,,advertisement4    ,,illuminated       
,,illustrations ,,to ,,froissart4       
,the present ,volume completes the      
selection of ,pictures made from the two
  volumes of the ,,ms4 in the ,british  
,museum4 ,as these volumes1 however1    
consist only of the ,fourth ,book of    
,froissart1 none of the ,illustrations  
have reference to any of the first three
 ,books of the history4 ,it has  been   
determined1 therefore1 at the earnest   
solicitation of very many of  the       
,subscribers to the present series1 to  
publish a selection from the  first1    
second and third ,books1 contained in   
the celebrated ,,ms4 in the             
,bibliothque ,royale at ,paris1 to      
correspond in extent and price with     
that now completed4    ,by this         
arrangement1 the entire ,chronicles will
 be illustrated2 and as  the drawings in
 the ,paris ,,ms4 are1 in many respects1
 very superior to  those in the two     
volumes at the ,museum1 it is hoped that
 the publication  of the additional     

twelve ,numbers will give general       
satisfaction4    ,the first ,number from
 the ,paris ,,ms4 will be published on  
the first of  ,january1 price #cs4 #f;d4
    ,december #ast1 #ahdc4              
,,illuminated  ,,illustrations ,,of     
,,froissart4          ,illustration3    
,,illuminations  ,,from ,,the    ,,ms4  
,,froissart    ,,in ,,the  ,,british    
,,museum            ,,illuminated       
,,illustrations ,,of ,,froissart4       
,,selected ,,from    ,the ,,ms4    ,,in 
,,the ,,british ,,museum4      ,,by ,h4 
,n4 ,,humphreys1 ,,esq4      ,,london3  
,,william ,,smith1 #aac1 ,,fleet        
,,street4    ,,mdcccxliv4      ,,london3
  ,,bradbury ,,and ,,evans1 ,,printers1 
,,whitefriars          ,,advertisement4 
,the idea of publishing these           
illuminations was suggested by the great
  success which has attended the reprint
 of the ,chronicles of ,monstrelet  and 
,froissart2 the extensive sale of which 
books bears strong testimony  to the    
searching spirit of inquiry now abroad4 

,we are no longer content  to read our  
early history through the filtered      
medium of a compilation1  but seek it in
 the vivid pages of the chroniclers1 who
 drew from the  life1 and sketched off  
in simple and quaint1 but earnest       
language1 the  stirring panorama of     
their times4 ,but the pleasure of       
reading such an  historian as           
,froissart1 in an ordinary printed book1
 is small when  compared with that of   
reading him in one of the curious       
manuscripts of  his own time4    ,to    
unclose the gilded clasps of one of     
those ponderous velvet-bound  volumes1  
to turn over the crisp vellum1 and read 
the story of those  exciting times      
traced in quaint ,gothic characters by  
careful clerks2 but  above all to admire
 the curious and elaborate borderings of
 the  illuminated pages1 and dwell on   
the miniature pictures1 wrought with the
  greatest care and beauty by the most  
skilful contemporary limners1 to  embody
 more tangibly the narration of the     

author1 is indeed a  pleasure2--yet one 
which but few can enjoy4 ,to afford that
 enjoyment to  the many1 and place      
before them some of the most interesting
 of these  rare illuminations1 is the   
object of the present publication4      
,the ,british ,museum contains a        
magnificent ,,ms4 of ,froissart1        
profusely  illuminated with such        
miniature pictures4 ,this ,,ms4 came    
into the ,museum  with the ,harleian    
,collection1 but how it found its way   
into that  collection is unknown2 we    
possess1 however1 only two of the       
volumes1 the  other two being in the    
,bibliothque ,royale of ,paris4 ,the    
work appears to  be one of ,flemish art1
 probably executed by some ,flemish     
artist resident  in ,paris1 as the      
public buildings in ,paris are very     
correctly  delineated1 whilst those of  
other places are frequently altogether  
imaginary4 ,it seems likely that the    
work was executed for ,philip ,de       
,commines the historian1 as it was      

evidently produced in his time1 and as  
the arms of ,de ,commines frequently    
occur in the ornamental borderings in   
the way it was usual to introduce those 
of the person for whom such a  book was 
illuminated4 ,the ,,ms4 is supposed to  
have been written between  the years    
#adfj and #adhj1 very shortly after the 
time of ,froissart2 so  that1 though it 
is true that artists of that time       
painted all costumes  from those of     
their own day1 yet1 as the fashions did 
not change so  rapidly then as now1 we  
may fairly imagine that we see the      
heroes and  worthies of ,froissart      
paraded before us in the very dresses   
which they  wore2 their glittering and  
complicated plate armour1 their         
embroidered  surcoats1 emblazoned       
banners1 and all the gorgeous           
paraphernalia of  chivalry4    ,in these
 pictures we see them at their          
tournaments1 exhibiting their           
well-trained horsemanship1 their        
strength and skill in arms1--in their   

wars we see them in the more earnest    
exercise of their reckless valour2  we  
see their vast engines of warfare which 
preceded cannon2 and the  first rude    
cannon of wood hooped with iron--we see 
also their frail  ships1 in which1      
without fear1 the daring spirits of     
those times trusted  themselves         
recklessly to the treacherous ocean4 ,we
 see the burghers in  their towns1 and  
the lords in their castles2 we see them 
in the intimacy  of their domestic life 
and habits2 we see the very patterns of 
the  hangings of their rooms1 and every 
minute incident of their household      
arrangements1 their banquets and their  
festivals1 represented by an  artist of 
no mean skill2 and when we consider that
 these illuminations  were executed     
before ,raphael was born1 we cannot     
7with all their faults  of perspective7 
but be astonished at their beauty and   
life-like  accuracy1 and frequently at  
the fine arrangement of drapery1 and    
beautiful distribution of colour4       

,the present illuminations1 copied from 
the precious ,,ms4 above alluded  to1   
will be made as near fac-similes as     
possible1 without any attempt at        
correction1 or alteration in the        
drawing1 so as to show the true spirit  
of the ,gothic artist1 and exhibit the  
state of art at the period4 ,they  are  
also the same size as the originals2 yet
 so arranged1 by  occasionally          
sacrificing a little margin1 that our   
subscribers may bind  them up with the  
recent edition of ,froissart 7now the   
only one in  print71 and so possess a   
book nearly as interesting as the       
original ,,ms4  itself4    ,the         
ornamental letters given on the         
title-page1 as well as the border in    
which are the arms of ,de ,commines1 are
 taken from the ,,ms4 referred to4      
,,list ,,of ,,plates1    ,,with         
,,references ,,to ,,smith',s ,,edition  
,,of 8,,froissart10 ,,in ,,two          
,,volumes4      ,,plate                 
,,vol4,,page    ,i4 ,,the ,,coronation  

,,of ,,pope ,,boniface ,,ix4            
,,ii4 #dbf    ,,ii4 ,,marriage ,,of     
,,king ,,louis ,,of ,,sicily ,,to ,,the 
,,daughter ,,of  ,,king ,,pedro ,,of    
,,arragon                               
,,ii4 #djf    ,,iii4 ,,proclamation ,,of
 ,,the ,,truce ,,between ,,richard ,,ii4
 ,,of ,,england ,,and  ,,charles ,,vi4  
,,of ,,france                           
,,ii4 #cie    ,,iv4 ,,expedition ,,of   
,,the ,,french ,,and ,,english ,,to     
,,the ,,coast ,,of ,,africa1 ,,at  ,,the
 ,,request ,,of ,,the ,,genoese         
,,ii4 #dff    ,v4 ,,the ,,raising ,,of  
,,the ,,siege ,,of ,,the ,,strong ,,town
 ,,of ,,africa           ,,ii4 #dhb     
,,vi4 ,,tournament ,,at ,,st4           
,,inglevere1 ,,near ,,calais            
,,ii4 #dcd    ,,vii4 ,,attack ,,on ,,sir
 ,,oliver ,,de ,,clisson                
,,ii4 #eba    ,,viii4 ,,meeting ,,of    
,,charles ,,vi4 ,,and ,,duke ,,of       
,,brittany ,,at ,,tours         ,,ii4   
#ejg    ,,ix4 ,,surrender ,,and         
,,re-,,taking ,,of ,,the ,,castle ,,of  

,,ventadour             ,,ii4 #cad      
,x4 ,,the ,,great ,,assault ,,upon ,,the
 ,,town ,,of ,,africa                   
,,ii4 #dgb    ,,xi4 ,,journey ,,of      
,,charles ,,vi4 ,,and ,,the ,,duke ,,of 
,,touraine ,,from ,,montpelier  ,,to    
,,paris                                 
,,ii4 #dbd    ,,xii4 ,,sir ,,peter ,,de 
,,craon ,,received ,,by ,,the ,,duke    
,,of ,,brittany           ,,ii4 #ebg    
,,xiii4 ,,the ,,sudden ,,death ,,of     
,,count ,,gaston ,,de ,,foix            
,,ii4 #dic    ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,king ,,of  
,,hungary ,,in ,,council ,,with ,,his   
,,lords ,,and  ,,those ,,of ,,france    
,,ii4 #fjb    ,,xv4 ,,the ,,dukes ,,of  
,,burgundy ,,and ,,berri ,,in ,,council 
,,ii4 #ecf    ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,emperor    
,,of ,,germany ,,and ,,the ,,king ,,of  
,,france ,,in ,,council      ,,ii4 #fei 
,,xvii4 ,,sir ,,john ,,froissart        
,,presenting ,,his ,,book ,,to ,,richard
            ,,ii4 #egg    ,,xviii4      
,,interview ,,of ,,richard  ,,with ,,the
 ,,duke ,,of ,,gloucester ,,at ,,the    

,,castle  ,,of ,,pleshy                 
,,ii4 #fdd    ,,xix4 ,,the ,,ransom     
,,paid ,,to ,,bajazet ,,for ,,the       
,,count ,,de ,,nevers1 ,,etc4      ,,ii4
 #fdh    ,,xx4 ,,the ,,arrest ,,of ,,the
 ,,duke ,,of ,,gloucester               
,,ii4 #fdd    ,,xxi4 ,,richard          
,,setting ,,out ,,on ,,his ,,expedition 
,,to ,,ireland             ,,ii4 #efg   
,,xxii4 ,,the ,,vision ,,of ,,robert    
,l',,ermite                             
,,ii4 #ehd    ,,xxiii4 ,,the            
,,liberation ,,of ,,the ,,lord ,,de ,,la
 ,,riviere                    ,,ii4 #ehh
    ,,xxiv4 ,,coronation ,,of ,,henry   
,,iv4                                   
,,ii4 #fih    ,,xxv4 ,,meeting ,,of     
,,the ,,archbishop ,,of ,,canterbury    
,,with ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,derby  ,,at  
,,paris                                 
,,ii4 #fhd    ,,xxvi4 ,,william ,,of    
,,hainault ,,setting ,,out ,,on ,,his   
,,expedition ,,against ,,friesland      
,,ii4 #fab    ,,xxvii4 ,,landing ,,of   
,,the ,,lady ,,de ,,coucy ,,at          

