,,*ronicles ,,( ,,ph>macy ,illu/ration ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,london 4 ,,bombay 4 ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york 4 ,,bo/on 4 ,,*icago ,,atlanta 4 ,,san ,,francisco ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto ,,*ronicles ,,( ,,ph>macy ,,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,wootton ,,vol4 ,i ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,/reet1 ,,london #aiaj ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill1 ,e4,c41 ,,& ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4 ,,preface ,ph>macy1 or ! art ( select+1 extract+1 prep>+1 & comp\nd+ m$ic9es f vegetable1 animal1 & m9]al sub/ances1 is an acquirem5t :i* mu/ h be5 almo/ z anci5t z man himself on ! e>?4 ,9 exp]im5t+ ) fruits1 se$s1 leaves1 or roots ) a view to ! discov]y ( v>ieties ( food1 our remote ance/ors w\ld occasionally f9d "s ( ^!1 :i*1 ?\gh n tempt+ to ! palate1 possess$ ?is or t prop]ty ! value ( :i* w\ld soon come to be recognis$4 ,! tradition ( ^! virtues w\ld be h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & w\ld ultimately become1 by v>i\s means1 ! h]itage ( ! conqu]+ & civilis+ races4 ,( ! hundr$s ( drugs yield$ by ! vegetable k+dom1 collect$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & us$ z rem$ies1 9 "s cases = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ,i d n "k ( a s+le "o :i* c surely be trac$ to any hi/oric or sci5tific p]sonage4 ,x is possible 9 _m in/ances to asc]ta9 ! exact or approximate date :5 a p>ticul> sub/ance 0 introduc$ to our m>kets1 & sometimes to "n ! physician1 explor]1 m]*ant1 or conqu]or to :om we are indebt$ = su* an addition to our mat]ia m$ica2 b !re is always a hi/ory or a tradition beh9d our acqua9tance ) ! new m$ic9e1 go+ back to an undet]m9$ pa/4 ,9 mod]n disp5satories ! ev] increas+ accumulation ( *emical1 botanical1 hi/ological1 & !rapeutic notes has t5d$ to cr[d out ! hi/oric p>agraphs :i* bright5$ ! old] treatises4 ,p]haps ?is result is inevitable1 b x is none ! less to be regrett$ on acc\nt ( bo? ! /ud5t & ! adept 9 ! art ( ph>macy4 8,i h always ?\ght10 wrote ,f]d9& ,hoef] 9 ! ,introduction to 8 /ill valuable 8,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry0 7#ahdb71 8t ! be/ me?od ( popul>is+ sci5tific /udies1 g5]ally s little attractive1 consi/s 9 pres5t+1 z 9 a panorama1 ! diff]5t phases a sci5ce has pass$ ?r\gh f its orig9 to its pres5t condition40 ,no sci5ce nor1 inde$1 any s+le item ( k1 c be prop]ly appreciat$ ap>t f ! records ( its evolution2 & x is z important to be acqua9t$ ) ! errors & mislead+ !ories :i* h prevail$ 9 reg>d to x1 z ) ! /eps by :i* real progress has be5 made4 ,! hi/ory ( drugs1 inve/igations into _! cultivation1 _! comm]ce1 _! con/itution1 & _! !rapeutic effects1 h be5 dealt ) by physicians & ph>macologi/s ( ! highe/ em95ce 9 bo? pa/ & rec5t times4 ,9 ,flckig] & ,hanbury's 8,ph>macographia0 7,macmillan3 #ahgd71 e>li] records 7 /udi$ ) ! mo/ scrupul\s c>e1 & valuable new in=mation acquir$ by p]sonal obs]vation 0 pres5t$4 ,no o!r "w ( a simil> "* 0 s orig9al1 s accurate1 or s attractive z ?is4 ,a v important sy/ematic /udy ( drugs1 pr(usely illu/rat$ by reproductions ( photographs %[+ p>ticul>ly ! me?ods :]eby !y are produc$ & br\ght to our m>kets1 by ,pr(essor ,ts*ir* ( ,b]ne1 is n[ 9 c\rse ( publication by ,tau*nitz ( ,leipsic4 ,9 ^! humble 8,*ronicles0 x has be5 impossible to avoid entirely occasional visits to ! doma9 s effici5tly occupi$ by ^! great au?orities2 b z a rule ! subjects !y h made _! own h be5 reg>d$ z outside ! scope ( ?is volume4 ,b ! art ( ! apo!c>y1 ( ph>macy1 z we %\ld n[ say1 re/rict$ to its n>r[e/ signification1 consi/s p>ticul>ly ( ! manipulation ( drugs1 ! conv]sion ( ! raw mat]ial into ! manufactur$ product4 ,! records ( ?is art & my/]y likewise g back to ! remote/ p]iods ( human hi/ory4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages !y become associat$ ) magic1 ) !ology1 ) al*emy1 ) crimes & consci\s frauds1 ) ! /range/ fancies1 & dogmas1 & delusions1 & ) ! sev]e/ sci5ce4 ,deities1 k+s1 & quacks1 philosoph]s1 prie/s1 & poison]s1 dream]s1 se]s1 & sci5tific *emi/s1 h all help$ to build ! fabric ( ph>macy1 & x is "s features ( _! "w :i* are imp]fectly sket*$ 9 ^! 8,*ronicles40 ,my orig9al int5tion :5 ,i began to collect ! mat]ials = ?is book 0 simply to trace back to _! au?ors ! =mulas ( ! mo/ popul> ( our m$ic9es1 & to recall ^? :i* h lo/ _! reputation4 ,i ?\ght1 & /ill ?9k1 t an explanation ( ! modification ( processes & ( ! v>iation ( ! +r$i5ts ( comp\nds w\ld be useful1 b ,i h n accompli%$ ?is design4 ,i h be5 tempt$ f x into v>i\s by-pa?s1 & probably 9 !m h (t5 err$1 & c]ta9ly h miss$ _m objects ( int]e/4 ,i %all be grateful to any critic1 bett] in=m$ ?an myself1 :o w correct me :]e ,i h gone a/ray1 or ref] me to in=mation :i* ,i ought to h giv54 ,i may n h ! opportunity ( utilis+ sugge/ions myself2 b all t ,i receive w be c>efully collat$1 & may assi/ "s future writ]4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,wootton4 #d1 ,,seym\r ,,road1 ,,f9*ley1 ,,london1 ,n4 ,,publi%]s' ,,note ,z ! au?or unhappily di$ :ile 8 book 0 /ill 9 ! pr9t]'s h&s1 8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,pet] ,mac,ewan1 editor ( ,! ,*emi/ & ,druggi/1 has be5 good en\gh to revise ! pro(s = press4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,my?s ,,( ,,ph>macy #a ,,ii4 ,,ph>macy ,,9 ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,ph>aohs #cd ,,iii4 ,,ph>macy ,,9 ,,! ,,bible #df ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ph>macy ,,( ,,hippocrates #gg ,v4 ,,f ,,hippocrates ,,to ,,gal5 #hh ,,vi4 ,,arab ,,ph>macy #ig ,,vii4 ,,f ,,! ,,arabs ,,to ,,! ,,europeans #aac ,,viii4 ,,ph>macy ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 #abd ,,ix4 ,,magic ,,& ,,m$ic9e #aeg ,x4 ,,dogmas ,,& ,,delusions #agd ,,xi4 ,,ma/]s ,,9 ,,ph>macy #bjf ,,xii4 ,,royal ,,& ,,noble ,,ph>maci/s #bhg ,,xiii4 ,,*emical ,,contributions ,,to ,,ph>macy #cbc ,,xiv4 ,,m$ic9es ,,f ,,! ,,metals #cgf ,,illu/rations ,,vol4 ,i ,,page ,isis #c ,osiris #c ,apollo #g sculapius #h ,arms ( ! ,society ( ,apo!c>ies #aj ,*iron ! ,c5taur #ae ,a*illea ,milfoil #af ,c5taury #be ,phnix #bf ,unicorn #bh ,dragon #ca ,! ,dragon ,tree #cb ,papyrus ,eb]s #da ,hippocrates #he ,int]ior ( ,mosque1 ,cordova #ii ,avic5na #ajh ,nuremb]g ,ph>macy #abj ,sir ,!odore ,may]ne #ade 8,lohn0 #afc ,george ,erne/ ,/ahl #agf ,m>quise de ,svign #aib ,sir ,k5elm ,digby #aid ,gal5 #baa ,raymond ,lully #bbb ,basil ,val5t9e #bbe ,p>acelsus #bdg1 #bdh1 #bdi ,culpepp] #beb ,culpepp]'s ,h\se #bec ,j4 ,b4 ,van ,helmont #beh ,glaub] #bfb ,k>l ,wilhelm ,s*eele #bfg ,s*eele's ,ph>macy #bfi cole de ,ph>macie1 ,p>is #bga ,vauquel9 #bgb ,joseph ,pelleti] #bge ,b>on ,liebig #bhc ,sir ,humphry ,davy #bhd ,dr4 ,william ,heb]d5 #bia ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh #caa ,b]keley #cae ,dr4 ,nehemiah ,grew #cdc ,joseph ,black #ceg ,johann ,kunckel #cfb ,antimony cup #che ,dr4 ,?omas ,syd5ham #djj ,?omas ,willis1 ,m4,d4 #dja ,quicksilv] bottles #djh ,,errata ,,vol4 ,i ,page #aja4 ,t5? l9e f top1 = ,mesu read ,mesu4 #baa4 ,six? l9e f bottom1 ref]5ce %\ld be3 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #fc4 #bag4 ,eigh? l9e f top1 ref]5ce %\ld be3 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #ahb4 #bbd4 ,top l9e1 ref]5ce %\ld be3 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #cg4 #ccg4 ,second l9e f top1 additional ref]5ce3 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #agi4 #dai4 ,n9? l9e f top1 = ,pan*ymagogum read ,pan*ymagogon4 ,,*ronicles ,,( ,,ph>macy ,,my?s ,,( ,,ph>macy 8,deorum immortalium inv5tioni consecrata e/ ,ars ,m$ica40--,,cic]o1 ,tusculan4 ,quae/41 ,lib4 #c4 ,! e>lie/ m$ical practition]s ( any sort & among all peoples w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be1 z we %\ld designate !m1 h]bali/s2 wom5 9 _m cases4 ,h[ !y came to acquire k ( ! heal+ prop]ties ( h]bs x is futile to discuss4 ,old writ]s (t5 guess t !y got h9ts by wat*+ animals4 ,_! own curiosity1 sugge/+ exp]im5ts1 w\ld probably be a m fruitful s\rce ( _! sci5ce1 & f accid5ts1 bo? happy & fatal1 !y w\ld gradually acquire empiric le>n+4 ,v soon ^! h]b exp]ts w\ld beg9 to prep>e _! rem$ies s z to make !m easi] to take or apply1 mak+ infusions1 decoctions1 & o9tm5ts4 ,?us ! ,art ( ,ph>macy w\ld be introduc$4 ,! h]bali/s & ph>maci/s among primitive tribes w\ld accumulate facts & exp]i5ce1 & f9d+ t _! skill & s]vices _h a m>ket value :i* enabl$ !m to live )\t s mu* h>d "w z _! neighb\rs1 !y w\ld naturally surr\nd _! k ) my/]y1 & keep x to !mselves or 9 p>ticul> families4 ,! pr(ession ( m$ic9e be+ ?us />t$1 ! inevitable !ories ( sup]natural p[]s caus+ diseases w\ld be enc\rag$1 because ^! w\ld promote ! my/]y already ga!r+ r\nd ! practice ( m$ic9e1 & f !m w\ld foll[ incantations1 exorcisms1 ! association ( prie/craft ) ! heal+ arts1 & ! sup]/itions1 cr$ulities1 & impo/ures :i* h be5 its con/ant companions1 & :i* are /ill too mu* 9 evid5ce4 ,,! ,,inv5tors ,,( ,,m$ic9e ,m$ic9e & ,magic consequ5tly became intimately associat$1 & useful facts1 sup]/iti\s practices1 & consci\s & unconsci\s deceptions1 became bl5d$ into a mosaic :i* =m$ a fix$ & rev]5c$ ,sy/em ( ,m$ic9e4 ,aga9 ! sup]natural p[]s 7 call$ 9 & ! cr$it ( ! revelation ( ?is ,art1 t is its total fabric1 0 attribut$ ei!r to a div9e be+ :o _h br\ght x f above1 or to "s gift$ & inspir$ creature1 :o 9 consequ5ce _h be5 admitt$ into ! family ( ! deities4 ,9 ,egypt ,osiris & ,isis1 bro!r & si/]1 & at ! same "t husb& & wife1 7 wor%ipp$ z ! reveal]s ( m$ical k among mo/ o!r sci5ces4 ,=mulas cr$it$ to ,isis 7 9 exi/5ce 9 ! "t ( ,gal51 b ev5 t n too critical au?ority reject$ ^! traditions )\t hesitation4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt1 h[ev]1 ! prie/s :o held 9 _! possession all ! secrets ( m$ic9e claim$ ,isis z ! f\nd] ( _! sci5ce4 ,"s old leg5ds expla9$ t %e acquir$ h] k ( m$ic9e f an angel nam$ ,amnael1 "o ( ! sons ( ,god ( :om we read 9 ! book ( ,g5esis4 ,! sci5ce ?us imp>t$ to h] 0 ! price %e exact$ f him = ! surr5d] ( h]self to him4 ,! son ( ,isis1 ,horus1 0 id5tifi$ by ! ,greeks ) _! ,apollo1 & to him also ! discov]y ( m$ic9e is attribut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,isis4 ,,osiris4 ,f ! ,collection ( ,m$als & o!r ,antiquities ( ,casalius 7#ag? c5tury74 ,9 ,lecl]c's ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e4 ,! leg5d :i* associat$ 8! sons ( ,god0 ) ! daught]s ( m5 be=e ! ,flood1 & ! sugge/ion t !y imp>t$ a k ( m$ic9e to ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 is traceable 9 ! traditions ( ! ,egyptians1 ! ,assyrians1 & ! ,p]sians1 z well z 9 ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,9 ! #f? *apt] ( ,g5esis x is said t 8!y saw ! daught]s ( m5 t !y 7 fair2 & !y took !m wives ( all t !y *ose40 ,f ^! unions came ! race ( giants1 & ! wick$ness ( man s 8great 9 ! e>?0 t ! de/ruction ( ! race by ! ,flood result$4 ,! apocryphal ,book ( ,eno*1 compos$1 x is agre$1 ab\t #ajj or #aej ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 is v def9ite 9 reg>d to ?is leg5d1 %[+ t x 0 curr5t among ! ,jews at t p]iod4 ,we read 9 t ,book1 t 8,!y 7! angels7 dwelt ) !m & taught !m sorc]y1 en*antm5ts1 ! prop]ties ( roots & trees1 magic signs1 & ! art ( obs]v+ ! />s40 ,allud+ to "o ( ^! angels p>ticul>ly x is said 8he taught !m ! use ( ! bracelets & ornam5ts1 ! art ( pa9t+1 ( pa9t+ ! eyela%es1 ! uses ( preci\s /ones1 & all sorts ( t9ctures1 s t ! _w 0 corrupt$40 ,,h]mes4 ,) ,osiris & ,isis is always associat$ ! ,egyptian ,?o? :om ! ,greeks call$ ,h]mes1 & :o is also id5tifi$ ) ,m]cury4 ,he 0 describ$ z ! fri5d1 or ! secret>y1 ( ,osiris4 ,eusebius quotes an e>li] au?or :o id5tifi$ ,h]mes ) ,moses2 b if ,moses 0 ! inv5tor ( m$ic9e & all o!r sci5ces x w\ld be h>dly exact to speak ( him z 8le>n$ 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians40 ,?o?1 :o is also claim$ z a ,pho5ician1 z ,canaan ! son ( ,ham1 & z an associate ( ,saturn1 atta9$ p]haps ! greate/ fame z an inv5tor ( m$ic9e4 ,he 0 ! presum$ au?or ( ! six sacr$ books :i* ! ,egyptian prie/s 7 b\nd to foll[ 9 _! treatm5t ( ! sick4 ,"o ( ^! books 0 specially devot$ to ph>macy4 ,?o?1 or ,h]mes1 is suppos$ to h inv5t$ al*emy z well z m$ic9e1 ! art ( writ+1 ari?metic1 laws1 music1 & ! cultivation ( ! olive4 ,accord+ to ,jamblicus1 :o wrote on ! my/]ies ( ,egypt 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,julian1 ! ,egyptian prie/s !n recognis$ =ty-two books z ! g5u9e works ( ,h]mes4 ,six ( ^! dealt respectively ) anatomy1 diseases 9 g5]al1 wom5's compla9ts1 eye diseases1 surg]y1 & ! prep>ation ( rem$ies4 ,jamblicus is n sure ( _! au!nticity1 &1 z already /at$1 ,gal5 uncompromis+ly decl>es !m to be apocryphal4 ,o!r writ]s are f> less mode/ ?an ,jamblicus 9 _! e/imates ( ! numb] ( ! writ+s ( ,h]mes4 ,seleucus totals !m at #bj1jjj1 & ,mane?on says #ch1jjj4 ,! leg5d ( ,h]mes app>5tly grew up among ! ,alex&rian writ]s ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,x 0 f !m t 8 surname ,trismegi/us 7?rice-great7 orig9at$4 ,x 0 pret5d$ t 9 ! old ,egyptian temples ! works ( ,h]mes 7 kept on papyri1 & t ! prie/s 9 treat+ diseases 7 b\nd to foll[ 8 directions implicitly4 ,if !y did1 & ! pati5t di$1 !y 7 exon]at$2 b if !y dep>t$ f ! writt5 in/ructions !y 7 liable to be condemn$ to dea?1 ev5 ?\gh ! pati5t recov]$4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph no attempt has be5 made to discuss mod]n rese>*es on anci5t beliefs4 ,greek s*ol>s1 = example1 trace ! ,greek ,h]mes to an ,indian s\rce1 & assume ! exi/5ce ( two gods ( ! same "n4 ,,bac*us1 ,,ammon1 ,,& ,,zoroa/]4 ,bac*us1 ,k+ ( ,assyria1 & subsequ5tly a deity1 0 claim$ by "s ( ! ,ea/]n nations z ! discov]] ( m$ic9e4 ,he is suppos$ to h taught ! m$ic9al value ( ! ivy1 b x is m likely t he owes 8 m$ical reputation to 8 suppos$ inv5tion ( w9e4 ,"s old writ]s id5tify him ) ,noah4 ,hammon1 or ,ammon1 or ,am51 trac$ to ,ham1 ! second son ( ,noah1 has be5 hon\r$ z hav+ orig9at$ m$ic9e 9 ,egypt4 ,"s attribute ! "n ( sal ammoniac to ! temple ( ,ammon 9 ! ,libyan oasis1 on ! !ory t x 0 fir/ produc$ !re f ! dung ( camels4 ,gum ammoniacum is simil>ly suppos$ to h be5 ! gum ( a %rub :i* grew 9 t locality4 ,zoroa/]1 :o gave ! ,p]sians _! religi\s sy/em1 is also c\nt$ among ! inv5tors ( m$ic9e1 p]haps because he 0 s g5]ally reg>d$ z ! discov]] ( magic4 ,,apollo4 ,apollo1 ! reput$ god ( m$ic9e among ! ,greeks1 0 ! son ( ,jupit] & ,latona4 ,8 div9ity became associat$ ) ! sun1 & 8 arr[s1 :i* (t5 caus$ sudd5 dea? 71 accord+ to mod]n exp\nd]s ( anci5t my?s1 only ! rays ( ! sun4 ,_m ( 8 attributes 7 simil> to ^? :i* ! ,egyptians cr$it$ to ,horus1 ! son ( ,osiris & ,isis1 & x is evid5t t ! ,egyptian leg5d 0 incorporat$ ) t ( ! e>ly ,greeks4 ,besides be+ ! god ( m$ic9e ,apollo 0 ! deity ( music1 poetry1 & eloqu5ce1 & he 0 hon\r$ z ! inv5tor ( all ^! arts4 ,he evid5tly possess$ ! jeal\sy ( ! arti/ 9 an abundant degree1 = aft] 8 musical competition ) ,pan1 ,apollo play+ ! lyre & ,pan ! flute1 :5 ,tmolus1 ! arbit]1 _h aw>d$ ! victory to ! =m]1 ,midas v5tur$ to disagree ) t op9ion1 & 0 !reupon provid$ ) a pair ( asses' e>s4 ,m>syas1 ano!r flute play]1 hav+ *all5g$ ,apollo1 0 burnt alive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,apollo4 ,peon1 sometimes id5tifi$ ) ,apollo1 0 ! physician ( ,olympus4 ,he is said to h fir/ practis$ 9 ,egypt4 ,9 ! fif? book ( ! #8,iliad' ,hom] describes h[ he cur$ ! w\nd :i* ,diom$ _h giv5 to ,m>s3-- --,peon spr9kl+ heav5ly balm ar\nd1 ,assuag$ ! gl[+ pangs & clos$ ! w\nd4 ,,sculapius4 sculapius1 son ( ,apollo & ,coronis1 _h a m imm$iate connection ) m$ic9e ?an 8 fa!r4 ,he 0 taught its my/]ies by ,*iron ! ,c5taur1 ano!r ( ! leg5d>y inv5tors ( ! art1 :o also taught ,a*illes & o!rs4 sculapius became s skilful t ,ca/or & ,pollux insi/$ on 8 accompany+ ! exp$ition ( ! ,argonauts4 ,ultimately he acquir$ ! p[] ( re/or+ ! dead to life4 ,b ?is p]fection ( 8 art 0 8 ru94 ,illu/ration3 ,,sculapius4 ,f ! ,casalius ,collection ( ,m$als1 c4 7#ag? c5tury74 ,f ! ,l\vre ,/atue1 ,p>is4 ,pluto1 al>m$ = ! future ( 8 own dom9ions1 compla9$ to ,jupit]1 & ! ,olympian rul] slew sculapius ) a ?und]bolt4 ,apollo 0 s inc5s$ at ?is cruel judgm5t t he kill$ ! ,cyclops :o _h =g$ ! ?und]bolt4 ,= ?is act ( rebellion ,apollo 0 bani%$ f ,olympia & sp5t n9e ye>s on e>?1 = "s "t z a %eph]d 9 ! s]vice ( ! k+ ( ,!ssaly4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ! /ory ( 8 adv5ture ) ,daphne1 told by ,ovid1 & f :i* ! quotation on ,,! ,,arms ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,apo!c>ies 7italicis$ bel[7 is tak51 occurr$4 ,ovid relates t ,apollo1 meet+ ,cupid1 je]$ at 8 *ild's b[s & arr[s z m]e play?+s4 ,9 rev5ge ,cupid =g$ two arr[s1 "o ( gold & ! o!r ( lead4 ,! gold5 "o he %ot at ,apollo1 to excite desire2 ! lead5 arr[1 :i* repell$ desire1 0 %ot at ,daphne4 ,! leg5d ends by ! nymph be+ metamorphos$ into a laurel :i* ,apollo !nce=? wore z a wrea?4 ,"o ( ! incid5ts n>rat$ by ,ovid repres5ts ! god tell+ ! nymph :o he is4 ,dryd5's v]sion makes him say3 ,p]haps ?\ kn[e/ n my sup]ior /ate ,& f t ignorance proce$s ?y hate4 ,a some:at unc\? me?od ( seek+ to +ratiate himself ) ! reluctant lady4 ,among 8 atta9m5ts ,apollo says3 ,inv5tion m$ic9a meum e/1 ,opif]que p] orbem ,dicor1 et h]bam subjecta pot5tia nobis4 ,dryd5 v]sifies ^! l9es ?us3 ,m$ic9e is m9e1 :at h]bs & simples gr[ ,9 fields & =e/s1 all _! p[]s ,i "k1 ,& am ! great physician call$ bel[4 ,! arms ( ! ,society ( ,apo!c>ies are ?us describ$ 9 ,burke's 8,encyclopdia ( ,h]aldry10 #ahea3 8,9 %ield1 ,apollo1 ! inv5tor ( physic1 ) 8 head radiant1 hold+ 9 8 left h& a b[1 & 9 8 "r a s]p5t4 ,ab\t ! %ield a helm1 !reupon a mantle1 & = ! cre/1 ^u a wrea? ( _! col\rs1 a rh9oc]os1 support$ by two unicorns1 arm$ & ungulat$4 ,^u a comp>tm5t to make ! a*ievem5t complete1 ?is motto3 #8,opif]que p] orbem dicor4'0 ,illu/ration3 ,,arms ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,apo!c>ies4 ,x 0 ,william ,camd51 ! fam\s antiqu>y & 8,cl>5ceux ,k+ at ,arms0 9 ,james ,i4's reign1 :o hunt$ out ! middle ( ! above ,lat9 quotation = ! newly incorporat$ ,society ( ,apo!c>ies4 ,,! ,,sons ,,( ,,sculapius4 sculapius left two sons1 :o cont9u$ _! fa!r's pr(ession1 & ?ree or f\r daught]s4 ,x is n possible to be *ronologically exact ) ^! semi-my?ical p]sonages1 b accord+ to ! usual reckon+ sculapius liv$ ab\t #abej ,b4,c4 ,he w\ld h be5 contempor>y ) ,gideon1 a judge ( ,israel1 ab\t two c5turies aft] ! dea? ( ,moses1 & two c5turies be=e ! reign ( ,k+ ,david4 ,8 sons ,ma*aon & ,podalirus 7 immortalis$ 9 ! ,iliad among ! ,greek h]oes :o f\ght be=e ,troy1 & !y ex]cis$ _! surgical & m$ical skill on _! comrades1 z ,hom] relates4 ,:5 ,m5elaus 0 w\nd$ by an arr[ %ot by ,p&>us1 ,ma*aon 0 s5t =1 & 8suck$ ! blood1 & sov]eign balm infus$1 :i* ,*iron gave1 & sculapius us$40 ,aft] ! ,trojan w> bo? ! bro!rs cont9u$ to ex]cise _! art1 & "s ( _! cures are record$4 ,_! sons aft] !m likewise practis$ m$ic9e1 & ! e>lie/ sculapian ,temple is believ$ to h be5 erect$ 9 memory ( 8 gr&fa!r by ,spyrus1 ! second son ( ,ma*aon1 at ,argos4 ,p]haps he only int5d$ x z a home = pati5ts1 or x may h be5 z an adv]tisem5t4 ,f !n1 h[ev]1 ! wor%ip ( sculapius spread1 & we read ( temples at ,titane 9 ! ,peloponnesus1 at ,tricca 9 ,!ssalia1 at ,tri?orea1 at ,cor9?1 at ,epidaurus1 at ,cos1 at ,megalopolis 9 ,arcadia1 at ,l> 9 ,laconia1 at ,dreph]1 at ,drope1 at ,corona on ! ,gulf ( ,mess9a1 at ,egrum1 at ,delos1 at ,cyll5e1 at ,smyrna1 & at ,p]gamos 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,! ,temple ( ,epidaurus 0 = a long "t ! mo/ important1 b be=e ! "t ( ,hippocrates t ( ,cos seems to h tak5 ! lead4 ,,! ,,daught]s ,,( ,,sculapius are (t5 describ$ z allegorical figures1 ,hygeia repres5t+ heal?1 & ,panacea1 m$ic9e4 ,hygeia especially 0 widely wor%ipp$ by ,greeks1 & :5 ri* p recov]$ f an illness !y (t5 _h m$als /ruck ) h] figure on ! rev]se4 ,pl9y says x 0 cu/om>y to (f] h] a simple cake ( f9e fl\r1 to indicate ! connection betwe5 simple liv+ & good heal?4 ,panacea 0 likewise made a div9ity4 ,%e presid$ ov] ! adm9i/ration ( m$ic9es4 ,egrea & ,jaso are b little kn[n4 ,! =m] 7^: "n signifi$ ! light ( ! ,sun7 m>ri$ a s]p5t & 0 *ang$ into a will[1 :ile ,jaso 9 ! only kn[n monum5t on :i* %e appe>s1 is repres5t$ ) a pot1 probably ( o9tm5t1 9 h] h&4 ,,prome!us4 ,m my?ical ?an ! /ory ( sculapius1 or ev5 ( ,orpheus1 :o 0 also alleg$ to h discov]$ "s ( ! secrets ( m$ic9e1 is ! leg5d ( ,prome!us :o /ole fire f heav5 = ! b5efit ( mank9d4 ,accord+ to ! old] my?ologi/s ,prome!us 0 ! same z ,magog1 & 0 ! son ( ,japhet4 s*ylus is ! pr9cipal au?ority on 8 tradition4 ,aft] rec\nt+ _m o!r wond]ful ?+s he _h done = humanity1 ! poet makes him say1 8,"o ( ! greate/ subtilties ,i h inv5t$ is t :5 any "o falls ill1 & c f9d no relief2 c nei!r eat nor dr9k1 & kn[s n ) :at to ano9t himself2 :5 = want ( ! necess>y rem$ies he mu/ p]i%2 !n ,i %[$ to m5 h[ to prep>e heal+ m$ic9e :i* %\ld cure all maladies40 ,or z ,dean ,plumptre has r5d]$ x3-- ,if any "o fell ill ,!re 0 no help = him nor heal+ balm1 ,nor ungu5t1 nor yet potion2 b = want ,( drugs !y wa/$ till ,i %[$ to !m ,! bl5d+s ( all mild m$icam5ts ,:]e) !y w>d ! attacks ( sickness sore4 ,9 o!r words1 ,prome!us 0 ! fir/ ph>maci/4 ,,melampus4 ,melampus 0 a %eph]d to :om we owe1 z leg5d tells u1 hellebore 7,gr4 ,melampodion7 & iron z m$ic9es4 ,melampus /udi$ nature closely1 &1 :5 "y1 br\ght up by h& "s "y s]p5ts1 :o 7 dutifully grateful = ! c>es he _h be/[$ on !m4 ,"o day1 f9d+ him asleep1 two ( !m crept to 8 e>s & s effectively clean$ !m ) _! tongues t :5 he woke he f\nd he c\ld easily make out ! language ( birds1 & he> a ?\s& ?+s :i* _h previ\sly be5 hidd5 f man4 ,?us he became a great magician4 ,9 t5d+ 8 goats he obs]v$ t :5ev] !y ate ! black hellebore !y 7 purg$4 ,aft]w>ds1 _m ( ! wom5 ( ,argos 7 /rick5 ) a disease :i* made !m mad4 ,!y ran ab\t ! fields nak$1 & believ$ !y 7 c[s4 ,among ! wom5 s afflict$ 7 ! ?ree daught]s ( ,proetus1 ! k+ ( ,argos4 ,melampus und]took to cure ! ?ree pr9cesses1 & did s by giv+ !m ! milk ( ! goats aft] !y _h eat5 ! hellebore4 ,8 rew>d 0 "o ( !m = 8 wife & a ?ird ( ! k+dom4 ,ano!r cure effect$ by ,melampus 0 by 8 treatm5t ( ,iphiclus1 k+ ( ,phylacea1 :o greatly desir$ to beget *ildr54 ,melampus gave him ru/ ( iron 9 w9e1 & t rem$y prov$ successful4 ,?is 0 ! e>lie/ ,v9um ,f]ri4 ,melampus is suppos$ to h liv$ ab\t #achj ,b4,c4 ,,glaucus4 ,glaucus1 son ( ,m9os1 k+ ( ,crete1 0 play+ :5 a *ild & fell into a l>ge vat ( honey1 9 :i* he 0 suffocat$4 ,! *ild be+ lo/ ! k+ s5t = ,polyidus ( ,argos1 a fam\s magician1 & ord]$ him to discov] 8 son4 ,polyidus hav+ f\nd ! dead body 9 ! honey1 x occurr$ to ,m9os t s clev] a man c\ld also br+ him back to life4 ,he !re=e comm&$ t ! magician %\ld be put into ! same vat4 ,:ile p]plex$ at ! problem be=e him1 ,polyidus saw a s]p5t creep+ t[>ds ! vat4 ,he seiz$ ! bea/ & kill$ him4 ,pres5tly ano!r s]p5t came1 & look$ on 8 dead fri5d4 ,! second w5t out ( ! place = a few m9utes & return$ ) a c]ta9 h]b :i* he appli$ to ! dead reptile & soon re/or$ him to life4 ,polyidus took ! h9t & us$ ! same h]b on ,glaucus ) an equally satisfactory result4 ,he re/or$ him to 8 fa!r1 :o load$ ! sorc]] ) gifts4 ,un=tunately 9 tell+ ! o!r details ( ?is hi/ory ! n>rator has =gott5 to in=m u ( ! "n ( ! h]b :i* possess$ su* preci\s prop]ties4 ,polyidus1 accord+ to ,pausanias1 0 a nephew ( ,melampus4 ,,*iron4 ,*iron ! ,c5taur 0 v fam\s = 8 k ( simples1 :i* he le>n$ on ,m\nt ,pelion :5 hunt+ ) ,diana4 ,! ,c5taury owes its "n to him1 ei!r because he us$ x z a rem$y or because x 0 appli$ to 8 w\nd4 ,8 great m]it 0 t he taught 8 k ( m$ic9es to sculapius1 to ,h]cules1 to ,a*illes1 & to v>i\s o!r ,greek h]oes4 ,9 ! ,iliad ,hom] repres5ts ,eurypylus w\nd$ by an arr[ ask+ ,patroclus ,) lukew>m wat] wa% ! gore away ,) heal+ balms ! rag+ sm>t allay ,su* z sage ,*iron1 sire ( ph>macy1 ,once taught ,a*illes1 & ,a*illes !e4 7,il41 ,bk4 ,,xi41 ,pope's ,translation47 ,*iron 0 %ot 9 ! foot by ,h]cules by an arr[ :i* _h be5 dipp$ 9 ! blood ( ! ,hydra ( ,l]na1 & ! w\nd caus$ int5se agony4 ,"o fable says t ,*iron heal$ ?is w\nd by apply+ to x ! h]b :i* consequ5tly bore ! "n ( ,c5taury2 b ! m usual v]sion is t 8 grief at be+ immortal 0 s ke5 t ,h]cules induc$ ,jupit] to transf] t immortality to ,prome!us1 & t ,*iron 0 plac$ 9 ! sky & =ms ! con/ellation ( ,sagitt>ius4 ,! ,c5taurs 7 a wild race inhabit+ ,!ssaly4 ,probably !y 7 skilful horse tam]s & rid]s1 & f ?is may h gr[n ! fable ( _! =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*iron ,,! ,,c5taur4 ,,a*illes4 ,a*illes c>ri$ a spe> at ! siege ( ,troy :i* _h ! b5ign p[] ( heal+ ! w\nds x made4 ,he discov]$ ! virtues ( ! plant ,a*illea ,milfoil1 b ,pl9y leaves x d\btful :e!r he cur$ ! w\nds ( 8 fri5d ,telephas by t rem$y or by v]digris o9tm5t1 :i* he also inv5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a*illea ,,milfoil4 ,,ari/es4 ,ari/es1 k+ ( ,arcadia1 0 ano!r fam\s pupil ( ,*iron4 ,he is cr$it$ ) hav+ introduc$ ! silphion or las] :i* became a popul> m$ic9e & condim5t ) ! anci5ts1 & :i* 0 long believ$ to h be5 _! "n = asaftida1 b :i* mod]n au?ors h d\bt$1 alleg+ t silphion 0 ! product ( ,?apsia silphion4 ,ari/es is fur!r said to h taught ! art ( collect+ honey & ( cultivat+ ! olive4 ,,m$ea4 ,m$ea ( ,col*is is "o ( ! mo/ discuss$ ladies ( my?ical hi/ory4 ,euripides1 ,ovid1 & o!r poets repres5t$ h] = ! purposes ( _! poems z a fi5d ( inhuman f]ocity4 ,"s m tru/wor?y hi/orians believe t %e 0 a pr9cess :o devot$ a great deal ( /udy to ! m$ic9al virtues ( ! plants :i* grew 9 h] c\ntry1 & t %e ex]cis$ h] skill on ! poor & sick ( h] c\ntry4 ,c]ta9ly ! m>vell\s murd]s attribut$ to h] mu/ h be5 plann$ by a tragic poet to :om no conditions 7 impossible4 ,diodorus decl>es t ! ,cor9?ians /on$ h] & h] sons1 & aft]w>ds paid ,euripides five tal5ts to ju/ify _! crime4 ,m$ea's claim to a place 9 ?is section is ! adopt$ !ory t %e discov]$ ! poison\s prop]ties ( col*icum1 :i* d]iv$ its "n f h] c\ntry4 ,col*is _h ! reputation ( produc+ _m poison\s plants2 h5ce ! ,lat9 expression 8v55a ,col*ica40 ,,morpheus4 ,morpheus 01 accord+ to ! ,roman poets1 ! son or *ief m9i/] ( ! god ( sleep 7,somnus74 ,! god himself 0 repres5t$ z liv+ 9 ,cimm]ian d>kness4 ,morpheus d]iv$ 8 "n f ,morphe1 7,gr41 =m or %ape71 f 8 suppos$ ability to mimic or assume ! =m ( any individual he desir$ to pose z 9 dreams4 ,?us ,ovid relates h[ he appe>$ to ,alcyone 9 a dream z h] husb&1 :o _h be5 %ipwreck$1 & n>rat$ to h] all ! circum/ances ( ! trag$y4 ,morpheus is repres5t$ ) a poppy plant 9 8 h& be>+ a capsule ) :i* he 0 suppos$ to t\* ^? :om he desir$ to put to sleep4 ,he also _h ! w+s ( a butt]fly to indicate 8 lightness4 ,s]trn] adopt$ ! t]m 8morphium0 z ! "n ( ! opium alkaloid :i* he _h discov]$4 ,,py?agoras4 ,py?agoras1 :o liv$ 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 has be5 ! subject ( s _m leg5ds t x is difficult to sep>ate ! philosoph] 9 him f ! *>latan4 ,he is said to h tam$ wild bea/s ) a ^w1 to h visit$ hell1 to h rec\nt$ 8 previ\s /ages ( exi/5ce f ! siege ( ,troy to 8 own life1 & to h accompli%$ _m miracles4 ,probably ^! 7 ! my?s :i* (t5 ga!r r\nd great m51 & x is c]ta9 t f him or f 8 disciples 9 8 "n mu* exact le>n+1 especially 9 ma!matics1 has rea*$ u4 ,py?agoras 0 fam\s 9 _m sci5ces4 ,8 *ief contribution to ph>macy 0 ! inv5tion ( acetum scillae4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y he wrote a treatise on squills1 :i* he believ$ possess$ magic virtues4 ,pl9y also /ates t he attribut$ magic virtues to ! cabbage1 b x is n c]ta9 t he meant ! vegetable :i* we call ! cabbage4 ,anise$ 0 ano!r ( 8 magic plants4 ,hold+ anise$ 9 ! left h& he recomm5d$ z a cure = epilepsy1 & he prescrib$ an anisat$ w9e & also mu/>d to c\nt]act ! poison\s effect ( ! bites ( scorpions4 ,an ,antidotum ,py?agoras is giv5 9 "s old books1 b !re is no au?ority = suppos+ t ?is 0 devis$ by ! philosoph]4 ,x 0 compos$ ( orris1 #ah dra*ms & #b scruples2 g5tian1 #e dra*ms2 g+]1 #d dra*ms2 black pepp]1 #d dra*ms2 honey1 q4s4 ,,! ,,patron ,,sa9ts ,,( ,,ph>macy4 ,cosmas & ,dami51 :o are reg>d$ z ! patron sa9ts ( ph>macy 9 _m ,ca?olic c\ntries1 7 two bro!rs1 ,arabs by bir?1 b :o liv$ 9 ! city ( ,egea1 9 ,cilicia1 :]e !y practis$ m$ic9e gratuit\sly4 ,ov]tak5 by ! ,diocletian p]secution 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 !y 7 arre/$ & confess$ _! fai?4 ,be+ condemn$ to be dr[n$1 x is relat$ t an angel sev]$ _! bonds s t !y c\ld ga9 ! %ore4 ,!y 7 !n ord]$ to be burnt1 b ! fire attack$ _! execution]s1 sev]al ( :om 7 kill$4 ,next !y 7 fa/5$ to a cross & ar*]s %ot arr[s at !m4 ,! arr[s1 h[ev]1 7 turn$ f !m & /ruck ^? :o _h plac$ !m on ! crosses4 ,f9ally !y 7 behead$1 & _! s\ls 7 se5 m\nt+ heav5w>d4 ,= c5turies _! tomb at ,cyrus1 9 ,syria1 0 a %r9e :]e miracles ( heal+ 7 p]=m$1 & 9 ! six? c5tury ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 :o believ$ he _h be5 cur$ ( a s]i\s illness by _! int]cession1 n only beautifi$ & =tifi$ ! ,syrian city1 b also built a beautiful *ur* 9 _! hon\r at ,con/ant9ople4 ,lat]1 _! relics 7 remov$ to ,rome1 & ,pope ,felix consecrat$ a *ur* to !m !re4 ,physicians & ph>maci/s ?r\gh\t ,ca?olic ,europe celebrat$ _! memory on ,septemb] #bg? = c5turies4 ,,fables ,,( ,,plant ,,m$ic9es4 ,! ,m&rake 7,atropa ,m&ragora7 has be5 exceptionally fam\s 9 m$ical hi/ory4 ,its reputation = ! cure ( /]ility is allud$ to 9 ! /ory ( ,leah & ,ra*el 7,g5esis xxx1 #ad-af74 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t ! ,hebrew ^w 8dudaim0 %\ld be translat$ m&rake4 ,v>i\s ,biblical s*ol>s h que/ion$ ?is :i* 0 ! ,septuag9t r5d]+4 ,lilies1 violets1 truffles1 citrons1 & o!r fruits h be5 sugge/$4 ,9 ,cant41 vii1 #ad1 ! same plant is describ$ z fragrant1 & ! od\r ( ! m&rake is said to be disagreeable4 ,m&ragora is describ$ 9 ,*9ese books ( m$ic9e1 & f ,hippocrates d[n to almo/ mod]n times e writ] on ! art ( heal+ treats x ) rev]5ce4 ,hippocrates ass]ts t a small dose 9 w9e1 less ?an w\ld occasion delirium1 w relieve ! deepe/ depression & anxiety4 ,! roots ( ! m&rake are (t5 ( a =k$ %ape & 7 suppos$ to repres5t ! human =m1 "s be+ reg>d$ z male & o!rs z female4 ,?is fancy orig9at$ ) ,py?agoras1 :o conf]r$ on ! m&rake ! "n ( an?ropomorphon4 ,x 0 said t :5 ! roots 7 drawn f ! e>? !y gave a human %riek4 ,%akespe>e 9 ,romeo & ,juliet alludes to ?is sup]/ition3 ,& %rieks l m&rakes torn out ( ! e>? ,t liv+ mortals he>+ !m run mad4 ,9 ,o!llo aga9 ,%akespe>e ref]s to ?is m$ic9e1 & p>ticul>ly to its alleg$ n>cotic prop]ties3 ,n poppy1 nor m&ragora1 ,nor all ! dr[sy syrups ( ! _w4 ,9 ,antony & ,cleopatra1 too1 ,cleopatra says1 8,give me to dr9k m&ragora0 7t %e may sleep out ! great gap ( "t :ile ,antony is away72 & ,banquo 9 ,macbe?1 :5 he asks1 8,or h we eat5 ( ! insane root t takes ! reason prison]80 is believ$ to allude to ! m&rake4 ,!re is a good deal ( evid5ce t m&ragora 0 us$ 9 anci5t & m$ival times n only z a soporific1 b also z an an/hetic4 ,dioscorides explicitly ass]ts ?is prop]ty ( ! root m ?an once4 ,he describes a decoction ( :i* a cupful is to be tak5 = sev]e pa9s1 or 8be=e amputations1 or ! use ( ! caut]y1 to prev5t ! pa9 ( ^? op]ations40 ,else:]e he alludes to its employm5t 9 p>turition1 & 9 ano!r passage deal+ ) a w9e prep>$ f ! ext]nal coat ( ! root1 says1 8,! p]son :o dr9ks x falls 9 a pr(\nd sleep1 & rema9s depriv$ ( s5se ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,physicians apply ?is rem$y :5 ! necessity = amputation occurs1 or = apply+ ! caut]y40 ,pl9y ref]s to ! n>cotic p[]s ( ! m&rake1 & among lat] writ]s its effects are (t5 describ$4 ,josephus m5tions a plant :i* he calls ,ba>as1 :i* cur$ demoniacs1 b c\ld only be procur$ at great risk1 or by employ+ a dog to uproot x1 ! dog be+ kill$ 9 ! process4 ,?is ,ba>as is suppos$ to h be5 m&rake4 ,dr4 ,lee 9 8 ,hebrew ,lexicon quotes f a ,p]sian au?ority an allusion to a simil> root :i*1 tak5 inw>dly1 8r5d]s "o ins5sible to ! pa9 ( ev5 cutt+ (f a limb40 ,bapti/a ,porta describes ! p[] ( ! m&rake 9 induc+ deep sleep1 & 9 ,a4 ,g4 ,meissn]'s 8,skizz510 publi%$ at ,c>lsruhe 9 #aghb1 !re is a /ory ( ,weiss1 surgeon to ,augu/us1 ,k+ ( ,pol& & ,elector ( ,saxony1 :o surreptiti\sly adm9i/]$ a potion 7( :at m$ic9e is n /at$7 to 8 royal ma/]1 & dur+ 8 ins5sibility cut (f a mortify+ foot4 ,,am>an?1 ,,ambrosia1 ,,& ,,a?anasia4 ,am>an? is ! "n :i* has be5 giv5 to ! g5us ( plants ( :i* ,pr9ce's ,fea!r & ,love-,lies-,ble$+ are species4 ,?is means immortal & is ! ^w us$ 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet] 7v1 #d71 ! am>an?9e cr[n ( glory1 or z translat$ 9 our v]sion 8! cr[n ( glory t fade? n away40 ,milton ref]s to ! 8immortal am>an?1 a fl[] :i* once 9 ,p>adise1 fa/ by ! ,tree ( ,life began to bloom40 ,ambrosia1 ! food ( ! gods1 sometimes allud$ to z dr9k1 & sometimes z a sweet-smell+ o9tm5t1 0 also ref]r$ to by ,dioscorides & ,pl9y z a h]b1 b x is n kn[n :at p>ticul> plant !y meant4 ,x 0 reput$ to be n9e times sweet] ?an honey4 ,! h]b ,ambrose ( ! old h]bali/s 0 ! ,*5opodium ,botrys1 b ,c4 ,ambroisioides 7! oak ( ,j]usalem71 ! wild sage1 & ! field p>sley h also borne ! "n4 ,! ,ambroisia ( mod]n botani/s is a plant ( ! wormwood k9d4 ,a?anasia 0 abbreviat$ by ! old h]bali/s into ,tansy1 & ?is h]b acquir$ ! fame due to its di/+ui%$ designation4 ,9 ,lucian's ,dialogues ( ! ,gods1 ,jupit] tells ,h]cules to take ) him ! beautiful ,ganym$e1 :om he has /ol5 f e>?1 8& :5 he has drunk ( ,a?anasia 7immortality7 br+ him back1 & he %all be our cupbe>]40 ,naturally ! anci5ts s\ght = t h]b1 ,a?anasia1 :i* w\ld yield immortality4 ,,myrrh4 ,myrrha1 ! daught] ( ,c9yrus1 ,k+ ( ,cyprus1 hav+ become pregnant1 0 driv5 f home by h] fa!r1 & fl$ to ,arabia4 ,! /ory told by ,ovid is t %e _h conceiv$ a crim9al passion = h] fa!r1 & t by deception %e _h tak5 h] "m's place by 8 side "o night4 ,lo/ 9 ! des]t & ov]come by remorse1 %e _h pray$ ! gods to grant t %e %\ld no long] rema9 among ! liv+1 nor be c\nt$ ) ! dead4 ,t\*$ ) pity = h]1 !y *ang$ h] into ! tree :i* yields ! gum :i* to ?is day be>s h] "n4 ,,nep5!4 ,nep5!1 or m correctly ,nep5!s1 is describ$ by ,hom] 9 ! ,odyssey z an ,egyptian plant :i* ,hel51 ! wife ( ,m5elaus1 _h receiv$ f ,polydamna1 wife ( ,?onis1 ,k+ ( ,egypt4 ,! ^w is comp\nd$ ( ne1 negation1 & p5?os1 pa9 or affliction4 ,hel5 mix$ x = ,telema*us 9 8a mir? inspir+ b[l0 :i* w\ld ,cle> ! cl\dy front ( wr9kl$ c>e1 ,& dry ! te>ful sluices ( despair4 ,its effects w\ld la/ all ?r\gh "o day4 ,no matt] :at horrors surr\nd$1 ,f morn to eve1 impassive & s]5e ,! man entranc$ w\ld view ! dreadful sc5e4 ,mu* discussion ( ,hom]'s drug has ( c\rse result$ f 8 description ( ^! effects4 ,0 x a m]e poetic fancy ( ,hom]'s & 0 ! "n 8 inv5tion1 or 0 !re an ,egyptian drug kn[n 9 8 "t to :i* ! prop]ties he describes 7 attribut$8 ,plut>*1 ,philo/ratus1 & "s o!r anci5t comm5tators suppose t ! poet is only repres5t+ 9 a mat]iali/ic =m ! *>m ( ,hel5's conv]sation & mann]4 ,! difficulty ab\t t int]pretation is t he explicitly /ates t ! rem$y came f ,egypt4 ,!ophra/us cr$its ! opopanax ) simil> prop]ties to ^? :i* ,hom] claims1 & ,dioscorides is believ$ to allude to ! same gum "u ! "n ( ,nect>ion1 :i* he indicates to h be5 ( ,egyptian orig94 ,?is has be5 adopt$ by "s old critics z ! true nep5!s4 ,pl9y ass]ts t ,hel5ium 0 ! plant :i* yield$ ! mir?-inspir+ drug1 b x is n cle> t he means our elecampane4 ,borage & bugloss h also _h _! advocates1 ,gal5 support+ ! latt]4 ,rhazes vot$ = saffron4 ,cleopatra is assum$ to h meant m&ragora :5 %e ask$ = "s nep5! to make h] =get h] sorr[ :ile %e 0 sep>at$ f ,antony4 ,opium has ( c\rse be5 select$ by _m comm5tators1 b x c\ld h>dly h furni%$ a mir?-inspir+ b[l4 ,indian hemp or has*i% seems to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! v]se bett] ?an any o!r drug4 ,!re are also reasons = *oos+ hyoscyamus or /ramonium4 ,! ,indian pit*] plants to :i* ,l9naeus gave ! "n ( nep5!s are out ( ! "q4 ,a le>n$ contribution to ?is /udy may be f\nd 9 ! ,bullet9 de ,ph>macie1 ,vol4 ,v4 7#ahac71 by ,m4 ,j4 ,j4 ,virey4 ,,belladonna4 ,atropa ,belladonna is ! subject ( sev]al leg5ds4 ,h[ x came by its sev]al names x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k4 ,atropa1 f ! elde/ si/] ( ! ,fates1 %e :o c>ri$ ! scissors ) :i* %e cut ! ?read ( life1 is appropriate en\gh b n m to ?is ?an to any o!r poison plant4 ,belladonna--s-call$ because ,italian ladies made a cosmetic f ! b]ries ) :i* to :it5 _! complexions2 s-call$ because ! ,spani% ladies made use ( ! plant to dilate ! pupils ( _! brilliant black eyes2 s-call$ because ,leucota1 an ,italian poison]1 us$ x to de/roy beautiful wom54 ,^! are among ! explanations ( ! "n :i* ! old h]bali/s gave )\t tr\bl+ !mselves ab\t hi/orical evid5ce4 ,belladonna is suppos$ to h be5 describ$ by ,dioscorides "u ! "n ( ,morella furiosum le?ale1 & by ,pl9y z ,/ry*nos manikon4 ,x 0 us$ by ,gal5 9 canc]\s affections1 & its employm5t = ?is purpose 0 reviv$ 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 infusions ( leaves be+ adm9i/]$ bo? int]nally & ext]nally4 ,t x figur$ among ! philtres ( ! sorc]]s _c be d\bt$4 ,l m&ragora1 x did n act by excit+ amor\s passions1 b by r5d]+ ! victim helpless4 ,,c5taury4 ,! less] ,c5taury 7,ery?raea ,c5taurium7 is alleg$ to owe its "n to ,*iron ! ,c5taur1 :o is suppos$ to h taught m$ic9e to sculapius4 ,! /ory :i* associates ,*iron ) ! plant has be5 giv5 already4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c5taury4 ,,m9t4 ,m5?a 0 a nymph ( ! inf]nal regions belov$ ( ,p9to4 ,prosp]9e out ( jeal\sy caus$ h] to be metamorphos$ into ! plant :i* ?us acquir$ h] "n4 ,,dittany4 ,dittany1 ! origanum ,dictamnus1 0 reput$ to possess wond]ful virtues = heal+ w\nds4 neas1 w\nd$ 9 a combat1 0 treat$ by ,iapyx1 :o _h be5 specially taught by ,apollo1 b 8 simples _h no effect4 ,v5us1 t\*$ by ! suff]+s ( h] son1 !reupon desc5d$ f heav5 9 a cl\d1 ga!r$ "s dittany on ,m\nt ,ida1 & secretly add$ x to ! infusion ) :i* ,iapyx 0 va9ly try+ to relieve ! h]o4 ,%e add$ "s ambrosial elixir1 & sudd5ly ! pa9 ceas$1 ! fl[ ( blood 0 arre/$1 ! d>t 0 easily drawn f ! w\nd1 & neas recov]$ 8 /r5g?4 ,,my?ical ,,animals4 ,,! ,,ph,,nix4 ,! ,phnix 0 l>gely adopt$ by ! al*emi/s z _! emblem1 & aft]w>ds 0 a frequ5t sign us$ by ph>maci/s4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus ?is bird1 :i* 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,egyptians1 0 ( ab\t ! size ( an eagle1 ) purple & gold plumage1 & a purple cre/4 ,its eyes sp>kl$ l />s2 x liv$ a solit>y life 9 ! ,arabian des]t1 & ei!r came to ,heliopolis1 ! city ( ! sun1 to die & be burn$ 9 ! temple ( t city1 or its a%es 7 br\ght !re by its successor4 ,!re 0 only "o phnix at ! same "t1 & x liv$ = #ejj ye>s4 ,! leg5ds v>y z to its longevity1 b #ejj ye>s is ! p]iod usually assign$4 ,:5 ! phnix knew t its "t _h come1 x made its own fun]al pyre out ( spic$ woods1 & ! sun provid$ ! fire4 ,out ( ! m>r[ ( its bones came a worm1 :i* quickly grew into a new phnix1 :o1 aft] bury+ its p>5t 9 ,egypt1 return$ to ,arabia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ph,,nix4 ,! ,talmud relates "s curi\s leg5ds ( ! phnix1 :i* ! ,jews believ$ to be immortal4 ,"o /ory is t :5 ,eve _h eat5 ! =bidd5 fruit %e gave "s to all ! animals 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 & t ! phnix 0 ! only "o :i* refus$4 ,h5ce x escap$ ! curse ( dea? :i* ov]took ! re/ ( ! animal creation4 ,ano!r leg5d is t :5 x 0 9 ! ark1 & :5 all ! o!r animals 7 clam\r+ to be f$1 ! phnix 0 quiet4 ,noah1 obs]v+ x1 ask$ if x 0 n hungry1 to :i* ! phnix repli$1 8,i saw y 7 busy1 s w\ld n tr\ble y10 an answ] :i* s pleas$ ,noah t he bless$ x ) et]nal life4 ,9 ! book ( ,job1 xxix1 #ah1 recall+ 8 e>li] glory1 ! patri>* says1 8,!n ,i said ,i %all die 9 my ne/1 & ,i %all multiply my days z ! s&40 ,_m ,jewi% s*ol>s believe t ! ^w translat$ s& %\ld be phnix1 & our ,revis$ ,v]sion gives 8phnix0 z an alt]native r5d]+4 ,x is easy to appreciate h[ aptly ?is w\ld express ,job's idea4 ,"s ( ! ,hebrew comm5tators translate ! v]se 9 ,ps4 ciii1 #e1 8,s t ?y y\? is r5ew$ l ! eagle10 by sub/itut+ phnix = eagle4 ,,! ,,unicorn _h n q pass$ into ! region ( fable :5 ,pomet wrote 8 ,hi/ory ( ,drugs v e>ly 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 = ?\gh he does n believe 9 ! animal himself1 he quotes f o!r au?ors n s v long antec$5t to him :o did4 ,he /ates1 h[ev]1 t :at 0 !n sold z unicorn's horn 0 9 fact ! horn or tusk ( ! n>:al1 a too? :i* ext5ds to ! l5g? ( six to t5 feet4 ,! unicorn1 or monoc]os 0 ref]r$ to by ,ari/otle1 ,pl9y1 ,aelian1 & o!r anci5t writ]s1 & 9 lat] times x 0 describ$ by v>i\s travell]s :o1 if !y _h n se5 x !mselves1 _h met ) p]sons :o _h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,unicorn 7,,aft] ,,bo*aut',s ,,hi]ozoicon74 ,! details giv5 by ,ari/otle are suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f ,ctesias1 ^: description ( ! ,indian wild ass is :at 0 adopt$ ) _m embelli%m5ts = ! fabul\s unicorn4 ,x is ?is au?or :o fir/ notices ! m>vell\s alexiph>mic prop]ties s long attribut$ to ! unicorn's horn4 ,dr9k+ vessels1 he says1 7 made ( ! horn1 & ^? :o us$ !m 7 protect$ aga9/ poison1 convulsions1 & epilepsy1 provid$ t ei!r j be=e or j aft] tak+ ! poison !y drank w9e or wat] f ! cup made f ! horn4 ,9 ! middle ages ! horn ( ! unicorn 0 e/eem$ a c]ta9 cure = ! plague1 malignant fev]s1 bites ( s]p5ts or ( mad dogs4 ,x 0 to be made into a jelly to :i* a little saffron & co*9eal 7 to be add$4 ,"s writ]s allege t poison$ w\nds c\ld be cur$ by m]ely hold+ ! horn ( a unicorn opposite ! w\nd4 ,^! horns are said1 h[ev]1 to h co/ ab\t t5 times ! price ( gold1 s t n _m suff]]s c\ld avail !mselves ( !m z a rem$y4 ,! unicorn is m5tion$ sev]al times 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! translators ( ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion hav+ foll[$ ! ,septuag9t 9 :i* ! ,hebrew ^w ,re'em 0 r5d]$ by ! ,greek t]m ,monok]os1 :i* corresponds ) our unicorn4 ,x is agre$ t ! ^w 9 ! orig9al _h no ref]5ce to ! fabul\s animal1 b t ! wild ox1 or ox antelope1 a /rong untameable bea/1 kn[n 9 ,pale/9e1 0 int5d$4 ,9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion wild ox is uni=mly sub/itut$ = unicorn4 ,?is animal is believ$ to h be5 ! ,urus m5tion$ by ,julius ,cs> z exi/+ 9 8 "t 9 ! =e/s ( ,c5tral ,europe1 & n entirely ext9ct until "s #ejj or #fjj ye>s ago4 ,! translators evid5tly f\nd a difficulty 9 associat+ ! unicorn ) ! ,hebrew ,re'em 9 ,deut4 xxxiii1 #ag1 :]e we read ( 8! horns ( ! unicorns40 ,9 ! ,hebrew ! horns are ! plural b ,re'em is s+ul>4 ,b ! horns ( ! unicorn w\ld h be5 a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,! allusions to ! unicorn 9 ,%akespe>e all seem to %[ unbelief 9 ! leg5ds4 ,9 ! ,tempe/ 7,act #c1 sc4 #c7 ,seba/ian says :5 music is he>d 9 ! wood1 8,n[ ,i w believe t !re are unicorns40 ,9 ,julius ,cs> 7,act #b1 sc4 #a71 ,decius ,brutus1 rec\nt+ ,cs>'s sup]/itions1 says1 8,he loves to he> t unicorns may be betray$ ) trees02 & ,timon ( ,a!ns raves ab\t ! unicorn among ! leg5d>y animal beliefs 7,act #d1 sc4 #c74 ,an au?ority on h]aldry1 ,guillim1 9 #affj1 h[ev]1 comm5ts ?us on ! scepticism ( 8 contempor>ies3 8,"s h made d\bt :e!r !re be any su* bea/ z ?is or n4 ,b ! great e/eem ( 8 horns 79 _m places to be se57 may take away t ne$less scruple40 ,! unicorn 0 introduc$ into ! ,briti% royal arms by ,james ,i41 :o sub/itut$ x = ! r$ dragon ) :i* ,h5ry ,,vii4 _h hon\r$ a ,wel% cont+5t :i* help$ him to w9 ! battle ( ,boswor? fight+ "u ! bann] ( ,cadwallydr4 ,! unicorn _h be5 a ,scot* emblem = sev]al reigns be=e t ( ,james ,i4 7or ,,vi474 ,! ,scotti% p\nd ( t p]iod 0 kn[n by ! "n ( a unicorn f ! device /amp$ on x4 ,pomet tells u t 9 #aeec a unicorn's horn 0 br\ght to ! ,k+ ( ,france :i* 0 valu$ at #bj1jjj /]l+2 & t "o pres5t$ to ,*>les ,i4 ( ,engl&1 suppos$ to be ! l>ge/ "o kn[n1 measur$ #g feet long1 & weigh$ #ac lbs4 ,x is also relat$ t ,edw>d ,,iv4 gave to ! ,duke ( ,burgundy :o visit$ him1 a gold cup set ) jewels1 & ) a piece ( unicorn's horn work$ into ! metal4 ,"o l>ge unicorn's horn 0 own$ by ! city ( ,dresd5 & 0 valu$ at #ge1jjj ?al]s4 ,occasionally a piece 0 sawn (f to be us$ = m$ical purposes4 ,x 0 a city regulation t two p]sons ( pr9cely rank %\ld be pres5t :5ev] ?is op]ation 0 p]=m$4 ,?is 0 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! unicorn 0 a frequ5t sign us$ by ! old apo!c>ies4 ,x 0 also adopt$ by goldsmi?s4 ,! arms ( ! ,society ( ,apo!c>ies are support$ by unicorns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dragon4 ,,! ,,dragon 0 only associat$ ) ph>macy by means ( ! 8blood0 :i* took 8 "n & 0 at "o "t popul>ly suppos$ to be yield$ by him4 ,i "k ( no evid5ce 9 support ( ?is /atem5t1 b x is sometimes s report$4 ,accord+ to ,ph>macographia dragon's blood 0 fir/ obta9$ f ,socotra & tak5 ) o!r m]*&ise by ! ,arabs to ,*9a4 ,possibly x 0 !re t x acquir$ ! "n ( dragon's blood1 = ! dragon has always be5 a mu* rev]$ bea/ 9 t c\ntry4 ,dioscorides call$ ?is product c9nab>4 ,i f9d 9 old books t ! fruit ( ! calamus draconis on :i* ! res9 collects along ) scales 7& ?is is ! s\rce ( our pres5t supply71 :5 /ripp$ ( its sk9 %[s a design ( a dragon4 ,lem]y quot+ f 8,mon>d & sev]al o!r au?ors10 says1 8,:5 ! sk9 is tak5 (f f ?is fruit !re appe>s und]nea? ! figure ( a dragon z x is repres5t$ by ! pa9t]s1 ) w+s exp&$1 a sl5d] neck1 a hairy or bri/le back1 long tail1 & feet arm$ ) talons4 ,!y pret5d10 he adds1 8t ?is figure gave ! "n to tree4 ,b ,i believe ?is circum/ance fabul\s because ,i nev] knew x confirm$ by any travell]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dragon ,,tree 7,dracona ,draco74 ,! tree illu/rat$ above is at ,t5]iffe1 & is1 p]haps1 ! olde/ tree 9 ! _w4 ,humboldt1 9 #agii1 f\nd its trunk 0 =ty-eight feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,v likely ! %rewd ,arabs inv5t$ ! "n dragon's blood to please _! ,*9ese cu/om]s1 & x may be !re=e t ! tree acquir$ its "n f ! res91 n ! res9 f ! tree4 ,dragon's blood 0 giv5 9 old ph>macy z a mild a/r+5t1 & 0 "o ( ! +r$i5ts 9 ! /yptic pills ( ,helvetius4 ,x 0 also includ$ 9 ! =mula = ,locatelli's balsam4 ,n[ x is *iefly us$ z a v>ni% col\r+1 z = example 9 v>ni%es = viol9s4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry x has a reputation z a *>m to re/ore love4 ,maid5s ^: swa9s are unfai?ful or neglectful procure a piece1 wrap x 9 pap]1 & ?r[ x on ! fire1 say+3 ,may he no pleasure or pr(it see ,till he come back aga9 to me4 ,cu?b]t ,b$e 9 ,notes & ,qu]ies4 ,s]ies #a41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bdb4 ,dragons are m5tion$ _m times 9 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! in/ances jackals are sub/itut$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 & only once1 ,i ?9k1 ! alt]native ( crocodiles is sugge/$ 9 ! m>g91 ?\gh 9 _m in/ances x w\ld obvi\sly be a bett] r5d]+1 z has be5 po9t$ out by _m s*ol>s4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,my?ology :i* seeks to expla9 h[ ! old my?s1 "s poetical1 _m disgu/+1 & all impossible1 orig9at$1 is a mod]n /udy :i* has fasc9at$ a l>ge numb] ( le>n$ s*ol>s4 ,! old notion t !y 7 m]ely allegorical =ms ( repres5t+ facts & ph5om5a is n t5able 9 view ( ! univ]sality ( ! leg5ds among ! lea/ cultivat$ races4 ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] initiat$ a lively controv]sy "s =ty ye>s ago by sugge/+ t my?s 7 a consequ5ce ( language1 a disease ( language1 z ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang has t]m$ x4 ,he trac$ _m ( ! ,greek my?s to ,aryan s\rces1 & insi/$ t !y _h develop$ f ! words or phrases us$ to describe natural ph5om5a4 ,?us1 = example1 he expla9$ ! my? ( ,apollo & ,daphne 7m5tion$ on page #i7 by suppos+ t a phrase exi/$ describ+ ! ,sun foll[+1 or *as+1 ! ,dawn4 ,he ev5 ma9ta9$ t ! ,sanskrit ,ahana1 dawn1 0 ! d]ivation ( ,daphne4 ,words1 ( c\rse1 7 inv5t$ to convey "s m5tal conception2 t conception1 :ile x 0 intelligible1 w\ld 7accord+ to ,max ,mll]'s sy/em7 be develop$ into a /ory4 ,! argum5t 0 mo/ +5i\sly work$ out1 b x has n prov$ capable ( satisfy+ ! conditions ( ! problem4 ,h[ c\ld x suffice1 = in/ance1 to expla9 ! occurr5ce ( almo/ id5tical my?s treasur$ by ! mo/ degrad$ & widely sep>at$ peoples8 ,! m likely !ory is t 9 a v e>ly /age ( ! savage m9d ! untra9$ imag9ation t5d$ inevitably to associate ! facts ( nature ) c]ta9 mon/r\s1 obsc5e1 & irrational =ms4 ,p]haps ! mo/ able exposition ( ?is view1 or some?+ l x1 exp\nd$ )9 mod]ate limits1 is to be f\nd 9 an article on ,my?ology contribut$ to ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica0 by ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang4 ,,ii ,,ph>macy ,,9 ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,ph>aohs 8,g up into ,gilead & take balm1 ,o virg9 daught] ( ,egypt3 9 va9 do/ ?\ use _m m$ic9es2 !re is no heal+ = !e40 ,s wrote ! prophet ,j]emiah 7xlvi1 #aa71 & ! passage seems to sugge/ t ,egypt 9 8 "t 0 fam\s = its m$ic9es4 ,h]odotus1 :o n>rat$ 8 travels 9 ,egypt "s two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 conveys ! same impression1 & ! records ( ! papyri :i* h be5 deciph]$ )9 ! la/ c5tury confirm ! op9ion4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! case ) o!r arts & sci5ces1 x does n appe> t mu* progress 0 made 9 m$ic9e 9 ,egypt dur+ ! ?\s&s ( ye>s ( its hi/ory :i* h be5 m or less m9utely trac$4 ,! discov]y ( rem$ies by v>i\s deities1 by ,isis especially1 or ! indication ( comp\nds inv5t$ = ! relief ( ! suff]+s ( ! ,sun-god ,ra1 be=e he retir$ to 8 heav5ly re/1 is ! burd5 ( all ! docum5ts on :i* our k ( ,egyptian ph>macy is f\nd$4 ,x 0 crim9al to add to or v>y ! p]fect prescriptions ?us reveal$1 a provision :i* made advance impossible to ! ext5t to :i* x 0 en=c$4 8,s wisely 0 m$ic9e manag$ 9 ,egypt10 says ,h]odotus1 8t no doctor 0 p]mitt$ to practise any b 8 own bran*40 ,t is to say1 ! doctors 7 all speciali/s2 "s treat$ ! eyes1 o!rs ! tee?1 ! head1 ! sk91 ! /oma*1 & s =?4 ,! doctors 7 all prie/s1 & 7 paid by ! ,treasury1 b !y 7 all[$ to take fees besides4 ,_! recipes 7 (t5 absurd & complicat$1 b !re is reason to suppose t _! directions 9 reg>d to diet & hygi5e 7 s5sible1 & !re is evid5ce t !y paid "s att5tion to dis9fection & cleanl9ess4 ,! physicians 7 always prie/s1 b all ! prie/s 7 n physicians2 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria says ^? :o actually practis$ 7 ! l[e/ grade ( prie/s4 ,!y prep>$ z well z prescrib$ m$ic9es1 b reli$ p]haps m on magic1 amulets1 & invocations ?an on drugs4 ,! secrets ( magic 71 h[ev]1 especially ! prop]ty ( ! highe/ grade ( prie/s1 ! sages & soo?say]s4 ,accord+ to ,celsus1 ! m$ical sci5ce ( ,egypt 0 f\nd$ on ! belief t ! human body 0 divid$ into ?irty-six p>ts1 ea* "o be+ "u ! control ( a sep>ate demon or div9ity4 ,! art ( m$ic9e consi/$ l>gely 9 kn[+ ! names ( ^! demons s z to invoke ! "r "o :5 an ailm5t _h to be treat$4 ,symbolical names 7 giv5 to _m ( ! h]bs us$ z m$ic9es4 ,! plant ( ,osiris 0 ! ivy1 ! v]va9 0 call$ ,te>s ( ,isis1 saffron 0 ! blood ( ,?o?1 & ! squill 0 ! eye ( ,typhon4 ,until ! my/]y ( ! ,egyptian writ+s 0 unlock$1 ! key be+ f\nd ab\t a c5tury ago 9 ! deciph]m5t ( ! ,rosetta ,/one1 ( :i* ,napoleon fir/ took possession1 & :i* 0 subsequ5tly tak5 f ! ,fr5* by ! ,briti%1 & is n[ a famili> object 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 k ( ,egyptian sci5ce & life 0 limit$ to ! in=mation :i* came to u f ,greek & ,roman au?ors2 & ?is 0 (t5 fabul\s4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! daily life ( ! subjects ( ! ,ph>aohs has be5 reveal$ 9 wond]ful m9ut5ess by ! papyri :i* h be5 deciph]$4 ,among ! papyri pres]v$ 9 v>i\s museums a numb] ( m$ical & ph>maceutical records h be5 f\nd4 ,"s m$ical prescriptions inscrib$ on a papyrus 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,no4 #aj1jei7 are said to be z old z ! "t ( ,khufu 7,*eops71 reckon$ to h be5 ab\t #cgjj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 ! ,director ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian ,antiquities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 in=ms me t ^! prescriptions h n be5 translat$1 & t no photograph ( !m is available4 ,! ,papyrus itself may be ( ab\t #adjj ,b4,c41 b x ref]s to "s m$ical lore ( ! "t ( ,khufu1 z a mod]n ,engli% book might quote "s prescriptions ( ! "t ( ,alfr$ ! ,great4 ,by f> ! mo/ complete repres5tation ( ! m$ic9e & ph>macy ( anci5t ,egypt is compris$ 9 ! fam\s ,papyrus ,eb]s1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,georg ,eb]s1 ,egyptologi/ & romanci/1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahgb-c4 ,eb]s & a fri5d 7 sp5d+ t w9t] 9 ,egypt1 & dur+ _! resid5ce at ,!bes !y made ! acqua9tance ( a well-to-d ,arab f ,luxor :o appe>$ to "k ( "s anci5t papyri & o!r relics4 ,he fir/ tri$ to pass (f to !m "s ( no p>ticul> value1 b ,eb]s 0 an exp]t & 0 n to be impos$ on4 ,ultimately ! ,arab br\ght to him a ,papyrus :i* he /at$ _h be5 discov]$ f\rte5 ye>s previ\sly betwe5 ! knees ( a mummy 9 ! ,!ban ,necropolis4 ,aft] exam9ation ,eb]s 0 conv9c$ ( its g5u95ess & b\ght x4 ,8 op9ion 0 fully confirm$ by all ! au?orities :5 he br\ght x to ,g]many1 & ! cont5ts h prov$ to be ( extreme value & int]e/ 9 ! del9eation ( ! m$ical mann]s & cu/oms ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,?is papyrus 0 wrapp$ 9 mummy clo?s & pack$ 9 a metal case4 ,x is a s+le roll ( yell[-br[n papyrus ( ! f9e/ quality1 ab\t #ab in*es wide & m ?an #bb y>ds long4 ,x is divid$ into #ajh columns ea* sep>ately numb]$4 ,! numb]+ rea*es actually #aaj1 b !re are no numb]s #bh & #bi1 ?\gh !re is no hiatus 9 ! lit]>y composition4 ,eb]s supposes !re may h be5 "s religi\s reason = n us+ ! miss+ numb]s4 ,! writ+ is 9 black ink1 b ! heads ( sections & weights & measures are writt5 ) r$ ink4 ,! ^w 8nefr0 signify+ 8good0 is writt5 9 ! m>g9 aga9/ _m ( ! =mul 9 a diff]5t writ+ & 9 a pal] ink1 evid5tly by someone :o _h us$ ! book4 ,x has be5 consid]$ possible t ?is 0 "o ( ! six h]metic books on m$ic9e m5tion$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria2 b x is m likely to h be5 a popul> collection ( m$ical =mul f v>i\s s\rces4 ,int]nal evid5ce1 satisfactory to exp]ts1 ! writ+1 ! "n ( a k+1 & p>ticul>ly a cal5d> atta*$ to "o ( ! sections1 e/abli% ! date ( ?is docum5t4 ,! k+ nam$ 0 ,tjesor-ka-,ra1 & 8 ?rone-"n 0 ,am5-hetep ,i41 ! second k+ ( ! #ah? dyna/y4 ,! date assign$ to ! papyrus is ab\t ! ye> #aeeb ,b4,c41 :i*1 accord+ to ! conv5tional scriptural *ronology1 w\ld correspond ) ab\t ! #ba/ ye> ( ! life ( ,moses4 ,if ?is e/imation is approximately correct x foll[s t ! prescriptions ( ! papyrus are consid]ably old] ?an ^? giv5 9 ! book ( ,exodus = ! holy ano9t+ oil & = inc5se1 :i* 9 old works are sometimes quot$ z ! e>lie/ records ( 8! art ( ! apo!c>y40 ,! papyrus beg9s by decl>+ t ! writ] _h br\ght help f ! ,k+ ( ,et]nity f ,heliopolis2 f ! ,goddess ,"m to ,sais1 %e :o alone c\ld ensure protection4 ,spee* _h be5 giv5 him to tell h[ all pa9s & all mortal sicknesses might be driv5 away4 ,"h 7 *apt]s :i* w\ld tea* h[ to conjure away ! diseases 8f ?is my head1 f ?is my neck1 f ?is my arm1 f ?is my fle%1 f ^! my limbs4 ,= ,ra pities ! sick2 8 tea*] is ,?uti0 7,?o? or ,h]mes7 8:o has giv5 him words to make ?is book & to save in/ructions to s*ol>s & to physicians :o w foll[ !m1 s t :at is d>k %all be unriddl$4 ,= he :om ! ,god love?1 he make? alive2 ,i am "o :o love? ! ,god1 & he make? me alive40 ,"h are ! words to speak :5 prep>+ ! rem$ies = all p>ts ( ! body3 8,z x %all be a ?\s& times4 ,?is is ! book ( ! heal+ ( all sicknesses4 ,t ,isis may make free1 make free4 ,may ,isis heal me z %e heal$ ,horus ( all pa9s :i* 8 bro!r ,set _h done to him :o kill$ 8 fa!r ,osiris4 ,oh1 ,isis1 ?\ great magician1 heal me & save me f all wick$1 frightful1 & r$ ?+s1 f demoniac & deadly diseases & illnesses ( e k9d4 ,oh1 ,ra4 ,oh1 ,osiris40 ,! =m ( words to be said :5 tak+ a rem$y3--8,come rem$y1 come drive x out ( ?is my he>t1 out ( ^! my limbs2 ,oh /rong magic p[] ) ! rem$y40 ,on giv+ an emetic ! conjuration to be spok5 0 z foll[s3--8,oh1 ,demon1 :o dwelle/ 9 ! body ( 444 son ( 4442 ,oh1 ?\1 ^: fa!r is call$ ! br+] d[n ( heads1 ^: "n is ,dea?1 ^: "n is accurs$ = all et]nity1 come =?40 ,! foll[+ %[s h[ ! ,egyptian physicians diagnos$ a liv] compla9t3 8,:5 ?\ f9de/ "o ) h>d5+ ( 8 re-het2 :5 eat+ he feels a pressure 9 ! b[els1 & ! /oma* is swoll52 feels ill :ile walk+2 look at him :5 ly+ out/ret*$1 & if ?\ f9de/ 8 b[els hot1 & a h>d5+ 9 8 /oma*1 say to ?yself1 ,?is is a liv] compla9t4 ,!n make a rem$y accord+ to ! secrets ( botanical k f ! plant pa-*e/at & f dates cut up4 ,mix x & put 9 wat]4 ,! pati5t may dr9k x on f\r morn+s to purge 8 body4 ,if aft] t ?\ f9de/ bo? sides ( ! b[els1 namely1 ! "r "o hot & ! left "o cold1 !n say1 ,t is bile4 ,look at him aga91 & if ?\ f9de/ 8 b[els entirely cold !n say to ?yself1 ,8 liv] is clean$ & purifi$2 he has tak5 ! m$ic9e1 ! m$ic9e has tak5 effect40 ,sup]/iti\s notions 9 connection ) m$ic9e are n m app>5t 9 ! ,eb]s ,papyrus ?an !y are 9 any ,engli% h]bal ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! majority ( ! drugs prescrib$ are ( vegetable orig91 b !re is a fair proportion ( animal products1 & z 9 comp>atively mod]n ph>macopias ^! seem to h be5 valu$ z rem$ies 9 ! ratio ( _! na/9ess4 ,liz>ds' blood1 tee? ( sw9e1 putrid meat1 /9k+ fat1 moi/ure f pigs' e>s1 milk f a ly+-9 woman2 ! excreta ( adults1 ( *ildr51 ( donkeys1 antelopes1 dogs1 cats1 & o!r animals1 & ! dirt left by flies on ! walls1 are among ! rem$ies met ) 9 ! papyrus4 ,among ! drugs nam$ 9 ! papyrus & id5tifi$ are oil1 w9e1 be] 7sweet & bitt]71 be] fro?1 yea/1 v9eg>1 turp5t9e1 v>i\s gums & res9s1 figs1 sebe/5s1 myrrh1 ma/ic1 frank9c5se1 opium1 wormwood1 aloes1 cumm91 pepp]m9t1 cassia1 c>raway1 cori&]1 anise1 f5nel1 saffron1 sycamore & cyprus woods1 lotus fl[]s1 l9se$1 junip] b]ries1 h5bane1 & m&ragora4 ,!re are c]ta9 sub/ances1 evid5tly metals by ! suffixes1 b !y h n be5 exactly id5tifi$4 ,nei!r gold1 silv]1 nor t9 is includ$4 ,"o is suppos$ to be sulphur1 ano!r1 electrum 7a comb9ation ( gold & silv]71 & ano!r allud$ to z 8excrem5t div9e10 rema9s my/]i\s4 ,iron1 lead1 magnesia1 lime1 soda1 nitre & v]milion are among ! m9]al products :i* 7 !n us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t scores ( drugs nam$ h only be5 guess$ at1 & 9 reg>d to a numb] ( !m1 x has n be5 possible to get z f> z ?is4 ,mo/ ( ! prescriptions are fairly simple1 b !re are exceptions4 ,!re is a p\ltice ) ?irty-five +r$i5ts4 ,"h is a specim5 ( r complicat$ ph>macy4 ,x is ord]$ = :at seems to h be5 a common compla9t ( ! /oma* call$ setyt4 ,se$s ( ! sweet woodruff1 se$s ( m5e1 & ! plant call$ ,a'am1 7 to be r$uc$ to p[d] & mix$4 ,!n sev5 /ones _h to be heat$ at a fire4 ,on ^!1 "o by "o1 "s ( ! p[d] 0 to be spr9kl$ :ile ! /one 0 hot2 x 0 !n cov]$ ) a new pot 9 ! bottom ( :i* a hole _h be5 made4 ,a re$ 0 fitt$ to ! hole & ! vap\r inhal$4 8,aft]w>ds eat "s fat10 says ! writ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$uc$ ,,facsimile ,,( ,a ,,page ,,( ,,! ,,papyrus ,,eb]s4 ,! ,papyrus ,eb]s has be5 reproduc$ by photography 9 facsimile1 & publi%$ 9 two magnific5t volumes by ,mr4 ,wilhelm ,engelmann1 ( ,leipzig4 ,mr4 ,engelmann has k9dly p]mitt$ me to copy "o ( ! pages f 8 "w = ?is book4 ,! above is a r$uc$ reproduction ( page #dg ( ! ,papyrus4 ,! photograph 0 tak5 at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! fir/ l9e ( ?is page is ! end ( ! in/ructions = apply+ a mixture ( p[d]s rubb$ d[n ) date w9e to w\nds & sk9 diseases to heal !m4 ,t comp\nd 0 made by ! god ,seb1 ! god ( ! e>?1 = ! god ,ra4 ,!n foll[s a complicat$ prescription devis$ by ! goddess ,nut1 ! goddess ( heav51 also = ! god ,ra1 & l ! la/ to apply to w\nds4 ,x prescribes brickdu/1 pebble1 soda1 & sea-salt1 to be boil$ 9 oils ) "s groats & o!r vegetable matt]4 ,isis next supplies a =mula to relieve ,ra ( pa9s 9 ! head4 ,x conta9s opium1 cori&]1 abs9?1 junip] b]ries1 & honey4 ,?is 0 to be appli$ to ! head4 ,?ree o!r =mulas = pa9s 9 ! head1 ! la/ = a pa9 on "o side ( ! head 7migra9e71 are giv51 & !n !re is a break 9 ! manuscript1 & aft]w>ds "s int]e/+ in/ructions are giv5 = ! m$ic9al employm5t ( ! ric9us 7degm7 tree4 ,! /ems infus$ 9 wat] w make a lotion :i* w cure heada*e2 ! b]ries *ew$ ) be] w relieve con/ipation2 ! b]ries cru%$ 9 oil w make a woman's hair gr[2 & press$ into a salve w cure abscesses if appli$ e morn+ = t5 days4 ,! p>agraph ends 7b on ! next page71 z _m ( !m d1 ) ! curi\s idiom1 8,z x %all be a ?