav]1 n = ! but*]--,%eep suppli$ milk = food1 wool = clo?+--,! mo? #bhb ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,goats-,,hair4 ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,goat--,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,scriptures1 ,,etc4 ,%eep-bre$+ & goats 9 ,*9a--,probable orig9 ( %eep & goats--,%eep & goats coeval ) man1 & always propagat$ toge!r--,habits ( ,grecian goat-h]ds--,he-goat employ$ to lead ! flock--,cameo repres5t+ a goat-h]d--,goats *iefly valu$ = _! milk--,use ( goats'-hair = co>se clo?+--,%e>+ ( goats 9 ,phrygia1 ,cilicia1 c4--,ve/es capr9a1 clo? ( goats'-hair--,use ( goats'-hair = milit>y & naval purposes--,curta9s to cov] t5ts--,etymology ( ,sack & ,%ag--,symbolical uses ( sack-clo?--,! ,arabs weave goats'-hair--,mod]n uses ( goats'-hair & goats'-wool--,introduction ( ! ,angora or ,ca%m]e goat into ,france--,success ( ! ,project #bic ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,beav]s-,,wool4 ,isidorus ,hispal5sis--,claudian--,beckmann--,beav ]s'-wool--,disp]sion ( ,beav]s ?r\gh ,europe--,fossil bones ( ,beav]s #cji ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,camels-,,wool ,,& ,,camels-,,hair4 ,camels'-wool & ,camels'-hair--,ctesias's acc\nt--,te/imony ( mod]n travell]s--,arab t5t ( ,camels'-hair--,f9e clo?s /ill made ( ,camels'-wool--,! use ( hair ( v>i\s animals 9 ! manufacture ( beautiful /uffs by ! anci5t ,mexicans--,hair us$ by ! ,c&ian wom5 9 ! manufacture ( broid]$ /uffs--,broid]$ /uffs ( ! negresses ( ,s5egal--,_! great beauty #cab ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,cotton ,,manufacture4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,great ,,antiquity ,,( ,,! ,,cotton ,,manufacture ,,9 ,,india--,,unrivall$ ,,skill ,,( ,,! ,,indian ,,weav]4 ,sup]iority ( ,cotton = clo?+1 comp>$ ) l951 bo? 9 hot & cold climates--,cotton *>act]i/ic ( ,india--,acc\nt ( ,cotton by ,h]odotus1 ,ctesias1 ,!ophra/us1 ,ari/obulus1 ,ne>*us1 ,pomponius ,mela--,use ( ,cotton 9 ,india--,cotton kn[n be=e silk & call$ ,c>pasus1 ,c>pasum1 ,c>basum1 c4--,cotton awn+s us$ by ! ,romans--,c>basus appli$ to l95--,la/ reque/ ( ,tibullus--,musl9 fillet ( ! ve/al virg9--,l95 sails1 c41 call$ ,c>basa--,val]ius ,flaccus introduces musl9 among ! elegancies 9 ! dress ( a ,phrygian f ! riv] ,rhyndacus--,prud5tius's satire on pride--,apuleius's te/imony--,te/imony ( ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 & ,avi5us--,pl9y & ,julius ,pollux--,_! te/imony consid]$--,te/imony ( ,t]tullian & ,philo/ratus--,( ,m>tianus ,capella--,cotton pap] m5tion$ by ,!ophylus ,presbyt]--,use ( ,cotton by ! ,arabians--,cotton n common anci5tly 9 ,europe--,m>co ,polo & ,sir ,john ,m&eville's te/imony ( ! ,cotton ( ,india--,=bes's description ( ! h]bace\s ,cotton ( ,guz]at--,te/imony ( ,malte ,brun--,beautiful ,cotton textures ( ! anci5t ,mexicans--,te/imony ( ! ,abb ,clavig]o--,fi%+ nets made f ,cotton by ! inhabitants ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 & on ! ,cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica--,columbus's te/imony--,cotton us$ = b$d+ by ! ,brazilians #cae ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,sp9n+ ,,& ,,weav+--,,m>vell\s ,,skill ,,display$ ,,9 ,,^! ,,arts4 ,unrivall$ excell5ce ( ,india musl9s--,te/imony ( ! two ,arabian travell]s--,m>co ,polo1 & ,odo>do ,b>bosa's acc\nts ( ! beautiful ,cotton textures ( ,b5gal--,cs> ,fr$]ick1 ,tav]ni]1 & ,=bes's te/imony--,extraord9>y f95ess & transp>5cy ( ,decca musl9s--,specim5 br\ght by ,sir ,*>les ,wilk9s2 comp>$ ) ,engli% musl9s--,sir ,joseph ,banks's exp]im5ts--,extraord9>y f95ess ( ,cotton y>n spun by ma*9]y 9 ,engl&--,f95ess ( ,india ,cotton y>n--,cotton textures ( ,soon]gong--,te/imony ( ,r4 ,fit*--,hamilton's acc\nt--,decl9e ( ! manufactures ( ,dacca acc\nt$ =--,orme's te/imony ( ! univ]sal diffusion ( ! ,cotton manufacture 9 ,india--,processes ( ! manufacture--,rude implem5ts--,roll] g9--,b[+4 7,eli ,:itney inv5tor ( ! cotton g9--,tribute ( respect paid to 8 memory--,imm5se value ( ,mr4 ,:itney's inv5tion to gr[]s & manufactur]s ( ,cotton ?r\gh\t ! _w47 ,sp9n+ :eel--,sp9n+ )\t a :eel--,loom--,mode ( weav+--,=bes's description--,habits & remun]ation ( ,sp9n]s1 ,weav]s1 c4--,factories ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company--,m>vell\s skill ( ! ,indian workman acc\nt$ =--,mills's te/imony--,pr9cipal ,cotton fabrics ( ,india1 & :]e made--,indian comm]ce 9 ,cotton goods--,al>m creat$ 9 ! wooll5 & silk manufactur+ di/ricts ( ,great ,brita9--,extracts f publications ( ! day--,te/imony ( ,daniel ,de ,foe 7,au?or ( ,rob9son ,crusoe47--,indian fabrics prohibit$ 9 ,engl&1 & mo/ o!r c\ntries ( ,europe--,petition f ,calcutta m]*ants--,pres5t condition ( ! ,city ( ,dacca--,mode ( sp9n+ f9e y>ns--,tables %[+ ! comp>ative prices ( ,dacca & ,briti% manufactur$ goods ( ! same quality #ccc ,,"p ,,f\r?4 ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,l95 ,,manufacture4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,flax4 ,,cultivation ,,& ,,manufacture ,,( ,,flax ,,by ,,! ,,anci5ts--,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,scriptures1 ,,etc4 ,e>lie/ m5tion ( ,flax--,l95 manufactures ( ! ,egyptians--,l95 worn by ! prie/s ( ,isis--,flax gr[n ext5sively 9 ,egypt--,flax ga!r+--,envelopes ( ,l95 f\nd on ,egyptian mummies--,exam9ation ( mummy-clo?--,prov$ to be ,l95--,flax /ill gr[n 9 ,egypt--,explanation ( t]ms--,byssus--,reply to ,j4 ,r4 ,=/]--,hebrew & ,egyptian t]ms--,flax 9 ,nor? ,africa1 ,col*is1 ,babylonia--,flax cultivat$ 9 ,pale/9e--,t]ms = flax & t[--,cultivation ( ,flax 9 ,pale/9e & ,asia ,m9or--,9 ,elis1 ,etruria1 ,cisalp9e ,gaul1 ,campania1 ,spa9--,flax ( ,g]many1 ( ! ,atrebates1 & ( ! ,franks--,progressive use ( l95 among ! ,greeks & ,romans #ceh ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,hemp4 ,cultivation & ,uses ( ,hemp by ! ,anci5ts--,its use limit$--,?race ,col*is--,c>ia--,etymology ( ,hemp #chg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,asbe/os4 ,uses ( ,asbe/os--,c>pasian flax--,/ill f\nd 9 ,cyprus--,us$ 9 fun]als--,asbe/9e-clo?--,h[ manufactur$--,asbe/os us$ = fraud & sup]/ition by ! ,romi% monks--,relic at ,monte ,cas9o #cij ,,app5dices4 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,on ,,pl9y',s ,,natural ,,hi/ory4 ,%eep & wool ,price ( wool 9 ,pl9y's "t--,v>ieties ( wool & :]e produc$--,co>se wool us$ = ! manufacture ( c>pets--,wooll5 clo? ( ,egypt--,embroid]y--,felt+--,mann] ( cleans+--,di/aff ( ,tanaquil--,v>ro--,tunic--,toga--,undula te or wav$ clo?--,nature ( ?is fabric--,figur$ clo?s 9 use 9 ! days ( ,hom] 7#ijj ,b4 ,c47--,clo? ( gold--,figur$ clo?s ( ,babylon--,damask fir/ wov5 at ,alex&ria--,plaid$ textures fir/ wov5 9 ,gaul--#aej1jjj paid = a ,babyloni% cov]let--,dye+ ( wool 9 ! fleece--,obs]vations on %eep & goats--,dioscurias a city ( ! ,col*ians--,mann] ( transact+ bus9ess #dja ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,manufacture ,,( ,,l95 ,,& ,,cotton ,,pap]4 ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,l95 ,,pap] ,,prov5 ,,to ,,be ,,( ,,egyptian ,,orig9--,,cotton ,,pap] ,,manufactur$ ,,by ,,! ,,bu*>ians ,,& ,,arabians1 ,a4 ,d4 #gjd4 ,wehrs gives ! inv5tion ( ,l95 pap] to ,g]many--,s*nemann to ,italy--,op9ion ( v>i\s writ]s1 anci5t & mod]n--,l95 pap] produc$ 9 ,egypt f mummy-clo?1 ,a4 ,d4 #abjj--,te/imony ( ,abdollatiph--,europe indebt$ to ,egypt = l95 pap] until ! elev5? c5tury--,cotton pap]--,! k ( manufactur+1 h[ procur$1 & by :om--,advantages ( ,egyptian pap] manufactur]'s--,clugny's te/imony--,egyptian manuscript ( l95 pap] be>+ date ,a4 ,d4 #aajj--;,anci5t wat]-m>ks on l95 pap]--,l95 pap] fir/ introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,s>ac5s ( ,spa94 7,! ,wasp a pap]-mak]--,manufacture ( pap] f %av+s ( wood1 & f ! /alks or leaves ( ,indian-corn47 #djd ,,app5dix ,c4 ,,on ,,felt4 ,,manufacture ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,felt+ ,,by ,,! ,,anci5ts4 ,felt+ m anci5t ?an weav+--,felt us$ 9 ! ,ea/--,use ( x by ! ,t>t>s--,felt made ( goats'-hair by ! ,circassians--,use ( felt 9 ,italy & ,greece--,cap worn by ! ,cynics1 ,fi%]m51 ,m>9]s1 ,artific]s1 c4--,clean!s comp>es ! moon to a skull-cap--,desultores--,vulcan--,ulysse s--,phrygian bonnet--,cap worn by ! ,asiatics--,phrygian felt ( ,camels'-hair--,its great /iffness--,sc>let & purple felt us$ by ,babyloni% decorators--,mode ( manufactur+--,felt ,nor!rn nations ( ,europe--,cap ( lib]ty--,petasus--,/atue ( ,endymion--,petasus 9 works ( anci5t art--,hats ( ,!ssaly & ,mac$onia--,laconian or ,arcadian hats--,! ,greeks manufacture ,felt #ijj ,b4 ,c4--,m]cury ) ! pileus & petasus--,miscellane\s uses ( ,felt #dad ,,app5dix ,d4 ,,on ,,nett+4 ,,manufacture ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,nets ,,by ,,! ,,anci5ts--,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,scriptures1 ,,etc4 ,nets 7 made ( ,flax1 ,hemp1 & ,broom--,g5]al t]ms = nets--,nets us$ = cat*+ birds--,mode ( sn>+--,hunt+-nets--,me?od ( hunt+--,hunt+-nets support$ by =k$ /akes--,mann] ( fix+ !m--,purse-net or tunnel-net--,hom]'s te/imony--,nets us$ by ! ,p]sians 9 lion-hunt+--,hunt+ ) nets practis$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians--,me?od ( hunt+--,dep? ( nets = ?is purpose--,description ( ! purse-net--,road-net--,halli]--,dy$ fea!rs us$ to sc>e ! prey--,ca/+-net--,mann] ( ?r[+ by ! ,arabs--,cyrus k+ ( ,p]sia--,8 fable ( ! pip] & ! fi%es--,fi%+-nets--,ca/+-net us$ by ! ,apo/les--,l&+-net 7,scap-net7--,! ,sean--,its l5g? & dep?--,mod]n use ( ! ,sean--,me?od ( fi%+ ) ! ,sean practis$ by ! ,arabians & anci5t ,egyptians--,corks & leads--,figurative application ( ! ,sean--,curi\s me?od ( captur+ an enemy practis$ by ! ,p]sians--,nets us$ 9 ,india to cat* tortoises--,bag-nets & small purse-nets--,novel sc5t-bag ( ,v]res ! ,sicilian prtor #dcf ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,i4 ,frontispiece--,*9ese ,looms4 to face page ,,ii4 ,egyptian ,looms1 ) ! ,processes ( ,sp9n+ & ,w9d+1 #ic ,,iii4 ,silk ,worm1 ,cocoons1 ,*rysalis1 ,mo?s1 & ,p9na #aah ,,iv4 ,spid]s1 ) ! ,processes ( ,sp9n+ & ,weav+ #agb ,v4 ,indian ,loom1 ) ! ,process ( ,w9d+ (f ! ,?read #cae ,,vi4 ,egyptian ,flax-ga!r+4 ,magnifi$ ,fibres ( ,flax & ,cotton #cei ,,vii4 ,map1 %[+ ! ,divisions ( ! ,anci5t ,_w1 col\r$ accord+ to ! ,raw ,mat]ials pr9cipally produc$ 9 !m = ,weav+ #djj ,,viii4 ,caps worn by ,cynic ,philosoph]1 ,vulcan1 ,ddalus1 ,ulysses1 & a ,desultor4 ,caps worn by ,mod]n ,greek ,boy & ,fi%]man4 ,mysian ,cap or ,phrygian ,bonnet4 ,co9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum #dae ,,ix4 ,/atue ( ,endymion4 ,hats worn by ,%eph]ds & ,a!nian ,ephebi4 ,co9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum #dcd ,x4 ,hunt+-sc5es 9 bas-reliefs at ,ince-,blundell4 ,egyptians ) ! ,drag-,net #dfd ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,silk4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,sp9n+1 ,,dye+1 ,,& ,,weav+4 ,:e!r ,silk is m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t--,e>lie/ ,clo?+--,coats ( ,sk91 ,tunic1 ,simla--,progress ( ,inv5tion ,*9ese *ronology relative to ! ,culture ( ,silk--,exagg]at$ /atem5ts--,op9ions ( ,mailla1 ,le ,sage1 ,m4 ,lavoisn1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,rob9son1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,cl>ke1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,hales1 ,d4,d41 ,mairan1 ,bailly1 ,guignes1 & ,sir ,william ,jones--,noah suppos$ to be ! fir/ emp]or ( ,*9a--,extracts f ,*9ese publications--,silk ,manufactures ( ! isl& ( ,cos--,describ$ by ,ari/otle--,te/imony ( ,v>ro--,sp9n+ & ,weav+ 9 ,egypt--,great +5uity ( ,bezaleel & ,aholiab 9 ! production ( ,figur$ ,textures = ! ,jewi% ,tab]nacle--,skill ( ! ,sidonian wom5 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,ornam5tal ,textures--,te/imony ( ,hom]--,great antiquity ( ! ,di/aff & ,sp9dle--,! prophet ,ezekiel's acc\nt ( ! ,broid]$ ,/uffs1 etc4 ( ! ,egyptians--,beautiful eulogy on an indu/ri\s woman--,hel5 ! ,sp>tan1 h] sup]ior skill 9 ! art ( ,embroid]y--,gold5 ,di/aff pres5t$ h] by ! ,egyptian que5 ,alc&ra--,sp9n+ a dome/ic occupation 9 ,miletus--,!ocritus's complim5t>y v]ses to ,!ug9is on h] indu/ry & virtue--,ta/e ( ! ,roman & ,grecian ladies 9 ! decoration ( _! ,sp9n+ ,implem5ts--,ovid's te/imony to ! skill ( ,ara*ne 9 ,sp9n+ & ,weav+--,me?od ( ,sp9n+ ) ! ,di/aff--,describ$ by ,hom] & ,catullus--,use ( ,silk 9 ,arabia #ejj ye>s aft] ! flood--,=/]'s te/imony4 ,to please ! fle% a ?\s& arts cont5d3 ,! mis]'s heaps ( gold1 ! figur'd ve/1 ,! gem1 ! silk-worm1 & ! purple dye1 ,by toil acquir'd1 promote no o!r end4--,p]i/eph4 ,hymn4 x4 ,:e!r silk is ev] m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t _c p]haps be det]m9$4 ,9 ,ezek4 xvi4 #aj & #ac1 8silk0 is us$ 9 ! common ,engli% bible = 1 :i* occurs no :]e except "h1 b :i*1 z appe>s f ! context1 c]ta9ly meant "s valuable article ( female dress4 ,le ,cl]c & ,ros5mll] translate x 8s]ico20 ,cocceius1 ,s*9dl]1 ,buxtorf1 9 _! ,lexicons1 & ,dr4 ,john ,taylor 9 8 ,concordance1 give ! same int]pretation4 ,augu/i & ,de ,wette 9 _! ,g]man translation make x signify 8a silk5 veil40 ,o!rs give diff]5t int]pretations4 ,! only gr\nd1 on :i* silk ( any k9d is suppos$ to be meant1 is t 9 ! ,alex&r9e or ,septuag9t v]sion is translat$ 1 & is expla9$ by ,hesy*ius to mean 8! silk5 web fitt$ to be plac$ ov] ! hair ( ! head0 7 71 & t o!r anci5t ,greek lexicograph]s also suppose a silk5 g>m5t to be meant4#a ,b ! mean+ ( is 9 reality z obscure z t ( 4 ,j]ome c\ld n discov] x1 & conclud$ t ! ^w 0 inv5t$ by ! ,greek translator4 ,x is n[ extant no :]e else except 9 a passage ( ! comic ,ph]ecrates pres]v$ 9 ,a!nu4 ,s*neid]1 foll[$ by ,pass[1 supposes x to mean "s g>m5t made ( hair1 & quotes to ?is effect ! explanation ( ,pollux 7#b4 #bd471 4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! t]m 9 "q may possibly h d5ot$ "s elegant & co/ly ornam5t = ! head1 made at lea/ p>tly ( silk1 yet ?is op9ion appe>s to re/ altoge!r ^u ! assumption1 fir/1 t ! anci5t lexicograph]s are accurate 9 _! use ( ! epi!t 1 & secondly1 t ! ,alex&r9e v]sion is accurate 9 adopt+ ! ^w 4 #a ,see ,s*leusn]1 ,lexicon 9 ,,lxx41 v4 4 ,9 ,isaiah xix4 #i1 accord+ to ,k+ ,james's ,translators & ,bi%op ,l[?1 m5tion is made ( ^? 8t "w 9 f9e flax10 9 ! orig9al 4 ,ros5mll] adopts ne>ly ! same int]pretation1 :i* is f\nd$ ^u ! use ( ! v]b or 9 ! ,*aldee & ,syriac dialects to d5ote ! op]ation ( comb+ flax1 wool1 hair1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ^w has be5 tak5 by ! au?or ( ! ,alex&r9e ,v]sion1 2 by ,symma*us1 :o in/ead ( uses 2 & by ,j]ome1 8qui op]abantur l9um pect5tes40 ,9 ! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an & 9 ! ,syriac ,v]sion ! same root is tak5 to d5ote silk2 ,t>g4 ,syr4 ,bo? ( ^! seem to admit ( ! foll[+ lit]al translation1 8^? :o make silk5 tunics10 or 9 ,lat91 8,factores tunic>um e s]icis40 ,kim*i supposes to mean silk webs1 obs]v+ t silk is call$ by ! ,arabs4 ,! same op9ion has be5 adopt$ by ,ni*olas ,full]#b1 ,buxtorf1 & o!r mod]n critics4 ,k5nicott1 h[ev]1 arranges ! words 9 two l9es z foll[s1 ,accord+ to ?is arrangem5t1 :i* seems mo/ suitable to ! rules ( grammatical con/ruction1 we h ?ree co-ord9ate phrases 9 ! plural numb]1 d5ot+ ?ree diff]5t classes ( artific]s4 ,! second1 1 w\ld by its t]m9ation d5ote female artific]s1 viz4 wom5 employ$ 9 comb+ wool1 flax1 or o!r sub/ances4 ,on ! :ole we are incl9$ to adopt ?is explanation ( ! ^w1 z x appe>s to be att5d$ ) ! lea/ difficulty1 ei!r grammatical or etymological4 #b ,miscellanea ,sacra1 l4 ii4 c4 #aa4 ,silk is m5tion$ ,prov4 xxxi4 #bb4 9 ,k+ ,james's ,translation1 i4 e4 ! common ,engli% v]sion1 & 9 ! m>g9 ( ,g54 xli4 #db4 ,b ! use ( ! ^w is q unau?oriz$4 ,aft] a full exam9ation ( ! :ole "q ,braunius#c decides t !re is no m5tion ( silk 9 ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & t x 0 unkn[n to ! ,hebrews 9 anci5t times4 8,!re c be no d\bt10 says ,pr(essor ,hurwitz1 8t manufactures & ! arts mu/ h atta9$ a high degree ( p]fection at ! "t :5 ,moses wrote2 & t _m ( !m 7 kn[n long be=e t p]iod1 we h ! evid5ce ( ,scripture4 ,x is true t inv5tions 7 at fir/ few1 & _! progress v sl[1 b !y 7 suit$ to ! !n condition & circum/ances ( man1 z is evid5t ev5 9 ! art ( clo?+4 ,plac$ 9 ! salubri\s & mild air ( p>adise1 our fir/ p>5ts c\ld h>dly want any o!r cov]+ ?an :at dec5cy requir$4 ,accord+ly we f9d t ! fir/ & only article ( dress 0 ! *agora1 ! belt1 7n aprons1 z 9 ! e/abli%$ v]sion74 ,! mat]ials ( :i* x 0 made 7 fig leaves2 7,g54 iii4 #g47 ! same tree t af=d$ !m food & %elt]1 furni%$ !m likewise ) mat]ials = cov]+ _! bodies4 ,b :5 9 consequ5ce ( _! transgressions !y 7 to be eject$ f _! blissful abode1 & =c$ to dwell 9 less fav\rable regions1 a m sub/antial cov]+ became necess>y1 _! m]ciful ,creator made !m 7i4 e4 inspir$ !m ) ! ?\ghts ( mak+ = !mselves7 coats ( sk9s4 7,g54 iii4 #ba47 ,! orig9al ^w is c'?one?1 :5ce ! ,greek ! tunic1 a close g>m5t t 0 usually worn next ! sk91 x rea*$ to ! knees1 & _h sleeves 79 aft] times x 0 made ei!r ( wool or l9547 ,aft] man _h subdu$ ! %eep 7,hebrew caves f to subdue#d7 & le>n$ h[ to make use ( its wool1 we f9d a new article ( dress1 namely ! simla1 an upp] g>m5t3 x consi/$ ( a piece ( clo? ab\t six y>ds long & two or ?ree wide1 9 %ape n unlike our blankets4 ,?is w expla9 ,g54 ix4 #bc1 #8,& ,%em & ,japhe? took a g>m5t1 & laid x ^u bo? _! %\ld]s1 & w5t backw>d & cov]$ ! nak$ness ( _! fa!r4' ,x s]v$ z a dress by day1 z a b$ by night1 7,exod4 xxii4 #bf17 #8,if ?\ at all take ?y neighb\r's raim5t to pl$ge1 ?\ %alt deliv] x unto him by t ! sun goe? d[n2 = t is 8 cov]+ only2 x is 8 raim5t = 8 sk93 :]e9 %all he sleep8' ,& sometimes burd5s 7 c>ri$ 9 x1 7,exod4 xii4 #cd17 #8,& ! p took _! d\gh be=e x 0 leav5$1 _! knead+-tr\ghs be+ b\nd up 9 _! clo!s ^u _! %\ld]s4' 8,9 ! c\rse ( "t v>i\s o!r g>m5ts came into use1 z m5tion$ 9 sev]al o!r p>ts ( ,scripture4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* ^! g>m5ts 7 usually made are specifi$ 9 ,leviticus xiii4 #dg-ei1 #8,! g>m5t also t ! plague ( ! leprosy is 91 :e!r x be a wooll5 g>m5t or a l95 g>m5t1 :e!r x be 9 ! w>p or wo(1 ( l95 or ( wooll52 :e!r 9 a sk91 or 9 any?+ made ( sk91 c4'0 #c ,de ve/itu ,heb4 ,sac]dotum1 l4 #a4 cap4 viii4 #h4 #d ,!re is n ! lea/ %ad[ ( tru? 9 support ( su* a d$uction2 & p>ticul>ly s s9ce ! g5]al t5or ( ! ,scriptures leads to a v diff]5t conclusion4 ,we are1 !re=e1 n au?oriz$ to give our support to any su* hypo!sis4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,%eep & ,goat is s int]wov5 ) ! hi/ory ( man1 t ^? naturali/s h n reason$ correctly1 :o h ?\ght x necess>y to ref] ! fir/ orig9 ( ei!r ( !m to any wild /ock at all4 ,su* view is1 we imag9e1 m 9 keep+ ) ! inf]5ces to be drawn f ,scripture ,hi/ory ) reg>d to ! e>ly dome/ication ( ! %eep4 ,abel1 we are told1 0 a keep] ( %eep1 & x 0 "o ( ! fir/l+s ( 8 flock t he (f]$ to ! ,"l1 & :i*1 prov+ a m acceptable sacrifice1 excit$ ! implacable & fatal jeal\sy ( 8 bro!r ,ca94 7,see ,"p ii4 pp4 #bag & #bic47 ,9 our se>* = ! di/ant orig9 ( any art or sci5ce1 or 9 look+ ?r\gh ! long vi/a ( ages remote ev5 to nations ext9ct be=e our own1 we are favor$ ) satisfactory evid5ce s long z we are accompani$ ) au!ntic records3 beyond1 all is d>k1 obscure1 tradition1 fable4 ,on su* gr\nd x w\ld be cr$ul\s or ra% 9 ! extreme to repeat z our own1 an affirmation1 :5 t re/s on ! s+le te/imony ( "o p>ty or int]e/1 especially :5 t is ( a v que/ionable "*4 ,x is ev5 saf]1 :5 hi/ory or well au!nticat$ records fail u1 to appeal to philosophy1 or to ! well kn[n laws ( m9d1 f :i* all arts & sci5ce spr+4 ,! =m] favors u ) ! comm&+ evid5ce ( c]ta9ty & decision2 & ?\gh ! latt] may only af=d ! te/imony ( analogy1 yet1 is its probability m safe1 at lea/1 ?an :at re/s on misguid$ calculations or on ! leg5d>y tales ( artifice & fiction4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 au!ntic te/imony t ! inv5tive faculty exi/$ at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,! peculi> condition ( man at t "t mu/ h af=d$ _m imp]ative occasions = its ex]tion4 ,h5ce we read t 8,jabal 0 ! fa!r ( su* z dwell 9 t5ts0 7i4 e4 inv5tor ( t5t-mak+72 t 8,jubal1 8 bro!r1 0 ! fa!r0 7inv5tor7 ( musical in/rum5ts3 su* z ! k9nor1 h>p1 or /r+$ in/rum5ts1 & ! ugab1 organ1 or w9d in/rum5ts2 t 8,tubal-ca9 0 ! in/ructor ( e artific] 9 brass & iron1 ! fir/ smi? on record1 or "o to tea* h[ to make in/rum5ts & ut5sils out ( brass & iron2 & t ! si/] ( ,tubal-ca9 0 ,naamah1 :om ! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an b5 ,uzziel affirms to h be5 ! inv5trix ( pla9tive or elegiac poetry#e4 ,"h is !n an acc\nt ( ! inv5tive faculty be+ 9 ex]cise #cejd ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 or #aaef ye>s prior to ! deluge2 or #hjd ye>s be=e ! e>lie/ p]iod assign$ to ! ,*9ese = ! discov]y ( silk4 ,& ( :atev] arts or sci5ces exi/+ among/ m5 prior to ! deluge1 !re is no difficulty 9 conceiv+ ! possibility ( ! transmission ( ! lead+ & mo/ ess5tial p>ts1 at lea/1 to ! po/-diluvians1 by ! family ( ,noah4 #e ,z a pro( t ! inv5tive faculty1 z to e ?+ truly useful to man1 orig9ally proce$$ f ! only 8,giv] ( e good & p]fect gift10 consult ,isa4 xxviii4 #bd-bi3 & also a beautiful comm5t by ,dr4 ,a4 ,cl>ke on1 8,& ?\ %alt speak unto all t are wise he>t$1 :om ,i h fill$ ) ! _s ( wisdom40 ,exod4 xxviii4 #c3 & also on1 8,i h fill$ him ) ! _s ( ,god 9 wisdom1 & 9 und]/&+1 & 9 k1 & 9 all mann] ( workman%ip2 to devise cunn+ works1 to "w 9 gold1 & 9 silv]1 & 9 brass2 & 9 cutt+ ( /ones1 to set !m1 & 9 c>v+ ( timb]1 to "w 9 all mann] ( curi\s workman%ip40 ,exod4 xxxi4 #c1 #d1 & #e4 ,b in/ead ( giv+ our unqualifi$ ass5t to :at has be5 s]vilely copi$ f book to book f ! mo/ accessible acc\nt1 we %all adv]t to ! great discrepancy relative to ,*9ese *ronology1 among/ ^? :o h _h equal access to _! records4 ,?us ! "t ( ,fohi1 ! fir/ emp]or1 has be5 said to be #biea ,b4 ,c41 by "s #baih ,b4 ,c41 & by o!rs #bjeg1 or ab\t #cjj ye>s aft] ! deluge3 ( ,hoang-ti1 #bgjj ,b4 ,c41 by ,mailla x is quot$ at #bfjb ,b4 ,c41 by ,le ,sage at #beig ,b4 ,c41 & by ,rob9son & o!rs at #agjc ,b4 ,c4 ,simil> disagreem5ts might1 w\ld our limits all[1 be obs]v$ conc]n+ ! re/1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! emp]ors1 ,hiao-w5ti1 ,*im-ti1 ,m+-ti1 ,y\5-ti1 ,w5ti1 ,w\-ti1 & ,hiao-w\-ti4 ,ev5 9 m mod]n times1 & relative to a "* s notori\s z ,confucius1 no less ?an ?ree dates are equally affirm$ to be true4 ,z to ,hoang-ti1 :o is said to h begun ! culture ( silk1 we are incl9$ to pref] ! latt] acc\nt1 #agjc ,b4 ,c41 :i* makes him contempor>y ) ,joseph1 :5 prime m9i/] ov] ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,z a confirmation ( ?is1 x may be /at$1 t by ref]r+ to ! acc\nt giv5 ( n9e#f ( ! patri>*s at ?is p]iod1 we %all f9d t ! av]age age ( human life1 be=e mu* great]1 soon aft] rapidly decl9$4 ,n[ ! av]age duration ( ! reigns ( ! fir/ ?ree#g ,*9ese emp]ors1 includ+ ,hoang-ti1 0 #aah ye>s2 ( ! five t imm$iately succe$$1 only #fh ye>s4 ,aft] ?is1 until ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! av]age duration ( a s+le reign did n exce$ #bc ye>s1 & !nce until ! pres5t "t n #ac ye>s4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! av]age duration ( ! reign ( ! fir/ ?ree emp]ors be>s an evid5t & fit proportion to t ( ! age ( man at ! p]iod specifi$1 ?\gh n at any o!r be=e or aft]1 be+ 9 ! =m] case z mu* too small z x w\ld 9 ! latt] be too great1 ! op9ion n[ (f]$ is ! only "o t c be consi/5t ) ^! /rik+ facts2 &1 if duly consid]$1 pres5ts an argum5t /rongly corroborat+ ?is view ( ! subject4 #f ,peleg1 ,reu1 ,s]ug1 ,nahor1 ,t]ah1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob & ,joseph3 ,g54 xi4 #af-bf2 xlvii4 #bh2 & l4 #bf4 #g ,fohi1 ,eohi ,*9un1 & ,hoang-ti4 ,to attempt to e/abli% any great] c]ta9ty1 9 a case ( ?is nature1 ! ,*9ese dur+ ! dyna/y ( ,ts*91 hav+1 to conceal ! tru?1 de/roy$ ev]y?+ au!ntic1 w\ld be 9 va94 ,x w\ld be ev5 m rational to h rec\rse to ! ,v$as1 or sacr$ books ( ! ,brahm9s1 or to records 9 ! ,sanscrit1 7 x n a well kn[n fact1 t ne>ly all anci5t nations1 except ! ,jews1 actuat$ by ! same ambition1 h betray$ a wi% to h _! orig9 trac$ z f> back z ! creation4 ,& 9 ! gratification ( ?is passion none are s notori\sly pre-em95t z ! ,egyptians1 ,h9doos1 & ,*9ese4#h ,= !m ! limits ( ! creation itself h be5 too n>r[1 & days1 weeks1 & ev5 mon?s too %ort1 unless multipli$ into ye>s4#i #h ,see ,dr4 ,a4 ,cl>ke's rem>ks3 end ( ,g54 #i ,see pp4 #fh1 #gd1 #aai & #bid4 ,! *ronology relative to ! e>ly culture ( silk1 z f\nd 9 ,*9ese docum5ts1 = sev]al irrefragable objections already assign$1 is exce$+ly que/ionable1 & !re=e we are by no means pl$g$ to affirm t ei!r 9 ! au!nticity ( ! books1 or 9 ! correctness ( ! dates h we any fai?4 ,m4 ,lavoisn dates ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*9ese dyna/ies at ,a4 ,m4#aj #ahaf1 or #aei ye>s aft] ! deluge4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,rob9son ( ,*ri/ ,col41 ,cam41 at ,a4 ,m4 #aidg4 ,we h already giv5 z /rong reasons1 z "u ! extreme inc]titude ( ! case1 c1 p]haps1 be (f]$1 = pref]r+ ! latt]2 ! important po9ts may be briefly /at$1 ?us3 ,end ( ! deluge #aaafeg ,a4 ,m4 ,fohi1 fir/ emp]or1 began to reign #aidg ,a4 ,m4 ,noah di$ #bjjg ,a4 ,m4 ,eohi ,*9un1 second emp]or1 began to reign #bjfa ,a4 ,m4 ,hoang-ti1 ! ?ird emp]or1 began to reign #bbja ,a4 ,m4 ,hoang-ti aft] e/abli%+ ! silk culture1 di$ #bcja ,a4 ,m4 ,hoang-ti 0 !re=e contempor>y ) ,joseph :5 adm9i/]+ ! affairs ( ,egypt4#ab ,b w\ld we "k :at acc\nt ! ,*9ese !mselves give relative to ! e>lie/ introduction ( ! silk culture1 we %all f9d x 9 ! ,fr5* v]sion ( ! ,*9ese ,treatises1 by ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli51 or 9 ! foll[+ words ( pages #gg & #gh1 z translat$ & publi%$ 9 #ahch1 at ,wa%+ton1 "u ! title ( 8,summ>y ( ! pr9cipal ,*9ese ,treatises ^u ! ,culture ( ! ,mulb]ry1 & ! re>+ ( ,silk-worms40 #aj ,a4 ,m4 signifies ,anno ,mundi1 t is 9 ! ye> ( ! ,_w4 ,! ,ye> ( ,our ,"l always comm5ces on ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 ! day on :i* ,*ri/ 0 circumcis$1 be+ eight days old4 ,f ! ,creation until ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 0 #djjd ye>s4 ,tir9 places ! bir? ( ,*ri/ 9 ! #cf? ye> ( ,h]od1 ! #dj? ( ,augu/us1 ! #bh? f ! battle ( ,actium1 ! #gdi? ( ,rome1 & ! #d? ( ! #aic;d ,olympiad4 #aa ,x w "h n be improp] to obs]ve t ! ,sam>itan text & ,septuag9t v]sion ( ! ,hebrew1 c>ry ! deluge z f> back z to ! ye> #cgaf be=e ,*ri/2 or #ajjj ye>s be=e ! ,*9ese acc\nt ( ,hoang-ti4 ,on ?is subject see ! ,new ,analysis ( ,*ronology1 by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,hales1 ,d4,d4 #dto41 #c vol4 #ab ,joseph di$ 9 ! #bcfi? ye> f ! ,creation4 ,9 ! book on silk-worms1 we read3 8,! lawful wife ( ! emp]or ,hoang-ti1 nam$ ,si-l+-*i1 began ! culture ( silk4 ,x 0 at t "t t ! emp]or ,hoang-ti inv5t$ ! art ( mak+ g>m5ts76740 ,! same fact is m5tion$ m 9 detail 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,*9a1 by ,p4 ,maill1 9 ! ye> #bfjb1 be=e our era 7#dddg ye>s ago74 8,?is great pr9ce 7,hoang-ti7 0 desir\s t ,si-l+-*i1 8 legitimate wife1 %\ld contribute to ! happ9ess ( 8 p4 ,he *>g$ h] to exam9e ! silk-worms1 & to te/ ! practicability ( us+ ! ?read4 ,si-l+-*i _h a l>ge quantity ( ^! insects collect$1 :i* %e f$ h]self1 9 a place prep>$ = t purpose1 & discov]$ n only ! means ( rais+ !m1 b also ! mann] ( reel+ ! silk1 & ( employ+ x to make g>m5ts40 8,x is ?r\gh gratitude = s great a b5efit10 says ! hi/ory1 entitl$ ,wai-ki1 8t po/]ity has deifi$ ,si-l+-*i1 & r5d]$ h] p>ticul> honors "u ! "n ( ! goddess ( silk-worms40 7,memoirs on ! ,*9ese1 vol4 #ac1 p4 #bdj47 ,we h se5 t ! mo/ probable acc\nt relative to ! "t ( ,fohi1 said to h be5 ! fir/ ,*9ese emp]or1 is t he reign$ #bjeg ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 or 9 ! ye> ( ! _w #aidg4 8,accord+ to ! mo/ curr5t op9ion10 says ,m4 ,lavoisn1 8,*9a 0 f\nd$ by "o ( ! colonies =m$ at ! disp]sion ( ,noah's po/]ity "u ! conduct ( ,yao1 :o took = 8 colleague ,*un1 aft]w>ds 8 successor4 ,b mo/ writ]s consid] ,fohi to h be5 ,noah himself76740 ,n[ ! deluge t]m9at$ ,a4 ,m4 #afeg1 & ,noah liv$ aft] ! deluge #cej ye>s#ac1 & !re=e di$ ,a4 ,m4 #bjjg2 & z ,fohi is said to h reign$ #aad ye>s1 be=e ,eohi ,*un or ,*9un succe$$ him1 he 0 contempor>y1 at lea/1 ) ,noah4 ,! ark re/$ on ,m\nt ,ar>at1 :i* is g5]ally all[$ to be "o ( ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 to ! ea/ ( ! head ( ! ,tigris4 ,& "h ! same au?or rem>ks1 t 89 r less ?an a c5tury & a half1 aft] ! bir? ( ,peleg1 x is suppos$ t ,noah1 be+ !n ab\t 8 #hdj? ye>1 we>i$ ) ! gr[+ depravity ( 8 desc5dants1 retir$ ) a select company to a remote corn] ( ,asia1 & !re began :at 9 aft] ages has be5 t]m$ ! ,*9ese mon>*y40#ad ,?is view ( ! subject1 we believe1 co9cides p]fectly ) ! reputable te/imonies pres5t$ by ,mairan1 ,bailly1 ,guignes1 & ,sir ,william ,jones1 & demon/rates t ! transit ( m c5tral aborig9es1 s9ce ! deluge1 to ! extremes ( ,*9a1 0 p]fectly feasible1#ae & a matt] ( ev5 high probability4 #ac ,g54 ix4 #bh4 #ad ,cl>ke's 8,treatise on ! ,mulb]ry-tree1 & ,silk-worm10 pp4 #ad1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #bg1 & #cd4 #ae ,see *ap4 iv4 p4 #fg4 ,also ,plate ,,vii4 7,map47 ,! fir/ anci5t au?or1 :o af=ds any evid5ce respect+ ! use ( silk1 is ,ari/otle4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 appe> to h be5 accurately acqua9t$ ) ! *anges ( ! silk-worm2 nor does he say1 t ! animal 0 br$ or ! raw mat]ial produc$ 9 ,cos4 ,he only says1 8,pamphile1 daught] ( ,plates1 is report$ to h fir/ wov5 x 9 ,cos40 7,see ,*apt]s ii4 iii4 & iv4 ( ?is ,"p47 ,long be=e ! "t ( ,ari/otle a regul> trade _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! int]ior ( ,asia1 :i* br\ght its mo/ valuable productions1 & especially ^? :i* 7 mo/ easily transport$1 to ! %ores opposite ?is fl\ri%+ isl&4 ,no?+ !re=e is m likely ?an t ! raw silk f ! int]ior ( ,asia 0 br\ght to ,cos & !re manufactur$4 ,we %all see h]eaft] f ! te/imony ( ,procopius1 t x 0 9 l mann] br\ght "s c5turies lat] to be wov5 9 ! ,phnician cities1 ,tyre & ,b]ytus4 ,! arts ( sp9n+ & weav+1 :i* rank next 9 importance to agriculture1 hav+ be5 f\nd among almo/ all ! nations ( ! old & new cont95ts1 ev5 among ^? little remov$ f b>b>ism1 are reasonably suppos$ to h be5 inv5t$ at a v remote p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory#af4 ,!y evid5tly exi/$ 9 ,egypt 9 ! "t ( ,joseph 7#agjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era71 z x is record$ t ,ph>aoh 8array$ him 9 ve/ures ( f9e l9540 7,g5esis xli4 #db47 ,two c5turies lat]1 ! ,hebrews c>ri$ ) !m on _! dep>ture f t anci5t seat ( civilization1 ! arts ( sp9n+1 dye+1 weav+1 & embroid]y2 = :5 ,moses con/ruct$ ! tab]nacle 9 ! wild]ness1 8! wom5 t 7 wise-he>t$ did sp9 ) _! h&s1 & br\ght t :i* !y _h spun1 bo? ( blue1 & ( purple1 & ( sc>let1 & ( f9e l9540 7,exod4 xxxv4 #be47 ,!y also 8spun goats' hair20 & ,bezaleel & ,aholiab 8work$ all mann] ( "w1 ( ! engrav]1 & ( ! cunn+ workman1 & ( ! embroid]]1 9 blue1 & ( purple1 & 9 sc>let1 & 9 f9e l951 & ( ! weav]40 ,^! passages conta9 ! e>lie/ m5tion ( wov5 clo?+1 :i* 0 l951 ! national manufacture ( ,egypt4 ,! prolific bord]s ( ! ,nile furni%$ f ! remote/ p]iods1 z at ! pres5t "t1 abundance ( ! f9e/ flax#ag2 & x appe>s1 f ! te/imony bo? ( sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory1 t l95 cont9u$ to be almo/ ! only k9d ( clo?+ us$ 9 ,egypt till aft] ! ,*ri/ian era#ah4 ,! ,egyptians export$ _! 8l95 y>n10 & 8f9e l9510 to ! k+dom ( ,israel1 9 ! days ( ,solomon1 7#b ,*ron4 i4 #af2 ,prov4 vii4 #af27 _! 8f9e l95 ) broid]$ "w10 to ,tyre1 7,ezek4 xxvii4 #g47 #af ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ,semiramis1 ! ,assyrian que51 0 believ$ to h be5 ! inv5tress ( ! art ( weav+4 ,m9]va is 9 "s ( ! anci5t /atutes repres5t$ ) a di/aff1 to intimate t %e taught m5 ! art ( sp9n+2 & ?is honor is giv5 by ! ,egyptians to ,isis1 by ! ,mohamm$ans to a son ( ,japhet1 by ! ,*9ese to ! consort ( _! emp]or ,yao1 & by ! ,p]uvians to ,mamaoella1 wife to ,manco-,capac1 _! fir/ sov]eign4 ,^! traditions s]ve only to c>ry ! invaluable arts ( sp9n+ & weav+ up to an extremely remote p]iod1 long prior to t ( au!ntic hi/ory4 #ag ,pa9t+s repres5t+ ! ga!r+ & prep>ation ( flax h be5 f\nd on ! walls ( ! anci5t sepul*res at ,elei?ias & ,b5i ,hassan1 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 & are describ$ & copi$ by ,hamilton4--8,rem>ks on sev]al p>ts ( ,turkey1 & on anci5t & mod]n ,egypt10 pp4 #ig & #bhg1 plate #bc4 #ah ,h]odotus1 book ii4 c4 #cg1 #ha4 7,see ,plate ,,vi47 ,! wom5 ( ,sidon be=e ! ,trojan w>1 7 especially celebrat$ = ! skill 9 embroid]y3 & ,hom]1 :o liv$ #ijj ye>s ,b4 ,c41 m5tions ,hel5 z be+ engag$ 9 embroid]+ ! combats ( ! ,greeks & ,trojans4 ,! transition f vegetable fibre to ! use ( animal /aples1 su* z wool & hair1 c\ld n h be5 v difficult2 inde$1 z already /at$1 x took place at a p]iod ( :i* we possess no v au!ntic writt5 record4 ,! in/rum5t us$ = sp9n+ 9 all c\ntries1 f ! e>lie/ times1 0 ! di/aff & sp9dle4 ,?is simple app>atus 0 put by ! ,greek my?ologi/s into ! h&s ( ,m9]va & ! ,p>c2 ,solomon employs ^u x ! indu/ry ( ! virtu\s woman2 to ! pres5t day ! di/aff is us$ 9 ,india1 ,egypt1 & o!r ea/]n c\ntries4 ,! anci5t sp9dle or di/aff 0 a v simple in/rum5t4 ,! late ,lady ,calcott in=ms u1 t x cont9u$ ev5 to our own days to be us$ by ! ,h9doos 9 all its primitive simplicity4 8,i h se510 %e says1 8! rock or di/aff =m$ simply ( ! lead+ %oot ( "s "y tree1 c>efully peel$1 x might be bir* or eld]1 &1 fur!r nor?1 ( fir or p9e2 & ! sp9dle =m$ ( ! beautiful %rub ,euonymus1 or sp9dle-tree40#ai #ai ,! sup]ior f95ess ( "s ,indian musl9s1 & _! quality ( reta9+1 long] ?an ,european fabrics1 an appe>ance ( excell5ce1 has occasion$ a belief t ! cotton wool ( :i* !y are wov5 is sup]ior to any kn[n else:]e2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is s f> f be+ ! fact1 t no cotton is to be f\nd 9 ,india :i* at all equals 9 quality ! bett] k9ds produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! excell5ce ( ,india musl9s mu/ be :olly ascrib$ to ! skilfulness & pati5ce ( ! workm51 z %[n 9 ! diff]5t processes ( sp9n+ & weav+4 7,see ,plate v47 ,_! y>n is spun ^u ! di/aff1 & x is ow+ to ! dext]\s use ( ! f+] & ?umb 9 =m+ ! ?read1 & to ! moi/ure :i* x ?us imbibes1 t its fibres are m p]fectly incorporat$ ?an !y c be ?r\gh ! employm5t ( any me*anical sub/itutes4 ,sp9n+ among ! ,egyptians1 z among our ance/ors ( no v di/ant age1 0 a dome/ic occupation 9 :i* ladies ( rank did n hesitate to engage4 ,! t]m 8sp9/]0 is yet appli$ to unm>ri$ ladies ( e rank1 & !re are p]sons yet alive :o rememb] to h se5 ! sp9n+ :eel an ord9>y piece ( furniture 9 dome/ic economy4 ,we are told t 8,solomon _h horses br\ght out ( ,egypt & l95 y>n2 ! k+'s m]*ants receiv$ ! l95 y>n at a price40 7#a ,k+s1 x4 #bh47 ,& ! l95 ( ,egypt 0 highly valu$ 9 ,pale/9e1 = ! s$uc]1 9 ,prov]bs1 says1 8,i h deck$ my b$ ) cov]+s ( tape/ry1 ) c>v$ works1 ) f9e l95 ( ,egypt40 7,prov4 vii4 #af47 ,! prophet ,ezekiel also decl>es t ! export ( ! textile fabrics 0 an important bran* ( ,phnician comm]ce2 = 9 8 enum]ation ( ! articles ( traffic 9 ,tyre1 he says3 8,f9e l95 ) broid]$ "w f ,egypt 0 t :i* ?\ spreade/ =? to be ?y sail2 blue & purple f ! isles ( ,eli%a 0 t :i* cov]$ !e40 7,ezek4 xxvii4 #g47 ,x des]ves to be rem>k$ t ! prophet "h jo9s ,egypt ) ! isles ( ,eli%a or ,elis1 t is1 ! di/ricts ( we/]n ,greece1 & ?us confirms ! anci5t tradition record$ by ,h]odotus ( "s ,egyptian coloni/s hav+ settl$ 9 t c\ntry1 :i* ! sceptics ( ! ,g]man s*ool ( hi/ory h ?\ght prop] to d5y4#bj ,sp9n+ 0 :olly a female employm5t2 x is r s+ul> t we f9d ?is "w frequ5tly p]=m$ by a l>ge numb] collect$ toge!r1 z if ! factory sy/em _h be5 e/abli%$ #cjjj ye>s ago4 #bj ,! sceptical s*ool ( hi/ory1 f\nd$ by ,niebuhr1 9 ,g]many1 & ext5d$ by 8 disciples to a sweep+ incr$ulity1 f> beyond :at 0 contemplat$ by ! f\nd]1 has labor$ h>d to prove1 t ! ,greek sy/em ( civilization 0 indig5\s1 & t ! c&id confession ( ,h]odotus1 attribut+ to ,egyptian colonies ! fir/ introduction ( ! arts ( life into ,hellas1 0 an idle tale1 or a gr\ndless tradition4 ,b ! exam9ation ( ! monum5ts has prov$ t ,greek art orig9at$ 9 ,egypt2 & t ! elem5ts ( ! ar*itectural1 sculptural1 & pictorial wond]s :i* h r5d]$ ,greece & ,italy illu/ri\s1 7 d]iv$ f ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 _m specim5s ( sp9n+ z a dome/ic employm5t4 ,inde$1 att5tion to ! sp9dle & di/aff =ms a lead+ feature 9 k+ ,lemuel's description ( a virtu\s woman4 8,:o c f9d a virtu\s woman8 = h] price is f> above rubies4 ,! he>t ( h] husb& do? safely tru/ 9 h]1 s t he %all h no ne$ ( spoil4 ,%e w d him good & n evil all ! days ( h] life4 ,%e seeke? wool & flax1 & worke? will+ly ) h] h&s4 ,%e is l ! m]*ant's %ips2 %e br+e? h] food f af>4 ,%e rise? also :ile x is yet night1 & give? meat to h] h\sehold1 & a portion to h] maid5s4 ,%e consid]e? a field1 & buye? x2 ) ! fruit ( h] h&s %e plante? a v9ey>d4 ,%e girde? h] lo9s ) /r5g?1 & /r5g!ne? h] arms4 ,%e p]ceive? t h] m]*&ise is good3 h] c&le goe? n out by night4 ,%e laye? h] h&s to ! sp9dle1 & h] h&s hold ! di/aff4 ,%e /ret*e? out h] h& to ! poor2 yea1 %e rea*e? =? h] h&s to ! ne$y4 ,%e is n afraid ( ! sn[ = h] h\sehold3 = all h] h\sehold are clo!d ) sc>let4 ,%e make? h]self cov]+s ( tape/ry2 h] clo?+ is silk & purple4 ,h] husb& is kn[n 9 ! gates1 :5 he sitte? among ! eld]s ( ! l&4 ,%e make? f9e l951 & selle? x2 & deliv]e? girdles unto ! m]*ant40 7,prov4 xxxi4 #aj-bd47 ,hamilton & ,wilk9son h already %[n t _m ( ! descriptions ( combats we meet 9 ! ,iliad appe> to h be5 d]iv$ f ! battle pieces on ! walls ( ! ,!ban palaces1 :i* ! poet himself pretty pla9ly intimates t he _h visit$4 ,! same obs]vation may be appli$ to mo/ ( ,hom]'s pictures ( dome/ic life4 ,we f9d ! lady ( ! mansion sup]9t5d+ ! labors ( h] s]vants1 & us+ ! di/aff h]self4 ,h] sp9dle made ( "s preci\s mat]ial1 ri*ly ornam5t$1 h] beautiful "w-basket1 or r vase1 & ! wool dy$ ( "s bright hue to r5d] x wor?y ( be+ t\*$ by ari/ocratic f+]s1 rem9d u ( ! appropriate pres5t :i* ! ,egyptian que51 ,alc&ra1 made to ! ,sp>tan ,hel52 = ! beauty ( t frail fair "o sc>cely is less celebrat$ ?an h] skill 9 embroid]y & e species ( ornam5tal "w4 ,aft] ,polybus _h giv5 8 pres5ts to ,m5elaus1 :o /opp$ at ,egypt on 8 return f ,troy1 ,alc&ra1 consort ( 8 high comm&1 ,a gold5 di/aff gave to ,hel5's h&2 ,& t ri* vase1 ) liv+ sculpture wr\ght1 ,:i*1 heap'd ) wool1 ! beaute\s ,phylo br\ght2 ,! silk5 fleece empurpl$ = ! loom1 ,rivall'd ! hyac9? 9 v]nal bloom4 ,odyssey1 iv4 ,9 ! hi]oglyphics ov] p]sons employ$ ) ! sp9dle on ! ,egyptian monum5ts1 x is rem>kable t ! ^w saht1 :i* 9 ,coptic signifies to twi/1 con/antly occurs4 ,! sp9dles 7 g5]ally ( wood1 & 9 ord] to increase _! impetus 9 turn+1 ! circul> head 0 occasionally ( gypsum1 or composition3 "s1 h[ev]1 7 ( a light plait$ "w1 made ( ru%es1 or palm leaves1 /a9$ ( v>i\s colors1 & furni%$ ) a loop ( ! same mat]ials1 = secur+ ! tw9e aft] x 0 w\nd#ba4 ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son f\nd "o ( ^! sp9dles at ,!bes1 ) "s ( ! l95 ?read ^u x1 & is n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 #ba ,! ord9>y di/aff does n occur 9 ^! subjects1 b we may conclude !y _h x4 ,hom] m5tions "o ( gold1 giv5 to ,hel5 by 8,alc&ra ! wife ( ,polybus10 :o liv$ 9 ,egyptian ,!bes4--,od4 iv4 #aca4 ,!ocritus has giv5 u a v /rik+ pro( ( ! pleasure :i* ! wom5 ( ,miletus took 9 ^! employm5ts2 =1 :5 he w5t to visit 8 fri5d ,nicias1 ! ,milesian physician1 to :om he _h previ\sly address$ 8 elev5? & ?irte5? ,idylls1 he c>ri$ ) him an ivory di/aff z a pres5t = ,!ug5is1 8 fri5d's wife4 ,he accompani$ 8 gift ) ! foll[+ v]ses1 :i* mode/ly comm5d ! matron's indu/ry & virtue1 &1 at ! same "t1 ?r[ an int]e/+ light on ! dome/ic economy ( ! ladies ( ,miletus3 ,o ,di/aff1 fri5d to w>p & wo(1 ,m9]va's gift 9 man's beho(1 ,:om c>eful h\sewives /ill reta91 ,& ga!r to _! h\seholds ga92 ,) me repair1 no vulg> prize1 ,:]e ! fam$ t[]s ( ,nileus rise#bb1 ,:]e ,cy!rea's swayful p[] ,is wor%ip'd 9 ! re$y b[]4 ,?i!r1 w\ld ,jove k9d breezes s5d1 ,i /e] my c\rse to meet my fri5d1 ,nicias1 ! ,graces' honor'd *ild1 ,adorn'd ) sweet p]suasion mild1 ,t ,i 8 k9dness may requite-- ,may be delight$1 & delight4 ,!e1 ivory di/aff1 ,i provide1 ,a pres5t = 8 bloom+ bride2 ,) h] ?\ wilt sweet toil p>take ,& aid h] v>i\s ve/s to make4 ,= ,!ug5is ! %eph]ds %e> ,! %eep's s(t fleeces twice a ye>1 ,s de>ly indu/ry %e loves ,& all t wisdom po9ts1 approves1 ,i ne'er design'd to be> !e h5ce ,to ! dull h\se ( ,indol5ce2 ,=1 9 t city ?\ w]t fram$ ,:i* ,ar*ias built1 ,cor9?ian nam$1-- ,fair ,syracuse1 ,sicilia's pride1 ,:]e troops ( fam\s m5 abide4 ,dwell ?\ ) him ^: art c cure ,ea* dire disease t m5 endure2 ,!e to ,miletus n[ ,i give1 ,:]e pleasure-cr[n'd ,ionians live2 ,t ,!ug5is by !e may ga9 ,fair honor ) ! female tra92 ,& ?\ r5ew )9 h] brea/ ,remembrance ( h] muse-*>m'd gue/4 ,admir+ !e1 ea* maid w call ,! favor great1 ! pres5t small2 ,= love ! smalle/ gift comm5ds1 ,all ?+s are valu$ by our fri5ds4 ,idyll1 xxviii4 #bb ,miletus 0 call$ 8! t[]s ( ,nileus10 f its hav+ be5 f\nd$ by ,nileus1 ! son ( ! celebrat$ k+ ,codrus1 :o devot$ himself = ! safety ( ,a!ns4 ,nileus 0 s indignant at ! abolition ( royalty on 8 fa!r's dea?1 t he migrat$ to ,ionia4 ,! ,roman & ,grecian ladies display$ n less ta/e 9 ! decoration ( _! v>i\s sp9n+ implem5ts1 ?an ^? ( mod]n times 9 ! ornam5ts ( _! "w-table4 ,! cala?us or qualus 0 ! basket 9 :i* ! wool 0 kept = ! fair sp9/]s4 ,x 0 usually made ( wick]-"w4 ,?us ,catullus 9 8 description ( ! nuptials ( ,peleus & ,!tis1 says3 ,! s(te/ fleeces1 :ite z driv5 sn[1 ,beside _! feet 9 osi] baskets gl[4 ,poema1 lxiv4 ,hom] ass]ts t ! ,egyptian que5 ,alc&ra pres5t$ ,hel5 ) a silv] "w-basket z well z a gold5 di/aff 7,odyss4 iv472 & f ! pa9t+s on anci5t vases1 we see t ! cala?i ( ladies ( rank 7 ta/efully wr\ght & ri*ly ornam5t$4 ,f ! t]m qualus or quasillus1 equival5t to cala?us1 ! ,romans call$ ! female slaves employ$ 9 sp9n+ quasill>i4 ,! mat]ial prep>$ = sp9n+ 0 wrapp$ loosely r\nd ! di/aff1 ! wool be+ previ\sly comb$1 or ! flax hackl$ by processes n v dissimil> to ^? us$ at ! pres5t day among/ ! peasantry 9 ! we/ ( ,irel&4 ,! ball ?us =m$ on ! di/aff requir$ to be arrang$ ) "s neatness & skill1 9 ord] t ! fibres %\ld be suffici5tly loose to be drawn out by ! h& ( ! sp9n]4 ,ovid decl>es1 t ,ara*ne's skill 9 ?is simple process excit$ ! wond] ( ! nymphs :o came to see h] triumphs 9 ! textile art1 n less ?an ! f9i%$ labors ( ! loom4 ,(t1 to admire ! nic5ess ( h] skill1 ,! nymphs w\ld quit _! f\nta91 %ade1 or hill3 ,?i!r f gre5 ,tymolus !y repair1 ,& leave ! v9ey>ds1 _! peculi> c>e2 ,?i!r f fair ,pactolus' gold5 /ream1 ,drawn by h] art1 ! curi\s ,naids came4 ,nor w\ld ! "w1 :5 f9i%'d1 please s mu* ,z :ile %e wr\ght to view ea* graceful t\*2 ,:e!r ! %apeless wool 9 balls %e w\nd1 ,or ) quick motion turn'd ! sp9dle r\nd4 ,met1 vi4 ,! di/aff 0 g5]ally ab\t ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 commonly a /ick or re$1 ) an expansion ne> ! top = hold+ ! ball4 ,x 0 sometimes1 z we h %[n1 compos$ ( ri*] mat]ials4 ,! di/aff 0 usually held "u ! left arm1 & ! fibres 7 drawn out f ! project+ ball1 be+1 at ! same "t1 spirally twi/$ by ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! "r h&4 ,! ?read s produc$ 0 w\nd ^u ! sp9dle until ! quantity 0 z great z x w\ld c>ry4 ,! sp9dle 0 made ( "s light wood1 or re$1 & 0 g5]ally f eight to twelve in*es 9 l5g?4 ,at ! top ( x 0 a slit1 or cat*1 to :i* ! ?read 0 fix$1 s t ! weight ( ! sp9dle might c>ry ! ?read d[n to ! gr\nd z fa/ z x 0 f9i%$4 ,its l[] extremity 0 ins]t$ into a :orl1 or :eel1 made ( /one1 metal1 or "s heavy mat]ial :i* bo? s]v$ to keep x /eady & to promote its rotation4 ,! sp9n]1 :o1 z we h said be=e1 0 usually a female1 e n[ & !n gave ! sp9dle a fre% gyration by a g5tle t\* s z to increase ! twi/ ( ! ?read4 ,:5ev] ! sp9dle rea*$ ! gr\nd a l5g? 0 spun2 ! ?read 0 !n tak5 out ( ! slit1 or clasp1 & w\nd ^u ! sp9dle2 ! clasp 0 !n clos$ aga91 & ! sp9n+ ( a new ?read comm5c$4 ,all ^! circum/ances are briefly m5tion$ by ,catullus1 9 a poem f :i* we h already quot$3-- ,! load$ di/aff1 9 ! left h& plac$1 ,) spongy coils ( sn[-:ite wool 0 grac$2 ,f ^! ! "r h& l5g!n+ fibres drew ,:i* into ?read 'nea? nimble f+]s grew4 ,at int]vals a g5tle t\* 0 giv5 ,by :i* ! twirl+ :orl 0 onw>d driv54 ,!n1 :5 ! s9k+ sp9dle rea*'d ! gr\nd1 ,! rec5t ?read ar\nd its spire 0 w\nd1 ,until ! clasp )9 its nipp+ cleft ,held fa/ ! newly-f9i%'d l5g? ( weft4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is description ( ,catullus1 x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d1 t z ! bobb9 ( ea* sp9dle 0 load$ ) ?read1 x 0 tak5 (f f ! :orl & plac$ 9 a basket until !re 0 a suffici5t quantity = ! weav]s to comm5ce _! op]ations4 ,hom] incid5tally m5tions ! spool or sp9dle on :i* ! weft-y>n 0 w\nd1 9 8 description ( ! race at ! fun]al-games 9 honor ( ,patroclus3 ,oileus l$ ! race2 ,! next ,ulysses1 measur+ pace ) pace ,beh9d him1 dilig5tly close he sp$1 ,z closely foll[+ z ! runn+ ?read ,! sp9dle foll[s1 & displays ! *>ms ,( ! fair sp9n]'s brea/1 & mov+ arms4 ,iliad1 xxiii4 ,9 ,india wom5 ( all ca/es prep>e ! cotton ?read = ! weav]1 sp9n+ x on a piece ( wire1 or a v ?9 rod ( poli%$ iron ) a ball ( clay at "o end2 ?is !y turn r\nd ) ! left h&1 & supply ! cotton ) ! "r2 ! ?read is !n w\nd ^u a /ick or pole1 & sold to ! m]*ants or weav]s2 = ! co>s] ?read ! wom5 make use ( a :eel v simil> to t ( ! ,iri% sp9/]1 ?\gh ^u a small] con/ruction4 7,= fur!r in=mation on ! manufactures ( ,india1 _! pres5t /ate1 c41 see ,"p ,,iii47 ,! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,c4 ,=/] ( ,great ,brita91 has lately publi%$ a v curi\s "w on ,arabia1 be+ ! result ( _m ye>s' untir+ rese>* 9 t "p ( ! _w2 f :i* we le>n ! v int]e/+ fact1 t ! anci5t ,arabians 7 skill$ 9 ! manufacture ( silk5 textures1 at z remote a p]iod z )9 #ejj ye>s ( ! flood6 ,mr4 ,=/] has1 x appe>s1 succe$$ 9 deciph]+ _m v rem>kable inscriptions f\nd on "s anci5t monum5ts ne> ,adon on ! coa/ ( ,hadramant4 ,^! records1 x is said1 re/ore to ! _w its e>lie/ writt5 language1 & c>ry u back to ! "t ( ,jacob1 & )9 #ejj ye>s ( ! flood4 ,! inscriptions are 9 ?ree p>ts4 ,! longe/ is ( t5 l9es1 engrav$ on a smoo? piece ( rock =m+ "o side ( ! t]race at ,hisn ,ghorab4 ,!n !re are ?ree %ort l9es1 f\nd on a small deta*$ rock on ! summit ( ! little hill4 ,!re are also two l9es f\nd ne> ! inscriptions1 l[] d[n ! t]race4 ,!y all relate to "o transaction1 an incid5t 9 ,adite hi/ory4 ,! tribe ( ,ad1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,sale1 7 desc5d$ f ,ad ! son ( ,aws or ,uz1 ! son ( ,aram1 ! son ( ,%em1 ! son ( ,noah4 ,! ev5t record$ is ! r\t & entire de/ruction ( ! sons ( ,ac1 an ,arab tribe1 by ! ,aws or tribe ( ,ad1 :om !y invad$4 ,9 ,mr4 ,=/]'s book fac similes are giv5 ( ! inscription2 ! ,aditie & ! ,hamy>itie alphabet2 & a gloss>y conta9+ e ^w 9 !m1 its d]ivation1 & its explanation2 ) notes ( copi\s illu/ration ^u e po9t :i* !y involve4 ,! fir/ inscription ( t5 l9es is ?us translat$3 ,we dwelt1 liv+ long luxuri\sly 9 ! zananas ( ?is spaci\s mansion2 our condition exempt f mis=tune & adv]sity4 ,roll$ 9 ?r\gh our *annel4 ,! sea1 swell+ aga9/ our ca/le ) angry surge2 our f\nta9s fl[$ ) murmur+ fall1 above ,! l(ty palms2 ^: keep]s plant$ dry dates 9 our valley date-gr\nds2 !y s[$ ! arid rice4 ,we hunt$ ! "y m\nta9-goats & ! "y h>es1 ) g9s & sn>es2 beguil+ we drew =? ! fi%es4 ,we walk$ ) sl[1 pr\d gait1 ,,9 ,,ne$le-,,work$1 ,,_m-,,color$ ,,silk ,,ve/m5ts1 ,,9 ,,:ole ,,silks1 ,,9 ,,grass-,,gre5 ,,*equ]$ ,,robes#bc6 ,ov] u presid$ k+s1 f> remov$ f bas5ess1 & /]n *a/is]s ( reprobate & wick$ m54 ,!y not$ d[n = u accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,heb]1 ,good judgm5ts1 writt5 9 books to be kept2 & we proclaim$ our belief 9 miracles1 9 ! resurrection1 9 ! return into ! no/rils ( ! brea? ( life4 ,made an inroad robb]s1 & w\ld d u viol5ce2 we rode =?1 we & our g5]\s y\?1 ) /iff & %>p-po9t$ spe>s2 ru%+ onw>d4 ,pr\d *ampions ( our families & wives2 fight+ valiantly ^u c\rs]s ) long necks1 dun-color$1 iron-gray1 & bright bay4 ,) our swords /ill w\nd+ & pi]c+ our adv]s>ies1 until *>g+ home1 we conqu]$ & cru%$ ?is refuse ( mank9d4 #bc ,silk is ! only mat]ial us$ = human clo?+ :i* ,mohamm$1 ! impo/or1 introduces among ! luxuries ( ,p>adise4 7,see ! ,koran1 *ap4 #ce47 ,on ! subject ( ^! inscriptions1 ,mr4 ,=/]1 9 ! d$ication ( 8 book to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ?us rem>ks3 8,:at ,job 7:o1 liv+ 9 ! opposite qu>t] ( ,arabia1 amid ! s&s ( ! great ,nor!rn des]t1 _h no la/+ mat]ial )9 rea* on :i* to p]petuate 8 ?\ghts17 s e>ne/ly desir$1 /&s "h realiz$40 8,oh t my words 7 n[ writt56 ,oh t !y 7 pr9t$ 9 a ,book6 ,t 7l ! k9dr$ cre$ ( ! lo/ tribe ( ,ad7 !y 7 grav5 ) an iron p51 & lead1 9 ! rock =ev]4 7,= m9e is a bett] & bright] revelation ?an !irs47 ,= ,i "k t my ,r$eem] live?1 & t he %all /& at ! latt] day ^u ! e>?2 & ?\gh1 aft] my sk91 worms de/roy ?is body1 yet 9 ! fle% %all ,i see ,god3 :om ,i %all see = myself1 & m9e eyes %all behold1 & n ano!r40 ,t ! ,arabians %\ld h und]/ood ! manufacture ( silk5 textures at z remote a p]iod z t suppos$ by ,mr4 ,=/]1 viz41 #ejj ye>s aft] ! flood1 is1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 exce$+ly que/ionable1 yet x _c be d5i$ t we are indebt$ to !m = _m useful inv5tions1 & among :i* may be m5tion$ ! art ( mak+ cotton pap]#bd4 ,x is no less true t we fir/ receiv$ our cotton-wool f c\ntries :]e ! ,arabic language 0 spok54 ,to ! ,arabs also we are indebt$ = t almo/ indisp5sable article ( app>el1 ! %irt1 ! ,arabic "n = :i* is camees1 :5ce ! ,italian camiscia1 & ! ,fr5* *emise#be4 ,9 ! attempt "h made to trace f ! d>k ages ( antiquity ! progress ( trades & manufactures s widely diffus$ ov] ! civilis$ _w z ^? ( cotton1 l951 silk1 wool1 c41 *ronological ord] is foll[$ z closely z ! nature ( ! inquiry w p]mit4 #bd ,see ,app5dix ,b4 #be ,= fur!r in=mation on ,arabia1 see ,p>ts ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,silk ,,manufacture ,,cont9u$ ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,c5tury4 ,,sp9n+1 ,,dye+1 ,,& ,,weav+4--,,high ,,degree ,,( ,,excell5ce ,,atta9$ ,,9 ,,^! ,,arts4 ,te/imony ( ! ,lat9 ,poets ( ! ,augu/an age--,tibullus--,prop]tius--,virgil--,ho race--,ovid--,dyonisius ,p]igetes--,/rabo4 ,m5tion ( silk by au?ors 9 ! fir/ c5tury--,s5eca ! ,philosoph]--,s5eca ! ,trag$ian--,lucan--,pl9y--,josephus--,sa 9t ,john--,silius ,italicus--,/atius--,plut>*--,juv5al--,m >tial--,pausanias--,gal5--,clem5s ,alex&r9us--,caution to ,*ri/ian conv]ts aga9/ ! use ( silk 9 dress4 ,m5tion ( silk by au?ors 9 ! second c5tury--,t]tullian--,apuleius--,ulpian-- ,julius ,pollux--,ju/94 ,m5tion ( silk by au?ors 9 ! ?ird c5tury--lius ,lampidius--,vopiscus--,trebellius ,pollio--,cyprian--,sol9us--,ammianus ,m>cell9us--,use ( silk by ! ,roman emp]ors--,extraord9>y beauty ( ! textures--,use ( wat] to deta* silk f ! trees--,invectives ( ^! au?ors aga9/ extravagance 9 dress--,! ,s]es describ$ z a happy p--,_! mode ( traffic1 etc4--7,macph]son's op9ion ( ! ,*9ese47--,city ( ,dioscurias1 its va/ comm]ce 9 =m] times4--7,colonel ,syke's acc\nt ( ! ,kolissura silk-worm--,dr4 ,roxburgh's description ( ! ,tusseh silk-worm47 ,! next ,au?ors1 :o make m5tion ( silk1 are ! ,lat9 poets ( ! ,augu/an age1 ,tibullus & ,prop]tius1 ,virgil1 ,horace1 & ,ovid4 ,! ,p>?ian w>1 & ! increas$ int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,roman empire & ! k+doms ( ! ,ea/1 _h be5 ! means ( rec5tly introduc+ e k9d ( silk5 goods into m g5]al use1 al?\gh ^! manufactures 7 /ill s r>e z to be ! objects ( curiosity & admiration1 & 7 !re=e well adapt$ to be br\ght 9 among ! embelli%m5ts ( poetical imag]y4 ,! appe>ance ( ! silk5 flags atta*$ to ! gilt /&>ds ( ! ,p>?ians 7,florus iii4 #aa47 mu/ h be5 a v /rik+ sight = ! army ( ,crassus1 contribut+ bo? to inflame _! cupidity & to al>m !m ) a s5se ( ! p[] ( _! oppon5ts4 ,! conflict "h ref]r$ to took place 9 ! ye> #ed ,b4 ,c4 ,9 ab\t #cj ye>s aft] ?is date ! ,roman empire obta9$ its greate/ ext5sion4 ,9 ! language ( ,petronius ,arbit] 7c4 #aai471 ,?' insatiate ,roman spread 8 conqu]+ arms ,o'er l& & sea1 :]e'er heav5's light ext5ds4 ,aft] ^! words he says1 t among ! ri*e/ productions ( di/ant climates ! ,s]es s5t _! 8new fleeces40 ,! remote/ c\ntries ?us contribut$ to increase ! luxury ( ,rome1 & we %all n[ see h[ silk1 "o ( ! mo/ co/ly & ! mo/ admir$ ( its rec5t acquisitions1 0 us$ by its poets to repres5t ! poli% ( elevat$ life & to adorn _! language ) ri* & beautiful allusions4 ,! webs1 :i* !y m5tion1 are ei!r ^? /ill obta9$ f ,cos1 or ^? import$ f ! c\ntry ( ! ,s]es4 ,,tibullus4 ,a ,coan ve/ = girls4 ,l4 ii4 #d4 ,%e may ?9 g>m5ts we>1 :i* female ,coan h&s ,h wov51 & 9 /ripes dispos'd ! gold5 b&s4 ,l4 ii4 #f4 ,! latt] ( ^! two passages is rem>kable z %[+ t ! ,coan wom5 practis$ ! elegant art ( int]weav+ gold ?read 9 _! silk5 webs4 ,! gold 0 no d\bt display$ 9 transv]se /ripes4 ,,prop]tius4 ,:y ?us1 my life1 display ?y braid$ hair1 ,& heave b5ea? ?9 ,coan webs ?y bosom fair8 ,l4 i4 #b4 ,9 ! next passage ,prop]tius is speak+ ( 8 own ,poetry1 & alludes to 8 frequ5t m5tion ( ,coan g>m5ts4 ,if bright %e walk 9 ,coan ve/ array'd1 ,?r\gh all ?is book w ,coan be display'd4 ,l4 ii4 #a4 ,,on ,a ,,/atue ,,( ,,v]tumnus4 ,my nature suits ea* *ang+ =m3 ,turn'd into :at y please1 ,i'm fair4 ,clo! me 9 ,coan1 ,i'm a dec5t lass1 ,put on a toga1 = a man ,i pass4 ,l4 iv4 #b4 ,! texture ( ! ,coan ,m9]va4 ,l4 iv4 #e4 ,:o gives no ,coan robe1 b v]se in/ead1 ,artless %all be 8 lyre1 8 v]ses dead4 ,ibid4 ,! same poet 7,l4 iv4 #h4 #bc47 m5tions 8,s]ica c>p5ta10 *>iots ) silk curta9s2 & ! foll[+ l9e 7,l4 i4 #ad4 #bb47 %[s1 t c\*es ) ornam5t$ silk cov]s 7 !n 9 use3 ,quid revelant v>iis ,s]ica textilibus8 ,prop]tius also m5tions silk "u ! "n ( ! animal1 :i* produc$ x3 ,%9es ) ! produce ( ?' ,arabian worm4 ,l4 ii4 #c4 #ae4 ,9 ?is l9e1 z well z 9 "s ( ^? be=e quot$1 he alludes to ! use ( silk by females ( indiff]5t "*4 ,he probably uses ! epi!t ,arabian1 because ! ,roman m]*ants obta9$ silk f ! ,arabs1 :o receiv$ x f ,p]sia4 ,,virgil4 ,s(t wool f d[ny groves ! ?iop weaves1 ,& ,s]es comb _! fleece f silk5 leaves4 ,georg4 ii4 #abj1 #aba4--,so!by's ,translation4 ,! poet is "h enum]at+ ! *ief productions ( diff]5t c\ntries1 & !re=e m5tions cotton & silk4 ,! idea1 t silk webs 7 manufactur$ f ?9 fleeces obta9$ f trees1 w be f\nd recurr+ 9 _m ( ! subsequ5t citations4 ,x may h be5 f\nd$ on reports br\ght by ! soldi]s ( ,crassus1 or by o!rs :o visit$ ! int]ior ( ,asia ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,,horace4 ,nor ,coan purples1 nor ! blaze ,( jewels c br+ back ! days1 ,:i*1 fix'd by "t1 record$ /&1 ,by all1 :o read ! ,fa/i1 scann'd4 ,od4 l4 iv4 #ac4 7ad ,lyc547 #ac-af4 ,z if unclo?'d1 %e /&s confess'd ,9 a transluc5t ,coan ve/4 ,sat4 i4 #b4 #aja4 ,^! passages allude to ! f95ess & transp>5cy ( silk5 webs1 :i* 9 ! "t ( ,horace 7 worn at ,rome only by pro/itutes1 or by ^? wom5 :o aim$ at be+ z attractive & luxuri\s z possible 9 _! attire4 ,! =m] passage %[s1 t ! silks manufactur$ 9 ,cos 7 dy$ ) ! murex1 8,co purpur40 ,! expression 8,s]icos pulvillos0 7,epod4 #h4 #ae47 has be5 suppos$ to d5ote small cu%ions cov]$ ) silk4 ,b ! epi!t 8,s]icos0 implies no?+ m ?an t !y 7 obta9$ f ! ,s]es1 :o suppli$ ! ,romans ) sk9s z well z silk#bf2 & lea!r seems to h be5 a m prop] sub/ance ?an silk = mak+ cu%ions4 #bf ,pl94 xxxiv4 cap4 #bd4 ,,ovid4 ,sive erit 9 ,tyriis1 ,tyrios laudabis amictus1 ,sive erit 9 ,cois1 ,coa dec]e puta4 ,aurata e/3 ipso tibi sit pretiosior auro2 ,gausapa si sumsit1 gausapa sumta proba4 ,ars ,amat4 ii4 #big-cjj4 ,:atev] clo?+ %e displays1 ,f ,tyre or ,cos1 t clo?+ praise3 ,if gold %[s =? ! arti/'s skill1 ,call h] ?an gold m preci\s /ill3 ,or if %e *oose a co>se attire1 ,e'en co>s5ess1 worn by h]1 admire4 ,9 ano!r passage 7,amores i4 #ad4 #e47 ,ovid comp>es ! ?9 hairs ( a lady to ! silk5 veils ( ! ,s]es1 ,veils su* z color'd ,s]es we>4 ,we n[ proce$ to ! te/imonies ( au?ors :o wrote ei!r 9 ,greek or ,lat9 at ! latt] "p ( ! ,augu/an age1 or imm$iately aft] x4 ,,dyonisius ,,p]iegetes4 1 1 1 1 1 4 7l4 #gee47 ,& ! b>b>\s nations ( ! ,s]es1 :o r5\nce ! c>e ( %eep & ox51 b comb ! v>i\sly color$ fl[]s ( ! des]t l& to make preci\s figur$ g>m5ts1 resembl+ 9 color ! fl[]s ( ! mead[1 & rivall+ 79 f95ess7 ! "w ( spid]s4--,yates's ,translation4 ,x is wor?y ( obs]vation t ,dyonisius speaks expressly n only ( ! f95ess ( ! ?read1 b ( ! fl[]$ texture ( ! silk4 ,,/rabo4 1 4 ,l4 xv4 #fie4 7v4 vi4 p4 #dj4 ,tzs*ucke47 ,?is is repeat$ by ,eu/a?ius on ,dyonisius ,p]iegetes#bg4 ,! acc\nt seems to h be5 tak5 by ,/rabo1 p]haps inaccurately1 f ,ne>*us4 ,x is d\btful1 :e!r d5ot$ silk5 webs 9 ?is passage4 ,b :atev] ,/rabo meant1 he suppos$ ! raw mat]ial to be scrap$ f ! b>k ( trees#bh4 #bg ,l4 #aajg4 p4 #cjh1 ,b]nh>dy4 #bh ,book ii4 *4 #c4 p4 #cjg4 ,z contempor>y ) ! au?ors la/ quot$1 ,dyonisius & ,/rabo1 we may "h m5tion ! law pass$ by ! ,roman ,s5ate e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 8,ne ve/is ,s]ica viros fd>et40 ,taciti ,annales1 ii4 #cc4 ,dion4 ,cass4 l4 #eg4 p4 #hfj4 ,reim4 ,suidas 9 v4 #bi4 ,silk 0 to be worn by wom5 only4 #bi ,dio ,cassius 7l4 #dc4 p4 #ceh4 ,rheim47 m5tions z a report1 t ,julius ,cs> employ$ silk curta9s 7 7 to add to ! spl5dor ( 8 triumph4 ,! next emp]or ,caligula _h silk curta9s to 8 ?rone 7,dion4 ,cass4 l4 #ei4 p4 #iae4 ,reim471 & he wore silk z "p ( 8 dress1 :5 he appe>$ 9 public4 ,dio ,cassius p>ticul>ly m5tions1 t1 :5 he 0 celebrat+ a k9d ( triumph at ,puteoli1 he put on :at he alleg$ to be ! ?orax ( ,alex&]1 & ov] t a silk5 *lamys1 dy$ ) ! murex1 & adorn$ ) gold & preci\s /ones4 ,on ! foll[+ day he wore a tunic int]wov5 ) gold#cj4 ,! use ( %awls & tunics ( silk 01 h[ev]1 except 9 ! case ( ! extravagances ( a ,caligula1 /ill conf9$ to ! female sex4 ,"u ! e>li] emp]ors x is probable1 t silk 0 obta9$ 9 consid]able quantities = ! w>drobe ( ! empress1 :]e x 0 pres]v$ f "o reign to ano!r1 until 9 ! ye> #agf ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us1 ! philosoph]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! exhau/$ /ate ( 8 treasury1 sold by public auction 9 ! ,=um ( ,trajan ! imp]ial ornam5ts & jewels toge!r ) ! gold5 & silk5 robes ( ! ,empress#ca4 #cj ,9 describ+ ! effem9ate dress ( ! emp]or ,caligula1 ,suetonius tells u 7cap4 #eb71 t he (t5 w5t into public1 we>+ bracelets & long sleeves1 & sometimes 9 a g>m5t ( silk & a cyclas4 #ca ,jul4 ,capitol4 c4 xvii4 p4 #fe4 ,bip4 ,,fir/ ,,c5tury4 ,,s5eca1 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,posse nos ve/itos esse s9e comm]cio ,s]um4--,epi/4 #ia4 ,we may clo! ourselves )\t any comm]ce ) ! ,s]es4 ,video ,s]icas ve/es1 si ve/es voc& sunt1 9 quibus nihil e/1 quo def5di aut corpus aut d5ique pudor possit3 quibus sumtis muli] p>um liquid nudam se non esse jurabit4 ,hc +5ti summ ab ignotis etiam ad comm]cium g5tibus acc]sunt]1 ut matron no/r ne adult]is quidem plus sui 9 cubiculo quam 9 publico o/5dant4--,de ,b5eficiis1 ,l4 vii4 c4 #i4 ,i see silk5 7,s]ic7 g>m5ts1 if !y c be call$ g>m5ts1 :i* _c af=d any protection ei!r = ! body or = %ame3 on tak+ :i* a woman w sc>ce ) a cle> consci5ce d5y1 t %e is nak$4 ,^! are s5t = at an enorm\s price f nations1 to :i* our comm]ce has n yet ext5d$1 9 ord] t our matrons may display _! p]sons to ! public no less ?an to adult]]s 9 _! *amb]6--,yates's ,translation4 ,! ,s]es mu/ be suppos$ to h dwelt some:]e 9 ! c5tre ( ,asia4 ,p]haps ^? geograph]s :o repres5t ,little ,bu*>ia z _! c\ntry#cb1 are ne>e/ ! tru?1 & ?us f> nei!r ,greeks nor ,romans _h p5etrat$4 ,silk 0 br\ght to !m 8f nations1 to :i* ev5 _! comm]ce _h n yet ext5d$40 ,h5ce _! inaccurate ideas respect+ its orig9#cc4 #cb ,! position ( ,s]ica is discuss$ by ,latreille 9 8 pap] h]eaft] cit$4 ,see also ,mann]t4 iv4 #f4 #f1 #g4 ,broti]1 ,mm4 de l',acad4 des ,inscrip4 tom4 #df4 ,john ,re9hold ,=/] 7,de ,bysso1 p4 #bj1 #ba47 ?9ks t ,little ,bu*>ia 0 c]ta9ly ! anci5t ,s]ica4 ,sir ,john ,b>r[ 7,travels 9 ,*9a1 p4 #dce-dch47 ?9ks ! ,s]es 7 n ! ,*9ese4 #cc ,! fir/ au?or :o speaks ( ! ,s]es z a di/9ct nation1 is ,mela1 iii4 #g4 ,he describes !m z a v hone/ p1 :o br\ght :at !y _h to sell1 laid x d[n & w5t away1 & !n return$ = ! price ( x4 ,! same acc\nt is giv5 by ,eu/a?ius1 on ,dyonisius1 l4 #geb4 p4 #bdb1 ,b]nh>dy4 ,,s5eca1 ,,! ,,trag$ian4 ,nec ,moni di/+uit acu1 ,qu ,phbeis subditus ,euris ,legit ,eois ,s] arboribus4 ,h]c4 tu1 #ffd4 ,nor ) ,monian ne$le m>ks ! web1 ,ga!r'd by ,ea/]n ,s]es f ! trees4 ,s]es1 illu/ri\s = _! fleece4 ,?ye/es1 #cgh4 ,remove1 ye maids1 ! ve/s1 ^: tissue gl>es ,) purple & ) gold2 f> be ! r$ ,( ,tyrian murex1 & ! %9+ ?read1 ,:i* fur!/ ,s]es ga!r f ! b\ghs4 ,hyppolitus1 #chf4 7,phdra loquitur47 ,at a v e>ly p]iod ! art ( dye+ _h be5 c>ri$ to a v great degree ( p]fection 9 ,phnicia4 ,! me?od ( dye+ wooll5 clo?s purple 01 x is said1 fir/ discov]$ at ,tyre4 ,?is color1 ! mo/ celebrat$ among ! anci5ts1 appe>s to h be5 br\ght to a degree ( excell5ce1 ( :i* we c =m b a v fa9t idea3 8,9 olde/ times1 :5 k+s & h>dy *iefs ,9 bleat+ %eep-folds met1 = pure/ wool ,phnicia's hilly tracts 7 mo/ r5[n'd1 ,& f]tile ,syria's & ,juda's l&1 ,h]mon1 & ,seir1 & ,hebron's brooky sides1 ,twice ) ! murex1 crimson hue1 !y t+'d ,! %9+ fleeces--h5ce _! gorge\s weal?2 ,& h5ce arose ! walls ( anci5t ,tyre#cd40 #cd ,old ,tyre 0 besieg$ by ,nebu*adnezz> 9 ! second ye> aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 or #ehd ,b4 ,c4 ,,lucan4 ,c&ida ,sidonio p]luc5t pectora filo1 ,quod ,nilotis acus p]cussum pect9e ,s]um ,solvit1 et ext5so laxavit /am9a velo4 ,l4 x4 #ada4 ,h] sn[y brea/ %9es ?r\gh ,sidonian ?reads1 ,fir/ by ! comb ( di/ant ,s]es /ruck1 ,divid$ !n by ,egypt's skilful toil1 ,& ) embroid]y transp>5t made4 ,! poet is describ+ ! dress ( ,cleopatra4 ,he supposes h] to h worn ov] h] brea/ a piece ( silk1 wov5 by ! ,s]es1 import$ ?r\gh ,sidon into ,egypt1 & !n embroid]$4 ,by ! la/ process1 9 :i* ! ,egyptians greatly excell$1 ! ?reads 7 9 "p sep>at$1 s z to exhibit ! appe>ance ( lace1 & to all[ ! :ite brea/ ( ! que5 to be visible ?r\gh ! texture4 ,amid/ ! braid+s ( h] fl[+ hair1 ,! spoils ( ori5t rocks & %ells appe>3 ,l midnight />s1 t5 ?\s& diamonds deck ,! comely ris+ ( h] graceful neck2 ,( wondr\s "w1 a ?9 transp>5t lawn ,o'er ea* s(t brea/ 9 dec5cy 0 drawn1 ,:]e /ill by turns ! p>t+ ?reads )drew1 ,& all ! pant+ bosom rose to view4 ,h] robe1 h] e "p1 h] air confess ,! p[] ( female skill exhau/$ 9 h] dress4 ,ph>salia1 x4 ,9 gl[+ purple ri* ! cov]+s lie1 ,twice _h !y drunk ! noble/ ,tyrian dye ,o!rs1 z ,ph>ian arti/s h ! skill ,to mix ! p>ty-color'd web at w1 ,) w9d+ trails ( v>i\s silks 7 made1 ,^: bran*+ gold set (f ! ri* brocade4 ,ibid4 ,) ?is description we comp>e t ( ,s5eca1 :i* repres5ts silk z embroid]$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ) ! 8,monian ne$le40 ,,pl9y speaks copi\sly & repeat$ly ( ! manufacture ( silk4 ,nev]!less we le>n f him sc>ce any?+1 :i* we did n "k f ! e>li] au?orities4 ,8 acc\nts are tak5 f ,ari/otle1 f ,v>ro1 & probably also f p]sons :o accompani$ ! ,p>?ian exp$itions1 or :o engag$ 9 ! trade ) inn] ,asia4 ,b accord+ to 8 usual mann]1 :5 he speaks ( :at he has n himself se51 he conf\nds acc\nts f diff]5t witnesses1 :i* are inconsi/5t ) "o ano!r4 ,he ass]ts t ! bombyx 0 a native ( ,cos2 b x is n probable t ! wom5 ( t isl& w\ld1 9 su* case1 h rec\rse to ! labori\s op]ation ( conv]t+ =eign f9i%$ goods into ?reads = _! own weav+4 ,x is1 !re=e1 only reasonable to suppose t :atev] manufacture 0 c>ri$ on f ! raw mat]ial1 01 l t ( ,tyre or ,b]ytus1 compos$ ( unwr\ght silk import$ f ! ,ea/4 ,x is m5tion$ bo? by ,!ophanes & ,zon>es1 ! ,byzant9e hi/orians1 t be=e silk-worms 7 br\ght to ,con/ant9ople 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 no p]son 9 t capital knew t silk 0 produc$ by a worm2 a tol]ably /rong evid5ce t none 7 re>$ s ne> to ,con/ant9ople z ,cos4 ,pl9y's acc\nt ( ! ,coan bombyx is evid5tly a cl\d ( fable & absurdity1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 we may disc]n a few l9es ( tru?1 probably d]iv$ f ! acc\nts ( ! silk-worm ( ! ,s]es4 ,,josephus says1 t ! emp]ors ,titus & ,vespasian wore silk dresses#ce1 :5 !y celebrat$ at ,rome _! triumph ov] ! ,jews4 #ce ,de ,bello ,jud4 vii4 #e4 #d4 ,,sa9t ,,john4 ,silk 77 occurs b once 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,rev4 xviii4 #ab4 ,x is "h m5tion$ 9 a curi\s enum]ation ( all ! mo/ valuable articles ( =eign traffic4 ,,silius ,,italicus4 ,s]es lanig]is repetebant vell]a lucis4 ,punica4 vi4 #d4 ,s]es took fleeces f ! woolly groves4 ,mun]a rubri ,prt]ea ,ponti1 depexaque vell]a ramis1 ,fem9eus labor4 ,ib4 xiv4 #ffd4 ,! produce ( ! ,ery?ran seas1 ,& fleeces comb'd by wom5 f ! trees#cf4 ,vid]e ,eoi 7mon/rum admirabile67 ,s]es ,lanig]os c9]e ,ausonio canesc]e lucos4 ,ib4 xvii4 #eie1 #eif4 ,! ,s]es' woolly groves1 ,o wondr\s sight6 ,9 ! f> ,ea/1 7 ) ,italian a%es :ite4 #cf ,see latt] "p ( ,*apt] viii4 ,"p ,fir/4 ,9 ! la/ passage ,silius is describ+ ! effects ( ! rec5t eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 ,a4 ,d4 #gi4 ,t its a%es %\ld rea* ! c\ntry ( ! ,s]es1 :e!r x 0 9 ,p]sia or ,*9a1 w\ld inde$ h be5 8,mon/rum admirabile60 ,,/atius4 ,s]ic 7i4 e4 silk57 palls4 ,sylv1 iii4 #d4 #hi4 ,,plut>* dissuades ! virtu\s & prud5t wife f we>+ silk#cg4 ,he m5tions1 t webs ( silk & f9e l95 7 at ! same "t ?9 & compact or close#ch4 #cg ,conjugailia ,prcepta1 tom4 vi4 p4 #eej4 ed4 ,reiske4 #ch ,de ,py?i ,orac4 c4 iv4 p4 #eeg4 ,reiske4 ,,juv5al speaks ( wom51 ,qu>um ,delicias et panniculus bombyc9us urit4 ,sat4 vi4 #bei4 ,^: beauty e'en a silk5 veil o'erheats4 ,,m>tial4 ,nec vaga tam t5ui discursat aranea tela1 ,tam leve nec bombyx p5dulus urget opus4 ,l4 viii4 #cc4 ,! spid] traces n s ?9 a l9e1 ,nor does ! p5d5t silk-worm sp9 s f9e4 ,fm9eum lucet sic p] bombyc9a corpus1 ,calculus 9 nitida sic num]atur aqua4 ,l4 viii4 #fh4 ,?us ?r\gh h] silk a lady's body looks1 ,?us c\nt we pebbles 9 ! sp>kl+ brooks4 ,de ,pallat9is dom9 quod ,s]ica prelis4 ,l4 xi4 #i4 ,"h ,m>tial alludes to ! employm5t ( presses 7prela7 = pres]v+ ! g>m5ts ( silk & o!r preci\s mat]ials1 belong+ to ! ,empress1 9 ! same way1 9 :i* we n[ use presses to keep table-l954 ,he says to a lady 7,l4 ix4 #ch471 ,nec d5tes alit]1 quam ,s]ica1 nocte reponas4 ,y\r tee? at night1 l silks1 y lay aside4 ,9 ano!r passage 7,l4 xi4 #bg47 he speaks ( silk5 goods 7,s]ica7 z procurable 9 ! ,vicus ,tuscus at ,rome3 & la/ly 9 ,l4 xiv4 ,ep4 #bd1 he m5tions ribbons or fillets ( silk z us$ = adorn+ ! hair4 ,t5uia ne madidi viol5t bombyc9a cr9es1 ,figat acus tortas1 su/9eatque comas4 ,le/ y\r moi/ hair defile ! ribbons ?91 ,twi/ x 9 knots1 & fix x ) a p94 ,,pausanias1 a native ( ,asia ,m9or1 & an inquisitive travell] 9 ! second c5tury1 gives ! foll[+ di/9ct acc\nt ( ,s]icum accord+ to ! ideas receiv$ among ! ,greeks 9 8 "t4 ,! ?reads f :i* ! ,s]es make webs1 are n ! produce ( b>k1 b are obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,!re is an animal 9 t c\ntry1 :i* ! ,greeks call ,s]1 b :i* !y call by "s o!r "n4 ,its size is twice t ( ! l>ge/ beetle4 ,9 o!r respects x resembles ! spid]s1 :i* weave "u ! trees4 ,x has also ! same numb] ( feet z ! spid]1 namely1 eight#ci4 ,9 ord] to bre$ ^! creatures1 ! ,s]es h h\ses adapt$ bo? = summ] & w9t]4 ,! produce ( ! animal is a f9e ?read twi/$ ab\t its legs4 ,! ,s]es fe$ x f\r ye>s on 8panicum40 ,9 ! fif? ye> !y give x gre5 re$1 ( :i* x is s fond z to eat ( x until x bur/s1 & aft] ?is ! greate/ "p ( ! ?read is f\nd )9 its body#dj4 #ci ,?is does n apply to ! silk-worm1 :i* has sixte5 legs1 9 pairs3 six prop] legs be=e1 & t5 hold]s beh9d4 7,see ,figure #a4 ,plate iii47 #dj ,l4 vi4 #bf4 p4 #abe4 ed4 ,siebel4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ circum/ance1 m5tion$ by ,pausanias1 is ! bre$+ ( ! silk-worms )9 doors 9 h\ses adapt$ bo? = summ] & w9t]4 ,!re seems no reason to d\bt ! tru? ( ?is fact2 &1 if admitt$1 x proves1 t _! c\ntry1 ! ,s]ica ( ! anci5ts1 lay s f> ,nor?1 or 0 s elevat$1 z to h a great diff]5ce ( temp]ature 9 summ] & 9 w9t]4 ,x is rem>kable1 t 9 ,*9a ! worms are n[ re>$ 9 small h\ses1 & ?is practice has long prevail$ 9 t c\ntry#da4 #da ,b>r['s ,travels 9 ,*9a1 p4 #dcg1 c4 ,rsum des ,traits ,*9ois1 c4 traduit p> ,juli51 p4 #gj-gb4 #gg-hj4 ,! practice is "h %[n to h prevail$ z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,,gal5 recomm5ds silk ?read = ty+ blood-vessels 9 surgical op]ations1 obs]v+ t ! opul5t wom5 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,roman empire possess$ su* ?read1 especially 9 ! great cities#db4 ,he also m5tions clo?s ( silk & gold 9 8 treatise1 c4 #i4 7,hippocratis et ,gal5i ,opp4 ed4 ,*>ti]1 tom4 vi4 p4 #ecc473 #db ,me?odus ,m$5di1 l4 xiii4 c4 #bb4 8,( ?is k9d are ! %awls int]wov5 ) gold1 ! mat]ials ( :i* are br\ght f af>1 & :i* are call$ ,s]ic or silk40 ,,clem5s ,,alex&r9us1 dissuad+ ! ,*ri/ian conv]t f luxury 9 dress1 ?us speaks3 1 1 1 1 1 4 ' 1 4--,pdag4 ii4 #aj4 ,b1 if x is necess>y to accommodate ourselves to ! wom51 let u conc$e to !m ! use ( clo?s1 :i* are a little s(t]1 only refus+ t degree ( f95ess1 :i* w\ld imply folly1 & su* webs z are excessively labor$ & intricate2 bidd+ f>ewell to gold ?read1 & to ! ,indian ,s]es1 & t indu/ri\s bombyx1 :i* is fir/ a worm1 !n puts on ! appe>ance ( a hairy cat]pill>1 & h5ce passes1 9 ! ?ird place1 into a ,bombylius1 or1 z "s call x1 a ,necydalus2 & out ( :i* is produc$ a long ?read1 9 ! same mann] z ! ?read ( ! spid]4 --,yates's ,translation4 ,! use ( ! epi!t 8,indian0 9 ?is passage may be acc\nt$ = f ! circum/ance1 t 9 ! "t ( ! writ] silk5 goods 7 br\ght to ,alex&ria & o!r cities ( ,egypt f ,india4 ,clem5s has evid5tly borr[$ ?is description f ,ari/otle4 ,,second ,,c5tury4 ,,t]tullian4 ?us describes ! ,bombyx3 ,v]miculi g5us e/1 qui p] arem liqu&o arane>um horoscopis idoneas s$es t5dit1 deh9c devorat1 mox alvo r$d]e2 pro9de si necav]is1 animata jam /am9a volves4 ,x is a k9d ( worm1 :i* ext5ds abodes l ! dials ( spid]s by float+ !m ?r\gh ! air4 ,x !n dev\rs !m s z to re/ore !m to its /oma*4 ,!re=e1 if y kill x1 y w roll liv+ ?reads4 7,see *ap4 ix47 ,9 ! same treatise 7,de ,pallio1 c4 #d47 we f9d ! foll[+ notice3 ,su* z ,h]cules 0 9 ! silk ( ,omphale4 ,soon aft]1 ! same au?or1 speak+ ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 says1 ,vic]at ,m$icam g5tem1 et victus e/ ,m$ic ve/e3----pectus squam>um signaculis disculptum1 textu pellucido teg5do1 nudavit3 et anhelum adhuc ab op]e belli1 ut mollius1 v5tilante s]ico ext9xit4 ,non erat satis animi tum5s ,mac$o1 ni illum etiam ve/is inflatior delectsset4 ,he _h conqu]$ ! ,m$es1 & 0 conqu]$ by a ,m$ian g>m5t4 ,:5 8 brea/ exhibit$ ! sculptur$ resemblances ( scales1 he cov]$ x ) a pellucid texture1 :i* r laid x b>e2 pant+ f ! "w ( w>1 he cool$ & mollifi$ x by ! use ( silk1 expos+ x to ! w9d4 ,x 0 n suffici5t = ! ,mac$onian to h a tumid m9d2 he requir$ to be delight$ also ) an inflat$ g>m5t4 ,he aft]w>ds says ( a philosoph]1 ,he w5t we>+ a g>m5t ( silk1 & s&als ( brass4 ,aga9 he says ( a l[ "*1 8,%e exposes h] silk to ! w9d40 ,9 8 treatise on ,female ,attire he m5tions silk 9 relation to ,milesian wool1 & he concludes t treatise 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,manus lanis occupate1 p$es domi figite1 et plus quam 9 auro placebitis4 ,ve/ite vos s]ico probitatis1 byss9o sanctitatis1 purpur pudiciti4 ,employ y\r h&s ) wool2 keep y\r feet at home4 ,?us w y please m ?an if y 7 9 gold4 ,clo! y\rselves ) ! silk ( probity1 ) ! f9e l95 ( sanctity1 & ) ! purple ( mode/y4 ,la/ly1 ?is au?or says 7,adv4 ,m>cionem1 l4 i4 p4 #cgb471 ,imit>e1 si potes1 apis dificia1 =mic /abula1 aranei retia1 bombycis /am9a4 ,imitate1 if ?\ can/1 ! con/ructions ( ! bee1 ! retreats ( ! ant1 ! nets ( ! spid]1 ! ?reads ( ! silk-worm4 ,,apuleius4 ,prodeunt1 mitellis1 et crocotis1 et c>bas9is1 et bombyc9is injecti4 99 99 99 ,deamque1 s]ico contectam amiculo1 mihi g]5dam imponunt4 ,metamorphoseon1 l4 viii4 p4 #egi1 #ehj4 ed4 ,oud5dorpii4 ,!y came =w>d1 we>+ ribbons1 & clo?s ( a saffron color1 ( cotton1 & ( silk1 loosely ?r[n ov] !m4 99 99 99 ,& !y place on me ! ,goddess cov]$ ) a small silk5 sc>f1 to be c>ri$ by me4 ,hic inc9ctus bal!o militem g]ebat2 illum succ9ctum *lamyde1 copides et v5abula v5atorem fec]ant2 alius soccis obauratis1 indutus s]ica ve/e1 mundoque pretioso1 et adtextis capite cr9ibus1 incessu p]fluo fem9am m5tiebatur4 ,ibid4 l4 xi4 p4 #gfi4 ,"o p]=m$ ! "p ( a soldi]1 girt ) a sword2 ano!r _h 8 *lamys tuck$ up by a belt1 & c>ri$ scimit>s & hunt+-poles1 z if engag$ 9 ! *ace2 ano!r1 we>+ gilt slipp]s1 a silk5 tunic1 preci\s ornam5ts1 & artificial hair1 by 8 fl[+ attire repres5t$ a woman4 ,,ulpian4 ,vossius1 9 8 ,etymologicum ,l+u ,lat91 9 ! le>n$ & copi\s article ,,s]icum1 says1 8,int] s]icum et bombyc9um discrim5 ponit ,ulpianus1 l4 xxiii4 de aur4 arg4 leg4 #8,ve/im5torum sunt omnia lanea1 l9eaque1 vel s]ica1 vel bombyc9a4'0 ,,julius ,,pollux4 ,! ,bombyces are worms1 :i* emit f !mselves ?reads1 l ! spid]4 ,"s say1 t ! ,s]es collect _! webs f animals ( ?is k9d4 ,l4 vii4 #gf4 p4 #gda4--,khn4 ,,ju/9 evid5tly ref]s to ! use ( silk5 g>m5ts 9 8 acc\nt ( ! cu/oms ( ! ,p>?ians1 :]e he says1 ,!y =m]ly dress$ aft] _! own fa%ion4 ,aft] !y became ri*1 !y adopt$ ! pellucid & fl[+ g>m5ts ( ! ,m$es4 ,l4 xli4 c4 #b4 ,all d\bt1 :e!r ! transp>5t g>m5ts1 m5tion$ by ,ju/91 7 ( silk1 mu/ be remov$ by ! au?ority ( ,procopius1 f :om we %all h]eaft] cite ample & important te/imony 9 ref]5ce to ! "t :5 he liv$1 & :o 9 ! two foll[+ passages expressly /ates1 t ! webs1 call$ by ! ,greeks 9 8 "t ,s]ic1 7 m anci5tly d5om9at$ ,m$ian4 ,among ! valuable & curi\s effects ( ! emp]or ,commodus1 :i* aft] 8 dea? 7,a4 ,d4 #aib47 7 sold by 8 successor ,p]t9ax1 0 a g>m5t ) a wo( ( silk1 ( a bright yell[ color1 ! appe>ance ( :i* 0 m beautiful ?an if ! mat]ial _h be5 int]wov5 ) ?reads ( gold#dc4 #dc ,ve/is subtegm9e s]ico1 aureis filis insignior4--,jul4 ,capitol9i ,p]t9ax1 c4 #h4 9 ,scrip4 ,hi/4 ,augu/4 ,,?ird ,,c5tury4 ,! au?orities n[ quot$ supply evid5ce respect+ ! use ( silk among ! ,greeks & ,romans d[n to ! end ( ! second c5tury4 ,x is r>ely m5tion$ by any writ] belong+ to ! foll[+ c5tury#dd2 s f> z we h discov]$1 only by ! ?ree hi/orians n[ to be quot$1 by ,cyprian1 & by ,sol9us4 ,b we h f ^! hi/orians "s rem>kable acc\nts ( ! reg>d paid to x by ! emp]ors ,heliogabalus1 ,alex&] ,sev]us1 ,aurelian1 ,claudius ,,ii41 ,tacitus1 & ,c>9us1 all ( :om reign$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 #dd ,mann]t 7,geogr4 iv4 #f4 #g4 p4 #eag47 attributes ! excessive de>ness ( silk 9 ! ?ird c5tury to ! victories ( ! ,p]sians1 :i* at t "t cut (f all direct communication betwe5 ,s]ica & ! we/]n _w4 ,,lius ,,lampridius says 7c4 #bf471 t ! pr(ligate & effem9ate emp]or ,heliogabalus 0 ! fir/ ,roman1 :o wore clo? made :olly ( silk1 ! silk hav+ be5 =m]ly comb9$ ) o!r less valuable mat]ials1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 example1 ! cu/om ( we>+ silk soon became g5]al among ! weal?y citiz5s ( ,rome4 ,he m5tions 7c4 #cc7 among ! innum]able extravagances ( ?is emp]or1 t he _h prep>$ a silk5 rope ( purple & sc>let colors to hang himself )4 ,( ! emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us he says 7c4 #dj71 t he himself _h few g>m5ts ( silk1 t he nev] wore a tunic made :olly ( silk1 & t he nev] gave away clo? made ( silk mix$ ) less valuable mat]ials4 ,! foll[+ is ! te/imony ( ,flavius ,vopiscus 9 8 life ( ! emp]or ,aurelian4 ,aurelian nei!r _h himself 9 8 w>drobe a g>m5t :olly ( silk1 nor gave "o to be worn by ano!r4 ,:5 8 own wife begg$ him to all[ h] to h a s+le %awl ( purple silk1 he repli$1 ,f> be x f u to p]mit ?read to be reckon$ wor? its weight 9 gold4 ,= a p\nd ( gold 0 !n ! price ( a p\nd ( silk4 c4 #de4 ,al?\gh ! above m5tion$ re/rictions 9 ! use ( silk may be p>tly acc\nt$ = f ! usual sev]ity ( ,aurelian's "*1 yet ! facts "h /at$ abundantly %[ ! r>ity & high value ( ?is mat]ial 9 t age4 ,flavius ,vopiscus fur!r /ates1 t ! emp]or ,tacitus made x unlawful = m5 to we> silk unmix$ ) *eap] mat]ials4 ,c>9us1 on ! o!r h&1 made pres5ts ( silk5 g>m5ts1 z well z ( gold & silv]1 to ,greek artific]s1 & to wre/l]s1 play]s1 & musicians4 ,,trebellius ,,pollio1 9 8 life ( ,claudius ,,ii4 7c4 #ad & #ag471 twice m5tions :ite g>m5ts ( silk mix$ ) *eap] mat]ials1 :i* 7 de/9$ = t emp]or4 ,,cyprian1 ,bi%op ( ,c>?age 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 inveighs 9 ! foll[+ t]ms aga9/ ! use ( silk3 ,tu licet indum5ta p]egr9a et ve/es s]icas induas1 nuda es4 ,auro te licet et m>g>itis gemmisque condecores1 s9e ,*ri/i decore de=mis es4 ,de ,lapsis1 p4 #ace4 ed4 ,fell4 ,al?\gh ?\ %\lde/ put on a tunic ( =eign silk1 ?\ art nak$2 al?\gh ?\ %\lde/ beautify ?yself ) gold1 & pe>ls1 & gems1 )\t ! beauty ( ,*ri/ ?\ art unadorn$4 ,also 9 8 treatise on ! dress ( ,virg9s he says1 ,s]icum et purpuram indut1 ,*ri/um indu]e non possunt3 auro et m>g>itis et monilibus adornat1 ornam5ta cordis et pectoris p]did]unt4 ,^? :o put on silk & purple1 _c put on ,*ri/3 wom51 adorn$ ) gold & pe>ls & necklaces1 h lo/ ! ornam5ts ( ! he>t & ( ! brea/4 ,9 ! same place he gives u a translation ( ! well-kn[n passage ( ,isaiah enum]at+ ! luxuries ( female attire among ! ,jews3 8,9 t day ! ,"l w take away ! brav]y ( _! t9kl+ ornam5ts ab\t _! feet1 & _! cauls1 & _! r\nd tires l ! moon1 ! *a9s1 & ! bracelets1 & ! muffl]s1 ! bonnets1 & ! ornam5ts ( ! legs1 & ! head-b&s1 & ! tablets1 & ! e>-r+s1 ! r+s1 & nose-jewels1 ! *angeable suits ( app>el1 & ! mantles1 & ! wimples1 & ! crisp+ p9s1 ! glasses1 & ! f9e l951 & ! hoods1 & ! veils40 ,isaiah 94 #ah-bc4 ,,sol9us1 ,primos hom9um ,s]es cognoscimus1 qui1 aqu>um asp]g9e inundatis frondibus1 vell]a arborum adm9iculo depectunt liquoris1 et lanug9is t5]am subtilitatem humore domant ad obsequium4 ,hoc illud e/ s]icum1 9 quo o/5t>e potius corpora qum ve/ire1 prim fem9is1 nunc etiam viris p]suasit luxuri libido4 ,cap4 #a4 ,! ,s]es fir/1 hav+ inundat$ ! foliage ) asp]sions ( wat]1 comb$ d[n fleeces f trees by ! aid ( a fluid1 & subdu$ to _! purposes ! t5d] & subtile d[n by ! use ( moi/ure4 ,! sub/ance s prep>$ is silk2 t mat]ial 9 :i* at fir/ wom51 b n[ ev5 m51 h be5 p]suad$ by ! eag]ness ( luxury r to display _! bodies1 ?an to clo! !m4 ,,ammianus ,,m>cell9us4 ,?is hi/orian describes ! ,s]es z 8a quiet & in(f5sive p :o1 avoid+ all qu>rels ) _! neighbors1 are exempt f ! di/resses & al>ms ( w>1 & n be+ "u ! necessity ( us+ (f5sive arms1 d n ev5 "k _! use1 & occupy a f]tile c\ntry "u a delici\s & heal?y climate4 ,he repres5ts !m z pass+ _! happy life 9 ! mo/ p]fect tranquillity & ! mo/ delici\s repose amid/ %ady ?ickets refre%$ by pleasant zephyrs1 & :]e ! soil furni%es s s(t a wool1 t aft] hav+ be5 spr9kl$ ) wat] & comb$1 x =ms clo?s resembl+ silk40 ,m>cell9us proce$s to describe ! ,s]es z be+ cont5t ) _! own felicit\s condition1 & s res]v$ 9 _! int]c\rse ) ! re/ ( mank9d1 t :5 =eign]s v5ture )9 _! b\nd>ies = wr\ght & unwr\ght silk1 & o!r valuable articles1 !y consid] ! price (f]$ 9 sil5ce1 & transact _! bus9ess )\t ex*ang+ a ^w2 a mode ( traffic :i* is /ill practis$ 9 "s ea/]n c\ntries4 ,macph]son1 9 ! ,annals ( ,comm]ce1 a v valuable "w1 ?9ks t accord+ to all appe>ances1 ! ,s]es 7 !mselves ! au?ors ( ?is /ory1 9 ord] to make /rang]s believe t _! c\ntry enjoy$ all ^! b5efits by ! peculi> bless+ ( heav51 & t no o!r nation c\ld p>ticipate 9 !m4 ,! rem>ks ( ,sol9us & ,ammianus conspire to %[1 h[ mu* m common silk _h become ab\t ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury1 be+ !n worn1 at lea/ ) a w>p ( *eap] mat]ials1 by m5 z well z by wom51 & n be+ conf9$ to ! noble & ! weal?y4 ,^! au?ors likewise dilate ^u ! use ( %[]s ( wat] to deta* silk f ! trees on :i* x 0 f\nd4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y & ,sol9us1 wat] 0 also employ$ aft] ! silk 0 ga!r$ f ! trees#de3 & probably ! fact 0 s4 ,silk1 z x comes f ! worm1 conta9s a /rong gum1 :i* w\ld be dissolv$ by ! %[]s ( wat] da%$ aga9/ ! trees1 & ?us ! cocoons1 be+ loos5$ f ! leaves & twigs1 w\ld be easily collect$4 ,9 ! subsequ5t processes1 wat] w\ld be fur!r useful 9 enabl+ ! wom5 to sp9 ! silk or to w9d x ^u bobb9s4 #de 8,! rema9+ %ores are occupi$ by savage nations1 z ! ,melan*lni & ,coraxi1 ,dioscurias1 a ,city ( ! ,col*ians1 ne> ! riv] ,an!mus1 be+ n[ des]t$1 al?\gh =m]ly s illu/ri\s1 t ,timo/h5es has record$ t ?ree hundr$ nations us$ to resort to x speak+ diff]5t languages2 & t bus9ess 0 aft]w>ds transact$ on our "p ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "o hundr$ & ?irty int]pret]s40 ,x may be obs]v$ t 9 ?is use ( wat] art only foll[s nature4 ,:5 ! mo? is ready to leave its cell1 x always s(t5s ! extremity ( x by emitt+ a drop ( fluid1 & ?us easily obta9s = itself a passage4 ,9 ! ?ird volume ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society 7p4 #edc471 ,colonel ,sykes gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! process by :i* ! mo? ( ! ,kolisurra silk-worm lib]ates itself f conf9em5t4 8,x dis*>ges f its m\? a liquor1 :i* dissolves or loos5s t "p ( ! cocoon adjo9+ to ! cord :i* atta*es x to ! bran*1 caus+ a hole1 & admitt+ ( ! passage ( ! mo?4 ,! solv5t prop]ty ( ?is liquid is v rem>kable2 = t "p ( ! cocoon1 aga9/ :i* x is direct$1 al?\gh previ\sly z h>d z a piece ( wood1 becomes s(t & p]vi\s z wett$ br[n pap]40 ,9 ! sev5? volume ( ! ,l9nan ,transactions1 is an acc\nt by ,dr4 ,roxburgh ( ! ,tusseh silk-worm4 ,bo? species are natives ( ,b5gal4 ,! cocoons require to be imm]s$ 9 cold wat] be=e ! silk c be obta9$ f !m4 ,9 ! latt] species x is too delicate to be w\nd f ! cocoons1 & is !re=e spun l cotton4 ,?us manufactur$ x is s durable1 t ! life ( "o p]son is seldom suffici5t to we> out a g>m5t made ( x1 & ! same piece desc5ds f "m to daught]4 7,see ,*ap4 ,,viii4 ( ?is ,"p47 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,silk ,,manufacture ,,f ,,! ,,?ird ,,to ,,! ,,six? ,,c5tury4 ,,sp9n+1 ,,dye+1 ,,& ,,weav+4--,,high ,,degree ,,( ,,excell5ce ,,atta9$ ,,9 ,,^! ,,arts4 ,f\r? c5tury--,curi\s acc\nt ( silk f\nd 9 ! ,edict ( ,diocletian--,extravagance ( ! ,consul ,furius ,placidus--,transp>5t silk %ifts--,ausonius describes silk z ! produce ( trees--,qu9tus ,aur ,symma*us1 & ,claudian's te/imony ( silk & gold5 textures--,_! extraord9>y beauty--,pis&]'s description--,p]iplus ,m>is ,ery?ri--,dido ( ,sidon4 ,m5tion ( silk 9 ! laws ( ,manu--,rufus ,fe/us ,av9us--,silk %awls--,m>ciannus ,capella--,inscription by ,m4 ,n4 ,proculus1 silk manufactur]--,extraord9>y spid]s' webs--,bombyces comp>$ to spid]s--,wild silk-worms ( ,ts\5--,ki5 & ,tiao-,ki5--,m4 ,b]t9's acc\nt--,fur!r rem>ks on wild silk-worms4 ,*ri/ian au?ors ( ! f\r? c5tury--,arnobius--,gregorius ,nazi5z5us--,basil--,illu/ration ( ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection--,ambrose--,georgius ,pisida--,mac>ius--,j]ome--,*ryso/om--,h eliodorus--,salmasius--,extraord9>y beauty ( ! silk & gold5 textures describ$ by ^! au?ors--,_! invectives aga9/ ,*ri/ians we>+ silk4 ,m5tion ( silk by ,*ri/ian au?ors 9 ! fif? c5tury--,prud5tius--,palladius--,!odosia n ,code--,appoll9>is ,sidonius--,alcimus ,avitus4 ,six? c5tury--,boe?ius4 7,manufactures ( ,tyre & ,sidon--,purple--,its great durability--,incr$ible value ( purple /uffs f\nd 9 ! treasury ( ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia47 ,,f\r? ,,c5tury4 ,"s curi\s evid5ce respect+ ! use ( silk1 bo? unmix$ ) l95 & ) ! w>p ( l951 or "s inf]ior mat]ial1 is f\nd 9 ! ,,edict ,,( ,,diocletian1 :i* 0 publi%$ ,a4 ,d4 #cjc = ! purpose ( fix+ a maximum ( prices = all articles 9 common use ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire#df4 ,! passage p]ta9+ to our pres5t subject1 is z foll[s3 ,s>c9atori 9 ve/e s\btili replicat7u7r 99 sex ,eidem ap]tur cum subsutura olos]icr 99 qu9quag9ta ,eidem ap]tur cum subsutura su7b7s]ic 99 trig9ta 7,sub7sutur 9 ve/e grossiori 99 quattuor4 ,d5>ii#dg4 ,to ! ,tailor = l9+ a f9e ve/ #f ,to ! same = an op5+ & an edg+ ) silk #ej ,to ! same = an op5+ & an edg+ ) /uff made ( a mix$ tissue ( silk & flax #cj ,= an edg+ on a co>s] ve/ #d ,colonel ,leake's translation4 #df ,x 0 edit$ ,a4 ,d4 #ahbf1 by ,colonel ,leake1 z a sequel to 8 ,j\rnal ( a ,t\r 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & is also publi%$ 9 ,tr4 ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,lit]ature1 vol4 i4 p4 #aha4 #dg ,a ,roman co9 ( ! value ( ab\t sixte5 or sev5te5 c5ts1 call$ ,d5>ii f ! lett] ,x ^u x2 :i* d5ot$ t54 ,?is docum5t proves1 9 exact con=mity ) ! passages quot$ f ,sol9us & ,ammianus1 t silk _h come into g5]al use at ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x is also manife/ f ?is extract1 t silk 0 employ$ 9 giv+ to g>m5ts a great] proportion ( intricacy & ornam5t ?an _h be5 9 use be=e4 ,! au?ors :o make m5tion ( silk 9 ! f\r? & foll[+ c5turies are v num]\s4 ,we %all fir/ take ! hea!n au?ors1 & !n ! ,*ri/ian writ]s1 ^: obs]vations (t5 h "s moral application1 :i* gives !m an additional int]e/4 ,! unkn[n au?or ( ! ,panegyric on ! emp]or ,con/ant9e1 pron\nc$ ,a4 ,d4 #cag1 ?us m5tions silk z *>act]iz+ ori5tal ref9em5t4 ,facile e/ v9c]e timidos et imbelles1 quales amna ,grcia et delici ,ori5tis educunt1 vix leve pallium et s]icos s9us vit&o sole tol]antes4 ,x is easy to vanqui% ! timid & ^? unus$ to w>1 ! (fspr+ ( pleasant ,greece & ! delightful ,ea/1 :o1 :il/ !y avoid ! heat ( ! sun1 c sc>cely be> ev5 a light %awl & folds ( silk4 ,! te/imony ( ! ,roman hi/orian ,,flavius ,,vopiscus1 9 ref]5ce to ! practice ( ! emp]or ,aurelian & ! de>ness ( silk dur+ 8 reign1 has already be5 produc$4 ,?is au?or1 9 8 life ( ! same emp]or1 makes ! foll[+ rem>ks on a display ( silk :i* he _h himself rec5tly witness$4 ,we h lately se5 ! ,consulate ( ,furius ,placidus celebrat$ 9 ! ,circus ) s great eag]ness = popul>ity1 t he seem$ to give n prizes1 b patrimonies1 pres5t+ tunics ( l95 & silk1 bord]s ( l951 & ev5 horses1 to ! great sc&al ( all good m54 ,! exact p]iod "h ref]r$ to is no d\bt ! ,consul%ip ( ,placidus & ,romulus1 ,a4 ,d4 #cdc4 ,9 ! ,epi/les ( ,,alciphron 7i4 #ci47 ,myrrh9e1 a c\rtesan1 loos5s h] girdle1 :i* probably fa/5$ h] upp] g>m5t or %awl4 ,h] %ift 0 silk1 & s transp>5t z to %[ ! color ( h] sk94 ,,ausonius satirizes a ri* man ( mean extraction1 :o nev]!less made l(ty pret5sions to nobility ( bir?1 pret5d+ to be desc5d$ f ,m>s1 ,romulus1 & ,remus1 & :o !re=e caus$ _! images to be emboss$ ^u 8 plate & wov5 9 a silk5 %awl4--,epig4 #bf4 ,9 ! foll[+ l9e1 he alludes to ! production ( silk 9 ! usual t]ms3 ,vell]a depectit nemoralia ve/ifluus ,s]4 ,idyll4 #ab4 ,! ,s] remote1 9 fl[+ g>m5ts dre/1 ,combs d[n ! fleeces1 :i* ! trees inve/4 ,,qu9tus ,,aur ,,symma*us4 ,?is di/+ui%$ (fic]1 9 a lett] to ! ,consul ,/ili*o1 apologizes 9 ! foll[+ t]ms = 8 delay 9 s5d+ a contribution ( ,holos]ic pieces1 t is1 webs :olly made ( silk1 to ! public exhibitions4 ,o!rs h def]r$ supply+ ! wat] = ! !atre & ! ,holos]ic pieces1 s t ,i h examples 9 my favor4--,epi/4 l4 iv4 #h4 ,9 a lett] to ,magnillus 7l4 v4 #bj47 he speaks ( ,subs]ic pieces1 webs made only 9 "p ( silk1 z pres5ts2 ,at y\r in/igation ! ,subs]ic pieces h be5 suppli$1 :i* my m5 kept back aft] ! price _h be5 settl$2 & likewise ev]y?+ else p]ta9+ to ! prizes :i* 7 to be giv54 ,,claudian m5tions silk 9 num]\s passages4 ,?is poet1 9 describ+ ! consul> robes ( ! two bro!rs ,prob9us & ,olybrius 7,a4 ,d4 #cie471 repres5ts ! ,gab9e ,c9cture1 by :i* ! toga 0 girt ov] ! brea/1 z made ( silk4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage he repres5ts ! two bro!rs1 ,honorius & ,arcadius1 z divid+ ! empire ( ! _w betwe5 !m & receiv+ tributes ( its productions f ! mo/ di/ant regions3 ,ve/ri juris erit1 quicquid complectitur axis4 ,vobis rubra dabunt pretiosas quora con*as1 ,indus ebur1 ramos ,pan*aia1 vell]a ,s]es4 ,de ,,iii4 ,cons4 ,honorii1 l4 #bji-baa4 ,to y ! _w its v>i\s weal? %all s5d3 ,_! preci\s %ells ! ,ery?rean seas2 ,india its iv'ry1 ,araby its b\ghs1 ,! di/ant ,s]es fleeces f ! trees4 ,9 a poem1 :i* imm$iately succe$s ?is 9 ! ord] ( "t1 ,claudian describes a magnific5t toga1 worn by ,honorius on be+ appo9t$ a f\r? "t consul1 by say+1 t x receiv$ its color 7! ,tyrian purple7 f ! ,phnicians2 its wo( 7( silk =m+ /ripes or figures7 f ! ,s]es2 & its weight 7produc$ by ,indian gems7 f ! riv] ,hydaspes#dh4 ,aga91 9 8 poem on ! approa*+ m>riage ( ,honorius & ,m>ia1 he m5tions yell[ silk curta9s 7l4 #baa47 z a decoration ( ! nuptial *amb]4 #dh ,de ,,iv4 ,cons4 ,honorii1 i4 #fjj1 #fja4 ,aga9 he says 79 ,eutrop4 l4 i4 v4 #bbe1 #bbf4 #cjd4 l4 ii4 v4 #ccg473 ,te gr&ibus ,india gemmis1 ,te foliis ,arabes dit5t1 te vell]e ,s]es4 ,let ,india ) h] gems ?y weal? increase1 ,! ,arabs ) _! leaves1 ! ,s]es ) _! fleece4 ,he also m5tions ) delight ! use ( gold 9 dress1 z well z ( silk4 ,! foll[+ passage repres5ts ! mann] 9 :i* ,proba1 a ,roman matron1 ne> ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 express$ h] affectionate congratulations on ! elevation ( h] two sons to ! ,consul%ip1 by prep>+ robes int]wov5 ) gold = ! c]emony ( _! in/allation4 ,) joy elat$ at ?is pr\d success1 ,_! v5]able "m n[ prep>es ,! gold5 trabeas1 & ! c9ctures bright ,) ,s]ic fibres %orn f woolly trees3 ,h] well-tra9'd ?umb protracts ! l5g?'n+ gold1 ,& makes ! metal to ! ?reads adh]e4 ,9 ,prob9i et ,olybrii ,consulatum1 l4 #agg-ahb4 ,f ^! v]ses we le>n t ,proba _h h]self acquir$ ! art ( cov]+ ! ?read ) gold1 & t %e !n us$ h] gold ?read 9 ! wo( to =m ! /ripes or o!r ornam5ts ( ! consul> trabe4 ,^! are aft]w>ds call$ /iff togas 7tog rig5tes1 l4 #bje471 on acc\nt ( ! rigidity imp>t$ to !m by ! gold ?read4 ,! same poet gives an elaborate description ( a ,trabea :i* he supposes to h be5 wov5 by ! ,goddess ,rome ) ! aid ( ,m9]va = ! use ( ! ,consul ,/ili*o4 ,five diff]5t sc5es are said to h be5 wov5 9 ?is admirable robe 7reg5tia dona1 graves auro trabeas71 & c]ta9 p>ts ( !m 7 wr\ght 9 gold#di4 #di ,9 ,i4 ,cons4 ,/ili*onis1 ,l4 ii4 #ccj-cei4 ,aga91 ,claudian supposes ,!tis to h wov5 sc>fs ( gold & purple = h] son ,a*illes3 ,ipsa manu *lamydes o/ro texebat et auro4 7,ep4 #ce47 ,! epigram 9 :i* ?is l9e occurs1 seems to imply t ,s]5a1 "m-9-law ( ! ,emp]or ,honorius1 wove g>m5ts ( ! same k9d = him4 ,m>ia1 ! daught] ( ! above-m5tion$ ,/ili*o1 0 be/[$ by him ^u ,honorius1 b di$ %ortly aft]1 ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #djj4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aedd1 ! m>ble c(f91 conta9+ h] rema9s1 0 discov]$ at ,rome4 ,9 x 7 pres]v$ a g>m5t & a pall1 :i*1 on be+ burnt1 yield$ #cf p\nds ( gold4 ,!re 7 also f\nd a great numb] ( glass vessels1 jewels1 & ornam5ts ( all k9ds1 :i* ,/ili*o _h giv5 z a d[ry to 8 daught]#ej4 ,we may conclude1 t ! g>m5ts discov]$ 9 ! tomb ( ,m>ia 7 wov5 by ! h&s ( h] "m ,s]5a1 s9ce ! epigram ( ,claudian proves t %e wove robes ( a simil> description = ,honorius1 & probably on ! same occasion4 ,ana/asius ,biblio!c>ius says1 t :5 ,pope ,pas*al 0 int5t on f9d+ ! body ( ,/4 ,ccilia1 hav+ p]=m$ mass ) a view to obta9 ! favor ( a revelation on ! subject1 he 0 direct$ ,a4 ,d4 #hba to a cemet]y on ! ,appian ,way ne> ,rome1 & !re f\nd ! body envelop$ 9 clo? ( gold#ea4 ,al?\gh !re is no reason to believe1 t ! body f\nd by ,pas*al 0 ! body ( ! sa9t pret5d$1 yet x may h be5 ! body ( a ,roman lady :o _h liv$ "s c5turies be=e1 & probably ab\t ! "t ( ,honorius & ,m>ia4 #ej ,surii ,comm5t4 ,r]um ,ge/4 ab anno #aejj1 c4 #ea 8,aureis ve/itum indum5tis40 ,,de ,,vitis ,,rom4 ,pontificum ,mogunt4 #afjb1 p4 #bbb4 ,pis&]1 :o belong$ to ! same p]iod 7#ijj ,b4 ,c47 ) ,hom]1 speaks ( ! ,lydians z we>+ tunics adorn$ ) gold4 ,lydus obs]ves1 t ! ,lydians 7 suppli$ ) gold f ! s&s ( ! ,pactolus & ! ,h]mus#eb4 #eb ,de ,magi/ratibus ,rom4 ,l4 iii4 #fd4 ,virgil also repres5ts ! use ( gold 9 weav+1 z if x _h exi/$ 9 ,trojan times4 ,"o ( ! g>m5ts s adorn$ 0 manufactur$ by ,dido1 ! ,sidonian1 "o by ,&roma*e1 & ano!r 0 9 ! possession ( ,an*ises#ec4 ,9 all ^! in/ances ! ref]5ce is to ! habits ( ,phnice1 ,lycia1 or o!r p>ts ( ,asia4 #ec n4 iii4 #dhc42 iv4 #bfd42 viii4 #afg42 xi4 #ge4 ,he describes an ape ludicr\sly attir$ 9 a silk jacket2 &1 inveigh+ aga9/ ! progress ( luxury1 he speaks ( "s to :om ev5 silk g>m5ts 7 a bur!n4 ,9 elaborate descriptions ( ! figur$ consul> robes 7! ,trabe7 ( ,honorius & ,/ili*o1 he m5tions ! re9s & o!r trapp+s ( horses1 z be+ wr\ght 9 silk#ed4 #ed ,rubra ,s]ica1 ,de ,,vi4 ,cons4 ,honor4 ,i4 #egg4 ,s]ica ,frna4 ,9 ,i4 ,cons4 ,/ili*onis #a4 ii4 ,v4 #cej4 ,! frequ5t allusions to silk 9 ! complim5t>y poems ( ,claudian1 receive illu/ration f v>i\s imp]ial laws1 :i* 7 promulgat$ 9 ! same c5tury1 & 9 "p by ! v emp]ors to :om 8 flatt]y is address$1 & :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,,code ,,( ,,ju/9ian4 ,_! object 0 n to enc\rage ! silk manufacture1 b1 on a pr9ciple v opposite to t ( mod]n times1 to make x an imp]ial monopoly4 ,! admiration excit$ by ! spl5dor & elegance ( silk attire 0 ! gr\nd1 on :i* x 0 =bidd5 t any individual ( ! male sex %\ld we> ev5 a silk5 bord] ^u 8 tunic or pallium1 ) ! exception ( ! emp]or1 8 (fic]s & s]vants4 ,to conf9e ! enjoym5t ( ^! luxuries m entirely to ! imp]ial family & c\rt1 all private p]sons 7 /rictly =bidd5 engag+ 9 ! manufacture1 gold & silk5 bord]s 7 to be made only 9 ! imp]ial ,gyncea#ee4 #ee ,see ! ,corpus ,juris ,civilis1 ,lugduni #afbg1 folio1 tom4 v4 ,codex ,ju/9iani1 l4 x4 tit4 vii4 p4 #aca4 #acd4 ,,! ,,p]iplus ,,m>is ,,ery?r,i4 ,9 ?is important docum5t on anci5t geography & comm]ce1 we f9d repeat$ m5tion ( silk 9 its raw /ate1 9 t ( ?read1 & wov5#ef4 ,^! articles 7 convey$ d[n ! ,indus to ! coa/ ( ! ,ery?rean ,sea4 ,!y 7 also br\ght to ! great m>t ( ,b>ygaza1 :i* 0 on ! ,gulf ( ,cambay ne> ! mod]n ,surat1 & to ! coa/ ( ,lymirica1 :i* 0 /ill m remote4 ,! au?or ( ! ,p]iplus /ates1 t !y 7 c>ri$ by l& ?r\gh ,bactria to ,b>ygaza f a great city call$ ,?9a1 ly+ f> t[>ds ! ,nor? 9 ! int]ior ( ,asia4 ,he ( c\rse ref]s to "s "p ( ,s]ica4 ,x is rem>kable1 t he makes no m5tion ( silk z ! native production ( ,india4 #ef ,arriani ,opp41 vol4 ii4 ,blanc>di1 pp4 #afd4 #agj4 #agc4 #agg4 ,silk is m5tion$ 9 two passages ( ! laws ( ,manu1 viz4 ,,xi4 v4 #afh1 & ,,xii4 v4 #fd4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 obs]v$ by ,he]51 :o quotes passages ( ! ,ramayana t make m5tion ( silk1 t g>m5ts ( ?is mat]ial are !re repres5t$ z worn only on fe/ive occasions1 & t !y 7 und\bt$ly ,s]ic or ,*9ese productions#eg4 ,inde$ x appe>s t ! clo? made f ! ?read ( ! native worms ( ,h9do/an1 al?\gh highly valu$ = /r5g? & durability1 is n rem>kable = f95ess1 beauty1 or spl5dor4 #eg ,ide5 b] die ,politik1 c4 d] alt5 ,welt1 i4 #b4 pp4 #fdg4 #fdh4 #ffe-ffh4 #fgg4 #crd edition4 ,gtt+51 #ahae4 ,,rufus ,,fe/us ,,avi5us4 ,?is au?or1 adopt+ ! common notion ( 8 "t1 supposes ! ,s]es to sp9 ?read f fleeces :i* 7 produc$ ^u ! trees4 ,he also m5tions silk %awls 7,s]ica pallia1 l4 #ajjh47 z worn by ! female ,bac*antes ( ,ionia 9 _! processions 9 honor ( ,bac*us2 & x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t !y are n m5tion$ 9 ! orig9al passage ( ,dionysius1 ! au?or :om ,avi5us translates1 s t we may reasonably inf]1 t ! use ( !m on ^! occasions 0 introduc$ betwe5 ! "t ( ,dionysius 7ab\t #cj ,b4 ,c47 & t ( ,avi5us 7,a4 ,d4 #djj74 ,,m>tianus ,,capella4 ,beyond ^! 7! ,an?ropophagi7 are ! ,s]es1 :o asp]se _! trees ) wat] to obta9 ! d[n1 :i* produces silk4 ,l4 vi4 p4 #bbc4 ed4 ,grotii1 #aeii4 ,! foll[+ ,inscription is giv5 9 ,grut]1 ,tom4 iii4 p4 ,,dcxlv4 ,x 0 f\nd at ,tivoli1 & expresses t ,m4 ,n4 ,proculus1 silk-manufactur]1 erect$ a monum5t to ,val]ia ,*rysis1 8 excell5t & des]v+ wife4 ,d4 ,m4 ,,val]iae4 ,,*rysidi4 ,m4 ,,nvmivs4 ,,procvlvs4 ,,s]ic>ivs4 ,,conjvgi4 ,,svae4 ,,optim4 ,,b5em4 ,,fecit4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! #d? & foll[+ c5turies we may n[ introduce ! rem>ks ( ,s]vius on ! passage =m]ly quot$ f ,virgil4 ,he is suppos$ to h writt5 ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #djj4 ,among ! ,indians & ,s]es !re are on ! trees c]ta9 worms1 call$ ,bombyces1 :i* draw out v f9e ?reads aft] ! mann] ( spid]s2 & ^! ?reads con/itute silk4 ,x w be se5 h]eaft]1 t ^! 8,indian ,s]es0 7 ! inhabitants ( ,khotan 9 ,little ,bu*>ia4 ,! frequ5t comp>ison ( ,bombyces to spid]s by ! anci5ts sugge/s ! inquiry :e!r !y employ$ ! ?read ( any k9d ( spid] to make clo?1 z 0 attempt$ 9 ,france by ,m4 ,bon4 ,! failure ( 8 attempt is suffici5t1 z x appe>s1 to %[1 t ! ext5sive manufacture ( g>m5ts f ?is mat]ial mu/ h be5 sc>cely possible 9 anci5t times4 ,x is also to be obs]v$1 t ! anci5ts1 :5 !y comp>e ! silk-worm to ! spid]1 ref] to ! spid]'s web1 :]eas ,m4 ,bon1 n f9d+ ! web /rong en\gh1 made 8 clo? f ! ?read ) :i* ! spid] envelopes its eggs#eh4 #eh ,! mo/ extraord9>y acc\nt ( a spid]'s web1 :i* we h ev] se51 is t giv5 by ,lieut5ant ,w4 ,smy?4 ,he says1 8,we saw "h 7viz4 at ,pa*iza1 on ! riv] ,huayabamba 9 ,p]u7 a gigantic spid]'s web susp5d$ to ! trees3 x 0 ab\t #be feet 9 height1 & ne> #ej 9 l5g?2 ! ?reads 7 v /rong1 & x _h ! empty sl\ghs ( ?\s&s ( insects hang+ on x4 ,x appe>$ to be ! habitation ( a great numb] ( spid]s ( a l>g] size ?an we ev] saw 9 ,engl&40 ,n>rative ( a ,j\rney f ,lima to ,p>a1 ,london1 #ahcf1 p4 #ada4 ,= "s int]e/+ notices ( ! great spid] ( ,brazil ! read] is ref]r$ to ,caldcleugh's ,travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,london #ahbe1 vol4 i4 *4 #b4 p4 #da2 & to ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,wal%'s ,notices ( ,brazil1 ,london #ahcj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cjj1 #cja4 ,mr4 ,caldcleugh 8assi/$ 9 lib]at+ f a spid]'s net a bird ( ! size ( a swall[1 q exhau/$ ) /ruggl+1 & ready to fall a prey to its indefatigable enemies40 ,mr4 ,wal% _h 8 light /raw hat remov$ f 8 head by a simil> web ext5d+ f tree to tree 9 an op5+ ?r\gh :i* he _h occasion to pass4 ,he w\nd ^u a c>d sev]al ( ! ?reads compos+ ! web2 & he obs]ves1 t1 z ^! spid]s are greg>i\s1 ! difficulties exp]i5c$ by ,m4 ,bon f ! f]ocity ( ! solit>y ,european spid]s 9 kill+ & dev\r+ "o ano!r1 w\ld n exi/ if ! attempt 7 made to obta9 clo?+ f ! =m]4 ,9 ! =e/s ( ,java ,sir ,george ,/aunton 8f\nd webs ( spid]s1 wov5 ) ?reads ( s /rong a texture z n easily to be divid$ )\t a cutt+ in/rum5t40--,acc\nt ( ,"l ,mac>tney's ,embassy to ,*9a1 ,london #agig1 vol4 i4 *4 #g4 p4 #cjb4 7,see ,*ap4 ,,ix47 ,b1 al?\gh we h no reason to believe1 t ! web ( any spid] 0 anci5tly employ$ to make clo?1 yet ^! acc\nts may h ref]r$ to worms1 possibly v>ieties ( ! silk-worm1 :i* spun long ?reads float+ 9 ! air4 ,! common silk-worm sp9s & susp5ds itself by its ?read1 long be=e x beg9s its cocoon4 ,x appe>s probable1 !re=e1 t !re may h be5 wild v>ieties ( ?is creature1 or p]haps o!r species ( ! same g5us1 :i* 9 ! e>li] /ages ( _! exi/5ce spun ?reads long en\gh = use4 ,we gr\nd ?is conjecture p>tly on ! foll[+ passage f ,du ,halde's ,hi/ory ( ,*9a#ei4 #ei ,vol4 ii4 p4 #cei1 #cfj1 #hvo4 edition1 ,london1 #agcf4 8,! prov9ce ( ,*an-tong produces a p>ticul> sort ( silk1 :i* is f\nd 9 great quantities on ! trees & 9 ! fields4 ,x is spun & made into a /uff call$ ,ki5-t*e\4 ,?is silk is made by little insects t are mu* l cat]pill>s4 ,!y d n sp9 an oval or r\nd cocoon1 l ! silk-worms1 b v long ?reads4 ,^! ?reads1 z !y are driv5 ab\t by ! w9ds1 hang ^u ! trees & bu%es1 & are ga!r$ to make a sort ( silk1 :i* is co>s] ?an t made ( ! silk spun 9 h\ses4 ,b ^! worms are wild1 & eat indiff]5tly ! leaves ( mulb]ry & o!r trees4 ,^? :o d n und]/& ?is silk w\ld take x = unblea*$ clo?1 or a co>se sort ( drugget4 8,! worms1 :i* sp9 ?is silk1 are ( two k9ds3 ! fir/1 mu* l>g] & black] ?an ! common silk-worms1 are call$ ,ts\5-ki52 ! second1 be+ small]1 are nam$ ,tiao-ki54 ,! silk ( ! =m] is ( a r$di% gray1 t ( ! latt] d>k]4 ,! /uff made ( ^! mat]ials is betwe5 bo? colors1 x is v close1 does n fret1 is v la/+1 wa%es l l951 &1 :5 x is good1 receives no damage by spots1 ev5 ?\gh oil 7 to be %$ on x4 8,?is /uff is mu* valu$ by ! ,*9ese1 & x is sometimes z de> z sat9 or ! f9e/ silks4 ,z ! ,*9ese are v skilful at c\nt]feit+1 !y make a false sort ( ,ki5-t*e\ ) ! wa/e ( ! ,t*e-kiang silk1 :i* )\t due inspection might easily be tak5 = ! g5u9e article40 ,?is acc\nt af=ds a rem>kable illu/ration ( _m ( ! expressions ( ! anci5t writ]s1 su* z 8,bombyx p5dulus urget opus10 ,m>tial2 8,p] a]em liqu&o arane>um horoscopis idoneas s$es t5dit10 ,t]tullian2 8,9 arane>um morem t5uissima fila d$ucunt10 ,s]vius4 ,9 fur!r illu/ration ( ! subject1 & z t5d+ to %[ t ! ,ki5-t*e\ is manufactur$ f ! ?read ( a silk-worm1 modifi$ 9 its habits & p]haps 9 its organization by circum/ances1 we %all n[ quote a few passages f a "w hav+ ! foll[+ title3 8,*9a2 its co/ume1 arts1 manufactures1 c41 edit$ f ! orig9als 9 ! cab9et ( ,m4 ,b]t91 ) obs]vations by ,m4 ,breton4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,london1 #ahab40 ,vol4 iv4 p4 #ee1 c4 8,! wild silk-worms are f\nd 9 ! hotte/ prov9ces ( ,*9a1 especially ne> ,canton4 ,!y live indiff]5tly on all sorts ( leaves1 p>ticul>ly on ^? ( ! a%1 ! oak1 & ! fag>a1 & sp9 a greyi% & r>ely :ite silk4 ,! co>se clo? manufactur$ f x is call$ ,ki5-t*e\1 w be> wa%+1 & on t acc\nt p]sons ( quality d n disda9 to we> clo!s ( x4 ,) ?is silk also ! /r+s ( musical in/rum5ts are made1 because x is /rong] & m sonor\s4 8,entomologi/s treat b v sup]ficially ( ! habits ( ! wild silk-worms1 :ile !y dwell 9 m9ute detail on ! me?od ( re>+ !m 9 ,prov5ce4 8,x is betwe5 ! n9ete5? & tw5ty-second day ( _! exi/5ce1 t !y und]take ! great "w ( sp9n+ _! cocoon4 ,!y curve a leaf into a k9d ( cup1 & !n =m a cocoon z l>ge & ne>ly z h>d z a h5's egg6 ,?is cocoon has "o end op5 l a rev]s$ funnel2 x is a passage = ! butt]fly1 :i* is to come out4 8,! oak-worms are sl[] 9 mak+ _! cocoon ?an ^? ( ! fag>a & a%1 & !y set ab\t x diff]5tly4 ,in/ead ( b5d+ a s+le leaf1 !y roll !mselves 9 two or ?ree & sp9 _! cocoon4 ,x is l>g]1 b ! silk is inf]ior 9 quality1 & ( c\rse n s valuable4 8,! cocoons ( wild silk-worms are s /rong & compact1 t ! insects enc\nt] great difficulty 9 extricat+ !mselves1 & !re=e rema9 inclos$ f ! end ( ! summ]1 to ! spr+ ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,^! butt]flies1 unlike ! dome/ic insect1 fly v well4--,! dome/ic silk-worm is b a v>iety ( ! wild species4 ,x is f$ on ! leaves ( ! mulb]ry tree40 7,see *ap4 ,,viii47 ,! circum/ance t ! worms 7 sometimes f$ ) oak-leaves is m5tion$ 9 ,du ,halde's ,hi/ory ( ,*9a1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfc4 ,"h !n we h a ju/ification ( ! anci5ts 9 ass]t+1 bo? t ! silk-worms produc$ long ?reads & webs float+ 9 ! air l ^? ( spid]s1 & t !y f$ ^u ! leaves ( ! oak1 ! a%1 & _m o!r trees4 ,x may be recollect$1 t ,pl9y expressly m5tions bo? ! oak 7qu]cus7 & ! a% 7frax9us74 ,until v lately ! use ( silk among ! anci5ts 0 inve/igat$ only by philologi/s4 ,)9 a few ye>s ,m4 ,latreille1 an entomologi/ ( ! highe/ di/9ction1 has direct$ 8 att5tion to ! subject & has exam9$ p>ticul>ly ! above-cit$ passages ( ,ari/otle1 ,pl9y1 & ,pausanias#fj4 ,he nev] supposes ! anci5t ,s]icum to h be5 ! produce ( any?+ except ! silk-worm4 ,b ( ?is !re are sev]al v>ieties1 p>tly p]haps natural1 & p>tly ! result ( dome/ication4 ,he endeavors to expla9 "s p>ts ( ,pl9y's description by %[+ _! seem+ correspond5ce ) "s ( ! practices actually obs]v$ by ! ,ori5tals 9 ! managem5t ( silk-worms4 #fj ,m4 ,latreille's pap] is publi%$ 9 ! ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 tome xxiii4 pp4 #eh-hd4 ,an acc\nt ( ! wild silk-worms ( ,*9a is to be f\nd 9 ! 8,mmoires conc]nant l',hi/oire1 les ,sci5ces1 les ,arts1 c41 des ,*9ois10 compil$ by ! mission>ies ( ,pek+#fa4 ,?is acc\nt is pr9cipally d]iv$ f ! in=mation ( ,fa!r ,d',inc>ville1 "o ( ! mission>ies4 ,x co9cides g5]ally ) ! acc\nts already quot$ f ,du ,halde & ,breton4 ,we extract ! foll[+ p>ticul>s z convey+ "s fur!r in=mation3 #fa ,tome ii4 pp4 #egi-fja4 ,p>is1 #aggg1 #dto4 ,?is ,memoir is repr9t$ ) abridgm5ts z an ,app5dix to ,/anislas ,juli5's ,translation ( ! ,*9ese ,treatise on ! ,bre$+ ( ,silk-worms1 ,p>is1 #ahcg1 #hvo4 8,! ,*9ese annals f ! ye> #aej ,b4 ,c4 to ,a4 ,d4 #fch make frequ5t m5tion ( ! great quantity ( silk produc$ by ! wild worms1 & obs]ve t _! cocoons 7 z l>ge z eggs or apricots40 ,! foll[+ passage is also des]v+ ( att5tion3 8,le papillon de ces v]s sauvages1 dit le ,pre d',inc>ville1 e/ ailes vitres40 ,?is in=mation1 if correct1 w\ld prove t !re 0 at lea/ "o k9d ( wild silk-worms 9 ,*9a1 :i* 0 a diff]5t species f ! ,phalna ,mori2 = t has no transp>5t membranes 9 its w+s1 & w\ld n be likely to receive !m 9 consequ5ce ( any *ange 9 its mode ( life4 ,we n[ proce$ to take ! ,*ri/ian au?ors ( ! f\r? & foll[+ c5turies 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,,arnobius 7,a4 ,d4 #cjf47 ?us speaks ( ! hea!n gods3 ,!y want ! cov]+ ( a g>m5t3 ! ,tritonian virg9 mu/ sp9 a ?read ( extraord9>y f95ess1 & accord+ to circum/ances put on a tunic ei!r ( mail1 or silk#fb4 #fb ,adv4 ,g5tes1 l4 iii4 p4 #ehj1 ed4 ,erasmi4 ,,gregorius ,,nazi5z5us1 ,,cl41 ,a4 ,d4 #cgj4 ,! foll[+ passage conta9s1 we believe1 ! e>lie/ allusion to ! use ( silk 9 ! s]vices ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 1 4 4 ,ad ,hell5ium pro ,mona*is ,c>m54 tom4 ii4 p4 #ajf4 ed4 ,p>4 #afcj4 ,silv] & gold "s br+ to ,god ,or ! f9e ?reads by ,s]es spun3 ,o!rs to ,*ri/ !mselves devote1 ,a *a/e & holy sacrifice1 ,& make libations ( _! te>s4 ,yates's ,translation4 ,,basil1 ,,cl41 ,a4 ,d4 #cgj4 ,al?\gh ?is celebrat$ au?or 0 a native ( ,asia ,m9or1 & _h /udi$ 9 ,syria & ,pale/9e1 he appe>s to h kn[n ! silk-worm only f books & by report4 ,8 description ( x 9 ! foll[+ passage1 9 :i* we fir/ f9d ! beautiful illu/ration ( ! doctr9e ( a resurrection f ! *ange ( ! *rysalis1 is *iefly copi$ f ,ari/otle's acc\nt z =m]ly quot$4 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4--,hexahem]on1 p4 #gi4 ,a4 ,ed4 ,b5$ict4 ,:at h y to say1 :o disbelieve ! ass]tion ( ! ,apo/le ,paul conc]n+ ! *ange at ! resurrection1 :5 y see _m ( ! inhabitants ( ! air *ang+ _! =ms8 ,consid]1 = example1 ! acc\nt ( ! horn$ worm ( ,india1 :i* 7i4 e4 ! silk-worm7 hav+ fir/ *ang$ into a cat]pill> 7eruca1 or v]uca71 !n 9 process ( "t becomes a cocoon 7bombylius1 or bombulio71 & does n cont9ue ev5 9 ?is =m1 b assumes light & exp&$ w+s4 ,ye wom51 :o sit w9d+ ^u bobb9s ! produce ( ^! animals1 namely ! ?reads1 :i* ! ,s]es s5d to y = ! manufacture ( f9e g>m5ts1 be> 9 m9d ! *ange ( =m 9 ?is creature2 d]ive f x a cle> conception ( ! resurrection2 & discr$it n t trans=mation :i* ,paul ann\nces to u all4--,yates's ,translation4 ,:5 ,/4 ,basil says ( ! new-born mo?1 t 8x assumes light & exp&$ w+s10 ! beauty ( ! comp>ison 9 illu/rat+ ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! resurrection is enhanc$1 :5 we consid] t 9 its wild /ate ! mo? flies v well1 al?\gh1 :5 dome/icat$1 its flight is weak & its w+s small & %rivell$#fc3 b /ill m beautiful does ! figure become1 if we suppose a ref]5ce to ^? l>g] & m spl5did ,phaln :i* produce ! co>s] k9ds ( silk 9 ,india1 & probably 9 ,*9a also4 #fc ,! ,phalna ,atlas1 app>5tly a native ( ,*9a1 measures eight in*es across ! w+s f tip to tip4 ,basil is ! fir/ writ]1 :o di/9ctly m5tions ! *ange ( ! silk-worm f a ,*rysalis to a mo?4 ,9 8 application ( t fact he addresses himself to 8 c\ntrywom5 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & 8 language repres5ts !m sitt+ & w9d+ on bobb9s ! raw silk obta9$ f ! ,s]es & design$ to be aft]w>ds wov5 into clo?4 ,betwe5 ^! two au?ors1 ,ari/otle & ,basil1 we obs]ve a diff]5ce ( phraseology :i* appe>s des]v+ ( notice4 ,:ile !y bo? describe ! wom51 n z sp9n+ ! silk1 b z w9d+ x on bobb9s1 !y designate ! mat]ial s w\nd by two diff]5t names4 ,basil uses ! t]m 1 :i* might be meant to imply t ! silk came f ! ,s]es 9 ske9s z x comes to u f ,*9a3 ,ari/otle1 on ! contr>y1 uses ! t]m 1 :i* c only ref] to ! /ate ( silk be=e x is w\nd into ske9s4 ,z x might appe> impossible to convey x 9 ?is /ate to ,cos1 we %all "h ins]t f ! au?orities already quot$1 ! ,*9ese ,mission>ies1 an acc\nt ( ! process by :i* ! cocoons are prep>$ = w9d+1 & x w !n be se51 t ! cocoons might h be5 transport$ to any "p ( ! _w4 8,to prep>e ! cocoons ( ! wild silk-worms1 ! ,*9ese cut ! extremities ( !m ) a pair ( scissors4 ,!y are !n put into a canvass bag1 & imm]s$ = an h\r or m 9 a kettle ( boil+ lye1 :i* dissolves ! gum4 ,:5 ?is is effect$1 !y are tak5 f ! kettle2 press$ to expel ! lye1 & !n laid out to dry4 ,:il/ !y are /ill moi/1 ! *rysalises are extract$2 ea* cocoon is !n turn$ inside out1 s z to make a sort ( c[l4 ,x is necess>y only1 to put !m aga9 into lukew>m wat]1 aft] :i* t5 or twelve ( !m are capp$ "o ^u ano!r l s _m ?imbles1 to ins]t a small di/aff ?r\gh !m1 :5 ! silk may be reel$ (f40 ,basil1 9 "o ( 8 ,homilies1 7,opp4 tom4 ii4 p4 #ec4 #ee4 ed4 ,b5$ict47 inveighs aga9/ ! ladies ( ,cs>ea1 :o employ$ !mselves 9 weav+ gold2 & he is no less indignant at _! husb&s :o adorn$ ev5 _! horses ) clo?s ( gold & sc>let z if !y 7 bridegrooms4 ,! au?or ( a ,treatise 8,de discipl9 et bono pudiciti10 :i* is usually publi%$ ) ,cyprian1 & :i* may be ref]r$ to ! f\r? or fif? c5tury1 ?us speaks 7,cypriani ,op]a1 ed4 ,erasmi1 p4 #dii473 ,to weave gold 9 clo? is1 z x 71 to adopt an exp5sive me?od ( spoil+ x4 ,:y d !y int]pose /iff metals betwe5 ! delicate ?reads ( ! w>p8 ,! same c5sure is impli$ 9 ! foll[+ address ( ,alcimus ,avitus to 8 si/]4 ,non tibi gemmato posu]e nonilia collo1 ,nec te contexit1 neto qu fulguratauro ,ve/is1 ductilibus conclud5s fila tal5tis3 ,nec te ,sidonium bis coeti muricis o/rum ,induit1 aut rutilo p]luc5s purpura succo1 ,mollia vel tactu qu mittunt vell]a ,s]es3 ,nec tibi transfossis fix]unt auribus aurum4 ,no ?read$ gems h press$ ?y sp>kl+ neck3 ,no clo?1 ) l9es incas$ 9 ductile gold1 ,or twice ) ! ,sidonian murex dy$1 ,has glitt]$ on !e3 ?\ ha/ nev] worn ,! fleeces s(t :i* di/ant ,s]es s5d3 ,nor are ?y e>s transfix$ = p5d5t gold4 ,! effect ( su* exhortations z ! prec$+1 0 to induce pi\sly dispos$ p]sons to apply pieces ( gold clo? to public & sacr$1 in/ead ( private purposes4 ,aft] ?is p]iod we f9d cont9ual in/ances ( _! use 9 ! decoration ( *ur*es & 9 ! robes ( ! prie/hood4 ,,ambrose1 ,,cl4 ,a4 ,d4 #cgd4 ,s]ic ve/es1 et auro intexta velam9a1 quibus divitis corpus ambitur1 damna viv5tium1 non subsidia defunctorum sunt4--,de ,nabu?o ,jezraelit1 cap4 i4 tom4 i4 p4 #eff4 ,ed4 ,b5$4 ,silk5 g>m5ts1 & veils int]wov5 ) gold1 ) :i* ! body ( ! ri* man is encompass$1 are a loss to ! liv+1 & no ga9 to ! dead4 ,"h we ?9k x n out ( place to introduce ! acc\nt ( ! silk-worm by ,georgius ,pisida1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #fdj1 al?\gh he liv$ at ,con/ant9ople aft] ! bre$+ ( silk-worms _h be5 introduc$ !re4 ,accord+ to him ! silk-worm p9es or m\ld]s almo/ to no?+ 9 its tomb1 & !n returns to its =m] %ape4 ,! v]ses are h[ev] des]v+ ( att5tion = _! elegance1 & = ! repetition ( ,basil's idea1 :i* ,ambrose has left out1 ( ! analogy betwe5 ! re/oration ( ! silk-worm & ! resurrection ( man4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 ' 4 l4 #abfe-abhb4 ,:at law p]suades ! ,s]ic worm to sp9 ,^? %9+ ?reads1 :i*1 dy$ ) purple hue1 ,inflate1 yet *eck ! pride ( mighty m58 ,=1 :il/ !y blaze 9 gr& attire1 ! ?\ght ,/eals on1--,?is spl5did robe once clo?'d a worm3 ,type ( our resurrection f ! grave1 ,x dies )9 ! tomb itself has spun1 ,t p]i%+ abode1 :i* is at once ,its h\se & tomb2 9 :i* x rots away1 ,till at ! call ( "t x gladly leaves ,corruption1 & its anci5t %ape resumes4 ,a little remnant ( its m\ld'r+ fle%1 ,by processes unspeakable & d>k1 ,re/ores ! wond]s ( its e>lie/ =m4 ,yates's ,translation4 ,,mac>ius1 ,,cl41 ,a4 ,d4 #cgc4 ,?is au?or gives u an additional pro( 7,homil4 #ag1 #i17 t ! use ( silk5 clo?