,,boulogne                    ,,ii4 #gja
    ,,xxviii4 ,,death ,,of ,,pope       
,,clement ,,of ,,avignon                
,,ii4 #efd    ,,xxix4 ,,the ,,king ,,of 
,,france ,,receiving ,,the              
,,intelligence ,,of ,,the ,,defeat ,,in 
,,turkey                                
,,ii4 #fbh    ,,xxx4 ,,the ,,duke ,,of  
,,gloucester ,,and ,,sir ,,john         
,,lackingay                 ,,ii4 #fcf  
,,xxxi4 ,,death ,,of ,,anne ,,of        
,,bohemia                               
,,ii4 #eff    ,,xxxii4 ,,death ,,of     
,,evan ,,de ,,foix                      
,,ii4 #eea    ,,xxxiii4 ,,duchess ,,of  
,,orleans ,,quitting ,,paris            
,,ii4 #fcc    ,,xxxiv4 ,,reconciliation 
,,of ,,sir ,,oliver ,,de ,,clisson ,,and
  ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,brittany          
,,ii4 #ehi    ,,xxxv4 ,,jehan ,,de      
,,varennes ,,preaching                  
,,ii4 #efe    ,,xxxvi4 ,,the ,,funeral  
,,of ,,richard                          
,,ii4 #gjh    ,illustration3 ,the       
,coronation of ,pope ,boniface at ,rome 

after the death  of ,urban ,,vi4        
,,plate ,i4    ,,the ,,coronation ,,of  
,,pope ,,boniface ,,ix4      ,pope      
,clement of ,avignon1 on hearing of the 
death of ,urban ,,vi4 of ,rome1         
assembled a conclave of ,cardinals of   
his party1 and strong hopes were        
entertained that the schism in the      
,church would be put an end to2         
nevertheless the ,cardinals at ,rome    
immediately elected ,perrin de          
,tomacelli1 ,cardinal of ,naples1 who   
was crowned with great solemnity in     
,october #achi1 and took the name and   
title of ,boniface ,,ix41 ,clement      
continuing to act as ,pope at ,avignon4 
,the composition of this  illumination  
is arranged with great simplicity2 the  
faces are of  appropriate character and 
expression1 and from their great variety
 and  carefully varied features1 it     
appears probable that some of them may  
be  actual portraits of the individuals 
represented4 ,it is coloured with       
exceeding richness2 the flow and        

disposition of some of the drapery is   
almost equal to ,albert ,durer2 and the 
linear perspective is pretty  nearly    
correct4    ,illustration3 ,the         
,marriage of ,king ,louis son of the    
,duke of ,anjou to  the ,daughter of    
,king ,peter of ,arragon4               
,,plate ,,ii4    ,,the ,,marriage ,,of  
,,king ,,louis ,,of ,,sicily1 ,,son ,,of
 ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,anjou1 ,,to ,,the  
,,daughter ,,of ,,king ,,pedro ,,of     
,,arragon4      ,this is one of the most
 carefully executed pictures in the     
volume2 and  the arrangement of the     
figures at the sides1 combined with the 
impressive and characteristic simplicity
 of the central group1 could  scarcely  
be surpassed by modern artists2 indeed1 
in symmetrical  arrangement1 they appear
 to be borrowing ideas from these       
illuminations  of the middle ages1 as   
may be perceived in some recent modern  
pictures4  ,the account of this marriage
 is omitted in some of the ,,mss4 of    
,froissart4    ,illustration3           

,proclamation of the renewal of the     
truce between the  ,kings of ,france and
 ,england1 after the ,king of ,france's 
recovery4          ,,plate ,,iii4       
,,the ,,proclamation ,,of ,,the ,,truce 
,,between ,,richard ,,ii4 ,,of ,,england
 ,,and ,,charles  ,,vi4 ,,of ,,france4  
,this truce 7long delayed on account of 
the temporary insanity and  sickness of 
the ,french king7 between ,richard ,,ii4
 of ,england and ,charles  ,,vi4 of     
,france1 was agreed should last from    
,michaelmas to ,st4 ,john  ,baptist's   
day1 #acib1 and one year longer4 ,the   
drawing evidently  represents a ,french 
town1 as the provincial towns of        
,france1 even  earlier than that period1
 had lofty houses of stone1 many of     
which  endure perfect to the present    
day1 whilst in ,england the common      
houses  of the towns of the same period 
were mostly built of timber and plaster1
  and were of very rude construction4   
,this plate is also interesting on      
account of exhibiting so accurately the 

dress and general appearance of  ,french
 citizens of the fourteenth century4    
,illustration3 ,the expedition of the   
,french and ,english to the coast of    
,africa1 at the request of the ,genoese4
          ,,plate ,,iv4    ,,the        
,,expedition ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,and  
,,english ,,to ,,the ,,coast ,,of       
,,africa1 ,,at ,,the  ,,request ,,of    
,,the ,,genoese4      ,the ,genoese1    
whose trade and coasts had been much    
annoyed by the  piratical excursions of 
,african corsairs1 determined to attack 
them in  their stronghold1 a town called
 ,africa1 about seventy miles from      
,tunis1  subsequently destroyed by      
,andrea ,doria4 ,in order to give effect
 to the  expedition1 the ,genoese       
invited knights of reputation from      
,france1  ,england1 and other countries1
 to take charge of it2 furnishing them  
with  vessels and provisions1 and       
several thousand ,genoese crossbowmen   
and  infantry free of cost4 ,the        
proposition being readily embraced by   

many  ,french and ,english knights of   
rank1 the command was assumed by the    
,duke  de ,bourbon1 the uncle of the    
,king of ,france1 and they sailed from  
,genoa  on ,st4 ,john ,baptist's ,day1  
#acij2 and ,froissart says1 8,it was a  
beautiful  sight to view this fleet1    
with the emblazoned banners of the      
different  lords fluttering in the wind1
 and to hear the minstrels and other    
musicians sounding their pipes1         
clarions1 and trumpets1 whose sounds    
were re-echoed back by the sea40 ,they  
re-assembled at the island of  ,commino1
 after having been dispersed in a great 
storm2 and the weather  being fine1 the 
sea calm1 and the coast of ,africa not  
far distant1 many  advanced in          
rowing-boats4 ,froissart continues4 8,it
 was a pleasure to see  the rowers force
 their way through the smooth surface of
 the sea1 which  seemed to delight in   
bearing these ,christians to the shores 
of the  infidels20 and1 8it was a fine  
sight to view their various banners and 

pennons fluttering with gentle gales1   
and glittering in the sun40 ,this       
appears to be the moment depicted by the
 illuminator4 ,the personage in  the    
rowing-boat in the foreground appears to
 be the ,duke de ,bourbon4 ,in  the     
large vessel are several ,french        
knights1 with probably the ,count  d',eu
 in the centre2 and in the vessel partly
 seen on the left is ,henry  de         
,beaufort 7a natural son of the ,duke of
 ,lancaster71 who was in this           
expedition attended by many knights and 
squires of rank4 ,although the          
perspective in this picture is rather   
barbarous1 and its composition          
fearfully inartificial1 it has much     
interest if not merit of detail3 it     
displays the manner of exposing the     
emblazoned shields of the knights on    
the sides of their vessels1 and many    
other particulars interesting to  the   
antiquary1 and the artist has displayed 
considerable discrimination  between the
 regular and more refined features of   

the knights and  gentlemen so           
comfortably placed within the vessels1  
and the ignoble  expression of the poor 
rowers1 so barbarously exposed in an    
open  framework outside the boat of the 
,duke de ,bourbon4    ,illustration3    
,the raising of the ,siege of the strong
 ,town of ,africa1  and the return of   
the ,european ,knights4          ,,plate
 ,v4    ,,the ,,raising ,,of ,,the      
,,siege ,,of ,,the ,,strong ,,town ,,of 
,,africa1 ,,and ,,the ,,return ,,of     
,,the ,,european ,,knights4      ,the   
siege of ,africa having failed1 as it   
was thought partly in  consequence of   
the pride and obstinacy of the ,duke de 
,bourbon1 and the  army having          
fruitlessly remained sixty days before  
the place1 suffering  much loss1 as well
 by the heat of the weather as in an    
attempt to take  the town by storm1 it  
was determined that they should         
re-imbark1 and  return to ,europe1 which
 they did4    ,in the picture1 the ,duke
 de ,bourbon1 in gilt armour1 is seen   

following  his standard-bearer into a   
boat2 in the middle distance is the     
camp1  about to be broken up2 and       
farther off is seen the town1 of course 
a  mere imagination of the ,flemish     
artist1 for it represents all the       
characteristics of a ,flemish town of   
the period4 ,it is1 however1            
beautifully pencilled1 and reminds one  
of backgrounds of ,flemish  pictures of 
the best period4    ,illustration3      
,tournament held at ,s4 ,inglevere near 
,calais where three  ,french ,knights   
defend the lists for thirty days against
 all comers from  ,england1 and         
elsewhere4          ,,plate ,,vi4       
,,tournament ,,held ,,at ,,st4          
,,inglevere1 ,,near ,,calais1 ,,when    
,,three ,,french ,,knights  ,,defended  
,,the ,,lists ,,for ,,thirty ,,days1    
,,against ,,all ,,comers ,,from         
,,england ,,and  ,,elsewhere4      ,sir 
,john ,holland1 half brother to king    
,richard the ,second1 and many  ,english
 knights1 went over to ,calais to accept

 the challenge of the  ,french knights  
at this tournament4 ,three rich         
vermilion-coloured tents  were pitched  
near to the lists1 and in front of which
 were suspended two  targets1 for peace 
or war1 emblazoned with the arms of each
 lord4 ,it was  ordered that such as    
were desirous of performing any deed of 
arms1  should send to or have touched   
one or both of these targets according  
to  their pleasure1 and they would be   
tilted with according to their  request4
 ,the following is ,froissart's account 
of one of the encounters1  each of which
 he describes minutely4    8,sir ,henry 
,beaumont0 7an ,englishman7 8then came  
forward1 and sent to  have the target of
 ,sir ,boucicaut0 7one of the ,french   
knights7 8touched1  who was instantly   
ready to reply to the call1 having not  
dismounted from  the tilts with ,lord   
,clifford4 ,the ,lord ,beaumont did not 
manage his lance  well1 and hit         
,boucicaut on the side1 but ,sir        
,boucicaut struck him so  full in the   

middle of his shield1 that it drove him 
to the ground1 and  continued his       
course4 ,lord ,beaumont was raised up by
 his attendant and  remounted4 ,the     
,lord de ,saimpi0 7another of the       
,french knights7 8then  presented       
himself1 and they tilted two courses    
very handsomely1 without  hurt to       
either40    ,the king of ,france was    
present in disguise at this tournament1 
and  returned each evening after the    
tilting to an inn at ,marquise2 the     
,english returned each evening to       
,calais2 while the three ,french knights
  and their attendants were lodged at   
the convent of ,st4 ,inglevere4    ,this
 illumination shows extremely well the  
disposition of the lists1 c4  c41 and   
the bearing of the knights in running a 
course4    ,illustration3 ,the attack on
 ,sir ,oliver de ,clisson by the        
followers of  ,sir ,peter de ,craon4    
,,plate ,,vii4    ,,the ,,attack ,,on   
,,sir ,,oliver ,,de ,,clisson1 ,,by     
,,the ,,followers ,,of ,,sir ,,peter    

,,de  ,,craon4      ,sir ,peter de      
,craon having been disgraced by ,king   
,charles ,,vi4 and his  brother the     
,duke of ,touraine1 and banished the    
court of ,france1 imagined  ,sir ,oliver
 de ,clisson to be the remote cause of  
his disfavour4 ,to  revenge himself1    
therefore1 he caused many men-at-arms to
 conceal  themselves in his htel at     
,paris2 and having been privately       
informed of  all the movements of ,sir  
,oliver1 who supped with the ,king on   
the day of  the feast of the ,holy      
,sacrament1 and remained the last of the
 party1 he  attacked him on his way home
 with his men1 and would have cruelly   
murdered him1 but for a lucky accident  
that saved his life4 ,having  received a
 severe blow on the back of his head    
that struck him senseless  from his     
horse1 he fell against the door of a    
baker1 who was already up  to attend to 
his bread1 and hearing the noise1 had   
slightly opened the  door1 which the    
weight of ,sir ,oliver now threw        

completely back1 and he  fell into the  
shop4 ,the horsemen1 thinking they had  
done their work  effectually1 now rode  
off1 and thus ,sir ,oliver escaped1     
though  desperately wounded4 ,the ,king 
was much affected on hearing of the     
attempted murder of ,sir ,oliver1 who   
was ,high ,constable of ,france1 and    
went immediately in his night-dress and 
slippers to visit him1 for it  was very 
near the htel ,st4 ,pol1 and the ,king  
was not yet in bed when  news of the    
event reached him4 ,sir ,peter1 though  
pursued immediately1  escaped into      
,spain1 and eventually he was again     
received into favour1  and ,sir ,oliver 
fell into disgrace4    ,the artist has  
represented the htel ,st4 ,pol in the   
distance1 adorned  with niches and      
bronze statues1 which1 if not a true    
representation of  the building1 is     
interesting1 as showing that such       
decorations were not  unusual in the    
exterior architecture of houses of      
consequence at that  period4            

