,atoms at the ,science ,fair ,,exhibiting ,,nuclear ,,projects ,u4,s4 ,,atomic ,,energy ,,commission_/,division of ,technical ,information ,each year more students undertake science fair projects1 many of which involve some aspect of nuclear science or technology4 ,the ,united ,states ,atomic ,energy ,commission has prepared this booklet to help these young exhibitors1 their science teachers1 project counselors1 and parents4 ,the booklet suggests also some of the numerous nuclear topics on which students can base meaningful science projects4 ,it offers all exhibitors--regardless of age1 experience1 or project topic--advice on how to plan1 design1 and construct successful exhibits4 ,it describes some rewards awaiting those who win their way to the ,national ,science ,fair-,international1 including #aj ,,aec ,special ,awards offered for the most outstanding nuclear exhibits4 ,detailed advice on conducting science projects is omitted1 partly because several earlier publications deal with the subject1 but also because much of the personal satisfaction gained while doing a science project stems from the student investigator's opportunity to exercise his initiative1 imagination1 and judgment in solving a problem of his own choice1 in his own way4 ,we trust this booklet will encourage students to enter science fair competition1 and hope it will help their advisers guide them toward better projects and more successful exhibits4 ,edward ,j4 ,brunenkant ,edward ,j4 ,brunenkant1 ,director ,division of ,technical ,information ,atoms at the ,science ,fair ,exhibiting ,nuclear ,projects by ,robert ,g4 ,le,compte and ,burrell ,l4 ,wood ,,contents ,,science ,,projects1 ,,exhibits1 ,,and ,,fairs #a ,science ,projects #a ,project ,exhibits #b ,science ,fairs #b ,,your ,,science ,,project #d ,choosing the ,topic #d ,where to ,get ,help #h ,documenting ,your ,work #i ,,exhibiting ,,your ,,science ,,project #aa ,planning the ,content of ,your ,exhibit #aa ,how ,exhibits ,are ,judged #ab ,designing ,your ,exhibit #af ,about ,color #be ,completing ,your ,exhibit #bg ,,competition ,,and ,,its ,,rewards #cj ,,quo ,,vadis8 #cd ,,appendix ,i--,,nuclear ,,science ,,project ,,ideas #cg ,,appendix ,,ii--,,nuclear ,,energy-,,related ,,investigations ,,and ,,applications #dg ,,appendix ,,iii--,,suggested ,,references #dh ,,appendix ,,iv--,,working ,,with ,,radiation ,,and ,,radioactive ,,materials #ej ,,appendix ,v--,,suppliers ,,of ,,radioisotopes #ea ,,appendix ,,vi--,,international ,,science ,,fair ,,rules #eb ,united ,states ,atomic ,energy ,commission ,division of ,technical ,information ,library of ,congress ,catalog ,card ,number3 #fd-feehi #aifh ,illustration3 ,interviews help ,,aec ,special ,awards judges identify the most outstanding nuclear-related exhibits entered in each ,national ,science ,fair-,international4 ,here1 ,elizabeth ,winstead of ,jacksonville1 ,florida1 explains her irradiated fruit flies to ,dr4 ,paul ,w4 ,mc,daniel1 ,,aec ,director of ,research and a ,special ,awards judge at the #aifc national fair1 ,albuquerque1 ,new ,mexico4 ,selected as one of the #aj winners1 ,miss ,winstead and her science teacher spent a week at the ,commission's ,argonne ,national ,laboratory near ,chicago4 ,,robert ,g4 ,le,c,o,m,p,t,e majored in ,english 7,a4 ,b41 ,st4 ,benedict's1 #aice7 and has worked primarily as a communicator--reporter1 house-organ editor and photographer1 military-information officer and instructor1 public-relations consultant1 and information and exhibits specialist4 ,he joined the ,atomic ,energy ,commission's staff at ,albuquerque1 ,new ,mexico1 in #aiea1 transferring in #aieg to the ,,aec's ,headquarters1 where he is ,exhibits and ,education ,officer in the ,division of ,technical ,information4 ,his concern with science stems from aviation writing1 ,world ,war ,,ii service as an ,air ,force pilot and technical-intelligence officer1 science-news reporting1 and requirements for presenting ,,aec scientific-technical developments to the lay public4 ,he has been involved in science fair activities since #aifj1 when he began the study which led to establishment of ,,aec ,special ,awards for outstanding nuclear-related exhibits at the ,national ,science ,fair-,international4 ,,burrell ,l4 ,,wood is a chemist 7,a4,b4 in ,french and ,b4,s4 in ,chemistry1 ,presbyterian ,college1 #aidj2 ,m4,s4 in ,chemistry1 ,university of ,georgia1 #aidb2 ,ph4 ,d4 in ,chemistry1 ,university of ,north ,carolina1 #aieb74 ,in #aiec1 while head of the ,chemistry ,department at ,furman ,university1 ,dr4 ,wood organized a statewide science fair program in ,south ,carolina4 ,he moved to the ,new ,mexico ,institute of ,mining and ,technology in #aieg1 and expanded that state's program by organizing four regional science fairs4 ,he joined the staff of ,science ,service in #aifj and edited ,chemistry magazine and 8,things of ,science0 experimental kits4 ,in #aifa he joined the ,atomic ,energy ,commission's ,headquarters staff and is now ,exhibit ,coordinator in the ,division of ,special ,projects4 ,he served at the ,national ,science ,fair-,international in #aifb and #aifc as a judge of nuclear-related exhibits considered for ,,aec ,special ,awards4 ,atoms at the ,science ,fair ,exhibiting ,nuclear ,projects by ,,robert ,g4 ,le,c,o,m,p,t,e and ,,burrell ,l4 ,,wood ,,science ,,projects1 ,,exhibits1 ,,and ,,fairs ,in almost every area of endeavor1 we learn best by doing4 ,books and lectures provide background1 but it is by putting theory into practice that we make knowledge truly our own4 ,to learn a language1 we read and speak it4 ,our knowledge of mathematics follows practice at problem solving1 and so it is with science4 ,science ,projects ,in conducting a good science project1 we work in much the same manner as professional scientists4 ,like them1 we observe1 experiment1 investigate1 speculate1 and check the validity of our speculations with more experiments1 all in order to learn something4 ,if our work is good1 others may learn from it too1 but only if we present it adequately4 ,better understanding of an area of science is the least that we can gain from doing a science project4 ,at their best1 science projects foster habits of effective planning1 attention to detail1 careful work1 and high performance standards that will serve us well throughout our lives4 ,moreover1 there is always the promise that the project will open the door to a satisfying career4 ,project ,exhibits ,more and more1 scientists are called upon to share their work not only with other scientists but also with legislators1 administrators1 sociologists1 artists--all kinds of people in all kinds of professions4 ,to follow this lead1 student scientists also must tell other people about their science projects4 ,when executed properly1 exhibits are an effective way to do this4 ,exhibits which combine interesting visual materials with well-written messages can communicate much in very limited time and space4 ,good exhibits can speak clearly to a great variety of viewers4 ,those already generally familiar with the subject may absorb the entire message1 but even the uninitiated will find something of interest4 ,science ,fairs ,fairs have been popular throughout history4 ,generally they have been occasions to display work or feats of which people are proud4 ,often they have stimulated progress and the exchange of goods and ideas4 ,early in this century some teachers encouraged their students to undertake individual science projects1 then exhibit them before their classmates and fellow students4 ,between the two ,world ,wars some individual school systems developed citywide science fairs to show the most outstanding of these exhibits from each school4 ,the science fair movement gained momentum rapidly after ,world ,war ,,ii1 and in #aiej the ,first ,national ,science ,fair was held in ,philadelphia1 drawing exhibitors from #ac affiliated area fairs4 ,today the national event draws exhibitors from more than #bjj affiliated state and regional fairs4 ,recent entry of competitors from several other countries has produced its new title--,national ,science ,fair-,international 7,,nsfi74 ,it is the 8,olympic ,games0 for science fair exhibitors1 conducted by ,science ,clubs of ,america1 an activity of ,science ,service1 #agai ,n ,street ,n4 ,w41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,the growing international flavor of the national science fair is exemplified in contestants like ,anders ,s4 ,brahme1 ,sweden's entrant at ,albuquerque in #aifc1 and the first non-,u4 ,s4 student to achieve ,atomic ,energy ,commission ,special ,awards recognition4 ,he was one of #aj alternates to the #aj winners and is shown receiving a ,certificate of ,achievement from ,harry ,s4 ,traynor1 ,,aec ,assistant ,general ,manager4 ,usually state and regional science fairs are limited1 like the national event1 to the #ajth1 #aath1 and #abth grades1 but occasionally they have a division for junior high school entrants4 ,in school districts where junior high schools hold fairs1 the district fair frequently includes both senior high and junior high divisions4 ,some elementary schools conduct science fairs for their #dth1 #eth1 and #fth grade students4 ,in both the elementary and junior high school divisions1 exhibitors usually compete against entrants of their own grade level1 for example1 #eth graders against #eth graders1 and #ith graders against #ith graders4 ,in the senior division each entrant competes against all others4 ,although the overall quality of exhibits at local fairs is rarely up to that of regional1 state1 and national fairs1 the local events are possibly the most valuable educational tools because they are viewed by so large a 8grass-roots0 audience of classmates1 parents1 teachers1 and other local citizens4 ,in science fairs--as in athletics or music--top prizes are seldom won by first-time competitors4 ,almost all national fair exhibitors have participated in science fairs at various levels for a year or more before winning their way into the national event4 ,both experience in science projects and practice in display techniques are required to develop outstanding exhibits4 ,since this is true1 the time to start the science project which will form the basis for your exhibit is now6 ,,your ,,science ,,project ,choosing the ,topic ,since you will necessarily spend considerable thought1 time1 physical effort1 and 7sometimes7 money on your project1 pick a topic from which you can expect to learn something4 ,if you can avoid the temptation to pick one with which you are already familiar1 you will probably get more out of it4 ,your project should be an adventure1 not merely a drill6 ,on the other hand your science project need not be in utterly unexplored areas2 to be successful you need not come up with data and conclusions which will confound professional scientists who have spent their lives in similar work4 ,you are a student and a hobbyist1 not yet a professional research scientist4 ,primarily your project should advance your personal knowledge1 and your abilities to observe1 speculate1 hypothesize1 experiment1 deduce1 and conclude4 ,you should choose a project which you can