+ 0 *>act]i/ic ( dissolute wom54 ,,j]ome1 ,,cl41 ,a4 ,d4 #cgh4 ,?is great au?or m5tions silk 9 num]\s passages4 ,9 8 translation ( ,ezekiel xxvii4 he has suppos$ silk 7s]icum7 to be an article ( ,syrian & ,phnician traffic z e>ly z ! "t ( t prophet4 ,9 8 beautiful & int]e/+ ,epi/le to ,lta on ! ,education ( h] ,daught] 7,opp4 ,p>is1 #aedf1 tom4 i4 p4 #bj4 ,c471 he says3 ,let h] le>n also to sp9 wool1 to hold ! di/aff1 to place ! basket 9 h] bosom1 to twirl ! sp9dle1 to draw ! ?reads ) h] ?umb4 ,let h] despise ! webs ( silk-worms1 ! fleeces ( ! ,s]es1 & gold beat5 into ?reads4 ,let h] prep>e su* g>m5ts z may dispel cold1 n expose ! body nak$1 ev5 :5 x is clo!d4 ,in/ead ( gems & silk1 let h] love ! sacr$ books1 c4 ,because we d n use g>m5ts ( silk1 we are reckon$ monks2 because we are n drunk51 & d n convulse ourselves ) laught]1 we are call$ re/ra9$ & sad3 if our tunic is n :ite1 we imm$iately he> ! prov]b1 ,he is an impo/or & a ,greek4--,epi/4 ad ,m>cellum1 ,de grotatione ,blesill1 tom4 i4 p4 #aef1 ed4 ,erasmi1 #aebf4 ,y =m]ly w5t ) nak$ feet2 n[ y n only use %oes1 b ev5 ornam5t$ ones4 ,y !n wore a poor tunic & a black %irt "u x1 dirty & pale1 & hav+ y\r h& call\s ) labor2 n[ y g adorn$ ) l95 & silk1 & ) ve/m5ts obta9$ f ! ,atrebates & f ,laodicea4--,adv4 ,jov9ianum1 l4 ii4 ,opp4 ed4 ,p>is1 #aedf1 tom4 ii4 p4 #bi4 ,9 ! foll[+ he fur!r condemns ! practice ( wrapp+ ! bodies ( ! dead 9 clo? ( gold3 ,:y d y wrap y\r dead 9 g>m5ts ( gold8 ,:y does n ambition cease amid/ wail+s & te>s8 ,_c ! bodies ( ! ri* g to corruption except 9 silk8--,epi/4 ,l4 ii4 ,y _c b be (f5d$ y\rself1 :5 y admire g>m5ts ( silk & gold 9 o!rs4--,epi/4 ,l4 ii4 ,no4 #i1 p4 #ach1 ed4 ,p>4 #afac1 #abmo4 ,,*ryso/om1 ,,cl41 ,a4 ,d4 #cih4 2 4 ,comm5t4 9 ,psalm #dh4 tom4 v4 p4 #eag4 ed4 ,b54 ,does ! ri* man we> silk5 %awls8 ,8 s\l h[ev] is full ( tatt]s4 1 4 7,quot$ by ,vossius1 ,etym4 ,lat4 p4 #dff47 ,silk5 %awls are beautiful1 b ! production ( worms4 ,*ryso/om also inveighs aga9/ ! practice ( embroid]+ %oes ) silk ?read1 obs]v+ t x 0 a %ame ev5 to we> x wov5 9 %awls4 ,su* is ! *ange ( circum/ances1 t n[ ev5 ! poore/ p]sons ( bo? sexes1 if dec5tly attir$1 h silk 9 _! %oes4 ,,heliodorus1 ,,cl41 ,a4 ,d4 #cij4 ,?is au?or1 describ+ ! c]emonies at ! nuptials ( ,!ag5es & ,*>iclea1 says1 8,! ambassadors ( ! ,s]es came1 br++ ! ?read & webs ( _! spid]s1 "o ( ! webs dy$ purple 7671 ! o!r :ite40 ?iopica1 lib4 x4 p4 #did4 ,commel9i4 ,salmasius 79 ,t]tullianum de ,pallio1 p4 #bdb47 quotes ! foll[+ passage f an unc]ta9 au?or4 1 1 1 4 ,! pleasure ( ! pres5t life is l ! ,indian worm1 :i*1 hav+ involv$ itself 9 ! leaf ( ! tree & hav+ be5 satisfi$ ) food1 *okes itself 9 ! cocoon ( its own ?read4--,yates's ,translation4 ,?is writ]1 :oev] he 01 appe>s to h _h a correct idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! silk-worm wraps itself 9 a leaf ( ! tree1 on :i* x fe$s1 & sp9s its tomb )9#fd4 #fd ,9 ! ,royal ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,leyd5 are eight or t5 cocoons ( ! ,phalna ,atlas f ,java4 ,!y consi/ ( a /rong silk1 & are =m$ ^u ! leaves ( a k9d ( ,ficus4 ,! fir/ lay] ( ! cocoon cov]s ! :ole ( a leaf1 & receives ! exact impress ( its =m4 ,!n two or ?ree o!r lay]s are di/9ctly p]ceptible4 ,two or ?ree leaves are jo9$ toge!r to =m ! cocoon4 ,9 reg>d to ! loos5ess ( ! lay]s ^! cocoons d n correspond to ,m4 ,breton's description ( ! cocoons ( ! wild silk-worms ( ,*9a1 :i* are v /rong & compact1 & !re=e m resemble ^? ( ! ,phalna ,paphia4 ,,fif? ,,c5tury4 ,,prud5tius1 ,,cl41 ,a4 ,d4 #dje4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce occurs 9 a spee* ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce at 8 m>tyrdom3 ,hunc1 qui sup]bit s]ico1 ,quem currus inflatum vehit2 ,hydrops aquosus lucido ,t5dit v55o intr9secus4 ,p]i/eph4 ,hymn4 ii4 l4 #bcg-bdj4 ,see him1 attir'd 9 silk5 pride1 ,inflat$ 9 8 *>iot ride2 ,! lucid poison works )91 ,dropsy di/5ds 8 swoll5 sk94 ,9 ano!r ,hymn to ! honor ( ,/4 ,romanus we f9d ! foll[+ l9es3 ,aurum rege/um nonne c>ni adquiritur8 ,inlusa ve/is1 gemma1 bombyx1 purpura1 ,9 c>nis usum mille quruntur dolis4 ,p]i/eph4 ,hymn4 x4 ,to please ! fle% a ?\s& arts cont5d3 ,! mis]'s heaps ( gold1 ! figur'd ve/1 ,! gem1 ! silk-worm1 & ! purple dye1 ,by toil acquir'd1 promote no o!r end4 ,9 ! same ,hymn 7l4 #ajae47 ,prud5tius describes a hea!n prie/ sacrific+ a bull1 & dress$ 9 a silk5 toga :i* is held up by ! ,gab9e c9cture 7,c9ctu ,gab9o ,s]icam fultus togam74 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 we ought "h to und]/& t ! c9cture only1 n ! :ole toga1 0 ( silk4 ,x 0 us$ to fa/5 & support ! toga by be+ drawn ov] ! brea/4 ,9 two o!r passages ?is poet c5sures ! progress ( luxury 9 dress1 & especially :5 adopt$ by m54 ,s]icaque 9 fractis fluit5t ut pallia membris ,psy*oma*ia1 l4 #cfe4 ,! silk5 sc>fs float o'er _! weak5'd limbs4 ,s$ pudet esse viros3 qurunt vanissima quque ,qus niteant3 g5u9a leves ut robora solvant1 ,vell]e non ovium1 s$ ,eoo ex orbe petitis ,ramorum spoliis fluitantes sum]e amictus1 ,gaud5t1 et durum scutulis p]fund]e corpus4 ,additur ars1 ut fila h]bis saturata recoctis ,inludant v>ias di/9cto /am9e =mas4 ,ut quque e/ lanugo f] mollissima tactu1 ,pectitur4 ,hunc videas lascivas prpete cursu ,v5antem tunicas1 avium quoque v]sicolorum ,indum5ta novis tex5tem plumea telis3 ,ilium pigm5tis r$ol5tibus1 et p]egr9o ,pulv]e fem9eas sp>g5tem turpitur auras4 ,ham>tig5ia1 l4 #bhf-bih4 ,!y blu% to be call'd m53 !y seek to %9e ,9 ev'ry va9e/ g>b4 ,_! native /r5g? ,to s(t5 & impair1 !y gaily *oose ,a fl[+ sc>f1 n made ( wool f %eep1 ,b ( ^? fleeces f ! ,ea/]n _w1 ,! spoil ( trees4 ,_! h>dy frame !y deck ,all o'er ) tesselat$ spots3 & art ,is add$1 t ! ?reads1 twice dy$ ) h]bs1 ,may sportively intw9e _! v>i\s hues ,& mimic =ms1 )9 ! yield+ w>p4 ,:atev] creature we>s ! s(te/ d[n1 ,!y comb its fleece4 ,?is man ) headlong c\rse ,hunts motley tunics :i* inflame desire1 ,inv5ts new looms1 & weaves a fea!r'd ve/1 ,:i* ) ! plumage ( ! birds comp>es3 ,t1 sc5t$ ) cosmetics1 basely %$s ,effem9ate =eign p[d] all ar\nd4 ,,palladius4 ,a "w rema9s "u ! "n ( ,palladius on 8,! ,nations ( ,india & ! ,bra*mans40 ,:e!r x is by ! same ,palladius1 :o wrote ! ,hi/oria ,lausiaca1 is disput$4 ,b1 z we see no reason to d\bt1 t x may h be5 writt5 z e>ly z 8 "t1 we introduce "h ! passages1 :i* h be5 f\nd 9 x1 relat+ to ! pres5t subject4 ,! au?or repres5ts ! ,bram9s z say+ to ,alex&] ! ,great1 8,y envelope y\rselves 9 s(t clo?+1 l ! silk-worms40 7p4 #ag4 ed4 ,bissi47 ,x is also ass]t$1 t ,alex&] did n pass ! ,ganges1 b w5t z f> z ,s]ica1 :]e ! silk-worms produce raw-silk 7p4 #b474 ,9 ! ,london edition ?is tract is foll[$ by "o 9 ,lat91 be>+ ! "n ( ,/4 ,ambrose & entitl$ ,,de ,,moribus ,,bra*manorum4 ,x conta9s ne>ly ! same matt] ) ! prec$+4 ,! writ] pr(esses to h obta9$ 8 in=mation f 8,musu ,dol5orum ,episcopus10 mean+1 z x appe>s f ! ,greek tract1 ,moses1 ,bi%op ( ,adule1 ( :om he says1 ,s]icam f] univ]sam regionem p]agravit3 9 qu ref]t arbores esse1 qu non solum folia1 s$ lanam quoque pr(]unt t5uissimam1 ex qu ve/im5ta con ficiuntur1 qu ,s]ica nuncupantur4 p4 #eh4 ,he travell$ ?r\gh ne>ly all ! c\ntry ( ! ,s]es1 9 :i*1 he says1 t !re are trees produc+ n only leaves1 b ! f9e/ wool1 f :i* are made ! g>m5ts call$ ,s]ica4 ,^! notices are n devoid ( value z indicat+ :at 7 ! fir/ /eps to int]c\rse ) ! orig9al silk c\ntry4 ,x may h[ev] be d\bt$1 :e!r ! la/ acc\nt "h quot$ is a modification ( ! ideas previ\sly curr5t among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 or :e!r x arose f ! mi/akes ( ,moses himself1 or ( o!r ,*ri/ian travell]s into ! int]ior ( ,asia1 :o conf\nd$ ! production ( silk ) t ( cotton4 ,,! ,,!odosian ,,code1 publi%$ ,a4 ,d4 #dch1 m5tions silk 7s]icam et metaxam7 9 v>i\s passages4 ,,apoll9>is ,,sidonius1 ,,cl41 ,a4 ,d4 #dgb4 ,describ+ ! products ( diff]5t c\ntries1 ?is le>n$ au?or says 7,c>m54 v4 l4 #db-ej71 ,f]t ,assyrius gemmas1 ,s] vell]a1 ?ura ,sabu4 ,?' ,assyrian br+s 8 gems1 ! ,s] ,8 fleeces1 ! ,sabean frank9c5se4 ,9 a passage 7,c>m54 xv471 he m5tions a pall1 ,cujus bis coctus ah5o ,s]ica ,sidonius fucabat /am9a murex4 ,! ,tyrian murex1 twice i' ?' cauldron boil'd1 ,_h dy$ its silk5 ?reads4 ,! expression "h us$1 indicates t ! silk ?read 0 br\ght f ! c\ntry ( ! ,s]es to be dy$ 9 ,phnice4 ,9 ,horace we h already notic$ ! 8,co purpur40 ,a passage f ! ,burgus ,pontii ,leontii 7,c>m54 xxii471 %[s t ! same article 7,s]ica fila7 0 import$ into ,gaul4 ,9 ! same au?or 7l4 ii4 ,epi/4 ad ,s]ranum7 we meet ) 8,s]icatum toreuma40 ,! latt] ^w probably d5ot$ a c>v$ s(a or c\*4 ,! epi!t 8s]icatum0 may h ref]r$ to its silk5 cov]4 ,! same au?or describes ,pr9ce ,sigism]1 :o 0 ab\t to be m>ri$1 go+ 9 a spl5did procession & ?us clo!d3 ,ipse m$ius incessit1 flammeus cocco1 rutilus auro1 lacteus s]ico4 ,l4 iv4 ,epi/4 p4 #ajg4 ed4 ,elm5hor/ii4 ,he himself m>*$ 9 ! mid/1 8 attire flam+ ) coccus1 glitt]+ ) gold1 & ( milky :it5ess ) silk4 ,describ+ ! heat ( ! wea!r1 he says3 ,"o man p]spires 9 cotton1 ano!r 9 silk4 ,l4 ii4 ,epi/4 #b4 ,la/ly1 9 ! foll[+ l9es he alludes to ! practice ( giv+ silk to ! successful *>iote]s at ! ,circ5sian games3 ,! ,emp'ror1 j z p[]ful1 orda9s ,t silks ) palms be giv51 cr[ns ) *a9s3 ,?us m>ks high m]it1 & inf]ior praise ,9 brilliant c>pets to ! re/ conveys4 ,c>m54 xxiii4 l4 #dbc-dbg4 ,,alcimus ,,avitus1 ,,cl41 ,a4 ,d4 #dij4 ,describ+ ! ri* man 9 ! p>able ( ,laz>us1 ?is au?or says3 ,ipse co?urnatus gemmis et fulgidus auro ,s]ica bis coctis mutabat tegm9a blattis4 ,l4 iii4 #bbb4 ,9 jewell'd busk9s & a blaze ( gold1 ,silk %awls1 or twice 9 sc>let dipt1 he wore4 ,avitus also m5tions 8! s(t fleeces s5t by ! ,s]es40 ,,six? ,,c5tury4 ,,boe?ius1 ,,cl41 ,a4 ,d4 #eaj ,nor honey into w9e !y p\r'd1 nor mix'd ,bright ,s]ic fleeces ) ! ,tyrian dye4 ,de ,consol4 ,philos4 ii4 ,! ,tyrians are *iefly kn[n to u 9 comm]cial hi/ory = _! skill 9 dye+2 ! ,tyrian purple =m$ "o ( ! mo/ g5]al & pr9cipal articles ( luxury 9 antiquity3 b dye+ c\ld sc>cely h exi/$ )\t weav+1 & ?\gh we h no direct in=mation respect+ ! ,tyrian & ,sidonian looms1 we possess sev]al anci5t ref]5ces to _! excell5ce1 ! less suspici\s because !y are incid5tal4 ,hom]1 = in/ance1 :5 ,hecuba1 on ! recomm5dation ( ! h]oic ,hector1 resolves to make a ri* (f]+ to ,m9]va1 describes h] z select+ "o ( ,sidonian manufacture z ! f9e/ :i* c\ld be obta9$4 ,! ,phrygian que5 to h] ri* w>drobe w5t ,:]e treasur$ odors brea!d a co/ly sc5t2 ,!re lay ! ve/ures ( no vulg> art-- ,sidonian maids embroid]'d e "p1 ,:om f s(t ,sidon y\?ful ,p>is bore ,) ,hel51 t\*+ on ! ,tyrian %ore4 ,"h1 z ! que5 revolv$ ) c>eful eyes ,! v>i\s textures & ! v>i\s dyes1 ,%e *ose a veil t %one sup]ior f>1 ,& gl['d refulg5t z ! morn+ />4 ,iliad1 vi4 ,tyre appe>s to h be5 ! only city ( antiquity :i* made dye+ its *ief occupation1 & ! /aple ( its comm]ce4 ,!re is little d\bt t purple1 ! sacr$ symbol ( royal & sac]dotal dignity1 0 a color discov]$ 9 t city2 &1 t x contribut$ to its opul5ce & gr&eur4 ,x is relat$ t a %eph]d's dog1 in/igat$ by hung]1 hav+ brok5 a %ell on ! sea %ore1 8 m\? became /a9$ ) a color1 :i* excit$ ! admiration ( all :o saw x1 & t ! same color 0 aft]w>ds appli$ ) great success to ! dye+ ( wool4 ,accord+ to "s ( ! anci5t writ]s1 ?is discov]y is plac$ 9 ! reign ( ,phnix1 second ,k+ ( ,tyre 7five hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era72 o!rs fix x 9 t ( ,m9os1 :o reign$ #ici ye>s e>li] or1 #adci ,b4 ,c4 ,! honor ( ! inv5tion ( dye+ purple1 is h[ev]1 g5]ally aw>d$ to ! ,tyrian ,h]cules1 :o pres5t$ 8 discov]y to ! k+ ( ,phnicia2 & ! latt] 0 s jeal\s ( ! beauties ( ?is new color1 t he =bade ! use ( x to all 8 subjects1 res]v+ x = ! g>m5ts ( royalty alone4 ,"s au?ors relate ! /ory diff]5tly3 ,h]cules' dog hav+ /a9$ 8 m\? ) a %ell1 :i* he _h brok5 on ! sea%ore1 ,tysus1 a nymph ( :om ,h]cules 0 enamor$1 0 s *>m$ ) ! beauty ( ! color1 t %e decl>$ %e w\ld see h] lov] no m until he _h br\ght g>m5ts dy$ ( ! same4 ,h]cules1 9 ord] to gratify 8 mi/ress1 collect$ a great numb] ( ! %ells1 & succe$$ 9 /a9+ a robe ( ! color %e _h dem&$4 8,color$ dresses10 says ,pl9y#fe1 87 kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,hom] 7#ijj ,b4 ,c471 f :i* ! robes ( triumph 7 borr[$40 ,purple habits are m5tion$ among ! pres5ts made to ,gideon1 by ! ,israelites1 f ! spoils ( ! k+s ( ,midan4 ,ovid1 9 8 description ( ! conte/ 9 weav+ betwe5 ,m9]va & ,ara*ne1 dwells n only on ! beauty ( ! figures :i* ! rivals wove1 b also m5tions ! delicacy ( %ad+ by :i* ! v>i\s colors 7 made to h>monize toge!r3 #fe ,pl94 viii4 #dh4 ,!n bo? _! mantles button'd to _! brea/1 ,_! skilful f+]s ply ) will+ ha/e1 ,& "w ) pleasure1 :ile !y *e] ! eye ,) gl[+ purple ( ! ,tyrian dye3 ,or ju/ly int]mix+ %ades ) light1 ,_! color+s ins5sibly unite ,z :5 a %[]1 transpi]c$ ) sunny rays1 ,its mighty ar* along ! heav5 displays2 ,f :5ce a ?\s& diff]5t colors rise ,^: f9e transition *eats ! cle>e/ eyes2 ,s l ! int]m+l$ %ad+ seems ,& only diff]s 9 ! la/ extremes4 ,_! ?reads ( gold bo? artfully dispose1 ,&1 z ea* "p 9 j proportion rose1 ,"s antic fable 9 _! "w disclose4--,metam4 vi4 ,! ,tyrian purple 0 communicat$ by means ( sev]al species ( univalve %ell-fi%4 ,pl9y gives u an acc\nt ( two k9ds ( %ell-fi% f :i* ! purple 0 obta9$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 call$ bucc9um1 ! o!r purpura#ff4 ,a s+le drop ( ! liquid dye 0 obta9$ f a small vessel or sac1 9 _! ?roats1 to ! am\nt ( only "o drop f ea* animal6 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( ! juice ?us collect$ be+ heat$ ) sea salt1 0 all[$ to rip5 = ?ree days1 aft] :i* x 0 dilut$ ) five times its bulk ( wat]1 kept at a mod]ate heat = six days m1 occasionally skimm$1 to sep>ate ! animal membranes1 & :5 ?us cl>ifi$1 0 appli$ directly z a dye to :ite wool1 previ\sly prep>$ = ?is purpose1 by ! action ( lime-wat]1 or ( a species ( li*5 call$ fucus4 ,two op]ations 7 requisite to communicate ! f9e/ ,tyrian purple2 ! fir/ consi/$ 9 plung+ ! wool into ! juice ( ! purpura1 ! second into t ( ! bucc9um4 ,fifty dra*ms ( wool requir$ "o hundr$ ( ! =m] liquor1 & two hundr$ ( ! latt]4 ,sometimes a prelim9>y t9t 0 giv5 ) cocus1 ! k]mes ( ! pres5t day1 & ! clo? receiv$ m]ely a f9i% f ! preci\s animal juice4 ,! color appe>s to h be5 v durable2 = ,plut>* obs]ves 9 8 life ( ,alex&]#fg1 t1 at ! tak+ ( ,susa1 ! ,greeks f\nd 9 ! royal treasury ( ,d>ius a quantity ( purple /uffs ( ! value ( five ?\s& tal5ts1 :i* /ill reta9$ its beauty1 ?\gh x _h la9 !re = "o hundr$ & n9ety ye>s#fh4 #ff ,pl94 ,lib4 vi4 c4 #cf4 #fg ,plut>*1 *ap4 #cf4 #fh ,! true value ( ! tal5t _c well be asc]ta9$1 b x is kn[n t x 0 diff]5t among diff]5t nations4 ,! ,attic tal5t1 ! weight1 conta9$ #fj ,attic m91 or #fjjj ,attic dra*m1 equal to #ef p\nds1 #aa ounces1 ,engli% troy weight4 ,! m9a be+ reckon$ equal to #c #ds4 #g;d4 /]l+1 or #ad #cc c5ts2 ! tal5t 0 ( ! value ( #aic #aes4 /]l+1 ab\t #hfa4 ,o!r computations make x #bbe /]l+4 ,! ,romans _h ! great tal5t & ! little tal5t2 ! great tal5t is comput$ to be equal to #ii #fs4 #h;d4 /]l+1 & ! little tal5t to #ge /]l+4 #b4 ,tal5t1 among ! ,hebrews1 0 also a gold co91 ! same ) a %ekel ( gold2 call$ also /at]1 & weigh+ only f\r dra*mas4 ,b ! ,hebrew tal5t ( silv]1 call$ cic>1 0 equival5t to ?ree ?\s& %ekels1 or "o hundr$ & ?irte5 p\nds1 t5 ounces1 & a fraction1 troy weight4--,arbu?not4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,silk ,,manufacture ,,cont9u$ ,,f ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,silk-,,worms ,,into ,,europe1 ,a4,d4 #ecj1 ,,to ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury4 ,a4 ,d4 #ecj4--;,introduction ( silk-worms into ,europe--,mode by :i* x 0 effect$--,! ,s]9da ( ,procopius ! same ) ! mod]n ,khotan--,! silk-worm nev] br$ 9 ,sir-h9d--,silk %awls ( ,tyre & ,b]ytus--,tyrannical conduct ( ,ju/9ian--,ru9 ( ! silk manufactures--,oppressive conduct ( ,pet] ,b>sames--,m5&] ,protector--,surprise ( ,maniak ! ,sogdian ambassador--,conduct ( ,*osroes1 k+ ( ,p]sia--,union ( ! ,*9ese & ,p]sians aga9/ ! ,turks--,! ,turks 9 self-def5ce seek an alliance ) ! ,romans--,mortification ( ! ,turki% ambassador--,reception ( ! ,byzant9e ambassador by ,disabul1 k+ ( ! ,sogdiani--,display ( silk textures--,paul ! ,sil5ti>y's acc\nt ( silk--,isidorus ,hispal5sis4 ,m5tion ( silk by au?ors 9 ! sev5? c5tury--,doro!us1 ,ar*im&rite ( ,pale/9e--,introduction ( silk-worms into ,*ubdan1 or ,khotan--,!ophylactus ,simocatta--,silk manufactures ( ,turfan--,silk kn[n 9 ,engl& 9 ?is c5tury--,fir/ worn by ,e!lb]t1 k+ ( ,k5t--,use ( by ! ,fr5* k+s--,aldhelmus's beautiful description ( ! silk-worm--,simile betwe5 weav+ & virtue4 ,silk 9 ! eigh? c5tury--,b$e4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury--,use ( silk by ! ,engli%1 ,wel%1 & ,scot* k+s4 ,twelf? c5tury--,!odorus ,prodromus--,figur$ %awls ( ! ,s]es--,+ulphus describes ve/m5ts ( silk int]wov5 ) eagles & fl[]s ( gold--,great value ( silk ab\t ?is "t--,silk manufactures ( ,sicily--,its introduction into ,spa94 ,f\rte5? c5tury--,ni*olas ,tegr9i--,ext5sion ( ! ,silk manufacture ?r\gh ,europe1 illu/rat$ by etymology--,extraord9>y beauty ( silk & gold5 textures us$ 9 ! decoration ( *ur*es 9 ! middle ages--,silk r>ely m5tion$ 9 ! n9?1 elev5?1 or ?irte5? c5turies4 ,we n[ come to ! v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! fir/ introduction ( silk-worms into ,europe1 :i* is giv5 by ,procopius 9 ! foll[+ t]ms4 7,de ,bello ,go?ico1 iv4 #ag47 8,ab\t ?is "t 7,a4 ,d4 #ecj47 two monks1 hav+ arriv$ f ,india1 & le>nt t ,ju/9ian 0 desir\s t 8 subjects %\ld no long] pur*ase raw silk f ! ,p]sians1 w5t to him & (f]$ to contrive means1 by :i* ! ,romans w\ld no long] be "u ! necessity ( import+ ?is article f _! enemies ! ,p]sians or any o!r nation4 ,!y said1 t !y _h long resid$ 9 ! c\ntry call$ ,s]9da1 "o ( ^? inhabit$ by ! v>i\s ,indian nations1 & _h accurately in=m$ !mselves h[ raw silk might be produc$ 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,romans4 ,9 reply to ! repeat$ & m9ute inquiries ( ?is ,emp]or1 !y /at$1 t ! raw silk is made by worms1 :i* nature in/ructs & cont9ually prompts to ?is labor2 b t to br+ ! worms alive to ,byzantium w\ld be impossible2 t ! bre$+ ( !m is q easy2 t ea* p>5t animal produces numb]less eggs1 :i* long aft] _! bir? are cov]$ ) manure by p]sons :o h ! c>e ( !m1 & be+ ?us w>m$ a suffici5t "t1 are hat*$4 ,! ,emp]or hav+ promis$ ! monks a h&some rew>d1 if !y w\ld put 9 execution :at !y _h propos$1 !y return$ to ,india & br\ght ! eggs to ,byzantium1 :]e1 hav+ hat*$ !m 9 ! mann] describ$1 !y f$ !m ) ! leaves ( ! ,black ,mulb]ry1 & ?us enabl$ ! ,romans !nce=? to obta9 raw silk 9 _! own c\ntry40 ,! same n>rative1 abridg$ f ,procopius1 is f\nd 9 ,manuel ,glycas 7,annal4 l4 iv4 p4 #bji471 & ,zon>es 7,annal4 l4 xiv4 p4 #fi4 ed4 ,du ,cange474 ,9 ! ab/ract giv5 by ,photius 7,biblio?4 p4 #hj4 ed4 ,ro?am7 ( ! hi/ory ( ,!ophanes ,byzant9us1 :o 0 a writ] ( ne>ly ! same age ) ,procopius1 we f9d a n>rative1 9 :i* ! only v>iation is1 t a ,p]sian br\ght ! eggs to ,byzantium 9 ! holl[ /em ( a plant4 ,! me?od n[ practis$ 9 transport+ ! eggs f c\ntry to c\ntry is to place !m 9 a bottle n m ?an half full1 s t by be+ toss$ ab\t1 !y may be kept cool & fre%4 ,if too close1 !y w\ld probably be heat$ & hat* on ! j\rney#fi4 #fi ,transactions ( ! ,society = enc\rag+ ,arts1 ,manufactures1 c41 vol4 xliii4 p4 #bcf4 ,! au?ors :o h hi!rto treat$ ( ! hi/ory ( ! silk-worm1 h suppos$ ! ,s]9da ( ,procopius to be ! mod]n ,sir-h9d1 a city ( ,circ> 9 ! ,nor? ( ,h9do/an#gj4 ,not)/&+ ! /rik+ simil>ity ( names1 we ?9k x m likely t ,s]9da 0 adopt$ by ,procopius z ano!r "n = ,khotan 9 ,little ,bu*>ia4 ,! anci5ts includ$ ,khotan among ! ,indian nations#ga3 & t !y 7 "r 9 s do+ is e/abli%$ f ! facts1 t ,sanscrit 0 ! anci5t language ( ! inhabitants ( ,khotan2 t _! alphabetical *>act]s1 _! laws1 & _! lit]ature resembl$ ^? ( ! ,h9doos2 & t !y _h a tradition ( be+ ,indian 9 _! orig9#gb4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ,khotan 0 also includ$ 9 ! anci5t ,s]ica1 a t]m probably ( wide & r indef9ite ext5t#gc2 ! "n ,s]9da w\ld exactly d5ote ! orig9 & connexions ( ! race :i* occupi$ ,khotan4 #gj ,9 ?is !y h foll[$ ,d',anville1 ,antiquit ,gographique de l',inde1 ,p>is1 #agge1 p4 #fc4 #ga ,9 pro( ( ?is we ref] to ,he]51 ,ide51 i4 l4 p4 #ceh-chg1 on ! ,indian tribes :i* con/itut$ "o ( ! ,p]sian ,satrapies1 & 9 :i* ! inhabitants ( ,khotan appe> to h be5 includ$2 & also to ,cell>ii ,antiqui ,orbis ,notitia1 l4 iii4 c4 #bc4 #b4 #gb ,rmusat1 ,hi/4 de la ,ville de ,khotan1 p4 #cb4 ,note #a4 & p4 #cg4 #gc ,de ,guignes 7,hi/4 ,g54 des ,huns1 tome i4 p4 v47 expresses 8 op9ion1 t ,s]ica1 besides ! ,nor? ( ,*9a1 includ$ ! c\ntries t[>ds ! ,we/1 :i* 7 conqu]$ by ! ,*9ese1 viz4 ,hami1 ,turfan1 & o!r neighbor+ t]ritories4 ,r5nell 7,mem4 ( a map ( ,h9do/an7 agrees ) ,d',anville1 t ,s]ica 0 at ! ,nor?we/ angle ( ! pres5t empire ( ,*9a4 ,he]5 decides 9 favor ( ! same op9ion1 suppos+ ,s]ica to be id5tical ) ! mod]n ,tongut4 ,comm5t4 ,soc4 ,reg4 ,sci5t4 ,gott+5sis1 vol4 xi4 p4 #ajf4 #aaa4 ,gott+1 #agic4 ,pausanias obs]ves t ! ,s]es1 9 ord] to bre$ ! insects :i* produc$ silk1 _h h\ses adapt$ bo? = summ] & w9t]1 :i* implies t !re 0 a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! summ] & w9t] temp]ature ( _! c\ntry4 ,a late ori5tal travell] says ( ! climate ( ,khotan1 8,9 ! summ]1 :5 melons rip51 x is v hot 9 ^! c\ntries2 b1 dur+ w9t]1 extremely cold40--,wa!n's ,memoir on ,*9ese ,t>t>y & ,khotan1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 ,decemb] #ahce1 p4 #fei4 ,on ref]r+ to ! map1 ,plate ,,vii41 ! read] w see ! position ( ,s]ica indicat$ at its ,ea/]n extremity4 ,z t map is limit$ to ! ,orbis ,vet]ibus ,cognitus1 only a small space on its bord] is m>k$ z ! c\ntry ( silk indicat$ by ! yell[ color4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 pretty c]ta9 t silk may be ju/ly plac$ next 9 ord] to wool4 ,on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh ,sir-h9d is t]m$ 8an anci5t city0 by ,major ,r5nell#gd1 we _c f9d any evid5ce t ! silk-worm 0 ev] br$ !re4 ,s f> is ?is f be+ ! case1 t x appe>s to be a c\ntry v ill adapt$ = ! production ( silk#ge4 ,x may inde$ be true1 z /at$ by ,latreille1 t ,sir-h9d 0 coloniz$ f ,khotan1 & x may be m5tion$ z a rem>kable circum/ance 9 confirmation ( ?is supposition1 t !re is a t[n call$ ,kotana a little way to ! ,nor? ,ea/ ( ! ,city ( ,sir-h9d4 ,b1 suppos+ ?is acc\nt to be correct1 x is highly probable t ! settlem5t ( ,sir-h9d z a colony ( ,khotan did n take place till aft] ! ye> #ecj1 :5 ! bre$+ ( silk-worms 0 accord+ to ,procopius introduc$ into ,europe f 8,s]9da40 ,r m ?an #abj ye>s be=e ?is "t ,india 0 visit$ by ! ,*9ese travell]1 ,fa ,hian1 :o on 8 way pass$ "s mon?s ) great delight & admiration 9 ,khotan2 & ! special object ( ^: j\rney 0 to see & describe all ! cities ( ,india :]e ,buddhism 0 pr(ess$4 ,! inhabitants ( ,khotan be+ :olly devot$ to t delusion1 ! same sy/em mu/ h be5 e/abli%$ 9 its colony2 &1 s9ce ?is zeal\s pilgrim cross$ ,india at no great di/ance f ! spot :]e ,sir-h9d aft]w>ds /ood1 we _c d\bt t he w\ld h m5tion$ x1 if x _h exi/$ 9 8 age4 ,he says n a ^w ab\t x2 & ! "t is comp>atively s %ort betwe5 8 visit to ,india & ! date ( ! introduction ( silk-worms into ,europe1 t we c sc>cely suppose ,sir-h9d1 ! colony ( ,khotan & consequ5tly ! seat ( ,buddhism1 to h be5 9 exi/5ce ei!r at ! =m] or latt] p]iod#gf4 #gd ,memoir ( a ,map ( ,h9do/an4 #ge 8,! ,s4 ,w4 portion ( ! ,circ> ,sir-h9d is extremely b>r51 be+ cov]$ ) l[ scrubby wood1 & 9 _m places de/itute ( wat]4 ,ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #aceg ,f]oze ! ,?ird cut sev]al canals f ! ,jumna & ! ,sutlege 9 ord] to f]tilize ?is naturally arid c\ntry40--,walt] ,hamilton's ,description ( ,h9do/an1 vol4 i4 p4 #dfe4 #gf;,fo ,k\ ,ki1 ou ,relation des royaumes b\ddhiques3 ,voyage dans la ,t>t>ie1 dans l',afghani/an1 et dans l',inde2 traduit du ,*9ois et comm5t p> ,rmusat1 ,klapro?1 et ,l&resse4 ,p>is1 #ahcf1 #dto4 ,9 ano!r passage ( 8 hi/ory 7,bell4 ,p]s4 #a4 #bj47 ,procopius ?r[s "s light ^u our subject by /at+ t 9 consequ5ce ( ! monopoly ( ! trade 9 raw silk by ! ,p]sians1 ,ju/9ian attempt$ to obta9 x ?r\gh ! ?iopians ( ,arabia1 b f\nd ?is to be impracticable1 z ! ,p]sian m]*ants frequ5t$ ! ports to :i* ! ,indians resort$1 & f !m pur*as$ all _! c>goes4 ,procopius fur!r /ates 7,hi/4 ,arcana1 c4 #be471 t silk %awls _h long be5 manufactur$ 9 ! ,phnician cities ,tyre & ,b]ytus 7to :i* all :o 7 conc]n$ 9 ! silk trade1 ei!r z m]*ants or manufactur]s1 consequ5tly resort$1 & f :5ce goods 7 c>ri$ to e "p ( ! e>?72 b t 9 ! reign ( ,ju/9ian ! manufactur]s 9 ,byzantium & o!r ,greek cities rais$ ! prices ( _! goods1 alleg+ t ! ,p]sians _h also advanc$ !irs1 :ile ! impo/s 7 increas$ among ! ,romans4 ,ju/9ian1 pret5d+ to be mu* conc]n$ at ! high prices1 =bade any "o 9 8 dom9ions to sell silk = m ?an eight aurei p] p\nd1 ?reat5+ confiscation ( goods aga9/ any "o :o transgress$ ! law4 ,to comply 0 impossible1 s9ce !y 7 requir$ to sell _! goods at a price l[] ?an t = :i* !y b\ght !m4 ,!y !re=e ab&on$ ! trade1 & secretly sold ! remnant ( _! goods = :at !y c\ld get4 ,! ,empress ,!odora1 on be+ appris$ ( ?is1 imm$iately seiz$ ! goods & f9$ ! proprietors a hundr$ aurei besides4 ,x 0 !n det]m9$1 t ! silk manufacture %\ld be c>ri$ on solely by ! ,imp]ial ,treasur]4 ,,pet] ,,b>sames held ! (fice1 & conduct$ himself 9 relation to ?is bus9ess 9 ! mo/ unju/ & oppressive mann]1 s t ! silk-trade 0 ru9$ n only 9 ,byzantium b also at ,tyre & ,b]ytus1 :ile ! ,emp]or1 ,empress & _! ,treasur] amass$ great weal? by ! monopoly4 ,,m5&] ,,protector1 ,a4 ,d4 #efj-egj4 ,9 an acc\nt ( an embassy s5t to ,con/ant9ople by ! ,av>s ( ,s>matia1 ?is au?or /ates1 t ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian endeavor$ to excite _! admiration by a display ( spl5did c\*es1 gold *a9s1 & g>m5ts ( silk#gg4 #gg ,corp4 ,hi/4 ,byzant4 ed4 #agbi4 tom4 i4 p4 #fg4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,turki% p[] 9 ,asia1 ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 toge!r ) subsequ5t w>s1 _h greatly int]rupt$ ! c>avan trade betwe5 ,*9a & ,p]sia4 ,on ! return ( peace1 ! ,sogdians1 an ,asiatic p1 :o _h ! greate/ int]e/ 9 ! revival ( ! trade1 p]suad$ ! ,turki% sov]eign1 ^: subjects !y 7 become1 to s5d an embassy to ,*osroes1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 to op5 a negotiation = ?is purpose4 ,maniak1 a ,sogdian pr9ce1 :o 0 ambassador1 be+ in/ruct$ to reque/ t ! ,sogdians might be all[$ to supply ! ,p]sians ) silk2 pres5t$ himself be=e ! ,p]sian mon>* 9 ! d\ble "* ( m]*ant & envoy1 c>ry+ ) him _m bales ( silk5 m]*&ise1 = :i* he hop$ to f9d pur*as]s among ! ,p]sians4 ,b ,*osroes1 :o ?\ght ! conveyance by sea to ! ,p]sian ,gulf m advantage\s to 8 subjects ?an ?is propos$ traffic1 0 n dispos$ to l5d a favorable e> to ! legation1 & r unc\rte\sly %[$ 8 contempt = ! ,sogdian trad]s4 ,he b\ght up all ! silk :i* ! ambassador _h c>ri$ ) him1 & imm$iately burn$ x be=e !m2 ?us giv+ ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( ! little value :i* x _h 9 8 e/imation4 ,aft] ?is ! ,p]sians & ,*9ese unit$ aga9/ ! ,turks1 :o1 to /r5g!n !mselves1 s\ght an alliance ) ! ,emp]or ,ju/94 ,maniak 0 aga9 appo9t$ ambassador1 & s5t to negotiate ! t]ms ( ! alliance2 b disappo9tm5t1 ?\gh f a dissimil> cause1 att5d$ ?is 8 second embassy4 ,! sight ( silk-worms1 & ! e/abli%m5t = manufactur+ _! produce1 9 ,con/ant9ople1 7 to him z unwelcome z unexpect$2 he h[ev] conceal$ 8 mortification1 &1 ) p]haps an ov]/ra9$ civility1 ackn[l$g$1 t ! ,romans 7 already become z exp]t z ! ,*9ese 9 bo? ! managem5t ( silk-worms & manufacture ( _! silk#gh2 & :5 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,ju/9 ,,ii4 7i4 e4 ,a4 ,d4 #efi47 !y w5t on ! same mission to ,byzantium1 !y f\nd t "h also !re 0 no dem&1 s9ce silk-worms 7 br$ !re already4 ,soon aft] ?is we le>n t ! ,byzant9es s5t an embassy to ,disabul1 ,k+ ( ! ,sogdiani1 :o receiv$ ! ambassadors 9 t5ts cov]$ ) v>i\sly-color$ silks4 #gh ,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 *ap4 xlii4 ,,paul1 ,,! ,,sil5ti>y1 ,a4 ,d4 #efb1 m5tions silk ?read1 us$ 9 adorn+ ! ve/m5ts 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople4 7,p4 ii4 l4 #cfh47 ,! note ( ! ,editor1 ,du ,cange1 on ! description ( ! pall1 7#egg471 conta9s v>i\s quotations f ecclesia/ical writ]s1 :i* m5tion 8vela rubea ,s]ica20 8vela alba holos]ica rasata20 8vela s]ica de blatt940 ,^! quotations %[1 t silk _h be5 introduc$ into g5]al use = ! *ur*es4 ,,isidorus ,,hispal5sis1 ,,cl41 ,a4 ,d4 #ege4 ,! etymological "w ( ,isidore ( ,seville may be reg>d$ z a k9d ( encyclop$ia1 exhibit+ ! g5]al /ate ( k & art at ! "t :5 he wrote4 ,h5ce ! foll[+ descriptive extracts are well des]v+ ( att5tion4 ,bombyx frondium v]mis1 ex cujus textur ,bombyc9um conficitur4 ,appellatur autem hoc nom9e ab eo quod evacuetur dum fila g5]at1 et a] solus 9 eo remanet4--,orig94 l4 xii4 c4 #e4 ,bombyx1 a worm :i* lives ^u ! leaves ( trees1 & f ^: web silk is made4 ,x is call$ ,bombyx1 because x empties itself 9 produc+ ?reads1 & no?+ b air rema9s )9 x4 ,! clo? call$ ,bombyc9a1 d]ives its "n f ! silk-worm 7,bombyx71 :i* emits v long ?reads2 ! web wov5 f !m is call$ ,bombyc9um1 & is made 9 ! isl& ( ,cos4 ,t call$ ,s]ica d]ives its "n f silk 7s]icum71 or f ! circum/ance1 t is 0 fir/ obta9$ f ! ,s]es4 ,holos]ica is all ( silk3 = ,holon means all4 ,tramos]ica has a w>p ( l952 & a wo( 7trama7 ( silk4--,l4 xix4 c4 #bb4 ,t\*+ ^! extracts we w\ld rem>k1 t ! te/imony ( ,isidore mu/ n be consid]$ z prov+1 t ! silk manufacture /ill exi/$ 9 ,cos4 ,8 /atem5t 0 no d\bt m]ely copi$ f ,v>ro or ,pl9y1 or f\nd$ ^u ! au?ority ( o!r writ]s long ant]ior to 8 own age4 ,x is inde$ probable t silk-worms _h by ?is "t be5 br\ght into ,greece1 b t he 0 ignorant ( ! fact4 ,,sev5? ,,c5tury4 ,,doro!us1 ,,ar*im&rite ,,( ,,pale/9e1 ,a4 ,d4 #fja4 4--,doctr4 #b1 z quot$ 9 ,cod4 ,!odos4 ,go?(r$i4 ,l4 ,bat4 #affe4 ,= z a man we>+ a tunic entirely ( silk4 ,,!ophylactus ,,simocatta1 ,a4 ,d4 #fbi4 ,?is au?or1 9 8 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory 7l4 vii4 c4 #i471 in=ms u t ! silk manufacture 0 c>ri$ on at ,*ubdan1 ) ! greate/ skill & activity1 :i* 0 probably ! same z ,khotan1 or1 z x 0 call$ 9 8 "t1 ,ku-tan#gi4 #gi ,it9raire de ,hiuan ,?sang1 ,app5dice ii4 ,foe ,k\e ,ki1 p4 #cii4 ,we h1 moreov]1 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! gr[? & manufacture ( silk 9 t c\ntry 7p4 #ee1 #ef474 8,! mona/]y ( ,l\-*e 7occupi$ by ,buddhi/s7 is to ! s\?-we/ ( ! royal city4 ,=m]ly ! inhabitants ( ?is k+dom _h nei!r mulb]ries nor silk-worms4 ,!y he>d ( !m 9 ! ,ea/ c\ntry1 & s5t an embassy to ask = !m4 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,ea/ refus$ ! reque/1 & issu$ ! /ricte/ injunctions to prev5t ei!r mulb]ries or silk-worms' eggs f be+ convey$ across ! bord]4 ,!n ! ,k+ ( ,kiu-sa-tan-na 7i4 e4 ,k\/ana1 or ,khotan7 ask$ ( him a pr9cess 9 m>riage4 ,?is hav+ be5 grant$1 ! k+ *>g$ ! (fic] ( 8 c\rt :o w5t to escort h]1 to say1 t 9 8 c\ntry !re 7 nei!r mulb]ry-trees nor cocoons1 & t %e mu/ introduce !m1 or be )\t silk dresses4 ,! pr9cess1 hav+ receiv$ ?is in=mation1 obta9$ ! se$ bo? ( mulb]ries1 & silk-worms1 :i* %e conceal$ 9 h] head-dress4 ,on arriv+ at ! fronti]1 ! (fic]s se>*$ e :]e1 b d>e n t\* ! turban ( ! pr9cess4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ! spot1 :]e ! mona/]y ( ,l\-*e 0 aft]w>ds erect$1 %e deposit$ ! se$ bo? ( ! mulb]ries & worms4 ,! trees 7 plant$ 9 ! spr+1 & %e aft]w>ds w5t h]self to assi/ 9 ga!r+ ! leaves4 ,at fir/ ! worms 7 f$ ^u ! leaves ( o!r plants1 & a law 0 enact$1 t no worms 7 to be de/roy$ or sacrific$ until _! quantity 0 suffici5tly great4 ,! mona/]y 0 f\nd$ to commemorate s great a b5efit1 & "s trunks ( ! orig9al mulb]ry-trees c yet be se5 !re#hj40 #hj ,x may be obs]v$1 t ! folds ( ! turban are n unfrequ5tly us$ 9 ! ,ea/ to convey articles ( value4 ,see ,j\rnal ( a ,t\r 9 ,asia ,m9or1 by ,*>les ,fell[s1 ,london1 #ahci1 p4 #baf4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage 7,rgne ,animal1 p> ,cuvi]1 tom4 v4 p4 #djb417 ,latreille m5tions ,turfan z an important city z f> z x affect$ ! e>ly silk-trade4 ,9 o!r respects 8 acc\nt co9cides ) t already giv54 8,la ville de ,turfan1 dans la petite ,bu*>ie1 fut long-temps le r5dez-v\s des c>avanes v5ant de l',oue/1 et l'entrept pr9cipal des soi]ies de la ,*9e4 ,elle tait la mtropole des ,sres de l',asie suprieure1 ou de la ,srique de ,ptolme4 ,expulss de leurs pays p> les ,huns1 les ,sres s'tablir5t dans la gr&e ,bu*>ie et dans l',inde4 ,c'e/ d'une de leurs colonies1 du ,s]-h5d 7,s]-indi71 que des missionaires ,grecs transportr5t1 du temps de ,ju/9i51 les ufs du v] soie ,con/ant9ople40 ,! ,city ( ,turfan 9 ,little ,bu*>ia 0 = a long "t ! r5dezv\s ( ! c>avans com+ f ! ,we/1 & ! pr9cipal m>ket = ,*9ese silks4 ,x 0 ! metropolis ( ! ,s]es ( ,upp] ,asia1 or ! ,s]ica ( ,ptolemy4 ,! ,s]es hav+ be5 expell$ _! c\ntry by ! ,huns1 e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,great ,bu*>ia & 9 ,india4 ,x is f "o ( _! colonies 7( ,s]-indi71 t ! ,grecian ,mission>ies1 9 ! "t ( ,ju/9ian1 br\ght ! eggs ( ! silk-worm to ,con/ant9ople4 ,a diploma ( ,,e!lb]t1 ,k+ ( ,k5t1 m5tions 8,armilausia holos]ica10 prov+ t silk 0 kn[n 9 ,engl& at ! end ( ! six? c5tury#ha4 ,! usual dress ( ! e>lie/ ,fr5* k+s seems to h be5 a l95 %irt & draw]s ( ! same mat]ial next to ! sk92 ov] ^! a tunic1 probably ( f9e wool1 :i* _h a bord] ( silk1 ornam5t$ sometimes ) gold or preci\s /ones2 & ^u ?is a sagum1 :i* 0 fa/5$ ) a fibula on ! "r %\ld]4 ,eg9h>t in=ms u1 t ,*>lemagne wore a tunic1 or ve/1 ) a silk5 bord] 7limbo s]ico7#hb4 #ha ,dugdale's ,mona/icon1 vol4 i4 p4 #bd4 ,adelung's ,gloss>ium ,manuale1 v4 ,armilausia4 #hb ,examples ( x may be se51 ,i4 9 ! two figures ( ,*>lemagne1 execut$ 9 mosaic dur+ 8 life-"t1 "o ( :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,p5it5ti>y ( ,/4 ,john ,lat]an at ,rome1 & bo? ( ^! are describ$ by ,spon 9 8 ,miscellanea ,erudit ,antiquitatus 7p4 #bhd472 ,,ii4 9 ! figure ( ,*>les ! ,bald1 ! gr&son ( ,*>lemagne1 :i* is 9 ! spl5did copy ( ! ,lat9 ,gospels made = 8 use1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y at ,muni*1 & :i* may be se5 engrav$ 9 ,sanft's ,diss]tation on t ,,ms4 7p4 #db472 ,,iii4 9 ! figure ( an e>ly ,fr5* k+ engrav$ f a ,,ms4 by ,baluzius 9 8 ,capitul>ia ,regum ,francorum 7tom4 ii4 p4 #acjh472 & ,,iv4 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,montfaucon's ,monum5s de la ,mon>*ie ,franaise4 ,,aldhelmus1 ,,cl41 ,a4 ,d4 #fhj4 ,?is au?or1 :o di$ ,abbot ( ,%]burn1 0 among ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( 8 age4 ,9 8 nigmas1 :i* are writt5 9 tetra/ics1 we f9d ! foll[+ description ( ! silk-worm4 ,z x is sc>cely possible t he c\ld h se5 ?is creature1 we h cause to admire bo? ! +5uity & g5]al accuracy ( 8 l9es4 ,! asc5d+ to ! tops ( ?orns or %rubs1 su* z 8g5i/10 to :i* ! animal may atta* its cocoon 7globulum71 has n be5 notic$ by any e>li] au?or4 ,de ,bombycibus4 ,annua dum r$eunt tex5di tempora telas1 ,lurida setig]is repl5tur visc]a filis2 ,moxque g5i/>um frondosa cacum9a sc&o1 ,ut globulus fabricans cum fati sorte quiescam4 ,maxima ,bibl4 ,vet4 ,patrum1 tom4 xiii4 p4 #be4 ,soon z ! ye> br+s r\nd ! "t to sp91 ,my entrails d>k ) hairy ?reads are fill'd3 ,!n to ! leafy lops ( %rubs ,i climb1 ,make my cocoon1 & re/ by fate's decree4 ,9 a book writt5 by ?is au?or1 9 praise ( virg9ity1 he obs]ves1 ,t *a/ity alone did n =m an amiable & p]fect "*1 b requir$ to be accompani$ & adorn$ by _m o!r virtues2 & ?is obs]vation he fur!r illu/rates by ! foll[+ simile tak5 f ! art ( weav+3 8,z x is n a web ( "o uni=m color & texture1 )\t any v>iety ( figures1 t please? ! eye & appe>s beautiful1 b "o t is wov5 by %uttles1 fill$ ) ?reads ( purple1 & _m o!r colors1 fly+ f side to side1 & =m+ a v>iety ( figures & images1 9 diff]5t comp>tm5ts1 ) admirable art40--,biblio!ca ,patrum1 tom4 xiii4 ,,eigh? ,,c5tury4 ,,b$e1 ,,cl41 ,a4 ,d4 #gja4 ,joseph autem m]catus e/ s9donem1 et depon5s eum involvit s9done4 7,m>c4 xv4 #df47--;,et ex simplici sepultura dom9i ambitio divitum condemnatur1 qui ne 9 tumulis quidem possunt c>]e divitiis4 ,possumus autem juxta intellig5tiam spiritalem hoc s5tire1 quod corpus dom9i non auro1 non gemmis et s]ico1 s$ l9team9e puro obvolv5dum sit1 quanquam et hoc significet1 quod ille 9 s9done munda involvat ,jesum1 qui pura eum m5te suscep]it4 ,h9c ecclesi mos obt9uit1 ut sacrificium alt>is non 9 s]ico1 neque 9 panno t9cto1 s$ 9 l9o t]r5o celebretur1 sicut corpus e/ dom9i 9 s9done munda sepultum1 juxta quod 9 ge/is pontificalibus a beato ,pap ,silve/ro legimus esse /atutum4--,expos4 9 ,m>cum1 tom4 v4 p4 #bjg4 ,col4 ,agrip4 #afhh4 ,b ,joseph b\ght a l95 clo?1 &1 tak+ him d[n1 wrapp$ him 9 ! l95 clo?4 7,m>k xv4 #df47--,! simple burial ( our ,"l condemns ! ambition ( ri* m51 :o _c be )\t weal? ev5 9 _! tombs4 ,t 8 body is to be wrapp$ n 9 gold1 n 9 silk & preci\s /ones1 b 9 pure l951 may be und]/ood by u spiritually4 ,x also intimates1 t he incloses ,jesus 9 a clean l95 clo?1 :o receives him ) a pure m9d4 ,h5ce ! cu/om ( ! *ur* has obta9$1 to celebrate ! sacrifice ( ! alt>1 n 9 silk1 nor 9 dy$ clo?1 b 9 e>?y flax1 z ! body ( our ,"l 0 buri$ 9 a clean l95 clo?2 = s we read 9 ! pontifical acts1 t x 0 decre$ by ! bless$ ,pope ,silve/]4 ,! latt] portion ( ?is extract1 :]e9 we are in=m$ ( ! orig9 ( ! practice1 univ]sally adopt$1 ( cov]+ ! ,eu*>i/ ) a :ite l95 clo?1 mu/ be a lat] addition4 ,pope ,silve/] liv$1 z ! read] w p]ceive1 long aft] ! "t ( ,b$e4 ,b$e1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,abbots ( ,we>m\?1 /ates t ! fir/ abbot & f\nd] ( ! mona/]y1 ,biscop1 surnam$ ,b5$ict1 w5t a fif? "t to ,rome = ornam5ts & books to enri* x1 & on ?is occasion 7,a4 ,d4 #fhe47 br\ght two sc>fs1 or palls1 ( incomp>able workman%ip1 compos$ entirely ( silk1 ) :i* he aft]w>ds pur*as$ ! l& ( ?ree families situat$ at ! m\? ( ! ,we>#hc4 ,?is %[s ! high value ( silk5 articles at t p]iod4 #hc ,b$ ,hi/4 ,eccles4 c4 cura ,jo4 ,smi?4 ,cantab4 #agbb4 p4 #big4 ,mr4 ,%>on ,turn]1 speak+ ( ,b$e1 says1 8,8 own rema9s 7 inclos$ 9 silk4 ,mag4 ,bib4 xvi4 p4 #hh4 ,x (t5 adorn$ ! alt>s ( ! *ur*2 & we read ( a pres5t to a ,we/-,saxon bi%op ( a casula1 n entirely ( silk1 b mix$ ) goat's wool40 ,ibid4 p4 #ej4 ,he ref]s to p4 #ig4 ( ! same volume1 z m5tion+ 8pallia holos]ica40--,hi/ory ( ! ,anglo-,saxons1 vol4 iii4 book vii4 *ap4 #d4 p4 #dh1 #di4 ,,t5? ,,c5tury4 ,ab\t ! ye> #igj ,k5ne?1 k+ ( ,scotl&1 paid a visit 9 ,london to ,edg>1 k+ ( ,engl&4 ,! latt] sov]eign1 to ev9ce at once 8 fri5d%ip & munific5ce1 be/[$ ^u 8 illu/ri\s gue/ silks1 r+s1 & gems1 toge!r ) "o hundr$ ounces ( pure gold#hd4 #hd ,l+>d's ,hi/4 ( ,engl&1 vol4 i4 #bda4 ,london1 #ahai1 #dto4 ,p]haps we may ref] to ! same date ! composition ( ! 8,lady ( ! ,f\nta910 a ,wel% tale1 rec5tly translat$ by ,lady ,*>lotte ,gue/#he4 ,at ! op5+ ( ?is poem ,k+ ,ar?ur is repres5t$ sitt+ 9 8 *amb] at ,ca]-leon ^u ,usk4 ,x is said1 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! *amb]1 ,k+ ,ar?ur sat ^u a seat ( gre5 ru%es1 ov] :i* 0 spread a cov]+ ( flame-color$ sat91 & a cu%ion cov]$ ) ! same mat]ial 0 "u 8 elb[4 ,! m5tion ( silk & sat9 is frequ5t 9 ?is tale4 #he ,! ,mab9ogion1 f ! ,llyfr ,co* o ,h]ge/ & o!r anci5t ,wel% manuscripts2 ) an ,engli% translation & notes4 ,by ,lady ,*>lotte ,gue/4 ,"p ,i4 ,! ,lady ( ! ,f\nta94 ,ll&ov]y1 #ahch4 ,,g]b]t1 ,,cl41 ,a4 ,d4 #igj4 ,?is au?or1 :o became ,pope ,silve/]1 m5tions g>m5ts ( silk 7s]icas ve/es7 9 a passage :i* has be5 already quot$ 7see ,"p ,,ii4 *ap4 ,v474 ,,twelf? ,,c5tury4 ,,!odorus ,,prodromus1 a romance writ] 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 m5tions ! figur$ %awls 77 manufactur$ by ! ,s]es4 ,! bre$+ ( silk-worms 9 ,europe appe>s to h be5 conf9$ to ,greece f ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian until ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! manufacture ( silk 0 also v r>e 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 be+ probably practis$ only z a recreation & accompli%m5t = ladies4 ,b 9 ! ye> #aadh ,rog] ,i41 ,k+ ( ,sicily1 hav+ tak5 ! cities ( ,cor9?1 ,!bes1 & ,a!ns1 ?us got into 8 p[] a great numb] ( silk-weav]s1 took !m away ) ! implem5ts & mat]ials necess>y = ! ex]cise ( _! art1 & =c$ !m to reside at ,pal]mo#hf4 ,nicetas ,*oniates#hg1 ref]r+ to ! same ev5t1 speaks ( ^! artisans z ( bo? sexes1 & rem>ks t 9 8 "t ^? :o w5t to ,sicily might see ! sons ( ,!bans & ,cor9?ians employ$ 9 weav+ velvet /oles int]wov5 ) gold1 & s]v+ l ! ,eretrians ( old among ! ,p]sians#hh4 #hf ,otto ,fris+51 ,hi/4 ,imp4 ,fr$]4 l4 i4 c4 #cc4 9 ,muratori1 ,r]um ,italic>um ,scriptores1 tom4 vi4 p4 #ffh4 #hg ,9 ,manuel ,comn5us1 l4 ii4 c4 #h41 tom4 xii4 ( ! ,scriptores ,hi/4 ,byzant91 p4 #ea4 ed4 ,v54 #hh ,hugo ,falc&us1 :o visit$ ?is manufactory ,a4 ,d4 #aafi1 repres5ts x z be+ !n 9 ! mo/ fl\ri%+ condition1 produc+ great quantities ( silks1 bo? pla9 & figur$1 ( _m diff]5t colors1 & enri*$ ) gold4 ,we f9d 9 ! writ+s ( ,+ulphus sev]al curi\s acc\nts ( ve/m5ts ( silk1 int]wov5 ) eagles & fl[]s ( gold4 ,?is au?or1 9 8 hi/ory1 m5tions t among o!r gifts made by ,witlaf1 k+ ( ,m]cia1 to ! abbey ( ,croyl&1 he pres5t$ a gold5 curta91 embroid]$ ) ! siege ( ,troy1 to be hung up 9 ! *ur* on 8 bir?-day#hi4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 #aaee1 a pair ( ri*ly work$ s&als1 & ?ree mitres1 ! "w ( ,*ri/9a1 abbess ( ,m>kgate1 7 among ! valuable s\v5irs pres5t$ by ,rob]t1 abbot ( ,/4 ,albans1 to ,pope ,adrian ,,iv4#ij4 #hi ,+ulphus1 p4 #dhg1 edit4 #aeif4 #ij ,adrian ,,iv41 0 ! only ,engli%man t ev] sat 9 ,/4 ,pet]s *air4 ,8 "n 0 ,nicolas ,breakspe>3 he 0 born ( poor p>5ts at ,langley1 ne> ,/4 ,albans4 ,h5ry ,,ii41 on 8 promotion to ! papal *air1 s5t a deputation ( an abbot & ?ree bi%ops to congratulate him on 8 election2 ^u :i* occasion he grant$ consid]able privileges to ! abbey ( ,/4 ,albans4 ,) ! exception ( ! pres5ts nam$ above1 he refus$ all ! o!r valuable ones :i* 7 (f]$ him1 say+ jocosely1--8,i w n accept y\r gifts1 because :5 ,i wi%$ to take ! habit ( y\r mona/]y y refus$ me40 ,to :i* ! abbot p]t95tly & sm>tly repli$1--8,x 0 n = u to oppose ! w ( ,provid5ce1 :i* _h de/9$ y = great] ?+s40 ,)\t digress+ f our subject to "q ! "r ( ! royal m>aud] ?us tyrann\sly to sev] ^! un(f5d+ artisans f ! ties ( c\ntry & ( k9dr$1 we may yet be all[$ to express "s satisfaction at ! consequ5ces ( 8 cruelty4 ,x is well = ! int]e/s ( humanity t bless+s1 al?\gh uns\ght & remote1 d sometimes foll[ 9 ! tra9 ( conque/2 t w>s are n always limit$ 9 _! results to ! exaltation ( "o individual1 ! d[nfall ( ano!r1 ! slaught] ( ?\s&s1 & mis]y ( millions1 b occasionally prove ! h>b+]s ( peaceful arts1 h]alds ( sci5ce1 & 9 %ort deliv]]s f ! yoke ( slav]y or sup]/ition4 ,9 tw5ty ye>s f ?is =cible e/abli%m5t ( ! manufacture1 ! silks ( ,sicily are describ$ z hav+ atta9$ a decid$ excell5ce2 z be+ ( div]sifi$ patt]ns & colors2 "s fancifully int]wov5 ) gold ta/efully embelli%$ ) figures2 & o!rs ri*ly adorn$ ) pe>ls4 ,! indu/ry & +5uity ?us call$ =?1 c\ld n fail to ex]cise a b5eficial influ5ce ov] ! "* & condition ( ! ,sicilians4 ,f ,pal]mo ! manufacture ( silk ext5d$ itself ?r\gh all p>ts ( ,italy & into ,spa94 ,we le>n f ,rog] de ,hov$51 t ! manufacture fl\ri%$ at ,alm]ia 9 ,gr5ada ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #aaijia4 #ia 8,de9de p] nobilem civitatem1 qu dicitur ,alm>ia1 ubi fit nobile s]icum et delicatum1 quod dicitur s]icum de ,alm>ia40 ,scriptores po/ ,b$am1 p4 #fga4 ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury4 ,accord+ to ,ni*olas ,tegr9i#ib1 ! silk manufacture aft]w>ds fl\ri%$ 9 ,lucca2 & ! weav]s1 hav+ be5 eject$ f t city 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 c>ri$ _! art to ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 ,milan1 ,bologna1 & ev5 to ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,brita94 #ib ,vita ,ca/ruccii1 9 ,muratori1 ,r]4 ,ital4 ,scriptores1 t4 xi4 p4 #acbj4 ,we h se5 f diff]5t hi/orical te/imonies1 t silk 0 kn[n to ! inhabitants ( ,france & ,engl& z e>ly z ! six? c5tury4 ,! fact ( its introduction into all p>ts ( ! ,nor? ( ,europe is manife/ f ! use ( words = silk 9 sev]al nor!rn languages4 ,^! words appe>1 accord+ to ! inquiries ( ! le>n$ ori5tali/s1 ,klapro? & ,abel ,rmusat#ic1 to h be5 d]iv$ f ^? ,asiatic c\ntries1 9 :i* silk 0 orig9ally produc$4 ,9 ! language ( ,corea silk is call$ ,sir2 9 ,*9ese ,se1 :i* may h be5 produc$ by ! usual omission ( ! f9al r4 ,9 ! ,mongol language silk is call$ ,sirkek1 9 ! ,m&*\ ,sirgh4 ,9 ! ,arm5ian ! silk-worm is call$ ,*ram4 ,9 ,arabic1 ,*aldee1 & ,syriac1 silk 0 call$ ,s]ic#id4 ,f ! same s\rce we h 9 ,greek & ,lat9 1 ,s]icum4 #ic ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #ahbc1 tom4 ii4 p4 #bdf4 ,julius ,klapro? 7,tableau ,hi/orique de l',asie1 ,p>is1 #ahbf1 p4 #eg1 #eh47 says1 t 9 ! ye> #afe ,b4 ,c4 ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry call$ by u ,tangut1 :o con/itut$ a p[]ful k+dom1 7 attack$ by ! ,hi\ng ,n\1 & driv5 to ! ,we/1 :]e !y fix$ !mselves 9 ,transoxiana1 & t ^! ev5ts l$ to an un9t]rupt$ communication ) ,p]sia & ,india1 especially 9 reg>d to ! silk trade4 ,klapro? consid]s t ! ,s]es ( ! anci5ts 7 ! ,*9ese2 b he appe>s to include "u t t]m all ! nations :i* 7 br\ght into subjection to ! ,*9ese4 ,pr(essor ,k>l ,ritt] 7,erdkunde1 ,asi51 ,b& iv4 #b te ,auflage1 ,b]l91 #ahce1 p4 #dcg47 obs]ves1 9 allusion to ! au?ority j quot$1 t all ! names ( ! silk-worm & its products are to be acc\nt$ = on ! supposition 7:i* he consid]s ! true "o7 t !y 7 fir/ kn[n & cultivat$ 9 ,*9a1 & f !nce ext5d$ ?r\gh c5tral ,asia into ,europe4 #id ,see ,s*9dl]'s ,p5taglott1 p4 #aiea1 ,d4 ,9 ! m mod]n ,european languages we f9d two sets ( t]ms = silk1 ! fir/ evid5tly d]iv$ f ! ori5tal ,s]ic1 b ) ! common sub/itution ( l = r1 ! second ( an unc]ta9 orig94 ,to ! fir/ set belong1 ,*elk1 silk1 9 ,slavonian4 ,silke1 ---- 9 ,suio-,go?ic & ,icel&ic#ie4 ,silcke1 ---- 9 ,dani%4 ,siolc or ,seolc1 ---- 9 ,anglo-,saxon4 ,also ,siolc5 or ,seolc51 silk52 ,eal1 reolc51 ,holos]icus2 ,seolcpynm1 silk-worm#if4 ,silk1 ---- 9 ,engli%#ig ,sirig1 ---- 9 ,wel%#ih4 ,to ! second set belong1 ,s$a1 silk1 9 ! ,lat9 ( ! middle ages4 ,seta1 ---- 9 ,italian4 ,seide1 ---- 9 ,g]man4 ,side1 ---- 9 ,anglo-,saxon4 ,also ,sid5e1 silk51 lfric z quot$ by ,lye2 ,sidpypm1 silk-worm1 ,junius1 l4 c4 ,sidan1 ---- 9 ,wel%4 ,sat91 ---- 9 ,fr5* & ,engli%#ii4 #ie ,silki trojo ermalausa1 a silk tunic )\t sleeves4 ,knitlynga ,saga1 p4 #aad1 z quot$ by ,ihre1 ,gloss>4 ,suio-,go?4 v4 ,armalausa4 #if lfric's ,gloss>y 7made 9 ! t5? c5tury71 p4 #fh4 ,app5dix to ,sumn]'s ,diction>y4 #ig ,ni*olas ,full] 7,miscellanea1 p4 #bdh47 ju/ly obs]ves1 ,vocabulum ,anglicanum ,selk non nisi ,s]icum au?orem g5]is sui agnoscit4 ,selk enim nuncupatum e/ quasi ,selik pro ,s]ik1 lit] r 9 l facili commutatione fact4 ,m9%ew & ,sk9n] give ! same etymology4 #ih ,junius1 ,etymologicum1 v4 ,silk4 ,x appe>s d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ,junius is "h to be dep5d$ on4 #ii ,mnage1 ,diction4 ,etym4 de la ,langue ,franaise1 tom4 ii4 p4 #deg1 ed4 ,j\lt4 ,accord+ to ,abel ,rmusat 7,j\rnal ,asiat4 l4 c47 ! m]*&ise ( ,ea/]n ,asia pass$ ?r\gh ,slavonia to ! ,nor? ( ,europe 9 ! middle ages1 ev5 )\t ! m$iation ( ,greece or ,italy4 ,?is may acc\nt = ! use ( ! t]ms ( ! fir/ class1 :ile x is possible t ^? ( ! second h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 f :5ce we h se5 t silk5 commodities 7 also occasionally transport$ to ! ,nor?4 ,to ! evid5ce n[ produc$ f au?ors & pr9t$ docum5ts respect+ ! hi/ory ( silk f ! e>lie/ times to ! p]iod ( its univ]sal ext5sion ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ano!r species ( pro( may be add$1 viz4 t af=d$ by ,relics pres]v$ 9 *ur*es1 & by o!r rema9s ( ! antiquities ( ! middle ages4 ,z examples ( ?is me?od = illu/rat+ ! subject1 ! foll[+ articles may be enum]at$4 ,i4 ,! relics ( ,/4 ,regnob]t1 ,bi%op ( ,bayeux 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,^! consi/ ( a ,casula1 or ,*asuble1 a ,/ole1 & a ,maniple4 ,!y are yet pres]v$ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,bayeux1 & worn by ! ,bi%op on c]ta9 annual fe/ivals4 ,!y are ( silk int]wov5 ) gold1 & adorn$ ) pe>ls#ajj4 #ajj ,see ,john ,sp5c] ,smy!'s ,description de la ,*asuble de ,sa9t ,regnob]t1 9 ! ,procs ,v]bal de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces1 ,arts1 et ,belles ,lettres1 de la ,ville de ,ca51 ,sance d',avril #ad1 #ahbj4 ,,ii4 ,portions ( g>m5ts ( ! same description ) ^? ( ,/4 ,regnob]t 7 discov]$ ,a4 ,d4 #ahbg on op5+ ! tomb ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,durham4 ,!y are pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( t *ur*1 & accurately describ$ by ! ,rev4 ,james ,ra9e1 ! libr>ian1 9 a qu>to volume4 ,,iii4 ,! scull-cap ( ,/4 ,simon1 said to h be5 made 9 ! t5? c5tury1 & n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,treves4 ,its bord] is int]wov5 ) gold4 ,9 reg>d to ^! int]e/+ relics1 !y may ) confid5ce be look$ ^u z specim5s ( ! manufacture ( silk f ! sev5? to ! twelf? c5tury4 ,,iv4 ,9 ! ,ca!dral at ,h]e=d is a *>t] ( "o ( ! ,popes ) ! bull 7! lead5 seal71 atta*$ to x by silk5 ?reads4 ,silk 0 e>ly us$ = ?is purpose 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe#aja4 ,! ,dani% k+s began to use silk to app5d ! wax5 seals to _! *>t]s ab\t ! ye> #ajjjajb4 #aja ,mabillon1 de ,re ,diplomatic1 l4 ii4 cap4 #ai4 #f4 #ajb ,diplomat>ium ,arna-,magnanum1 a ,?orkel91 tom4 i4 p4 xliv4 ,v4 ,silk1 9 ! =m ( velvet1 may be se5 on "s ( ! anci5t armor 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london4 ,,vi4 ,! b9d+ ( anci5t manuscripts af=ds specim5s ( silk4 ,a ,fr5* translation ( ,ludolphus ,saxo's ,life ( ,*ri/ 9 f\r folio volumes1 among ,dr4 ,william ,hunt]'s ,,mss4 at ,glasg[1 /ill has its orig9al b9d+ cov]$ ) r$ velvet1 :i* is probably z old z ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,a curi\s s\rce ( in=mation on ! art ( book-b9d+ at t p]iod is ! ,inv5tory1 or ,catalogue ( ! libr>y collect$ by t ard5t lov] ( books1 ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france4 ,z ?is catalogue p>ticul>ly describes ! b9d+s ( ab\t #abjj volumes1 _m ( :i* 7 v elaborate & spl5did1 x enables u to judge ( ! use made ( all ! mo/ valuable /uffs & mat]ials :i* c\ld be employ$ = ?is purpose1 & "u ! head ( silk we f9d ! foll[+3 8soie10 silk2 8veluyau10 velvet2 8satan910 sat92 8damas10 damask2 8taffetas10 taffetas2 8camocas20 8c5dal20 & 8drap d'or10 clo? ( gold1 hav+ probably a basis or gr\nd ( silk#ajc4 ,f ! few examples ( anci5t ,ca?olic ve/m5ts t h escap$ de/ruction1 ! g5]ality ( p]sons are b little acqua9t$ ) ! extreme beauty ( ! embroid]y work$ = ecclesia/ical purposes dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! c\nt5ances ( ! images 7 execut$ ) p]fect expression1 l m9iatures 9 illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,e p>o*ial *ur*1 previ\s to ! ,re=mation1 0 furni%$ ) complete sets ( frontals & hang+s = ! alt>s4 ,"o ( ! great beauties ( ! anci5t embroid]y 0 its appropriate design2 ea* fl[]1 leaf1 & device hav+ a significant mean+ ) ref]5ce to ! fe/ival to :i* ! ve/m5t belong$4 ,su* 0 ! extreme beauty ( ! ,engli% ve/m5ts 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 t ,innoc5t ,,iv4 =w>d$ bulls to _m ,engli% bi%ops1 enjo9+ !m to s5d a c]ta9 quantity ( embroid]$ ve/m5ts to ,rome1 = ! use ( ! cl]gy#ajd4 #ajc ,see ,inv5taire de l',anci5ne ,biblio?que du ,l\vre1 fait en l'anne #acgc4 ,p>is1 #ahcf1 #hvo4 #ajd ,! art ( embroid]y seems to h atta9$ a high] degree ( p]fection 9 ,france1 ?an any o!r c\ntry 9 ,europe2--x is n1 h[ev]1 s mu* practis$ n[4 ,embroid]]s =m]ly compos$ a great portion ( ! work+ population ( ! l>ge/ t[ns2 laws 7 specially fram$ = _! protection1 "s ( :i* w\ld a/oni% ! work+ p ( ! pres5t day4 ,!y 7 =m$ into a company z e>ly z #abgb1 by ,eti5ne ,boileau1 ,prvot de ,p>is1 "u _! respective names ( 8,brodeurs1 ,dc\peurs1 ,egratigneurs1 & ,*asubli]s40 ,9 ! la/ & prec$+ c5turies1 :5 embroid]y1 z an article ( dress bo? = m5 & wom51 0 an object ( consid]able importance1 ! ,g]mans1 & m p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,vi5na1 disput$ ! palm ( excell5ce ) ! ,fr5*4 ,at ! same p]iod1 ,milan & ,v5ice 7 also celebrat$ = _! embroid]y2 b ! prices 7 s extravagantly high1 t accord+ to ,lam>re1 its use 0 =bidd5 by sumptu>y laws4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,silk ,,& ,,gold5 ,,textures ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts4 ,,high ,,degree ,,( ,,excell5ce ,,atta9$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,manufacture4 ,manufacture ( gold5 textures 9 ! "t ( ,moses--,hom]--,gold5 tunics ( ! ,lydians--,_! use by ! ,indians & ,arabians--,extraord9>y display ( sc>let robes1 purple1 /rip$ ) silv]1 gold5 textures1 c41 by ,d>ius1 k+ ( ,p]sia--,purple & sc>let clo?s int]wov5 ) gold--,tunics & %awls v>iegat$ ) gold--,purple g>m5ts ) bord]s ( gold--,gold5 *lamys--,attalus1 k+ ( ,p]gamus1 n ! inv5tor ( gold ?read--,bo/ick--,gold5 robe worn by ,agripp9a--,caligula & ,heliogabalus--,%eets int]wov5 ) gold us$ at ! obsequies ( ,n]o--,babylonian %awls int]mix$ ) gold--,silk %awls int]wov5 ) gold--,figur$ clo?s ( gold & ,tyrean purple--,use ( gold 9 ! manufacture ( %awls by ! ,greeks--#d1jjj1jjj se/]ces 7ab\t #aej1jjj7 paid by ! ,emp]or ,n]o = a ,babyloni% cov]let--,portrait ( ,con/antius ,,ii4--,magnific5ce ( ,babylonian c>pets1 mantles1 c4--,m$ian s9dones4 ,! use ( gold 9 weav+ may be trac$ to ! e>lie/ times1 b seems to be p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ori5tal mann]s4 ,x 0 employ$ 9 connexion ) wooll5 & l95 ?read ( ! f9e/ colors to enri* ! ephod1 girdle1 & brea/-plate ( ,a>on#aje4 ,! sacr$ hi/orian goes s f> z to describe ! mode ( prep>+ ! gold to be us$ 9 weav+3 8,& !y did beat ! gold into ?9 plates1 & cut x into wires1 to "w x 9 ! blue1 & 9 ! purple1 & 9 ! sc>let1 & 9 ! f9e l951 ) cunn+ "w40--,ex4 xxxix4 #b-h4 ,! hi/orian c]ta9ly does n int5d to describe ! process ( wire-draw+1 nor probably ! art ( mak+ gold ?read4 ,x seems likely1 t nei!r ( ^! +5i\s manufactures 7 inv5t$ 9 8 "t4 ,! que5 describ$ 9 ,ps4 xiv41 we>s 8clo?+ ( wr\ght gold#ajf40 ,hom] m5tions a gold5 girdle1 7,od4 4 #bcb4 4 #edc474 ,he also describes an upp] g>m5t1 :i* ,p5elope made = ,ulysses be=e go+ to ,illium4 ,on ! front "p ( x a beautiful hunt+ piece 0 wr\ght 9 gold4 ,x is ?us describ$4 8,a dog holds a fawn ) its =e feet1 look+ at x z x pants ) fe> & /rives to make its escape40 ,?is1 he says1 0 ! subject ( univ]sal admiration#ajg4 #aje 8,& !y %all take gold1 & blue1 & purple1 & sc>let1 & f9e l954 ,& !y %all make ! ephod ( gold1 ( blue1 & ( purple1 ( sc>let1 & f9e tw9$ l951 ) cunn+ "w4 ,x %all h ! two %\ld]-pieces !re( jo9$ at ! two edges !re(2 & s x %all be jo9$ toge!r4 ,& ! curi\s girdle ( ! ephod1 :i* is ^u x1 %all be ( ! same1 accord+ to ! "w !re(2 ev5 ( gold1 ( blue1 & purple1 & sc>let1 & f9e tw9$ l954 ,& ?\ %alt take two onyx /ones1 & grave on !m ! names ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel3 six ( _! names on "o /one1 & ! o!r six names ( ! re/ on ! o!r /one1 accord+ to _! bir?4 ,) ! "w ( an engrav] 9 /one1 l ! engrav+s ( a signet %alt ?\ engrave ! two /ones ) ! names ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel3 ?\ %alt make !m to be set 9 ou*es ( gold4 ,& ?\ %alt put ! two /ones ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! ephod = /ones ( memorial unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel3 & ,a>on %all be> _! names be=e ! ,"l ^u 8 two %\ld]s = a memorial4 ,& ?\ %alt make ou*es ( gold2 & two *a9s ( pure gold at ! ends2 ( wrea!n "w %alt ?\ make !m1 & fa/5 ! wrea!n *a9s to ! ou*es4 ,& ?\ %alt make ! brea/-plate ( judgm5t ) cunn+ "w2 aft] ! "w ( ! ephod %alt ?\ make x2 ( gold1 ( blue1 & ( purple1 & ( sc>let1 & ( f9e tw9$ l95 %alt ?\ make x40--,ex4 xxviii4 #e-ae4 #ajf 8,! k+'s daught] is all glori\s )93 h] clo?+ is ( wr\ght gold40--,ps4 xlv4 #ac4 #ajg ,od4 4 #bbe-bce4 ,pis&]1 :o probably liv$ at ! same p]iod ) ,hom]1 speaks ( ! ,lydians z we>+ tunics adorn$ ) gold4 ,lydus1 :o has pres]v$ ?is expression ( ! anci5t cyclic poet1 obs]ves t ! ,lydians 7 suppli$ ) gold f ! s&s ( ! ,pactolus & ! ,h]mus#ajh4 #ajh ,de ,magi/ratibus ,rom4 ,l4 iii4 #fd4 ,virgil also repres5ts ! use ( gold 9 weav+1 z if x _h exi/$ 9 ,trojan times4 ,"o ( ! g>m5ts s adorn$ 0 made by ,dido1 ! ,sidonian1 ano!r by ,&roma*e1 & a ?ird 0 9 ! possession ( ,an*ises#aji4 ,9 all ^! in/ances ! ref]5ce is to ! habits ( ,phnice1 ,lycia1 or o!r p>ts ( ,asia4 #aji 94 iii4 #dhc42 iv4 #bfd42 viii4 #afg42 xi4 #ge4 ,among all ! ,asiatics1 none 7 m rem>kable ?an ! ,p]sians = ! display ( textures ( gold1 z well z e o!r k9d ( luxury 9 dress4 ,a ti>a int]wov5 ) gold 0 "o ( ! pres5ts :i* ,x]xes gave z an expression ( 8 gratitude to ! citiz5s ( ,abd]a 7,h]od4 viii4 #abj474 ,! ,indians also employ$ ! same k9d ( ornam5t 7,/rabo1 ,l4 xv4 c4 i4 #fi472 & ! ,p]iegesis 7l4 #hha47 ( ,priscian attributes ! use ( x to ! ,arabians#aaj4 #aaj ,9 ,europe ! ne>e/ approa* to ori5tal habits 9 reg>d to dress 0 made by ! ,gauls4 ,_! pr9cipal m5 wore coll>s1 armlets1 & bracelets ( gold1 & clo!s enri*$ ) ! same metal4--,/rabo1 ,l4 iv4 cap4 #d4 #e4 ,! hi/ory ( ,alex&] ! ,great af=ds frequ5t traces ( ! use ( clo? int]wov5 ) gold 9 ,p]sia4 ,g>m5ts made ( su* clo? 7 among ! mo/ spl5did ( ! spoils ( ,p]sepolis#aaa4 #aaa ,diod4 ,sic4 ,l4 xvii4 #gj4 p4 #bad4 ,wessel4 ,ju/9 7,l4 xii47 says t ,alex&]1 to avoid (f5d+ ! ,p]sians1 ord]$ 8 pr9cipal att5dants to adopt = _! dress 8longam ve/em auream purpureamque40 ,! dress prescrib$ 0 !re=e ( f9e wooll5 clo?1 or probably ( silk1 dy$ purple1 & int]wov5 ) gold4 ,among ! va/ multitudes :i* prec$$ ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia :5 he advanc$ to oppose ,alex&]1 0 ! b& ( t5 ?\s& call$ ! ,immortals1 ^: dress 0 c>ri$ to ! #8ne plus ultra' ( b>b>ic spl5dor1 "s we>+ gold5 coll>s1 o!rs 8clo? v>iegat$ ) gold40 ,"s idea ( ! extravagance & pomp ( ! ,p]sians on ?is occasion may be =m$ f ! foll[+ passage1 tak5 f ,roll9's 8,anci5t ,hi/ory40 8,! ord] ,d>ius obs]v$ 9 8 m>* 0 z foll[s4 ,be=e ! army 7 c>ri$ silv] alt>s1 on :i* burn$ ! fire1 call$ by !m sacr$ & et]nal2 & ^! 7 foll[$ by ! magi1 s++ hymns1 & #cfe y\?s 9 sc>let robes4 ,aft] ^! proce$$ a consecrat$ c>1 drawn by :ite horses & foll[$ by "o ( an extraord9>y size1 :i* !y call$ 8,! horse ( ! sun40 ,! equ]ries 7 dress$ 9 :ite1 ea* be>+ 9 8 h& a gold5 rod4 ,next appe>$ t5 sumptu\s *>iots1 enri*$ ) curi\s sculptures 9 gold & silv]2 & !n ! vangu>d ( ! horse1 compos$ ( twelve diff]5t nations1 9 v>i\s armor4 ,?is body 0 succe$$ by ^? ( ! ,p]sians1 call$ 8,! ,immortals10 am\nt+ to #aj1jjj1 :o surpass$ ! re/ ( ! b>b>ians 9 ! extravagant ri*ness & spl5dor ( _! dress2 = !y all wore coll>s ( gold1 & 7 clo!d 9 robes ( gold tissue1 hav+ l>ge sleeves1 g>ni%$ ) preci\s /ones4 ,ab\t ?irty paces f !m came ! k+'s relations or c\s9s1 to ! numb] ( #ae1jjj1 app>ell$ l wom51 & m rem>kable = ! pomp ( _! dress ?an ! glitt] ( _! arms2 & aft] ^! ,d>ius att5d$ by 8 gu>ds1 seat$ on a *>iot1 z on a ?rone4 ,! *>iot 0 enri*$1 on bo? sides1 ) images ( ! gods 9 gold & silv]2 & f ! middle ( ! yoke1 :i* 0 cov]$ ) jewels1 rose two /atues1 a cubit 9 height2 ! "o repres5t+ ,w>1 ! o!r ,peace1 hav+ betwe5 !m a gold5 eagle ) w+s ext5d$4 ,! k+ 0 attir$ 9 a g>m5t ( purple /rip$ ) silv]2 ov] :i* 0 a long robe1 glitt]+ ) gold & preci\s /ones1 & :]eon two falcons 7 repres5t$ z if ru%+ f ! cl\ds at ea* o!r4 ,ar\nd 8 wai/ he wore a gold5 girdle1 f :5ce hung scimit>1 ! scabb>d ( :i* 0 cov]$ ) gems4 ,on ea* side ( ,d>ius walk$ #bjj ( 8 ne>e/ relations1 foll[$ by #aj1jjj horsem51 ^: lances 7 plat$ ) silv]1 & tipp$ ) gold4 ,aft] ^! m>*$ #cj1jjj foot1 ! re> ( ! army1 &1 la/ly1 #djj horses belong+ to ! k+4 8,ab\t #ajj paces f ! royal divisions ( ! army came ,sisygambis1 ! "m ( ,d>ius1 seat$ on a *>iot1 & 8 consort on ano!r1 ) female att5dants ( bo? que5s rid+ on horseback4 ,aft]w>ds came fifte5 *>iots1 9 :i* 7 ! k+'s *ildr51 & _! tutors4 ,next to ^! 7 ! royal concub9es1 to ! numb] ( #cfj1 all attir$ l s _m que5s4 ,^! 7 foll[$ by #fjj mules1 & #cjj camels1 c>ry+ ! k+'s treasure1 & gu>d$ by a body ( b[m54 ,aft] ^! came ! wives ( ! cr[n (fic]s1 & ! lords ( ! c\rt2 !n ! suttl]s1 s]vants2 &1 la/ly1 a body ( light arm$ troops1 ) _! comm&]s40 ,at ! nuptials ( ,alex&] purple & sc>let clo?s1 int]wov5 ) gold1 7 exp&$ ov] ! gue/s3 & a pall ( ! same description cov]$ ! gold5 s>cophagus made to conta9 8 body4 ,among ! spl5did ornam5ts ( ! t5t erect$ n long aft] at ,alex&ria by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 !re 7 tunics int]wov5 ) gold3 & 9 ! procession on ! same occasion1 ! colossal /atues ( ,bac*us & 8 nurse ,nysa 7 attir$2 ! =m] 9 a %awl2 ! latt] 9 a tunic v>iegat$ ) gold4 ,probably we may ref] to ! same c\ntry & age ! 8gold5 tunic0 m5tion$ 9 "o ( ! ,arundle m>bles 7,no4 xxii4 #b474 ,also ! t5t pit*$ by ,arsace ) hang+s ( gold & purple tissues1 & ! robe ( simil> mat]ials worn by ,arsace h]self1 z describ$ by ,heliodorus 7?iop4 vii471 relate to ! cu/oms ( ! same c\ntry4 ,ano!r ( ! successors ( ,alex&]1 viz4 ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 wore purple g>m5ts ) bord]s ( gold#aab4 #aab ,plut>*1 ,demet4 #da4 ,!mi/ius describes a portrait ( "o ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia1 :o wore1 toge!r ) ! ti>a & ! coll> or necklace1 a purple %awl int]wov5 ) gold 7,orat4 #bd4 p4 #cfi4 ed4 ,d9dorf474 ,dur+ ! p]iods to :i* ! prec$+ evid5ce has allusion1 x is n probable t clo? ( gold 0 9 use among ! ,greeks & ,romans except to a v limit$ ext5t4 ,nev]!less x does n appe> to h escap$ ! avidity = e species ( excell5ce1 :i* 9 e>ly times di/+ui%$ ! inhabitants ( ,magna ,grcia4 ,=1 :5 ,py?agoras became a tea*] ( wisdom & philosophy at ,crotona1 among o!r lessons ( frugality he p]suad$ ! matrons to put (f _! 8gold5 g>m5ts0 ) o!r fa%ionable ornam5ts1 & deposit !m 9 ! temple ( ,juno z (f]+s to ! goddess#aac4 ,9 a passage attribut$ to ,m5&] we meet ) ! m5tion ( a 8gold5 or purple *lamys0 z a suitable (f]+ to ! gods#aad4 ,h$ylus ( ,samos1 a writ] ( ! same age1 describes a woman ( loose morals1 by "n ,niconoe1 z we>+ a tunic /rip$ ) gold 7,brunck's ,analecta1 i4 #dhc474 #aac ,ju/91 ,l4 ,,xx4 c4 #d4 #aad ,m5&ri ,reliqui1 ,me9eke1 p4 #cjf4 ,bckh1 ,gr4 ,trag4 ,pr9cipes1 p4 #aeg4 ,attalus1 k+ ( ,p]gamus1 is said by ,pl9y 7,l4 viii4 cap4 #dh47 to h inv5t$ ! art ( embroid]+ ) gold ?read#aae4 ,nev]!less we h se51 t gold 0 ?us us$ long be=e ! "t ( ,attalus4 ,b !re c be no d\bt1 t he e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ a great manufacture ( ^! /uffs at ,p]gamus2 ?us contribut+ greatly to improve ! art1 & br+ ^! clo?s into m g5]al use4 #aae ,see ,app5dix ,a4 ,! next passage is f ,dr4 ,bo/ock's translation ( ! #ccrd ,book1 *4 xix4 8,gold may be spun or wov5 l wool1 )\t ! latt] be+ mix$ ) x4 ,we are in=m$ by ,v]rius1 t ,t>qu9ius ,priscus rode 9 triumph 9 a tunic ( gold2 & we h se5 ,agripp9a1 ! wife ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius1 :5 he exhibit$ ! spectacle ( a naval combat1 sitt+ by him cov]$ ) a robe made entirely ( wov5 gold4 ,9 :at are call$ ! ,attalic /uffs1 ! gold is wov5 ) "s o!r sub/ance4 ,?is art 0 ! inv5tion ( "o ( ! k+s ( ,asia40 ,9 ,book xxxv4 c4 #cf4 ,pl9y says t ,zeuxis1 to display 8 weal? at ,olympia1 caus$ 8 "n to be wov5 9 gold 9 ! comp>tm5ts ( 8 out] g>m5t4 ,caligula once wore a tunic int]wov5 ) gold4 ,heliogabalus 0 f> m pr(use 9 reg>d to ?is k9d ( spl5dor4 ,:ite %eets1 int]wov5 ) gold1 7 us$ at ! fun]al obsequies ( ,n]o#aaf4 ,we may "h obs]ve1 t ! use ( gold 9 dress almo/ inv>iably accompani$ t ( silk4 ,! same ,emp]ors :o took delight 9 ! "o1 indulg$ !mselves ) ! o!r also4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,alex&] ,sev]us1 z we %all %[ :5 treat+ ( l95 9 ,"p ,,iv41 0 economical 9 bo? ^! respects4 #aaf ,suetonius1 ,n]o1 #ej4 ,9 ,*apt]s ,,ii4 & ,,iii41 we quot$ sev]al passages :i* make m5tion ( clo? ( gold1 f ,tibullus1 ,ovid1 ,s5eca ! ,trag$ian1 ,lucan1 ,dio ,cassius1 ,claudian1 ,virgil1 ,gregorius ,nazi5z5us1 & ,basil1 all ( :i* speak ( clo? ( gold4 ,ovid m5tions purple g>m5ts v>i\sly color$ & int]wov5 ) gold1 z belong+ to ,bac*us4--,met4 iii4 #eef4 ,publius ,syrus 0 a writ] ( ! same p]iod4 ,9 ! foll[+ fragm5t pres]v$ by ,petronius ,arbit]1 he comp>es ! tra9 ( ! peacock to ,babylonian /uffs enri*$ ) gold & v>i\s colors3 ,?y food ! peacock1 :i* displays 8 spott$ tra91 ,z %9es a ,babylonian %awl ) fea!r'd gold6 ,%awls1 int]wov5 ) gold1 are m5tion$ by ,gal5#aag1 & by ,val]ius ,flaccus#aah2 also by ,lucan 9 ! foll[+ passage1 :]e he is describ+ ! furniture ( ,cleopatra's palace 7x4 #abe1 #abf473 ,"p %9es ) fea!r'd gold1 "p %$s a blaze ,( sc>let1 int]mix$ by ,ph>ian looms6 #aag ,quot$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 #aah ,auro depicta *lamys4 ,! foll[+ passages also conta9 evid5ce on ! same subject4 ,,s5eca1 ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,z yet figur$ clo?s did n exi/3 gold 0 n wov51 x 0 n ev5 extract$ f ! gr\nd4--,epi/4 #ia4 ,,lucian describes ! tragic actors1 :5 !y p]=m$ ! "p ( k+s1 z we>+ a *lamys int]wov5 ) gold#aai4 #aai ,somnium1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gdb4 ed4 ,hem/]husii4 ,,apuleius4 ,!y c>efully spread ov] ! c\*es1 clo?s figur$ ) gold & ,tyrian purple4--,met4 ,,philo/ratus depicts ,midas we>+ a gold5 robe#abj4 #abj ,imag4 i4 #bb4 ,,nemesianus4 ,9 ?y sc>f's wo( mu* sportive gold display4--,cyneg4 #ia4 ,! poet is address+ ,diana & describ+ h] attire4 ,,ausonius4 ,weave flexile gold )9 ?y %awls1 ,o ,greece#aba4 ,?is is ! fir/ passage s9ce ! "t ( ,hom]1 :i* m5tions ,greece z conc]n$ 9 weav+ ) gold4 ,b ,ausonius probably allud$ to ! ,greeks ( ,asia ,m9or1 z1 besides ! evid5ce produc$ f ,basil1 we h se5 t ,p]gamus 0 "o ( ! mo/ not$ places = ^! productions1 :i* 7 on t acc\nt call$ 8,attalic ve/es#abb40 ,:5 ,ausonius 0 appo9t$ ,consul at ,rome ,a4 ,d4 #cgi1 8 fri5d & =m] pupil1 ! ,emp]or ,gratian1 s5t him z a pres5t a toga 9 :i* 0 ins]t$ a figure ( ,con/antius ,,ii41 wr\ght 9 gold4--,ausonii ,grati>um ,actio1 #ec4 #aba ,epigram #cg4 #abb 8,i f9d evid5ce t k+s wore ! /rip$ toga2 t figur$ clo?s 7 9 use ev5 9 ! days ( ,hom]2 & t ^! gave rise to ! triumphal4 ,to produce ?is effect ) ! ne$le 0 ! inv5tion ( ! ,phrygians1 on :i* acc\nt clo?s s embroid]$ h be5 call$ ,phrygionic4 ,9 ! same "p ( ,asia k+ ,attalus discov]$ ! art ( ins]t+ a wo( ( gold7872 f :i* circum/ance ! ,attalic clo?s receiv$ _! "n7874 ,babylon fir/ obta9$ celebrity by its me?od ( div]sify+ ! picture ) diff]5t colors1 & gave its "n to textures ( ?is description4 ,b to weave ) a great numb] ( lea%es1 s z to produce ! clo?s call$ polymita 7! polymita 7 damask clo?s71 0 fir/ taught 9 ,alex&ria2 to divide by squ>es 7plaids7 9 ,gaul4 ,metellus ,scipio br\ght x z an accusation aga9/ ,cato1 t ev5 9 8 "t ,babylonian cov]lets = tricl9ia 7 sold = #hjj1jjj se/]ces 7ab\t #cj1jjj71 al?\gh ! emp]or ,n]o lately gave = !m no less ?an #d1jjj1jjj se/]ces 7ab\t #aej1jjj74 ,! prtext ( ,s]vius ,tullius1 cov]+ ! /atue ( ,=tune :i* he d$icat$1 rema9$ until ! dea? ( ,sejanus1 & x is wond]ful t !y _h nei!r decay$ ( !mselves nor be5 injur$ by mo?s dur+ ! space ( #efj ye>s40--,pl94 ,h4 ,n4 viii4 #fd4 7,see ,app5dix ,a47 ,,claudian m5tions ) delight ! use ( gold 9 dress z well z ( silk4 ,8 te/imony has be5 giv5 9 *apt] ,,iii4 ( ?is ,"p4 ,,sidonius ,,apoll9>is m5tions ! gold 9 ! dress ( ,pr9ce ,sigism]4 ,8 te/imony is also giv5 9 *apt] ,,iii4 ,,corippus1 describ+ ! accession ( ,ju/9 ,,ii4 to ! ,empire 7,a4 ,d4 #efe71 m5tions 7,l4 ii47 8 tunic enri*$ ) gold z "p ( 8 imp]ial co/ume4 ,,paul9us4 ,misceturque o/ro mollitum 9 fila metellum4 ,de ,vita ,m>t9i1 ,l4 iii4 ,we f9d ! foll[+ law 9 ! ,codex ,ju/9ianus3 ,nemo vir auratas 9 tunicis aut 9 l9cis habeat p>agaudas3 nisi hi tantummodo1 quibus hoc propt] ,imp]iale m9i/]ium concessum e/4 ,corpus ,juris ,civilis1 tom4 v4 tit4 viii4 leg4 #b4 ,! 8aurata p>agauda0 0 a bord] ( gold lace or ?read4 ,x appe>s t ladies might we> x on _! tunics1 :ile m5 7 only p]mitt$ to use x 9 tok5 ( _! (ficial "* z be+ 9 ! s]vice ( ! emp]or4 ,9 allusion to ^! or simil> regulations1 lius ,lampridius 7#cd7 says ( ! emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us1 ,auratam ve/em m9i/]ium nullus vel 9 publico convivio habuit4 ,! te/imony ( ,ambrose1 ,j]ome1 & ,basil has be5 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 :i* see4 ,f ! book ( ,jo%ua we le>n t ! wov5 /uffs ( ,babylon 7 n conf9$ to dome/ic use1 b export$ into =eign c\ntries4 ,! two *ief productions ( ,babylonian looms 7 c>pets & %awls4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal objects ( luxury 9 ,asia f ! remote/ ages1 7 n[h]e s f9ely wov51 & 9 su* ri* colors z at ,babylon4 ,on ! ,babylonian c>pets 7 wov5 or depict$ repres5tations ( ^? fabul\s animals ! dragon & griff91 toge!r ) o!r unnatural comb9ations ( =m1 probably orig9at+ 9 ,india1 & ) :i* we h become acqua9t$ by ! ru9s ( ,p]sepolis4 ,x 0 by means ( ! ,babylonian manufactures1 t ! k ( ^! fanciful & imag9>y be+s1 0 convey$ to ! ,we/]n _w1 & f !m transf]r$ to ! ,greek vases4 8,a mantle ( ,%9>10 or z our translators h r5d]$ x1 8,a ,babyloni% g>m5t10 0 secret$ by ,a*an f ! spoils ( ,j]i*o2 & ! del9qu5t speaks ( ?is z be+ ! mo/ valuable "p ( 8 plund]#abc4 ,next to c>pets & %awls1 ! ,babylonian g>m5ts call$ ,s9dones 7 held 9 ! highe/ e/imation4 ,! mo/ co/ly ,s9dones1 7 s mu* valu$ = _! f95ess ( texture & brilliancy ( color1 z to be comp>$ to ^? ( ,m$ia1 & set ap>t = royal use2 !y 7 ev5 to be f\nd at ! tomb ( ,cyrus1 :i* 0 pr(usely decorat$ ) e species ( furniture 9 use among ! ,p]sian mon>*s dur+ _! lives4 #abc 8,:5 ,i saw among ! spoils a goodly ,babyloni% g>m5t1 & two hundr$ %ekels ( silv]1 & a w$ge ( gold ( fifty %ekels weight1 !n ,i covet$ !m1 & took !m1 & behold1 !y are hid 9 ! e>? 9 ! mid/ ( my t5t1 & ! silv] "u x40--,jo%ua vii4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii ,f ,*ampollion ,,egyptian ,,looms1 ) ! processes ( ,sp9n+ & ,w9d+4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,silv] ,,textures1 c41 ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts4 ,,extreme ,,beauty ,,( ,,^! ,,manufactures4 ,magnific5t dress worn by ,h]od ,agrippa1 m5tion$ 9 ,acts xii4 #ba--;,josephus's acc\nt ( ?is dress1 & dreadful dea? ( ,h]od--,discov]y ( anci5t ,piece-goods--,beautiful manuscript ( ,!odolphus1 ,bi%op ( ,orleans1 :o liv$ 9 ! n9? c5tury--,extraord9>y beauty ( ,indian1 ,*9ese1 ,egyptian1 & o!r manufactur$ goods pres]v$ 9 ?is manuscript--,egyptian arts--,wise regulations ( ! ,egyptians 9 relation to ! arts--,late discov]ies 9 ,egypt by ! ,prussian hi]ologi/1 ,dr4 ,lepsius--,clo? ( glass4 ,! ,evangeli/ ,luke1 9 ,acts xii4 #ba4 speaks ( ! 8royal app>el10 9 :i* ,h]od ,agrippa1 k+ ( ,judea1 0 array$ :5 he receiv$ ! ambassadors ( ,tyre & ,sidon1 sitt+ 9 great /ate ^u 8 ?rone at ,cs>ea4 8,& ^u a set day1 ,h]od array$ 9 royal app>el1 sat ^u 8 ?rone1 & made an oration unto !m4 ,& ! p gave a %\t1 say+1 ,x is ! voice ( a god1 & n ( a man4 ,& imm$iately ! angel ( ! ,"l smote him1 because he gave n ,god ! glory3 & he 0 eat5 ( worms1 & gave up ! gho/40 ,josephus describes ! same g>m5t1 :i* 0 a tunic1 z 8all made ( silv]1 & wond]ful 9 its texture40 ,he adds1 t ! k+ appe>$ 9 ?is dress at break ( day 9 ! !atre1 & t ! silv]1 illum9at$ by ! fir/ rays ( ! sun1 glitt]$ 9 su* a mann] z to t]rify ! behold]s1 s t 8 flatt]]s began to call out al\d1 salut+ him z a god4 ,he 0 !n seiz$ ) ! pa9ful & loa?some di/emp]1 ( :i* he soon aft] di$#abd4 #abd ,ant4 ,jud4 ,l4 xix4 cap4 #h4 #b4 p4 #hga4 ,hudson4 ,we extract ! foll[+ curi\s acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( ,anci5t ,piece-goods & manufactur$ /uffs f a late numb] ( an ,engli% publication call$ ! 8,m9+ ,review40 ,discov]y ( anci5t ,piece-goods & manufactur$ /uffs4--8,x is m ?an a ?\s& ye>s s9ce ,!odolphus1 ,bi%op ( ,orleans1 gave to ,notre ,dame du ,puy en ,velay a beautiful manuscript1 conta9+ ! anci5t ,te/am5t1 ! *ronography ( ,/4 ,isidor1 & o!r pieces1 ! :ole di/ribut$ into #ach articles2 :i* he pres5t$ 9 tok5 ( gratitude = 8 deliv]ance f ! prison ( ,ang]s1 :]e he 0 conf9$ 9 ! ye> #hce4 ,x 0 on ,palm ,sunday t ye>1 :ile ,l\is ,le ,debonnaire 0 pass+1 t he began to s+ a well-kn[n ,canticle1 :i* ! ,ca?olic *ur* has s9ce !n introduc$ into its c]emonies4 ,?is preci\s manuscript1 9 a /ate ( p]fect pres]vation1 is to be se5 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,bi%opric ( ! ,puy en ,velay1 dep>tm5t ( ! ,haute ,loire4 ,a portion ( ! manuscript is writt5 on leaves ( common p>*m5t1 9 lett]s ( r$ & black1 ) a few ( gold int]mix$4 ,! o!r portion is inscrib$ on leaves ( p>*m5t1 dy$ purple1 ) lett]s ( gold & silv]1 among :i* are obs]v$1 ornam5ts ( diff]5t k9ds & colors1 designat$ ! 8,byzant9e /yle40 ,! manuscript1 rem>kable = its beauty & pres]vation1 is /ill m valuable = ! manufactur$ /uffs :i* x conta9s4 ,:5 ,!odolphus compos$ 8 manuscript1 ) ! int5tion ( pres]v+ f contact & friction ! gold & silv] *>act]s 7:i*1 9 "t1 w\ld h t5d$ to displace & oblit]ate !m71 he plac$ betwe5 ea* page a portion ( ! manufactur$ tissues peculi> to ! era 9 :i* he liv$4 ,^! specim5s ( ! silk1 & o!r pieces ( goods ( ! "t are ?us curi\sly pres]v$#abe4 ,till lately1 little att5tion 0 paid to ^! tissues1 :i* are pr9cipally ( ,india manufacture1 be>+ sc>cely any analogy to ! products ( ! mod]n loom4 ,"s are ,,ca%m]e ,,%awls ( ^? patt]ns1 :i* ! ,fr5* call br\*a & esp\l9e1 & are made 9 ! ,indian fa%ion1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t !y are limit$ to f\r colors1 & demon/rate ! greate/ antiquity by ! primitive simplicity ( _! colors & design4 ,o!rs are ,,crapes & ,,gauzes1 aga9/ ! luxury ( ^: transp>5t tissues1 ! fa!rs ( ! *ur* at t "t s p]sev]+ly fulm9at$ _! c5sures4 ,! re/ consi/ ( musl9s & ,*9a-crape ( exquisite beauty4 ,! compon5ts ( ! majority ( ^! tissues are ( goats' or camels' hair ( exce$+ delicacy & f95ess4 ,l ! manufactur$ /uffs ( anci5t ,egypt1 pa9t$ on ! walls ( its palaces & tombs1 or sub/antially pres]v$ amid/ ! envelopes ( mummies1 ! designs are limit$ to f\r colors1 :i* are 9 fact ! f\r sacr$ ones ( ,*9a1 ,india1 ,egypt1 & ! ,hebrew ,tab]nacle4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,egyptian designs1 id5tical ) ^? ( ,india1 are _m ( !m ( exquisite beauty4 ,! consummate skill ( ! silk & cotton manufactur]s ( anci5t ,egypt1 #djjj ye>s ago1 ! beauty & ri*ness ( _! fabrics--! little alt]ation :i* has tak5 place 9 ! economy or ma*9]y ( ! factories1 z well z 9 _! product1 has be5 rec5tly demon/rat$ 9 ! great "w ( ,*ampollion4 ,all ! details ( ! silk & cotton factories ( ,egypt1 "u ! ,ph>aohs ( ! #ah? dyna/y 7:i* !n monopoliz$ ! comm]ce ( ! _w1 & s5t a colony ( weav]s1 f ! ov]bur!n$ population ( ,l[] ,egypt1 to f\nd ,a!ns1 & ! subsequ5t civilization ( ,europe71 are laid op5 ) vivid accuracy 9 t spl5did "w#abf1 & br\ght ) all _! />tl+ analogies be=e ! eye ( ! mod]n read] by draw+s f ! temples1 palaces1 & tombs :i* x conta9s4 ,x proves1 inde$1 t !re is 0no?+ new "u ! sun40 #abe ,a %r$ ( gold clo? is pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,antiquities at ,leyd51 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 discov]$ 9 "o ( ! anci5t tombs at ,t>qu9ia 9 ,etruria4 ,9 ?is tissue ! gold =ms a compact cov]+ ov] bright yell[ silk4 #abf ,see ,plate ,,ii4 ,t ! ,egyptians excell$ 9 sci5ce & art is evid5t f _! monum5ts1 pa9t+s1 & sculptures1 :]eon !y are depict$4 ,x is also prov$ by ,scripture1 :i* speaks ( ! 8wisdom ( ,egypt0 ) ref]5ce to art2 & f ! fact t ,egypt 0 deem$ by o!r nations ! f\nta9 ( arts & sci5ces1 & t _! philosoph]s 7 wont to resort ?i!r to collect "s ( ! 8dropp+s ( ,egyptian wisdom40 ,accord+ to ,diodorus1 all trades vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 improv+ _! own p>ticul> bran*1 no pa9s be+ sp>$ to br+ ea* to p]fection4 ,to promote ! m effectually ?is object1 x 0 enact$ t no artisan %\ld foll[ any trade or employm5t b t def9$ bylaw1 & pursu$ by 8 ance/ors4 ,no tradesman 0 p]mitt$ to m$dle ) political affairs1 or hold any civil (fice 9 ! /ate1 le/ 8 ?\ghts %\ld be di/ract$ by ! inconsi/5cy ( 8 pursuits1 or ! jeal\sy & displeasure ( ! ma/] 9 ^: s]vice he 0 employ$4 ,!y =esaw t )\t su* a law con/ant int]ruptions w\ld take place1 9 consequ5ce ( ! necessity or desire ( becom+ conspicu\s 9 a public /ation2 t _! prop] occupations w\ld be neglect$1 & _m w\ld be l$ by vanity & self-suffici5cy to int]f]e 9 matt]s :i* 7 out ( _! sph]e4 ,!y consid]$1 moreov]1 t to pursue m ?an "o avocation w\ld be detrim5tal to _! own int]e/s1 & ^? ( ! community at l>ge2 & t1 :5 m51 f a motive ( av>ice1 engage 9 num]\s bran*es ( art1 ! g5]al result is1 t !y are unable to excel 9 any4 ,if any artisan int]f]$ 9 political matt]s1 or engag$ 9 any employm5t o!r ?an ! "o to :i* he _h be5 br\ght up1 a sev]e puni%m5t 0 imm$iately inflict$ ^u him4 ,! em95t ,g]man hi]ologi/1 ,dr4 ,lepsius1 n[ employ$ 9 ,egypt by ! ,prussian gov]nm5t1 aft] m5tion+1 9 a rec5t lett]1 ! _m discov]ies he _h made ( anci5t ru9s1 tombs1 c41 writes z foll[s3 8,) ! exception ( ab\t twelve1 :i* belong to a lat] p]iod1 all ^! tombs 7 erect$ contemporane\sly )1 or soon aft]1 ! build+ ( ! great pyramid1 & consequ5tly _! dates ?r[ an invaluable light on ! /udy ( human civilization 9 ! mo/ remote p]iod ( antiquity4 ,! sculptures 9 relief are surpris+ly num]\s1 repres5t+ :ole figures1 "s ! size ( life1 & o!rs ( v>i\s dim5sions4 ,! pa9t+s are on back gr\nds ( ! f9e/ *alk4 ,!y are num]\s & beautiful beyond conception--z fre% & p]fect z if f9i%$ ye/]day6 ,! pictures & sculptures on ! walls ( ! tombs1 repres5t1 = ! mo/ "p1 sc5es 9 ! lives ( ! deceas$ p]sons1 ^: weal? 9 cattle1 fi%-boats1 s]vants1 c41 is o/5tati\sly display$ be=e ! eye ( ! spectator4 ,all ?is gives an insight into ! details ( private life among ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,by ! help ( ^! inscriptions ,i ?9k ,i c\ld1 )\t difficulty1 make a 8,c\rt ,cal5d>0 ( ! reign ( ,k+ ,*eops#abg4 ,9 "s in/ances ,i h trac$ ! graves ( fa!r1 son1 gr&son1 & ev5 great-gr&son--all t n[ rema9s ( ! di/+ui%$ families1 :i* five ?\s& ye>s ago1 =m$ ! nobility ( ! l&40 #abg ,we d n f9d 9 ^! rese>*es1 t ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) ! arts ( sp9n+ & weav+ glass1 or ( giv+ x any requir$ %ade ( color4 ,?is inv5tion1 !re=e1 mu/ be consid]$ z belong+ to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ! honor ( ! discov]y is due to ,m4 ,dubus ,bonnel1 an +5i\s ,fr5*man1 a native ( ,lille1 & = :i* he obta9$ pat5ts 9 ,great ,brita91 & v>i\s c\ntries ( ! ,european cont95t 9 #ahcg4 8,:5 we figure to ourselves an ap>tm5t decorat$ ) clo? ( glass1 & respl5d5t ) lights1 we mu/ be conv9c$ t x w equal 9 brilliancy all t ! imag9ation c conceive2 & realise1 9 a ^w1 ! wond]s ( ! en*ant$ palaces m5tion$ 9 ! ,arabian tales4 ,! lights fla%+ f ! poli%$ surface ( ! glass1 to :i* any color or %ade may be giv51 w make ! room h ! appe>ance ( an ap>tm5t compos$ ( pe>ls1 "m-(-pe>l1 diamonds1 g>nets1 sapphires1 topazes1 rubies1 em]alds1 or ame?y/s1 c41 or1 9 %ort1 ( all ^? preci\s /ones unit$ & comb9$ 9 a ?\s& ways1 & =m$ into />s1 rosettes1 boquets1 g>l&s1 fe/oons1 & graceful undulations1 v>i$ almo/ ad inf9itum40--,l',e*o du ,monde ,savant1 c4 ,no4 #eh1 ,feb4 #ae1 #ahcg4--,translat$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,! w>p is compos$ ( silk1 =m+ ! body & gr\ndwork on :i* ! patt]n 9 glass appe>s1 z effect$ by ! weft4 ,! requisite flexibility ( glass ?read = manufactur+ purposes is to be ascrib$ to its extreme f95ess2 z n less ?an f fifty to sixty ( ! orig9al ?reads 7spun by /eam eng9e p[]7 are requir$ to =m "o ?read ( ! weft4 ,! process is sl[2 = no m ?an a y>d ( clo? c be produc$ 9 twelve h\rs4 ,! "w1 h[ev]1 is extremely beautiful & comp>atively *eap1 inasmu* z no simil> /uff1 :]e bullion is really introduc$1 c be pur*as$ = any?+ l ! price = :i* ?is is sold2 add$ to ?is1 x is1 z f> z ! glass is conc]n$1 imp]i%able4 ,glass is m durable ?an ei!r gold or silv]1 &1 besides1 possesses ! advantage ( nev] t>ni%+4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,silk-,,worm1 c4 ,prelim9>y obs]vations--,! silk-worm--,v>i\s *anges ( ! silk-worm--,its sup]iority above o!r worms--,beautiful v]ses on ! ,may-fly1 illu/rative ( ! %ortness ( human life--,trans=mations ( ! silk-worm--,its small desire ( locomotion--,fir/ sickness ( ! worm--,mann] ( ca/+ its ,exuvi--,sometimes _c be fully accompli%$--,consequ5t dea? ( ! insect--,second1 ?ird1 & f\r? sickness ( ! worm--,its disgu/ = food--,mat]ial ( :i* silk is =m$--,mode ( its secretion--,mann] ( unw9d+ ! filam5ts--,floss-silk--,cocoon--,its imp]vi\sness to moi/ure--,effect ( ! filam5ts break+ dur+ ! =mation ( ! cocoon--,mr4 ,rob9et's curi\s calculation on ! movem5ts made by a silk-worm 9 ! =mation ( a cocoon--,c[p]'s beautiful l9es on ! silk-worm--,p]iods 9 :i* its v>i\s progressions are effect$ 9 diff]5t climates--,effects ( sudd5 transitions f heat to cold--,! worm's appetite %>p5$ by increas$ temp]ature--,%ort5s its exi/5ce--,v>i\s exp]im5ts 9 artificial heat+--,modes ( artificial heat+--,s+ul> e/imate ( ,c\nt ,d&olo--,a/oni%+ increase ( ! worm--,its brief exi/5ce 9 ! mo? /ate--,=mation ( silk--,! silk5 filam5t =m$ 9 ! worm be=e its expulsion--,errone\s op9ions ent]ta9$ by writ]s on ?is subject--,! silk-worm's ,w4 ,x c nev] be too /rongly impress$ ^u a m9d anxi\s = ! acquisition ( k1 t ! commone/ ?+s by :i* we are surr\nd$ are des]v+ ( m9ute & c>eful att5tion4 ,! mo/ pr(\nd inve/igations ( ,philosophy are necess>ily connect$ ) ! ord9>y circum/ances ( our be+1 & ( ! _w 9 :i* our e-day life is sp5t4 ,) reg>d to our own exi/5ce1 ! pulsation ( ! he>t1 ! act ( respiration1 ! volunt>y movem5t ( our limbs1 ! condition ( sleep1 are among ! mo/ ord9>y op]ations ( our nature2 & yet h[ long 7 ! wise/ ( m5 /ruggl+ ) d>k & bewild]+ speculations be=e !y c\ld (f] any?+ l a satisfactory solution ( ^! ph5om5a1 & h[ f> are we /ill f an accurate & complete k ( !m6 ,! sci5ce ( ,meteorology1 :i* attempts to expla9 to u ! philosophy ( matt]s con/antly be=e our eyes1 z dew1 mi/1 & ra91 is dep5d5t = its illu/rations ^u a k ( ! mo/ complicat$ facts1 su* z ! influ5ce ( heat & electricity ^u ! air2 & ?is k is at pres5t s imp]fect1 t ev5 ^! common occurr5ces ( ! wea!r1 :i* m5 h be5 obs]v+ & reason+ ^u = ages1 are by no means satisfactorily expla9$1 or r$uc$ to ! precision t e sci5ce %\ld aspire to4 ,yet1 h[ev] difficult x may be entirely to compreh5d ! ph5om5a we daily witness1 ev]y?+ 9 nature is full ( in/ruction4 ,?us ! humble/ fl[] ( ! field1 al?\gh1 to "o ^: curiosity has n be5 excit$1 & ^: und]/&+ has1 !re=e1 rema9$ un9=m$1 x may appe> wor?less & contemptible1 is valuable to ! botani/1 n only ) reg>d to its place 9 ! arrangem5t ( ?is portion ( ! ,creator's works1 b z x leads 8 m9d =w>d to ! consid]ation ( ^? beautiful provisions = ! support ( vegetable life1 :i* x is ! "p ( ! physiologi/ to /udy & admire#abh4 #abh 8,insect ,ar*itecture10 vol4 i4 p4 #i4 ,london3 ,*>les ,knight ,co41 ,ludgate ,/4 #ahde4 ,?is tra9 ( reason+ is peculi>ly applicable to ! economy ( insects4 ,!y con/itute a v l>ge & int]e/+ "p ( ! animal k+dom4 ,!y are ev]y:]e ab\t u4 ,! spid] weaves 8 curi\s web 9 our h\ses2 ! cat]pill> con/ructs 8 silk5 cell 9 our g>d5s2 ! wasp t hov]s ov] our food has a ne/ n f> remov$ f u1 :i* %e has assi/$ to build ) ! nice/ art2 ! beetle t crawls across our pa? is also an +5i\s & labori\s me*anic1 & has "s curi\s in/9cts to exhibit to ^? :o w feel an int]e/ 9 wat*+ 8 movem5ts2 & ! mo? t eats into our clo!s has some?+ to plead = our pity1 = he came1 l u1 nak$ into ! _w1 & he has de/roy$ our g>m5ts1 n 9 malice or wantonness1 b t he may clo! himself ) ! same wool :i* we h /ripp$ f ! %eep4 ,an obs]vation ( ! habits ( ^! little creatures is full ( valuable lessons1 :i* ! abundance ( ! examples has no t5d5cy to dim9i%4 ,! m su* obs]vations are multipli$1 ! m we are l$ =w>d to ! fre%e/ & ! mo/ delightful p>ts ( k2 ! m d we le>n to e/imate rightly ! extraord9>y provisions & mo/ abundant res\rces ( a creative ,provid5ce2 & ! bett] d we appreciate our own relations ) all ! inf9ite v>ieties ( ,nature1 & our dep5d5ce1 9 common ) ! ephem]on t flutt]s its little h\r 9 ! summ] sun1 ^u t ,be+ 9 ^: s*eme ( exi/5ce ! humble/ z well z ! highe/ creature has its de/9$ purposes4 8,if y speak ( a /one10 says ,/4 ,basil1 8if y speak ( a fly1 a gnat1 or a bee1 y\r conv]sation w be a sort ( demon/ration ( 8 p[] ^: h& =m$ !m1 = ! wisdom ( ! workman is commonly p]ceiv$ 9 t :i* is ( little size4 ,he :o has /ret*$ out ! ,heav5s1 & dug up ! bottom ( ! sea1 is also ,he :o has pi]c$ a passage ?r\gh ! /+ ( ! bee = ! ejection ( its poison40 ,if x be grant$ t mak+ discov]ies is "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory ( human pleasures1 !n we may )\t hesitation affirm1 t ! /udy ( insects is "o ( ! mo/ delightful bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 = x af=ds peculi> facilities = its pursuit4 ,^! facilities are f\nd 9 ! almo/ inexhau/ible v>iety :i* insects pres5t to ! curi\s obs]v]4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no situation 9 :i* ! lov] ( nature & ! obs]v] ( animal life may n f9d opportunities = increas+ 8 /ore ( facts4 ,x is told ( a /ate prison] "u a cruel & rigor\s despotism1 t :5 he 0 exclud$ f all comm]ce ) mank9d1 & 0 %ut out f books1 he took an int]e/ & f\nd consolation 9 ! visits ( a spid]2 & !re is no improbability 9 ! /ory4 ,! op]ations ( t p]secut$ creature are among ! mo/ extraord9>y exhibitions ( me*anical +5uity2 & a daily wat*+ ( ! work+s ( its in/9ct w\ld beget admiration 9 a rightly con/itut$ m9d4 ,! poor prison] _h abundant leisure = ! speculations 9 :i* ! spid]'s web w\ld en*a9 8 und]/&+4 ,we h all ( u1 at "o p]iod or o!r ( our lives1 be5 /ruck ) "s s+ul> evid5ce ( contrivance 9 ! economy ( insects1 :i* we h se5 ) our own eyes4 ,want ( leisure1 & probably want ( k1 h prev5t$ u f foll[+ up ! curiosity :i* = a mom5t 0 excit$4 ,& yet "s su* accid5t has made m5 ,naturali/s1 9 ! highe/ mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,bonnet1 evid5tly speak+ ( himself1 says1 8,i knew a naturali/1 :o1 :5 he 0 sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 hav+ he>d ( ! op]ations ( ! ant-lion1 began by d\bt+ !m4 ,he _h no re/ till he _h exam9$ into !m2 & he v]ifi$ !m1 he admir$ !m1 he discov]$ new facts1 & soon became ! disciple & ! fri5d ( ! ,pl9y ( ,france#abi0 7,raumur74 ,x is n ! happy =tune ( _m to be able to devote !mselves exclusively to ! /udy ( nature1 unque/ionably ! mo/ fasc9at+ ( human employm5ts2 b almo/ e "o may acquire suffici5t k to be able to d]ive a high gratification f behold+ ! m common op]ations ( animal life4 ,8 mat]ials = contemplation are always be=e him4 #abi ,contemplation de la ,nature1 "p ii4 *4 #db4 ,! silk-worm is a species ( cat]pill> :i*1 l all o!r insects ( ! same class1 und]goes a v>iety ( *anges dur+ ! %ort p]iod ( its life2 assum+1 9 ea* ( ?ree successive trans=mations1 a =m :olly dissimil> to t ) :i* x 0 previ\sly inve/$4 ,among ! great v>iety ( cat]pill>s1 ! descriptions ( :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! records ( natural hi/ory1 ! silk-worm occupies a place f> above ! re/4 ,n only is our att5tion call$ to ! exam9ation ( its v>i\s trans=mations1 by ! desire ( satisfy+ our curiosity z entomologi/s1 b our artificial wants incite u likewise to ! /udy ( its nature & habits1 t we may be/ & mo/ pr(itably apply its in/9ctive indu/ry to our own advantage4 ,x has be5 well obs]v$ by ,pulle91 a writ] on ?is subject1 t 8!re is sc>cely any?+ among ! v>i\s wond]s :i* ! animal creation af=ds1 m admirable ?an ! v>iety ( *anges :i* ! silk-worm und]goes20 b ! curi\s texture ( t silk5 cov]+ ) :i* x surr\nds itself :5 x arrives at ! p]fection ( its animal life1 va/ly surpasses :at is made by o!r animals ( ?is class4 ,all ! cat]pill> k9d d1 inde$1 pass ?r\gh *anges l ^? ( ! silk-worm1 & ! beauty ( _m 9 _! butt]fly /ate greatly exce$s x2 b ! cov]+ :i* !y put on be=e ?is mutation is poor & mean1 :5 comp>$ to t gold5 tissue 9 :i* ! silk-worm wraps itself4 ,!y1 inde$1 come =? 9 a v>iety ( colors1 _! w+s b$ropp$ ) gold & sc>let1 yet are !y b ! be+s ( a summ]'s day2 bo? _! life & beauty quickly vani%1 & !y leave no remembrance aft] !m2 b ! silk-worm leaves beh9d x su* beautiful1 su* b5eficial monum5ts1 z at once to record bo? ! wisdom ( _! ,creator & 8 b\nty to man40 ,we may )\t impropriety1 "h introduce ! foll[+ truly beautiful comp>ison ( ! %ortness ( human life1 z well z 9 illu/ration ( ?is "p ( our subject1 z evid5c$ 9 ! ,may-fly4 8,! angl]'s ,may-fly1 ! mo/ %ort-liv$ 9 its p]fect /ate ( any ( ! insect race1 em]ges f ! wat]1 :]e x passes its aurelia /ate1 ab\t six 9 ! ev5+1 & dies ab\t elev5 at night40--,,:ite',s ,selborne4 ,! sun ( ! eve 0 w>m & bright ,:5 ! ,may-fly bur/ 8 %ell1 ,& he wanton'd a:ile 9 t fair light ,o'er ! riv]'s g5tle swell2 ,& ! deep5+ t9ts ( ! crimson sky ,/ill gleam'd on ! w+ ( ! glad ,may-fly4 ,! colors ( sunset pass'd away1 ,! crimson & yell[ gre51 ,& ! ev5+-/>'s fir/ tw9kl+ ray ,9 ! waveless /ream 0 se52 ,till ! deep repose ( ! /ille/ night ,0 hu%+ ab\t 8 giddy flight4 ,! noon ( ! night is ne>ly come-- ,!re's a cresc5t 9 ! sky2-- ,! sil5ce /ill he>s ! myriad hum ,( ! insect revelry4 ,! hum has ceas'd--! quiet wave ,is n[ ! sportive ,may-fly's grave4 ,oh6 ?9e 0 a bless$ lot--to spr+ ,9 ?y lu/ihood to air1 ,& sail ab\t1 on untir+ w+1 ,?r\gh a _w mo/ ri* & fair1 ,to drop at once 9 ?y wat]y b$1 ,l a leaf t ! will[ bran* has %$4 ,& :o %all say t 8 ?read ( ye>s ,is a life m ble/ ?an ?9e6 ,has 8 fev]i% dream ( d\bts & fe>s ,su* joys z ^? :i* %9e ,9 ! con/ant pleasures ( ?y way1 ,mo/ happy *ild ( ! happy ,may8 ,= ?\ w]t born :5 ! e>? 0 clad ,) h] robe ( buds & fl[]s1 ,& did/ float ab\t ) a s\l z glad ,z a bird 9 ! sunny %[]s2 ,& ! h\r ( ?y dea? _h a sweet repose1 ,l a melody1 sweete/ at its close4 ,nor too brief ! date ( ?y *e]ful race-- ',tis its use t measures "t-- ,& ! mighty ,_s t fills all space ,) ,8 life & ,8 w sublime1 ,may see t ! ,may-fly & ! ,man ,ea* flutt] out ! same small span2 ,& ! fly t is born ) ! s9k+ sun1 ,to die ere ! midnight h\r1 ,may h deep] joy1 ere 8 c\rse be run1 ,?an man 9 8 pride & p[]2 ,& ! insect's m9utes be sp>$ ! fe>s ,& ! anxi\s d\bts ( our ?reescore ye>s4 ,! ye>s & ! m9utes are z "o-- ,! fly drops 9 8 twilight mir?1 ,& ! man1 :5 8 long day's "w is done1 ,crawls to ! self-same e>?4 ,great ,fa!r ( ea*6 may our mortal day ,be ! prelude to an endless ,may#acj6 #acj 8,see10 exclaims ,l9nu1 8! l>ge1 elegant pa9t$ w+s ( ! butt]fly1 f\r 9 numb]1 cov]$ ) delicate fea!ry scales6 ,) ^! x su/a9s itself 9 ! air a :ole day1 rivall+ ! flight ( birds & ! brilliancy ( ! peacock4 ,consid] ?is insect ?r\gh ! wond]ful progress ( its life1--h[ diff]5t is ! fir/ p]iod ( its be+ f ! second1 & bo? f ! p>5t insect6 ,its *anges are an inexplicable enigma to u3 we see a gre5 cat]pill>1 furni%$ ) sixte5 feet1 fe$+ ^u ! leaves ( a plant2 ?is is *ang$ into a *rysalis1 smoo?1 ( gold5 lu/re1 hang+ susp5d$ to a fix$ po9t1 )\t feet1 & subsi/+ )\t food2 ?is insect aga9 und]goes ano!r trans=mation1 acquires w+s1 & six feet1 & becomes a gay butt]fly1 sport+ 9 ! air1 & liv+ by suction ^u ! honey ( plants4 ,:at has ,nature produc$ m wor?y ( our admiration ?an su* an animal com+ ^u ! /age ( ! _w1 & play+ its "p !re "u s _m diff]5t masks80 ,! anci5ts 7 s /ruck ) ! trans=mations ( ! butt]fly1 & its revival f a seem+ tempor>y dea?1 z to h consid]$ x an emblem ( ! s\l1 ! ,greek ^w psy*e signify+ bo? ! s\l & a butt]fly2 & x is = ?is reason t we f9d ! butt]fly introduc$ into _! allegorical sculptures z an emblem ( immortality4 ,trifl+1 !re=e1 & p]haps contemptible1 z to ! un?9k+ may seem ! /udy ( a butt]fly1 yet :5 we consid] ! art & me*anism display$ 9 s m9ute a /ructure1--! fluids circulat+ 9 vessels s small z almo/ to escape ! sight--! beauty ( ! w+s & cov]+--& ! mann] 9 :i* ea* "p is adapt$ = its peculi> functions1--we _c b be /ruck ) wond] & admiration1 & all[1 ) ,paley1 t 8! production ( beauty 0 z mu* 9 ! ,creator's m9d 9 pa9t+ a butt]fly z 9 giv+ symmetry to ! human =m40 ,silk-worms proce$ f eggs :i* are deposit$ dur+ ! summ] by a grayi% k9d ( mo?1 ( ! g5us palna4 ,^! eggs are ab\t equal 9 size to a gra9 ( mu/>d se$3 _! color :5 fir/ laid is yell[2 b 9 ?ree or f\r days aft]1 !y acquire a blui% ca/4 ,9 temp]ate climates1 & by us+ prop] precautions1 ^! eggs may be pres]v$ dur+ ! w9t] & spr+1 )\t risk ( premature hat*+4 ,! p]iod ( _! animation may be accel]at$ or ret>d$ by artificial means1 s z to agree ) ! "t :5 ! natural food ( ! insect %all appe> 9 ample abundance = its support4 ,all ! curi\s *anges & labors :i* accompany & *>act]ize ! life ( ! silk-worm are p]=m$ )9 ! space ( a v few weeks4 ,?is p]iod v>ies1 inde$1 accord+ to ! climate or temp]ature 9 :i* its life is pass$2 all its vital functions be+ quick5$1 & _! duration proportionally abridg$1 by w>m?4 ,) ?is sole v>iance1 its progressions are alike 9 all climates1 & ! same mutations accompany its c\rse4 ,! ?ree successive /ates ( be+ put on by ?is insect are1 t ( ! worm or cat]pill>1 ( ! *rysalis or aurelia1 & mo?4 ,9 addition to ^! m decid$ trans=mations1 ! progress ( ! silk-worm 9 its cat]pill> /ate is m>k$ by five di/9ct /ages ( be+4 ,:5 fir/ hat*$1 x appe>s z a small black worm ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,its fir/ indication ( animation is ! desire :i* x ev9ces = obta9+ food1 9 se>* ( :i*1 if n imm$iately suppli$1 x w exhibit m p[] ( locomotion ?an *>act]izes x at any o!r p]iod4 ,s small is ! desire ( *ange on ! "p ( ^! insects1 t ( ! g5]ality x may be said1 _! own spontane\s w seldom leads !m to travel ov] a great] space ?an ?ree feet ?r\gh\t ! :ole duration ( _! lives4 ,ev5 :5 hungry1 ! worm /ill cl+s to ! skeleton ( ! leaf f :i* its n\ri%m5t 0 la/ d]iv$4 ,if1 by ! cont9u$ crav+s ( its appetite1 x %\ld be at l5g? incit$ to ! ef=t necess>y = *ang+ its position1 x w sometimes w&] z f> z ! edge ( ! tray :]e9 x is conf9$1 & "s few h be5 f\nd suffici5tly adv5tur\s to cl+ to its rim2 b ! smell ( fre% leaves w in/antly allure !m back4 ,x w\ld add incalculably to ! labors & c>es ( _! att5dants1 if silk-worms 7 end[$ ) a m rambl+ disposition4 ,s useful is ?is peculi>ity ( _! nature1 t "o is irresi/ibly tempt$ to consid] x ! result ( design1 & a "p ( t beautiful sy/em ( ! fitness ( ?+s1 :i* ! /ud5t ( natural hi/ory has s _m opportunities ( contemplat+ ) delight & admiration4 ,9 ab\t eight days f its be+ hat*$1 its head becomes p]ceptibly l>g]1 & ! worm is attack$ by its fir/ sickness4 ,?is la/s = ?ree days2 dur+ :i* "t x refuses food1 & rema9s motionless z 9 a k9d ( le?>gy4 ,"s h ?\ght ?is to be sleep1 b ! fatal t]m9ation :i* s frequ5tly att5ds ^! sicknesses seems to af=d a d5ial to ?is hypo!sis4 ,! silk-worm increases its size s consid]ably1 & 9 s %ort a space ( "t1--its weight be+ multipli$ _m ?\s& fold 9 ! c\rse ( "o mon?1--t if only "o sk9 _h be5 assign$ to x1 :i* %\ld s]ve = its :ole cat]pill> /ate1 x w\ld ) difficulty h di/5d$ itself suffici5tly to keep pace ) ! insect's gr[?4 ,! economy ( nature has !re=e admirably provid$ ! embryos ( o!r sk9s1 de/9$ to be successively call$ into use2 & ?is sickness ( ! worm1 & its dis9cl9ation = food1 may v probably be occasion$ by ! pressure ( ! sk91 n[ become too small = ! body :i* x encases4 ,at ! end ( ! ?ird day f its fir/ refusal ( food1 ! animal appe>s1 on t acc\nt1 mu* wa/$ 9 its bodily frame2 a circum/ance :i* mat]ially assi/s 9 ! pa9ful op]ation ( ca/+ its sk93 ?is x n[ proce$s to accompli%4 ,to facilitate ?is m\lt+1 a sort ( humor is ?r[n (f by ! worm1 :i*1 spread+ betwe5 its body & ! sk9 ab\t to be ab&on$1 lubricates _! surfaces1 & causes !m to sep>ate ! m readily4 ,! insect also emits f its body silk5 traces1 :i*1 adh]+ to ! spot :]e x re/s1 s]ves to conf9e ! sk9 to its !n exi/+ position4 ,^! prelim9>y /eps seem to call = "s consid]able ex]tion1 z aft] !m ! worm rema9s quiet = a %ort space ( "t1 to recov] f its fatigue4 ,x !n proce$s1 by rubb+ its head among ! leafy fibres surr\nd+ x1 to dis5cumb] itself ( ! scaly cov]+4 ,its next ef=t is to break ?r\gh ! sk9 ne>e/ to ! head1 :i*1 z x is !re ! smalle/1 calls = ! greate/ ex]tion2 & no soon] is ?is accompli%$ & ! two front legs are dis5gag$1 ?an ! rema9d] ( ! body is quickly drawn =?1 ! sk9 be+ /ill fa/5$ to ! spot 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,?is m\lt+ is s complete1 t n only is ! :ole cov]+ ( ! body ca/ (f1 b t ( ! feet1 ! entire skull1 & ev5 ! jaws1 includ+ ! tee?4 ,^! sev]al p>ts may be disc]n$ by ! unassi/$ eye2 b become v app>5t :5 view$ ?r\gh a magnify+ l5s ( mod]ate p[]4 ,9 two or ?ree m9utes f ! beg9n+ ( its ef=ts ! worm is :olly fre$1 & aga9 puts on ! appe>ance ( heal? & vigor2 fe$+ ) recruit$ appetite ^u its leafy banquet4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! out] sk9 refuses to deta* itself :olly1 b breaks & leaves an annul> portion adh]+ to ! extremity ( its body1 f :i* all ! /ruggles ( ! insect _c :olly dis5gage x4 ,! pressure ?us occasion$ induces swell+ & inflammation 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body2 &1 aft] ef=ts ( great] or less duration1 dea? g5]ally t]m9ates its suff]+s4 ,worms newly fre$ f _! exuvi are easily di/+ui%$ f o!rs by ! pale color & wr9kl$ appe>ance ( _! new sk94 ,?is latt] quality1 h[ev]1 soon disappe>s1 ?r\gh ! repletion & gr[? ( ! insect1 :i* cont9ues to fe$ dur+ five days4 ,at ?is "t its l5g? w be increas$ to half an in*2 :5 x is attack$ by a second sickness1 foll[$ by a second m\lt+1 ! mann] ( p]=m+ :i* is exactly simil> to ! =m]4 ,its appetite !n aga9 returns1 & is indulg$ dur+ o!r five days1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* "t its l5g? increases to ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*3 x !n und]goes its ?ird sickness & m\lt+4 ,^! be+ pa/ 9 all respects l ! =m]1 & five m days ( fe$+ hav+ foll[$1 x is seiz$ by its f\r? sickness1 & ca/s its sk9 = ! la/ "t 9 ! cat]pill> /ate4 ,! worm is n[ ab\t "o & a half or two in*es long4 ,?is la/ *ange be+ f9i%$1 ! worm dev\rs its food mo/ voraci\sly1 & increases rapidly 9 size dur+ t5 days4 ,! silk-worm has n[ atta9$ to its full gr[?1 & is a sl5d] cat]pill> f two & a half to ?ree in*es 9 l5g? 7,see ,figure #a4 ,plate ,,iii474 ,! peculi>ities ( its /ructure may be bett] exam9$ n[ ?an 9 its e>li] /ages4 ,x c readily be se5 t ! worm has twelve membran\s r+s r\nd its body1 p>allel to ea* o!r2 & :i*1 answ]+ to ! movem5ts ( ! animal1 mutually contract & elongate4 ,x has sixte5 legs1 9 pairs3 six 9 front1 :i* are cov]$ ) a sort ( %ell or scale1 & are plac$ "u ! ?ree fir/ r+s1 & _c be ei!r s5sibly l5g!n$1 or _! position alt]$4 ,! o!r t5 legs are call$ hold]s3 ^! are membran\s1 flexible1 & atta*$ to ! body "u ! r+s1 be+ furni%$ ) little hooks1 :i* assi/ ! insect 9 climb+4 ,! skull is inclos$ 9 a scaly sub/ance1 simil> to ! cov]+ ( ! fir/ six legs4 ,! jaws are ind5t$ or s]rat$ l ! tee? ( a saw1 & _! /r5g? is great consid]+ ! size ( ! insect4 ,its m\? is peculi>1 hav+ a v]tical in/ead ( an horizontal ap]ture2 & ! worm is furni%$ ) eighte5 brea?+ holes1 plac$ at equal di/ances d[n ! body1 n9e on ea* side4 ,ea* ( ^! holes is suppos$ to be ! t]m9ation ( a p>ticul> organ ( respiration4 ,on ei!r side ( ! head1 ne> to ! m\?1 sev5 small eyes may be disc]n$4 ,! two broad appe>ances high] ^u ! head1 :i* are frequ5tly mi/ak5 = eyes1 are bones ( ! skull4 ,! two ap]tures ?r\gh :i* ! worm draws its silk5 filam5t are plac$ j b5ea? ! jaw1 & close to ea* o!r2 ^! be+ exce$+ly m9ute4 ,at ! p]iod above-m5tion$ ! desire ( ! worm = food beg9s to abate3 ! fir/ symptom ( ?is is ! appe>ance ( ! leaves nibbl$ into small portions & wa/$4 ,x soon aft] entirely ceases ev5 to t\* ! leaves2 appe>s re/less & uneasy2 erects x head2 & moves ab\t f side to side1 ) a circul> motion1 9 que/ ( a place :]e9 x c comm5ce its labor ( sp9n+4 ,its color is n[ light gre51 ) "s mixture ( a d>k] hue4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs f ! "t ( its ab/a9+ f food1 ! mat]ial = =m+ its silk w be dige/$ 9 its res]voirs2 its gre5 color w disappe>2 its body w h acquir$ a degree ( gloss9ess1 & h become p>tially transp>5t t[>ds its neck4 ,be=e ! worm is q prep>$ to sp91 its body w h acquir$ great] firmness1 & be 9 a trifl+ measure less5$ 9 size4 8,! sub/ance10 says ,mr4 ,port]1 8( :i* ! silk is compos$1 is secret$ 9 ! =m ( a f9e yell[ transp>5t gum 9 two sep>ate vessels ( sl5d] dim5sions1 w\nd1 z x 71 on two sp9dles 9 ! /oma*2 & if unfold$1 ^! vessels w\ld be ab\t t5 in*es 9 l5g?#aca40 ,?is /atem5t is prov$ to be errone\s1 z ! read] w p]ceive1 at ! conclusion ( ?is *apt]4 #aca ,port]'s 8,treatise on ! ,silk ,manufacture10 p4 #aaa4 ,:5 ! worm has fix$ ^u "s angle1 or holl[ place1 ^: dim5sions agree ) ! size ( its int5d$ silk5 ball or cocoon1 x beg9s its labor by ?r[+ =? ?9 & irregul> ?reads1 see ,figure #b4 ,plate ,,iii41 :i* are int5d$ to support its future dwell+4 ,dur+ ! fir/ day1 ! insect =ms ^u ^! a loose /ructure ( an oval %ape1 :i* is call$ floss silk1 & )9 :i* cov]+1 9 ! ?ree foll[+ days1 x =ms ! firm & consi/5t yell[ ball2 ! labor]1 ( c\rse1 always rema9+ on ! inside ( ! sph]e :i* x is =m+#acb4 #acb ,if at ?is "t any ( ! ?reads int5d$ = ! support ( ! cocoon %\ld be brok51 ! worm w f9d1 9 ! progress ( its "w1 t ! ball1 n be+ prop]ly pois$1 becomes un/eady1 s t ! insect is unable prop]ly to g =w>d ) its labors4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! worm pi]ces & altoge!r quits ! unf9i%$ cocoon1 & ?r[s out its rema9+ ?reads at r&om :]ev] x passes2 by :i* means ! silk is :olly lo/1 & ! worm1 f9d+ no place :]e9 to prep>e = its *ange1 dies )\t hav+ effect$ x4 ,x may sometimes happ51 b su* a ?+ is ( unfrequ5t occurr5ce1 t ! prep>atory ?reads be=e m5tion$ are brok5 by ano!r worm work+ 9 ! neighborhood1 :5 ! same unsatisfactory result w be exp]i5c$4--,obs4 on ! ,culture ( ,silk1 by ,a4 ,,/eph5son4 ,! silk5 filam5t1 :i* :5 drawn out appe>s to be "o ?read1 is compos$ ( two fibres1 unw\nd ?r\gh ! two orifices be=e describ$2 & ^! fibres are br\ght toge!r by means ( two hooks1 plac$ )9 ! silk-worm's m\? = ! purpose4 ,! worm re/s on its l[] extremity ?r\gh\t ! unw9d+ op]ation1 & employs its m\? & front legs 9 ! task ( direct+ & unit+ ! two filam5ts4 ,! filam5t is n w\nd 9 regul> conc5tric circles r\nd ! int]ior surface ( ! ball1 b 9 spots1 go+ backw>ds & =w>ds ) a sort ( wavy motion4 ,?is app>5tly irregul> mann] ( proce$+ is pla9ly p]ceptible :5 ! silk is be+ reel$ (f ! ball2 :i* does n make m ?an "o or two entire revolutions :ile t5 or twelve y>ds ( silk are be+ transf]r$ to ! reel#acc4 #acc ,mr4 ,rob9et1 ( ,p>is1 made ! foll[+ curi\s calculation on ! movem5ts a silk-worm mu/ make 9 =m+ a cocoon suppos$ to conta9 a ?read ( #aejj metres4 ,x is kn[n1 says ,mr4 ,rob9et1 t ! silk-worm1 9 =m+ 8 cocoon1 does n sp9 ! silk5 filam5t 9 conc5tric circles r\nd ! int]ior surface ( ! ball1 b 9 a zigzag mann]4 ,?is x effects by ! motions ( its head4 ,n[ if ea* "o ( ^! motions gives half a c5timetre ( ! silk5 filam5t2 x foll[s t ! worm mu/ make #cjj1jjj motions ( its head to =m x2 & if ! labor requires #gb h\rs 9 ! p]=mance1 ! creature makes #ajj1jjj motions e #bd h\rs1 #d1aff p] h\r1 #fi p] m9ute1 & a little m ?an "o 9 a second6 ,at ! end ( ! ?ird or f\r? day1 ! worm w h complet$ its task2 & we h !n a silk cocoon 7,see ,figure #c4 ,plate ,,iii471 ) ! worm imprison$ 9 its c5tre2 ! cocoon be+ f an in* to an in* & a half long1 & ( a yell[ or orange color4 ,:5 ! insect has f9i%$ its labor ( unw9d+1 x sme>s ! entire int]nal surface ( ! cocoon ) a peculi> k9d ( gum1 v simil> 9 its nature to ! matt] :i* =ms ! silk itself2 & ?is is no d\bt design$ z a %ield aga9/ ra9 or ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e1 = ! *rysalis 9 its natural /ate2 :5 ( c\rse x w\ld be subject to all v>ieties ( wea!r4 ,! silk5 filam5t ( :i* ! ball is made up1 is likewise accompani$1 ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 by a portion ( gum1 :i* s]ves to give firmness & consi/5cy to its texture2 & assi/s 9 r5d]+ ! dwell+ ( ! *rysalis imp]vi\s to moi/ure4 ,?is (fice x p]=ms s well1 t :51 = ! purpose ( reel+ ! silk ) great] facility1 ! balls are ?r[n into bas9s ( hot wat]1 !y swim on ! top ) all ! buoyancy ( bladd]s2 nor1 unless ! ball be imp]fectly =m$1 does ! wat] p5etrate )9 until ! silk is ne>ly all unw\nd4 ,9 figure #d1 plate ,,iii41 ! cocoons are drawn two-?irds ( ! usual size1 & are %[n ) "p ( ! outw>d floss silk remov$4 ,! cont9ual emission ( ! silk5 mat]ial dur+ ! =mation ( its envelope1 toge!r ) its natural evaporation1 uncomp5sat$ by food1 causes ! worm gradually to contract 9 bulk2 x becomes wr9kl$1 & ! r+s ( its body approa* ne>] to ea* o!r & appe> m decid$ly m>k$4 ,:5 ! ball is f9i%$1 ! insect re/s a:ile f its toil1 & !n ?r[s (f its cat]pill> g>b4 ,if ! cocoon be n[ op5$1 its inhabitant w appe> 9 ! =m ( a *rysalis or aurelia1 9 %ape some:at resembl+ a kidney-bean 7,see ,figure #e4 plate ,,iii471 b po9t$ at "o end1 hav+ a smoo? br[n sk94 ,its =m] cov]+1 s dissimil> to ! "o n[ assum$1 w be f\nd ly+ beside x4 ,! acc\nt :i* has be5 giv5 ( ! progressions ( ! silk-worm %[s1 t1 9 its v>i\s modifications1 ! animal organization ( ! insect has be5 always t5d+ t[>ds its simplification4 ,c\nt ,d&olo1 writ+ ^u ?is subject1 obs]ves1 8,?us ! cat]pill> is 9 ! fir/ in/ance compos$ ( animal1 silky1 & excrem5tal p>ticles2 ?is =ms ! /ate ( ! gr[+ cat]pill>3 9 ! next /age x is compos$ ( animal & silky p>ticles2 x is !n ! mature cat]pill>3 & la/ly1 x is r$uc$ to ! animal p>ticles alone2 & is t]m$ 9 ?is /ate ! *rysalis4 ,! poet ,c[p]1 9 ! foll[+ l9es1 beautifully illu/rates ?is subject3 ,! beams ( ,april1 ere x goes1 ,a worm1 sc>ce visible1 disclose2 ,all w9t] long cont5t to dwell ,! t5ant ( 8 native %ell4 ,! same prolific season gives ,! su/5ance by :i* he lives1 ,! mulb]ry leaf1 a simple /ore1 ,t s]ves him--till he ne$s no m6 ,=1 8 dim5sions once complete1 ,!nce=? none ev] sees him eat2 ,?\gh till 8 gr[+ "t be pa/ ,sc>ce ev] is he se5 to fa/4 ,t h\r arriv$1 8 "w beg9s4 ,he sp9s & weaves1 & weaves & sp9s2 ,till circle ^u circle1 w\nd ,c>eless ar\nd him & ar\nd1 ,conceals him ) a veil ?\gh slight1 ,imp]vi\s to ! ke5e/ sight4 ,?us self-inclos$1 z 9 a cask1 ,at l5g? he f9i%es 8 task3 ,&1 ?\gh a worm :5 he 0 lo/1 ,or cat]pill> at ! mo/1 ,:5 next we see him1 w+s he we>s1 ,& 9 papilio pomp appe>s2 ,becomes ovip>\s2 supplies ,) future worms & future flies ,! next ensu+ ye>--& dies6 ,well 7 x = ! _w if all ,:o creep ab\t ?is e>?ly ball1 ,?\gh %ort]-liv$ ?an mo/ he be1 ,7 useful 9 _! k9d z he4 ,x has be5 already notic$ t ! progressions ( ! insects are accel]at$ by an increase ( temp]ature2 & "s v>iation w equally be exp]i5c$ :]e diff]5t modes ( treatm5t are foll[$2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 :]e diff]5t p]iods ( ! ye> are *os5 9 :i* to produce & re> ! worm4 ,malpighius1 9 8 8,anatomy ( ! ,silk-worm10 says1 t worms :i* he hat*$ 9 ,may 7 elev5 days old ere !y 7 attack$ by _! fir/ sickness2 o!rs hat*$ 9 ,july 7 t5 days1 & ^? br\ght =? 9 ,augu/ n9e days1 be=e !y refus$ _! food1 prep>atory to _! fir/ m\lt+4 ,eight days appe> to be ! mo/ usual t]m = _! fir/ attack2 & by 8 judici\s treatm5t c\nt ,d&olo %ort5$ ev5 ?is t]m by two days4 ,9 ,europe1 except :]e rec\rse is _h to artificial aid1 ! t]m ( ! cat]pill> /ate is usually t :i* has be5 already m5tion$4 ,sudd5 transitions f cold to heat1 or vice v]sa1 are highly injuri\s to ! silk-worm2 b x c be> a v high degree ( heat1 if uni=mly ma9ta9$1 )\t su/a9+ injury4 ,c\nt ,d&olo obs]v$1 t 8! great] ! degree ( heat 9 :i* x is re>$1 ! m acute are its wants1 ! m rapid its pleasures1 & ! %ort] its exi/5ce40 ,monsieur ,boissi] de ,sauvagues made _m exp]im5ts on ?is po9t4 ,"o ye>1 :5 by ! e>ly appe>ance ( ! mulb]ry leaves1 :i* 7 develop$ by ! end ( ,april1 he 0 =c$ to hurry =w>d ! op]ations ( 8 filature1 he rais$ ! heat ( ! ap>tm5t 9 :i* ! newly-hat*$ worms 7 plac$ to #ajj2 gradually dim9i%+ ?is dur+ _! fir/ & second ages to #ie4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! animal excitem5t ?us induc$1 !re elaps$ only n9e days betwe5 ! hat*+ & ! second m\lt+ inclusively4 ,x 0 ! g5]al op9ion ( ^? cultivators :o witness$ ! exp]im5t1 t ! insects w\ld n be able to exi/ 9 s int5sely heat$ an atmosph]e4 ,! walls ( ! ap>tm5t1 & ! wick] hurdles on :i* ! worms 7 plac$1 c\ld sc>cely be t\*$ f ! great heat1 & yet all ! *anges & progressions w5t =w>d p]fectly well1 & a mo/ abundant crop ( silk 0 ! result4 ,! same g5tleman1 on a subsequ5t occasion1 expos$ 8 brood to ! temp]ature ( #ic to #ie dur+ _! fir/ age2 ( #hi to #ia 9 ! second age2 & rem>k$ t ! att5dant circum/ances 7 ! same z 9 8 =m] exp]im5t1 ! *anges ( ! worm be+ p]=m$ 9 ! same space ( "t2 :5ce he came to ! conclusion1 t x is n practicable to accel]ate _! progress beyond a c]ta9 po9t by any sup]additions ( heat4 ,9 bo? ( ^! exp]im5ts ! quantity ( food consum$1 0 z great z is usually giv5 dur+ ! long] p]iod employ$ 9 ! common mann] ( re>+4 ,aft] ! second m\lt+ _h tak5 place 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 ! temp]ature 0 l[]$ to #hb2 & x is rem>kable t ! worms occupi$ only five days 9 complet+ _! ?ird & f\r? *anges1 al?\gh o!rs :i* _h be5 accu/om$ to ?is l[] degree f _! bir? occupi$ sev5 or eight days = ea* ( ^! m\lt+s4 ,x w\ld !re=e seem t ! con/itution ( ! insects c be affect$1 & an impetus giv5 to _! functions at ! p]iod ( _! fir/ animation1 :i* accompanies !m ?r\gh _! aft] /ages4 ,s f> f ?is =c+ sy/em prov+ injuri\s to ! heal? ( silk-worms1 ,m4 de ,sauvagues f\nd t 8 broods 7 unusually heal?y2 & t :ile ! labors ( cultivation 7 abridg$ 9 _! duration1 mu* ( ! att5dant anxiety 0 remov$4 ,l o!r cat]pill>s1 ! silk-worm is n a w>m-blood$ animal1 & its temp]ature is !re=e always equal to t ( ! atmosph]e 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,9 ! silk-produc+ c\ntries1 :]e modes ( artificial heat+ h n be5 /udi$ practically & sci5tifically1 ! difficulty & exp5se t mu/ att5d ! prosecution ( ?is heat+ sy/em1 =m abundant reasons :y x _c be g5]ally adopt$4 ,! great susceptibility ( ! insect to atmosph]ic influ5ces w\ld also 9 a great degree r5d] unsuitable ! m common arrangem5ts = ! purpose4 ,! plan ( w>m+ ap>tm5ts by means ( /oves1 9 its passage ?r\gh :i* ! air becomes highly heat$ be=e x mixes ) & raises ! g5]al temp]ature ( ! air 9 ! *amb]1 is liable to ?is inconv5i5ce1--t ! portion s introduc$1 hav+ its vital prop]ty impair$ by ! burn+ heat ?r\gh :i* x has pass$1 injures1 proportionably1 ! respirable quality ( ! :ole atmosph]e2 an effect :i* is easily p]ceptible by ^? :o inhale x4 ,a bett] plan ( heat+ has lately be5 sugge/$1 & is rapidly com+ into practice1 viz41 ( w>m+ build+s by a curr5t ( hot wat] 7an ,am]ican inv5tion71 :i* is1 by a v simple process1 kept con/antly fl[+ 9 close *annels ?r\gh ! ap>tm5t1 :]e x cont9ually gives (f its heat by radiation2 & ! degree ( ?is be+ f> bel[ ! po9t :i* is injuri\s to ! vital quality ( air1 ! evil be=e allud$ to is avoid$4 ,if ! exp5se ( fuel be n too great1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! labor :i* w\ld be sav$ by ?is inv5tion1 ! adoption 9 silk c\ntries ( su* a mode ( rais+ & regulat+ ! temp]ature might1 probably1 prove advantage\s4 ,! silk-worm rema9s 9 ! =m ( a *rysalis1 = p]iods :i*1 accord+ to ! climate or ! temp]ature :]e9 x may be plac$1 v>y f fifte5 to ?irty days4 ,9 ,india1 ! "t is mu* %ort] 7,see ,*apt] ,,viii472 9 ,spa9 & ,italy1 eighte5 to tw5ty days4 ,9 ,france ?ree weeks2 & 9 ! climate ( ,engl&1 :5 unaccel]at$ by artificial means1 ?irty days w elapse f ! "t ! insect beg9s to sp9 until x em]ges 9 its la/ & p]fect =m4 ,x !n ?r[s (f ! %r\d :i* _h conf9$ x 9 seem+ lifelessness1 & appe>s z a l>ge mo? ( a grayi%-:ite color1 furni%$ ) f\r w+s1 two eyes1 & two black horns or antl]s :i* pres5t a fea!ry appe>ance 7,see ,figure #f4 plate ,,iii474 ,if left until ?is p]iod )9 ! cocoon1 ! mo? takes imm$iate measures = its extrication3 eject+ f its m\? a liquor ) :i* x moi/5s & less5s ! adhesiv5ess ( ! gum :]e) x _h l9$ ! int]ior surface ( its dwell+1 & ! insect is enabl$1 by frequ5t motions ( its head1 to loos51 )\t break+1 ! texture ( ! ball2 !n us+ its hook$ feet1 x pu%es aside ! filam5ts & makes a passage = itself into light & fre$om4 ,x is errone\sly said t ! mo? recov]s its lib]ty by gnaw+ ! silk5 ?reads2 b x is f\nd1 on ! contr>y1 t if c>efully unw\nd1 _! cont9uity is by ?is means r>ely brok54 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable circum/ances connect$ ) ! natural hi/ory ( silk-worms1 is ! degree 9 :i* _! bulk & weight is increas$1 & ! limit$ "t :]e9 t increase is atta9$4 ,c\nt ,d&olo1 :o appe>s to h neglect$ no?+ t c\ld t5d to ! "r und]/&+ ( ! subject1 & to ! consequ5t improvem5t ( ! processes employ$1 _h pati5ce en\gh to c\nt & weigh _m hundr$ ?