,illustration3 ,the meeting of ,charles 
,,vi of ,france and the ,duke of        
,brittany at ,tours          ,,plate    
,,viii4    ,,the ,,meeting ,,of         
,,charles ,,vi4 ,,of ,,france1 ,,and    
,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,brittany ,,at       
,,tours4      ,misunderstandings having 
long existed between the ,king 7,charles
 ,,vi47 of  ,france and the ,duke of    
,brittany1 and being much increased by  
the  protection afforded by the ,duke to
 ,sir ,peter de ,craon1 many feared that
  other powerful ,lords might follow his
 rebellious example1 and the  supremacy 
of the ,crown1 by degrees1 be lost4 ,it 
was1 therefore1  determined to invite   
the ,duke to a conference with the ,king
 at ,tours1  which1 after some          
difficulty1 was effected2 and though    
much bitterness  was shown on both sides
 during the discussion1 all disputes    
were  eventually adjusted1 and a general
 good understanding secured1 by the     
proposal of a marriage between the son  
of the ,duke of ,brittany and a         

daughter of the ,king of ,france2 and   
also between a son of the ,lord of      
,blois and a daughter of the ,duke of   
,brittany4    ,this illumination is     
among the best in the volume2 the       
colours are  vivid1 and the gold        
enrichments managed with good effect2   
the moment  represented is1 doubtless1  
the first meeting of the ,duke and the  
,king1  the former kneeling1 7having    
removed his coronet71 in token of       
homage4  ,the two personages on the     
right are the ,dukes of ,burgundy and   
,berri1 the  ,king's uncles4 ,the       
introduction of the ,pages of the ,duke 
of ,brittany in  the foreground is      
managed with good effect2 and the design
 of the  apartment1 with its tapestries1
 c4 is very interesting1 as exhibiting a
  system of colouring1 in which the     
ceiling is the darkest feature1 and  the
 floor the lightest3 a principle just   
resuscitated with great effect  by some 
of our leading architects4              
,illustration3 ,the retaking and        

surrender of the strong ,castle of      
,ventadour4          ,,plate ,,ix4      
,,the ,,surrender ,,and ,,re-,,taking   
,,of ,,the ,,strong ,,castle ,,of       
,,ventadour#a4      ,this subject is    
interesting1 as showing pretty          
accurately the  arrangement of the      
interior works of a fortified castle of 
the  fourteenth century1 and the manner 
of taking possession of such a place  by
 an armed force4    ,the circumstances  
connected with the taking of this       
fortress by the  troops of the ,duke de 
,berri1 are briefly as follows4    ,the 
wars between the ,french and ,english1  
which devastated a large  portion of    
,france during part of the fourteenth   
century1 were aggravated  in their      
ruinous effects upon the people by the  
,free ,companies1 a sort  of land       
privateers who1 under pretext of        
belonging to one or other  party1       
pillaged small towns1 captured castles  
when insufficiently  defended1 and1 in  
short1 preyed recklessly upon the       

defenceless2 being1  in fact1 bands of  
robbers4    ,geoffrey ,tte-noire1 one of
 these ,free ,companions1 by the        
treachery of a  servant1 gained         
possession of the castle of ,ventadour1 
in ,auvergne1  belonging to the ,count  
de ,montpensier1 which1 from its strong 
position  among the mountains1 was      
deemed at that time impregnable by      
force2  indeed1 it appears that it was  
so1 for ,geoffrey ,tte-noire held it    
till  his death1 defeating every attempt
 to gain it by force1 and refusing      
every offer to buy it with money2 he    
considered it as his own  inheritance1  
levying contributions on all the        
surrounding country1 which  enabled him 
to live in great state and plenty4 ,he  
commenced his  passports and treaties of
 composition with 8,geoffrey ,tte-noire1
 duke of  ,ventadour1 count of          
,limousin1 sovereign lord and commander 
of all the  captains in ,auvergne1      
,rouergue1 and ,limousin40    ,the      
nephews of ,geoffrey1 ,alleyne and      

,peter ,roux1 succeeded their uncle  in 
possession of the castle2 but the ,duke 
de ,berri1 who had purchased it  of the 
,montpensier family1 determined to      
obtain possession1 and put an  end to   
the dominion of these freebooters4      
,after many fruitless attempts1  by     
force and negociation1 ,sir ,william le 
,boutellier1 with ,sir ,john            
,bonne-lance1 and others1 formed a close
 siege1 surrounding the castle  with    
block-houses1 c4 c4 ,but all attempts   
might have been vain but for  the       
over-cunning of the nephews1 who1       
offering to surrender the place  for ten
 thousand francs1 if the two knights    
would bring the money into  the         
court-yard of the castle1 had concealed 
a body of armed men in a  tower near the
 entrance-gate1 to seize them when they 
should be off  their guard4    ,the     
knights brought the money1 but1 having  
suspicions1 had concealed a  body of    
horse1 during the night1 within a short 
distance of the  entrance1 and soon     

perceiving that treachery was intended1 
they1 as  ,froissart says1 8made a signe
 to him who bore the horn to sound for  
their ambuscade20 these1 putting spurs  
to their horses1 galloped into  the     
castle1 the gate being open1 and the    
nephews were instantly arrested  in the 
king's name4    ,the tower              
above-mentioned was found filled with   
armed men1 who confessed  the purport of
 their concealment there4 ,the intended 
treachery of  ,alleyne and ,peter was   
thus proved beyond doubt1 and they were 
eventually  tried1 and publicly         
executed4 ,the castle had been in the   
possession of  ,geoffry and his nephews 
above #ae years1 and was regained about 
#acij4    ,the moment selected by the   
,illuminator appears to be that1 when1  
after  the arrest of ,alleyne and his   
brother1 the tower near the gate was    
opened1 and the men-at-arms came from   
their ambush confessing the  intended   
treachery of the brothers1 and begging  
for mercy1 as is  minutely related by   

,froissart4 ,a standard-bearer is seen  
planting the  standard of the ,duke de  
,berri over the gate-tower1 and calling 
by sound  of horn the besieging troops1 
who are seen entering in an orderly     
manner  in the foreground4 ,it may1     
perhaps1 represent the calling of ,sir  
,william's ambuscade of cavalry1 but the
 former view accords best with  the     
arrangement of the picture1 and ,i have 
no doubt but that was the  intention of 
the artist4    ,illustration3 ,the      
attack on the ,town of ,africa4         
,,plate ,x4    ,,the ,,great ,,assault  
,,upon ,,the ,,town ,,of ,,africa4      
,during the sixty-one days that the     
siege lasted1 many were the  skirmishes 
and encounters before the town and at   
the barriers2 but the  principal assault
 occurred in consequence of a challenge 
having been  sent by ten ,saracens to   
meet ten ,christians in combat1 between 
the town  and the camp4 ,ten knights1   
among whom was ,sir ,john ,russel1 an   
,englishman1 having accepted the        

challenge1 went forth to the ground of  
combat1 and the army was drawn up in    
battle-array to witness the  encounter1 
but the ,saracens never came1 and the   
commander thinking it a  pity that the  
day should pass without a little        
fighting1 as they were  all prepared1   
ordered a general assault upon the town4
 ,they took the  outer wall by storm1   
but it was little advantage to them1 as 
the enemy  retired behind the inner     
line4 ,the loss sustained by the        
,christian  troops was very great1 for  
numbers fell victims to the heat alone  
on  that day1 whilst many were killed in
 the combat2 the ,saracens sustaining   
but slight loss4    ,after the raising  
of the siege1 the ,saracens of ,africa1 
,tunis1 ,morocco1  ,granada1 and other  
places1 formed an alliance for the      
purpose of making  themselves masters of
 the ,mediterranean1 and revenging this 
siege of  ,africa4 ,they succeeded so   
well in annoying the trade of the       
,venetians1  ,genoese1 c41 that         

merchandise from the east and south was 
scarcely to  be had for any money2 and  
,froissart winds up the chapter by      
telling us1  that 8all sorts of spicery 
became enormously dear40    ,in this    
illumination1 the cannon of the period1 
made of timber1 hooped  with iron1 are  
very accurately depicted1 as well as the
 arms and  accoutrements of the         
cross-bowmen3 but the view of the town  
is evidently  imaginary1 the artist     
having1 probably1 seen none but ,flemish
 or ,french  towns1 from his impressions
 of which he seems to have designed his 
view  of ,africa4    ,illustration3 ,the
 ,journey of ,charles ,,vi of ,france   
and his brother the  ,duke of ,touraine 
from ,montpellier to ,paris4            
,,plate ,,xi4    ,,the ,,journey ,,of   
,,charles ,,vi4 ,,of ,,france1 ,,and    
,,his ,,brother ,,the ,,duke ,,of       
,,touraine1 ,,from ,,montpellier ,,to   
,,paris4      ,in the year #achi1 the   
,king1 being then about #ba years of    
age1 visited  ,toulouse1 and many places

 in the south of ,france1 accompanied by
 his  brother the ,duke of ,touraine1   
and a great retinue4 ,he remained three 
days at ,montpellier1 for1 says         
,froissart1 8the town and the ladies    
afforded him much pleasure40 ,however1  
he was impatient to return to  ,paris1  
and the following dialogue with his     
brother is quaintly  narrated3--        
8#8,fair brother1 ,i wish we were at    
,paris1 and our attendants where they   
now are1 for ,i have a great desire to  
see the ,queen1 as ,i suppose you  must 
have to see my sister-in-law4' #8,my    
,lord1' replied the ,duke1 #8we  shall  
never get there by wishing it1 the      
distance is too great4' #8,that  is     
true1' answered the ,king1 #8but ,i     
think1 if ,i pleased1 ,i could very     
soon be there4' #8,then it must be by   
dint of hard riding1' said the ,duke  of
 ,touraine4 #8,i also could do that1 but
 it would be through means of my        
horse4' #8,come1' said the ,king1 #8who 
will be first1 you or ,i8--let us  wager

 on this4' #8,with all my heart1'       
answered the ,duke1 who would at all    
times exert himself to get money40      
,our ,chronicler goes on to relate1 that
 they quitted ,montpellier at the  same 
hour early the next morning1 the ,king  
attended only by the ,lord de           
,garencires1 and the ,duke by the ,lord 
de ,viefville4 ,all four being young    
and active1 they rode night and day1    
having themselves occasionally  carried 
forward in carts when they wanted       
repose4    ,the ,king performed the     
journey in four days and a half2 the    
,duke  accomplished it in four days and 
one third2 but it appears that the ,king
  would have won but for taking an      
unreasonable nap of eight hours at      
,troyes1 in ,champagne4 ,it is evident  
that they must have made  considerable  
exertions1 as the distance is above #egj
 miles4 ,froissart  tells us1 that 8the 
ladies of the court made great joke of  
the  adventure20 and also adds1 8you    
must know1 that the ,duke of ,touraine  

insisted on the wager being paid in     
ready money40 ,the amount was five      
hundred francs4    ,this illumination is
 very neatly executed1 particularly the 
distant  landscape3 the houses1 seen    
over the wall1 show that1 whatever      
changes  have taken place in monumental 
architecture1 the houses of the people1 
or peasantry1 have undergone little     
change in the simple principles of      
their construction since the fourteenth 
century4    ,illustration               
,,plate ,,xii4    ,,sir ,,peter ,,de    
,,craon ,,received ,,by ,,the ,,duke    
,,of ,,brittany4      ,froissart relates
 that 8he was in ,paris at the time of  
the daring attack  made by ,sir ,peter  
de ,craon on the ,constable de ,clisson1
 and was very  anxious to ascertain the 
true cause of the original disgrace of  
de  ,craon1 which eventually led to that
 desperate attempt at revenge40 ,from   
,froissart's information1 it appears    
that de ,clisson was in no way          
connected with ,sir ,peter's disgrace4  

,it seems that ,sir ,peter being        
handsome1 accomplished1 and rich1 and of
 nearly the same age as the  youthful   
,duke of ,touraine1 became a great      
favourite at ,court1 the ,duke  making  
him his constant companion1 and causing 
him to dress in clothes  of the same    
colour and device as his own1 carrying  
him with him wherever  he went1 and     
intrusting him with his most secret     
thoughts4 ,froissart  proceeds3--8,the  
,duke1 at that time young and amorous1  
much amused  himself with the company of
 ladies and damsels1 and1 as ,i heard1  
was  much attached to a young frisky    
lady of ,paris#b40 ,this intrigue1 which
  it appears was a very innocent        
flirtation1 became known to his         
,duchess1  who cautioned the young lady1
 one of noble family1 never again to    
hold  converse with the ,duke as she    
valued her life4 ,the ,duke was soon    
aware  that he had been betrayed1 and   
eventually persuaded his ,duchess to    
confess to him that it was from ,sir    

,peter de ,craon that she had obtained  
her information2 and ,froissart         
declares1 that 8if it was so1 ,sir      
,peter  behaved most shamefully40       
,the ,king1 at the request of the ,duke 
of ,touraine1 his brother1 dismissed    
,sir ,peter from the ,court1 who1       
finding himself disgraced1 took refuge  
with his friend and relative the ,duke  
of ,brittany1 by whom he was well       
received4    ,the illumination          
represents the moment of his reception  
by the ,duke of  ,brittany4 ,the figures
 of ,sir ,peter and his attendant are   
very well  executed1 but some of the    
others are carelessly finished1         
appearing as  though sketched out by the
 master1 but finished by inferior hands4
 ,most  of the miniature pictures in the
 magnificent volumes from which these   
are taken1 are placed1 like the present1
 at the commencement of the  chapters1  
and the pages so ornamented are         
additionally enriched with an  elaborate
 border1 occupying the outside margin4  