expect to follow to a successful conclusion1 but which is enough above your current knowledge to make you 8stretch0 your abilities4 ,but it is important not to bite off more than you can chew4 ,the project should not demand so much time that you neglect other responsibilities4 ,however1 you need not pass up an interesting topic because covering all of it would consume too much time4 ,instead1 zero in on just those aspects which interest you most4 ,illustration3 ,sophomore ,eileen ,o',brien of ,new ,dorp ,high ,school1 ,staten ,island1 ,new ,york1 displayed this nuclear-related exhibit at the #acth ,,nsfi at ,seattle in #aifb1 but did not win any ,,aec recognition4 ,illustration3 ,at the #adth ,,nsfi at ,albuquerque in #aifc1 junior ,eileen ,o',brien returned with a new and better exhibit of a related but more advanced project444 ,illustration3 444 and found herself an ,,aec ,special ,awards winner invited1 with her science teacher1 to spend a week at ,argonne ,national ,laboratory4 ,illustration3 ,at the #aeth ,,nsfi at ,baltimore in #aifd1 senior ,eileen ,o',brien qualified again as an ,,aec ,special ,awards winner by exhibiting a more advanced project1 but one still related to her earlier ones4 ,courtesy ,science ,service ,you may be able to select a project which will be of continuing interest in later years4 ,for example1 a #ith-grade general-science student might begin by making an overall survey of a topic to discover what is already known about it and what remains to be discovered4 ,as a #ajth-grade biology student1 he might investigate biological aspects of his topic1 and then follow with investigations of chemical and physical aspects of it while studying #aath grade chemistry and #abth grade physics4 ,some outstanding science fair exhibits have resulted from such progressive development of a single project which the exhibitors undertook first in junior high school4 ,whenever you ask a question about some aspect of nature you have a possible project topic4 8,how does a chicken hatch80 8,what is the best way to treat a burn80 8,how could nuclear energy be used in space travel80 ,you need only examine the questions that occur to you every day to find dozens of topics on which to base projects4 ,you might identify promising topics by reviewing the table of contents in your science text1 noting chapters or topics of particular interest4 ,or you may find it helpful to consult the references listed in the appendix to this booklet4 ,if you are interested in a project related to atomic energy1 the appendix lists also many nuclear topics and research areas4 ,it is probably wise to select several potential project topics1 do a little reading on each of them1 and then pick one4 ,before reaching a decision1 discuss them with your teachers and parents4 ,your science teacher can help you pick a topic that will relate closely to classroom work1 and may be able to suggest interesting approaches you haven't considered4 ,by talking your project topic over with your parents and advisers you can make sure that you will have the time1 working space1 moral support1 and financial resources needed to complete it successfully4 ,illustration3 ,after failing as sophomores to qualify for ,,aec ,special ,awards at ,seattle1 both these ,texans came back as juniors to win at ,albuquerque with better exhibits of similar1 but more refined projects4 ,james ,l4 ,ash 7below7 is from ,dallas1 and ,michael ,a4 ,haralson 7above7 is from ,abilene4 ,illustration3 ,james ,l4 ,ash ,at the outset1 the exhibit possibilities of your chosen project may not be clearly apparent4 ,you cannot predict exactly what procedures you will follow nor what conclusions you will draw4 ,as you proceed1 you will probably uncover many facts which you will want to tell people about4 ,if you choose a good topic1 work carefully and accurately1 and cover the topic fully1 you will produce a successful project which can form the basis for a good exhibit4 ,where to ,get ,help ,one mark of a truly educated individual is his willingness to discuss his problems with others and profit by their advice and help4 ,one of the most important things that you can learn while doing a project is how and where to obtain information and assistance4 ,your science teacher may be an excellent source4 ,if he cannot provide specialized help himself probably he can direct you to those who can4 ,your school librarian can point out specialized references such as scientific encyclopedias and 8reserved0 reference books4 ,scientific magazines and journals have good 8survey articles0 on recent developments4 ,don't overlook the public1 college1 and special technical libraries near you4 ,also1 academies of science1 technical societies1 and science laboratories may have libraries or publications you can use4 ,it is to be hoped that your topic is one on which some expert local counseling will be available--from your science teacher or one of your parents1 your family physician or the local pharmacist1 your agricultural extension agent1 or scientific and engineering personnel of a nearby manufacturing plant1 defense installation1 research laboratory1 or college4 ,select a project adviser and try to enlist his cooperation4 ,explain your choice of topic to him and how you plan to develop it4 7,if you have already done background reading you may find him more receptive and more helpful47 ,you may need to consult him on several different occasions4 ,you will probably want him to check you project plan to make sure that you have not left out an important step1 or included some potential pitfall4 ,also1 you may want him to review the final written report in which you summarize your work and findings4 ,however1 your project must rest upon work done by you4 ,it is permissible to obtain assistance from others1 but never to the extent that you are standing on the sidelines watching someone else do your work4 ,keep your interviews brief and approach each conference with a clear idea of what you are seeking and why1 and always only after you have already done as much as possible--whether by way of reading or project work--to find the answer on your own4 ,by doing this you will gain valuable habits of self-reliance1 and added stature in your adviser's eyes4 ,special equipment and materials may be obtained or borrowed through laboratories4 ,college laboratories assist sometimes4 ,some industrial organizations may have surplus equipment and materials that they are willing to lend or donate4 ,documenting ,your ,work ,project ,notebook ,every scientist worth his salt keeps detailed notes on each project on which he works4 ,you should do likewise4 ,this notebook1 which could as well be a set of file cards1 contains a running1 day-by-day account of everything that concerns the project--observations1 speculations1 experiments1 materials1 expenses1 procedures1 data and observations1 hypotheses1 checks for validity1 conclusions1 and conjectures4 ,from such notebooks comes the information for the scientist's formal report1 or 8paper01 by which he advises his employers and colleagues of the progress of his work4 ,since the notebook contains everything pertaining to your project1 it may become disarranged1 no matter how well you organize it in the beginning4 ,if so1 don't worry--just keep it up to date4 ,project ,report ,but there should be nothing haphazard about the final report on your project4 ,in some science fairs1 this report is displayed in the exhibit and considered in the judging4 ,even where not required1 the project report belongs with your exhibit4 ,after writing your report you will find that much of your exhibit planning--and even some of the text which will appear in your exhibit--is already accomplished4 ,if you are doing your project as a classroom assignment1 your teacher may specify the manner in which your report is to be organized4 ,otherwise1 you can follow a format such as this3 #a4 ,,title4 ,keep it short4 ,if accuracy requires more than a few words1 consider using a very brief main title and a more definitive subtitle4 #b4 ,,abstract4 ,this is a very brief condensation of the entire report summarizing the objectives of the project1 what you did1 and the conclusions you came to4 #c4 ,,introduction4 ,describe your topic and give some background information such as relevant work done by others4 ,summarize your purpose1 scope1 and method of investigation4 ,state the questions or hypotheses your examined4 ,include the most significant findings of your investigations4 #d4 ,,materials ,,and ,,methods4 ,describe in detail the materials1 equipment1 methods1 experiments1 controls1 unforeseen difficulties and remedies4 #e4 ,,observations ,,and ,,data4 ,describe your observations4 ,include some of your observational data here as an example4 ,you may wish to put the bulk of it in an appendix4 #f4 ,,discussion ,,of ,,results4 ,give the main conclusions your observations tend to prove or deny4 7,disproval of your initial hypothesis may be as important as proof of it67 ,include the evidence developed for each main conclusion and any exceptions1 or for opposing theories4 ,offer possible explanations4 ,compare your results and interpretations with those of other workers in the same field4 #g4 ,,new ,,questions1 ,,possible ,,applications1 ,,and ,,future ,,projects1 ,,if ,,any4 #h4 ,,appendix4 ,give more detailed and supplementary information1 often including graphs1 tables1 photographs1 and drawings4 #i4 ,,bibliography4 ,keep it brief1 listing only those books and periodicals which you actually used to provide background information4 #aj4 ,,acknowledgements4 ,both prudence and the best traditions of science require that you acknowledge all help which you receive4 ,usually student scientists do not produce laboratory work of professional quality1 nor do student exhibitors match the skill of commercial designers and fabricators4 ,consequently1 when judges encounter very exceptional unacknowledged work1 they may reasonably wonder if the exhibitor received some professional help4 ,and if on part1 they speculate1 on how much more8 ,result3 they might be tempted to disqualify the exhibit entirely1 whereas if you had acknowledged frankly--8,professor ,james ,smith1 ,alpha ,university1 for loan of four color transparencies01 or 8,my father1 who devised the lighting system0--you might lose a point or two on their scorecards1 but remain in competition4 ,your project notebook and your formal project report are important components of your exhibit to follow4 ,if both are completed first1 you will find planning the rest of your exhibit a much simpler task4 ,,exhibiting ,,your ,,science ,,project ,planning the ,content of ,your ,exhibit ,try to organize your exhibit content so that it will be meaningful to viewers who know less about it than you do4 ,the following outline may be followed1 but is not the only one possible4 ,don't be afraid to let the unusual aspects of your project influence the organization of its exhibit4 ,title ,the same title you chose for your project report may be an acceptable exhibit title4 ,it should be brief and as nontechnical as possible4 ,a subtitle may explain or amplify the main title4 ,the ,summary ,message 7or ,statement of the ,problem7 ,give the viewer a capsule explanation of the project and its significance4 ,you may use a simplified version of your abstract1 eliminating information and language which is not meaningful to the average viewer4 ,keep it simple4 ,hypotheses and ,conclusions ,list these briefly in a manner understandable to the average viewer4 7,those interested in details can find them in your notebook and project report47 ,method and ,scope of ,investigation ,hit only the high points1 but emphasize instances where you feel you displayed unusual imagination1 ingenuity1 or resourcefulness4 ,observations and ,data ,both are important1 but in an exhibit too many data can be dull4 ,select only those which are essential to the capsule story of your project4 ,photographs and ,illustrations ,review the foregoing elements to see where pictures will tell your story as well as 7or better than7 words4 ,list all photographs you have already taken of your project1 ones you can still obtain1 and drawings which will illustrate or help narrate your story4 ,don't be selective yet4 ,later1 when you are designing your exhibit layout1 space limitations will force you to choose4 ,equipment and ,specimens ,these also help narrate your story4 ,select objects and apparatus which will provide viewers a good grasp of your project work4 ,have you hit upon a low-cost substitute for expensive laboratory equipment8 ,do some of your specimens present clearly visible evidence of points you want to make8 ,are any of the experimental results or specimens particularly unusual1 spectacular1 or beautiful8 ,list them for possible use4 ,handout ,brochure ,an important but frequently overlooked exhibit component is the 8handout brochure0 to be distributed to interested viewers4 ,even a single mimeographed page can supply more written information than should be displayed in the limited space of the exhibit4 ,it can provide serious viewers a condensed version of the project report4 ,the brochure provides all viewers a reference when they discuss the science fair and your exhibit with others4 ,consider the handout brochure while planning your exhibit's contents because it can contain data and graphs which might otherwise clutter and confuse your exhibit proper4 ,how ,exhibits ,are ,judged ,rules for the judging of exhibits vary1 but most science fairs stick fairly closely to the criteria and point values used by the ,national ,science ,fair-,international1 which are3 ,i4 ,creative ,ability ,total #cj points ,how much of the work appears to show originality of approach or handling8 ,judge that which appears to you to be original regardless of the expense of purchased or borrowed equipment4 ,give weight to ingenious uses of materials1 if present4 ,consider collections creative if they seem to serve a purpose4 ,,ii4 ,scientific ,thought ,total #cj points ,does the exhibit disclose organized procedures8 ,is there a planned system1 classification1 accurate observation1 or controlled experiment8 ,does exhibit show a verification of laws1 or a cause and effect1 or present by models or other methods a better understanding of scientific facts or theories8 ,give weight to probable amount of real study and effort which is represented in the exhibit4 ,guard against discounting for what might have been added1 included1 or improved4 ,,iii4 ,thoroughness ,total #aj points ,score here for how completely the story is told4 ,it is not essential that step-by-step elucidation of construction details be given in working models4 ,,iv4 ,skill ,total #aj points ,is the workmanship good8 ,under normal working conditions1 is the exhibit likely to demand frequent repairs8 ,in collections1 how skilled is the handling1 preparation1 mounting or other treatment8 ,v4 ,clarity ,total #aj points ,in your opinion1 will the average person understand what is being displayed8 ,are guide marks1 labels1 and descriptions spelled correctly1 and neatly yet briefly presented8 ,is there sensible progression of the attention of the spectator across or through the exhibit8 ,,vi4 ,dramatic ,value ,total #aj points ,is this exhibit more attractive than others in the same field8 ,do not be influenced by 8cute0 things1 lights1 buttons1 switches1 cranks1 or other gadgets which contribute nothing to the exhibit4 ,such rules leave much to the individual discretion of the judges1 particularly regarding the distinction between the science project itself and the exhibit4 ,be sure to study your local rules and judging criteria carefully4 ,since usually #fj points pertain to creativity and sound scientific thought1 a large part of your score depends on the original excellence of your science project4 ,the remaining #dj points apply to the manner in which you develop your exhibit of that project4 ,illustration3 ,,aec ,special ,award competition is judged by a 8blue-ribbon0 panel composed of people who head research and development programs at ,,aec offices and laboratories throughout the ,united ,states4 ,at the #adth ,,nsfi at ,albuquerque1 these judges spent the morning identifying eligible exhibits1 8huddled0 late in the afternoon to select semifinal choices1 and then in the evening talked with each semifinalist before making the final choice of winners and alternates4 ,judges study criteria and point values before evaluating exhibits4 ,although your exhibit should speak for itself1 at many fairs the judges chat with each exhibitor to determine how well he understands his project area4 ,be prepared to present details concisely and clearly1 but avoid lengthy explanations unless asked4 ,designing ,your ,exhibit ,after you have finished your project1 documented your work in a project report1 planned and listed what must go into the exhibit1 and familiarized yourself with the ground rules under which you will compete1 you are ready to design your exhibit4 ,the sections which follow suggest guidelines and construction hints on exhibit structure2 ways of presenting information 7text1 photographs1 transparencies1 line drawings1 captions1 models1 specimens1 laboratory equipment1 etc472 layout and location of exhibit items1 exhibit materials1 color1 and lighting4 ,,structure ,size4 ,national ,science ,fair-,international rules limit exhibit size to #dh inches wide and #cj inches deep4 ,the structure may rest on the floor1 on its own supports1 or on a table 7normally about #cj inches high7 supplied by the fair4 ,even if local rules permit more space1 you may find it desirable to build to ,,nsfi rules so your structure will be eligible at all fairs4 ,the overall height of your exhibit is limited by practical considerations to about #g feet1 since the passing viewer's eye encompasses most easily the area between #cj and #ij inches above the floor and the view of someone standing near is even more limited4 ,tabletop structures #dh inches or less in height work out nicely1 and can conserve materials4 ,shape4 ,with few exceptions1 science fair exhibitors can explain their projects adequately within structures similar to those shown in ,figures #a and #b4 ,such tabletop 8booth0 exhibits have these common features3 7a7 a large back wall which can be used for the introductory message1 for featured illustrations or specimens1 or for important conclusions2 7b7 two smaller side walls1 angled outward for easier viewing1 which can contain supplementary text and illustrations2 and 7c7 horizontal display space at table height to hold specimens1 apparatus1 project notebook and project report1 handout brochures1 etc4 ,some exhibitors fit this space with a slanted- or stepped-shelf unit4 ,if the back and side walls are fastened to such a base the structure is stronger4 ,illustration3 ,these two basic structures are designed for simplicity1 flexibility1 economy of materials1 and repeated use in successive years of science fair competition4 ,both meet ,,nsfi rules on maximum dimensions4 ,the structure shown in ,figure #a is easiest to build4 ,the one in ,figure #b is a modified ,figure #a designed to accommodate an outsize object which must rest on the floor4 ,illustration3 ,figure #a ,illustration3 ,figure #b ,many variations are possible4 ,very tall objects might be handled by the self-supporting structure shown in ,figure #b4 ,some exhibitors extend back and side walls to the floor1 but this requires more panel material and tempts the exhibitor to mount text and illustrations below the level of easy viewing4 ,the title board can be functional as well as attractive1 as in ,figure #a4 ,it puts your main title where it can be seen easily and it conserves wall space4 ,it can brace the side walls and serve to shield lights4 ,materials4 ,attractive exhibit structures can be built from artboard and similar paper products1 so for one-time-only elementary school exhibits you may not wish to invest in more permanent materials4 ,but if you look forward to other projects1 exhibits1 and fairs1 you will be wise to consider materials which will hold up in repeated use4 ,even though most fairs do not permit you to compete in successive years with the same exhibit material1 seldom do they require you to build a new structure each year to hold your changing displays4 8,masonite0 and similar wood-fiber particle boards are relatively inexpensive1 take paint and adhesives well1 are fairly light1 and in thicknesses of more than inch and lengths of less than #dh inches are sufficiently rigid when supported by adjoining panels4 ,they are available with rows of holes pre-drilled to accommodate a multiplicity of 8pegboard0 hanger devices4 ,if you hope to use your basic structure for other exhibits1 pegboard allows you flexibility in rearranging three-dimensional exhibit items4 ,also1 the holes facilitate wiring down display items that might be dislodged by careless viewers or filched by thoughtless souvenir hunters4 ,one standard #d-;by-#h foot sheet of hardboard or plywood will suffice for the typical tabletop structure if you divide it as shown in ,figure #c4 ,plywood and untempered hardboard should be sealed with a primer coat before finish painting4 ,if you seal the reverse side of the panels also1 they warp less4 ,for finish coats1 the enamel now available in aerosol spray cans will save you some brush work4 ,always apply spray paints in several light coats while the surface is horizontal1 to avoid unsightly 8runs04 ,for bracing1 framing1 and other woodwork1 white pine is strong1 light1 easy to work1 and unlikely to warp if seasoned properly4 ,hinges1 washers1 bolts1 nails1 or screws which will be painted may be of uncoated steel4 ,otherwise1 you may find brass1 stainless steel1 aluminum1 or chrome-plated steel better4 ,if your exhibit proves to be a winner1 you may need to erect and dismantle it at several fairs4 ,a little ingenuity and foresight in the selection of removable-pin hinges1 wing-nut bolt assemblies1 and the like1 may save a lot of time later and help keep your exhibit structure in good condition4 ,illustration3 ,figure #c ,,cutting #d #h ,,plywood ,,or ,,hard ,,board ,,for ,,maximum ,,economy ,,back ,,wall ,,panel #cd #dh ,,title ,,board ,,or 8,,header0 #f ,,side ,,wall ,,panels 7#b ea47 #bh #dh ,,overhead ,,plan ,,of ,,typical ,,science ,,fair ,,exhibit ,,structure ,,back ,,wall ,,panel ,,side ,,wall ,,panel ,,side ,,wall ,,panel ,,base ,,unit #cj 7allowable7 ,,light ,,behind ,,header #dh 7allowable7 ,,side ,,plan ,,of ,,same ,,structure ,,concealed ,,light ,,header ,,back ,,panel ,,side ,,panels ,,electrical ,,outlet ,,box ,,base ,,unit ,,table ,lighting and ,wiring4 ,fluorescent lighting is bulky and hard to conceal in the average science fair exhibit4 ,incandescent showcase lamps work well1 take up less space1 and are less expensive4 ,if you need shielded light1 consider inexpensive clip-on bed lamps4 ,most fairs have rigid rules on electrical wiring and you should study them and those of the ,national ,science ,fair-,international4 ,if you will install a fused entry-outlet box on your back wall or base unit1 as shown in ,figure #c1 you can run all fixture cords to that one location4 ,most fairs provide power cords reaching to the exhibitor's electrical inlet1 but don't depend on it4 ,procure #be to #ej feet of heavy-duty extension cord and keep it handy1 just in case4 ,,presenting ,,information ,after determining the shape and size of your structure1 you can decide how best to present the information needed to explain your project4 ,some exhibitors prefer to build their structure first1 so that they may try out different arrangements of illustrations and three-dimensional items on the finished display space4 ,or1 you can measure off your back wall1 side walls1 and interior base areas1 and then 8try out0 the size and placement of your display items on matching-size sheets of tracing paper4 ,there are many good ways to present the same information4 ,exhibit design is an art with some established principles but with few fixed rules4 ,here are some guidelines which may help you4 ,preliminary ,sketches4 ,make sketches of all possible layout ideas and study each for clarity of content and visual effect4 ,text4 ,keep all text to a minimum number of words4 ,viewers come to see an exhibit1 not to read it6 ,a good illustration1 specimen1 or a graphic representation 7see ,figure #d7 can save many words4 ,where text is needed1 letter it clearly and large enough for easy reading4 ,but avoid unnecessarily large or garish lettering--titles and text should only explain your exhibit1 never dominate it6 ,illustration3 ,figure #d ,text ,placement4 ,some exhibitors place captions uniformly over or under all illustrations1 but text blocks placed at the side may communicate as clearly1 and help prevent visual monotony 7see ,figure #e74 ,points of ,emphasis4 ,if you use a series of illustrations or specimens to tell a running story1 consider enlarging or featuring one of the most significant items so it can serve as the focal point of the series1 as in ,figure #e4 ,large ,photos4 ,unless your photographs can be viewed in detail without stooping and squinting1 either have them enlarged or discard them4 ,color ,photos4 ,color photos are expensive1 but just one or two will add interest to a large group of black-and-white prints4 ,charts and ,graphs4 ,if your exhibit contains charts and graphs1 keep them simple4 ,avoid line charts if several curves must cross and recross4 ,logarithmic charts1 scatter diagrams1 and similar ratio charts are confusing to the average viewer4 ,caption and explain charts and graphs adequately4 ,simple pie1 bar1 and representational charts1 as shown in ,figure #f1 can be particularly meaningful4 ,often the use of colors will make the various factors more discernible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #e ,white ,space4 ,next to content1 the exhibitor's most valuable tool is 8white space0--those unoccupied areas of his display panels4 ,crowded1 busy panels on which materials and text fill every inch of space are a hallmark of the amateur4 ,worse1 they defeat their purpose1 for viewers usually take one hurried glance1 decide that understanding so cluttered an exhibit would be a chore1 and move on to simpler displays4 7,as a rule of thumb1 approximately #dj of your available display space should be occupied by absolutely nothing67 ,organization4 ,just as you organize words into sentences and paragraphs1 your exhibit elements 7textual and visual7 should be organized into groups and subgroups4 7,see ,figures #a and #b47 ,here again the 8feature0 technique may be employed4 ,for example1 if you are displaying several similar specimens you may emphasize the most unusual one by placing it on a raised or differently-colored background as shown in ,figure #g4 ,illustration3 ,figure #f ,illustration3 ,figure #g ,apparatus4 ,amateur exhibitors sometimes get carried away with enthusiasm for large arrays of mechanical apparatus which are both unnecessary and confusing4 ,if your project involved development of a unique piece of equipment1 consider whether you can display it alone1 without the entire assembly into which it fits4 ,sometimes this can be done by displaying the featured part alongside a drawing or photograph of the complete assembly1 as in ,figure #d4 ,again1 keep details to a minimum2 leave them in the project report4 ,mechanical movement4 ,usually motion in a science fair exhibit is called for only when there is a clear need for it4 ,thus it is logical to use a turntable to revolve different fluorescing mineral specimens under 8black light01 or to present successive radioactive ore specimens to a ,geiger-counter probe4 ,but to use such a turntable to present a series of photographs would probably be unnecessarily contrived4 ,usually you may spend your efforts better on sound content1 clean design1 and clear text than on mechanical gimmicks4 ,pushbuttons and ,such4 ,few audience-participation devices in science fair exhibits merit the effort1 money1 and space expended on them4 ,but if you do display equipment for viewers to operate1 make certain it can be operated safely and dependably even when you are absent 7as during the judging74 ,nothing frustrates an exhibit viewer more than a pushbutton that doesn't work6 ,demonstrations4 ,these can be informative and interesting1 and you may want to include one4 ,but since you cannot be on hand to demonstrate at all times1 design your exhibit to 8stand alone0 without the demonstration4 ,and when you are absent1 you may avoid unsatisfied viewer curiosity either by removing the idle demonstration equipment1 or by posting a 8,next demonstration at o'clock0 sign4 ,living ,things4 ,plants or animals which have been employed in the science project can often be displayed to lend interest and meaning to the exhibit4 ,but since the science fair follows the project1 interim growth and aging may alter living specimens so that at fair time they are considerably less meaningful or attractive than at the peak of your project4 ,also1 if you compete in several fairs1 you may find transportation and special care of your living specimens difficult and onerous4 ,if you do plan to exhibit living specimens1 familiarize yourself with local and national fair regulations governing their use1 make sure that animals can be housed attractively and comfortably1 and protect both animals and plants from inquisitive fingers4 ,then be selective and employ the minimum needed to make your point in the exhibit4 ,about ,color ,properly employed1 color is functional as well as aesthetically pleasing4 ,you may find the following suggestions helpful in deciding which colors to employ in your exhibit1 and where4 ,in a space as small as your science fair exhibit1 one or two basic colors1 plus black and white1 should suffice4 ,use your color in a few large blocks1 not in many small patches4 ,different basic colors can be used to define different main areas of emphasis2 then different shades of the basic colors can be used to define subareas4 ,life-science project exhibits can rely most safely on pastel shades running heavily to greens and yellows1 while physical-science projects are portrayed frequently against more intense colors4 ,in either case1 avoid violent contrasts and 8paintpot0 variety4 ,your exhibit should convey an air of handsome restraint1 not flippant prettiness or carnival gaudiness4 ,your colors should attract and enhance1 not shock or confuse6 ,illustration3 ,figure #h ,far too frequently science fair judges are asked to evaluate very poor exhibits of what may have been very worthwhile science projects4 ,some of the more common mistakes they encounter have been included by our artist in the sketch above4 ,now that you have read our advice on designing science fair exhibits1 how many shortcomings can you identify8 7,answers below47 ,answers3 ,structure extends too high and too low for easy viewing1 and width exceeds dimensions usually allowed4 ,the main title is too long4 ,two words are misspelled4 ,the best display space is wasted on ordinary objects which contribute little new understanding to topic exhibited4 ,there are too many photographs which are too small and poorly positioned for viewing4 ,specimen boxes positioned on the floor as an afterthought where few viewers will attempt to inspect them4 ,endless text provides details of little or no interest to the average viewer4 ,more text on introductory topic 78,catching ,bugs07 than on the exhibit topic4 ,no logical progression from the original problem and hypothesis through experimentation and observation to conclusions4 ,there is no project notebook1 report1 or handout brochure4 ,no thought has been given to lighting4 ,no points of emphasis in either text or illustrations4 ,white space has not been exploited4 ,a ,,step-,,by-,,step ,,acount ,,of ,,how ,i ,,mount ,,my ,,bugs ,,catching ,,bugs ,,mounting ,,bugs ,,scizzors ,,tweezers ,,pin ,,cotton ,,net ,,chloroform ,,some ,,of ,,my ,,bugs ,where desired1 visibility and impact of illustrations and specimens can be increased by mounting them against contrasting background colors4 ,avoid the amateurish impulse to always tape or paint a border around illustrations1 specimens1 and blocks of type4 ,placed properly against a contrasting background1 these provide their own best border4 ,the final test of color is how it looks in actual use1 so experiment with your color schemes before making a final choice4 ,and if you have any doubts1 invite the reactions of your family and friends and also the advice of your art teacher4 ,completing ,your ,exhibit ,before mounting your exhibit elements on the structure permanently1 lay them out temporarily4 7,you will probably want to move them around several times to get the best position47 ,you can then pencil in your title1 text1 and caption blocks in actual size4 ,use separate sheets of paper for each1 and try out various locations around the materials they explain4 ,use of too many letter styles will detract from the attractiveness of your exhibit4 ,headings can be all in capital letters1 and subheads in smaller 8caps01 or in initial caps and 8lower case0 letters4 ,statements and other text should use caps and lower case4 ,do not use all caps for a paragraph of descriptive material--a mass of capitals is harder to read4 ,before completing the lettering1 you should try out your layout and text on classmates1 family1 and