\s& eggs1 z well z foll[ out to ! ultimate result 8 inquiries respect+ _! produce4 ,he f\nd t on an av]age sixty-eight s\nd silk-worm's eggs weigh$ "o gra94 ,"o ounce#acd1 !re=e1 compris$1 #ci1afh eggs4 ,b "o twelf? "p ( ?is weight evaporates previ\s to hat*+1 & ! %ells are equal to "o fif? m4 ,if1 !re=e1 f "o ounce1 compos$ ( #egf gra9s1 #dh gra9s be d$uct$ = evaporation1 & #aae = ! %ells1 #dac gra9s w rema9 equal to ! weight ( #ci1afh "y worms2 &1 at ?is rate1 #ed1ebf ( ! insects :5 newly hat*$1 are requir$ to make up ! ounce4 ,aft] ! fir/ ca/+ ( ! sk91 #chdj worms are f\nd to h ?is weight1 s t ! bulk & weight ( ! insects h 9 a few days be5 multipli$ m ?an f\rte5 times4 ,aft] ! second *ange #faj worms weigh an ounce1 _! weight be+ increas$ 9 ! int]m$iate "t six fold4 ,9 ! week pass$ betwe5 ! second & ?ird ages1 ! numb] ( insects requir$ to make up ! same weight1 decreases f #faj to #add1 _! weight be+ !re=e m ?an quadrupl$4 ,dur+ ! f\r? age1 a simil> rate ( increase is ma9ta9$3 ?irty-five worms n[ weigh an ounce4 ,! fif? age ( ! cat]pill> comprises ne>ly a ?ird "p ( its brief exi/5ce1 & has be5 describ$1 by an en?usia/ic writ] on ! subject1 z ! happie/ p]iod ( its life1 dur+ :i* x rapidly increases 9 size1 prep>+ & secret+ ! mat]ial x is ab\t to sp94 ,:5 ! silk-worms are fully gr[n1 & h arriv$ at _! p]iod ( f9ally reject+ food1 six ( !m make up ! weight ( an ounce4 ,!y h1 !re=e1 s9ce _! la/ *ange1 aga9 add$ to _! weight six fold4 #acd ,?is ounce conta9s #egf gra9s2 #h4ecbe ( ^! gra9s equal sev5 gra9s troy4 ,"o ounce avoirdupoise is !re=e equal to ab\t #ecc gra9s1 & betwe5 #aa-ab & #aa-ac ounce avoirdupoise equals "o ( ! above ounces4 ,x is ?us se5 t1 9 a few %ort weeks1 ! insect has multipli$ its weight m ?an n9e ?\s& fold6 ,f ?is p]iod1 & dur+ ! :ole ( its two succe$+ /ates ( be+1 ! worm imbibes no n\ri%m5t1 & gradually dim9i%es 9 weight2 be+ support$ by its own sub/ance1 & appe>+ to f9d suffici5t occupation 9 =m+ its silk5 web1 & provid+ successors = our s]vice1 )\t indulg+ t gross] appetite :i* =ms ! beg9n+ & ! end ( _! desires dur+ _! cat]pill> exi/5ce4 ,! mo? enjoys its lib]ty = only a v brief space4 ,its fir/ employm5t is to seek its mate2 aft] :i* ! female deposits h] eggs2 & bo? 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree days aft]1 end _! be+4 ,=mation ( ,silk4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 ,/raus1 ( ,durckheim4--8,x is g5]ally admitt$ by naturali/s t ! ?read ( ! cat]pill> is produc$ by a simple emission ( liquid matt] ?r\gh ! orifice ( ! sp9n]1 & t x acquires solidity at once f ! dry+ influ5ce ( ! air4 ,x 0 easy to ent]ta9 su* an hypo!sis1 = no?+ is m simple ?an ! =mation ( a v f9e ?read by su* a process4 ,b a little reflection w soon %[ u1 ev5 priori1 t x is n possible2 = h[ c we compreh5d t s f9e a fibre1 liquid at ! in/ant ( its issue f ! ap]ture1 %\ld in/antly acquire su* a consi/5ce z to be> ! weight ( ! animal susp5d$ by x1 & at ! same "t t x is rapidly produc$8 ,?\gh ! fluid1 hold+ ! silk 9 solution1 %\ld be quickly volatilis$1 x mu/ /ill be a matt] ( conjecture1 h[ ! animal susp5d$ by ?is ?read c\ld be able to arre/ its issue1 hold+ on only by ! ?read itself1 = x _c p9* ! ?read1 see+ t x is only 9 a liquid /ate inside1 & ! ?read _c be glu$ to ! edge ( ! op5+1 z its rapid adhesion w\ld prev5t its issue :ile ! animal is sp9n+4 ,a little exam9ation w\ld satisfy u t silk _c be produc$ 9 ?is mann]1 b t x is secret$ 9 ! =m ( silk 9 ! silk vessels1 & t ! sp9n+ app>atus only w9ds x4 ,! ?read is produc$ 9 ! sl5d] po/]ior "p ( ! vessel1 ! inflat$ portion ( :i* consi/s ( ! res]voir ( ready =m$ silk1 :]e x is f\nd 9 ! =m ( a ske92 ea* ?read be+ roll$ up s z to occupy 9 ! silk-worm 7,bombex mori7 a space ( only ab\t a six? "p ( ! real l5g? ( ! ske94 ,! fact is %[n by ! foll[+ exp]im5t ,i made = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! silk is =m$ 9 ! body ( ! cat]pill>s4 #8,take "o ( ! animals :5 ab\t to =m its cocoon1 clean x 9 common v9eg>1 9 :i* x may rema9 f f\r to six h\rs1 op5 x on ! back & extract ! silk vessels1 !re be+ "o on ea* side ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,take !m up by ! h9d] end1 j :]e !y beg9 to swell 7fur!r back ! silk is n solid en\gh71 & draw !m out4 ,! membrane =m+ ! vessel is easily torn op51 & ! cont5ts exp& to six or sev5 times its orig9al l5g?4 ,! ske9 hav+ atta9$ its full l5g? by ! lett+ out ( its ga!rs1 we obta9 a cord p]fectly equal 9 size ?r\gh\t1 except at ! end1 :]e x is att5uat$4 ,?is cord resembles a l>ge horse-hair1 & con/itutes :at fi%]m5 call 8,flor5ce hair40 ,i ought to add t 9 simply draw+ out ! silk vessel1 ! ,flor5ce hair is f\nd envelop$ 9 a gold5 yell[ gummy matt]1 =m+ ! glut9\s portion by :i* ! worm fa/5s its ?read4 ,?is mu/ be got rid ( by draw+ ! cord ?r\gh ! fold =m$ on ! inside ( ! jo9t ( ! left =e f+]1 conv]t$ into a canal by apply+ to x ! end ( ! ?umb4 ,! glut9\s sub/ance & ! membranes be+ ?us sep>at$1 we h ! nak$ hair4 ,9 ?is /ate1 be=e ! silk becomes dry & h>d1 n only w x be indef9itely divid$ longitud9ally1 :i* proves its fibr\s /ructure1 b 9 try+ to split x by draw+ x transv]sely1 ! little filam5ts ( silk :i* =m x are p]fectly sep>at$1 mak+ a bundle ( extremely f9e fibrils4' ,we _c bett] conclude ?is int]e/+ portion ( our subject1 ?an by quot+ ! foll[+ beautiful l9es by ,miss ,h4 ,f4 ,g\ld3-- ,,! ,,silk-,,worm',s ,,w4 ,on a pla9 ru% hurdle a silk-worm lay1 ,:5 a pr\d "y pr9cess came t way3 ,! haughty *ild ( a human k+1 ,?rew a sidelong glance at ! humble ?+1 ,t took1 ) a sil5t gratitude1 ,f ! mulb]ry leaf1 h] simple food2 ,& %runk1 half scorn & half disgu/1 ,away f h] si/] *ild ( du/-- ,decl>+ %e nev] yet c\ld see ,:y a reptile =m l ?is %\ld be1 ,& t %e 0 n made ) n]ves s firm1 ,z calmly to /& by a 8crawl+ worm60 ,) mute =be>ance ! silk-worm took ,! taunt+ words1 & ! spurn+ look3 ,alike a /rang] to self & pride1 ,%e'd no disquiet f aught beside-- ,& liv$ ( a meekness & peace possess$1 ,:i* ^! deb> f ! human brea/4 ,%e only wi%$1 = ! h>% abuse1 ,to f9d "s way to become ( use ,to ! haughty daught] ( lordly man2 ,& ?us did %e lay a noble plan1 ,to tea* h] wisdom1 & make x pla91 ,t ! humble worm 0 n made 9 va92 ,a plan s g5]\s1 deep & high1 ,t1 to c>ry x out1 %e mu/ ev5 die6 8,no m10 said %e1 8w ,i dr9k or eat6 ,i'll sp9 & weave me a w9d+-%eet1 ,to wrap me up f ! sun's cle> light1 ,& hide my =m f h] w\nd$ sight4 ,9 secret !n1 till my end draws nigh1 ,i'll toil = h]2 & :5 ,i die1 ,i'll leave beh9d1 z a f>ewell boon1 ,to ! pr\d "y pr9cess1 my :ole cocoon1 ,to be reel$ & wove to a %9+ lace1 ,& hung 9 a veil o'er h] scornful face6 ,& :5 %e c calmly draw h] brea? ,?r\gh ! v ?reads t h caus$ my dea?2 ,:5 %e f9ds1 at l5g?1 %e has n]ves s firm ,z to we> ! %r\d ( a crawl+ worm1 ,may %e be> 9 m9d1 t %e walks ) pride ,9 ! w9d+-%eet :]e ! silk-worm di$60 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii ,silk-,worm1 ,cocoons1 ,*rysalis1 ,mo?s & ,p9na4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,*9ese ,,mode ,,( ,,re>+ ,,silk-,,worms1 c4 ,great antiquity ( ! silk-manufacture 9 ,*9a--,"t & mode ( prun+ ! ,mulb]ry-tree--,n all[$ to exce$ a c]ta9 height--,mode ( plant+--,situation ( re>+-rooms1 & _! con/ruction--,effect ( noise on ! silk-worm--,precautions obs]v$ 9 pres]v+ cleanl9ess--,isan-mon1 "m ( ! worms--,mann] ( fe$+--,space allott$ to ! worms--,de/ruction ( ! ,*rysalides--,great skill ( ! ,*9ese 9 weav+--,am]ican writ]s on ! ,mulb]ry-tree--,silk-worms sometimes re>$ on trees--7,m4 ,m>teloy's exp]im5ts 9 #agfd1 9 re>+ silk-worms on trees 9 ,france7--,produce inf]ior to t ( worms re>$ 9 h\ses--,mode ( delay+ ! hat*+ ( ! eggs--,me?od ( hat*+--,necessity = prev5t+ damp--,numb] ( meals--,mode ( /imulat+ ! appetite ( ! worms--,effect ( ?is ^u ! quantity ( silk produc$--,d>kness injuri\s to ! silk-worm--,its effect on ! ,mulb]ry-leaves--,mode ( prep>+ ! cocoons = ! reel+ process--,wild silk-worms ( ,india--,mode ( hat*+1 c4--7,obs]vations on ! cultivation ( silk by ,dr4 ,/ebb9s--,dr4 ,b[r+'s admirable illu/ration ( ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! arts ^u ea* o!r47 ,9 ,*9a1 ! tradition ( ! silk culture is1 z already %[n1 c>ri$ back into ! my?ological p]iods1 & dates ) ! orig9 ( agriculture itself4 ,^! two pursuits or avocations1 namely1 husb&ry & ! silk-manufacture1 =m ! subject ( "o ( ! sixte5 disc\rses to ! p4 ,x is !re obs]v$1 t 8f anci5t times ! ,son ( ,heav5 direct$ ! pl\gh3 ! ,empress plant$ ! mulb]ry-tree4 ,?us h ^! exalt$ p]sonages1 n above ! practice ( labor & ex]tion1 set an example to all m51 ) a view to lead+ ! millions ( _! subjects to att5d to _! ess5tial int]e/s40 ,9 ! "w publi%$ by ,imp]ial au?ority1 entitl$ 8,illu/rations ( ,husb&ry & ,weav+#ace10 !re are num]\s wood-cuts1 accompani$ by lett]-press explanatory ( ! diff]5t processes ( f>m+ & ! silk-manufacture4 ,! =m] head is conf9$ to ! production ( rice1 ! /aple article ( food1 & proce$s f ! pl\gh+ ( ! l& to ! pack+ ( ! gra92 ! latt] details all ! op]ations connect$ ) plant+ ! mulb]ry & ga!r+ its leaves1 up to ! f9al weav+ ( ! silk4 #ace ,! draw+1 plate ,i4 7,frontispiece7 is a fai?ful copy ( a loom repres5t$ 9 ?is curi\s "w4 ,= ?is repres5tation ( a ,*9ese weav+ eng9e1 z well z sev]al translations1 explanatory ( ! silk-manufacture1 c41 we are indebt$ to ,walt] ,l[ry1 ,esq41 ,sec4 to ! ,presbyt]ian ,bo>d ( ,=eign ,missions 9 ?is city2 :o k9dly p]mitt$ u to copy x f ! orig9al plate1 =m+ a "p ( ! int]e/+ "w above ref]r$ to1 :i* is compos$ ( sev5ty-five volumes1 & 01 z we und]/&1 pres5t$ to ! ,bo>d by a ,new ,york m]*ant4 ,_m ( ! illu/rations are extremely beautiful1 reflect+ ! highe/ cr$it ^u ! artisans ( ! 8,cele/ial ,empire40 ,! mulb]ry-tree is *iefly cultivat$ 9 ,*-kiang1 :i* prov9ce1 toge!r ) ! only ?ree o!rs t produce f9e silk1 namely1 ,kiang-nn1 ,woo-p1 & ,sze-*u51 is cross$ by ! ?irtie? p>allel ( latitude4 ,*-kiang is a c\ntry highly alluvial1 int]sect$ by num]\s riv]s & canals1 ) a climate t corresponds pretty ne>ly to ! same latitude z t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! soil is manur$ ) mud1 dug f ! riv]s1 assi/$ ) a%es or dung2 & ! spaces betwe5 ! trees are g5]ally fill$ ) millet1 pulse1 or o!r articles ( food4 ,! "t = prun+ ! "y trees1 s z to produce f9e leafy %oots1 is at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye>4 ,ab\t f\r eyes are left on e %oot1 & c>e is tak5 t ! bran*es be prop]ly ?9n$1 ) a view to giv+ pl5ty ( light & air to ! leaves4 ,9 ga!r+ ^!1 !y make use ( /eps1 z ! "y trees c\ld n support a ladd]1 & w\ld besides be injur$ 9 _! bran*es by ! use ( "o4 ,! trees1 ) _! foliage1 are c>efully wat*$1 & ! mis*iefs ( insects prev5t$ by ! use ( v>i\s applications1 among :i* are "s ess5tial oils4 ,! "y trees ( c\rse suff] by be+ /ripp$ ( _! leaves1 :i* are ! lungs ( plants1 & ?is is an additional reason = r5ew+ !m aft] a c]ta9 "t4 ,!y endeavor 9 "p to c\nt]act ! evil effect1 by prun+ & lopp+ ! tree1 s z to dim9i% ! wood :5 ! leaves h be5 ga!r$4 ,x is surpris+1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve h[ soon a tree 9 ^? climates w recov] its leaves 9 ! summ] or autumn1 aft] hav+ be5 entirely /ripp$ ( !m by a typhoon or hurricane4 ,fre% plants are procur$ by cutt+s or lay]s1 & sometimes f se$4 ,:5 ! trees gr[ too old = ! production ( ! f9e/ leaves1 & %[ a great] t5d5cy to fruit+1 !y are ei!r remov$ or s cut & manag$ z to produce "y bran*es4 ,! pr9cipal object1 9 ! cultivation ( ! mulb]ry1 is to produce ! greate/ quantity ( "y & heal?y leaves )\t fruit4 ,= ?is reason ! trees are n all[$ to exce$ a c]ta9 age & height4 ,!y are plant$ on ! plan ( a qu9cunx#acf1 & said to be 9 p]fection 9 ab\t ?ree ye>s4 #acf ,9 g>d5+1 ! qu9cunx ord] is a plantation ( trees dispos$ 9 a squ>e1 consi/+ ( five trees1 "o at ea* corn] & a fif? 9 ! c5tre1 :i* ord] repeat$ indef9itely1 =ms a regul> grove or wood1 view$ by an angle ( ! squ>e or p>allelogram1 pres5ts equal or p>allel alleys4 ,mr4 ,b>r[1 :o obs]v$ ! managem5t ( ! trees & silk-worms 9 ,*-kiang1 confirms ! usual ,*9ese acc\nts1 by say+ t 8! h\ses 9 :i* ! worms are re>$ are plac$ g5]ally 9 ! c5tre ( ea* plantation1 9 ord] t !y may be remov$ z f> z possible f e k9d ( noise2 exp]i5ce hav+ taught !m t a sudd5 %\t1 or ! b>k ( a dog1 is de/ructive ( ! "y worms4 ,a :ole brood has sometimes p]i%$ f ! effects ( a ?und]-/orm40 ,"s notion ( ! ext5t ( ! c>e requir$ 9 ! managem5t ( ! worms may be =m$ f ! foll[+ extract1 tak5 f ! ,*9ese "w ref]r$ to at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 8,! place :]e _! habitation is built mu/ be retir$1 free f noise1 smells1 & di/urbances ( e k9d4 ,! lea/ fright1 makes great impressions on ^! s5sitive creatures2 ev5 ! b>k+ ( dogs1 c41 is capable ( ?r[+ !m into ! utmo/ disord]4 ,= ! purpose ( pay+ !m e att5tion an affectionate "m is provid$1 :o is c>eful to supply _! wants2 %e is call$ ,isan-mon1 #8"m ( ! worms4' ,%e takes possession ( ! *amb]1 b n be=e %e has wa%$ h]self & put on clean clo!s1 :i* h n ! lea/ repulsive smell2 %e mu/ n h eat5 any?+ imm$iately be=e1 or h&l$ any wild succory1 ! smell ( :i* is v prejudicial4 ,%e mu/ be clo!d 9 a pla9 habit1 )\t any l9+1 t %e may be m s5sible ( ! w>m? ( ! place1 & accord+ly increase or less5 ! fire4 ,%e mu/ also c>efully avoid mak+ a smoke or rais+ a du/1 :i* w\ld also be (f5sive40 ,silk-worms require to be c>efully humor$ be=e ! "t ( ca/+ _! sl\gh4 ,e day is to !m a ye>1 hav+ 9 a mann]1 ! f\r seasons2 ! morn+ be+ ! ,spr+2 ! middle ( ! day3 ,summ]2 ! ev5+3 ,autumn2 & ! night1 ,w9t]4 ,! *amb]s are s contriv$ z to admit ( ! use ( artificial heat :5 necess>y4 ,great c>e is tak5 ( ! %eets ( pap] on :i* ! eggs h be5 laid2 & ! hat*+ is ei!r ret>d$ or advanc$1 by ! application ( cold or heat accord+ to circum/ances1 s z to "t ! simultane\s exit ( ! "y worms exactly to ! p]iod :5 ! t5d] spr+-leaves ( ! mulb]ry are mo/ fit = _! n\ri%m5t4 ,!y proportion ! food v exactly to ! "y worms by weigh+ ! leaves1 :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance are cut1 b z ! insects become l>g]1 are giv5 to !m :ole4 ,! greate/ precautions be+ obs]v$ 9 regulat+ ! temp]ature ( ! ap>tm5ts4 ,! worms are f$ ^u a species ( small hurdles ( basket-"w1 /rew$ ) leaves1 :i* are con/antly %ift$ = ! sake ( cleanl9ess1 ! insects readily mov+ (f to a fre% hurdle ) new leaves1 z ! sc5t attracts !m4 ,9 proportion to _! gr[?1 room is af=d$ to !m by increas+ ! numb] ( ^! hurdles1 ! worms ( "o be+ %ift$ to ?ree1 !n to six1 & s on until !y atta9 _! greate/ size4 ,:5 !y h ca/ _! sev]al sk9s1 rea*$ _! greate/ size1 & assum$ a transp>5t yell[i% color1 !y are remov$ to places divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 prep>atory to ca/+ =? _! silk5 filam5ts4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a week aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ?is op]ation1 ! cocoons are complete1 & x n[ becomes necess>y to take !m 9 h& be=e ! pup turn into mo?s1 :i* w\ld imm$iately bore _! way out1 & spoil ! cocoons4 ,:5 a c]ta9 numb]1 !re=e1 h be5 laid aside = ! sake ( future eggs1 ! *rysalides are kill$ by be+ plac$ 9 j>s "u lay]s ( salt & leaves1 ) a complete exclusion ( air4 ,!y are subsequ5tly plac$ 9 mod]ately w>m wat]1 :i* dissolves ! glut9\s sub/ance t b9ds ! silk toge!r1 & ! filam5t is w\nd (f ^u reels4 ,?is is put up 9 bundles ( a c]ta9 size & weight1 & ei!r becomes an article ( m]*&ise "u ! "n ( 8raw silk10 or is subject$ to ! loom1 & manufactur$ into v>i\s /uffs1 = home or =eign consumption4 ,! ,*9ese not)/&+ ! simplicity ( _! looms 7see frontispiece71 w imitate exactly ! newe/ & mo/ elegant patt]ns f ,france4 ,!y p>ticul>ly excel 9 ! production ( damasks1 figur$-sat9s1 & embroid]y4 ,_! crape has nev] yet be5 p]fectly imitat$2 & !y make a species ( wa%+ silk1 call$ at ,canton 8ponge10 :i*1 ! long] x is us$1 ! s(t] x becomes4 ,! ,*9ese h f "t immemorial be5 celebrat$ = ! beauty ( _! embroid]ies2 inde$1 x has be5 d\bt$ :e!r ! art 0 n orig9ally introduc$ into ,europe by !m1 ?r\gh ! ,p]sians4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x is evid5t t ! rais+ ( ! mulb]ry-tree %\ld fir/ engage ! att5tion ( ! cultivator1 s9ce its leaves =m ! almo/ exclusive n\ri%m5t ( ! silk-worm4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y t we %\ld 9 a "w ( ?is description ent] m fully into ! cultivation ( ! mulb]ry-tree4 ,?is has already be5 s ably done by ,jona?an ,cobb1 ,esq4 ( ,d$ham1 ,mass41 ,dr4 ,pascalis ( ,new ,york1 ,judge ,com/ock ( ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 & ,e4 ,p4 ,rob]ts1 ,esq4 ( ,baltimore1 z to leave no /one unturn$1 or any want ^u ! subject4 ,9 su* p>ts ( ! ,*9ese empire :]e ! climate is favorable to ! practice1 & :]e alone1 mo/ probably1 ! silk-worm is indig5\s1 x rema9s at lib]ty1 fe$+ on ! leaves ( its native mulb]ry-tree1 & go+ ?r\gh all its mutations among ! bran*es1 uncontroll$ by ! h& & unassi/$ by ! c>es ( man4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ! silk5 balls h be5 con/ruct$1 !y are appropriat$ by ! univ]sal usurp]1 :o sp>es only ! few requir$ to reproduce _! numb]s1 & ?us furni% him ) successive h>ve/s#acg4 #acg ,mons4 ,m>teloy ( ,montpeli]1 :o made _m exp]im5ts ^u ! re>+ ( silk-worms1 pres5t$ a memorial ^u ! subject to ! ,fr5* m9i/]1 9 compliance ) ^: recomm5dation1 a few silk gr[]s ( ,langu$oc caus$ an exp]im5t to be publicly made 9 ! op5 air1 9 ! g>d5 belong+ to ! ,jesuits' college at ,montpeli]4 ,! :ole 0 plac$ "u ! direction ( ,mons4 ,m>teloy1 :o _h #abjj livres assign$ to him to defray ! necess>y exp5ses4 ,! exp]im5t succe$$ p]fectly4 ,?is 0 9 #agfd4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> a second trial 0 made1 & #ahjj livres 7 set ap>t = ! exp5ses4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! unfavorable nature ( ! season1 ?is exp]im5t fail$ entirely1 ! heavy & incessant ra9s mak+ x impossible to keep ! food ( ! worms 9 a suffici5tly dry /ate4 ,! re>+ ( silk-worms 9 ! op5 air 0 n aga9 attempt$ 9 t qu>t]2 b ! p>tial success l$ to ! adoption among cultivators ( a bett] sy/em ( v5tilation1 & ! production ( silk 0 ab\t ?is "t v mu* ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ,langu$oc4--,obs4 on ! ,culture ( ,silk1 by ,a4 ,,/eph5son4 ,?is silk1 ! spontane\s (f]+ ( nature1 is n1 h[ev]1 equal 9 f95ess to t produc$ by worms "u %elt]1 & ^: progressions are influ5c$ by c>eful managem5t4 ,mu* att5tion is1 !re=e1 be/[$ by ! ,*9ese 9 ! artificial re>+ ( silk-worms4 ,"o ( _! pr9cipal c>es1 is to prev5t ! too e>ly hat*+ ( ! eggs1 to :i* ! nature ( ! climate s /rongly disposes !m4 ,! mode ( insur+ ! requisite delay1 is1 to cause ! mo? to deposit h] eggs on l>ge %eets ( pap]3 ^!1 imm$iately ^u _! production1 are susp5d$ f a beam 9 ! room1 :ile ! w9d[s are op5$ to expose !m to ! air4 ,9 a few days ! pap]s are tak5 d[n & roll$ loosely up ) ! eggs inside1 9 :i* =m !y are aga9 hung dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! summ] & autumn4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> !y are imm]s$ 9 cold wat] :]e9 a small portion ( salt has be5 dissolv$4 ,9 ?is /ate ! eggs are left dur+ two days2 & on be+ tak5 f ! salt & wat] are fir/ hung to dry1 & !n roll$ up r m tightly ?an be=e1 ea* %eet ( pap] be+ !reaft] inclos$ 9 a sep>ate e>!n vessel4 ,"s p]sons1 :o are exce$+ly p>ticul> 9 _! processes1 use a lye made ( mulb]ry-tree a%es1 & place ! eggs likewise1 dur+ "s m9utes1 on sn[-wat]4 ,^! processes appe> efficaci\s = *eck+ ! hat*+1 until ! exp&+ leaves ( ! mulb]ry-tree give notice to ! silk-worm-re>] t he may take measures = br++ =? 8 brood4 ,= ?is purpose ! rolls ( pap] are tak5 f ! e>!n vessels1 & hung up t[>ds ! sun1 ! side to :i* ! eggs adh]e be+ turn$ f its rays1 by be+ plac$ inside1 & ?us all[+ ! heat to be transmitt$ to !m ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! %eets are roll$ closely up & plac$ 9 a w>m situation4 ,! same proce$+ is repeat$ on ! foll[+ day1 :5 ! eggs assume a grayi% color4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! ?ird day1 aft] a simil> exposure1 !y are f\nd to be ( a mu* d>k] color1 ne>ly approa*+ to black2 & ! foll[+ morn+1 on ! pap] be+ unroll$1 !y are cov]$ ) worms4 ,9 ! high] latitudes ! ,*9ese h rec\rse to ! heat ( /oves1 9 ord] to promote ! simultane\s hat*+ ( ! eggs4 ,! ap>tm5ts 9 :i* ! worms are kept /& 9 dry situations1 9 a pure atmosph]e1 & ap>t f all noise1 :i* is ?\ght to be annoy+ to ! worms1 especially :5 !y are "y4 ,! rooms are made v close1 b adequate means ( v5tilation provid$3 ! doors be+ op5 to ! s\?4 ,ea* *amb] is provid$ ) n9e or t5 r[s ( frames1 plac$ "o above ! o!r4 ,on ^! frames1 ru% hurdles are rang$2 ^u :i* ! worms are f$ ?r\gh _! five ages4 ,a uni=m degree ( heat is con/antly pres]v$1 ei!r by means ( /oves plac$ 9 ! corn]s ( ! ap>tm5ts1 or by *af+-di%es :i* f "t to "t are c>ri$ up & d[n ! room4 ,flame & smoke be+ always c>efully avoid$3 c[-dung dri$ 9 ! sun is pref]r$ by ! ,*9ese to all o!r k9ds ( fuel = ?is purpose4 ,! mo/ unremitt+ att5tion is paid to ! wants ( ! worms1 :i* are f$ night & day4 ,on _! be+ hat*$ !y are furni%$ ) =ty meals = ! fir/ day1 ?irty are giv5 on ! second day1 & few] on & aft] ! ?ird4 ,! ,*9ese believe t ! gr[? ( silk-worms is accel]at$1 & _! success promot$ by ! abundance ( _! food1 & !re=e1 9 cl\dy & damp wea!r1 :5 ! insects are injuri\sly affect$ by ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 _! appetites are /imulat$ by a wisp ( v dry /raw be+ light$ & held ov] !m1 ?us caus+ ! cold & damp air to be dissipat$4 ,! ,*9ese calculate t ! same numb] ( insects :i* w\ld1 if !y _h atta9$ ! full size 9 tw5ty-?ree or tw5ty-f\r days1 produce tw5ty-five ounces ( silk1 w\ld give only tw5ty ounces if _! gr[? occupi$ tw5ty-eight days1 & only t5 ounces if =ty days4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to accel]ate _! gr[?1 !y supply !m ) fre% food e half-h\r dur+ ! fir/ day ( _! exi/5ce1 & !n gradually r$uce ! numb] ( meals z ! worms gr[ old]4 ,x des]ves to be rem>k$ z a fact unnotic$ 9 ,natural ,!ology1 t ! sub/ance on :i* ?is valuable cat]pill> fe$s1 is ! leaf ( ! mulb]ry-tree2 & ,provid5ce1 z if to ensure ! cont9uance ( ?is useful species1 has s orda9$ x t no o!r insect w p>take ( ! same food2 ?us ensur+ a c]ta9 supply = ! little sp9/]4 ,_m p]sons believe t light is injuri\s to silk-worms2 b1 s f> f ?is op9ion be+ correct1 ! opposite belief w\ld probably be ne>] to ! tru?4 ,9 its native /ate1 ! insect is ( c\rse expos$ to light1 & suff]s no inconv5i5ce on t acc\nt2 & x has be5 obs]v$ by "o :o gave mu* att5tion to ! subject 7,c\nt ,d&olo71 t 9 8 e/abli%m5t1 8on ! side on :i* ! sun %one directly on ! hurdles1 ! silk-worms 7 /rong] & m num]\s ?an 9 ^? places :]e ! edge ( ! wick] hurdle =m$ a %ade40 ,! obscurity :]e9 ! ap>tm5ts are usually kept has a v p]nici\s influ5ce on ! air3 ! food ( ! worms emits 9 light oxyg51 or vital air1 :ile 9 d>kness x exhales c>bonic acid gas1 unfit = respiration4 ,?is well-kn[n fact occurs alike ) all leaves simil>ly circum/anc$#ach4 ,to ! bad effects ?us aris+ f ! exclusion ( ! sun's rays1 ano!r evil is add$ by ! nature ( ! artificial lights employ$1 be+ su* z /ill fur!r to vitiate ! air4 #ach 8,!re is 9 ! ord] ( nature a c]ta91 & v surpris+ fact2 :5 ! leaves ( vegetables are /ruck by ! sun's rays1 !y exhale an imm5se quantity ( vital air necess>y to ! life ( animals1 & :i* !y consume by respiration4 8,^! same leaves 9 ! %ade z well z 9 d>kness exhale an imm5se quantity ( mephitic or fix$ air1 :i* _c be inhal$ )\t de/ruction ( life4 8,?is influ5ce ( ! sun does n cease ev5 :5 ! leaf has be5 rec5tly ga!r$2 on ! contr>y1 9 d>kness1 ga!r$ leaves w exhale a /ill great] quantity ( mephitic air4 8,place "o ounce ( fre% mulb]ry leaves 9 a wide-neck$ bottle ( ! size ( a ,p>is p9t1 conta9+ two p\nds ( liquid2 expose ?is bottle to ! sun2 ab\t an h\r aft]w>ds1 accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! sun1 rev]se ! bottle & introduce a light$ tap] 9 x2 ?is done1 ! light w become bright]1 :it]1 & l>g]1 :i* proves t ! vital air conta9$ 9 ! bottle has increas$ by t :i* has dis5gag$ itself f ! leaves3 to demon/rate ?is ph5om5on m cle>ly1 a tap] may be put 9 a simil> bottle1 t only conta9s ! air :i* has ent]$ into x by its be+ uncork$4 ,%ortly aft] ! fir/ exp]im5t1 wat] w be f\nd 9 ! bottle :i* conta9$ ! mulb]ry leaves2 ?is wat]1 evaporat+ f ! leaves by means ( ! heat1 hangs on ! sides1 & runs to ! bottom :5 cool+2 ! leaves appe> m or less )]$ & dry accord+ to ! liquid !y h lo/4 ,9 ano!r simil> bottle place an ounce ( leaves1 & cork x exactly l ! =m]2 place x 9 obscurity1 ei!r 9 a box1 or wrap x 9 clo?s1 9 %ort1 s z totally to exclude light2 ab\t two h\rs aft]1 op5 ! bottle1 & put ei!r a light$ tap] or a small bird into x2 ! c&le w g out1 & ! bird w p]i%1 z if !y _h be5 plung$ into wat]1 :i* demon/rates t 9 d>kness ! leaves h exhal$ mephitic air1 :ile 9 ! sun !y exhal$ vital air04--,,c\nt ,,d&olo',s ,treatise on ! ,art ( ,re>+ ,silk-worms1 p4 #add4 ,an almo/ incr$ible quantity ( fluid is con/antly dis5gag$ by evaporation f ! bodies ( ! insects2 & if means be n tak5 to disp]se ?is z x is produc$1 ano!r cause ( un:olesom5ess 9 ! air arises4 ,notic+ ?is1 ,c\nt ,d&olo obs]ves1 8,?is s]ies ( causes ( ! det]ioration ( ! air :i* ! worms mu/ inhale1 may be t]m$ a cont9ual conspiracy aga9/ _! heal? & life2 & _! resi/+ x1 & liv+ ?r\gh\t %[s !m to h great /r5g? ( con/itution40 ,9 sev5 days f ! comm5cem5t ( ! cocoons !y are collect$ 9 heaps2 ^? :i* are design$ to cont9ue ! bre$ be+ fir/ select$ & set ap>t on hurdles1 9 a dry & airy situation4 ,! next c>e1 is to de/roy ! vitality ( ! *rysalides 9 ^? balls :i* are to be reel$4 ,! mo/ approv$ me?od ( p]=m+ ?is1 is to fill l>ge e>!n vessels ) cocoons1 9 lay]s1 ?r[+ 9 "o-=tie? "p ( _! weight ( salt ^u ea* lay]1 cov]+ ! :ole ) l>ge dry leaves resembl+ ^? ( ! wat]-lilly1 & !n closely /opp+ ! m\?s ( ! vessels4 ,9 reel+ _! silk ! ,*9ese sep>ate ! ?ick & d>k f ! long & glitt]+ :ite cocoons1 z ! produce ( ! =m] is inf]ior4 ,we are indebt$ to ,dr4 ,ure = ! two foll[+ articles 7extract$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society1 = ,janu>y1 #ahcg71 on wild silk-worms4 ,! fir/ article is f ! p5 ( ,?omas ,hugon1 a resid5t ( ,n[gong1 & relates to wild silk-worms ( ,assam4 8,! ,assamese select = bre$+1 su* cocoons only z h be5 begun to be =m$ 9 ! l>ge/ numb] on ! same day1 usually ! second or ?ird aft] ! comm5cem5t2 ^? :i* conta9 males be+ di/+ui%able by a m po9t$ end4 ,!y are put 9 a clos$ basket susp5d$ f ! ro(2 ! mo?s1 z !y come =?1 hav+ room to move ab\t1 at ! expiration ( a day1 ! females 7kn[n only by _! l>ge body7 are tak5 out1 & ti$ to small wisps ( ?at*+-/raw1 select$ always f ov] ! he>?1 its d>k5$ color be+ ?\ght m acceptable to ! insect4 ,if out ( a bat*1 !re %\ld be b few males2 ! wisps ) ! females ti$ to !m are expos$ outside at night2 & ! males ?r[n away 9 ! neighborhood1 f9d _! way to !m4 ,^! wisps are hung ^u a /r+ ti$ across ! ro(1 to keep !m f v]m94 ,! eggs laid aft] ! fir/ ?ree days1 are said to produce weak worms4 ,! wisps are tak5 out morn+ & ev5+1 & expos$ to ! sun1 & 9 t5 days aft] be+ laid1 a few ( !m are hat*$4 ,! wisps be+ !n hung up to ! tree1 ! "y worms f9d _! way to ! leaves4 ,! ant1 ^: bite is fatal to ! worm 9 its e>ly /ages1 is de/roy$ by rubb+ ! trunk ( ! tree ) molasses1 & ty+ dead fi% & toads to x1 to attract ^! rapaci\s insects 9 l>ge numb]s1 :5 !y are de/roy$ ) fire2 a process :i* ne$s to be repeat$ sev]al times4 ,! gr\nd "u ! trees is also well cle>$1 to r5d] x easy to pick up & replace ! worms :i* fall d[n4 ,!y are prev5t$ f com+ to ! gr\nd1 by ty+ fre% planta9-leaves r\nd ! trunk1 ov] ^: slipp]y surface !y _c crawl2 & !n transf]r$ f exhau/$ trees to fre% ones1 on bamboo platt]s ti$ to long poles4 ,! worms require to be con/antly wat*$ & protect$ f ! depr$ations ( bo? day & night birds1 z well z rats & o!r v]m94 ,dur+ _! m\lt+s1 !y rema9 on ! bran*es2 b :5 ab\t beg9n+ to sp91 !y come d[n ! trunk1 & be+ /opp$ by ! planta9-leaves1 are !re collect$ 9 baskets1 :i* are aft]w>ds put "u bun*es ( dry leaves1 susp5d$ f ! ro(1 into :i* ! worms crawl1 & =m _! cocoons--sev]al be+ clu/]$ toge!r3 ?is accid5t1 ow+ to ! practice ( cr[d+ ! worms1 :i* is mo/ injudici\s1 r5d]+ x impossible to w9d (f _! silk 9 cont9u\s ?reads1 z 9 ! filatures ( ,italy1 ,france1 & ev5 ,b5gal4 ,! silk is1 !re=e1 spun l flax1 in/ead ( be+ unw\nd 9 s+le filam5ts4 ,aft] f\r days ! prop] cocoons are select$ = ! next bre$1 & ! re/ are reel$4 ,! total duration ( a bre$ v>ies f sixty to sev5ty days2 divid$ into ! foll[+ p]iods3-- ,f\r m\lt+s1 ) "o day's illness att5d+ ea*1 #bj ,f f\r? m\lt+ to beg9n+ ( cocoon1 #aj ,9 ! cocoon #bj1 z a mo? #f1 hat*+ ( eggs #aj1 #cf -- #ff 8,on be+ tapp$ ) ! f+]1 ! body r5d]s a holl[ s\nd2 ! quality ( :i* %[s :e!r !y h come d[n = want ( leaves on ! tree1 or f _! hav+ ceas$ fe$+4 8,z ! *rysalis is n soon kill$ by exposure to ! sun1 ! cocoons are put on /ages1 cov]$ ) leaves1 & expos$ to ! hot air f grass burn$ "u !m2 !y are next boil$ = ab\t an h\r 9 a solution ( ! pota%1 made f inc9]at$ rice-/alks2 !n tak5 out & put on a clo? fold$ ov] !m to keep !m w>m4 ,! floss be+ remov$ by h&1 !y are !n ?r[n into a bas9 ( hot wat] to be unw\nd2 :i* is done 9 a v rude & wa/eful way4 8,! plantations = ! mooga silk-worm 9 ,l[] ,assam1 am\nt to #ejjj acres1 besides :at ! =e/s conta92 & yield #aejj maunds ( #hd lbs4 ea* p] annum4 ,upp] ,assam is m productive4 8,! cocoon ( ! ,k\tkuri mooga is ( ! size ( a f[l's egg4 ,x is a wild species1 & af=ds filam5ts mu* valu$ = fi%+-l9es4 8,! ,arr9dy1 or ,eria worm1 & mo?1 is re>$ ov] a great "p ( ,h9do/an1 b entirely )9 doors4 ,x is f$ pr9cipally on ! ,h]a1 or ,palma *ri/i leaves1 & gives sometimes #ab broods ( spun silk 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,x af=ds a fibre :i* looks r\gh at fir/2 b :5 wov51 becomes s(t & silky1 aft] repeat$ wa%+s4 ,! poore/ p are clo!d ) /uff made ( x1 :i* is s durable z to desc5d f "m to daught]4 ,! cocoons are put 9 a close basket1 & hung up 9 ! h\se1 out ( rea* ( rats & insects4 ,:5 ! mo?s come =?1 !y are all[$ to move ab\t 9 ! basket = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 aft] :i* ! females are ti$ to long re$s or canes1 tw5ty or tw5ty-five to ea*1 & !n hung up 9 ! h\se4 ,( ! eggs t are laid ! fir/ ?ree days1 ab\t #bjj1 only are kept2 !n ti$ up = se$4 ,:5 a few ( ! worms are hat*$1 ! clo?s are put on small bamboo platt]s hung up 9 ! h\se1 9 :i* !y are f$ ) t5d] leaves4 ,aft] ! second m\lt+1 !y are remov$ to bun*es ( leaves susp5d$ above ! gr\nd1 b5ea? :i* a mat is laid to receive !m :5 !y fall4 ,:5 !y cease to fe$1 !y are ?r[n into baskets full ( dry leaves1 among :i* !y =m _! cocoons1 two or ?ree be+ (t5 discov]$ jo9$ toge!r4 8,! ,saturnia trif5e/rata has a yell[ cocoon ( a rem>kably silky lu/re4 ,x lives on ! soom-tree 9 ,assam1 b seems n to be mu* us$40 ,! second article is f ! p5 ( ,dr4 ,helf]1 ^u ^? wild silk-worms :i* are indig5\s to ,india4 ,besides ! ,bombyx mori1 ! ,doctor enum]ates ! foll[+ sev5 species1 =m]ly unkn[n3--#a4 8,! wild silk-worm ( ! c5tral prov9ces1 a mo? n l>g] ?an ! ,bombyx mori40 #b4 8,! ,joree silk-worm ( ,assam1 ,bombyx religios1 :i* sp9s a cocoon ( a f9e filam5t1 ) mu* lu/re4 ,x lives ^u ! pipul tree 7,ficus religiosa71 :i* ab\nds 9 ,india1 & ought !re=e to be turn$ to acc\nt 9 bre$+ ?is valuable mo?40 #c4 8,saturnia silhetica1 :i* inhabits ! cassia m\nta9s 9 ,silhet & ,dacca1 :]e its l>ge cocoons are spun into silk40 #d4 8,a /ill l>g] ,saturnia1 "o ( ! greate/ mo?s 9 exi/5ce1 measur+ t5 in*es f ! "o end ( ! w+ to ! o!r#aci2 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,grant1 9 ,*irra punjee04 #e4 8,saturnia paphia1 or ! ,tusseh silk-worm1 is ! mo/ common ( ! native species1 & furni%es ! clo? usually worn by ,europeans 9 ,india4 ,x has n hi!rto be5 dome/icat$1 b millions ( its cocoons are annually collect$ 9 ! jungles1 & br\ght to ! silk factories ne> ,calcutta & ,bhagelpur4 ,x fe$s mo/ commonly on ! hair-tree 7,zizyphus jujuba71 b x pref]s ! ,t]m9alia alata1 or ,assam tree1 & ! ,bombax heptaphyllum4 ,x is call$ ,k\tkuri mooga1 9 ,assam40 #f4 8,ano!r ,saturnia1 f ! neighborhood ( ,com]colly40 #g4 8,saturnia assam5sis1 ) a cocoon ( a yell[-br[n color1 diff]5t f all o!rs1 call$ mooga1 9 ,assam2 :i*1 al?\gh x c be re>$ 9 h\ses1 ?rives be/ 9 ! op5 air ^u trees1 ( :i* sev5 diff]5t k9ds af=d x food4 ,! ,mazankoory mooga1 :i* fe$s on ! ,adakoory tree1 produces a f9e silk1 :i* is ne>ly :ite1 & fet*es #ej p] c5t4 m ?an ! fawn color$4 ,! trees ( ! fir/ ye>'s gr[? produce by f> ! mo/ valuable cocoons4 ,! mooga :i* inhabits ! soom-tree1 is f\nd pr9cipally 9 ! =e/s ( ! pla9s1 & 9 ! villages4 ,! tree gr[s to a l>ge size1 & yields ?ree crops ( leaves 9 ! ye>4 ,! silk is ( a light fawn color1 & ranks next 9 value to ! ,mazankoory4 ,!re are g5]ally five bre$s ( mooga worms 9 ! ye>2 #a4 ,9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y2 #b4 ,9 ,may & ,june2 #c4 ,9 ,june & ,july2 #d4 ,9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]2 #e4 ,9 ,octob] & ,novemb]2 ! fir/ & la/ be+ ! mo/ valuable40 #aci ,see p4 #dj4 ,also p4 #ed4 footnote #fc ,dr4 ,&]son in=ms u1 t 9 ,madras ! silk-worm goes ?r\gh all its evolutions 9 ! %ort space ( tw5ty-two days4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! sav+ ( "t1 & consequ5tly labor1 is ! only economy result+ f ! accel]ation2 z ! insects consume z mu* food dur+ _! %ort] p]iod ( life1 z is assign$ to ! long]-liv$ silk-worms ( ,europe4 ,we extract ! foll[+ pap]1 ) slight em5dations1 f ,ellswor?'s ,report ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice = ! ye> #ahdd1 be+ a communication f ,dr4 ,/ebb9s ( ,nor?ampton1 ,mass#adj41 to ! ,editor ( ! ,am]ican ,agriculturali/1 z hav+ "s be>+ ^u ! pres5t subject4 #adj ,see ,*apt] ,,xiii4 p4 #baa4 8,z reque/$1 ,i =w>d y a sket* ( ,mr4 ,gill's cradle = fe$+ silk-worms1 7,x is n necess>y = u to give a draw+ ( x 9 a "w l ! pres5t1 :i* is *iefly int5d$ = ! g5]al read]1 & besides1 ?is ma*9e is already suffici5tly kn[n to silk culturi/s47 ,i h five pat*es ( mulb]ry1 79 all1 t5 or twelve acres17 two p>cels ( :i* y h se54 ,! "o adjo9+ my g>d51 by e/imation1 may furni% foliage suffici5t = a million & a half ( worms4 ,! mulb]ries consi/ ( ! :ite1 black1 alp9e1 broosa1 moretta1 alata1 multicaulis1 ,asiatic1 & l>ge-leaf ,canton4 ,! two latt] ,i pref] = my own use--! ,canton = e>ly fe$+ ) foliage1 & ! ,asia/ic = bran* fe$+4 ,! ,canton is highly approv$ ( = produc+ heavy & firm cocoons1 :i*1 by compet5t te/imony & exp]im5ts1 h be5 f\nd 9 favor ( ! ,canton fe$ z five to eight1 & is ! true species us$ by ! ,*9ese1 z te/ifi$ by a resid5t ,mission>y1 ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,c4 ,bridgman1 & m rec5tly by ,dr4 ,p>k]1 :ile on 8 late visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i consid] ! peanut v>iety ( worms ! be/ = produc+ ! mo/ silk ( a good quality4 8,f an elevat$ plat ne> my cocoon]y1 y _h a view ( our ext5sive mead[s spread out at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,holyoke4 ,my cocoon]y y h exam9$1 ) its fixtures = fe$+ silk-worms--! mode ( op5 fe$+1 v5tilator1 & v5tilat+ cradles4 ,s9ce y left1 ! :ole has be5 complet$1 ) hammocks susp5d$ ov] ! cradles1 easily put 9 motion1 & s con/ruct$ t no (fal c drop into ! cradles b5ea?1 nor int]f]e ) ! rock+ motion or w9d+2 ! arrangem5t is mu* admir$1 & e/imat$ to accommodate half a million ( worms1 or m1 to be f$ simultane\sly4 ,ab\t half ( ! cocoon]y has hurdles ( lattice "w1 cov]$ 9 "p ) gauze nett+ f\r feet wide & ! same numb] ( ti]s 9 height4 ,! cocoon]y is suppos$ to be suffici5tly op5 on ! sides1 ends1 & ro(1 to admit a free circulation ( pure air4 ,! floor+ is ! natural e>?4 8,! pa/ w9t] has be5 uncommonly sev]e on grape-v9es & fruit2 =e/ & mulb]ry trees2 ! ,asiatic ,i f\nd ! mo/ h>dy ( any o!r1 & ! ,canton ! e>lie/ 9 foliage4 ,on ! #ba/ & #bb;d ( ,may !re 7 sev]e fro/s1 de/roy+ g>d5 vegetables1 & injur+ "s e>ly mulb]ry foliage2 add$ to ?is1 ice 0 =m$ 9 _m places4 ,! acc\nts f ,v]mont & ,new ,hamp%ire are s disa/r\s z to delay e>ly fe$+2 :ile 9 ,nor?ampton1 ,june #ad1 at "o ( my plantations1 y saw silk-worms 9 ! act ( w9d+1 & o!rs 9 a good /ate ( =w>dness4 ,on ! day ( y\r dep>ture1 ,i receiv$ a lett] f a di/ant silk gr[]1 a /aun* promot] ( ! "o e>ly & op5 crop sy/em1 t1 on acc\nt ( ! unpropiti\s season & condition ( 8 trees1 he w\ld delay fet*+ out 8 worms until ! la/ ( ,june1 & !n make 8 great ef=t ^u "o crop4 8,to provide aga9/ premature hat*+ ( silk-worms1 or ! disa/] ( an e>ly fro/1 x is advisable to h foliage ga!r$ & dri$ ! ye> prec$+2 :i*1 be+ pulv]iz$ & moi/5$ ) wat]1 may be giv5 to ! worms until new foliage appe>s2 & !y w eat x freely4 8,to obta9 ! mo/ & be/ foliage ( ! mulb]ry1 x w be necess>y e ,spr+ to cut or head !m d[n )9 ?ree or f\r in*es ( ! gr\nd1 & pres]ve ! /alks = b>k-silk4 ,i h a quantity ( !m sav$ ) b>k peel$ f ! l>ge ,asiatics to be us$ = mak+ b>k-silk1 9 addition to a quantity ( mulb]ry-leaves pres]v$ = mak+ pap]4 ,! :ole process1 al?\gh n c>ri$ out1 z yet1 9 ?is c\ntry1 ) ei!r1 has be5 successfully accompli%$ 9 ,france1 f pro( %[n by ,m4 ,frass9et4 ,i am endeavor+ to h x te/$ "h1 by subject+ bo? /alk & peel$ b>k to ! op]ation ( /eam+ ) soap & wat]1 to facilitate ! sep>ation ( ! b>k f ! wood1 & ! outside cuticle f ! fibr\s sub/ance ( ! b>k1 be=e try+ ! op]ation ( ! brake = dress+1 c>d+1 sp9n+1 c4 ,%\ld x prove successful1 x w be made public 7,see ,mr4 ,z9ke's process1 ,*apt] ,,xi474 ,hopes are ent]ta9$ t :at has be5 done may be done aga92 t ,yankee +5uity & p]sev]ance may prove a mat* = =eign *eap labor7874 8,! pres5t "t has be5 call$ ! age ( inv5tion & improvem5t4 ,b if 0!re is no?+ new "u ! sun0 7a pretty fair illu/ration ( ?is ass]tion ( ! wise man--,vide ,ecclesia/es i4 #i1 #aj4--w be f\nd 9 ?is "w472 & if :at is1 has be5 & may be aga91 !n may we hope to be b5efitt$ by ! reproduction ( a/oni%+ results 9 all com+ "t2 & ev5 n[1 :ile !re has be5 anxi\s inquiry = "s easy mode to sep>ate ! b>k ( ! mulb]ry f ! wood1 an hi/orical fact has be5 rec5tly communicat$7872 by :i*1 "s two hundr$ & =ty ye>s ago1 9 ! ye> #afjj1 an accid5t occurr$1 :i* result$ 9 ! manufacture ( a h&some fabric f ! fibr\s b>k ( ! mulb]ry1 ) ! inf]5ce t ! b>k _h be5 previ\sly us$ = ! manufacture ( cordage1 on acc\nt ( ! sup]ior /r5g? ( ! fibr\s b>k ov] t ( o!r mat]ials us$ = cordage#ada4 8,"u date ( ,june #f1 #ahdd1 ,i h be5 favor$ ) a lett] f ! presid5t ( "o ( ! mo/ em95t lit]>y in/itutions ( our c\ntry1 :o expresses 8 op9ion ( ! progress ( silk culture z foll[s3 #8,i am gratifi$ to f9d a r5ew$ & m g5]al int]e/ excit$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,if ?is awak+ up to a sci5tific & practical consid]ation ( ! subject is n soon cr[n$ ) signal success1 ,i am satisfi$ x w n be = want ( ent]prize or skill 9 our c\ntrym51 b m]ely f ! high price ( labor1 comp>$ ) ! scanty wages giv5 9 o!r silk-gr[+ c\ntries4 ,ev5 ?is consid]ation 7?\gh x may ret>d = a :ile ! complete success ( ?is dep>tm5t ( productive indu/ry71 w n prev5t its ultimate triumph4' 8,! above is ! op9ion ( "o ( ! mo/ sci5tific m5 ( ! age1 :o1 9 e>ly life1 0 himself a silk gr[]4 ,8 op9ion accords ) t ( _m o!rs ( high consid]ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 8,:ile view+ ! fl\ri%+ condition ( "o ( my mulb]ry pat*es1 y ask$ ) :at x _h be5 manur$8 & receiv$ = answ]1 a%es1 & ! decidu\s foliage4 ,! foliage1 y ?\ght1 c\ld be ga!r$ = mak+ pap]1 & answ]$1 t !re w\ld be suffici5t defective foliage left to manure ! l&2 ! foliage is ri*] ?an any /able manure1 & /able manure %\ld nev] be appli$ to ! mulb]ry4 ,i h n _h occasion ! la/ five or six ye>s to use ev5 a%es z a manure1 b keep ! l& 9 good til? by frequ5t hoe+4 ,if y f\nd ^! mulb]ries m fl\ri%+ ?an o!rs y _h se51 x may be attribut$1 9 a great measure1 to frequ5t hoe+1 & dress+ ) ! decay$ mulb]ry foliage4 8,! soil is a light s&y loam2 &1 previ\s to its be+ /ock$ ) mulb]ry1 w\ld n yield ! value ( #aj 9 any crop2 & n[1 my fe$] says1 if 8 worms d well1 he hopes to get #hjj = ! crop6 ,a "p ( ?is lot be+ /ock$ ) alp9e1 broosa1 & ,asiatic mulb]ry1 ( #f to #aj feet 9 height1 9 r[s #c feet ap>t2 & hav+ gr[n s vigor\sly z to %ade ea* o!r1 & liable to h spott$ leaves4 ,i h1 9 ord] to avoid ?is1 & procure m1 l>g]1 & bett] foliage1 cut away or head$ d[n e o!r r[1 )9 ?ree or f\r in*es ( ! gr\nd2 & f ! /umps h sprung up a multitude ( ?rifty spr\ts1 n[ fit = use1 & ! leaves ?ree times l>g] ?an ^? on ! /&>d trees1 are s fre% & t5d]1 t 9 "s measure x is hop$1 !y may answ] ! purpose ( se$l+ foliage1 s highly recomm5d$ by ,m4 ,frass9et1 :o has ! foll[+ encomium on se$l+ foliage3 #8t #ajj p\nds ( su* foliage is wor? ne> #bjj p\nds ( old leaves to make ! same quantity ( cocoons2 or 9 fact1 equival5t 9 value to ne>ly d\ble ! /ock ( o!r foliage4' ,i h caus$ consid]able b>k to be /ripp$ f ! ,asiatic trees cut away = manufactur+ purposes2 & ,m4 ,r\vi]e1 ( ,lyons1 has prov$ t ! b>k ( "y %oots1 submitt$ to ! same process z hemp1 yields abundant silk-fibre to make beautiful tissues 7notic$ at ! close ( ,*apt] ,,xi474 ,i %\ld advise silk gr[]s to pres]ve ! %oots1 h !m b>k$ 9 ! be/ way1 & ! silky fibre rott$1 c>d$1 spun1 & wove4 ,m4 ,r\vi]e ass]ts t x w be n only f9e & /rong1 b take ! mo/ beautiful colors4 ,( ! b>k1 ropes & nets are made 9 ! ,morea1 & may be appli$ to great advantage 9 ! manufacture ( pap]1 toge!r ) ! foliage4 8,! ,canton & ,asiatic se$ s[n ?is ye> are 9 a fl\ri%+ condition = plantation use1 exclusive ( sev]al mulb]ry plantations :i* w be = r5t1 or gr[+ silk on %>es1 next spr+4 ,up to ! fir/ ( ,july1 worms h be5 uncommonly heal?y--! probable effect ( m op5 v5tilation ?an 9 =m] ye>s4 8,mr4 ,dabney1 consul at ,fayal1 7n[ 9 ,bo/on7 has two millions ( worms at pres5t on fe$4 ,s4 ,:itm>%1 at ,jamaica1 has #cfj ( :at he calls creoliz$ native eggs1 9 con/ant fe$1 :i* g ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse to ! cocoon 9 #bd days4 ,! eggs hat* 9 #aj days aft] be+ laid4 ,he has receiv$ ! silk report1 & made su* improvem5t z to save1 9 all1 n9e-t5?s ( ! usual labor4 ,! silk cause at ,jamaica occasions great int]e/ 9 ,engl& = its prosp]ity & success40 ,d4 ,/ebb9s4 ,nor?ampton1 ,mass41 ,july1 #ahdd4 #ada ,we h abundant te/imony t ! mo/ beautiful fabrics1 compris+ mantles1 c41 z well z cordage1 0 produc$ f ! b>k ( trees1 z e>ly z ! ye> #dab ,b4 ,c4 ,s t ,mr4 ,/ebb9s's 8hi/orical fact0 is anticipat$ by #bjab ye>s6 7,see ,*apt]s ,,xii4 & ,,xiii4 ( ?is ,"p47 ,we w n[ conclude ?is ,*apt] ) ,dr4 ,b[l+'s admirable illu/ration1 ( ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! arts ^u ea* o!r3-- 8,let u fancy t "s ?\s& ye>s ago1 a mortal1 w&]+ ?r\gh an ori5tal wood1 saw a worm fall+ f a fruit-be>+ tree--t he f\nd ?is little creature _h rea*$ ! end ( "o ( its /ages ( exi/5ce1 & 0 labori\sly engag$ 9 %r\d+ itself 9 an unkn[n sub/ance1 l a f9e ?read ( gold1 out ( :i* x con/ruct$ its tomb2 t1 attract$ by ! circum/ance1 he f\nd ?is %r\d to consi/ ( a ?read hundr$s ( y>ds long1 :i* a v little att5tion enabl$ him to deta*2 he f\nd he c\ld /r5g!n ! ?reads by unit+ !m toge!r1 & !y c\ld be appli$ to v>i\s purposes ( usefulness2 he ?\ght ( w9d+ (f ! ?read2 ! reel l5ds him ! fir/ assi/ance1 b he c\ld n make ! reel )\t ! co-op]ation ( a knife1 or "s su* in/rum5t ) a %>p edge4 ,?us ! aid ( art--( ! produce ( art--is already call$ 94 ,) ?is rude in/rum5t he makes a ma*9e :i* enables him to reel (f ! ?read c(f9 ( ! curi\s animal4 ,9 process ( "t1 he f9ds t ?is f9e filam5t c be appli$ to ! mak+ ( g>m5ts--g>m5ts alike useful & ornam5tal4 ,n[ trace ! progress ( ?+s by :i*1 f ! n>r[ sph]e ( 8 obs]vation & exp]im5t1 8 success spreads ?r\gh ! di/ricts he inhabits1 & f !m to o!r l&s1 & becomes an object ( importance to communicate ) ! :ole family ( man4 ,by & by ! cocoon1 or its produce1 f9ds its way to =eign c\ntries1 probably m enlight5$ ?an 8 own1 aga9 to be op]at$ on by a high] intellig5ce & m practis$ skill4 ,?is associates ! ?read ( ! silk-worm ) a %ip1 ) %ip-build+1 & all its m>vell\s comb9ations4--,"s w&]+ m]*ant probably convey$ ! raw mat]ial to ,p]sia2 "s adv5tur\s m>9] to ,greece or ,italy1 or o!r regions :]e x gave a new impulse to sci5ce & to ?\ght4 ,b consid] = a mom5t1 be=e ! %ip 0 laun*$ ^u ! wat]1 h[ _m elem5ts 7 necess>y = its production2 ?9k ( h[ multitud9\s & v>i\s ! mat]ials :i* t %ip requir$ = its con/ruction1 be=e ! products ( t remote c\ntry are br\ght to _! ultimate m>kets = manufacture4 ,i ref] to ?is p>ticul> topic1 because x is associat$ ) ! prosp]ity ( ! di/ricts 9 :i* we are1 & ,i wi%$ to c>ry back y\r ?\ghts to ! g]m :5ce t prosp]ity sprung40--,,b[r+',s ,lecture at ! ,popl> ,in/itution4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,spid]4 ,,attempts ,,to ,,procure ,,silk5 ,,filam5ts ,,f ,,spid]s4 ,/ructures ( spid]s--,spid]s n prop]ly insects1 & :y--,app>atus = sp9n+--,extraord9>y numb] ( sp9n]ules--,great numb] ( filam5ts compos+ "o ?read--,raumur & ,leeuw5hoeck's laughable e/imates--,atta*m5t ( ! ?read aga9/ a wall or /ick--,%oot+ ( ! l9es ( spid]s--#a4 ,op9ions ( ,r$i1 ,swamm]dam1 & ,kirby--#b4 ,li/]1 ,kirby1 & ,:ite--#c4 ,la ,plu*e & ,b+ley--#d4 ,d',isjonval1 ,murray1 & ,b[man--#e4 ,exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,blackwall--,8 acc\nt ( ! asc5t ( gossam]--#f4 ,exp]im5ts by ,r5nie--,?read suppos$ to g (f d\ble--,subsequ5t exp]im5ts--,ne/s1 ,webs1 & ,nets ( ,spid]s--,ela/ic sat9 ne/ ( a spid]--,evelyn's acc\nt ( hunt+ spid]s--,labyr9?ic spid]'s ne/--,errone\s acc\nt ( ! ,h\se ,spid]--,geometric ,spid]s--,attempts to procure silk5 filam5ts f ,spid]s bags--,exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,bon--,silk5 mat]ial--,mann] ( its prep>ations--,m4 ,bon's en?usiasm--,8 spid] e/abli%m5t--,spid]-silk n poison\s--,its usefulness 9 heal+ w\nds--,inve/igation ( ,m4 ,bon's e/abli%m5t by ,m4 ,raumur--,8 objections--,swift's satire aga9/ speculators & projectors--,ewbank's int]e/+ obs]vations on ! +5uity ( spid]s--,mason-spid]s--,+5i\s door ) a h+e--,ne/ f ! ,we/ ,indies ) spr+ h+e--,raft-build+ ,spid]--,div+ ,wat]-,spid]--,rev4 ,mr4 ,kirby's beautiful description ( x--,obs]vations ( ,m4 ,cl]ck--,cleanl9ess ( ,spid]s--,/ructure ( _! claws--,fanciful acc\nt ( !m patt+ _! webs--,proce$+s ( a spid] 9 a /eamboat--,addison--,8 sugge/ions on ! compilation ( a 8,hi/ory ( ,insects40 ,( spid]s !re are _m species2 mo/ ( !m ext5d _! labors no f>!r ?an m]ely to make a web to ensn>e & deta9 _! food4 ,b o!rs are kn[n to g beyond ?is1 & sp9 a bag 9 ! =m ( a cocoon1 = ! protection ( _! eggs1 ne>ly simil> to t ( ! silk-worm4#adb #adb ,don ,luis ,nee obs]v$ on c]ta9 trees gr[+ 9 ,*ilpanc+o1 ,tixtala 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ovate ne/s ( cat]pill>s1 eight in*es long1 :i* ! inhabitants manufacture into /ock+s & h&k]*iefs4--,annals ( ,botany1 #b;d1 p4 #ajd4 ,mod]n naturali/s d n rank spid]s among insects1 because !y h no ant5n1 & no division betwe5 ! head & %\ld]s4 ,!y brea! by leaf-%ap$ gills1 situat$ "u ! belly1 in/ead ( spiracles 9 ! sides2 & h a he>t connect$ ) ^!4 ,b z spid]s are popul>ly consid]$ insects1 x w suffici5tly suit our purpose to introduce !m "h z su*4 ,spid]s are usually class$ accord+ to _! diff]5ce ( color1 :e!r black1 br[n1 yell[1 c41 or sometimes by ! numb] & arrangem5t ( _! eyes3 ( ^! organs "s possess no few] ?an t51 o!rs eight1 & o!rs aga9 six#adc4 #adc ,port]'s 8,treatise on ! ,silk ,manufacture10 p4 #afh4 ,"s species ( spid]s are kn[n to possess ! p[] ( n m]ely =m+ a web1 b also ( sp9n+1 = ! protection ( _! eggs1 a bag some:at simil> 9 =m & sub/ance to ! cocoon ( ! silk-worm4 ,! app>atus by :i* !y con/ruct _! +5i\s fabrics1 is mu* m complicat$ ?an t :i* is common to ! v>i\s species ( cat]pill>s4 ,cat]pill>s h only two res]voirs = ! mat]ials ( _! silk2 b ! spid] sp9s m9ute fibres f f9e papill1 or small nipples plac$ 9 ! h9d] "p ( its body4 ,^! papill s]ve ! (fice ( s _m wire-draw+ ma*9es1 f :i* ! silk5 ?readlets are eject$4 ,spid]s1 accord+ to ! dissections ( ,m4 ,treviranus1 h f\r pr9cipal vessels1 two l>g] & two small]1 ) a numb] ( m9ute ones at _! base4 ,sev]al small tubes bran* t[>ds ! res]voirs1 = c>ry+ to !m1 no d\bt1 a supply ( ! secret$ mat]ial4 ,swamm]dam describes !m z twi/$ into _m coils ( an agate color#add4 ,we d n f9d !m coil$1 b ne>ly /raight1 & ( a deep yell[ color4 ,f ^!1 :5 brok51 ?reads c be drawn out l ^? spun by ! spid]1 ?\gh we _c draw !m s f9e by _m degrees4 #add ,hill's ,swamm]dam1 "p i4 p4 #bc4 ,f ^! little flasks or bags ( gum1 situat$ ne> ! apex ( ! abdom51 & n at ! m\? z 9 cat]pill>s1 a tube orig9ates1 & t]m9ates 9 ! ext]nal sp9n]ets1 :i* may be se5 by ! nak$ eye 9 ! =m ( five little teats surr\nd$ by a small circle1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,plate ,,iv42 ?is figure %[s ! g>d5 spid] 7,epeira diadema7 susp5d$ by a ?read proce$+ f its sp9n]et4 ,we h se5 t ! ?read ( ! silk-worm is compos$ ( two filam5ts unit$1 b ! spid]'s ?read w\ld appe>1 f ! fir/ view ( its five sp9n]ets1 to be qu9tuple1 & 9 "s species :i* h six teats1 s _m times m4 ,x is n safe1 h[ev]1 9 our int]pretations ( nature to proce$ ^u conjecture1 h[ev] plausible1 nor to take any?+ = grant$ :i* we h n actually se52 s9ce our inf]5ces 9 su* cases are almo/ c]ta9 to be errone\s4 ,if ,ari/otle1 = example1 _h ev] look$ n>r[ly at a spid] :5 sp9n+1 he c\ld n h fanci$1 z he does1 t ! mat]ials :i* x uses are no?+ b wool /ripp$ f its body4 ,on look+1 !n1 ) a /rong magnify+ glass1 at ! teat-%ap$ sp9n]ets ( a spid]1 we p]ceive !m /udd$ ) regul> r[s ( m9ute bri/le-l po9ts1 ab\t a ?\s& to ea* teat1 mak+ 9 all f five to six ?\s&4 ,^! are m9ute tubes :i* we may appropriately t]m sp9n]ules1 z ea* is connect$ ) ! int]nal res]voirs1 & emits a ?read ( inconceivable f95ess4 ,fig4 #i4 repres5ts ?is wond]ful app>atus z x appe>s 9 ! microscope4 ,we d n recollect t naturali/s h v5tur$ to assign any cause = ?is v rem>kable multiplicity ( ! sp9n]ules ( spid]s1 s diff]5t f ! simple sp9n]et ( cat]pill>s4 ,to u x appe>s an admirable provision = _! mode ( life4 ,cat]pill>s nei!r require su* /rong mat]ials1 nor t _! ?read %\ld dry z quickly4 ,x is well kn[n 9 our manufactures1 p>ticul>ly 9 rope-sp9n+1 t 9 cords ( equal ?ickness1 ^? :i* are compos$ ( _m small] ones unit$ are /rong] ?an ^? spun at once4 ,9 ! in/ance ( ! spid]'s ?read1 ?is pr9ciple mu/ hold /ill m /rik+ly1 inasmu* z x is compos$ ( fluid mat]ials t require to be dri$ rapidly1 & ?is dry+ mu/ be greatly facilitat$ by expos+ s _m to ! air sep>ately be=e _! union1 :i* is effect$ at ab\t ! t5? ( an in* f ! sp9n]ets4 ,9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,plate ,,iv4 ea* ( ! ?reads %[n is repres5t$ to conta9 "o hundr$ m9ute ?reads1 ! :ole =m+ only "o ( ! spid]'s common ?reads4 ,9 ! figure ! ?reads are1 ( c\rse1 greatly magnifi$1 s t1 = ! small space repres5t$1 ! l9es are %[n z p>allel4 ,! ?readlets1 or filam5ts z !y come f ! papill1 are too f9e to be c\nt$ ) any degree ( accuracy1 b x is evid5t t v _m are s5t =? f ea* ( ! l>g] papill4 ,?is fact t5ds to expla9 ! p[] possess$ by ! spid] ( produc+ ?reads hav+ diff]5t degrees ( t5uity4 ,by apply+ m or less ( ^! papill aga9/ ! place :5ce x beg9s its web1 ! spid] jo9s into "o ?read ! almo/ imp]ceptible individual filam5ts :i* x draws f its body2 ! size ( ?is ?read be+ dep5d5t on ! numb] ( nipples employ$1 & regulat$ by t in/9ct :i* tea*es ! creature to make *oice ( ! degree ( exility mo/ appropriate to ! "w :]e9 x is ab\t to engage4 ,raumur relates t he has (t5 c\nt$ z _m z sev5ty or eighty fibres ?r\gh a microscope1 & p]ceiv$ t !re 7 yet inf9itely m ?an he c\ld reckon2 s t he believ$ himself to be f> )9 ! limit ( tru? 9 comput+ t ! tip ( ea* ( ! five papill furni%$ #ajjj sep>ate fibres3 ?us suppos+ t "o sl5d] filam5t ( a spid]'s web is made up ( #ejjj fibres6 ,leeuw5hoeck1 9 "o ( 8 extraord9>y microscopical obs]vations on a "y spid]1 n bigg] ?an a gra9 ( s&1 ^u enum]at+ ! ?readlets 9 "o ( its ?reads1 calculat$ t x w\ld require f\r millions ( !m to be z ?ick z a hair ( 8 head6 ,ano!r important advantage d]iv$ by ! spid] f ! multiplicity ( its ?readlets is1 t ! ?read af=ds a mu* m secure atta*m5t to a wall1 a bran* ( a tree1 or any o!r object1 ?an if x 7 simple2 =1 ^u press+ ! sp9n]et aga9/ ! object1 z spid]s always d :5 !y fix a ?read1 ! sp9n]ules are ext5d$ ov] an area ( "s diamet]1 f e hair's bread? ( :i* a /r&1 z rope-mak]s t]m x1 is ext5d$ to comp\nd ! ma9 cord4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,plate ,,iv4 exhibits1 magnifi$1 ?is +5i\s contrivance4 ,^? :o may be curi\s to exam9e x1 w see x be/ :5 ! l9e is atta*$ to any black object1 = ! ?reads1 be+ :iti%1 are1 9 o!rwise1 n s easily p]ceiv$4 ,,%oot+ ,,( ,,! ,,l9es4--,x has long be5 consid]$ a curi\s ?\gh difficult inve/igation1 to det]m9e 9 :at mann] spid]s1 see+ t !y are de/itute ( w+s1 transport !mselves f tree to tree1 across brooks1 & frequ5tly ?r\gh ! air itself1 )\t any app>5t />t+ po9t4 ,on look+ into ! au?ors :o h treat$ ^u ?is subject1 x is surpris+ h[ little !re is to be met ) t is new1 ev5 9 ! mo/ rec5t4 ,_! conclusions1 or r _! conjectural op9ions1 are1 h[ev]1 wor?y ( notice2 = by unle>n+ error1 we ! m firmly e/abli% tru?4 #a4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ notions ^u ?is subject is t ( ,blancanus1 ! comm5tator on ,ari/otle1 :i* is p>tly adopt$ by ,r$i1 by ,h5ricus ,regius ( ,utre*t1 by ,swamm]dam#ade1 by ,lehmann1 z well z by ,kirby & ,sp5ce#adf4 8,! spid]'s ?read10 says ,swamm]dam1 8is g5]ally made up ( two or m p>ts1 & aft] desc5d+ by su* a ?read1 x asc5ds by "o only1 & is ?us enabl$ to waft itself f "o height or tree to ano!r1 ev5 across runn+ wat]s2 ! ?read x leaves loose beh9d x be+ driv5 ab\t by ! w9d1 & s fix$ to "s o!r body40 8,i plac$10 says ,kirby1 8! l>ge g>d5 spid] 7,epeira diadema7 ^u a /ick ab\t a foot long1 set upright 9 a vessel conta9+ wat]4444 ,x let itself drop1 n by a s+le ?read1 b by two1 ea* di/ant f ! o!r ab\t ! twelf? ( an in*1 guid$1 z usual1 by "o ( its h9d feet1 & t "o app>5tly small] ?an ! o!r4 ,:5 x _h suff]$ itself to desc5d ne>ly to ! surface ( ! wat]1 x /opp$ %ort1 & by "s means1 :i* ,i c\ld n di/9ctly see1 broke (f1 close to ! sp9n]s1 ! smalle/ ?read1 :i* /ill adh]+ by ! o!r end to ! top ( ! /ick1 float$ 9 ! air1 & 0 s light z to be c>ri$ ab\t by ! slighte/ brea?4 ,on approa*+ a p5cil to ! loose end ( ?is l9e1 x did n adh]e f m]e contact4 ,i1 !re=e1 twi/$ x once or twice r\nd ! p5cil1 & !n drew x tight4 ,! spid]1 :i* _h previ\sly climb$ to ! top ( ! /ick1 imm$iately pull$ at x ) "o ( its feet1 & f9d+ x suffici5tly t5se1 crept along x1 /r5g!n+ x z x proce$$ by ano!r ?read1 & ?us rea*$ ! p5cil40 #ade ,swamm]dam1 "p i4 p4 #bd4 #adf ,intr4 vol4 i4 p4 #dae4 #a4 8,we h repeat$ly witness$ ?is occurr5ce10 says ,mr4 ,r5nie1 89 ! fields1 & :5 spid]s 7 plac$ = exp]im5t1 z ,kirby has describ$2 b we v mu* d\bt t ! ?read brok5 is ev] int5d$ z a bridge cable1 or t x w\ld h be5 s us$ 9 t in/ance1 _h x n be5 artificially fix$ & aga9 accid5tally f\nd by ! spid]4 ,accord+ to our obs]vations1 a spid] nev] = an in/ant1 ab&ons1 ! ?read :i* %e dispat*es 9 que/ ( an atta*m5t1 b uni=mly keeps try+ x ) h] feet1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 its success4 ,we are1 !re=e1 p]suad$1 t :5 a ?read is brok5 9 ! mann] above describ$1 x is because x has be5 spun too weak1 & spid]s may (t5 be se5 break+ su* ?reads 9 ! process ( nett+ _! webs40 ,! plan1 besides1 z expla9$ by ^! di/+ui%$ writ]s1 w\ld m frequ5tly prove abortive ?an successful1 f ! cut ?read n be+ suffici5tly long4 ,!y admit1 inde$1 t spid]s' l9es are (t5 f\nd 8a y>d or two long1 fa/5$ to twigs ( grass n a foot 9 height4444 ,"h1 !re=e1 "s o!r process mu/ h be5 us$#adg40 #adg ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 vol4 i4 ,intr4 p4 #daf4 #b4 ,! celebrat$ ,engli% naturali/1 ,dr4 ,li/]1 ^: treatise ^u ! native spid]s ( t c\ntry1 has be5 ! basis ( e subsequ5t "w on ! subject1 ma9ta9s t 8"s spid]s %oot out _! ?reads 9 ! same mann] t porcup9es d _! quills#adh2 t :]eas ! quills ( ! latt] are entirely sep>at$ f _! bodies1 :5 ?us %ot out1 ! ?reads ( ! =m] rema9 fix$ to _! anus1 z ! sun's rays to its body#adi40 ,a ,fr5* p]iodical writ] goes a little f>!r1 & says1 t spid]s h ! p[] ( %oot+ out ?reads1 & direct+ !m at pleasure t[>ds a det]m9$ po9t1 judg+ ( ! di/ance & position ( ! object by "s s5se ( :i* we are ignorant#aej4 ,kirby also says1 t he once obs]v$ a small g>d5 spid] 7,aranea reticulata7 8/&+ midway on a long p]p5dicul> fix$ ?read1 & an appe>ance caught0 8 8eye1 ( :at seem$ to be ! emission ( ?reads40 8,i10 !re=e1 he adds1 8mov$ my arm 9 ! direction 9 :i* !y app>5tly proce$$1 &1 z ,i _h suspect$1 a float+ ?read atta*$ itself to my coat1 along :i* ! spid] crept4 ,z ?is 0 connect$ ) ! sp9n]s ( ! spid]1 x c\ld n h be5 =m$0 by break+ a 8second>y ?read#aea40 ,aga91 9 speak+ ( ! gossam]-spid]1 he says1 8x fir/ ext5ds its ?igh1 %ank1 & foot1 into a "r l9e1 & !n1 elevat+ its abdom5 till x becomes v]tical1 %oots its ?read into ! air1 & flies (f f its /ation#aeb40 #adh ,porcup9es d n %oot out _! quills1 z 0 once g5]ally believ$4 #adi ,li/]1 ,hi/4 ,animalia ,angli1 #dto4 p4 #g4 #aej ,phil4 ,mag4 ii4 p4 #bge4 #aea ,vol4 i4 ,intr4 p4 #dag4 #aeb ,ibid4 ii4 p4 #cci4 ,ano!r di/+ui%$ naturali/1 ,mr4 ,:ite ( ,selborne1 9 speak+ ( ! gossam]-spid]1 says1 8,e day 9 f9e wea!r 9 autumn d ,i see ^! spid]s %oot+ out _! webs1 & m\nt+ al(t3 !y w g (f f ! f+]1 if y take !m into y\r h&4 ,la/ summ]1 "o alight$ on my book z ,i 0 read+ 9 ! p>lor2 ran to ! top ( ! page1 & %oot+ out a web1 took its dep>ture f !nce4 ,b :at ,i mo/ wond]$ at1 01 t x w5t (f ) consid]able velocity 9 a place :]e no air 0 /irr+2 & ,i am sure ,i did n assi/ x ) my brea?#aec40 #aec ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,selborne1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbg4 8,hav+ s (t5 witness$10 says ,mr4 ,r5nie1 8! ?read set afloat 9 ! air by spid]s1 we c readily conceive ! way 9 :i* ^? em95t naturali/s 7 l$ to suppose x to be eject$ by "s animal =ce act+ l a syr+e2 b z ! /atem5t c be completely disprov$ by exp]im5t1 we %all only at pres5t ask1 9 ! words ( ,swamm]dam--#8h[ c x be possible t a ?read s f9e & sl5d] %\ld be %ot out ) =ce en\gh to divide & pass ?r\gh ! air8--is x n r probable t ! air w\ld /op its progress1 & s entangle x & fit x to p]plex ! spid]'s op]ations#aed8'0 ,! op9ion1 inde$1 is equally improbable ) ano!r sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,li/]1 t ! spid] c retract h] ?read )9 ! abdom51 aft] x has be5 emitt$#aee4 ,de ,ge]#aef v ju/ly jo9s ,swamm]dam 9 reject+ bo? ( ^! fancies1 :i*1 9 our own e>li] obs]vations ^u spid]s1 c]ta9ly /ruck u z plausible & true4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 inde$1 t ! animal has a volunt>y p[] ( p]mitt+ ! mat]ial to escape1 or /opp+ x at pleasure1 b ?is is n projectile4 #aed ,book ( ,nature1 "p i4 p4 #be4 #aee ,hi/4 ,anim4 ,angl1 #dto4 #aef ,mmoires1 vol4 vii4 p4 #ahi4 #c4 8,!re are _m p10 says ! ,abb de la ,plu*e1 8:o believe t ! spid] flies :5 !y see h] pass f bran* to bran*1 & ev5 f "o high tree to ano!r2 b %e transports h]self 9 ?is mann]2 & places h]self ^u ! end ( a bran*1 or "s project+ body1 & !re fa/5s h] ?read2 aft] :i*1 ) h] two h9d feet1 %e squeezes h] dugs 7sp9n]ets71 & presses out "o or m ?reads ( two or ?ree ells 9 l5g?1 :i* %e leaves to float 9 ! air till x be fix$ to "s p>ticul> place#aeg40 ,)\t pret5d+ to h obs]v$ ?is1 ,swamm]dam says1 8,i c easily compreh5d h[ spid]s1 )\t giv+ !mselves any motion1 may1 by only compress+ _! sp9n]ets1 =ce out a ?read1 :i* be+ driv5 by ! w9d1 may s]ve to waft !m f place to place#aeh40 ,o!rs1 proce$+ ^u a simil> notion1 give a r diff]5t acc\nt ( ! matt]4 8,! spid]10 says ,b+ley1 8fixes "o end ( a ?read to ! place :]e %e /&s1 & !n ) h] h9d paws draws out sev]al o!r ?reads f ! nipples1 :i*1 be+ l5g!n$ out & driv5 by ! w9d to "s neighbor+ tree or o!r object1 are by _! natural clamm9ess fix$ to x#aei40 #aeg ,spectacle de la ,nature1 vol4 i4 #aeh ,book ( ,nature1 pt4 i4 p4 #be4 #aei ,animal ,biography1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dge1 #c;d edition4 ,obs]vation gives "s plausibility to ! latt] op9ion1 z ! spid] always actively uses h] legs1 ?\gh n to draw out ! ?read1 b asc]ta9 :e!r x has caught ^u any object4 ,! notion ( h] press+ ! sp9n]et ) h] feet mu/ be a m]e fancy2 at lea/ x is n c\nt5anc$ by any?+ :i* we h obs]v$4 #d4 ,an op9ion mu* m recondite is m5tion$1 if x 0 n />t$1 by ,m4 ,d',isjonval1 t ! float+ ( ! spid]'s ?read is electrical4 8,frogs1 cats1 & o!r animals10 he says1 8are affect$ by natural electricity1 & feel ! *ange ( wea!r2 b no o!r animal m ?an myself & spid]s40 ,9 wet & w9dy wea!r he accord+ly f\nd t !y spun v %ort l9es1 8b :5 a spid] sp9s a long ?read1 !re is a c]ta9ty ( f9e wea!r = at lea/ t5 or twelve days aft]w>ds#afj40 ,a p]iodical writ]1 :o signs himself ,c>olan#afa1 fancies t 9 d>t+ out h] ?read ! spid] emits a /ream ( air1 or "s subtle electric fluid1 by :i* %e guides x z if by magic4 #afj ,brez1 ,flore des ,insectophiles4 ,notes1 ,supp4 p4 #acd4 #afa ,?omson's ,ann4 ( ,philosophy1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cjf4 ,a liv+ writ] 7,mr4 ,john ,murray7 ^: le>n+ & skill 9 conduct+ exp]im5ts give no little weight to 8 op9ions1 has c>ri$ ^! views consid]ably f>!r4 8,! aronautic spid]10 he says1 8c propel its ?read bo? horizontally & v]tically1 & at all relative angles1 9 motionless air & 9 an atmosph]e agitat$ by w9ds2 nay m1 ! arial travell] c ev5 d>t its ?read1 to use a nautical phrase1 9 ! #8w9d's eye4' ,my op9ion & obs]vations are bas$ on _m hundr$ exp]im5ts4444 ,! entire ph5om5a are electrical4 ,:5 a ?read is propell$ 9 a v]tical plane1 x rema9s p]p5dicul> to ! horizontal plane always upright1 & :5 o!rs are project$ at angles m or less incl9$1 _! direction is inv>iably pres]v$2 ! ?reads nev] int]m+le1 & :5 a p5cil ( ?reads is propell$1 x ev] pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a div]g5t bru%4 ,^! are electrical ph5om5a1 & _c be expla9$ b on electrical pr9ciples40 8,9 cle>1 f9e wea!r1 ! air is inv>iably positive2 & x is precisely 9 su* wea!r t ! aronautic spid] makes its asc5t mo/ easily & rapidly1 :e!r x be 9 summ] or w9t]40 8,:5 ! air is weakly positive1 ! asc5t ( ! spid] w be difficult1 & its altitude extremely limit$1 & ! ?reads propell$ w be b little elevat$ above ! horizontal plane4 ,:5 negative electricity prevails1 z 9 cl\dy wea!r1 or on ! approa* ( ra91 & ! index ( ,de ,saussure's hygromet] rapidly advanc+ t[>ds humidity1 ! spid] is unable to asc5d#afb40 #afb ,l\don's ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 i4 p4 #cbb4 ,mr4 ,murray tells u1 t 8:5 a /ick ( excit$ seal+-wax is br\ght ne> ! ?read ( susp5sion1 x is evid5tly repell$2 consequ5tly1 ! electricity ( ! ?read is ( a negative "*10 :ile 8an excit$ glass tube br\ght ne>1 seem$ to attract ! ?read1 & ) x ! aronautic spid]#afc40 ,8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,b[man1 fur!r describes ! arial spid] z 8%oot+ out f\r or five1 (t5 six or eight1 extremely f9e webs sev]al y>ds long1 :i* wav$ 9 ! breeze1 div]g+ f ea* o!r l a p5cil ( rays40 ,"o ( !m 8_h two di/9ct & widely div]g+ fasciculi ( webs10 & 8a l9e unit+ !m w\ld h be5 at "r angles to ! direction ( ! breeze#afd40 #afc ,exp]im4 ,rese>*es 9 ,nat4 ,hi/41 p4 #acf4 #afd ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 i4 p4 #cbd4 8,su* is ! *ief evid5ce 9 support ( ! electrical !ory10 says ,mr4 ,r5nie2 8b ?\gh we h tri$ ^! exp]im5ts1 we h n succe$$ 9 v]ify+ any "o ( !m4 ,! foll[+ /atem5ts ( ,mr4 ,blackwall come ne>] our own obs]vations4 #e4 #8,hav+ procur$ a small bran*$ twig1' says ,mr4 ,blackwall1 #8,i fix$ x upright 9 an e>!n vessel conta9+ wat]1 its base be+ imm]s$ 9 ! liquid1 & ^u x ,i plac$ sev]al ( ! spid]s :i* produce gossam]4 ,:5ev] ! insects ?us circum/anc$ 7 expos$ to a curr5t ( air1 ei!r naturally or artificially produc$1 !y directly turn$ ! ?orax t[>ds ! qu>t] :5ce x came1 ev5 :5 x 0 s slight z sc>cely to be p]ceptible1 & elevat+ ! abdom51 !y emitt$ f _! sp9n]s a small portion ( glut9\s matt]1 :i* 0 in/antly c>ri$ out 9 a l9e1 consi/+ ( f\r f9] ones1 ) a velocity equal1 or ne>ly s1 to t ) :i* ! air mov$1 z 0 app>5t f obs]vations made on ! motion ( deta*$ l9es simil>ly expos$4 ,! spid]s1 9 ! next place1 c>efully asc]ta9$ :e!r _! l9es _h become firmly atta*$ to any object or n1 by pull+ at !m ) ! front pair ( legs2 & if ! result 0 satisfactory1 aft] tight5+ !m suffici5tly1 !y made !m pass to ! twig2 !n dis*>g+ f _! sp9n]s1 :i* !y appli$ to ! spot :]e !y /ood1 a little m ( _! liquid gum1 & committ+ !mselves to ^! bridges ( _! own con/ruct+1 !y pass$ ov] !m 9 safety1 draw+ a second l9e aft] !m1 z a security 9 case ! fir/ gave way1 & s effect$ _! escape4 #8,su* 0 inv>iably ! result :5 spid]s 7 plac$ :]e ! air 0 liable to be s5sibly agitat$3 ,i resolv$1 !re=e1 to put a bell-glass ov] !m2 & 9 ?is situation !y rema9$ sev5te5 days1 evid5tly unable to produce a s+le l9e by :i* !y c\ld quit ! bran* !y occupi$1 )\t enc\nt]+ ! wat] at its base2 ?\gh1 on ! removal ( ! glass1 !y rega9$ _! lib]ty ) z mu* cel]ity z 9 ! in/ances already record$4 #8,?is exp]im5t1 :i*1 f want ( due precaution1 has misl$ s _m di/+ui%$ naturali/s1 ,i h tri$ ) sev]al geometric spid]s1 & always ) ! same success#afe4'0 #afe ,l9n4 ,trans41 vol4 xv4 p4 #def4 ,mr4 ,blackwall1 f subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 says he is 8confid5t 9 affirm+1 t 9 motionless air1 spid]s h n ! p[] ( d>t+ _! ?reads ev5 ?r\gh ! space ( half an in*#aff40 ,! foll[+ details are giv5 9 confirmation ( ?is op9ion4 ,mr4 ,blackwall obs]v$1 ! #a/ ( ,oct41 #ahbf1 a little be=e noon1 ) ! sun %9+ brightly1 no w9d /irr+1 & ! !rmomet] 9 ! %ade rang+ f #ee4e to #fd1 a pr(usion ( %9+ l9es cross+ ea* o!r at e angle1 =m+ a confus$ net-"w1 cov]+ ! fields & h$ges1 & ?ickly coat+ 8 feet & ankles1 z he walk$ across a pa/ure4 ,he 0 m /ruck ) ! ph5om5on because on ! previ\s day a /rong gale ( w9d _h bl[n f ! s\?1 & z gossam] is only se5 9 calm wea!r1 x mu/ h be5 all produc$ )9 a v %ort "t4 #aff ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cig4 8,:at m p>ticul>ly arre/$ my att5tion10 says ,mr4 ,blackwall1 80 ! asc5t ( an amaz+ quantity ( webs ( an irregul>1 complicat$ /ructure1 resembl+ ravell$ silk ( ! f9e/ quality1 & cle>e/ :ite2 !y 7 ( v>i\s %apes & dim5sions1 "s ( ! l>ge/ measur+ upw>ds ( a y>d 9 l5g?1 & sev]al in*es 9 bread? 9 ! wide/ "p2 :ile o!rs 7 almo/ z broad z long1 pres5t+ an area ( a few squ>e in*es only4 8,^! webs1 x 0 quickly p]ceiv$1 7 n =m$ 9 ! air1 z is g5]ally believ$1 b at ! e>?'s surface4 ,! l9es ( :i* !y 7 compos$1 be+ br\ght into contact by ! me*anical action ( g5tle airs1 adh]$ toge!r1 till1 by cont9ual additions1 !y 7 accumulat$ into flakes or masses ( consid]able magnitude1 on :i* ! asc5d+ curr5t1 occasion$ by ! r>efaction ( ! air contigu\s to ! heat$ gr\nd1 act$ ) s mu* =ce z to sep>ate !m f ! objects to :i* !y 7 atta*$1 rais+ !m 9 ! atmosph]e to a p]p5dicul> height ( at lea/ sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,i collect$ a numb] ( ^! webs ab\t mid-day1 z !y rose2 & aga9 9 ! aft]noon1 :5 ! upw>d curr5t _h ceas$1 & !y 7 fall+2 b sc>cely "o 9 tw5ty conta9$ a spid]3 ?\gh1 on m9ute inspection1 ,i f\nd small w+$ insects1 *iefly aphides1 entangl$ 9 mo/ ( !m4 8,f contemplat+ ?is unusual display ( gossam]1 my ?\ghts 7 naturally direct$ to ! animals :i* produc$ x1 & ! c\ntless myriads 9 :i* !y sw>m$ almo/ creat$ z mu* surprise z ! s+ul> occupation t engross$ !m4 ,app>5tly actuat$ by ! same impulse1 all 7 int5t ^u trav]s+ ! regions ( air2 accord+ly1 aft] ga9+ ! summits ( v>i\s objects1 z blades ( grass1 /ubble1 rails1 gates1 c41 by ! sl[ & labori\s process ( climb+1 !y rais$ !mselves /ill high] by /r5g!n+ _! limbs2 & elevat+ ! abdom51 by br++ x f ! usual horizontal position into "o almo/ p]p5dicul>1 !y emitt$ f _! sp9n+ app>atus a small quantity ( ! glut9\s secretion ) :i* !y con/ruct _! webs4 ,?is visc\s sub/ance be+ drawn out by ! asc5d+ curr5t ( r>efi$ air into f9e l9es sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 0 c>ri$ upw>d1 until ! spid]s1 feel+ !mselves act$ ^u ) suffici5t =ce 9 t direction1 quitt$ _! hold ( ! objects on :i* !y /ood1 & comm5c$ _! j\rney by m\nt+ al(t4 8,:5ev] ! l9es became inadequate to ! purpose = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 by adh]+ to any fix$ body1 !y 7 imm$iately deta*$ f ! sp9n]s & s conv]t$ into t]re/rial gossam]1 by means ( ! la/ pair ( legs1 & ! proce$+s j describ$ 7 repeat$2 :i* pla9ly proves t ^! op]ations result f a /rong desire felt by ! insects to effect an asc5t#afg40 ,mr4 ,blackwall has rec5tly read a pap] 7/ill unpubli%$7 9 ! ,l9nan ,society1 confirmatory ( 8 op9ions4 #afg ,l9n4 ,trans41 vol4 xv4 p4 #dec4 #f4 8,)\t go+ into ! p>ticul>s10 says ,mr4 ,r5nie1 8( :at agrees or disagrees 9 ! above exp]im5ts ) our own obs]vations1 we %all give a brief acc\nt ( :at we h actually se5 9 our rese>*es4 ,s f> z we h det]m9$1 !n1 all ! v>i\s species ( spid]s1 h[ diff]5t soev] ! =m ( _! webs may be1 proce$ 9 ! circum/ance ( %oot+ _! l9es precisely alike2 b ^? :i* we h f\nd ! mo/ manageable 9 exp]im5t+1 are ! small gossam] spid] 7,aranea obtextrix1 ,,be*/e971 kn[n by its %9+ blacki%-br[n body & r$di%-br[n semi-transp>5t legs2 b p>ticul>ly ! long-bodi$ spid] 7,tetragna?a ext5sa1 ,,latr471 :i* v>ies 9 color f gre5 to br[ni% or grey--b has always a black l9e along ! belly1 ) a silv]y :ite or yell[i% "o on ea* side4 ,! latt] is *iefly recomm5d$ by be+ a v indu/ri\s & p]sev]+ sp9n]1 :ile its movem5ts are easily se51 f ! long cyl9drical =m ( its body & ! l5g? ( its legs4 8,we plac$ ! above two species ) five or six o!rs1 includ+ ! g>d51 ! dome/ic1 & ! labyr9?ic spid]s1 9 empty w9e-glasses1 set 9 tea-sauc]s fill$ ) wat]1 to prev5t _! escape4 ,:5 !y discov]$1 by repeat$ desc5ts f ! brims ( ! glasses1 t !y 7 ?us surr\nd$ by a wet dit*1 !y all set !mselves to ! task ( ?r[+ _! silk5 bridges across4 ,= ?is purpose !y fir/ endeavor$ to asc]ta9 9 :at direction ! w9d blew1 or r 7z ! exp]im5t 0 made 9 our /udy7 :i* way any curr5t ( air set1--by elevat+ _! arms z we h se5 sailors d 9 a dead calm4 ,b1 z x may prove m int]e/+ to keep to "o individual1 we %all fir/ wat* ! proce$+s ( ! gossam] spid]4 8,f9d+ no curr5t ( air on any qu>t] ( ! brim ( ! glass1 x seem$ to give up all hopes ( con/ruct+ its bridge ( escape1 & plac$ itself 9 ! attitude ( repose2 b no soon] did we produce a /ream ( air1 by bl[+ g5tly t[>ds its position1 ?an1 fix+ a ?read to ! glass1 & lay+ hold ( x ) "o ( its feet1 by way ( security1 x plac$ its body 9 a v]tical position1 ) its sp9n]ets ext5d$ outw>ds2 & imm$iately we _h ! pleasure ( see+ a ?read /ream+ out f !m sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 on :i* ! little aronaut sprung up into ! air4 ,we 7 conv9c$1 f :at we ?us obs]v$1 t x 0 ! d\ble or b5d ( ! ?read :i* 0 bl[n into ! air2 & we assign$ z a reason = h] previ\sly atta*+ & draw+ out a ?read f ! glass1 ! wi% to give ! w9d a po9t d'appui--some?+ ^u :i* x might h a pur*ase1 z a me*anic w\ld say ( a lev]4 ,! b5d ( ! ?read1 !n1 on ?is view ( ! matt]1 w\ld be c>ri$ out by ! w9d1--w\ld =m ! po9t ( impulsion1--&1 ( c\rse1 ! escape bridge w\ld be an ord9>y l9e d\bl$40 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,r5nie1 :i* is /rongly corroborat$ by :at has be5 said by ,m4 ,latreille--?an :om no high] au?ority c\ld be giv54 8,:5 ! animal10 says he1 8desires to cross a brook1 %e fixes to a tree or "s o!r object "o ( ! ends ( h] fir/ ?reads1 9 ord] t ! w9d or a curr5t ( air may c>ry ! o!r beyond ! ob/acle#afh20 & z "o end is always atta*$ to ! sp9n]ets1 he mu/ mean t ! d\ble ( ! ?read flies (f4 ,9 8 previ\s publications1 h[ev]1 ,latreille _h cont5t$ himself ) copy+ ! /atem5t ( ,dr4 ,li/]4 8,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! fact10 says ,mr4 ,r5nie1 8& put an end to all d\bts1 we wat*$1 ) great c>e & m9ut5ess1 ! proce$+s ( ! long-bodi$ spid] above m5tion$1 by produc+ a /ream ( air 9 ! same mann]1 z x p]ambulat$ ! brim ( ! glass4 ,x imm$iately1 z ! o!r _h done1 atta*$ a ?read & rais$ its body p]p5dicul>ly1 l a tumbl] /&+ on 8 h&s ) 8 head d[nw>ds2 b we look$ 9 va9 = ?is ?read b5d+1 z we _h at fir/ suppos$1 & go+ (f d\ble4 ,in/ead ( ?is x rema9$ tight1 :ile ano!r ?read1 or :at appe>$ to be s1 /ream$ (f f ! sp9n]s1 simil> to smoke issu+ ?r\gh a p9-hole1 sometimes 9 a l9e1 & sometimes at a consid]able angle1 ) ! fir/1 accord+ to ! curr5t ( ! air1--! fir/ ?read1 ext5d$ f ! glass to ! sp9n]ets1 rema9+ all ! :ile tight drawn 9 a "r l9e4 ,x fur!r appe>$ to u1 t ! fir/ ?read proce$$ f ! pair ( sp9n]ets ne>e/ ! head1 :ile ! float+ ?read came f ! out] pair1--?\gh x is possible 9 su* m9ute objects we may h be5 deceiv$4 ,t ! fir/ 0 cont9u\s ) ! second1 )\t any p]ceptible jo9+1 we asc]ta9$ 9 num]\s in/ances1 by cat*+ ! float+ l9e & pull+ x tight1 9 :i* case ! spid] glides along )\t atta*+ ano!r l9e to ! glass2 b if %e h to coil up ! float+ l9e to light5 x1 z usually happ5s1 %e ga!rs x into a packet & glues ! two ends tight toge!r4 ,h] body1 :ile ! float+ l9e /ream$ out1 rema9$ q motionless1 b we di/9ctly saw ! sp9n]ets n only project$1 z is always done :5 a spid] sp9s1 b mov$ 9 ! same way z an infant moves its lips :5 suck+4 ,we _c d\bt1 !re=e1 t ?is motion is int5d$ to emit 7if eject or project be deem$ words too /rong71 ! liquid mat]ial ( ! ?read2 at ! same "t1 we are q c]ta9 t x _c ?r[ out a s+le in* ( ?read )\t ! aid ( a curr5t ( air4 ,a long-bodi$ spid] w ?us ?r[ out 9 succession z _m ?reads z we please1 by simply bl[+ t[>ds x2 b n "o :]e !re is no curr5t1 z "u a bell-glass1 :]e x may be kept till x die1 )\t be+ able to con/ruct a bridge ov] wat] ( an in* long4 ,we nev] obs]v$ m ?an "o float+ ?read produc$ at ! same "t2 ?\gh o!r obs]v]s m5tion sev]al4 #afh ----8,l'un des b\ts de ces premi]s fils1 af9 que le v5t ou un c\rant d'air p\sse l'autre extrmit de l'un d'eux au del de l'ob/acle40--,dict4 ,classique d',hi/4 ,nat41 vol4 i4 p4 #eaj4 8,! probable comm5cem5t1 we ?9k1 ( ! float+ l9e1 is by ! emission ( little globules ( ! glut9\s mat]ial to ! po9ts ( ! sp9n]ules--p]haps x may be dropp$ f !m1 if n eject$1 & ! globules be+ c>ri$ (f by ! curr5t ( air1 drawn out into a ?read4 ,b we give ?is z only a conjecture1 = we c\ld n br+ a glass ( suffici5t p[] to be> ^u ! sp9n]ules at ! comm5cem5t ( ! float+ l9e4 8,9 subsequ5t exp]im5ts we f\nd1 t x 0 n indisp5sable = ! spid] to re/ ^u a solid body :5 produc+ a l9e1 z %e c d s :ile %e is susp5d$ 9 ! air by ano!r l9e4 ,:5 ! curr5t ( air also is /rong1 %e w sometimes commit h]self to x by sw++ f ! end ( ! l9e4 ,we h ev5 rem>k$ ?is :5 !re 0 sc>cely a brea? ( air4 8,we tri$ ano!r exp]im5t4 ,we press$ pretty firmly ^u ! base ( ! sp9n]ets1 s z n to injure ! spid]1 bl[+ obliquely ov] !m2 b no float+ l9e appe>$4 ,we !n t\*$ !m ) a p5cil & drew out sev]al l9es an in* or two 9 l5g?1 ^u :i* we blew 9 ord] to ext5d !m1 b 9 ?is also we 7 unsuccessful1 z !y did n l5g!n m ?an a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,we next trac$ out ! res]voirs ( a g>d5-spid] 7,epeira diadema71 & imm$iately tak+ a drop ( ! matt] f "o ( !m on ! po9t ( a f9e ne$le1 we direct$ ^u x a /rong curr5t ( air1 & succe$$ 9 bl[+ out a ?ick yell[ l9e1 z we might h done ) gum-wat]1 ( ab\t an in* & a half long4 8,:5 we obs]v$ our long-bodi$ spid] eag] to ?r[ a l9e by rais+ up its body1 we br\ght )9 ?ree in*es ( its sp9n]ets an excit$ /ick ( seal+-wax1 ( :i* x took no notice1 nor did any ?read ext5d to x1 n ev5 :5 br\ght almo/ to t\* ! sp9n]ets4 ,we exp]i5c$ ! same want ( success ) an excit$ glass rod2 & inde$ _h n anticipat$ any o!r result1 z we h nev] obs]v$ t ei!r ^! attract or repel ! float+ ?reads1 z ,mr4 ,murray has se5 !m d2 nor h we ev] notic$ ! end ( a float+ ?read sep>at$ into its compon5t ?readlets & div]g+ l a bru%1 z he & ,mr4 ,b[man describe 7,see ,fig4 #aa474 ,x may be prop] to m5tion t ,mr4 ,murray1 9 con=mity ) 8 !ory1 expla9s ! %oot+ ( l9es 9 a curr5t ( air by ! electric /ate produc$ by motion 9 consequ5ce ( ! mutual friction ( ! gase\s p>ticles4 ,b ?is view ( ! matt] does n seem to affect our /atem5ts40 ,,ne/s1 ,,webs1 ,,& ,,nets ,,( ,,spid]s4--8,! neate/10 says ,mr4 ,r5nie1 8?\gh ! smalle/ spid]'s ne/ :i* we h se51 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! *9k ( a g>d5-po/1 :i* we _h cut out ! previ\s summ] 9 gett+ at ! cells ( a c>p5t]-bee4 ,! ar*itect 0 "o ( ! l>g] hunt+-spid]s1 errone\sly said by "s naturali/s to be incapable ( sp9n+4 ,! ne/ 9 "q 0 ab\t two in*es high1 compos$ ( a v close sat9-l texture4 ,!re 7 two p>allel *amb]s plac$ p]p5dicul>ly1 9 :i* position also ! inhabitant repos$ !re dur+ ! day1 go+1 z we presume1 only abroad to prey dur+ ! night4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable circum/ance 01 t ! op5+s 7two above & two bel[7 7 s ela/ic1 t !y %ut closely toge!r4 ,we obs]v$ ?is spid] = sev]al mon?s1 b at la/ x disappe>$1 & we took ! ne/ out "u ! notion t x might conta9 eggs2 b f\nd none1 & !re=e conclud$ t x 0 only us$ z a day retreat40 ,! acc\nt :i* ,evelyn has giv5 ( ^! hunt+ spid]s is s int]e/+ t we mu/ transcribe x4 8,( all sorts ( insects10 says he1 8none h af=d$ me m div]tisem5t ?an ! v5atores 7hunt]s71 :i* are a sort ( lupi 7wolves7 t h _! d5s 9 rugg$ walls & crevices ( our h\ses2 a small br[n & delicately-spott$ k9d ( spid]s1 ^: h9d] legs are long] ?an ! re/4 ,su* ,i did frequ5tly obs]ve at ,rome1 :i*1 espy+ a fly at ?ree or f\r y>ds di/ance1 ^u ! balcony :]e ,i /ood1 w\ld n make directly to h]1 b crawl "u ! rail1 till be+ arriv$ to ! antipodes1 x w\ld /eal up1 seldom miss+ its aim2 b if x *anc$ to want any?+ ( be+ p]fectly opposite1 w\ld1 at fir/ peep1 imm$iately slide d[n aga91--till tak+ bett] notice1 x w\ld come ! next "t exactly ^u ! fly's back3 b if ?is happ5$ n to be )9 a compet5t leap1 !n w\ld ?is insect move s s(tly1 z ! v %ad[ ( ! gnomon seem$ n to be m imp]ceptible1 unless ! fly mov$2 & !n w\ld ! spid] move also 9 ! same proportion1 keep+ t j "t ) h] motion1 z if ! same s\l _h animat$ bo? ^! little bodies2 & :e!r x 7 =w>ds1 backw>ds1 or to ei!r side1 )\t at all turn+ h] body1 l a well-manag$ horse3 b if ! caprici\s fly took w+ & pit*$ ^u ano!r place beh9d our huntress1 !n w\ld ! spid] :irl its body s nimbly ab\t1 z no?+ c\ld be imag9$ m swift3 by :i* means %e always kept ! head t[>ds h] prey1 ?\gh1 to appe>ance1 z immoveable z if x _h be5 a nail driv5 into ! wood1 till by t indisc]nible progress 7be+ arriv$ )9 ! sph]e ( h] rea*7 %e made a fatal leap1 swift z lightn+1 ^u ! fly1 cat*+ him 9 ! pole1 :]e %e nev] quitt$ hold till h] belly 0 full1 & !n c>ri$ ! rema9d] home40 ,"o feels a little sceptical1 h[ev]1 :5 he adds1 8,i h beheld !m in/ruct+ _! "y ones h[ to hunt1 :i* !y w\ld sometimes discipl9e = n well obs]v+2 b :5 any ( ! old ones did 7z sometimes7 miss a leap1 !y w\ld run out ( ! field & hide !mselves 9 _! crannies1 z a%am$1 & haply n to be se5 abroad = f\r or five h\rs aft]2 = s long h ,i wat*$ ! nature ( ?is /range insect1 ! contemplation ( ^: s wond]ful sagacity & address has amaz$ me2 nor d ,i f9d 9 any *ase :atsoev] m cunn+ & /ratagem obs]v$4 ,i h f\nd "s ( ^! spid]s 9 my g>d51 :5 ! wea!r1 t[>ds spr+1 0 v hot1 b !y are n s eag] 9 hunt+ z 9 ,italy#afi40 #afi ,evelyn's ,travels 9 ,italy4 ,we h only to add to ?is lively n>rative1 t ! hunt+-spid]1 :5 he leaps1 takes good c>e to provide aga9/ accid5tal falls by always sw++ himself f a good /rong cable ( silk1 z ,swamm]dam correctly /ates#agj1 & :i* anybody may recognise1 z "o ( ! small hunt]s 7,salticus sc5icus71 kn[n by its back /rip$ ) black & :ite l a zebra4 #agj ,book ( ,nature1 "p i4 p4 #bd4 ,mr4 ,we/on1 ! editor ( 8,bloomfield's ,rema9s10 falls into a v s+ul> mi/ake ab\t hunt+-spid]s1 imag9+ !m to be web-weav+ ones :i* h exhau/$ _! mat]ials1 & are !re=e compell$ to hunt4 ,9 pro( ( ?is he gives an in/ance :i* came "u 8 own obs]vation#aga6 8,z a contra/10 says ,mr4 ,r5nie1 8to ! little ela/ic sat9 ne/ ( ! hunt]1 we may m5tion ! l>ge/ ) :i* we are acqua9t$1--t ( ! labyr9?ic spid] 7,agel5a labyr9?ica1 ,,walck5a]74 ,our read]s mu/ (t5 h se5 ?is ne/ spread out l a broad %eet 9 h$ges1 furze1 & o!r l[ bu%es1 & sometimes on ! gr\nd4 ,! middle ( ?is %eet1 :i* is ( a close texture1 is swung l a sailor's hammock1 by silk5 ropes ext5d$ all ar\nd to ! high] bran*es2 b ! :ole curves upw>ds & backw>ds1 slop+ d[n to a long funnel-%ap$ gall]y :i* is ne>ly horizontal at ! entrance1 b soon w9ds obliquely till x becomes q p]p5dicul>4 ,?is curv$ gall]y is ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]1 is mu* m closely wov5 ?an ! %eet "p ( ! web1 & sometimes desc5ds into a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 ?\gh (t5] into a gr\p ( cr[d$ twigs1 or a tuft ( grass4 ,"h ! spid] dwells secure1 frequ5tly re/+ ) h] legs ext5d$ f ! entrance ( ! gall]y1 ready to spr+ out ^u :atev] insect may fall into h] %eet net4 ,%e h]self c only be caught by gett+ beh9d h] & =c+ h] out into ! web2 b ?\gh we h (t5 endeavor$ to make h] con/ruct a ne/ "u our eye1 we h be5 z unsuccesful z 9 simil> exp]im5ts ) ! common h\se spid] 7,aranea dome/ica74 8,! h\se spid]'s proce$+s 7 long ago describ$ by ,homb]g1 & ! acc\nt has be5 copi$1 z usual1 by almo/ e subsequ5t writ]4 ,goldsmi? has1 inde$1 giv5 "s /range mis-/atem5ts f 8 own obs]vations1 & ,b+ley has add$ ! orig9al rem>k1 t1 aft] fix+ its fir/ ?read1 creep+ along ! wall1 & jo9+ x z x proce$s1 x #8d>ts itself to ! opposite side1 :]e ! o!r end is to be fa/5$#agb6' ,homb]g's spid] took ! m circuit\s r\te ( travell+ to ! opposite wall1 c>ry+ 9 "o ( its claws ! end ( ! ?read previ\sly fix$1 le/ x %\ld /ick 9 ! wrong place4 ,?is we believe to be ! correct /atem5t1 = z ! web is always horizontal1 x w\ld seldom answ] to commit a float+ ?read to ! w9d1 z is done by o!r species4 ,homb]g's spid]1 aft] /ret*+ z _m l9es by way ( w>p z x deem$ suffici5t betwe5 ! two walls ( ! corn] :i* x _h *os51 proce$$ to cross ?is 9 ! way our weav]s d 9 add+ ! wo(1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! spid]'s ?reads 7 only laid on1 & n int]lac$#agc4 ,! dome/ic spid]s1 h[ev]1 9 ^! mod]n days1 mu/ h =got ?is mode ( weav+1 = none ( _! webs w be f\nd ?us regul>ly con/ruct$60 #aga ,bloomfield's ,rema9s1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fd1 note4 #agb ,animal ,biography1 iii4 #dgj1 #dga4 #agc ,mem4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 p\r #agjg1 p4 #cci4 ,! geometric1 or net-work+ spid]s 7,see ,fig4 #ab4 ,plate ,,iv47 are z well kn[n z any ( ! prec$+2 almo/ e bu% & tree 9 our g>d5s & h$ge-r[s hav+ "o or m ( _! ne/s /ret*$ out 9 a v]tical position betwe5 adjac5t bran*es4 ,! common g>d5 spid] 7,epeira diadema71 & ! long-bodi$ spid] 7,tetragna?a ext5sa71 are ! be/ kn[n ( ?is ord]4 8,! *ief c>e ( a spid] ( ?is sort10 says ,mr4 ,r5nie1 8is1 to =m a cable ( suffici5t /r5g? to be> ! net %e means to hang ^u x2 & aft] ?r[+ out a float+ l9e z above describ$1 :5 x cat*es prop]ly1 %e d\bles & r$\bles x ) additional ?reads4 ,on try+ its /r5g? %e is n cont5t$ ) ! te/ ( pull+ x ) h] legs1 b drops h]self d[n sev]al feet f v>i\s po9ts ( x1 z we h (t5 se51 sw++ & bobb+ ) ! :ole weight ( h] body4 ,%e proce$s 9 a simil> mann] ) ! re/ ( ! frame ( h] :eel-%ap$ net2 & x may be rem>k$ t "s ( ! ends ( ^! l9es are n simple1 b 9 =m ( a ,y1 giv+ h] ! additional security ( two atta*m5ts in/ead ( "o40 ,9 con/ruct+ ! body ( ! ne/1 ! mo/ rem>kable circum/ance is ! us+ ( h] limbs z a measure1 to regulate ! di/ances ( h] radii or :eel-spokes 7,see ,fig4 #ab4 ,plate ,,iv41 :i* repres5ts ! geometric net ( ! 8,epeira diadema071 & ! circul> me%es int]wov5 into !m4 ,^! are consequ5tly always proportional to ! size ( ! spid]4 ,%e (t5 takes up h] /ation 9 ! c5tre1 b n always1 ?\gh x is s said by inaccurate writ]s2 b %e z frequ5tly lurks 9 a little *amb] con/ruct$ "u a leaf or o!r %elt] at ! corn] ( h] web1 ready to d>t d[n ^u :atev] prey may be entangl$ 9 h] net4 ,! c5tre ( ! net is said also to be compos$ ( m viscid mat]ials ?an its susp5sory l9es1--a circum/ance alleg$ to be prov$ by ! =m] appe>+ "u ! microscrope /udd$ ) globules ( gum#agd4 8,we h n be5 able10 says ,mr4 ,r5nie1 8to v]ify ?is di/9ction1 hav+ se5 ! susp5sory l9es z (t5 /udd$ 9 ?is mann] z ^? 9 ! c5tre40 #agd ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 ,intr4 i4 #dai4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! la/ c5tury a me?od 0 discov]$ 9 ,france by ,monsieur ,bon1 ( procur+ silk f spid]s' bags1 & its use 0 attempt$ 9 ! manufacture ( sev]al articles4 ,mr4 ,bon has1 h[ev]1 notic$ only two k9ds ( silk-mak+ spid]s1 & ^! he has di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r z hav+ ei!r long or %ort legs1 ! la/ v>iety produc+ ! f9e/ quality ( raw silk4 ,accord+ to ?is +5i\s obs]v]1 ! silk =m$ by ^! insects is equally beautiful1 /rong1 & glossy ) t =m$ by ! silk-worm4 ,:5 fir/ =m$1 ! color ( ^! spid]s' bags is gray1 b1 by exposure to ! air1 !y soon acquire a blacki% hue4 ,o!r spid] bags might probably be f\nd ( diff]5t colors1 & af=d+ silk ( bett] quality1 b _! sc>city w\ld r5d] any exp]im5t ) !m difficult ( accompli%m5t2 = :i* reason ,m4 ,bon conf9$ 8 att5tion to ! bags ( ! common sort ( ! %ort-legg$ k9d4 ,^! always =m _! bags 9 "s place %elt]$ f ! w9d & ra91 su* z ! holl[ trunks ( trees1 ! corn]s ( w9d[s or vaults1 or "u ! eaves ( h\ses4 ,a quantity ( ! bags 0 collect$ f :i* a new k9d ( silk 0 made1 said to be 9 no respect inf]ior to ! produce ( ! silk-worm4 ,x took readily all k9ds ( dyes1 & might h be5 wr\ght into any description ( silk5 fabric4 ,mr4 ,bon _h /ock+s & gloves made f x1 "s ( :i* he pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,academy ( ,p>is1 & o!rs he transmitt$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,?is silk 0 prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,twelve or ?irte5 ounces ( ! bags 7 beat5 ) a /ick1 until !y became entirely fre$ f du/4 ,!y 7 next wa%$ 9 w>m wat]1 :i* 0 cont9ually *ang$1 until x no long] became cl\d$ or discolor$ by ! bags "u process4 ,aft] ?is !y 7 /eep$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat] :]e9 soap1 saltpetre1 & gum-arabic _h be5 dissolv$4 ,! :ole 0 !n g5tly boil$ dur+ ?ree h\rs1 aft] :i* ! bags 7 r9s$ 9 cle> w>m wat] to dis*>ge ! soap4 ,!y 7 f9ally set out to dry1 previ\s to ! op]ation ( c>d+1 :i* 0 !n p]=m$ ) c>ds diff]+ f ^? usually employ$ ) silk1 be+ mu* f9]4 ,by ^! means silk ( a peculi> a% color 0 obta9$1 :i* 0 spun )\t difficulty4 ,mr4 ,bon affirm$ t ! ?read 0 bo? /rong] & f9] ?an common silk1 & t !re=e fabrics simil> to ^? made ) ! latt] mat]ial might be manufactur$ f ?is1 !re be+ no reason = d\bt+ t x w\ld /& any trials ( ! loom1 aft] hav+ und]gone ^? ( ! /ock+ frame4 ,! only ob/acle1 !re=e1 :i* appe>$ to prev5t ! e/abli%+ ( any consid]able manufacture f ^! spid] bags 0 ! difficulty ( obta9+ !m 9 suffici5t abundance4 ,mr4 ,bon fanci$ t ?is objection c\ld soon be ov]come1 & t ! art ( dome/icat+ & re>+ spid]s1 z practis$ ) silk-worms1 0 to be atta9$4 ,c>ri$ away by ! en?usiasm ( "o :o1 hav+ made a discov]y1 pursues x ) ardor undismay$ by difficulties1 he met e objection by comp>isons1 :i* p]haps 7 n :olly & /rictly f\nd$ on fact4 ,contra/$ ) ! spid]1 & to favor 8 argum5ts1 ! silk-worm 9 8 h&s made a v despicable figure4 ,he affirm$ t ! female spid] produces #fjj or #gjj eggs2 :ile ( ! #ajj1 to :i* numb] he limit$ ! silk-worm1 n m ?an "o-half 7 re>$ to produce balls4 ,t ! spid]s hat*$ spontane\sly1 )\t any c>e1 9 ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]2 t ! old spid]s dy+ soon aft] !y h laid _! eggs1 ! "y ones live = t5 or twelve mon?s )\t food1 & cont9ue 9 _! bags )\t gr[+1 until ! hot wea!r1 by putt+ _! viscid juices 9 motion1 induces !m to come =?1 sp91 & run ab\t 9 se>* ( food4 ,mr4 ,bon's spid] e/abli%m5t1 0 manag$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--hav+ ord]$ all ! %ort-legg$ spid]s :i* c\ld be collect$ by p]sons employ$ = ! purpose1 to be br\ght to him1 he inclos$ !m 9 pap] c(f9s & pots2 ^! 7 cov]$ ) pap]s1 :i*1 z well z ! c(f9s1 7 prick$ ov] _! surface ) p9-holes to admit air to ! prison]s4 ,! insects 7 duly f$ ) flies1 & aft] "s "t x 0 f\nd on inspection t ! great] "p ( !m _h =m$ _! bags4 ,?is advocate = ! re>+ ( spid]s cont5d$ t spid]s' bags af=d$ mu* m silk 9 proportion to _! weight ?an ^? ( ! silk-worm2 9 pro( ( :i* he obs]v$1 t ?irte5 ounces yield ne>ly f\r ounces ( pure silk1 two ounces ( :i* 7 suffici5t to make a pair ( /ock+s2 :]eas /ock+s made ( common silk 7 said by him to weigh sev5 or eight ounces4 ,x 0 object$ by "s ( ,mr4 ,bon's contempor>ies1 t spid]s 7 v5om\s2 & ?is is s f> true t a bite f "s ( ! species is v pa9ful1 produc+ z mu* swell+ z ! sm>t /+ ( a nettle4 ,mr4 ,bon1 h[ev]1 ass]t$ t he 0 sev]al times bitt51 )\t exp]i5c+ any inconv5i5ce2 if s1 he 0 m =tunate or less s5sitive ?an any ( ! spid]-tam]s ) :om we h be5 acqua9t$4 ,x 0 fur!r ass]t$1 t ?is v5om ext5d$ itself to ! silk :i* ! spid] produc$2 b ?is ass]tion 0 utt]ly absurd1 z any "o :o has ev] appli$ a cobweb to /op ! ble$+ f a cut ought to h kn[n4 ,mr4 ,bon decl>$ ) p]fect tru?1 t ! silk1 s f> f be+ p]nici\s1 0 useful 9 /aun*+ & heal+ w\nds1 its natural glut5 act+ z a k9d ( balsam4 ,! hone/ en?usiasm ( ! projector1 & ! s+ul>ity ( a regul> e/abli%m5t be+ =m$ = re>+ & work+ spid]s1 excit$ a consid]able %>e ( public att5tion4 ,x 01 inde$1 an age ( /range speculations1 = ne>ly at ! same "t a ,g]man g5tleman broa*$ a s*eme = turn+ tame squirrels & mice to acc\nt 9 sp9n+2 & companies 7 =m$ 9 ,engl&1 ) l>ge nom9al capitals to c>ry out s*emes /ill m prepo/]\s4 ,s important did ,mr4 ,bon's project appe> to ! ,fr5* ,academy1 t !y deput$ ! em95t naturali/1 ,m4 ,raumur1 to inve/igate ! m]its ( ?is new silk-filam5t4 ,aft] a long & pati5t exam9ation ,m4 ,raumur /at$ ! foll[+ objections to ,mr4 ,bon's plan = rais+ spid]-silk1 :i* h ev] s9ce be5 reg>d$ z insurm\ntable4 #a4 ,! natural fi]c5ess ( spid]s r5d]s !m unfit to be br$ toge!r4 ,on di/ribut+ f\r or five ?\s& ( ^! insects into cells or companies ( f fifty to "o or two hundr$1 x 0 f\nd t ! l>g] spid]s quickly kill$ & ate ! small]1 s t 9 a %ort space ( "t ! cells 7 depopulat$1 sc>cely m ?an "o or two be+ f\nd 9 ea* cell4 #b4 ,! silk ( ! spid] is inf]ior to t ( ! silk-worm bo? 9 lu/re & /r5g?2 & produces less mat]ial 9 proportion1 ?an c be made available = ! purposes ( ! manufacture4 ,! filam5t ( ! spid]'s-bag c support a weight ( only ?irty-six gra9s1 :ile t ( ! silk-worm w su/a9 a weight ( "o hundr$ & fifty gra9s4 ,?us f\r or five ?reads ( ! spid] mu/ be br\ght toge!r to equal "o ?read ( ! silk-worm1 & z x is impossible t ^! %\ld be appli$ s accurately ov] ea* o!r z n to leave little vacant spaces betwe5 !m1 ! light is n equally reflect$1 & ! lu/re ( ! mat]ial is consequ5tly inf]ior to t 9 :i* a solid ?read is us$4 #c4 ,a great disadvantage ( ! spid]'s silk is1 t x _c be w\nd (f ! ball l t ( ! silk-worm1 b mu/ necess>ily be c>d$4 ,by ?is latt] process1 its ev5ness1 :i* contributes s mat]ially to its lu/re1 is de/roy$4 ,! f]oci\sness & pugnacity ( ! spid]s are n exagg]at$2 !y fight l furies4 ,_! voracity1 too1 is almo/ incr$ible1 & x is v que/ionable :e!r ! m]e collection ( flies suffici5t to fe$ a l>ge numb] ( ! spid]s w\ld n involve an am\nt ( exp5se fatal to ! project z a lucrative und]tak+4 ,! /r5g? ( ! spid]s' filam5t is1 if any?+1 ov]/at$ by ,raumur4 ,defici5cy ( lu/re aris+ f ! c>d+ ( ! filam5ts is common to ! spid]-fabric & to spun silk2 ?is objection w\ld1 p]haps1 n be ( v great weight b = ! decisive calculation by :i* ,raumur %[$ ! comp>ative am\nt ( production betwe5 ! spid] & ! silk-worm4 ,! l>ge/ cocoons weigh f\r1 & ! small] ?ree gra9s ea*2 spid]-bags d n weigh above "o gra9 ea*2 &1 aft] be+ cle>$ ( _! du/1 h lo/ two-?irds ( ?is weight2 !re=e ! "w ( twelve spid]s equals t ( only "o silk-worm2 & a p\nd ( spid]-silk w\ld require = its production #bg1fdh insects4 ,b z ! bags are :olly ! "w ( ! females1 :o sp9 !m z a deposit = _! eggs1 x foll[s t #ee1bif spid]s mu/ be re>$ to yield "o p\nd ( silk3 yet ?is w be obta9$ only f ! be/ spid]s2 ^? l>ge ones ord9>ily se5 9 g>d5s1 c41 yield+ n m ?an a twelf? "p ( ! silk ( ! o!rs4 ,! "w ( #bhj ( ^! w\ld !re=e n yield m silk ?an ! produce ( "o indu/ri\s silk-worm1 & #ffc1eeb ( !m w\ld furni% only "o p\nd ( silk6 ,al?\gh ,raumur's report completely ext+ui%$ ,mr4 ,bon's project 9 ,france1 x 0 reviv$ 9 ,engl& two or ?ree times 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,swift has n neglect$ to make x a portion ( 8 unrivall$ satire aga9/ speculators & projectors1 9 8 acc\nt ( ,gulliv]'s visit to ! ,academy ( ,lagado3 8,i w5t into ano!r room1 says he1 :]e ! walls & ceil+s 7 all hung r\nd ) cobwebs1 except a n>r[ passage = ! arti/ to g 9 & out4 ,at my entrance he call$ out to me n to di/urb 8 webs4 ,he lam5t$ ! fatal mi/ake ! _w _h be5 s long 91 ( us+ silk-worms1 :ile we _h su* pl5ty ( dome/ic insects1 :o inf9itely excell$ ! =m]1 because !y und]/ood h[ to weave z well z sp94 ,& he propos$ fur!r1 t1 by employ+ spid]s1 ! *>ge ( dye+ silk %\ld be :olly sav$2 :]e( ,i 0 fully conv9c$1 :5 he %[$ me a va/ numb] ( flies mo/ beautifully color$1 :]e) he f$ 8 spid]s1 assur+ u t ! webs w\ld take a t9cture f !m1 & z he _h !m ( all hues1 he hop$ to suit e body's fancy1 z soon z he c\ld f9d prop] food = ! flies1 ( c]ta9 gums1 oils1 & o!r glut9\s matt] to give a /r5g? & consi/5cy to ! ?reads40 ,,! ,,+5uity ,,( ,,spid]s4--,mr4 ,?omas ,ewbank ( ,new ,york1 9 a lett] to ! ,editor ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 be>+ date ,septemb] #bj?1 #ahdb1 gives u ! foll[+ int]e/+ description ( ! +5uity ( ! ,spid]4 8,! res\rces ( ! l[] animals h (t5 excit$ admiration1 & ?\gh no compreh5sive & sy/ematic s]ies ( obs]vations h yet be5 made ^u !m7871 ! "t is1 ,i believe1 n di/ant :5 ! task w be und]tak5--p]haps )9 ! next c5tury4 ,b :5ev] & by :omsoev] accompli%$1 ! me*anism ( animals w !n =m ! subject ( "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & useful volumes 9 ! ar*ives ( man4 8,among insects1 spid]s h repeat$ly be5 obs]v$ to modify & *ange _! contrivances = ensn>+ _! prey4 ,^? t live 9 fields & g>d5s (t5 fabricate _! nets or webs v]tically4 ,?is sometimes occurs 9 locations :]e !re is no object suffici5tly ne> to :i* ! l[] edge or extremity ( ! web c prop]ly be brac$2 & unless ?is be done1 light puffs or breezes ( w9d are apt to bl[ x into an entangl$ mass4 ,in/ead ( be+ spread out1 l ! sail ( a %ip1 to ! w9d1 x w\ld become clew$ ov] ! upp] l9e1 or edge1 l a sail :5 furl$ up4 ,n[ h[ w\ld a human eng9e] act "u simil> circum/ances8 ,b ere ! read] beg9s to reflect7671 he %\ld be> 9 m9d t x w\ld n d to brace ! web by runn+ rigg+ f x to "s fix$ or immovable object bel[--by no means2--= 7 ?is done1 x c\ld n yield to impulses ( w9d2 ! rigg+ w\ld be snapp$ by ! fir/ bla/1 & ! :ole /ructure probably de/roy$4 8,:atev] contrivances human sagacity might sugge/1 !y c\ld h>dly excel ^? :i* ^! despis$ eng9e]s sometimes adopt4 ,hav+ =m$ a web1 "u circum/ances simil> to ^? to :i* we h ref]r$1 a spid] has be5 kn[n to desc5d f x to ! gr\nd by means ( a ?read spun = ! purpose1 & aft] select+ a m9ute pebble1 or piece ( /one1 has coil$ ! end ( ! ?read r\nd x4 ,hav+ done ?is1 ! +5i\s arti/ asc5d$1 & fix+ himself on ! l[] "p ( ! web1 hoi/$ up ! pebble until x swung sev]al in*es cle> ( ! gr\nd4 ,! cord to :i* ! weight 0 susp5d$ 0 !n secur$ by additional ones1 runn+ f x to diff]5t p>ts ( ! web1 :i* ?us acquir$ ! requisite t5sion1 & 0 all[$1 at ! same "t1 to yield to sudd5 puffs ( w9d )\t dang] ( be+ r5t asund]4 8,a simil> in/ance came "u my notice a few days ago4 ,a l>ge spid] _h con/ruct$ 8 web1 9 ne>ly a v]tical position1 ab\t six feet f ! gr\nd1 9 a corn] ( my y>d4 ,! upp] edge 0 =m$ by a /rong ?read1 secur$ at "o end to a v9e leaf1 & ! o!r to a clo!s l9e4 ,"o "p ( ! l[] edge 0 atta*$ to a ,p5yan sun-fl[]1 & ano!r to a trellis f5ce1 f\r or five feet di/ant4 ,betwe5 ^! !re 0 no object ne>] ?an ! gr\nd1 to :i* an additional brace l9e c\ld be c>ri$2 b two ?reads1 a foot asund]1 desc5d$ f ?is "p ( ! web1 &1 eight or t5 in*es bel[ x1 7 unit$ at a po9t4 ,f ?is po9t1 a s+le l9e1 f\r or five in*es long1 0 susp5d$1 & to its l[] extremity 0 ! weight1 a liv+ "o1 viz4 a worm1 ?ree in*es long1 & "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,! cord 0 fa/5$ ar\nd ! middle ( ! victim's body1 & z no object 0 )9 rea*1 all its wri?+s & ef=ts to escape 7 fruitless4 ,its weight answ]$ ! same purpose z a piece ( inanimate matt]1 :ile its suff]+s seem$ n 9 ! lea/ to di/urb ! unconc]n$ murd]]1 :o lay wait+ = 8 prey above4 8,:e!r ! own] ( ! web f\nd x a m easy task to capture ?is unlucky worm & raise x1 ?an to elevate a /one ( ! same weight1 may be a "q7874 ,p]haps 9 seek+ = ! latt]1 ! =m] fell 9 8 way1 & 0 seiz$ z ! fir/ suitable object t came to h&--l ! human tyrant1 7,domitian7 :o1 to %[ 8 skill 9 ar*]y1 plant$ 8 arr[s 9 ! heads ( m5 or cattle1 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r t>gets4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t a piece ( /one1 e>?1 or wood1 ( a suitable weight1 0 n 9 ! vic9ity ( ! web4 8,to obs]ve ! effect ( ?is weight1 ,i sep>at$1 ) a pair ( scissors1 ! ?read by :i* x 0 susp5d$1 & in/antly ! web sunk to half its previ\s dim5sions--! l[] "p became loose1 & ) ! slighte/ curr5t kept %ak+ l a sail %iv]+ 9 ! w9d4 ,a fre% weight 0 n suppli$ by ! next morn+2 b in/ead ( x two long brace l9es ext5d$ f ! l[] "p ( ! web to two v9e t5drils1 a consid]able di/ance (f4 ,^! ,i cut away to see :at device w\ld be next adopt$1 b on go+ to exam9e x ! foll[+ day1 ,i f\nd ! clo!s l9e remov$1 & ) x all relics ( ! insect's labors _h disappe>$40 ,,mason-,,spid]s4--,a no less wond]ful /ructure is compos$ by a sort ( spid]s1 natives ( ! tropics & ! s\? ( ,europe1 :i* h be5 ju/ly call$ mason-spid]s by ,m4 ,latreille4 ,"o ( ^! 7,mygale nidulans1 ,,walckn471 f\nd 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 8digs a hole 9 ! e>? obliquely d[nw>ds1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & "o 9 diamet]4 ,?is cavity %e l9es ) a t\gh ?ick web1 :i*1 :5 tak5 out1 resembles a lea!rn purse2 b :at is mo/ curi\s1 ?is h\se has a door ) h+es1 l ! op]culum ( "s sea-%ells1 & h]self & family1 :o t5ant ?is ne/1 op5 & %ut ! door :5ev] !y pass & repass4 ,?is hi/ory 0 told me10 says ,d>w91 8& ! ne/1 ) its door1 %[n me by ! late ,dr4 ,butt1 ( ,ba?1 :o 0 "s ye>s physician 9 ,jamaica#age40 #age ,d>w9's ,zoonomia1 i4 #bec1 #hvo4 ed4 8,! ne/ ( a mason-spid]1 simil> to ?is10 says ,mr4 ,r5nie1 8has be5 oblig+ly put into our h&s by ,mr4 ,riddle ( ,blackhea?4 ,x came f ! ,we/ ,indies1 & is probably t ( ,latreille's clay-knead] 7,mygale crati5s71 & "o ( ! smalle/ ( ! g5us4 ,we h s9ce se5 a pair ( ^! spid]s 9 possession ( ,mr4 ,william ,mello1 ( ,blackhea?4 ,! ne/ is compos$ ( v h>d argillace\s clay1 deeply t+$ ) br[n oxide ( iron4 ,x is 9 =m ( a tube1 ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]1 betwe5 six & sev5 in*es long1 & slightly b5t t[>ds ! l[] extremity--appe>+ to h be5 m9$ into ! clay r ?an built4 ,! int]ior ( ! tube is l9$ ) a uni=m tape/ry ( silk5 web1 ( an orange-:ite color1 ) a texture int]m$iate betwe5 ,india pap] & v f9e glove lea!r4 ,b ! mo/ wond]ful "p ( ?is ne/ is its entrance1 :i* we look ^u z ! p]fection ( insect ar*itecture4 ,a circul> door1 ab\t ! size ( a cr[n piece1 slightly concave on ! outside & convex )91 is =m$ ( m ?an a doz5 lay]s ( ! same web :i* l9es ! int]ior1 closely laid ^u "o ano!r1 & %ap$ s t ! inn] lay]s are ! broade/1 ! out] be+ gradually less 9 diamet]1 except t[>ds ! h+e1 :i* is ab\t an in* long2 & 9 consequ5ce ( all ! lay]s be+ unit$ !re1 & prolong$ into ! tube1 x becomes ! ?icke/ & /ronge/ "p ( ! /ructure4 ,! ela/icity ( ! mat]ials1 also1 gives to ?is h+e ! rem>kable peculi>ity ( act+ l a spr+1 & %utt+ ! door ( ! ne/ spontane\sly4 ,x is1 besides1 made to fit s accurately to ! ap]ture1 :i* is compos$ ( simil> conc5tric lay]s ( web1 t x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% ! jo9+ by ! mo/ c>eful inspection4 ,to gratify curiosity1 ! door has be5 op5$ & %ut hundr$s ( times1 )\t 9 ! lea/ de/roy+ ! p[] ( ! spr+4 ,:5 ! door is %ut1 x resembles "s ( ! li*5s 7,lecidea71 or ! lea!ry fungi1 su* z ,polyporus v]sicolor 7,,mi*eli71 or1 ne>] /ill1 ! upp] valve ( a "y oy/]-%ell4 ,! door ( ! ne/1 ! only "p se5 above gr\nd1 be+ ( a blacki%-br[n color1 x mu/ be v difficult to discov]40 ,ano!r mason-spid] 7,mygale cm5t>ia1 ,,latr471 f\nd 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 usually selects = h] ne/ a place b>e ( grass1 slop+ 9 su* a mann] z to c>ry (f ! wat]1 & ( a firm soil1 )\t rocks or small /ones4 ,%e digs a gall]y a foot or two 9 dep?1 & ( a diamet] 7equal ?r\gh\t7 suffici5t to admit ( h] easily pass+4 ,%e l9es ?is ) a tape/ry ( silk glu$ to ! walls4 ,! door1 :i* is circul>1 is con/ruct$ ( _m lay]s ( e>? knead$1 & b\nd toge!r ) silk4 ,ext]nally1 x is flat & r\gh1 correspond+ to ! e>? ar\nd ! entrance1 = ! purpose1 no d\bt1 ( concealm5t3 on ! inside x is convex1 & tape/ri$ ?ickly ) a web ( f9e silk4 ,! ?reads ( ?is door-tape/ry are prolong$1 & /rongly atta*$ to ! upp] side ( ! entrance1 =m+ an excell5t h+e1 :i*1 :5 pu%$ op5 by ! spid]1 %uts aga9 by its own weight1 )\t ! aid ( spr+ h+es4 ,:5 ! spid] is at home1 & h] door =cibly op5$ by an intrud]1 %e pulls x /rongly inw>ds1 & ev5 :]e half-op5$ (t5 snat*es x out ( ! h&2 b :5 %e is foil$ 9 ?is1 %e retreats to ! bottom ( h] d51 z h] la/ res\rce#agf4 ,! ne/ ( ?is spid] 7! mason spid]7 is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #ad41 & %[s ! ne/ %ut4 ,fig4 #ae41 repres5ts x op54 ,fig4 #af4 ! spid] 7,mygale cm5t>ia74 ,fig4 #ag4 ! eyes magnifi$4 ,figures #ah & #ai p>ts ( ! foot & claw magnifi$4 ,rossi asc]ta9$ t ! female ( an alli$ species 7,mygale sauvagesii1 ,,latr471 f\nd 9 ,corsica1 liv$ 9 "o ( ^! ne/s1 ) a num]\s po/]ity4 ,he de/roy$ "o ( ! doors to obs]ve :e!r a new "o w\ld be made1 :i* x 02 b x 0 fix$ immoveably1 )\t a h+e2 ! spid]1 no d\bt1 =tify+ h]self 9 ?is mann] till %e ?\ght %e might re-op5 x )\t dang]#agg4 #agf ,mm4 ,soc4 d',hi/4 ,nat4 de ,p>is1 ,an4 vii4 #agg ,mm4 ,soc4 d',hi/4 ,nat4 de ,p>is1 ,an4 vii4 p4 #abe1 & ,latreille1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,gnr4 viii4 p4 #afc4 8,! ,rev4 ,revett ,%eph]d has (t5 notic$1 9 ! f5 dit*es ( ,norfolk1 a v l>ge spid] 7! species n yet det]m9$7 :i* actually =ms a raft = ! purpose ( obta9+ its prey ) m facility4 ,keep+ its /ation ^u a ball ( we$s ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 probably held toge!r by slight silk5 cords1 x is waft$ along ! surface ( ! wat] ^u ?is float+ isl&1 :i* x quits ! mom5t x sees a dr[n+ insect4 ,! booty ?us seiz$ x dev\rs at leisure ^u its raft1 "u :i* x retires :5 al>m$ by any dang]#agh40 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahcj1 ,mr4 ,r5nie f\nd a spid] on "s re$s 9 ! ,croydon ,canal1 :i* agre$ 9 appe>ance ) ,mr4 ,%eph]d's4 #agh ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 ,intr4 i4 #dbe4 ,among our native spid]s !re are sev]al1 :i*1 n cont5t$ ) a web l ! re/ ( _! cong5]s1 take advantage ( o!r mat]ials to con/ruct cells :]e1 8hu%$ 9 grim repose10 !y 8expect _! insect prey40 ,! mo/ simple ( ^? spid] cells is con/ruct$ by a longi%-bodi$ spid] 7,aranea holos]icea1 ,,l9n471 :i* is a little l>g] ?an ! common hunt+ spid]4 ,x rolls up a leaf ( ! lilac or popl>1 precisely 9 ! same mann] z is done by ! leaf-roll+ cat]pill>s1 ^u ^: cells x sometimes seizes to save itself tr\ble1 hav+ fir/ expell$1 or p]haps dev\r$1 ! rightful own]4 ,! spid]1 h[ev]1 is n satisfi$ ) ! tape/ry ( ! cat]pill>1 b always weaves a fre% set ( h] own1 m close & sub/antial4 ,ano!r spid]1 common 9 woods & copses 7,epeira quadrata87 weaves toge!r a great numb] ( leaves to =m a dwell+ = h]self1 & 9 front ( x %e spreads h] toils = entrapp+ ! unw>y insects :i* /ray ?i!r4 ,^!1 z soon z caught1 are dragg$ into h] d51 & /or$ up = a "t ( sc>city4 ,"h also h] eggs are deposit$ & hat*$ 9 safety4 ,:5 ! cold wea!r approa*es1 & ! leaves ( h] edifice )]1 %e ab&ons x = ! m secure %elt] ( a holl[ tree1 :]e %e soon dies2 b ! cont9uation ( ! species dep5ds ^u eggs1 deposit$ 9 ! ne/ be=e w9t]1 & rema9+ to be hat*$ ) ! w>m? ( ! ensu+ summ]4 ,! spid]'s d5 ( unit$ leaves1 h[ev]1 :i* has j be5 describ$1 is n always useless :5 )]$ & des]t$2 = ! dorm\se usually selects x z a ready-made ro( = its ne/ ( dri$ grass4 ,t ^? old spid]s' d5s are n accid5tally *os5 by ! m\se1 appe>s f ! fact1 t out ( ab\t a doz5 m\se-ne/s ( ?is sort f\nd dur+ w9t] 9 a copse betwe5 ,lewi%am & ,bromley1 ,k5t 7,engl&71 e second or ?ird "o 0 furni%$ ) su* a ro(4 ,,! ,,wat] ,,spid]4--,we extract ! foll[+ exquisitely beautiful & int]e/+ fact 9 nature1 connect$ ) div+ op]ations1 f ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,kirby's ,bridgewat] ,treatise3-- 8,! ,wat] ,spid] is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ^u :om t (fice 7div+7 is develop$ by h] ,creator4 ,to ?is end1 h] in/9ct in/ructs h] to fabricate a k9d ( div+-bell 9 ! bosom ( t elem5t4 ,%e usually selects /ill wat]s = ?is purpose4 ,h] h\se is an oval cocoon1 fill$ ) air1 & l9$ ) silk1 f :i* ?reads issue 9 e direction1 & are fa/5$ to ! surr\nd+ plants2 9 ?is cocoon1 :i* is op5 bel[1 %e wat*es = h] prey1 & ev5 appe>s to pass ! w9t]1 :5 %e closes ! op5+4 ,x is mo/ commonly1 yet n always1 entirely "u wat]2 b its inhabitant has fill$ x ) air = h] respiration1 :i* enables h] to live 9 x4 ,%e conveys ! air to x 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 %e usually swims ^u h] back1 :5 h] abdom5 is envelop$ 9 a bubble ( air1 & appe>s l a globe ( quicksilv]#agi2 ) ?is %e ent]s h] cocoon1 & displac+ an equal mass ( wat]1 aga9 asc5ds = a second lad+1 till %e has suffici5tly fill$ h] h\se ) x1 s z to expel all ! wat]4 8,! males con/ruct simil> habitations by ! same manuvres4 ,h[ ^! little animals c envelope _! abdom5 ) an air-bubble1 & reta9 x till !y ent] _! cells1 is /ill "o ( ,nature's my/]ies t h n be5 expla9$4 8,we1 h[ev]1 _c help admir+1 & ador+1 ! wisdom1 p[]1 & goodness manife/$ 9 ?is s+ul> provision1 enabl+ an animal t brea!s ! atmosph]ic air1 to fill h] h\se ) x "u wat]1 & :i* has in/ruct$ h] 9 a secret art1 by :i* %e c clo! "p ( h] body ) air z a g>m5t1 & :i* %e c put (f :5 x answ]s h] purpose4 8,?is is a k9d ( attraction & repulsion :i* mocks all our inquiries40 #agi ,h] s+ul> economy 0 fir/1 we believe1 describ$ by ,cl]ck 7,aranei ,suecici1 ,/ockholm1 #ageg471 ,l4 ,m4 de ,lignac 7,mm4 des ,araign4 ,aquat41 #abmo4 ,p>is1 #agii471 & ,de ,ge]4 8,! %9+ appe>ance10 says ,cl]ck1 8proce$s ei!r f an inflat$ globule surr\nd+ ! abdom51 or f ! space betwe5 ! body & ! wat]4 ,! spid]1 :5 wi%+ to inhale ! air1 rises to ! surface1 ) its body /ill subm]s$1 & only ! "p conta9+ ! sp9n]et ris+ j to ! surface1 :5 x briskly op5s & moves its f\r teats4 ,a ?ick coat ( hair keeps ! wat] f approa*+ or wett+ ! abdom54 ,x comes up = air ab\t f\r times an h\r or (t5]1 ?\gh ,i h good reason to suppose x c cont9ue )\t x = sev]al days toge!r4 8,i f\nd 9 ! middle ( ,may "o male & t5 females1 :i* ,i put into a glass fill$ ) wat]1 :]e !y liv$ toge!r v quietly = eight days4 ,i put "s duck-we$ 7,lemna7 into ! glass to af=d !m %elt]1 & ! females began to /ret* diagonal ?reads 9 a confus$ mann] f x to ! sides ( ! glass ab\t half way d[n4 ,ea* ( ! females aft]w>ds fix$ a close bag to ! edge ( ! glass1 f :i* ! wat] 0 expell$ by ! air f ! sp9n]et1 & ?us a cell 0 =m$ capable ( conta9+ ! :ole animal4 ,"h !y rema9$ quietly1 ) _! abdom5s 9 _! cells1 & _! bodies /ill plung$ 9 ! wat]2 & 9 a %ort "t brim/one-color$ bags ( eggs appe>$ 9 ea* cell1 fill+ x ab\t a f\r? "p4 ,on ! #g? ( ,july sev]al "y ones swam out f "o ( ! bags4 ,all ?is "t ! old ones _h no?+ to eat1 & yet !y nev] attack$ "o ano!r1 z o!r spid]s w\ld h be5 apt to d 7,cl]ck1 ,aranei ,suecici1 cap4 viii4740 8,^! spid]s10 says ,de ,ge]1 8sp9 9 ! wat] a cell ( /rong1 closely wov51 :ite silk 9 ! =m ( half ! %ell ( a pigeon's egg1 or l a div+ bell4 ,?is is sometimes left p>tly above wat]1 b at o!rs is entirely subm]s$1 & is always atta*$ to ! objects ne> x by a great numb] ( irregul> ?reads4 ,x is clos$ all r\nd1 b has a l>ge op5+ bel[1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd clos$ on ! #ae? ( ,decemb]1 & ! spid] liv+ quietly )91 ) h] head d[nw>ds4 ,i made a r5t 9 ?is cell1 & expell$ ! air1 ^u :i* ! spid] came out2 yet ?\gh %e appe>$ to h be5 laid up = ?ree mon?s 9 h] w9t] qu>t]s1 %e gre$ily seiz$ ^u an insect & suck$ x4 ,i also f\nd t ! male z well z ! female con/ructs a simil> subaque\s cell1 & dur+ summ] no less ?an 9 w9t] 7,de ,ge]1 ,mm4 des ,insectes1 vii4 #cab4740 8,we h rec5tly kept "o ( ^! spid]s10 says ,mr4 ,r5nie1 8= sev]al mon?s 9 a glass ( wat]1 :]e x built a cell half "u wat]1 9 :i* x laid its eggs40 ,?us x appe>s1 t by ! successive desc5ts ( ! little wat]-spid] "u ! impulsion ( its in/9ct1 produce effects 9 its subaque\s pavilion equival5t to ^? produc$ 9 ! div+-bell1 or div+ helmet1 by ! successive /rokes ( ! cond5s+ air-pump ( sci5tific man6 ,9 ! language ( ! book ( ,psalms1 ?is insect 8,,laye? ,,! ,,beams ,,(0 h] 8,,*amb]s ,,9 ,,! ,,wat]s10 & !re secures h] subaque\s *amb]s 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,,cleanl9ess ,,( ,,spid]s4--8,:5 we look at ! viscid mat]ial10 says ,mr4 ,r5nie1 8) :i* spid]s con/ruct _! l9es & webs1 & at ! r\gh1 hairy cov]+ 7) a few exceptions7 ( _! bodies1 we might conclude1 t !y w\ld be always /uck ov] ) fragm5ts ( ! m9ute fibres :i* !y produce4 ,?is1 inde$1 mu/ (t5 happ51 did !y n take c>eful precautions to avoid x2 = we h obs]v$ t !y seldom1 if ev]1 leave a ?read to float at r&om1 except :5 !y wi% to =m a bridge4 ,:5 a spid] drops along a l9e1 = in/ance1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( h] web1 or ! nature ( ! place bel[ h]1 %e inv>iably1 :5 %e re-asc5ds1 coils x up into a little ball1 & ?r[s x away4 ,h] claws are admirably adapt$ = ?is purpose1 z well z = walk+ along ! l9es1 z may be readily se5 by a magnify+ glass4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,plate ,,iv4 %[s ! triple-claw$ foot ( a spid]1 magnifi$1 ! o!rs be+ too!d l a comb1 = glid+ along ! l9es4 ,?is /ructure1 h[ev]1 unfits x to walk1 z flies c d1 ^u any upright poli%$ surface l glass2 al?\gh ! contr>y#ahj is errone\sly ass]t$ by ! ,abb de la ,plu*e4 ,be=e %e c d s1 %e is oblig$ to con/ruct a ladd] ( ropes1 z ,mr4 ,blackwall rem>ks#aha1 by elevat+ h] sp9n]et z high z %e c1 & lay+ d[n a /ep ^u :i* %e /&s to =m a second2 & s on1 z any "o may try by plac+ a spid] at ! bottom ( a v clean w9e glass4 8,! hairs ( ! legs1 h[ev]1 are always cat*+ bits ( web & p>ticles ( du/2 b ^! are n suff]$ to rema9 long4 ,mo/ p may h rem>k$ t ! h\se-fly is ev] & anon bru%+ its feet ^u "o ano!r to rub (f ! du/1 ?\gh we h n se5 x rem>k$ 9 au?ors t spid]s are equally assidu\s 9 keep+ !mselves clean4 ,!y h1 besides1 a v effici5t in/rum5t 9 _! m&ibles or jaws1 :i*1 l _! claws1 are furni%$ ) tee?2 & a spid] :i* appe>s to a c>eless obs]v] z re/+ idly1 9 n9e cases out ( t5 w be f\nd sl[ly comb+ h] legs ) h] m&ibles1 beg9n+ z high z possible on ! ?igh1 & pass+ d[n to ! claws4 ,! flue :i* %e ?us combs (f is regul>ly toss$ away4 8,) respect to ! h\se-spid] 7,a4 dome/ica71 we are told 9 books1 t #8%e f "t to "t cle>s away ! du/ f h] web1 & sweeps ! :ole by giv+ x a %ake ) h] paw1 s nicely proportion+ ! =ce ( h] bl[1 t %e nev] breaks any ?+#ahb4' ,t spid]s may be se5 %ak+ _! webs 9 ?is mann]1 we readily admit2 ?\gh x is n1 we imag9e1 to cle> !m ( du/1 b to asc]ta9 :e!r !y are suffici5tly s\nd & /rong4 8,we rec5tly witness$ a m labori\s process ( clean+ a web ?an m]ely %ak+ x4 ,on com+ d[n ! ,ma9e by ! /eam-boat f ,frank=t1 9 ,augu/ #ahbi1 we obs]v$ ! geometric-net ( a conic spid] 7,epeira conica1 ,,walck47 on ! framework ( ! deck1 & z x 0 cov]$ ) flakes ( soot f ! smoke ( ! eng9e1 we 7 surpris$ to see a spid] at "w on x2 =1 9 ord] to be useful1 ?is sort ( net mu/ be clean4 ,^u obs]v+ x a little closely1 h[ev]1 we p]ceiv$ t %e 0 n con/ruct+ a net1 b dress+ up an old "o2 ?\gh n1 we mu/ ?9k1 to save tr\ble1 s mu* z an exp5diture ( mat]ial4 ,"s ( ! l9es %e dext]\sly /ripp$ ( ! flakes ( soot adh]+ to !m2 b 9 ! great] numb]1 f9d+ t %e c\ld n get !m suffici5tly clean1 %e broke !m q (f1 bundl$ !m up1 & toss$ !m ov]4 ,we c\nt$ five ( ^! packets ( rubbi% :i* %e ?us ?rew away1 ?\gh !re mu/ h be5 _m m1 z x 0 "s "t be=e we discov]$ ! manuvre1 ! packets be+ s small z n to be readily p]ceiv$1 except :5 plac$ betwe5 ! eye & ! light4 ,:5 %e _h cle>$ (f all ! soot$ l9es1 %e began to replace !m 9 ! usual way2 b ! arrival ( ! boat at ,m5tz put an end to our obs]vations40 ,bloomfield1 ! poet1 hav+ obs]v$ ! disappe>ance ( ^! bits ( ravell$ web1 says t he obs]v$ a g>d5 spid] moi/5 ! pellets be=e swall[+ !m6 ,dr4 ,li/]1 z we h already se51 ?