,the pages are written in  double       
columns1 and the present ,plate is a    
fac-simile of the outside  column of    
page #bch of the ,vol4 containing this  
portion of the  ,chronicles4 ,the volume
 is about eighteen inches high by twelve
 broad4  ,the words at the top of the   
,plate are the conclusion of a chapter1 
relating to a truce between ,england and
 ,france1 and are--8ne jamais la  paix  
tant que je vive ne me                  
accorderay0--words spoken by the ,duke  
of  ,gloucester1 uncle of ,richard      
,,ii41 who declares1 he will never1     
while he  lives1 consent to make peace  
by the surrender of ,calais4 ,the head  
of the  chapter1 written like all the   
others in red ink1 is3--8,de ,messire   
,pierre  de ,craon1 et comment il enchey
 en l'indignation du roy de ,france et  
duc  de ,thouraine son frere et comme't 
il fut recoeilles du duc de             
,bretagne#c40--;,chapp're ,,xxv4    ,the
 chapter commencing with a              
richly-ornamented capital1 begins3--8,en

 ce  temporal dont je parolle estoit    
trop gran#d40    ,illustration3 ,the    
sudden death of ,count ,gaston de ,foix4
          ,,plate ,,xiii4    ,,the      
,,sudden ,,death ,,of ,,count ,,gaston  
,,de ,,foix4      ,the ,count having    
passed the morning in the forest of     
,sauveterre1 on the  road to ,pampeluna1
 in ,navarre1 in hunting1 during greater
 part of which  he had much exerted     
himself in hunting a bear1 repaired in  
the afternoon  to dinner at the inn of  
,riou1 on his way to his town of ,orths4
 ,having  called for water to wash1 his 
two squires1 ,raymonet de ,lasne and    
,raymonet de ,copane1 advanced1 ,emaudon
 d',espaign took the silver basin1  and 
another knight1 called ,sir ,thibaut1   
the napkin4 ,the ,count rose from  his  
seat and stretched out his hands to     
wash2 8but10 says ,froissart1 8no       
sooner had his fingers1 which were      
handsome and long1 touched the cold     
water1 than he changed colour1 from an  
oppression at his heart1  exclaiming1   

#8,i am a dead man2 ,lord ,god have     
mercy on me6'0 ,he never  spoke         
afterwards2 and the two squires who had 
brought the basin1 drank  the water1    
that they might not be suspected of     
having poisoned it4  ,gaston de ,foix   
was born #acca1 and died #acia4    ,this
 illumination is coarsely executed in   
many respects1 doing but  little justice
 to the fine person of the great ,count1
 who was considered  one of the         
handsomest men of his time4 ,it is1     
however1 very interesting1  as detailing
 accurately many interior domestic      
arrangements1 which will  be found not  
greatly differing from old country inns 
still remaining in  remote parts of     
,england1 but more frequently in ,france
 and ,germany4    ,illustration3 ,the   
,king of ,hungary in council with his   
own ,lords and  those of ,france1 before
 crossing the ,danube towards ,turkey4  
,,plate ,,xiv4    ,,the ,,king ,,of     
,,hungary ,,in ,,council ,,with ,,his   
,,lords ,,and ,,those ,,of ,,france4    

,the ,sultan ,bajazet#e appears to have 
indulged an imaginary scheme of         
universal empire1 purposing to leave to 
each country its own laws and           
governors1 and reserving to himself only
 his authority as their lord  paramount4
 ,with this view1 in #acif1 he          
threatened the kingdom of ,hungary  with
 invasion1 in his way to ,rome1 which he
 projected to make the seat  of his     
liberal and universal empire2 how       
liberal1 may be inferred from  his      
threat1 8that his horse should eat his  
oats on the altar of ,st4  ,peter's40   
,sigismond1 king of ,hungary1 applied to
 ,charles ,,vi4 of ,france  for         
assistance1 and many knights of ,france 
and other countries1 with a             
considerable force1 went to ,buda under 
the command of ,john of ,burgundy1  then
 twenty-two years of age1 and son of the
 duke ,philip1 to attack  ,bajazet1 with
 the ultimate project of regaining the  
,holy ,land4 ,soon  after the arrival of
 the ,french force1 there being no sign 

of the  threatened approach of ,bajazet1
 the king of ,hungary held a council1 in
  which were present the principal lords
 of ,france and the most  influential   
,hungarian nobles#f2 when it was        
determined to cross the  ,danube1 and   
march at once into ,turkey4 ,this is the
 council represented  in the present    
illumination4 ,the figures in bronze    
armour appear to be  ,hungarians2 the   
other three on the opposite side are    
doubtless ,john of  ,burgundy1 ,count of
 ,nevers2 the ,lord de ,couci2 and      
,philip of ,artois1  ,count d',eu4 ,the 
water in the distance is1 no doubt1     
intended for the  ,danube1 and not the  
sea1 which it better represents4 ,the   
whole picture  is1 however1 very        
carefully executed1 and the group       
outside the tent  extremely spirited and
 natural4 ,a subsequent illumination    
upon the same  subject will illustrate  
the fate of the expedition4             
,illustration3 ,the ,dukes of ,burgundy 
,berri sitting in ,council as  ,regents 

during the illness of ,charles ,,vi of  
,france4          ,,plate ,,xv4    ,,the
 ,,dukes ,,of ,,burgundy ,,and          
,,berri--,,in ,,council4      ,in the   
year #acic1 ,charles ,,vi4 was seized   
with a frenzy1 or madness1  during his  
expedition against the ,duke of         
,brittany2 and the ,dukes of  ,burgundy 
and ,berri1 the ,king's uncles1 were1 in
 a council#g of the  principal barons   
and prelates of the kingdom1 appointed  
regents of the  realm during the ,king's
 illness4 ,the illuminator has          
represented them as  sitting in council2
 the figures in front appear to be      
members of the  commonalty of ,paris1   
who already began to assume an important
 position  in the government2 the figure
 on the left1 enveloped in a blue       
mantle1  is evidently intended for a fat
 and comfortable citizen2 a lawyer and a
  prelate seem to be discussing some    
very knotty point with many words and   
gestures1 but the two ,dukes--the stern 
men of the sword--take the matter  very 

quietly1 and will evidently settle the  
question according to their  own good   
caprice and interest4 ,the artist has1  
on this occasion1 been  very correct in 
his heraldry3 above the ,duke of        
,burgundy is suspended a  shield1       
bearing the ancient and modern arms of  
,burgundy1 quarterly2  ancient          
,burgundy1 one and three1 bends of or   
and azure within a bordure  gules2      
modern ,burgundy1 two and four1 azure sm
 of fleur-de-lis or1  within a bordure  
compony gules and argent4 ,the arms of  
,berri were1 as  depicted1 azure1 three 
fleur-de-lis or1 within a bordure       
engrailed  gules1 as borne by the last  
unfortunate ,duke de ,berri1            
assassinated at  the door of the ,french
 opera in #ahba4    ,illustration3 te   
eglise de romme chaprelxbn que scauces  
comment le roy  d'allemaigue le roy de  
france et les seigneurs de lempire et   
tous leurs  consaule furent en la cite  
de paris et eurent la entreuz pluiseus  
consaulx et secrets          ,,plate    

,,xvi4    ,,the ,,emperor ,,of ,,germany
 ,,and ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,france       
,,sitting ,,in ,,council ,,upon  ,,the  
,,state ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,rome4
      ,the ,emperor of ,germany         
7,wenceslaus of ,luxembourg7 visited    
,france1 at the  solicitation of        
,charles ,,vi41 for the purpose of      
consulting upon the best  mode of       
terminating the schism of the ,romish   
church1 and of putting an  end to the   
rivalry of the two popes of ,avignon and
 ,rome1 by bringing  about the          
abdication of one of them4 ,it seems    
needless to add1 that the  negociations 
which followed1 with such a view of the 
case1 utterly  failed4    ,the          
illumination represents the ,emperor and
 ,king sitting in council2  probably in 
the ,cathedral of ,rheims1 where the    
principal consultations  were held4     
,as a view of the interior of a         
cathedral1 it is particularly           
interesting  at the present time--the   
repairs and restoration of the ,temple  

,church  having called much attention to
 the polychromic effects produced by the
  architects of the middle ages1 as it  
exhibits clearly the general and        
profuse adoption of positive colours and
 gilding to heighten  architectural     
splendour4 ,the vaulted ceiling of the  
nave is painted rich  full brown1 the   
groining being gilt2 the ceiling of the 
choir is painted  deep blue1 equally    
enriched with gilding4 ,this simple     
colouring of the  illuminator exhibits  
the general effect of polychromic       
architecture as  well as if he had      
elaborated the intricate devices by     
which the effects  were more generally  
varied and enriched1 and is a sufficient
 proof1 if  any sceptics yet remain to  
require it1 that the architects of the  
middle  ages1 as well as their ancient  
,grecian predecessors1 considered colour
  just as essential as form in a grand  
architectural whole4    ,the tapestry   
hung round the lower part of the walls1 
to the height of  ten or twelve feet1 is

 a part of the finish of our cathedral  
decorations  which has1 as yet1 found no
 restorer4 ,but it forms an essential   
feature  in their general effect1 as    
planned by their architects2 and1 ever  
since  it was torn down by our          
puritanical ancestors1 those noble      
churches  have assumed that cold and    
stony nakedness of aspect which was     
never  intended by their great creators1
 and which destroys the air of well     
tended grandeur and richness they were  
intended to produce2 giving1  instead1  
an appearance of desolation and neglect4
    ,it is quite apparent that the      
author of this miniature picture painted
  from what he saw1 and that he was     
greatly impressed by the leading        
features of the monumental architecture 
of his day2 for it will be  observed    
that he has cut short the transept1     
reckless of proportion or  perspective1 
for the express purpose of bringing into
 his picture the  circular windows1 with
 their elaborate tracery1 one of the    

most splendid  features of that phase of
 ,gothic art4    ,illustration3 ,sir    
,john ,froissart presenting his book of 
,love ,poems to  ,richard the second    
,,plate ,,xvii4    ,,sir ,,john         
,,froissart ,,presenting ,,his ,,book   
,,to ,,richard ,,ii4      ,froissart1   
who originally came to ,england in the  
suite of ,philippa of  ,hainault1 queen 
of ,edward ,,iii41 returned1 after an   
absence of  twenty-seven years1 in      
#acie1 and was well received by ,richard
 ,,ii41 in  recollection of his services
 and attachment to the ,black ,prince1  
his  father1 and to ,king ,edward and   
,queen ,philippa1 his grandfather and   
grandmother4#h ,froissart relates1 with 
an affecting and very pleasing  navet1  
his renewal of old friendships after so 
long an absence1 but  is more           
particularly minute in his description  
of the interview with the  ,king1 when  
he presented his book of love poems1 the
 romance of ,meliador4  ,he says1 that  
8he 7the king7 opened it1 and looked    

into it with much  pleasure20 and       
continues1 8he ought to have been       
pleased1 for it was  handsomely written 
and illuminated1 and bound in crimson   
velvet1 with  ten silver gilt studs1 and
 roses of the same in the middle1 with  
two  large clasps of silver gilt1 richly
 worked with roses in the centre4 ,the  
,king asked me what the book treated of8
 ,i replied1 #8,of love6' ,he was       
pleased with the answer1 and dipped into
 several places1 reading parts  aloud1  
for he read and spoke ,french perfectly 
well1 and then gave it to  one of his   
knights1 called ,sir ,richard ,credon1  
to carry to his oratory10  c4 c4        
,this illumination forms the            
frontispiece to ,chapter #ed4           
,illustration3 ,interview of king       
,richard the second with his uncle the  
,duke of ,gloucester at his ,castle of  
,pleshy          ,,plate ,,xviii4       
,,interview ,,of ,,richard ,,ii4 ,,with 
,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,gloucester1 ,,at    
,,the ,,castle ,,of  ,,pleshy4      ,the