perhaps your ,english teacher4 ,science fair exhibits should be understandable to intelligent laymen as well as to trained specialists4 ,technical jargon1 pompous adjectives1 and stilted sentence structure are not scientific4 ,in scientific writing1 as in any good writing1 the simple1 direct approach is usually best4 ,try to use short sentences1 familiar words1 and a minimum of technical terms and formulae4 ,are your present photographs too small8 ,you can experiment with desirable sizes of photos by clipping from old magazines any illustrations that appear about the right size1 and trying them on your layout4 ,you can then have your photos enlarged to the ideal sizes that you find most pleasing4 ,matte-finish photo prints are preferable since glossy prints produce 8glare04 ,before mounting photographs1 trim off the white border1 which detracts from the impact of your pictures and the simple unity of your exhibit4 ,when fully satisfied with your layout1 begin the final lettering of your text4 ,for hand-lettering1 sketch with a soft pencil first1 using a ruler and eraser freely4 ,a lettering guide1 borrowed from your school's graphic arts department1 will prove very helpful4 ,unless you are experienced you can save yourself trouble by not lettering directly upon the background4 ,instead1 letter each copy block on a separate piece of art paper which can be glued into position later4 ,have a friend or teacher double-check your lettering for typographical errors4 ,with illustrations and copy blocks complete and trimmed to size1 you are ready to start mounting4 ,for paper products use 8rubber cement01 obtainable at stationery stores4 ,coat both surfaces completely1 but do not press them together until each is dry4 ,to avoid air bubbles1 first separate the coated surfaces with a 8slip sheet0 of waxed paper or aluminum foil1 which can be slipped out when the materials are positioned exactly4 ,then press into place with a soft cloth or rubber roller4 7,excess cement will rub off when dry1 without damage47 ,also consider using double-coated adhesive tape for mounting4 ,it is obtainable at art-supply stores4 ,assemble your structure1 mount your lighting fixtures1 and plug them in4 ,install whatever equipment needs to be displayed4 ,put your project notebook1 project report1 and handout brochure in place4 ,your science fair exhibit is finished and you are ready to compete6 ,illustration3 ,typical arrival day activities at the #adth ,national ,science ,fair-,international1 ,albuquerque1 ,new ,mexico1 #aifc4 ,,competition ,,and ,,its ,,rewards ,some of you can look forward to enjoying within the next several years a thrilling experience4 ,some morning in ,may you will bid your parents farewell1 walk up the steps of an airliner1 and touch down a few hours later in a distant city4 ,for the next five days you will be caught up in the excitement and fascination of the ,national ,science ,fair-,international6 ,the full impact of your nation's science fair hits you the morning you set up your exhibit in the auditorium4 ,you knew that you had a good exhibit when you entered the district fair back home in ,march4 7,since this is your second year of serious competition1 and you have improved both your science project and your exhibit1 you weren't too surprised to win there47 ,but regional and statewide competition is even tougher1 so you were holding your breath until they finally called your name6 ,now here you are1 and as you appraise the #djj other exhibits going up besides yours1 you realize this is the 8big league04 ,these guys and gals are really good4 ,but some of your awe evaporates as you talk with your neighbors1 and while you help the pretty blonde with the guppies position her heavy aquaria4 ,win or not1 this is going to be fun6 ,and so it is--during the tension of the judging the next day1 when you show your exhibit to the public the day after that1 and throughout the tours of research laboratories and industrial processing plants that follow4 ,in conversations with the judges1 in the varied social contacts with more than #djj fellow exhibitors from the ,united ,states and several foreign countries1 you get a fresh look at the rewards of serious scientific endeavor4 ,one evening you listen enthralled by the startling concept being explained by one of the 8big men0 in science4 ,you've seen his name and picture in newspapers1 textbooks1 and technical journals1 and there he stands1 talking seriously to you and your fellow exhibitors4 ,as he explains a problem that has puzzled you1 you begin to see science as a community of kindred minds where every serious truth-seeker is welcome1 where there is no rank other than that bestowed on active intellects1 sound procedures1 and reasoned1 honest conclusions4 ,all too soon1 the week is almost over4 ,at the ,awards ,banquet they are calling the names of the winners and you sit unsurprised when the early prizes pass you by4 ,you've studied those winning exhibits1 and you must acknowledge that they have the edge on yours--one because of the very unusual hypothesis posed and proved1 the other because of the masterful clarity with which it explains the area of investigation4 ,but next they name the winners of special awards1 presented by the ,american ,chemical ,society1 ,the ,american ,institute of ,biological ,sciences1 the military departments1 and similar organizations1 for outstanding exhibits related to the programs of the sponsors4 ,and here you are on the stage1 having your photograph taken with the nine other winners of the ,u4 ,s4 ,atomic ,energy ,commission's ,special ,awards6 ,after the banquet1 the ,,aec representative explains to you that the ,,aec ,special ,award includes considerably more than the ,certificate of ,achievement you have just received4 ,first1 a duplicate certificate will be sent to your principal for display among the school trophies4 ,then1 in ,august you and your science teacher will fly to ,chicago for a week as exciting and rewarding as the one you have just completed4 ,you will be guests of the ,,aec's ,argonne ,national ,laboratory--an outstanding center for nuclear research4 ,your group will spend several days behind the scenes in ,argonne's laboratories4 ,you will visit outstanding research facilities and science museums in downtown ,chicago4 ,best of all1 you will have an opportunity to discuss your interests and career plans with members of the ,argonne staff--men and women who are doing professional research in the same areas that interest you4 ,what are the costs of such an experience8 ,only the attention you pay to your science instruction2 the thought and care you devote to a project related to nuclear science2 and the clarity and ingenuity with which you explain that project to your classmates1 teachers1 and the general public through your science fair exhibit4 ,illustration3 ,first ,atomic ,energy ,commission ,special ,awards winners1 selected at the #acth ,,nsfi at ,seattle1 photographed during their ,nuclear ,research ,orientation ,week at the ,,aec's ,argonne ,national ,laboratory near ,chicago in ,august #aifb4 ,high point of the week1 winners report1 is the opportunity--pictured here--to talk face-to-face with ,argonne scientists who are working in areas of research of particular interest to each student visitor4 ,courtesy ,argonne ,national ,laboratory ,illustration3 continued ,illustration3 #aifc ,,aec ,special ,awards winners and their science teachers spent their ,nuclear ,research ,orientation ,week at ,argonne ,national ,laboratory4 ,top photograph is of ,elizabeth ,winstead of ,jacksonville1 ,florida1 whose prize-winning exhibit at ,albuquerque is pictured on the cover4 ,the photograph below hers is of ,william ,e4 ,murray1 ,jr41 of ,bethesda1 ,maryland1 who was also an ,,aec ,special ,awards winner at ,seattle in #aifb4 ,courtesy ,argonne ,national ,laboratory ,,quo ,,vadis8 ,or 8where do you go from here80 ,first1 resolve now to enter science fair competition this year4 ,you may not win1 but at least you will have started1 and you will gain some of the experience needed for victory in later years4 ,next1 choose a science project topic1 and discuss your choice with your science teacher1 science club adviser1 or hobby counselor4 ,especially if this is your first attempt1 choose a topic which can be investigated with materials and equipment available to you at school or at home1 and which can be finished by mid-,february4 ,also1 allocate definite times--particularly on weekends and holidays--when you will work on your project4 7,remember that exams and term papers will probably keep you very busy in late ,january and early ,february47 ,third1 execute your project1 keeping careful notes and consulting your project counselor from time to time4 ,then draft your ,project ,report1 discuss it with your counselor1 revise and edit it as necessary1 and get it typed in final form4 ,also verify the date your local science fair opens4 ,fourth1 plan your exhibit content1 design and build your exhibit structure1 select your exhibit components and draft your text1 and make trial layouts until you arrive at the best possible design1 including color4 ,prepare your color backgrounds1 letter your text1 and install text1 components1 and lighting4 ,get your handout brochure mimeographed4 ,fifth1 enter local science fair competition4 ,if you don't win1 find out why by comparing your project and your exhibit with the winners'1 and by discussing it with your parents1 classmates1 teachers1 judges1 and viewers4 ,if you do win1 attempt to understand what made your exhibit better than the others4 ,finally1 continue reading and thinking about your basic project topic1 so that next year you will know whether you want to continue to work on the same topic or to shift your interest to another field4 ,above all1 have fun1 and ,,good ,,luck6 ,,appendix ,i ,,nuclear ,,science ,,project ,,ideas ,the following projects related to nuclear science were exhibited at the ,national ,science ,fair-,international from #aiej through #aifc4 ,general and ,theoretical ,topics ,the ,review and ,future of the ,atom ,simplified ,nuclear ,physics ,approach to the ,study of ,nuclear ,physics ,elementary ,particles--an ,investigation of the ,fundamental ,components of ,matter and ,energy ,odd ,nucleon ,effect ,a ,study of ,binding ,energies and ,nuclear ,reactions ,the ,integrated ,theory of ,atomic ,structure ,through ,inductive and ,deductive ,reasoning ,tools of ,nuclear ,physics ,e ,,mc--,energy ,equals ,mass ,multiplied by the ,speed of ,light ,squared ,downfall of ,parity ,how to ,measure the ,charge of the ,electron ,how ,atoms ,are ,constructed ,formation of ,heavy ,nuclear ,particles ,millikan ,oil-,drop ,experiment ,nuclear ,magnetic ,resonance ,third ,electrons in ,transition-,metal ,complexes ,probability in ,electron ,position ,stability of ,radioactive ,equilibria ,the ,electron3 ,measurement of ,its ,charge and ,mass ,experimental ,study of ,nuclear ,structure ,fourth ,state of ,matter ,project-,observation ,satellite ,creation of ,antimatter ,energy ,loss of ,beta ,particles in ,lead and ,aluminum ,stochastic-,radioactive-,equilibria ,models ,cosmology ,controlled ,thermonuclear ,reaction ,electron ,chemistry ,plasma-,ion ,engine ,plasma ,production by ,gaseous ,ionization ,finite ,calculus and ,particle ,physics ,two ,applications of the ,plasma ,discharge ,increasing the ,efficiency of a ,plasma ,jet ,suitable for ,space ,propulsion ,prediction of ,elements #ii-aah ,exact ,evaluation of the ,charge of the ,electron ,three-,dimensional ,periodic ,chart of ,atoms ,atom ,mobiles ,weight of an ,atom ,determination of the ,charge of an ,electron ,using the ,millikan-,stokes ,effects ,atomic-,particles ,detection and ,analysis ,electron-,charge ,determination by ,oil-,drop ,method ,the ,mineral ,that ,may ,shape ,our ,destiny3 ,uranium ,a ,machine to ,show ,radioactive ,materials ,the ,making of ,active ,metals ,the ,extraction of ,uranium from ,carnotite ,the ,chemistry of ,thorium ,special ,apparatus ,topics ,construction and ,operations of ,wilson ,cloud ,chamber ,geiger-,mller ,counter3 ,theory and ,construction ,experiments with a ,homemade ,geiger ,counter ,an ,experimental ,high-,voltage ,geiger ,counter ,design and ,construction of a ,scintillation ,counter ,the ,construction and ,theory of ,radiation ,detectors for ,radioactive ,experiments ,the ,underlying ,principles of ,accelerators for ,positively ,charged ,particles ,electronic-,equipment ,construction and ,applications to ,nuclear ,theory and ,techniques ,a ,germanium ,linear ,accelerator ,proton ,accelerator ,construction of a ,one-,half ,million ,electron-,volt ,proton ,cyclotron ,construction of ,apparatus for ,accelerating and ,detecting ,high-,energy ,beta ,radiation ,betatron ,a ,continuous ,cloud ,chamber ,van de ,graaff ,generator ,the ,mass-,energy ,problem of ,particle ,accelerators ,mass ,spectrograph for ,determining the ,mass of ,atoms ,a ,liquid-,scintillation ,spectrometer for ,counting ,natural ,carbon-#ad ,samples ,proton ,linear ,accelerator ,magnetic ,thermonuclear ,chamber ,atom ,smasher and ,ionic-,drive ,reaction ,motor ,expansion ,cloud ,chamber for ,observation of ,tracks of ,alpha ,particles ,nuclear-,magnetic ,resonance ,spectrometer ,high-,voltage ,particle ,acceleration ,linear ,accelerator ,van de ,graaff ,generator ,designed for an ,accelerating ,tube ,wilson ,cloud ,chamber ,low ,energy ,linear ,accelerator ,nuclear-,magnetic ,resonance and ,spectrometry ,millikan's ,oil-,drop ,experiment ,theory1 ,design1 and ,construction of a #aj-;inch ,cyclotron ,carbon-#ad ,counter ,proton-,free ,precession ,magnetometry ,the ,bubble ,chamber ,electron ,accelerator ,nuclear-,magnetic ,resonance ,beta ,synchrotron ,electrostatic ,particle ,accelerator with ,van de ,graaff ,generator ,power ,supply ,the ,cyclotron ,linear ,alpha-,particle ,accelerator ,the ,plasma ,jet ,beta-,ray ,spectrometer ,freon-#ac ,b#a ,bubble ,chamber ,wilson ,liquid-,piston ,cloud ,chamber ,expansion-,type ,cloud ,chamber ,nuclear-,magnetic ,resonance ,spectrometer ,linear-,subatomic-,particle ,accelerator ,experimental ,linear ,accelerator ,new ,design in ,microwave ,techniques ,used in ,electron ,acceleration ,application of ,relativity to the ,phenomena of a ,diffusion ,cloud ,chamber #j4e-,mev ,electron ,accelerator ,radio-,frequency ,plasma ,torch ,design1 ,construction1 and ,operation of a #c-;inch ,freon ,bubble ,chamber ,experiments in ,plasma ,physics ,studies with a #ejj1jjj-volt ,electron ,accelerator ,an ,experimental ,plasma ,generator ,the ,plasma ,torch ,using ,nuclear ,emulsions to ,track ,ionizing ,particles ,experimental ,study of ,nuclear ,structure ,emission ,studies of a ,nitrogen ,plasma ,a ,combination #c-,mev ,neutron ,source and ,medium-energy ,x-ray ,source ,van de ,graaff ,electron ,accelerator ,cosmic ,rays ,studied with a ,counter-controlled ,cloud ,chamber ,radio-,frequency ,plasma ,generator ,plasma ,acceleration ,investigation of ,high-,temperature ,plasma ,techniques ,necessary for a ,controlled ,thermonuclear ,reaction ,atom ,smasher--,an ,electrostatic ,particle ,accelerator ,design1 ,construction1 and ,use of a #j4e-,mev ,linear ,particle ,accelerator in ,study of ,short ,de,broglie ,wavelengths by ,crystal-,diffraction ,method ,production of ,plasma by a ,high-,frequency ,magnetic ,field ,radiation ,topics ,a ,cosmic ,ray ,beta- and ,gamma-,ray ,analysis ,calculating the ,angle of ,deflection for ,beta-,ray ,under ,normal ,atmospheric ,conditions in ,magnetic ,fields of ,differing ,intensities ,effects of ,absorption and ,geometry on ,beta ,count ,rate ,detection and ,recording of ,cosmic ,radiation ,a ,study of ,alpha ,particles by ,means of the ,continuous ,cloud ,chamber ,visual ,detection of ,alpha ,particles ,detection of ,subatomic ,particles ,a ,survey of ,background ,radiation ,made with a ,geiger ,counter ,ne as a ,radiation ,detector ,detection of ,atomic ,radiation ,methods of ,measuring ,radioactivity ,preliminary ,study of the ,effect of ,radiation from some ,common ,radioactive ,materials on ,photographic ,film ,carnotite and ,radioactivity ,study and ,analysis of a ,sample of ,radioactive ,sand from the ,atomic ,explosion at ,alamogordo ,the ,use of ,ion ,exchangers in the ,disposal of ,radioactive ,wastes ,radiation ,effects on ,fruit ,flies ,effects of ,radiation on ,drosophila melanogaster ,investigating ,radioactive ,minerals with ,thick-,emulsion ,photography ,actions of ,gamma ,radiation on the ,offspring of ,irradiated ,female ,guppies ,influence of ,beta-,particle ,bombardment upon the ,embryonic ,development of the ,chick ,autoradiographs of ,brain ,tumors ,a ,radiation ,detector ,a ,study of ,cosmic ,rays ,effects of ,atomic ,radiation on ,rats ,atomic ,radiation and the ,geiger ,counter ,atomic ,radishes ,effects of ,x-,ray ,radiation on ,plants and ,animals ,radiation ,demonstration ,nuclear ,radiations ,radiation ,sterilization ,x-,ray1 ,light's ,cousin ,effects of ,ionizing ,radiations on ,plants and ,animals ,roentgen ,rays and the ,construction of an ,x-,ray ,machine ,visual and ,aural ,detection of ,cosmic and ,atomic ,radiation ,radioautography ,experimentation with ,ionizing ,radiation ,radiation ,hazard8 ,phosphorus ,uptake by ,autoradiography ,demonstration of ,rutherford's ,method of ,separating ,alpha1 ,beta1 and ,gamma ,radiation ,radiation--,effects and ,possible ,protection ,tired ,blood--,production of ,anemia by ,radioactivity ,techniques of ,autoradiography ,cosmic ,radiation and ,life ,radiation in ,plant ,breeding ,experiments with ,induced-,radioactivity ,apparatus ,effects of ,radiation on the ,blood in ,white ,rats ,radioautographic ,study of ,tryptophan ,metabolism in the ,rat ,the ,effects of ,beta ,rays from ,p on the ,tissues on ,white ,rabbits ,radioactivity ,around ,us ,effects of ,radiation on ,mice ,experiment1 ,design1 and ,application of ,solid ,propellant ,rockets to ,radiation ,studies of the ,upper ,atmosphere ,comparative ,study of ,radiation ,alpha and ,beta ,rays 7,photographs7 ,a ,laboratory-,scale ,neutron ,irradiator ,colchicine vs4 ,radiation ,mutations in ,german ,millet ,induced by ,gamma ,radiation ,cosmic ,radiation ,cloud ,chamber ,study of ,alpha and ,beta ,radiation ,effects of ,radiation on ,chick ,embryos ,the ,protection of ,cystamine and ,,aet on ,x-,irradiated ,mice ,the ,effects of ,x ,ray on the ,blood of ,guinea ,pigs ,measurement of ,radioactivity in ,milk ,chemical ,modification of ,radiation ,effects ,the ,absorption of ,alpha ,particles in ,air and ,other ,cases ,mass ,absorption of ,beta ,radiation ,the ,danger of ,radioactive ,contamination of ,kelp ,carnotite ,radiation on ,reproduction and ,mortality ,rates of ,daphnia magna ,mutations ,produced by the ,irradiation of ,german ,millet ,seeds ,spectrometer ,analysis of ,beta ,emitters ,the ,effects of ,total-,body ,x-ray ,radiation on the ,hematopoietic ,system of the ,guinea ,pig ,energies of ,nuclear ,radiations ,an ,analysis of ,tracks ,formed by ,atomic ,particles in a ,diffusion ,cloud ,chamber ,effects of ,x-,ray ,radiation on the ,bacteria ,serratia marcescens ,effects of ,prenatal ,radiation on ,postnatal ,learning ,behavior of ,mice ,color ,changes in ,gemstones by ,radiation and ,heat ,induction ,studies in ,effects of the ,protection from ,ionizing ,radiations ,temperature ,variation and ,effects of ,radiation on ,reproduction and ,mortality ,effects of ,irradiated ,neoplasmic ,extracts on ,carcinoma in ,cottontail ,rabbits ,determining ,locus of ,irradiated ,mutant ,drosophila 8b#a-pt-rd0 ,effects of ,radiation on ,bacteria ,effects of ,total-,body ,irradiation on ,longevity of ,tissue ,homografts in ,rabbits ,radiation--,why ,be ,concerned8 ,radiation ,effects on ,drosophila ,effect of ,x rays on ,drosophila ,effect of ,irradiation on ,black ,shank ,fungus ,comparative ,determination of ,radioactivity in ,rowan ,county ,soils ,lethal and ,mutagenic ,effects of ,radiation on ,penicillium ,the ,teratogenetic ,effects of ,x ray on ,hamsters ,protection from ,total-,body ,irradiation ,effects of ,ionizing ,radiation from a ,co ,source on ,ascorbic-,acid ,concentration in ,raphanus sativus ,drugs vs4 ,radiation ,radiation ,effects on ,selected ,botanical ,specimens ,energy ,loss of ,beta ,particles in ,lead and ,aluminum ,radioactive ,uptake of ,p in ,animals and ,subsequent-,recovery ,period ,effects of ,x rays on ,living ,cells ,radiation ,effect on ,chick ,embryos ,dietary ,defense ,against ,radiation ,irradiation ,effects on ,gene ,mutations in ,drosophila ,a ,study in ,radioactivity ,bacteria ,protection from ,radiation ,damaging ,effects of ,radiation ,effect of ,x-irradiation on ,titration of ,influenza ,virus ,effect of ,vitamin-,k#a ,analogue on ,coagulation ,time of ,cobalt-#fj-;irradiated ,mice ,effect of ,gamma ,radiation on ,regeneration ,rate of ,planaria ,spirogyra and ,cobalt-#fj ,effects of ,blood ,serum from ,irradiated ,guinea ,pigs on ,tissue ,cultures ,chemical ,protection from ,radiation in ,planaria ,induced ,mutations in ,drosophila ,effects of ,gamma ,rays on ,yeast and ,aspergillus ,radiation-,protective ,effects of ,,rna ,radiation1 ,hematology1 and ,biochemical ,study of ,molt-,control ,hormones of ,crayfish1 and ,possible ,importance to ,man ,radiation and ,mutations ,aromatics ,possibly ,help ,determine ,plant ,radiosensitivity ,bone ,marrow ,transplantation and ,recovery ,mutation in ,tomato ,plants ,produced by ,gamma-,ray ,radiation ,dietary ,control of ,ionizing ,radiation ,effects of ,cooling on ,radiation ,damage to ,living ,cells ,rate of ,regeneration of ,eyespots in ,planaria ,effects of ,radiation on ,transmission of ,nerve ,impulses ,irradiation of ,amino ,acids ,radioisotopes ,topics ,use of ,radioactive ,salts in ,plant and ,animal ,nutrition ,studies ,the ,radioactive ,isotopes3 ,its ,uses in ,medical ,research and ,treatment ,chemical ,activity of ,deuterium as ,compared with ,hydrogen ,radioisotopes in ,medicine ,pinpointing the ,past with ,carbon-#ad ,algae ,uptake of ,p ,radioiodine and ,construction of a ,geiger-,mueller ,counter ,radioiodine in ,guppies ,uses of ,radioisotopes ,radioisotopes ,chelation of a ,radioactive ,isotope in ,rats ,the ,role for ,radioactive ,testosterone on ,hematopoieses ,phosphorus-#cb ,tracer ,studies ,conducted with the ,coleus ,plant ,tracing the ,organ ,uptake of ,radioisotopes in ,animal ,tissue ,carbon-#ad in ,photosynthesis ,transfer of ,radioactive ,elements on ,succeeding ,generations ,corrosion and ,adsorption ,studies ,using ,radiochemical ,techniques ,the ,radioactive ,elements--,separation1 ,detection1 and ,properties ,experiments with ,radioisotopes ,translocation of ,radioactive ,phosphorus ,assimilation of ,radioactive ,isotopes in ,fish ,use of ,p by ,plants ,comparative ,studies of ,isotope ,utilization in ,tomato ,plants ,detection of ,strontium-#ij in ,backbones of ,fish from ,areas of the ,united ,states ,the ,circulation of ,iodine 7,i7 in the ,parabiotic ,rat ,radioactive ,zinc and ,zinc-,chelates in the ,hormone ,metabolism of ,plant-,tissue ,culture ,effect of ,dietary ,calcium on ,deposition of ,calcium-#de and ,strontium-#ij ,autoradiographical ,evidences of ,cytological-,radioisotope ,deposition ,tracing the ,development of a ,chick ,embryo with ,p ,radioactive ,isotopes as ,tracers ,beware6 ,strontium-#ij ,everywhere ,plant ,research with ,radioactive ,phosphorus ,the ,kettleman ,hills ,formation 7,carbon-#ad ,dating7 ,radiobiologic ,investigations of ,contractile ,activity and ,,atp-induced ,pinocytosis in vitro ,determination of the ,half-life of ,zn ,atomic ,farming ,nutrient ,passage ,through ,plant ,grafts as ,tested with ,radioisotopes ,study of the ,period of ,,dns ,synthesis ,using ,tritiated ,thymidine ,absorption of ,radioactive ,iodine by ,molds and ,bacteria ,radioisotopes as ,tracers ,translocation of ,p in ,plants ,nuclear-,change ,topics ,demonstration of ,chain ,reaction ,a ,study of ,chain ,reactions ,the ,theory and ,construction of an ,inexpensive ,neutron ,source of ,moderate ,strength ,a ,study of the ,reaction ,b7n1a7,li with the ,aid of ,nuclear ,research ,plates ,how ,fission and ,fusion ,take ,place ,uranium ,fission and ,isotope ,production ,from ,uranium to ,energy ,atomic ,transmutation ,atomic ,disintegration ,conversion of ,atomic ,power to ,electric ,power ,interactions ,between ,subatomic ,particles ,a ,general ,study of ,atomic ,energy3 ,its ,fundamentals and ,its ,uses ,atomic ,power ,plant ,construction of an ,atomic ,reactor ,atomic ,power for ,space ,travel ,atomic ,weapons ,model of ,atomic ,power ,plant ,bikini ,bomb-,explosion ,model ,destruction by the ,atom ,bomb ,demonstrated ,principles of ,nuclear ,physics ,the ,sun--,our ,chief ,source of ,energy ,uranium--,radioactivity and ,fission ,atomic ,power--,the ,servant of ,man ,power from the ,sun ,the ,process of ,nuclear ,fission ,fusion--,source of ,solar ,energy ,electricity from ,atomic ,power ,effects of ,thermal ,neutrons on ,mammalian ,systems ,fusion ,nuclear-,powered ,electric ,generator ,particle ,characteristics and ,reactions ,fusion ,theory of the ,universe ,project ,fusion ,the ,magnetic-,mirror ,machine ,plasmatron ,the ,heating and ,confinement of a ,thermodynamically ,stable ,plasma ,controlled ,thermonuclear ,reaction ,the ,stability of ,radioactive ,equilibria ,determination of the ,half-life of ,zn ,subatomic ,particle ,research ,nuclear ,disintegration and ,density ,the ,theory of the ,plasma ,torch ,,appendix ,,ii ,,nuclear ,,energy-,,related ,,investigations ,,and ,,applications ,listed below are a number of areas in which nuclear knowledge or atomic energy products may be used to achieve investigative1 developmental1 or engineering data and results which would have been unattainable a few years ago4 ,science fair exhibits may be based on projects in which these nuclear 8tools0 are employed to help solve problems of a non-nuclear nature4 ,such exhibits receive consideration for ,,aec ,special ,awards at the ,national ,science ,fair-,international4 ,biology ,biosynthesis of ,compounds2 ,plant ,genetics2 ,plant ,metabolism2 ,plant ,nutrition2 ,effects of ,soil ,density and ,water ,content2 ,disease ,control2 ,pollination ,agents2 ,crop ,improvement2 ,photosynthesis2 ,ecological ,cycles2 ,pest ,control2 ,action of ,pesticides2 ,ecology of ,wildlife2 ,dispersion of ,pesticides2 ,nutrition of ,domestic ,animals2 ,milk ,production2 ,mammalian ,aging2 ,animal ,physiology2 ,genetic ,chemistry4 ,medicine ,blood and ,water ,volume ,studies2 ,cardiac ,output2 ,blood ,flow2 ,measurement of ,physiological ,functions2 ,location of ,appetite ,control ,centers2 ,formation of ,blood ,cells2 ,metabolic ,processes2 ,cancer ,study2 ,leukemia ,study2 ,antibody ,therapy2 ,study of the ,central ,nervous ,system2 ,vitamin ,studies2 ,behavior of ,viruses4 ,chemistry ,reaction ,mechanisms2 ,catalysis2 ,exchange2 ,kinetics2 ,corrosion2 ,dilution2 ,diffusion2 ,mineral ,flotation2 ,detergent ,action2 ,mirror ,formation2 ,metal ,plating2 ,analysis4 ,physics ,standard ,length ,measurements2 ,film ,thickness2 ,nuclear ,structure2 ,vapor ,pressures2 ,elementary ,particles4 ,geology ,sedimentation2 ,ocean ,currents2 ,underground-,water ,resources and ,movement2 ,geological ,dating4 ,industry ,thickness ,gauging2 ,process ,control2 ,inspections for ,defects2 ,volume ,gauging2 ,leak ,detection2 ,sterilization2 ,electron ,printing2 ,flow-rate ,gauging2 ,tool-wear ,gauging2 ,dye-migration ,measurement2 ,oil-well ,acidizing ,control2 ,lubricant ,studies2 ,cleansing ,efficiencies2 ,measurement of ,oxygen in ,metals2 ,food ,preservation2 ,power ,sources2 ,self-luminous ,light ,sources4 ,,appendix ,,iii ,,suggested ,,references ,the following is a partial listing of publications on science projects1 science fairs1 and atomic energy4 ,many of these publications also contain bibliographies which readers may use to multiply their source of knowledge4 ,science and ,science ,projects ,science ,projects ,handbook1 ,shirley ,moore 7,ed471 ,ballantine ,books1 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 #aifj1 #bed pp41 #j4ej4 ,ideas for ,science ,projects1 ,v4 ,showalter and ,i4 ,slesnick1 ,national ,science ,teachers ,association1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #aifb1 #ec pp41 #a4jj4 ,wonderful ,world of ,science1 ,shirley ,moore and ,judy ,viorst1 ,science ,service1 #agai ,n ,street ,n4 ,w41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #aifa1 #bdf pp41 #j4ej4 ,how ,to ,do an ,experiment1 ,philip ,goldstein1 ,harcourt1 ,brace and ,world1 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 #aieg1 #bfj pp41 #b4fj4 ,science ,news ,letter1 published every week by ,science ,service1 #agai ,n ,street ,n4 ,w41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 single copies1 #j4ae2 #e4ej per year4 ,scientific ,american1 published every month by ,scientific ,american1 ,inc41 #dae ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 single copies #j4fj2 #g4jj per year4 ,science ,projects and ,science ,fairs ,project ,ideas for ,young ,scientists1 ,john ,taylor1 ,phoebe ,knipling1 and ,falconer ,smith1 ,joint ,board on ,science ,education1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #aifb1 #agc pp41 #a4be4 ,ideas for ,science ,fair ,projects1 ,ronald ,benrey and other winners of the ,national ,science ,fair-,international1 ,fawcett ,publications1 ,inc41 ,greenwich1 ,connecticut1 #aifb1 #add pp41 #j4ge4 ,science ,fair ,projects1 ,science and ,mechanics ,publishing ,company1 ,chicago1 ,illinois1 #aifb1 #afb pp41 #j4ge4 ,your ,science ,fair1 ,arden ,welte1 ,james ,diamond1 and ,alfred ,friedl1 ,burgess ,publishing ,company1 ,minneapolis1 ,minnesota1 #aiei1 #ajc pp41 #b4ge4 ,scientific ,exhibits1 ,thomas ,hull and ,tom ,jones1 ,charles ,c4 ,thomas1 ,publisher1 ,springfield1 ,illinois1 #aifa1 #abf pp41 #f4ej4 ,atomic ,energy and ,nuclear ,science ,experiments and ,projects ,sourcebook on ,atomic ,energy1 ,samuel ,glasstone1 ,d4 ,van ,nostrand ,company1 ,inc41 ,princeton1 ,new ,jersey1 #aieh1 #fda pp41 #d4dj4 ,annual ,report to ,congress of the ,atomic ,energy ,commission1 available from the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4 ,s4 ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 7,january #aifd71 #eab pp41 #a4ge4 ,fundamental ,nuclear ,energy ,research 7annual report71 available from the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4 ,s4 ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 7,december #aifc71 #dab pp41 #b4ej4 ,atomic ,energy 7including experiments71 ,irene ,jaworski and ,alexander ,joseph1 ,harcourt1 ,brace and ,world1 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 #aifa1 #bah pp41 #d4ie4 ,laboratory ,experiments with ,radioisotopes for ,high ,school ,science ,demonstrations1 ,samuel ,schenberg1 available from the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4 ,s4 ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #aieh1 #ei pp41 #j4ce4 ,teaching with ,radioisotopes1 ,u4 ,s4 ,government ,printing ,office1 out of print but possibly available in school libraries or science departments4 ,experiments with ,radioactivity1 ,national ,science ,teachers ,association1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #aieg1 #bj pp41 #j4ej4 ,atomic ,energy1 ,boy ,scouts of ,america ,merit ,badge ,series1 available from ,official ,boy ,scout ,distributors 7at local retail stores7 or from ,boy ,scouts of ,america1 ,national ,supply ,service1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,jersey #jhijc4 ,scientific ,instruments ,you ,can ,make1 ,helen ,m4 ,davis1 ,science ,service1 #agai ,n ,street ,n4 ,w41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #aiei1 #bec pp41 #b4jj4 ,experiments with ,atomics1 ,nelson ,beeler and ,franklin ,branley1 ,thomas ,y4 ,crowell ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aied1 #afj pp41 #b4ej4 ,atomic ,experiments for ,boys1 ,raymond ,f4 ,yates1 ,harper and ,row ,publishers1 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 #aieb1 #acb pp41 #b4ej4 ,atomic ,energy and ,civil ,defense 7,price ,list #hd7 a listing of related publications available from the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4 ,s4 ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 free4 ,preparation of ,scientific and ,technical ,reports ,how to ,write ,scientific and ,technical ,papers1 ,sam ,f4 ,trelease1 ,williams ,wilkins ,company1 ,baltimore1 ,maryland1 #aieh1 #ahe pp41 #c4be4 ,writing ,useful ,reports1 ,robert ,e4 ,tuttle and ,c4 ,a4 ,brown1 ,appleton-,century-,crofts1 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 #aief1 #fce pp41 #d4ge4 ,technical ,reporting1 ,joseph ,n4 ,ulman1 ,jr41 and ,j4 ,r4 ,gould1 ,holt1 ,rinehart ,winston1 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 #aiei1 #bhi pp41 regular edition #f4ge2 textbook edition #e4jj4 ,report ,writers' ,handbook1 ,charles ,e4 ,van ,hagan1 ,prentice-,hall1 ,inc41 ,englewood ,cliffs1 ,new ,jersey1 #aifa1 #bgf pp41 regular edition #i4ce2 textbook edition #g4jj4 ,,appendix ,,iv ,,working ,,with ,,radiation ,,and ,,radioactive ,,materials ,no scientist worth his title ever exposes himself needlessly to any potential hazards which confront him in his investigations4 ,thoughtful student scientists also will avoid any unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation1 particularly since bad habits acquired while doing student projects may be difficult to overcome later4 ,before undertaking experiments with radioactivity1 consult