\s& times40 ,! translation is giv5 9 full 79 ,g]man7 9 ,dr4 ,joa*im's ,papyros ,eb]s4 ,das lte/e ,bu* b] ,heilkunde 7,b]l91 ,georg4 ,reim]4 #ahij74 ,to draw ! blood f a w\nd3--,fom5t x f\r times ) a mixture made f wax1 fat1 date w9e1 honey1 & boil$ horn2 ^! +r$i5ts boil$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]4 ,to prev5t ! immod]ate cry+ ( *ildr5 a mixture ( ! se$s ( ! plant ,%eb5 ) "s fly-dirt is recomm5d$4 ,x is suppos$ t ,%eb5 may h be5 ! poppy4 ,incid5tally x is rem>k$ t if a new-born baby cries 8ny0 t is a good sign2 b x is a bad sign if x cries 8mbe40 ,to prev5t ! hair turn+ grey ano9t x ) ! blood ( a black calf :i* has be5 boil$ 9 oil2 or ) ! fat ( a rattlesnake4 ,:5 x falls out "o rem$y is to apply a mixture ( six fats1 namely ^? ( ! horse1 ! hippopotamus1 ! crocodile1 ! cat1 ! snake1 & ! ibex4 ,to /r5g!n x ano9t ) ! too? ( a donkey cru%$ 9 honey4 ,a few o!r prescriptions are app5d$4 ,z ,purges3--,mix milk1 "o "p1 yea/ & honey1 two p>ts ea*4 ,boil & /ra94 ,a draught ( ?is to be tak5 e morn+ = f\r days4 ,pills comp\nd$ ( equal p>ts ( honey1 abs9? p[d]1 & onion4 ,9 ano!r =mula 8kesebt0 fruits are ord]$ ) o!r +r$i5ts4 ,eb]s conjectures t kesebt may h be5 ! ca/or oil tree4 ,= ,heada*e3--,equal p>ts ( frank9c5se1 cumm91 b]ries ( u'an tree & goosegrease are to be boil$ toge!r2 ! head to be ano9t$ ) ! mixture4 ,= ,worms3--,res9 ( acan?us1 pepp]m9t fl[]s1 lettuce1 & 8z0 plant4 ,equal p>ts to make a pla/]4 ,= too mu* ur9e 7diabetes73--,twigs ( kadet plant 1 grapes 1 honey 1 b]ries ( u'an tree 1 sweet be] #a4 ,z a ,tonic3--,figs1 sebe/5s1 grapes1 yea/1 frank9c5se1 cumm91 b]ries ( u'an tree1 w9e1 goosegrease1 & sweet be] are recomm5d$4 ,an ,application = ,sore ,eyes4 ,dri$ excrem5t ( a *ild #a1 honey #a1 9 fre% milk4 ,to make ! hair gr[3--,oil ( ! ,nile horse #a1 p[d] ( m5?a montana #a1 myrrh #a1 mesp5 corn #a1 vitriol ( lead #a4 ,ano9t4 ,ano!r =mula prescrib$ = ! same purpose 0 prep>$ = ,s*es* 7a que5 ( ! #crd dyna/y7 & consi/$ ( equal p>ts ( ! heel ( ! greyh\nd 7f ,abyss9ia71 ( date blossoms1 & ( asses' ho(s boil$ 9 oil4 ,a long =mula = an o9tm5t 8:i* ! god ,ra made = himself0 conta9s honey1 wax1 frank9c5se1 onions1 & a numb] ( unid5tifi$ plants4 ,! du/ ( alaba/] & p[d]$ /atues are prescrib$ z applications = w\nds4 ,to /op ,di>rha3--,gre5 bulbs 78 onions7 1 fre%ly cook$ groats 1 oil & honey 1 wax 1 wat] d5a 7a d5a is ab\t a p9t74 ,take f\r days4 ,a pla/] to remove pa9s f "o side ( ! /oma*3--,boil equal p>ts ( lettuce & dates 9 oil1 & apply4 ,m$ic9es aga9/ worms are num]\s4 ,heftworms1 believ$ to be ?read worms1 are treat$ ) pomegranate b>k1 sea-salt1 ric9us1 abs9?1 & o!r unid5tifi$ drugs4 ,= tape worms1 m&rake fruits1 ca/or oil1 pepp]m9t1 a prep>ation ( lead1 & o!r drugs are prescrib$4 ,rem$ies :i* ! ,god ,su 7god ( ! air71 ! ,god ,seb 7god ( ! e>?71 ! ,goddess ,nut 7goddess ( ! sky71 & o!r div9ities _h devis$ are compris$ 9 ?is collection4 ,?is is an application :i* ,isis prescrib$ = ,ra's heada*e3--,cori&]1 opium1 abs9?1 junip]1 7ano!r fruit71 & honey4 ,rem$ies are also prescrib$ 9 ?is papyrus = diseases ( ! /oma*1 ! abdom51 & ! ur9>y bladd]2 = ! cure ( swell+s ( ! gl&s 9 ! gro92 = ! treatm5t ( ! eye1 = ulc]s ( ! head1 = greyness ( ! hair1 & = promot+ its gr[?2 to heal & /r5g!n ! n]ves2 to cure diseases ( ! tongue1 to /r5g!n ! tee?1 to remove lice & fleas2 to bani% pa92 to sweet5 ! brea?2 & to /r5g!n ! organs ( he>+ & ( smell4 ,quantities are indicat$ on ! prescriptions by p]p5dicul> l9es ?us3 "o1 two1 ?ree4 ,ea* ( ^! l9es repres5ts a unit4 ,eb]s calls ! unit a dra*m & supposes x to be equival5t to ! ,arabic dirhem1 ab\t =ty-eight ,engli% gra9s4 ,! ,egyptian sy/em ( num]ation 0 decimal4 ,up to n9e l9es 7 us$2 symbolbridge 0 t51 & two1 ?ree or m ( ^! figures foll[$ ea* o!r up to n9ety4 ,!n came symbol,c a hundr$1 symbollotus a ?\s&1 & s on4 ,fractions 7 %[n by ! figure symboloval1 & ?is ) ?ree dots "u x meant "o-?ird1 ) f\r dots "o-f\r?1 or ) ! #aj sign "u x1 symboloval ) bridge "u "o-t5?4 ,half 0 repres5t$ by symbold\ble horizontal b>4 ,! unit ( liquid measure is believ$ to h be5 ! t5at1 equal to ?ree-fif?s ( a litre1 or r m ?an an ,engli% p9t4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum 8,guide0 ,dr4 ,budge quotes ! foll[+ prescription 8= driv+ away wr9kles ( ! face10 & gives ! same 9 hi]oglyphics3--8,ball ( inc5se1 wax1 fre% oil1 & cypress b]ries1 equal p>ts4 ,cru%1 & rub d[n1 & put 9 new milk1 & apply x to ! face = six days4 ,take good he$40 ,g5]ally m$ic9es are direct$ to be tak5 or appli$ = f\r days2 ! +r$i5ts are v (t5 f\r2 & 9 _m cases incantations are to be f\r times repeat$4 ,! ,py?agoreans swore by ! numb] #d1 & probably _! ma/] acquir$ 8 rev]5ce = t figure f ,egypt4 ,a sacr$ p]fume call$ kyphi is prescrib$ to p]fume ! h\se & clo!s = sanit>y reasons4 ,x 0 compos$ ( myrrh1 junip] b]ries1 frank9c5se1 cyprus wood1 aloes wood1 calamus ( ,asia1 ma/ic1 & /yrax4 ,among ! ,greek ,papyri discov]$ 9 ! la/ decade ( ! #ai? c5tury at ,oxyr9*us "o quot$ by ,messrs4 ,gr5fell & ,hunt 9 _! "w on ^! papyri 7,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #acd7 gives ab\t a doz5 =mulas = applications = ! e>a*e4 ,^! are believ$ to h be5 writt5 9 ! #bnd or #crd c5tury ,a4,d4 ,"o is3--,dilute "s gum ) balsam ( lilies2 add honey & rose-extract4 ,twi/ "s wool ) ! oil 9 x r\nd a probe1 w>m1 & drop 94 ,onion juice1 ! gall ( an ox1 ! sap ( a fir tree1 alum & myrrh1 & frank9c5se 9 sweet w9e1 are among ! o!r applications recomm5d$4 ,,iii ,,ph>macy ,,9 ,,! ,,bible ,p\r bi5 ent5dre le ,vieux ,te/am5t il e/ absolum5t ncessaire d'appr(ondir l',hi/oire ,naturelle1 aussi bi5 que les murs des ,ori5taux4 ,on y tr\ve peu prs trois c5ts noms de vgtaux2 je ne sais combi5 de noms tirs du rgne animal1 et un gr& nombre qui dsign5t des pi]res prcieuses4--,t4 ,d4 ,,mi*aelis1 ,gtt+51 #agij4 ,to "s ext5t ! habits & practices ( ! ,israelites 7 bas$ on ^? ( ! ,egyptians4 ,b 9 ! matt] ( m$ic9es ! diff]5ces are m notable ?an ! resemblances4 ,9 ,egypt ! practice ( m$ic9e 0 entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! prie/hood1 & 0 l>gely associat$ ) magical arts4 ,x appe>s1 too1 t ! ,egyptian practition]s _h acquir$ exp]i5ce ( a fairly wide range ( int]nal m$ic9es4 ,among ! ,israelites ! prie/s did n practise m$ic9e at all4 ,"s ( ! prophets did1 & !y 7 expect$ to ex]cise heal+ p[]s4 ,elijah & ,eli%a 7 frequ5tly call$ ^u = help 9 ?is way1 & ! prescription ( ,isaiah ( a lump ( figs to be laid on ,hezekiah's boil 7#b ,k+s1 xx1 #g7 w be recall$4 ,b among ! ,israelites physicians =m$ a di/9ct pr(ession1 ?\gh x _c be said t 9 all ! hi/ory cov]$ by ! ,scriptures !y p]=m$ ! same functions4 ,! physicians ( ,joseph's h\sehold :om he comm&$ to embalm 8 fa!r 7,g5esis #a1 #b7 7 r apo!c>ies4 ,t1 ( c\rse1 0 9 ,egypt4 ,!re is a curi\s allusion to physicians 9 #b ,*ronicles1 xvi1 #ab1 :]e x is said t :5 ,asa 0 exce$+ly ill ) a disease 9 8 feet 8he s\ght n to ! ,"l1 b to ! physicians40 ,possibly ?is means t he employ$ physicians :o practis$ incantations4 ,"s comm5tators ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! passage has ref]5ce to himself1 8 "n signify+ a physician4 ,9 ! apocryphal ,book ( ,ecclesia/icus physicians are allud$ to 9 language :i* sugge/s t at ! "t x 0 writt5 !re 7 d\bts ab\t ! necessity ( physicians4 ,until rec5tly ?is "w 0 attribut$ to ,jo%ua or ,jesus1 ! son ( ,sira*4 ,x s appe>$ 9 ! ,greek manuscripts4 ,b a ,hebrew manuscript discov]$ 9 #ahif %[s t ! au?or 0 ,simon1 son ( ,je%ua1 & critics agree t ! date ( its composition 0 r less ?an #bjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,?is book1 8,ecclesia/icus10 is pr(ess$ly a collection ( ! grave & %ort s5t5ces ( wise m54 ,^? relat+ to m$ic9e & physicians are br\ght toge!r 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! #ch? *apt]4 ,!y appe> to be quot$ f diff]5t au?ors1 & sev]al ( ! v]ses are m]ely p>allels4 ,?us we h1 8,hon\r a physician ) ! hon\r due unto him = ! uses :i* ye may h ( him2 = ! ,"l ha? creat$ him40 ,& aga91 8,!n give place to ! physician1 = ! ,"l ha? creat$ him2 let him n g f !e1 = ?\ ha/ ne$ ( him40 ,b ! au?or ( a v]se ins]t$ betwe5 ^! appe>s to reg>d ! physician z less ess5tial4 ,he says1 8,my son1 9 ?y sickness be n neglig5t2 b pray unto ! ,"l1 & ,he w make !e :ole40 ,! #ae? v]se is some:at enigmatic1 & may or may n be complim5t>y4 ,x runs1 8,he t s9ne? be=e 8 ,mak]1 let him fall into ! h& ( ! physician40 ,9 ! rec5tly discov]$ manuscript is ! passage n previ\sly kn[n1 8,he t s9ne? aga9/ ,god w behave arrogantly be=e 8 physician40 ,probably into ?is may be read ! conv]se idea t he t behaves arrogantly t[>ds 8 physician s9ne? be=e ,god4 ,9 ! same *apt] we are told t 8! ,"l ha? creat$ m$ic9es out ( ! e>?1 & he t is wise w n abhor !m40 ,possibly ?is 0 direct$ aga9/ ! ,jewi% prejudice aga9/ bitt] flav\rs4 ,!n ! writ] asks1 8,0 n ! wat] made sweet ) wood80 & he says 8( su*0 7! m$ic9es7 m5 to :om ,god ha? giv5 skill heal m5 & take away _! pa9s2 & 8( su* do? ! apo!c>y make a confection40 ,! idea t physicians get _! skill direct f ,god is prom95t 9 ^! passages1 & is p]haps tru] ?an we are will+ to admit 9 ?is age ( curricula & exam9ations4 ,,m$ic9es ,,( ,,! ,,jews4 ,! ,papyrus ,eb]s 0 suppos$ by its discov]] to h be5 compil$ ab\t ! "t :5 ,moses 0 liv+ 9 ,egypt1 a c5tury be=e ! ,exodus4 ,!re is no evid5ce 9 ! ,bible t ! ,jews br\ght ) !m f ! l& ( _! captivity any ( ! m$ical lore :i* t & o!r papyri n mu* lat] reveal4 ,x is n c]ta9 t 9 ! :ole ( ! ,bible !re is any di/9ct ref]5ce to a m$ic9e = int]nal adm9i/ration4 ,x is assum$ t ,ra*el want$ ! m&rakes :i* ,reub5 f\nd to make a rem$y = /]ility1 b t is n def9itely /at$4 ,nor is x c]ta9 t ! ,hebrew ^w ,dudaim1 translat$ m&rakes1 meant ! %rub we "k by t "n4 ,violets1 lilies1 jasm91 truffles1 mu%rooms1 citrons1 melons1 & o!r fruits h be5 propos$ by v>i\s critics4 ,!re are ?ree passages 9 ,j]emiah :]e ,balm ( ,gilead is m5tion$ 9 a way :i* may h meant t x 0 to be us$ z an int]nal rem$y4 ,^! are c4 viii4 v4 #ab1 c4 xlvi4 v4 #aa1 & c4 li4 v4 #h4 ,9 two ( ^! ! expression 8take balm0 is us$1 b x is q possible to und]/& ?is z mean+ employ balm1 & 9 all ! passages ! s5se is metaphorical4 ,! ,mi%nah1 ! book ( ,jewi% leg5ds1 :i* =ms "p ( ! ,talmud1 m5tions a treatise on m$ic9es believ$ to h be5 compil$ by ,solomon4 ,hezekiah is said to h 8hidd50 ?is "w = fe> t ! p %\ld tru/ to t wisdom r ?an to ! ,"l4 ,! ,talmud also cites a treatise on ph>macology call$ ,megillat-,samman91 b nei!r ( ^! works has be5 pres]v$4 ,9 ! ,talmud an infusion ( onions 9 w9e is m5tion$ z a means ( heal+ an issue ( blood4 ,x 0 necess>y at ! same "t = someone to say to ! pati5t1 8,be heal$ ( ?9e issue ( blood40 ,?is rem$y & ! =mula to be spok5 are /rongly rem9isc5t ( ,egypt4 ,! ,talmud1 ?\gh x 0 compil$ 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( our era1 und\bt$ly reflects ! ,jewi% life & ?\ght ( _m previ\s ages1 & consequ5tly indicates fairly en\gh ! condition ( !rapeutics among ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,among its miscellane\s items are cautions aga9/ ! habit ( tak+ m$ic9e con/antly also aga9/ hav+ tee? extract$ ne$lessly4 ,x advises t pati5ts %\ld be p]mitt$ to eat any?+ !y specially crave aft]4 ,among its aphorisms are salt aft] meals1 wat] aft] w9e1 onions = worms1 pepp]$ w9e = /oma* disord]s1 injection ( turp5t9e = /one 9 ! bladd]4 ,p may eat m be=e #dj1 dr9k m aft] #dj4 ,magic is pl5tifully suppli$ = ! treatm5t ( disease4 ,to cure ague1 = in/ance1 y mu/ wait by a cross-road until y see an ant c>ry+ a load4 ,!n y mu/ pick up ! ant & its load1 place !m 9 a brass tube :i* y mu/ seal up1 say+ z y d ?is1 8,oh ant1 my load be ^u !e1 & ?y load be ^u me40 ,t[>ds ! "t ( ,*ri/ ! sect ( ! ,ess5es1 ascetic 9 _! habits & communi/ic 9 _! pr9ciples1 cultivat$1 accord+ to ,josephus1 ! art ( m$ic9e1 8collect+ roots & m9]als0 = ?is purpose4 ,_! designation may h be5 d]iv$ f ?is occupation4 ,,! ,,apo!c>y is1 or 01 famili> to read]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b 9 ! revis$ translation he has p>tially disappe>$4 ,! e>lie/ allusion to him occurs 9 ,exodus xxx41 #be1 :]e ! holy ano9t+ oil is prescrib$ to be made 8aft] ! art ( ! apo!c>y02 & 9 ! same *apt]1 v4 #bi1 inc5se is simil>ly ord]$ to be made into a confection 8aft] ! art ( ! apo!c>y1 temp]$ toge!r40 ,! ,revis$ ,v]sion gives 9 bo? cases 8! art ( ! p]fum]10 & in/ead ( ! inc5se be+ 8temp]$ toge!r0 7c4 xxx1 v1 #ce7 ! in/ruction is n[ r5d]$ 8season$ ) salt40 ,a fur!r m5tion ( ! art ( ! apo!c>y1 or 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 ! p]fum]1 is f\nd aga9 9 connection ) ! same comp\nds 9 ,exodus xxxvii41 #bi4 ,9 #b ,*ronicles xvi41 #ad1 ! apo!c>ies' art 9 ! prep>ation ( sweet od\rs & div]s k9ds ( spices = ! burial ( ,k+ ,asa is aga9 allud$ to1 & ?is "t )\t any app>5t reason ! ,revis$ ,v]sion reta9s ! old t]m4 ,! next quotation 7,nehemiah1 iii1 #h7 is p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion says 8,hananiah1 ! son ( "o ( ! apo!c>ies10 work$ on ! repair ( ! walls ( ,j]usalem by ! side ( ,h>aiah ( ! goldsmi?s4 ,9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion ,hananiah is describ$ z 8"o ( ! apo!c>ies40 ,hebrew s*ol>s tell u t ! idiom employ$ %[s t ^! m5 belong$ to guilds ( apo!c>ies & goldsmi?s respectively2 a pretty little insight into anci5t ,jewi% trade hi/ory4 ,9 ,ecclesia/es1 x1 #a1 we come to ! (t quot$ p>allel1 8,dead flies cause ! o9tm5t ( ! apo!c>y to s5d =? a /9k+ sav\r10 ?is be+ lik5$ to a little folly spoil+ a reputation = wisdom4 ,! revis]s h sub/itut$ p]fum] = apo!c>y 9 ?is text4 ,!y c]ta9ly ought to h *ang$ o9tm5t = pomade 9 ! same text to expla9 _! view ( ! mean+ ( ! passage4 ,9 ! passage already quot$ f ! apocryphal book ( ,ecclesia/icus1 xxxviii1 #h1 8,( su* do? ! apo!c>y make a confection10 & 9 xlix1 #a1 8,! remembrance ( ,josias is l ! composition ( ! p]fume made by ! art ( ! apo!c>y10 ! revis]s h n se5 fit to alt] ! trade designation4 ,! words translat$ apo!c>y1 comp\nd1 o9tm5t1 & confection 9 ! passages cit$1 & 9 _m o!rs 9 ! ,hebrew scriptures1 are all inflexions ( ! root v]b1 ,raka* 79 :i* ! f9al * is a /rong aspirate or guttural74 ,ges5ius says ( ?is root1 8,! prim>y idea appe>s to be 9 mak+ ! spices small :i* are mix$ ) ! oil40 ,! apo!c>y1 !re=e1 may be reg>d$ z a cru%]1 or p\nd]4 ,,ph>macy1 ,,disgraceful4 ,! ,greek ^w1 ph>makeia1 ! orig9al ( our 8ph>macy10 _h a r mix$ hi/ory 9 its native language4 ,x does n seem to h exactly det]iorat$1 z words 9 all languages h a habit ( do+1 = f ! e>lie/ times x 0 us$ concurr5tly to describe ! prep>ation ( m$ic9es1 & also ?r\gh its association ) drugs & poisons & ! production ( philtres1 z equival5t to sorc]y & wit*craft4 ,x is 9 ?is latt] s5se t x is employ$ exclusively 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,/4 ,paul1 = in/ance 79 ,galatians1 v1 #bj71 enum]at+ ! works ( ! fle% names x aft] idolatry4 ,! ^w appe>s z wit*craft 9 ! ,au?oris$1 & z sorc]y 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion4 ,ph>makeia or "o ( its d]ivatives also occurs sev]al times 9 ! ,book ( ,revelations 7ix1 #ba2 xviii1 #bc2 xxi1 #h1 & xxii1 #ae71 & is uni=mly r5d]$ sorc]y or sorc]]s 9 bo? v]sions1 & is associat$ ) crime4 ,hippocrates uses ! v]b ,ph>makeue9 ) ! mean+ ( to purge1 b he else:]e employs ! same ^w ) ! mean+ ( to drug a p]son1 to give a /upefy+ draught4 ,9 ,hom] ! ^w 8,ph>maka0 appe>s 9 ! s5ses ( bo? noxi\s & heal+ drugs1 & also to repres5t en*ant$ potions or philtres4 ,! ^w 8ph>makoi0 9 lat] times came to be us$ = ! crim9als :o 7 sacrific$ = ! b5efit ( ! communities1 & ?us x acquir$ its l[e/ /age ( signification4 ,x is rem>kable & unusual = a ^w :i* has once fall5 z ?is "o did to recov] its respectable position aga94 ,,drugs ,,nam$ ,,9 ,,! ,,bible4 ,,balm ,,( ,,gilead is n[ usually id5tifi$ ) ! exudation f ! ,balsamum ,gilead5se1 kn[n z ,opobalsamum1 a delicately odor\s res9\s sub/ance ( a d>k r$ col\r1 turn+ yell[ z x solidifies4 ,x is n n[ us$ 9 mod]n ph>macy1 except 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ,london ,ph>macopia ( #agdf au?oris$ ! sub/itution ( express$ oil ( nutmeg = x 9 ! =mula = ,!riaca4 ,"s ,biblical comm5tators h pref]r$ to reg>d ma/ic z ! orig9al ,balm ( ,gilead1 & o!rs h ?\ght t /yrax has fulfill$ ! description4 ,at ?is day ! monks ( ,j]i*o sell to t\ri/s an oily gum extract$ f ! ,takkum1 or ,balanites ,egyptiaca1 z ,balm ( ,gilead4 ,x is put up 9 t9 cases1 & is said to be useful 9 ! treatm5t ( sores & w\nds2 b x _c be ! true ,balm ( ! ,bible4 ,! ref]5ces to ,balm ( ,gilead 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t %[ t x 0 export$ f ,arabia to ,egypt f v e>ly times4 ,! ,i%maelites 8f ,gilead0 :o b\ght ,joseph1 7 c>ry+ x d[n to ,egypt ) o!r ,ea/]n gums & spices 7,g5esis1 xxxvii1 #be74 8,a little balm0 0 among ! gifts :i* ,jacob told 8 sons to take to ! "l ( ,egypt 7,g5esis1 xliii1 #aa74 ,?is 0 ! same sub/ance3 tsora 9 ,hebrew4 ,! translation 8balm0 9 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion is said 9 ! ,encyclop$ia ,biblica to be 8an un=tunate inh]itance f ,cov]dale's ,bible40 ,:y x is un=tunate is n cle>1 unless x is t ! ,engli% ^w sugge/s ! idea ( a m$ic9e4 ,9 ! ,g5esis ref]5ces to ! sub/ance !re is no indication t ! tsora 0 employ$ z a rem$y1 b 9 ! ,book ( ,j]emiah x is m5tion$ ?ree times 7viii1 #bb2 xlvi1 #aa2 li1 #h71 & 9 all ^! allusions its heal+ virtues are emphasis$4 ,wyclif translates tsora 9 ,g5esis 8sweete gum10 &1 9 ,j]emiah1 8resyn40 ,cov]dale adopts 8triacle0 9 ,j]emiah4 ,! ,septuag9t r5d]$ ! ,hebrew tsora into ! ,greek ret91 res94 ,! text ( ! prophetic book leaves x op5 to d\bt :e!r ! balm 0 = int]nal or ext]nal adm9i/ration4 ,probably x 0 made into an o9tm5t4 ,gilead 0 ! c\ntry on ! ,ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 n v def9$ 9 ext5t1 a geographical expression = ! m\nta9\s region :i* ! ,israelites took f ! ,amorites4 ,b x is n necess>y to suppose t ! balsam 0 produc$ 9 t di/rict4 ,josephus /ates t ! ,balsamum ,gilead5se1 ! ,opobalsamum tree1 0 gr[n 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,j]i*o2 b he also reports ! tradition t x 0 br\ght to ,judea by ! ,que5 ( ,%eba :5 %e visit$ ,solomon4 ,?is is n incompatible ) ! mu* e>li] record ( ! ,i%maelites c>ry+ x 8f ,gilead0 to ,egypt4 ,= ! ,sabaeans :o inhabit$ ! s\!rn "p ( ,arabia 7 f v e>ly times ! great trad]s ( ! ,ea/1 & !y w\ld h suppli$ ! balm to ^! ,i%maelites 9 ! regul> c\rse ( comm]ce4 ,! ,sabaeans are believ$ to h colonis$ ,abyss9ia1 & ! ,que5 ( ,%eba may h come f t c\ntry4 ,b :e!r ! tree 0 orig9ally gr[n 9 ,africa or ,arabia1 !re is no d\bt ab\t ! e/eem 9 :i* x 0 held by _m nations4 ,/rabo 7,b4,c4 #bcj7 says3 8,9 t mo/ happy l& ( ! ,sabaeans gr[ frank9c5se1 myrrh1 & c9namon2 & on ! coa/ t is ab\t ,saba1 ! balsam also40 ,_m lat] writ]s allude to its co/l9ess & to its m$ic9al virtues2 ,pl9y tells u t x 0 pref]r$ to all o!r od\rs4 ,he also /ates t ! tree 0 only gr[n 9 ,judea1 & !re only 9 two g>d5s1 bo? belong+ to ! ,k+4 ,,inc5se4 ,! =mula = ! holy inc5se giv5 9 ,exodus1 xxx1 #ce1 is suffici5tly def9ite4 ,tak+ x z x is translat$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 ! prescription ord]s /acte1 ony*a1 galbanum & frank9c5se1 equal p>ts2 season$ ) salt2 p[d]$4 ,! ^w translat$ inc5se 9 t passage1 & also 9 ,deut]onomy1 xxxiii1 #aj1 & 9 ,j]emiah1 xliv1 #ba1 is ,ketorah1 :i* orig9ally meant a p]fum$ or sav\ry smoke4 ,9 ! ,septuag9t ! ^w us$ = ,ketorah is ,?ymiana4 ,9 o!r passages 7,isaiah1 xliii1 #cc1 lx1 #f1 lxvi1 #c2 ,j]emiah1 vi1 #bj2 xvii1 #bf1 & xli1 #e71 ! ^w us$ 9 ,hebrew 0 ,lebonah4 ,?is 9 our ,au?oris$ ,v]sion appe>s ea* "t z inc5se1 b 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion ! "n frank9c5se is uni=mly adopt$4 ,lebonah meant :it5ess1 probably milk9ess be+ und]/ood 9 ?is connection1 & travell]s /ate t :5 ! gum exudes f ! tree x is milky-:ite4 ,! ,greek equival5t1 libanos1 occurs sev]$ times 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,matt41 ii1 #aa2 ,revelations1 xviii1 #c74 ,! ,arabic t]m 0 luban1 & app>5tly olibanum is a modification ( ?is ,arabic "n ) ! article prefix$1 ,al-luban4 ,! common trade t]m 8?us0 is ! ,greek ^w = inc5se1 & is d]iv$ f ! v]b ?ue91 to sacrifice4 ,?urible 0 ! ,greek equival5t ( ! c5s]4 ,! same ^w has be5 modifi$ into fume 9 ,engli%4 ,!re is1 besides1 a common gum ?us1 obta9$ f ! p9es :i* yield ,am]ican turp5t9e4 ,olibanum1 or frank9c5se1 d]iv$ f v>i\s species ( ! ,boswellia1 0 greatly priz$ among _m ( ! anci5t nations1 especially by ! ,egyptians1 ! ,assyrians1 & ! ,phnicians4 ,! f9e/ qualities 7 gr[n 9 ,somalil&1 b ! /ocks ( ^! 7 always b\ght up by ! ,arabs1 :o monopolis$ ! comm]ce 9 olibanum4 ,x 0 believ$ = c5turies t ! %rub f :i* x 0 obta9$ 0 a native ( ,s\? ,arabia1 & an old ,ea/]n leg5d allud$ to 9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,moses decl>es t ,adam 0 all[$ to br+ ?is tree ) him :5 he 0 expell$ f ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,bruce1 ! ,african travell]1 fir/ asc]ta9$ its ,african orig94 ,! hi/orical notes on ,olibanum 9 8,ph>macographia0 are extremely int]e/+ & complete4 ,/acte1 9 ,hebrew ,nataph1 is frequ5tly id5tifi$ ) opobalsamum1 & ?is int]pretation is giv5 9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion4 ,b !re are reasons = reg>d+ x z a p>ticul>ly f9e k9d ( myrrh 9 drops or te>s4 ,nataph meant some?+ dropp$ or di/ill$4 ,galbanum1 x is n disput$1 0 ! galbanum kn[n to u by ! same "n4 ,its ,hebrew "n 0 ,helbanah or ,*elbanah4 ,x has be5 an article ( comm]ce f v e>ly times1 b ! exact plant f :i* x is obta9$ is v unc]ta94 ,hanbury /ates t ! ,irv+ite *apels 9 ,london /ill use galbanum z an +r$i5t 9 _! inc5se 9 imitation ( ! anci5t ,jewi% cu/om4 ,ony*a has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion4 ,! balance ( le>n$ op9ion fav\rs ! view t x is ! op]culum ( a species ( sea-snail f\nd on ! %ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,x is kn[n z ,unguis odoratus1 blatta ,byzant9a1 & devil's claw4 ,nubian wom5 to ?is day use x ) myrrh1 cloves1 frank9c5se1 & c9namon1 to p]fume !mselves4 ,! inc5se made f ! =mula j quot$ 0 res]v$ specially = ! s]vice ( ! tab]nacle1 & x 0 =bidd51 "u ! p5alty ( be+ cut (f f 8 p1 = any private p]son to imitate x4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t ! ,israelites cont9u$ to use ! same =mula = _! ,temple s]vices4 ,josephus /ates t ! inc5se ( 8 day consi/$ ( ?irte5 +r$i5ts4 ,^! 71 z we le>n f ,talmudic in/ructions1 9 addition to ! f\r gums nam$ 9 ! ,exodus =mula1 ! salt ) :i* x _h to be season$1 myrrh1 cassia1 spik5>d1 saffron1 co/us1 mace1 c9namon1 & a c]ta9 h]b :i* _h ! prop]ty ( mak+ ! smoke ( ! inc5se asc5d /raight1 & 9 ! =m ( a date palm4 ,?is h]b 0 only kn[n to ! family ( ,abt9as1 to :om 0 entru/$ ! sole "r ( prep>+ ! inc5se = ! ,temple4 ,rooms 7 provid$ = !m 9 ! prec9cts1 & !y suppli$ #cfh m9as 7ab\t #cfh lbs47 to ! ,temple = a ye>'s consumption2 t 0 #a lb4 p] day & an extra #c lbs4 = ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury 7,a4,d47 ?is family 7 dismiss$ because !y refus$ to divulge _! secret4 ,! ,temple au?orities s5t to ,alex&ria = "s apo!c>ies to succe$ !m1 b ^! ,egyptian exp]ts c\ld n make ! smoke asc5d prop]ly1 s ! ,abt9as _h to be re-engag$ at a consid]ably increas$ sal>y4 ,!y gave z a reason = _! secrecy _! fe> t ! ,temple w\ld soon be de/roy$ & _! inc5se w\ld be us$ = idolatr\s sacrifices4 ,! inc5se n[ us$ 9 ,ca?olic *ur*es is n made accord+ to ! ,biblical =mula4 ,! foll[+ is a typical recipe 9 actual use3--,olibanum1 #dej2 b5zo91 #bej2 /orax1 #abj2 sug>1 #ajj2 casc>illa1 #fj2 nitre1 #aej4 ,,olive ,,oil4 ,among all ! anci5t ,ea/]n nations olive oil 0 "o ( ! mo/ preci\s ( products4 ,x 0 us$ lavi%ly by ! ,egyptians = ! hair & ! sk91 z well z 9 all sorts ( c]emonies4 ,! ,israelites held x 9 ! highe/ e/eem be=e !y w5t to ,egypt1 ! e>lie/ allusion to x 9 ! ,scriptures be+ 9 ,g5esis1 xxviii1 #ah1 :]e we read t ,jacob p\r$ oil on ! /one :i* he set up at ,be!l1 evid5tly ) ! idea ( consecrat+ x4 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,moses has a leg5d ( ,adam's exp]i5ce ( its m$ic9al virtues 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,:5 he 0 9 8 #icj? ye> he 0 seiz$ ) great pa9 9 8 /oma* & sickness4 ,!n he told ,eve to take ,se? & g z ne> z !y c\ld get to ! ,g>d51 & pray to ,god to p]mit an angel to br+ !m "s oil f ! tree ( m]cy s t he might ano9t himself !re) & be free ( 8 pa94 ,eve & ,se? 71 h[ev]1 met by ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael1 :o told !m to return to ,adam1 = 9 ?ree days ! measure ( 8 life w\ld be fulfill$4 ,to ! ,israelites 9 ! ,des]t ! anticipation ( ! 8corn & w9e & oil0 ( ,canaan 0 always pres5t1 & ?r\gh\t _! hi/ory !re are abundant evid5ces ( h[ !y priz$ x4 ,! prescription = ! 8holy ano9t+ oil0 giv5 9 ,exodus1 xxx1 #bc1 is v rem>kable4 ,x 0 to be comp\nd$ ( ! foll[+ +r$i5ts3-- ,fl[+ myrrh #ejj %ekels4 ,sweet c9namon #bej ,sweet calamus #bej ,cassia 7or co/us7 #ejj ,olive oil ,"o h94 ,x is ! ,revis$ ,v]sion :i* gives 8fl[+ myrrh10 app>5tly ! gum :i* exudes spontane\sly4 ,! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion reads 8pure myrrh40 ,! ,revis$ ,v]sion also sugge/s co/us 9 ! m>g9 z an alt]native to cassia4 ,?is oil 0 to be kept v sacr$4 ,any "o :o %\ld comp\nd any oil l x 0 to be cut (f f 8 p4 ,a h9 0 a measure equival5t to ab\t #e ( our qu>ts4 ,! %ekel 0 ne>ly #ae lbs41 & "s ( ! ,rabbis insi/ t ! 8%ekel ( ! sanctu>y0 0 twice ! weight ( ! ord9>y %ekel4 ,at ! l[e/ reckon+1 less ?an #f qu>ts ( oil 7 to take up ! extract f ne>ly #ij lbs4 ( solid sub/ance4 ,x w be se5 on ref]5ce t ! %ekel weights are n def9itely /at$1 b ! v]ses c h>dly be o!rwise read4 ,"s critics h sugge/$ t s _m %ekels' wor? is int5d$1 b ?is read+ "u ! circum/ances is almo/ inadmissible4 ,maimonides1 a great ,jewi% au?ority1 says ! me?od 0 to boil ! spices & gum 9 wat] until _! od\rs 7 extract$ z fully z possible1 & !n to boil ! wat] & ! oil toge!r until ! =m] 0 entirely evaporat$4 ,d\btless ! expression 8aft] ! art ( ! apo!c>y0 7or 8p]fum]10 ,r4,v47 0 a suffici5t explanation to ^? ,israelites :o _h practis$ t art 9 ,egypt4 ,! consi/5ce ( ! oil c\ld n h be5 ?ick1 = :5 us$ x trickl$ d[n on ,a>on's be>d4 ,rabb9ical leg5ds say t ! quantity ( ! holy oil prep>$ at ! "t :5 x 0 fir/ prescrib$ 0 su* z w\ld miracul\sly suffice to ano9t ! ,jewi% prie/s & k+s all ?r\gh _! hi/ory4 ,9 ! reign ( ,josiah ! vessel conta9+ ! holy oil 0 my/]i\sly hidd5 away ) ! ark1 & w n be discov]$ until ! ,messiah comes4 ,messiah1 x ne$ h>dly be said1 means simply ano9t$2 & ,*ri/ is ! ,greek equival5t ( ! ,hebrew ^w4 ,,manna4 ,! manna ( ! wild]ness provid$ = ! *ildr5 ( ,israel on _! j\rney t[>ds ,canaan has no claim to be reg>d$ z a drug1 except t a drug has 9 mod]n times usurp$ its "n4 ,:5 ! ,israelites fir/ saw ! small r\nd p>ticles 8l ho> fro/ on ! gr\nd0 7,exodus1 xvi1 #ad7 !y said1 accord+ to ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 8,x is manna2 = !y wi/ n :at x 040 ,! ,revis$ ,v]sion makes ! s5t5ce read m intelligibly by translat+ ! ,hebrew ^w ,man-hu int]rogatively ?us3--8,:at is x8 ,= !y wi/ n :at x 040 ,?is ,hebrew int]rogation has be5 widely adopt$ z ! orig9 ( ! "n1 b x is m probable t ! ,hebrew ^w man1 a gift1 is ! true d]ivation4 ,eb]s sugge/$ ! ,egyptian ^w 8manhu10 food1 z a probable explanation4 ,! ,arabic ^w = ! manna ( ,s9ai is /ill 8man40 ,?is is ! sub/ance :i* sci5tific inve/igators h agre$ is ! manna describ$ 9 ,exodus4 ,x is an exudation f ! ,tam>isk mannif]a1 a %rub :i* gr[s 9 ! valleys ( ! ,s9ai p59sula1 ! manna be+ yield$ f ! "y bran*es aft] ! punctures ( c]ta9 insects4 ,ano!r ,ea/]n manna1 a ,p]sian product f a legum9\s plant1 ,alhagi ,maurorum1 & a manna yield$ by an ev]gre5 oak 9 ,kurdi/an1 are /ill sold & us$ 9 "s ,ea/]n c\ntries = food & m$ic9e4 ,b 9 ,europe1 & to "s ext5t 9 ! ,ea/ also1 ,sicilian manna1 ! product ( an a% tree1 ,frax9us ornus1 has displac$ ! old sorts s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! comm]ce 9 ?is article & its hi/ory 7 inve/igat$ by ,mr4 ,daniel ,hanbury & describ$ by him 9 ,sci5ce ,pap]s & 9 ,ph>macographia4 ,! rabb9ical leg5ds conc]n+ ! manna ( ! wild]ness are _m & /range4 ,"o is to ! effect t :5 x lay on ! gr\nd all ! k+s ( ! ,ea/ & ( ! ,we/ c\ld see x f _! palace w9d[s4 ,accord+ to ,zabdi b5 ,levi x 0 provid$ 9 su* abundance t x cov]$ e morn+ an area ( #b1jjj cubits squ>e & 0 #fj cubits 9 dep?4 ,ea* day's fall 0 suffici5t to n\ri% ! camp = #b1jjj ye>s4 ,! ,book ( ,wisdom 7xvi1 #bj1 #ba7 tells u t ! manna s accommodat$ itself to e ta/e t x prov$ palatable & pleas+ to all4 8,able to cont5t e man's delight1 & agree+ to e ta/e40 ,! rabb9ical leg5ds enl>ge ?is /atem5t & assure u t to ^? ,israelites :o did n murmur ! manna became fi%1 fle%1 f[l at w4 ,?is is 9 a degree bas$ on ! words 9 ,ps4 lxxviii1 #bd1 #be1 9 :i* x is describ$ z 8corn ( heav51 bread ( ! mighty1 & meat to ! full40 ,b ! traditions say x c\ld n acquire ! flav\rs ( cucumb]s1 melons1 g>lic1 or onions1 all ( :i* 7 ,egyptian reli%es :i* 7 ke5ly regrett$ by ! tribes4 ,x is also on record among ! leg5ds t ! manna 0 pure n\ri%m5t4 ,all ( x 0 assimilat$2 s t ! grosse/ (fice ( ! body 0 n ex]cis$4 ,x 0 provid$ expressly = ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,if any /rang] tri$ to collect any x slipp$ f 8 grasp4 ,,bdellium4 ,bdellium 7,heb4 ,b$olo*7 is m5tion$ 9 ,g5esis1 ii1 #ab1 z be+ f\nd along ) gold & onyx 9 ! l& ( ,havilah1 ne> ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,! association ) gold & onyx sugge/s t bdellium 0 a preci\s /one4 ,! ,septuag9t translates ! ^w 9 ,g5esis1 an?rax1 c>buncle2 b r5d]s ! same ,hebrew ^w 9 ,numb]s1 xi1 #g1 :]e ! manna is lik5$ to bdellium1 by ,kry/allos1 cry/als4 ,! ,greek bdellion describ$ by ,dioscorides & ,pl9y 0 ! fragrant gum f a species ( ,balsamod5dron1 & ?is ^w 0 almo/ c]ta9ly d]iv$ f an ,ea/]n s\rce1 & might easily h be5 orig9ally a g5]ic t]m = pe>ls4 ,pe>ls w\ld bett] ?an any?+ else fit ! ref]5ce 9 ,numb]s 78l cori&] se$1 & ! appe>ance !re( z ! appe>ance ( bdellium071 & ?is is ! mean+ atta*$ to ! ^w 9 ! rabb9ical traditions4 ,"s au?orities h conjectur$ t ! 80 7d7 ( b$ola* may h be5 sub/itut$ = 80 7r7 b]ola*1 s t ! b]yl /one may h be5 int5d$4 ,,aloes ,,wood4 ,ref]5ces to aloes are frequ5t 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,! fir/ allusion is f\nd 9 ,numb]s1 xxiv1 #f1 :5 9 8 poetic prophecy ,balaam describes ,israel fl\ri%+ 8z lign-aloes :i* ! ,"l ha? plant$40 ,! o!r allusions occur 9 ,psalm xlv1 #h1 ,prov]bs1 vii1 #ag1 ,canticles1 iv1 #ad1 & ,john1 xix1 #ci4 ,9 ! f\r la/-nam$ passages aloes is associat$ ) myrrh z a p]fume4 ,( c\rse x is und]/ood t ! lign or lignum aloes1 ! p]fum$ wood ( ! aquil>ia agallo*a1 ! eagle wood ( ,india1 is meant1 b z t tree is believ$ n to h be5 kn[n except 9 ! ,malayan p59sula 9 ! days ( ,balaam1 critics h rem>k$ on ! extraord9>y circum/ance t x %\ld be us$ z a simile by an orator 9 ,pale/9e :o w\ld naturally select objects = comp>ison famili> to 8 he>]s4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 & ) mu* =ce1 t ! orig9al ^w 9 ,balaam's prophecy may h be5 ! ,hebrew ^w = ! palm or date tree4 ,! ,septuag9t translates ! ^w 8t5ts40 ,,myrrh4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! /acte ord]$ 9 ! =mula = inc5se 0 probably a v f9e k9d ( liquid myrrh 7! fl[+ myrrh ( ! holy oil =mula74 ,b myrrh 7,heb4 mur7 is sev]al times directly m5tion$4 ,e/h] purifi$ h]self = six mon?s ) oil ( myrrh 7ii1 #ab72 myrrh1 aloes1 & cassia are gr\p$ z sweet od\rs 9 ,ps4 xlv1 #h2 ) c9namon 9 ! place ( cassia 9 ,prov41 vii1 #ag1 & 9 num]\s v]ses ( ! ,song ( ,songs4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x is nam$ among ! gifts :i* ! wise m5 br\ght to ! ,savi\r4 ,nicodemus br\ght myrrh & aloes to embalm ! body ( ,jesus4 ,on ! cross ,/4 ,mat!w 7xxvii1 #cd7 names v9eg> mix$ ) gall z a dr9k giv5 to ,*ri/ by ! soldi]s2 9 an app>5tly p>allel passage 9 ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel 7xv1 #bc7 w9e ) myrrh is ! mixture describ$4 ,x is possible t ,mat!w writ+ 9 ,syriac may h us$ ! ^w mur 7myrrh7 & t 8 translator into ,greek read f 8 manuscript ,m> 7gall74 ,9 ,g5esis1 xxxvii1 #be1 & xliii1 #aa1 ! ^w translat$ myrrh is ,lo? 7n mur7 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,! be/ op9ion is t ?is meant ladanum1 ! gum f ! ci/us labdanif]us :i* ,dioscorides /ates 0 scrap$ f ! be>ds ( goats :i* _h f$ on ! leaves ( ?is %rub & _h tak5 up "s ( ! exud+ gum4 ,,wormwood4 ,! ,israelites _h great objection to bitt] flav\rs1 & ! c\pl+ ( 8gall & wormwood0 expresses some?+ extremely unpleasant4 ,! ,hebrew ^w is ,la'anah1 & ! ,septuag9t twice r5d]s ?is hemlock 7,hos41 x1 #d & ,amos1 vi1 #ab7 b 9 o!r places wormwood4 ,! /> :i* fell f heav5 & made ! riv]s bitt] 7,rev41 viii1 #aa7 0 call$ by ! ,greek "n = wormwood1 ,aps9?os4 ,,hyssop4 ,hyssop is a ^w :i* has occasion$ mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion among int]pret]s4 ,! ,hebrew ^w hezob 0 translat$ 9 ! ,septuag9t by hyssopos1 & ?is ^w is us$ twice 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,f ref]5ces us$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* x is cle> t 8a bun* ( hyssop0 0 employ$ 9 ! ,israeliti% ritual = spr9kl+ purposes 7,exodus1 xii1 #bb2 ,leviticus1 xiv1 #d & #f2 ,numb]s1 xix1 #f & #ah74 ,f #a ,k+s1 iv1 #cc1 x appe>s t x 0 a %rub t grew 9 crevices ( walls2 f ,psalm li1 #g1 8,purge me ) hyssop & ,i %all be clean10 x has be5 assum$ to h possess$ purgative prop]ties1 ?\gh x is m likely t ! allusion 0 to ! c]emonial purification ( ! law2 accord+ to ,/4 ,john its /em 0 us$ to h& up ! sponge ( v9eg> to ! ,savi\r on ! cross1 b ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,m>k use ! t]m calamus1 or a re$4 ,x may h be5 t a bun* ( hyssop 0 fix$ to ! re$ & ! sponge ( v9eg> plac$ on ! hyssop4 ,"s le>n$ comm5tators h conjectur$ t ! ^w hyssopos 9 ,/4 ,john's acc\nt 0 orig9ally hysso1 a well-kn[n ,greek ^w = ! ,roman pilum or javel94 ,! o!r allusion 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t occurs 9 ,hebrews1 ix1 #ai1 & is m]ely a quotation f ! ,p5tateu*4 ,x has be5 f\nd impossible to apply ! descriptions quot$ to any "o plant4 ,t :i* we n[ call hyssop 7,hyssopus (fic9alis7 does n gr[ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t x 0 n t %rub4 ,! cap] has be5 sugge/$ & /rongly support$1 b ! be/ mod]n op9ion is t ! ^w 0 appli$ g5]ically to sev]al k9ds ( origanum :i* 7 common 9 ,syria4 ,,junip]4 ,! ,hebrew ^w ro!m1 translat$ junip] 9 our ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 has giv5 mu* tr\ble to translators4 ,! ,septuag9t m]ely conv]t$ ! ,hebrew ^w into a ,greek "o1 & ! ,vulgate foll[$ ! ,septuag9t4 ,! allusions to ! tree are 9 #a ,k+s1 xix1 #d & #e1 :]e ,elijah slept "u a junip] tree2 ,job1 xxx1 #d1 speaks ( c]ta9 m5 s poor t !y cut up mall[s by ! bu%es1 & junip] roots = _! meat2 & ,psalm cxx1 #d1 8,%>p arr[s ( ! mighty ) coals ( junip]40 ,! tree allud$ to 0 almo/ c]ta9ly ! ,broom1 & x is s r5d]$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion ei!r 9 ! text or 9 ! m>g9 9 all ! in/ances4 ,! ,arabic "n = ! broom is ratam1 evid5tly a desc5dant ( ro!m4 ,! ,g5i/a roetam is said to be ! l>ge/ & mo/ conspicu\s %rub 9 ! des]ts ( ,pale/9e1 & w\ld be readily *os5 = its %ade by a we>y travell]4 ,! mall[s 9 ! ,book ( ,job are translat$ salt wort 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion4 ,r5an gives 8,!y ga!r _! salads f ! bu%es40 ,salads 7 reg>d$ z indisp5sable by ! poore/ ,jews4 ,! coals ( junip] 7or broom7 are suppos$ to h ref]5ce to ! la/+ fire :i* ?is wood furni%es1 b o!r translations sugge/ z ! prop] read+ ( ! v]se 8,! arr[s ( a w>rior are ! tongues ( ! p ( ! t5ts ( ,misram40 ,,jonah',s ,,g\rd4 ,! ,g\rd1 ( :i* we read 9 ,jonah1 iv1 #f-aj1 is ,kikaion 9 ,hebrew1 & !re has be5 "s d\bt :at ! plant c\ld h be5 :i* grew s rapidly & 0 s quickly de/roy$4 ,x is /at$ t ! ,"l made ?is gr[ ov] ! boo? :i* ! prophet _h erect$ 9 a s+le night1 & provide a %ade ( :i* ,jonah 0 8exce$+ly glad40 ,! next morn+1 h[ev]1 a worm attack$ x1 & x )]$4 ,! au?or ( 8,h>ris's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,bible10 ,dr4 ,?addeus ,m4 ,h>ris1 ( ,dor*e/]1 ,massa*usetts 7#ahbd71 quotes f an e>li] "w1 8,scripture ,illu/rat$10 a curi\s acc\nt ( a viol5t dispute betwe5 ,/4 ,j]ome & ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 ref]5ce to ! id5tification ( ?is plant4 ,accord+ to ?is au?or 8^? pi\s fa!rs 444 n only diff]$ 9 words1 b f words !y proce$$ to bl[s2 & ,j]ome 0 accus$ ( h]esy at ,rome by ,augu/9e4 ,j]ome ?\ght ! plant 0 an ivy1 & plead$ ! au?ority ( ,aquila1 ,symma*us1 ,!odotion1 & o!rs2 ,augu/9e ?\ght x 0 a g\rd1 & he 0 support$ by ! ,sev5ty1 ! ,syriac1 ! ,arabic1 c4 ,_h ei!r ( !m ev] se5 ! plant8 ,nei!r4 ,let ! errors ( ^! pi\s m5 tea* u to ?9k m mildly1 if n m meekly1 respect+ our own op9ions2 & n to exclaim ,h]esy1 or to en=ce ! exclamation1 :5 ! subject is ( s little importance z--g\rd v]sus ivy40 ,:ile endors+ ! practical lesson :i* ! au?or j cit$ extracts f 8 r unpleasant /ory1 ,i ?9k ,i ought to app5d to ?is n>rative ano!r :i* is giv5 9 ,g]>d's ,h]bal 7#aeig7 :i* seems to be incompatible ) ! previ\sly quot$ acc\nt ( ! qu>rel4 ,?is is :at ,g]>d writes3-- 8,ric9us1 :]e( m5tion is made 9 ! f\r? *apt] & sixt v]se ( ! prophecie ( ,jonas1 0 call$ ( ! ,talmudi/s kik1 = 9 ! ,talmud we reade ,velo bes*em5 kik1 t is 9 ,engli%1 ,& n ) ! oile ( kik2 :i* oile is call$ 9 ! ,arabian toong ,alk]ua1 z ,rabbi ,samuel ! sonne ( ,h(ni te/ifie?4 ,moreov] a c]ta9 ,rabb9e moove? a "q say+ ,:at is kik8 ,h]eunto ,res* ,la*is* make? answ] 9 ,ghem>a1 say+ ,kik is no?+ else b ,jonas 8 kikaijon4 ,& t ?is is true x appe>e? by t "n kiki :i* ! anci5t ,greeke phisicions & ! ,aegyptians us$1 :i* ,greeke ^w come? ( ! ,hebrew kik4 ,h]eby x appe]e? t ! olde writ]s long ago1 ?\gh unwitt+ly1 call$ ?is plant by 8 true "n4 ,b ! olde ,lat9e writ]s knew x by ! "n ,cucurbita :i* evid5tly is manife/$ by an ,hi/orie :i* ,/4 ,augu/9e recorde? 9 8 ,epi/le to ,/4 ,j]ome :]e 9 effect he write? ?us3--,t "n kikaijon is ( small mom5t yet s small a matt] caus$ a great tumult 9 ,africa4 ,= on a "t a c]ta9e ,bi%op hav+ occasion to intreat ( ?is :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ,jonas 8 prophecie 79 a collation or s]mon :i* he made 9 8 ca!dral *ur* or place ( assemblie71 said t ?is plant 0 call$ ,cucurbita1 a ,g\rde1 because x increas$ to s great a quantitie 9 s %ort a space1 or else 7sai? he7 x is call$ ,h$]a4 ,^u ! novelty & untru? ( ?is doctr9e ! p 7 greatly (f5d$1 & !re arose a tumult & hurly burly1 s t ! bi%op 0 in=c$ to g to ! ,jews to aske _! judgem5t z t\*+ ! "n ( ?is plant4 ,& :5 he _h receiv$ ( !m ! true "n :i* 0 kikaijon1 he made 8 op5 recantation & confess$ 8 error1 & 0 ju/ly accus$ ( be+ a falsifi] ( ,holy ,scripture40 ,i quote ! lett] z ,g]>d gives x )\t q und]/&+ x1 & ,i h n be5 able to trace its orig94 ,b x is cle> t if ,/4 ,augu/9e ?\ght x 0 su* a small matt] he w\ld h>dly h qu>rell$ s viol5tly ) ,/4 ,j]ome ab\t x4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ! /ory ( ! qu>rel is f\nd$ on ?is lett]4 ,moreov] ! conclusion seems to be t ! g\rd 0 n a cucurbita b ! ,palma ,*ri/i4 ,! importance ( ,j]ome's translation ( ! ^w repres5t+ ! plant to be ,ivy 7,h$]a7 is t he incorporat$ x into 8 ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,bible kn[n z ! ,vulgate4 ,! mu* old] ,septuag9t 7,greek7 translation gives 8kolokyn?a10 ! bottle g\rd1 z ! r5d]+ ( ! ,hebrew kikaion4 ,! ,sw$i% botani/ & !ologian ,celsius /rongly support$ ! view t ,jonah's g\rd 0 ! ,palma ,*ri/i 9 8 8,hi]obotanicon2 sive de ,plantis ,sacrae ,scripturae10 #agdf4 ,b ?\gh ?is tree is ( v rapid gr[?1 & is plant$ be=e h\ses 9 ! ,ea/ = its %ade1 & ?\gh philological argum5ts are 9 its fav\r1 ,dr4 ,ha/+s 78,encyclopdia ,biblica07 rejects ! sugge/ion & pref]s ! ,septuag9t v]sion because he ?9ks ! passage cle>ly indicates t a v9e is int5d$4 ,he consid]s !re is no support1 ei!r botanical or etymological1 = ! selection ( ivy to repres5t ! g\rd4 ,,! ,,wild ,,g\rds m5tion$ 9 #b ,k+s1 iv1 #ci1 are g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 colocyn? fruit1 ?\gh ! squirt+ cucumb] 7,ecbalium purgans7 has also be5 sugge/$4 ,! plant on :i* ?is gr[s1 h[ev]1 w\ld h>dly be call$ a wild v9e1 = x has no t5drils4 ,! ,jews 7 9 ! habit ( %r$d+ v>i\s k9ds ( g\rds 9 _! pottage1 & z n>rat$1 someone _h br\ght a lapful ( ^! g\rds1 ! fruit ( a wild v9e1 & %r$d$ !m into ! pottage :i* 0 be+ prep>$ = ! sons ( ! prophets4 ,! mi/ake c\ld h>dly h be5 made ) ! squirt+ cucumb]1 :i* is v common ?r\gh\t ,pale/9e1 b ! colocyn? only grew on b>r5 s&s l ^? ne> ,gilgal1 & might easily be mi/ak5 = ! globe cucumb]4 ,! mi/ake 0 discov]$ z soon z ! pottage 0 ta/$1 & ! al>m ( 8dea? 9 ! pot0 0 rais$4 ,eli%a1 h[ev]1 ca/+ "s meal 9 ! pot de/roy$ ! bitt] ta/e1 & app>5tly r5d]$ ! pottage q h>mless4 ,,! ,,horse ,,lee* m5tion$ 9 ,prov]bs1 xxx1 #ae1 8,! horse-lee* ha? two daught]s1 cry+ ,give1 ,give10 is a translation ( ,hebrew ,aluka1 ! mean+ ( :i* is n )\t d\bt4 ,! ,hebrew ^w is int]pret$ by correspond+ t]ms 9 ,arabic1 b ( ^! !re are two1 "o mean+ ! lee*1 & ! o!r fate or de/9y4 ,! latt] ^w is suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f ! =m] f ! idea t e p]son's fate cl+s to him4 ,ano!r simil> ,arabic ^w is ,aluk1 a female ghul or vampire1 :o1 x 0 believ$1 suck$ ! blood ( ^? :om %e attack$4 ,,nitre is m5tion$ twice 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 fir/ 9 ,prov]bs1 xxv1 #bj1 8,z v9eg> ^u nitre1 s is he t s+e? songs to a heavy he>t40 ,9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion soda is giv5 in/ead ( nitre 9 ! m>g94 ,! o!r ref]5ce is 9 ,j]emiah1 ii1 #bb1 8,?\gh ?\ wa% !e ) nitre1 & take !e mu* sope40 ,9 ?is passage ! ,revis$ ,v]sion *anges nitre to lye4 ,! ,hebrew ^w is ,ne!r1 ! natrum ( ! ,ea/1 an impure c>bonate ( sodium :i* 0 cond5s$ f c]ta9 salt lakes1 or obta9$ f m>9e plants4 ,v9eg> w\ld cause eff]vesc5ce ) ?is sub/ance1 b n ) nitrate ( pota%4 ,! soap 9 ! same passage 9 ,j]emiah1 9 ,hebrew ,bori?1 0 ei!r ! soap wort or a salt obta9$ f ! a%es ( h]bs by lixiviation4 ,,mu/>d ,,se$s are m5tion$ twice by ! ,savi\r z illu/rations ( some?+ v small3 fir/ z ! small se$ :i* gr[s into a tree1 & second z ! measure ( ev5 a m9ute degree ( fai?4 ,! we$ did 9 fact gr[ 9 ,pale/9e to "s t5 or twelve feet 9 height4 ,,v9eg>4 ,homez 9 ,hebrew1 ,oxus 9 ,greek1 is m5tion$ five times 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & five times 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x 0 us$ z a reli% by ! ,jews1 ! food be+ dipp$ into x be=e eat+4 ,! passages :]e v9eg> is m5tion$ 9 ! acc\nts ( ! ,crucifixion 9 ! sev]al ,gospels are n fully expla9$ by ,biblical s*ol>s4 ,! fir/ adm9i/ration ( v9eg> to ! ,savi\r 01 accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w1 v9eg> mix$ ) gall2 accord+ to ,/4 ,m>k1 v9eg> mix$ ) myrrh4 ,!re are l+ui/ic reasons = assum+ t ! additional +r$i5t may h be5 opium1 giv5 ) a m]ciful int5tion4 ,b bo? evangeli/s /ate t ,jesus refus$ x4 ,! second "t v9eg> 0 giv5 to him on a sponge1 & ,/4 ,luke seems to sugge/ t ?is 0 giv5 9 mock]y4 ,x is suppos$ t ! v9eg> 0 ! posca1 a s\r w9e :i* 0 l>gely drunk by ! ,roman soldi]s4 ,,ane?on4 ,all translators agree t dill & n anise 0 ! 8ane?on0 nam$ ) m9t & cumm9 9 ! passage1 ,mat!w1 xxiii1 #bc4 ,anise 0 nev] gr[n 9 ,pale/9e4 ,! o!r h]bs 7 common 9 g>d5s1 & ! allusion to pay+ ti! on !m1 & to rue 9 a simil> connection 9 ,luke1 xi1 #db1 appe>s to ref] to ! scrupul\s obs]vance ( ! lett] ( ! law by ! ,ph>isees1 ev5 d[n to su* an insignificant matt] z ! ti! on ^! almo/ valueless h]bs4 ,! law did n1 9 fact1 require ti! to be paid except on productions :i* yield$ income4 ,x 0 !re=e r to satisfy _! own self-righte\sness t ! ,ph>isees insi/$ on pay+ ! contribution on m9t & anise & cumm94 ,,saffron is only m5tion$ 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon1 iv1 #ad1 z "o ( ! _m valuable products ( an ,ea/]n g>d54 ,!re is n mu* d\bt t ?is 0 ! crocus sativa kn[n to m$ic9e f ! e>lie/ times4 ,! ,hebrew ^w1 k>kum1 0 kurkum 9 anci5t ,arabic1 & ?is is giv5 9 ,arab diction>ies z equival5t to ! m mod]n za-f>an f :i* our ^w is d]iv$4 ,,pomegranates are always ref]r$ to 9 ! ,scriptures z luxuries4 ,! spies s5t by ,moses to see ! l& ( ,canaan br\ght back pomegranates ) figs & grapes 7,numb]s1 xiii1 #bc72 ! same fruits are promis$ 9 ,deut4 7viii1 #h72 ! )]+ ( ! pomegranate tree is1 ) t ( ! v9e & fig tree1 not$ by ! prophet ,joel 7i1 #ab7 z a sign ( desolation4 ,x is /ill highly priz$ z a fruit 9 ! ,ea/4 ,,! ,,p\ltice ,,( ,,figs appli$ to ,hezekiah's boil 7#b ,k+s1 xx1 #g7 is an int]e/+ rem9isc5ce ( ,israeliti% home m$ic9e4 ,! fig tree (t5 appe>s 9 ! ,bible4 ,"s v le>n$ ,biblical comm5tators 7,celsius1 ,ges5ius1 ,knobel1 among !m7 h believ$ t ! fig leaves ) :i* ,adam & ,eve made aprons 7 9 fact ! v long leaves ( ! banana tree4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is sc>cely possible1 z ! banana is a native ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 & !re is no evid5ce t x 0 kn[n to ! ,jews at ! "t :5 ! ,p5tateu* 0 writt54 ,,spik5>d is m5tion$ ?ree times 9 ! ,song ( ,songs 7i1 #ab1 iv1 #ac1 iv1 #ad71 & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t on two occasions 7,m>k xiv1 #c1 & ,john xii1 #c71 a box ( spik5>d o9tm5t1 8v co/ly0 & 8v preci\s0 is1 9 ! in/ance record$ by ,/4 ,m>k1 p\r$ on ! ,savi\r's head1 & 9 ! n>rative ( ,/4 ,john1 is us$ to ano9t ,8 feet4 ,on bo? occasions we are told t ! value ( ?is box or vase 0 ?ree hundr$ p5ce4 ,x is expla9$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion t ! co9 nam$ 0 equival5t to ab\t #h;d4 ,! price ( ! o9tm5t us$ 0 !re=e ov] t5 p\nds4 ,9 ! ,greek text ! ^w us$ is n>dos pitike4 ,x has be5 v>i\sly conjectur$ t ! adjective may h meant liquid1 g5u9e or p[d]$2 ! ^w l5ds itself to ei!r ( ^? mean+s4 ,or x may h be5 a local t]m1 or possibly x may h be5 alt]$ f a ^w :i* w\ld h meant :at we und]/& by 8spike0 9 botany4 ,! mo/ likely mean+ is 8g5u9e10 = we "k t ?is product 0 at t p]iod a p]fume 9 high e/eem1 & t !re 7 sev]al qualities1 ! be/1 & by f> ! co/lie/1 be+ br\ght f ,india4 ,! o9tm5t employ$ 0 really an otto1 & x 0 import$ into ,rome & o!r cities ( ! ,empire 9 alaba/] vessels4 ,dioscorides & ,gal5 ref] to x z n>do/a*ys4 ,! ,arab "n = x 0 ,sumbul ,h9di1 b ?is mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! sumbul :i* we "k4 ,! ^w sumbul simply means spike4 ,! botanical orig9 ( ! ,scripture spik5>d1 ! n>do/a*ys ( ,dioscorides1 0 cle>$ up1 x is g5]ally agre$1 by ,sir ,william ,jones 9 #agij4 ,he trac$ x to a ,himalayan plant ( ! val]ian ord] :i* 0 aft]w>ds exactly id5tifi$ by ,royle4 ,a ,brahman gave "s ( ! fibr\s roots to ,sir ,william ,jones1 & told him x 0 employ$ 9 _! religi\s sacrifices4 ,pl9y m5tions an o9tm5t ( spik5>d compos$ ( ! ,indian n>d1 ) myrrh1 balm1 cu/os1 amomum1 & o!r +r$i5ts1 b ! 8g5u9e0 n>d allud$ to 9 ! ,gospels 0 probably ! simple otto4 ,pl9y also /ates t ! ,indian n>d 0 wor?1 9 8 "t1 9 ,rome1 "o hundr$ d5>ii p] p\nd4 ,horace m5tions an onyx box ( n>d :i* 0 consid]$ ( equal value ) a l>ge vessel ( w9e3 ,n>do v9um m]eb]e ,n>di p>vus onyx eliciet cadum4 ,,ea/]n ,,imag]y4 ,9 ,ecclesia/es1 xii1 #e1 ! famili> words 8& desire %all fail10 h be5 *ang$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion to 8! cap]-b]ry %all fail40 ,?is alt]ation does n /rike ! ord9>y read] z an improvem5t1 b x appe>s t ! ,revis$ ,v]sion translation is a rev]sion to t ( ! ,septuag9t1 & is probably exactly correct4 ,x is suppos$ to mean ! same ?+4 ,! cap] has always be5 recognis$ z a reli% to meat1 z we use x2 & !re is evid5ce t x 0 giv5 z a /imulat+ m$ic9e among ! ,arabs 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & p]haps f v anci5t times4 ,! idea w\ld be !re=e t ev5 ! cap]-b]ry w n n[ h any effect4 ,! ,revis]s also sugge/ 9 ! m>g9 8bur/0 = 8fail40 ,x is only a "q ( po9ts 9 ,hebrew :i* ^w is int5d$1 & "s ?9k t ! b]ry :5 fully ripe & bur/+ may h be5 an emblem ( dea?4 ,! o!r clauses 9 ! same v]se h giv5 rise to mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion4 8,! almond tree %all fl\ri%0 is g5]ally suppos$ to indicate ! :ite locks ( ! old man4 ,b aga9/ ?is x is object$ t ! almond blossom is n :ite1 b p9k2 & by a slight alt]ation ( ! orig9al x is possible to read 8! almond 7! fruit7 %all be refus$0 or reject$2 x is no long] a tempt+ morsel4 ,! almond & ! almond tree 7! same ^w may mean ei!r7 are m5tion$ sev]al times 9 ! ,bible4 ,jacob's gifts to ,joseph f ,canaan to ,egypt includ$ almonds4 ,!y 7 gr[n 9 ,canaan & 7 a luxury 9 ,egypt4 ,9 ,j]emiah1 i1 #aa1 ! almond bran* is us$ z symbolical ( ha/5+ or awak5+1 :i* is ! prim>y mean+ ( ! ^w1 d]iv$ f ! e>ly appe>ance ( ! blossoms on ! almond tree4 ,! ?ird clause1 8! gras%opp] %all be a burd510 simil>ly pres5ts difficulties1 b ^! h>dly conc]n u "h4 ,probably all ! metaphors convey$ di/9ct ideas to ,ea/]n read]s at t "t1 b h lo/ _! po9t to u4 ,! int]pretation ( ! beautiful ,hebrew poetry ( ! twelf? *apt] ( ,ecclesia/es1 z giv5 9 ,lecl]c's 8,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e10 may be ( int]e/4 ,lecl]c says ! *apt] is an enigmatic description ( old age & its inconv5i5ces1 foll[$ by dea?4 ,! sun1 ! light1 ! moon1 & ! />s are respectively ! m9d1 ! judgm5t1 ! memory1 & ! o!r faculties ( ! s\l1 :i* are gradually fad+4 ,! cl\ds & ! ra9 are ! cat>rhs & ! fluxions incid5t to age4 ,! gu>ds ( ! h\se & ! /rong man are ! s5ses1 ! muscles1 & ! t5dons4 ,! gr9d]s are ! tee?2 ^? :o look out ?r\gh ! w9d[s is an allusion to ! sight4 ,! doors %all be %ut 9 ! /reets1 & ! s\nd ( ! gr9d+ is l[1 means t ! m\? w sc>cely op5 = speak+1 & t eat+ mu/ be sl[ & quiet4 ,! old man mu/ rise at ! voice ( ! bird1 = he _c sleep4 ,!re is no m s++1 & read+ & /udy are no long] pleasures4 ,! fe> ( climb+1 ev5 ( walk+1 are next express$2 ! :ite hair is signalis$ by ! almond blossom1 & ! fle% fall+ away by ! gras%opp]1 ?\gh ! ^w burd5 may indicate ! occasional unheal?y fatt5+ ( old p]sons4 ,! cap] fail+ indicates ! loss ( ! v>i\s appetites4 ,! silv] cord repres5ts ! sp9al m>r[1 ! gold5 b[l ! bra9 or ! he>t2 ! pit*]1 ! skull2 & ! :eel1 ! lung4 ,! long home is ! tomb4 ,,iv ,,! ,,ph>macy ,,( ,,hippocrates4 ,:5 we se>* into ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e & ! comm5cem5t ( sci5ce1 ! fir/ body ( doctr9e t we meet ) is ! collection ( writ+s attribut$ to ,hippocrates4 ,sci5ce asc5ds directly to t orig9 & !re /ops4 ,ev]y?+ t _h be5 le>n$ be=e ! physician ( ,cos has p]i%$2 &1 curi\sly1 !re exi/s a great gap aft] him z well z be=e him4444 ,s t ! writ+s ( ,hippocrates rema9 isolat$ among/ ! ru9s ( anci5t m$ical lit]ature4--,,littr4 ,introduction to ! ,translation ( ! ,works ( ,hippocrates4 ,ab\t eight hundr$ ye>s sep>at$ ! p]iods ( sculapius & ,hippocrates4 ,dur+ t long "t ! /udy ( m$ic9e 9 all its bran*es 0 proce$+ 9 intimate association ) ! v>i\s philosophies = :i* ,greece has always be5 fam\s4 ,int]c\rse betwe5 ,greece & ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 ,india1 & o!r c\ntries br\ght into use a numb] ( m$ic9es1 & probably ^! 7 introduc$ & made popul> by ! %opkeep]s & ! travell+ doctors1 m>ket quacks z we %\ld call !m4 ,lecl]c has collect$ a li/ ( ne>ly f\r hundr$ simples :i* he f9ds allud$ to z rem$ies 9 ! writ+s ( ,hippocrates4 ,b ^! include v>i\s milks1 w9es1 fruits1 vegetables1 flits1 & o!r sub/ances :i* we %\ld h>dly call drugs n[4 ,omitt+ ^! & c]ta9 o!r sub/ances :i* _c be id5tifi$ ,i take f ! au?or nam$ ! foll[+ li/ ( m$ic9es employ$ or m5tion$ 9 t f> di/ant age2-- ,abrotanum4 ,abs9!4 ,adiantum 7maid5hair74 ,agnus ca/us4 ,algae 7v>i\s74 ,almonds4 ,al?aea4 ,alum4 ,amb]4 ,ammoniac4 ,amomum4 ,anagallis 7a v]onica74 ,anagyris4 ,an*usa4 ,anemone4 ,ane?um4 ,anise4 ,an!mis4 ,ap>9e 7goose grease74 ,ari/olo*ia4 ,arm5ian /one4 ,asphalt4 ,asphodel4 ,atriplex4 ,bac*>is4 ,balm4 ,basil4 ,bi/ort4 ,blite4 ,brass 7fl[]s1 fil+s1 a%es74 ,bri>4 ,bryony4 ,burdock4 ,cabbage4 ,ca*rys4 ,calamus aromaticus4 ,can?>ides4 ,cap]s4 ,c>damom4 ,c>duus b5$ictus4 ,c>rot4 ,ca/oreum4 ,c5taury4 ,c5tip$es4 ,*alcitis 7r$ o*re74 ,*5opodium4 ,c9namon4 ,c9quefoil4 ,clove4 ,colocyn?4 ,cori&]4 ,crayfi%4 ,cress4 ,cucumb] 7wild74 ,cumm94 ,cyclam54 ,cytisus4 ,dictamnus4 ,dog4 ,dracontium4 ,e>?s 7v>i\s74 ,elat]ium4 ,eld]4 ,erica4 ,euphorbia4 ,excrem5t ( ass1 goat1 mule1 goose1 fox4 ,f5nel4 ,fig tree 7leaves1 wood1 fruit74 ,fo5ugreek4 ,frank9c5se4 ,frogs4 ,galbanum4 ,galls4 ,g>lic4 ,g]m&]4 ,goat 7v>i\s p>ts74 ,haw?orn4 ,hea!r4 ,hellebore 7:ite & black74 ,hemlock4 ,h5bane4 ,honey4 ,horeh\nd4 ,horns ( ox1 goat1 /ag4 ,hyssop4 ,isatis4 ,ivy4 ,junip]4 ,las]pitium4 ,laurel4 ,lettuce4 ,licorice4 ,l9se$4 ,load/one4 ,lotus4 ,lup9s4 ,magnesian /one4 ,mall[4 ,m&ragora4 ,mecon 7874 ,melilot4 ,m]curialis4 ,m9ium4 ,m9ts 7v>i\s74 ,mugwort4 ,myrabolans4 ,myrrh4 ,myrtle4 ,n>cissus4 ,n>d4 ,nitre4 ,oak4 ,o5an!4 ,oesypus4 ,olive4 ,onions4 ,origanum4 ,orpim5t4 ,o/ri*4 ,ox-gall4 ,ox 7liv]1 gall1 ur9e74 ,panax4 ,p>!nium4 ,p5nyroyal4 ,peony4 ,pepp]4 ,p]sea 7sebe/5s74 ,p]sil4 ,peuc$anum4 ,phaseolus4 ,phili/ium4 ,p9e4 ,pit*4 ,pomegranate4 ,poppy4 ,quicklime4 ,qu9ce4 ,ranunculus4 ,r$ spid]4 ,res94 ,rhamnus4 ,rhus4 ,ric9us4 ,rock rose4 ,rose4 ,rosem>y4 ,ruby4 ,rue4 ,saffron4 ,sagap5um4 ,sage4 ,salt4 ,samphire4 ,s&>a*4 ,scammony4 ,sea wat]4 ,secund9es ( a woman4 ,sepia4 ,s]p5t4 ,sesame4 ,seseli4 ,silv]4 ,sisymbrium4 ,solanum4 ,spurge4 ,squill4 ,/ag 7horns1 c474 ,/avesacre4 ,/yrax4 ,succ9um4 ,sulphur4 ,sweat4 ,t>ragon4 ,tetragonon4 ,?aspia4 ,?i/les 7v>i\s74 ,?lapsi4 ,?uja4 ,?yme4 ,torp$o 7fi%74 ,trigonum4 ,tribulus4 ,turp5t9e4 ,turtle4 ,umbilicus v5]is4 ,v]bascum4 ,v]b5a4 ,v]digris4 ,v]juice4 ,violet4 ,wax4 ,will[4 ,woad4 ,worms4 ,worm se$4 ,?is li/ may be tak5 to h compris$ pretty fairly ! mat]ia m$ica ( ! ,greeks z x 0 kn[n to !m :5 ,hippocrates practis$1 & z x is n claim$ t he introduc$ any new m$ic9es x may be assum$ t ^! =m$ ! basis ( ! rem$ies us$ 9 ! temples ( sculapius1 ?\gh p]haps "s ( !m 7 only popul> m$ic9es4 ,! temples ( sculapius 7 9 all ^? ages ! repositories ( su* m$ical & ph>maceutical k z 0 acquir$4 ,! prie/s ( ^! temples 7 call$ ,asclepiades1 & !y pr(ess$ to be ! desc5dants ( ! god4 ,probably ! employm5t ( int]nal m$ic9es 0 a comp>atively late developm5t4 ,plato rem>ks on ! necess>ily limit$ m$ical k ( sculapius4 ,w\nds1 bites ( s]p5ts1 & occasional epidemics1 he obs]ves1 7 ! pr9cipal tr\bles :i* ! e>lie/ physicians _h to treat4 ,cat>rhs1 g\t1 dys5t]y1 & lung diseases only came ) luxury4 ,plut>* & ,p9d> say mu* ! same4 ,! latt] specially m5tions t sculapius _h rec\rse to pray]s1 hymns1 & incantations 9 my/ic words & 9 v]ses call$ epaioide1 or c>m9a1 f :i* came ! idea & "n ( *>m4 ,9 lat] times ^! temples 7 beautiful places1 g5]ally situat$ 9 ! mo/ heal?y localities1 & amid lovely sc5]y4 ,!y 7 ei!r 9 =e/s or surr\nd$ by g>d5s4 ,a /ream ( pure wat] ran ?r\gh ! gr\nds1 & ! neighb\rhood ( a m$ic9al spr+ 0 *os5 if possible4 ,! pati5ts :o resort$ to !m 7 requir$ to purify !mselves rigor\sly1 to fa/ = "s "t be=e pres5t+ !mselves 9 ! temple1 to ab/a9 f w9e = a /ill long] prelim9>y p]iod1 & ?us to appreciate ! solemnity ( ! int]cession :i* 0 to be made = !m4 ,on ent]+ ! temple !y f\nd mu* to impress !m4 ,!y 7 %[n ! records ( cures1 especially ( diseases simil> to _! own2 _! fa/s _h br\ght !m into a m5tal condition ready to accept a miracle1 ! c]emonies :i* !y witness$ 7 impos+1 & at la/ !y 7 left to sleep be=e ! alt>4 ,t dreams %\ld come "u ^? circum/ances 0 n wond]ful2 nor 0 x surpris+ t 9 ! morn+ ! prie/s %\ld be prep>$ to int]pret ^! dreams4 ,n unfrequ5tly ! pati5ts saw "s my/]i\s %apes 9 _! dreams :i* sugge/$ to ! prie/s ! m$ic9es :i* ought to be adm9i/]$4 ,= no d\bt !y did adm9i/] m$ic9es1 ?\gh = _m c5turies !y obs]v$ ! /ricte/ secrecy 9 ref]5ce to all _! k & practices4 ,x ne$ h>dly be add$ t (f]+s 7 made to ! god1 to ! s]vice ( ! temple1 & to ! prie/s p]sonally by grateful pati5ts :o _h obta9$ b5efit4 ,at "o ( ! temples x is said x 0 ! cu/om to ?r[ pieces ( gold or silv] into a well = ! god4 ,at o!rs pieces ( c>v+ repres5t+ ! "p :i* _h be5 ! seat ( disease 7 sold to ^? :o _h be5 cur$1 & ^! 7 aga9 pres5t$ to ! temple1 &1 x may be surmis$1 sold aga94 ,t cures 7 effect$ is likely en\gh4 ,! excitem5t1 ! anticipation1 ! deep impressions made by ! novel surr\nd+s _h great influ5ce on _m m9ds1 & ?r\gh ! m9ds on ! bodies4 ,records ( ^! cures 7 engrav$ on tablets & fix$ on ! walls ( ! temples4 ,spr5gel gives a translation ( f\r ( ^! inscriptions f\nd at ! ,temple ( sculapius :i* _h be5 built on ! ,isle ( ! ,tib]1 ne> ,rome4 ,! fir/ relates t a c]ta9 ,gaius1 a bl9d man1 0 told by ! oracle to pray 9 ! temple1 !n cross ! floor f "r to left1 lay ! five f+]s ( 8 "r h& on ! alt>1 & aft]w>ds c>ry 8 h& to 8 eyes4 ,he did s1 & recov]$ 8 sight 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge cr[d4 ,! next record is also a cure ( bl9dness4 ,a soldi] nam$ ,val]ius ,ap] 0 told to mix ! blood ( a :ite cock ) honey & apply ! mixture to 8 eyes = ?ree successive days4 ,he1 too1 0 cur$1 & ?ank$ ! god be=e all ! p4 ,julian 0 cur$ ( spitt+ ( blood4 ,8 case _h be5 consid]$ hopeless4 ,! treatm5t prescrib$ 0 mix+ se$s ( ! fir apple ) honey1 & eat+ ! comp\nd = ?ree days4 ,! f\r? cure 0 ( a son ( ,lucius :o 0 desp]ately ill ) pleurisy4 ,! god told him 9 a dream to take a%es f ! alt>1 mix !m ) w9e1 & apply to 8 side4 ,! leg5d ( ! f\ndation ( ?is ,roman temple is curi\s4 ,9 ! days ( ! republic on ! occasion ( an epidemic 9 ! city ! sibyll9e books 7 consult$1 ) ! result t an embassy 0 s5t to ,epidaurus to ask = ! help ( sculapius4 ,qu9tus ,ogulnius 0 appo9t$ = ?is mission4 ,on arriv+ at ,epidaurus ! ,romans 7 a/oni%$ to see a l>ge s]p5t dep>t f ! temple1 make its way to ! %ore1 & leap on ! vessel1 :]e x proce$$ at once to ! cab9 ( ,ogulnius4 ,"s ( ! prie/s foll[$ ! s]p5t & accompani$ ! ,romans on ! return j\rney4 ,! vessel /opp$ at ,antium1 & ! s]p5t left ! %ip & proce$$ to ! ,temple ( sculapius 9 t city4 ,aft] ?ree days he return$1 & ! voyage 0 cont9u$4 ,ca/+ an*or at ! m\? ( ! ,tib] ! s]p5t aga9 left ! vessel & settl$ itself on a small isl&4 ,!re x roll$ itself up1 ?us indicat+ its int5tion ( settl+ on t spot4 ,! god1 x 0 und]/ood1 _h select$ t isl& z ! site = 8 temple1 & !re x 0 erect$4 ,z might be expect$1 "s ( ! less rev]5t ( ! ,greek writ]s f\nd subjects = satire 9 ! wor%ip ( sculapius4 ,ari/ophanes 9 "o ( 8 com$ies makes a s]vant relate h[ 8 ma/]1 ,plautus1 :o 0 bl9d1 0 re/or$ to sight at ! sculapian temple4 ,hav+ plac$ _! (f]+s on ! alt> & p]=m$ o!r c]emonies1 ?is s]vant says t ,plautus & he laid d[n on b$s ( /raw4 ,:5 ! lights 7 ext+ui%$ ! prie/ came r\nd & enjo9$ !m to sleep & to keep sil5ce if !y %\ld he> any noise4 ,lat] ! god himself came & wip$ ! eyes ( ,plautus ) a piece ( :ite l954 ,panacea foll[$ him & cov]$ ! face ( ,plautus ) a purple veil4 ,!n on a signal f ! deity two s]p5ts glid$ "u ! veil1 & hav+ lick$ 8 eyes ,plautus recov]$ 8 sight4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies a l>ge am\nt ( empiric k 0 accumulat$ at ^! temples1 & probably ! pret5ce ( sup]natural aid 0 f> m r>e ?an we suppose4 ,9 an exhau/ive /udy ( ! subject rec5tly publi%$ by ,dr4 ,arav9t9os1 ( ,a!ns1 t au?ority expresses ! op9ion t ! temples s]v$ z hospitals = all k9ds ( suff]]s1 & t arrangem5ts 7 provid$ 9 !m = prolong$ treatm5t4 ,he ?9ks t 9 special cases ! treatm5t 0 c>ri$ out dur+ ! my/]i\s sleep1 :5 x 0 desir$ to keep f ! pati5t an exact k ( :at 0 be+ done2 b g5]ally he supposes a c\rse ( normal m$ication or hygi5e 0 foll[$4 ,=ty-two inscriptions h be5 discov]$1 b on analys+ ^! ,dr4 ,arav9t9os comes to ! conclusion t !y record 9 mo/ cases only cures effect$ by rational means1 & n by miracles4 ,he f9ds massage1 purgatives1 emetics1 diaphoresis1 ble$+1 ba?s1 p\ltic+1 & su* l me?ods indicat$1 & ?\gh ! sleeps1 possibly hypnotic1 are (t5 m5tion$1 ?is is n by any means ! case inv>iably4 ,ab\t a c5tury be=e ,hippocrates wrote & practis$1 ! ,asclepiads began to reveal _! secrets4 ,! revolt aga9/ ! my/]ies & trick]ies ( ! temples 0 incit$ by ! infidelity to _! oa?s ( c]ta9 ( ! ,italian disciples ( ,py?agoras4 ,! s*ool ( philosophy & m$ic9e f\nd$ by t my/ic aim$ also to keep 8 doctr9es secret1 b :5 ! colony he _h e/abli%$ at ,crotona1 9 ,s\? ,italy1 0 disp]s$ by ! attacks ( ! mob1 a numb] ( ! initiates travell$ ab\t "u ! title ( ,p]iodeutes practis+ m$ic9e (t5 9 close proximity to an sculapian temple4 ,! fir/ ( ! ,asclepiads to yield to ?is competition 7 ^? ( ,cnidos1 b ! s*ool ( ,cos 0 n long aft] !m4 ,! direct ance/ors ( ,hippocrates 7 among ! tea*]s ( ! temple :o became eag] to make kn[n ! accumulat$ sci5ce 9 _! possession1 & ?us by ! "t :5 ! fam\s tea*] 0 born 7#dfj ,b4,c47 ! _w 0 ripe = 8 intellect to h free play4 ,,hippocrates4 ,hippocrates 0 born 9 ,cos1 z f> z c be asc]ta9$1 ab\t ! ye> #dfj ,b4,c41 & is alleg$ to h liv$ to be #ii1 or1 z "s say1 #aji ye>s ( age4 ,x is claim$ t 8 fa!r1 ,h]aclides1 0 a direct desc5dant ( sculapius1 & t 8 "m1 ,ph5>ita1 0 ( ! family ( ,h]cules4 ,8 fa!r & 8 pat]nal ance/ors 9 a long l9e 7 all prie/s ( ! sculapian temples1 & 8 sons & _! sons aft] !m also practis$ m$ic9e 9 ! same surr\nd+s4 ,! family1 traceable = ne>ly #cjj ye>s1 among :om 7 sev5 ( ! "n ( ,hippocrates1 7 all1 x w\ld appe>1 s+ul>ly free f ! *>latanism :i* ! ,greek dramati/s attribut$ to ! sculapian practition]s1 f ! sup]/ition :i* ov]laid ! m$ical sci5ce ( s _m old] & lat] c5turies1 & especially f ! fanta/ic ph>macy :i* 0 to develop to su* an absurd ext5t 9 ! foll[+ five hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is n possible to di/+ui% ) any confid5ce ! g5u9e f ! spuri\s writ+s attribut$ to ,hippocrates :i* h come d[n to u4 ,b ! note :i* ev5 8 imitators s\ght to copy 0 "o ( directness1 lucidity1 & c&\r4 ,he tells ( 8 failures z simply z ( 8 successes4 ,he does n seek to d$uce a sy/em f 8 exp]i5ce1 & ?