 ,king had at this time great suspicion 
that his uncle1 the ,duke of            
,gloucester1 was plotting his           
deposition1 which1 whether true or      
false1  enabled persons about the ,king 
to exasperate him greatly against his   
uncle1 who determined to arrest him at  
once4 ,this he feared to do  openly1 on 
account of the ,duke's popularity1 and  
effected his purpose in  the following  
manner3--,under pretence of             
deer-hunting1 he went to a  palace he   
had at ,havering-at-the-,bower1 in      
,essex3 it is about twenty  miles from  
,london1 and as many from ,pleshy1 where
 the ,duke of ,gloucester  generally    
resided4 ,the ,king set out from        
,havering one afternoon without  many   
attendants1 and arrived at ,pleshy about
 five o'clock4 ,he came so  suddenly to 
the castle#i that no one knew of it1    
until the porter cried  out1 8,here is  
the ,king60 ,the ,duke1 who was very    
temperate1 and never sat  long at his   
meals1 had already supped1 and          

immediately went out to greet  the      
,king2 who1 under pretence of a meeting 
with the citizens on the next  morning1 
at which his presence would be          
advantageous1 induced his uncle  to     
accompany him unattended4 ,the mode of  
the arrest is exhibited in  another     
illumination1 which will appear in our  
next number4    ,this illumination is a 
good example of the custom of taking out
 a  portion of the wall1 in order to    
exhibit an interior and exterior view   
at the same time4 ,the grooms and       
attendants waiting in the castle-yard   
are full of character and spirit1 and   
the interior of the apartment1          
exhibited to us by the bold excision of 
the illuminator1 portrays very          
accurately the furniture and fittings of
 the time1 and affords valuable  hints  
to artists treating events of this      
period4    ,illustration3 ,the payment  
of the ransom for the ,count de ,nevers 
and his  fellow prisoners4              
,,plate ,,xix4    ,,the ,,ransom ,,paid 

,,to ,,bajazet ,,for ,,the ,,count ,,de 
,,nevers1 c4      ,as related in the    
description of ,plate ,,xiv41 the       
,hungarians1 with the  body of ,french1 
,german1 and ,english volunteers1       
invaded ,turkey1 and1  after many       
successes of no serious consequence or  
advantage1 laid siege  to the city of   
,nicopolis4 ,but ,bajazet had in the    
mean time not been idle  or afraid to   
attack them1 as they supposed1 but had  
been diligently  occupied in raising a  
great army1 and was now secretly        
advancing upon  them1 ordering a small  
body of eight thousand men to move      
forward in  advance1 as if they were the
 whole army2 but1 whenever they met the 
enemy1 to fall back to the main body1   
which was then to extend as much  as    
possible1 enclosing the ,christians1 and
 crushing them by numbers4    ,on the   
,monday preceding ,michaelmas-day1 in   
the year #acif1 the small body  was     
perceived by the scouts of the ,french  
and ,hungarians4 ,the ,french  lords    

received the information as they sat at 
dinner1 and1 somewhat  heated with wine1
 hastened at once to the attack4 ,the   
,king of ,hungary  sent his marshal1    
,steulemschalle1 to countermand an      
immediate attack1 as  he had received   
information which caused him to suspect 
the truth1 and  that the ,turks wore in 
much greater numbers than appeared4 ,but
 the  impetuous ,frenchmen were not to  
be restrained4 ,they rushed upon the    
enemy with this small band of           
volunteers1 in all not exceeding #gjj1  
it  is said1 and1 after performing      
prodigies of valour1 were all either cut
  to pieces or taken prisoners4 ,the    
,hungarian army1 seeing the ,french     
enclosed on all sides and destroyed1    
were seized with panic1 and fled2  great
 numbers being slain by the ,turks in   
pursuit3 in short1 the rout  was most   
complete1 and the ,king and the ,grand  
,master of ,rhodes barely  escaped4     
,among the few survivors1 now prisoners 
to ,bajazet1 were the ,count de         

,nevers1 the ,counts d',eu and de la    
,marche1 the ,lord ,henri de ,bar1 the  
,lord de ,coucy1 and ,sir ,guy de la    
,tremouille2 these had been set aside   
by ,bajazet1 on account of the richness 
of their dresses1 as apparently  men of 
note1 who would pay large ransoms2 all  
the other prisoners were  put to death  
in their presence1 being brought forth  
in their shirts and  cut to pieces      
without mercy3 8upwards of three hundred
 gentlemen of  different nations10 says 
,froissart1 8were thus pitilessly       
murdered40 ,the  ,lord ,boucicaut1      
,marshal of ,france1 was led forth naked
 like the others1  but spared on the    
intercession of the ,count de ,nevers1  
who threw himself  at the feet of the   
,sultan1 and succeeded in that instance 
in softening  his anger1 which was great
 in consequence of the severe loss he   
had  sustained in the battle1 full      
thirty of his own men having fallen for 
every ,christian4 ,the ,count de ,nevers
 and his remaining companions were      

eventually ransomed1 but the ,lord de   
,couci and the ,count d',eu both sunk   
under their misfortunes and died in     
,turkey1 and the ,lord ,henry de ,bar   
died on his journey back2 so that few   
indeed returned from this  disastrous   
campaign4    ,the illumination          
represents the payment of the ransom1   
and is  remarkable1 as well as some     
others relating to the same portion of  
the  history1 for the care with which   
the illuminator has adhered to the      
general features of ,turkish costume in 
the dresses of the persons who  are     
receiving and registering the money2    
this is the more singular1 as  in the   
apartment and other accessories there is
 no attempt at an ,eastern  character2  
but at that time1 it may be supposed1   
that the turban and  flowing robe were  
as much conventional and traditional    
appendages of a  ,turk1 as the meagre   
legs1 sharp features1 and lace ruffles  
were of a  ,frenchman in the time of    
,hogarth4    ,illustration3 ,the arrest 

of the ,duke of ,gloucester4            
,,plate ,,xx4    ,,the ,,arrest ,,of    
,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,gloucester4         
,richard ,,ii4 having1 as related in the
 description of ,plate ,,xviii41        
decoyed his ,uncle from his castle of   
,pleshy1 under pretence of wishing  his 
presence at a conference with the       
citizens1 proceeds1 conversing  with    
him1 towards ,london1 when1 on arriving 
at ,stratford1 at the top of  a lane    
leading to the ,thames1 where an        
ambuscade had been prepared1 he         
suddenly galloped forward1 leaving the  
,duke behind1 who was instantly         
surrounded by a body of men1 under the  
command of the ,earl ,marshal1 who      
said1 8,i arrest you in the ,king's     
name60 ,the ,duke1 panic-struck on      
seeing himself thus betrayed1 called    
loudly after the ,king1 who1 without    
turning his head1 made off towards      
,london1 followed by his attendants4 ,a 
boat was waiting in the river1 and the  
,duke having been forced on board  was  

carried over to ,calais4 ,finding that  
he was closely imprisoned in  the castle
 of ,calais1 he questioned the ,earl    
,marshal as to the  intentions of the   
,king and the cause of his arrest4 ,the 
,earl merely  informed him that he must 
remain in banishment for a time2 but the
 ,duke  suspected the worst1 and        
requested a priest who had said mass    
before  him1 to confess him4 ,his fears 
were not groundless2 for ,froissart     
relates1 that1 8on the point of sitting 
down to dinner1 when the tables  were   
laid and he was about to wash his hands1
 four men rushed out from  an adjoining 
chamber1 and1 throwing a towel round his
 neck1 strangled  him40 ,this is not    
exactly the fact2 as1 by the subsequent 
confession of  one of the murderers1 it 
was known that he was smothered with    
pillows4  ,it was given forth that the  
,duke of ,gloucester had died in his bed
 at  the castle of ,calais1 and the     
treacherous ,earl ,marshal1 his near    
relative1 put on mourning1 as did all   

the knights and squires in ,calais4     
,froissart tells us1 that some believed 
and others disbelieved this  story2 but 
it is clear that it was generally       
disbelieved2 for1 among  other acts of  
treachery1 it no doubt led to his       
deposition1 and1 there  is every reason 
to suspect1 to a similar end4    ,in the
 ,illumination there is a happy attempt 
at expression1 though not  of the most  
elevated kind2 it is1 however1 highly   
characteristic1  particularly the       
features of the ,duke calling anxiously 
to the ,king1  whose supercilious       
nonchalance1 as he coolly rides off1 is 
very happily  portrayed4 ,the back      
ground1 however1 does not very          
felicitously  represent the sort of     
country where an ambuscade or surprise  
could be  executed with very good       
effect1 and looks exceedingly like the  
suburbs  of a ,dutch or ,flemish village
 of the present day4    ,illustration3  
,richard ,,ii setting out upon his      
invasion of ,ireland4          ,,plate  

,,xxi4    ,,richard ,,ii4 ,,setting     
,,out ,,on ,,his ,,expedition ,,to      
,,ireland4      ,a truce having been    
finally agreed upon between ,england and
 ,france1 it  was determined in the     
,english ,council1 in the year #acid1   
that the  opportunity should not be lost
 of making an attempt to completely     
subdue  the ,irish1 which the ,king's   
grandfather1 ,edward ,,iii41 with all   
his  military energy had not been able  
to effect1 partly in consequence of  the
 numerous wars in other quarters1 in    
which he was engaged at the same  time4 
,richard ,,ii4 carried over an army of  
#d1jjj men-at-arms and #cj1jjj  archers1
 such a force as had never been seen in 
,ireland2 and1 with the  assistance of  
his ,uncles1 who accompanied him1 and   
the ,earl of ,ormond1  who held large   
estates in that part of the country     
under ,english  dominion1 succeeded in  
subduing four kings or chiefs1 who      
acknowledged  his supremacy1 and came to
 reside at ,dublin4 ,but it appears by  

,froissart's description that they were 
little more than savages4 ,it  seems1   
however1 that our chronicler shared the 
common prejudices that  existed then1   
and1 unfortunately1 exist still against 
poor ,ireland2 for  he says1 among other
 things1 in treating of their mode of   
warfare1 that  8they have pointed       
knives1 with broad blades1 sharp on both
 sides1 with  which they kill their     
enemies2 but they never consider them as
 dead  until they have out their throats
 like sheep1 and opened them and taken  
out their hearts1 which they carry off  
with them2 and some say1 who are  well  
acquainted with their manners1 that they
 devour them as delicious  morsels40#aj 
,the ,illumination is peculiarly        
spirited1 both in execution and         
arrangement1 and the costumes are made  
out with sufficient accuracy to  render 
them highly valuable as authorities4    
,the picture represents the  ,king at   
the head of his army1 just issuing1     
apparently1 from one of the  ancient    

gates of ,london4    ,illustration3 ,the
 vision of ,robert l',ermite4           
,,plate ,,xxii4    ,,the ,,vision ,,of  
,,robert ,l',,ermite4      ,robert      
,mennot1 a squire of the country of     
,caux1 in ,normandy1 a man whom         
,froissart describes as 8of religious   
and holy life10 caused1 about this      
time1 much discussion upon the subject  
of a vision which he declared he  had   
seen during a storm at sea1 on his      
return from ,syria4 ,he described  the  
vision as like a figure as bright as    
crystal1 which said1 8,robert1  thou    
shalt escape from this peril1 as well as
 thy companions for thy  sake1 for ,god 
has favourably heard thy prayers3 he    
orders thee by me to  return to ,france 
as speedily as thou canst1 and instantly
 on thy arrival  to wait on the king1   
and relate what has befallen thee4 ,thou
 wilt tell  him to listen to peace with 
his adversary the ,king of ,england1 for
 their  wars have lasted too long4 ,do  
thou interfere boldly when conferences  

shall be holden to treat of peace       
between ,king ,charles and ,king        
,richard1  for thou shalt be heard2 and 
all those who shall in any way oppose or
  prevent peace from taking effect1     
shall dearly pay for their wickedness   
in their lifetime40    ,he had several  
interviews upon the subject of his      
vision with the ,king  of ,france and   
his ,council1 and was present at a      
conference to treat of  peace1 where he 
spoke eloquently in its favour2 but the 
,duke of  ,gloucester and some others   
were sceptical1 and declared the whole a
  cheat4 ,nevertheless1 his influence   
was considerable2 and1 by order of  the 
,king of ,france1 he passed over to     
,england1 where he was well  received by
 the ,court of ,richard ,,ii4 ,he had   
many private interviews with  the ,king1
 and his uncles the ,dukes of ,york1    
,lancaster1 and ,gloucester2  but the   
latter still continued incredulous4     
,robert the ,hermit returned  to        
,france1 laden with presents1 after a   

month's sojourn at the ,english  ,court4
    ,the vision is exhibited in the     
illumination after the true conventional
  style of ,catholic legends4 ,the ship 
and figures in the foreground1 with  the
 deeply serpentine waves1 forcibly call 
to mind old engravings in  some of our  
early printed ,bibles1 which point to   
the source of such  illustrations in the
 ,catholic missals and illuminated      
,bibles1 from  which1 with slight       
alteration1 they were frequently copied4
    ,the border is taken from another   
part of the volume1 the one attached to 
the present subject being very similar  
to one already given4 ,in the  present  
border the arms of ,de ,commines occur  
again1 and1 in this  instance1 on 8a    
field of ,france10 as though under the  
protection of that  power4              
,illustration3 ,the liberation of the   
,lord de la ,riviere4          ,,plate  
,,xxiii4    ,,the ,,lord ,,de ,,la      
,,riviere4      ,one of the first acts  
of the regency of the ,dukes of         

