,transcriber's ,note ,in the following transcription1 italic text is denoted by underscores while bold text is denoted by equal signs4 ,small capitals in the original text have been transcribed as ,,all ,,capitals4 ,see the end of this document for details of corrections and other changes4 -------------------------- ,start of ,book -------------------------- ,,newspaper ,,writing ,,and ,,editing ,,by ,,willard ,,grosvenor ,,bleyer1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,chairman ,,of ,,the ,,course ,,in ,,journalism1 ,,and ,,associate ,,professor ,,of ,,journalism ,,in ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,wisconsin ,illustration ,,boston ,,new ,,york ,,chicago ,,san ,,francisco ,,houghton ,,mifflin ,,company ,the ,riverside ,press ,cambridge ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,willard ,,grosvenor ,,bleyer ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,the ,riverside ,press ,,cambridge1 ,,massachusetts ,,printed ,,in ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,to ,a4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,preface ,seven years' experience in trying to train college students in methods of newspaper writing and editing has convinced the author of the need of text-books in journalism4 ,newspapers themselves supply the student with so miscellaneous a collection of good1 bad1 and mediocre work that1 with an uncritical taste1 he does not always discriminate in the character of the models which he selects to imitate4 ,lectures by experienced editors and writers1 although fruitful of much inspiration and general information1 seldom give the student sufficiently specific and detailed directions to guide him in his daily work4 ,what he needs is a handbook containing typical examples of all of the kinds of newspaper work that he is likely to be called upon to do during the first years of his newspaper experience4 ,these examples should be carefully selected from well-edited newspapers and should be analyzed to show the fundamental principles that underlie their construction4 ,with such a book illustrative of current practices in newspaper making1 he can study more intelligently the newspapers themselves and can assimilate more completely the advice and information given by newspaper men in active service4 ,furthermore1 such a book1 by giving specific suggestions with examples of their application1 serves as a guide to aid the student in overcoming his difficulties as he does his work from day to day4 ,it is to furnish a handbook and guide of this kind that the present text-book has been prepared4 ,this book is adapted both for use in college classes in journalism and for study by persons interested in journalism who are not attending college4 ,the needs of these two groups are not essentially different4 ,both desire to know the basic principles of newspaper writing and editing and to get the necessary training in the application of these fundamental principles to their own work4 ,in each chapter1 accordingly1 explanation and exemplification are supplemented by material for practice work4 ,to formulate a large number of rules for the writing of news stories1 the editing of copy1 the writing of headlines1 and other kinds of newspaper work1 is plainly impossible1 even if it were desirable4 ,methods of newspaper making during the last fifty years have undergone so constant and rapid a readjustment to new conditions in the transmission of news1 in mechanical production1 and in the sources of income1 that only a few traditions have remained unchanged4 ,the tireless effort to secure novelty and variety in present-day journalism prevents the news story or the headline from becoming absolutely fixed in form or style4 ,instead of attempting to formulate dogmatic rules and directions1 the author has undertaken to analyze current methods of newspaper work with the purpose of showing the reasons for them and the causes which have produced them4 ,the examples selected to illustrate these methods have been taken from newspapers in all parts of the country and are intended to represent the general practices now prevailing4 ,for obvious reasons names and addresses in most of these stories have been changed4 ,to retain the newspaper form as far as possible1 the examples have been printed between rules in column width4 ,inasmuch as this book is intended to prepare the student for the kind of work which he is likely to do during the first years of his newspaper experience1 it does not consider editorial writing1 book-reviewing1 or musical and dramatic criticism4 ,to discuss these subjects adequately would require more space than a handbook on reporting and editing permits4 ,it is assumed throughout this book that the student of journalism is familiar with the elementary principles of grammar and rhetoric1 and has had sufficient training in composition to be able to express ideas in simple1 correct ,english4 ,faults in such rudimentary matters as grammar1 spelling1 punctuation1 and capitalization are not considered at all4 ,no attention is given to diction or questions of good usage4 ,all these matters are fully treated in numerous books on ,english composition4 ,in the discussion of the news story1 an emphasis has been given to the 8lead0 that may seem disproportionate4 ,this has been done in the belief that the rapidity with which newspapers are generally read makes the beginning the most important part of the story4 ,the average reader gleans the significant facts of each piece of news from the headlines and the first paragraphs4 ,he expects in the 8lead0 the 8feature0 as well as the gist of the news4 ,to the student this problem of massing skillfully1 in a compact and interesting form1 the substance of his material1 is a new one1 and he must be shown all the varied possibilities of this treatment4 ,the author has not been unmindful of the fact that efforts are being made to break away from the 8gist-of-the-news0 beginning1 and has given examples of other forms4 ,for stories in which entertainment rather than information is the purpose1 beginnings that do not summarize may undoubtedly be used to advantage4 ,in such stories the student must be shown how to arouse the reader's interest and curiosity in the first sentences so that he will read further4 ,the function of the newspaper has been discussed at some length in order to call the student's attention to the importance of the newspaper as an influence in a democratic government and to point out the significance of his own work in relation to society4 ,an effort has been made to analyze the problems of newspaper making in order to show the fundamental issues involved4 ,the purpose has been1 not to settle these questions dogmatically1 but to stimulate the student to think for himself4 8,newspaper ,english0 has so long been regarded by many teachers of ,english as a term of reproach1 and instruction in journalistic writing has been so recently introduced into the college curriculum1 that some ,english instructors still question the value of systematic training of students in newspaper writing as a part of the teaching of ,english composition4 ,nevertheless1 every teacher of ,english in the secondary schools and colleges recognizes the fact that one of the most serious weaknesses of present-day training in composition is the lack of a definite aim for the student in his writing1 and a corresponding lack of interest on his part in doing work that has no real purpose4 ,to report actual events for publication1 either in a local newspaper or in a school paper1 gives the student both material and purpose1 and to that extent increases his interest and his desire to write well4 ,if the application of the principles of ,english composition to newspaper writing and editing can be demonstrated to the student1 as the author has attempted to do in this book1 the student can undoubtedly be given valuable practice in these principles through systematic training in newspaper work4 8,every professor of journalism must write a textbook on journalism in order to justify his claim to his title10 was the facetious remark made at the first ,conference of ,teachers of ,journalism4 ,until journalism has been taught in colleges and universities long enough to have developed generally accepted methods of instruction1 the text-book produced by every teacher of the subject must be regarded1 not as a demonstration of his claims to the title1 but as a contribution to the development of methods of teaching based on his own experience4 ,if this book is of assistance to those who aspire to become newspaper workers or to those who are undertaking to train students of journalism1 it will have accomplished its purpose4 ,the author is indebted to the publishers of ,collier's ,weekly1 of the ,american ,magazine1 and of the ,independent for permission to reprint material from these magazines4 ,acknowledgment is also due to the many newspapers throughout the country from which examples have been taken and to which due credit has been given whenever the 8stories0 thus reproduced have been important or distinctive in character4 ,the facsimile newspaper headings reproduced in this book represent styles of type used in newspaper offices throughout the country4 ,these specimens are included by courtesy of the ,mergenthaler ,linotype ,company of ,new ,york4 ,,university ,,of ,,wisconsin1 ,,madison1 ,march #c1 #aiac4 ,,contents ,i4 ,,how ,a ,,newspaper ,,is ,,made #a ,,ii4 ,,news ,,and ,,news ,,values #ag ,,iii4 ,,getting ,,the ,,news #bi ,,iv4 ,,structure ,,and ,,style ,,in ,,news ,,stories #fj ,v4 ,,news ,,stories ,,of ,,unexpected ,,occurrences #aja ,,vi4 ,,speeches1 ,,interviews1 ,,and ,,trials #abf ,,vii4 ,,special ,,kinds ,,of ,,news #afa ,,viii4 ,,follow ,,up ,,and ,,rewrite ,,stories #aid ,,ix4 ,,feature ,,stories #baa ,x4 ,,editing ,,copy #bee ,,xi4 ,,the ,,writing ,,of ,,headlines #bga ,,xii4 ,,proof-,,reading #cae ,,xiii4 ,,making ,,up ,,the ,,paper #cbb ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,function ,,of ,,the ,,newspaper #cca ,,index #cfa ,,newspaper ,,writing ,,and ,,editing ,,chapter ,i ,,how ,a ,,newspaper ,,is ,,made ,newspaper ,production4 ,to furnish for a cent or two a fairly complete record of important events that take place in any corner of the world1 editorial comment1 market quotations1 reviews of new books1 critiques of plays and concerts1 fashion hints1 cooking recipes1 cartoons1 and illustrations1 as well as advertisements of all kinds1 would seem a stupendous1 not to say impossible1 task if it were not an everyday phenomenon4 ,a single copy of a daily newspaper in a large city contains1 exclusive of advertising1 from #fj1jjj to #hj1jjj words1 or as many as does the average novel4 ,these metropolitan papers print from #ajj1jjj to #ijj1jjj copies each day1 numbers far in excess of the editions of most successful novels4 ,while it takes the novelist months to produce his work1 and his publishers months to print it1 the newspaper is made and printed in from one to ten editions within twenty-four hours4 ,the successful achievement of such an undertaking1 day by day1 requires extensive equipment and effective organization4 ,the rapid production of a large edition demands many expensive machines to transform written matter quickly into type1 and huge presses to print the papers at the highest speed4 ,furthermore1 it makes necessary a large staff to gather and prepare news and other reading matter1 a large force to put this material into type1 to print it1 and to distribute the papers1 besides managers and clerks to carry on the many business transactions involved in so big an enterprise4 ,newspaper ,organization4 ,although in its main divisions the organization of newspaper publishing is essentially the same1 the size of a paper determines to a considerable extent the number of employees and the degree of division of labor among them1 as well as the character and the extent of the equipment4 ,on large papers where many men are employed and many editions are printed daily1 there needs must be considerable specialization in editing and reporting2 while on small papers the size of the staff requires that each man perform a variety of tasks4 ,sometimes conditions of ownership or control1 and on older papers office traditions1 modify the usual duties and authority of different members of the staff4 ,no one form of organization that can be described in detail1 therefore1 will apply to all newspaper offices even when they are of the same relative size1 but a composite type of organization for large newspapers may be explained to show the division of work4 ,newspaper publishing consists of three distinct parts with three entirely different classes of workers3 7#a7 the business management1 7#b7 the mechanical force1 7#c7 the editorial staff4 ,the ,business ,management4 ,the business organization1 as its name implies1 has charge of the commercial side of newspaper publishing4 ,from the financial point of view the purpose of the newspaper is to make enough money to maintain the paper and to pay dividends to the stockholders4 ,the object of the business department is to sell as much advertising space and as many copies of each issue as it possibly can2 and1 on the other hand1 to pay out for wages and expenses only so much as is necessary to keep the paper up to a standard that will insure a good circulation and enough advertising4 ,in short1 a newspaper company1 regarded purely in the light of a business enterprise1 is not essentially different from any manufacturing company that produces and sells a commodity4 ,the business department is organized with a business manager at its head1 who has complete control of the finances of the paper1 subject1 of course1 to the owner or board of directors of the company4 ,under him are3 7#a7 the circulation manager1 7#b7 the advertising manager1 7#c7 the cashier4 ,the circulation manager directs the work of subscription canvassers1 the drivers and the assistants on the paper's distributing wagons1 the mailing clerks and helpers1 and a force of office clerks and bookkeepers4 ,in the advertising department are the advertising solicitors and the office clerks and bookkeepers4 ,the cashier has assistants and a bookkeeper to aid him4 ,the business office of the newspaper is frequently referred to as the 8counting room40 ,the ,mechanical ,force4 ,the mechanical side of newspaper making is divided into three relatively distinct departments3 7#a7 the composing room1 where1 under the direction of a foreman and a copy-cutter1 the type is set up by compositors or is cast in linotype or monotype machines by operators1 and where the type is arranged by make-up men in pages as it is to appear in print2 7#b7 the stereotyping room1 where these pages of type are used to make molds into which lead plates are cast by stereotypers under the direction of the foreman of the room2 7#c7 the press-room1 where the papers are printed1 in charge of a superintendent with pressmen and machinists as his assistants4 ,attached to the composing room is the proof-reading department with a head proof-reader1 several assistant readers1 and as many copy-holders who read aloud the copy for the proof which is to be corrected4 ,the ,editorial ,staff4 ,the writing and editing of a newspaper1 with which this book is particularly concerned1 is divided into two distinct parts3 7#a7 the gathering1 the writing1 and the editing of the news2 and 7#b7 the interpreting of the news4 ,the two branches are different in the kind of work involved1 and are relatively independent in the organization of the office4 ,to present clear1 concise1 accurate1 timely1 and interesting reports1 or 8stories0 as they are called1 of everything that is going on in the world of sufficient importance to be of interest to any considerable number of readers1 is the aim of the news department4 ,the more quickly1 the more attractively1 the more completely the news can be presented1 the greater is considered the success of the newspaper from the point of view of the news staff4 ,the editorials of a newspaper attempt to interpret and to explain the news1 or to make the news the basis of argument upon issues growing out of questions of the day4 ,the attitude taken by a newspaper on the questions at issue is determined by what is known as its 8editorial policy40 ,the editor-in-chief1 under whom are one or more editorial writers1 has charge of the editorial columns and determines the editorial policy1 subject to whatever control of this policy the owner or directors desire to exercise4 ,the editorial writers and the editor-in-chief confer daily to consider the attitude that the paper shall take in its editorials and to divide the work of writing them4 ,some of the editorials are written by men in other professions who are not on the regular staff1 and often by such members of the news staff as the financial editor or the dramatic critic4 ,most of the editorials1 however1 are the work of the editorial writers4 ,the news staff is in charge of the managing editor1 who is usually responsible directly to the owner or the directors4 ,as aids the managing editor has the assistant managing editor1 and the news editor1 or the night editor1 to take charge of 8making up0 the newspaper ,the gathering and writing of local news is in charge of the city editor and the night city editor1 with an assistant city editor4 ,the news of the state1 the nation1 and the world1 as it comes by mail1 telegraph1 and telephone1 is under the control of the telegraph editor4 ,the city editor directs the reporters2 the telegraph editor the correspondents4 ,particular kinds of news are collected and edited by persons in especially designated positions1 such as the sporting editor1 the society editor1 the financial and market editor1 the dramatic and musical editor1 the real estate editor1 the railroad editor1 the marine editor1 the labor editor1 all of whom usually work under the direction of the managing editor4 ,the special magazine sections of the ,saturday or the ,sunday issues are in charge of the magazine1 or ,sunday1 editor4 ,an exchange editor goes over all the newspapers received in exchange to clip and edit material worth reprinting4 ,cartoonists1 artists1 and photographers supply the materials for newspaper illustrations1 or 8cuts10 as they are called4 ,a librarian has charge of the reference books and newspaper files1 as well as of the collection of biographical sketches and portraits of prominent people known as the 8morgue40 ,all of the manuscript1 or 8copy10 is edited and is supplied with headlines at the copy desk in charge of a head copy-reader with a number of copy-readers as assistants4 8,rewrite men0 are often employed to take the facts of a story from another newspaper and rewrite them1 or to receive material over the telephone from reporters and correspondents and write it up for publication4 ,unsatisfactory work of a reporter may be turned over to a rewrite man to be put in the desired form1 for rewrite men must be able to take the raw material of the news furnished by others and turn it into a well-written news story4 ,getting ,news into ,print4 ,the relation of all these departments to one another is best shown by following through the process by which a piece of news gets into print4 ,the telegraph editor on a newspaper in the capital city of the state1 for example1 gets from an office telegraph operator1 a typewritten dispatch signed by the paper's correspondent in a city of a neighboring state to the effect that the attorney-general has dropped dead in the lobby of a hotel4 ,the telegraph editor at once notifies the city editor so that he may assign reporters to get the local phases of the piece of news1 or 8to cover the local end of the story10 as the newspaper workers say4 ,one reporter is sent to interview the members of the late attorney-general's family2 another is dispatched to the governor's office for an interview with the governor on the deceased official2 a third is asked to look up the statute concerning such an unexpected vacancy in the office2 a fourth is assigned to find out the probable successor to the position4 ,after informing the city editor and the managing editor1 the telegraph editor at once turns over the dispatch to the head copy-reader to have it edited and to have a headline written4 ,meanwhile one of the rewrite men is delegated to get a biographical sketch of the attorney-general from the office 8morgue0 and to write an obituary4 ,the artist looks up the half-tone engraving1 or 8cut10 of the official in the 8morgue0 and selects an appropriate border or 8frame0 in which to put it4 ,the editor-in-chief is informed of the attorney-general's death so that he may make appropriate editorial comment4 ,meanwhile the telegraph editor has sent a telegram to the correspondent who furnished the first news of the event instructing him to 8wire0 five hundred words more giving all the particulars4 ,when the dispatch has been edited and a headline written by one of the copy-readers1 the latter returns it to the head copy-reader1 who glances over it and sends it in a pneumatic tube to the composing room4 ,the tube delivers it at the copy-cutter's desk4 ,the copy-cutter glances at the sheet with the headline for the story1 and then at the two pages of copy4 ,the headline he sends by the copy distributor to the headline machine to be set up4 ,the two pages of copy he cuts into three pieces or 8takes0 so that the story may be set up on three different linotype machines4 ,if the copy of the whole story were given to one machine operator1 it would take three times as long to get it into type4 ,meanwhile some of the reporters have returned from their assignments4 ,each one reports what he has found to the city editor1 and is told how long a story to write1 and possibly what to emphasize in the beginning1 or 8lead40 ,as each story is finished it is turned over to the city editor1 who glances over it and passes it on to the head copy-reader4 ,thence it goes through the same course as the first dispatch4 ,after the copy of the dispatch has been set up in type1 it is taken to a small hand press1 and several impressions called 8galley proofs10 or 8proofs10 are printed1 or 8pulled10 from the type4 ,one of the proofs1 with the original copy1 goes to the proof-room to be compared with the copy and carefully corrected by the proof-readers4 ,another proof-sheet is sent to the managing editor1 who is responsible for everything that goes into the paper2 a third proof is delivered to the news editor who arranges1 or 8makes up10 the news stories on each page of the paper before it is printed4 ,after the proof-readers have corrected the proof1 and the editors have made any necessary changes in it1 the proof-sheets are returned to the operators so that they may make the necessary alterations by resetting whatever is changed4 ,from the type thus corrected a second set of proofs1 called the 8revise10 is printed and these are distributed to the editors as the first were4 ,the type is then ready to be used in the process of printing the paper4 ,half an hour or more before an edition is to be printed1 the news editor gathers the proofs of the news stories that are to be put into that edition1 and goes to the composing room to arrange this news on the several pages4 ,the importance of the news of the attorney-general's death would warrant its being given a prominent place on the first page4 ,the most prominent position is the right-hand outside column4 ,if there is no news of greater importance1 the news editor directs the 8make-up0 men in the composing room to put the type of this story in the outside column of the first page 8form40 ,the 8form0 consists of a 8chase10 or steel frame1 somewhat larger in inside dimensions than the page as it appears when printed4 ,into this 8chase10 which rests upon a smooth iron-top table1 the type is arranged between the brass or lead column rules which make the lines between the columns of type4 ,the advertisements are placed in the forms under the direction of the advertising department just as the news matter is put in under the direction of the news editor1 the page and position on the page usually having been stipulated by the advertiser in making a contract for a certain 8position0 for his 8ad40 ,when each page is filled with type1 the whole page is 8locked0 in the 8form0 by a series of screws or wedges 7called 8quoins071 so that the form may be handled without letting the type drop out4 ,if the type falls out and gets mixed up1 it is said to be 8pied10 and the mixture is called 8pi40 ,the forms1 after being locked1 are taken to the stereotyping room where a paper mold1 or matrix1 commonly called a 8mat10 is made of each page4 ,these matrices1 bent in semicircular form1 are placed in a casting box into which molten lead is poured to make the semicircular lead plates to be used in printing4 ,in large offices the casting of these plates is done by placing the matrix in an automatic stereotyping machine1 known as the autoplate1 which turns out completed plates in less than a minute4 ,after the plates have been trimmed and planed on the back to make them exactly the right thickness1 they are ready to be put on the press4 ,these semicircular lead plates1 which are thus cast in exact reproduction of the page forms of type1 are fastened on the cylinders of the press4 ,as the cylinders revolve1 ink rollers touch the surface of the plates and ink the projecting letters4 ,the paper from a large roll1 as it passes between the cylinders and the blanket rolls which press the paper against the inked plates on the cylinders1 takes up the ink and thus has printed on it the impression of the page of type4 ,besides printing the pages1 the press cuts1 folds1 and counts the papers so that the complete newspaper comes from the press ready for sale or delivery4 ,as soon as the newspapers are printed1 they are turned over to the circulation department for distribution4 ,some copies go to the mailing room to be labeled with little orange-colored address slips and to be put into the mail sacks1 in which they are taken to the post office or mail trains4 ,other copies are sold to waiting newsboys1 and still others are taken in the company's wagon to news stands and carriers all over the city4 ,despite the number and variety of these details in the process of newspaper making1 the news of the death of the attorney-general would reach the readers in a comparatively short time after the event occurred4 ,in half an hour from the time the last piece of copy is written1 a complete newspaper containing it is printed and ready for distribution4 ,speed of ,production4 ,the invention and the perfection of various mechanical devices used in newspaper making have made possible this great speed4 ,in the front rank of ingenious pieces of machinery that have added greatly to rapidity in newspaper publishing stands the linotype4 ,this machine1 which casts solid lines of type1 or 8slugs0 as they are called1 has increased four-fold the speed of production and has made possible much larger editions4 ,the monotype1 which casts each type separately1 has also proved a valuable addition to the means of turning 8copy0 into type quickly4 ,for the casting of semicircular stereotype plates the autoplate machine is an important time-saving device4 ,the time required for 8running off0 an edition is now reduced from two- to five-fold by making duplicate sets of these stereotype plates and by putting them on from two to five large presses so that these presses print the same edition simultaneously4 ,improvements in newspaper-printing machinery have resulted in huge presses that take paper from large rolls and turn out completed newspapers printed in one or two colors1 cut1 folded1 and counted1 ready for distribution4 ,they can be adjusted to print papers from four to forty-eight pages in size1 and can produce twelve-page papers at the rate of #add1jjj copies an hour4 ,magazine sections and 8comics0 are printed in four colors1 usually yellow1 red1 blue1 and black1 on large presses under conditions practically the same as those just described4 ,in order to insert the latest news without taking the time necessary to make up new forms1 prepare new matrices1 and cast new stereotype plates1 a device called the 8fudge0 is employed4 ,after the first page form of a late edition has been used to make a matrix1 about six inches of type is taken out from two columns in the lower left hand corner or the upper right hand corner of the page1 and a new matrix and a stereotype plate are made in which this corner is a blank4 ,this new plate with the blank space is then put on the press in place of the regular first page plate4 ,as fast as late news is received1 it is set up on linotype lines1 or 8slugs10 and these lines are clamped on a small cylinder in the press4 ,when the paper runs through the press1 these linotype lines on the cylinder are printed1 often in red ink1 in the space on the front page left unprinted by the blank in the plate4 ,to save more time with this device1 a telegraph wire is run to the press room and a linotype machine is installed beside it1 so that the latest news can be cast on linotype 8slugs0 and put on the 8fudge0 cylinder as fast as the reports are received by telegraph4 ,results of baseball games1 races1 and other sporting events can be printed to advantage by means of the 8fudge40 ,recently a mailing machine has been introduced that folds1 wraps1 and addresses each copy separately as fast as papers are fed into it4 ,in no other process of manufacture that is as complicated as newspaper making1 it is safe to say1 has equal speed of production been attained4 ,handling a ,big ,story4 ,the scene in a metropolitan newspaper office following the receipt of the first news of the 8,titanic0 disaster1 as graphically portrayed by an editor of a ,new ,york morning paper1 illustrates the conditions under which important news1 received late1 is hurried into print4#a ,the account in part is as follows3 ,at #a3bj a4m4 ,monday1 ,april #ae1 #aiab1 the cable editor opened an envelope of the ,associated ,press that had stamped on its face 8,bulletin40 ,this is what he read3 ,cape ,race1 ,n4 ,f41 ,sunday night1 ,april #ad4--;,at #aj3be o'clock tonight the ,white ,star ,line steamship 8,titanic0 called 8,c4 ,q4 ,d40 to the ,marconi station here1 and reported having struck an iceberg4 ,the steamer said that immediate assistance was required4 ,the cable editor looked at his watch4 ,it was #a3bj and lacked just five minutes of the hour when the mail edition goes to press4 8,boy60 he called sharply4 ,an office boy was at his side in a moment4 8,send this upstairs2 tell them the head is to come2 double column1 and tell the night editor to rip open two columns on the first page for a one-stick dispatch of the #8,titanic' striking an iceberg and sinking40 ,every one in the office was astir in a moment and came over to see the cable editor write on a sheet of copy paper the following head which he indicated was to be set up in this form3 ,,titanic ,,sinking ,,in ,,mid-,,ocean2 ,,hit ,,great ,,iceberg 8,boy60 he called again2 but it was not necessary--a boy in a newspaper office knows news the first time he sees it4 8,tell them that's the head for the #8,titanic4'0 ,then he wrote briefly this telegraphic dispatch1 and as he did so he said to another office boy at his side3 8,tell the operator to shut off that story he is taking and get me a clear wire to ,montreal40 ,this is what he wrote to the ,montreal correspondent1 probably at work at his desk in a ,montreal newspaper office at that hour3 ,cape ,race says ,white ,star ,liner 8,titanic0 struck iceberg1 is sinking and wants immediate assistance4 ,rush every line you can get4 ,we will hold open for you until #c3cj4 8,give that to the operator and find out if we caught the mail on that #8,titanic' dispatch10 he said quickly to the boy4 ,in a moment the boy returned4 8,o4,k4 on both10 he said4 ,the city editor1 who had just put on his coat previous to going away for the night1 took it off4 ,the night city editor1 at the head of the copy-desk1 where all the local copy 7as a reporter's story is called7 is read1 and the telegraph editor stood together1 joined later by the night editor1 for the mail edition had left the composing room for the stereotypers and then to the pressroom and from thence to be scattered wherever on the globe newspapers find readers4 ,the 8,titanic0 staff was immediately organized1 for at that hour most of the staff were still at work4 ,the city editor took the helm4 8,get the papers for ,april #aa--;all of them10 he said to the head office boy1 8and then send word to the art department to quit everything to make three cuts1 which ,i shall send right down40 ,then to the night city editor3 8,get up a story of the vessel itself2 some of the stuff they sent us the other day that we did not use1 and ,i ordered it put in the envelope4 ,play up the mishap at the start4 ,get up a passenger list story and an obituary of ,smith1 her commander40 ,there was no mention of ,smith in the dispatch1 but city editors retain such things in their heads for immediate use1 and this probably explains in a measure why they hold down their job2 also having1 it might be added1 executive judgment1 which is sometimes right4 8,assign somebody to the ,white ,star ,line and see what they've got40 ,the night city editor went back to the circular table where the seven or eight men who read reporters' copy were gathered4 8,get up as much as you can of the passenger list of the #8,titanic4' ,she is sinking off ,newfoundland10 he said briefly to one4 ,and to another3 8,write me a story of the #8,titanic1' the new ,white ,star liner1 on her maiden trip1 telling of her mishap with the #8,new ,york' at the start40 ,and to another3 8,write me a story of ,captain ,e4 ,j4 ,smith40 ,then to a reporter sitting idly about3 8,get your hat and coat quick2 go down to the ,white ,star ,line office and telephone all you can about the #8,titanic' sinking off ,newfoundland40 ,then to another reporter3 8,get the ,white ,star ,line on the phone and find out what they've got of the sinking of the #8,titanic4' ,find out who is the executive head in ,new ,york2 his address and telephone number40 ,and in another part of the room the city editor was saying to the office boy3 8,get me all the #8,titanic' pictures you have and a photo or cut of ,captain ,e4 ,j4 ,smith40 ,two boys instantly went to work1 for the photos of men are kept separate from the photographs of inanimate things4 ,the city editor selected three3 8,tell the art department to make a three-column cut of the #8,titanic1' a two-column of the interior1 and a two-column of ,smith40 ,in the mean time the ,associated ,press bulletins came in briefly4 ,paragraph by paragraph the cable editor was sending the story to the composing room4 ,what was going on upstairs every one knew4 ,they were sidetracking everything else1 and the copy-cutter in the composing room was sending out the story in 8takes10 as they are called1 of a single paragraph to each compositor4 ,his blue pencil marked each individual piece of copy with a letter and number1 so that when the dozen or so men setting up the story had their work finished1 the story might be put together consecutively4 8,tell the operator10 said the cable editor again to the office boy1 8to duplicate that dispatch ,i gave him to our ,halifax man4 ,get his name out of the correspondents' book40 8,who wrote that story of the #88,carmania0 in the ,icefield'80 said the night city editor to the copy-reader who 8handled0 the homecoming of the 8,carmania10 which arrived ,sunday night and the story of which was already in the mail edition of the paper before him4 ,the copy-reader told him4 ,he called the reporter to his desk4 8,take that story10 said the night city editor1 8and give us a column on it4 ,don't rewrite the story2 add paragraphs here and there to show the vast extent of the icefield4 ,make it straight copy1 so that nothing in that story will have to be reset4 ,you have just thirty minutes to catch the edition4 ,write it in twenty40 8,get the passenger lists of the #8,olympic' and the #8,baltic1'0 was the assignment given to another reporter1 all alert waiting for their names to be called1 every man awake at the switch4 ,in the mean time1 the story from the ,montreal man was being ticked off2 on another wire ,halifax was coming to life4 8,men10 said the city editor1 8we have just five minutes left to make the city edition4 ,jam it down tight40 ,already the three cuts had been made1 the telegraph editor was handling the ,montreal story1 his assistant the ,halifax end1 and the cable editor was still editing the ,associated ,press bulletins and writing a new head to tell the rest of the story that the additional details brought4 ,the ,white ,star ,line man had a list of names of passengers of the 8,titanic0 and found that they numbered #acjj1 and that she carried a crew of #hfj4 ,in the mean time proofs of all the 8,titanic0 matter that had been set were coming to the desk of the managing editor1 in charge over all1 but giving special attention to the editorial matter4 ,all his suggestions went through the city editor1 and on down the line1 but he himself went from desk to desk overlooking the work4 8,time's up10 said the city editor2 but before he finished1 the cable editor cried to the boy3 8,let the two-column head stand and tell them to add this head30 ,at #ab3bg this ,morning ,blurred ,signals by ,wireless ,told of ,women ,being ,put off in ,lifeboats--,three ,lines ,rushing to ,aid of #acjj ,imperiled ,passengers and ,crew of #hfj ,men4 8,did we catch it80 asked the cable editor of the boy standing at the composing-room tube4 8,we did10 he said triumphantly4 8,one big pull for the last edition1 men10 said the city editor4 8,we are going in at #c3bj4 ,let's beat the town with a complete paper40 ,the enthusiasm was catching fire4 ,throughout the office it was a bedlam of noise--clicking typewriters1 clicking telegraph instruments1 and telephone bells ringing added to the whistle of the tubes that lead from the city room to the composing room1 the pressroom1 the stereotype room and the business office1 the latter1 happily1 not in use1 but throughout the office men worked2 nobody shouted1 no one lost his head2 men were flushed1 but the cool1 calm1 deliberate way in which the managing editor smoked his cigar helped much to relieve the tension4 8,three-fifteen1 men10 said the city editor1 admonishingly2 8every line must be up by #c3bj4 ,five minutes more40 ,the city editor walked rapidly from desk to desk4 8,all up10 said the night city editor1 8and three minutes to the good40 ,at the big table stood the city editor1 cable editor1 night city editor1 and managing editor4 ,they were looking over the completed headline that should tell the story to the world4 8,that will hold 'em1 ,i guess10 said the city editor1 and the head went upstairs4 ,the men waited about and talked and smoked4 ,bulletins came in1 but with no important details4 ,going to press at #c3bj meant a wide circulation4 ,at #d3cj the ,associated ,press sent 8,good-night10 but at that hour the presses had been running uninterruptedly for almost an hour4 ,,suggestions #a4 ,find out all that you can about the organization of the paper on which you are employed4 #b4 ,know the names1 at least1 of the heads of all the departments4 #c4 ,learn as much as possible about advertising and subscription rates and methods4 #d4 ,familiarize yourself with the details of all the mechanical processes connected with newspaper making4 #e4 ,interest yourself in the welfare of the paper as if it were your own property4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,news ,,and ,,news ,,values ,problems of the ,news4 ,as news is the sine qua non of the newspaper1 the problem of newspaper making resolves itself into the three questions3 ,what is news8 ,where and how is news to be obtained8 and1 ,how is news to be presented to the reader8 ,the first question involves the definition of news and the determination of its value1 the second concerns the gathering of news1 and the third has to do with structure and style in the writing of news4 ,what is ,news8 ,although every good newspaper worker recognizes news at once1 and almost instinctively decides upon its value1 most of them find it difficult to express in brief form what news is and what determines its value4 ,in a symposium recently conducted by an ,american magazine1#b a number of editors throughout the country undertook to define news1 giving the following definitions3-- ,news is whatever your readers want to know about4 ,anything that enough people want to read is news1 provided it does not violate the canons of good taste and the laws of libel4 ,news is anything that happens in which people are interested4 ,news is anything that people will talk about2 the more it will excite comment1 the greater its value4 ,news is accurate and timely intelligence of happenings1 discoveries1 opinions1 and matters of any sort which affect or interest the readers4 ,whatever concerns public welfare1 whatever interests or instructs the individual in any of his relations1 activities1 opinions1 properties1 or personal conduct1 is news4 ,news is everything that happens1 the inspiration of happenings1 and the result of such happenings4 ,news is the essential facts concerning any happening1 event1 or idea that possesses human interest2 that affects or has an influence on human life or happiness4 ,news is based on people1 and is to be gauged entirely on how it interests other people4 ,news comprises all current activities which are of general human interest1 and the best news is that which interests the most readers4 ,the essentials of news1 as brought out by these definitions are3 7#a7 that it must be of interest to the readers2 7#b7 that it includes anything and everything that has any such interest2 and1 7#c7 that it must be new1 current1 timely4 ,furthermore1 these definitions emphasize the fact that the value of news is determined 7#a7 by the number of people that it interests1 and 7#b7 by the extent to which it interests them4 ,the composite of these definitions1 therefore1 would be3 ,news is anything timely that interests a number of people2 and the best news is that which has the greatest interest for the greatest number4 ,by the application of these tests to each event1 idea1 or activity1 the reporter can determine for himself what is news and what is not1 as well as what value a piece of news possesses4 ,he must ask himself concerning each piece of news that he gets3 8,is it new and timely80 8,how many readers will it interest80 8,has it great interest for a large number80 ,many times an incident seems1 at first glance1 to possess little that will interest1 but1 on closer examination1 reveals some phase that is of considerable news value4 ,keen observation and insight to see the significant aspect of a person1 an event1 an idea1 often leads to the discovery of news that may escape the notice of less acute observers4 ,the reporter must find for himself those aspects of the day's events which are of the greatest interest to the greatest number4 ,timeliness in ,news4 ,freshness1 timeliness1 newness is one vital qualification for all news4 8,yesterday0 has almost ceased to exist for the newspaper man4 ,even 8to-day0 has become 8this morning10 8this noon10 8this afternoon40 8,up to date0 has given way to 8up to the minute40 ,improved mechanical equipment1 which makes possible lightning speed in turning news stories into a complete newspaper in less than half an hour1 has made possible a degree of freshness in the news that would seem marvelous were it not a daily1 in fact1 almost an hourly phenomenon4 ,competition among newspapers1 and the publication of frequent editions1 increase the necessity for the latest news4 ,the reporter must catch this spirit of getting the news while it is news1 and of getting it into print before it loses its freshness4 ,what ,interests ,readers4 ,how general will be the interest in any activity1 idea1 or event is determined by what the average person likes to hear1 read1 or see4 ,whatever gives him pleasure or satisfaction1 interests him4 ,consideration of the fundamental bases of news values1 therefore1 involves a determination of the general classes of things that give pleasure and satisfaction to the average individual4 ,the ,extraordinary4 ,the unusual1 the extraordinary1 the curious1 wherever found1 attracts attention and is interesting because it is a departure from the normal order of life4 ,humdrum routine whets the appetite for every break in the monotony of regularity4 ,so long as the daily life of the average man conforms to the generally accepted business and social standards and is not affected by any unusual circumstances1 it has little interest for his fellow men4 ,as soon as he violates the usual order1 or is the victim of such violation1 his departure from the level of conformity becomes a matter of greater or less interest according to the extent of the departure4 ,because hundreds of thousands of bank employees are honest1 the dishonesty of one of them is news4 ,so all crime1 as a violation of established law and order1 is news1 unless1 as unfortunately is sometimes the case1 it becomes common enough to cease to be unusual4 ,every notable achievement in any field of activity1 because it rises above the level1 is news4 ,a record aeroplane flight1 an heroic action1 the discovery of a new serum1 the invention of a labor-saving device1 the finding of remains of a buried city1 the completion of a great bridge1--all are sufficiently out of the ordinary to attract attention4 ,accidents and unexpected occurrences1 because they break in upon the usual course of events1 are matters of news4 ,the thousands of trains that reach their destination safely are as nothing compared to one that jumps the track4 ,millions of dollars' worth of property that remains unharmed from day to day does not interest the average man1 but the loss of some of it by fire1 wind1 or flood immediately lifts the part affected out of the mass and gives it interest to hundreds of persons in no way concerned in the loss4 ,it is not the crimes and misfortunes of others that give the reader pleasure2 it is the fact that these are departures from the normal course that makes them satisfy his desire for something different from the usual round of life4 ,in almost every event the good newspaper man can find something that is out of the ordinary1 and by giving due emphasis to this unusual phase can give interest to what might otherwise seem commonplace4 ,what that something will be is determined by the reporter's or the editor's appreciation of what will appeal to the average reader as the most marked departure from the customary and the expected4 ,if1 as in a recent accident1 the front trucks of a trolley car jump the track and upset a baby carriage1 throwing out the baby2 and if the baby alights unharmed on a pillow that was tossed out of the carriage by the collision1 such peculiar circumstances the reporter knows will appeal to most readers as the interesting feature of the accident4 ,that a sneak thief should be caught as he was escaping from a house with a few dollars' worth of plunder1 will attract the average reader much less than the fact that he jumped through a plate-glass window in his effort to escape1 or that he gained access to the house by wearing a ,salvation ,army uniform1 or that he carried away a pie as part of his booty4 ,how a man lost a purse containing #ej is scarcely worthy of notice1 but how1 while looking for his purse1 he found a diamond ring1 is strange enough to make good reading4 ,a lecture at an agricultural society meeting on the advantages to the farmers of the state of raising barley would not ordinarily be considered of much interest to city readers1 but an interruption of the lecture by an advocate of prohibition with the charge that to urge barley growing is to aid the brewing interests1 might make a good news story4 ,the character and the extent of the departure from the usual1 considered from the point of view of most of the readers1 measure the news value of any phase of an event that is out of the ordinary4 ,struggles for ,supremacy4 ,struggles for supremacy1 also1 have an almost universal appeal4 ,competition in business1 contest in sport1 rivalry in politics1 are based on the love of fighting to win4 ,strikes and lockouts1 as part of the contest between labor and capital1 appeal to this interest4 ,so does the fight to secure control or monopoly in any part of the commercial field4 ,the enthusiasm manifested over baseball1 football1 boxing1 racing1 and other sports grows out of the love of contest for supremacy4 ,in political warfare the interest of many is largely in the struggle for victory1 with the power that victory brings1 rather than any results that will affect the individual directly4 ,accounts of all these forms of fighting to win make good news stories4 8,human ,interest40 ,the fellow feeling that makes all the world akin1 the sympathy that binds together men who have little in common1 is the basis of interest which we have in the actions1 thoughts1 and feelings of others4 ,the 8human interest0 which newspaper and magazine editors demand1 involves emphasis on the personal element in the affairs of life4 ,the characters that appear in news stories1 fiction1 or special articles must be made to appeal to the readers as real flesh and blood men and women4 ,the human side of events is what the average reader wants4 ,how one man is saved by a new serum is read with more attention than is a discussion of the therapeutic value of the serum4 ,the privations of an arctic explorer in reaching the pole have almost as much interest for most readers as the discovery of the pole itself4 ,the experiences of strikers and their families are read by many who know little and care less about the economic conditions that produce the strike4 ,so vitally do we feel ourselves concerned with the fate of our fellow men1 even when we do not know them personally1 that accounts of human life lost or endangered are read with great eagerness4 8,many lives lost60 is the cry that the newsboy knows will sell the most papers4 ,from the point of view of the newspaper the greater the number of lives thus involved in the event1 the better is the news4 ,the ,appeal of ,children4 ,the unusual appeal that children make gives news of their activities especial value4 ,whenever a little child plays a part in an event1 it is pretty sure to be the best feature of the story4 ,the letter which a small girl writes to the mayor asking that her pet dog be restored to her from the dog pound1 will take a place in the day's news beside the interview with the mayor outlining his policies of city government for the following two years4 ,a child witness holds the attention of the entire court room and is 8featured0 in the story of a trial1 partly1 no doubt1 because the appearance of a child in these circumstances is unusual1 but largely because of our interest in children4 ,just as a child's plea to a judge saves its worthless father or drunken mother from a prison sentence1 so the story of that plea will move every reader4 ,anecdotes and sayings of children readily find a place in newspapers and magazines4 ,interest in ,animals4 ,the popular interest in animals1 wild or tame1 in captivity or at large1 makes news stories about them good reading4 ,whether we are attracted by the almost human intelligence that animals often display1 or by their distinctly animal traits1 we read of their doings with keen interest4 ,anecdotes of animal pets if well told are always readable4 ,the fascination which the 8zoo0 or the circus menagerie has for most people is akin to the pleasure given by anecdotes of animals in captivity4 ,every city editor knows the value of the zological garden as a source of effective stories when other fields fail4 ,wild animals at large1 particularly when they come into any relation with men1 afford good material for the reporter or correspondent4 ,amusements and ,hobbies4 ,the favorite pleasures and amusements of readers form another large group of activities that must be considered in measuring the value of news4 ,besides the contest element in sports that interests the spectator1 there is the attraction of athletics for the players4 ,golf1 tennis1 automobiling1 and similar activities furnish news that is read by those who engage in these diversions4 ,accounts of the theatre1 of concerts1 and of all forms of amusements are read by the thousands who patronize these entertainments4 ,pastimes and hobbies1 such as amateur photography1 book-collecting1 fishing and hunting1 canoeing and sailing1 whist and chess1 have enough devotees to give value to news of such avocations4 ,here again the number of readers to whom such news appeals determines the space and the prominence that it is worth4 ,degree of ,readers' ,interest4 ,persons1 places1 or things that go to make up news excite a degree of interest proportional to 7#a7 the reader's familiarity with them1 7#b7 their own importance and prominence1 7#c7 the closeness of their relation to the reader's personal affairs4 ,local ,interest4 ,local events interest readers because they know the places and often the persons concerned4 ,local news1 accordingly1 takes precedence over news from elsewhere of equal or greater importance as measured by the general standards of news value4 ,interest in most news stories may be said to vary inversely in proportion to the distance between the place of the event described and the place where the paper is published4 ,just as the splash is greatest where a stone strikes the water1 the ripples growing less and less marked as the force of the shock spreads out over the pond1 so the impression made by an occurrence grows less and less the farther one goes from the scene of action4 ,we read more eagerly the account of a small fire in a building that we pass every day than the dispatch telling of a fire that wiped out a whole town two thousand miles away4 ,the arrest of a man for speeding his automobile will cause more comment among his friends than the capture of a gang of automobile bandits that has terrorized another city4 ,local phases1 or 8local ends10 as they are called1 of events that take place some distance away quite overshadow in interest more important phases of the event itself4 ,every effort is made in the newspaper to bring events1 ideas1 and activities elsewhere into some local relation4 ,interest in the ,prominent4 ,the interest which all readers have in what is familiar to them extends to persons1 places1 and things that they may not know personally but that they recognize as important or prominent4 ,they like to read about men and women who are leaders in social1 business1 or political activities in the city1 the state1 the nation1 or anywhere in the world1 even though these persons exist for them only in name4 ,a high position itself gives added importance to news concerning the person who occupies it1 although many readers may not have heard of him before4 ,thus1 in order to appeal to this general interest in the doings of persons of position1 some less scrupulous reporters and editors describe the characters in their news stories as 8prominent10 8well-known10 8a college graduate10 8a beautiful young society girl10 when the facts do not warrant it4 ,personages who are well known do not need such introduction2 their names alone serve to identify them4 ,the value of news concerning a person may be said to vary in direct proportion to his prominence4 ,a slight accident to a candidate for the presidency of the ,united ,states attracts much more attention than a serious one to a candidate for ,congress4 ,a story of the wedding of the daughter of a multi-millionaire has thousands of readers because of the prominence of her father1 whereas the account of the wedding of the corner grocer's daughter attracts only a small number who know the families4 ,the daily life of the great affords daily pleasure to the humble4 ,places that readers have often heard of1 but in many cases have never seen1 such as ,new ,york1 ,paris1 ,washington1 ,coney ,island1 ,niagara ,falls1 possess an attraction that makes news from them the more interesting even though it may consist of no more than gossip and trivial happenings4 ,well-known places as the setting for events give added importance1 therefore1 to the news value of these events4 ,institutions1 such as universities of national reputation1 the ,library of ,congress1 the ,rockefeller ,institute1 the ,young ,men's ,christian ,association1 the ,salvation ,army1 because they are generally known1 likewise attract attention to news involving them4 ,familiar names of great ocean steamships1 of large commercial companies1 and of important railroad systems1 increase the news value of stories in which they appear4 ,size and prominence1 then1 of places and things1 like importance and prominence of persons1 determine news values4 ,home and ,business ,interests4 ,the most vital concerns of both men and women1 however1 are their business and their home1 their prosperity and their happiness4 ,whatever in the daily round of events affects these interests most directly will get their closest attention4 ,upon this principle depends the news value of many newspaper stories4 ,stock brokers and investors read the stock market reports2 buyers and farmers1 the produce and live stock quotations2 owners and agents of real estate1 the records of transfers and mortgages2 business men generally1 commercial and industrial news1 because of the relation of such news to their own business affairs4 ,a marked rise or fall in the price of butter1 eggs1 meat1 or other staple articles of food concerns not only the dealers but housewives and other purchasers of such commodities4 ,announcement of the proposed construction of a new trolley line appeals to readers whose transportation facilities or property are affected4 ,income tax legislation1 parcel post1 adjustments of railroad rates1 state or federal supreme court decisions1 the tariff1 and other political and economic problems1 usually interest the average reader in proportion as he thinks that they will affect him and his business4 ,for most women readers home-making and fashions are of vital concern4 ,besides matters pertaining to the cost of living1 which affect men and women alike1 pure food laws and their enforcement1 schools1 the health and welfare of children1 the servant problem1 the milk and the water supplies1 as well as the latest styles of dress1--all come very close to the everyday lives of women1 who constitute no small part of the number of newspaper readers4 ,incidental concerns of both men and women readers1 such as organizations to which they belong1 general movements with which they are connected1 or the social life of which they are a part1 give interest for them to news concerning these activities4 ,news values1 therefore1 are measured by the extent to which news affects directly the lives of readers2 the greater the effect and the larger the number of readers affected1 the better the news4 ,combination of ,interests4 ,if one event possesses several of these different kinds of interest it is very good news1 because of the greater number of readers to whom it appeals and because of the stronger appeal that it makes4 ,thus1 for example1 the 8,titanic0 disaster was extremely unusual in that the largest ocean liner on its first trip was sunk by an iceberg while proceeding at a high rate of speed on a clear night4 ,greater still was its interest because of the very large number of human lives involved4 ,added to this was the fact that many of the passengers were prominent4 ,the result was that news of the disaster was read with the greatest eagerness by all classes everywhere in this country as well as abroad4 ,the combination of sources of interest and the greater degree of interest that results must be taken into consideration in measuring the final value of news4 ,,suggestions #a4 ,ask yourself concerning every piece of information1 ,how many readers will it interest8 ,how much will it interest the average reader8 ,is it really new and timely8 #b4 ,examine every phase of an event or idea for what will be of greatest interest to the greatest number4 #c4 ,look always for what will appeal to the average reader as most unusual1 curious1 remarkable4 #d4 ,consider the things that give most persons great pleasure and satisfaction4 #e4 ,don't overlook the 8human interest0 element in the day's events4 #f4 ,remember that a good fight interests many1 whether it is in politics1 business1 or sport4 #g4 ,don't neglect children in the news2 though small they make a big appeal4 #h4 ,keep on the look-out for good stories of animals4 #i4 ,provide reading for men and women with hobbies4 #aj4 ,measure the value of your news on the basis of its local interest4 #aa4 ,remember that readers are most interested in persons and places that they know4 #ab4 ,consider the news value given by the importance and prominence of persons and things4 #ac4 ,bring your news as close as possible to the reader's home and business4 #ad4 ,sharpen your 8nose for news0 on the grindstone of experience4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,getting ,,the ,,news ,the ,problem of ,news ,gathering4 ,the mystery of newspaper making1 to the uninitiated1 is how editors and reporters find out everything that happens and how they get it into print in a very short time4 ,it seems strange to the average person that when an accident occurs in the block in which he lives1 the first news of it often reaches him through the newspaper4 ,the apparent omnipresence1 not to say omniscience1 of the reporter leads to the not unnatural assumption that the news gatherer walks about the city waiting ,micawber-like for 8something to turn up40 ,the size of the staff of reporters that would be required to maintain a patrol of the streets would approximate that of the police force1 and would bankrupt the most prosperous newspaper4 ,such a system is not only impossible but quite unnecessary4 ,news gathering is really no mystery at all1 but merely a good example of efficient organization4 ,in organizing its news collecting1 the newspaper only takes advantage of information filed for various official purposes by many different persons in no way connected with the newspaper4 ,policemen1 firemen1 sheriffs1 coroners1 and practically all officials of local1 state1 and national governments1 as well as doctors1 lawyers1 and merchants are all unintentionally serving as reporters of news4 ,the public records in all public or private offices are the reports which these men1 many times quite unconsciously1 furnish for the newspapers4 ,what the news editors do is to see that a careful watch is maintained by their reporters at all places where news is thus recorded so that they may select whatever part of it is of interest to their readers4 ,news ,sources4 ,the places where news is recorded1 not primarily for the newspapers but really to their great advantage1 and the kinds of news to be found at each place are indicated by the following list of news sources3-- ,police ,headquarters --crimes1 arrests1 accidents1 suicides1 fires1 disappearances1 sudden deaths1 and news of the police department organization4 ,fire ,headquarters --fires1 fire losses1 and news of the fire department organization4 ,coroner's ,office --fatal accidents1 sudden deaths1 suicides1 and murders4 ,health ,department --deaths1 contagious diseases1 sanitary reports1 and condition of city water4 ,recorder or ,register --sales and transfers of property and mortgages4 of ,deeds ,city ,clerk --marriage licenses4 ,county ,jail --crimes1 arrests1 and executions4 ,mayor's ,office --appointments and removals1 municipal policies4 ,criminal ,courts --arraignments1 hearings1 and trials4 ,civil ,courts --complaints1 answers1 trials1 verdicts1 and decisions in civil suits4 ,probate ,office --estates1 wills4 ,referee in ,bankruptcy --assignments1 failures1 appointment of receivers1 meetings of creditors1 settlements of bankrupts4 ,building ,inspector --permits for new buildings and alterations1 condemnations of unsafe buildings1 regulation of fire escapes1 and fire prevention devices4 ,public ,utilities --hearings and decisions of rates and regulations4 ,commission ,board of ,public --municipal improvements4 ,works ,shipping ,offices --arrival and sailing of ships1 cargoes1 rates1 marine news4 ,associated ,charities --poverty1 destitution1 and relief4 ,board of ,trade1 --quotations1 sales1 and news of stock1 produce1 ,stock ,exchange1 grain1 metals1 live stock1 etc4 ,mining ,exchange1 and ,chamber of ,commerce ,hotels --arrival and departure of guests1 banquets1 dinner parties1 and other social functions4 ,news 8,runs40 ,to get all the news that develops at each of these and many other similar places1 the city editor divides the news sources into 8runs0 or 8beats10 and details a reporter to each 8run40 ,the reporter assigned to get or 8cover0 the news of police headquarters is said to have the 8police run02 another assigned to the city hall has the 8city hall run10 or is 8city hall reporter02 one who gets the news of the child welfare movement1 of social centers1 benevolent organizations1 etc41 is said to have the 8uplift run02 another is on the 8hotel run40 ,to cover adequately these news sources1 the reporter visits each office on his run from one to six times a day1 examining records1 interviewing officials1 and chatting with secretaries and clerks4 ,the number of times that he visits an office and the length of time that he stays are determined approximately by the amount and value of the news likely to be obtained4 ,as the reporter is held responsible for all the news of the places on his 8run10 he must not let anything escape his notice1 because a keener1 quicker-witted man on the same 8run0 for a rival paper may get what he misses4 ,when a reporter obtains a piece of news that reporters on other papers do not get1 he is said to have a 8scoop0 or 8beat10 and the unsuccessful paper and its reporters are said to have been 8scooped40 ,city ,news ,associations4 ,in large cities1 like ,new ,york and ,chicago1 the gathering of all the official or routine news is done by a central news association which furnishes each paper that belongs to the association or which pays for its services1 with a mimeographed copy of every news story that its reporters secure in covering all the usual runs4 ,by this method each paper is saved the expense of providing for the scores of runs necessary in a large city in order to cover adequately all the news sources each day4 ,when the city editor gets a news bulletin or a complete story from the news association1 he can have it rewritten or can send out one of his reporters if he desires to have the event more fully covered4 ,such a system of local news gathering makes possible a staff of reporters relatively small as compared with the size of the city4 ,reporters employed by the city news association work under conditions practically the same as those in a newspaper office4 ,inasmuch as the stories that a news association reporter writes are edited in at least half a dozen newspaper offices by different editors and copy-readers1 the reporter has the advantage of seeing how various papers treat the same news story4 ,assignments4 ,in organizing news gathering1 the city editor and his assistants keep a 8future0 book or file with a page or compartment for each day in the year4 ,into this are placed1 under the appropriate day1 all notes1 clippings1 and suggestions regarding future news possibilities4 ,if1 for example1 on ,december #aj1 the state legislature passes a law in regard to the size of berry boxes1 to take effect on ,march #a of the following year1 the city editor puts a clipping of the dispatch from the state capital telling of this action1 or a note recording the fact1 into the compartment or page labeled ,february #be1 so that a week before ,march #a1 he may assign one of his reporters to find out from wholesale commission dealers1 berry-crate manufacturers1 and the inspector of weights and measures1 what steps are to be taken to carry out the provisions of the law4 ,a similar news record is kept by the telegraph and state editors covering future events in their fields1 so that correspondents may be given instructions and advice4 ,the city editor also has an assignment book or sheet on which is entered every important news possibility for the day1 with the name of the reporter assigned to cover it1 and with any information or suggestions that the editor wants to give the reporter4 ,when the reporter arrives at the office to begin his day's work1 or when he reports to the office by telephone1 he gets his assignments for the day4 ,these assignments are usually connected with his run1 so that while he is on his daily round of news gathering he may get in addition the special news assigned to him4 8,covering0 ,important ,events4 ,to secure an adequate report of an important event1 such as a state political convention1 a visit of the ,president of the ,united ,states1 a serious crime1 or a wide-spread flood1 the city editor arranges the work of the various members of his staff so that every important phase of the event will be 8covered40 ,on the occasion of a day's visit of the president1 for example1 one reporter is assigned to follow the chief executive about all day from the time he arrives until he leaves1 and to write the general story of his visit4 ,another is detailed to report his arrival1 the ovation given him1 and possibly the short speech that he makes in response4 ,a third is told to 8cover0 the reception tendered by the ,merchants and ,manufacturers ,club2 a fourth to report the luncheon given for him at the ,city ,club2 and a fifth who can write shorthand to get a verbatim report of his speech at the ,coliseum in the afternoon4 ,practically every event that can be anticipated is provided for in advance by the city editor1 and to that extent is easier to handle than the unexpected ones4 ,when ,big ,news 8,breaks40 ,important events that occur unexpectedly are the real test of the editor's ability to organize his staff quickly and effectively4 ,what is involved in arranging to get all phases of a big news story is shown by the manner in which such an event as the attempted assassination of ,mayor ,gaynor of ,new ,york on ,august #i1 #aiaj1 was handled by the ,new ,york papers4 ,the following summary of an account given by one of the city editors illustrates the methods employed4#c ,the first news of the attempt to assassinate the mayor came at #i3cj ,a4,m4 in the form of a news association bulletin which read3 ,mayor ,gaynor was shot this morning while on the deck of the ,kaiser ,wilhelm der ,grosse in ,hoboken4 ,it is rumored he is dead4 ,the city editor on a morning paper at once got in touch with as many of his reporters as he could reach on the telephone4 ,the first three reporters that he telephoned to were told the substance of the bulletin and were sent to ,hoboken to get the details4 ,the second bulletin from the news association1 received a few minutes after the first1 was as follows3 ,the mayor was taken to ,st4 ,mary's ,hospital1 ,hoboken4 ,as soon as another reporter was available1 the city editor told him to go to ,st4 ,mary's ,hospital to see the doctors and to report the result at once4 ,the fifth reporter was sent to find ,mrs4 ,gaynor at her city home or at her country house1 as the city editor knew that she was not accompanying the mayor on his trip abroad4 ,the third news association bulletin1 or 8flash10 gave these facts concerning the assassin3 ,the man who shot the mayor has been arrested4 ,his name is ,james ,j4 ,gallagher4 ,he lives at ,no4 #ddj ,third ,ave4 ,the city editor thereupon gave a reporter this assignment4 8,go up there2 get all you can about him4 ,get a picture4 ,find out to what political party he belongs4 ,run him to the ground and phone me later2 ,i may be able to give you something additional40 ,to another reporter the city editor said3 8,gallagher is to be arraigned in the police headquarters in ,hoboken2 go over there quickly40 ,the next bulletin opened up a new phase of the subject1 the motive for the crime3 ,gallagher was a night watchman in the dock department until ,july #a1 when he was discharged from the city employ4 ,after the reporter who had been sent out to get the history of ,gallagher telephoned that ,gallagher had been a disgruntled employee of the city who had been constantly writing letters of complaint to his superiors1 the city editor assigned a reporter to get the facts1 saying3 8,gallagher was a chronic kicker4 ,go down to the ,department of ,docks and to the ,civil ,service ,commission and get copies of all the correspondence40 ,a reporter was sent to see ,john ,purroy ,mitchel1 the acting mayor1 another to find out the city charter provisions regarding a possible vacancy in the office of mayor under such circumstances4 ,a rewrite man was told to get from the office collection of biographical sketches1 or 8morgue10 the material on file concerning the life of the mayor and to write an obituary4 ,a tip by telephone from a man who had once employed ,gallagher to the effect that he had often done strange1 uncanny things1 led to a reporter's being sent to get further particulars from this informant4 ,the complete list of assignments as they appeared on the city editor's sheet was as follows1 each being preceded by the name of the reporter detailed to cover that particular phase of the event3 7#a7 ,main story of ,gaynor shooting1 7#b7 ,interviews on board the ,kaiser ,wilhelm1 7#c7 ,gallagher on board the ,kaiser ,wilhelm1 7#d7 ,gallagher1 the man1 and his correspondence1 7#e7 ,gaynor at ,st4 ,mary's ,hospital1 7#f7 ,the arraignment of ,gallagher and his plans1 7#g7 ,mrs4 ,gaynor and family1 7#h7 ,john ,purroy ,mitchel1 the acting mayor1 7#i7 ,city ,hall1 7#aj7 ,what the charter says1 with interviews1 7#aa7 ,obituary of ,gaynor1 7#ab7 ,the strange1 uncanny things ,gallagher did4 ,getting the ,facts4 ,a large part of news gathering consists of getting information from persons by asking questions4 ,to ask questions that will elicit the desired facts most effectively is not so easy as it seems4 ,most persons1 although not unwilling to give information1 are not particularly interested in doing so1 and in replying do not discriminate between what is news and what is not4 ,tact and skill are necessary to get many persons to tell what they know4 ,a stranger who insists on asking questions is very naturally regarded with suspicion4 ,even when it becomes known that the stranger is a newspaper reporter1 he is not always cordially received4 ,often he finds that it is easier to get the facts when his identity as a reporter is revealed4 ,nevertheless1 there are not infrequent occasions when all the skill of an astute lawyer examining a witness is required to get the desired information4 ,reporters should never hesitate to ask tactfully as many questions as are necessary1 and to persist until they get what they want4 ,the way in which the reporter works in gathering together the various phases of an event before he is ready to write the story is best shown by an example4 ,the city editor1 let us say1 receives a bulletin to the effect that an unknown1 well-dressed man of about sixty years has been seriously injured by falling off the platform in the subway station at #feth ,street and ,western ,avenue1 and that he has been removed to ,st4 ,mary's ,hospital4 ,the city editor sends out one of his reporters to find out what he can about the accident4 ,the reporter starts at once for the subway station4 ,at the corner near the station he sees a policeman with whom he carries on the following conversation3 ,reporter4--,did you send in a report on the old man who fell on the subway tracks an hour ago8 ,policeman4--,yes4 ,r4--,do you know who he is8 ,p4--,no1 ,i couldn't find out his name4 ,r4--,was he badly hurt8 ,p4--,i guess he was4 ,his head was cut behind1 and he hadn't come to when the ambulance took him to the hospital4 ,r4--,how did it happen8 ,p4--,i don't know4 ,the first ,i knew a kid came running up to me and told me a man was hurt in the subway4 ,when ,i got down there1 they had him on the platform1 and a crowd was standing around him4 ,i saw the old man was hurt pretty bad1 so ,i telephoned for ,st4 ,mary's ambulance4 ,we put some water on his face1 but he didn't come to4 ,when the ambulance doctor came he said he was alive all right4 ,r4--,how did he fall off the platform8 ,p4--,i don't know2 ,i guess he fainted4 ,r4--,thanks2 ,i'll go down and see the ticket chopper4 ,the reporter thereupon goes down into the subway station4 ,the ticker chopper1 he finds1 has just come on duty and does not know anything about the accident4 ,he therefore decides to inquire of the girl in charge of the news-stand4 ,the conversation between her and the reporter is as follows3 ,reporter4--,i hear that an old man was hurt down here4 ,how did it happen8 ,girl4--,he fell on the tracks and cut his head4 ,r4--,what was the matter with him8 ,g4--,i don't know2 ,i guess he got dizzy4 ,r4--,did you see him fall8 ,g4--,no2 ,i was busy selling a lady a magazine when ,i heard some one yell4 ,r4--,how did they get him out8 ,g4--,two men jumped down to get him1 but they couldn't lift him up on the platform4 ,then they heard the train coming and jumped over to the side4 ,r4--,did the motorman stop the train when he saw them8 ,g4--,no2 ,i ran over to the ticket chopper's box and grabbed his red lantern1 and jumped down to the track and waved it4 ,r4--,good for you6 ,weren't you afraid of being run over8 ,g4--,i didn't think of being scared4 ,i just kept waving the lantern1 and the motorman saw it and put on the brakes4 ,my1 but the sparks flew6 ,r4--,how soon did he stop8 ,g4--,oh1 the train was only about ten feet away when it stopped1 and ,i kept stepping back all the time to keep out of the way4 ,r4--,well1 you must have had a pretty close call4 ,who got the old man out8 ,g4--,the motorman and one of the guards climbed down and lifted him up with the two other men4 ,r4--,what did they say about your stopping the train that way8 ,g4--,oh1 nothing4 ,one man said1 8,good for you1 little girl10 and another man wanted to know my name1 and said ,i ought to have a medal1 but ,i told him ,i hadn't done any thing and didn't deserve a medal4 ,r4--,did you give him your name8 ,g4--,yes1 because he kept asking me and telling me that he thought ,i ought to have a medal4 ,r4--,well1 ,i want your name1 too1 for the ,news4 ,g4--,no2 ,i don't want my name in the newspaper for ,i didn't do anything4 ,r4--,but ,i must tell how you stopped the train in writing about how the man was hurt4 ,g4--,all right2 my name is ,annie ,hagan4 ,r4--,where do you live8 ,g4--,at #iaf ,east ,watson ,avenue4 ,r4--,have you been working here long8 ,g4--,no2 ,i just started last week4 ,i quit school and got this job here4 ,r4--,you didn't hear any one say who the old man was8 ,g4--,no2 ,i guess he was alone4 ,r4--,did the doctor say how badly he was hurt8 ,g4--,no2 he felt his pulse1 and listened to his heart1 and said he was alive all right4 ,r4--,thanks2 ,i'll go over to ,st4 ,mary's and see how he is getting along4 ,on reaching the hospital1 which is only two blocks from the subway station1 the reporter asks for the superintendent1 with whom he carries on the following conversation3 ,r4--,i want to find out about the old man who fell off the platform in the #feth ,street subway station an hour and a half ago4 ,how badly was he hurt8 ,s4--,what was his name8 ,r4--,i don't know4 ,s4--,i'll look up the record4 ,here it is4 ,he died at #a3ae4 ,his skull was fractured1 and he died of a cerebral hemorrhage4 ,r4--,did they find out who he was8 ,s4--,no2 this card is the only clue we have4 ,r4--,may ,i see it8 ,it is a business card of the ,blair ,photographic ,studio1 #gab ,broadway1 on the back of which is written in pencil the words1 8,oliver1 ,ithaca40 ,to save time1 the reporter telephones from the office of the hospital to the ,blair ,studio1 and the conversation over the telephone between the reporter and the clerk is as follows3 ,reporter4--,an old man who was hurt in the subway this noon had in his pocket one of your cards with 8,oliver0 written on the back4 ,do you know who he is8 ,clerk4--,that must be the old man who came in this morning to see ,mr4 ,williams1 one of our retouchers1 but ,mr4 ,williams went to ,ithaca last week4 ,r4--,was ,mr4 ,williams' first name ,oliver8 ,c4--,yes2 his initials were ,o4 ,r41 and the old man said he was his uncle4 ,r4--,where did ,mr4 ,williams live here8 ,c4--,i don't know4 ,but hold the line2 ,i'll ask ,mr4 ,baxter4 ,c4--,mr4 ,baxter says that ,mr4 ,williams' address was #caaf ,easton ,street1 near ,brown4 ,r4--,all right4 ,thank you4 ,good-bye4 ,from the hospital the reporter hurries to the place where ,mr4 ,williams lived before he left for ,ithaca4 ,the conversation between the landlady of the rooming house at #caaf ,easton ,street and the reporter follows3 ,reporter4--,did ,oliver ,r4 ,williams live here8 ,landlady4--,he ain't here now4 ,he moved away last week4 ,r4--,did a well-dressed old man ever come to see him when he was here8 ,l4--,what do you want to know for8 ,r4--,oh1 the old man fell in the subway this noon and was badly hurt4 ,he said ,mr4 ,williams was his nephew4 ,l4--,i always said something would happen to him4 ,he fainted on the steps here one day just after he rung the bell1 and when ,i got to the door he was all in a heap right here4 ,i knew he wanted ,mr4 ,williams1 because he came to see him a week before1 so ,i called him1 and ,mr4 ,williams came and got him some whiskey1 and after a little he came to4 ,mr4 ,williams told me after he went away that his uncle had heart trouble4 ,did he get hurt bad8 ,r4--,yes1 he died at the hospital an hour ago4 ,l4--,oh my1 that's too bad6 ,he was a nice old fellow and ,mr4 ,williams thought a lot of him4 ,r4--,what was his name8 ,l4--,mr4 ,williams called him ,uncle ,frank1 and when he introduced him to me after he came to1 he called him ,mr4 ,dutcher4 ,r4--,do you know where he lived8 ,l4--,no4 ,i don't think he lived in the city because he didn't come here often1 and when he came to1 ,mr4 ,williams told him he oughtn't to come all the way alone4 ,r4--,do you know what his business was8 ,l4--,no4 ,he looked like he had some money4 ,r4--,when was it that he fainted here8 ,l4--,let's see4 ,it was about three weeks ago1 ,i guess4 ,r4--,did ,mr4 ,williams have any relatives in the city8 ,l4--,i don't know4 ,i guess not4 ,he came from up state somewhere4 ,he only lived here since ,january4 ,he didn't like the city very well4 ,he said he couldn't sleep4 ,r4--,thank you4 ,the reporter then stops at the drug store on the next corner to find out whether or not the name of ,frank ,dutcher appears in the city directory4 ,no such name is to be found in this directory or in the telephone directory4 ,as no more information is apparently obtainable1 he returns to the ,news office and reports to the city editor what he has found4 ,the city editor tells him to write about #ejj words playing up the girl's part in stopping the train1 and saying that the man is 8supposed to be0 ,frank ,dutcher4 ,putting the ,facts into the ,news ,story4 ,the story that the reporter writes is as follows3-- ,by jumping to the subway tracks and waving a red lantern before an oncoming train at the risk of her life1 ,miss ,annie ,hagan1 in charge of the news-stand in the subway station at #feth ,st4 and ,western ,avenue1 saved a man1 supposed to be ,frank ,dutcher1 from being crushed to death as he lay unconscious across the tracks4 ,the man's skull was fractured by the fall from the platform to the tracks1 and he died soon after being removed to ,st4 ,mary's ,hospital4 ,the accident occurred shortly before noon when the station was crowded4 ,the man1 who was well dressed and appeared to be about #fj years old1 was seen walking down the platform when he suddenly staggered and pitched forward4 ,before anyone could run to his assistance1 he fell head foremost on the tracks4 ,knowing that a train might come at any moment1 two men jumped down to the roadbed and tried to lift the man1 but found it impossible to get him up to the level of the platform4 ,while they were striving to get him off the tracks1 the rumble of the oncoming train warned them of their danger4 ,after another vain attempt to lift the unconscious man up to the platform1 they jumped to the side of the track to save themselves4 ,miss ,hagan1 realizing the situation1 ran to the ticket chopper's box and seizing his red lantern jumped down to the tracks4 ,waving the lantern before her she ran along the track in the glare of the headlight of the train4 ,when the motorman saw the red light1 he applied the emergency brakes1 and the locked wheels slid along the track sending out a shower of sparks4 ,the train came to a stop within ten feet of the plucky girl1 who then called to the motorman and one of the guards to help lift up the injured man4 ,when he had been placed on the platform1 she climbed up and started back to the news-stand as if nothing had happened4 8,you ought to get a ,carnegie medal10 declared one of the bystanders1 who asked the girl her name and address1 evidently to present her claims for the life saving award4 ,miss ,hagan modestly disclaimed any credit for her heroism1 and at first refused to give her name1 but was finally prevailed upon to do so4 ,the unconscious man was taken in an ambulance to ,st4 ,mary's ,hospital1 where it was found that he was suffering from a fractured skull4 ,he was rushed to the operating room1 but he died of a cerebral hemorrhage4 ,the only means of identifying him was a business card of a ,broadway photographer with the name1 8,oliver1 ,ithaca10 written in pencil on the back4 ,at this studio it was found that an elderly man had inquired this morning for ,oliver ,williams1 a retoucher1 who last week went to ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,at ,williams' former rooming place it was learned that his uncle1 ,frank ,dutcher1 who answered to the description of the victim of the accident1 had suffered from an attack of heart failure while visiting his nephew recently and had fallen unconscious on the doorstep4 ,as the name of ,frank ,dutcher does not appear in the city directory1 it is believed that the dead man was not a resident of this city but had come to pay his nephew a visit4 ,an analysis of this story shows how the reporter wove together all the important pieces of information which he had gathered by interviewing the policeman1 the news-stand girl1 the hospital superintendent1 the clerk in the studio1 and the landlady1 none of whom are specifically mentioned as the sources of his information4 ,in accordance with the instructions of the city editor1 he 8played up0 the 8feature0 of the story1 the bravery of the girl1 by putting it at the beginning and by describing the accident in detail to show her heroism4 ,following up the ,news4 ,many news stories1 like the one just considered1 do not exhaust the news possibilities of the event1 but may be followed up in later editions or in the next day's issues by completing what was necessarily left incomplete for lack of time1 or by giving new phases of the event that have developed since the first story was written4 ,a reporter on a morning paper1 for example1 would be given a clipping of the above story taken from the afternoon edition1 and would be told by the city editor to see the coroner to get the results of his telegram to ,williams1 the man's nephew1 at ,ithaca1 and any other information available regarding the identity of the old man4 ,often unexpected and important news develops1 which makes the 8follow-up10 or second story a bigger one than the first4 ,each reporter and correspondent should read carefully as many newspapers as possible before he begins his day's work so that he may get suggestions for 8follow-up0 stories on his 8run10 or for 8local ends0 of news stories sent in from outside the city4 ,in large offices1 one of the editors goes over all the local newspapers to clip out the stories to be 8followed up10 or to be rewritten in the office4 ,interviewing4 ,in obtaining the information for the foregoing story by means of conversations with several persons1 the reporter's aim was to get what they said rather than how they said it2 that is1 he wanted primarily the facts that they had to give1 not the way that they expressed these facts4 ,in the news story it was not necessary to refer specifically to the persons who furnished the information or to quote what they said4 ,in many instances1 however1 it is important to 8interview0 persons in order to obtain their opinions or their versions of current events and to give what they say just as they said it4 ,the terms 8interviewing0 and 8interview0 in newspaper work are often limited to this method of reporting practically verbatim what is said by the persons 8interviewed40 ,interviewing of this type requires great skill and tact1 and successful interviewers are highly valued on all newspapers4 ,the two problems that the reporter has to meet are how to gain access to the person to be interviewed and how to induce him to talk for publication4 ,busy men have not time or inclination to give interviews to every reporter who desires them4 ,many times such men do not wish to say anything for publication on the desired subject1 and absolutely refuse to talk4 ,the resourcefulness of the reporter is tested again and again in getting access to men who are surrounded in their offices by office boys1 private secretaries1 and clerks1 and who on public occasions such as banquets and receptions are sometimes equally well guarded against newspaper men4 ,when it is impossible to see the man personally1 it may be possible to submit to him several written questions and thus lead him to issue a statement answering or evading the questions4 ,even when an audience is secured with the person to be interviewed1 his not infrequent unwillingness to talk for publication has to be overcome4 ,on some occasions to ask immediately and directly for the desired information is the best way to secure results4 ,at other times1 to engage him in conversation on some subject in which he is interested and then to lead to the one on which the reporter wishes to interview him1 proves successful4 ,young reporters often insist on giving their own views on the subject on which they are trying to interview a person4 ,the reporter should remember that he is an impartial observer1 not an advocate on one side or the other4 ,if in an effort to get information from the person whom he is interviewing he suggests opposing opinions1 these opinions should not be given as his own but as those of others4 ,tact and a knowledge of human nature are essential4 ,in interviewing1 as in all reporting1 the newspaper man should not take notes in the presence of the person with whom he is talking unless he feels sure it can be done without affecting the freedom and ease with which the man will talk4 ,as soon as a reporter begins to take notes1 the speaker at once realizes that his statements are to appear in black and white for the world to read4 ,that realization leads to caution1 and caution leads to silence1 partial or complete4 ,to get the person to talk as freely and naturally as possible is the object of all interviewing1 for the best interviewers want more than words2 they want the fullest expression of personality1 an expression that is only possible when all feeling of restraint is absent4 ,the good interviewer cultivates verbal memory so that he can reproduce verbatim all the significant statements which he has obtained as soon as he is out of the presence of the man that he has interviewed4 ,at the first convenient place immediately after the interview is over1 the reporter writes out as much as he desires to print1 word for word as he remembers it4 ,reporting ,speeches4 ,in reporting speeches1 addresses1 lectures1 and sermons1 the newspaper man either takes long-hand notes and writes out later what he wants to use1 or writes a long-hand verbatim report of such parts as he desires4 ,few reporters can write short-hand1 and the few who can generally do not use it extensively because of the length of time required to transcribe short-hand notes4 ,it is much quicker1 and therefore more important in newspaper work1 to write a connected or 8running0 story1 or verbatim report of a speech or lecture while it is being delivered1 by selecting significant statements and by omitting the explanatory ones4 ,with a little practice1 the average person of intelligence can remember a statement1 word for word1 as the speaker makes it1 long enough to put it in writing1 and then by repeating this process for every important statement1 can give an accurate verbatim1 but necessarily condensed1 report of any speech4 ,as newspapers generally want only a small part of the average address1 the reporter has little difficulty in writing a good account of it in long-hand4 ,when a complete verbatim report is desired1 a short-hand reporter is assigned to cover the address4 8,covering0 ,trials and ,hearings4 ,the same general principles governing the reporting of speeches apply to the reporting of trials where testimony is given in response to questioning by attorneys1 or when witnesses appear before investigating committees of the state legislature1 ,congress1 or other bodies4 ,questions and answers may be taken down1 or if the substance of the testimony is desired in either verbatim or indirect form1 the reporter can fit together the answers into a continuous account of what the witness testifies1 neglecting partially or entirely the questions that elicit the testimony4 ,a 8running story0 of the trial or investigation is generally written in the room where it is going on1 so that the copy may be put into type as fast as possible4 ,in reporting important trials the newspaper sometimes arranges to get a complete verbatim report from the official short-hand court reporter or occasionally from an expert stenographer employed for the purpose1 and from this complete record those facts that are desired for publication are selected4 ,advance ,copies4 ,it is always a great advantage to a newspaper to secure in advance a copy of a speech1 a report1 a decision1 or any document1 so that it may be put in form for publication and may be set up in type ready to print as soon as possible after it is given to the public4 ,such advance news is marked to be 8released0 for publication when it becomes public4 ,for example1 when a copy of the speech to be delivered by the governor of the state at the laying of a corner-stone at eleven o'clock in the morning on ,washington's ,birthday1 is obtained a day or two in advance1 it is marked 8,release #ab ,m41 ,feb4 #bb40 ,the result will be that in the first edition of the afternoon paper published after #ab o'clock noon on ,february #bb as much of the speech as is desired can be printed1 perhaps a few minutes after the governor has concluded his address4 ,newspapers always regard most scrupulously the release date which the reporter or correspondent puts at the top of his advance story4 ,to violate the confidence of men who furnish news in advance by publishing it before it should be released1 is considered by newspaper men a serious breach of trust4 ,reporters and correspondents should1 therefore1 mark plainly at the top of the first sheet of copy the word 8release0 followed by the hour and date when it can be printed4 ,if the date and hour at which the news will become public cannot be fixed in advance1 the copy is marked1 8,hold for ,release1 which will probably be at #ab ,m41 ,feb4 #bb02 and the reporter or correspondent notifies his paper of the exact time of release as soon as it is fixed4 ,getting ,news by ,telephone4 ,the telephone1 both in local and in long distance service1 is extensively used in getting news and in communicating it to the newspaper office4 ,editors often telephone their instructions to reporters and correspondents4 ,newspapermen use the telephone to 8run down0 rumors and 8tips10 to verify news reports1 to get 8interviews10 and1 in short1 to obtain all kinds of information4 ,although some men refuse to be 8interviewed0 over the telephone1 it is often possible to get 8interviews0 more easily by this means than by any other4 ,reporters1 or 8watchers10 at police headquarters and at other news sources telephone important information to the city editor so that he may assign men to get the news involved4 ,when lack of time prevents the reporter from returning to the office to write his story1 he telephones the facts to a 8rewrite man10 who puts them in news-story form4 ,or the reporter may dictate his story over the telephone to a man in the newspaper office1 who1 using an overhead receiver like that worn by telephone operators1 takes it down rapidly on a typewriter4 ,experienced reporters can dictate their stories in this way with only their notes before them4 ,the long distance service is used in the same manner by correspondents when it can be more advantageously employed than the telegraph4 ,photographs4 ,illustrations1 or 8cuts10 have come to be an important part of almost all newspapers4 ,although most of the photographs used for illustrations are made by the staff photographer or are secured from companies that make a specialty of taking pictures of current events1 reporters and correspondents are often able to supply their papers with pictures of persons1 places1 or events that are a part of the day's news4 ,good photographs may sometimes be secured from amateurs who happen to get snapshots of some interesting occurrence4 ,every reporter and every correspondent should have a camera and should learn how to take pictures to illustrate the stories that he writes1 even though he may not have occasion to take such photographs frequently4 ,unmounted photographic prints with a glossy surface and with strong contrasts are the most satisfactory ones from which to make newspaper halftones4 ,a brief description of the picture should be written on the back of every photograph4 ,unmounted photographs should always be mailed flat4 ,correspondents are paid for photographs that are used by newspapers4 ,special ,kinds of ,news4 ,special kinds of reporting1 such as is done by sporting1 market1 financial1 railroad1 labor1 marine1 society1 dramatic1 and musical editors1 naturally requires special training and experience in the subject matter of these fields4 ,the methods of gathering these special kinds of news are not particularly different from those of collecting general news4 ,the sporting editor and his assistants often have to write a 8running0 account of a baseball game or football game as it progresses4 ,the musical and dramatic critics1 of course1 express their opinions on productions1 instead of simply reporting what took place at the theatre or concert4 ,the railroad1 labor1 market1 or marine editors report the news in their particular fields1 sometimes in special forms1 such as market reports or quotations1 but their work of news gathering is like that of the general reporter4 ,qualifications of the ,reporter4 ,rapidity1 perseverance1 accuracy1 intelligence1 and tact1 as well as the 8news sense10 or 8nose for news10 are the essential qualifications for successful reporting4 ,nowhere is it truer that 8time is money0 than in newspaper making4 ,the reporter1 as the news collector and news writer1 must save as much time as possible by working fast4 ,to know just where to get the news and how to get it quickly1 always means great economy of time and effort4 ,rapid1 accurate judgment of news values1 likewise1 is an important qualification for a good newspaper man4 8,get all the news and get it quick10 was the command that a certain city editor of the old school used to thunder at his cub reporters4 ,perseverance4 ,to get all the news1 or sometimes to get any news1 demands perseverance4 ,the reporter must follow one clue after another until he finds what he is looking for1 or is convinced that there is nothing to find4 ,by stopping in his pursuit before he has all there is to get1 he may miss the biggest 8feature0 of the story4 ,every neglected clue may mean a 8scoop0 by a rival4 ,to return empty-handed is to admit defeat4 ,news hunting is often discouraging business1 but the reporter must always keep up his determination by a firm belief that what is eluding him may be a big story1 probably the biggest story of his career4 ,accuracy4 ,accuracy must extend to every detail of reporting4 ,as the reporter is seldom on the spot when an unexpected event happens1 he must rely upon the accounts of it given by eye witnesses4 ,these accounts often differ materially because of the common inaccuracy of observation and judgment4 ,the reporter must weigh the testimony of each witness1 much as a juryman does in a trial1 and must decide which version is the most probable one4 ,when time permits1 he can verify doubtful details by questioning other witnesses on the particular parts in which the versions differ4 ,he should always make every reasonable effort to get all particulars as accurately as possible4 ,great care should invariably be taken to have names and addresses correct4 ,the reporter will do well to ask his informants to spell unfamiliar names for him4 ,city1 telephone1 and society directories1 the various kinds of 8,who's ,who0 volumes1 and similar lists1 are convenient sources for getting names1 initials1 and addresses4 ,even the necessity for speed in newspaper work is not a valid excuse for carelessness and inaccuracy in news gathering4 ,the minutes required to verify names1 addresses1 and other details1 are always well spent4 ,rumors and unconfirmed statements generally should be carefully investigated before they are given much credence1 especially when they reflect upon the reputation of persons1 organizations1 or business enterprises4 ,a false rumor given wide currency through a newspaper may ruin a man or a woman1 or seriously injure a bank or business firm4 ,no correction or retraction that a newspaper can make ever counteracts completely the effects of the original story4 ,a rumor is often valuable as a news 8tip10 but like all news tips it needs to be traced to its source and confirmed by evidence before it is really news4 ,often it is mere gossip or the product of a fertile imagination1 with little or no basis in fact4 ,false and inaccurate statements are not what newspapers or their readers want4 ,tact and ,courtesy4 ,on the stage the reporter runs about with note-book and pencil in hand2 in real life1 he carries some folded sheets of copy paper on which to take notes when necessary1 in a way to attract the least possible attention4 ,he neither conceals nor displays his profession4 ,an impersonal1 anonymous observer of persons and events1 he does not obtrude his personality upon those with whom his work brings him in contact4 ,tactful1 courteous1 friendly1 he elicits his information as quickly as possible4 ,when a more aggressive attitude is necessary to secure what he wants and has a right to have1 he is equal to the occasion4 ,but whatever may be the circumstances1 the reporter never forgets that he is a gentleman1 and that the newspaper which he represents never expects him to do anything to get the news that he or it need be ashamed to acknowledge to the world4 ,some papers may not hold up this ideal to their reporters and editors1 but every self-respecting newspaper must4 ,to cultivate personal acquaintance with those with whom news gathering brings the reporter in contact1 is the best means of increasing his ability to get the news4 ,when men come to have a friendly interest in the reporter and his work1 and find that they can trust him to report accurately the news that they give him1 they often go out of their way to help him4 ,many a 8scoop0 has been the result of the friendly aid of some one who had news to give and who saved it for the reporter in whom he had become personally interested4 ,in other instances1 where official news must be given to all alike1 the favored reporter may be given a 8tip0 in advance as to some important phase of this official news which he can use to advantage in his paper1 or he may be able to get an advance copy of a report or of a public document so that his paper will have a good story on it ready to print as soon as it is given to the public4 ,through his personal relations with men1 however1 the reporter is sometimes put in a difficult position4 ,in conversation with friends1 for example1 he may learn of important news that would make a good story and perhaps give him credit for a 8scoop40 ,but he must remember that when he obtains news in the confidence of private conversation1 he has no right to use it without the consent of those from whom he gets it in this way4 ,at other times he may be given news with the request that it be not published1 and again he must beware of violating confidence4 ,no self-respecting reporter will fail to regard the trust placed in him by those with whom he comes in contact either in social or professional relations4 ,another problem confronts the reporter when friends or acquaintances request him to suppress the whole or a part of a news story that it is his duty to write4 ,since a reporter is supposed to give all the important facts in a fair and impartial manner1 he has no right to omit any of them without the knowledge of his superiors4 ,the best way out of the difficulty1 therefore1 is to tell those who desire the suppression of any news that the decision in such matters rests with the editor and not with the reporter4 ,how the ,correspondent ,works4 ,the work of the correspondent is very much the same as that of the reporter4 ,like the reporter1 he gets assignments or instructions from time to time2 he asks his superiors how much of a story they want on a particular event2 he watches the news sources in the city or town for which he is responsible4 ,as he is frequently on the staff of a local paper as well1 he has the advantage of whatever news is collected for this paper4 ,whenever an important event is to take place in the district which he covers1 he receives instructions a day or two in advance from the telegraph editor telling him what the paper wants and how much he is to send4 ,if the telegraph editor desires some phase of an unexpected happening looked up by the correspondent1 he telegraphs to him the necessary directions4 ,the correspondent1 likewise1 telegraphs to the editor whenever he has a story on which he wants instructions4 ,when a correspondent telegraphs for instructions1 he is said to send a 8query0 or 8to query0 his paper4 ,a query usually consists of a brief statement of the news in a sentence or two followed by the number of words in which the correspondent thinks he can write the story adequately4 ,the typical form of a query would be3 ,buffalo ,express1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,easthampton1 ,n4 ,y41 ,jan4 #af4--,western ,steel ,co4's mill burning1 loss #aej1jjj1 two firemen killed4 #cjj4 ,filed #i3bc ,p4,m4 ,wilson4 ,the telegraph editor can use the facts thus given in the query by turning the dispatch over to the copy desk to be edited for the next edition2 and at the same time he may telegraph to ,wilson1 the ,easthampton correspondent1 to send #aej instead of #cjj words on the fire4 ,the correspondent1 on receiving these instructions1 telegraphs at once as much of the story as he can in #aej words4 ,he always puts at the end of the dispatch before his signature the hour at which he files the story at the telegraph office1 so that he will not be held responsible for any delay in transmitting or delivering the telegram4 ,when the correspondent has a number of news stories of interest on which he desires to have instructions1 he sends his 8queries0 in the form of a 8schedule0 in which each story is numbered4 ,for example3 ,philadelphia ,times1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,erie1 ,pa41 ,march #aj4--,no4 #a4 ,northern ,hospital for ,insane burns1 all inmates rescued4 #hjj4 #b4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hartman1 cashier ,miners' ,bank1 commits suicide4 #bej4 #c4 ,principal ,walters of high school prohibits football4 #ajj4 #d4 ,mayor ,altmeyer removes ,health ,commissioner ,murphy for incompetency4 #aej4 #e4 ,minister delivers strong sermon on 8,is ,there a ,devil80 #cjj4 ,r4 ,n4 ,wilson4 ,the telegraph editor might reply to this schedule with the following instructions1 which would indicate how much the correspondent is to send on each of the stories that he has scheduled1 as well as the fact that nothing is wanted on story ,no4 #e4 ,philadelphia1 ,mar4 #aj4--,r4 ,n4 ,wilson1 ,erie1 ,pa4 ,rush one and two2 #ej three2 #ajj four4 ,times4 ,the correspondent is paid a regular salary if the amount of news that he sends daily is considerable1 but more often he is paid every month at a regular space rate for the amount printed of the news that he sends during the month4 ,on some papers the correspondents clip out all of their news stories and paste them together in a 8string0 which they send in once a month1 so that the telegraph editor may pay them according to the length of the 8string40 ,in many offices the telegraph editor keeps a record by crediting every correspondent with what he furnishes1 and sends monthly a check for the amount due4 ,news ,associations4 ,most of the news of the state1 nation1 and world generally is furnished to newspapers1 not by their own correspondents1 but through one of the several news or press associations1 such as the ,associated ,press1 the ,united ,press1 and the ,international ,press ,service4 ,the ,associated ,press is a coperative news-gathering and news-distributing organization with a membership consisting of many of the leading papers throughout the country4 ,the expenses of the association are divided equally among the newspapers that are members4 ,each paper that belongs to the association agrees to furnish all the others with the news that it gets in the local field4 ,the ,associated ,press also has correspondents everywhere in the world1 most of whom are paid for what news they furnish1 while others at important news centers are regularly employed to gather and send news to the association4 ,to facilitate the handling of the news1 the ,associated ,press has divided the country into four divisions with a central office and a superintendent in each2 and in these divisions there is a bureau at every important news center with a correspondent who is responsible for all the news in his district of the division4 ,associated ,press correspondents send the news of the cities1 towns1 or sections for which they are responsible to the district bureau1 or the division office1 where it is edited and distributed to the newspapers of the division1 and is sent on to the other division offices to be edited and distributed to papers in these divisions4 ,the ,united ,press is a corporation which furnishes its news service to afternoon papers at a rate determined by the distance of the newspaper from the distributing point and by the amount of news sent4 ,it differs from the ,associated ,press in the fact that it is not a coperative organization4 ,the ,international ,press ,service connected with the papers controlled by ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,hearst also furnishes newspapers generally with news service4 ,the instructions given by the ,associated ,press and the ,united ,press to their correspondents1 from which the following extracts are taken1 indicate the general rules to be followed by a correspondent who is sending out news that is of more than local interest4 ,be able always to give a valid reason for sending a dispatch4 ,file news with the telegraph operator at the earliest possible moment4 ,dispatches should be filed before #i ,a4,m4 for the noon editions2 before #ab ,m4 for the #c o'clocks2 and before #b ,p4,m4 for the #e o'clocks2 nothing should be filed after #b3ae ,p4,m4 except night matter1 which should be marked ,n4,p4,r4 7night press rate74 ,if there should be news of great importance1 file a bulletin of #ajj words at any hour4 ,all matter for afternoon papers should be filed at the earliest possible moment without regard to editions4 ,when the news is of extraordinary character1 or very sensational1 file at once a bulletin of #ajj words1 and wait instructions before sending the details1 as the number of words desired will be ordered4 ,should the news prove to be more important than the facts first available indicated1 a second bulletin of #ajj words should be filed as soon as the additional facts are known4 ,the news in every dispatch should be given in the first paragraph1 details following4 ,a story should be told as briefly as is consistent with an intelligent statement of the facts4 ,notify1 if possible1 the general office by mail at least a week in advance in regard to the date of every meeting of national and state organizations1 and of any gathering or coming event not of a local character1 including the state and congressional conventions of political parties announced to be held in your city4 ,instructions will be given you as to the number of words to be sent in covering the events designated4 ,all matter should be telegraphed unless 8by mail0 is specified in an order4 ,advance copies of speeches and addresses of public men1 and important platforms and resolutions of assemblies and conventions1 whenever possible should be secured in advance and mailed to the general office to be held until released4 ,all advance matter is to be sent 8subject to release40 ,the time of release of advance matter should be stated instead of the edition for which the matter is released4 ,accuracy1 speed1 and brevity are what we desire4 ,the correspondent should be fair toward all interests4 ,do not send matter of merely local interest4 ,any matter sent must be of general or exceptional state interest4 ,,suggestions #a4 ,always have at hand several soft black pencils4 #b4 ,take notes on folded copy paper rather than in a notebook4 #c4 ,keep a pocket date-book for all future events and news possibilities4 #d4 ,get all the news2 don't stop with half of it4 #e4 ,run down every clue whenever the character of the news warrants it4 #f4 ,work rapidly2 don't putter4 #g4 ,don't make the necessity for speed an excuse for carelessness or inaccuracy4 #h4 ,be especially careful about names1 initials1 and addresses4 #i4 ,don't take rumors for facts4 #aj4 ,persevere until you get what you were sent for2 don't come back empty-handed4 #aa4 ,be resourceful in devising ways and means of getting news4 #ab4 ,study your paper to see to what kind of news it gives greatest space and prominence4 #ac4 ,familiarize yourself thoroughly with the whole city1 and especially with every place on your own run4 #ad4 ,never neglect even for a day a news source on your regular run4 #ae4 ,make acquaintances among all classes of people with whom your work brings you in contact4 #af4 ,interest your friends and acquaintances in your work so that they will coperate with you in getting news4 #ag4 ,gather all news quietly and unobtrusively4 #ah4 ,be tactful with every one2 never make an enemy4 #ai4 ,never betray a confidence no matter how big the 8scoop0 would be if you did4 #bj4 ,remember that you can always be both a gentleman and a good reporter4 #ba4 ,don't take notes in interviewing4 #bb4 ,always know exactly what information you desire before beginning to interview a person4 #bc4 ,get advance copies of anything to be quoted directly or indirectly in a news story4 #bd4 ,mark the release date plainly at the beginning of all advance copies or stories4 #be4 ,get photographs of persons and events if possible1 and write a description on the back of the photographs4 #bf4 ,file telegraph stories at the earliest possible moment4 #bg4 ,always follow instructions4 #bh4 ,mail stories1 either by regular or special delivery1 whenever they will surely reach the newspaper in time for the edition for which they are intended4 #bi4 ,never put off till to-morrow sending news that is new to-day4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,structure ,,and ,,style ,,in ,,news ,,stories ,writing the ,news4 ,after the reporter has found the news and has collected all the important details concerning it1 he must write it up for publication4 ,to present the news effectively is as important as to get it4 ,many a good piece of news has been spoiled in the writing4 ,the raw material of fact must be transformed skillfully into the finished product of the news story4 ,the reporter is supposed to be able to write an adequate report4 ,when he does not1 the copy-reader or the 8rewrite man0 is called upon to make good the reporter's failure4 ,ordinarily the copy-reader needs only to polish off the rough edges4 ,the work of the good reporter ought to require little or no editing4 ,the careless1 slovenly writer is not a welcome addition to the staff of any paper4 ,the less editing a reporter's copy requires the more satisfactory will he be4 ,essentials of ,good ,copy4 ,the first essential of good copy is legibility4 ,typewritten copy1 double or triple spaced1 is always preferred4 ,in long-hand writing1 likewise1 liberal space should be left between the lines and for margins4 ,in such copy the 8u's0 should be underscored and the 8n's0 overscored in order to differentiate them4 ,proper names in long-hand copy should be printed to avoid errors in spelling4 ,if the story is begun halfway down the first page1 the copy-reader will have enough space on that sheet to write the headline4 ,quotation marks1 or 8quotes0 as they are called1 should be enclosed in half-circles1 thus1 8stunt10 to indicate whether they are beginning or end marks4 ,a small cross may be used to advantage for a period4 ,numerical figures and abbreviations that are to be spelled out should be enclosed in a circle4 ,each paragraph should be indented1 and the first word of it should be preceded by an inverted 8,l10 thus 2 if a new paragraph is desired where there was none in the copy as first written1 the paragraph sign 77 should be used4 ,at the end of every complete story should be placed the end mark 772 if the story is incomplete1 the word 8more0 is written beneath the last sentence4 ,additions to follow the last sentence of the story are marked with the name of the story and the abbreviation for additions2 thus1 8,add #b ,hotel ,fire0 means that the piece of copy is the second addition to the hotel fire story2 8,add #a ,wilkins ,suicide0 means the first addition to the story of ,wilkins' suicide4 ,additions to be inserted in the story are marked 8,insert ,a--,johnson ,will ,case0 for the first insert in the 8,will ,case0 story2 8,insert ,b--,trolley ,collision0 for the second insert in the collision story4 ,the place at which the new piece of copy is to be inserted is often indicated thus3 8,insert after first paragraph of lead--,murder ,trial40 ,copy must never be written on both sides of the paper4 ,style and ,structure4 ,in the writing of the news story two elements must be considered3 7#a7 the style2 and 7#b7 the structure4 ,the first has to do with the expression2 the second with the arrangement of material4 ,clearness4 ,clearness is the first requisite of newspaper style as it is of all writing4 ,newspapers are read rapidly1 and rapid reading is possible only when the words yield their ideas with little effort on the part of the reader4 ,the less the effort required to get the meaning1 the more easily and rapidly can he read4 ,clearness is most readily obtained by comparative simplicity of style4 ,however effective elaborate sentence construction1 learned diction1 and carefully wrought figures of speech may be in other kinds of writing1 they ordinarily have no place in the news story4 ,this does not mean that literary devices must be abandoned in newspaper writing or that newspaper style is bald and unattractive4 ,news stories demand all the literary ability that the reporter possesses1 for besides presenting the news clearly they must be interesting and attractive4 ,effectiveness in a simple style lies in that choice and arrangement of words which enables the reader to get the meaning with the least effort and the greatest interest4 ,conciseness4 ,conciseness is the second essential of the style of the news story4 ,this1 again1 does not mean that only the bare skeleton of news is required1 for good news stories are clothed with flesh and blood to make them real and to give them human interest4 ,conciseness demands that not a single needless word shall be used1 that every detail shall be necessary for the effectiveness of presentation1 and that the length of the story shall be exactly proportionate to its interest and to its news value4 ,if the reporter tests the value of each detail and can give a good reason for using it1 he will not go far wrong as to the length of his story4 ,if he can give an equally good reason for every word that he uses1 his style is likely to have the desired conciseness4 ,originality4 ,originality of expression in newspaper work is the quality that distinguishes the good writer from the fair and the mediocre ones4 ,constant rapid writing on similar subjects leads to the use of the same words and phrases over and over again4 ,trite1 hackneyed expressions can be used with less effort and greater rapidity than is required to find new and fresh phrases1 unless the writer has accustomed himself to think clearly and accurately in concrete1 specific terms4 ,the only way that the newspaper writer can make his work rise above the level of the average is by seeing more in persons and events than does the ordinary reporter and by expressing what he sees with greater freshness and individuality4 ,the classic bit of advice given by ,flaubert to ,de ,maupassant1 the ,french master of the short story1 is of the greatest value to the newspaper reporter who would cultivate in his style both conciseness and originality4 ,it is in part as follows3 ,everything which one desires to express must be looked at with sufficient attention1 and during a sufficiently long time1 to discover in it some aspect no one has as yet seen or described4 ,the smallest object contains something unknown4 ,find it4 ,whatever one wishes to say1 there is only one noun to express it1 only one verb to give it life1 only one adjective to qualify it4 ,search1 then1 till that noun1 that verb1 that adjective are discovered2 never be content with 8very nearly02 never have recourse to tricks1 however happy2 or to buffooneries of language1 to avoid a difficulty4 ,this is the way to become original4 ,typographical 8,style40 ,for such details of typographical 8style0 as capitalization1 abbreviation1 hyphenation1 and use of numerical figures1 every newspaper has a set of special rules1 generally printed in a so-called 8style book10 that are invariably followed by copy-readers and compositors4 ,when a reporter begins work on a newspaper1 he should study carefully all these peculiarities1 so that he may follow them in preparing his copy4 ,he also should learn as quickly as possible the paper's printed style rules1 or1 if there are no printed rules1 he should study the news stories as examples of the practice followed in the office4 ,some newspapers have an 8index expurgatorius10 or list of words and phrases to be avoided4 ,these 8don'ts0 generally embody common errors of diction1 but they not infrequently include also some pet aversions of the editor-in-chief1 the managing editor1 or the city editor1 that are matters of preference rather than of good usage4 ,reporters will do well to observe carefully how their stories are changed by editors and copy-readers1 and in all matters of style should make their work conform to the preferences of their superiors4 ,paragraph ,length4 ,one of the distinctive peculiarities of newspaper style is the brevity of the paragraph4 ,the width of newspaper columns permits about seven words in a line4 ,the result is that a paragraph of the length usual in prose style generally1 i4e41 from #aej to #bej words1 would occupy from #bj to #ce lines and would appear disproportionately long for its width4 ,paragraphs that are long1 or appear to be so1 make a piece of writing look solid and heavy1 hence uninviting to the rapid reader4 ,in newspaper work1 accordingly1 it has come to be recognized that shorter paragraphs are more effective4 ,paragraphs of from #ej to #aej words are considered the normal type for newspaper writing4 ,this means that often a paragraph1 and particularly the first paragraph of a news story1 consists of but one sentence4 ,paragraphs of two or three sentences are very frequent4 ,a comparison of the structure of these short paragraphs with that of paragraphs in other kinds of prose1 shows that what would be subdivisions1 each with a sub-topic1 in the common type of longer paragraphs1 become independent paragraphs in newspaper style4 ,the unity of the newspaper paragraph1 therefore1 is not less marked because of its brevity4 ,sentence ,length4 ,journalistic style has sometimes been said to be characterized by short1 disconnected sentences that produce a choppy1 staccato effect4 ,kipling1 for example1 is often described as 8journalistic0 in his abrupt short-sentence style4 ,as a matter of fact the style of the ,american news story is marked neither by distinctly short sentences nor by particularly abrupt transitions4 ,the sentences in news stories1 on the whole1 are as long as those in modern ,english prose generally4 ,the first sentence of the story1 which gives the gist of the news contained1 is many times from #ej to #ge words in length1 and is therefore to be classed as decidedly long4 ,emphatic ,beginnings4 ,the emphasis given by initial position is especially important in news stories4 ,the beginning rather than the end is the most emphatic position4 ,the reason is obvious4 ,as the eye glances down the column in reading rapidly1 the first group of words in each paragraph stands out prominently4 ,any climactic effect with the strongest emphasis at the end is lost to the rapid reader unless he follows the development of the thought from sentence to sentence to the close of the paragraph4 ,the important element if placed at the end of a long sentence1 likewise1 loses its emphasis for a rapid reader4 ,this principle of emphasis at the beginning determines the structure of the news story4 ,into the first paragraph1 as the place of greatest prominence1 is put the most important part of the news4 ,into the first group of words of the first sentence of each paragraph is placed1 if possible1 the most significant idea of the paragraph4 ,the least important details go to the latter part of the story1 so that unless the reader is particularly interested he need not follow through the account to the end2 and so that1 if necessary1 parts may be cut off entirely without causing any loss that will be evident4 ,the fitting together into columns of stories of different lengths after they are in type often requires that the last paragraph or paragraphs be cut off4 ,this possibility adds to the importance of putting the least significant elements into the latter part of the story1 and of concentrating the essentials at the beginning4 ,it also requires that each paragraph be so rounded that it may serve as the end of the story if those following it have to be thrown away4 ,the 8,lead40 ,the beginning1 or 8lead10 of the story is the part that requires the greatest skill in the choice1 the arrangement1 and the expression of the essential elements of the piece of news4 ,nowhere is it truer than in the news story that 8,well begun is half done40 ,in the typical 8lead0 the reporter gives the reader in clear1 concise1 yet interesting form the gist of the whole story1 emphasizing1 or 8playing up10 the 8feature0 of it that is most attractive4 ,the 8lead10 as the substance of the story1 should tell the reader the nature of the event1 the persons or things concerned1 as well as the time1 the place1 the cause1 and the result4 ,these essential points are given in answer to the questions3 ,what8 ,who8 ,when8 ,where8 ,why8 ,how8 ,the 8lead0 may consist of one paragraph or of several paragraphs according to the number and complexity of the details in the story4 ,for short stories a one-paragraph 8lead0 consisting of a single sentence is often sufficient1 because the gist of the news can be given in from #cj to #ge words4 ,for a long1 complex story consisting of several parts1 each under a separate heading1 an independent lead of a number of paragraphs may be written as a general introduction to the different parts4 ,usually1 however1 the lead is an integral part of the story1 giving the substance of the news in a paragraph or two1 in such form that all the rest of the story may be cut off without depriving the reader of any essential point4 8,playing up the ,feature40 ,before the reporter begins to write1 he must determine what is the most significant and interesting phase of his piece of news2 in other words1 the 8feature0 of it4 ,it is this phase that must be emphasized1 8played up0 or 8featured10 as newspaper men say4 ,as the 8feature0 of a piece of news is the most interesting phase of it1 the reporter must apply to his raw materials of fact the tests of news values discussed in ,chapter ,,ii4 ,the element of his news1 therefore1 that will be of greatest interest to the greatest number as measured by these tests1 he should select as the 8feature40 ,in addition to the 8feature0 he must present all the important facts that are necessary to make clear the 8feature0 and its relation to the rest of the news of which it is a part4 ,in accordance with the principle of emphasis at the beginning of the paragraph1 the 8feature0 of the story should be placed in the first group of words of the opening sentence of the lead4 ,although any of the essential points may be 8played up10 some are less likely than others to deserve that emphasis4 ,the time of the event1 for example1 is generally not a significant point in the story1 and therefore stories should seldom begin with 8,early this morning10 8,at two o'clock this afternoon10 8,yesterday10 or similar unimportant phrases4 ,occasionally the exact hour of some action1 such as the adjournment of ,congress or of the state legislature1 which has been anticipated but could not be definitely fixed in advance1 has enough interest to warrant giving it the initial position in the lead4 ,the names of persons should not be placed at the beginning unless they are sufficiently prominent to deserve this emphasis4 ,when a man is not known to a number of readers1 his name is of less interest than details of the news in which he is involved4 ,names of prominent persons1 on the other hand1 attract the desired attention at the beginning of the story4 ,the place of the event is generally indicated by the date line in telegraph news1 and is not played up in local news stories except in unusual cases4 ,news stories should not begin with 8,at #aaf ,western ,avenue10 8,in the lobby of the ,manhattan ,theatre10 8,on the corner of ,williams and ,chestnut streets10 8,near the ,new ,york ,central ,station10 for rarely is the exact location the most important point4 ,peculiar or important causes1 results1 or circumstances are likely to be the best features1 because1 as has been said1 unusual1 curious1 new phases of activities have the greatest interest for most readers4 ,how each of the different essential elements of the lead may be given emphasis in the initial position is shown in the following examples3 ,the ,time ,at #c3cj this afternoon the session of the legislature came to an end when the senate adjourned sine die4 ,the ,place ,in the lion's cage of ,barnum's circus was performed last night the marriage ceremony uniting ,miss ,ada ,rene1 trapezist1 and ,arthur ,hunt1 keeper of the lions1 ,justice of the ,peace ,henry ,duplain officiating from a safe distance outside the cage4 ,the ,name ,governor ,wilkins denied the rumor today that he will call a special session of the legislature to consider the defects in the primary election law passed at the last session4 ,the ,event ,fire completely destroyed the four- story warehouse of the ,marburg ,furniture ,co41 #iad ,oxford ,street1 today1 causing a loss of #cj1jjj1 covered by insurance4 ,the ,cause ,the desire to have maple syrup on his pancakes led to the capture of ,oscar ,norrie1 who was arrested by ,deputy ,united ,states ,marshal ,congdon this morning charged with desertion from the army4 ,he was on his way from his mother's home1 #aaf ,easton ,street1 to the nearby grocery store to buy some syrup4 ,the ,result ,twenty miners are entombed in the ,in- dian ,creek ,coal ,company's main shaft as the result of an explosion early this morning which blocked up the entrance1 but which did not1 it is believed1 extend to the part of the mine where the men imprisoned were at work4 ,the ,significant ,circumstance ,posing as a gas meter inspector1 a thief gained access to the home of ,john ,c4 ,schmidt1 #adaf ,cherry ,lane1 yesterday afternoon1 and carried off a gold watch and a pocketbook containing #bj4 ,how to ,begin4 ,the grammatical form in which the feature is presented in the first group of words of the lead varies according to the character of the point to be emphasized4 ,some of the convenient types of beginning are3 7#a7 the subject of the sentence1 7#b7 a participial phrase1 7#c7 a prepositional phrase1 7#d7 an infinitive phrase1 7#e7 a dependent clause1 7#f7 a substantive clause1 and 7#g7 a direct quotation4 ,the subject of the sentence frequently contains the most telling idea of the lead and therefore occupies the emphatic position at the beginning1 as in the following stories3 7#a7 ,three unknown bandits robbed a con- ductor on the ,hartford and ,north ,haven ,electric ,railroad at the ,westlawn siding shortly before midnight1 and secured about #be4 ,one of the robbers covered the motorman with a revolver while the other two went through the pockets of the conductor4 ,no passengers were in the car4 7#b7 ,government ownership of telegraph lines is urged by ,postmaster-,general ,hitchcock in his annual report made to ,congress today4 7#c7 ,fire of unknown origin damaged the four story warehouse of ,louis ,berowitz ,co41 wholesale wine dealers1 #aca ,arlington ,court1 early this morning1 causing a loss of #e1jjj4 7#d7 ,vivid blue and green lights playing about ,brooklyn ,bridge led early risers to believe that the structure was on fire4 ,a broken live wire coming in contact with a steel girder1 electri- cians found1 was responsible for the unexpected illumination4 ,a participial phrase1 as the first group of words1 is often a convenient form in which to 8play up0 a significant feature4 ,the participle must always modify the subject of the sentence4 ,the 8hanging0 or 8dangling0 participle which does not modify the subject1 and the participle used substantively as the subject1 are faults to be avoided4 ,the effective use of the participial phrase is shown in the following leads3-- 7#a7 ,speeding homeward from ,europe to see their daughter who is ill in ,chicago1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,arthur ,spraugton arrived here on the ,mauretania this morning and an hour later were on board an #ah-;hour train for ,chicago4 7#b7 ,run down by her own automobile which she was cranking1 ,dr4 ,kate ,mather1 #aea #igth ,street1 was seriously injured last night1 near ,st4 ,luke's ,hospital4 7#c7 ,accused of embezzling #d1gjj from the ,erie ,trust ,company1 ,john ,fletcher1 a bookkeeper employed by the company for three years1 was arrested this morning4 7#d7 ,while demonstrating a patent fire escape of his own invention1 ,oscar ,winkel1 a machinist1 #agah ,amsterdam ,avenue1 fell from the second story of the apartment house at that number1 and escaped with a broken arm and a dislocated shoulder4 ,prepositional phrases1 either adjective or adverbial1 may be used to bring out an emphatic detail2 for example3 7#a7 ,with a million coal miners striking in ,england1 with nearly a million out in ,germany today1 and with the prospect of a walk-out in ,france tomorrow1 the coal supply of ,europe will be seriously affected4 7#b7 ,by sliding down three stories on a rope fire-escape1 ,john ,wilcox1 wanted in ,new ,york for forgery1 eluded ,city ,detectives ,dillingham and ,bronson last night1 while they were trying to gain access to his room in the ,western ,house4 7#c7 ,in the guise of a postoffice inspector1 a bandit gained access to the mail car on the ,occidental ,limited of the ,western ,pacific ,railroad1 and after overpowering the clerks1 rifled the registered mail sacks4 ,infinitive phrases may be employed to advantage1 as in the following cases3 7#a7 ,to rescue his three-year-old son from death when his own home burned yesterday afternoon1 fell to the lot of ,john ,morrissey1 of ,engine #ad1 when1 with his company1 of which he was temporarily in charge1 he responded to an alarm of fire from ,box #igf1 near his home at #afa #ajth ,street4 7#b7 ,to prevent private monopoly of the water powers of the state1 ,senator ,h4 ,g4 ,waters introduced a bill into the senate this noon providing for the purchase or control by the state of desirable sites for the development of water power4 ,causal1 concessive1 conditional1 and temporal clauses at the beginning of a story make possible the desired emphasis in an effective form2 for example3 7#a7 ,because a multiplex money-making mach- ine failed to transform tissue paper into crisp dollar bills1 ,jacob ,montrid yesterday afternoon swore out a warrant for the arrest of ,isaac ,rosenbaum1 #aaf ,east ,broadway1 who had sold him the machine for #hjj4 7#b7 ,although ,senator ,cameron again refused yesterday to say that he would be a candidate for relection1 his opponents claim that he has been planning a systematic campaign in his district for several weeks4 7#c7 ,unless the #aej1jjj guarantee fund for the democratic national convention ,is raised before tomorrow night1 the executive committee of the ,commercial ,club will not extend an invitation to the national democratic committee to hold the convention in this city next ,july4 7#d7 ,while a surgeon was dressing a bullet wound in his arm at ,williamstown ,hosp- ital1 ,george ,johnson1 colored1 was placed under arrest by ,detectives ,gilchrist and ,hennessey1 charged with shooting and seriously wounding ,frank ,f4 ,taylor1 a colored barber1 #aag ,washington ,place4 ,a substantive clause as subject of the first sentence of the story is often convenient1 particularly for an indirect quotation in reports of speeches1 interviews1 testimony1 etc4 ,the different forms available are shown in the following leads3 7#a7 ,how the ,standard ,oil ,company grew from a firm with #d1jjj capital in #ahfg to a #b1jjj1jjj corporation in #ahge1 was told this morning by ,john ,d4 ,rockefeller in the course of the direct examination conducted by his attorney1 ,john ,g4 ,milburn1 in the suit for the dissolution of the ,standard ,oil ,trust before ,special ,examiner ,franklin ,ferris in the ,custom ,house4 7#b7 ,why the ,united ,states needs an income tax1 was explained by ,senator ,william ,e4 ,borah in his address before the ,progressive ,republican ,club in the ,auditorium last night4 7#c7 ,that the ,united ,states government should operate a number of coal mines in ,alaska and that it should take as its share approximately #be per cent of the net profits on all coal development by private lease on the public domain in the territory1 was the plan offered today by ,senator ,hitchcock of ,nebraska1 a member of the territories committee which is hearing the ,alaska railroad testimony4 ,a direct quotation at the beginning is the means of getting before the reader at once the important statement of a speech1 report1 interview1 confession1 etc4 ,the following examples and those given in the discussion of reports of speeches and interviews in ,chapter ,,vi illustrate the effective use of the quotation4 7#a7 8,i took the shoes so that my little girl could go to school on ,monday10 was the defense that ,john ,hoppiman offered in the ,police ,court this morning when charged with stealing a pair of shoes from the ,palace ,shoe ,company's store on ,eagle ,street last night4 7#b7 8,no cigarettes sold to minors0 is the sign conspicuously posted in all places where tobacco is sold1 because the new ordinance recently passed by the board of aldermen went into effect today4 ,beginnings to be ,avoided4 ,the rule that a news story should never begin with the articles 8a10 8an10 or 8the10 is neither supported by actual newspaper practice nor based on entirely sound principles4 ,good emphasis at the beginning is what such a rule strives to secure and in so far as it calls attention to the desirability of beginning the story with an important word in place of an article1 it is justified4 ,often1 however1 in order to get the most significant element into the first group of words it is absolutely necessary to use one of the articles4 ,sometimes an article is unnecessary before the noun at the beginning2 for example3 8,fire destroyed10 etc41 is more concise than1 8,a fire destroyed10 etc41 and1 8,government ownership of telegraph lines was urged10 than1 8,the government ownership of telegraph lines was urged40 ,numerical figures should not be used at the beginning of any sentence in a news story4 ,to avoid putting the figures first when round numbers are given1 such forms may be used as1 8,about #bej students10 8,over #a1bjj chickens10 8,nearly #gej gallons of milk40 ,if it is considered desirable to have numbers at the very beginning1 they may be spelled out1 thus3 8,three thousand citizens greeted10 etc41 8,two hundred pounds of candy were strewn along ,broadway10 etc4 ,explanatory ,matter4 ,in the lead of all stories of events that are closely associated with preceding events1 such as 8follow-up0 stories1 it is customary to give briefly sufficient explanatory information to make the event described clear in its relations to the earlier ones4 ,this is necessary because readers may have overlooked the stories of the preceding occurrences4 ,an explanatory phrase or clause is generally sufficient1 but sometimes a whole sentence is necessary4 ,unconventional ,leads4 ,in place of the usual summary lead containing all the essential points of the event1 some stories begin with the particulars leading up to the event and thus keep the reader in suspense as to the nature and result of the happening until he has read the greater part of the story4 ,these stories in their structure approximate fictitious narratives such as the short story4 ,various forms of beginnings that depart from the normal summary lead are illustrated by the following examples3 7#a7 ,half a dozen clerks were standing near the big vault in the ,chelsea ,national ,bank this afternoon1 their backs toward the street4 ,a blinding flash filled them with terror1 and taking it for granted that another earthquake had visited the city1 they jumped into the big vault and shut the door4 ,when they tried to get out they could not4 ,some time later when the cashier saw the door closed1 he opened it and found the clerks nearly smothered4 ,a ,wilson banner1 soaked with rain1 had fallen across a trolley wire and caused the flash4 7#b7 8,what time is it1 please80 asked an innocent looking blond boy in short trousers of ,harry ,g4 ,lampe on the steps of his hotel at #aja ,johnson ,street last night4 8,i haven't a watch10 said ,lampe politely4 ,the boy pulled one out and explained that it was #g3cj1 whereupon they fell into a conversation and ,lampe went upstairs in great good humor1 only to come running down again4 ,two sets of false teeth were gone from his back trousers pocket--all the teeth he had in the world4 ,the boy was seen talking to a group of men and was taken to the ,white ,street station4 ,strange to relate1 ,sergeant ,william ,mc,carthy1 until recently a marine in the ,washington ,navy ,yard1 was there explaining to the desk lieutenant how a blond haired boy had just asked to carry his suit-case containing clothes1 discharge papers from a twenty-three years' army service1 and medals for bravery4 8,sure1 he said he'd show me a good hotel and we came to a doorway that was dark4 ,just like that the wallops came1 and me not being able to see who was hitting me4 ,they took my bag and my watch and when ,i got up and felt for my purse they grabbed that1 too2 #adj was in it40 ,the door opened on the stealer of teeth4 8,that's him1 ,b' ,george60 ,so it happened that the child stood before ,magistrate ,hinton in the ,tombs court today on two charges of larceny4 8,stand up10 said the court1 and noting everything1 blond curls downward1 pronounced3 8,you are a most interesting psychological and sociological study1 sir40 ,detective ,de ,groat said that the youth worked for a gang as ,oliver ,twist once did4 ,despite his youth and apparent innocence1 therefore1 he was held in #b1ejj bail for the ,grand ,jury4 7#c7 ,two men knocked on the door of ,mrs4 ,mary ,martin's apartment at #baj ,easton ,place yesterday afternoon and said they had come to fix the gas meter4 ,mrs4 ,martin through the keyhole told them to go right away1 but they kicked down the door instead and walked in4 ,the woman got out on the fire escape and yelled for help1 while the men put the parlor clock in a bag and rummaged about in search of money4 ,policeman ,cox answered ,mrs4 ,martin's call for help and ran upstairs4 ,the men heard him coming and scrambled out of a skylight to the roof4 ,cox followed1 but the two had disappeared4 ,in their flight1 however1 they spilled a bag of flour over their clothes1 and so when ,policeman ,cox1 two hours later1 saw two men with their shoulders white with flour1 carrying a bag down ,first ,avenue1 he arrested them4 ,mrs4 ,martin identified the men as ,william ,kelley and ,james ,hammond1 and said they had both lived in the house where her apartment is4 ,they were locked up on a charge of burglary4 7#d7 ,mary ,hand1 #g years old1 who was run down by a mail automobile last night in ,third ,avenue at ,seventy-fourth ,street1 said she wasn't hurt and asked to go home4 8,please don't arrest that man10 she added1 pointing to the driver2 8he didn't mean to hurt me40 ,so ,policeman ,o',reilley took the chauffeur's name and address1 ,henry ,p4 ,miller1 #aag ,walnut ,street1 and let him go on his way with the mail4 ,the policeman insisted on sending ,mary to the hospital though she wasn't scratched4 ,she had been there just one hour when she died4 ,the hospital folk said they couldn't account for it1 except by undetected internal injuries that she might have sustained4 ,the little girl was the daughter of ,john ,hand1 #bad ,east ,holton ,avenue4 ,on hearing of her death the police at once began a search for ,miller1 the chauf- feur4 ,another example of this type of story that follows the chronological order instead of beginning with a summary of the facts1 is the following from the ,new ,york ,sun1 in which it was printed at the top of a column on the first page3 ,tom ,flynn1 a coal passer who works next to the ,fort ,lee ,ferry over on the ,jersey side1 was gazing dreamily out over the ,hudson early yesterday morning4 ,suddenly he dropped his shovel and let out a wild yell4 8,gee whiz1 look ,bill60 he said to his fellow worker4 8,there's a deer out there on the ice40 ,about #bjj feet off shore a red doe was floating down stream1 poised on a large cake of ice4 ,pretty soon another cake drifted along and jostled the doe's floe and she slid gracefully into the water and started for shore4 ,flynn gave the alarm1 and although this is not the open season in ,new ,jersey1 the game laws were disregarded and in a few minutes fifty odd deckhands1 ticket takers1 and commuters were engaged in a deer hunt4 ,boat hooks1 brooms1 and shovels were immediately pressed into service1 and the excited crowd waited for the deer to come ashore4 ,when the doe saw them she changed her direction1 veering toward the ferry-boat ,englewood1 which is hibernating in the ,edgewater slip1 and took refuge in the lee of the paddle wheel4 ,having rested1 the deer swam out into open water1 headed directly for the ferry slip and splashed merrily about below the astonished crowd of amateur stalkers4 ,someone got a rope and attempted to noose the animal1 but she couldn't see it that way1 calmly ducked and continued to cavort about in the water4 ,finally the doe became bored1 dove under the edge of the slip1 and was lost to sight momentarily4 ,she then appeared on the other side of the ferry house4 ,before the crowd could reach her1 she scrambled ashore opposite ,terry ,terhune's ,dairy ,lunch1 looked wonderingly into ,gantert ,bros1' thirst quenching parlors1 dashed up ,dempsey ,avenue and with a whisk of her tail disappeared up the mountain beyond ,palisade ,park4 8,well1 suffering ,jumbo60 said ,tom ,flynn1 8these guys don't know nothing about deer catching10 and he went sadly back to his coal car4 ,several weeks ago three deer escaped from the ,harriman preserves up the river1 and the doe of yesterday's chase is supposed to be one of them4 ,originality in the treatment of the ordinary material of a news story is illustrated in the following beginning of a report of a conference on rural problems4 ,the little red schoolhouse and the big yellow ear of corn1 how to develop each and how to correlate their interests1 was the problem discussed yesterday afternoon by a committee of the ,wis- consin ,bankers' association and a number of distinguished educators and public officials4 ,after the meeting at agricultural hall was over1 it was apparent that the problem of the big ear of corn was in a fair way of solution1 but the little red schoolhouse still remained an enigma4 ,the various speakers painted glowing pictures of how two ears of corn could be made to grow where one or none is growing now1 and how farm life could be beautified and uplifted so that the boys and girls would quit rushing to the cities to add to the poverty of the nation and would remain on the soil to add to the country's wealth4 ,how to hook the country schoolhouse on this uplift movement did not seem so easy4 ,the various educators present who knew something of the problem it presented1 smiled at the altruistic simplicity of the bankers in taking up the problem and were loud in their praise of the monied men for so doing4 ,the bankers could count on co-operation1 they said4 ,the meeting was an informal conference between the committee on agricultural development and education of the ,wisconsin ,bankers' association and other organized activities along allied lines1 and was held in a classroom of agricultural hall4 ,l4 ,a4 ,baker1 of ,new ,richmond1 chairman of the committee1 presided4 ,how a bit of police court news may be worked up into a story the lead of which piques the reader's curiosity1 is shown in the following story from the ,new ,york ,sun3 ,it took only two eggs in the hands of ,annie ,gallagher1 a cook1 buxom and blond1 to spoil a sunset4 ,that is why ,annie was in the ,west ,side police court yesterday4 ,she had been summoned by ,jacob ,yourowski4 ,yourowski1 who is a sign painter1 works at #cee ,columbus avenue1 next door to #fd ,west ,seventy-second street1 where ,annie is employed4 ,he was painting a sunset as a background for an advertising sign last ,monday when the trouble began4 8,i was on the ladder10 he told ,magistrate ,steinert1 8when ,i was struck by some eggshells4 ,i watched the open window where this woman is employed and pretty soon ,i saw her peeking out4 ,at first ,i took it as a joke40 8,pretty soon there were some more shells4 ,i caught her looking out the window4 ,so in a playful manner ,i made believe to throw back at her40 8,judge1 then the eggs came at me strong4 ,they weren't only shells2 they had the goods4 ,pretty soon my sunset looked like an omelet4 ,then ,i got mad40 8,yes10 interrupted ,annie1 8and in his anger he threw ice in the window at me4 ,one piece struck me and hurt me4 ,then ,i got mad and dumped the hot water on him40 ,the cook was held in #cjj bonds to insure future good behavior4 ,another example of an opening that stimulates the reader's desire to know more of an unusual incident is seen in the following story3 ,if it hadn't been for a woman's cu- riosity ,wadislaus ,brinko1 who owns a ,lithuanian rooming house at #bca ,east ,hain street1 wouldn't have confessed to the police yesterday that he shot and killed ,jacob ,watus1 a roomer in his house1 on ,oct4 #bc4 ,a coroner's inquest was proceeding in a routine way the day following the shooting and the jury was about to render a verdict of death by suicide1 when ,mrs4 ,anna ,hannok1 #daf ,highland place1 appeared on the scene4 ,she had been attracted by the crowd outside the undertaking rooms1 she said4 ,the testimony up to the time of ,mrs4 ,hannok's appearance had plainly indicated suicide4 ,suddenly she electrified the jury by pointing to ,brinko and crying3 8,ask him where he got the gun40 ,the inquiry1 interrupted by this dramatic incident1 was adjourned until yesterday4 ,shortly before the inquest was resumed1 ,brinko broke down and admitted that he had killed ,watus4 ,he asserted1 however1 that it was an accident4 ,distinctive beginnings which are also calculated to attract attention by reason of the question form are shown in the following stories taken from the ,chicago ,tribune3 7#a7 ,have you lost a #a1jjj bill8 ,no1 this isn't a joke2 have you8 ,somebody was so careless as to drop a #a1jjj bill in the lobby of the ,majestic ,theatre on ,friday afternoon4 ,and if some theatre-goer had held his head a trifle lower he might have seen the currency and not stepped on it4 ,the bill was dropped near the box of- fice as the audience was entering the house for the matinee4 ,just when it fell to the tile floor and how long it was kicked around nobody knows4 ,herbert ,klein1 the doorman1 happened to glance at the floor and saw a piece of paper4 ,persons were walking over it4 ,he took another look and then he reached for it4 ,walking back to the door where the light was better he slyly took a peek at it4 ,he saw the big yellow 8,m0 and whistled4 ,he hurried to the office of ,a4 ,s4 ,rivers1 treasurer of the theatre4 ,he did not wait for the elevator4 ,mr4 ,rivers placed the #a1jjj bill in the vault1 where he thinks #a1jjj bills belong4 ,he was somewhat surprised yesterday when there was no inquiry for the money4 ,then he became suspicious4 ,thinking the bill might be one of the notes of the #agc1jjj in government money that disappeared from the ,chicago subtreasury two years ago1 he notified ,capt4 ,thomas ,i4 ,porter and ,peter ,drautzberg of the secret service bureau4 ,the number of the bill was sent to the treasury department at ,washington4 ,it is not known whether the government possesses the numbers of the #a1jjj bills which were missed from the subtreasury4 7#b7 8,shall we shoot old preachers80 ,several aged ministers attending the ,rock ,river conference at the ,first ,methodist ,church of ,evanston sat bolt upright in their seats last evening when ,rev4 ,george ,p4 ,eckman1 editor of the ,christian ,advocate of ,new ,york1 asked the question4 ,they blinked hard and in unison when he repeated it4 8,shall we shoot old preachers80 ,a general sigh of relief was heard when he offered his explanation4 8,we might as well shoot them10 he said1 8as let them starve on the pitiably small incomes which some of them have4 ,shooting them would be more humane4 ,they have served long and useful lives4 ,why should their last days be spent in want and suffering80 ,rev4 ,eckman was the principal speaker at the anniversary of the ,society for ,superannuated ,preachers4 ,he dwelt at length on the increasing hardships that confront the preacher who has grown too old to perform active service4 7#c7 ,who is responsible for the collapse of the ,pearl ,theatre in ,western avenue8 ,who permitted the construction of a roof which the results show was a menace to the lives of many people from the time the theatre was opened8 ,how much of the blame is on the city building department8 ,how much blame attaches to the city council8 ,how about the architect and the owner of the theatre8 ,how many other ,chicago theatres--picture theatres and theatres of various types--are as dangerous potentially as was the ,pearl theatre8 ,questions such as these will be met by the council committee on buildings1 which tomorrow will take up an inquiry into the ,pearl #e-;cent theatre case4 ,the roof of the ,pearl1 ,western avenue and ,downey street1 caved in last ,monday morning and a disaster was averted because no show was in progress at the time4 ,a type of lead that has some vogue has a very short first sentence that usually states the most significant fact in the story4 ,this short statement may be followed by a longer explanatory one that contains the other essential details1 or by a series of short sentences each of which contains an important detail4 ,this kind of lead is in reality only the breaking up of the long one-sentence lead containing all the essentials1 into two or more shorter sentences4 ,greater emphasis is thus gained for the particulars set off in the short sentences4 ,examples of these leads are3 7#a7 ,col4 ,roosevelt is back4 ,he spoke tonight at ,madison ,square ,garden to #ae1jjj people4 ,they cheered him for forty-two minutes4 ,there was no indication throughout this storm of applause that it was anything but spontaneous4 ,it was directed at ,col4 ,roosevelt himself4 7#b7 ,the 8fatherless frog0 is in ,washington4 ,he arrived here this morning4 ,he has two big bulging green eyes1 a big white throat1 and for all the world looks just the same as millions of his brothers who occupy thrones on lily pads in some muddy creek4 ,according to ,prof4 ,jacques ,loeb of the ,rockefeller ,institute of ,research1 however1 this particular ,mr4 ,frog1 on exhibition before the ,congress of ,hygiene and ,demography here1 was hatched from the egg of a female by chemical process4 ,while visitors are greatly interested in this orphan frog1 learned professors are busy challenging his chemical parentage4 ,professor ,loeb says that his fatherless frog is the culmination of years of effort and that with but little more study he will be able to produce other forms of life resulting from his study of parthenogenesis4 ,in the less conventional types of leads1 various beginnings are used1 often to excellent advantage1 for novelty and variety4 ,the two examples given below show some marked departures from the usual kinds of beginnings4 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ,i ,,sold ,,you ,,the ,,glasses ,,not ,,the ,,comet ---------------------------------------- ,by this sign displayed to-day in an optical shop in ,fifth ,avenue1 a dealer in binoculars1 who is weary of explaining that he is not responsible for unsatisfactory views of ,halley's comet1 hopes to make plain his position to customers that desire to return their purchases4 7#b7 ,,wanted--,young woman as governess for ten year old child1 to travel through ,europe this summer4 ,give references1 age1 and experience4 ,address ,e #gdj1 ,times ,office4 ,this innocent looking advertisement in the ,times led to the arrest of ,william ,houghton1 alias ,wilson ,hulton1 at the ,national ,hotel yesterday afternoon on the charge of swindling ,miss ,fannie ,hopkins1 ,denver1 out of #bjj last month1 by means of a similarly alluring advertisement in the ,denver papers4 8,boxed0 ,summaries4 ,to give greater prominence to interesting statistics1 summaries1 excerpts1 and lists than is possible in the lead1 these facts are often put before the regular lead1 usually surrounded by a frame or 8box10 and printed in black face type4 ,although this arrangement is determined by the editors and copy readers1 the reporter may select and group significant facts in such a way that those who edit his copy can readily mark them to be 8boxed0 and set in the desired kind of type4 ,lists of dead and injured in accidents2 telling statements from speeches1 reports1 or testimony2 statistics of interest2 summaries of facts2 and brief histories of events connected with the news story at hand1 are frequently treated in this way4 ,if not placed before the lead1 these 8boxed0 facts are put at a convenient place in the body of the story4 ,brief bulletins1 likewise1 containing the latest news are often 8boxed0 and set in heavier type4 7#a7 ---------------------------------------- ,,south ,,point ,,fire ,,loss ,elevator ,b #cjj1jjj ,wheat1 #cgg1jjj bu4 #djc1cij ,flax1 #bbg1jjj bu4 #bgd1fgj ,barley1 #g1jjj bu4 #c1cfj ,western ,pacific ,dock #cj1jjj --------- ,total ,loss #a1jaa1dbj ---------------------------------------- ,over a million dollars' worth of property on ,south ,point was consumed within two hours yesterday afternoon when fire destroyed ,elevator ,b of the ,northern ,elevator ,company and the dock of the ,western ,pacific ,railroad ,company1 and imperiled surrounding property valued at another million4 7#b7 ---------------------------------------- ,,republican ,,state ,,platform ,repudiation of ,payne-,aldrich ,tariff ,act4 ,non-,partisan ,tariff ,commission4 ,government ,regulation of ,monopolies4 ,taxation of ,water ,powers4 ,conservation of ,natural ,resources4 ,national ,income ,tax4 ,limited ,hours of ,labor for ,women and ,children4 ,popular ,election of ,u4 ,s4 ,senators4 ,employers' ,liability ,laws4 ,workingmen's ,compensation ,acts4 ---------------------------------------- ,with the adoption of a strong platform on state and national issues1 the ,republican ,state ,convention came to a close late last night4 7#c7 ---------------------------------------- ,,taft ,,on ,,the ,,irish ,they have accentuated ,american wit4 ,they have added to ,american tender- ness4 ,they have perhaps instilled in the ,american a little additional pug- nacity4 ,they have increased his poetic imag- ination4 ,they have made him more of an optimist4 ,they have suffused his whole exis- tence with the spirit of kindly humor4 ---------------------------------------- ,eight hundred members of the ,charitable ,irish ,society gave ,president ,taft a notable ovation at their #ageth annual dinner held at the ,hotel ,somerset last night4 7#d7 ---------------------------------------- ,,trolley ,,crash ,,victims ,the ,killed ,muckly1 ,mrs4 ,theresa1 #dg years1 cook1 #aiaf ,flushing ,avenue4 ,flesner1 ,jacob1 #bf years1 machinist1 #bgag ,hawthorn ,street4 ,block1 ,marie1 #af years1 cash girl1 #faf ,parkway4 ,the ,injured ,claxton1 ,mary1 #aj years1 #adad ,cedar ,street1 broken nose1 scalp wounds1 ,st4 ,mary's ,hospital4 ,shumacher1 ,mrs4 ,ida1 #db years1 #aia #abth ,avenue1 right arm broken1 in- ternal injuries1 ,st4 ,mary's ,hospital4 ,perkins1 ,charles1 #ca years1 #aeg ,wash- ington ,street1 dislocated hip1 scalp cut1 ,roosevelt ,hospital4 ---------------------------------------- ,three passengers were killed1 three seriously injured1 and a dozen more badly shaken up when a south bound trolley car on the ,wellington ,park line crashed into one ahead that had stopped to take in passengers1 at ,fifty-second ,avenue and ,howard ,place last night4 ,the ,body of the ,story4 ,following the lead is the body of the story1 which generally consists of a more or less detailed account of the event4 ,the main part of the report usually presents the incidents in the order in which they took place4 ,in choice and arrangement of particulars1 therefore1 it does not differ from narration in general4 ,as in all narration1 so in news stories1 it is essential to pick out those particulars that are most interesting and most significant in relation to the feature of the news4 ,if the details are arranged in chronological order and this order is made evident by means of connective words and phrases1 the reader can follow the account easily from beginning to end4 ,all of the methods used by writers of fiction to make short stories and novels realistic and attractive may be applied to the writing of news4 ,concise descriptive touches that suggest the picture rather than portray it by detailed description1 are always effective4 ,accounts of eye-witnesses1 exclamations and remarks made by the bystanders1 comments by those concerned1 dialogue between persons involved1 when given in the form of direct quotations1 all add to the life and interest of the story4 ,every legitimate literary device can be used to advantage in the writing of the day's news1 provided that it does not require too much space1 for above everything else the news story must be concise4 ,good emphasis at the beginning of each paragraph should always be sought1 because in rapid reading1 as has already been pointed out1 the eye catches first the initial group of words at each indention4 ,unimportant connective phrases and clauses should seldom be given this position of prominence1 but should be buried in the sentence4 ,the emphasis at the end of each paragraph in the news story is not great and can therefore be disregarded4 ,although each paragraph need not end emphatically1 it should be rounded out to give the effect of completeness4 ,the organization of details in the body of a story is shown in the account of a train robbery given below3 ,spokane1 ,wash41 ,march #ae--;,in the guise of a postoffice inspector1 a bandit obtained admittance to the postal car on the ,great ,northern ,oriental ,limited at ,bonners ,ferry1 ,idaho1 early this morning1 and after overpowering the two clerks1 calmly rifled the through registered mail pouches while the train was proceeding to ,spokane4 ,during the run of over #ajj miles to ,spokane1 the robber received the mail at three stations where the train stopped and threw off the newspaper mail4 ,just before the train entered the yards here1 the bandit leaped from the car and1 with the booty in a small satchel1 made his escape4 ,it is not known how much money and valuables the bandit obtained1 but it is supposed he got a big haul4 ,six registered mail sacks were cut and their contents rifled4 ,when the train reached this city1 ,john ,wilson1 one of the postal clerks1 was found locked in the clothes closet1 while ,henry ,devine1 the other1 was under the table with a jumper drawn over his head and his arms tightly bound with a rope4 ,it was then that the story of the robbery was learned4 ,when the train stopped at ,bonners ,ferry at four o'clock this morning1 a man came to the door of the postal car1 and throwing in a mail sack and a small satchel1 announced that he was ,r4 ,f4 ,burton1 a postoffice inspector4 8,i will return in a few minutes and ride with you to ,spokane10 he said to ,wilson1 the clerk on duty4 ,devine1 the other1 was asleep under the table that was covered with mail sacks4 ,after the man left the car1 ,wilson awoke ,devine1 and told him that an inspector was to ride with them to this city1 and that he1 ,wilson1 would awaken him again shortly4 ,just before the train started from the ,idaho town1 the man entered the car again4 8,is there any mail for me80 he inquired of the clerk4 8,there ought to be some4 ,please look40 ,wilson looked over some mail and when he turned around to inform the supposed inspector that there was none1 he found a big revolver pointed at his head4 ,the robber1 after warning the clerk to make no outcry1 ordered him to get into the clothes closet1 which is scarcely large enough to permit a man to stand erect4 ,ignorant of the robbery that was going on in the car1 ,devine continued to sleep4 ,finally when the train was leaving ,big ,bend1 ,devine awoke and1 looking up from underneath the table1 saw the stranger opening letters4 ,as ,devine crawled out1 the bandit wh- ipped out a revolver from his overcoat pocket4 8,keep quiet1 or ,i'll blow your head off10 he commanded4 ,the robber then threw a jumper over the clerk's head1 bound his hands behind him1 and pushed him under the table where he had been asleep4 ,when a story covers considerable time because the incidents leading up to the principal event took place a week or more before1 care must be taken to keep the time element before the readers in order to make the series of incidents clear in their relation to one another4 ,the following story shows the arrangement of material in such a story3 ,because he unknowingly tried to swindle the same young woman twice within three weeks by means of a 8want ad10 ,arthur ,m4 ,howell1 who says his home is in ,yukon1 ,alaska1 was arrested at the ,hixon ,hotel last night4 ,the similarity of a 8want ad0 in the ,sun a few days ago to one in a ,denver paper recently1 led ,miss ,emma ,bunde of ,denver1 who had been swindled out of #bhj1 to notify the local police1 and through her efforts ,howell was placed under arrest4 ,when1 three weeks ago1 an advertisement appeared in the ,denver paper for a young woman to act as secretary to a business man during a three months' trip through ,europe1 ,miss ,emma ,bunde1 then a stenographer in a railroad office in ,denver1 answered it1 offering her services4 ,in reply to her application1 ,howell arranged a meeting with her and engaged her for the position4 ,at her new employer's suggestion1 she withdrew her savings amounting to #bhj from one of the ,denver banks1 and accompanied him to ,kansas ,city4 ,when they arrived there1 he offered to take her money for safe keeping and she entrusted the whole amount to him4 ,at the same time he gave her #be1 as an advance payment on her salary1 and told her that they would continue their journey that afternoon after he had transacted some business4 ,when she returned to the hotel after a shopping tour in which she had bought a dress for #bb4ej1 she found a note from her employer1 which informed her that he had been suddenly called to ,columbia1 ,mo41 on business4 ,a railroad ticket and sleeping car reservation were enclosed with the note which requested her to proceed to ,st4 ,louis that night and meet him the following day at a hotel in ,st4 ,louis4 ,miss ,bunde went to ,st4 ,louis and awaited the arrival of ,howell at the hotel designated4 ,after waiting in vain for a week1 she decided that she was the victim of a clever swindling game4 ,being without funds she wrote to friends here and with their aid came to this city4 ,in looking through the 8want ads0 in the ,sun last ,friday1 she came upon an advertisement for a young woman secretary to accompany a business man on a tour throughout the states and ,alaska4 ,the similarity of this 8ad0 and that which she had answered in ,denver1 led her to inform the police of her suspicion that the author was the same person who had taken her money4 ,detectives were at once detailed to watch for ,howell when he called for replies to his advertisement at the ,sun office4 ,the young woman in reply to the advert- isement again offered her services as secretary1 giving a fictitious name but her real telephone number4 ,the advertiser failed to call for his mail for nearly a week1 and the detectives abandoned their watch4 ,then on ,wednesday ,howell called at the ,sun office where he found twenty letters1 including the one from ,miss ,bunde4 ,unfortunately for the swindler1 the first letter that he opened was evidently ,miss ,bunde's1 for he called her up ,wednesday afternoon and made an appointment at the ,hixon ,hotel for last evening4 ,she at once notified the police and ,detective ,sullivan was detailed to accompany her to the hotel4 ,when ,howell appeared and recognized ,miss ,bunde as his ,denver victim1 he endeavored to leave but was arrested by ,sullivan4 ,at the police station he gave his address as ,yukon1 ,alaska4 ,in his pockets were found letters from several ,kansas ,city women who had replied to his advertisements in that city1 and the police believe that he is wanted in other places on similar charges4 ,,suggestions #a4 ,write legibly2 use a typewriter whenever possible4 #b4 ,double or triple space your typewritten or longhand copy4 #c4 ,never write on both sides of the sheet4 #d4 ,make your meaning absolutely clear to the rapid reader4 #e4 ,be concise2 don't use needless words4 #f4 ,use superlatives sparingly4 #g4 ,find the one noun to express the idea1 the one adjective1 if necessary1 to qualify it1 and the one verb needed to give it life4 #h4 ,get life and action into your story whenever circumstances warrant4 #i4 ,use original expressions2 avoid trite and hackneyed phrases4 #aj4 ,remember that every one of your mistakes adds to the work of your superiors4 #aa4 ,study and follow the peculiarities of the style of your paper4 #ab4 ,make your paragraphs short and concise4 #ac4 ,avoid choppy1 disconnected short sentences4 #ad4 ,don't overload the first sentence by elaborating on the essential points4 #ae4 ,select the most interesting phase of the news as the 8feature0 of the story4 #af4 ,put the 8feature0 in the first group of words at the beginning of the lead4 #ag4 ,answer satisfactorily in the 8lead0 the questions--,who8 ,what8 ,when8 ,where8 ,why8 and ,how8 #ah4 ,seldom 8play up0 the time or place as the feature4 #ai4 ,avoid the hanging1 or dangling1 participle1 particularly at the beginning of the lead4 #bj4 ,don't put important particulars of the story in the last paragraphs where they may be cut off in the 8make-up40 #ba4 ,avoid beginning successive paragraphs with the same phrase or construction4 #bb4 ,use an unconventional form of 8lead0 when the news justifies it4 #bc4 ,tabulate on a separate sheet significant statistics1 lists1 excerpts1 or summaries1 so that they may be 8boxed40 #bd4 ,don't suppress news2 refer all requests for such suppression to your superiors4 #be4 ,put the mark 771 or the figures #cj enclosed in a circle1 at the end of every story4 ,,practice ,,work 7#a7 ,point out the faults in the following story and correct them by rewriting it4 ,suspected of starting over a score of fires in the downtown district within a month and confessing starting nineteen1 with six false alarms in three months1 ,henry ,handifort1 a ,south ,side boy1 was arrested after a fire early today4 ,in a confession to the police ,handifort1 who is #af years of age1 said he began his career as a firebug when #e years old1 but after starting three fires was so punished by his parents that he refrained from further operations until a few months ago4 ,he said his ambition was to be a fireman and that he started the fires to be on hand when the firemen came so he could help them4 ,he said he enjoyed seeing the apparatus turn out4 ,the fires to which he confessed caused a total loss of #be1jjj4 ,his climax came ,sunday night1 when three fires caused #h1jjj loss4 ,the boy1 then under suspicion1 was watched carefully1 and a fire early today brought his arrest4 7#b7 ,what are the faults in the following story printed in a weekly paper1 and how should they be corrected in rewriting8 ,mr4 ,ed4 ,williams of this city met with a very severe and painful accident in the zinc works in this city4 ,mr4 ,williams1 who is employed as a cart driver at the works1 was performing his usual duties1 when in some way the horse became frightened and started to run away4 ,ed was thrown out of the heavy ore cart and fell in such a position1 that the wheels of the cart passed over his body1 causing severe injuries to his head and fracturing four ribs1 besides bruising him internally4 ,he was at once taken to the hospital rooms of ,dr4 ,hulton1 where his injuries were dressed4 ,he was then conveyed to his home1 where he is recovering nicely at present4 ,it will be some time however before he will be at his post again4 7#c7 ,what is the weakness of the following story and how could you improve it by rewriting8 ,mrs4 ,william ,black1 wife of the caretaker of the ,yewdale ,yacht ,club house1 which is on the end of the long bulkhead of the ,south ,basin at the foot of ,ring street1 ,lawton ,park1 sent her eleven-year-old daughter1 ,madelaine1 to ,dresden ,avenue yesterday morning to get some oranges4 ,mrs4 ,black sat by an upper window of the club house waiting for ,madelaine to come back4 ,pretty soon the little girl put in an appearance4 ,the wind was blowing so hard that the mother feared for the child's safety and she arose to go to her assistance4 ,when she looked out of the window again1 ,madelaine had disappeared4 ,she hurried out and saw the child's cloak floating on the water4 ,charles ,blaine1 a sailor on the yacht ,elizabeth ,e41 and ,otto ,grey of the schooner ,john ,bull1 dived for the body several times before ,blaine succeeded in bringing it up4 ,the child's father is on a fishing trip to ,block ,island4 7#d7 ,play up the unusual element in this story by putting it in the first group of words4 ,mrs4 ,minnie ,greene1 a colored janitress1 was burned to the point of death by a fire started by the son's rays focused by a large reflector which she carried4 ,mrs4 ,greene1 with the big brass reflector under her arm1 was standing in front of the ,first ,presbyterian church when suddenly she felt a sharp pain in her left leg4 ,looking down she saw that her skirt was afire4 ,screaming in terror she ran down the street and in and out of three stores before she could be stopped by two policemen4 ,it is not believed that she can recover4 7#e7 ,compare the leads of the two following stories of the same event1 pointing out their merits and defects2 then write a new lead embodying the best points of each4 7#a7 ,princeton1 ,n4,j41 ,nov4 #c--;,governor ,woodrow ,wilson had a narrow escape from serious injury at an early hour this morning when the automobile in which he was returning home from ,red ,bank ran into a rut in the main street leading into the little village of ,hightstown1 throwing him with great force against the top of the limousine1 inflicting a painful cut in the top of his head4 ,when he appeared in his library this afternoon to meet many callers and the newspaper men the governor wore across the top of his head a broad plaster bandage1 covering part of the scalp that had been shaved when the cut was dressed4 ,captain 8,silent ,bill0 ,mc,donald1 the ,texas ranger traveling companion of the governor1 received a severe jolt1 but escaped any other injury than a bruise on his neck4 7#b7 ,princeton1 ,n4,j41 ,nov4 #c--;,gov4 ,woodrow ,wilson wears a strip of collodion and gauze across the top of his head covering a scalp wound three inches long which he received early on ,sunday in a motor mishap on the way home from ,red ,bank1 ,n4,j4 ,his automobile struck a mound in the road and jolted him up against a steel rib in the roof of the limousine car4 ,the wound is not serious and the democratic presidential nominee will fulfill his speaking engagements in ,paterson and ,passaic1 ,n4,j41 on ,monday4 ,at night the governor was in the parlor of his home the center of a group of friends4 ,there was nothing in his manner to indicate that he had met with any mishap4 ,he said he did not feel the wound in the slightest degree and had not even developed a headache from it4 8,i guess ,i'm too hardheaded to be hurt10 he said smilingly as he received the correspondents4 ,the mishap occurred in the early hours of the morning4 ,the governor had spoken at ,red ,bank and left for ,princeton1 a distance of forty-five miles1 shortly before #aa o'clock4 ,he rode in the limousine car of ,abraham ,i4 ,elkus1 a ,new ,york lawyer who lives at ,red ,bank1 accompanied by ,capt4 ,william ,j4 ,mc,donald1 his personal body guard1 who was shaken up and bruised4 7#f7 ,criticize the following story and rewrite it in accordance with your criticism4 ,another hero of the sea was disclosed today through a collision of the ,norwegian steamer ,noreuga with the ,norwegian sailing ship ,glenlui4 ,it appeared that he saved1 not only the passengers and crews1 but the ships4 ,the ,noreuga arrived at ,norfolk last night in a sinking condition in tow of the revenue cutter ,onondaga and is preparing to dock4 ,the ,glenlui is expected later4 ,the ,noreuga will be repaired at the ,newport ,news ship yards1 where its eleven passengers1 including eight women1 and its freight will be transferred to the steamship ,mexicana4 ,the passengers were brought to port on the ,onondaga4 ,the man to whom credit is given is the wireless operator on the ,noreuga who declined to tell his name and whose desire to avoid notoriety was respected by ,captain ,hansen4 ,when the crew favored deserting the stricken ,noreuga after the collision last ,friday the wireless operator refused to leave his post4 ,with death riding the gale he continued to flash his appeals for help4 ,he succeeded finally in raising both shore stations and vessels of the ,atlantic fleet4 ,the rescue of the ,norse vessels was accomplished as they were about to founder4 7#g7 ,from the following account1 as given by an eye-witness1 write a news story for a local daily paper4 ,john ,quinn1 foreman of the ,e4 ,j4 ,mackey ,co41 #cef ,w4 #djth ,st41 gave the following account of an accident in his plant this noon3 8,i was working on the fifth floor of our new six story warehouse just before dinner time today when ,oscar ,taub who lives out at #baf ,w4 #acith ,st41 one of the men who works for us1 came up and said that ,mr4 ,mackey wanted him to find out how much whiskey there was in the big tank on my floor4 ,taub put a ladder against the side of the big tank and1 catching hold of the cord of one of the electric lights1 started up to the top of the tank4 ,when he got up to the top he called to me saying that there were #g1gje gallons of whiskey in it4 ,when he started down the ladder again1 the bulb of the electric light slipped from his hand and broke on the edge of the tank40 8,then there was a big explosion and ,i saw ,taub flying through the air against the side of the wall about #cj feet away4 ,then the whiskey in the tank started to burn and the flames spread out along the ceiling as if the tank were a big furnace4 ,when ,i saw that the whiskey was afire1 ,i jumped over to turn on the outlet valve so that the whiskey would run off into the drain pipe4 ,i turned on the water so it would run into the tank and put out the fire4 ,i hurried over to see if ,taub was hurt1 for the water had put out the blaze and all of the whiskey was running out into the sewer4 ,i found ,taub lying against the wall unconscious with his hands and face burned4 ,i was just going to carry him over to the elevator when the firemen came rushing up4 ,i told them the fire was out and asked them to help me carry ,taub downstairs4 ,then ,mr4 ,mackey called the ambulance and they took ,taub who had regained consciousness and was groaning with pain from his burns to ,roosevelt ,hospital4 8,there wasn't any damage done but we lost all the whiskey and ,i guess the building would have burned if ,i hadn't let the whiskey run out and turned on the water4 ,the ambulance doctor said ,taub would be able to get back to work in about a week40 7#h7 ,compare these three stories in regard to the effectiveness of the introductory statement4 7#a7 ,within hailing distance of several costly north shore residences1 ,henry ,hoskin1 #acb ,welcome place1 was held up late last evening and robbed of #ad and a watch4 ,hoskin was crossing ,bellevue place on ,lake ,shore drive when a black limousine car drove up and a man with a revolver leaped out in front of the pedestrian4 ,hoskin turned over his money promptly4 ,the robber jumped back into the car1 where ,hoskin could see two others1 and the car dashed on to the north4 7#b7 ,the latest thing in highway robbery is to have a #g1jjj limousine and a handsome chauffeur1 and then to watch for victims strolling through fashionable neighborhoods4 ,henry ,hoskin1 who lives at #acb ,welcome ,place1 was a victim at #a o'clock this morning4 8,i was just passing ,harold ,mc,cormick's mansion at the ,lake ,shore ,drive and ,bellevue ,place10 he said1 8when it happened to me4 ,the finest looking limousine ,i ever saw slowed up right in front of the ,mc,cormick house4 ,the machine looked so expensive that ,i thought the occupant must be the millionaire himself--until out he leaps at me with a revolver leveled at my head4 ,it took the man about four seconds to get my money--it was only #ad4 ,and then ,i was ordered to be on my way4 8,there were two of the robbers1 the operating man and the chauffeur1 who looked like a real one40 ,hoskin told his story to the police at the ,east ,chicago ,avenue ,station and they started a search for the robbers4 7#c7 ,stepping out of one of the finest limousine cars ever seen in ,lake ,shore ,drive1 three young men held up a pedestrian early today at the point of their pistols in front of the ,harold ,mc,cormick home4 ,the victim1 ,henry ,hoskin1 #acb ,welcome ,place1 told the police of the ,east ,chicago ,avenue ,station that he would not have been more surprised if the ,st4 ,gaudens statue of ,lincoln in ,lincoln ,park had stepped off its pedestal and picked his pocket4 8,i was just passing ,harold ,mc,cormick's mansion at the ,lake ,shore ,drive and ,bellevue ,place10 he said1 8when it happened to me4 ,the finest looking limousine ,i ever saw slowed up right in front of the ,mc,cormick house4 ,the machine looked so expensive that ,i thought the occupant must be the millionaire himself--until out leaped three men with revolvers leveled at my head4 ,it took the men about four seconds to get my money--it was only #ad4 ,and then ,i was ordered to be on my way4 8,the three robbers were well-dressed young fellows4 ,the chauffeur wore a uniform and looked like a real chauffeur40 7#i7 ,analyze the treatment of material in the second story below and compare it with that in the first4 7#a7 ,a quarrel over the merits of the ,north and ,south in the civil war resulted in the shooting through the right cheek of ,john ,white1 #cajj ,renton street1 at the saloon of ,william ,lubin1 ,brinton avenue and ,hamilton street1 by ,charles ,mc,guire4 ,the latter was arrested4 7#b7 ,the war of the rebellion was resumed in ,chicago yesterday after a preliminary skirmish on ,saturday4 ,three men were engaged1 and after the smoke of battle had cleared away the casualties were found to be3 one shot1 one prisoner of war1 and one incapacitated for conflict4 ,the skirmish and ultimate battle occurred in the saloon of ,william ,lubin1 ,brinton avenue and ,hamilton street4 ,charles ,mc,guire and his brother carried the colors of the ,south and ,john ,white defended the ,north4 ,the three men were drinking together on ,saturday when the issues between the ,north and ,south caused a dispute4 ,they parted in wrath4 8,we'll show that fellow where he gets off at10 the ,mc,guire brothers are reported to have said as they left for the loop to buy arms to protect the honor of the ,south4 ,charles ,mc,guire1 with a revolver as his artillery1 went alone yesterday to the saloon4 ,his brother1 not feeling well1 remained at home4 ,soon ,charles met ,white and had no trouble in drawing an attack from him4 ,he drew the revolver and shot ,white through the cheek4 ,then the police arrived and took ,charles prisoner4 ,white was rushed to ,st4 ,anne's hospital4 ,,chapter ,v ,,news ,,stories ,,of ,,unexpected ,,occurrences ,kinds of ,occurrences4 ,reports of unexpected occurrences of various kinds may be taken as typical of news stories generally4 ,fires1 railroad and trolley wrecks1 mine and tunnel accidents1 floods and storms1 marine disasters1 explosions1 runaways1 automobile accidents1 etc41 form one large group of events in this class4 ,murders1 suicides1 robberies1 embezzlements1 and all other crimes constitute the second important division4 ,the application to each of these groups of the principles of structure and style discussed in the preceding chapter will be considered separately4 ,fires and ,accidents4 ,in news stories of fires and accidents1 the number of lives lost or endangered1 the character and extent of the damage1 and the cause are the features in which readers are most interested4 ,lists of the killed or injured are always included in local stories1 and should be sent in telegraph stories when the persons are known in communities in which the newspaper circulates4 ,the names1 the addresses1 the occupations or business connections1 and often the age of persons killed1 are given1 and the same details are reported for the seriously hurt1 as well as the extent of the injuries and the hospital to which each person is taken4 ,the form in which such lists are arranged is shown in the explanation of 8boxed0 lists 7pages #hf-hh74 ,the extent and the character of the damage caused by a disaster are important1 particularly when the amount or the area affected is large4 ,curious and unusual causes and results1 remarkable escapes1 pathetic or humorous incidents1 and novel circumstances generally are frequently 8played up10 particularly in telegraph stories of occurrences in which the persons involved are known only locally4 ,in such cases the peculiar circumstances are the only reason for publishing the stories outside of the community in which the events happen4 ,unusual incidents are also good in the lead of local stories when the other phases are not more important4 ,the chief considerations in writing the body of news stories of unexpected occurrences are to select and emphasize important details1 to eliminate or subordinate minor ones1 and to connect firmly the different parts of the narrative4 ,whether the reporter is limited to a given number of words or is instructed to write as much as the news is worth1 he must choose and reject particulars with great care1 remembering always that what he retains must be so arranged that to the rapid reader the relation of one part to another will be perfectly clear4 ,in a complex story with a series of incidents taking place simultaneously1 different threads of narrative must be woven together skillfully to make it evident how the several incidents took place at the same time4 ,greater life1 action1 and interest can always be given to accounts of fires1 accidents1 and disasters that cause loss of life1 by giving in direct quotations the accounts of eye-witnesses and survivors4 ,when the magnitude of the catastrophe warrants it1 every effort is made to get interviews and statements from persons involved4 ,conversation between those concerned in the event can sometimes be used effectively4 ,every form of direct quotation gives variety and interest to the news story and is therefore an excellent method to use4 ,in the excitement naturally produced by the news of a disaster1 many rumors quickly gain currency4 ,the first estimates of the number of lives lost or endangered and of the extent of the damage are frequently too large4 ,the young reporter must not let himself be carried away by wild reports1 and should discount liberally these estimates4 ,by keeping calm no matter how great the catastrophe and attendant excitement1 he not only can judge the more accurately of the character of the information that he gets from others1 but he inspires a certain amount of calmness in those from whom he is getting his information and thus secures the facts more accurately4 ,he should not accept reports of a disaster without question and investigation1 or if it is impossible to investigate them1 he should give them as rumors and not as facts4 ,to magnify a catastrophe often means to cause needless anxiety to many whose relatives or friends may be involved in it4 ,as in all reporting1 a simple narrative1 picturing clearly1 accurately1 and interestingly the unexpected occurrence1 is the best news story4 ,the ,lead of the ,fire ,story4 ,because accounts of fires involve all the points to be considered in the average news story1 they are taken as typical of the whole group of accidental occurrences4 ,in fire stories the feature to be 8played up0 may be1 7#a7 the cause1 7#b7 the extent of the damage1 7#c7 the danger to surrounding property1 7#d7 the number of lives endangered or lost1 7#e7 prominent persons or places involved1 or 7#f7 any unusual incident or phase4 ,the following examples illustrate methods of giving prominence to each of the significant details at the beginning of the lead4 ,cause 7#a7 ,spontaneous combustion of turpentine and paints caused a fire that completely destroyed the one-story frame paint shop of ,john ,nelson1 #bac ,higginson ,street1 shortly before midnight1 causing a loss of #e1jjj4 7#b7 ,candles on a ,christmas tree set fire to lace curtains in the home of ,robert ,whitcomb1 #agaf ,charter ,street1 last night1 and before the blaze was extinguished #ejj damage had been done to the house and furnishings4 7#c7 ,the breaking of an incandescent light set fire to a can of gasoline in the garage of the ,wheeler ,automobile ,company1 #gca ,winter ,place1 early this morning1 and two taxi-cabs were badly scorched4 ,damage and ,danger 7#a7 ,over a million dollars' worth of property was consumed on ,south ,point within two hours yesterday afternoon when fire destroyed ,elevator ,d of the ,consolidated ,elevator ,company1 and the docks and sheds of the ,western ,pacific ,railroad ,company4 7#b7 ,nearly #c1jjj1jjj feet of lumber were burned at ,mystic ,wharf early this morning with a loss of #abj1jjj to the ,export ,lumber ,company and the ,atlantic ,coast ,lumber ,company4 7#c7 ,about #b1jjj1jjj worth of property was threatened by fire in the manufacturing district along the ,ohio river front last night when the plant of the ,rockton ,woodworking ,company was completely destroyed with a loss of #abe1jjj4 ,lives ,lost or ,endangered 7#a7 ,nearly #cjj frightened girls ran down stairways1 jammed themselves into elevators1 or jumped to roofs of adjoining buildings this noon when fire did #bj1jjj damage to the twelve story building at #feb ,bleecker ,street4 7#b7 ,nine firemen were overcome by ammonia fumes while fighting a fire in the cold storage warehouse of ,r4 ,c4 ,rinder1 #dh to #eb ,may ,street1 this morning4 7#c7 ,one person was suffocated1 one fatally and three seriously burned1 and the lives of many others endangered when fire swept through the five-story flat house at #abb ,west #abgth ,street today4 7#d7 ,three children were burned to death this noon while locked in the house by their mother1 ,mrs4 ,frank ,lincoln1 #agai ,belleville ,place4 ,persons and ,places 7#a7 ,market ,square ,theatre was damaged by fire to the extent of #e1jjj late last night1 evidently the result of a lighted cigar or cigarette thrown on the gallery steps at the close of the performance4 7#b7 ,robert ,camp's summer home at ,rockton1 ,l4 ,i41 was completely destroyed yester- day by fire said to have been started by tramps4 ,the loss ,mr4 ,camp estimates at #be1jjj1 fully covered by insurance4 7#c7 ,wilton ,c4 ,mc,clay1 broker1 #ga ,exchange ,place1 was suffocated by smoke in his rooms in the ,oxford ,arms early this morning1 when fire1 originating in a defective flue1 damaged the building to the extent of #a1ejj4 ,unusual ,circumstances 7#a7 ,overcoats used as life nets saved the lives of a dozen women and children last night when fire1 believed to be of incendiary origin1 gutted the three-story frame tenement at #acg ,hoverton ,avenue1 ,brooklyn4 7#b7 ,rotten hose1 which burst as fast as it was put in use1 imperiled the lives of firemen today in a fire that destroyed the foundry of the ,national ,tubing ,co41 ,wilson and ,pierce ,streets4 7#c7 ,more than #cjj chickens and ducks were cremated last night in a blaze in the basement of the meat market of ,john ,holton1 #af ,erie ,street4 7#d7 ,to rescue his money1 which he hoped would raise him from the rank of workman to that of merchant1 ,woo ,wing ,lee1 ,chinese laundryman1 #cjca ,nicollet ,avenue1 ran back into his burning laundry today and was so badly burned that physicians say he cannot live4 ,fire ,stories4 ,after the lead has been completed1 the main part of the story remains to be written4 ,the structure of the body of the story offers no particular difficulties in arrangement as the incidents usually follow each other in the order of time4 ,in the account of a fire1 it is usual1 after the lead1 to give the facts concerning the discovery of the fire1 the sounding of the alarm1 the arrival of the fire department1 the progress of the fire1 and the different incidents1 with little or no variation from chronological order4 ,how a fire story is arranged is shown in the following example3 ,by sliding down a swaying extension ladder through fire and smoke1 with an unconscious woman in his arms1 ,fireman ,daniel ,walter rescued her from death in a fire that early this morning swept through a five-story apartment house at #abb ,west ,thirty-ninth ,street1 and caused a loss of #ae1jjj4 ,mrs4 ,mary ,owen1 the woman saved1 is in a serious condition as a result of inhaling smoke1 but at the ,harlem ,hospital it was said that she would probably recover4 ,when the firemen on ,truck #cj reached the burning building1 they saw ,mrs4 ,owen leaning out of a front window on the fifth floor1 screaming for help and apparently preparing to jump to the street4 8,don't jump10 shouted the firemen4 8,we'll be up there in a minute40 ,she stood motionless in the window with the smoke pouring out around her when the big eighty-foot extension ladder began to rise slowly in response to vigorous cranking4 ,while the ladder was swaying like a pendulum as it ascended1 ,fireman ,walter and ,driver ,frank ,lawson began to climb up4 8,hold on just a second longer10 shouted ,lawson as he saw that ,mrs4 ,owen was again leaning forward as if about to jump4 ,when he reached the top of the ladder a moment later1 ,mrs4 ,owen swayed and fell back into the room4 ,at the same instant flames burst out of the windows on the third floor and swept through the ladder4 8,you go down10 called ,walter to ,driver ,lawson below him on the ladder4 8,i'll get her and slide for it4 ,be at the bottom to catch us40 ,lawson slid back through the flames1 and ,walter climbed into the window4 ,mrs4 ,owen was lying unconscious on the floor with her dress ablaze4 ,walter beat out the flames and then wrapped his coat around her to protect her from the sparks and embers that were swirling through the window4 ,laying the unconscious woman on the window-sill1 ,walter climbed out on the ladder4 ,then he reached over and took ,mrs4 ,owen1 placing her across his arms4 ,seeing that a slow descent through the flames bursting out of the windows on the floors below meant certain death1 ,walter wrapped his legs around the sides of the ladder and took hold of both sides with his hands1 balancing ,mrs4 ,owen across his arms4 8,catch us down there10 he shouted and started to slide down the ladder through the flames and smoke1 as though it had been greased4 ,for a few seconds he was hidden from view2 then he reappeared with his clothes ablaze but with his burden still safe across his arms4 ,firemen caught him as he reached the sidewalk1 and took ,mrs4 ,owen who was still unconscious4 ,it was all the police reserves could do to keep the crowd from breaking through the fire lines to congratulate ,walter and carry him off on their shoulders4 ,they cheered again and again as he was hurried into the ,harlem ,hospital ambulance4 ,his hands and face were scorched1 but after his burns had been dressed at the hospital he gamily returned to his quarters in the fire station4 ,mrs4 ,owen was the only occupant of the house who did not succeed in reaching the fire escapes in the rear of the apartment and thus getting out safely4 ,the fire started in the basement1 evidently from an overheated furnace1 and shooting up through the air shafts1 spread into the apartments on the third1 fourth1 and fifth floors4 ,as most of the tenants left the doors of their apartments open when they fled1 the draught swept the fire through floor after floor4 ,the interior of the whole five floors was destroyed4 ,three alarms were turned in and the fire was not under control until #aj o'clock4 ,stories of ,accidents4 ,news stories of accidents are constructed on the same plan as those of fires1 and the features are practically the same4 ,the story of the accident in the subway 7page #da7 and the following one may be taken as typical reports of accidents4 ,in attempting to protect the lives of others against danger from a broken electric light wire1 ,patrolman ,patrick ,wilson1 #gea ,erie ,st41 was electrocuted at #c3cj this morning on ,depere ,place between #geth and #gfth streets4 ,the body of the policeman was discovered an hour later by ,oscar ,wilkins1 a milkman1 as he was driving along ,depere ,place on his morning rounds4 ,a small red burn across the back of his right hand and a live wire with a rope attached dangling from a tree a few feet away1 showed how ,wilson had lost his life4 ,patrolman ,wilson talked with ,police ,sergeant ,william ,strong about the broken wire on ,depere ,place near #geth ,street about #c3ae this morning4 ,as he did not report to the police station from the patrol box as usual at #c3ce1 it is assumed that he was killed shortly before that time4 8,there's a live wire hanging down from a tree on ,depere ,place10 said ,wilson to ,sergeant ,strong when they met shortly after three o'clock4 8,i'm afraid someone will be killed4 ,i've been watching it all night4 ,i believe ,i will try to fasten it up in the tree so that no one will run into it40 8,you had better be careful2 you may be killed10 suggested ,strong4 8,no danger of that10 he replied4 8,the wire is insulated40 8,well1 you had better get a rope at the car barns1 anyway10 urged the sergeant1 and ,wilson agreed to go over to the barns on #geth ,street for a rope4 ,he was last seen alive when he left the car barns with some rope about #c3bj4 ,evidently he threw the rope over a branch of the tree1 and then tried to put the deadly wire through a noose in one end of the rope so that it could be drawn up into the tree out of the way of passers-by4 ,the wire must have squirmed around unexpectedly striking ,wilson on the back of the hand and killing him instantly4 ,wilson1 who was #bg years old and had been on the police force for five years1 is survived by a wife and two small children4 ,stories of ,crime4 ,accounts of crime1 or 8police news stories10 are constructed on practically the same principles as those of fires and accidents4 ,in all crimes in which human lives are destroyed or endangered1 the essential points are the names of the persons involved1 the nature of the crime1 its cause1 its results1 and1 if the perpetrator escapes1 clues to his identity and whereabouts4 ,in murders1 attempted murders1 suicides1 and defalcations1 the motives for the crime are always matters of great interest4 ,the value of what was stolen or what might have been stolen should be given in reports of robberies or embezzlements4 ,ingenious methods used to gain entrance to places robbed make interesting features4 ,in defalcation or fraud peculiar means of deception employed may be 8played up40 ,the 8human interest0 in the accused or the victim must not be overlooked in crime stories4 ,when either individual is well known1 his name is the important 8feature40 ,the reporter must always remember that a person charged with a crime is not a criminal until he is proved guilty in court4 ,unless he confesses1 the person charged with crime is presumed to be innocent until convicted4 ,in writing police stories1 therefore1 the reporter should always make it plain that the person involved is 8charged0 with a crime1 and that he is 8alleged10 or 8said10 by the police to be guilty4 ,while he is charged with the crime1 he may be said to be1 not 8the murderer10 but 8the alleged murderer02 or not 8the embezzler10 but 8the alleged embezzler40 ,the reporter should present both sides of the case by giving the prisoner's version1 as well as that of the police1 not only because it is just to do so but because it is usually good news4 ,stories of crime1 like all other news stories1 should be told in a simple1 direct style that presents in an accurate and interesting manner the account of the crime as it was actually committed4 ,exaggerated and sensational stories of crime or those in which attempts are made to arouse sentiment for or against the perpetrator or his victim1 have no place in the news columns of reputable newspapers4 ,if readers are to be appealed to to right a wrong1 such appeals should be made in the editorial columns and should not be allowed to color the facts in the news stories4 ,the actual facts truthfully presented make the best possible appeal4 ,to try1 in the newspapers1 a person accused of crime1 before or during his legal trial1 is not to give him the fair trial to which he is entitled4 ,the way in which various phases of crime may be 8featured0 in the lead without making the story in any way sensational is shown by the following examples1 in which some interesting or extraordinary phase of the crime is put in the emphatic position at the beginning of the story4 7#a7 ,after confessing to a shortage of #ba1ejj lost in speculation1 ,robert ,crook1 ,jr41 assistant paying teller of the ,security ,loan ,trust ,co41 was arrested this afternoon on the charge of embezzlement4 7#b7 8,i played the ponies and lost10 is ,william ,dieb's explanation of the theft of #a1bjj from ,wilson ,brothers1 clothiers1 #aba ,williamson ,street1 where for eighteen months he has been employed as cashier4 7#c7 ,on the charge of robbing thousands of women and other small investors of nearly #be1jjj by fake mining schemes1 ,allan ,gotham1 a mining broker with offices at #aag ,chambers ,street1 was arrested by ,u4 ,s4 ,marshal ,harshaw this morning4 7#d7 ,to avenge a beating1 ,giovanni ,ricci1 a laborer1 shot and instantly killed ,guiatto ,cimbri1 section foreman on the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 this noon1 near ,harcourt ,road1 just west of this city4 ,ricci immediately disappeared among the freight cars in the railroad yards nearby1 and as the other workmen were unable to find any trace of him1 it is believed that he boarded a freight train as it drew out of the yards4 7#e7 ,by leaping from his aeroplane at a height of #b1jjj feet1 ,luis ,reveri1 a young ,spanish aviator1 committed suicide early today1 following a quarrel late last night with a young woman to whom he is said to have been engaged4 7#f7 ,seized by thugs in broad daylight while crossing the railroad tracks at the foot of ,washington ,street1 this noon1 ,william ,williams1 a stone mason from ,chicago1 was robbed of a gold watch and #bj4 7#g7 ,with all the skill of professional thieves1 two neatly dressed little girls robbed several stores in the neighborhood of ,amsterdam ,avenue and #aeith ,street yesterday1 by arranging that the younger1 about #ab years old1 should engage the proprietor in conversation while the older1 about #ad years1 proceeded to take whatever she could carry away conveniently4 7#h7 ,sticky fly paper pasted on show windows to prevent the crash of falling glass1 was used by burglars who broke the plate glass windows of three jewelry stores on ,third street last night1 and got away with about #ae1jjj worth of plunder4 ,the following story of a robbery shows how various details are grouped in the lead and in the body of the story3 ,westhampton1 ,ind41 ,april #aj4--;,by drill- ing through a fourteen inch fireproof wall of the vault of the temporary post office from an adjoining store1 expert cracksmen got away with #ah1fec1 all in stamps1 some time last night4 ,so skillfully did they operate that mail clerks at work all night fifty feet away from the vault knew nothing of what took place4 ,the police and post office inspectors have no clue4 ,the robbery was discovered at #g3cj o'clock this morning by ,oscar ,otter1 a clerk in the ,united ,states ,furniture ,co41 which occupies the store adjoining the post office4 ,when ,otter was unable to open either of the front doors of the store with his keys he became suspicious and called ,patrolman ,frank ,parker4 ,throwing their weight against the doors they forced an entrance and found that both had been fastened by large screw eyes4 ,on examining the store1 they discovered below the main stairway on the first floor a hole in the wall about eighteen inches square4 ,an electric drill with wires attached to an electric light socket under the stairs showed how the robbers had succeeded in cutting through the fourteen inch fireproof wall4 ,drills1 chisels1 and a small bottle of nitroglycerine were found a few feet away covered with dust4 ,the floor in front of the hole and the wall about it were covered with blankets and quilts taken from the company's stock1 apparently to deaden the sound of drilling4 ,the bricks of which there was a small pile had evidently been drawn out one by one as fast as they were loosened1 with the aid of a small pulley and tackle that were lying in the hole4 ,some footprints in the dust at the foot of the stairs indicated that one of the men had been stationed there as a look-out to command a view of the street through the big plate glass windows of the store4 ,these with the tools and tackle were the only clues4 ,patrolman ,parker notified the detect- ives of the central police station while ,mr4 ,otter informed ,postmaster ,white4 ,when the post office vault was opened everything was found to be in confusion4 ,the stamp cases had been rifled to the extent of over #ah1jjj worth of stamps of all denominations4 ,the cash boxes had evidently been overlooked for they were found to be intact4 8,at no time of the night was the post office unguarded10 said ,postmaster ,white4 8,arthur ,cummings and ,henry ,leister1 mailing clerks1 were in the mailing and sorting rooms until they were relieved by the day force4 ,patrolman ,cutting1 a messenger1 and mail wagon drivers were in and out of the office at all hours of the night40 ,post ,office ,inspector ,a4 ,b4 ,holmes of ,cincinnati was notified of the robbery by telegraph1 and ,inspector ,g4 ,c4 ,helms of ,fort ,wayne1 whom he detailed to come here to investigate1 arrived late tonight4 ,,suggestions #a4 ,find an interesting 8feature0 in every unexpected occurrence4 #b4 ,give all the facts and stick to them4 #c4 ,don't be carried away by wild reports2 investigate every rumor4 #d4 ,keep cool1 no matter how great the disaster4 #e4 ,don't overestimate the extent of the damage and the number of persons killed or injured4 #f4 ,remember that not all persons who appear in the news are necessarily 8prominent0 or 8well known40 #g4 ,avoid describing persons or property as 8endangered0 or 8threatened0 when they are not actually in danger4 #h4 ,don't overload your story with minor details4 #i4 ,give life and action by using direct quotation whenever it is appropriate4 #aj4 ,include verbatim accounts of eye-witnesses or survivors in big disasters4 #aa4 ,make clear to the rapid reader the exact relation of all incidents to the principal event4 #ab4 ,look for the motive in murders1 suicides1 embezzlements1 and similar crimes4 #ac4 ,see the 8human interest0 in police news4 #ad4 ,don't call an accused person a criminal unless he confesses or has been convicted of crime before4 #ae4 ,don't try criminal cases in your news stories2 leave that to the court4 #af4 ,give both sides2 the accused as well as the accuser has a right to be heard4 #ag4 ,avoid predictions of 8sensational developments0 when they are not likely to occur4 #ah4 ,don't put a 8mystery0 in your story when none exists4 #ai4 ,remember that the truth1 and nothing but the truth1 interestingly written1 makes the best news story4 ,,practice ,,work #a4 ,criticise and rewrite the following fire story3 ,in a fire which destroyed the plant of ,john ,b4 ,may ,co41 paint and varnish makers1 #bj ,east ,harmon street1 late yesterday1 five men who took desperate chances in escaping from the blazing structure were injured and ,mme4 ,celloni's famous bohemian restaurant was temporarily put out of commission4 ,mme4 ,celloni's1 for twenty years renowned as a gathering place for ,chicago's litterati1 adjoins the burned building on the south4 ,it was flooded by water1 shaken by explosions and overrun by firemen1 who fought to confine the flames to the ,may rooms4 ,the damage to the building1 which was a three-story brick1 and contents of the paint house is #fe1jjj4 ,the loss on paintings1 decorations and furnishings in ,mme4 ,celloni's is placed at #e1jjj4 ,all is reported covered by insurance4 ,the injured men were employes of the paint company4 ,driven by a succession of explosions to the roof1 they were hemmed in by flames4 ,they slid down a rope to safety4 ,the injured are3 ,joseph ,hinners1 #cab ,north ,wilson avenue2 hands and face burned4 ,michael ,lorenz1 #fad ,william square2 hands burned1 right wrist sprained4 ,william ,gee1 #ffea ,north ,washington street2 hands cut and burned4 ,james ,green1 #hd ,new street2 body bruised and contused4 ,charles ,speer1 #iaf ,first street2 body bruised4 ,the men were at work on the third floor when the alarm was sounded4 ,the stairway was in flames and three explosions of wood alcohol tanks in the basement and minor explosions caused by the ignition of smaller containers of oil on the third floor drove them to the roof4 ,a line was passed to them from the street4 ,hinners1 a foreman1 made it fast4 ,he ordered his men to precede him down the rope4 ,when he undertook his slide for life the entire building was afire4 ,the flames licked the slender cord and1 just before ,hinners reached the ground1 it was severed4 ,miss ,mary ,devine of ,walnut ,park1 stenographer for ,john ,b4 ,may1 was in the office of the building with ,mr4 ,may when the fire was discovered4 ,although the other employes fled she remained and assisted ,mr4 ,may in placing valuable papers in the safe before leaving4 ,there were fifteen persons in the building when it took fire1 ,mr4 ,may said4 ,the fire is believed to have originated in the rear of the basement where the wood alcohol was stored4 ,the explosions splintered the rear partitions and ceilings and spread the flames4 ,the building was an old one and burned rapidly4 ,within a few minutes after the alarm was sounded the flames enveloped it4 ,twelve engine companies were summoned and ,fire ,chief ,classon took personal charge of the work4 ,tenants of the apartment building on the north of the paint company fled1 but their rooms were not damaged4 ,the fire was fought with difficulty4 ,firemen 8,jim0 ,moore and ,samuel ,walters of engine company ,no4 #aa risked their lives on a ladder to keep the flames from an oil tank in front of the third floor which threatened to ignite the top apartments of ,mme4 ,celloni's4 ,firemen caused most of the damage to ,mme4 ,celloni's4 ,costly tapestry and hangings were knocked down and trampled under foot4 ,the place will be reopened soon4 ,it has long been the meeting place of the 8true bohemians0 of ,chicago's literary world and art circles4 ,the building occupied by the ,may company was owned by ,esther ,mc,nain of ,hyde ,park4 #b4 ,analyze the following story2 can you improve it by rewriting8 ,riverside residents' ,new ,year resolutions were jolted at the outset4 ,just at the break of the first day of #aiac the #aaj foot water tower1 sole source of supply for the town1 burned to the ground4 ,from #e3cj to #aj o'clock no water was to be had4 ,then hard personal effort by members of the village board resulted in fire hose being connected with outlying hydrants of ,berwyn1 next village east2 water trickled once more into kitchen sinks of ,riverside homes4 ,there was not sufficient power1 however1 to force the water to second floors4 ,the cause of the fire is unknown4 ,it is believed to have been caused by a defective chimney1 as the fire originated near the roof4 ,the flare of light over the roofs and through the trees warned the suburb4 ,the citizens promptly filled bathtubs1 buckets1 pitchers1 and all other available receptacles4 ,this exhausted the supply in the mains and the firemen found they had no pressure of water with which to fight the fire4 ,half an hour after the blaze was discovered the tower was transformed into a pillar of flame4 ,the fire swept around it in a circling whirlwind1 crackling and snapping until it reached the top1 when it billowed into a black cloud4 ,most inhabitants of ,riverside and nearby towns came to the blazing tower4 ,the firemen found themselves helpless4 ,in an hour the chemical truck from ,cicero arrived1 but the fire had too big a start4 ,when the tank collapsed there was a dense smoke and a scattering of brands1 but the effect of the loosened water did little to extinguish the fire4 ,the water tank was built in #ahgj and was a landmark for many years1 especially valued by automobilists entering and leaving ,chicago along the ,riverside road4 ,there was #ae1jjj insurance1 but the total loss was estimated to amount to approximately #ej1jjj4 ,during the interval when ,riverside was without water children were sent both to ,lyons and to ,berwyn for bottled water4 ,then ,john ,h4 ,rogers1 a grocery man1 obtained wagons and automobiles and brought #b1jjj gallons of water into the town from a nearby bottling works4 ,at the breakfast hour automobiles were lined up in front of his store with customers waiting their turn to be served with water4 ,in many residences where hot water heat is used it was necessary to let the fire go out4 ,for the relief of these persons ,arthur ,hughes1 commissioner of public works1 sent men to bring what water wagons and sprinkler carts they could from the neighboring towns4 ,water for the heaters and also for live stock thereby was provided4 ,the town board held an emergency meeting in the morning and made preliminary arrangements for a new plant4 ,the water is pumped from two artesian wells #b1jjj feet deep4 8,we will have a temporary power plant in here by next ,saturday10 announced ,henry ,g4 ,riley1 president of the board4 8,when we are ready to install our new plant it will be on a different plan than this one1 which was inefficient1 anyway40 #c4 ,are the essential facts presented most effectively in the 8leads0 of the following stories8 7#a7 ,belleview1 ,wis41 ,jan4 #c4--,william ,schmidt1 a farm hand of ,branch ,township1 confessed to-day that it was he who attacked ,miss ,lizzie ,martin of this city last ,saturday1 and injured her so severely that she died a week later4 ,schmidt insisted that he had mistaken ,miss ,martin for a man on whom he sought revenge1 and that he had not meant to kill her4 ,until ,schmidt confessed the police and the county authorities were without a single clue as to ,miss ,martin's slayer4 ,bloodhounds and ,belgian sheep dogs had been used to trace the slayer1 but they had failed4 ,several men1 black and white1 had been arrested1 but each one proved his innocence4 ,rewards totaling more than #b1ejj had been offered1 but not until a day or so ago was the least clue found4 ,then ,miss ,mildred ,green1 a trained nurse1 attending a case on a farm near ,richland1 noticed that a new farm hand was extremely nervous1 and that he talked of almost nothing but the ,martin murder4 ,he discussed the probable penalty for such a crime1 and was eager to know whether any trace had been found of the slayer4 ,the nurse1 convinced that the man1 who was ,schmidt1 knew something of the crime1 told ,dr4 ,henry ,f4 ,schley1 a local physician1 of her suspicions1 and last night ,dr4 ,schley brought ,schmidt here4 ,the physician got a room for ,schmidt in a local hotel1 and this morning communicated with ,prosecutor ,frank ,firling4 ,the latter1 with several policemen1 concealed himself in a room in the hotel through the walls of which holes had been bored into the adjoining room1 and then ,schmidt was led into this second room4 ,there1 under ,dr4 ,schley's questioning1 he gradually made a full confession1 which was overheard by ,firling and the policemen1 who entered the room and arrested him4 ,schmidt took his arrest very calmly4 ,in fact1 he seemed to be relieved after he had made his confession4 ,he even whistled cheerfully as he was taken to jail4 ,later he was arraigned before the ,justice of the ,peace and held without bail on a charge of murder1 to await the action of the ,january ,grand ,jury4 ,prosecutor ,firling1 beyond saying that ,schmidt had made a confession1 was not much disposed to talk about the case4 ,he said1 however1 that ,schmidt denied that robbery was his motive1 and that the prisoner said he did not discover that he had mistaken the woman in the darkness for a man against whom he had a grievance1 until after he had felled her4 7#b7 ,paul ,schein1 said to have confessed to having illicitly distilled liquor in his home at #dba ,maryland street1 was arrested today by government officers and is locked up in the county jail4 ,he confessed to ,marshal ,weed this afternoon1 according to the marshal4 ,held as evidence is a copper tea-kettle still1 found in his house4 ,schein is #be years old4 ,the discovery of the outfit came as the result of a fire in the home of the accused man4 ,detectives ,harry ,weiler and ,arthur ,winter found the tea-kettle distillery4 ,they took the apparatus to the police station1 learned its purpose1 and notified the government authorities4 ,special ,gauger ,frank ,heiler was put upon the case1 and the arrest of ,schein followed4 ,schein is said to have told ,marshal ,weed that he made cheap brandy1 using dried grape mash4 ,he said1 however1 that he has only been making the brandy for fourteen days1 for his own use4 ,schein is a wine-maker4 #d4 ,rewrite the following story1 giving it a summary lead and improving it in every possible way4 ,fresh from an evening of shopping in #abeth ,street1 ,mrs4 ,margaret ,werner started down ,broadway about #aj3cj last night1 headed for her apartment at #fbg ,west #ajith ,street1 and talking ,christmas plans with her friends1 ,miss ,ethel ,hinkey1 of #dba ,cathedral ,parkway1 and ,jennie ,fielding1 of #cja ,harrison ,avenue4 ,their thoughts were full of the ,yuletide and their arms were full of bundles1 and as they were walking down from #aahth ,street past the long1 lonesome stretch of the ,columbia ,university buildings they were so absorbed in their chatting that they paid no attention to three men speeding to catch up with them4 ,suddenly two of the men stepped around in front of them1 and one reached for the capacious handbag swinging by a strap from ,mrs4 ,werner's wrist4 ,the other two men devoted themselves solely to keeping the other two women quiet1 and ,mrs4 ,werner was practically left to fight it out with the highwayman4 ,she was a pretty good match for him4 ,her first thought was to clench her fist grimly on the straps of her handbag4 ,her second was to scream1 and she carried this second idea into such good effect she could be heard a block away1 despite her assailant's swift reach for her throat4 ,once his fingers closed1 she did not make any more noise1 but just struggled and twisted while the highwayman thrust her against the wall4 ,but her first cry had been heard by a broad-shouldered muscular stranger who was swinging up ,broadway and changed his walk to an interested run at the sound of the cries for help4 ,he reached out a long arm for ,mrs4 ,werner's assailant1 and after wrenching him around gave him a stinging buffet over the head4 ,then the two men locked1 and the highwayman's assistants stood at a nervous and respectful distance while the stranger did his work4 ,he finally had the chief offender so suppressed that his only remaining weapon was his teeth1 and these he imbedded in the rescuer's shoulder4 ,this was the way matters stood when ,mrs4 ,werner and her friends heard the sound of ,patrolman ,mc,donald fairly racing up ,broadway from his post two blocks below1 where he had been standing when he first heard the cries4 ,at sight of him the two minor highwaymen just turned on their heels and fled1 while ,mc,donald closed on their friend4 ,the stranger1 released from his chivalrous police duties1 rubbed his shoulder ruefully1 and identified himself as ,harry ,rogers1 a civil engineer4 ,he helped to calm ,mrs4 ,werner1 who was very much wrought up1 and not at all pleased to find that for all her valiant self-defense two five-dollar bills were missing from her opened bag1 to say nothing of her eyeglasses4 ,all her ,christmas bundles were intact1 however1 lying strewn on the pavement at the very spot where she had dropped them and from which the highwayman had pushed her over toward the wall4 ,as for the highwayman1 he went peaceably enough to the ,west #abeth ,street ,station1 where he gave his name as ,arthur ,g4 ,duffy1 his age as #ba1 his occupation that of a driver1 and his address1 #ifa ,west ,forty-fifth ,street4 ,mrs4 ,werner's money was not to be found in his pockets1 but her glasses were4 #e4 ,what are the faults in the following story1 and how can you correct them8 ,charles ,johnson of #fda ,washington ,avenue1 ,jersey ,city1 who is employed as a bookkeeper by the ,harrison ,felt ,company in the company's ,mill ,no4 #c1 #af ,erie ,street1 started out from the factory yesterday morning to draw the money for the weekly payroll1 following his custom4 ,an associate of ,johnson who usually made the trip to the bank with him was ill1 and in his absence the bookkeeper was accompanied by ,edward ,wiley of #dab ,oak ,place1 ,jersey ,city1 the #ai-year-old son of the manager of the factory1 who is also an employe of the establishment4 ,the man and the youth1 carrying a small satchel1 went first to the ,new ,york ,county ,bank1 ,fourteenth ,street and ,eighth ,avenue4 ,a part of the pay roll was drawn out there1 and then they went to the ,gansevoort ,branch of the ,security ,bank1 ,fourteenth ,street and ,ninth ,avenue1 where were withdrawn the remaining funds needed to make up the weekly wages4 ,ordinarily1 the weekly payroll of the ,erie ,street mill reaches a total of #c1jjj to #c1ejj1 but at the ,christmas holidays a part of the employes had been paid off in advance4 ,as a result1 ,johnson and ,wiley drew from the two banks1 instead of the usual amount1 just #a1aid1 in currency and specie of small denomination4 ,they proceeded west on ,fourteenth ,street one block to ,hudson ,street1 and south on ,hudson ,street four blocks to ,abingdon ,square4 ,here they crossed the street from east to west1 and1 going two blocks further1 turned into ,erie1 rounding the corner where stands the saloon of ,schmidt ,brothers4 ,scarcely a block away in the same street is the factory of the ,harrison ,felt ,company4 ,jutting out on the north side of ,erie ,street from ,schmidt ,brothers' saloon is a glass vestibule1 and about ten feet to the west of it is an iron railing fronting a five-story brown stone apartment house4 ,the railing and the vestibule form something like a retreat from the sidewalk4 ,as ,johnson and ,wiley neared this spot they saw two men standing in the space between the railing and the vestibule1 but took no especial notice of them as they walked along1 each holding to the handle of the satchel1 ,johnson on the outside and ,wiley next to the building4 ,all of a sudden the two men who had been standing in the inclosure1 drawing blackjacks from their pockets1 pounced down upon the pay roll messengers4 ,the foremost man made for ,wiley first1 got a wrestler's hold around his neck and sent him whirling to the pavement as the bandit struck vigorously at his head4 ,at almost the same instant ,johnson was attacked by the second robber1 who sank his fingers into the bookkeeper's throat1 and hurled him to the sidewalk4 ,the satchel remained in the hands of ,wiley4 ,the bookkeeper and his companion fought valiantly1 but ,johnson was quickly overcome by the short1 heavily built man1 while ,wiley1 still clutching the handle of the satchel1 was rolled over the edge of the sidewalk by his assailant4 ,wiley was still holding to his satchel and trying to keep it from the grasp of his assailant1 when a third man1 wearing a gray overcoat1 ran over from the south side of the street and gave him a violent kick on the arm1 releasing his grip on the satchel4 ,the man in the gray overcoat snatched it up and darted off west on ,erie ,street to ,greenwich ,street1 followed closely by the first two assailants and a fourth man1 who had been observed standing on the south side of ,erie ,street4 ,johnson and ,wiley1 regaining their feet1 started in pursuit of the fleeing men1 both yelling1 8,stop thief60 ,the man in the gray overcoat1 carrying the satchel1 turned north into ,greenwich ,street with another of the bandits close at his heels4 ,the other two1 according to confused statements made by the pay roll messengers1 turned south into ,greenwich ,street4 ,the first two men leaped into a black five-passenger automobile waiting just around the corner in front of ,pietro ,gatti's barber shop1 #eea ,greenwich ,street4 ,they were whisked away at full speed just as ,johnson and ,wiley turned into ,greenwich ,street4 ,they saw the fleeing automobile1 several blocks away1 swing into ,gansevoort ,street4 ,the second pair jumped into an automobile waiting in ,greenwich ,street1 south of ,erie ,street1 which started off also at top speed4 ,meanwhile a large crowd had collected1 but none of those who were in the vicinity in time to see the struggle would venture to give any assistance1 because1 as several of them afterward said1 they thought it was an affair between gangmen1 and discretion forbade their interference4 ,one of the first men to reach the place of the hold-up was ,detective ,patrick ,sullivan1 who was standing at ,eleventh and ,washington ,streets1 two blocks away1 waiting to catch a car4 ,he arrived in time to see only clouds of dust cast up by the flying automobiles1 but he succeeded in getting from some of the eyewitnesses several license numbers4 ,mounted ,patrolman ,hartwig of ,traffic ,squad ,c reached the spot with ,sullivan1 and while the latter was gathering information from the spectators1 the former telephoned the ,charles ,street ,police ,station and notified ,police ,headquarters4 ,the reserves under ,lieut4 ,green were rushed to ,erie and ,greenwich ,streets1 but arriving there too late to make any arrests1 withdrew1 leaving the apprehension of the highwaymen to ,acting ,captain ,charles ,du ,frain4 ,capt4 ,du ,frain1 after working on the case all day1 said last night that he could report but little progress4 ,he declared that the descriptions he had obtained from eyewitnesses were incomplete and confused1 and that the numbers of the automobiles were likewise conflicting4 ,julius ,h4 ,schnitzler1 shipping clerk for the ,scholz ,gamm pickle firm at #ffe ,wilson ,street1 an eyewitness of the affair1 said yesterday afternoon that he had seen the hold-up and robbery from his desk1 which faces almost the exact spot where the two messengers were first attacked4 ,before the attack ,schnitzler declared that he had observed two men standing across ,erie ,street4 ,it was most probably they1 be said1 who gave the signal of the approach of ,johnson and ,wiley4 ,schnitzler said that these men were dressed1 one in a black suit with a black derby1 and the other in a blue suit under a dark overcoat4 ,the man in the black suit pulled a yellow blackjack1 with which he attacked ,wiley1 while the second man attacked ,johnson4 ,schnitzler further said he had noticed one of the autos when he went to his office shortly before #h o'clock4 ,his story was corroborated in practically every detail by ,arthur ,hansen1 a clerk in the office with him4 ,another complete account of the affair was obtained from ,mary ,harrigan1 a maid in the home of ,judge ,john ,r4 ,winch1 #ifa ,greenwich ,street1 across the street from where the first automobile was kept waiting4 ,johnson was able to continue his work at his desk4 ,he corrected some of the details in his first version of the attack1 and declared that he had not been struck with a blackjack4 ,he as well as ,wiley1 however1 received a number of bruises in the struggle4 #f4 ,combine the later bulletin 7#a7 with the first news story 7#b7 in rewriting the following material4 7#a7 ,norfolk1 ,va41 ,jan4 #d4--;,a wireless message received tonight from the revenue cutter ,apache says the ,british steamer ,indrakuala rescued six of the crew of the steamer ,luckenbach1 with which she collided in ,chesapeake ,bay today4 ,one of the men1 ,w4 ,m4 ,mc,donald1 a coal passer1 died from the effects of the long exposure in the ,luckenbach's rigging4 7#b7 ,norfolk1 ,va41 ,jan4 #d4--,with the abatement today of the wind and snowstorm that raged over the eastern states last night1 came harrowing tales of shipwrecks at sea1 thrilling rescues1 increased loss of life and damage to property4 ,eight men1 the survivors of the crew of twenty-two of the steamer ,julia ,luckenbach1 which was rammed and sunk by the ,british tramp ,indrakuala in ,chesapeake bay1 arrived in ,norfolk late today1 and after being revived1 started for ,new ,york4 ,the eight men clung to the rigging for six hours until they were taken off by the crew of the steamship ,pennsylvania4 ,the ,indrakuala was badly damaged and had to be beached4 ,she lies about two miles from the ,luckenbach1 whose spars alone are visible rising out of forty-five feet of water near ,tangiers sound4 ,the eight survivors of the ,luckenbach are ,george ,hunt1 first officer2 ,william ,bruhn1 second officer2 ,george ,little1 first assistant engineer2 ,george ,doyle1 third assistant engineer2 ,george ,davis1 quartermaster2 ,william ,hoffman1 fireman2 and ,theodore ,losher and ,p4 ,anderson1 seamen4 ,describing his experience ,davis said tonight3 8,none of us knew what hit us4 ,i was knocked down and when ,i got up water was pouring over me4 ,i saw men climbing into the rigging and ,i followed4 ,i saw ,capt4 ,gilbert swimming around the ship and calling for his wife1 who was an invalid4 ,both were lost4 ,waves that appeared to be two hundred feet high broke over the ship and she sank in a hurry4 ,lifeboats were lowered from the ,indrakuala but none came toward us4 ,the ship turned her nose around and started for the beach40 8,we pleaded and cried for help10 said ,theodore ,losher1 8but were either unheard or ignored4 ,the ,indrakuala was less than #ajj yards away when she started for the beach4 ,i thought every minute we would be blown into the sea4 ,the wind was terrific4 ,our chief engineer1 ,kris ,knudson1 told me he could not hold on much longer1 because his hands were frozen4 ,i told him to stick it out a little longer4 ,when the ,danish steamer ,pennsylvania hove in sight1 ,i called to him1 but he was gone4 8,we were six hours in that rigging4 ,but there were men on the ,pennsylvania4 ,when they saw our signals of distress they put away in small boats in spite of the tremendous seas4 ,the boats would get near us and then be carried fifty feet in the air on the crest of a wave and lost to sight1 but those men stuck and took everyone of us off4 ,first ,officer ,hunt was unconscious when they reached him4 ,he had been holding on with one hand and holding an unconscious man on his perch with the other40 ,the ,indrakuala is commanded by ,capt4 ,smith1 but the ship does not carry wireless and no statement from him was obtainable tonight4 ,according to the survivors1 ,capt4 ,gilbert and the first and second officers were standing on the bridge when the collision occurred4 ,there was no opportunity to give alarm to those below4 #g4 ,what are the objections to the first paragraph as the beginning of the following story1 and how can you improve it in rewriting8 ,about #e o'clock yesterday morning a wagon load of thieves arrived in front of the tenement house at #hda ,holton ,place4 ,leaving one of their number to hold the horse1 the others went to the roof of the house and thence to the loft building at #hcg ,holton ,place1 on the top floor of which are the store and show rooms of the ,international ,jewelry ,company1 of which ,henry ,hertel is ,president4 ,the thieves cut a big hole through the roof of that building and then with the aid of a rope ladder let themselves down into the show room1 where they packed a dozen suitcases belonging to traveling salesmen with loot1 the value of which ,mr4 ,hertel last night estimated to be about #e1jjj4 ,the ,international ,jewelry ,company is wired everywhere with burglar alarms1 but the directing mind of yesterday's theft evidently knew where all the wires were1 for the hole was cut in one of the few places in the ceiling which had not been wired4 ,after packing the suitcases the thieves retraced their steps over the roofs of #hci to #hda ,holton ,place1 and then proceeding down the stairways of the tenement house1 deposited the suitcases in the wagon and drove away4 ,the theft was discovered when the place was opened for business yesterday morning4 ,an investigation was started1 and tenants in #hda ,holton ,place told of seeing the wagon in front of that house at about #e ,a4,m4 ,detectives from the ,reynolds ,street ,station are working on the case4 ,so far they have reported no progress4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,speeches1 ,,interviews1 ,,and ,,trials ,various ,forms of ,utterances4 ,as news stories of speeches1 sermons1 lectures1 official reports1 and interviews1 as well as of testimony1 decisions1 and arguments in trials and investigations1 are concerned largely with direct or indirect quotation of written or spoken expression1 the writing of them involves several elements that do not enter into the composition of the typical news story4 ,in the types of news thus far considered1 such as fires1 accidents1 and crime1 the story was a narrative of what had happened4 ,although the facts were gleaned largely from observation and interviews1 usually no person's ideas or opinions were quoted4 ,news stories of addresses1 reports1 or similar documents1 interviews and court trials1 on the other hand1 have only a small incidental narrative-descriptive element to present the circumstances under which the utterance was made4 ,the large and important part of such stories consists of a reproduction in complete or condensed form of the original expression4 ,verbatim ,quotation4 ,direct verbatim quotations of all utterances are generally preferred for news stories1 because they are exact reproductions of the originals4 ,whenever a copy of any of these forms of expression can be obtained1 it is desirable for the reporter to get one either before or after the utterance is made1 because of the accuracy of the quotation which a copy makes possible4 ,frequently copies of addresses1 lectures1 sermons1 reports1 decisions1 and testimony can be had1 and exactness of reproduction is thus secured4 ,when a copy cannot be obtained1 the reporter is dependent upon himself to get the equivalent of it by taking down as nearly as possible a verbatim reproduction of such parts of the utterance as he desires4 ,methods of ,reporting ,speeches4 ,the two problems in reporting these various forms of oral or written expression are1 how to get the exact words of the speakers1 and how to condense long utterances effectively4 ,the body of news stories of speeches can often be written while the speaker talks1 in what is called a 8running story10 particularly when it is necessary for the reporter to have his copy ready for publication soon after the speaker finishes4 ,in such cases the reporter picks out and combines into a connected verbatim report the most important statements1 summarizing briefly the less important ones4 ,to do this he depends on long-hand writing so that what he writes can be used as copy without being transcribed4 ,if time permits1 he may take notes during the address1 sermon1 or trial1 and write up his story later4 ,short-hand1 although occasionally convenient1 is not commonly used by newspaper reporters1 and very few of them can write it4 ,the greatest skill is required to condense all of these forms of expression within a comparatively limited space4 ,a speech1 for example1 that in complete form would fill three columns must often be cut down to half a column2 and a report that would fill a page often cannot be given more than three quarters of a column4 ,to select and combine separate parts into a unified1 coherent reproduction that is only one-fifth or one-tenth of the original1 is no easy task4 ,despite this great condensation the news story must be an accurate presentation of all the important material in the original4 ,when a newspaper reporter or editor is satisfied to pick a few striking statements out of their context1 and present them in a new combination1 the result too often is that neither the spirit nor the substance of the original is accurately given2 in fact1 not infrequently the speakers' ideas are completely1 though often unintentionally1 misrepresented4 8,playing ,up0 ,misleading ,statements4 ,this distortion is often brought about by taking a striking sentence out of its context1 in which it may be modified or explained1 and by 8playing it up0 as a feature of the lead in a way that gives an entirely false or very misleading impression of the speaker and his utterance4 ,the accuracy of the quotation under such circumstances does not justify the inaccuracy of the effect produced4 ,nor does the supposed news value of a striking but misleading quotation at the beginning of the lead justify the misrepresentation involved4 ,unless when taken from its context a quotation1 direct or indirect1 gives accurately not only the expression but the point of view and spirit of the original1 it should not be used4 ,generally1 by means of some connective or explanatory matter1 such a quotation can be made to represent the original accurately4 ,great care should be taken not to give a wrong impression in the lead4 ,how to ,begin the ,lead4 ,in news stories of speeches1 lectures1 and sermons1 or of reports and similar documents1 eight different forms for the beginning of the lead may be suggested3 7#a7 a direct quotation of one sentence2 7#b7 a direct quotation of one paragraph2 7#c7 an indirect quotation of one statement2 7#d7 an indirect quotation of several statements2 7#e7 the keynote2 7#f7 the title quoted2 7#g7 the name of the speaker2 and 7#h7 the conditions under which the utterance was made4 ,the reporter should choose the form best suited to the subject1 the substance1 and the occasion of the speech or report4 ,the single sentence quotation1 as in the following form1 should be used when the thought or expression which it contains is the most significant feature3 8,the sentiment of the working class everywhere is for peace rather than for war10 declared ,charles ,p4 ,neill1 ,united ,states commissioner of labor1 in speaking on 8,the ,interest of the ,wage ,earner in the ,present ,status of the ,peace ,movement10 before the ,lake ,mohonk ,conference of ,international ,arbitration4 ,the paragraph of direct quotation is necessary when the most important point of the speech is not expressed in a single sentence but requires several connected sentences1 or when the