\gh he is reput$ to be ! orig9ator ( ! !ory ( ! hum\rs1 he does n all[ ! doctr9e to influ5ce 8 treatm5t1 :i* is bas$ on exp]i5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is portrait ( ,hippocrates1 :i* is giv5 9 ,lecl]c's 8,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e10 is /at$ to be copi$ f a m$al 9 ! collection ( ,fulvius ,urs9us1 a celebrat$ ,italian connoisseur4 ,x is believ$ t ! m$al 0 /ruck by ! p ( ,cos at "s long di/ant "t 9 hon\r ( _! fam\s compatriot4 ,a bu/ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 f\nd ne> ,albano1 among "s ru9s conjectur$ to h be5 ! villa ( ,m>cus ,v>ro1 is presum$ to repres5t ,hippocrates on ! evid5ce ( ! lik5ess x be>s to ! head on ?is m$al4 ,! m$ical views ( ,hippocrates d n conc]n u "h except z !y affect 8 ph>maceutical practice2 b a v long *apt] might be writt5 on 8 ph>macy1 t is to say1 on ! use he made ( drugs 9 ! treatm5t ( disease4 ,gal5 believ$ t he made 8 prep>ations ) 8 own h&1 or at lea/ sup]9t5d$ _! prep>ation4 ,lecl]c's li/ ( ! m$icam5ts m5tion$ z su* 9 ! works attribut$ to ,hippocrates h be5 already quot$1 & x w be f\nd t aft] d$uct+ ! fruits & vegetables1 ! milks ( c[s1 goats1 asses1 mules1 %eep1 & bit*es1 z well z o!r ?+s :i* p]haps we %\ld h>dly reckon z m$icam5ts1 !re rema9 betwe5 "o hundr$ & two hundr$ drugs :i* are /ill f\nd 9 our drug %ops4 ,!re are a great _m animal products1 "s copp] & lead d]ivatives1 alum1 & ! e>?s s mu* e/eem$2 b evid5tly ! bulk ( 8 mat]ia m$ica 0 drawn f ! vegetable k+dom4 ,hippocrates 0 consid]ably int]e/$ 9 ph>macy4 ,gal5 makes him say1 8,we "k ! nature ( m$icam5ts & simples1 & make _m diff]5t prep>ations ) !m2 "s 9 "o way1 "s 9 ano!r4 ,"s simples mu/ be ga!r$ e>ly1 "s late2 "s we dry1 "s we cru%1 "s we cook10 c4 ,he made fom5tations1 p\ltices1 g>gles1 pess>ies1 katapotia 7?+s to swall[1 l>ge pills71 o9tm5ts1 oils1 c]ates1 collyria1 loo*es1 tablets1 & inhalations1 :i* he call$ p]fumes4 ,= qu9sy1 = example1 he burn$ sulphur & asphalte ) hyssop4 ,he gave n>cotics1 includ+1 x is suppos$1 ! juice ( ! poppy & h5bane se$s1 & m&ragora2 purgatives1 sudorifics1 emetics1 & enemas4 ,8 purgative drugs 7 g5]ally dra/ic ones3 ! hellebores1 elat]ium1 colocyn?1 scammony1 ?apsia1 & a species ( rhamnus4 ,hippocrates describes me?ods = :at he calls purg+ ! head & ! lungs1 t is1 by means ( sneez+ & c\gh+4 ,he expla9s h[ he dim9i%es ! acridity ( spurge juice by dropp+ a little ( x on a dri$ fig1 :]eby he gets a good rem$y = dropsy4 ,he has a m$ic9e :i* he calls ,tetragonon1 or f\r-corn]$4 ,gal5 conjectures t ?is 0 a tablet ( crude antimony4 ,lecl]c m reasonably sugge/s t x 0 a t]m = c]ta9 special k9ds ( loz5ges1 & po9ts out t n long aft] ,hippocrates physicians us$ a tro*iscus trigonus1 or ?ree-corn]$ loz5ge = ano!r purpose4 ,al?\gh he us$ _m drugs1 ,hippocrates is especially insi/5t on ,diet z ! mo/ important aid to heal?4 ,he claims to h be5 ! fir/ physician :o _h writt5 on ?is subject1 & ?is ass]tion is confirm$ by ,plato1 :o1 h[ev]1 some:at grimly comm5ds ! anci5t doctors = neglect+ ?is bran* ( treatm5t1 =1 he says1 ! mod]n ones h conv]t$ life into a t$i\s dea?4 ,b>ley wat] is repeat$ly recomm5d$ by ! physician ( ,cos1 ) v>i\s additions to suit ! p>ticul> case "u consid]ation4 ,oxymel is ! usual associate1 b dill1 leeks1 oil1 salt1 v9eg>1 & goats' fat also figure4 ,p>ticul> in/ructions are also giv5 ab\t ! w9e to be drunk1 ! k9d1 & ! quantity ( wat] ) :i* x is to be dilut$ 9 spr+1 summ]1 autumn1 & w9t]4 ,9 "o place1 at ! end ( ! #crd ,book on ,diet1 a ^w is us$ :i* app>5tly means t p]sons fatigu$ ) long lab\r %\ld 8dr9k unto gaiety0 occasionally2 b !re is "s d\bt ab\t ! correct translation ( t ^w4 ,v ,,f ,,hippocrates ,,to ,,gal54 ,m$ic9e is a sci5ce :i* ha? be5 m pr(ess$ ?an lab\r$1 & yet m lab\r$ ?an advanc$2 ! lab\r hav+ be51 9 my judgm5t1 r 9 circle ?an 9 progression4 ,= ,i f9d mu* it]ation1 b small addition4--,,bacon1 8,advancem5t ( ,le>n+40--,book #b4 ,! fame ( ,hippocrates caus$ naturally a great multiplication ( works attribut$ to him4 ,! ,ptolemies :5 f\nd+ ! ,libr>y ( ,alex&ria1 :i* !y 7 det]m9$ %\ld be m important ?an t ( ,p]gamos1 commission$ capta9s ( %ips & o!r travell]s to buy manuscripts ( ! ,greek physician at almo/ any price2 an excell5t me?od ( enc\rag+ =g]ies4 ,! works attribut$ to ,hippocrates h be5 subject to ! ke5e/ scrut9y by s*ol>s1 b ev5 n[ ! v]dict ( ,gal5 9 reg>d to _! g5u9e or spuri\s "* is ! consid]ation :i* c>ries ! greate/ weight4 ,ev5 ! imitations g to prove h[ free ! physician ( ,cos 0 f sup]/iti\s practices or prejudic$ !ories4 ,betwe5 him & ,gal5 an int]val ( "s six hundr$ ye>s elaps$ &1 especially 9 ! latt] half ( t p]iod1 ph>macy develop$ into enorm\s importance4 ,n t x necess>ily advanc$4 ,b ! fai? 9 drugs1 & especially 9 ! art ( comp\nd+ !m1 & ! wild polyph>macy :i* grew up 9 ,alex&ria & ,rome 9 ! fir/ two c5turies ( our era1 ( :i* ,gal5 %[s s mu* approval1 add ine/imably to ! *ronicles ( ph>macy4 ,x 0 dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ,hippocrates & ,gal5 t ! _m sects ( anci5t m$ic9e1 ! ,dogmatics1 ! ,/oics1 ! ,empirics1 ! ,me?odics1 & ! ,eclectics 7 born & fl\ri%$4 ,"s ( ^! enc\rag$ ! adm9i/ration ( special rem$ies4 ,b probably a f> great] influ5ce 0 ex]cis$ on ! ph>macy ( ! anci5t _w by ! new comm]ce ) ,africa & ! ,ea/ :i* ! ,ptolemies did s mu* to fo/]1 & by ! travell+ quacks & ! prescrib+ druggi/s :o exploit$ ! drugs ( =eign orig9 :i* n[ came into ! m>ket4 ,s]apion ( ,alex&ria1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,empirics1 :o is suppos$ to h liv$ 9 ! second c5tury1 0 l>gely responsible = ! introduction ( ! animal rem$ies :i* 7 to figure s prom95tly 9 ! ph>macy ( ! succe$+ sev5te5 c5turies4 ,among 8 specifics 7 ! bra9 ( a camel1 ! excrem5ts ( ! crocodile1 ! he>t ( ! h>e1 ! blood ( ! tortoise1 & ! te/icles ( ! wild bo>4 ,! ,empirics 7 ! bolde/ us]s ( drugs1 & s f> z c be judg$1 7 ! practition]s :o br\ght opium into g5]al m$ic9al e/eem4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s doctors ( ?is sect1 ,h]aclides1 made sev]al n>cotic comp\nds :i* are comm5d$ by ,gal54 ,"o ( ^! =mul prescrib$ = *ol]a 0 #b drms4 ( h5bane se$s1 #a drm4 ( anise1 & drm4 ( opium1 made into #cj pills1 "o = a dose4 ,ano!r :i* 0 recomm5d$ = c\ghs 0 compos$ ( #d drms4 ea* ( juice ( hemlock1 juice ( h5bane1 ca/orum1 :ite pepp]1 & co/us2 & #a drm4 ea* ( myrrh & opium4 ,musa1 a fre$ slave ( ,augu/us1 & app>5tly a sort ( m$ical *>latan1 b a great fav\rite ) ! ,emp]or1 is alleg$ to h introduc$ ! fle% ( vip]s into m$ical use especially = ! cure ( ulc]s4 ,celsus1 ,dioscorides1 & ,pl9y1 ^: works are recogniz$ z ! /oreh\ses ( ! sci5ce ( ,imp]ial ,rome1 belong$ to ! p]iod "u review4 ,celsus wrote ei!r a little be=e or a little aft] ! comm5cem5t ( our era4 ,he 0 ! fir/ em95t au?or :o wrote on m$ic9e 9 ,lat94 ,pl9y di$ ,a4,d4 #gi1 suffocat$ by ! gases f ,vesuvius1 :i* 9 8 eag]ness to obs]ve he _h approa*$ too ne> dur+ an eruption4 ,dioscorides is suppos$ to h liv$ a little be=e ,pl9y1 :o app>5tly quotes him1 b curi\sly nev] m5tions 8 "n1 ?\gh usually mo/ scrupul\s 9 reg>d to 8 au?orities4 ,!mison1 :o liv$ at ,rome 9 ! reign ( ,augu/us ,cs>1 & :o is said to h be5 ! fir/ physician to h di/+ui%$ rheumatism f g\t1 is not$ 9 ph>macy z ! au?or ( ! =mul = ,diagr$ium & ,diacodium4 ,he prais$ ! planta9 z a univ]sal rem$y1 & is also ! e>lie/ m$ical writ] to m5tion ! use ( lee*es 9 ! treatm5t ( illness4 ,sev]al ( ! writ]s on m$ical subjects ( ?is p]iod adopt$ ! me?od ( prescrib+ _! =mulas & ! in/ructions = comp\nd+ !m 9 v]se4 ,! mo/ fam\s in/ance is t ( ,&roma*us1 physician to ,n]o1 ^: elegiac v]ses describ+ ! composition ( 8 ,!riakon are quot$ by ,gal54 ,! idea 0 t ! =mula ?us pres5t$ 0 less likely to be tamp]$ )4 ,!riakon z inv5t$ conta9$ #fa +r$i5ts4 ,its pr9cipal improvem5t on ! m anci5t ,mi?ridatum 0 ! addition ( dri$ vip]s4 ,&roma*us appe>s to h acquir$ a l>ge & lucrative practice 9 ,rome at ! "t :5 weal? 0 mo/ lavi%ly squ&]$4 ,among o!r m$ical v]se writ]s 7 ,s]vilius ,damocrates1 :o liv$ 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius1 & :o inv5t$ a fam\s too? p[d]1 a numb] ( malagmata1 7emolli5t p\ltices71 acopa 7l9im5ts = pa9s71 electu>ies1 & pla/]s2 & ,h]5nius ,philon1 a physician ( ,t>sus 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #ej71 ^: fame re/s on 8 philonium1 a comp\nd design$ to relieve colic pa9s1 :i* appe> to h be5 specially frequ5t at t p]iod4 ,?is philonium 0 compos$ ( opium1 saffron1 pyre?rum1 euphorbium1 pepp]1 h5bane1 spik5>d1 & honey4 ,m5ecrates1 physician to ,tib]ius1 & said to h writt5 #aee works1 0 ! inv5tor ( dia*ylon pla/]1 b 8 dia*ylon 0 a comp\nd ( _m juices 7z ! "n implies7 along ) lead pla/]4 ,! ,romans 7 curi\sly badly (f = regul> doctors until ,julius ,cs> specially tempt$ "s to come f ,greece & ,egypt by (f]s ( citiz5%ip4 ,augu/us1 too1 w>mly enc\rag$ ! settlem5t 9 ! city ( tra9$ m$ical m54 ,,ph>macy ,,9 ,,! ,,roman ,,empire4 ,! sep>ation ( ! practices ( m$ic9e1 ph>macy1 & surg]y1 :i* became g5]al ?\gh nev] univ]sal1 0 ( c\rse a gradual process4 ,gal5 expresses ! op9ion t ,hippocrates prep>$ ! m$ic9es he prescrib$ ) 8 own h&s1 or at lea/ sup]9t5d$ ! production ( !m4 ,accord+ to ,celsus1 x 0 9 ,alex&ria & ab\t ! ye> #cjj ,b4,c4 t ! division ( ! practice ( m$ic9e into di/9ct bran*es 0 fir/ noticeable4 ,! sections he names 7 ,dietetics1 ,surg]y & ,ph>maceutics4 ,! physicians :o practis$ dietetics 7 l our consultants1 only m s4 ,!y 7 above all ?+s philosoph]s1 ! recognis$ successors ( ! ,greek ?9k]s & !ori/s1 & b too (t5 _! imitators4 ,al?\gh !y ow$ _! designation to _! g5]al au?ority on rgime1 !y prescrib$ & inv5t$ m$ic9es4 ,! ph>maceutical section came to be call$ 9 ,lat9 m$icam5t>ii1 & _! hi/ory corresponds closely ) t ( our ,engli% apo!c>ies4 ,at fir/ !y prep>$ & adm9i/]$ ! m$ic9es :i* ! physicians ord]$4 ,b 9 ,alex&ria & ,rome !y gradually assum$ ! position ( g5]al practition]s4 ,to ano!r class1 designat$ by ,pl9y ,vuln]>ii1 0 left ! treatm5t ( w\nds1 & probably ( tum\rs & ulc]s4 ,! necessity ( a l[] grade ( m$ical practition]s 9 ,rome is manife/ f a rem>k ( ,gal5's to ! effect t no physician1 mean+ a p]son 9 8 own rank1 w\ld att5d to diseases ( m9or importance4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ! ,lat9 designation m$icam5t>ius1 :i* 0 ne>ly equival5t to ! ,greek ph>macopolis1 0 simil>ly us$ to mean a poison]1 :ile ph>makon 9 ,greek & m$icam5tus 9 ,lat9 might mean ei!r a m$ic9e or a poison4 ,x is not$ else:]e 7page #eb7 t ! ^w ph>makeia :5 x occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is univ]sally translat$ 9 our v]sions by ! t]m sorc]y or "s simil> ^w4 ,at ! "t :5 ! ,apo/les wrote ?is 0 evid5tly ! preval5t mean+ atta*$ to ! t]m4 ,b 9 e>li] ,greek lit]ature ! reputable & ! disgraceful ideas associat$ ) ! ^w seem to h run side by side = c5turies4 ,hom] uses ph>makon 9 bo? s5ses2 ,plato makes ph>makeue9 mean to adm9i/] a rem$y1 :ile ,h]odotus adopts x to signify ! practice ( sorc]y4 ,app>5tly ?is ^w came f an e>li]1 ph>masse91 :i* 0 d]iv$ f a root imply+ to mix1 & ! gradual s5se developm5t 0 t ( produc+ an effect by means ( drugs4 ,!y might produce purg+1 !y might produce a col\r1 or !y might produce love4 ,! multiplication ( names = ! v>i\s classes connect$ ) m$ic9e & ph>macy 9 ! ,roman _w is r confus+4 ,z ! language ( m$ic9e up to & includ+ ,gal5 0 l>gely ,greek1 _m ( ! designations employ$ 7 ^? :i* _h be5 drawn f t tongue4 ,! "n ,ph>macopeus1 us$ 9 ,greek to d5ote c]ta9 h&l]s ( drugs1 _h always a s9i/] signification4 ,x sugge/$ a purveyor ( noxi\s drugs1 a comp\nd] ( philtres1 a v5dor ( poisons4 ,! m5 :o kept %ops = ! sale ( drugs g5]ally 7 call$ ph>macopoloi4 ,?is t]m 0 n free f reproa*1 because x 0 a common appellation1 n only ( ! %opkeep]s /rictly s-call$1 b 0 also appli$ to ! p]iodeutes1 or agyrtoi1 travell+ quacks or assembly ga!r]s1 or z !y came to be nam$ 9 ,lat91 circulatores or circum=anei4 ,^! it9]ant drug sell]s are occasionally ref]r$ to by ! classic au?ors4 ,lucian speaks ( "o hawk+ a c\gh mixture ab\t ! /reets2 & ,cic]o1 9 8 ,oratia pro ,clu5tio1 sugge/s t ! travell+ ph>macopoli/s :o att5d$ ! m>kets ( c\ntry t[ns 7 n unwill+ to sell poisons z well z m$ic9es :5 !y 7 want$4 ,"o ( ^! is specifically nam$1 ,lucius ,clodius1 & ! orator sugge/s t he 0 brib$ to supply m$ic9es to a c]ta9 lady :i* 7 to h a fatal effect4 ,! designation ,p]iodeutes meant orig9ally1 & always 9 /rict legal t]m9ology1 physicians :o visit$ _! pati5ts4 ,! t]m 0 also us$ among ! ,*ri/ians to describe ! m9i/]s *>g$ to visit ! sick & poor 9 _! dioceses4 ,! tramp doctor 9 "t gets tir$ ( 8 vagabond life1 &1 x may be1 a little we>y ( he>+ 8 own voice4 ,if he has sav$ a little money1 !re=e1 ! attractions ( a %op 9 ! city1 :]e he c ex]cise 8 heal+ on p :o seek him1 appeal /rongly to him4 ,s 9 ,greece & 9 ! ,roman ,empire ! *>latans settl$ 9 little %ops & 7 call$ iatroi epidiphrioi or sellul>ii m$ici1 mean+ s$5t>y doctors4 ,b all ^! 7 ph>macopoloi4 ,peculi>ly int]e/+ is ! sugge/ion made by ,epicurus & int5d$ z a sne]1 t ,ari/otle 0 "o ( ^! ph>macopoloi 9 8 y\ng] days4 ,accord+ to ,epicurus ! philosoph] hav+ fir/ wa/$ 8 patrimony 9 riot\s liv+ & !n s]v$ z a soldi]1 aft]w>ds sold antidotes 9 ! m>kets up to ! "t :5 he jo9$ ,plato's classes4 ,seplasia 0 ! ord9>y "n 9 ,rome = a druggi/'s %op1 & ^? :o kept !m 7 designat$ ,seplasi>ii or ,pigm5t>ii4 ,^! names appe> to h be5 us$ )\t mu* recognition ( _! orig9al mean+s4 ,/rictly ! ,seplasi>ii 7 o9tm5t mak]s1 & ?\gh ! ,pigm5t>ii 7 no d\bt at fir/ sell]s ( dyes & col\rs1 !y evid5tly came to include m$ic9es 9 _! /ocks ( pigm5ts1 & ,coelius ,aurelianus1 9 writ+ on /oma* compla9ts1 alludes to aloes z a pigm5t4 ,greek designations correspond+ to ^? j quot$ 7 ,pantopoloi & ,kadolikoi 7! latt] us$ by ,gal5 9 ref]r+ to ! trad] :o suppli$ ! drugs = ! !riacum prep>$ 9 ! palace ( ! ,emp]or ,anton9us74 ,kopopoloi1 & ,migmatopoloi1 bo? ( :i* words meant deal]s 9 all sorts ( small w>es1 7 l ! m]c]s 9 ?is c\ntry :5 %opkeep+ fir/ began4 ,! %ops ( p]fum]s 7 myropolia or myrophecia1 ! p]fum]s !mselves 7 myrepsi4 ,a g5]al t]m 9 ,lat9 = any sort ( %op :]e m$ic9es 7 sold or surgical op]ations p]=m$ 0 ,m$ic9a4 ,?is 0 9 ! days be=e ! ,empire1 :5 !re 0 no usual di/9ction betwe5 ! bran*es ( ! heal+ art4 ,ph>macotribae1 /rictly drug-gr9d]s1 may h be5 comp\nd]s1 & x has also be5 conjectur$ t !y 7 ! assi/ants employ$ by ! ,seplasi>ii or ,roman druggi/s4 ,h]bali/s 7 ( v anci5t ,greek l9eage1 "u ! names ( ,botanologoi1 :o 7 collectors ( simples1 & :o1 to enhance ! price ( _! w>es1 pret5d$ to h to ga!r !m ) _m sup]/iti\s obs]vances2 & ,rhizotomoi1 or root-cutt]s4 ,! "n ,apo!k1 :i* came to be appropriat$ to ! w>eh\se :]e m$ic9al h]bs 7 kept1 & :i* is to-day ! ,g]man equival5t ( our ph>macy1 or *emi/'s %op1 meant orig9ally any w>eh\se1 & f x has be5 d]iv$ ! ,fr5* b\tique & ! ,spani% bodega4 ,! e>li] ,greek & ,roman physicians 7 9 ! habit ( !mselves prep>+ ! m$ic9es !y prescrib$ = _! pati5ts4 ,b naturally !y did n ga!r _! own h]bs1 & z _m ( ^? us$ = m$ic9e 7 exotics1 x is obvi\s t !y c\ld n h done s if !y _h wi%$4 ,! h]bali/s :o und]took ?is duty 7botanologoi 9 ,greek7 develop$ into ! seplasi>ii1 ph>macopoloi1 m$icam5t>ii1 & pigm5t>ii already m5tion$4 ,beckmann says !y compet$ ) ! regul> physicians1 hav+ acquir$ a k ( ! heal+ virtues ( ! commodities !y sold1 & ! me?ods ( comp\nd+ !m4 ,?is c\ld n help happ5+1 b x ought to be rememb]$ t ! physicians ( all c\ntries _h !mselves develop$ f h]bali/s1 t is1 if we ab&on ! !ories ( miracul\s in/ruction :i* are f\nd among ! leg5ds ( ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,india1 & ,greece4 ,h[ simil> ! relations ( ! doctors & druggi/s ( anci5t ,rome 7 ) ^? /ill prevail+ 9 ?is c\ntry may be ga!r$ f a reproa* levell$ by ,pl9y aga9/ physicians contempor>y ) him 7,bk4 xxxiv1 #aa7 to ! effect t !y pur*as$ _! m$ic9es f ! seplasi>ii )\t kn[+ ( :at !y 7 compos$4 ,,vi ,,arab ,,ph>macy4 ,9 ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e ! ,arabians h be5 des]v$ly applaud$4 ,! names ( ,mesua & ,geb]1 ( ,razis & ,avic5na1 are rank$ ) ! ,grecian ma/]s2 9 ! city ( ,bagdad #hfj physicians 7 lic5s$ to ex]cise _! lucrative pr(ession2 9 ,spa9 ! lives ( ! ,ca?olic pr9ces 7 entru/$ to ! skill ( ! ,s>ac5s2 & ! ,s*ool ( ,sal]no1 _! legitimate (fspr+1 reviv$ 9 ,italy & ,europe ! precepts ( ! heal+ art4--,,gibbon3 8,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire10 ,*ap4 ,,lii4 ,no p]iod ( ,european hi/ory is m a/oni%+ ?an ! records ( ! triumphant progress ( ! ,arab p[] "u ! influ5ce ( ! fai? ( ,islam4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ?is gr& ,semitic race 0 di/+ui%$ = le>n+ ( a c]ta9 "*1 = gravity1 piety1 sup]/ition1 a poetic imag9ation1 & eloqu5ce4 ,c5turies ( indep5d5ce1 jeal\sly gu>d$1 & innum]able local feuds made ! mat]ial ( p]fect soldi]s1 & :5 ,mohamm$ _h graft$ on ! native religi\s "* 8 own fai? & mission>y zeal ! ,arab army1 ! ,s>ac5s1 z !y came to be call$1 fill$ ) fanatic f]v\r1 & utt]ly indiff]5t to dea?1 or1 r1 eag] = x z ! introduction to ! ,p>adise :i* _! prophet _h se5 & told !m (1 =m$ su* an irresi/ible =ce z on a small scale has only be5 reproduc$ by ,cromwell 9 our nation4 ,b ! rapidity ( ! conque/s ( ,mohamm$anism 0 p]haps less rem>kable ?an ! extraord9>y assimilation ( anci5t le>n+ & ! developm5t ( new sci5ce among ^! hi!rto unlett]$ ,arabs4 ,mohamm$ 0 born 9 ! ye> #efi ( our era4 ,! ,koran 0 ! fir/ sub/antial piece ( ,arabic lit]ature4 ,alex&ria 0 tak5 & ,egypt conqu]$ by ! ,moslems "u ,amr\ 9 ,a4,d4 #fdj1 ,p]sia & ,syria hav+ be5 previ\sly subdu$4 ,amr\ 0 himself dispos$ to yield to ! solicitations ( "s ,greek gramm>ians1 :o implor$ him to sp>e ! great ,libr>y ( ! city1 ! depository ( ! le>n+ ( ! anci5t _w4 ,b he consid]$ x necess>y to ref] ! reque/ to ! ,caliph ,om>4 ,! reply ( ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful is "o ( ! mo/ famili> ( ! /ories 9 ,gibbon's fasc9at+ hi/ory4 8,if ! writ+s support ! ,koran !y are sup]flu\s2 if !y oppose x !y are p]nici\s2 burn !m40 ,x is decl>$ t ! pap]s & manuscripts s]v$ z fuel = ! ba?s ( ! city = six mon?s4 ,! de/ruction ( ! ,alex&rian ,libr>y is (t5 allud$ to z a signal triumph ( b>b>ism ov] civilisation4 ,gibbon cynically rem>ks t 8if ! pond]\s mass ( ,arian & ,monophysite controv]sy 7 inde$ consum$ 9 ! public ba?s a philosoph] may all[ ) a smile t x 0 ultimately devot$ to ! b5efit ( mank9d40 ,b at lea/ ! _s :i* animat$ ,om> 9 #fdj may be not$ = comp>ison ) ! enc\ragem5t ( le>n+ :i* 0 soon to *>act]ise ! ,arab rul]s4 ,only a lifetime lat]1 9 ,a4,d4 #gaa1 ! sons ( ! ,alex&rian conqu]ors invad$ ,spa91 & )9 ! same c5tury made _! we/]n capital1 ,cordova1 ! greate/ c5tre ( le>n+1 civilisation1 & luxury 9 ,europe4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,dr4 ,drap]'s 8,hi/ory ( ! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe0 w give an idea ( ?is a*ievem5t3 ,sc>cely _h ! ,arabs become firmly settl$ 9 ,spa9 ?an !y comm5c$ a brilliant c>e]4 ,adopt+ :at _h become ! e/abli%$ policy ( ! ,comm&]s ( ! ,fai?ful 9 ,asia1 ! ,emirs ( ,cordova di/+ui%$ !mselves z patrons ( le>n+1 & set an example ( ref9em5t /rongly contra/+ ) ! condition ( ! native ,european ,pr9ces4 ,cordova "u _! adm9i/ration1 at ! highe/ po9t ( _! prosp]ity1 boa/$ ( m ?an two hundr$ ?\s& h\ses1 & m ?an a million inhabitants4 ,aft] sunset a man might walk ?r\gh x 9 a /raight l9e = t5 miles by ! light ( ! public lamps4 ,sev5 hundr$ ye>s aft] ?is "t !re 0 n s mu* z "o public lamp 9 ,london4 ,its /reets 7 solidly pav$4 ,9 ,p>is1 c5turies subsequ5tly1 :oev] /epp$ ov] 8 ?re%old on a ra9y day /epp$ up to 8 ankles 9 mud4 ,o!r cities1 z ,granada1 ,seville1 ,tol$o1 consid]$ !mselves rivals ( ,cordova4 ,! palaces ( ! ,khalifs 7 magnific5tly decorat$4 ,^? sov]eigns might well look d[n ) sup]cili\s contempt on ! dwell+s ( ! rul]s ( ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&1 :i* 7 sc>cely bett] ?an /ables--*imneyless1 w9d[less1 ) a hole 9 ! ro( = ! smoke to escape1 l ! wigwams ( c]ta9 ,indians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,mosque1 ,,cordova4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! passion = le>n+ 0 gr[+ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,bagdad 0 f\nd$ ,a4,d4 #gfb1 & ab\t ! ye> #hjj ,h>\n ,al-,ras*id f\nd$ ! fam\s univ]sity ( t city4 ,libr>ies & s*ools 7 e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! two sections ( ! ,s>ac5ic dom9ions4 ,greek & ,lat9 works ( philosophy & sci5ce 7 translat$1 b ! lic5ti\s & blasphem\s my?ology ( ! classical poets 0 abhorr$ by ?is s]i\s nation1 & no ,arabic v]sions ( ,olympian fables 7 ev] made4 ,a/ronomy1 ma!matics1 metaphysics1 & ! arts ( agriculture1 ( horticulture1 ( ar*itecture1 ( w>1 & ( comm]ce1 7 advanc$ to an ext5t :i* ?is c5tury does n realise1 :ile amid all ?is progress ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 m$ic9e1 & ph>macy 0 pursu$ ) p>ticul> eag]ness4 ,curi\sly ! ,arabs ow$ _! in/ruction 9 ^! bran*es ( k to ^? :om we are accu/om$ to reg>d z _! traditional foes4 ,! disp]sion ( ! ,ne/orians aft] ! condemnation ( _! doctr9es by ! ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus 9 ,a4,d4 #dca result$ 9 ! f\ndation ( a ,*aldean ,*ur* & ! e/abli%m5t ( fam\s colleges 9 ,syria & ,p]sia4 ,9 ^! ! sci5ce ( ! ,greeks1 ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 & ! m$ical tea*+ ( ,hippocrates 7 kept alive :5 !y _h be5 bani%$ by ! ,*ur* f ,con/ant9ople4 ,! ,jews _h also acquir$ special fame = m$ical skill ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 & !y & ! ,ne/orians appe> to h associat$ 9 "s ( ! s*ools4 ,x 0 to ^! tea*]s ! ,arabs turn$ :51 hav+ assur$ _! milit>y success1 !y dem&$ intellectual advancem5t4 ,! ,caliphs n only tol]at$1 !y welcom$ ! assi/ance ( ! 8unbeliev]s10 &1 9 fact1 dep5d$ on !m = ! equipm5t ( _! own s*ools1 & = ! private tuition ( _! *ildr54 ,to ,john ,mesu1 a ,ne/orian1 & a fam\s writ] on m$ic9e & ph>macy1 ,h>\n ,al-,ras*id entru/$ ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! public s*ools ( ,bagdad4 ,! fir/ ,ne/orian college is believ$ to h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! city ( ,ds*ondisab\r 9 ,*uzi/an 7,ni%apoor71 be=e ! revelation ( ,mohamm$4 ,!ology & ,m$ic9e 7 p>ticul>ly /udi$ at ?is seat ( le>n+1 & a hospital 0 e/abli%$ to :i* ! m$ical /ud5ts 7 admitt$1 b !y _h fir/ to be exam9$ 9 ! ,psalms1 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & 9 c]ta9 books ( pray]s4 ,x 0 ! ,caliph ,almansor & 8 imm$iate successor1 ,h>\n ,al-,ras*id1 :o betwe5 !m made ,bagdad a c5tre ( /udy4 ,/ud5ts & pr(essors came ?i!r f all p>ts ( ! !n civilis$ _w1 & ! ,caliphs welcom$1 & inde$ invit$1 bo? ,*ri/ians & ,jews to tea* !re4 ,hospitals 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! city1 & ! fir/ public ph>macies or disp5s>ies 7 provid$ 9 ,bagdad by ,h>\n ,al-,ras*id4 ,x is on record t 9 ,a4,d4 #hjg envoys f t mon>* came to ! c\rt ( ,*>lemagne br++ gifts ( balsams1 n>d1 o9tm5ts1 drugs1 & m$ic9es4 ,arabic m$ic9e 0 bas$ on ! works ( ,hippocrates & ,gal51 :i* 7 = ! mo/ "p translat$ fir/ into ,syriac1 & !n into ,arabic4 ,x does n come )9 ! scope ( ?is "w to n>rate or e/imate ! advance 9 m$ic9e :i* may be accr$it$ to ! ,arabian writ]s & practition]s4 ,m$ical hi/orians d n all[ t !y contribut$ mu* orig9al s]vice to ei!r anatomy1 physiology1 pa?ology1 or surg]y2 b x is admitt$ by e /ud5t t _! ma9t5ance ( s*ol>%ip ?r\gh ! half doz5 c5turies dur+ :i* ,europe 0 sunk 9 ! mo/ abject ignorance & sup]/ition entitles !m to ! gratitude ( all :o h liv$ s9ce4 ,! m$ic9e ( ,avic5na 0 p]haps mu* ! same z t ( ,gal54 ,bo? 7 accept$ by ! physicians ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many ) ! slavi% def]5ce :i* ! long burial ( ! critical faculties _h made inevitable1 & :i* ne$$ ! vigor\s abuse ( ,p>acelsus to quick5 into activity4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! case ) m$ic9e x _c be d5i$ t ! ,arabs contribut$ l>gely to ! developm5t ( its m9i/]+ arts1 *emi/ry & ph>macy4 ,! a*ievem5ts attribut$ to ,geb] 9 ! eigh? c5tury 7 probably n due to any s+le adept4 ,tradition assign$ ! glory to him &1 likely en\gh1 if su* a *emi/ really liv$ & acquir$ fame1 o!r inve/igators :o foll[$ him = a c5tury or two adopt$ ! pi\s fraud s frequ5tly met ) 9 o!r bran*es ( /udy 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( our era ( attribut+ !ories or discov]ies to "s v5]at$ tea*] 9 ord] to assure = !m imm$iate acceptance4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is n ! less e/abli%$ t ! *emi/ry ( ,geb]1 or ( ,geb] & o!rs1 0 9 fact ! fruit ( ,arab indu/ry & g5ius4 ,our language indicates to "s ext5t :at ,ph>macy owes to ! ,arabs4 ,alcohol1 julep1 syrup1 sug>1 alk]mes1 are ,arabic names2 ! g5]al employm5t 9 m$ic9e ( rhub>b1 s5na1 camphor1 manna1 musk1 nutmegs1 cloves1 bezo> /ones1 cassia1 tam>9ds1 rea*$ u ?r\gh !m4 ,!y fir/ di/ill$ rose wat]4 ,!y fir/ e/abli%$ ph>macies1 & f ! "t ( ,h>\n ,al-,ras*id !re is evid5ce t ! ,gov]nm5t controll$ ! quality & prices ( ! m$ic9e sold 9 !m4 ,sabor-,ebn-,sahel1 presid5t ( ! s*ool ( ,ds*ondisab\r1 0 ! au?or ( ! e>lie/ ph>macopia1 :i* 0 entitl$ 8,krabad902 & ,hassan-,ali-,ebno-,talmid ( ,bagdad 9 ! t5? c5tury1 & ,avic5na 7,al-,husse9-,b5-,abdallah-,ebn-,s9a7 9 ! elev5? c5tury prep>$ collections ( =mulas :i* 7 us$ z ph>macopias4 ,x 0 ! ,arabs :o rais$ ph>macy to its prop] dignity4 ,we d n read ( any not$ ph>maci/s among !m :o 7 n physicians1 b ! latt] 7 all ke5 /ud5ts ( ! mat]ia m$ica1 & occupi$ !mselves l>gely ) ph>maceutical /udies4 ,b x is evid5t t !re 0 a di/9ct pr(ession ( ph>macy4 ,we read ( ,avic5na1 = example1 tak+ refuge ) an apo!c>y at ,hamdan1 & !re compos+ "s ( 8 fam\s works4 ,else:]e a quotation f ,rhazes gives "s indication ( ! irregul> practice ( m$ic9e :i* has prevail$ 9 e c\ntry & among all nations2 & ,spr5gel quotes "s translat$ items f v>i\s ,arabic au?ors :i* %[ t z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury ! ,gov]nm5t sanction$ ! book ( ph>maceutical =mulas1 compil$ by ,sabor-,ebn-,sahel1 director ( ! ,s*ool ( ,ds*ondisab\r1 already m5tion$4 ,8 "w 0 frequ5tly imitat$ 9 lat] times4 ,! fir/ ,london ,ph>macopia 0 pr(ess$ly bas$ l>gely on ! ,=mul>y ( ,mesu4 ,!re is also evid5ce t bo? 9 civil life & 9 ! army ! ph>maci/s 7 closely sup]vis$4 ,_! m$ic9es 7 inspect$1 & ! prices at :i* !y 7 sold to ! public 7 controll$ by law4 ,! developm5t & progress ( m$ic9e & its associat$ sci5ces among ! ,arabs may be v concisely sket*$4 ,! flight ( ,mohamm$ f ,mecca to ,m$9a1 ! ,hejira z x is call$1 f :i* ! ,mohomm$an era is dat$1 corresponds 9 our *ronology ) ,a4,d4 #fbb4 ,! prophet di$ 9 #fcb4 ,contempor>y ) him liv$ a prie/ at ,alex&ria nam$ ,ahrun or ,a>on1 :o compil$ f ,greek writ]s ?irty books :i* he call$ ! ,p&ects ( ,physic4 ,^! 7 translat$ into ,syriac & ,arabic ab\t #fhc by a ,jew ( ,bassora nam$ ,mas]ds*awaih-,ebn-,ds*alds*al4 ,x is n 9 exi/5ce1 & is only kn[n by ref]5ces to x made by ,rhazes4 ,! fir/ allusion to small-pox kn[n to hi/ory 0 conta9$ 9 ^! ,p&ects4 ,s]apion quotes a numb] ( =mulas :i* he says 7 inv5t$ by ,ahrun4 ,9 #ggb ,almansor1 ! ,caliph :o f\nd$ ! city ( ,bagdad1 br\ght ?i!r f ,ni%abur 7,ds*ondisab\r7 9 ,p]sia1 a fam\s ,*ri/ian physician nam$ ,george ,baktis*wah1 :o /ay$ = "s "t1 & at ! reque/ ( ,almansor translat$ into ,arabic c]ta9 books on ,physic4 ,he !n return$ to 8 own l&1 b 8 son 0 aft]w>ds a physician 9 great fav\r ) ! two succe$+ ,caliphs1 ,almohdi & ,h>\n ,al-,ras*id4 ,fre9d /ates t :5 ! eld] ,baktis*wah return$ to ,p]sia ,almansor pres5t$ him ) #aj1jjj pieces ( gold1 & t ,al-,ras*id paid ! y\ng] ,baktis*wah an annual sal>y ( #aj1jjj dra*mas4 ,! la/-nam$ rul] also br\ght to ,bagdad ! ,ne/orian ,*ri/ian1 ,jahiah-,ebn-,masawaih1 :o1 "u ! "n ( ,mesu ! ,eld]1 reta9$ a reputation = 8 =mulas ev5 up to ! publication ( ! ,london ,ph>macopia4 ,mesu is not$ = 8 opposition to ! viol5t purgative m$ic9es :i* ! ,greek & ,roman physicians _h made common1 & he _h mu* to d ) ! popul>isation1 if n ) ! introduction (1 s5na1 cassia1 tam>9ds1 sebe/5s1 myrabolans1 & jujube4 ,he modifi$ ! effects ( c]ta9 rem$ies by judici\s comb9ations1 z1 = example1 by giv+ violet root & lemon juice ) scammony4 ,he gave p9e b>k & decoction ( hyssop z emetics1 & recomm5d$ ! pancreas ( ! h>e z a /yptic 9 di>rha4 ,a disciple ( ,mesu's1 ,ebn-,izak1 add$ greatly to ! m$ical res\rces ( ! ,arabs by translations ( ! works ( ,hippocrates1 ,gal51 ,pl9y1 ,paul ( ,eg9eta1 & o!r ,greek au?ors4 ,abu-,m\ssah-,ds*af>-,al-,soli1 commonly call$ ,geb]1 ! equival5t ( 8 middle "n1 is suppos$ to h liv$ 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ t ! *emical discov]ies attribut$ to ?is philosoph] 7 probably ! a*ievem5ts ( _m work]s1 & 7 aft]w>ds collect$ & pass$ on to po/]ity z 8 alone4 ,f him are dat$ ! introduction into sci5ce1 to be adopt$ lat] 9 m$ic9e1 ( corrosive sublimate1 ( r$ precipitate1 ( nitric & nitro-muriatic acids1 & ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,^! *emical discov]ies mu/ h be5 made )9 ! hundr$ ye>s f #gej to #hej1 because ,rhazes1 :o wrote 9 ! latt] half ( ! n9? c5tury1 m5tions !m4 ,geb] has be5 suppos$ to h claim$ to h discov]$ ! philosoph]'s /one1 & to h made ! univ]sal m$ic9e4 ,b x is n at all c]ta9 t he contemplat$ m$ic9e at all4 ,8 language is highly figurative1 & probably :5 he says 8 gold _h cur$ six lep]s he meant only t he _h1 or ?\ght he _h1 extract$ gold f six bas] metals4 ,rhazes1 ^: ,europeanis$ "n is ! modification ( ,arrasi1 :i* 0 ! f9al memb] ( a long s]ies ( ,ea/]n patronymics1 0 ( ,p]sian bir?1 & comm5c$ 8 /udies 9 t c\ntry ) music & a/ronomy4 ,:5 he 0 ?irty he remov$ to ,bagdad1 & x 0 n until !n t he took up ! sci5ces ( *emi/ry & m$ic9e4 ,subsequ5tly he 0 made director ( ! hospital ( ,bagdad1 & 8 lectures on ! m$ical art 7 att5d$ by /ud5ts f _m c\ntries4 ,8 pr9cipal "w 0 entitl$ ,hhawi1 :i* has be5 translat$ ,cont95t1 app>5tly because x 0 suppos$ to conta9 all !re 0 to "k ab\t m$ic9e4 ,! /yle ( ?is treatise is t ( notes )\t me?od1 & x is c]ta9 t x c\ld n h be5 writt5 entirely by ,rhazes1 z au?orities are nam$ :o did n live until aft] he _h di$4 ,! !ory is t ,rhazes left a quantity ( notes ( 8 lectures & cases1 & t "s ( 8 disciples aft]w>ds publi%$ !m ) additions1 b )\t mu* edit+4 ,among ! me?ods ( treatm5t = :i* ,rhazes is responsible may be m5tion$ t ( ph?isis1 ) milk & sug>2 ( high fev]1 ) cold wat]2 ( weakness ( ! /oma* & ( ! dige/ive organs1 ) cold wat] & butt]milk2 & he advises suff]]s f melan*olia to play *ess4 ,he /ates t fev] is n itself a disease1 b an ef=t ( nature to ca/ out a disease4 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly c>eful 9 ! use ( purgatives1 :i* he said 7 apt to occasion irritation ( ! inte/9al canal1 & 9 dys5t]y he reli$ usually on fruits1 rice1 & f>9ace\s food1 ?\gh 9 sev]e cases he ord]$ quicklime1 ars5ic1 & opium4 ,9 ,fre9d's ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e 7#agbg7 a translation ( "s comm5ts ( ,rhazes on ! impo/ors ( 8 day %[s bett] ?an ! citations already giv5 h[ j &1 x may be said1 mod]n 7 ! ideas ( ?is practition] ( m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,x may be add$ t ,fre9d is n v complim5t>y to ,rhazes g5]ally4 ,i app5d an abbreviation ( ?is int]e/+ notice ( ! quack]y ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,!re are s _m little arts us$ by m\ntebanks & pret5d]s to physic t an entire treatise1 _h ,i m9d to write "o1 w\ld n conta9 !m4 ,_! impud5ce is equal to _! guilt 9 torm5t+ p]sons 9 _! la/ h\rs4 ,"s ( !m pr(ess to cure ! fall+ sickness 7epilepsy7 by mak+ an issue at ! back ( ! head 9 =m ( a cross1 & pret5d+ to take some?+ out ( ! op5+ :i* !y held all ! "t 9 _! h&s4 ,o!rs give out t !y w draw snakes out ( _! pati5ts' noses2 ?is !y seem to d by putt+ an iron probe up ! no/ril until ! blood comes4 ,!n !y draw out an artificial worm1 made ( liv]4 ,o!r tricks are to remove :ite specks f ! eye1 to draw wat] f ! e>1 worms f ! tee?1 /ones f ! bladd]1 or phlegm f v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 always hav+ conceal$ ! sub/ance 9 _! h&s :i* !y pret5d to extract4 ,ano!r p]=mance is to collect ! evil hum\rs ( ! body into "o place by rubb+ t "p ) w9t] *]ries until !y cause an inflammation4 ,!n !y apply "s oil to heal ! place4 ,"s assure _! pati5ts !y h swall[$ glass4 ,to prove ?is !y tickle ! ?roat ) a fea!r to induce vomit+1 :5 "s p>ticles ( glass are eject$ :i* 7 put !re by ! fea!r4 ,no wise man ought to tru/ 8 life 9 _! h&s1 nor take any ( _! m$ic9es :i* h prov$ fatal to _m4 ,rhazes writes ( aqua vit1 b x is n[ accept$ t he only means a k9d ( w9e4 ,! di/illation ( w9e 0 n practis$ till a c5tury aft] him4 ,m]cury 9 ! =m ( o9tm5t & corrosive sublimate 7 appli$ by him ext]nally1 ! latt] = it*2 yell[ & r$ ars5ic & sulphates ( iron & copp] 7 also among 8 ext]nal rem$ies4 ,borax 7:i* he call$ t5k]71 saltpetre1 r$ coral1 v>i\s preci\s /ones1 & oil ( ants1 are includ$ among ! int]nal rem$ies :i* he advises4 ,illu/ration3 ,,avic5na4 ,z repres5t$ on ! diploma ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,society4 ,! ,arab au?or :o acquir$ by f> ! greate/ fame 9 ,we/]n l&s1 & :o1 inde$1 %>$ ) ,gal5 ! unque/ion+ ob$i5ce ( myriads ( m$ical practition]s ?r\gh\t ,europe until ,p>acelsus %ook 8 au?ority five hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 0 ,al-,husse9-,ab\-,ali-,b5-,abdallah-,ebn -,s9a1 :i* picturesque "n loses its ,ea/]n atmosph]e 9 ! transmutation ( its two conclud+ phrases into ,avic5na4 ,?is fam\s man 0 born at ,bokh>a 9 #ihj2 at twelve ye>s ( age he knew ! ,koran by he>t2 at sixte5 he 0 a skilful physician2 at eighte5 he op]at$ on ! ,caliph ,nuhh ) su* brilliant success t 8 fame 0 e/abli%$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a v>i$ life he 0 at "o "t a ,vizi]1 & soon aft]w>ds 9 prison = be+ conc]n$ 9 "s s$ition4 ,he escap$ f prison & liv$ = a long "t conceal$ 9 ! h\se ( a fri5dly apo!c>y1 :]e he wrote a l>ge "p ( 8 volum9\s 8,canon40 ,he sp5t ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life at ,ispahan1 :]e he 0 9 great fav\r ) ! ,caliph ,ola-,oddaula1 & he di$ at ,hamdan 9 #ajch 9 ! fifty-eigh? ye> ( 8 age4 ,he _h l$ an irregul> life1 & x 0 said ( him t all 8 philosophy fail$ to make him moral1 & all 8 k ( m$ic9e left him unable to take c>e ( 8 own heal?4 ,compet5t critics :o h /udi$ ! m$ical tea*+ ( ,avic5na h n be5 able to discov] :]e9 its m]its h ju/ifi$ ! high e/eem to :i* x atta9$4 ,! explanation appe>s to be t :at ,avic5na lack$ 9 orig9ality he made up 9 me?od4 ,! ma9 body ( 8 8,canon0 is a judici\s selection f ! ,greek & ,lat9 physicians1 & f ,rhazes & o!r ( 8 ,arabic pr$ecessors4 ,he wrote a great deal on drugs & rem$ies1 b x has be5 f\nd impossible to id5tify _m ( ! sub/ances ( 8 ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 z 9 _m cases ! names he gives evid5tly d n apply to ^? giv5 by ,s]apion1 ,rhazes1 & o!r writ]s4 ,he (t5 prescrib$ camphor1 & allud$ to sev]al diff]5t k9ds2 a solution ( manna 0 a fav\rite m$ic9e ) him2 he reg>d$ corrosive sublimate z ! mo/ deadly ( all poisons1 b us$ x ext]nally2 iron he _h ?ree names =1 probably diff]5t comp\nds2 he _h great fai? 9 gold1 silv]1 & preci\s /ones2 x 0 probably he :o introduc$ ! silv]+ & gild+ ( pills1 b 8 object 0 n to make !m m pleasant to take1 b to add to _! m$ic9al effect4 ,s]apion ! y\ng]1 & ,mesu ! y\ng]1 :o bo? liv$ soon aft] ! "t ( ,avic5na1 7 pr9cipally writ]s on ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 f ^: works lat] au?ors borr[$ freely4 ,! subsequ5t ,arab au?orities ( p>ticul> note came f among ! ,we/]n ,s>ac5s4 ,albucasis ( ,cordova1 ,av5zo> ( ,seville1 & ,av]rhoes ( ,cordova1 :o are all believ$ to h fl\ri%$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 7 ! mo/ celebrat$4 ,albucasis 0 a great surgeon & describes ! op]ations ( 8 p]iod ) wond]ful cle>ness & intellig5ce4 ,av5zo> 0 a physician :o int]e/$ himself l>gely 9 ph>macy4 ,he 0 reput$ to h liv$ to ! age ( #ace & to h accumulat$ exp]i5ce f 8 #bj? ye> to ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,av]rhoes knew ,av5zo> p]sonally1 b 0 y\ng]4 ,he 0 a philosoph] & some:at ( a free?9k] :o int]e/$ himself 9 m$ical matt]s4 ,we are naturally m conc]n$ ) ,av5zo> ?an ) ! o!rs4 ,x is evid5t f ! books left by ,av5zo>1 ^: full "n 0 ,abdel-,malek-,ab\-,m]wan-,ebn-,zohr1 t 9 8 "t ! practices ( m$ic9e1 surg]y1 & ph>macy 7 q di/9ct 9 ,spa91 & he apologises to ! high] bran* ( ! pr(ession = 8 int]e/ 9 ^? practices :i* 7 usually left to _! s]vants4 ,b he /ates t f 8 y\? he took delight 9 /udy+ h[ to make syrups & electu>ies1 & a /rong desire to "k ! op]ation ( m$ic9es & h[ to comb9e !m & to extract _! virtues4 ,he writes ab\t poisons & antidotes2 has a *apt] on ! oil alquimesci1 :i* ,fre9d r5d]s oil ( eggs1 & ,spr5gel calls oil ( dates4 ,av5zo> says 8 fa!r br\ght x f ! ,ea/1 & t x 0 a m>vell\s li?ontryptic4 ,he tells h[ ma/ic corrects scammony1 & sweet almonds colocyn?4 ,he is ! e>lie/ writ] to ref] to ! m$ic9al virtues ( ! bezo> /ones4 ,he gives a diff]5t acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ^! /ones f t ( o!r au?ors4 ,! be/1 he says1 comes f ! ,ea/ & is got f ! eyes ( /ags4 ,! /ags eat s]p5ts to make !m /rong1 & at once to prev5t any injury _! in/9ct impels !m to run into /reams & /& 9 ! wat] up to _! necks4 ,!y d n dr9k any wat]4 ,if !y did !y w\ld die imm$iately2 b /&+ 9 ! /ream gradually r$uces ! =ce ( ! poison1 & !n a liquor exudes by ! eyelids :i* coagulates & =ms a /one :i* may gr[ to ! size ( a *e/nut1 :i* ultimately falls (f4 ,accord+ to ano!r ,arab au?or1 ,abdalan>ack1 ! bezo> /one acquir$ su* a celebrity 9 ,spa9 t a palace 9 ,cordova 0 giv5 9 ex*ange = "o4 ,moses ,maimonides1 ! mo/ fam\s ,jewi% s*ol> & !ologian ( ! middle ages1 mu/ be m5tion$ among ! expon5ts ( ,arab ph>macy4 ,he 0 born at ,cordova 9 #aaci1 & /udi$ m$ic9e "u ,av]rhoes1 b :5 he 0 tw5ty-five ! !n ,mohamm$an rul] ( ,spa9 requir$ him to be conv]t$ or quit ! k+dom4 ,maimonides !re=e w5t to ,cairo1 & became physician to ,salad91 ! well-kn[n h]o ( ,crusade w>s1 :o 0 !n ,sultan ( ,egypt4 ,among 8 duties he _h to sup]9t5d ! prep>ation ( !riaca & mi?ridatium = ! ,c\rt4 ,! drugs = ^! comp\nds1 ,maimonides says1 _h to be br\ght f ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ at great exp5diture ( "t & money4 ,consequ5tly1 8! illu/ri\s ,kadi ,fakhil10 7:o 0 app>5tly "o ( ,salad9's m9i/]s71 8^: days may ,god prolong1 ord]$ ! mo/ humble ( 8 s]vants 9 #eie 7,a4,d4 #aaih7 to compose a treatise1 small1 & %[+ :at ought to be done imm$iately = a p]son bitt5 by a v5om\s animal40 ,! treatise :i* ,maimonides compos$1 9 ob$i5ce to ?is ord]1 he call$ 8,fakhiliteh40 ,?is small popul> manual reflects 9 g5]al ! ph>macy ( ,spa9 & is ( no p>ticul> int]e/4 ,! au?or consid]s t = all k9ds ( poisons & v5oms ! mo/ efficaci\s antidote is an em]ald1 laid on ! /oma* or held 9 ! m\?2 & he notes ! virtues ( !riaca1 mi?ridatium1 & ( bezo>4 ,b ! ,kadi 0 ?9k+ ( poor p1 & !re=e m ord9>y rem$ies 7 also nam$4 ,a pigeon kill$ & cut 9 two pieces might be appli$ to pa9ful w\nds1 b if ?is 0 n available w>m v9eg> ) fl\r & olive oil might be sub/itut$4 ,vomit+ mu/ be excit$1 & to de/roy ! virus a mixture ( asaftida1 sulphur1 salt1 onions1 m9t1 orange-pips1 & ! excrem5t ( pigeons1 ducks1 or goats1 comp\nd$ ) honey & tak5 9 w9e1 0 recomm5d$4 ,! wisdom ( ,rhazes1 ( ,av5zo>1 & ( o!r great au?orities 0 also drawn f4 ,,vii ,,f ,,! ,,arabs ,,to ,,! ,,europeans 8,m$ic9]s1 l ! m$ic9es :i* !y employ1 are (t5 useful1 ?\gh ! "o 7 by bir? & mann]s ! vile/ ( humanity1 z ! o!rs are 9 _m cases extract$ f ! base/ mat]ials4 ,m5 may use ! assi/ance ( pagans & infidels 9 _! ne$1 & !re is reason to ?9k t "o cause ( _! be+ p]mitt$ to rema9 on e>? is t !y might m9i/] to ! conv5i5ce ( true ,*ri/ians40--,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,tyre 9 ,sir ,walt] ,scott's ,talisman4 ,x w\ld require a v long *apt] & w\ld be outside ! scope ( ?is "w to attempt to trace 9 any detail ! mann] 9 :i* ! anci5t wisdom & sci5ce ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors1 :i* 0 s m>vell\sly pres]v$ by ! iconocla/ic ,arabs1 0 transf]r$1 :5 _! passion = /udy & rese>* began to fail1 to ,european nations4 ,x has be5 alleg$ t ! ,crusades s]v$ to br+ ! atta9m5ts ( ! ,ea/]n ,s>ac5s to ! k ( ! ,we/ ?r\gh le>n+ pick$ up by ! physicians & o!rs :o accompani$ ! ,*ri/ian armies aga9/ ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,b !re is no evid5ce & n mu* probability t ,europeans acquir$ any ,ea/]n sci5ce ( value ?r\gh ! ,crusades4 ,indirectly m$ic9e ultimately pr(it$ greatly by ! comm]ce :i* ^! m>vell\s w>s op5$ up betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 & ! diseases :i* 7 spread z ! consequ5ce ( ! intimate association ( ! un:olesome hordes f all ! nations conc]n$1 result$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?\s&s ( hospitals all ov] ,europe4 ,! provision ( homes = ! sick 0 f> m common among ! ,mohamm$ans ?an among ! ,*ri/ians ( t p]iod4 ,activity ( ?\ght 0 /imulat$1 & m$ical sci5ce mu/ h %>$ 9 ! effects ( _s ( inquiry4 ,"s hi/orians h suppos$ t ! infusion ( a/rological sup]/itions into ! tea*+ & practice ( m$ic9e 0 l>gely traceable to ! communion ) ! ,ea/ 9 ^! ,holy ,w>s3 b ?is idea is n support$ by any?+ t we "k ( ! ,arab doctors4 8,i h n f\nd ! union ( a/rology ) m$ic9e taught by any writ] ( t nation10 says ,spr5gel2 & 8 au?ority is v great4 ,on ! o!r h& ! philosoph]s & !ologians ( t age 7 only too eag] to seize ^u any?+ my/ic1 & pl5ty ( mat]ials = _! speculations 7 f\nd 9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 manuscripts h&$ d[n to !m4 ,sup]/itions ent]$ into ! m5tal furniture ( ! age mu* m directly f ,rome & ,alex&ria ?an f ,bagdad4 ,t ! ,arabs ( ! ,ea/ c\ld h taught _! ,*ri/ian foes mu* useful k _c be d\bt$4 ,! lett] f ! ,patri>* ( ,j]usalem to ,alfr$ ! ,great 7see page #aca71 = example1 is pro( ( ! ph>maceutical sup]iority ( ! ,syrians ov] ! ,saxons at t "t4 ,m4 ,b]!lot has %[n by abundant evid5ce 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,al*emy0 t ! ,lat9 works deal+ ) *emi/ry ( ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies :i* 7 v num]\s 9 ,*ri/5dom1 7 almo/ exclusively drawn f ,arabic s\rces4 ,su* *emical le>n+ z ! ,arabs _h collect$ f ,greek writ]s1 z well z t :i* !y _h add$ f _! own inve/igations1 9 ?is way f\nd its way back to ! heirs ( ! orig9al own]s z !y may be call$4 ,we read likewise ( ,con/ant9e ! ,african1 :o1 ab\t ! ye> #ajej1 came to ,sal]no aft] a long resid5ce 9 ! ,ea/1 & gave to ! m$ical s*ool ( t city ! translations he _h made f ,arab au?ors4 ,b1 not)/&+ ^! evid5ces ( ,ea/]n culture1 x is c]ta9 t ! actual introduction ( ph>macy into ! ,nor!rn ,european c\ntries is mu* m l>gely due to ! ,spani% ,mohamm$ans4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages poor ,arabs & ,jews :o _h /udi$ m$ic9e 9 ! s*ools ( ,cordova & ,seville tramp$ ?r\gh ,france & ,g]many1 sell+ _! rem$ies1 & tea*+ _m ?+s to ! monks & prie/s :o1 9 spite ( repeat$ papal edicts =bidd+ !m to sell m$ic9es1 did 9 fact cultivate all bran*es ( ! art ( heal+1 includ+ _m sup]/itions4 ,! edicts !mselves are evid5ce t !y sold _! s]vices to ^? :o c\ld af=d to pay = !m4 ,! ,m$ical ,s*ool ( ,sal]no1 already m5tion$1 0 ! pr9cipal l9k betwe5 ! lat] ,greek physicians & ! tea*+ in/itutions :i* rema9 ) u to ?is day1 z1 = in/ance1 ! univ]sities ( ,p>is1 ,naples1 ,ox=d1 ,padua1 ,vi5na1 & o!rs ( lat] fame4 ,! orig9 ( ! s*ool ( ,sal]no is unkn[n1 b x 0 c]ta9ly 9 exi/5ce 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,x 0 long suppos$ to h develop$ f a mona/ic in/itution1 b x is n[ g5]ally believ$ to h be5 always a secul> s*ool4 ,its hi/orian1 ,mazza ( ,naples1 #afha1 quotes an anci5t *ronicle :i* names ,rabbi ,el9us 7a ,jew71 ,pontus 7a ,greek71 ,adala 7a ,s>ac571 & ,sal]nus 7a ,roman7 z its f\nd]s1 b !re is no evid5ce ( ! epo* to :i* ?is ref]s4 ,al?\gh o!r subjects 7 taught at ,sal]no1 x became specially not$ = its m$ical s*ool1 & 9 ! n9? c5tury x _h assum$ ! title ( ,civitas ,hippocratica4 ,william ( ,norm&y resort$ to ,sal]no prior to 8 conque/ ( ,engl&1 & a dietetic treatise 9 v]se exi/s d$icat$ to 8 son ,rob]t4 ,x has be5 claim$ t ! works ( ,hippocrates & ,gal5 7 /udi$ at ,sal]no f its e>lie/ days1 b s f> z ?is 0 ! case x 0 by ! int]m$i>y ( ,jewi% doctors1 :o !mselves d]iv$ _! k f ,arab s\rces1 t ^! 7 available4 ,! orig9al texts ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors 7 n 9 ! h&s ( ,european s*ol>s till ,aldus ( ,v5ice began to reproduce !m e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ph>maceutical k to :i* ! fam\s s*ool atta9$ may be judg$ by ! reputation :i* att5d$ ! ,antidot>y ( ,nicolas ,prepositus1 :o 0 director ( ! s*ool 9 ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,9 ?is ,antidot>y are f\nd ! absurd =mulas pret5d+ to h be5 inv5t$ or us$ by ! ,apo/le ,paul & o!rs4 8,sal ,sac]dotale quo utebantur sac]dotales tempore ,heliae prophetae0 is among ^!4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! next c5tury or two m$ical /ud5ts f ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,france w5t to ,cordova1 ,tol$o1 & ,seville1 & !re wrote translations ( ! m$ical works us$ 9 ^? s*ools4 ,^! translations by ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 7 s univ]sally accept$ z to eclipse ,sal]no1 :i* f !n began to decl9e 9 fame1 ,bologna1 ,montpelli]1 ,padua1 & ,leyd5 gradually p>tition+ among !mselves its old reputation4 ,b ! m$ical s*ool ( ,sal]no actually exi/$ until #ahaa1 :5 x 0 dissolv$ by a decree ( ,napoleon ,i4 ,z evid5ce ( ! monopoly ( ,avic5na 9 ! m$ical s*ools ( ,europe at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & d\btless = a long p]iod previ\sly1 ! foll[+ f ! preface to a ,lat9 translation ( ! works ( ,paulus ,eg9eta is quot$ by ,lecl]c3-- ,avic5na1 :o is reg>d$ z ! ,pr9ce & mo/ excell5t ( all physicians1 is read & exp\nd$ 9 all ! s*ools2 & ! n9? book ( ,rhazes1 physician to ! ,caliph ,almansor1 is simil>ly read & comm5t$ on4 ,^! are believ$ to tea* ! :ole art ( heal+4 ,a few lat] writ]s1 su* z ,betru*ius1 ,gat9>ia1 ,guayn]ius1 & ,valescus1 are occasionally cit$1 & n[ & !n ,hippocrates1 ,gal51 & ,dioscorides are quot$1 b all ! o!r ,greek writ]s are unkn[n4 ,! ,lat9 translations ( a few ( ! books ( ,gal5 & ,hippocrates :i* are 9 use are v corrupt & b>b>\s1 & are only admitt$ at ! pleasure ( ! ,arabian ,pr9ces1 & ?is fav\r is b r>ely conc$$4 ,! mo/ notable ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ph>macy aft] ! e>li] ,crusades 0 an edict regulat+ ! practice ( bo? m$ic9e & ph>macy issu$ by ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ! ,holy ,roman ,emp]or & ,k+ ( ,sicily4 ,?is mon>*1 probably ! able/ rul] 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :o di$ 9 #abej1 _h great e/eem = ,arab le>n+4 ,mohamm$ans & ,jews 7 enc\rag$ to come to ,naples dur+ 8 reign1 & he facilitat$ by all means 9 8 p[] ! introduction ( su* innovations z _h be5 acquir$ f ,cordova & ,bagdad4 ,! edict ref]r$ to m5tions 8apo!ca10 mean+ !reby only ! w>eh\ses :]e prep>$ m$ic9es 7 /or$4 ,^? :o comp\nd$ ! m$ic9es 7 t]m$ 8confection>ii10 ! places or %ops :]e !y 7 sold 7 call$ 8/ationes10 & ! p]sons :o suppli$ !m1 8/ation>ii40 ,x is n q cle> :e!r ! confection>ii & ! /ation>ii 7 ! same p]sons4 ,probably !y 7 sometimes1 b n necess>ily always4 ,app>5tly ! /ation>ii 7 g5]ally ! drug import]s & deal]s1 & ! confection>ii 7 ! comp\nd]s4 ,bo? _h to be lic5s$ by ! ,m$ical ,s*ool ( ,sal]no2 & among ! duties impos$ ^u ! physician1 "o 0 to in=m ! au?orities if he came to discov] t any 8confection>ius0 _h falsifi$ m$ic9es4 ,longfell[ alludes to ?is provision 9 ! 8,gold5 ,leg5d0-- ,to report if any confection>ius ,m+les 8 drugs ) matt]s v>i\s4 ,! physician 0 /rictly =bidd5 to ent] into any arrangem5t ) a druggi/ :]eby he w\ld d]ive any pr(it by ! sale ( m$icam5ts1 & he 0 n p]mitt$ himself to conduct a ph>macy4 ,! 8confection]s0 7 requir$ to take an oa? to prep>e all m$ic9es accord+ to ! ,antidot>y ( ! ,sal]nian ,s*ool4 ,_! pr(its 7 limit$ & graduat$1 less be+ all[$ on ^? ( frequ5t consumption ?an on ^? :i* !y _h to keep = m ?an a ye>4 ,ph>macies 7 only all[$ 9 ! pr9cipal cities1 & 9 ea* su* city two notable ma/]-apo!c>ies 7 appo9t$ to sup]vise !m4 ,! 8confection]s0 _h to make _! syrups & electu>ies & o!r comp\nds 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! two inspectors1 & if !y 7 detect$ 9 any attempt at fraud _! prop]ty 0 subject to confiscation4 ,if "o ( ! inspectors 0 f\nd to h be5 a p>ty to ! fraud 8 puni%m5t 0 dea?4 8,x is well kn[n10 says ,beckmann 9 8,anci5t ,inv5tions10 8t almo/ all political in/itutions on ?is side ! ,alps1 & p>ticul>ly ev]y?+ t conc]n$ education1 7 copi$ f ,italian models4 ,^! 7 ! only patt]ns !n to be f\nd2 & ! monks despat*$ f ! papal c\rt saw !y c\ld lay no bett] f\ndation = ! ,pontiff's p[] & _! own aggr&izem5t ?an by induc+ o!r ,/ates to foll[ ! examples set !m 9 ,italy4 ,m$ical e/abli%m5ts 7 =m$1 !re=e1 ev]y:]e at fir/ accord+ to ! plan ( t at ,sal]no4 ,p>ticul> places = v5d+ m$ic9es 7 m necess>y 9 o!r c\ntries ?an 9 ,italy4 ,! physicians ( t p]iod us$ no o!r drugs ?an ^? recomm5d$ by ! anci5ts2 & z ^! _h to be procur$ f ! ,levant1 ,greece1 ,arabia1 & ,india1 x 0 necess>y to s5d ?i!r = !m4 ,besides1 h]bs1 to be confid$ 91 c\ld only be ga!r$ :5 ! sun & planets 7 9 c]ta9 con/ellations1 & c]tificates ( _! be+ s 7 necess>y to give !m reputation4 ,all ?is 0 impossible )\t a di/9ct employm5t1 & x 0 f\nd conv5i5t to suff] deal]s 9 drugs gradually to acquire monopolies4 ,! prep>ation ( m$ic9es 0 becom+ m difficult & exp5sive4 ,! inv5tion ( di/illation1 sublimation1 & o!r *emical processes necessitat$ laboratories1 furnaces1 & co/ly app>atus2 s t x 0 ?\ght prop] t ^? :o devot$ !mselves to ph>macy %\ld be indemnifi$ by an exclusive trade2 & monopoli/s c\ld be kept "u clos] inspection s t ! dang] ( _! sell+ improp] drugs or poisons 0 less5$ or entirely remov$4 ,!y 7 also all[$ to deal 9 sweetmeats & confection]y1 :i* 7 !n great luxuries2 & 9 "s places !y 7 requir$ to give pres5ts ( ^! delicacies to ! magi/rates on c]ta9 fe/ivals40 ,?is extract %[s h[ ! ,g]man provision ( protect$ ph>macy orig9at$4 ,9 _m ( ! *ief cities ! apo!c>ies' %ops 7 e/abli%$ by1 & belong$ to1 ! ,k+ or ,que51 or ! municipality4 ,sometimes1 z at ,/uttg>t1 !re 0 a contract betwe5 ! rul] & ! apo!c>y1 ! =m] agree+ to provide a c]ta9 quantity ( w9e1 b>ley1 & rye2 :ile ! apo!c>y 9 return 0 to supply ! ,c\rt ) its necess>y confection]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,reproduction ,,( ,a ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,ph>macy ,,9 ,,! ,,g]manic ,,museum ,,at ,,nuremb]g4 ,beckmann gives mu* m9ute in=mation conc]n+ ! e/abli%m5t ( apo!c>ies' %ops 9 ! *ief cities ( ,g]many4#a ,he m5tions a conjecture t !re 0 a ph>macy at ,augsburg 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 b exact dates beg9 ) ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!re 0 a female apo!c>y e/abli%$ at ,augsburg 9 #adde1 & ! city paid h] a sal>y4 ,at ,/uttg>t1 9 #adeh1 ,c\nt ,ulric au?oris$ "o ,glatz to op5 a ph>macy4 ,!re 0 "o exi/+ at ,frank=t 9 #adgb4 ,! police regulations ( ,basle 9 #addj m5tion ! public physician & 8 duty1 add+ t 8:at co/ly ?+s p may wi% to h f ! apo!c>y's %op !y mu/ pay =40 ,! magi/rates ( ,b]l91 9 #adhh1 grant$ to "o ,hans ,zeb5d] a free h\se1 a c]ta9 provision ( rye1 no taxes1 & ! assurance t no o!r apo!c>y %\ld reside 9 ! city4 ,b ! ,elector ,joa*im grant$ a new pat5t to ano!r apo!c>y 9 #adii4 ,at ,halle !re 0 only "o apo!c>y4 ,9 t ye> ! ,ar*bi%op1 ) ! confirmation ( ! ,*apt]1 grant$ to 8 physician1 von ,wyke1 ! privilege ( op5+ ano!r1 b gave at ! same "t ! assurance t no m %\ld be p]mitt$ 9 ! city 8to et]nity40 ,9 ,france apo!c>ies 7 9 bus9ess z su* c]ta9ly be=e #abej4 ,a *>t] ( ! *ur* ( ,cahors1 dat$ #aagh1 describes ! retail %opkeep]s ( ! t[n z 8apo!c>ii10 ! t]m be+ us$ evid5tly z 8b\tiqui]s0 is n[1 & signify+ no?+ m ?an %opkeep]s4 ,! mean+1 h[ev]1 soon became re/rict$ to deal]s 9 drugs & spices4 ,9 ! middle ( ! next c5tury ,john ( ,g>l&e alludes to 8appotec>ii10 :o sold confections & electu>ies1 roots & h]bs1 g+]1 pepp]1 cum91 & o!r spices1 wax1 sug>1 & licorice4 ,(ficially1 h[ev]1 ^! tradesm5 7 class$ at t "t among ! 8espici]s40 ,! two guilds1 inde$1 cont9u$ 9 =mal association until #aggg1 b royal ord9ances ( #adhd & #aead cle>ly e/abli%$ ! di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,ev5 9 #abga ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e ( ,p>is =bade 8h]bori/s & apo!c>ies0 to practise m$ic9e4 ,special responsibilities1 duties1 & privileges 7 expressly provid$ = ! apo!c>ies1 & 9 ! ord9ance ( #aead x is specifically decl>$ t ?\gh ! apo!c>y is always a groc]1 ! groc] is n necess>ily an apo!c>y4 78,qui e/ espici] n'e/ pas apo?icaire1 et qui e/ apo?icaire e/ espici]407 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! apo!c>ies ( ,p>is 7 requir$ to subscribe to a =mal oa? be=e !y 7 p]mitt$ to practise4 ,!y swore to live & die 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 to speak no evil ( _! tea*]s or ma/]s1 to d all 9 _! p[] = ! hon\r1 glory1 ornam5t1 & maje/y ( m$ic9e1 to give no rem$y or purge )\t ! au?ority ( a physician1 to supply no drugs to procure abortion1 to prep>e exactly physicians' prescriptions1 nei!r add+1 subtract+1 nor sub/itut+ any?+ )\t ! express p]mission ( ! physician1 to avoid ! practices ( *>latans z !y w\ld ! plague1 & to keep no bad or old drug 9 _! /ocks4 ,an ord9ance ( #acei provides t no "o %all be grant$ ! title ( ma/]-apo!c>y unless he c %[ t he c read recipes4 ,! edict ( #adhd1 issu$ dur+ ! m9ority ( ,*>les ,,viii1 sets =? t1 8,we1 ( our c]ta9 sci5ce1 especial grace1 full p[]1 & royal au?ority1 d say1 decl>e1 /atuate1 & orda90 ! curriculum to be obs]v$ by ^? :o desire to le>n ! trade ( an apo!c>y4 ,a f\r ye>s' appr5tice%ip 0 ess5tial1 & ! aspirant _h to disp5se prescriptions1 recognise drugs1 & prep>e 8*efs d'uvres0 9 wax & confection]y 9 ! pres5ce ( appo9t$ ma/]-apo!c>ies4 ,lat9 0 add$ to ! exam9ation 9 #aecf1 & t5 ye>s' exp]i5ce aft] ! appr5tice%ip 0 also insi/$ ^u ultimately be=e ! c&idate c\ld be admitt$ z a ma/]-apo!c>y4 ,"o ( ! ord9ances ( ! sixte5? c5tury gave to ! apo!c>ies ! monopoly 9 ! manufacture & sale ( g+]bread4 ,^! edicts all relat$ p>ticul>ly to ! apo!c>ies ( ,p>is4 ,!re 7 simil> ones 9 ! prov9ces1 ) "s peculi>ities4 ,at ,dijon1 = example1 x 0 provid$ t no apo!c>y c\ld receive a legacy f "o ( 8 cli5ts4 ,en revan*e he _h ! fir/ claim on ! e/ate ( a deceas$ debtor = ! paym5t ( 8 acc\nt4 ,9 #afbi ! ,hotel de ,ville ( ,p>is grant$ to ! apo!c>ies ( t city a bann] & blazon1 ! latt]1 :i* ,i d n v5ture to translate1 be+ ?us describ$3--8,c\pp d'azur et d'or1 et sur l'or deux nefs de gueulle flottantes aux banni]es de ,france1 accompagns de deux e/oiles a c9q po9cts de gueulle avec la devise #8,lances et pond]a s]vant1' et telles qu'elles sont cy-dess\s empre9ctes40 ,9 #afhb1 "u ,l\is ,,xv1 aft] ! ,br9villi]s panic1 ! poison regi/] 0 introduc$1 & regulations 7 fram$ =bidd+ apo!c>ies to sell any ars5ic1 sublimate1 or drug reput$ to be a poison except to p]sons kn[n to !m1 & :o sign$ ! regi/] /at+ :at use !y int5d$ to make ( _! pur*ase4 ,e>li] 9 ! same reign ! practice ( ph>macy 0 /rictly =bidd5 to p]sons pr(ess+ ! re=m$ religion4 ,! la/ ( ! royal edicts apply+ to ph>macy 0 issu$ 9 #aggg by ,l\is ,,xvi1 &1 z already /at$1 ?is 0 ! au?ority :i* f9ally sep>at$ ! apo!c>ies f ! groc]s4 ,!n came ! ,revolution1 & 9 #agia all re/rictions on trades or pr(essions1 includ+ ph>macy1 7 aboli%$4 ,"s accid5ts hav+ occurr$1 ! ,assembly pass$ an ord9ance on ,april #ad1 #agia1 decl>+ t ! old laws1 /atutes1 & regulations gov]n+ ! tea*+ & practice ( ph>macy %\ld rema9 9 =ce until a new code %\ld be fram$4 ,?is did n appe> until ,april1 #ahjc1 "u ,napoleon's ,consulate1 & ! law1 :i* is /ill 9 =ce1 is to ?is day cit$ 9 legal proce$+s z ! law ( ,g]m9al1 ye> ,,xi4 ,,viii ,,ph>macy ,,9 ,,great ,,brita94 ,= none b a clev] dialectician ,c hope to become a great physician3 ,t has be5 settl$ long ago4 ,logic makes an important "p ,( ! my/]y ( ! heal+ art2 ,= )\t x h[ c\ld y hope to %[ ,t nobody kn[s s mu* z y "k4 --,,longfell[3 8,gold5 ,leg5d40 ,,briti% ,,ph>macy ,,9 ,,saxon ,,engl&4 ,! condition ( m$ic9e & ph>macy 9 ,saxon times has be5 c>efully portray$ 9 ?ree volumes publi%$1 9 #ahfd1 "u ! au?ority ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls at ! exp5se ( ! ,treasury4 ,^! 7 edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,oswald ,cockayne1 ,m4,a41 & appe>$ "u ! title ( 8,lee*doms1 ,wortcunn+1 & ,/>craft40 ,_m old docum5ts 7 translat$ & expla9$1 & f ^! ! ideas ( m$ic9e 9 ^! isl&s a ?\s& ye>s ago 7 made manife/4 ,mr4 ,cockayne gave at l5g? a ,saxon ,h]b>ium1 writt51 he suppos$1 ab\t ! ye> #ajjj1 & pr(ess+ to be a translation f ,apuleius1 a ,roman physician ( ! second c5tury1 ) additions f ,dioscorides1 & "s f native sci5ce4 ,a few specim5s w suffice to %[ ! "* ( ! h]b treatm5t 9 ,engl& be=e ! ,conque/4 ,,cress1 ,,wat]cress 7,na/urtium (fic9ale74 #a4 ,?is wort is n s[n1 b x is produc$ ( itself 9 wylls 7spr+s71 & 9 brooks1 also x is writt5 t 9 "s l&s x w gr[ aga9/ walls4 #b4 ,9 ! case t a man's hair fall (f take juice ( ! wort :i* "o name? na/urtium1 & by ano!r "n cress2 put x on ! nose2 ! hair %all wax 7gr[74 #c4 ,= sore ( head1 t is = scurf & = it*1 take se$ ( ?is same wort & goose grease4 ,p\nd toge!r4 ,x draws f ! head ! :it5ess ( ! scurf4 #d4 ,= sor5ess ( ! body 7! ,lat9 ^w is ad cruditatem1 indige/ion7 take ?is same wort na/urtium1 & p5nyroyal2 see! !m 9 wat]1 give to dr9k2 !n am5de/ ?\ ! sor5ess ( ! body1 & ! evil dep>ts4 #e4 ,aga9/ swell+s1 take ?is same wort1 & p\nd x ) oil2 lay ov] ! swell+s2 !n take leaves ( ! same wort1 & lay !m !reto4 #f4 ,aga9/ w>ts1 take ?is same wort & yea/1 p\nd toge!r1 lay !reto1 !y be soon tak5 away4 ,,may! 7,an!mis nobilis74 ,= sore ( eyes1 let a man take ere ! upgo+ ( ! sun1 ! wort :i* is call$ ,*amaimelon1 & by ano!r "n ,may!1 & :5 a man take? x let him say t he w take x aga9/ :ite specks1 & aga9/ sor5ess ( ! eyes2 let him next take ! ooze1 & sme> ! eyes !re)4 ,,poppy 7,papav] somnif]um74 #a4 ,= sore ( eyes1 t is :at we d5om9ate ble>$ness1 take ! ooze ( ?is wort1 :i* ! ,greeks "n ,makona & ! ,romans ,papav] album1 & ! ,engles call :ite poppy1 or ! /alk ) ! fruit2 lay x to ! eyes4 #b4 ,= sore ( temples or ( ! head1 take ooze ( ?is same wort1 p\nd ) v9eg>1 & lay ^u ! sore2 x alleviates ! sore4 #c4 ,= sleeplessness1 take ooze ( ?is same wort1 sme> ! man ) x1 & soon ?\ s5de/ ! sleep on him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m ( ! h]bs nam$ 9 ! ,h]b>ium 7 employ$ = o!r purposes ?an ^? = :i* !y 7 us$ 9 lat] practice4 ,comfrey is recomm5d$ = "o 8bur/5 )940 ,x 0 to be roa/$ 9 hot a%es & mix$ ) honey2 !n to be tak5 fa/+4 ,b no?+ is said ( its bone-sett+ prop]ty4 ,mulle91 subsequ5tly fam\s z a pectoral m$ic9e1 is recomm5d$ 9 ! ,h]b>ium z an ext]nal application 9 g\t1 & to c>ry ab\t to prev5t ! attacks ( wild bea/s4 ,dill is prescrib$ z a rem$y aga9/ local it*+2 f5nel 9 c\gh & sore bladd]2 & madd] = brok5 legs1 :i* x w\ld cure 9 ?ree days4 ,to prev5t sea-sickness ! travell] _h to sme> himself ) a mixture ( p5nyroyal & wormwood 9 oil & v9eg>4 ,peony laid ov] a lunatic w\ld soon cause him to upheave himself :ole2 & v]va9 or v]b5a if c>ri$ on ! p]son w\ld ensure a man f be+ b>k$ at by dogs4 ,a ,,pr(ess$ ,,translation4 ,! next docum5t pres5t$ is ! ,m$ic9a de ,quadrup$ibus ( ,sextus ,placitus1 an unkn[n p]sonage1 :o adds to ! int]e/ ( 8 n>rative by pret5d+ t 8a k+ ( ! ,egyptians1 ,idp>tus he 0 hight510 s5t ?is treatise to ! ,emp]or ,octavius ,cs>1 8=10 he said1 8,i wi/ !e wor?y ( ?is40 ,probably ?is manuscript 0 n a translation at all2 if x 01 ! pret5d$ au?ors 7 almo/ c]ta9ly fictiti\s4 ,mo/ ( ! in/ructions "h giv5 relate to ! m$ic9al uses ( animals4 ,! idea t foxes' lungs w /r5g!n ours is h>dly dead yet4 ,"h x is 9 ?is old ,saxon docum5t3-- 8,= oppressive h>d drawn brea?