,burgundy and ,berri  was the           
imprisonment of nearly all the ,king's  
late ministers and  advisers1 against   
whom many heavy charges were brought1   
but few proved4  ,sir ,oliver de        
,clisson had the good fortune to receive
 timely  information1 and effect his    
escape4 ,but the ,lord de la ,riviere   
and ,sir  ,john le ,mercier were seized 
and thrown into prison1 and all their   
estates confiscated4 ,their subsequent  
pardon is thus related by               
,froissart#aa3--    8,the ,lord de la   
,riviere and ,sir ,john le ,mercier1    
after having been  carried from prison  
to prison1 and to different castles1    
were at last  given up to the provost of
 the ,chtelet1 and in daily expectation 
of  being put to death1 through the     
hatred of the ,dukes of ,berry and      
,burgundy and their advisers4 ,they had 
been in this melancholy state for  more 
than two years1 without the ,king being 
able to assist them4 ,he1  however1     
would not consent to their execution2   

and the ,dukes of ,berry  and ,burgundy 
perceived that the ,duke of ,orleans    
strongly befriended  them4 ,the ,duchess
 of ,berry was incessant in her         
entreaties with her lord  in their      
favour1 more particularly for the ,lord 
de la ,riviere2 but they  could not     
condemn one without the other1 for they 
were both implicated  in the same       
accusation4 ,the solicitations of many  
worthy persons1 added  to the justice of
 their cause1 were of much weight2 and  
several of the  great ,barons of ,france
 thought they had now sufficiently      
suffered1 and  should be set at liberty2
 for that ,sir ,john le ,mercier had    
wept so  continually when in prison1 his
 sight was weakened so1 that he could   
scarcely see1 and it was currently      
reported he was quite blind4    8,at    
length there was an end put to their    
sufferings2 for the ,king1  although he 
had consented to their imprisonment1 for
 reasons which had  been given him1     
granted them this pardon1 deferring     

further enquiry  into what had been laid
 to their charge until a future         
opportunity1 and  when he should be more
 fully informed4 ,all his lands and     
castles were  restored to the ,lord de  
la ,riviere2 and1 in the first instance1
 the  beautiful castle of ,auneau1 near 
,chartres1 on the borders of ,beauce2   
but  he was ordered thither1 and never  
to recross the river ,seine1 unless     
recalled by the ,king's own mouth4      
8,sir ,john le ,mercier returned to his 
fine house of ,noviant1 of which he     
bore the title as ,lord1 in the         
,laonnois2 and he had similar orders not
  to repass the rivers ,seine1 ,marne or
 ,oise1 unless specially commanded by   
the ,king4    8,they also bound         
themselves to go to whatever prison they
 might  hereafter be ordered to by the  
,king or his commissioners4    8,the two
 ,lords thankfully accepted this grace1 
and were rejoiced to be  delivered from 
the ,chtelet4 ,on gaining their liberty1
 they thought they  should be allowed to

 see the ,king1 and thank him for his   
mercy2 but it  was not so3 they were    
forced to quit ,paris instantly1 and set
 out for  their different estates4      
8,they1 however1 gained their liberty1  
to the great joy of all who were        
attached to them40    ,among the figures
 in this illumination1 that of the      
jailor is extremely  characteristic2 it 
is a happy impersonation of the jailor  
of all times1  and might serve nearly as
 well for the representative of         
,dickens's  well-known ,dennis1 the     
hangman1 with his knotted stick1 as for 
the  jailor of the ,lord de la ,riviere1
 near five centuries ago4               
,illustration3 ,the ,coronation of      
,henry ,,iv4          ,,plate ,,xxiv4   
,,the ,,coronation ,,of ,,henry ,,iv4   
,on the last day of ,september1 #acii1  
,henry ,duke of ,lancaster held a       
parliament at ,westminster1 at which    
were assembled the clergy1 nobility1    
and deputies from different towns1      
according to their extent or wealth4    

,in this parliament the ,duke challenged
 the ,crown of ,england1 and claimed  it
 as his own1 for three reasons3 first1  
by conquest2 secondly1 from  being the  
right heir to it2 and1 thirdly1 from the
 free resignation of  it to him by ,king
 ,richard4 ,the parliament1 being       
unanimous in his  favour1 was then      
dissolved2 and the coronation took place
 in ,westminster  ,abbey on the #acth of
 ,october4    ,the procession consisted 
of between eight and nine hundred       
horsemen1 c4  c42 and fountains of red  
and white wine were constantly playing  
along  ,cheapside and in the            
neighbourhood of the ,abbey4 ,the whole 
of the  ceremony is described in a      
minute and interesting manner by        
,froissart4#ab    ,the illumination is  
one of the most rich and carefully      
executed in the  volume1 and forms a    
most interesting illustration of the    
ceremonial  pageantry of the period4    
,illustration3 ,the interview of the    
,archbishop of ,canterbury1 with the    

,earl of ,derby1 at ,paris4             
,,plate ,,xxv4    ,,the ,,meeting ,,of  
,,the ,,archbishop ,,of ,,canterbury    
,,with ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,derby ,,at   
,,paris4      ,the ,earl of ,derby was  
still in banishment1 on account of his  
quarrel  with the ,earl ,marshal1 when  
the citizens of ,london determined1 in  
consequence of many grievances1 to      
attempt the removal of ,king ,richard   
from the throne2 and sent the           
,archbishop of ,canterbury as their     
ambassador to the ,earl1 who was        
residing at ,paris1 proposing to him to 
return to ,england1 and assume the      
government of the country4 ,froissart   
states1 that1 when the ,earl of ,derby  
heard the proposition from the          
,archbishop1 he did not immediately     
reply1 8but1 leaning on a window that   
looked into the gardens1 mused a while1 
having various thoughts in his  mind40  
,he at length turned1 and replied       
somewhat evasively1 in a speech  which  
our chronicler gives at full length4    

,the ,archbishop then  recommended      
calling a council of his most intimate  
friends1 which advice  was adopted2 and 
the council being unanimously in favour 
of accepting  the proposals of the      
citizens of ,london1 it was determined  
that he  should immediately leave       
,france by way of ,brittany1 under      
pretence of a  visit to the ,duke1 who  
was his uncle by marriage4 8,to shorten 
the  matter10 says ,froissart1 8the     
,earl managed his affairs with much     
discretion1 and took leave of the ,king 
and all the ,lords who were then  at    
court2 and1 on his departure1 made very 
handsome presents to the  ,king's       
officers1 as he was bounden to do1 and  
to the heralds and  minstrels resident  
in ,paris1 who attended the farewell    
supper he gave at  the ,hotel de        
,clisson1 to such of the ,french        
,knights as chose to partake  of it40   
,the miniature1 which represents the    
meeting of the ,archbishop and the      
,earl1 is very richly coloured and      

carefully executed1 particularly in  the
 gilding2 the gold employed about the   
fire1 and in representing  sparks in the
 smoke1 being introduced with remarkably
 happy effect4 ,the  plan of the        
fire-place is very accurately made out1 
and might suggest1  perhaps1 something  
in modern arrangements1 as it seems1 by 
means of the  projecting canopy1 to     
combine the advantages of an open grate 
with those  of a stove1 for it is not   
sunk in the wall like modern grates1 by 
which  much heat is lost in the chimney1
 but1 on the contrary1 stands out       
nearly as forward as a detached stove1  
by which a great economy of heat  is    
effected4    ,illustration3 ,william of 
,hainault ,count d',ostrevant setting   
out on his  expedition against          
,friesland4          ,,plate ,,xxvi4    
,,william ,,of ,,hainault ,,setting     
,,out ,,on ,,his ,,expedition ,,against 
,,friesland4      ,the duke ,albert of  
,bavaria1 and his son the count         
d',ostrevant1 having  determined to     

invade ,friesland and attempt its       
conquest1 proclaiming  that they had a  
lawful claim on it1 raised a large army 
for that  purpose4 ,the king of ,france 
sent five hundred lances to their       
assistance2 and ,richard ,,ii4 of       
,england1 also anxious to show his good 
feeling towards his cousin the count    
d',ostrevant1 sent two hundred  archers 
and a body of men-at-arms1 under the    
command of three knights of  repute1 two
 of whom were named ,colleville and     
,cornewall2 the name of the  third was  
unknown to ,froissart#ac4    ,the       
,frieslanders in the meantime had       
determined to die with their  liberty1  
rather than submit to any lord          
whatsoever2 but the odds against  them  
were fearful1 as they could only raise  
an army of about thirty  thousand men1  
the greater part having no other arms   
than hatchets or  such like rude        
weapons1 whilst ,froissart tells us1    
that1 had the fleet  which bore their   
enemies to their shores been ranged in a

 line1 it would  have reached from      
,enchysen1 where they embarked1 to      
,kuynder1 whence they  intended to      
effect their landing--a distance of     
twelve leagues4 ,in fact1  the army of  
invaders amounted to upwards of one     
hundred thousand men4  ,after an        
obstinate battle the ,frieslanders were 
defeated with cruel  slaughter2 but in  
consequence of that want of continuity  
of plan and  action which characterises 
nearly all the ,european wars of the    
middle  ages1 this victory led to no    
important results2 and1 after burning a 
few  villages1 the army re-embarked and 
returned to ,lower ,friesland to pass   
the winter4    ,the simple and natural  
arrangement of the line of armed men and
 their  banners1 with which the ,gothic 
artist has formed his miniature picture1
  might afford some useful hints to     
modern designers of cartoons2 the       
simplicity is perhaps carried too far1  
but then it is free from the  great     
vices of the modern schools1 such as    

overstrained attitudes1  exaggerated    
expression1 fantastic1 affected1 and    
unnatural grouping1 and  artificial or  
rather theatrical effects of sudden     
light and shade4  ,without imitating the
 defects of these early practitioners of
 the art1 a  study of their earnest and 
unaffected simplicity of treatment might
 add  much of that nobleness and repose 
of effect which is so deficient in      
modern historical pictures1 and which   
ought to be one of their principal      
qualities4 ,the contrivance by which the
 illuminator has in the small  space of 
his miniature conveyed the idea of the  
passing of a large army1  by means of   
the crowded line1 or rather stream1 of  
helmets1 just seen  over the steep banks
 of the hollow way through which they   
are passing1  might certainly be        
improved to very good effect4           
,illustration3 ,the landing of the ,lady
 de ,coucy at ,boulogne1 on her  return 
from ,england1 in the ,year #acii4      
,,plate ,,xxvii4    ,,the ,,landing ,,of

 ,,the ,,lady ,,de ,,coucy ,,at         
,,boulogne ,,on ,,her ,,return ,,from   
,,england  ,,in ,,the ,,year #acii4     
,almost immediately after the deposition
 of ,richard ,,ii41 in #acii1 the  lady 
of ,coucy1 who had been in attendance   
upon his queen ,isabella1  daughter of  
,charles ,,vi41 returned to ,france1    
conveying the first tidings  of the     
events which had just occurred4 ,rumours
 had already reached that  country      
through some merchants of ,bruges1 but  
the whole truth was not  known at ,paris
 till the arrival of this lady4 ,the    
grief of the king1  when he heard of the
 misfortunes which had overtaken his    
son-in-law1 was  so great that it caused
 a return of his frenzy1 and his uncles 
again  resumed the government of the    
kingdom4 ,the citizens of ,bourdeaux1   
where  ,richard was born1 were much     
attached to him1 and1 on hearing of his 
deposition and imprisonment were greatly
 excited1 as were the people of  all the
 surrounding country2 for he had always 

been popular in that  province4 ,these  
circumstances gave the ,french great    
hopes that they  might detach them from 
their allegiance to the ,english1 and   
they carried  on many intrigues and     
secret negotiations with that view2 but 
after the  first effervescence of       
feeling was over1 the people of the     
,bordelais  took a calm view of the     
question1 and decided1 as ,froissart    
quaintly  narrates it1 that as ,france  
was at that time oppressed with heavy   
taxes1  it would be better for them to  
remain true to the ,english1 who left   
them  frank and free2 saying1 8,if the  
,londoners have deposed king ,richard   
and  crowned king ,henry1 what is it to 
us8 c4 c4--we have more commerce  with  
the ,english than the ,french1 in wines1
 wool1 and cloth4 ,let us  therefore be 
cautious how we listen to propositions  
which we may  hereafter repent#ad40     
,it appears from this passage that      
actually more of the ,bourdeaux wines   
were consumed in ,england than in       