\ght ! spid] retract$ ! ?reads )9 ! abdom54 #ahj ,spectacle de la ,nature1 i4 #eh4 #aha ,l9n4 ,trans4 vol4 xv4 #ahb ,spectacle de la ,nature1 i4 p4 #fa4 8,i c\ld wi%10 says ,addison1 9 #8,! ,spectator1' 8our ,royal ,society w\ld compile a body ( natural hi/ory1 ! be/ t c\ld be ga!r$ toge!r f books & obs]vations4 ,if ! sev]al writ]s among !m took ea* 8 p>ticul> species1 & gave u a di/9ct acc\nt ( its orig9al1 bir?1 & education2 its policies1 ho/ilities1 & alliances2 ) ! frame & texture ( its inw>d & outw>d p>ts1--& p>ticul>ly ^? :i* di/+ui% x f all o!r animals1--) _! aptitudes = ! /ate ( be+ 9 :i* ,provid5ce has plac$ !m2 x w\ld be "o ( ! be/ s]vices _! /udies c\ld d mank9d1 & n a little r$\nd to ! glory ( ! ,all-wise ,creator40--#8,spectator1' ,no4 iii4 ,al?\gh we d n consid] ,addison z a naturali/1 9 any ( ! usual mean+s ( ! t]m1 yet x w\ld be no easy task1 ev5 = ^? :o h devot$ _! undivid$ att5tion to ! subject1 to improve ^u ! admirable plan ( /udy "h laid d[n4 ,x is1 moreov]1 s especially applicable to ! inve/igation ( insects1 t x may be m or less put 9 practice by any p]son :o *ooses1 9 :atev] /ation or circum/ances he happ5s to be plac$4 ,nay1 we w g f>!r2 = s9ce x agrees ) exp]i5ce & _m record$ in/ances t individuals h be5 enabl$ to inve/igate & elucidate p>ticul> facts1 :o 7 q unacqua9t$ ) sy/ematic natural hi/ory1 we hold x to be und5iable1 t any p]son ( mod]ate p5etration1 ?\gh altoge!r unacqua9t$ ) :at is call$ 8,natural ,hi/ory10 :o w take ! tr\ble to obs]ve p>ticul> facts & endeavor to trace !m to _! causes1 has e *ance to be successful 9 add+ to 8 own k1 & frequ5tly 9 mak+ discov]ies ( :at 0 previ\sly unkn[n4 ,x is relat$ ( ,m4 ,plissan1 :ile a prison] 9 ! ,ba/ille1 t he tam$ a spid] by means ( music4 ,?is 9 conjunction ) ,evelyn's obs]vations on hunt+-spid]s is /rong pro( ( our position1 & %[ t ?\gh books are (t5 ( high value to guide u 9 our obs]vations1 !y are by no means indisp5sable to ! /udy ( nature1 inasmu* z ! v>i$ sc5e ( creation itself =ms an inexhau/ible book1 :i* 8ev5 he :o runne? may read40 8,x w be ( ! utmo/ importance1 9 ! /udy "h recomm5d$1 to be> 9 m9d t an insect c nev] be f\nd 9 any situation1 nor make any movem5t1 )\t "s motive1 orig9at+ 9 ! in/9ct imp>t$ to x by ,provid5ce4 ,?is pr9ciple alone1 :5 x is made ! basis ( inquiry into su* motives or in/9cts1 w be f\nd productive ( _m int]e/+ discov]ies1 :i*1 )\t x1 might nev] be made4 ,) ?is1 inde$1 exclusively 9 view1 dur+ an excursion1 & ) a little att5tion & p]sev]ance1 e walk--nay1 e /ep--may lead to delightful & int]e/+ k40--8,,insect ,,ar*itecture10 p4 #bai4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,spid]s1 ) ! processes ( ,sp9n+ & ,weav+4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,fibres ,,or ,,silk5 ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,! ,,p9na4 ,! ,p9na--,description (--,delicacy ( its ?reads--,raumur's obs]vations--,mode ( =m+ ! filam5t or ?read--,p[] ( cont9ually produc+ new ?reads--,exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ?is fact--,! ,p9na & its ,canc] ,fri5d--,nature ( _! alliance--,beautiful ph5om5on--,ari/otle & ,pl9y's acc\nt--,! ,greek poet ,oppianus's l9es on ! ,p9na1 & its ,canc] fri5d--,mann] ( procur+ ! ,p9na--,poli's description--,specim5s ( ! ,p9na 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--,pe>ls f\nd 9 ! ,p9na--,pl9y & ,a!nu's acc\nt--,mann] ( prep>+ ! fibres ( ! ,p9na = weav+--,sc>c5ess ( ?is mat]ial--,no pro( t ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) ! art ( knitt+--,t]tullian ! fir/ anci5t writ] :o makes m5tion ( ! manufacture ( clo? f ! fibres ( ! ,p9na--,procopius m5tions a *lamys made ( ! fibres ( ! ,p9na1 & a silk5 tunic adorn$ ) sprigs or fea!rs ( gold--,boots ( r$ lea!r worn only by ,emp]ors--,gold5 fleece ( ! ,p9na--,/4 ,basil's acc\nt--,fibres ( ! ,p9na n manufactur$ into clo? at ,t>5tum 9 anci5t times1 b 9 ,india--,div+ = ! ,p9na at ,col*i--,arrian's acc\nt4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h conf9$ our rem>ks1 pr9cipally1 to ! v>i\s attempts made to obta9 a silk5 or filam5t\s mat]ial f ! spid]1 & al?\gh ^? ef=ts h n be5 cr[n$ ) t degree ( success :i* w\ld r5d] a speculation ( ! k9d wor?y ( our att5tion 9 a pecuni>y po9t ( view1 yet1 x mu/ be conc$$1 t ! subject is sc>cely ! less int]e/+2 & ,mr4 ,bon1 ! g5tleman :o fir/ und]took ! tra9+ ( spid]s1 has at lea/ giv5 u matt] = fur!r int]e/+ speculation4 ,x is n[ ab\t #ajd ye>s s9ce ,mr4 ,bon comm5c$ 8 exp]im5ts4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 we %all proce$ to describe ! ,p9na ( ! anci5ts1 & ^u :i* human +5uity has be5 m successfully ex]cis$ 9 seek+1 _m feet bel[ ! surface ( ! ,ocean1 = ! sl5d] filam5ts1 ! produce ( an animal 9 almo/ a vegetative /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,! ,p9na is a bivalve#ahc %ell-fi%1 :i*1 :5 full gr[n1 is #ah in*es long1 & #f wide at its broad end4 ,x is f\nd ne> ! %ores ( ,s\? ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,corsica1 & ,s>d9ia2 also 9 ! ,bay ( ,smyrna1 & 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,x does n fa/5 itself to rocks 9 ! same position z ! muscle1 b /icks its %>p end into ! mud or s&1 :ile ! re/ ( ! %ell is at lib]ty to op5 9 ! wat]4 ,9 common ) ! muscle1 x has ! p[] ( sp9n+ a viscid matt] f its body1 con=mably ) t ( ! spid] & cat]pill>4 ,al?\gh ! p9na is va/ly l>g] ?an ! muscle1 its %ell be+ sometimes f\nd two feet long1 ! ?reads :i* x produces are m delicate & sl5d] ?an ^? ( ! muscle1 be+ 9 f95ess & beauty sc>cely inf]ior to ! s+le filam5t ( ! comp>atively m9ute silk-worm4 ,?reads s delicately ?91 z may readily be imag9$1 d n s+ly possess mu* /r5g?2 b ! little p[] ( ea* is made up by ! aggregate ( ! almo/ inf9ite numb] :i* ea* fi% puts =? to secure itself 9 a fix$ situation1 & pres]ve x aga9/ ! roll+ ( ! waves4 ,! ?reads are1 h[ev]1 simil> 9 _! nature to ^? ( ! muscle1 diff]+ only 9 _! sup]ior f95ess & great] l5g?4 ,^! fi% h1 !re=e1 be5 di/+ui%$ by "s naturali/s1 ! "o z ! silk-worm1 ! o!r z cat]pill> ( ! sea4 #ahc ,an animal hav+ two valves1 or a %ell consi/+ ( two p>ts :i* op5 & %ut4 ,x has be5 f a v remote p]iod well kn[n1 t muscles h ! p[] ( affix+ !mselves ei!r to rocks or ! %ells ( "o ano!r1 9 a v firm mann]2 yet _! me?od ( effect+ ?is 0 n und]/ood until expla9$ by ! accurate obs]vations ( ,m4 ,raumur1 ! fir/ naturali/ :o asc]ta9$ t if1 by any accid5t1 ! animals 7 torn f _! hold1 !y possess$ ! p[] ( sub/itut+ o!r ?reads = ^? :i* _h be5 brok5 or injur$4 ,x 0 f\nd by him1 t if muscles1 deta*$ f ea* o!r1 7 plac$ 9 any k9d ( vessel & !n plung$ into ! sea1 !y contriv$ 9 a v %ort "t to fa/5 !mselves bo? to ! vessel's side & "o ano!r's %ells3 9 ?is process1 ! extremity ( ea* ?read seem$ to p]=m ! (fice ( a h& 9 seiz+ ^u ! body to :i* x w\ld atta* itself4 ,! ?reads issue f ! %ell at t "p :]e x naturally op5s1 & 9 affix+ !mselves to any sub/ance1 =m num]\s m9ute cables1 by :i* ! fi% /eadies itself 9 ! wat]4 ,ea* animal is provid$ ) an organ1 :i* x is difficult to designate by any "n1 s9ce x p]=ms ! (fice ( s _m memb]s1 & is ! only indicator ( ! exi/5ce ( vital p[]s 9 ! creature4 ,x is by turns a tongue1 an arm1 & sometimes a leg4 ,its %ape resembles t ( a tongue1 & is1 !re=e1 mo/ frequ5tly call$ by t "n4 ,:5ev] ! fi% requires to *ange its place1 ?is memb] s]ves to drag its body =w>d1 toge!r ) its cumbr\s habitation3 9 p]=m+ a j\rney1 ! extremity ( ?is organ1 :i* may !n be /yl$ a leg1 is fix$ to "s solid body1 & be+ !n contract$ 9 l5g?1 ! :ole fi% is necess>ily drawn t[>ds ! spot :]e x int5ds to /ation itself2 & by a repetition ( ^! movem5ts1 ! animal arrives at its de/9ation4 ,x is n (t5 t ! organ is put to ?is use1 z ! p9na is b little addict$ to locomotion3 "s naturali/s inde$ affirm t x is always /able4 ,! purpose to :i* ! tongue is mo/ frequ5tly appli$1 is t ( sp9n+ ! ?reads4 ,al?\gh ?is body is flat1 & 9 =m simil> to a tongue ?r\gh ! great] "p ( its l5g?1 x becomes cyl9drical ab\t ! base or root1 :]e x is mu* small] ?an 9 any o!r "p3 at ?is l[] end are sev]al ligatures ( a muscul> nature1 :i* keep ! tongue firmly fix$ aga9/ ! middle ( ! %ell2 f\r ( ^! cords are v app>5t1 & s]ve to move ! tongue 9 any direction accord+ to ! wants ( ! fi%4 ,?r\gh ! entire l5g? ( ?is memb] !re runs a slit1 :i* pi]ces s deeply into its surface1 z almo/ to divide x into two longitud9al sections2 ?is p]=ms ! (fice ( a canal = ! liquor ( :i* ! ?reads are =m$1 & s]ves to m\ld !m into _! prop] =m3 ! canal appe>s ext]nally l a small crack1 be+ almo/ cov]$ by ! fle% f ei!r side1 b int]nally x is mu* wid]1 & surr\nd$ by circul> fibres4 ,! *annel ?us =m$ ext5ds regul>ly f ! tip to ! base ( ! tongue1 :]e x p>takes ( ! =m ( ! memb] & becomes cyl9dric1 produc+ !re a tube or pipe 9 :i* ! canal t]m9ates4 ,! viscid sub/ance is m\ld$ 9 ?is tube into ! %ape ( a cord1 simil> to ! ?reads produc$ f x1 ?\gh mu* ?ick]1 & f :i* all ! m9ute fibres issue & disp]se4 ,! int]nal surface ( ! tube1 :]e9 ! l>ge cord is =m$1 is furni%$ ) gl&s = ! secretion ( ! peculi> sub/ance employ$ 9 its production1 & :i* is always 9 great abundance 9 ?is animal z well z 9 muscles4 ,raumur obs]v$1 8t al?\gh ! workman%ip ( ! l& & sea animals :5 complet$ is alike1 ! mann] ( its production is v diff]5t4 ,spid]s1 cat]pill>s1 c41 =m ?reads ( any requir$ l5g?1 by mak+ ! visc\s liquor ( :i* ! filam5t is =m$ pass ?r\gh f9e p]=ations 9 ! organ appo9t$ = sp9n+4 ,b ! way 9 :i* muscles =m _! ?read is widely opposite2 z ! =m] resembles ! "w ( ! wire-draw]#ahd1 s does ! latt] t ( ! f\nd] :o ca/s metals 9 a m\ld40 ,! canal ( ! organ de/9$ = ! muscle's sp9n+ is ! m\ld 9 :i* its ?read is ca/1 & gives to x its det]m9ate l5g?4 #ahd ,?is rem>k ( ,m4 ,raumur confirms ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,h4 ,/raus1 quot$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 t ! ?read ( ! silk-worm is n produc$ by a simple emission ( liquid matt] ?r\gh ! orifices ( ! sp9n]1 or t x acquires solidity at once f ! dry+ influ5ce ( ! air4 ,inde$1 silk _c be produc$ 9 ?is mann]1 b is secret$ 9 ! =m ( silk 9 silk vessels1 & ! sp9n+ app>atus1 s call$1 only unw9ds x4 ,mr4 ,/raus's obs]vations on ?is head admit ( no argum5t4 ,! discov]y r$uces all t has be5 h]et(ore writt5 ^u ! subject to ! "* ( old lumb]4 ,raumur le>n$ ! mann] ( ! muscle p]=m+ ! op]ation ( swimm+ by actually plac+ "s ( ^! fi% "u 8 con/ant inspection4 ,he kept !m 9 8 ap>tm5t 9 a vessel fill$ ) sea wat]1 & di/9ctly saw !m op5 _! %ells & put =? _! tongues4 ,!y ext5d$ & contract$ ?is organ sev]al times1 obtrud+ x 9 e direction1 z if seek+ ! fitte/ place :]eon to fix _! ?reads4 ,aft] repeat$ trials ( ?is k9d1 ! tongue ( "o 0 obs]v$ to rema9 = "s "t on ! spot *os51 & be+ !n drawn back ) great quickness1 a ?read 0 v easily disc]n$1 fa/5$ to ! place3 ?is op]ation 0 aga9 resum$1 until all ! ?reads 7 9 suffici5t numb]3 "o fibre be+ produc$ at ea* movem5t ( ! tongue4 ,! old ?reads 7 f\nd to diff] mat]ially f ^? newly spun1 ! latt] be+ :it]1 m glossy1 & transp>5t ?an ! =m]1 & x 0 !nce discov]$ t x 0 n ! (fice ( ! tongue to transf] ! old ?reads "o by "o to ! new spots :]e !y 7 fix$1 :i* c\rse ,m4 ,raumur _h ?\ght 0 pursu$4 ,! old ?reads once sev]$ f ! spot to :i* !y _h be5 orig9ally fix$ 7 se5 to be useless1 & t e fibre employ$ by ! fi% to secure itself 9 a new position 0 produc$ at ! "t requir$2 &1 9 %ort1 t nature _h end[$ "s fi%1 z well z l& insects1 ) ! p[] ( sp9n+ ?reads1 z _! natural wants & in/9cts dem&$4 ,?is fact 0 incontrov]tibly e/abli%$ by cutt+ away1 z close to ! body z !y c\ld ) safety be sep>at$1 ! old ?reads1 :i* 7 always replac$ by o!rs 9 a space ( "t z %ort z 0 employ$ by o!r muscles n s depriv$4 8,! p9na & its canc] fri5d0 h on m ?an "o occasion be5 made subjects = poetry4 ,!re is d\btless "s f\ndation = ! fact ( ! mutual alliance betwe5 ^! aquatic fri5ds :i* has be5 ?us celebrat$2 yet "s slight color+ may h be5 borr[$ f ! regions ( fancy :]e) to adorn ! v]se1 & ev5 ! prose hi/ory ( _! atta*m5t may be expos$ to a simil> objection4 ,! scuttle-fi%1 a native ( ! same seas ) ! p9na1 is its deadly foe1 & w\ld quickly de/roy x1 7 x n = its fai?ful ally4 ,9 common ) all ! same species1 ! p9na is de/itute ( ! organs ( sight1 & c\ld n1 !re=e1 unassi/$1 be aw>e ( ! vic9ity ( its dang]\s enemy4 ,a small animal ( ! crab k9d1 itself depriv$ ( a cov]+1 b extremely quick-sight$1 takes refuge 9 ! %ell ( ! p9na1 ^: /rong calc>e\s valves af=ds a %elt] to h] gue/1 :ile he makes a return = ?is protection by go+ =? 9 se>* ( prey4 ,at ^! int]vals ! p9na op5s h] valves to af=d him egress & +ress3 if ! wat*ful scuttle-fi% n[ approa*1 ! crab returns in/ant] ) notice ( ! dang] to h] ho/ess2 :o1 timely w>n$1 %uts h] door & keeps out ! enemy4 ,:5 ! crab has1 unmole/$1 succe$$ 9 load+ itself ) provisions1 x gives a signal by a g5tle noise at ! op5+ ( ! %ell1 & :5 admitt$1 ! two fri5ds fea/ toge!r on ! fruit ( its indu/ry4 ,x w\ld appe> an ardu\s1 nay1 a task almo/ impossible = ! def5celess & dim9utive crab1 n m]ely to elude its enemies & return home1 b likewise obta9 a supply ( prov5d] suffici5t to satisfy ! wants ( its l>g] companion4 ,! foll[+ diff]5t acc\nt ( ! nature ( ?is alliance is m cr$ible3-- ,:5ev] ! p9na v5tures to op5 its %ell1 x is imm$iately expos$ to ! attacks ( v>i\s ( ! small] k9ds ( fi%1 :i*1 meet+ ) no resi/ance to _! fir/ assaults1 acquire boldness & v5ture 94 ,! vigilant gu>d1 by a g5tle bite1 gives notice ( ?is to 8 companion1 :o1 ^u su* a h9t1 closes h] %ell1 & hav+ ?us %ut !m 9 makes a prey ( ^? :o _h come to prey ^u h]3 :5 ?us suppli$ ) food1 %e nev] fails to %>e h] booty ) s useful an ally4 ,we are told t ! sagaci\s obs]v]1 ,dr4 ,hasselqui/1 9 8 voyage1 7ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury17 to ,pale/9e1 :i* he und]took = objects connect$ ) ! /udy ( natural hi/ory1 beheld ?is curi\s ph5om5on1 :i*1 al?\gh well kn[n to ! anci5ts1 _h escap$ ! att5tion ( ! mod]ns4 ,x is relat$ by ,ari/otle#ahe t ! p9na keeps a gu>d to wat* = h]1 :i* gr[s to h] m\?1 & s]ves z h] cat]]3 ?is he calls p9nophylax1 & describes z a little fi% ) claws l a crab4 ,pl9y obs]ves#ahf1 t ! smalle/ species ( crab is call$ ! p9notores1 & be+ f its dim9utive size liable to injury1 has ! prud5ce to conceal itself 9 ! %ells ( oy/]s4 ,9 ano!r place he describes ! p9na z ( ! g5us ( %ell-fi%1 ) ! fur!r p>ticul>s t x is f\nd 9 muddy wat]s1 always erect1 & nev] )\t a companion1 call$ by "s p9natores1 by o!rs p9nophylax2 ?is be+ sometimes a small squill1 & at o!rs a crab1 :i* rema9s ) ! p9na = ! sake ( food4 #ahe ,hi/4 lib4 v4 c4 #ae4 #ahf ,lib4 ix4 #ea4 #ff4 ,! description ( ! p9na by ! ,greek poet ,oppianus1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! second c5tury1 has be5 ?us giv5 9 ,engli% v]se3-- ,! p9na & ! crab toge!r dwell1 ,= mutual succor 9 "o common %ell2 ,!y bo? to ga9 a livelihood comb9e1 ,t takes ! prey1 :5 ?is has giv5 ! sign2 ,f h5ce ?is crab1 above 8 fell[s fam$1 ,by anci5t ,greeks 0 ,p9notores nam$4 ,x is said t ! p9na fa/5s itself s /rongly to ! rocks1 t ! m5 employ$ 9 fi%+ = x are oblig$ to use consid]able =ce to break ! tuft ( ?reads by :i* x is secur$ fifte51 tw5ty1 & sometimes ev5 ?irty feet bel[ ! surface ( ! sea4 ,x is fi%$ up 9 ! ,gulf ( ,t>5tum by ! ,p]nonico1 :i* consi/s ( two semicircul> b>s ( iron fa/5$ toge!r at ! ends1 at "o ( :i* is a wood5 pole1 at ! o!r a r+ & cord4 ,! fi%]m5 conduct _! boat ov] ! place1 :]e ! p9na is se5 ?r\gh ! cle> wat]1 let d[n ! ,p]nonico1 &1 hav+ loos5$ ! p9na by embrac+ x ) ! iron b>s & twi/+ x r\nd1 draw x up to ! boat4 ,! p9na is also obta9$ by div+4 ,poli1 9 8 spl5did "w on ! ,sicilian ,te/acea 7,p>ma1 #agie1 folio17 gives beautiful repres5tations ( ! sev]al species & especially ( ! ,p9na ,nobilis#ahg4 ,! foll[+ description ( subm>9e sc5]y & op]ations1 is s vivid & pleas+ t we quote x at l5g?4 #ahg ,! figure 7,fig4 #g47 ( ! ,p9na ,nobilis1 ,plate ,,iii41 is r$uc$ f ,plate ,,xxxiv4 9 vol4 ii4 ,p9nis hujusmodi abundant pr ct]is litus ,tr9acri1 s9us ,t>5t9us1 oraque m>itima ,crat]is ,neapolitani1 potissimum ultra ,promontorium ,pausilypi4 ,equidem p]summ adficimur animi jucunditate1 quoties ill>um piscationis recordamur1 quam v]e jam in*oato inibi fac]e it]um it]umque consuevimus4 ,e/ ad ,insulam ,nisit1 qu illa ad sept5trionem v]git1 respicitque contra ,pausilypi ,promontorium1 amnissimi m>is plaga1 quoddam m>is ocium4 ,ibi int] +5tes1 pul*]rimosque m>9>um /irpium saltus1 quibus plaga illa undique virescit1 oculosque animumque recreat1 ,p9n>um greges sponte gignuntur2 qu m>i tranquillo1 umbrisque ab insul summitate cad5tibus1 ab iis qui cymbis insi/unt1 ad trig9ta f]m p$um altitud9em1 subrect1 inque fundo ar5oso defix p]spicu c]ni possunt4 ,ur9atores igitur1 sese m>i subm]g5tes1 illis arripi5dis de/9antur4 ,quoniam v]o1 ne reit]atis quidem ictibus1 ab ar51 ubi consit sunt1 educi queunt2 ar5a et5im1 et pond]e suo et altissim aqu>um mole sibi incumb5te =tit] /ipata1 ur9atorum conatibus valid resi/it2 hi m>is fundum nacti1 ibique veluti 9 solo s$5tes1 ar5am ,p9n circumjectam manibus av]runt1 ,p9namque de9ceps ambabus manibus compreh5sam divell]e conantur4 ,et si diutius1 quam p> e/1 spiritum cohib]e nequeunt1 ad summa quorum asc5dunt1 sub]ibusque aqu innatantibus inibi de indu/ri positis innituntur1 donec t&em aris hau/u recreati1 m>is fundum it]um petant1 op]amque p5itus absolvant4 v4 ii4 p4 #bcj1 #bca4 ,?is species ( ,p9na is especially abundant on ! %ores ( ,sicily1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,t>anto1 & 9 ! ,bay ( ,naples1 p>ticul>ly beyond ! ,cape ( ,posilipo4 ,x always fills my m9d ) ! greate/ delight to recollect ! mann] ( fi%+ = x1 9 :i* ,i h (t5 tak5 a "p at t spot 9 ! comm5cem5t ( spr+4 ,on ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,isle ( ,nisida opposite ,posilipo1 is a mo/ agreeable expanse ( wat]1 :]e ! sea appe>s to be ev] at re/4 ,"h1 amid/ ^? va/ & mo/ beaute\s subm>9e =e/s1 ) :i* ! coa/ is decorat$ 9 e direction s z at once to *>m ! m9d & refre% ! eye1 ! ,p9na gr[s spontane\sly 9 l>ge gr\ps1 & 9 calm wat]1 :5 ! %ad[s fall f ! summit ( ! isl&1 is cle>ly se5 by p]sons 9 boats gr[+ ne>ly upright & fix$ 9 ! s&y bottom at ! dep? ( ab\t ?irty feet4 ,!re are div]s1 ^: bus9ess x is to br+ x up4 ,b1 s9ce x _c be loos5$ ev5 by repeat$ bl[s1 7= ! s& firmly resi/s ! attempts ( ! div]1 be+ support$ by its own weight & by ! sup]-incumb5t wat]17 9 ^! circum/ances he sits d[n at ! bottom ( ! sea1 bru%es away ) 8 f+]s ! e>? :i* encompasses ! %ell1 & !n endeavors to pull x up by seiz+ x ) bo? h&s4 ,if he is ?us likely to be deta9$ at ! bottom = a long] "t ?an he c hold 8 brea?1 he asc5ds to ! surface1 supports himself ^u corks1 :i* are 9 read9ess = him1 &1 :5 he has suffici5tly recov]$ himself by brea?+1 he aga9 dives to ! bottom to complete 8 task4 ,! specim5s ( ,p9na 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %[ n only ! tuft1 b also ! pe>ls & ! "m ( pe>l4 ,poli f\nd 9 "o specim5 ( ! ,p9na ,nobilis no less ?an tw5ty pe>ls1 ( :i* he has giv5 figures 9 8 spl5did "w4 ,pl9y 7l4 ix4 c4 #ce47 m5tions ! practice ( div+ = ! ,p9na 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea 9 ord] to obta9 pe>ls f x3 & ,a!nu 7l4 iii4 p4 #ic ,casaub47 has pres]v$ extracts f two hi/orical writ]s1 "o ( :om accompani$ ,alex&] on 8 ,indian exp$ition1 & :o in=ms u1 t ! ,p9na 0 procur$ 9 ! ,indian seas1 by div+ & = ! sake ( ! pe>ls4 ,! ,italians call ! fibres ,lana ,pesce or ,lana ,p5na1 i4 e4 ,fi% ,wool1 or ,p9na ,wool4 ,x is n equally good 9 all places4 ,:5 ! bottom ( ! sea is s&y1 ! %ell ) its bun* ( fibres may be easily extract$1 & !y are silky & ( a f9e color4 ,b 9 ru%y & muddy bottoms s fa/ d !y /ick z to be g5]ally brok5 9 draw+ up1 & are ( a blacki% color )\t gloss4 ,! ,lana ,p5na is twice wa%$ 9 tepid wat]1 once 9 soap & wat]1 & aga9 9 tepid wat]1 !n spread on a table to dry3 :ile yet moi/1 x is rubb$ & sep>at$ ) ! h&1 & aga9 spread on ! table4 ,:5 q dry1 x is drawn ?r\gh a wide comb ( bone1 & !n ?r\gh a n>r[ "o4 ,t :i* is de/9$ = v f9e works is also drawn ?r\gh iron combs1 call$ sc>de 7c>ds74 ,x is !n spun ) a di/aff & sp9dle4 ,z x is impossible to procure mu* ( ?is mat]ial ( a good quality1 ! manufacture is v limit$1 & ! articles produc$1 /ock+s & gloves1 are exp5sive4 ,!y are e/eem$ excell5t pres]vatives aga9/ cold & damp1 are s(t & v w>m1 & ! f9e/ ( a br[n c9namon1 or glossy gold color4 ,! manufacture is *iefly c>ri$ on at ,t>anto1 ! anci5t ,t>5tum#ahh4 #ahh ,ri$esel's ,travels ?r\gh ,sicily & ,grcia ,magna1 translat$ by ,j4 ,r4 ,=/]1 ,london1 #aggc1 p4 #agh-ahj4 ,de ,salis1 ,travels 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,naples4 ,keppel ,crav51 ,t\r ?r\gh ! ,s\!rn ,prov9ces ( ! ,k+dom ( ,naples1 p4 #ahe4 ,d',arg5ville1 ,li?ol4 et ,con*ologie1 p4 #ahc1 & ,plate #be4 ,! ,lana ,p5na1 hav+ be5 spun1 is n[ almo/ univ]sally knit4 ,b1 z x does n appe> t ! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) ?is process prior to ! second c5tury1 :atev] g>m5ts !y made ( ?is mat]ial mu/ h be5 wov54 ,! fir/ pro( we possess ( its use among !m is 9 ,t]tullian1 :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury 7,de ,pallio1 iii4 p4 #aae1 ,rigaltii74 ,speak+ ( ! mat]ials = weav+1 he says1 ,nec fuit satis tunicam pang]e et s]]e1 ni etiam pisc>i ve/itum contigisset nam et de m>i vell]a1 quo mucos lanusitatis plautiores con* comant4 ,nor 0 x en\gh to comb & to s[ ! mat]ials = a tunic4 ,x 0 necess>y also to fi% = "o's dress4 ,= fleeces are obta9$ f ! sea1 :]e %ells ( extraord9>y size are furni%$ ) tufts ( mossy hair#ahi4 7,see ,fig4 #g1 ,plate ,,ii47 #ahi ,9 ?is passage pisc>i is r fancifully oppos$ to pang]e & s]]e4 ,! =m] ( ^! two t]ms 7pang]e7 ref]s to tunics ( wool1 :i* 0 pacta or pexa2 ! latt] to tunics ( cotton & flax1 :i* 7 sata4 ,! epi!t plautiores1 7etymologically alli$ to latiores1 & to 17 well describes ! l>ge size & exp&$ =m ( ! ,p9na4 ,procopius in=ms u 7,de ,edif4 lib4 iii4 c4 #a471 t ,arm5ia 0 gov]n$ by five h]$it>y satraps1 :o receiv$ _! insignia f ! ,roman ,emp]or4 ,among ^! 0 a ,*lamys made ( ! fibres ( ! ,p9na4 7 1 1 ' 1 47 ,?is *lamys 0 fa/5$ ) a fibula ( gold1 9 :i* a preci\s /one 0 set1 & ?ree hyac9?s 7 susp5d$ f x by gold5 *a9s 7 47 ,! *lamys 0 accompani$ by a silk5 tunic1 adorn$ ) sprigs or 8fea!rs0 ( gold4 ,x is ?us describ$3 1 1 4 ,) ! *lamys & tunic 7 worn boots ( r$ lea!r1 su* z only ! emp]ors ( ,rome & ,p]sia 7 all[$ to we>4 ,/4 ,basil m5tions ) admiration 8! gold5 fleece0 ( ! ,p9na1 :i* no artificial dye c\ld imitate4 1 4--,hexaem4 vii4 ,:e!r ! tuft ( ! ,p9na 0 us$ = weav+ be=e ! "t ( ! au?ors1 :o h n[ be5 cit$1 seems d\btful4 ,z ! ,p9na is frequ5tly m5tion$ by e>li] writ]s1 bo? ,greek & ,lat9#aij1 b )\t any ref]5ce to ! use ( its tuft1 x may be reg>d$ z probable1 t ?is k9d ( clo? 0 n inv5t$ be=e ! "t ( ,t]tullian4 #aij ,! passages are collect$ 9 ,/ephani ,!saurus ,l4 ,grc1 ed4 ,valpy1 p4 #gegi4 ,x is a no less curi\s "q1 ,:5ce did ! anci5ts obta9 ! fibres ( ! ,p9na1 & :]e 0 ! manufacture ( !m c>ri$ on8 ,x has be5 commonly said at ,t>5tum1 b app>5tly = no o!r reason ?an t ! ,p9na is obta9$ & ! manufacture pr9cipally c>ri$ on at ,t>anto 9 mod]n times4 ,by ref]r+ to ! au?orities above quot$1 x w be se5 t none ( !m makes any allusion to ,t>5tum4 ,consequ5tly we h no direct evid5ce1 t ?is 0 ! seat ( ! anci5t manufacture4 ,on ! contr>y1 we h te/imony1 t f9e clo?s ( ?is sub/ance 7 made 9 ,india1 & !nce import$ into ,greece & o!r c\ntries4 ,! au?or ( ! ,p]iplus ( ! ,ery?rean ,sea1 a docum5t ( an age at lea/ z late z ! "t ( ,t]tullian1 /ates t ! bus9ess ( div+ = ! wool ( ! ,p9na 0 prosecut$ ne> ! city call$ ,col*i 9 ! s\? ( ,india4 ,diff]5t species ( ,p9na ) tufts ( f9e silk are n[ no less abundant 9 ! ,indian ?an ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,! ,p]iplus ( ! ,ery?rean ,sea pres5ts a suffici5t pro(1 t ?is beautiful sub/ance 0 spun & wov5 by ! ,indians1 :]eas we c only suppose f analogy t ! manufacture 0 c>ri$ on 9 anci5t times by ! ,t>5t9es4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,fibres1 ,,or ,,silk5 ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,! ,,p9e-,,apple4 ,fibres ( ! ,p9e-,apple--,facility ( dye+--,mann] ( prep>+ ! fibres = weav+--,easy cultivation ( ! plant--,?rives :]e no o!r plant w live--,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,burt ,z9cke's pat5t process ( manufactur+ clo? f ! fibres ( ?is plant--,its comp>ative want ( /r5g?--,silk5 mat]ial procur$ f ! ,papyf]a--,spun & wov5 into clo?--,clo? ( ?is description manufactur$ g5]ally by ! ,otaheiteans1 & o!r inhabitants ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s--,great /r5g? 7suppos$7 ( ropes made f ! fibres ( ! aloe--,exagg]at$ /atem5ts4 ,?is plant1 :i* has hi!rto be5 valu$ solely z m9i/]+ to ! luxuries ( ! table1 has lately _h a new int]e/ atta*$ to x f ! discov]y ( a fibre conta9$ 9 its leaves1 possess+ su* valuable prop]ties1 t x w1 9 all probability1 soon =m a new & important article ( comm]ce4 ,! fibres ( ! p9e-apple plant are dispos$ 9 fasciculi1 ea* app>5t fibre be+ an assemblage ( fibres adh]+ toge!r1 ( su* exce$+ delicacy1 z only to measure f #a_/ejjj? to #a_/gjjj? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]2 view$ "u ! microscope1 !y be> consid]able resemblance to silk1 f _! glossy1 ev51 & smoo? texture4 ,!y appe> altoge!r de/itute ( jo9ts1 or o!r irregul>ities1 & are rem>kably transp>5t1 p>ticul>ly :5 view$ 9 wat]3 !y are v ela/ic1 ( consid]able /r5g?1 & readily receive ! mo/ delicate dyes4 ,?is la/ fact appe>s s+ul>1 :5 we be> 9 m9d ! resi/ance1 if we may be all[$ ! expression1 :i* flax (f]s to dyes4 ,) mu* tr\ble1 & by long processes1 flax w receive a few d>k d+y colors3 all light & brilliant ones x :olly resi/s2 !y d n ent] ! fibre1 b m]ely dry ^u x ext]nally1 & aft]w>ds easily peel1 or rub (f1--9 %ort1 x may be said to be pa9t$1 & n dy$4 ,! prep>ation ( ! p9e-fibre is exce$+ly simple4 ,if a leaf ( ?is plant be exam9$1 x w be f\nd to consi/ ( an assemblage ( fibres runn+ p>allel f "o extremity ( ! leaf to ! o!r1 emb$d$ 9 ! s(t pabulum4 ,all ! process necess>y is to pass ! leaf "u a 8tilt hamm]10 ! rapid action ( :i*1 9 a few seconds1 completely cru%es x1 )\t 9 ! slighte/ degree injur+ ! fibre1 :i* rema9s 9 a l>ge ske91 & !n requires to be r9s$ out 9 s(t wat]1 to cleanse x f impurities1 & be aft]w>ds dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,s simple & rapid is ! process1 t a leaf1 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] be+ cut f ! plant1 may be 9 a /ate fit = ! purposes ( ! manufactur]1 z a glossy1 :ite fibre1 ) its /r5g? unimpair$ by any process ( mac]ation1 :i*1 by induc+ p>tial putrefaction1 n only mat]ially injures ! /r5g? ( flax1 b also r5d]s x ( a d+y color4 ,! p9e-plant ab\nds bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 & may be easily propagat$ f ! cr[n2 (fsets f r\nd ! base ( ! fruit1 :i* (t5 am\nt to upw>ds ( tw5ty 9 numb]2 & f ! "y plants :i* spr+ f ! p>5t /em2 its cultivation requires b little c>e or exp5se1 & is ( su* h>dy gr[?1 z to be almo/ indep5d5t ( ^? casualties ( wea!r1 :i* (t5 prove s detrim5tal to m delicate crops--x is "o ( ^? plants :i* ,nature has scatt]$ s pr(usely ?r\gh tropical regions1 ^: leaves are ?ick & fle%y1 to conta9 a l>ge supply ( n\ri%m5t1 & cov]$ by a ?ick1 glaz$ cuticle2 admitt+ ( s little evaporation1 t _m ( !m w ?rive ^u a b>r5 rock1 :]e no o!r plant w\ld live4 ,also f ! l>ge portion ( oxalic acid :i* ! leaves conta91 no animal w t\* !m1 & are1 !re=e1 exempt f ! trespasses ( cattle1 c4 ,inde$ no great] pro( ( ! h>d9ess ( ! plant c be giv51 ?an ! fact1 t 9 _m places :]e l&s h be5 "u tillage1--aft]w>ds ab&on$1 & all[$ to return to a /ate ( nature1 ! p9e-apple plant exhibits ! only trace ( =m] cultivation2 e o!r cultivat$ plant has di$ away be=e ! encroa*m5ts ( ! surr\nd+ wood1 :ile !y alone rema9$ increas+ f ye> to ye>1 & spread into l>ge b$s4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,burt ,z9cke obta9$ a pat5t 9 ,engl&1 be>+ date ,decemb] #i1 #ahcf1 = ! foll[+ mode ( prep>+ ! filam5ts ( ?is plant1 ! 8,bromelia ananas40 ,we give ! pat5tee's own description 7) slight em5dations71 z receiv$ f ! pat5t (fice1 ,london1 & :i* is z foll[s4 8,i 7! said ,fr$]ick ,burt ,z9cke7 d h]eby decl>e t ! nature ( my said inv5tion consi/s--,fir/ly1 9 prep>+ or manufactur+ ! leaf ( ! plant1 commonly call$ ! p9e-apple1 by bruis+1 beat+1 wa%+1 & dry+ ! same1 9 su* mann] z to sep>ate ! long fibr\s p>ts f ! cuticle pabulum1 & o!r matt] compris+ ! said leaf4 ,secondly1 9 ! application ( ! fibr\s sub/ance1 s prep>$ to v>i\s manufactures & purposes1 = :i* silk1 flax1 cotton1 hemp1 wool1 & o!r fibr\s mat]ials are n[ us$4 ,& fur!r1 ,i describe ! mann] 9 :i* my said inv5tion is to be p]=m$ by ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,= ! purpose ( prep>+ ! fibre1 ,i cut ! leaves f ! p9e-apple plant1 at any p]iod f ! "t ( _! obta9+ _! full gr[?1 till ! rip5+ ( ! fruit1 = ,i f9d t if ! leaves are tak5 be=e !y are full gr[n1 ! fibre is less /rong1 & if suff]$ to rema9 on ! plant1 aft] ! rip5+ ( ! fruit1 ! fibre becomes h>%1 & is m difficult to dive/ ( ! extrane\s matt]4 ,! small ?orns hav+ be5 trimm$ f ! edge ( ! leaves1 ) a %>p knife1 ! leaves %\ld be cru%$1 s z to dis5gage ! fibre f ! o!r matt] compos+ ! leaf1 = :i* purpose ! employm5t ( a mallet ^u a block ( wood1 w fully answ] ! int5d$ purpose4 ,?is process ( cru%+ is to be cont9u$ until ! fibre appe>s 9 an assemblage ( long silky filam5ts1 ) m or less ( ! pulpy & o!r matt] ( ! leaf adh]+ to !m2 to cleanse !m f :i* !y are to be well r9s$ 9 s(t wat]1 imm$iately aft] hav+ be5 cru%$ or beat51 & !n ! wat] %\ld =?) be squeez$ out ( !m1 by draw+ !m betwe5 ! edges ( two pieces ( wood1 plac$ p>allel to ea* o!r1 s z to admit ( ! fibres be+ drawn out r lightly betwe5 !m1 = if ! gre5 matt] is all[$ to dry on ! fibre1 x ( c\rse becomes m difficult to cleanse4 ,! wa%+ mu/ be c>efully p]=m$1 s z to prev5t ! fibre f becom+ tangl$ or knott$4 ,! op]ation ( wa%+ or r9s+ mu/ be repeat$ until ! fibre be ?or\ghly cleans$4 ,if x be f\nd difficult to clean ! fibre f ! extrane\s matt]1 9 consequ5ce ( n collect+ ! leaves f ! plant suffici5tly e>ly1 or f any o!r cause1 ! op]ation w be facilitat$ by boil+ ! fibre1 aft] x has be5 beat51 & p>tially purifi$ 9 a solution ( soap 9 s(t wat]4 ,= ?is purpose ! fibre mu/ be regul>ly dispos$ 9 any suitable vessel1 s z to prev5t its becom+ tangl$1 ) suffici5t wat] to cov] x1 9 :i* soap has be5 dissolv$1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #e lbs4 to #ej lbs4 ( fibre1 a light weight be+ !n plac$ ^u x1 to keep ! fibre b5ea? ! surface ( ! liquor2 ! :ole is !n to be boil$ = ! space ( ?ree or f\r h\rs1 & aft] boil+1 to be well r9s$ out 9 s(t wat]1 & squeez$ z be=e direct$4 ,! fibre hav+ be5 cleans$ by ^! processes1 is to be gradually dri$ 9 ! %ade1 & occasionally %ak5 out1 s z to prev5t ! too close adhesion ( ! filam5t 9 dry+1 :i* w\ld o!rwise take place4 ,! fibre may be obta9$ free f ! extrane\s matt] ( ! leaf by o!r modes2 b ,i pref] t :i* ,i h above describ$4 ,z to ! second "p ( my said inv5tion1 x is only necess>y to obs]ve t f ! sup]iority ( ?is fibre 9 sev]al respects ov] ^? n[ 9 common use7871 x is adapt$ to a va/ numb] ( purposes1 9 :i* fibr\s mat]ials are n[ employ$2 x is ( a glossy :ite color1 x receives dyes ) facility1 x possesses great /r5g?1 & is divisible to an exce$+ degree ( f95ess1 = ^u exam9ation ea* filam5t t appe>s a s+le fibre1 is1 9 fact1 a bundle ( v delicate fibres1 adh]+ m or less /rongly toge!r4 ,^! qualities r5d] x applicable to ! manufacture ( %awls1 drills1 damask-l95s1 plu%es1 c>pets1 rugs1 lace1 bonnets1 pap]2 z a mat]ial = rope1 tw9e1 or ?read1 & a v>iety ( o!r purposes to :i* silk1 cotton1 flax hemp1 wool1 & o!r fibr\s mat]ials are n[ appli$4 ,z a mat]ial = sp9n+ 9 ! ord9>y me?od 9 :i* flax is n[ spun ?r\gh hot wat]1 ?is fibre requires to und]go ! process g5]ally 9 use = blea*+ flax4 ,i f9d ! p]iod at :i* ! blea*+ c be mo/ conv5i5tly p]=m$1 is :5 ! fibre is 9 ! /ate call$ te*nically 8a rov+20 = ! co>s] y>ns ! fir/ /ages ( ! blea*+ process w be suffici5t1 b ?is op]ation mu/ be c>ri$ fur!r1 9 proportion to ! f95ess ( ! y>n int5d$ to be spun4 ,! effect ( ! blea*+ ^u ! fibre is1 to dis5gage "p ( ! adhesive matt]1 :i* connects ! f9e filam5ts toge!r1 & r5d] ! y>n susceptible ( longation1 betwe5 ! receiv+ & deliv]+ roll]s 9 sp9n+1 aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh ! hot wat]2 ,i !re=e claim z my inv5tion1 ! prep>+ & manufactur+ into ! fibres h]e9be=e p>ticul>ly describ$2 ! leaf ( ! plant commonly call$ ! p9e-apple1 by any mode or modes ( prep>ation1 & also ! application ( ! said fibres1 :5 prep>$ & manufactur$1 to ! sev]al purposes h]e9be=e also p>ticul>ly specifi$1 ! same be+ to ! be/ ( my k 7in=mation1 remembrance1 & belief71 n[ & n h]et(ore practis$40 ,m4 de la ,r\v]ie affirms1 t he procur$ a beautiful vegetable silk f ! ,papyf]a or pap] mulb]ry2 cutt+ ! b>k :ile ! tree 0 9 sap1 beat+ x ) mallets1 & /eep+ x 9 wat]2 he obta9$ a ?read f ! fibres1 almo/ equal to silk 9 quality2 & ?is 0 wov5 into a clo? ! texture ( :i* appe>$ z if =m$ ( t mat]ial4 ,! f9e/ sort ( clo? among ! inhabitants ( ,otaheite1 & o!r ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 is made ( ! b>k ( ?is tree4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,*evremont1 ,eng9e] ( ,m9es1 8ropes made ( aloes h f\r times ! resi/ance ( ^? ( hemp ( ! same diamet]1 & made by ! same process7874 ,! fibres ( ! aloe conta9 a res9\s sub/ance :i* protects ! ropes f ! action ( moi/ure3 ev5 at sea1 & r5d]s ! t>r+ ( !m unnecess>y4 ,!y are light] ?an hemp5 ropes1 & lose no?+ ( _! /r5g? by be+ wet7874 ,:5 plung$ into wat]1 !y are %ort5$ only two p] c5t41 s t !y become less rigid ?an ropes made ( hemp78740 ,!re appe>s to be a good deal ( exagg]ation 9 reg>d to ! great sup]iority ( ! fibres ( ^! plants ov] cotton1 flax1 c4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 reg>d to ,mr4 ,z9cke1 = al?\gh he succe$$ 9 produc+ "s v beautiful specim5s ( fabric1 9 con=mity ) ! =ego+ specification1 yet1 ! manufacture does n appe> to make mu* progress1 *iefly on acc\nt ( ! inf]iority 9 po9t ( /r5g? ( ! clo?1 m especially :5 blea*$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,mall[s4 ,,cultivation ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,mall[ ,,among ,,! ,,anci5ts4--,,te/imony ,,( ,,lat91 ,,greek1 ,,& ,,attic ,,writ]s4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( ,mall[s is to be f\nd 9 ,job xxx4 #d4--,v>ieties ( ! ,mall[--,cultivation & use ( ! ,mall[--,te/imony ( anci5t au?ors--,papias & ,isidore's m5tion ( ,mall[ clo?--,mall[ clo? common 9 ! days ( ,*>lemagne--,mall[ %awls--,mall[ clo?s m5tion$ 9 ! ,p]iplus z export$ f ,india to ,b>ygaza 7,b>o*7--,calidsa ! ,indian dramati/1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4 ,c4--,8 te/imony--,walli*'s 7! ,indian botani/7 acc\nt--,mantles ( wov5 b>k1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,sacontla ( ,calidsa--,valclas or ,mantles ( wov5 b>k1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,ramayana1 a not$ poem ( anci5t ,india--,%eets made f trees--,ctesias' te/imony--,/rabo's acc\nt--,te/imony ( ,/atius ,ccilius & ,plautus1 :o liv$ #afi ,b4 ,c4 & #ahd ,b4 ,c4--,plautus's laughable enum]ation ( ! analogy ( trades--,beauty ( g>m5ts ( ,amorgos m5tion$ by ,eupolis--,cle>*us's te/imony--,plato m5tions l95 %ifts--,amorg9e g>m5ts fir/ manufactur$ at ,a!ns 9 ! "t ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( mall[s is t giv5 9 ! book ( ,job1 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,= want & fam9e !y 7 solit>y3 flee+ into ! wild]ness 9 =m] "t desolate & wa/e4 ,:o cut up mall[s by ! bu%es1 & junip]-roots = _! meat40--,job xxx4 #d4 ,we f9d 9 anci5t au?ors ( a m mod]n date1 di/9ct m5tion ( ?ree species ( malvace\s plants1 :i* are /ill common 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe4 ,^! are1 ! ,common ,mall[1 ,malva ,silve/ris1 ,l9n42 ! ,m>% ,mall[1 ,al?a ,(fic9alis1 ,l9n42 & ! ,hempleav$ ,mall[1 ,al?a ,cannab9a1 ,l9n4 ,! ,common ,mall[ is call$ by ! ,lat9 writ]s ,malva1 by ! ,greek 1 or 4 ,?is plant 0 us$ = food f ! e>lie/ times4 ,hesiod repres5ts liv+ on ,mall[s & asphodel z ! sign ( mod]ation1 cont5tm5t1 & simplicity ( mann]s4 1 ' 1 ' ' 4--,op4 et ,dies1 #da4 ,fools6 n to "k h[ mu* m ! half is ?an ! :ole1 & h[ mu* b5efit !re is 9 mall[s & asphodel4 ,a di% ( ^! vegetables 0 probably ! *eape/ ( all k9ds ( food2 !y grew wild 9 ! mead[ & by ! wayside1 & 7 ga!r$ & dress$ )\t any labor or tr\ble4 ,v>i\s au?ors h[ev] m5tion ! cultivation ( ! ,common ,mall[ 9 g>d5s4 ,see ,virgil1 ,moretum1 #gc4 ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 l4 xix4 c4 #bb & #ca4 ,isidori ,orig4 l4 xvii4 c4 #aj4 ,papi ,vocabul>4 v4 ,malva4 ,geoponica1 xii4 l4 ,palladuis1 iii4 #bd4 xi4 ll4 ,dioscorides 7l4 ii4 c4 ,,iii47 calls x ! ,g>d5 ,mall[4 ,ari/ophanes 7,plutus #edd47 m5tions eat+ ! %oots ( mall[s in/ead ( bread1 int5d+ by ?is to repres5t a vile & de/itute k9d ( liv+4 ,plut>* 7,septem ,sapi5tum ,convivium7 says1 8,! mall[ is good = food1 & ! ,an!ricus is sweet40 ,accord+ to ,le ,cl]c 7,an!ricus7 means ! scapus ( ! asphodel3 if he is "r1 ?is plant 0 eat5 z we n[ eat asp>agus4 ,x is also rem>kable t on ?is supposition ,plut>* m5tions ! same two plants1 :i* are also m5tion$ toge!r by ,hesiod4 ,accord+ to ,!ophra/us 7,hi/4 ,plant4 vii4 #g4 #b47 ! mall[ 0 n eat5 raw1 z 9 a salad1 b requir$ to be cook$4 ,cic]o 7,epi/4 ad ,fam4 vii4 #bf47 m5tions ! highly-season$ vegetables at a d9n] giv5 by 8 fri5d ,l5tulus4 ,hav+ be5 made ill by !m1 he says1 t he1 8:o easily ab/a9$ f oy/]s & lampreys1 _h be5 deceiv$ by beet & mall[s40 ,probably ! leaves ( ! mall[ 7 on ?is occasion boil$1 *opp$1 & season$1 mu* 9 ! same way z sp9a* is n[ prep>$ 9 ,france4 ,mos*us 9 ! foll[+ well-kn[n l9es ref]s to ! common mall[ toge!r ) o!r cul9>y vegetables3 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 4 ,mall[s1 alas6 die d[n1 & p>sley1 & fl\ri%+ f5nel2 ,!n !y spr+ up afre%1 & live next ye> 9 ! g>d54 ,?is is accurately true ( ! common mall[1 ! root ( :i* is p]5nial1 s t ! /ems gr[ up & die d[n aga9 e ye>4 ,accord+ly ,!ophra/us br+s x z an example ( a plant ) annual /ems#aia4 #aia ,hi/4 ,plant4 l4 vii4 c4 #h4 p4 #adb4 ,he9sii4 #bdj4 ,s*neid]4 ,horace 9 two passages signifies 8 p>tiality to mall[s1 call+ !m 8leves10 light to dige/4 ,let olives be my food1 endive1 & mall[s light4 ,od4 l4 i4 #ca4 v4 #af4 ,mall[s1 salubri\s to a frame o'er-fill$4 ,epod4 #b4 #eg4 ,m>tial recomm5ds ?is vegetable on acc\nt ( its laxative effect3 ,ut]e lactucis1 et mollibus ut]e malvis4 7iii4 #dg47 ,exon]at>us v5trem mihi villica malvas ,attulit1 et v>ias1 quas habet hortus1 opes4 7x4 #dh47 ,diphilus ( ,siphnos 7z quot$ by ,a!nu1 l4 ii4 p4 #eh4 ,e4 ,casaub471 aft] enum]at+ ! m$ical virtues ( ! ,common ,mall[1 says1 t 8! wild 0 bett] ?an ! cultivat$ k9d40 ,)\t quot+ o!r classical au?orities1 ! anci5t practice may be illu/rat$ by ! obs]vations ( mod]n travell]s1 :o m5tion t ! ,common ,mall[ is /ill an article ( consumption 9 ! same p>ts ( ! _w4 ,biddulph1 :o visit$ ,syria ab\t ! ye> #afjj1 says1 he 8saw ne> ,aleppo _m poor p ga!r+ mall[s1 & ?ree-leav$ grass1 & ask$ !m :at !y did ) x1 & !y answ]$1 t x 0 all _! food1 & t !y boil$ x1 & did eat x40 7,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels f ! ,libr>y ( ! ,e4 ( ,ox=d1 p4 #hjg47 ,dr4 ,sib?orp /ates1 t ! ,malva ,silve/ris gr[s wild 9 ,cyprus1 & is call$ 4 ,he also says1 8,! wild mall[ is v common ab\t ,a!ns3 ! leaves are boil$ & eat5 z a pot-h]b1 & an +r$i5t 9 ! ,dolma40 7,memoirs relat+ to ,european & ,asiatic ,turkey1 edit$ by ,walpole1 p4 #bde47 ,dr4 ,holl& m5tions bo? ,malva ,silve/ris & ,al?a ,(fic9alis among ! (fic9al plants1 :i* he f\nd 9 ,cephalonia4 7,travels 9 ,greece1 p4 #edc1 #dto474 ,! ,al?a ,(fic9alis1 or ,m>% ,mall[1 is call$ by ! ,greek au?ors 1 by ! ,lat91 ,hibiscus4 ,!ophra/us says1 t x w5t also "u ! "n ( wild mall[#aib4 ,:il/ ! ,common ,mall[1 ?\gh highly e/eem$ = its m$ic9al virtues1 0 pr9cipally reg>d$ z a sub/antial article ( food2 ! ,m>% ,mall[1 on ! contr>y1 seems to h be5 r>ely us$ except z an article ( ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica#aic2 &1 z its peculi> prop]ties 7 likely to be m matur$ 9 ! wild ?an cultivat$ /ate1 x does n appe> to h be5 gr[n 9 g>d5s#aid4 ,!ophra/us describes x by comp>+ x ) ! ,common ,mall[1 & m5tions its application1 bo? int]nally & ext]nally1 z a m$ic9e#aie4 ,dioscorides 7l4 iii4 c4 #aci47 gives simil> details4 ,besides m5tion+ ! prop] "n ( ! plant 9 ,greek & 9 ,lat91 he calls x1 8a k9d ( wild mall[40 ,palladius 7l4 xi4 p4 #ahd4 ,bip47 expla9s 8,hibiscus0 to be ! same z 8,al?a40 ,see also ,pl9y1 l4 xx4 c4 #ad4 ed4 ,bip4 ,virgil alludes to ! use ( x z fodd] = goats1 & z a mat]ial = weav+ baskets#aif4 #aib ,hi/4 ,plant4 l4 ix4 cap4 #ae4 p4 #ahh4 ,he9sii4 #aic ,calpurnius 7,eclog4 iv4 #cb17 m5tions ! 8,hibiscus0 z us$ = food1 b only by p]sons 9 a /ate ( great de/itution4 #aid ,at a lat] p]iod1 h[ev]1 we f9d ! ,al?a ,(fic9alis "u ! "n ( 8,ibis*a ,mis-malva0 9 a catalogue ( ! plants1 :i* ,*>lemagne select$ = cultivation 9 ! g>d5s atta*$ to 8 villas4 ,see ,spr5gel1 ,hi/4 ,rei ,h]b4 i4 #bbj4 #aie ,hi/4 ,plant4 l4 ix4 cap4 #ai4 p4 #aib4 ed4 ,he9sii4 #aif ,eclog4 ii4 #cj4 & x4 #ga4 ,see ,s]vius1 ,heyne1 & ,j4 ,,ii4 ,voss41 ad loc4 ,! ,hemp-leav$ ,mall[1 ,al?a ,cannab9a1 is once m5tion$ by ,dioscorides 7lib4 iii4 c4 #ada474 ,giv+ an acc\nt ( hemp1 he di/+ui%es betwe5 ! cultivat$ & ! wild4 ,he says ( ! wild hemp1 t ! ,romans call$ x ,cannabis ,t]m9alis#aig4 ,aft] m5tion+ ! m$ical prop]ties ( ! plant1 ,dioscorides says1 t its b>k 0 useful = mak+ ropes4 ,! tru? ( ?is obs]vation w be app>5t to e botani/4 ,! plants belong+ to ! natural ord] ,malvace are all rem>kable = ! abundance ( /rong & beautiful fibres 9 _! b>k#aih4 #aig ,mean+ lit]ally ,h$ge-hemp4 #aih ,we h ! foll[+ te/imony respect+ ! actual fabrication ( mall[-clo? 9 mod]n times3 8,n\s avons vu ,madrid1 *ez le savant ph>maci5 ,d4 ,casimir ,ortga1 de ces tissus1 qui n\s ont sembl =t rem>quables4 ,ils tai5t faits avec l'corce des ,al?z (fic9alis et cannab9a1 et avec celle du ,malva sylve/ris40 ,fe1 ,flore de ,virgile1 ,p>is #ahbb1 p4 #ff4 ,b ( ! ,european species !re is none sup]ior 9 ! f95ess1 ! /r5g?1 ! :it5ess1 & lu/re ( its fibres1 to ! ,common ,mall[1 ! ,malva ,silve/ris4 ,we h se5 t ! anci5ts 7 famili>ly acqua9t$ ) ?is plant2 t x 0 commonly cultivat$ 9 _! g>d5s2 & t !y ga!r$ x1 :5 gr[+ wild1 to be tak5 z food or m$ic9e4 ,9 ^! circum/ances !y c\ld sc>cely fail to obs]ve ! aptitude ( its b>k = be+ spun into ?read4 ,m especially 9 places :]e !y _h no o!r native supply ( fibr\s mat]ials2 9 ,attica1 = example1 :i* probably produc$ nei!r hemp nor flax1 x seems 9 ! highe/ degree probable1 t ! fitness ( ! mall[ to supply mat]ials = weav+ w\ld n be ov]look$4 ,9 produc+ ! evid5ce1 :i* e/abli%es ?is z a positive fact1 we %all beg9 ) ! late/ te/imonies & proce$ 9 a rev]se ord] upw>d to ! mo/ anci5t4 ,accord+ to ?is plan1 ! fir/ au?ority is t ( ,papias1 :o wrote 8 ,vocabul>y ab\t ! ye> #ajej4 ,he gives ! foll[+ explanations3 ,malbella ve/is qu ex malv>um /am9e conficitur1 quam alii moloc9am vocant4 ,moloc9a ve/is qu albo /am9e sit3 quam alii malbellam vocant4 ,^! passages cle>ly describe a k9d ( clo? made ( ! :ite fibres ( ! common mall[4 ,malbella1 ! same ) ,malvella1 is a ,lat9 adjective1 9 ! =m ( a dim9utive1 f ,malva3 ,moloc9a1 ! same ) 1 is a ,greek adjective f 1 & signifies made ( mall[4 ,papias1 :o seems 9 compil+ 8 diction>y to h made great use ( ,isidore1 p]haps d]iv$ ^! explanations 9 "p f ! foll[+ passage ( ! latt] au?or3 ,meloc9ia 7ve/is e/71 qu malv>um /am9e conficitur1 quam alii moloc9am1 alii malvellam vocant4 ,isid4 ,hisp4 ,orig4 xix4 #bb4 ,! clo? call$ ,meloc9ea is made ( ! ?read ( mall[s1 & is call$ by "s ,moloc9a1 by o!rs ,malvella4 ,! passages ( ,papias _c be tak5 z a pro(1 t mall[-clo? 0 wov5 9 8 day4 ,b t x 0 9 fa%ion z late z ! age ( ,*>lemagne appe>s f ! foll[+ l9e1 :i* is quot$ by ,du ,cange 7,gloss>4 ,m$4 et ,inf4 ,lat4 v4 ,meloc9eus7 f a poem 9 praise ( t mon>*1 attribut$ to ,alcu93 ,tecta meloc9eo fulgescit fem9a amictu4 ,wrapt 9 a mall[ %awl ! lady %9es4 ,! ^w 8fulgescit0 aptly describes ! lu/re ( ! mat]ial "u consid]ation4 ,f ! ,p]iplus ( ! ,ery?rean ,sea#aii we le>n1 t clo?s made ( mall[1 7 among ! articles ( export f ,india1 be+ br\ght f ,oz5e 7,uga97 & ,tag>a 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry to ! sea-port ( ,b>ygaza 7,b>o*74 ,p4 #adf4 #afi1 #agj1 #aga4 #aii ,p4 #adf4 #afi1 #agj1 #aga4 ,arriani ,op4 ed4 ,blanc>di1 tom4 ii4 ,! g5us ,hibiscus1 ,l9n4 is v abundant 9 ,india4 ,! b>k ( a c]ta9 species ( ?is g5us1 especially ( ,h4 ,tiliaceus & ,h4 ,cannab9us1 is n[ v ext5sively employ$ = mak+ cordage1 & might unque/ionably h be5 us$ = mak+ clo?#bjj4 #bjj ,cavanilles1 ,tab4 #eb1 fig4 #a1 repres5ts ,h4 ,cannab9us1 ! leaf ( :i* is l t ( hemp4 ,tab4 #ee1 fig4 #a1 repres5ts ,h4 ,tiliaceus1 9 ! description ( :i* we read 8cortice 9 funes ductili20 & ,cavanilles says1 ! inhabitants ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s 7,au/ralium insul>um7 use 9 _! %ips & boats ropes made f ! b>k4 ,h4 ,tiliaceus is also repres5t$ 9 ,rhe$e's ,hort4 ,malab>icus 7vol4 i4 fig4 #cj474 ,x gr[s ab\t #ae feet high4 ,dr4 ,walli* 7,cat4 ( ,indian ,woods1 p4 #ah47 m5tions two o!r species z us$ = mak+ cordage f ! b>k4 ,! late ,mr4 ,john ,h>e1 :o liv$ 9 ,india a long "t1 says1 t a co>se k9d ( clo?1 us$ = mak+ sacks1 c41 is n[ wov5 f ,hibiscus b>k4 ,z a fur!r evid5ce1 t ! ,molo*9a m5tion$ 9 ! ,p]iplus 7 made f ! b>k ( ! ,hibiscus1 we may ref] to t admirable specim5 ( ,ea/]n ta/e & +5uity1 ! ,sacontla ( ! great ,indian dramati/ ,calidsa4 ,sev]al passages ( ?is poem make m5tion ( ! ,valcla1 :i* ! ,sanscrit ,lexicons1 !mselves ( great antiquity1 expla9 z mean+ ei!r b>k1 or a ve/ure made f x4 ,we le>n f ,dr4 ,walli*1 a celebrat$ ,indian botani/1 t _m k9ds ( ,hibiscus _h ?is quality 9 an em95t degree1 &1 z _! b>k 0 9 common use = mak+ all k9ds ( cordage1 x might und\bt$ly be employ$ = weav+4 ,! ,sacontla is ( a date z anci5t z ! ,p]iplus4 ,pr(essor ,von ,bohl5 7,das alte ,indi51 vol4 ii4 p4 #dgg47 ass]ts1 t ! au?or ,calidsa c]ta9ly fl\ri%$ z e>ly z ! fir/ c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,sir ,william ,jones makes him old] by sev]al c5turies4 7,works1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bjf47 ,! place also agrees z well z ! "t4 ,! ,hibiscus ,tiliaceus1 accord+ to ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smi?1 is 8"o ( ! mo/ common trees 9 e "p ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ?riv+ 9 all sorts ( situations & soils1 & cultivat$ = ! sake ( its %ade ev5 m ?an ! beauty ( its fl[]s1 9 t[ns & villages & by road-sides4 ,a co>se cordage10 he adds1 8is made ( ! b>k2 ! wood is light & :ite1 useful = small cab9et-"w2 ! mucilage ( ! :ole plant is appli$ to "s m$ical purposes40 ,! ,molo*9a1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,p]iplus1 7 br\ght f ,oz5e & ,tag>a1 & may h come f /ill fur!r ,nor?4 ,! h]mitage1 describ$ 9 ! drama1 0 at ! foot ( ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s1 & ne> ! riv] ,mal9a1 &1 accord+ to ! repres5tations giv5 by ! poet1 ! ,valclas 7translat$ by ,sir ,w4 ,jones 8mantles ( wov5 b>k10 & by ,*zy1 8vtem5s d'corce071 7 worn bo? by ! h]mits & by ! beautiful ,sacontla1 :ile %e 0 _! inmate#bja4 #bja ,translation ( ! ,sacontla1 ,sir ,w4 ,jones's ,works1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #bag4 #bbe4 #bhi4 ,orig9al1 ed4 ,*zy1 ,p>is1 #ahcj1 p4 #g1 l4 #aj42 p4 #i1 l4 #aj2 p4 #bd1 l4 #g42 p4 #aca1 l4 #ad4 ,*zy's translation1 pp4 #aj4 #bg4 #adb4 #adc4 ,see also ,he]51 ,ide51 i4 #b4 p4 #fdh4 8,valclas0 are m5tion$ 9 precisely ! same mann] 9 ! ,ramayana1 "o ( ! mo/ not$ ( ! h]oic poems ( anci5t ,india4 ,!y are repres5t$ z co>se g>m5ts worn by ascetics4 ,if ! explanation n[ giv5 be admitt$ z applicable to ! ,molo*9a ( ! ,p]iplus1 x may ?r[ light ^u "s o!r passages ( anci5t au?ors4 ,ctesias1 9 8 ,indica#bjb1 m5tions 8%eets made f trees40 #bjb ,cap4 #bb4 ,fragm5ta1 ed4 ,bhr4 p4 #bec4 #cbf4 ,/rabo's acc\nt ( ! webs1 :i* he calls ,s]ica1 an acc\nt d]iv$ f ! writ+s ( ,ne>*us1 admiral ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 repres5ts ^? webs z made f fibres1 :i* 7 scrap$ f ! b>k ( trees4 ,?is w\ld apply exactly to ! suppos$ use ( ! ,hibiscus = mak+ clo?4 ,! b>k mu/ h be5 fir/ /ript f ! tree1 & ! fibres !n scrap$ f ! inside ( ! b>k4 ,to ! same s\rce we may1 we ?9k1 trace ! idea ( ,are?as 79 ,apoc4 c4 #eg471 t ! ,byssus1 ,rev4 xix4 #h41 0 8! b>k ( an ,indian tree made into flax40 ,al?\gh ! date ( ! foll[+ inscription1 f\nd at ,rome1 is unc]ta91 x may be conv5i5tly br\ght 9 "h4 ,x is publi%$ by ,muratori1 ,novus ,!saurus ,vet4 ,inscriptionum1 tom4 ii4 p4 #ici4 ,p4 ,,avctivs ,p4 ,l4 ,,lys&]4 ,,ve/i>ivs4 ,,t5vi>ivs4 ,,molo*9>ivs4 ,,vot4 ,,sol4 ,muratori 9 8 ,note says1 t 8,ve/i>ius ,t5ui>ius0 0 ! man :o made ?9 g>m5ts1 & 8,molo*9>ius0 ! man :o made su* g>m5ts ( a mall[ color4 ,! au?ors1 next 9 reg>d to antiquity1 :o make m5tion ( ,molo*9a1 are ! writ]s ( ! ,lat9 ,com$y1 ,/atius ,ccilius1 :o di$ #afi ,b4 ,c41 & ,plautus1 :o di$ #ahd ,b4 ,c4 ,nonius ,m>cellus 7l4 xvi47 quotes ! foll[+ l9e f ! ,pausima*us ( ! =m] dramati/3 ,c>bas9a1 molo*9a1 ampel9a4#bjc #bjc ,see ,c4 ,c4 ,/atii ,fragm5ta1 a ,leonh>do ,sp5gel1 ,mona*ii #ahbi1 p4 #ce4 ,/atius *iefly copi$ ,m5&] 7,gellius1 ii4 c4 #af472 b x is n c]ta9 t ,m5&] wrote any play call$ ,pausima*us4 ,! passage ( ,plautus is 9 ! ,aulul>ia 7,act iii4 ,sc5e v4 l4 #dj471 :]e we h a ludicr\s enum]ation1 ext5d+ ?r\gh m ?an t5 l9es1 ( all ! p]sons conc]n$ 9 ! manufacture or sale ( g>m5ts4 ,sole>ii a/ant1 a/ant molo*9>ii4 ,all ! lexicograph]s & comm5tators expla9 ,molo*9>ius to be "o :o dyes clo? ( ! color ( ! mall[4 ,lan>ius 0 a wooll5-drap]2 ,coactili>ius1 a deal] 9 felts1 a hatt]2 ,l9te>ius a l95-drap]2 & ,s]ic>ius a silk-m]c]4 ,accord+ to ! same analogy1 ,molo*9>ius w\ld mean a deal] 9 ,molo*9a1 i4 e4 9 all k9ds ( clo? made f mall[s4 ,! class ( writ]s1 :i* w n[ be produc$ z af=d+ te/imony respect+ ! use ( ! mall[ = weav+1 are ,greek au?ors1 & :o in/ead ( ! common ,greek t]ms employ ! ,attic t]m & its d]ivatives4 has be5 expla9$ by "s ( ! lexicograph]s to be a k9d ( flax 7,see ,julius ,pollux1 ,l4 vii4 #gd474 ,p]haps by ?is explanation no?+ m 0 int5d$ ?an t x 0 a plant1 ! fibres ( :i* 7 us$ to sp9 & weave into clo?4 ,x is highly probable t x 0 ! ,malva ,silve/ris or ,common ,mall[1 & t x 0 call$ 4 ,accord+ to ! ,attic lexicons ( ,pausanias 7apud ,eu/a?4 l4 c47 & ( ,mris1 0 an ,attic t]m4 ,we n[ f9d traces ( x 9 sev5 ,attic writ]s1 f\r or five ( :om wrote com$y4 ,^! are ,ari/ophanes1 ,crat9us1 ,antiphanes1 ,eupolis1 ,cle>*us1 s*9es1 & ,plato4 ,i4 ,we %all take fir/ ,ari/ophanes1 ^: com$y call$ ,lysi/rata is frequ5tly quot$ by ,pausanias & ,crat9us1 & be+ /ill extant ?r[s consid]able light ^u ! subject4 ,x 0 repres5t$ 9 ! ye> #dab4 ,b4 ,c4 ,lysi/rata says 7l4 #aej71 1 8,& if we %\ld pres5t ourselves nak$ 9 %ifts ( amorgos20 %[+ t ^! %ifts 7 transp>5t4 ,accord+ly ,mris says1 t ! 0 1 8a ?9 web40 ,bisetus 9 8 ,greek comm5t>y on ?is play1 aft] quot+ ! explanations ( ,/ephanus ,byzant9us1 ,suidas1 ,eu/a?ius1 & ! ,etymologicum ,magnum1 judici\sly concludes z foll[s3 8,f all ^! x is manife/1 t 1 :e!r !y took _! "n f a place1 f _! color1 or f ! raw mat]ial1 7 a k9d ( valuable robe1 worn by ! ri*1 fa%ionable1 & luxuri\s wom540 ,a subsequ5t passage ( ! ,lysi/rata 7v4 #gcf-gda7 /ill fur!r illu/rates ?is subject4 ,a woman lam5ts1 t %e has left at home h] )\t be+ peel$ 771 & %e goes to peel x 774 ,! mall[ no less ?an flax & hemp1 w\ld require ! b>k to be /ript (f1 & d\btless ! be/ "t = /ripp+ x is z soon z ! plant is ga!r$4 ,,ii4 ,crat9us di$ ab\t #dbj ,b4 ,c4 ,! foll[+ l9e1 f 8 com$y call$ 1 repres5ts a p]son sp9n+ 4 4 ,crat9a ,fragm5ta1 a ,runkel1 p4 #bi4 ,,iii4 ,julius ,pollux1 speak+ ( g>m5ts made ( 7,l4 vii4 c4 #ac47 quotes ! ,m$ea ( ,antiphanes ?us3 4 ,?is au?or 0 contempor>y ) ,ari/ophanes4 ,,iv4 ,eupolis wrote ab\t ! same "t1 & 8 au?ority may be add$ to ! re/ z prov+ t g>m5ts ( ,amorgos 7 admir$ by luxuri\s p]sons at ,a!ns#bjd4 #bjd ,see ,h>pocration1 p4 #bi4 ed4 ,blanc>di4 #afhc4 #dto4 ,also ,ph]4 et ,eupolidis ,fragm5ta1 a ,runkel1 p4 #aej4 ,v4 ,cle>*us ( ,soli#bje m5tions ! use ( a cov] ( ,amorgos = inclos+ a spl5did purple blanket4 ,?is application ( x is agreeable to ! =ego+ evid5ce1 %[+ t ! amorg9e webs 7 transp>5t4 ,! silky transluc5ce ( ! lace-l web ( mall[ w\ld h a v beautiful effect ov] ! f9e purple ( ! d[ny blanket4 #bje ,ap4 ,a!num1 ,l4 vi4 p4 #bee1 ,casaub4 ,cle>*us probably wrote ab\t #ajj ye>s lat] ?an ! be=e-m5tion$ au?ors1 b ! circum/ances relat$ by him may h occurr$ ab\t ! "t :5 ^? au?ors fl\ri%$1 & ev5 at ,a!ns4 ,,vi4 s*9es 9 an oration aga9/ ,tim>*us1 ! object ( :i* is to hold up to contempt ! extravagancies ( ?is ,a!nian sp5d?rift1 9 8 enum]ation ( !m1 he m5tions 7p4 #aah1 ed4 ,reiskii47 t ,tim>*us took to 8 h\se a 8woman skill$ 9 mak+ clo?s ( ,amorgos40 ,,vii4 ,plato 9 ! #ac? ,epi/le1 address$ to ,dionysius1 tyrant ( ,syracuse1 :i*1 if n g5u9e1 is at lea/ anci5t1 proposes to give to ! ?ree daught]s ( ,cebes ?ree long %ifts1 n ! valuable %ifts made ( ,amorgos1 b ! l95 %ifts ( ,sicily4 ,! m5tion ( amorg9e g>m5ts by ! writ]s1 :o h n[ be5 cit$1 seems to prove1 t ! fa%ion ( mak+ & we>+ !m fir/ came 9 among ! ,greeks at ,a!ns 9 ! "t ( ,ari/ophanes1 :o liv$1 z ! read] w h obs]v$1 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,f !m ! fa%ion may h ext5d$ itself into ,sicily & ,italy1 :i* w acc\nt1 if ,amorg9a 7 ! same ) ,molo*9a1 = ! /rik+ agreem5t 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! writ]s ( ,greek & ( ,lat9 ,com$y4 ,9 subsequ5t ages ! manufacture seems to h decl9$1 probably 9 consequ5ce ( ! abundance ( silk & o!r ri* & beautiful goods import$ f ,asia4 ,b ! m5tion ( ^! /uffs 9 ! writ+s ( ,isidore & ,alcu9 r5d]s x probable1 t !y 7 br\ght aga9 into use 9 ! fif? & foll[+ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,sp>tum1 ,,or ,,spani% ,,broom4 ,,clo? ,,manufactur$ ,,f ,,broom ,,b>k1 ,,nettle1 ,,& ,,bulb\s ,,plant4--,,te/imony ,,( ,,greek ,,& ,,lat9 ,,au?ors4 ,au?ority = ,spani% ,broom--,/ipa ,t5acissima--,clo? made f ,broom-b>k--,albania--,italy--,france--, mode ( prep>+ ! fibre = weav+--,pl9y's acc\nt ( ,sp>tum--,bulb\s plant--,its fibr\s coats--,pl9y's translation ( ,!ophra/us--,socks & g>m5ts--,size ( ! bulb--,its g5us or species n suffici5tly def9$--,rem>ks ( v>i\s mod]n writ]s on ?is plant--,int]e/+ communications ( ,dr4 ,daniel ,/ebb9s1 ( ,nor?ampton1 ,mass4 to ,hon4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ellswor?4 ,pl9y says1 t 89 ! "p ( ,hispania ,cit]ior ab\t ,new ,c>?age :ole m\nta9s 7 cov]$ ) ,sp>tum2 t ! natives made mattresses1 %oes1 & co>se g>m5ts ( x1 also fires & tor*es2 & t its t5d] tops 7 eat5 by animals#bjf40 ,he also says1 t x gr[s spontane\sly :]e no?+ else w gr[1 & t x is 8! ru% ( a dry soil40 #bjf ,l4 xix4 c4 #b4 ,! "q n[ arises1 :at plant ,pl9y int5d$ to describe4 ,clusius1 :o travell$ 9 ,spa9 *iefly ) a view to botany1 suppos$ ,pl9y's 8,sp>tum0 to be ! t\gh grass1 us$ 9 e "p ( ,spa9 = mak+ mats1 baskets1 c41 :i* ,l9nu aft]w>ds call$ ,/ipa ,t5acissima#bjg4 ,x is n surpris+1 t ! op9ion ( s em95t a botani/ z ,clusius has be5 g5]ally adopt$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f> m probable1 t ! plant1 :i* ,pl9y int5d$ to speak (1 0 ! ,sp>tium ,junceum1 ,l9n41 s famili>ly kn[n "u ! "n ( ,spani% ,broom4 #bjg ,clusii ,plant4 ,r>4 ,hi/oria1 ,l4 vi4 p4 #bai4 #bbj4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! "n ,sp>tum %\ld be consid]$ z decisive ( ! "q1 unless "s suffici5t reason c be %[n = ascrib+ to x 9 ?is passage a s5se diff]5t f t :i* x commonly bore4 ,sp>tus or ,sp>tum1 is admitt$ to be us$ by all au?ors1 ,greek & ,lat91 & ev5 by ,pl9y himself 9 ano!r passage#bjh1 to d5ote ! ,spani% ,broom4 ,we le>n f ,sib?orp1 t ! ,spani% ,broom is /ill call$ ,sp>to by ! ,greeks1 & t x gr[s on dry s&y hills ?r\gh\t ! isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago & ! cont95t ( ,greece4 ,sp>to 0 inde$ prop]ly ! ,greek "n ( ?is %rub1 ! ,lat9 "n be+ ,g5i/a1 & ! use ( ! ,greek "n 9 ,hispania ,cit]ior may h be5 ow+ to ! ,grecian settlem5ts on t coa/1 coloniz$ f ,m>seilles4 #bjh ,see ,l4 xi4 #h4 :]e ,pl9y says1 t bees obta9 honey & wax f 8,sp>tum10 & comp>e ?is ) ,ari/otle1 ,hi/4 ,anim4 ,l4 x4 #dj4 ,besides ! passages ( ,lat9 au?ors ref]r$ to by ,s*neid] & ,bill]beck1 & :i* x is unnecess>y to repeat1 ! foll[+ f ,isidore ( ,seville appe>s decisive respect+ ! acceptation ( ! t]m4 8,sp>tus frutex virgosus s9e foliis1 ab asp]itate vocatus2 volum9a enim funium1 qu ex eo fiunt1 asp]a sunt40 ,orig9um ,l4 xvii4 c4 #i4 ,?is is ! def9ition ( a le>n$ & obs]vant au?or1 :o liv$ 9 ,spa91 & :o mu/ h be5 famili> ) ! facts4 8,frutex virgosus s9e foliis0 is a cle> & /rik+ description ( ! ,spani% ,broom1 ! leaves ( :i* are s small z easily to escape obs]vation#bji4 ,! ,/ipa ,t5acissima1 on ! o!r h&1 is n a %rub ) twigs1 b a grass1 :i* gr[s 9 tufts1 ! long leaves be+ z abundant & useful z ! /ems or /raws4 ,clusius himself 7l4 c47 9 lay+ d[n ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,sp>tum ( ! ,greeks1 :i* he suppos$ to be ! ,spani% ,broom1 & ! ,sp>tum ( ,pl9y1 :i* he suppos$ to be ! ,/ipa ,t5acissima1 ass]ts t ! =m] is a %rub 7frutex71 ! latt] a h]b ) grassy leaves 7h]ba gram9acea folia pr(]5s74 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! inhabitants ( ,spa9 9 ! "t ( ,isidore /ill us$ ! t]m ,sp>tus 9 its orig9al acceptation1 viz4 to d5ote ! ,sp>tium ,junceum ( ,l9nu4 #bji ,dioscorides also describes ! ,spani% ,broom to be 8a %rub be>+ long twigs )\t leaves40 ,isidore's etymology1 d$uc+ ,sp>tus f ,asp]1 is manife/ly absurd4 ,:5 ! ,/ipa ,t5acissima 0 br\ght into use = mak+ ropes & = o!r purposes1 = :i* ! ,spani% ,broom 0 employ$1 ! "n ( ! latt] w\ld naturally be ext5d$ to ! =m]1 & we may ?us acc\nt = ! fact t ! ,/ipa ,t5acissima is n[ univ]sally kn[n 9 ,spa9 by ! "n ,esp>to4 ,inde$ x is possible1 t ! employm5t ( ! ,/ipa ,t5acissima = ^! purposes may h be5 z anci5t z ! "t ( ,pl9y2 & 8 use ( ! ^w 8h]ba0 9 describ+ x1 z well z ! locality :i* he assigns to x1 ! hilly c\ntry ab\t ,c>?age1 favors ! common int]pretation1 & p]haps ev5 au?orizes ! conclusion1 t 8 acc\nt is ! result ( conf\nd+ ! two plants toge!r1 s t he says ( "o suppos$ plant ?+s1 :i* 7 p>tly true ( bo?1 & p>tly applicable ei!r to ! ,spani% ,broom1 or to ! ,/ipa ,t5acissima only4 ,b1 ev5 if ?is be admitt$1 x is /ill possible t ! plant1 f ^: fibres ! 8pa/orum ve/is0 0 manufactur$1 0 n ! grassy ,/ipa1 b ! %rub1 ! ,spani% ,broom4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% ?is po9t we n[ proce$ to m5tion ! evid5ce respect+ ! application ( x to su* uses4 ,x has be5 employ$ = mak+ clo? 9 ,turkey1 9 ,italy1 & ! ,s\? ( ,france1 b 9 circum/ances1 :i* 7 ei!r specially favorable to ! manufacture1 or :]e flax c\ld n be cultivat$4 ,x is manufactur$ into %irts 9 ,albania accord+ to ,dr4 ,sib?orp#baj4 ,ne>ly a c5tury ago1 ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 br\ght a colony ( ,albanians to inhabit a b>r5 & desolate portion ( 8 t]ritory on ! sea-coa/4 ,"h !y obta9$ a v f9e1 /rong1 durable ?read f ! ,broom & ! ,nettle1 & us$ x1 :5 wov51 9 place ( l95#baa4 ,trombelli1 :o relates ?is fact1 also gives an acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( broom-b>k 9 ! vic9ity ( ,lucca1 :]e ! hills1 call$ ,monte ,cascia1 are cov]$ ) ?is plant#bab4 8,=m]ly10 he says1 8! p d]iv$ no o!r advantage f ! %rub ?an to fe$ %eep & goats ) x1 & to heat _! /oves & furnaces4 ,b _! +5uity & indu/ry h n[ made x f> m pr(itable4 ,!y /eep ! twigs = "s days 9 ! !rmal wat]s ( ,bagno a ,acqua ne> ,lucca4 ,aft] ?is process ! b>k is easily /ript (f1 & x is !n comb$ & o!rwise treat$ l flax4 ,x becomes f9] ?an hemp c\ld be made2 x is easily dy$ ( any color1 & may be us$ = g>m5ts ( any k9d#bac40 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,pisa we f9d t ! twigs ( ! ,spani% ,broom 7 9 l mann] soak$ 9 ! !rmal wat]s1 & t a co>se clo? 0 manufactur$ f ! b>k#bad4 #baj ,flora ,grca1 ,no4 #fga4 #baa ,trombelli1 ,bononi5sis ,sci5t4 atque ,artium ,in/ituti ,comm5t>ii1 tom4 vi4 p4 #aah4 #bab ,trombelli calls ! plant ,g5i/a1 & says x is ! k9d call$ by botani/s 8,g5i/a juncea flore luteo40 ,?is is ! ,sp>tium ,junceum ( ,l9nu4 ,see ,ray1 ,catal4 ,/irp4 ,europ4 & ,scopoli1 ,flora ,c>niolica1 #aggb1 tom4 i4 ,no4 #hgj4 #bac ,bononi5sis ,sci5ti>um atque ,artium ,in/ituti ,comm5t>ii1 tom4 iv4 ,bonon4 #ageg1 p4 #cdi-cea4 ,a simil> acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( ! 8,teladi ,g9e/ia0 at ,bagno a ,acqua is giv5 by ,mr4 ,john ,/range1 :o says he _h s5t an acc\nt ( x to ! ,society = enc\rag+ ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,comm]ce4 ,lett]a sopra l',orig9e della c>ta naturale di ,cortona1 ,pisa #agfd4 p4 #gi4 #bad ,mm4 de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,p>is #agfc4 ,b ! manufacture has be5 c>ri$ to a f> great] ext5t 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1 ,tom4 #cj4 #dto4 ,an4 #aghg4 p4 #bid41 is a pap] by ,br\ssonet ,sur la culture et les usages conomiques du ,g5t d',espagne4 ,a m9ute & highly curi\s acc\nt is "h giv5 ( ! mode ( prep>+ ! fibres1 :i* is practis$ by ! inhabitants ( all ! villages 9 ! vic9ity ( ,lodve 9 ,bas ,langu$oc4 ,! %rub ab\nds on ! b>r5 hills ( t region1 & all t ! p d to favor its gr[? is to s[ ! se$ 9 ! drie/ places1 :]e sc>ce any o!r plant c vegetate4 ,aft] be+ cut1 ! twigs are dri$ 9 ! sun1 !n beat51 mac]at$ 9 wat]1 & treat$ 9 ! same way z flax or hemp 7,see ,z9cke's process1 ,*apt] ,,xi474 ,! co>s] ?read is us$ to make bags = hold+ ! legumes1 corn1 c42 ! f9] = mak+ %eets1 napk9s1 & %irts4 ,! peasants 9 ?is di/rict use no o!r k9d ( l951 n be+ acqua9t$ ) ! culture ei!r ( flax or hemp4 ,! gr\nd is too dry & unproductive to suit ^! plants4 ,! l95 made ( ! ,spani% ,broom is z supple z t made f hemp2 x might be ev5 z beautiful z real l951 if m pa9s 7 tak5 ) x4 ,x becomes :it]1 ! (t5] x is wa%$4 ,x is r>ely sold1 ea* family mak+ x = its own use4 ,! /alks1 aft] ! r9d has be5 sep>at$ f !m1 are ti$ 9 small bundles1 & sold = light+ fires4 ,let u n[ see h[ f> ,pl9y's acc\nt ( ! ,sp>tum agrees ) ^! repres5tations ( ! mode ( manufactur+ ,broom-b>k4 ,! ,sp>tum1 ( :i* he speaks1 is 8! ru% ( a dry soil10 a description f> m applicable to ! "y twigs ( ! ,spani% ,broom ?an to ! grassy /ems ( ! ,/ipa ,t5acissima1 or inde$ to any o!r plant4 ,8 ,sp>tum 0 us$ = mak+ fires & = giv+ light 7h9c ignes facesque71 purposes = :i* ! ,/ipa ,t5acissima is n at all adapt$1 b to bo? ( :i* ! /ems & twigs ( ! ,spani% ,broom are appli$4 ,! t5d] tops ( ,pl9y's ,sp>tum s]v$ z food = animals4 ,accord+ to ,trombelli %eep & goats fe$ ^u ! ,spani% ,broom 9 ,italy2 b we _c f9d t ?is is ! case ) ! ,/ipa ,t5acissima4 ,pl9y's ,sp>tum1 aft] be+ /eep$ 9 wat]1 0 beat5 9 ord] to be made useful 7,hoc autem tunditur1 ut fiat utile72 & ?is process 0 q necess>y 9 prep>+ ! twigs ( ,spani% ,broom1 :]eas ! ,/ipa ,t5acissima is mo/ commonly manufactur$ )\t go+ ?r\gh any su* process4 ,clusius inde$ /ates 7l4 c47 t by mac]at+ x 9 wat] l flax1 & !n dry+ & beat+ x1 ! ,spani>ds ( ,val5cia make a k9d ( %oes1 :i* !y call ,alp]gates1 also cords1 & o!r f9] articles2 b1 at ! same "t1 he says1 t x is made into mats1 baskets1 ropes1 & cables1 m]ely by be+ dri$1 platt$1 & twi/$1 )\t any o!r op]ation4 ,! same acc\nt is giv5 by ,t[ns5d1 :o visit$ ! c\ntry z late z #aghg1 & :o fur!r /ates1 t 8! esp>to ru%0 _h latt]ly 8be5 spun into f9e ?read = ! purpose ( mak+ clo?#bae40 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ?is _h only be5 done z an exp]im5t1 :]eas ! acc\nts :i* h be5 quot$ %[1 t ! manufacture ( clo? f broom-b>k _h be5 long e/abli%$ 9 ,albania1 ,italy1 & ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,9 ! latt] di/rict m especially1 ! entire dep5d5ce ( ! p on ?is mat]ial z a sub/itute = flax & hemp1 & ! primitive mode 9 :i* ?is dome/ic manufacture 0 c>ri$ on 9 a retir$ & m\nta9\s region1 seem to indicate ! high antiquity ( ! practice4 ,all ! o!r au?ors1 :o m5tion ! use ( ! ,/ipa ,t5acissima1 c]ta9ly give little c\nt5ance to ! idea ( its fitness to supply a ?read = mak+ clo?4 ,mr4 ,c>t]1 adopt+ ! common op9ion t ! ,sp>tum ( ,pl9y is ! ,/ipa ,t5acissima1 obs]ves1 t 8at pres5t ! meane/ ,spani>d w\ld ?9k clo?+ made f ?is grass v r\gh & uncom=table#baf40 ,we %all only quote "o o!r au?ority1 t ( ,lfl+1 ! favorite pupil ( ,l9nu1 :o became botani/ to ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 & ^: ,it] ,hispanicum 7,/ockholm1 #ageh47 relates p>ticul>ly to ! plants ( t c\ntry4 ,he foll[s ,clusius 9 suppos+ ! ,sp>tum ( ,pl9y to be ! ,/ipa ,t5acissima ( ,l9nu4 ,he m5tions1 t its /em is two or ?ree feet high1 ) leaves s long1 ?91 t\gh1 & convolut$1 t !y are admirably adapt$ = ! purposes to :i* !y are appli$4 ,he adds1 8,hispanis nom9atur ,esp>to4 ,usus hujus frequ5tissimus p] univ]sam ,hispaniam ad /oreas ob pavim5ta lat]itia p] hyemem3 ad funes crassiores pro navibus ad que corbes et alia ut5silia pro transport&is fructibus40 7p4 #aai47 #bae ,j\rney ?r\gh ,spa91 vol4 iii4 p4 #abi1 #acj4 #baf ,c>t]'s ,j\rney1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dad1 #dae4 ,pl9y's rem>k1 t ! ,sp>tum1 ( :i* he speaks1 c\ld n be s[n 7qu non queat s]i71 is n true ( ! ,spani% ,broom2 b ?is is ( little importance 9 ! pres5t inquiry1 because x is c\pl$ ) ! rem>k1 t no?+ else c\ld be s[n 9 ! same situation 7nec aliud ibi s]i aut nasci pote/72 a rem>k1 :i* is totally unf\nd$ 9 fact4 ,! ,spani% ,broom w\ld unque/ionably be propagat$ by its se$1 :i* is v abundant4 ,f ^! facts1 ! read] w h no difficulty 9 =m+ 8 decision4 ,not)/&+ ! respect due to ! au?ority ( ,clusius1 into :i* t ( all ! subsequ5t writ]s seems to resolve itself1 x appe>s to u t ! evid5ce prepond]ates aga9/ ! use ( ,/ipa ,t5acissima = mak+ clo? 9 anci5t times1 & po9ts to ! conclusion1 t ! co>se g>m5ts1 to :i* ,pl9y alludes1 7 fabricat$ f ! fibr\s r9d ( ,sp>tium ,junceum4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ facts 9 ! geography ( plants is ! frequ5t sub/itution 9 "o c\ntry1 ( a plant ( a c]ta9 natural ord] = ano!r ( ! same natural ord] 9 ano!r c\ntry4 ,! ,indians h a plant1 be>+ a v close & /rik+ resemblance to ! ,sp>tium ,junceum1 :i* !y employ j z ! natives ( ,bas ,langu$oc employ t plant4 ,we ref] to ! ,crotal>ia ,juncea1 call$ by ! natives ,goni1 ,danapu1 or ,%anapu1 & by u ! ,sun-plant1 or ,indian ,hemp4 ,f ! b>k are made all k9ds ( ropes1 pack+-clo?s1 sacks1 nets1 c4 ,9 ord] to improve ! fibre1 ! plants are s[n z close z possible & ?us draw up to ! height ( ab\t t5 feet4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,francis ,bu*anan1 ! plant ?rives be/ on a poor s&y soil1 & requires to be abundantly wat]$4 ,aft] be+ cut d[n x is spread out to ! sun & dri$4 ,! se$ is beat5 out by /rik+ ! pods ) a /ick4 ,aft] ?is ! /ems are ti$ up 9 l>ge bundles1 ab\t twelve feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & are pres]v$ 9 /acks or "u %$s4 ,:5 want$1 ! /ems are mac]at$ dur+ six or eight days4 ,!y are kn[n to be ready1 :5 ! b>k sep>ates easily f ! pi?4 8,! plant is !n tak5 out ( ! wat]1 & a man1 tak+ x up by h&fuls1 beats !m on ! gr\nd1 & occasionally wa%es !m until !y be clean2 & at ! same "t picks out ) 8 h& ! rema9d] ( ! pi?1 until no?+ except ! b>k be left4 ,?is is !n dri$1 & be+ tak5 up by h&fuls1 is beat5 ) a /ick to sep>ate & clean ! fibres4 ,! hemp is !n completely ready1 & is spun into ?read on a sp9dle1 bo? by ! m5 & wom54 ,! m5 alone weave x1 & p]=m ?is labor 9 ! op5 air ) a v rude loom40 ,! fabric made f x is a co>se1 b v /rong sack-clo?4 8,! fibres1 :5 prep>$10 says ,ironside1 8are s simil> to hemp1 t ,europeans g5]ally suppose !m to be ! produce ( ! same plant#bag40 #bag ,acc\nt ( ! culture & uses ( ! ,son-or ,sun-plant ( ,h9do/an by ,ironside1 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 lxiv43 ,dr4 ,f4 ,bu*anan's ,j\rney1 vol4 i4 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bia42 vol4 ii4 #bbg1 #bce43 ,wissett on ,hemp1 passim43 ,roxburgh's ,flora ,indica1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bei-bfc4 ,! g5us ,lup9us 7! ,lup971 belong+ to ! same natural ord] z ,sp>tium & ,crotal>ia1 might probably af=d mat]ials ( ! same k9d4 ,mr4 ,/range 7,lett]a1 c4 p4 #gj47 m5tions ! filam5t\s sub/ance ( ! ,lup9 z adapt$ = mak+ pap]4 ,!ophra/us#bah 7,hi/4 ,pl4 viii4 #ac47 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a bulb\s plant1 call$ by him 1 ! root ( :i* suppli$ mat]ials = weav+3--8,x gr[s 9 bays1 & has ! wool "u ! fir/ coats ( ! bulb s z to be betwe5 ! inn] eatable "p & ! out]4 ,socks & o!r g>m5ts are wov5 f x4 ,h5ce ?is k9d is woolly1 & n hairy1 l t 9 ,india40 #bah 8,!ophra/us relates1 t !re is a k9d ( bulb gr[+ ab\t ! banks ( riv]s1 & t betwe5 its out] r9d & ! "p ( x :i* is eat5 !re is a woolly sub/ance1 out ( :i* !y make c]ta9 k9ds ( socks & clo?s4 ,b 9 ! copies :i* ,i h f\nd1 he nei!r m5tions 9 :at c\ntry ?is is done1 nor any?+ else ) great] exactness1 except t ! bulb is call$ eriophoros2 nor does he make any m5tion at all ( sp>tum1 al?\gh he exam9$ ! :ole subject ) great c>e #cij ye>s be=e my "t1 z ,i h obs]v$ 9 ano!r place 7,viz41 lib4 xv4 #a471 f :i* circum/ance x appe>s1 t sp>tum came into use s9ce t "t40 ,x is difficult to det]m9e :at plant is meant1 ?\gh ! description seems accurate & sci5tific4 ,bill]beck absurdly supposes x to be cotton-grass#bai4 ,by =m] botani/s1 m5 ( great em95ce1 x 0 suppos$ to be ,scilla ,hyac9?oides4 ,spr5gel objects1 t ?is species does n gr[ 9 ,greece#bbj4 ,sir ,james ,smi? h[ev] 7article ,,scilla 9 ,rees's ,cyclop47 repres5ts x z gr[+ 9 ,madeira1 ,portugal1 & ! ,levant4 ,if ?is acc\nt be true1 ,!ophra/us may h be5 acqua9t$ ) x4 ,9 ano!r article1 ,eriophorus1 ,sir ,j4 ,smi? d\bts :e!r ei!r ,scilla ,hyac9?oides or any o!r bulb produces wool ( su* quality & 9 su* quantity z to answ] ! description ( ,!ophra/us4 ,b1 we le>n f o!r well-in=m$ botani/s1 t v>i\s bulbs h "u ! out]mo/ coats a copi\s tissue ( t\gh fibres1 fully suffici5t to be employ$ 9 weav+4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! g5]a ,am>yllis1 ,cr9um1 & ,pancratium1 z well z ,scilla4 ,! fibr\s coats s]ve z a protection to ! int]ior & m vital p>ts ( ! bulb4 #bai ,flora ,classica1 p4 #bj4 #bbj ,g]man translation ( ,!ophra/us1 ,notes1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhc4 ,h(fmansegg & ,l9k1 :o travell$ 9 ,portugal1 9 ! description ( ,scilla ,hyac9?oides1 say1 8,bulbus tom5to viscoso tectus#bba40 #bba ,annals ( ,botany1 by ,knig & ,sims1 ,lond4 #ahje1 vol4 i4 #aja4 ,sonn9i says ( ! ,scilla ,m>itima1 8,! ,greeks ( ! ,ar*ipelago call x ,k\rv>a-skilla1 k\rv>a signify+ prop]ly a #8tuft ( ?read' 7peloton de fil#bbb740 ,does ?is ref] to ! fibres m5tion$ by ,!ophra/us8 ,! size ( ?is bulb1 :i* is ! common squill1 us$ 9 ph>macy1 seems to favor ?is supposition4 ,x is (t5 z l>ge z a man's head#bbc4 ,h(fmansegg & ,l9k#bbd say x gr[s abundantly on b>r5 hills 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal2 b add1 8,! "n m>itima is n q prop]3 = ! plant is seldom met ) ne> ! sea-%ore1 & sometimes v remote f x40 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ h be5 s call$1 because x 0 report$ by o!rs to gr[ on ! sea-%ore2 & ,sir ,james ,smi? 79 ,rees's ,cyclop$ia7 expressly /ates1 t x gr[s on 8s&y %ores40 ,r$\t says ! same4 #bbb ,voyage en ,grce1 tom4 i4 *4 #ad4 p4 #bie4 #bbc 8,bulbus ovatus1 tunicatus1 crassitie f] capitis humani40 ,desfonta9es' ,flora ,atlantica1 tom4 i4 p4 #big4 #bbd ,an4 ( ,bot4 vol4 i4 p4 #aja4 ,f ! acc\nt ( ,pancratium by ,sir ,james ,edw>d ,smi? 79 ,rees's ,cyclop471 we le>n t two species gr[ 9 ,greece1 viz4 ,p4 ,m>itimum & ,illyricum4 ,! rem>ks n[ (f]$ appe> to prove1 t !re c]ta9ly may h be5 a bulb1 su* z ,!ophra/us describes1 ?\gh we h n suffici5t in=mation to decide its g5us & species4 ,x may h be5 ! ,scilla ,m>itima4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t he ref]s also to an ,indian bulb1 hav+ simil> prop]ties4 ,p]haps he allud$ to "s plant ( a k9d simil> to ,agave ,vivip>a1 ! leaves ( :i* are ext5sively us$ 9 ,india = mak+ cordage#bbe4 #bbe ,dr4 ,f4 ,bu*anan's ,j\rney 9 ,mysore1 c4 i4 p4 #cf4 ,we _c bett] conclude ?is "p ( ! subject1 ?an by giv+ ! foll[+ int]e/+ communication ( ,dr4 ,daniel ,/ebb9s1 ( ,nor?ampton1 ,mass41 to ! ,hon4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ellswor?1 a g5tleman :o has1 9 our op9ion1 r5d]$ mo/ valuable s]vices1 n only to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b to ! _w at l>ge1 s9ce 8 appo9tm5t to ! (fice ( ,commission] ( ,pat5ts4 ,nor?ampton1 ,hamp%ire ,c\nty1 ,mass4 8,de> ,sir3 ,! favorable notice ( silk culture 9 docum5t ,no4 #aji1 f ! ,pat5t ,(fice report ( ,febru>y1 #ahdc1 is my apology = pres5t+ ! enclos$ samples ( pap]1 made ( mulb]ry foliage & b>k4 ,un=tunately1 ! ext]nal cuticle ( ! b>k _h n be5 remov$2 produc+ ! spots1 b does n injure ! pap] = ! use int5d$1 :i* 0 = ! purpose ( deposit+ silk-worms' eggs ^u some?+ d>k2 & ?is be+ unblea*$1 is consid]$ adapt$ to ! habits ( ! silk-worm1 & is n[ 9 successful exp]im5t4 8,! f\r samples are all ( "o bat*2 ! d>ke/1 hav+ m ( ! outside cuticle1 0 mo/ buoyant1 rose to ! top & came (f fir/4 8,a quantity ( g5u9e ,canton foliage1 :i* reta9s its v]dure 9 great] p]fection & lat] ?an any o!r mulb]ry1 is ga!r$1 dri$1 & s5t to ! mill = mak+ pap]1 blea*$1 )\t spots1 fit = cotton pap]1 z hop$2 &1 if successful1 ,i %all take pleasure 9 s5d+ y a sample1 to be pres]v$ ) ! enclos$4 8,i began1 "s t5 or twelve ye>s s9ce1 to br+ silk culture into notice among ! memb]s ( ! ,hamp%ire ,agricultural ,society1 believ+ t if we tri$ ! "r k9d ( trees1 7su* z us$ 9 ,*9a17 we c\ld raise silk1 yet c\ld n af=d to pay #a p] tree1 z !n ask$ = multicaulis2 n reflect+ h[ easily !y c\ld be propagat$ by cutt+s & lay]s4 ,"u ?is view ( ! subject1 ,i wrote to ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,c4 ,bridgman1 mission>y at ,canton1 ,*9a1 a native ( ,hamp%ire c\nty1 ) ! reque/ t he w\ld procure & =w>d me "s mulb]ry se$ ( ! mo/ approv$ k9d = gr[+ 9 ,*9a1 = ! use ( memb]s ( ! agricultural society4 ,he promptly att5d$ to ! reque/2 ! se$ 0 =w>d$ & s[n 9 ! spr+ ( #ahcd or #ahce4 ,x grew f9ely1 & develop$ a spl5did leaf4 8,ab\t two ye>s s9ce1 :ile ,dr4 ,p>k]1 ) a ,*9aman1 0 "h on a visit1 on be+ %[n ! ,canton foliage1 x 0 readily recogniz$4 ,z ! trees _h gr[n "h v luxuriantly1 & develop$ a l>g] leaf ?an 9 ,*9a1 ,dr4 ,p>k] sugge/$ t our soil might be m cong5ial to ! plant ?an ev5 ,*9a1 its native soil4 8,soon aft] receiv+ ! se$ f ,canton1 a fri5d s5t me ano!r p>cel f ! ,s\? ( ,asia1 ) high comm5dations1 t if x w\ld gr[ "h1 x w\ld be ( ess5tial b5efit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = rais+ silk4 ,x succe$$ well1 & is m h>dy ?an ! :ite mulb]ry1 v productive 9 small bran*es1 & a good-siz$ leaf4 ,i nam$ ! latt] ,asiatic ,canton4 ,^! two k9ds are highly approv$ ( = fe$+ silk-worms--! ,canton = leaf-fe$+1 & ! ,asiatic = bran* fe$+4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 almo/ e v>iety :i* 0 cultivat$ dur+ ! mulb]ry speculation--cov]+1 altoge!r1 "s t5 or twelve acres1 besides a l>ge numb] ( "y ,canton & ,asiatic se$l+s1 ( ?is ye>'s s[+1 f se$ ( my own rais+1 to enl>ge ! plantations4 8,a few days s9ce1 ! ,rev4 ,william ,ri*>ds1 ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 ) ! "y pr9ce1 call$ on me4 ,at a =m] visit1 ,i _h suppli$ him ) ,canton mulb]ry-se$1 silk-worms' eggs1 & dry mulb]ry foliage to use 9 case ! eggs %\ld hat* on ! passage2 b ?is !y did n d until 8 arrival home4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 o!r eggs _h be5 receiv$ !re f ,*9a2 b ! cocoons rais$ f !m 7 n "o qu>t] z l>ge z ! ,am]ican1 & mu/ h requir$ "s #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj to make a p\nd ( silk1 :ile 9 ,am]ica #b1djj to #c1jjj w\ld make a p\nd4 8,mr4 ,titcomb1 also a silk-gr[] 9 "o ( ! isl&s1 hav+ ! ,am]ican & ,*9ese1 cross$ !m3 b ! cross+ produc$ cocoons s small z to require f #e1jjj to #f1jjj to make a p\nd ( silk1 :ile n ov] #c1jjj ( ! ,am]ican w\ld be requir$ to d ! same ?+7674 8,mr4 ,ri*>ds 0 %[n sev]al pamphlets1 newspap]s1 cap & writ+ pap]1 suppos$ to h be5 made ( mulb]ry b>k4 ,he said rags 7 n us$ 9 ,india#bbf1 ,*9a1 or ! isl&s1 = mak+ pap]1 b !y always make x ( "s vegetable leaf2 t ! b>k 0 too valuable = t1 & 0 us$ to make fabrics4 7,see ,*apt]s ,,xi4 & ,,xii4 ( ?is ,"p4 ,also ,app5dix ,a47 8,we1 z ,am]icans1 h ! appropriate soil & climate = ! ,canton & ,asiatic mulb]ry1 ) ! pea-nut v>iety ( worms1 :i*1 be+ manag$ ) due c>e & att5tion1 toge!r ) ! skill1 +5uity1 & p]sev]ance ( ,am]icans--&1 9 addition1 & c\ld we h ! aid ( our c\ntry to enc\rage new beg9n]s--we might hope to compete ) any nation 9 ! production ( silk1 _! *eap labor & *eap liv+ to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce t worms f$ exclusively on ! ,canton mulb]ry h be5 l>g]1 & produc$ heavi] cocoons1 by "o-?ird 9 size ( worms & weight ( cocoons1 ?an by o!r fe$4 ,i h suppli$ an ord] ( ! peanut v>iety ( eggs1 to g to ,guatemala2 & ,canton se$1 ( my own rais+1 to g to ,rio2 & n[ h an ord] = a numb] ( ! g5u9e ,canton mulb]ry trees1 roots1 or cutt+s1 to g to ,lima1 :]e ! applicant w5t on bus9ess1 a few ye>s s9ce1 tak+ ) him a few multicaules1 at #b ea*--n[ multipli$ to #ej1jjj2 :o1 )\t any practical k ( rais+ trees1 reel+ & manufactur+ silk1 or hav+ se5 a silk-worm or reel until he introduc$ !m 9 #ahdc1 has n[ pres5t$ me ) beautiful samples ( floss cocoons1 reel$ & sew+ silk1 done by ladies z a div]sion1 )\t any assi/ance1 & v little in/ruction f him4 ,! silk is ( good quality4 ,samples _h be5 s5t by a m]cantile h\se 9 ,lima to ,engl&1 = an op9ion ( ! quality2 b no return _h be5 receiv$ :5 he came away4 ,he has come to ?is place ) a native ,spani>d1 to obta9 m p]fect in=mation 9 all ! bran*es ( reel+1 twi/+1 color+7671 c42 to procure ma*9]y1 ) a view ( enl>g+ op]ations1 s t he might turn (f tw5ty-five p\nds p] day ( sew+s1 cords1 braids1 c4 ,he repres5ts ! climate & soil z adapt$ to ! culture ( silk1 & c\ld fe$ e mon? 9 ! ye>2 t ! necess>ies ( liv+ are procur$ ) b little labor2 t ! labor+ population are indol5t1 ! weal?y classes too pr\d to labor4 ,he feels confid5t ( success1 & t he c introduce habits ( indu/ry by silk culture1 t w\ld c\nt]act _! natural indol5ce2 & he w in=m me ( 8 success 9 due "t1 t may be m int]e/+ ?an speculations ^u :at he int5ds do+4 ,he has engag$ sev]al to p]fect !mselves 9 reel+1 c41 to accompany him :5 he returns to ,lima ) 8 ma*9]y4 ,he has become s satisfi$ ) ! sup]iority ( ! g5u9e ,canton mulb]ry1 t he has engag$ to take x on ) him = propagation & use4 8,i h lett]s f widely diff]5t locations1 r5d]+ favorable acc\nts ( ?is ye>'s success 9 gr[+ silk1 & 9 corroboration ( ! preval5t op9ion t ! silk cause w f9ally prevail4 ,i h sev]al lett]s on ?is subject--"o f a g5tleman presid+ ov] "o ( our mo/ em95t lit]>y in/itutions1 "u date ( ,june1 #ahdd4 ,disc\rs+ ab\t ! culture ( silk1 he writes z foll[s3 8#8,if ?is e>ne/ wak+ up to a sci5tific & practical consid]ation ( ! subject be n soon cr[n$ ) signal success1 x w n be = want ( ent]prize or skill 9 our c\ntrym51 b m]ely f ! high price ( labor "h1 comp>$ ) ! scanty wages giv5 9 o!r silk-gr[+ c\ntries4 ,ev5 ?is consid]ation1 ?\gh x may ret>d = a :ile ! complete success ( ?is dep>tm5t ( productive indu/ry1 w n prev5t its ultimate triumph4' 8,ano!r g5tleman1 "u date ( ,augu/1 #ahdd1 writes f ! f> ,we/1 #8t ! soil & climate ( ! ,we/]n & ,s\?-we/]n ,/ates are admirably suit$ to ! gr[? ( ! mulb]ry & rais+ silk-worms1' & t #8ev5tually ! two great /aples ( ! ,we/]n & ,s\?-we/]n ,/ates w be silk & wool4' ,x is ! op9ion ( compet5t skilful silk manufactur]s1 :o h made critical exp]im5ts ^u ! ,pongee-silk 7s call$7 ( =eign make1 by te/s :i* !y consid] satisfactory & decisive1 t x is only a vegetable production1 & t ! mat]ial 0 nev] op]at$ ^u by ! silk-worm7874 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt ab\t ! ultimate success ( silk-culture 9 "s future ye>s2 b to accel]ate t desirable ev5t1 :i* may con/itute an important ,am]ican /aple = rev5ue 7:i* might n only enri* ! ,gov]nm5t1 b rew>d ! labor ( p]sonal ent]prize71 a b\nty is deem$ necess>y to /imulate & enc\rage t portion ( ! agricultural population ^: circum/ances or heal? disqualifies !m = ! m labori\s ex]cises ( ! fields1 to comm5ce op]ations ^u a new & untri$ crop4 ,our ext5sive imports ( raw & manufactur$ silks are enc\rag$ by u z consum]s1 in/ead ( be+ produc]s4 ,we n[ contribute to support =eign ent]prize & indu/ry1 to produce ! article ( silk1 :i* we might1 ) prop] enc\ragem5t1 raise ourselves1 n only = our own consumption1 b = exportation40 ,v respectfully1 y\rs1 c4 ,daniel ,/ebb9s4 ,h5ry ,l4 ,ellswor?1 ,esq41 ,commission] ( ,pat5ts4 #bbf ,abdollatiph :o visit$ ,egypt ,a4 ,d4 #abjj1 in=ms u 7,*apt] iv4 p4 #ahh ( ,silve/re de ,sacy's ,fr5* translation1 p4 #bba ( ,wahl's ,g]man translation471 8t ! clo?1 rags1 c4 f\nd 9 ! catacombs1 & us$ to envelope ! mummies1 0 made into g>m5ts1 or sold to ! scribes to make pap] = %op-keep]s40 ,?is clo? is prov$ to be l95 7,see ,"p ,,iv4 p4 #cfe71 & ! passage ( ,abdollatiph may be consid]$ z decisive pro(1 :i* h[ev] has nev] be5 produc$ z su*1 ( ! manufacture ( l95 pap] z e>ly z ! ye> #abjj4 ,pr(essor ,ty*s5 9 8 le>n$ & curi\s diss]tation on ! use ( pap] f ,papyrus 7publi%$ 9 ! ,comm5tationes ,reg4 ,soc4 ,gott+5sis ,rec5tiores1 vol4 iv4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahbj71 has br\ght abundant te/imonies to prove t ,egypt suppli$ all ,europe ) ?is k9d ( pap] until t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! use ( x 0 !n ab&on$1 cotton pap] be+ employ$ in/ead4 ,! ,arabs 9 consequ5ce ( _! conque/s 9 ,bu*>ia1 _h le>nt ! art ( mak+ cotton pap] ab\t ! ye> #gjd1 & ?r\gh !m or ! ,s>ac5s x 0 introduc$ into ,europe 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,ano!r fact %\ld n be lo/ sight (1 namely1 8t mo/ ( ! old ,,mss4 9 ,arabic & o!r ori5tal languages are writt5 on ?is sort ( pap]10 & t x 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,s>ac5s ( ,spa94 7,= fur!r pro(1 see ,app5dix ,a4 ,also ,"p ,,iv4 already ref]r$ to47 ,! am\nt ( silk import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates annually1 ne>ly equals t ( l95 & wooll5 toge!r1 & is equal to "o half ( all o!r fabrics comb9$4 ,is x n !n1 an important consid]ation1 t ?is exp5diture be sav$ to ! nation8 ,,"p ,,second4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,%eep4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,%eep',s ,,wool4 ,,%eep-,,bre$+ ,,& ,,pa/oral ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts--,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,scriptures1 ,,etc4 ,! ,%eph]d ,boy--,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,scy?ia & ,p]sia--,mesopotamia & ,syria--,9 ,iduma & ,nor!rn ,arabia--,9 ,pale/9e & ,egypt--,9 ,e?iopia & ,libya--,9 ,caucasus & ,coraxi--,! ,coraxi id5tifi$ ) ! mod]n ,c>at%ai--,9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,pisidia1 ,pamphylia1 ,samos1 c4--,9 ,c>ia & ,ionia--,milesian wool--,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,?race1 ,magnesia1 ,!ssaly1 ,euba1 & ,botia--,9 ,phocis1 ,attica1 & ,meg>is--,9 ,arcadia--,wor%ip ( ,pan--,pan ! god ( ! ,arcadian ,%eph]ds--,introduction ( 8 wor%ip into ,attica--,ext5sion ( ! wor%ip ( ,pan--,8 dances ) ! nymphs--,pan n ! ,egyptian ,m5des1 b id5tical ) ,faunus--,! philosophical explanation ( ,pan reject$--,moral1 social1 & political /ate ( ! ,arcadians--,polybius on ! cultivation ( music by ! ,arcadians--,wor%ip ( ,m]cury 9 connection ) %eep-bre$+ & ! wool trade--,pres5t /ate ( ,arcadia--,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,mac$onia & ,epirus--,%eph]ds' dogs--,annual migration ( ,albanian %eph]ds4 ,,! ,,%eph]d ,,boy4 ,! ra9 0 patt]+ o'er ! l[ ?at*'d %$ ,t gave u %elt]4 ,!re 0 a %eph]d boy1 ,/ret*+ 8 lazy limbs on ! r\gh /raw1 ,9 vacant happ9ess4 ,a tatt]'d sack ,cov]'d 8 /urdy lo9s1 :ile 8 rude legs ,7 deck'd ) unc\? pat*es ( all hues1 ,iris & jet1 ?r\gh :i* 8 sun-burnt sk9 ,peep'd =? 9 da9ty contra/4 ,he 0 a glory ,= pa9t]'s eye2 & 8 qua9t drap]ies ,w\ld h>monize ) "s fair sylvan sc5e1 ,:]e ar*+ groves1 & fl[]-embroid]'d banks1 ,v]dant ) ?ymy grass1 tempt$ ! %eep ,to scramble up _! height1 :ile he1 recl9'd ,^u ! pill[+ moss1 lay li/lessly ,?r\gh ! long summ]'s day4 ,n su* z he1 ,9 pla9s ( ,!ssaly1 z poets feign1 ,w5t pip+ =? at ! fir/ gleam ( morn1 ,& 9 _! b[]+ ?ickets dreamt ( joy1 ,& innoc5ce1 & love4 ,let ! true lay ,speak ?us ( ! poor h9d3--,8 indol5t gaze ,reck'd n ( natural beauties2 8 delights ,7 gross & s5sual3 n ! glori\s sun1 ,ris+ above 8 hills1 & light+ up ,8 woods & pa/ures ) a joy\s beam1 ,to him 0 gr&eur2 n ! repos+ s\nd ,( t9kl+ flocks cropp+ ! t5d] %oots1 ,to him 0 music2 n ! blossomy breeze ,t slumb]s 9 ! honey-dropp+ bean-fl[]1 ,to him 0 fragrance3 he w5t plodd+ on ,8 long-accu/om$ pa?2 & :5 8 c>es ,( daily duties 7 o'erpass'd1 he ate1 ,& laugh'd1 & slept1 ) a mo/ dr[sy m9d4 ,dwell] 9 cities1 scorn'/ ?\ ! %eph]d boy1 ,:o nev] look'd )9 to f9d ! eye ,= ,nature's glories8 ,"k1 8 slumb]+ _s ,/ruggl$ to pi]ce ! fogs & deep5+ mi/s ,( ru/ic ignorance2 b he 0 b\nd ,) a h>% gall+ *a91 & s he w5t ,grovell+ along 8 dim in/9ctive way4 ,yet ?\ had/ o!r hopes & o!r ?\ghts1 ,b ! _w spoil'd !e3 !n ! mutable cl\ds1 ,& dom+ skies1 & glory-%$d+ sun1 ,& tranquil />s t hung above ?y head ,l angels gaz+ on ?y cr[d$ pa?1 ,to !e 7 wor?less1 & ?y s\l =sook ,! love ( beaute\s fields1 & ! ble/ lore ,t man may read 9 ,nature's book ( tru?4 ,despise n1 !n1 ! lazy %eph]d boy3 ,= 8 acc\nt & ?9e %all be made up1 ,& evil *]i%'d & occasion lo/ ,may ca/ _! load ^u !e1 :ile 8 _s ,may bud & bloom 9 a m sunny sph]e4 ,! inquiry into ! orig9 & propagation ( %eep1 no less ?an ( ! silk-worm1 may be ju/ly reg>d$ z a subject ( ! deepe/ int]e/4 ,= ! managem5t & use ( ^! animals has1 f ! e>lie/ dawn ( human hi/ory1 =m$ a /rik+ feature 9 ! condition ( man4 ,( ! mat]ials employ$ by ! anci5ts = mak+ clo?1 by f> ! mo/ important 0 ! wool ( %eep4 ,we are able to trace ) great probability ! process ( %eep-bre$+ & ( ! use ( wool = weav+4 ,among ! bones ( quadrup$s1 f\nd 9 anci5t caves ?r\gh\t ,europe1 we _c f9d on consult+ ! works ( ,cuvi]1 ,buckl&1 & ,de la ,be*e1 t rema9s ( %eep h ev] be5 discov]$4 ,?is fact af=ds "s reason = presum+1 t ! %eep is n a native ( ,europe1 b has be5 introduc$ !re by man4 ,x appe>s to h be5 a g5]al op9ion among ,zoologi/s1 t ! ,argali1 or ,ovis ,ammon ( ,l9nu1 :i* inhabits 9 va/ numb]s ! elevat$ regions ( ,c5tral ,asia1 is ! primitive /ock ( ! :ole race ( dome/icat$ %eep4 ,agreeably to ?is supposition we f9d1 t f ! e>lie/ times ! inhabitants ( ,t>t>y1 ,p]sia1 ,mesopotamia1 ,syria1 ,pale/9e1 & ! ,nor? ( ,arabia1 h be5 addict$ to pa/oral employm5ts4 ,! tribes ( w&]+ %eph]ds1 :i* frequ5t ^? c\ntries1 are desc5d$ f prog5itors1 :o l$ ! same life ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 & ^: mann]s & habits are pres]v$ to ! pres5t day ) sc>cely ! slighte/ *ange4 ,z might be expect$1 we h little precise in=mation respect+ ! ,scy?ians1 :o inhabit$ ! elevat$ pla9s ( inn] ,asia4 ,"s ( _! hordes are di/+ui%$ by ,h]odotus1 ,/rabo1 & o!rs1 "u ! "n ( ,nomadic or pa/oral ,scy?ians2 & t ?is d5om9ation 0 und]/ood to imply1 t !y t5d$ %eep z well z l>g] cattle may be inf]r$ f :at ,h]odotus says ( _! use ( felt 7,see ,app5dix ,b474 ,/rabo1 moreov]1 says ( a p>ticul> tribe ( ! ,massaget1 t !y _h 8few %eep10 :i* implies t ! re/ 7 ri* 9 flocks2 & ( ano!r tribe he says1 8,!y d n till ! gr\nd1 b d]ive _! su/5ance f %eep & fi%1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,nomadic ,scy?ians#bbg40 ,b a mu* m di/9ct acc\nt ( ! mann]s ( ?is p is giv5 u by ,ju/91 :o says1 t !y 7 accu/om$ to w&] ?r\gh uncultivat$ solitudes1 always employ$ 9 t5d+ h]ds & flocks 7arm5ta et pecora74 ,he1 h[ev]1 adds1 t !y 7 /rang]s to ! use ( wooll5 g>m5ts1 be+ clo!d 9 sk9s & furs#bbh4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t !y 7 too rude & ignorant to h acquir$ ! arts ( sp9n+ & weav+4 #bbg ,/rabo1 l4 xi4 cap4 #h4 p4 #dhf4 ed4 ,sieb5kees4 #bbh ,ju/91 l4 ii4 cap4 #b4 ,if we may tru/ to ! au?ority ( ,/rabo1 ! ,m$es did n t5d %eep2 = he says ( !m1 8,!y eat ! fle% ( wild animals2 !y d n br+ up tame cattle#bbi40 ,nev]!less1 _! s\!rn neighbors1 ! ,p]sians1 ) :om !y 7 unit$ "u "o gov]nm5t1 _h %eep 9 abundance4 ,^! animals are /rik+ly repres5t$ 9 ! bas-reliefs ( ,p]sepolis4 ,9 "o ( !m1 :i* repres5ts a long procession sculptur$ on ! wall ( a spl5did /aircase1 two rams1 att5d$ by keep]s1 are accompani$ 9 ! same tra9 by horses1 asses1 camels1 & ox5#bcj4 ,h]odotus1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! mann]s & in/itutions ( ! ,p]sians 7,l4 i4 cap4 #acc471 m5tions all ^! animals toge!r 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,( all days !y are accu/om$ to obs]ve mo/ t on :i* ea* individual 0 born4 ,on ?is day !y set be=e _! gue/s a m abundant fea/ ?an on any o!r4 ,! weal?y provide an ox1 a horse1 a camel1 & an ass1 roa/$ :ole 9 furnaces2 & ! poor provide ! small] cattle40 ,by 8! small] cattle10 ?is au?or always means %eep & goats4 #bbi ,/rabo1 l4 xi4 cap4 #h4 p4 #efg4 #bcj ,see ,anci5t ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 vol4 vi4 plates #f4 #h4 ,! sup]ior excell5ce ( ! ri* pla9s ( ,mesopotamia = ! pa/ure ( %eep z well z ox51 is atte/$ by ,dionysius ,p]iegetes#bca1 & 8 acc\nt illu/rates 9 an int]e/+ mann] ! hi/ory ( ,jacob z conta9$ 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 ! rapid multiplication ( ! flocks & h]ds %[+ h[ well ! soil & climate 7 adapt$ to ?is pursuit1 & h[ well ! bus9ess ( t5d+ !m 0 !re und]/ood f ! e>lie/ times4 ,seldom d we f9d 9 any anci5t au?or s beautiful a picture z is pres5t$ to u1 :5 ,jacob arrives at ,padan-aram1 & sees ! flocks ( %eep & goats assembl+ f ! neighbor+ pa/ures 9 ! ev5+ to be wat]$ at ! well4 ,ra*el appe>s conduct+ ! flock ( h] fa!r ,laban1 :i* %e t5d$1 & ,jacob rolls f ! m\? ( ! well ! /one1 :i* 0 plac$ to pres]ve ! wat] cool & fre%1 & assi/s 8 relative & future bride 9 wat]+ h] %eep4 7,g54 xxix4 #a-aj47 ,also on ,jacob's dep>ture 8 remon/rance ) ,laban pres5ts to u an animat$ repres5tation ( ! duties & difficulties ( ! %eph]d's life2 8,^! tw5ty ye>s h ,i be5 ) !e2 ?y ewes & ?y %e-goats h n ca/ _! "y1 & ! rams ( ?y flock h ,i n eat54 ,t :i* 0 torn ( bea/s ,i br\ght n unto !e2 ,i b>e ! loss ( x3 ( my h& did/ ?\ require x1 :e!r /ol5 by day1 or /ol5 by night4 ,?us ,i 02 9 ! day ! dr\ght consum$ me1 & ! fro/ by night2 & my sleep dep>t$ f m9e eyes40 7,g54 xxxi4 #ch-dj47 #bca ' 1 c4 l4 #iib-iif4 ,9 ,engli%1 8,z = ! l&1 :i* lies betwe5 ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris1 call$ ! l& ,betwe5 ! ,riv]s1 ! h]dsman w\ld n contemn its pa/ures1 nor he :o t5ds flocks fold$ 9 ! fields1 & honors ) 8 syr9x ,pan :o has horny ho(s40 ,f ,ezekiel we le>n1 t ,damascus suppli$ ! ,tyrians ) wool#bcb1 & ,j]ome1 :o well knew ! c\ntry1 says 9 8 comm5t on ! passage1 t ?is article 0 /ill produc$ !re 9 8 "t 7,a4 ,d4 #cgh47bcc4 ,ari/otle1 ref]r+ to ! %eep ( ,syria1 m5tions a v>iety ) tails1 :i* 7 a cubit broad#bcd2 & ,pl9y 9 addition to ?is circum/ance ass]ts g5]ally ! abundance ( ! ,syrian wool#bce4 ,probably ! "p ( ,syria appropriat$ m especially to ! bre$+ ( %eep1 0 ! ea/]n "p1 :i* bord]$ on ,arabia1 & 0 di/+ui%$ by ! same natural features4 #bcb 8,damascus 0 ?y m]*ant 9 ! multitude ( ! w>es ( ?y mak+1 = ! multitude ( all ri*es2 9 ! w9e ( ,helbon1 & :ite wool4 ,dan also & ,javan go+ to & fro occupi$ 9 ?y fairs3 bright iron1 cassia1 & calamus1 7 9 ?y m>ket4 ,d$an 0 ?y m]*ant 9 preci\s clo!s = *>iots4 ,arabia1 & all ! pr9ces ( ,k$>1 !y occupi$ ) !e 9 lambs1 & rams1 & goats3 9 ^! 7 !y ?y m]*ants4 ,! m]*ants ( ,%ebah & ,raamah1 !y 7 ?y m]*ants3 !y occupi$ 9 ?y fairs ) *ief ( all spices1 & ) all preci\s /ones1 & gold4 ,h>an1 & ,canneh1 & ,ed51 ! m]*ants ( ,%eba1 ,as%ur1 & ,*ilmad1 7 ?y m]*ants4 ,^! 7 ?y m]*ants 9 all sorts ( ?+s1 9 blue clo!s1 & broid]$ "w1 & 9 *e/s ( ri* app>el1 b\nd ) cords1 & made ( c$>1 among ?y m]*&ise40--,ezekiel xxvii4 #ah-bd4 #bcc 8,et lana prcipua1 quod usque hodie c]nimus40 #bcd ,hi/4 ,animalium1 l4 viii4 cap4 #bh4 #bce ,pl9ii ,hi/4 ,nat4 l4 viii4 c4 #ge4 ed4 ,bipont4 ,see ,app5dix ,a4 ,9 no "p ( ! anci5t _w does %eep-bre$+ appe> to h be5 m cultivat$ ?an 9 t :i* we are n[ approa*+4 ,"h 7 ! ,moabites1 among :om x 0 a royal occupation1 &1 z x appe>s1 ! *ief s\rce ( ! rev5ues ( ! sov]eign3 = x is said 9 #b ,k+s iii4 #d4 8,me%a1 k+ ( ,moab1 0 a %eep-ma/]1 & r5d]$ unto ! k+ ( ,israel an hundr$ ?\s& lambs & an hundr$ ?\s& rams ) ! wool40 ,"h on occasion ( a w>1 :i* ! ,reub5ites1 ! ,gadites1 & ! half-tribe ( ,manasseh1 ^: t]ritory 0 to ! ea/ ( ,jordan1 c>ri$ on aga9/ ! ,hag>ites1 !y obta9$ z "p ( _! booty #bej1jjj %eep4 7,i4 ,*ron4 v4 #ba47 ,"h 0 ,iduma1 9 a "p ( :i* ,job is repres5t$ to h dwelt1 be+ possess$ ( #g1jjj1 & aft]w>ds ( #ad1jjj %eep 7,job i4 #c4 xlii4 #ab473 & we h a beautiful allusion to ! pa/oral habits ( ! same c\ntry 9 ! language ( consolation employ$ by ! prophet ,micah 7ii4 #ab473 8,i w surely assemble1 ,o ,jacob1 all ( !e2 ,i w surely ga!r ! remnant ( ,israel2 ,i w put !m toge!r z ! %eep ( ,bosrah1 z ! flock 9 ! mid/ ( _! fold3 !y %all make great noise by reason ( ! multitude ( m540 ,"h also 7 ! ,midianites1 ^: flocks 7 s va/1 t ! %eep tak5 f !m by ,moses aft] 8 victory am\nt$ to #fge1jjj4 7,num4 xxxi4 #cb47 ,je?ro1 ! prie/ ( ,midian1 0 himself ! own] ( a num]\s flock1 t5d$ by 8 sev5 daught]s1 :om ,moses assi/$ 9 wat]+ !m1 :5 ! neighbor+ %eph]ds rudely attempt$ to drive !m f ! well4 ,he aft]w>ds m>ri$ "o ( !m1 & 0 employ$ by ! fa!r z 8 %eph]d2 &1 hav+ occasion accord+ to ! practice ( ! c\ntry to conduct ! flock f ! pla9s to pa/ure ^u ! m\nta9s ( ,horeb1 he 0 !nce call$ to und]take 8 extraord9>y mission = ! deliv]ance ( 8 nation4 7,exod4 ii4 #ae-;iii4 #a47 ,! ,arabs appe> f ! e>lie/ times to ! pres5t day to h be/[$ no less att5tion ^u %eep ?an ^u horses4 ,isaiah also records ! excell5ce ( ! %eep ( ,arabia 9 ! foll[+ t]ms address$ by ! ,almighty to 8 p 7,*4 lx4 #g473 8,all ! flocks ( ,k$> %all be ga!r$ toge!r unto !e1 ! rams ( ,nebaio? %all m9i/] unto !e3 !y %all come up ) acceptance on m9e alt>1 & ,i w glorify ! h\se ( my glory40 ,! habits ( ! ,nebati1 or ,arabs ( ,nebaio?1 are depict$ z foll[s by ,diodorus ,siculus3 8,!y live 9 ! op5 air1 & call a l& _! c\ntry1 :i* is de/itute ( habitations1 & has nei!r riv]s nor copi\s f\nta9s1 su* z c\ld satisfy an army ( invad]s4 ,_! law =bids !m on pa9 ( dea? ei!r to s[ corn1 to plant fruit-trees1 to use w9e1 or to build h\ses4 ,!y submit to ?is law1 because !y ?9k1 t ^? :o enjoy su* conv5i5ces may = ! sake ( !m be readily compell$ by ! p[]ful to d :at !y comm&4 ,"s ( !m re> camels1 & o!rs %eep1 :i* !y pa/ure 9 ! wild]ness#bcf40 #bcf ,diod4 ,sic4 l4 xix4 #id4 p4 #gbb4 ed4 ,/eph4 ,/rabo 7l4 xvi4 cap4 #d4 p4 #dfj4 ed4 ,sieb5kees471 speak+ app>5tly ( ano!r division ( ! ,nebati1 says !y h l>ge ox51 camels1 & :ite %eep4 ,v>i\s anci5t au?ors m5tion t extraord9>y v>iety ( %eep among ! ,arabs1 ! tail ( :i* grew to s great a size z to require to be support$ on a wood5 c>riage1 :i* 0 dragg$ aft] ! we>]#bcg4 #bcg ,! passages ( anci5t au?ors relat+ to ?is v>iety1 ) v>i\s confirmations f mod]n travell]s1 are quot$ ) 8 usual accuracy by ,bo*>t1 ,hi]oz4 l4 ii4 cap4 #de4 p4 #did-dig4 ,ed4 ,leusd54 ,lug4 ,bat4 #afib4 ,we h no reason to believe1 t ! ,phnicians employ$ !mselves 9 ! bre$+ & pa/ure ( %eep4 ,! n>r[ /rip ( t]ritory1 :i* !y occupi$ at ! ea/]n extremity ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 0 9 g5]al too d5sely peopl$ to be adapt$ = ?is purpose4 ,_! activity1 intellig5ce1 & ent]prize 7 direct$ into o!r *annels1 & !y suppli$ !mselves f =eign c\ntries ) wool = _! celebrat$ manufactures4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,hebrews1 :o 7 ! imm$iate neighbors ( ! ,phnicians1 7 altoge!r an agricultural & pa/oral p4 ,! hi/ory ( ! patri>*s1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 pres5ts to u beautiful images ( ! k9d ( life1 :i* /ill cont9ues ) little v>iation among ! ,b$\9s1 or w&]+ ,nomads ( ,arabia4 ,n only 0 ,david a %eph]d boy2 b1 :5 he _h asc5d$ ! ?rone1 he _h num]\s h]ds & flocks sup]9t5d$ by di/9ct (fic]s4 8,& ov] ! h]ds t f$ 9 ,%>on 0 ,%itrai ! ,%>onite3 & ov] ! h]ds t 7 9 ! valleys 0 ,%aphat ! son ( ,adlai4 ,ov] ! camels also 0 ,obil ! ,i%maelite3 & ov] ! asses 0 ,jehdeiah ! ,m]ono?ite3 & ov] ! flocks 0 ,jaziz ! ,hag>ite4 ,all ^! 7 ! rul]s ( ! sub/ance :i* 0 k+ ,david's40 7,i4 ,*ron4 xxvii4 #bi-ca47 ,! read] _c fail to call to m9d ,david's frequ5t allusions 9 ! ,psalms to ^? employm5ts1 :i* 7 no less famili> to 8 own m9d ?an to ! re/ ( 8 c\ntrym51 & :i* suppli$ to !m ! mo/ t\*+ comp>isons = ! expression ( _! deepe/ religi\s convictions4 ,! passage 8,! ,"l is my %eph]d3 ,i %all n want4 ,he make? me to lie d[n 9 gre5 pa/ures3 he leade? me beside ! /ill wat]s4 ,yea ?\gh ,i walk ?r\gh ! valley ( ! %ad[ ( dea?1 ,i w fe> no evil2 = ?\ art ) me2 ?y rod 7or crook7 & ?y /aff1 !y com=t me0 7,psalm xxiii4 #a1 #b1 #d474 8,he %all fe$ 7i4 e4 t5d7 8 flock l a %eph]d2 he %all ga!r ! lambs ) 8 arm1 & c>ry !m 9 8 bosom1 & %all g5tly lead ^? t are ) "y0 7,is4 xl4 ii474 8,! pa/ures are clo!d ) flocks10 an expression d5ot+ ! va/ multitudes ( %eep1 :i* ov]spread ! m\nta9s & pla9s 7,ps4 lxv4 #ac474 8,be ?\ dilig5t10 says ,solomon1 8to "k ! /ate ( ?y flocks1 & look well to ?y h]ds4 ,! lambs are = ?y clo?+1 & ! goats are ! price ( ?y field2 & ?\ %alt h goat's milk en\gh = ?y food1 = ! food ( ?y h\sehold1 & = ! ma9t5ance ( ?y maid5s0 7,prov4 xxvii4 #bc4 #bf1 #bg474 ,we w\ld p>ticul>ly ref] ! read] to ! ?irty-f\r? *apt] ( ,ezekiel1 :]e ! prophet1 reprim&+ ! rul]s ( ,israel "u ! "* ( %eph]ds1 makes "s allusion to e circum/ance connect$ ) ! c>e ( %eep & goats4 ,language v simil> is employ$ by our ,savi\r 9 ,john x4 :]e he speaks ( himself z 8! good %eph]d40 ,! :ole sy/em & hi/ory ( ! sacrifices bo? be=e & aft] ! giv+ ( ! ,mosaic law1 might be produc$ to prove ! pa/oral habits ( ?is p f ! e>lie/ times4 ,! di/ricts ( ,ba%an & ,c>mel1 seem to h atta9$ ! highe/ reputation 9 respect to ! bre$+ ( %eep4 ,ba%an1 :i* lay to ! ea/ ( ! ,jordan 9 ! c\ntry adjo9+ t ( ! ,hag>ites & ,moabites1 already m5tion$1 & ,c>mel1 ! m\nta9\s range ne> ! ,dead ,sea 9 ! s\? ( ,judea4 ,9 ! latt] di/rict ,nabal kept 8 flocks1 & z he is said to h be5 8v great10 & we are at ! same "t in=m$ t 8he _h #cjjj %eep & #ajjj goats0 7,i4 ,sam4 xxv4 #b471 ^! numb]s af=d u a precise idea ( ! weal? ( a consid]able proprietor 9 ?is respect4 ,t ! 8rams ( ! bre$ ( ,ba%an10 7 p>ticul>ly celebrat$1 we le>n f ,deut4 xxxii4 #ad2 & ,ezekiel m5tions ) di/9ction 7*4 xxxix4 #ah47 a sacrifice 8( rams1 ( lambs1 & ( goats1 ( bullocks1 all ( !m fatl+s ( ,ba%an40 ,x is impossible to conceive a m /rik+ diff]5ce 9 mann]s & in/itutions1 ?an t :i* mu/ h pres5t$ itself to ! travell] 9 v anci5t times1 :5 on cross+ ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez he pass$ f ! des]ts ( ,arabia & ,iduma to ! ri*ly cultivat$ & popul\s pla9s ( ,egypt4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5t already quot$ f an anci5t hi/orian ! w&]+ tribes ( ,nabaio? 7 =bidd5 by a positive law to till ! gr\nd or to con/ruct settl$ habitations1 & !y liv$ on ! produce ( _! flocks1 :i* !y cont9ually l$ f place to place 9 pursuit ( pa/ure adapt$ to ! season ( ! ye>4 ,! ,egyptians1 on ! contr>y1 appe> to h be5 orig9ally "u a prohibition ( exactly ! opposite k9d1 s9ce !y cultivat$ ! gr\nd ) c>e1 excell$ mo/ o!r nations 9 all ! arts ( life1 & produc$ ! mo/ spl5did pro(s ( _! ar*itectural skill1 b 7 n all[$ to keep flocks ( %eep & goats4 ,t ?is 0 ! case at ! "t1 :5 ,jacob took 8 family to soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 is evid5t f _! application to ,ph>aoh on arriv+ 9 ! l& ( ,go%51 :i* 0 on ! ea/]n bord] ( ,egypt adjo9+ ,pale/9e & ,arabia1 to be p]mitt$ to rema9 !re on ! gr\nd1 t f _! y\? !y _h be5 accu/om$ to t5d flocks1 :]eas 8e %eph]d 0 an abom9ation to ! ,egyptians#bch40 #bch ,g54 xlvi4 #bh4--xlvii4 #f4 ,comp>e ,josephus1 ,ant4 ii4 #g4 #e4 ,x appe>s t ! ,nabatan law 0 f> m effectual t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( its object ?an ! ,egyptian4 ,=1 :]eas ! pa/oral tribes ( ,arabia h reta9$ _! indep5d5ce & _! national peculi>ities ev5 to ! pres5t day2 ! ,egyptians1 on ! o!r h&1 became a prey to =eign invasion1 & among o!r *anges 9 _! cu/oms we h to notice ! introduction ( ! managem5t ( %eep4 ,ev5 z e>ly z ! "t ( ,moses ! practice _h comm5c$2 = 9 ! acc\nt ( ! effects ( ! murra9 9 ,exodus ix4 #c1 we f9d m5tion ( %eep1 & inde$ x is rem>kable1 t ! dome/ic animals !re enum]at$1 viz4 horses1 asses1 camels1 ox51 & %eep1 are exactly ! same1 :i*1 z we h be=e %[n1 7 br$ by ! anci5t ,p]sians#bci4 ,lat] hi/orians af=d di/9ct te/imony to ! same fact4 ,?us ,diodorus ,siculus says1 t 8^u ! subsid5ce ( ! wat]s aft] ! inundation ( ! ,nile ! flocks 7 admitt$ to pa/ure1 & ! produce ( ! soil 0 s abundant1 t ! %eep 7 n only %orn twice1 b also br\ght =? "y twice 9 ! ye>40 ,h]odotus also pla9ly supposes1 t %eep & goats 7 br$ 9 ,egypt1 :5 he contra/s ! inhabitants ( ! ,!ban ,nome1 :o wor%ipp$ ,ammon1 ) ! inhabitants ( ! ,m5desian ,nome1 :o wor%ipp$ ,m5des4 ,! =m]1 he says1 8all ab/a9 f %eep1 & sacrifice goats20 ! latt] 8ab/a9 f goats1 :i* !y hold 9 v5]ation1 & sacrifice %eep40 ,he1 h[ev]1 m5tions t ! ,!bans slew a ram once a ye> on occasion ( a p>ticul> c]emony1 :i* he describes 7ii4 #db4 #df474 ,! te/imony ( ,/rabo & ,plut>*1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 "s p>ticul>s f t ( ,h]odotus1 is to ! same g5]al effect4 ,ari/otle 7l4 c47 m5tions1 t ! %eep ( ,egypt 7 l>g] ?an ^? ( ,greece4 #bci ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 t ! ,hebrew ^w translat$ %eep 9 ,ex4 ix4 #c4 includ$ goats4 ,b1 al?\gh ^! passages %[1 t %eep 7 br$ 9 ,egypt1 we ?9k x evid5t t _! numb] 0 v limit$4 ,egyptian wool _c h be5 ( ! lea/ importance z an article ( comm]ce4 ,:at 0 produc$ mu/ also h be5 consum$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,=1 al?\gh ! *ief mat]ial = ! clo?+ ( ! ,egyptians 0 l951 & !y 7 =bidd5 to be buri$ 9 wooll5 or to use x 9 ! temples1 yet ,h]odotus 7ii4 #ha47 /ates1 t on ord9>y occasions !y wore a g>m5t ( :ite wool ov] _! l95 %irt4 ,!y also us$ wool = embroid]+4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y#bdj ! ,egyptian wool 0 co>se & ( a %ort /aple4 ,t]tullian records a say+ ( ! ,egyptians1 t ,m]cury inv5t$ ! sp9n+ ( wool 9 _! c\ntry#bda4 #bdj ,hi/4 ,nat4 l4 viii4 #gc4 ,see ,app5dix ,a4 #bda ,de ,pallio1 c4 #c4 ,/rabo 9 an in/ructive mann] contra/s ! ,e?iopians ) ! ,egyptians4 ,hav+ obs]v$1 t ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two nations 0 ! small] cat>act above ,sy5e & ,elephant9e1 he says1 t ! ,e?iopians l$ = ! mo/ "p a pa/oral life )\t res\rces1 bo? on acc\nt ( _! intemp]ate climate & ! pov]ty ( _! soil1 & also because !y 7 remote f ! civiliz$ _w2 :]eas ! ,egyptians _h always liv$ 9 a ref9$ mann] & "u a regul> gov]nm5t1 settl$ 9 fix$ habitations1 & cultivat+ philosophy1 agriculture1 & ! arts#bdb4 ,?us d we f9d ! nomad life recurr+ imm$iately to ! s\? ( ,egypt4 ,/rabo fur!r /ates1 t ! ,e?iopian %eep 7 small1 & in/ead ( be+ woolly 7 hairy l goats1 on :i* acc\nt ! p wore sk9s in/ead ( wooll5 clo?#bdc4 ,t ^! %eep 7 held 9 "s e/imation by ! ,egyptians is1 h[ev]1 manife/ f ! fact1 t 9 ! spl5did procession exhibit$ at ,alex&ria by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 !re 7 #acj %eep f ,e?iopia1 #cjj f ,arabia1 & #bj f ,euba#bdd4 ,also1 t ! pa/oral habits ( ! ,e?iopians 7 kn[n to ! ,romans may be inf]r$ f ! allusion1 :i* ,virgil makes to !m 9 8 ,t5? ,eclogue 7l4 #fd-fh473 ,no toils ( ours c *ange ! cruel god1 ,?\gh we %\ld flee him ?r\gh ea* new abode2 ,:e!r we dr9k1 :]e *ill+ ,hebrus fl[s1 ,& w9t] reigns amid ,si?onian sn[s2 ,or1 :]e ! elms b5ea? hot ,canc] b5d1 ,our ,e?iopian %eep we fa9t+ t5d4 #bdb ,/rabo1 l4 xvii4 c4 #a4 #c4 p4 #dgf1 #dgg4 ed4 ,sieb5kees4 #bdc ,cap4 #b4 #a4 #c4 p4 #fba4 #fbf4 ,/rabo's acc\nt is illu/rat$ & confirm$ by ! travell]1 ,dr4 ,%aw1 :o describes a v>iety ( %eep 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa ) 8fleeces z co>se & hairy z ^? ( ! goat40--,travels 9 ,b>b>y1 "p iii4 *ap4 #b4 #a4 #bdd ,callix5us ,rhodius1 apud ,a!num1 l4 v4 p4 #bja4 ed4 ,casaub4 ,we f9d1 t ! p ( ,libya _h atta9$ to "s di/9ction 9 ! managem5t ( flocks4 ,:at ,diodorus says ( ! ,egyptian %eep is ass]t$ by ,ari/otle ( ^? ( ,libya1 viz4 t !y produc$ "y twice 9 ! ye>#bde4 ,t %eep-bre$+ _h ext5d$ hi!r 9 v e>ly times appe>s f a passage 9 ! ,odyssey1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! remot5ess ( ! situation & ! imp]fect k ( geography 9 ! "t ( ! writ]1 is mix$ ) fable1 inasmu* z x repres5ts1 t ! ewes br\ght =? n only twice1 b ev5 ?ree times 9 ! ye>1 & t ! lambs 7 imm$iately provid$ ) horns#bdf4 ,t happy clime6 :]e ea* revolv+ ye> ,! teem+ ewes a triple (fspr+ be>1 ,& two fair cresc5ts ( transluc5t horn ,! br[s ( all _! "y increase adorn2 ,! %eph]d swa9s1 ) sure abundance ble/1 ,on ! fat flock & rural da9ties fea/2 ,nor want ( h]bage makes ! dairy fail1 ,b e season fills ! foam+ pail4 ,pope's ,translation4 #bde ,ari/ot4 ,problem4 cap4 x4 sec4 #df4 #bdf ,odyss4 iv4 #he-hi4 ,p9d> 7,py?4 ix4 #aa47 di/+ui%es ,libya by ! epi!t 1 8ab\nd+ 9 flocks40 ,to ! same di/rict ( ,africa1 ,virgil alludes 9 ! foll[+ passage ( ! ,georgics1 :i* is surpass$ by few z a happy example ( ! art ( ! poet 9 describ+ ! v>i\s modes ( pa/oral life4 ,:y %\ld ,i s+ ( ,libya's artless swa9s2 ,h] scatt]'d cottages & trackless pla9s8 ,by day1 by night1 )\t a de/9$ home1 ,= _m a mon? _! flocks all lonely roam2 ,s va/ ?' unb\nd$ solitude appe>s1 ,:ile1 ) 8 flock1 8 all ! %eph]d be>s1 ,8 arms1 8 h\sehold god1 8 homely %$1 ,8 ,cretan d>ts1 & dogs ( ,sp>ta br$4 ,georg4 iii4 #cci-cde4--,w>ton's ,translation4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t1 al?\gh ! ,libyan %eph]d accord+ to ,virgil's description l$ a migratory life1 conduct+ 8 %eep f place to place 9 se>* ( pa/ure1 yet ! scale1 ^u :i* he c>ri$ on 8 op]ations1 0 widely diff]5t f t :i* has always *>act]iz$ ! nomadic tribes ( ,asia4 ,! poet repres5ts ! ,libyan %eph]d z a solit>y w&]]1 be>+ ) him all 8 arms & implem5ts1 j z a ,roman soldi] 7l4 #cdf47 c>ri$ 8 milit>y acc\trem5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we h se51 ! ,syrian or ,arabian %eph]d goes 9 a k9d ( /ate1 ) camels & horses to c>ry 8 wife & *ildr51 8 t5ts1 & ! re/ ( 8 equipage2 & he is foll[$ by ?\s&s1 in/ead ( hundr$s or p]haps scores1 ( %eep & goats4 ,let u n[ pursue ! progress ( ?is employm5t 9 ano!r direction1 viz4 t[>ds ! nor?-we/1 & across ! ,eux9e ,sea & ! /raits connect$ ) x into ,europe4 ,ne> ! ea/]n extremity ( ! ,eux9e ,sea we meet ) a v rem>kable in/ance ( ! att5tion paid to ! produce & manufacture ( wool 9 a tribe call$ ! ,coraxi4 ,/rabo alludes to ! value ( _! fleeces 9 a passage :i* we %all produce 9 speak+ ( ! wool ( ,spa91 to :i* x m directly ref]s4 ,at pres5t we %all only consid] ! foll[+ evid5ce pres]v$ by ,joannes ,tzetzes4 1 #bdg4 #bdg ,jo4 ,tzetzes1 ,*iliad4 x4 #cdh-cej1 9 ,lectii ,corp4 ,poet>um ,grcorum4 8,anci5tly ,miletus 0 fam$ = c>pets3 = ( all fleeces ! ,milesian 7 ! mo/ beautiful1 al?\gh ! ,coraxic bore ! second prize40 1 1 4#bdh 8,( ! ,milesian fleeces _m h spok53 & to ! ,coraxic ,hipponax has allud$ 9 8 ,*oliambic measure1 :]e he m5tions #8a woman envelop$ 9 a ,coraxic %awl4'0 #bdh ,ib4 #cgh-cha4 ,hipponax1 :o is "h cit$ by ,tzetzes1 0 a satirical poet ( ,ephesus1 & fl\ri%$ ab\t #edj ,b4 ,c4 ,9 confirmation ( 8 te/imony x may be prov$1 t 8 c\ntrym5 & contempor>ies _h con/ant int]c\rse ) a port 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,coraxi4 ,we le>n f ,pl9y 7l4 vi4 cap4 #e47bdi1 t ! ,coraxi 7 situat$ ne> ,dioscurias1 :i*1 ?\gh des]t$ 9 8 "t1 _h be5 =m]ly s illu/ri\s t #cjj nations1 speak+ diff]5t languages1 resort$ to x4 ,z we le>n f o!r au?orities1 ,dioscurias 0 a colony ( ,miletus & "o ( its *ief settlem5ts4 ,miletus also 9 ! "t ( ,hipponax _h ris5 to ! summit ( its prosp]ity1 & 0 ! greate/ comm]cial city 9 ! _w next to ,tyre & ,c>?age#bej4 ,its *ief trade 0 t[>ds ! nor? & z f> z ! extremity ( ! ,eux9e ,sea4 ,among ! num]\s ,asiatic tribes1 :i* 7 accu/om$ to br+ _! productions to ,dioscurias & ex*ange !m = ,grecian m]*&ise1 ! ,coraxi 71 z we may conclude f ! evid5ce n[ produc$1 a nation ( sup]ior ent]prize & intellig5ce1 :o s5t to ! %ores ( ! gean 9 ! vessels ( ,miletus _! f9e wool1 z well z ! c>pets & %awls1 :i* !y made f x4 #bdi ,see ,app5dix ,a4 #bej ,he]51 ,h&bu*1 iii4 #b4 #b4 p4 #ahe4 ,mann]t1 ,geographie1 #f4 #c4 p4 #bec1 c4 ,if we _h no m exact in=mation ?an t :i* has be5 already cit$1 we might inf]1 t ! ,coraxi occupi$ "p ( ! mod]n ,circassia1 a m\nta9\s region admirably adapt$ to ! bre$+ ( %eep4 ,! ,circassians ( ! pres5t day h num]\s h]ds ( cattle & va/ flocks ( %eep & goats4 ,_! vallies are di/+ui%$ by beauty & f]tility4 ,a late travell] says1 t f :atev] c\ntry y ent] ,circassia1 8y are at once agreeably impress$ ) ! decid$ improvem5t 9 ! appe>ance ( ! population1 ! agriculture1 & ! beauty ( _! flocks & h]ds#bea40 ,) respect to ,dioscurias1 we are in=m$1 t 8! memory ( its anci5t "n is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! pres5t appellation ( ,isk\riah#beb40 ,sir ,john ,*>d91 :o visit$ x & calls x ,isga\r1 comm5ds its safety 9 summ] z a road = %ips1 b says t x is a complete des]t1 :]e he c\ld obta9 no provisions1 ! trad]s :o an*or !re be+ oblig$ to con/ruct tempor>y huts & boo?s ( ! b\ghs ( trees = _! accommodation1 :il/ await+ ! arrival ( ! natives ( ,m+relia & ,caucasus#bec4 #bea ,travels 9 ,circassia1 c4 9 #ahce1 by ,edmund ,sp5c]1 ,esq41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cee4 ,julius von ,klapro?1 9 ! "w quot$ bel[1 says1 7p4 #ehb471 t ! weal? ( ! ,circassians consi/s pr9cipally 9 _! %eep1 f ^: wool ! wom5 make co>se clo? & felt4 ,9 ! summ] !y drive _! %eep into ! m\nta9s1 b fe$ !m "u cov] 9 w9t]1 & at o!r times 9 ! pla9s4 #beb ,dr4 ,good5\gh1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 vol4 i4 p4 #aaj4 ,see also ,major ,r5nell's ,map ( ,we/]n ,asia4 #bec ,*>d9's ,travels1 vol i4 p4 #gg4 #ajh4 ( ! ,engli% ,translation4 ,london1 #afhf4 ,b1 besides ! g5]al inf]5ce t ! ,coraxi occupi$ "p ( ! mod]n ,circassia1 we are able to det]m9e _! abode ) /ill great] precision1 & ev5 obta9 "s insight into _! di/9ctive *>act]s z a nation4 ,at ! s\?-ea/]n extremity ( ,*irkess1 or ,circassia1 on ! nor!rn declivity ( ,m\nt ,elborus1 & ab\t ! s\rces ( ! ,kuban1 ! anci5t ,hypanis1 we f9d a m\nta9 clan1 consi/+ ( r m ?an #bej families1 :i* appe>s to reta9 n only ! mann]s & habits1 b ev5 ! v "n ( ! ,coraxi4 ,julius von ,klapro?1 to :om we are pr9cipally indebt$ = our k ( !m1 calls !m ! ,c>at%ai#bed4 ,f him we le>n ! foll[+ p>ticul>s respect+ _! appe>ance1 mann]s1 & employm5ts4 ,!y are among ! mo/ beautiful ( ! inhabitants ( ,caucasus1 & m l ! ,georgians ?an ! w&]+ ,t>t>s ( ! ,/eppe4 ,!y are well =m$1 & h f9e features1 :i* are set (f by l>ge black eyes & a :ite sk94 ,_! language resembles t ( ! ,nogay-,t>t>s4 ,!y live 9 v neat h\ses1 built ( p9e4 ,_! *ildr5 are /rictly & well educat$2 & 9 g5]al x may be said ( !m1 t !y are ! mo/ cultivat$ nation 9 ,caucasus1 surpass+ all _! neighbors 9 ref9em5t ( mann]s4 ,!y are v indu/ri\s1 & subsi/ *iefly by agriculture4 ,_! soil is productive1 &1 besides v>i\s k9ds ( gra91 yields abundance ( grass = pa/ure4 ,! c\ntry ar\nd !m is cov]$ ) woods1 :i* ab\nd ) wild animals1 su* z be>s1 wolves1 wild goats1 h>es1 & wild cats1 ^: sk9s are mu* priz$1 & m>t9s4 ,_! dress is *iefly made ( wooll5 clo?1 :i* !y weave !mselves f ! produce ( _! flocks1 & :i* is admir$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,caucasus4 ,!y sell _! clo?1 call$ by !m ,%al#bee1 _! felt = c>pet+1 & _! furs1 p>tly to ! ,nogay-,t>t>s & ,circassians1 f :om !y pur*ase articles ( metal1 & p>tly at ,s\*om-,kal1 a ,turki% =t on ! ,black ,sea1 :i* conta9s %ops & w>e-h\ses1 & c>ries on a consid]able trade ) ! ,we/]n ,caucasus4 ,!y receive "h 9 return goods ( cotton & silk1 tobacco & tobacco-pipes1 ne$les1 ?imbles1 & ott]-sk9s4 ,:ile ! m5 are employ$ out ( doors1 ! wom5 /ay at home1 make gold & silv] ?read1 & sew ! clo!s ( _! fa!rs & bro!rs4 #bed ,reise 9 d5 ,caucasus1 cap4 #bd4 ,! au?or ?us spells ! "n 9 ,g]man *>act]s1 ,ck>ats*ai4 ,fa!r ,lamb]ti1 a mission>y f ! ,society ( ! ,propag&a at ,naples1 :o rema9$ tw5ty ye>s 9 t "p ( ,asia 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 calls !m 8i ,c>accioli10 9 :i* "n we obs]ve ! addition ( an ,italian t]m9ation4 ,see 8 ,relatione della ,col*ide1 hoggi delta ,m5grelia1 ,napoli1 #afed1 cap4 #bh4 p4 #aif4 #bee ,! orig9 ( ! ,engli% %awl4 ,su* is ! acc\nt giv5 by a rec5t & mo/ compet5t witness ( ! actual condition ( ?is int]e/+ nation1 :o1 ?