+1 a fox's lung sodd5 & put into sweet5$ w9e1 & adm9i/]$1 is wond]fully heal?y40 ,! fox _h _m o!r uses4 ,foxes' grease w\ld heal _m k9ds ( sores4 ,8 s9ews soak$ 9 honey w\ld cure a sore ?roat2 8 8naturam0 wrapp$ r\nd ! head w\ld bani% heada*e2 8 8coillon0 rubb$ on w>ts w\ld break !m up & remove !m2 & dimness ( sight c\ld be reliev$ by 8 gall m+l$ ) honey4 ,! wor/ recipe is3 ,= disease ( jo9ts4 ,take a liv+ fox & see! him till ! bones alone are left4 ,let ! man g d[n !re9 frequ5tly1 & into ano!r ba?4 ,let him d s v (t4 ,wond]fully x heale?4 ,!re are scores ( cures f p>ts ( animals1 "s ( !m v disgu/+4 ,a few m specim5s ( dec5t ones mu/ suffice4 ,= ov]sleep+1 a h>e's bra9 9 w9e is giv5 = a dr9k4 ,wond]fully x am5de?4 ,to get sleep a goat's horn laid "u ! head turne? wak+ into sleep4 ,= sleep lay a wolf's head "u ! pill[2 ! unheal?y %all sleep4 ,let ^? :o suff] app>itions eat lion's fle%2 !y w n aft] t suff] any app>ition4 ,= any fracture1 take a h\nd's bra9 laid ^u wool & b9d ^u ! brok5 place = f\rte5 days2 !n w x be firmly am5d$1 & !re %all be a ne$ = a firm] b9d+ up4 ,if ?\ frequ5tly sme>e/ & t\*e/ *ildr5's gums ) bit*es' milk1 ! tee? wax )\t sore4 ,,v>i\s ,,lee*doms4 ,"s 8,fly-,leaf ,lee*doms0 ( unkn[n au?or%ip foll[4 ,9 ^! in=mation conc]n+ ! f\r hum\rs is giv51 hot & cold1 moi/ & dry rem$ies are di/+ui%$1 & we are told ( ! =ty-five dies canicul>es 89 :i* no lee* c prop]ly give aid to any sick man40 ,x is c>efully not$ t ! same disord] may occur f diff]5t causes1 & q sci5tifically ! practition] is advis$ to v>y 8 treatm5t accord+ly4 ,?us1 = example1 deal+ ) 8ho/0 7c\gh7 we are told t 8x ha? a manifold access1 z ! spittles are v>i\s4 ,:ilom x come? ( immod]ate heat1 :ilom ( immod]ate cold1 :ilom ( immod]ate dryness40 ,! rem$ies mu/ dep5d on ! causes ( ! compla9t4 ,! 8tok5s0 ( 8a diseas$ maw0 ( 8a half head's a*e0 7megrims7 & ( o!r di/emp]s are set =? ) graphic simplicity1 & (t5 s5sible advice z to diet & m$ic9e is giv54 ,b n infrequ5tly ! rem$y may n be an easily procurable "o4 ,= in/ance 8,if "o dr9k a creep+ ?+ 9 wat]1 let him cut op5 a %eep in/antly & dr9k ! %eep's blood hot02 & 8if a man w eat r9d :i* come? out ( ,p>adise no v5om w damage him40 ,! writ] consid]ately adds t su* r9d is 8h>d gott540 ,! foll[+ is app>5tly adapt$ f ,alex&] ( ,tralles1 or "s o!r ( ! lat] classical au?ors4 8,aga9/ g\t & aga9/ ! wri/drop2 take ! wort h]modactylus1 by ano!r "n titulosa1 t is 9 our own language ! great cr[ leek2 take ?is leek's heads & dry !m ?or\ghly1 & take !re( by weight ( two & a half p5nies1 & pyre?rum & ,roman r9ds1 & cumm91 & a f\r? "p ( laurel b]ries1 & ( ! o!r worts1 ( by weight ( a halfp5ny1 & six pepp] corns1 unweigh$1 & gr9d all to du/1 & add w9e two egg-%ells full2 ?is is a true lee*craft4 ,give x to ! man to dr9k till t he be hole40 ,a few o!r recipes 9 ! ,lee*books may be quot$3-- ,= heada*e take a vessel full ( leaves ( gre5 rue1 & a spoonful ( mu/>d se$1 rub toge!r1 add ! :ite ( an egg1 a spoonful1 t ! salve may be ?ick4 ,sme> ) a fea!r on ! side :i* is n sore4 ,= a*e ( half ! head 7megrim7 take ! r$ nettle ( "o /alk1 bruise x1 m+le ) v9eg> & ! :ite ( an egg1 put all toge!r1 ano9t !re)4 ,= mi/9ess ( ! eyes take juice ( f5nel & ( rose & ( rue1 & ( dumbl$ores' honey2 7! dumbl$ore is apis bomb9atrix72 & kid's gall1 mix$ toge!r4 ,sme> ! eyes ) ?is4 ,aga91 take live p]iw9kles burnt to a%es2 & let him mix ! a%es ) dumbl$ores' honey4 ,= sore & a*e ( e>s take juice ( h5bane1 make x lukew>m1 & !n drip x on ! e>2 !n ! sore /ille?4 ,or1 take g>lic & onion & goose fat1 melt !m toge!r1 squeeze !m on ! e>4 ,or1 take emmets' eggs1 cru% !m1 squeeze !m on ! e>4 ,= ! upp] too? a*e3--,take leaves ( )ew9d 7convolvulus71 wr+ !m on ! nose4 ,= ! ne!r too? a*e1 slit ) ! t5aculum till !y ble$4 ,= c\ghs1 mugwort1 m>rubium1 y>r[1 r$ nettle1 & o!r h]bs are recomm5d$ g5]ally boil$ 9 ale1 sometimes 9 milk4 ,pock disease 7small-pox7 is dealt )1 b n v s]i\sly4 ,x is ( int]e/ because ! classical writ]s d n m5tion x4 ,! ,arab ,rhazes wrote a treatise on x ab\t ,a4,d4 #ibc4 ,a few h]b dr9ks are prescrib$ 9 ! ,lee*books1 & to prev5t ! pitt+ 8"o mu/ delve away ea* pock ) a ?orn1 !n drip w9e or ald] dr9k )9 !m1 !n !y w n be se540 ,aga9/ lice3--,"o p5nyweight ( quicksilv] & two ( old butt]4 ,aga9/ it*3--,take %ip t>1 & ivy t>1 & oil1 rub toge!r1 add a ?ird "p ( salt2 sme> ) t4 ,9 case a man %\ld ov]dr9k himself1 let him dr9k betony 9 wat] be=e 8 o!r dr9k4 ,= mickle travell+ ov] l&1 le/ he tire1 let him take mugwort to him 9 h& or put x 9 8 %oe1 le/ he %\ld we>y1 & :5 he w pluck x1 be=e ! upgo+ ( ! sun1 let him say ^! words1 8,i w take !e1 artemisia1 le/ ,i be we>y on ! way40 ,sign x ) ! sign ( ! cross :5 ?\ pulle/ x up4 ,,helias ,,to ,,alfr$4 ,9 "o ( ! ,lee*books translat$ by ,mr4 ,cockayne is f\nd a lett] on m$ic9es f ,helias1 ,patri>* ( ,j]usalem1 to ,k+ ,alfr$ ! ,great4 ,mr4 ,cockayne believes x to be au!ntic4 ,!re 0 a patri>* ( t "n at ,j]usalem contempor>y ) ,alfr$1 & ! m$ic9es he recomm5ds are su* z 7 obta9able 9 ! ,syrian drug %ops at t date4 ,x is to be presum$ t ! in=mation 0 giv5 9 reply to a reque/ = "s recipes f ! k+4 ,helias recomm5ds scammony1 ammoniacum1 gum dragon1 aloes1 galbanum1 balsam1 petroleum1 triacle1 & alaba/]4 ,( petroleum he writes3-- 8,x is good to dr9k simple = inw>d t5d]ness1 & to sme> on outw>dly on a w9t]'s day1 s9ce x ha? v mu* heat2 h5ce "o %all dr9k x 9 w9t]2 & x is good if = anyone 8 spee* faile?1 !n let him take x2 & make ! m>k ( ,*ri/ "u 8 tongue1 & swall[ a little ( x4 ,also if a man become out ( 8 wits1 !n let him take "p ( x1 & make ,*ri/'s m>k on e limb1 except ! cross on ! =ehead1 t %all be ( balsam1 & ! o!r on ! top ( 8 head40 ,! patri>* _h /rong fai? 9 ,!riaca1 & ! directions he gives = its adm9i/ration are m9ute1 & w\ld be explicit if he _h only expla9$ h[ mu* he meant by 8a little bit40 8,!riaca10 he says1 8is a good dr9k = all inw>d t5d]ness1 & ! man :o s behaves himself z is "h said1 he may mu* help himself4 ,on ! day on :i* he w dr9k ,triacle he %all fa/ until midday1 & n let w9d bl[ on him t day2 !n let him g to ! ba?1 let him sit !re till he sweat2 !n let him take a cup1 put a little w>m wat] 9 x1 !n let him take a little bit ( ! triacle1 & m+le ) ! wat]1 & dra9 ?r\gh "s ?9 raim5t1 !n dr9k x1 & let him !n g to 8 b$ & wrap himself up w>m1 & s lie till he sweat well2 !n let him arise & sit up & clo! himself1 & !n take 8 meat at noon 7?ree h\rs aft] midday71 & protect himself e>ne/ly aga9/ ! w9d t day2 !n ,i believe to ,god x w help ! man mu*40 ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,m$ical ,,practice4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,rog] ,bacon1 ! great man ( sci5ce1 wrote on m$ic9e1 al*emy1 magic1 & a/rology1 z well z mo/ o!r sci5ces4 ,he believ$ t a univ]sal rem$y 0 atta9able1 & urg$ ,pope ,clem5t ,,iv to give 8 p[]ful aid to its discov]y4 ,no?+ p>ticul> rema9s ( 8 m$ical /udies4 ,gilb]t ,anglicanus1 :o 0 a contempor>y ( ,bacon1 & wrote a ,comp5dium ( ,m$ic9e1 a t$i\s collection ( ! mo/ fanta/ic !ories ( disease1 0 m advanc$ 9 ph>macy ?an 9 ! treatm5t ( disease4 ,he describes at consid]able l5g? ! mann] ( ext+ui%+ m]cury to make an o9tm5t1 recomm5d+ p>ticul>ly ! addition ( "s mu/>d se$ to facilitate ! process4 ,he gives p>ticul>s ( ! prep>ation ( ! oil ( t>t> p] deliquium1 & proposes a solution ( acetate ( ammonia 9 anticipation ( ,m9d]]us f\r hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,gilb]t's =mula is ?us express$3-- 8,cont]atur sal armoniacum m9utim1 et sup]9fundatur frequ5t] et paullatim acetum1 et coop]iatur et moveatur1 ut evanescet sal40 ,ant's eggs1 oil ( scorpions1 & lion's fle% is 8 prescription = apoplexy1 b he does n expla9 h[ ! la/ +r$i5t 0 to be obta9$ 9 ,engl&4 ,sev]al ( 8 =mulas are quot$ 9 ! fir/ ,london ,ph>macopia4 ,= ! expulsion ( calculi he prescribes ! blood ( a "y goat :i* has be5 f$ on diuretic h]bs su* z p]sil & saxifrage4 ,*auc]1 ^: writ+s belong to ! latt] half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 has left on record a graphic picture ( ! 8,doct\r ( ,phisike0 ( 8 day1 & ! old poet is z g5tly s>ca/ic ab\t 8 pilgrim's 8sci5ce0 z a writ] ( five hundr$ ye>s lat] might h be54 8,he 0 gr\nd$ 9 a/ronomy10 we are told1 &-- ,well c\ld he =tune ! asc5dant ,( 8 images = 8 pati5t ,he knew ! cause ( e malady ,7 x ( cold1 or hot1 or moi/1 or dry1 ,& :]e eng5d]$ & ( :at hum\r4 ,he 0 a v p]fect practis\r4 ,8 libr>y 0 a wond]ful "o consid]+ ! r>ity ( books at t "t4 ,well knew he ! olde ,esculapius ,& ,dioscorides1 & eek ,rufus ,old ,ypocras1 ,haly1 & ,gali51 ,s]apyon1 ,razis1 & ,avic51 ,av]rois1 ,damasci51 & ,con/antyn1 ,b]n>d1 & ,gatesd51 & ,gilb]tyn4 ,! doctor 0 c>eful ab\t 8 food1 88 /udy 0 b little on ! ,bible10 he dress$ well1 b 0 incl9$ to save 9 8 exp5ses4 ,he kept t he won 9 ! pe/il5ce4 ,= gold 9 phisike is a cordialle ,!re =e he lov$ gold 9 special4 ,! orig9al ( ,*auc]'s 8,doct\r ( ,phisike0 has be5 sometimes suppos$ to h be5 ! well-kn[n ,john ( ,gaddesd51 physician to ,edw>d ,,ii1 ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d1 a ,preb5d>y ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! au?or ( 8,rosa ,anglicana40 ,?is "w1 al?\gh full ( absurdities & crude ideas ( m$ic9e & ph>macy1 became ! popul> m$ical treatise 9 ,engl&1 0 translat$ into sev]al ,european languages1 & repr9t$ _m times 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! two hundr$ ye>s :i* foll[$ its fir/ appe>ance4 ,! au?or nam$ x ! ,rose1 he says1 because1 z ! rose has five sepals1 8 book is divid$ into five p>ts2 & z ! rose excels all o!r fl[]s1 s 8 book is sup]ior to all o!r treatises on m$ic9e4 ,x 0 probably publi%$ betwe5 #acaj & #acbj4 ,john ( ,gaddesd5's "w well illu/rates ! ph>macy ( ! p]iod1 = he 0 great on drugs4 ,he taught t aqua vit 7br&y7 0 a poly*re/1 or complete rem$y2 t sw9es' excrem5t 0 a sov]eign cure = hmorrhage2 t a sponge /eep$ 9 a mixture ( v9eg>1 roses1 wormwood1 & ra9-wat]1 & laid on ! /oma*1 w\ld *eck vomit+ & purg+2 t too?a*e & o!r pa9s might be cur$ by say+ a ,pat]no/] & an ,ave = ! s\ls ( ! fa!r & "m ( ,/4 ,phillip2 a bo>'s bladd]1 tak5 :5 full ( ur9e & dri$ 9 an ov51 is recomm5d$ z a cure = epilepsy2 a w9e ( f5nel & p>sley = bl9dness2 & a mixture ( :atev] h]bs came into 8 m9d--= example1 8apium1 petrosel9um1 endive1 scolop5dron1 *icory1 liv]-wort1 sc>iola1 lettuce1 maid5hair1 planta91 ivory %av+s1 s&al wood1 violets1 & v9eg>0--is ord]$ z a dige/ive dr9k4 ,add to su* s5seless recipes z ^! a numb] ( equally un9tellig5t *>ms1 & a fair idea ( ! condition ( m$ical sci5ce 9 ,engl& 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury is obta9$4 ,x does n comp>e at all fav\rably ) ! condition to :i* ! ,arabs 9 ,spa9 _h elevat$ ! art two & ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e4 ,b]n>d ( ,gordon1 :o wrote f ,montpelli]1 b is believ$ to h be5 a ,scot*man1 0 ! au?or ( ! 8,lilium ,m$ic910 publi%$ ab\t #acjg or #acji4 ,! "w 0 kn[n to ,john ( ,gaddesd51 = he quotes f x4 ,p]haps he _h x 9 8 m9d :5 he obs]v$ t ! rose excels all o!r fl[]s4 ,ma9ly x 0 a compilation f ,arabic writ]s ) ! addition ( _m s*ola/ic subtleties & a/rological rev]ies4 ,x is noticeable 9 ?is au?or & 9 ,john ( ,gaddesd5 h[ c>eful bo? are to di/+ui% betwe5 ! treatm5t ( ! ri* & ! poor4 ,! latt]1 = example1 /ates t dropsy c be cur$ by spik5>d1 b he advises practition]s nev] to give ?is co/ly m$ic9e )\t fir/ receiv+ pay = x4 ,gordon recomm5ds = a poor p]son's c\gh t he %\ld be ord]$ to hold 8 brea? frequ5tly dur+ ! day = z long z possible1 & if t does n cure he is to brea! fire4 ,john ,mirfield also wrote 8 8,brevi>ium ,b>?olomei0 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,dr4 ,norman ,moore 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ! ,/udy ( ,m$ic9e0 has freely quot$ f ?is old "w1 & gives sev]al facsimile pages f "s ( ! e>lie/ manuscript copies ( x4 ,dr4 ,moore reg>ds ! ,brevi>ium ) special int]e/ z x is ! fir/ book on m$ic9e 9 any way connect$ ) 8 hospital1 ! olde/ 9 ,london4 ,mirfield1 relat+ "s ( ! cures p]=m$ by 8 ma/]1 m5tions t a woman came to him hav+ lo/ h] spee*4 ,! ma/] rubb$ h] palate ) "s 8!odoricon emp]i/icon0 & ) a little 8diaco/orium40 ,%e soon recov]$4 ,an apo!c>y br\ght a y\? to ! hospital ) a c>buncle on 8 face1 & 8 ?roat & neck swoll5 beyond belief4 ,! ma/] said ! y\? mu/ g home to die4 8,is !re !n no rem$y80 ask$ ! apo!c>y4 ,! physician repli$1 8,i believe mo/ truly t if ?\ w]t to give tyriacum 9 a l>ge dose1 !re w\ld be a *ance t he might live40 ,! apo!c>y gave two doses ( ij4 ea*1 :i* caus$ a pr(use p]spiration1 & 9 due c\rse ! y\? recov]$4 ,he advises smell+ & swall[+ musk1 aloes wood1 /orax1 calamita1 & amb] to prev5t infection 9 cold wea!r1 & 9 w>m wea!r s&al wood1 roses1 camphor1 acetositas citri1 s\r milk1 & v9eg>1 tak+ syrup ( v9eg> 9 ! morn+ & syrup ( violets at midday4 ,= g\t he prescribes an o9tm5t ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( :i* is goose grease4 ,! prep>ation ( ?is rem$y is expla9$ metrically4 ,! v]ses beg9 ?us3-- ,ans] sumatur1 ,vet]anus qui videatur1 ,po/ deplumetur1 ,intralibus evacuetur4 ,rheumatism 0 to be treat$ ) olive oil1 & ! ph>maci/ is direct$ to w>m x :ile he repeats ! ,psalm 8,qu>e frem]unt g5tes0 z f> z 8,po/ula a me et dabo tibi g5tes h]$itatem tuam10 !n ! ,gloria & two pray]s4 ,?is recitation 0 to be repeat$ sev5 times4 ,!re 7 no clocks available at t "t1 & ?is !re=e 0 ! me?od ( prescrib+ ! l5g? ( an op]ation4 ,dr4 ,moore says he f9ds ?is direction w\ld cov] ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,m$ical treatises 9 v]se 7 frequ5t & popul> 9 ,engl& 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,!re are sev]al 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a curi\s specim5 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,/ockholm1 & x is reproduc$ 9 readable ,engli% 9 8,ar*eologia10 ,vol4 ,,xxx1 ) notes by ! translator1 ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5s1 & by ,dr4 ,pettigrew4 ,!y bo? believe x 0 writt5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x consi/s ( #adhe l9es4 ,( ^! x w suffice to give ! fir/ f\r1 & "o specim5 ( its sections4 ,x beg9s ?us3-- ,9 f\re p>ties ( am ,be gynne? ye sek5esse yt yie han ,9 he$1 9 wombe1 or i ye spl5e ,or i bl$dyr1 yese iiij ,i m5e4 ,! foll[+ is entitl$ 9 ! m>g9 8,h$ w]k40 ,am$icyn ,i hawe i ,myde ,= h$w]k to telle z ,i fynde ,to tak5 eysyl pulyole ryale ,& camamyle to se! wt all2 ,& wt ye j\s anoyte yi no/hryll well ,a make aplai/] ( ye toy]del2 ,& d x 9 a good grete cl[te ,& wynde yi he$ y] wt ab[te2 ,z soon z x be leyde y]on ,all yi h$w]k xal away gon4 ,two o!r specim5s ( ^! e>ly poetical recipes f o!r au?ors may be quot$3-- f= defh$ ( ye h$4 ,= defh$ ( h$ = dull]ynge ,i fynde wrete dyu]s ?ynge ,take oporcyon 7a portion7 ( boiys vryne ,& mege x wt honey good fyne ,& i ye ere late x ca/e ,ye h]ynge s*al am$e 9 ha/e4 f= to slepe well ,qwo s may n slepe wel ,take egrimonye afayre del ,& ley x vnd] 8 he$ on ny? ,& x s*all hym d slepe ary? ,= ( 8 slepe s*al he n wakyn ,tyll x be fro vnd] 8 he$ takyn4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,drug ,,trade4 ,! developm5t ( ph>macy z a sep>ate organisation 0 lat] 9 ,engl& ?an on ! ,cont95t1 & 0 v gradual4 ,9 ! ,norman p]iod ! retail trade 9 drugs & spices & mo/ o!r commodities 0 9 ! h&s ( ! m]c]s4 ,^! 71 9 fact1 g5]al %opkeep]s1 d]iv+ _! designation f m]x1 m]*&ise4 ,!y att5d$ fairs & m>kets1 & 9 ! few l>ge t[ns _h p]man5t boo?s4 ,"u ! ,plantag5ets a "p ( ! s\? side ( 8,*epe0 r\ghly ext5d+ f :]e is n[ ,b[ ,*ur* to ,friday ,/reet 0 occupi$ by _! /ores1 & 0 kn[n z ! ,m]c]y4 ,beh9d ^! boo?s 7 ! mead[s ( ,cr[nsild1 slop+ d[n to :at x may be hop$ 0 !n ! silv]y ,?ames4 ,probably %eep & cattle f$ on ! pa/ures :i* ,cannon ,/reet & ,upp] ,?ames ,/reet h s9ce usurp$4 ,b ,engli% trad]s 7 beg9n+ to feel _! feet1 & o!r guilds 7 pu%+ =w>d4 ,! ,ea/]l+s 7,ea/ ,g]mans f ! ,baltic coa/s & ! ,hanse t[ns7 br\ght goods f ! ,ea/ & plac$ !m on ! ,engli% m>ket1 & ! ,pepp]]s & ,spic]s di/ribut$ !m to ! public4 ,! ,ea/]l+s1 x may be m5tion$1 h left u ! ^w /]l+ to commemorate _! soj\rn among u4 ,! ,m]c]s mean:ile 7 gett+ above ! %op4 ,!y 7 becom+ m]*ant adv5tur]s1 & _h no desire to conte/ ! trade 9 small ?+s ) ! ,pepp]]s ( ,sop]s' ,lane1 or ! ,spic]s ( ,*epe4 ,_! o!r small w>es fell into ! h&s ( ! ,hab]da%]s4 ,!re is evid5ce ( a guild ( ,pepp]]s 9 ,london z e>ly z #aahj4 ,z a company !y appe> to h be5 ru9$ by ! dem&s ( ,edw>d ,,iii = subsidies = 8 ,fr5* & ,scotti% campaigns4 ,f _! a%es1 includ+ ^? ( ! ,spic]]s1 arose ! ,groc]s1 ! sell]s 8en gros40 ,!y are he>d ( 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & 7 app>5tly incorporat$ by lett]s pat5t f ,edw>d ,,iii 9 #acde1 b _! fir/ kn[n *>t] 0 grant$ by ,h5ry ,,vi 9 #adbi1 :ile 9 #adec t ,k+ conf]r$ on !m ! *>ge ( ! ,k+'s beam1 by :i* all import$ m]*&ise 0 weigh$1 a *>ge ( #a;d4 p] #bj lbs4 be+ au?oris$ = ! s]vice4 ,9 #adeg !y 7 giv5 ! exclusive p[] ( g>bl+ 7cleans+ & sep>at+7 drugs1 spices1 & o!r import$ m]*&ise1 & !y also _h ! duty ( exam9+ ! drugs & m$ic9al w>es sold by ! apo!c>ies4 ,! law requir+ c]ta9 drugs to be (ficially 8g>bl$0 be=e !y c\ld be sold 0 repeal$ by an ,act pass$ 9 ! six? ye> ( ,que5 ,anne's reign4 ,! e>lie/ record ( ! ex]cise ( _! au?ority ov] apo!c>ies is f\nd 9 #adef1 :5 ! m9utes ( ! ,company %[ t !y impos$ a f9e on ,john ,a%field 8= mak+ untrue p[d] ( g+]1 c9namon1 & saund]s40 ,o!r simil> items appe> f "t to "t4 ,9 #afab ,mr4 ,l[nes1 apo!c>y to ,pr9ce ,*>les1 compla9$ to ! ,company t ,mi*ael ,eas51 a groc]-apo!c>y1 8_h suppli$ him ) div]s defective apo!c>ies' w>es10 & ! (f5d] 0 committ$ to ! ,p\ltry ,comptoir4 ,,buckl]sbury4 ,buckl]sbury 0 ! c5tre & headqu>t]s ( ! ,london drug trade1 at lea/ f ! ,tudor to ! ,hanov]ian p]iods4 ,%akespe>e 9 8,! ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor0 makes ,fal/aff ref] to 8! lisp+ haw?orn buds t come l wom5 9 m5's app>el1 & smell l ,buckl]sbury 9 sample "t40 ,/[ 7#aeih7 says ( ?is ?or\ghf>e t 8,?is :ole /reet on bo? sides ?r\gh\t is possess$ ( groc]s & apo!c>ies40 ,b5 ,jonson calls x 8,apo!c>ie ,/reet40 ,?is dramati/ 9 8,we/w>d ,ho60 makes ,mrs4 ,t5d]hook say 8,g into ,buckl]sbury & fet* me two ounces ( pres]v$ melons2 look !re be no tobacco tak5 9 ! %op :5 he weighs x40 ,lat] 9 a self-ass]t+ poem to 8 booksell]1 ,b5 ,jonson says ( "o ( 8 books1 object+ to vulg> adv]tis+ me?ods1 ,if )\t ^! vile arts x w n sell1 ,s5d x to ,buckl]sbury1 !re 'twill well4 ,9 ,*>les ,,ii's reign ,m\ffet speaks ( ,buckl]sbury be+ replete ) physic1 drugs1 & spic]y1 & says x 0 s p]fum$ at ! "t ( ! plague ) ! p\nd+ ( spices1 melt+ ( gums1 & mak+ ( p]fumes1 t x escap$ t great plague4 ,a quotation f ,p5nant 9 ,cassell's 8,old & ,new ,london0 %[s t 9 ! reign ( ,william ,,iii ,buckl]sbury 0 ! resort ( ladies ( fa%ion to pur*ase teas1 furs1 & o!r ,indian goods2 & ! k+ is said to h be5 angry ) ! que5 = visit+ ^! %ops1 :i* appe> f "s l9es ( ,prior to h be5 sometimes p]v]t$ to places ( intrigue4 ,! /reet acquir$ its "n f a family call$ ! ,bok]ells or ,buck]ells1 :o liv$ !re 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,/[ gives a diff]5t acc\nt4 ,he /ates t !re 0 a t[] 9 ! /reet nam$ ,c>net's ,t[]1 & t a groc]y nam$ ,buckle :o _h acquir$ x 0 assi/+ 9 pull+ x d[n1 int5d+ to erect a goodly frame ( timb] 9 its place1 :5 a "p fell on him1 :i* s sore bruis$ him t x %ort5$ 8 life4 ,a ,,*emi/',s ,,adv]tisem5t ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4 ,a ,london *emi/'s adv]tisem5t 7ab\t #afhj-afij7 runs ?us3-- 8,ambrose ,godfrey ,hanckwitz1 *emi/ 9 ,london1 ,s\?ampton ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 cont9ues fai?fully to prep>e all sorts ( rem$ies1 *emical & gal5ical4 ,he hopes t 8 fri5ds w cont9ue _! fav\rs4 ,good cordials c be procur$ at 8 e/abli%m5t1 z well z ,royal ,engli% drops1 & o!r articles su* z ,p[d]s ( ,k5t1 ,zell1 & ,contraj]va1 ,cordial r$ p[d]1 ,gasko9s p[d]1 ) & )\t bezo>1 ,engli% smell+ salts1 true ,glaub]'s salt1 ,epsom salt1 & volatile salt ( ammonia1 /rong] ?an ! =m]4 ,human skull & h>t%orn1 ess5ce ( ,amb]gris1 volatile ess5ce ( lav5d]1 musk & citron1 ess5ce ( vip]1 ess5ce = ! hair1 vuln]>y balsam1 comm5deur1 balsam = apoplexy1 r$ _s ( purgative co*li>ia1 _s ( :ite co*li>ia1 & o!rs4 ,honey wat]1 lav5d] wat] ( two k9ds1 ,que5 ( ,hung>y wat]1 orange fl[] wat]1 arquebusade4 8,= ! in=mation ( ! curi\s1 he is ! only "o 9 ,london :o makes inflammable phosphorus1 :i* c be pres]v$ 9 wat]4 ,phosphorus ( ,bolognian /one1 fl[]s ( phosphorus1 black phosphorus1 & t made ) acid oil1 & o!r v>ieties4 ,all unadult]at$4 ,e description ( good drugs he sells1 :olesale & retail4 8,solid phosphorus1 :olesale1 #ejs4 an ounce1 & retail1 #c /]l+1 ! ounce40 ,,! ,,engli% ,,apo!c>ies4 ,al?\gh ! ,groc]s 7 ! recognis$ drug deal]s ( ?is c\ntry1 apo!c>ies :o 7 associat$ 9 _! ,guild 7 also recognis$4 ,"s au?orities "n ,ri*>d ,fitznigel z apo!c>y to ,h5ry ,,ii be=e he 0 made ,bi%op ( ,london4 ,b ?is evid5ce _c be tru/$4 ,! fir/ def9ite allusion to an apo!c>y 9 ,engl& occurs 9 #acde1 :5 ,edw>d ,,iii grant$ a p5sion ( sixp5ce a day = life to ,c\rsus de ,gangel&1 an apo!c>y ( ,london1 9 recognition ( 8 s]vices 9 att5d+ on ! k+ dur+ 8 illness 9 ,scotl&4 ,! record ( ?is grant is f\nd 9 ,rym]'s 8,fo$]a10 :i* 0 n publi%$ until #agjd1 b ,rym] 0 hi/oriograph] royal1 appo9t$ by ,william ,,iii1 & 8 "w 0 a compilation f (ficial ar*ives4 ,an e>li] m5tion ( an apo!c>y is f\nd 9 ! ,scotti% ,ex*equ] ,rolls :]e9 x appe>s t on ! dea? ( ,rob]t ! ,bruce1 9 #acbi1 paym5ts 7 made to ,john ! ,apo!c>y1 presumably = mat]ials = embalm+ ! k+'s body4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,mason ,good1 :o wrote a 8,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 s f> z x relates to ! ,pr(ession ( ! ,apo!c>y10 9 #agie1 m5tions1 on ! au?ority ( ,regn]1 t ,j4 de ,falc& de ,luca publicly v5d$ m$ic9es 9 ,london 9 #aceg1 :ile ,fre9d 78,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e10 #agbe7 /ates t ,pi]re de ,montpelli] 0 appo9t$ ,apo!c>y to ,edw>d ,,iii 9 #acfj4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! apo!c>y 0 a famili> pr(essional p]sonage 9 ,engl& five hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,conclusive evid5ce ( 8 practice is giv5 by ,*auc]1 :o1 9 ! ,prologue to ! 8,cant]bury ,tales0 7writt5 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury71 describ+ a 8,doct\r ( ,phisike0 says-- ,ful r$dy hadde he 8 apo!c>ies ,to s5d him dragges & 8 lettu>ies ,= e*e ( hem made o!r = to ,w9ne4 ,! satirical sugge/ion ( ! mutual obligations ( physicians & apo!c>ies has be5 famili> = all ^! c5turies4 ,x seems c]ta9 t 9 ,h5ry ,,viii's reign ! apo!c>ies 7 do+ a consid]able am\nt ( m$ical practice1 besides sell+ drugs4 ,! ,act ( #aeaa incorporat+ ! ,college ( ,physicians & giv+ !m ! exclusive "r to practise physic 9 ,london & = sev5 miles r\nd1 0 l>gely us$1 if n int5d$1 aga9/ apo!c>ies4 ,9 #aedb1 h[ev]1 an ,act 0 pass$ :i* r modifi$ ! sev]e re/rictions ( ! orig9al /atute1 & "u ! new law apo!c>ies became m aggressive4 ,9 ,m>y's reign ! ,physicians aga9 got ! legislative advantage1 & !re is a record 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,college ( ,physicians 7pres]v$ by ,dr4 ,goodall1 :o wrote 8,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,college aga9/ ,empiricks10 9 #afhd7 /at+ t 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s reign ! ,presid5t & ,c5sors ( ! ,college summon$ ! ,w>d5s ( ! ,groc]s' ,company & all ! apo!c>ies ( ,london & ! suburbs to appe> be=e !m1 8& enjoyn$ !m t :5 !y made a disp5sation ( m$ic9e !y %\ld expose _! sev]al +r$i5ts 7( :i* !y 7 compos$7 to op5 view 9 _! %ops = six or eight days t s ! physicians pass+ by might judge ( ! goodness ( !m1 & prev5t _! buy+ or sell+ any corrupt or decay$ m$ic9es40 ,! groc]s & apo!c>ies d n appe> to h rais$ any objection to ?is decree4 ,:e!r !y obey$ x or n is n /at$4 ,,incorporation ,,( ,,! ,,apo!c>ies4 ,! fir/ ,*>t] ( ,incorporation 0 grant$ to ! apo!c>ies by ,james ,i 9 #afjf1 b ?is did n sep>ate !m f _! old foes1 ! groc]s4 ,!y cont9u$ _! ef=ts1 h[ev]1 & ) ! aid ( fri5ds at ,c\rt !y obta9$ a new ,*>t] 9 #afag1 :i* gave !m an entirely indep5d5t exi/5ce z a ,city ,guild "u ! title ( ! ,society ( ! ,apo!c>ies4 ,?is is ! only ,london guild :i* has f its incorporation to ! pres5t "t admitt$ only actual apo!c>ies to its frat]nity4 ,ano!r peculi>ity claim$ by "o ( ! ,company's hi/orians 7,dr4 ,j4 ,corfe3 8,! ,apo!c>y07 is t ! ,guild ( ,apo!c>ies is ! only ,city ,company :i* is call$ a ,society4 ,he believes t ?is may be attribut$ to ! suppos$ fact t ! corporation 0 modell$ on a simil> association f\nd$ at ,naples 9 #aedj "u ! "n ( ,societa ,sci5tifica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir ,,!odore ,,may]ne4 ,! orig9al pa9t+ by ,rub5s1 ( :i* ! above is a copy1 0 9 ! collection ( ,dr4 ,mead1 & 0 sold 9 #aged = #aae4 ,x pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,e>l ( ,bessbor\gh & ! ,m>quis ( ,lansd[ne1 & !n ?r\gh ! h&s ( "s deal]s1 & 9 #ahdh 0 b\ght by ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians = #cc #abs4 ,sir ,!odore de ,may]ne1 ! ,k+'s fir/ physician1 & ,gideon de ,laune1 ph>maci5 or apo!c>y to ! ,que51 ,anne ( ,d5m>k1 7 ! support]s ( ! apo!c>ies 9 rescu+ !m f ! control ( ! groc]s4 ,bo? ( ^! m5 des]ve hon\rable m5tion 9 ! *ronicles ( ,briti% ph>macy4 ,x happ5s t bo? 7 ( =eign orig9 & ( ! ,prote/ant fai?1 two ( t em95t cr[d ( immigrants ( high pr9ciple & di/+ui%$ ability :o s]v$ ,engl& s well 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury :5 !y f\nd !mselves 8n want$0 9 ,france4 ,may]ne 0 a ,swiss by bir?1 b a ,fr5*man by education & adoption1 & _h be5 physician to ,h5ri ,,iv4 ,b he incurr$ ! bitt] animosity ( ! ,p>is ,faculty1 l$ by ! fanatic ,gui ,pat91 p>tly on acc\nt ( 8 religi\s h]esy1 & p>tly because he prescrib$ *emical m$ic9es4 ,by a unanim\s vote ! ,p>is ,college ( ,physicians resolv$ 9 #afjc t he mu/ n be met by any ( its memb]s 9 consultation4 ,he cont9u$1 h[ev]1 to practise 9 ,p>is until an ,engli% pe] :om he _h treat$ took him to ,london & introduc$ him to ,james ,i1 :o made him physician to ! ,que54 ,may]ne1 h[ev]1 soon return$ to ,p>is1 b 9 #afaa he settl$ 9 ,london on ! invitation ( ! ,k+1 :o made him 8 fir/ physician4 ,he _h a great deal to d ) ! compilation ( ! fir/ ,london ,ph>macopia1 & is reput$ to h introduc$ calomel & black wa% into m$ical practice4 ,subsequ5tly he 0 appo9t$ physician to ,*>les ,i & ,que5 ,h5riette1 b aft] ! execution ( ! ,k+ he retir$ into private life1 & ?\gh nom9ally physician to ,*>les ,,ii he nev] practis$ at t ,c\rt4 ,he di$ at ,*elsea 9 #affe4 ,gideon de ,laune 0 also a man ( consid]able influ5ce4 ,dr4 ,corfe reg>ds him z almo/ ! f\nd] ( ! ,society ( ,apo!c>ies1 b ,mr4 ,b>rett1 :o rec5tly wrote a hi/ory ( t ,society1 sugge/s t he c\ld n h be5 s mu* ?\ght ( by 8 contempor>ies1 z he 0 only elect$ to ! ,ma/]%ip "s ye>s aft] ! ,*>t] _h be5 grant$1 & !n only aft] a conte/4 ,at any rate ! apo!c>ies mu/ h l>gely ow$ ! ,*>t] to 8 influ5ce4 ,he liv$ 9 ,blackfri>s & call$ himself a 8,ph>macopius10 b we also read ( him z an import] ( drugs1 & x is probable t he trad$ z a m]*ant4 ,t he 0 a man ( position is evid5t f ! fact t on "o occasion he fet*$ ! ,que51 ,anne ( ,d5m>k1 f ,norway4 ,gideon de ,laune 0 born at ,rheims 9 #aefe1 & 0 br\ght to ,engl& z a boy by 8 fa!r1 :o 0 a ,prote/ant pa/or4 ,a ,noncon=mi/ writ] ( ! same surname :o got into tr\ble 9 ! reigns ( ,*>les ,,ii & ,james ,,ii1 & 0 befri5d$ by ,de ,foe1 ref]r+ to ,gideon z a relative1 says ( him t :5 he di$ at ! age ( #ig he _h ne> z _m ?\s&s ( p\nds z he _h ye>s2 t he _h ?irty-sev5 *ildr5 by "o wife2 & t 8 fun]al 0 att5d$ by sixty gr&*ildr54 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$1 h[ev]1 t 8 *ildr5 only numb]$ sev5te51 & t he di$ at ! age ( #id2 s t ! lat] ,de ,laune :o wrote 9 #afha _c be implicitly reli$ ^u :5 figures are conc]n$4 ,ano!r ?+ he tells u ( ,gideon is t 88 fam\s pill is 9 great reque/ to ?is day not)/&+ ! sw>ms ( pret5d]s to pill-mak+40 ,! ,groc]s' ,company w>mly res5t$ ! secession ( ! apo!c>ies :o _h be5 _! subord9ate p>tn]s s long1 b _! =mal petition ( compla9t call$ =? a cruel snub f ! ,k+4 ,groc]s 7 b m]*ants1 said ,james1 ! bus9ess ( ! apo!c>ies 0 a my/]y2 8,:]e=e ,i ?9k x fitt+ !y %\ld be a corporation ( !mselves40 ,! groc]s1 h[ev]1 got "s ( _! own back a few ye>s lat] :5 ,james dem&$ a subsidy f ! city = ! relief ( ! ,palat9ate4 ,! groc]s & ! apo!c>ies 7 assess$ at #ejj betwe5 !m4 ,t[>ds ?is ! apo!c>ies1 plead+ pov]ty1 (f]$ #bj4 ,! groc]s ridicul$ ?is (f]1 & hav+ paid #cjj z _! %>e1 left _! old associates to f9d ! o!r #bjj1 :i* !y _h to d someh[4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! new corporation vigor\sly oppos$ an application = a ,*>t] made by ! di/ill]s ( ,london4 ,! groc]s support$ ! di/ill]s1 & ! apo!c>ies fail$ 9 _! opposition4 ,sir ,!odore ,may]ne told !m t _! monopoly ( di/illation 0 only int5d$ to ext5d to ! di/illation ( m$ic9al spirits & wat]s4 ,mr4 ,b>rett quotes f ! old records ano!r curi\s in/ance ( ! conte/ = monopolies :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod4 ,9 #afbj1 "o ,john ,woolf ,rumbl] hav+ obta9$ f ! ,k+ a concession ( ! sole "r ( mak+ 8m]curic sublimate10 appli$ to ! ,c\rt ( ,apo!c>ies t he might enjoy ! same )\t _! contradiction4 ,?is 8^u advis$ consid]ation10 ! ,c\rt refus$ to grant4 ,x is n /at$ :e!r ! w ( ! ,k+ or t ( ! apo!c>ies prevail$ 9 ! end4 ,! /ory ( ! jeal\sies :i* arose betwe5 ! physicians & ! apo!c>ies is a long & t$i\s "o2 innum]able pamphlets 7 writt5 on bo? sides ( ! controv]sy1 & ! dispute figures 9 ,engli% lit]ature ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,pope v neatly express$ ! views ( ! physicians 9 ! famili> v]se 9 ! 8,essay on ,criticism0 9 :i*1 comp>+ ! old critics ( ,greece :o 8fann$ ! poet's fire1 ,& taught ! _w ) reason to admire10 ) ^? ( 8 own day :o ,aga9/ ! poets _! own arms !y turn$ ,sure to hate mo/ ! m5 f :om !y le>n'd1 illu/rat$ ! position by introduc+ ! ,mod]n po!c>ies1 taught ! art ,by doctors' bills to play ! doctors' "p1 ,bold 9 ! practice ( mi/ak5 rules1 ,prescribe1 apply1 & call _! ma/]s fools4 ,?is 0 writt5 9 #agji4 ,! apo!c>ies /r5g!n$ _! position z m$ical practition]s 9 ! public e/eem by rema9+ at _! po/s dur+ ! ,great ,plague 9 ,london 9 #affe :5 mo/ ( ! physicians fl$ f ! /rick5 city4 ,betwe5 ?is date & ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! qu>rel betwe5 ! two sections ( ! pr(ession con/antly grew 9 bitt]ness4 ,"s ( ! allegations ( extortion made aga9/ ! apo!c>ies are almo/ incr$ible4 ,9 ,dr4 ,goodall's 8,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians aga9/ ,empiricks & ,unlic5s$ ,practis]s0 7#afhd71 x is report$ t ,george ,bull] :o gave ! college "s tr\ble 9 #afcc _h *>g$ #cjs4 ea* = #be pills2 #cg #ajs4 = ! boxful4 ,?ree 7 giv5 to a ,mrs4 ,/yle = a sore leg1 & %e di$ ! same night4 ,a ,dr4 ,t5ant prosecut$ by ! college 9 ,james ,i's reign 80 s impud5t & unconscionable 9 ! rat+ ( 8 m$ic9es t he *>g$ #f = "o pill & ! same = an apozeme40 ,dr4 ,r4 ,pitt1 ,f4,r4,s41 9 8,crafts & ,frauds ( ,physic ,expos$10 #agjc 7a book writt5 expressly to def5d ! e/abli%m5t ( disp5s>ies by ! ,physicians71 /ates t apo!c>ies _h be5 kn[n to make #aej out ( a s+le case1 & t 9 a rec5t in/ance 7:i* _h app>5tly come be=e ! law c\rts7 ! apo!c>y _h made #cbj4 ,9 e bill ( #ajj ,dr4 ,pitt says ! *>ges 7 #ij m ?an ! %op prices = ! m$ic9e4 ,9 ,jacob ,bell's 8,hi/orical ,sket* ( ! ,progress ( ,ph>macy 9 ,great ,brita90 an apo!c>y's bill = m$ic9es = "o day1 suppli$ to a ,mr4 ,dalby ( ,ludgate ,hill1 is quot$ f a pamphlet call$ 8,! ,wisdom ( ! ,nation is ,fooli%ness40 ,x is z foll[s3 ,an ,emulsion1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,a ,mucilage1 #cs4 #d;d4 ,gelly ( ,h>t%orn1 #ds4 ,pla/] to dress ,bli/]1 #as4 ,an ,emolli5t ,gli/]1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,an ivory pipe1 arm$ #as4 ,a ,cordial ,bolus1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,! same aga91 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a cordial draught1 #bs4 #d;d4 ,! same aga91 #bs4 #d;d4 ,ano!r bolus1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,ano!r draught1 #bs4 #d;d4 ,a glass ( cordial spirits1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,bli/]+ pla/] to ! arm1 #es4 ,! same to ! wri/s1 #es4 ,two boluses aga91 #es4 ,two draughts aga91 #ds4 #h;d4 ,ano!r emulsion1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,ano!r pe>l julep1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,mr4 ,dalby's bill = five days came to #ag #bs4 #aj;d41 & ?is 0 decl>$ to be n an isolat$ case b illu/rative ( ! practice ( apo!c>ies :5 att5d+ pati5ts ( ! high] classes4 ,,conte/ ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,physicians ,,& ,,apo!c>ies4 ,9 #afhg ! ,college ( ,physicians adopt$ a resolution b9d+ all ,fell[s1 ,c&idates1 & ,lic5tiates ( ! ,college to give advice gratis to _! neighb\r+ sick poor :5 desir$ )9 ! city ( ,london or sev5 miles r\nd4 ,b 9 view ( ! gross extortions ( ! apo!c>ies x 0 ask$1 ,:at 0 ! use ( ! physicians' *>ity if ! co/ ( comp\nd+ ! m$ic9es 0 to be prohibitory8 ,! apo!c>ies1 ( c\rse1 d5i$ t ! examples ( _! *>ges :i* 7 quot$ 7 at all g5]al1 & probably !y 7 n4 ,x 0 n to ! int]e/ ( ! apo!c>ies to de/roy free prescrib+4 ,inde$ a proposal 0 made to ! physicians on behalf ( a num]\s body ( ,london apo!c>ies to accept a t>iff = m$ic9es disp5s$ = ! poor to be fix$ by ! physicians !mselves4 ,! relations ( ! two bodies _h become1 h[ev]1 s /ra9$ t arrangem5t 0 no long] possible4 ,! apo!c>ies _h 9 fact obta9$ ! upp] h&4 ,!y treat$ _m cases !mselves1 & call+ 9 ! physician 0 l>gely )9 _! discretion4 ,at ?is "t 7ab\t #agjj7 ! ord9>y fee paid to a physician 0 #ajs4 ,univ]sity graduates expect$ m1 b !y too1 9 ! majority ( cases1 7 only too glad to take ! half sov]eign1 & x 0 alleg$ t !y w\ld sometimes pay ! apo!c>y :o call$ !m a p]c5tage (f ?is4 ,su* 0 ! condition ( affairs :5 9 #afif an influ5tial section ( ! physicians1 fifty-?ree ( !m1 associat$ !mselves 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,disp5s>ies1 :]e m$ic9es %\ld be comp\nd$ & suppli$ to ! poor at co/ price4 ,! fifty-?ree subscrib$ t5 p\nds ea*1 & ,disp5s>ies 7 op5$ at ! ,college premises 9 ,w>wick ,lane1 9 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,lane1 & ,/4 ,pet]'s ,alley1 ,cornhill4 ,ne$less to say1 ! w> n[ wax$ fi]c] ?an ev]4 ,! physicians 7 divid$ among !mselves1 & ! anti-disp5s>ians refus$ to meet ! disp5s>ians 9 consultation4 ,! apo!c>ies naturally recomm5d$ ! anti-disp5s>ians to _! pati5ts1 & consequ5tly x 0 only ! indep5d5t ones :o c\ld af=d to ma9ta9 ! /ruggle4 ,scurril\s pamphlets 7 writt5 on bo? sides1 & "o long poem1 ,g>?'s ,disp5s>y1 :i* 0 less v5om\s ?an mo/ ( ! lit]ature on ! subject1 b :i* z a poem _h no m]its :i* c\ld ju/ify ! reputation x atta9$1 complicat$ ! /ruggle f ! physicians' po9t ( view4 ,johnson says t 9 addition to its intr9sic m]it x 8co-op]at$ ) passions & prejudices !n preval5t40 ,8 sympa?ies are indicat$ by 8 rem>k t 8x 0 on ! side ( *>ity aga9/ ! intrigues ( int]e/1 & ( regul> le>n+ aga9/ lic5ti\s usurpation ( m$ical au?ority40 ,"o l9e 9 ! book 7! la/ 9 ! passage quot$ bel[7 has atta9$ curr5cy 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,express+ satirically ! compla9ts ( ! apo!c>ies1 ,g>? says3 ,our manufactures n[ ! doctors sell1 ,& _! intr9sic value meanly tell2 ,nay1 !y discov] too 7_! spite is su*7 ,t heal?1 ?an cr[ns m valu$1 co/s n mu*2 ,:il/ we mu/ %ape our conduct by ^! rules1 ,to *eat z tradesm5 or to fail z fools4 ,,! ,,apo!c>ies ,,w94 ,not)/&+ ! sympa?y ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,pope1 & _m o!r fam\s contempor>ies1 ! qu>rel end$ 9 ! comp>ative triumph ( ! apo!c>ies4 ,! physicians1 ?\gh reluctant to en=ce :at !y believ$ to be _! /atutory p[]s1 7 goad$ into law1 & at la/ br\ght an action aga9/ a ,london apo!c>y nam$ ,william ,rose1 :o !y alleg$ _h infr+$ ! ,act pass$ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,rose _h att5d$ a but*] 9 ,/4 ,m>t9's-9-!-,fields nam$ ,seale1 & _h adm9i/]$ 8prop] m$ic9es0 to him4 ,he _h no lic5ce f ! ,faculty1 & 9 8 treatm5t ( ,seale _h n act$ "u ! direction ( any physician4 ,he _h nei!r tak5 nor dem&$ any fee = 8 advice4 ,^? 7 ! facts f\nd by ! jury :o fir/ he>d ! case4 ,! ,college claim$ a p5alty ( five p\nds p] mon? = ! p]iod dur+ :i* ,rose _h ?us practis$4 ,! ,*>t] grant$ to ! physicians 9 ! t5? ye> ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 & confirm$ by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t pass$ 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? ye> ( t reign1 conta9$ a clause =bidd+ any p]son n admitt$ by ! ,college to practise ! faculty ( m$ic9e 9 ,london or )9 sev5 miles !re( "u a p5alty ( "o hundr$ solidi = e mon? dur+ :i* he %\ld ?us infr+e ! law4 ,! jury hav+ f\nd ! facts already quot$1 ref]r$ to ! ,c\rt ( ,que5's ,b5* ! legal "q :e!r ! acts p]=m$ con/itut$ ! practice ( m$ic9e )9 ! mean+ ( ! ,act4 ,! case 0 argu$ ?ree times 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,que5's ,b5*--7s x is /at$ 9 ! report ( ! proce$+s 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords71--& ultimately ! judges decid$ unanim\sly 9 fav\r ( ! cont5tion ( ! ,college4 ,!reupon1 on behalf ( ,rose a writ ( error 0 mov$ = 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords dem&+ a rev]sal ( ! judgm5t4 ,! c\nsel :o argu$ ! appeal 7 ,s4 ,dodd = ,rose1 & ,f4 ,br[n = ! ,college4 ,! case 0 he>d on ! #ae? ( ,m>*1 #agjc4 ,9 support ( ! appeal x 0 argu$ t if ! judgm5t 7 all[$ to /& x w\ld ru9 n only ,rose b all o!r apo!c>ies4 ,t ! ,act 0 a v old "o1 & t ! con/ant usage & practice ought to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,t if ?is judgm5t 7 "r ! apo!c>y w\ld n d>e to sell a few loz5ges or a little electu>y to any p]son ask+ = a rem$y = a cold1 or 9 o!r common cases :]e a m$ic9e _h a kn[n & c]ta9 effect4 ,t to give a monopoly 9 ! treatm5t ( disease to physicians w\ld h mo/ mis*iev\s consequ5ces2 bo? ri* & poor w\ld be s]i\sly tax$1 & 9 ! case ( sudd5 accid5ts or illnesses 9 ! night :5 apo!c>ies 7 s frequ5tly s5t =1 ! dang] ( n p]mitt+ !m to supply ! necess>y m$ic9e might (t5 be mo/ s]i\s4 ,to ^! cont5tions ! c\nsel = ! ,college repli$ t by sev]al ord]s physicians _h b\nd !mselves to att5d ! poor free1 ei!r at _! own (fices1 or1 if s5t =1 at ! pati5t's h\se4 ,t out ( consid]ation = ! poor !y _h gone fur!r by e/abli%+ ,disp5s>ies :]e ! m$ic9es !y prescrib$ c\ld be obta9$ at n m ?an "o-?ird ( ! price :i* ! apo!c>ies _h be5 9 ! habit ( *>g+4 ,t 9 sudd5 em]g5cies an apo!c>y or anyone else 0 ju/ifi$ 9 do+ 8 be/ to relieve 8 neighb\rs1 b t 9 ,london1 at lea/1 a skill$ physician 0 z available z an apo!c>y1 & t ?is em]g5cy argum5t ought n to be us$ to p]mit apo!c>ies to und]take all sorts ( s]i\s diseases at _! leisure4 ,t !re 0 no?+ to prev5t apo!c>ies sell+ :atev] m$ic9es !y 7 ask$ =1 b t to p]mit !m to treat cases h[ev] slight involv$ bo? dang] & exp5se1 because a mi/ake made at ! beg9n+ ( a di/emp] might lead to a long illness1 & 9 any case ! apo!c>y w\ld *>ge = mu* m m$ic9e ?an 0 necess>y4 ,aft] he>+ ! argum5ts 8x 0 ord]$ & adjudg$ t ! judgm5t giv5 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,que5's ,b5* be rev]s$40 ,,! ,,apo!c>ies ,,& ,,! ,,*emi/s ,,& ,,druggi/s4 ,f ?is p]iod ! apo!c>ies became recognis$ m$ical practition]s1 ! ,society grant$ m$ical diplomas1 & a hundr$ ye>s lat] 7#ahae7 !y obta9$ an ,act :i* gave !m p[]s aga9/ o!r p]sons simil> to ^? :i* ! physicians ?\ght !y possess$ aga9/ !m4 ,p]sons n qualifi$ by !m 7 =bidd5 to 8act or practise z apo!c>ies0 "u a p5alty ( #bj2 & ! c\rts h held t to practise z an apo!c>y is to judge ( int]nal disease by symptoms1 & to supply m$ic9e to cure t disease4 ,! *emi/s & druggi/s :o _h l>gely succe$$ to ! old bus9ess ( ! apo!c>ies oppos$ ?is provision1 & ! apo!c>ies1 to buy (f _! opposition1 (f]$ to ins]t a clause 9 _! ,act :i* w\ld all[ all p]sons :o %\ld at t "t or !reaft] c>ry on t bus9ess to d s 8z fully & amply to all int5ts & purposes z !y might h done 9 case ?is ,act _h n be5 made40 ,! *emi/s 7 n cont5t ) ?is provision1 & draft$ ano!r :i* def9$ _! bus9ess z consi/+ 9 ! 8buy+1 prep>+1 comp\nd+1 disp5s+ & v5d+ drugs1 & m$ic9al comp\nds1 :olesale & retail40 ,! apo!c>ies accept$ ?is alt]ation1 & subsequ5tly obta9$ p5alties f *emi/s :o _h prescrib$ rem$ies = cu/om]s4 ,su* prescrib+ w\ld h be5 legal if ! druggi/s _h accept$ ! provision propos$ by ! apo!c>ies2 b !y _h limit$ !mselves out ( x4 ,9 ! actions :i* ! ,society ( ,apo!c>ies h br\ght aga9/ *emi/s ! apo!c>ies h (t5 reproduc$ ) scrupul\s fidelity ! argum5ts us$ aga9/ !mselves by ! physicians 9 ,rose's case4 ,! ,disp5s>ies e/abli%$ by ! physicians 7 n long ma9ta9$1 b app>5tly !y provid$ ! mat]ial ( ! mod]n *emi/ & druggi/4 8,we h reason to believe10 writes ,jacob ,bell 9 8 ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ! ,progress ( ,ph>macy 9 ,great ,brita91 8t ! ,assi/ants employ$ & in/ruct$ by ! ,physicians at ^! in/itutions became disp5s+ *emi/s on _! own acc\nt2 & t "s ( ! apo!c>ies :o f\nd _! craft 9 dang] foll[$ ! example1 f :i* s\rce we may date ! orig9 ( ! *emi/s & druggi/s40 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! eighte5? c5tury *emi/s & druggi/s _h to a l>ge ext5t replac$ apo!c>ies z keep]s ( %ops :]e m$ic9es 7 sold & disp5s$1 & ev5 :5 ! bus9esses 7 own$ by apo!c>ies1 !y usually /yl$ !mselves *emi/s & druggi/s4 ,9 ! ye> #ahda an attempt 0 made to get a ,bill ?r\gh ,p>liam5t :i* w\ld h made x p5al to recomm5d any m$ic9e = ! sake ( ga94 ,! ,bill 0 introduc$ by a ,mr4 ,hawes1 & ! *emi/s & druggi/s ( ,london oppos$ x ) su* vig\r t x 0 ultimately )drawn4 ,9 ord] to be prep>$ aga9/ future attacks ! victori\s *emi/s & druggi/s !n =m$ ! ,ph>maceutical ,society ( ,great ,brita91 :i* 0 incorporat$ by ,royal ,*>t] 9 #ahdb4 ,an ,act protect+ ! title ( ph>maceutical *emi/ 0 pass$ 9 #aheb1 & 9 #ahfh ano!r ,act1 requir+ all future *emi/s & druggi/s to pass exam9ations & be regi/]$1 & re/rict+ to !m ! sale ( poisons1 became law4 ,,ix ,,magic ,,& ,,m$ic9e 8,amulets & ?+s to be borne ab\t ,i f9d prescrib$1 tax$ by "s1 approv$ by o!rs4 ,look = !m 9 ,mizaldus1 ,porta1 ,alb]tus1 etc4 ,a r+ made ) ! ho( ( an ass's "r =efoot1 c>ri$ ab\t1 etc4 ,i say1 ) ,r5odeus1 !y are n altoge!r to be reject$4 ,piony do? help epilepsies4 ,preti\s /ones mo/ diseases4 ,a wolf's dung c>ri$ ab\t helps ! *olick4 ,a spid] an ague1 etc4 ,su* m$ic9es are to be explod$ t consi/ ( words1 *>act]s1 spells1 & *>ms1 :i* c d no good at all1 b out ( a /rong conceit1 z ,pomponati\s proves1 or ! devil's policy1 t is ! fir/ f\nd] & tea*] ( !m40 ,,burton3 8,anatomy ( ,melan*oly40 ,*>ms1 en*antm5ts1 amulets1 incantations1 talismans1 phylact]ies1 & all ! arm\ry ( wit*craft & magic h be5 intimately mix$ up ) ph>macy & m$ic9e 9 all c\ntries & 9 all ages4 ,! degradation ( ! ,greek t]m ph>makeia f its orig9al mean+ ( ! art ( prep>+ m$ic9e to sorc]y & poison+ is evid5ce ( ! preval5ce ( debas+ sup]/itions 9 ! practice ( m$ic9e among ! cultivat$ ,greeks4 ,h]mes ! ,egyptian1 ,zoroa/] ! ,p]sian1 & ,solomon ! ,hebrew 7 fam\s among ! e>ly practition]s & tea*]s ( magic4 ,^! names s]v$ to conjure )4 ,^? :o bore !m 7 probably wise m5 above ! av]age :o 7 above su* tricks z 7 attribut$ to !m4 ,b x suit$ ! purpose or ! bus9ess ( ^? :o made _! liv+ out ( ! sup]/itions ( ! p to pret5d to trace _! practices to univ]sally rev]$ h]oes ( a dim pa/4 ,n t ! :ole ( ! magical rites associat$ ) ! art ( heal+ 7 bas$ on consci\s fraud4 ,! beliefs ( savage or untutor$ races 9 demons :i* cause diseases is natural1 x may almo/ be said reasonable4 ,:at m natural :5 !y see "o ( _! tribe seiz$ ) an epileptic fit ?an to assume ! pres5ce ( an invisible foe8 ,or if a contagi\s plague or small-pox or fev] attacks _! village1 is x n an inevitable conclusion t angry spirits h attack$ ! tribe1 p]haps = "s unkn[n (f5ce8 ,f su* a basis ! idea ( sacrifice to ! av5g+ fi5d foll[s obvi\sly4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,*9a if a p]son accid5tally kicks a /one & soon aft]w>ds falls ill ! relatives g to t /one & (f] fruit1 w9e1 or o!r treasures1 & x may be t ! pati5t recov]s4 ,9 t case ! efficacy ( ! treatm5t is demon/rat$1 & only ^? :o d n desire to believe w "q x2 if ! pati5t %\ld die ! pro( is n less conclusive ( ! demon's malignity4 ,9 "s primitive peoples1 among ! ,new ,zeal& natives1 = example1 x is believ$ t a sep>ate demon exi/s = ea* di/9ct disease2 "o = ague1 "o = epilepsy1 "o = too?a*e1 & s =?4 ,?is too1 seems reasonable4 ,ea* ( ^? demons has some?+ :i* w please or fright5 him4 ,s amulets1 talismans1 *>ms come into use4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 h[ev]1 g5]ally attribute all disease to "o evil _s only4 ,consequ5tly1 _! treatm5t ( all compla9ts is ! same4 ,,egyptian1 ,,jewi%1 ,,& ,,arabic ,,magic4 ,! ,egyptians1 accord+ to ,celsus1 believ$ t !re 7 ?irty-six demons or div9ities 9 ! air1 to ea* ( :om 0 attribut$ a sep>ate "p or organ ( ! human body4 ,9 ! ev5t ( disease affect+ "o ( ^! p>ts ! prie/-physician invok$ ! demon1 call+ him by 8 "n1 & requir+ him 9 a special =m ( words to cure ! afflict$ "p4 ,solomon 0 cr$it$ among _m ,ea/]n p ) hav+ discov]$ _m ( ! secrets ( controll+ diseases by magical processes4 ,accord+ to ,josephus he compos$ & bequea!d to po/]ity a book ( ^! magical secrets4 ,hezekiah is said to h suppress$ ?is "w because x 0 lead+ ! p to pray to o!r p[]s ?an ,jehovah4 ,b "s ( ! secrets ( ,solomon 7 h&$ d[n 9 c]ta9 families by tradition4 ,josephus relates t a c]ta9 ,jew nam$ ,eleazor drew a demon f ! nose ( a possess$ p]son 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,emp]or ,vespasian & a numb] ( ,roman (fic]s1 by ! aid ( a magic r+ & a =m ( invocation4 ,9 ord] to prove t ! demon ?us expell$ _h a real sep>ate exi/5ce1 he ord]$ x to upset a vessel ( wat] :i* /ood on ! floor4 ,?is 0 done4 ,books pr(ess+ to give ,solomon's secrets 7 n uncommon among ,*ri/ians z well z ,jews4 ,goe! allud$ to su* a treatise 9 8,fau/0 9 ! l9e ,fr sol*e halbe ,hll5brut1 ,i/ ,salomoni's ,s*lssel gut4 ,?r\gh\t _! hi/ory ! ,jewi% p h /udi$ & practis$ magic z a means ( heal+4 ,accord+ to ! ,book ( ,eno* ! daught]s ( m5 7 in/ruct$ 9 8incantations1 exorcisms1 & ! cutt+ ( roots0 by ! sons ( ,god :o came to e>? & associat$ ) !m4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans always held ,jewi% sorc]y 9 ! highe/ e/eem1 & ! ,arabs accept$ _! tea*+ ) implicit confid5ce4 ,! ,talmud is full ( magical =mulas1 & ! ,kaballah1 a my/ic !osophy :i* comb9$ ,israeliti% traditions ) ,alex&rian philosophy1 & began to be kn[n ab\t ! t5? c5tury1 0 unque/ionably ! f\ndation ( ! sophi/ry ( ,p>acelsus & 8 foll[]s4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & 9 "s communities until q rec5t times1 belief 9 ! occult p[]s ( ,jews1 :i* !y _h !mselves inculcat$1 0 firm & univ]sal1 & became ! reason1 or at lea/ ! excuse1 = mu* ( ! p]secution !y _h to suff]4 ,= ! puni%m5t ( sorc]y & wit*craft 0 n bas$ on a belief t fraud _h be5 practis$1 b result$ f a conviction ( ! t]rible tru? ( ! claims :i* _h be5 put =w>d4 ,! ,jews ( ,we/]n ,europe h lo/ or ab&on$ _m ( ! traditional practices :i* h be5 associat$ ) _! popul> m$ic9es f "t immemorial4 ,b 9 ! ,ea/1 especially 9 ,turkey & ,syria1 qua9t pray]s & antiquat$ mat]ia m$ica are /ill associat$ z !y 7 9 ! days ( ! ,babylonian captivity4 ,dogs' liv]s1 e>?worms1 h>es' feet1 live ants1 human bones1 doves' dung1 wolves' entrails1 & p[d]$ mummy /ill rank high z rem$ies1 :ile = pati5ts :o c af=d x su* preci\s products z dew f ,m\nt ,c>mel are prescrib$4 ,invocations1 pray]s1 & sup]/iti\s practices =m ! /ock 9 trade ( ! 8,gabbetes10 g5]ally eld]ly p]sons :o att5d on ! sick4 ,!y h a multitude ( infallible cures 9 _! rep]toires4 ,p[d]$1 fre%ly roa/$ e>?worms 9 w9e1 or live gras%opp]s 9 wat]1 are giv5 by !m = bili\sness4 ,= bron*ial compla9ts !y write "s ,hebrew lett]s on a new plate1 wa% x (f ) w9e1 add ?ree gra9s ( a citron :i* has be5 us$ at ! ,tab]nacle fe/ival1 & give ?is z a draught4 ,dogs' excrem5ts made up ) honey =m a p\ltice = sore eyes1 mummy or human bones gr\nd up ) honey is a preci\s tonic1 & wolves' liv] is a cure = fits4 ,b ! adm9i/ration ( ^! rem$ies mu/ be accompani$ by ! necess>y invocation1 g5]ally to ! names ( patri>*s1 angels1 or prophets1 b (t5 m]e gibb]i%1 su* z 8,ad>1 g>1 v$>1 g>10 :i* is ! =mula = use ) a too?a*e rem$y4 ,! phylact]ies /ill worn by mod]n ,jews at c]ta9 p>ts ( _! s]vices1 n[ p]haps by mo/ ( !m only 9 accordance ) invet]ate cu/om1 h be5 9 all ages e/eem$ by !m z protect+ !m aga9/ evil & demoniac influ5ces4 ,!y are lea!rn receptacles1 :i* !y b9d on _! left arms & on _! =eheads 9 lit]al ob$i5ce to ! ,mosaic in/ructions 9 ! passages transcrib$1 & conta9$ 9 ! cases1 f ,exodus c4 #ac1 v4 #a-aj1 & c4 #ac1 v4 #aa-af1 ,deut]onomy c4 #f1 v4 #d-i1 & c4 #i1 v4 #ac-ba4 ,to a mod]n read] ^! passages appe> to prote/ aga9/ sup]/itions & hea!ni% beliefs & practices1 b ! rabbis & scribes taught t ^! & ! mesuza1 ! simil> passages affix$ to ! doorpo/s1 w\ld av]t physical & spiritual dang]s1 & !y inv5t$ m9ute in/ructions = ! prep>ation ( ! inscriptions4 ,a scribe1 = example1 :o _h comm5c$ to write "o ( ! passages1 0 n to all[ himself to be int]rupt$ by any human di/raction1 n ev5 if ! k+ ask$ him a "q4 ,all ! ea/]n nations tru/$ l>gely to amulets ( v>i\s k9ds = ! prev5tion & treatm5t ( disease4 ,gal5 quotes f ,ne*epsus1 an ,egyptian k+1 :o liv$ ab\t #fcj ,b4,c41 :o wrote t a gre5 jasp] cut 9 ! =m ( a dragon surr\nd$ by rays1 appli$ ext]nally w\ld cure indige/ion & /r5g!n ! /oma*4 ,among ! books attribut$ to ,h]mes 0 "o entitl$ 8,! ,?irty-six ,h]bs ,sacr$ to ,horoscopes40 ,( ?is book ,gal5 says x is only a wa/e ( "t to read x4 ,! title1 h[ev]1 z ,lecl]c has po9t$ out1 r curi\sly confirms ! /atem5t attribut$ to ,celsus :i* is f\nd 9 ,orig5's treatise1 8,contra ,celsum10 to :i* allusion has already be5 made4 ,amulets are /ill 9 g5]al use 9 ! ,ea/4 ,b]!r& 9 8,m$ic9e ( ! ,arabs0 says ! un$ucat$ ,arab ( to-day :5 he has any?+ ! matt] ) him goes to 8 prie/ & pays him a fee = :i* ! prie/ gives him a little pap] ab\t two in*es squ>e on :i* c]ta9 phrases are writt54 ,?is is put up 9 a lea!rn case1 & worn z ne> ! affect$ "p z is possible4 ,! ri*] ,arab wom5 we> silv] cases ) texts f ! ,koran 9 !m4 ,b x is ess5tial t ! pap] mu/ h be5 writt5 on a ,friday1 a little be=e sunset1 & ) ink 9 :i* myrrh & saffron h be5 dissolv$4 ,9 ! ,?ird ,report ( ! ,wellcome ,rese>* ,laboratories at ! ,gordon ,memorial ,college1 ,kh>t\m 7,london3 ,baillire1 ,t9dall1 ,cox1 #aijh71 ,dr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,&]son writes an int]e/+ *apt] on ! m$ical sup]/itions ( ! p ( ,kord(an1 & gives a numb] ( illu/rations ( amulets & writt5 *>ms actually 9 use by ! ,arabs ( t c\ntry4 8,to ! native10 says ,dr4 ,&]son1 8no process is too absurd = belief1 & (t51 )9 8 limits1 no price too high to accompli% a cure40 ,mo/ ( !m we> talismans ( "s k9d4 ,"s ( !m sp5d a great "p ( _! scanty e>n+s on *>ms to cure "s *ronic disease1 /one 9 ! bladd]1 = example4 ,! son ( ! late ,mahdi pres5t$ to ,dr4 ,&]son a *>m :i* 8 fa!r wore r\nd ! arm above ! elb[1 design$ aga9/ evil spirits & ! evil eye4 ,x consi/$ ( a squ>e case conta9+ a writt5 *>m1 & a bag fill$ ) a prep>ation ( roots4 ,! *>ms worn by ! natives g5]ally consi/ ( quotations f ! ,koran1 (t5 repeat$ _m times & ) signs ( ! great prophets int]sp]s$4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! signs are ! foll[+3-- ,illu/ration3 ,solomon4 ,illu/ration3 ,eno*4 ,illu/ration3 ,david4 ,illu/ration3 ,lot4 ,illu/ration3 ,se?4 ,illu/ration3 8,,lohn0 7,,or ,,writ+ ,,bo>d74 ,! annex$ illu/ration has be5 k9dly l5t by ,mr4 ,wellcome 7on behalf ( ! ,gordon ,memorial ,college7 f ! ,report m5tion$ above4 ,x repres5ts a 8,lohn10 or writ+ bo>d on :i* ,koranic phrases or my/ic inscriptions h be5 writt5 by ,fikis 7holy m574 ,:5 ! writ+ is dry x is wa%$ (f & ! fluid is tak5 int]nally or appli$ ext]nally4 ,,! ,,abracadabra ,,my/]y4 ,abracadabra 0 ! mo/ fam\s ( ! anci5t *>ms or talismans employ$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,its my/ic mean+ has be5 ! subject ( mu* +5i\s inve/igation1 b ev5 its d]ivation has n be5 agre$ ^u4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( ! t]m is f\nd 9 ! poem 8,de ,m$ic9a ,praecepta ,salub]rima10 by ,qu9tus ,s]5us ,samonicus4 ,samonicus 0 a not$ physician 9 ,rome 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies4 ,he 0 a fav\rite ) ! ,emp]or ,sev]us1 & accompani$ him 9 8 exp$ition to ,brita9 ,a4,d4 #bjh4 ,sev]us di$ at ,york 9 ,a4,d4 #baa1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> 8 son ,c>acalla _h 8 bro!r ,geta1 & #bj1jjj o!r p suppos$ to be fav\rable to ,geta's claims1 assass9at$4 ,among ! victims 0 ,s]5us ,samonicus4 ,! poem1 :i* is ! only exi/+ "w ( ,s]5us1 consi/s ( #a1aae hexamet] l9es :i* illu/rate ! m$ical practice & sup]/itions ( ! p]iod :5 x 0 writt54 ,! l9es 9 :i* ! ^w 8,abracadabra10 & ! way to employ x are introduc$ are ^!3-- ,inscribis *>tae1 quod dicitur ,abracadabra1 ,saepius3 et subt] repetas1 s$ detrahe summae1 ,et magis atque magis des9t elem5ta figuris ,s+ula1 quae semp] rapies et coet]a figes1 ,donec 9 angu/am r$igatur lit]a conum4 ,8 l9o nexis collum r$imire mem5to4 ,9 a pap] on ,s]5us ,samonicus by ,dr4 ,b>nes ( ,c>lisle1 contribut$ to ! ,/4 ,l\is ,m$ical ,review1 ! foll[+ translation ( ! above passage is giv54 ,a semit]tian fev] ( a p>ticul> "* is ! disease "u discussion4 8,write sev]al times on a piece ( pap] ! ^w #8,abracadabra1' & repeat ! ^w 9 ! l9es bel[1 b take away lett]s f ! complete ^w & let ! lett]s fall away "o at a "t 9 ea* succe$+ l9e4 ,take ^! away ev]1 b keep ! re/ until ! writ+ is r$uc$ to a n>r[ cone4 ,rememb] to tie ^! pap]s ) flax & b9d !m r\nd ! neck40 ,! *>m 0 writt5 9 sev]al ways all 9 con=mity ) ! in/ructions4 ,dr4 ,b>nes gives ^! specim5s3 ,a ,b ,r ,a ,c ,a ,d ,a ,b ,r ,a a b r a c a d a b r a ,a ,b ,r ,a ,c ,a ,d ,a ,b ,r a b r a c a d a b r ,a ,b ,r ,a ,c ,a ,d ,a ,b a b r a c a d a b ,a ,b ,r ,a ,c ,a ,d ,a a b r a c a d a ,a ,b ,r ,a ,c ,a ,d a b r a c a d ,a ,b ,r ,a ,c ,a a b r a c a ,,abracadabra ,a ,b ,r ,a ,c a b r a c ,,bracadabr ,a ,b ,r ,a a b r a ,,racadab ,a ,b ,r a b r ,,acada ,a ,b a b ,,cad ,a a ,a ,aft] we>+ ! *>m = n9e days x _h to be ?r[n ov] ! %\ld] into a /ream runn+ ea/w>ds4 ,9 cases :i* resi/$ ?is talisman ,s]5us recomm5d$ ! application ( lion's fat1 or yell[ coral ) gre5 em]alds ti$ to ! sk9 ( a cat & worn r\nd ! neck4 ,s]5us ,samonicus is believ$ to h be5 a disciple ( a notori\s ,*ri/ian h]etic nam$ ,basilides1 :o liv$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! second c5tury1 & 0 himself ! f\nd] ( a sect bran*+ out ( ! gno/ics4 ,basilides _h add$ to _! beliefs "s fanciful notions bas$ on ! tea*+s ( ,py?agoras & ,apollonius ( ,tyre1 especially 9 reg>d to names & numb]s4 ,to him is attribut$ ! inv5tion ( ! my/ic ^w 8abraxas10 :i* 9 ,greek num]ation repres5ts ! total #cfe1 ?us3--a--#a1 b--#b1 r--#ajj1 a--#a1 x--#fj1 a--#a1 s--#bjj4 ,?is ^w is suppos$ to h be5 a num]ic repres5tation ( ! ,p]sian sungod1 or if x 0 inv5t$ by ,basilides1 m likely indicat$ ! #cfe emanations ( ! inf9ite ,deity4 ,x has be5 g5]ally suppos$ t abracadabra 0 d]iv$ f abraxas4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r int]pretations4 ,littr associates x ) ! ,hebrew words1 ,ab1 ,rua*1 ,dab>2 ,fa!r1 ,holy ,gho/1 ,^w4 ,dr4 ,k+1 an au?ority on ! curi\s gno/ic gems well-kn[n to antiqu>ians1 reg>ds ?is explanation z purely fanciful & sugge/s t ,abracadabra is a modification ( ! t]m ,abla?anabla1 a ^w frequ5tly met ) on ! gems allud$ to1 & mean+ ,our ,fa!r1 ,?\ art ,our ,fa!r4 ,o!rs hold t ,abla?anabla is a corruption ( ,abracadabra4 ,an +5i\s correspond5t ( ,notes & ,qu]ies ?9ks t a m likely ,hebrew orig9 ( ! t]m ?an ! "o fav\r$ by ,littr w\ld be ,abrai s$a brai1 :i* w\ld signify ,out1 bad _s1 out4 ,x is agre$ t ! ^w %\ld be pron\nc$ ,abrasadabra4 ,ano!r likely orig91 sugge/$ by ,colonel ,c4 ,r4 ,cond] 9 8,! ,rise ( ,man0 7#aijh71 p4 #cad1 is ,abrak-ha-dabra1 a ,hebrew phrase mean+ 8,i bless ! de$40 ,! triangul> =m ( ! *>m 0 no d\bt significant ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ,unity4 ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,magic4 ,py?agoras taught t hold+ dill 9 ! left h& w\ld prev5t epilepsy4 ,s]apion ( ,alex&ria 7,b4,c4 #bgh7 prescrib$ = epilepsy ! w>ty excresc5ces on ! =elegs ( animals1 camel's bra9 & gall1 r5net ( seal1 dung ( crocodile1 blood ( turtle1 & o!r animal products4 ,pl9y alludes to a tradition1 t a root ( autumnal nettle w\ld cure a t]tian fev]1 provid$ t :5 x is dug ! pati5t's "n & 8 p>5t's names are pron\nc$ al\d2 t ! longe/ too? ( a black dog worn z an amulet w\ld cure qu>tan fev]2 t ! sn\t & tips ( ! e>s ( a m\se1 ! animal itself to run free1 wrapp$ 9 a rose col\r$ pat*1 also worn z an amulet1 w\ld simil>ly cure ! same disease2 ! "r eye ( a liv+ liz>d wrapp$ 9 a piece ( goat's sk92 & a h]b pick$ f ! head ( a /atue & ti$ up ) r$ ?read1 are o!r specim5s ( ! amulets popul> 9 8 "t4 ,b ,pl9y appe>s to d\bt if all ^! treatm5ts c be tru/$4 ,he m5tions "o1 t is t ! he>t ( a h5 plac$ on a woman's left brea/ :ile %e is asleep w make h] tell all h] secrets1 & ?is he *>act]izes z a port5t\s lie4 ,mr4 ,cockayne quot+ ?is1 rem>ks dryly1 8,p]haps he _h tri$ x40 ,alex&] ( ,tralles recomm5ds a numb] ( amulets1 "s ( :i* he m5tions he has prov$4 ,?us = colic he names ! dung ( a wolf ) "s bits ( bone 9 x 9 a clos$ tube worn on ! "r arm or ?igh2 an octagonal iron r+ on :i* are engrav$ ! words 8,flee1 flee1 ho1 ho1 ,bile1 ! l>k 0 se>*+0 good = bili\s disord]s2 = g\t1 ga!r h5bane :5 ! moon is 9 ,aqu>ius or ,pisces be=e sunset ) ! ?umb & ?ird f+] ( ! left h&1 say+ at ! "t an invocation invit+ ! holy h]b to come to ! h\se ( blank & cure ,m4 or ,n42 ) a lot m4 ,! ,greeks nam$ ! ,furies ,eum5ides1 good p1 evid5tly ) ! idea ( propitiat+ !m4 ,= a simil> reason fairies 7 kn[n z good folk by our ance/ors4 ,,engli% ,,folk-,,lore ,,sup]/itions4 ,x w\ld be z t$i\s z x w\ld be useless to relate at any l5g? ! multitude ( silly sup]/itions :i* make up ! m$ic9al folk-lore ( ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,me?ods ( cur+ w>ts1 too?a*e1 ague1 worms1 & o!r common compla9ts are famili> to ev]yone4 ,! idea t too?a*e is caus$ by t9y worms :i* c be expell$ by h5bane1 is v anci5t & /ill exi/s4 ,a process f "o ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,lee*doms conv]t$ into mod]n ,engli% by ! ,rev4 ,oswald ,cockayne may be quot$ z a sample3-- 8,= too? worms take acorn meal & h5bane se$ & wax1 ( all equally mu*1 m+le !m toge!r1 "w into a wax c&le & burn x1 let x reek into ! m\?1 put a black clo? "u1 & ! worms w fall on x40 ,m>cellus1 a late ,lat9 m$ical au?or ^: "w 0 translat$ into ,saxon1 gave a simpl] rem$y4 ,x 0 to say 8,argidam1 ,m>gidum1 ,/urdigum10 ?rice1 !n spit into a frog's m\? & set him free1 reque/+ him at ! same "t to c>ry (f ! too?a*e4 ,ano!r popul> cure = too?a*e 9 e>ly ,engl& 0 to we> a piece ( p>*m5t on :i* ! foll[+ *>m 0 writt53--8,z ,/4 ,pet] sat at ! gate ( ,j]usalem our ,bless$ ,"l & ,savi\r1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 pass$ by & said1 ,:at aile? !e8 ,he said ,"l1 my tee? a*e4 ,he said1 ,arise & foll[ me & ?y tee? %all nev] a*e any m40 ,sir ,k5elm ,digby's me?od 0 less tempt+4 ,he direct$ t ! pati5t %\ld scrat* 8 gum ) an iron nail until he made x ble$1 & %\ld !n drive ! nail ) ! blood ^u x into a wood5 beam4 ,he w nev] h too?a*e aga91 says ?is sage4 ,= w>ts ! cures are innum]able4 ,!y are all m or less l ?is3 ,/eal a piece ( meat f a but*]'s /all or basket1 bury x secretly at a gateway :]e f\r lanes meet4 ,z ! meat decays ! w>ts w die away4 ,an apple cut into slices & rubb$ on ! w>ts & buri$ is equally efficaci\s4 ,s is a snail :i* aft] be+ rubb$ on ! w>ts is impal$ on a ?orn & left to die4 ,a room hung ) r$ clo? 0 e/eem$ 9 _m c\ntries to be effective aga9/ c]ta9 diseases1 small-pox especially4 ,john ( ,gaddesd5 relates h[ he cur$ ,edw>d ,,ii's son by ?is device4 ,! prejudice 9 fav\r ( r$ flannel :i* /ill exi/s1 = ty+ a piece ( x r\nd sore ?roats is probably a remnant ( ! fancy t r$ 0 specially obnoxi\s to evil spirits4 ,! ,romans hung r$ coral r\nd ! necks ( _! infants to protect !m f ! evil eye4 ,?is practice1 too1 has come d[n to our day4 ,illu/ration ,among o!r *>ms & incantations quot$ by ,mr4 ,cockayne 9 8 acc\nt ( ,saxon ,lee*doms we f9d t = a baby's recov]y 8"s w\ld creep ?r\gh a hole 9 ! gr\nd & /op x up beh9d !m ) ?orns10 8if cattle h a disease ( ! lungs1 burn 7some?