,france2 so that an immense commerce of 
exchange between that district and      
,england1 equally advantageous to  both1
 must then have flourished1 which the   
interference of modern  tariffs has1    
comparatively speaking1 utterly         
destroyed4    ,the picture represents   
the disembarkation of the lady of ,coucy
 at  ,boulogne-sur-,mer2 and might1 with
 slight alteration in the dresses of    
the principal personages1 represent a   
party landing at ,boulogne at the       
present time2 for on the ,continent1    
where liberal institutions and          
machinery have been more recent         
introductions than with us1 habits and  
customs are far less changed4 ,the form 
of the wheelbarrow is precisely  that of
 the ,french wheelbarrows of the present
 day1 and the blue frock  of the man is 
still frequently worn by the barrow-men2
 the other porter  too is carrying a    
trunk by means of a twisted rope1 just  
in the manner  which has descended to   
his successors of the present day on the

 quais of  ,calais and ,boulogne1 whilst
 the very form of the trunks is still   
orthodox with the manufacturers of such 
articles in the provincial towns  of the
 ,continent4    ,the respective         
characters of the party landing are most
 admirably  delineated2 the courtly step
 of the two male attendants1 as they    
advance  in earnest conversation1 is    
cleverly contrasted with the boorish    
postures of the sailors and porters2 and
 the serious propriety of the  manner   
and expression of the lady1 bearer of   
such evil tidings1 is  equally well     
discriminated from the pert nonchalance 
of the waiting-maid  with her toilet-box
 and bundle4 ,it is1 on these accounts1 
one of the  most interesting miniatures 
in the volume1 though neither so richly 
coloured or highly finished as many     
others4    ,illustration3 ,the death of 
,pope ,clement of ,avignon4             
,,plate ,,xxviii4    ,,the ,,death ,,of 
,,pope ,,clement ,,of ,,avignon4        
,this picture represents the death of   

,robert of ,geneva1 who died in the     
year #acid1 at the papal palace of      
,avignon1 with the title of ,pope       
,clement ,,vi41 though1 whether         
rightfully enjoyed or not1 ,froissart   
says  he shall not discuss1 as a matter 
not within his province4 ,the heading   
of the chapter1 8,de la mort du pape    
,clement d',avignon et de l'election  du
 pape ,benedic ,i41 ,chappitre #ei10 is 
in red ink in the ,,ms4 ,the            
commencement of the chapter is1 8,en ce 
temps au mois de ,septembre  trespassa  
de ce sicle en son pallais d',avignon   
,robert de ,geneve1 cy  dessu nomm en   
nostre histoire#ae40    ,illustration   
,,plate ,,xxix4    ,,the ,,king ,,of    
,,france ,,receiving ,,the              
,,intelligence ,,of ,,the ,,defeat ,,in 
,,turkey4      ,the unfortunate result  
of the ,king of ,hungary's campaign in  
,turkey1 as  well as the ransom of the  
prisoners1 has been mentioned in the    
description of ,plates ,,xiv4 and ,,xix4
 ,the present miniature represents the  

reception of the news at the ,french    
court4 ,sir ,james de ,helly1 who was   
one of the prisoners1 had formerly      
served in ,turkey under the sultan      
,amurat1 so that he knew a little of the
 ,turkish language1 and was on  that    
account selected by ,bajazet to proceed 
to ,france on parole1 in  order to      
arrange the ransom of the other         
prisoners4 ,sir ,james arrived in       
,paris on the evening of ,christmas-day1
 in the year #acif1 and immediately     
waited on the king at the ,hotel ,st4   
,pol1 as represented in the  miniature1 
in the same dress he had rode in1 booted
 and spurred4  ,froissart tells us1 that
 8when the intelligence brought by ,sir 
,james de  ,helly was made public1 all  
who had lost husband1 brother1 father1  
or  child1 were in the utmost           
consternation1 as may easily be         
imagined4 ,the  high nobility of        
,france1 such as the ,duchess of        
,burgundy and the lady  ,margaret of    
,hainault1 were greatly afflicted on    

account of their son and  husband1 the  
,count de ,nevers1 for he was greatly   
beloved by them4 ,the  ,countess of ,eu 
lamented her lord1 the constable1 as did
 the ,countess de  la ,marche4 ,the     
ladies of ,coucy1 ,bar1 and ,sully1 in  
like manner bewailed  the melancholy    
situation of their lords4 ,they were    
fortunate in having  only their lords'  
captivity to lament1 and were somewhat  
comforted  thereat4 ,but the relatives  
and friends of those who had been       
massacred  were inconsolable1 and the   
grief of ,france lasted a long time40   
,for many  highly interesting           
particulars1 see ,smith's edition of    
,froissart1 vol4  ii41 pp4 #fbi1 #fcj1  
and #fca4    ,illustration3 ,the ,duke  
of ,gloucester and ,sir ,john           
,lackingay4          ,,plate ,,xxx4     
,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,gloucester ,,and    
,,sir ,,john ,,lackingay4               
,froissart tells us that the ,duke of   
,gloucester plotted the destruction  of 
the king1 his nephew2 and1 in his       

evidently implicit faith in the  divine 
right of kings1 appears much shocked at 
the enormity of the  duke's delinquency2
 nevertheless1 in the so-called         
treasonable  conversations which he     
makes him hold with his confidant1 ,sir 
,john  ,lackingay1 the duke states      
nothing but the reasonable causes of    
complaint which so glaringly existed4   
,he says1 8,if the ,king of ,england    
had a good head1 c41 c41 he would take  
some pains to recover the  inheritance  
the ,french have so shamefully stolen   
from him1 c41 c42 but  things are not   
so3 we have an unwarlike king1 who is   
indifferent to  arms10 c41 c4 ,and      
again3 8,the king raises heavy taxes on 
our  merchants1 who are greatly         
discontented1 squanders the money no one
  knows how1 and thus the country is    
impoverished#af20 with much more1  all  
of which was too true4 ,but our         
chronicler relates also1 with less      
authority1 that the duke actually       
proposed to his nephew1 the ,earl of    

,march1 to depose the king1 and1 with   
the help of the discontented            
,londoners1 seize upon the government4  
,in justice1 however1 to ,froissart1 we 
must remark that he expresses the       
greatest indignation and horror at the  
treacherous arrest and cruel  murder of 
the duke1 consequent upon these reports4
    ,the illumination is carefully      
drawn1 especially the mantle of the     
duke1  which has a picturesque and      
graceful effect4    ,illustration3 ,the 
death of ,anne of ,bohemia1 ,queen of   
,richard ,,ii4          ,,plate ,,xxxi4 
,,the ,,death ,,of ,,anne ,,of          
,,bohemia1 c4 c4      ,richard ,,ii41   
soon after his accession1 married ,anne 
of ,bohemia1 sister  of ,wenceslaus1    
,king of ,bohemia and ,emperor of       
,germany1 with whom he  lived happily   
till the year #acid1 when about to start
 on his ,irish  expedition2 at which    
period1 ,froissart tells us1 8the ,lady 
,anne1 ,queen  of ,england1 fell sick1  
to the great distress of the ,king and  

her  household4 ,her disorder increased 
so rapidly1 that she departed this  life
 on the feast of ,whitsuntide1 in the   
year of grace #acid40ag ,it  appears    
that the ,king felt her loss very       
severely1 even venting his  anguish upon
 the palace at ,sheen1 where she died1  
which he caused to be  razed to the     
ground4    ,the funeral service was not 
performed at the time1 as the ,king     
ordered  extraordinary preparations to  
be made for the occasion1 insomuch that1
  as our author says1 8nothing was over 
seen like to it before1 not even  at the
 burial of the good ,queen ,philippa1   
nor of any other4 ,the ,king  would have
 it so1 because she was the daughter of 
the ,king of  ,bohemia1#ah ,emperor of  
,rome and of ,germany4 ,he was          
inconsolable for her  loss1 as they     
mutually loved each other1 having been  
married young40 ,he  farther states1    
that 8there was no talk of the ,king's  
marrying again1  for he would not hear  
of it10 c4 c4 ,nevertheless1 not very   

long  afterwards1 he married ,isabella1 
daughter of ,charles ,,vi41 of ,france4 
,this ,illumination has been selected   
principally for the accurate manner  in 
which the ordinary fittings of a        
bed-room of the period are  delineated1 
particularly the carpet of stamped      
leather1 then in general  use in the    
rooms of the sick4    ,illustration3    
,evan de ,foix1 burnt to death at a     
masked dance at the  ,hotel de ,s4 ,pol4
          ,,plate ,,xxxii4    ,,the     
,,death ,,of ,,evan ,,de ,,foix4        
,the well-known catastrophe exhibited in
 this picture occurred in the  year     
#acic1ai at the ,hotel ,st4 ,pol1 in    
,paris4 ,there was a grand              
entertainment on the occasion of the    
marriage of one of the ladies of  the   
,queen4 ,a certain ,hugonin de ,guisay  
proposed to the ,king and four  others1 
himself making the sixth1 to disguise   
themselves as wild men1 in  dresses     
covered all over with flax to imitate   
hair4#bj ,they entered the  apartment1  

five chained together1 dancing1 the     
,king leading them1 to the  great       
astonishment and amusement of the       
company1 who could not guess who  they  
were1 so complete was the disguise4 ,the
 ,duchess of ,berri1 who1  although the 
,king's aunt1 was yet the youngest lady 
present1 beckoned  the ,king to her1 and
 put many joking questions to him1 with 
the view of  ascertaining his name1     
refusing to let him leave her till he   
had avowed  it4 ,at this moment1 the    
,duke of ,orleans1 wishing to discover  
one of the  others1 placed a torch so   
near that the flax caught fire1 and in a
  moment all five were enveloped in     
flames1 breaking their chains and       
uttering fearful cries of agony4 ,the   
,duchess de ,berri1 seeing the          
disaster1 threw her dress 78goune10 as  
,froissart calls it7 over the  ,king1   
who1 crouching beneath it1 was saved4   
,the son of the ,lord of  ,nantouillet1 
when his dress took fire1 recollected a 
tub of water close  at hand1 in the     

buttery 7bouteillerie71 where bottles   
and glasses were  washed1 and1 plunging 
into it1 saved his life1 but was much   
burnt4 ,the  other four1 ,evan de ,foix 
7bastard son of the ,count ,gaston71    
,hugonin de  ,guisay1 the ,compte de    
,joigny1 and ,charles de ,poictiers1    
were burnt to  death4 ,this sad event   
caused much to be said respecting the   
excesses of  the ,court2 the ,king1 it  
was rumoured1 being then of an age to   
give up  boyish sports and pastimes1 and
 assume the severity and gravity of a   
great sovereign4#ba    ,the ,gothic     
artist has succeeded in rendering the   
story with great  graphic truth and     
completeness4 ,the ,king beneath the    
robe of the  ,duchess--,nantouillet     
plunging into the tub of water--the     
agony of the  four sufferers--the       
astonishment and grief of the ,duke of  
,orleans--nothing1 in short1 is omitted2
 and1 with all the accessories of       
musicians1 furniture1 c4 c41 the picture
 forms a most interesting and  precious 

record of the manners of the time4      
,illustration3 ,the ,duchess of ,orleans
 quitting ,paris4          ,,plate      
,,xxxiii4    ,,the ,,duchess ,,of       
,,orleans ,,quitting ,,paris4      ,the 
malady to which the ,king of ,france was
 subject generally attacked  him every  
year1 when he was for a time subject to 
delirium and madness4  ,the disease     
defied all the attempts of the          
physicians4 ,the royal family1  as a    
last resource1 threw themselves into the
 hands of the sorcerers of  the time1   
who1 to explain away their failures1    
declared that the devil  had            
communicated to them the fact that the  
,duchess of ,orleans1 a  daughter of the
 ,duke of ,milan1 had1 by magic arts1   
laid the ,king under a  charm1 with the 
view of causing his death1 and so       
becoming ,queen of  ,france4 ,these     
accusations soon became known and spoken
 of throughout all  ,paris1 insomuch    
that the ,duchess1 to avoid the scandal 
of such reports1  retired to ,asnieres1 

where the ,duke had a handsome chteau1  
and remained  a long time absent from   
the ,court4    ,the picture was selected
 on account of showing the mode of      
riding  adopted by ladies of rank of the
 period2 which1 unlike that of the lower
  orders1 appears very similar to the   
present manner1 except that the  saddle 
or pad appears to be without the        
peculiar pommel1 or rather horn1  used4 
,illustration3 ,the reconciliation of   
,sir ,oliver de ,clisson and the ,duke  
of ,brittany4          ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 
,,reconciliation ,,of ,,sir ,,oliver    
,,de ,,clisson ,,and ,,the ,,duke ,,of  
,,brittany4      ,the feud that         
commenced1 or rather recommenced1       
between ,sir ,oliver de  ,clisson and   
the ,duke of ,brittany1 on account of   
the shelter afforded by  the latter to  
,sir ,peter de ,craon1 continued for a  
considerable time to  harass the        
province2 deadly engagements continually
 occurring1 in which  neither side      
showed any mercy4 ,in this warfare1     