\gh n[ p]haps r$uc$ 9 numb]1 occupy probably aft] ! lapse ( #bejj ye>s _! orig9al seat at ! di/ance ( f =ty to eighty miles to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! same coa/1 to :i* !y h always resort$ = comm]cial purposes#bef4 #bef ,s\*om-,kal is only twelve miles f ,iscuria1 a s+le promontory int]v5+ betwe5 ! bay & riv] ( ! =m] h>bor & ^? ( ! latt]4 ,see ,sp5c]'s ,travels1 vol4 i4 p4 #bie-big1 & 8 ,map at p4 #bji4 ,we _c survey ! n[ des]t$ ,iscuria )\t obs]v+1 :at a m\rnful contra/ ! ,eux9e pres5ts "u ! sway ( bo? ,russia & ,turkey to ! useful en]gy1 :i* m ?an #bjjj ye>s ago promot$ life & ! arts ( life1 & br\ght into close & peaceful contact ! mo/ ref9$ & ! mo/ uncultivat$ nations1 "u ! direction ( ! ,ionians ( ,miletus4 ,! beauty1 ! brav]y1 ! activity1 & ! indep5d5ce ( a highl& clan /ill repres5t ! skill & ent]prize ( ! anci5t ,coraxi2 b ! comm]ce1 :i* rew>d$ _! indu/ry1 & ext5d$ _! reputation ?r\gh ! civiliz$ _w1 has sunk into insignificance4 ,besides ! above notices ( ! ,coraxi 9 ,/rabo & ,tzetzes we f9d little said conc]n+ ! bre$+ ( %eep 9 ?is "p ( ,asia4 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 m5tions ! %eep ( 8,pontus ne> ,scy?ia10 & says t !y 7 )\t horns#beg4 ,! ,melan*lni also1 :o are m5tion$ by ,h]odotus 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,scy?ian tribes1 & :o liv$ to ! nor? ( ! ,coraxi1 7 s call$1 because !y wore black palls4 #beg ,hi/4 ,anim4 viii4 #bh4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 t ! use & managem5t ( %eep 7 kn[n f ! e>lie/ times ?r\gh\t ne>ly ! :ole ( ,asia ,m9or1 & t "s nations 9 ?is region _h atta9$ to a sup]iority 9 ! art be=e ! settlem5t 9 x ( ! ,grecian coloni/s4 ,! imag]y ( ! ,hom]ic poems 7suppos$ to be writt5 ab\t #ijj ,b4 ,c47 af=ds abundant evid5ce ( ^! facts4 ,!y cont9ually m5tion %eph]ds1 :o _h ! c>e ( %eep1 z well z goat-h]ds1 :o manag$ goats4 ,!y speak ( ! folds1 9 :i* ! flocks 7 secur$ at night to pres]ve !m f ! attacks ( wild bea/s4 ,! dang]s to :i* ! flocks 7 expos$ f bo? wolves & lions1 are 9 accordance ) simil> expressions & incid5ts 9 ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 aris+ f ! exi/5ce ( ! same rav5\s & de/ructive quadrup$s 9 ,pale/9e4 ,also1 ! language bo? ( ! ,scriptures & ( ! ,hom]ic poems is precisely ! same1 9 :i* ! k+1 rul+ 8 p is comp>$ to ! %eph]d t5d+ 8 flock1 or to ! /rong & l>ge ram1 :i* leads ! %eep#beh4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ! geographical k express$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems ext5d$ z f> z ! promontory ( ,c>ambis on ! s\? coa/ ( ! ,eux9e ,sea1 & includ$ all ,phrygia1 ,ionia1 & ! we/]n half ( ,asia ,m9or4 #beh ,see ,bo*>t's ,hi]ozocon1 l4 ii4 cap4 #dd4 ,de ,gregum ,pa/oribus4 ,! ,greek my?ology af=ds simil> evid5ce4 ,! well-kn[n /ory ( ,p>is1 adjudg+ ! gold5 apple1 is f\nd$ on ! pa/oral sc5es ( ,ida4 ,m>syas also 0 a %eph]d on m\nt ,ida#bei3 ! riv] ,m>syas1 fam$ = 8 conte/ ) ,apollo1 0 among ! ,phrygian m\nta9s#bfj4 #bei ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #afe4 #bfj ,x appe>s n impossible1 t1 :5 ,!ocritus 9 ,idyll4 iii4 #df1 repres5ts ,adonis z 8t5d+ flocks ^u ! m\nta9s10 he may h ref]r$ to ! m\nta9s ( ,phrygia or ( ,ionia4 ,= 9 ano!r ,idyll4 7i4 #aje-aaj17 he seems to connect ! love ( ,v5us = ,adonis ) h] love = ,an*ises1 z if ! sc5e ( bo? 7 9 ! same region4 ,among ! v>i\s acc\nts ( ,adonis1 "o makes him ! (fspr+ ( ,smyrna2 & ,c9yras1 ! fa!r ( ,adonis1 is said to h f\nd$ ! city ( ,smyrna 9 ,ionia1 call+ x by t "n aft] 8 daught]4 7,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #eh & #bge47 ,?is supposition acc\nts mo/ satisfactorily = ! production ( ! beautiful elegy on ! dea? ( ,adonis by ,bion1 :o 0 a native ( ,smyrna4 ,! hi/orical evid5ce to :i* we n[ proce$1 ?\gh ref]r+ to times mu* po/]ior to ! my?ological1 is m exact z well z m entitl$ to absolute cr$it4 ,accord+ to ,/rabo ! bran*es ( ,m\nt ,taurus 9 ,pisidia 7 ri* 9 pa/ures 8= all k9ds ( cattle#bfa40 ,! *ief t[n ( ?is region 0 ,selge1 a v fl\ri%+ city1 & h5ce ,t]tullian1 9 a passage1 m5tions 8oves ,selgic10 ,selgic %eep1 among ^? ( ! greate/ celebrity4 ,! sup]ior :it5ess ( ! fleeces ( ,pamphylia is m5tion$ by ,philo/ratus4 #bfa ,lib4 xii4 c4 #g1 #c4 ,we h reason to believe1 t ! ,lydians & ,c>ians be/[$ ! greate/ att5tion on %eep-bre$+ & on ! wooll5 manufacture be=e ! arrival ( ! ,greek coloni/s among !m4 ,! new settl]s adopt$ ! employm5ts ( ! anci5t inhabitants1 & made ^? employm5ts subs]vi5t to a v ext5sive & lucrative trade4 ,pl9y 7viii4 #gc4 ed4 ,bip47 m5tions ! wool ( ,laodicea 7,see ,app5dix ,a47 9 ,c>ia2 & ,/rabo 7xii4 c4 #g4 p4 #egh4 ,casaub47 obs]ves1 t ! c\ntry ab\t ?is city & ,coloss1 :i* 0 n f> f x1 produc$ %eep highly valu$ on acc\nt ( ! f95ess & ! color ( _! fleeces4 ,ari/ophanes m5tions a pall1 made ( 8,phrygian fleeces#bfb30 & ,v>ro ass]ts1 t 9 8 "t !re 7 _m flocks ( wild %eep 9 ,phrygia#bfc4 #bfb ,aves1 #dib4 #bfc ,de ,re ,ru/ic1 ii4 #a4 ,! passages above quot$ f ,/rabo & ,joannes ,tzetzes allude to ! v great celebrity ( ! wool ( ,miletus & ( ! articles wov5 f x4 ,! passages1 :i* w n[ be produc$ f bo? ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors ( v>i\s ages1 conspire to prove ! di/+ui%$ excell5ce ( ! wool ( ,miletus1 al?\gh 9 _m ( !m ! epi!t ,milesian may be employ$ only 9 a prov]bial acceptation to d5ote wool ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,! animals1 :i* yield$ ?is wool1 mu/ h be5 br$ 9 ! int]ior ( ,ionia n f> f ,miletus4 ,ctesias describes ! s(tness ( camels'-hair by comp>+ x to ,milesian fleeces#bfd4 ,a woman 9 ,ari/ophanes 7,lysi/4 #gcb47 says1 %e mu/ g home to spread h] ,milesian fleeces on ! c\*1 because ! worms 7 gnaw+ !m4 ,9 a fragm5t ( a ,greek com$y1 call$ ,procris1 ( a some:at lat] age 7ap4 ,a!n4 l4 xii4 p4 #eec71 a favorite lap-dog is describ$1 ly+ on ,milesian fleeces3 4 ,!re=e make a s(t b$ = ! dog3 ?r[ d[n = him ,milesian fleeces4 #bfd ,ctesi fragm5ta1 a ,bhr1 p4 #bbd4 ,! ,syb>ites wore %awls ( ,milesian wool#bfe4 ,palphatus expla9s ! fable ( ! ,hesp]ides by say+1 t _! fa!r ,hesp]us 0 a ,milesian1 & t !y _h beautiful %eep1 su* z ^? :i* 7 /ill kept at ,miletus#bff4 ,eu/a?ius says1 ! 8,milesian c>pets#bfg0 _h become prov]bial4 ,virgil repres5ts ! nymphs ( ,cyr5e sp9n+ ,milesian fleeces1 dy$ ( a deep sea-gre5 color3 ,! nymphs1 ar\nd h] plac$1 _! sp9dles ply1 ,& draw ,milesian wool1 ( glassy dye4 ,georg4 iv4 #ccd4 #bfe ,timu apud ,a!num1 xii4 p4 #eai4 ,b4 #bff ,de ,incr$4 #ai4 #bfg ,9 ,dionysium1 v4 #hbc4 ,he also alludes to ! high price ( ,milesian fleeces 9 ! foll[+ passage3 ,let ri* ,miletus vaunt h] fleecy pride1 ,& weigh ) gold h] robes 9 purple dy$4 ,georg4 iii4 #cjf4--,so!by's ,translation4 ,! comm5t ( ,s]vius on ! latt] passage is z foll[s3 ,milesian fleeces1 mo/ valuable wools2 = ,miletus is a city ( ,asia1 :]e ! be/ wools are dy$4 ,! anci5t ,greek v]sion ( ,ezekiel 7xxvii4 #ah47 enum]ates ,milesian fleeces among ! articles ( ,tyrian importation4 ,columella 7vii4 #b47 & ,pl9y 7viii4 #dh47 ass]t ! celebrity ( ! flocks ( ,miletus 9 =m] times1 al?\gh 9 _! "t !y 7 surpass$ by ! %eep ( "s o!r c\ntries4 ,9 s(t ,milesian wool z f9e z possible4--,hippocrates1 vol4 i4 p4 #fhi4 ed4 ,fsii4 ,ye are hairs ( %eep1 al?\gh ,miletus may boa/ ( y1 & ,italy be 9 high repute1 & ?\gh ! hairs be gu>d$ "u sk9s4--,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 ,pd4 ii4 #cj4 ,ly+ on ,milesian c>pets4--,ari/oph4 ,ran1 l4 #edh4 ,nor d ,i speak ( ! %eep ( ,miletus & ,selge & ,alt9um1 nor ( ^?1 = :i* ,t>5tum & ,btica are fam\s1 & :i* are color$ by nature4--,t]tullian de ,pallio1 #c4 ,if1 f ! beg9n+ ! ,milesians 7 occupi$ 9 %e>+ %eep1 ! ,s]es 9 sp9n+ ! produce ( trees1 ! ,tyrians 9 dye+1 ! ,phrygians 9 embroid]+1 & ! ,babylonians 9 weav+4--,t]tullian de ,habitu ,muliebri4 ,we may n[ notice ,samos1 z be+ ne> ! ,ionic coa/4 ,a!nu 7xii4 p4 #edj4 ,d47 cites two anci5t au?ors :o ass]t t1 :5 ,polycrates 0 introduc+ into ,samos ! mo/ excell5t ( ! diff]5t bre$s ( animals1 he *ose ! dogs ( ,laconia & ,molossis1 ! goats ( ,scyros & ,naxos1 & ! %eep ( ,miletus & ,attica4 ,respect+ ! bre$+ ( %eep 9 ,samos x may be prop] to quote ! rem>k ( lian 7,hi/4 ,anim4 xii4 #dj471 t ! ,samians gave "s religi\s honor to ?is animal1 because a consecrat$ ut5sil ( gold1 :i* _h be5 /ol5 f "o ( _! temples1 0 discov]$ by a %eep4 ,x appe>s probable1 t ! %eph]d life 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,?race z e>ly z 9 any "p ( ,europe2 = 9 ! ,hom]ic poems x is call$ 8! "m ( flocks0 7,il4 v4 #bbb474 ,9 a mu* lat] age ! %eep ( ,?race are m5tion$ by ,nic&] 7,nic&4 ,!r4 #ej474 ,we le>n f ,plato 7,de ,legibus1 l4 vii4 p4 #cf4 ed4 ,bekk]7 t 9 ,?race ! flocks 7 entru/$ to ! c>e ( ! wom51 :o 7 !re compell$ l slaves to "w out ( doors4 ,ari/otle speaks ( ! %eep ( ,magnesia1 & says t !y br\ght =? "y twice a ye>#bfh4 #bfh ,problem4 cap4 x4 sec4 #df4 ,a little fur!r s\? we f9d %eep f ! e>lie/ times 9 ,!ssaly ne> ! riv] ,amphrysus4 ,"h 0 ,iton1 :i* ,hom] also calls 8! "m ( flocks#bfi40 ,x 0 celebrat$ = a temple ( ,m9]va1 :o 0 call$ f x ,itonis1 or ,itonia#bgj1 & ^: wor%ip 0 transf]r$ f h5ce to ,botia4 #bfi ,il4 ,b4 #fif4 #bgj ,/rabo1 l4 ix4 c4 #b4 #bi4 p4 #deh2 & c4 #e4 #ad4 p4 #fad4 ed4 ,sieb5kees4 ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ,argon4 i4 #eea2 & ,s*ol4 ad locum4 ,alci ,reliqui1 a ,ma??i1 ,no4 #ed4 ,t ,euba 0 fam\s = %eep we "k f ! te/imony ( two diff]5t au?ors cit$ by ,a!nu4 ,t ( ,callix5us ,rhodius has be5 already produc$2 & t ( ,h]mippus occurs 9 8 metrical enum]ation ( ! mo/ excell5t & *>act]i/ic productions ( diff]5t c\ntries#bga4 #bga ,a!n4 ,deip4 l4 i4 p4 #bg4 ,d4 ,botia appe>s f v e>ly times to h be5 ri* 9 flocks4 ,! tragic hi/ory ( dipus supposes1 t 8 fa!r ,laius1 ! k+ ( ,!bes1 _h flocks on ,m\nt ,ci?ron4 ,accord+ to ,sophocles 7d4 ,tyr4 #ajbf-aadj47 dipus 0 deliv]$ to "o ( ! royal %eph]ds to be !re expos$1 & ?is %eph]d ?r\gh pity committ$ him to ano!r1 & ?us sav$ 8 life#bgb4 ,s5eca 9 8 free v]sion ( ,sophocles 7d4 ,act4 iv4 v4 #hae-hej47 has add$ a circum/ance1 z x appe>s1 f ! practice e/abli%$ 9 o!r cases4 ,he says1 t ! %eph]d ( ,laius1 :om he calls ,phorbas1 _h _m o!rs "u him4 ,b1 al?\gh x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! flocks ( ,laius 7 s num]\s z to require a head %eph]d plac$ ov] _m o!rs1 we le>n t 8 possessions ( ?is description excit$ conte/ & w>f>e among 8 desc5dants4 ,_! c\ntryman1 ,hesiod1 repres5ts !m fight+ at ! gates ( ,!bes 8= ! flocks ( dipus0 7,op4 et ,dies1 #afc471 an expression1 :i* mu/ at lea/ be und]/ood to imply1 t %eep con/itut$ a pr9cipal "p ( ! k+'s weal?4 #bgb ,?is transaction is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,viii4 ,fig4 #e4 ,among ! ,elg9 m>bles 9 ! ,briti% ,museum we h an int]e/+ inscription relat+ to a contract made betwe5 ! city ( ,or*om5os 9 ,botia & ,eubulus ( ,elatea 9 ,phocis1 accord+ to :i* ,eubulus 0 to h = f\r ye>s ! "r ( pa/urage = #d c[s1 #bjj m>es1 #bj %eep1 & #ajjj goats4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,pr(essors ,bckh#bgc & ,ottfri$ ,mll]#bgd ?is inscription may be ref]r$ to ! "t ( ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,! suppos$ effect ( ! wat]s ( ! ,melas & ,cephisos on ! fleeces ( %eep is a te/imony ( a mu* lat] date1 b proves t %eep1 bo? black & :ite1 7 br$ 9 t c\ntry#bge4 ,v>ro 7,de ,re ,ru/4 ii4 #b47 m5tions ! practice ( cov]+ %eep ) sk9s 9 ord] to improve & pres]ve _! fleeces4 ,! ,attic %eep1 ?us clo!d ) sk9s1 are m5tion$ by ,demo/h5es "u ! "n ( 8s(t %eep#bgf40 ,! hilly "p ( ,attica 0 ( c\rse p>ticul>ly adapt$ = %eep z well z goats2 & accord+ly a lett] ( ,alciphron 7iii4 #da47 describes flocks ( !m at ,decelia ne> ,m\nt ,p>nes ab\t fifte5 miles to ! nor? ( ,a!ns4 ,! fame ( ! ,attic wool is also allud$ to by ,plut>* 7,de audi5do1 p4 #gc4 ed4 ,/eph471 & by ! ,roman poet ,lab]ius1 :o di$ 9 ! ye> #dc ,b4 ,c4 ,no matt] :e!r 9 s(t ,attic wool1 ,or 9 r\gh goats'-hair y be clo!d#bgg4 #bgc ,corpus ,inscrip4 ,grc>41 vol4 i4 p4 #gdj4 #bgd ,or*om5os1 p4 #dga4 #bge ,vitruvius1 viii4 #c4 p4 #bah4 ed4 ,s*neid]4 ,see also ,dodwell's ,t\r1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdb4 ,x 0 imag9$ t ! wat] ( ! ,melas r5d]$ ! wool black1 & t ( ! ,cephisos :ite4 ,dr4 ,sib?orp1 9 cross+ ! pla9 ( ,botia ne> ,plata 9 ,novemb] ,a4 ,d4 #agid1 says1 8,flocks ( %eep1 ^: fleeces 7 ( rem>kable blackness1 7 fe$+ 9 ! pla92 ! bre$ 0 consid]ably sup]ior 9 beauty & size to t ( ,attica40--,walpole's ,memoirs on ,eur4 & ,z4 ,turkey1 p4 #fe4 #bgf ,contra ,ev]g4 et ,mnesid4 p4 #aaee4 ed4 ,reiske4 #bgg ,apud ,non4 ,m>cellum4 ,we le>n f ,!ocritus1 t ! %eph]ds ( ,a*>n1 "o ( ! ,attic demi1 excell$ 9 play+ on ! pipe#bgh4 #bgh ,idyll4 vii4 #ga4 ,9 ! adjo9+ c\ntry ( ,meg>is 0 a temple ( great antiquity 9 honor ( 4 ,x 0 said1 t ,c]es 0 wor%ipp$ "u t title1 ,,! ,,br+] ,,( ,,flocks1 by ^? :o fir/ kept %eep 9 ! c\ntry#bgi4 ,!ognis 7v4 #ee47 m5tions1 t ! p ( ,meg>is us$ be=e 8 "t to we> goat-sk9s1 :i* %[s ! late introduction ( ! gr[? & manufacture ( wool4 ,"h1 z 9 ,attica1 x 0 usual to protect ! %eep ) sk9s2 &1 z ! boys 7 sometimes se5 nak$ aft] ! ,doric fa%ion1 ,diog5es1 ! cynic1 said 9 ref]5ce to ^! practices1 he w\ld r be ! ram ( a ,meg>5sian ?an 8 son#bhj4 #bgi ,paus4 i4 #dd4 #d4 #bhj ,diog4 ,la]t4 vi4 #da4 liani ,v>4 ,hi/4 xii4 #ef4 ,9 ! ,peloponnesus1 ,arcadia 0 always rem>kable = ! att5tion paid to %eep4 ,arcadia claims our especial consid]ation1 because 9 x ! %eph]d life assum$ t peculi> =m1 :i* has be5 ! subject ( s mu* admiration bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,"h ! lively g5ius & imag9ative disposition common to ! ,greek nation 7 direct$ to ! daily contemplation ( ! mo/ beautiful & romantic v>ieties ( m\nta9 & woodl& sc5]y1 & h5ce _! employm5ts1 _! pleasures1 & _! religion1 all acquir$ a ru/ic "*1 highly picturesque & ta/eful1 &1 z x appe>s to u1 g5]ally favorable to ! developm5t ( ! dome/ic & social virtues4 ,to attempt a full inve/igation ( ?is subject1 & to %[ 9 :at degree ! want ( high] atta9m5ts 9 religi\s k & moral cultivation 0 suppli$ by ! peculi> rites1 ideas1 & cu/oms ( ,arcadia1 w\ld lead u too f> f our prop] subject4 ,we only wi% to br+ =w>d ! pr9cipal facts & au?orities1 & to give a succ9t acc\nt ( ! g5u9e ,arcadian sy/em ( religion & mann]s )\t attempt+ to refute at l5g? ! opposite views1 :i* h be5 adopt$ by anci5t & mod]n writ]s4 ,! peculi> ,div9ity ( ,arcadia1 ^: wor%ip _h a con/ant & manife/ ref]5ce to ! pr9cipal employm5ts ( ! inhabitants1 0 ,pan4 ,h5ce he is call$ by ,virgil & ,prop]tius 8! ,god ( ,arcadia#bha40 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus 7ii4 #ade471 ,pan1 ! son ( ,m]cury 7:o 0 born at ,cyll5e 9 ,arcadia1 :]e ,m]cury 0 previ\sly wor%ipp$17 fir/ saw ! light aft] ! ,trojan w>1 & ab\t #hjj ye>s be=e 8 own "t4 ,?us we are able to ref] ! suppos$ bir? ( ,pan1 & consequ5tly ! comm5cem5t ( 8 wor%ip to ab\t ! ye> #abfj ,b4 ,c4#bhb4 #bha ,virg4 ,buc4 x4 #bf4 & ,georg4 iii4 #che4 ,see also ,prop]t4 i4 #ag4 #bhb ,hi/4 d',h]odote1 p> ,l>*]1 tome vii4 p4 #cei1 #ehb4 ,! circum/ances ( ! bir? ( ?is div9ity1 ) 8 habits & employm5ts1 are describ$ z foll[s 9 ! mo/ anci5t docum5t :i* we h relat+ to him1 viz4 ,hom]'s ,hymn to ,pan4 ,m]cury t5d$ r\gh flocks at ,cyll5e 9 ! s]vice ( a mortal man1 be+ enamor$ ( a beautiful nymph4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t %e bore him a son1 hav+ ! feet ( a goat1 two horns ^u 8 =ehead1 a long %aggy be>d1 & a bewit*+ smile4 ,?is 0 ,pan1 :o became ! god ( ! %eph]ds1 & ! companion ( ! m\nta9 nymphs1 p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! d5se/ ?ickets1 & inhabit+ ! mo/ wild1 r\gh1 & l(ty summits ( ! sylvan ,arcadia4 ,!re x is 8 bus9ess to de/roy ! wild bea/s2 & :51 hav+ return$ f hunt+1 he drives 8 %eep into a cave1 he plays ^u 8 re$s a tune sweet z ! song ( any bird 9 spr+4 ,! nymphs1 delight+ 9 melody1 li/5 to him :5 !y g to ! d>k f\nta91 & ! god sometimes appe>s among !m1 we>+ on 8 back ! hide ( a lynx1 :i* he has lately kill$1 & he jo9s ) !m 9 ! *oral song & dance ^u a mead[ v>iegat$ ) ! crocus & ! hyac9?4 ,he is belov$ by ,bac*us1 & is ! delight ( 8 fa!r ,m]cury1 & he celebrates _! wor%ip beyond t ( all ! o!r gods4 ,callima*us 7,hymn4 9 ,dianam1 #hh47 repres5ts ,pan at 8 fold 9 ,arcadia1 fe$+ 8 dogs ) ! fle% ( a lynx1 :i* he has caught on ,mnalus4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ! c>e ( dogs to gu>d ! flock 0 an indisp5sable "p ( ! pa/oral (fice4 ,philo/ratus1 9 8 ,second ,book ( ,pictures#bhc1 supposes ! nymphs to h be5 reprov+ ,pan = 8 want ( grace 9 danc+1 tell+ him t he leapt too high & l a goat1 & (f]+ to tea* him a m g5tle me?od4 ,he pays no att5tion to !m1 b tries to cat* hold ( !m4 ,^u ?is !y surprise him sleep+ at noon aft] ! toils ( ! *ase2 & he is repres5t$ 9 ! picture ) 8 arms ti$ beh9d him1 & enrag$ & /ruggl+ aga9/ !m1 :ile !y are cutt+ (f 8 be>d & try+ to trans=m 8 legs & to humanize him4 #bhc ,philo/rati ,s5ioris ,imag4 l4 ii4 c4 #aa4 ,9 ! ,bucolics & ,georgics ( ,virgil we f9d frequ5t invocations to ,pan z ! god ( %eph]ds1 ! gu>dian ( flocks1 & ! inv5tor ( ! syr9x1 or ,p&ean pipes4 ,ipse1 nemus l9qu5s patrium1 saltusque ,lyci1 ,pan1 ovium cu/os1 tua si tibi ,mnala cur1 ,adsis1 ,o ,tegee1 fav5s4 ,georg4 i4 #af-ah4 ,god ( ! fleece1 :om grateful %eph]ds love1 ,oh1 leave ,lycu & ?y fa!r's grove2 ,& if ?y ,mnalus yet claim ?y c>e1 ,he>1 ,tegean ,pan1 ?' invok+ pray]4 ,georg4 i4 #af-ah4 ,delightful ,mnalus1 #8mid e*o+ groves1 ,& vocal p9es1 /ill he>s ! %eph]ds' loves2 ,! rural w>bl+s he> ( skilful ,pan1 ,:o fir/ to tune neglect$ re$s began4 ,bucol4 viii4 #bb-bd4--,w>ton's ,translation4 ,o t y lov'd ! fields & %ady grots1 ,to dwell ) me 9 b[]s & l[ly cots1 ,to drive ! kids to fold1 ! /ags to pi]ce2 ,!n %\ld/ ?\ emulate ,pan's skilful v]se1 ,w>bl+ ) me 9 woods3 'twas mighty ,pan ,to jo9 ) wax ! v>i\s re$s began4 ,pan1 ! great god ( all our subject pla9s1 ,protects & loves ! cattle & ! swa9s3 ,nor ?\ disda9 ?y t5d] rosy lip ,deep to ind5t ) su* a ma/]'s pipe4 ,bucol4 ii4 #bh-cd4--,w>ton's ,translation4 ,besides ! f\r places 9 ,arcadia1 :i* are ref]r$ to 9 ! above-cit$ passages ( ,virgil1 ,pausanias in=ms u ( sev]al o!rs1 9 :i* he saw temples & alt>s erect$ to ,pan4 ,he says#bhd1 t ,m\nt ,mnalus 0 especially sacr$ to ?is deity1 s t ^? :o dwelt 9 its vic9ity ass]t$1 t !y sometimes he>d him play+ on ! syr9x4 ,a cont9ual fire burnt !re ne> 8 temple4 #bhd ,l4 viii4 c4 #cf4 #e4 & c4 #cg4 #h4 ,h]odotus gives a v curi\s acc\nt ( ! introduction ( ! wor%ip ( ,pan into ,attica#bhe4 ,he says1 t be=e ! battle ( ,m>a?on ! ,a!nian g5]als s5t ,philippides z a h]ald to ,sp>ta4 8,on 8 return ,philippides ass]t$1 t ,pan _h appe>$ to him ne> ,m\nt ,p>!nius above ,tegea1 _h address$ him by "n & ) a l\d voice1 & comm&$ him to ask ! ,a!nians :y !y did n pay any reg>d to him1 a god1 :o 0 k9d to !m1 :o _h be5 (t5 useful to !m & w\ld be s 9 future4 ,! ,a!nians1 believ+ ! /atem5t ( ,philippides1 :5 !y f\nd !mselves prosp]\s1 erect$ a temple to ,pan bel[ ! ,acropolis1 & cont9u$ to propitiate him by annual sacrifices & by c>ry+ ! tor*40 ,f v>i\s au?orities we "k1 t ?is temple 0 9 ! cave on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,acropolis bel[ ! ,propyla#bhf4 #bhe ,lib4 vi4 c4 #aje4 #bhf ,eurip4 ,jon4 #dib-ejd4 #icg4 ,paus4 i4 #bh4 #d4 ,/u>t's ,ant4 ( ,a!ns4 ,hobh\se's ,travels1 p4 #ccf4 ,dodwell's ,t\r1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjd4 ,9 ,sir ,r4 ,worsley's collection ( ,antiques at ,appl$urcombe 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight is a bas-relief1 9 :i* ,pan is recl9+ z if aft] ! *ase ne> ! m\? ( ?is cave4 ,he holds ! syr9x 9 ! left h&1 a dr9k+-horn 9 ! "r4 ,a tra9 ( wor%ipp]s are conduct+ a ram to ! alt> )9 ! cave4 ,see ,museum ,worsleianum1 ,lon4 #agid4 plate #i4 ,9 ! ve/ibule ( ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,cambridge is a mutilat$ /atue ( ,pan clo!d 9 a goat-sk9 & hold+ ! syr9x 9 8 left h&4 ,?is /atue 0 discov]$ ne> ! same cave1 & f its /yle1 7! g9etic17 may be suppos$ to h be5 c>v$ soon aft] ! battle ( ,m>a?on4 ,see ,dr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke s ,greek ,m>bles1 p4 #i4 ,no4 xi4 ,wilk9s's ,magna ,grcia1 p4 #ga1 & ,dodwell's ,t\r1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjd4 ,9 lat] times a cave ne> ,m>a?on 0 d$icat$ to ,pan1 ! /alactitio incru/ations )9 x be+ comp>$ to goats1 & to _! /alls & dr9k+-tr\ghs#bhg4 #bhg ,paus4 l4 i4 #cb4 #f4 ,dodwell's ,t\r1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afb4 ,mapat1 p4 #ccj ( ,mem4 on ,eur4 & ,z4 ,turkey1 edit$ by ,walpole4 ,*&l] & ,dodwell 9 _! ,travels describe ano!r cave l>g] ?an t at ,m>a?on & conta9+ m v>i$ /alagmitic concretions4 ,x is ne> ! summit ( ,m\nt ,rapsna betwe5 ,a!ns & ,sunium4 is inscrib$ on ! rock ne> ! entrance1 prov+ t x 0 consid]$ sacr$ to ,pan4 ,x is no d\bt ! ,panon m5tion$ by ,/rabo#bhh4 #bhh ,l4 ix4 cap4 #a4 #ba4 ,x 0 consecrat$ to ! ,nymphs z well z to ,pan1 ?is association ( ! ,nymphs ) t deity be+ univ]sally practis$4 ,dodwell's ,t\r1 vol4 i4 p4 #eej-eee4 8,! c\ntryman & %eph]d1 z well z ! sportsman1 has (t5 repair$1 x is likely1 to ?is cave1 to r5d] ! deities propiti\s by sacrific+ a %e-goat or lamb1 by gifts ( cakes or fruit1 & by libations ( milk1 oil1 & honey2 simply believ+1 t ?is att5tion 0 pleas+ to !m1 t !y 7 pres5t ?\gh unse51 & p>took )\t dim9i%+ ! (f]+2 _! appetites z well z passions1 caprices1 & employm5ts resembl+ ! human4 ,at noon-day ! pipe 0 sil5t on ! m\nta9s1 le/ x might happ5 to awake ,pan1 !n repos+ aft] ! ex]cise ( hunt+1 tir$ & peevi%40 ,*&l]'s ,travels 9 ,greece1 c4 #cb4 p4 #aee4 ,! ,corycian cave on ,m\nt ,p>nassus 0 d$icat$ by ! surr\nd+ inhabitants to ,pan & to ! ,nymphs#bhi4 ,!ocritus also 7,idyll4 viii4 v4 #ajc47 speaks ( ,homole1 a m\nta9\s tract 9 ! s\? ( ,!ssaly1 z belong+ to ,pan4 ,alt>s 7 d$icat$ to ,pan on ! race-c\rse at ,olympia 9 ,elis#bij1 z we may presume1 out ( respect to ! ,arcadians1 :o resort$ to ! ,olympic games4 ,p9d> /ates#bia1 t he _h ne> 8 door a /atue ( ,pan4 ,"h1 z 8 able comm5tators ,heyne & ,bckh obs]ve1 8 daught]s ) o!r ,!ban virg9s sung hymns 9 honor ( ! god4 ,"t has sp>$ ! traces ( hymns p]=m$ on su* occasions1 ( :i* ! foll[+ ,s*olion is ! mo/ entire specim54 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 #bib4 ,o ,pan1 ,arcadia's sov]eign "l1 ,danc+ & s++ ) ! nymphs2 ,smile1 ,pan1 responsive to my joys1 ,o %\t1 delight$ ) my songs4 #bhi ,paus4 l4 x4 #cb4 #e4 ,/rabo1 l4 ix4 cap4 #c4 #a4 p4 #dhh4 ed4 ,sieb5kees ,raikes's ,j\rnal 9 ,memoirs edit$ by ,walpole1 p4 #caa-cae4 #bij ,paus4 l4 v4 c4 #ae4 #d4 #bia ,py?4 iii4 #acg-aci4 #bib ,a!nu1 l4 xv4 #ej4 #aedg4 ed4 ,d9dorf4 ,p9d>i ,op4 a ,bckh4 ii4 #b4 p4 #eib4 ,brunck1 ,analecta1 vol4 i4 p4 #aef2 & vol4 iii4 ,lect4 et ,em5d4 p4 #bg4 ,on a vase ( ,greek m>ble 9 ! ,royal ,museum at ,naples 7,?is vase 0 fir/ describ$ 9 ,italian #bge ,bay>di1 ,catalogo degli anti*i monum5ti dissott>retti da ,ercolano4 ,napoli1 #aged1 p4 #bij4 ,no4 #iad471 we see ,pan danc+ ) ! nymphs exactly z he is repres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ song4 ,! sculpture is 9 t v anci5t /yle1 :i* is call$ ,etruscan4 ,pan is "h exhibit$ ) goats' feet & horns 7,hom4 ,hymn4 9 ,pana1 #a4 #b474 ,he we>s ! sk9 ( an animal1 & employs 8 "r h& 9 draw+ x up t[>ds 8 left %\ld]4 ,9 8 left h& he holds ! crook or pa/oral /aff1 :i* is "o ( 8 usual emblems4 ,pan & ! ?ree females1 ) :om he is danc+1 =m a di/9ct gr\p by !mselves4 ,!y are mov+ r\nd a l>ge /one1 & ! arti/ probably imag9$ !m to be mov+ fir/ 9 "o direction1 & !n 9 ! opposite1 z if p]=m+ ! ,/rophe & ,anti/rophe ar\nd an alt>4 ,we le>n f ,mr4 ,dodwell1 t ! mod]n ,greeks 9 _! circul> dances hold ea* o!r ) a h&k]*ief1 & n by ! h&#bic4 #bic ,dodwell's ,t\r1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ba1 #bb4 ,t ! ,romans consid]$ ,pn & ,faun to be ! same1 us+ ! two names indiscrim9ately1 ! "o z ! ,greek1 ! o!r z ! ,lat9 =m1 is evid5t f su* passages z ! foll[+3 ,pan f ,arcadia's hills desc5ds ,to visit (t my ,sab9e seat1 ,& "h my t5d] goats def5ds ,f ra9y w9ds & summ]'s heat4 ,= :5 ! vales1 wide-spread+ r\nd1 ,! slop+ hills1 & poli%'d rocks1 ,) 8 h>moni\s pipe res\nd1 ,9 fe>less safety graze my flocks4 ,hor4 ,od4 l4 i4 c4 #ag4 v4 #a-ab4 ,! names ,pan & ,faun1 sc>cely diff] except 9 ?is1 t ! "o beg9s ) ,p1 ! l5is1 & ! o!r ) ,f1 :i* is its aspirate3 9 ! second place1 bo? 7 conceiv$ to h n only ! same =m & appe>ance1 b ! same habits1 dispositions1 & employm5ts3 ?irdly1 ! goat 0 sacrific$ to ,pan 9 ,greece#bid & to ,faunus 9 ,italy#bie1 because ! ,arcadian & ,roman deity 0 conceiv$ to be ! gu>dian ( goats z well z %eep1 b ?is animal 0 n sacrific$ to ! ,egyptian ,m5des1 because ,9 safety ?r\gh ! woody brake ,! lat5t %rubs & ?yme explore1 ,nor long] dread ! speckl$ snake1 ,& tremble at ! wolf no m4 ,francis's ,translation1 abridg$4 9 ,egypt ! goat itself 0 suppos$ to be ,m5des1 an inc>nation ( ! god2 & la/ly1 x is record$ z an hi/orical fact1 t ! wor%ip ( ,faunus 0 br\ght to ,rome f ,arcadia1 :]eas ! supposition ( ! introduction ( ! same wor%ip into ,arcadia f ,egypt1 ?\gh f\nd 9 ! pages ( an hi/orian1 is n giv5 by him z a matt] ( hi/ory1 b only z a matt] ( op9ion4 ,! acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! wor%ip ( ,faunus at ,rome1 is z foll[s3 ,ev&]1 ! ,arcadian1 introduc$ a colony ( 8 c\ntrym5 into ,italy1 & e/abli%$ !re ! rights ( ,m]cury & ( ! ,lycean ,pan on ! hill1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds call$ ! ,palat9e ,m\nt & became "p ( ! city ( ,rome4 ,a cave at ! base ( ! hill 0 d$icat$ to ,pan1 z we h se5 0 ! case "s c5turies aft]w>ds at ,a!ns#bif4 #bid ,longi ,pa/or4 l4 ii4 c4 #ag4 ,9 an epigram by ,leonidas ( ,t>5tum 7,no4 xxx4 ,brunckii ,analecta1 tom4 i4 p4 #bbh47 ,bito1 an ag$ ,arcadian1 d$icates (f]+s to ,pan1 to ,bac*us1 & to ! ,nymphs4 ,to ,pan he devotes a kid4 #bie ,ovid4 ,fa/i1 ii4 ,see also ,hor4 ,od4 l4 i4 #d4 v4 ii4 #bif ,dionys4 ,halic>n4 ,hi/4 ,rom4 l4 i4 p4 #bj1 #ba1 ed4 ,r4 ,/eph4 ,p>is #aedf4 ,/rabon l4 v4 cap4 iii4 #c4 ,aur4 ,victor1 ,origo ,g5tis ,roman4 ,livii l4 i4 c4 #e4 ,pausanias1 viii4 #dc4 #b4 ,virg4 n4 viii4 #ea-ed4 #cdb-cdd4 ,heyne's ,excursus ad loc4 ,ovidii ,fa/i1 ii4 #bfh-deb4 v4 #hh1 c4 ,9 ! prec$+ obs]vations we h endeavor$ to give a correct repres5tation ( ! real s5tim5ts & practices ( ! ,arcadians 9 reg>d to ! prop] div9ity ( _! c\ntry2 & f ?is acc\nt we are naturally l$ to inquire :at influ5ce ?is peculi> belief & wor%ip _h ^u _! mann]s & _! social life4 ,:il/ ! elegant simplicity & innoc5ce ( ! ,arcadian %eph]ds1 _! graceful *orusses1 _! dance & song1 _! love = _! fleecy *>ge1 :i* !y delight$ & soo!d ) ! melody ( ! pipe1 h be5 ! !me & ornam5t ( poetry & romance f ! e>lie/ times1 ! "q is highly important & int]e/+1 :e!r ^! ideal visions are realis$ by hi/orical te/imony8 :e!r ! %eph]ds ( ! anci5t ,arcadia 7 s entirely & s favorably di/+ui%$ f m5 ( ! same class & employm5t 9 almo/ all o!r times & c\ntries8 ,"o mod]n writ] d5ies ?is fact4 ,he says1 8,! ref9$ & almo/ spiritualiz$ /ate ( innoc5ce1 :i* we call ! pa/oral life ( ,arcadia1 0 entirely unkn[n to ! anci5ts30 & he quotes 9 support ( ?is ass]tion sev]al expressions1 us$ by ,philo/ratus & o!r writ]s1 & d5ot+ contempt = ! ,arcadians z a rude1 ignorant1 /upid race ( p#big4 ,polybius1 :o 0 an ,arcadian1 confid5tly ass]ts1 t !y _h ?r\gh\t ,greece a high & honorable reputation1 n only on acc\nt ( _! hospitality to /rang]s & _! b5evol5ce t[>ds all m51 b especially on acc\nt ( _! piety t[>ds ! div9e be+6 ,x is true !y make no figure 9 ,grecian hi/ory1 because !y 7 too wise to take "p 9 ! irrational conte/s1 :i* cont9ually embroil$ ! surr\nd+ /ates4 ,_! division into small indep5d5t communities1 ea* pres5t+ a purely democratic con/itution1 r5d]$ x impossible = !m to acquire celebrity 9 legislation2 & yet we are in=m$ ( "s ( ! citiz5s ( ,arcadia1 :o 7 reput$ excell5t lawgiv]s = ! sph]e 9 :i* !y act$#bih4 ,x appe>s to be no inconsid]able evid5ce ( _! progress 9 ! art ( gov]nm5t ^u republican pr9ciples1 t 9 ! *oice ( magi/rates at ,mant9ea !y proce$$ ^u ! plan ( a d\ble election#bii4 ,we h ! mo/ decisive pro(s ( _! public _s 9 ! spl5did cities1 :i* !y erect$1 & :i* 7 adorn$ ) !atres1 temples1 & num]\s o!r edifices4 ,we are in=m$ by ,pausanias#cjj1 t ( all ! temples 9 ,peloponnesus ! mo/ beautiful & admirable 7 ^? ( ,m9]va at ,tegea & ( ,apollo at ,phigalia2 & ^! 7 bo? cities ( ,arcadia4 ,n[ x %\ld be obs]v$1 t ! ta/e & spl5dor ( _! public edifices are ! m decisive pro(s ( _! national en?usiasm1 :5 x is consid]$1 t among !m prop]ty 0 exce$+ly subdivid$2 t !y _h no ov]p[]+ ari/ocracy1 no pr9ces or great l&$ g5try1 :o might seek = r5[n or c\rt popul>ity by be/[+ _! weal? ^u public in/itutions2 b t ! noble temples1 ! sculptures1 & o!r works ( art1 :i* ornam5t$ _! cities & 7 subs]vi5t to purposes ( common int]e/1 c\ld h be5 produc$ only by ! unit$ delib]ations & contributions ( ! mass ( ! inhabitants4 ,!y seem !re=e to prove ! univ]sal preval5ce bo? ( a lib]al patriotic feel+1 & ( a cultivat$ ta/e = ! beautiful & ! sublime4 #big ,j4 ,h4 ,voss1 ,virgil's ,lndli*e ,g$i*te1 tom4 ii4 p4 #cec4 #bih ,wa*smu?1 ,hell54 ,alt]?umskunde1 i4 #a4 p4 #ahj2 i4 #b4 p4 #cje4 #bii ,ari/ot4 ,polit4 l4 vi4 #b4 #b4 #cjj ,l4 viii4 c4 #da4 #e4 p4 #dbi1 ed4 ,siebel4 ,virgil be>s 8 te/imony to _! sup]ior skill 9 vocal & in/rum5tal music4 ,arcadian swa9s1 ,ye be/ artific]s ( soo?+ /ra9s4 ,bucol4 x4 #cb4--,w>ton's ,translation4 ,?is mu/ ( c\rse be und]/ood z ref]r+ only to music & poetry ( ! pa/oral k9d4 ,to ! composition ( ! high] species ( poetry1 by :i* ! ,greeks ( o!r c\ntries laid a f\ndation = ! in/ruction & delight ( all succe$+ ages1 ! ,arcadians nev] aspir$4 ,at ! same "t !re c be no d\bt t !y be/[$ great c>e ^u ! exhibition ( dramatic compositions1 ?\gh !y did n attempt to write !m3 ( ?is fact we h suffici5t pro( 9 ! rema9s ( ! !atres f\nd ^u ! sites ( _! pr9cipal cities1 & especially ( ! !atre ( ,megalopolis1 :i* 0 ! greate/ 9 all ,greece#cja4 #cja ,pausanias1 l4 viii4 #cb4 #a4 ,leake's ,travels 9 ! ,morea1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cb4 #ci1 #dj4 ,b ) respect to _! cultivation ( music & its influ5ce on _! national "*1 we h ^u record ! full & explicit te/imony ( "o ( _! mo/ di/+ui%$ citiz5s1 ! hi/orian ,polybius1 ^: rem>ks w appe> especially des]v+ ( ! read]'s att5tion1 :5 x is consid]$1 t he mu/ himself h gone ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( discipl9e & in/ruction :i* he describes4 ,hav+ _h occasion to m5tion ! turbul5t "* z well z ! cruel & p]fidi\s conduct ( ! ,cyn!ans1 :o occupi$ a city & di/rict 9 ! nor? ( ,arcadia1 he proposes to inquire :y x 0 t1 al?\gh !y 7 inde$ ,arcadians1 !y _h act$ 9 a mann] s entirely at v>iance ) ! usual habits & mann]s ( ! ,greeks1 & he !n proce$s ) e>ne/ness & solemnity to expla9 ^u ! foll[+ pr9ciples ! cause ( ?is extraord9>y contra/4 ,x 01 z he /ates1 t ! ,cyn!ans 7 ! only inhabitants ( ,arcadia :o _h neglect$ to ex]cise !mselves 9 music2 & he !n gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! e/abli%$ practice ( ! re/ ( ! ,arcadians 9 devot+ !mselves to ! /udy ( real music1 by :i* he means ! unit$ arts ( music1 poetry1 & danc+1 ( all ^? elegant & graceful p]=mances1 ov] :i* ! ,muses 7 suppos$ to preside4 ,he in=ms u t ! ,arcadians1 ^: g5]al habits 7 v sev]e1 7 requir$ by law to g on improv+ !mselves 9 music1 s und]/ood1 until _! ?irtie? ye>4 8,9 *ildhood10 says he1 8!y are taught to s+ 9 tune hymns & pans 9 honor ( ! dome/ic h]oes & div9ities4 ,!y aft]w>ds le>n ! music ( ,philox5us & ,timo!us4 ,!y dance to ! pipe 9 ! !atres at ! annual fe/ival ( ,bac*us2 & !y d ?is ) great emulation1 ! boys p]=m+ mock-fights adapt$ to _! age1 & ! "y m5 ! s-call$ manly fights4 ,9 l mann] ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( life _! pleasure at fea/s & ent]ta9m5ts consi/s1 n 9 li/5+ to s+]s hir$ = ! purpose1 b 9 s++ !mselves 9 _! turns :5 call$ ^u4 ,=1 al?\gh a man may decl9e any o!r p]=mance on ! gr\nd ( inability & may !reby br+ no imputation on himself1 no "o c refuse to s+1 because all h be5 oblig$ to le>n x1 & to refuse to take a "p1 :5 able1 is deem$ disgraceful4 ,! "y m5 also unite toge!r to p]=m 9 ord] all ! milit>y /eps & motions to ! s\nd ( ! pipe1 & at ! public exp5se !y exhibit !m e ye> be=e _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,besides ^! ballets1 m>*es1 & mock-fights1 ! m5 & wom5 unite 9 great public assemblies & 9 num]\s sacrifices1 to :i* are to be add$ ! circul> or *oral dances by ! boys & virg9s40 ,polybius adds1 t ^! musical ex]cises _h be5 orda9$ z ! means ( communicat+ s(tness & ref9em5t to ! o!rwise r\gh & labori\s life ( ! ,arcadians1 & he w>ns !m by ! example ( ! half-savages ( ,cyn? nev] to ab&on su* :olesome in/itutions#cjb4 ,) h[ great b5efit to our own social "* might we adopt ?is c\nsel6 ,h[ greatly might we contribute bo? to ! innoc5t enjoym5t & to ! m improv$ & elevat$ ta/es ( our ru/ics & artisans1 if well-regulat$ plans 7 devis$1 by :i* graceful recreations1 provid+ at ! same "t ex]cise = ! body1 amusem5t = ! imag9ation1 & employm5t = ! f9] & m amiable feel+s1 7 made to relieve ! degrad+ & b5umb+ monotony ( _! protract$ labors1 :e!r 9 ! factory or 9 ! field6 #cjb ,polyb4 l4 iv4 c4 #bj1 #ba4 ,x w be readily p]ceiv$1 t ! education "h describ$1 & ! ta/es & habits :i* x produc$1 7 imm$iately associat$ ) ! popul> religion1 & especially ) ! notions & rites ent]ta9$ t[>ds ! peculi> god ( ! %eph]ds4 ,o!r deities inde$1 su* z ,apollo1 ,diana1 & ,m9]va1 :o 7 also wor%ipp$ 9 ,arcadia1 may h contribut$ to ! same effect2 & especially ?is may h be5 ! case ) ,m]cury1 p]haps ! only "o ( ! high] ,greek div9ities1 :o 0 conceiv$ to h a b5evol5t "*1 :o 0 ! fa!r ( ,pan1 & 0 himself report$ to h be5 born 9 a cave ( ! same m\nta9 9 ,arcadia1 on :i* he 0 wor%ipp$4 ,he 0 a lov] ( in/rum5tal music1 hav+ inv5t$ ! lyre1 & he 0 frequ5tly repres5t$ on co9s & gems1 rid+ ^u a ram1 or ) 8 emblems s connect$ ) ! figures ( %eep1 & m r>ely ( goats & ( dogs1 z to prove t 9 8 "* z ! god ( ga9 ! %eph]ds look$ up to him toge!r ) 8 (fspr+ to bless ! flocks & to increase _! produce#cjc4 ,h5ce ,hom]1 9 ord] to convey ! idea t ,phorbas 0 rem>kably successful 9 ! bre$+ ( %eep1 says t he 0 belov$ by ,m]cury above all ! o!r ,trojans#cjd4 ,! inhabitants ( "o t]ritory ev5 9 ,arcadia1 viz4 ! city ( ,ph9eos1 honor$ ,m]cury m ?an all ! o!r gods1 & express$ ?is s5tim5t by procur+ a /atue ( him made by a celebrat$ sculptor 9 g9a1 9 :i* he 0 repres5t$ c>ry+ a ram "u 8 arm1 & :i* !y plac$ 9 ! great temple ( ,jupit] at ,olympia#cje4 ,at ,cor9? !re 0 a braz5 /atue ( ,m]cury 9 a sitt+ po/ure ) a ram /&+ beside him4 ,accord+ to ,pausanias 7ii4 #c1 #d47 ! reason ( ?is repres5tation 01 t ( all ! gods ,m]cury 0 ?\ght mo/ to take c>e ( flocks & to promote _! increase4 ,b1 z ! ,cor9?ians _h little or no?+ to d ) ! t5d+ ( %eep & 7 devot$ to comm]ce1 we may ask :at int]e/ _h !y 9 ?is attribute ( ,m]cury8 ,x is v evid5t t x c\ld only be an int]e/ aris+ f ! "p :i* ,cor9? took 9 ! wool-trade4 ,t ! ,arcadians did n !mselves consume _! wool is manife/4 ,h[ c\ld !y h built cities1 :i* 7 s l>ge1 num]\s1 & h&some 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( _! c\ntry1 & h liv$ ev5 9 t degree ( elegance & luxury1 to :i* !y atta9$1 unless !y _h be5 able to dispose ( ! *ief produce ( _! soil 9 a pr(itable mann]8 ,x is probable !re=e1 t ! repres5tation ( ,m]cury or ( 8 emblems 9 conjunction ) ! figure ( ! %eep on ! co9s ( ,cor9? & ,patr may be reg>d$ z an intimation1 t ! ,arcadians dispos$ ( _! wool 9 ^? cities = exportation to =eign c\ntries4 #cjc ,buon>oti 7,oss]vazioni sopra alcuni ,m$aglioni ,anti*i1 p4 #da47 has exhibit$ brass co9s1 9 "o ( :i* ,m]cury is rid+ on a %eep2 9 a second ! %eep is se5 ) ,m]cury's bag ( money on its back2 & 9 a ?ird ! caduceus is ov] ! %eep1 & two spikes ( corn1 emblems ( agricultural prosp]ity1 spr+ out ( ! gr\nd be=e x4 ,among ! gems ( ! ,b>on de ,/os*1 n[ belong+ to ! ,royal ,cab9et at ,b]l91 ,no4 #cha4 ,class ,,ii4 repres5ts ,m]cury sitt+ ^u a rock ) a dog by 8 side3 ,w9ckelmann obs]ves1 t 8! dog is ! symbol ( ,m]cury z ! protector ( %eph]ds40 ,nos4 #cib1 #cic1 #cif-djb1 9 ! same collection1 repres5t him ) %eep1 & "o ( !m 7#cii47 exhibits him /&+ erect 9 a *>iot drawn by f\r rams1 & hold+ ! bag or purse 9 8 "r h& & ! caduceus 9 8 left4 ,"s ( ! co9s ( ,sicily appe> to ref] 9 l mann] to ! "* ( ,m]cury z ! promot] ( ! trade 9 wool4 ,! ,honorable ,keppel ,crav5 7,excursions 9 ! ,abruzzi1 ,london1 #ahch1 vol4 i4 *4 #d4 p4 #aji47 m5tions a temple at ,arp9um1 a city ( ,latium1 :i* 0 d$icat$1 z appe>s f an inscription f\nd on its site1 to ,,m]curius ,,lan>ius4 ,?is title evid5tly repres5t$ ,m]cury z presid+ ov] ! gr[? ( wool & ! trade 9 x4 ,p]haps ! v anci5t idea ( ,m]cury mak+ ! fleece ( ,phryxus gold5 by 8 t\* may h orig9at$ 9 ! same view4 ,see ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ,argonautica1 l4 #aa4 #aadd1 & ,s*olion ad locum4 #cjd ,il4 xiv4 #dij4 ,see also ,hom4 ,hymn to ,m]cury1 #efi4 ,hesiod1 ,!og4 #ddd4 #cje ,paus4 l4 v4 #bg4 #e4 & l4 viii4 #ad4 #g4 ,b1 not)/&+ ! important %>e1 :i* ,m]cury _h 9 ! religi\s s5tim5ts & obs]vances ( ! ,arcadians1 ! prop] god ( ! %eph]ds ( ,arcadia 0 ,pan1 & we h already _h abundant evid5ce to sugge/ ! conviction1 t _! songs & dances 7 p]=m$ pr9cipally 9 honor ( him1 & 7 suppos$ to be taught1 guid$1 & animat$ by him4 ,arcadia has = _m c5turies exhibit$ a mo/ melan*oly contra/ to t condition ( h>dy & yet peaceful indep5d5ce1 ( ru/ic simplicity unit$ ) ta/eful elegance1 ( social k9dness & dome/ic enjoym5t undi/urb$ by ! projects ( ambition1 :i* has suppli$ _m ( ! mo/ beautiful pictures to ! writ]s ( poetry & romance4 ,! great natural features ( ! c\ntry are unalt]able4 ,! p9e-=e/s ( ,lycu1 its deep gl5s cont9ually refre%$ ) sp>kl+ /reams & cat>acts1 its savage precipices :]e sc>ce ev5 a goat c climb1 rema9 9 _! orig9al beauty & gr&eur4 ,?is region also af=ds pa/ure to flocks ( %eep m num]\s ?an ^? :i* fe$ 9 any o!r "p ( ,greece#cjf4 ,b :atev] dep5ds on ! moral nature ( man is *ang$4 ,! valleys1 once ri*ly cultivat$ & t5ant$ by an ov]fl[+ population1 are sc>cely kept 9 tillage4 ,! noble cities are trac$ only by _! scatt]$ ru9s4 ,! few desc5dants ( ! anci5t ,arcades h cr\*$ b5ea? a degrad+ tyranny4 ,! ?ick =e/s & awful cav]ns b a few ye>s ago s]v$ to %elt] fi]ce b&itti2 & ! travell] />tl$ at ! s\nd ( _! fire-arms in/ead ( be+ *>m$ ) ! sweet melody ( ! syr9x#cjg4 ,b a new dyna/y has be5 e/abli%$ "u ! sanction ( ! mo/ p[]ful & enlight5$ nations ( ,europe4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ?is or any o!r "p ( ,greece w aga9 become wise1 virtu\s1 & r5[n$4 ,! philan?ropi/1 :o amid/ ! gloom & desolation ( ! moral _w dep5ds ) confid5ce ^u an all-wise & all-dispos+ ,provid5ce1 may console himself ) ! hope1 t t great ,be+ :o be/[$ su* ine/imable bless+s ^u ,arcadian %eph]ds 9 _! ignorance1 w n ab&on ^? ( _! desc5dants1 :o ) sup]ior means ( k1 aim at correspond+ atta9m5ts 9 ! excell5cies ( political1 social1 & private life4 #cjf ,g]man #bhc ,b>?oldy1 ,bru*/cke zur ,k5ntniss des heut4 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #bch4 #cjg ,dodwell's ,t\r1 vol4 ii4 p4 #chh-cic4 ,leake's ,travels 9 ! ,morea1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhf-dij4 ,! latt] au?or gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a visit :i* he paid to ! family ( a %eph]d1 consi/+ ( twelve or fifte5 individuals1 :o liv$ toge!r 9 a t5t on ,m\nt ,lycu3--8,milk & misi?ra 7a prep>ation made by boil+ milk & :ey toge!r7 is _! usual food4 #8,we h milk 9 pl5ty1' !y tell me1 #8b no bread4' ,su* is ! life ( a mod]n ,arcadian %eph]d1 :o has almo/ rev]t$ to ! balanephag\s /ate ( 8 primitive ance/ors 7,orac4 ,py?4 ap4 ,pausan4 ,arcad4 c4 #db474 ,! *ildr51 h[ev]1 all look heal?y & are h&some1 hav+ l>ge black eyes & regul> features ) v d>k complexion40 ,accord+ to ! repres5tation 9 ! ,odyssey 7xiv4 #ajj47 ,ulysses _h twelve flocks ( %eep1 & z _m ( goats on ! cont95t opposite to ,i?aca4 ,at a mu* lat] p]iod ,neoptolemus1 a k+ ( ,molossis1 9 possession ( flocks & h]ds1 :i* 7 sup]9t5d$ by a di/9ct (fic] appo9t$ = ! purpose#cjh4 ,9 ,mac$onia also ! k+1 ?\gh liv+ 9 a /ate ( s little ref9em5t t 8 que5 bak$ ! bread = ! :ole h\sehold1 0 possess$ at an e>ly p]iod ( flocks ( %eep & goats toge!r ) horses & h]ds ( ox51 :i* 7 entru/$ to ! c>e ( sep>ate (fic]s4 ,we are in=m$ t ?ree ,argive bro!rs1 hav+ tak5 refuge 9 ! upp] "p ( ,mac$onia bord]+ ^u ,illyria1 became hir$ s]vants to ! k+1 "o ( !m hav+ ! cu/ody ( ! horses1 ano!r ( ! ox51 & a ?ird ( ! %eep & goats#cji4 ,"h !n we f9d 9 ,europe a /ate ( society analog\s to t :i*1 z we h se51 exi/$ 9 ,pale/9e "u ,david4 ,inde$ we may obs]ve1 t all ! c\ntries bord]+ on ,mac$onia 7 contra/$ ) ,attica & ,arcadia 9 ?is respect1 t1 :ile ! ,a!nians & ,arcadians 7 9 g5]al small l&$ proprietors1 ea* %eph]d t5d+ 8 flock ^u 8 own gr\nd1 ,phrygia#caj1 ,?race1 ,mac$onia1 ,epirus1 & ev5 ,botia belong$ probably to an ari/ocracy1 ! ri*e/ & mo/ p[]ful individuals ( :i* became %eph]d k+s1 _! l&$ possessions giv+ !m a sup]iority ov] ! re/ ( _! c\ntrym51 & lead+ to ! employm5t ( num]\s p]sons z _! s]vants engag$ 9 t5d+ _! cattle & 9 o!r rural occupations4 #cjh ,plut>*i ,pyrrhus1 p4 #gje4 ed4 ,/eph4 #cji ,h]od4 viii4 #acg4 #caj ,!opompus1 z quot$ by ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,buc4 vi4 #ac1 makes m5tion ( ! %eph]ds1 :o kept ! flocks ( ,midas1 k+ ( ,phrygia4 ,respect+ ! att5tion paid to %eep-bre$+ 9 ,epirus we h ! te/imony ( ,v>ro 9 8 treatise ,de ,re ,ru/ica4 ,he in=ms u 7ii4 #b47 t x 0 usual !re to h "o man to take c>e ( #ajj co>se-wool$ %eep 7oves hirt71 & two m5 = ! same numb] ( 8oves pellit10 or %eep :i* wore sk9s4 ,! att5tion be/[$ ^u dogs is an indirect evid5ce ( ! c>e :i* 0 devot$ to flocks4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! dogs us$ to gu>d ! flocks 9 ! mod]n ,albania1 appe> to be ! g5u9e desc5dants ( ! anci5t 8canes ,molossici10 be+ di/+ui%$ by _! size z well z by _! /r5g? & f]ocity#caa4 ,fur!r notices respect+ !m may be f\nd 9 ,virgil's ,georgics1 l4 iii4 #djd-dac1 & 9 ! ,notes ( 8 editors & translators1 ,heyne1 ,m>tyn1 & ,j4 ,h4 ,voss4 ,see also lian de ,nat4 ,an4 iii4 #b4 & ,plautus1 ,capt4 l4 i4 #ah4 #caa ,holl&'s ,travels1 p4 #ddc4 ,hughes's ,travels1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhc1 #dhd1 #dif4 ,!re is ano!r important circum/ance1 9 :i* probably ! habits ( ! mod]n %eph]ds ( ,albania are simil> to ^? ( ! anci5t occupants ( ! same region1 viz4 ! annual practice ( resort+ to ! high gr\nds 9 summ] & return+ to ! pla9s 9 w9t]1 :i* prevails bo? "h & 9 mo/ m\nta9\s c\ntries devot$ to %eep-bre$+4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,dr4 ,holl&'s ,travels 9 ! ,ionian ,isles1 ,albania1 c4 7p4 #ia-ic471 gives a lively repres5tation ( ?is proce$+3 8,:5 advanc$ eight or n9e miles on our j\rney 7f ,c9que ,pozzi to ,joann9a2 ,octob] #ca/1 #ahac17 & cross+ ano!r ridge ( high & brok5 l&1 we 7 highly int]e/$ 9 a spectacle1 :i* by a =tunate incid5t occurr$ to our notice4 ,we met on ! road a community ( migrat+ %eph]ds1 a w&]+ p ( ! m\nta9s ( ,albania1 :o 9 ! summ] fe$ _! flocks 9 ^! hilly regions1 & 9 ! w9t] spread !m ov] ! pla9s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,gulph ( ,arta & along o!r p>ts ( ! coa/4 ,! _m l>ge flocks ( %eep we _h met ! day be=e belong$ to ^! p1 & 7 prec$+ !m to ! pla9s4 ,! cavalcade we n[ pass$ ?r\gh 0 ne>ly two miles 9 l5g? ) few int]ruptions4 ,! numb] ( horses ) ! emigrants might exce$ a ?\s&2 !y 7 *iefly employ$ 9 c>ry+ ! moveable habitations & ! v>i\s goods ( ! community1 :i* 7 pack$ ) rem>kable neatness & uni=mity#cab4 ,! infants & small] *ildr5 7 v>i\sly atta*$ to ! luggage1 :ile ! m51 wom51 & eld] *ildr5 travell$ = ! mo/ "p on foot2 a heal?y & mascul9e race ( p1 b /rongly m>k$ by ! wild & unc\? ext]ior connect$ ) _! mann] ( life4 ,! great] "p ( ! m5 7 clad 9 co>se :ite wooll5 g>m5ts2 ! females 9 ! same mat]ial1 b m curi\sly color$1 & g5]ally ) "s ornam5t$ lac+ ab\t ! brea/40 ,he !n adds1 8,^! migratory tribes ( %eph]ds g5]ally come d[n f ! m\nta9s ab\t ! latt] end ( ,octob]1 & return ?i!r f ! pla9s 9 ,april1 aft] dispos+ ( a c]ta9 proportion ( _! %eep & horses4 ,9 travell+1 !y pass ! night on ! pla9s or op5 l&s4 ,arriv$ at ! place ( _! de/9ation1 !y con/ruct _! little huts or t5ts ( ! mat]ials !y c>ry ) !m1 assi/$ by ! /ones1 /raw1 or e>?1 :i* !y f9d on ! spot40 #cab ,no "o has describ$ ?is pa/oral migration m m9utely or m beautifully1 ?an ,mr4 ,*>les ,fell[s1 9 8 ,discov]ies 9 ,lycia4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,sib?orp 79 ,walpole's ,memoirs1 p4 #ada471 8a w&]+ tribe ( ,nomads0 on ! o!r side ( ,greece drive _! flocks f ! m\nta9s ( ,!ssaly into ! pla9s ( ,attica & ,botia to pass ! w9t]4 8,!y give "s pecuni>y consid]ation to ! ,pa%a ( ,negropont & ,vaivode ( ,a!ns4 ,^! p are mu* fam$ = _! wooll5 manufactures1 p>ticul>ly ! coats or cloaks worn by ! ,greek sailors40 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,%eep-,,bre$+ ,,& ,,pa/oral ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts--,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,scriptures1 c4 ,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,sicily--,bucolic poetry--,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,s\? ,italy--,annual migration ( ! flocks--,! ram employ$ to aid ! %eph]d 9 conduct+ 8 flock--,! ram an emblem ( au?ority--,bells--,anci5t inscription at ,sep9o--,use ( music by anci5t %eph]ds--,sup]ior quality ( ,t>5t9e %eep--,te/imony ( ,columella--,di/9ction ( ! co>se & s(t k9ds--,names giv5 to %eep--,suppos$ effect ( ! wat] ( riv]s on wool--,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,s\? ,italy1 ,t>5tum1 & ,apulia--,br[n & r$ wool--,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,nor? ,italy--,wool ( ,p>ma1 ,mod5a1 ,mantua1 & ,padua--,orig9 ( %eep-bre$+ 9 ,italy--,faunus ! same ) ,pan--,anci5t sculptures exhibit+ ,faunus--,bales ( wool & ! %eph]d's dress--,co/ume1 appe>ance1 & mann] ( life ( ! anci5t ,italian %eph]ds4 ,/ill %all o'er all prevail ! %eph]d's /ores1 ,= num]\s uses kn[n2 none yield su* w>m?1 ,su* beaute\s hues receive1 s long endure2 ,s pliant to ! loom1 s v>i\s1 none4--,dy]4 ,we n[ pass ov] to ,sicily4 ,! pa/oral life ( ! ,sicilians 0 m>k$ by peculi> *>act]s z well z t ( ! ,arcadians4 ,! bucolic poems ( ,!ocritus repres5t _m ( its circum/ances 9 ! mo/ lively colors2 &1 :ile _! dramatic _s & vivacity are unrivall$1 !y seem to be mo/ exact copies ( nature1 ! dialogues :i* !y conta9 be+ 9 ! /yle1 ! language1 & ! precise dialect ( ! ,sicilian %eph]ds1 & inde$ only diff]+ f _! real conv]sation by be+ compos$ 9 hexamet]s4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ! m\nta9s & pa/ures ( ,sicily 7 br[s$ by goats & ox5 z well z by %eep4 ,^! animals 71 h[ev]1 "u di/9ct keep]s1 call$ respectively ,%eph]ds1 ,goa!rds1 & ,h]dsm54 ,b ! ta/es1 mann] ( life1 & ! sup]/itions ( ^! ?ree classes ( ru/ics appe> to h be5 undi/+ui%able4 ,!y 7 probably n always indep5d5t proprietors ( ! soil1 b 9 _m cases ! s]vants ( a l&$ ari/ocracy :o liv$ 9 ,syracuse & o!r spl5did cities4 ,!y appe>1 h[ev]1 to h enjoy$ f> great] com=ts & advantages ?an ! correspond+ class ( hir$ labor]s 9 ! c\ntries to ! nor? ( ! ,peloponnesus & ( ,attica4 ,9 compos+ pa/oral v]ses & 9 play+ on ! pipe & ! syr9x !y probably equall$ ! ,arcadians4 ,:il/ !y 7 wat*+ _! flocks & h]ds1 x 0 a frequ5t amusem5t ) !m = two p]sons to cont5d = a /ipulat$ prize1 su* z a goat1 a c>v$ wood5 b[l1 or a syr9x1 :i* 0 to be aw>d$ by an appo9t$ judge to him :o mo/ excell$ ei!r 9 in/rum5tal music1 or 9 s++ alt]nate & extemporane\s v]ses#cac4 #cac ,accord+ to ! le>n$ ,g]man travell]1 ,b>on ,ri$esel1 ! cu/om 0 n ext9ct 9 8 "t2 = 9 8 ,travels ?r\gh ,sicily1 page #adh ( ,=/]'s ,engli% translation1 he says1 8,! %eph]ds /ill s+ ) emulation to ga9 ! crook or ! purse1 :i* is ! prize ( ! be/ p]=m]40 ,nev]!less1 ! mod]n c be only a v fa9t imitation ( ! anci5t practice2 = ?us ! same au?or speaks 9 o!r passages3 8,"h ,i _h an opportunity ( pity+ ! wret*$ situation ( mod]n ,sicily 9 comp>ison ) :at x 0 9 =m] ages4 ,_m t[ns & diff]5t nations are de/roy$2 imm5se ri*es are dissipat$2 ! :ole isl& c at pres5t sc>ce %[ #a1bjj1jjj inhabitants1 ! numb] :i* ,syracuse alone =m]ly _h4 ,_m beautiful spots1 :i* us$ to produce corn & fruits1 are n[ des]t$ = want ( labor]s2 _m spaci\s ports are )\t any %ips = want ( trade2 & _m p want bread1 :il/ ! nobility & ! monks are 9 possession ( all ! l&s40 p4 #aab1 #aac4 8,to conclude1 ! climate1 ! soil1 & ! fruits ( ! c\ntry are z p]fect z ev]4 ,b ! preci\s ,greek lib]ty1 population1 p[]1 magnific5ce1 & good ta/e1 are n[ n to be met ) z 9 =m] times1 & ! pres5t inhabitants c only say1 ,fuimus ,troes40 p4 #aea4 ,t ?is elegant recreation 0 ( ,sicilian orig9 we h cle> & abundant evid5ce4 ,bion 7,idyll vii4 #a47 calls pa/oral poetry 8a ,sicilian /ra920 :i* c]ta9ly implies1 t ( all places :]e ! ,greek language 0 us$ ,sicily 0 ! mo/ not$ = x1 & t 9 fact x prop]ly belong$ to ,sicily4 ,s ,mos*us 7,idyll iii47 speaks ( 8! ,sicilian muses20 & ?r\gh\t ?is ,idyll1 :i* is ! lam5t ( ,mos*us on ! dea? ( ,bion1 he repeat$ly speaks ( ! pa/oral poetry1 su* z ,bion cultivat$1 z prop] to ,sicily4 ,9 ,virgil's ,bucolics we f9d frequ5t allusions to ! same ackn[l$g$ fact4 ,?us he says1 8,i w set my v]ses to ! tune ( a ,sicilian %eph]d40 ,buc4 x4 #ea4 ,! hi/orian ,diodorus1 himself a ,sicilian1 :o liv$ ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ra1 supposes bucolic poetry & music to be ! peculi> inv5tion & ex]cise ( 8 own c\ntry1 & says1 t x cont9u$ 9 use at 8 "t & 0 held 9 ! same e/imation z =m]ly#cad4 ,9 less ?an #bjj ye>s f ?is p]iod ! art lo/ mu* ( its orig9al simplicity4 ,maximus ,tyrius 7,diss4 xxi47 says1 t 8! ,dorians ( ,sicily became1 to use ! milde/ t]m1 m weak 9 und]/&+10 7m dissolute7 8:5 in/ead ( ! simple ,alp9e music1 :i* !y us$ to employ 9 ! pres5ce ( _! flocks & h]ds1 !y began to love ! tunes ( ! ,syb>ites1 & a /yle ( danc+ adapt$ to !m1 su* z 0 requir$ by ! ,ionic pipe40 #cad ,l4 iv4 c4 #hd1 p4 #bhc4 ,b1 al?\gh ! ru/ic ,dorians ( ,sicily _h ! full cr$it ( ?is inv5tion & 7 nev] surpass$ 9 ! practice ( x by any o!r p1 yet ! imitation ( x 0 attempt$ 9 v>i\s in/ances by ! pa/oral inhabitants ( o!r c\ntries4 ,m especially1 x appe>s to h be5 adopt$ 9 ! neighbor+ di/rict ( ,magna ,grcia2 = x is ne> ,syb>is t ,!ocritus has plac$ ! sc5e ( 8 ,fif? ,idyll1 9 :i*1 a %eph]d hav+ /ak$ a lamb & a goa!rd a kid1 !y cont5d 9 alt]nate v]ses1 :il/ a wood-cutt]1 :om !y h call$ f 8 labor1 li/5s z judge1 & aw>ds ! prize to ! goa!rd1 :o h]eupon joyfully sacrifices 8 newly acquir$ lamb to ! ,nymphs4 ,9 ! ,sev5? ,idyll 7v4 #ab1 #bg1 #dj47 ,!ocritus m5tions ! goa!rd1 ,lycidas ( ,crete1 :o 0 8 contempor>y1 & also 8 pr$ecessors & suppos$ in/ructors1 ,asclepiades ( ,samos1 & ,philetas ( ,cos1 z di/+ui%$ = skill 9 pa/oral music4 ,! bucolic poems ( ,!ocritus prove1 t ! ,arcadian belief 9 ! attributes ( ,pan _h ext5d$ itself into ,sicily & ! ,s\? ( ,italy1 s t ! ru/ics ( ^? c\ntries n only invok$ him by "n1 b ev5 sometimes (f]$ sacrifices to him4 ,?us1 9 ,idyll v4 #eh1 ! ,lucanian goa!rd already ref]r$ to says1 t he w set aside = ,pan eight di%es ( milk & six ( honey4 ,b besides import+ ! belief 9 ,pan f ,arcadia ! ,sicilians recogniz$ two demigods ( native orig91 :o contribut$1 if n to excite feel+s alli$ to religion1 at lea/ to amuse _! imag9ation & to contribute greatly to ! v>iety & livel9ess ( _! poetry4 ,^! 7 ! %eph]d ,polyphemus1 :o 0 horridly de=m$1 & ! h]dsman ,daphnis1 :o 0 end[$ ) ! mo/ surpass+ beauty4 ,polyphemus 0 ! son ( ,neptune4 ,not)/&+ 8 =bidd5 aspect he is repres5t$ z susceptible ( "s t5d] emotions1 & x is 8 mis=tune to be deeply enamor$ ( ! beautiful ,n]eid or ,m]maid ,galatea1 :om he sees sport+ 9 ! gre5 waves1 :ile he surveys ! coa/ f ! summit ( a m\nta9 & plays ^u ! syr9x = ! amusem5t ( himself & 8 flock#cae4 #cae ,!ocritus1 ,idyll vi4 & xi4 ,lucian1 ,dial4 ,doridis et ,galate4 ,ovid1 ,met4 ,l4 xiii4 #gci-hgj4 ,! ,sicilian ,daphnis1 l ! ,arcadian ,pan1 0 ! son ( ,m]cury & ( a m\nta9 nymph1 & excell$ 9 play+ on ! syr9x2 b 8 =m 0 entirely human & ! mo/ beautiful t c\ld be imag9$4 ,! gu>dian ( fair k9e1 himself m fair4 ,virg4 ,buc4 v4 #dd4 ,he t5d$ 8 cattle ^u ! picturesque ,h]an m\nta9s to ! nor? ( tna1 & did n mix 9 ! society ( m54 ,at ! "t :5 ! be>d 0 beg9n+ to gr[ on 8 upp] lip1 ! nymph ,e*5ais became enamor$ ( him1 & enjo9$ him ^u pa9 ( los+ 8 eye-sight n to approa* any o!r female4 ,he cons5t$1 & = "s "t p]si/$ 9 obey+ h]2 b at l5g? a ,sicilian pr9cess1 hav+ intoxicat$ him ) w9e1 accompli%$ h] purpose4 ,he %>$ ! fate ( ,?amyras1 ! ,?racian1 & 0 ?us puni%$ = 8 folly#caf4 ,he !n p9$ away1 & di$ ( hopeless love = ! nymph1 :om he _h (f5d$#cag4 ,accord+ to ,virgil 7,buc4 v4 #ef-ga47 he 0 rais$ to ! />s1 & sacrifices 7 (f]$ to him by ! %eph]ds4 #caf ,timu1 au?or ( ! ,hi/4 ( ,sicily1 z quot$ by ,p>!nius1 c4 #bi4 lian1 ,v>4 ,hi/4 ,l4 x4 c4 #ah4 ,diod4 ,sic4 ,l4 iv4 c4 #hd4 p4 #bhc4 #cag ,!ocritus1 ,idyll i4 #ff-ada4 & vii4 #gb-gg4 ,daphnis 0 ! frequ5t subject ( pa/oral poetry1 be+ reg>d$ z an ideal repres5tation ( ! p]fection ( ! %eph]d's culture & mann] ( life4 ,( ?is we h a pro( 9 ! epigram ( ,callima*us on ! dea? ( ,a/acides1 & :i* concludes ?us3 8,we 7%eph]ds7 w no long] s+ ( ,daphnis1 b ( ,a/acides40 ,! poet's design 0 to extol ,a/acides1 by comp>+ him ) ,daphnis4 ,accord+ to lian 7l4 c47 ! fir/ bucolic poems relat$ to ! bl9dness ( ,daphnis & its cause2 & ! fir/ poet1 :o compos$ v]ses ^u ?is subject1 0 ,/esi*orus ( ,him]a 9 ,sicily4 ,9 ,!ocritus ! allusions to ! beautiful /ory ( ,daphnis are v frequ5t#cah1 & 8 sad fate is describ$ at l5g? by cont5d+ %eph]ds or goa!rds 9 ! ,fir/ & ,sev5? ,idylls4 ,we %all quote only 8 dy+ words1 :]e he calls on ,pan to leave ! great ,mnalus & ! long ridges ( ,lycu1 & to come to ,sicily 9 ord] to receive f 8 own h& ! syr9x1 on :i* he _h be5 accu/om$ to play4 ' 1 ' 1 ' 4 ,come1 mighty k+1 come1 ,pan1 & take my pipe1 ,well jo9'd ) wax & fitt$ to my lip2 ,= n[ 'tis useless gr[n1 ,love /ops my brea?1 ,i _c pipe1 b mu/ be mute 9 dea?4 ,cree*'s ,translation4 #cah ,idyll v4 #bj4 ,see also v4 #hj4 ,9 ,idyll vi4 ,daphnis is "o ( ! p]=m]s1 & gives a description ( ,galatea4 ,pl9y in=ms u1 t 9 8 "t ! wool ( ,apulia 0 9 ! highe/ repute2 t ?r\gh\t ! ,s\? ( ,italy ! be/ %eep 7 br$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,t>5tum & ,canusium2 & t ! wool ( ,t>5tum 0 admir$ = its t+e ( black1 & t ( ,canusium = its f9e br[n or yell[ color#cai4 #cai ,see ,app5dix ,a4 ,! directions = ! managem5t ( %eep1 giv5 by ,v>ro1 ,columella1 ,virgil1 & o!r writ]s on rural affairs1 all t5d to %[ ! pa9s tak5 by ! ,romans to improve ! bre$ ( %eep1 & especially to produce wool ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,! fir/ ( ^! au?ors 7,de ,re ,ru/ica1 ,l4 ii4 ,prf47 m5tions 8 own flocks ( %eep 9 ,apulia4 ,x appe>s f 8 acc\nt t e man 0 oblig$ to report ! numb] ( 8 %eep to ! publican & to h !m inscrib$ 9 a regi/]1 ! e>lie/ allusion1 to a code ( laws1 :i* may probably h be5 9 "s respects simil> to t n[ call$ 8,la ,me/a0 9 ,spa94 ,v>ro fur!r speaks expressly ( ! summ] & w9t] migrations ( ! flocks2 & to %[ ! great di/ances to :i* !y 7 conduct$ on ^! occasions1 he /ates t ! %eep ( ,apulia 7 tak5 e ye> to pass ! summ] 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,samnium1 & sometimes ev5 9 ^? ( ,reate#cbj4 #cbj ,de ,re ,ru/ica1 ,l4 ii4 c4 #a4 p4 #afa4 ed4 ,bip4 ,see also1 c4 #b4 p4 #afg4 ,( ! nature & circum/ances ( ^! annual migrations we are enabl$ to =m "s judgm5t1 n only f ! animat$ description already quot$ f ,dr4 ,holl& 9 relation to ,albania1 b /ill m di/9ctly f ! foll[+ acc\nts by ! ,honorable ,keppel ,crav51 "o ( :i* relates to ! fir/ gr\p ( m\nta9s m5tion$ by ,v>ro1 ! o!r to ! second4 ,9 ! ye> #ahah ,mr4 ,crav5 visit$ a l>ge f>m a few miles to ! s\? ( ,foggia1 & consequ5tly n f> f ! site ( ! anci5t ,arpi 9 ,apulia4 ,he m5tions ! foll[+ p>ticul>s4 8,above #bjj p]sons 7 employ$1 & resid$ on ! spot4 ,! /ock ( %eep consi/$ ( #hjjj1 divid$ into sev]al flocks2 to :i* ^? ( c[s1 goats1 & buffaloes1 toge!r ) a set ( brood m>es & a suitable quantity ( p\ltry1 bore an equival5t proportion4 ,all ! cattle are gu>d$ by l>ge milk-:ite dogs ( ! ,abruzzo bre$4 ,^! animals are v h&some & resemble ! ,newf\ndl& species1 b h %>p] noses2 !y are v intellig5t & equally fi]ce4 ,! flocks are t5d$ by natives ( ,abruzzo1 :o also und]take ! c>e ( milk+ !m1 z well z mak+ ! *eese1 c42 !y are assi/$ by _! wives & *ildr51 :o accompany !m 9 _! ye>ly migrations to & f ! m\nta9s4 ,^! %eph]ds are clo!d 9 ! sk9s ( ! animals :i* !y wat*1 & are reckon$ a quiet1 att5tive1 frugal1 & tru/-wor?y race40 ,t\r ?r\gh ! s\!rn ,prov9ces ( ! ,k+dom ( ,naples1 by ! ,honorable ,keppel ,crav51 p4 #hj4 ,! sc5e ( ! foll[+ extract is ! valley ( ! ,at]nus1 desc5d+ f ! region ( ! highe/ ,ap5n9es1 ! 8montes ,reat9i0 ( ,v>ro1 n v remote f ! ru9s ( 8 f>m & villa1 7,^! ru9s are describ$ at page #de ( ! volume f :i* ?is passage is extract$471 & proce$+ t[>ds ! sites ( ! mod]n ,aquila & ( ! anci5t ,amit]num4 8,"o ( ! broad tratturos1 or cattle-pa?s1 runs 9 ! same l9e ) ! high-road to ,aquila2 & ,i 0 s =tunate z to see x occupi$ by a v ext5d$ l9e ( flocks1 :i* sl[ly pass$ by ! c>riage = ! space ( a mile or m4 ,! ^w #8=tunate' adapt$ to su* a spectacle1 may excite a smile 9 my read]s2 b ,i own t ,i nev] beheld "o ( ^! num]\s animal congregations plodd+ across ! flats ( ,capitanata1 or ! valleys ( ,abruzzo1 z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*1 )\t exp]i5c+ a s5sation ( a novel & excit+ k9d1 ne>ly alli$ to t ( enjoym5t1 b :i* ,i %all n attempt to acc\nt =4 8,"o %eph]d heads ea* division ( cattle1 ( :i* he has ! peculi> c>e & direction4 ,arm$ ) 8 crook1 he walks "s paces 9 advance ( 8 flock1 foll[$ by an old ram t]m$ il manso2 :i* ^w1 mean+ tame or in/ruct$1 has und\bt$ly a m apposite signification ?an t ( our bell-we!r1 ?\gh he is1 z well z ours1 furni%$ ) a l>ge deep-ton$ bell4 8,! %eep m>* 9 files ( ab\t twelve 9 ea*2 & e battalion1 if ,i may s call x1 is att5d$ by six or eight dogs1 accord+ to its numb]2 ^! accompany+ ! h]d1 walk+ at ! head1 middle1 & re> ( ea* flank4 ,! beauty & docility ( ^! animals1 :i* are usually :ite1 has (t5 be5 describ$1 & _! demeanor is g5tle z long z ! objects ( _! solicitude are unmole/$1 b at night !y are s savage1 t x w\ld be dang]\s to approa* ! fold !y gu>d4 8,! goats1 :i* be> a v small proportion to ! %eep1 & are 9 g5]al black1 w9d up ! array1 & ev9ce _! sup]ior intellig5ce by ly+ d[n :5ev] a tempor>y halt takes place4 ,! c[s & m>es travel 9 sep>ate bodies4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! flocks1 commonly ^? belong+ to ! same proprietor1 are "u ! imm$iate managem5t & inspection ( an ag5t1 entitl$ fattore1 :o accompanies !m on horseback1 arm$ ) a musket1 & bett] clad ?an ! %eph]ds1 :o1 bo? 9 summ] & w9t]1 we> ! l>ge %eep-sk9 jacket1 & are 9 o!r respects provid$ ) sub/antial ?\gh homely attire1 includ+ good /rong %oes4 8,^! ,fattores are all natives ( ,abruzzo1 an ,apulian nev] hav+ be5 kn[n to und]take ! pr(ession3 ! =m]1 ?r\gh p>ticul> habits & ! repeat$ exp]i5ce ( ye>s1 are look$ ^u z s peculi>ly fitt$ = ! c>e requir$ by cattle1 & inde$ animals ( all k9ds1 t all ! help]s 9 ! /ables ( ! capital are natives ( ^! prov9ces1 or ( ! adjo9+ c\nty ( ,molise4 ,9 addition to ^! qualifications1 !y are e/eem$ an ab/emi\s & hone/ race4 8,:5 foll[+ ! call+ ( %eph]ds1 & occupi$1 z ,i saw !m1 9 ! duties ( _! *>ge 9 travell+1 _! c\nt5ances are almo/ inv>iably m>k$ by ! same expression1 :i* comb9es mildness & sagacity ) immovable gravity1 &1 x is pa9ful to add1 a look ( deep-seat$ sadness2 ! :ole c>avan1 animal z well z human1 exhibit+1 at lea/ :ile engag$ 9 "o ( ^? t$i\s p]egr9ations1 a g5]al appe>ance ( suff]+ & depression1 di/+ui%able 9 e individual t composes x4 ,! %eph]d t op5s ! m>*1 ! indep5d5t manso j+l+ 8 braz5 bell1 ! flocks t foll[1 ! dogs t wat* ov] _! security1 & ev5 ! ,fattore :o directs ! procession1 all appe> to be plodd+ ?r\gh a we>isome exi/5ce ( monotony & toil4 ,! extreme sl[ness ( _! progress1 ! d[nca/ expression ( e head & eye1 &1 above all1 ! indications ( exhau/ion & fatigue :i* are b too p]ceptible aft] a j\rney ( m ?an a mon?'s duration1 may well acc\nt = ?is impression4 8,! animals suff] greatly f heat until !y rea* _! summ] dwell+1 & full z mu* f lam5ess1 :i*1 :5 x has rea*$ a c]ta9 pit*1 becomes ! signal = de/ruction4 ,i saw a mule be>+ no o!r load ?an ! sk9s ( ^? t _h p]i%$ 9 ?is mann]4 8,sev]al o!r bea/s ( burd5 foll[ ! re> ( ! h]ds1 lad5 ) ! v>i\s articles necess>y = !m & _! gu>dians dur+ _! protract$ m>*3 ^! consi/ 9 ! nets & poles requisite to p5 ! folds at night1 ! co>se clo? t5ts = ! use ( ! %eph]ds1 & a limit$ /ock ( ut5sils = milk+1 & boil+ ! produce ( ! flock4 ,among ^! are to be notic$ "s portable jo9t$ seats ( v +5i\s ?\gh simple con/ruction1 compos$ ( ! /ems ( ! giant f5nel1 a sub/ance rem>kable = its light & compact texture4 8,! cattle :i* ,i ?us met ne> ,aquila 7 )9 two days' j\rney ( _! re/+-place1 :i* is g5]ally 9 "s ( ! valleys plac$ on ! l[] flanks ( ! m\nta9 ridges1 b suffici5tly elevat$ above ! l>g] pla9s to af=d fre% & abundant h]bage & a cool] temp]ature4 8,! duration ( _! abode 9 ^! regions is regulat$ by ! rapid or sl[ progression ( ! summ] season2 9 ! c\rse ( :i* !y %ift _! qu>t]s1 z ! heat increases1 till !y rea* ! highe/ spots1 :i* are ! la/ dive/$ ( ! deep sn[s1 9 :i* !y h be5 buri$ dur+ ?ree qu>t]s ( ! ye>4 ,"h l>ge tracts ( ! f9e/ pa/ure1 rills ( ! colde/ & pure/ wat]1 & %ady woods ( consid]able ext5sion1 are occupi$ by !m dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! f9e wea!r1 & af=d ! ne plus ultra ( enjoym5t allott$ to an exi/5ce ( su* re/rict$ v>iety40 ,excursions 9 ! ,abruzzi by ! ,honorable ,keppel ,crav54 ,london1 #ahch1 vol4 i4 p4 #bei-bfd4 ,! acc\nt1 giv5 9 ! second p>agraph ( ?is extract1 ( ! %eph]d m>*+ at ! head ( 8 battalion ( %eep illu/rates 9 a /rik+ mann] ! rem>k made respect+ ! comp>ison ( k+s to %eph]ds1 & to _! lead+ rams 9 ,hom] & 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,! ,greek ^w 1 orig9ally an adjective1 corresponds exactly to ! ,italian manso4 ,x appe>s to h be5 applicable to all tra9$ tame animals4 ,h5ce x 0 us$ specially to d5ote ! l>ge & p[]ful ram1 :i* 0 in/ruct$ to assi/ ! %eph]d 9 dispos+ ! %eep 9 prop] ord] & 9 lead+ !m to & f _! daily pa/ure z well z dur+ _! long migrations4 ,9 ! ?ird book ( ! ,iliad 7l4 #aif-aih71 :]e ,priam is describ$ survey+ ! ,greek troops f ! ,scan gate1 aft] ! acc\nt ( ,agamemnon1 :o 0 consid]$ z _! %eph]d1 we f9d ,ulysses1 :o 0 inf]ior to him bo? 9 rank & 9 /ature1 repres5t$ z 8 manso1 t is1 z ! ram1 :i* imm$iately foll[s ! %eph]d & aids him 9 conduct+ ! flock4 ,! same image is repeat$ 9 ! ?irte5? book 7l4 #dib1 #dic71 :]e ,pope's translation1 ?\gh v p>aphra/ic1 is an admirable repres5tation ( ! real circum/ances4 ,9 ord] foll[ all ?' embodi$ tra91 ,l ,ida's flocks proce$+ o'er ! pla93 ,be=e 8 fleecy c>e1 erect & bold1 ,/alks ! pr\d ram1 ! fa!r ( ! fold2 ,) joy ! swa9 surveys !m1 z he leads ,to ! cool f\nta9s1 ?r\gh ! well-kn[n meads4 ,prop]tius pres5ts u ) a simil> picture 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 ,cornig] ,idi vacuam pa/oris 9 aulam ,dux aries saturas ipse r$uxit oves4 ,lib4 iii4 ,el4 #ac4 ,! fold receives ! %eep on ,ida f$1 ,by ! great ram1 _! horn$ *iefta91 l$4 ,ari/otle calls ^! rams 8! lead]s ( ! %eep10 & he /ates1 t ! %eph]ds provid$ = ea* flock su* a lead]1 :i*1 :5 call$ by "n by ! %eph]d1 plac$ himself at ! head ( ! flock1 & 0 tra9$ to execute ?is (fice f an e>ly age#cba4 ,! employm5t ( ! manso 0 probably ! gr\nd1 on :i* _m ( ! ,ori5tals adopt$ ! ram z ! emblem ( milit>y au?ority#cbb4 ,accord+ to ?is supposition x w\ld r d5ote second>y ?an supreme comm&2 & if s1 ! repres5tation ( ! k+ ( ,p]sia by ! symbol ( a ram 9 ! #h? *apt] ( ,daniel is ! m expressive1 because x indicat$ t he 0 ! ag5t ( ! supreme ,deity4 ,probably also ! same s5tim5t 0 int5d$ to be convey$ by ! en?usia/ic ,sapor1 or ,%ahpoor ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,p]sia 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 he rode to battle 9 front ( 8 army we>+ in/ead ( a diadem a ram's head wr\ght 9 gold & /udd$ ) preci\s /ones#cbc4 #cba ,hi/4 ,animal4 viii4 #ai4 #cbb ,e4 ,f4 ,k4 ,ros5mull]1 ,bibl4 ,alt]?umskunde1 iv4 #b4 p4 #hc4 #cbc ,ammianus ,m>cell4 xix4 #a4 ,any "o1 :o has se5 ! collection ( anci5t bronze bells 9 ! ,museum at ,naples1 & comp>$ !m ) ^? n[ worn 9 ,italy ab\t ! necks ( %eep & o!r cattle1 w be /ruck ) _! simil>ity4 ,we "k also f v>i\s anci5t laws & o!r evid5ce#cbd t ! %eph]ds fa/5$ bells ^u _! %eep z !y d at ! pres5t day4 #cbd ,see note ( ,swe]tius on ! treatise ( ,hi]on4 ,magius de ,t9t9nabulis1 cap4 viii4 ,!re is a /rik+ correspond5ce betwe5 ! words ( ,v>ro1 8crates1 retia1 ct]aque ut5silia10 & ,crav5's acc\nt ( ! provision ( nets1 c4 = mak+ folds1 & ( ! o!r necess>y ut5sils4 ,at ,sep9o1 ! anci5t ,sp9um1 situat$ 9 ! highe/ "p ( ! m\nta9s ( ,samnium ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,tam>us1 ,mr4 ,crav5 saw ov] ! ,ea/]n gate ! rema9s ( a v rem>kable inscription ref]r+ to ! same practice#cbe4 ,?is inscription has be5 accurately publi%$ by ,muratori#cbf4 ,x cle>ly di/+ui%es betwe5 ! 8fattores0 7conductores gregum ovi>icorum7 & ! %eph]ds :o 7 "u !m 7pa/ores quos conductores hab5t74 ,^! 7 mole/$ by ! magi/rates ( ,sp9um & ! neighbor+ t[n ( ,bovianum1 & by ! 8/ation>ii0 or soldi]s1 :o1 in/ead ( be+ ready to protect !m 9 case ( ne$1 *>g$ !m ) be+ fugitives & ) cattle-/eal+1 & "u ?is pret5ce drove back ev5 ^? %eep :i* belong$ to ! emp]or 7oves quoque dom9icas7 & ?us greatly injur$ 8 rev5ue4 ,^! grievances 7 consequ5tly repres5t$ to an (fic] at ,rome :o kept ! emp]or's acc\nts 7,cosmus1 ,augu/i ,lib]tus a ,rationibus72 & he writes 9 ! t]ms ( ! inscription to ,basseus ,rufus & ,macr9us ,v9dex1 (fic]s ( rank 9 ! army1 9 ord] t ! evil might be rem$i$4 ,?is inscription mu/ h be5 erect$ ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ra4 ,z ,mr4 ,crav5 rem>ks1 8,x n only corroborates :at 0 already kn[n1 t ! p]iodical migration ( ! h]ds f ,apulia is ( mo/ anci5t orig91 b x proves1 t !y obs]v$ ! same l9e ( r\te :i* !y foll[ to ! pres5t day2 ! road1 t runs f ! ea/ to ! we/]n gate ( ?is inclosure1 fall+ into ! l9e ( ! tratturos1 or %eep-pa?s1 exclusively allott$ to ! use ( ! flocks 9 _! annual j\rneys40 #cbe ,see ,excursions 9 ! ,abruzzi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ace1 #acf4 #cbf ,novus ,!saurus ,vet4 ,inscriptionum1 p4 ,,dcvi4 ,:il/ we discov] ^! num]\s po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! anci5t & ! mod]n practice1 x is probable t 9 o!r respects !re 0 a great] div]sity4 ,if ! au?or ^: obs]vations h be5 cit$ _h witness$ a simil> procession 9 v anci5t times1 he w\ld h se5 less reason to deplore its toilsome & melan*oly aspect4 ,music 0 !n probably ( no little s]vice 9 animat+ bo? ! %eph]ds & _! flocks4 ,! sonor\s bagpipe may h contribut$ to ?is effect#cbg4 ,at lea/ ,mr4 ,crav5's acc\nt ( a mod]n pa/oral m>* is /rik+ly contra/$ ) ! foll[+ description by ,apollonius ,rhodius1 9 :i* he comp>es ! %ip ,argo & ! music ( ,orpheus1 foll[$ by multitudes ( fi%es1 to a %eph]d play+ on ! syr9x & foll[$ by 8 %eep4 ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' 4 ,argon1 ,l4 i4 #ege-egi4 ,z %eep 9 flocks ?ick-pa/ur+ on ! pla9 ,att5d ! foot/eps ( ! %eph]d-swa91 ,8 well-kn[n call !y he>1 & fully f$1 ,pace sl[ly on1 _! lead] at _! head2 ,:o pipes melodi\s1 z he moves along1 ,on sprightly re$s 8 modulat$ song3 ,?us *>m'd ) tuneful s\nds ! scaly tra9 ,pursu$ ! fly+ vessel o'er ! ma94 ,fawkes's ,translation4 #cbg ,accord+ to ,montfaucon 7,ant4 ,explique1 ,suppl4 ,tom4 iii4 p4 #ahh47 ! bagpipe 0 se5 "u ! arm ( a %eph]d 9 ! collection ( ,c>d9al ,albani at ,rome4 ,! te/imony af=d$ by ,v>ro relative to ! managem5t ( ! ,s\? ,italian %eep1 hav+ be5 giv5 & illu/rat$1 x is to be deplor$ t ,italy1 once s r5[n$ = its %eep1 c n[ boa/ little ( ?is production ( h] b\nte\s clime4 ,! ,romans1 ^: dress 0 wooll51 cultivat$ 9 an especial degree ! f95ess ( ! fleece2 & x 0 n until ! days ( ! ,empire t ! silk & cotton ( ! ,ea/ began to sup]s$e ! anci5t raim5t ( ! ,roman p4 ,! f9e/ wools ( anci5t ,italy 7 produc$ 9 ,apulia & ,calabria1 be+ ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! pres5t k+dom ( ,naples#cbh4 #cbh ,x appe>s f ! foll[+ passage ( ,v>ro1 t ! ,apulian 0 sold at a high] price ?an "s o!r k9ds ( wool :i* 7 equally beautiful1 because x wore bett]4 ,by lana ,gallicana 9 ?is passage we mu/ und]/& ! wool ( ,gallia ,cisalp9a1 ( :i* we %all next treat4 ,sic enim lana ,gallicana et ,appula videtur imp]ito similis propt] speciem1 cum p]itus ,appulam emat pluris1 quod 9 usu firmior sit4 ,de ,l94 ,lat41 lib4 ix4 #bh4 p4 #dhd4 ed4 ,sp5gel4 ,we n[ proce$ to ! o!r writ]s on ,rural ,affairs1 viz41 ,columella & ,palladius4 ,! fir/ atte/s ! high e/imation 9 :i* ! %eep ( ,calabria & ,apulia 7 held by ! ,romans1 especially be=e 8 own "t1 & he says t among !m ! ,t>5t9e %eep 7 ! be/ ( all4 ,9 speak+ ( ! practice s preval5t 9 ?is di/rict ( cov]+ !m ) sk9s1 he %[s1 t ^! 8oves pellit0 7 also call$ 8s(t0 7molles71 & 8cov]$0 7tect74 ,inde$ he makes ! great di/9ction ( %eep to be into ! 8g5us molle10 i4 e4 ! s(t k9d1 & ! 8g5us hirsutum10 or 8hirtum10 i4 e4 ! co>se k9d4 ,we fur!r le>n t ! s(t %eep 7 call$ by ! ,romans ,greek %eep1 because !y 7 br$ 9 ,grcia ,magna1 & ,t>5t9e1 because ! be/ ( all 7 br$ at ,t>5tum4 ,accord+ to ,palladius !y 7 also sometimes call$ ,asiatic 7,asian74 ,x is to be obs]v$ t by ,asia1 ,palladius & 8 contempor>ies w\ld und]/& ! celebrat$ %eep-c\ntry ( :i* ,miletus 0 ! c5tre#cbi2 & consid]+ ! frequ5t1 long-e/abli%$1 & v fri5dly int]c\rse betwe5 ,miletus & ,t>5tum#ccj1 we may inf] t ! ,milesians import$ into ,t>5tum _! f9e bre$ ( %eep1 & at ! same "t introduc$ ! art ( dye+ & prep>+ ! wool4 ,! same %eep1 :i* 7 call$ ,greek by ! ,romans1 7 call$ ,italian by ! ,egyptians & o!rs1 to :om ! ^w ,greek w\ld n h be5 di/9ctive4 ,columella 7vii4 #d47 insi/s p>ticul>ly on ! great pa9s & c>e1 :i* x 0 necess>y to be/[ ^u ?is description ( %eep1 ! 8cov]$0 or 8s(t10 9 reg>d to food1 w>m?1 & cleanl9ess1 & he says t !y 7 pr9cipally br\ght up 9 ! h\se#cca4 #cbi ,cell>ii ,ant4 ,orbis ,notitia1 iii4 #a4 #g1 #h1 #i4 #ccj ,h]od4 vi4 #ba4 & ,wessel+ ad locum4 #cca ,accord+ to ,bo*>t 7,hi]oz4 cap4 #de4 p4 #dhf1 ed4 ,leusd571 ! ,talmud & ano!r rabb9ical book1 lambs soon aft] _! bir? 7 inve/$ ) g>m5ts fa/5$ ^u !m ) ?ongs or buckles4 ,9 ! %eep-bre$+ c\ntries ( ,europe ! practice seems to h be5 v g5]al4 ,besides ,s\? ,italy1 ,attica1 ,meg>is1 & ,epirus1 9 reg>d to :i* c\ntries positive evid5ce has be5 produc$1 we f9d t s(t %eep1 or 8oves pellit0 7 kept by an inhabitant ( ,cyne? 9 ,arcadia 7,polybius1 ,l4 ix4 c4 #ag471 by ! ,roman settl]s 9 ! ,nor? ( ,gaul & 9 ,spa94 ,z !re 0 9 g5]al a great aff9ity betwe5 ! mann]s & ideas ( ,sicily & ,s\? ,italy1 we might inf] t ! pa/oral habits ( ^! two di/ricts 7 9 _m respects simil>4 ,!ocritus accord+ly lays ! sc5e ( "s ( 8 ,idylls on ! coa/ opposite to ,sicily4 ,! fif? ,idyll describes a conte/ betwe5 a %eph]d & a goa!rd1 :o are suppos$ to h be5 employ$ z hir$ s]vants 9 ! vic9ity ( ,syb>is4 ,! %eph]d1 obs]v+ "s ( 8 %eep to be fe$+ on an oak1 :i* c\ld n be v good = !m1 utt]s ! foll[+ exclamation1 %[+ t x 0 cu/om>y to give prop] names to %eep1 & ?us confirm+ ! fact1 t 9 anci5t times !y 7 reg>d$ z ! objects ( affection1 & n ( pr(itable speculation m]ely3 1 ' 1 4 ,ho6 ,%>phorn1 ,br[n+1 leave ^? hurtful we$s1 ,& come & graze ?is way1 :]e ,colly fe$s4 ,cree*'s ,translation4 ,! passage has (t5 be5 cit$ 9 illu/ration ( ! foll[+ v]ses f ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,our ,savior1 describ+ himself z a %eph]d1 "h alludes to v>i\s indications ( c>e & atta*m5t1 :i* di/+ui% ! own] ( a flock f ! hirel+1 :o1 be+ engag$ to t5d ! %eep only = a season1 c\ld n be s well kn[n by !m1 nor s mu* int]e/$ 9 _! security & welf>e4 8,he calle? 8 own %eep by "n1 & leade? !m out4 ,& :5 he putte? =? 7f ! fold7 8 own %eep1 he goe? be=e !m1 & ! %eep foll[ him2 = !y "k 8 voice4 ,& a /rang] w !y n foll[1 b w flee f him3 = !y "k n ! voice ( /rang]s40--,john1 x4 #c-e4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is passage ( ,scripture ! foll[+ rem>ks ( a late travell] are in/ructive3 8,i ask$ my man if x 0 usual 9 ,greece to give names to %eep4 ,he in=m$ me t x 01 & t ! %eep obey$ ! %eph]d :5 he call$ !m by _! names4 ,?is morn+ 7,m>* #e1 #ahbh71 ,i _h an opportunity ( v]ify+ ! tru? ( ?is rem>k4 ,pass+ by a flock ( %eep1 ,i ask$ ! %eph]d ! same "q :i* ,i put to my s]vant1 & he gave me ! same answ]4 ,i !n bade him to call "o ( 8 %eep4 ,he did s1 & x in/antly left its pa/urage & its companions1 & ran up to ! h& ( ! %eph]d1 ) signs ( pleasure & ) a prompt ob$i5ce :i* ,i _h nev] be=e obs]v$ 9 any o!r animal4 ,x is also true ( ! %eep 9 ?is c\ntry1 t a /rang] w !y n foll[1 b w flee f him2 = !y "k n ! voice ( ! /rang]s4 ,! %eph]d told me t _m ( 8 %eep are /ill ,,wild2 t !y _h n yet le>n$ _! names2 b t by tea*+ !y w\ld all le>n !m4 ,! o!rs1 :i* knew _! names1 he call$ ,,tame40--,rese>*es 9 ,greece & ! ,levant1 by ! ,rev4 ,john ,h>tley1 p4 #cba4 ,! city ( ,syb>is /ood betwe5 two riv]s1 ! ,syb>is & ! ,cra?is4 ,! anci5ts ass]t$ t ! %eep :i* drank ( ! ,cra?is1 7 :ite1 & ^? :i* drank ( ! ,syb>is1 black4 ,!y attribut$ simil> virtues to o!r /reams 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w#ccb4 #ccb lian1 ,nat4 ,anim4 xii4 #cf4 ,pl9ii ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxi4 #i4 ,kruse's ,hellas1 i4 p4 #cfi4 7,see ,app5dix ,a47 ,accord+ to ,/rabo 7,l4 vi4 cap4 #c4 #i4 p4 #cjc4 ed4 ,sieb5kees7 ! hilly promontory ( ,g>ganus 0 p>ticul>ly celebrat$ = its %eep4 ,he says1 t _! wool 0 s(t] ?an ! ,t>5t9e1 b less %9+4 ,! ,roman poets allude 9 v>i\s in/ances to ! excell5ce ( ! ,apulian wool1 & especially to t ( ,t>5tum4 ,horace 9 ! foll[+ /anza expresses 8 pr$ilection = ?is celebrat$ city1 & m5tions its 8s(t0 or 8cov]$0 %eep4 ,he _h be5 ass]t+ 8 wi% to end 8 days at ,tibur1 ! mod]n ,tivoli4 ,b1 %\ld ! p>tial ,fates refuse ,t pur] air to let me brea!1 ,galesus1 ?y sweet /ream ,i'll *oose1 ,:]e flocks ( ri*e/ fleeces ba!3 ,phalan?us !re 8 rural sceptre sway'd1 ,unc]ta9 (fspr+ ( a ,sp>tan maid4 ,od4 l4 ii4 #f4--;,francis's ,translation4 ,m>tial alludes to ! celebrity ( ! ,t>5t9e wool 9 no less ?an five ( 8 epigrams4 ,sp>tan ,galesus did y\r toga lave1 ,or f a flock select fair ,p>ma gave4 ,l4 ii4 ep4 #dc4 l4 #c1 #d4 ,! poet int5d$ "h to describe a toga ( ! mo/ exp5sive & fa%ionable k9d4 ,y give1 ,o ,*loe1 to ,lup]cus1 ,y\r t5d] favorite1 lac]nas ,( ,spani%1 ,tyrian1 sc>let fleeces1 ,& togas wa%'d 9 w>m ,galesus4 ,l4 iv4 ep4 #bh4 l4 #a-c4 ,?\ wa/ m sweet1 ,o lovely *ild6 ,?an song ( ag$ dy+ swans3 ,?y voice1 ?y mi5 7 s(t & mild ,z ,phalant9e ,galesus' lambs4 ,l4 v4 ep4 #cg4 l4 #a1 #b4 ,! la/ l9es 7 writt5 by ,m>tial on ! dea? ( ,erotion 9 h] six? ye>4 ,he describes h] int]e/+ qualities by comp>+ h] to a lamb ( ! s(t ,t>5t9e bre$1 always clo!d & usually kept 9 ! h\se & h5ce rem>kably t5d] & delicate4 ,! foll[+ epigram 7,l4 viii4 ep4 #bh47 0 writt5 on ! receipt ( a h&some toga f ! weal?y & munific5t ,p>!nius1 *amb]la9 to ! emp]or ,domitian4 ,9 express+ 8 admiration ( x1 ! poet enum]ates ! places f :i* ! ,romans ( 8 "t obta9$ ! be/ & mo/ fa%ionable g>m5ts ( ?is description4 ,he next proce$s to extol its :it5ess2 & 9 conclusion obs]ves h[ ridicul\s he w\ld appe> we>+ 8 old lac]na ov] ?is new & sn[y g>m5t1 & he ?us conveys a h9t to ,p>!nius h[ acceptable & suitable w\ld be ! pres5t ( a lac]na 9 addition to ! toga4 ,de ,p>!niana toga4 ,dic1 toga1 facundi gratum mihi munus amici1 ,esse velis cujus fama1 decusque gregis8 ,appula ,l$i tibi floruit h]ba ,phalan?i1 ,qu saturat ,calabris culta ,galesus aquis8 ,an ,t>tessiacus /abuli nutritor ,ib]i ,btis 9 ,hesp]ia te quoque lavit aqua8 ,an tua multifidum num]avit lana ,timavum1 ,quem prius a/rif]o ,cyll>us ore bibit8 ,te nec ,amyclo decuit liv]e v55o2 ,nec ,miletus erat vell]e digna tuo4 ,lilia tu v9cis1 nec adhuc dilapsa ligu/ra1 ,et ,tiburt9o monte quod albet ebur4 ,sp>tanus tibi c$et olor1 ,phaphique columb3 ,c$et ,ery?ris eruta gemma vadis4 ,s$ licet hc primis nivibus s9t mula dona1 ,non sunt ,p>!nio c&idiora suo4 ,non ego prtul]im ,babylonica picta sup]b ,texta1 ,semiramia qu v>iantur acu4 ,non ,a?amanto potius me mir] 9 auro1 olium dones si mihi1 ,phryxe1 decus4 ,o quantos risus p>it] spectata movebit ,trita ,palat9a no/ra lac]na toga6 ,say1 grateful gift ( m9e +5i\s fri5d1 ,:at happy flock %all to ?y fleece pret5d8 ,= !e did h]b ( fam$ ,phalantus bl[1 ,:]e cle> ,galesus bids 8 wat]s fl[8 ,did ?y wool c\nt ! /reamlets1 m ?an sev51 ,( him1 :o slak$ ! w>rior horse ( heav58 ,or did ,t>tessian ,guadalquiv] lave ,?y mat*less wo( 9 8 ,hesp]ian wave8 ,?\ did/ n ne$ to ta/e ,amycl's bane1 ,& w\ld/ h tri$ ,milesian art 9 va94 ,) !e ! lily & ! privet pale ,comp>$1 & ,tibur's :ite/ ivory fail4 ,! ,sp>tan swan1 ! ,paphian doves deplore ,_! hue1 & pe>ls on ,ery?rean %ore4 ,b1 ?\gh ! boon leave new-fall'n sn[s beh9d1 ,x is n pur] ?an ! donor's m9d4 ,i w\ld pref] no ,babylonian ve/1 ,sup]bly broid]'d at a que5's behe/2 ,nor bett] pleas$ %\ld ,i my limbs behold1 ,phryxus1 9 webs ( ?9e olian gold4 ,b ,o6 :at laught] w ! contra/ cr[n1 ,my worn lac]na on ?' imp]ial g[n6 ,x may be obs]v$1 t 9 ?is +5i\s epigram1 z well z 9 two ( ! prec$+1 :i* relate to togas1 ,m>tial supposes ! ,t>5t9e wool to be :ite3 = ! ,roman toga 0 ( t color except 9 m\rn+1 & "o object ( ! la/-cit$ epigram is to praise ! :it5ess ( ! p>ticul> toga1 :i* x describes4 ,! ,t>5t9es !re=e mu/ h produc$ bo? d>k-color$ & :ite fleeces4 ,! fif? passage ( ,m>tial 7xii4 #fd471 :i* m5tions ! %eep ( ! ,galesus1 m directly ref]s to ^? ( ,spa91 & w !re=e be quot$ "u t head4 ,besides ! epigrams1 n[ cit$1 9 :i* ,m>tial comm5ds ! wool ( ,t>5tum 9 p>ticul>1 we f9d o!rs1 9 :i* he celebrates t ( ,apulia 9 g5]al4 ,9 ,book xiv4 ,ep4 #aee4 he gives an acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal c\ntries1 :i* yield$ :ite wools1 & in=ms u t ^? ( ! fir/ quality 7 f ,apulia4 ,:ite ,wools4 ,! fir/ ,apulia's2 next is ,p>ma's boa/2 ,& ! ?ird fleece ,alt9um has engro/4 ,elph9/on's ,translation4 ,also 9 ! foll[+ l9es ,m>tial alludes to ! l>ge & num]\s flocks ( ,apulia1 & to ! :it5ess ( _! wool4 ,( :ite ?\ ha/ to clo! a tribe suffici5t /ock1 ,! produce fair ( m ?an "o ,apulian flock4 ,l4 ii4 ,ep4 #df4 l4 #e1 #f4 ,on ! o!r h& ! wool f ! vic9ity ( ,canusium 0 no less e/eem$ = its d>k colors1 :e!r incl9+ to br[n or to r$4 ,^! sav$ ! exp5se ( dye+4 ,! te/imony ( ,pl9y to _! value has be5 already produc$4 ,9 ! two foll[+ ,epigrams 7l4 xiv4 #abg & #abi47 ,m>tial alludes to ! peculi> recomm5dations & uses1 fir/ ( ! br[n1 & secondly ( ! r$di% v>iety4 ,?is ,canus9e lac]na1 x is true1 ,looks muddy3 b x w n *ange its hue#ccc4 ,rome 9 ! br[n delights1 gay ,gaul 9 r$3 ,?is pleases boys1 & ^: is blood to %$4 #ccc ,x appe>s f ?is epigram t1 :5 %ak51 x _h ! color ( ! br[n wool ( ,canusium1 a k9d ( drab4 ,! lac]na 0 a mantle1 :i* ! ,romans wore out ( doors ov] _! :ite toga1 ) :i* x 0 well contra/$1 :e!r x 0 purple1 sc>let1 or br[n2 b ! la/ color1 ?\gh less %[y at fir/1 mu/ h _h ! advantage ( durability4 ,see ,app5dix ,a4 ,on ref]r+ to ! passages produc$ f ,pl9y1 ,columella1 & ,m>tial1 x w be se5 t ! ,romans ascrib$ a v high value to ! :ite wool ( ,gallia ,cisalp9a1 i4 e4 ( ,nor? ,italy1 or ! region ab\t ! ,po4 ,p>ma 0 consid]$ second only to ,apulia = ! :it5ess ( its wool4 ,besides ! two epigrams ( ,m>tial already cit$1 he ref]s to ,p>ma z a great place = %eep-bre$+ 9 ! foll[+ passage1 address$ to ! weal?y ,calli/ratus3 ,& ,gallic ,p>ma %e>s ?y num'r\s flocks4 ,l4 v4 ep4 #ac4 ,columella speaks moreov] 7l4 c47 ( ! sup]iority ( ! wool ( ,mut9a1 n[ ,mod5a2 & ,m>tial 7l4 v4 ep4 #aje47 m5tions ! circum/ance ( a full]1 or clo?i]1 9 t city hav+ exhibit$ a %[ to ! public1 :i* is a presumptive evid5ce t he _h a great bus9ess 9 manufactur+ ! produce ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,/rabo 9 8 acc\nt ( ! productions ( ,cisalp9e ,gaul divides ! wool into ?ree k9ds2 ,fir/1 ! s(t k9d1 ( :i* ! f9e/ v>ieties 7 gr[n ab\t ,mut9a & ! riv] ,scutana1 :i* is ! mod]n ,scult5na1 a tribut>y ( ! ,po1 ris+ 9 ! ,ap5n9es2 ,secondly1 ! co>se k9d1 gr[n 9 ,liguria & ! c\ntry ( ! ,insubres1 :i* 0 v mu* us$ = ! common we>+ app>el ( ! ,italians2 & ,?irdly1 ! middle k9d1 gr[n ab\t ,patavium 7n[ ,padua7 & employ$ = mak+ valuable c>pets & v>i\s descriptions ( blankets#ccd4 ,by comp>+ ! /atem5ts ( ?is au?or ) ^? ( ,columella & ,m>tial x w appe>1 t ! :ole region wat]$ by ! p>allel riv]s ,p>ma1 ,gabellus1 & ,scult5na1 & kn[n by ! "n ( ,macri ,campi1 or ! ,b>r5 ,pla9s1 0 e/eem$ = ! production ( ! f9e :ite wool4 #ccd ,/rabo1 ,l4 v4 c4 #a4 #ab4 p4 #aai4 ed4 ,sieb5kees4 ,t ! t5d+ ( bo? %eep & goats 0 a pr9cipal occupation ( ! p ( ,mantua we le>n f ,virgil1 a native ( t city1 :o places ! sc5e ( mo/ ( 8 pa/orals 9 its vic9ity4 ,8 ,fir/ & ,n9? ,eclogues m p>ticul>ly relate to ! calamities1 :i* ! ,mantuans 7 compell$ to su/a91 :5 ,augu/us seiz$ on _! l&s to rew>d 8 vet]an soldi]s aft] ! battle ( ,philippi4 ,^! eclogues m5tion flocks bo? ( %eep & goats1 & %[ t ^? :o _h ! c>e ( !m cultivat$ music & poetry aft] ! mann] ( ! ,sicilians4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! ,sev5? ,eclogue is especially in/ructive1 because x gives u reason to believe1 t :ile _m ( ! ,arcadians left _! c\ntry 9 consequ5ce ( t excess ( population1 to :i* m\nta9\s regions are subject1 9 ord] to become =eign m]c5>ies1 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 ent]$ into =eign s]vice z %eph]ds & goa!rds1 & 9 ?is condition n only made !mselves useful by _! exp]i5ce1 skill1 & fidelity1 b also introduc$ at ! same "t _! native music toge!r ) t ref9em5t ( mann]s & feel+s :i* x promot$4 ,! poet ?us describes two su* individuals1 :o _h be5 employ$ 9 t5d+ flocks ^u ! banks ( ! ,m9cius 7l4 #ab1 #ac71 & :o 7 ei!r born 9 ,arcadia1 or 7 at lea/ ( ,arcadian orig94 ,two bloom+ swa9s _h jo9'd _! flocks 9 "o1 ,?yrsis 8 %eep1 & tuneful ,corydon ,8 goats1 :i* bore _! treasur'd milk along2 ,arcadians bo?1 bo? skill'd 9 ambean song4 ,at a consid]able di/ance to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,mantua lay ,alt9um1 :i* is m5tion$ by ,columella#cce1 ,t]tullian1 & ,m>tial1 z "o ( ! pr9cipal places = ! produce ( :ite wool4 ,m>tial says1 t x rank$ 9 ?is respect next to ,p>ma#ccf1 & we mu/ und]/& him z ref]r+ to ! same region 9 ,book viii4 ,epig4 #bh1 :]e he asks1 8,did ?y wool c\nt ! _m /reams ( ! ,timavus1 :i* ,cyll>us previ\sly drank ) 8 />ry m\?80 ,! ,timavus 0 inde$ a consid]able way /ill fur!r t[>ds ! ,nor?-,ea/1 & mu/ h be5 v insignificant 9 connection ) ! %eep-bre$+ ( ! ,alt9ates4 ,! poet introduces x "h only on acc\nt ( its picturesque & my?ological int]e/1 j z we h se5 t ! ,galesus1 a small1 ?\gh cle> & v beautiful /ream1 is repeat$ly nam$ 9 ord] to designate ! pa/oral region ab\t ,t>5tum4 ,x may also be obs]v$1 t 9 ?is epigram1 :]e ,m>tial alludes to ?ree ( ! pr9cipal places = ! gr[? ( :ite wool1 he indicates ea* ( !m by its riv]1 ! ?ree riv]s be+ ! ,galesus1 ! ,btis1 & ! ,timavus2 & he probably did s on acc\nt ( ! suppos$ effect ( ! wat]s ( ^! riv]s 9 improv+ ! wool4 #cce ,l4 vii4 cap4 #b4 #ccf ,l4 xiv4 ,ep4 #aee4 ,we c make no "q1 aft] :at we h se5 ( ! univ]sal practice ( bo? anci5t & mod]n times1 t ! %eep1 :i* 9 ! w9t] 7 pa/ur$ 9 ! pla9s & l[] gr\nds ab\t ,alt9um1 7 tak5 to pass ! summ] 9 ! vallies ( ! ,c>9?ian ,alps ab\t ! s\rces ( ! ,br5ta1 ! ,piave1 & ! ,tagliam5to4 ,we may also trace ! wool1 aft] x 0 manufactur$1 9 its progress t[>ds ,rome1 :]e 0 ! *ief dem& = g>m5ts ( ?is description4 ,= ,/rabo says1 t ,patavium 7,padua71 :i* 0 situat$ at no great di/ance f ,alt9um on ! way to ,rome1 0 a great & fl\ri%+ m>t = all k9ds ( m]*&ize int5d$ to be s5t ?i!r1 & especially = e k9d ( clo?#ccg4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! wool-gr[]s & clo?i]s ( ! c\ntry to ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,padua1 ! mod]n ,trevisano1 employ$ t city z an entrept :]e !y dispos$ ( _! goods to ! ,roman deal]s4 ,at ! same "t we le>n1 t ?is place s]v$ z a m>ket = c>pets & blankets made ( a /rong] & m sub/antial mat]ial1 :i*1 accord+ to ! same au?ority#cch1 0 produc$ 9 its m imm$iate vic9ity4 #ccg ,l4 v4 cap4 #a4 #f1 #g4 ,/rabo alludes to ! pa/oral occupations ( ! t]ritory ab\t ,alt9um & ! ,timavus4 #cch ,/rabo4 ,9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n portion ( ,cisalp9e ,gaul ! wool 0 g5]ally co>se1 & accord+ to ,/rabo 7l4 c47 ! g>m5ts made ( x 7 us$ by ! ,italians = ! ord9>y clo?+ ( _! dome/ic e/abli%m5ts4 ,nev]!less1 black wool ( sup]ior value 0 gr[n at ,pol5tia1 n[ ,pol5za1 on ! ,/ura1 :i* is a tribut>y ( ! ,po#cci4 ,! foll[+ two ,epigrams ( ,m>tial 7l4 xiv4 #aeg & #aeh47 allude to ! use ( ! d>k wool ( ,pol5tia = m\rn+ & = ! dress ( inf]ior dome/ic s]vants4 ,pol5t9e ,wools4 #a4 ,n wools alone1 t we> ! face ( woe2 ,h] goblets once did pr\d ,pol5tia %[4 #b4 ,our sable hue to cropl+s may belong1 ,t t5d ! table1 n ( primal ?rong4 ,elph9/on's ,translation4 #cci ,pl9y1 ,l4 viii4 ,columella1 vii4 #b4 ,to ^! te/imonies may be add$ ,silius ,italicus de ,bello ,punico1 l4 viii4 #eig4 ,! c\ntry p ab\t ,mod5a & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,nor!rn ,ap5n9es /ill we> undy$ wooll5 clo? ( a gray color4 ,muratori quotes f ! /atutes ( ! city ( ,mod5a1 ,a4 ,d4 #acbg1 a law to prev5t ! mak]s ( su* clo? f mix+ ) _! gray wool ! hair ( ox51 asses1 or o!r animals#cdj4 #cdj ,diss]tazioni sopra le ,anti*it ,italiane1 ,diss4 #cj4 tomo ii4 #dh1 #di1 #dto edition4 ,?is au?or 9 8 #ba/ ,diss]tation endeavors to assign reasons = ! decl9e ( ! mod]n ,italians 9 ! gr[? & manufacture ( wool4 ,be=e quitt+ ,italy we may prop]ly inquire1 :5ce & h[ came ! practice ( %eep-bre$+ into ,great ,brita94 ,x has already be5 obs]v$ t ! v improv$ /ate ( ! art at ,t>5tum may be 9 "p ascrib$ to ! int]c\rse ( its inhabitants ) ! ,milesians4 ,! read] w h notic$ ! fact t ! wor%ip ( ,pan 0 introduc$ into ,italy f ,arcadia by ,ev&]1 f :i* circum/ance x may be reasonably inf]r$1 t improvem5ts 9 ! managem5t ( %eep 7 also introduc$ at ! same "t4 ,accord+ to ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,ev&] ) 8 companions 0 said by ! ,romans to h migrat$ to ,latium ab\t sixty ye>s be=e ! ,trojan w>#cda4 ,! same hi/orian alleges t ?is colony taught 9 ,italy ! use ( lett]s1 ( in/rum5tal music & o!r arts1 e/abli%$ laws1 & br\ght "s degree ( ref9em5t in/ead ( ! =m] savage mode ( life4 ,! /ory ( ! bir? ( ,romulus & ,remus supposes %eep-bre$+ to h be5 practic$ at ! p]iod ( t ev5t1 & 9 a /ate ( society simil> to t :i* we h f\nd prevail+ fur!r ea/w>d2 = x is /at$1 t ,fau/ulus1 :o discov]$ !m1 kept ! k+'s flocks4 ,he 0 8magi/] regii pecoris#cdb40 #cda ,hi/4 ,rom4 l4 i4 p4 #bj1 #ba4 ed4 ,r4 ,/ephani1 ,p>4 #aedf4 folio4 ,z x has be5 a frequ5t error ) nations to pu% back _! annals into a high] antiquity ?an 0 consi/5t ) fact1 ?is may h be5 ! case 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,= x is to be obs]v$1 t accord+ to ,h]odotus ! wor%ip ( ,pan did n arise 9 ,arcadia until aft] ! "t :5 accord+ to ?is latt] /atem5t x 0 introduc$ f ,arcadia into ,latium4 #cdb ,livii l4 i4 c4 #d4 ,accord+ to ,pausanias 7l4 viii4 c4 #c4 #b47 ! fir/ ,greek colony1 :i* w5t into ,italy1 0 f ,arcadia1 be+ conduct$ ?i!r by notrus1 an ,arcadian pr9ce#cdc4 ,?is 0 sev]al c5turies be=e ! exp$ition "u ,ev&]1 & ! "p ( ,italy ?us coloniz$ 0 ! s\!rn extremity1 aft]w>ds occupi$ by ! ,bruttii#cdd4 ,if ) ,niebuhr we reg>d ?is tradition only 9 ! light ( a g5ealogical table1 design$ to indicate ! aff9ities ( tribes & nations1 /ill ! simple fact ( ! colonization ( ,s\? ,italy by ,arcadians c]ta9ly au?orizes ! conjecture1 t ,arcadia 0 "o ( ! /epp+-/ones1 by :i* ! art ( %eep-bre$+ 0 transport$ f ,asia into ,europe4 #cdc ,z fur!r evid5ce = ?is tradition see ,ph]ecydis ,fragm5ta1 a ,/urtz1 p4 #aij4 ,virg4 n4 i4 #ecb1 & iii4 #afe4 ,comp>e ,heyne1 ,excursus vi4 ad n4 l4 iii4 #cdd ,heyne1 ,excursus xxi4 ad n4 l4 i4 ,niebuhr1 ,rm4 ,ges*i*te1 i4 p4 #eg4 ,! read] w h p]ceiv$ f ! obs]vations already made on ! wor%ip ( ,faunus 9 ,italy1 t ! ,roman ,faunus 0 ! same ) ! ,arcadian ,pan4 ,x seems no suffici5t objection to ?is hypo!sis1 t a few ,roman au?ors h suppos$ ,faunus to be ei!r ! son ( ,m>s#cde1 or ( ,picus & ! gr&son ( ,saturn1 ?us connect+ him ) _! native my?ology1 or t 8 oracle 0 held by !m 9 high repute#cdf4 ,x is "h suffici5t to rem>k1 t we f9d him ext5sively recogniz$ 9 ,italy z a pa/oral div9ity4 ,/ret*'d on ! spr++ grass1 ! %eph]d swa9 ,8 re$y pipe ) rural music fills2 ,! god1 :o gu>ds 8 flock1 approves ! /ra91 ,! god1 :o loves ,arcadia's gloomy hills4 ,horat4 ,c>m4 iv4 #ab4 #i-ab4--;,francis's ,translation4 ,! above /anza occurs 9 a description ( ! beauties ( spr+1 & ! poet no d\bt alludes to ! pa/oral habits ( 8 ,sab9e neighbors4 #cde ,appian apud ,photium4 #cdf ,virgil1 n4 vii4 #dh1 #ha-aje1 & ,heyne1 ,excursus v4 ad loc4 ,f anci5t monum5ts z well z f ! language ( ! poets we f9d1 t ! wor%ip ( o!r div9ities 0 associat$ ) t ( ,faunus 9 ref]5ce to ! success ( all agricultural pursuits includ+ t ( %eep-bre$+4 ,boiss>d1 9 ! ,f\r? ,"p ( 8 ,antiquitates ,roman1 has publi%$ some:at rude engrav+s ( ! bas-reliefs ^u two alt>s1 "o ( !m 7,no4 #acj7 d$icat$ to ,hope1 ! o!r 7,no4 #acd7 to ,silvanus4 ,! alt> to ,hope 0 erect$1 z ! inscription expresses1 9 a g>d5 at ,rome by ,m4 ,aur4 ,pacorus1 keep] ( ! temple ( ,v5us4 ,he says1 t he _h be5 admoni%$ to ?is de$ ( piety by a dream2 &1 if ! repres5tation 9 ! bas-relief 0 ! image ?us pres5t$ to 8 m9d1 8 dream 0 c]ta9ly a v pleasant "o4 ,hope1 we>+ on h] head a wrea? ( fl[]s1 places h] "r h& ^u a pill> & holds 9 h] left poppy-heads & e>s ( corn4 ,beside h] is a bee-hive on ! gr\nd1 & on x !re is also fix$ a bun* ( poppy-heads & e>s ( corn4 ,above ^! emblems ( ! fruitfulness ( ! field & ( ! g>d5 is ! figure ( a bale ( wool4 ,! alt> to ,silvanus exhibits t div9ity cr[n$ ) ! cones & foliage ( ! p9e4 ,a p9e gr[s moreov] beside 8 t]m9al /atue1 be>+ ! l>ge cones1 :i* 7 us$ = food at ent]ta9m5ts & c>ri$ 9 bac*analian processions4 ,faunus1 or ,pan1 sits at ! foot ( ! p9e1 ! syr9x & ! d\ble pipe be+ plac$ at 8 feet4 ,9 8 "r h& he holds an olive bran*1 :ile a "y w+$ g5ius advances t[>ds him z if to receive x1 & ano!r g5ius ( ! same k9d appe>s to be c>ess+ him & :isp]+ into 8 e>4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! t]m9al /atue ( ,silvanus we see ! caduceus ( ,m]cury & ! bale ( wool1 manife/ indications ( success 9 ! wool trade4 ,9 ?is sculpture ! bale is surr\nd$ ) cords1 :i* are twi/$ r\nd "o ano!r :]e !y cross4 ,9 ! =m] in/ance ! compression ( ! wool appe>s to be effect$ by ! use ( ?ongs in/ead ( cords#cdg4 ,!re is also introduc$ ! figure ( a %eph]d ( ! same c\ntry4 ,?is /atue 0 f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,rome & is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican#cdh4 ,! extremities are 9 "p re/orations4 ,a cameo 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,museum#cdi repres5ts ! %eph]d ,fau/ulus sitt+ ^u a rock1 & contemplat+ ! %e-wolf1 :i* is suckl+ ,romulus & ,remus4 ,x is ( ! ,augu/an age1 & no d\bt exhibits ! co/ume & g5]al appe>ance ( a ,roman %eph]d ( t p]iod4 ,he we>s a tunica cucullata1 i4 e4 a tunic ( co>se wooll5 clo? ) a c[l1 :i* 0 design$ to be drawn occasionally ov] ! head & to protect x f ! injuries ( ! wea!r4 ,?is g>m5t has also sleeves1 :i* ,columella m5tions 7tunica manicata7 z an additional com=t4 ,on 8 feet ! %eph]d we>s high %oes1 or boots1 :i*1 z we may suppose1 7 made ( lea!r4 #cdg ,! bas-relief on ! fir/ alt> is copi$ f ,boiss>d by ,montfaucon1 ,ant4 ,explique1 tome i4 p4 #ccb4 & t on ! second1 tome ii4 p4 #bge4 ,! latt] is also repres5t$ by ! ,rev4 ,h5ry ,moses1 ,collection ( ,antique ,vases1 c4 ,plate #eb4 #cdh ,museo ,pio-,clem5t9o1 tomo iii4 tav4 #cd & p4 #dd4 #cdi ,museum ,flor5t9um4 ,gemm ,antiqu a ,gorio illu/rat1 tav4 ii4 ,no4 #aj4 ,! appe>ance ( ! %eph]ds1 :o are repres5t$ 9 ^! anci5t works ( art1 is1 d\btless1 adapt$ to produce ! impression1 t _! condition1 ev5 if x 7 t ( slaves1 0 nev]!less "o ( com=t & respectability4 ,nei!r _! g>b1 nor _! attitude1 sugge/s ! idea ( any?+ base or mis]able4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! c\nt5ance ( ea* indicates tru/-wor?9ess1 /ead9ess1 & c>e4 ,t _m ( ! agricultural labor]s ( anci5t ,italy _h ?is "* may be inf]r$ also f writt5 te/imonies4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is subject1 & ) a view to illu/rate at ! same "t ! habits & employm5ts ( ! anci5t f>m] among ! ,sab9e or ,apulian m\nta9s1 we w "h quote "s p>ts ( ,horace's ,second ,epode1 9 :i* he describes ! pleasures ( a c\ntry life4 ,l ! fir/ mortals ble/ is he1 ,f debts1 & usury1 & bus'ness free1 ,) 8 own team :o pl\ghs ! soil1 ,:i* grateful once confess'd 8 fa!r's toil4 ,! s\nds ( w> nor break 8 sleep1 ,nor ! r\gh /orm1 t h>r[s up ! deep2 ,he %uns ! c\rti]'s haughty doors1 ,& ! l\d sci5ce ( ! b> abjures4 ,ei!r to popl>s tall he jo9s ,! m>riageable (fspr+ ( 8 v9es2 ,or lops ! useless b\ghs away1 ,ins]t+ happi] z ! old decay3 ,or 9 a lonely vale surveys ,8 l[+ h]ds1 safe-w&'r+ z !y graze2 ,or /ores 9 j>s 8 liquid gold ,pre/ f ! hive1 or %e>s 8 t5d] fold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,&1 if a *a/e & prud5t wife ,p]=m h] "p 9 ! sweet c>es ( life1 ,( sun-burnt *>ms1 b hone/ fame1 ,su* z ! ,sab9e or ,apulian dame2 ,if1 :5 fatigu$ he homew>d turns1 ,! sacr$ fire1 built up ) faggots1 burns2 ,or if 9 hurdles %e inclose ,! joyful flock1 :5ce ample produce fl[s2 ,?\gh unb\ght da9ties %e prep>e1 ,& ?is ye>'s w9es att5d ! homely f>e2 ,no fi% w\ld ,i f =eign %ore ,desire1 nor reli% ,lucr9e oy/]s m4 ,olives1 fre% ga!r'd f ! tree2 ,mall[s1 ! frame f heav9ess to free#cej2 ,a kid snat*'d f ! wolf1 a lamb ,to ,t]m9us ) due devotion sla92 ,su* is ! meal1 8 labor o'er2 ,no bird f di/ant climes ,i'd reli% m4 ,mean:ile h[ pleasant to behold ,8 %eep well f$1 & ha/+ to _! fold2 ,to see 8 we>i$ ox5 b[ ,_! languid necks1 & drag ?' inv]t$ pl\gh2 ,& !n 8 num'r\s slaves to view ,r\nd 8 dome/ic gods _! mir? pursue4 #cej ,see *ap4 xii4 p4 #aia4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,%eep ,,bre$+ ,,& ,,pa/oral ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts--,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,scriptures1 c4 ,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,g]many & ,gaul--,9 ,brita9--,improv$ by ! ,belgians & ,saxons--,%eep-bre$+ 9 ,spa9--,natural dyes ( ,spani% wool--,gold5 hue & o!r natural dyes ( ! wool ( ,btica--,native colors ( ,btic wool--,saga & *equ]$ plaids--,%eep always br$ pr9cipally = ! weav]1 n = ! but*]--,%eep suppli$ milk = food1 wool = clo?+--,! mo?4 ,accord+ to ,tacitus#cea1 ! anci5t ,g]mans _h abundance ( cattle1 al?\gh we h no reason to suppose t !y _h acquir$ any ( t skill 9 %eep-bre$+1 by :i* _! successors 9 ,silesia & ,saxony are n[ di/+ui%$4 ,on ! contr>y1 we are in=m$ by ! same au?or t ! only wooll5 g>m5t1 :i* !y commonly wore1 0 ! ,sagum1 a t]m imply+ ! co>s5ess ( ! mat]ial#ceb4 #cea ,t]ra pecorum fecunda1 s$ pl]umque improc]a4--,g]mania1 v4 #b4 #ceb ,nudi1 aut sagulo leves4--,g]mania1 vi4 #c4 ,tegum5 omnibus sagum4 xvii4 #a4 ,we f9d almo/ z little 9 any anci5t au?or 9 favor ( ! wool ( ,gallia ,transalp9a1 ! mod]n ,france4 ,pl9y m5tions a co>se k9d1 m l hair ?an wool1 :i* 0 produc$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,pez5as 9 ,prov5ce#cec4 ,m>tial's acc\nt ( ! ,endromis ,sequanica1 co>se1 b useful to keep (f ! cold & wet1 be>s ^u ! same po9t2 ,! fr\sy fo/] ( a female h&2 ,( "n ,laconian1 f a b>b'r\s l&2 ,?\gh rude1 yet welcome to ,decemb]'s sn[1 ,to !e we bid ! homely /rang] g3 99 99 99 99 99 ,t into gl[+ limbs no cold may glide1 ,t baleful ,iris nev] dr5* ?y pride3 ,?is f5ce %all bid !e scorn ! w9ds & %[]s2 ,! ,tyrian lawn pret5ds no equal p[]s4 ,elph9/on's ,translation4 #cec ,see ,app5dix ,a4 ,9 ! foll[+ epigram ( ,m>tial 7vi4 #aa471 address$ to 8 fri5d ,m>cus1 we obs]ve a simil> opposition betwe5 ! f9e & fa%ionable clo? ( ,tyre1 & ! ?ick co>se 8sagum0 produc$ 9 ,gaul4 ,pr\d ,tyrian ?9e1 gross ,gauli% m9e array3 ,9 purple !e c e'er ,i love 9 gray8 ,juv5al gives exactly ! same acc\nt ( ! wooll5 manufactures ( ,gaul4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage ! ne$y dep5dant ( a ri* man is speak+ ( ! lac]nas f t c\ntry1 :i* 7 sometimes pres5t$ to him by 8 patron4 ,"s co>se br[n cloaks p]haps ,i *ance to get1 ,( ,gallic fabric1 z a f5ce f wet4 ,satir4 ix4 v4 #cj4--,ow5's ,translation4 ,to ! same effect are sev]al passages 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 :o 0 ,bi%op ( ,cl]mont 9 ,auv]gne 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,he m5tions1 = example1 t ! att5dants on ,pr9ce ,sigism] at 8 m>riage wore gre5 ,saga ) r$ bord]s1 & he describes a fri5d ( 8 own z we>+ ! ,endromis#ced4 ,also 9 an acc\nt ( 8 own villa he speaks ( ! pipe ) sev5 holes1 z ! in/rum5t ( ! %eph]ds & h]dsm51 :o us$ to ent]ta9 !mselves dur+ ! night ) musical conte/s1 :ile _! cattle 7 graz+ ) bells ^u _! necks4 #ced ,viridantia saga limbis m>g9ata puniceis4 ,l4 iv4 ,ep4 #bj4 ,tu endromidatus ext]ius4 ,l4 iv4 ,ep4 #b4 ,all ^! passages are confirm$ & illu/rat$ by ! te/imony ( ,/rabo4 ,accord+ to him ,gaul produc$ cattle ( all k9ds#cee4 ,! ,belg1 :o occupi$ ! mo/ nor!rn "p1 opposite to ,brita91 excell$ ! re/ ( ! ,gauls 9 _! manufactures4 ,nev]!less _! wool 0 co>se1 & 0 spun & wov5 by !m into ! ?ick ,saga1 :i* 7 bo? worn by ! natives ( ! c\ntry & export$ 9 great quantities to ,rome & o!r p>ts ( ,italy4 ,! ,roman settl]s1 inde$1 9 ! mo/ nor!rn p>ts _h flocks ( cov]$ %eep1 & _! wool 0 consequ5tly v f9e#cef4 #cee ,l4 iv4 cap4 i4 #b4 p4 #f4 ed4 ,sieb5kees4 #cef ,l4 iv4 cap4 iv4 #c4 pp4 #ef-ei4 ed4 ,sieb5kees4 ,"h also may be produc$ ! evid5ce ( ,eum5ius1 :o 9 8 ,oration1 :i* w be quot$ m fully h]eaft]1 intimates ! abundance ( ! %eep on ! we/]n banks ( ! ,rh9e by say+1 t ! flocks ( ! ,romans 7 wa%$ 9 e "p ( ! /ream#ceg4 #ceg ,arat illam t]ribilem aliqu&o ripam in]mis agricola1 et toto no/ri greges flum9e bicorni m]santur4 p4 #aeb4 ,cs> in=ms u1 t ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,brita9 _h abundance ( cattle 7pecoris magnus num]us72 "u ! ^w 7pecus7 8cattle10 %eep mu/ no d\bt be und]/ood to be includ$4 ,x also appe>s1 t 9 8 "t ! ,celts1 or prop] ,britons1 liv$ to ! ,nor? ( ! ,?ames1 ! ,belgians hav+ expell$ !m & tak5 possession ( ! "p to ! ,s\?1 call$ ,cantium or ,k5t4 ,^! la/ 7 by f> ! mo/ civiliz$ inhabitants ( ! isl&1 n mu* diff]+ 9 _! cu/oms f ! ,gauls4 ,) respect to ! o!rs1 ,cs> says1 t = ! mo/ "p !y did n s[ any k9d ( gra91 b liv$ ^u milk & fle%1 & clo!d !mselves ) sk9s#ceh4 #ceh ,ex 8 omnibus long sunt humanissimi1 qui ,cantium incolunt2 qu regio e/ m>itima omnis2 neque multum a ,gallic diff]unt consuetud9e4 ,int]iores pl]ique frum5ta non s]unt2 s$ lacte et c>ne vivunt1 pellibusqe sunt ve/iti4 ,de ,bello ,gallico1 ,i4 v4 cap4 #aj4 ,x appe>s !re=e1 t be=e our ra1 %eep1 & probably goats1 7 br$ ext5sively 9 ,engl&1 _! milk & fle% be+ us$ = food1 & _! sk9s ) ! wool or hair ^u !m = clo?+2 & t ! p ( ,k5t1 :o 7 ( ,belgic orig91 & m ref9$ ?an ! orig9al ,britons1 _h atta9$ to ! arts ( sp9n+ & weav+1 al?\gh _! productions 7 only ( ! co>se/ description4 ,eum5ius1 ! ,rhetorician1 :o 0 a native ( ,augu/odunum1 n[ call$ ,autun1 deliv]$ 8 ,panegyric 9 praise ( ! ,emp]ors ,con/antius & ,con/ant9e 9 ! city ( ,treves ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #caj4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage he congratulates ,brita9 on its v>i\s productions1 & also on ! circum/ance1 t ,con/ant9e _h be5 rec5tly decl>$ ,emp]or at ,york on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r3 ,o =tunate ,brita91 n[ ! happie/ c\ntry ^u e>?2 = ?\ ha/ be5 ! fir/ to see ,con/ant9e made ,emp]or4 ,x 0 fit t on !e ,nature %\ld be/[ e bless+ ( climate & ( soil4 ,suff]+ nei!r f ! excessive sev]ity ( w9t]1 nor ! heat ( summ]1 ?y h>ve/s are s fruitful z to supply all ! gifts bo? ( ,c]es & ( ,bac*us2 ?y woods conta9 no savage bea/s1 ?y l& no noxi\s s]p5ts1 b an innum]able multitude ( tame cattle1 di/5d$ ) milk1 & load$ ) fleeces#cei4 #cei ,panegyrici ,vet]es1 ed4 ,cell>ii1 ,hal ,magd4 #agjc4 pp4 #adg1 #adh4 ,! improvem5ts 9 %eep-bre$+ :i* 7 fir/ introduc$ into ,engl& by ! ,belgians1 appe> to h be5 advanc$ /ill fur!r by ! ,saxons4 ,! only c\ntry1 :i* n[ rema9s to be survey$ 9 relation to ! production ( %eep's wool1 is ,spa92 &1 z ?is k+dom reta9s its pre-em95ce at ! pres5t day1#cfj s we f9d none1 9 :i* %eep-bre$+ 0 c>ri$ to a great] ext5t 9 anci5t times4 #cfj ,= acc\nts ( ! /ate ( %eep-bre$+ 9 mod]n ,spa91 includ+ ! annual migration ( ! flocks1 :i* is conduct$ !re z 9 ,italy1 ! read] is ref]r$ to 8,travels ?r\gh ,portugal & ,spa9 9 #aggb1 #aggc1 by ,r4 ,twiss10 pp4 #gb-hb2 & to ,de la ,borde's ,view ( ,spa91 vol4 iv4 pp4 #de-fa1 ,engli% ,translation4 ,london1 #ahji4 ,( all ! c\ntries 9 ,europe1 says ,mr4 ,l[1 ,spa9 has be5 ! longe/ di/+ui%$ = ! excell5ce ( its wool4 ,?is f9e c\ntry1 m v>i$ 9 its surface & natural productions ?an any o!r region ( ! l ext5t 9 ,europe1 produces a great v>iety ( bre$s ( %eep1 f ! l>g] animals ( ! ri*] pla9s1 to ! small] races ( ! high] m\nta9s & arid c\ntry4 ,besides ! diff]5ce produc$ 9 ! %eep ( ,spa9 by v>ieties ( climate & natural productions2 ! div]sity ( "* 9 ! animals may be suppos$ to h be5 increas$ by ! diff]5t races introduc$ into x3--fir/1 f ,asia1 by ! e>ly ,phnician colonies2 secondly1 f ,africa by ! ,c>?ag9ians1 dur+ _! brief possession2 ?irdly1 f ,italy by ! ,romans1 dur+ _! dom9ion ( six hundr$ ye>s2 & f\r?ly1 aga9 f ,africa1 by ! ,moors1 :o ma9ta9$ a foot+ 9 ! c\ntry = ne>ly eight c5turies4 ,! l>ge %eep ( ! pla9s h long wool1 (t5 color$ br[n or black4 ,! %eep ( ! m\nta9s1 d[ns1 & arid pla9s h %ort wool1 ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess1 & diff]5t colors4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! latt] bre$s is ! m]9o1 n[ ! mo/ e/eem$ & widely diffus$ ( all ! f9e-wool$ bre$s ( ,europe4 ,pl9y n only ref]s 9 g5]al t]ms to ! v>i\s natural colors ( ! ,spani% wool1 b m5tions m p>ticul>ly ! r$ wool produc$ 9 ! di/rict adjo9+ ! riv] ,btis1 or ,guadalquiv]#cfa4 #cfa ,see ,app5dix ,a4 ,among ! natural colors ( ! ,btic wool1 ,columella1 a native ( ,cadiz1 7vii4 #b47 m5tions1 z has be5 already /at$1 gray & br[n4 ,! latt] is :at we call drab1 & ! ,spani>ds fusco4 ,x is n[ commonly worn by ! %eph]ds & peasants ( ,spa91 ! wool be+ made into clo!s )\t dye+4 ,nonius ,m>cellus 7cap4 #af4 n4 #ac71 expla9+ ! ^w pullus1 :i* 0 call$ a native color1 because x 0 ! natural color ( ! fleece1 also %[s1 t ?is 0 a common quality ( ! ,spani% wool4 ,ano!r te/imony is t ( ,t]tullian4 ,! %eep ( ,t>5tum 7 import$ into ?is "p ( ,spa91 & !re also _! fleeces 7 protect$ by clo?+4 ,columella 7,l4 vii4 #b47 gives a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts made by 8 uncle1 a great agriculturali/ ( ,btica1 9 cross+ 8 ,t>5t9e bre$ ) "s wild rams ( an extraord9>y color1 :i* _h be5 br\ght f ,africa to ,cadiz4 7,see latt] "p ( next *apt]47 ,we h a fur!r evid5ce ( ! pa9s tak5 to improve ! ,spani% bre$ 9 ! circum/ance1 t ,italian %eph]ds pass$ into ,spa91 j z we h =m]ly se51 t !y migrat$ into ,italy f ,arcadia4 ,9 ! foll[+ l9es ( ,calpurnius 7,ecl4 iv4 #cg-di471 ,corydon1 a "y %eph]d1 tells 8 fri5d & patron1 ,melibu1 t he %\ld h be5 transport$ into ,btica1 _h n ! times improv$1 & 8 ma/]'s favor enabl$ him to rema9 9 ,italy4 ,?r\gh !e ,i re/ secure b5ea? ! %ade1 ,su* pl5ty ha? ?y g5]\s b\nty made1 ,b = ?y favor1 ,melibu1 s5t ,:]e ,btis' waves ! we/]n pla9s ind5t1 ,pla9s at ! e>?'s extreme/ v]ge1 expos'd ,to ! fi]ce ,moors1 :i* ,g]yon once inclos'd4 ,!re _h ,i n[ be5 doom'd to t5d = hire ,ib]ian flocks1 or else ( want expire3 ,9 va9 ,i might h tun'd my sev5-fold re$3 ,mid ?ickets va/ no s\l my /ra9s w\ld he$3 ,n ev5 ,pan on t f>-di/ant %ore ,w\ld l5d 8 vacant e>1 or be my solace m4 ,juv5al 9 8 ,twelf? ,satire 7l4 #cg-db47 describes a m]*ant ov]tak5 by a dreadful /orm1 & to save ! %ip ?r[+ 8 mo/ valuable goods into ! sea4 ,x w be obs]v$1 t ! poet attributes ! excell5ce & f9e natural color ( ! wooll5 clo? ( ,btica to ?ree causes1 ! ri* h]bage1 ! occult prop]ties ( ! wat]1 & ^? ( ! air4 8,ov] ) m9e10 he cries2 8be no?+ sp>'d20 ,to "p ) all 8 ri*e/ goods prep>'d2 ,8 ve/s ( ,tyrian purple1 fit to please ,! s(te/ ( ! silk5 sons ( ease1 ,& o!r robes1 :i* took a native /a9 ,f air & wat] on ! ,btic pla94 ,ow5's ,translation4 ,/rabo 7iii4 #add4 p4 #che4 ed4 ,sieb47 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! wool ( ,turdetania4 1 1 1 4 8,mu* clo? us$ =m]ly to come f ?is c\ntry4 ,n[ also fleeces come f x m ?an f ! ,coraxi2 & !y are exce$+ly beautiful1 s t rams = bre$+ are sold = a tal5t ea*4 ,also ! f9e webs are v fam\s1 :i* are made by ! ,saltiat40--,yates's ,translation4 ,! read] w please to rem>k1 t ?is is ! passage ( ,/rabo1 =m]ly ref]r$ to z conta9+ evid5ce respect+ ! ,coraxi4 ,m>tial1 a ,spani>d by bir?1 frequ5tly alludes to ! %eep ( ,btica & especially to ! v>i\s natural colors ( _! wool1 :i* 7 s mu* admir$1 t x 0 manufactur$ )\t dye+4 ,two ( 8 epigrams 7iv4 #bh4 & viii4 #bh47 h be5 already quot$1 z !y ref] also to ! %eep ( ,t>5tum3 to ^! ! sev5 foll[+ may be add$4 ,9 ! ,t>tessian l&s a h\se appe>s1 ,:]e ,cordova o'er placid ,btis re>s ,h] weal?y domes2 & :]e ! fleeces %[ ,metallic t9ts1 l liv+ gold t gl[4 ix4 #fb4 ,corduba1 m joy\s f> ,?an ,v5afrum's unctu\s boa/2 ,nor inf]ior to ! j>1 ,t r5[ns glad ,i/ria's coa/3 ,:o surm\nt'/ ! fleecy bre$1 ,t ! bright ,galesus laves2 ,nor bidd'/ ly+ purple ble$ ,o'er ! hue1 t nature craves4 xii4 #fc4--;,elph9/on's ,translation4 ,btis1 ) wrea?s ( unctu\s olive cr[n'd1 ,= ,bac*us' & = ,pallas' gifts r5[n'd2 ,^: wat]s cle> a gold5 hue imp>t ,to fleeces1 t require no fur!r art2 ,su* weal? ! ,rul] ( ! waves conveys ,9 %ips1 t m>k ) foam ?y liquid ways4 xii4 #ii4 ,lac]nas f ,btica4 ,my wool disda9s a lye1 or caldron hue4 ,poor ,tyre may take x3 me my %eep imbue4 xiv4 #acc4--;,elph9/on's ,translation4 ,*>m+ ,ero's gold5 lock ,beat ! fleece ( ,btic flock4 v4 #cg4 ,see #ba4--;,ib4 ,btic fleeces1 _m a p\nd4 xii4 #fe4 l4 #e4 ,let him comm5d ! sob] native hues2 ,( ,btic drab1 or gray1 lac]nas *oose1 ,:o ?9ks no man 9 sc>let %\ld appe>1 ,& only wom5 p9k or purple we>4 i4 #ig4 ,! num]\s passages1 :i* h n[ be5 produc$ relative to ! native colors ( ! ,spani% wool1 expla9 ! foll[+ l9e ( ,virgil1 9 :i* he describes ! clo?+ ( a w>rior2 ,) broid]'d *lamys bright1 & ,spani% ru/4 n4 ix4 #ehb4 ,! poet probably int5d$ to describe an out] g>m5t1 a *lamys1 made ( undy$ ,spani% wool ( a cle> br[n or yell[i% color1 resembl+ t ( ru/2 & aft]w>ds enri*$ ) embroid]y4 ,ramirez de ,prado1 ! ,spani% comm5tator on ,m>tial 7#dto4 ,p>is1 #afjg471 says1 t two native colors 7 common 9 ,spa9 9 8 "t1 ! "o a gold5 yell[1 ! o!r m br[n or f]rug9\s4 ,9 ! ,nor? ( ,spa9 ! ,celtib]i wore saga made ( a co>se wool l goats'-hair 7,diod4 ,sic4 v4 #cc4 tom4 i4 p4 #cef4 ,wessel+471 & wov5 d\ble accord+ to ,appian#cfb4 #cfb ,appiani ,hi/4 ,rom4 l4 vi4 de ,rebus ,hispan41 vol4 i4 p4 #aea4 ed4 ,s*weighus]4 ,at ,salacia 9 ,lusitania1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 a *equ]$ patt]n 0 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! co>se wool4 ,?is 0 9 all probability ! same z ! %eph]d's plaid ( ! ,scot*1 ! weav] tak+ advantage ( ! natural diff]5ce ( ! :ite & black wool to produce ?is v>iety ( appe>ance4 7,see ,app5dix ,a47 ,e/remadura1 a "p ( ! anci5t ,btica1 is /ill fam\s = its wool4 ,!re ! ,spani% flocks hyb]nate1 & "u ! direction ( a peculi> code ( laws1 call$ ,la ,me/a1 are conduct$ e spr+ to pa/ure 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,leon & ,a/urias4 ,o!r flocks are l$ 9 ! same season f great di/ances to ! heights ( ! ,si]ra ,mor5a1 ly+ to ! ea/ ( ! anci5t ,btica1 :]e ! vegetation is rem>kably favorable to ! improvem5t ( _! wool4 ,z be>+ directly ^u ! pres5t inquiry x may be obs]v$1 t %eep h always be5 br$ pr9cipally = ! weav]1 n = ! but*]1 & t ?is has be5 m especially ! case 9 anci5t times & 9 ea/]n c\ntries4 ,if we may judge f ! foll[+ epigram ( ,m>tial1 ! ,romans reg>d$ ) feel+s little %ort ( av]sion ! act ( kill+ a %eep = food except on solemn or extraord9>y occasions4 ,! ,ram's head4 ,ha/ pi]c'd ! neck ( ! ,phryxean "l1 ,:o (t _h %elt]'d ?9e8 ,o de$ abhorr'd6 xii4 #baa4--;,elph9/on's ,translation4 ,! cu/oms ( ! %eph]d tribes 9 ! ,ea/ are 9 ?is respect rem>kably l ^? ( ! anci5ts4 8,! ,arabs r>ely dim9i% _! flocks by us+ !m = food1 b live *iefly ^u bread1 dates1 milk1 butt]1 or :at !y receive 9 ex*ange = _! wool4 ,!y h[ev] sell _! %eep to ! p 9 ! t[ns4 ,a lamb or kid roa/$ :ole is a favorite di% at ,aleppo1 b seldom eat5 except by ! ri*#cfc40 ,:5 ! ,arabs h a %eep-%e>+1 !y p]haps kill a lamb1 & treat _! relations & fri5ds ) x toge!r ) new *eese & milk1 b no?+ m4 ,among ! ,mohamm$ans %eep are sacrific$ on c]ta9 days z a fe/ive & at ! same "t a religi\s c]emony2 ^! c]emonies are ( great antiquity & d]iv$ f ,arab hea!nism4 ,on ! pilgrimage to ,mecca e "o is requir$ to sacrifice a %eep at a c]ta9 place ne> ,mecca#cfd4 #cfc ,h>m] s ,obs]vations1 vol4 i4 p4 #cic4 ed4 ,cl>ke4 #cfd ,h>m]1 p4 #ci4 ,pallas 7,spicilegia ,zoologica1 ,fasc4 xi4 p4 #gi47 speaks ( ! beautiful lamb-sk9s f ,bu*>ia1 z be+ admir$ = _! curl$ gray wool4 ,by ! ,law ( ,moses ! %eep 0 a clean animal1 & might consequ5tly be eat5 or sacrific$4 ,a lamb or kid1 roa/$ :ole1 0 ! pr9cipal & *>act]i/ic di% at ! fea/ ( ! passov]4 ,! ri* man kills a lamb to ent]ta9 8 gue/ 9 ! beautiful p>able ( ,na?an4 7#b ,sam4 xii4 #d47 ,%eep 7 kill$ on ! fe/ive occasion ( %e>+ ! v num]\s flocks ( ,nabal4 7#a ,sam4 xxv4 #b4 #aa4 #ah47 ,an ox & six *oice %eep 7 sacrific$ daily = ! num]\s gue/s ( ,nehemiah1 :ile he 0 build+ ! wall ( ,j]usalem4 7,neh4 v4 #ag1 #ah47 ,imm5se numb]s ( %eep & ox5 7 sacrific$ at ! d$ication ( ,solomon's temple4 7#a ,k+s1 viii4 #e4 #fc47 ,! prophet ,ezekiel 7xxxiv4 #c47 describes ! bad %eph]d z selfi%ly eat+ ! fle% & clo?+ himself ) ! wool ( ! %eep1 )\t t5d+ !m ) due c>e & labor4 ,9 ! ,suovetaurilia among ! ,romans a hog1 a %eep1 & a bull1 _! pr9cipal dome/ic animals1 7 sacrific$4 ,a %eep 0 kill$ e day = ! gu>ds1 :o wat*$ ! tomb ( ,cyrus4 7,arrian1 vol4 i4 p4 #dch1 ,blanc>di47 ,9 ! ,odyssey 74 #ahj-ahb47 a sacrifice is made & a fea/ prep>$ ( %eep1 goats1 hogs1 & a c[4 ,also 9 ,od4 v4 #c4 #bej4 %eep are sacrific$ & furni% "p ( a fea/4 ,9 ord] to ratify a treaty betwe5 ! ,greeks & ,trojans1 ! =m] sacrific$ a lamb ( ! male sex to ,jupit]2 ! latt] "o ( ! male sex & :ite to ! ,sun1 & ano!r ( ! female sex & black to ! ,e>?4 7,il4 4 #ajc1 #ajd47 ,%eep are sacrific$ to ,apollo at ,delphi 9 ,euripides1 ,ion1 l4 #bcj4 #chj4 ,! r>e in/ances ( ! use ( %eep = food or sacrifice by ! ,egyptians h be5 already notic$4 ,b1 al?\gh %eep1 bo? old & "y1 male & female1 7 sacrific$ to ! objects ( religi\s wor%ip & on o!r fe/ive occasions 7 eat51 especially by ! ri* & great1 yet _! *ief use 0 to supply clo?+1 & ! n\ri%m5t !y yield$ consi/$ 9 _! milk & ! *eese made f x1 r ?an 9 _! fle%4 ,?is fact is illu/rat$ by ! words ( ,solomon1 =m]ly quot$1 & 9 :i* he speaks ( lambs = clo?+ & goat's milk = food4 ,9 l mann] ,/4 ,paul says 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #g471 8,:o plante? a v9ey>d1 & eate? n ( ! fruit !re(8 or :o fe$e? a flock1 & eate? n ( ! milk ( ! flock80 ,v>ro ?9ks1 t %eep 7 employ$ = ! use ( man be=e any o!r animal on acc\nt ( _! usefulness & placidity1 & he repres5ts _! use to consi/ 9 supply+ *eese & milk = food1 fleeces & sk9s = clo?