+ undeciph]$7 on midsumm]'s day2 add holy wat]1 & p\r x into _! m\?s on midsumm]'s morr[2 & s+ ov] !m3 ,ps4 #ea1 ,ps4 #ag1 & ! ,a?anasian ,cre$40 8,if any?+ has be5 /ol5 f y write a copy ( ! annex$ diagram & put x into ?y left %oe "u ! heel4 ,!n ?\ %alt soon he> ( x40 ,,transf]r+ ,,diseases4 ,x 0 widely believ$ t disease c\ld be transf]r$ by means ( c]ta9 silly =malities4 ,?is 0 a v anci5t notion4 ,pl9y expla9s h[ pa9s 9 ! /oma* c\ld be transf]r$ to a duck or a puppy4 ,a prescription ( ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ago = ! cure ( convulsions 0 to take p>+s ( ! sick man's nails1 "s hair f 8 eyebr[s1 & a halfp5ny1 & wrap !m all 9 a cl\t :i* _h be5 r\nd 8 head4 ,?is package mu/ be laid 9 a gateway :]e f\r lanes meet1 & ! fir/ p]son :o op5$ x w\ld take ! sickness & relieve ! pati5t ( x4 ,a c]ta9 ,john ,d\gall 0 prosecut$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #afie = prescrib+ ?is treatm5t4 ,a m gruesome b less unju/ proce$+ 0 to transf] ! disease to ! dead4 ,an example is ! treatm5t ( boils quot$ f ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,black's 8,folk ,m$ic9e40 ,! boil 0 to be p\ltic$ ?ree days & nights1 aft] :i* ! p\ltices & clo?s employ$ 7 to be plac$ 9 ! c(f9 ) a dead p]son & buri$ ) ! corpse4 ,9 ,lanca%ire w>ts c\ld be transf]r$ by rubb+ ea* ) a c9d] :i* mu/ be wrapp$ 9 pap] & laid :]e f\r roads meet4 ,z be=e1 ! p]son :o op5s ?is p>cel w take ! w>ts f ! pres5t own]4 ,9 ,devon%ire a *ild c\ld be cur$ ( :oop+ c\gh by putt+ "o ( its hairs betwe5 slices ( bread & butt] & giv+ ^! to a dog4 ,if ! dog c\gh$1 z 0 probable1 ! :oop+ c\gh 0 transf]r$4 ,,wit*es' ,,p[]s4 ,! p[]s ( wit*es 7 ext5sive b at ! same "t curi\sly re/rict$4 ,:5 ,agnes ,simpson 0 tri$ 9 ,scotl& 9 #aeij %e confess$ t to compass ! dea? ( ,james ,,vi %e _h hung up a black toad = n9e days & caught ! juice :i* dropp$ f x4 ,if %e c\ld h obta9$ a piece ( l95 :i* ! k+ _h worn %e c\ld h kill$ him by apply+ to x "s ( ?is v5om1 :i* w\ld h caus$ him su* pa9 z if he _h la9 on %>p ?orns or ne$les4 ,ano!r means !y _h ( inflict+ torture 0 to make an effigy 9 wax or clay ( _! victim & !n to /ick p9s into x or beat x4 ,?is w\ld cause ! p]son repres5t$ ! pa9 :i* x 0 desir$ to inflict4 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,t5d5cy4 ,x w\ld m]ely try ! pati5ce ( ! read] to enum]ate ev5 a ti! ( ! absurd ?+s :i* h be5 & are be+ us$ by p1 civilis$ & savage1 z *>ms1 talismans1 & amulets4 ,! t]aphim :i* ,ra*el /ole f h] fa!r ,laban1 ! magic knots ( ! ,*aldeans1 ! gold & /one ornam5ts ( ! ,egyptians1 :i* !y n only wore !mselves b (t5 atta*$ to _! mummies--a multitude ( ^! go+ back z f> z ! fl9t amulets ( ! pr$yna/ic p]iod1 are to be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--! preci\s /ones ^: virtues 7 discov]$ by ,orpheus1 ! inf9ite v>iety ( gold & silv] ornam5ts adopt$ by ! ,romans ) sup]/iti\s notions1 ! fi%1 i*?ys1 be+ ! initials ( ! ,greek words = ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,"l1 our ,savi\r1 engrav$ on /ones & worn by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ! ,gno/ic gems1 ! coral necklaces1 ! bezo> /ones1 ! toad a%es1 ! /r&s ( ! ropes us$ = hang+ crim9als1 ! magnets ( ! middle ages & ( mod]n times1 & a ?\s& o!r ?+s1 cr$it$ ) magical curative prop]ties1 might be cit$4 ,besides ^! !re are myriads ( =ms ( words writt5 or spok51 "s pi\s1 "s gibb]i%1 :i* h be5 us$ & recomm5d$ bo? ) & )\t drugs4 ,s*el5z 9 8,ges*i*te d] ,ph>macie0 7#aijd7 quotes f ,jakob ,mrlant ( ,bruges1 8! ,fa!r ( ,flemi% sci5ce0 7born ab\t #abce7 ! recomm5dation ( an 8,amulettr+0 on ! /one ( :i* ! figure ( ,m]cury 0 engrav$1 & :i* w\ld make ! we>] heal?y1 8die mct s95 tragh]e ghesont40 7,see ,cramp ,r+s1 p4 #cje47 ,h[ widespread has be5 ! belief 9 ! p[] ( amulets & *>ms may be ga!r$ f a few in/ances ( su* sup]/itions among fam\s p]sons4 ,"l ,bacon 0 conv9c$ t w>ts c\ld be cur$ by rubb+ l>d on !m & transf]r+ ! l>d to a po/4 ,! w>ts w\ld die :5 ! l>d dri$4 ,rob]t ,boyle attribut$ ! cure ( a hmorrhage to we>+ "s moss f a dead man's skull4 ,! fa!r ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 relates t ,"l ,burghley1 ! ,"l ,treasur] ( ,engl& 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s reign1 kept (f ! g\t by always we>+ a blue ribbon /udd$ ) a p>ticul> k9d ( snail %ells r\nd 8 leg4 ,:5ev] he left x (f ! pa9 return$ viol5tly4 ,burton 9 ! 8,anatomy ( ,melan*oly0 7#afba7 says ,/4 ,john's ,wort ga!r$ on a ,friday 9 ! horn ( ,jupit]1 :5 x comes to 8 effectual op]ation 7t is ab\t full moon 9 ,july71 hung ab\t ! neck w mightily help melan*oly & drive away fanta/ical spirits4 ,pepys writ+ on ,may #bh1 #affg1 says1 8,my wife w5t d[n ) ,jane & ,w4 ,hew] to ,woolwi* 9 ord] to get a little ayre1 & to lie !re to-night & s to ga!r ,may ,dew to-morr[ morn+1 :i* ,mrs4 ,turn] ha? taught h] is ! only ?+ to wa% h] face )2 & ,i am cont5t ) x40 ,b ,mrs4 ,turn] ought to h expla9$ to ,mrs4 ,pepys t to pres]ve beauty x 0 necess>y to collect ! ,may ,dew on ! fir/ ( ! mon?4 ,ca!r9e de ,m$ici wore a piece ( an infant's sk9 z a *>m1 & ,"l ,bryon pres5t$ an amulet ( ?is nature to ,pr9ce ,mett]ni*4 ,pascal di$ ) "s undeciph]able inscription sewn into 8 clo!s4 ,*>les ,v always wore a sa*et ( dri$ silkworms to protect him f v]tigo4 ,! ,emp]or ,augu/us wore a piece ( ! sk9 ( a sea calf to keep ! lightn+ f injur+ him1 & ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius wore laurel r\nd 8 neck = ! same reason :5 a ?und]/orm seem$ to be approa*+4 ,?yreus reports t 9 #aefh ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange condemn$ a ,spani>d to be %ot1 b t ! soldi]s c\ld n hit him4 ,!y undress$ him & f\nd he 0 we>+ an amulet be>+ c]ta9 my/]i\s figures4 ,!y took ?is f him1 & !n kill$ him )\t fur!r difficulty4 ,! fam\s ,g]man physician1 ,fr$]ick ,h(fman1 tells s]i\sly ( a g\ty subject he knew :o c\ld tell :5 an attack 0 approa*+ by a /one 9 a r+ :i* he wore *ang+ col\r4 ,x ,,dogmas ,,& ,,delusions4 ,see skulk+ ,tru? to h] old cav]n fl$1 ,m\nta9s ( casui/ry heap'd o'er h] head2 ,philosophy t lean'd on ,heav'n be=e ,%r9ks to h] ,second ,cause & is no m4 ,physic ( ,metaphysic begs def5ce1 ,& ,metaphysic calls = aid on ,s5se4 ,see ,my/]y to ,ma!matics fly2 ,9 va96 !y gaze1 turn giddy1 rave1 & die4 ,,pope--8,! ,dunciad0 7#fda-fdh74 ,,elem5ts ,,& ,,phlogi/on4 ,! anci5t idea t e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat] 7 ! elem5ts ( ,nature 0 held by *emi/s 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,emp$ocles appe>s to h be5 ! au?or ( ?is !ory1 :i* 0 adopt$ by ,ari/otle4 ,"s speculative philosoph]s1 h[ev]1 taught t all ( ^! 7 d]iv$ f "o orig9al fir/ pr9ciple2 "s held t ?is 0 wat]1 "s e>?1 "s fire1 & o!rs air4 ,p>acelsus1 :o does n seem to h object$ to ?is idea1 contribut$ ano!r fanta/ic "o to accompany x4 ,accord+ to him ev]y?+ 0 compos$ ( sulphur1 salt1 & m]cury2 b he did n mean by ^! ! mat]ial sulphur1 salt1 & m]cury z we "k !m1 b "s sort ( ref9$ ess5ce ( ^!4 ,^! ?ree ess5tials came to be tabulat$ ?us3-- ,,salt4 ,,sulphur4 ,,m]cury4 ,unpleasant & bitt]4 ,sweet4 ,acid4 ,body4 ,s\l4 ,_s4 ,matt]4 ,=m4 ,idea4 ,pati5t4 ,ag5t4 ,in=mant or mov5t4 ,art4 ,nature4 ,intellig5ce4 ,s5se4 ,judgm5t4 ,intellect4 ,mat]ial4 ,spiritual4 ,glori\s4 ,?is is tak5 f ,begu91 :o expla9s t ! m]cury1 sulphur1 & salt ( ?is classification are n ^? 8mixt & concrete bodies su* z are vulg>ly sold by m]*ants4 ,m]cury1 :i* comb9es ! elem5ts ( air & wat]1 ,sulphur repres5ts ,fire1 & ,salt1 ,e>?40 8,b ! said pr9ciples1 to speak prop]ly1 are nei!r bodies2 because !y are pla9ly spiritual1 by reason ( ! influx ( cele/ial se$s1 ) :i* !y are impregnat$3 nor spirits1 because corporeal1 b !y p>ticipate ( ei!r nature2 & h be5 insigniz$ by ,phylosoph]s ) v>i\s names1 or at ! lea/ unto !m !y h allud$ ^!40 ,in/ances ( ! comb9ation ( ^! pr9ciples are giv54 ,if y burn gre5 woods1 y fir/ h a wat]9ess1 m]cury2 !n !re goes =? an oleag9\s sub/ance easily inflammable1 sulphur2 la/ly1 a dry & t]re/rial sub/ance rema9s1 salt4 ,milk conta9s a sulphur\s butt]y sub/ance2 m]curial1 :ey2 sal9e1 *eese4 ,eggs3 :ite1 m]cury1 yolk1 sulphur1 %ell1 salt4 ,antimony regulus1 m]cury1 r$ sulphur conceiv+ flame2 a salt :i* is vomitive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,erne/ ,,/ahl4 ,born at ,anspa*1 #affj2 di$ at ,b]l91 #agcd4 ,/ahl 0 ! orig9ator ( ! 8phlogi/on !ory0 :i* g5]ally prevail$ 9 *emi/ry until ,lavoisi] disprov$ x 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,n[h]e d y get ^! pr9ciples pure4 ,m]cury 7! metal7 conta9s bo? sulphur & salt2 s ) ! o!rs4 ,beck]1 ! pr$ecessor ( ,/ahl1 0 n q satisfi$ ) ! or?odox op9ion1 & improv$ ^u x by limit+ ! elem5ts to wat] & e>?2 b he recognis$ ?ree e>?s1 vitrifiable1 inflammable1 & m]curial4 ,! la/ yield$ ! metals4 ,/ahl 0 incl9$ to g back to ! f\r elem5ts aga91 b he _h 8 d\bts ab\t _! really elem5t>y "*4 ,he1 h[ev]1 conc5trat$ 8 att5tion on fire1 out ( :i* he evolv$ 8 well-kn[n phlogi/on !ory4 ,?is sub/ance1 if x 0 a sub/ance1 0 conceiv$ z float+ ab\t all ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 b only reveal+ itself by its effects :5 x came into contact ) mat]ial bodies4 ,!re 0 "s d\bt :e!r x possess$ ! attribute ( weight at all2 b its prop]ties 7 suppos$ to be quiesc5t :5 x became unit$ ) a sub/ance :i* !reby became phlogi/icat$4 ,x ne$$ to be excit$ 9 "s special way be=e x c\ld be br\ght aga9 into activity4 ,:5 comb9$ x 0 9 a passive condition4 ,! amus+ features ( ! phlogi/on !ory only develop$ :5 x came to be realis$ t :5 ! phlogi/on 0 driv5 out ( a body1 z 9 ! case ( ! calc9ation ( a metal1 ! calx rema9+ 0 heavi] ?an ! metal ) ! phlogi/on _h be54 ,! fir/ explanation ( ?is ph5om5on 0 t phlogi/on n only possess$ no heav9ess1 b 0 actually end[$ ) a faculty ( lightness4 ,?is hypo!sis 01 h[ev]1 a little too f>-fet*$ = ev5 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,bo]haave !reupon discov]$ t z ! phlogi/on escap$ x attack$ ! vessel 9 :i* ! metal 0 calc9$1 & comb9$ "s ( t ) ! metal4 ,?is notion w\ld n /& exp]im5t1 b ,baume's explanation ( :at happ5$ 0 s+ul>ly +5i\s4 ,he insi/$ t phlogi/on 0 appreciably pond]able4 ,b1 he said1 :5 x is absorb$ into a metal or o!r sub/ance x does n comb9e ) t sub/ance1 b is con/antly 9 motion 9 ! int]/ices ( ! molecules4 ,s t z a bird 9 a cage does n add to ! weight ( ! cage s long z x is fly+ ab\t1 no m does phlogi/on add to ! weight ( ! metal 9 :i* x is simil>ly fly+ ab\t4 ,b :5 ! calc9ation takes place ! dead phlogi/on1 z x may be call$1 does actually comb9e ) ! metal1 & ?us ! increase ( weight is acc\nt$ =4 ,,hum\rs ,,& ,,degrees4 ,! doctr9e ( ! 8hum\rs10 or humoral pa?ology1 z x is g5]ally t]m$1 is usually trac$ to ,hippocrates4 ,x is set =? 9 8 book on ! ,nature ( ,man1 :i* ,gal5 reg>d$ z a g5u9e treatise ( ! ,physician ( ,cos1 b :i* o!r critics h suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by "o or m ( 8 disciples or successors4 ,at any rate1 x is believ$ to repres5t 8 views4 ,plato elaborat$ ! !ory1 & ,gal5 gave x dogmatic =m4 ,! human body 0 compos$ n exactly ( ! f\r elem5ts1 e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat]1 b ( ! ess5ces ( ^! elem5ts4 ,! fluid p>ts1 ! blood1 ! phlegm1 ! bile1 & ! black bile1 7 ! f\r hum\rs4 ,!re 7 also ?ree k9ds ( spirits1 natural1 vital1 & animal1 :i* put ! hum\rs 9 motion4 ,! blood 0 ! hum\r :i* n\ri%$ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 & 0 ! s\rce ( animal heat4 ,! bile kept ! passages ( ! body op51 & s]v$ to promote ! dige/ion ( ! food4 ,! phlegm kept ! n]ves1 ! muscles1 ! c>tilages1 ! tongue1 & o!r organs supple1 ?us facilitat+ _! movem5ts4 ,! black bile 7! melan*oly1 ,hippocrates t]m$ x7 0 a l9k betwe5 ! o!r hum\rs & su/a9$ !m4 ,! proportion ( ^! hum\rs occasion$ ! temp]am5ts1 & x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t ?is fancy /ill prevails 9 our language2 ! sangu9e1 ! bili\s1 ! phlegmatic1 & ! atrabili\s or melan*oly natures be+ famili> descriptions to ?is day4 ,! hum\rs _h diff]5t *>act]s4 ,! blood 0 naturally hot & humid1 ! phlegm cold & humid1 ! bile hot & dry1 & ! black bile cold & dry4 ,alt]ations ( ! hum\rs w\ld cause diseas$ conditions2 di/emp]s 0 ! appropriate t]m4 ,!re might be a too abundant provision ( "o or m ( ! hum\rs4 ,a ple?ora ( blood w\ld cause dr[s9ess1 difficulty ( brea?+1 fatty deg5]ation4 ,a ple?ora ( ei!r ( ! o!r hum\rs w\ld h ! effect ( caus+ corruption ( ! blood2 ple?ora ( bile1 = example1 w\ld result 9 a jaundic$ condition1 bad brea?1 a bitt] ta/e 9 ! m\?1 & o!r famili> symptoms4 ,hmorrhoids1 leprosy1 & canc] might result f a ple?ora ( ! melan*olic hum\r2 colds1 cat>rhs1 rheumatisms 7 occasion$ by a sup]abundance ( ! phlegm4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ,gal5 or any o!r au?ority pret5d$ t ! hum\rs 7 ! sole causes ( disease4 ,anci5t pa?ology 0 a mo/ complicat$ /ructure :i* _c be ev5 outl9$ "h4 ,! !ory ( ! hum\rs is only indicat$ 9 ord] to %[ h[ ^! expla9$ ! action ( drugs4 ,to ^! 7 attribut$ hot1 humid1 cold1 & dry qualities to a l>g] or less ext5t4 ,gal5 classifies !m 9 f\r degrees--t is to say1 a drug might be hot1 humid1 cold1 or dry 9 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 or f\r? degree4 ,consequ5tly ! physician _h to e/imate fir/ :i* hum\r 0 pr$om9ant1 & 9 :at degree1 & !n he _h to select ! drug :i* w\ld c\nt]act ! disproportionate heat1 cold1 humidity1 or dryness4 ,( c\rse he _h 8 manuals to guide him4 ,?us ,culpepp] tells u t horeh\nd1 = example1 is 8hot 9 ! second degree1 & dry 9 ! ?ird02 h]b ,tr9ity1 or pansies1 on ! o!r h&1 8are cold & moi/1 bo? h]bs & fl[]s02 & s =?4 ,m$ic9es :i* appli$ to ! sk9 w\ld raise a bli/]1 mu/>d1 = example1 are hot 9 ! f\r? degree2 ^? :i* provoke sweat abundantly1 & ?us 8cut t\gh & compact$ hum\rs0 7,culpepp]7 are hot 9 ! ?ird degree4 ,opium 0 cold 9 ! f\r? degree1 & !re=e %\ld only be giv5 alone to mitigate viol5t pa94 ,9 ord9>y cases x is wise to mod]ate ! coldness ( ! opium by comb9+ some?+ ( ! fir/ degree ( cold or heat ) x4 ,an amus+ illu/ration ( ! rev]5ce :i* ?is doctr9e ( ! temp]atures inspir$ is furni%$ by ,spr5gel 9 ! second volume ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e4 ,deal+ ) ! ,arab p]iod1 he tells u t ,jacob-,ebn-,izhak-,alkh5di1 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ au?ors ( 8 nation1 :o liv$ 9 ! n9? c5tury1 & cultivat$ ma!matics1 philosophy1 & a/rology z well z m$ic9e1 wrote a book on ! subject be=e u1 ext5d+ ,gal5's !ory to comp\nd m$ic9es1 expla9+ _! action 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( h>mony 9 music4 ,! degrees he expla9s progress 9 geometric ratio1 s t ! f\r? degree c\nts z #af comp>$ ) unity4 ,he sets out 8 proposition ?us3 x bn-#a;a2 a be+ ! fir/1 b ! la/1 x ! expon5t1 & n ! numb] ( ! t]ms4 ,spr5gel has pity on ^? ( u :o are n famili> ) ma!matical manipulations1 & gives an example to make ! =mula cle>4 ,m$icam5t4 ,weight4 ,hot4 ,cold4 ,humid4 ,dry4 ,c>damoms i #a #a ,sug> ii #b #a #a #b ,indigo i #a #a ,myrobalans ii #a #b #a #b --- ----- ----- --- --- vi #d #d #c #f ,?is prep>ation !re=e =ms a mixture exactly balanc$ 9 hot & cold prop]ties1 b twice z dry z x is humid2 ! mixture is !re=e dry 9 ! fir/ degree4 ,if ! total _h %[n twelve ( ! dry to ?ree ( ! humid qualities1 x w\ld h be5 dry 9 ! second degree4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t 9 addition to ^! calculations ! physician _h to realise t drugs adapt$ = "o "p ( ! body might be ( no use = ano!r1 x w be p]ceiv$ t ! art ( prescrib+ 0 a s]i\s bus9ess "u ! sway ( ! old dogmas4 ,,! ,,rosicrucians4 ,x has nev] be5 pret5d$1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 t ! ,rosicrucian my/ics ( ! middle ages did any?+ = ! advancem5t ( ph>macy4 ,!y are only m5tion$ "h because !y claim$ ! p[] ( cur+ disease1 & also because x happ5s t ! fiction :i* creat$ ! leg5ds conc]n+ !m 0 almo/ contemporane\s ) ! n unsimil> "o 7if ! latt] be a fiction7 :i* made a hi/orical figure ( ,basil ,val5t9e4 ,betwe5 #afad & #afaf ?ree works 7 publi%$ pr(ess+ to reveal ! hi/ory ( ! bre?r5 ( ! ,rosy ,cross4 ,! fir/ 0 kn[n z ,fama ,frat]nitatis1 ! second 0 ! ,confessio ,frat]nitatis1 & ! ?ird & mo/ important 0 ! 8,*ymical ,m>riage ( ,*ri/ian ,ros5creutz40 ,! treatises are writt5 9 a my/ic j>gon1 & h be5 int]pret$ z al*emical or religi\s p>ables1 ?\gh va/ numb]s ( le>n$ m5 adopt$ ! records z /atem5ts ( facts4 ,x 0 ass]t$ t ,*ri/ian ,ros5creutz1 a ,g]man1 born 9 #acgh1 _h travell$ 9 ! ,ea/1 & f ! wise m5 ( ,arabia & o!r c\ntries _h le>nt ! secrets ( _! k1 religi\s1 necromantic1 & al*emical4 ,on 8 return to ,g]many he & sev5 o!r p]sons =m$ ?is frat]nity1 :i* 0 to be kept secret = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,! bre?r51 x is sugge/$1 communicat$ to ea* o!r _! discov]ies & ! k :i* _h be5 transmitt$ to !m to communicate ) ea* o!r4 ,!y 7 to treat ! sick poor free1 7 to we> no di/9ctive dress1 b !y us$ ! lett]s ,c4,r4 ,!y knew h[ to make gold1 b ?is 0 n ( mu* value to !m1 = !y did n seek weal?4 ,!y 7 to meet once a ye>1 & ea* "o appo9t$ 8 own successor1 b !re 7 to be no tomb/ones or o!r memorials4 ,*ri/ian ,ros5creutz himself is report$ to h di$ at ! age ( #ajf1 & long aft]w>ds 8 skeleton 0 f\nd 9 a h\se1 a wall hav+ be5 built ov] him4 ,_! *ief bus9ess be+ to heal ! sick poor1 !y mu/ h kn[n mu* ab\t m$ic9e1 b ! books d n reveal any?+ ( any use4 ,!y acquir$ _! k1 n by /udy1 b by ! direct illum9ation ( ,god4 ,! !ories--su* z !y 7--7 ,p>acelsian1 & ! frat]nity1 ?\gh my/ic1 0 ,prote/ant4 ,! mo/ curi\s feature ( ! /ory is t ! almo/ obvi\sly fictiti\s "* ( ! docum5ts :i* ann\nc$ x %\ld h be5 s widely believ$4 ,v soon aft] _! publication ,g]man /ud5ts 7 fi]cely disput+ conc]n+ ! au!nticity ( ! revelations1 & ! controv]sy cont9u$ = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,mu* le>n$ inve/igation into ! orig9 ( ! fir/ treatises has be5 made1 & ! mo/ usual conclusion has be5 t !y 7 writt5 by a ,g]man !ologian1 ,johann ,val5t9 ,&reas1 ( ,wrttemb]g1 b4 #aehf1 d4 #afed4 ,he is said to h decl>$ be=e 8 dea? t he wrote ! alleg$ hi/ory expressly z a "w ( fiction4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,signatures 0 at lea/ intelligible4 ,x associat$ itself1 too1 ) ! pi\s utt]ances s frequ5t among ! m$ival tea*]s & practition]s ( m$ic9e4 ,! !ory 0 t ! ,creator 9 provid+ h]bs = ! s]vice ( man _h /amp$ on !m1 at lea/ 9 _m in/ances1 an indication ( _! special rem$ial value4 ,! adoption ( g9s5g root by ! ,*9ese z a rem$y = impot5ce1 & ( m&rake by ! ,hebrews & ,greeks 9 ! treatm5t ( /]ility1 ^? roots (t5 resembl+ ! male =m1 h be5 (t5 cit$ z evid5ce ( ! antiquity ( ! g5]al dogma4444 ,b isolat$ in/ances ( t k9d are v f> f prov+ ! exi/5ce ( sy/ematic belief4 ,hippocrates /ates t diseases are sometimes cur$ by ! use ( 8l0 rem$ies2 b he 0 n ! f\nd] ( homopa?y4 ,x is likely t ! belief 9 a special indication ( ! virtues ( rem$ies grew up sl[ly 9 ! mona/]ies1 & 0 orig9at$1 p]haps1 by notic+ "s curi\s co9cid5ces4 ,x f\nd wide acceptation 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 l>gely ow+ to ! confid5t belief 9 ! doctr9e express$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,p>acelsus4 ,oswald ,crollius & ,giovanni ,bati/a ,porta1 bo? my/ical m$ical au?ors1 taught ! idea ) en?usiasm4 ,b x c h>dly be said t x ma9ta9$ its influ5ce to any appreciable ext5t beyond ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,dr4 ,p>is describes ! doctr9e ( signatures z 8! mo/ absurd & prepo/]\s hypo!sis t has disgrac$ ! annals ( m$ic9e02 b except t x may h l$ to exp]im5ts ) a few valueless h]bs1 x is difficult to see suffici5t reason = ?is extravagant condemnation ( a poetic fancy4 ,! signatures ( "s drugs 7 no d\bt obs]v$ aft] _! virtues _h be5 discov]$4 ,poppy1 = in/ance1 "u ! doctr9e 0 appropriat$ to bra9 disord]s1 on acc\nt ( its %ape l a head4 ,b its reputation z a bra9 soo!r 0 mu* m anci5t ?an ! inf]5ce4 ,x is only necess>y to give a few specim5s ( ! inductive reason+ involv$ 9 ! doctr9e ( signatures z reveal$ by ! au?ors ( ! old h]bals4 ,! saxifrages 7 suppos$ to break up rocks2 _! m$ic9al value 9 /one 9 ! bladd] 0 !re=e manife/4 ,roses 7 recomm5d$ 9 blood disord]s1 rhub>b & saffron 9 bili\s compla9ts1 turm]ic 9 jaundice1 all on acc\nt ( _! col\r4 ,trefoil 8def5de? ! he>t aga9/ ! noisome vap\r ( ! sple510 says ,william ,coles 9 8 8,art ( ,simpl+10 8n only because ! leaf is triangul> l ! he>t ( a man1 b because ea* leaf conta9s ! p]fect icon ( a he>t & 9 ! prop] fle% col\r40 ,ari/olo*ia ,clematitis 0 call$ bir?wort1 & f ! %ape ( its corolla 0 believ$ to be useful 9 p>turition4 ,physalis alkek5gi1 bladd] wort1 ow$ its reputation z a cleans] ( ! bladd] & ur9>y passages to its inflat$ calyx4 ,torm5tilla (fic9alis1 blood root1 has a r$ root1 & w\ld !re=e cure bloody fluxes4 ,scrophul>ia nodosa1 k]nel wort1 has k]nels or tub]s atta*$ to its roots1 & 0 consequ5tly pr$e/9$ = ! treatm5t ( scr(ul\s gl&s ( ! neck4 ,cant]bury bells1 f _! long ?roats1 7 allocat$ to ! cure ( sore ?roats4 ,?i/les1 because ( _! prickles1 w\ld cure a /it* 9 ! side4 ,scorpion grass1 ! old "n ( ! =get-me-n1 has a spike :i* 0 lik5$ to ! tail ( a scorpion1 & 0 !re=e a rem$y = ! /+ ( a scorpion4 ,! "n =get-me-n 0 appli$ 9 ,engl&1 until ab\t a c5tury ago1 to ! ,gr\nd ,p9e 7,ajuga ,*ampitys71 = ! unpoetical reason t x left a nause\s ta/e 9 ! m\?4 ,oswald ,crollius1 :o describes himself z ,m$icus et ,philosophus ,h]meticus1 9 8 8,tractatus de ,signatures10 writes a long & v pi\s preface expla9+ ! importance ( ! k ( signatures4 ,x is ! mo/ useful "p ( botany1 he obs]ves1 & yet n a t5? "p ( liv+ physicians h fitt$ !mselves to practise f ?is /udy to ! satisfaction ( _! pati5ts4 ,8 inf]5ces f ! plants & animals he m5tions are (t5 v f>-fet*$1 b he gives 8 conclusions z if !y _h be5 ma!matically demon/rat$4 ,nev] once does he intimate t a signature is capable ( two int]pretations4 ,a few illu/rations n m5tion$ above may be select$ f 8 treatise4 ,walnuts h ! complete signature ( ! head4 ,f ! %ell1 !re=e1 a salt c be made ( special use = w\nds ( ! p]icranium4 ,! inn] "p ( ! %ell w make a decoction = injuries to ! skull2 ! pellicle surr\nd+ ! k]nel makes a m$ic9e = inflammation ( ! membrane ( ! bra92 & ! k]nel itself n\ri%es & /r5g!ns ! bra94 ,! d[n on ! qu9ce %[s t a decoction ( t fruit w prev5t ! hair fall+ out4 ,s w ! moss t gr[s on trees4 ,! as>um has ! signature ( ! e>s4 ,a cons]ve ( its fl[]s w !re=e help ! he>+ & ! memory4 ,h]b ,p>is1 euphrasia1 *amomile1 hi]acium1 & _m o!r h]bs yield prep>ations = ! eyes4 ,pot5tilla fl[]s be> ! pupil ( ! eye1 & may simil>ly be employ$4 ,! se$ receptacle ( ! h5bane resembles ! =mation ( ! jaw4 ,t is :y ^! se$s are good = too?a*e4 ,! lemon indicates ! he>t1 g+] ! belly1 cassia fi/ula ! b[els1 ari/olo*ia ! womb1 plantago ! n]ves & ve9s1 palma ,*ri/i & fig leaves ! h&s4 ,! signatures sometimes simulate ! diseases !mselves4 ,lily ( ! valley has a fl[] hang+ l a drop2 x is good = apoplexy4 ,! date1 accord+ to ,p>acelsus1 cures canc]2 dock se$s1 r$ colco?>1 & acorus palu/ris w cure erysipelas2 r$ santal1 g]aniums1 coral1 blood /ones1 & torm5tilla1 are indicat$ 9 hmorrhage2 rhub>b 9 yell[ bile2 wolves' liv]s 9 liv] compla9ts1 foxes' lungs 9 pulmon>y affections1 & dri$ worms p[d]$ 9 goats' milk to expel worms4 ,! fame ( vip]s z a rem$y 0 l>gely due to ! !ory ( ! r5ewal ( _! y\?4 ,t>t>us1 or salt ( man's ur9e1 is good aga9/ t>t> & calculi4 ,col\r 0 a v usual signature4 ,r$ hang+s 7 /rongly advocat$ 9 m$ical books = ! b$s ( pati5ts ) small-pox4 ,john ( ,gaddesd51 physician to ,edw>d ,,ii1 says1 8,:5 ,i saw ! son ( ! r5[n$ ,k+ ( ,engl& ly+ sick ( ! small-pox ,i took c>e t ev]y?+ r\nd ! b$ %\ld be ( a r$ col\r1 :i* succe$$ s completely t ! ,pr9ce 0 re/or$ to p]fect heal? )\t ! ve/ige ( a pu/ule40 ,,metals ,,& ,,preci\s ,,/ones4 ,x w be notic$ t p>ts ( animals are cr$it$ 9 ! examples j quot$ ) rem$ial prop]ties4 ,?is 0 a natural ext5sion ( ! doctr9e4 ,metals1 too1 7 cr$it$ ) m$ic9al virtues correspond+ ) _! names or ) ! deities & planets ) :i* !y _h be5 s long associat$4 ,! sun rul$ ! he>t1 gold 0 ! sun's metal1 !re=e gold 0 especially a cordial4 ,! moon1 silv]1 & ! head 7 simil>ly associat$4 ,iron 0 a tonic because ,m>s 0 /rong4 8,h a c>e10 says ,culpepp]1 8y use n su* m$ic9es to "o "p ( y\r body :i* are appropriat$ to ano!r2 = if y\r bra9 be ov]heat$ & y use su* m$ic9es z cool ! he>t or liv] y may make mad "w40 ,b x 0 n q s simple a ?+ z x may seem to be to select ! prop] rem$y1 because !re 7 conditions :i* made x necess>y to foll[ an antipa!tical treatm5t4 ,= in/ance1 ,saturn rul+ ! bones caus$ too?a*e2 b if ,jupit] happ5$ to be 9 ! asc5dant1 ! prop] drug to employ 0 "o 9 ! s]vice ( ! oppos+ planet4 ,mod]n a/ronomy has remov$ ! heav5ly bodies s f> f u t we h ceas$ to reg>d !m 9 ! fri5dly way :i* once *>act]is$ our relations ) !m4 ,to quote ,culpepp] aga93 8,x w seem /range to none b madm5 & fools t ! />s %\ld h influ5ce ^u ! body ( man1 consid]+ he be+ an epitomy ( ! ,creation mu/ ne$s h a cele/ial _w )9 himself2 = 444 if !re be an unity 9 ! ,godhead !re mu/ ne$s be an unity 9 all ,8 works1 & a dep5d5cy betwe5 !m1 & n t ,god made ! ,creation to hang toge!r l a rope ( s&40 ,,sympa!tic ,,rem$ies4 ,among ! /range !ories :i* h f\nd acceptance 9 m$ical hi/ory1 ma9ly x w\ld seem by reason ( _! utt] baselessness & absurdity1 none is m unacc\ntable ?an ! belief 9 ! s-call$ sympa!tic rem$ies4 ,!re is abundant mat]ial = a long *apt] on ?is p>ticul> manife/ation ( fai? 9 ! impossible1 b a few prom95t in/ances ( ! rem>kable me?od ( treatm5t compris$ 9 ! designation w suffice to prove t x 0 s]i\sly adopt$ by m5 capable ( ?9k+ intellig5tly4 ,! g]m ( ! idea goes back to v e>ly ages4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ! fam\s au?ority on primitive beliefs1 traces ! comm&m5t 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 8,?\ %alt n see! a kid 9 its "m's milk10 to an anci5t prejudice aga9/ ! boil+ ( milk 9 any circum/ances1 on ! gr\nd t ?is w\ld cause suff]+ to ! animal :i* yield$ ! milk4 ,if ! suff]+ c\ld be ?us convey$1 x 0 logical to believe t heal+ 0 simil>ly capable ( transf]5ce4 ,pl9y 7quot$ by ,cornelius ,agrippa7 says3 8,if any p]son %all be sorry = a bl[ he has giv5 ano!r1 af> (f or ne> at h&1 if he %all pres5tly spit into ! middle ( ! h& ) :i* he gave ! bl[1 ! p>ty t 0 smitt5 %all pres5tly be free f pa940 ,p>acelsus develop$ ! notion ) ! confid5ce :i* he 0 wont to be/[ on !ories :i* involv$ f>-fet*$ explanations4 ,?is 0 8 =mula = 8,ungu5tum ,sympa!ticum03-- ,take #d oz4 ea* ( bo>'s & be>'s fat1 boil sl[ly = half an h\r1 !n p\r on cold wat]4 ,skim (f ! float+ bit1 reject+ t :i* s9ks4 7,! old] ! animals yield+ ! fat1 ! bett]47 ,take ( p[d]$ burnt worms1 ( dri$ bo>'s bra91 ( r$ s&al wood1 ( mummy1 ( blood/one1 #a oz4 ( ea*4 ,!n collect #a dra*m ( ! moss f ! skull ( a man :o di$ a viol5t dea?1 "o :o _h be5 hang$1 pref]ably1 & _h n be5 buri$4 ,?is %\ld be collect$ at ! ris+ ( ! moon1 & "u ,v5us if possible1 b c]ta9ly n "u ,m>s or ,saturn4 ,) all ^! +r$i5ts make an o9tm5t1 :i* keep 9 a clos$ glass vessel4 ,if x becomes dry on keep+ x c be s(t5$ ) a little fre% l>d or virg9 honey4 ,! o9tm5t mu/ be prep>$ 9 ! autumn4 ,p>acelsus describes ! me?ods ( apply+ ?is o9tm5t1 ! precautions to be tak51 & ! mann] 9 :i* x ex]ts its influ5ce4 ,x 0 ! weapon :i* inflict$ ! w\nd :i* 0 to be ano9t$1 & x w\ld be effective no matt] h[ f> away ! w\nd$ p]son might be4 ,x w\ld n answ] if an art]y _h be5 sev]$1 or if ! he>t1 ! bra91 or ! liv] _h suff]$ ! lesion4 ,! w\nd 0 to be kept prop]ly b&ag$1 & ! b&ages 7 to be fir/ wett$ ) ! pati5t's ur9e4 ,! ano9tm5t ( ! weapon 0 to be repeat$ e day 9 ! case ( a s]i\s w\nd1 or e second or ?ird day :5 ! w\nd 0 n s sev]e1 & ! weapon 0 to be wrapp$ aft] ano9tm5t 9 a clean l95 clo?1 & kept free f du/ & draughts1 or ! pati5t w\ld exp]i5ce mu* pa94 ,! ano9tm5t ( ! weapon act$ on ! w\nd by a magnetic curr5t ?r\gh ! air direct to ! heal+ balsam :i* exi/s 9 e liv+ body1 j z ! heat ( ! sun passes ?r\gh ! air4 ,p>acelsus also prescrib$ ! leaves ( ! ,polygonum p]sic>ia to be appli$ to sores & ulc]s1 & !n buri$4 ,"o ( 8 disciples expla9s t ! object ( bury+ ! leaves 0 t !y attract$ ! evil spirits l a magnet1 & ?us drew ^! spirits f ! pati5t to ! e>?4 ,! sympa!tic egg 0 ano!r device to *eat diseases1 attribut$ to ! same inv5tive g5ius4 ,an empty *ick5's egg 0 to be fill$ ) w>m blood f a heal?y p]son1 c>efully seal$ & plac$ "u a brood+ h5 = a week or two1 s t its vitality %\ld n be impair$4 ,x 0 !n heat$ 9 an ov5 = "s h\rs at a temp]ature suffici5t to bake bread4 ,to cure a case ?is egg 0 plac$ 9 contact ) ! affect$ "p & !n buri$4 ,x 0 assum$ t x w\ld inevitably take ! disease ) x1 z heal?y & conc5trat$ blood mu/ h a /rong] aff9ity = disease ?an a weak] sort4 ,rob]t ,fludd1 ,m4,d41 ! ,rosicrucian1 :o fell "u ! displeasure ( ! ,college ( ,physicians on acc\nt ( 8 uns\nd views f a ,gal5ical /&po9t1 0 a w>m advocate ( ! ,p>acelsian ,weapon ,salve4 ,9 reply to a contempor>y doctor :o _h ridicul$ ! !ory he waxes e>ne/1 & at times s>ca/ic4 ,he expla9s t 8an o9tm5t compos$ ( ! moss ( human bones1 mummy 7:i* is ! human body comb9$ ) balm71 human fat1 & add$ to ^! ! blood1 :i* is ! beg9n+ & food ( !m all1 mu/ h a spiritual p[]1 = ) ! blood ! bright s\l do? abide & op]ate? aft] a hidd5 mann]4 ,!n z !re is a spiritual l9e protract$ or ext5d$ 9 ! ,ayre betwe5 ! w\nd$ p]son & ! ,box ( ,o9tm5t l ! beam ( ! ,sun f ! ,sun1 s ?is animal beam is ! fai?ful conductor ( ! ,heal+ nature f ! box ( ! balsam to ! w\nd$ body4 ,& if x 7 n = t l9e :i* conveys ! :olesome & salutif]\s _s1 ! value ( ! o9tm5t w\ld evaporate or sluce out ?is way or t way & s w\ld br+ no b5efit to ! w\nd$ p]sons40 ,van ,helmont1 ,desc>tes1 ,bati/a ,porta1 & o!r lead]s ( sci5ce1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 esp\s$ ! !ory cordially en\gh4 ,van ,helmont's contribution to ! evid5ce on :i* x 0 f\nd$ is h>d to beat4 ,9 8 8,de ,magnetica ,vuln]um ,curatione10 writt5 ab\t #afdd1 he relates t a citiz5 ( ,brussels hav+ lo/ 8 nose 9 a combat 9 ,italy1 repair$ to a surgeon ( ,bologna nam$ ,tagliacozzi1 :o provid$ him ) ano!r1 tak+ ! requir$ /rip ( fle% f ! arm ( a s]vant4 ,?is answ]$ admirably1 & ! ,brussels man return$ home4 ,b ?irte5 mon?s lat] he f\nd 8 nose 0 gett+ cold2 & !n x began to putrefy4 ,! explanation1 ( c\rse1 0 t ! s]vant f :om ! fle% _h be5 borr[$ _h di$4 ,van ,helmont adds1 8,sup]/ites sunt horum te/es oculati ,bruxellae02 !re are /ill eye-witnesses ( ?is case at ,brussels4 ,moss f a dead man's skull is a pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 all ! sympa!tic o9tm5ts1 & ! condition t ! dead man %\ld h di$ a viol5t dea? is g5]ally insi/$ on4 ,b ,van ,helmont1 quot+ f "o ,gocl5ius1 adds ano!r condition /ill m absurd4 ,x is t ! dead man's "n %\ld only h ?ree lett]s4 ,?us1 = example1 ,dod w\ld d1 b n ,dodd4 ,sir ,gilb]t ,talbot 79 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii7 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society p>ticul>s ( a cure he _h made ) ,sympa!tic ,p[d]4 ,an ,engli% m>9] 0 /abb$ 9 f\r places at ,v5ice1 & bl$ = ?ree days )\t int]mission4 ,sir ,gilb]t1 :o happ5$ to be at ,v5ice at ! same "t1 0 told ( ?is disa/]4 ,he s5t = "s ( ! man's blood & mix$ ,sympa!tic ,p[d] ) x4 ,at ! same "t he s5t a man to b9d up ! pati5t's w\nds ) clean l954 ,soon aft] he visit$ ! m>9] & f\nd all ! w\nds clos$1 & ! man mu* com=t$4 ,?ree days lat] ! poor fell[ 0 able to call on ,sir ,gilb]t to ?ank him1 b ev5 !n 8he appe>$ l a gho/ ) noe blood left 9 8 body40 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>quise ,,de ,s,,vign4 ,born #afbf1 di$ #afif1 ^: fam\s 8lett]s0 are ( great hi/orical importance1 frequ5tly introduces ref]5ces to ! m$ic9e ( ! p]iod1 & 0 h]self a fai?ful disciple ( _m ( its quack]ies4 ,madame de ,svign1 an exp]i5c$ amateur 9 m$ical matt]s1 provides int]e/+ evid5ce ( ! popul>ity ( ! p[d] ( sympa?y4 ,writ+ to h] daught] on ,janu>y #bh?1 #afhe1 %e tells h] t 8a little w\nd :i* 0 believ$ to h be5 heal$ _h %[n signs ( revolt2 b x is only = ! hon\r ( be+ cur$ by y\r p[d] ( sympa?y4 ,! ,baume ,tranquille is ( no acc\nt n[2 y\r p[d] ( sympa?y is a p]fectly div9e rem$y4 ,my sore has *ang$ its appe>ance & is n[ half dri$ & cur$40 ,on ,febru>y #g?1 #afhe1 %e writes aga93--8,i am afraid ! p[d] ( sympa?y is only suitable = old /&+ w\nds4 ,x has only cur$ ! lea/ tr\blesome ( m9e4 ,i am n[ us+ ! black o9tm5t1 :i* is admirable40 ,ev5 ! black o9tm5t prov$ unfai?ful1 = 9 ,june ( ! same ye> ! m>*ioness writes t %e has gone to ! ,capuc9s ( ! ,l\vre4 ,!y did n believe 9 ! p[d] ( sympa?y2 !y _h some?+ mu* bett]4 ,!y gave h] c]ta9 h]bs :i* 7 to be appli$ to ! affect$ "p & remov$ twice a day4 ,^? remov$ are to be buri$2 8& laugh if y l1 z !y decay s w ! w\nd heal1 & ?us by a g5tle & imp]ceptible transpiration ,i %all cure ! mo/ ill-treat$ leg 9 ! _w40 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir ,,k5elm ,,digby4 7,f a pa9t+ by ,v&yke 9 ! ,bodleian ,gall]y1 ,ox=d47 ,! "n ( ,sir ,k5elm ,digby is m closely associat$ ) ! 8p[d] ( sympa?y0 ?an t ( any o!r p]son1 & inde$ he is (t5 cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! idea2 b ?is 0 n ! case4 ,he 0 an extraord9>y man :o play$ a r prom95t "p 9 ! /irr+ days ( ! ,/u>ts4 ,8 fa!r1 ,sir ,ev]>d ,digby1 0 implicat$ 9 ! ,gunp[d] ,plot1 & 0 duly execut$4 ,k5elm mu/ h be5 gift$ ) unusual attractions or plausibility to h ov]come ?is un=tunate /a9 on 8 p$igree1 b he manag$ x1 & hi/ory introduces him to u at ! c\rt ( t suspici\s mon>*1 ,james ,i41 :ile he 0 q a "y man4 ,he _h inh]it$ an income ( #c1jjj a ye>1 & seems to h be5 popul> ) ! ,k+ & ) 8 fell[ c\rti]s4 ,b he 0 n cont5t$ to lead an idle life1 s he press$ ,james to give him a commission to g =? & /eal "s ,spani% galleons1 :i* 0 ! g5tlemanly ?+ to d 9 ^? days4 ,james cons5t$1 b at ! la/ mom5t x 0 discov]$ t ! commission w\ld n be 9 ord] unless x 0 c\nt]sign$ by ! ,"l ,high ,admiral1 :o 0 away f ,engl& at ! "t4 ,james !re=e simply grant$ ! buccane] a lic5ce to und]take a voyage 8= ! increase ( 8 k40 ,digby sc\r$ ! ,m$it]ranean = a ye> or two1 captur$ "s ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & ,flemi% %ips1 & won a r sev]e engagem5t ) ,fr5* & ,v5etian vessels at ,sc&]oon 9 ! ,levant4 ,?is exploit 0 celebrat$ by ,digby's fri5d1 ,b5 ,jonson1 9 v]se1 :i* c only be t]m$ dea?less on acc\nt ( its p>ticul>ly imbecile end+3-- ,witness 8 action done at ,sc&]oon ,^u 8 bir?day1 ! elev5? ( ,june4 ,! writ] ( ,digby's epitaph plagi>is$ ! ess5ce ( ?is brilliant /rophe 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,born on ! day he di$1 ! elev5? ( ,june1 ,& t day bravely f\ght at ,sc&]oon4 ,x's r>e t "o & ! same day %\ld be ,8 day ( bir? & dea? & victory4 ,on 8 return home aft] ?us di/+ui%+ himself1 ,digby 0 knight$1 *ang$ 8 religion occasionally1 0 imprison$ & bani%$ at int]vals1 & dabbl$ 9 sci5ce betwe5 times1 or %one 9 society 9 ,london1 ,p>is1 or ,rome1 visit+ ! two la/-nam$ cities frequ5tly on real or pret5d$ diplomatic missions4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,france1 9 #afeh1 he lectur$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,montpelli] on 8 sympa!tic p[d]1 & ! fame ( ?is miracul\s comp\nd soon rea*$ ,engl&4 ,:5 he came back he pr(ess$ to be %y ( us+ x le/ he %\ld be accus$ ( wiz>dry4 ,b an occasion soon occurr$ :5 he 0 compell$ to take ! risk = ! sake ( a fri5d4 ,?omas ,h[el1 ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham's secret>y1 0 s]i\sly w\nd$ 9 try+ to prev5t a duel betwe5 two fri5ds ( 81 & ! doctors progno/icat$ gangr5e & probably dea?4 ,! fri5ds ( ! w\nd$ man appeal$ to ,sir ,k5elm1 :o g5]\sly cons5t$ to d 8 be/4 ,he told ! att5dants to br+ him a rag on :i* 0 "s ( ! suff]]'s blood4 ,!y br\ght ! g>t] :i* _h be5 us$ z a b&age & :i* 0 /ill ?ick ) blood4 ,he soak$ ?is 9 a bas9 ( wat] 9 :i* he _h dissolv$ a h&ful ( 8 sympa!tic p[d]4 ,an h\r lat] ! pati5t said he felt an agreeable coolness4 ,! fev] & pa9 rapidly abat$1 & 9 a few days ! cure 0 complete4 ,x 0 report$ t ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham te/ifi$ to ! g5u95ess ( ! cure & t ! k+ _h tak5 a ke5 int]e/ 9 ! treatm5t4 ,digby ass]t$ t ! secret ( ! p[d] 0 imp>t$ to him by a ,c>melite monk :om he met at ,flor5ce4 ,8 laboratory assi/ant1 ,george ,h>tman1 publi%$ a 8,book ( ,*ymicall ,secrets10 9 #afhb1 aft] ,sir ,k5elm's dea?1 & !re9 expla9$ t ! ,p[d] ( ,sympa?y1 :i* 0 !n made by himself 7,h>tman71 & 8sold by a booksell] 9 ,cornhill nam$ ,brookes0 0 prep>$ 8by dissolv+ good ,engli% vitriol 9 z little w>m wat] z w suffice1 filt]1 evaporate1 & set aside until fair1 l>ge1 gre5 cry/als are =m$4 ,spread ^! 9 ! sun until !y :it54 ,!n cru% !m co>sely & aga9 dry 9 ! sun40 ,o!r recipes say x %\ld be dri$ 9 ! sun g5tly 7a ,fr5* =mula says 8am\reusem5t07 = #cfe days4 ,sir ,k5elm's sci5tific explanation ( ! action ( 8 sympa!tic p[d] is on ! same l9es z ! o!rs ,i h quot$4 ,briefly x 0 t ! rays ( ! sun extract$ f ! blood & ! vitriol associat$ ) x ! _s ( ea* 9 m9ute atoms4 ,at ! same "t ! inflam$ w\nd 0 exhal+ hot atoms & mak+ way = a curr5t ( air4 ,! air *>g$ ) ! atoms ( blood & vitriol 7 attract$ to x1 & act$ curatively4 ,9 a lett] writt5 by ,/raus to ,sir ,k5elm1 x is relat$ t ,"l ,gilborne _h foll[$ ! sy/em1 b 8 me?od 0 describ$ z 8! dry way40 ,a c>p5t] _h cut himself sev]ely ) an axe4 ,! (f5d+ axe /ill bespatt]$ ) blood 0 sme>$ ) ! prop] o9tm5t & hung up 9 a cupbo>d4 ,! w\nd 0 go+ on well1 b "o day x sudd5ly became viol5tly pa9ful aga94 ,on inve/igation x 0 f\nd t ! axe _h fall5 f ! nail on :i* x 0 hung4 ,inscrib$ on ! plate atta*$ to ! portrait ( ,sir ,k5elm ,digby 9 ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y1 x is /at$ t 8,8 "* has be5 summ$ up z a prodigy ( le>n+1 cr$ulity1 val\r1 & romance40 ,al?\gh ?is appreciation is quot$ ! au?or is n nam$4 ,o!r te/imonials to 8 "* & reliability are to be f\nd 9 contempor>y lit]ature4 ,evelyn alludes to him z 8a tell] ( a /range ?+s40 ,cl>5don describes him z 8a p]son v em95t & notori\s ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life f 8 cradle to 8 grave4 ,a man ( v extraord9>y p]son & pres5ce2 a wond]ful graceful behavi\r1 a fl[+ c\rtesy1 & su* a volubility ( language z surpris$ & delight$40 ,lady ,fan%awe met him at ,calais ) ! ,e>l ( ,/raf=d & o!rs & says1 8mu* excell5t disc\rse pass$2 b1 z 0 reason1 mo/ %>e 0 ,sir ,k5elm ,digby's :o _h enl>g$ some:at m 9 extraord9>y /ories ?an might be av]r$40 ,at la/ he told ! company ab\t ! b>nacle goose he _h se5 9 ,j]sey2 a b>nacle :i* *anges to a bird1 & at ?is !y all laugh$ incr$ul\sly4 ,b ,lady ,fan%awe says ?is 80 ! only ?+ true he _h declaim$ ) !m4 ,?is 0 8 infirmity1 ?\gh o!rwise ( mo/ excell5t p>ts1 & a v f9e-br$ g5tleman40 ,9 ,john ,aubrey's 8,brief ,lives0 78set d[n betwe5 #affi & #afif07 ,digby is describ$ z 8su* a goodly p]son1 gigantique & great voice1 & _h s graceful elocution & noble address1 etc41 t _h he be5 drop't out ( ! cl[des 9 any "p ( ! _w he w\ld h made himself respect$40 ,x may be ( int]e/ to add t a daught] ( ,sir ,k5elm ,digby's second son m>ri$ a ,sir ,john ,conway1 ( ,fl9t%ire4 ,h] gr&daught]1 ,honora1 m>ri$ a ,sir ,john ,glynne ^: great-gr&son1 ,sir ,/eph5 ,glynne1 0 ! fa!r ( ! late ,mrs4 ,w4 ,e4 ,glad/one4 ,9 #afij1 ,lem]y _h ! c\rage to express "s d\bts ab\t ?is p[d] ( sympa?y1 & 9 #aggc ,baum decl>$ its pret5sions to be absolutely illusory4 ,to conclude ! acc\nt ( ?is curi\s delusion1 a few quotations f ,engli% lit]ature may be add$4 ,!re are sev]al allusions to sympa!tic cures 9 ,hudibras4 ,= in/ance1 ,= by 8 side a p\* he wore ,replete ) /range h]metick p[d] ,t w\nds n9e miles po9t blank w\ld sold]1 ,by skilful *emi/ at great co/ ,extract$ f a rott5 po/4 ,& aga91 ',tis true a scorpion's oil is said ,to cure ! w\nds ! v]m9 made2 ,& weapons dress'd ) salves re/ore ,& heal ! w\nds !y made be=e4 ,9 ,dryd5's ,tempe/1 ! sympa!tic treatm5t is ref]r$ to4 ,hippolito has be5 w\nd$ by ,f]n&o1 & ,mir&a in/ruct$ by ,ariel1 visits him4 ,ariel says1 8,ano9t ! sword :i* pi]c$ him ) ?is weapon salve1 & wrap x close f air40 ,! foll[+ is ! next sc5e betwe5 ,hippolito & ,mir&a4 ,hip4 ,oh6 my w\nd pa9s me4 ,mir4 ,i am come to ease y4 ,unwrapp+ ! sword4 ,hip4 ,alas6 ,i feel ! cold air come to me4 ,my w\nd %oots worse ?an ev]4 ,mir&a wipes & ano9ts ! sword4 ,mir4 ,does x /ill grieve y8 ,hip4 ,n[1 me?9ks1 !re's some?+ laid j ^u x4 ,mir4 ,d y f9d no ease8 ,hip4 ,yes1 yes2 ^u ! sudd5 all ! pa9 ,is leav+ me2 ,sweet heav51 h[ ,i am eas$4 ,la/ly1 9 ! ,lay ( ! ,la/ ,m9/rel1 ,scott alludes to ?is same sup]/ition 9 ! l9es ,b %e has ta'en ! brok5 lance ,& wa%$ x f ! clott$ gore ,& salv$ ! spl9t] o'er & o'er4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! explanations already giv5 t by wa%+ ! gore away %e de/roy$ ! communication betwe5 ! w\nd & ! rem$y4 ,,animal ,,magnetism4 ,! fir/ allusion to ! application ( ! magnet z a cure = disease is f\nd 9 ! works ( ,aetius1 :o wrote 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! six? c5tury4 ,he m5tions t hold+ a magnet 9 ! h& is said to give relief 9 g\t4 ,he does n pr(ess to h te/$ ?is treatm5t himself4 ,writ]s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies recomm5d x /rongly = too?a*e1 heada*e1 convulsions1 & n]ve disord]s4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury magnetic too?-picks & e>picks 7 sold4 ,to ^! 7 attribut$ ! virtues ( prev5t+ & heal+ pa9s 9 ^? organs4 ,p>acelsus orig9at$ ! !ory ( animal magnetism4 ,! my/]i\s prop]ties possess$ by ! load/one & transf]able f t body to iron1 7 accord+ to ,p>acelsus an influ5ce drawn directly f ! />s & possess$ by all animate be+s4 ,x 0 a fluid :i* he call$ ,magnale4 ,by x he expla9$ ! movem5ts ( c]ta9 plants :i* foll[ ! c\rse ( ! sun1 & x 0 on ! basis ( ?is hypo!sis t he compos$ 8 sympa!tic o9tm5t & expla9$ ! action ( talismans4 ,p>acelsus appli$ ! magnet 9 epilepsy1 & also prep>$ a magi/]ium magnetis4 ,glaub] pr(ess$ to h a secret magnet :i* w\ld draw only ! ess5ce or t9cture f iron1 leav+ ! gross body beh9d4 ,) ?is he made a t9cture ( ,m>s & ,v5us1 ?us 8robb+ ! dragon ( ! gold5 fleece :i* x gu>ds40 ,?is is und]/ood to mean t he dissolv$ iron & copp] 9 aqua =tis4 ,& z ,jason re/or$ 8 ag$ fa!r to y\? aga91 s w\ld ?is t9cture prove a wond]ful re/orative4 ,he comm5c$ to te/ x on "o occasion & v soon black curly hair began to gr[ on 8 bald head4 ,b he _h n en\gh ( ! t9cture to p]mit him to c>ry on ! exp]im5t1 & ?\gh he _h a great long+ to make "s m1 he app>5tly put (f do+ s until x 0 too late4 ,van ,helmont1 ,fludd1 & o!r physicians ( my/ic in/9cts1 7 among ! protagoni/s ( animal magnetism1 & physicians adm9i/]$ pulv]is$ magnet 9 salves1 pla/]s1 pills & potions4 ,b 9 #affj ,dr4 ,gilb]t1 ( ,col*e/]1 not$ t1 :5 p[d]$1 ! load/one no long] possess$ magnetic prop]ties4 ,ultimately1 !re=e1 x 0 und]/ood t ! p[d] ( magnet 0 n capable ( produc+ any o!r effects ?an any o!r f]rug9\s sub/ance4 ,b ! belief 9 magnets appli$ to ! body 0 by no means dissipat$4 ,! !ory 0 exploit$ by v>i\s practition]s1 b notably t[>ds ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,vi5nese doctor1 ,f4 ,a4 ,mesm]1 excit$ su* a vogue 9 ,p>is t ! ,c\rt1 ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 & ari/ocratic society g5]ally 7 rang$ 9 pro-& anti-,mesm] sections4 ,frankl9 /at$ t at "o "t ,mesm] 0 tak+ m money 9 fees ?an all ! regul> physicians ( ,p>is put toge!r4 ,& yet ,mesm]'s explanations ( ! ph5om5a att5d+ 8 p]=mances 7 only an amplification ( ! doctr9es :i* ,p>acelsus _h fir/ imag9$4 ,! excitem5t did n spread to ,engl& to any great ext5t1 b ab\t ! same "t an ,am]ican nam$ ,p]k9s creat$ a great deal ( /ir ) 8 metallic tractors1 :i* s5t ! nation tractor-mad = ! "t4 ,dr4 ,hayg>?1 ( ,ba?1 contribut$ to ! failure ( ?is delusion by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on pati5ts ) pieces ( wood pa9t$ to resemble ! tractors f :i* equally wond]ful relief 0 felt1 prov+ t ! cures su* z !y 71 c\ld only h be5 ! consequ5ce ( fai?4 ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,it*4 ,! hi/ory ( ! treatm5t ( it* is su* a curi\s in/ance ( ! bl9d acceptance ( au?ority ?r\gh _m c5turies1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! true explanation lay close at h&1 t x is wor? n>rat+ briefly4 ,x is /at$ 9 "s hi/ories t ! disease 0 kn[n to ! ,*9ese "s ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 & ! "n !y gave x1 ,t*ong-kiai1 :i* means pu/ules =m$ by a worm1 indicates t at lea/ :5 t t]m 0 adopt$ !y _h "s acqua9tance ) ! "* ( ! disease4 ,"s writ]s h suppos$ t c]ta9 ( ! uncleannesses allud$ to 9 ! ,book ( ,leviticus h ref]5ce to ?is compla9t2 & x is q possible t 9 old times x acquir$ a mu* m sev]e "* ?an x ev] has n[1 ow+ to neglect or improp] treatm5t4 ,psora1 9 ,greek1 & ! equival5t t]m ,scabies1 9 ,lat91 are suppos$ to h at lea/ includ$ ! it*1 ?\gh 9 all probability ^? words compreh5d$ a numb] ( sk9 diseases :i* are n[ m exactly di/+ui%$4 ,hippocrates m5tions psora1 & app>5tly treat$ x solely by ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( dilu5ts & purgatives4 ,ari/otle m5tions n only ! disease b ! insects f\nd1 he said1 9 ! bli/]s4 ,celsus advocat$ ! application ( o9tm5ts compos$ ( a miscellane\s lot ( drugs1 su* z v]digris1 myrrh1 nitre1 :ite lead1 & sulphur4 ,gal5 h9ts at ! dang] ( ext]nal applications :i* might drive ! disease inw>ds4 ,9 ,cic]o1 ,horace1 ,juv5al1 & o!r ( ! classical writ]s1 ! ^w scabies is us$ to indicate some?+ unnatural2 %[+ t x _h come to be adopt$ metaphorically4 ,! ,arab writ]s are mu* m explicit4 ,rhazes1 ,haly ,abbas1 & ,avic5na are v def9ite 9 _! descriptions ( ! nature ( ! compla9t1 & h[ x is transmitt$ f "o p]son to ano!r2 b ,avic5na's mode ( treatm5t 0 direct$ to ! expulsion ( ! suppos$ vici\s hum\rs f ! body by ble$+ & purgatives1 especially by a purgative call$ ,hame*4 ,at ! same "t he advis$ t ! con/itution %\ld be re9=c$ by suitable diet & a/r+5t m$ic9es4 ,av5zo> ( ,seville1 a rem>kable obs]v]1 :o liv$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 alludes to a malady ( ! sk91 common among ! p1 & kn[n z ,soab4 ,?is1 he says1 is caus$ by a t9y insect1 s small t x c sc>cely be se51 :i*1 hidd5 b5ea? ! epid]mis1 escapes :5 a puncture has be5 made4 ,"o w\ld h suppos$ t ! doctors 7 at t "t on ! eve ( und]/&+ ! it* correctly1 & 9 fact ! writ]s ( ! next few c5turies 7 at lea/ q cle> ab\t ! ac>us4 ,ambrose ,p>1 = example1 :o liv$ ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 uses ?is language3--8,les cirons sont petits animaux ca*s dans le cuir1 s\s lequel ils se tra95t1 ramp5t1 et rong5t petit p> petit1 excitant une fa*euse demangeaison et gratelle20 & else:]e 8,ces cirons doiv5t se tir] avec esp+les ou aiguilles40 ,all ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! compla9t 0 reg>d$ z a di/urbance ( ! hum\rs :i* _h to be treat$ by suitable int]nal m$ic9es4 ,9 a /&>d "w1 ,de ,morbis ,cutaneis1 by ,m]curiali1 publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #afja1 ! au?or attributes ! disease to p]v]t$ hum\rs1 & says x is contagi\s because ! liquid conta9+ ! contagi\s pr9ciple is deposit$ on or 9 ! sk94 ,?is view1 or some?+ l x1 cont9u$ to be ! or?odox op9ion at lea/ up to ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,van ,helmont's p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! it* is ref]r$ to 9 deal+ ) t ecc5tric g5ius :o 0 conv]t$ f ,gal5ism to ,p>acelsianism z a consequ5ce ( 8 cure2 b he nev] got beyond ! idea t ! cause ( ! compla9t 0 a specific f]m5t4 ,! e>lie/ really sci5tific contribution to ! /udy ( ?is disord] may be cr$it$ to ,?omas ,m\ffet1 ( ,london1 :o1 9 a treatise publi%$ 9 #afcd1 entitl$ ,insectorum sive ,m9imorum ,animalium ,!atrum1 %[$ n only t ! animalcul 7 con/antly associat$ ) ! compla9t1 b made x cle> t !y 7 n to be f\nd 9 ! vesicles1 b 9 ! tunnels connect$ ) ^!4 ,= ?is 0 ! /umbl+ block ( mo/ ( ! inve/igators4 ,x _h be5 s (t5 /at$ t ! p>asites 7 to be f\nd 9 ! vesicles1 t :5 !y 7 n !re ! !ory fail$4 ,m\ffet's exposition ought to h l$ to a correct und]/&+ ( ! cause ( ! compla9t1 b x 0 practically ignor$4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! microscope 0 inv5t$1 & 9 #afeg a ,g]man naturali/ nam$ ,hauptmann publi%$ a r\gh draw+ ( ! insect magnifi$4 ,a bett]1 b /ill imp]fect1 repres5tation ( x 0 giv5 a few ye>s lat] by ,etmull]4 ,9 #afhg a ph>maci/ ( ,leghorn1 nam$ ,ce/oni1 induc$ a ,dr4 ,bonomo ( t city to jo9 him 9 mak+ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to prove t ! ac>us 0 ! cause ( it*4 ,!y _h bo? obs]v$ ! wom5 ( ! city extract+ ! insects f ! h&s ( _! *ildr5 by ! aid ( ne$les1 & ! result ( _! rese>* 0 a treatise 9 :i* ! p>asitic nature ( ! compla9t 0 ma9ta9$1 & ! uselessness ( int]nal rem$ies 0 insi/$ on4 ,^! intellig5t ,italians recomm5d$ sulphur or m]cury o9tm5t z ! ess5tial application4 ,ev5 ) ?is evid5ce be=e !m ! doctors w5t on fai?ful to _! !ory ( hum\rs4 ,l9nu support$ ! view ( ,bonomo & ,ce/oni1 b made ! mi/ake ( id5tify+ ! it* p>asite ) ! *eese mite4 ,! great m$ical au?orities ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 su* z ,h(fmann & ,bo]haave1 /ill recomm5d$ g5]al treatm5t1 & a long li/ ( drugs might be compil$ :i* 7 suppos$ to be suitable 9 ! treatm5t ( it*4 ,among ^!1 luckily1 "s p>asiticides 7 includ$1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! disease did get cur$ by ^!1 b ! wrong ?+s got ! cr$it4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,hahnemann promulgat$ ! !ory t ! 8psoric miasm0 ( :i* ! it* eruption 0 ! symptomatic manife/ation1 0 ! cause ( a l>ge proportion ( *ronic diseases4 ,"s obs]v]s ?\ght !re 7 two k9ds ( it*1 "o caus$ by ! ac>us1 ! o!r indep5d5t ( x4 ,bold] !ori/s held t ! insect 0 ! product ( ! disease4 ,! dispute cont9u$ until #ahcd1 9 :i* ye> ,francois ,r5ucci1 a native ( ,corsica1 & at ! "t assi/ant to ! em95t surgeon d',alib]t at ! ,hpital ,/4 ,l\is1 ,p>is1 und]took to extract ! ac>us 9 any g5u9e case ( it*4 ,z a boy he _h se5 ! poor wom5 extract x 9 ,corsica1 z ,bonomo & ,ce/oni _h se5 o!rs d x at ,leghorn1 ?\gh 8 le>n$ ma/] at ! hospital rema9$ sceptical = "s ye>s4 ,x 0 ne> ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury be=e ! p>asitic "* ( it* 0 univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,,xi ,,ma/]s ,,9 ,,ph>macy ,we are guilty1 we hope1 ( no irrev]5ce t[>ds ^? great nations to :i* ! human race owes art1 sci5ce1 ta/e1 civil & intellectual fre$om1 :5 we say t ! /ock bequea!d by !m to u has be5 s c>efully improv$ t ! accumulat$ int]e/ n[ exce$s ! pr9cipal4 ,,macaulay3 8,essay on ,"l ,bacon0 7#ahcg74 ,,dioscorides4 ,x has be5 a subject ( lively dispute :e!r ,dioscorides liv$ be=e or aft] ,pl9y4 ,x seems c]ta9 t "o ( ^! au?ors copi$ f ! o!r on p>ticul> matt]s1 & 9 nei!r case is cr$it giv54 ,pl9y 0 born ,a4,d4 #bc & di$ ,a4,d4 #gi1 & w\ld !re=e h liv$ "u ! ,emp]ors ,tib]ius1 ,caligula1 ,claudius1 ,n]o1 ,galba1 ,o?o1 ,vitellius1 & ,vespasian4 ,suidas1 ! hi/orian1 :o probably wrote 9 ! t5? c5tury1 dates ,dioscorides z contempor>y ) ,antony & ,cleopatra1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #dj1 & "s ,arab au?orities say he wrote at ! "t ( ,ptolemy ,,vii1 :i* w\ld be /ill a hundr$ ye>s e>li]4 ,b ,dioscorides d$icates 8 great "w on mat]ia m$ica to ,areus ,asclepiades1 :o is o!rwise unkn[n1 b m5tions z a fri5d ( 8 patron ! consul ,lic9ius ,bassus4 ,!re 0 a consul ,lecanius ,bassus 9 ! reign ( ,n]o1 & x is !re=e g5]ally suppos$ t ,dioscorides 0 9 8 prime at t p]iod1 & w\ld consequ5tly be a contempor>y ( ,pl9y's4 ,x is possible t bo? au?ors drew f ano!r common s\rce4 ,dioscorides 0 a native ( ,anaz>bus 9 ,cilicia1 a prov9ce :]e ! ,greek spok5 & writt5 0 prov]bially prov9cial4 ,our ^w solecism is believ$ to h be5 d]iv$ f ! t[n ( ,soloe 9 ! same di/rict4 ,! ,greek ( ,dioscorides is alleg$ to h be5 f> f classical4 ,he himself apologises = x 9 8 preface1 & ,gal5 rem>ks ^u x4 ,nev]!less ,dioscorides ma9ta9$ = at lea/ sixte5 c5turies ! premi] position among au?orities on mat]ia m$ica4 ,gal5 compla9s t he 0 sometimes too indef9ite 9 8 description ( plants1 t he does n indicate exactly en\gh ! diseases 9 :i* !y are useful1 & t he does n expla9 ! degrees ( heat1 cold1 dryness1 & humidity :i* *>act]ise !m4 ,he w (t5 cont5t himself ) say+ t a h]b is hot or cold1 z ! case may be4 ,z an illu/ration ( "o ( 8 o!r criticisms ,gal5 m5tions ! ,polygonum1 ( :i* he notes t ,dioscorides says 8x is useful = ^? :o ur9ate ) difficulty40 ,b ,gal5 adds t he does n p>ticul>ise precisely ! cases ( :i* ?is is a symptom & :i* ! ,polygonum is good =4 ,b ^! defects not)/&+1 ,gal5 recognises t ,dioscorides is ! be/ au?ority on ! subject ( ! mat]ials ( m$ic9e4 ,x is g5]ally /at$ t ,dioscorides 0 a physician2 b ( ?is !re is no c]ta9 evid5ce4 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt he 0 devot$ to ! /udy & obs]vation ( plants & m$ical sub/ances g5]ally1 & 9 ord] to see !m 9 _! native l&s he accompani$ ! ,roman armies ?r\gh ,greece1 ,italy1 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,?is 0 ! easie/ me?od ( visit+ =eign c\ntries 9 ^? days4 ,x is n unlikely t he w5t z assi/ant to a physician1 p]haps to ! "o to :om he d$icat$ 8 book4 ,t is to say1 he may h be5 an army comp\nd]4 ,suidas says ( him t he 0 nicknam$ ,phocas1 because 8 face 0 cov]$ ) /a9s ( ! %ape ( l5tils4 ,9 8 treatise on mat]ia m$ica1 8,p]i ,ules ,iatrikes10 or1 accord+ to ,photius1 orig9ally 8,p]i ,ules10 ,on ,matt]1 only1 he describes "s six hundr$ plants1 limit+ himself to ^? :i* _h or 7 suppos$ to h m$ic9al virtues4 ,he m5tions1 besides1 ! !rapeutic prop]ties ( _m animal sub/ances4 ,among ^! are roa/$ gras%opp]s1 = bladd] disord]s2 ! liv] ( an ass = epilepsy2 sev5 bugs enclos$ 9 ! sk9 ( a bean to be tak5 9 int]mitt5t fev]2 & a spid] appli$ to ! temples = heada*e4 ,dioscorides also gives a =mula = ! ,sal ,vip]um1 :i* 0 a not$ rem$y 9 8 "t & = long aft]w>ds4 ,8 process 0 to roa/ a vip] alive 9 a new e>!n pot ) "s figs1 common salt1 & honey1 r$uc+ ! :ole to a%es4 ,a little spik5>d 0 add$ to ! a%es4 ,pl9y only adds f5nel & frank9c5se to ! vip]1 b ,gal5 & lat] au?ors make ! salt a mu* m complicat$ mixture4 ,8 botany is v defective4 ,he classifies plants 9 ! crude/ way2 (t5 only by a simil>ity ( names4 ,( _m 8 only description is t x is 8well-kn[n10 a habit :i* has got him into mu* tr\ble ) mod]n inve/igators :o h look$ into 8 "w = hi/orical evid5ce v]ify+ ! records ( h]bs nam$ 9 o!r works4 ,hyssop is an example4 ,z /at$ 9 ! section entitl$ 8,! ,ph>macy ( ! ,bible10 x has n be5 f\nd possible to id5tify ! sev]al ref]5ces to hyssop 9 ! ,bible4 ,dioscorides cont5ts himself by say+ t x is a well-kn[n plant1 & !n gives its m$ic9al qualities4 ,b t 8 hyssop 0 n ! plant kn[n to u by t "n is evid5t f ! fact t 9 ! same *apt] he describes ! 8,*rysocome10 & says ( x t x fl[]s 9 racemes l ! hyssop4 ,he also speaks ( an origanum :i* has leaves arrang$ l an umbel1 simil> to t ( ! hyssop4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t 8 hyssop & ours are n ! same plant4 ,! m9]al m$ic9es 9 use 9 8 "t are also includ$ 9 ! treatise ( ,dioscorides4 ,he m5tions arg5tum vivum1 c9nab>1 v]digris1 ! calces ( lead & antimony1 fl[]s ( brass1 ru/ ( iron1 li?>ge1 pompholix1 sev]al e>?s1 sal ammoniac1 nitre1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,o!r treatises1 "o on poisons & ! bites ( v5om\s animals1 & ano!r on m$ic9es easy to prep>e1 h be5 attribut$ to ,dioscorides1 b x is n g5]ally accept$ t he 0 ! au?or4 ,! be/ kn[n translation ( ,dioscorides into ,lat9 0 made by ,mat?iolus ( ,si5na 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,,ms4 f :i* ,mat?iolus work$ is /ill pres]v$ at ,vi5na & is believ$ to h be5 writt5 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,! v compet5t au?ority ,kurt ,spr5gel1 :ile recognis+ ! defects 9 ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica ( ,dioscorides1 cr$its him ) ! record ( _m valuable obs]vations4 ,8 descriptions ( myrrh1 bdellium1 laudanum1 asafoetida1 gum ammoniacum1 opium1 & squill are select$ z p>ticul>ly useful2 ! acc\nts he gives ( treatm5ts s9ce ab&on$ 7"s ( :i* are m5tion$ above1 b to ^! ,spr5gel adds ! application ( wool fat to w\nds :i* has be5 reviv$ s9ce he wrote71 are ( special int]e/2 & ! ,g]man hi/orian fur!r ju/ly po9ts out t _m rem$ies re-discov]$ 9 mod]n times 7 ref]r$ to by ,dioscorides4 ,among ^! are ca/or oil1 ?\gh ,dioscorides only alludes to ! ext]nal application ( ?is sub/ance2 male f]n aga9/ tape worms2 elm b>k = eruptions2 horeh\nd 9 ph?isis2 & aloes = ulc]s4 ,he describes _m *emical processes v intellig5tly1 & 0 ! fir/ to indicate means ( discov]+ ! adult]ations ( drugs4 ,,gal54 ,no writ] ( ei!r anci5t or mod]n times c comp>e ) ,claudius ,gal5us probably 9 ! abundance ( 8 output1 b c]ta9ly 9 ! influ5ce he ex]cis$ ov] ! g5]ations t foll[$ him4 ,= fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ! doctr9es he =mulat$1 ! comp\nd m$ic9es he ei!r introduc$ or endors$1 & ! treatm5ts he recomm5d$ comm&$ almo/ univ]sal submission among m$ical practition]s4 ,9 ,dr4 ,monk's ,roll ( ! ,college ( ,physicians1 m5tion is made ( a ,dr4 ,geynes :o 0 admitt$ to ! ,fell[%ip ( ! ,college 9 #aefj1 8b n until he _h sign$ a recantation ( 8 error 9 hav+ impugn$ ! infallibility ( ,gal540#b ,?is 0 at ! "t :5 to d5y ,gal5 meant to foll[ ,p>acelsus1 & ! conte/ 0 fi]c] j !n ?an at any "t be=e or s9ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,!re is ( c\rse no au!ntic lik5ess ( ,gal5 9 exi/5ce4 ,! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians possesses an unque/ionably antique bu/1 copi$ 9 ,pettigrew's ,m$ical ,portraits 7& illu/rat$ 9 ! m>g971 :i* is traditionally cr$it$ ) be+ a repres5tation ( ! ,physician ( ,p]gamos4 ,x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,college by ,"l ,a%burton1 to :om x 0 pres5t$ by ,alex&] ,adair1 :o _h acquir$ x f 8 relative ,rob]t ,adair1 pr9cipal surgeon to ! ,briti% =ces at ! siege ( ,quebec4 ,?is ,rob]t ,adair 0 a man ( consid]able em95ce 9 8 pr(ession1 & is describ$ z a man ( "* & a s*ol>4 ,beyond ?is v slight evid5ce !re is no au?ority = ! presumption t ! bu/ 0 int5d$ = ,gal54 ,! o!r portrait is copi$ f ! diploma ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,society1 b ?is is n said to h any hi/ory4 ,) ^! may be comp>$ ! portrait giv5 on ! title page ( ! fir/ ,london ,ph>macopia4 ,! conclusion w probably be rea*$ t we h no idea :at mann] ( man ! em95t physician 04 ,gal5 0 born at ,p]gamos1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,a4,d4 #aca1 & di$ 9 ! same city betwe5 ,a4,d4 #bjj & #baj4 ,8 fa!r 0 an ar*itect ( consid]able =tune1 & ! son 0 at fir/ de/9$ to be a philosoph]1 b :ile he 0 go+ ?r\gh 8 c\rses ( logic1 ,nicon 7! fa!r7 0 advis$ 9 a dream to direct ! y\?'s /udies 9 ! direction ( m$ic9e4 ,x w be se5 directly t ,gal5's c>e] 0 a good deal influ5c$ by dreams4 ,no?+ 0 sp>$ to obta9 = ! y\? ! be/ education available1 ?\gh 8 fa!r di$ :5 he 0 #ba4 ,aft] exhau/+ ! ,p]gamos tea*]s1 ,gal5 /udi$ at ,smyrna1 ,cor9?1 & ,alex&ria4 ,!n he travell$ = "s ye>s ?r\gh ,cilicia1 ,phnicia1 ,pale/9e1 ,scyros1 & ! ,isles ( ,crete & ,cyprus4 ,he comm5c$ practice at ,p]gamos :5 he 0 #bi & 0 appo9t$ ,physician to ! ,s*ool ( ,gladiators 9 t city4 ,at #cc he remov$ to ,rome & soon acquir$ ! confid5ce & fri5d%ip ( _m di/+ui%$ p]sons1 among !m ,septimus ,sev]us1 ! ,consul & aft]w>ds ,emp]or1 ,s]gius ,paulus1 ! ,prtor1 ! uncle ( ! reign+ ,emp]or1 ,lucius ,v]us1 _m ( :om he cur$ ( v>i\s illnesses4 ,8 success caus$ bitt] jeal\sy among ! o!r ,greek physicians !n practis+ 9 ,rome4 ,!y call$ him ,p>adoxologos1 & ,logiatros1 :i* meant t he 0 a boa/] & a ma/] ( phrases4 ,x appe>s t he 0 able to hold 8 own 9 ?is wordy w>f>e4 ,"s ( 8 oppon5ts he describ$ z ,asses ( ,!ssaly1 & he also made allegations aga9/ _! compet5ce & probity4 ,h[ev]1 he quitt$ ,rome 9 ! ye> #afg1 & z at a lat] "t he left ,aquilea1 bo? mov+s be+ co9cid5t ) ! occurr5ce ( s]i\s plagues1 8 reputation = c\rage has suff]$4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod ( 8 life t he visit$ ,pale/9e to see ! %rub :i* yield$ ,balm ( ,gilead1 & !n proce$$ to ,arm5ia to satisfy himself 9 reg>d to ! prep>ation ( ! ,t]ra ,sigillata4 ,he 0 able to report t ! g5]al belief t blood 0 us$ 9 ! process 0 incorrect4 ,x 0 to ,aquilea t ,gal5 0 s5t = by ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :o 0 !re prep>+ a campaign aga9/ ! ,m>comans1 a ,g]manic nation dwell+ 9 :at is n[ call$ ,bohemia4 ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 9 ! habit ( tak+ ,!riaca1 & w\ld h none b t :i* _h be5 prep>$ by ,gal54 ,he urg$ ,gal5 to accompany him on 8 exp$ition1 b ! physician decl9$ ! hon\r & ! dang]1 alleg+ t sculapius _h appe>$ to him 9 a dream1 & _h =bidd5 him to take ! j\rney4 ,! ,emp]or !re=e s5t him to ,rome & *>g$ him ) ! m$ical c>e ( 8 son ,commodus1 !n #aa ye>s ( age4 ,gal5 is said to h done ! _w ! ill-s]vice ( sav+ ! life ( ?is mon/]4 ,gal5 reta9$ ! fav\r ( ,m>cus ,aurelius till ! dea? ( ! ,emp]or1 & cont9u$ to make ,!riaca = 8 successors1 ,commodus1 ,p]t9ax1 & ,septimus ,sev]us4 ,he di$ dur+ ! reign ( ! la/ nam$ ,emp]or4 ,gal5 is sometimes said to h kept a ph>macy 9 ! ,via d',acra at ,rome1 b 8 8apo!ca0 !re appe>s to h be5 a h\se :]e 8 writ+s 7 kept & :]e o!r physicians came to consult !m4 ,?is h\se 0 aft]w>ds burn$1 & x is suppos$ t a numb] ( ! physician's manuscripts 7 de/roy$ 9 t fire4 ,8 m$ical fame began to develop soon aft] 8 dea?4 ,9 ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ,eusebius1 ,bi%op ( ,cs>ea1 reproa*es ! _w ) treat+ ,gal5 almo/ z a div9ity4 ,ne>ly all ! lat] ,roman m$ical writ]s drew freely f 8 works1 & "s seem$ to dep5d entirely on !m4 ,arabic m$ic9e 0 l>gely bas$ on ,gal5's tea*+1 & x 0 ! ,arabic manuscripts translat$ into ,lat9 :i* furni%$ ! base ( ! m$ical tea*+ ( ,europe f ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies to ! eighte5?4 ,gal5 aim$ to create a p]fect sy/em ( physiology1 pa?ology1 & treatm5t4 ,he is alleg$ to h writt5 #ejj treatises on m$ic9e1 & #bej on o!r subjects1 philosophy1 laws1 gramm>4 ,no?