single sentence is sufficiently long to fill a whole paragraph1 thus3 7#a7 8,the treatment for bad politics is exactly the modern treatment for tuberculosis--it is exposure to the open air4 ,one of the reasons why politics took on a new complexion in the city in which the civic center movement originated was that the people who could go into the schoolhouse knew what was going on in that city and insisted upon talking about it2 and the minute they began talking about it1 many things became impossible1 for there are scores of things in politics that will stop the moment they are talked about where men will listen40 ,so said ,gov4 ,woodrow ,wilson of ,new ,jersey in speaking on 8,the ,social ,center3 ,a ,medium of ,common ,understanding0 at the opening of the first national conference of civic and social center development last night4 7#b7 8,whatever method of control over water-power resources may be deemed most equitable and expedient1 it is imperative that a definite policy by both the federal government and the states be speedily adopted1 first because of the obvious desirability of utilizing all commercially available water power1 and second because of the possibility of public water powers' passing absolutely into private control40 ,with these significant words ,herbert ,knox ,smith1 commissioner of corporat- ions1 closes a report to the ,president of the ,united ,states on 8,water ,power ,development in the ,united ,states40 ,the indirect quotation is of advantage when it is not possible or convenient to give a direct quotation1 and when it is desirable to give the most important point at the beginning of the lead2 for example3 ,that the tariff problem cannot be successfully solved until ,congress has adequate data upon which to base its conclusions1 was the statement of ,senator ,albert ,j4 ,beveridge of ,indiana in the senate this afternoon in advocating a tariff commission4 8,the tariff is fixed by facts2 how to get at all these facts is the first question in the whole tariff problem10 said ,senator ,beveridge4 8,common sense and experience1 etc40 ,the main points in a report or speech may be effectively summarized in several indirect quotations at the beginning of the story1 but the separate clauses must not be too long or complicated in structure4 ,the following examples show how these indirect quotations can be used3 7#a7 ,that the present one cent a pound postage rate on newspapers and magazines should be doubled2 that the actual cost of handling such second class matter is #e cents a pound2 and that the proposal to charge a higher rate on the advertising sections of magazines is not feasible1 is the substance of the report of the commission on second class mail matter submitted to ,congress by ,president ,taft today4 7#b7 ,that the initiative is the most effective means of giving the people absolute control over their government2 that the initiative and referendum do not overthrow representative government but fulfill it2 and that truly representative government must represent not misrepresent the people1 was the declaration of ,william ,j4 ,bryan in an address before the ,ohio ,constitutional ,convention today4 ,the keynote beginning gives the dominant idea that runs through the whole utterance1 thus3 7#a7 ,the establishment of an expert tariff commission by ,congress as the best solution of the tariff problem was urged by ,senator ,albert ,j4 ,beveridge in a speech in the senate this afternoon4 7#b7 ,how every country in ,europe has suf- fered from the increase in the cost of living is shown in a report submitted by ,president ,taft in a special message to ,congress last night4 ,when the subject is stated in a particularly novel or interesting form it may be the best feature of the story and should accordingly be in the lead4 ,for example3 8,why ,working ,children ,need ,voting ,mothers0 was discussed by ,mrs4 ,florence ,f4 ,kelley in an address on equal suffrage before a large audience in the ,assembly ,chamber last night4 ,the prominence of the speaker or author of the report frequently justifies the placing of his name at the beginning1 thus3 7#a7 ,postmaster ,general ,frank ,hitchcock advocates government ownership of the telegraph lines of the country in a report made to ,congress today4 7#b7 ,ambassador ,james ,bryce explained the method of drawing up bills to be presented for adoption by the ,british parliament1 in addressing the members of the congressional committee at the hearing on the bill providing for the congressional legislative library4 ,unusual or significant conditions under which the address was delivered1 or the report made1 may become the 8feature0 and may be played up1 as in these stories3 7#a7 ,despite the pouring rain1 nearly #e1jjj people heard ,senator ,la ,follette discuss the issues of the campaign at the ,auditorium last night4 7#b7 ,by their demonstrations of approval and frequent expressions of enthusiasm the members of the legislature gave evidence of their endorsement of the policies of ,president ,taft when he addressed them in the ,state ,house this afternoon4 ,the ,body of the ,story4 ,whatever form of lead is used for speeches1 reports1 or interviews1 the body of the story generally consists of paragraphs of direct verbatim quotations1 combined often with summarizing paragraphs4 ,as the interest lies not only in what a man says but also in the way he says it1 verbatim quotations are usually preferred to indirect ones4 ,it is frequently necessary to condense speeches and reports so much that large portions must either be omitted or be briefly summarized4 ,it is desirable1 as far as possible1 to avoid combining in the same paragraphs both direct and indirect quotations1 or both direct quotations and summarizing statements4 ,in paragraphs of direct quotation it is often necessary to insert explanatory phrases1 such as1 8said ,mr4 ,white10 8declared the speaker10 8the report continues10 8explained ,mr4 ,white in conclusion10 8the report concludes10 etc41 but such phrases should be buried in an unemphatic position in the first sentence of the paragraph4 ,paragraphs of direct quotation should not begin with such unemphatic phrases as1 8,mr4 ,blank continued by saying1 etc410 8,the speaker then said10 8,the report continues40 ,it is likewise ineffective to begin with phrases like1 8,i believe10 8,i feel sure10 8,i think10 8,i know40 ,the newspaper reader will take for granted that what the speaker says is what he 8thinks10 8believes10 8knows10 or 8is sure of10 and the reporter1 therefore1 may omit these needless phrases entirely or may put them in a less prominent place4 ,instead of beginning a paragraph with1 8,i believe that the income tax is the fairest of all taxes10 said ,senator ,borah4 it is preferable to omit entirely the phrase 8,i believe10 or else to put the quotation in the following form3 8,the income tax1 ,i believe1 is the fairest of all taxes10 said ,senator ,borah4 ,in paragraphs of indirect quotations or of summaries1 it is as necessary to use explanatory phrases as in those of direct quotations1 and this explanatory matter should be put in unemphatic positions4 ,the form of the phrases should be varied as much as possible so that the repetition will not be evident4 ,among the active verbs that may be used in explanatory matter are3 8say10 8point out10 8show10 8declare10 8explain10 8insist10 8ask10 8advocate10 8demand10 8continue10 8conclude40 ,passive forms include3 8considered10 8discussed10 8given10 8described10 8demonstrated40 ,it must always be made plain by these and other means that all matter not quoted directly gives the substance of the speech or report4 ,when the body of the story consists of a series of direct quotations1 these paragraphs are introduced by such phrases as3 8,he said in part10 8,he spoke in part as follows10 8,the report in brief follows10 8,his address in full is as follows10 or 8,the complete report follows40 ,such introductory statements end with a colon1 and usually stand alone as a separate paragraph4 ,in a continuous quotation extending through several paragraphs1 quotation marks are placed at the beginning of each paragraph but at the end of only the last paragraph of the quotation4 ,quotations within quotations are set off by single quotation marks1 and quotations within quotations within quotations by double marks4 ,it is not always necessary to arrange the matter in the body of the story so that it will follow the exact order in which it was given in the original4 ,when the lead presents the most important statement1 the following paragraphs frequently explain or amplify this statement1 and then other parts of the speech follow1 although in the original they may have preceded4 ,in rearranging the order of quotations1 care should be taken to establish close connection between them and to avoid misrepresenting the thought or spirit of the original4 ,how a long speech is given in brief form partly by direct quotation1 partly by indirect quotation1 and partly by summarizing statements1 is shown in the following example3 ,washington1 ,jan4 #b4--,taking up the gage of battle offered by ,senator ,bailey in his denunciation of direct government measures1 ,senator ,ashurst1 of ,arizona1 the state whose progressiveness delayed her entry into statehood1 today made eloquent defense of the initiative1 the referendum1 and the recall4 ,that the people in the states now using the initiative and referendum1 have taken a more active interest in voting upon measures brought before them at the polls than have the members of the ,united ,states senate in adopting or rejecting laws1 was ,ashurst's reply4 8,there is not one record10 he declared1 8of an instance where a law has been rejected or accepted under the initiative and referendum by less than #dj per cent of the entire number of voters within a state1 yet in the senate itself1 composed of #if members1 each paid #g1ejj per year to remain there and vote upon measures1 generally only #ee to #fj per cent of the total membership vote upon a bill1 and frequently a bill is passed or defeated by #bi or #cj per cent of the entire membership40 ,the bill to construct a railroad in ,alaska1 the senator pointed out1 passed the senate by a vote of only #cb per cent of the entire membership2 on the army appropriation bill in the #fbnd ,congress only #cf per cent of the membership voted4 8,thus1 while it is true that under the initiative and referendum only about #gj to #hj per cent of the voters of a state go to the polls1 at times it is very difficult for the ,senate to keep a quorum1 notwithstanding that the senators are paid handsome salaries for that very purpose4 8,during the trial of the ,archbald impeachment case frequently there were only #ae to #bj senators present1 though two distinguished republicans and an equal number of distinguished democratic senators to my knowledge have pleaded with senators to remain and listen to the testimony40 ,ashurst then went into an extended legal argument1 quoting 8fathers of the country10 and the federal supreme court to prove that no special form of government was defined as 8republican0 in the constitution4 ,he declared that congress was the only court that could declare a given form of government 8unrepublican0 and that by its action in admitting to membership senators and representatives from states that have adopted the system of direct legislation1 congress itself has recognized this form of government to be republican under the terms of the constitution4 ,finally the senator defended the right of the people to express themselves directly without regard to precedent1 and declared that 8in such free expression alone lay the safety of human society1 for whose service governments were maintained40 ,how to ,combine a ,series of ,speeches4 ,in reporting meetings it is frequently desirable to give indirect or direct quotations from the remarks of the speakers4 ,when several speakers are quoted1 the speaker's name is put at or near the beginning of the paragraph in which he is quoted1 so that in a rapid reading of the report1 the eye catches at once the change from the words of one speaker to those of another4 ,the following report of a convention illustrates the method of handling a series of quotations1 as well as the manner of giving fairly both sides in a debate3 ,,denver1 ,aug4 #bf4--;,benzoate of soda is not harmful when used to preserve food4 ,this is the declaration of the convention of the association of ,state and ,national ,food and ,dairy departments1 which today indorsed the findings of the ,remsen referee board1 which had given the preservative a clean bill of health4 ,the vote1 which was #eg to #db1 was taken after a hot debate4 ,the federal government was accused of licensing the sale of 8medicated food fit only for the sewer40 ,dr4 ,charles ,a4 ,l4 ,reed of ,cincinnati1 in attacking the ,remsen board of scientific experts1 which urged the government to allow the use of benzoate of soda as a food preservative1 made the charge4 8,that recommendation to the department of agriculture benefited only two classes of people10 asserted ,dr4 ,reed1 8the manufacturers of benzoate of soda and the manufacturers of food of such a character that it could not be sold without being preserved by the addition of a chemical4 ,the government is now licensing food for consumption which has to be medicated and which otherwise would be fit only for the sewer4 8,the referee board experimented with healthy young men1 but all of these young men were stuffed with great quantities of food while taking the samples of benzoate of soda and the results observed in them would not apply to the average consumer40 ,dr4 ,reed's remarks followed speeches by members of the referee board1 including one by ,dr4 ,ira ,remsen1 its chairman4 ,a special committee appointed by the association to investigate the referee board1 reported adversely upon its findings4 ,dr4 ,russell ,h4 ,chittenden of ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 a member of the referee board1 said that three-tenths of a gram of benzoate of soda was administered daily to each of six young men subjects during two months4 ,in the one month each man received per day during the first week six-tenths of a gram1 the second week one gram1 the third week two grams and the fourth week four grams4 8,from our experiments1 only one logical conclusion seems possible10 said ,dr4 ,chittenden4 8,benzoate in small and large doses up to four grams per day is without deleterious effects upon the human system40 ,dr4 ,remsen1 in discussing the report of the referee board1 said in part3 8,since the appointment of the board by ,president ,roosevelt my dealings have been directly with ,secretary ,wilson4 ,the board understands we have nothing to do with the administration of the pure food law4 ,our function is to answer such questions as the secretary may put4 ,in regard to benzoate of soda the board was asked to determine two points3 8#a4 ,whether benzoate of soda in such quantities as are likely to be used is or is not injurious to health4 8#b4 ,whether the quality or strength of a food to which benzoate of soda has been added is thereby reduced1 lowered1 or injuriously affected4 8,you know the conclusions to which the board has been led by its work4 ,we agreed upon the form of the report and the knowledge ,i had gained during the investigation of the subject was of such a character that ,i felt justified in signing the report40 ,dr4 ,remsen said he had nothing to do with the actual experimenting with benzoate of soda4 ,the position taken by ,commissioner ,j4 ,q4 ,emery of ,wisconsin and his followers1 who are vigorously attacking the use of benzoate of soda is3 8,if there is any doubt as to the harmfulness of chemicals in food the public should have the benefit of the doubt40 ,the ,form of the ,interview4 ,the interview1 as a statement made to one man1 the reporter1 instead of to a number of persons1 as in the case of a speech1 may have practically the same kind of beginning as the address or report4 ,owing to the interest in the man interviewed1 his name frequently begins the story1 but as what he says is likewise of value1 some form of beginning that gives his opinions can also be used advantageously4 ,although in an interview all of the information is obtained from the person interviewed in response to the reporter's questions1 it is not necessary or generally desirable to include these questions in the written story of the interview4 ,readers are interested in the statements of the person interviewed1 not in the reporter's questions or actions4 ,when a man refuses to give any information by declaring in response to questions that he has nothing to say1 it may be desirable as a matter of news to give the reporter's questions and the man's non-committal answers4 ,generally1 however1 neither the reporter nor his questions and remarks are given a place in the story of an interview4 ,the following examples illustrate the application to interviews of some of the forms suggested for speeches and reports3 7#a7 8,two-cent letter postage between the ,united ,states and ,england is a business proposition which should have been put into effect twenty years ago10 was the comment of ,john ,wanamaker1 former postmaster general1 on the adoption of the reduced rate4 8,i urged this reform in #ahij when ,i was postmaster general10 said ,mr4 ,wanamaker4 8,now ,i hope that the over-sea postage will be followed by national one-cent postage4 8,within three years the income from over-sea postage under the two-cent charge for stamps will be as great as under the five-cent charge4 ,in fact1 two years ago ,i made the offer to the government in conjunction with several other gentlemen to guarantee that there would be no deficit under the two-cent foreign postage4 8,if railroad rates for the carrying of mails were lessened to equality with commercial rates1 the two-cent rate might be cut to one-cent without loss to the government40 7#b7 ,the claim that the equal suffrage bill might be repealed at the coming special session of the legislature because the ,political ,equality ,league has not filed expense statements under the new corrupt practice law1 is sheer nonsense1 according to ,miss ,mary ,k4 ,block1 secretary of the league4 8,since equal suffrage was not mentioned in the call for the special session of the legislature1 it cannot be considered10 said ,miss ,block4 8,the story is the work of those opposed to #8votes for women' because they know how strong the sentiment for woman suffrage is in this state40 ,combining ,several ,interviews4 ,when a number of interviews are included in one story1 the lead usually presents the consensus of opinions given1 and explains or summarizes the results4 ,the separate interviews may be combined in one of several ways4 ,not infrequently the name of the person expressing the opinion is put at the beginning of the paragraph and is followed by the quotation4 ,in other cases the quotation for each person is put first in the paragraph1 and the explanatory matter follows at the end of the first sentence4 ,the following examples illustrate both forms3 7#a7 ,with almost complete unanimity public officials and other prominent men today disapproved of the plan of the ,carnegie ,foundation to give ex-presidents of the nation an annual pension of #be1jjj4 ,that the acceptance of such a gratuity was beneath the dignity of one who had held the highest office in the land1 was the general objection to the plan4 ,a few public men lauded the pension scheme as giving an opportunity for the nation to profit by the experience and knowledge of those who had served the people4 8,if it has come to the point where ex-presidents cannot take care of themselves1 we ought to make provision for their admission to a charitable institution10 said ,congressman ,henry of ,texas4 8,it isn't worth doing10 was the comment of ,speaker ,champ ,clark4 8,the scheme doesn't strike me very favorably10 said ,senator ,mc,cumber4 8,i don't see any objection to it or any great value in it4 ,i think any man elected for a public office ought to work himself back into citizenship when his term expires10 declared ,senator ,sutherland of ,idaho4 7#b7 ,that the question of adopting the commission form of government for ,hamilton should be submitted to the voters at the election next spring1 was the opinion expressed by many ,hamilton business men and professional men today4 ,the recent adoption of this form of municipal government by several other cities of the state has led to the discussion of the advisability of adopting the commission system here4 ,the centralization of authority and the fixing of responsibility in the management of city affairs are urged by its advocates as important elements in the proposed method of administration4 ,a number of business men expressed the belief that better business methods in the city's finances would result from the new method4 ,when interviewed today1 those who were in favor of the plan included the following3 ,,wilson ,r4 ,,harrison1 ,president of ,commercial ,national ,bank-- 8,the question of commission form of government should certainly be submitted to the citizens at the next election1 and ,i believe that the plan will be adopted40 ,,arthur ,c4 ,,perkins1 ,secretary of the ,harrison ,building ,house ,association-- 8,government by commission appeals to me as the best method of managing municipal affairs in a city of the size of ,hamilton1 and ,i hope that the question will be brought before the electorate next spring40 ,,henry ,r4 ,,de ,,rain1 of ,hawley1 ,jenks1 and ,de ,rain1 lawyers-- 8,the adoption of the commission form by seventeen cities of the state indicates a widespread appreciation of the advantages of this centralized control of municipal government4 ,voters here should have an opportunity to put ,hamilton in the list of progressive cities of this state40 7#c7 ,leaders in finance and business appear to be of the opinion that questions relating to the tariff will be handled conservatively by the ,democratic administration4 ,in this belief it is held that the business of the country1 which has gained such remarkable headway1 will continue uninterrupted4 ,james ,j4 ,hill1 commenting upon the result of the election1 declared that the success of the ,democratic party would not have an adverse effect on business4 ,he said3 8,i feel better over the general outlook than ,i did before election4 ,an attempt was made to bring about a political revolution1 but the ,american people1 while desiring a change1 showed their good sense by repudiating the revolutionary doctrines offered them and by sticking to sound principles and established methods of bringing about their wishes4 8,governor ,wilson1 a deep student of the history of nations1 has the training and qualifications which should make him an able president40 ,w4 ,e4 ,corey1 formerly president of the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation1 now identified with many industrial and railroad companies1 favors a gradual reduction in the tariff1 but not a reduction sufficiently drastic to disturb the country's commercial and financial equilibrium4 8,i am convinced10 said ,mr4 ,corey1 8that ,mr4 ,wilson will make an able and conservative business president and that the business of the country as a whole will reap great benefits during his administration4 ,that he will handle the tariff and other problems ably and conservatively there seems to be no question4 8,all indications point to a continuat- ion of the prosperity the country is now enjoying1 and business should be given a further impetus by the outcome of the election40 ,alvin ,krech1 president of the ,equitable ,trust ,company1 predicted a slowing up of business as a result of the ,democratic victory and coming tariff revision4 8,this will occur10 he said1 8until the country can find out definitely what the new administration intends to do with the tariff1 and how drastic and how precipitately the question is attacked4 ,if the new congress proceeds cautiously and gradually there is no doubt that business will finally adjust itself to any changes without serious disturb- ance40 ,b4 ,f4 ,yoakum1 chairman of the board of the ',frisco ,lines1 said3 8,i am very much pleased with the election of ,wilson4 ,from my personal acquaintance with him ,i am confident he will carry out all the policies he has promised during the campaign4 ,i am sure he is earnestly in favor of everything he advocated1 and is entirely competent4 8,the ,democratic victory does not by any means settle all the big economic questions of the day4 ,in meeting these the ,democratic party is on probation4 ,the entire country looks to it for results during the next four years40 ,francis ,l4 ,hine1 president of the ,first ,national ,bank1 declared that the election of ,mr4 ,wilson presented no immediate possibility of danger for the country1 and as regards the future 8one can only wait and see40 ,news ,stories of ,trials4 ,in trials in court the reporter has to deal with material not unlike that in speeches1 reports1 or interviews4 ,the arguments by the attorneys are in the nature of addresses4 ,the questioning of the witnesses on direct and cross examination is not unlike the question and answer method of interviewing4 ,the decisions handed down by the judges are the reports which those officials make4 ,in general1 then1 many of the same points that have been considered in regard to addresses1 reports1 and interviews may be applied to court reports4 ,writing the ,lead4 ,what the lead of the trial story should contain is determined by the status of the case in court4 ,if a verdict or decision is rendered1 that news is naturally the feature4 ,if the trial is not completed1 either the most significant testimony or the net result of the day's proceedings may be made the feature4 ,as the trial goes on from day to day1 it is necessary to explain briefly in each story1 usually in the lead1 what the case deals with1 who the parties are1 and before whom and where the trial is being conducted1 so that the situation will be clear to readers who have not seen the preceding stories of the trial4 ,the reporter must not take for granted that1 because all this information was given once when the accused person was arrested1 or when the trial was begun1 he need not give his readers information every day as to the essential elements of persons1 time1 place1 cause1 result1 etc4 ,each of these essentials1 as in other stories1 may be the feature of the lead4 ,when1 for example1 a jury has been deliberating for a long time in an interesting case1 the exact time at which they reached their verdict may be placed in the first group of words1 before the verdict itself4 ,hearings before committees of legislative bodies that are getting information and arguments from men for and against proposed legislation1 and the taking of testimony by investigating committees1 partake so nearly of the nature of trials that the forms and methods of the one apply to the other with little or no modification4 ,various forms of leads for reports of trials1 hearings1 and investigations1 given below1 show some of the possibilities4 7#a7 ,to continue its study of the best methods of issuing railroad stocks and bonds1 ,president ,taft's ,railway ,securities ,committee met today in the banking house of ,j4 ,w4 ,smith ,co41 #c ,william ,st4 7#b7 ,that the government was a year too late in bringing its suit against the ,standard ,oil ,company for accepting secret rebates1 and the suit in which ,judge ,k4 ,m4 ,landis imposed the #bi1jjj1jjj fine1 was brought out yesterday in the government suit for the dissolution of the ,standard ,oil ,company of ,new ,jersey under the ,sherman ,anti-trust ,law1 before ,special ,examiner ,franklin ,ferris in the ,custom ,house4 7#c7 ,fraudulent scales were used to weigh raw sugar on the ,brooklyn piers of the ,sugar ,trust1 according to the testimony of ,special ,agent ,richard ,parr of the ,united ,states ,treasury ,department1 this morning in the preliminary hearing of the government's suits against the ,american ,sugar ,refining ,company before ,commissioner ,shields in the ,federal ,building4 7#d7 ,how suddenly and how radically a woman can exercise her inalienable right to change her mind was shown yesterday before ,judge ,thomas in the probate court1 when in the hearing on the contested will of ,mrs4 ,jane ,l4 ,whiting it was shown that she had made one will at #c o'clock on ,july #d last1 and another at #g o'clock in the evening of the same day4 7#e7 8,go home and serve time with your families10 was the sentence imposed on two men charged with being drunk and disorderly1 by ,judge ,wilkinson in the police court this morning4 7#f7 8,would you send this venerable and honorable man to his grave with the taint of criminal conviction upon his great name80 ,thus ,delancey ,nicoll inquired of the jury today in ,judge ,hard's court1 where ,william ,e4 ,williams1 aged #hc1 for forty years a leader of the ,american bar1 is being tried with three other directors of the ,cotton ,trust on the charge of criminally conspiring to violate the ,sherman ,anti-trust ,law4 7#g7 8,never in the twenty years that ,i have been at the head of the women's department of ,blank ,university have ,i discriminated against any student because of race or religion40 ,this statement made on the witness stand today was the answer of ,dean ,sarah ,brown to the charge preferred by ,miss ,della ,smith in her #aj1jjj slander suit against ,dr4 ,brown1 that she had been driven out of the university because of her religious views4 ,forms for ,testimony4 ,the bodies of stories of trials and investigations1 like those of speeches and reports1 consist of direct quotations of the most significant testimony or arguments1 with indirect quotations or summaries of other parts not worth quoting verbatim4 ,the same general principles apply1 except when it is necessary to give question and answer in direct or cross examination of witnesses in order to bring out significant points4 ,several forms are used for verbatim reports of such testimony4 ,sometimes1 particularly in ,new ,york papers1 the attorney's questions are preceded by the letter 8,q0 and the witness's answers by the letter 8,a10 each question with its answer constituting a separate paragraph4 ,more commonly1 the questions and answers are given in dialogue form as in short stories and novels1 with the question followed by the explanatory material in one paragraph1 and the answer with necessary explanatory material in another paragraph4 ,occasionally1 if on direct examination a witness's testimony1 although interrupted by questions1 is fairly continuous1 the questions may be omitted1 and the story told by the witness can thus be given uninterruptedly4 ,when the facts of the testimony rather than the form of it are sufficient1 these facts may be given without using either direct or indirect quotations4 ,how the several forms of reporting testimony appear in newspapers is shown by the following examples which are taken from the body of the story1 the leads being omitted here3 7#a7 ,thomas ,w4 ,farlin of ,freeport1 the next witness called before the committee1 said that he was engaged in the real estate and fire insurance business1 and that he represented ,davis1 ,hibbard ,company1 fire insurance brokers of this city4 8,was there a general increase in insurance rates on dwellings and stores in ,freeport during the last three years80 asked ,william ,c4 ,brown1 counsel for the committee4 8,yes1 all the rates have gone up10 said ,mr4 ,farlin4 8,did you learn why the rates were raised80 8,oh1 they joined the ,fire ,insurance ,exchange40 8,who did80 8,davis1 ,hibbard ,company40 8,that's why the rates were raised80 8,i suppose so40 8,you joined the ,exchange too80 8,yes40 8,why80 8,they told me ,i'd have no trouble with the new rates40 8,were you forced into joining the ,exchange80 8,i found that it was necessary in order to write policies40 ,mr4 ,farlin said that he preferred belonging to the exchange to doing business as an independent broker because it meant more money and less trouble4 8,so you're in favor of the higher rates80 8,oh1 no40 8,but you get more premium1 don't you80 8,yes40 7#b7 ,mr4 ,green then took the stand4 ,in response to questions of ,henry ,t4 ,williams1 his counsel1 he said that he was #eg years old1 had lived in the city #ej years1 and was a man of family4 ,he named several social and charitable as well as financial institutions with which he was associated4 ,in #ahgj1 he said1 he had entered the employ of the ,harrington ,wilson ,co4 as a shipping clerk in the sugar department1 subsequently he had been promoted to the position of cashier1 and for the last #bc years had received in that position a salary of #e1jjj a year4 ,mr4 ,williams then sought to show that his client had no connection with the weighing of raw sugar on the docks1 where the fraudulent practices are alleged to have taken place4 ,q4--,how much money was paid through your office in the course of a year8 ,a4--,four million dollars4 ,q4--,so yours was a busy office8 ,a4--,decidedly so4 ,q4--,how long were the raw sugar clerks in your office8 ,a4--,about twenty years4 ,q4--,did you regulate their duties in any way8 ,a4--,no4 ,q4--,were you connected with the docks in any way8 ,a4--,no1 that was a separate department4 ,q4--,how many times a year would you be on the raw sugar docks8 ,a4--,twice a year4 ,q4--,how often were you in the dock department offices8 ,a4--,only five or six times in twenty-five years4 ,q4--,were you ever in the scale houses8 ,a4--,never4 ,at this point the court adjourned until this afternoon when the direct examination of ,mr4 ,green will be continued4 7#c7 ,mr4 ,hiller1 ,mr4 ,hart's attorney1 then asked ,mrs4 ,hart why it was necessary to have so many gowns4 8,at ,palm ,beach ,i had to change my gowns three times a day1 and ,i had to have outfits of automobile clothes besides10 said ,mrs4 ,hart4 8,do you wear the same dinner gown twice80 said the attorney4 8,women who can afford it never wear the same gown again at the same place10 she replied smilingly4 8,what do you pay for your dinner gowns80 8,three hundred dollars2 sometimes five or six hundred40 8,apiece80 8,certainly10 snapped back the witness4 ,court ,decisions4 ,the body of reports of important court decisions consists of summaries of the decisions with explanation of their significance1 or of quotations from the decision when the language of the decree is important4 ,the following stories are examples3 7#a7 ,the first decision of the court of commerce to be received by the supreme court of the ,united ,states was reversed in an opinion handed down today4 ,the highest court gave a signal victory to the interstate commerce commission by deciding that it has power to compel water lines to report to it regarding intrastate as well as interstate business4 ,the court of commerce has been subjected to sharp attack in congress because of a series of decisions over-turning work of the interstate commerce commission1 and a bill for the abolishment of the tribunal is now pending in the house on a favorable report from a committee4 ,while the case before the court concerned immediately only water lines1 the government attorneys declared that the defeat of the commission in this case would mean that railroads also need not report regarding intrastate business and the commission's whole system of gathering reports relative to commerce would be worthless4 ,the order in question required reports regarding operating expenses and operating revenues of water lines1 and affected principally lines on the great lakes4 ,the commerce court held that the commission had power to require reports only regarding traffic carried under joint arrangement with railroad carriers1 but not as to purely intrastate and port-to-port business4 ,justice ,day said that a mistake had been made by the commerce court in confusing knowledge of intrastate commerce with regulation of it4 ,he said it was within the power of the commission to require a 8showdown of the whole business01 intrastate as well as interstate4 ,justices ,lurton and ,lamar dissented4 7#b7 ,power of the ,interstate ,commerce commission to force 8inside infor- mation0 from steamship lines as to their earnings was affirmed today by the ,supreme ,court4 ,the proposed scope of the commission's inquiry into the steamship business of the great lakes to secure information for adjusting rates1 was approved1 and the commerce court decision in the matter overruled4 ,this is the first of the cases involv- ing a dispute of jurisdiction be- tween the commerce court and the commission4 ,applications for writs1 rehearings1 and new trials are often worth reporting at some length1 as is shown in the following story3 ,declaring that the issues involved in the case are of the 8greatest public importance10 the department of justice today joined in the application of the losers in the so-called patent monopoly case1 asking a rehearing before a full bench of the ,supreme ,court4 ,the case was recently decided four to three in favor of the contention that the patentee's control of his product is absolute4 ,the government's application signed by ,attorney-,general ,wickersham and ,solicitor-,general ,lehmann vigorously declares that the court's decision sustaining the right of a patentee to attach to the sale of an invention1 restrictions stipulating that the purchaser must use only such supplies which are not patented as are bought from the patentee of the invention1 seriously concerns the ,united ,states in a number of civil and criminal cases now pending under the ,sherman law4 ,the decision1 the government submits1 8extends the power of property held under letters patent beyond the warrant of the constitution and the grant of the patent laws1 and publishes it above authority of ,congress to regulate commerce among the several states1 and above the universal limitation expressed in the maxim #8,so use your own as not to injure another's4'0 ,how to ,make ,court ,proceedings ,interesting4 ,the selection and arrangement of interesting details in legal proceedings is shown in the following court story of a bankruptcy case1 in which the reader's attention is attracted by the feature played up at the beginning3 ,how to start a furniture installment house on less than #ajjj1 vote yourself a salary of #aj1jjj a year1 furnish a mansion and live like a prince--all on the income from the original invest- ment--was revealed to ,district ,judge ,van ,buren yesterday in the questioning of ,john ,c4 ,winifred4 ,the court was astounded and angered4 ,when the hearing ended ,winifred was on his way to the county jail to begin an indeterminate sentence for contempt as a result of 8mushroom0 financing4 ,the story of ,winifred's remarkable success at furniture finance was told during the court's investigation of the bankrupt ,bijou ,furniture ,company1 #faj ,devine ,street1 of which ,winifred was owner4 ,winifred had a branch store at ,plaintown4 ,two days before his creditors filed an involuntary petition of bankruptcy ,winifred sold the branch 8,furniture ,club0 business to ,frances ,hankow for #a1ajj4 ,john ,whittle1 counsel for the receiver1 thought the #a1ajj belonged to the creditors4 ,judge ,van ,buren agreed with him4 ,winifred was ordered to produce the money4 ,when he appeared in court without it1 the judge sent him to jail until he changes his mind4 ,winifred operated a 8furniture club10 members paying from #be cents to #a each week4 ,its #b1ejj members had paid in more than #dj1jjj when the crash came4 ,the 8furniture wizard0 said he began business about two years ago with a capital of less than #ajjj4 ,he voted himself an annual salary of #aj1jjj1 the money being taken from the ac- cumulated payments of club members4 ,attorney ,whittle further found that the residence at #dfba ,oakland ,place had been purchased and then furnished without regard to expense4 ,this property rests in the name of ,mrs4 ,winifred4 ,it was admitted that this luxury was paid for by the poor who can afford to buy furniture only by making a small payment each week4 ,quoting from ,publications4 ,government publications1 pamphlets1 books1 and magazines often contain material for good news stories1 particularly when copies can be secured so that the story may be printed simultaneously with the publication of the book or magazine4 ,the use that may be made of an article in a scientific publication is shown in the following story1 which in form is like the stories of speeches and other utterances discussed above3 ,serious dangers in children's parties1 dancing schools1 and even kindergartens are pointed out by ,dr4 ,thomas ,s4 ,southworth of ,new ,york1 writing in the ,journal of the ,american ,medical association4 ,he finds them agents in spreading infectious colds leading to more serious ailments4 ,against 8light colds0 themselves he warns parents1 and urges the use of rational preventive measures4 ,to parental carelessness1 selfishness1 and lack of common sense he attributes much of the illness among little children4 8,the amount of injury done to young children each year by such colds can scarcely be estimated10 says ,dr4 ,southworth4 8,during their prevalence the possibilities of infection are excellent if the child rides in public conveyances1 or is taken to hotels or crowded shops4 8,children's parties or dancing schools for the very young come under the same ban4 ,it is an open question whether the greatly increased opportunity for major and minor infections in kindergartens does not more than offset the real advantages they offer4 8,excluding exceptional cases1 ,i am of the opinion that safeguarding the health of the young child is the more important consideration1 and that any home worthy of the name should be able to furnish all the simple instruction and direction of the play instinct the child requires40 ,,suggestions #a4 ,get advance copies of speeches1 statements1 and reports when it is possible4 #b4 ,give direct1 verbatim quotations whenever they are effective4 #c4 ,don't misrepresent a speaker by 8playing up0 a quotation that1 taken from its context1 is misleading4 #d4 ,combine excerpts into a coherent1 unified story4 #e4 ,select the form of beginning best suited to the subject matter4 #f4 ,set off as a paragraph a direct quotation of more than one sentence at the beginning of a story4 #g4 ,avoid too many or too involved 8that0 clauses in the lead4 #h4 ,put strong direct or indirect quotations at beginnings of paragraphs4 #i4 ,don't place unemphatic phrases at the beginning of a paragraph1 such as1 8,the speaker then said that10 etc4 #aj4 ,avoid as far as possible combinations of direct and indirect quotations in the same paragraph4 #aa4 ,avoid 8,i believe10 8,i think10 etc41 at the beginning of sentences of direct quotation4 #ab4 ,make separate paragraphs of introductory statements like 8,he said in part10 and end them with a colon4 #ac4 ,give in the lead of each day's story of a trial1 the essential explanatory details concerning the case4 #ad4 ,vary explanatory phrases2 don't use repeatedly in the same story 8he said10 8the report continues10 etc4 #ae4 ,don't fail to enclose in quotation marks every direct quotation4 #af4 ,use single quotation marks for quotations within other quotations4 #ag4 ,use quotation marks only at the beginning of each paragraph of a continuous quotation of several paragraphs and at the end of the last paragraph4 #ah4 ,quote important testimony verbatim4 #ai4 ,keep yourself out of your interviews4 ,,practice ,,work #a4 ,write a news story of #ejj words on the following address by ,senator ,william ,e4 ,borah of ,idaho on 8,why ,we ,need an ,income ,tax10 which you may say was delivered before a large audience at the ,auditorium last night under the auspices of the ,progressive ,republican ,club3 ,one of the many unfortunate things imposed from first to last upon this country by reason of the existence of slavery was the compromise in the constitution of the ,united ,states providing that direct taxes should be imposed in accordance with population4 ,to levy taxes according to population upon any kind of property is impracticable and cumbersome even when the tax is confined to the kind of property contemplated by the framers of the constitution4 ,it is not too much to say that the clause with reference to imposing a direct tax would never have found its way into the constitution but through the fear which arose out of the belief that the ,north might impose an arbitrary and unjust tax upon slaves4 ,the discussion first arose over the protection of the slaves1 and to guard against this the ,southern delegates insisted upon an equal representation in ,congress with the ,north4 ,gouverneur ,morris and others declared they would never consent to counting a slave equal to his master4 ,the discussion finally took a wider range owing to the existence of large tracts of land in the ,south of less value per acre than the land in the ,north2 hence it was believed that these lands might be taxed unfairly4 ,at last1 therefore1 it was provided that direct taxes should be imposed according to population1 and direct taxes1 in my opinion1 referred alone to slaves and lands and the improvements on lands4 ,the ,supreme ,court in the ,pollock case extended and broadened the terms of this somewhat unfortunate compromise so that it now not only covers lands but income from land1 personal property1 and income from personal property4 ,this decision was made possible by invoking a mere technicality1 that is1 that a tax upon the rents of land is a tax upon the land4 ,i am not going to discuss at this time the decision further than to say ,i am one of those who believe that the income tax decision is as indefensible as a matter of law as the ,dred ,scott decision1 and fraught with far more danger in its ultimate effect1 if it is to become the settled law of the land1 to the ,republic4 ,the income tax is the fairest and most equitable of all the taxes4 ,it is the one tax which approaches us in the hour of prosperity and departs in the hour of adversity4 ,the farmer though he may have lost his entire crop must meet the taxes levied upon his property4 ,the merchant though on the verge of bankruptcy must respond to the taxes imposed4 ,the laborer who goes to the store to buy his food1 though it be his last1 must buy with whatever extra cost there may be imposed by reason of customs duties4 ,but the income tax is to be met only after you have realized your income4 ,after you have met your expenses1 provided for your family1 paid for the education of your children for the year1 then1 provided you have an income left1 you turn to meet the obligations you owe to the government4 ,for instance1 according to amendments recently pending relative to the income tax1 a man with an income of ten thousand dollars would pay the modest sum of one hundred dollars4 8,man as a human being owes services to his fellows1 and one of the first of these is to support the government which makes civilization possible40 ,it seems incomprehensible that anyone would seriously contend that property and wealth should not bear their fair share of the burdens of the general government4 ,adam ,smith says1 8,the subjects of every state ought to contribute toward the support of the government as nearly as possible in proportion to their respective abilities1 that is1 in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state40 ,notwithstanding our large standing army1 our large navy1 our all but criminal extravagance as a government1 men are found who still unblushingly argue that this burden must all be laid upon consumption and nothing upon wealth1 that is1 that the man of most ordinary means must pay practically as much to the general government as the man with his uncounted millions4 ,it is strange indeed that men can bring themselves to believe in so unfair and unjust a position4 ,they soothe their consciences to some extent by saying that it is a just tax1 a fair tax1 and that the property should indeed bear its proportion of the expenses of the general government but an income tax causes men to commit perjury6 ,of course the man who says this would resent the idea that he would commit perjury1 but his evangelical spirit leads him to look with particular care to the salvation of his neighbor's soul4 ,there is not a state in the ,union today but has laws just as exacting with reference to accounting with personal property1 just as onerous as an income tax law would be1 and just as liable to encourage perjury4 ,yet the tax gatherer does not stop gathering taxes4 ,they say it is inquisitorial4 ,do you know of any kind of taxes which are not inquisitorial8 ,for instance1 under the internal revenue system now in existence1 the whiskey of the citizen is taken possession of by the government1 placed in a warehouse1 locked up1 and a key given to a ,united ,states official4 ,in the collection of our customs duties1 packages and the baggage of the citizen are taken1 opened and inspected1 and1 male or female though the citizens may be1 they are sometimes taken into a room and searched4 ,nothing could be more inquisitorial than this4 ,all these arguments are put forth in the hope of leading us away from the great and fundamental principle of equity in taxation1 and that is that every man should respond to the burdens of the government in accordance with his ability4 ,it is nothing less than a crime to put all the burdens of this government on consumption4 ,i think those who advocate the income tax merely as a revenue producing proposition rob the proposition of its moral foundation4 ,we should contend for an income tax not simply for the purpose of raising revenue but for the purpose of framing a revenue system which will distribute the burdens of government between consumption and accumulated wealth1 which will enable us to call upon property and wealth not in an unfair and burdensome way but in a just and equitable way to meet their proportionate expenses of the government1 for certainly it will be conceded by all that the great expense of government is in the protection of property and of wealth4 ,a tax placed upon consumption is based upon what men want and must have4 ,a tax placed upon wealth falls upon those who have enough and to spare and therefore have more which it is necessary for the government to protect4 8,all the enjoyments which a man can receive from his property come from his connection with society4 ,cut off from all social relations1 a man would find wealth useless to him4 ,in fact1 there could be no such thing as wealth without society4 ,wealth is what may be exchanged and requires for its existence a community of persons with reciprocal wants40 ,the general government1 as we have said1 has its armies and its navies and its great burden of expense for the purpose1 among other things1 of protecting property1 protecting gathered and accumulated wealth1 of enabling men to make fortunes and to preserve their fortunes1 and there is no possible argument founded in law or in morals why these protected interests should not bear their proportionate burden of government4 ,no man in his right mind would make an assault upon wealth as such1 or upon property as such1 or upon the honest acquisition of property--we simply call upon those who have the good fortune to have accumulated wealth to respond to the expenses of the great government under which they live and thrive4 #b4 ,write a news story of #bej words on the following excerpts from a report made by the ,division of ,education of the ,russell ,sage ,foundation on 8,a ,comparative ,study of ,public ,school ,systems in the ,forty-eight ,states10 playing up the feature that you think will be of general interest to the readers of a daily paper in the metropolis of your state3 ,the average annual salary paid to public school teachers in the ,united ,states as a whole is #dhe4 ,in one state1 ,north ,carolina1 the average is only #bjj per year4 ,in another1 ,mississippi1 it is #baj1 and in ,south ,carolina #bab4 ,the wages received by school teachers constitute a measure of two things3 first1 the quality of ability of the teacher2 second1 the value the community puts upon the teacher's services4 ,the fact that the teacher's wages are lower than those paid for almost any other sort of service means that as a nation we are neither asking for nor getting a high grade of service1 and as a nation we place a low valuation on the teacher's work4 ,while it is difficult to get accurate data on wages1 the best available figures indicate that the average annual wages received by workers in five great occupations are about as follows3-- ,carpenters #hjb ,coal miners #fjj ,factory workers #eej ,common laborers #eac ,teachers #dhe ,throughout the southern states thousands of rural teachers earn less than #aej per year4 ,in one ,new ,england state hundreds of teachers earn less than #f4jj per week4 ,in one county in a central ,atlantic state the average for all teachers is #abi per year4 ,in one southern state convicts from the penitentiaries are let to contractors at the rate of about #djj per year1 while the state pays its teachers about #cjj per year4 ,the average annual salary of teachers in the public schools in each state in #aiaj and the rank of the state1 based on the average annual salary of school teachers1 is as follows3-- #a4 ,california1 #iah2 #b4 ,arizona1 #hag2 #c4 ,new ,york1 #hac2 #d4 ,massachusetts1 #geg2 #e4 ,new ,jersey1 #gca2 #f4 ,washington1 #fib2 #g4 ,montana1 #fde2 #h4 ,colorado1 #fdb2 #i4 ,rhode ,island1 #fdg2 #aj4 ,utah1 #eib2 #aa4 ,illinois1 #ehh2 #ab4 ,connecticut1 #efa2 #ac4 ,pennsylvania1 #eed2 #ad4 ,idaho1 #edi2 #ae4 ,ohio1 #ebd2 #af4 ,indiana1 #ebc2 #ag4 ,oregon1 #eaf2 #ah4 ,maryland1 #eae2 #ai4 ,minnesota1 #dhf2 #bj4 ,michigan1 #dhj2 #ba4 ,nevada1 #dgj2 #bb4 ,wisconsin1 #def2 #bc4 ,missouri1 #ddc2 #bd4 ,wyoming1 #dci2 #be4 ,kansas1 #dbi2 #bf4 ,louisiana1 #dae2 #bg4 ,delaware1 #dad2 #bh4 ,nebraska1 #daa2 #bi4 ,oklahoma1 #djh2 #cj4 ,texas1 #chd2 #ca4 ,new ,mexico1 #cdh2 #cb4 ,north ,dakota1 #cci2 #cc4 ,kentucky1 #ccg2 #cd4 ,south ,dakota1 #cbi2 #ce4 ,new ,hampshire1 #cbh2 #cf4 ,west ,virginia1 #cbc2 #cg4 ,alabama1 #cad2 #ch4 ,iowa1 #cjb2 #ci4 ,tennessee1 #bic2 #dj4 ,arkansas1 #bhd2 #da4 ,florida1 #bgf2 #db4 ,virginia1 #bfh2 #dc4 ,vermont1 #bff2 #dd4 ,georgia1 #bej2 #de4 ,maine1 #bdd2 #df4 ,south ,carolina1 #bab2 #dg4 ,mississippi1 #baj2 #dh4 ,north ,carolina1 #bjj4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,special ,,kinds ,,of ,,news ,special ,news ,fields4 ,although practically all kinds of news stories conform to the general principles explained and illustrated in preceding chapters1 the application of these principles to particular kinds of news may be considered in detail4 ,on all but small papers the gathering and the writing of news in such special fields as sports1 society1 and markets are regarded as sufficiently different in character from general reporting to warrant having special editors for these departments4 ,each of a number of special kinds of reporting requires more or less expert knowledge1 which a reporter who specializes in that field acquires as a result of training and experience4 ,sometimes1 however1 a general reporter may be sent out to cover an athletic contest or a society event1 and he should be prepared to do either successfully4 ,every reporter should familiarize himself with the best methods of handling all kinds of news4 ,sporting ,news ,stories4 ,the constantly increasing importance attached by newspapers to news of sports1 particularly to that of baseball1 makes it important for reporters to know the peculiarities of sporting news stories4 ,the reporting of athletic contests is not always an easy task even when the reporter is familiar with all the details of the sport4 ,in a football game1 for example1 it is difficult to determine which of the players carries the ball or makes a tackle in a given play unless the reporter knows each player and can recognize him quickly on the field4 ,in baseball games the reporter must be able to keep a complete score from which to write his story and make his summary score4 ,quickness and accuracy of observation are essential in getting the facts correctly in any sporting event4 ,reporting a ,football ,game4 ,a football game affords a good opportunity for the student reporter to get excellent practice in covering an athletic contest4 ,in preparing to report a game1 he should get from the coach or the captain the correct line-up of each team and the names of the officials4 ,if the line-up is written on a piece of cardboard and arranged so that the exact position of each player can be seen at a glance1 the writer can refer to it constantly in reporting the plays4 ,the way to arrange the line-up is shown below3 ,chicago ,wisconsin ,williams--,l4,e4 ,r4,e4--,halpin ,mc,donald--,l4,h4,b4 ,frean--,l4,t4 ,r4,t4--,muldon ,r4,h4,b4--,lynch ,johnson--,l4,g4 ,r4,g4--,peake ,smith--,f4,b4 ,pinch--,q4,b4 ,hool--,c4 ,c4--,du ,plain ,q4,b4--,keeler ,f4,b4--,holt ,skillub--,r4,g4 ,l4,g4--,o',neil ,kidder--,r4,h4,b4 ,dillon--,r4,t4 ,l4,t4--,minton ,l4,h4,b4--,dye ,reisen--,r4,e4 ,l4,e4--,schmidt ,the reporter watches both teams carefully to see which men make each play1 and as soon as the teams line up again1 he notes the position that each of these men takes1 so that he may identify them from his line-up card4 ,as the game progresses he is able to recognize some of the players who repeatedly take prominent parts1 and he need not refer to the line-up so frequently4 ,the reporter may take notes on the plays as they are made1 or1 if it is necessary to mail or telegraph the story very soon after the game is over1 he may write a running account as the game progresses1 adding the lead after it is over4 ,in the choice and the arrangement of details1 the story of a football game is not unlike other news stories4 ,in the lead are placed the essential facts1 which are the result1 the score1 the causes of victory and defeat1 the teams engaged1 the time and place of the contest1 and any important circumstances4 ,because every reader is most interested in the result1 that fact is usually 8played up0 as the feature4 ,why one team lost and the other won1 or why the score was tied1 the second fact in point of interest1 is likewise given a prominent place at the beginning of the lead4 ,a characterization of the playing of each team1 an account of how and when the scoring was done1 mention of the work of star players1 and a description of the crowd1 the condition of the field1 and the weather1 are the other details which are put in the lead4 ,following the lead is the story of the game told in as much detail as the assignment requires4 ,if a short account is desired1 only the important plays are given2 if a full report is wanted1 every play is described4 ,after each score is made1 and at the end of the report of each quarter1 the complete score up to that point is given4 ,at the end of the story are placed the line-up1 a summary of the plays1 and the names of the officials4 ,the story given below may be taken as typical3 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 ,nov4 #bc4--;,harvard trampled over ,yale with a score of #bj to #j on ,yale field today1 when the crimson eleven1 taking advantage of ,yale's back field errors1 made two touchdowns and two field goals4 ,this victory carries the football championship of the ,east to ,cambridge4 ,harvard scored a touchdown and a field goal in both the first and third periods4 ,the first score came when ,storer recovered the ball which ,wheeler1 the ,yale quarterback1 dropped on being tackled1 and sprinted twenty-five yards to the goal line4 ,hardwick kicked goal4 ,a minute later1 another ,yale muff gave ,brickley his chance to kick the first field goal4 ,a fumble by ,flynn at the opening of the third period gave the ball to ,harvard1 and in the scrimmage ,brickley dashed eighteen yards for the second touchdown4 ,he caught a ,yale forward pass a few minutes later and ran forty-two yards1 and1 after a few plays1 kicked the ball over the cross bar for the second field goal4 ,at no stage of the game did ,yale have a chance to win1 and only once did the team have a chance to score4 ,that opportunity came during the fourth period1 when they showed a versatility of attack that fairly swept the crimson eleven off their feet and brought the ball in a steady series of rushes over a stretch of sixty yards before it was lost on downs4 ,but the flash came too late1 and while it was at its height the most optimistic of the blue supporters could see nothing more than a chance to blot out the ignominy of a scoreless defeat4 ,what ,yale did not do would fill a volume4 ,failure to catch punts was the great fault1 a fault which happened so often that it might be called a habit4 ,wheeler muffed one in the opening period which paved the way for the first ,harvard touchdown2 ,flynn missed one in the third period and opened the avenue for the other4 ,between times the ball was dropping from ,eli arms so often that it seemed strange when it was caught4 ,harvard's splendidly finished team1 good in all around play1 worked to its limit a consistent kicking game against a team unable to handle punts4 ,little effort was made to test the strength of the blue line4 ,the crimson offense was based almost entirely on getting down the field under ,felton's high spiral punts and taking advantage of the slippery fingers of ,wheeler and ,flynn4 ,when stopped from tackle to tackle1 they twice used fake plays with wide end runs for clever gains4 ,as in all this season's games1 the brilliancy of ,brickley's running and goal kicking outshone the individual play of his team-mates4 ,twice he intercepted ,yale forward passes1 one of which he turned into a run of forty-two yards4 ,the second touchdown was due solely to his speed down the field and to his keen eye in recovering ,flynn's muff1 which he converted into a touchdown in the next scrimmage4 ,he scored two out of his four attempts at field goals and missed the other two by a few feet4 ,bomeisler1 ,yale's star end1 although twice taken out of the game because of the old injury to his shoulder1 did the most remarkable work seen on ,yale field since the days of ,tom ,shevlin4 ,he was down the field like a race-horse under ,lefty ,flynn's punts1 and besides tackling with unerring accuracy1 he threw himself so hard that the man was forced back considerably from the spot where he caught the ball4 ,yale won the toss and chose to defend the north goal1 the ,crimson facing the sun4 ,flynn kicked off for ,yale4 ,the ball sailed behind the ,harvard goal and was taken out to ,harvard's #bj-yard line for scrimmage4 ,felton1 on first down1 kicked it back to the ,yale #bj-yard line4 ,flynn's short kick drove the ball out of bounds at the ,eli #dj-yard line4 ,harvard's backs then crashed through irresistibly until they reached the #bj-yard line4 ,the ,yale defense grew compact at her #bj-yard line1 and two of ,wendell's smashes netted only a yard apiece4 ,on the third down ,brickley tried his first drop kick for goal1 the ball going outside of the upright4 ,flynn punted to ,harvard's #dj-yard line and ,felton immediately returned it to the ,yale #bj-yard mark4 ,a #ae-yard penalty set ,yale back to her #e-yard line4 ,flynn's beautiful punt was muffed by ,gardner at the ,harvard #dj-yard line1 but it was recovered by ,hardwick4 ,felton punted out of bounds at ,yale's #dj-yard line4 ,twice the ,felton-,flynn duel brought exchanges of kicks without gains4 ,the last ,felton effort1 however1 dropped the ball into ,wheeler's lap and he muffed squarely4 ,storer seized it at the ,yale #cj-yard line and1 aided by splendid interference by ,o',brien and ,parmenter1 tore all the rest of the way for a touchdown4 ,hardwick kicked the goal4 ,score3 ,harvard #f1 ,yale #j4 ,flynn kicked off behind the ,harvard goal1 and1 from the ,harvard #bj-yard line1 ,felton immediately returned it4 ,yale was now in a panic1 and ,wheeler's second muff dropped the ball under three sliding ,harvard tacklers at the ,yale #cj-yard line4 ,yale got in hotter water through a #ae-yard penalty1 but ,wendell's plunges were held till third down1 when ,brickley registered ,harvard's second score through a faultless drop-kicked goal from the ,yale #cj-yard line4 ,following ,felton's return of ,flynn's kick-off1 the first period closed4 ,score3 ,harvard #aj1 ,yale #j4 ,the detailed report of the other quarters follows1 and then the line-up is given4 ,the line-up3 ,,yale4 ,,harvard4 ,l4 ,e4 ,avery,felton ,l4 ,e4 ,l4 ,t4 ,gallauer,storer ,l4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g4 ,cooney,pennock ,l4 ,g4 ,c4 ,ketcham,parmenter ,c4 ,r4 ,g4 ,pendleton,trumbull ,r4 ,g4 ,r4 ,t4 ,w4 ,warren,hitchcock ,r4 ,t4 ,r4 ,e4 ,bomeisler,o',brien ,r4 ,e4 ,q4 ,wheeler,gardner ,q4 ,l4 ,h4 ,philbin,hardwick ,l4 ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 ,spaulding,brickley ,r4 ,h4 ,f4 ,flynn,wendell ,f4 ,substitutions3 ,yale--,cornell1 for ,wheel- er2 ,dyer1 for ,cornell2 ,wheeler1 for ,dyer2 ,sheldon1 for ,bomeisler2 ,bomeisler1 for ,sheldon2 ,sheldon1 for ,bomeisler2 ,w4 ,howe1 for ,sheldon2 ,carter1 for ,avery2 ,talbot1 for ,gallauer2 ,pumpelly1 for ,philbin2 ,merkle1 for ,flynn2 ,baker1 for ,merkle2 ,martin1 for ,pendleton2 ,reed1 for ,w4 ,warren4 ,harvard--,t4 ,frothingham1 for ,storer2 ,wigglesworth1 for ,parmenter2 ,driscoll1 for ,trumbull2 ,lawson1 for ,hitchcock2 ,hollister1 for ,o',brien2 ,bradley1 for ,gardner2 ,bradlee1 for ,hardwick2 ,lingard1 for ,brickley2 ,graustein1 for ,wendell4 ,summary3 ,score--,harvard #bj1 ,yale #j4 ,touchdowns--,storer1 ,brickley4 ,goals-- ,hardwick #b4 ,goals from field--,brickley #b4 ,referee--,w4 ,s4 ,langford1 ,trinity4 ,umpire--,d4 ,l4 ,fultz1 ,brown4 ,head ,linesman --,w4 ,n4 ,morice1 ,pennsylvania4 ,time--#ae3jj periods4 8,covering0 a ,baseball ,game4 ,the accepted methods of reporting baseball games and other athletic contests1 and the form in which stories of them are written1 are very similar to those described above for football4 ,the example given below shows the application of the general principles to baseball3 ,new ,york1 ,may #f4--,new ,york took second place from ,philadelphia in a #c to #b game today notwithstanding that the ,quakers hit ,mathewson two and a quarter times as hard as the ,giants hit ,foxen4 ,of their four hits ,new ,york grouped three in one inning1 the sixth1 in which they made their three runs2 while ,philadelphia got three of their nine hits in the eighth with but two runs4 ,there was a shade of difference in the consecutiveness of the bunched hits1 and that was where ,mathewson was more effective than ,foxen4 ,a comparison of the work of the two pitchers1 however1 from the point of view of adverse runs1 shows that there was an error by 8,matty0 which accounted for one ,quaker tally1 a wild throw in running down ,bates1 who soon afterwards scored4 ,the game was sharply played with a good deal of snappy fielding4 ,devlin and ,knabe were fine on ground balls1 each ranging swiftly to the left and gathering up everything within the limit4 ,doyle in the fifth made a star pickup of a hard ball to his right4 ,poor base running lost the ,phillies a run in the fourth4 ,grant opened up with a hit1 ,magee sacrificed1 and ,bransfield hit to ,doyle1 who fumbled4 ,the ball went through ,doyle1 and had ,grant been watchful and kept right on home1 he would have scored4 ,as it was1 he hesitated1 then started for the plate1 and was caught trying to get back to third4 ,new ,york's scoring in the sixth began with ,doyle's liner to center4 ,murray laid down a bunt and put it where it did the most good4 ,titus was far out when he dropped ,seymour's fly to let ,doyle and ,murray move up a base each4 ,fletcher hit a fine one to right and brought ,doyle and ,murray home4 ,seymour scored on ,doyle's fly to ,magee4 ,in the eighth with ,foxen out1 ,philadelphia started off on their two tallies4 ,titus sent a two-base hit out along the chalk-mark to the south-east4 ,bates laced a single through the diamond and brought in ,titus4 ,mathewson caught ,bates napping1 but overthrew the base in the run down and ,bates scurried back to first4 ,grant was thrown out by ,mathewson1 ,magee was passed1 and ,bransfield singled1 letting ,bates score4 ,two were left on bases when ,knabe went out1 ,mathewson to ,merkle4 ,the score3 ,,philadelphia4 ,,new ,,york4 ab4 h4 p4 a4 e4 ab4 h4 p4 a4 e4 ,titus1 rf #e #a #b #j #a;,devore1 lf #d #j #j #j #j ,bates1 lf #d #b #b #j #j;,doyle1 #b;b #c #a #a #f #a ,grant1 #c;b #d #a #a #a #j,murray1 rf #d #a #a #j #j ,magee1 cf #a #j #e #j #j,seym'r1 cf #d #j #a #j #j ,b'field1 #a;b #d #b #ab #j #j;,fleth'r1 ss #c #a #a #j #j ,knabe1 #b;b #d #a #j #g #j;,devlin1 #c;b #b #j #a #d #j ,dool'n1 ss #d #a #a #a #j,merkle1 #a;b #b #j #ah #a #j ,dooin1 c #d #j #a #a #j,meyers1 c #c #j #d #b #j ,foxen1 p #c #a #j #b #j,math'on1 p #c #a #j #g #a 99,ward #a #j #j #j #j ,totals #cd #i #bd #ab #a ,totals #bh #d #bg #bj #b 99,batted for ,foxen in the ninth inning4 ,philadelphia #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #b #j--b ,new ,york #j #j #j #j #j #c #j #j 4--#c ,runs--,philadelphia--,titus1 ,bates4 ,new ,york--,doyle1 ,murray1 ,seymour4 ,first base on errors--,philadelphia1 #a2 ,new ,york1 #a4 ,left on bases--,philadelphia1 #h2 ,new ,york1 #e4 ,first base on balls--,off ,foxen1 #c2 off ,mathewson1 #b4 ,struck out--,by ,foxen1 #a2 by ,mathewson1 #c4 ,two base hit-- ,titus4 ,sacrifice hit--,magee4 ,sacrifice fly--,devlin4 ,stolen base--,fletcher4 ,balk--,foxen4 ,umpire in chief--,rigler4 ,assistant umpire--,emslie4 ,time--#a hour and #cj minutes4 ,the ,style of ,sporting ,news ,stories4 ,the style of sporting news stories is marked by the use of terms peculiar to the game or sport and often by the slang that is popular at the time1 particularly the slang that is in vogue among those interested in each sport4 ,young reporters1 and some older ones1 too1 seem to think that they can best prove their knowledge of sports by using in their stories as much as possible of the slang current among the professionals and their followers in the sport4 ,on the other hand1 some of the recognized authorities on sports write interesting and readable accounts of contests without indulging in such sporting slang4 ,a number of sporting editors1 in order to give variety to their daily reports of baseball games1 have sought to coin new phrases and figures of speech1 and the result has sometimes been so clever and amusing that these writers have established a considerable reputation for novelty of expression4 ,too frequently1 however1 the imitations of the work of the successful1 clever few have not been effective1 and consequently have not been so good as simple1 direct reports4 ,originality of expression is as desirable in sporting news stories as it is elsewhere1 but a style that is marked by little more than cheap humor and vulgar slang has nothing to commend it4 ,society ,news4 ,society news is usually collected1 written1 and edited by the society editor1 almost invariably a woman4 ,in order to insure accuracy1 facts for such stories should be obtained directly from those concerned in the event4 ,announcements of engagements and of weddings1 particularly1 must never be accepted for publication unless furnished by the persons themselves or their families1 as would-be practical jokers not infrequently undertake to make victims of their acquaintances by sending to newspapers false announcements of this kind4 ,some newspapers distribute printed forms to be filled out by those giving important social entertainments1 and these are sent out several days in advance so that they may be returned in time and the facts correctly reported4 ,the form and style of news stories of many society events are determined to some extent by social usages4 ,those who desire to become society editors1 and reporters generally1 because they may be assigned to cover society events1 should notice carefully how news of this sort is written up in society columns4 ,the typographical style often differs from that of the other parts of the paper4 ,the whole story of a wedding1 reception1 or other social event1 in many papers is given in one paragraph1 although it may consist of several hundred words4 ,a concise story giving all the essential details1 and avoiding trite expressions like 8charming10 8beautiful10 and 8tastily10 is the most acceptable one4 ,conventional forms for such typical events as weddings1 receptions1 and announcements of engagements are given below3 ,announcements of ,engagements 7#a7 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,william ,gideon ,hethrington of ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j41 formerly of ,chicago1 announce the engagement of their daughter1 ,marjorie1 to ,ernest ,wilson ,swan1 son of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,carl ,j4 ,swan1 of ,cleveland4 7#b7 ,the engagement is announced of ,miss ,ida ,wellington ,winter of ,st4 ,paul1 to ,milton ,gilman ,wells1 son of ,col4 ,john ,ottway ,wells1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,military ,attach in ,panama1 and nephew of ,mayor ,stephen ,s4 ,wells1 ,military ,attach to the ,american ,embassy in ,paris4 ,the announcement was made by ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,gordon ,s4 ,stanford of ,st4 ,paul1 aunt and uncle of ,miss ,winter1 at whose home at ,leonard ,place the wedding will take place some time next month4 ,mr4 ,wells was graduated from ,princeton in #aijf1 and is in business in this city4 ,he lives at the ,princeton ,club1 #aba ,east ,twenty-first ,street4 ,weddings 7#a7 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,james ,h4 ,hayes of ,winton1 ,n4 ,y41 announce the marriage of their daughter ,helen to ,eugene ,payson ,drown1 formerly of ,chicago4 ,the wedding took place ,wednesday in ,brookville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,drown will reside in ,brookville4 7#b7 ,the marriage of ,miss ,rose ,eldred ,white1 daughter of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,joseph ,white of #bcj ,wilmington ,avenue1 to ,nathaniel ,robert ,owen1 will take place ,monday evening1 ,dec4 #i1 at the ,hotel ,sherman in the presence of the immediate families4 7#c7 ,the marriage of ,miss ,ruth ,oswick1 daughter of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,pemberton ,hines ,oswick of #eaa ,north ,highland avenue1 ,pembroke ,park1 to ,franklin ,isquith1 was celebrated last night at #i o'clock at the ,first ,congregational ,church of ,pembroke ,park1 ,dr4 ,john ,howard ,grosvenor performing the ceremony4 ,mrs4 ,holton1 sister of the bride1 was matron of honor4 ,miss ,ina ,isquith1 sister of the bridegroom1 was maid of honor1 and there were six bridesmaids--the ,misses ,vera ,pynch of ,st4 ,louis1 ,bertha ,marquis1 ,ethel ,high1 ,marguerite ,winton1 ,doris ,hyde1 and ,edna ,stone4 ,franklin ,williams ,oswick1 brother of the bride1 was best man and the ushers were ,w4 ,w4 ,collins1 ,leonard ,danzic1 ,richard ,de ,long1 ,pembroke ,johns1 ,chester ,danzic1 and ,richard ,lewis of ,chicago4 ,elizabeth ,reed1 cousin of the bride1 was flower girl and ,burton ,davies of ,oak ,park acted as master of ceremonies4 ,the bridal gown was of ivory charmeuse satin with an overdress of chantilly trimmed with pearls1 and the bridal shower bouquet was of lilies of the valley and brides' roses4 ,the matron of honor wore lavender brocaded satin trimmed with lace and crystals and carried lavender sweet peas4 ,the maid of honor's gown was of pink embroidered ,japanese brocaded silk trimmed with ,venetian lace4 ,she carried lavender chrysanthemums4 ,the bridesmaids wore frocks of the different colors of the rainbow4 ,two were in blue1 two in yellow1 and two in green4 ,they carried white chrysanthemums4 ,a reception for #ejj guests followed at the ,colonial ,club of ,pembroke ,park4 ,the decorations were chrysanthemums1 smilax and palms4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,isquith will be at home in ,los ,angeles after ,feb4 #a4 ,luncheons1 ,receptions1 ,etc4 7#a7 ,mrs4 ,wilson ,mc,hain gave a luncheon yesterday at the ,woman's ,athletic ,club in honor of ,miss ,florence ,raymond ,baugh1 who is to be married to ,dale ,cranford ,haynes of ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 on ,saturday4 ,covers were laid for six1 and the guests were ,miss ,gertrude ,binton1 ,mrs4 ,harrison ,stanton1 ,mrs4 ,arthur ,g4 ,nain1 and ,mrs4 ,willard ,s4 ,de ,long of ,buffalo4 7#b7 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,donald ,white ,mc,nabey1 ,markham ,place1 will give a reception on ,thursday from #e to #g1 in honor of their daughter1 ,miss ,dorothy ,mc,nabey1 who will be presented to society4 ,following the reception1 the young people in the assisting party will be entertained at a supper and informal dance4 ,club ,news 7#a7 ,the civics and philanthropy class of the ,highland ,park ,culture ,club will hold its first meeting of the year this morning at #aj o'clock at the ,hotel ,van ,buren4 ,mrs4 ,arthur ,g4 ,antwick is chairman4 7#b7 ,an ornamental public drinking fountain of marble and granite1 bearing arc electric lights at its top1 will be erected by the ,woman's ,outdoor ,league and placed in some prominent public place1 according to plans arranged at a meeting of the league in the ,hamilton ,hotel yesterday afternoon4 8,the league has erected and placed six small public drinking fountains in congested districts of the city10 said ,mrs4 ,franklin ,renton1 president of the league1 8and we will now erect a fountain that will be a credit to the outdoor work of our organization and a beauty spot for the city4 ,as soon as we have determined upon the site where the fountain will be placed we will arrange for proper public ceremonies dedicating it to the city40 ,during the last year the league has erected a bungalow in the ,zological ,gardens besides supervising other outdoor work4 ,officers chosen for #aiac were3 ,president--,mrs4 ,dean ,c4 ,white4 ,first vice-president--,mrs4 ,albert ,d4 ,halen4 ,second vice-president--,miss ,willa ,murray4 ,secretary--,mrs4 ,parkins ,greene4 ,treasurer--,miss ,clarice ,morgan4 7#c7 ,the ,social ,economics ,club met yesterday afternoon at #b o'clock in the ,woman's ,temple4 ,mrs4 ,john ,robins ,bell in a paper on 8,industrialism0 advocated vocational training in the public schools in connection with the regular school course4 ,miss ,viola ,harding sang1 accompanied by ,miss ,alice ,lanning4 ,banquets and ,holiday ,celebrations4 ,news stories of banquets and of various forms of holiday celebrations are not usually put in the society columns and are not covered by the society editor4 ,if at a banquet after-dinner speaking is the important part of the event1 such portions of the speeches as are of great interest are given the most space4 ,if the speaking is not a feature1 a description is given of the occasion1 and particularly of any interesting incidents or unusual circumstances4 ,for stories of holiday celebrations1 such as ,christmas festivities1 a general descriptive lead serves to introduce accounts of various forms of celebration by societies1 at public institutions1 and on the streets4 ,how such an event as a banquet may be written up at some length in an unconventional manner with enough life and interest to make it entertaining reading1 is shown in the following news story taken from the ,new ,york ,sun3 ,if you've ever sat in the enemy's camp when the ,blue eleven lunged its last yard for a touchdown and had your hair ruffled by the roar that swept across the gridiron1 you can guess how #a1ejj ,yale men yelled at the ,waldorf last night for ,bill ,taft of '#gh4 ,it came all at once1 a terrific1 ear-jarring crash of cheers that danced the glasses on the table tops and fluttered the big flags around the balconies4 ,they had ceased the pounding chant of 8,boola40 ,the classes from '#ec to '#jh had flung the ,brek-a-kek-kek1 ,ko-ax1 ,ko-ax from wall to wall1 and the orchestra1 away up under the roof1 had dropped the horns and fiddles from sheer weariness4 ,there was a moment of unexpected quiet4 ,suddenly the electric lights died all over the grand ballroom4 ,a searchlight sprayed its rays squarely on a drop curtain which pictured the old ,brick ,row as it was in the days when ,president ,taft was a freshman4 ,you could see the rail fence1 even the initials cut along the boards--8,w4 ,h4 ,t410 8,o4 ,t4 ,b410 8,a4 ,t4 ,h40 ,tall elms leaned toward the ancient buildings and spread their foliage over the dingy roofs4 ,the broad band of light moved up and down over the picture1 hesitated1 then fell squarely on ,president ,taft as he sat with ,president ,arthur ,twining ,hadley of the university and ,president ,james ,r4 ,sheffield of the ,yale ,club4 ,the ,president's head was half turned toward the picture of the old ,brick ,row4 ,he wasn't smiling4 ,the yell started1 spread all over the room and gathered force as man after man opened the throttle of his