+#cfe4 ,9 l mann] ,columella 9 8 acc\nt ( ! use ( %eep 7vii4 #b47 says1 !y af=d$ ! *ief mat]ials = clo?+4 ,9 treat+ ( _! use = food1 he m5tions only _! milk & *eese4 ,pl9y ref]s to ! employm5t ( %eep bo? = sacrifices & = clo?+4 ,he also rem>ks1 t z ! ox is pr9cipally useful 9 obta9+ food1 to wit1 by pl\gh+ & o!r agricultural processes1 ! %eep1 on ! o!r h&1 supplies mat]ials = clo?+#cff4 #cfe ,de ,re ,ru/ica1 l4 ii4 cap4 i4 #cff ,see ,app5dix ,a4 ,! fact1 t wool 0 among ! anci5ts by f> ! mo/ common mat]ial = mak+ clo!s1 acc\nts = ! v>i\s expressions 9 scripture respect+ ! de/ructiv5ess ( ! mo?4 8,y\r g>m5ts are mo?-eat540 ,james v4 #b4 8,he1 z a rott5 ?+1 consume?1 z a g>m5t t is mo?-eat540--,job xiii4 #bh4 8,!y all %all wax old z a g>m5t1 ! mo? %all eat !m up40--,is4 l4 #i4 8,! mo? %all eat !m up l a g>m5t1 & ! worms %all eat !m l wool40 ,is4 li4 #h4 8,f g>m5ts come? a mo?40 ,eccles4 xlii4 #ac4 8,treasures1 :]e mo? & ru/ corrupt40 ,matt4 vi4 #ai4 ,b x is to be obs]v$1 t ! sacr$ writ]s m5tion n ! mo?1 b ! m9ute worm1 :i* *anges into a mo?1 & :i* alone gnaws ! g>m5ts4 ,9 ! passages :i* h be5 quot$1 ! ^w 8mo?0 mu/ be und]/ood to signify ! l>va#cfg ( ! clo!s-mo? 7,phalna ,ve/ianella1 ,l9n471 or ( "s insect ( ! same k9d4 #cfg ,:5 an insect fir/ issues f ! egg1 x is call$ by naturali/s l>va4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,goats-,,hair4 ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,goat--,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,scriptures1 ,,etc4 ,%eep-bre$+ & ,goats 9 ,*9a--,probable orig9 ( %eep & goats--,%eep & goats coeval ) man1 & always propagat$ toge!r--,habits ( ,grecian goat-h]ds--,he-goat employ$ to lead ! flock--,cameo repres5t+ a goat-h]d--,goats *iefly valu$ = _! milk--,use ( goats'-hair = co>se clo?+--,%e>+ ( goats 9 ,phrygia1 ,cilicia1 c4--,ve/es capr9a1 clo? ( goats'-hair--,use ( goats'-hair = milit>y & naval purposes--,curta9s to cov] t5ts--,etymology ( ,sack & ,%ag--,symbolical uses ( sack-clo?--,! ,arabs weave goats'-hair--,mod]n uses ( goats'-hair & goats'-wool--,introduction ( ! ,angora or ,ca%m]e goat into ,france--,success ( ! project4 ,! inquiry into ! orig9 & propagation ( ! ,goat1 no less ?an t ( ! %eep1 may ju/ly be consid]$ a subject = int]e/+ inve/igation4 ,goats 7 no less highly priz$ by ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,greece & ,italy ?an by ! mod]n4 ,we h se51 t ! great value ( %eep always consi/$ 9 its fleece4 ,! goat1 on ! contr>y1 0 m valu$ = ! excell5ce & abundance ( its milk1 & = its suitabl5ess to high] & m rugg$ & unproductive l&#cfh4 #cfh ,virgil1 ,georg4 iii4 #cje-cba4 ,we obs]ve a cle> allusion to ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! pr9cipal uses ( %eep & ( goats 9 ! tw5ty-sev5? *apt] ( ! book ( ,prov]bs#cfi4 ,! managem5t & use ( goats has f "t immemorial =m$ a /rik+ feature 9 ! condition ( man1 & especially ( ^? nations :i* belong to ! ,caucasian1 or1 z ,dr4 ,pri*>d m prop]ly d5om9ates x1 ! ,iranian or ,indo-,atlantic v>iety ( our race#cgj4 ,_! habits ( %eep-bre$+ seem no less *>act]i/ic ?an ! =m ( _! c\nt5ances1 a no less ess5tial "p ( _! mann] ( life ?an any o!r cu/om1 by :i* !y are di/+ui%$3 &1 z all ! circum/ances1 :i* ?r[ any light ^u ! "q1 conspire to r5d] x probable1 t ! above-m5tion$ v>iety ( ! human race fir/ inhabit$ "p ( ! high l& ( c5tral ,asia1 s x is rem>kable1 t our dome/ic %eep & goats may ) ! greate/ probability be ref]r$ to ! same /ock ) c]ta9 wild animals1 :i* n[ ov]spread ^? regions4 ,! %eep1 z has be5 already obs]v$ 9 *apt] ,i41 is reg>d$ z specifically ! same ) ! ,argali2 & 9 ! op9ion ( ,pallas1 :i* has be5 v g5]ally adopt$ by zoologi/s1 ! goat is ! same ) ! gagrus1 a greg>i\s quadrup$1 :i* occupies ! l(tie/ p>ts ( ! m\nta9s ext5d+ f ! ,caucasus to ! ,s\? ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 & !nce to ! ,nor? ( ,india#cga4 ,inde$ ! hi/ory ( ^! animals is s int]wov5 ) ! hi/ory ( man1 t ^? naturali/s h n reason$ q correctly1 :o h ?\ght x necess>y to ref] ! fir/ orig9 ( ei!r ( !m to any wild /ock at all4 ,!y assume1 t ^! quadrup$s fir/ exi/$ 9 an undome/icat$ /ate1 t is1 entirely ap>t f man & indep5d5t ( him2 t1 z he advanc$ 9 civilization1 z 8 wants multipli$1 & he became m +5i\s & active 9 inv5t+ me?ods ( supply+ !m1 ! ?\ght /ruck him1 t he might obta9 f ^! wild bea/s ! mat]ials ( 8 food & clo?+2 & t he !re=e caught & conf9$ "s ( !m & 9 ! c\rse ( "t r5d]$ !m by cultivation m & m suitable to 8 purposes4 #cfi 8,be ?\ dilig5t to "k ! /ate ( ?y flocks1 & look well to ?y h]ds4 ,! lambs are = ?y clo?+1 & ! goats are ! price ( ?y field2 & ?\ %alt h goats' milk en\gh = ?y food1 = ! food ( ?y h\sehold1 & = ! ma9t5ance ( ?y maid5s40 ,prov4 xxvii4 #bc1 #bf1 #bg4 ,bo*>t has quot$ a great v>iety ( anci5t te/imonies to ! value ( goats'-milk 9 8 ,hi]ozoicon1 l4 ii4 cap4 #ea4 pp4 #fbi1 #fcj4 ed4 ,leusd54 #cgj ,see ,pri*>d's ,rese>*es into ! ,physical ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ?ird edition1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bdg4 #beg-bfb4 #cjc1 #cjd4 ,^! nations are *>act]iz$ by ! oval =m ( ! skull4 ,_! di/ribution ov] ! face ( ! e>? may be se5 9 ! ,map1 ,plate ,,vii4 ,! only rem>kable exception to ?is limitation ( anci5t %eep-bre$+1 is ! case ( ! ,*9ese4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! foll[+ evid5ce1 t !y _h bo? %eep & goats 9 anci5t times4 ,! ,*9ese "* = a sacrifice is a comp\nd ( two *>act]s1 "o plac$ above ! o!r2 ! upp] "o1 ,yang1 is ! "* = a lamb1 ! l[] is ! "* = fire2 s t a lamb on ! fire d5otes a sacrifice4 ,see ,morison's ,*9ese ,diction>y1 vol4 iii4 "p i4 ,accord+ to ! my?ology ( ! ,*9ese1 :i* z well z _! writt5 *>act]s is ( high antiquity1 "o ( ! f\r riv]s1 :i* rise 9 ,m\nt ,ka5-lun & run t[>ds ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe1 is call$ ! ,yang-,*\i1 i4 e4 ! ,lamb-,riv]4 ,?omas ,/eph5s ,davies1 ,esq4 9 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,?omson's ,briti% ,annual = #ahcg1 p4 #bga1 #bgg4 ,yang-,*+1 i4 e4 ,%eep-city1 0 an anci5t "n ( ,canton4 ,morison1 p4 #ee4 ,!re is a "* = ! ,goat1 :i* means ! ,yang ( ! m\nta9s1 ,yang be+ a g5]al t]m l ! ,hebrew 1 includ+ bo? %eep & goats4 ,ib4 p4 #fa1 #fb4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage ( ,rufus ,fe/us ,avi5us1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #djj1 we h a di/9ct te/imony1 t ! anci5t ,s]es1 ! probable ance/ors ( ! ,*9ese1 employ$ !mselves 9 ! c>e ( %eep at ! same "t t !y 7 devot$ to ! production ( silk4 ,gregibus p]mixti oviumque b\mque1 ,vell]a p] silvas ,s]es nemoralia c>punt4 ,descriptio ,orbis ,t]r1 l4 #ice1 #icf4 #cga ,pallas1 ,spicilegia ,zoologica1 ,fasciculus xi4 pp4 #dc1 #dd4 ,see also ,bell's ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,quadrup$s1 ,london1 #ahcg1 p4 #dcc4 ,we h no reason to assume1 t man & ! two less] k9ds ( horn$ cattle 7 orig9ally indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,s f> z geology supplies any evid5ce1 x is 9 favor ( ! supposition1 t ^! quadrup$s & man belong to ! same epo*4 ,no prop]ly fossil bones ei!r ( ! %eep or goat h yet be5 f\nd1 & we h no reason to believe1 t ^! animals 7 produc$ until ! creation ( man4 ,b1 z we mu/ suppose1 t man 0 creat$ p]fect & full-gr[n1 & ) ^? means ( subsi/5ce ar\nd him1 :i* 8 nature & con/itution require1 !re is no reason :y ! %eep & ! goat may n h be5 creat$ 9 su* a /ate z to be adapt$ imm$iately bo? = clo?+ & = food1 or :y x %\ld be consid]$ m probable t !y 7 at fir/ entirely wild4 ,!y may h be5 produc$ orig9ally 9 ! same abode1 :i* 0 occupi$ by t v>iety ( ! human race1 to ^: habits & mode ( life ! use ( !m has always be5 s ess5tial2 &1 if we assume1 t ?is abode 0 some:]e 9 ! elevat$ l& ( c5tral ,asia1 9 ! region1 = example1 ( ,arm5ia1 we adopt an hypo!sis1 :i* expla9s 9 ! mo/ simple & satisfactory mann] ! app>5t fact ( ! propagation n only ( m51 b ( ^! quadrup$s ) !m1 f t c5tre ov] imm5se regions ( ! globe4 ,) reg>d to hi/orical evid5ce1 x is c]ta9ly v defective4 ,no express te/imony assures u ( ! facts includ$ 9 ! above-nam$ hypo!sis4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 & x appe>s v des]v+ ( att5tion1 viz4 t ! %eep & ! goat h always be5 propagat$ toge!r4 ,we f9d great nations1 :i* _h no acqua9tance ) ei!r ( ^! quadrup$s1 b dep5d$ = _! subsi/5ce ^u ei!r ox5 or horses4 ,we f9d o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 to ^: mode ( life ! l>g] quadrup$s 7 ( mu* less importance ?an ! small]2 b we f9d none1 :i* 7 accu/om$ to bre$ %eep )\t goats1 or goats )\t %eep4 ,! read] w f9d num]\s illu/rations ( ?is fact on review+ ! evid5ce conta9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,g5]al t]ms 7 employ$ 9 ! anci5t _w to include bo? %eep & goats#cgb4 ,:]e m specific t]ms are us$1 we /ill f9d 8rams & goats10 8ewes & %e-goats0 m5tion$ toge!r4 ,%eep & goats 7 (f]$ toge!r 9 sacrifice1 & ! in/ances are too num]\s to m5tion1 9 :i* ! same flock1 or ! weal? ( a s+le individual1 includ$ bo? ^! animals4 #cgb ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 t ! ,hebrew ^w translat$ %eep 9 ,ex4 ix4 #c4 includ$ ,goats4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is prevail+ association ( %eep & goats1 !y are (t5 repres5t$ toge!r 9 anci5t bas-reliefs & o!r works ( art4 ,( ?is we h a beautiful example 9 ! ,rev4 ,rob]t ,walpole's collection ( 8,travels 9 v>i\s c\ntries ( ! ,ea/40 ,at ! end ( ! volume is a plate tak5 f a votive tablet ( ,p5telic m>ble d$icat$ to ,pan1 & repres5t+ five goats1 two %eep1 & a lamb4 ,z ! goats are 9 "o gr\p1 & ! %eep & lamb 9 ano!r1 ! arti/ probably design$ to repres5t a flock ( ea*4 ,=1 ?\gh sometimes mix$ 9 ! same flock1 ! two k9ds ( animals 7 g5]ally kept ap>t2 & to ?is circum/ance our ,savior alludes 9 8 image ( ! %eph]d divid+ ! %eep f ! goats#cgc4 #cgc 8,:5 ! ,son ( man %all come 9 8 glory1 & all ! holy angels ) him1 !n %all he sit ^u ! ?rone ( 8 glory3 & be=e him %all be ga!r$ all nations3 & he %all sep>ate !m "o f ano!r1 z a %eph]d divides 8 %eep f ! goats3 & he %all set ! %eep on 8 "r h&1 b ! goats on ! left40--,matt4 xxv4 #ca-cc4 ,a %eep & a goat are se5 repos+ toge!r 9 a ,roman bas-relief 9 ! ,monum5ta ,mat?iana1 vol4 iii4 tab4 #cg4 fig4 #a4 ,rossel9i gives two pa9t+s f ,egyptian tombs1 :i* exhibit bo? %eep & goats#cgd2 & he m5tions an inscription on ! tomb ( ,ranni1 accord+ to :i* t p]son _h #abj goats1 #cjj rams1 #aejj hogs1 & #abb ox54 #cgd ,monum5ti dell' ,egitto1 p>te ii4 ,mon4 ,civili1 tomo i4 cap4 iii4 #b4 tavola xxviii4 xxix4 ,9 ! acc\nt giv5 9 *apt] ,,ii4 ( ! ,sicilian ,daphnis1 an epigram by ,callima*us on ,a/acides1 :o 0 a goa!rd 9 ,crete1 0 p>tially quot$1 probably rem>kable = 8 beauty & 8 immature dea?4 ,! translation ( ! passage w n[ be giv54 1 1 1 ' 4 ,a nymph has snat*'d ,a/acides away2 ,b5ea? ,dictan oaks our goa!rd lies3 ,%eph]ds6 no m y\r songs to ,daphnis pay2 ,= n[ ) him ! sacr$ ,cretan vies4 ,yates's ,translation4 ,!ocritus 7,idyll4 vii4 #ab-bj47 describes a goa!rd ( ,cydon 9 ,crete1 nam$ ,lycidas2 & f ! acc\nt :i* he gives ( 8 attire1 we may judge ( t commonly us$ 9 anci5t ,greece by ! same description ( p]sons4 ,he wore on 8 %\ld]s ! dun-color$ hide ( a %aggy goat1 & an old %awl 0 fa/5$ ab\t 8 brea/ ) a broad girdle4 ,9 8 "r h& he held a crook ( wild olive4 ,! same au?or 7,idyll4 iii4 #e47 m5tions a f9e /rong he-goat1 :i* 0 br\ght f ,lybia to ,sicily4 ,! design ( its transportation 01 no d\bt1 to improve ! bre$4 ,probably ,*romis1 ! ,lybian 7,idyll4 i4 #bd471 :o resid$ 9 ,sicily1 _h migrat$ !re to und]take ! managem5t ( goats & to improve _! quality4 ,maximus ,tyrius 7,diss4 xxvii47 seems to suppose1 t a flock ( goats c\ld n ev5 exi/ )\t ! music ( ! syr9x4 8,if y take away10 says he1 8! goa!rd & 8 syr9x1 y dissolve ! flock ( goats2 9 l mann]1 if y take away reason f ! society ( m51 ?us depriv+ !m ( _! lead] & guide1 y de/roy ! flock1 :i* by nature is tame1 b may be injur$ by a bad sup]9t5d5ce40 ,! he-goat 0 employ$ to lead ! flock z ! ram 0 among %eep4 ,! foll[+ passages ( scripture allude to ?is cu/om4 8,remove out ( ! mid/ ( ,babylon1 & g =? out ( ! l& ( ! ,*aldeans1 & be z ! he-goats be=e ! flocks40 ,j]4 l4 #h4 8,m9e ang] 0 k9dl$ aga9/ ! %eph]ds1 & ,i puni%$ ! goats40 ,ze*4 x4 #c4 ,9 ,prov]bs xxx4 #ca41 accord+ to ! ,septuag9t v]sion1 we read ( 8! goat :i* leads ! flock40 ,julius ,pollux 7,lib4 i4 cap4 #ab4 sect4 #ai47 says1 t 8,! he-goat leads ! goats#cge40 #cge ,see also lian1 ,hi/4 ,anim4 vi4 #db4 & ,pausanias1 ix4 #ac4 #d4 ,on a cameo 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,museum !re is a repres5tation ( an anci5t goa!rd#cgf4 ,! goa!rd holds ! syr9x 9 8 left h&1 & a "y kid 9 8 "r4 ,a goat /&s beside him1 & 8 dog appe>s p>tially conceal$ )9 a k5nel =m$ 9 ! rock1 ^u :i* ! goa!rd is seat$4 ,! h]dsman is repres5t$ sitt+ "u an ag$ ilex4 ,at lea/ ?is supposition accords ) ! language ( ,tibullus already quot$4 #cgf ,mus4 ,flor5t9um4 ,gemm antiqu a ,gorio illu/rat4 tab4 xc4 ,no4 #g4 ,a mod]n au?oress1 :o sp5t "s ( ! summ] mon?s 9 ! ye> #ahai among ! m\nta9s ea/ ( ,rome1 notices goats 9 ! foll[+ t]ms z "p ( ! /ock ( ! f>m]s 9 t c\ntry4 8,we frequ5tly walk$ to "o ( ^! little f>ms1 to meet ! goats com+ 9 at night f ! m\nta94 ,z ! flock cr[d$ d[n ! brok5 road lead+ to ! fold1 foll[$ by _! grotesque-look+ %eph]d & 8 r\gh dogs1 ! pet-kids cr[d+ r\nd _! ma/] & answ]+ to 8 call1 we c\ld n help ?9k+ ( ! antique mann]s describ$ by ! poets1 & repres5t$ 9 ! pictures ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 8,! goats are ! mo/ useful dome/ic animals4 ,"h no o!r *eese or milk is ta/$4 ,besides1 ! ricotta1 a k9d ( curd1 & junkets1 are made ( goats'-milk1 &1 ) bread s]ve _m ( ! c\ntry p = food#cgg40 #cgg ,?ree ,mon?s pass$ 9 ! ,m\nta9s ea/ ( ,rome1 by ,m>ia ,graham 7,lady ,calcott71 p4 #cf4 #ee1 #ef4 ,! same writ] says1 t 8black %eep are r enc\rag$ "h = ! wool10 & t 8! clo?+ ( ! fri>s is ( ?is undy$ wool40 p4 #ee4 ,f ,a!nu#cgh we le>n ! sup]ior excell5ce ( ! goats ( ,scyros & ,naxos4 #cgh ,quot$ 9 ,*apt] ,i4 p4 #bcf4 lian be>s te/imony to ! same fact1 obs]v+1 t ! c[s ( ,epirus 7 said to yield ! greate/ quantity ( milk1 & ! goats ( ,scyros4 ,hi/4 ,anim4 l4 iii4 cap4 #cc4 ,f ,t\rne=t1 ,sonn9i1 & o!r mod]n travell]s we le>n1 t bo? ,scyros & ,naxos are v rocky & m\nta9\s1 & t !y /ill produce goats4 ,see also ,dapp]1 ,description des ,isles de l',ar*ipel1 p4 #bef4 #cej4 ,virgil 7l4 c471 aft] m5tion+ ! use ( goats = food1 goes on to %[ _! contributions to ! weav]4 ,clo?'d 9 _! %av5 be>ds & ho>y hair1 ,f5ce ( ! ocean spray & nightly air1 ,! mis]able seaman brea/s ! ma91 ,& camps un9jur'd press ! m>%y pla94 ,so!by's ,translation4 ,! la/ l9e ( ?is passage ( ,virgil is quot$ by ,columella 7,l4 vii4 #f47 9 speak+ ( ! utility ( ! he-goat2 ,= he himself is %orn 8= ! use ( camps & to make cov]+s = wret*$ sailors40 ,virgil1 moreov]1 has "h foll[$ ,v>ro1 :o writes ?us2 ,z ! %eep yields to man wool = clo?+1 s ! goat furni%es hair = ! use ( sailors1 & to make ropes = milit>y eng9es1 & vessels = artific]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! goats are %orn 9 a great "p ( ,phrygia1 because !re !y h long %aggy hair4 ,cilicia 7i4 e4 hair-clo?s71 & o!r ?+s ( ! same k9d1 are commonly import$ f t c\ntry4 ,! "n ,cilicia is said to be d]iv$ f ! circum/ance1 t 9 ,cilicia goats 7 fir/ %orn = ?is purpose4 ,de ,re ,ru/ica1 ,l4 ii4 c4 ii4 p4 #bja4 ed4 ,bip4 ,! language ( ,v>ro 9 ?is passage indicates1 t ! female goat 0 %orn z well z ! male2 & t ! excell5ce ( goats'-hair1 :i* 0 us$ only = co>se articles1 consi/$ 9 its l5g?4 ,columella m5tions ! long bri/ly hair ( ! ,cilician goats#cgi4 #cgi ,setosum1 quale e/ 9 ,cilicia4 ,de ,re ,ru/ica1 l4 i4 ,prf4 p4 #bj4 ed4 ,bip4 ,ari/otle says1 8,9 ,lycia goats are %orn1 z %eep are 9 o!r c\ntries40 ,hi/4 ,anim4 viii4 #bh4 ,?is te/imony ( ,ari/otle agrees ) t ( 8 nephew & pupil1 ,calli/h5es1 :o says 7ap4 lian4 de ,nat4 ,anim4 xvi4 #cj471 8t 9 ,lycia goats are %orn j z %eep are ev]y:]e else2 = t !y h a v ?ick coat ( excell5t hair1 hang+ f !m 9 locks or curls2 & t ?is hair is twi/$ s z to make ropes1 :i* are us$ 9 navigation in/ead ( cables40 ,pl9y1 9 8 acc\nt ( goats#chj1 says1 8,9 ,cilicia & ab\t ! ,syrtes !y are cov]$ ) hair1 :i* admits ( be+ %orn40 ,f ?is x may be inf]r$1 9 con=mity ) ! te/imonies already cit$ f ,v>ro & ,virgil1 t ! longe/ & be/ goats'-hair 0 obta9$ 9 ,cilicia1 & on ! coa/ ( ,africa opposite to ,sicily & ,malta1 ! mod]n ,tripoli4 ,x is rem>kable1 t ,virgil1 9 ord] to designate ! latt] di/rict1 ref]s to ! romantic riv] ,c9yps1 :i* fl[$ ?r\gh x1 obs]v+ ! same practice1 :i* we h se5 to be s common ) ! poets 9 reg>d to ! c\ntries not$ = ! produce ( ! mo/ excell5t wool4 ,9 ! int]ior & m hilly portion ( ?is di/rict ( ,africa bo? %eep & goats are /ill re>$#cha4 #chj ,l4 viii4 c4 #gf4 ,see ,app5dix ,a4 #cha ,proce$+s ( ! ,exp$ition to explore ! ,nor!rn ,coa/ ( ,africa f ,tripoli ,ea/w>d1 by ,bee*ey1 *4 iv4 p4 #gc4 ,9 ! same *apt]1 p4 #eb4 #fb-fh1 is an acc\nt ( ! ,wad'el ,khahan1 ! anci5t ,c9yps4 ,! geograph] ,avi5us ass]ts t goats'-hair 0 obta9$ = ! purpose ( be+ wov5 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,cynet 9 ,spa9#chb4 ,isidore ( ,seville1 9 8 enum]ation ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( clo? 7,orig4 xix4 #bb471 uses ! foll[+ expressions3 8,fibr9i 7ve/is e/7 tramam de fibri lan hab5s3 capr9a40 ,?us ! text n[ /&s1 evid5tly defective4 ,! writ] no d\bt allud$ to a k9d ( clo? call$ capr9a1 because goats'-hair 0 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( x4 ,beckmann 7,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions1 ,eng4 ,trans41 vol4 iv4 p4 #bbd47 proposes to read1 8tramam de fibri lan hab5s1 /am5 de capr910 i4 e4 8hav+ ! wo( ( beav]-wool1 ! w>p ( goats'-wool40 ,b ! anci5ts 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! f9e wool ( c]ta9 goats1 & x is highly improbable1 t !y us$ goats'-hair 9 ! case ref]r$ to1 s9ce ! 8,ve/es ,fibr90 7 ( great value1 z w soon be %[n1 & n made 9 any "p ( co>se mat]ials4 #chb ,rufi ,fe/i ,avi5i ,ora ,m>itima1 l4 #bah-bba4 ,! clo? ( goats'-hair w\ld be suitable = sailors1 bo? on acc\nt ( _! h>dy mode ( life1 & because x 0 bett] adapt$ ?an any o!r k9d to be> exposure to wat]4 ,its use z clo?+ to express m\rn+ & mortification w be notic$ pres5tly4 ,! employm5t ( goats'-hair = milit>y & naval purposes 0 f> m ext5sive1 & is prov$ by ! foll[+ passage f ! ,geoponica 7xviii4 #i47 9 addition to ! =m] te/imonies4 1 77 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,! goat yields no small pr(it f its milk1 *eese1 & 7fle%74 ,x also yields a pr(it f its hair1 :i* is necess>y = mak+ ropes1 sacks1 & simil> articles1 & = nautical purposes1 s9ce x is n easily cut1 & does n rot f natural causes1 unless x be mu* neglect$4--,yates's ,translation4 ,cic]o 79 ,v]rem1 ,act i47 m5tions ,cilicia toge!r ) hides & sacks1 & ,asconius ,p$ianus 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! passage 7p4 #ie4 ed4 ,cr5ii47 gives ! foll[+ explanation3 8,cilicia texta de pilis 9 ca/rorum usum atque naut>um40 ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,georg4 iii4 #cac4 says1 t ^! ,cilicia1 or clo?s ( goats'-hair1 7 us$ to cov] ! t[]s 9 sieges1 because !y c\ld n be set on fire4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,poliorcetica ( ,lipsius1 ,l4 iii4 ,dial4 #c4 p4 #aeh4 = evid5ce respect+ ! use ( hair ropes = milit>y eng9es1 & to ,l4 v4 ,dial4 ix4 = passages f ,?ucydides1 ,arrian1 ,ammianus1 ,suidas1 ,vegetius1 ,curtius1 & o!rs1 prov+1 t ! besieg$ 9 cities hung ,cilicia ov] _! t[]s & walls to obviate ! =ce ( ! v>i\s weapons hurl$ aga9/ !m1 & especially ( ! arr[s1 :i* c>ri$ fire4 ,f ,exodus we le>n#chc1 t ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness among _! contributions to ! ,tab]nacle gave goats'-hair1 & t x 0 spun by wom54 ,! spun goats'-hair 0 probably us$ 9 "p to make cords = ! t5t2 b "p ( x at lea/ 0 wov5 into ! l>ge pieces1 call$ 9 ! ,septuag9t 8curta9s ( goats'-hair40 ,su* curta9s1 or ,saga1 ( spun goats'-hair seem to h be5 commonly us$ = ! cov]+ ( t5ts#chd4 #chc 8,& ?\ %alt make curta9s ( goats'-hair to be a cov]+ ^u ! tab]nacle3 elev5 curta9s %alt ?\ make4 ,! l5g? ( "o curta9 %all be ?irty cubits1 & ! bread? ( "o curta9 f\r cubits3 & ! elev5 curta9s %all be all ( "o measure4 ,& ?\ %alt c\ple five curta9s by !mselves1 & six curta9s by !mselves1 & %alt d\ble ! six? curta9 9 ! =efront ( ! tab]nacle4 ,& ?\ %alt make fifty loops on ! edge ( ! "o curta9 t is outmo/ 9 ! c\pl+1 & fifty loops 9 ! edge ( ! curta9 :i* c\ple? ! second4 ,& ?\ %alt make fifty ta*es ( brass1 & put ! ta*es into ! loops1 & c\ple ! t5t toge!r1 t x may be "o4 ,& ! remnant t rema9e? ( ! curta9s ( ! t5t1 ! half curta9 t rema9e?1 %all hang ov] ! backside ( ! tab]nacle4 ,& a cubit on ! "o side1 & a cubit on ! o!r side ( t :i* rema9e? 9 ! l5g? ( ! curta9s ( ! t5t1 x %all hang ov] ! sides ( ! tab]nacle on ?is side & on t side1 to cov] x40--,ex4 xxvi4 #g-ac4 #chd 8,& he made curta9s ( goats-hair = ! t5t ov] ! tab]nacle3 elev5 curta9s he made !m4 ,! l5g? ( "o curta9 0 ?irty cubits1 & f\r cubits 0 ! bread? ( "o curta93 ! elev5 curta9s 7 ( "o size40--,ex4 xxxvi4 #ad1 #ae4 ,clo?s ( ! same k9d 7 us$ = rubb+ horses#che4 ,! t]m = goats'-hair clo? 9 ,hebrew1 ,*aldee1 & ,syraic1 is or 1 i4 e4 ,,%ac1 or ,,sac1 translat$ 9 ! ,septuag9t1 & ,,saccus 9 ! ,vulgate v]sion ( ! ,scriptures4 ,! ,lat9 ,,sagum1 appe>s to h _h ! same orig94 ,9 ,engli% we h ,sack & ,%ag1 sc>cely diff]+ f ! ori5tal & anci5t t]ms ei!r 9 s\nd or s5se4 #che ,vegetii ,ars ,vet]4 l4 i4 c4 #db4 ,cilice1 ! mod]n ,fr5* t]m = a hair-%irt1 is imm$iately d]iv$ f ,cilicium1 ! orig9 ( :i* has be5 expla9$#chf4 #chf ,m5age1 ,dict4 ,etym4 v4 ,cilice4 ,?is k9d ( clo?1 :i* 0 black or d>k br[n1 ! goats ( ,syria & ,pale/9e be+ *iefly ( t color ev5 to ! pres5t day1 is allud$ to 9 ! six? *apt] ( ,revelations#chg1 & 9 ,is4 l4 #c4 8,i clo! ! heav5s ) blackness & make sack-clo? _! cov]+40 ,x 0 worn to express m\rn+ & mortification4 ,9 ,jonah we h a v rem>kable case1 = on ?is occasion blankets ( goats'-hair 7 put on ! bodies bo? ( m5 & bea/s1 & "o 0 worn ev5 by ! k+ ( ,n9eveh himself#chh4 ,:5 ,h]od ,agrippa 0 seiz$ at ,cs>ea ) ! mortal di/emp] m5tion$ 9 ,acts xii4 7,see *ap4 vi4 p4 #ic471 ! common p sat d[n on hair-clo? accord+ to ! cu/om ( _! c\ntry1 besee*+ ,god on 8 behalf4--,josephus1 ,ant4 ,jud4 l4 xix4 cap4 #h4 p4 #hgb4 ,hudson4 ,s accord+ to ,josephus 7,ant4 ,jud4 l4 vii4 cap4 #g4 p4 #bii471 ,david fell d[n ^u sack-clo? ( ! same description & lay on ! gr\nd pray+ = ! re/oration ( 8 son4 #chg 8,& ,i beheld :5 he _h op5$ ! six? seal1 & lo1 !re 0 a great e>?quake2 & ! sun became z black z sack-clo? ( hair1 & ! moon became z blood40--,rev4 vi4 #ab4 #chh 8,s ! p ( ,n9eveh believ$ ,god1 & proclaim$ a fa/1 & put on sack-clo?1 f ! greate/ ( !m ev5 to ! lea/ ( !m4 ,! ^w came unto ! k+ ( ,n9eveh1 & he arose f 8 ?rone1 & he laid 8 robe f him1 & cov]$ him ) sack-clo?1 & sat 9 a%es40--,jonah iii4 #e1 #f4 ,9 v4 #e4 we %\ld translate 8put on hair-clo?s20 = ! ^w is plural 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,h5ce ! use ( ! hair-%irt by devotees 9 m rec5t times4 ,/4 ,basil1 ,bi%op ( ,cs>ea 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 9 answ] to ! "q1 ,:e!r a monk ought to h besides 8 night-%irt 7po/ nocturnam tunicam7 a ,cilicium or any o!r1 says1 8,cilicii quidem usus habet proprium tempus4 ,non enim propt] usus corporis1 s$ propt] afflictionem c>nis inv5tum e/ hujuscemodi indum5tum1 et propt] humilitatem animae#chi40 ,he !n adds1 t z ! ^w ( ,god =bids u to h two %irts1 we ought n to h a second except = ! purpose "h m5tion$4 ,f ?is x is cle>1 t ! ,cilicium 0 n commonly worn by ! monks1 b only at p>ticul> times = ! sake ( humiliation4 #chi ,f ! anci5t v]sion ( ,ruf9us1 p4 #age4 ed4 #aeac4 ,dr4 ,sib?orp 79 ,memoirs1 edit$ by ,walpole17 in=ms u1 t 9 ! pres5t day ! %eph]ds ( ,attica 8%e> ! goats at ! same "t ) ! %eep1 ab\t ,april or ,may10 & t ! hair is made into sacks1 bags1 & c>pets1 ( :i* a consid]able quantity is export$4 ,9 mod]n z 9 anci5t times1 ! inhabitants ( ,greece subsi/ 9 a great measure ^u goats'-milk & ! *eese made f x#cij4 #cij ,dodwell's ,t\r1 vol4 i4 p4 #add4 ,! wives ( ! ,arabian %eph]ds /ill weave goats'-hair = _! t5ts4 ,?is hair-clo? is ne>ly black1 & resembles t ( :i* our mod]n coal-sacks are made#cia4 ,! ,arabs also hang bags ( ! same clo?1 conta9+ b>ley1 ab\t ! heads ( _! horses to supply !m ) food#cib4 #cia ,h>m]'s ,obs]vations1 *4 ii4 ,obs4 #cf4 ,dr4 ,%aw's ,travels1 ,"p iii4 *4 #c4 #f4 ,e4 ,f4 ,k4 ,ros5mull]1 ,biblis*e ,alt]?umskunde1 iv4 #b4 p4 #hi4 ,! use ( goats'-hair = mak+ clo? among ! ,moors is m5tion$ by ,rauwolff1 ,travels1 "p ii4 *4 #a1 p4 #abc ( ,ray's ,translation4 ,! h]dsm5 on ! wide pla9s ab\t ,smyrna live 9 t5ts ( 8black goats'-hair40--,c4 ,fell[s's ,discov]ies 9 ,lycia1 p4 #h4 #cib ,d',arvieux & ,!v5ot1 ap4 ,h>m]1 *4 v4 ,obs4 #i4 ,! goat1 z is ! case ) "s o!r quadrup$s1 if conf9$ to a c\ntry1 :i* is hot 9 summ] & v cold 9 w9t]1 is always protect$ 9 ! latt] season by an additional cov]+ ( f9e wool b5ea? its long hair4 ,a specim5 ( ! ,syrian goat 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,museum at ,glasg[ %[s bo? ! hair & ! wool4 ,9 ,k]man & ,ca%m]e ?is v f9e wool is obta9$ by comb+ ! goats 9 ! spr+1 :5 x becomes loose2 &1 hav+ be5 spun into y>n1 x is us$ to make ! beautiful %awls br\ght f ^? c\ntries4 ,we w n[ conclude ?is *apt] ) ! foll[+ int]e/+ communication f ,mr4 ,e4 ,riley1 be+ ! sub/ance ( a pap] lately read be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,london4 ,mr4 ,riley 89 #ahbe & #ahbh transport$ to t t]ritory two flocks ( ! f9e/ %eep procurable ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 my fa!r _h also long contemplat$ introduc+ !re ! celebrat$ ,ca%m]e goat1 anticipat+ t ! fulfilm5t ( 8 views w\ld1 9 prov+ advantage\s to himself1 become also ( ultimate b5efit to ! colony2 9 :i* expectation1 he has be5 enc\rag$ f ! results t h att5d$ ! importation ( ! ,saxon bre$ ( %eep into _! favor$ climates1 ! wools ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & 9 proportion to _! improvem5t1 ^? also ( ,van ,dieman's ,l& be+ n[ eag]ly pur*as$ by ! mo/ intellig5t manufactur]s 9 pref]5ce to ^? ( equal prices import$ f any "p ( ,europe4 8,) ?is object 9 view1 he subsequ5tly1 dur+ an agricultural t\r on ! ,cont95t1 direct$ my att5tion to ! ,ca%m]e flocks ( ,mons4 ,t]naux1 & 9 ,octob] #ahbh1 ,i met ?is di/+ui%$ man at 8 seat at ,/4 ,on5 7,mons4 ,t]naux is a great %awl manufactur] & a ,pe] ( ,france17 :]e he pres]v$ ! elite ( 8 h]ds2 ! animals 7 a mixture ( v>i\s sizes & colors1 f a p]fect :ite to br[n1 ) sc>cely any /amp$ features z if belong+ to "o race exclusively2 !y 7 cov]$ ) long co>se hair1 "u :i* s small a quantity ( s(t %ort d[n 0 conceal$1 t ! av]age produce ( ! :ole collection did n exce$ ?ree ounces ea*2 !re=e1 "u ^! unfavorable circum/ances1 my fa!r def]r$ = a "t 8 int5tion ( s5d+ any ( !m to ,au/ralia4 8,i 0 !n advis$ by ! ,viscomte ,p]rault de ,jotemps1 to see ! /ock ( ,m4 ,polonceau at ,v]sailles1 he hav+1 by a happily select$ cross1 succe$$ 9 increas+ ! quantity & value ( ! qualities ( ! ,ca%m]e goat beyond ! mo/ sangu9e anticipations1 & 9 consequ5ce ( 8 enlight5$ ta/e = agricultural pursuits1 0 also honor$ ) ! director%ip ( ! model f>m at ,grignon4 ,he became among ! fir/ to pur*ase a *os5 selection ( ! orig9al importation ( ! ,ca%m]e goat f ,m4 ,t]naux1 & "s "t aft] see+1 at "o ( ! e/ates ( ! ,du*esse de ,b]i1 an ,angora buck ) an extraord9>y silk9ess ( hair1 hav+ m ! "* ( long co>se b v s(t d[n1 he solicit$ p]mission to try ! effects ( a union ) ?is f9e animal & 8 own pure ,ca%m]es4 ,! improvem5t ev5 9 ! fir/ drop 0 s rapid t x induc$ him to p]sev]e1 & :5 ,i fir/ saw 8 small h]d !y 7 9 ! ?ird g5]ation f ! males produc$ solely by ! fir/ cross2 ! unwill+ness h[ev] ( ,m4 ,polonceau to "p ) any numb] ( !m at ?is p]iod 7! only ali5ation he has made f ! favorite products ( 8 solicitude be+ two males & two females to ! ,k+ ( ,wirtemb]g1 = ! sum ( #cdjj francs17 caus$ my fa!r aga9 to po/pone 8 int5tions until my return f ! ,au/ralasian ,colonies1 judg+ t ,m4 ,polonceau w\ld !n probably be enabl$ to dispose ( a suffici5t numb]1 & t ! con/ancy & prop]ties ( ! race w\ld by t "t be m decid$ly det]m9$4 8,on my arrival 9 ,engl& at ! close ( #ahca1 he aga9 recurr$ to 8 favorite project ( introduc+ ^! animals into our colonies1 = :i* purpose ,i w5t to ,france ) ! int5tion ( pur*as+ a small flock ( ,m4 ,polonceau1 %\ld ,i f9d all 8 expectations ( ! ,ca%m]e ,angora bre$ v]ifi$1 :i* hav+ p]fectly asc]ta9$1 ,i at l5g? succe$$ 9 p]suad+ ,m4 ,polonceau to c$e to me t5 females 9 kid1 & ?ree males1 & ,i =tunately 0 able to convey ! :ole 9 heal? to ,london1 ) ! int5tion ( proce$+ z spe$ily z possible ) !m to ,port ,jackson1 look+ sangu9ely =w>d n only to _! rapid increase b also to cross+ ! common goats ( ! c\ntry ) ?is valuable bre$1 9 full expectation t !y may1 exclusive ( _! own pure d[n1 become ?us ! means ( =m+ a desirable addition to ! already mu* priz$ importations f ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,van ,dieman's ,l&4 ,i am l$ to ! conclusion t ! latt] result may be accompli%$1 z ,m4 ,polonceau1 :o has tri$ ! exp]im5t ) ! native goat ( ,france1 has obta9$ animals ( ! second cross v little inf]ior to ! bre$ t has r5d]$ 8 "n s di/+ui%$4 ,he has also cross$ ! common goat ) ! pure ,ca%m]e1 b only obta9$ s t>dy an amelioration1 t x requir$ eight or t5 g5]ations to produce a d[n simply equal to _! inf]ior quantity & quality :5 comp>$ to ! produce ( ! ,ca%m]e ,angora40 ,mr4 ,polonceau has unremitt+ly p]sev]$ 9 ! improvem5t s imm$iately effect$1 & has prov$ dur+ ! sev]al ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! fir/ exp]im5t 9 ! ye> #ahbb1 t an entire satisfactory result 9 ! union ( ! mo/ ess5tial qualities ( d[n1 abundance1 l5g?1 f95ess1 lu/re1 & s(tness1 0 accompli%$ by ! fir/ cross1 )\t any return hav+ ensu$ to ! individual *>act]s ( ei!r ( ! primitive races1 & 9 consequ5ce1 he has s9ce con/antly propagat$ ! produce ( t cross among !mselves1 c>eful only ( pres]v+ animals entirely :ite & ( employ+ = propagation ^? bucks :i* _h ! d[n 9 ! greate/ quantity & ( ! f9e/ quality ) ! smalle/ proportion ( hair4 ,9 #ahbf2 ! 8,societie ,royale et ,c5trale d',agriculture de ,p>is0 acqua9t$ ) ! int]e/+ result ( ,m4 ,polonceau's flock1 be+ at t "t 9 ! ?ird g5]ation1 & consid]+ t ! d[n ( ?is new race 0 m valuable ?an t ( ! ,ea/1 & t x 0 ! mo/ beautiful ( filace\s mat]ials kn[n1 z x comb9es ! s(tness ( ,ca%m]e ) ! lu/re ( silk1 aw>d$ him _! l>ge gold m$al at _! session1 #d? ,april1 #ahbf1 & nom9at$ him a memb] ( _! society 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 #ahbg1 at ! exhibition ( ! produce ( ,national ,indu/ry1 ! jury appo9t$ to judge ! m]its ( ! objects expos$1 also aw>d$ him _! m$al4 ,at pres5t ! animals are 9 ! twelf? g5]ation1 _! heal? & vigor1 ! con/ancy ( _! qualities1 & abundance ( _! d[n )\t any deg5]ation1 prove t ?is new race may be reg>d$ z "o entirely fix$ & e/abli%$1 requir+ solely ! c>e t is g5]ally obs]v$ ) valuable bre$s2 t is to say1 a judici\s *oice ( ^? employ$ = _! reproduction1 & 9 su* a climate z ,new ,s\? ,wales x may be reasonably expect$ t ! brilliant qualities ( _! d[n may yet be improv$ z has be5 s em95tly ! case ) ! wool ( ! m]9o & ,saxon %eep import$ !re4 ,m4 ,polonceau has goats t h yield$ z _m z ?irty ounces ( ! d[n1 9 "o season1 & he /ates t ! :ole ( 8 h]d produce f twelve to tw5ty ounces2 ?us %[+ ! a/oni%+ advantages ?is new bre$ has ov] ! uncross$ ,ca%m]e1 :i* nev] yield m ?an f\r ounces & seldom exce$ two ounces ea*4 ,?is g5tleman also /ates1 t1 ! ,ca%m]e ,angora goats1 are m robu/ & m easily n\ri%$ ?an ! common goat1 & t !y are less caprici\s & m easily manag$ 9 a flock2 & f ! exp]i5ce he has already _h1 he f9ds !m mu* m docile ?an ev5 %eep4 ,!y pref] ! leaves ( trees1 z d all o!r goats1 b !y ?rive ei!r on hay or /raw1 or gre5 fodd]1 or 9 mead[s2 !y also fe$ ) equal facility on hea?s1 & on ! mo/ abrupt declivities1 :]e ! %eep w\ld p]i%2 !y d n fe> ! cold1 & are all[$ to rema9 all ! w9t] 9 op5 %$s4 ,= ! fir/ ye> or two ( ,m4 ,p4's exp]im5ts he ?\ght x prud5t to give !m aromatic h]bs1 f "t to "t1 b dur+ ! la/ six ye>s he has n f\nd x necess>y4 ,he kn[s n ( any p>ticul> disease to :i* !y are subject1 8 flock nev] hav+ _h any4 ,m4 ,p4 arranges !y %\ld kid 9 ,m>*1 b occasionally he takes two falls f ^? ( suffici5t /r5g? dur+ ! ye>4 ,! d[n comm5ces to gr[ 9 ,septemb]1 & developes itself progressively until ! end ( ,m>*1 :5 x ceases to gr[ & deta*es itself1 unless artificially remov$4 ,to collect ! d[n1 he waits ! p]iod :5 x beg9s to deta* itself1 & !n ! locks ( d[n :i* sep>ate f ! sk9 ) little =ce are tak5 (f by h&2 ! d[n is remov$ f ! animals e ?ree or f\r days2 9 g5]al x fir/ beg9s to fall f ! neck & %\ld]s1 & 9 ! foll[+ f\r or five days f ! re/ ( ! body2 ! collection is complet$ 9 ! space ( eight or t5 days4 ,sometimes ! entire d[n c be tak5 f ! animal at "o %e>+1 & almo/ 9 an unbrok5 fleece1 :5 x beg9s to loos54 ,! %e>+ has ! advantage ( pres]v+ m p]fectly ! p>allelisms ( ! individual filam5ts1 :i* mu* increase ! facility ( comb+ & prep>+ ! d[n = manufactur+ purposes4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,beav]s-,,wool4 ,isidorus ,hispal5sis--,claudian--,beckmann--,beav ]s'-wool--,disp]sion ( ,beav]s ?r\gh ,europe--,fossil bones ( ,beav]s4 ,! passage quot$ f ,isidore ( ,seville1 9 ! la/ *apt]1 %[s t ! anci5ts made a clo?1 ! wo( ( :i* 0 ( ,beav]s'-wool 7de fibri lan71 & :i* 0 !re=e call$ ,ve/is ,fibr9a4 ,by lana he mu/ h meant ! v f9e wool1 :i*1 agreeably to ! obs]vation 9 ! la/ p>agraph1 gr[s "u ! long hair ( ! beav]4 ,isidore 9 ! same ,book1 obs]ves1 8,fibr9um lana e/ animalium1 qu fibros vocant3 ipsos et ca/ores exi/imant40 ,! foll[+ ,epigram ( ,claudian seems int5d$1 z ,beckmann 7iv4 p4 #bbc47 supposes1 to describe 8a worn-out beav] dress1 :i* _h no?+ m left ( t valuable fur b ! "n40 ,,on ,a ,,beav] ,,mantle4 ,! %ad[ ( its anci5t "n rema9s3 ,b1 if no nap ( beav] x reta9s1 ,a ,beav] ,mantle x c sc>ce be nam'd4 ,! price1 h[ev]1 proves its claim3 x co/ ,six p\nds4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh all lu/re x has lo/1 ,yet1 b\ght s de>1 z beav] let x /ill be fam'd4 ,sidonius ,apoll9>is calls ^? :o us$ ?is co/ly app>el ca/or9ati4 ,lib4 v4 ,epi/4 #g4 p4 #cac4 ,p>is1 #aeii1 #dto4 ,g]b]t1 or ,gilb]t1 surnam$ ! ,philosoph]1 & aft]w>ds ,pope ,silve/] ,,ii41 comm5t+ on ! qualities ( a good ,bi%op accord+ to #a ,timo?y iii4 #a41 says 9 ref]5ce to ! ^w 8ornatum30 8,quod si juxta s5sum lit] tantm respiciamus1 non aliud1 sac]dotes1 quam amictum quremus cl>iorem2 v]bi grati1 ca/or9as quremus et s]icas ve/es3 et ille se int] episcopas cr$et esse altiorem1 qui ve/em indu]it cl>iorem4 ,s$ ,s4 ,apo/olus talit] se intelligi non vult1 quia non c>ne1 c40--,de ,in=matione ,episcoporum1 seu ,de ,dignitate ,sac]dotali1 9 ed4 ,b5$ict4 ,opp4 ,s4 ,ambrosii1 tom4 ii4 p4 #ceh4 8,an upp] g>m5t ( ?is clo? 0 worn by ! ,emp]or ,nicephorus ,,ii4 at 8 coronation 9 ! ye> #icf40--;,beckmann1 l4 c4 #ca4 8,?is me?od ( manufactur+ beav]s'-hair10 obs]ves ,beckmann1 8seems n to h be5 kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y2 =1 ?\gh he speaks mu* ( ! ca/or1 & m5tions pellis fibr9a ?ree times1 he says no?+ 9 reg>d to manufactur+ ! hair1 or to beav]-fur40 ,x seems probable1 t ! ,greeks & ,romans did n use clo? ( beav]s'-wool until ! #d? c5tury4 ,9 an e>li] age ! furs & drugs suppli$ by beav]s 7 obta9$ f ! c\ntries to ! ,nor? ( ! ,eux9e ,sea4 ,b 9 ! p]iod n[ "u consid]ation ! int]c\rse ( ! ,romans ) ! ,we/ ( ,europe w\ld op5 a mu* m ext5d$ sph]e = procur+ ! ,ve/es ,fibr91 s9ce we h traces ( ! exi/5ce ( beav]s 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,_! appe>ance 9 ,wales1 ,scotl&1 ,g]many1 & ! ,nor? ( ,europe g5]ally1 is atte/$ by ,giraldus ,cambr5sis#cic4 #cic ,topographia ,hib]ni1 c4 #ba1 & ,it9]>ium ,cambri1 l4 ii4 c4 #c4 ,dr4 ,patrick ,neill1 9 a valuable pap] on ?is subject1#cid has giv5 an acc\nt ( ! bones ( rec5t beav]s f\nd 9 ,p]?%ire & ,b]wick%ire4 ,!y h also be5 f\nd 9 ,cambridge%ire#cie4 ,we le>n f ! life ( ,wul/an#cif1 t beav]-furs1 z well z ^? ( sables1 foxes1 & o!r quadrup$s1 7 us$ by ! ,anglo-,saxons 9 v e>ly times = l9+ _! g>m5ts4 ,o!r mod]n au?ors speak ( _! occurr5ce 9 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y1 & ! ,nor? ( ,italy#cig4 ,!y are /ill f\nd 9 ,sw$5#cih4 ,/rabo in=ms u1 t 9 8 "t !y frequ5t$ ! riv]s ( ,spa9#cii4 #cid ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 vol4 i4 p4 #agg-ahg4 #cie ,transactions ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society1 vol4 i4 "p i4 p4 #age4 #cif ,see ,extracts 9 ,h5ry's ,hi/ory ( ,brita91 vol4 iv4 #cig ,muratori1 ,anti*it ,italiane1 tomo ii4 p4 #aaj4 ,napoli1 #aghc4 ,! au?ors1 cit$ by ,muratori1 are ,g]vase ( ,tilbury1 & ,ma?ioli4 #cih ,travels 9 ,sw$51 by ,dr4 ,?omas ,?omson1 p4 #daa4 #cii ,lib4 iii4 #afc4 vol4 i4 p4 #gcg1 ed4 ,sieb5kees4 ,buffon says 7,hi/4 ,nat4 tome #bf4 p4 #ih471 8,!re are beav]s 9 ,langu$oc 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,rhone1 & great numb]s ( !m 9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe40 8,b z human population ext5ds10 he obs]ves1 8beav]s1 l o!r animals1 are disp]s$1 become solit>y1 fugitive1 or conceal !mselves 9 ! gr\nd3 !y cease to unite 9 b&s1 to engage 9 build+ or o!r und]tak+s40 8,we h be5 unable to asc]ta910 says ,cuvi]#djj1 8aft] ! mo/ scrupul\s comp>isons1 if ! ,ca/ors or ,beav]s1 :i* burr[ along ! ,rhone1 ! ,danube1 & ! ,wes]1 are diff]5t 9 species f ^? ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 or if !y are prev5t$ f build+ by ! vic9ity ( man40 ,! same di/+ui%$ au?or 9 8 "w on ,fossil ,bones says1 8,! great] "p ( our ,european riv]s hav+ =m]ly support$ beav]s1 & "s ( !m do+ s /ill1 viz4 ! ,g>don & ! ,rhone 9 ,france1 ! ,danube 9 ,bav>ia & ,au/ria1 & sev]al small riv]s 9 ,we/phalia & ,saxony1 we _c be surpris$ to f9d _! hones pres]v$ 9 our mosses1 or turb>ies40 ,he !n m5tions in/ances ( ! heads & tee? ( beav]s1 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme 9 ,pic>dy1 9 ! valley ( ,tonnis-/e9 ne> ,&]ma*1 & at ,urd+5 on ! ,rh9e 9 ,rh5i% ,prussia#dja4 #djj ,rgne ,animal1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fe4 ( ,griffi?'s ,translation4 #dja ,cuvi]1 ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 tome v4 p>tie ,ire1 p4 #ee42 p>tie #bnde1 p4 #eah4 ,see also ,annales du ,museum d',hi/4 ,naturelle1 tome xiv4 p4 #dg4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,camels-,,wool ,,& ,,camels-,,hair4 ,camels'-wool & ,camels'-hair--,ctesias' acc\nt--,te/imony ( mod]n travell]s--,arab t5t ( ,camels'-hair--,f9e clo?s /ill made ( ,camels'-wool--,! use ( hair ( v>i\s animals 9 ! manufacture ( beautiful /uffs by ! anci5t ,mexicans--,hair us$ by ! ,c&ian wom5 9 ! manufacture ( broid]$ /uffs--,broid]$ /uffs ( ! negresses ( ,s5egal--,_! great beauty4 ,we are in=m$ by ,ctesias1 9 a fragm5t ( ! #aj? ,book ( 8 ,p]sic ,hi/ory1 t !re 7 camels 9 a "p ( ,p]sia1 ^: hair1 s(t z ,milesian fleeces1 0 us$ to make g>m5ts = ! prie/s & ! o!r pot5tates#djb4 #djb ,apollonii ,mirabilia xx4 lian1 ,hi/4 ,an4 xvii4 #cd4 ,ctesi ,fragm5ta1 a ,bhr1 p4 #bbd4 ,john ! ,bapti/ wore a g>m5t ( camels'-hair2 b ?is mu/ be suppos$ to h be5 co>se4 7,matt4 iii4 #d41 ,m>k i4 #f47djc4 ,?is passage ( scripture is illu/rat$ by ,h>m] 9 ! foll[+ obs]vation#djd3 8,?is hair1 ,sir ,j4 ,*>d9 tells u 79 8 ,,ms4 note on #a ,sam4 xxv4 #d47 is n %orn f ! camels l wool f %eep1 b !y pull (f ?is woolly hair1 :i* ! camels are dispos$ to ca/ (f2 z _m o!r creatures1 x is well kn[n1 *ange _! coats ye>ly4 ,?is hair is made into clo? n[4 ,*>d9 assures u ! mod]n d]vi%es we> su* g>m5ts40 #djc 8,& ! same ,john _h 8 raim5t ( camels'-hair1 & a lea!rn girdle ab\t 8 lo9s2 & 8 meat 0 locu/s & wild honey40--,matt4 iii4 #d1 also 9 ,m>k3 8,& ,john 0 clo!d ) camels'-hair1 & ) a girdle ( a sk9 ab\t 8 lo9s2 & he did eat locu/s & wild honey40--,m>k i4 #f4 #djd ,*4 xi4 ,obs4 #hc4 vol4 iv4 p4 #daf4 ed4 ,cl>ke4 ,campbell1 ! poet1 m5tions a t5t ( camels'-hair clo?1 :i* he saw at an ,arab encampm5t betwe5 ,oran & ,masc>a 9 ! k+dom ( ,algi]s4 ,x 0 #be feet 9 diamet] & v l(ty4 7,lett]s f ! ,s\?1 #ahcg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bab47 ,he also m5tions 7vol4 i4 p4 #afa47 t ! ,kabyles or ,b]b]s1 :o live 9 ! vic9ity ( ,algi]s1 & are desc5d$ f ! orig9al occupants ( ! c\ntry1 dwell 9 8t5ts ( camels'-hair40 ,we are in=m$ t ! ,*9ese make c>pets ( ! same mat]ial#dje4 ,cov]lets ( goats' or camels'-hair are us$ by ! soldi]s 9 ,turkey to sleep "u#djf4 8,! ,circassians1 :5 m>*+1 or on a j\rney1 always add to _! o!r g>m5ts a cloak made f camel or goats'-hair1 ) a hood1 :i* completely envelopes ! :ole p]son4 ,x is imp5etrable by ra92 & x =ms _! b$ at night1 & protects !m f ! scor*+ sun by day#djg40 #dje ,*9a1 its ,co/ume1 ,arts1 ,manufactures1 c41 by ,b]t93 translat$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,london1 #ahab1 vol4 iv4 #djf ,travels 9 ,circassia1 by ,edmund ,sp5c]1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjb4 #djg ,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bai4 ,=tunatus1 9 8 life ( ,/4 ,m>t9 7l4 iv471 describes a g>m5t ( su* clo?2 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r he took 8 description f actual k ( ! use ( x1 or only f ! acc\nt 9 ,mat!w ( ! dress ( ,john ! ,bapti/ already quot$4 ,camels'-hair ( annual gr[? w\ld v>y 9 f95ess accord+ to circum/ances1 & might be us$ ei!r = ! co>se raim5t ( prophets & d]vises1 or = ! co/ly %awls1 to :i* ,ctesias alludes4 ,f9e wool1 adapt$ to ! latt] purpose1 might also gr[1 z 9 ! goat & beav]1 b5ea? ! long hair ( ! camel4 ,x has be5 d\bt$ :e!r clo? s f9e & beautiful z ,ctesias ass]ts1 c\ld possibly be obta9$ f camels4 ,! foll[+ acc\nts by mod]n travell]s illu/rate & ju/ify ! /atem5t ( ! suspect$ anci5t4 ,m>co ,polo1 :o travell$ 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! city ( ,kalaka1 :i* 0 9 ! prov9ce ( ,tangut & subject to ! ,great ,kahn1 says#djh1 8,9 ?is city !y manufacture beautiful camelots1 ! f9e/ kn[n 9 ! _w1 ( ! hair ( camels & likewise ( f9e wool40 ,accord+ to ,pallas1 7,travels1 vol4 ii4 #h417 8,f ! hair ( ! camel ! ,t>t> wom5 9 ! pla9s ( ! ,crimea manufacture a n>r[ clo?1 :i* is us$ 9 its natural color1 & is extremely w>m1 s(t1 & light40 ,accord+ to ,prosp] ,alp9us1 7,hi/4 ,nat4 gypti1 l4 iv4 c4 #g4 p4 #bbe47 ! ,egyptians manufactur$ f ! hair ( _! camels n only co>se clo? = _! t5ts1 b o!r k9ds s f9e z to be worn n only by pr9ces b ev5 by ! s5ators ( ,v5ice4 #djh ,book i4 *4 #eb4 p4 #bce4 ( ,m>sd5's ,translation4 ,elph9/one1 9 8 acc\nt ( ,cabul 7p4 #bie471 m5tions1 t 8,oormuck1 a f9e clo? made ( camels'-wool10 is among ! articles import$ into ,cabul f ! ,bokh>a c\ntry4 ,?is c\ntry lies ,nor? ( ! ,oxus1 & ,ea/ ( ! ,s\!rn extremity ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 & is probably ! c\ntry1 to :i* ,ctesias m especially ref]r$4 ,a /ill m rec5t au?ority is t ( ,moorcr(t1 :o in=ms u1 t 8,clo? is n[ made f ! wool ( ! wild camels ( ,khot5 9 ,*9ese ,t>t>y10 & t 8at ,a/rakhan a f9e clo? is manufactur$ f ! wool ( ! camel foal ( ! fir/ ye>#dji40 #dji ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 vol4 i4 p4 #bda1 #bdb4 ,x is cu/om>y 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,ea/1 z x 0 9 ,mexico 9 ! "t ( ,cortes 7,see ,"p ,?ird1 ,*apt] ,i47 to use ! hair ( v>i\s animals 9 embroid]+ g>m5ts4 ,! ,c&ian wom5 ev5 embroid] ) _! own hair1 z well z t ( animals1 ) :i* !y make spl5did repres5tations ( fl[]s1 foliage1 c43 !y also ins]t ! sk9s ( eels & s]p5ts4 ,accord+ to ,m4 de ,busson1 ! negresses ( ,s5egal1 embroid] ! sk9s ( v>i\s bea/s1 repres5t+ figures1 fl[]s1 & animals1 9 e v>iety ( color4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,drawn f ! life4 ,,indian ,,loom ) ! process ( ,w9d+ (f ! ,,?read4 ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,cotton ,,manufacture4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,great ,,antiquity ,,( ,,! ,,cotton ,,manufacture ,,9 ,,india--,,unrivall$ ,,skill ,,( ,,! ,,indian ,,weav]4 ,sup]iority ( ,cotton = clo?+1 comp>$ ) l951 bo? 9 hot & cold climates--,cotton *>act]i/ic ( ,india--,acc\nt ( ,cotton by ,h]odotus1 ,ctesias1 ,!ophra/us1 ,ari/obulus1 ,ne>*us1 ,pomponius ,mela--,use ( ,cotton 9 ,india--,cotton kn[n be=e silk & call$ ,c>pasus1 ,c>pasum1 ,c>basum1 c4--,cotton awn+s us$ by ! ,romans--,c>basus appli$ to l95--,la/ reque/ ( ,tibullus--,musl9 fillet ( ! ve/al virg9--,l95 sails1 c4 call$ ,c>basa--,val]ius ,flaccus introduces musl9 among ! elegancies 9 ! dress ( a ,phrygian f ! riv] ,rhyndacus--,prud5tius's satire on pride--,apuleius's te/imony--,te/imony ( ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 & ,avi5us--,pl9y & ,julius ,pollux--,_! te/imony consid]$--,te/imony ( ,t]tullian & ,philo/ratus--,( ,m>tianus ,capella--,cotton pap] m5tion$ by ,!ophylus ,presbyt]--,use ( ,cotton by ! ,arabians--,cotton n common anci5tly 9 ,europe--,m>co ,polo & ,sir ,john ,m&eville's te/imony ( ! ,cotton ( ,india--,=bes's description ( ! h]bace\s ,cotton ( ,guz]at--,te/imony ( ,malte ,brun--,beautiful ,cotton textures ( ! anci5t ,mexicans--,te/imony ( ! ,abb ,clavig]o--,fi%+ nets made f ,cotton by ! inhabitants ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 & on ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica--,columbus's te/imony--,cotton us$ = b$d+ by ! ,brazilians4 ,among all ! mat]ials :i* ! skill ( man conv]ts into com=table & elegant clo?+1 t :i* appe>s likely to be ! mo/ ext5sively useful1 ?\gh x 0 ! la/ to be g5]ally diffus$1 is ! beautiful produce ( ! cotton-plant4 ,! prop]ties ( cotton /rongly recomm5d x = clo?+1 especially 9 comp>ison ) l951 bo? 9 hot & cold c\ntries4 ,l95 has1 inde$1 9 "s respects ! advantage2 x =ms a smoo?1 firm1 & beautiful clo?1 & is v agreeable we> 9 temp]ate climates2 b x is less com=table ?an cotton1 & less conducive to heal?1 ei!r 9 heat or 9 cold4 ,cotton1 be+ a bad conductor ( heat1 z comp>$ ) l951 pres]ves ! body at a m equable temp]ature4 ,! functions ( ! sk91 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( p]spiration1 are ! great means ( ma9ta9+ ! body at an equable temp]ature amid/ ! vicissitudes ( ! atmosph]e4 ,b l951 l all good conductors ( heat1 freely cond5ses ! vapor ( p]spiration1 & accumulates moi/ure ^u ! sk93 ! wett$ l95 becomes cold1 *ills ! body1 & *ecks p]spiration1 ?us n only produc+ discom=t1 b endang]+ heal?4 ,calico1 on ! o!r h&1 l all bad conductors ( heat1 cond5ses little ( ! p]spiration1 b all[s x to pass (f 9 ! =m ( vapor4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! p]spiration is s copi\s z to accumulate moi/ure1 calico w absorb a great] quantity ( t moi/ure ?an l954 ,x has !re=e a d\ble advantage1--x accumulates less moi/ure1 & absorbs m4 ,f ! above consid]ations1 x is evid5t t 9 cold climates1 or 9 ! nocturnal cold ( tropical climates1 cotton clo?+ is mu* bett] calculat$ to pres]ve ! w>m? ( ! body ?an l954 ,9 hot climates1 also1 x is m conducive to heal? & com=t1 by admitt+ ( fre] p]spiration#daj4 #daj ,ba9s's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,cotton ,manufacture10 p4 #ab4 ,wool1 z we h se51 0 pr9cipally us$ = weav+ 9 ,pale/9e & ,syria1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,greece1 ,italy & ,spa92 hemp 9 ! ,nor!rn c\ntries ( ,europe2 flax 9 ,egypt 7,! hi/ory ( ! two la/1 hemp & flax1 is giv5 9 ,"p ,,iv4 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$472 silk 9 ! c5tral regions ( ,asia#daa4 ,9 l mann] cotton has always be5 *>act]i/ic ( ,india4 ,we f9d ?is circum/ance di/9ctly notic$ by ,h]odotus#dab4 ,among ! valuable products1 = :i* ,india 0 rem>kable1 he /ates1 t 8! wild trees 9 t c\ntry be> fleeces z _! fruit1 surpass+ ^? ( %eep 9 beauty & excell5ce2 & ! ,indians use clo? made f ^! trees40 ,9 ! same book 7c4 #dg47 ,h]odotus says1 t ! ?orax or cuirass s5t by ,amasis1 k+ ( ,egypt1 to ,sp>ta1 0 8adorn$ ) gold & ) fleeces f trees40 ,^! sub/ances 7 p]haps us$ 9 ! weft to =m ! figures 771 :i* 7 wov5 into ! ?orax2 b x appe>s equally probable t ! gold only 0 ?us employ$1 ! cotton be+ us$ z an inside l9+ or /uff+3 & 9 ?is case x is possible1 t ! d[n ( ! ,bombax ,ceiba1 a tree alli$ to ! ,cotton-plant 7,gossypium71 may h be5 us$1 s9ce1 ?\gh n fitt$ = sp9n+ or weav+1 x has long be5 us$ 9 ,india = ! /uff+ ( pill[s & simil> purposes1 & w\ld be includ$ "u ! phrase employ$ by ,h]odotus1 8wool0 or 8fleeces f trees40 ,! ?orax may h be5 made 9 ,egypt2 b ! mat]ials1 us$ to enri* x1 7 probably import$3 = we h no pro(1 t ei!r gold or cotton ( any k9d 0 f\nd 9 t c\ntry z a native product 9 ! "t ( ,amasis4 #daa ,see ,map ,plate ,,vii4 at ! end ( ,"p ,,iv4 #dab ,l4 iii4 c4 #ajf4 ,ctesias1 ! contempor>y ( ,h]odotus1 seems also to h kn[n ! fact ( ! use ( a k9d ( wool1 ! produce ( trees1 = sp9n+ & weav+ among ! ,indians4 ,x is evid5t t ,ctesias ref]r$ exclusively to cotton clo?s1 z may be inf]r$ f ! te/imony ( ,v>ro1 z we f9d x 9 ,s]vius 7,comm4 9 ,virgilii n4 i4 #fdi474 8,ctesias ait 9 ,indi esse arbores1 qu lanam f]ant40 ,! exp$ition ( ,alex&] ! ,great into ,india contribut$ to make ! ,greeks bett] acqua9t$ ?an be=e ) cotton4 ,h5ce x is di/9ctly m5tion$ by ,!ophra/us1 ! disciple ( ,ari/otle4 ,he says1 8,! trees1 f :i* ! ,indians make clo?s1 h a leaf l t ( ! ,black ,mulb]ry2 b ! :ole plant resembles ! dog-rose4 ,!y set !m 9 ! pla9s arrang$ 9 r[s1 s z to look l v9es at a di/ance#dac40 ,9 a succe$+ "p ( ! same book 7c4 #g4 p4 #adc1 #add4 ed4 ,s*neid]7 he notices ! gr[? ( cotton1 n only 9 ,india1 b 9 ,arabia1 & 9 ! isl& call$ ,tylos1 :i* he places 9 ! ,arabian ,gulf1 al?\gh x 0 probably 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ne> ! ,arabian coa/#dad4 ,accord+ to 8 acc\nt 9 ! latt] passage1 8,! wool-be>+ trees1 :i* grew abundantly 9 ?is isl&1 _h a leaf l t ( ! v9e1 b small]2 !y bore no fruit1 b ! capsule conta9+ ! wool1 01 :5 clos$1 ab\t ! size ( a qu9ce1 :5 ripe1 x exp&$ s z to emit ! wool1 :i* 0 wov5 into clo?s1 ei!r *eap1 or ( great value40 #dac ,hi/4 ,pl4 iv4 c4 #d4 p4 #acb4 ed4 ,s*neid]4 #dad ,see ! ,map1--,plate vii4 at ! end ( ,"p iv4 ,bo*>t1 ,geogr4 ,sacra1 p4 #gff4 ,cadomi1 #afea4 ,he]51 ,ide51 i4 #b4 p4 #bad-bai4 ,spr5gel 9 8 ,g]man translation 7p4 #aej4 vol4 ii47 supposes ! ,br\ssonetia ,papyrif]a to be meant 9 ! =m] passage4 ,b he gives no good reason = ?is supposition1 & he admits1 t ! ,br\ssonetia ,papyrif]a gr[s 9 ,*9a1 n 9 ,india4 ,! expression ( ,!ophra/us1 1 :i* he employs 9 ! latt] passage 7c4 #i4 p4 #add4 ed4 ,s*neid]71 cle>ly proves1 t he is speak+ ( ! same plant 9 bo? passages1 & ,spr5gel himself 7p4 #afd47 supposes ! ,gossypium ,arboreum ( ,l9nu1 ! ,cotton ,tree1 to be meant 9 ! latt]1 ?\gh n 9 ! =m]4 ,! description ( ,!ophra/us is rem>kably exact1 if we consid] x z apply+1 n to ! ,cotton ,tree 7,gossypium ,arboreum71 b to ! ,cotton ,plant 7,g4 ,h]baceum71 f :i* ! *ief supply ( cotton = sp9n+ & weav+ into clo? has always be5 obta9$4 ,ari/obulus1 "o ( ,alex&]'s g5]als1 made m5tion ( ! cotton-plant "u ! "n ( ! ,wool-be>+ ,tree1 & /at$ t its capsule conta9$ se$s1 :i* 7 tak5 out1 & t :at rema9$ 0 comb$ l wool#dae4 #dae ,/rabo1 ,l4 xv4 c4 #a4 vol4 vi4 p4 #dc4 ed4 ,sieb5kees4 ,! te/imony ( ,ne>*us1 :o 0 ! admiral ( ,alex&]1 is also pres]v$ to ! foll[+ effect2 8t !re 7 9 ,india trees be>+1 z x 71 flocks or bun*es ( wool2 t ! natives made l95 g>m5ts ( x1 we>+ a %irt1 :i* rea*$ to ! middle ( ! leg1 a %eet fold$ ab\t ! %\ld]s1 & a turban roll$ r\nd ! head2 & t ! l95 made by !m f ?is sub/ance 0 f9e & :it] ?an any o!r40 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ,ne>*us1 or r ! two lat] au?ors :o quote him1 viz4 ,arrian & ,/rabo1 use ! t]ms = l95 9 a g5]al s5se1 z includ+ all f9e light clo?s made ( vegetable sub/ances#daf4 #daf ,arriani ,r]4 ,indic4 p4 #ebb4 #eci4 ed4 ,blanc>di4 ,/rabo1 ,l4 xv4 c4 #a4 vol4 vi4 p4 #dj4 ed4 ,sieb4 ,we read 9 ! acc\nt ( ,india by ,pomponius ,mela 7,l4 iii4 c4 #g471 t ! woods produc$ wool1 us$ by ! natives = clo?+4 ,he di/9ctly m5tions ! use ( flax likewise4 ,x has be5 conjectur$1 t he may h tak5 8 acc\nt f ,ne>*us1 or "s o!r ,greek writ]1 & t he may h int5d$ to speak only ( ! use ( cotton4 ,b 9 reply to ?is x is to be obs]v$1 t ,pomponius ,mela "h m5tions flax 9 opposition to cotton1 & t 8 ass]tion1 s und]/ood1 0 probably true1 s9ce we h o!r evid5ce to %[ t flax gr[s 9 ,india z well z cotton4 7,see ,"p ,,iv47 ,nev]!less x seems necess>y to und]/& o!r au?ors ( ! same p]iod z mean+ cotton by ! t]m 1 or l9um4 ,?us ,dyonisius ,p]iegetes 7l4 #aaaf71 speak+ ( ! employm5ts ( ! ,indians1 says1 1 :i* probably meant 8"s weave musl9s04 ,9 ! same mann] we mu/ int]pret ! ass]tion ( ,qu9tus ,curtius1 8,t]ra l9i f]ax1 unde pl]isque sunt ve/es0 i4 e41 ,! l& produces flax1 f :i* ! great] "p obta9 g>m5ts4 ,soon aft] ?is ,curtius says 9 t]ms m /rictly prop]1 ,corpora usque p$es c>baso velant1 soleis p$es1 capita l9teis v9ciunt4 ,!y cov] _! bodies f head to foot ) c>basus2 !y b9d %oes ab\t _! feet1 l95 clo?s ab\t _! heads4 ,aga91 speak+ ( ! dress ( ! ,k+1 he says1 ,di/9cta sunt auro et purpur c>basa1 qu indutus e/4 ,l4 viii4 #i4 ,! c>basa :i* he wore1 7 spott$ ) purple & gold4 ,9 l mann]1 ,lucan1 describ+ ! ,indian nations1 says1 ,:o dr9k sweet juices f ! t5d] cane1 ,) dyes ( crocus /a9 _! hair1 & fix ,) color'd gems ! fl[+ c>basus4 ,l4 iii4 v4 #bci4 ,/rabo says1 7,l4 xv4 c4 #a4 vol4 vi4 p4 #aec4 ed4 ,sieb47 ,t ! ,indians use :ite raim5t1 & f9e :ite clo?s & c>pasa4 ,also ! ,p]iplus ( ! ,ery?rean ,sea /ates1 t ! region ab\t ! ,gulf ( ,b>ygaza 9 ,india 0 productive 8( ,c>pasus & ( ! f9e ,indian clo?s made ( x#dag40 ,^! 7 :at we n[ call ,india musl9s4 ,^! musl9s we are in=m$ by ,dr4 ,v9c5t1 7 import$ into ,egypt1 & accord+ly ,pacatus#dah repres5ts ,antony's army z we>+ cotton 9 t c\ntry4 #dag ,arriani ,opp4 v4 ii4 p4 #afe4 ed4 ,blanc>d4 #dah ,paneg4 ,!odosii1 c4 #cc4 ,! t]m ,c>basus1 is evid5tly us$ by ! five la/-cit$ au?ors to signify cotton2 = !y employ x 9 describ+ ! common dress ( ! ,indians4 ,z ! ,greeks & ,romans became acqua9t$ ) cotton mu* e>li] ?an ) silk1 we f9d t ,c>pas1 ! prop] ,ori5tal "n = cotton1 0 also 9 use among !m at a comp>atively e>ly p]iod2 & we %all n[ endeavor to trace ! progress ( ?is t]m f ,india1 ,we/w>d4 ,) little v>iation x is f\nd 9 ! same s5se 9 ! ,sanscrit1 ,arabic1 & ,p]sic languages#dai4 #dai ,celsii ,hi]obot4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aei4 ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 9 ,z4 ,rese>*es1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bbf4 ,london ,edition4 ,s*legel1 ,indis*e ,bibliotek1 ii4 p4 #cic4 ,e4 ,f4 ,k4 ,ros5mll]1 ,biblis*e ,alt]?umskunde1 #d4 #a4 p4 #agc4 ,?is ^w occurs once 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 viz4 ,e/h]1 i4 #f41 & !re evid5tly z a =eign t]m4 ,! hang+s1 us$ to decorate ! c\rt ( ! royal palace at ,susa on occasion ( ! great fea/ giv5 by ,ahasu]us1 are ?us describ$ 9 ! common v]sion ( ! ,scriptures3-- 8,:]e 7 :ite1 gre51 & blue hang+s1 fa/5$ ) cords ( f9e l95 & purple to silv] r+s & pill>s ( m>ble3 ! b$s 7 ( gold & silv] ^u a pavem5t ( r$ & blue & :ite & black m>ble40 ,! ^w1 correspond+ to 8gre50 9 ! orig9al is ,c>pas 774 ,x has be5 translat$ 8gre50 by ! au?ors ( ! common v]sion on ! au?ority ( ! ,*aldee ,p>aphrase4 ,! e>lie/ in/ance ( ! use ( ! ori5tal "n 9 any classical au?or is ! l9e f ,/atius ,ccilius1 :o di$ #afi ,b4 ,c4 z quot$ by ,nonius ,m>cellus 7l4 xvi47 f ! ,pausima*us ( ,/atius3 ,c>bas9a1 molo*9a1 ampel9a#dbj4 ,z ^! words are all ?ree ,greek1 & ! play1 9 :i* ! v]se occurr$1 0 also call$ by a ,greek "n1 we _c d\bt1 t ,/atius translat$ x accord+ to 8 usual cu/om f "o ( ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,com$y4 ,we may !re=e inf] ) "s confid5ce f ?is expression1 t ! ,greeks made use ( musl9s or calicoes1 or at lea/ ( cotton clo?s ( "s k9d1 :i* 7 br\ght f ,india z e>ly z #bjj ye>s ,b4 ,c4 #dbj ,see ,c4 ,c4 ,/atii ,fragm5ta1 a ,leonh>do ,sp5gel1 ,mona*ii #ahbi1 p4 #ce4 ,/atius *iefly copi$ f ,m5&] 7,gellius ii4 c4 #af472 b we _c f9d1 t ,m5&] wrote any play call$ ,pausima*us4 ,aft] "s "t ! ori5tal cu/om ( us+ cotton z a protection f ! sun's rays 0 adopt$ also by ! ,romans4 ,cotton 0 n only a *eap] & common] article ?an silk1 b x 0 p>ticul>ly adapt$ = ?is purpose on acc\nt ( its lightness1 z well z its beauty & f95ess2 &1 besides ! in/ance already cit$ f ! book ( ,e/h]1 we may obs]ve also1 t :]e ! ,lat9 au?ors m5tion ! use ( 8,c>basa10 x is sometimes = purposes ( ?is k9d4 8,tab]nacula c>baseis int5ta velis10 i4 e4 8,t5ts ) cov]+s ( cotton10 7 among ! exp5sive novelties :i* contribut$ to ! luxury ( ,v]res1 :5 ,prtor 9 ,sicily#dba4 ,! same species ( ornam5t 0 fir/ display$ at ,rome 9 ! magnific5t dile%ip ( ,p4 ,l5tulus ,sp9!r1 at ! ,apoll9>ian games & 9 ! ye> #fc ,b4 ,c4 8,at a lat] p]iod awn+s ( l95 7 us$ to keep out ! sun1 b orig9ally 9 ! !atres only1 :i* contrivance 0 fir/ adopt$ by ,q4 ,catulus1 :5 he d$icat$ ! capitol4 ,aft] ?is ,l5tulus ,sp9!r is said to h fir/ introduc$ cotton awn+s 9 ! !atre at ! ,apoll9>ian games4 ,by & by ,cs> ! ,dictator cov]$ ) awn+s ! :ole ,roman =um1 & ! sacr$ way1 f 8 own h\se ev5 to ! asc5t ( ! ,capitol9e hill1 :i* is said to h appe>$ m wond]ful ?an ! gladiatorial exhibition itself4 ,aft]w>ds1 )\t exhibit+ games1 ,m>cellus ! son ( ,octavia1 si/] ( ,augu/us1 :5 he 0 dile & 8 uncle consul ! elev5? "t#dbb1 on ! day be=e ! ,kal5ds ( ,augu/1 protect$ ! =um f ! rays ( ! sun1 t ! p]sons engag$ 9 lawsuits might /& ) less injury to _! heal?4 ,:at a *ange f ! mann]s :i* prevail$ "u ,cato ! ,c5sor1 :o ?\ght t ! =um %\ld ev5 be /rew$ ) caltrops6 ,( late sky-blue awn+s1 spott$ ) />s1 h be5 ext5d$ by means ( /rong ropes1 ev5 9 ! amphi!atre ( ! ,emp]or ,n]o4 ,r$ awn+s are us$ to cov] ! atria ( h\ses1 & !y def5d ! moss f ! sun4 ,z = ! re/1 :ite l95 has always rema9$ 9 favor4 ,?is plant 0 honor$ 9 ! ,trojan w>4 ,= :y %\ld x n p]=m its "p 9 battles z well z 9 %ipwrecks8 ,hom] te/ifies1 t a few ( 8 w>riors f\ght 9 l95 cuirasses4 ,! tackle ( 8 %ips 0 also ( flax1 accord+ to "s ( 8 m le>n$ int]pret]s1 :o argue t by ! t]m sp>ta he meant sata1 or ?+s t are s[n40--,pl9y1 ,lib4 xix4 *ap4 vi4 #dba ,?is 0 ab\t ! ye> #gj ,b4 ,c4 ,cic4 9 ,v]rem1 ,act4 ii4 l4 v4 c4 #ab4 #dbb ,! foll[+ are ! dates ( ! display ( awn+s on ! sev]al occasions ref]r$ to3-- ,l95 awn+s fir/ us$ 9 ! !atre at ! d$ication ( ! temple ( ,jupit] by ,catulus #fi ,b4 ,c4 ,cotton awn+s fir/ us$ 9 ! !atre by ,l5tulus ,sp9!r1 ,july #f?1 #fc ,b4 ,c4 ,l95 us$ to cov] ! =um & ,via ,sacra at ! gladiatorial %[ by ,julius ,caes> #df ,b4 ,c4 ,l95 awn+s ext5d$ ov] ! =um by ,m>cellus1 ,july #ca/ #bc ,b4 ,c4 ,lucretius app>5tly ref]s to ! introduction by ,l5tulus ,sp9!r ( ! cotton awn+s above m5tion$ 7vi4 #ajh471 :5 he is !oris+ on ! cause ( ?und]1 & comp>es ! cl\ds spread ov] ! sky to ! awn+s ( calico1 :i* veil$ ! !atres & %elt]$ ! spectators f ! sun3 ,c>basus ut quondam magnis int5ta !atris ,dat crepitum1 malos int] jactata trabeisque4 ,z flaps ! cotton1 spread above our heads ,9 ! va/ !atres f ma/ to beam4 ,we n[ f9d frequ5t m5tion ( cotton by ! poets ( ! ,augu/an age & by _m subsequ5t writ]s4 ,z 9 ! case ( silk1 ^! au?ors introduce cotton1 n only hi/orically1 b = ! purpose ( embelli%m5t2 &1 consid]+ ,c>basus z a poetical t]m1 !y (t5 by a cata*resis employ x :]e !y mean to speak ( l954 ,also z 0 be=e obs]v$ 9 reg>d to silk 7,"p ,i4 *apt] ,,ii471 x may likewise be notic$ "h1 t ! w>s aga9/ ,mi?ridates & ! ,p>?ians may h contribut$ to make ! ,romans famili> ) ! use ( cotton1 al?\gh _! *ief supply ( x 0 m probably ?r\gh ,egypt1 ?an ?r\gh ,p]sia & ,babylonia4 ,catullus 7#fd471 speak+ ( ! black sail :i* geus furni%$ = ! %ips ( 8 son ,!seus1 calls x 8,c>basus ,ib]a10 8an ,ib]ian sail40 ,z1 on ! "o h&1 he "h uses ! prop] t]m = cotton1 )\t int5d+ to describe ! sail z cotton1 s on ! o!r h& he calls ! sail ,ib]ian m]ely because ,ib]ia 0 a c\ntry adjo9+ ,col*is1 & f ,col*is 7z w be %[n 9 ,"p ,,iv47 ! ,greeks & ,romans obta9$ a great supply ( flax & sail-clo?4 ,tibullus1 or ,lygdamus1 entreats 7iii4 #b4 #ag471 9 ! contemplation ( 8 dea? & fun]al1 t aft] 8 bones h be5 wa%$1 fir/ ) w9e1 & !n ) milk1 !y may be dri$ 8c>baseis veils10 ) l95 napk9s4 ,al?\gh he uses ! prop] t]m = cotton1 he probably did n int5d to d5ote any pref]5ce = cotton r ?an l954 ,8 bones1 aft] be+ wip$1 7 to be deposit$ 9 a m>ble urn4 ,prop]tius seems to h aim$ at a display ( k on ^! subjects 7see ,"p ,fir/1 *apt] ,,ii472 & 9 ! foll[+ passage 7iv4 #c47 he probably us$ ,c>basa 9 its prop] s5se1 z he is ref]r+ to ,ea/]n habits3 ,raptave odorata c>basa l9a duci4 ,musl9s tak5 among ! spoils f a sc5t$ g5]al4 ,9 ! la/ ,elegy ( ! same ,book he ref]s to ! /ory ( ! "y ,ve/al virg91 :o1 :5 ! flame 0 ext+ui%$ ^u ! alt> committ$ to h] c>e1 & :5 ! sc\rge appe>$ to await h] = h] neglect1 ?rew ^u ! a%es a fillet ( musl9 f h] head1 & sav$ h] life by its ignition1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be effect$ by ! favor ( ! goddess3 ,vel cui1 commissos cum ,ve/a reposc]et ignes1 ,exhibuit vivos c>basus alba focos4 ,! fire _h di$1 & ,ve/a urg$ h] claim1 ,:5 ! :ite cotton %['d a liv+ flame4 ,! /ory is relat$ by ,val]ius ,maximus 7i4 #g474 ,al?\gh we are n in=m$ ( ! date ( ! ev5t1 x appe>s f 8 language t ! fillet 0 ( f9e musl93 8,cum c>basum1 quam optimum habebat1 foculo imposuisset1 subito ignis emicuit40 ,?is description is well suit$ to ! nature ( cotton1 ?an :i* no?+ 0 m easily ignit$4 ,! passage 9 ,virgil's ,georgics1 :i* m5tions cotton1 has be5 already quot$ 7,see ,"p ,i4 *apt] ,,ii4 p4 #bd474 ,by ! ?iopians1 ^: groves 7 8:ite ) s(t wool10 he probably int5d$ ^? ( ,arabia2 & we may suppose him to h ref]r$ to acc\nts1 n s mu* ( ! ,gossypium ,h]baceum1 to :i* ! ^w 8groves0 7nemora7 w\ld n apply1 z to groves ( ,gossypium ,arboreum & ,bombyx ,ceiba4 ,9 ! foll[+ passages ( neid he m5tions cotton "u its prop] "n1 ?\gh probably n int5d+ to di/+ui% accurately betwe5 cotton & l951 & only us+ ! t]m = ! sake ( ornam5t3-- ,jamque dies1 alt]que dies processit1 et aur ,vela vocunt1 tumidoque inflatur c>basus au/ro4 iii4 #cef4 ,two days 7 pa/1 & n[ ! s\!rn gales ,call u abo>d1 & /ret* ! swell+ sails4 ,pitt's ,translation4 ,vocat jam c>basus auras2 ,puppibus et lti naut imposu]e coronas4 iv4 #dag4 ,! flapp+ sail invites ! gales2 ! poops ,by ! glad seam5 are already cr[n'd4 ,eum 7fluvium ,tib]im7 t5uis glauco velabat amictu ,c>basus1 et cr9es umbrosa tegebat arundo4 viii4 #cc4 ,?9 musl9 veils him ) its sea-gre5 folds2 ,8 head a copi\s %ade ( re$s su/a9s4 ,tum croceam *lamydem1 s9usque crepantes ,c>baseos fulvo 9 nodum colleg]at auro4 xi4 #gge4 ,8 saffron *lamys1 & ea* ru/l+ fold ,( musl9 0 conf9$ ) glitt]+ gold4 ,?is la/ passage is "p ( ! description ( ! attire ( ,*loreus1 ! ,phrygian1 ^: musl9 *lamys may h ru/l$ 9 consequ5ce ( be+ int]wov5 ) gold4 ,,ovid4 ,totaque malo ,c>basa d$ucit1 v5i5tesque excipit auras4--,met4 xi4 #dgg4 ,! active seam5 n[ unfurl ! sails1 ,& spread !m wide to cat* ! com+ gales4 ,c>basa mota sonant1 jubet uti navita v5tis4 xiii4 #dbj4 ,! flapp+ sails res\nd2 ! capta9 bids advance4 ,cum dabit aura viam1 prbebis c>basa v5tis4--,epi/4 vii4 #aga4 ,:5 ! gale favors1 give ! w9d y\r sails4 ,s$ non1 quo d$]as a litore c>basa1 v5to ,ut5dum1 m$io cum poti>e freto4--,art4 ,am4 ii4 #ceg4 ,! w9d to :i* y give y\r sails on %ore1 ,9 ! mid ocean w assi/ no m4 ,dumque p>ant torto subduc]e c>basa l9o4--,fa/4 iii4 #ehg4 ,!y n[ ) twi/$ ropes let d[n ! sails4 ,9 all ^! passages ,ovid uses c>basa 9 ! improp] s5se3 x 0 an easy transition f ! idea ( a cotton awn+1 ) :i* ! ,romans _h become famili>1 to apply ! t]m to ! sail ( a %ip4 ,to ^! examples we may add ! foll[+3 ,et sequitur curvus fugi5ta c>basa delph94 ,s5eca1 d4 ii4 prope f94 ,! dolph9 curv$ pursues ! fly+ sails4 ,/rictaque p5d5tes d$ucunt c>basa naut4--,lucan1 ii4 #fig4 ,! m>9]s conf9e ! sails ) cords1 ,&1 cl++ to ! ma/1 !y take !m d[n4 ,recto depr5dit c>basa malo4 ix4 #cbd4 ,! ma/ /&s upright2 he takes d[n ! sails4 ,jamque adeo egressi /et]ant 9 littore primo1 ,et promota1 ratis p5d5tibus arbore nautis1 ,aptabant s5sim pulsanti c>basa v5to4 ,silius ,italicus4 ,pun4 iii4 #abh4 ,!y leave ! port & rea* ! %ore3 al(t ,!y hang ^u ! ma/1 & by degrees ,!y fit ! sails to cat* ! beat+ w9d4 ,fe/9ant trepidi sub/r+]e c>basa naut4 ,m>tial1 l4 xii4 ep4 #bi4 ,! trembl+ seam5 ha/e to reef _! sails4 ,prim1 c>basa v5tilantis1 aur4--,/atius1 ,sylv4 iv4 #c4 #ajf4 ,( ! fir/ gale1 :i* brea!s ^u ! sails4 ,/atius also m5tions 8,c>basei s9us10 ! folds ( cotton 9 ! *lamys ( a ,bac*anal 7,!b4 vii4 #feh474 /ivos p5etr5t on]>ia c>basa fluctus4--,rutilius1 i4 #bba4 ,po/quam tua c>basa vexit--,oceanus4--,val4 ,flaccus1 i4 ,necdum ali vid]unt c>basa t]r4--,ibid4 ,val]ius ,flaccus also introduces musl9 among ! elegances 9 ! dress ( a ,phrygian f ! riv] ,rhyndacus4 ,t5uai non illum c&5tis c>basa l9i1 ,non auro depicta *lamys1 non flava gal]i ,cs>ies1 pictoque juvant subtem9e bracc4 vi4 #bbh4 ,no aid to him 8 *lamys :ite z sn[1 ,musl9 ) gold enri*'d1 8 yell[ curls ,( artificial hair1 & figur$ pantaloons4 7,see ,"p #a1 *ap4 iii4 p4 #ei47 ,also ,prud5tius1 ! ,*ri/ian poet 7,see ,"p #a1 *ap4 iii4 p4 #ei471 9 an elaborate acc\nt ( ,pride1 depicts h] 9 a g>m5t ( ! same k9d3 ,c>basea ex hum]is summo collecta coibat ,palla s9u1 t]etem nect5s a pectore nodum4--,psy*om4 #ahf4 ,a musl9 k]*ief by a knot compress'd1 ,pass'd o'er h] %\ld]s1 & adorn'd h] brea/4 ,tant tamque multiplici f]tilitate abundat r]um omnium ,cyprus1 ut nullius ext]ni indig5s adm9iculi1 indig5is viribus1 a fundam5to ipso c>9 ad supremos usque c>basos dificet on]>ium navem1 omnibusque armam5tis in/ructam m>i committat4--,amm4 ,m>cell9us1 xiv4 #h4 ,apuleius m5tions c>bas9a 9 conjunction ) bombyc9a & o!r k9ds ( clo?#dbc4 ,he may consequ5tly be presum$ to use ! ^w 9 its prop] s5se1 to wit1 z d5ot+ calico or musl94 ,9 ! same mann] cotton is di/+ui%$ f silk by ,sidonius ,apoll9>is#dbd4 ,also we may presume t cotton & n l95 sails are to be und]/ood 9 ! foll[+ l9e ( ,avi5us3 ,si tam5 9 ,boream flectantur c>basa cymb4 ,descr4 ,orbis1 #gii4 #dbc ,metamorphoseon l4 viii4 p4 #egi1 #ehj4 ed4 ,oud5dorpii4 7,quot$ 9 ,"p ,fir/1 ,*apt] ii4 p4 #ce47 #dbd ,l4 ii4 ,epi/4 #b4 7,quot$ 9 ,"p ,fir/1 ,*apt] iii4 p4 #fa474 ,"h ! writ] n only pr(esses to give geographical in=mation1 b he is describ+ ! ,indian seas & isl&s2 & z 9 ! pres5t day1 s also 9 anci5t times1 ! sails us$ 9 ! navigation ( ^? seas 7 probably made ( cotton4 ,/rabo uses ! ^w 9 describ+ ! (ficial dress ( a c]ta9 class ( prie/esses among ! ,cimbri#dbe4 ,al?\gh x is possible1 t musl9 may h be5 convey$ to !m to be us$ on solemn occasions1 x appe>s m probable t f9e l95 or cambric1 :i* 0 manufactur$ at no great di/ance among ! ,atrebates1 ought "h to be und]/ood4 #dbe ,l4 vii4 cap4 #b4 #c4 p4 #ccf4 ed4 ,sieb5kees4 ,pl9y m5tions cotton 9 f\r diff]5t passages ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,two ( !m are translat$ ) "s inaccuracies f ! passages ( ,!ophra/us4 ,to 8 translation ( "o ( ^! passages ,pl9y annexes ! rem>k1 d]iv$ p]haps f "s o!r s\rce1 t ! inhabitants ( ,tylos call$ _! ,cotton ,trees gossymp9s1 & t an isl& :i* 0 call$ ! small] ,tylos1 di/ant t5 miles1 0 /ill m f]tile 9 cotton ?an ! l>g] isl& ( ! same "n4 ,! ?ird passage introduces cotton "u its prop] "n1 ,c>basa4 ,x w\ld imply t cotton 0 fir/ gr[n or manufactur$ at ,t>raco 9 ,spa91 ?an :i* ass]tion no?+ c be m inaccurate & gr\ndless4 ,! f\r? passage is also contr>y to all previ\s evid5ce1 inasmu* z x repres5ts cotton to be ! native gr[? ( ,egypt4 ,x calls ! ,cotton ,plant gossypion1 & h5ce ! "n has be5 giv5 to x by mod]n botani/s4 ,suppos+ ?is la/ passage to be g5u9e1 /ill we "k n on :at au?ority ,pl9y dep5d$1 or f :at s\rce he d]iv$ 8 in=mation1 nor c we tell to :at ext5t he all[$ himself to be inaccurate 9 transcrib+ or translat+4 ,tak5 by itself1 !re=e1 x appe>s to u t ?is passage is no bett] pro( ( ! gr[? ( cotton anci5tly 9 ,egypt ?an ! ?ird passage is ( its fir/ discov]y 9 ,spa94 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt1 t[>ds ,arabia1 !re gr[s a %rub1 :i* "s call gossypium1 & o!rs xylon1 f :i* ! /uffs are made :i* we call xyl9a4 ,x is small1 & be>s a fruit resembl+ ! filb]t1 )9 :i* is a d[ny wool1 :i* is spun into ?read4 ,!re is no?+ to be pref]r$ to ^! /uffs = :it5ess or s(tness3 beautiful g>m5ts are made f !m = ! prie/s ( ,egypt4#dbf #dbf ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 lib4 xix4 c4 #a4 7,delph4 ,ed4 c4 #b47 ,?is passage seems h[ev] des]v+ ( m consid]ation1 :5 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! foll[+ f ! ,onoma/con ( ,julius ,pollux1 :o wrote #ajj ye>s lat] ?an ,pl9y3-- ,!re are also ,byss9a2 & ,byssus1 a k9d ( flax4 ,b among ! ,indians1 & n[ also among ! ,egyptians1 a sort ( wool is obta9$ f a tree4 ,! clo? made f ?is wool may be comp>$ to l951 except t x is ?ick]4 ,! tree produces a fruit mo/ ne>ly resembl+ a walnut1 b ?ree-cleft4 ,aft] ! out] cov]+1 :i* is l a walnut1 has divid$ & become dry1 ! sub/ance resembl+ wool is extract$ & is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( clo? = wo(1 ! w>p be+ l954 ,! description "h giv5 ( ! ,cotton ,tree or ,cotton ,plant1 :i*ev] 0 meant1 is rem>kably correct2 inde$ m correct ?an any acc\nt obta9$ s9ce ! "t ( ! exp$ition ( ,alex&]4 ,! circum/ance ( ! p]ic>p be+ ?ree-cleft is agreeable to ! fact1 & is n notic$ by any e>li] writ]4 ,! comp>ison ( x to a walnut 9 reg>d to size & =m is also accurate4 ,f ?is acc\nt1 & f ^? ( ,!ophra/us1 ,ari/obulus1 & ,ne>*us1 we ga!r ! foll[+ p>ticul>s1 :i* are agreeable to ! fact3 t ! cotton-plants are set 9 ! pla9s1 & 9 r[s l v9es2 t ! plant is ?ree or f\r feet high1 & is bran*$1 spread+1 & flexible1 l a dog-rose2 t ! leaf is palmat$ l t ( ! v9e2 t ! capsule is ?ree-valv$1 ab\t ! size ( a walnut1 &1 :5 x bur/s1 emits ! cotton1 resembl+ flocks ( wool1 9 :i* ! se$s are imb$d$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h _h no previ\s evid5ce respect+ ! use ( cotton 9 ! manufacture ( clo? = ! wo( only1 & x is d\btful :e!r ?is piece ( in=mation is correct1 because we h no reason to suppose t cotton 0 us$ = weav+ 9 any c\ntry 9 :i* flax 0 also spun & wov54 ,t]tullian 9 ! ?ird ,*apt] ( 8 treatise ,de ,pallio1 enum]ates ne>ly all ! raw mat]ials :i* 7 spun = weav+4 ,he m5tions ! class ( vegetable sub/ances 7cotton & flax7 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,et arbu/a ve/iunt1 et l9i h]bida po/ virorem lavacro nivescunt4 ,bo? ?ickets supply clo?+2 & crops ( flax1 aft] be+ gre51 are r5d]$ by wa%+ :ite z sn[4 ,philo/ratus1 :o wrote 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 makes di/9ct m5tion ( cotton 9 two passages#dbg4 #dbg ,vita ,appollonii1 l4 ii4 cap4 #bj4 ,ibid4 l4 iii4 cap4 #ae4 ,m>tianus ,capella 7l4 ii4 #d4 p4 #ii4 ed4 ,goetz47 makes di/9ct ref]5ce to a tunic & %awl :ite z milk1 & made ei!r ( cotton or f9e l954 ,!ophilus ,presbyt]1 :o wrote probably ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #hjj1 describes ! use ( cotton-pap] = mak+ gold-leaf4 ,he calls x ,greek p>*m5t1 made ( tree-wool1 ,p]gam5a1 or ,p>cam5a ,grca1 qu fit ex lan ligni#dbh4 #dbh ,de ,omni ,sci5ti ,pictur ,artis1 c4 #ba4 quot$ 9 ,less+'s ,s*rift51 vol4 iv4 p4 #fc4 ed4 #ahbe1 #abmo41 & 9 ,wehr's vom ,papi]1 p4 #acb4 7,see ,app5dix ,b47 ,f ! travels ( ! two ,arabians :o visit$ ,*9a 9 ! n9? c5tury1 we le>n t at t "t ! ord9>y dress ( _! c\ntrym5 0 cotton3 = !y rem>k1 t 8! ,*9ese dress$1 n 9 cotton1 z ! ,arabians did1 b 9 silk#dbi40 ,probably ! use ( import$ cotton might by ?is "t h become n uncommon 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 & o!r ori5tal c\ntries2 b we appreh5d1 t x 0 nev] g5]ally employ$ 9 ,europe ei!r = clo?+1 or = any o!r purpose1 until v lately4 #dbi ,see ! ,travels z publi%$ by ,r5audot1 & translat$ f 8 ,fr5* into ,engli%4 ,x is unnecess>y to fur!r discuss ! "q z to :e!r cotton 0 or 0 n cultivat$ 9 ,egypt 9 anci5t times4 ,?is vex$ "q hav+ be5 lately set at re/1 by a discov]y :i* r$uces a great deal ( ! le>n+ t has be5 exp5d$ ^u x to ! "* ( old lumb]4 ,! difficulty ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! mummy-clo?s 7( :i* ! specim5s are exce$+ly num]\s7 7 made ( l95 or cotton1 has at l5g? be5 ov]come2 & ?\gh no *emical te/ c\ld be f\nd out to settle ! "q1 x has be5 decid$ by t important aid to sci5tific scrut9y1 ! microscope4 7,see ,*apt]s ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,"p ,,iv47 ,! foll[+ obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,rob]tson 9 8 8,hi/orical ,disquisition conc]n+ ! k :i* ! ,anci5ts _h ( ,india#dcj10 appe> v j & important4 ,if ! use ( ! cotton manufactures ( ,india _h be5 common among ! ,romans1 ! v>i\s k9ds ( !m w\ld h be5 enum]at$ 9 ! ,law ,de ,publicanis et ,vectigalibus1 9 ! same mann] z ! diff]5t k9ds ( spices & preci\s /ones4 ,su* a specification w\ld h be5 equally necess>y = ! direction bo? ( ! m]*ant & ( ! tax-ga!r]4 #dcj ,note xxv4 p4 #cgj4 ,second ed4 #agid4 ,9 confirmation ( ^! rem>ks x may be obs]v$1 t ! passages collect$ 9 ?is *apt] repres5t cotton clo? z an exp5sive & curi\s production r ?an z an article ( common use among ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,among ! anci5ts l95 mu/ h be5 f> *eap] ?an cotton1 :]eas ! improvem5ts 9 navigation1 ! discov]y ( ! passage to ,india by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & /ill m ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 h n[ made cotton ! *eap] article among u1 & h ?us br\ght x into g5]al use4 ,india produces sev]al v>ieties ( cotton1 bo? ( ! h]bace\s & ! tree k9ds4 ,m>co ,polo m5tions t 8cotton is produc$ 9 ,guz]at 9 l>ge quantities f a tree t is ab\t six y>ds 9 height1 & be>s dur+ tw5ty ye>s2 b ! cotton tak5 f trees ( ?is age is n adapt$ = sp9n+1 b only quilt+4 ,su*1 on ! contr>y1 z is tak5 f trees ( twelve ye>s old1 is suitable = musl9s & o!r manufactures ( extraord9>y f95ess#dca40 ,sir ,john ,m&eville1 on ! o!r h&1 :o travell$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 fifty ye>s lat] ?an ,polo1 m5tions ! annual h]bace\s cotton z cultivat$ 9 ,india3 he says--8,9 _m places ! se$ ( ! cotton1 7co?on17 :i* we call tree-wool1 is s[n e ye>1 & !re spr+s up f its copses ( l[ %rubs1 on :i* ?is wool gr[s#dcb40 ,=bes also1 9 8 ,ori5tal ,memoirs1 ?us describes ! h]bace\s cotton ( ,guz]at3--8,! cotton %rub1 :i* gr[s to ! height ( ?ree or f\r feet1 & 9 v]dure resembles ! currant bu%1 requires a long] "t ?an rice 7:i* gr[s up & is reap$ 9 ?ree mon?s7 to br+ its delicate produce to p]fection4 ,! %rubs are plant$ betwe5 ! r[s ( rice1 b d n imp$e its gr[?1 or prev5t its be+ reap$4 ,soon aft] ! rice h>ve/ is ov]1 ! cotton bu%es put =? a beautiful yell[ fl[]1 ) a crimson eye 9 ea* petal2 ?is is succe$$ by a gre5 pod1 fill$ ) a :ite /r+y pulp2 ! pod turns br[n & h>d z x rip5s1 & !n sep>ates into two or ?ree divisions conta9+ ! cotton4 ,a luxuriant field1 exhibit+ at ! same "t ! exp&+ blossom1 ! bur/+ capsule1 & ! sn[y flakes ( ripe cotton1 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful objects 9 ! agriculture ( ,h9do/an#dcc40 #dca ,book iii4 *ap4 #bi4 #dcb ,hakluyt's ,voyages1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afi4 #dcc ,=bes's ,ori5tal ,memoirs1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dje4 ,! foll[+ g5]al /atem5t conc]n+ ! cotton ( ,india1 is f ! geographical "w ( ,malte ,brun3--8,! cotton-tree gr[s on all ! ,indian m\nta9s1 b its produce is co>se 9 quality3 ! h]bace\s cotton prosp]s *iefly 9 ,b5gal & on ! ,corom&el coa/1 & !re ! be/ cotton goods are manufactur$4 ,next to ^! two prov9ces1 ,madur1 ,m>aw>1 ,pesc>ia1 & ! coa/ ( ,malab>1 produce ! f9e/ cotton#dcd40 ,he else:]e says--8,cotton is cultivat$ 9 e "p ( ,india3 ! f9e/ gr[s 9 ! light rocky soil ( ,guz]at1 ,b5gal1 ,dude1 & ,agra4 ,! cultivation ( ?is plant is v lucrative1 an acre produc+ ab\t n9e qu9tals ( cotton 9 ! ye>#dce40 #dcd ,malte ,brun1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cj4 #dce ,ibid4 vol4 iii4 p4 #cjc4 ,on ! discov]y ( ?is cont95t by ,columbus1 ,cotton =m$ ! pr9cipal article ( clo?+ among ! ,mexicans4 ,we are in=m$ by ! ,abb ,clavig]o t 8( cotton ! ,mexicans made l>ge webs1 & z delicate & f9e z ^? ( ,holl&1 :i* 71 ) mu* reason1 highly e/eem$ 9 ,europe4 ,!y wove _! clo?s ( diff]5t figures & colors1 repres5t+ diff]5t animals & fl[]s4 ,( fea!rs int]wov5 ) cotton1 !y made mantles & b$-curta9s1 c>pets1 g[ns1 & o!r ?+s1 n less s(t ?an beautiful4 ,) cotton also !y int]wove ! f9e/ hair ( ! belly ( rabbits & h>es1 aft] hav+ spun x into ?read3 ( ?is !y made mo/ beautiful clo?s1 & 9 p>ticul> w9t] wai/coats = _! lords#dcf40 ,among ! pres5ts s5t by ,cortes1 ! conqu]or ( ,mexico1 to ,*>les ,v41 7 8cotton mantles1 "s all :ite1 o!rs mix$ ) :ite & black1 or r$1 gre51 yell[1 & blue2 wai/coats1 h&k]*iefs1 c\nt]panes1 tape/ries1 & c>pets ( cotton2 & ! colors ( ! cotton 7 extremely f9e#dcg40 ,t ! ,mexicans %\ld h und]/ood ! art ( dye+ ^? beautiful colors ref]r$ to 9 ! above extract1 is n to be wond]$ at :5 we consid] t !y _h bo? indigo & co*9eal among _! native productions4 #dcf ,clavig]o's ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 book vii4 sect4 #eg1 #ff4 #dcg ,clavig]o's ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 book vii4 sect4 #eh4 ,columbus also f\nd ! cotton plant gr[+ wild1 & 9 great abundance1 9 ,hispaniola1 & o!r ,we/ ,india isl&s1 & on ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e ! inhabitants wore cotton dresses1 & made _! fi%+ nets ( ! same mat]ial#dch2 & :5 ,magellan w5t on 8 circumnavigation ( ! globe1 9 #aeai1 ! ,brazilians 7 accu/om$ to make _! b$s ( ?is vegetable d[n#dci4 #dch ,somm>io dell',indie ,occid5tali del ,s4 ,don ,pietro ,m>tire1 9 ,ramusio's ,collection1 tom4 ii4 pp4 #b1 #d1 #af1 #ej4 7,see ,app5dix ,d47 #dci ,v9c5t9o's ,viaggio atorno il ,mondo1 7) ,f]d4 ,magellan17 9 ,ramusio1 tom4 i4 p4 #cec4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,sp9n+ ,,& ,,weav+--,,m>vell\s ,,skill ,,display$ ,,9 ,,^! ,,arts4 ,unrivall$ excell5ce ( ,india musl9s--,te/imony ( ! two ,arabian travell]s--,m>co ,polo1 & ,odo>do ,b>bosa's acc\nts ( ! beautiful ,cotton textures ( ,b5gal--,cs> ,fr$]ick1 ,tav]ni]1 & ,=bes's te/imony--,extraord9>y f95ess & transp>5cy ( ,dacca musl9s--,specim5 br\ght by ,sir ,*>les ,wilk9s2 comp>$ ) ,engli% musl9s--,sir ,joseph ,banks's exp]im5ts--,extraord9>y f95ess ( ,cotton y>n spun by ma*9]y 9 ,engl&--,f95ess ( ,india ,cotton y>n--,cotton textures ( ,soon]gong--,te/imony ( ,r4 ,fit*--,hamilton's acc\nt--,decl9e ( ! manufactures ( ,dacca acc\nt$ =--,orme's te/imony ( ! univ]sal diffusion ( ! ,cotton manufacture 9 ,india--,processes ( ! manufacture--,rude implem5ts--,roll] g9--,b[+4 7,eli ,:itney inv5tor ( ! ,cotton g9--,tribute ( respect paid to 8 memory--,imm5se value ( ,mr4 ,:itney's inv5tion to gr[]s & manufactur]s ( ,cotton ?r\gh\t ! _w47 ,sp9n+ :eel--,sp9n+ )\t a :eel--,loom--,mode ( weav+--,=bes's description--,habits & remun]ation ( ,sp9n]s1 ,weav]s1 c4--,factories ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company--,m>vell\s skill ( ! ,indian workman acc\nt$ =--,mills's te/imony--,pr9cipal ,cotton fabrics ( ,india1 & :]e made--,indian comm]ce 9 ,cotton goods--,al>m creat$ 9 ! wooll5 & silk manufactur+ di/ricts ( ,great ,brita9--,extracts f publications ( ! day--,te/imony ( ,daniel ,de ,foe 7,au?or ( ,rob9son ,crusoe47--,indian fabrics prohibit$ 9 ,engl&1 & mo/ o!r c\ntries ( ,europe--,petition f ,calcutta m]*ants--,pres5t condition ( ! ,city ( ,dacca--,mode ( sp9n+ f9e y>ns--,tables %[+ ! comp>ative prices ( ,dacca & ,briti% manufactur$ goods ( ! same quality4 ,! antiquity ( ! cotton manufacture 9 ,india hav+ be5 notic$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! pres5t "o w give "s acc\nt ( ! rem>kable excell5ce ( ! ,indian fabrics1--! processes & ma*9es by :i* !y are wr\ght1--! condition ( ! population engag$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( indu/ry1--! ext5sive comm]ce =m]ly c>ri$ on 9 ^! productions to e qu>t] ( ! globe1 & ! causes t h t5d$ to de/roy x4 ,! ,indians h 9 all ages ma9ta9$ an unapproa*$ & almo/ incr$ible p]fection 9 _! fabrics ( cotton4 ,inde$ "s ( _! musl9s might be ?\ght ! "w ( fairies or insects1 r ?an ( m52 b ^! are produc$ 9 small quantities1 & h seldom be5 export$4 ,9 ! same prov9ce f :i* ! anci5t ,greeks obta9$ ! f9e/ musl9s !n kn[n1 namely1 ! prov9ce ( ,b5gal1 ^! a/oni%+ fabrics are manufactur$ to ! pres5t day#ddj4 #ddj ,ba9s's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,cotton ,manufacture10 p4 #ee4 ,we le>n f two ,arabian travell]s ( ! n9? c5tury1 t 89 ?is c\ntry 7,india7 !y make g>m5ts ( su* extraord9>y p]fection1 t n[h]e else are ! l to be se54 ,^! g>m5ts are = ! mo/ "p r\nd1 & wove to t degree ( f95ess t !y may be drawn ?r\gh a r+ ( mod]ate size#dda40 ,m>co ,polo1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 m5tions ! coa/ ( ,corom&el1 & especially ,masulipatam1 z produc+ 8! f9e/ & mo/ beautiful cottons t are to be f\nd 9 any "p ( ! _w#ddb20 & ?is is /ill ! case z to ! fl[]$ & glaz$ cottons1 call$ *9tzes1 ?\gh ! musl9s ( ! ,corom&el coa/ are inf]ior to ^? ( ,b5gal4 #dda ,anci5nes ,relations des ,indes et de la ,*9e1 de deux ,voyageurs ,mahometans1 qui y all]5t dans le neuvime siecle1 p4 #ba4 #ddb ,travels ( ,m>co ,polo1 book iii4 c4 #ba1 #bh4 ,odo>do ,b>bosa1 "o ( ! ,portuguese adv5tur]s :o visit$ ,india imm$iately aft] ! discov]y ( ! passage by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 celebrates 8! great quantities ( cotton clo?s admirably pa9t$1 also "s :ite & "s /rip$1 held 9 ! highe/ e/imation10 :i* 7 made 9 ,b5gal#ddc4 ,cs> ,fr$]ick1 a ,v5etian m]*ant1 :o travell$ 9 ,india 9 #aefc1 & ^: n>rative is translat$ by ,hakluyt1 describes ! ext5sive traffic c>ri$ on betwe5 ,/4 ,?om 7a port #aej miles f ,negapatam7 & ,pegu1 9 8bumba/ 7cotton7 clo? ( e sort1 pa9t$1 :i* is a r>e ?+1 because ?is k9d ( clo?s %[ z if !y 7 gild$ ) div]s colors1 & ! m !y are wa%$1 ! liveli] ! colors w become2 & !re is made su* acc\nt ( ?is k9d ( clo?1 t a small bale ( x w co/ #ajjj or #bjjj ducats#ddd40 #ddc ,ramusio's 8,raccolto delle ,navigationi et ,viaggi10 tom4 i4 p4 #cae4 #ddd ,hakluyt's ,voyages1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cff4 ,edition ( #ahji4 ,tav]ni]1 :o1 l ,m>co ,polo1 ,b>bosa1 & ,fr$]ick1 0 a m]*ant z well z a travell]1 & !re=e accu/om$ to judge ( ! qualities ( goods1 & :o travell$ 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 says--8,! :ite calicuts10 7calicoes1 or r musl9s1 s call$ f ! great comm]cial city ( ,calicut1 :5ce ! ,portuguese & ,dut* fir/ br\ght !m7 8are wov5 9 sev]al places 9 ,b5gal & ,moguli/an1 & are c>ri$ to ,raioxs>y & ,b>o*e#dde to be :it5$1 because ( ! l>ge mead[s & pl5ty ( lemons t gr[ !reab\ts1 = !y are nev] s :ite z !y %\ld be till !y are dipp$ 9 lemon-wat]4 ,"s calicuts are made s f9e1 y c h>dly feel !m 9 y\r h&1 & ! ?read1 :5 spun1 is sc>ce disc]nible#ddf40 ,! same writ] says1 8,!re is made at ,seconge 79 ! prov9ce ( ,malwa7 a sort ( calicut s f9e t :5 a man puts x on1 8 sk9 %all appe> z pla9ly ?r\gh x1 z if he 0 q nak$2 b ! m]*ants are n p]mitt$ to transport x1 = ! gov]nor is oblig$ to s5d x all to ! ,great ,mogul's s]aglio & ! pr9cipal lords ( ! c\rt1 to make ! sultanesses & noblem5's wives %ifts & g>m5ts = ! hot wea!r2 & ! k+ & ! lords take great pleasure to behold !m 9 ^! %ifts1 & see !m dance ) no?+ else ^u !m#ddg40 ,speak+ ( ! turbans ( ! ,mohamm$an ,indians1 ,tav]ni] says1 8,! ri* h !m ( s f9e clo?1 t tw5ty-five or ?irty ells ( x put into a turban w n weigh f\r ounces#ddh40 #dde 8,at ! t[n ( ,b>o*e1 9 ,guz]at1 ,=bes describes ! manufacture z be+ n[ 9 ne>ly ! same /ate z :5 ,arrian's ,p]iplus 0 writt5 7ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ajj474 ,he says--0,! cotton trade at ,b>o*e is v consid]able1 & ! manufactures ( ?is valuable plant1 f ! f9e/ musl9 to ! co>se/ sail-clo?1 employ ?\s&s ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 9 ! metropolis & ! adjac5t villages4 ,! cotton cle>]s & sp9n]s g5]ally reside 9 ! suburbs1 or poorahs1 ( ,b>o*e1 :i* are v ext5sive4 ,! weav]s' h\ses are mo/ly ne> ! %ade ( tam>9d & mango trees1 "u :i*1 at sun-rise1 !y fix _! looms1 & weave a v>iety ( cotton clo?1 ) v f9e baftas & musl9s 7,see ,plate ,v474 ,surat is m fam\s = its color$ *9tzes & piece goods4 ,! ,b>o*e musl9s are inf]ior to ^? ( ,b5gal & ,madras1 nor d ! pa9t$ *9tzes ( ,guz]at equal ^? ( ! ,corom&el coa/40--,=bes's ,ori5tal ,memoirs1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbb4 #ddf ,tav]ni]'s ,travels1 conta9$ 9 ,dr4 ,h>ris's ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 vol4 i4 p4 #haa4 #ddg ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #hbi4 #ddh ,tav]ni]'s ,travels1 ,h>ris's ,collection1 vol4 i4 p4 #hcc4 ,an ,engli% writ]1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 9 a remon/rance aga9/ ! admission ( ,india musl9s1 = :i*1 he says1 ! high price ( ?irty %ill+s a y>d 0 paid1 un9t5tionally complim5ts ! delicacy ( ! fabric by /igmatiz+ x z 8only ! %ad[ ( a commodity#ddi40 #ddi ,! ,nak$ ,tru?1 9 an ,essay ^u ,trade1 p4 #aa4 ,! late ,rev4 ,william ,w>d1 a mission>y at ,s]ampore1 in=ms u t 8at ,%antee-pooru & ,dhaka1 musl9s are made :i* sell at a hundr$ rupees a piece4 ,! +5uity ( ! ,h9doos 9 ?is bran* ( manufacture is wond]ful4 ,p]sons ) :om ,i h conv]s$ on ?is subject say1 t at two places 9 ,b5gal1 ,son>-ga & ,vilkrum-pooru1 musl9s are made by a few families s exce$+ly f9e1 t f\r mon?s are requir$ to weave "o piece1 :i* sells at five hundr$ rupees4 ,:5 ?is musl9 is laid on ! grass1 & ! dew has fall5 ^u x1 x is no long] disc]nible#dej40 #dej ,view ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,lit]ature1 & ,my?ology ( ! ,h9doos1 by ,william ,w>d2 vol4 iii4 p4 #abg4 #c;d edition4 ,aft] su* /atem5ts z ! above1 f sob] & cr$itable witnesses1 ! ,ori5tal hyp]bole :i* designates ! ,dacca musl9s z 8webs ( wov5 w9d10 seems only mod]ately poetical4 ,sir ,*>les ,wilk9s br\ght a specim5 ( ,dacca musl9 f ,india 9 ! ye> #aghf1 :i* 0 pres5t$ to him by ! pr9cipal ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's factory at ,dacca1 z ! f9e/ !n made !re4 ,l all ,indian musl9s1 x has a yell[i% hue1 caus$ by imp]fect blea*+4 ,?\gh ! worse = _m ye>s' exposure 9 a glass case1 & ! h&l+ ( visitors1 x is ( exquisite delicacy1 s(tness1 & transp>5cy2 yet ! y>n ( :i* x is wov51 & ( :i* ,mr4 ,wilk9s also br\ght a specim51 is n s f9e z "s :i* has be5 spun by ma*9]y 9 ,engl&4 ,! foll[+ m9ute1 made by ,sir ,joseph ,banks on a portion ( ?is y>n1 ?irty or =ty ye>s s9ce1 appe>s at ! ,india ,h\se 9 8 own writ+1 toge!r ) a specim5 ( ! musl93-- 8,! portion ( ske9 :i* ,mr4 ,wilk9s gave to me weigh$ #cd-c_/aj gra9s3 its l5g? 0 #e y>ds #g in*es1 & x consi/$ ( #aif ?reads4 ,consequ5tly1 its :ole l5g? 0 #ajah y>ds & #g in*es4 ,?is1 ) a small all[ance = fractions1 gives #bi y>ds to a gra91 #bjc1jjj to a p\nd avoirdupoise ( #gjjj gra9s2 t is1 #aae miles1 #b furlongs1 & #fj y>ds40 ,cotton y>n has be5 spun 9 ,engl&1 mak+ ?ree hundr$ & fifty hanks to ! lb4 weight1 ea* hank measur+ #hdj y>ds1 & ! :ole =m+ a ?read ( #afg miles 9 l5g?#dea4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be reg>d$ m]ely z %[+ h[ f9e ! cotton c possibly be spun by ma*9]y1 s9ce no su* y>n is or c\ld be us$ 9 ! mak+ ( musl9s1 or = any o!r purpose4 ,! extreme ( f95ess to :i* y>ns = musl9s are ev] spun 9 ,great ,brita9 is #bej hanks to ! lb41 :i* w\ld =m a ?read measur+ #aai miles2 b x is v r>ely inde$ t f9] y>n is us$ ?an #bbj hanks to ! lb41 :i* is less f9e ?an ! specim5 ( ,dacca musl9 above m5tion$4 ,! ,indian h&-spun y>n is s(t] ?an mule-y>n1 & ! musl9s made ( ! =m] are mu* m durable ?an ^? made ( ! latt]4 ,9 po9t ( appe>ance1 h[ev]1 ! book-musl9 ( ,glasg[ is v sup]ior to ! ,indian musl91 n only because x is bett] blea*$1 b because x is m ev5ly wov51 & f y>n ( uni=m ?ickness1 :]eas ! ?reads 9 ! ,indian fabric v>y consid]ably4 #dea ,pl9y1 9 speak+ ( l95 y>n1 gives u an acc\nt 7,l4 xix4 cap4 #b47 ( ! cuirass ( ! ,egyptian k+ ,amasis1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! temple ( ,m9]va 9 ,rhodes4 8,ea* ?read10 says he1 8is %[n to consi/ ( #cfe fibres1 :i* fact ,mucianus1 be+ a ?ird "t ,consul1 lately ass]t$ at ,rome40--,mucianus 0 ,consul ! ?ird "t ,a4 ,d4 #ge4 ,x is probable t ! specim5s br\ght by ,wilk9s1 ?\gh ! f9e/ !n made at ! city ( ,dacca1 is n equal to ! mo/ delicate musl9s made 9 t neighborhood 9 =m] times1 or ev5 9 ! pres5t4 ,! place call$ by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,w>d ,son>-ga1 &1 by ,mr4 ,walt] ,hamilton1 ,soon]-gong1 a decay$ city ne> ,dacca1 has be5 said to be unrivall$ 9 its musl9s4 ,mr4 ,w>d's te/imony has be5 quot$ above4 ,mr4 ,ralph ,fit*1 an ,engli% travell]1 9 #aehc1 spoke ( ! same place :5 he said--8,s9n]gan is a t[n six leagues f ,s]rapore1 :]e !re is ! be/ & f9e/ clo? made ( cotton t is 9 all ,india#deb40 ,mr4 ,hamilton says--8,soon]gong is n[ dw9dl$ d[n to an inconsid]able village4 ,by ,abul ,fazel1 9 #aehb1 x is celebrat$ = ! manufacture ( a beautiful clo?1 nam$ cassas 7cossaes17 & ! fabrics x /ill produces ju/ify to ! pres5t g5]ation its anci5t r5[n#dec04 ,b x seems t !re has be5 a great decl9e 9 ! manufacture ( ! f9e/ musl9s1 :i* is bo? /at$ & acc\nt$ = by ,mr4 ,hamilton 9 ! foll[+ passage on ! di/rict ( ,dacca ,jelulpoor3-- #deb ,hakluyt's ,voyages1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cij2 edit4 #ahji4 #dec ,a ,geographical1 ,/ati/ical1 & ,hi/orical ,description ( ,h9do/an1 by ,walt] ,hamilton1 ,esq4 vol4 i4 p4 #ahg--7ahbj47 8,pla9 musl9s1 are di/+ui%$ by diff]5t names1 accord+ to ! f95ess or clos5ess ( ! texture1 z well z fl[]$1 /rip$1 or *equ]$ musl9s1 are fabricat$ *iefly 9 ?is di/rict1 :]e a species ( cotton nam$ ! banga gr[s1 necess>y1 al?\gh n ( a v sup]ior quality1 to =m ! /ripes ( ! f9e/ musl9s1 = :i* ! city ( ,dacca has be5 s long celebrat$4 ,! nor!rn p>ts ( ,b5>es furni% bo? pla9 & fl[]$ musl9s1 :i* are n ill adapt$ = common use1 ?\gh incapable ( su/a9+ any competition ) ! beautiful & inimitable fabrics ( ,dacca4 8,! export ( ! above /aple articles has mu* decreas$1 & ! art ( manufactur+ "s ( ! f9e/ species ( musl9s is 9 dang] ( be+ lo/1 ! ord]s = !m be+ s few t _m ( ! families :o possess by h]$it>y in/ruction ! art ( fabricat+ !m h desi/$1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty !y aft]w>ds exp]i5ce 9 dispos+ ( !m4 ,?is decl9e may p>tly be acc\nt$ = f ! utt] /agnation ( dem& 9 ! upp] prov9ces s9ce ! d[nfall ( ! imp]ial gov]nm5t1 prior to :i* ^! delicate & beautiful fabrics 7 9 su* e/imation1 n only at ! c\rt ( ,delhi1 b among all classes ( ! high nobility 9 ,india1 z to r5d] x difficult to supply ! dem&4 ,among m rec5t causes also may be adduc$ ! ,fr5* revolution1 ! degree ( p]fection to :i* ?is peculi> manufacture has lately be5 br\ght 9 ,great ,brita91 ! great dim9ution 9 ! ,company's inve/m5t1 & ! advance 9 ! price ( cotton40 ,) respect to ! peculi> species ( cotton ( :i* ! ,dacca musl9s are made1 ! foll[+ /atem5t 0 giv5 to a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 9 #ahcj-ca1 by ,mr4 ,john ,crawfurd1 = _m ye>s 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 & au?or ( ! 8,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago30 8,!re is a f9e v>iety ( cotton 9 ! neighborhood ( ,dacca1 f :i* ,i h reason to believe ! f9e musl9s ( ,dacca are produc$1 & probably to ! accid5tal discov]y ( x is to be attribut$ ! rise ( ?is s+ul> manufacture2 x is cultivat$ by ! natives alone1 n at all kn[n 9 ! ,engli% m>ket1 nor1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 9 t ( ,calcutta4 ,its gr[? ext5ds ab\t =ty miles along ! banks ( ! ,megna1 & ab\t ?ree miles inl&4 ,i consult$ ,mr4 ,colebrook respect+ ! ,dacca cotton1 & _h an opportunity ( p]us+ ! manuscripts ( ! late ,dr4 ,roxburgh1 :i* conta9 an acc\nt ( x2 he calls x a v>iety ( ! common h]bace\s annual cotton ( ,india1 & /ates t x is long] 9 ! /aple1 & af=ds ! mat]ial f :i* ! ,dacca musl9s h be5 always made40 ,! cotton manufacture 9 ,india is n c>ri$ on 9 a few l>ge t[ns1 or 9 "o or two di/ricts2 x is univ]sal4 ,! gr[? ( cotton is ne>ly z g5]al z ! gr[? ( food2 ev]y:]e ! wom5 sp5d a portion ( _! "t 9 sp9n+2 & almo/ e village conta9s its weav]s1 & supplies its own inhabitants ) ! scanty clo?+ !y require#ded4 ,be+ a dome/ic manufacture1 & c>ri$ on ) ! rude/ & *eape/ app>atus1 x requires nei!r capital1 mills1 or an assemblage ( v>i\s trades4 ,! cotton is sep>at$ f ! se$s by a small rude h&-mill1 or g91 turn$ by wom54 #ded ,orme1 9 8 ,hi/orical ,fragm5ts ( ! ,mogul ,empire1 says1 8,on ! coa/ ( ,corom&el & 9 ! prov9ce ( ,b5gal1 :5 at "s di/ance f ! high road or a pr9cipal t[n1 x is difficult to f9d a village 9 :i* e man1 woman1 & *ild is n employ$ 9 mak+ a piece ( clo?4 ,at pres5t1 mu* ! greate/ "p ( ! :ole prov9ces are employ$ 9 ?is s+le manufacture40 7p4 #dji47 8,! progress ( ! cotton manufacture includes no less ?an a description ( ! lives ( half ! inhabitants ( ,indo/an40 7p4 #dac47 ,! mill consi/s ( two roll]s ( teak wood1 flut$ longitud9ally ) five or six grooves1 & revolv+ ne>ly 9 contact4 ,! upp] roll] is turn$ by a h&le1 ! l[] be+ c>ri$ along ) x by means ( a p]petual screw at ! axis4 ,! cotton is put 9 at "o side1 & drawn ?r\gh by ! revolv+ roll]s2 b ! se$s1 be+ too l>ge to pass ?r\gh ! op5+1 are torn (f & fall d[n on ! opposite side f ! cotton#dee4 #dee ,to ! ef=ts ( ,eli ,:itney1 ,am]ica is indebt$ = ! value ( h] great /aple4 ,:ile ! inv5tion ( ! cotton g9 has be5 ! *ief s\rce ( ! prosp]ity ( ! ,s\!rn plant]1 ! ,nor!rn manufactur] comes 9 = a l>ge %>e ( ! b5efits d]iv$ f ?is mo/ important (fspr+ ( ,am]ican +5uity4 ,eli ,:itney1 :o may ) ju/ice be consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s & extraord9>y m5 t ev] liv$1 0 born 9 ,we/bor\gh1 ,worce/] ,c\nty1 ,massa*usetts1 ,decemb] #h?1 #agfe4 ,8 p>5ts belong$ to t respectable class 9 society1 :o1 by ! labors ( husb&ry1 manage1 by uni=m indu/ry1 to provide well = a ris+ family1--a class f :om h ris5 mo/ ( ^? :o1 9 ,new ,engl&1 h atta9$ to high em95ce & usefulness4 ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,:itney's ma*9es h b5efit$ ! p ( ?is c\ntry1 & ! _w at l>ge1 millions ^u millions1 yet1 x is to be lam5t$ t he did n reap t rew>d :i* 8 +5uity & indu/ry1 z well z virtu\s c\rse ( conduct s ri*ly m]it$1 b di$ mu* involv$ 9 debt1 :ile ?\s&s :o _h conspir$ to defraud him ( 8 j & lawful rights1 7 enri*$ by ! use ( 8 ma*9es4 8,if we %\ld ass]t10 said ,judge ,william ,johnson1 8t ! b5efits ( ?is inv5tion 7! ,cotton g97 exce$ #ajj1jjj1jjj1 we c prove ! ass]tion by correct calculation40 ,:o is !re t1 l him1 has giv5 8 c\ntry & ! _w a ma*9e--! product ( 8 own skill--:i* has furni%$ a l>ge "p ( its population1 f *ildhood to age1 ) a lucrative employm5t2 by :i* _! debts h be5 paid (f2 _! capitals increas$2 _! l&s trebl$ 9 value8 ,mr4 ,:itney di$ on ! #h? ( ,janu>y #ahbe1 & is buri$ 9 ! cemet]y ( ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut4 ,8 tomb is aft] ! model ( ,scipio's at ,rome4 ,x is simple & beautiful1 & promises to endure = ye>s4 ,x be>s ! foll[+ inscription4 ,,eli ,,:itney4 ,,! ,,inv5tor ,,( ,,! ,,cotton ,,g94 ,,( ,,useful ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,arts1 ,,! ,,effici5t ,,patron ,,& ,,improv]4 ,,9 ,,! ,,social ,,relations ,,( ,,life1 ,a ,,model ,,( ,,excell5ce4 ,,:ile ,,private ,,affection ,,weeps ,,at ,,8 ,,tomb1 ,,8 ,,c\ntry ,,honors ,,8 ,,memory4 ,,born ,,decemb] #h,,?1 #agfe4--;,,di$ ,,jan4 #h,,?1 #ahbe4 ,! conv5tion ( ,am]ican ,geologi/s & ,naturali/s :o met at ,new ,hav5 9 ,may la/ 7#ahde471 7 invit$1 toge!r ) _! ladies1 by ,mrs4 ,:itney1 ! wid[ ( ! inv5tor ( ! ,cotton g91 to att5d an ev5+ p>ty at h] h\se1 :i* 0 accept$1 :]e !y _h an elegant supp] & conv]sazione4 8,x is melan*oly10 says ,mr4 ,ba9s 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,cotton ,manufacture1 p4 #aad1 8to contra/ ) ! sangu9e eag]ness ( inv5tors1 ! sl[ness ( mank9d to ackn[l$ge & rew>d _! m]its1--to obs]ve h[1 on _m occasions1 g5ius1 in/ead ( realiz+ fame & =tune1 has be5 pursu$ by disa/] & opposition1--h[ trifl+ difficulties h fru/rat$ ! success ( spl5did discov]ies1--& h[ ^? discov]ies1 snat*$ f ! grasp ( _! brok5-he>t$ au?ors1 h br\ght pr9cely =tunes to m5 ^: only tal5t 0 9 mak+ money4 ,:5 inv5tors fail 9 _! projects1 no "o pities !m2 :5 !y succe$1 p]secution1 envy1 & jeal\sy are _! rew>d4 ,_! means are g5]ally exhau/$ be=e _! discov]ies become productive4 ,!y plant a v9ey>d1 & ei!r />ve1 or are driv5 f _! inh]itance1 be=e !y c ga!r ! fruit40 ,w\ld x n be greatly to ! cr$it ( ! cotton manufactur+ int]e/ 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 to pres5t ,mrs4 ,:itney ) "s tok5 ( _! respect & v5]ation = ! memory ( ! inv5tor ( ! ,cotton g98 ,! next op]ation is t ( b[+ ! cotton1 to cle> x f dirt & knots4 ,a l>ge b[1 made ela/ic by a complication ( /r+s1 is us$2 ?is be+ put 9 contact ) a heap ( cotton1 ! workman /rikes ! /r+ ) a heavy wood5 mallet1 & its vibrations op5 ! knots ( ! cotton1 %ake f x ! du/ & dirt1 & raise x to a d[ny fleece4 ,! h&-mill & b[ h be5 us$ immemorially ?r\gh\t all ! c\ntries ( ,asia1 & h _! appropriate names 9 ! ,arabic & o!r languages3 !y 7 =m]ly us$ 9 ,am]ica1 :5ce ! t]m1 /ill appli$ 9 comm]ce1 8b[$ ,georgia cotton40 ,! hatt]s ( ,great ,brita9 /ill raise _! wool by ! b[4 ,! cotton be+ ?us prep>$1 )\t any c>d+1 x is spun by ! wom52 ! co>se y>n is spun on a "o-?read :eel1 & v mu* resembl+ ^? us$ at ! pres5t day by ! peasantry 9 ! we/ ( ,irel&4 ,! f9] y>n is spun ) a metallic sp9dle1 & sometimes )\t a di/aff2 a bit ( clay is atta*$ z a weight to "o end ( ! sp9dle1 :i* is turn$ r\nd ) ! left h&1 :il/ ! cotton is suppli$ ) ! "r2 ! ?read is w\nd ^u a small piece ( wood4 ,! sp9/] keeps h] f+]s dry by ! use ( a *alky p[d]4 7,see ,"p ,fir/1 ,*apt] ,i1 pp4 #ag & #ah47 ,! y>n1 hav+ be5 reel$ & w>p$ 9 ! simple/ possible mann]1 is giv5 to ! weav] ^: loom is z rude a piece ( app>atus z c be imag9$4 ,x consi/s m]ely ( two bamboo roll]s1 "o = ! w>p & ! o!r = ! web1 & a pair ( headles4 ,! %uttle p]=ms ! d\ble (fice ( %uttle & lay1 & = ?is purpose is made l a l>ge nett+ ne$le1 & ( a l5g? r m ?an ! bread? ( ! web#def4 ,?is app>atus ! weav] c>ries to a tree1 "u :i* he digs a hole 7:i* may be call$ ! treadle-hole7 l>ge en\gh to conta9 8 legs & ! l[] tackle4 ,he !n /ret*es 8 w>p by fa/5+ 8 bamboo roll]s at a prop] di/ance f ea* o!r by means ( wood5 p9s4 ,! headle-jacks he fa/5s to "s conv5i5t bran* ( ! tree ov] 8 head 7,see ,plate ,v473 two loops und]nea?1 9 :i* he ins]ts 8 great toes1 s]ve in/ead ( treadles2 & 8 long %uttle1 :i* also p]=ms ! (fice ( lay1 draws ! weft ?r\gh ! w>p1 & aft]w>ds /rikes x home to ! fell4 8,!re is n s mu* z an exp$i5t = roll+ up ! w>p3 x is /ret*$ out to ! full l5g? ( ! web1 :i* makes ! h\se ( ! weav] insuffici5t to conta9 him4 ,he is !re=e oblig$ to "w cont9ually 9 ! op5 air2 & e return ( inclem5t wea!r int]rupts him#deg40 #def ,! %uttle is n always ( ?is l5g?4 ,hoole1 9 8 8,mission to ,india10 repres5ts x z requir+ to be ?r[n1 9 :i* case x mu/ be %ort2 & a draw+ ( a ,c&yan weav]1 9 ! ,magaz9e ( ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k1 %[s ! %uttle ( ! same size z our mod]n %awl %uttle4 ,inde$ we h abundant evid5ce t ! ,indians employ$ %uttles ( ?is latt] description f "t immemorial4 ,! ,*9ese also use %uttles ( ! same description4 7,see ,*9ese loom1 ,plate ,i47 #deg ,mill's ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,india1 book ii4 *4 #h4 ,=bes describes ! weav]s 9 ,guz]at1 ne> ,b>o*e1 z fix+ _! looms at sun-rise "u ! %ade ( tam>9d & mango trees4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,india1 h[ev]1 z on ! banks ( ! ,ganges1 ! weav]s "w "u ! cov] ( _! %$s1 fix+ ! ge] ( _! looms to a bamboo 9 ! ro( 7,see ,plate ,v474 ,!y size _! w>ps ) a />* made f ! root call$ k&ri4 ,:5 *equ]$ musl9s are wr\ght1 ?ree p]sons are employ$ at ea* loom4 ,"s au!ntic p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! habits & remun]ation ( ! ,h9doos engag$ 9 ! mak+ ( cotton clo?1 are conta9$ 9 an unpubli%$ acc\nt ( ! di/ricts ( ,puraniya 7,purneah17 ,patna1 & ,d9ajpur1 by ,dr4 ,francis ,hamilton1 bett] kn[n z ,dr4 ,f4 ,bu*anan1 7he hav+ tak5 ! "n ( ,hamilton17 ! au?or ( ! 8,j\rney f ,madras to ,mysore1 ,can>a1 & ,malab>40 ,?is acc\nt ( ! above-nam$ prov9ces ne> ! ,ganges is 9 sev]al manuscript volumes 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,india ,h\se1 9 ,london4 ,we le>n f 8 elaborate survey t ! sp9n+ & weav+ ( cotton prevails ?r\gh\t ^! prov9ces4 ,! f9e y>ns are spun ) an iron sp9dle1 & )\t di/aff1 g5]ally by wom5 ( rank2 no ca/e is disgrac$ "h by sp9n+1 z 9 ! s\? ( ,india2 ! wom5 d n employ all _! "t at ?is "w1 b only s mu* z is all[$ by _! dome/ic occupations4 ,! co>se y>ns are spun on a small :eel turn$ by ! h&4 ,! h&-mill is us$ to free ! cotton f its se$s1 & ! b[ to tease x4 ,! foll[+ capital is requir$ = ! weav]'s bus9ess3 a loom1 #b rupees2 /icks = w>p+ & a :eel = w9d+1 #b anas2 a %op1 #d rupees2 ?read = two ready money pieces1 wor? #f rupees ea*1 #e rupees2--total #aa rupees #aj anas2 to :i* mu/ be add$ a mon?'s subsi/5ce4 ,! man & 8 wife w>p1 w9d1 & weave two pieces ( ?is k9d 9 a mon?1 & he has #g rupees 7#ad %ill+s /g47 pr(it1 d$uct+1 h[ev]1 ! te> & we> ( 8 app>atus1 :i* is a trifle4 ,a p]son hir$ to weave c 9 a mon? make ?ree pieces ( ?is k9d1 & is all[$ #b anas 9 ! rupee ( _! value1 :i* is #b rupees 7#ds4 #f;d47 a mon?4 ,! f9e/ goods co/ #b rupees a piece = weav+4 ,dr4 ,hamilton1 9 8 obs]vations on ano!r di/rict1 /ates ! av]age pr(it ( a loom engag$ 9 weav+ co>se goods to be #bh rupees 7#b4 #afs47 a ye>1 or some?+ less ?an #ac;d4 a week4 ,at ,puraniya & ,d9ajpur ! j\rneym5 cotton-weav]s usually made f #b to #b rupees 7f #ds4 to #es47 a mon?4 ,at ,patna a man & 8 wife made f #c to #d rupees 7f #fs4 to #hs47 a mon? by beat+ & clean+ cotton2 & ea* loom employ$ 9 mak+ *equ]$ musl9s1 has a pr(it ( #ajh rupees a ye> 7#aj4 #afs471 t is1 #as4 #d;d4 a week = ea* ( ! ?ree p]sons :o "w ! loom4 ,! av]age e>n+s ( a j\rneyman weav]1 !re=e1 appe> to be f #as4 to #as4 #d;d4 p] week4 ,at ,bangalore1 & 9 "s o!r p>ts ( s\!rn ,india1 ?is au?or /ates t weav]s e>n f #c;d4 to #h;d4 a day1 accord+ z !y are employ$ on co>se or f9e goods#deh2 b ?is is s mu* above ! usual remun]ation = labor 9 ,india1 t1 if ! /atem5t is n errone\s1 x mu/ be ( extremely limit$ application4 ,on ! same au?ority1 a woman sp9n+ co>se y>n c e>n #a;d4 p] day#dei4 #deh ,bu*anan's ,j\rney ?r\gh ,mysore1 vol4 i4 pp4 #baf-bah4 #dei ,ibid4 vol4 iii4 p4 #cag4 ,a fact is m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,hamilton1 9 8 unpubli%$ acc\nt ( ,patna1 :i* af=ds a /rik+ indication z to ! national "* ( ! ,h9doos--8,all ,indian weav]s1 :o "w = ! common m>ket1 make ! wo( ( "o end ( ! clo? co>s] ?an t ( ! o!r1 & attempt to sell to ! unw>y by ! f9e end1 al?\gh e "o almo/1 :o deals ) !m1 is p]fectly aw>e ( ! circum/ance1 & al?\gh 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life any weav] may n ev] h an opportunity ( ga9+ by ?is means1 yet he cont9ues ! practice1 ) ! hope ( be+ able at "s "t or o!r to take advantage ( ! pur*as] ( 8 goods40 ,! ,ea/ ,india ,company has a factory at ,dacca1 & also 9 o!r p>ts ( ,india1--n1 z ! ,am]ican use ( ! ^w 8factory0 might seem to imply1 a mill1 = ! manufacture is entirely dome/ic--b a comm]cial e/abli%m5t 9 a manufactur+ di/rict1 :]e ! sp9n]s1 weav]s1 & o!r workm5 are *iefly employ$ 9 provid+ ! goods :i* ! ,company export to ,europe4 ,?is e/abli%m5t is "u ! managem5t ( a comm]cial resid5t1 :o agrees = ! k9ds ( goods t may be requir$1 & sup]9t5ds ! execution ( ! ord]s receiv$ f ! presid5cies4 ,su* is ! pov]ty ( ! workm51 & ev5 ( ! manufactur]s :o employ !m1 t ! resid5t has to advance be=eh& ! funds necess>y 9 ord] to produce ! goods4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is sy/em is1 t ! manufactur]s & _! m5 are 9 a /ate ( dep5d5ce almo/ am\nt+ to s]vitude4 ,! resid5t obta9s _! labor at 8 own price1 &1 be+ support$ by ! civil & milit>y p[]1 he e/abli%es a monopoly ( ! wor/ k9d1 & productive ( ! mo/ prejudicial effects to indu/ry4 ,! ,act ( #ahcc1 :i* put an end to ! comm]cial "* ( ! ,company1 w ( c\rse aboli% all ! absurd & oppressive monopolies x ex]cis$4 ,x _c b seem a/oni%+1 t 9 a dep>tm5t ( indu/ry1 :]e ! raw mat]ial has be5 s grossly neglect$1 :]e ! ma*9]y is s rude1 & :]e !re is s little division ( labor1 ! results %\ld be fabrics ( ! mo/ exquisite delicacy & beauty1 unrivall$ by ! products ( any o!r nation1 ev5 ^? be/ skill$ 9 ! me*anic arts4 ,?is anomaly is expla9$ by ! rem>kably f9e s5se ( t\* possess$ by t effem9ate p1 by _! pati5ce & g5tl5ess1 & by ! h]$it>y cont9uance ( a p>ticul> species ( manufacture 9 families ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 :i* leads to ! tra9+ ( *ildr5 f _! v infancy 9 ! processes ( ! art4 ,mr4 ,orme obs]ves--8,! wom5 sp9 ! ?read de/9$ = ! clo?1 & !n deliv] x to ! m51 :o h f+]s to model x z exquisitely z ^! h prep>$ x4 ,! rigid1 clumsy f+]s ( a ,european w\ld sc>cely be able to make a piece ( canvass ) ! in/rum5ts :i* are all t an ,indian employs 9 mak+ a piece ( cambric 7musl974 ,x is fur!r rem>kable1 t e di/9ct k9d ( clo? is ! production ( a p>ticul> di/rict1 9 :i* ! fabric has be5 transmitt$ p]haps = c5turies f fa!r to son1--a cu/om :i* mu/ h conduc$ to ! p]fection ( ! manufacture#dfj40 ,! la/ m5tion$ fact may be consid]$ z a k9d ( division ( labor4 #dfj ,ormes's ,hi/orical ,fragm5ts ( ! ,mogul ,empire1 p4 #dac4 ,mr4 ,mill ?us expla9s ! unequall$ manual skill ( ! ,indian weav]3--8,x is a s$5t>y occupation1 & ?us 9 h>mony ) 8 pr$om9ant incl9ation4 ,x requires pati5ce1 ( :i* he has an inexhau/ible fund4 ,x requires little bodily ex]tion1 ( :i* he is always exce$+ly sp>+2 & ! f9] ! production1 ! m sl5d] ! =ce :i* he is call$ ^u to apply4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! weak & delicate frame ( ! ,h9du is accompani$ ) an acut5ess ( ext]nal s5se1 p>ticul>ly ( t\*1 :i* is altoge!r unrivall$2 & ! flexibility ( 8 f+]s is equally rem>kable4 ,! h& ( ! ,h9du1 !re=e1 con/itutes an organ adapt$ to ! f9e/ op]ations ( ! loom1 9 a degree :i* is almo/ or altoge!r peculi> to himself#dfa40 #dfa ,mill's ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,india1 book ii4 c4 #h4 ,x is1 !n1 to a physical organization 9 ! natives1 admirably suit$ to ! processes ( sp9n+ & weav+2 to ! possession ( ! raw mat]ial 9 ! greate/ abundance2 to ! possession also ( ! mo/ brilliant dyes = /a9+ & pr9t+ ! clo?2 to a climate :i* r5d]s ! colors lively & durable2 & to ! h]$it>y practice1 by p>ticul> ca/es1 classes1 & families1 bo? ( ! manual op]ations & *emical processes requir$ 9 ! manufacture2--x is to ^! causes1 ) v little aid f sci5ce1 & 9 an almo/ b>b>\s /ate ( ! me*anical arts1 t ,india owes h] long supremacy 9 ! manufacture ( cotton4 ,b5gal is celebrat$ = ! production ( ! f9e/ musl9s2 ! ,corom&el coa/1 = ! be/ *9tzes & calicoes2 & ,surat1 = /rong & inf]ior goods ( e k9d4 ,! cottons ( ,b5gal g "u ! names ( casses1 amns1 & g>ats2 & ! h&k]*iefs are call$ ,burgoses & ,/e9kirkes4 ,table clo?s ( sup]ior quality are made at ,patna4 ,! bas9s1 or bas9ets1 come f ! ,nor!rn ,circ>s4 ,condav] furni%es ! beautiful h&k]*iefs ( ,masulipatam1 ! f9e colors ( :i* are p>tly obta9$ f a plant call$ *age1 :i* gr[s on ! banks ( ! ,kri%na1 & on ! coa/ ( ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4 ,! *9tzes & g+hams are *iefly made at ,masulipatam1 ,madras1 ,/4 ,?om1 & ,paliamcotta4 ,! long clo?s & f9e pullicats are produc$ 9 ! presid5cy ( ,madras4 ,! co>se piece-goods1 "u ! "n ( baftas1 d\tis1 & pullicats1 z well z common musl9s & *9tzes1 are ext5sively manufactur$ 9 ! di/rict ( :i* ,surat is ! port4 ,besides all ^!1 !re is an endless v>iety ( fabrics1 _m ( :i* are kn[n 9 ! m>kets ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa4 ,! comm]ce ( ! ,indians 9 ^! fabrics has be5 ext5sive1 f ! ,*ri/ian era to ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,= _m hundr$ ye>s1 ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,abyss9ia1 & all ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,africa1 7 suppli$ ) a consid]able portion ( _! cottons & musl9s1 & ) all :i* !y consum$ ( ! f9e/ qualities1 f ! m>ts ( ,india4 ,?is comm]ce exi/$ 9 ! la/ age1 & is describ$ by ! ,abb ,raynal#dfb & ,leg\x de ,flaix4 ,! blue calicoes ( ,guz]at 7 long b\ght by ! ,engli% & ,dut* = _! trade ) ,gu9ea4 ,! great m>ts ( ?is comm]ce on ! we/ coa/ ( ,india 7 ,surat & ,calicut1 ! =m] ( :i* is ne> to ,b>o*e1 ! manufactur+ capital ( ,guz]at1 9 :i* prov9ce a consid]able "p ( ! export$ cottons ( ,india 7 made2 & on ! ea/ coa/1 ,masulipatam1 ,madras1 & ,/4 ,?om1 :5ce ! v>i$ & ext5sive products ( ! ,corom&el coa/ are export$4 #dfb ,hi/oire ,philosophique et ,politique des ,etablissem5ts du ,comm]ce des ,europens dans les deux ,indes1 tom4 ii4 liv4 iv4 *4 #d4 ,ow+ to ! beauty & *eapness ( ,indian musl9s1 *9tzes1 & calicoes1 !re 0 a p]iod :5 ! manufactur]s ( all ! c\ntries ( ,europe 7 appreh5sive ( be+ ru9$ by _! competition4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! ,dut* & ,engli% ,ea/ ,india ,companies import$ ^! goods 9 l>ge quantities2 !y became highly fa%ionable = ladies' & *ildr5's dresses1 z well z = drap]y & furniture1 & ! co>se calicoes 7 us$ to l9e g>m5ts4 ,to su* an ext5t did ?is proce$1 t z e>ly z #afgh a l\d outcry 0 made 9 ,engl& aga9/ ! admission ( ,indian goods1 :i*1 x 0 ma9ta9$1 7 ru9+ ! wooll5 manufacture1--a bran* ( indu/ry :i* = c5turies 0 reg>d$ ) an almo/ sup]/iti\s v5]ation1 z a k9d ( palladium ( ! national prosp]ity1 & :i* 0 incomp>ably ! mo/ ext5sive bran* ( manufactures till ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,a few extracts f pamphlets publi%$ 9 ! sev5te5? & at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 w n only af=d amusem5t1 b w %[ ! wond]ful comm]cial revolution :i* has s9ce be5 effect$ by ma*9]y4 ,9 ! ye> #afgh1 a pamphlet 0 issu$ "u ! title--8,! ,anci5t ,trades ,decay$ & ,repair$ aga910 9 :i* ! au?or ?us bewails ! int]f]5ce ( cotton ) wooll5 fabrics4 8,?is trade 7! wooll57 is v mu* h9d]$ by our own p1 :o d we> _m =eign commodities in/ead ( our own2 z may be in/anc$ 9 _m p>ticul>s2 viz4 in/ead ( gre5 sey1 t 0 wont to be us$ = *ildr5's frocks1 is n[ us$ pa9t$ & ,indian-/a9$ & /rip$ calico2 & in/ead ( a p]petuana or %alloon to l9e m5's coats )1 is us$ sometimes a glaz$ calico1 :i* 9 ! :ole is n above #ab;d4 *eap]1 & abundantly worse4 ,& sometimes is us$ a ,bangale t is br\ght f ,india1 bo? = l9+s to coats1 & = petticoats too2 yet our ,engli% w>e is bett] & *eap] ?an ?is1 only x is ?9n] = ! summ]4 ,to rem$y ?is1 x w\ld be necess>y to lay a v high impo/ ^u all su* commodities z ^! are1 & t no calicoes or o!r sort ( l95 be suff]$ to be glaz$40--pp4 #af1 #ag4 ,! writ]1 ) equal wisdom1 recomm5ds ! prohibition ( /age coa*es1 on acc\nt ( _! injur+ ! proprietors ( ! inns on ! road1 by convey+ ! pass5g]s too quickly1 & at too little exp5se to !mselves4 ,a pamphlet entitl$ 8,! ,nak$ ,tru?1 9 an ,essay ^u ,trade10 publi%$ 9 #afif1 in=ms u t-- 8,! commodities t we *iefly receive f ! ,ea/ ,indies are calicoes1 musl9s1 ,indian wr\ght silks1 pepp]1 saltpetre1 indigo1 c4 ,! advantage ( ! ,company is *iefly 9 _! musl9s & ,indian silks1 7a great value 9 ^! commodities be+ compreh5d$ 9 a small bulk17 & ^! becom+ ! g5]al we> 9 ,engl&40--p4 #d4 8,fa%ion is truly t]m$ a wit*2 ! de>] & sc>c] any commodity1 ! m ! mode2 #cjs4 a y>d = musl9s1 & only ! %ad[ ( a commodity :5 procur$40--p4 #aa4 ,s sagaci\s & f>-sight$ an au?or z ,daniel de ,foe 7,au?or ( ,rob9son ,crusoe7 did n escape ! g5]al notion1 t x 0 n m]ely injuri\s to ! wooll5 & silk manufactures1 a b also a national evil1 ,,to ,,h ,,clo?+ ,,*eap ,,f ,,abroad ,,r ,,?an ,,to ,,manufacture ,,x ,,de> ,,at ,,home4 ,9 8 ,weekly ,review1 :i* conta9s s _m op9ions on trade1 cr$it1 & curr5cy f> beyond ! age1 he ?us lam5ts ! l>ge importations ( ,indian goods4 8,! g5]al fancy ( ! p runs ^u ,ea/ ,india goods to t degree1 t ! *9tz & pa9t$ calicoes1 :i* be=e 7 only made use ( = c>pets1 quilts1 c41 & to clo! *ildr5 & ord9>y p1 become n[ ! dress ( our ladies2 & su* is ! p[] ( a mode z we saw our p]sons ( quality dress$ 9 /uffs :i* b a few ye>s be=e _! *amb]maids w\ld h ?\ght too ord9>y = !m3 ! *9tz 0 advanc$ f ly+ ^u _! floors to _! backs1 f ! foot-clo? to ! petticoat2 & ev5 ! que5 h]self at ?is "t 0 pleas$ to appe> 9 ,*9a silks & calico4 ,nor 0 ?is all1 b x crept into our h\ses1 closets1 & b$-*amb]s2 curta9s1 cu%ions1 *airs1 & at la/ b$s !mselves1 7 no?