however1 ,sir ,oliver had  the          
advantage1 as two-thirds of the country 
were in his favour4 ,the  ,duke1 aware  
that he should gain nothing by          
continuing the struggle1  proposed an   
interview1 which was declined by ,sir   
,oliver1 unless the  eldest son of the  
,duke was left at his castle as an      
hostage4 ,sir ,oliver  had good reason  
to dread treachery from previous        
experience1 and knew  well that his     
death in any way would be pleasing to   
the ,duke1 who1 in a  time when         
treachery and cold-blooded murder were  
things of every-day  occurrence1 would  
probably not have scrupled to rid       
himself of an enemy  in such a way4 ,in 
the present instance1 however1 the feud 
was not  destined to end by the         
assassination of either party4 ,the     
,duke1 at last1  being determined to put
 an end to the war1 sent the ,viscount  
de ,rohan1  the ,lord de ,monboucher1   
and ,sir ,ives de ,tegre1 with his      
eldest son1 to  ,castle ,josselin1 the  

residence of ,sir ,oliver1 who was so   
much moved by  this trait of confidence 
and sincerity1 that he refused to detain
 the  boy1 and returned with him to his 
father at ,vannes1 the appointed place  
of meeting4 ,such occasional traits of  
generosity are the redeeming  features  
in the dark picture of these times1 and 
seldom failed in  producing striking    
results4 ,in this instance the          
termination of a long  enmity was the   
immediate consequence2 a treaty was     
agreed to in which  each restored the   
lands and places taken in the war2 and  
the ,lord de  ,blois1 who had married a 
daughter of ,de ,clisson1 and had some  
pretensions to the ,dukedom of          
,brittany1 received several castles and 
townships4#bb    ,illustration3 ,jehan  
de ,varennes1 ,preaching4               
,,plate ,,xxxv4    ,,jehan ,,de         
,,varennes ,,preaching4      ,froissart 
gives a short but interesting notice of 
the preaching of ,jehan  de ,varennes1  
one of those restless but disinterested 

spirits who  prepared the way for the   
,reformation4 ,he says3--    8,at this  
time1 there was a clerk1 well skilled in
 science1 ,doctor of  ,laws1 and        
,auditor of the ,palace3 he was a native
 of the ,archbishopric of  ,rheims1 and 
called ,sir ,john de ,varennes4    8,he 
was much advanced in the church for the 
services he had rendered  ,pope ,clement
 and others1 and was on the point of    
being a ,bishop or  ,cardinal4 ,he had  
also been chaplain to a ,cardinal1      
called1 at ,avignon1  ,saint ,peter of  
,luxembourg4 ,this ,john de ,varennes1  
beneficed and advanced  as he was1      
resigned all1 retaining only for his    
subsistence the canonry  of our ,lady at
 ,rheims1 which is worth by residence   
one hundred francs1  otherwise not more 
than thirty4    8,he quitted ,avignon1  
returned to his native country1 and     
fixed his abode  at the village of      
,saint ,lye1 near ,rheims1 where he led 
a devout life1  preaching the faith and 
works of our ,lord1 and praising the    

,pope of  ,avignon4    8,he declared he 
was the true ,pope1 condemning by his   
speeches that of  ,rome4 ,he was much   
attended to and followed by the people1 
who came to  see him from all countries1
 for the sober and holy life he led1    
fasting  daily1 and for the fine sermons
 he preached4 ,some1 however1 said1 that
  the ,cardinals at ,avignon had sent   
him thither to support their cause1  and
 to exhibit the holiness of his life1   
which was devout enough to  entitle him 
to be raised to the ,papacy4    8,master
 ,john de ,varennes would not allow     
himself to be called the holy  man of   
,saint ,lye1 but simply the ,auditor4   
,he lived with his mother1 and  every   
day said mass very devoutly4    8,all   
that was given him--for he asked for    
nothing--he distributed in  alms to the 
glory of ,god40#bc    ,this miniature is
 very carefully executed1 and exhibits  
in an  interesting manner the           
arrangements of a conventicle of the    
fourteenth  or fifteenth century4#bd    

,the artist has not failed to make      
evident that  in his day1 as in ours1   
the greater number and most devout      
proselytes of  the popular preacher were
 females4    ,illustration3 ,the funeral
 of ,richard ,,ii4          ,,plate     
,,xxxvi4    ,,the ,,funeral ,,of        
,,richard ,,the ,,second4      ,this is 
the last miniature in the ,,ms4 of the  
,british ,museum1 and  completes the    
present selection from that beautiful   
but unfortunately  incomplete work4     
,froissart gives the following account  
of the funeral of  ,richard3--    8,it  
was not long after this that a true     
report was current in ,london of  the   
death of ,richard of ,bordeaux4 ,i could
 not learn the particulars of  it1 nor  
how it happened1 the day ,i wrote these 
chronicles4 ,richard of  ,bordeaux1 when
 dead1 was placed on a litter covered   
with black1 and a  canopy of the same4  
,four black horses were harnessed to it1
 and two  varlets in mourning conducted 
the litter1 followed by four knights1   

dressed also in mourning4 ,thus they    
left the ,tower of ,london1 where he    
died1 and paraded the streets at a      
foot's pace1 until they came to         
,cheapside1 which is the greatest       
thoroughfare in the city1 and there     
they halted upwards of two hours4 ,more 
than twenty thousand persons of  both   
sexes came to see the ,king1 who lay in 
the litter1 his head on a  black        
cushion1 and his face uncovered4        
8,some pitied him when they saw him in  
this state1 but others did not1  saying 
he had for a long time deserved death4  
,now consider1 ye lords1  dukes1        
prelates1 and earls1 how very changeable
 the fortunes of this  world are4 ,this 
,king reigned twenty-two years in great 
prosperity1 and  with much splendour2   
for there never was a king of ,england  
who expended  such sums1 by more than   
one hundred thousand florins1 as ,king  
,richard  did in keeping up his state   
and his household establishments4 ,i1   
,john  ,froissart1 canon and treasurer  

of ,chimay1 know it well2 for ,i        
witnessed  and examined it during my    
residence with him for a quarter of a   
year4 ,he  made me good cheer1 because  
in my youth ,i had been secretary to    
,king  ,edward1 his grandfather1 and the
 ,lady ,philippa of ,hainault1 ,queen of
  ,england4 ,when ,i took my leave of   
him at ,windsor1 he presented me1 by one
  of his knights1 called ,sir ,john     
,golofre1 a silver-gilt goblet1 weighing
  full two marcs1 filled with one       
hundred nobles1 which were then of      
service to me1 and will be so1 as long  
as ,i live4    8,i am bound to pray to  
,god for him1 and sorry am ,i to hear of
 his  death2 but1 as ,i have dictated   
and augmented this history to the utmost
  of my power1 it became necessary to   
mention it1 that what became of him     
might be known4    8,i saw two strange  
things in my time1 though widely        
different4 ,i was  sitting at dinner1 in
 the city of ,bordeaux1 when ,king      
,richard was born2  it was on a         

,wednesday1 on the point of ten o'clock4
    8,at that hour ,sir ,richard de     
,pontchardon1 then ,marshal of          
,aquitaine1  came to me and             
said--#8,froissart1 write1 that it may  
be remembered1 my  lady the princess is 
brought to bed of a fine son4 ,he is    
born on  ,twelfth-day1 the son of a     
king's son1 and shall be king himself4' 
,the  gallant knight foretold the truth1
 for he was ,king of ,england twenty-two
  years2 but he did not see what was to 
be the conclusion of his life4    8,when
 ,king ,richard was born1 his father was
 in ,galicia1 which ,don ,pedro  had    
given him to conquer4 ,a curious thing  
happened upon my first going  to        
,england1 which ,i have much thought of 
since4 ,i was in the service of  ,queen 
,philippa1 and when she accompanied     
,king ,edward and the royal  family to  
take leave of the ,prince of ,wales at  
,berkhampstead1 on their  departure for 
,aquitaine1 ,i heard an ancient knight1 
in conversation with  some ladies1 say1 

#8,we have a book called ,brut1 that    
declares neither the  ,prince of ,wales1
 ,dukes of ,clarence1 ,york1 nor        
,gloucester1 will be kings  of ,england1
 but the descendants of the ,duke of    
,lancaster4' ,now ,i1 the  author of    
this history1 say that1 considering all 
things1 these two  knights1 ,sir        
,richard de ,pontchardon and ,sir       
,bartholomew ,burghersh1 in  what they  
said1 were both in the right2 for all   
the world saw ,richard  reign for       
twenty-two years in ,england1 and the   
crown then fell to the  house of        
,lancaster4    8,king ,henry would never
 have been king1 on the conditions you  
have  heard1 if his cousin ,richard had 
treated him in the friendly manner he   
ought to have done4 ,the ,londoners took
 his part for the wrongs the ,king  had 
done him and his children1 whom they    
much compassioned40    8,when the       
funeral car of ,king ,richard had       
remained in ,cheapside two  hours1 it   
was conducted forward1 in the same order

 as before1 out of  town4 ,the four     
knights then mounted their horses1 which
 were waiting for  them1 and continued  
their journey with the body until they  
reached a  village1 where there is a    
royal mansion1 called ,langley1         
thirty-six  miles from ,london4 ,there  
,king ,richard was interred3 ,god pardon
 his sins1  and have mercy on his       
soul40#be    ,the book called ,brut1    
alluded to by ,froissart1 is the romance
 of ,brut1  by ,robert ,wall4           
,,footnotes3    #a ,in a few impressions
 of the plate this is erroneously spelt 
,montadour4    #b ,johnes' translation4 
#c 8,of ,sir ,peter de ,craon1 and how  
he incurred the indignation of the      
,king of ,france and the ,duke of       
,touraine1 his brother1 and how he was  
received by the ,duke of ,brittany40    
,chap4 ,,xxv4    #d 8,at the time ,i am 
now speaking of was too great10 c4    #e
 ,smith's edition of ,froissart1 vol4   
ii4 p4 #eic4    #f ,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4   
#fjb4    #g ,smith's edition of         

,froissart1 vol4 ii4 page #ecf4    #h   
,smith's edition of ,froissart1 ,memoir1
 page xxiv41 end vol4 ,,ii41  pages #efh
 and #egg4    #i ,smith's edition of    
,froissart1 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #fdd4    #aj 
,smith's edition of ,froissart1 ,vol4   
,,ii41 p4 #gh4    #aa ,see ,smith's     
edition of ,froissart1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ehh4
    #ab ,see ,smith's edition of        
,froissart1 vol4 ii4 page #fih4    #ac  
,see ,smith's edition of ,froissart1    
vol4 ii4 p4 #fab4    #ad ,see ,smith's  
edition of ,froissart1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gjb4
    #ae 8,in this year1 in the month of 
,september1 died at his palace at       
,avignon ,robert of ,geneva1 previously 
mentioned in our history10 c4 c4  ,see  
,smith's edition of ,froissart1 vol4 ii4
 p4 #efc4    #af ,see ,smith's edition  
of ,froissart1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ce4    #ag  
,see ,smith's edition of ,froissart1    
vol4 i4 p4 #fha1 and vol4 ii4 p4  #eff4 
#ah ,froissart has previously described 
her as the sister of  ,wenceslaus1 ,king
 of ,bohemia1 who became ,emperor of    

,germany1 and took  the title of        
,emperor of ,rome also4    #ai #bith    
,january1 #acib1 ,old ,style4--,note of 
,buchon4    #bj ,the ,monk of ,st4      
,denis says1 8,c'tait une coutume       
pratique en  divers lieux de la ,france1
 de faire impunment mille folies au     
mariage  des femmes veuves1 et          
d'emprunter avec des habits extravagants
 la  libert de dire des vilenies au mari
 et  l'pouse4 ,voil pourquoi le  ,roi et
 ses cinques compagnons se dguisrent en 
satyres et dansrent  des danses lascives
 en prsence de toute la cour40--,note of
 ,buchon4    #ba ,for a full and most   
interacting account of this event1 see  
,smith's  edition of ,froissart1 vol4   
ii4 p4 #eej4    #bb ,for other          
particulars1 and the ,history of the    
long contest between  the ,houses of    
,montfort and ,blois for the ,duchy of  
,brittany1 see ,smith's  edition of     
,froissart1 ,index at end of ,vol4      
,,ii41 ,articles ,montfort1 and  ,blois4
    #bc ,see ,smith's edition of        

,froissart1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #efe4      
#bd ,de ,varennes preached about #acij4 
#be ,see ,smith's edition of ,froissart1
 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #gjh4                 
,typographical errors corrected by the  
etext transcriber3    ,geoffry ,geoffrey
 pgs4 #ba  #bb