lungs and turned on the full power that was in him and roared and thundered until the lights went out again4 ,in the darkness presently the old ,brick ,row appeared and took form4 ,soft lights gleamed at the windows of the dormitories4 ,the chapel bell tolled faintly4 ,the cheerful voices of freshmen calling to freshmen were heard very faintly4 ,a shout only less mighty than the salute to the ,president shook the big room and shortly passed to laughter4 ,somebody started a chant4 ,the ,yale graduates took it up by hundreds until #a1ejj of them shouted in rhythm3 ,oh1 ,freshman1 put out that light6 ,oh1 ,freshman1 put out that light6 ,oh1 ,freshman1 put out that light6 ,that was ,yale's greeting to ,taft of '#gh4 ,the welcome to ,president ,william ,howard ,taft1 who happened to have been graduated from ,yale and not some other university--,harvard1 say1 or ,princeton--came later1 when ,president ,sheffield of the ,yale ,club and ,president ,hadley sent big words over his head and admitted that the character of the man had something to do with his rise in the world as well as the ,yale training4 ,but there were many moments when the graduates put aside the fact that they were entertaining the ,president4 ,the old men who were graduated a little before or a little after ,mr4 ,taft and had known him in college gravitated toward the dais by twos and threes1 laughing and chuckling and poking each other in the ribs4 ,mr4 ,taft was on his feet most of the time4 8,bill1 ,i wonder if you remember this one--0 and ,tom of '#gh or ,jack of '#gi would reel off a story or a joke that hadn't been released maybe for thirty years4 ,there was the story of the little red hen--but it need not be repeated4 ,mr4 ,taft remembered it1 that was certain4 ,and while the handshaking and the reminiscences and the old jokes were keeping ,mr4 ,taft busy on the dais1 a cannonading of cheers and songs was fired at him from every table in the room4 ,they sang him 8,the ,old ,brick ,row0 and 8,yale ,will ,win10 and when they had run through these they took up 8,boola0 again and again until the sweep of its rhythm had drawn the voice of every man in the room1 including the ,president's4 ,it was the biggest dinner ever held in the ,waldorf-,astoria1 which means perhaps the biggest in ,new ,york city4 ,several years ago the ,republican ,club entertained ,col4 ,roosevelt at the ,waldorf and upward of #a1bjj men crammed themselves in to eat and drink and cheer4 ,last night's broke all the records4 ,there were exactly #a1ddh at the tables and more than #ajj who came late were not able to sit down at all4 ,every square foot of space in the grand ballroom except the narrow lanes for the waiters was occupied4 ,the dinner overflowed into the ,astor gallery1 where elbow room was desired and denied4 ,there were tables in the hallways and tables set in the two levels of boxes--something that doesn't happen in a generation4 ,the stage was set with attention to detail shown by professionals4 ,besides the big drop curtain behind the head table1 which depicted the old ,brick ,row as it was in ,taft's time1 they had strung a section of rail fence in front of the table1 a replica of the fence on which ,mr4 ,taft used to whittle his initials4 ,the elms of the picture sent their tops as far outward on the canvas as possible1 and then the illusion was carried out cunningly by the greenery that underhung the ceiling4 ,the ballroom floor was the campus of ,yale1 and the illusion was produced pretty successfully4 ,all through the smilax and vines of the ceiling were thousands and thousands of pink roses1 roses past all counting4 ,there were clusters and pots of them on the table tops1 hung from the balconies and draped around swinging incandescents1 which glowed pink when the lights were lowered4 ,all of these things were accomplished by ,noble ,f4 ,hoggson of '#hh1 who got busy in the banquet room at #b o'clock yesterday morning after a ball had danced itself out4 ,the following description of a newsboys' ,christmas 8feast10 as reported in the ,new ,york ,tribune1 illustrates another type of work which the reporter is called upon to do3 ,a game dinner where the eaters were game1--that was the newsboys' ,christmas feast1 provided last night in the ,brace ,memorial ,newsboys' ,lodging ,house1 ,no4 #ad ,new ,chambers street1 by ,william ,m4 ,fliess1 ,jr4 ,the happiness of poverty without responsibility1 of boyhood unchecked1 of sporting blood untamed1 of divine independence1 shone from the eyes of those noisy 8newsies10 thrilled in their laughter1 barked in their shouts4 ,and envy1 not pity1 stirred the hearts of the men and women who had left comfortable homes1 in immaculate attire1 to watch the children of the street absorb their little mountains of food4 ,no separate courses1 no cocktails and caviar1 no after-dinner speeches were needed to make that dinner palatable1 to separate mind from stomach1 to create buoyancy of spirits4 ,a big bowl of thick1 steaming soup2 a plate heaped with turkey1 potatoes and mashed turnips2 a cupful of smoking coffee and a whole pie1 as round as the smiling face of the sun1 greeted each separate appetite simultaneously1 and caused no gorge to rise4 ,not a bit of space was wasted on those long1 white tables1 flanked by their narrow1 red benches4 ,big bunches of celery took the place of inedible decorations1 and appealed infinitely more to the artistic souls of the grimy little guests than would flowers or ferns4 ,all ages from five to twenty were represented1 and big boy and infant sat side by side in perfect comradeship1 since age counts for little in the freemasonry of the street4 ,some pinched1 white little faces there were1 but not many1 to set off by comparison the wind reddened cheeks of most of the throng4 ,none had an overcoat2 some were even without jackets1 but they all looked warm4 ,one young man of six marched in with a drum1 which matched his countenance for expansive roundness and noisy ,christmas cheer4 ,he sat down with it strapped to his side1 which crowded his neighbor somewhat1 but there was no complaint1 for not even a 8newsy0 could entertain the thought of separating him for a moment from such a present4 ,the feast started at #g o'clock1 but at #h o'clock there were many places still empty and waiting1 for the late 8extras0 with news of the ,johnson-,burns prizefight detained many of the older boys who had important stands4 ,and for the same reason there was little of the organized cheering of former years for the benefactor and for ,superintendent ,heig1 since 8,chicago ,tom10 8,wise ,joe0 and other leaders were still selling 8papes0 at the bridge entrance4 ,but it was a 8handout till midnight10 and time enough to 8stick on de job0 and 8get in on de feed10 too4 ,it was hard1 though1 on the shivering1 shuffling line of beggared outcasts which hugged the ,brace ,memorial building on three sides1 waiting until all the 8newsies0 had got 8theirs40 ,here was no ,christmas buoyancy1 only hopeless patience in wasted faces1 in huddled forms1 in gnawing hunger which sprang not from red blood4 ,that dim1 silent fringe which pressed tight up against the brick walls1 as if seeking warmth and sustenance from the contact1 expressed the antithesis of the scene within4 ,emphasis of this was not wanting as groups of boisterous 8newsies10 clattering down the stairs and bursting out of the door1 haled different members of the company4 8,hungry1 ,bill80 8,wait till next ,christmas40 ,and the replies1 accompanied by wan smiles3 8,say1 kid1 what dey handin' out80 8,are ye leavin' enough fer us80 ,these men were to get what the 8newsies0 left1 and yet not all either1 for following them would come the women1 the tattered hags of the night4 ,and so the feast1 begun in brightness1 would end with the saddest chapter of civilization4 ,the women did not line up4 ,they shrank from the stares of passersby1 and waited until the last before crawling forth from their lairs4 ,two thousand newsboys and homeless men and women were fed through the generosity of ,mr4 ,fliess1 who provides such a feast every ,christmas4 ,his father began giving these annual dinners forty-five years ago1 and his son is continuing them in his memory4 ,seven hundred pounds of turkey1 three hundred of ham1 four barrels of potatoes and four of turnips1 fifteen hundred pies and countless gallons of coffee1 tea1 and soup were the principal items of his provision last night4 ,two hundred applicants were seated at a time4 ,there was no disorder4 ,one man1 arriving late1 when the last dishes were being cleared away1 was referred to ,mr4 ,heig4 8,misteer10 he said1 8,i came from ,peekskill1 walking all the way1 and ,i am most famished4 ,can ,i have something to eat80 8,there is a cup of tea or coffee left1 anyway1 and a piece of bread4 ,give it to him10 ,mr4 ,heig said1 turning to his assistants4 ,presently a plate of steaming turkey and vegetables was placed in front of the man4 ,mr4 ,heig said one of the girls helping in the kitchen1 who hadn't eaten anything since morning1 had insisted that her share go to the traveller4 ,mr4 ,heig said the closing of many manufacturing plants in the last year had set thousands of boys adrift4 ,the ,newsboys' ,lodging ,house had become a haven1 he said1 for all the homeless and friendless lads in the city1 and in the last year had sheltered #c1hdd different boys4 ,christmas and other holidays give occasion for accounts of various forms of celebration1 of which the following story from the ,new ,york ,evening ,post is a good example3 ,just when the afternoon shadows were beginning to lengthen in ,trinity churchyard1 the snow-hedged paths were filled with children hurrying to the service known as the 8,visit to the ,manger40 ,by scores they surged along1 bearing banners1 until the church doors swallowed them up4 ,it was the day of one of ,trinity's most hallowed customs4 ,nobody knows exactly when it was instituted1 although tradition says that it began during the late ,dr4 ,dix's incumbency4 ,with the passing years the 8,visit to the ,manger0 has become the recognized prelude to the ,sunday ,school feast and ,christmas tree1 on the day before ,christmas4 ,in the church long streamers of greens twined the pillars1 and here and there gleamed holly2 above the rows of heads the banners with their inscriptions trembled4 ,shrill young voices joined in the carols4 ,notes of the processional rang clearly4 ,once in royal ,david's city ,stood a lowly cattle shed1 ,where a mother laid her ,baby ,in a manger for ,his bed2 ,mary was that mother mild1 ,jesus ,christ her little ,child4 ,afterward they sang 8,o ,come1 ,all ,ye ,faithful10 and when the address had been delivered by the presiding clergyman1 the children chanted that other wonderful old carol1 8,the ,snow ,lay on the ,ground40 ,the snow lay on the ground1 ,the stars shone bright1 ,when ,christ our ,lord was born ,on ,christmas night6 ,when ,christ our ,lord was born ,on ,christmas night6 ,then came the 8,visit to the ,manger40 ,long ranks of children were formed in the aisles1 and1 led by two trumpeters from the ,metropolitan ,opera ,house blowing 8,waken1 ,christian ,children10 they marched in solemn procession to the vestibule under the spire1 right in the main entrance1 where the manger was situated4 ,on a platform1 raised so that everybody could see it1 was a representation of the ,night at ,bethlehem4 ,all the characters in that first drama of ,christianity were there2 the sheep and cattle stood munching straw--or so it seemed4 ,lighted candles glowed on them1 and overhead boomed the great organ1 while the children's voices sang as they looked and marched on3 ,waken1 ,christian children4 ,up6 and let us sing ,with glad voice the praises ,of our new-born ,king4 ,up6 ',tis meet to welcome1 ,with a joyful lay4 ,christ1 the ,king of ,glory1 ,born for us to-day6 ,when all of them--and there must have been three or four hundred--had made the 8,visit to the ,manger10 and were back in their seats once more1 so many orderly rows of ,sunday school children1 instead of little pilgrims wandering a road far older than that which leads to ,canterbury1 the service was resumed1 and soon came the recessional 8,o ,little ,town of ,bethlehem40 ,the service over1 the congregation1 a very much excited array1 was marshalled to the parish house in the rear of the church where the great ,christmas tree and a gorgeous feast were awaiting them4 ,there were moving pictures1 too1 that showed the journey of the ,wise ,men from the ,east and the ,star that guided them4 ,writing ,obituaries4 ,news stories of deaths1 with the biographical sketch1 or obituary1 which usually accompanies such announcements in the case of men of more or less prominence1 constitute another type that differs somewhat from general news stories4 ,the essential facts for the lead are the name of the person1 his position1 his address1 the cause of his death and the duration of his illness1 the names of the members of his family that survive him1 and any important circumstances connected with his death4 ,the significance of his career1 or an estimate of his life work1 may often serve to connect the lead with the biography that follows4 ,every well organized newspaper office files biographies of well-known men of the city1 state1 or nation1 when these are published in newspapers or magazines1 or are furnished by news bureaus1 so that they may be ready for instant use when an obituary is to be written4 ,to this 8morgue10 or 8graveyard10 as it is called1 the reporter or editor goes to get whatever material is on hand concerning the person whose obituary he is to write4 8,who's ,who10 biographical dictionaries1 city1 county1 and state histories1 and other similar books of reference1 furnish valuable data for biographies4 ,how a biographical sketch of a well-known man may be written up in the newspaper office when the news of his death is received1 is shown in the following story of ,dr4 ,koch and his work1 which appeared in the ,boston ,transcript3 ,baden ,baden1 ,may #bh4--,professor ,robert ,koch1 the famous bacteriologist1 died here yesterday afternoon from a disease of the heart4 ,he was born at ,klausthal1 ,hanover1 ,dec4 #aa1 #ahdc4 ,the name of ,dr4 ,robert ,koch is one of the most illustrious in that comp- aratively small group of the world's great medical specialists4 ,he was one of the very few men who have demon- strated entirely new principles and developed them to practical results4 ,dr4 ,koch's investigation of anthrax1 to which ,pasteur had devoted a great deal of attention1 first brought him into general recognition as an authority4 ,a visitation of cholera at ,hamburg afforded him scope for experiments in that direction1 and to ,koch undoubtedly belongs the distinction of specifying and demonstrating the cholera bacillus4 ,he was placed at the head of the cholera commission1 and subsequently visited ,egypt and ,india1 when those countries were scourged by a cholera epidemic1 his services being recognized by various decorations of honor and by a substantial honorarium of #ajj1jjj marks 7#bj1jjj74 ,in the course of his cholera investigations he exemplified the fact that the bacillus1 or active organism of the disease1 seldom enters deeper than the living membrane of the intestines4 ,his discoveries in demonstrating separately and specifying the bacillus or micro-organism of disease1 have also contributed most valuable knowledge of the cause of typhoid fever and erysipelas4 ,in the popular mind he was perhaps best known as the discoverer of a supposed cure for consumption1 a remedy which failed to fulfil the hopes of an over-expectant public4 ,yet the tremendous strides made in recent years toward the stamping out of that supposedly incurable disease are due1 more than to any other one man1 to the great ,german experimenter4 ,medical men today freely attribute the striking decrease in the death rate from tuberculosis to ,koch's discovery in #ahhb that the disease is infectious4 ,to this achievement he added important studies of malaria1 cholera1 bubonic plague1 rinderpest1 cattle plague1 splenic fever and wound poison4 ,dr4 ,koch received a medical education at ,gttingen4 ,after his graduation1 in #ahff1 he became assistant surgeon in the ,hamburg ,general ,hospital4 ,later he took up private practice at ,langenhagen1 ,hanover2 at ,rakwitz1 ,posen2 and at ,wollstein1 ,posen4 ,by #ahgb he had already a standing in his profession which won him an appointment to the ,imperial ,board of ,health4 ,ten years later he succeeded in isolating the tubercle bacillus1 and his standing as an expert was secure4 ,honors followed fast4 ,he was made privy councillor in #ahhc1 and became director of the ,cholera ,commission to ,india and ,egypt4 ,in #ahhd he discovered the cholera spirillum1 regarded as the positive test of ,asiatic cholera1 and for this signal service he received by legislative act a gift of #bj1jjj4 ,the following year he became a professor in the ,university of ,berlin1 director of the newly established ,hygienic ,institute of ,berlin1 and also director of the ,prussian ,board of ,health4 ,but so far the winner of scientific honors had escaped the popular notice4 ,it was in ,november1 #ahij1 that word was suddenly flashed around the world that a ,german scientist had discovered an infallible remedy for tuberculosis4 8,koch's consumption cure0 became a talismanic phrase of hope to millions4 ,consumptives rushed to ,berlin from every corner of the earth4 ,men in the last stages of the disease died in railway carriages on their way to the great physician4 ,no one regretted this tragic manifestation more than ,dr4 ,koch4 ,he had known that his experiments were incomplete and that he was not yet ready to put his tuberculin to practical use4 ,he sought to keep it from the public1 but sensationalists garbled his modest report1 and the mischief was wrought4 ,nevertheless1 the student continued his work undaunted4 ,the ,robert ,koch ,institute for the investigation of tuberculosis was founded in ,berlin4 ,andrew ,carnegie contributed #abe1jjj to its work4 ,from it has proceeded the most valuable backing of the world-wide war on the white plague4 ,dr4 ,koch's latest work was the investigation in ,south ,africa of sleeping sickness1 in recognition of which ,emperor ,william conferred on him the title of ,excellency4 ,from ,august1 #aijf1 to ,october1 #aijg1 the doctor and his assistants carried on these investigations on the ,sesse ,islands1 in the ,victoria ,nyanza4 ,the work was not without its dangers1 as the disease manifested itself there in its most virulent form4 ,natives were dying on all sides4 ,he discovered the origin of the disease in the tsetse fly4 ,to destroy this fly and thus end the scourge he recommended the annihilation of the crocodile1 on whose blood the fly feeds4 ,on one point ,dr4 ,koch differed radically from most other authorities on tuberculosis4 ,he maintained that tuberculosis in cattle was not transferable to man4 ,this position he held to most vigorously at the ,tuberculosis ,congress in ,london1 in #aija4 ,in #aijh1 however1 when he came to this country to attend the congress at ,washington1 he was fated to hear his conclusions voted down by a resolution of the body4 ,he made no reply1 and many believe his opinions had been modified4 ,this journey to the ,united ,states in #aijh was his first trip to this country and ,america's savants strove to pay him the honors due4 ,he was the distinguished guest at a ,new ,york dinner4 ,it was there that ,andrew ,carnegie called him one of the 8heroes of civilization40 ,dr4 ,koch received the ,harden medal in recognition of his eminent services to medical science and public health1 the ,nobel ,medicine ,prize1 amounting to #dj1jjj1 for his researches looking to the prevention and cure of tuberculosis1 and many minor honors4 ,the following obituary of a writer1 though meagre in biographical detail1 is well adapted to convey an impression of her personality and of the quality of her work4 ,it appeared in the ,new ,york ,sun4 ,myra ,kelly 7,mrs4 ,allan ,macnaughton71 affectionately known to many thousands of readers as the writer of stories of ,ghetto children1 died yesterday in ,torquay1 ,england4 ,ten years or so ago a newspaper man was dining one evening with ,dr4 ,james ,t4 ,kelly1 who asked for advice concerning his daughter's troubles with magazine editors4 ,this seemed like the preface to a familiar story--the young woman had literary ability which the editors persistently refused to recognize4 ,what was to be done8 ,but the story was not along that familiar line4 8,my daughter1 ,myra10 said ,dr4 ,kelly when his companion asked how he could help1 8is teaching in a downtown ,east ,side school4 ,all of us at home have been entertained by her stories of her pupils and ,i urged her to write some of them4 ,she was timid about it because of the tales of often rejected manuscripts by unknown writers and did not say that she would make the trial4 8,unknown to me she did1 though1 and1 determined to get over the agony of unanimous rejection as soon as possible1 she made three copies of her story and posted one each to three magazine editors4 8,this morning she came to me in distress with three letters from three editors1 three checks1 and three requests for more stories40 ,dr4 ,kelly's companion agreed to act as diplomatic agent2 he saw the three editors1 settled the matter of first choice by lot1 and gave the bewildered young school teacher's promise of other stories in turn to the other two editors4 ,that was the unusual manner of entrance into the field of story writing of ,myra ,kelly1 then a teacher in the primary grade of ,public ,school #adg4 ,the opinions of the magazine editors were speedily justified4 ,readers demanded more stories about 8,isidore ,belchatosky10 there were enthusiastic encores for further comment by 8,morris ,mogilewsky10 subscribers would not be denied more of the wisdom of 8,becky ,zalmonowsky10 and 8,patrick ,brennan10 whose father had resisted the tide which had swept most of his race away from ,poverty ,hollow1 had friends by the thousands among magazine readers4 ,for the first story ,myra ,kelly was glad to accept #ej2 within a year she got #ejj for every story she wrote4 ,and all she had done1 she often said1 was simply to write down the stories she told at home of the queer deeds and views of the ,ghetto children to whom she was teaching a1 b1 c1--and deportment4 ,but these stories were so very unlike any others from out of that world 8east of the ,bowery10 reproduced so quaintly the dialects1 so accurately the points of view1 gave such a new1 deep insight into that seething world where there were hundreds of thousands of citizens in the making1 that their author quickly became famous and prosperous4 ,but ,miss ,kelly kept on with her work in that ,east ,broadway school1 and remained where she had elected to teach1 in the lower grade4 ,she might have had higher grade classes1 for she had been specially prepared for her profession by post-graduate studies4 ,but the little folk from the tenements seemed to her to deserve the best instruction that could be given to them not only in a1 b1 c1 but in how to look upon life1 domestic and civil4 ,also she kept on writing stories until they grew into books1 8,little ,citizens10 8,isle of ,dreams10 and 8,wards of ,liberty10 and these books1 selling by many large editions1 had a big influence in shaping the work of many societies and organizations trying to help make good citizens out of the children of the ,ghetto4 8,miss ,bailey0 was the name of the 8,teacher0 in those stories1 and what teacher had to overcome in respect to her pupils' views on some familiar aspects of ,american history is shown in this scene from one of her stories3 ---- 8,ain't ,george ,washington made shoots mit pistols80 demands ,isidore4 8,yes1 he did10 admitted ,miss ,bailey4 8,ain't ,teddy ,rosenfelt hit mans8 ,und ain't they made him ,president over it8 ,on'y that ain't how they makes mit mine uncle4 ,they don't make him ,presidents nor papas1 neither4 ,they takes and puts something from iron on his hands so he couldn't to talk1 even4 ,then they puts him in a wagon und they says they sends him over the water40 8,where80 asked the teacher4 8,over the river where islands is and prisons stands4 ,that's how they makes mit him1 the while he hits somebody mit pistols4 ,i guess they don't know about ,george and ,teddy4 ,they makes them--mine uncle tells you how they makes ,george and ,teddy--,presidents over it40 8,but that was from long1 ,izzie10 ,eva reminded him4 8,and altogether different10 added ,miss ,bailey4 8,an' me pop wasn't there2 he'd a pinched 'em10 said ,patrick4 8,und ,george had his gang along10 observed ,nathan ,spiderwitz4 8,und ,izzie10 said ,morris ,mogilewsky1 summing the matter up1 8,george ,wash'ton1 he ain't hit mans in legs mit shootin' pistols out killin' 'em4 ,you couldn't to be ,presidents or papas over that4 ,george ,wash'ton he kills 'em all bloody und dead4 ,he kills bunches of tousens of mans4 ,why ain't your uncle kill somebody80 8,he hits him in the leg10 reiterated ,isidore sadly4 8,but he ain't killed 'em4 ,und1 ,izzie1 sooner you ain't killed somebody bloody und dead1 you couldn't to be ,president and papas of countries40 ---- ,in #aije ,miss ,kelly married ,allan ,mac,naughton4 ,her husband met financial reverses1 her own health failed1 and she was unable to do much more literary work4 ,mrs4 ,mac,naughton1 who was born in ,dublin1 ,ireland1 about thirty years ago1 came to this city with her father1 ,dr4 ,james ,e4 ,kelly1 when she was a young child and received her education in this city4 ,,suggestions #a4 ,familiarize yourself with the form of all kinds of news stories4 #b4 ,remember that neither slang nor cheap humor is essential to a good sporting news story4 #c4 ,be fair in your characterization of the playing of each team4 #d4 ,avoid elaborate descriptions in the average society news story4 #e4 ,don't use hackneyed phrases in reporting society news4 #f4 ,be accurate in the biographical data of obituaries4 ,,practice ,,work #a4 ,criticize the following football story and rewrite it3 ,mid the strains of 8,o ,you ,beautiful ,doll0 with variations of 8,we ,won't ,get ,home ,until ,morning0 played in the gloaming1 wherever that is1 of a windy autumn eve1 ,referee ,williams judiciously called a halt on the annual ,st4 ,clair-,winton battle at the ,baseball park last night1 just when the top edge of the moon peeped over ,lake ,erie and the cardinal cohorts were leading in the battle by a score of #be to #g4 ,that's the official count1 three touchdowns1 one goal from touchdown and two drop kicks against the green and white's one lone touchdown1 scored in the final quarter of a hectic struggle featured by good open play on the part of both elevens1 ,harry ,hurson's great kicking and marred by the poor tackling of both elevens4 ,it was just another ,st4 ,clair victory and thus it will go down in history4 ,the old hoodoo still abides with the ,st4 ,clair boys south of the river1 and ,winton was not so much outplayed as outlucked4 ,the cardinals keyed to the minute for the struggle were on their toes from the opening whistle4 ,they played football at all times1 took advantage of every weakness and never lagged no matter how great the advantage and as a result they copped the city laurels which are theirs by virtue of the victory1 in a decidedly easy manner4 ,winton on the other hand1 outside of one or two individuals on the whole were content to take matters as they came and appeared averse to any exceptional effort1 combined or otherwise4 ,there was not that scrap and pep1 that characterizes the annual fight between the two teams1 and this more than any superior ability on the part of ,schmidt's champions1 militated against anything like a victory for the ,wintoners4 ,the first quarter was a feeler for both elevens4 ,in an offensive way1 the green and white did little1 playing purely on the defensive1 being content to punt on every first or second down1 keeping the ball in cardinal territory4 ,this worked well in the first quarter and the ,winton men were never in danger of being counted on4 ,the same holds true of ,st4 ,clair4 ,the second period brought a change of goals and although at the very start the ball was in ,st4 ,clair territory1 the advantage of the wind now lay with the cardinals and ,hurson's sturdy boot soon made that fact known to the defenders of the east goal4 ,while ,johnson in a measure held his own at this period with the ,st4 ,clair oval mixer1 he was decidedly slow in getting off his spirals4 ,a few minutes after the start of the quarter1 ,st4 ,clair1 with the advantage of the wind1 worked well into their rival's preserves and by sturdy plunges carried the pigskin to the thirty yard line4 ,winton held finally and after three futile flings at the cardinal line by the green and white backs1 ,johnson again stepped back to boot the leather into safe ground4 ,he made a miscue1 however1 in holding onto the ball too long1 an accident which featured his play in the ,north side game4 ,devine opposing ,franklin at tackle1 wormed his way through the ,winton defense and was on ,johnson before the latter was aware of his presence4 ,he blocked the attempted punt and followed up the ball which rolled well behind ,winton's goal1 made one futile attempt to corral the oval as it rolled over the grass carpet1 hopped to his feet again and this time drove true gathering the ball in his arms for the first score4 ,a punt out by ,hurson was properly heeled and the same ,hurson booted the ball squarely between the goal posts1 making the count #g to #j4 ,etc4 #b4 ,compare the following two reports of weddings and rewrite the first3 7#a7 ,the beautiful autumn evening ,tuesday1 was the scene of a happy wedding at the pleasant country home of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,william ,a4 ,milton of ,pembroke ,park1 when their only daughter1 ,ada ,may ,milton1 was united in marriage to ,henry ,p4 ,williams1 of ,harrington1 ,n4 ,y4 ,promptly at #d3cj p4 m41 the wedding party descended the stairway to the sweet melody of the wedding march1 with ,miss ,kathrine ,parker presiding at the piano4 ,the procession was led by the small flower maiden1 ,miss ,mabel ,teller1 dressed in pure white with a wreath of white daisies on her head and a large bunch of the same flowers in her hand4 ,the bride was richly but simply clad in white satin trimmed in gold jetted passementerie and gold jetted neck yoke1 with a filmy bridal veil daintily covering her golden brown hair and falling gracefully to the floor4 ,she carried fragrant white roses and pink carnations1 and she was met in the hallway by the groom4 ,the groom wore the conventional attire4 ,he was accompanied by his friend ,frank ,j4 ,norton1 of ,watertown1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the bride was accompanied by her cousin1 ,miss ,henrietta ,strong1 now a student of ,harrington normal4 ,miss ,strong was dressed in pure white with a bouquet of pink roses and carnations4 ,together the bride and groom entered the flower festooned parlor to the soft strains of music4 ,rev4 ,herrin1 of ,pembroke ,park1 united the popular young couple according to the solemn ritual of the ,methodist ,episcopal church4 ,after a shower of congratulations the wedding party entered the dining room where a sumptuous feast of good things was served to about seventy guests amidst the usual social conversation whilst the ,pembroke ,park ,brass ,band played its choicest selections4 ,later there was music by ,mrs4 ,henry ,delton and her son1 ,master ,harry ,delton1 on the piano and violin1 the latter being a pupil of the bride1 who is a music teacher in her town4 ,her education is as follows3 ,harrington1 ,n4,y41 for normal course2 ,baltimore1 ,md41 for business1 besides ,wesleyan ,college1 ,middleton1 ,pa41 and ,marietta1 ,o41 for musical education4 ,the groom was for some time a telegraph operator at ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 but at present1 being the last unmarried of the family1 he has lived with his mother1 ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,williams4 ,he belongs to one of ,polk county's well known families1 and is a member of the ,harrington ,brass ,band4 ,the bride belongs to one of the oldest and best families of her home county of ,madison4 ,both are popularly and well known in the home circles of many friends4 ,among pleasantly noted friends present were ,cashier ,w4 ,m4 ,schmidt of the ,harrington bank1 ,miss ,emma ,miles of ,harrington normal1 ,james ,b4 ,rogers1 merchant1 of ,littletown1 and brother-in-law of the groom1 accompanied by his small son1 ,robert1 and ,misses ,jessie and ,nettie ,williams1 cousins of the groom4 ,the wedding presents were numerous and of excellent selection1 several arriving days before from invited guests unable to be present4 7#b7 ,the wedding of ,miss ,gladys ,virginia ,du ,frain1 daughter of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,j4 ,cutter ,du ,frain1 to ,william ,battlesea1 adopted son and heir of the late ,william ,battlesea1 was celebrated at noon yesterday at the ,hotel ,royal1 the ,rev4 ,george ,s4 ,st4 ,clair1 rector of ,st4 ,john's ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of this city1 officiating4 ,only relatives and a few intimate friends were present for the ceremony1 which was performed in the ,renaissance room4 ,there was a temporary altar erected beneath a bower of palms and white chrysanthemums1 and standards draped with white satin ribbon and topped with clusters of pink and white chrysanthemums formed an aisle through which the bridal party passed4 ,an orchestra played during the service4 ,the bride walked to the altar with her father1 who gave her away4 ,she wore a gown of white satin trimmed with duchess lace1 and a veil of old point lace which fell over a court train4 ,she carried a bouquet of lilies of the valley and white orchids1 and among her ornaments was a pearl necklace1 the gift of the bridegroom4 ,miss ,charlotte ,hinchkin1 a cousin of the bridegroom1 was the flower girl4 ,her costume was of white lace over pink satin4 ,she wore a hat to match trimmed with pink tulle and she carried a basket of pink roses4 ,arthur ,du ,frain1 brother of the bride1 acted as page1 and ,william ,j4 ,hinchkin1 a cousin of the bridegroom1 was the best man4 ,there were no ushers4 ,after the ceremony there was a reception1 followed by a wedding breakfast in the ballroom4 ,the bridal party sat at a heart shaped table in the centre of a group of five tables4 ,mr4 ,battlesea and his bride left afterward for a short trip4 ,they will live at #add ,west ,sixty-ninth street4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,follow ,,up ,,and ,,rewrite ,,stories ,news ,possibilities4 ,the possibilities contained in a piece of news are seldom completely exhausted by the first story published concerning it4 ,causes1 results1 and significant phases many times cannot be ascertained when the first story is written4 ,new facts sometimes develop from hour to hour1 and very frequently from day to day4 ,it is the constant aim in newspaper making to give in each edition the latest possible phase of every important event4 ,accordingly1 news stories must be rewritten or must be given new leads as often as the character of the latest news warrants it4 ,a story is worth rewriting or following up as long as it is likely to be of interest to any considerable number of readers4 ,even when it is evident that the first story contains all the significant facts and that additional details cannot be obtained1 the first story may1 nevertheless1 have sufficient interest to deserve a rewriting by papers which have not as yet had an opportunity to publish the news that it contains4 ,a new feature is sought for in the first story1 and this feature1 when played up in the rewritten story1 gives it a new turn4 ,new significance1 likewise1 may be given to the event in the rewritten story by looking at it from a different point of view or by showing its relation to other events4 ,probable causes1 possible results1 or striking coincidences may be 8played up0 as new features4 ,often the next development can be anticipated to bring the rewrite up to the time of going to press4 ,imagination is necessary for success as a rewrite man1 not in order to invent fictitious details1 but to see the event in all its relations and to select the most significant of these for emphasis in rewriting4 ,whether or not a story is worth 8following up10 and how long it shall be 8followed up10 as well as whether or not a story is worth rewriting1 is determined by the newspaper man's appreciation of news values4 ,editors must be keen and accurate judges of popular interest in current events to know when to continue to give space and prominence to developments of a piece of news and when to drop it4 ,the division of the twenty-four-hour day between morning and evening papers results in editors and reporters on papers of one of these groups depending1 to some extent1 on those in the other for part of the day's round of news gathering4 ,consequently when the men on the evening papers begin work early in the morning1 they read with great care all the morning papers1 in order to find out what news has developed since the last edition of their papers went to press on the preceding day4 ,the men on morning newspapers1 likewise1 scan every edition of the evening papers in order to watch the course of events during the day4 ,this careful examination of newspapers is not confined to those of the city2 papers published in other cities of the state or of adjacent states are gone over for any pieces of news that have local phases1 or 8local ends40 ,the reading of all these newspapers furnishes the editors with many stories that must be rewritten and brought up to the moment4 ,rewriting4 ,when news is to be rewritten without additional details1 the stories clipped from other papers are turned over to rewrite men or to reporters to be put at once in a new form for publication4 ,if the editor desires more facts or later phases1 he gives the clipping to a reporter1 who1 taking the first story as a basis1 proceeds to get the desired additions before writing the new story4 ,in either case the first thing to do is to study carefully the first story to see what it contains and what are its possibilities4 ,every bearing of the piece of news on past1 present1 and future events must be carefully considered4 ,the importance of every possible relation should be weighed so that the most timely and most interesting feature may be given due prominence4 ,because of the rapid judgments on news values and the hurried writing of news stories that newspaper making necessitates1 the first story may not bring out at all or may not give prominence to what is in reality the most interesting aspect of the story1 and it remains for the man who is rewriting the story to take advantage of this neglected opportunity4 ,in his effort to tell all the details of the event itself1 the reporter who wrote the first story may not have considered ulterior causes and motives or he may not have had time to see the event in its relation to other events4 ,with the perspective that a few hours often gives1 the rewrite man can judge more accurately of these elements and in the rewritten story can give them the emphasis that they deserve4 ,in the rewriting of stories where no more facts are available1 the possibilities to be considered for the new lead are3 7#a7 some feature entirely overlooked by the writer of the first story1 7#b7 some element not given prominence in the first story1 that may be made the feature1 7#c7 the next probable consequence or development1 7#d7 some cause or motive not suggested or emphasized in the first story1 and 7#e7 the relation of the piece of news to some previous or coincident one4 ,the rewriting with no new facts but with a new feature played up in the lead is illustrated in the following stories3 7#a7 ,lead in ,evening ,paper4 ,after a week's search of all the cities of the state1 the police found ,mary ,sheldon1 the twelve-year-old daughter of ,roswell ,sheldon1 millionaire paper manufacturer of ,wilton1 at the ,park ,hotel today where she has been living for several days4 ,she had informed the clerk at the hotel on her arrival ,wednesday that she was waiting for her mother who would arrive in a few days4 ,when asked by the police why she had left home1 she replied that she liked to travel4 7#b7 ,lead of ,rewritten ,story in ,morning ,paper of ,following ,day4 8,i like to travel10 was the only explanation offered by ,mary ,sheldon1 the twelve-year-old daughter of ,roswell ,sheldon1 millionaire owner of large paper mills at ,wilton1 for running away from home a week ago1 and coming to this city last ,wednesday4 ,she was found by the police at the ,park ,hotel where she told the clerk when she arrived that she expected her mother to join her in a day or two4 7#a7 ,lead of ,first ,story in ,evening ,paper4 ,a giant hippopotamus1 a cook1 and the ship's crew1 as principals1 enacted for #b1jjj passengers aboard the steamship 8,president ,lincoln0 which arrived here today from ,hamburg1 a 8near sea tragedy0 last ,tuesday when three days out from ,southampton4 ,otto ,winkle1 the fourth cook1 was sitting on the rail forward1 dozing in the sunshine4 ,just then from the nearby cage of the hippo1 consigned to the zoo at ,cincinnati and the largest ever brought to ,america1 came a tremendous sneeze4 ,the shock of the hippo's sneeze was too much for the somnolent cook who unceremoniously toppled overboard and in a moment was struggling in the wake of the ship4 ,a cry from some of the passengers who saw the mishap resulted in a boat's being lowered1 and the cook's being rescued4 7#b7 ,lead of ,rewrite ,story in ,morning ,paper on the ,following ,day4 ,to be blown overboard in mid-ocean by a hippopotamus' sneeze was the fate of ,otto ,winkle1 fourth cook on the ,president ,lincoln1 which arrived from ,hamburg yesterday with #b1jjj witnesses of the narrow escape of the assistant chef4 ,prompt action in lowering a boat saved the cook from drowning4 ,the big hippo1 said to be the largest in captivity in ,america1 went on his way to the ,cincinnati zoological gardens today without being aware of the excitement that his sneeze had caused4 ,anticipating ,news in ,rewriting4 ,one of the simplest ways of bringing a story up to the time of the edition in which it is to appear in rewritten form1 is to anticipate the probable result or the next development4 ,in the morning editions of evening papers1 particularly1 much of the day's news can be forecast and the news stories written accordingly4 ,persons arrested during the evening and night1 for example1 it is safe to say in advance1 will have their cases considered in the police court the next morning4 ,accordingly1 the fact that a person will be charged in court with his offense 8this morning0 rather than the fact that he was arrested 8last night10 constitutes the feature of the first morning edition of the afternoon paper4 ,stories of trials1 conventions1 investigations1 legislative sessions1 and other events extending over a number of days or weeks can often be given a new turn before anything new actually has been done by setting forth in the lead what is to be done4 ,the early morning resumption of a search abandoned because of darkness the night before can be played up in the rewritten story of a drowning1 disappearance1 or similar occurrence4 ,a midnight railroad wreck reported in a morning paper1 it is safe to say in the morning editions of the afternoon papers1 will be investigated by the railroad company and by inspectors of the state railroad commission in order to fix the responsibility4 ,conjectures as to his successor may be made a feature of a rewrite story following the announcement of the resignation of a public official4 ,to look forward to what will happen is practically to give the news before it actually happens1 and this can frequently be done4 ,how without any additional facts the next development of a piece of news may be anticipated and the time changed from 8last night0 to 8this morning0 is shown by the rewritten leads following3 7#a7 ,lead of ,first ,story in ,morning ,paper4 ,fire gutted the warehouse of the ,l4 ,c4 ,whitney ,seed ,company1 #aac ,canal ,street1 shortly before midnight1 causing a loss of #ge1jjj4 ,robert ,s4 ,wilber1 a night watchman employed by the firm1 was reported missing and is believed to have lost his life in the fire4 7#b7 ,lead of ,rewritten ,story in ,first ,morning ,edition of ,evening ,paper4 ,firemen this morning are searching the ruins of the ,l4 ,c4 ,whitney ,seed ,company1 #aac ,canal ,street1 for the body of ,nightwatchman ,robert ,s4 ,wilber1 #aiac #crd ,street1 who is believed to have lost his life when the warehouse was destroyed by fire last night4 ,the loss was #ge1jjj4 7#a7 ,lead of ,first ,story in ,morning ,paper4 ,as a result of an altercation with a taxi-cab driver1 ,harold ,s4 ,parkins1 broker1 #ag ,hoosac ,building1 was arrested last night in front of the ,city ,club of which he is a member1 charged by ,william ,works1 the driver1 with assaulting him when he attempted to get the amount of his fare4 7#b7 ,lead of ,rewritten ,story in ,first ,morning ,edition of ,evening ,paper4 ,harold ,s4 ,parkins1 a broker with offices in the ,hoosac ,building1 will answer in the police court this morning to the charge of assault and battery preferred by ,william ,works1 a taxi driver1 with whom he got into a dispute last night over the amount of the fare1 in front of the ,city ,club1 of which ,parkins is a member4 ,finding the ,relation of ,events4 ,what seemed a single and isolated event when the first story was written may be seen to be part of a series of similar or related events by the time the story is to be rewritten1 and this fact can be used as a new1 interesting1 and important phase of the rewritten story4 ,several burglaries1 as reported in the morning papers1 may be found to have some peculiar details in common1 and this fact may give rise to the conjecture1 as the feature of the rewritten story1 that they were the work of the same burglars4 ,a local storm story when rewritten may have as a feature the extent of the storm as shown by telegraph stories received after the first story was written4 ,a fire1 the origin of which was unknown when the first story was written1 may be connected with other recent fires that broke out under similar conditions1 and the probability of all of them being the work of a 8firebug0 may be pointed out in the rewritten story4 ,by seeking relations between events1 the newspaper worker often finds important features for stories to be rewritten4 8,follow-up0 ,stories4 ,in 8follow-up0 stories the gathering of new details is the first step necessary to rewriting4 ,not infrequently the latest details can be obtained by telephone1 and the 8follow-up0 story can be written in the office in as short a time as a rewrite story that requires no additional facts4 ,the condition of a victim of an accident1 for example1 may be ascertained by telephoning to his home or to the hospital where he was taken1 and the facts thus obtained may be put at the very beginning of the 8follow-up0 story4 ,more often the reporter must go out to get the latest developments of the event1 just as he would for a first story4 ,however obtained1 the new particulars are the important ones to be emphasized in the lead4 ,some of the different directions in which a story may be 8followed up0 are similar to those suggested for rewrite stories2 they are3 7#a7 causes and motives other than those given in the first story if these are uncertain or inadequate1 7#b7 results and consequences of the first piece of news1 7#c7 interviews with prominent persons in regard to the event and its significance1 7#d7 clues to the identity of unknown persons or to the unknown whereabouts of those who figured in the first news story4 ,popular interest in the causes of fires1 accidents1 and disasters generally1 make such causes good 8second day0 features when the explanation given in the first story is insufficient or unsatisfactory4 ,motives for crimes or for any significant action are to be sought for by the reporter4 ,the important question always to be asked in connection with practically every piece of news is1 ,why8 ,every result of an event has new possibilities and should be 8followed up40 ,in stories of crime the identity of the culprit and his whereabouts1 if not given in the first story1 are1 of course1 of great news value for a 8second day0 story4 ,finally1 the opinions of those concerned or in any way interested in the event1 as obtained by interviews1 make good material for stories following the first one4 ,in writing the lead of a 8follow-up0 story the reporter must not fail to give as many of the essential elements of the first story as are necessary to make the new details intelligible to those who did not read the first story1 and to recall the main facts to the minds of those who did read it4 ,this explanatory material is made subordinate to the latest particulars1 but cannot well be omitted4 ,the way in which a story is 8followed up0 from hour to hour and from day to day by 8featuring0 the latest news and reporting in slightly varied form the same essential details1 is made evident in the following leads of a railroad wreck1 the developments of which had news value for two days4 7#a7 ,lead of ,story in ,first ,morning ,edition of ,evening ,paper4 ,cincinnati1 ,o41 ,nov4 #ac4--,two men are known to have been killed and a score or more injured when a ,cincinnati1 ,lake ,huron and ,western passenger train bound from ,cleveland crashed into a freight on a siding at ,wilmington at #f3cj this morning4 7#b7 ,lead of ,story in ,noon ,edition of ,same ,paper4 ,cincinnati1 ,o41 ,nov4 #ac4--;,fourteen persons were killed and twenty more were injured when a ,cincinnati1 ,lake ,huron and ,western passenger train running between ,cleveland and this city crashed head-on into a standing freight in an open switch at ,wilmington1 a suburb of ,cincinnati1 early today4 7#c7 ,lead of ,story in ,last ,afternoon ,edition of ,same ,paper4 ,cincinnati1 ,o41 ,nov4 #ac4--;,failure of the head brakeman to close the switch1 according to his own confession late today1 was the cause of the head-on collision between a passenger train and a freight train on the ,cincinnati1 ,lake ,huron and ,western railroad at ,wilmington1 a suburb of ,cincinnati1 early this morning1 in which fifteen lives were lost1 and a score or more passengers seriously injured4 7#d7 ,lead of ,story in ,morning ,paper of the ,following ,day4 ,cincinnati1 ,o41 ,nov4 #ac4--;,delay in installing a block system as ordered three months ago by the railroad commission of the state1 in the opinion of the inspectors of that body resulted in the disastrous wreck on the ,cincinnati1 ,lake ,huron1 and ,western railroad at ,wilmington1 a suburb of ,cincinnati1 early this morning1 when fifteen persons lost their lives and fifteen others were seriously injured4 ,the wreck was caused by the failure of the head brakeman on the freight1 ,otto ,hansen1 to close the switch to the siding4 etc4 7#e7 ,lead of ,story in ,evening ,paper on ,second ,day4 ,cincinnati1 ,o41 ,nov4 #ad4--,three separate investigations were begun today into the cause of the ,wilmington wreck on the ,cincinnati1 ,lake ,huron and ,western railroad1 which killed fifteen and severely injured as many more1 with a view to fixing the blame on those responsible and to punishing them4 ,the ,williams ,county grand jury under order of ,judge ,hanty began to investigate the wreck1 while ,coroner ,hardy and ,district ,attorney ,collum worked on the matter independently4 ,lack of important additions to facts in the first story often makes the lead of the 8follow-up0 story less striking in new features than those given above1 but the very absence of new facts in itself has some news value1 as is shown by the two following leads3 7#a7 ,lead of ,story in ,evening ,paper4 ,when ,mrs4 ,herman ,hansen1 ,hampshire ,apartments1 widow of a former director of the so-called 8bread trust10 unlocked her bedroom door early this morning in answer to a plea 8the baby is dying10 she was faced by a masked burglar1 who pointed a revolver at her4 ,she had supposed that the voice was that of her son and that his child was very ill4 ,the burglar searched all over the house for jewelry1 but failed to find anything of value1 as the diamonds owned by ,mrs4 ,hansen were in a safety deposit vault4 ,her companion1 ,miss ,ida ,schnell1 a trained nurse1 was threatened with death by the burglar1 who later made his escape4 ,it is believed that the burglar had gained admittance to the apartment early in the evening and had concealed himself until after the family had retired4 7#b7 ,lead of ,story in ,next ,morning's ,paper4 ,the identity of the burglar who after concealing himself for hours in the home of ,mrs4 ,herman ,hansen1 ,hampshire ,apartments1 entered her room early yesterday morning and at the point of a revolver demanded money and jewels1 remains a mystery1 according to the police4 ,there is not a clew to the identity or whereabouts of the marauder and as he had covered his entire face and head with a black mask similar to that placed on a condemned man1 neither ,mrs4 ,hansen nor ,miss ,ida ,schnell1 her companion1 could give an adequate description of his face4 ,he had also turned his coat inside out1 giving it the appearance of being ragged4 ,a report that one of the servants was suspected of being in league with the burglar and that she gave him entrance during the daytime1 was denied by both ,police ,captain ,sullivan and ,henry ,hansen1 a son4 ,mr4 ,hansen visited police headquarters last night to inquire whether any clews had been found4 8,boiling ,down0 ,news to ,one ,paragraph4 ,for some stories the rewriting consists of 8boiling down the news0 to a sentence or two containing the essential facts1 in order that they may be used as 8fillers0 or may be grouped with similar short items under general headings1 such as 8,sparks ,from the ,wires10 8,telegraph ,ticks10 8,city ,news ,in ,brief10 8,told ,in ,brief10 8,state ,news40 ,local news stories of this type are rewritten from other city papers1 and state news is often rewritten from daily and weekly papers received in exchange and known as 8state exchanges40 ,some of the news associations furnish brief stories of this kind which may be grouped under one head or which may be used as 8fillers40 ,a single cross-line head1 or a side head1 is often put on these short 8items0 by the man who rewrites them4 ,examples of rewritten stories of this kind follow3 7#a7 ,first ,story in ,evening ,paper4 ,three boys1 ,joseph ,dant1 #ai2 ,charles ,herrig1 #ai2 and ,oscar ,kellin1 #ai2 were brought into district court this morning for tearing up small trees recently planted on ,hartford ,avenue4 ,the boys attended a dance ,saturday night and on their way home1 according to the testimony of ,patrolman ,higgins1 destroyed the trees4 8,you are each fined #aj and costs10 said ,judge ,bellows4 8,you boys deserve even more severe punishment4 ,there would be slight encouragement for people to beautify their homes1 were boys like you allowed to go unpunished40 7#b7 ,rewritten ,story and ,head in ,next ,morning's ,paper4 ,,they ,,pulled ,,up ,,trees4 ,after ,patrolman ,higgins had testified that he found them pulling up young trees on ,hartford ,avenue ,saturday night1 ,joseph ,dant1 ,charles ,herrig1 and ,oscar ,kellin1 each #ai years old1 were fined #aj and costs in ,district ,court on ,monday4 7#a7 ,first ,story in ,evening ,paper4 ,amelia ,minkle1 #ai1 #fef ,second ,st41 was run down and injured by an automobile driven by ,mrs4 ,h4 ,m4 ,greene1 #ica ,hillside ,ave41 at #g o'clock this morning at ,eleventh and ,national ,avenues4 ,the girl was on her way to work4 ,she alighted from a car and started to cross the street when the automobile turning the corner struck her and knocked her to the pavement4 ,mrs4 ,greene stopped her machine and called the police ambulance4 ,the girl was removed to the ,emergency ,hospital4 ,although painful1 her injuries are not serious4 7#b7 ,rewritten ,story and ,head in ,next ,morning's ,paper4 ,,girl ,,hurt ,,by ,,auto--,while crossing ,eleventh ,avenue on her way to work ,monday morning1 ,amelia ,minkle1 #ai1 #fef ,second street1 was knocked down and slightly injured by an automobile owned and driven by ,mrs4 ,h4 ,m4 ,greene1 #ica ,hillside ,avenue4 ,,suggestions #a4 ,read all the local papers every day before beginning your work4 #b4 ,remember that few first stories exhaust all the news possibilities4 #c4 ,follow up every story as long as indications point to new and interesting developments4 #d4 ,look for ulterior causes and motives as new phases4 #e4 ,look forward for new features to possible results and consequences4 #f4 ,get interviews with persons of prominence and authority on all important events1 as new features4 #g4 ,look at the event from a new angle before beginning your rewrite story4 #h4 ,play up the latest possible phase of the news in the lead4 #i4 ,find a new feature to play up in rewriting when you have no more facts4 #aj4 ,anticipate the next development of the event in beginning the lead of your rewrite story4 #aa4 ,bring the rewritten story 8up to the minute0 by giving prominence to features of 8to-day40 ,,practice ,,work #a4 ,rewrite the following story1 putting the unusual feature at the beginning of the story4 ,samuel ,j4 ,willsie1 an insurance broker living at #aiia ,riverside ,drive1 did not appear in the ,city ,court yesterday for examination in the supplementary proceedings in a suit over a loan of #bjj1 and ,hein ,krug of #bha ,broadway1 the attorneys who obtained the order1 concluded that ,mr4 ,willsie didn't feel that he had been properly served4 ,the lawyers had turned the order over to ,samuel ,greenman1 a process server of #ahh ,east ,ninety-,eighth ,street4 ,after trying to serve the order without success he finally notified the lawyers that he had seen ,mr4 ,willsie sitting at his window in the ,riverside ,drive house one night and that he had tied a copy of the order to a brick and thrown the brick into the window1 hitting ,mr4 ,willsie with it4 ,the process server said that when ,mr4 ,willsie picked up the paper and looked at it he1 the process server1 immediately read the original to ,mr4 ,willsie at long distance and said 8,you're served40 ,mr4 ,willsie said yesterday that no attempt1 so far as he knew1 had been made to serve the order on him1 and that he could be found at his office every day4 ,he said that while he and his family were at dinner one night something landed on the floor of the room by way of an open window4 ,his son1 he said1 went in to see what it was and threw the stone back into the street4 ,the boy told his father the object was a stone wrapped in a piece of paper4 ,that was all ,mr4 ,willsie knew of the alleged 8service40 #b4 ,in rewriting this story1 summarize the essential facts in the opening sentence4 ,when a ,third avenue elevated train reached the #affth street station late yesterday afternoon the guards announced that the next stop would be #aggth street1 the intervening stations being skipped4 ,at once there was a rush for the platform1 which was already full of people1 and by the time the train was ready to go on1 men and women were jammed tight against the cars4 ,the conductor was warned not to start the train1 but he pulled the bell and the moving cars rolled the front row of those on the platform along with it4 ,six panes of glass were broken and fully a dozen persons cut or bruised4 ,six men who had been injured went to the ,morrisania police station and made a complaint4 ,they were ,r4 ,nothstein1 a clerk of #dea ,east #agast street2 ,frank ,schwartz1 a mechanic living at #dae ,east #agfth street2 ,john ,hurley1 an engineer of #edae ,third avenue2 ,william ,balk1 a clerk of #cffa ,third avenue1 ,charles ,wold1 of #afie ,franklin avenue2 and ,thomas ,o',brien of #cda ,west #afgth street4 ,the police set out to find the conductor who started the train1 but as none of the complainants had taken his number1 they were still hunting for him last night4 #c4 ,improve the lead of the following story by playing up a better feature4 ,interstate ,commerce ,commissioner ,clark1 in a statement issued today in connection with the numerous wrecks on railroads in the ,united ,states1 said that conditions are deplorable4 8,most of the wrecks10 he said1 8may be put in the class of avoidable accidents4 ,poor rails1 speed craze1 and human negligence are the causes40 ,mr4 ,clark declared that the commission is powerless to prescribe adequate regulations to prevent wrecks1 and that1 though its recommendations have been generally observed1 they cannot be enforced4 ,he intimated that ,congress should give the commission more power to compel railroads to observe safety rules which are deemed necessary from the commission's many investigations4 #d4 ,give this story an entirely different lead without beginning with a summary4 ,julius ,r4 ,wein literally sang himself into matrimony1 and then sang himself into a jail cell4 ,the dulcet tones of his tenor voice won him a bride and also caused his arrest on a charge of forgery4 ,a few months ago ,wein1 under the name of ,jule ,le,grande1 was singing in theatres in ,chicago4 ,among others who admired his singing was ,miss ,winnie ,riley who characterized his singing as 8divine40 ,so much was ,miss ,riley attracted to the voice that she consented to marry its owner4 ,after the ceremony the two rented apartments at #aifa ,western ,avenue4 ,as before1 the husband continued to sing in local theatres4 ,after a few weeks the young wife decided that vaudeville did not offer sufficient opportunity and requested ,wein to seek employment in the field of business4 ,he sought for and obtained a position as cashier for the ,universal ,furniture ,company at #ajcb #afth ,street4 ,the salary of a young cashier was not so large as that he was accustomed to earn as a singer1 so ,wein is said to have forged checks amounting to more than #a1bjj1 signing the name of the firm by which he was employed4 ,detectives who sought his arrest determined to use the voice which had won ,wein's bride as a 8bait0 to cause his arrest4 ,the following advertisement was inserted in papers throughout the ,united ,states3 ,,for ,,sale--,a ,moving ,picture ,theatre1 cheap4 ,can be operated to great advantage by man or woman who is good singer and entertainer4 ,three days ago an answer was received from ,wintonville1 ,miss4 ,the writer signed his name as ,w4 ,r4 ,reinhard4 ,the handwriting was recognized by experts as that of ,wein1 and the young man was yesterday arrested by operatives of the ,pinkerton ,detective ,agency in the ,mississippi city4 ,both ,wein and his wife will be brought to ,chicago tomorrow4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,feature ,,stories ,kinds of ,feature ,stories4 ,most news stories1 it has been seen1 aim to be nothing more than concise presentations of the essential facts concerning current events4 ,they are intended primarily to inform rather than to instruct or entertain4 ,in a feature story1 on the other hand1 the writer takes the day's events and tries to present entertaining or instructive phases of them that cannot well be developed in the limited compass of the news story itself4 ,for one type of feature story the reporter takes the facts of the news and finds behind them the real meaning of the event to those who play a part in it4 ,the event thus becomes an episode in the drama of human life1 sometimes comic1 sometimes tragic4 ,such a story involves feelings as well as facts4 ,to write it successfully the reporter must be able to see the picturesque1 humorous1 and pathetic phases of life about him2 he must feel with those to whom the events mean much4 ,keen insight into human nature1 and sympathy with its strength and its weakness1 are essential4 ,this type of story1 which is often called the 8human interest0 story1 enjoys no small degree of popularity because it appeals to the reader's feelings4 ,in some newspapers it takes a place of prominence beside the best news stories2 in many of them it is given a less conspicuous position2 only a few neglect it entirely4 ,another kind of feature story1 quite different in character1 undertakes to explain1 interpret1 and describe fully significant phases of the day's news and timely topics generally4 ,brief news stories often arouse the reader's curiosity to know more of the persons and things that they mention4 ,it remains for the feature story to supply causes1 motives1 results1--the full significance of the bare facts of the news4 ,accordingly1 some newspapers set aside two or three columns on the editorial pages each day for a feature story of this kind4 ,in magazine sections of ,saturday and ,sunday issues such articles are supplied in greater numbers4 ,these feature stories are frequently illustrated4 ,they seldom fill less than a column2 more often they are several columns in length4 8,human ,interest0 ,stories4 ,material for the 8human interest0 type of feature story is to be found anywhere and everywhere in the reporter's daily round of news gathering4 ,the many police court cases furnish an abundance of humorous and pathetic incidents4 ,accidents and minor crimes of all kinds many times are worth only a few lines as news1 but as the basis for feature stories1 they contain great possibilities4 ,an incident in a crowded street car1 a mishap on the street1 a bit of conversation between two newsboys1 a mistake made by a person unaccustomed to the ways of the metropolis1 or any one of the hundred little episodes in the daily life of a city may be taken by the reporter as the subject of his feature story4 ,little children1 because of the great appeal that they make to men and women of all classes1 often furnish good material4 ,animals1 wild or tame1 are always available as subjects4 ,a visit to the 8zoo0 is sure to furnish at least one good story4 ,for the alert reporter with a knowledge of human nature and an appreciation of the humor and the pathos of life1 there is never any dearth of material4 ,style in ,feature ,stories4--,feature stories require some literary ability beyond that necessary for routine reporting4 ,from the point of view of its composition the feature story is like a miniature short story4 ,therefore no definite rules can be laid down for its treatment4 ,there need be no summary of essential facts at the beginning as in the typical news story4 ,like the short fiction story1 the feature story may begin in any way that will attract the reader's attention1 and may be developed by conversation1 by narration1 or by description that suggests rather than portrays in great detail4 ,a good feature story frequently tells itself2 all that the writer does is to record the incidents without comment or adornment4 ,a simple1 restrained treatment is far preferable to elaboration of detail4 ,pathos can easily be made bathos1 and humor can readily descend to cheap buffoonery4 ,the style of humorous and pathetic feature stories needs careful attention4 ,words must be chosen not only with reference to their general meaning but with consideration for the feelings which have come to be associated with them and which they therefore arouse in the reader4 ,one word with the wrong connotation may spoil the whole effect of an otherwise well-written pathetic story4 ,as in the structure of the feature story so in its style1 no definite rules or principles can be laid down to guide the reporter4 ,careful reading of well-written short stories and novels will show him various methods of producing the effects that he desires4 ,the rescue of a small boy from drowning in a cistern would ordinarily pass unnoticed in the newspapers of a large city and might be worth a few lines in those of a small one4 ,a reporter with a sense of humor might see something in the incident that would make good material for a humorous feature story1 as did the reporter on the ,chicago ,tribune1 who wrote it in the following form4 ,the editor gave the story a place on the front page4 8,billy0 ,dyer1 #b year old son of ,william ,dyer1 owner of the ,dyer foundry in ,chicago1 was playing in the yard of his home at #agaf ,north ,elmwood avenue1 ,hyde ,park1 yesterday with his little sister ,mary4 ,suddenly 8,billy10 who was standing on the wooden top of a cistern1 disappeared4 ,there was nothing supernatural in his disappearance1 because the wood in the cistern cover was rotten1 but it struck little ,mary as being so remarkable that she lost the power of speech4 ,she is little more than a year old1 and she couldn't talk much1 anyway4 ,just at this moment a peddler came into the backyard4 ,he saw ,mary gazing fixedly at the open cistern and asked her what she saw4 8,bruvver's down there10 vouchsafed ,mary1 regaining her tongue and pointing4 ,the peddler took a look into the cistern and then seized a near-by mop4 8,billy's0 head was still bobbing above the surface of the water when the peddler got back with the mop1 but when he looked into the cistern again the boy slipped off the cover of the cistern1 which had gone down with him1 and went under4 ,the peddler waited until the boy's head appeared again and then he deftly stuck the end of the mop under ,billy's chin and pinned his head against the masonry4 ,meanwhile the peddler had not been silent4 ,mrs4 ,dyer heard his shouts1 and1 gathering their portent1 rushed to the telephone and called the fire department4 ,axel ,hansen also heard the sounds4 ,axel has long legs4 ,he came running4 ,when ,axel looked into the cistern a scheme of rescue immediately formulated itself in his mind4 ,he got down on his knees and told the terrified ,mrs4 ,dyer and some neighbors to take a good hold on his ankles4 ,the peddler was busy holding 8,billy's0 head above the water with his mop4 ,then ,axel let himself head foremost down into the cistern4 ,his legs were just long enough to reach4 ,with outstretched arms he was able to get 8,billy0 by the scruff of the neck4 ,having got a good grip1 he ordered 8,hoist away40 ,mrs4 ,dyer and the neighbors hoisted1 and in a moment 8,billy10 scared and much bedraggled1 was safe in his mother's arms4 ,the fire department arrived about this time4 8,o1 look at the pretty firemen10 exclaimed ,mary1 and turned her entranced gaze away from the cistern to the new object of interest4 ,the capture of an unusually large turtle1 in and of itself1 has little news value1 but out of the incident a ,new ,york ,sun reporter by simple literary devices worked up a feature story that holds the reader's interest and makes an entertaining little 8yarn40 ,they that go down to ,gravesend ,bay in fishing craft were talking about ,it all day yesterday in the back room of ,hogan's place4 ,here1 where swings the lantern that once lighted emperors of ,china on their way to bed and to the rope of which there hangs a wondrous tale1 and where the pistol that shot ,o',donovan ,rossa lies in its evil rust1 the fishermen gathered and roared in each others' ears about ,it4 ,between whiles they all went up to ,lew ,morris's barn and gazed at ,it4 ,it was the biggest that any of them had ever seen4 ,also ,it was old4 ,you could tell that by the barnacles that covered ,it4 ,it was prodded over on ,its ancient back by inquisitive toes and ,it slapped itself across ,its chest like a cabby on a cold night4 ,lew told how he caught ,it4 ,he and ,hogan went out in a rowboat about #i o'clock yesterday morning to look over their weakfish nets4 ,it was flopping around in ,lew's best net4 ,lew leaned over and got hold of a flipper4 ,he found himself in all sorts of trouble right away and called for ,hogan4 ,the latter changed position too quickly and they both went in4 ,lew had hold of the flipper and never let go4 ,if ,al ,girard and ,nelse ,williams hadn't come along in a launch just then there is no telling what would have happened4 ,al and ,nelse got ,hogan and ,lew out and ,lew had hold of the flipper4 ,it is the biggest turtle--there1 it's out now--that ever has been caught in ,gravesend4 ,a deep sea turtle at that and weighs anywhere from #aej to #bjj pounds4 ,lew hasn't said yet what he will do with the turtle1 but he hints darkly of soup4 ,maybe it isn't a soup turtle4 ,how a bit of information gleaned from a janitor may furnish the basis for an amusing little story1 developed almost entirely by conversation1 in this instance with the added flavor of ,irish brogue1 is well illustrated by this example taken from the ,new ,york ,tribune3 ,mike1 one of the cleaners at the ,hall of ,records1 beamed with satisfaction yesterday afternoon--so much so that every one noticed it4 ,the corners of his mouth wrinkled upward1 and he acted as if he had found a pocketbook for which there would be no claimant4 8,it's all about thim clocks10 said ,mike4 8,the clocks in this building80 8,the same--the same10 said ,mike4 8,ye see1 we've had the divil's own time wid these clocks1 but they're all right now4 ,they're all together1 like people at the pay window on ,saturday afthernoon4 ,i wisht ,i had the wurrud to fit what has happened to thim clocks4 ,they's a rare wurrud for it1 an' ,i heard wan of the assistants up in ,pendleton's office spit it out careless like whin he went out to lunch to-day4 ,but thim clocks is near killin' all av us4 ,they're run by electricity1 an' the city paid enough f'r thim to have thim right4 ,but not till to-day have they all struck together1 like bricklayers on a job wid the contract time limit two days off4 ,to-day they all got busy to wanst1 and now they're runnin' dead heats4 ,but ,i wisht ,i had the wurrud that tells what happened to thim40 8,didn't they keep correct time till to-day80 8,they did not10 said ,mike1 emphatic- ally4 8,in the ,register's office the clock took itself for a six-cylinder auto goin' to the ,polo ,grounds1 and rushed the clerks out of the office an hour and a half ahead of time4 ,up in the ,corporation ,counsel's office it was usually #f o'clock p4 m4 whin the honest old ,city ,hall clock gave the hour of #aj in the morning4 ,down in ,captain ,bell's office in the tax department the clock made such a record for itself as a liar and a chate that the captain had to hang a paper over the dial4 ,he said he was ashamed to have an honest man look the clock in the face4 ,an' so it was all around the buildin'4 ,the clock winder wuz doin' the windin' by conthract1 an' he near went plumb crazy4 ,but now thim clocks is all right1 fur a wonder4 ,but ,i wisht ,i had the wurrud that tells what happened4 ,here comes ,captain ,davis1 of the armory board4 ,he knows the wurrud that fits thim clocks when they all got together40 ,captain ,davis was held up by ,mike1 who explained what he wanted4 8,an' ,i'll buy a perfecto cigar-r-r if ye'll give me the wurrud that fits thim clocks40 8,i guess you mean the clocks have at last been synchronized10 said the captain1 politely4 8,that's it--that's it--that's the wurrud60 shouted ,mike4 8,thim clocks has been syn--syn--syn0-- ,mike paused and the joy died out of his eyes4 8,say1 captain10 said he1 8phwat the divil is the rest of it80 8,synchronized10 repeated the captain4 8,yes1 that's it1 whativer it is10 said ,mike4 ,the adventures of a trained elephant that escaped in the streets of ,new ,york furnished a reporter on the ,sun with an opportunity for a humorous animal story that he took every advantage of1 as is seen in the following result3 ,an ,east ,indian elephant weighing a couple of tons or so and bearing the ,anglo-,saxon name of ,nellie1 moved into the tenement house at #ccf ,east ,thirty-fourth street early yesterday morning carrying her trunk with her4 ,at or about the same hour most of the other tenants of the house moved out4 ,shortly afterward the tenants of the house at #cch followed suit1 and it was only a few moments later that the tenants in #cdj emulated the example of their neighbors in #ccf and #cch4 ,andrew ,diehl1 the owner of the tenement1 did not welcome ,nellie with any enthusiasm4 ,he said later that he did not cater to elephants1 and anyhow all the flats in his house were occupied4 ,he seemed a bit peevish about the whole affair1 apparently having conceived the idea that if it got around the neighborhood that he made a practice of entertaining elephants unawares it might prejudice his house in the eyes of prospective tenants4 ,in short1 he spoke quite sharply about the matter1 did ,mr4 ,andrew ,diehl4 ,but several thousand persons who saw ,nellie moving in at #ccf appeared to be having a really good time4 ,before ,nellie moved into #ccf1 and thence through the backyard fence into #cch1 and thence through another backyard fence into #cdj1 her place of residence was quite a number of blocks further uptown4 ,but she is hard to suit with regard to her surroundings4 ,in fact1 before she consented to move into #ccf1 #cch and #cdj she insisted on making a number of extensive alterations4 ,nellie's uptown residence was the ,hippodrome4 ,she wasn't exactly an old resident there either1 the janitor says1 for she moved in there no longer ago than ,friday morning1 coming directly from the steamship ,georgic on the recommendation of a travelling companion1 one ,alfredo ,rossi1 who told her that it was a good place to live and that he thought that between them they could do themselves some good there in the way of making a living4 ,this sounded pretty good to ,nellie1 and as soon as they had hoisted her out of the ,georgic's hold in an enormous sling and deposited her on the island of ,manhattan1 she started directly for the ,hippodrome on ,prof4 ,rossi's recommendation4 ,besides1 ,prof4 ,rossi had a good sharp goad and some disposition to use it4 ,in addition to ,prof4 ,rossi1 ,nellie's companions of the voyage included three more elephants1 ,petie1 ,rosa and ,pierrette4 ,prof4 ,rossi having some influence with them too1 they also went along to board with ,nellie at the ,hippodrome4 ,the new tenants behaved themselves so admirably at first that the neighbors had no complaints whatsoever to make4 ,prof4 ,rossi came around very early yesterday morning to put the elephants through a little drill preparatory to going into the performance regularly to-morrow afternoon4 ,all would have continued well had ,nellie been accustomed to having pigs in the house4 ,but such was not the case4 ,at least the ,hippodrome janitor says so4 ,he blames it all on ,marcelline's pig1 though he declares that no other tenants of his apartment house ever have complained about the pig4 ,but ,nellie was clearly of the opinion that a pig was out of place in the same house with herself4 ,at all events when she heard that pig squeal and saw him come romping in his usual debonair manner over the stage1 she gave one wild blast of her trumpet and determined to go elsewhere4 ,in fact she went elsewhere1 did ,nellie1 and that forthwith4 ,but she went out1 as a perfect lady should1 by the customary stage entrance1 taking most of it with her and subsequently accumulating large portions of the storm door as well4 ,once in ,forty-third street ,nellie turned toward the east4 ,she was closely pursued by ,bill ,milligan1 a ,hippodrome groom1 who endeavored with the aid of a shovel to dissuade her from her intention to travel4 ,mr4 ,milligan was subsequently reproached severely by ,prof4 ,rossi because he did not use a goad4 ,but ,mr4 ,milligan rejoined with some asperity that he was shaving at the time ,nellie tiptoed past him and it was only by the merest chance that he happened to notice her4 8,and10 added ,mr4 ,milligan1 8,i don't use no goad to shave with1 anyhow40 ,putting this aside for the moment1 the fact remains that ,nellie proceeded eastward as far as ,fifth avenue4 ,here she turned to the south4 ,as she approached ,forty-second street ,traffic ,policeman ,john ,finnerty raised one commanding hand1 thereby stopping all traffic that had been previously headed in ,nellie's direction4 ,but ,policeman ,finnerty complains that ,nellie did not obey his order to stop4 ,he says he can prove it1 too1 because there were a number of persons around and several of them in all probability noticed the elephant and can swear that she did not stop when he raised his hand4 ,for a moment1 he says1 he thought of arresting her1 but abandoned the idea1 thinking perhaps it would be making too much of a trifling infraction of the traffic rules by a stranger in the city4 ,at all events ,nellie turned to the eastward again when she reached ,forty-second street and moved along as far as ,second avenue without meeting a soul she knew4 ,in fact she didn't meet so very many persons face to face1 though there were quite a number of people in the lobby of the ,manhattan ,hotel and the ,grand ,central ,station1 and a little group now and then shinning up a casual lamp post or roosting on the top of a subway