+ b calicoes or ,indian /uffs2 & 9 %ort1 almo/ ev]y?+ t us$ to be made ( wool or silk1 relat+ ei!r to ! dress ( ! wom5 or ! furniture ( our h\ses1 0 suppli$ by ! ,indian trade40 8,above half ( ! 7wooll57 manufacture 0 entirely lo/1 half ( ! p scatt]$ & ru9$1 & all ?is by ! int]c\rse ( ! ,ea/ ,india trade40--,weekly ,review1 ,janu>y #ca/1 #agjh4 ,h[ev] exagg]at$ & absurd ,de ,foe's e/imate ( ! injury caus$ to ! wooll5 manufacture1 z manife/$ by ! small value ( ! :ole importations ( ,indian fabrics1 at t "t1 z well z 7mu* m decisively7 by ! exp]i5ce ( rec5t times1 :5 ! wooll5 manufacture has su/a9$ ! incomp>ably m =midable competition ( ! ,engli% cotton manufacture1 x is evid5t f 8 te/imony1 & t ( o!r writ]s1 t ,indian calicoes1 musl9s1 & *9tzes1 _h become common 9 ,engl& at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,de ,foe's compla9t 0 n ( an evil exi/+ 9 #agjh1 :5 he wrote1 b ( "o a few ye>s e>li]2 = he says 9 ano!r place1 t ! 8,,prohibition ,,( ,,indian ,,goods0 _h 8,,av]t$ ,,! ,,ru9 ,,( ,,engli% ,,manufactures1 ,,& ,,reviv$ ,,_! ,,prosp]ity40 ,?is prohibition took place by ! ,act #aa & #ab ,william ,,iii4 cap4 #aj41 7#agjj17 :i* =bid ! introduction ( ,indian silks & pr9t$ calicoes = dome/ic use1 ei!r z app>el or furniture1 "u a p5alty ( #bjj on ! we>] or sell]1 & z ?is ,act did n prev5t ! cont9u$ use ( ! goods1 :i* 7 probably smuggl$ f ! cont95t ( ,europe1 o!r ,acts = ! same purpose 7 pass$ at a lat] date4 ,a volume publi%$ 9 ! ye> #agbh1 entitl$ 8,a ,plan ( ! ,engli% ,comm]ce10 %[s t ! evil ( a consumption ( ,indian manufactures /ill prevail$1 & t x 0 ascrib$ to a cause = :i* ! writ] saw no rem$y1 namely1 ! w ( ! ladies1 or1 9 8 own words1 _! 8passion = _! fa%ion40 ,! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe are repres5t$ z equally suff]+ f ,indian competition & female p]v]s5ess1 & z attempt+ 9 ! same way to f9d a rem$y 9 legislative prohibition4 ,holl& 0 an honorable exception4 ,! au?or says-- 8,! calicoes are s5t f ! ,indies by l& into ,turkey1 by l& & inl& seas into ,muscovy & ,t>t>y1 & ab\t by long-sea into ,europe & ,am]ica1 till 9 g5]al !y are become a grievance1 & almo/ all ! ,european nations b ! ,dut* re/ra9 & prohibit !m40--p4 #ahj4 8,two ?+s10 says ! writ]1 8among u are too ungov]nable1 viz4 our passions & our fa%ions4 8,%\ld ,i ask ! ladies :e!r !y w\ld dress by law1 or clo! by act ( p>liam5t1 !y w\ld ask me :e!r !y 7 to be /atute fools1 & to be made pageants & pictures (8--:e!r ! sex 0 to be set up = our je/1 & ! p>liam5t _h no?+ to d b make ,indian que5s ( !m8--t !y claim lib]ty z well z ! m51 & z !y expect to d :at !y please1 & say :at !y please1 s !y w we> :at !y please1 & dress h[ !y please4 8,x is true t ! lib]ty ( ! ladies1 _! passion = _! fa%ion1 has be5 frequ5tly injuri\s to ! manufactures ( ,great ,brita91 & is s /ill 9 "s cases2 b ,i d n see s easy a rem$y = t1 z = "s o!r ?+s ( ! l nature4 ,! ladies h suff]$ "s little re/ra9t t way1 z 9 ! we>+ ,ea/ ,india silks1 in/ead ( ,engli%2 & calicoes & o!r ?+s in/ead ( wor/$ /uffs & ! l2 & we d n see !y are pleas$ ) x40--p4 #bec4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t n m ?an a c5tury ago1 ! cotton fabrics ( ,india 7 s beautiful & *eap1 t ne>ly all ! gov]nm5ts ( ,europe ?\ght x necess>y to prohibit !m1 or to load !m ) heavy duties1 ,,9 ,,ord] ,,to ,,protect ,,_! ,,own ,,manufactures4 ,h[ surpris+ a revolution has s9ce tak5 place6 ,! ,indians h n lo/ _! =m] skill2 b a p[] has aris51 :i* has robb$ !m ( _! anci5t asc5dancy4 ,! foll[+ docum5t furni%es sup]abundant pro( h[ a manufacture :i* has exi/$ )\t a rival = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 is )]+ "u ! competition ( a p[] :i* is z x 7 b ( ye/]day3 x w\ld be well if x did n also illu/rate ! v diff]5t measure ( protection & ju/ice :i* gov]nm5ts usually af=d to _! subjects at home1 & to ^? ( _! remote dep5d5cies4 ,,petition ,,( ,,natives ,,( ,,b5gal1 ,,relative ,,to ,,duties ,,on ,,cotton ,,& ,,silk4 8,calcutta1 #a/4 ,sept4 #ahca4 8,to ! ,"r ,honorable ! ,lords ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,privy ,c\ncil = ,trade1 c4 8,! humble ,petition ( ! und]sign$ ,manufactur]s & ,deal]s 9 ,cotton & ,silk ,piece-goods1 ! fabrics ( ,b5gal2 8,%ewe?--,t ( late ye>s y\r ,petition]s h f\nd _! bus9ess ne>ly sup]s$$ by ! introduction ( ! fabrics ( ,great ,brita9 into ,b5gal1 ! importation ( :i* augm5ts e ye>1 to ! great prejudice ( ! native manufactures4 8,t ! fabrics ( ,great ,brita9 are consum$ 9 ,b5gal1 )\t any duties be+ levi$ !reon to protect ! native fabrics4 8,t ! fabrics ( ,b5gal are *>g$ ) ! foll[+ duties :5 !y are us$ 9 ,great ,brita9-- 8,on manufactur$ cottons1 #aj p] c5t4 8,on manufactur$ silks1 #bd p] c5t4 8,y\r ,petition]s mo/ humbly implore y\r ,lord%ips' consid]ation ( ^! circum/ances1 & !y feel confid5t t no disposition exi/s 9 ,engl& to %ut ! door aga9/ ! indu/ry ( any "p ( ! inhabitants ( ?is great empire4 8,!y !re=e pray to be admitt$ to ! privilege ( ,briti% subjects1 & humbly entreat y\r ,lord%ips to all[ ! cotton & silk fabrics ( ,b5gal to be us$ 9 ,great ,brita9 free ( duty1 or at ! same rate :i* may be *>g$ on ,briti% fabrics consum$ 9 ,b5gal#dfc4 8,y\r ,lord%ips mu/ be aw>e ( ! imm5se advantages ! ,briti% manufactur]s d]ive f _! skill 9 con/ruct+ & us+ ma*9]y1 :i* enables !m to und]sell ! unsci5tific manufactur]s ( ,b5gal 9 _! own c\ntry3 &1 al?\gh y\r ,petition]s are n sangu9e 9 expect+ to d]ive any great advantage f hav+ _! pray] grant$1 _! m9ds w\ld feel gratifi$ by su* a manife/ation ( y\r ,lord%ips' good w t[>ds !m2 & su* an in/ance ( ju/ice to ! natives ( ,india w\ld n fail to ende> ! ,briti% gov]nm5t to !m4 8,!y !re=e confid5tly tru/1 t y\r ,lord%ips' righte\s consid]ation w be ext5d$ to !m z ,briti% subjects1 )\t exception ( sect1 c\ntry1 or color4 8,& y\r ,petition]s1 z 9 duty b\nd1 w ev] pray40 ,sign$ by #aag natives ( high respectability4 #dfc ,?is reasonable reque/ 0 n compli$ )1 ! duty on ,india cotton be+ /ill #aj p] c5t4 ,! extra duty ( #c;d4 p] y>d on pr9t$ cottons 0 tak5 (f :5 ! excise duty on ,engli% pr9ts 0 repeal$1 9 #ahca4 ,engli% cottons import$ into ,india only pay a duty ( #b p] c5t4 ,dacca1 not)/&+ its pres5t insignificance z comp>$ ) its =m] gr&eur1 may nev]!less /ill be class$ among second rate cities4 ,x has a population ( #aej1jjj inhabitants1 :i* is ne>ly a ?ird m ?an ! city ( ,baltimore conta9s4 ,"s new brick dwell+s h sil5tly sprung up "h & !re1 x may also be obs]v$1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s2 & ?is city c n[ boa/ an ,oil ,mill driv5 by /eam1 & an ,iron ,susp5sion ,bridge4 ,?ree m /eam eng9es are 9 ! c\rse ( erection#dfd4 ,on ! :ole1 an increase may be look$ =1 r ?an ! contr>y1 9 ! weal?1 population1 & importance ( ! city ( ,dacca4 #dfd ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 xvii4 ,x w\ld be curi\s to comp>e ! gradual decrease ( ! population1 ) ! fall+ (f ( ! manufacture ( ^? beautiful cotton fabrics1 = :i* ?is city 0 once )\t a rival 9 ! _w#dfe4 ,! fir/ fall+ (f 9 ! ,dacca trade1 took place s f> back z #ahja1 previ\s to :i* ! ye>ly advances made by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 & private trad]s1 = ,dacca musl9s1 7 e/imat$ at upw>ds ( tw5ty-five lacs ( rupees#dff4 ,9 #ahjg1 ! ,company s inve/m5t _h fall5 to #eie1ijj1 & ! private trade to ab\t #efj1bjj4 ,9 #ahac1 ! private trade did n exce$ #bje1iej1 & t ( ! ,company 0 sc>cely m consid]able4 ,& 9 #ahag1 ! ,engli% comm]cial resid5cy 0 altoge!r discont9u$4 ,! ,fr5* & ,dut* factories _h be5 ab&on$ _m ye>s be=e4 ,! division ( labor 0 c>ri$ to a great ext5t 9 ! manufacture ( f9e musl9s4 ,9 sp9n+ ! v f9e ?read1 m especially1 a great degree ( skill 0 atta9$4 ,x 0 spun ) ! f+]s on a 8,takwa10 or f9e /eel sp9dle1 by "y wom51 :o c\ld only "w dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! morn+1 :ile ! dew 0 on ! gr\nd2 = su* 0 ! extreme t5uity ( ! fibre1 t x w\ld n be> manipulation aft] ! sun _h ris54 ,"o retti ( cotton c\ld ?us be spun into a ?read eighty cubits long2 :i* 0 sold by ! sp9n]s at "o rupee1 eight annas1 p] sicca weight4 ,! 8,raffug>s10 or ,d>n]s1 7 also p>ticul>ly skilful4 ,!y c\ld remove an entire ?read f a piece ( musl91 & replace x by "o ( a f9] texture4 ,! cotton us$ = ! f9e/ ?read1 0 gr[n 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ,dacca1 m especially ab\t ,sun]gong4 ,its fibre is too %ort1 h[ev]1 to admit ( its be+ work$ up by any except t mo/ wond]ful ( all ma*9es--! human h&4 ,! art ( mak+ ! v f9e musl9 fabrics is n[ lo/--& a pity x is t x %\ld be s4 #dfe ,if ,provid5ce %\ld cont9ue to bless ! "w ( our h&s1 & our life & heal? be pres]v$1 we indulge ! hope ( be+ able1 at no v di/ant p]iod1 to inve/igate ?is subject m fully4 #dff ,lac ( rupees is "o hundr$ ?\s& rupees1 :i* at #ee c5ts ea* am\nt to fifty-five ?\s& doll>s1 or at #bs4 #f;d4 /]l+1 to #ab1ejj4 ,9 #ahbj1 a resid5t ( ,dacca1 on a special ord] receiv$ f ,*9a1 procur$ ! manufacture ( two pieces ( musl91 ea* t5 y>ds long by "o wide1 & weigh+ t5 & a half sicca rupees4--,! price ( ea* piece 0 #ajj sicca rupees4 ,9 #ahbb1 ! same individual receiv$ a second commission = two simil> pieces1 f ! same qu>t]2 b ! p>ties :o _h suppli$ him on ! =m] occasion _h di$ 9 ! mean "t1 & he 0 unable to execute ! commission4 ,! annual inve/m5t1 call$ ! 8,malbus ,khs10 = ! royal w>drobe at ,delhi1 absorb$ a great "p ( ! f9e/ fabrics 9 =m] times3 ! extreme beauty ( "s ( ^! musl9s1 0 suffici5tly indicat$ by ! names !y bore3 su* z1 8,abr[an10 runn+ wat]2 8,siebnem10 ev5+ dew1 c4 ,! cotton manufacture has n yet arriv$ at any?+ l ?is p]fection ) u1 & probably nev] w4#dfg #dfg ,! manufacture ( f9e musl91 0 attempt$ bo? 9 ,lanca%ire & at ,glasg[1 ab\t ! ye> #aghj1 ) weft spun by ! j5ny4 ,! attempt fail$1 ow+ to ! co>s5ess ( ! y>n4 ,ev5 ) ,indian weft1 musl9s c\ld n be made to compete ) ^? ( ! ,ea/4 ,b :5 ! mule 0 br\ght into g5]al use1 9 #aghe1 bo? weft & w>p 7 produc$ suffici5tly f9e = musl9s2 & s quickly did ! weav] avail himself ( ! improvem5t 9 ! y>n1 t no less ?an #ejj1jjj pieces ( musl9 7 manufactur$ 9 ,great ,brita9 9 ! ye> #aghg4 ,9 a 8,report ( ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,c\rt ( ,directors ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company ^u ! subject ( ! ,cotton ,manufacture ( ?is ,c\ntry10 made 9 ! ye> #agic1 x is said1 t 8e %op (f]s ,briti% musl9s = sale equal 9 appe>ance1 & ( m elegant patt]ns ?an ^? ( ,india1 = "o-f\r?1 or p]haps m ?an "o-?ird1 less 9 price40 8,musl9 began to be made ne>ly at ! same "t at ,bolton1 at ,glasg[1 & at ,paisley1 ea* place adopt+ ! peculi> description ( fabric :i* resembl$ mo/ ^? goods x _h be5 accu/om$ to manufacture2 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is judici\s di/ribution at fir/1 ea* place has cont9u$ to ma9ta9 a sup]iority 9 ! production ( its own article4 ,jaconets1 bo? co>se & f9e1 b ( a /\t fabric1 *eck$ & /rip$ musl9s1 & o!r articles ( ! heavi] description ( ?is bran*1 are manufactur$ 9 ,bolton1 & its neighborhood4 ,book1 mull1 & l5o musl9s1 & jaconets ( a light] fabric ?an ^? made 9 ,lanca%ire1 are manufactur$ 9 ,glasg[4 ,sew$ & tambor$ musl9s are almo/ exclusively made !re & 9 ,paisley40--,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,co>se cotton piece goods /ill cont9ue to be manufactur$ at ,dacca1 ?\gh f ! extreme *eapness ( ,engli% clo?s1 x is n improbable t ! native manufacture w be altoge!r sup]s$$ ere long4 ,9 #ahbc-d1 cotton piece goods1 mo/ly co>se1 pass$ ! ,dacca ,cu/om ,h\se1 to ! value ( #a1ddb1aja4 ,9 #ahbi-cj1 ! value ( ! same export 0 #ifi1ieb only4 ,!re 0 a simil> fall+ (f 9 silk & embroid]$ goods dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,9 ! export ( ! articles ( cotton y>n aga91 !re has be5 an increase4 ,9 #ahac1 ! value 0 #d1dhj rupees only2 :]eas 9 #ahba-bb1 x am\nt$ to #ci1cai rupees4 ,f t p]iod x has1 h[ev]1 decreas$2 & 9 #ahbi-cj1 ! value ( ! native cotton y>n export$ f ,dacca1 am\nt$ to #bi1dge rupees only4 ,annex$ are two /atem5ts--"o %[+ ! comp>ative prices ( musl9s n[ manufactur$ at ,dacca1 & ( ! same description ( clo?1 ! produce ( ,briti% looms4--,! o!r1 ! comp>ative prices ( ,dacca clo?s1 manufactur$ f y>n spun 9 ! c\ntry1 & f ,briti% cotton y>n4 ,^! _c fail to be int]e/+ at ! pres5t mom5t1 & _! g5]al accuracy may be reli$ on4 ,,comp>ative ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,prices ,,( ,,musl9s ,,manufactur$ ,,at ,,dacca1 ,,& ,,! ,,produce ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,looms4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,assortm5ts4 ,manufactur$,produce ( at ! ,briti% ,dacca4 ,looms4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,jamdan1 ) small spot1 #a/ sort #be #h ,jamdan1 ) small spot #bnd ditto #af #e ,jamdan1 ,mabpo%1 #bg to #bh #f ,jamdan1 ,diagonal patt]n1 #ab to #ac #d to #d ,jaconet ,musl91 #dj1 #a/ ditto #ch to #dj #bj to #bb correspond+ #bnd ditto #bd to #be #i to #aj ) ,jungle ,cossas1 ,nyansook1 #dj to #b1 #h to #i #e to #f ,cambric1 correspond+ ) ,camiz ,cossas1 #ac to #ad #f to #i ,jamdan blue or r$ sprigs1 #ae to #af #d to #e ,jamdan ,s>s1 #ab to #ac #e to #e ,book ,musl91 correspond+ ) ,mulmulls1 #aj to #aa #g to #h ,sahun1 #dh by #c1 #bh to #cj #ad to #ae ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,comp>ative ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,prices ,,( ,,dacca ,,clo?s1 ,,manufactur$ ,,) ,,cotton ,,y>n ,,spun ,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry1 ,,& ,,f ,,briti% ,,cotton ,,y>n4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,dacca ,,musl9s4 ------------------------------ ,,assortm5ts4 ,manufactur$ ,manufactur$ ) ,c\ntry ) ,europe ,cotton ,?read4 ,cotton ,y>n4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,mulmuls1 #dj by #b1 #a/ sort #h to #i #c to #d #bnd ditto #aj to #ab #e to #f #crd ditto #ad to #ae #i to #aj ,sablams1 #dj by #b1 #a/ ditto #d to #d #b #bnd ditto #e to #f #c #crd ditto #aa to #ab #f #d? ditto #ad to #ae #h #e? ditto #ag to #ah #aj to #aa ,s>bans1 #dj cubits1 #a/ ditto #c #a #bnd ditto #c to #c #a ,allabals ,ad1 #a/ ditto #e to #e #c #bnd ditto #g to #g #d #crd ditto #h to #i #e to #e #d? ditto #i to #aj #f to #f ,t>9dans1 #dj cubits1 #a/ ditto #d to #e #c #bnd ditto #f to #g #d #crd ditto #aa to #ab #g to #h #d? ditto #ac to #ad #aj to #aa ,s>1 p] pair1 #a/ ditto #e #c #bnd ditto #e to #e #c to #d #crd ditto #i to #aj #e to #f ,dhotis1 p] pair1 #a/ ditto #e #c #bnd ditto #f to #f #c #crd ditto #g to #g #e #d? ditto #h to #h #f #e? ditto #aj to #aa #h to #h #f? ditto #i to #aa #g to #g ,%]aganj ,cossas1 #a/ ditto #d #b #dj cubits1 #bnd ditto #e #c #crd ditto #e to #f #d #d? ditto #g to #g #e #e? ditto #h to #h #f ,%]aganj ,hamam1 #a/ ditto #e #c #dj by #c1 #bnd ditto #f to #f #d #crd ditto #g to #h #e #d? ditto #i to #i #f to #g #e? ditto #aa to #ab #h to #i #f? ditto #ad to #ae #aj to #aa ,jamdan ,dhotis1 #a/ ditto #e to #f #d #aj cubits1 #bnd ditto #f to #g #d #crd ditto #g to #h #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! manufacture ( cotton1 z we h se51 0 g5]al 9 ,india & _h atta9$ high excell5ce 9 ! age ( ! fir/ ,greek hi/orian1 t is1 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 at :i* "t x _h already exi/$ = an unkn[n p]iod2 yet eighte5 c5turies m elaps$ be=e x 0 introduc$ into ,italy or ,con/ant9ople1 or ev5 secur$ a foot+ 9 ! neighbor+ empire ( ,*9a4 ,?\gh s well suit$ to hot climates1 we h se5 t cottons 7 kn[n r z a curiosity ?an z a common article ( dress 9 ,egypt & ,p]sia1 five c5turies aft] ! ,greeks _h he>d ( ! 8wool-be>+ trees0 ( ,india3 9 ,egypt1 z has be5 %[n1 ! manufacture nev] rea*$ any consid]able degree ( excell5ce1 & ! musl9s worn by ! high] classes h always be5 import$ f ,india#dfh4 ,9 ,spa9 ! manufacture1 aft] fl\ri%+ to "s degree1 became ne>ly ext9ct4 ,9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,fl&]s1 x _h also a l+]+ & ignoble exi/5ce4 #dfh ,9 ,arabia & ! neighbor+ c\ntries1 cottons & musl9s came gradually into use2 & ! manufacture 0 spread1 by ! comm]cial activity & ent]prise ( ! e>ly foll[]s ( ,mohamm$1 ?r\gh\t ! ext5d$ t]ritories subdu$ by _! arms4 8,x is record$ ( ! fanatical ,om>1 ! imm$iate successor ( ! ,arabian impo/or1 t he prea*$ 9 a tatt]$ cotton g[n1 torn 9 twelve places2 & ( ,ali1 8 contempor>y1 :o assum$ ! caliphate aft] him1 t on ! day ( 8 inauguration1 he w5t to ! mosque dress$ 9 a ?9 cotton g[n1 ti$ r\nd him ) a girdle1 a co>se turban on 8 head1 8 slipp]s 9 "o h&1 & 8 b[ 9 ! o!r1 in/ead ( a walk+ /aff40--,cri*ton's ,hi/ory ( ,arabia1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cig1 #djc4 ,,"p ,,f\r?4 ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,l95 ,,manufacture4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,flax4 ,,cultivation ,,& ,,manufacture ,,( ,,flax ,,by ,,! ,,anci5ts--,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,scriptures1 ,,etc4 ,e>lie/ m5tion ( ,flax--,l95 manufactures ( ! ,egyptians--,l95 worn by ! prie/s ( ,isis--,flax gr[n ext5sively 9 ,egypt--,flax ga!r+--,envelopes ( ,l95 f\nd on ,egyptian mummies--,exam9ation ( mummy-clo?--,prov$ to be ,l95--,flax /ill gr[n 9 ,egypt--,explanation ( t]ms--,byssus--,reply to ,j4 ,r4 ,=/]--,hebrew & ,egyptian t]ms--,flax 9 ,nor? ,africa1 ,col*is1 ,babylonia--,flax cultivat$ 9 ,pale/9e--,t]ms = flax & t[--,cultivation ( ,flax 9 ,pale/9e & ,asia ,m9or--,9 ,elis1 ,etruria1 ,cisalp9e ,gaul1 ,campania1 ,spa9--,flax ( ,g]many1 ( ! ,atrebates1 & ( ! ,franks--,progressive use ( l95 among ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( flax by any au?or occurs 9 ! acc\nt ( ! plague ( hail1 :i* deva/at$ ,l[] ,egypt1 ,ex4 ix4 #ca4 ,! ,hebrew t]m = flax 9 ?is & v>i\s o!r passages ( ! old ,te/am5t is 2 ! correspond+ ^w 9 ! ,*aldee1 ,syriac1 & ,arabic v]sions is 1 ,,lxx4 ,l9um1 ,j]ome4 ,9 ,isaiah xix4 #i1 accord+ to ,k+ ,james's ,translators & ,bi%op ,l[?1 m5tion is made ( ^? t 8"w 9 f9e flax10 & :i* 0 "o ( ! *ief employm5ts ( ! ,egyptians4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus 7ii4 #cg1 #ha47 ! ,egyptians univ]sally wore l95 %irts1 :i* 7 fr+$ at ! bottom4 ,! fr+e consi/$ ( ! ?rums1 or ends ( ! webs4 ,?rums us$ = ?is purpose may be se5 9 ! clo?s :i* are f\nd 9 ,egyptian mummies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi ,egyptian flax-ga!r+4 ,besides ! l95 %irt ! prie/s wore an upp] g>m5t ( l951 m especially :5 !y (ficiat$ 9 ! temples4 ,?is g>m5t 0 probably ( ! exact =m ( a mod]n l95 %eet4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! %irt & ! %eet worn ov] x1 z well z ! reason :y l95 0 us$ = all sacr$ purposes1 is cle>ly express$ 9 ! two foll[+ passages f ,apuleius & ,j]ome4 ,etiamn cuiquam mirum vid]i pote/1 cui sit ulla memoria religionis1 hom9em tot my/]iis ,dem conscium1 qudam sacrorum crepundia domi adv]s>e1 atque ea l9eo texto involv]e1 quod purissimum e/ rebus div9is velam5tum8 ,quippe lana1 segnissimi corporis excrem5tum1 pecori detracta1 jam inde ,orphei et ,py?agor scitis1 pr(anus ve/itus e/4 ,s$ enim mundissima l9i seges1 int] optimas fruges t]r exorta1 non mod indutui et amictui sanctissimis gyptiorum sac]dotibus1 s$ op]tui quoque 9 rebus sacris usurpatur4 ,apuleii ,apolog4 p4 #fd4 ed4 ,prici4 ,c any "o impress$ ) a s5se ( religion wond]1 t a man :o has be5 made acqua9t$ ) s _m my/]ies ( ! gods1 %\ld keep at home c]ta9 sacr$ emblems & wrap !m 9 a l95 clo?1 ! pure/ cov]+ = div9e objects8 ,= wool1 ! excretion ( a sluggi% body1 tak5 f %eep1 0 deem$ a pr(ane attire ev5 accord+ to ! e>ly t5ets ( ,orpheus & ,py?agoras4 ,b flax1 t cleane/ & be/ production ( ! field1 is us$1 n only = ! inn] & out] clo?+ ( ! mo/ holy prie/s ( ! ,egyptians1 b also = cov]+ sacr$ objects4--,yates's ,translation4 ,indutus 0 ! putt+ on ( ! inn]1 amictus ( ! out] g>m5t4 ,ve/ibus l9eis utuntur gyptii sac]dotes non solum extr9secus1 s$ et intr9secus4--,hi]on4 9 ,ezek4 #dd4 folio #beg4 ,! ,egyptian prie/s use l95 g>m5ts1 n only )\t1 b also )94 ,plut>* says#dfi1 t ! prie/s ( ,isis wore l95 on acc\nt ( its purity1 & he rem>ks h[ absurd & inconsi/5t w\ld h be5 _! conduct1 if !y _h c>efully pluck$ ! hairs f _! own bodies1 & yet clo!d !mselves 9 wool1 :i* is ! hair ( %eep4 ,he also m5tions ! op9ion ( "s :o ?\ght t flax 0 us$ = clo?+1 because ! color ( its blossom resembles ! e!rial blue :i* surr\nds ! _w2 & he /ates1 t ! prie/s ( ,isis 7 also buri$ 9 _! sacr$ ve/m5ts4 ,accord+ to ,/rabo1 ,panopolis 0 an anci5t seat ( ! l95 manufacture#dgj4 #dfi ,l4 xvii4 #da4 p4 #ehf4 ed4 ,sieb5kees4 #dgj ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 prope init4 ,opp4 ed4 ,h4 ,/ephani1 ,p>4 #aegb1 tom4 i p4 #fbg1 #fbh4 ,celsius 9 8 ,hi]obotanicon 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bhg-bia471 & ,=/] 9 8 treatise ,de ,bysso ,antiquorum 7p4 #fe-fh47 h quot$ o!r passages f anci5t au?ors1 :i* concur to %[ ! abundance & excell5ce ( ! flax gr[n anci5tly 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! vic9ity ( ,pelusium1 ! g5]al employm5t ( x among ! inhabitants = clo?+1 & ! exclusive use ( l95 clo? = ! g>m5ts ( ! prie/hood & = o!r sacr$ purposes1 & especially = ! wor%ip ( ,isis & ,osiris4 ,f ! same au?orities we le>n1 t ! ,egyptian flax & ! clo? wov5 f x 7 %ipp$ 9 great quantities to all ! ports ( ! ,m$it]ranean#dga4 #dga 8,solomon _h horses br\ght out ( ,egypt1 & l95 y>n0 773 #a ,k+s x4 #bh4 #b ,*ron4 i4 #af4 ,9 connection ) ^! /atem5ts ! read] is ref]r$ to :at has already be5 advanc$ 7,see ,"p ,second1 ,*ap4 ,i47 on ! use ( wool = clo?+ by ! ,egyptians2 & x may be also obs]v$1 t :5 we f9d x /at$ by anci5t au?ors1 t ! prie/s wore l95 only1 ! t]m ought n to be s /rictly und]/ood z to exclude ! use ( cotton1 :i* w\ld probably be consid]$ equally pure & equally adapt$ = sacr$ purposes ) l951 & :i* 0 br\ght 9 anci5t times f ,india to ,egypt2 & ! t]m l9um 0 und\bt$ly (t5 employ$ 9 s g5]al a s5se z to include cotton4 ,^! te/imonies ( anci5t au?ors are confirm$ 9 a v rem>kable mann] by exi/+ monum5ts4 ,! pa9t+s 9 ! ,grotto ( ,el ,kab repres5t among o!r sc5es a field ( corn & a crop ( flax1 ! latt] di/+ui%$ by its inf]ior height1 by its r\nd capsules1 & by be+ pull$ up by ! roots in/ead ( be+ reap$4 ,! mode ( b9d+ ! flax 9 bundles is also exhibit$1 & ! sep>ation ( ! 8bolls10 or capsules1 conta9+ ! l9-se$1 f ! /alk1 by ! use ( a comb1 or 8ripple40 7,see ,description de l',egypte3 ,antiquits2 ,plan*es1 tome i4 pl4 #fh4 & ! ,plates to ,hamilton's gyptiaca1 xxiii47 ,9 ,plate ,,vi4 is ins]t$ s mu* ( ! pa9t+ z relates to our pres5t subject4 ,five p]sons are employ$ 9 pluck+ up ! flax by ! roots1 viz41 f\r m5 & "o woman4 ,! woman we>s a %ift rea*+ to h] ancles1 b transp>5t#dgb4 ,! f\r m5 we> %irts :i* rea* to _! knees1 & are n transp>5t4 ,ano!r man b9ds ! flax into %eaves3 a six? c>ries x to a di/ance3 & a sev5? sep>ates ! se$ f ! /em by means ( a f\r-too!d ripple4 ,! back ( ! ripple re/s on ! gr\nd2 its tee? be+ rais$ to ! prop] elevation by a prop1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,! man sets 8 foot ^u ! back to keep ! in/rum5t firm1 &1 tak+ hold ( a bun* ( flax ne> ! root1 draws x ?r\gh ! comb4 ,?is me?od is n[ employ$ 9 ,europe4 ,at ! left-h& corn] ( ! ,plate lies a bundle ( flax /ript ( its capsules1 & und]nea? ! ripple is ! heap ( se$ :i* has be5 sep>at$ f ! /em4 #dgb ,?is circum/ance is adapt$ to illu/rate ! m5tion ( 8transp>5t g>m5ts0 9 ,isaiah iii4 #bc4 ,l[?'s ,translation4 ,evid5ce equally decisive is pres5t$ 9 ! innum]able mummies1 ! fabrication ( successive ages ?r\gh a p]iod ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! catacombs ( ,egypt4 ,x is inde$ disput$1 :e!r ! clo? 9 :i* !y are envelop$ is l95 or cotton4 ,x 0 believ$ to be l95 by all writ]s previ\s to ,r\elle4 ,m especially1 ?is op9ion 0 advanc$ by ! le>n$ travell] & antiqu>y1 ,pr(essor ,john ,greaves1 9 8 ,pyramidographia1 publi%$ ,a4 ,d4 #afdf4 ,he speaks ( ! 8l95 %r\d0 ( a mummy1 :i* he op5$1 & he says1 8,! ribb&s0 7or fillets7 8by :at ,i obs]v$1 7 ( l951 :i* 0 ! habit also ( ! ,egyptian prie/s40 ,he adds1 8( ^! ribb&s ,i h se5 "s s /rong & p]fect z if !y _h be5 made b ye/]day40 ,r\elle's diss]tation on ,mummies is publi%$ 9 ! ,mmoires de l',acadmie ,r4 des ,sci5ces = ! ye> #agej4 ,he !re ass]ts 7p4 #aej71 t ! clo? ( e mummy :i* he _h an opportunity ( exam9+1 ev5 t ( embalm$ birds1 0 cotton4 ,dr4 ,hadley1 h[ev]1 :o wrote a few ye>s aft] ,r\elle 7,phil4 ,transactions = #agfd1 vol4 #ed471 seems to adh]e to ! old op9ion4 ,he calls ! clo? ( ! mummy1 :i* he exam9$1 8l9540 ,he says1 x 0 9 fillets ( diff]5t bread?s1 b ! great] "p #a in*es broad4 8,!y 7 torn longitud9ally2 ^? few t _h a selvage1 hav+ x on "o side only40 ,b ! op9ion ( ,r\elle receiv$ a /rong support f ,dr4 ,john ,re9hold ,=/]1 to :om x appe>$ at fir/ almo/ incr$ible1 al?\gh he aft]w>ds support$ x 9 ! mo/ decid$ mann]4 ,he det]m9$ to take ! fir/ opportunity ( settl+ ! "q by ! inspection ( mummies1 & exam9$ ^? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 accompani$ by ,dr4 ,sol&]4 ,bo? ( ^! le>n$ & acute inquir]s 7 conv9c$1 t ! clo? 0 cotton1 d]iv+ ?is op9ion f ! inspection ( all ^? specim5s1 :i* 7 suffici5tly free f gum1 pa9t1 & res9s1 to enable !m to judge#dgc4 ,l>*] in=ms u1 t he rem>k$ ! same ?+ 9 ^! mummies 9 #ageb1 :5 he 0 accompani$ by ,dr4 ,maty#dgd4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t nei!r ,l>*]1 ,r\elle1 nor ,=/] m5tions ! crit]ion :i* he employ$ to di/+ui% l95 f cotton4 ,!y probably =m$ _! op9ion only f its app>5t s(tness1 its want ( lu/re1 or "s o!r quality1 :i* might belong to l95 no less ?an to cotton1 & :i* !re=e c\ld be no c]ta9 m>k ( di/9ction4 #dgc ,=/]1 ,de ,bysso ,antiquorum1 ,london #aggf1 p4 #gj1 #ga4 #dgd ,h]odote1 p> ,l>*]4 ,ed4 #bnde1 ,p>4 #ahjb1 livre ii4 p4 #ceg4 ,! op9ion ( ,l>*]1 ,r\elle1 & ,=/] appe>s to h be5 g5]ally adopt$4 ,9 p>ticul> we f9d x embrac$ by ,blum5ba*1 :o 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #agid speaks ( ! 8cotton b&ages0 ( two ( ! small mummies1 :i* he op5$ 9 ,london#dge4 ,9 8 ,beitrge 7i4 e4 ,contributions to ,natural ,hi/ory1 #bnd "p1 p4 #gc1 ,gtt+51 #ahaa7 he says1 he is m firmly conv9c$ ?an ev]1 t ! clo? is univ]sally cotton4 ,he assigns also 8 reasons 9 ! foll[+ t]ms4 8,i gr\nd ?is my conviction f> less on my own views ?an on ! assurance ( su* p]sons z ,i h que/ion$ on ! subject1 & ^: judgm5t 9 ?is matt] ,i deem incomp>ably sup]ior to my own or to t ( any o!r s*ol>1 namely1 ( ladies1 deal]s 9 cotton & l95 clo?1 weav]s & ! l40 ,he also ref]s to ! cultivation ( cotton 9 ,egypt1 :i* he assumes probably on ! au?ority ( ,=/]2 & to ! fable ( ,isis envelop+ 9 8cotton0 clo? ! collect$ limbs ( h] husb& ,osiris1 :o _h be5 torn 9 pieces by ,typhon4 ,! latt] argum5ts are f\nd$ on ! supposition1 t ! anci5t t]m ,byssus meant cotton1 & n l954 ,b ! "q z to its mean+ mu/ 9 "p be decid$1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 by previ\sly settl+ ! pres5t "q z to ! mat]ials ( ! mummy clo?4 ,! op9ion ( ladies1 tradesm51 & manufactur]s1 ?\gh x may be bett] ?an t ( ! mo/ le>n$ man1 if d]iv$ f m]e t\* & inspection1 is q insuffici5t to decide ! "q4 ,if ^? :om ,blum5ba* consult$ ?\ght t ! clo? 0 always cotton1 _m o!rs ( equal exp]i5ce & disc]nm5t h giv5 an opposite judgm5t2 & ! fact is1 t l95 clo?1 :i* has be5 long worn & (t5 wa%$1 z is ! case ) a great proportion ( ! mummy clo?1 & :i* is ei!r ragg$ or loose 9 its texture1 _c be di/+ui%$ f cotton by ! unassi/$ use ( ! ext]nal s5ses4 #dge ,on ! au?ority ( ?is pap] ! mummy-clo? is suppos$ to be cotton by ,he]51 ,ide51 i4 #a4 p4 #abh4 ,rely+1 h[ev]1 on ! same evid5ce ( ocul> inspection1 ano!r di/+ui%$ au?or1 :o travell$ 9 ,egypt & publi%$ 8 rem>ks ab\t ! same "t1 says1 8,z to ! circum/ance ( cotton clo?s hav+ be5 exclusively us$ 9 ! above process1 an inspection ( ! mummies is suffici5t evid5ce ( ! fact#dgf40 #dgf gyptiaca1 by ,william ,hamilton1 ,esq4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,london1 #ahji4 p4 #cbj4 ,m4 ,jom>d1 "o ( ! au?ors ( ! great ,fr5* "w on ,egypt1 publi%$ ab\t #ahaa1 paid great att5tion to ?is subject4 ,he conclud$1 t bo? l95 & cotton 7 employ$ 9 ! b&ages ( mummies1 gr\nd+ 8 op9ion p>tly on _! appe>ance & t\*1 & p>tly on ! te/imony ( ,h]odotus1 :om he mis9t]pret$ 9 ! mann]1 :i* w h]eaft] be m5tion$#dgg4 #dgg ,description de l',egypte4 ,mmoires4--,sur les ,hypoges1 p4 #ce4 ,ano!r ( ^! au?ors1 ,m4 ,co/az1 :o contribut$ ! memoir on ! grotto ( ,el ,kab1 ass]ts t ! mummy clo? is f\nd on exam9ation to be cotton#dgh4 #dgh ,ibid4 tom4 i4 p4 #fj4 ,an important pap] on ! same subject appe>$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahbe4 ,9 ?is ,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,granville describes a mummy1 :i* he op5$4 ,he dwells m p>ticul>ly on ! circum/ances1 :i* h ref]5ce to anatomical & surgical consid]ations1 & expresses v /rongly 8 admiration ( ! skill & neatness employ$ 9 fold+ ! clo?1 s z to pres5t an example ( e k9d ( b&age us$ by mod]n surgeons1 & to exhibit x 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]4 ,! passages :i* are connect$ ) ! pres5t inquiry1 w be quot$ at l5g?4 ,dr4 ,granville obs]ves 7p4 #bgb471 ,! pr9cipal roll]s appe> to be made ( a v compact1 yet ela/ic l951 "s ( !m f f\r to five y>ds 9 l5g?1 )\t any /it* or seam 9 any "p ( !m4 ,!re 7 also "s l>ge squ>e pieces ?r[n ar\nd ! head1 ?orax1 & abdom51 ( a less ela/ic texture4 ,^! pieces 7 f\nd to alt]nate ) ! complete swa?+ ( ! :ole body4 ,!y occurr$ f\r di/9ct times2 :ile ! b&ag+1 ) roll]s & o!r fasci1 0 repeat$1 at lea/1 tw5ty times4 ,! num]\s b&ages1 by :i* ! mummy 0 ?us envelop$1 7 !mselves :olly cov]$ by a roll] #c in*es wide & #aa y>ds long1 :i* aft] mak+ a few turns ar\nd bo? feet1 asc5d$ 9 graceful spirals to ! head1 :5ce desc5d+ aga9 z f> z ! brea/1 x 0 fix$ !re4 ,! t]m9ation ( ?is out] roll] is rem>kable = ! loose ?reads hang+ f x 9 ! %ape ( a fr+e & = c]ta9 traces ( *>act]s impr9t$ on x simil> to ^? describ$ & del9eat$ by ,jom>d 9 ! ,description de l',egypte4 ,"o or two ( ^! *>act]s h corrod$ ! l951 leav+ ! p]=at$ traces ( _! =m4 ,dr4 ,granville gives a fac-simile ( ^! *>act]s1 & 9 ! same ,plate he repres5ts ! exact appe>ance ( ! ext]nal rolls ( clo? on ! mummy4 ,he !n says 7p4 #bgd471 ,i h satisfi$ myself1 t bo? cotton & l95 h be5 employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( our mummy1 al?\gh ,h]odotus m5tions only cotton 7byssus7 z ! mat]ial us$ = ! purpose4 ,mo/ mummies h be5 describ$ z :olly envelop$ 9 l95 clo?1 & "s p]sons are dispos$ to d\bt ! exi/5ce ( cotton clo? 9 any1 n except+ 9 ! "o n[ "u consid]ation4 ,b ) respect to ! la/ po9t1 a simple exp]im5t has1 ,i ?9k1 set ! "q at re/4 ,if ! surface ( old l951 & ( old cotton clo? be rubb$ briskly & = "s m9utes ) a r\nd$ piece ( glass or ivory1 aft] be+ wa%$ & fre$ f all extrane\s matt]1 ! =m] w be f\nd to h acquir$ consid]able lu/re2 :ile ! latt] w pres5t no o!r diff]5ce ?an t ( hav+ ! ?reads flatt5$ by ! op]ation4 ,by means ( ?is te/ ,i select$ sev]al pieces ( cotton clo? f among ! _m b&ages ( our mummy1 :i* ,i submitt$ to ! inspection ( an exp]i5c$ manufactur]1 :o decl>$ !m to be ( t mat]ial4 ,besides ! appeal to ! s5ses ( 8an exp]i5c$ manufactur]10 ,dr4 ,granville "h proposes a new te/1 t ( rubb+ 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,b1 al?\gh cotton clo? 9 all circum/ances has less lu/re ?an l951 /ill ?is _c be consid]$ a satisfactory crit]ion4 ,! +5i\s ,john ,h[ell ( ,ed9burgh#dgi paid "s att5tion to ?is "q1 hav+ a few ye>s s9ce obta9$ & op5$ a valuable mummy4 ,he & ! fri5ds1 :om he consult$1 & :o 7 weav]s & o!r p]sons ( practical exp]i5ce1 mo/ ( !m ?\ght t ! clo? 0 altoge!r l953 "s h[ev] ?\ght t c]ta9 specim5s ( x 7 cotton4 #dgi ,au?or ( an ,essay on ! ,w> ,galleys ( ! ,anci5ts1 ,ed9burgh #ahbf1 #hvo4 ,?is curi\s & important "q 0 at l5g? decisively settl$ by means ( microscopic obs]vations in/itut$ by ,james ,?omson1 ,esq4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ( ,cli!roe1 "o ( ! mo/ obs]vant & exp]i5c$ cotton-manufactur]s 9 ,great ,brita94 ,he obta9$ ab\t #djj specim5s ( mummy clo?1 & employ$ ,mr4 ,bau] ( ,kew to exam9e !m ) 8 microscopes4 ,by ! same me?od ! /ructure & appe>ance ( ! ultimate fibres ( mod]n cotton & flax 7 asc]ta9$2 & 7 f\nd to be s di/9ct t !re 0 no difficulty 9 decid+ ^u ! anci5t specim5s1 & x 0 also f\nd t !y 7 univ]sally l954 ,ab\t twelve ye>s aft] ,mr4 ,?omson _h comm5c$ 8 rese>*es he publi%$ ! results ( !m 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e#dhj1 & he has accompani$ !m ) a ,plate exhibit+ ! obvi\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! two classes ( objects4 ,! ultimate fibre ( cotton is a transp>5t tube )\t jo9ts1 flatt5$ s t its inw>d surfaces are 9 contact along its axis1 & also twi/$ spirally r\nd its axis 7,see ,a4 ,plate ,,vi473 t ( flax is a transp>5t tube jo9t$ l a cane1 & n flatt5$ nor spirally twi/$ 7,see ,b4 ,plate ,,vi474 ,to %[ ! diff]5ce two specim5s ( ! fibres ( cotton1 & two ( ! fibres ( mummy clo? are exhibit$1 all ( ! specim5s be+ "o hundr$? ( an in* long1 & magnifi$ #djj times 9 ea* dim5sion4 ,any p]son1 ev5 ) a microscope ( mod]ate p[]1 may disc]n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( fibres1 ?\gh n s m9utely & exactly z 9 ! figures ( ,mr4 ,bau]4 #dhj ,?ird ,s]ies1 vol4 v4 ,no4 #bi1 ,novemb] #ahcd4 ,! diff]5ce1 "h po9t$ out1 w expla9 :y l95 has great] lu/re ?an cotton3 x is no d\bt because 9 l95 ! lucid surfaces are mu* l>g]4 ,! same circum/ance may also expla9 ! diff]5t effect ( l95 & cotton ^u ! heal? & feel+s ( ^? :o we> !m 7,see ,"p ,?ird1 ,*ap4 ,i474 ,e l95 ?read pres5ts only ! sides ( cyl9d]s3 t ( cotton1 on ! o!r h&1 is surr\nd$ by an innum]able multitude ( exce$+ly m9ute edges4 ,mr4 ,pettigrew1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,egyptian ,mummies0 7,london #ahcd1 p4 #ie471 expresses ! op9ion t ! b&ages are pr9cipally ( cotton1 ?\gh occasionally ( l954 ,he has s9ce arriv$ at ! conclusion t !y are all ( l953 & 8 op9ion appe>s to be e/abli%$ on ! foll[+ evid5ce1 :i* he gives 9 a note to ! above m5tion$ "w 7p4 #ia474 ,dr4 ,ure has be5 s good z to make kn[n to me t :i* ,i conceive to be ! mo/ satisfactory te/ ( ! absolute nature ( flax & cotton1 & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 microscopic rese>*es on ! /ructure ( textile fibres he has succe$$ 9 det]m9+ _! di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,f a mo/ precise & accurate exam9ation ( ^! sub/ances he has be5 able to draw ! foll[+ /atem5t3--,! filam5ts ( flax h a glassy lu/re :5 view$ by day-light 9 a good microscope1 & a cyl9drical =m1 :i* is v r>ely flatt5$4 ,_! diamet] is ab\t ! two-?\s&? "p ( an in*4 ,!y break transv]sely ) a smoo? surface1 l a tube ( glass cut ) a file4 ,a l9e ( light di/+ui%es _! axis1 ) a deep %ad+ on "o side only1 or on bo? sides1 accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* ! incid5t rays fall on ! filam5ts4 ,! filam5ts ( cotton are almo/ nev] true cyl9d]s1 b are m or less flatt5$ & tortu\s2 s t :5 view$ "u ! microscope !y appe> 9 "o "p l a rib& f ! "o-?\s&? to ! twelve-hundr$? "p ( an in* broad1 & 9 ano!r l a %>p edge or n>r[ l9e4 ,!y h a pe>ly transluc5cy 9 ! middle space1 ) a d>k n>r[ bord] at ea* side1 l a hem4 ,:5 brok5 across1 ! fracture is fibr\s or po9t$4 ,mummy clo?1 tri$ by ^! crit]ia 9 ! microscope1 appe>s to be compos$ bo? 9 its w>p & wo(-y>ns ( flax1 & n ( cotton4 ,a great v>iety ( ! swa?+ fillets h be5 exam9$ ) an excell5t a*romatic microscope1 & !y h all ev9c$ ! abs5ce ( cotton filam5ts4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son consid]s ! obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,ure1 & ,mr4 ,bau] z decisive ( ! "q#dha4 #dha ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ,london #ahcg1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aae4 ,) reg>d to ! evid5ce f mummies x %\ld be fur!r rem>k$1 t1 z !y are p>tly wrapp$ 9 old l95 7%irts1 napk9s1 & o!r articles ( clo?+ & dome/ic furniture be+ f\nd ) ! long fillets & ! entire webs71 !y prove ! g5]al application ( l95 9 ,egypt to all ! purposes ( ord9>y life4 ,ev5 to ! pres5t day flax cont9ues to be a mo/ important article ( cultivation & trade 9 ,egypt#dhb4 ,! climate & soil are s favorable1 t x !re gr[s to a height1 :i* x nev] rea*es 9 ,europe4 ,x mu/ no d\bt1 become co>s] 9 proportion to its size1 & ?is circum/ance may acc\nt = ! use ( x 9 anci5t times = all ^? purposes1 = :i* we employ hemp1 z = mak+ nets1 ropes1 & sail-clo?4 ,! f9e l95 ( ! anci5t ,egyptians mu/ h be5 made f flax ( l[] gr[? & ) ?9n] /ems2 & ! mummies te/ify1 t !y made clo? ( ! f9e/ z well z ( ! co>se/ texture4 #dhb ,br[ne's ,travels 9 ,africa1 p4 #hc4 ,! foll[+ rem>k ( ,hasselqui/ respect+ ! s(t & loose texture ( ! l95 made 9 ,egypt 9 8 "t agrees rem>kably ) ! appe>ance ( t f\nd 9 mummies4 8,! ,egyptian l95 is n s ?ick10 says he1 8z ! ,european1 be+ s(t] & ( a loos] texture2 = :i* reason x la/s long] & does n we> out s soon z ours1 :i* frequ5tly we>s out ! fa/] on acc\nt ( its /iffness40 ,he also obs]ves1 8,! common p 9 ,egypt are clo!d 9 l95 only1 dy$ blue ) indigo2 b ^? ( bett] =tune h a black cloak ov] _! l95 %irt40 ,! co>se l95 ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians 0 call$ 4 ,x 0 made ( ?ick flax1 & 0 us$ = t[els 71 ,julius ,pollux1 vii4 c4 #af471 & = sails 71 ,lycophron1 v4 #bf47dhc4 may be translat$ canvass1 or sail-clo?4 #dhc ,jablonski ,gloss>ium ,vocum gypti>um1 9 ,valpy's edition ( ,/eph4 ,!saur4 tom4 i4 p4 ,,ccxcv4 ,f9e l951 on ! o!r h&1 0 call$ 4 ,?is t]m1 z well z ! prec$+1 0 9 all probability an ,egyptian ^w1 adopt$ by ! ,greeks to d5ote ! commodity1 to :i* ! ,egyptians !mselves appli$ x4 ,x seems to correspond1 z ,salmasius#dhd1 ,celsius#dhe1 ,=/]#dhf1 & ,jablonski#dhg h obs]v$1 to ! 8,f9e l95 ( ,egypt10 9 ,prov]bs vii4 #af4 ,= 1 put into ,greek lett]s & ) ,greek t]m9ations1 becomes & 4 ,hesy*ius /ates1 no d\bt correctly1 t 0 appli$ by ! ,greeks to any f9e & ?9 clo?1 ?\gh n ( l95#dhh4 ,b ?is 0 9 lat] times & by a g5]al & second>y application ( ! t]m4 #dhd ,salmasius 9 ,a*ill4 ,tat4 l4 viii4 c4 #ac1 4 #dhe ,celsii ,hi]obotanicon1 t4 ii4 p4 #ij4 #dhf ,=/]1 ,de ,bysso1 p4 #gd4 #dhg ,ubi supra1 p4 ,,ccxvii4 #dhh ,! anci5t ,s*olia 7publi%$ by ,mai & ,butmann7 on ,od4 4 #ajg1 /ate t 7 made bo? ( flax & ( wool4 ,! silks ( ,india are call$ 4 ,x appe>s also t 9 lat] times 0 n re/rict$ to f9e l954 ,x is us$ = a sail by ,a*illes ,tatius 9 describ+ a /orm 7l4 iii471 & by ! ,s*olia/ on ,hom]1 ,il4 4 ,agreeably to ! prec$+ rem>ks1 ! m5tion$ 9 ! two passages ( ! ,iliad may be suppos$ to h be5 procur$ f ,egypt4 ,hel51 :5 %e goes to meet ! s5ators ( ,ilium at ! ,scan ,gate1 wraps h]self 9 a :ite %eet ( f9e l95 7,il4 4 #ada474 ,! wom51 danc+ on ! %ield ( ,a*illes 7,il4 4 #eie471 we> ?9 %eets4 ,^! ?9 %eets mu/ be suppos$ to h be5 worn z %awls1 or girt ab\t ! bodies ( ! danc]s4 ,hel5 w\ld we> h]s s z to veil h] :ole p]son agreeably to ! repres5tation ( ! lady1 :om ,paulus ,sil5ti>ius addresses 9 ! foll[+ l9e1 writt5 evid5tly ) ,hom]'s ,hel5 be=e 8 m9d3 ,y conceal y\r fl[+ locks ) a sn[-:ite %eet4--,brunck1 ,analecta1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ha4 ,p]haps ev5 ! %eets1 spread = ,phnix to lie ^u 9 ! t5t ( ,a*illes1 & = ,ulysses on 8 return to ,i?ica f ! c\ntry ( ! ,phacians#dhi1 ?\gh n call$ by ! ,egyptian "n1 %\ld be suppos$ to h be5 made 9 ,egypt4 ,9 ! "t ( ,hom] 7#ijj ,b4 ,c47 ! use ( l95 clo? 0 c]ta9ly r>e among ! ,greeks2 ! manufacture ( x 0 p]haps z yet unkn[n to !m4 #dhi ,il4 4 #feg4 ,od4 4 #gc4 #aah4 ,! t]m 7,s9don71 0 us$ to d5ote l95 clo? /ill m ext5sively ?an 1 inasmu* z x occurs bo? 9 ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors#dij4 ,accord+ to ,julius ,pollux ?is also 0 a ^w ( ,egyptian orig91 & ,coptic s*ol>s in=m u t x is f\nd 9 ! mod]n ,%5to1 :i* has ! same signification#dia4 #dij ,e4 g4 ,m>tial4 #dia ,jablonski1 ubi supra1 p4 ,,cclxxiv4 ,s]apion 0 call$ ,s9donites1 because he always wore l95 7,palladii ,hi/4 ,lausiaca1 p4 #agb74 ,he 0 an ,egyptian1 & reta9$ ! cu/om ( 8 native c\ntry4 ,al?\gh orig9ally d5ot$ l951 we f9d x appli$1 l 1 to cotton clo? likewise2 & al?\gh bo? ( ^! t]ms probably d5ot$ at fir/ ^? l95 clo?s only1 & especially ! f9] k9ds ( !m1 :i* 7 made 9 ,egypt1 yet z ! manufacture ( l95 ext5ds itself into o!r c\ntries1 & ! exports ( ,india 7 add$ to ^? ( ,egypt1 all v>ieties ei!r ( l95 or cotton clo?1 :]ev] wov51 7 designat$ by ! ,egyptian names & 4 ,ano!r t]m1 :i* is probably ( ,egyptian orig91 & !re=e requires explanation "h1 is ! t]m or ,byssus4 ,vossius 7,etymol4 ,l4 ,lat4 v4 ,byssus7 ?9ks x 01 z ,pollux & ,isidore ass]t1 a f9e1 :ite1 s(t flax1 & t ! clo? made f x 0 l ! mod]n cambric3 8,similis fuisse videtur l9o i/i1 quod vulgo ,cam]ac5se appellamus40 ,celsius1 9 8 ,hi]obotanicon 7vol4 ii4 p4 #agc471 gives ! same explanation4 ,?is 0 inde$ ! g5]al op9ion ( le>n$ m51 until ,j4 ,r4 ,=/] advanc$ ! position1 t ,byssus 0 cotton4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! "q confirms ! correctness ( ! old op9ions1 & = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,i4 ,! e>lie/ au?or1 :o uses ! t]m1 is s*ylus4 ,he repres5ts ,antigone we>+ a %awl or %eet ( f9e flax#dib4 ,9 ! ,bac* ( ,euripides 7l4 #ggf47 ! same g>m5t1 :i* 0 di/9ctive ( ! female sex1 is introduc$ "u ! same d5om9ation4 ,we _c suppose1 t dramatic writ]s w\ld m5tion 9 plays address$ to a g5]al audi5ce clo?+ ( any mat]ial ) :i* !y 7 n famili>ly acqua9t$4 ,b ! ,greeks 9 ! "t ( s*ylus & ,euripides knew little or no?+ ( cotton4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 be5 long suppli$ ) f9e l95 f ,egypt & ,phnice2 & ! ( ,antigone is ! same article ( female attire ) ! ( ,hel51 describ$ by ,hom]4 ,inde$ s*ylus himself 9 two o!r passages calls ! same g>m5t l954 ,9 ! ,coephor 7l4 #be1 #bf47 ! expressions1 ' & 1 describe ! r5ts1 expressive ( sorr[1 :i* 7 made 9 ! l95 veil or %awl 77 ( an ,ori5tal woman4 ,9 ! ,supplices 7l4 #abj47 ! lead] ( ! *orus says1 %e (t5 te>s h] l951 or h] ,sidonian veil4 #dib ,septem contra ,!bas1 l4 #ajda4 ,see also ,p]s1 l4 #abi4 ,,ii4 ,! next au?or 9 po9t ( "t1 & "o ( ! fir/ 9 po9t ( importance1 is ,h]odotus4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! mode ( mak+ mummies1 he says 7l4 ii4 c4 #hf47 ! embalm$ body 0 envelop$ 9 cotton4 ,b ! fillets or b&ages ( ! mummies are prov$ by microscopic obs]vations to be univ]sally l952 at lea/ all ! specim5s h be5 f\nd to be l951 :i* h be5 submitt$ to ?is1 ! only decisive te/4 ,,iii4 ,h]odotus also /ates 7vii4 #aha471 t a man1 w\nd$ 9 an engagem5t1 _h 8 torn limbs b\nd 4 ,n[1 suppos+ t ! p]sons conc]n$ _h _! *oice betwe5 l95 & cotton1 !re c be no d\bt t !y w\ld *oose l95 z mo/ suitable = su* a purpose4 ,cotton1 :5 appli$ to w\nds1 irritates !m4 ,julius ,pollux m5tions 7l4 iv4 c4 #bj4 #aha42 l4 vii4 c4 #af4 & #be4 #gb47 ^! b&ages z us$ 9 surg]y4 ,! same fillets1 :i* 7 us$ to swa! dead bodies1 7 also adapt$ = surgical purposes4 ,h5ce a ,greek ,epigram 7,brunck1 ,an4 iii4 #afi47 repres5ts a surgeon & an und]tak] ,,z ,,leagu+ ,,to ,,assi/ ,,ea* ,,o!r ,,9 ,,bus9ess4 ,! und]tak] supplies ! surgeon ) b&ages /ol5 f ! dead bodies1 & ! surgeon 9 return s5ds 8 pati5ts to ! und]tak]6 ,,iv4 ,diodorus ,siculus 7l4 i4 #he4 tom4 i4 p4 #if47 records a tradition1 t ,isis put ! limbs ( ,osiris into a wood5 c[1 cov]$ ) ,byss9a4 ,no reason c be imag9$1 :y cotton %\ld h be5 us$ = su* a purpose2 :]eas ! use ( f9e l95 to cov] ! hall[$ rema9s 0 9 p]fect accordance ) all ! ideas & practices ( ! ,egyptians4 ,v4 ,plut>*1 9 8 ,treatise de ,iside et ,osiride 7,opp4 ed4 ,/ephani1 #aegb1 vol4 iv4 p4 #fec47 says1 t ! prie/s envelop$ ! gild$ bull1 :i* repres5t$ ,osiris1 9 a black %eet ( ,byssus4 ,n[ no?+ c appe> m probable1 ?an t ! ,egyptians w\ld employ = ?is purpose ! same k9d ( clo?1 :i* !y always appli$ to sacr$ uses2 & 9 addition to all ! o!r evid5ce be=e ref]r$ to1 we f9d ,plut>* 9 ?is same treatise expressly m5tion+ ! l95 g>m5ts ( ! prie/hood1 & /at+1 t ! prie/s 7 entomb$ 9 !m aft] dea?1 a fact v]ifi$ at ! pres5t day by ! exam9ation ( ! bodies ( prie/s f\nd 9 ! catacombs4 ,,vi4 ,! magnific5t %ip1 con/ruct$ = ,ptolemy ,philopator1 :i* is describ$ at l5g? 9 ,a!nu1 _h a sail ( ! f9e l95 ( ,egypt#dic4 ,x is n probable1 t 9 a vessel1 e "p ( :i* 0 made ( ! be/ & mo/ suitable mat]ials1 ! sail w\ld be ( cotton4 ,moreov] ,h]mippus describes ,egypt z af=d+ ! *ief supply ( sails = all p>ts ( ! _w#did3 & ,ezekiel repres5ts ! ,tyrians z obta9+ clo? f ,egypt = ! sails & p5dants ( _! %ips#die4 #dic ,deipnos4 l4 v4 p4 #bjf ,c4 ed4 ,casaubon4 #did ,apud4 ,a!num1 ,deipnos4 l4 i4 p4 #bg ,f4 #die ,ez4 xxvii4 #g4 4 ,,vii4 ,x is record$ 9 ! ,rosetta ,inscription 7l4 #ag1 #ah471 t ,ptolemy ,epiphanes remitt$ two p>ts ( ! f9e l95 clo?s1 :i* 7 manufactur$ 9 ! temples = ! k+'s palace2 & 7l4 #bi47 t he also remitt$ a tax on ^?1 :i* 7 n made = ! k+'s palace4 ,?us 9 an orig9al & contempor>y monum5t we read1 t 7 at a p>ticul> "t manufactur$ 9 ,egypt4 ,b we h no reason to believe1 t cotton 0 !n manufactur$ 9 ,egypt at all1 :]eas l95 clo? 0 made 9 imm5se quantities4 ,,viii4 ,philo1 :o liv$ at ,alex&ria1 & c\ld n be ignorant ^u ! subject1 pla9ly uses to mean flax4 ,he says1 ! ,jewi% ,high-,prie/ wore a l95 g>m5t1 made ( ! pure/ ,byssus1 :i* 0 a symbol ( firmness1 incorruption1 & ( ! cle>e/ spl5dor1 s9ce f9e l95 is mo/ difficult to te>1 is made ( no?+ mortal1 & becomes bright] & m resembl+ light1 ! m x is cleans$ by wa%+#dif4 #dif ,de ,somniis1 vol4 i4 p4 #fec4 ,mangey4 ,"h we may notice ! t5acity ( ! clo? f\nd 9 ,egyptian mummies4 ,a great "p ( x is q rott52 & its t5d] & fragile /ate is to be acc\nt$ =1 n only f its great antiquity & exposure to moi/ure1 b f ! circum/ance1 t mu* ( x 0 old & worn1 :5 fir/ appli$ to ! purpose ( swa?+ dead bodies4 ,nev]!less pieces are f\nd ( great /r5g? & durability4 ,hans ,jac4 ,amman1 :o visit$ ! catacombs ( ,sak>a 9 #afac1 f\nd ! b&ages s /rong1 t he 0 oblig$ to cut !m ) scissors#dig4 ,pr(essor ,greaves#dih & ,"l ,s&wi* f\nd !m z firm z if !y 7 j tak5 f ! loom4 ,abdollatiph1 :o visit$ ,egypt ,a4 ,d4 #abjj1 m5tions t ! ,arabs employ$ ! mummy clo? to make g>m5ts#dii4 ,mu* m rec5tly ! same practice has be5 atte/$ z com+ "u 8 obs]vation by ,seetz5#ejj4 ,caillaud discov]$ 9 ! mummy1 :i* he op5$1 sev]al napk9s 9 su* a /ate ( pres]vation1 t he took a fancy to use "o4 ,he _h x wa%$ eight times )\t any p]ceptible injury4 8,) a sort ( v5]ation10 says he1 8,i unfold$ e day ?is v5]able l951 :i* _h be5 wov5 m ?an #agjj ye>s40 7,voyage ,m]oe et au ,fleuve ,blanc47 #dig ,blum5ba*'s ,beitrge1 ,?4 #b4 p4 #gd4 #dih ,pyramidographia4 #dii ,p4 #bba ( ! ,g]man translation2 p4 #aih ( ,silve/re de ,lacy's4 ,see ,app4 ,a4 #ejj ,see 8 lett] to ,von ,hamm] 9 ! ,fundgrub5 des ,ori5ts1 #a ,/4 p4 #gb4 z quot$ by ,blum5ba*1 l4 c4 ,,ix4 ,accord+ to ,josephus ! ,jewi% prie/s wore draw]s ( spun flax1 & ov] ! draw]s a %irt4 ,he calls a g>m5t made ( a l95 g>m5t4 ,x _h fl[]s wov5 into x1 :i* 7 ( ?ree diff]5t sub/ances#eja4 ,he soon aft] m5tions ! same mat]ials z us$ = mak+ ! curta9s ( ! tab]nacle4 ,9 all ^! in/ances ! figures or ornam5ts 7 ( spl5did colors ^u a gr\nd ( :ite l954 ,we h no reason to believe1 t ei!r ! ,egyptians or ! ,israelites 9 ! "t ( ,moses knew any?+ ( cotton3 s t1 if ,josephus gives a true acc\nt1 mu/ h d5ot$ a k9d ( flax4 #eja ,ant4 ,jud4 iii4 #g4 #a1 #b4 p4 #aab4 ed4 ,hudson4 ,! %irt ( ! ,high ,prie/ ( ! ,jews 0 probably l t worn 9 ! wor%ip ( ,isis1 :i* 0 ( ,byssus1 b adorn$ ) fl[]s1 8,byss9a1 s$ florid depicta40 ,apuleius1 ,met4 l4 xi4 ,x4 ,j]ome on ,ezekiel xxvii4 says1 8,byssus gr[s pr9cipally 9 ,egypt0 7,byssus 9 gypto qum maxim nascitur74 ,( ! celebrity ( ! ,egyptian flax we h ! mo/ abundant pro(s2 b1 if by ,byssus ,j]ome meant cotton1 he "h committ$ a /range mi/ake2 =1 suppos+ cotton to h gr[n at all 9 ,egypt1 x c]ta9ly grew f> m abundantly 9 o!r c\ntries1 & ( ?is fact he c\ld sc>cely be ignorant4 ,,xi4 ,m>tianus ,capella pla9ly di/+ui%es betwe5 t sub/ance & ,byssus#ejb4 ,he seems to h consid]$ cotton z an ,indian1 ,byssus z an ,egyptian product4 ,he c]ta9ly suppos$1 t !y 7 n ! same ?+4 #ejb ,etym4 ,l4 ,lat4 v4 ,byssus4 ,,xii4 ,isidorus ,hispal5sis expressly /ates1 t ,byssus 0 a k9d ( flax1 v :ite & s(t4 ,byssus g5us e/ quoddam l9i nimium c&idi et mollissimi1 quod ,grci papatem vocant4--,orig4 l4 xix4 #bg4 ,byss9a 7ve/is7 c&ida1 confecta ex quodam g5]e l9i grossioris ,sunt et qui g5us quoddam l9i byssum esse exi/im5t4--,ibid4 c4 #bb4 ,=/] conjectures 7p4 #d47 t = g5us quoddam l9i we %\ld read g5us quoddam lan1 & conceives tree-wool 7z ,pollux & "s o!rs call x71 i4 e4 cotton1 to be int5d$4 ,8 conjecture seems probable4 ,! rem>k ( ,isidore intimates1 t 9 8 "t x _h already be5 a matt] ( dispute :e!r ,byssus 0 a k9d ( flax or some?+ else4 ,,xiii4 ,paul9us1 ,bi%op ( ,nola1 te/ifies to ! great /r5g? ( ! ?reads ( ,byssus4 ,clo? made ( ,byssus indicates firm fai?3 ,= ?reads ( ,byssus1 x is said1 surpass ,e'en ropes ( broom 9 firmness & 9 /r5g?#ejc4 ,ad ,cy!rium 9 ,max4 ,biblio?4 ,patrum1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bfd4 #ejc ,see ,"p ,fir/1 ,*apt]s ,,xii4 & ,,xiii4 ,vossius also quotes ! au?ority ( ,j]ome & ,eu*]ius to prove ! great t5acity ( ,byssus4 ,b1 if ,byssus 7 cotton1 x c]ta9ly w\ld n h be5 celebrat$ on t acc\nt4 ,! argum5ts ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,=/] on ! o!r side ( ! "q w n[ be consid]$4 ,see 8 ,lib] ,s+ul>is de ,bysso ,antiquorum1 ,lon4 #aggf1 p4 #aa4 #ej4 ,i4 ,8 fir/ argum5t is z foll[s4 ,julius ,pollux says 7l4 vii4 c4 #ag471 t 0 8a k9d ( flax among ! ,indians40 ,! ,jewi% rabbis inde$ all expla9 ! ,hebrew 7,%e%71 :i* 9 ! ,septuag9t is always translat$ 1 z signify+ flax4 ,b !y use ! t]m = flax 9 s loose & g5]al a way1 t !y may v prop]ly be suppos$ to h includ$ cotton "u x4 ,9 ! same g5]al s5se we mu/ suppose to be us$ by ,julius ,pollux2 & x is cle>1 t he mu/ h meant cotton1 because cotton gr[s abundantly 9 ,india1 :]eas flax 0 nev] kn[n to gr[ 9 ,india at all4 ,9 pro( ( ?is la/ ass]tion ,=/] ref]s to ,osbeck's ,j\rnal1 vol i4 p4 #chc4 ,he also appeals to a passage ( ,philo/ratus 7,vita ,apollonii1 l4 ii4 c4 #bj4 p4 #gj1 #ga471 :i* has be5 quot$ 9 ,"p ,?ird1 p4 #cbh41 :]e t au?or c]ta9ly applies ! t]m 9 "q to ! cotton ( ,india4 ,an answ] to ?is argum5t1 s f> z x dep5ds on ! te/imony ( ,julius ,pollux1 0 furni%$ by ,olaus ,celsius 9 8 ,hi]obotanicon1 publi%$ 9 #agdg1 a "w :i* ,=/] _h bett] h consult$1 :5 he 0 writ+ a treatise expressly int5d$ to asc]ta9 ! mean+ ( "o ( ! botanical t]ms employ$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,! le>n$ & accurate ,sw$e gives on good au?ority an em5dation ( ! text ( ,pollux1 :i* entirely de/roys ! argum5t f\nd$ ^u x by ,=/] & ^? :o agree ) him4 ,accord+ to ?is read+ ,pollux only ass]ts t is a k9d ( flax1 )\t add+ t x grew among ! ,indians#ejd4 ,9 a sep>ate ,app5dix 7,e471 w be exam9$ di/9ctly & fully ! critical evid5ce = ! correct /ate ( ! passages ( ,pollux1 :i* x may be f\nd necess>y to cite4 ,pollux1 9 ass]t+ t ,byssus 0 a k9d ( flax1 co9cides ) all ! o!r witnesses :o h be5 produc$4 #ejd ,celsii ,hi]obot4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aga4 ,=/] is also exce$+ly incorrect 9 8 mode ( reason+ ^u ! passage ( ,pollux1 suppos+ x to be accurate & g5u9e4 ,he argues1 t ,pollux mu/ h meant cotton by 8a k9d ( flax among ! ,indians10 because real flax does n gr[ 9 ,india at all2 8,9 ,indi v] l9um non erat1 nec quidem no/r tate l9um rep]itur 9 ,indi1 quod jam ,osbeckius 9 ,it9]>io o/5dit1 p4 #chc4 vol4 i4 edit4 ,anglic40 ,! 8,engli% edition0 ( ,osbeck's ,voyage is a translation f ! ,g]man by ,=/] himself4 ,9 ! page ref]r$ to we f9d ! foll[+ passage relative to flax1 & no o!r3--8,flax is s r>e a commodity 9 ! ,ea/1 t _m h judg$ ) great probability t ! f9e l95 ( ! ri* man1 ,luke xvi4 #ai1 0 no m ?an our common l9540 ,?is s5t5ce implies t flax grew 9 ! ,ea/1 ?\gh r>ely4 ,:e!r x grew 9 ,india1 ,osbeck does n in=m u4 ,dr4 ,walli*1 :o travell$ 9 ,india1 /ates t flax gr[s 9 ,india1 & t he rememb]$ hav+ se5 !re a :ole field blue ) its fl[]s4 ,x is cultivat$ pr9cipally = its se$1 f :i* oil is extract$1 ! /alks be+ ?r[n aside z useless4 ,) respect to ! passage f ,philo/ratus1 x is admitt$1 t he uses to d5ote cotton4 ,besides its prop] & orig9al s5se1 ?is ^w 0 occasionally us$1 z 1 1 ,s9don1 ,c>basus1 & _m o!rs 71 9 a loos] & m g5]al application4 ,b ! use ( ! t]m 9 ?is mann] by a s+le writ]1 or ev51 if !y c\ld be produc$1 by sev]al writ]s ( s late an age z ,philo/ratus1 w\ld be ( little weight 9 opposition to ! evid5ce1 :i* has be5 br\ght =w>d to prove1 t prop]ly meant flax only4 ,,ii4 ,=/] produces a passage f ! ,eliaca ( ,pausanias#eje f :i* he argues1 t 0 n flax1 because ,pausanias "h di/+ui%es x f flax z well z f hemp4 #eje ,paus4 l4 vi4 cap4 #d4 ,b we "k1 t all plants und]go great *anges by cultivation & 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>ieties ( soil & climate4 ,:at c be m /rik+ ?an ! innum]able tulips d]iv$ f ! orig9al yell[ tulip ( ,turkey1 or all ! v>ieties ( p9ks & c>nations f a s+le species8 ,to make all ! descriptions ( clo? f ! co>se/ canvass or sail-clo? to ! mo/ beautiful lawn or cambric1 !re mu/ h be51 z !re n[ are1 great diff]5ces 9 ! liv+ plant4 ,! be/ explanation !re=e ( ! language ( ,pausanias seems to be1 t he us$ to d5ote ! common k9d ( flax1 & to signify a f9] v>iety#ejf4 ,9 ano!r passage1 :]e he speaks ( ! ,elean ,byssus1 8 language %[s1 t its peculi> excell5ce consi/$ bo? 9 its f95ess & 9 its beautiful yell[ color2 = aft] express+ ! admiration1 to :i* ?is sub/ance 0 entitl$1 z gr[+ n[h]e else 9 ,greece1 he says1 t 89 f95ess x 0 n inf]ior to t ( ! ,hebrews1 b 0 n equally yell[#ejg40 #ejf ,pausanias also di/+ui%es betwe5 & 9 8 acc\nt ( ! clo?+ ( a reput$ /atue ( ,neptune1 l4 vi4 c4 #be4 #e4 ,:5 flax is rais$ to be manufactur$ into cambric & f9e lawn1 twice z mu* se$ is s[n 9 ! same space ( gr\nd4 ,! plants !n gr[ clos] toge!r2 ! /alks are m delicate & sl5d]2 & ! fibres ( ea* plant are f9] 9 proportion4 #ejg ,l4 v4 #e4 #b4 ,o!rs comm5d ,byssus on acc\nt ( its :it5ess4 ,see ,philo4 ,apoc4 xix4 #ad4 ,!mi/ius 7,orat4 p4 #eg4 ed4 ,p>is1 #afhd4 p4 #fh4 ed4 ,d9dorfii1 ,lips4 #ahcb47 saw at ,antio* 8anci5t lett]s wrapt 9 :ite ,byssus40 ,^!1 he says1 7 br\ght f ,susa & ,ecbatana4 ,x may fur!r be rem>k$ 9 opposition to ! idea1 t meant cotton 9 ^! passages1 t !re is n ! slighte/ gr\nd = suppos+1 t cotton 0 cultivat$ ei!r 9 ,elis or 9 any o!r "p ( ,europe s e>ly z ! "t ( ,pausanias1 nor inde$ until a comp>atively rec5t age4 ,,iii4 ,=/] 7p4 #fi-ga47 consid]s ! te/imony ( ,h]odotus1 t ! embalm$ bodies ( ! dead 7 wrapt 9 fillets ( ,byssus1 z decisive 9 favor ( 8 op9ion1 because ^? fillets are f\nd on exam9ation to be all cotton4 ,x is presum$ t ! prec$+ te/imony1 proves t s f> z !y h be5 exam9$1 9 ! only way :i* c settle ! dispute1 !y are f\nd univ]sally to be l954 ,( ,=/]'s celebrat$ "w x may be obs]v$ 9 g5]al1 t he r f ! v beg9n+ assumes 8 po9t1 ?an endeavors to prove x4 ,he cont9ually speaks ( x z demon/rat$4 ,nev]!less ! only argum5ts :i* c be f\nd 9 8 book1 are ^? already /at$4 ,little z ^! argum5ts am\nt to 9 opposition to ! evid5ce1 :i* has n[ be5 br\ght =w>d on ! o!r side ( ! "q1 we f9d t ! mo/ le>n$ au?ors s9ce ,=/]'s "t1 & especially s9ce ! same op9ion 0 embrac$ by ,blum5ba*1 h g5]ally be5 cont5t to adopt x4 ,b1 al?\gh su* em95t names z ^? ( ,porson#ejh1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y#eji1 ,mr4 ,hamilton#eaj1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,m4 ,h>ris#eaa1 ,mr4 ,wellbelov$#eab1 ,e4 ,h4 ,b>k]#eac1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,granville#ead1 ,jom>d#eae1 ,wehrs#eaf1 ,j4 ,h4 ,voss#eag1 ,he]5#eah1 ,spr5gel#eai1 ,bill]beck#ebj1 ,ges5ius#eba1 ,e4 ,f4 ,k4 ,ros5mull]#ebb1 & ,rosel9i#ebc1 /& array$ aga9/ ! evid5ce n[ produc$1 i4 e4 to prove t meant flax & n cotton1 z ^? au?ors h suppos$4 ,yet _! evid5ce may be consid]$ z go+ all = no?+1 because !y express n _! own op9ion =m$ by indep5d5t inquiry & inve/igation1 b m]ely ! op9ion :i* !y h adopt$ f ,=/] & ,blum5ba*4 #ejh ,9 8 translation ( ! ,rosetta ,inscription1 ,cl>ke's ,greek ,m>bles1 p4 #fc4 #eji ,acc\nt ( ,discov]ies 9 ,hi]oglyphic ,lit]ature1 p4 #aja4 #aad4 #eaj gyptiaca1 p4 #cba4 #eaa ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,bible1 #bnd edition1 p4 #ddg4 #eab ,translation ( ! ,bible1 ,g54 xli4 #db4 #eac ,classical ,recreations4 #ead ,z quot$ at p4 #cfd4 #eae ,description des ,hypoges1 p4 #ce4 #eaf ,vom ,papi]1 p4 #bja4 #eag ,virgil's ,lndli*e ,g$i*te1 iii4 p4 #cac4 #eah ,ide5 b] die ,politik1 c4 #eai ,hi/oria ,rei ,h]b>i1 tom4 i4 c4 i4 p4 #ae4 #ebj ,flora ,classica1 p4 #agg4 #eba ,!saurus ,philologico-,criticus1 v4 4 #ebb ,biblis*e ,alt]?umskunde1 #d4 l4 p4 #age4 #ebc ,monum5ti dell' ,egitto4 ,mon4 ,civili1 tomo4 i4 ,pisa1 #ahcd1 capo4 iv4 #f4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no reason to d\bt1 t ,=/] is "r 9 consid]+ 1 or ,byssus1 z an ,egyptian ^w ) a ,greek or ,lat9 t]m9ation4 ,9 ! ,septuag9t v]sion x is always us$ z equival5t to ! ,hebrew 7,%e% or ,ses71 :i* accord+ to ! ,hebrew ,rabbis 0 a k9d ( flax1 t grew 9 ,egypt only & 0 ( ! f9e/ quality#ebd4 ,ano!r t]m1 us$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* = l95 clo? is 7bad71 :i* seems to be ne>ly ! same z 4 ,! ,egyptian t]m or 7buts7 is v seldom f\nd 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 & n until ! int]c\rse became frequ5t betwe5 ! ,jews & o!r ori5tal nations4 ,b x is cont9ually employ$ by ! ,arabic1 ,p]sic1 & ,*aldee ,translators1 z equival5t to ! ,hebrew t]ms & 4 #ebd ,=/] ,de ,bysso1 p4 #e4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 & ! ,egyptian t]ms =m]ly expla9$ is v obvi\s4 1 1 & d5ot$ l95 clo?2 ! plant1 f :i* x 0 made4 ,h5ce we s commonly f9d ! adjective =m or ,byss9us1 i4 e4 made ( ,byssus1 z 9 1 1 1 1 c41 & ?is is agreeable to ! rem>k ( ! ,patri>* ,photius 9 8 #aibnd ,epi/le1 1 8,byssus is a plant40 ,h]odotus 7ii4 #aje471 po9t+ out resemblances betwe5 ! ,egyptians & ! ,col*ians1 says1 !y prep>e _! flax 9 ! same mann]1 & 9 a mann] :i* is practic$ by no o!r nation4 ,x5ophon directs1 t nets %\ld be made ( flax f ! ,phasis1 or f ,c>?age#ebe4 ,pollux 7l4 v4 cap4 #d4 #bf47 says1 t ! flax = ! same purpose %\ld be ei!r f ^? c\ntries1 or f ,egypt or ,s>des4 ,callima*us 7,frag4 #bfe47 m5tions ! flax ( ,col*is "u ! "n ( 8! ,col*ian halm40 ,/rabo 7l4 xi4 #ag4 vol4 iv4 p4 #djb4 ,ts*uz47 te/ifies to ! celebrity ( ,col*is = ! gr[? & manufacture ( flax1 & says1 t ! l95 ( ?is c\ntry 0 export$ to di/ant places4 #ebe ,de ,v5at4 ii4 #d4 ,gratius ,faliscus1 9 8 directions on ! same subject1 recomm5ds ! flax f ! ri* moi/ pla9s ab\t ! riv] ,c9yps1 n v f> f ,c>?age4 ,optima ,c9yphi1 ne quid cont]e1 paludes ,l9a dabunt4--,cynegeticon1 #cd1 #ce4 ,x seems /ill to ma9ta9 its anci5t pre-em95ce3 ,l>*] ref]s to ,*>d9 7tom4 i4 p4 #aae471 z say+1 t ! ,pr9ce ( ,m+relia1 a "p ( ! anci5t ,col*is1 paid 9 8 "t an annual tribute ( l95 to ! ,turks4 ,t flax 0 ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,babylonia appe>s f ! te/imony ( ,h]odotus1 :o says 7i4 #aie471 t ! ,babylonians wore a l95 %irt rea*+ to ! feet2 ov] t a wooll5 %irt2 & ov] t a :ite %awl4 ,/rabo 7l4 xvi4 cap4 #a4 p4 #gci4 ed4 ,casaub47 %[s :]e ^! l95 %irts 7 *iefly made2 = he in=ms u t ,borsippa1 a city ( ,babylonia1 sacr$ to ,apollo & ,diana1 0 a great place = ! manufacture ( l954 ,! cultivation ( flax 9 ! region ( ! ,euphrates may also be inf]r$ f ! use ( ! l95 ?orax1 z atte/$ by ,x5ophon 7,cyrop$ia1 vi4 #d4 #b474 ,f ,jo%ua ii4 #f4 we h evid5ce1 t flax 0 cultivat$ 9 ,pale/9e ne> ! ,jordan4 ,rahab conceal$ ! two ,hebrew spies 7accord+ to ! common ,engli% v]sion7 8) ! /alks ( flax1 :i* %e _h laid 9 ord] ^u ! ro(40 ,accord+ to ! ,septuag9t translation1 8! /alks ( flax0 7 n m]ely 8laid 9 ord]10 b 8/ack$40 ,josephus says1 %e 0 dry+ ! bundles4 ,! ,*aldee ,p>aphra/ ,onkelos also uses ! expression 1 bundles ( flax4 ,agreeably to ^! explanations1 ! hi/ory mu/ be und]/ood z imply+1 t ! /alks ( flax1 ti$ into bundles1 z repres5t$ 9 ! pa9t+ at ,el ,kab#ebf1 7 /ack$1 probably crossways1 ^u ! flat ro( ( ,ahab's h\se1 s z to all[ ! w9d to bl[ ?r\gh & dry !m4 #ebf ,see ,plate ,,vi4 p4 #ceh4 ,o!r passages1 ref]r+ to ! use ( flax = weav+ 9 ,pale/9e1 are ,levit4 xiii4 #dg1 #dh4 #eb4 #ei1 :]e l95 g>m5ts are f\r times m5tion$ 9 opposition to wooll54 ,prov]bs xxi4 #ac4 ,! virtu\s woman1 s admirably describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 8seeke? wool & flax1 & worke? will+ly ) h] h&s40 7,see ,"p ,fir/1 ,*apt] ,i4 p4 #ac474 ,?is proves1 t flax 0 /ill an important article ( cultivation 9 ,pale/9e4 ,9 #a ,*ron4 iv4 #ba4 !re is an allusion to a great e/abli%m5t = dress+ ! f9e flax1 call$ ,butz1 or ,byssus4 ,x 0 conduct$ by c]ta9 families ( ! tribe ( ,judah#ebg4 #ebg ,hebr4 1 i4 e4 8! families1 or p]haps ! p>tn]%ips1 ( ! manufactory ( ,byssus20 ,vulg4 8,cognationes domus op]antium byssum40 ,j]emiah 7xiii4 #a47 m5tions 1 8a l95 girdle20 ,lumb>e l9eum1 ,vulgate2 ,,lxx4 ,jona?an2 7sud>ium7 ,syriac4 ,hosea 7ii4 #e4 #i47 m5tions wool & flax z ! two *ief articles ( clo?+ = ! ,jews 9 8 "t4 ,ezekiel 7xliv4 #ag1 #ah471 9 8 description ( ! temple :i* he saw 9 vision1 says1 ! prie/s on ent]+ ! inn] c\rt w\ld put on l95 g>m5ts1 includ+ a turban & draw]s ( l95#ebh4 ,! use ( wool is "h prohibit$ & l95 prescrib$ = ^? :o 7 to be engag$ 9 sacr$ s]vices1 on acc\nt ( its sup]ior cleanl9ess & purity4 ,!y 7 n to 8gird !mselves ) any?+ t cause? sweat40 ,on return+ to ! out] c\rt1 s z to be 9 contact ) ! p1 !y 7 to put on ! common dress1 :i* 0 at lea/ 9 "p wooll54 #ebh ,x is rem>kable t ! ,*aldee ,p>aphra/ ,jona?an "h uses 7byssus7 = ! ,hebrew 4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we also f9d flax us$ = mak+ cords1 ,judges xv4 xvi42 = ! wicks ( lamps1 ,is4 xiii4 #ag42 & = a measur+ l9e1 ,ezek4 xl4 #cebi4 #ebi ,! use ( ! cord ( flax 7l9ea7 = measur+1 c4 is ! orig9 ( ! ^w l9e4 8,l9ea g5]e suo appellata1 quia ex l9o fit40 ,isidori ,hisp4 ,etymol4 l4 xix4 c4 #ah4 ,de in/rum5tis dificiorum4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus vii4 #be1 #cd1 #cf1 ! ,phnicians furni%$ ,x]xes ) ropes ( flax = con/ruct+ 8 bridge1 :ile ! ,egyptians suppli$ ropes ( ,papyrus1 :i* 7 inf]ior to ! o!rs 9 /r5g?4 ,:il/ 1 d]iv$ probably f 1 to /rip or peel1 is us$ = flax 9 e /ate1 we f9d ano!r t]m1 1 us$ = t[4 ,?is t]m !re=e corresponds to ,/uppa 9 ,lat9#ecj2 ,et\pe 9 ,fr5*2 1 or 9 ,greek2 1 f 1 to comb1 9 ,syriac2 ,w]g 9 mod]n ,g]man4 #ecj ,! orig9 ( ,/uppa1 ! ,lat9 t]m1 0 f its use 9 /opp+ *9ks 7/opf]1 ,g]man74 ,x 0 ei!r ( hemp or flax4 8,/uppa cannabi e/ sive l9i4 ,hc secundum antiquam or?ographiam /uppa 7/ipa87 dicitur1 quod ex e rim navium /ip5tur3 unde et /ipatores dicuntur1 qui 9 vallibus eam componunt40 ,isid4 ,hisp4 ,orig4 xix4 #bg4 ,eccles4 xl4 #d4 repres5ts poor p]sons z clo!d 9 co>se l951 7,l9o crudo1 ,j]ome71 mean+ probably flax dress$ & spun )\t hav+ be5 /eep$#eca4 #eca ,see ,bodusa ,/apel on ,!ophra/i ,hi/4 ,plant4 l4 viii4 p4 #idd4 ,9 ,rev4 xv4 #f4 ! sev5 angels come out ( ! temple clo!d 89 pure & :ite l9540 ,?is is to be expla9$ by :at has be5 already said ( ! use ( l95 = ! temple s]vice among ! ,egyptians & ! ,jews4 ,on ?ree o!r occasions m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 viz4 ! case ( ! "y man1 :o _h 8a l95 clo? ca/ ab\t 8 nak$ body0 7,m>k xiv4 #ea1 #eb472 ! entombm5t ( ,*ri/ 7,matt4 xxvii4 #ei4 ,m>k xv4 #df4 ,luke xxiii4 #ec4 xxiv4 #ab4 ,john xix4 #dj4 xx4 #e1 #f1 #g472 & ! case ( ! 8%eet0 let d[n 9 vision f heav5 7,acts x4 #aa4 xi4 #e471 ! sacr$ writ]s employ ! equival5t ,egyptian t]ms1 1 & or 4 ,! 8,byssus ( ! ,hebrews10 m5tion$ by ,pausanias may h be5 s call$1 because x 0 import$ into ,greece by ! ,hebrews1 n because x grew 9 ,pale/9e1 z _m critics h conclud$4 ,h]odotus 7l4 c47 obs]ves1 t ! ,greeks call$ ! ,col*ian flax 4 ,! epi!t mu/ be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ,s>des1 f ! vic9ity ( :i* city flax 0 obta9$ accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,julius ,pollux 7l4 c474 ,9 ano!r passage ,h]odotus rem>ks 7v4 #hg471 t ! l95 %ift worn by ! ,a!nian wom51 0 orig9ally ,c>ian4 ,! ,milesian ,s9dones1 m5tion$ by ,jona?an1 ! ,*aldee ,p>aphra/1 on ,lam4 ii4 #bj1 71 no d\bt1 made ( ! flax ( ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh ,=/] 7,de ,bysso1 p4 #ib471 on acc\nt ( ! celebrity ( ! ,milesian wool1 supposes !m to h be5 wooll54 ,x is probable1 t ! ,milesian net caps1 worn by ladies1 7 made ( l95 ?read4 ,j]ome1 describ+ ! *ange f an au/]e to a luxuri\s mode ( life1 m5tions %irts f ,laodicea4 ,"s comm5tators h suppos$ l95 %irts to be meant4 ,accord+ to ,julius ,pollux 7vii4 c4 #af47 ! ,a!nians & ,ionians wore a l95 %irt rea*+ to ! feet4 ,b ! use ( x among ! ,a!nians mu/ h come 9 mu* lat] ?an among ! ,ionians1 :o w\ld adopt ! practice 9 consequ5ce ( ! cultivation ( flax 9 _! own c\ntry z well z 9 _! colonies on ! ,eux9e ,sea1 & also 9 consequ5ce ( ! g5]al elegance & ref9em5t ( _! mann]s4 ,inde$ x appe>s probable1 t ! l95 us$ by ! ,a!nians 0 import$4 ,! only "p ( ,greece1 :]e flax is record$ to h be5 gr[n1 0 ,elis4 ,t x 0 produc$ 9 t c\ntry is affirm$ by ,pl9y 7l4 xix4 c4 #d471 & by ,pausanias 9 ?ree passages already quot$4 ,:5 ,colonel ,leake 0 at ,ga/ni ne> ! m\? ( ! ,p5eus 9 ,elis1 he made ! foll[+ obs]vations4 ,= flax 7"o ( ! *ief ?+s produc$ !re7 ! l& is once pl\gh$ 9 ! spr+1 & two or ?ree times 9 ! ensu+ autumn1 ) a pair ( ox51 :5 ! se$ is ?r[n 9 & cov]$ ) ! pl\gh4 ,! plant does n require & h>dly admits ( we$+1 z x gr[s v ?ick4 ,:5 ripe1 x is pull$ up by ! roots1 & laid 9 bundles 9 ! sun4 ,x is !n ?re%$ to sep>ate ! se$4 ,! bundles are laid 9 ! riv] = five days1 !n dri$ 9 ! sun1 & press$ 9 a wood5 ma*9e4 ,contr>y to its anci5t reputation1 ! flax ( ,ga/uni is n v f9e4 ,x is *iefly us$ 9 ! neighbor+ isl&s by ! peasants1 :o weave x into clo?s = _! own use#ecb4 #ecb ,j\rnal ( a ,t\r 9 ! ,morea1 vol4 i4 p4 #ab4 ,9 "o ( ! ,pseudo-,platonic ,epi/les 7,no4 xiii4 p4 #cfc47 m5tion occurs ( l95 %ifts = ladies1 made 9 ,sicily1 :i* c]ta9ly implies no?+ m ?an t l95 0 wov5 9 ,sicily4 ,! mat]ial = mak+ x may h be5 import$4 ,9 l mann] ! l95 ( ,malta 0 exce$+ly admir$ = its f95ess & s(tness#ecc2 b ! raw mat]ial 0 9 all probability import$4 #ecc ,diod4 ,sic4 l4 v4 #ab4 tom4 i4 p4 #cci4 ed4 ,wessel+4 8,flax10 obs]ves ,pr(essor ,mll]1 80 gr[n & manufactur$ 9 ,s\!rn ,etruria f anci5t times1 & ?us ! ,t>qu9ii 7 enabl$ to furni% sail-clo? = ! fleet ( ,scipio3 y>n = mak+ nets 0 produc$ on ! banks ( ! ,tib]1 & f9e l95 = clo?+ 9 ,fal]ii#ecd40 ,?is acc\nt agrees rem>kably ) ! views ( ,micali1 & ^? hi/orians :o ma9ta9 ! ,egyptian orig9 ( ! ,etrurians4 #ecd ,etrusk]4 vol4 i4 p4 #bce1 #bcf4 ,pl9y 7xix4 #a1 #b47 m5tions v>i\s k9ds ( flax ( sup]ior excell5ce1 :i* 7 produc$ 9 ! pla9s ( ! ,po & ,tic9o2 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,peligni 79 ,pic5um72 & ab\t ,cum 9 ,campania#ece4 ,no flax1 he says1 0 :it] or m l wool ?an t ( ! ,peligni4 #ece ,probably ,cum is int5d$ by ,gratius ,faliscus 9 ! expression 8oli de valle ,sibyill40--,cyneg4 #ce4 ,9 ! next *apt] ,pl9y gives an acc\nt ( ! mode ( prep>+ flax2 pluck+ x up by ! roots1 ty+ x into bundles1 dry+ x 9 ! sun1 /eep+1 dry+ aga91 beat+ x ) a mallet on a /one1 & la/ly hackl+ x1 or1 z he says1 8comb+ x ) iron hooks40 ,?is may be comp>$ ) ! prec$+ extract f ,colonel ,leake's ,j\rnal1 & ) *apt] #ig ( ,b>?olomu ,anglicus1 ,de ,proprietabus ,r]um1 :i* is p]haps p>tly copi$ f ,pl9y & treats ( ! manufacture ( flax1 /eep+ x 9 wat]1 c41 & ( its use = clo!s1 nets1 sails1 ?read1 & curta9s4 ,9 ,spa9 !re 0 a manufacture ( l95 at ,emporium1 :i* lay on ! ,m$it]ranean n f> f ! ,pyr5ees#ecf4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y 7l4 c47 rem>kably beautiful flax 0 produc$ 9 ,hispania ,cit]ior ne> ,t>raco4 ,he ascribes its spl5dor to ! virtues ( ! riv]-wat] fl[+ ne> ,t>raco1 9 :i* ! flax 0 /eep$ & prep>$4 ,/ill fur!r s\?w>d on ! same coa/ we f9d ,setabis1 ! mod]n ,xativa1 :i* is celebrat$ by v>i\s au?ors = ! beauty ( its l951 & especially = l95 sud>ia1 or h&k]*iefs3 ,setabis et telas ,arabum sprevisse sup]ba ,et ,pelusiaco filum compon]e l9o4 ,silius ,ital4 iii4 #cgc4 ,nam sud>ia ,setaba ex ,hib]is ,mis]unt mihi mun]i ,fabullus ,et ,v]anius4--,catullus1 xx4 #ad4 ,hispanque alio spectantur ,setabis usu4 ,gratius ,faliscus1 l4 #da4 #ecf ,/rabo1 l4 iii4 cap4 #d4 vol4 i4 p4 #dbh4 ed4 ,sieb5kees4 ,pl9y also m5tions a k9d ( flax1 call$ ,zoelicum1 f a place 9 ,gallicia4 ,/rabo 7iv4 #b4 #b4 p4 #da4 ed4 ,sieb47 p>ticul>ly m5tions ! l95 manufacture ( ! ,cadurci3 & f !m ! ,romans obta9$ ! be/ tick+ = b$s1 :i* 0 on ?is acc\nt call$ ,cadurcum4 ,flax1 z we are told by ,pl9y 7xix4 #a471 0 wov5 into sail-clo? 9 all p>ts ( ,gaul2 &1 9 "s ( ! c\ntries beyond ! ,rh9e1 ! mo/ beautiful app>el ( ! ladies 0 l954 ,tacitus /ates t ! wom5 ( ,g]many wore l95 %eets ov] _! o!r clo?+#ecg4 #ecg ,fm9 spis l9eis amictibus velantur4--,g]mania1 xvii4 #e4 ,! use ( ! same t]m = ,flax 9 s _m ,european languages1 & especially 9 ^? ( ! ,nor? ( ,europe1 is an evid5ce ( ! ext5sive use ( ?is sub/ance 9 v e>ly times2 e4 g4 ,greek1 ,lat91 ,l9um2 ,slavonian1 ,l52 ,li?uanian1 ,l9nai2 ,letti%1 ,l9ni2 ,g]man1 ,le92 ,fr5*1 ,suio2 ,go?ic1 & ,anglo-,saxon1 ,l92 ,wel%1 ,ll94 ,j]ome m5tions ! %irts ( ! ,atrebates z "o ( ! luxuries ( 8 day1 & 8 notice ( !m seems to %[1 t !y 7 convey$ z an article ( m]*&ize ev5 into ,asia4 ,:e!r ! manufactures ( ! ,atrebates 7 equal to ! mod]n ,cambric we _c say2 b1 suppos+ ! g>m5ts 9 "q to h be5 l951 x is rem>kable t ?is manufacture %\ld h fl\ri%$ 9 ,artois = #ahjj ye>s#ech4 #ech ,erasmus makes ! foll[+ rem>ks on ! words 8,atrebatum et ,laodice30 8,app>et ex 8 regionibus c&idissima ac subtilissima l9ea mitti sol]e4 ,nunc hujus laudis pr9cipatus1 si tam5 ea laus1 p5es meos ,holl&os e/4 ,quanquam et ,atrebates 9 ,belgis haud ita procul a nobis absunt40 ,see also ,mann]t1 ,geogr4 #b4 l4 p4 #aif4 ,! foll[+ translation ( a passage f ,eg9h>t's ,life ( ,*>lemagne 7c4 #bc47 %[s1 t dur+ sev]al succe$+ c5turies ! ,franks wore l95 = _! "u g>m5ts4 ,ve/itu patrio1 hoc e/ ,francisco utebatur3 ad corpus camiseam l9eam1 et fem9alibus l9eis induebatur3 de9de tunicam1 qu limbo s]ico ambiebatur1 et tibialia444444444444,sago ,v5eto amictus4 ,9 fe/ivitatibus ve/e auro text1 et calceam5tis gemmatis1 et fibul1 aure sagum a/r+5te1 diademate quoque ex auro et gemmis ornatus inc$ebat4 ,aliis autem diebus habitus ejus p>um a communi et plebeio abhorrebat4 ,*>les dre/ aft] ! mann] ( 8 c\ntrym51 ! ,franks4 ,next to ! sk9 he wore a %irt & draw]s ( l953 ov] ^! a tunic bord]$ ) silk1 & bree*es4 ,8 out] g>m5t 0 ! sagum1 manufactur$ by ! ,v5eti4 ,on occasion ( fe/ivals he wore a g>m5t int]wov5 ) gold1 %oes adorn$ ) gems1 a gold5 fibula to fa/5 8 sagum1 & a diadem ( gold & gems4 ,on o!r days 8 dress diff]$ little f t ( ! common p#eci4 #eci ,! tr[s]s worn by ! ,franks 7 sometimes l951 sometimes made ( sk9s4--,aga?ias ii4 #e4 ,! ,v5eti "h m5tion$ 71 no d\bt1 ! p :o liv$ 9 ! c\ntry ne> ,vannes 9 ,britany4 ,we h =m]ly se5 7,"p ,second1 pp4 #bhb & #bhc4 ,*apt] ,,iii471 t ! ,sagum 0 ! pr9cipal article ( dress manufactur$ 9 ! nor? ( ,gaul4 ,accord+ to ,paulus ,diaconus1 z quot$ 9 ! notes on ?is passage ( ,eg9h>t#edj1 ! ,lomb>ds & ! ,anglo-,saxons us$ pr9cipally l95 g>m5ts4 #edj ,ed4 ,s*m9cke1 ,trajecti #agaa1 p4 #aaj4 ,l951 :i* appe>s to h be5 orig9ally *>act]i/ic ( ! ,egyptian & ,g]manic nations1 came by degrees into m & m g5]al use among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & 0 employ$ n only = articles ( dress1 especially ^? worn by wom51 & = %eets to lie ^u1 b also = table-cov]s & = napk9s to wipe ! h&s1 an application ( !m :i* 0 ! m necess>y on acc\nt ( ! want ( knives1 =ks1 & spoons4 ,also ^? :o wait$ at table1 7 girt ) t[els4 ,at ! ba?s p]sons us$ t[els to dry !mselves4 ,a man wore a simil> piece ( clo? "u ! h&s ( ! tonsor4 ,plut>* 7,on ,g>rulity7 tells ! foll[+ anecdote ( ,ar*elaus4 ,:5 a loquaci\s hair-dress] 0 ?r[+ ! ab\t him 9 ord] to %e> him1 he ask$ z usual1 8,h[ %all ,i cut y\r maje/y's hair80 8,9 sil5ce10 repli$ ! k+4 ,alciphron tells ( ! b>b] putt+ on him a l95 clo? 77 9 ord] to %ave him 7l4 iii4 ,ep4 #ff472 & ,phaneas1 9 an ,epigram1 calls ! clo? us$ 9 %av+ by ! same "n1 4 ,diog5es ,la]tius also 7vi4 #ij47 tells a /ory respect+ ! philosoph] ,crates1 :i* %[s t at ,a!ns x 0 n deem$ prop] = a man to we> l95 z an out] g>m5t1 b t p]sons 7 envelop$ 9 x "u ! h&s ( ! hair-dress]4 8,! ,a!nian police-(fic]s 7 7 hav+ *>g$ him ) we>+ a l95 %eet = 8 out] g>m5t1 he said1 #8,i w %[ y ,!ophra/us himself habit$ 9 t mann]2' & :5 !y d\bt$ ! fact1 he took !m to see ,!ophra/us at ! hair-dress]'s40 ,co>s] l95 0 us$ 9 great quantity bo? = sails1 & = awn+s to keep (f ! heat ( ! sun f ! ,roman !atres1 ! ,=um1 & o!r places ( public resort#eda4 #eda ,see p4 #cba4 ,! ,emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us1 z we le>n f ! foll[+ passage ( 8 ,life writt5 by lius ,lampridius1 0 a great admir] ( good l951 & pref]r$ t :i* 0 pla9 to su* z _h fl[]s or fea!rs int]wov5 z practis$ 9 ,egypt & ! neighbor+ c\ntries4 ,boni l9team9is appetitor fuit1 et quidem puri1 dic5s1 #8,si l9tei idcirco sunt1 ut nihil asp]um habeant1 quid opus e/ purpur8' ,9 l9e autem aurum mitti1 etiam dem5tiam judicabat1 quum asp]itati add]etur rigor4 ,he took great delight 9 good l951 & pref]r$ x pla94 8,if10 said he1 8l95 clo?s are made ( t mat]ial 9 ord] t !y may n be at all r\gh1 :y mix purple ) !m80 ,b to int]weave gold 9 l951 he consid]$ madness1 because ?is made x rigid 9 addition to its r\ghness4 ,! foll[+ passage ( ! ,life ( ! ,emp]or ,c>9us by ,flavius ,vopiscus is rem>kable z prov+ ! value atta*$ by ! ,romans ( t age to ! l95 import$ f ,egypt & ,phnice1 especially to ! transp>5t & fl[]$ v>ieties4 ,jam quid l9eas petitas gypto loqu>8 ,quid ,tyro et ,sidone t5uitate p]lucidas1 micantes purpur1 plum&i difficultate p]nobiles8 ,:y %\ld ,i m5tion ! l95 clo?s br\ght f ,egypt1 or ^? import$ f ,tyre & ,sidon1 :i* are s ?9 z to be transp>5t1 :i* gl[ ) purple1 or are priz$ on acc\nt ( _! labor$ embroid]y8 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,hemp#edb4 ,,cultivation ,,& ,,uses ,,( ,,hemp ,,by ,,! ,,anci5ts--,,its ,,use ,,limit$--,,?race--,,col*is--,,c>ia--,,e tymology ,,( ,,hemp4 #edb ,accord+ to a /atem5t 9 ! ,we/]n 7,miss\ri7 ,j\rnal1 ab\t #g1jjj bales ( hemp1 ! crop ( #ahdd1 0 %ipp$ f t place la/ spr+4 ,x is ?\ght t #bj1jjj bales w be rais$ 9 t neighborhood ?is ye> 7#ahde74 ,! use ( ,hemp among ! anci5ts 0 v limit$4 ,x is nev] m5tion$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 & n (t5 by ! hea!n writ]s ( antiquity4 ,x is rem>kable1 t no notice is tak5 ( x by ,!ophra/us4 ,x 0 h[ev] us$ among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 = mak+ ropes & nets1 b n = sacks1 ^! be+ made ( goats'-hair#edc4 #edc ,see ,*ap4 ,,iv4 p4 #bii1 #cja4 ,! only reason = introduc+ hemp 9 ?is enum]ation is1 t1 accord+ to ,h]odotus 7iv4 #gd47 g>m5ts 7 made ( x by ! ,?racians4 8,!y 7 s l l9510 says he1 8t none b a v exp]i5c$ p]son c\ld tell :e!r !y 7 ( hemp or flax2 "o1 :o _h nev] se5 hemp1 w\ld c]ta9ly suppose !m to be l9540 ,! co>s] k9ds ( l95 w\ld1 x is c]ta91 be sc>cely1 if at all di/+ui%able f ! f9] k9ds ( hemp5 clo?4 ,hesy*ius 7v4 7 quotes ! prec$+ rem>k ( ,h]odotus1 only say+ t ! ,?racian wom5 made %eets ( hemp 774 ,9 sub/itut+ ^! expressions he puts ^u ! words ( ,h]odotus an explanation d]iv$ f 8 famili> k ( ,grecian cu/oms4 ,to ! pres5t day hemp is produc$ abundantly 9 ! vic9ity ( ! c\ntries :i* 7 occupi$ by ! anci5t ,?racians4 ,a travell] :o has lately visit$ !m1 in=ms u1 t 8! m5 :o drive ! horses1 :i* drag ! boats ^u ! ,danube betwe5 ,pe/ & ,vi5na1 n[ we> co>se tunics ( hemp#edd4 #edd ,travels 9 ,circassia1 c41 by ,edmund ,sp5c]1 #ahcg1 vol4 i4 p4 #ac4 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us 7xxxi4 #b4 p4 #dgd471 speak+ ( ! ,huns1 :o liv$ beyond ! ,palus ,motis1 says1 ,!y cov] !mselves ) tunics made ( l951 or ( ! sk9s ( wild mice sew$ toge!r4 ,^! tunics1 ?\gh call$ 8l9tea10 may h be5 ! hemp5 g>m5ts1 :i*1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 7 sc>ce to be di/+ui%$ f l954 ,! next writ]1 :o m5tions hemp aft] ,h]odotus1 is ,mos*ion1 r m ?an #bjj ye>s ,b4 ,c4 ,he /ates#ede1 t ! magnific5t %ip ,syracusia1 built by ! comm& ( ,hi]o ,,ii41 0 provid$ ) hemp f ! ,rhone = mak+ ropes4 ,! common mat]ials = su* purposes 7 ! ,egyptian ,papyrus1 ! b>k ( ! ,lime-tree1 ( ! ,hemp-leav$ ,mall[1 & ( ! ,spani% & ,portugal ,broom1 & probably also ! ,/ipa ,t5acissima ( ,l9nu4 #ede ,apud ,a!num1 l4 v4 p4 #bjf4 ,casaub4 ,hemp1 z well z flax1 0 gr[n abundantly 9 ,col*is#edf4 ,x 0 br\ght to ! ports ( ! gean ,sea by ! ,ionian m]*ants1 :o 7 intimately connect$ ) ! nor!rn & ea/]n coa/s ( ! ,eux9e ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,milesian colonies4 ,?is fact may acc\nt = ! cultivation ( hemp 9 ,c>ia4 ,! be/ 0 obta9$ 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y 7l4 xix4 c4 #i47 f ,alab&a & ,mylasa 9 t c\ntry4 ,pl9y also m5tions a k9d1 :i* grew 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,sab9es1 & :i* 0 rem>kable = its height4 #edf ,/rabo1 l4 xi4 #ag4 vol4 iv4 p4 #djb1 ed4 ,sieb5kees4 ,autom$on1 :o liv$ a little be=e ,pl9y1 compla9s 9 an ,epigram ( a bad d9n] giv5 him by "o ( 8 acqua9tances1 & comp>es ! tall /r+y cabbages to hemp#edg4 ,z ?is au?or 0 a native ( ,cyzicus1 he w\ld probably h abundant opportunities ( becom+ famili> ) ! plant4 #edg 4 ,brunck's ,analecta1 ii4 #bji4 ,9 ! "t ( ,pausanias hemp 0 gr[n 9 ,elis4 ,see 8 ,eliaca1 c4 #bf4 #d4 ,dioscorides 7l4 iii4 c4 #ada47 gives an acc\nt ( hemp1 9 :i* he di/+ui%es betwe5 ! cultivat$ & ! wild4 ,by ,wild ,hemp he means ! ,al? ,cannab9a1 ,l9n4#edh4 ,he obs]ves respect+ ! ,cultivat$ ,hemp1 by :i* he meant prop] hemp1 ! ,cannabis ,sativa1 ,l9n41 t x 0 8( great use = twi/+ ! /ronge/ ropes40 #edh ,see ,*ap4 ,,xii4 p4 #aid4 ,on ! :ole we may conclude1 t hemp 0 n ! natural gr[? ei!r ( ,italy1 ,greece1 or ,asia ,m9or1 b 0 conf9$1 z x /ill is 9 a great degree1 to c\ntries ly+ fur!r nor? & hav+ a m rigid climate4 ,! intimate connexion ( ! ,romans ) ! ,greek colony ( ,m>seilles may h br\ght x among ! ,sab9es1 z ! active trade betwe5 ! ,eux9e & ,miletus may h introduc$ x into ,c>ia4 ,) ! mat]ial its "n 0 also import$1 & ?is is sub/antially ! same 9 all ! languages ( ,europe1 z well z 9 _m ,asiatic tongues#edi4 #edi ,sanscrit1 ,,goni1 ,,sana1 or ,,%anapu2 ,p]sic1 ,,canna2 ,arabic1 ,,kanneh1 or ,,k9nub2 ,greek1 2 ,lat91 ,,cannabis2 ,italian1 ,,cannapa2 ,fr5*1 ,,*anvre1 or ,,*anbre2 ,dani% & ,flam&1 ,,kamp1 or ,,k5nep2 ,letti% & ,li?uanian1 ,,kannapes2 ,slavonian1 ,,konopi2 ,erse1 ,,canaib2 ,sc&9avian1 ,,hampr2 ,sw$i%1 ,,hampa2 ,g]man1 ,,hanf2 ,anglo-,saxon1 ,,ha5ep2 ,engli%1 ,,hemp4 ,our ,engli% ^w ,,canvass 7,fr5*1 ,,canevas17 has ! same orig91 mean+ clo? made ( hemp 7,,canav74 ,hemp is comp>atively r>e 9 ,india1 z well z flax2 &1 z flax is !re only us$ = obta9+ oil1 s hemp is nev] us$ = mak+ cordage or = weav+1 b only = smok+ on acc\nt ( ! n>cotic qualities ( its leaves4 7,wissett on ,hemp1 p4 #bj1 #be47 ,its "n ,,sana1 ,,sunu1 or ,,gonu1 is giv5 also to ! ,crotal>ia ,juncea1 :i* is pr9cipally appli$ by ! ,indians to ! same uses z hemp 9 ,europe4 ,see ,*ap4 ,,xiii4 p4 #bjb4 ,if we comp>e flax ) o!r sp9n+ mat]ials1 su* z wool & cotton1 we %all f9d x to possess sev]al *>act]i/ic prop]ties4 ,:ile cotton & wool are pres5t$ by nature 9 ! =m ( insulat$ fibres1 ! =m] requir+ m]ely to be sep>at$ f its se$s1 & ! latt] to be purifi$ f dirt & grease be=e be+ deliv]$ to ! sp9n]1 flax mu/ h its filam5ts sep>at$ f ea* o!r by t$i\s & pa9ful treatm5t4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! sp9n+ & ! subsequ5t op]ations1 ! foll[+ prop]ties ( flax are influ5tial & important3-- #a4 ,! consid]able l5g? ( ! fibres1 :i* r5d]s x difficult1 on ! "o h&1 to =m a f9e1 level1 regul> ?read1 on ! o!r1 gives ! y>n a consid]ably great] t5acity1 s t x _c be brok5 by pull+ out ! ?reads f ea* o!r1 b by te>+ !m across4 #b4 ,! smoo? & slim /ructure ( ! filam5ts1 :i* gives to l95 its peculi> poli%$ aspect1 & feel s diff]5t f cotton1 & especially f wooll5 /uffs1 unless :5 disguis$ by dress+4 ,! fibres ( flax h no mutual entanglem5t1 :]eby "o c draw out ano!r z ) wool1 & !y mu/ !re=e be made adhesive by moi/ure4 ,?is wett+ ( ! fibres r5d]s !m m pliant & easi] to twi/ toge!r #c4 ,! small degree ( ela/icity1 by :i* ! simple fibres c be /ret*$ only "o tw5ty-fif? ( _! natural l5g? be=e !y break1 :ile %eep's wool w /ret* f "o f\r? to "o half be=e x gives way4 ,good flax %\ld h a bright silv] gray or yell[i% color 7incl9+ nei!r to gre5 nor black72 x %\ld be long1 f9e1 s(t1 & gli/5+1 some:at l silk1 & conta9 no broad tape-l portions1 f undissev]$ filam5ts4 ,t[ diff]s f flax 9 hav+ %ort] fibres1 ( v unequal l5g?1 & m or less entangl$4 ,hemp agrees 9 its prop]ties ess5tially ) flax1 & mu/ be simil>ly treat$ 9 ! sp9n+ processes4 ,! manufacture ( l95 & hemp y>n1 & ! t[ ( ei!r1 may be effect$ by diff]5t processes2 by ! di/aff1 ! h&-:eel1 & sp9n+ ma*9]y4 ,x w be unnecess>y to occupy ! pages ( ?is volume ) a description ( ! fir/ two well kn[n dome/ic employm5ts4 ,sp9n+ ( flax by ma*9]y has be5 mu* m rec5tly br\ght to a practical /ate ?an ! sp9n+ ( cotton & wool by ma*9es1 ( :i* ! cause mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! nature ( flax z above describ$4 ,! fir/ attempts at ! ma*9e sp9n+ ( flax1 w5t ^u ! pr9ciple ( cutt+ ! filam5ts into %ort fragm5ts be=e beg9n+ ! op]ation4 ,b 9 ?is way ! mo/ valuable prop]ty ( l95 y>n1 its cohesive =ce1 0 greatly impair$2 or ^! attempts 7 re/rict$ to ! sp9n+ ( t[1 :i* on acc\nt ( its %ort & some:at tortu\s fibres1 c\ld be treat$ l cotton1 especially aft] x _h be5 fur!r torn by ! c>d+ eng9e4 ,! fir/ tol]ably good results ) ma*9]y seem to h be5 obta9$ by ! bro!rs ,gir>d at ,p>is1 ab\t ! ye> #ahaj4 ,b ! ,fr5* h nev] c>ri$ ! app>atus to any great practical p]fection4 ,! t[ns ( ,le$s 9 ,york%ire1 ( ,dundee 9 ,scotl&1 & ,belfa/ 9 ,irel&1 h ! m]it ( br++ ! sp9n+ ( flax by ma*9es into a /ate ( p]fection little %ort ( t = :i* ! cotton trade has be5 s long celebrat$4 ,= ma*9e sp9n+1 ! flax is sometimes heckl$ by h&1 & sometimes by ma*9]y4 ,! s]ies ( op]ations is ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,! heckl+4 #b4 ,! conv]sion ( ! flax into a b& ( p>allel rectil9e> filam5ts1 :i*1 =ms ! f\ndation ( ! future y>n4 #c4 ,! =mation ( a sliv] f ! rib&1 by draw+ x out into a n>r[] range ( filam5ts4 #d4 ,! co>se sp9n+1 by twi/+ ! sliv] into a co>se & loose ?read4 #e4 ,! f9e sp9n+1 by ! simultane\s ext5sion & twi/+ ( t co>se ?read4 ,all heckle ma*9es h ?is common prop]ty1 t ! flax is n drawn ?r\gh !m1 z 9 work+ by h&1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! sy/em ( heckles is mov$ ?r\gh ! flax prop]ly susp5d$ or laid4 ,diff]5ces exi/ 9 ! %ape1 arrangem5t1 & movem5ts ( ! heckles1 z also 9 reg>d to ! means by :i* ! adh]+ t[ is remov$ f !m4 ,! simple/ & mo/ common con/ruction is to place ! heckles ^u ! surface ( a horizontal cyl9d]1 :ile ! flax is held ei!r by me*anical means or by ! h& dur+ its exposure to ! heckle po9ts4 ,_m ma*9es h be5 made ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,x is prop] 9 ?is case to set ! heckle tee? obliquely 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! cyl9d] turns1 :]eby !y p5etrate ! fibres 9 a m p>allel l9e1 effect _! sep>ation m easily1 & cause less wa/e 9 torn filam5ts4 ,to conduct ! flax ^u ! cyl9d]s1 two horizontal flut$ roll]s ( iron are employ$1 :i* c be s modifi$ 9 a mom5t by a lev] z to pres5t ! flax m or less to ! heckl+ me*anism4 ,! op]ator seizes a tress lock ( flax ) h] h& & introduces x betwe5 ! flut$ roll]s1 s t ! tips on :i* ! op]ation mu/ beg91 rea* ! heckles fir/1 & by degrees ! advanc+ flax gets heckl$ ?r\gh two ?irds or ?ree f\r?s ( its l5g?1 aft] :i* ! tress or /rick is turn$1 & its o!r end is subject$ to ! same process4 ,by its some:at rapid revolution ! heckle cyl9d] creates a curr5t ( air :i* n only c>ries away ! boomy p>ticles1 b also spreads out ! flax l a %eaf ( corn ^u ! spikes1 effect+ ! same object z is done by ! dext]\s sw+ ( ! h&4 ,! t[ collects betwixt ! tee? ( ! heckle1 & may1 :5 its quantity has become consid]able1 be remov$ 9 ! =m ( a flock ( p>allel lay]s4 ,flax has be5 = a long p]iod spun wet 9 ! mills2 a me?od no d\bt copi$ f ! practice ( h\sewives moi/5+ _! y>n ) _! saliva at ! dome/ic :eel4 ,)9 a few ye>s ! important improvem5t has be5 introduc$ ( sub/itut+ hot = cold wat]1 9 ! tr\ghs ?r\gh :i* ! fibres 9 ! act ( sp9n+ pass4 ,by ?is means a mu* f9]1 smoo!r1 & m uni=m ?read c be spun ?an 9 ! old way4 ,! flax =m]ly spun to twelve p\nds a bundle is1 ) hot wat]1 spun to six4 ,! inconv5i5ce ( ! spray ?r[n f ! y>n on ! fli]s rema9s1 aggravat$ by increas$ heat & dampness ( ! room :]e ?is hot process goes on4 ,be+ a new exp$i5t1 x receives daily *anges & ameliorations4 ,:5 fir/ employ$1 ! tr\ghs ( hot wat] 7 q op52 !y are n[ usually cov]$ 91 s z almo/ entirely to obviate ! objections to :i* !y 7 previ\sly liable4 ,) ! cov]s has be5 also introduc$ a new me?od ( piec5+ or jo9+ on any end1 :i* may h be5 run d[n1 namely1 by splic+ x to ! adjo9+ rov+1 :]eby x is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! wat] )\t impos+ a necessity on ! sp9n] to put h] h& into ! wat] at all4 ,9 "s places %e uses a wire1 = ! purpose ( draw+ ?r\gh ! end ( ! rov+ to m5d a brok5 y>n4 ,?is may be consid]$ ! inh]5t evil ( flax-sp9n+1--! spray ?r[n (f by ! wet y>n1 z x :irls ab\t ) ! fli] ( ! sp9dles4 ,a work+ dress1 inde$1 is g5]ally worn by ! sp9n]s2 b1 unless x be made ( /uff imp]meable to wat]1 l ,mack9to%'s clo?1 x w soon become uncom=table1 & cause injury to heal? by keep+ ! body cont9ually 9 a hot ba?4 ,9 "s mills1 wat]-pro( clo? & lea!r aprons h actually be5 introduc$1 :i* are ! only practicable rem$y2 = ! free space :i* mu/ be left r\nd ! sp9dles = ! sp9n] to see !m play1 is incompatible ) any k9d ( fix$ gu>d or p>apluie4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,asbe/os4 ,uses ( ,asbe/os--,c>pasian flax--,/ill f\nd 9 ,cyprus--,us$ 9 fun]als--,asbe/9e-clo?--,h[ manufactur$--,asbe/os us$ = fraud & sup]/ition by ! ,romi% monks--,relic at ,monte ,cas9o--,fur!r impo/ures ( ! monks--,rem>ks !reon4 ,v>ro m5tions ! "n ,asbe/os z a pro(1 t ! clo? s call$ 0 a ,greek inv5tion#eej4 ,8 argum5t is obvi\sly correct4 ,! t]m 77 means inext+ui%able1 & 0 mo/ prop]ly appli$ to ! wicks ( lamps1 :i* 7 made ( ?is sub/ance & 7 nev] consum$4 #eej ,de ,l+ua ,lat4 ,l4 v4 p4 #acd4 ed4 ,sp5gel4 ,! fulle/ acc\nt ( ! prop]ties & uses ( ,asbe/os is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ passage f ,sotacus1 a ,greek au?or :o wrote on ,/ones#eea4 ,! passage occurs 9 ! ,hi/ori ,comm5titi1 attribut$ to ,apollonius ,dyscolus 7cap4 #cf74 ,! ,c>y/ian /one has woolly & color$ app5dages1 :i* are spun & wov5 into napk9s4 ,?is sub/ance is also twi/$ into wicks1 :i*1 :5 burnt1 are bright1 b d n consume4 ,! napk9s1 :5 dirty1 are n wa%$ ) wat]1 b a fire is made ( /icks1 & !n ! napk9 is put into x4 ,! dirt disappe>s1 & ! napk9 is r5d]$ :ite & pure by ! fire1 & is applicable to ! same purposes z be=e4 ,! wicks rema9 burn+ ) oil cont9ually )\t be+ consum$4 ,?is /one is produc$ 9 ,c>y/us1 f :i* x has its "n1 & 9 great abundance 9 ,cyprus "u rocks to ! left ( ,elmum1 z y g f ,g]&ros to ,soli4--,yates's ,translation4 #eea ,sotacus is sev]al times quot$ by ,pl9y 7,l4 xxxvi41 xxxvii47 z a =eign writ] on ,/ones4 8,at ,c>y/us10 says ,/rabo1 8"u ,m\nt ,o*a 9 ,euba is produc$ ! /one1 :i* is comb$ & wov5 s z to make napk9s 77 or h&k]*iefs4 ,:5 ^! h become dirty1 in/ead ( be+ wa%$1 !y are ?r[n into a flame & ?us purifi$#eeb40 #eeb ,lib4 x4 p4 #ai4 ed4 ,sieb4 ,plut>* speaks 9 simil> t]ms ( napk9s1 nets1 & head-dresses1 made ( ! ,c>y/ian /one1 b says1 t x 0 no long] f\nd 9 8 "t1 only ?9 ve9s ( x1 l hairs1 be+ discov]able 9 ! rock#eec4 #eec ,de ,oraculorum ,defectu1 p4 #ggj4 ed4 ,h4 ,/ephani1 ,p>4 #aegb4 ,mr4 ,hawk9s asc]ta9$1 t ! rock1 :i* 0 qu>ri$ 9 ,m\nt ,o*a1 n[ call$ ,/4 ,elias1 above ,c>y/us1 is ! ,cipol9o ( ! ,roman antiqu>ies#eed4 ,fur!r nor? 9 ! same isl& ,dr4 ,sib?orp obs]v$ 8rocks ( ,s]p5t9e 9 b$s ( sal9e m>ble1 =m+ ! ,v]dantique ( ! anci5ts#eee30 & he /ates1 t on ! %ore to ! nor? ( ,negropont 8! rocks are compos$ ( s]p5t9e /one ) ve9s ( asbe/os & soap/one int]mix$#eef40 ,t\rne=t speaks ( ,amiantus z br\ght f ,c>y/o 9 8 "t1 b ( inf]ior quality#eeg4 #eed ,travels 9 v>i\s ,c\ntries ( ! ,ea/1 edit$ by ,walpole1 p4 #bhh4 #eee ,ibid4 p4 #cg4 #eef ,ibid4 p4 #ch4--,n4 ,b4 ,asbe/os is always f\nd 9 rocks ( ,s]p5t9e4 #eeg ,voyage1 ,engli% ,translation1 vol4 i4 p4 #abi4 ,pausanias 7i4 #bf4 #g47 says1 ! wick ( ! gold5 lamp :i* 0 kept burn+ night & day 9 ! temple ( ,m9]va ,polias at ,a!ns1 0 8( ,c>pasian flax1 ! only k9d ( flax :i* is inde/ructible by fire40 ,?is 8,c>pasian flax0 0 asbe/os f ! vic9ity ( ,c>pasus1 a t[n ne> ! nor?-ea/ corn] ( ,cyprus1 :i* reta9s its anci5t "n1 ,c>pas4 ,dioscorides 7,l4 v4 c4 #ic47 gives a simil> acc\nt ( ! qualities & uses ( ,amiantus1 & says x 0 produc$ 9 ,cyprus#eeh4 #eeh ,see p4 #cib4 ,majolus says#eei1 t 9 ! ye> #aeff he saw at ,v5ice ,podocatt>us1 a knight ( ,cyprus1 & a writ] on ! hi/ory ( t isl&1 :o exhibit$ at ,v5ice clo? made ( ! asbe/os ( 8 c\ntry1 :i* he ?rew into ! fire1 & took x out un9jur$ & made q clean4 #eei ,di]4 ,canicul>4 ,"p ,i4 ,collog4 xx4 p4 #dec4 ,ref]r+ to ,cyprus1 ,sonn9i 7,voyage en ,grce1 i4 p4 #ff47 says1 ,l'amiante1 asbe/os1 ou l9 incombu/ible des anci5s1 e/ encore aussi abondant qu'il le fut autrefois2 la c>rire qui le f\rnit e/ dans la montagne d',akamantide1 prs du cap ,*roma*iti4 ,le talc e/ commun1 surt\t prs de ,l>naca1 o on l'emploie blan*ir les maisons2 et le pltre a de nombreuses c>rires4 ,! 8talc0 may be ! same ) ! 8,lapis specul>is10 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,cyprus1 accord+ to ,pl9y 7xxxvi4 #de474 ,! te/imony ( ,sonn9i s f> agrees ) ^? ( ! anci5ts1 t all ! places m5tion$ 7 on ! nor!rn side ( ! isl&1 s t ! asbe/os seems to h be5 f\nd betwe5 ,sol t[>ds ! ,we/ & ,c>pas t[>ds ! ,ea/4 ,pietro della ,valle1 :5 he 0 at ,l>naca1 0 pres5t$ ) a piece ( ! amiantus ( ! c\ntry1 b says t x 0 no long] spun & wov54 ,pl9y1 if we c rely ^u 8 te/imony z giv5 9 ! exi/+ editions ( 8 works1 /ates1 t ,asbe/os 0 obta9$ 9 ,arcadia 7,h4 ,n4 xxxvii4 #ed47 & 9 ,india4 8,a k9d ( flax has be5 discov]$ :i* is incombu/ible by fire4 ,x is call$ live flax2 & we h se5 napk9s ( x burn+ ^u ! he>? at ent]ta9m5ts1 &1 :5 ?us depriv$ ( _! dirt1 m respl5d5t ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( fire ?an !y c\ld h be5 by ! use ( wat]4 ,! fun]al %irts made ( x = k+s pres]ve ! a%es ( ! body sep>ate f ^? ( ! re/ ( ! pile4 ,x is produc$ 9 des]ts & 9 tracts scor*$ by ! ,indian sun1 :]e !re are no %[]s1 & among dire s]p5ts1 & ?us x is inur$ to live ev5 :5 x is burnt4 ,x is r>e1 & wov5 ) difficulty on acc\nt ( ! %ortness ( its fibres4 ,t v>iety :i* is ( a r$ color becomes respl5d5t 9 ! fire4 ,:5 x has be5 f\nd x equals ! prices ( excell5t pe>ls4 ,x is call$ by ! ,greeks ,asbe/9e ,flax1 on acc\nt ( its nature4 ,anaxilaus relates1 t if a tree surr\nd$ ) clo? made ( x be beat51 ! /rokes are n he>d4 ,on acc\nt ( ^! prop]ties ?is flax is ! fir/ 9 ! _w4 ,! next 9 value is t made ( byssus1 :i* is produc$ ab\t ,elis 9 ,a*aia1 & us$ pr9cipally = f9e female ornam5ts4 ,i f9d t a scruple ( ?is flax1 z also ( gold1 0 =m]ly sold = f\r d5>ii#efj4 ,! nap ( l95 clo?s1 obta9$ *iefly f ! sails ( %ips1 is ( great use 9 surg]y1 & _! a%es h ! same effect z spodium4 ,!re is a c]ta9 k9d ( poppy ! use ( :i* imp>ts ! highe/ degree ( :it5ess to l95 clo?s40--,pl9y1 ,lib4 xix4 *4 #d4 #efj i4 e4 eighte5 gra9s ( ?is flax 7 wor? #bs4 #aj;d4 /g41 be+ equal 9 value to its weight 9 gold4 ,besides ! manufacture ( napk9s1 ?is description exactly agrees ) ! acc\nts ( ,/rabo1 ,sotacus1 ,dioscorides1 & ,plut>*4 ,pl9y's acc\nt ( ! use ( ?is mat]ial 9 fun]als has be5 rem>kably confirm$ by ! occasional discov]y ( pieces ( asbe/9e clo? 9 ! tombs ( ,italy4 ,"o 0 f\nd 9 #afcc at ,puzzuolo1 & 0 pres]v$ 9 ! ,b>b]9i gall]y#efa4 ,ano!r 0 f\nd 9 #agjb a mile )\t ! gate call$ ,porta ,major 9 ,rome4 ,we h an acc\nt ( ! discov]y 9 a lett] writt5 f ,rome at ! "t2 & app5d$ to ,montfaucon's ,travels ?r\gh ,italy4 ,a m>ble s>cophagus hav+ be5 discov]$ 9 a v9ey>d 0 f\nd to conta9 ! clo?1 :i* 0 ab\t #e feet wide1 & #f long4 ,x conta9$ a skull & ! o!r burnt bones ( a human body4 ,! sculptur$ m>ble indicates1 t ! deceas$ 0 a man ( rank4 ,he is suppos$ to h liv$ n e>li] ?an ! "t ( ,con/ant9e4 ,?is curi\s relic ( antiquity has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y s9ce ! p]iod ( its discov]y1 & ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smi?1 :o saw x !re1 gives ! foll[+ description ( its appe>ance3-- ,x is co>sely spun1 b z s(t & pliant z silk4 ,our guide set fire to "o corn] ( x1 & ! v same "p burnt repeat$ly ) great rapidity & brightness )\t be+ at all injur$#efb4 #efa ,keysl]'s ,travels1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bib4 ,london #agfj4 #efb ,t\r on ! ,cont95t1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bja4 ,also 9 ! ,museo ,b>bonico at ,naples !re is a consid]able piece ( asbe/9e clo?1 f\nd at ,va/o 9 ! ,abruzzi1 ! anci5t ,hi/onium4 ,hi]ocles1 ! hi/orian1 z quot$ by ,/ephanus ,byzant9us1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,asbe/os ( ,india3-- ,! ,bra*mans use clo? made ( a k9d ( flax1 :i* is obta9$ f rocks4 ,webs are produc$ f x1 :i* are nei!r subject to be consum$ by fire nor cleans$ by wat]1 b :i*1 aft] !y h become full ( dirt & /a9s1 are r5d]$ cle> & :ite by be+ ?r[n into ! fire4 ,! foll[+ te/imonies illu/rate ! fact1 record$ by bo? ,hi]ocles & ,pl9y1 t ,asbe/os 0 obta9$ f ,india4 ,m>co ,polo#efc m5tions1 t incombu/ible clo? 0 wov5 f a fibr\s /one f\nd at ,*5*5 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,great ,khan4 ,x 0 p\nd$ 9 a brass mort>2 !n wa%$ to sep>ate ! e>?y p>ticles2 spun & wov5 into clo?2 & cleans$1 :5 dirty1 by be+ ?r[n into ! fire4 #efc ,m>sd5's ,translation1 p4 #agf4 ,bugnon1 9 8 ,rlation ,exacte conc]nant les ,c>avanes 7,nancy1 #agjg1 p4 #cg-ci47 m5tions1 t ,amiantus 0 f\nd 9 ,cyprus & on ! conf9es ( ,arabia4 ,he says1 !y spun x & made /ock+s1 socks1 & draw]s1 :i* fitt$ closely2 t ov] ^! !y wore _! o!r g>m5ts2 & t !y 7 ?us protect$ f ! heat 9 travell+ ) ! c>avans ?r\gh ,asia4 ,basil1 ,bi%op ( ,cs>ea1 %[s t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! prop]ties ( ?is sub/ance1 by comp>+ ! ?ree *ildr5 ca/ into ! fi]y furnace )\t be+ hurt 7,dan4 iii47 to ,asbe/os1 8:i*1 :5 put into ! fire seems to burn & to be turn$ to a%es1 b1 :5 tak5 out1 becomes pur] & bright] ?an x 0 be=e#efd40 #efd ,homilia de ,jejunio1 p4 #aaa4 ,damasus 79 ,silve/ro ,papa7 m5tions1 t ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e direct$ asbe/os to be us$ = ! wicks ( ! lamps 9 8 bapti/]y at ,rome4 ,= fur!r p>ticul>s respect+ ! places :]e amiantus is procur$1 & ! mode ( prep>+ x = ! manufacture ( clo?1 we ref] to ! treatises ( m9]alogi/s & to ! ,essays ( ,ciamp9i1 ,til+ius1 ,mahudel1 & ,bruckmann on ?is p>ticul> subject4 ,we are in=m$1 t x is s(t5$ & r5d]$ supple by be+ /eep$ 9 oil1 & t fibres ( flax are !n mix$ ) x 9 ord] t x may be spun4 ,:5 ! clo? is wov51 x is put into ! fire1 by :i* ! flax & oil are dissipat$1 & ! asbe/os alone rema9s#efe4 #efe ,t\rne=t's ,travels1 vol4 i4 p4 #abi4 ,bruckmann1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,lapidis4 ,brunswic4 #agbg4 p4 #ca1 #cb4 ,?is au?or says ! asbe/os 0 put into w>m wat]1 & !re rubb$ & turn$ ab\t4 ,an e>? sep>ates f x1 :i* makes ! wat] z :ite z milk4 ,?is is repeat$ five or six times4 ,! fibres1 ?us purifi$1 are spread out to dry4 ,ignorance ( ! true nature ( ,asbe/os caus$ x to be employ$ 9 ! d>k ages = purposes ( sup]/ition & religi\s fraud4 ,( ?is we h a pro( 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt :i* we f9d 9 ! ,*ronicon ,cas95se ( ,leo ,o/i5sis1 ,l4 ii4 c4 #cc4 ,8 diebus ,mona*i quidam ab ,j]usolymis v5i5tes p>ticulam l9tei1 cum quo p$es discipulorum ,salvator ext]sit1 secum detul]unt1 et ob rev]5tiam sancti hujus loci devotissim hic obtul]unt1 sexto scilicet ,idus ,decembris2 s$1 cum a plurimis sup] hoc nulla fides adhib]etur1 illi fide fid5tes prot9us prdictam p>ticulam 9 acc5si turibuli igne desup] posu]unt1 qu mox quidem 9 ignis colorem conv]sa1 po/ paululm v]o1 amotis c>bonibus1 ad pri/9am speciem mirabilit] e/ rev]sa4 ,cumque excogit>5t qualit]1 vel quanam 9 p>te pignora tanta loc>5t1 contigit1 dispositione div91 ut eodem ipso die1 transmissus sit 9 hunc locum loculus ille mirificus1 ubi nunc recondita e/ ipsa l9tei sancti p>ticula1 arg5to et auro gemmisque ,anglico op]e subtilit] ac pul*]rim decoratus4 ,ibi erg *ri/allo sup]posito v5]abilit] satis e/ collocata3 morisque e/ s+ulis annis1 ipso die ,cn ,dom9ic ad m&atum ,fratrum eam a ,mansion>iis def]ri et 9 m$ium poni1 duoque c&elabra ante illam acc5di et indes95t] p] totum m&ati spatium ab ,acolito inc5s>i4 ,demum v] juxta f9em m&ati a s+ulis p] ord9em fratribus flexis g5ibus devotissim ador>i et rev]5tr exoscul>i4 ,!re is no good reason to d\bt ! tru? ( ?is n>rative s f> z respects ! v]acity & cr$it ( ! hi/orian4 ,leo ,o/i5sis became an inmate ( ! ,abbey ( ,monte ,cas9o a few ye>s aft] ! ev5t is said to h happ5$1 & c\ld sc>cely be mis9=m$ respect+ ! circum/ances1 m especially z he held dur+ ! latt] "p ( 8 abode !re ! (fice ( ,libr>ian4 ,!re is no?+ improbable 9 ! /ory4 ,asbe/9e clo?1 z we h le>nt f ,m>co ,polo1 0 manufactur$ 9 ,asia dur+ ! middle ages1 & ! reput$ relic 0 obta9$ at ,j]usalem4 ,t ! pilgrims1 :o visit$ ,j]usalem1 %\ld be impos$ ^u 9 ?is mann]1 is 9 ! highe/ degree probable1 s9ce we are in=m$1 t ! v same sub/ance 9 its natural /ate 0 (t5 sold to devotees ,,z ,,! ,,wood ,,( ,,! ,,true ,,cross1 & its incombu/ibility 0 exhibit$ z ! pro( ( its g5u95ess4 ,?is we le>n 9 ! foll[+ passage f ,til+ius1 :o wrote 8,de l9o vivo aut asbe/9o et incombu/ibili40 ,antonius ,musa ,brassavolus ,f]r>i5sis tradit1 impo/ores lapidem ,amiantum simplicibus muli]culis o/5d]e v5d]eque sp5um]o pro ligno crusis ,s]vatoris no/ri4 ,id quod facile cr$unt1 cm igne non comburatur1 quodque ligni modo plurimis con/et l9eis int]cur santibus4--,miscellanea ,curiosa ,natur ,curiosorum1 ,decuri ii4 ,ann4 ii4 p4 #aaa4 ,noremb]g1 #afhd4 ,! monks on _! arrival at ,monte ,cas9o w\ld naturally display ! same evid5ce1 by :i* !y !mselves _h be5 conv9c$2 & ! appe>ance ( ! clo?1 :5 put into ! fire & tak5 out ( x1 is describ$ exactly z x w\ld be 9 fact1 suppos+ x to h be5 made ( amiantus4 ,montfaucon1 9 8 ,travels 9 ,italy 7p4 #cha4 ,engli% ed4 #hvo471 describes a spl5did s]vice book1 :i* 0 writt5 ,a4 ,d4 #ajgb by ,leo at ! exp5se ( bro!r ,john ( ,m>sicana1 & pres5t$ by ,john to ! ,mona/]y ( ,monte ,cas9o1 :]e x 0 exhibit$ to ,montfaucon z "o ( ! mo/ valuable & curi\s monum5ts4 ,an illum9ation 9 ?is book repres5ts a monk kneel+ be=e ,/4 ,b5$ict1 ! patron & f\nd] ( ! in/itution1 & hold+ 9 8 h&s a clo?1 on :i* ,/4 ,b5$ict is plac+ 8 left foot4 ,montfaucon gives an engrav+ f ?is picture3 he supposes ! clo? to be a monk's c[l1 & conjectures t x 0 ?us us$ 9 admitt+ novices4 ,?is explanation is evid5tly a mo/ unsatisfactory "o1 no?+ be+ produc$ to r5d] x ev5 probable4 ,we believe ! clo? to be t ! hi/ory ( :i* has j n[ be5 giv51 & t ! design ( ! arti/ 0 to repres5t a monk wip+ ! feet ( ,/4 ,b5$ict ) ! same clo? ) :i* ,jesus wip$ ! feet ( 8 disciples4 ,?is supposition w appe> ! m probable if we att5d to ! date ( ! ,,ms4 7,a4 ,d4 #ajgb7 & ! p]sons1 by :om & at ^: exp5se x 0 writt54 8,bro!r ,john ( ,m>sicana0 appe>s to h be5 at ?is "t advanc$ 9 ye>s1 weal?y1 & highly respect$1 s9ce we are in=m$1 t 9 ! ye> #ajee1 :5 ,pet] 0 *os5 ,abbot ( ! ,mona/]y1 "s ( ! bro!rhood wi%$ to *oose ,john1 al?\gh he1 =esee+ t ! *oice w\ld be likely to fall on him1 _h ob/9ately sworn on ! alt>1 t he w\ld nev] und]take ! (fice4 ,john 0 at ?is "t provo/ ( ,capua#eff4 ,sev5te5 ye>s aft]w>ds he w5t to ! exp5se ( provid+ ! s]vice-book se5 by ,montfaucon4 ,he employ$ z 8 scribe "o ( ! frat]nity1 :o 0 8 junior & f ! same city ) himself4 ,= !re c be sc>cely a d\bt1 b t ,leo1 :o wrote ! ,,ms41 0 ! same :o 0 ! au?or ( ! ,*ronicon4 ,! au?or ( ! ,*ronicon1 at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 hi/ory1 calls himself 8,frat] ,leo1 cognom9e ,m>sicanus#efg04 ,he 0 made ,bi%op ( ,o/ia ,a4 ,d4 #aaja1 s t we may suppose him to h be5 tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ( age1 :5 ! ,,ms4 0 made4 ,( 8 aptitude = su* an employm5t we _c d\bt1 :5 we consid] 8 future labors z ,libr>ian & au?or ( ! ,*ronicle4 ,b if ^! facts be evid5t1 x is equally manife/1 t ^! two accompli%$ ,b5$ict9es c\ld n h express$ _! v5]ation t[>ds _! f\nd] 9 any way bett] suit$ to _! ideas & belief ?an by exhibit+ 9 ! mann] describ$ t relic1 ,,:i* ,,0 ,,solemnly ,,display$ ,,once ,a ,,ye> ,,) ,,burn+ ,,c&les ,,& ,,att5d+ ,,acoly!s ,,to ,,! ,,admir+ ,,& ,,ador+ ,,cr[d ,,( ,,devotees4 #eff ,dom9um ,johannem1 cognom9e ,m>sicanum1 qui tunc ,capu erat prpositus1 c4--,leonis ,o/i5tis ,*ronicon ,cas95se1 ,l4 ii4 c4 #ib4 #efg ,m>sicana 7civitas7 0 9 ,m>sica1 ! t]ritory ( ! anci5t ,m>si4 ,on inquiry x is f\nd t ?is relic exi/s no long] at ,monte ,cas9o1 al?\gh ! orig9al copy ( ! ,*ronicon ( ,leo ,o/i5sis is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,libr>y#efh4 ,x appe>s t ! relic has long be5 lo/1 s9ce !re is no m5tion ei!r ( x1 or ( ! casket :i* conta9$ x 9 ! 8,descrizione ,i/orica del ,mona/]o di ,monte ,cas9o1 ,napoli1 #agge40 #efh ,excursions 9 ! ,abruzzi1 by ! ,hon4 ,keppel ,crav51 vol4 i4 p4 #ed4 ,a l>ge glove ( ?is sub/ance is 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,museum at ,glasg[4 ,an ,engli% travell] /ates t he has lately se5 at ,p>ma a table-clo?1 made ( ,amiantus f ,corsica1 = ! use ( ! ex-,empress ,m>ia ,l\isa1 :o resid$ !re aft] ! fall ( ,napoleon4 ,9 mod]n times clo? ( asbe/os is sc>cely made4 ,inde$ x is n probable t ?is mat]ial w ev] be obta9$ 9 mu* abundance1 or t x w cease to be a r>ity except 9 ! places ( its production4 ,x is nev] se5 9 ,great ,brita91 or on ! cont95t1 save 9 ! cab9ets ( ! curi\s4 ,! annex$ ,map 7,plate ,,vii47 is design$ to indicate ! divisions ( ! ,anci5t ,_w z det]m9$ by ! ,raw ,mat]ials pr9cipally produc$ & employ$ 9 !m = weav+4 ,! ,r$ division produc$ ,%eeps'-,wool & ,goats'-,hair3 also ,beav]s'-,wool 9 ! portion ( ?is division1 :i* lies to ! ,nor? ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 & ( ! riv]s ,padus & ,i/]3 & ,camels'-,wool & ,camels'-,hair 9 ! portion ly+ ,s\?-,ea/ ( a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! coa/ ( ,syria4 ,! nations to ! ,nor? ( ?is division clo!d !mselves 9 sk9s1 furs1 & felt4 ,! ,yell[ at ! ,ea/]n corn] indicates ! comm5cem5t ( ! va/ ,region1 unkn[n to ! ,anci5ts1 ! inhabitants ( :i* clo!d !mselves 9 ,silk4 ,! ,gre5 indicates ! c\ntries1 all l[ & bord]+ on riv]s1 9 :i* ! clo? manufactur$ 0 *iefly ,l954 ,! ,br[n is design$ to %[ ! cultivation ( ,hemp 9 ! l[ c\ntry to ! ,nor? ( ! ,eux9e ,sea1 & probably 9 o!r places1 ,nor? ( ! ,r$ division1 :i* 7 adapt$ = its gr[?4 ,la/ly1 ! ,blue1 :i* is ! col\r ( ! ,bah>e9 ,isles & ( ,india1 %[s t ! inhabitants ( ^! c\ntries h f "t immemorial clo!d !mselves 9 ,cotton4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii ,,s]ica ,,map %[+ ! ,divisions ( ! ,,anci5t ,,_w accord+ to ! ,raw ,mat]ials pr9cipally produc$ 9 !m = ,weav+4 ,,app5dices4 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,on ,,pl9y',s ,,natural ,,hi/ory4 ,%eep & wool--,price ( wool 9 ,pl9y's "t--,v>ieties ( wool & :]e produc$--,co>se wool us$ = ! manufacture ( c>pets--,wooll5 clo? ( ,egypt--,embroid]y--,felt+--,mann] ( cleans+--,di/aff ( ,tanaquil--,v>ro--,tunic--,toga--,undula te or wav$ clo?--,nature ( ?is fabric--,figur$ clo?s 9 use 9 ! days ( ,hom] 7#ijj ,b4 ,c47--,clo? ( gold--,figur$ clo?s ( ,babylon--,damask fir/ wov5 at ,alex&ria--,plaid$ textures fir/ wov5 9 ,gaul--#aej1jjj paid = a ,babyloni% cov]let--,dye+ ( wool 9 ! fleece--,obs]vations on %eep & goats--,dioscurias a city ( ! ,col*ians--,mann] ( transact+ bus9ess4 ,,lib4 ,,viii4 c4 #dgs4 #gb4 #ejs4 #gf4efi #efi ,! edition "h foll[$ is t ( ,sillig1 ,lipsi1 #ahca-f1 #e vols41 #abmo4 8,we are also mu* indebt$ to %eep bo? 9 sacrifices to propitiate ! gods1 & 9 ! use ( _! fleeces4 ,z ox5 produce by cultivation ! food ( m51 s we owe to %eep ! protection ( our bodies4444 ,!re are two pr9cipal k9ds ( %eep1 ! cov]$ & ! common4 ,! =m] is s(t]1 ! latt] m delicate 9 fe$+1 inasmu* z ! cov]$ fe$s on brambles4 ,its cov]+s are *iefly ( ,arabic mat]ials4 8,! mo/ approv$ wool is ! ,apulian1 & t :i* is call$ ! wool ( ,greek %eep 9 ,italy1 & ! ,italic wool 9 o!r places4 ,! ?ird k9d 9 value is t obta9$ f ,milesian %eep4 ,! ,apulian wools h a %ort /aple1 & are only celebrat$ = mak+ pnulas4 ,!y atta9 ! highe/ degree ( excell5ce ab\t ,t>5tum & ,canusium4 ,9 ,asia wools ( ! same k9d are obta9$ at ,laodicea4 ,no :ite wool is pref]r$ to ^? :i* are produc$ ab\t ! ,po1 nor has a p\nd ev] yet exce$$ a hundr$ se/]ces 7ab\t #c1fj474 ,%eep are n %orn ev]y:]e3 9 c]ta9 places ! practice ( pull+ (f ! wool cont9ues4 ,!re are v>i\s colors ( wool1 s t we want t]ms to d5ote all4 ,spa9 produces "s ( ^? v>ieties :i* we call native2 ,poll5tia1 ne> ! ,alps1 furni%es ! *ief k9ds ( black wool2 ,asia & ,btica ^? ruddy v>ieties call$ ,ery?rean2 ,canusium a s&y-color$#egj wool2 & ,t>5tum "o ( a d>k %ade peculi> to t locality4 ,new-%orn greasy wools h all a m$ic9al virtue4 ,! wool ( ,i/ria & ,liburnia be+ m l hair ?an wool1 is unsuitable = mak+ ! clo?s :i* h a long nap4 ,?is is also ! case ) ! wool ( ,salacia 9 ,lusitania2 b ! clo? made f x is recomm5d$ by its plaid$ patt]n4 ,a simil> k9d is produc$ ab\t ,pisc5 7i4 e4 ,pez5as71 9 ! prov9ce ( ,n>bonne1 & likewise 9 ,egypt1 ! wooll5 clo? ( :i* c\ntry1 hav+ be5 worn by use1 is embroid]$ & la/s "s "t long]4 ,! co>se wool ) a ?ick /aple 0 us$ 9 v anci5t times = c>pets3 at lea/ ,hom] 7#ijj ,b4 ,c47 speaks ( ! use ( x4 ,! ,gauls h "o me?od ( embroid]+ ^! c>pets1 & ! ,p>?ians ano!r4 ,portions ( wool also make clo? by be+ =c$ toge!r by !mselves#ega4 ,) ! addition ( v9eg> ^! also resi/ iron1 nay ev5 fires1 :i* are ! la/ exp$i5t = purg+ !m2 =1 hav+ be5 tak5 out ( ! caldrons ( ! poli%]s1 !y are sold = ! /uff+ ( b$s1 an inv5tion made1 ,i believe1 9 ,gaul1 c]ta9ly 9 ! pres5t day di/+ui%$ by ,gallic names3 = 9 :at age x comm5c$ ,i c\ld n easily say1 s9ce ! anci5ts us$ b$s ( /raw1 su* z are n[ employ$ 9 camps4 ,! clo?s call$ gausapa began to be us$ )9 ! memory ( my fa!r2 ^? call$ amphimalla )9 my own1 7,see ,"p ,fir/1 p4 #cj17 z well z ! %aggy cov]+s = ! /oma*1 call$ v5tralia4 ,= ! tunic ) ! laticlave is n[ fir/ beg9n+ to be wov5 aft] ! mann] ( ! gausapa4 ,! black wools are nev] dy$4 ,conc]n+ ! dye+ ( ! o!rs we %all speak 9 _! prop] places1 9 treat+ ( sea-%ells or ! nature ( h]bs4 8,m4 ,v>ro says1 t ! wool cont9u$ to 8 "t ^u ! di/aff & sp9dle ( ,tanaquil1 also call$ ,caia ,ccilia1 9 ! temple ( ,sangus2 & t !re rema9$ 9 ! temple ( ,=tune a royal undulate toga made by h]1 :i* ,s]vius ,tullius _h worn4 ,h5ce arose ! practice ( c>ry+ a di/aff ) wool ^u x1 & a sp9dle ) its ?read1 aft] virg9s :o 7 go+ to be m>ri$4 ,%e fir/ wove ! /raight tunic1 su* z is worn by tiros toge!r ) ! toga pura1 & by newly-m>ri$ wom54 ,! undulate or wav$ clo? 0 orig9ally "o ( ! mo/ admir$2 f x 0 d]iv$ ! soriculate#egb4 ,f5e/rella writes1 t scrap$ & ,phryxian togas came into favor ab\t ! end ( ! reign ( ! ,div9e ,augu/us4 ,! ?ick poppi$ togas are ( remot] orig91 be+ notic$ ev5 s f> back z by ! poet ,lucilius 9 8 ,torquatus4 ,! toga prtexta 0 inv5t$ among ! ,etruscans4 ,i f9d evid5ce t k+s wore ! /rip$ toga#egc1 t figur$ clo?s 7 9 use ev5 9 ! days ( ,hom]2 & t ^! gave rise to ! triumphal4 ,to produce ?is effect ) ! ne$le 0 ! inv5tion ( ! ,phrygians1 on :i* acc\nt clo?s s embroid]$ h be5 call$ ,phrygionic4 ,9 ! same "p ( ,asia k+ ,attalus 7see ,"p ,i4 p4 #hh47 discov]$ ! art ( ins]t+ a wo( ( gold3 f :i* circum/ance ! ,attalic clo?s receiv$ _! "n4 ,babylon fir/ obta9$ celebrity by its me?od ( div]sify+ ! picture ) diff]5t colors1 & gave its "n to textures ( ?is description4 ,b to weave ) a great numb] ( lea%es1 s z to produce ! clo?s call$ polymita 7i4 e4 damask clo?s71 0 fir/ taught 9 ,alex&ria2 to divide by squ>es 7i4 e4 plaids7 9 ,gaul4 ,metellus ,scipio br\ght x z an accusation aga9/ ,cato1 t ev5 9 8 "t ,babylonian cov]lets = tricl9ia 7 sold = #hjj1jjj se/]ces 7#cj1jjj71 al?\gh ! emp]or ,n]o lately gave = !m no less ?an #d1jjj1jjj se/]ces 7ab\t #aej1jjj74 ,! prtexta ( ,s]vius ,tullius1 cov]+ ! /atue ( ,=tune :i* he d$icat$1 rema9$ until ! dea? ( ,sejanus1 & x is wond]ful t !y _h nei!r decay$ ( !mselves nor be5 injur$ by ! worms ( mo?s ?r\gh ! space ( #efj ye>s4 ,we h1 moreov]1 se5 ! fleeces ( liv+ %eep dy$ ) purple1 ) ! coccus1 or ! murex1 9 pieces ( b>k a foot & a half long1 luxury appe>+ to =ce ?is ^u !m z if x 7 _! nature4 8,9 ! %eep itself ! excell5ce ( ! bre$ is suffici5tly %[n by ! %ortness ( ! legs & ! clo?+ ( ! belly4 ,^? :i* h nak$ bellies us$ to be call$ apic1 & 7 condemn$4 ,! tails ( ! ,syrian %eep are a cubit broad1 & 9 t "p !y be> a great quantity ( wool4 ,x is ?\ght premature to ca/rate lambs be=e !y are five mon?s old4 ,9 ,spa91 b especially 9 ,corsica1 !re is a race ( animals call$ musmons1 resembl+ %eep1 except t _! cov]+ is m l goats'-hair4 ,! anci5ts call$ ! mix$ bre$ ( %eep & musmons ,umbri4 ,%eep h a v weak head1 on :i* acc\nt !y are oblig$ to turn f ! sun 9 fe$+4 ,!y are mo/ fooli% animals4 ,:]e !y h be5 afraid to ent]1 !y foll[ "o dragg$ along by ! horn4 ,!y live t5 ye>s at ! longe/1 b 9 ?iopia ?irte5 ye>s4 ,goats live !re elev5 ye>s1 & 9 o!r c\ntries eight at ! mo/4444 ,9 ,cilicia & ab\t ! ,syrtes1 goats h a %aggy coat1 :i* admits ( be+ %orn40 #egj ,?is t]m is adopt$ z ! be/ translation ( ! ,lat9 fulvus1 :i*1 z well z ! correspond+ ,greek adjective 1 d5ot$ a light yell[i%-br[n4 ,h5ce x 0 s commonly appli$ to ! light hair1 :i* accompanies a light complexion & (t5 indicates m5tal vivacity1 & :i* has consequ5tly be5 always consid]$ beautiful4 ,h5ce also x 0 us$ to d5ote ! appe>ance ( ! ,tib] & o!r riv]s1 :5 !y 7 r5d]$ turbid by ! quantity ( s& susp5d$ 9 _! wat]s4--,see ,fell[s's ,discov]ies 9 ,lycia4 #ega ,see ,app5dix ,c4 #egb ,x is probable t soriculate clo? 0 a k9d ( velvet1 or plu%1 s call$ f its resemblance to ! coat ( ! field-m\se1 sorex1 dim4 soricula4 ,soriculata may h be5 *ang$ into sororiculata by repeat+ or at ! beg9n+ ( ! ^w4 #egc ,! toga worn by ! k+s & o!r supreme magi/rates among ! ,romans 0 call$ trabea f ! /ripes1 :i* 7 comp>$ to ! joi/s or raft]s ( a build+ 7trabes74 ,,lib4 ,,vi4 c4 #e4 8,! rema9+ %ores are occupi$ by savage nations1 z ! ,melan*lni & ,coraxi1 ,dioscurias1 a city ( ! ,col*ians1 ne> ! riv] ,an!mus1 be+ n[ des]t$1 al?\gh =m]ly s illu/ri\s1 t ,timo/h5es has record$ t ?ree hundr$ nations us$ to resort to x1 speak+ diff]5t languages2 & t bus9ess 0 aft]w>ds transact$ on our "p ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "o hundr$ & ?irty int]pret]s40 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,manufacture ,,( ,,l95 ,,& ,,cotton ,,pap]4 ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,l95 ,,pap] ,,prov5 ,,to ,,be ,,( ,,egyptian ,,orig91--,,cotton ,,pap] ,,manufactur$ ,,by ,,! ,,bu*>ians ,,& ,,arabians1 ,a4 ,d4 #gjd4 ,wehrs gives ! inv5tion ( ,l95 pap] to ,g]many--,s*nemann to ,italy--,op9ion ( v>i\s writ]s1 anci5t & mod]n--,l95 pap] produc$ 9 ,egypt f mummy-clo?1 ,a4 ,d4 #abjj--,te/imony ( ,abdollatiph--,europe indebt$ to ,egypt = l95 pap] until ! elev5? c5tury--,cotton pap]--,! k ( manufactur+1 h[ procur$1 & by :om--,advantages ( ,egyptian pap] manufactur]s--,clugny's te/imony--,egyptian manuscript ( l95 pap] be>+ date ,a4 ,d4 #aajj--;,anci5t wat]-m>ks on l95 pap]--,l95 pap] fir/ introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,s>ac5s ( ,spa9--,! ,wasp a pap]-mak]--,manufacture ( pap] f %av+s ( wood1 & f ! /alks or leaves ( ,indian-corn4 ,no "p ( ! ,res ,diplomatica has be5 m frequ5tly discuss$ ?an ! "q respect+ ! orig9 ( pap] made f l95 rags4 ,! inquiry is int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! unspeakable importance ( ?is mat]ial 9 connection ) ! progress ( k & all ! means ( civilization1 & x also claims att5tion f ! philologi/ z an aid 9 det]m9+ ! age ( manuscripts4 ,wehrs ref]s to a docum5t writt5 ,a4 ,d4 #acjh z ! olde/ kn[n specim5 ( l95 pap]2 &1 z ! inv5tion mu/ h be5 at lea/ a little previ\s to ! prep>ation ( ?is docum5t1 he fixes ^u #acjj z its probable date#egd4 ,v>i\s writ]s on ! subject1 z ,von ,murr1 ,breitkopf1 ,s*nemann1 c41 concur 9 ?is op9ion4 #egd ,vom ,papi]1 p4 #cji1 #cdc4 ,got!lf ,fis*]1 9 8 ,essay on ,pap]-m>ks#ege1 cites an extract f an acc\nt writt5 9 #acja on l95 pap]4 ,9 ?is specim5 ! m>k is a circle surm\nt$ by a sprig1 at ! end ( :i* is a />4 ,! pap] is ?ick1 firm1 & well gra9$2 & its wat]-l9es & wat]-m>ks 7v]gures et pontuseaux7 may readily be di/+ui%$4 #ege ,?is ,essay1 translat$ into ,fr5*1 is publi%$ by ,jans51 9 8 ,essai sur l'orig9e de la gravure en bois et en taille-d\ce1 ,p>is #ahjh1 tome i4 p4 #ceg-che4 ,! date 0 c>ri$ consid]ably high] by ,s*w&n]1 ,pr9cipal ,keep] ( ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,vi5na1 :o f\nd among ! *>t]s ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,gss 9 ,upp] ,/iria "o 9 a /ate ( decay1 only sev5 in*es long & ?ree wide4 ,s highly did he e/imate ! value ( ?is curi\s relic z to publi% 9 #aghh a full acc\nt ( 8 discov]y 9 a ?9 qu>to volume1 :i* be>s ! foll[+ title1 8,*>tam l9team antiquissimam1 omnia hact5us producta specim9a tate su sup]antem1 ex cimels ,biblio!c ,augu/ ,v9dobon5sis exponit ,jo4 ,ge4 ,s*w&n]10 c4 ,! docum5t is a m&ate ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,emp]or ( ! ,romans1 entru/+ to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,saltzburg & ! ,duke ( ,au/ria ! det]m9ation ( a dispute betwe5 ! ,duke ( ,c>9?ia & ! ,mona/]y ( ,gss respect+ ! prop]ty ( ! latt] 9 ,c>9?ia4 ,s*w&n] proves ! date ( x to be #abdc4 ,he does n say :e!r x has any l9es or wat]-m>k1 b is q satisfi$ f its flexibility & o!r qualities1 t x is l954 ,al?