your science teacher or project counselor4 ,any materials to be irradiated should be processed with professional equipment by persons trained and authorized to operate it4 ,use of radioisotopes1 even in quantities exempt from license requirements1 usually involves special laboratory facilities1 techniques1 and instruments1 as well as the isotope itself4 ,make certain that all these will be available to you before you embark on your project4 ,if possible1 conduct all work with radioisotopes under the supervision of a trained1 experienced isotope technician4 ,at the very least1 familiarize yourself with the specialized handling techniques required 7see ,experiments with ,radioactivity or ,laboratory ,experiments with ,radioisotopes for ,high ,school ,science ,demonstrations1 listed in ,appendix ,,iii74 ,then follow them to the letter6 ,,appendix ,v ,,suppliers ,,of ,,radioisotopes ,your science teacher or project counselor may know of a nearby laboratory from which you can obtain the radioisotopes required for your investigation4 ,if you wish to write direct to a commercial source1 some of the suppliers of application-exempt quantities are3 ,atomic ,corporation of ,america #adgbe ,arminta ,street ,panorama ,city1 ,california ,abbott ,laboratories ,box #ajjh ,oak ,ridge1 ,tennessee ,bio-,rad ,laboratories #cbnd ,griffin ,avenue ,richmond1 ,california ,nuclear ,consultants ,corporation #ihdb ,manchester ,road ,st4 ,louis #ai1 ,missouri ,u4 ,s4 ,nuclear ,corporation #hja ,n4 ,lake ,street ,box #bjbb ,burbank1 ,california ,nuclear-,chicago ,corporation #ccc ,east ,howard ,avenue at ,nuclear ,drive ,des ,plaines1 ,illinois ,new ,england ,nuclear ,corporation #ege ,albany ,street ,boston1 ,massachusetts ,union ,carbide ,nuclear ,company ,oak ,ridge ,national ,laboratory ,isotope ,sales ,department ,p4 ,o4 ,box ,x ,oak ,ridge1 ,tennessee ,chem,trac ,corporation #acj ,alewife ,brook ,pkwy4 ,cambridge #dj1 ,massachusetts ,nuclear ,consultants1 ,inc4 #cc-fa ,crescent ,street ,long ,island ,city #f1 ,new ,york ,,appendix ,,vi ,,international ,,science ,,fair ,,rules ,finalists who enter the ,,isf must follow these rules without exception4 ,the following code refers to the ,,isf rules listed below3 ,s--,school ,fairs 7recommended7 ,r--,regional ,fairs 7recommended7 ,i--,,isf 7required7 ,s-,r-,i ,categories established for grouping and judging science projects at the ,,isf are3 ,botany ,zoology ,medicine and ,health ,biochemistry ,chemistry ,pure ,physics ,applied ,physics and ,engineering ,mathematics and ,computers ,earth and ,space ,sciences ,entries in any of these categories1 if nuclear-related1 will be considered for ,,aec ,special ,awards at the ,international ,science ,fair4 ,s-,r-,i ,project exhibit size is limited to #cj inches deep 7front to back71 #dh inches wide 7side to side71 and #ab feet high 7floor to top74 ,any project exceeding these dimensions is oversize and does not qualify for entrance in the ,,isf4 ,r-,i ,each exhibitor must assemble his or her exhibit without major outside help1 except for transportation and unpacking4 ,s-,r-,i ,a typed abstract of the project1 using not more than #bej words1 is required and must be displayed with the project4 ,s-,r-,i ,anything which could be hazardous to public display is prohibited4 ,this includes3 ,live poisonous animals may not be displayed4 ,no dangerous chemical substances such as caustics1 acids1 highly combustible solids1 fluids or gases may be displayed4 ,if such materials are required1 inert substitutes should be used4 ,no open flames are permitted4 ,any project producing temperatures exceeding #ajj;,c must be adequately insulated from its surroundings4 ,highly flammable display materials are prohibited4 ,tanks which have contained combustible gases must be purged with carbon dioxide4 ,no combustible fuel may be displayed4 ,high voltage equipment such as large vacuum tubes or dangerous ray-generating devices must be shielded and safety checked by a qualified inspector4 ,students should be cautioned in advance about the dangers of experimenting with such equipment and their work carefully supervised4 ,s-,r-,i ,no live1 warm-blooded animals may be displayed at the ,,isf4 ,projects involving the use of such animals may display photographs1 drawings1 charts or graphs to illustrate the conditions1 developments1 and results of the investigations4 ,this eliminates the needless shipping1 housing1 care1 harm1 discomfort or loss of animals4 ,s-,r-,i ,during judging the exhibit area is closed to all except judges and authorized personnel4 ,exhibitors may be present only at a specified time during which they are to remain at their exhibits4 ,s-,r-,i ,all exhibitors must be interviewed at their projects by at least one judge4 ,the purpose of all interviews is to determine the exhibitors' familiarity with the project1 the science involved1 and to give the student an opportunity to meet the judges1 react to questions and to discuss their work with a recognized leader4 ,care must be taken to allow a reasonable interview time within the time limits allotted for judging4 ,i ,not more than two students1 male or female1 may be certified as finalists to the ,,isf from an affiliated science fair4 ,they must be students in #ajth1 #aath or #abth year classes in a public1 private or parochial school4 ,i ,a student who will have reached age #ba on or before ,may #a1 preceding the ,,isf is not eligible to participate as a finalist in the ,,isf4 ,i ,a student may enter only one project and it must be his own work4 ,group projects involving two or more students give experience to beginners and are acceptable in ,s or ,r fairs but may not be entered in the ,,isf4 ,i ,the identical repetition of previous year's project is not permitted4 ,however1 a student may again exhibit work on a continuing problem provided the work demonstrates considerable progress when compared with the previous year4 ,i ,finalists must be accompanied to the ,,isf by an official adult escort designated and_/or sponsored by the regional fair4 ,responsibility and liability for entry in the ,,isf rests with the affiliated fair organization which finances the entry1 provides transportation for the finalists and their projects1 and living expenses during ,,isf4 ,i ,students planning to enter exhibits in the ,,isf which contain materials that may be regulated by a quarantine should first consult with a ,federal or ,state plant pest control or animal health inspector1 a county agricultural agent1 or write to the ,director1 ,plant ,pest ,control ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,federal ,center ,building1 ,hyattsville1 ,maryland #bjghb4 ,s-,r-,i ,regulations for ,experiments ,with ,animals ,this guide was prepared and approved by the ,national ,society for ,medical ,research1 the ,institute of ,laboratory ,animal ,resources 7,national ,research ,council71 and the ,american ,association for ,laboratory ,animal ,science 7#aifh74 #a4 ,the basic aims of scientific studies involving animals are to achieve an understanding of life and to advance our knowledge of life processes4 ,such studies lead to respect for life4 #b4 ,insects1 other invertebrates and protozoa are materials of choice for many experiments4 ,they offer opportunities for exploration of biological principles and extension of established ones4 ,their wide variety and the feasibility of using larger numbers than is usually possible with vertebrates makes them especially suitable for illustrating principles4 #c4 ,a qualified adult supervisor must assume primary responsibility for the purposes and conditions of any experiment that involves living animals4 #d4 ,no experiment should be undertaken that involves anesthetic drugs1 surgical procedures1 pathogenic organisms1 toxicological products1 carcinogens1 or ionizing radiation unless a trained life scientist1 physician1 dentist or veterinarian directly supervises the experiment4 #e4 ,any experiment must be performed with the animal under appropriate anesthesia if pain is involved4 #f4 ,the comfort of the animal used in any study shall be a prime concern of the student investigator4 ,gentle handling1 proper feeding1 and provision of appropriate sanitary quarters shall be strictly observed4 ,any experiment in nutritional deficiency may proceed only to the point where symptoms of the deficiency appear4 ,appropriate measures shall then be taken to correct the deficiency1 if such action is feasible1 the animal7s7 shall be killed by a humane method4 ,this booklet is one of the 8,understanding the ,atom0 ,series4 ,comments are invited on this booklet and others in the series2 please send them to the ,division of ,technical ,information1 ,u4 ,s4 ,atomic ,energy ,commission1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjede4 ,published as part of the ,,abc's educational assistance program1 the series includes these titles3 ,accelerators ,animals in ,atomic ,research ,atomic ,fuel ,atomic ,power ,safety ,atoms at the ,science ,fair ,atoms in ,agriculture ,atoms1 ,nature1 and ,man ,books on ,atomic ,energy for ,adults and ,children ,careers in ,atomic ,energy ,computers ,controlled ,nuclear ,fusion ,cryogenics1 ,the ,uncommon ,cold ,direct ,conversion of ,energy ,fallout ,from ,nuclear ,tests ,food ,preservation by ,irradiation ,genetic ,effects of ,radiation ,index to the ,,uas ,series ,lasers ,microstructure of ,matter ,neutron ,activation ,analysis ,nondestructive ,testing ,nuclear ,clocks ,nuclear ,energy for ,desalting ,nuclear ,power and ,merchant ,shipping ,nuclear ,power ,plants ,nuclear ,propulsion for ,space ,nuclear ,reactors ,nuclear ,terms1 ,a ,brief ,glossary ,our ,atomic ,world ,plowshare ,plutonium ,power from ,radioisotopes ,power ,reactors in ,small ,packages ,radioactive ,wastes ,radioisotopes and ,life ,processes ,radioisotopes in ,industry ,radioisotopes in ,medicine ,rare ,earths ,research ,reactors ,,snap1 ,nuclear ,space ,reactors ,sources of ,nuclear ,fuel ,space ,radiation ,spectroscopy ,synthetic ,transuranium ,elements ,the ,atom and the ,ocean ,the ,chemistry of the ,noble ,gases ,the ,elusive ,neutrino ,the ,first ,reactor ,the ,natural ,radiation ,environment ,whole ,body ,counters ,your ,body and ,radiation ,a single copy of any one booklet1 or of no more than three different booklets1 may be obtained free by writing to3 ,,usaec1 ,p4 ,o4 ,,box #fb1 ,,oak ,,ridge1 ,,tennessee #cghcj ,complete sets of the series are available to school and public librarians1 and to teachers who can make them available for reference or for use by groups4 ,requests should be made on school or library letterheads and indicate the proposed use4 ,students and teachers who need other material on specific aspects of nuclear science1 or references to other reading material1 may also write to the ,oak ,ridge address4 ,requests should state the topic of interest exactly1 and the use intended4 ,in all requests1 include 8,zip ,code0 in return address4 ,printed in the ,united ,states of ,america ,,usaec ,division of ,technical ,information ,extension1 ,oak ,ridge1 ,tennessee ,transcriber's ,notes --,silently corrected a few typos4 --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4