pagoda4 ,and there weren't more than #aj1jjj or #bj1jjj behind her either4 ,it looked so lonesome in ,forty-second street that ,nellie turned southward again when she got to ,second avenue out of sheer yearning for human companionship4 ,as a matter of fact there were several persons in ,second avenue until a few seconds after ,nellie turned the corner1 but they all seemed to be in some haste and went away from there before ,nellie could come up to them4 ,in fact ,second avenue was so solitary a place that when ,nellie got to ,thirty-fourth street she thought she would try that just for luck4 ,she would probably have continued right on to the ferry because nobody thereabouts appeared to have any objection1 had it not been for the fact that a fire engine and hose cart galloped through ,first avenue to answer an alarm turned in from the box at ,first avenue and ,thirty-second street4 ,nellie was not interested in fire engines4 ,so she took to the sidewalk in front of #ccd1 and at #ccf she seemed to say to herself3 8,this is the place ,i've been looking for40 ,at all events she entered the doorway at that number4 ,on the ground floor is ,henry ,gruner's barber shop4 ,henry was shaving a customer when ,nellie passed his window and turned into the hall next door4 ,the customer left the chair so promptly that he nearly got his throat cut and disappeared down the street with the towel still about his neck1 in the direction of the ,east ,river4 ,nellie walked right through the narrow hall1 taking with her a segment of the balustrade4 ,the door that leads into the back yard was not built to accommodate elephants1 as ,mr4 ,diehl explained some time later1 but ,nellie managed to wiggle through it1 though she knocked down about half the coping in the process4 ,high board fences separate #ccf from #cch1 and #cch from #cdj4 ,that is to say1 they did4 ,they don't now1 because ,nellie walked through them as if they had been paper4 ,but before this she took a look in at the kitchen window on the ground floor of #ccf1 where ,mrs4 ,gruner1 the barber's wife1 and their children1 ,tessie1 ,henry and ,louisa1 were eating breakfast4 ,the happy family looked up from their oatmeal and beheld an uncommon face at the window1 the face of an elephant seeking companionship4 ,mrs4 ,gruner and all the little ,gruners experienced spots before the eyes and a sudden loss of appetite4 ,in fact1 they beat it for the street4 ,it was then that ,nellie1 again abandoned1 moved into #cch4 ,there was nobody there either1 except up above on the fire escape4 ,so she moved through the fence into #cdj4 ,every one had gone away from there too4 ,it was then that the elephant broke down and wept4 ,at least1 she lifted up her trunk and trumpeted to the high heavens4 ,meantime ,prof4 ,rossi and his staff of assistants had been trailing the wandering ,nellie4 ,she was never out of their sight1 but they never could quite catch up with her because there were so many people in the streets who had important engagements and were trying their best to fill them4 ,but by the time ,nellie had moved into #cdj ,rossi and his force had arrived4 ,there were also the police reserves from three stations1 several fire companies with hooks and ladders1 a squad of mounted cops1 the entire force from the ,grand ,central ,station1 and enough mere spectators to do credit to a ,chicago-,new ,york baseball game at the ,polo ,grounds4 ,vainly did ,prof4 ,rossi endeavor to coax ,nellie out by the way in which she had made entrance4 ,nothing would budge her1 and if1 as might well have been the case1 the courtyard had been entirely surrounded by houses1 it might have been necessary to pull one of them down to get her out4 ,fortunately1 however1 there's a vacant lot behind #cdj1 but it was needful to break down two high board fences from the ,thirty-third street side in order to get at her4 ,in the meantime ,rossi's assistants had thoughtfully led the other three elephants1 ,petie1 ,rosa and ,pierrette1 down from the ,hippodrome and lined them up in ,thirty-third street1 and when ,nellie looked through the broken fences and saw her merry companions1 she let out trumpet peals of delight and all but fell on their necks4 ,so they marched her out into ,thirty-third street and back to the ,hippodrome without further incident of note4 ,and considering the pains she took to get into her ,thirty-fourth street tenement she left it with extraordinarily little apparent regret4 ,when ,prof4 ,rossi was asked last evening how he accounted for ,nellie's performance1 he replied in part3 8,name of a name6 ,name of a dog6 ,name of a pig6 ,sacred thousand thunders6 ,holy blue60 ,in the separation of an old colored couple a reporter might see little to record in a news story1 but1 with an appreciation of the human interest in the event or with insight into the lives and feelings of the persons concerned1 he might write a pathetic story like the following one adapted from the ,pittsburgh ,gazette ,times3 ,they had climbed the hill together2 well on the tottering way down they decided that they must travel the rest apart4 ,sylvester and ,eva ,hawkins signed papers to that effect yesterday4 ,they are black folk1 these two1 old and black1 but they have in their natures a meed of proper sentiment4 ,when the parting came they both wept and the tears were not maudlin4 ,they have lived for the most part as good citizens should2 they reared a family that numbers even more than the ,rooseveltian figure2 they saved their little earnings until they had their modest home in addition to having given their children better than they had themselves4 ,but the husband and father1 it was alleged1 was cruel4 ,it is not denied even by himself that ,sylvester was wont to give way to outbreaks of temper4 ,he always was sorry afterward1 but sometimes regret did not make up for the harm done4 ,it is charged that once he almost killed his son and only last ,saturday choked his daughter nearly to insensibility4 ,this last act was the cause of the son's making the information against the old man4 ,a preliminary hearing was held last ,tuesday and the old man was committed to jail until yesterday4 ,the son1 ,sylvanus1 wanted his father committed to jail for a term1 but the mother would not agree to this4 ,she admitted that she feared her husband when he became violent and that his abuse of her and her children had become unbearable4 ,but she said she still loved him and she did not want him behind the bars4 ,when a bill of separation was suggested she agreed4 ,hawkins wept then1 as did his wife4 ,he begged to be given another chance1 but between her sobs the woman said he had promised to reform so often1 all to no effect1 that she could trust him no longer4 ,she thought it best for all that they should part4 8,i love you still1 honey10 the old man murmured1 and to show his statement true1 he bravely agreed to sign over their little property to her4 ,she bade him a tender good-bye4 ,the old man walked out alone1 over the steps of the municipal building1 where he sat down4 ,he saw the family that had renounced him come up1 watched them as they took a car1 and looked longingly as it rolled away4 ,then he wiped his eyes again1 put his head between his hands and stared vacantly at the ground4 ,special ,articles4 ,the second type of feature story1 that prepared for the magazine sections of ,saturday and ,sunday editions or for the editorial pages of any issue1 usually consists either of a detailed narrative or of an exposition of some interesting and timely subject4 ,in the news columns there is room for only concise announcements of such events as a scientific discovery1 an important invention1 the destruction of a landmark1 the death of an old actor1 a new design for coins or postage stamps1 an auction of rare books or paintings1 a new theory of the origin of life1 the results of an investigation of child labor conditions1 a report on decreasing soil fertility1 or the adoption by a state of a plan for government life insurance4 ,any one of these and thousands of other news stories whets the reader's curiosity for more details4 ,it remains for the editors of magazine sections to try to satisfy their readers' curiosity and to supply interesting reading matter1 by publishing feature articles that are based on these news stories or are suggested by them4 ,feature stories may also be given timeliness1 not by particular pieces of news1 but by such events as ,christmas1 college commencements1 the exodus to summer resorts1 the opening of the hunting or fishing season1 the beginning of a session of ,congress4 ,timeliness1 although not absolutely essential if the subject or the treatment has sufficient interest to attract readers1 is regarded by editors as an important asset4 ,these special articles for newspapers are written by regular reporters1 by 8free lance0 writers not connected with any publication1 or by men and women in other professions whose special knowledge and whose ability to write make them particularly well equipped to prepare articles on subjects in their own fields4 ,former newspaper writers1 as well as reporters and correspondents in active service1 are qualified to do good work of this type because their training has developed a keen appreciation of what is interesting1 important1 and timely in current events4 ,reporters and correspondents also have ample opportunity in the course of their daily round of news gathering to get valuable material which may be worked up into special articles4 ,editors of magazine sections often suggest or assign subjects to reporters1 correspondents1 or 8free lance0 writers1 but they are glad to have suggestions from members of the staff or to get well-written articles suitable for their purpose4 ,subjects for ,feature ,articles4 ,material for special articles is obtained in a variety of ways4 ,interviews with persons who can furnish the desired information are an effective means of getting facts and impressions1 and they have the advantage of giving the reporter material for the 8human interest0 element which not infrequently adds to the readableness of the article4 ,from books of reference can be gleaned historical and biographical data4 ,reports and official documents1 such as government publications1 can frequently be used to secure detailed information4 ,in fact1 printed reports of such government work as that of agricultural experiment stations1 divisions of the department of agriculture1 various testing laboratories1 the geological survey1 the departments of commerce and labor1 or the interstate commerce commission1 and reports of corresponding work carried on by various cities and states1 furnish quantities of valuable data that need only to be presented in popular form to be of general interest4 ,some of these reports are summarized briefly in news stories2 others receive no mention at all4 ,although they are called public documents1 the general public does not know of their existence4 ,personal observation also furnishes material for feature stories4 ,an assignment that takes the reporter to the state penitentiary may at the same time give him the opportunity to get facts and impressions for a special article on some phase of prison life4 ,statistics1 if not too numerous and if skillfully handled1 add to the effectiveness of the presentation4 ,photographs and other forms of illustration make an article attractive4 ,in short1 every available source of information can at different times be used to advantage1 and often a single article requires interviews1 books of reference1 personal observation1 and printed documents to make it complete and accurate4 ,some examples of different kinds of feature articles and their sources will suggest how to find subjects and what to do with them4 ,a reporter whose regular work takes him daily to the mayor's office may get from the mayor's secretary some of the hundreds of letters containing complaints and requests for assistance that are sent to the mayor constantly1 and may make them the basis of a good feature story4 ,or1 if the mayor writes characteristic replies to these letters1 he may secure these answers and make an article out of them1 as did a magazine writer recently out of those of ,mayor ,gaynor of ,new ,york4 ,from the reports that he hears from day to day of the devious devices used by burglars and sneak thieves to gain entrance to homes1 a police reporter may write an interesting article on how to protect homes against robbery4 ,a sign1 8,canaries and ,parrots ,boarded ,here10 may give a reporter a suggestion that he can follow up by visiting the birds' boarding-house and getting material for an article on those who leave their pets at this house during their absence from the city4 ,from the real estate column a news story to the effect that an old building is to be torn down may suggest a feature story on this landmark and its history1 the material being obtained partly from local histories and partly from interviews with 8old inhabitants40 ,a brief announcement of the death of an old-time circus clown might lead the reporter to write an entertaining 8human interest0 story of his career from facts secured from the clown's friends4 ,by spending a few hours watching the building of a big tunnel under a river1 and by talking to the superintendent and the workmen1 a reporter could work up a good story on the undertaking4 ,the popularizing of scientific and technical material affords excellent opportunity to a writer whose college training or practical experience has familiarized him with special fields4 ,a new theory in regard to the construction of airships presented before a learned society in a paper on 8,some ,principles of ,aerodynamics10 might make an excellent popular article if the reporter were able to present the new idea in a simple1 concrete1 and interesting manner4 ,the effect of using up the phosphorus in soil under cultivation1 as discussed in an agricultural experiment station report1 may seem to be a subject of little interest to the average reader1 but an explanation by specific examples of the results of this exhaustion of phosphorus upon the cost of living and upon the welfare of the race1 may be made a readable story4 ,to explain clearly how the transmission of the germ of infantile paralysis by means of the ordinary house fly is being determined by laboratory experiments1 requires knowledge of bacteriology4 ,for a writer familiar with electricity and its application in the telephone1 the problem of explaining in an interesting manner a new device for wireless telephony is less difficult than for one who knows little about the subject4 ,many writers specialize in the particular field in which they are most interested1 and present in popular form all the available new material in this field4 ,to those interested in social1 political1 and economic problems there is an abundance of good material for feature articles4 ,a report of the interstate commerce commission on railroad accidents or on safety devices can be worked up into a good article at the time that the report is issued or after a disastrous wreck1 when such information has peculiar timeliness4 ,proposed legislation for state life insurance1 mothers' pensions1 workingmen's compensation for accidents and illness1 or old age pensions1 gives opportunity for timely articles with concrete examples of the workings of these measures elsewhere and discussion of their probable effects under local conditions4 ,a story of child labor in certain industries as reported by a social worker at a legislative investigation1 may be followed up by a feature story with a strong 8human interest0 element developed from further material secured from the investigator4 ,the printed report of a committee of a state teachers' association on rural schools and the remedies proposed for their defects1 has possibilities for an article on these problems4 ,the ,personality ,sketch4 ,the personality sketch1 or article that undertakes to present a vivid impression of the character and individuality of some person who plays a part in the news of the day1 is another type of feature story that is popular4 ,the interest of most readers in the human1 personal side of famous or infamous characters in current events is so great that they eagerly read articles of this kind4 ,dates and facts of biography have little attraction for them2 they want the man to be portrayed so vividly that they can see and know him4 ,not infrequently it is an unusual1 quaint1 picturesque character who has not appeared in the current news at all that lends himself to such a sketch4 ,every city furnishes plenty of examples of persons who make good subjects for feature stories4 ,incidents1 anecdotes1 and characteristic utterances1 if well chosen and effectively presented1 make the best reading and give the most definite impression of personality4 ,the ,style of ,special ,articles4 ,the style and manner of treatment of the feature story deserve careful consideration4 ,simple1 concrete expression1 free from technical or learned terms except when they are fully explained1 is always desirable4 ,specific examples serve most effectively to bring home to the reader a general principle and its application4 ,to lead from these concrete illustrations to generalizations is to follow the natural order of inductive reasoning4 ,furthermore1 the story-like character given to an article by an incident or anecdote at the beginning catches the reader's attention and interests him at once4 ,striking statistics in the opening sentence may have a similar effect1 although1 of course1 they lack the 8human interest0 of the story form4 ,a vivid bit of description is sometimes used to advantage at the beginning4 ,exposition by narrative methods throughout the article is popular because of the story form thus given to the subject4 ,if1 instead of merely describing and explaining a mechanical process1 the writer portrays men actually performing the work involved in the process1 he adds greatly to the interest of the article4 ,the effectiveness of an explanation of a new surgical operation can be increased to a marked degree by picturing a surgeon as he performs the operation upon a patient at a clinic4 ,the method of procedure and the benefits under a workingmen's compensation act are best made clear by telling the experiences of several typical workingmen and their families who have come under the operation of the law4 ,every legitimate literary device for catching and holding the reader's attention may be employed to advantage4 ,how a current event1 in this instance the opening of a trial1 gives opportunity for an interesting feature article explaining the situation1 picturing vividly the persons involved1 and developing the 8human interest0 element in the case1 is well illustrated in the following story written by a correspondent of the ,new ,york ,tribune3 ,union ,city1 ,tenn41 ,dec4 #ac4--;,clad in rough homespun1 with ragged trousers tucked deep into cowskin boots innocent of polish1 with straggling beards and huge slouch hats1 but always with the inevitable long barrelled rifle or big pistol in plain view1 the denizens of the ,reelfoot ,lake region are assembling in this quaint little town to-night for the opening scene to-morrow of the ,night ,rider trials4 ,they are friends and relatives of the men who are held under military guard at the barracks4 ,they ignore the townspeople1 or look at them with scowls4 ,when they meet one another a silent nod or a whispered word is all that passes4 ,silently and singly they wander through the streets1 or stand for hours outside the barracks1 gazing curiously up at the windows of the room in which their friends are held incommunicado4 ,sometimes they approach the trim young sentries on guard1 taking careful inventory of the glistening bayonets and rifles4 ,they feel keenly this trouble1 these rough but simple men of the ,tennessee backwoods4 ,they believe that they are persecuted and that the entire world is against them4 8,old ,tom0 ,johnson1 who1 the state says1 was the first leader of the band1 but was deposed because his immense stature and huge hand easily identified him1 expresses the belief of most of them when he says3 8,it's like this heah1 stranger4 ,god1 ,he put them red hills up theah4 ,an' ,he put some of us pooh folks1 that he didn't have no room foh nowheah else1 up theah1 too4 ,an' then ,he saw that we couldn't make a livin' farmin'1 so ,he ordered an earthquake1 an' the earthquake left a big hole4 ,next ,he filled the hole with watah an' put fish in it4 ,then ,he knew we could make a livin' between farmin' and fishin'4 ,but along comes these rich men who don't have to make no livin'1 an' they tell us all that we must not fish in the lake any mo'1 'cause they owns the lake an' the fish ,god put theah foh us4 ,it jus' nachally ain't right1 stranger2 it ain't no justice40 ,this is the ,night ,riders' original view1 but the primary object of the band was forgotten by many1 officers say1 and the organization began to use its persuasion to vent the personal spites of members and to regulate private affairs of many persons for miles around4 ,for instance1 merchants whose total sales did not exceed #b a day were ordered to sell goods at cost1 plus #aj per cent profit2 tenants of farms were ordered to pay no cash rent1 but to insist on working the ground on shares2 growers of grain or tobacco were ordered to plant only so many acres of soil2 landlords were bidden by advertisement not to lease their property for cash rents4 ,a woman who had left her drunken husband was ordered to return to him1 and when she refused she was taken to the woods1 stripped1 tied to a tree and lashed with a cat-o'-ninetails until her back and shoulders were one big wound4 ,other women1 fond of pretty clothing1 were told to cease wearing it4 ,and every case of refusal to comply instantly was followed by a visit of the black-masked crew1 a swift1 violent seizure of the recalcitrant1 a rapid ride to the depths of the forest and an awful whipping4 ,for nearly two years these terrors of the wilderness rode nightly4 ,for two years no man not a member ever retired to rest without breathing a silent prayer that he and his family be spared the terrors of a midnight visitation4 ,then the riders extended their operations4 ,they began to visit the larger towns1 such as ,troy1 ,dyersburg1 ,union ,city4 ,this extension was followed by the murder of ,captain ,quentin ,rankin4 ,finally the people became enraged1 the ,governor interfered1 and in frenzy many persons said3 8,we will stamp out this organization1 legally or by mobs1 or we will be stamped out by it40 ,and so came a special grand jury1 instructed by ,judge ,jones and advised by ,attorney ,general ,caldwell4 ,quickly1 too1 came the defiance of the ,night ,riders3 8,dismiss the grand jury1 stop the investigation or we will send jury1 judge and prosecutor to join ,captain ,rankin40 ,the answer was the numerous arrests of alleged ,night ,riders by the militia and #abe indictments for capital offences4 ,for the trials on these indictments1 which will open to-morrow1 the issue is clearly drawn4 ,it is a struggle between organized lawlessness and the forces of order4 ,the proposed destruction of an historic landmark recorded in a news story and subsequently made prominent by protests against the action1 furnished a reporter on the ,new ,york ,evening ,post with an occasion for the following article1 in which he blends suggestive description1 emotional coloring1 and historical background into an harmonious whole3 ,mellow notes from an old organ filled the nave of ,st4 ,john's ,chapel1 on ,varick ,street1 to-day4 ,it was ,stainer's 8,nunc ,dimittis in ,a0 that the organist was playing4 ,somehow it seemed peculiarly appropriate1 for1 as every one knows1 they are going to discontinue the work of this chapel1 which has stood for more than a hundred years4 ,this means that1 unless present plans are abandoned1 the stately church will be sold within a very short time1 and then razed to make place for factory or office building4 ,there is little doubt that this will occur1 although ,trinity ,corporation has received numerous protests from those to whom the place of worship has meant much1 who still regard it as one of the few links connecting them with things that are gone4 ,the corporation cannot see its way clear to provide for a chapel officially regarded as unnecessary4 ,and yet old ,st4 ,john's1 with its towering brown spire1 its richly colored stones1 its heavy columns1 and chipped1 time-stained faade--a replica of old ,st4 ,martin's in the ,fields1 of ,london--stands benignly1 bearing its past with a genuine dignity4 ,the peal of the organ ebbed and flowed over the pews with their faded crimson cushions4 ,in one of them sat the priest in charge1 listening1 very young2 until he talked of the church he loved1 he seemed strangely apart from the all-pervading atmosphere of things that were old4 ,near by was an earnest woman in the garb of the ,episcopal sisterhood1 and the under-sexton had paused in his work about the pews4 ,when ,st4 ,john's organist is at the keys1 the roar of the street is repulsed4 ,the rumble of freight cars1 the shouts of the handlers of merchandise1 the beat of horses' hoofs enter but gently1 mere suggestions of outer confusion4 ,inside1 to-day1 all was harmony and peace4 ,sunshine flowing through plain glass windows lay athwart the floor of choir and chancel2 when the music ceased there came a twittering of birds on the window ledges4 ,yes1 agreed the priest1 it was a beautiful old organ4 ,in a few years1 he said1 it would be a hundred years old4 ,then he told a story concerning it4 ,he could not vouch for it himself1 although he had heard it vouched for by reliable persons4 ,at the time of the war of #ahab1 when the church was comparatively new1 it had sufficient money in hand for a pipe organ1 which was ordered of a company in ,philadelphia1 and when completed was shipped to ,new ,york by water4 ,on the way the vessel which bore it was captured by a ,british frigate1 and the organ was taken to ,london4 ,here it remained two years1 and was then yielded up after the payment of two thousand dollars4 ,time has imparted to it a rare tonal richness4 ,it is just the organ for this edifice1 so suggestive of things that once were4 ,men who know say that you will find such chapel interiors only in the old ,sir ,christopher ,wren churches in ,london4 ,the cruciform architecture of more modern houses of worship is not here in ,st4 ,john's4 ,lines are sweeping1 stately4 ,heavy fluted columns support the gallery4 ,the windows are of the older sort1 unstained1 and the walls and ceilings are an even gray1 undecorated4 ,notes of color are confined to organ pipes and choir stalls1 which are red and blue and white1 with gilding4 ,but these are not as bright as they once were2 neither are the blue-starred arches above chancel and choir4 ,years ago1 when ,st4 ,john's ,park was not covered by a freight station1 and when many of the 8first families0 lived hereabouts1 the congregations bore comparison with those of any church in the city4 ,but tide of travel made uptown before encroaching commerce1 which eventually flowed over the district1 converting it utterly4 ,congregations which gather here each ,sunday are not so fashionable as in years gone4 ,but they are none the less faithful and earnest and devout4 ,you will find 'longshoremen and their families here now--dwellers of the ,laight and ,vestry and ,hudson ,street tenements2 you will find their children in the ,sunday-school4 ,to-day there are nearly1 if not quite1 #ejj communicants in this parish--no indication1 it might be thought1 that the church has outlived its usefulness4 ,this year1 according to a parishioner who should know1 this congregation of the lowly contributed #cjj to the diocesan mission fund1 and that1 he asserted1 was a better showing comparatively than ,st4 ,thomas's twelve or fifteen thousand dollar contribution4 ,certainly1 as he said1 the ,st4 ,john's parishioners gave all they could afford1 probably more2 and since the teachings of the church hold that it is the spirit in giving rather than what is given that counts1 ,st4 ,john's has no need to be ashamed4 ,it has been suggested by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,manning1 rector of ,trinity1 that ,st4 ,luke's ,chapel can adequately attend to the needs of the parishioners of the older chapel4 ,but1 as a matter of fact1 ,st4 ,luke's is a mile above1 and is more a ,sunday-school room than a church edifice at best4 ,those who attend service on ,varick ,street say that congregations average from two hundred and fifty to three hundred each ,sunday morning4 ,the breaking up of a company of worshippers of this size presents a problem in parish economics and ethics that the ,trinity ,corporation has probably seriously considered in contemplating abandonment of the chapel4 ,many houses in the vicinity of the chapel1 formerly the abodes of wealthy parishioners1 now shelter four and five families4 ,huge warehouses adjoin each side of the parish property1 but there is no impression of crowding4 ,the churchyard is wide4 ,on one side is a playground for children4 ,there are many shade trees here1 and bushes which in summer bear flowers1 making of the place a beauty spot amid a grimy environment4 ,directly across the street is the great ,new ,york ,central freight station1 where dummy trains receive and deposit freight4 ,the station site was formerly a private playground1 as ,gramercy ,park is to-day1 but those who lived in the houses which surrounded it had begun to move away before the depot was erected in #ahfh4 ,st4 ,john's ,park was laid out in order to attract persons to the chapel1 which1 when built1 in #ahjg1 had been spoken of as 8too far uptown10 small congregations for the first year or so justifying this contention4 ,as a means of attracting dwellers to the vicinity1 the park was planned1 and took the name of the chapel4 ,this design succeeded beyond all expectations4 ,alexander ,hamilton and ,gen4 ,schuyler were among the early migrants north of ,great ,jones ,street1 and the section soon received the stamp of fashionable approval4 ,many of these old dwellings still stand4 ,you may see them on ,hudson ,street1 on ,laight ,street1 on ,vestry ,street1 with their dormer windows1 their fanlight doorways1 and high porches1 flanked by tall iron posts4 ,in those days1 ,st4 ,john's vied with ,trinity itself1 and with ,st4 ,paul's4 ,in #ahci1 when ,trinity ,church1 deemed unsafe1 was pulled down and work on the present structure was begun1 many communicants of that church came to ,st4 ,john's1 following their great organist1 ,dr4 ,hodges1 who played here during the seven years occupied in the building of the new ,trinity4 ,organists who followed were devoted to the task of maintaining ,st4 ,john's excellent repute in music4 ,in #ahgf1 long after the environment of this chapel had been given over to commercialism1 ,george ,f4 ,le ,jeune came to the chapel as organist1 and under his ministrations the chapel was famous as a place where the most excellent sacred music in the city was to be heard4 ,le ,jeune it was who introduced the cathedral form of service in this city4 ,in #ahgg he instituted a series of musical services which continued at ,st4 ,john's for ten years1 and served to familiarize the public with a large number of cantatas and oratorios not generally known4 ,old residents often speak of the music they used to hear at ,st4 ,john's1 and there is not a ,sunday morning that does not find some one of them here1 reviving old memories4 ,this is not difficult1 because the music at ,st4 ,john's is still altogether excellent4 ,south of the church stands the vine-clad parish house4 ,here1 each ,saturday morning1 year in and year out1 rain or shine1 sixty-seven loaves of bread are distributed to the poor women and children of the district1 in accordance with provisions of the will of ,gen4 ,leake1 a wealthy communicant of the parish1 who died in #agib1 leaving #e1jjj to be put out at interest1 the income to be laid out in sixpenny wheaten loaves1 to be distributed among the poor4 ,this charity1 known as the 8,leake ,dole of ,bread10 has been faithfully observed for more than a century4 ,back of the chapel there was a little street called ,st4 ,john's ,lane1 a beautiful tree-shaded bypath in the old days4 ,in the course of years the city advanced1 blotting it out of usefulness4 ,few know it still exists4 ,it is a quiet1 deserted1 odd little nook of a place1 a harbor where shelter may be found from the roar of the city4 ,by noticing the various odd ways in which some men make a living in ,new ,york1 a reporter on the ,sun secured interesting material for an article which the editor entitled1 8,little ,wants of a ,big ,city40 ,a selection from the article follows3 ,anybody can be a clerk or a clergyman or a bank president or a teamster4 ,it takes more individuality to strike out in a career like that of the man who works but one week in the year4 ,this man is ,santa ,claus4 ,his head is covered with a mass of snow-white hair4 ,it falls down over his venerable shoulders and mingles with his equally white beard4 ,the latter falls far down his chest and the old gentleman looks for all the world like the pictures of ,santa ,claus4 ,every holiday season he can be found working in some store1 posing as the holiday saint1 rattling shiny toys before the fascinated gaze of ,new ,york's million children4 ,fifty-one weeks in the year he works not at all1 and how he subsists and has enough money to buy his little red drinks no man can tell4 ,the line-up man is a product of ,new ,york and of nowhere else4 ,he belongs to a clan of agile1 sinewy legged brethren who infest back yards1 and his business is to shin up the poles from which are suspended innumerable clotheslines1 to fix up frayed out lines1 tie on new ropes and get the courtyard rigging into shipshape condition against the ,monday wash4 ,he will climb the highest pole in ,harlem without the aid of a net and fix your ropes for #be cents4 8,lady1 it is decidedly unsafe to trundle your baby about in that rickety carriage10 is the greeting of the vender of rubber tires for perambulators4 ,after convincing a startled mother that she has been carelessly subjecting her child to terrible danger from capsizing1 the crafty salesman swoops down upon the carriage1 tacks on a set of new tires1 tinkers up a rickety spoke1 slaps a cracked hub together and goes on his way with a merry quarter in his jeans4 ,it's another odd job4 ,take the industrious sellers of keys4 ,they come up to your tenement home1 knock at the door and ask whether you need a new key to the chateau4 ,if you have just lost your last key the keyhole genius stoops down1 twiddles around with a blank key and some beeswax1 files a couple of notches in the blank1 and presto--you have a shining new key all for ten cents4 ,a locksmith would take two days and charge you a quarter4 ,precisely speaking1 the man with the camera cannot be included in this list of people who make a living out of curious jobs4 ,most folks have seen him anchored on a bright corner of a ,sunday afternoon taking the pictures of one and all for the small sum of #aj cents4 ,when you have on your best bib and tucker you strike a dignified pose1 with your smaller sister leaning against you1 and in two jerks of a lamb's tail your likeness is slipped upon the post card1 which is kept forever after in the family album1 where in years to come you gaze upon it and wonder how two such spindly legs supported such a large child4 ,the man with the telescope doesn't make a handsome income1 and he usually looks unhappy and ill at ease1 but for a nickel he will show you the ridges in the moon and the canals on ,mars1 and if the bulbous top piece of the ,metropolitan tower gets in the way it's your own fault and your nickel is lost4 ,next comes what is in reality a woman's calling1 but strangely enough it is followed by a large man with an extremely red face and a stubby mustache4 ,children must like him because his business is checking them while bargain seeking mammas thread their ways through the aisles of stores4 ,he stands at the head of a line of baby carriages1 soothing his round faced charges and waving a tinkling strapful of ragged edged checks4 ,upon delivery to him of the check which he gave you when you entered the store you may receive again your baby4 ,no check1 no baby1 just as in the ,chink's place4 ,you mightn't think that a man could eke out an existence selling catnip4 ,one does1 though4 ,he stands at an uptown corner with a basketful of cat's delight1 selling it for two cents a bunch1 and the old maids in the vicinity make daily trips to his corner4 ,when you're inclined to growl about your present salary1 think of the man selling catnip for two cents a bunch4 ,here's another funny occupation4 ,a man goes around through the sweatshop district mending shoes4 ,if you are a sweatshop employee you generally have one pair of shoes1 and of necessity they are on your feet4 ,you can't leave them with the cobbler when the roof springs a leak or the uppers secede from the lowers4 ,you haven't time to sit around his shop in your stockings4 ,so this itinerant cobbler hunts you up at your shop1 takes off your shoes while you sew and caulks up the seams1 tacks on soles and heels1 and you pay him with a cheerful smile and some small change4 ,people who go downtown at night rarely miss seeing the man who advertises various things through an electric sign on his chest4 ,he presses a button at intervals and a light flashes urging you to buy a cigar or a stick of gum or something else4 ,the right thing to say1 because everyone says it upon passing this individual1 is1 8,that's a fine thing for a grown man to be doing40 ,down the bay there is another industry most people never hear of4 ,enterprising venders owning their own boats meet incoming tramp freighters and sell the crews everything from a pair of mittens to a cough cure4 ,they load their craft with most things you find in a department store and they drive fine bargains with the sailors4 ,among the newly arrived immigrants a number of men manage to scrape a living by selling first lessons in ,english to the strangers struggling with the tongue4 ,these lessons are in the form of simple ,english sentences followed by the translation in the tongue of the foreigner4 ,five cents will buy enough assorted conversation to last a new immigrant several weeks4 ,when in the course of his regular work the reporter comes upon a picturesque bit of local color1 as did a writer on the ,new ,york ,evening ,post in going through the ,italian quarter of that city1 he may use it to as good advantage as the ,post reporter did in the following feature story3 ,under the tinsel1 gilt1 and colored paper shrine erected before a caf in ,mulberry ,street1 just north of the ,bend1 there is a picture of ,st4 ,mary of the ,virgin ,mount1 and the devout who pass by drop their mites into the plates4 ,the clinking of pennies1 nickels1 and quarters rings fair and true through the medley of sounds which rise from the crowds about the push-carts1 and it is music to the ear of ,michel ,siniscalchi1 giver of this year's festa in honor of the saint4 ,a year ago they gave a festa in honor of ,maria ,,ss4 di ,monte ,vergine1 as the placards and lithographs displayed in the shop windows style her1 and it proved a financial failure4 ,it costs money to give a festa--that is to say1 a festa of the style and extent which are necessary in doing adequate honor to this saint4 ,in ,italy1 in the villages from which the people who live about the ,bend come1 it is customary to have a festa in honor of the saint every year4 ,and it seemed hard when the people who got up last year's festa decided that they did not again wish to have to shoulder the burden of the festa's bad debts4 ,at this time1 when everybody else had backed down1 ,michel ,siniscalchi1 who deals in colored glass bulbs and similar decorations1 stepped to the fore4 ,he said it seemed a shame that they could not honor the saint4 ,indeed he was so pained by the thought that he would be willing to bear the expenses of the festa himself4 ,he would1 of course1 furnish all the decorations himself1 and his name would appear as president of the comitato on the banners and placards4 ,this offer was accepted with glee by the men and more especially by the women1 who would have taken to heart the loss of a chance to honor their saint4 ,and ,michel ,siniscalchi set to work to organize his festa4 ,it was1 by the way1 part of the agreement1 that the offerings placed in the saint's shrine should go to help ,siniscalchi4 ,colored lights were strung in arches over the narrow street at frequent intervals1 banners and yards of bunting draped the house windows1 the confetti men and peddlers of fruit and sweetmeats came from blocks around1 and on ,saturday night the festa opened with much braying of music and no little religious devotion4 ,the most important decoration was the shrine of the saint's picture4 ,in a niche of the shrine the picture was placed1 and rows of candles were set before it and the tasseled cloth of gold on which it rests4 ,then there were the plates and certain lithographic reproductions of the picture4 ,since ,saturday night the festa has held full sway4 ,there is a preliminary celebration in the morning1 and then everybody stops until two o'clock in the afternoon4 ,for a brief spell around dinner time1 every one but the band rests1 and after dinner the people turn out to listen to the music and to gossip4 ,it is a great occasion for gossip1 the festa4 ,at present everybody is talking about the amount of money ,michel ,siniscalchi may lose by his speculations4 ,the old men sit before the banca across the street from the shrine and chuckle over his discomfiture1 for1 while yesterday and ,saturday night the coins clinked in the dishes with merry rapidity1 now they barely dribble1 and1 when a clink is heard1 by its very novelty it strikes through all other noises4 8,caught10 they chuckle4 8,yes1 our ,michel is caught this time4 ,a cute one1 he is4 ,yes1 a cute one1 ,signor4 ,no1 not a politician4 ,but cute1 so cute4 ,ay1 and this time he has been caught4 ,has the signor heard8 ,the signor has but to cross the street and examine the blessed saint's shrine4 ',tis bare1 ,signor4 ,nought but pennies40 ,but there are others who are not so sure that ,michel ,siniscalchi is going to lose by his speculation4 ,among the younger generation of ,italians his scheme is treated with considerable respect1 and his ,bowery friends wink when ,michel's intelligence is aspersed4 8,lose80 queried ,jack ,gallagher1 sitting with a group of friends in the caf behind the shrine4 8,lose1 did you say8 ,aw1 g'wan4 ,say1 ,michel wasn't born yesterday4 ,he's got his brains in his head4 ,he's too rapid for dese wops4 ,michel's got a business eye1 he has4 ,he's thinking of advertisin'4 ,see that sign up there8 ,see ,michel's name on it1 good and big8 ,see them lights8 ,all from ,michel's store4 ,aw1 he's a wise guy4 ,he knows his game40 ,while ,gallagher talked1 the infrequent pennies1 with an occasional nickel1 dropped into the plates1 and presently the figure was carried toward ,spring ,street1 with at least #aej women and children and a band in the procession4 ,simplicity and naturalness may be given to an explanatory article by putting it in the form of an interview with the person from whom the information is obtained2 this was done in the following story from the ,new ,york ,sun3 8,for the last three years ,i have devoted my summer to making balanced aquariums to order10 said a woman who is now in middle life4 8,i earn enough by this work to keep me comfortably during the winter1 so ,i call myself a successful woman wage earner4 8,i make my aquariums as nearly a perfect reproduction of natural conditions as possible4 ,it is only since the discovery of balanced aquariums that the full decorative effect of displays of aquatic life has begun to be realized4 ,now many architects and interior decorators include them in their plans4 ,this is true not only of country places but of many of the newest city homes4 ,certainly there is no easier and cheaper way to keep some living thing about the house4 ,the care of the balanced aquarium amounts to so little that it may be practically disregarded4 8,the cost of the vessel depends entirely upon the wishes of the person who is filling it4 ,it may be an ordinary fruit jar with a wide mouth or a glass tank costing #bj or more4 ,the simplest tanks cost about #a and are of something more than one gallon capacity4 ,they may be had either rectangular in shape or globular4 ,for an eight gallon tank of domestic glass ,i have paid as little as #b4ej4 ,the main essential is to have a tank perfectly tight and clean1 with no paint or other injurious material to contaminate the water4 8,to begin with1 the water should be as pure as the water we drink4 ,the bottom should be covered with pebbles and sand to the depth of two inches with the plants rooted in it4 ,there is a great variety of aquatic plants that may be had at a cost of from #aj cents to half a dollar a bunch4 ,of them all fanwort is the most valuable4 ,hornwort1 water starwort1 tape grass1 water poppy1 willow moss1 milfoil and a number of floating plants such as lemma1 duckweed1 salvinia1 hydrocharis and hyacinth are among the most important varieties4 ,if one has lived long enough on any water course in the country to know these plants1 taking them from their native soil and transplanting them to the sand of the aquarium is a simple matter4 8,the most important occupants of the aquarium are the fish1 and great care should be taken not to put in too many for the size of the tank4 ,the basis of the balanced aquarium is one fish1 say three inches in length1 to each gallon of water4 ,if your tank holds five gallons of water you could not make a well balanced aquarium by putting ten fish three inches long in it4 ,if the fish are smaller the number to the gallon can be very greatly increased4 8,gold fish or golden carp are the most popular stock for an aquarium1 and the common varieties can be had for ten cents each4 ,this price means the best fish of these varieties4 ,if there is more money to be spent ,i would advise purchasing some of the really marvellously colored ,japanese varieties4 8,these fish have wonderful flowing tails with colors that change as though by magic from week to week4 ,in the case of the variety known as the telescope fish the color to begin with is velvety black and gradually becomes silvery1 then white1 and after three years a wonderful orange red4 ,nearly all varieties of goldfish are constantly changing their colors1 which range from black to silver and many shades of amber and golden red4 8,there is an almost endless variety of these beautiful ,japanese fish to choose from1 the more common of which include the fantails1 fringetails and comets4 ,good specimens of these varieties may be bought at from #be cents to #e each4 ,the bulgy eyed telescope fish1 the aristocrats of the aquarium world1 will cost from #e apiece up1 according to size1 color1 shape and eyes4 8,in addition to the ,japanese fish there are many other rare varieties suited to balanced aquariums4 ,among the most popular are the banded tench1 the banded sunfish1 the paradise fish1 the bitterling and the golden tench4 ,besides these ,i have orders for many varieties of our own native waters4 8,such orders usually come to me singly1 and the one giving the order is quite willing to pay the cost of having his taste suited4 ,these people1 usually men1 want an aquarium with the fish of their boyhood days4 ,they candidly admit that they wish them as reminders of the happy days long past4 8,where native fish are wanted ,i usually use sunfish1 dace1 catfish1 minnows1 sticklebacks1 chub1 mirror carp1 rockfish1 small eels1 alligators1 newts1 frogs and turtles of all sizes and shapes and colors4 ,i always when possible have a snail1 tadpole or a few newts in my aquariums1 as they are scavengers and will consume much of the decaying matter thrown off by the plants1 besides preventing the green scum that will form in still bodies of water4 8,beginners must be particular not to mix their fish indiscriminately4 ,they must always remember that goldfish cannot live in peace with catfish1 sunfish1 eels1 turtles1 crawfish1 rockfish or sticklebacks4 ,if this rule is not observed1 the goldfish will eventually lose the battle for life and be killed4 8,goldfish if properly cared for live to a great age4 ,there is an aquarium in ,washington where the goldfish are known to be more than fifty years old4 8,balanced salt water aquariums are as easily made and kept as those of fresh water4 ,of course they must be filled with sea water fresh from the sea and all the inhabitants must be the young of various sea creatures1 such as crabs1 starfish1 shrimps1 and anemones4 ,the plant life also must be the varieties that flourish in the sea1 and where possible ,i believe in taking the pebbles and sand from a sea washed beach4 8,beginners must be careful about two points4 ,first1 in making aquariums they must not overcrowd them by trying to have too many fish for the volume of water4 ,second1 they must not overfeed their pets4 ,failure to observe these two rules causes more trouble than all other points connected with the making and care of aquariums4 8,in a balanced aquarium the daily care consists in feeding the fish with prepared wafers1 dried ants' eggs1 or fish food4 ,fish should never be fed more than they will eat up clean at the time4 8,fortunately fish are subject to few diseases4 ,the amateur has only to remember that salt water is the cure-all for sick fish4 ,if a fish is out of health and the trouble is caused neither by overcrowding nor by overfeeding1 a five minutes bath in salt water every day for a week will in nine cases out of ten restore it to its usual good health and spirits4 8,all that is necessary to catch the sick fish is a small net that can be conveniently handled in the aquarium4 ,though ,i have been making aquariums of different sorts ever since ,i was a small country girl1 ,i still use a net and avoid touching the inmates with my hands unless it is positively necessary4 8,when ,i catch my own fish from their native waters ,i use a small net1 very little larger than the one used in the aquariums1 and a minnow bucket4 ,these are my only tools4 8,i find a ready sale for all the aquariums ,i have time to make after filling my special orders4 ,of course there are seasons when the demand is more brisk than others4 ,when those times come ,i always have a dozen aquariums on hand which ,i have stocked either for my own satisfaction or to try some new theory40 ,the interview form may be combined with a character sketch and biographical material in order to give the reader a glimpse of the speaker's personality as well as an account of his or her work4 ,the selection from the ,new ,york ,times given below is the first part of a long article which is in the form of an interview after this introduction3 ,even when ,mrs4 ,alice ,stebbins ,wells fishes about in her bag and produces her policeman's star for verification one can hardly believe that she is the famous first 8policewoman0 of ,los ,angeles4 ,scarcely five feet in height1 slender1 with a mild1 almost timorous voice and a pair of very round blue eyes1 ,mrs4 ,wells presents an appearance about as formidable as that of a kitten4 ,yet she has been permanently appointed as a regular member of the police force of a city of #djj1jjj1 subject to the same regulations1 vested with the same authority1 and under civil service1 as any male member of ,los ,angeles' bluecoat squad4 ,she makes arrests and prefers charges in the same way and with as much success as any policeman1 and is a very substantial vindication of the power of personality in an institution where brute force and a six-foot stature have formerly been thought to be indispensable prerequisites4 ,here is what she says of a phase of police work3 8,and do ,i carry weapons8 ,no1 indeed4 ,that is something which ,i do not feel called upon to do4 ,i am very firmly convinced that under the right conditions a policeman would not have to carry a weapon at all4 ,but before the policeman can give up his gun and his stick1 weapons must not be sold indiscriminately to citizens4 ,the only reason now that a policeman requires a weapon is because the other fellow may have one1 and the law must enforce its demands against all objection4 ,it is a very sad commentary on our civilization that guns and brass knuckles are displayed openly for sale1 and that almost the only restriction in our most careful communities is a provision for a license1 which is easily obtained40 ,mrs4 ,wells is the first woman to be appointed to a police force in any city of the ,united ,states4 ,the woman detective1 the police matron1 the probation officer1 the district nurse1 are all places which have been filled by women1 and were of course the forerunners of the policewoman4 ,but while they were vested with partial police authority their power was greatly restricted along certain well-defined lines1 and they did not work in recognized co-operation with the police department4 ,before entering her work on the ,los ,angeles police force ,mrs4 ,wells had been in active training as a social worker4 ,the general attitude which she takes toward that stratum of society with which she comes most in contact is hinted at in her adaptation of the philanthropist's1 the cheery social worker's1 vocabulary4 ,mrs4 ,wells never resorts to the threadbare term of 8uplift10 but puts in its place that rather more welcome 8upbuilding40 ,returning to ,california from social work in the ,east1 ,mrs4 ,wells entered upon a scientific study of crime4 ,she became impressed with the importance of the police department in its capacity to prevent crime as well as to punish it1 and was convinced of the need of women workers on the inside of the police department to strengthen the emphasis on the side of prevention4 ,she set to work to obtain signatures to a petition for a woman police officer1 which resulted very promptly in her appointment to the police force of ,los ,angeles1 where she has been at work for the last three years4 ,in addition to her regular police duties1 ,mrs4 ,wells conducts a bureau of information to which clubs and civic organizations which are working to obtain women on the police force of their home cities may apply4 ,she is now on a six months' leave of absence1 not only to investigate conditions throughout the country1 but to carry on her 8campaign0 for women police4 ,she is speaking before city clubs and organizations of every sort1 and is visiting the mayor and chief of police in every city4 8,i have spoken all the way across the continent and ,i shall speak all the way back4 ,i realize that ,i am in a way doing propaganda work4 ,when ,i applied for my appointment in ,los ,angeles ,i thought chiefly of the immediate work to be done right there by a woman4 ,but when ,i was appointed1 then came this--this terrifying publicity--and ,i realized what it meant4 8,i realized that ,i should have to stand behind a sort of #8movement' for women in the police departments of other cities1 just because ,i was the first in the field40 ,effective presentation of the life and the character of a man who has 8done things0 is illustrated by the following 8personality sketch0 by ,mr4 ,brand ,whitlock1 published in the ,american ,magazine1 but equally well adapted for newspaper publication3 ,those citizens of ,ohio who a dozen years ago used to throng the big circus-tent in which ,tom ,l4 ,johnson was then making his first campaigns in the country districts will recall the figure of the slender youth with the ,grecian profile and the fair hair who used to stand there under the flaring light and speak of fundamental democracy4 ,they1 or those of them who were accessible to such impressions1 caught something of the spirit of youthful idealism that was in the young man2 if they did not1 his presence and personality gave them reassurance1 for attendance on one of ,tom ,johnson's meetings in those days was1 in ,ohio1 an enterprise to impart the thrill of a spicy and dangerous adventure4 ,time flies1 and time has flown fast in this last decade1 and the political ideas that ,herbert ,s4 ,bigelow was helping ,tom ,johnson to disseminate1 though they were flouted and scorned then as heretical1 insane1 and wicked1 have since become1 by the inevitable and monotonous operation of the universal law of progress1 conventional1 respectable1 orthodox1 and popular4 ,herbert ,bigelow was then not many years out of ,lane ,theological ,seminary--strange spectacle in ,ohio1 that of a minister addressing ,democratic meetings6--and he was pastor of the ,vine ,street ,congregational ,church1 in ,cincinnati4 ,vine ,street ,congregational ,church was in itself an instance of the operation of the old law4 ,before the ,civil ,war it was a hotbed of abolition when abolition was unpopular and unorthodox even in ,ohio1 though everybody in ,ohio is an abolitionist to-day1 and1 if he is old enough1 claims to have been so then4 ,but after the war the ,vine ,street ,church became respectable1 with a cold and formal atmosphere of black walnut and musty cushions of a magenta shade1 and when ,herbert ,bigelow began to preach a somewhat too literal application of the social ethics of ,jesus1 not to ,hankow or ,kordofan1 but to ,cincinnati1 there was a disconcerting rustle in the pews1 the tendency of that doctrine being to decrease the revenues of the church in an inverse ratio to the increase in the number of human beings in the congregation4 ,it is an interesting story1 not to be told here in detail1 of how ,herbert ,bigelow struggled1 of how they tried to get him out of his pulpit1 and of how he worked for a long time without salary1 until ,daniel ,kiefer devised means of financing the institution1 so that it lost its ecclesiastical atmosphere1 became a ,people's ,church or forum for free speech1 and moved into a theater where radicals preach their various and conflicting heresies on ,sunday afternoons1 after moving pictures have illustrated the progress of the species4 ,meanwhile ,herbert ,bigelow was increasingly prominent in political reform movement2 he lectured everywhere1 wrote articles for radical publications1 organized the ,ohio ,direct ,legislation ,league1 and poured all his energy into the propaganda of the initiative and referendum4 ,the privileged interests opposed him1 of course1 and still oppose him4 ,one way they did it was to call him ,reverend2 whenever it was necessary to frighten 8good0 people1 by holding up his image1 they printed the ,reverend with the subtle and sinister implication of quotation-marks2 whenever it was necessary to influence 8bad0 people1 printing the ,reverend without the quotation-marks4 ,but ,herbert ,bigelow was an idealist growing day by day more practical4 ,he had had hard knocks in boyhood2 he knew what it was to be poor2 he had a love of his fellow man2 he was saddened and appalled by the shadow of poverty everywhere1 the shadow which so many are too blind to see1 or too selfish and cowardly to admit4 ,but this spirit of sympathy and of pity in him had been somehow ordered1 organized1 and made coherent by the philosophy of ,henry ,george1 and when that vision came to him1 as does nearly every other who has a vision1 he went to work for social justice4 ,his great opportunity came when1 last year1 a convention was called to draft a new constitution for ,ohio1 and he set out to impress the people with the fact that it was their opportunity4 ,he organized the ,ohio ,progressive ,constitution ,league1 with subsidiary leagues in every county2 he worked all summer2 and through that league1 aided and inspired by what the lecturers call the ,spirit of the ,times1 a majority of delegates elected to the convention were pledged to the principles of direct legislation4 ,and for the first half of the year ,mr4 ,bigelow was at ,columbus1 presiding over the constitutional convention as its president4 ,at forty his figure is no longer slender2 it has taken on the rotundity of the middle years2 but as he sat there in gray tweeds1 with the yellow hair hanging over his forehead1 smiling1 it must have been gratifying to him now and then to reflect that his old heresies had become so orthodox in his own time4 ,the convention adopted articles providing for home rule for cities1 for a license system to control the liquor traffic1 for equal suffrage1 for verdicts in civil cases by a three-fourths vote of the jury1 for the welfare of labor1 and1 under ,mr4 ,bigelow's leadership1 a clause adopting the initiative and referendum in the ,state4 ,when the vote was taken1 and ,herbert ,bigelow had the satisfaction of announcing the triumph of the principle he had so long advocated1 it was a moment that all his friends were glad to have him experience4 ,the irony in which the fates usually award their laurels was not wanting in that instance1 for in the clause there is a proviso that the initiative and referendum shall not be used by the people to adopt the single tax1 supposed1 in ,ohio1 to be a method of despoiling farmers by taxing land according to its superficial area4 ,but ,herbert ,bigelow1 whom fate taught long ago1 like ,josh ,whitcomb1 to accommodate himself to circumstances and to take what he can get1 smiles and is happy2 and his friends are happy with him4 ,,suggestions #a4 ,find the 8human interest0 in current events4 #b4 ,notice the comedy and tragedy in life4 #c4 ,look for good subjects for character sketches4 #d4 ,look to future events as well as to current news for subjects for feature articles4 #e4 ,jot down suggestions for feature articles4 #f4 ,file news clippings1 statistics1 and other material bearing on good subjects4 #g4 ,write your feature article while it is new and timely4 #h4 ,give your article timeliness by connecting it with topics of current interest4 #i4 ,don't forget that the story that touches the reader's heart is the story he remembers4 #aj4 ,make your pathetic story simple and restrained4 #aa4 ,don't confuse sentiment with sentimentality4 #ab4 ,avoid cheap humor and vulgar slang4 #ac4 ,don't ridicule another's religion1 race1 or nationality4 #ad4 ,make your explanation clear to a reader who knows nothing about the subject4 #ae4 ,use incidents1 anecdotes1 and concrete examples for clearness and interest4 #af4 ,avoid technical and scientific terms4 #ag4 ,let your first sentence arouse interest and curiosity4 ,,practice ,,work #a4 ,write a humorous animal story based on the material in the following news story3 ,just because they thought an ostrich was a timid1 harmless sort of creature1 two men1 one white and one black1 were badly hurt at ,mineola1 ,long ,island1 yesterday4 ,each of the men tried to catch and hold an ostrich at the ,mineola ,fair ,grounds4 ,the negro was kicked in the face1 and landed about #bj feet from the bird2 the white man was kicked in the chest and knocked down and had his clothes torn off him4 ,the ostrich that did all the damage is named ,fleetwing4 ,he and another ostrich1 named ,fleetfoot1 arrived from ,florida in two crates yesterday morning4 ,they were brought to ,mineola to race on the fair grounds this week at the fair of the ,queens-,nassau ,county ,agricultural ,society4 ,the birds have been trained to run races and pull light sulkies to which they are harnessed4 ,they are bad tempered1 however1 and are kept blindfolded frequently when they are not racing4 ,a blindfolded ostrich is gentle as a lamb4 ,the blinding hood slipped off the eyes of ,fleetwing at the fair grounds yesterday morning and in an instant the big bird was out of its crate1 which was not covered4 ,it started off on a run1 and about two hundred persons ran after it4 ,there was a merry chase around and around the racing track1 and finally the ostrich was cornered4 ,a big negro looked at the ostrich and said3 8,i reckon there ain't no chicken ever were raised that ,i couldn't hold1 boss4 ,i'll hold his laig1 an' then you grab his haid40 ,the negro wrapped his arms about one of ,fleetwing's legs and in a second was lifted into the air and landed about #bj feet away1 with an ugly wound in the side of his face4 ,then ,keeper ,ford approached the ostrich from the front1 and got an uppercut on his diaphragm1 cutting his chest and tearing his clothes4 ,finally the ostrich was roped and recrated4 8,that ain't no chicken10 said the negro as he watched these proceedings from a safe distance4 8,that there's a two-laiged mule40 #b4 ,make a more entertaining 8,zoo0 story out of the facts in the following article3 ,the ,chinese wildcat in the ,central ,park ,zoo has received a new lease of life1 according to the keepers there1 and a graphophone may be used now to make life seem more worth while to him4 ,if this plan is adopted one of the machines will collect sounds in ,mott ,street that are expected to help to cure the cat's recurrent fits of nostalgia1 which is the dictionary name for homesickness4 ,there is a box nailed to the wall by the side of the quarters of the lady hippopotamus and her young son1 and on a shelf of this lies all day long a slim and long-bodied little animal with green eyes and a sweeping tail4 ,the yellow sign says that it is a 8,felis ,chinensis40 ,he may take exercise at night1 but all day he is motionless1 still1 apparently melancholy1 noticing nothing4 ,he is in surroundings that offer little congeniality4 ,the lady hippo and her young son are out of his class4 ,the capybara not only is from ,south ,america1 but is like a rat magnified some two hundred times4 ,the lions across the aisle are from climes unknown to the ,chinese wildcat4 ,practically everything in the ,central ,park ,zoo has long ago learned how to eat peanuts1 and has thus become more or less ,americanized4 ,the ,felis ,chinensis will not have peanuts4 ,last week a couple of ,chinamen1 rare visitors at the ,zoo1 strayed into the lion house1 stopping before the home of the wildcat4 ,the minute he heard their talk he jumped from his shelf and began purring and rubbing himself against the side of his box4 ,he played ball with a chicken bone on the floor1 and had a good time4 ,the uplift he got from this rode him along joyously for two days afterward4 ,and there is a plan on foot1 say the keepers1 to collect ,mott ,street sounds in a graphophone for the ,felis ,chinensis1 if more laundrymen don't visit the ,zoo4 ,there is some apprehension1 however1 as to how the lions and the tiger will take the graphophone4 #c4 ,use the facts in the following clipping as the basis for an amusing hunting story3 ,a rabbit that residents of ,sayville1 ,l4 ,i41 declare plays on the piano has taken possession of a big house near ,oakland1 owned by ,alexander ,h4 ,hunter4 ,mr4 ,hunter and his family are in ,europe1 and until they return bunny will lord it over parlor and pantry4 ,the rabbit didn't go into the house because it wanted to4 ,it was chased there by men with guns and dogs intent on taking its life1 and the rabbit1 unwilling to yield itself up for stew1 bolted into the ,hunter house via a drain pipe4 ,this was the way of it3 ,herman ,schmidt and a friend went out with dogs and guns yesterday for a hunt1 and the hounds soon started the particular ,br'er ,rabbit who is making faces at the hunters from the front window of the ,hunter place4 ,when the dogs got close ,br'er ,rabbit didn't hesitate4 ,he laid his ears back and was away like a streak1 with dogs and men in hot pursuit4 ,toward the ,hunter home ran the hunted and hunters1 and it looked as if ,schmidt would have a rabbit stew for supper4 ,but the hunters had not calculated on a drain pipe which stuck out of the ground about #aej yards from the house1 and great was their chagrin when cunning ,br'er ,rabbit whisked into it and disappeared4 ,now that pipe leads right into the ,hunter house1 and pretty soon the hunters saw bunny at one of the windows4 ,when they approached he retreated to the piano and kept running back and forth over the keys1 making soft music4 ,there is no caretaker in the house1 and the possibility of the damage that the rabbit will do1 for which the hunters may have to pay1 is appalling4 ,on the other hand1 the rabbit may have to come out of the house to get something to eat4 ,if he does he will get a warm reception at the end of the drain pipe4 ,a couple of dogs are lurking about there4 ,they tried hard to get into the pipe but they were too wide4 #d4 ,write a pathetic story1 using the particulars given in the following narrative3 ,dog ,catcher ,larson visited the ,home for the ,friendless with his little blue wagon ,thursday afternoon1 and he left behind him one hundred little tots with saddened hearts and cheeks that burned with scalding tears4 ,the bewhiskered dog catcher is no respecter of persons or of dogs4 ,the high and low are the same to him1 and he recognizes no distinction between the poodle and the fice4 ,and so ,thursday afternoon he gathered in the little pet of the children of the ,home of the ,friendless4 ,true1 it was the pet of these little unfortunates4 ,true1 that they had raised this little dog1 and that now it was only seven months old--not old enough to know about ,atlanta's dog law4 ,still1 ,jerry had no tag1 and tagless ,jerry therefore must take his place in the blue wagon and must await his turn to be ducked to death4 ,the children had no money and so could not pay the dollar for the tag4 ,now that the dog was arrested1 still less did they have the #b4be necessary to save him from a watery grave4 ,one and all they went to bed with heavy hearts1 and as they knelt down beside their beds they did not forget to put in a word for 8,poor ,jerry60 ,friday morning the pangs of sorrow were too great1 and their grief burst forth in wails4 ,jerry had been a companion to them1 a faithful friend and a source of solace and comfort4 ,he had never deserted them--and then ,jerry was theirs1 had been fed by them1 raised by them1 taught by them4 ,they knew it was not their fault he had not been tagged1 and also they knew that ,jerry was not to blame4 ,and so they appealed to the superintendent4 ,they begged1 pleaded1 cried4 ,nothing would suffice but the restoration of their fice4 ,the superintendent appealed to the mayor1 the mayor to the probation officer1 and now the probation officer is trying to touch the heart of the dog catcher4 ,all of the children are writing letters to city officials4 8,the cook got mad with ,jerry10 writes little ,ruth ,wilson1 8because he stole two of ,mother ,henry's chickens1 but ,jerry didn't mean any harm4 ,cook gave the dog to the dog catcher4 ,we have got all the cats we want1 but only one little dog--and that is ,jerry4 ,please give him back to us1 for we love him very much40 #e4 ,with the facts given in the news story below as a basis1 write a pathetic feature story4 ,moving pictures inspired ten boys to 8lynch0 ,harry ,werner1 their #i-year-old playmate1 in ,glencoe yesterday4 ,so serious are his injuries that he may be crippled for life4 ,it was a 8wild west0 picture1 absurd to the practical mind in its unrealities1 that gave the boys their idea4 ,they saw in the flickering pictures a score of 8cowboys10 their revolvers strapped on the wrong side1 while they mounted their horses also from the wrong side1 and rode with the grace and skill of wooden ,indians4 ,the boys did not notice these details4 ,they saw only the rakishness and swaggering daredeviltry4 ,they applauded vociferously the 8stringing-up0 of the actor-cowboy4 8,let's play wild west10 one #aj-year-old enthusiast proposed after the show4 ,the vote was unanimous4 ,wooden revolvers were fashioned4 ,fathers' discarded hats took the place of sombrros4 ,broom sticks served as prancing bronchos4 8,who'll we lynch80 one asked4 ,harry ,werner was selected4 ,his dark hair and eyes led to his unwilling selection by them for the rle of 8villain40 ,they tied a clothes-line under his arms and threw the rope over a branch of a tree4 ,whooping madly1 in true moving-picture-wild-west fashion1 they pulled him up until his feet were far from the ground4 ,the thin rope cut into his tender flesh4 ,he struggled and implored his comrades to let him down4 ,his pleas brought renewed whoops4 ,had not the 8villain0 in the moving-picture struggled and cried for mercy8 ,for half an hour they kept him there4 ,then they cut the rope and let his body fall to the ground4 ,their childish eyes did not see that he was unconscious4 ,they seized the rope and dragged him for several minutes1 leaving him on the ground to find his way home alone4 ,physicians who examined him declared that he may be disabled permanently4 #f4 ,rewrite the following humorous story1 making it more effective in every way possible4 ,tommy is a hero to-day4 ,all his playmates that live on ,greene street1 near ,wolcott avenue1 are envious1 and speak to him in awed whispers1 for did he not go to hunt a ,saracen and return covered with bean-juice and glory8 ,all their mothers1 too1 are keeping a sharp watch on the family crockery4 ,this is how it happened3 ,papa ,devine had told ,tommy about a lot of men who called themselves ,crusaders1 who went to lick a lot of other chaps known as ,saracens4 ,and when papa told him how the ,crusaders wore armor plates on their chests and backs and arms and legs and big helmets on their heads1 ,tommy decided that he would take a crack at the ,saracens himself4 ,when ,papa ,devine went out1 and ,mamma ,devine was busy upstairs1 ,tommy thought it would be a good time to start on his crusade4 ,going into the kitchen1 he tied a frying pan about his neck so that it hung down over his stomach1 strung the lid of the clothes boiler over his back1 and then sought a helmet that would resist the swords and battle-axes of the enemy4 ,as he pondered he sniffed the air4 ,then a bright idea came4 ,cautiously he opened the stove door4 ,mamma ,devine was cooking beans la ,boston and ,tommy ,devine drew forth a big round stone pot full of the delicious fruit4 ,carefully he emptied the contents into the sink and thrust the pot on his head4 ,the bean juice ran down into his eyes and ears1 but that didn't matter--he was going to hunt ,saracens4 ,then the pot felt uncomfortable1 and ,tommy decided to take it off and refit it to his head4 ,horrors6 ,the pot would not budge4 ,it was stuck on his head4 ,pull as he might he could not get it off4 ,he sat down in the corner to plan a campaign of action1 and consoled himself with licking the dripping bean treacle from his nose end4 ,that got tiresome after a while1 so ,tommy sought his mother4 ,mrs4 ,devine scolded over the lost beans at first1 and then tried to remove the pot1 but she1 too1 was unsuccessful4 ,then she became alarmed4 ,in desperation she started for the doctor's with the pot still on ,tommy's head1 the pans jangling around his neck1 and the bean juice running down his back4 ,passengers in the street car dropped their papers in amazement1 for they did not know that ,tommy was a crusader1 while ,mrs4 ,devine looked out of the window and tried to make it appear that crusading was an every day affair4 ,but ,tommy's tears and wails attracted the attention of an old man4 ,he stopped the car and called the motorman1 who came with his controller handle in his hand4 8,crack the blamed thing off10 ordered the old man4 ,the motorman cracked1 and off fell the jar4 ,tommy set up a whoop of joy1 and ,mrs4 ,devine hurried home to give the erstwhile crusader a bath--and a spanking4 ,,chapter ,x ,,editing ,,copy ,what ,copy-,reading ,means4 ,all news stories1 whether written by reporters1 sent through the mail by correspondents1 or received by telegraph or telephone1 must be read and edited before they are set up in type4 ,this work is done either by the editor in whose department the news belongs or by a copy-reader4 ,the reading and editing of copy consists of3 7#a7 ,correcting all errors whether in expression or in fact4 7#b7 ,making the story conform to the so-called 8style0 of the newspaper4 7#c7 ,improving the story in any respect4 7#d7 ,eliminating libelous matter4 7#e7 ,marking copy for the printer4 7#f7 ,writing headlines and subheads4 ,the good copy-reader must be able to catch instantly1 and correct quickly1 errors of all kinds4 ,good copy1 or 8clean copy10 as it is called1 should be free from mistakes in spelling1 grammar1 and rhetoric2 but rapid writing too often leads to carelessness1 and the copy-reader's work is correspondingly increased by the necessity of doing what the writer has neglected to do4 ,the correction of such errors1 however1 is not the most important part of his work4 ,he must be able to detect and correct errors of fact4 ,as every art1 science1 business1 occupation1 sport1 recreation1--in short1 every form of activity1 is the subject of news1 the copy-reader should be able to pass intelligent judgment on the accuracy of stories written about these various activities4 ,he must also be familiar with proper names that appear in the news1 such as names of prominent persons and places the world over1 the titles of well-known books1 plays1 pictures1 and musical compositions1 the names of railroads and important corporations1 and special trade-mark names4 ,to no one in the newspaper office and to few outside of it1 can the words of ,terence more truly be applied than to the copy-reader1 humani nihil a me alienum puto1 8,i consider nothing human to be outside of my sphere40 ,like the good reporter1 the copy-reader must be an accurate judge of news values4 ,he must be able to see the significance of the news in the story4 ,he must be able to decide how much space it is worth4 ,if the real point of the news has been buried by the writer1 the copy-reader must get it out and give it the prominence that it deserves4 ,the ineffective lead must be rewritten1 the needless details cut out1 and the parts of the story rearranged for the best effect4 ,to improve the style of the story1 he must consider carefully the construction of paragraphs and sentences1 the choice of words and figures4 ,each paragraph should be given an effective beginning that will catch the reader's eye in rapid reading4 ,close connection should be maintained between the sentences in the paragraph4 ,the copy-reader must transform the weak1 rambling sentence into a firm1 coherent statement with an emphatic beginning4 ,for the trite1 colorless word or phrase1 he must substitute the fresh1 picturesque one4 ,the too figurative flights of exuberant fancy in one young reporter's copy must be toned down1 and the bald1 prosaic narrative or description in another's given life and interest4 ,in short1 the copy-reader's work is constructive as well as critical2 it is as important for him to rewrite and rearrange as to cut out and boil down4 ,the responsibility of determining whether or not any statements or implications of the story as written are libelous also rests upon the copy-reader4 ,he must know the law of libel1 therefore1 as it is construed in his state1 and must prevent violations of it in the matter that he edits4 ,less often he is called upon to decide whether or not anything in the news story violates laws regulating the transmission of printed matter through the mail4 ,whenever the copy-reader is uncertain on any important point involving the management of the newspaper1 he refers the question to his superiors4 ,some ,common ,errors4 ,in reading copy rapidly the beginner will do well to be on the lookout for certain kinds of common errors in spelling1 grammar1 and punctuation4 ,the quick eye of the copy-reader will catch the frequently misspelled words without difficulty1 but uncommon proper names are more likely to cause trouble1 and in cases of doubt1 books of reference should be consulted4 ,to prevent errors in grammar from slipping through in a story1 the copy-reader should note such points as 7#a7 the agreement of the verb with the subject1 particularly when they are separated from each other by words or phrases2 7#b7 the relation of pronouns to their antecedents2 7#c7 the position of participles in relation to the words that they modify2 7#d7 the use of cordinate conjunctions to connect elements of the same kind2 7#e7 the position of correlative conjunctions with relation to the elements that they connect4 ,in punctuation1 not infrequent errors are 7#a7 the use of a comma instead of a semicolon to separate independent1 grammatically unconnected statements2 7#b7 the omission of apostrophes in the possessive case and in contractions2 7#c7 the omission of a period after abbreviations2 7#d7 the use of double instead of single quotation marks2 7#e7 the failure to put quotation marks at the beginning of each paragraph of a continuous quotation and at the end of only the last paragraph4 ,following the 8,style ,book40 ,as each newspaper has its peculiar 