+ l ?is numb] rema9s1 & ! s-call$ 8books0 are (t5 :at we %\ld call articles4 ,8 kn[n & accept$ m$ical works numb] eighty-five4 ,all 8 writ+s 7 orig9ally 9 ,greek4 ,,oribasius4 ,oribasius1 l ,gal51 0 a native ( ,p]gamos1 & 0 physician to & fri5d ( ! ,emp]or ,julian4 ,he is not$ = hav+ compil$ sev5ty-two books 9 :i* he collect$ all ! m$ical sci5ce ( prec$+ writ]s4 ,?is 0 und]tak5 at ! in/ance ( ,julian4 ,only sev5te5 ( ^! books h be5 pres]v$ to mod]n times4 ,oribasius adds to 8 compilation _m orig9al obs]vations ( 8 own1 & 9 ^! (t5 %[s rem>kable good s5se4 ,he 0 ! orig9ator ( ! necklace me?od ( treatm5t1 = he recomm5ds a necklace ( beads made ( peony wood to be worn 9 epilepsy1 b does n rely on ?is means alone4 ,,aetius4 ,aetius1 :o liv$ ei!r 9 ! fif? or six? c5tury1 0 also a compil]1 b he 0 besides a great au?ority on pla/]s1 :i* he discusses & describes at enorm\s l5g?4 ,he 0 a ,*ri/ian1 & gives =mulas ( words to be said :5 mak+ m$ic9al comp\nds1 su* z 8,o ,god ( ,abraham1 ( ,isaac1 & ( ,jacob1 give to ?is rem$y ! virtues necess>y = x40 ,9 ! works ( ,aetius1 m5tion is made ( sev]al no/rums fam\s 9 8 "t = :i* fabul\s prices 7 *>g$4 ,! ,collyrium ( ,danaus 0 sold 9 ,con/ant9ople = #abj numismata4 ,if ?is means ! nummus aureus ( ,roman money x w\ld be equal to ne>ly #ajj ( our money4 ,at ?is price1 ,aetius says1 ! ,collyrium c\ld only be _h ) difficulty4 ,he also m5tions a ,colical ,antidote ( ,nico/ratus call$ v presumptu\sly ,iso!os 7equal to ,god71 :i* sold = two tal5ts4 ,! rem$y devis$ by ,aetius = g\t 0 call$ ,antidotos ex duobus ,c5taureae g5]ibus1 & 0 ! same z ! comp\nd :i* became popul> 9 ?is c\ntry "u ! title ( ,duke ( ,portl&'s ,p[d]4 7,see page #cji74 ,aetius prescrib$ a regim5 along ) 8 m$ic9e ext5d+ ov] a ye>4 ,9 ,septemb] ! pati5t 0 to take milk2 9 ,octob]1 g>lic2 9 ,novemb] to ab/a9 f ba?s2 ,decemb]1 no cabbage2 9 ,janu>y to take a glass ( pure w9e e morn+2 9 ,febru>y to eat no beet2 9 ,m>* to be all[$ sweets 9 bo? food & dr9k2 9 ,april1 no horse radi%2 9 ,may1 no ,polypus 7a fav\rite di%72 9 ,june1 to dr9k cold wat] 9 ! morn+2 9 ,july1 no v5]y2 9 ,augu/1 no mall[s4 ,,alex&] ,,( ,,tralles4 ,?is writ]1 :o acquir$ consid]able celebrity z a m$ical au?ority1 liv$ a little lat] ?an ,aetius1 t[>ds ! end ( ! six? c5tury4 ,he 0 a native ( ,tralles1 9 ,lydia1 & is mu* e/eem$ by ! pr9cipal m$ical hi/orians1 ,spr5gel1 ,lecl]c1 ,fre9d1 & o!rs :o h /udi$ 8 writ+s4 ,especially notable is 8 indep5d5ce ( op9ion2 he does n hesitate occasionally to criticise ev5 ,gal54 ,he impresses /rongly on 8 read]s ! dang] ( becom+ b\nd to a p>ticul> sy/em ( treatm5t4 ,! causes ( ea* disease are to be f\nd1 & ! practition] is n to be guid$ exclusively by symptoms4 ,among 8 fav\rite drugs 7 ca/orum1 :i* he gave 9 fev]s & _m o!r maladies2 he _h kn[n sev]al p]sons snat*$ f ! jaws ( dea? by its use 9 le?>gy 7apoplexy72 bole ,arm5iac1 9 epilepsy & melan*olia2 grapes & o!r ripe fruits in/ead ( a/r+5ts 9 dys5t]y2 rhub>b appe>$ z a m$ic9e = ! fir/ "t 9 8 writ+s1 b only z an a/r+5t2 & he 0 ! fir/ to use can?>ides = bli/]s 9 g\t in/ead ( soo?+ applications4 ,8 treatm5t ( g\t by int]nal rem$ies & regim5 recalls t ( ,aetius & is wor? quot+4 ,he prescrib$ an electu>y compos$ ( myrrh1 coral1 cloves1 rue1 peony1 & ari/olo*ia4 ,?is 0 to be tak5 regul>ly e day = a hundr$ days4 ,!n x 0 to be discont9u$ = fifte5 days4 ,aft] t x 0 to be recomm5c$ & cont9u$ dur+ #dfj days1 b only tak+ a dose e o!r day2 !n aft] ano!r int]val ?irty-five m doses 7 to be tak5 on alt]nate days1 mak+ #cfe doses altoge!r 9 ! c\rse ( ne>ly two ye>s4 ,mean:ile ! diet 0 /rictly regulat$1 & x may well be t ,alex&] only provid$ ! m$ic9e to amuse 8 pati5t :ile he cur$ ! g\t by a calculat$ r$uction ( 8 luxuries4 ,alex&] ( ,tralles 0 ! au?or :o recomm5d$ h]modactyls1 suppos$ to be a k9d ( col*icum 9 g\t2 a rem$y :i* 0 =gott5 until its use 0 reviv$ 9 a ,fr5* propriet>y m$ic9e4 ,8 prescription comp\nd$ h]modactyls1 g+]1 pepp]1 cumm9 se$s1 anise se$s1 & scammony4 ,he says x w enable suff]]s :o take x to walk imm$iately4 ,he is suppos$ to h be5 ! fir/ to advocate ! adm9i/ration ( iron = ! removal ( ob/ructions4 ,,mesu ,,& ,,s]apion4 ,^! names are (t5 met ) 9 old m$ical & ph>maceutical books1 & !re is an 8eld]0 & a 8y\ng]0 ( ea* ( !m1 s t x may be desirable to expla9 :o !y all 74 ,! eld] & ! y\ng] ( ea* are sometimes confus$4 ,s]apion ! ,eld]1 or ,s]apion ( ,alex&ria1 z he is m frequ5tly nam$ 9 m$ical hi/ory1 liv$ 9 ! ,egyptian city ab\t #bjj ,b4,c41 & 0 ! recognis$ lead] ( ! sect ( ! ,empirics 9 m$ic9e4 ,he is cr$it$ ) ! =mula t m$ic9e re/$ on ! ?ree bases1 ,obs]vation1 ,hi/ory1 & ,analogy4 ,no "w ( 8 has surviv$1 b he is alleg$ to h viol5tly attack$ ! !ories ( ,hippocrates1 & to h made great use ( su* animal products z ca/orum1 ! bra9 ( ! camel1 ! excrem5ts ( ! crocodile1 ! blood ( ! tortoise1 & ! te/icles ( ! bo>4 ,s]apion ! ,y\ng] 0 an ,arabian physician :o liv$ t[>ds ! end ( ! t5? c5tury & wrote a "w on mat]ia m$ica :i* 0 mu* us$ = "s five or six hundr$ ye>s4 ,mesu ! ,eld] 0 fir/ physician at ! c\rt ( ,h>\n-al-,ras*id 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,he 0 born at ,kh\z1 ne> ,n9eveh1 9 #ggf1 & di$ at ,bagdad 9 #hee4 ,"u 8 sup]9t5d5ce ! ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e ( ,bagdad 0 f\nd$ by ,h>\n4 ,al?\gh a ,ne/orian ,*ri/ian1 ,mesu reta9$ 8 position z fir/ physician to five ,caliphs aft] ,h>\n4 ,to 8 tea*+ ! introduction ( ! mild] purgatives1 su* z s5na1 tam>9ds1 & c]ta9 fruits is suppos$ to be due4 ,8 ,arabic "n 0 ,jahiah-,ebn-,masawaih4 ,mesu ! ,y\ng] is ! au?ority g5]ally meant :5 =mulas "u 8 "n1 sometimes qua9tly call$ ,dr4 ,mesu 9 old ,engli% books1 are quot$4 ,he liv$ at ,cairo ab\t ! ye> #ajjj4 ,he 0 a ,*ri/ian1 l 8 e>li] namesake1 & is believ$ to h be5 a pupil or p]haps a companion ( ,avic5na2 at all ev5ts1 :5 ! latt] got into disgrace x is alleg$ t bo? he & ,mesu took refuge 9 ,damascus4 ,at ,damascus ,mesu wrote 8 great "w kn[n 9 ,lat9 z ,recept>ium ,antidot>ii4 ,f ! "t ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ d[n to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ph>macopias became g5]al1 m ?an sev5ty editions ( ?is "w1 mo/ly 9 ,lat91 b a few 9 ,italian1 h be5 c\nt$4 ,9 "s ( ! ,lat9 translations he is describ$ z 8,john1 ! son ( ,mesu1 ! son ( ,hame*1 ! son ( ,abdel1 k+ ( ,damascus40 ,?is dignity has be5 trac$ to a confusion ( ! ,arabic names1 "o ( :i* 0 v simil> to ! ^w mean+ k+4 ,ne>ly half ( ! =mul 9 ! fir/ ,london ,ph>macopia 7 quot$ f him4 ,,nicolas ,,myrepsus4 ,= sev]al c5turies be=e ! era ( mod]n ph>macopias ! ,antidot>y ( ,nicolas ,myrepsus 0 ! /&>d =mul>y1 & f ?is ! e>ly disp5satories 7 l>gely compil$4 ,?is ,nicolas1 :o 0 n ! ,nicolas ,praepositus ( ,sal]no1 is sometimes nam$ ,nicolas ,alex&r9us4 ,he appe>s to h be5 a practis+ physician at ,con/ant9ople1 & z he bore ! title ( ,actu>ius1 x is suppos$ t he 0 physician to ! ,emp]or4 ,he is believ$ to h liv$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,myrepsus1 :i* means o9tm5t mak]1 0 a "n :i* he assum$ or :i* 0 appli$ to him1 probably 9 allusion to 8 ,antidot>y4 ,?is 0 ! l>ge/ & mo/ ca?olic ( all ! collections ( m$ical =mulas :i* _h !n appe>$4 ,gal5 & ! ,greek physicians1 ! ,arabs1 ,jews1 & ,*ri/ians :o _h writt5 on m$ic9e1 7 all drawn ^u4 ,a ,lat9 translation by ,leon>d ,fu*s1 publi%$ at ,nuremb]g 9 #afeh1 conta9s #b1fef prescriptions1 e possible illness be+ ?us provid$ aga9/4 ,! title page decl>es ! "w to be 8,useful z well = ! m$ical pr(ession & = ! seplas>ii40 ,! orig9al is said to h be5 writt5 9 b>b>\s ,greek4 ,spr5gel1 :o has h>dly pati5ce to devote a s+le page to ?is fam\s ,antidot>y1 tells u t ! compil] 0 grossly ignorant & sup]/iti\s4 ,he gives an in/ance ( 8 reproduction ( "s ,arab =mul4 ,"o is ! use ( ars5ic z a spice to c\nt]act ! deadly effects ( poisons4 ,?is advice 0 copi$1 he says1 d[n to ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x 0 ,nicolas's r5d]+ ( ! ,arabic ^w ,d>s9i1 :i* meant cannella1 & :i* !y s nam$ because x 0 br\ght f ,*9a4 ,! comp\nds collect$ 9 ?is ,antidot>y are ( ! famili> complicat$ "* ( :i* s _m specim5s are giv5 9 ?is volume4 ,_m ( ! titles are curi\s & probably rem9isc5t ( ! pi\s cr$ulity ( ! p]iod :5 ,myrepsus liv$4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! ,salt ( ! ,holy ,apo/les1 :i* tak5 morn+ & ev5+ ) meals1 w\ld pres]ve ! sight1 prev5t ! hair f fall+ out1 relieve difficulty ( brea?+1 & keep ! brea? sweet4 ,x 0 obta9$ by gr9d+ toge!r a mixture ( h]bs & se$s 7hyssop1 wild c>rot1 cumm91 p5nyroyal1 & pepp]7 ) common salt4 ,! ,salt ( ,/4 ,luke 0 simil> b conta9$ a few m +r$i5ts4 ,a ,sal ,purgatorius prescrib$ = ! ,pope ,ni*olas consi/$ ( sal ammoniac1 #c oz41 scammony1 #c dra*ms1 poppy se$s1 #b dra*ms1 orris root1 #c dra*ms1 pepp]1 #ac gra9s1 "o date1 p9e nut #be gra9s1 & squill #b dra*ms4 ,?is might be made into an electu>y ) honey4 ,antidotus ,a*>i/os1 :i* means un?ank$ antidote1 is /at$ to be s nam$ because x cur$ s quickly t pati5ts 7 n suffici5tly grateful4 ,!y did n realise h[ bad !y might h be5 )\t x4 ,an electu>y said to h be5 prescrib$ = ,k+ ,david = 8 melan*oly 0 compos$ ( aloes1 opium1 saffron1 lign-aloes1 myrrh1 & "s o!r spices1 made up ) honey4 ,a ,sal ,sac]dotale 7salt comb9$ ) a few spices7 /at$ to h be5 us$ by ! prophets 9 ! "t ( ,elijah _h come d[n to ?is ,antidot>y ?r\gh ,/4 ,paul4 ,,raymond ,,lully4 ,! life ( ,raymond ,lully is s romantic t x is wor? tell+1 ?\gh x only t\*es ph>maceutical hi/ory occasionally4 ,born at ,palma1 9 ! isl& ( ,majorca1 9 #abce1 9 a good position ( life1 he m>ri$ at ! age ( tw5ty-two1 & _h two sons & a daught]4 ,b home life 0 n :at he desir$1 & he cont9u$ to live ! life ( a gallant1 s]5ad+ "y girls1 writ+ v]ses to !m1 & giv+ balls & banquets1 to ! s]i\s d]angem5t ( 8 =tune4 ,ultimately he conceiv$ a viol5t passion = a beautiful & virtu\s m>ri$ woman nam$ ,ambrosia de ,ca/ello :o 0 liv+ at ,majorca ) h] husb&4 ,%e1 to *eck ?is lib]t9e's ard\r1 %[$ him h] brea/1 ravag$ by canc]4 ,?is s afflict$ him t he set himself to /udy m$ic9e ) ! object ( discov]+ a cure = ! cruel disease4 ,) ! /udy ( m$ic9e & ( al*emy he n[ associat$ an insatiable long+ = ! deliv]ance ( ! _w f ,mohamm$an error4 ,he r5\nc$ ! _w1 includ+ x w\ld seem 8 wife & *ildr5 7?\gh x is record$ t he fir/ %>$ 8 possessions ) 8 wife71 & w5t to live on a m\nta9 9 a hut :i* he built ) 8 own h&s4 ,?is c>e]1 h[ev]1 did n promise an e>ly en\gh extirpation ( infidels1 s be=e long ,lully is f\nd travell+1 & resid+ at ,p>is1 ,rome1 ,vi5na1 ,g5oa1 ,tunis1 & 9 o!r cities1 prea*+ new crusades1 importun+ ! ,pope to e/abli% new ord]s ( mission>y ,*ri/ians1 & at int]vals writ+ books on m$ic9e4 ,he _h inv5t$ a sort ( ma!matical s*eme :i* 9 8 op9ion absolutely prov$ ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & by ! use ( diagrams he hop$ to conv]t ! ,s>ac5s4 ,8 ideas are set =?1 if n expla9$1 9 8 ,ars ,magna4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 /range life he visit$ ,pale/9e & ,cyprus1 & at ,naples 9 #abic he made ! acqua9tance ( ,arnold de ,villanova4 ,?is le>n$ man taught ,lully mu*1 & f\nd a f]v5t discipl9e 9 him4 ,he 0 m ?an sev5ty :51 accord+ to tradition1 he travell$ to ,london ) ! object ( urg+ on ,edw>d ,,iii a new w> aga9/ ! ,s>ac5s4 ,edw>d alleg$ 8 want ( means1 b ,lully 0 prep>$ to meet ! difficulty1 & "s ( ! hi/orians ( ! sci5ce ( ! p]iod ass]t t he co9$ a lot ( gold = ! purpose ( ! new crusade4 ,edw>d promptly us$ ?is money = ! w> ) ,france1 9 :i* he 0 m int]e/$4 ,disappo9t$ & disgu/$1 ,lully left ,engl&1 & "s "t aft]1 at ! age ( sev5ty-eight1 set out to visit ,j]usalem4 ,hav+ accompli%$ t j\rney he visit$ sev]al ( ! cities ( ,nor? ,africa on 8 way back1 & at ,b\gia1 aft] prea*+ ) 8 usual vehem5ce aga9/ ! ,mohamm$an h]esy1 he 0 /on$ by ! ,moors & left = dead4 ,"s fri5dly m]*ants took 8 body on _! %ip b\nd = 8 native ,majorca4 ,he reviv$1 b di$ on ! voyage 9 8 eightie? ye>1 ,a4,d4 #adae4 ,8 tomb is /ill %[n 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,francisco 9 ! ,city ( ,palma4 ,illu/ration3 ,,raymond ,,lully4 7,f a portrait 9 ! ,royal ,c\rt & ,/ate ,libr>y1 ,muni*47 ,raymond ,lully is p>ticul>ly fam\s 9 ph>maceutical hi/ory = ! g5]al use ( ! aqua vitae or aqua ard5s :i* he introduc$4 ,he _h le>n$ ! process ( di/ill+ x f w9e f ,arnold ( ,villanova1 :o _h himself probably acquir$ x f ! ,arab *emi/s ( ,spa91 b ,lully discov]$ ! art ( conc5trat+ ! _s by means ( c>bonate ( pota%4 ,( ! aqua vitae :i* he made he decl>$ t 8! ta/e ( x exce$e? all o!r ta/es1 & ! smell ( x all o!r smells40 ,,frascator4 ,hi]onymo ,frascatoro1 g5]ally kn[n z ,j]ome ,frascator1 0 a physician & poet ( high repute 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,frascator 0 born at ,v]ona 9 #adhc & di$ ne> t city 9 #aeec4 ,z a physician he aid$ ! ,pope1 ,paul ,,iii1 to get ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t remov$ f ,g]many to ,italy by al>m+ ! delegates into believ+ t !y 7 9 imm95t dang] ( an epidemic4 ,!y !re=e adj\rn$ to ,bologna4 ,frascator especially /udi$ infecti\s diseases1 & 8 celebrat$ ,diascordium1 :i* is describ$ 9 ! section entitl$ 8,! ,f\r ,(fic9al ,capitals10 0 inv5t$ z a rem$y = ! ,plague4 ,8 great lit]>y fame dep5d$ pr9cipally on a ,lat9 poem he wrote ) ! n[ repell5t title ( 8,syphillides1 sive ,morbi ,gallici10 9 ?ree books4 ,?is 0 publi%$ 9 #aecj4 ,! au?or did n accept ! view t ?is disease _h be5 import$ f ,am]ica4 ,he held t x _h be5 kn[n 9 anci5t times1 & t x 0 caus$ by a peculi> corruption ( ! air4 ,8 h]o1 ,syphilis1 _h giv5 (f5ce to ,apollo1 :o1 9 rev5ge1 _h poison$ ! air he brea!d4 ,syphilis is cur$ by plung+ ?ree times 9 a subt]rane\s /ream ( quicksilv]4 ,! be/ classical s*ol>s ( ! age reg>d$ ! poem z ! f9e/ ,lat9 "w writt5 s9ce ! days :5 t language 0 9 its full life1 & !y comp>$ x appreciatively ) ! poems ( ,virgil4 ,! foll[+ l9es w s]ve z a specim53-- 444 nam saepius ipsi ,c>ne sua exutos artus1 squall5tia ossa ,vidimes1 et fo$o rosa era dehisc]e hiatu ,ora1 atque exiles r55tia guttura voces4 ,! "n ( ! disease 0 acquir$ f ?is poem1 & ?\gh x has a ,greek =m & appe>ance1 no anci5t d]ivative = x c be sugge/$4 ,frascator also wrote a poem on hydrophobia4 ,,basil ,,val5t9e4 ,! "n & works ( ,basil ,val5t9e are insep>ably associat$ ) ! m$ical use ( antimony4 ,8 8,currus ,triumphalis ,antimonii0 7! ,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony7 is /at$ 9 all text-books to h be5 ! e>lie/ description ( ! virtues ( ?is important rem$y1 & ( ! =ms 9 :i* x might be prescrib$4 ,& v wond]ful inde$ is ! *emical k display$ 9 ?is & o!r ( ,val5t9e's writ+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,basil ,,val5t9e4 7,f ! ,collection ( ,et*+s 9 ! ,royal ,gall]y1 ,muni*47 ,basil ,val5t9e expla9s ! process ( fus+ iron ) ?is /ibium & obta9+ !reby 8by a p>ticul> manipulation a curi\s /> :i* ! wise m5 be=e me call$ ! signet /> ( philosophy40 ,he comm5ces ! treatise already m5tion$ by expla9+ t he is a monk ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,b5$ict1 :i* 7,i quote f an ,engli% translation by ,!odore ,kirkr+ius1 ,m4,d41 publi%$ at ,london 9 #afgh7 8requires ano!r mann] ( ,_s ( ,hol9ess ?an ! common /ate ( mortals ex]cis$ 9 ! pr(ane bus9ess ( ?is ,_w40 ,aft] ?us introduc+ himself he proce$s to m+le *emi/ry1 piety1 & abuse ( ! physicians & apo!c>ies ( 8 day ) mu* repetition ?\gh ) consid]able %rewdness = ab\t fifty pages4 ,at la/1 aft] _m false />ts1 he exp\nds ! orig9 & nature ( antimony1 ?us3-- 8,antimony is a m9]al made ( ! vap\r ( ! ,e>? *ang$ into wat]1 :i* spiritual syd]al ,transmutation is ! true ,a/rum ( ,antimony2 :i* wat]1 by ! />s fir/1 aft]w>ds by ! ,elem5t ( ,fire :i* resides 9 ! ,elem5t ( ,air1 is extract$ f ! ,elem5t>y ,e>?1 & by coagulation =mally *ang$ into a tangible ess5ce1 9 :i* tangible ess5ce is f\nd v mu* ( ,sulphur pr$om9at+1 ( ,m]cury n s mu*1 & ( ,salt ! lea/ ( ! ?ree4 ,yet x assumes s mu* ,salt z x !nce acquires an h>d & unmalleable ,mass4 ,! pr9cipal quality ( x is dry & hot1 or r burn+2 ( cold & humidity x ha? v little 9 x1 z !re is 9 common ,m]cury2 9 corporal ,gold also is m heat ?an cold4 ,^! may suffice to be spok5 ( ! matt]1 & ?ree fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,antimony1 h[ by ! ,ar*eus 9 ! ,elem5t ( ,e>? x is br\ght to p]fection40 ,x ne$s "s practice 9 read+ al*emical writ+s to make out ! drift ( ?is rhapsody1 & no pr(it w\ld be ga9$ by a cle> int]pretation ( ! my/icism4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be not$ t ! ,ar*eus 0 a sort ( fri5dly demon :o work$ at ! =mation ( metals 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?2 t all metals 7 suppos$ to be comp\nds ( sulphur1 m]cury1 & salt 9 v>y+ proportions1 ! sulphur & ! salt1 h[ev]1 be+ ref9$ spiritual ess5ces ( ! sub/ances we "k by ^! names2 & t x 0 a necess>y complim5t to pay to any product :i* x 0 int5d$ to hon\r to trace its ance/ry to ! f\r elem5ts4 ,z ! au?or goes on to deal ) ! v>i\s comp\nds or d]ivatives f antimony1 x is abundantly cle> t he writes f practical exp]i5ce4 ,he describes ! ,regulus ( ,antimony 7! metal71 ! glass 7an oxy-sulphide71 a t9cture made f ! glass1 an oil1 an elixir1 ! fl[]s1 ! liv]1 ! :ite calx1 a balsam1 & o!rs4 ,basil ,val5t9e's sca?+ contempt = contempor>y m$ical practition]s calls = quotation4 8,! doctor10 he says1 8kn[s n :at m$ic9es he prescribes to ! sick2 :e!r ! col\r ( !m be :ite1 black1 grey1 or blew1 he _c tell2 nor do? ?is wret*$ man "k :e!r ! m$icam5t he gives be dry or hot1 cold or humid4444 ,_! furnaces /& 9 ! ,apo!c>ies' %ops to :i* !y seldom or nev] come4 ,a pap] scroll 9 :i* _! usual ,recipe is writt5 s]ves _! purpose to ! full1 :i* ,bill be+ by "s ,apo!c>y's boy or s]vant receiv$1 he ) great noise ?umps out ( 8 mort> e m$ic9e1 & all ! heal? ( ! sick40 ,val5t9e concludes 8 8,triumphal ,*>iot0 by ?us apo/rophis+ contempor>y practition]s3--8,ah1 y poor mis]able p1 physicians )\t exp]i5ce1 pret5d$ tea*]s :o write long prescriptions on l>ge %eets ( pap]2 y apo!c>ies ) y\r va/ m>mites1 z l>ge z may be se5 9 ! kit*5s ( great lords :]e !y fe$ hundr$s ( p2 all y s v bl9d1 rub y\r eyes & refre% y\r sight t y may be cur$ ( y\r bl9dness40 ,9 ! same treatise ,basil ,val5t9e describes _s ( salt :i* he _h obta9$ by ! action ( oil ( vitriol on m>9e salt2 br&y1 di/ill$ f w9e2 & h[ to get copp] f pyrites by fir/ obta9+ a sulphate1 !n precipitat+ ! metal by plung+ into ! solution a blade ( iron4 ,?is op]ation 0 a fav\rite evid5ce ) lat] al*emi/s ( ! transmutation ( iron into copp]4 ,accord+ to "s ( 8 biograph]s ,basil ,val5t9e 0 born 9 #acic2 o!rs are judici\sly vague & v>i\sly sugge/ ! twelf?1 ?irte5?1 or f\rte5? c5tury4 ,t he 0 a ,b5$ict9e monk1 he tells u himself1 & sev]al mona/]ies ( ! ord] h be5 nam$ :]e he is suppos$ to h liv$ & lab\r$4 ,_m m$ical hi/orians h d\bt$ :e!r su* a p]son z ,basil ,val5t9e ev] exi/$4 ,8 writ+s are said to h be5 circulat$ 9 manuscript1 b no "o has ev] pret5d$ to h se5 "o ( ^? manuscripts1 & ! e>lie/ kn[n edition ( any ( ,basil ,val5t9e's works 0 publi%$ ab\t #afja1 by ,johann ,?lde1 a *emi/1 & "p own] ( salt works at ,frank5haus5 9 ,?ur+ia4 ,x is r a l>ge claim on our cr$ulity1 or incr$ulity1 to assume t ,?lde 0 himself ! au?or ( ! works attribut$ to ! old monk1 & t he devis$ ! entire fiction ( ! alleg$ discov]ies1 *emi/ry & all4 ,x 0 n an uncommon ?+ among ! al*emi/s & o!r writ]s ( ! middle ages to repres5t _! books z ! works ( someone ( ackn[l$g$ fame1 j z ! m anci5t !ologians 7 wont to cr$it "o ( ! apo/les or v5]at$ fa!rs ) _! inv5tions4 ,b x 0 n common = a discov]] to hide himself beh9d a fictiti\s sage ^: exi/5ce he _h himself inv5t$4 ,?is !ory is1 h[ev]1 held by "s *emical critics4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! real ,basil ,val5t9e c\ld n h be5 s anci5t z he 0 g5]ally believ$ to be4 ,syphilis is ref]r$ to 9 ! 8,triumphal ,*>iot0 z ! new malady ( soldi]s 7,neue ,krankheit d] ,kriegsleute71 z morbus ,gallicus1 & lues ,gallica4 ,x 0 n kn[n by ^! names until ! invasion ( ,naples by ! ,fr5* 9 #adie4 ,ano!r allusion 9 ! same treatise is to ! use ( antimony 9 ! manufacture ( type metal1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly n adopt$ at any "t at :i* ,basil ,val5t9e c\ld h liv$4 ,ano!r reason = que/ion+ 8 actual exi/5ce is t ! mo/ dilig5t se>* has fail$ to discov] 8 "n ei!r on ! prov9cial li/ or on ! g5]al roll ( ! ,b5$ict9e monks pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ord] at ,rome4 ,bo]haave ass]t$ t ! ,b5$ict9es _h no mona/]y at ,erfurt1 :i* 0 g5]ally assign$ z ! home ( ,val5t9e4 ,a curi\s item ( evid5ce be>+ on ! allegation t ,?lde 0 ! fabricator ( ,basil ,val5t9e's works1 or at lea/ ( "p ( !m1 has be5 indicat$ by ,dr4 ,f]guson1 ( ,glasg[1 9 8 notes on ,dr4 ,"y's collection ( al*emical works4 ,?lde1 x appe>s1 _h writt5 a book 9 8 own "n entitl$ 8,haliographia40 ,?is is divid$ into f\r sections1 namely3 #a4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( ,salts4 #b4 ,extraction ( ,salts4 #c4 ,salt ,spr+s4 #d4 ,salts obta9$ f metals1 m9]als1 animals1 & vegetables4 ,?is ,"p #d ( ! "w 0 subsequ5tly publi%$ by ,?lde among ,basil ,val5t9e's writ+s4 ,"o ( two ?+s !re=e is obvi\s4 ,ei!r ,?lde adopt$ a "w by ,val5t9e & issu$ x z 8 own1 or "o at lea/ ( ! pieces alleg$ to h be5 by ,val5t9e 0 really by ,?lde4 ,basil ,val5t9e1 mean+ ! valiant k+1 has assur$ly an al*emical r+ ab\t x4 ,x is exactly su* a "n z might be inv5t$ by "o ( ! sci5tific fictioni/s ( ! middle ages4 ,x is impossible1 too1 to read ! 8,triumphal ,*>iot10 at lea/ :5 suspicion has be5 awak5$1 )\t feel+ t ! "* ( ! pi\s monk is a little ov]done4 ,a really dev\t monk w\ld h>dly be proclaim+ 8 piety on e page ) s mu* vehem5ce4 ,!n !re is ! leg5d :i* acc\nts = ! long lo/ manuscripts4 ,x is expla9$ t !y 7 reveal$ to someone1 unnam$1 :5 a pill> 9 a *ur* at ,erfurt 0 /ruck & split op5 by lightn+1 ! manuscripts hav+ be5 buri$ 9 t pill>4 ,:5 ?is happ5$ is n record$4 ,9 ,kopp's 8,beitrage zur ,ges*i*te d] ,*emie0 ! le>n$ au?or argu$ t ,?lde c\ld only be reg>d$ z an editor ( ,basil ,val5t9e's works1 because :5 !y 7 publi%$ !y gave s _m new *emical facts & obs]vations t x 0 impossible to ?9k t ,?lde w\ld h d5i$ himself ! cr$it ( ! discov]ies if !y _h be5 8 9 fact4 ,t book 0 publi%$ 9 #ahge4 ,9 8,die ,al*emie10 :i* ,kopp publi%$ 9 #ahhf1 he ref]s to ,basil ,val5t9e1 & says t !re is reason to ?9k t ! works attribut$ to him 7 an int5tional lit]>y deception p]petrat$ by ,?lde4 ,,p>acelsus3 ,,8 ,,c>e]4 ,no "o man 9 hi/ory ex]cis$ su* a revolution>y influ5ce on m$ic9e & ph>macy z ! erratic g5ius ,philipus ,aureolus ,!ophra/us ,bomba/ von ,hoh5heim4 ,! "n ,p>acelsus is believ$ to h be5 co9$ by himself1 probably ) ! int5tion ( some:at ,lat9is+ 8 patronymic1 von ,hoh5heim1 & also p]haps z claim+ to rank ) ! fam\s ,roman physician & m$ical writ]1 ,celsus4 ,! family ( ,bomba/ 0 an old & hon\rable "o f ,wrttemb]g1 b ! fa!r ( ! f\nd] ( ! iatro-*emi/s 0 a physician :o _h settl$ at ,m>ia-,e9si$eln1 a small t[n 9 ,switz]l&1 n f> f ,zuri*4 ,he 7! fa!r7 di$ at ,villa*1 9 ,c>9?ia1 9 #aecd1 ag$ #ga4 ,!ophra/us 0 an only *ild4 ,he 0 born 9 #adij or #adia1 & ow$ to 8 fa!r ! fir/ incl9ation ( 8 m9d t[>ds m$ic9e & al*emy4 ,lat] he 0 taught classics at a conv5t s*ool1 & at #af w5t to ! ,univ]sity ( ,basel4 ,app>5tly he did n /ay !re long4 ,classical /udies1 & ! rev]5ce ( au?orities1 :i* ! ,univ]sities taught1 nev] attract$ him4 ,he is f\nd next at ,wurzburg1 9 ! laboratory ( ,tri!mius1 an abbot ( t city1 & a fam\s adept 9 al*emy1 a/rology1 & magic g5]ally4 ,he mu/ h acquir$ mu* *emical skill 9 t laboratory1 &1 d\btless1 _m ( 8 my/ic views began to %ape !mselves "u ! in/ruction ( ! le>n$ abbot4 ,b ,p>acelsus 0 n cont5t ) ! artificial ideas ( ! al*emi/s4 ,by "s means he became acqua9t$ ) ! weal?y ,sigismund ,fugg]1 a m9e own] 9 ! ,tyrol1 & ei!r z assi/ant or fri5d he jo9$ him4 ,! ,fugg]s 7 ! ,ro?s*ilds ( ,g]many at t "t1 & "o ( !m ent]ta9$ ,*>les ,v at ,augsburg1 :5 ! fam\s diet at :i* ! ,emp]or 0 to cru% ! ,re=mation 0 held 9 t city4 ,on t occasion ! weal?y m]*ant made a c9namon fire = ! ,emp]or1 & light$ x ) a bond repres5t+ a l>ge sum :i* ,*>les ow$ him4 ,9 ! ,tyrolese m9es ,p>acelsus le>n$ mu* ab\t m9]als1 ab\t diseases1 & ab\t m54 ,!n he travell$ ?r\gh v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 pay+ 8 way by 8 m$ical & surgical skill1 or1 z 8 enemies said1 by conjur+ & necromancy4 ,he /ates t he 0 9 ! w>s 9 ,v5ice1 ,d5m>k1 & ! ,ne!rl&s2 x is suppos$ z an army surgeon1 = he aft]w>ds decl>$ t he !n le>n$ to cure =ty diseases ( ! body4 ,he boa/$ t he le>n$ f gypsies1 physicians1 b>b]s1 execution]s1 & f all k9ds ( p4 ,he claims also to h be5 9 ,t>t>y1 & to h accompani$ ! ,khan's son to ,con/ant9ople4 ,van ,helmont tells u t x 0 9 ?is city t he met an adept :o gave him ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,o!r *ronicl]s relate t ?is adept 0 a c]ta9 ,solomon ,trism5s9us1 :o also possess$ ! elixir ( life1 & _h be5 met ) "s two hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,al?\gh ,p>acelsus 9 8 writ+s appe>s to hold ! curr5t belief 9 ! transmutation ( metals1 & 9 ! possibility ( produc+ m$ic9es capable ( indef9itely prolong+ life1 he wa/$ no en]gy 9 dream+ ab\t ^!1 z ! al*emi/s g5]ally did4 ,! production ( gold does n seem to h int]e/$ him1 & 8 aims 9 m$ic9e 7 always em95tly practical4 ,x is true t he nam$ 8 comp\nds ca?olicons1 elixirs1 & panaceas1 b !y 7 all real rem$ies = specific compla9ts2 & 9 ! treatm5t ( ^! he mu/ h be5 m>vell\sly successful4 ,:e!r he ev] w5t to ,t>t>y or n1 & :e!r he s]v$ 9 any w>s or n1 may be d\btful4 ,8 critics f9d no evid5ce ( acqua9tance ) =eign languages or cu/oms 9 8 works1 & !y d f9d indications ( v elem5t>y notions ( geography4 ,b x is c]ta9 t = t5 ye>s he 0 p]egr9at+ some:]e2 if 8 travels 7 conf9$ to ,g]many ! effect 0 ! same4 ,g]many 0 big en\gh to tea* him4 ,passionately eag] to wre/ f ,nature all h] secrets1 gift$ ) extraord9>y p[]s ( obs]vation & imag9ation1 ) unb\nd$ confid5ce 9 himself1 & bold ev5 to recklessness z an exp]im5t]1 ?is 0 a man :o c\ld n be suppress$4 ,arm$ ) 8 new & p[]ful drugs1 & n afraid to adm9i/] !m1 cures 7 inevitable2 o!r consequ5ces also1 9 all probability4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,p>acelsus arriv$ at ,basel1 9 ! ye> #aebe1 9 ! ?irty-second ye> ( 8 age1 8 fame _h prec$$ him4 ,probably he 0 back$ by high influ5ce4 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt he _h cur$ eighte5 pr9ces dur+ 8 travels1 & "s ( ^! may h recomm5d$ him to ! ,univ]sity au?orities4 ,x is to ! cr$it ( ,p>acelsus t he 0 w>mly support$ by ! sa9tly prie/ colampadius 7,hauss*e971 :o subsequ5tly ?rew 9 8 lot ) ! re=m]s4 ,besides be+ appo9t$ to ! *air ( m$ic9e & surg]y1 ,p>acelsus 0 made city physician4 ,8 lectures 7 su* z _h nev] be5 he>d be=e at a univ]sity4 ,he began 8 c\rse by burn+ ! works ( ,gal5 & ,avic5na 9 a *af+ di%1 & d5\nc+ ! slavi% reliance on au?ority :i* at t "t *>act]is$ m$ical tea*+ & practice4 ,he taught f 8 own exp]i5ce1 & he gave 8 lectures 9 ,g]man4 ,_m quotations ( 8 boa/ful utt]ance h be5 h&$ d[n to u1 & !y mat* well ) :at we "k ( him f 8 recognis$ writ+s4 ,all ! univ]sities _h less exp]i5ce ?an he1 & ! v d[n on 8 neck 0 m le>n$ ?an all ! au?ors4 ,he lik5$ himself to ,hippocrates1 ! "o anci5t :om he e/eem$4 ,he contra/$ himself ) ! doctors 9 :ite gloves :o fe>$ to soil _! f+]s 9 ! laboratory4 8,foll[ me10 he cri$2 8n ,i y1 ,avic5na1 ,gal51 ,rhazes1 ,montagnana1 ,mesu1 & ye o!rs4 ,ye ( ,p>is1 ( ,montpelli]1 ( ,swabia1 ( ,cologne1 ( ,vi5na2 f ! banks ( ! ,danube1 ( ! ,rh9e1 f ! isl&s ( ! seas1 f ,italy1 ,dalmatia1 ,s>matia1 & ,a!ns1 ,greeks1 ,arabs1 ,israelites4 ,i %all be ! mon>*1 & m9e %all be ! mon>*y40 ,9 8 capacity z city physician he naturally creat$ _m enemies among 8 fell[ practition]s4 ,8 fri5ds said he cur$ ! cases :i* !y f\nd hopeless2 !y said he only gave tempor>y relief at ! be/1 & t 8 rem$ies (t5 kill$ ! pati5ts4 ,he fell f\l1 too1 ( ! apo!c>ies4 ,he d5\nc$ _! drugs & _! ignorance4 ,! ?ree ye>s he sp5t 9 ,basel mu/ h be5 lively bo? = him & 8 oppon5ts4 8,9 ! beg9n+10 he says1 8,i ?rew myself ) f]v5t zeal on ! tea*]s4 ,b :5 ,i saw t no?+ result$ f _! practice b kill+1 lam+1 & di/ort+2 t !y deem$ mo/ compla9ts incurable2 & t !y adm9i/]$ sc>cely any?+ b syrups1 laxatives1 purgatives1 & oatmeal gruel1 ) ev]la/+ cly/]s1 ,i det]m9$ to ab&on su* a mis]able art & seek tru? else:]e40 ,aga9 he says3 8,! apo!c>ies are my enemies because ,i w n empty _! boxes4 ,my recipes are simple & d n call = =ty or fifty +r$i5ts4 ,i seek to cure ! sick1 n to enri* ! apo!c>ies40 ,8 c>e] at ,basel 0 br\ght to a close by a dispute ) a preb5d>y ( ! ca!dral nam$ ,li*t5fels1 :om he _h treat$4 ,! canon1 9 pa91 _h promis$ him #bjj flor9s if he w\ld cure him4 ,! cure 0 n disput$1 b z ,p>acelsus _h only giv5 him a few little pills1 ! cl]gyman reli$ on ! legal t>iff4 ,p>acelsus su$ him1 & ! c\rt aw>d$ ! legal fee1 :i* 0 six flor9s4 ,! doctor publi%$ 8 comm5ts on ! case1 & x c readily be suppos$ t !y 7 ( su* a "* z to am\nt to contempt ( c\rt4 ,he f\nd x advisable to leave ,basel hurri$ly4 ,betwe5 #aebh & #aece he liv$ & practis$ at ,colm>1 ,essl+51 ,nuremb]g1 ,no]dl+51 ,muni*1 ,reg5sburg1 ,amb]g1 ,m]an1 ,/4 ,gall1 & ,zuri*4 ,f ,switz]l& he aga9 set =?1 & records ( him are to be trac$ 9 ,c>9?ia & ,hung>y4 ,la/ly1 ! ,pr9ce ,palat9e1 ,duke ,ern/ ( ,bav>ia1 took him "u 8 protection1 & settl$ him at ,salzburg4 ,!re a few mon?s aft]w>ds he di$4 ,f dissipation & exhau/ion1 say 8 enemies2 by assass9ation1 say 8 fri5ds4 ,a ,g]man surgeon :o exam9$ 8 skull :5 ! body 0 exhum$ ?irty ye>s aft] dea?1 f\nd 9 x a fracture ( ! temporal bone1 :i*1 he decl>$1 c\ld only h be5 produc$ dur+ life1 because ! bones ( a solid b desiccat$ skull c\ld n h sep>at$ z 0 ! case "h4 ,x 0 sugge/$ t "s hirel+s ( ! local doctors ^: prospects 7 endang]$ by ?is =midable invad] _h 8accid5tally0 pu%$ him d[n "s rocks1 & t x 0 !n t ! fracture 0 caus$4 ,a monum5t to ?is great m$ical revolutioni/ is /ill to be se5 by ! *apel ( ,/4 ,philip ,n]i1 at ,salzburg4 ,x is a brok5 pyramid ( :ite m>ble1 ) a cavity 9 :i* is 8 portrait1 & a ,lat9 inscription :i* commemorates 8 cures ( diseases1 & 8 g5]osity to ! poor 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- 8,conditur hic ,philippus ,!ophra/us1 insignis ,m$ic9 ,doctor1 qui dira illa vuln]a1 lepram1 podagram1 hydroposim1 aliaque insanabilia contagia mirificu arte su/ulit2 ac bona sua 9 paup]es di/ribu5da colloc&aque honoravit4 ,anno #aeda1 die #bd ,septembr4 vitam cum morte mutavit40 78,"h lies ,philippus ,!ophra/us1 ! fam\s ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e1 :o by 8 wond]ful art cur$ ! wor/ w\nds1 leprosy1 g\t1 dropsy1 & o!r diseases deem$ incurable & to 8 hon\r1 %>$ 8 possessions ) ! poor407 ,among ! contempor>ies ( ,p>acelsus 7 ,lu!r1 ,columbus1 & ,cop]nicus4 ,_! names alone are suffici5t to %[ h[ ! long-suppress$ en]gy ( ! human intellect 0 at t p]iod bur/+ =?4 ,^! f\r m5 7 p]haps ! greate/ emancipators ( ! human race f ! *a9s ( slavi% ob$i5ce to au?ority 9 ! pa/ ?\s& ye>s4 ,p>acelsus 0 n1 s f> z is kn[n1 a ,lu!ran ,prote/ant4 ,b he c\ld n help sympa?is+ ) 8 h]oic c\ntryman4 8,! enemies ( ,lu!r10 he wrote1 8are to a great ext5t fanatics1 knaves1 bigots1 & rogues4 ,y call me a m$ical ,lu!r1 b y d n int5d to hon\r me by giv+ me t "n4 ,! enemies ( ,lu!r are ^? ^: kit*5 prospects are int]f]$ ) by 8 re=ms4 ,i leave ,lu!r to def5d :at he says1 z ,i w def5d :at ,i say4 ,t :i* y wi% = ,lu!r y wi% = me2 y wi% u bo? to ! fire40 ,!re 01 inde$1 mu* 9 common betwe5 ^! two indep5d5t s\ls4 ,columbus l&$ 9 ! ,we/]n _w ! ye> be=e ,p>acelsus 0 born4 ,lu!r burnt ! ,pope's ,bull at ,witt5b]g 9 #aebj1 & x 0 ?is action ( 8 :i* at ! "t at lea/ ?rill$ ! ,g]man nation m ?an any o!r ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation4 ,x is evid5t t ,p>acelsus1 9 imitat+ ! conduct ( 8 fam\s contempor>y1 0 only demon/rat+ 8 conviction t sci5tific1 no less ?an religi\s1 ?\ght ne$$ to free itself f ! %ackles ( tyrannic tradition4 ,,8 ,,"*4 ,su* details ( ! p]sonality ( ,p>acelsus z h come d[n to u 7 writt5 by 8 enemies4 ,era/us1 a !ologian z well z a physician1 :o may h met ,p>acelsus1 & :o fi]cely attack$ 8 sy/em1 depreciates him on he>say4 ,b ,op]9us1 a disciple :o _h su* rev]5ce = him t :5 ,p>acelsus left ,basel1 he accompani$ him & 0 ) him night & day = two ye>s1 wrote a lett] ab\t him aft] 8 dea? to :i* x is impossible n to atta* great importance4 ,9 ?is lett] ,op]9us expresses ! mo/ unb\nd$ admiration ( ,p>acelsus's m$ical skill2 ( ! c]ta9ty & promptitude ( 8 cures2 & especially ( ! 8miracles0 he p]=m$ 9 ! treatm5t ( malignant ulc]s4 ,b1 adds ,op]9us1 8,i nev] discov]$ 9 him any piety or erudition40 ,he _h nev] se5 him pray4 ,he 0 z contemptu\s ( ,lu!r z he 0 ( ! ,pope4 ,said no "o _h discov]$ ! true mean+ or got at ! k]nel ( ! ,scriptures4 ,dur+ ! two ye>s he liv$ ) him1 ,op]9us decl>es ,p>acelsus 0 almo/ con/antly drunk4 ,he 0 sc>cely sob] two h\rs at a "t4 ,he w\ld g to tav]ns & *all5ge ! peasantry to dr9k aga9/ him4 ,:5 he _h tak5 a quantity ( w9e1 he w\ld put 8 f+] 9 8 ?roat & vomit4 ,!n he c\ld />t aga94 ,& yet ,op]9us also reports h[ p]petually he work$ 9 8 laboratory4 ,! fire !re 0 always burn+1 & some?+ 0 be+ prep>$1 8"s sublimate or ars5ic1 "s safran ( iron1 or 8 m>vell\s opodeldo*40 ,moreov]1 h[ev] drunk he might be he c\ld always dictate1 & ,op]9us says 88 ideas 7 z cle> & consecutive z ^? ( ! mo/ sob] c\ld be40 ,accord+ to ?is same lett] ,p>acelsus _h be5 an ab/a9] until he 0 #be4 ,he c>$ no?+ = wom54 ,op]9us _h nev] kn[n him undress4 ,he w\ld lie d[n ) 8 sword by 8 side1 & 9 ! night w\ld sometimes spr+ up & sla% at ! walls & ceil+4 ,:5 8 clo!s got too dirty he w\ld take !m (f & give !m to ! fir/ pass]1 & buy new ones4 ,h[ he got 8 money ,op]9us did n "k4 ,at night he (t5 _h n an obolus2 9 ! morn+ he w\ld h a new purse fill$ ) gold4 ,x is n easy to =m a fair judgm5t ( ,p>acelsus f ?is sket*4 ,_m writ]s conclude t ,op]9us 0 spiteful because ,p>acelsus w\ld n tell him 8 secrets4 ,m likely ,op]9us left 8 ma/] because 8 religi\s s5tim5ts 7 %ock$ by him4 ,p>acelsus 0 evid5tly a born mock]1 & x may be t he took a malici\s delight 9 mak+ 8 disciple's fle% creep4 ,op]9us gives an in/ance ( ! levity ) :i* 8 ma/] treat$ s]i\s subjects4 ,he 0 s5t = "o day to see a poor p]son :o 0 v ill4 ,8 fir/ "q 0 :e!r ! pati5t _h tak5 any?+4 8,he has tak5 ! holy sacram5t10 0 ! reply4 8,oh1 v well10 said ,p>acelsus1 8if he has ano!r physician he has no ne$ ( me40 ,i ?9k ,op]9us wrote 9 good fai?1 b ! /ories ( ! doctor's drunk5ness mu/ h be5 exagg]at$4 ,x is inconceivable t he c\ld h be5 s con/antly drunk1 & yet always at "w4 ,op]9us1 x may be add$1 return$ to ,basel & set up z a pr9t]1 b fail$ & di$ 9 pov]ty4 ,rob]t ,br[n+'s dramatic poem ( 8,p>acelsus0 has be5 mu* prais$ by ! admir]s ( ! poet4 ,x 0 writt5 :5 ,br[n+ 0 #bc1 & repres5ts 9 dramatic =m ! ambiti\s aspirations ( a y\? ( g5ius :o believes he has if mission 9 life2 has intellectual confid5ce 9 8 own p[]s2 & ! assurance t x is ! ,deity :o calls him to ! "w4 ,9 "s "t1 ,8 good "t1 ,i %all arrive2 ,he guides me4 ,8 bitt] disappo9tm5t ) 8 pr(essor%ip at ,basel1 & 8 contempt = ^? :o br\ght ab\t 8 fall !re1 are depict$1 & ! effect :i* ! realisation t 8 aims _h prov$ impossible _h on 8 habits & "* is sugge/$2 & at la/1 on 8 dea?-b$ 9 a cell 9 ! ,hospital ( ,/4 ,seba/ian at ,salzburg1 he tells 8 fai?ful fri5d1 ,fe/us1 :o has all 8 life s\ght to re/ra9 ! ambitions :i* h possess$ him-- ,y "k ! ob/acles :i* taught me tricks ,s =eign to my nature1 envy1 hate1 ,bl9d opposition1 brutal prejudice1 ,bald ignorance--:at wond] if ,i sank ,to hum\r m5 ! way !y mo/ approv$4 8,a /udy ( intellectual egotism10 ?is poem has be5 call$4 ,p>acelsus 0 an egoti/1 )\t d\bt4 ,inde$1 egotism seems a ludicr\sly insignificant t]m to apply to 8 gorge\s self-appreciation4 ,b x is1 p]haps1 a little difficult to recognise ! wild untameable en]gy ( ?is a/oni%+ m$ical re=m] 9 ! prolix prea*] repres5t$ 9 ! poem4 ,butl]'s v]se 79 8,hudibras07 may be tak5 to repres5t ! popul> view held ab\t ,p>acelsus aft] ! fir/ en?usiasm ( 8 foll[]s _h cool$ d[n ,bomba/us kept a ,devil's bird1 ,%ut 9 ! pommel ( 8 sword1 ,t taught him all ! cunn+ pranks ,( pa/ & future m\ntebanks4 ,g]man /udies ( ,p>acelsus h be5 v num]\s dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s1 & ! g5]al t5d5cy has be5 greatly to enhance 8 fame4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,p>acelsus1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne desir$ to collect 8 works1 _m ( :i* 7 9 manuscript & scatt]$ all ov] ,g]many4 ,by ?is "t !re 7 _m treatises attribut$ to him :i* he nev] wrote4 ,x 0 a pay+ bus9ess to discov] a new docum5t by ! fam\s doctor4 ,x is believ$ t ! fraudul5t publications 7 f> m num]\s ?an ! g5u9e ones1 & x is q possible t inju/ice has be5 done to 8 memory by ! association ) 8 "n ( "s o!r peoples' absurdities4 ,,8 ,,my/icism4 ,! my/ic views ( ,p>acelsus1 or ^? attribut$ to him1 are curi\s r ?an useful4 ,he seem$ to h _h z mu* capacity = belief z he _h disbelief 9 o!r philosoph]s' speculations4 ,he believ$ 9 gnomes 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 und9es 9 ! seas1 sylphs 9 ! air1 & salam&]s 9 fire4 ,^! 7 ! ,elem5tals1 be+s compos$ ( s\l-sub/ance1 b n necess>ily influ5c+ our lives4 ,! ,elem5tals "k only ! my/]ies ( ! p>ticul> elem5t 9 :i* !y live4 ,!re is life 9 all matt]4 ,e m9]al1 vegetable1 & animal has its a/ral body4 ,t ( ! m9]als is call$ ,/ann> or ,trughat2 ( ! vegetable k+dom1 ,leffas2 :ile ! a/ral bodies ( animals are _! ,eve/ra4 ,! ,eve/rum may travel ab\t ap>t f its body2 x may live long aft] ! dea? ( ! body4 ,gho/s are1 9 fact1 ! ,eve/ra ( ! dep>t$4 ,if y commit suicide ! ,eve/rum does n recognise ! act2 x goes on z if ! body 7 go+ on also until its appo9t$ "t4 ,man is a microcosm2 ! univ]se is ! macrocosm4 ,n t !y are comp>able to ea* o!r2 !y are "o 9 reality1 divid$ only by =m4 ,if y are n spiritually enlight5$ y may n be able to p]ceive ?is4 ,ea* plant on e>? has its />4 ,!re is a /ella abs9?ii1 a /ella rorism>9i4 ,if we c\ld compile a complete 8h]b>ium spirituale sid]eum0 we %\ld be fully equipp$ to treat disease4 ,/> influ5ces also =m our s\l-ess5ces4 ,?is acc\nts = our v>y+ temp]am5ts & tal5ts4 ,! mat]ial "p ( man1 ! liv+ body1 is ! ,mumia4 ,?is is manag$ by ! ,ar*u1 :i* rules ov] ev]ybody2 x is ! vital pr9ciple4 ,x provides ! int]nal balsam :i* heals w\nds or diseases1 & controls ! action ( ! v>i\s organs4 ,8 !ories ( m]cury1 sulphur1 & salt1 z ! con/itu5ts ( all ?+s1 seem at fir/ likely to lead to some?+ conceivable if n cr$ible4 ,b be=e we grasp ! idea we are swit*$ (f into ! spiritual _w aga94 ,x is ! sid]eal m]cury1 sulphur1 & salt1 _s1 s\l1 & body1 to :i* he is allud+4 ,,8 ,,*emical ,,& ,,ph>maceutical ,,innovations4 ,^! fanta/ic notions p]meate all ! m$ical treatises ( ,p>acelsus4 ,b e n[ & !n !re are indications ( ke5 insight :i* g "s way t[>ds expla9+ 8 success z a physician2 = x _c be d\bt$ t he did effect _m rem>kable cures4 ,8 ,european fame 0 n won by m]e boa/+4 ,8 treatise1 ,de ,morbis ex ,t>t>e oriundus1 is admitt$ly full ( s\nd s5se4 ,"s ( 8 *emical obs]vations are />tl+ = _! anticipations ( lat] discov]ies4 ,if !re 7 no air1 he says1 all liv+ be+s w\ld die4 ,!re mu/ be air = wood to burn4 ,t91 calc9$1 increases 9 weight2 "s air is fix$ on ! metal4 ,:5 wat] & sulphuric acid attack a metal !re is eff]vesc5ce2 t is due to ! escape ( "s air f ! wat]4 ,he calls metals t h ru/$1 dead4 ,saffron ( ,m>s 7! p]oxide7 is dead iron4 ,v]digris is dead copp]4 ,r$ oxide ( m]cury is dead m]cury4 ,b1 he adds1 ^! dead metals c be revivifi$1 8r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate10 are 8 exact words 7& x is to be not$ t he 0 ! fir/ *emi/ to employ ! t]m 8r$uce0 9 ?is s5se71 by means ( coal4 ,else:]e he describes dige/ion z a solution ( food2 putrefaction z a transmutation4 ,he knew h[ to sep>ate gold f silv] by nitric acid4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ! writ] ( ,p>acelsus's works 0 a s+ul>ly obs]vant & intellig5t *emi/4 ,he _h 8a wolfi% hung] aft] k10 says ,br[n+4 8,h y he>d10 wrote ,gui ,pat9 to a fri5d a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! fam\s revolution>y1 8t #8,p>acelsus' is be+ pr9t$ at ,g5eva 9 f\r volumes 9 folio8 ,:at a %ame t s wick$ a book %\ld f9d presses & pr9t]s :i* _c be f\nd = bett] ?+s4 ,i w\ld r see ! ,koran pr9t$4 ,x w\ld n deceive s _m p4 ,*emi/ry is ! false money ( our pr(ession40 ,,8 ,,ph>macy4 ,! composition ( ,p>acelsus's laudanum1 ! "n ( :i* he no d\bt inv5t$1 has nev] be5 satisfactorily asc]ta9$4 ,p>acelsus himself made a great secret ( x1 & probably us$ ! t]m = sev]al m$ic9es4 ,x 0 g5]ally1 at lea/1 a prep>ation ( opium1 sometimes opium itself4 ,he is believ$ to h c>ri$ opium 9 ! pommel ( 8 sword1 & ?is he call$ ! 8/one ( immortality40 ,next to opium he believ$ 9 m]cury1 & 0 l>gely influ5tial 9 popul>is+ ?is metal & its prep>ations = ! treatm5t ( syphilis4 ,x 0 pr9cipally employ$ ext]nally be=e 8 "t4 ,he mock$ at 8! wood5 doctors ) _! guaiacum decoctions10 & at ! 8waggon grease ) :i* !y sme>$ _! pati5ts40 ,he us$ turpi? m9]al 7! yell[ sulphate71 & alembro? salt 7ammonio-*loride71 ?\gh he did n inv5t ^! names1 & x is possible t he did n mean by !m ! same sub/ances z ! al*emi/s did4 ,op]9us /ates t he always gave precipitat$ m]cury 7r$ precipitate1 app>5tly7 z a purgative4 ,he gave x 9 pills ) a little !riaca or *]ry juice4 ,?is he also appe>s to h designat$ laudanum4 ,x is c]ta9 t he gave o!r purgatives besides4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t if ,basil ,val5t9e is a my?ical "*1 ! reputation ( ,p>acelsus is greatly enhanc$4 ,n[h]e does ! latt] claim to h be5 ! fir/ to introduce antimony into m$ical practice1 b x is c]ta9 t x c\ld n h be5 us$ to any great ext5t be=e 8 "t4 ,if we suppose t ! works attribut$ to ,basil ,val5t9e 7 fictiti\s1 s f>1 t is1 z _! au?or%ip is conc]n$1 !y 7 compil$ ab\t fifty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,p>acelsus1 & at ! "t :5 8 fame 0 at its z5i?4 ,_m ( ! allusions to antimony conta9$ 9 ^? treatises might h be5 collect$ f ! traditions ( ! ma/]'s conv]sations & writ+s1 mu* f 8 imm$iate disciples1 & ! :ole skilfully bl5d$ by a lit]>y arti/4 ,p>acelsus praises highly 8 magi/]y ( antimony1 ! ess5ce1 ! arcanum1 ! virtue ( antimony4 ,( ?is1 he says1 y w f9d no acc\nt 9 y\r books ( m$ic9e4 ,?is is h[ to prep>e x4 ,take c>e at ! outset t no?+ corrupts ! antimony2 b keep x entire )\t any *ange ( =m4 ,= "u ?is =m ! arcanum lies conceal$4 ,no deadhead mu/ rema91 b x mu/ be r$uc$ by a ?ird cohobation into a ?ird nature4 ,!n ! arcanum is yield$4 ,dose1 #d gra9s tak5 ) qu9tess5ce ( melissa4 ,8 8,lilium10 or t9ctura metallorum1 giv5 z an alt]ative & = _m compla9ts1 0 =mulat$ 9 a v elaborate way by 8 disciples1 b simplifi$ x consi/$ ( antimony1 #d1 t9 #a1 copp] #a1 melt$ toge!r 9 a crucible1 ! alloy p[d]$1 & comb9$ 79 ! crucible7 ) nitre #f1 & cream ( t>t> #f1 add$ gradually4 ,! mixture :ile /ill hot 0 transf]r$ to a matrass conta9+ /rong alcohol #cb1 dige/$1 & filt]$4 ,besides m]cury & antimony1 ( :i* he made great use1 iron1 lead1 copp]1 & ars5ic 7 among ! m9]al m$ic9es prescrib$ by him4 ,he made an ars5iate ( pota% by heat+ ars5ic ) saltpetre4 ,he _h great fai? 9 vitriol1 & ! _s :i* he extract$ f x by di/illation4 ,?is 8_s0 he aga9 di/ill$ ) alcohol & !reby produc$ an e!real solution4 ,8 8specificum purgans0 0 aft]w>ds said to be sulphate ( pota%4 ,he recomm5d$ sublim$ sulphur 9 inflammatory maladies1 saffron ( ,m>s 9 dys5t]y1 & salts ( t9 aga9/ worms4 ,:e!r 8 =mulas 7 purposely obscure 9 s _m cases1 or :e!r my/]y is due to ! c>elessness or ignorance ( ! copyi/s _c be kn[n4 ,mu* ( 8 *emical & ph>maceutical advice is cle> en\gh4 ,honey he extols z a liquor r div9e ?an human1 inasmu* z x falls f heav5 ^u ! h]bs4 ,to get its qu9tess5ce y are to di/il f x 9 a capaci\s retort a liquid1 r$ l blood4 ,?is is di/ill$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 a ba9 m>i until y get a liquid ( ! col\r ( gold & ( su* pleasant od\r t ! l _c be f\nd 9 ! _w4 ,?is qu9tess5ce is itself good = _m ?+s1 b f x ! preci\s potable gold may be made4 ,! juice ( a lemon ) ?is qu9tess5ce w dissolve leaf gold 9 w>m a%es 9 =ty-eight h\rs4 ,) ?is ,p>acelsus says he has effect$ _m wond]ful cures :i* p ?\ght he accompli%$ by en*antm5t4 ,else:]e he speaks ( an arcanum drawn f vitriol :i* is s excell5t t he pref]s x to t drawn f gold4 ,he ref]s ) great respect to al*emy & ! true al*emi/s1 b ) consid]able %rewdness 9 reg>d to _! pr(essions ( transmut+ o!r metals into gold4 ,he consid]$ x rem>kable t a man %\ld be able to conv]t "o sub/ance into ano!r 9 a few %ort days or weeks1 :ile ,nature requires ye>s to br+ ab\t a simil> result2 b he w n d5y ! possibility4 ,:at he insi/s on1 h[ev]1 is t f metals & fire mo/ valuable rem$ies c be obta9$2 & ! apo!c>y :o does n und]/& ! "r way ( produc+ ^! is b a s]vant 9 ! kit*51 & n a ma/] cook4 ,hellebore 0 an important m$ic9e ) ,p>acelsus4 ,! :ite1 he said1 0 suitable = p]sons "u #ej1 ! black = p]sons ov] #ej4 ,physicians ought to und]/& t ,nature provides diff]5t m$ic9es = old & = "y p]sons1 = m5 & = wom54 ,! anci5t physicians1 al?\gh !y did n "k h[ to get ! ess5ce ( ! hellebore1 _h discov]$ its value = old p]sons4 ,!y f\nd t p :o took x aft] #ej became y\ng] & m vigor\s4 ,_! me?od 0 to ga!r ! hellebore :5 ! moon 0 9 "o ( ! signs ( cons]vation1 to dry x 9 an ea/ w9d1 to p[d] x & mix ) x its own weight ( sug>4 ,! dose ( ?is p[d] 0 z mu* z c\ld be tak5 up ) ?ree f+]s night & morn+4 ,! vaunt$ ess5ce 0 simply a spiritu\s t9cture4 ,x 0 m effective if mi/letoe1 pellitory & peony se$s 7 comb9$ ) x4 ,x 0 a great rem$y = epilepsy1 g\t1 palsy & dropsy4 ,9 ! fir/ x n m]ely purges out ! hum\rs1 b drives away ! epileptic body itself4 ,! root mu/ be ga!r$ 9 ! wan+ ( ! moon1 :5 x is 9 ! sign ,libra1 & on a ,friday4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>acelsus 7,a74 ,p>acelsus made balsam f h]bs by dige/+ !m 9 _! own moi/ure until !y putrefi$1 & !n di/ill+ ! putrefi$ mat]ial4 ,he obta9$ a numb] ( ess5tial oils & us$ !m freely z qu9tess5ces4 ,he def9es qu9tess5ces ?us3--,e sub/ance is a comp\nd ( v>i\s elem5ts1 among :i* !re is "o :i* dom9ates ! o!rs1 & impresses its own "* on ! comp\nd4 ,?is dom9at+ elem5t1 dis5gag$1 is ! qu9tess5ce4 ,?is t]m he obta9$ f ,ari/otle4 ,8 oil ( eggs 0 obta9$ by boil+ ! eggs v h>d1 !n p[d]+ !m1 & di/ill+ until an oil rose to ! surface4 ,?is he recomm5d$ aga9/ scalds & burns4 ,oil ( anise$ he prescrib$ 9 colds to be put 9 ! no/rils & appli$ to ! temples on go+ to b$4 ,oil ( t>t> rectifi$ 9 a s&-ba? until x acquires a gold5 col\r w cure ulc]s & /one4 ,coral w\ld quick5 fancy1 b drive away va9 visions1 spectres1 & melan*oly4 ,oil ( a man's excrem5ts1 twice di/ill$1 is good to apply 9 fi/ulas1 & also 9 baldness4 ,oil ( a man's skull :i* _h nev] be5 buri$ got by di/illation 0 giv5 9 #c gra9 doses = epilepsy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>acelsus 7,b74 ,he _h abundant fai? 9 animal rem$ies4 ,8 8,confectio ,anti-,epileptica10 =mulat$ by 8 int]pret]1 ,oswald ,crollius1 is z foll[s3--,fir/ get ?ree human skulls f m5 :o h di$ a viol5t dea? & h n be5 buri$4 ,dry 9 ! air & co>sely cru%4 ,!n place 9 a retort & apply a gradually increas+ heat4 ,! liquor t pass$ ov] 0 to be di/ill$ ?ree times ov] ! same fces4 ,eight ounces ( ?is liquor 7 to be sl[ly di/ill$ ) #c dra*ms ea* ( species ( diamusk1 ca/orum1 & anac>d9e honey4 ,to ! di/ill$ liquor #d scruples ( liquor ( pe>ls & "o scruple ( oil ( vitriol 7 to be add$4 ,( ! result+ m$ic9e "o teaspoonful 0 to be tak5 9 ! morn+1 fa/+1 by epileptic subjects1 = n9e days consecutively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>acelsus 7,c74 ,an ,arcanum ,corall9um ( ,p>acelsus :i* 0 includ$ 9 "s ( ! e>li] ,london ,ph>macopias1 0 simply r$ precipitate prep>$ 9 a special mann]4 ,! ,committee ( ! ,college ( ,physicians :i* sat 9 #agde to revise t "w reject$ ?is product ) ! rem>k t an arcanum 0 n a secret kn[n only to "s adept1 b 0 simply a m$ic9e :i* produces its effect by "s hidd5 prop]ty4 7,?is might be said ( _m m$ic9es n[ z well z !n47 ,!y recognis$1 h[ev]1 t 8,p>acelsus1 ^: sup]cili\s ignorance m]its our scorn & indignation10 did use ! t]m 9 ! s5se ( a secret rem$y4 ,! ,ph>macy ( ,p>acelsus is s frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 o!r sections ( ?is book t x is n necess>y to deal ) x "h at great] l5g?4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! =mulas he devis$1 "s ( ! names he co9$1 & "s ( ! !ories he advanc$ h ent]$ into our daily practice2 & ev5 ! dogmas n[ obsolete :i* are sometimes quot$ to %[ h[ sup]ior is our k to 81 s]v$ to quick5 ?\ght & speculation4 ,,portraits ,,( ,,p>acelsus4 ,! portraits ( ,p>acelsus to be f\nd 9 old books1 z well z "s celebrat$ pa9t+s1 are curi\sly v>i\s z lik5esses4 ,! olde/ & by f> ! mo/ frequ5t repres5tation ( him on title pages ( 8 works is m or less simil> to ! portrait m>k$ ,a1 p4 #bdg4 ,?is p>ticul> draw+ 0 copi$ f "o 9 ! pr9t room ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,portrait ,b is copi$ f a pa9t+ attribut$ to ,rub5s :i* 0 = a long "t 9 ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh's collection at ,bl5heim4 ,x 0 sold publicly 9 #ahhf 9 ,london = #abe & is n[ 9 ! 8,collection ,kums0 at ,antw]p4 ,!re is a simil> pa9t+1 believ$ to be a copy ( ?is "o1 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d4 ,9 ! ye> #ahge1 at an exhibition ( hi/orical pa9t+s held at ,nancy 7,france71 a pa9t+ 8attribut$ to ,alb]t ,dr]10 & be>+ 8 "n 9 a c>t\*e1 0 exhibit$ & describ$ z 8,portrait presum de ,p>acelse40 ,x 0 n a copy b 0 unmi/akably ! same p]son z ! "o %[n 9 ! pa9t+ ( ,rub5s4 ,x came f a private collection & 0 sold to a local deal] = #b1jjj francs1 & aft]w>ds dispos$ ( to an unkn[n /rang] = #c1jjj francs4 ,x has n be5 trac$ s9ce4 ,dr] di$ 9 #aebh 7?irte5 ye>s be=e ! date ( ! dea? ( ,p>acelsus74 ,!re is no m5tion ( ?is lik5ess 9 any ( 8 lett]s4 ,x may h be5 ! "w ( "o ( 8 pupils4 ,! ?ird portrait 7,c7 :i* is unlike ei!r ( ! o!rs pr(esses to h be5 pa9t$ f life 78,t9toretto ad vivum p9xit07 by ,jacope ,robu/i1 m commonly kn[n z ,t9toretto4 ,! orig9al has n be5 f\nd1 & ! e>lie/ pr9t f x 0 a copp]-plate engrav+ 9 a collection issu$ by ,bitiskius ( ,g5eva 9 #afeh4 ,! picture "h giv5 is a r$uc$ copy ( t engrav+ f a phototype made by ,messrs4 ,ang]] & ,gs*l1 ( ,vi5na1 & publi%$ 9 a valuable "w by ! late ,dr4 ,c>l ,ab]le 9 #ahij entitl$ 8,grabd5kmal1 ,s*adel1 und ,abbildung5 des ,!ophra/us ,p>acelsus40 ,! publi%] ( t book1 ,mr4 ,he9ri* ,diet]1 has k9dly p]mitt$ me to use ?is picture4 ,t9toretto sc>cely left ,v5ice all 8 life1 & x has be5 suppos$ t he may h become acqua9t$ ) ,p>acelsus :5 ! latt] 01 z he said he 01 an army surgeon 9 ! ,v5etian army 9 ! ye>s #aeba-aebe4 ,dr4 ,ab]le po9ts out t if ,t9toretto 0 born 9 #aeah1 z is g5]ally suppos$1 ! pa9t+ f life 0 impossible2 ev5 if he 0 born 9 #aeab1 z has also be5 ass]t$1 x 0 unlikely4 ,moreov]1 ! g5tle-look+ p]son repres5t$1 ^: amiable 8b$side mann]0 is obvi\sly depict$ 9 ! portrait1 c\ld n possibly h be5 ! untamable ,p>acelsus if any reliance c be plac$ on ! art ( physiognomy4 ,,ni*olas ,,culpepp]4 ,?is well-kn[n writ]1 ^: 8,h]bal0 has be5 famili> to _m pa/ g5]ations z a family m$ic9e book1 des]ves a place among our ,ma/]s 9 ,ph>macy = ! fre$om1 & occasional acut5ess ) :i* he criticis$ ! fir/ & second editions ( ! ,london ,ph>macopia4 ,"o specim5 ( 8 s>ca/ic /yle mu/ suffice4 ,! (ficial =mula = ,mel ,helleboratum 0 to infuse #c lbs4 ( :ite hellebore 9 #ad lbs4 ( wat] = ?ree days2 !n boil x to half its bulk2 /ra92 add #c lbs4 ( honey & boil to ! consi/5ce ( honey4 ,?is is ,culpepp]'s comm5t 79 8 8,physicians' ,libr>y073-- 8,:at a mon/rum horr5dum1 horrible1 t]rible recipe h we got "h3--,a p\nd ( :ite hellebore boil$ 9 #ad lbs4 ( wat] to sev54 ,i w\ld ask ! ,college :e!r ! hellebore w n lose its virtue 9 ! tw5tie? "p ( ?is infusion & decoction 7= x mu/ be infus$1 =soo?1 ?ree days to a m9ute7 if a man may make s bold z to tell !m ! tru?4 ,a ,taylor's ,goose be+ boil$ t "t w\ld make a decoction ne> z /rong z ! hellebore1 b ?is !y w n believe4 ,well1 !n1 be x s4 ,imag9e ! hellebore /ill rema9+ 9 its vig\r aft] be+ s long tir$ out ) a t$i\s boil+ 7= less boil+ w\ld boil an ox71 :at %\ld ! m$ic9e d8 ,purge melan*oly1 say !y4 ,b f :om8 ,f m5 or bea/s8 ,! devil w\ld n take x unless x 7 p\r$ d[n 8 ?roat ) a horn4 ,i w n say !y int5d$ to kill m51 cum privilegio2 t's too gross4 ,i *>itably judge !m4 ,ei!r ! virtue ( ! hellebore w fly away 9 su* a m>tyrdom1 or else x w rema9 9 ! decoction4 ,if x evaporate away1 !n is ! m$ic9e good = no?+2 if x rema9 9 x is en\gh to spoil ! /ronge/ man liv+4 7#a47 ,because x is too /rong4 7#b47 ,because x is n correct$ 9 ! lea/4 ,& because !y h n correct$ t1 ,i take leave to correct !m40 ,illu/ration3 ,,culpepp]4 7,f an old book ( 847 ,?is passage is n select$ z a fav\rable specim5 ( ,culpepp]'s ph>maceutical skill1 b z a sample ( ! mann] 9 :i* he (t5 rates 8! ,college40 ,8 own op9ions are op5 to q z sev]e criticism4 ,a l>ge "p ( 8 lore is a/rological2 & he is v confid5t ab\t ! doctr9e ( signatures4 ,b he knew h]bs well1 & 8 g5]al advice is s\nd4 ,p]haps _m ( ^? :o h /udi$ 8 works h =m$ ! idea t he 0 a b5t old man ) a long grey be>d1 :o busi$ himself ) ! collection ( simples4 ,he 01 9 fact1 a soldi]1 & di$ at ! e>ly age ( #ch4 ,8 portraits & ! descriptions ( him by 8 a/rological fri5ds repres5t him z a sm>t1 brisk "y ,london]1 flu5t 9 spee* & animat$ 9 ge/ure1 gay 9 company1 b ) frequ5t fits ( melan*oly1 an extraord9>ily good conceit ( himself1 & pl5ty ( reason = x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,culpepp]',s ,,h\se4 7,f an old book ( 847 ,culpepp] liv$ 9 ! /irr+ times ( ! ,civil ,w>1 & f\ght on "o side or ! o!r1 x is n c]ta9 :i*4 ,mo/ likely1 judg+ f ! frequ5t pi\s expressions 9 8 works1 he 0 a ,p>liam5t>ian4 ,he 0 sev]ely w\nd$ 9 ! *e/ 9 "o ( ! battles1 b x is n kn[n 9 :i*4 ,x is probable t x 0 ?is w\nd :i* caus$ ! lung disease f :i* he di$4 ,su* in=mation z we h ( ,culpepp]'s c>e] is ga!r$ f 8 own works1 & f "s brutal attacks on him 9 c]ta9 public pr9ts4 ,he describes himself on ! title-pages ( "s ( 8 big books z 8,m4,d410 b !re is no evid5ce t he ev] graduat$4 ,he liv$1 at lea/ dur+ 8 m>ri$ life1 at ,r$ ,lion ,/reet1 ,spitalfields1 & !re he c>ri$ on 8 m$ical practice4 ,probably x 0 a l>ge "o1 = he evid5tly und]/ood ! art ( adv]tis+ himself4 ,he claims to h be5 ! only doctor 9 ,london at ! "t :o gave advice gratis to ! poor1 & 8 frequ5t comm5ts on ! co/ ( ! ph>macopia prep>ations sugge/ t ! majority ( 8 pati5ts 7 n ( ! fa%ionable class4 ,ni*olas ,culpepp] 0 appr5tic$ to an apo!c>y 9 ,great ,/4 ,hel5's1 ,bi%opsgate1 & at ! same "t a c]ta9 ,m>*mont ,n$ham 0 a solicitor's cl]k 9 ,jewry ,/reet4 ,n$ham became ! mo/ notori\s j\rnali/ 9 ,engl&1 & f\nd$ & edit$ 9 turn ! ,m]curius ,britannicus1 an anti-royali/ pap]1 ! ,m]curius ,pragmaticus1 viol5tly anti-,commonweal?1 & ! ,m]curius ,politicus1 subsidis$ by ,cromwell's gov]nm5t1 & sup]vis$ by ,mr4 ,john ,milton4 ,?is publication1 amalgamat$ ) ! ,public ,intellig5c]1 its pr9cipal rival1 has desc5d$ to u z ! ,london ,gazette4 ,probably ,n$ham & ,culpepp] 7 fri5ds 9 _! e>ly days1 & !y may h be5 comrades 9 arms :5 ! w> broke out4 ,b evid5tly !y became fi]ce enemies lat]4 ,9 ,m]curius ,pragmaticus ,n$ham1 pret5d+ to review ,culpepp]'s translation ( ! (ficial ,disp5satory1 takes ! opportunity ( p\r+ on him a tirade ( scurril\s abuse4 ,! translation1 he says1 8is fil?ily done10 :i* 0 c]ta9ly n true4 ,?is is ! only piece ( criticism 9 ! article4 ,! re/ deals ) ! au?or p]sonally4 ,n$ham in=ms 8 read]s t ,culpepp] 0 ! son ( a ,surrey p>son1 8"o ( ^? :o deceive m5 9 matt]s belong+ to _! mo/ preci\s s\ls40 ,t meant t he 0 a ,noncon=mi/4 ,ni*olas himself1 accord+ to ,n$ham1 _h be5 an ,indep5d5t1 a ,br[ni/1 an ,anabapti/1 a ,seek]1 & a ,manife/ationi/1 b _h ultimately become an ,a!i/4 ,dur+ 8 appr5tice%ip 8he ran away f 8 ma/] ^u 8 lewd debau*]y02 aft]w>ds he became a compositor1 !n a 8figure-fl+]10 & liv$ ab\t ,moorfields on coz5age4 ,aft] mak+ vile ins9uations ab\t 8 wife1 ,n$ham /ates t by two ye>s' drunk5 lab\r ,culpepp] _h 8gallimawfr$ ! ,apo!c>ies' ,book into nons5se02 t he wore an old black coat l9$ ) plu% :i* 8 /ation] 7publi%]7 _h got = him 9 ,long ,lane to hide 8 knav]y1 hav+ be5 till !n a mo/ despicable ragg$ fell[2 8looks z if he _h be5 /u$ 9 a tanpit2 a fr[zy head$ coxcomb40 ,he 0 aim+ to 8monopolise to himself all ! knav]y & coz5age t ev] an apo!c>y's %op 0 capable (40 ,culpepp]'s works answ] ?is spiteful c>icature1 = at any rate he mu/ h be5 a man ( consid]able atta9m5ts1 & ( imm5se indu/ry4 ,t 8 writ+s acquir$ no little popul>ity is be/ prov$ by ! fact t aft] 8 dea? x 0 good bus9ess to =ge o!rs some:at resembl+ !m & pass !m (f z 84 ,,turquet ,,de ,,may]ne4 ,sir ,!odore ,turquet de ,may]ne1 ,b>on ,aulbone ( ,france1 0 born at ,g5eva 9 #aegc1 ( a ,calv9i/ic family & /udi$ = ! m$ical pr(ession fir/ at ,heidelb]g & aft]w>ds at ,montpelli]4 ,mov+ to ,p>is he acquir$ popul>ity z a lectur] on anatomy to surgeons1 & on ph>macy to apo!c>ies4 ,8 incl9ation t[>ds *emical rem$ies br\ght him to ! notice ( ,rivi]us1 ! fir/ physician to ,h5ri ,,iv1 & he 0 appo9t$ "o ( ! k+'s physicians4 ,b 8 m$ical het]odoxy (f5d$ ! faculty1 & 8 ,prote/antism rais$ enemies = him at c\rt4 ,! k+1 :o valu$ ,turquet1 did 8 be/ to p]suade him to con=m to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome z he himself _h done1 & to mod]ate ! ranc\r ( 8 pr(essional foes4 ,b he 0 unsuccessful 9 bo? ef=ts4 ,/ill ,h5ri tri$ to keep him1 ignor+ 8 h]esies1 & p]haps r sympa?is+ ) !m4 ,b ! que51 ,m>ie de ,m$ici1 insi/$ on ,turquet's dismissal1 & ! ,faculty ( ,p>is 0 no :it beh9d ! que5 9 intol]ance4 ,c\pl+ him ) a quack nam$ ,pi]re ,p5a1 a =eign] !n practis+ m$ic9e illicitly at ,p>is1 !y issu$ a decree =bidd+ all physicians :o ackn[l$g$ _! control to consult ) ,de ,turqu]1 & exhort+ practition]s ( all nations to avoid him & all simil> pe/s1 & to p]sev]e 9 ! doctr9es ( ,hippocrates & ,gal54 ,turquet de ,may]ne came to ,engl& evid5tly ) a high reputation1 = he 0 soon appo9t$ fir/ physician to ! k+ 7,james ,i7 & que51 & held ! same position "u ,*>les ,i & ,*>les ,,ii4 ,he seems to h kept 9 retirem5t dur+ ! ,commonweal?1 ?\gh 9 #afbh x appe>s f 8 manuscript records 78,ephem]ides ,anglic10 he call$ !m7 t he 0 consult$ by a 8,mons4 ,cromwell0 :om he describes z 8,valde melan*olicus40 ,he di$ at ,*elsea 9 #afee at ! age ( #hb4 ,x 0 9 ,engl& t he us$ ! "n ( ,may]ne4 ,de ,may]ne ex]cis$ a consid]able influ5ce on ,engli% ph>macy4 ,! ,society ( ,apo!c>ies ow$ to him _! sep>ate incorporation1 & ! fir/ ,london ,ph>macopia 0 compil$ & au?oris$ probably to "s ext5t at 8 in/igation4 ,he c]ta9ly wrote ! preface to x4 ,p>is quotes him z prescrib+ among absurd & disgu/+ rem$ies 8! secund9es ( a woman 9 h] fir/ lab\r ( a male *ild1 ! b[els ( a mole cut op5 alive1 & ! mummy made ( ! lungs ( a man :o _h di$ a viol5t dea?40 ,b su* rem$ies 7 common to all practition]s 9 ,engl& & ,france at ! "t4 ,! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 a g\t p[d] :i* he compos$ 0 ! rasp+s ( an unburi$ human skull4 ,he devis$ an o9tm5t = hypo*ondria :i* 0 call$ ! ,balsam ( ,bats4 ,x conta9$ add]s1 bats1 suck+ :elps1 e>?worms1 hog's grease1 m>r[ ( a /ag1 & ! ?igh bone ( an ox4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,may]ne is cr$it$ ) ! introduction ( calomel & black wa% into m$ical practice4 ,,van ,,helmont4 ,jean ,bapti/e ,van ,helmont1 born at ,brussels 9 #aegg1 & di$ at ,vilvorde ne> t city 9 #afdd1 0 an erratic g5ius ^: writ+s & exp]im5ts sometimes a/oni% u by _! lucidity & insight1 & aga9 baffle u by _! my/icism & pu]ility4 ,van ,helmont 0 ( ari/ocratic ,flemi% desc5t1 & possess$ "s weal?4 ,he 0 a voraci\s /ud5t & a brilliant lectur]4 ,at ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va91 h[ev]1 :]e he sp5t sev]al ye>s1 he refus$ to take any degree because he believ$ t su* academic di/9ctions only m9i/]$ to pride4 ,he resolv$ at ! same "t to devote 8 life to ! s]vice ( ! poor1 & ) ?is 9 view he made ov] 8 prop]ty to 8 si/]1 & set himself to /udy m$ic9e4 ,8 gift ( exposition 0 s great t ! au?orities ( ! ,univ]sity insi/$ on 8 acceptance ( ! *air ( ,surg]y1 ?\gh t 0 ! bran* ( m$ical practice he knew lea/ ab\t1 & ?\gh x 0 contr>y to ! /atutes ( ! faculty to appo9t a p]son z ,pr(essor n =mally qualifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,b4 ,,van ,,helmont4 #aegg-afdd4 7,f an engrav+ 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 ,p>is47 ,= a "t ?+s w5t well1 b ,van ,helmont got tir$ ( m$ical tea*+ be=e ! ,univ]sity became tir$ ( him4 ,! p>ticul> occasion :i* disgu/$ him ) m$ical sci5ce 0 t he contract$ ! it*1 & ?\gh he consult$ _m em95t physicians c\ld n get cur$ ( x4 ,he came to ! conclusion t ! pret5d$ art ( heal+ 0 a fraud1 & he consequ5tly resolv$ to %ake ! du/ ( x f 8 feet1 aft] he _h recov]$ f ! weak5+ effects ( ! purgatives :i* _h be5 prescrib$ = 8 compla9t4 ,!n he set =? on 8 travels1 & 9 ! c\rse ( !m he met ) a quack :o cur$ him ( 8 it* by means ( sulphur & m]cury4 ,aft] ?is he became a viol5t anti-,gal5i/4 ,he /udi$ ! works ( ,p>acelsus1 & aft] "s ye>s came back to 8 native c\ntry full ( ideas & phantasies4 ,by m>ry+ a weal?y woman ,van ,helmont became indep5d5t1 & 8 sci5tific c>e] n[ comm5c$4 ,he erect$ & fitt$ a laboratory at ,vilvorde1 & devot$ 8 "t & skill to ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 m$ic9e1 & philosophy4 ,he describ$ himself z 8,m$icus p] ,ignem10 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ e>ne/ believ]s 9 ! possibility ( discov]+ ! philosoph]'s /one1 & ! elixir ( life4 ,inde$ he claim$ t he _h actually transmut$ m]cury into gold1 & by 8 m$ical comp\nds x is alleg$ t he p]=m$ su* miracul\s cures t ! ,jesuits actually br\ght him be=e ! ,inquisition4 ,! advance 9 *emi/ry = :i* he is mo/ fam\s 0 ! discov]y ( c>bonic acid gas1 & ! fir/ /eps 9 ! recognition ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( gases4 ,previ\s to 8 discov]y *emi/s _h no cle> p]ception ( a di/9ction betwe5 ! v>i\s gases2 !y reckon$ !m all z air4 ,geb] & o!r pr$ecessors ( ,van ,helmont _h obs]v$ t c]ta9 vap\rs 7 incorporat$ 9 mat]ial bodies1 & !y reg>d$ ^! z ! spirits1 or s\ls1 ( ^? bodies4 ,van ,helmont 0 ! fir/ actually to sep>ate & exam9e "o ( ^! vap\rs4 ,he track$ ?is gas ?r\gh _m ( ! comp\nds 9 :i* x is comb9$ or =m$3 he got x f lime/one1 f pota%es1 f burn+ coal1 f c]ta9 natural m9]al wat]s1 & f ! f]m5tation ( bread1 w9e1 & be]4 ,he f\nd t x c\ld be compress$ 9 w9es & ?us yield ! sp>kl+ bev]ages we "k s well4 ,he also obs]v$ t x ext+ui%$ flame1 & asphyxiat$ animals4 ,he alludes to o!r k9ds ( vap\r1 b does n precisely def9e !m4 ,! c>bon dioxide he nam$ 8gas sylve/re40 ,?is 0 ! fir/ use ( ! t]m gas4 8,hunc spiritum1 hact5us ignotum1 novo nom9e gas voco40 7,i call ?is _s1 h]et(ore unkn[n1 by ! new "n gas47 ,:at sugge/$ ?is "n to him is n c]ta94 ,"s h suppos$ t x 0 a modification ( ! ,flemi%1 gee/1 _s2 by o!rs x is trac$ to ! v]b gas*51 to boil1 or f]m5t2 & by _m its d]ivation f *aos is assum$4 ,8 physiology 0 a modification ( t ( ,p>acelsus4 ,an ,ar*eus )9 rul$ ! organism ) ! assi/ance ( sub-ar*ei = diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,f]m5ts /irr$ ^! ar*ei into activity4 ,9 ?is way ! processes ( dige/ion 7 acc\nt$ =4 ,! vital _s1 a k9d ( gas1 causes ! pulsation ( ! art]ies4 ,! ,s\l ( ,man he assign$ to ! /oma*4 ,! exact locality ( ?is important adjunct 0 a subject ( ke5 discussion among ! philosoph]s ( t age4 ,van ,helmont's conclusive argum5t = ! /oma* z its habitation 0 ! und\bt$ fact t tr\ble or bad news _h ! effect ( de/roy+ ! appetite4 ,,glaub] ,john ,rudolph ,glaub]1 :o 0 born at ,c>l/adt1 9 ,g]many1 9 #afjc1 contribut$ l>gely to ph>maceutical k1 & des]ves to be rememb]$ by 8 _m inve/igations1 & p]haps ev5 m = ! cle> common s5se :i* he br\ght to be> on 8 *emical "w4 ,= ?\gh he reta9$ a confid5t belief 9 ! dreams ( al*emy1 he does n appe> to h let t belief int]f]e ) 8 practical lab\r2 & "s ( 8 processes 7 s well devis$ t !y h h>dly be5 alt]$ f 8 day to ours4 ,n mu* is kn[n ( 8 hi/ory except :at he himself wrote or :at 0 relat$ ( him by 8 contempor>ies4 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt he took to *emi/ry :5 z a "y man he got cur$ ( a tr\blesome /oma* compla9t by dr9k+ "s m9]al wat]s4 ,eag] to discov] :at 0 ! ess5tial *emical 9 ^? wat]s to :i* he ow$ 8 heal? he set to "w on 8 exp]im5ts4 ,! result 0 ! discov]y ( sulphate ( soda1 :i* he call$ 8,sal mirabile10 b :i* all subsequ5t g5]ations h kn[n z ,glaub]'s ,salts4 ,?is1 x happ5s1 0 ! "o ( 8 discov]ies ( :i* he 0 n p>ticul>ly va91 = he suppos$ t he _h only obta9$ f ano!r s\rce ,p>acelsus's sal enixon1 :i* 0 9 fact sulphate ( pota%4 ,8 own acc\nt ( ?is discov]y is necess>ily ( ph>maceutical int]e/4 ,he gives x 9 8 "w ,de ,natura ,salium1 z foll[s3-- ,9 ! c\rse ( my y\?ful travels ,i 0 attack$ at ,vi5na ) a viol5t fev] kn[n !re z ! ,hung>ian disease1 to :i* /rang]s are especially liable4 ,my enfeebl$ /oma* reject$ all food4 ,on ! advice ( sev]al fri5ds ,i dragg$ myself to a c]ta9 spr+ situat$ ab\t a league f ,new/adt4 ,i _h br\ght ) me a loaf ( bread1 b ) no hope ( be+ able to eat x4 ,arriv$ at ! spr+ ,i took ! loaf f my pocket & made a hole 9 x s t ,i c\ld use x z a cup4 ,z ,i drank ! wat] my appetite return$1 & ,i end$ by eat+ ! improvis$ cup 9 its turn4 ,i made sev]al visits to ! spr+ & 0 soon miracul\sly cur$ ( my illness4 ,i ask$ :at 0 ! nature ( ! wat] & 0 told x 0 8salpet]-wass]40 ,glaub] 0 tw5ty-"o at t "t1 & knew no?+ ( *emi/ry4 ,lat] he analys$ ! wat] & got f x1 aft] evaporation1 long cry/als1 :i*1 he says1 a sup]ficial obs]v] might confuse ) saltpetre2 b he soon satisfi$ himself t x 0 some?+ q diff]5t4 ,subsequ5tly he obta9$ an id5tical salt f ! residue 9 8 retort aft] di/ill+ m>9e salt & vitriol to obta9 _s ( salt4 ,z already /at$1 he believ$ he _h produc$ ! 8sal enixon0 ( ,p>acelsus4 ,b 9 memory ( ! b5efit he _h himself exp]i5c$ f its use he gave x ! title ( 8sal mirabile40 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies ! sign ( 8,glaub]'s ,head0 appe>s to h be5 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry by "s *emical manufactur]s4 ,! picture annex$ is f "o ( ^! signs :i* 0 us$ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago by ,sl+] & ,son1 ( ,york1 & is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,messrs4 ,raimes & ,co41 ( t city1 :o h k9dly giv5 me a photograph ( x4 ,x is a wood5 bu/ :i* 0 once gild$1 & presumably pres5ts ! traditional lik5ess ( ! fam\s ,g]man *emi/4 ,?is di/illation ( sulphuric acid ) sea-salt1 :i* yield$ _s ( salt1 or z x is n[ call$ hydro*loric acid1 0 probably ,glaub]'s pr9cipal contribution to ! developm5t ( *emi/ry4 ,he obs]v$ ! gas giv5 (f f ! salt1 & x is a wond] t ) 8 acut5ess he did n isolate & describe ! elem5t *lor9e4 ,he call$ x ! _s ( rectifi$ salt1 & describ$ x z a _s ( ! col\r ( fire1 :i* pass$ into ! receiv]1 & :i* w\ld dissolve metals & mo/ m9]als4 ,he not$ t if dige/$ ) dephlegmat$ 7conc5trat$7 _s ( w9e 8 _s ( salt =m$ a lay] ( oily sub/ance1 :i* 0 ! oil ( w9e1 8an excell5t cordial & v agreeable40 ,he di/ill$ ammonia f bones1 & %[$ h[ to make sal ammoniac by ! addition ( sea salt4 ,8 sulphate ( ammonia1 n[ s l>gely us$ z a f]tilis] & 9 ! production ( o!r ammonia salts1 0 kn[n = a long "t z 8,sal ammoniacum secretum ,glaub]i40 ,he made sulphate ( copp]1 & 8 inve/igation ( ! acetum lignorum1 n[ call$ pyroligne\s acid1 ?\gh he did n claim to h discov]$ ?is sub/ance1 0 ( ! greate/ value4 ,he produc$ artificial gems1 made *lorides ( ars5ic & z9c1 & add$ consid]ably to ! *emi/ry ( w9e & _s-mak+4 ,glaub] work$ at _m subjects = manufactur]s1 & sold 8 secrets 9 _m cases4 ,8 enemies ass]t$ t he sold ! same secret sev]al times1 & t he n unfrequ5tly sold secrets :i* w\ld n "w4 ,x is impossible n[ to te/ ! tru? ( ^! accusations4 ,probably "s ( ! allegations made aga9/ him 7 due to ! fact t ^? :o b\ght 8 processes 7 n z skilful z he 04 ,"o secret :i* he claim$ to h discov]$ he w\ld nei!r sell nor publi%4 ,x 0 t ( ! ,alkahe/1 or univ]sal solv5t4 ,to make ?is kn[n might1 he fe>$1 8enc\rage ! luxury1 pride1 & godlessness ( poor humanity40 ,oliv] ,cromwell wrote 9 an old volume ( ,glaub]'s ,al*emy3 8,?is ,glaub] is an errant knave4 ,i doe be?9ke me he speake? ( wond]s :i* _c be accompli%$2 b x is lawful = man too ! endeav\r40 ,glaub] compla9$ t he 0 n appreciat$1 :i* 0 probably true4 8,i grieve ov] ! ignorance ( my contempor>ies10 he wrote1 8& ! +ratitude ( m54 ,m5 are always envi\s1 wick$1 ungrateful4 ,= myself1 fai?ful to ! maxim1 ,ora et ,labora1 ,i fulfil my c>e]1 d :at ,i c1 & await my rew>d40 ,else:]e he writes1 8,if ,i h n done all ! good 9 ! _w t ,i %\ld h desir$1 x has be5 ! p]v]sity ( m5 t has h9d]$ me40 ,8 employees1 he says1 7 unfai?ful4 ,hav+ le>n$ 8 processes1 !y became inflat$ ) pride1 & left him4 ,app>5tly !re 0 a good bus9ess to be done 9 *emical secrets at t "t4 ,b ,glaub] did n give away all he knew1 & he f\nd x be/ to d all 8 important "w himself4 8,i h le>nt by exp5sive exp]i5ce10 he wrote1 8! tru? ( ! prov]b1 #8,w] se9e ,sa*5 w ge?an hab5 re*t1 ,muss selb/5 seyn ,h]r und ,kne*t4'0 ,al?\gh all ,glaub]'s books appe>$ ) ,lat9 titles !y 7 writt5 9 ,g]man4 ,,g\l>d4 ,?omas ,g\l>d 0 a surgeon ( ,montpelli] ) r m ?an a local reputation4 ,he 0 c\nsellor to ! k+1 p]petual mayor ( ! t[n ( ,alet1 lectur] & demon/rator royal 9 surg]y1 demon/rator royal ( anatomy 9 ! ,college ( ,physicians1 fell[ ( ! ,royal ,academies ( ,sci5ces 9 ,montpelli]1 ,t\l\se1 ,lyons1 & ,nancy1 p5sion] ( ! k+ & ( ! prov9ce ( ,langu$oc = li?otomy1 & surgeon to ! ,milit>y ,hospital ( ,montpelli]4 ,8 treatise on 8,! ,extract ( ,saturn0 0 publi%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 8 "n & ! prep>ations he devis$ 7 soon spread all ov] ,europe4 ,:ite lead & sug> ( lead1 & li?>ge z ! basis ( pla/]s _h be5 famili> 9 m$ical practice = c5turies2 & ,gal5 & o!r great au?orities _h highly comm5d$ lead prep>ations = eye diseases & = g5]al lotions4 ,! prep>ation ( sug> ( lead is indicat$ 9 ! works attribut$ to ,basil ,val5t9e4 ,g\l>d's special m]it consi/$ 9 ! c>e :i* he gave to ! production ( 8 8,extract ( ,saturn10 & 9 8 intellig5t exp]im5ts ) x1 & its v>i\s prep>ations 9 ! treatm5t ( ext]nal compla9ts4 ,g\l>d made 8 extract ( ,saturn by boil+ toge!r gold5 li?>ge & /rong ,fr5* w9e v9eg> at a mod]ate heat = ab\t an h\r1 /irr+ all ! :ile1 & aft] cool+ draw+ (f = use ! cle> sup]natant liquor4 ,dilut+ ?is extract by add+ #ajj drops to a qu>t ( riv] wat] ) f\r teaspoonfuls ( br&y1 made :at he call$ 8 ,vegeto-,m9]al ,wat]1 :i* he us$ = lotions4 ,8 c]ate ( ,saturn 0 made by melt+ #d oz4 ( wax 9 #aa oz4 ( olive oil1 & incorporat+ ) ?is #f lbs4 ( vegeto-m9]al wat] 7conta9+ #d oz4 ( extract ( ,saturn74 ,a cataplasm 0 made by g5tly boil+ ! vegeto-m9]al wat] ) crumb ( bread4 ,a pomatum 0 prep>$ by comb9+ #d oz4 ( ! extract ) a c]ate compos$ ( #h oz4 ( wax 9 #ah oz4 ( rose o9tm5t4 ,?is 0 made /rong] or mild] z ! case might ne$4 ,!re 0 ano!r pomatum made ) ! extract ( ,saturn1 sulphur1 & alum1 = ! treatm5t ( it*2 & sev]al pla/]s = rheumatic compla9ts4 ,g\l>d gave full details ( ! v>i\s uses ( ^! applications 9 inflammations1 bruises1 w\nds1 abscesses1 erysipelas1 oph?almia1 ulc]s1 canc]s1 :itl[s1 tett]s1 piles1 it*1 & o!r compla9ts4 ,8 own exp]i5ce 0 support$ by t ( o!r practition]s4 ,9 giv+ ! results ( 8 exp]i5ce ?us freely & completely1 ,g\l>d 0 aw>e ( ! sacrifice he 0 mak+4 8,i flatt] myself10 he says1 8t ! _w is 9 "s measure indebt$ to me = publi%+ ?is m$ic9e1 :i*1 if conceal$ 9 my own brea/1 might h turn$ out mu* m to my private emolum5t02 at ! same "t he did n object to reap "s pr(it f 8 inve/igations1 if ?is c\ld be done4 ,at ! end ( ! ,engli% translation ( 8 book1 a copy ( a docum5t is pr9t$ address$ to 8 fell[ /ud5t ( fifty ye>s be=e1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,arnaud1 practis+ z a surgeon 9 ,london1 engag+ to supply to him1 & to him only1 a suffici5t quantity ( extract ( ,saturn made by himself1 to be di/ribut$ by ! said ,mr4 ,arnaud1 or by ^? commission$ by him1 ov] all ! dom9ions ( 8 ,briti% ,maje/y4 ,,s*eele4 ,k>l ,wilhelm ,s*eele is ! mo/ fam\s ( ph>maci/s1 & has few equals 9 sci5tific hi/ory4 ,he 0 ! sev5? *ild ( a m]*ant at ,/ralsund1 !n 9 ! possession ( ,sw$51 & 0 born on ,decemb] #i?1 #agdb4 ,he _h a fair education & at s*ool 0 dilig5t & apt 9 acquir+ k4 ,if he 0 born ) a gift1 if 8 g5ius 0 any?+ m ?an an imm5se capacity = tak+ pa9s1 ?is aptness 0 ! faculty :i* di/+ui%$ ,s*eele f o!r m54 ,he made ?\s&s ( exp]im5ts & nev] =got :at he _h le>n$ f any "o ( !m2 he read su* sci5tific books z he c\ld get1 & nev] ne$$ to ref] to !m aga94 ,8 fri5d ,retsius1 a ph>maci/ l himself z a "y man1 b subsequ5tly ,director ( ! ,museum ( ,lund1 has record$ ,s*eele's rem>kable p[] 9 ?is respect4 8,:5 he 0 at ,malm10 he writes 7?is 0 :5 ,s*eele 0 ab\t tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age71 8he b\ght z _m books z 8 small pay enabl$ him to procure4 ,he w\ld read ^! once or twice1 & w\ld !n rememb] all t int]e/$ him1 & nev] consult$ !m aga940 ,illu/ration3 ,,k>l ,,wilhelm ,,s*eele4 ,an eld] bro!r ( ,k>l _h be5 appr5tic$ to an apo!c>y at ,go!nburg1 b _h di$ dur+ 8 appr5tice%ip4 ,k>l w5t to ?is apo!c>y1 a ,mr4 ,bau*1 z appr5tice at ! age ( f\rte51 & rema9$ !re till ,bau* sold 8 bus9ess 9 #agfe4 ,!n he w5t to ano!r apo!c>y nam$ ,kjell/rm at ,malm4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he 0 *ief assi/ant to a ,mr4 ,s*>5b]g at ,/ockholm4 ,8 next move 0 to ,upsala ) a ,mr4 ,lokk1 :o appreciat$ 8 assi/ant & gave him pl5ty ( "t = 8 sci5tific "w4 ,la/ly1 he took ! managem5t ( a ph>macy at ,kp+ = a wid[ :o own$ x1 & aft] an anxi\s "t 9 cle>+ ! bus9ess f debt1 he b\ght ! bus9ess 9 #aggf & = ! re/ ( 8 %ort life 0 9 fairly com=table circum/ances4 ,ill-heal? !n pursu$ him1 rheumatism & attacks ( melan*oly4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aghf1 9 ! =ty-f\r? ye> ( 8 age1 aft] suff]+ = two mon?s f a sl[ fev]1 he di$4 ,two days be=e 8 dea? he m>ri$ ! wid[ ( 8 pr$ecessor1 ^: bus9ess he _h rescu$ f ru91 s t %e might repossess x4 ,a few mon?s lat] %e m>ri$ aga94 ,t 0 ,s*eele's life z a ph>maci/2 pati5t1 plodd+1 consci5ti\s1 only mod]ately successful1 & %ad[$ by _m disappo9tm5ts4 ,! "w he accompli%$ z a sci5tific *emi/ w\ld h be5 m>vell\s if he _h _h all 8 "t to d x 92 "u ! actual circum/ances 9 :i* x 0 p]=m$ x is simply incompreh5sible4 ,a b>e catalogue ( 8 a*ievem5ts is all t c be not$ "h1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t he nev] ann\nc$ any discov]y until he _h *eck$ 8 fir/ conclusions by repeat$ & v>i$ te/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s*eele',s ,,ph>macy ,,at ,k,,p+4 ,an acc\nt ( an inve/igation ( cream ( t>t> result+ 9 ! isolation ( t>t>ic acid 0 8 fir/ publi%$ pap]4 ,he next made an exam9ation ( fluor-sp> f :i* result$ ! sep>ation ( fluoric acid4 ,f ?is on ! sugge/ion ( ,b]gmann he proce$$ to a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on black oxide ( manganese :i* besides %[+ ! _m important comb9ations ( ! metal l$ ! *emi/ direct to 8 wond]ful discov]ies ( oxyg51 *lor9e1 & b>ytes4 ,?is "w put him on ! track ( ! obs]vations set =? 9 8 fam\s "w on 8,air & ,fire40 ,9 ?is he expla9$ ! composition ( ! atmosph]e1 :i*1 he said1 consi/$ ( two gases1 "o ( :i* he nam$ 8empyreal0 or 8fire-air10 ! same z he _h obta9$ f black oxide ( manganese1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,he realis$ & describ$ ) mu* acut5ess ! "p ?is gas play$ 9 nature1 & ! re/ ( ! book conta9$ _m rem>kable obs]vations :i* %[$ h[ ne>ly ,s*eele approa*$ ! new ideas :i* ,lavoisi] 0 to =mulate only a few ye>s lat]4 8,air & ,fire0 0 n issu$ till #aggg1 ?ree ye>s aft] ,prie/ley _h demon/rat$ ! sep>ate exi/5ce & *>act]i/ics ( :at he t]m$ 8dephlogi/icat$ air40 ,b x is well kn[n t ! long delay ( ,s*eele's pr9t] 9 complet+ 8 "w 0 "o ( ! disappo9tm5ts ( 8 life1 & !re is evid5ce t 8 discov]y ( oxyg5 0 actually made 9 #aggc1 a ye> be=e ,prie/ley _h isolat$ ! same elem5t4 ,bo? ( ^! great exp]im5t]s miss$ ! full significance ( _! obs]vations ?r\gh ! confus+ influ5ce ( ! phlogi/on !ory1 :i* nei!r ( !m que/ion$1 & :i* 0 s soon to be de/roy$ z ! direct result ( _! lab\rs4 ,among ! o!r inve/igations :i* ,s*eele c>ri$ out 7 8 pro( t plumbago 0 a =m ( c>bon1 8 inv5tion ( a new process = ! manufacture ( calomel1 8 discov]y ( lactic1 malic1 oxalic1 citric1 & gallic acids1 ( glyc]91 & 8 exposition ( ! *emical process :i* yield$ ,prussian blue1 ) 8 incid5tal isolation ( prussic acid1 a sub/ance :i* he describ$ m9utely ?\gh he gives no h9t :atev] to %[ t he knew any?+ ( its poison\s nature4 ,! subjects m5tion$ by no means exhau/ ! m]e titles ( ! "w :i* ,s*eele accompli%$2 !y are only ! m popul> ( 8 results4 ,! value ( 8 sci5tific accompli%m5ts 0 appreciat$ 9 8 lifetime1 b n fully until ! advance ( *emi/ry set !m out 9 _! true p]spective4 ,!n x 0 realis$ h[ completely & accurately he _h f9i%$ ! _m inquiries :i* he _h tak5 9 h&4 ,a ,,ph>maceutical ,,pan!on4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,ph>macy ( ,p>is1 built 9 #ahhj1 hon\rs a numb] ( ph>maci/s ( hi/oric fame by plac+ a s]ies ( m$allions on ! faade ( ! build+1 z well z /atues ( two specially em95t repres5tatives ( ! pr(ession 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,hon\r4 ,^! two are ,vauquel9 & ,p>m5ti]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cole ,,de ,,ph>macie1 ,,p>is4 7,f photo sold at ,s*ool47 ,l\is ,nicolas ,vauquel9 0 director ( ! ,s*ool f its f\ndation 9 #ahjc until 8 dea? 9 #ahbi4 ,he also held pr(essor%ips at ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 at ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 & ) ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e4 ,he began 8 c>e] z a boy 9 ! laboratory ( a ph>maci/ at ,r\51 & lat] got a situation ) ,m4 ,*]adame1 a ph>maci/ 9 ,p>is4 ,*]adame 0 relat$ to ,f\rcroy1 to :om he introduc$ 8 pupil4 ,f\rcroy paid him #ab a ye> ) bo>d & lodg+1 b he prov$ su* an indefatigable work] t 9 no long "t he became ! colleague1 ! fri5d1 & ! indisp5sable sub/itute ( 8 ma/] 9 8 analyses z well z 9 8 lectures4 ,he is cit$ z ! discov]] ( *romium1 ( gluc9ium1 & ( sev]al animal products2 b 8 mo/ important "w 0 a s]ies ( *emical inve/igations on belladonna1 c9*ona1 ipecacuanha1 & o!r drugs1 :i* x is recognis$ op5$ ! way = ! def9ite sep>ation ( "s ( ! mo/ valuable ( ! alkaloids accompli%$ aft]w>ds by ,pelleti]1 ,cav5t\1 ,robiquet1 & o!rs4 ,vauquel9 publi%$ m ?an #bej sci5tific articles4 ,illu/ration ,,vauquel94 7,orig9 unkn[n47 ,anto9e ,augu/9 ,p>m5ti] 7born #agcg1 di$ #ahac71 aft] s]v+ an appr5tice%ip ) a ph>maci/ at ,montpelli]1 jo9$ ! ph>maceutical s]vice 9 ! army1 & di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! w> 9 ,g]many1 especially 9 ! c\rse ( an epidemic by :i* ! ,fr5* soldi]s suff]$ s]i\sly4 ,he 0 tak5 prison] five times1 & at "o p]iod _h to support himself almo/ entirely on potatoes4 ,on ! la/ occasion he obta9$ employm5t ) a ,frank=t *emi/ nam$ ,mey]1 :o w\ld h gladly kept him ) him4 ,b ,p>m5ti] pref]r$ to return to 8 own c\ntry1 & obta9$ an appo9tm5t 9 ! ph>macy ( ! ,hotel des ,invalides1 ris+ to ! po/ ( *ief apo!c>y !re 9 a few ye>s4 ,a prize (f]$ by ! ,academy ( ,besanon = ! be/ means ( av]t+ ! calamities ( fam9e 0 won by him 9 #agga1 8 ,g]man exp]i5ce be+ utilis$ 9 8 advocacy ( ! cultivation ( potatoes4 ,^! tub]s1 ?\gh !y _h be5 widely cultivat$ 9 ,france 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 _h gone entirely out ( fav\r1 & 7 at t "t only giv5 to cattle4 ,! p _h come to believe t !y occasion$ leprosy & v>i\s fev]s4 ,p>m5ti] work$ ) r>e p]sev]ance to combat ?is prejudice4 ,he cultivat$ potatoes on an app>5tly hopeless piece ( l& :i* ! ,gov]nm5t plac$ at 8 disposal1 & :5 ! fl[]s appe>$ he made a b\quet ( !m & pres5t$ x to ,l\is ,,xvi1 :o wore ! blossoms 9 8 button-hole4 ,8 triumph 0 complete1 = v soon ! potato 0 aga9 cultivat$ all ?r\gh ,france4 ,! royali/ fav\r t he _h enjoy$ put him 9 "s dang] dur+ ! ,revolution2 b 9 ! latt] days ( ! ,conv5tion1 :i* _h depriv$ him ( 8 (ficial position & sal>y1 he 0 employ$ to organise ! ph>maceutical s]vice ( ! army4 ,he also inv5t$ a syrup ( grapes :i* he propos$ to ! ,m9i/] ( ,w> z a sub/itute = sug> dur+ ! cont95tal blockade4 ,! m$allions1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y appe> on ! faade ( ! cole de ,ph>macie1 repres5t ! foll[+ ,fr5* & =eign ph>maci/s3-- ,anto9e ,j]ome ,bal>d1 ! discov]] ( brom9e 7born #ahjb1 di$ #ahgf71 0 a native ( ,montpelli]1 :]e he qualifi$ z a ph>maci/ & comm5c$ bus9ess4 ,z a /ud5t he _h work$ ) ! salts deposit$ f a salt m>% 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & _h be5 /ruck ) a coloration :i* c]ta9 te/s gave ) a solution ( sulphate ( soda obta9$ f ! m>%4 ,pursu+ 8 exp]im5ts1 he arriv$ at ! discov]y ( brom9e1 ! elem5t :i* =m$ ! l9k betwe5 *lor9e & iod9e4 ,?is e>ly success won = him a m$al f ! ,royal ,society ( ,london & a pr(essor%ip ( *emi/ry at ,montpelli]1 & subsequ5tly rais$ him to high sci5tific positions 9 ,p>is4 ,bal>d did mu* m sci5tific "w1 among :i* 0 ! elaboration ( a process = ! production ( pota% salts f salt m>%es4 ,he _h work$ at ?is = "s tw5ty ye>s1 & _h tak5 pat5ts = 8 me?ods1 :5 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]y ( ! pota% deposits at ,/assfurt effectually de/roy$ all 8 hope ( comm]cial success4 ,joseph ,bi5aim ,cav5t\ 7born at ,/4 ,om] #agie1 di$ #ahgg7 c>ri$ on = _m ye>s an important ph>maceutical bus9ess 9 ,p>is4 ,8 fame re/s on 8 association ) ,pelleti] 9 ! discov]y ( qu99e 9 #ahbj4 ,joseph ,pelleti] 7born #aghh1 di$ #ahdb7 0 ! son ( a ,p>is ph>maci/1 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant work]s 9 ph>macy kn[n to u4 ,he is be/ kn[n = 8 isolation ( qu99e4 ,ei!r alone1 or 9 association ) o!rs1 he inve/igat$ ! nature ( ipecacuanha1 nux vomica1 col*icum1 cevadilla1 hellebore1 pepp]1 opium1 & o!r drugs1 & a long s]ies ( alkaloids is cr$it$ to him4 ,he also contribut$ valuable rese>*es on co*9eal1 santal1 turm]ic1 & o!r col\r+ mat]ials4 ,to him & 8 associate1 ,cav5t\1 ! ,in/itute aw>d$ ! ,prix ,mon?yon ( #aj1jjj francs = _! discov]y ( qu99e1 & ?is 0 ! only rew>d !y obta9$ = _! c9*ona rese>*es1 = !y took out no pat5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,joseph ,,pelleti]4 #aghh-ahdb4 7,discov]]--) ,cav5t\--( ,qu99e47 ,pi]re ,robiquet 7born at ,r5nes 9 #aghj1 di$ at ,p>is1 #ahdj7 s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip to ph>macy at ,lori5t1 & aft]w>ds /udi$ "u ,f\rcroy & ,vauquel9 at ,p>is4 ,8 /udies 7 int]rupt$ by ! conscription1 :i* compell$ him to s]ve "u ,napoleon 9 ! ,army ( ,italy4 ,return+ to ph>macy aft] ,m>5go1 he ultimately became ! proprietor ( a ph>macy1 & to t bus9ess he add$ ! manufacture ( c]ta9 f9e *emicals4 ,8 fir/ sci5tific "w 0 ! sep>ation ( asp>ag91 accompli%$ 9 association ) ,vauquel91 9 #ahje4 ,8 lat] /udies 7 9 connection ) opium 7f :i* he extract$ code9e71 on liquorice1 can?>ides1 b>ytes1 & nickel4 ,&r ,con/ant ,dum]il 7born at ,ami5s1 #aggd1 di$ #ahfj7 0 a physician1 b di/+ui%$ himself z a naturali/ & anatomi/4 ,he _h be5 associat$ ) ,cuvi] 9 e>ly life4 ,latt]ly he 0 consult+ physician to ,l\is ,philippe4 ,anto9e ,l\is ,brongni>t 7born #agdb1 di$ #ahjd7 0 ! son ( a ph>maci/ ( ,p>is1 & became himself ph>maci5 to ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,he also s]v$ ! ,conv5tion z a milit>y ph>maci/1 & 0 plac$ on ! ,c\ncil ( ,heal? ( ! ,army4 ,9 association ) ,hass5fratz :o 0 "o ( ! organis]s ( ! insurrection ( ,augu/ #aj?1 #agib1 & himself a pr(essor at ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ,brongni>t edit$ a 8,j\rnal des ,sci5ces1 ,arts1 et ,meti]s0 dur+ ! ,revolution4 ,! next m$allion memorialises ,s*eele1 ! great ,sw$i% ph>maci/ & *emi/1 ( ^: c>e] details h already be5 giv54 ,pi]re ,bay5 7born at ,*alons s_/,m>ne1 #agbe1 di$ #agih7 0 an army ph>maci/ = ab\t half ( 8 life1 & to him 0 l>gely due ! organisation ( t s]vice4 ,he 0 ) ! ,fr5* ,army 9 ,g]many all ?r\gh ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 #ageg-agfc4 ,among 8 sci5tific works 7 exam9ations ( _m ( ! natural m9]al wat]s ( ,france1 & a c>eful inve/igation into ! alleg$ dang] ( t9 vessels us$ = cook+4 ,two ,g]man *emi/s1 ,m>graff & ,h5kel1 _h report$ ! pres5ce ( ars5ic 9 t9 ut5sils g5]ally1 & ! k ( ?is fact _h produc$ a panic among h\sekeep]s4 ,bay5 w5t into ! subject ?or\ghly & 0 able to publi% a reassur+ report4 ,to him1 too1 belongs ! glory ( hav+ be5 "o ( ! *emi/s be=e ,lavoisi] to prove t metals ga9 & d n lose weight on calc9ation 9 ! air4 ,pi]re ,joseph ,macqu]1 ,ma/] ( ,ph>macy & ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e 7born #agah1 di$ #aghd71 came ( a noble ,scot* family :o _h settl$ 9 ,france on acc\nt ( _! adh]5ce to ! ,ca?olic fai?1 made "s notable *emical discov]ies1 & became director ( ! royal porcela9 factory at ,svres4 ,he work$ on kaol91 magnesia1 ars5ic1 gold1 plat9um1 & ! diamond4 ,! bi-ars5iate ( ars5ic 0 = a long "t kn[n z ,macqu]'s ars5ical salt4 ,macqu] 0 n q satisfi$ ) ,/ahl's phlogi/on !ory1 & tri$ to modify x2 b he w\ld n accept ! doctr9es ( ,lavoisi]4 ,he propos$ to sub/itute light = phlogi/on1 & reg>d$ light z precipitat$ f ! air 9 c]ta9 conditions4 ,^! notions attract$ no support4 ,guillaume ,franois ,r\elle 7born ne> ,ca51 #agjc1 di$ #aggj7 0 9 y\? an en?usia/ic /ud5t ( *emi/ry1 ! rudim5ts ( :i* he taught himself 9 ! village smi?y4 ,go+ to ,p>is he obta9$ a situation 9 ! ph>macy :i* _h be5 ,lem]y's1 & subsequ5tly e/abli%$ "o ( 8 own 9 ! ,rue ,jacob4 ,!re he comm5c$ c\rses ( private lectures :i* 7 *>act]is$ by su* intimate k1 & flav\r$ ) su* e>ne/ness &1 z appe>s f ! /ories giv5 by pupils1 by a good deal ( ecc5tricity1 t !y became ! popul> resort ( *emical /ud5ts4 ,lavoisi] is believ$ to h att5d$ !m4 ,comm5c+ 8 lectures 9 full pr(essional co/ume1 he w\ld soon become animat$ & absorb$ 9 8 subject1 & ?r[+ (f 8 g[n1 cap1 wig & cravat1 delight$ 8 he>]s ) 8 vig\r4 ,r\elle 0 (f]$ ! position ( apo!c>y to ! k+1 b decl9$ ! hon\r z x w\ld h involv$ ! ab&onm5t ( 8 lectures4 ,8 *ief publi%$ "w 0 ! classification ( salts into neutral1 acid1 & basic4 ,he also closely inve/igat$ m$ic9al plants1 & got s ne> to ! discov]y ( alkaloids z ! sep>ation ( :at he call$ ! imm$iate pr9ciples1 mak+ a numb] ( vegetable extracts4 ,eti5ne ,franois ,ge(frey 7born #afgb1 di$ #agca71 ! son ( a ,p>is apo!c>y1 himself ( high reputation1 = x 0 at 8 h\se t ! fir/ meet+s 7 held :i* result$ 9 ! =mation ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 /udi$ ph>macy at ,montpelli]1 & qualifi$ !re4 ,return+ to ,p>is he w5t ?r\gh ! m$ical c\rse & submitt$ = 8 doctorate ?ree !ses :i* %[ ! b5t ( 8 m9d4 ,! fir/ exam9$ :e!r all diseases h "o orig9 & c be cur$ by "o rem$y1 ! second aim$ to prove t ! philosophic physician mu/ also be an op]ative *emi/1 & ! ?ird dealt ) ! inquiry :e!r man _h develop$ f a worm4 ,ge(frey 0 atta*$ z physician to ! ,engli% embassy = "s "t & 0 elect$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,aft]w>ds he became pr(essor ( m$ic9e & ph>macy at ! ,college ( ,france4 ,8 *ief works 7 ph>macological rese>*es on iron1 on vitriol1 on f]m5tation1 & on "s m9]al wat]s4 ,he wrote a notable treatise on ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 ,alb]t ,seba 0 an apo!c>y ( ,am/]dam1 :o sp5t "s "p ( 8 e>ly life 9 ! ,dut* ,indies4 ,he 0 born 9 #affh & di$ 9 #agcf4 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly not$ = a great collection illu/rat+ all ! bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 f9] ?an any o!r !n kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,pet] ! ,great hav+ se5 ?is collection b\ght x = a l>ge sum & pres5t$ x to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 :]e x is /ill pres]v$4 ,anxi\s to pay due hon\r to ! di/+ui%$ ph>maci/s ( o!r nations1 ! au?orities ( ! ,s*ool ( ,ph>macy introduce ! m$allions ( ,dante & ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,! ,italian poet's connection ) ph>macy 0 ! entirely nom9al inscription ( 8 "n 9 ! guild ( apo!c>ies ( ! city ( ,flor5ce2 !re are almo/ slight] gr\nds to ! "r ( claim+ ! ,engli% philosoph] among ph>maci/s1 8 imm$iate association ) ! bus9ess hav+ be5 t z a s*oolboy he lodg$ at ,gran?am ) an apo!c>y ( ! "n ( ,cl>k4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s he work$ ) ,boyle on e!r4 ,moses ,*>as figures betwe5 ^! two4 ,liv+ betwe5 ! ye>s #afah & #afih1 ,*>as atta9$ ,european celebrity4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,fr5* ph>maci/ to prep>e ! fam\s ,!riaca4 ,?is he did 9 ! pres5ce ( a numb] ( magi/rates & physicians4 ,he also wrote a treatise on ! comp\nd4 ,= n9e ye>s he 0 demon/rator ( *emi/ry at ! ,k+'s ,g>d5 at ,p>is1 b he 0 a ,prote/ant1 & ! ,revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes 9 #afhe drove him f ,france4 ,*>les ,,ii receiv$ him cordially 9 ,london1 & made him a doctor4 ,aft]w>ds he w5t to ,holl&1 & f !re ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 s5t = him to att5d on him 9 a s]i\s illness4 ,:ile at ,tol$o he got into tr\ble ) ! ecclesia/ics 9 a s+ul> mann]4 ,an ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o be+ canonis$1 8 successor ann\nc$ t snakes 9 t ar*bi%opric %\ld h5ce=? lose _! v5om4 ,?is 0 a special temptation to ,moses ,*>as4 ,he 0 /rong on vip]s4 ,he _h made m$ic9e ( _m ( !m1 he _h writt5 a book ab\t !m1 & he knew all !re 0 to "k ab\t !m4 ,he knew some?+ ab\t ar*bi%ops too1 :i* ought to h prev5t$ him f publicly demon/rat+ ! vanity ( ! proclamation4 ,b he mu/ ne$s %[ to "s influ5tial fri5ds a local vip] he _h caught & make x bite two *ick5s1 bo? ( :i* di$ promptly4 ,?is demon/ration got talk$ ab\t1 & ,*>as 0 prosecut$ on a *>ge ( attempt+ to ov]?r[ an e/abli%$ belief4 ,he 0 imprison$ by ! ,inquisition1 b aft] f\r mon?s he abjur$ ,prote/antism1 & 0 set free4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t he 0 #gb ye>s ( age4 ,on 8 return to ,france ,l\is ,,xiv receiv$ him k9dly1 & _h him elect$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,*>as's *ief "w 0 a ,ph>macopia1 :i* 0 9 great vogue1 & 0 translat$ into all ! pr9cipal mod]n languages1 ev5 into ,*9ese4 ,nicolas ,lem]y 7born at ,r\51 #afde1 di$ #agae71 a self-taught *emi/ & ph>maci/1 ex]cis$ an enorm\s influ5ce 9 sci5ce & m$ic9e4 ,he op5$ a ph>macy 9 ! ,rue ,gal&e1 ,p>is1 & !re taught *emi/ry orally & practically4 ,8 c\rse 0 an imm5se success4 ,fa%ionable p ?rong$ to 8 lectures1 & /ud5ts came f all c\ntries to get ! advantage ( 8 tea*+4 ,he1 too1 0 a ,prote/ant1 & 0 /ruck by ! /orm ( religi\s animosity4 ,*>les ,,ii _h ! opportunity ( %[+ him hospitality 9 ,london1 & seems to h manife/$ t[>ds him mu* fri5dl9ess4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 likewise made him tempt+ proposals1 b ,lem]y c\ld only feel at home 9 ,france4 ,?+s seem$ quiet] & he return$1 only to f9d 9 a %ort "t t ! condition 0 worse = ,prote/ants ?an ev]4 ,! ,revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes prev5t$ him f foll[+ ei!r ( 8 pr(essions1 ph>macy or m$ic9e2 & = _! sake he adopt$ ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,8 8,univ]sal ,ph>macopia0 & 8 8,diction>y ( ,simple ,drugs0 7 publi%$ aft] ^! tr\bles1 & !y are ! works by :i* he won 8 la/+ reputation4 ,gilles ,franois ,b\lduc 7#afge-agdb7 0 = _m ye>s fir/ apo!c>y to ,l\is ,,xiv1 & an au?ority on ph>maceutical matt]s 9 8 "t4 ,by 8 essays he help$ to popul>ise ,epsom1 ,glaub]'s1 & ,seignette's salts 9 ,france4 ,anto9e ,baum 7born at ,s5lis1 #agbh1 di$ #ahjd71 ! son ( an innkeep]1 aft] an imp]fect education 9 ! prov9ces1 got into ! fam\s e/abli%m5t ( ,ge(frey at ,p>is & made su* good use ( 8 opportunities t he became ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ! ,college ( ,france :5 he 0 #be4 ,a practical & extraord9>ily indu/ri\s *emi/1 he wrote mu*1 inv5t$ ! areomet] :i* be>s 8 "n1 f\nd$ a factory ( sal ammoniac1 & blea*+ works = silk by a process :i* he devis$4 ,baum did good s]vice1 too1 9 dispell+ _m ( ! traditional sup]/itions ( ph>macy1 su* z ! complicat$ =mulas & disgu/+ +r$i5ts :i* 7 s common 9 8 "t4 ,he 0 nev] cont5t to accept any views on tru/4 ,! ?ree m$allions :i* foll[ are ^? ( ,lavoisi]1 ,b]?ollet1 & ,*aptal2 great *emi/s ^: "r to be repres5t$ _c be *all5g$1 b ^: works 7 n specially associat$ ) ph>macy4 ,^! ?ree all liv$ at ! "t ( ! ,revolution4 ,lavoisi] 0 "o ( its mo/ di/+ui%$ victims1 ,b]?ollet became ! companion & advis] ( ,napoleon 9 ,egypt1 & ,*aptal 0 ! *emi/ commission$ by ! ,conv5tion to provide gunp[d] = its ragg$ troops4 ,he became "o ( ,napoleon's ,m9i/]s "u ! ,consulate4 ,&r ,laugi] 7#aggj-ahcb71 :o comes next1 0 a relative & pupil ( ,f\rcroy1 & became an ,army ph>maci/1 s]v+ ?r\gh ,bonap>te's ,egyptian campaign4 ,8 works 7 mo/ly on m9]alogical subjects4 ,georges ,simon ,s]ullas 7#aggd-ahcb7 0 ano!r milit>y ph>maci/ :o s]v$ 9 ! ,napoleonic w>s4 ,he 01 lat]1 *ief ph>maci/ at ! milit>y hospital ( ,val de ,grace1 :]e he devot$ mu* /udy to _m m$ic9al *emicals1 su* z cyanic acid1 iodides1 bromides1 & *lorides ( cyanog51 hydrobromic e!r1 etc4 ,?n>d 7#aggg-aheg71 ! em95t *emi/1 foll[s4 ,he 0 v poor :5 he ask$ ,vauquel9 to receive him z a pupil )\t pay4 ,he only secur$ ! b5efit he ask$ = because ! *emi/'s si/] happ5$ to want a boy at ! "t to help h] 9 ! kit*54 ,he became a pe] ( ,france 9 #ahcb4 ,to him we owe p]oxide ( hydrog54 ,nicolas ,j4 ,b4 ,guib\rt 7#agij-ahfg71 ,pr(essor ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica at ! ,s*ool ( ,ph>macy1 0 au?or ( a well-kn[n 8,hi/ory ( ,simple ,drugs10 & o!r works4 ,he is (t5 quot$ 9 8,ph>macographia40 ,a*ille ,val5ci5nes 7#agid-ahfe7 0 not$ z a naturali/1 & especially z a zoologi/4 ,he 0 ,cuvi]'s mo/ tru/$ assi/ant 9 ! prep>ation ( c]ta9 ( 8 works4 ,= _m ye>s ,val5ci5nes 0 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology at ! ,s*ool ( ,ph>macy1 ,p>is4 ,b>on ,liebig 7#ahjc-ahgc71 0 plac$ 9 a ph>macy at ,hepp5heim z a y\?1 b rema9$ !re only t5 mon?s4 ,8 *emical works are well kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b>on ,,liebig4 ,*>les ,fr$]ick ,g]h>dt 7#ahaf-ahef71 born at ,/rasburg 7!n a ,fr5* city71 "o ( ,liebig's mo/ brilliant pupils1 0 = "s ye>s ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ,montpelli] 9 succession to ,bal>d4 ,lat]1 he f\nd$ a laboratory at ,p>is1 & f9ally accept$ ! ,*air ( ,*emi/ry at ,/rasburg4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( mod]n organic *emi/ry1 & ! orig9ator ( ! type !ory4 ,!ophile ,jules ,pel\ze 7#ahjg-ahfg7 held a position 9 ! ph>maceutical s]vice ( ! ,salptrire ,hospital at ,p>is1 :51 "o day 9 ! c\ntry1 he 0 ov]tak5 by a torr5tial /orm4 ,a c>riage pass+1 ! p$e/rian appeal$ to ! driv] to take him inside4 ,no notice 0 tak5 ( 8 reque/1 s ! indignant "y ph>maci/ ran aft] ! vehicle & seiz$ ! re9s4 ,hav+ /opp$ ! horse1 he deliv]$ a sev]e lecture to ! driv] on 8 lack ( c\rtesy & humanity4 ,! pass5g] 9 ! c>riage invit$ him to ent] & %>e ! %elt]4 ,?is g5tleman 0 ,m4 ,gay-,lussac1 ! mo/ em95t *emi/ 9 ,p>is at ! "t4 ,! acqua9tance ?us curi\sly comm5c$ result$ 9 ,pel\ze becom+ ,gay-,lussac's laboratory assi/ant4 ,he ultimately succe$$ 8 employ] at ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool &1 lat] /ill1 0 promot$ to ! ,*air :i* ,?n>d _h occupi$ at ! ,college ( ,france4 ,pel\ze 0 a volum9\s writ]1 & did useful "w on ! production ( native sug>4 ,9 conjunction ) ,liebig he discov]$ nan?ic e!r4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy s]v$ an appr5tice%ip ) a ,mr4 ,borlase1 an apo!c>y ( ,p5zance1 b aft]w>ds ex*ang$ physic = sci5ce4 ,he di$ at ,g5eva 9 #ahbi at ! age ( #ea1 aft] a life cr[d$ ) sci5tific triumphs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy4 ,anto9e ,jussieu 0 ! elde/ ( ! ?ree sons ( ,laur5t ,jussieu1 a ma/] 9 ph>macy at ,lyons4 ,anto9e 0 born 9 #afhf1 & began to collect plants f 8 *ildhood4 ,8 two bro!rs1 ,b]n>d & ,joseph1 foll[$ 9 8 /eps1 & !y1 & ,b]n>d's son1 ,anto9e ,laur5t1 con/itute ! fam\s ,jussieu dyna/y1 f :om we h receiv$ ! natural sy/em ( botanical classification4 ,! /ory is a long & int]e/+ "o1 b x is outside ! scope ( ^! notes4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t to ,anto9e ,jussieu is due ! cr$it ( ! introduction ( ! c(fee plant into ! we/]n hemisph]e4 ,! isl& ( ,m>t9ique 0 :]e ! fir/ c(fee %rub 0 plant$4 ,f\rcroy1 ano!r *emi/ ( ! ,revolution>y p]iod1 comes next & is foll[$ by ,nicolas ,h\el 7#aebj-aehd71 :o 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,s*ool ( ,ph>macy ( ,p>is4 ,he 0 an apo!c>y1 & out ( ! ample =tune :i* he _h made f 8 pr(ession1 end[$ a 8,h\se ( ,*ri/ian ,*>ity40 ,he /ipulat$ t x 0 to be a s*ool = "y orphans born ( legal m>riages1 !re to be in/ruct$ to s]ve & hon\r ,god1 to acquire good lit]>y in/ruction1 & to le>n ! art ( ! apo!c>y4 ,he also provid$ t ! e/abli%m5t %\ld furni% m$ic9es to ! sick poor1 :o did n wi% to g to ! hospital1 gratuit\sly4 ,! in/itution consi/$ ( a *apel1 a s*ool1 a complete ph>macy1 a g>d5 ( simples1 & a hospital4 ,! *>ity 0 duly au?oris$ by ,h5ri ,,iii & ,que5 ,loise ( ,lorra9e1 b ?is did n prev5t ,h5ri ,,iv tak+ possession ( x 9 #aeif1 & us+ x z a home = 8 w\nd$ soldi]s4 ,t 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,hotel des ,invalides4 ,l\is ,,xiii transf]r$ ! ,invalides to ! ,*teau ( ,bictre1 & gave ! s*ool to ! ,si/]s ( ,/4 ,laz>e4 ,9 #afbb1 h[ev]1 ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is took ! matt] 9 h& & re/or$ ! prop]ty to ! corporation ( ,apo!c>ies on condition t !y w\ld c>ry out ! beque/ ( ,h\el4 ,9 #aggg ,l\is ,,xvi made x ! ,college ( ,ph>macy1 & aft] ! ,conv5tion ! ,directory decl>$ x to be ! ,free ,s*ool ( ,ph>macy4 ,:5 ph>macy 0 reorganis$ 9 ,france dur+ ,napoleon's consulate1 ! in/itution became ! ,p>is ,s*ool ( ,ph>macy4 ,jan ,swamm]dam1 a fam\s ,dut* anatomi/ 7#afcg-afhj71 comes next1 & aft] him1 ,claude ,b]n>d1 ! physiologi/ 7#ahac-ahgh71 :o began 8 c>e] 9 a poor little ph>macy at ,lyons4 ,jean ,bapti/e ,dumas1 born #ahjj1 & liv+ :5 ! m$allion 0 plac$1 also comm5c$ 8 c>e] 9 a small ph>macy at ,alais 7,g>d71 8 native t[n4 ,dumas 0 "o ( ! greate/ *emi/s ( ! c5tury4 ,! doctr9e ( sub/itution ( radicles 9 *emical comp\nds 0 sugge/$ by him4 ,he di$ ,april #aa1 #ahhd1 at ,cannes4 ,,xii ,,royal ,,& ,,noble ,,ph>maci/s4 ,we "k :at ,heav5 or ,hell may br+1 ,b no man kn[e? ! m9d ( a ,k+4 ,,rudy>d ,,kipl+--8,ballad ( ! ,k+'s ,je/40 ,9 ! 8,my?s ( ,ph>macy0 x has be5 %[n t "s ( ! mo/ hon\r$ ( ! deities ( ! anci5t _w int]e/$ !mselves 9 ph>macy4 ,to a great] or less ext5t _m important p]sonages 9 ! _w's hi/ory s9ce h occupi$ "s ( _! leisure 9 ! endeav\r to extract or comp\nd "s new & effective rem$ies4 ,,classical ,,leg5ds4 ,*9-,nong1 ,emp]or ( ,*9a1 :o di$ #bfii ,b4,c41 is reckon$ to h be5 ! f\nd] ( ph>macy 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,he /udi$ plants & compos$ a ,h]bal us$ to ?is day4 ,x is relat$ ( him t he discov]$ sev5ty poison\s plants & an equal numb] ( antidotes to !m4 ,he describes h[ to make extracts & decoctions1 :at !y are good =1 & _h "s notions ( analysis4 ,*9-,nong 0 ! second ( ! n9e sov]eigns :o prec$$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*9ese dyna/ies4 ,to him is also attribut$ ! inv5tion ( ! pl\gh4 ,! ,emp]or ,adrian1 ^: curiosity & lit]>y ta/es l$ him to ! /udy ( a/rology1 magic1 & m$ic9e1 compos$ an antidote :i* 0 kn[n z ,adrianum1 & :i* consi/$ ( m ?an =ty +r$i5ts1 ( :i* opium1 h5bane1 & euphorbium 7 ! pr9cipal4 ,attalus ,,iii1 ! la/ k+ ( ,p]gamos 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :o di$ ab\t #acd ,b4,c41 bequea?+ 8 k+dom to ! ,romans :o already controll$ x1 0 a wor?less & cruel pr9ce1 b ( "s reputation 9 ph>macy4 ,hav+ poison$ 8 uncle1 ! reign+ k+1 ,attalus soon we>i$ ( public affairs1 & devot$ 8 "t to g>d5+1 & especially to ! cultivation ( poison\s & m$ic9al plants4 ,plut>* expressly m5tions h5bane1 hellebore1 hemlock1 & lotus z among ! h]bs :i* he /udi$1 & ,ju/9 reports t he amus$ himself by s5d+ to 8 fri5ds pres5ts ( fruits1 mix+ poison\s ones ) ! o!rs4 ,he is cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( our :ite lead o9tm5t & ,celsus & ,gal5 m5tion a pla/] & an antidote z among 8 a*ievem5ts4 ,m>cellus has pres]v$ a prescription :i* he says ,attalus devis$ = diseases ( ! liv] & sple51 = dropsy1 & = improv+ a lurid complexion4 ,x consi/$ ( saffron1 ,indian n>d1 cassia1 c9namon1 myrrh1 s*nan?us1 & co/us1 made into an electu>y ) honey1 & kept 9 a silv] box4 ,g5tius1 ,k+ ( ,illyria1 discov]$ ! m$ic9al value ( ! g5tian & introduc$ x into m$ical practice4 ,! plant is suppos$ to h acquir$ its "n f ?is k+4 ,g5tius 0 induc$ by ,p]seus1 ,k+ ( ,mac$on1 to decl>e w> aga9/ ! ,romans1 ,p]seus promis+ to support him ) money & o!r aid4 ,?is he fail$ to d & ,g5tius 0 defeat$ & tak5 prison] by ,anicius aft] a w> :i* la/$ only ?irty days4 ,,mi?ridatium4 ,mi?ridates ,,vi1 commonly call$ 8! ,great10 ,k+ ( ,pontus 9 ,asia ,m9or1 0 born #acd ,b4,c41 & succe$$ 8 fa!r on ! ?rone at ! age ( twelve4 ,next to ,hannibal he 0 ! mo/ tr\blesome foe ! ,roman ,republic _h to deal )4 ,8 sev]al w>s ) t p[] occupi$ tw5ty-six ye>s ( 8 life4 ,sylla1 ,lucullus1 & ,pompey1 9 succession1 l$ ,roman armies aga9/ him1 & ga9$ battles aga9 & aga91 b he 0 only at la/ completely conqu]$ by ! la/-nam$ g5]al aft] long & co/ly ef=ts4 ,mi?ridates 0 a valiant soldi] & a skilful g5]al1 b a mon/] ( cruelty4 ,he 0 app>5tly a le>n$ man1 or at lea/ "o :o took int]e/ 9 le>n+4 ,! fable ( 8 m$ic9al secrets took possession ( ! imag9ation ( ! ,romans4 ,!y 7 especially attract$ by ! /ories ( 8 fam\s antidote4 ,accord+ to "s he inv5t$ ?is himself2 o!rs say ! secret 0 communicat$ to him by a ,p]sian physician nam$ ,zopyrus4 ,celsus /ates t a physician ( ?is "n gave a simil> secret to "o ( ! ,egyptian ,ptolemies4 ,?is may h be5 ! same ,zopyrus1 = ,mi?ridates liv$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,! ,egyptian antidote 0 h&$ d[n to u "u ! "n ( ,ambrosia4 ,:5 ,pompey _h f9ally defeat$ ,mi?ridates he took possession ( a quantity ( ! tyrant's pap]s at ,nicopolis1 & x 0 report$ t among ^! 7 8 m$ic9al =mulas4 ,mi?ridates mean:ile 0 seek+ help to prosecute ! w>4 ,b 8 allies1 8 own son1 & 8 soldi]s 7 all tir$ ( him4 ,9 8 despair he poison$ 8 wife & daught]s1 & !n took poison himself4 ,b accord+ to ! leg5d1 propagat$ p]haps by "s clev] adv]tis+ quacks 9 ,rome1 he _h s successfully immunis$ 8 body to ! effects ( all poisons t !y w\ld n[ take no effect4 ,consequ5tly he _h to call 9 ! assi/ance ( a ,gallic soldi]1 :o despat*$ 8 *ief ) a spe>4 ,! /ory ( 8 defeat & dea? are hi/oric2 ! poison /ory is leg5d :i*1 h[ev] x 0 orig9at$1 0 no d\bt good value 9 ! drug /ores ( ,rome1 :]e ! confection ( ,mi?ridates 0 soon sold4 ,z w be /at$ imm$iately !re is abundant reason to believe t ! alleg$ =mula :i* ,pompey 0 said to h discov]$ & to h _h translat$ 0 devis$ at home4 ,9 #agde :5 a new ,london ,ph>macopia 0 ne>ly ready = issue1 a s*ol>ly exposure ( ! absurdity ( ! comp\nd :i* /ill occupi$ space 9 t & 9 all o!r (ficial =mul>ies1 along ) its equally egregi\s companion1 ,!riaca1 0 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,william ,heb]d51 a lead+ physician ( ! day1 & ?\gh x 0 too late to cause ! deletion ( ! =mulas 9 ! edition ( #agdf1 t 0 ! la/ "t !y appe>$ 9 ! ,ph>macopia1 ?\gh !y _h be5 giv5 9 all ! issues ( t "w f #afah onw>ds4 ,no bett] completion ( ! hi/ory ( ?is prep>ation c be giv5 ?an t :i* ,dr4 ,heb]d5 wrote #afe ye>s ago4 ,! ,k+ ( ,pontus1 he assum$1 l _m o!r anci5t royalties1 0 pleas$ to affect special skill 9 ! production ( m$ic9es1 & x is n surpris+ t 8 c\rti]s %\ld h flatt]$ him on ?is accompli%m5t4 ,?us ! op9ion prevail$ among 8 enemies z well z 9 8 own k+dom t 8 a*ievem5ts 9 ph>macy approa*$ ! miracul\s4 ,8 conqu]or1 ,pompey1 app>5tly %>$ ! popul> belief1 & took uncommon c>e 9 ! ransack ( 8 effects1 aft] ,mi?ridates _h be5 compell$ to fly f ! field1 to secure = himself 8 m$ical writ+s4 ,accord+ to ,qu9tus ,s]5us ,samonicus1 h[ev]1 ! ,roman g5]al 0 amus$ at 8 own cr$ulity :51 in/ead ( a va/ & preci\s arcana he f\nd himself 9 possession ( only a few trifl+ & wor?less receipts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,william ,,heb]d54 #agaj-ahja4 7,f a mezzot9t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,! anticipation ( "s m>vell\s secrets 0 s univ]sal1 & ! ,roman publi%]s s well dispos$ to cat] = ?is1 t x is n to be wond]$ at t a confection ( ,mi?ridates & /ories ( its miracul\s p[] soon f\nd _! way into lit]ature4 ,a pomp\s =mula1 :i* x 0 pr(ess$ _h be5 discov]$ among ! pap]s ( ,mi?ridates captur$ by ,pompey came to be kn[n "u ! title ( ,antidotum ,mi?ridatium4 ,x is notewor?y t ,plut>*1 :o 9 8 life ( ,pompey m5tions t c]ta9 love lett]s & docum5ts help+ to int]pret dreams 7 among ^! pap]s1 makes no allusion to ! m$ical recipe2 :ile ,samonicus /ates explicitly t1 not)/&+ ! _m =mul :i* _h got into circulation pret5d+ to be t ( ! g5u9e confection1 ! only "o f\nd 9 ! cab9et ( ,mi?ridates 0 a trivial "o = a comp\nd ( #bj leaves ( rue1 #a gra9 ( salt1 #b nuts1 & #b dri$ figs4 ,s t1 ,dr4 ,heb]d5 rem>ks1 ! ,k+ ( ,pontus may h be5 z mu* a /rang] to ! m$ic9e to :i* 8 "n 0 atta*$ z _m em95t physicians ( ?is day are to m$ic9es associat$ ) _! names4 ,! comp\nd1 made f ! probably spuri\s =mula1 h[ev]1 acquir$ an imm5se fame4 ,"s ( ! ,roman emp]ors are decl>$ to h comp\nd$ x ) _! own h&s4 ,gal5 says t :oev] took a prop] dose 9 ! morn+ 0 ensur$ aga9/ poison ?r\gh\t t day4 ,great physicians /udi$ x ) a view ( mak+ x1 if possible1 m p]fect4 ,! mo/ important modification ( ! =mula 0 made by ,&roma*us1 ,n]o's physician1 :o omitt$ ! sc9k1 add$ vip]s1 & increas$ ! proportion ( opium4 ,he *ang$ ! "n to ,gal5e1 b ?is 0 n reta9$1 & 9 ,trajan's "t ! "n ( ,!riaca 0 ! accept$ designation1 a title :i* has la/$ ?r\gh\t ! subsequ5t c5turies4 ,dr4 ,heb]d5's criticism ( ! composition is z effective n[ z :5 he wrote1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t 9 8 day !re 0 a ,!riacal p>ty 9 m$ic9e2 to u ! comm5ts seem obvi\s4 ,he po9ts out t 9 ! =mula z x !n appe>$ 9 ! ,ph>macopia no reg>d 0 _h to ! kn[n virtues ( ! simples1 nor to ! rules ( artful composition4 ,!re 0 no f\ndation = ! wond]ful /ories told conc]n+ x1 & ! utmo/ t c\ld !n be said ( x 0 t x 0 a diaphoretic1 8:i* is commonly ! virtue ( a m$ic9e :i* has none40 ,b ev5 if undesign+ *ance did happ5 to hit ^u a mixture :i* possess$ su* m>vell\s virtues1 :at f\ndation 0 !re1 he ask$1 = believ+ t any o!r =tuit\s conc\rse ( +r$i5ts w\ld be simil>ly successful8 ,?is prep>ation _h sc>cely cont9u$ ! same = a hundr$ ye>s at a "t4 ,accord+ to ,celsus1 :o fir/ describ$ x1 x consi/$ ( ?irty-eight simples4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,n]o five ( ^! _h be5 /ruck out & tw5ty new ones add$4 ,&roma*us omitt$ six & add$ tw5ty-eight2 leav+ sev5ty-five net4 ,aetius 9 ! fif? c5tury1 & ,myrepsus 9 ! twelf? gave v diff]5t acc\nts ( x1 & s9ce !n ! =mulas _h be5 con/antly fluctuat+4 ,"s ( ! orig9al +r$i5ts 71 ,dr4 ,heb]d5 said1 utt]ly unkn[n 9 8 "t2 o!rs c\ld only be guess$ at4 ,ab\t a c5tury previ\sly a dispute ab\t ,balm ( ,gilead1 :i* 0 "o ( ! con/itu5ts1 _h be5 ref]r$ to ! ,pope1 :o1 h[ev]1 prud5tly decl9$ to ex]cise 8 infallibility on ?is subject4 ,au?orities 7 n agre$ :e!r x 0 bett] old or new4 ,gal5 said ! virtue ( ! opium 0 mitigat$ by keep+2 ,junck] said x f]m5t$1 & by f]m5tation ! p[] ( ! opium 0 exalt$ ?ree or f\rfold4 ,a ,,ph>maceutical ,,pope4 ,pet] ( ,spa91 a native ( ,lisbon1 0 a physician :o became ,pope "u ! title ( ,john ,,xxi4 ,he di$ 9 #abgg4 ,he wrote a treatise on m$ic9e1 or r made a collection ( =mulas1 includ+ mo/ ( ! absurd ones !n curr5t & add+ a few ( 8 own4 ,"o 0 to c>ry ab\t a p>*m5t on :i* 7 writt5 ! names ( ,gasp>d1 ,bal?as>1 & ,mel*ior1 ! ?ree wise m5 ( ! ,ea/1 z a sure pres]vative f epilepsy4 ,ano!r 0 a me?od ( cur+ a di>rha by fill+ a human bone ) ! excrem5ts ( a pati5t1 & ?r[+ x into a riv]4 ,! di>rha w\ld cease :5 ! bone 0 empti$ ( its cont5ts4 ,,h5ry ,,viii 7,,( ,,engl&7 0 fond ( dabbl+ ) m$ic9e4 ,9 ,brew]'s hi/ory ( 8 reign1 ref]r+ to ! ye>s #aeaf-ah1 we are told3-- 8,! amusem5ts ( c\rt 7 div]sifi$ by hunt+ & out-door sports 9 ! morn+2 9 ! aft]noon by ,memo's music1 by ! consecration & di/ribution ( cramp r+s1 or ! inv5tion ( pla/]s & comp\nd+ ( m$ic9es1 an occupation 9 :i* ! ,k+ took unusual pleasure40 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum among ! ,sloane ,,mss4 !re is "o numb]$ #ajdg1 entitl$ ,dr4 ,butt's ,di>y1 :i* records _m ( ^! ph>maceutical a*ievem5ts ( ! mon>*4 ,dr4 ,butt 0 ! ,k+'s physician & 0 no d\bt 8 guide 9 ^! exp]im5ts4 ,dr4 ,butt1 or ,butts1 is ref]r$ to 9 ,/rype's 8,life ( ,cranm]0 & 9 ,%akespe>e's 8,h5ry ,,viii40 ,_m ( ! l9im5ts & cataplasms =mulat$ are = excoriations or ulc]s 9 ! legs1 a disease1 z ,dr4 ,brew] notes1 8common 9 ^? days1 & f :i* ! ,k+ himself suff]$40 ,among ! cont5ts ( ! ,di>y are 8,! ,k+'s ,maje/y's own ,pla/]40 ,x is describ$ z a pla/] devis$ by ! k+ to heal ulc]s )\t pa94 ,x 0 a comp\nd ( pe>ls & guaiacum wood4 ,!re are 9 ! manuscript =mulas = o!r pla/]s 8devis$ by ! ,k+ at ,gre5wi* & made at ,we/m9/]0 to heal excoriations1 to heal swell+s 9 ! ankles1 "o = my lady ,anne ( ,cleves 8to mollify & resolve1 com=t & cease pa9 ( cold & w9dy causes02 & an o9tm5t to cool & 8let0 7prev5t7 inflammations1 & take away it*4 ,o!r =mulas by ,dr4 ,butt himself1 & by o!r contempor>y doctors1 are compris$ 9 ?is ,di>y4 ,sir ,h4 ,hal=d1 9 an article 8,on ! ,dea?s ( ,"s ,em95t ,p]sons10 pr9t$ 9 #ahce1 says ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 :o di$ ( dropsy at ! age ( #ef1 t he 0 8a great dabbl] 9 physic1 & (f]$ m$ical advice on all occasions :i* pres5t$ !mselves1 & also made up ! m$ic9es40 ,,que5 ,,elizabe? ,,( ,,engl& appe>s to h be5 an amateur prescrib]4 ,etmull] /ates t %e s5t a =mula = a 8cephalica-c>diac m$ic9e0 to ! ,holy ,roman ,emp]or1 ,rudolf ,,ii1 himself a dabbl] 9 v>i\s sci5tific quack]ies4 ,x consi/$ ( amb]1 musk1 & civet1 dissolv$ 9 _s ( roses4 ,x is fur!r on record t ! ,engli% que5 select$ doctors & ph>maci/s = ,ivan ! ,t]rible ( ,russia4 ,9 ,wadd's ,memorabilia1 "o ( h] ,maje/y's qu>t]'s bills f h] apo!c>y1 ,hugo ,morgan1 is quot$4 ,x am\nt$ to #hc #gs4 #h;d41 & includ$ ! foll[+ items3--,a confection made l manus ,*ri/i ) bezo> /one & unicorn's horn1 #aas42 a royal sweetmeat ) incis$ rhub>b1 #as4 #d;d42 rose wat] = ! k+ ( ,nav>re's ambassador1 #as42 a cons]ve ( b>b]ries ) pres]v$ damasc5e plums1 & o!r ?+s = ,mr4 ,ralegh1 #fs42 sweet sc5t to be us$ at ! *ri/5+ ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,knightley's son1 #bs4 ,,! ,,que5 ,,( ,,hung>y',s ,,wat]4 ,rosem>y has at times enjoy$ a high reputation among m$ic9al h]bs4 ,arnold ( ,villa ,nova affirms t he _h (t5 se5 canc]s1 gangr5es1 & fi/ulas1 :i* w\ld yield to no o!r m$ic9e1 dry up & become p]fectly cur$ by frequ5tly ba?+ !m ) a spiritu\s infusion ( rosem>y4 ,8 disciple1 ,raymond ,lully1 extract$ ! ess5tial oil by di/illation4 ,! "n probably assi/$ ! fame ( ! plant4 ,9 ! middle ages x 0 believ$ to be associat$ ) ! ,virg94 ,x 0 9 fact d]iv$ f ,ros & ,m>is1 mean+ ,dew ( ! ,sea2 probably because x grew ne> ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 8,"h's rosem>y = y2 t's = remembrance40 ,s says ,ophelia 9 ,hamlet2 & _m o!r poets & *ronicl]s relate h[ ! plant 0 us$ at fun]als & w$d+s z a symbol ( con/ancy4 ,x is suppos$ t ?is signification arose f ! m$ic9al employm5t ( rosem>y to improve ! memory4 ,x may easily h happ5$1 h[ev]1 t ! m$ic9al use foll[$ ! emblematical idea4 ,old books & "s mod]n ones tell ! leg5d ( ! ,que5 ( ,hung>y & h] rosem>y rem$y4 ,x is alleg$ 9 ph>maceutical treatises publi%$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury t a docum5t is pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,vi5na1 dat$ #abce1 & writt5 by ,que5 ,elisabe? ( ,hung>y1 ?us express$3-- 8,i1 ,elisabe?1 ,que5 ( ,hung>y1 be+ v infirm & mu* tr\bl$ ) g\t1 9 ! sev5ty-second ye> ( my age1 us$ = a ye> ?is recipe giv5 to me by an anci5t h]mit1 :om ,i nev] saw be=e nor s9ce2 & 0 n only cur$ b recov]$ my /r5g?1 & appe>$ to all s rem>kably beautiful t ! ,k+ ( ,pol& ask$ me 9 m>riage1 he be+ a wid[] & ,i a wid[4 ,i1 h[ev]1 refus$ him = ! love ( my ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 f "o ( ^: angels ,i believe ,i receiv$ ! rem$y40 ,! royal =mula is z foll[s3--8,take aqua vitae1 f\r times di/ill$1 #c p>ts2 ! tops & fl[]s ( rosem>y1 #b p>ts2 put ^! toge!r 9 a clos$ vessel1 let !m /& 9 a g5tle heat fifty h\rs1 & !n di/il !m4 ,take "o teaspoonful ( ?is 9 ! morn+ once e week1 & let y\r face & diseas$ limb be wa%$ ) x e morn+40 ,beckmann inve/igat$ ?is /ory & came to ! conclusion t ! "n 8,eau de ,la ,re9e d',hongrie0 _h be5 adopt$ by "s v5dors ( a _s ( rosem>y 89 ord] to give great] consequ5ce & cr$it to _! commodity02 9 o!r words1 he sugge/s t ! int]e/+ n>rative 0 only a clev] adv]tisem5t4 ,! only ,que5 ,elisabe? ( ,hung>y 0 ! wife ( ,k+ ,*>les ,rob]t1 & daught] ( ,ladislaus1 ,k+ ( ,pol&4 ,%e di$ 9 #achj1 & = m ?an t5 ye>s be=e t date ei!r h] bro!r1 ,casimir ,,ii1 or h] son ,l\is1 0 ! reign+ sov]eign 9 ,pol&1 & nei!r ( ^! c be suppos$ to h be5 h] suitor4 ,! alleg$ date ( ! docum5t quot$ w\ld bett] suit ,/4 ,elisabe? ( ,hung>y1 & "s old writ]s attribute ! =mula & ! /ory to h]4 ,b %e 0 nev] que5 ( ,hung>y1 & moreov] %e di$ 9 #abca at ! age ( #be4 ,beckmann also d5ies ! /atem5t t ! docum5t pret5d$ to be 9 ,que5 ,elisabe?'s writ+ is pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,vi5na4 ,! :ole n>rative is trac$ to a ,g]man nam$ ,hoy]1 9 #agaf1 & he app>5tly copi$ x f a ,fr5* m$ical writ] nam$ ,prevot1 :o publi%$ x 9 #afei4 ,prevot attributes ! /ory to 8,/4 ,elisabe?1 ,que5 ( ,hung>y10 & says he copi$ bo? ! hi/ory & ! =mula f an old brevi>y 9 ! possession ( 8 fri5d1 ,francis ,podaca!r1 a ,cyprus nobleman1 :o _h inh]it$ x f 8 ance/ors4 ,?is is ! "o little possibility ( tru? 9 ! record1 = x appe>s t ,que5 ,elisabe? ( ,hung>y did m5tion two brevi>ies 9 h] w1 & x may h be5 t "o ( ^! 0 ! "o :i* ! ,cyprus nobleman possess$4 ,,! ,,royal ,,t\*4--,,! ,,k+',s ,,evil4 ,!re are sev]al in/ances 9 anci5t hi/ory illu/rat+ ! heal+ virtue resid+ or alleg$ to reside 9 ! p]son ( a k+4 ,pyrrhus1 ,k+ ( ,epirus1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 cur$ colics & affections ( ! sple5 by lay+ pati5ts on _! backs & pass+ 8 great toe ov] _! bodies4 ,suel9 relates t :5 ! ,emp]or ,vespasian 0 at ,alex&ria a poor bl9d man came to him say+ t ! god ,s]apis _h reveal$ to him t if he1 ! ,emp]or1 w\ld t\* 8 eyes ) 8 spittle1 8 sight w\ld be re/or$4 ,vespasian 0 angry & w\ld h driv5 ! man away1 b "s ( ^? ar\nd him urg$ him to ex]cise 8 p[]1 & at la/ he cons5t$ & cur$ ! poor man ( 8 bl9dness & "s o!rs ( lam5ess4 ,clius ,sp>tianus decl>es t ! ,emp]or ,adrian cur$ dropsy by t\*+ pati5ts ) ! tips ( 8 f+]s4 ,! ,eddas tell h[ ,k+ ,olaf heal$ ! w\nds ( ,egill1 ! ,icel&ic h]o1 by lay+ on ( h&s & s++ prov]bs4 ,a leg5d ( ! c\nts ( ,hapsburg decl>es t at "o "t !y c\ld cure a sick p]son by kiss+ him4 ,! sup]/ition cry/allis$ itself 9 ! practice ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* k+s ( t\*+ = ! cure ( scr(ula1 or k+'s evil z ! disease consequ5tly came to be nam$4 ,! t]m scr(ula is itself "o ( ! curiosities ( etymology4 ,scr(ula is ! dim9utive ( scrota1 a s[1 & means a little pig4 ,x is conjectur$ t ! "n 0 adopt$ f ! idea ( pigs burr[+ "u ! surface ( /raw & lik5+ to t ! pig's back sort ( %ape ( ! ulc]s *>act]i/ic ( ! disease4 ,! fir/ ,engli% k+ :o und]took ?is treatm5t1 s f> z is kn[n1 0 ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 :o reign$ f #ajdb to #ajff4 ,b !re is evid5ce t ! ,fr5* k+s _h practis$ x e>li]4 ,rob]t ! ,pi\s 7#igj-ajca71 son ( ,hughes ,capet1 is said to h ex]cis$ ! miracul\s p[]1 & ,*ur* leg5d goes back five hundr$ ye>s be=e ?is1 attribut+ ! orig9 ( ! gift to ! date ( ! conv]sion ( ,clovis1 ,a4,d4 #dif4 ,on t occasion ! holy oil = ! coronation ( ! ,conqu]or 0 br\ght direct f heav5 9 a phial c>ri$ by a dove1 & ! heal+ faculty 0 conf]r$ at ! same "t4 ,mo/ ( ! ,fr5* k+s d[n to ,l\is ,,xv cont9u$ to t\*1 & x 0 ev5 sugge/$ t ! practice %\ld be resum$ by ,l\is ,,xviii aft] ! ,re/oration 9 #ahae1 b t mon>*'s advis]s prud5tly resolv$ t x w\ld n d to risk ! ridicule ( mod]n ,france4 ,! records ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor's miracul\s feats ( heal+ are obta9$ f ,william ( ,malmesbury1 :o wrote 8 ,*ronicles 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #ab? c5tury1 ab\t a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,confessor's reign4 ,! e>lie/ pr9t$ edition ( ! ,*ronicles appe>$ 9 #aegg1 & ,%akespe>e und\bt$ly drew f x ! description ( ! c]emony :i* is giv5 9 ,macbe? 7,act iv1 ,sc4 #c74 ,malcolm & ,macduff are repres5t$ z be+ 9 ,engl& 89 a room ( ! ,k+'s palace0 7,edw>d ! ,confessor's74 ,! doctor tells !m ,!re are a crew ( wret*$ s\ls ,t /ay 8 cure3 _! malady conv9ces ,! great assay ( art2 b at 8 t\*-- ,su* sanctity ha? heav5 giv5 8 h&-- ,!y pres5tly am5d4 ,ask$ ab\t ! nature ( ! disease ! doctor says 8',tis call$ ! evil10 & he adds ,h[ he solicits ,heav5 ,himself be/ kn[s3 b /rangely visit$ p1 ,all swoln & ulc]\s1 pitiful to ! eye1 ,! m]e despair ( surg]y1 he cures1 ,hang+ a gold5 /amp ab\t _! necks1 ,put on ) holy pray]s3 & 'tis spok51 ,to ! succe$+ royalty he leaves ,! heal+ b5$iction4 ,!re is no evid5ce t any ( ! ,norman k+s p]=m$ ! rite1 b x is on record t ,h5ry ,,ii p]=m$ cures by t\*+1 & allusions to ! practice by ,edw>d ,,ii1 ,edw>d ,,iii1 ,ri*>d ,,ii1 & ,h5ry ,,iv h be5 f\nd 9 old manuscripts4 ,x is probable1 too1 t ! o!r k+s prec$+ ! ,tudors foll[$ ! fa%ion :5 ! int]val betwe5 _! w>s gave !m ! necess>y leisure4 ,f ,h5ry ,,vii to ,que5 ,anne all our rul]s except ,cromwell 8t\*$40 ,oliv]1 n be+ able to claim ! virtue by reason ( 8 desc5t1 w\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 tru/$1 & ,dut* ,william _h no sympa?y ) ! sup]/ition4 ,x is record$ ( him t once he yield$ to importunity & w5t ?r\gh ! =m ( t\*+4 8,god gave !e bett] heal? & m s5se0 0 ! uns5tim5tal b5$iction he pron\nc$4 ,que5 ,anne1 z is well kn[n1 8t\*$0 ,dr4 ,johnson 9 8 *ildhood1 b x is record$ t 9 ?is case no cure 0 effect$4 ,boswell says t ,johnson's "m 9 tak+ ! *ild 7:o 0 !n betwe5 two & ?ree ye>s old7 to ,london = ! c]emony 0 act+ on ! advice ( ,sir ,john ,floy]1 :o 0 at t "t a not$ physician at ,li*field4 ,! 