\gh on ! fir/ discov]y ( ?is docum5t "s d\bt 0 express$ z to its g5u95ess1 x appe>s to h ris5 9 e/imation ) succe$+ writ]s2 & we appreh5d x is r f inadv]t5ce ?an f any defici5cy 9 ! evid5ce1 t x is n notic$ at all by ,s*nemann1 ,eb]t1 ,del&9e1 or by ,horne4 ,due att5tion is1 h[ev]1 be/[$ ^u x by ,augu/ ,fri$ri* ,pfeiff] ,ub] ,b*]-,h&s*rift51 ,erlang5 #ahaj1 p4 #ci1 #dj4 ,) reg>d to ! circum/ances :i* l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! pap] n[ 9 common use1 or ! c\ntry 9 :i* x took place1 we f9d 9 ! writ]s on ! subject f ,polydore ,virgil to ! pres5t day no?+ b conjectures or confessions ( ignorance4 ,wehrs supposes1 & o!rs foll[ him1 t 9 mak+ pap] l95 rags 7 ei!r by accid5t or ?r\gh design at fir/ mix$ ) cotton rags1 s z to produce a pap]1 :i* 0 p>tly l95 & p>tly cotton1 & t ?is l$ by degrees to ! manufacture ( pap] f l95 only#egf4 ,wehrs also endeavors to claim ! honor ( ! inv5tion = ,g]many1 8 own c\ntry2 b ,s*nemann gives t di/9ction to ,italy1 because !re1 9 ! di/rict ( ,ancona1 a consid]able manufacture ( cotton pap] 0 c>ri$ on be=e ! f\rte5? c5tury#egg4 ,all h[ev] admit1 t !y h no satisfactory evid5ce on ! subject4 #egf ,vom ,papi]1 p4 #ahc4 #egg ,diplomatik1 vol4 i4 p4 #did4 ,a cle> light is ?r[n ^u ^! que/ions by a rem>k ( ! ,arabian physician1 ,abdollatiph1 :o visit$ ,egypt ,a4 ,d4 #abjj4 ,he in=ms u#egh1 8t ! clo? f\nd 9 ! catacombs1 & us$ to envelope ! mummies1 0 made into g>m5ts1 or sold to ! scribes to make pap] = %op-keep]s40 ,hav+ %[n 7,see ,"p ,,iv4 ,*apt] ,i47 t ?is clo? 0 l951 ! passage ( ,abdollatiph1 !re=e1 may be consid]$ z a decisive pro(1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has nev] be5 produc$ z su*1 ( ! manufacture ( l95 pap] z e>ly z ! ye> #abjj4 #egh ,*apt] iv4 p4 #ahh ( ,silve/re de ,sacy's ,fr5* translation1 p4 #bba ( ,wahl's ,g]man translation4 ,?is int]e/+ passage 0 translat$ z foll[s by ,edw>d ,pococke1 ! y\ng]3--8,et qui ex ,arabibus1 incolisve ,rif1 aliisve1 has arcas indagant1 hc integum5ta diripiunt1 quodque 9 iis rapi5dum inv5itur2 et conficiunt sibi ve/es1 aut ea *>t>s v5dunt ad confici5dam *>tam emporeaticam40 ,silve/re de ,sacy 7,notice1 c471 animadv]t+ on ,:ite's v]sion :i* is entirely diff]5t1 expresses 8 approbation ( ,pococke's1 f :i* ,wahl's does n mat]ially diff]4 ,?is acc\nt co9cides rem>kably ) :at we "k f v>i\s o!r s\rces4 ,pr(essor ,ty*s51 9 8 le>n$ & curi\s diss]tation on ! use ( pap] f ,papyrus 7publi%$ 9 ! ,comm5tationes ,reg4 ,soc4 ,gott+5sis ,rec5tiores1 vol4 iv4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahbj71 has br\ght abundant te/imonies to prove t ,egypt suppli$ all ,europe ) ?is k9d ( pap] until t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! use ( x 0 !n ab&on$1 cotton pap] be+ employ$ in/ead4 ,! ,arabs 9 consequ5ce ( _! conque/s 9 ,bu*>ia _h le>nt ! art ( mak+ cotton pap] ab\t ! ye> #gjd1 & ?r\gh !m or ! ,s>ac5s x 0 introduc$ into ,europe 9 ! elev5? c5tury#egi4 ,we may !re=e consid] x z 9 ! highe/ degree probable1 t ! mode ( mak+ cotton pap] 0 kn[n to ! pap]-mak]s ( ,egypt4 ,at ! same "t endless quantities ( l95 clo?1 ! be/ ( all mat]ials = ! manufacture ( pap]1 7 to be obta9$ f ! catacombs4 #egi ,wehrs vom ,papi]1 p4 #aca1 #add1 ,note4 ,breitkopf1 p4 #ha4 ,if we put toge!r ^! circum/ances1 we _c b p]ceive h[ !y conspire to illu/rate & ju/ify ! /atem5t ( ,abdollatiph4 ,we p]ceive ! int]e/ :i* ! great ,egyptian pap]-manufactur]s _h 9 ! improvem5t ( _! article1 & ! unrivall$ facilities :i* !y possess$ = ?is purpose2 & ?us1 we appreh5d1 ! direct te/imony ( an eye-witness ( ! highe/ reputation = v]acity & intellig5ce1 support$ z x is by collat]al probabilities1 cle>s up 9 a great measure ! long-agitat$ "q respect+ ! orig9 ( pap] su* z we n[ commonly use = writ+4 ,! evid5ce be+ c>ri$ ?us f>1 we may take 9 connection ) x ! foll[+ passage f ,petrus ,cluniac5sis3-- ,lat9 #ddd,s$ cojusmodi librum8 ,si talem quales quotidie 9 usu leg5di habemus1 utique ex pellibus arietum1 hircorum1 vel vitulorum1 sive ex biblis1 vel juncis ori5talium paludum1 aut ex rasuris vet]um pannorum1 seu ex qualibet alia =te viliore mat]ia compactos1 et p5nis avium vel calamis palu/rium locorum1 qualibet t9ctura infectis descriptos4--,tractatus adv4 ,judos1 c4 v4 9 ,max4 ,bibl4 vet4 ,patrum1 tom4 xxii4 p4 #ajad4 ,all ! writ]s ^u ?is subject1 except ,trombelli1 suppose ! ,abbot ( ,clugny to allude 9 ! phrase 8ex rasuris vet]um pannorum0 to ! use ( wooll5 & cotton clo? only1 & n ( l954 ,b1 z we are n[ au?oriz$ to c>ry up ! inv5tion ( l95 pap] high] ?an be=e1 & z ! m5tion ( x by ,abdollatiph ju/ifies ! conclusion t x 0 manufactur$ 9 ,egypt "s "t be=e 8 visit to t c\ntry 9 #abjj1 we may reasonably conjecture t ,petrus ,cluniac5sis allud$ to ! same fact4 ,! treatise above quot$ is suppos$ to h be5 writt5 ,a4 ,d4 #aabj4 ,! acc\nt ( ! mat]ials us$ = mak+ books appe>s to be full & accurate4 ,! expression 8scrap+s ( old clo?s0 agrees exactly ) ! mode ( mak+ pap] f l95 rags1 b is n 9 accordance ) any facts kn[n to u respect+ ! use ( wooll5 or cotton clo?4 ,! only objection aga9/ ?is view ( ! subject is1 t1 z ,pet] ( ,clugny _h n :5 he wrote ?is passage travell$ ea/w>d ( ,france1 we c sc>cely suppose him to h be5 suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! mann]s & productions ( ,egypt to introduce any allusion to _! newly inv5t$ mode ( mak+ pap]4 ,b we "k t ! ,abbey ( ,clugny _h m ?an #cjj *ur*es1 colleges1 & mona/]ies dep5d5t on x1 & t at lea/ two ( ^! 7 9 ,pale/9e & "o at ,con/ant9ople4 ,! int]c\rse :i* mu/ h subsi/$ 9 ?is way betwe5 ! ,abbey ( ,clugny & ! ,levant1 may acc\nt = ! ,abbot ,pet]'s acqua9tance ) ! fact4 ,x is !re=e probable t he alludes to ! manufacture ( pap] 9 ,egypt f ! clo? ( mummies1 :i* on ?is supposition _h be5 inv5t$ e>ly 9 ! twelf? c5tury#ehj4 #ehj ,gibbon says 7vol4 v4 p4 #bie1 #dto edition71 8,! ine/imable art ( trans=m+ l95 into pap] has be5 diffus$ f ! manufacture ( ,sam>c& ov] ! ,we/]n _w40 ,?is ass]tion appe>s to be entirely de/itute ( f\ndation4 ,ano!r fact1 :i* n only co9cides ) all ! evid5ce n[ produc$1 b c>ries ! date ( ! inv5tion /ill a little high]1 is ! description ( ! manuscript ,no4 #ghg1 conta9+ an ,arabic v]sion ( ! ,aphorisms ( ,hippocrates1 9 ,casiri's ,biblio!ca ,arabico-,hispana ,escurial5sis1 tom4 i4 p4 #bce4 ,?is ,,ms4 0 probably br\ght f ,egypt1 or ! ,ea/4 ,x has a date correspond+ to ,a4 ,d4 #aajj1 & is ( l95 pap] accord+ to ,casiri1 :o calls x 8,*>taceus40 8,codices *>tacei10 i4 e4 ,,mss4 on l95 pap]1 z old z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 are m5tion$ n unfrequ5tly 9 ! ,catalogues ( ! ,escurial1 ! ,nani1 & o!r libr>ies4 ,joseph ,brooks ,yates1 ,esq4 ,f4 ,s4 ,a41 ( ,we/ ,d+le ne> ,liv]pool1 is 9 possession ( a f9e ,,ms4 ( "s ( ! ,homilies ( ,*ryso/om1 writt5 9 all probability n lat] ?an ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x is on l95 pap]1 ) ! wat]-l9es p]fectly di/9ct 9 bo? directions4 ,! wat]-m>k is a t[]1 ! size & =m ( :i* are %[n 9 ,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,f ! appe>ance ( ?is pap]1 x is probable t ! =m or m\ld may p]haps h be5 made ( ?9 rods ( cane or "s o!r vegetable4 ,^! rods1 h[ev]1 may h be5 metallic4 ,!y 7 plac$ s close1 t ( ! wat]-l9es produc$ by !m #ag may be c\nt$ 9 ! space ( an in*1 ! wat]-l9es at "r angles to ^! be+ "o in* & a qu>t] ap>t4 ,! prec$+ facts co9cide ) ! op9ion long ago express$ by ,prideaux1 :o conclud$ t l95 pap] 0 an ,ea/]n inv5tion1 because 8mo/ ( ! old ,,mss4 9 ,arabic & o!r ori5tal languages are writt5 on ?is sort ( pap]10 & t x 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,s>ac5s ( ,spa9#eha4 #eha ,old & ,new ,te/am5t connect$1 ,"p ,i4 *apt] #g4 p4 #cic1 #crd edition1 folio4 ,a few obs]vations1 by way ( conclud+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 may "h be prop]ly be/[$ ^u ! mat]ial ) :i* ! ,,wasp-,,family con/ruct _! ne/s4 ,! wasp is a pap]-mak]1 & a mo/ p]fect & intellig5t "o4 ,:ile mank9d 7 arriv+1 by sl[ degrees1 at ! art ( fabricat+ ?is valuable sub/ance1 ! wasp 0 mak+ x be=e _! eyes1 by v mu* ! same process z t by :i* human h&s n[ manufacture x ) ! be/ aid ( *emi/ry & ma*9]y4 ,:ile "s nations c>v$ _! records on wood1 & /one1 & brass1 & lead5 tablets1--o!rs1 m advanc$1 wrote ) a /yle on wax1--o!rs employ$ ! inn] b>k ( trees1 & o!rs ! sk9s ( animals rudely prep>$1--! wasp 0 manufactur+ a firm & durable pap]4 ,ev5 :5 ! papyrus 0 r5d]$ m fit1 by a process ( art1 = ! transmission ( ideas 9 writ+4 ,! pap] ( ! papyrus 0 =m$ ( ! leaves ( ! plant1 dri$1 press$1 & poli%$2 ! wasp alone knew h[ to r$uce vegetable fibres to a pulp1 & !n unite !m by a size or glue1 spread+ ! sub/ance out into a smoo? & delicate leaf4 ,?is is exactly ! process ( pap]-mak+4 ,x w\ld seem t ! wasp kn[s1 z ! mod]n pap]-mak]s n[ "k1 t ! fibres ( rags1 :e!r l95 or cotton1 are n ! only mat]ials t c be us$ 9 ! =mation ( pap]2 %e employs o!r vegetable matt]s1 conv]t+ !m into a prop] consi/5cy by h] assidu\s ex]tions4 ,9 "s respects %e is m skilful ev5 ?an our pap]-mak]s1 = %e takes c>e to reta9 h] fibres ( suffici5t l5g?1 by :i* %e r5d]s h] pap] z /rong z %e requires4 ,_m manufactur]s ( ! pres5t day cut _! mat]ial into small bits1 & ?us produce a rott5 article4 ,"o great di/9ction betwe5 good & bad pap] is its t\ghness2 & ?is diff]5ce is inv>iably produc$ by ! fibre ( :i* x is compos$ be+ long1 & !re=e t\gh2 or %ort1 & !re=e friable4 ,! wasp has be5 labor+ at h] manufacture ( pap]1 f h] fir/ creation1 ) precisely ! same in/rum5ts & ! same mat]ials2 & h] success has be5 unv>y+4 ,h] ma*9]y is v simple1 & !re=e x is nev] out ( ord]4 ,%e le>ns no?+1 & =gets no?+4 ,m51 f "t to "t1 lose _! excell5ce 9 p>ticul> arts1 & !y are sl[ 9 f9d+ out real improvem5ts4 ,su* improvem5ts are (t5 ! effect ( accid5t4 ,pap] is n[ manufactur$ v ext5sively by ma*9]y1 9 all its /ages2 & ?us1 in/ead ( a s+le %eet be+ made by h&1 a /ream ( pap] is p\r$ out1 :i* w\ld =m a roll l>ge en\gh to ext5d r\nd ! globe1 if su* a l5g? 7 desirable4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t]s on pap] ma*9]y 9 ,engl&1 ,messrs4 ,f\rdr9i]1 x is said1 sp5t ! enorm\s sum ( #dj1jjjl4 9 va9 attempts to r5d] ! ma*9e capable ( det]m9+ ! wid? ( ! roll2 &1 at la/1 accompli%$ _! object at ! sugge/ion ( a by/&]1 by a /rap revolv+ ^u an axis1 at a co/ ( ?ree %ill+s & sixp5ce6 ,su* is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! work+s ( human k & exp]i5ce1 & ^? ( animal in/9ct4 ,we proce$ sl[ly & 9 ! d>k--b our c\rse is n b\nd$ by a n>r[ l9e1 = x seems difficult to say :at is ! p]fection ( any art2 animals g cle>ly to a giv5 po9t--b !y c g no fur!r4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 le>n some?+ f _! p]fect k ( :at is )9 _! range4 ,x is n improbable t if man _h att5d$ 9 an e>li] /ate ( society to ! labors ( wasps1 he w\ld h soon] kn[n h[ to make pap]4 ,we are /ill beh9d 9 our arts & sci5ces1 because we h n always be5 obs]v]s4 ,if we _h wat*$ ! op]ations ( insects1 & ! /ructure ( insects 9 g5]al1 ) m c>e1 we might h be5 f> advanc$ 9 ! k ( _m arts :i* are yet 9 _! infancy1 = nature has giv5 u abundance ( patt]ns4 ,we h le>nt to p]fect "s in/rum5ts ( s\nd by exam9+ ! /ructure ( ! human e>2 & ! me*anism ( an eye has sugge/$ "s valuable improvem5ts 9 a*romatic glasses4 ,raumur has giv5 a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! wasps ( ,cay5ne 7,*>t]gus nidulans71 :i* hang _! ne/s 9 trees#ehb4 ,l ! bird ( ,africa call$ ! social grosbeak 7,loxia socia71 !y fabricate a p]fect h\se1 capable ( conta9+ _m hundr$s ( _! community1 & susp5d x on high out ( ! rea* ( attack4 ,b ! ,cay5ne wasp is a m exp]t arti/ ?an ! bird4 ,he is a pa/ebo>d-mak]2--& ! c>d ) :i* he =ms ! ext]ior cov]+ ( 8 abode is s smoo?1 s /rong1 s uni=m 9 its texture1 & s :ite t ! mo/ skilful manufactur] ( ?is sub/ance might be pr\d ( ! "w4 ,x takes ink admirably6 #ehb ,mmoires sur les ,insectes1 tom4 vi41 mem4 vii4 ,see also ,bonnet1 vol4 ix4 ,! ne/ ( ! pa/ebo>d-mak+ wasp is imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,x hangs ^u ! bran* ( a tree1 & ^? ra9-drops :i* p5etrate ?r\gh ! leaves nev] re/ ^u its h>d & poli%$ surface4 ,a small op5+ = ! entrance ( ! insects t]m9ates its funnel-%ap$ bottom4 ,x is impossible to unite m p]fectly ! qualities ( lightness & /r5g?4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r5nie1 speak+ ( wasps' ne/s1 gives u ! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt ( "o lately exam9$ by him3--8,! l5g?10 says he1 8is ab\t n9e in*es1 six /\t circul> plat=ms /ret* int]nally across1 l s _m floors1 & fix$ all r\nd to ! walls ( ! ne/4 ,!y are smoo? above1 ) hexagonal cells on ! "u surface4 ,^! plat=ms are n q flat1 b r concave above1 l a wat*-glass rev]s$2 ! c5tre ( ea* plat=m is p]=at$ = ! admission ( ! wasps1 at ! extremity ( a %ort funnel-l projection1 & ?r\gh ?is access is ga9$ f /ory to /ory4 ,on ea* plat=m1 !re=e1 c ! wasps walk leisurely ab\t1 att5d+ to ! pup secur$ 9 ! cells1 :i*1 ) ! m\?s d[nw>d1 cov] ! ceil+ above _! heads--! height ( ! latt] be+ j conv5i5t = _! "w40 ,p5d5t wasps'-ne/s ( enorm\s size are f\nd 9 ,ceylon1 susp5d$ (t5 9 ! talipot-tree at ! height ( sev5ty feet4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! ne/s ?us elevat$1 ) ! l>g] leaves ( ! tree1 us$ by ! natives z umbrellas & t5ts1 wav+ ov] !m1 is v s+ul>4 ,?\gh no species ( ,european wasp is a /or] ( honey1 yet ?is rule does n apply to c]ta9 species ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! 8,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory0 = ,june1 #ahda1 w be f\nd a detail$ acc\nt1 ) a figure ( ! p5d5t ne/ ( a species t]m$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,:ite ,myrapt]a scutell>is4 ,! ext]nal case consi/s ( /\t c>dbo>d cov]$ ) conical knobs ( v>i\s sizes4 ,! entrances are artfully protect$ by p5t-ro(s f ! wea!r & heavy ra9s2 & are tortu\s1 s z to r5d] ! +ress ( a mo? or o!r l>ge insect difficult4 ,int]nally are f\rte5 combs1 exclusive ( a globul> mass1 ! nucleus ( sev]al circul> combs1 :i* are succe$$ by o!rs ( an ar*$ =m--t is1 con/itut+ segm5ts ( circles4 ,good writ+1 pr9t+ & wrapp+ pap]1 may be procur$ f ! %av+s ( common wood4 ,! wood mu/ be r$uc$ to %av+s by ! ord9>y jack-pla9 %av+ size4 ,! %av+s are !n plac$ 9 a ci/]n or boil] suffici5tly l>ge1 & cov]$ ) wat]1 :i* %\ld be rais$ to ! boil+-po9t4 ,to e "o hundr$ p\nds ( ! wood s r$uc$1 f twelve to eighte5 p\nds ( alkali1 ei!r vegetable or m9]al1 is to be add$1 9 proportion to its quality = /r5g?4 ,if salts are us$ !y %\ld be r$uc$ be=e com+ 9 contact ) ! wood4 ,! salts may1 h[ev]1 be put 9 ) ! wat] & wood be=e r$uction1 b ! fir/ me?od is ! mo/ pref]able4 ,%\ld lime be us$1 !re mu/ be a suffici5t1 9 all cases1 to equal twelve p\nds ( pure black salts4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( wood w1 if well att5d$ to1 make f five to sev5 reams ( pap]#ehc4 #ehc ,mr4 ,edmund ,%aw1 ( ,f5*ur* ,/reet1 ,london1 obta9$ a pat5t 9 ,engl& be>+ date ,septemb] #ad1 #ahcg1 = a me?od ( manufactur+ pap] f ! leaves :i* cov] ! e>s ( ,indian-corn4 ,accord+ to ?is pat5t ! envelopes or leaves :i* cov] ! corn are 9 ! fir/ in/ance put into a vessel conta9+ wat]4 ,! wat] may be pure or slightly alkal9e2 ! wat] is !n boil$ 9 ! vessel into :i* ! a=esaid envelopes or fellicul> leaves are ?r[n1 aft] be+ mac]at$4 ,:5 !y h imbib$ wat] & become ?ick5$ & swoll51 s t ! matt] int]pos$ betwe5 ! fibres is r$uc$ to a /ate ( pulp or jelly1 a slight beat+ by full+1 mallet1 or o!r me*anical means w effect a sep>ation ( ! fibre f ! adh]5t glut9\s matt]1 & wa%+ or r9s+ ) wat] dur+ ! beat+1 w cleanse x entirely f ! glut9\s matt]4 ,! fibre is !n blea*$1 by imm]s+1 or imm]s+ & beat+ or /irr+ x ab\t 9 a solution ( *loride ( lime1 or ) beat+ eng9es1 z at pres5t practis$ = ! blea*+ ( rags 9 pap] mills1 & ! fibre is 9 l mann] r$uc$ to pulp1 & pap] manufactur$ !refrom1 or ! quality ( ! pap] may be v>i$ by ! admixture ( a portion ( rags or o!r filam5t\s sub/ance4 ,x may be well to rem>k1 t "s attempts to produce pap] f ! above m5tion$ mat]ial1 h be5 made1 b 7 ab&on$ f ! incapability ( produc+ good :ite pap]4 ,! pat5tee claims ! mode1 or process1 above describ$ ( mak+ :ite pap] by ! application ( blea*$ pulp1 produc$ f ! /alks or leaves ( ,indian-corn4 ,,app5dix ,c4 ,,on ,,felt4 ,,manufacture ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,felt+ ,,by ,,! ,,anci5ts4 ,felt+ m anci5t ?an weav+--,felt us$ 9 ! ,ea/--,use ( x by ! ,t>t>s--,felt made ( goats'-hair by ! ,circassians--,use ( felt 9 ,italy & ,greece--,cap worn by ! ,cynics1 ,fi%]m51 ,m>9]s1 ,artific]s1 c4--,clean!s comp>es ! moon to a skull-cap--,desultores--,vulcan--,ulysse s--,phrygian bonnet--,cap worn by ! ,asiatics--,phrygian felt ( ,camels'-hair--,its great /iffness--,sc>let & purple felt us$ by ,babyloni% decorators--,mode ( manufactur+ ,felt--,nor!rn nations ( ,europe--,cap ( lib]ty--,petasus--,/atue ( ,endymion--,petasus 9 works ( anci5t art--,hats ( ,!ssaly & ,mac$onia--,laconian or ,arcadian hats--,! ,greeks manufacture ,felt #ijj ,b4 ,c4--,m]cury ) ! pileus & petasus--,miscellane\s uses ( ,felt4 ,!re seems no reason to "q ! correctness ( ,pr(essor ,beckmann's obs]vation#ehd1 t ! mak+ ( felt 0 inv5t$ be=e weav+#ehe4 ,! middle & nor!rn regions ( ,asia are occupi$ by ,t>t>s & o!r popul\s nations1 ^: mann]s & cu/oms appe> to h cont9u$ un*ang$ f ! mo/ remote antiquity#ehf1 & to ^: simple & uni=m mode ( exi/5ce ?is article seems to be z necess>y z food4 ,felt is ! pr9cipal sub/ance bo? ( _! clo?+ & ( _! habitations4 ,c>p9i1 :o 9 ! ye> #abdf w5t z ambassador to ! great ,khan ( ! ,moguls1 ,mongals1 or ,t>t>s1 says1 8,_! h\ses are r\nd1 & artificially made l t5ts1 ( rods & twigs int]wov51 hav+ a r\nd hole 9 ! middle ( ! ro( = ! admission ( light & ! passage ( smoke1 ! :ole be+ cov]$ ) felt1 ( :i* likewise ! doors are made#ehg40 ,v rec5tly ! same acc\nt ( ^! 8portable t5ts ( felt0 has be5 giv5 by ,julius von ,klapro?#ehh4 ,kupff] says ( ! ,c>at*ai1 8,leurs l>ges manteaux de feutre leur s]v5t en mme tems de matelas et de c\v]ture#ehi40 ,! l>ge mantle ( felt1 "h m5tion$1 is us$ = ! same purpose 9 ! neighbor+ c\ntry ( ,circassia#eij4 ,"o ( ^! mantles n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,urquh>t 0 made ( black goats'-hair1 & _h on ! outside a long %aggy villus4 ,! ,circassians sleep "u ?is mantle by night1 & we> x1 :5 requir$1 ov] _! o!r dress by day4 ,a simil> article is ?us describ$ by ,colonel ,leake#eia3 ! po/illions 9 ,phrygia 8we> a cloak ( :ite camels'-hair1 half an in* ?ick1 & s /iff t ! cloak /&s )\t support1 :5 set upright on ! gr\nd4 ,!re are nei!r sleeves nor hood2 b only holes to pass ! h&s ?r\gh1 & projections l w+s ^u ! %\ld]s = ! purpose ( turn+ (f ! ra94 ,x is ! manufacture ( ! c\ntry40 ,! ,*9ese travell]1 ,*y ,fa ,hian1 :o visit$ ,india at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 says1 t ! p ( ,*5 ,*51 a k+dom 9 a m\nta9\s di/rict situat$ ab\t ! ,lake ( ,lob1 wore dresses l ^? ( ! ,*9ese1 except t !y made use ( felt & /uffs 7du feutre et des t(fes#eib74 #ehd ,anleitung zur ,te*nologie1 p4 #aag1 ,note4 #ehe ,see ,gilroy's ,treatise on ! ,art ( ,weav+1 p4 #ad4 #ehf ,malcolm's ,hi/4 ( ,p]sia1 *4 vi4 vol4 i4 pp4 #abc1 #abd4 #ehg ,k]r's ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 vol4 i4 p4 #abh4 ,see also p4 #afg1 :]e ! same facts are relat$ by ,william de ,rubruquis4 ,! acc\nt :i* ,h]odotus gives 7iv4 #bc7 ( ! habitations ( ! ,argippi evid5tly alludes to cu/oms simil> to ^? ( ! mod]n ,t>t>s4 ,he says1 8,!y live "u trees1 cov]+ ! tree 9 w9t] ) /rong & ?ick undy$ felt 7 71 & remov+ ! felt 9 summ]40 ,among ! c]emonies obs]v$ by ! ,scy?ians 9 bury+ ! dead1 ,h]odotus also m5tions ! erection ( ?ree /akes ( wood1 :i* 7 surr\nd$ ) a close cov]+ ( wooll5 felt 7iv4 #gc74 ,also1 9 ! next section b "o 7iv4 #ge47 !re is an evid5t allusion to ! practice ( liv+ "u t5ts made ( felt 7 74 #ehh ,reise 9 dem ,kaucasus und na* ,georgi51 *4 vi4 p4 #afa4 #ehi ,voyage dans les ,environs du ,mont ,elbr\z4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahbi1 #dto1 p4 #bj4 #eij ,travels 9 ,circassia1 by ,edmund ,sp5c]4 #eia ,j\rnal ( a ,t\r 9 ,asia ,m9or1 p4 #ch4 #eib ,*4 ii4 p4 #g1 ( ,rmusat's ,translation1 ,p>4 #ahcf1 #dto4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,9 con=mity ) ! prevail+ use ( ?is manufacture 9 ! cold] regions ( ,asia1 sc>let or purple felt 7su* z t lately re-inv5t$ at ,le$s1 9 ,engl&71 0 us$ by ! ,babyloni% decorators = ! drap]y ( ! fun]al pile1 :5 ,alex&] celebrat$ ! spl5did obsequies ( ,heph/ion3 = s we mu/ und]/& ! expression 7,diod4 ,sic4 xvii4 #aae4 p4 #bea1 ,wess474 ,x5ophon 7,cycrop4 v4 #e4 #g47 m5tions ! use ( felt manufactur$ 9 ,m$ia1 z a cov]+ = *airs & c\*es4 ,! ,m$es also us$ bags & sacks ( felt 7,a!nu1 #a4 xii4 p4 #edj c4 ,casaub474 ,! process1 by :i* wool is conv]t$ into felt1 0 call$ by ! ,greeks 7,plato de ,leg4 #a4 viii4 p4 #aae4 ed4 ,bekk]71 lit]ally a compression1 f 1 to compress#eic4 ,! anci5t ,greek s*olion on ! passage ( ,plato "h ref]r$ to ?us expla9s ! t]m3 1 i4 e4 8clo? made by ! ?ick5+ ( wool40 ,) ?is def9ition ( felt agrees ! foll[+ description ( a 9 a ,greek epigram1 :i* records ! d$ication ( x to ,m]cury3-- ' 1 1 4 ,brunck1 ,anal4 ii4 #da4 #eic ,x5ophanes ?\ght t ! moon 0 a compress$ cl\d 7 1 ,/obi ,eclog4 i4 #bg4 p4 #eej1 ed4 ,he]572 & t ! air 0 emitt$ f ! e>? by its compression 71 i4 #bc4 p4 #dhd74 ,! art ( felt+ 0 call$ 1 7,plato1 ,polit4 ii4 #b4 p4 #bif1 ed4 ,bekk]74 ,accord+ to ! anci5t ,greek & ,lat9 gloss>ies1 & to ,julius ,pollux 7vii4 #cj71 a felt-mak]1 or hatt]1 0 or 1 9 ,lat9 coactili>ius4 ,f 7dim4 1 second dim4 71 ! prop] t]m = felt 9 g5]al1 d]iv$ f ! root ( 1 came ! v]b 1 signify+ to felt1 or to make felt1 & f ?is latt] v]b 0 =m$ ! anci5t p>ticiple 1 felt$1 :i* aga9 gave orig9 to 4 ,x may be obs]v$1 t our ,engli% ^w felt is evid5tly a p>ticiple or a d]ivative1 & t its v]b or root ,,fel appe>s to be ! same ) ! root ( 4 ,! ,lat9 cogo1 :i* 0 us$1 l ! ,greek 1 to d5ote ! act ( compress+1 or =c+ ! sep>ate hairs toge!r1 gave orig9 to ! p>ticiple coactus1 & its d]ivative coactilis4 ,pl9y 7,h4 ,n4 viii4 #dh4 s4 #gc471 aft] speak+ ( wov5 /uffs1 m5tions 9 ! foll[+ t]ms ! use ( wool = mak+ felt3 8,lan et p] se coact 7al4 coactam7 ve/em ficiunt10 i4 e4 8,p>cels ( wool1 driv5 toge!r by !mselves1 make clo?40 ,?is is a v exact1 ?\gh brief description ( ! process ( felt+4 ,! foll[+ monum5tal inscription 7,grut]1 p4 #fdh1 n4 #d47 conta9s ! title ,lan>ius coactili>ius1 mean+ a manufactur] ( wooll5 felt3-- ,m4 ,,ballorius ,m4 ,l4 ,,l>iseus1 ,,lan>ius ,,coactili>ius1 ,,conjuga ,,c>issim ,b4 ,m4 ,,fec4 ,helvius ,successus1 ! son ( a fre$ man1 & ! fa!r ( ! ,roman emp]or ,p]t9ax1 0 a hatt] 9 ,liguria 7tab]nam coactili>iam 9 ,liguria ex]cu]at1 ,jul4 ,cap4 ,p]t9ax1 c4 #c474 ,p]t9ax himself1 be+ fond ( money1 hav+ ! p]sev]ance express$ by 8 agnom51 & hav+ d\btless1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp$itions into ! ,ea/1 made valuable obs]vations respect+ ! manufacture :i* he _h kn[n f 8 boyhood1 cont9u$ & ext5d$ ! same bus9ess1 c>ry+ x on & convey+ 8 goods to a di/ance by ! ag5cy ( slaves4 ,! ,romans orig9ally receiv$ ! use ( felt toge!r ) its "n#eid f ! ,greeks 7,plut>*1 ,numa1 p4 #aag1 ed4 ,/eph474 ,! ,greeks 7 acqua9t$ ) x z e>ly z ! age ( ,hom]1 :o liv$ ab\t #ijj ,b4 ,c4 7,il4 x4 #bfe71 & ,hesiod 7,op4 et ,dies1 #edb1 #edf74 #eid ,pileus or ,pileum 7,non4 ,m>c4 iii41 pilea virorum sunt1 ,s]vius 9 ,virg4 n4 ix4 #faf471 dim4 ,pileolus or ,pileolum 7,colum4 de ,arbor4 #be74 ,! pr9cipal use ( felt among ! ,greeks & ,romans 0 to make cov]+s ( ! head = ! male sex1 & ! mo/ common cov] made ( ?is manufacture 0 a simple skull-cap1 i4 e4 a cap exactly fitt$ to ! %ape ( ! head1 z is %[n 9 ,plate ,,viii4 fig4 #a4 tak5 f a sepul*ral bas-relief :i* 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,dodwell 9 ,botia#eie4 ,! orig9al is z l>ge z life4 ,! p]son repres5t$ appe>s to h be5 a ,cynic philosoph]4 ,he leans ^u ! /aff 7baculus1 1 72 he is clo!d 9 ! blanket 7pallium1 1 7 ) "o end1 :i* is cov]$1 ov] 8 left brea/1 & ano!r hang+ beh9d ov] 8 left %\ld]2 he we>s ! be>d 7b>ba1 72 8 head is protect$ by ! simple skull-cap 7pileus1 74 ,all ^! 7 di/9ct *>act]i/ics ( ! philosoph]1 & m especially ( ! ,cynic#eif4 ,! dog also probably m>k$ 8 sect4 ,leonidas ( ,t>5tum1 9 8 enum]ation ( ! goods belong+ to ! ,cynic ,poso*>es#eig1 includ+ a dog-coll> 771 m5tions1 1 i4 e4 8,! cap ( felt1 :i* cov]$ 8 unholy head40 ,?is passage may be reg>d$ z a pro(1 t among ! ,greeks1 ?\gh n among ! ,romans1 ! cap ( felt 0 worn by v poor m54 ,x also proves t ?is cap1 :i* 0 ! fess ( ! mod]n ,greeks1 0 worn by philosoph]s1 & !re=e ?r[s light on a passage ( ,antiphanes 7ap4 ,a!n4 xii4 #fc4 p4 #ede a7 describ+ a philosoph] ( a diff]5t "*1 :o 0 v elegantly dress$1 hav+ a small cap ( f9e felt 7 71 also a small :ite blanket1 a beautiful tunic1 & a neat /ick4 ,:5 ,clean!s advanc$ ! doctr9e1 t ! moon _h ! %ape ( a skull-cap 7 1 ,/obi ,ecl4 ,phys4 #a4 #bg4 p4 #eed1 ed4 ,he]571 he probably int5d$ to acc\nt = its phases f its suppos$ hemisph]ical =m4 ,a cap ( a simil> =m & appe>ance1 ?\gh p]haps l>g] & n s closely fitt$ to ! cr[n ( ! head1 0 worn by fi%]m5#eih4 ,9 an epigram ( ,philippus#eii1 describ+ ! app>atus ( a fi%]man1 ! au?or m5tions 1 8! cap encompass+ 8 head & protect+ x f wet40 ,figure #b4 9 ,plate ,,viii4 repres5ts a small /atue ( a fi%]man belong+ to ! ,t[nley ,collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,8 cap is slightly po9t$ & 9 a degree1 :i* 0 probably favorable to ! dis*>ge ( wat] f its surface4 ,hesiod recomm5ds1 t agricultural labor]s %\ld we> ! same def5ce f cold & %[]s 7,op4 et ,dies1 #ede-edg74 ,! use ( ?is cap by seam5 0 no d\bt ! gr\nd1 on :i* ! pa9t] ,nicoma*us repres5t$ ,ulysses we>+ "o4 8,hic primus10 says ,pl9y 7,h4 ,n4 xxxv4 #cf4 s4 #bb471 8,ulyssi addidit pileum#fjj40 ,= ! same reason ! cap is an attribute ( ! ,dioscuri2 & h5ce two caps ) />s above !m are (t5 %[n on ! co9s ( m>itime cities & ( o!rs :]e ,ca/or & ,pollux 7 wor%ipp$4 ,figure #c4 ( ,plate ,,viii4 is tak5 f a brass co9 ( ,dioscurias 9 ,col*is1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,on ! rev]se is ! "n 4 ,figure #d4 repres5ts bo? sides ( a silv] co9 9 ! same collection1 ) ! leg5d 4 ,x belongs to ,bruttium 9 ,s\? ,italy4 ,on ! "o side ,ca/or & ,pollux are m\nt$ on horseback4 ,!y we> ! *lamys & c>ry palm bran*es 9 _! h&s4 ,_! caps h a n>r[ brim4 ,! rev]se %[s _! heads only1 & _! caps1 )\t brims1 are surr\nd$ by wrea?s ( myrtle4 ,! cornucopia is add$ z an emblem ( prosp]ity4 ,figure #e4 is f a brass co9 ( ,amasia 77 9 ,pontus4 ,x %[s ! cornucopia betwe5 ! two skull-caps4 ,*>on also 0 repres5t$ ) ! m>9]'s or fi%]m5's cap1 z1 = example1 9 ! bas-relief 9 ! ,museo ,pio-,clem5t9o1 tom4 iv4 tav4 #ce1 & ! pa9t$ vase 9 ,/ackelb]g's ,grb] d] ,hell551 t4 #dg1 #dh1 :i* is copi$ 9 ,beck] s ,*>icles1 vol4 ii4 taf4 i4 fig4 #a1 & 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities1 p4 #djd4 #eie ,t\r ?r\gh ,greece1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bdb1 #bdc4 #eif ,see ! articles ,baculus1 ,b>ba1 ,pallium1 p4 #gjc1 9 ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities4 #eig ,brunck1 ,anal4 i4 p4 #bbc4 ,nos4 x4 xi4 #eih ,!ocrit4 xxi4 #ac4 #eii ,brunck1 ,anal4 ii4 p4 #bab4 ,no4 v4 #fjj ,comp>e ,eu/a?ius 9 ,hom4 ,il4 x4 #bfe1 z quot$ bel[4 ,a pileus ( ! same g5]al =m 0 worn by artific]s2 & on ?is acc\nt x 0 attribut$ to ,vulcan & to ,ddalus1 :o1 z well z ,ulysses & ,*>on1 are commonly f\nd we>+ x 9 works ( anci5t art4 ,arnobius says1 t ,vulcan 0 repres5t$ 8cum pileo et malleo0--8fabrili exp$itione succ9ctus20 & t on ! o!r h& ,m]cury 0 repres5t$ ) ! petasus1 or 8petasunculus10 on 8 head4#fja ,?is obs]vation is confirm$ by num]\s figures ( ^! two div9ities1 if we suppose ! t]m petasus1 :i* w be m fully illu/rat$ h]eaft]1 to h meant a hat ) a brim1 & pileus to h d5ot$ prop]ly a fessor cap )\t a brim4 #fja ,adv4 ,g5tes1 lib4 vi4 p4 #fgd1 ed4 ,erasmi4 ,:5 ,lucian ludicr\sly repres5ts ,jupit] we>+ a skull-cap1 :i* we may suppose to h be5 l t ( ! philosoph] 9 ,plate ,,viii4 figure #a4 he mu/ h int5d$ to describe ! 8,fa!r ( gods & m50 z a weak old man2 1 1 c4 ,dial4 ,deor41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cad4 ed4 ,hem/]4 ,fig4 #f4 ,plate ,,viii4 is tak5 f a small bronze /atue ( ,vulcan 9 ! ,royal ,collection at ,b]l94 ,he we>s ! exomis1 & holds 8 hamm] 9 ! "r h& & 8 tongs 9 ! left4 ,= o!r specim5s ( ! head-dress ( ,vulcan ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,museo ,pio-,clem5t9o1 t4 iv4 tav4 xi41 & to ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities1 p4 #ehi4 ,plate ,,viii4 is int5d$ /ill fur!r to illu/rate "s ( ! mo/ common v>ieties 9 ! =m ( ! anci5t skull-cap4 ,figure #g4 is a head ( ,vulcan f a m$al ( ! ,aurelian family#fjb4 ,figure #h4 is ! head ( ,ddalus f a bas-relief1 =m]ly belong+ to ! ,villa ,borghese1 & repres5t+ ! /ory ( ! wood5 c[1 :i* he made = ,pasiphae#fjc4 ,fig4 #aj4 is f a cameo 9 ! ,flor5t9e collection4 ,fig4 #i4 is ! head ( a small bronze /atue1 we>+ boots & ! exomis1 :i* belong$ to ,mr4 ,r4 ,p4 ,knight1 & is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is engrav$ 9 ! 8,specim5s ( ,anci5t ,sculpture publi%$ by ! ,society ( ,dilettanti10 vol4 i4 pl4 #dg4 ,! editors express a d\bt :e!r ?is /atue 0 meant = ,vulcan or ,ulysses1 m]ely because ! god & ! h]o 7 commonly repres5t$ we>+ ! same k9d ( cap4 ,n only does ! expression ( c\nt5ance decide ! "q2 b also ! small bronze ( ,mr4 ,knight's collection agrees 9 attitude & co/ume ) _m small /atues ( ,vulcan1 :o is repres5t$ 9 all ( !m we>+ ! exomis1 hold+ ! hamm] & tongs1 & hav+ ! felt cap on 8 head#fjd4 ,fig4 #aa4 is ano!r repres5tation ( ,ulysses f an anci5t lamp#fje4 ,x exhibits him ti$ to ! ma/1 :ile he li/5s to ! song ( ! ,sir5s4 ,! cap 9 ?is figure is mu* m elongat$ ?an 9 ! o!rs4 #fjb ,montfaucon1 ,ant4 ,expl4 t4 i4 pl4 #df4 ,no4 #d4 #fjc ,w9ckelmann1 ,mon4 ,in$4 ii4 #ic4 ,! skull-cap1 "h repres5t$ z worn by ,ddalus1 is rem>kably l t :i* is /ill worn by %eph]d boys 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,fig4 #ab1 9 ,plate ,,viii4 is copi$ f an orig9al draw+ ( su* a ,grecian y\?1 procur$ by ,mr4 ,george ,s*>f :o accompani$ ,mr4 ,fell[s on 8 second t\r into t c\ntry4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus ! ,scy?ians _h felt$ cov]+s = _! t5ts1 a cu/om /ill f\nd among _! successors1 ! ,t>t>s4 ,felt+ appe>s to h prec$$ weav+4 ,x is c]ta9ly a mu* rud] & simpl] process3 &1 :5 we consid] bo? ! long preval5ce ( ! art among ! pa/oral inhabitants ( ! anci5t ,scy?ia1 & ! ext5sive use ( its products among !m s z to be employ$ ev5 = _! habitations1 p]haps we %all be "r 9 consid]+ felt+ z ! appropriate inv5tion ( ?is p4 #fjd ,montfaucon1 ,ant4 ,expl4 vol4 i4 pl4 #df4 figs4 #a4 #b4 #c2 ,mus4 ,flor5t4 ,gemm ,ant4 a ,gorio illu/rat1 tom4 ii4 tab4 #dj4 fig4 #c4 #fje ,b>toli1 ,luc]ne ,anti*e1 ,p4 ,,iii4 tab4 #aa4 ,!re is a beautiful figure ( ,ulysses 9 ,pictur ,antiqu ,virgiliani cod4 ,bibl4 ,vat4 a ,b>toli1 tab4 #ajc1 tak5 f a gem4 ,9 ,w9ckelmann1 ,mon4 ,in$4 ii4 ,no4 #aed1 he is repres5t$ giv+ w9e to ! ,cyclops3 ?is figure is copi$ 9 ,smi?'s ,dict4 p4 #gfb4 ,! felt cap 0 worn n only by desultores1 b by o!rs ( ! ,romans ^u a j\rney1 9 sickness1 or 9 cases ( unusual exposure4 ,h5ce ,m>tial says 9 ,epig4 xiv4 #acb1 entitl$ 8,pileus10 ,si possem1 totas cup]em misisse lac]nas3 ,nunc tantum capiti mun]a mitto tuo4 i4 e4 ,o t a :ole lac]na ,i c\ld s5d6 ,let ?is 7,i c no m7 y\r head def5d4 ,! wig 7gal]us7 answ]$ ! same purpose = ! weal?y classes 7arrepto pileo vel gal]o1 ,sueton4 ,n]o1 #bf71 & ! cucullus & cudo = bo? ri* & poor4 ,on return+ home f a p>ty1 a p]son sometimes c>ri$ 8 cap & slipp]s "u 8 arm 7,hor4 ,epi/4 l4 xiii4 #ae74 ,! hats worn by ! ,salii#fjf are said by ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus to h be5 8tall hats ( a conical =m#fjg40 ,plut>* di/9ctly repres5ts !m z made ( felt4 ,he says 7l4 c471 t ! flam9es 7 s call$ quasi pilam9es1 because !y wore felt hats1 & because 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( ,roman hi/ory x 0 m common to inv5t names d]iv$ f ! ,greek4 ,on co9s1 h[ev]1 ?is (ficial cap ( ! ,salii & ,flam9es is commonly oval l t attribut$ to ! ,dioscuri4 ,we obs]ve inde$ cont9ual v>iations 9 ! =m ( ! pileus f hemisph]ical to oval1 & f oval to conical4 ,a conical cap is se5 on ! head ( ! reap] 9 ! wood-cut to ! article ,,flax 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities1 :i* wood-cut is tak5 f a co9 ( "o ( ! ,lagid1 k+s ( ,egypt4 ,caps1 regul>ly conical & /ill m elongat$1 are worn by ! buffoons or comic danc]s1 :o are introduc$ 9 an anci5t mosaic pres]v$ 9 ! ,villa ,cors9i at ,rome#fjh4 ,telephus1 k+ ( ,mysia1 is repres5t$ z we>+ a 8,mysian cap#fji40 ,?is 8,mysian cap0 mu/ h be5 ! same :i* is kn[n by ! mod]ns "u ! "n ( ! ,phrygian bonnet1 & ) :i* we are famili> f ! con/ant repetition ( x 9 /atues & pa9t+s ( ,priam1 ,p>is1 ,ganym$e#faj1 ,atys1 ,p]seus1 & ,mi?ras1 & 9 %ort 9 all ! repres5tations n only ( ,trojans & ,phrygians1 b ( ,amazons & ( all ! inhabitants ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ev5 ( nations dwell+ /ill fur!r to ! ,ea/4 ,also1 :5 we exam9e ! works ( anci5t art :i* conta9 repres5tations ( ?is ,mysian cap1 we p]ceive t x 0 a cone b5t into ! =m 9 :i* x is exhibit$1 & s b5t1 p]haps by use1 b m probably by design4 ,?is circum/ance is well illu/rat$ 9 a bu/ ( ,p>ian m>ble1 suppos$ to be int5d$ = ,p>is1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,glyptotek at ,muni*4 ,a draw+ ( x is giv5 9 ,plate ,,viii4 fig4 #ac4 ,! flaps ( ! bonnet are turn$ up & fa/5$ ov] ! top ( ! head4 ,! /iffness ( ! mat]ial is cle>ly indicat$ by ! %>p angul> appe>ance ( t portion ( x :i* is turn$ =w>ds4 ,mr4 ,dodwell1 9 8 ,t\r 9 ,greece 7vol4 i4 p4 #acd71 makes ! foll[+ obs]vations on ! mod]n co/ume1 :i* seems to resemble ! anci5t1 except t ! anci5t & 7 probably ( undy$ wool3--8,! ,greeks ( ! m>itime p>ts1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! isl&s1 we> a r$ or blue cap ( a conical =m1 l ! pilidion4 ,:5 x is new x /&s upright1 b x soon b5ds1 & !n s]ves z a pocket = ! h&k]*ief1 & sometimes = ! purse4 ,o!rs we> ! r$ skull-cap1 or fess40 ,! ,lycians1 z we are in=m$ by ,h]odotus 7viii4 #ib71 wore caps ( felt1 :i* 7 surr\nd$ ) fea!rs4 ,"s ( ! ,lycian co9s & bas-reliefs1 h[ev]1 %[ ! 8,phrygian bonnet10 z x is call$1 9 ! usual =m#faa4 #fjf ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ,gr4 & ,r4 ,antiquities1 art4 ,apex4 #fjg ,ant4 ,rom4 ,l4 ii4 #fjh ,b>toli1 ,luc4 ,ant4 ,p4 ,i4 tab4 #ce4 #fji ,ari/oph4 ,a*am4 #dbi4 #faj ,/u>t1 9 8 ,antiquities ( ,a!ns1 vol4 iii4 *4 #i4 plates #h1 #i1 has engrav$ two beautiful /atues ( ,telephus & ,ganym$e f a ru9$ colonnade at ,!ssalonica4 ,9 ^! ! cap is v little po9t$4 #faa ,fell[s's ,discov]ies 9 ,lycia1 ,plate #ce4 ,nos4 #c1 #g4 ,! 8,phrygian bonnet0 is se5 9 ! bas-reliefs br\ght f ,xan?us by ?is intellig5t travell]1 & n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! cap worn by ! ,p]sians is call$ by ,greek au?ors or #fab1 & seems to h _h ! =m n[ "u consid]ation4 ,h]odotus1 :5 he describes ! co/ume ( ! ,p]sian soldi]s 9 ! army ( ,x]xes1 says1 t !y wore light & flexible caps ( felt1 :i* 7 call$ ti>as4 ,he adds1 t ! ,m$es & ,bactrians wore ! same k9d ( cap ) ! ,p]sians1 b t ! ,cissii wore a mitra in/ead 7vii4 #fa1 #fb1 #fd74 ,on ! o!r h& he says1 t ! ,sac wore cyrbasi1 :i* 7 %>p-po9t$1 /raight1 & compact4 ,! ,arm5ians 7 also call$ 8weav]s ( felt0 7,brunck1 ,anal4 ii4 p4 #adf4 ,no4 #bb74 ,! =m ( _! caps is cle>ly %[n 9 ! co9s ( ! ,emp]or ,v]us1 "o ( :i*1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is engrav$ 9 ,plate ,,viii4 fig4 #ad4 ,! leg5d1 surr\nd+ 8 head1 ,l4 ,,v]vs4 ,,avg4 ,,arm5iacvs1 ref]s to ! w> 9 ,arm5ia4 ,! rev]se %[s a female figure repres5t+ ,arm5ia1 m\rn+ & seat$ on ! gr\nd1 & surr\nd$ by ! emblems ( ,roman w>f>e & victory4 ,! caps repres5t$ on ?is & o!r co9s agree rem>kably ) ! =ms /ill us$ 9 ! same p>ts ( ,asia4 ,/rabo 7,l4 xi4 p4 #efc1 ed4 ,sieb47 says1 t ^! caps 7 necess>y 9 ,m$ia on acc\nt ( ! cold4 ,he calls ! ,p]sian cap 8felt 9 ! %ape ( a t[]0 7,l4 xv4 p4 #bca74 ,! k+ ( ,p]sia 0 di/+ui%$ by we>+ a /iff cyrbasia1 :i* /ood erect1 :]eas 8 subjects wore _! ti>as fold$ & b5t =w>ds4#fac ,h5ce 9 ! ,aves ( ,ari/ophanes ! cock is ludicr\sly comp>$ to ! ,great ,k+1 8 erect comb be+ call$ 8 8cyrbasia40 ,! ,a!nians no d\bt consid]$ ?is =m ( ! ti>a z an expression ( pride & assumption4 ,x is record$ z "o ( ! m>ks ( arrogance 9 ,apollodorus1 ! ,a!nian pa9t]1 t he wore an 8erect cap#fad40 #fab ,h]od1 v4 #di4 ,accord+ to ,mris1 v4 1 ?is 0 ! ,attic t]m1 mean+ ! same ?+ 9 ! common ,greek4 ,plut>* applies ! latt] t]m to ! cap worn by ! y\ng] ,cyrus3 4 --,artax]xes1 p4 #aheh4 ed4 ,/eph4 ,! 8,phrygian bonnet0 is call$ ,phrygia ti>a 9 ! foll[+ l9es ( an epitaph 7ap4 ,grut]4 p4 #aabc73 ,indu]is t]etes manicas ,phrygiamque ti>am8 ,non unus ,cybeles pectore vivet ,atys4 #fac ,x5oph4 ,anab4 ii4 #e4 #bc2 ,cyrop4 viii4 #c1 #ac4 ,clit>*us1 ap4 ,s*ol4 9 ,ari/oph4 ,aves1 #dhg4 #fad 4 ,hesy*ius1 s4 v4 4 ,! co9 repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,viii4 fig4 #ae4 7tak5 f ,pat91 ,imp4 ,rom4 ,numismata1 ,p>4 #afig1 p4 #bac7 is ( ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,commodus1 & belong$ accord+ to ! leg5d ei!r to ,trapezus 9 ,cappadocia or to ,trapezopolis 9 ,c>ia4 ,x repres5ts ! god ,lunus or ,m5sis1 :o 0 ! moon consid]$ z ( ! male sex agreeably to ! ideas ( _m nor!rn & ,asiatic nations 7,pat91 p4 #agc74 ,?is male moon or mon? 01 z x seems1 always repres5t$ ) ! cyrbasia#fae4 ,9 ano!r co9 publi%$ by ,pat9 7l4 c47 a cock /&s at ! feet ( ?is div9ity1 prov+ t ?is 0 ! sacr$ bird ( ,lunus1 & probably because ! ray$ =m ( ! cock's comb 0 reg>d$ z a natural type ( ! cyrbasia1 :i* di/+ui%$ ! k+s ( ,p]sia & 0 attribut$ also to ?is ,ori5tal div9ity4 ,a lamp f\nd on ! ,celian ,m\nt at ,rome#faf repres5ts 9 ! c5tre ,lunus ) #ab rays1 probably design$ to d5ote ! #ab mon?s ( ! ye>1 & on ! h&le two cocks peck+ at _! food4 ,a head ( ! same div9ity1 publi%$ by ,hirt 7l4 c47 f an antique gem at ,naples1 has #g />s ^u ! cap1 p]haps ref]r+ to ! #g planets4 #fae ,hirt's ,bild]bu*1 p4 #hh4 tab4 xi4 figs4 #h1 #i4 #faf ,b>toli1 ,luc4 ,ant41 ,p4 ,,ii4 tav4 #aa4 ,in/ead ( ! conical cap ( ! ,asiatics _m ( ! ,nor!rn nations ( ,europe appe> to h worn a felt cap1 ! =m ( :i* 0 t ( a truncat$ cone4 ,( ?is a good example is %[n 9 ! gr\p ( ,s>matians1 repres5t$ 9 ! wood-cut 9 ,smi? s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities 7p4 #afj71 :i* is tak5 f ! ,column ( ,trajan4 ,! same ?+ appe>s 9 v>i\s co9s belong+ to ! reign ( ?is ,emp]or1 two ( :i*1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 are engrav$ 9 ,plate ,,viii4 fig4 #af4 repres5ts ,dacia sitt+ z a captive ) h] h&s ti$ beh9d h] back1 we>+ tr[s]s 7bracc7 & a conical or oval cap ) ! edge turn$ up4 ,figure #ag4 repres5ts ,dacia m\rn+4 ,9 ea* we see a ,dacian t>get toge!r ) ,roman armor4 ,ea* has ! same leg5d1 ,,dac4 ,,cap4 ,,cos4 ,v4 ,p4 ,p4 ,s4 ,p4 ,q4 ,r4 ,,optimo4 ,,pr9c4 ,on ! rev]se is ! head ( ! ,emp]or ) ! inscription ,,imp4 ,,trajano4 ,,aug4 ,,g]4 ,,dac4 ,p4 ,m4 ,,tr4 ,p4 ,accord+ to ! repres5tation ( ,lucian 7de ,gymnas471 ! ,scy?ians 7 9 ! con/ant habit ( we>+ caps or hats3 = 9 ! conv]sation betwe5 ,ana*>sis & ,solon describ$ by t au?or1 ,ana*>sis reque/s to g into ! %ade1 say+ t he c\ld sc>ce endure ! sun1 & t he _h br\ght 8 cap 77 f home1 b did n l be+ se5 alone 9 a /range habit4 ,9 lat] times we read ( ! 8pileati ,go?i0 & 8pileati sac]dotes ,go?orum#fag40 #fag ,jorn&es1 c41 ap4 ,div4 ,g5tium ,hi/4 ,ant41 ,hamb4 #afaa1 pp4 #hf1 #ic4 ,9 consid]+ ! use ( ! skull-cap1 or ( ! conical cap ( felt1 x rema9s to notice ! use ( x among ! ,romans z ! emblem ( lib]ty#fah4 ,:5 a slave obta9$ 8 fre$om he _h 8 head %av51 & wore in/ead ( 8 hair ! pileus1 or cap ( undy$ felt1 7,diod4 ,sic4 ,exc4 ,leg4 #bb4 p4 #fbe1 ed4 ,wess474 ,plut>*1 9 allusion to ! same cu/om1 calls ! cap 1 :i* is ! dim9utive ( 4 ,x is evid5t1 t ! ,lat9 pileus or pileum is d]iv$ f ! ,greek & its dim9utive1 & ?is circum/ance 9 conjunction ) o!r evid5ce t5ds to %[1 t ! ,lat9s adopt$ ?is use ( felt f ! ,greeks4 ,sosia says 9 ,plautus 7,amphit4 i4 l1 #cjf71 z a description ( ! mode ( receiv+ 8 lib]ty1 8,ut ego hodie1 raso capite calvus1 capiam pileum40 ,s]vius 79 ,virg4 n4 viii4 #efd7 says1 ! act ( manumitt+ slaves 9 ?is =m 0 done 9 ! temple ( ,f]onia1 :o 0 ! goddess ( fre$m54 ,9 h] temple at ,t]rac9a 0 a /one seat1 on :i* 0 engrav$ ! foll[+ v]se3 8,b5em]iti s]vi s$eant1 surg5t lib]i40 #fah ,hc mea lib]tas2 hoc nobis pilea donant4--,p]sius1 v4 #hb4 ,9 allusion to ?is practice x appe>s t ! ,romans1 ?\gh !y did n commonly we> hats1 put !m on at ! ,saturnalia4#fai ,at ! dea? ( ,n]o1 ! common p to express _! joy w5t ab\t ! city 9 felt caps4#fbj ,9 allusion to ?is cu/om ! figure ( ,lib]ty on ! co9s ( ,anton9us ,pius holds ! cap 9 h] "r h&4 ,figures #a & #b 9 ,plate ,,ix4 are examples select$ f ! collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 &1 z we le>n f ! leg5d1 7 /ruck :5 he 0 made consul ! f\r? "t1 i4 e4 ,a4 ,d4 #ade4 #fai ,pileata ,roma4 ,m>tial1 xi4 #g2 xiv4 #a4 #fbj ,plebs pileata4 ,sueton4 ,n]o1 #eg4 ,9 contradi/9ction to ! v>i\s =ms ( ! felt cap n[ describ$ & repres5t$1 all ( :i* 7 m or less elevat$1 & _m ( :i* 7 po9t$ upw>ds1 we h n[ to consid] ^?1 :i*1 ?\gh made ( felt1 & !re=e class$ by ! anci5ts "u ! g5]al t]ms pileus1 1 c41#fba correspond$ m ne>ly to our mod]n hat4 ,! ,greek ^w 1 dim4 1 d]iv$ f 1 ext5do1 dilato1 & adopt$ by ! ,lat9s 9 ! =m petasus1 dim4 petasunculus1 well express$ ! di/9ctive =m ( ^! hats4 ,!y 7 m or less broad & exp&$4 ,:at 0 tak5 f _! height 0 add$ to _! wid?4 ,^? already m5tion$ _h no brim2 ! petasus ( e v>iety _h a brim1 :i* 0 ei!r exactly or ne>ly circul>1 & :i* v>i$ greatly 9 its wid?4 ,9 "s cases x seems to be a m]e circul> disc )\t any cr[n at all4 ,( ?is we h an example 9 a beautiful /atue1 :i* has1 no d\bt1 be5 meant = ,endymion1 9 ! ,t[nley collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,see ,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #c4 ,8 "r h& encircles 8 head1 & 8 sc>f is spread ov] a rock z describ$ by ,lucian#fbb4 ,he sleeps ^u x1 hold+ ! fibula 9 8 left h&4 ,8 feet are adorn$ ) boots 7co?umi7 & 8 simple petasus is ti$ "u 8 *94 ,9 ?is =m ! petasus illu/rates ! rem>k ( ,!ophra/us1 :o1 9 describ+ ! ,egyptian ,bean1 says1 t ! leaf 0 ( ! size ( ! ,!ssalian petasus#fbc4 ,= ! purpose ( comp>+ ^! two objects1 a repres5tation ( ! leaves ( ! plant ref]r$ to1 is introduc$ into ! same ,figure 7#c72 tak5 f ! 8,botanical ,magaz9e10 ,plates #ijc1 #ciaf1 & ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smi?'s 8,exotic ,botany10 ,tab4 #ca1 #cb4 ,! petasus "h %[n on ! head ( ,endymion1 ! orig9al /atue be+ z l>ge z life1 c]ta9ly resembles v closely bo? 9 size & 9 =m ! leaf ( ! ,egyptian ,bean1 :i* is ! ,cyamus ,nelumbo1 or ,nelumbium ,speciosum ( mod]n botani/s4 #fba ,plut>* 7,solon1 #agi7 says t ,solon1 pret5d+ to be mad & act+ ! "p ( a h]ald f ,salamis1 4 ,"h seems to mean ! 4 #fbb ,9 ! ,dialogues ( ! ,gods 7xi471 ! ,moon says 9 answ] to ,v5us1 t ,endymion is p>ticul>ly beautiful 8:5 he sleeps1 hav+ ?r[n 8 sc>f "u him ^u ! rock1 hold+ 9 8 left h& ! d>ts j fall+ f x1 :il/ 8 "r h& b5t upw>ds lies gracefully r\nd 8 face1 &1 dissolv$ 9 sleep1 he exhales 8 ambrosial brea?40 ,! recumb5t /atue1 "h repres5t$1 is ( :ite m>ble1 & is plac$ 9 room ,,xi4 ( ! ,t[nley ,gall]y4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 #aggd at ,roma ,vec*ia 7,dallaway's ,anecdotes ( ! ,arts1 p4 #cjc74 ,x has be5 call$ ,m]cury or ,adonis4 ,b !re are no examples or au?orities 9 support ( ei!r ( ^! suppositions4 ,x is n suffici5t to say t e beautiful y\? may h be5 meant ei!r = ,m]cury1 :o 0 nev] repres5t$ asleep1 or = ,adonis4 ,we "k t ! fable ( ,endymion & ! ,moon 0 a favorite subject ) ! anci5t arti/s4 ,9 ! ,anti*ita d',ercolano1 tom4 iii4 tav4 #c1 we f9d a picture1 :i* 0 discov]$ at ,portica1 & :i* repres5ts ?is subject4 ,x is /ill m frequ5t 9 anci5t bas-reliefs4 ,see ,mus4 ,pio-,clem4 tom4 iv4 v4 #h1 pp4 #ch1 #da2 ,s&r>t1 ,sculp4 ,vet4 ,adm4 p4 #eb2 ,gronovii ,!saur4 tom4 i4 folio ,o2 ,proce$+s ( ! ,philological ,society1 vol4 i4 pp4 #h1 #i4 #fbc 4 ,hi/4 ,plant4 iv4 #aj4 p4 #adg1 ed4 ,s*neid]4 ,! fl[]s ( umbellif]\s plants are aptly call$ by ,phanias#fbd 1 i4 e4 l a petasus4 ,! petasus1 z worn by ! two %eph]ds1 :o discov] ,romulus & ,remus1 9 a bas-relief ( ! ,vatican#fbe1 is c]ta9ly n unlike ! umbel ( a plant4 ,see ,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #d4 ,callima*us ascribes ! same head-dress to %eph]ds 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 1 4--,frag4 cxxv4 ,! wide cov]+ project+ f y\r head1 ! pa/oral hat1 became y4 #fbd ,apud ,a!n4 ix4 #ab4 p4 #cga ,d4 ed4 ,casaub4 #fbe ,museo ,pio-,clem5t9o1 tom4 v4 tav4 #bd4 ,?is bas-relief =m]ly belong$ to ! ,mattei collection4 ,see ,monum5ta ,mat?inana1 tom4 iii4 tab4 #cg4 ,?is pa/oral hat1 if we may judge f ! repres5tation ( ! two %eph]ds 9 ! bas-relief j ref]r$ to 7,fig4 #d471 0 9 its %ape v l ! 8bonny blue bonnet0 ( ! ,scot*4 ,figure #e 9 ,plate ,,ix4 is tak5 f a pa9t$ ,greek vase1 & repres5ts ! /ory ( ! deliv]y ( dipus to be expos$4 ,8 "n is writt5 beside him4 ,! %eph]d 1 :o holds ! nak$ *ild 9 8 arms1 we>s a flat & v broad petasus hang+ beh9d 8 neck4 ,x is ( an irregul> %ape1 z if f long usage#fbf4 ,! %eph]d ,ze?us we>s a petasus hang+ beh9d 8 back 9 a bas-relief belong+ to ! ,borghese collection1 publi%$ by ,w9ckelmann 7,mon4 ,in$iti1 ii4 #he74 ,see ,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #f4 #fbf ,see ,italian #dfi,monum5ti ,in$iti pubblicati dall' ,in/ituto di ,correspond5za ,ar*eologica1 vol4 ii4 tav4 #ad4 ,! ,a!nian ephebi wore ! broad-brimm$ hat1 toge!r ) ! sc>f or *lamys#fbg4 ,meleag]1 9 an epigram on a beautiful boy1 nam$ ,antio*us1 says1 t he w\ld be undi/+ui%able f ,cupid1 if ,cupid wore a sc>f & petasus in/ead ( 8 b[ & arr[s & 8 w+s#fbh4 #fbg ,pollux1 ,onom4 x4 #afd2 ,philemon1 p4 #cfg4 ed4 ,me9eke2 ,brunck1 ,anal4 vol4 ii4 p4 #da2 ,jacobs 9 ,a?ol4 ,grc4 i4 l4 p4 #bd4 #fbh ,brunck1 ,anal4 vol4 i4 p4 #e4 ,:5 a "y ,greek conqu]$ 9 ! games1 8 fri5ds sometimes be/[$ a hat 7petasus7 ^u him z a pres5t#fbi4 #fbi ,erato/h54 a ,b]nh>dy1 p4 #bdi4 #bej4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! use ( ! petasus z a "p ( ! ord9>y co/ume ( ! ,a!nian y\?1 we f9d x 9 a great v>iety ( works ( anci5t art illu/rative ( ! religion & my?ology ( ,greece4 ,= example3-- #a4 ,9 ! inn] frieze ( ! ,p>!non1 ! rema9s ( :i* are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 x is worn by _m ( ! rid]s on horseback4 ,figure #g1 9 ,plate ,,ix4 %[s "o ( ^! horsem5 7f ! slab ,no4 #ed47 ) 8 petasus ti$ "u 8 *94 #b4 ,x is worn by ,!seus1 z repres5t$ on a vase 9 ! ,vatican collection4 ,see ,w9ckelmann1 ,mon4 ,in$iti1 vol4 ii4 #ih1 & ,fig4 #h1 ,plate ,,ix4 #c4 ,also by dipus1 z repres5t$ on "o ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's vases 7vol4 ii4 ,plate #bd471 /&+ be=e ! sph9x4 #d4 ,! co9s ( tolia exhibit ,meleag] we>+ ! petasus4 ,five ( ^! h be5 select$ f ! collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* are engrav$ accord+ to ! size ( ! orig9als 9 ,plate ,,ix4 ,figures #i1 #aj1 & #aa1 are ( silv]4 ,9 ea* ( !m ! petasus has ! =m ( a circul> disc ) a boss at ! top l t on a ,scot* bonnet3 on ! rev]se is ! ,calydonian bo>1 ) a spe> head b5ea? x1 & ! ^w 4 ,figure #ab1 :i* is ( gold#fcj1 & ,figure #ac1 :i* is ( silv]1 h ! head ( ,h]cules on ! rev]se4 ,! h]o1 suppos$ to be ,meleag]1 we>s a petasus1 a sc>f1 & boots1 z we h se5 to be ! case ) ,endymion 7,fig4 #c71 ?is be+ ! attire ( hunt]s4 ,9 ^! two co9s he also holds a spe> 9 8 "r h&1 & is seat$ ^u a %ield 7see ,fig4 #ac47 & o!r pieces ( armor4 is writt5 by ! side4 ,! gold co9 7see ,fig4 #ab47 repres5ts him ) a ,victory 9 8 left h&1 & ) a small figure ( ,diana ,lucif]a 9 front4 #fcj ,?is is engrav$ by ,taylor ,combe1 ,vet4 ,populorum ,nunmi4 tab4 v4 ,no4 #bc4 ,! broad-brimm$ hat1 or petasus1 0 m especially worn by ! ,greeks :5 !y 7 travell+#fca4 ,its appe>ance is well %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 tak5 f a fictile vase belong+ to ! late ,mr4 ,hope#fcb4 ,x repres5ts a ,greek soldi] on a j\rney1 we>+ 8 l>ge blanket1 & hold+ two spe>s 9 8 "r h&4 ,?is figure also %[s "o ( ! me?ods ( fa/5+ on ! hat1 viz4 by pass+ ! /r+ r\nd ! occiput4 ,! com$ies ( ,plautus1 be+ translat$ f ! ,greek1 conta9 allusions to ! same practice4 ,9 ! ,pseudolus 7ii4 #d4 #ee1 & iv4 #g4 #ij17 ! petasus & ! sc>f are suppos$ to be worn by a p]son to indicate t he 0 com+ f a j\rney4 ,9 ! prologue to ! ,amphitryo1 ,m]cury says1 ,ego has habebo hic usque 9 petaso p9nulas1 ,tum meo patri autem torulus in]it aureus ,sub petaso3 id signum ,amphitruoni non erit4 #fca ,brunck1 ,anal4 ii4 #agj1 ,no4 #e4 #fcb ,hope1 ,co/ume ( ! ,anci5ts1 vol4 i4 pl4 #ga4 ,m]cury & 8 fa!r ,jupit] are "h suppos$ to be attir$ l ,sosia & ,amphitryo 8 ma/]1 bo? ( :om _h be5 travell+ & 7 return+ home4 ,at ! same "t !re is an allusion to ! w+$ hat ( ,m]cury1 ( :i* m h]eaft]4 ,aga91 9 act i4 sc5e i4 l4 #bhg1 ! petasus is attribut$ to ,sosia1 because he is suppos$ to be com+ f a j\rney2 & to ,m]cury1 bo? because x 0 commonly attribut$ to him1 & because on ?is occasion he 0 p]sonat+ ,sosia4 ,! ,romans 7 less addict$ to ! use ( ! petasus ?an ! ,greeks3 !y (t5 wore x :5 !y 7 f home2 b t !y did n consid] x at all necess>y to we> hats 9 ! op5 air is manife/ f ! rem>k ( ,suetonius ab\t ! ,emp]or ,augu/us1 t he c\ld n ev5 be> ! w9t]'s sun1 & h5ce 8domi quoque non nisi petatasus sub divo spatiabatur40 7,augu/4 #hb47 ,caligula p]mitt$ ! s5ators to we> !m at ! !atres z a protection f ! sun 7,dio4 ,cass4 lix4 #g4 p4 #iji1 ed4 ,reim>i74 ,:at 0 meant by we>+ hats 8accord+ to ! ,!ssalian fa%ion0 is by no means cle>4 ,p]haps ! ,!ssalians may h worn hats resembl+ ^? ( _! neighbors1 ! ,mac$onians1 & ( ! %ape ( ^! we may =m "s conception f ! co9s ( ! ,mac$onian k+s4 ,"o ( ^! co9s f ! collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is copi$ 9 ,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,x is a co9 ( ! reign ( ,alex&] ,i4 & exhibits a ,mac$onian w>rior /&+ by ! side ( 8 horse1 hold+ two spe>s 9 8 left h&1 & we>+ a hat ) a broad brim turn$ upw>ds4 ,?is ,mac$onian petasus is call$ ! ,causia 77#fcc1 & 0 adopt$ by ! ,romans#fcd1 & m especially by ! ,emp]or ,c>acalla1 :o1 z ,h]odian /ates1 aim$ to imitate ,alex&] ! ,great 9 8 co/ume4 ,x appe>s probable1 nev]!less1 t ! turn+ up ( ! brim 0 n peculi> to ! ,mac$onians1 & x may h dep5d$ altoge!r on accid5t or fancy2 = we f9d in/ances ( x on pa9t$ fictile vases1 :]e !re is no reason to suppose t any ref]5ce 0 int5d$ ei!r to ,mac$onia or ,!ssaly4 ,fig4 #af4 ,plate ,,ix4 = example1 is tak5 f ! head ( ,bell]ophon1 on "o ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's vases#fce2 & ! left-h& figure f a fictile vase at ,vi5na1 engrav$ by ,g9zrot#fcf4 ,?is hat is rem>kable = ! boss at ! top1 :i* we obs]ve also on ! tolian co9s1 & 9 v>i\s o!r examples4 #fcc ,val4 ,max4 v4 #a4 ,extem4 #d4 ,pausan41 ap4 ,eu/a?4 9 ,il4 ii4 #aba4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ! causia & petasus are oppos$ to "o ano!r by a writ] 9 ,a!nu 7,l4 xii4 #ecg1 e71 z if ! causia 0 n a petasus6 #fcd ,plautus1 ,mil4 iv4 #d4 #db4 ,p]s4 i4 #c4 #ge4 ,antip4 ,!ss4 9 ,brunck ,anal4 ii4 #aaa4 #fce ,vol4 i4 pl4 #a4 #fcf ,ub] die ,wg5 und ,fuhrw]ke d] ,alt51 vol4 i4 p4 #cdb4 ,9 connection ) ! above quot$ expression ( ,dio ,cassius x may be obs]v$ fur!r1 t besides ! causia two v>ieties ( ! petasus seem to be allud$ to by sev]al anci5t au?ors1 viz4 ! ,!ssalian1 & ! ,arcadian or ,laconian4 ,h[ !y 7 di/+ui%$1 _c be asc]ta9$1 b ! passages :i* m5tion !m w n[ be produc$1 t ! read] may judge = himself4 ,! ,!ssalian v>iety is m5tion$ by ,dio ,cassius1 by ,!ophra/us1 z above quot$ 7p4 #dbg71 & by ,callima*us 9 ! foll[+ fragm5t1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,s*olia on ,sophocles1 d4 ,col4 #caf4 ,& ab\t 8 head lay a felt1 newly come f ,!ssaly1 z a protection f wet4--,frag4 #abd4 ed4 ,erne/i4 ,! fr5zi$ ,cynic philosoph] ,m5$emus1 among o!r peculi>ities1 wore an ,arcadian hat1 ,,hav+ ,,! ,,twelve ,,signs ,,( ,,! ,,zodiac ,,wov5 ,,into ,,x#fcg6 ,ammianus 7,brunck1 ,anal4 ii4 #chd47 repres5ts an orator d$icat+ 8an ,arcadian hat0 to ,m]cury1 :o 0 ! patron ( 8 art1 & also a native ( ,arcadia4 #fcg ,diog4 ,lart4 vi4 #ajb4 ,see ,gilroy's ,treatise on ! ,art ( ,weav+1 ,am]ican edition1 p4 #ddf4 ,h]odes ,atticus wore 8! ,arcadian hat0 at ,a!ns1 z a protection f ! sun2 & ! language ( ,philo/ratus1 9 record+ ! fact1 %[s t ! ,a!nians ( 8 "t commonly wore x1 m especially 9 travell+#fch4 ,arrian1 :o wrote ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 says1 t 8,laconian or ,arcadian hats10 7 worn 9 ! army by ! pelta/ in/ead ( helmets#fci4 ,?is circum/ance %[s a rem>kable *ange ( cu/oms2 = 9 ! e>ly ,greek hi/ory we f9d ! ,p]sian soldi]s held up z ! objects ( ridicule & contempt1 because !y wore hats & tr[s]s#fdj4 ,on ! :ole1 x is v evid5t t 8! ,arcadian or ,laconian hat0 0 "o & ! same v>iety1 & t ?is v>iety ( head-dress 0 simply ! petasus1 or hat ) a brim1 s call$ to di/+ui% x f ! prop] 1 :i* 0 ! skull-cap1 or hat )\t a brim4 ,?is supposition suits ! repres5tations ( ! only imag9>y be+s :o are exhibit$ 9 works ( anci5t art we>+ ! petasus1 viz4 ! ,dioscuri & ,m]cury4 #fch ,vit4 ,sophi/4 ii4 #e4 #c4 #fci ,tactica1 p4 #ab4 ed4 ,blanc>di4 #fdj ,h]od4 v4 #di4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$ t ! ,dioscuri are commonly repres5t$ ) ! skull-cap1 because !y 7 wor%ipp$1 z ! read] w h p]ceiv$1 z ! gu>dians ( ! m>9]#fda2 b on anci5t vases we f9d !m sometimes pa9t$ ) ! petasus2 & if ?is 0 ! same ) ! 1 x w\ld co9cide ) _! orig9 z natives ( ,sp>ta4 ,9 ,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #af1 an example is %[n1 on "o ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's vases1 9 :i* _! attire resembles t ( ! ,a!nian ephebi4 ,!y we> boots & a tunic1 ov] :i* "o ( !m also we>s ! sc>f or *lamys4 ,!y are conduct$ by ! goddess ,night4 #fda ,see p4 #dai4 ,9 l mann] ,m]cury1 z a native ( ,arcadia1 might be expect$ to we> 8! ,arcadian hat40 ,9 ! repres5tations ( ?is deity on works ( anci5t art1 ! hat1 :i* is (t5 decorat$ ) w+s to indicate 8 (fice ( mess5g]1 z 8 tal>ia also did#fdb1 has a great v>iety ( =ms1 & sometimes ! brim is s n>r[1 t x does n diff] f ! cap ( ! artific] already describ$1 or ! 9 its ord9>y =m4 ,^! hats1 ) a brim ( b small dim5sions1 agree mo/ exactly 9 appe>ance ) ! *eape/ hats ( undy$ felt1 n[ made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9#fdc4 ,on ! heads ( ! ru/ics & artific]s 9 our /reets & lanes we (t5 see =ms ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ^? :i* we mo/ admire 9 ! works ( anci5t art4 ,! petasus is also /ill commonly worn by agricultural labor]s 9 ,greece & ,asia ,m9or4 #fdb ,s]vius 7on ,virg4 n4 viii4 #ach7 says1 t ,m]cury 0 suppos$ to h w+s on 8 petasus & on 8 feet1 9 ord] to d5ote ! swiftness ( spee*1 he be+ ! god ( eloqu5ce4 #fdc ,^! hats are sold 9 ! %ops = sixp5ce1 n9ep5ce1 or a %ill+ ea*4 ,a bas-relief 9 ! ,vatican collection#fdd1 repres5ts ! bir? ( ,h]cules1 & conta9s two figures ( ,m]cury4 ,9 "o he c>ries ! infant ,h]cules1 9 ! o!r ! caduceus4 ,9 bo? he we>s a l>ge sc>f1 & a skull-cap1 l t ( ,ddalus#fde1 )\t a brim4 ,?is example !re=e proves t1 al?\gh ! petasus1 z di/+ui%$ f ! pileus1 0 c]ta9ly ! appropriate attribute ( ,m]cury#fdf1 yet ! arti/s ( antiquity sometimes took ! lib]ty ( plac+ on 8 head ! skull-cap in/ead ( ! hat1 j z we h se5 t !y sometimes made ! rev]se sub/itution 9 ! case ( ! ,dioscuri4 #fdd ,museo ,pio-,clem5t9o1 tom4 iv4 tav4 #cg4 #fde ,see ,plate ,,viii4 ,fig4 #h4 #fdf ,see ,brunck1 ,anal4 ii4 #da1 & ,arnobius1 ,adv4 ,g5tes1 lib4 vi4 ,see also ,ephippus1 ap4 ,a!n4 xii4 #ec4 p4 #ecg ,f4 ,casaub4 ,x is rem>kable t ! p]son :o act$ ! "p ( a ,sil5us 9 ! ,dionysiac procession in/itut$ by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus at ,alex&ria1 wore a hat & a gold5 caduceus 7,a!n4 v4 #bg4 p4 #aih ,a474 ,9 ?is case ! imag9ation appe>s to h be5 indulg$ 9 decorat+ a m]e fe/ive "* ) ! peculi> attributes ( ,m]cury4 ,x is add$1 t v>i\s k9ds ( *>iots 7 driv5 by 8boys we>+ ! tunics ( *>iote]s & petasi0 7,a!n4 v4 p4 #bjj ,f474 ,?is w\ld be 9 "*1 be+ agreeable to ! cu/om ( ! ,grecian y\?4 ,! foll[+ is f a sepul*ral urn f\nd ne> ,padua 7,grut]4 p4 #big73 ,abite h9c1 pessimi fures1 99 99 99 ve/ro cum ,m]curio petasato caduceatoque4 ,ano!r bas-relief 9 ! ,vatican#fdg1 repres5ts ! /ory ( ! bir? ( ,bac*us f ,jupit]'s ?igh4 ,?us ! subject ( x is v simil> to t1 :i* relates to ! bir? ( ,h]cules1 ! infant be+ 9 ea* in/ance consign$ to ! c>e ( ,m]cury4 ,b ! cov]+ ( ,m]cury's head 9 ^! two cases is rem>kably diff]5t1 ?\gh f no o!r reason ?an ! fancy ( ! arti/4 ,9 ! bas-relief n[ "u consid]ation1 ,m]cury holds ! sk9 ( a lynx or pan!r to receive ! *ild4 ,he we>s ! sc>f or *lamys & co?umi4 ,?is 0 a v favorite subject ) ! anci5ts4 ,x occurs on a sup]b m>ble vase ) ! inscription #fdh1 & on "o ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's fictile vases#fdi4 #fdg ,museo ,pio-,clem5t9o1 tom4 iv4 tav4 #ai4 #fdh ,spon41 ,misc4 ,erud4 ,ant4 xi4 art4 #a4 #fdi ,vol4 i4 ,no4 #h4 ,figure #d4 9 ,plate ,x4 is f ,hope's ,co/ume ( ! ,anci5ts1 vol4 ii4 pl4 #age4 ,! money-bag is 9 ,m]cury's "r h&4 ,9 a pa9t+ f\nd at ,pompeii#fej1 ,m]cury is repres5t$ ) w+s 7p9nul7 on 8 petasus1 ?\gh n v anci5t1 is also recogniz$ 9 ! ,amphitryo ( ,plautus4 #fej ,gell's ,pompeiana1 ,london #ahai1 pl4 #gf4 ,figure #e4 9 ,plate ,x4 is f ! ,m>quis ( ,lansd[ne's m>ble bu/1 publi%$ by ! ,dilettanti ,society#fea4 ,9 ?is beautiful bu/ ! brim ( ! hat is un=tunately damag$4 #fea ,specim5s ( ,anci5t ,sculpture1 ,london #ahji1 pl4 #ea4 ,figures #f & #g1 ,plate ,x41 are f co9s engrav$ 9 ,c>elli's ,nummi ,vet]is ,itali 7plates #eh & #fe74 ,figure #g is a co9 ( ,suessa 9 ,campania4 ,to ^! illu/rations might h be5 add$ o!rs f anci5t gems1 good examples ( :i* may be f\nd 9 ! second volume ( ,m>iette's ,trait des ,pi]res ,graves1 folio1 ,p>is1 #agej4 ,besides ! application ( felt z a cov]+ ( ! head = ! male sex 9 ! mann] n[ expla9$1 x 0 also us$ z a l9+ = helmets4 ,:5 9 ! description ( ! helmet worn by ,ulysses we read ' #feb1 we may suppose to be us$ 9 its mo/ ord9>y s5se1 consequ5tly t ! int]ior ( ! helmet 0 a common skull-cap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 #feb ,hom]1 ,il4 x4 #bfe4 ,eu/a?ius1 9 8 comm5t>y on ?is passage1 says1 t ! mo/ anci5t ,greeks always wore felt 9 _! helmets1 b t ^? ( m rec5t times1 reg>d+ ?is use ( felt z peculi> to ,ulysses1 p]suad$ ! pa9t]s to exhibit him 9 a skull-cap1 & t ?is 0 fir/ done1 accord+ to ! tradition1 by ! pa9t] ,apollidorus4 ,! acc\nt ( ,pl9y1 :o1 toge!r ) ,s]vius 79 n4 ii4 #dd71 repres5ts ,nicoma*us1 & n ,apollidorus1 z hav+ fir/ adopt$ ?is idea4 ,be+ g5]ally ?ick] ?an common clo?1 felt pres5t$ a m effectual ob/acle to missile weapons4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! soldi]s "u ,julius ,cs> 7 mu* annoy$ by ,pompey's ar*]s1 !y made %irts or o!r cov]+s ( felt1 & put !m on = _! def5ce#fec4 ,?ucydides ref]s to ! use ( simil> means to protect ! body f arr[s#fed2 & ev5 9 besieg+ & def5d+ cities felt 0 us$1 toge!r ) hides & sackclo?1 to cov] ! wood5 t[]s & milit>y eng9es#fee4 #fec ,jul4 ,cs>1 ,bell4 ,civ4 iii4 #dd4 #fed ,?ucyd4 iv4 #cd4 ,s*ol4 ad loc4 #fee neas ,tacticus1 #cc4 ,felt 0 also sometimes us$ to cov] ! bodies ( quadrup$s4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle#fef1 ! ,greeks clo!d _! molles oves ei!r ) sk9s or ) pieces ( felt2 & ! wool became gray 9 consequ5ce4 ,! ,p]sians us$ ! same mat]ial = ! trapp+s ( _! horses 7,plut>*1 ,artax4 ,,ii4 p4 #aheh4 ed4 ,/ephani74 #fef ,de ,g54 ,animalium1 v4 #e4 p4 #aeg4 ed4 ,bekk]4 ,! loose rude cov]+s = ! feet call$ ,udones 7 sometimes made ( felt1 be+ worn )9 ! %oes or brogues ( ! ru/ic labor]s#feg4 #feg ,hesiod1 ,op4 ed ,dies1 #edb2 ,grvius1 ad loc42 ,crat9i1 ,fragm5ta1 p4 #bi4 ed4 ,runkel4 ,9 conclud+ ?is inve/igation x may be prop] to obs]ve1 t1 al?\gh orig9ally meant felt1 & m especially a skull-cap made ( t manufacture1 x 0 sometimes us$1 at lea/ by ! lat] ,greek au?ors1 by an ext5sion ( its mean+1 to d5ote a cap ( any o!r mat]ial4 ,?us ,a!nu 7lib4 vi4 p4 #bgd4 ,casaub47 speak+ ( ! ,romans1 says1 t !y wore ab\t _! heads 1 i4 e4 8?ick caps made ( %eep sk9s40 ,,app5dix ,d4 ,,on ,,nett+4 ,,manufacture ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,nets ,,by ,,! ,,anci5ts--,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,scriptures1 ,,etc4 ,nets 7 made ( ,flax1 ,hemp1 & ,broom--,g5]al t]ms = nets--,nets us$ = cat*+ birds--,mode ( sn>+--,hunt+-nets--,me?od ( hunt+--,hunt+-nets support$ by =k$ /akes--,mann] ( fix+ !m--,purse-net or tunnel-net--,hom]'s te/imony--,nets us$ by ! ,p]sians 9 lion-hunt+--,hunt+ ) nets practis$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians--,me?od ( hunt+--,dep? ( nets = ?is purpose--,description ( ! purse-net--,road-net--,halli]--,dy$ fea!rs us$ to sc>e ! prey--,ca/+-net--,mann] ( ?r[+ by ! ,arabs--,cyrus k+ ( ,p]sia--,8 fable ( ! pip] & ! fi%es--,fi%+-nets--,ca/+-net us$ by ! ,apo/les--,l&+-net 7,scap-net7--,! ,sean--,its l5g? & dep?--,mod]n use ( ! ,sean--,me?od ( fi%+ ) ! ,sean practis$ by ! ,arabians & anci5t ,egyptians--,corks & leads--,figurative application ( ! ,sean--,curi\s me?od ( captur+ an enemy practis$ by ! ,p]sians--,nets us$ 9 ,india to cat* tortoises--,bag-nets & small purse-nets--,novel sc5t-bag ( ,v]res ! ,sicilian prtor4 ,! raw mat]ials1 ( :i* ! anci5ts made nets1 7 flax1 hemp#feh1 & broom#fei4 ,flax 0 mo/ commonly us$2 s t ,j]ome1 :5 he is prescrib+ employm5t = monks1 says1 8,texantur et l9a capi5dis piscibus#ffj40 ,! op]ation ( nett+1 z well z t ( platt+1 0 express$ by ! v]b #ffa4 ,! me%es 7 call$ 9 ,lat9 macul#ffb1 9 ,greek 1 dim4 #ffc4 #feh ,rete cannab9a4 ,v>ro1 ,de ,re ,ru/4 iii4 #e4 p4 #baf1 ed4 ,bipont4 #fei ,pl9y1 ,h4 ,n4 xix4 #a4 s4 #b2 xxiv4 #i4 s4 #dj4 #ffj ,hi]on4 ,epi/4 l4 ii4 p4 #agc1 ed4 ,p>4 #afac1 #abmo4 ,hunt+-nets are call$ 8l9a nodosa0 by ,ovid1 ,met4 iii4 #aec1 & vii4 #hjg4 ,comp>e ,virg4 ,georg1 i4 #adb2 ,hom]1 ,il4 v4 #dhg2 ,brunck1 ,anal4 ii4 #id1 #did1 #die2 ,artim$orus1 ii4 #ad4 ,see also ,pl9y1 ,h4 ,n4 xix4 #a4 s4 #b4 #ffa 1 ,ari/oph4 ,lysi/4 #gij4 1 ,bokk]i ,anecdota1 vol4 i4 p4 #ced4 #ffb ,v>ro1 ,de ,re ,ru/4 iii4 #aa2 ,ovid1 ,epi/4 v4 #ai2 ,nemesiani ,cyneg4 #cjb4 #ffc ,heliodor4 l4 v4 p4 #bca1 ed4 ,commel9i4 ,! use ( all ! ,lat9 & ,greek t]ms = nets w n[ be expla9$1 & 9 connection ) ?is explanation ( t]ms1 w be produc$ all ! facts :i* c be asc]ta9$ ^u ! subject4 ,i4 ,,retis & ,,rete2 dim4 ,,reticulum4 #ffd4 #ffd ,f 1 to ?r[4 ,see ,eurip4 ,bacc4 #fjj1 & ! ,lexicons ( ,s*neid] & ,pass[4 ,retis or ,rete 9 ,lat91 & 9 ,greek1 7 us$ to d5ote nets 9 g5]al4 ,?us 9 an epigram ( ,leonidas ,t>5t9us#ffe1 ?ree bro!rs1 "o ( :om 0 a hunt]1 ano!r a f[l]1 & ! ?ird a fi%]man1 d$icate _! nets to ,pan4 ,sev]al imitations ( ?is epigram rema9 by ,alex&] tolus#fff1 ,antipat] ,sidonius#ffg1 ,ar*ias#ffh1 & o!rs#ffi4 ,9 "o ( ^! epigrams 7 7 we f9d adopt$ z a g5]al t]m = nets in/ead ( 1 no d\bt = ! reason above /at$4 ,9 ano!r epigram#fgj a h>e is said to h be5 caught 9 a net 774 ,ari/ophanes m5tions nets by ! same d5om9ation among ! contrivances employ$ by ! f[l]#fga4 ,fi%+-nets are call$ 9 ! foll[+ passages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t3 ,matt4 iv4 #bj1 #ba2 ,m>k i4 #ah1 #ai2 ,luke v4 #b1 #d-f2 ,john xxi4 #f1 #h1 #aa3 also by ,!ocritus1 ap4 ,a!n4 vii4 #bj4 p4 #bhd1 ,cas42 & by ,plato1 ,sophi/a1 #bbj1 b4 p4 #acd1 ed4 ,bekk]4 #ffe ,brunck1 ,anal4 i4 #bbe4 #fff ,brunck1 ,anal4 i4 #dah4 ,alex&ri toli ,fragm5ta1 a ,capelmann1 p4 #ej4 #ffg ,ibid4 ii4 #i1 ,nos4 #ae1 #af4 #ffh ,ibid4 ii4 #id1 ,no4 #i4 #ffi ,ibid4 ii4 #did1 #die4 ,jacobs1 ,an?ol4 vol4 i4 p4 #ahh1 #ahi4 #fgj ,brunck1 ,anal4 iii4 #bci1 ,no #dag4 #fga ,aves1 #ebf-ebh4 ,nett+ 0 appli$ 9 v>i\s ways 9 ! con/ruction ( h5-coops & avi>ies2 & su* net-"w is call$ rete#fgb4 ,x 0 us$ to make p5s = %eep by night4 ,at ! amphi!atres x 0 sometimes plac$ ov] ! podium4 ,at a gladiatorial %[ giv5 by ,n]o1 ! net1 ?us us$ z a f5ce aga9/ ! wild bea/s1 0 knott$ ) amb]#fgc4 ,! way 9 :i* ! net 0 us$ by ! ,reti>ii is well kn[n4 ,! head-dress call$ 1 0 a small net ( f9e flax1 silk1 or gold ?read1 & 0 also call$ reticulum#fgd4 ,b by f> ! mo/ important application ( net-"w 0 to ! k9dr$ arts ( hunt+ & fi%+3 & besides ! g5]al t]ms us$ alike 9 ref]5ce to bo? ^! employm5ts1 !re are special t]ms to be expla9$ "u ea* head4 #fgb ,v>ro1 ,de ,re ,ru/4 iii4 #e4 #fgc ,pl94 ,h4 ,n4 xxxvii4 #c4 s4 #aa4 #fgd ,nonius ,m>cellus1 p4 #edb1 ed4 ,m]c]i4 ,see also ! article ,,calantica1 9 ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities4 ,! use ( nets = cat*+ birds 0 v limit$1 on :i* acc\nt we f9d no appropriate "n = f[l]s' nets#fge4 ,nev]!less ?ru%es 7 caught 9 !m#fgf1 & doves or pigeons1 ) _! limbs ti$ up1 or fa/5$ to ! gr\nd1 or ) _! eyes cov]$ or put out1 7 conf9$ 9 a net 9 ord] t _! cries might allure o!rs into ! sn>e#fgg4 ,an acc\nt ( ! nets us$ by ! ,egyptians to cat* birds is giv5 by ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son#fgh1 be+ d]iv$ f ! pa9t+s f\nd 9 ! catacombs4 ,! net commonly employ$ = ! purpose 0 ! clap-net4 ,bird-traps 7 also made by /ret*+ a net ov] two semicircul> frames1 :i*1 be+ jo9$ & laid op51 approa*$ to ! =m ( a circle4 ,! trap 0 bait$1 & :5 a bird flew to x & seiz$ ! bait1 x 0 in/antly caught by ! sudd5 ris+ ( ! two sides or flaps4 #fge ,see ,ari/ophanes1 l4 c4 #fgf ,hor4 ,epod4 ii4 #cc1 #cd4 #fgg ,ari/oph4 ,aves1 #ajhc4 #fgh ,man4 & ,cu/oms1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ce-ch1 #de4 ,,ii4 ,,cassis2 ,,plaga4 1 4 ,9 hunt+ x 0 usual to ext5d nets 9 a curv$ l9e ( consid]able l5g?#fgi1 s z 9 "p to surr\nd a space1 into :i* ! bea/s ( *ase1 su* z ! bo>1 ! wild goat1 ! de]1 ! h>e1 ! lion1 & ! be> might be driv5 ?r\gh ! op5+ left on "o side4 ,tibullus 7iv4 #c4 #ab7 speaks ( inclos+ woody hills = ?is purpose3-- 444 d5sos indag9e colles ,claud5tem4 #fgi 4 lian1 ,h4 ,a4 xii4 #df4 ,uno portante multitud9em1 qua saltus c+]5tur4 ,pl94 ,h4 ,n4 xix4 l4 s4 #b4 ,oppian 7,cyneg4 iv4 #abj-abc7 says1 t 9 an ,asiatic lion-hunt ! nets 77 7 plac$ 9 ! =m ( ! new moon4 ,! foll[+ l9es ( ,virgil %[1 t ! animals 7 driv5 into ! toils f a di/ance by ! b>k+ ( dogs & ! %\ts ( m53 ,?y h\nd ! wild-ass 9 ! sylvan *ase1 ,or h>e1 or h>t1 ) fai?ful spe$ w trace2 ,assail ! muddy cave ) eag] cries1 ,:]e ! r\gh bo> 9 secret ambu% lies2 ,press ! tall /ag ) clamors e*o+ %rill ,to secret toils1 along ! arial hill4 ,georg4 iii4 #daa-dac4--,w>ton's ,translation4 ,9 ano!r spl5did passage ! bo> is describ$ z com+ into ! mid/ ( ! nets aft] he has be5 driv5 to !m f a m\nta9 or a m>% at a great di/ance3 ,& z a savage bo> on m\nta9s br$1 ,) =e/ ma/ & fatt5+ m>%es f$2 ,:5 once he sees himself 9 toils inclos$1 ,by huntsm5 & _! eag] h\nds oppos$2 ,he :ets 8 tusks1 & turns & d>es ! w>3 ,! invad]s d>t _! javel9s f af>3 ,all keep alo( & safely %\t ar\nd1 ,b none presumes to give a ne>] w\nd4 ,he frets & fro?s1 erects 8 bri/l$ hide1 ,& %akes a grove ( lances f 8 side4 n4 x4 #gjg-gae4--;,dryd5's ,translation4 ,ev5 9 a case :]e ! same poet introduces an equival5t expression to t ( ,tibullus1 already quot$1 viz4 8saltus indag9e c+unt0 7n4 iv4 #aba71 he repres5ts ! hunt+-p>ty z go+ ov] a l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry to collect ! animals out ( x3 ,po/quam altos v5tum 9 montes atque invia lu/ra1 ,ecce f] saxi deject v]tice capr ,decurr]e jugis2 alia de p>te pat5tes ,transmittunt cursu campos1 atque agm9a c]vi ,pulv]ul5ta fuga glom]ant1 montesque rel9quunt4 ,at pu] ,ascanius m$iis 9 vallibus acri ,gaudet equo1 jamque hos cursu1 jam prt]it illos1 ,spumantemque d>i pecora int] in]tia votis ,optat aprum1 aut fulvum desc5d]e monte leonem4 n4 iv4 #aea-aei4 ,s ,ovid 7,epi/4 iv4 #da1 #db73 ,9 nemus ire libet1 pressisque 9 retia c]vis1 ,hort>i cel]es p] juga summa canes2 & 7,epi/4 v4 #ai1 #bj73 ,retia spe comes maculis di/9cta tet5di1 ,spe citos egi p] juga longa canes4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y describes himself on "o occasion sitt+ beside ! nets1 :ile ! hunt]s 7 pursu+ ! bo>s & driv+ !m into ! sn>e 7,epi/4 i4 #f74 ,9 ,euripides 7,bacc4 #hba-hcb7 we f9d ! foll[+ beautiful description ( a fawn1 :i* has be5 driv5 into ! space inclos$ by ! nets1 b has leap$ ov] !m & escap$3-- - 1 ' ' 1 c4 ,"h a ,bac*anal1 toss+ h] head into ! air ) gambols & danc+1 is said to be 8l a fawn sport+ 9 ! gre5 delights ( a mead[1 :5 %e has escap$ ! fe>ful *ase by leap+ ov] ! well-platt$ nets s z to be out ( ! inclosure1 :il/ ! %\t+ hunt] has be5 urg+ 8 dogs to run /ill m swiftly3 by great ef=ts & ) ! rapidity ( ! w9ds %e b\nds ov] a pla9 beside a riv]1 pleas$ ) solitudes remote f man1 & hides h]self 9 ! ?ickets ( an umbrage\s =e/40 ,if holl[s or valleys 7 inclos$#fhj1 ! nets 7 no d\bt ext5d$ only 9 ^? op5+s1 ?r\gh :i* x 0 possible = ! animals to escape4 ,also a riv] 0 ( itself a suffici5t b\nd>y3 ,inclusum flum9e c]vum4--,virg4 n4 xii4 #gdi4 #fhj ,nec1 velit insidiis altassi claud]e valles1 ,dum placeas1 hum]i retia f]re neg5t4--,tibullus1 i4 #d4 #di1 #ej4 ,x 0 ! duty ( ! att5dants 7,j4 ,pollux1 v4 #d4 #bg-ca7 9 mo/ cases to c>ry ! nets on _! %\ld]s1 agreeably to ! repres5tation 9 ! ,plate ,x4 ,pl9y1 l4 c4 ,cassibus impositos v5or4--,prop]t4 iv4 #b4 #cb4 444 alius r>as ,c]vice gravi port>e plagas4--,s54 ,hippol4 i4 l4 #dd4 ,! prop] ,lat9 t]m = ! hunt+-net1 b m especially = ! purse-net1 :i* w be h]eaft] describ$1 0 ,,cassis4 8,cassis1 g5us v5atorii retis40 ,isidori ,hispal5sis ,orig4 xix4 #e4 8,arctos rod]e casses0 is appli$ by ,p]sius 7v4 #agj7 to a quadrup$ ) incisor tee? caught 9 su* a net & /riv+ to escape4 ,see also ,prop]tius z j quot$1 & ! ,agamemnon ( ,s5eca & ,virgil's ,georgics z quot$ bel[4 ,cassis seems to be d]iv$ f ! root ( cap]e & cat*4 ,b ,,plaga 0 also appli$ to hunt+-nets1 s t ,horace describes ! hunt+ ( ! bo> 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,aut trudit acres h9c et h9c multa cane ,apros 9 ob/antes plagas4--,epod4 ii4 #ca1 #cb4 ,lucretius 7lib4 v4 #abea1 #abeb7 aptly comp>es ! sett+ up ( ! plag to ! plant+ ( a h$ge ar\nd ! =e/3 ,nam fovea atque igni prius e/ v5>i] ortum1 ,quam spire plagis saltum1 canibusque ci]e4 ,9 ! same mann] plag is us$ 9 ! ,hippolytus ( ,s5eca1 z above quot$1 & 9 ,pl9y#fha4 #fha ,h4 ,n4 xix4 #a4 s4 #b4 ,to dispose ! nets 9 ! mann] :i* has be5 describ$1 0 call$ 8retia pon]e0 7,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #cjg7 or 8retia t5d]e0 7,ovid1 ,art4 ,amat4 i4 #de74 ,9 ,hom] a hunt+-net is call$ 1 lit]ally1 8! flax t cat*es ev]y?+#fhb40 ,b ! prop] ,greek t]m = ! hunt+-net1 correspond+ to ! ,lat9 cassis1 0 1 :i* is accord+ly employ$ 9 ! passages ( ,oppian & ,euripides cit$ above4 ,also ! epigram ( ,antipat] ,sidonius1 to :i* a ref]5ce has already be5 made1 specifies ! hunt+-net by ! same appellation3 4 ,! ^w is us$ 9 ! same s5se by ,crat9us#fhc2 also by ,arrian1 :]e he rem>ks t ! ,celts disp5s$ ) ! use ( nets 9 hunt+1 because !y tru/$ to ! swiftness ( _! greyh\nds#fhd4 ,9 ,euripides#fhe x is us$ metaphorically3 ! *ildr5 cry out1 :5 _! "m is pursu+ !m1 ' 1 i4 e4 8,n[ h[ ne> we are be+ caught ) ! sword40 #fhb ,il4 v4 #dhg4 #fhc ,crat9i ,fragm5ta1 a ,runkel1 p4 #bh4 #fhd 1 1 i4 e4 8,& "h greyh\nds answ]$ ! same purpose z ,x5ophon's hunt+-nets40 ,de ,v5at4 ii4 #ba4 ,see ,dansey's translation1 pp4 #gb1 #aba4 #fhe ,m$ea1 #abfh4 ,also 9 ! ,agamemnon ( s*ylus 7l4 #ajhe73 ' 2 ' 1 4 ,9 ?is passage ref]5ce is made to ! l>ge %awl 9 :i* ,clytemne/ra wrapt ! body ( ,agamemnon1 z 9 a net1 9 ord] to de/roy him4 ,on acc\nt ( ! use made ( x1 ! same fatal g>m5t is aft]w>ds 7l4 #acec7 comp>$ to a ca/+-net1 :i* 9 its =m bore a consid]able resemblance to ! cassis4 ,9 l4 #acdf1 #fhf d5otes ?is net z set up = hunt+4 ,! same =m occurs aga9 9 ! ,eum5ides 7l4 #aab72 & 9 ! ,p]s 7#ajb-ajd7 escape f dang] is 9 ne>ly ! same t]ms express$ by ! notion ( ov]leap+ ! net4 ,9 ,euripides#fhg ?is contrivance is call$ 2 & 9 ! ,agamemnon ( ,s5eca#fhh ! same allusion is introduc$3 ,at ille1 ut altis hispidus silvis ap]2 ,cum1 casse v9ctus1 t5tat egressus tam51 ,arctatque motu v9cla1 et incassum furit1 ,cupit1 flu5tes undique et ccos s9us ,disjic]e1 et ho/em qurit implicitus suum4 #fhf ,or1 1 ed4 ,s*tz4 l4 #acgf4 #fhg ,ore/es1 #adje1 s4 #adba4 #fhh ,l4 #hhf-hij4 ,"p ( ! app>atus ( a huntsman consi/$ 9 ! /akes :i* he drove into ! gr\nd to support 8 nets1 & :i* ,antipat] ,sidonius ?us describes3 2 i4 e4 8,! %>p /akes h>d5$ 9 ! fire#fhi40 ,! t]m :i* ,x5ophon uses ( ! /akes is1 accord+ to "s manuscripts ( 8 "w1 4 ,he says1 !y %\ld be fix$ s z to lean backw>ds1 & ?us m effectually to resi/ ! impulse ( ! animals ru%+ aga9/ !m#fij4 ,! ,lat9 t]m answ]+ to 0 ,,v>i4 ,we f9d x ?us us$ by ,lucan3 ,aut1 cum dispositis adtollat retia v>is ,v5ator1 t5et ora levis clamosa ,molossi4 ,ph>salia1 iv4 #dci1 #ddj4 i4 e4 8,! hunt] holds ! noisy m\? ( ! light ,molossian dog1 :5 he lifts up ! nets to ! /akes arrang$ 9 ord]40 #fhi ,brunck1 ,anal4 ii4 #aj4 ,we f9d 9 ,oppian1 ,cyneg4 iv4 #fg1 #ga1 #aba1 #chj2 ,pollux1 ,onom4 v4 #ca4 #fij ,de ,v5at4 vi4 #g4 ,gratius ,faliscus1 adopt+ a ,greek t]m1 calls !m ancones1 on acc\nt ( ! 8elb[0 or =k at ! top3 ,hic magis 9 c]vos valuit metus3 a/ ubi l5t ,int]dum ,libyco fucantur s&yce p9n1 ,l9eaque extructis luc5t anconibus arma1 ,r>um1 si qua metus eludat bellua falsos4--,cyneg4 #he-hh4 ,x 0 ! bus9ess ( "o ( ! att5dants to wat* ! nets3 ,ego retia s]vo4--,virg4 ,buc4 iii4 #ge4 ,sometimes !re 0 a wat*man at ea* extremity & "o 9 ! middle1 z 9 ! ,p]sian lion-hunt#fia4 ,! preval5ce ( ?is me?od ( hunt+ 9 ,p]sia might be inf]r$ f ! circum/ance1 t "o ( ! *ief employm5ts ( ! inhabitants consi/$ 9 mak+ ^! nets 71 ,/rabo1 xv4 #c4 #ah74 ,to wat* ! nets 0 call$ 7lian1 ,h4 ,a4 i4 #b71 & ! man :o dis*>g$ ?is (fice 7,x541 ,de ,v54 ii4 #c2 vi4 #a474 #fia ,oppian1 ,cyneg4 iv4 #abd1 c4 ,! pa9t+s discov]$ 9 ! catacombs ( ,egypt %[1 t ! anci5t inhabitants ( t c\ntry us$ nets = hunt+ 9 ! same mann] :i* has n[ be5 %[n to h be5 ! practice ( ! ,p]sians1 ,greeks & ,romans#fib4 #fib ,wilk9son's ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 vol4 iii4 p4 #c-e4 ,hunt+-nets _h mu* l>g] me%es ?an fi%+ or f[l]s'-nets1 because 9 g5]al a fi% or a f[l c\ld escape ?r\gh a mu* small] op5+ ?an a quadrup$4 ,9 hunt+1 ! important circum/ance 0 to make ! nets s /rong t ! bea/s c\ld n break ?r\gh !m4 ,! l>ge size ( ! me%es is d5ot$ by ! phrases 8retia r>a#fic0 & 8r>as plagas#fid20 & x is exhibit$ 9 a bas-relief 9 ! collection ( anci5t m>bles at ,ince-,blundell 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,see ,plate ,x4 fig4 #a4 ,?is sculpture pres5ts ! foll[+ circum/ances1 :i* are wor?y ( notice z illu/rative ( ! passages above collect$ f anci5t au?ors4 ,?ree s]vants ) /aves c>ry a l>ge net on _! %\ld]s4 ,! =emo/ ( !m holds by a lea% a dog1 :i* is eag] to engage 9 ! *ase#fie4 ,!n foll[s ano!r sc5e 9 ! hunt4 ,a net ) v l>ge me%es & five feet high is set up1 be+ support$ by ?ree /akes4 ,two bo>s & two de] are caught4 ,a wat*man1 hold+ a /aff1 /&s at ea* end ( ! net4 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,x4 is tak5 f a bas-relief 9 ! same collection1 repres5t+ a p>ty return+ f ! *ase1 ) ! quadrup$s :i* !y h caught4 ,two m5 c>ry ! net1 hold+ 9 _! h&s ! /akes ) =ks at ! top4 ,^! bas-reliefs h be5 tak5 f s>cophagi erect$ 9 commemoration ( hunt]s1 & !y are engrav$ 9 ! ,anci5t /atues1 c4 at ,ince-,blundell1 vol4 ii4 pl4 #hi & #abf4 ,an excell5t repres5tation ( ^! =k$ /aves is giv5 9 a sepul*ral bas-relief 9 ,b>toli1 ,admir&a1 tab4 #gj1 :i* ,mr4 ,dansey has copi$ at p4 #cjg ( 8 translation ( ,arrian on ,c\rs+1 & :i* repres5ts a p>ty ( hunt]s return+ f ! *ase4 ,ano!r example ( ! v>us1 or =k$ /aff1 is se5 9 a sepul*ral /one lately f\nd at ,york 7,engl&71 & engrav$ 9 ,mr4 ,wellbelov$'s ,eburacum1 pl4 #ad4 fig4 #b4 ,! man1 :o holds ! v>us 9 8 "r h&1 & :o appe>s to be a huntsman & a native ( ! nor? ( ,engl&1 ?\gh p>tly clo!d aft] ! ,roman fa%ion1 we>s an inn] & out] tunic1 & ov] !m a fr+$ sagum4 ,9 ! ,sepolcri de' ,nasoni1 publi%$ by ,b>toli1 !re is a repres5tation ( a lion-hunt1 & ( ano!r 9 :i* de] are caught by means ( nets set up s z to inclose a l>ge space4 ,9 ,montfaucon's ,supplem5t1 tome iii41 is an engrav+ f a bas-relief1 9 :i* a net is repres5t$3 b none ( ^! are s in/ructive z ! two bas-reliefs at ,ince-,blundell4 #fic ,virg4 n4 iv4 #aca2 ,hor4 ,epod4 ii4 #cc4 #fid ,s5eca1 ,hippol4 l4 c4 #fie ,see ,lucan1 z quot$ 9 ! la/ page4 ,gratius ,faliscus recomm5ds t a net %\ld be =ty paces long1 & full t5 knots high3 ,et bis vic5os spatium prt5d]e passus ,rete velim1 pl5isque decem consurg]e nodis4--,cyneg4 #ca1 #cb4 ,! necessity ( mak+ ! nets s high t ! animals c\ld n leap ov] !m1 is allud$ to 9 ! expression 1 i4 e4 8a height too great = ! animals to leap out#fif40 #fif s*yli ,agamemnon1 #acdg4 ,x5ophon1 9 8 treatise on ,hunt+1 gives v>i\s directions respect+ ! mak+ & sett+ ( nets2 & ,s*neid] has add$ to t treatise a diss]tation conc]n+ ! 4 ,x is evid5t t ?is k9d ( net 0 made ) a bag 71 vi4 #g71 be+ ! same :i* is n[ call$ ! purse-net1 or ! tunnel-net1 & t ! aim ( ! hunt] 0 to drive ! animal into ! bag2 t ! wat*man 77 wait$ to see x caught !re2 t bran*es ( trees 7 plac$ 9 ! bag to keep x exp&$1 to r5d] x invisible1 & ?us to decoy quadrup$s into x2 t a rope ran r\nd ! m\? ( ! bag 71 vi4 #i71 & 0 drawn tight by ! impulse ( ! animal ru%+ 9 s z to prev5t its escape#fig4 ,to ?is rope 0 atta*$ ano!r1 call$ 1 :i* 0 us$ z foll[s4 ,9 fig4 #a4 ( ,plate ,x4 we obs]ve1 t ! upp] bord] ( ! net consi/s ( a v /rong rope4 ,x5ophon calls ?is 7vi4 #i74 ,9 ! purse-net x 0 furni%$ ) r+s4 ,! 1 or wat*man1 lay 9 ambu%1 hold+ "o end ( ! 1 :i* ran ?r\gh ! r+s1 & 0 fa/5$ at ! o!r end to ! 1 s t by pull+ x he drew ! m\? ( ! bag /ill m firm & close4 ,he !n w5t to ! bag & despat*$ ! quadrup$ :i* x inclos$1 or c>ri$ x (f alive1 in=m+ 8 companions ( ! capture by %\t+#fih4 #fig ,?is effect ( ! is well express$ by ,s5eca1 8,arctatque motu v9cla30 also ! circum/ance ( ! bran*es us$ to di/5d ! bag & to make x invisible2 8,flu5tes undique et ccos s9us40 ,hom] 7,il4 v4 #dhg7 seems to allude to ! same contrivance1 & to apply ! t]m to ! rope :i* encircl$ ! entrance ( ! bag1 ) ! o!rs atta*$ to x4 ,we f9d 9 ,brunck's ,analecta 7ii4 #aj4 ,no4 xx47 ! phrase appli$ to hunt+-nets4 ,x 0 probably meant to designate ! 1 :i* might be call$ 1 i4 e4 angul>1 because !y 7 made l bags end+ 9 a po9t4 ,! t]m 1 :i* occurs 9 ,ari/ophanes 7,aves1 #aie71 & d5ot$ "s contrivance = cat*+ birds1 is said by ! ,s*olia/ on ! passage to h meant a k9d ( hunt+-net4 ,b ?is explanation is evid5tly good = no?+4 #fih ,oppian1 ,cyneg4 iv4 #dji4 ,pl9y m5tions ^! epidromi1 or runn+ ropes3 ,h4 ,n4 xix4 #a4 s4 #b4 ,9 ?is treatise ,x5ophon di/+ui%es ! nets us$ 9 hunt+ by ?ree diff]5t appellations2 1 1 & 4 ,oppian also di/+ui%es ! us$ 9 hunt+ f ! #fii4 ,! or cassis1 i4 e4 8! purse- or tunnel-net10 0 by mu* ! mo/ complicat$ 9 its =mation4 ,! 1 or 8road-net10 0 comp>atively small3 x 0 plac$ across any road1 or pa?1 to prev5t ! animals f pursu+ t pa?3 x mu/ h be5 us$ to /op ! n>r[ op5+s betwe5 bu%es4 ,! 0 a l>ge net1 simply int5d$ to inclose ! gr\nd3 x !re=e resembl$ 9 "s measure ! sean us$ 9 fi%+4 ,! t]m1 ?us specially appli$1 may be translat$ a hay1 or a halli]#gjj4 ,^! ?ree k9ds ( nets appe> to be m5tion$ toge!r by ,nemesianus "u ! names ( retia 7i4 e4 71 casses 7i4 e4 71 & plag 7i4 e4 473 ,necnon et casses idem v5atibus aptos1 ,atque plagas1 longoque meantia retia tractu ,addiscunt r>is semp] contex]e nodis1 ,et s]v>e modum maculis1 l9oque t5aci4 ,cyneg4 #bii-cjb4 #fii ,ibid4 iv4 #cha4 #gjj ,see ,arrian on ,c\rs+3 ! ,cynegeticus ( ! y\ng] ,x5ophon1 translat$ f ! ,greek1 c4 c4 by a graduate ( ,m$ic9e 7,william ,c4 ,dansey1 ,m4 ,b474 ,london1 #ahca1 pp4 #fh1 #ahh4 ,x5ophon1 9 8 treatise on ,hunt+1 fur!r in=ms u1 t ! cord us$ = mak+ ! 1 or purse-net1 consi/$ ( ?ree /r&s1 & t ?ree l9es twi/$ toge!r commonly made a /r& 7ii4 #d72 b t1 :5 ! net 0 int5d$ to cat* ! wild bo>1 n9e l9es w5t to a /r& in/ead ( ?ree 7x4 #b74 ,x rema9s to be notic$1 t1 :5 ! long range ( nets1 set up 9 ! mann] :i* has be5 n[ repres5t$1 0 design$ to cat* ! /ag 7c]vus71 x 0 flank$ by cords1 to :i*1 z well z to ! nets !mselves1 fea!rs dy$ sc>let1 & ( o!r bright colors int]mix$ ) _! native :ite1 & sometimes probably birds' w+s1 7 ti$ s z to fl>e & flutt] 9 ! w9d#gja4 ,?is app5dage to ! nets 0 call$ ! metus or =mido 7,virg4 n4 xii4 #gej71 because x fright5$ ^! timid quadrup$s s z to urge !m onw>ds into ! toils4 ,h5ce ,virgil1 speak+ ( ! me?od ( tak+ /ags 9 ,scy?ia1 says1 ,nor toils _! flight imp$e1 nor h\nds o'ertake1 ,nor plumes ( purple dye _! fe>s awake4 ,georg4 iii4 #cga1 #cgb4--,so!by's ,translation4 #gja ,dum trepidant al4--,virg4 n4 iv4 #aba4 ,! foll[+ passages likewise allude to ! use ( ?is contrivance 9 ! /ag-hunt3 ,nec =midatis c]vos includite p5nis4--,ovid4 ,met4 xv4 #dge4 ,vagos dumeta p] avia c]vos ,circumdat maculis et multa indag9e p9n4 ,auson4 ,epi/4 iv4 #bg4 ,nemesianus1 9 ! foll[+ passage1 ass]ts t ! cord 7l9ea7 c>ry+ fea!rs ( ?is description _h ! effect ( t]rify+ n ! /ag only1 b ! be>1 ! bo>1 ! fox & ! wolf3 ,l9ea qu9etiam1 magnos circumd>e saltus ,qu possit1 volucresque metu conclud]e prdas1 ,dig]at innexas non una ex alite p9nas4 ,namque ursos1 magnosque sues1 c]vosque fugaces ,et vulpes1 acresque lupos1 ceu fulgura cli ,t]rificant1 l9ique vetant transc5d]e septum4 ,has igitur v>io semp] fuc>e v55o ,cura tibi1 neveisque alios misc]e colores1 ,alt]nosque metus subtem9e t5d]e longo4 ,cyneg4 #cjc-caa4 ,! same fact is ass]t$ 9 a /rik+ passage1 :i* has be5 above quot$ f ,gratius ,faliscus4 ,to ! same effect are ! foll[+ passages3 ,nec e/ mirum1 cum maximos f]>um greges l9ea p5nis di/9cta cont]reat1 et ad insidias agat1 ab ipso effectu dicta =mido4--,s5eca1 de ,ira1 ii4 #aa4 ,f]as l9eis et p9na conclusas cont9e3 easdem a t]go eques telis incessat3 t5tabunt fugam p] ipsa qu fug]ant1 proculcabuntque =mid9em4--,s5eca1 de ,clem5tia1 i4 #ab4 ,picta rub5ti l9eo p9na ,vano claudat t]rore f]as4 ,s5eca ,frag4 ,hippol4 i4 #a4 ,,iii4 ,,funda1 ,,jaculum1 ,,rete ,,jaculum1 ,,retiaculum4 1 4 ,fi%+-nets#gjb 7 ( six diff]5t k9ds1 :i* are enum]at$ by ,oppian z foll[s3 1 1 '1 ' 1 1 4--,hal4 iii4 #hj-hb4 #gjb 4 ,diod4 ,sic4 xvii4 #dc4 p4 #aic1 ,wessel4 ,( ^! by f> ! mo/ common 7 ! 1 or ca/+-net1 & ! 1 i4 e4 ! drag or sean4 ,consequ5tly ^! two are ! only k9ds m5tion$ by ,virgil & ,ovid 9 ! foll[+ passages3 ,atque alius latum funda jam v]b]at amnem1 ,alta pet5s2 pelagoque alius trahit humida l9a4 ,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #ada1 #adb4 ,hi jaculo pisces1 illi capiuntur ab hamis2 ,hos cava cont5to retia fune trahunt4 ,ovid1 ,art4 ,amat4 i4 #gfc1 #dfd4 ,by ,virgil ! ca/+-net is call$ funda1 :i* is ! common t]m = a sl+4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is x is to be obs]v$1 t ! ca/+-net is ?r[n ov] ! fi%]man's %\ld]1 & !n :irl$ 9 ! air mu* l a sl+4 ,by ?is action he causes x to fly op5 at ! bottom s z to =m a circle1 :i* is load$ at int]vals ) /ones or pieces ( lead1 & ?is circle 8/rikes ! broad riv]#gjc30 = ! ca/+-net is us$ ei!r 9 pools ( mod]ate dep?1 or 9 riv]s :i* h1 l pools1 a broad smoo? surface2 :]eas ! sean is employ$ = fi%+ 9 ! deep 7pelago7#gjd4 #gjc ,! ,arabs n[ employ ! ca/+-net on ! %ores ( ! ,arabian ,gulf4 8,its =m is r\nd1 & load$ at ! l[] "p ) small pieces ( lead2 &1 :5 ! fi%]man approa*es a %oal ( fi%1 8 art consi/s 9 ?r[+ ! net s t x may exp& itself 9 a circul> =m be=e x rea*es ! surface ( ! wat]40--,well/$'s ,travels 9 ,arabia1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adh4 #gjd ,= a te*nical acc\nt ( nets1 includ+ ! ca/+-net z n[ made1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,hon4 & ,rev4 ,*>les ,ba?ur/'s ,notes on ,nets2 or ! ,qu9cunx practically consid]$1 ,london1 #ahcg1 #abmo4 ,duhamel wrote on ! same subject 9 ,fr5*4 ,isidore ( ,seville1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( nets 7,orig4 xix4 #e71 ?us speaks3 8,funda g5us e/ piscatorii retis1 dicta ab eo1 quod 9 fundum mittatur4 ,eadem etiam a jact&o jaculum dicitur4 ,plautus3 ,probus quidem antea jaculator eras#gje40 #gje ,jaculator corresponds to ! ,greek 4 ,ausonius1 9 ! foll[+ l9es1 :i* ref] to ! me?ods ( fi%+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,g>onne1 appe>s to di/+ui% betwe5 ! jaculum & ! funda4 ,pisc&i trah]is /udio8 nam tota supellex ,dumnotoni tales solita e/ o/5d]e gazas3 ,nodosas ve/es animantum ,n]9orum1 ,et jacula1 et fundas1 et nom9a villica l9i1 ,colaque1 et indutos t]r5is v]mibus hamos4 ,epi/4 iv4 #ea-ee4 ,besides ! passage ( ,plautus1 "h quot$ by ,isidore1 !re are two o!rs1 9 :i* ! ca/+-net is m5tion$ "u ! "n ( rete jaculum1 viz4 ,as9>4 l4 i4 #hg1 & ,truc4 l4 i4 #ad4 ,p>eus1 z we f9d f 8 ,lexicon ,plaut9um1 cle>ly und]/ood ! mean+ ( ! t]m1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ca/+-net & ! sean4 ,( ! ,rete jaculum he says1 8,sic dicitur ad diff]5tiam v]riculi1 quod non jacitur1 s$ trahitur et v]ritur40 ,he adds1 t ,h]odotus calls x 1 & ! ,g]mans ,wurffg>n4 ,! ^w occurs twice 9 ,h]odotus1 & bo? places ?r[ light ^u its mean+4 ,9 ,book i4 c4 #ada4 he says3 8,! ,lydians _h no soon] be5 br\ght into subjection by ! ,p]sians ?an ! ,ionians & olians s5t ambassadors to ,cyrus at ,s>dis1 entreat+ him to receive !m "u 8 dom9ion on ! same conditions on :i* !y _h be5 "u ,crsus4 ,to ?is proposal he repli$ 9 ! foll[+ fable4 ,a pip]1 hav+ se5 "s fi%es 9 ! sea1 play$ = a :ile on 8 pipe1 ?9k+ t ?is w\ld make !m come to him on ! l&4 ,p]ceiv+ ! fallacy ( ?is expectation1 he took a ca/+-net1 &1 hav+ ?r[n x ar\nd a great numb] ( ! fi%es1 he drew !m out ( ! wat]4 ,he !n said to ! fi%es1 z !y 7 jump+ ab\t1 ,z y did n *oose to dance out ( ! wat]1 :5 ,i play$ to y on my pipe1 y may put a /op to y\r danc+ n[40 ,! o!r passage 7ii4 #ie7 has be5 illu/rat$ 9 a v successful mann] by ,william ,sp5ce1 ,esq41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 9 a pap] 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,entomological ,society = ! ye> #ahcd4 ,9 connection ) ! curi\s fact1 t ! common h\se-fly w n 9 g5]al pass ?r\gh ! me%es ( a net1 ,mr4 ,sp5ce produces ?is passage1 9 :i* ,h]odotus /ates1 t ! fi%]m5 :o liv$ ab\t ! m>%es ( ,egypt1 be+ ea* 9 possession ( a ca/+-net1 & us+ x 9 ! day-"t to cat* fi%es1 employ$ ^! nets 9 ! night to keep (f ! gnats1 by :i* t c\ntry is infe/$4 ,! ca/+-net 0 fix$ s z to encircle ! b$1 on :i* ! fi%]man slept2 &1 z ?is k9d ( net is always pe>-%ap$1 or ( a conical =m1 x is evid5t t no?+ c\ld be bett] adapt$ to ! purpose1 z x w\ld be susp5d$ l a t5t ov] ! body ( its own]4 ,9 ?is passage ,h]odotus twice uses ! t]m 1 & once he calls ! same ?+ 1 because1 z we h se51 ?is 0 a common t]m applicable to nets ( e description#gjf4 #gjf ,none ( ! comm5tators appe> to h und]/ood ^! passages4 ,9 p>ticul> we f9d t ,s*weighus] 9 8 ,lexicon ,h]odoteum expla9s ?us3 8,v]riculum1 ,rete quod circumjicitur40 ,rete1 h[ev]1 corresponds to 1 :i* meant a net ( any k9d2 & ,v]riculum is ! ,lat9 = 1 :i*1 z w be %[n h]eaft]1 0 a sean1 or drag-net4 ,! antiquity ( ! ca/+-net among ! ,greeks appe>s f a passage 9 ! ,%ield ( ,h]cules1 attribut$ to ,hesiod 7l4 #bac-bae74 ,! poet says1 t ! %ield repres5t$ ! sea ) fi%es se5 9 ! wat]1 8& on ! rocks sat a fi%]man wat*+1 & he held 9 8 h&s a ca/+-net 77 = fi%es1 & seem$ to be ?r[+ x f him40 ,we appreh5d t1 ! position ( sitt+ 0 n s suitable to ! use ( ! ca/+-net z /&+1 because x requires ! free use ( ! arms1 :i* a man _c well h :5 he sits4 ,9 o!r respects ?is description exactly agrees ) ! use ( ! ca/+-net3 = x is ?r[n by a s+le p]son1 :o rema9s on l& at ! edge ( ! wat]1 obs]ves ! fi%es 9 x1 & ?r[s ! net f him into ! wat] s z sudd5ly to inclose !m4 ,9 two ( ! trag$ies ( s*ylus we f9d ! t]m appli$ figuratively by ,clytemne/ra to ! %awl1 9 :i* %e envelop$ h] husb& 9 ord] to murd] him4 1 1 1 4--,agamem4 #acec1 #aced4 '1 4--,*oph4 #dhe4 ,lycophron 7l4 #aaja7 calls ?is g>m5t by ! same "n1 :5 he ref]s to ! same ev5t 9 ! fabul\s hi/ory ( ,greece4 ,we h se51 t 9 o!r passages ! %awl s us$ is ) equal aptitude call$ a purse-net 774 ,"o ( ! com$ies ( ,m5&] 0 entitl$ 1 8! ,fi%]man40 ,! expression1 1 is quot$ f x by ,julius ,pollus 7x4 #acb7gjg4 #gjg ,m5&ri et ,phil4 ,reliqu1 a ,me9eke1 p4 #af4 ,a!nu 7lib4 x4 #gb4 p4 #dej c4 ,casaub47 quotes f ,antiphanes ! foll[+ l9e1 :i* describes a man 8?r[+ a ca/+-net on _m fi%es03 4 ,9 an epigram ( ,leonidas ,t>5t9us we f9d ! ca/+-net call$ in/ead ( #gjh4 #gjh ,brunck1 ,anal4 i4 #bbc1 ,no4 xii4 ,jacobs1 ,an?ol4 i4 #b4 p4 #gd4 ,! is m5tion$ toge!r ) two o!r k9ds ( nets by ,artemidorus1 & :i* w be quot$ pres5tly4 ,! foll[+ curi\s passage ( ,meletius de ,natura ,hom9is1 9 :i* t au?or1 probably foll[+ ,gal51 describes ! expansion ( ! optic n]ves1 m5tions ! ca/+-net z 8an in/rum5t us$ by fi%]m503 1 1 1 1 4 4--,salmasius1 9 ,t]tull4 de ,pallio1 p4 #bac4 ,! 1 or tunica ret9a1 0 s call$ on acc\nt ( its resemblance 9 =m to ! ca/+-net4 ,z we le>n f ,h]odotus t ! ca/+-net 0 univ]sally employ$ by ! fi%]m5 ( ,egypt1 we %all n be surpris$ to f9d x m5tion$ 9 ! ,alex&r9e1 or1 z x is commonly call$1 ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ! ,psalms & ,prophets3-- 1 i4 e4 8,s9n]s %all fall 9 8 ca/+-net40--,psalm cxli4 #aj4 ,cad5t 9 retiaculo ejus peccatores4--,vulgate ,v]sion4 8,let ! wick$ fall 9 _! own nets40 --,common ,engli% ,v]sion4 ,! ^w 9 ! orig9al ,hebrew is 1 :i* ,ges5ius translates 8,rete10 a net4 ,?is ^w mu/ h be5 m g5]al 9 its mean+ ?an ! ,greek 1 & includ$ ! purse-net1 or 4 ,! ,*aldee & ,syriac v]sions use 9 ?is passage a ^w1 :i* d5otes sn>es 9 g5]al4 ,see ,isaiah li4 #bj1 :]e ! same ^w is us$ 9 ! ,hebrew1 b appli$ to ! cat*+ ( a quadrup$1 & :]e consequ5tly ! purse-net mu/ h be5 int5d$4 1 4 i4 e4 8,& !y :o ?r[ seans1 & !y :o fi% ) ! ca/+-net1 %all m\rn40--,isa4 xix4 #h4 ,et exp&5tes rete sup] faciem aqu>um em>cesc5t4--,vulgate ,v]sion4 8,& !y t spread nets ^u ! wat]s %all langui%40--,common ,engli% ,v]sion4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ?is prophecy relates to ,egypt4 ,! ,hebrew v]b 1 "h translat$ 8exp&5tes10 8!y t spread10 is exactly applicable to ! rem>kable expansion ( ! ca/+-net j z x rea*es ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,9 ! ,alex&r9e v]sion we may also obs]ve ! cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! two pr9cipal k9ds ( nets1 ! sean & ! ca/+-net1 & t ! man :o fi%es ) ! latt] is call$ 1 z 9 ,lat9 he 0 designat$ by ! s+le t]m jaculator4 1 4 1 1 4 1 4 i4 e4 8,he 7! ,*aldean7 ha? drawn him 9 a ca/+-net & ga!r$ him 9 8 seans3 !re=e 8 he>t %all rejoice & be glad4 ,!re=e he %all sacrifice to 8 sean & burn inc5se to 8 ca/+-net1 because by !m he ha? fatt5$ 8 portion & 8 *os5 da9ties4 ,!re=e he %all ?r[ 8 ca/+-net1 & n sp>e utt]ly to slay nations40--,habakkuk1 i4 #ae-ag4 8,!y cat* !m 9 _! net & ga!r !m 9 _! drag2 !re=e !y rejoice & are glad4 ,!re=e !y sacrifice unto _! net & burn inc5se unto _! drag3 because by !m _! portion is fat & _! meat pl5te\s4 ,%all !y !re=e empty _! net1 & n sp>e cont9ually to slay ! nations80--,common ,engli% ,v]sion4 ,! ,lat9 ,vulgate 9 ?is passage uses )\t discrim9ation ! t]ms rete & sag5a1 :i* latt] is ! ,greek ^w 9 a ,lat9 =m4 occurs twice 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,mat!w iv4 #ah3 8,jesus1 walk+ by ! sea ( ,galilee1 saw two bre?r51 ,simon & ,&rew1 ca/+ a net into ! sea2 = !y 7 fi%]s03 9 ! orig9al1 2 9 ! ,vulgate v]sion1 8mitt5tes rete40 ,x appe>s no suffici5t objection to ! s5se :i* has be5 assign$ to 1 t "h two p]sons are m5tion$ z us+ x at ! same "t4 ,be+ p>tn]s & engag$ 9 ! same employm5t1 "o p]haps collect+ ! fi%es :i* ! o!r caught1 !y might be describ$ toge!r z 8?r[+ ! ca/+-net10 al?\gh only "o at a "t held x 9 8 h&s4 ,9 o!r respects ?is explanation is p>ticul>ly suitable to ! circum/ances4 ,jesus 0 walk+ on ! %ore & acco/$ ! two bro!rs4 ,?is suits ! supposition t !y 7 on ! %ore likewise1 & n fi%+ out ( a boat1 z !y did ) ! sean at o!r times4 ,9 v]se #bj ! ,evangeli/ uses ! t]m 7nets71 say+ 8!y left _! nets10 & mean+ bo? _! ca/+-net & ^? ( o!r k9ds4 ,9 v]se #ba he m5tions t ,james & ,john 7 9 _! boat1 m5d+ _! nets 774 ,! same ?+s are to be obs]v$ 9 ,m>k i4 #af1 :i* is ! p>allel passage4 ,,iv4 1 or 4 ,pursu+ ! ord] adopt$ by ,oppian 9 8 li/ ( fi%+ nets above quot$1 we come to ! 4 ,:at k9d ( net ?is 0 we h be5 unable to discov]4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 h be5 "o ( ! mo/ useful & important k9ds1 because ,plut>* m5tions z ! common implem5ts ( ! fi%]man#gji1 & ,artemidorus speaks ( ?is toge!r ) ! ca/+-net & ! sean 9 simil> t]ms#gaj4 #gji 1 vol4 v4 p4 #hch1 ed4 ,/eph4 #gaj ,l4 ii4 c4 #ad4 ,x may be obs]v$1 t is us$ = a fi%]man#gaa1 app>5tly equival5t to #gab4 ,we also f9d ! expression 1 mean+1 8,by ! fi%]man's art#gac04 #gaa ,jacobs1 ,an?ol4 vol4 i4 p4 #ahf1 ,nos4 #d & #e4 #gab ,!ocrit4 i4 #ci2 iii4 #bf4 #gac ,brunck1 ,anal4 ii4 #i1 ,no4 #ad4 ,v4 4 ,! ?ird fi%+-net 9 ,oppian's enum]ation is 4 ,we f9d x once m5tion$ metaphorically1 viz4 by s*ylus1 :o calls an inextricable calamity1 #gad4 ,9 ,s*neid]'s edition ( ,oppian we f9d ?is note1 8,rete o/reis capi5dis esse annotavit ,hesy*ius40 ,pass[ also 9 8 ,lexicon expla9s x z 8a small r\nd net = cat*+ oy/]s40 ,! ref]5ce to ,hesy*ius is incorrect4 ,if x 0 a net = cat*+ oy/]s1 :i* appe>s v d\btful1 x may h be5 ! net us$ by ! ,indians 9 ! pe>l-fi%]y#gae4 #gad ,agam4 #ceb4 #gae 4 ,arrian1 ,indica1 vol4 i p4 #ebe1 ed4 ,blanc>di4 ,,vi4 4 ,! 1 :i* is ! f\r? 9 ,oppian's enum]ation1 0 ! l&+-net1 us$ m]ely to take fi%es out ( ! wat] :5 !y rose to ! surface1 or 9 simil> circum/ances to :i* x 0 adapt$4 ,x 0 made ) a hoop 77 fa/5$ to a pole1 & 0 p]haps also provid$ ) ! means ( clos+ ! r\nd ap]ture at ! top#gaf4 ,( ! we f9d n[h]e any fur!r m5tion4 #gaf ,see ,oppian1 ,hal4 iv4 #bea4 ,,vii4 ,,tragum1 ,,tragula1 ,,v]riculum4 4 ,^! 7 ! ,greek & ,lat9 names = ! sean4 ,be=e produc+ ! passages 9 :i* !y occur1 we w pres5t to ! read] an acc\nt ( ?is k9d ( net z n[ us$ by ! fi%]m5 on ! coa/ ( ,cornwall 7,engl&7 = cat*+ pil*>ds1 & z describ$ by ,dr4 ,p>is 9 8 elegant & pleasant ,guide to ,m\nt's ,bay & ,l&'s ,end#gag4 8,at ! prop] season m5 are /ation$ on ! cliffs to obs]ve by ! color ( ! wat] :]e ! %oals ( pil*>ds are to be f\nd4 ,! sean is c>ri$ out 9 a boat1 & ?r[n into ! sea by two m5 ) su* dext]ity1 t 9 less ?an f\r m9utes ! fi% are inclos$4 ,x is !n ei!r moor$1 or1 :]e ! %ore is s&y & %elv+1 x is drawn into m %all[ wat]4 ,aft] ?is ! fi% are bail$ into boats & c>ri$ to %ore4 ,a sean is frequ5tly ?ree hundr$ fa?oms long1 & sev5te5 deep4 ,! bottom ( ! net is kept to ! gr\nd by lead5 weights1 :il/ ! corks keep ! top ( x float+ on ! surface4 ,a sean has be5 kn[n to inclose at "o "t z _m z twelve hundr$ hog%eads1 am\nt+ to ab\t ?ree millions ( fi%40 #gag ,p5zance1 #ahaf1 p4 #ia ,let ?is passage be comp>$ ) ! foll[+1 :i* gives an acc\nt ( ! use ( ! same k9d ( net among ! ,arabs4 ,x w !n appe> h[ ext5sively x is employ$1 s9ce we f9d x us$ 9 exactly ! same way bo? by our own c\ntrym5 & by tribes :i* we consid] z rank+ v l[ 9 ! scale ( civilization2 & on mak+ ?is comp>ison1 ! inf]5ce w seem n unreasonable1 t ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 :o 9 sev]al ( _! colonies 9 ! ,eux9e ,sea1 on ! coa/s ( ,ionia1 & ( ,spa91 & 9 o!r places1 c>ri$ on ! cat*+ & cur+ ( fi% ) ! greate/ possible activity & to a wond]ful ext5t1 us$ nets ( z great a compass z ^? :i* are "h describ$4 8,! fi%]y is "h 7i4 e4 at ,burka1 on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,arabia7 conduct$ on a gr& scale1 by means ( nets _m hundr$ fa?oms 9 l5g?1 :i* are c>ri$ out by boats4 ,! upp] "p is support$ by small blocks ( wood1 =m$ f ! light & buoyant bran*es ( ! date-palm1 :ile ! l[] "p is load$ ) lead4 ,to ei!r extremity ( ?is a rope is atta*$1 by :i*1 :5 ! :ole ( ! net is laid out1 ab\t ?irty or =ty m5 drag x t[>ds ! %ore4 ,! quantity ?us secur$ is enorm\s2 & :at !y d n require = _! own consumption is salt$ & c>ri$ into ! int]ior4 ,:51 z is v g5]ally ! case1 ! nets are ! common prop]ty ( ! :ole village1 !y divide ! produce into equal %>es#gah40 #gah ,lieut5ant ,well/$'s ,travels 9 ,arabia1 vol4 i4 7,ornam71 pp4 #ahf1 #ahg4 ,t ?is me?od ( fi%+ 0 practis$ by ! ,egyptians f a remote antiquity appe>s f ! rema9+ monum5ts4 ,! pa9t+s on ! tombs %[ p]sons engag$ 9 draw+ ! sean1 :i* has floats along its upp] m>g9 & leads along ! l[] bord]#gai4 ,an anci5t ,egyptian net1 obta9$ by ,m4 ,passalacqua1 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum at ,b]l94 ,"s ( its leads & floats rema91 z well z a g\rd1 :i* assi/$ ! floats#gbj4 #gai ,see ,wilk9son's ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bj1 #ba2 see also vol4 iii4 p4 #cg4 ,"o ( ^! pa9t+s1 copi$ f ,wilk9son1 is introduc$ 9 ,plate ,x4 fig4 #c4 ( ?is "w4 ,! fi%]m5 are se5 on ! %ore draw+ ! net to l& full ( fi%es4 ,!re are eight floats along ! top1 & f\r leads at ! bottom on ea* side4 ,! wat] is drawn z is usual 9 ,egyptian pa9t+s4 #gbj ,un filet de p*e petites mailles1 et fait avec du fil de l94 ,cet objet1 qui e/ g>ni de ses plombs1 cons]ve encore les morceaux de bois qui g>nissai5t sa p>tie suprieure1 a9si qu'une c\rge qui l'aidait surnag]4--,?bes1 ,passalacqua1 ,catalogue des ,antiquitis dc\v]tes en ,egypte1 ,no4 #dde4 p4 #bb4 ,besides ! v]ses ( ,oppian1 :i* are above quot$1 we f9d ano!r passage ( ! same poem 7,hal4 iii4 #hb1 #hc71 :i* m5tions ! foll[+ app5dages to ! 1 viz4 ! 1 ! 1 & ! 4 ,z ! 1 or feet ( a sail 7 ! ropes fa/5$ to its l[] corn]s1 we may conclude t ! 7 ! ropes atta*$ to ! corn]s ( ! sean1 & us$ 9 a simil> mann] to fa/5 x to ! %ore & to draw x 9 to ! l&1 z is describ$ by ,ovid 9 ! l9e already quot$1-- ,hos cava cont5to retia fune trahunt4 ,! 1 z ! "n implies1 7 sph]ical1 & mu/ !re=e h be5 ei!r ! floats ( wood or cork at ! top1 or ! weights1 consi/+ ei!r ( r\nd /ones or pieces ( lead1 at ! bottom4 ,! mu/ h be5 a k9d ( bag =m$ 9 ! sean to receive ! fi%es1 & ?us correspond+ to ! purse or conical bag 9 ! 4 ,! t]m is illu/rat$ by ! application ( ! equival5t epi!t or 8angul>10 to hunt+-nets 9 a passage f ,brunck's ,analecta1 :i* 0 =m]ly expla9$1 & by ! epi!t 8cava0 9 ! l9e j quot$ f ,ovid#gba4 #gba ,obs]ve also ! use ( ! ^w 9 ! passage ( ,lucian's ,timon1 quot$ bel[4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage ,ovid m5tions ! use bo? ( ! corks & ( ! leads#gbb4 ,?is passage also %[s t sev]al nets 7 fa/5$ toge!r 9 ord] to =m a long sean3 ,aspicis1 ut summa cortex levis innatat unda1 ,cum grave nexa simul retia m]gat onus8 ,tri/4 iii4 #d4 #a1 #ab4 #gbb 1 ,j4 ,pollux1 x4 #cj4 #acb4 ,?is use ( cork & lead 9 fi%+ is also m5tion$ by lian1 ,hi/4 ,anim4 xii4 #dc2 & t ( cork by ,pausanias1 viii4 #ab4 #a2 & by ,pl9y1 ,h4 ,n4 xvi4 #h4 s4 #ac1 :]e1 9 recit+ ! v>i\s uses ( cork1 he says x 0 employ$ 8piscantium tragulis40 ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 describ+ 8 own villa1 says3-- ,h9c jam spectabis1 ut promoveat alnum piscator 9 pelagus1 ut /at>ia retia sub]9is corticibus ext5dat4--,epi/4 ii4 #b4 8,h5ce y w see h[ ! fi%]man moves =w>d 8 boat into ! deep wat]1 t he may ext5d 8 /ation>y nets by means ( corks40 ,alciphron1 9 8 acc\nt ( a fi%+ excursion ne> ! ,promontory ( ,phal]um1 says1 8,! draught ( fi%es 0 s great z almo/ to subm]ge ! corks#gbc40 ,! e>ne/ desire ( a po/]ity1 f\nd$ on ! wi% = po/hum\s remembrance1 :i* 0 a v /rong & prevail+ s5tim5t among ! anci5ts1 is illu/rat$ by ! language ( ,electra 9 ! ,*ophor ( s*ylus1 :]e %e entreats h] fa!r ^u ?is consid]ation to att5d to h] pray]1 & lik5s 8 memory to a net1 :i* 8 *ildr51 l corks1 w\ld save f disappe>+3--8,d n ext+ui% ! race ( ! ,pelopid4 ,= ?us y w live aft] y are dead4 ,= a man's *ildr5 are ! pres]v]s ( 8 fame :5 dead1 &1 l corks 9 dragg+ ! net1 !y save ! flax5 /r+ f ! abyss40 ,! use ( ! corks is m5tion$ 9 sev]al ( ! epigrams ( ! ,greek ,an?ology1 already ref]r$ to1 & 9 ! foll[+ passage ( ,plut>*3-- 4--,de ,g5io ,socratis1 p4 #ajej1 ed4 ,/eph4 #gbc 4--,epi/4 i4 #a4 ,passages h be5 already produc$ f ,plut>*1 ,artemidorus1 & ! ,alex&r9e v]sion ( ,isaiah & ,habakkuk1 9 :i* ! sean is m5tion$ by its ,greek "n 1 9 contradi/9ction to o!r k9ds ( nets4 ,also ! passage above cit$ f ,virgil's ,georgics 78pelagoque alius trahit humida l9a071 indicates ! use ( ! sean 9 deep wat]1 & ! practice ( dragg+ x out ( ! wat] by means ( ropes1 :i* gave orig9 bo? to its ,engli% "n1 ! ,drag-net1 & to its ,lat9 appellations1 tragula1 us$ by ,pl9y 7l4 c471 & tragum1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! anci5t ,gloss>ies & 9 ,isidore ( ,seville#gbd4 #gbd ,tragum g5us retis1 ab eo quod trahatur nuncupatum3 ipsum e/ et v]riculum4 ,v]r]e enim trah]e e/4--,orig4 xix4 #e4 ,! ,lat9 "n v]riculum occurs 9 a passage ( ,val]ius ,maximus1 :i* is also rem>kable = a ref]5ce to ! ,ionian fi%]ies1 & = ! use ( ! ^w jactus1 lit]ally1 a ?r[1 correspond+ to t :i* ! ,corni% m5 d5om9ate1 a hawl ( fi%4 ,a piscatoribus 9 ,milesia regione v]riculum trah5tibus quidam jactum em]at4--,memor4 lib4 iv4 cap4 #a4 ,we introduce "h an expression ( ,philo1 9 :i* we may rem>k t corresponds exactly to jactus 9 ,lat91 & t ! draw+ ( ! net into a circle is cle>ly indicat$3 4 --,vita ,mosis1 tom4 ii4 p4 #ie4 ed4 ,mangey4 ,we f9d m5tion ( ! sean m especially = ! capture ( ! tunny & ( ! pelamys1 :i* 7 ! two pr9cipal k9ds ( fi% caught 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,lucian speaks ( ! tunny-sean#gbe1 :i* 0 probably ! l>ge/ net ( ! k9d1 & he relates ! circum/ance ( a tunny escap+ f its bag or bosom#gbf4 ,! sean is ?rice m5tion$ 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,alciphron 7l4 c4 & lib4 i4 epp4 #ag1 #ah471 & 9 ! two latt] passages1 z us$ = cat*+ tunnies & pelamides4 ,we read also ( a dolph9 77 approa*+ ! sean#gbg2 b ?is might be by accid5t4 ,x 0 n1 we appreh5d1 employ$ to cat* dolph9s4 #gbe 4--,epi/4 ,saturn4 tom4 iii4 p4 #djf4 ed4 ,reitz4 #gbf 4--,timon1 #bb4 tom4 i4 p4 #acf4 #gbg 4--lian1 ,h4 ,a4 xi4 c4 #ab4 ,9 ?is *apt] ! same net is twice call$ by ! common "n1 4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage ( ! ,odyssey 7xxii4 #chd-chg7 we h a description ( ! use ( a sean 9 a small bay1 hav+ a s&y %ore at its extremity1 & consequ5tly mo/ suitable = ! employm5t ( ?is k9d ( net3 ' 1 ' ' 4 ,! poet "h comp>es ,p5elope's suitors1 :o lie sla9 ^u ! gr\nd1 to fi%es1 8:i* ! fi%]m5 by means ( a net full ( holes h drawn out ( ! ho>y sea to a holl[ bay1 & all ( :i*1 depriv$ ( ! waves ( ! sea1 are p\r$ ^u ! s&s40 ,al?\gh ! g5]al t]m is "h us$1 x is evid5t t ! net int5d$ 0 ! sean1 or dragnet4 ,9 "o ( ! passages ( ,alciphron already ref]r$ to1 m5tion is made ( ! use ( ! sean 9 a simil> situation4 ,"s p]sons1 :o are fi%+ 9 a bay = tunnies & pelamides1 inclose ne>ly ! :ole bay ) _! sean1 expect+ to cat* a v l>ge quantity#gbh4 ,?is circum/ance proves1 t ! sean 0 us$ ) ! anci5t ,greeks1 z x is ) u1 to encompass a great ext5t ( wat]4 #gbh 4 --,epi/4 i4 #ag4 ,a few miscellane\s passages1 :i* ref] to ! use ( ! sean1 may be conv5i5tly introduc$ "h3 ,diog5es1 see+ a great numb] ( fi%es 9 ! deep1 says !re is ne$ ( a sean to cat* !m2 4--,lucian1 ,piscata1 #ea4 tom4 i4 p4 #fah1 ed4 ,reitz4 ,! sean is call$1 f its mat]ial1 1 9 an epigram ( ,ar*ias4--,brunck1 ,anal4 ii4 #id4 ,no4 #aj4 ,plut>*1 describ+ ! spid]'s web1 says1 t its weav+ is l ! labor ( wom5 at ! loom1 its hunt+ l t ( fi%]m5 ) ! sean4--,de ,sol]tia ,animalium1 tom4 x4 p4 #bi1 ed4 ,reiske4 ,he "h uses ! t]m = a fi%] ) ! sean4 ,?is v]bal n\n is regul>ly =m$ f 1 :i* means to inclose or cat* ) ! sean3 e4 g4 4--,h]odian1 iv4 #i1 #ab4 ,lucian uses ! same v]b 9 ref]5ce to ! /ory ( ,vulcan inclos+ ,m>s & ,v5us 9 a net2 4--,dialogi ,deor4 tom4 i4 p4 #bdc4 ,somnium1 tom4 ii4 p4 #gjg1 ed4 ,reitz4 ,leonidas ( ,t>5tum1 9 an epigram enum]at+ ! ornam5ts ( a lady's toilet 7,brunck1 ,anal4 i4 p4 #bba71 m5tions 4 ,jacobs 7,annot4 9 ,an?ol4 i4 #b4 p4 #fc7 supposes ?is to mean ! lady's comb2 b1 judg+ f ! kn[n mean+ ( & its d]ivatives1 we may conclude t x 0 ! 1 or net1 :i* inclos$ & encircl$ ! hair1 l a sean4 ,! foll[+ v]se ( ,manilius 7lib4 v4 v]4 #fgh47 is rem>kable z a r>e in/ance ( ! adoption ( ! ,greek ^w sag5a by a ,lat9 poet3-- ,excipitur va/a circumvallata sag5a4 ,we h se5 t ! sean suppli$ figures ( spee* no less ?an ! purse-net 771 & ! ca/+-net 774 ,x is appli$ ?us 9 ! case ( p]sons :o are ensn>$ by ! wick$#gbi1 :o are captivat$ by ! *>ms ( love#gcj or ( eloqu5ce#gca1 or :o are held 9 bondage by sup]/ition#gcb4 ,b by f> ! mo/ di/9ct1 expressive & important ( its metaphorical applications1 0 to ! mode ( besieg+ a city by encircl+ x ) "o un9t]rupt$ l9e ( soldi]s1 or sweep+ away ! entire population ( a c]ta9 di/rict by m>*+ 9 simil> ord] across x4 ,( ?is ! fir/ example occurs 9 ,h]odotus iii4 #ade3-- 1 4 8,! ,p]sians1 hav+ dragg$ ,samos1 deliv]$ x1 be+ n[ de/itute ( m51 to ,solyson40 #gbi 4--,lucian1 ,timon1 #be4 tom4 i4 p4 #ach1 ed4 ,reitz4 #gcj ,brunck1 ,anal4 iii4 #aeg4 ,no4 #cb4 ,"h ! sean is call$ by ! g5]al t]m 1 b ! p>ticul> k9d ( net is indicat$ by ! p>ticiple 4 #gca 1 1 i4 e4 8,a disciple ( ^? :o b\nd ! _w 9 ! sweet seans ( ,god40--,greg4 ,nazianz4 ad ,nemesium1 tom4 ii4 p4 #ada1 ed4 ,p>is1 #afcj4 7,see ,*ap4 ,,iii1 p4 #ec47 #gcb ,plut>*1 evid5tly ref]r+ to ! siege ( ,j]usalem by ,titus1 says1 8,! ,jews on ! ,sabba? sitt+ d[n on co>se blankets 7 1 lit]ally1 9 1 or blankets1 :i* _h n be5 full$1 or cleans$ by ! 71 ev5 :5 ! enemy 7 sett+ ! ladd]s to scale ! walls1 did n rise up1 b rema9$1 z if inclos$ 9 "o sean1 namely1 sup]/ition1 7 1 1 740--,opp4 tom4 vi4 ,de ,sup]/it4 p4 #fdg1 ed4 ,reiske4 ,z we speak ( dragg+ a pit1 s ! ,greeks w\ld h spok51 9 ?is metaphorical s5se1 ( dragg+ an isl&4 ,9 ! six? book 7*4 xxxi47 ,h]odotus p>ticul>ly describes ?is me?od ( captur+ ! enemy4 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt ! ,p]sians l&$ on ! nor!rn side ( ! isl&4 ,!y !n took hold ( "o ano!r's h&s s z to =m a long l9e1 & ?us l9k$ toge!r !y walk$ across ! isl& to ! s\? side1 s z to hunt out all ! inhabitants4 ,! hi/orian "h p>ticul>ly m5tions1 t ,*ios1 ,lesbos1 & ,t5$os 7 r$uc$ to captivity 9 ?is mann]4 ,x is record$ by ,plato#gcc1 t ,datis1 9 ord] to al>m ! ,a!nians1 aga9/ :om he 0 advanc+ at ! head ( ! ,p]sian army1 spread a report t 8 soldi]s1 jo9+ h& to h&1 _h tak5 all ! ,eretrians captive z 9 a sean4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,notes ( ,wessel+ & ,valck5a] on ,h]od4 iii4 #adi = "s passages1 9 :i* subsequ5t ,greek au?ors h quot$ ,h]odotus & ,plato4 ,we f9d 1 8to be dragg$10 us$ 9 ! same mann] by ,heliodorus#gcd4 #gcc ,de ,legibus1 lib4 iii4 prope f9em4 #gcd ,lib4 vii4 p4 #cjd4 ed4 ,commel9i4 ,9 addition to ! passages ( ,isaiah & ,habakkuk :i* m5tion ! drag 9 opposition to ! ca/+-net2 we f9d ?ree ref]5ces to ! use ( x 9 ! prophecies ( ,ezekiel1 viz4 9 ,ezek4 xxvi4 #e4 #ad2 xlvii4 #aj4 ,! prophet1 =etell+ ! de/ruction ( ,tyre1 says x w\ld become a place to dry seans ^u1 2 8siccatio sag5>um10 ,vulgate ,v]sion2 8a place = ! spread+ ( nets10 ,common ,engli% ,v]sion4 ,! ,hebrew t]m = a drag or sean is "h 4 ,! only passage ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* makes express m5tion ( ! sean1 is ,matt4 xiii4 #dg1 #dh3 8,! k+dom ( heav5 is l unto a net 77 t 0 ca/ into ! sea1 & ga!r$ ( e k9d2 :i*1 :5 x 0 full1 !y drew to %ore1 & sat d[n1 & ga!r$ ! good into vessels1 b ca/ ! bad away40 ,! ca/+-net1 :i* c only inclose "p ( a v small %oal1 w\ld n h be5 adapt$ to ! object ( ?is p>able4 ,b we p]ceive ! allusion int5d$ by x to ! great quantity & v>iety ( fi%es ( e k9d :i* are br\ght to ! %ore ( ! bay 77 by ! use ( ! drag4 ,! ,vulgate "h reta9s ! ,greek ^w1 translat+ sag5a z 9 ! above-cit$ passages ( ,habakkuk & ,ezekiel4 ,9 ,john xxi4 #f4 #h4 #aa1 ! use ( ! sean is evid5tly int5d$ to be describ$1 al?\gh x is call$ f\r times by ! common t]m 1 :i* d5ot$ ei!r a sean1 or a net ( any o!r k9d4 ,x is 9 ?is passage translat$ rete 9 ! ,lat9 ,vulgate4 ,! ,greek hav+ be5 adopt$ "u ! =m sag5a 9 ! ,lat9 ,vulgate1 ?is 0 *ang$ into rezne by ! ,anglo-,saxons#gce1 & _! desc5dants1 h /ill fur!r abridg$ x into sean4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,engl& ?is ^w is also pron\nc$ & spelt se9e1 z x is 9 ,fr5*4 ,we f9d 9 ,b$e's ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory#gcf a curi\s passage on ! introduction ( ?is k9d ( net into ,engl&4 ,he says1 8! p _h z yet only le>nt to cat* eels ) nets4 ,wilfrid caus$ !m to collect toge!r all _! eel-nets1 & to use !m z a sean = cat*+ fi%es ( all k9ds40 #gce ,see ,ca$mon1 p4 #ge4 ed4 ,junii4 #gcf ,page #bid1 ed4 ,wilk9s4 ,,viii4 ,,reticulus or ,,reticulum4 4 ,9 ! anci5t ,gloss>ies we f9d translat$ ,reticulus & ,reticulum3 x meant1 !re=e1 a small net4 ,x 0 n a "n = nets 9 g5]al1 nor did x d5ote any k9d ( hunt+-net or fi%+-net1 al?\gh ! net indicat$ by ?is t]m might be us$ occasionally = cat*+ animals z well z = o!r purposes4 ,x 0 us$1 = example1 9 an isl& on ! coa/ ( ,india to cat* tortoises1 be+ set at ! m\?s ( ! cav]ns1 :i* 7 ! resort ( ^? creatures#gcg4 ,b ! same t]m is appli$ to ! nets :i* 7 us$ to c>ry pebbles & /ones int5d$ to be ?r[n f milit>y eng9es#gch2 & a simil> contrivance 0 9 common use = c>ry+ loaves ( bread#gci4 ,h5ce x is manife/ t ! 0 (t5 mu* l ! nets 9 :i* ! ,jewi% boys 9 our /reets c>ry lemons1 be+ inclos$ at ! m\? by a runn+ /r+ or noose4 ,we may !re=e translate 1 8a bag-net10 z x 0 made 9 ! =m ( a bag4 8,to bl[ into a bag-net10 1 became a prov]b1 mean+ to labor 9 va94 ,b ?is bag 0 (t5 ( mu* small] dim5sions1 & ( mu* f9] mat]ials1 ?an 9 ! in/ances already m5tion$4 ,f a passage ( neas ,tacticus 7p4 #ed4 ed4 ,orell47 we may inf] t x 0 sometimes n l>g] ?an a purse = ! pocket4 ,h5ce ,ari/otle#gdj prop]ly applies ! t]m to ! small sph]ical or oval bag 9 :i* spid]s deposit _! eggs4 ,among ! luxuri\s habits ( ! ,sicilian prtor ,v]res1 x is record$1 t he _h a small & v f9e l95 net1 fill$ ) rose-leaves1 8:i* ev] & anon he gave 8 nose#gda40 ,?is net 01 no d\bt1 call$ 9 ,greek4 #gcg 1 4 #gch ,a!nu1 lib4 v4 #dc4 p4 #bjh1 ed4 ,casaub4 #gci 1 4--,hesy*4 ,reticulum panis4--,hor4 ,sat4 i4 l4 #dg4 #gdj ,anim4 ,hi/4 v4 #bg4 ,comp>e ,apollodorus1 ,frag4 xi4 p4 #ded1 ed4 ,heyne4 #gda ,reticulum ad n>es sibi admovebat1 t5uissimo l9o1 m9utis maculis1 pl5um ros4--,cic4 9 ,v]r4 ii4 #e4 #aa4 --,arrian1 ,p]4 ,m>is ,ery?4 p4 #aea4 ed4 ,blanc>di4 ,,! ,,end4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,a numb] ( typographical errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,cov] is 9 public doma94 ,footnote #gca may n be po9t+ to ! exactly correct location z ! orig9al 0 n m>k$4