8style10 so-called1 the copy-reader must learn the rules set forth in the 8style book0 which his newspaper prints for the guidance of its reporters1 editors1 copy-readers1 and compositors4 ,these rules have to do with capitalization1 abbreviation1 hyphenation1 punctuation1 use of numerical figures1 and also with the use of certain words and phrases4 ,the form and size of each kind of headline and the number or letter by which it is to be designated in the copy1 are sometimes included in the style book4 ,every newspaper office has its own method of designating the heads1 either by number or letter1 whether or not the method is printed in the style book4 ,almost every style book has a long or short list of 8,don'ts10 which includes common errors to be avoided and frequently those words and phrases that are pet aversions of the editor-in-chief or of the managing editor4 ,how the ,copy-,reader ,works4 ,in all this work of the copy-reader the important element is speed4 ,every minute is valuable in the newspaper office1 and only those who can work rapidly as well as accurately can expect to hold a position long4 ,to rearrange1 to reconstruct1 to correct1 rather than to rewrite1 and to do this quickly and skillfully1 is the real work of the copy-reader4 ,to putter over details is an inexcusable fault4 ,the combination of speed and accuracy in a copy-reader is the ideal of the editor4 ,on large newspapers under the plan of having all news copy read at one desk by copy-readers under the direction of a head copy-reader1 every news story goes to the head copy-reader1 who1 after deciding on its value1 determines how much space it is worth and what size head it shall have4 ,before passing the story over to one of the copy-readers1 the head reader gives it a catch-line1 or 8slugs0 it1 to indicate its character and to serve as a means of identification4 ,he also indicates by means of a number the size of head to be written for it2 for example1 8,no4 #a ,wreck0 indicates the name of the story and the style of head4 ,if the copy is being read page by page as fast as it is written rather than after the whole story is completed1 the guide or catch-line may be repeated at the top of each page1 thus 8#d ,storm10 which means that this is page #d of the storm story4 ,the head copy-reader also keeps a record of all copy that passes through his hands1 the entries in which may be something like this1 8,walters--,wreck--#ejj--,no4 #a--aa4ae ,a4,m4--more10 which means that from one of the members of the staff named ,walters1 he received a story of a wreck that contained about #ejj words2 that he gave it a ,no4 #a head2 that it went to the composing room to be set up in type at #aa4ae ,a4,m42 and that more of the story is to follow4 ,when the head copy-reader passes over the story to the copy-reader who is to edit it1 he may give verbal directions in regard to cutting it down1 8playing up0 important facts buried by the writer1 or improving the form or expression as he thinks best2 or he may leave all these details to the discretion of the copy-reader4 ,the latter begins to correct and improve the story as soon as he has finished the piece of work that he has in hand4 ,it is not unusual during the rush hours when time is very valuable to send stories to the copy desk as each page is written1 and as the page is edited1 to send it up to the composing room to be put into type1 without waiting for the complete story4 ,under these circumstances a copy-reader is often editing alternate pages of several entirely different stories1 all the details of which he must carry in mind in order to handle them intelligently and to write a complete and accurate headline if1 as is sometimes the case1 this is written only after the last page of copy on the story has been read4 ,use of ,guide ,lines4 ,catch-lines1 such as 8,society10 8,state10 8,sport10 aid in assembling news that is to go on one page or in one department4 ,when several independent stories1 each with a separate head1 are to be assembled so that one will follow the other1 the catch-lines may indicate this thus3 8,lead ,convention10 8,follow ,convention10 8,first ,follow ,convention10 8,second ,follow ,convention10 etc4 ,in making up a report of a state or national political convention1 these catch-lines are of considerable assistance4 ,when1 on the other hand1 copy is being edited that is to follow immediately upon the lead or any part of the story without a separate head1 the copy is marked 8,add ,convention10 8,first ,add ,convention10 8,second ,add ,convention10 etc4 ,not infrequently after the story has gone to the composing room new facts of sufficient importance develop to warrant the writing of a new lead or of a new paragraph or two to be inserted somewhere in the story4 ,in the case of a new lead the copy is marked 8,new ,lead ,convention10 and the copy of the inserts is marked 8,first ,insert ,convention0 or 8,insert ,a ,convention40 ,whenever it is known in advance that there are to be additions to the story later1 the copy-reader writes 8more0 at the end of the piece of copy1 instead of the end mark 774 ,if the head is not sent to the composing room with the copy1 the copy is marked 8,head to ,come40 ,this is often done when it is known that important news is coming that should be embodied in the head4 ,if this later news is to be put into the lead1 the story may be sent up without a lead and with the explanation 8,lead to ,come40 ,stories to be used in a particular edition are marked 8,noon ,edition10 8,market ,edition10 etc4 ,all these catch-lines should be taken out when the type is assembled in the forms in making up4 ,the typewritten copy of telegraph news furnished by news distributing agencies like the ,associated ,press and the ,united ,press has guide lines on stories for the benefit of the editors whenever such explanatory matter is necessary4 ,in order to keep their newspaper clients informed of the latest phases of the news1 these associations send brief bulletins and 8flash0 statements1 which they follow with more complete stories as the news develops4 ,the first news of an accident1 for example1 comes as a bulletin1 and later more details are furnished in one or more additions to the original bulletin or in substitution for it4 ,the following example taken from the ,united ,press telegraph news service illustrates how news stories1 the parts of which are furnished at intervals during the day1 are supplied with guide lines3 7#a7 ,,bulletin ,norfolk1 ,va41 ,nov4 #b4--,six men have been reported injured1 two probably fatally1 in an explosion on the battleship ,vermont1 early today4 -------------- 7#b7 7,,add ,,bulletin 444 ,,norfolk7 ,the ,vermont is now in ,hampton ,roads and only meagre details of the reported accident were received by the navy yard here4 ,it was understood that the explosion occurred in the boiler room of the vessel4 -------------- 7#c7 7,,substitute7 ,norfolk1 ,va41 ,nov4 #b4--;,in an explosion in the boiler room of the battleship ,vermont last night1 six men were scalded1 two receiving possibly fatal injuries4 ,while the ship was cruising a short distance off the capes which form the entrance to ,hampton ,roads1 a part of the boiler burst1 filling the engine room with scalding water and steam4 ,captain ,hughes immediately sent a wireless message to the hospital ship ,solace and the wounded men were transferred at sea to that vessel1 which brought them to the ,norfolk hospital to-day4 ,the injured men are3 ,r4 ,m4 ,wagner1 fireman second class4 ,m4 ,c4 ,horan1 coal passer4 ,j4 ,r4 ,newberry1 fireman first class4 ,m4 ,t4 ,green1 fireman first class4 ,c4 ,a4 ,hoteling1 coal passer4 ,p4 ,w4 ,cramer1 coal passer4 7,,more7 -------------- 7#d7 7,,add ,,accident ,,vermont 444 ,,norfolk7 ,the accident occurred while the ,vermont was anchored off the southern battlefield drill grounds1 where the annual fall target practice began today4 ,the head of the boiler burst and a torrent of boiling water and steam poured out over the firemen and coal passers4 ,wagner and ,haran 7correct7 who were nearest the boiler head1 were the most seriously injured1 both being scalded from head to foot4 ,the hospital ship ,solace asked that the navy hospital here make ready for the injured men and said that she expected to reach ,norfolk this afternoon4 ,it was reported1 but without confirmation1 that ,haran had died of his injuries4 -------------- 7#e7 ,,bulletin 7,,lead7 ,norfolk1 ,va41 ,nov4 #b4--,two men are dead and four others this afternoon lie swathed in bandages suffering terribly from scalds1 as a result of a boiler explosion on the battleship ,vermont early today4 ,r4 ,m4 ,wagner1 a fireman1 first class1 and ,m4 ,c4 ,haran1 a coal passer1 are the dead4 ,the hospital ship ,solace brought the dead and wounded to the naval hospital here today4 ,the ,vermont broke all her former speed records in a run 7,,more7 -------------- 7#f7 7,,add ,,bulletin ,,lead 444 ,,norfolk7 in a run from the southern drill grounds1 outside the capes1 to ,hampton ,roads1 arriving here late this afternoon4 ,wagner and ,haran both died on the ,solace1 suffering terribly from the scalds that covered them from head to foot4 -------------- 7#a7 ,,flash3 ,salem1 ,mass41 ,nov4 #bf4--;,ettor1 ,giovannitti1 and ,caruso acquitted4 7#b7 ,,bulletin3 ,,substitute ,,flash ,,all ,court ,house1 ,salem1 ,mass41 ,nov4 #bf4--;,ettor1 ,giovannitti and ,caruso1 the three labor leaders who have been on trial nearly two months charged with murder as the result of the killing of a woman striker during the textile troubles at ,lawrence1 were acquitted to-day 7,,more7 ,sizes and ,kinds of ,type4 ,editors and copy-readers need some knowledge of type in order to do their work efficiently4 ,the size of type is measured by the point system4 ,the unit of measure1 a point1 is one seventy-second of an inch4 ,six-point type1 accordingly1 is six seventy-seconds of an inch1 #aj-point is ten seventy-seconds of an inch1 and #cf-point is thirty-six seventy-seconds1 or one half1 of an inch in size4 ,before the point system was adopted1 each size of type had a name1 and these names are still in common use4 ,thus1 #e-point type is known as agate1 #f-point as nonpareil1 #g-point as minion1 #h-point as brevier1 #i-point as bourgeois1 #aj-point as long primer1 and #ab-point as pica4 ,nonpareil1 or #f-point1 is the size commonly used by large newspapers1 and minion and brevier by smaller papers4 ,type is classified as body type and display type4 ,body type is that which is used in newspapers for all reading matter2 display type is the large sizes1 or 8faces10 of type used in headlines and in advertising4 ,as distinguished from the light-face body type1 the heavy faces1 that print blacker than the body type1 are known as bold-face type 7abbreviated1 8b4f4074 ,thus the boxed summaries and lists on pages #hf-hh were marked to be set in #f-point bold-face type 7abbreviated1 8#f-pt4 b4f4074 ,type is further classified on the basis of the proportion of the height of the letter to its width1 as extra-condensed1 condensed1 regular or medium1 and extended4 ,extra-condensed and condensed faces are used in the top deck of large headlines1 and medium1 or regular1 faces are usually used for banner heads extending across the page1 as well as in underline and overline heads for cuts4 ,as distinct from slanting or ,italic type1 the usual perpendicular type is called ,roman4 ,different kinds1 or faces1 of type are given names by type founders1 such as 8,caslon10 8,cheltenham10 8,de ,vinne10 8,ronaldson40 ,each kind or face is generally made in different sizes1 body sizes commonly ranging from #e-point to #ab-point1 and display type from #h-point to #abj-point4 ,a 8font0 of type of a particular size and kind consists of a complete set of letters1 figures1 etc41 each character being furnished in numbers proportional to the frequency with which it appears in ordinary printed matter4 ,type is kept in shallow wooden trays1 or 8cases10 divided into compartments1 or 8boxes10 one for each character4 ,capital letters 7abbreviated 8caps407 are often called 8upper case10 and small letters are always known as 8lower case0 7abbreviated 8l4 c4071 because the capital letters are in the upper of the two type cases and the small letters in the lower one4 ,the amount of type set is measured by the number of 8ems0 7from the letter 8,m074 ,an 8em0 is a square of a given size of type2 i4e41 an em in #h-point type is eight seventy-seconds of an inch square4 ,the standard unit of measure for type matter is usually the #ab-point1 or pica1 em4 ,a column of a newspaper that is thirteen ems wide1 therefore1 is thirteen #ab-point ems1 or thirteen picas1 in width2 i4e41 it is one hundred and fifty-six seventy-seconds of an inch1 or two and one sixth inches wide4 ,advertising space is measured by the so-called 8agate line10 on the basis of fourteen agate lines to one inch4 ,in setting type by hand1 the compositor has a small metal tray1 or 8stick10 inclosed on three sides and adjusted to the width of a column or a line1 into which he places the type1 letter by letter1 as he picks it out of the case before him4 ,as a stick holds about two inches of type1 a 8stickful0 has come to be a common expression for about two or two and one half inches of printed matter4 ,a news story is spoken of by editors and compositors as being two or three 8stickfuls0 long1 and an editor often tells a reporter to 8write a stickful or two0 on a particular story1 or directs a copy-reader to 8cut it down to a stickful40 ,type is 8leaded0 when thin strips of lead or brass are placed between the lines1 these 8leads0 being two points in thickness4 ,when two of these #b-point leads are placed between the lines1 the type is 8double-leaded40 ,if no leads are used1 the type is said to be 8solid40 ,the first paragraphs of news stories are often leaded1 and very important news1 particularly short bulletins for extra editions1 are frequently double-leaded4 ,in most parts of a newspaper1 however1 the type is solid4 ,all type and cuts are made of the same height--that is1 they are 8type-high0--so that when used together they will present an even surface for printing and stereotyping4 ,marks ,used in ,copy ,reading4 ,the marks used in editing copy are a few simple time-saving devices to indicate to the compositor how the matter is to be set in type4 ,they are as follows3 ,illustration3 ,three short lines under a letter or word indicate that it is to be set in capital letters4 ,illustration3 ,two short lines under a letter or word indicate that it is to be set in small caps4 ,illustration3 ,one line under a letter or word indicates that it is to be set in ,italics4 ,illustration3 ,a circle around figures or abbreviations indicates that they are to be spelled out4 ,illustration3 ,a circle around a word or numbers spelled out indicates that they are to be abbreviated or figures used4 ,illustration3 ,a caret is placed at the point in the line where the words written above the line are to be inserted4 ,illustration3 ,the paragraph mark 77 or the sign is placed at the beginning of each paragraph4 ,illustration3 ,a cross 77 is used for a period4 ,illustration3 ,quotation marks are often put in half circles to indicate clearly whether they are beginning or end marks4 ,elements to be transposed are marked thus3 ,illustration ,a line is used to connect the end of one line with the beginning of another when both are to form a continuous line of print4 ,the end mark 77 or the number #cj in a circle is written at the end of every complete piece of copy4 ,the application of these marks and the catch-lines in the editing of copy are shown by the following typical pages3 ,illustration3 ,illustration3 ,,suggestions #a4 ,familiarize yourself thoroughly with all details of the typographical style of your paper4 #b4 ,read every word of copy carefully4 #c4 ,work as rapidly as is consistent with accuracy2 don't putter over corrections4 #d4 ,make all corrections and changes so clear that the compositor can not misunderstand them4 #e4 ,revise and rearrange whenever possible instead of rewriting4 #f4 ,cut out all needless words and phrases4 #g4 ,don't think that your own way of expressing an idea is the only good way4 #h4 ,scrutinize carefully all participles1 pronouns1 conjunctions1 correlatives1 and 8only's40 #i4 ,watch for the omission of the apostrophe in possessives and contractions4 #aj4 ,see that all quoted matter is properly enclosed in 8quotes40 #aa4 ,be sure to put single 8quotes0 on quotations within quotations4 #ab4 ,verify names1 initials1 addresses1 dates1 and facts generally4 #ac4 ,be on the lookout for libelous matter4 #ad4 ,give every story a distinctive guide line4 #ae4 ,don't confuse 8add's0 and 8follow's0 in marking copy4 #af4 ,keep a record of all copy read with size of head1 length of story1 author1 and time4 #ag4 ,draw a line around all directions intended for the compositors4 #ah4 ,consult your superior when in doubt about the propriety of anything in copy4 ,,practice ,,work ,point out all changes that should be made in editing the following piece of copy and show how each change should be indicated3 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,august #ba-- ,according to a statement issued here to day by the treasury department the first deposits of the ,governments fifty million dollar fund to aid crop movements will be made in the ,southern ,states in ,aug4 and ,sept4 ,all deposits in all states1 declares ,william ,b4 ,mac,adoo1 secretary of the ,treasury and who orginated the plan of assisting banks of the ,south and ,west1 will be made in #b equal allottments4 ,he outlined the ,treasury ,department's requirements for security in to-days statement ,while all deposits may be recalled without notice the treasury expects to recall #be per centum ,dec4 #aeth1 another #be per centum on ,jan4 #aeth1 another ,february #ae and the final portion on ,march #a4 ,the banks will pay two per cent4 interest and all expenses ,secretary ,mc,adoo's statement says the government expect by making the deposits in ,national ,banks in principle cities the funds will be used in good faith for releiving stringancy and not to speculate with and that it will be distributed to smaller banks at moderate and reasonable interest4 ,deposits only will be placed with banks who have forty per cent of their circulation of banknotes out standing4 #aj per cent of the security must be in ,government ,bonds and the remaining #ij per cent4 may be high class state1 municipal and other bonds at #ge per cent of their market value and approved by the secretary4 ,prime commercial or business paper will be excepted at #fe per cent4 of their face value when indorsed by the bank1 approved by the ,secretary and unanimously approved by a 8securities committee0 of #f members in the clearing house district in which it comes4 ,the secretary of the treasury will name one member of each comittee4 ,commercial paper the statement point out must represent legitinate commercial transactions preferably endorsed with two names and the borrowing bank but single name paper will be accepted in the judgement of the ,treasury4 ,any of the banks may return the deposits at any time before ,mar4 #a4 ,the ,secretary's statement of to day outlined many details which are chiefly of interest to bankers concerned4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,writing ,,of ,,headlines ,the ,function of the ,headline4 ,headlines as developed by the ,american press during the last half-century have come to be1 next to the news itself1 the most important part of our newspapers4 ,from mere labels to indicate the kind of reading matter to be found in the columns under them1 headlines in this country have developed into bulletins giving the substance of the articles to which they are attached4 ,by presenting conspicuously in large type the important facts of the story which it precedes1 the headline serves a double purpose3 it makes possible rapid reading of the news thus outlined in the head1 and it becomes an advertisement of the news to attract the purchaser4 ,heads ,promote ,rapid ,reading4 ,as concise summaries of the facts of the news1 headlines fill an important place in contemporary ,american life1 for1 by reading only the headlines1 the busy man or woman can get in brief outline the news of the whole world4 ,the size of the type and the arrangement of the parts of the headline aid in a marked degree this rapid reading4 ,well-written heads that give clearly and accurately the information of greatest significance in the stories under them are an integral part of the newspaper1 the function of which1 as has been said1 is to give the readers in a clear and interesting form the news of the day4 ,how ,heads ,advertise ,news4 ,by their form and position1 likewise1 the headlines act as advertisements for what the paper contains4 ,like all good advertisements1 headlines should create interest and lead to the sale of the paper4 ,by arousing the reader's curiosity and at the same time partially satisfying it1 the head1 when skillfully written1 attracts the reader's attention and influences him to read the story4 ,a newspaper that aims to have large street sales will naturally take advantage of the advertising element in the heads1 by making them as attractive as possible4 ,in fact1 the efforts of some newspapers of this class to make the most powerful appeal possible1 have led to extreme forms of headlines with great black type and with varicolored effects4 ,in general1 morning papers and evening papers with regular subscribers are less inclined to employ large heads for advertising their news than are those evening papers with several street editions that seek to have large sales4 ,large heads extending across several columns and printed in green1 red1 or black ink set forth the latest phases of the news in a manner well calculated to catch the eye as the paper is displayed on the news stand or in the hands of the newsboy4 ,as in advertising in general there is always a temptation to make alluring statements at the expense of truth1 so in headline advertisement there is a tendency to exaggerate and magnify in order to catch the unwary reader4 ,large ,heads and 8,yellow ,journalism40 ,since the more sensational papers have taken advantage of this advertising element and have yielded at times to the temptation to exaggerate or even to misrepresent1 as is not unheard of in advertising generally1 large display effects in headlines have come to be associated in the popular mind with so-called 8yellow journalism40 ,the connection between the two is by no means inevitable1 however1 for large headlines need not be any more sensational or inaccurate than smaller ones1 and may legitimately be used to attract attention to the real features of the news4 ,conservative papers that do not depend to any considerable extent on street sales tend to keep up the smaller headlines long used in ,american newspapers1 which1 while giving the substance of the news in outline1 do not attempt to advertise prominently the contents4 ,clearness and ,conciseness4 ,regarded as a bulletin of the most important facts in the news1 the headline should present these facts in a clear and concise manner4 ,to be clear the form should be one that can be taken in by the eye at a glance4 ,the relation of the divisions1 or 8decks10 of the head should be evident1 so that the reader may get a clear idea of the bearing of one statement on another4 ,the statements should be concrete and specific4 ,the limitations of space make it necessary for the headline to be concise so that the maximum number of important facts may be included4 ,action in ,headlines4 ,as news is largely concerned with activities1 headlines should express the action related in the news story4 ,in defining oratory ,demosthenes said that the three essential elements are3 first1 8action02 second1 8action02 and third1 8action40 ,the same characteristics may well be ascribed to the most effective headlines4 ,life and vividness of expression give interest to heads as they do to the news story4 ,freshness and originality of phrasing are also successful provided the uncommon form is clear4 ,short1 crisp1 specific words constituting definite statements that can be readily grasped in rapid reading1 generally make the best headlines4 ,headlines are ,impartial4 ,headlines1 like the news stories of which they are summaries1 should be impartial4 ,it is possible to 8color0 headlines so that they give a false impression of the news in the stories to which they are attached4 ,the reader tends to carry over into the news story the impression which he gets from the headline1 and a 8colored0 head1 therefore1 tends to 8color0 even an impartial1 accurate news story4 ,headlines likewise should not comment on the news2 comments on the news should be made in the editorial columns4 ,divisions of ,headlines4 ,the headline is composed of one or more divisions called 8lines10 8decks10 or 8banks40 ,these divisions are separated by dashes and are frequently different in form and in size of type4 ,in the following head1 each deck has a distinct form and size of type4 #c-part ,,one ,,girl',s ,,act drop-line ,,prevents #fj1jjj ,,from ,,working ------ -------------- #c-part ,she ,refuses to ,join the ,union and pyramid ,every ,mill ,owner is ,against 8bank0 ,closed ,shop ------ -------------- cross-line ,,weekly ,,loss #b1ejj1jjj ------ -------------- ,says ,she ,quit ,organized ,labor ,be- #d-part hanging cause ,she ,does ,not ,believe ,in ,it indention and ,declares ,she ,will ,not ,return ,despite ,all ,threats4 ,headlines are constructed on the basis of the four forms that appear in the above example1 which may be called respectively1 7#a7 the drop-line2 7#b7 the pyramid2 7#c7 the cross-line2 and 7#d7 the hanging indention4 ,graphically these forms may be represented thus3 7#a7 ,drop-line ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- 7#b7 ,pyramid ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 7#c7 ,cross-line ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- 7#d7 ,hanging indention ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,drop-,line ,heads4 ,the drop-line head may consist of two1 three1 or four parts arranged as in the following three heads3 7#a7 ,,moving ,,picture ,,men ,,start ,,war ,,on ,,trust 7#b7 ,,lowell ,,men ,,want ,,canal ,,to ,,connect ,,city ,,with ,,boston 7#c7 ,,seven ,,children ,,saved ,,as ,,home ,,and ,,big ,,factory ,,in ,,everett ,,burn ,cross-,line ,heads4 ,the cross-line head consists of but one line which may or may not fill the whole space between the column rules4 ,in the following examples1 the first head fills the line1 and the second only part of the line4 7#a7 ,,postal ,,bank ,,bill ,,passes 7#b7 ,,sees ,,peril ,,in ,,tariff ,pyramid ,banks4 ,the pyramid head may consist of two1 three1 or four parts1 graduated in length to produce the inverted pyramid effect4 ,the following 8bank0 illustrates the pyramid of three parts3 ,promoters of ,international ,av- iation ,tournament ,decide to ,use ,race ,track4 ,hanging ,indention4 ,the hanging indention head consists of several parts1 the first of which begins at the column rule on the left1 while all the others are indented the width of one or two letters4 ,immense ,wealth is ,stored ,up in ,vaults of ,country's ,repos- itories for ,coin1 ,bullion1 and ,other ,precious ,metals4 ,the drop-line1 cross-line1 or pyramid may be used in any deck1 whereas the hanging indention head is used only for a deck other than the first4 ,combinations of ,forms4 ,various combinations of these four forms may be used to give the variety required for all kinds of stories4 ,for large heads a combination of a two part drop-line1 a three part pyramid1 a cross-line or another drop-line1 and a second pyramid1 constitutes a frequent form1 as is seen in the following example3 ,,french ,,strike ,,ends ,,after ,,day ,,of ,,crime ---------- ,railroad ,men's ,union ,orders ,work ,resumed on ,all ,tied ,up ,lines ,to-day4 ---------- ,,bomb ,,outrages ,,continue ---------- ,attempts to ,blow ,up ,passenger ,trains and ,bridges ,arouse ,public and ,police4 ---------- ,a large three part drop-line head may be followed by a hanging indention line and by a cross-line1 as in the following case3 ,,treasury ,,change ,,causes ,a ,,recount ,,of ,,nation',s ,,funds ---------- ,amazing ,wealth is ,stored ,up in the ,vaults of ,country's ,repositories for ,coin and ,bullion4 ---------- ,,weighing ,,money ,,bags ,for smaller heads there are several sizes of two part drop-heads1 or of cross-lines combined with pyramids or hanging indentions of two or three parts2 for example3 7#a7 ,,college ,,boys ,,turn ,,waiters ---------- ,break ,strike in ,evanston ,restaurant ,when ,girls ,walk ,out4 ---------- 7#b7 ,,burglars ,,busy ,,in ,,newton ---------- ,houses ,ransacked by ,gang ,which ,is ,thought to ,have ,had ,rendezvous ,in the ,old ,post ,office4 ---------- 7#c7 ,,airship ,,stands ,,final ,,test ---------- ,baldwin ,machine ,stays ,aloft ,two ,hours and is ,accepted by ,signal ,corps as the ,most ,proficient ,of ,all4 ---------- 7#d7 ,,employers' ,,liability ,,upheld ,,by ,,ohio ,,court ---------- ,act ,providing for ,benefits in ,case of ,death or ,injury ,is ,declared to ,be ,constitutional4 ---------- ,practically every symmetrical arrangement of the four forms of heads can be found in various newspapers1 but the principles underlying the writing of any of the combinations are the same4 ,type ,limits of ,heads4 ,the typographical limitations are the most important considerations governing the writing of headlines4 ,these limitations are determined by the size of type and the form of each deck of the head4 ,the possible variation in the parts of the first deck is not more than a letter or two from the normal form4 ,so small is the variation possible within the column width that the size of the letters used has to be considered4 ,thus the letters 8,m0 and 8,w0 are one and one-half times the size of all the other letters except 8,i10 which is only one-half as large as the others4 ,in the counting of unit letters in a headline1 the writer must consider 8,m0 and 8,w0 as one and one-half units each1 and the letter 8,i0 and the figure 8#a0 as half a unit each4 ,each space between words is counted as one unit4 ,since the form and symmetry of a head are marred or entirely destroyed by having too few or too many units in any part1 great skill is necessary in the choice and the arrangement of words to secure as nearly as possible the exact number of units required for a perfect head4 ,the effect produced by having too many units is shown in the following heads for which #ah units is the normal number in each half of the two-line drop head4 7#a7 ,,governor ,,names ,,first ,,of ,,municipal ,,reforms 7#b7 ,,two ,,fires ,,in ,,one ,,house ,,inside ,,of ,,three ,,hours ,when the number of units is less than that required for the best effect1 the headline is not so unsatisfactory as when too many units are crowded into it1 because the short line is more legible than the long one4 ,in each of the following heads the first half contains only #ae units instead of #ah1 and as a result there is too much space at the end of each of these halves4 ,both1 however1 are much more easily read than the crowded ones given above4 7#a7 ,,state ,,secretary ,,on ,,trip ,,to ,,coast 7#b7 ,,weiss ,,reassures ,,business ,,world ,that much better results are produced by having each half contain more nearly the required number of units is shown by comparing the next two heads with those preceding4 7#a7 ,,story ,,of ,,dying ,,man ,,reopens ,,graft ,,case 7#b7 ,,may ,,lose ,,extra ,,pay ,,for ,,night ,,car ,,runs ,in headline writing a number of points must be borne in mind4 ,it should be remembered1 however1 that these are not hard and fast rules but general principles based on newspaper practice4 ,why the ,head is ,based on the 8,lead40 ,as in the normal type of news story all the important facts are given in the lead1 the headline1 as the bulletin of these facts1 is based largely1 if not entirely1 on the material in the lead4 ,one reason for giving all the essential details in the lead1 as has already been pointed out1 is that the story may be cut down before or after it is in type4 ,this possibility that the story may be cut down is an additional reason why the headline should be based on the first part of the story1 for if the headline contains only the substance of the lead1 it need not be rewritten when any part of the story is cut off4 ,the ,tone of the ,head4 ,to adapt the character of the headline to the tone of the story is important for the best effect of both4 ,the head should prepare the reader for what is to follow4 ,a humorous or witty headline is well adapted for a story written in a light vein but usually is out of keeping with a plain news story4 ,a suggestion of pathos even may be given in the headline when the story warrants it4 ,efforts to be funny or tearful1 however1 ought always to be carefully considered and should not be made unless the circumstances justify them4 ,avoiding ,repetition4 ,it has come to be a generally recognized point that there should be a minimum amount of repetition of words throughout the head4 ,the same word should not be used more than once either in the same deck or in different decks unless the lack of synonyms makes it absolutely necessary1 or unless emphasis is gained by so doing4 ,this1 of course1 applies in only a limited degree to the necessary connective words1 such as conjunctions and prepositions1 and parts of the verb 8to be40 ,the writer of heads should have at his command a number of synonymous words and expressions1 so that1 when he must refer to the same person1 object1 or action a second or third time1 he may be able to vary the expression4 ,the ,interrelation of the ,decks4 ,if the grammatical subject remains the same in statements made in two or more decks1 it need not be repeated1 as it will be understood with the verbs in the following deck or decks4 ,in the head given below1 the subject of the verb 8stricken0 in the first deck1 serves as the subject of the verbs 8found0 in the second deck1 8is0 in the third1 and 8will be taken0 in the fourth4 ,,guard ,,stricken ,,on ,,prison ,,wall ---------- ,found in ,his ,sentry ,box at the ,penitentiary ,helpless ,from ,paralysis ---------- ,,is ,a ,,civil ,,war ,,veteran ---------- ,will be ,taken to ,his ,meigs ,county ,home ,unless ,he ,grows ,worse4 ---------- ,since the subject1 when suppressed in any deck1 is understood to be the same as that in the deck just preceding1 care must be taken to have the verb agree with it grammatically4 ,there is a not unnatural tendency1 for example1 to use in one deck a singular verb with a collective noun like 8common council10 or 8faculty0 7of a college71 and then1 changing the idea to the members of these bodies1 to use in the next deck a plural verb with the subject suppressed4 ,thus1 in the following head1 8tariff board0 should not be made the subject of 8reports0 and 8declare40 ,,tariff ,,board ,,reports ,,on ,,all ,,wool ,,schedules ---------- ,declare ,that ,many of the ,rates are ,too ,high4 ,failure to remember that a verb without a subject is assumed to have the same subject as the statement in the deck immediately preceding1 not that in any other of the preceding decks1 also leads to confusion4 ,the following head1 for example1 is poor because it is not clear that 8president0 is the subject of 8gives10 since 8governor0 is the subject of the statement in the preceding deck2 nor is it evident that 8troops0 of the first deck is the subject of 8to camp0 in the fourth4 ,,president ,,orders ,,troops ,,to ,,remain ---------- ,governor ,undecided ,about ,calling ,special ,legislative ,session4 ---------- ,,gives ,,twelve ,,days ,,of ,,grace ---------- ,to ,camp ,here ,three ,weeks ,while ,state ,decides ,its ,course4 ---------- ,the subject is sometimes incorrectly suppressed in one deck when there is no subject in the preceding deck that can be understood for that verb2 for example1 in the following head there is no word in the first deck that can be taken for the subject of 8was0 in the second4 ,,arrest ,,reveals ,,double ,,life ---------- ,was ,both ,traveling ,man and ,bur- glar at ,same ,time1 ,say ,police4 ,often it is necessary to repeat in other decks with additional details or in more definite form the statement made in the first deck2 for example3 ,,to ,,tie ,,up ,,whole ,,ohio ,,line ---------- ,shopmen on ,strike ,threaten to ,pre- vent ,running of ,all ,trains4 ,when such repetition is necessary for greater clearness1 there is no objection to it1 but to make several decks merely repetition in other words of the first is a not uncommon fault that should be avoided4 ,if1 for example1 the foregoing head had been expanded into four decks by mere repetition1 the result might have been the following head1 in which but one fact is presented4 ,,to ,,tie ,,up ,,whole ,,ohio ,,line ---------- ,shopmen ,on ,strike ,threaten to ,prevent ,running of ,all ,trains ---------- ,,traffic ,,to ,,be ,,at ,a ,,standstill ---------- ,strikers ,say ,that ,no ,freight or ,pas- senger ,service ,will ,be ,possible ,over the ,road ,affected4 ,most newspapers prefer to have the statement in each deck grammatically independent of that in the preceding deck2 that is1 they avoid extending a statement through two decks4 ,how such a continuous statement is sometimes made1 however1 is shown in the following head from the ,new ,york ,sun3 ,,morse ,,says ,,it ,,wasn',t ,,fair ---------- ,,to ,,put ,,his ,,story ,,in ,,the ,,hands ,,of ,,government ,,agents ,one peculiar form of headline1 some of the best examples of which are found in the ,cincinnati ,enquirer1 depends for its effect upon this continuation of a statement through several decks4 ,only one word is used for the first deck of large heads of this type1 and only one or two in the first deck of smaller heads1 as is seen in the following examples3 7#a7 ,,engineers ---------- ,favor ,lock ,canal ---------- ,work of ,goethals ,meets ,praise of ,experts1 ---------- ,who1 ,with ,taft1 ,inspect the ,panama ,ditch1 ---------- ,and ,they ,find ,gatum ,ac- cident ,was ,trivial4 ---------- ,no ,further ,trouble ,with the ,dam ,is ,anticipated--,plans of the ,president ,elect4 7#b7 ,,pancakes -------- ,wife ,baked ,tempted ,soldier ,to ,freedom1 ,but ,sirup ,to ,put on ,them ,caused ,his ,arrest4 -------- ,style in ,heads4 ,rhyme and alliteration may be used to advantage on rare occasions1 but generally this similarity of sound produces a jingling result that is not pleasing4 ,originality and novelty can be given by choice and combination of words much more effectively than by the artificial means of similar sounds4 ,to make headlines as concise as possible the articles 8a10 8an10 and 8the0 are omitted1 and auxiliary verbs not absolutely necessary are suppressed4 ,when articles and auxiliaries are convenient to fill out the line to the required number of units1 they may be retained1 but should not be used at the beginning of a deck4 ,to give freshness and vividness to the head1 the verb is usually put in the present tense even though the action is in the past2 for example1 8,roosevelt ,speaks in ,cleveland40 ,future action is expressed by the infinitive or by the regular future form with 8will02 for example1 8,roosevelt to ,speak in ,cleveland10 or 8,roosevelt ,will ,speak in ,cleveland40 ,the active voice of the verb is preferred to the passive because the active is more vivid and more concise4 8,cornell ,wins ,intercollegiate ,regatta10 is better than 8,intercollegiate ,regatta ,won by ,cornell40 ,when1 however1 the passive is required to give the more significant part of the statement prominence in the first part of the top deck it should be used in preference to the active4 ,in the following head the important point is that the post office has been robbed1 rather than the fact that it was robbed by tramps4 ,,post ,,office ,,robbed ,,by ,,band ,,of ,,tramps ,this head would be less effective with the active verb1 since the robbery of the post office would then go into the second part of the deck1 thus3 ,,band ,,of ,,tramps ,,rob ,,post ,,office ,,safe ,news value rather than rules must determine in any case whether the active or passive voice is desirable4 ,the use of abbreviations1 likewise1 cannot be fixed by rule4 ,in general1 only commonly used abbreviations1 like 8,dr410 8,prof410 8,mrs410 8,mr410 8,st410 8,co410 are to be found in headlines4 ,in particular cases1 however1 others are employed because they are convenient and clear4 ,in ,boston1 for example1 8,tech0 as an abbreviation for 8,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology10 is common1 and the ,boston ,herald1 therefore1 used it to advantage in the head3 #bjj ,,tech ,,men ,,see ,,yule ,,log ,,blaze ,during a long campaign for 8immediate municipal ownership0 in ,chicago1 the newspapers of that city used almost daily the abbreviation 8,i4,m4,o40 ,so 8,l0 for 8elevated railroad0 is perfectly clear to readers in ,new ,york1 ,boston1 and ,chicago4 ,the names of states are not usually abbreviated1 although 8,u4,s40 is frequent4 ,abbreviations like 8auto10 8taxi10 and 8phone0 are so general that they are used without question in headlines4 ,colloquial contractions like 8can't10 8we're10 etc41 although not common1 may give the life and naturalness often well suited to a story1 as for example in the following head3 ,,rockefeller1 ,,he',d ,,help ,,her ---------- ,so ,mary ,mayogian1 ,who is #ab1 ,came ,here to ,see ,him4 ,in the first deck short words are preferred1 because in rapid reading they are more easily grasped than long ones1 and because two or three words in each part of the line make a better looking1 more symmetrical head4 ,to meet the need for short equivalents for long words that are generally accepted terms1 new words have been coined and new functions given to old ones4 ,for the long noun 8investigation0 and the verb 8to investigate10 the words 8probe0 and 8quiz0 are favorites with the headline writer1 and are often used to excess4 ,long words like 8criticize10 8censure10 8rebuke0 give way to shorter ones like 8hit10 8rap10 and 8score40 ,the concise but inelegant 8nab0 is a headline substitute for 8arrest40 ,the verb 8peril10 rarely used elsewhere1 appears in heads as an equivalent for 8imperil0 or 8endanger10 as in 8,shipwreck ,perils ,many40 ,the verb 8wed0 is a convenient short form for 8marry40 ,words condemned by good usage1 such as 8to suicide0 and 8to kill self10 have found a place in the headlines of some newspapers because of their clearness and brevity4 ,slang1 likewise1 on account of its conciseness1 novelty1 and colloquial character1 is not infrequently found in heads1 although some newspapers have a rule against its use4 ,if the slang word or phrase is put in quotation marks1 it is considered by some newspapers as less objectionable4 ,all that may be said for or against slang in newspapers as a whole1 applies with equal force to its use in heads4 ,if the question of good taste is involved in the use of a slang word1 the safe course is to avoid it4 ,some newspapers have a rule that numerical figures should be put into headlines only when they are absolutely necessary1 an injunction that implies a very limited use of them1 whereas the general practice clearly is to employ figures when they are the most effective means of conveying the important facts4 ,the advantage of figures is seen in the following heads taken from representative newspapers3 7#a7 ,,to ,,sell #ha ,,pictures ,,valued ,,at #b1jjj1jjj 7#b7 #e1jjj ,,women ,,march ,,in ,,suffrage ,,parade 7#c7 #ej-;,,cent ,,butter ,,soon ,,to ,,follow ,,milk ,,price ,,rise 7#d7 #dj ,,more ,,grafters ,,to ,,be ,,arrested ,,in ,,pittsburg ,figures for numbers under ten appear less frequently in headlines1 particularly at the beginning of a deck1 but again the practice in regard to this usage is not uniform4 ,newspapers1 like the ,new ,york ,evening ,post1 that have but one line in the top deck of their large headlines1 not infrequently use figures below ten at the beginning or anywhere in the first deck4 ,with the greater space of the drop-line head it is easier to avoid small figures4 ,the division of words in headlines so that one syllable is in one part of the deck and one in another part1 is to be avoided4 ,similarly1 hyphenated words1 or two words constituting a name or term each word of which is not clear alone1 should not be divided between parts of the top deck4 ,the following four heads illustrate these undesirable divisions3 7#a7 ,,troops ,,soon ,,to ,,em- ,,bark ,,for ,,panama 7#b7 ,,camp ,,picks ,,all- ,,american ,,team 7#c7 ,,cut ,,in ,,schedule 8,k0 ,,is ,,probable 7#d7 ,,curlers ,,plan ,,bon ,,spiel ,,in ,,march ,the use of unemphatic words1 like 8of10 8to10 8for10 8and10 8but10 8if10 8a10 8the10 at the end of parts of the top deck is not desirable1 as in this position they are given prominence and emphasis out of all proportion to their importance4 ,typographical limitations and the exigencies of rapid headline writing1 however1 result not infrequently in their appearance in these positions4 ,whenever it is possible1 they should be avoided at the end of parts of the top deck4 ,punctuation4 ,punctuation in headlines and subheads follows the accepted rules4 ,when marks are not absolutely necessary for clearness1 they should be omitted4 ,in the first deck1 and in cross-line heads1 independent sentences not connected by conjunctions are separated by semicolons2 for example3 ,,hatters ,,guilty ,,of ,,boycotting2 ,,fined #bbb1jjj ,in other decks dashes are usually used to separate independent unconnected statements4 ,care should be taken to avoid a dash at the end of one of the parts of a deck4 ,the use of the dash is shown in the following example3 ,,taft ,,prepares ,,for ,,yale ,,post ---------- ,president ,leases ,residence at ,new ,haven--,expects to ,go ,there in the ,spring4 ,headline punctuation in various forms is illustrated in the heads given below3 7#a7 ,,give ,,up ,,war ,,spoils8 8,,no01 ,,shout ,,chinese 7#b7 8,,theatre ,,on ,,fire60 ,,cry ,,on ,,broadway 7#c7 ,,white ,,demanded ,,bribe1 ,,declares ,,blaner ,,on ,,stand 7#d7 8,,give ,,bad ,,politics ,,fresh ,,air0--,,wilson 7#e7 ,,ned ,,todd1 ,,gambler1 ,,dies 7#f7 ,,will ,,give 8,,pinafore0 ,,with ,,all-,,star ,,cast 7#g7 ,,all ,,citizens1 ,,beware6 8,,hold-,,up0 ,,men ,,are ,,out 7#h7 ,,trust ,,weakens2 ,,dealers ,,promise #h-;,,cent ,,milk ,,soon 7#i7 8,,don',t ,,butt ,,in0 ,,mexico ,,is ,,told ,,in ,,polite ,,way ,methods of ,building ,headlines4 ,the editor or copy-reader who is constantly writing heads comes to think unconsciously in headline units2 that is1 his daily practice makes it possible for him to frame readily statements of the essential facts that will fulfill the requirements of each deck of the head4 ,nevertheless1 he always counts the units to be sure that the number is correct4 ,for the beginner the process of building up the several decks of a typical headline is analyzed at some length in the following pages1 in order to demonstrate the methods pursued4 ,the story selected for showing the process of headline writing has been taken from the ,chicago ,record-,herald1 which gave it a headline constructed on the following plan3 #ah unit letters ,,forest ,,reserve ,,act #ah unit letters ,,is ,,declared ,,invalid ---------- -------------- #aj words1 or #cj unit letters ,state ,supreme ,court's ,decision #be unit letters ,puts ,tax ,assessing ,depart- #ae unit letters ment ,in ,dilemma4 ---------- -------------- #bc unit letters ,,may ,,enjoin ,,the ,,officials ---------- -------------- #aj words1 or #cj unit letters ,state's ,attorney ,wayne ,threat- #be unit letters ens ,action if ,attempt is ,made #ae unit letters to ,collect ,levy4 ,the story for which the headline is to be written follows3 ,the city council finance committee last night unanimously agreed to a proposition made by ,mayor ,harrison to have a committee of experts decide each year how much money shall be spent in each ward for street cleaning and garbage and refuse collection4 ,the mayor said the plan could not be adopted this year1 as the committee was engaged in making up the budget for #aiab and there would not be time4 ,the suggestion of the mayor came during the annual 8squabble0 of the committee over the ward appropriations4 ,as usual every member was contending for an increase4 8,i'll tell you1 gentlemen10 suddenly broke in ,mayor ,harrison1 8this helter skelter method of making up ward appropriations should be discontinued4 ,it is a system that is out of date and one that works an injustice on many sections of the city4 ,i would suggest that we have a commission or a committee of experts begin next year1 about three months before the committee begins making up the budget1 and work out a scientific plan for the proper distribution of the street cleaning and garbage removal funds40 8,i'm with you there10 declared ,aldermen ,cermak and ,egan in unison1 and every alderman around the table enthusiastically endorsed the proposition4 ,the work of making the ward appropriations was continued after the mayor's suggestions and raises were granted along the line4 ,in editing this story of the meeting of the city council finance committee1 the copy-reader would get these four main points3 7#a7 ,mayor ,harrison's proposal to the finance committee in regard to the allotment of ward funds was approved4 7#b7 ,his plan is to have experts decide the division on a scientific basis4 7#c7 ,the new method cannot be put into operation until next year on account of lack of time4 7#d7 ,the fight1 or 8squabble10 among the aldermen on this matter has been an annual one4 ,as the subject of the story is the 8ward funds10 the headline may be constructed around these words4 ,the words 8ward fund0 contain #i units1 and the plural 8ward funds10 #aj units1 which1 on the basis of #ah units to be filled in each half of the first deck1 will leave #g or #h units to be filled1 according as the singular or plural form of 8fund0 is used4 ,if a verb is desired for the first half deck1 the 8dividing0 or 8allotting0 of the fund expresses the idea involved2 and1 since the action is in the future1 8to divide0 or 8to allot0 7#h units each71 or 8will divide0 or 8will allot0 7#aj units each71 are possibilities4 ,the combination of these elements gives 8,to ,allot ,ward ,fund0 7#ah units7 and 8,to ,divide ,ward ,fund0 7#ah units71 either of which may be used for the first half of the top deck4 ,this deck may be completed in the second half by introducing the second point2 namely1 that the allotment is to be made 8,on a ,scientific ,basis0 7#ai units71 which can be reduced to #ag units by omitting the article 8a40 ,the result will then be as follows3 ,,to ,,divide ,,ward ,,fund #ah unit letters ,,on ,,scientific ,,basis #ag unit letters ,or the second point may be used in the form of the allotment's being made 8with the aid of experts0 7#bb units71 which may be reduced to #ah units by omitting the article 8the40 ,the resulting combination will be3 ,,to ,,allot ,,ward ,,fund #ah unit letters ,,with ,,aid ,,of ,,experts #ah unit letters ,if it is desired to emphasize the fact that the mayor has solved the ward fund problem1 or has ended the 8grab10 or settled the 8squabble10 or dispute1 or fight1 these phrases may be arranged in the following forms3 7#a7 ,,ward ,,fund ,,problem #ah units ,,is ,,solved ,,by ,,mayor #ah units 7#b7 ,,ward ,,fund ,,squabble #ah units ,,is ,,settled ,,by ,,mayor #ai units 7#c7 ,,fight ,,for ,,ward ,,fund #ai units ,,is ,,ended ,,by ,,mayor #ag units 7#d7 ,,grab ,,for ,,ward ,,fund #ah units ,,is ,,stopped ,,by ,,mayor #ai units ,still greater prominence can be given to the mayor by putting the word at the beginning of the first half of the first deck1 but by so doing the real subject1 that is1 the ward fund division or wrangle1 must go over into the second half4 ,in this arrangement the forms would be3 7#a7 ,,mayor ,,has ,,settled #ag units ,,ward ,,fund ,,wrangle #ah units 7#b7 ,,mayor ,,puts ,,an ,,end #ag units ,,to ,,ward ,,fund ,,scrap #ah units 7#c7 ,,mayor',s ,,plan ,,solves #ai units ,,ward ,,fund ,,problem #ah units ,if more emphasis is desired for the point that experts are to settle or decide the ward fund division or fight1 these statements may be combined as follows1 but again the real subject1 by going into the second half of the deck1 is less conspicuous3 7#a7 ,,experts ,,will ,,decide #ah units ,,ward ,,fund ,,division #ag units 7#b7 ,,experts ,,will ,,settle #ai units ,,fight ,,for ,,ward ,,fund #ai units ,these various forms for the top deck show some of the possibilities of variety of emphasis and tone in the headline4 ,as the first half of the top deck is more conspicuous than the second1 the most significant part of the statement should1 if possible1 be placed in the first half4 ,consequently those forms in which the idea of the allotting or dividing of the ward funds is placed first1 would generally be preferred4 ,the words 8squabble10 8scrap10 and 8grab10 although colloquial and inelegant1 might be admissible to characterize effectively the situation growing out of the efforts of each alderman to get the most for his own ward1 if the circumstances of the dispute were undignified4 ,the other decks of the headline for this story may be constructed to follow any one of these top decks1 but1 for convenience1 only two of the top decks will be used for illustration4 ,if the one chosen is 8,to ,divide ,ward ,fund ,on ,scientific ,basis10 it may be developed by the other points already given 7page #bif72 that is1 7#a7 ,the mayor's proposal was approved by the finance committee2 7#b7 ,the division is to be made by experts2 7#c7 ,the method cannot be put into operation until next year for lack of time2 and 7#d7 the fight on the matter has been an annual one4 ,the second deck of ten words should explain the 8scientific basis0 of division and give the action of the finance committee by which this plan was determined upon1 both of which points may be stated in the following forms3 7#a7 #aa words ,city ,council ,finance ,commit- #bg unit letters tee ,will ,let ,experts ,settle #bg unit letters ,problem ,next ,year4 #ag unit letters 7#b7 #ab words ,plan to ,let ,experts ,fix ,amount #cj unit letters ,given ,approval by ,council #be unit letters ,finance ,committee4 #ag unit letters ,the third deck1 which1 because of the size of type1 is next in prominence to the top deck1 should contain the mayor's part in the solution1 and within the limits of #bc unit letters1 this may be expressed in the following forms3 7#a7 ,,proposal ,,made ,,by ,,mayor #bc units 7#b7 ,,mayor ,,proposes ,,solution #bc units 7#c7 ,,plan ,,is ,,offered ,,by ,,mayor #bd units 7#d7 ,,mayor ,,ends ,,the ,,squabble #bc units 7#e7 ,,mayor ,,proposes ,,the ,,plan #bc units ,if the third or fifth forms are used1 they should not be combined with the second form1 8,plan ,to ,let ,experts1 etc410 suggested for the second deck1 because of the repetition of the word 8plan40 ,for the fourth deck the idea that the dispute is an annual one1 and1 if not already used1 the point that the plan is going into effect next year1 may both be expressed within the limits1 which are the same as those for the second deck1 as follows3 7#a7 #ab words ,new ,method ,will ,end ,annual #bg units ,dispute of ,aldermen ,over #bd units ,allotment of ,money4 #ah units 7#b7 #aa words ,annual ,squabble of ,aldermen #bg units ,over ,street ,cleaning ,money #bf units ,ends ,next ,year4 #ad units ,in complete form with one of each of these possibilities chosen to avoid repetition1 the head will read3 ,,to ,,divide ,,ward ,,fund ,,on ,,scientific ,,basis ---------- ,city ,council ,finance ,commit- tee ,will ,let ,experts ,settle ,problem ,next ,year4 ---------- ,,mayor ,,proposes ,,the ,,plan ---------- ,new ,method ,will ,end ,annual ,dispute of ,aldermen ,over ,allotment of ,money4 ,if the first deck chosen is one of the forms in which the part played by the mayor in the solution of the problem is emphasized1 the other three decks could be so composed as to include the other points1 without repetition1 as follows3 ,,ward ,,fund ,,problem ,,is ,,solved ,,by ,,mayor ---------- ,plan to ,let ,experts ,fix ,amount ,given ,approval by ,council ,finance ,committee4 ---------- ,,to ,,take ,,effect ,,next ,,year ---------- ,allotment on ,scientific ,basis to ,replace ,annual ,squabble of the ,aldermen4 ,subheads4 ,besides writing headlines for stories1 the copy-reader inserts subheads at intervals to break up the solid masses of type which are unrelieved except by paragraph division4 ,these subheads make possible more rapid reading4 ,the subhead1 which is set up either in bold face capitals or in bold face capitals and lower case1 is like a cross-line head that does not fill the entire column width4 ,the subhead should be an announcement in three or four words of the most significant point in the section of the story which it precedes4 ,the same limitation as to the number of units exists as in any cross-line head4 ,in a story of some length subheads are placed at intervals of about #bjj words1 and in shorter stories at intervals of from #ajj to #aej words4 ,the insertion of these subheads at comparatively regular intervals makes for symmetry of effect4 ,significant matter in the story1 or an important change of topic1 warrants a subhead1 regardless of the regularity of the interval4 ,it is generally considered preferable not to place a subhead immediately after a sentence ending with a colon and introducing a quotation1 because the subhead interrupts the quotation and appears to be part of it4 ,this difficulty can usually be avoided by placing the subhead just before the introductory sentence1 thus3 ,,new ,,york1 ,dec4 #ad4--,on the eve of his retirement from the post of ,british ambassador at ,washington1 which he has occupied with distinction for six years1 ,james ,bryce ,saturday night paid an extraordinary tribute to the constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,the occasion was the annual dinner of the ,pennsylvania society of ,new ,york1 and he spoke from the topic3 8,the ,commemoration of the ,one ,hundred and ,twenty-fifth ,anniversary of the ,framing of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states40 ,work of ,men of ,genius4 ,the ambassador said in part3 8,the constitution was the work of an extraordinary group of men such as has seldom been seen living at the same time in any country and such as had never been brought together in any other country to undertake the immensely difficult task of framing a fundamental instrument of government for a nation4 ,the nation was then a small one1 and it is one of the most striking tributes to the genius and foresight of the men that the frame of government which they designed for #cg1jjj1jjj people should have proved fitting to serve the needs of #ic1jjj1jjj40 ,jump-,heads4 ,when a story is continued from one page to another1 a head called a jump-head1 or 8run-over0 head1 is placed above the continuation4 ,this jump-head may be either the top deck of the head at the beginning set in the same type or in smaller type1 or it may be a new head4 ,examples of jump-heads follow3 7#a7 ,first ,page ,head ,,flames ,,end ,,lives ,,of ,,two ,,baby ,,boys ---------- ,children in ,different ,parts of ,city ,meet ,horrible ,death at the ,same ,time4 ---------- ,,bonfire ,,is ,,fatal ,,to ,,one ---------- ,the ,other1 ,left ,with ,sister1 ,is ,found ,blazing in ,home by ,passersby4 7#b7 ,jump-,head on ,third ,page ,,fire ,,ends ,,babies' ,,lives ,continued from ,page ,one4 ---------- 7#a7 ,top ,deck of ,first ,page ,head ,,express ,,beaten ,,by ,,parcels ,,post ,,in ,,initial ,,test 7#b7 ,jump-,head on ,fourth ,page ,,express ,,beaten ,,by ,,parcels ,,post ---------- ---------------------------------------- 7,continued from first page47 ---------------------------------------- ,big ,heads4 ,in this discussion only one column heads have been considered1 but the same general principles apply to the construction of headlines extending over any number of columns4 ,important news may be given a head of one1 two1 or three parts extending across the whole front page4 ,such a head is often called a 8banner40 ,,suggestions #a4 ,get the important facts of the story clearly and accurately in mind before writing the head4 #b4 ,study carefully each kind of headline to find out its possibilities and limitations4 #c4 ,give the story a headline proportionate in size to its importance4 #d4 ,base the head as far as possible on the facts in the lead4 #e4 ,have the tone of the head in keeping with that of the story4 #f4 ,don't make the head a comment on the news4 #g4 ,avoid trite1 hackneyed words or phrases4 #h4 ,make the statement in each deck clear1 concise1 and specific4 #i4 ,put the most significant fact into the first deck4 #aj4 ,use short1 specific words in the first deck4 #aa4 ,count the unit letters and spaces in every deck4 #ab4 ,don't try to crowd in more units than the space will permit4 #ac4 ,don't fill out a short line with weak words4 #ad4 ,make clear the relation of the statement of each deck to that in the preceding deck4 #ae4 ,use only such abbreviations as are commonly to be found in heads4 #af4 ,omit articles and unnecessary auxiliary verbs whenever it is possible4 #ag4 ,punctuate only when clearness requires it4 #ah4 ,use figures when they are the significant facts4 #ai4 ,avoid repetition of words other than connectives4 #bj4 ,use the present tense of the verb for past events and the infinitive or future tense for coming ones4 #ba4 ,keep the tenses uniform throughout the head4 #bb4 ,avoid libelous statements4 ,,practice ,,work ,criticize the following heads and rewrite each1 retaining as far as possible the ideas and point of view of the original3 7#a7 ,,hurt ,,in ,,auto ,,crash ,,quitting ,,hospital ---------- ,woman ,patient ,is ,injured in ,collision ,fifteen ,minutes ,after ,release ---------- 7#b7 ,,parcels ,,post ,,plan ,,starts ,,tomorrow ---------- ,new ,system ,makes ,it ,possible to ,mail ,packages ,weighing ,up to #aa ,pounds4 ---------- ,,require ,,special ,,stamps ---------- 7#c7 ,,rivers ,,in ,,gotham ,,for ,,cross ,,setto ---------- ,little ,mexican1 in ,great ,condi- tion1 ,announces ,that ,he ,will ,surely ,put the ,quietus on the ,hard ,hitting ,dentist4 ---------- ,,new ,,york1 ,dec4 #bh4--;,joe ,rivers1 the ,mexican lightweight1 accom- panied by his manager1 ,joe ,levy1 his brother1 ,andy ,rivers1 and his trainer1 ,abdul the ,turk1 arrived in this city ,friday night4 ,rivers is scheduled to fight ,leach ,cross1 at the ,empire ,a4 ,c4 on ,jan4 #ad1 instead of ,jan4 #h4 7#d7 ,,taxes ,,must ,,be ,,paid ,,by ,,jan4 #ca ---------- ,public ,can ,get ,extensions on ,city ,assessments1 ,however1 by ,applying ,under a ,special ,law ,passed by the #aiaa ,legislature4 ---------- ,,collection ,,to ,,begin ,,at #i ,a4 ,m41 ,,tomorrow ---------- ,the collection of city taxes will be started at #i o'clock tomorrow morning by ,city ,treasurer ,john ,r4 ,greene4 8,all county and state taxes must be paid by ,jan4 #ca10 said ,city ,treasurer ,greene yesterday4 8,but an extension of six months on city taxes will be granted to those applying1 under a law passed by the #aiaa legislature40 7#e7 ,,gotham ,,workers ,,planning ,,strike ---------- ,demanding the ,abolishment of ,sweat ,shop and ,general ,increase in ,wages4 ---------- ,,new ,,york4 ,dec4 #bb4--,the largest of a series of general strikes of #bjj1jjj garment workers in this city will probably start this week following the counting of a secret ballot of #abe1jjj workers who have just completed the vote4 ,the abolition of sweatshop conditions in the trade and a general increase in wages are demanded4 7#f7 ,,high ,,prices ,,sawed ,,by ,,parcels ,,post8 ---------- ,senator ,jonathan ,bourne ,thinks ,new ,system ,will ,solve ,cost of ,living ,problem4 ---------- ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,dec4 #ba4--;,if the parcels post is utilized to its fullest degree1 a decided decrease in the cost of living will result1 according to the prediction on ,saturday of ,senator ,jonathan ,bourne of ,oregon1 father of the measure which becomes effective on ,jan4 #a4 7#g7 ,,think ,,parlapiano',s ,,act ,,is ,,justifiable ---------- ,court and ,district ,attorney ,tes- tify ,belief ,that ,prisoner ,was ,victim of ,circumstances4 ---------- ,,bound ,,over ,,to ,,next ,,term ---------- ,although the district attorney and judge of the ,district court testified their belief1 supplementary to the arguments of the counsel for the defense1 in the justifiableness of the crime1 it was found necessary to bind over ,vito ,parlapiano1 alleged murderer of ,michael ,perricone1 to the next term of the ,municipal court1 in ,district court ,friday afternoon4 ,the sight of a district attorney who had caused a man's arrest pleading for his release on the grounds of justification1 and of the judge of a court expressing his opinion of the man's innocence1 has rarely been seen1 but all this was done after convincing testimony had been introduced to prove that the killing was done in self-defense and through excessive fear of death on the defendant's part4 7#h7 ,,pope',s ,,brother1 #gf ,,years ,,old1 ,,at #ej ,,cents ,,wage1 ,,gets ,,boost4 ---------- ,aged ,postmaster's ,pay ,doubled--,walks ,ten ,miles a ,day ,carrying ,mails to ,rail ,station4 ---------- ,,rome1 ,dec4 #i4--,the pope's brother1 ,angelo ,sarto1 who is postmaster of the village of ,corazio1 called at the parliament buildings today and asked ,deputy ,di ,bagno to recommend him to the minister of posts and telegraphs for an increase in salary4 ,the pontiff's brother is #gf years old and earns a half dollar daily4 ,he is compelled to walk ten miles every day in order to carry the mails of his village to the ,nantua station4 ,later in the day the minister cordially received ,sarto and after talking with him for a while willingly doubled his pay1 and1 what is more1 appointed a postman to help him4 7#i7 ,,seek ,,cause ,,of ,,wreck ,,killing #d1 ,,hurting #ej ---------- ,nation1 ,state and ,railway ,inves- tigate ,ditching of ,express ,train on ,pennsylvania4 ---------- 7#aj7 ,,women ,,sell ,,eggs ,,to ,,cut ,,living ,,cost ---------- ,,philadelphia1 ,dec4 #aa4--,one hundred and fifty thousand dozen of eggs1 at #bd cents a dozen1 were sold to-day from a score or more stations scattered throughout the city1 a record which will probably be doubled to-morrow4 ,this is the result of the first endeavor of the new ,housekeepers' ,league of ,philadelphia in its campaign against the present high cost of living4 7#aa7 ,,crop ,,production ,,on ,,the ,,increase ---------- ,special ,government ,report ,gives ,definite ,information on the ,greatest ,corn ,crop4 ---------- ,,other ,,reports ,,later ---------- ,report ,gives ,potatoes an ,in- crease of ,almost ,double ,over ,last ,year4 ---------- ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,nov4 #h4--;,a corn crop of #c1afi1acg1jjj bu41 or #bha1iba1jjj bu4 more than the greatest crop of corn ever grown in any country of the world is the feature of the country' s most remarkable agricultural year in history according to the ,november crop report of the ,united ,states department of agriculture issued on ,friday4 ,the report completed the government's preliminary estimates of the nation's principal farm crops4 ,this great crop of corn was worth on ,nov4 #a to the farmers #a1hej1ggf1jjj4 ,the enormous sum of #d1aga1acd1jjj represented the farm value on ,nov4 #a of the ,united ,states crops of corn1 hay1 wheat1 oats1 potatoes1 barley1 flaxseed1 rye and buckwheat4 ,with the value of the growing cotton crop1 and the crops of tobacco1 rice and apples1 the aggregate value of these principal farm products will amount well beyond #e1jjj1jjj1jjj4 7#ab7 ,,in ,,prison ,,gloom ,,await ,,their ,,doom ---------- ,thirty-eight ,convicted ,labor ,officials ,will ,learn ,their ,fate ,wednesday4 ---------- ,,will ,,appeal ,,each ,,case ---------- 7#ac7 ,,state ,,solons ,,plan ,,many ,,new ,,statutes ---------- ,water ,power1 ,public ,service and ,income ,tax ,questions ,will ,receive ,attention4 ---------- 7#ad7 ,,war ,,fortune ,,saves ,,king ,,peter',s ,,robes ---------- ,open ,secret ,that ,servian ,ruler ,was ,about to ,abdicate ,his ,throne4 ---------- ,,belgrade1 ,dec4 #bh4 --7,special ,cable74-- ,while all the ,balkan royal houses have strengthened their hold upon their respective peoples by reason of the ,turko-,balkan war1 it has been the very salvation of the royal house of ,karageorgevitch4 ,it is an open secret here that ,king ,peter was making preparations to resign until it became certain that war was inevitable4 7#ae7 ,,whitney ,,home ,,sold ,,for ,,fifth ,,ave4 ,,trade ---------- ,fine ,house at ,fifty-,seventh ,street ,may ,be ,remodeled or ,torn ,down for ,business ,block4 ---------- ,,was ,,held ,,at #b1bej1jjj ---------- ,price ,was ,under ,that--,new ,owner's ,name ,not ,revealed1 ,but ,broker ,says ,he ,is an ,investor4 ---------- ,the career of the famous ,whitney mansion on the southwest corner of ,fifth ,avenue and ,fifty-seventh ,street as a city residence is over4 ,the house was sold yesterday by ,harry ,payne ,whitney1 and it was announced that the new owner would utilize the corner for business4 ,the entire property1 according to ,worthington ,whitehouse1 who represented ,mr4 ,whitney in the sale1 was held at #b1bej1jjj1 but it is understood that the price paid was under that figure4 ,frank ,d4 ,veiller1 who represented the buyer1 declined to give the name1 only saying that he was an investor4 7#af7 ,,thugs ,,are ,,bold ,,hold ,,up ,,woman ,,as ,,crowd ,,gapes ,,chapter ,,xii ,,proof-,,reading ,how ,proof is ,corrected4 ,after copy has been set up in type1 the type is put into a long1 narrow metal tray called a 8galley40 ,on a small hand or power press a printed sheet of each galley is made1 or 8pulled10 called a 8proof10 or 8galley proof40 ,to 8pull a galley proof0 is to make a printed copy of the type in the tray4 ,each 8proof0 is carefully compared with the copy so that errors made by compositors or operators in setting up the copy in type may be discovered and corrected4 ,on large newspapers the proof is corrected by proof-readers employed for the purpose1 and the proof-reading room is connected with the composing room4 ,each proof-reader is assisted by a copy-holder who reads in a monotone everything in the copy including punctuation1 capitalization1 and paragraphing1 so that the proof-reader may see whether or not the printed form corresponds exactly to the copy4 ,in smaller offices editors and reporters read proof1 comparing the printed form with the copy only when it is necessary4 ,every one who writes for publication should know how to correct proof1 so that he may be able to do this work quickly and accurately when occasion demands it4 ,by the use of a few marks and signs it is easy to indicate clearly just how proof is to be changed and corrected4 ,the least possible change should be made because every correction means a loss of time4 ,when linotypes are used1 every change makes necessary the recasting of one whole line at least1 while when monotypes are used1 each piece of type must be handled separately4 ,accordingly1 when one or more words have been inadvertently omitted and must be inserted1 effort is made to cut out other words of about the same length and not absolutely necessary in the same line1 in the preceding line1 or in the following one1 so that not more than one or two lines will have to be recast or reset to make room for the added words4 ,likewise1 when one or more words must be taken out1 others should be inserted in the same line or adjoining lines to fill up the space4 ,as in the editing of copy1 so in the correcting of proof1 the changes should be indicated in a manner that makes unmistakable to the compositor the exact character of the modifications4 ,confused correction of proof1 like poor editing of copy1 causes loss of time and increases the probability of error4 ,errors in proof are most readily detected if a card is used to cover all lines except the one that is being corrected4 ,the card is moved down from line to line as each is read and corrected4 ,by having but one line before him at a time and by scrutinizing sharply every word1 the reader more readily catches any errors4 ,marks used in ,correcting ,proof4 ,the proof-reading signs and marks1 grouped according to their use1 are as follows3 ,paragraphing ,illustration3 ,begin a new paragraph4 ,illustration3 ,don't begin a new paragraph4 ,illustration3 ,make one element follow the other in the same line4 ,spacing ,illustration3 ,correct uneven spacing between words4 ,illustration3 ,put in space4 ,illustration3 ,reduce the space4 ,illustration3 ,close up by taking out all the spacing4 ,illustration3 ,close up but leave some space4 ,illustration3 ,push down a space that prints4 ,illustration3 ,put in thin spaces between letters1 i4e41 8letter space40 ,position ,illustration3 ,move to the left4 ,illustration3 ,move to the right4 ,illustration3 ,move up4 ,illustration3 ,move down4 ,illustration3 ,indent one em4 ,illustration3 ,make lines parallel4 ,illustration3 ,make letter align4 ,illustration3 ,turn over element that is upside down4 ,illustration3 ,transpose order of words1 letters1 or figures4 ,kind of ,type ,illustration3 ,change to ,roman type4 ,illustration3 ,change to ,italic type4 ,illustration3 ,change to capital letter4 ,illustration3 ,change to small capital letter4 ,illustration3 ,change to lower case1 or small1 letters4 ,illustration3 ,change to black1 or bold face type4 ,illustration3 ,substitute type from regular font for that of wrong font4 ,illustration3 ,substitute perfect for imperfect type4 ,punctuation ,illustration3 ,insert period4 ,illustration3 ,insert comma4 ,illustration3 ,insert semi-colon4 ,illustration3 ,insert colon4 ,illustration3 ,insert apostrophe4 ,illustration3 ,insert double quotation marks4 ,illustration3 ,insert single quotation marks4 ,illustration3 ,put in one-em dash4 ,illustration3 ,put in two-em dash4 ,illustration3 ,put in hyphen4 ,illustration3 ,put in question mark4 ,illustration3 ,put in exclamation point4 ,insertion and ,omission ,illustration3 ,put in element indicated in margin at place shown by caret4 ,illustration3 ,take out element indicated4 ,illustration3 ,don't make change indicated2 let it stand as it is4 ,illustration3 ,a line of dots is placed under the element that is to remain as it is4 ,uncertainty ,illustration3 ,look this up to see whether or not it is correct4 ,illustration3 ,see what has been omitted in proof by comparing with the copy4 ,abbreviation ,illustration3 ,substitute full form for abbreviation4 ,illustration3 ,substitute numerical figures4 ,the signs used to indicate changes should always be placed in the margin of the proof-sheets1 and only those marks that show what elements are to be changed should be put in or between the lines of the proof-sheets4 ,the marks in the printed lines and the signs in the margin are often joined by a line to show the connection between them4 ,if this is not done1 the signs for the corrections in each line are arranged in the margin in the order in which the marks indicating the elements to be changed appear in the printed line1 each sign being set off by a line slanting from right to left4 ,how proof is corrected is shown in the following example3 ,illustration ,illustration ,,suggestions #a4 ,read proof word by word4 #b4 ,cover with a card all lines following the one being read4 #c4 ,always compare with copy all names1 figures1 and unusual terms4 #d4 ,put all correction signs in the margin of proof4 #e4 ,indicate clearly the element to be changed4 #f4 ,make changes and corrections so that they cannot be misunderstood4 #g4 ,watch for errors in punctuation4 #h4 ,be on the lookout for omission of quotation marks4 #i4 ,put in one or more words to fill space created by taking out other words4 #aj4 ,take out one or more words to make room for those inserted4 #aa4 ,make only such changes as are absolutely necessary4 #ab4 ,read proof accurately and rapidly4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,making ,,up ,,the ,,paper ,importance of the 8,make-,up40 ,although the editing of a newspaper is often regarded as completed when the managing editor has passed upon the proofs of all the matter that the newspaper is to contain1 yet the arranging of this material on the several pages1 the so-called 8making up10 still remains to be done under the direction of one of the editors4 ,the arrangement1 or 8make-up10 particularly of the front page1 plays a very important part in the success of the newspaper4 ,to display the important news of the day in the most effective way is to attract readers4 ,what has been said elsewhere of the advertising value of headlines applies equally to the 8make-up40 ,the best arrangement is that in which the important news stands out prominently1 and can therefore be most easily read4 ,a symmetrical balancing of the headlines1 half-tones1 and cartoons adds greatly to the attractiveness and readableness of the newspaper4 ,although the average reader does not analyze this element any more than he does any of the other elements of the newspaper that he reads daily1 still the 8make-up0 doubtless leaves an impression upon him4 ,how the 8,make-,up0 ,varies4 ,newspaper practice regarding make-up varies as greatly as it does in the case of headlines4 ,the seven-column page is still the normal type1 but the eight-column page is rapidly superseding it1 because the narrower columns and margins make possible a considerable saving in paper4 ,some papers like the ,new ,york ,sun1 the ,new ,york ,evening ,post1 the ,chicago ,daily ,news1 and the ,springfield 7,mass47 ,republican1 follow a very simple plan of placing large heads at the top of alternate columns1 and of having small heads on all the other stories on the front page1 so that the four top heads in the first1 third1 fifth1 and last columns are the only ones that stand out prominently4 ,other papers1 like the ,chicago ,tribune1 put a three-column cartoon in the fourth1 fifth1 and sixth columns1 an arrangement which makes possible large heads in the first1 third and last columns and somewhat smaller heads of several decks in the fourth and sixth columns under the cartoon4 ,still other papers1 keeping to the general scheme of alternate columns for large heads1 use one-1 two-1 three-1 or four-column cuts of people1 places1 or events that figure in the news1 at the top of the columns and then use slightly smaller heads under these cuts4 ,two-column heads in the first and second columns are often balanced with two-column heads in the sixth and seventh columns4 ,some newspapers have practically abandoned the symmetrical arrangement of the front page1 and spread headlines in black1 red1 or green ink1 and cuts over the front page in a way that seems to have no other purpose than to produce as bizarre an effect as possible4 ,principle of ,contrast4 ,the two general principles that underlie the make-up are those of contrast and symmetry4 ,large heads are alternated at the top of the column with smaller heads so that the large heads will stand out in contrast with the other columns of less prominence4 ,two or more large heads side by side at the top of the columns do not stand out with as marked effect as when they alternate with smaller heads or no heads at all at the tops of the columns4 ,the same is true when cuts or cartoons serve to furnish the contrast4 ,with heads not at the top of the columns1 effort is made to secure contrast by some form of alternation4 ,a careful study of a number of papers will show a variety of ways in which the principle of contrast determines the arrangement of material on each page4 ,principle of ,symmetry4 ,that this alternation of the prominent and the less prominent should be closely related to symmetry in arrangement1 is evident4 ,in the seven-column form1 which is the usual one1 the large heads in alternate columns produce a naturally symmetrical effect4 ,when somewhat smaller heads are used lower down on the page1 a similar alternation continues to carry out the symmetry4 ,large two-column heads in the first and second and in the sixth and seventh columns1 or smaller two-column ones in the second and third and in the fifth and sixth columns1 produce an even balance4 ,in an eight-column page1 in which this regular alternation is impossible1 some symmetry is often maintained by means of cuts4 ,many papers do not attempt to have perfect balance on the front page1 because of the desire to have the daily cartoon or a cut at the top of the right half of the page where it will attract most attention4 ,usually when symmetry is sacrificed1 the regularity of arrangement is departed from by putting the largest heads1 or the illustrations1 on the right half of the front page4 ,positions of ,prominence4 ,the most important news is generally put in the last column to the right on the first page4 ,this is done for two reasons3 first1 because a long story in this column can run on continuously to the first column of the second page without a jump-head2 and second1 because1 as the papers are laid out on the news stand1 the right side of the paper is prominently displayed4 ,this fact accounts for the placing of cuts and cartoons on the right side4 ,if there are two very important stories carrying larger heads than usual1 the one second in importance is put into the first column1 partly for symmetry and partly for the reason that1 as the paper is read1 the first column is prominent4 ,in fact1 some papers1 especially those that do not count much on street sales1 put the most important news in the first column in preference to the last4 ,on all pages except the front one1 the first column is usually considered the best4 8,breaking ,over0 ,front ,page ,stories4 ,in order to preserve the alternation of large heads with smaller ones on the front page1 as well as to get as much of the most important news as possible on this page1 long stories with large heads are continued from the first page to one of the inside pages4 ,one column of these stories1 or often only one-half or two-thirds of a column1 is put on the first page1 according to the make-up of the lower half of the page1 and the remaining part is put with a jump-head on an inside page4 ,when a story is 8broken over0 from the front page1 a dash or rule is put at the end1 with the words 8,continued on third page0 beneath1 if the break is at the end of a column2 and a dash1 or rule1 and these words followed by another rule are used if the break is not at the end of a column1 the purpose of the second rule being to set off the explanation 8,continued on third page10 from the following matter4 ,the jump-heads1 as was shown in ,chapter ,,xi1 are of several kinds3 7#a7 a reproduction of the whole of the original head1 7#b7 a reproduction of the top deck of the original head1 or 7#c7 an entirely new head1 usually in smaller type than the original one4 ,grouping ,news4 ,various kinds and forms of news matter are grouped in various ways4 ,local1 state1 national1 and foreign news is often arranged each kind on a separate page1 as is also the society1 the sporting1 and the market news4 ,short one-paragraph news stories1 usually with one line of type for a head1 are often assembled under such heads as 8,city ,news ,in ,brief10 8,news of the ,state10 8,sporting ,gossip10 and are arranged in order of size1 the smallest being put first1 or vice versa4 ,the society news is also frequently arranged in order of size1 the longest stories being put at the beginning4 ,in some papers1 the heading of these one-paragraph stories1 instead of being a separate line1 forms a part of the first line of the story and is separated by a dash from the beginning of the story1 which fills the remaining third or quarter of the first line4 ,the 8,make-,up0 ,page by ,page4 ,the pages that contain little or no live news matter are made up as far as possible in advance of the first edition of the paper so that they will be out of the way when the news pages are to be arranged4 ,the editorial page1 and special pages such as the woman's page1 the theatrical page1 the continued story or feature page1 can usually be made up1 stereotyped1 and put on the press ready for printing before the news pages are made up4 ,the first page is1 as a rule1 made up last1 so that all of the very latest news may be given a prominent place4 ,evening papers that make a special feature of the financial and market page1 make up that page last in order to print the closing quotations of the day and to get the papers out on the street as soon as possible after the closing hour of the exchanges4 ,the ,man ,who 8,makes ,up40 ,the actual work of arranging the type in the page forms is done by the make-up men of the composing room under the direction of one of the editors4 ,on some newspapers the managing editor directs the make-up1 on others the assistant managing editor1 and on still others the night editor1 or the news editor4 ,with a set of proofs at hand the editor directing the make-up indicates where all the important stories and cuts are to be placed1 and then usually allows the make-up men to fill in the shorter matter with the smaller heads4 ,the experienced editor can picture in his mind the appearance of the first page in print1 as he directs the arrangement of the masses of type and the cuts4 ,a diagram1 or schedule1 is usually made out by the editor in advance to indicate the position of the most important news and cuts4 8,making ,up0 ,different ,editions4 ,as every large newspaper prints several editions1 the page forms1 after being stereotyped1 are returned to the composing room to be made over for the next edition4 ,on a morning paper the first edition1 intended for places at a considerable distance1 is made up to leave the composing room about #i4cj in the evening4 ,a second mail edition follows this at about #aa4cj ,p4,m41 another at #a4cj ,a4,m41 and the regular city edition at about #b4cj or #c4cj ,a4,m4 ,on an afternoon paper the first edition may be made up at #f o'clock in the morning1 and other editions may follow at intervals of about two hours throughout the day4 ,generally1 however1 the noon edition1 made up about #aj4cj1 is the first4 ,this is followed by a mail edition made up at about #ab4cj2 by the home edition for distribution by carriers made up at #b4cj2 and by the market edition made up at about #c4ae1 or as soon as the closing quotations are received from the leading exchanges all over the country4 ,the sporting extra1 following the market edition1 is made up the instant the complete score is received of the baseball game in which the local team played1 or whenever the result of the most important sporting event of the day is announced4 ,following the sporting edition1 many afternoon papers get out a special mail edition1 dated the following morning1 for distribution to distant points in competition with the earliest mail edition of the morning papers4 ,in making up the several editions1 it is desirable to change as few pages as possible in order to save time and to avoid additional stereotyping4 ,when arranging the news on the inside pages for the first edition1 the editor can make up some of the news pages so that they need not be made over for several editions at least4 ,the front page is made over for each edition and usually one or two inside pages4 ,as the value of news changes considerably in the five or six hours between the first and the last editions1 the longer stories with large heads that occupy prominent places on the front page in the earlier editions are often cut down1 given smaller heads1 and put in less conspicuous places when later news requires the best position4 ,front-page stories of the first editions often go over into the inside pages with headlines unchanged1 sometimes with the story cut down and sometimes in the original form4 ,often only the top deck of the head is rewritten to be set in smaller type1 and one or two of the decks are cut off to reduce the size and prominence of the head4 ,composing-,room ,terms4 ,in the composing-room the editor in charge of the make-up finds a number of technical terms in common use in addition to those pertaining to type that are explained in ,chapter ,x4 ,when all the 8takes10 or pieces1 of copy have been given out to the linotype operators or compositors1 the copy is said to be 8all in hand02 when it is all in type1 or all set1 it is said to be 8all up40 ,each operator puts a 8slug0 containing his number at the beginning of matter that he sets as his take4 ,advertisements are set in the part of the composing-room known as the 8ad alley40 ,matter set by hand or on a linotype machine is arranged by 8bank men0 in proper order in galleys on a 8bank10 or sloping shelf4 ,after type has been used or has been killed1 it is 8distributed0 by hand1 letter by letter1 into the cases4 ,linotype slugs1 and usually all type smaller than #ab-point that is cast on a monotype1 are thrown into the 8hell-box0 to be taken to the stereotyping-room and melted up1 so that the metal can be used again4 ,page forms are made up on the 8stone10 a smooth table top1 formerly of stone1 now of metal4 ,forms are 8justified0 to make all of the columns exactly the same length by inserting leads here and there between the lines when a column is too short1 and by taking out a few leads when it is too long4 ,after being 8justified10 the forms are 8planed down10 or leveled1 with a 8planer10 or wooden block1 which is tapped with a mallet to force all type and cuts down to the level surface of the stone4 ,type that does not stand squarely on its base is said to be 8off its feet40 ,the forms are 8locked0 by means of screws1 or of wedges known as 8quoins40 ,after the first page form is thus 8closed10 it may have to be 8ripped open0 for late news4 ,the forms are 8put away0 when they are sent to the stereotyping-room4 ,,suggestions #a4 ,observe carefully the 8make-up0 of representative newspapers in different parts of the country4 #b4 ,study the 8make-up0 of your own paper4 #c4 ,display the important news in a conspicuous position on the front page4 #d4 ,arrange the front page to secure as much symmetry as possible4 #e4 ,put the most important news story in the last1 or outside1 column of the first page4 #f4 ,place the second best story in the first column of the front page4 #g4 ,break over into the inside pages front-page stories of more than a column in length4 #h4 ,alternate large and small heads at the top of the columns for contrast4 #i4 ,remember that the upper right hand quarter of the first page is the most conspicuous4 #aj4 ,group on separate pages market1 society1 sporting1 state1 foreign1 and other distinct kinds of news4 #aa4 ,see that all guide lines are taken out when the type is assembled in the form4 #ab4 ,don't use any matter before it is 8released40 #ac4 ,have some good two or three line 8fillers0 on hand4 #ad4 ,don't 8hold over0 or 8kill0 really live news matter4 #ae4 ,remember that the number of street sales depends considerably upon the 8make-up0 of the front page4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,the ,,function ,,of ,,the ,,newspaper ,the ,newspaper ,worker and ,his ,work4 ,any discussion of newspaper writing and editing would be incomplete if it did not consider the function of the newspaper and the relation of the newspaper worker to that function4 ,in this presentation of methods of newspaper making the object has been to explain and to exemplify current practices in journalism rather than to discuss the ultimate purpose and results of such methods4 ,it is evident1 however1 that unless the reporter and the editor1 consciously or unconsciously1 set up for themselves ideals based on their conception of the function of the newspaper1 they have no standards by which to measure the character of their work4 ,merely to accept existing methods without analyzing them to determine their results1 is to overlook their underlying purpose4 ,not until a reporter or an editor realizes the effect that his news story or his headline produces upon the opinions1 and hence upon the lives1 of the thousands of persons who read it1 does he appreciate the full significance of his work4 ,ideals and standards for any kind of work appeal much more strongly to the average worker when he knows the ultimate effect of what he is doing4 ,the ,newspaper and the ,community4 ,like all other undertakings1 public and private1 newspaper making tends to conform to the current ideals and tastes of the community4 ,as far as it is a private business enterprise1 it is influenced by the conditions and the practices prevailing in the business world4 ,as a medium of information and publicity1 it is measured by the standards of the community in which it circulates4 ,it is a product of its environment1 and at the same time it is a force in creating that environment4 ,conditions in newspaper making to-day are the outgrowth of the journalism of preceding generations4 ,the changes that have produced these conditions are to a considerable extent the results of social1 political1 and economic forces4 ,a brief survey of the development of newspaper editing and publishing1 with special reference to present problems in journalism1 will help to a better understanding of the function of the newspaper of to-day4 ,growth of the ,business ,element4 ,in the last seventy-five years in this country1 the editing and the managing of newspapers have undergone a significant development4 ,from being a comparatively simple undertaking1 newspaper publishing has become a big1 complex1 highly organized enterprise4 ,in #ahce it was possible for one man1 ,james ,gordon ,bennett1 ,sr41 to start the ,new ,york ,herald with a cash capital of #ejj1 and to perform the greater part of the work connected with its publication1 for the owner-editor's duties ranged from editorial writing to keeping books1 from gathering police news to making out bills1 and from commenting on conditions in ,wall ,street to writing advertisements4 ,the first instance of ownership of a newspaper by an incorporated stock company came ten years later when ,horace ,greeley and ,thomas ,m',elrath1 editor and business manager respectively of the ,new ,york ,tribune1 decided to share their personal ownership of that paper with five assistant editors and with the five employees of the business and mechanical departments who had been connected with the ,tribune for the longest time4 ,this joint ownership plan ,greeley and his assistants hoped would in time result in the 8still further application of the general principle that the workman should be his own employer and director1 and should receive the full reward of his labor40 ,the amount raised by this stock company1 #ajj1jjj1 was considered at that time a very large sum to be devoted to newspaper publishing4 ,how rapidly the conditions of newspaper making changed is shown by the fact that less than thirty years after the ,new ,york ,tribune was incorporated with its shares at #ajj each1 these shares sold for as much as #aj1jjj each1 and in #ahfi1 less than thirty-five years after the ,new ,york ,herald began with #ejj cash capital1 ,bennett refused an offer of #b1jjj1jjj for his paper4 ,within the lifetime of these two great editor-publishers newspaper making had become a big business enterprise4 ,newspapers ,require ,large ,capital4 ,during the last quarter of a century the amount of capital required for success in newspaper publishing has been further increased by the need for huge presses1 expensive linotypes and other type-casting machines1 and more elaborate stereotyping apparatus1 as well as for better news service1 new special features1 and more numerous illustrations4 ,expensive additions to the mechanical equipment and other exigencies often make it necessary for the newspaper company1 like other business enterprises1 to secure financial assistance by borrowing considerable sums from banks4 ,such has become the magnitude of the business side of the newspaper that ownership by stock companies is the rule to-day instead of the exception as it was in #ahde4 ,not infrequently the majority of the stock of a newspaper is held by one man or in one family1 and one person1 often known as the publisher-owner1 directs the publishing4 ,in large cities the amount of capital required to establish and maintain a daily newspaper is so great that the publisher-owner must be a man of considerable wealth4 ,stock in newspaper companies1 however1 is not held exclusively by those directly connected with the paper4 ,from the point of view of the stockholders of a newspaper company1 who are not directly connected with the newspaper and who are interested in it largely if not entirely as an investment1 the important consideration is that the newspaper shall be profitable1 that dividends shall be adequate and regular4 ,in short1 newspaper publishing has become a large business undertaking subject to the conditions of big business enterprises4 ,increase in ,advertising4 ,another important factor in newspaper publication1 that has developed in the last twenty-five years almost step by step with the increased cost1 has been the remarkable growth of newspaper advertising4 ,with growing combination and competition in business1 managers of great retail stores discovered that daily news of their establishments1 in the form of description of new goods1 bargains1 and special prices and sales1 was read by many with as much interest as were other kinds of news4 ,newspaper advertising of this kind has proved very profitable both to the advertiser and to the paper4 ,half-page1 full-page1 and even two-page advertisements of department stores and other retail business concerns have necessitated an increase in the size of regular editions of daily papers from eight pages to twelve1 sixteen1 or twenty-four pages4 ,the number of classified advertisements1 such as 8want ads10 has also increased greatly within recent years4 ,the large revenues from all forms of advertising have made it possible to give the reader a better paper as well as a bigger one1 and at the same time to reduce the price generally from three or five cents to one or two cents a copy4 ,the reduction in price1 in turn1 has resulted in remarkable gains in circulation4 ,whereas a generation ago #ej1jjj copies daily was considered a very large circulation1 we now have newspapers printing daily editions of from #aej1jjj to #ijj1jjj copies4 ,thus1 although the cost of producing the newspaper has constantly increased1 the price to the reader has been reduced4 ,the result of these readjustments has been that from two thirds to three quarters of the cost of maintaining a newspaper comes from the advertising1 and only from one quarter to one third from subscriptions and sales4 ,this means that when a man buys a penny paper1 he is buying for one cent what it costs three or four cents to produce1 and that the difference between the cost and the price he pays is paid for by the advertisers4 ,decline of ,personal ,journalism4 ,coincident with the change in the financial organization of newspapers1 significant changes have taken place in the editing of them4 ,two generations ago the owner-editor who established a newspaper with a limited amount of capital1 as ,greeley did the ,tribune1 was the real head of his paper1 who expressed vigorously his own opinions in its editorial columns4 ,personal journalism1 as the expression of the political1 social1 and economic beliefs of great editors1 like ,greeley1 ,bennett1 ,bowles1 ,raymond1 ,dana1 and ,godkin1 was an important influence in ,american life4 ,these men were recognized as leaders4 ,the opinions set forth in their editorials were accepted by readers as significant contributions to the solution of current problems4 ,in short1 it was a period of great editorial leadership4 ,with the development of the telegraph1 the telephone1 and the railroad mail service1 and with the expansion of the nation and its interests1 the amount of news available for publication increased many fold4 ,distance1 once a formidable obstacle to newsgathering1 practically ceased to exist when news could be flashed in a few minutes from one end of the world to the other4 ,the news field was enlarged from the city and its suburbs to include the whole earth4 ,the newspaper became truly a paper of news1 a budget of facts rather than a medium for expressing the editor's opinions4 ,as a purveyor of the news1 it increased in circulation and prosperity4 ,with an ample supply of facts upon which to base their opinions1 the readers no longer needed to accept opinions ready-made from the editor4 ,with greater independence in thinking and in voting on the part of the reading public the editorial leadership of the newspapers declined4 ,at present the three or four columns of editorials are relatively unimportant as compared with the ten or twelve pages of news4 ,to-day the names of the editors are unknown to the majority of the readers4 ,company ownership has contributed toward minimizing the opportunities of personal editorship1 until now it is said that personal journalism1 in the old sense of the term1 has all but ceased to exist in this country4 ,wars ,develop ,newspapers4 ,in the gathering of news and in the effective presenting of it1 the two most important influences have been the ,civil ,war and the ,spanish-,american ,war4 ,the great demand from readers of all classes for the latest reports from the front during the ,war of the ,rebellion was a great stimulus to newspaper editors and publishers4 ,the beginning of the present summary 8lead10 and of the long bulletin form of headline for news stories1 is to be found in connection with the telegraph dispatches of war news4 ,the advent of 8yellow journalism10 especially in ,new ,york ,city1 coincided with the breaking-out of the ,spanish-,american ,war4 ,big headlines1 and news displayed in larger type1 served to advertise the latest reports1 which the public eagerly sought4 ,the climax of large headlines is found in two metropolitan newspapers which announced the declaration of hostilities with the single word 8,,war10 spread over the whole of the front page4 ,banner heads in red and black1 and large headlines two and three columns in width1 that are now not uncommon in newspapers as a means of advertising the news1 had their beginning in the ,spanish-,american ,war days4 ,the ,growth of ,cities4 ,the growth in the population of cities1 partly as a result of the movement from the country to the city1 and partly as a result of immigration1 has made possible large increases in newspaper circulation4 ,new papers have not been established generally to meet this growth in population2 existing papers1 rather1 have added to the number of their readers4 ,the result has been that a few large papers are to be found in all the big cities of the country rather than an ever-increasing number of small ones4 ,in great centres of population1 like ,new ,york and ,chicago1 the influx of foreign immigrants has also been a factor in the development of so-called 8yellow journalism40 ,with a limited knowledge of the ,english language and of ,american institutions1 this foreign element has been attracted by large1 striking headlines1 sensational news stories1 diagrammatic illustrations1 and well-displayed editorials1 and has become a considerable part of the total number of readers of the 8yellow journals40 ,the ,development of ,features4 ,hand in hand with the remarkable growth of advertising in newspapers has gone the development of important features in the editing of them4 ,the success of department store advertisements1 for example1 depends to a considerable extent on the number of women readers4 ,to secure and retain these readers1 newspapers have1 accordingly1 developed a number of features primarily intended for women4 ,fashion news1 cooking and household recipes1 discussions of etiquette1 articles on health and beauty1 advice in affairs of the heart1 society news1 reports of women's clubs1 and similar subjects have been given greater space from year to year because of the constantly growing importance of women readers as a factor in the business success of the newspaper4 ,the increase in the amount of advertising has made possible also the expansion1 in size and scope1 of the ,sunday paper4 ,special articles1 fiction1 humor1 and illustrations in black and colors1 fill special supplements1 magazine sections1 and 8comics40 ,in fact1 aside from the news sections1 the reading matter in ,sunday newspapers has become practically identical in character with that of the popular weekly and monthly magazines4 ,reading matter the primary purpose of which is entertainment rather than information has always had a place in daily papers4 ,despite the great increase in the amount of news available1 this kind of material has not been crowded out4 ,the daily short story1 a chapter of a serial novel1 feature articles1 humor in verse and prose1 and similar forms of entertaining reading matter are a recognized part of every issue of many newspapers in all parts of the country4 ,the perfecting of photo-engraving processes1 by which half-tone illustrations and zinc etchings can be made rapidly at relatively small cost1 has added another important feature to the newspaper4 ,photographs of persons1 places1 and events that appear in the day's news are now quickly reproduced by the newspaper half-tone4 ,cartoons printed by means of zinc etchings occupy a prominent place in many papers4 ,aims of the ,newspaper4 ,the present-day newspaper1 as a result of this evolution1 undertakes to accomplish five ends3 7#a7 to furnish news1 7#b7 to interpret the news and to discuss current issues1 7#c7 to give useful information and practical advice1 7#d7 to supply entertaining reading matter1 and 7#e7 to serve as an advertising medium4 ,the primary purpose of the newspaper is undoubtedly to furnish news and editorial discussions2 the secondary one to supply useful information and entertaining reading matter4 ,these results1 however1 can be accomplished with the present small cost to the reader only by reason of the fact that the newspaper is a valuable purveyor of advertising publicity4 ,the interrelation between the advertising matter and the other contents of the newspaper is a vital one4 ,the value of newspaper advertisements is determined by the number and the character of the persons who read the 8ads10 that is1 by the circulation of the newspaper4 ,the circulation1 in turn1 depends on the amount and the character of the news and other features of the newspaper4 ,increases in circulation make possible higher advertising rates1 and higher rates produce larger revenues from advertisements4 ,the greater income received from advertising and circulation is generally used to increase and improve the reading matter4 ,decreases in advertising revenues usually mean retrenchment in expenses and a reduction of reading matter4 ,if this reduction in news and other features of the newspaper is marked1 the paper will lose readers4 ,advertising1 circulation1 and the character of the contents of a newspaper are thus closely bound up with one another4 ,recognition of ,its ,public ,function4 ,that in its primary purpose1 of furnishing the news of the day with an interpretation of it and a discussion of current issues1 the newspaper is a public institution1 has been recognized from earliest times both in this country and abroad4 ,although the ,american newspaper has at all times been a private enterprise1 its public function has always been emphasized4 ,in guaranteeing the freedom of the press1 the framers of the first amendments to the ,constitution realized that it is necessary in a democracy to have full information and free discussion on all questions1 social1 economic1 and political4 ,they believed as did ,milton when he wrote1 in his great defense of liberty of the press addressed to the ,english ,parliament at the very dawn of ,english journalism1 8,where there is much desire to learn1 there of necessity must be much arguing1 much writing1 many opinions1 for opinion in good men is but knowledge in the making40 ,the responsibility of the press to the public has been repeatedly emphasized4 ,in condemning the appointment of editors to public office as a means of securing their support1 ,daniel ,webster1 in #ahcb1 declared3 8,in popular governments1 a free press is the most important of all agents and instruments4 ,the conductors of the press1 in popular governments1 occupy a place in the social and political system of highest consequence4 ,they wear the character of public instructors40 ,that the newspapers are the teachers of the people has been reiterated on the platform1 in the pulpit1 and in the newspapers themselves4 ,wendell ,phillips1 a generation ago1 in speaking of the importance of newspapers in this country1 said3 8,it is a momentous1 yes1 a fearful truth1 that millions have no literature1 no schools1 almost no pulpit but the press4 ,it is parent1 school1 college1 pulpit1 theatre1 example1 counselor1 all in one4 ,let me make the newspapers1 and ,i care not who makes the religion or the laws40 ,the ,function of ,newspapers in a ,democracy4 ,to accept this generally recognized function of the newspaper as the distributor of information on all the varied subjects presented in the day's news1 is to give the newspaper a place of great responsibility in a democracy like ours4 ,if we consider only its news-distributing function and disregard editorial influence1 the place of the newspaper is still a vital one in our country1 for the success of a democratic form of government depends upon intelligent action by the individual voter4 ,such voting must be based upon accurate information concerning all important events of the day1--events of a social1 commercial1 and industrial significance1 as well as those of political import1--because many of the important questions upon which the voter should cast an intelligent ballot concern economic and social problems rather than purely political ones4 ,practically the only source of information for the average voter concerning local1 national1 and international events1 is the newspaper4 ,the rapidly increasing tendency of citizens in voting to disregard party affiliations1 and the recent extension of methods of direct making of laws by means of the initiative and the referendum1 require that citizens have accurate information on a great variety of subjects to enable them to vote intelligently on men and issues4 ,any influence that tends to affect the accuracy of statements concerning current events thereby tends to affect the basis underlying the opinions of the voters4 ,upon the accuracy of the newspapers in matters of news1 therefore1 depends to a great extent the character of our government4 ,limitations to ,accuracy and ,completeness4 ,absolute accuracy in gathering and presenting the news is subject to human limitations4 ,seldom do two eye-witnesses from whom the reporter gets information agree in their accounts of what happened4 ,the reporter must judge of the value of the testimony of each witness1 and must make up a composite account of the truth as he sees it in these different narratives4 ,the copy-reader1 in editing the reporter's story1 frequently finds it necessary to cut it down considerably because of the importance of other news4 ,again the accuracy of the report may be affected by reason of this 8boiling down40 ,the headline writer1 working under strict limitations of space1 may modify the impression produced upon the reader by the original story4 ,even on the mechanical side the accuracy of the news may be affected by a careless compositor or proof-reader4 ,the rapidity with which all the processes of newspaper making are performed greatly increases the possibility of error4 ,the personal equation1 for which allowance is made in all scientific and technical work1 enters into every part of the process of newspaper making1 from the gathering and writing of the news by the reporter1 through the editing of it and the writing of a headline for it1 to the compositor1 proof-reader1 and make-up man4 ,the chances of printing inaccurate statements under such conditions may be reduced to a minimum only by the exercise of the greatest possible care on the part of all those concerned in the rapid production of newspapers1 but mistakes of this type can never be entirely eliminated4 ,failure to give a complete report of the day's news is due in part to the amount of news available4 ,inasmuch as the average newspaper in a large city receives from two to three times as much news daily as it can publish1 it is necessary for editors to select from the available news1 and to decide quickly which news is the most important for their readers4 ,the fact that this news comes in by mail1 telephone1 and telegraph1 as well as from reporters1 at intervals throughout the day and the night1 makes it impossible for the editors to judge with absolute accuracy of the relative value of each piece of news as it is received4 ,consequently news values are constantly being readjusted as each important piece of news reaches the office4 ,in the final decision in regard to what news shall be printed1 what shall be omitted1 and how much space shall be given to each piece of news that is published1 the personal judgment of the editors is the determining factor4 ,besides inaccuracy and incompleteness in presenting the news of the day due to the personal judgment of those responsible for the making of the newspaper1 other forms of suppression or distortion of news are to be found in newspaper publishing due to the influence of various forces4 ,it is to these influences that peculiar significance attaches from the point of view of the ethics of newspaper publishing1 because in such cases the incomplete and inaccurate presentation of the news is deliberate4 ,some ,sinister ,influences4 ,the forces that make for the suppression and the 8coloring0 of news as well as for the restriction of editorial independence1 critics of newspapers assert1 are the result of the changes in business and editorial management during the last seventy-five years4 ,the charge is made that too many newspapers are 8edited from the counting-room40 ,business interests1 it is said1 particularly those of advertisers1 influence news and editorials4 ,because of stock company ownership and the absence of editorial management by men known to the public1 as were the editors in the days of personal journalism1 wealthy men or corporations1 it is charged1 have been able quietly to buy up the stock of some newspapers and through hired editors1 of whom in these days the public knows nothing1 to direct secretly the news and editorial policies for personal advantage4 ,some banks1 these critics declare1 have refused loans to newspapers the policies of which were inimical to the interests largely represented among the stockholders or the customers of the banks2 and when loans have been made to newspapers by other banks1 such indebtedness has sometimes been used to prevent the newspapers from maintaining or adopting policies hostile to their interests4 ,so-called 8yellow journalism10 critics of newspapers point out1 furnishes another example of the commercializing of the press1 because1 in order to increase their circulation and profits1 the publishers of 8yellow0 journals pander to their readers' cravings for the sensational4 ,a number of newspapers have published advertisements of fraudulent and questionable enterprises because of the additional revenues to be obtained from this source4 ,whether these charges are true of a number of newspapers or of only a few1 the existence of these conditions and the possibility of these dangers make the subject one of vital importance not only to newspaper men but to every citizen of the country4 ,suppression of ,news4 ,if1 for example1 owners of retail stores request newspapers in which they advertise to suppress all news of elevator accidents in their stores because such news hurts their business1 the newspaper publishers might consent to this suppression on the ground that it is more important to retain the good will and patronage of these advertisers than to give their readers the news of the accidents4 ,the very existence of the paper1 they may argue1 depends upon these advertisers1 and1 after all1 newspapers give their readers the accounts of so many other accidents that those concerning elevators in department stores will never be missed4 ,this seems to be a logical argument for omitting news of this kind1 but when the results of such suppression are traced1 the action1 it is realized1 is unjustifiable4 ,in the first place1 elevator accidents are often due to carelessness and haste on the part of passengers1 and newspaper accounts of them accordingly serve to warn many people to be more careful4 ,thus the publication of the news helps to prevent accidents4 ,again1 the accidents may be due in part to the employment of young1 inexperienced1 or careless operators4 ,when it is proposed to correct these difficulties by a local ordinance or by a state law providing that elevator operators must be over eighteen years of age and must be licensed as competent1 the importance of passing such a regulation is more evident to the average voter if he knows of the frequency of such accidents4 ,the suppression of news of these accidents would deprive most citizens of knowledge upon which to base an opinion as to the need of laws governing elevator operators4 ,the business interests of some cities1 it is said1 have urged newspapers to suppress the news of epidemics or threatened epidemics of such diseases as typhoid fever1 smallpox1 and even bubonic plague1 because reports of the presence of these diseases in a city keep away travelers and hurt business4 ,at first glance this plea might seem a just one1 and records show that it has been successful in a number of instances4 ,but the question inevitably arises1 ,has not the tourist1 the buyer1 and every one else who is planning to go to that particular city a right to know of the health conditions that prevail there1 in order to decide whether he wishes to expose himself to the possibility of sickness and death8 ,again1 ,has not every citizen and voter of the city a right to know of these conditions1 not only that he may protect himself and his family1 but that he with other citizens and voters may remedy the conditions responsible for the epidemic and may provide for stamping it out8 ,reformers in some cities have declared that local newspapers have refused to give publicity to campaigns against graft and vice because the exposure of such conditions1 the publishers said1 would reflect on the reputation of the city and would hurt business4 ,others have said that newspapers have reported and upheld investigations of municipal corruption as long as those affected by such exposure were persons of little influence or importance in the community1 and that as soon as more important business interests were threatened by the investigations1 the attitude of the newspapers changed completely4 ,the question to consider is1 ,should the business interests of the city be paramount to the welfare of all the people8 ,the vital questions for editors to decide must be1 ,are newspapers in such cases doing their duty as distributors of complete and accurate reports of the news of the day8 ,are they not morally responsible when they fail to perform this duty8 8,coloring0 the ,news4 ,the so-called 8coloring0 or 8shading0 of news is in the same category as the suppression of news4 ,it is possible to change the facts more or less completely so that a story not only is incomplete but produces a false impression on the mind of the reader4 ,the sin is then no longer one of omission2 it becomes one of commission4 ,to belittle the campaign of the opposing political party1 newspapers have misrepresented the size of the political meetings1 the enthusiasm of the audiences1 the arguments of the speakers1 and in general1 the success of the efforts to win votes4 ,candidates1 likewise1 have been assailed and misrepresented in news stories4 ,in economic disturbances1 such as strikes and lockouts1 some newspapers have given their readers colored reports by 8playing up0 the disorder of the strikers1 their threats of violence1 and their unreasonableness in refusing terms of settlement4 ,other newspapers1 representing the labor interests1 have printed 8shaded0 reports to show that employers have treated their men unjustly1 that the militia has been brutal1 and officers of the law unfair to strikers4 ,newspaper editors and publishers1 in these and other instances1 often maintain that they only print what their readers want4 ,the questions involved1 therefore1 are1 ,do readers want unbiased news reports of the events of the day1 or do they prefer to have them 8colored0 or 8shaded0 to favor the side in which they as a class are interested8 ,does the business man who takes a conservative1 well-edited newspaper want news stories written to suit his point of view8 ,does the workingman who buys the ,socialist daily or the labor union daily really want his news 8shaded0 to favor the cause of labor8 ,in the case of a strike in which business or manufacturing interests are involved1 do not both employers and employees want the actual facts as an unprejudiced reporter sees them8 ,if readers do want 8colored0 news in such cases1 are editors justified in departing from the truth in order to satisfy them8 ,some men of wealth and some big business corporations have undoubtedly bought existing newspapers or have established new ones1 secretly or openly1 with the evident intention of using news and editorial columns to advance their own interests4 ,ambition to secure political office or power has obviously been the purpose of some of these men4 ,creation of public opinion favorable to their business interests has undoubtedly been the aim of other men and of corporations4 ,suppression of unfavorable news1 and the 8coloring0 of other news to make it more favorable1 as well as editorial argument and comment1 are the means used to accomplish these ends4 ,in one notorious example in a large city in the ,middle ,west1 reporters and editors were furnished with a list of certain business enterprises that were not to be mentioned in any unfavorable connection in the news1 because the owner of the paper was financially interested in these enterprises4 ,although men and corporations have a right to present their side of any case through the medium of the newspapers1 and although there may be no valid objection to the ownership or control of newspapers by men with political ambitions or by corporations1 it is plain that such ownership and control are fraught with danger to public welfare by reason of the public opinion thus created4 ,making ,news 8,yellow40 8,yellow journalism10 it is conceded1 has been developed largely by furnishing the readers with sensational phases of the day's events4 ,in order to make the everyday news seem more startling1 large headlines with bold-face type printed in black1 green1 and red have blazoned forth the striking facts of the news4 ,sensational news stories of all kinds have constantly been 8played up0 prominently4 ,when the facts were not particularly unusual or striking1 they have been 8colored0 to seem so4 ,this 8sensationalizing0 of the news has been the result of an effort to attract large numbers of readers and by enlarging circulation to increase profits4 ,the effect on the readers of this giving over of a large part of the news columns to sensational news1 and this 8coloring0 of news to make it more sensational1 is1 of course1 to give them a distorted idea of current events4 ,to what extent this distorted view of life affects the relation of these readers to society is the question to be determined in analyzing the effects of 8yellow journalism40 ,three ,causes4 ,the three principal reasons for suppressing or coloring news1 as we have seen1 therefore1 are3 7#a7 the desire of the owners of the newspaper to use it to advance their own private interests or those of their party or faction2 7#b7 the influence of advertisers and other business interests that wish to protect their own enterprises2 7#c7 the effort to make the news more attractive and sensational than it really is in order to gain readers4 ,effects of ,adulterated ,news4 ,whatever may be the reason for the 8coloring0 or the suppression of news1 the effect of this distortion or suppression upon the opinions and the votes of citizens is a matter of sufficient importance to the people generally to warrant careful consideration1 not only by citizens but by newspaper men themselves4 ,if the social and political interests of the community are vitally affected by news furnished in the newspapers1 as has been shown in the examples given1 publishers cannot claim that the purpose of the newspapers is to sell as many copies as possible1 to get as much advertising as possible1 and to give the people what they want to read1 rather than to furnish their readers with a record of the interesting and significant activities of the day1 as complete and accurate as it can be made4 ,like common carriers1 such as railroads1 the newspapers have a public function as well as the private one of making money1 and that public function is to furnish news1 the commodity in which they deal1 in a complete and accurate form4 ,news adulterated and 8colored0 is as harmful to the opinions of newspaper readers as impure and poisonous food is to their physical constitutions4 ,before pure food legislation prohibited adulterating1 coloring1 and misbranding of foods1 the buyer was at the mercy of the unscrupulous manufacturer1 just as the newspaper reader is at the mercy of the unscrupulous newspaper maker4 ,although public sentiment has demanded laws to prevent impure food1 it has not yet insisted that its food for thought be furnished unadulterated4 ,a generation ago government regulation of railroad rates1 foodstuffs1 and the size of business combinations would have been regarded as unjustifiable interference with personal liberty4 ,to-day any government interference with newspapers is considered as an attack on the freedom of the press4 ,is it not possible that the next generation may see every newspaper of this country compelled by public opinion1 if not by legislation1 to give complete1 unbiased reports of all events of general interest8 ,questionable ,advertisements4 ,as an advertising medium1 the newspaper also has an obligation to the community4 ,by giving widespread publicity in their advertising columns to fraudulent investment schemes1 dangerous patent nostrums1 disreputable medical practitioners1 and other objectionable matter1 some newspapers1 doubtless unintentionally1 have aided in grossly deceiving and seriously injuring the reading public that they claimed to serve4 ,for such practices the excuse has been offered that the business of the newspaper is to sell advertising space to any one who will buy it1 and that it is not the business of advertising managers and publishers to investigate the truthfulness or moral character of the advertisements that they publish4 ,realization by newspapers of the fact that by printing objectionable advertising they may cause great harm to their readers has led many of them to reject entirely all forms of questionable advertisement even though to do so has1 in some instances1 cut off annually from #ej1jjj to #bjj1jjj of possible revenue4 ,honesty in ,journalism4 ,the discussion of these various undesirable tendencies in newspaper making1 and the presentation of these criticisms of some newspapers1 do not imply that all newspaper editors and publishers have subordinated public welfare to private gain1 or that all have permitted sinister external influences to affect their news and editorial policies4 ,neither is it to be assumed that these questionable methods are necessary for business success in newspaper publishing4 ,there are many notable examples of honest1 independent newspapers that have enjoyed marked financial success4 ,in fact1 a careful survey of the whole country would doubtless show that few newspapers that have continued to juggle with the truth in news and editorials have been permanently successful in making money or in keeping the confidence of their readers4 ,lincoln's words are as true of newspapers as of politicians1 8,you can fool all the people some of the time1 and some of the people all of the time1 but you cannot fool all of the people all of the time40 ,the stronger a newspaper grows because of the size and the character of its circulation1 and because of the money value of the good will thus acquired1 the more independent it becomes of the external influences that may seek to modify its news and editorial policy4 ,unless such papers are maintained to represent special business or political interests1 well-established papers with adequate capital behind them are not likely to be affected by the demands of advertisers or other outside forces4 ,strong1 independent newspapers can publish the facts in the news and can print editorial comments without fear or favor4 ,unfortunately the rapidly increasing cost of newspaper production has reduced the margin of profit of a large number of newspapers to a point where the loss of any considerable amount of advertising or other support means financial failure4 ,under such circumstances1 publishers have yielded to pressure from various interests and have made concessions which doubtless they would not have done if they had been in positions of greater financial independence4 ,a few editors and publishers have simply regarded newspaper making as an enterprise in no wise different from business and politics1 and have accepted the less commendable standards that have resulted from competition in business and rivalry in politics4 ,whatever the explanation that is offered for deliberate failure to give newspaper readers the truth1 it must not be regarded as condoning the offense1 however great or slight4 ,the ,reporter and ,his ,problems4 ,the student of journalism should know the conditions as they exist1 so that he may face the problems squarely and choose deliberately the course that he desires to pursue4 ,too often reporters1 editors1 or publishers have not weighed fully the ultimate effects produced by suppressing or coloring the news4 ,it is only by full consideration of the public function of the newspaper as a factor in the social and political life of the community that the true significance of dealing lightly with the truth as a crime against society is revealed in unmistakable colors4 ,although the news policy of the newspaper is determined by those above him in authority1 the reporter must decide his own attitude toward that policy4 ,if he finds that he cannot conscientiously accept the ideas and ideals of his superiors because these do not conform to his own standards of truth and honesty1 he must look for a position on a paper that does conform to those standards4 ,a man cannot retain his self-respect if he undertakes to do work that he believes to be false or dishonest4 ,on any newspaper1 however1 the reporter finds himself confronted with various problems that involve the public function of the newspaper4 ,he may be requested by an acquaintance1 or by some person with whom his work brings him into contact1 to suppress1 as a whole or in part1 a piece of news that it falls to his lot to report4 ,men and women threatened with exposure or disgrace because of one wrong step1 will plead with him to spare them and their families by suppressing the news of their downfall4 ,in all such cases the reporter will do well to refer the request to his superiors and to avoid promising to suppress any news4 ,older and more experienced newspaper men in positions of authority on the paper are usually better able to judge of the desirability of yielding to requests and pleas of this kind than is the young reporter4 ,how 8,faking0 ,does ,harm4 ,in collecting and presenting facts the reporter should make every reasonable effort to have them as complete and accurate as possible4 ,he is not justified in defending his failure to get and present the truth and the whole truth on the ground that as long as a story is interesting it makes little difference whether or not it is entirely true4 ,the first temptation to depart from the truth not infrequently comes in an apparently innocent form4 ,in the absence of real news1 or in an effort to show his cleverness1 the reporter takes some trivial incident and1 by amplifying it with humorous but imaginary details1 makes of it an amusing little feature story4 ,such stories often seem quite harmless in their effects on the readers or on the persons mentioned in the stories4 ,instances are on record1 however1 of persons who have committed suicide because their acquaintances bantered them about the ridiculous situations in which they had been portrayed in such newspaper stories4 ,the reporter must remember that the persons who play a part in his stories are human beings with feelings1 and that to hold them up before thousands of readers in a ridiculous situation may cause them much suffering4 ,but besides any effect it may have on particular individuals1 this embroidering of the truth with fictitious fancies1 even when it does not deceive the reader in the least1 tends to form in the reporter the habit of embellishing all his stories with imaginary details4 ,thus it becomes the first step in so-called 8faking40 ,newspaper 8faking0 often appeals to the young reporter as clever and commendable1 particularly when he hears older newspaper men tell stories of successful 8fakes40 ,the 8cub0 may even hear his humorous little feature story praised for its cleverness by his superiors who know that it is largely imaginary4 ,if he does not stop to consider1 he may consciously or unconsciously decide that fiction makes better news than truth1 and may proceed to write his stories accordingly4 ,encouraged by some other newspaper man's account of a similar exploit1 he 8fakes0 an interview when he fails to get one that has been assigned to him4 ,his 8fake0 interview may deceive the city editor1 and when printed may not be repudiated by the man falsely quoted4 ,although apparently a success from the reporter's point of view1 the 8fake0 story injures him more than he realizes1 for it dulls his moral sense1 makes less keen his appreciation of the difference between truth and falsehood4 ,if his superiors discover the deception1 they lose confidence in his reliability and may discharge him at once4 ,if his identity is known to the victim of the 8fake10 the reporter loses that man's respect and often makes him an enemy1 from whom he cannot hope to secure news in the future4 ,in fact1 8faking0 is another term for 8lying0 and the reporter guilty of it deserves to be called by the 8short and ugly word40 ,furthermore1 every 8fake10 whether it deceives few or many1 lowers both the newspaper that publishes it and newspapers generally in the estimation of all who know that it is false4 ,stories recognized by the reader as untrue1 either as a whole or in part1 shake his confidence in the truth of all newspaper reports and lead him to discount all the news that he reads4 ,thus the value of the press as a source of reliable information is seriously impaired4 ,from whatever point of view 8faking0 is regarded1 therefore1 it is indefensible4 ,it hurts the guilty writer2 it hurts the victim of 8the fake02 it hurts the newspaper that publishes it2 it hurts journalism generally4 ,the ,dangers of ,inaccuracy4 ,inaccuracy due to carelessness or failure to verify facts is less reprehensible because it is not deliberate1 but it is nevertheless a form of misrepresentation that in its results may be as bad as 8faking40 ,an error made by a reporter in the initials or spelling of the name of a person charged with some crime has often injured an innocent man or woman whose name happened to be the same as the incorrect form of the real criminal's name4 ,in one instance1 a firm spent hundreds of dollars in sending out letters contradicting an erroneous newspaper report of its failure1 the error having been due to the reporter's carelessness in confusing the solvent firm with an insolvent one engaged in the same business and having the same name except for different initials4 ,in such cases the newspaper is put in an embarrassing position by its careless reporter1 and is compelled to make a public retraction of his mistake4 ,even if he is not discharged1 he is not likely thereafter to be entrusted with important assignments1 and everything that he does will be carefully scrutinized until he has established a reputation for accuracy4 ,if reporters and correspondents remember that every story they write not only affects themselves1 their newspapers1 and the persons they write about1 but also contributes toward forming the readers' opinions1 they will consider carefully whether or not they can afford to permit haste and carelessness to impair the completeness and accuracy of their work4 ,although they are at the foot of the journalistic ladder when they begin their work1 reporters and correspondents should realize that upon the character of their work in gathering and writing the news depend1 to some extent1 at least1 the opinions of the citizens and voters who read their paper4 ,how ,editors ,determine the ,news ,policy4 ,the editors of the news1 by determining what shall be printed and how it shall be printed1 naturally have greater responsibility for the general character of the newspaper than have the reporters4 ,the editor's failure to verify facts in the work of reporters and correspondents means that any errors in such work receive his approval and he thereby becomes responsible for them4 ,the results of faithful1 accurate reporting1 on the other hand1 may be entirely destroyed by the editor's efforts to make the news more striking and sensational4 ,by their instructions to reporters1 correspondents1 and copy-readers1 editors directly determine the character of the newspaper4 ,when an editor tells a reporter1 a rewrite man1 or a copy-reader to play up a certain 8feature0 in a news story1 he determines to a considerable extent what the effect of that piece of news will be upon the readers4 ,by cutting out important details1 by shifting the emphasis from one particular to another1 by inserting a word here and there1 editors and copy-readers may completely alter the impression made by the news4 ,the size and character of the headline given a story produce quite as great an impression on the reader as the story itself4 ,headlines1 as has already been pointed out1 have played no small part in so-called 8yellow journalism40 ,all that has been said of the importance of giving readers complete and accurate news reports1 and of the evils growing out of suppressing or distorting the news1 applies quite as much to editors and copy-readers as it does to reporters and correspondents4 ,the ,newspaper ,worker's ,problem4 ,a vital question for every one engaged in newspaper writing or editing is whether or not he will obey the orders of his superiors when these orders do not square with his own standards of truth and right4 ,the reporter must decide the question when the city editor gives him his instructions2 the city editor must decide when the managing editor directs him in his work2 the managing editor must decide when the owners announce to him their policy for the paper4 ,then it is that every newspaper worker is brought face to face with the problems of present-day newspaper making4 ,then it is that these problems cease to be general questions for discussion and become a personal matter that each newspaper worker must decide for himself4 ,when it becomes a personal question to him1 its solution does not always seem so easy as when it is a general problem1 because to disobey the orders of his superiors usually means to lose his position4 ,this question1 however1 is not peculiar to the newspaper profession4 ,the problem is not unlike that which confronts men engaged in every kind of business or professional work4 ,every business man1 every lawyer1 every physician finds himself called upon again and again to settle for himself the same ethical question4 ,competition in business not infrequently leads to questionable practices for getting the better of business rivals1 employees1 or customers2 and it is repeatedly necessary for men in positions of all grades to determine whether or not they will carry out their employers' policies when these do not agree with their own standards of right and wrong4 ,lawyers and physicians in their struggle to build up a practice are tempted to resort to methods condemned as unethical by the standards of their profession1 or in the offices of established practitioners they find practices in use which do not harmonize with their own ethical ideals4 ,in the older professions of law and medicine the members have directly or indirectly regulated the conditions of admission to practice1 and have established codes of professional ethics4 ,such regulation1 reinforced by government legislation1 has tended to maintain better professional and ethical standards than would be possible without it4 ,journalism1 among the last of the callings to be generally recognized as a profession1 has established neither standards of admission nor a formulated code of ethics4 ,only recently has the need of professional college courses in preparation for journalism been recognized by the public and by newspapers themselves4 ,with the quickening of the public conscience in regard to political and social conditions has come a keener appreciation of the importance of the newspaper as the greatest single source of information in our democracy1 and a realization of the dangers of abuse of this power by editors and publishers4 ,whatever opinions may be held as to present-day standards in journalism1 every one will grant that it is the duty of those who enjoy the advantages of university training in preparation for this profession to maintain the highest ideals in their own work4 ,opportunity to know the truth carries with it responsibility for making the truth prevail4 ,noblesse oblige is as true of the privilege of knowledge as it ever was of the privilege of rank4 ,,suggestions #a4 ,remember that whatever you write is read by thousands4 #b4 ,don't forget that your story or headline helps to influence public opinion4 #c4 ,realize that every mistake you make hurts someone4 #d4 ,don't embroider facts with fancy2 8truth is stranger than fiction40 #e4 ,don't try to make cleverness a substitute for truth4 #f4 ,remember that faking is lying4 #g4 ,refer all requests to 8keep it out of the paper0 to those higher in authority4 #h4 ,stand firmly for what your conscience tells you is right4 #i4 ,sacrifice your position1 if need be1 rather than your principles4 #aj4 ,see the bright side of life2 don't be pessimistic or cynical4 #aa4 ,seek to know the truth and endeavor to make the truth prevail4 ,,footnotes #a 8,telling the ,tale of the #8,titanic1'0 by ,alex4 ,mc,d4 ,stoddart2 ,the ,independent1 ,may #b1 #aiab4 #b ,collier's ,weekly1 ,march #ah1 #aiaa1 p4 #bb4 #c 8,what the ,city ,editor does when a ,gaynor is shot10 by ,alex4 ,mc,d ,stoddart2 ,the ,independent1 ,august #be1 #aiaj4 ,,index ,abbreviations in copy1 #bbf4 ,abbreviations in headlines1 #bhh4 ,accidents1 news stories of1 #aja1 #aji4 ,accuracy in news1 limitations to1 #cda4 ,accuracy in news1 necessity for1 #ea1 #cda4 ,ad alley1 #cbh4 ,addresses1 reporting1 #df4 ,adds in copy1 #fa1 #bfj4 ,advance copy of speeches1 etc41 #dg1 #eh4 ,advance stories1 release of1 #dh1 #eg4 ,advertisements1 position for1 #h4 ,advertisers1 suppression of news by1 #cdd4 ,advertising1 growth of1 #ccd4 ,advertising1 influence of1 on news1 #cdc4 ,advertising of news in headlines1 #bga4 ,advertising1 questionable1 #cej4 ,advertising manager1 #c4 ,advertising space1 how measured1 #bfe4 ,agate line measure for advertisements1 #bfe4 ,animal stories1 #bah4 ,art department1 #ad4 ,articles1 beginning news stories with1 #ge4 ,assignment book1 or sheet1 #cc1 #cf4 ,assignments1 reporters'1 #cb1 #cf4 ,associated ,press1 #ef4 ,associated ,press1 news bulletin of1 #ab4 ,autoplate stereotyping machine1 #i1 #aj4 ,bank in composing room1 #cbh4 ,bankmen1 #cbh4 ,banks in headlines1 #bgd4 ,banner heads1 #cje4 ,banquets1 reporting1 #agd4 ,baseball games1 news stories of1 #afg4 ,beat in publishing news1 #ca1 #ea4 ,beat1 or news run1 #ca4 ,beginnings for news stories1 #fi1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #abh1 #add4 ,beginnings to be avoided1 #gd4 ,body of news story1 #hh1 #acb4 ,body type1 #bfd4 ,boiling down news1 #bje4 ,bold-face type1 #bfd4 ,boston ,transcript1 story from1 #ahd4 ,boxed facts in news stories1 #hf4 ,bulletins1 news1 #cd1 #eg1 #bfa4 ,bulletins1 news1 double leaded1 #bfe4 ,bureaus1 city news1 #cb4 ,burglaries1 news stories of1 #aaj4 ,business 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,meetings1 reporting1 #acf4 ,monotype machine1 #c1 #aj4 ,morgue1 newspaper1 #e1 #f1 #ahc4 ,murders1 news stories of1 #aaj4 ,names1 accuracy in printing1 #ea4 ,news1 accuracy and completeness of1 #cda4 ,news1 adulterated1 #cdi4 ,news associations1 #ef4 ,news1 boiling down1 #bje4 ,news bureaus1 city1 #cb4 ,news1 coloring of1 #cdf1 #cdi4 ,news1 covering big1 #cc4 ,news1 defined by editors1 #ag4 ,news1 definition of1 #ah4 ,news editor1 #e4 ,news1 effects of adulterated1 #cdi4 ,news1 essentials of1 #ah4 ,news1 following up the1 #dc1 #aid4 ,news gathering1 #bi1 #cd1 #cf4 ,news1 getting it into print1 #f1 #ab4 ,news1 grouping of1 in make-up1 #cbe4 ,news items1 #bjf4 ,news1 nose for1 #ej4 ,news policy1 sinister influences on1 #cdc4 ,news policy determined by editors1 #cef4 ,news runs1 #ca4 ,news sources1 #cj4 ,news staff1 #e4 ,news1 suppression of1 #ec1 #cdc1 #ceb4 ,news1 timeliness in1 #ai4 ,news values1 #ah4 ,new ,york ,evening ,post1 stories from1 #aha1 #bcb1 #bch4 ,new ,york ,herald1 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stereotyping1 #i4 ,platform1 political1 boxed1 #hg4 ,point system of measuring type1 #bfc4 ,police headquarters as news source1 #cj4 ,police news stories1 #aaj4 ,political subjects for feature stories1 #bbh4 ,politics1 news value of1 #bb4 ,position of advertisements1 #h4 ,practice work1 #id1 #aaf1 #aef1 #aia1 #bjh1 #bdi1 #cjf4 ,press associations1 #ef4 ,presses1 newspaper1 #aj4 ,press1 proof1 #g4 ,press room1 #c4 ,printing newspapers1 process of1 #i4 ,printing presses1 newspaper1 #aj4 ,proof correcting1 #cae4 ,proof1 example of corrected1 #cai4 ,proof1 galley1 #g1 #cae4 ,proof1 marks for correcting1 #caf4 ,proof1 revised1 #h4 ,proof-reading1 #c1 #cae4 ,proof-room1 #cae4 ,punctuation1 common errors in1 #beg4 ,pyramid banks in headlines1 #bgd1 #bgf4 ,queries1 schedule of1 #ee4 ,query1 correspondent's1 #ed4 ,questions at beginning of lead1 #hb4 ,quoins1 #i1 #cbi4 ,quotation marks in copy1 #fj1 #bff4 ,quotations in lead of news stories1 #abh4 ,quotations1 misleading1 playing up1 #abh4 ,quotations1 verbatim in news stories1 #abf4 ,railroad editor1 #e4 ,real estate editor1 #e4 ,receptions1 stories of1 #afi4 ,release date on advance stories1 #dh1 #eg4 ,reporter1 ethical problems of1 #ceb1 #ceg4 ,reporter1 how he gets news1 #cf4 ,reporter1 qualifications of1 #ej4 ,reporter1 suppression of news by1 #ec1 #ceb4 ,revises1 proof1 #h4 ,rewrite man1 #e1 #aid4 ,rewrite stories1 #aid4 ,robberies1 news stories of1 #aaj4 ,rules1 column1 #h4 ,running stories1 #df4 ,runs1 reporters'1 #ca4 ,schedule1 make-up1 #cbg4 ,schedule of queries1 #ee4 ,science1 popularizing in special articles1 #bbg4 ,scoop in publishing news1 #ca1 #ea4 ,second day stories1 #dc1 #bja4 ,sentence length in news stories1 #fd4 ,sermons1 reporting1 #abf4 ,ship news reporters1 #cj4 ,short-hand reporting1 #df4 ,side heads on news items1 #abf4 ,slang in headlines1 #bij4 ,slang in sporting news1 #afi4 ,slug1 compositor's1 #cbh4 ,slug1 linotype1 #aj1 #aa4 ,slugging a story1 #bei4 ,society editor1 #e1 #afi4 ,society 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news of1 #ab1 #cb4 ,trials1 news stories of1 #add4 ,trials1 reporting1 #dg4 ,type cases1 #bfd4 ,type cast on monotype1 #aj1 #cbi4 ,type1 distributing1 #cbi4 ,type-high cuts1 #bff4 ,type1 leaded and solid1 #bfe4 ,type1 measurement of1 #bfc1 #bfe4 ,type1 names of1 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,type1 off its feet1 #cbi4 ,type1 set by hand1 #bfe4 ,type1 sizes and kinds1 #bfc4 ,unexpected occurrences1 news stories of1 #aja4 ,united ,press1 #ef4 ,united ,press1 news stories from1 #bfa4 ,unusual1 news value of the1 #ai4 ,uplift run1 #ca4 ,upper case letters in type1 #bfe4 ,utterances1 news stories of1 #abf4 ,want ad at beginning of news story1 #he4 ,weddings1 stories of1 #afi4 ,whitlock1 ,brand1 article by1 #bde4 ,witnesses1 news stories of testimony by1 #adg4 ,woman's clubs1 news of1 #agc4 ,women as newspaper readers1 #cch4 ,yellow journalism and big headlines1 #bgb4 ,yellow journalism1 criticisms of1 #cdd1 #cdh4 ,yellow journalism1 advent of1 in ,new ,york1 #ccf4 ,yellow journalism and foreign population in cities1 #ccg4 ,zoo1 animal stories from1 #bc1 #bah4 ,,english ,,for ,,college ,,courses ,,expository ,,writing ,by ,,mervin ,j4 ,,curl4 ,gives freshmen and sophomores something to write about1 and helps them in their writing4 ,,sentences ,,and ,,thinking ,by ,,norman ,,foerster1 ,university of ,north ,carolina1 and ,j4 ,m4 ,,stedman1 ,jr41 ,emory ,university4 ,a practice book in sentence-making for college freshmen4 ,a ,,handbook ,,of ,,oral ,,reading ,by ,,lee ,,emerson ,,bassett1 ,leland ,stanford ,junior ,university4 ,especial emphasis is placed on the relation of thought and speech1 technical vocal exercises being subordinated to a study of the principles underlying the expression of ideas4 ,illustrative selections of both poetry and prose are freely employed4 ,,argumentation ,,and ,,debating 7,revised ,edition7 ,by ,,william ,t4 ,,foster1 ,reed ,college4 ,the point of view throughout is that of the student rather than that of the teacher4 ,,the ,,rhetorical ,,principles ,,of ,,narration ,by ,,carroll ,,lewis ,,maxcy1 ,williams ,college4 ,a clear and thorough analysis of the three elements of narrative writing1 viz43 setting1 character1 and plot4 ,,representative ,,narratives ,edited by ,,carroll ,,lewis ,,maxcy4 ,this compilation contains twenty-two complete selections of various types of narrative composition4 ,,the ,,study ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,writing ,,english ,by ,,gerhard ,r4 ,,lomer1 ,ph4,d41 and ,,margaret ,,ashmun4 ,a textbook for use in college ,freshman courses4 ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,special ,,feature ,,articles ,by ,,willard ,g4 ,,bleyer1 ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,a textbook for classes in ,journalism and in advanced ,english ,composition4 ,,newspaper ,,writing ,,and ,,editing ,by ,,willard ,g4 ,,bleyer4 ,this fully meets the requirements of courses in ,journalism as given in our colleges and universities1 and at the same time appeals to practical newspaper men4 ,,types ,,of ,,news ,,writing ,by ,,willard ,g4 ,,bleyer4 ,over two hundred typical stories taken from representative ,american newspapers are here presented in a form convenient for college classes in ,journalism4 ,,houghton ,,mifflin ,,company ,,riverside ,,essays ,edited by ,,ada ,l4 ,f4 ,,snell ,associate ,professor of ,english1 ,mount ,holyoke ,college ,the purpose of the ,riverside ,essays is to present to students of ,english composition essays by modern authors which deal in a fresh way with such subjects as politics1 science1 literature1 and nature4 ,the close study of vigorous and artistic writing is generally acknowledged to be the best method of gaining a mastery of the technique of composition4 ,in the ,riverside ,essays the material consists of essays which1 with few exceptions1 have been printed entire4 ,other advantages of the ,riverside ,essays for both instructor and student lie in the fact that the material is presented in separate volumes1 each of which is devoted to a single author and contains two or more representative essays4 ,finally1 the series has none of the earmarks of the ordinary textbook which the student passes on1 marked and battered1 to the next college generation4 ,the books are attractively printed1 and bound in the ,library ,binding of the ,riverside ,literature ,series4 ,the student will therefore be glad to keep these books for his own library4 ,,promoting ,,good ,,citizenship ,by ,,james ,,bryce4 ,with an ,introduction4 ,riverside ,literature ,series1 ,no4 #bbg1 ,library ,binding4 ,,studies ,,in ,,nature ,,and ,,literature ,by ,,john ,,burroughs4 ,riverside ,literature ,series1 ,no4 #bbf1 ,library ,binding4 ,,university ,,subjects ,by ,,john ,,henry ,,newman4 ,riverside ,literature ,series1 ,no4 #bbe1 ,library ,binding4 ,,the ,,american ,,mind ,,and ,,american ,,idealism ,by ,,bliss ,,perry4 ,with an ,introduction4 ,riverside ,literature ,series1 ,no4 #bbd1 ,library ,binding4 ,,houghton ,,mifflin ,,company ,,for ,,courses ,,on ,,the ,,drama ,,dramatic ,,technique ,by ,,george ,,pierce ,,baker1 ,harvard ,university4 ,,the ,,tudor ,,drama ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,,tucker ,,brooke1 ,yale ,university4 ,an illuminating history of the development of ,english ,drama during the ,tudor ,period1 from #adhe to the close of the reign of ,elizabeth4 ,,chief ,,contemporary ,,dramatists1 ,first ,series ,edited by ,,thomas ,h4 ,,dickinson1 formerly of the ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,,chief ,,contemporary ,,dramatists4 ,second ,series ,edited by ,,thomas ,h4 ,,dickinson4 ,this book supplements the ,first ,series by making available in a companion volume plays which represent the later tendencies in the drama of ,europe and ,america4 ,,chief ,,european ,,dramatists ,edited by ,,brander ,,matthews1 ,columbia ,university1 ,member of the ,american ,academy of ,arts and ,letters4 ,this volume contains one typical play from each of the master dramatists of ,europe1 with the exception of the ,english writers4 ,a ,,study ,,of ,,the ,,drama ,by ,,brander ,,matthews4 ,devoted mainly to an examination of the structural framework which the great dramatists of various epochs have given to their plays2 it discusses only incidentally the psychology1 the philosophy1 and the poetry of these pieces4 ,,the ,,chief ,,elizabethan ,,dramatists ,edited by ,w4 ,a4 ,,neilson1 ,president of ,smith ,college1 formerly ,professor of ,english ,literature in ,harvard ,university4 ,this volume presents typical examples of the work of the most important of ,shakespeare's contemporaries1 so that1 taken with ,shakespeare's own works1 it affords a view of the development of the ,english drama through its most brilliant period4 ,a ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,elizabethan ,,drama ,by ,,felix ,e4 ,,schelling1 ,university of ,pennsylvania4 #b vols4 ,,shakespearean ,,playhouses ,by ,,joseph ,,quincy ,,adams1 ,cornell ,university4 ,a ,history of ,english ,theatres from the ,beginnings to the ,restoration4 ,fully illustrated4 ,,shakespeare ,,questions ,by ,,odell ,,shepard1 ,trinity ,college4 ,riv4 ,lit4 ,series4 ,no4 #bdf4 ,an outline for the study of the leading plays4 ,,houghton ,,mifflin ,,company ,,problems ,,of ,,conduct ,,by ,,durant ,,drake ,professor of ,philosophy1 ,vassar ,college ,an ,introductory ,survey of ,ethics ,the ,boston ,transcript says3 8,it is the great merit of ,professor ,drake's book that it moves always in a concrete sphere of life as we daily live it4 ,it never moralizes1 it never lays down obiter dicta1 it simply talks over with us our personal problems precisely as a keen1 experienced1 and always sympathetic friend might do4 ,through and through scientific and scholarly1 it is never academic in method and matter40 ------------------ ,,problems ,,of ,,religion ,,by ,,durant ,,drake ,this book1 like ,professor ,drake's ,problems of ,conduct1 represents a course of lectures given for several years to undergraduates of ,wesleyan ,university4 ,their aim is to give a rapid survey of the field1 such that the man who is confused by the chaos of opinions on these matters1 and himself but little able to judge between conflicting statements1 may here get his bearings and see his way to stable belief and energetic action4 ------------------ ,,houghton ,,mifflin ,,company ,,the ,,cambridge ,,poets--,,students' ,,edition ,robert ,browning's ,complete ,poetical and ,dramatic ,works4 ,burns's ,complete ,poetical ,works4 ,byron's ,complete ,poetical ,works4 ,dryden's ,complete ,poetical ,works4 ,english and ,scottish ,ballads4 ,keats's ,complete ,poetical ,works and ,letters4 ,longfellow's ,complete ,poetical ,works4 ,milton's ,complete ,poetical ,works4 ,pope's ,complete ,poetical ,works4 ,shakespeare's ,complete ,works4 ,shelley's ,complete ,poetical ,works4 ,spenser's ,complete ,poetical ,works4 ,tennyson's ,poetic and ,dramatic ,works4 ,whittier's ,complete ,poetical ,works4 ,wordsworth's ,complete ,poetical ,works4 ,,anthologies3 ,,poetry ,,and ,,drama ,the ,chief ,middle ,english ,poets4 ,translated and ,edited by ,,jessie ,l4 ,,weston4 ,the ,chief ,british ,poets of the ,fourteenth and ,fifteenth ,centuries4 ,edited by ,w4 ,a4 ,,neilson and ,k4 ,g4 ,t4 ,,webster4 ,the ,leading ,english ,poets from ,chaucer to ,browning4 ,edited by ,l4 ,h4 ,,holt4 ,a ,victorian ,anthology4 ,edited by ,,edmund ,,clarence ,,stedman4 ,the ,chief ,american ,poets4 ,edited by ,c4 ,h4 ,,page4 ,an ,american ,anthology4 ,edited by ,,edmund ,,clarence ,,stedman4 ,little ,book of ,modern ,verse4 ,edited by ,,jessie ,b4 ,,rittenhouse4 ,r4,l4,s4 ,no4 #bed4 ,second ,book of ,modern ,verse4 ,edited by ,,jessie ,b4 ,,rittenhouse4 ,r4,l4,s4 ,no4 #bfg4 ,little ,book of ,american ,poets4 ,edited by ,,jessie ,b4 ,,rittenhouse4 ,r4,l4,s4 ,no4 #bee4 ,high ,tide4 ,edited by ,mrs4 ,,waldo ,,richards4 ,r4,l4,s4 ,no4 #bef4 ,a ,treasury of ,war ,poetry4 ,edited by ,,george ,h4 ,,clarke4 ,r4,l4,s4 ,no4 #bfb4 ,the ,chief ,elizabethan ,dramatists4 ,edited by ,w4 ,a4 ,,neilson4 ,chief ,european ,dramatists4 ,in ,translation4 ,edited by ,,brander ,,matthews4 ,chief ,contemporary ,dramatists1 ,first ,series4 ,edited by ,,thomas ,h4 ,,dickinson4 ,chief ,contemporary ,dramatists1 ,second ,series4 ,edited by ,,thomas ,h4 ,,dickinson4 ,,houghton ,,mifflin ,,company ,riverside ,literature ,series ,,library ,,binding ------------------ ,sir ,gawain and the ,green ,knight1 and ,piers the ,ploughman4 ,,webster ,,and ,,neilson4 ,chaucer's ,the ,prologue1 ,the ,knight's ,tale1 and ,the ,nun's ,priest's ,tale4 ,,mather4 ,ralph ,roister ,doister4 ,,child4 ,the ,second ,shepherds' ,play1 ,everyman1 and ,other ,early ,plays4 ,,child4 ,bacon's ,essays4 ,,northup4 ,shakespeare ,questions4 ,,shepard4 ,milton's ,of ,education1 ,areopagitica1 ,the ,commonwealth4 ,,lockwood4 ,boswell's ,life of ,johnson4 ,,jensen4 ,goldsmith's ,the ,good-,natured ,man1 and ,she ,stoops to ,conquer4 ,,dickinson4 ,sheridan's ,the ,school for ,scandal4 ,,webster4 ,shelley's ,poems4 7,selected47 ,,clarke4 ,huxley's ,autobiography1 and ,selected ,essays4 ,,snell4 ,selections from the ,prose ,works of ,matthew ,arnold4 ,,johnson4 ,selected ,literary ,essays from ,james ,russell ,lowell4 ,,howe and ,,foerster4 ,howells's ,a ,modern ,instance4 ,briggs's ,college ,life4 ,briggs's ,to ,college ,girls4 ,perry's ,the ,american ,mind and ,american ,idealism4 ,burroughs's ,studies in ,nature and ,literature4 ,newman's ,university ,subjects4 ,bryce's ,promoting ,good ,citizenship4 ,eliot's ,the ,training for an ,effective ,life4 ,english and ,american ,sonnets4 ,,lockwood4 ,the ,little ,book of ,american ,poets4 ,,rittenhouse4 ,the ,little ,book of ,modern ,verse4 ,,rittenhouse4 ,high ,tide4 ,an ,anthology of ,contemporary ,poems4 ,,richards4 ,minimum ,college ,requirements in ,english for ,study4 ,the ,second ,book of ,modern ,verse4 ,,rittenhouse4 ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,a ,play4 ,,drinkwater4 ------------------------------------ ,end of ,book ------------------------------------ ,transcriber's ,note 7continued7 ,punctuation errors in the general text have been repaired4 ,in the practice work examples however1 which requires the student journalist to mark up or rewrite a passage of text1 there may be deliberate punctuation errors and misspellings4 ,these have been left unchanged4 ,except as noted below1 unusual or variable spelling and hyphenation published in the original book have been retained in this transcription4 ,page #aj -- 8semi-circular0 changed to 8semicircular0 7semicircular stereotype plates7 ,page #eb -- 8newpapers0 changed to 8newspapers0 7not what newspapers or their readers want7 ,page #fg -- 8defiintely0 changed to 8definitely0 7be definitely fixed in advance7 ,page #aab -- 8near by0 changed to 8nearby0 7the railroad yards nearby7 ,page #aac -- 8day light0 changed to 8daylight0 7,seized by thugs in broad daylight7 ,page #adi -- 8anyway0 changed to 8any way0 7,q4--,did you regulate their duties in any way87 ,page #aei -- 8acccumulated0 changed to 8accumulated0 7protecting gathered and accumulated7 ,page #aib -- 8daintly0 changed to 8daintily0 7daintily covering her golden brown hair7 ,page #bab -- 8requires0 changed to 8require0 7,feature stories require some literary ability7 ,page #bbb -- 8,hipprodrome0 changed to 8,hippodrome0 7back to the ,hippodrome7 ,page #bfj -- 8,catch lines0 changed to 8,catch-lines0 7,catch-lines1 such as 8,society107 ,page #bfj -- 8catch lines0 changed to 8catch-lines0 7the catch-lines may indicate7 ,page #bfg -- 8catch lines0 changed to 8catch-lines0 7,the application of these marks and the catch-lines7 ,footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers and placed before the ,index4