8t\*-piece0 pres5t$ by ,que5 ,anne to ,dr4 ,johnson is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,pret5d]1 ,*>les ,edw>d1 t\*$ someone at ,holyrood ,h\se1 ,ed9burgh1 & 8 p>tisans said a cure 0 effect$ 9 ?ree weeks4 ,:i* prov$ 8 "r to ! ?rone ( ,engl&4 ,! /ory told by ,william ( ,malmesbury ab\t ,edw>d ! ,confessor is t 8a "y woman t _h a husb& ab\t ! same age z h]self1 b no *ild1 0 afflict$ ) ov]fl[+ ( hum\rs 9 h] neck1 :i* broke out 9 great nobbs1 0 comm&$ 9 a dream to apply to ! ,k+ to wa% x4 ,to c\rt %e goes1 & ! ,k+ be+ at 8 ,devotions all alone dip'd 8 f+]s 9 wat] & dabbel'd ! woman's neck1 & he _h no soon] tak5 away 8 h& ?an %e f\nd h]self bett]40 ,william goes on to tell t )9 a week %e 0 well1 & t )9 a ye> %e 0 br\ght to b$ ( tw9s4 ,mod]n doctors h =gott5 & despis$ ! /range /ory ( ?is royal t\*1 b two & ?ree c5turies ago !y v s]i\sly discuss$ x4 ,reports ( m>vell\s & num]\s cures 7 confid5tly relat$1 & ! writ]s :o _h no fai? 9 ! virtue ( ! p]=mance admitt$ ! g5u95ess ( _m ( ! cases4 ,s]geant-,surgeon ,dick5s1 ,que5 ,anne's surgeon1 n>rat$ ! mo/ curi\s in/ance4 ,at ! reque/ ( "o "y woman he br\ght h] to ! ,que5 to be t\*$4 ,aft] ! p]=mance he impress$ ^u h] ! importance ( nev] p>t+ ) ! gold m$al :i* 0 giv5 to all pati5ts2 = x appe>s t he _h reason to expect t %e 0 likely to sell x4 ,%e promis$ always to reta9 x1 & 9 due c\rse %e 0 cur$4 ,9 "t1 ?9k+ all risk _h pass$1 %e dispos$ ( ! t\*-piece2 ! disease return$2 %e confess$ h] fault p5it5tly to ,dr4 ,dick5s1 & by 8 aid 0 t\*$ aga91 & once m cur$4 ,surgeon ,wiseman1 *ief surgeon 9 ,*>les ,i's army1 & aft]w>ds ,s]geant-,surgeon 9 ,*>les ,,ii's h\sehold1 describ$ ! cures effect$ by t mon>*4 ,he _h be5 an eye-witness ( hundr$s ( cures1 he says4 ,_m o!r te/imonies ( ! same k9d might be quot$1 b x is z well to rem>k t a habit grew up ( describ+ ! t\*+ itself z a cure4 ,c>eful & intellig5t inquiries into ! alleg$ success ( ! practice by inve/igators :o 7 by no means believ]s 9 any actual royal virtue1 b :o yet admitt$ unhesitat+ly ! reality ( _m ( ! claim$ cures1 are on record4 ,among treatises ( ?is "* may be m5tion$ 8,a ,free & ,imp>tial ,inquiry into ! ,antiquity & ,efficacy ( ,t\*+ = ! ,k+'s ,evil10 by ,william ,beckett1 ,f4,r4,s41 a well kn[n surgeon1 #agbb1 & 8,crit]ion1 or ,miracles ,exam9$10 by ,dr4 ,d\glas1 ,bi%op ( ,salisbury1 #aged4 ,bo? ( ^! writ]s admit t cures did result f ! ,k+'s t\*2 ! ,bi%op says t he p]sonally knew a man :o _h be5 heal$4 ,mr4 ,beckett deals ) ^! cures ) mu* judgm5t4 ,he po9ts out h[ likely x 0 t ! excitem5t ( ! visit to ! c\rt1 bo? 9 anticipation & 9 realisation1 & ! impressive c]emony !re conduct$1 w\ld 9 _m in/ances s affect ! con/itution1 caus+ ! blood to c\rse ?r\gh ! ve9s m quickly1 z to effect a cure4 ,mr4 ,beckett also gives extremely good reasons = d\bt+ :e!r ,edw>d ! ,confessor ev] did 8t\*0 = scr(ula4 ,! gift is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,bull ( ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii by :i* ! ,confessor 0 canonis$1 nor by sev]al e>li] writ]s ?an ,william ( ,malmesbury1 monks only too eag] to glorify _! b5efactor4 ,h5ry ,,vii 0 ! fir/ to surr\nd ! c]emony ( t\*+ ) an impos+ religi\s s]vice1 & to give a t\*-piece to ! pati5t4 ,h5ry ,,viii does n seem to h foll[$ ! practice ( 8 fa!r to any great ext5t1 & !re 0 "s di/urbance ab\t x 9 ! next few reigns4 ,! ,ca?olics d5i$ t ,que5 ,elizabe? c\ld possess ! heal+ virtue1 & :5 actual cures 7 cit$ to !m "o ( _! bi%ops decl>$ t ^! 7 due1 n to ! royal virtue1 b to ! virtue ( ! sign ( ! cross4 ,all ! ,/u>t k+s1 ,*>les ,,ii p>ticul>ly1 ex]cis$ _! h]$it>y p[]s mo/ dilig5tly4 ,macaulay /ates t ,*>les ,,ii t\*$ ne>ly "o hundr$ ?\s& p]sons dur+ 8 reign4 ,9 8 record ye>1 #afhb1 he p]=m$ ! rite eight ?\s& five hundr$ times4 ,evelyn gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! p]=mance1 :i*1 z w be se51 0 no light duty4 ,he describes x ?us3 8,sitt+ "u 8 /ate 9 ! ,banquet+ ,h\se1 ! *irurgeons cause ! sick to be br\ght or l$ up to ! ?rone1 :]e1 !y kneel+1 ye ,k+ /rokes _! faces & *eeks ) bo? 8 h&s at once1 at :i* in/ant a *apla9e 9 8 =malities says3--#8,he put 8 h&s ^u !m & heal$ !m4' ,?is he said to e "o 9 p>ticul>4 ,:5 !y h be5 all t\*$1 !y come up aga9 9 ! same ord]2 & ! o!r *apla9e kneel+1 & hav+ an angel ( gold /rung on :ite ribbon on 8 arms deliv]s !m "o by "o to ,8 ,maje/ie1 :o puts !m ab\t ! necks ( ! t\*$ z !y passe1 :ile ! fir/ *apla9e repeats #8,t is ye true light :i* came into ye _w4' ,!n foll[s an epi/le 7z at fir/ a gospel7 ) ! liturgy1 pray]s = ! sick1 ) "s alt]ation1 & !n ! ,"l ,*amb]la9 & ! ,comptroll] ( ! ,h\sehold br+ a bas91 ew]1 & t[el1 = 8 ,maje/y to wa%40 ,9 #afhd ,?omas ,rosewell1 evid5tly an unrep5tant ,puritan1 0 tri$ be=e ,judge ,jeffries on a *>ge ( high treason1 ! indictm5t alleg+ t he _h said 8! p made a flock+ to ! k+ ^u pret5ce ( be+ heal$ ( ! k+'s evil1 :i* he c\ld n d40 ,rosewell _h fur!r decl>$ t he & o!rs1 be+ prie/s & prophets1 c\ld d z mu* z ! k+4 ,& ,rosewell _h told h[ ,j]oboam's h& _h dri$ up :5 he w\ld h seiz$ ! man ( ,god :o _h prophesi$ aga9/ him1 & h[ ! k+'s h& _h be5 re/or$ on ! pray] ( ! prophet4 ,9 8 def5ce ,rosewell _h sne]$ at ! ,lat9 ( ! indictm5t1 :i* spoke ( ! 8,morbus ,regni ,anglici10 :i*1 z he said1 w\ld mean ! disease ( ! ,engli% k+dom1 n ! k+'s evil4 ,jeffries1 hav+ taunt$ ! prison] & 8 witnesses ) be+ 8snivell+ sa9ts10 insi/$ on a v]dict ( guilty1 & w\ld no d\bt h _h ! mock]'s e>s cut (f2 b x is satisfactory to "k t ,*>les ,,ii1 :o probably _h n m fai? 9 8 heal+ p[] ?an ! accus$1 ord]$ him to be p>don$4 ,! ,engli% pray]-book conta9$ a =m ( s]vice = ?is c]emony up to ! ye> #agai4 ,que5 ,anne 0 ! la/ rul] 9 ,engl& to t\*4 ,!re is no record ( any ( ! ,georges attempt+ ! miracle1 b ! "y ,pret5d]1 ,*>les ,edw>d1 :5 claim+ to be ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 t\*$ a female *ild at ,holyrood ,h\se 9 #agde1 & is said to h effect$ a cure1 & aft] 8 dea? 9 #aghj 8 bro!r1 ,c>d9al ,york1 /ill t\*$ at ,rome4 ,l\is ,,xv 0 ! la/ ,k+ ( ,france :o t\*$4 ,l\is ,,xiv fulfill$ ! duty on a l>g] scale1 & d\btless ) ! utmo/ confid5ce 9 8 royal virtue4 ,! =mula us$ by ! k+s ( ,france :5 !y _h t\*$ a pati5t 0 8,le roi te t\*e1 ,dieu te gu]isse0 78,! k+ t\*es !e2 may ,god heal !e074 ,x is said t ,h5ri ( ,nav>re1 :5 9 ! ?ick ( ! fight at ,ivry 7#aeij71 z he laid ab\t him ) 8 sword "r & left1 gaily %\t$ ?is famili> expression4 ,,cramp ,,r+s4 ,fai? 9 8cramp r+s0 corresponds 9 _m respects ) ! rev]5tial confid5ce 9 ! royal t\* z a cure = scr(ula4 ,! =m]1 h[ev]1 appe>s to h be5 ( entirely ,engli% orig94 ,leg5d attributes ! fir/ cramp r+ to ,edw>d ! ,confessor4 ,/4 ,edw>d on 8 dea?-b$ is alleg$ to h giv5 a r+ f 8 f+] to ! ,abbot ( ,we/m9/] ) ! explanation t x _h be5 br\ght to him n long be=e by a pilgrim f ,j]usalem to :om x _h be5 giv5 by a my/]i\s /rang]1 presumably a visitant f ! _w ( spirits1 :o _h bidd5 him give ! r+ to ! k+ ) ! message t 8 end 0 ne>4 ,! r+ 0 pres]v$ z a relic at ,we/m9/] = "s "t1 & 0 f\nd to possess miracul\s efficacy = ! cure ( epilepsy & cramp4 ,x 0 next he>d ( at ,hav]+ 9 ,essex1 ! v "n ( :i* place1 accord+ to ,camd51 furni%$ evid5ce ( ! accuracy ( ! tradition4 ,hav]+ 0 obvi\sly a contraction ( 8h ! r+40 ,s at lea/ ?\ght ! old etymologi/s4 ,:5 ! relic disappe>$ is n record$2 b ! ,tudor k+s 7 9 ! habit ( contribut+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( gold & silv] z an (f]+ to ! ,cross e ,good ,friday1 & ! metal be+ made into r+s 0 consecrat$ by !m1 9 accordance ) a =m ( s]vice :i* 0 includ$ 9 old ,engli% pray] books 7see ,burnett's ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation1 ,"p #b1 ,book #b1 ,no4 #be74 ,?is 0 actually us$ until ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,&rew ,boorde1 9 8 8,brevi>y ( ,heal?10 #aeeg1 says3 8,! kynges ( ,engl& do? hal[ e y]e cramp rynges ye :i* rynges worn on "o's f+] do? helpe !m :y*e ha? ye cramp40 ,!y seem to h be5 reg>d$ especially z a protection aga9/ epilepsy1 & c\rti]s 7 mu* importun$ to obta9 "s = p]sons afflict$4 ,! process ( hall[+ ! r+s is describ$ 9 ,br&'s 8,popul> ,antiquities40 ,a crucifix 0 laid on a cu%ion 9 ! royal *apel1 & a piece ( c>pet 0 spread 9 front ( x4 ,! k+ ent]$ 9 /ate1 & :5 he came to ! c>pet crept on x to ! crucifix4 ,!re ! r+s 7 br\ght to him 9 a silv] di%1 & he bless$ !m4 ,9 ! ,h>leian ,manuscripts 7#bie f#aai7 a lett] is pres]v$ dat$ ! xxi4 daie ( ,june1 #aeah1 f ,"l ,b]n]s 7! translator ( ,froiss>t71 !n ambassador to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 ,he writes f ,s>agoza 8to my ,"l ,c>d9all's grace0 7,wolsey71 8,if y\r grace rememb] me ) "s crampe rynges ye %all doo a ?+ mu*e look$ =2 & ,i tru/ to be/[e ?aym well ) ,goddes grace1 :o ev]mor pres]ve & encrease y\r mo/ rev]5t a/ate40 ,x does n appe> c]ta9 t ! royal consecration ( ^! r+s 0 cont9u$ aft] ! reign ( ,que5 ,m>y2 b cramp r+s cont9u$ 9 e/eem almo/ until our own "t 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,br&'s book1 & 9 sev]al numb]s ( ,notes & ,qu]ies ref]5ces to sup]/itions 9 connection ) ^!1 _! production & ! we>+ ( !m p>ticul>ly aga9/ epilepsy1 are record$4 ,sometimes1 to be effective1 ! r+s mu/ h be5 made f c(f9 h&les1 or c(f9 nails1 ! c(f9s f :i* !y h be5 tak5 hav+ be5 buri$2 or r+s ( silv] or gold1 manufactur$ :ile ! /ory ( ! ,passion ( ! ,savi\r 0 be+ read1 w\ld possess curative p[]4 ,s w\ld a r+ made f silv] collect$ at a ,communion s]vice1 pref]ably on ,ea/] ,sunday4 ,9 ,b]k%ire1 a r+ made f five sixp5ces collect$ f five ba*elors1 none ( :om mu/ "k ! purpose ( ! collection1 & =m$ by a ba*elor smi? into a r+ 0 believ$ 92 & 9 ,suffolk1 n v long s9ce1 n9e ba*elors contribut$ a crook$ sixp5ce ea* to make a r+ = a "y woman 9 ! village to we> = ! cure ( epileptic fits to :i* %e 0 subject4 ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,w>wick',s ,,p[d]4 ,! ,e>l ( ,w>wick's ,p[d] is nam$ 9 _m old ,engli%1 & m frequ5tly /ill 9 =eign disp5satories & ph>macopias1 appe>+ g5]ally "u ! title ( 8,pulvis ,comitis de ,w>wick1 or ,pulvis ,w>wici5sis10 sometimes also z 8,pulvis ,cornac*9i40 ,x is ! orig9al ( our ,pulv4 ,scammon ,co1 & 0 giv5 9 ! ,p4,l4 #agba 9 its pri/9e =m1 ?us3-- ,scammony1 prep>$ ) ! fumes ( sulphur1 #b ounces4 ,diaphoretic antimony1 #a ounce4 ,cream ( t>t>1 ounce4 ,9 ! ,p4,l4 #agdf ! pulvis e scammonio compositus1 made f f\r p>ts ( scammony & ?ree p>ts ( burnt h>t%orn1 0 sub/itut$ = ! above1 b nei!r ?is nor ! mod]n comp\nd scammony p[d]1 consi/+ ( scammony1 jalap1 & g+]1 c be reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! orig9al ,e>l ( ,w>wick's p[d]4 ,! ,e>l ( ,w>wick f :om ! p[d] acquir$ its "n 0 ,rob]t ,dudley1 son ( ! fam\s ,e>l ( ,leice/]1 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s fav\rite1 & ( ,k5ilwor? notoriety4 ,8 "m 0 ! wid[ ( ,"l ,%effield1 & !re 0 mu* dispute ab\t ! legitimacy ( ! *ild1 b ! evid5ce goes to %[ t ,leice/] m>ri$ h] two days be=e ! bir? ( ! boy4 ,he aft]w>ds ab&on$ h]1 b he left 8 e/ates to ! boy4 ,"y ,rob]t ,dudley grew up a s+ul>ly h&some & popul> y\?4 ,he l$ an adv5tur\s life1 voyag+1 explor+1 & fight+ ,spani% %ips4 ,he fail$ to e/abli% 8 claims to 8 titles & e/ates 9 ,engl&1 & ultimately settl$ at ,flor5ce1 :]e he became a ,ca?olic1 & di/+ui%$ himself z an eng9e] & ar*itect4 ,he won ! fav\r ( ,f]d9& ,,ii1 ,emp]or ( ,au/ria1 :o creat$ him ,e>l ( ,w>wick & ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&1 & ! ,pope recognis$ 8 nobility4 ,he di$ 9 ,italy 9 #afdi4 ,! *ronicl]s ( ! "t ref] to a book he is said to h writt5 "u ! title ( ,ca?olicon1 :i* 0 89 good e/eem among physicians40 ,if x exi/$ x 0 probably a collection ( m$ical =mul1 b x is n unlikely t ?is suppos$ book has be5 confus$ ) "o writt5 by a ,dr4 ,cornac*9i1 ( ,pisa1 & d$icat$ to ,dudley4 ,9 t "w1 :i* is kn[n1 ! p[d] is describ$1 & its inv5tion is attribut$ to ! ,e>l4 ,x is alleg$ to h possess$ m>vell\s m$ic9al virtues4 ,,duke ,,( ,,portl&',s ,,g\t ,,p[d]4 ,"u ?is title a p[d] _h a great reputation ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & well on into ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! p[d] 0 compos$ ( ari/olo*ia rotunda 7bir?wort root71 g5tian root1 & ! tops & leaves ( g]m&]1 gr\nd p9e1 & c5taury1 ( ea* equal p>ts4 ,"o dra*m 0 to be tak5 e morn+1 fa/+1 = ?ree mon?s1 & !n dra*m = ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,p>ticul> directions 9 reg>d to diet 7 giv5 ) ! =mula4 ,! comp\nd 0 evid5tly only a slight modification ( sev]al to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ! lat] ,lat9 au?ors1 ,aetius1 ,alex&] ( ,trailles1 & ,paul ( ,eg9eta4 ,^! 7 entitl$ ,tetraph>macum1 ,antidotus ,podagrica ex duobus c5tauriae g5]ibus1 ,diatess]on1 & o!r names4 ,! 8duobus0 rem$y 0 an electu>y prescrib$ by ,aetius1 & a piece ! size ( a hazel nut _h to be tak5 e morn+ = a ye>4 ,h5ce x 0 call$ m$icam5tum ad annum4 ,?is1 or some?+ v l x1 0 9 use 9 ,italy = c5turies "u ! "n ( ,pulvis ,pr9cipis ,mir&ol1 & spread f !re to ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,an ,engli%man long resid5t 9 ,switz]l& _h compil$ a manuscript collection ( m$ical =mul1 & 8 son1 :o became acqua9t$ ) ! ,duke ( ,portl& ( ! p]iod1 p]suad$ him to give ?is g\t rem$y a trial4 ,! result 0 s satisfactory t ! ,duke _h ! =mula & ! diet directions pr9t$ on leaflets1 & ^! 7 giv5 to anyone :o ask$ = !m4 ,,sir ,,walt] ,,raleigh',s ,,great ,,cordial4 ,dur+ 8 twelve ye>s' imprisonm5t 9 ! ,t[] 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! reign ( ,james ,i1 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh 0 all[$ a room 9 :i* he fitt$ up a laboratory1 & divid$ 8 "t betwe5 *emical exp]im5ts & lit]>y lab\rs4 ,x 0 believ$ t ,raleigh _h br\ght ) him f ,guiana "s wond]ful curative balsam1 & ?is op9ion1 comb9$ ) ! k t he dabbl$ l>gely ) retorts & alembics 9 ! ,t[]1 ensur$ a lively public int]e/ 9 8 8,great ,cordial0 :5 x 0 available4 ,! ,que51 ,anne ( ,d5m>k1 & ,pr9ce ,h5ry1 7 bo? w>m p>tisans ( ,raleigh1 & did _! be/ to get him releas$4 ,! ,que5 0 conv9c$ t ! 8,great ,cordial0 _h sav$ h] life 9 a s]i\s illness1 & ,pr9ce ,h5ry took a p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ,raleigh's exp]im5ts4 ,:5 ! ,pr9ce 0 on 8 dea?-b$ ,raleigh s5t him "s ( ! cordial1 decl>+1 x 0 report$1 t x w\ld c]ta9ly cure him provid$ he _h n be5 poison$4 ,?is unwise sugge/ion com+ to ,james's e>s greatly inc5s$ him1 & d>k5$ ,raleigh's prospects ( life & fre$om consid]ably4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir ,,walt] ,,raleigh4 7,f a mezzot9t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,no kn[n au!ntic =mula ( ! cordial exi/s1 b ,*>les ,,ii 0 curi\s ab\t x1 & 8 ,fr5* apo!c>y1 ,le ,febre1 on ! k+'s comm&1 prep>$ "s ( ! comp\nd f data !n available1 & wrote a treatise on x :i* 0 aft]w>ds translat$ into ,engli% by ,pet] ,lebon4 ,evelyn records 9 8 di>y ! demon/ration ( ! composition giv5 by ,le ,febre to ! ,c\rt on ,septemb] #bj1 #affb4 ,! cordial !n consi/$ ( =ty roots1 se$s1 h]bs1 etc41 mac]at$ 9 _s ( w9e1 & di/ill$4 ,) ! di/illate 7 comb9$ bezo> /ones1 pe>ls1 coral1 de]'s horn1 amb]1 musk1 antimony1 v>i\s e>?s1 sug>1 & mu* besides4 ,vip]s' fle%1 ) ! he>t & liv]1 & 8m9]al unicorn0 7 add$ lat] on ! sugge/ion ( ,sir ,k5elm ,digby4 ,! (ficial hi/ory ( ?is /range concoction is app5d$4 ,confectio ,raleighana 0 fir/ (ficial 9 ! ,london ,ph>macopia ( #agba4 ,! =mula 0-- ,rasurae ,c4 ,c]vi lb4 i4 ,c>nis vip]>um c4 cordibus et hepatibus1 #f oz4 ,flor4 ,borag41 rosm>41 cal5dulae1 roris solis1 ros>um rub41 sambuci1 ana lb4 ss4 ,h]b4 scordii1 c>dui b5$icti1 meliss1 dictamni cretici1 m5?1 majoran1 betonic1 ana manipules duodecim4 ,succi ,k]mis1 ,sem4 c>d4 maj41 cubeb>um1 ,bacc4 junip41 macis1 nuc4 mos*41 c>yoph41 croci1 ana #b oz4 ,c9nam4 opt41 cort4 lign4 sassaf41 cort4 flav4 malorum citriorum1 aurantiorum1 ana #c oz4 ,lign4 aloes1 sassafras1 ana #f oz4 ,rad4 angelic41 val]ian1 sylve/41 frax9ell1 seu dictamni alb41 s]p5t>4 ,virg9ian1 ,z$o>i1 torm5till bi/ort1 ,ari/olo*4 long41 ,ari/olo*4 rotund41 g5tian1 imp]atori1 ana #a oz4 ,^! 7 to be cut up or cru%$1 & a t9cture made f !m ) rectifi$ _s4 ,! t9cture 0 to be evaporat$ 9 a s&-ba?1 ! express$ magma 0 !n to be burn$1 & ! a%es1 lixiviat$ 9 wat]1 7 to be add$ to ! extract4 ,!n ! foll[+ p[d]s 7 to be add$ to ?is liquid to =m a confection3--,bezo> /one1 ,ea/]n & we/]n1 ( ea* #a oz42 ,ea/]n pe>ls1 #b oz42 r$ coral1 #c oz42 ,ea/]n ,bole1 ,t]ra ,sigillata1 calc9$ h>t%orn1 amb]gris1 ( ea* #a oz42 musk1 #a dra*ms2 p[d]$ sug>1 #b lb4 ,9 ! ,p4,l4 #agdf ,confectio ,raleighana appe>s z ,confectio ,c>diaca4 ,x is expressly /at$ t ?is new "n is sub/itut$ = ! old "o4 ,! =mula is simplifi$1 b ! resemblance to ! orig9al c be trac$4 ,x runs ?us3--,summitatum ,rorism>1 rec5t41 ,bacc1 ,junip41 ana lb4 i2 ,sem4 c>d41 m94 decort41 ,z$o>i1 ,croci4 ana lb4 ss4 ,make a t9cture ) ^! ) ab\t #a gallons ( dilut$ _s1 & aft]w>ds r$uce x to #b lb4 by evaporat+ at a g5tle heat2 !n add ! foll[+1 all 9 ! f9e/ p[d]3--,comp\nd p[d] ( crabs' %ells1 #af oz4 ,?is 0 prep>$ p[d] ( crab %ells1 #a lb42 pe>ls & r$ coral1 ( ea* #c oz42 c9namon & nutmegs1 ( ea* #b oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 sug>1 #b lb4 ,to make a confection4 ,9 ! ,p4,l4 #aghh ! comp\nd is /ill fur!r simplifi$1 & acquires ! "n ( ,confectio ,aromatica4 ,! index ( t "w gives 8,confectio ,aromatica vice ,confectio ,c>diaca40 ,! =mula n[ runs ?us3--,z$o>ia1 co>sely p[d]$1 saffron1 ( ea*1 lb42 wat]1 #c lb4 ,mac]ate = #bd h\rs1 express & /ra94 ,evaporate ! /ra9$ liquor to #a lb41 & add ! foll[+1 all 9 f9e p[d]3--comp\nd p[d] ( crabs' %ells1 #af oz42 c9namon1 nutmeg1 ( ea* #b oz42 cloves1 #h oz42 c>damom se$s1 oz42 sug>1 #b lb4 ,make a confection4 ,9 ! #ahji ,p4,l4 ! z$o>y is ab&on$1 ! quantity ( saffron is r$uc$ to #b ounces1 ! pulv4 *elis cancrorum co4 is describ$ z te/>um prp41 & !re is no mac]ation ( any ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,! p[d]s are simply mix$1 & ! wat] add$ little by little until ! prop] consi/5ce is atta9$4 ,?is =mula is reta9$ 9 ! ,ph>macopias ( #ahbd & #ahcf1 b 9 t ( #ahea ! p[d]$ %ells became prep>$ *alk4 ,9 ! ,ed9burgh ,ph>macopia ( #ahda1 & 9 t ( ,dubl9 ( #ahej1 ! confection 0 made f aromatic p[d]s ( simil> composition1 made into confections 9 ,p4,e4 ) syrup ( orange peel1 & 9 ,p4,d4 ) simple syrup & cl>ifi$ honey4 ,all t rema9s ( ?is hi/oric rem$y is ,pulvis ,cret ,aromaticus ,b4,p41 & f ?is ! saffron has be5 entirely remov$4 ,raleigh's ,cordial occasionally turns up 9 hi/ories4 ,9 ,aubrey's 8,brief ,lives10 x is /at$ t 8,sir ,walt] ,raleigh 0 a great *ymi/1 & among/ "s ,,mss4 receipts ,i h se5 "s secrets f him4 ,he made an excell5t cordiall1 good 9 feav]s4 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,boyle has ! recipe & does great cures by x40 ,9 ,/rickl&'s 8,lives ( ! ,que5s ( ,engl&0 7,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #abb7 we are told t1 accord+ to ! newspap]s ( ! day1 ,william ,,iii1 9 8 la/ illness 0 kept alive all ?r\gh 8 la/ night by ! use ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh's ,cordial4 ,9 ,"l ,john ,h]vey's 8,memoirs ( ! ,reign ( ,george ,,ii0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bid71 ! details ( ! la/ illness ( ,que5 ,c>ol9e1 :o di$ 9 #agcg1 are n>rat$4 ,snake root & ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh's ,cordial 7 prescrib$ = h]4 ,z ! latt] took "s "t to prep>e1 ,ransby1 h\se surgeon to ! ,k+1 said "o cordial 0 z good z ano!r1 & gave h] ,usquebaugh4 ,%e1 h[ev]1 took ! o!r mixture :5 x came4 ,aft]w>ds ,daffy's ,elixir & m9t wat] 7 adm9i/]$4 ,,t> ,,wat] ,,z ,a ,,panacea4 ,george ,b]keley 0 born 9 #afhe 9 ,kilk5ny c\nty1 ,irel&1 b claim$ to be ( ,engli% extraction4 ,he graduat$ at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 & became a ,fell[ ( t ,college4 ,8 metaphysical speculations made him fam\s4 ,he 0 ! orig9ator ( ! view t ! actual exi/5ce ( matt] 0 n capable ( pro(4 ,hav+ be5 appo9t$ ,dean ( ,d]ry he 0 well provid$ =1 b j !n he became en?usia/ically desir\s to conv]t & civilise ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,) ?is object 9 view he propos$ to e/abli% a ,univ]sity at ,b]muda to tra9 /ud5ts = ! "w4 ,he got "s college fri5ds to jo9 him1 collect$ ab\t #e1jjj f weal?y support]s1 & aft] long negotiations p]suad$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons to recomm5d ,george ,i4 to grant him a contribution ( #bj1jjj :i* nev] came4 ,x 0 dur+ t "t t he le>n$ ( ! m$ic9al efficacy ( t> wat] f "s ( ! ,indian tribes :om he visit$4 ,"s "t aft] 8 return he 0 made ,bi%op ( ,cloyne1 & work$ indefatigably 9 8 diocese4 ,a t]rible w9t] 9 #agci-dj caus$ great di/ress & 0 foll[$ by an epidemic ( small-pox4 ,x 0 !n t ! ,bi%op rememb]$ 8 ,am]ican exp]i5ces4 ,he gave t> wat] z a rem$y & t> wat] z a prophylactic1 ) ! result1 z he report$1 t ^? :o took ! disease _h x v mildly if !y _h tak5 t> wat]4 ,conv9c$ ( its value he gave x 9 o!r illnesses ) su* success t ) *>act]i/ic en?usiasm he came to believe t he _h discov]$ a panacea4 ,"s reports ( ?is treatm5t _h be5 publi%$ 9 c]ta9 magaz9es1 b 9 ! spr+ ( #agdd a little book by ! ,bi%op appe>$ giv+ a full acc\nt ( 8 exp]i5ces4 ,x 0 entitl$ 8,a ,*a9 ( ,philosophical ,reflections & ,enquiries conc]n+ ! virtues ( ,t> ,wat]1 & div]s o!r subjects connect$ toge!r & aris+ "o f ano!r40 ,! treatise 0 eag]ly read & discuss$ bo? 9 ,irel& & ,engl&4 ,a second edition 0 requir$ 9 a few weeks1 & to ?is ! au?or gave ! %ort title 8,siris0 7,greek = *a974 ,illu/ration3 ,,b]keley4 7,f ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,! ,bi%op's !ory 0 an attractive "o4 ,! p9e trees he argu$1 _h accumulat$ f ! sunlight & ! air a l>ge proportion ( ! vital elem5t ( ! univ]se1 & cond5s$ x 9 ! t> :i* !y yield$4 ,! vital elem5t c\ld be drawn (f by wat] & convey$ to ! human organism4 ,x is n necess>y "h to foll[ out 8 *a9 ( reason+ f ! vital elem5t 9 t> up to ! ,supreme ,m9d f :i* t vital pr9ciple emanat$4 ,on ! way ! au?or quot$ freely & effectively f ,plato & ,py?agoras1 f ,!ophra/us & ,pl9y1 f ,bo]haave & ,boyle1 & f _m o!r au?orities4 ,he %[$ h[ ! balsams & res9s ( ! anci5t _w 7 ( ! same nature z t>4 ,van ,helmont said1 8,:oev] c make myrrh soluble by ! human body has ! secret ( prolong+ 8 days10 & ,bo]haave _h recognis$ t !re 0 tru? 9 ?is rem>k on acc\nt ( ! anti-putrefactive p[] ( ! myrrh4 ,?is 0 ! p[] :i* t> possess$ 9 s l>ge a degree4 ,homb]g _h made gold by introduc+ ! vital elem5t 9 ! =m ( light into ! pores ( m]cury4 ,! process 0 too exp5sive to make ! production ( gold by ?is means pr(itable1 b ! fact %[$ an analogy ) ! conc5tration ( ! same elem5t 9 ! t>4 ,b]keley's process = mak+ ! t> wat] 0 simply to p\r #a gallon ( cold wat] on a qu>t ( t>2 /ir x ) a wood5 ladle = five or six m9utes1 & !n set ! vessel aside = ?ree days & nights to let ! t> subside4 ,! wat] 0 !n to be drawn (f & kept 9 well-/opp]$ bottles4 ,ord9>ily half a p9t might be tak5 fa/+ morn+ & night1 b to cure disease mu* l>g] doses might be giv54 ,x _h prov$ ( extraord9>y value n only 9 small-pox1 b also 9 eruptions & ulc]s1 ulc]ation ( ! b[els & ( ! lungs1 consumptive c\gh1 pleurisy1 dropsy1 & gravel4 ,x greatly aid$ dige/ion1 & consequ5tly prev5t$ g\t4 ,x 0 a rem$y 9 all inflammatory disord]s & fev]s4 ,x 0 a cordial :i* *e]$1 w>m$1 & com=t$1 ) no injuri\s effects4 ,! nation w5t wild ov] ?is discov]y4 8,! ,bi%op ( ,cloyne has made t> wat] z fa%ionable z ,vauxhall or ,ranelagh10 wrote ,duncombe4 ,! ,bi%op's book 0 translat$ into mo/ ( ! ,european languages1 & t> wat] atta9$ "s degree ( popul>ity on ! ,cont95t4 ,x ow$ no little ( its success 9 ?is c\ntry to ! opposition x met ) f m$ical writ]s4 ,! public at once conclud$ t !y 7 v anxi\s ab\t _! 8kit*5 prospects10 to use ! symbolism ( ,p>acelsus4 ,e attack on t> wat] call$ =? sev]al replies4 ,b]keley himself respond$ to "s ( ! criticisms by v poor v]ses1 :i* he got a fri5d to s5d to ! j\rnals ) /rict injunctions to keep 8 "n secret4 ,p>is 9 8,ph>macologia0 ref]s to ! t> wat] mania1 ask+ 8,:at b ! spell ( au?ority c\ld h inspir$ a g5]al belief t ! sooty wa%+s ( ros9 w\ld act z a univ]sal rem$y80 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t ! g5]al belief 0 r a revolt aga9/ au?ority ?an an acceptance ( x4 ,dr4 ,"y1 ! au?or ( 8,night ,?\ghts10 wrote3 8,!y :o h exp]i5c$ ! wond]ful effects ( t> wat] reveal its excell5ces to o!rs4 ,i say reveal1 because !y are beyond :at any c conceive by reason or natural light4 ,b o!rs disbelieve !m ?\gh ! revelation is atte/$ pa/ all scruple1 because to !m su* excell5ces are incompreh5sible4 ,n[ give me leave to say t ?is infidelity may possibly be z fatal to morbid bodies z o!r infidelity is to morbid s\ls4 ,i say ?is 9 hone/ zeal = y\r welf>e4 ,i am confid5t if y p]si/ y'll be greatly b5efit$ by x4 ,9 old ob/9ate1 *ronical compla9ts1 x probably w n %[ its virtue "u ?ree mon?s2 ?\gh secretly x is do+ good all ! "t40 ,,k+s ,,buy ,,secret ,,rem$ies4 ,9 pa/ times x 0 n unusual = mon>*s to pur*ase f ! inv5tors ( panaceas ! secrets ( _! composition = publication = ! b5efit ( _! subjects4 ,sev]al in/ances are m5tion$ 9 o!r *apt]s ( ?is book4 ,among ^! may be not$ ,godd>d's ,drops1 b\ght by ,*>les ,,ii41 ,glaub]'s ,k]mes ,m9]al or ,p\dre des ,*>tres1 ,talbor's ,t9cture ( ,b>k1 & ,helvetius's ,ipecacuanha1 ! secrets ( :i* 7 obta9$ by ,l\is ,,xiv = fancy prices4 ,9 ,l\is ,,xiv's reign ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t pur*as$ f ! ,prieur de ,cabri] an arcanum to cure rupture )\t b&ages or op]ations4 ,! recipe1 :i* 0 made public1 0 t a few drops ( _s ( salt 7 to be tak5 9 r$ w9e frequ5tly dur+ ! day4 ,mr4 ,/eph5s's ,cure = ! ,/one 0 transf]r$ to ! public by a paym5t au?oris$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii ( ,au/ria paid #a1ejj flor9s some:]e ab\t ! ye> #aghe = ! =mula = a secret febrifuge :i* 0 at t "t enjoy+ extreme popul>ity4 ,x prov$ to be simply an alcoholic t9cture ( box b>k 7,buxus semp]vir5s74 ,! rem$y lo/ its pre/ige z soon z ! secret 0 gone4 ,n\ff]'s ,tapeworm ,cure4 ,l\is ,,xvi gave #ah1jjj livres 7ab\t #gjj7 to a ,madame ,n\ff] or ,nuff] = a not$ cure = tapeworm1 :i* %e _h inh]it$ f h] deceas$ husb&4 ,z ! result ( ! k+'s pur*ase1 a little book 0 publi%$ 9 #agge expla9+ fully ! treatm5t4 ,n\ff] 0 a surgeon liv+ at ,morat1 9 ,switz]l&4 ,he _h practis$ 8 special worm cure treatm5t = _m ye>s1 & by x he _h acquir$ a consid]able local fame4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 wid[1 :o knew all ab\t ! secret1 cont9u$ to receive pati5ts4 ,among ^? :o came to h] 0 a ,russian1 ,pr9ce ,b>yant9ski1 :o 0 /ay+ 9 ! neighb\rhood & _h he>d ( ! cure4 ,he _h be5 tr\bl$ = ye>s ) tapeworm1 & ,madame ,n\ff]'s rem$y cur$ him4 ,! ,pr9ce report$ ! facts to 8 regul> physician at ,p>is1 & consequ5tly cases 7 s5t f t city to ! ,swiss lady4 ,%e 0 s successful t ! k+ 0 induc$ to give h] ! sum nam$ = ! revelation ( h] me?od1 :i* 0 briefly z foll[s3-- ,= a day or two ! pati5t 0 f$ on butt]$ toa/ only4 ,mean:ile enemas ( mall[ & m>%mall[ ) a little salt & olive oil 7 adm9i/]$4 ,!n1 e>ly 9 ! morn+1 #c dra*ms ( p[d] ( male f]n 9 a teacupful ( wat] 0 tak54 ,c&i$ lemon 0 *ew$ aft] ! dose to relieve ! nause\sness1 & ! m\? 0 wa%$ out ) an aromatic wat]4 ,if ! pati5t vomit$ ! m$ic9e ano!r dose 0 giv54 ,two h\rs aft] ! male f]n a bolus conta9+ #ab gra9s ea* ( calomel & res9 ( scammony1 ) #e gra9s ( gamboge1 & ) confection ( hyac9? z ! excipi5t1 _h to be tak54 ,a cup ( w>m tea 0 recomm5d$ %ortly aft] ! bolus4 ,! doses quot$ 7 reg>d$ z av]age ones4 ,!y might be modifi$ accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! pati5t4 ,g5]ally ! treatm5t n>rat$ suffic$ to expel ! worm4 ,if x did n1 ! :ole proce$+ 0 repeat$4 ,male f]n 0 a rem$y m5tion$ by ,dioscorides & o!r anci5t writ]s1 b x _h be5 =gott5 = c5turies until ,madame ,n\ff]'s sy/em br\ght x to ! recollection ( m$ical practition]s4 ,x aga9 fell out ( use1 b a ,fr5* physician nam$ ,job]t reviv$ its popul>ity 9 #ahfi4 ,he 0 assi/$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! rem$y by ,mr4 ,hepp1 ph>maci5 ( ! ,civil ,hospital ( ,/rasburg4 ,be/u*eff's ,t9cture & ,la ,mo!'s ,gold5 ,drops4 ,alexis ,petrovit* ,be/\jeff-,rum9e1 commonly call$ ,c\nt von ,be/\jeff or ,be/u*eff1 0 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,elector ,george ( ,hanov] :5 t ,pr9ce 0 call$ to reign ov] ,great ,brita94 ,he !reupon became ,george's ambassador at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,on ! dea? ( ,pet] ! ,great ,be/u*eff )drew f ! ,briti% diplomatic s]vice1 & comm5c$ a v>i$ & /ormy political c>e]1 "u ! ?ree ,empresses ,anna1 ,elizabe?1 & ,ca!r9e ,,ii1 :o1 ) brief int]vals1 succe$$ ea* o!r on ! ,russian ?rone4 ,he 0 ,=eign ,m9i/] "u ! fir/1 ,gr& ,*ancellor & !n a disgrac$ exile "u ! second1 recall$ & highly hon\r$ by ,ca!r9e4 ,dur+ 8 bani%m5t he int]e/$ himself 9 a rem$y :i* became enorm\sly popul> at t epo*1 kn[n 9 ,france z ! ,gold5 ,drops ( ,g5]al ,la ,mo!1 & 9 ,g]many & ,russia z ,be/u*eff's ,t9cture4 ,la ,mo! _h be5 9 ! s]vice ( ,leopold ,ragotzky1 ,pr9ce ( ,transylvania1 b retir+ f ! ,army he w5t to live at ,p>is & took ^! gold5 drops ) him4 ,!y 7 a t9cture ( p]*loride ( iron ) _s ( e!r1 b ! public believ$ !m to be a solution ( gold4 ,!y 7 recomm5d$ z a m>vell\s re/orative m$ic9e1 & sold 79 ,p>is7 at #be livres 7ne>ly #a7 = ! half-ounce bottle4 ,s fam\s 7 !y t ,l\is ,,xv s5t #bjj bottles to ! ,pope z a p>ticul>ly preci\s gift4 ,subsequ5tly ,l\is gave ,la ,mo! a p5sion ( #d1jjj livres a ye> = ! "r ( mak+ ! drops = 8 ,hotel des ,invalides1 ,la ,mo! & 8 wid[ aft] him reta9+ ! "r to sell to ! public4 ,be/u*eff sold 8 recipe to ! ,empress ,ca!r9e = #c1jjj r\bles1 & by h] ord]s x 0 pass$ on to ! ,college ( ,m$ic9e ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 :i* publi%$ x "u ! title ( ! ,t9ctura ,tonica ,n]v9a ,be/u*effi4 ,! =mula at fir/ publi%$ 0 *emically absurd1 b ,klapro? correct$ x1 & ! pre/ige ( ! quack m$ic9e 0 de/roy$4 ,b an e!real t9cture ( p]*loride ( iron 0 adopt$ 9 mo/ ( ! ,cont95tal ph>macopias4 ,x is n cle> :e!r ,be/u*eff & ,la ,mo! 7 9 association at any "t1 b _! prep>ations 7 simil> if n id5tical4 ,"u ! rule ( ,napoleon ,i ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t b\ght sev]al =mulas ( secret rem$ies = ab\t #ajj ea*4 ,none ( !m ei!r _h or has s9ce acquir$ any popul> reputation4 ,! =mulas 7 publi%$ 9 ! m$ical & ph>maceutical j\rnals ( ! "t4 ,,xiii ,,*emical ,,contributions ,,to ,,ph>macy ,*ymi/ry4 8,an art :]eby s5sible bodies conta9$ 9 vessels1 or capable ( be+ conta9$ !re91 are s *ang$ by means ( c]ta9 in/rum5ts1 & pr9cipally fire1 t _! sev]al p[]s & virtues are !reby discov]$1 ) a view to philosophy or m$ic9e40--,,bo]haave4 ,quot$ z a def9ition 9 ,johnson's ,diction>y1 #agee4 ,,acids1 ,,alkalies1 ,,& ,,salts4 ,"u ! above title almo/ ! entire hi/ory ( *emi/ry might be easily compreh5d$4 ,! gradual gr[? ( def9ite mean+s atta*$ to ^! t]ms has be5 co9cid5t ) ! atta9m5t ( accurate notions conc]n+ ! composition ( bodies4 ,to ! anci5t philosoph]s s\r w9e1 acetum v91 or acetum z x is /ill call$1 0 ! only acid def9itely kn[n4 ,:5 ! al*emi/s became busy try+ to extract ! virtue out ( all sub/ances !y produc$ sev]al acids by di/illation4 ,^! !y call$1 = example1 _s ( vitriol1 _s ( nitre1 _s ( salt1 mean+ our sulphuric1 nitric1 & hydro*loric acids respectively4 ,!y reg>d$ ev]y?+ obta9$ by di/illation z a _s4 ,:5 ! !ori/s came =w>d1 ,be*]1 ,/ahl1 & _! foll[]s1 !y treat$ ^! acids z orig9al con/itu5ts ( ! sub/ances f :i* !y 7 obta9$4 ,?us1 :5 sulphur 0 burn$ phlogi/on 0 set free1 & acid rema9$4 ,lavoisi] believ$ t ! acidify+ pr9ciple _h be5 discov]$ 9 oxyg51 & x 0 on ?is !ory t he gave t elem5t its "n4 ,b ?is idea broke d[n :5 ,davy prov$ t !re 0 no oxyg5 9 ! s-call$ muriatic1 or oxy-muriatic acid4 ,x 0 ! subsequ5t recognition ( ! law ( sub/itution :i* made x cle> t ! acids are1 9 fact1 salts ( hydrog5 or ( "s metal sub/itut$ = ! hydrog54 ,! hi/ory ( alkalies is z v>i$ z is t ( acids4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 cau/ic alkalies & mild alkalies 0 a problem z f> back z ,dioscorides4 ,by burn+ lime/one cau/ic lime is produc$4 ,x 0 n an unreasonable presumption t ! fire _h creat$ ?is cau/icity1 & ?is !ory 0 held ) reg>d to all ! alkalies until x 0 prov$ by ,joseph ,black1 9 #agef1 t ! cau/ic alkali 0 ! result ( a gas1 fix$ air1 he nam$ x1 be+ driv5 (f f ! mild alkali4 ,! anci5t ,jews prep>$ :at !y call$ ,bori? 7translat$ 8soap0 9 ,j]emiah1 ii1 #bb1 & ,mala*i1 iii1 #b7 by filt]+ wat] ?r\gh vegetable a%es4 ,bori? 0 !re=e an impure c>bonate ( pota%4 ,x is probable t ! salt-wort 0 g5]ally employ$ = ?is purpose1 & "s ( ! old v]sions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t give ! h]b 8,bori?0 z ! prop] s5se ( ! passages ref]r$ to above4 ,9 any case ! alkal9e solution produc$ f vegetable a%es 0 us$ = blea*+ & cleans+ purposes4 ,! ,roman 8lixivium0 0 simil>ly prep>$1 & ! process is /ill foll[$ 9 "s c\ntries :]e !re are d5se =e/s4 ,! ,arabic ^w 8al-kali0 0 app>5tly appli$ to ! product f ! ^w 8qaly10 :i* meant 8to roa/40 ,! e>lie/ kn[n use ( ! t]m is1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 ! works ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,a process ( mak+ cau/ic pota% by filt]+ wat] ?r\gh vegetable a%es ) quicklime is describ$ 9 ! works attribut$ to ,geb]1 b ?is is 9 a treatise n[ kn[n to h be5 writt5 9 ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 only 9 #agcf t ! ?ree alkalies1 soda1 pota%1 & ammonia1 7 def9itely di/+ui%$ by ,duhamel z m9]al1 vegetable1 & animal or volatile alkalies4 ,a =mula = a solution ( cau/ic pota% 0 giv5 9 ! ,p4,l41 #agdf1 "u ! title ( ,lixivium ,sapon>ium4 ,equal p>ts ( ,russian pota%es & quicklime 7 mix$1 wett$ until ! lime 0 slak$1 wat] aft]w>ds add$ freely1 & aft] agitation ! solution p\r$ (f4 ,?is 0 t5 ye>s be=e ,black's classic inve/igation already ref]r$ to4 ,be=e ,black1 & = "s "t aft]w>ds1 !re 7 sev]al !ories 9 explanation ( ! action ( ! lime on ! pota%es4 ,! lime _h be5 tam$1 b ! pota% _h become m virul5t4 ,"o popul> sugge/ion 0 t ! lime _h )drawn a k9d ( mucilage f ! pota%es2 ano!r t x _h ! effect ( develop+ ! p[] ( ! pota%es by a me*anical process ( comm9ution4 ,a ,g]man *emi/ nam$ ,mey]1 :o vigor\sly oppos$ ,black's conclusions1 ma9ta9$ t ! lime conta9$ a c]ta9 ,acidum ,cau/icum or ,acidum ,p+ue1 :i* pota%es extract$ f x4 ,9 ! ,p4,l41 #aghh1 ! process 0 alt]$ by increas+ ! proportion ( ! lime1 & ! product 0 describ$ z ,aqua ,kali ,puri4 ,subsequ5tly ! proportion ( ! lime employ$ 0 r$uc$4 ,! ^w 8salt0 is trac$ back to ! ,greek 8hals10 ! sea1 f :i* 0 =m$ ! adjective 8salos10 fluctuat+ 7l ! waves71 & subsequ5tly ! ,lat9 8sal40 ,m>9e salt 0 !re=e ! orig9al salt1 & salts 9 *emi/ry 7 sub/ances m or less resembl+ sea-salt4 ,g5]ally1 ! t]m 0 limit$ to solids :i* _h a ta/e & 7 soluble 9 wat]1 b ! notion 0 develop$ t salt 0 a con/itu5t ( ev]y?+1 & ?is salt 0 extract$1 & 0 liable to get a new "n ea* "t4 ,salt ( wormwood1 = in/ance1 is "o ( ! names :i* has surviv$ z a synonym = salt ( t>t>1 or c>bonate ( pota%4 ,p>acelsus insi/$ t all ! metals 7 compos$ ( salt1 sulphur1 & m]cury1 b ^! sub/ances 7 idealis$ 9 8 j>gon & correspond$ ) ! body1 s\l1 & _s1 respectively4 ,lavoisi] 0 ! fir/ *emi/ :o s\ght to def9e salts sci5tifically4 ,he reg>d$ !m z a comb9ation ( an acid ) a basic oxide4 ,b :5 ! true nature ( *lor9e 0 discov]$ x 0 f\nd t ?is def9ition w\ld exclude salt itself4 ,?is l$ to ! adoption ( ! t]ms 8haloid0 & 8amphide0 salts1 ! =m] be+ comp\nds ( two elem5ts 7n[ ! comb9ation ( *lor9e1 brom9e1 iod9e1 cyanog51 or fluor9e ) a metal71 & ! latt] be+ comp\nds ( two oxides4 ,! names 7 inv5t$ by ,b]zelius4 ,s9ce !n salts h be5 ! subjects ( v>i\s mod]n !ories1 electric & o!r1 b !y are always sub/ances 9 :i* hydrog5 or a metal sub/itut$ = x is comb9$ ) a radical4 ,9 a wide s5se ! acids are also salts4 ,,alcohol4 ,al-koh'l 0 an ,arabic ^w indicat+ ! sulphide ( antimony s g5]ally us$ by ,ea/]n wom5 to d>k5 _! eyebr[s1 eyela%es1 & ! eyes !mselves4 ,simil> words are f\nd 9 o!r anci5t languages4 ,cohal 9 ,*aldee is relat$ to ! ,hebrew kakhal us$ 9 ,ezekiel1 xxiii1 #dj1 9 ! s5se ( to pa9t or /a94 ,! prim>y mean+ ( alcohol !re=e is a /a94 ,be+ us$ especially 9 ref]5ce to ! f9ely levigat$ sulphide ( antimony1 ! mean+ 0 gradually ext5d$ to o!r impalpable p[d]s1 & 9 al*emical writ+s ! alcohol ( ,m>s1 a r$uc$ iron1 ! alcohol ( sulphur1 fl[]s ( brim/one1 & simil> expressions are common4 ,z late z #aggc ,baum1 9 8 8,*ymie ,exp]im5tale10 gives 8p[d]s ( ! f9e/ t5uity0 z ! fir/ def9ition1 & 8_s ( w9e rectifi$ to ! utmo/ degree0 z ! second explanation ( ! t]m alcohol4 ,z c]ta9 ( ! f9e/ p[d]s 7 obta9$ by sublimation ! transf] ( ! ^w to a fluid produc$ by a simil> me?od is intelligible1 & ?us came ! alcohol ( w9e1 :i* has supplant$ all ! o!r alcohols4 ,di/illation is a v anci5t process4 ,evid5ce exi/s ( its use by ! ,*9ese 9 ! mo/ remote p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 & possibly !y di/ill$ w9e4 ,b s f> z c be trac$ _s 0 n produc$ f w9e previ\s to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,b]!lot inve/igat$ "s alleg$ e>ly ref]5ces to x & came to ! conclusion indicat$4 ,ari/otle alludes to ! possibility ( r5d]+ sea wat] potable by vaporis+ x1 & he also notes else:]e t w9e gives (f an exhalation :i* emits a flame4 ,!ophra/us m5tions t w9e p\r$ on a fire z 9 libations c produce a flame4 ,pl9y indicates a p>ticul> locality :i* produc$ a w9e ( ,fal]no1 :i* 0 ! only w9e t c\ld be inflam$ by contact ) fire4 ,at ,alex&ria1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 cond5s+ app>atus 0 inv5t$1 & descriptions ( ! app>atus us$ are kn[n1 b no allusion to ! di/illation ( w9e occurs 9 any exi/+ ref]5ce to ! *emi/ry ( t p]iod4 ,rhazes1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ibe1 is alleg$ to h m5tion$ a _s di/ill$ f w9e1 b ,b]!lot %[s t ?is is a misund]/&+ ( a passage relat+ to false or artificial w9es4 ,wat] di/ill$ f roses is m5tion$ by ,nic&]1 ab\t #adj ,b4,c41 & ! same au?or employs ! t]m ambix = ! pot or app>atus f :i* ?is wat] 0 obta9$4 ,! ,arabs adopt$ ?is ^w1 & prefix+ to x _! article1 al1 made x into alembic4 ,?is 9 ,engli% appe>$ = "s c5turies 9 ! abbreviat$ =m ( limbeck4 ,! ,greek ambix 0 a cup-%ap$ vessel :i* 0 set on or 9 a fire1 z a crucible 0 us$4 ,pissaeleum 0 a peculi> =m ( di/illation practis$ by ! ,romans4 ,x 0 an oil ( pit* made by hang+ a fleece ( wool ov] a vessel 9 :i* pit* 0 be+ boil$4 ,! vap\r :i* collect$ 0 press$ out & us$4 ,di/ill$ wat]s f roses & aromatic h]bs figur$ prom95tly 9 ! ph>macy ( ! ,arabs1 & ,geb]1 p]haps 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 describes ! process1 & may h us$ x = o!r ?an ph>maceutical purposes4 ,avic5na lik5s ! body ( man to a /ill1 ! /oma* be+ ! kettle1 ! head ! cap1 & ! no/rils ! cool+ tube f :i* ! di/illate drips4 ,m4 ,b]!lot gives ! foll[+ f ! ,book ( ,fires ( ,m>cus ,grecas1 :i* he says c\ld n be e>li] ?an #acjj1 z ! fir/ def9ite indication ( a me?od ( produc+ :at 0 call$ aqua ard5s4 8,take a black w9e1 ?ick & old4 ,to lb4 ( ?is add #b scruples ( sulphur vivum 9 v f9e p[d]1 & #b scruples ( common salt 9 co>se fragm5ts1 & #a or #b lbs4 ( t>t> extract$ f a good :ite w9e4 ,place all 9 a copp] alembic & di/il (f ! aqua ard5s40 ,! addition ( ! salt & sulphur1 ,m4 ,b]!lot expla9s1 0 to c\nt]act ! suppos$ humidity4 ,albucasis1 a ,spani% ,arab ( ! elev5? c5tury1 is suppos$ f "s obscure expressions 9 8 writ+s to h kn[n h[ to make a _s f w9e2 b ,arnold ( ,villa ,nova1 :o wrote 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 is ! fir/ explicitly to ref] to x4 ,he does n intimate t he _h discov]$ x himself1 b he appe>s to treat x z some?+ comp>atively new4 ,aqua v9i is :at he calls x1 b "s "n x1 he says1 aqua vit1 or wat] :i* pres]ves itself always1 & gold5 wat]4 ,x is well call$ wat] ( life1 he says1 because x /r5g!ns ! body & prolongs life4 ,he di/ill$ h]bs ) x su* z rosem>y & sage1 & highly comm5d$ ! m$ic9al virtue ( ^! t9ctures4 ,x is wor? rem>k+ t :5 ,h5ry ,,ii invad$ & conqu]$ ,irel& 9 ! twelf? c5tury ! inhabitants 7 mak+ & dr9k+ a product :i* !y t]m$ uisge-bea?a1 n[ abbreviat$ into :isky1 ! exact mean+ ( ! "n be+ wat] ( life4 ,raymond ,lully1 :o acquir$ mu* ( 8 *emical lore f ,arnold ( ,villa ,nova1 0 ev5 m en?usia/ic 9 praise ( ! aqua vit ?an 8 tea*]4 8,! ta/e ( x exce$e? all o!r ta/es1 & ! smell all o!r smells10 he wrote4 ,else:]e he describes x z 8( m>veyl\s use & commoditie a little be=e ! joyn+ ( battle to /yre & enc\rage ! soldi]s' m9ds40 ,he believ$ x to be ! panacea s long s\ght1 & reg>d$ its discov]y z evid5ce t ! end ( ! _w 0 ne>4 ,! process = mak+ ! aqua vit z describ$ by ,lully 0 to dige/ limpid & well-flav\r$ r$ or :ite w9e = tw5ty days 9 a clos$ vessel 9 f]m5t+ horse-dung4 ,x 0 !n to be di/ill$ drop by drop f a g5tle fire 9 a s&-ba?4 ,! *emical con/itution ( alcohol 0 speculat$ ^u r wildly by ! *emi/s :o exp]im5t$ on x be=e ,lavoisi]4 ,x 0 held to be a comb9ation ( phlogi/on ) wat]1 b ! phlogi/on-philosoph]s disagre$ on ! "q :e!r x conta9$ an oil4 ,/ahl1 h[ev]1 lat] support$ by ,macqu]1 f\nd t an oil 0 actually sep>at$ f x if mix$ ) wat] & all[$ to evaporate sl[ly 9 ! op5 air1 aft] treat+ x ) an acid4 ,lavoisi]1 9 #agha1 c>efully analys$ _s ( w9e & f\nd t #a lb4 yield$ #d oz4 #d drms4 #cg gra9s ( c>bon1 #a oz4 #b drms4 #e gra9s ( inflammable gas 7hydrog571 & #aj oz4 #a drm4 #bi gra9s ( wat]4 ,x 0 de ,saussure :o lat]1 foll[+ ,lavoisi]'s me?ods ( inve/igation1 b ) an absolute alcohol :i* _h be5 rec5tly produc$ by ,l[itz1 a ,russian *emi/1 %[$ t oxyg5 0 a con/itu5t ( alcohol4 ,b]!lot succe$$ 9 mak+ alcohol syn!tically 9 #ahed4 ,8 process 0 to %ake olefiant gas 7,c#b;,h#d7 vigor\sly ) sulphuric acid1 dilute ! mixture ) eight to t5 p>ts ( wat]1 & di/il4 ,meldola1 h[ev] 78,! ,*emical ,syn!sis ( ,vital ,products10 #aijd71 insi/s t an ,engli% *emi/1 ,h5ry ,h5nell1 anticipat$ ,b]!lot 9 ?is discov]y4 ,,alum4 ,alum is a sub/ance :i* consid]ably my/ifi$ ! anci5t *emi/s1 :o knew ! salt b did n und]/& its composition4 ,anci5t writ]s l ,pl9y & ,dioscorides 7 acqua9t$ ) a product :i* ! =m] call$ alum5 & :i* is evid5tly ! same z _h be5 describ$ by ,dioscorides "u ! "n ( ,/ypt]ia4 ,pl9y says !re 7 sev]al v>ieties ( ?is m9]al us$ 9 dye+1 & x is cle> f 8 acc\nt t 8 alum5 0 sometimes sulphate ( iron & sometimes a mixture ( sulphate ( iron ) an alum9\s e>?4 ,x is ! fact t :]e ! v>i\s vitriols are f\nd !y are g5]ally associat$ ) alum9\s e>?4 ,alum z we "k x 0 fir/ prep>$ 9 ! ,ea/ & us$ = dye+ purposes4 ,alum works 7 9 exi/5ce "s "t subsequ5t to ! twelf? c5tury at a place nam$ ,rocca 9 ,syria1 :i* may h be5 a t[n ( t "n on ! ,euphrates1 or m probably 0 ,edessa1 :i* 0 orig9ally kn[n z ,roc*a4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t x 0 ! manufacture ( alum at ?is place :i* bequea!d to u ! "n ( ,rock or ,ro*a alum1 b ! ,hi/orical ,engli% ,diction>y says ?is d]ivation is 8evid5tly unf\nd$40 ,! al*emi/s 7 famili> ) alum & knew x to be a comb9ation ( sulphuric acid ) an unkn[n e>?4 ,van ,helmont 0 ! fir/ to employ alum z a /yptic 9 ut]9e hmorrhage1 & ,helvetius made a great reputation = a /yptic he recomm5d$ = simil> cases4 ,8 pills 7 compos$ ( alum #aj p>ts1 dragon's blood #c p>ts1 honey ( roses q4s41 made into #d gra9 pills1 ( :i* six 7 to be tak5 daily4 ,alum & nutmeg equal p>ts 7 giv5 9 agues4 ,p>is says ! addition ( nutmeg to alum corrects its t5d5cy to di/urb ! b[els4 ,x has also be5 advocat$ 9 canc] & typhoid1 b ^! int]nal uses h be5 g5]ally ab&on$4 ,_s ( ,alum is occasionally met ) 9 al*emical writ+s4 ,x 0 wat] *>g$ ) sulphuric acid obta9$ by ! di/illation ( alum ov] a nak$ fire4 ,until ! fifte5? c5tury ! only alum factories f :i* ,europe 0 suppli$ 7 at ,con/ant9ople1 ,smyrna1 & ,trebizonde4 ,beckman relates t an alum factory 0 f\nd$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,is*ia1 on ! coa/ ( ,tuscany1 by a ,g5oese m]*ant nam$ ,b>?olomew ,p]dix1 :o _h le>nt ! art at ,rocca4 ,v soon aft]w>ds ,john de ,ca/ro1 a ,paduan :o _h be5 engag$ 9 clo? dye+ at ,con/ant9ople b _h lo/ all 8 prop]ty :5 t city 0 captur$ by ,mahomet ,,ii 9 #adec1 0 appo9t$ to an (fice 9 ! ,treasury ( ! ,apo/olic ,*amb]1 & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 duties f\nd :at he believ$ to be an alum9\s rock at ,tolfa1 ne> ,civita ,vec*ia4 ,he ask$ ! ,pope1 ,pius ,,ii1 to all[ him to exp]im5t1 b x 0 "s ye>s be=e ! necess>y p]mission 0 grant$4 ,:5 at la/ ! tru? ( ,ca/ro's surmise 0 e/abli%$ ! ,pope 0 greatly int]e/$4 ,he look$ ^u ! discov]y z a great ,*ri/ian victory ov] ! ,turks1 & h&somely rew>d$ de ,ca/ro1 to :om1 besides1 a monum5t 0 erect$ 9 ,padua inscrib$ 8,joanni de ,ca/ro1 ,alum9is inv5tor40 ,! factory br\ght 9 a spl5did rev5ue to ! ,apo/olic ex*equ]1 & ! ,pope did 8 utmo/ to reta9 ! monopoly1 = :5 9 consequ5ce ( ! extravagant prices to :i* ! ,tolfa alum 0 rais$ m]*ants began aga9 to buy ! ,ea/]n product 8 ,hol9ess issu$ a decree prohibit+ ,*ri/ians f pur*as+ f ! infidels "u pa9 ( excommunication4 ,lat]1 :51 9 ,*>les ,i's reign1 ,sir ,?omas ,*allon] discov]$ an alum9\s deposit ne> 8 home at ,guisbor\gh 9 ,york%ire1 & p]suad$ "s ( ! ,pope's workm5 to come !re to "w ! s*i/1 he & ^? :om he _h tempt$ away 7 solemnly & mo/ vigor\sly 8curs$40 ,mean:ile ! nature ( ! e>? ) :i* ! sulphuric acid 0 comb9$ rema9$ unkn[n to *emi/s4 ,/ahl work$ at ! problem & came to ! conclusion t x 0 lime4 ,! y\ng] ,ge(froy1 a fam\s ph>maci/ ( ,p>is1 asc]ta9$ 7#agbh7 t ! e>? ( alum 0 id5tical ) t ( argillace\s e>? & ,alum9a 0 = "s "t call$ ,argile4 ,m>ggraf obs]v$ t he c\ld n get alum cry/als f a comb9ation ( argile & sulphuric acid1 b not+ t 9 ! old factories x _h be5 ! cu/om to add putrid ur9e to ! solution1 = :i* c>bonate ( pota% 0 subsequ5tly sub/itut$1 w5t s f> z to make ! salt1 b did n appreciate t x 0 actually a d\ble salt4 ,! "n alum9a :i* ! e>? n[ be>s 0 giv5 to x by ,morveau4 ,x 0 ,vauquel9 7ano!r ph>maci/7 :o cle>ly prov$ ! composition ( alum1 & ,lavoisi] fir/ sugge/$ t alum9a 0 ! oxide ( a metal4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy agre$ ) ?is view b fail$ to isolate ! metal4 ,o]/$ 0 ! fir/ to actually extract alum9ium f ! oxide1 b 8 process 0 an impracticable "o1 b 9 #ahbh ,woehl]1 & 9 #aheh ,deville1 f\nd means ( produc+ ! metal 9 suffici5t abundance to make x a valuable article ( indu/ry4 ,,ammonia4 ,! *emical hi/ory ( ammonia comm5ces 9 ,egypt ) ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,?is is m5tion$ by ,pl9y "u ! "n ( ,hammoniacus sal4 ,dioscorides also alludes to x2 b 9 nei!r case does ! description giv5 fit 9 satisfactorily ) ! product kn[n to u4 ,dioscorides1 = in/ance1 /ates t sal ammoniac is p>ticul>ly priz$ if x c lie easily split up into rectangul> fragm5ts4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t :at 0 call$ sal ammoniac by ! anci5t writ]s 01 at lea/ sometimes1 rock salt4 ,! "n is g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f t ( ! ,egyptian deity1 ,amn or ,am51 or ,ammon z ! ,greeks call$ him1 & 9 ! belief t he 0 ! same god z ,jupit] he is ref]r$ to 9 classical lit]ature z ,zeus-,ammon or ,jupit]-,ammon4 ,! pr9cipal temple ( ?is god 0 situat$ 9 an oasis ( ! ,libyan des]t :i* 0 !n kn[n z ,ammonia 7n[ ,siwah71 & if1 z is suppos$1 ! salt 0 f\nd or produc$ 9 t locality its "n is ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,gum ammoniacum 0 likewise s call$ 9 ! belief t x 0 obta9$ 9 t di/rict1 ?\gh ! gum ) :i* we are famili> & :i* comes f ,india & ,p]sia1 is q a diff]5t article f ! ,african gum ! "n ( :i* x has usurp$4 ,pl9y d]ives ! "n ( ! salt f ! ,greek 8ammos10 s&1 z x 0 f\nd 9 ! s& ( ! des]t2 an explanation :i* ov]looks ! fact t ! /uff 0 call$ by a simil> "n 9 a c\ntry :]e ! s& 0 n call$ ammos4 ,9 old ,lat91 ,fr5*1 & ,engli% writ+s 8armoniac0 is (t5 met )4 ,?is 0 n inaccurate spell+2 x 0 sugge/$ by ! op9ion t ! ^w 0 connect$ ) ,greek1 armonia1 a fa/5+ or jo9+1 f ! use ( sal ammoniac 9 sold]+ metals4 ,t ,pl9y did sometimes meet ) ! g5u9e sal ammoniac is conjectur$ by 8 allusion to ! 8vehem5t od\r0 aris+ :5 lime 0 mix$ ) natrum4 ,probably ?is natrum 0 sal ammoniac4 ,among ! ,arabs ! t]m sal ammoniac (t5 means rock salt2 b 9 ! writ+s attribut$ to ,geb]1 "s ( :i* may be z late z ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury1 our sal ammoniac is di/9ctly describ$4 ,x is also exactly describ$ by ,alb]tus ,magnus 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :o m5tions an artificial z well z a natural product1 b does n indicate h[ ! =m] 0 made4 ,f ?is "t sal ammoniac became a common & mu*-priz$ sub/ance 9 al*emical inve/igations1 z f x *lorides 7 obta9$4 ,! 8volatile _s ( sal ammoniac0 0 made by di/ill+ a solution ( sal ammoniac ) quicklime1 & ( c\rse ! same product 0 obta9$ 9 o!r ways1 especially by di/ill+ h>ts' horns1 & ?is 0 always reg>d$ z hav+ peculi>ly valuable prop]ties4 ,a 8sal ammoniacum fixum0 0 kn[n to ! al*emi/s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 obta9$ z a residue aft] sal ammoniac & quicklime _h be5 sublim$4 ,x 0 simply *loride ( calcium4 ,! s-call$ natural sal ammoniac 0 = c5turies br\ght f ,egypt1 & 0 suppos$ to h be5 m9$ 9 ! e>? or s& ( t c\ntry4 ,9 #agaf ! y\ng] ,ge(froy came to ! conclusion t x mu/ be a product ( sublimation1 & he read a pap] to ! ,fr5* ,academy giv+ 8 reasons = ?is op9ion4 ,homb]g & ,lem]y oppos$ ?is view ) s mu* bitt]ness1 h[ev]1 t ! pap] 0 n pr9t$4 ,9 #agai ,m4 ,lemaire1 ,fr5* ,consul at ,cairo1 s5t to ! ,academy an acc\nt ( ! me?od by :i* sal ammoniac 0 produc$ 9 ,egypt1 & ?is report def9itely confirm$ ! op9ion :i* ,ge(froy _h =m$4 ,x 01 said ,m4 ,lemaire1 simply a salt sublim$ f soot4 ,! fuel us$ 9 ,egypt 0 exclusively ! dung ( camels & o!r animals :i* _h be5 dri$ by ! sun4 ,x consi/$ l>gely ( sal ammoniac1 & ?is 0 reta9$ 9 ! soot4 ,= a long "t an artificial sal ammoniac _h be5 manufactur$ at ,v5ice1 & a common] sort also came f ,holl&4 ,^! 7 reput$ to be made f human or animal ur9e4 ,! manufacture ( sal ammoniac 0 comm5c$ 9 ,london e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury by a ,mr4 ,goodw94 ,a =mula = ,sal ,ammoniacum ,factitium 9 ,qu9cy's ,disp5satory 7#agbd7 is z foll[s3--,take ( ,ur9e lb4 x42 ( ,sea-salt lb4 ii42 ( ,wood soot lb4 i42 boil ^! toge!r 9 a mass1 !n put !m 9 a sublim+ pot ) a prop] head1 & !re w rise up :at =ms ^! cakes4 ,dr4 ,james 7#agfd7 /ates t at ,newca/le "o gallon ( ! bitt]n or liquor :i* dra9s f common salt :il/ mak+1 0 mix$ ) #c gallons ( ur9e4 ,! mixture 0 set aside = #dh h\rs to eff]vesce & subside4 ,aft]w>ds ! cle> liquor 0 drawn (f & evaporat$ 9 lead5 vessels to cry/allisation4 ,! cry/als 7 sublim$4 ,a sal ammoniacum volatile 0 made by sublim+ sal ammoniac & salt ( t>t> 7or lime or *alk7 toge!r4 ,sometimes "s spices 7 put into ! retort4 ,?is salt 0 us$ = smell+-bottles4 ,aqua regia 0 made by di/ill+ sal ammoniac & saltpetre toge!r4 ,sal ,volatile ,oleosum 0 introduc$ by ,sylvius 7de la ,boe7 ab\t ! ye> #afej4 ,x became a m$icat$ /imulant ( ! utmo/ popul>ity1 & !re 7 _m =mulas = x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s 0 ,godd>d's ,drop4 7,see page #cai74 ,ammonia 9 gase\s =m 0 fir/ obta9$ by ,prie/ley 9 #aggd4 ,he call$ x alkal9e air4 ,s*eele soon aft] e/abli%$ t x conta9$ nitrog5 & ,b]?ollet prov$ its *emical composition 9 #aghe4 ,,spiritus ,,ammoni ,,aromaticus 0 fir/ ins]t$ 9 ! ,p4,l4 #agba1 "u ! title ( 8,spiritus ,salis ,volatilis ,oleosus40 ,c9namon1 mace1 cloves1 citron1 sal ammoniac1 & salts ( t>t> 7 di/ill$ ) _s ( w9e4 ,9 #agdf ! process 0 alt]$1 sal ammoniac & fix$ alkali be+ fir/ di/ill$ ) pro( _s to yield 8spiritus salis anmioniaci dulcis10 to :i* ess5tial oils ( lemon1 nutmeg1 & cloves 7 add$1 & ! mixture 0 !n re-di/ill$4 ,9 #aghh ! _s became spiritus ammoni compositus1 & ! r$i/illation :5 ! oils _h be5 add$ 0 omitt$4 ,! "n spiritus ammoni aromaticus 0 fir/ adopt$ 9 ! ,p4,l4 #ahji1 & has be5 reta9$ ev] s9ce1 ?\gh ! process ( mak+ x has be5 frequ5tly v>i$4 ,t title 0 fir/ giv5 to x 9 ! ,dubl9 ,ph>macopia ( #ahjg4 ,spiritus ,sal9us ,aromaticus 0 ! fir/ title adopt$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,ph>macopia4 ,x 0 a prep>ation simil> to t ( ! ,p4,l41 b angelica1 m>joram1 galangal1 an?os fl[]s1 orange1 & lemon 7 additional flav\rs4 ,qu9cy 7#agbd7 cr$its ,sylvius ) ! inv5tion ( ?is _s1 :i* he ref]s to z 8mightily n[ 9 use10 & z 8a mo/ noble cephalic & cordial40 ,x _h 8almo/ exclud$ ! use ( _s ( h>t%orn40 ,?is prep>ation1 inv5t$ by ,sylvius1 0 call$ ! ,c>m9ative ,_s ( ,sylvius4 ,m9d]]us's ,_s1 made f di/ill$ v9eg> & ! volatile _s ( h>t%orn1 is believ$ by _m compet5t au?orities to h possess$ virtues :i* are n conta9$ 9 ! mod]n liquor ammonii acetati4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,r$wood 0 "o ( ^!4 ,he believ$ t ! old prep>ation conta9$ a trace ( cyanic e!r4 ,! new liquor1 he said1 made f /rong cau/ic solution ( ammonia & /rong acetic acid1 8is b ! gho/ ( ! old prep>ation4 ,x is z unlike ! true ,m9d]]us's ,_s z a glass ( vapid di/ill$ wat] is unlike ! sp>kl+ cry/al wat] z x spr+s f a gu%+ f\nta90 7,ph>m4 ,jnl41 ,vol4 ,v41 ,n4,s4 p4 #djh74 ,m9d]]us 0 a physician ( ,augsburg :o di$ 9 #afba4 ,x 0 ,bo]haave 9 #agcb :o advocat$ ! use ( ,m9d]]us's ,_s & made x popul>4 ,eau de ,luce1 :i* 0 (ficial 9 ! ,p4,l4 #ahbd1 "u ! title ( ,spiritus ,ammoni ,succ9atus1 0 an ammonia comp\nd :i* became popul> 9 ,france1 &1 9 "s degree all ov] ,europe1 ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 0 app>5tly fir/ sold = remov+ grease f clo? & o!r fabrics4 ,x is said t "o ( ! pupils ( ,b]n>d ,jussieu1 hav+ be5 bitt5 by a vip]1 appli$ "s ( ! prep>ation1 & 0 cur$ by x4 ,x !nce acquir$ a m$ical fame1 :i* x /ill reta9s4 ,! ,p4,l4 =mula ord]$ #c dra*ms ( ma/ic1 #d m9ims ( oil ( amb]1 & #ad m9ims ( oil ( lav5d] to be dissolv$ 9 #i fluid dra*ms ( rectifi$ _s1 & mix$ ) #aj fluid ounces ( solution ( ammonia4 ,9 "s ( ! ,cont95tal ph>macopias a mu* l>g] proportion ( oil ( amb] is prescrib$1 & sometimes only t & _s ( ammonia4 ,9 "s soap is ord]$4 ,9 ! ,p4,l41 #ahea1 ! oil ( amb] 0 omitt$4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ = ext]nal application 9 rheumatism & p>alysis4 ,x has be5 g5]ally ass]t$ t ?is prep>ation 0 devis$ by a ph>maci/ ( ,lille 7"s say ( ,am/]dam71 ( ! "n ( ,luce4 ,x is also ass]t$ t a ,p>is ph>maci/ nam$ ,dubal5 orig9at$ x1 & t he & 8 successor ,juliot made x popul>2 t ,luce ( ,lille imitat$ x1 b t n be+ able to get x purely :ite add$ "s copp] & gave x a blue t9t :i* came to be a m>k ( its g5u95ess4 ,among ! names appli$ to x h be5 ,aqua ,luccana1 ,aqua ,sancti ,luci1 ,aqua ,lucii1 & ,eau de ,lusse4 ,,brom9e4 ,brom9e1 isolat$ by ,bal>d 9 #ahbf1 0 nam$ by ! discov]] ,muride1 f ,muria1 br9e4 ,its actual "n 0 sugge/$ by ,gay ,lussac f ,bromos1 a /5*4 ,s*ultz5b]g] relates1 on ! au?ority ( ,/as1 t "s ye>s be=e ! discov]y ( brom9e by ,bal>d1 a bottle ( ne>ly pure brom9e 0 s5t to ,liebig by a ,g]man company ( manufactur]s ( salt1 ) ! reque/ t he w\ld exam9e x4 ,some:at c>elessly ! great *emi/ te/$ ! product & assum$ t x 0 *loride ( iod9e4 ,b he put away ! bottle1 probably ) ! int5tion ( inve/igat+ x m closely :5 he _h m leisure4 ,:5 he he>d ( ,bal>d's discov]y he turn$ to ?is bottle & realis$ :at he _h miss$4 ,s*ultz5b]g] says he kept x 9 a special cupbo>d labell$ 8,cupbo>d ( ,mi/akes10 & w\ld sometimes %[ x to 8 fri5ds z an example ( ! dang] ( com+ to a conclusion too promptly4 ,,collodion4 ,pyroxyl9 0 discov]$ by ,s*nbe9 9 #ahdg1 & ! next ye> an ,am]ican m$ical /ud5t at ,bo/on1 ,massa*ussets1 describ$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ! ,m$ical ,sci5ces 8 exp]im5ts %[+ ! use t c\ld be made ( ?is sub/ance 9 surg]y :5 dissolv$ 9 e!r & alcohol4 ,by pa9t+ x on a b& ( lea!r "o in* wide & atta*+ ?is to ! h&1 he caus$ ! b& to adh]e s firmly t x c\ld n be deta*$ by a weight ( tw5ty p\nds4 ,,epsom ,,salts4 ,! m$ic9al value ( ! ,epsom spr+s 0 discov]$1 x is believ$1 t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,accord+ to a local tradition ! p>ticul> spr+ :i* became s fam\s 0 n us$ = any purpose until "o v dry summ]1 :5 ! f>m] on ^: l& x exi/$ be?\ght him to dig ! gr\nd r\nd ab\t ! spr+1 s z to make a pond = 8 cattle to dr9k f4 ,hav+ done ?is he f\nd t ! animals w\ld n t\* ! wat]1 & on ta/+ x himself he appreciat$ _! objection to x4 ,! peculi> m]its ( ! wat] becom+ kn[n1 c]ta9 ,london physicians s5t pati5ts to ,epsom to dr9k x1 & x prov$ especially useful 9 ! cases ( "s :o suff]$ ) old ulc]s4 ,app>5tly ! sores 7 wa%$ ) x4 ,! "n ( ! f>m] :o contribut$ ?is important item to m$ical hi/ory 0 ,h5ry ,wick] or ,wickes4 ,9 #afba ! own] ( ! e/ate :]e ! spr+ _h be5 f\nd wall$ 9 ! well1 & erect$ a %$ = ! conv5i5ce ( ! sick visitors1 :o 7 !n resort+ to ,epsom 9 increas+ numb]s4 ,by #afdj ! ,epsom ,spa _h become fam\s4 ,! ?ird ,"l ,nor?1 :o publi%$ a book call$ ! ,=e/ ( ,v>ieties 9 #afde1 claim$ to h be5 ! fir/ to h made kn[n ! virtues ( bo? ! ,epsom & ! ,tonbridge wat]s to ! ,k+'s sick subjects1 8! j\rney to ! ,g]man ,spa be+ too exp5sive & inconv5i5t to sick p]sons1 & great sums ( money be+ !reby c>ri$ out ( ! k+dom40 ,aft] ! ,re/oration ,epsom became a fa%ionable wat]+-place4 ,be=e #agjj a ball-room _h be5 built1 & a prom5ade laid out2 a numb] ( new inns & bo>d+-h\ses _h be5 op5$2 s$an-*airs & hackney coa*es cr[d$ ! /reets2 & sports & play ( all k9ds 7 provid$4 ,pepys m5tions visits to ,epsom m ?an once 9 8 ,di>y1 & ,*>les ,,ii & "s ( 8 fav\rites 7 !re occasionally4 ,! t[n rea*$ its z5i? ( gaiety 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne1 :o ) h] husb&1 ,pr9ce ,george ( ,d5m>k1 frequ5tly drove f ,w9dsor to ,epsom to dr9k ! wat]s4 ,an apo!c>y liv+ at ,epsom 9 ^? times1 & :o _h prosp]$ abundantly f ! influx ( visitors1 is alleg$ to h done mu* to *eck ! hopeful prospects ( ! ,surrey village4 ,mu* want$ m1 & ,mr4 ,lev+/]n1 ! practition] ref]r$ to1 ?\ght he saw 8 way to a l>ge =tune4 ,he f\nd ano!r spr+ ab\t half a mile f ! ,old ,wells1 b\ght ! l& on :i* x 0 situat$1 built on x a l>ge assembly room = music1 danc+1 & gambl+1 & provid$ a multitude ( attractions1 includ+ games1 fa%ion %ops1 & o!r luxuries4 ,at fir/ he drew ! cr[ds away f ! ,old ,wells4 ,b 8 ,epsom wat] did n give satisfaction4 ,= "s reason x br\ght ! rem$ial fame ( ! spr+s g5]ally into disrepute4 ,!n ,lev+/]n b\ght ! lease ( ! ,old ,wells1 &1 unwisely x may be ?\ght1 %ut !m up altoge!r4 ,! glory ( ,epsom _h dep>t$1 & ?\gh sev]al ef=ts 7 made subsequ5tly to tempt society back to x1 !y 7 inv>iably unsuccessful4 ,! build+ at ! ,old ,wells 0 pull$ d[n 9 #ahjb1 & a private h\se built on ! site4 ,?is h\se is call$ ,! ,wells1 & ! orig9al well is /ill to be se5 9 ! g>d54 ,! v site ( ,mr4 ,lev+/]n's 8,new ,wells0 is n[ d\btful4 ,he di$ 9 #ahbg4 ,9 #afie ,nehemiah ,grew1 physician1 & secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society1 wrote a treatise 8,on ! ,bitt] ,ca?>tic ,salt 9 ! ,epsom ,wat]40 ,dr4 ,grew names #afbj z ab\t ! date :5 ! m$ic9al spr+ 0 discov]$ at ,epsom by a c\ntryman1 & he says t = ab\t t5 ye>s ! c\ntrypeople only us$ x to wa% ext]nal ulc]s4 ,he relates t x 0 ,"l ,dudley ,nor?1 :o app>5tly liv$ ne> by1 :o fir/ began to take x z a m$ic9e4 ,he _h be5 9 ! habit ( visit+ ! ,g]man spas1 z he 8lab\r$ "u a melan*oly disposition40 ,he us$ x1 we are told1 ) abundant success1 & reg>d$ x z a m$ic9e s5t f heav54 ,among ^? :om he induc$ to take ! ,epsom wat]s 7 ,m>ia de ,m$icis1 ! "m ( ! wife ( ,*>les ,i1 ,"l ,gor+1 ! ,e>l ( ,norwi*1 & _m o!r p]sons ( quality4 ,^! hav+ %[n ! way1 ! physicians ( ,london began to recomm5d ! wat]s1 & !n1 ,dr4 ,grew tells u1 ! place got cr[d$1 z _m z #b1jjj p]sons hav+ tak5 ! wat] 9 a s+le day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,nehemiah ,,grew4 ,born1 #afbh2 di$1 #agaa4 7,f an engrav+ by ,r4 ,:ite1 f life47 ,dr4 ,grew 0 = _m ye>s secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society & editor ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,he 0 "o ( ! pione]s ( ! sci5ce ( /ructural botany & au?or ( ,! ,anatomy ( ,plants4 ,x 0 ,dr4 ,grew :o fir/ extract$ ! salt f ! ,epsom wat]1 & 8 treatise deals pr9cipally ) t4 ,he describes ! effect ( add+ all sorts ( *emicals1 oil ( vitriol1 salt ( t>t>1 nitre1 galls1 syrup ( violets1 & o!r sub/ances to ! solution2 expla9s h[ x diff]s f ! sal mirabilis 7sulphate ( soda72 & writes ( its delicate bitt] ta/e z if he 7 comm5t+ on a new w9e4 ,x mo/ resembles ! cry/als ( silv]1 he says1 9 ! similitude ( ta/e4 ,z to ! m$ic9al value ( ?is salt ,dr4 ,grew says x is free f ! malignant quality ( mo/ ca?>tics1 nev] viol5tly agitates ! hum\rs1 nor causes sickness1 fa9t+s1 or pa9s 9 ! b[els4 ,he recomm5ds x = dige/ive disord]s1 he>tburn1 loss ( appetite1 & colic2 9 hypo*ondriacal di/emp]1 9 /one1 diabetes1 jaundice1 v]tigo1 & 7to quote ! ,engli% translation7 89 w&]+ g\t1 vulg>ly b errone\sly call$ ! rheumatism40 ,x w ext]m9ate worms 9 *ildr5 9 doses ( #a to #b dra*ms1 if giv5 aft] #a1 #b1 or #c gra9s ( m]curius dulcis1 accord+ to age4 ,epsom salts 7 n to be giv5 9 dropsy1 int]mitt5t fev]s1 *lorosis1 blood-spitt+1 to p>alytics1 or to wom5 ) *ild4 8,i g5]ally prescribe10 writes ! doctor1 8"o1 two1 or ?ree p9ts ( wat]1 aromatis$ ) a little mace1 to :i* ,i add oz4 or #a oz41 or a great] dose ( ! salt40 ,he gives a specim5 prescription :i* ord]s #a oz4 or #aj dra*ms ( ! salt 9 #b qu>ts ( spr+ wat]1 ) #a dra*m ( mace4 ,?is dose 7#b qu>ts1 rememb]7 0 to be tak5 9 ! morn+ 9 ! c\rse ( two h\rs1 g5]ally w>m1 & tak+ a little ex]cise mean:ile4 ,?is 0 :at 0 call$ an apozem4 ,y might add to ! apozem1 if ?\ght desirable1 #c dra*ms ( s5na & #a oz4 or #b oz4 ( flaky manna4 ,mr4 ,francis ,m\lt1 ,*ymi/1 at ! sign ( ! ,glaub]'s ,head1 ,watl+ ,/reet1 ,london1 translat$ ,dr4 ,grew's treatise into ,engli%1 & gave a copy to buy]s ( ! ,bitt] ,purg+ ,salts4 ,probably he 0 ! 8furnace philosoph]0 ref]r$ to by ,qu9cy 7see bel[71 ?\gh x is difficult to see :at !re 0 to object to 9 8 action4 ,george & ,francis ,m\lt 7! latt] 01 no d\bt1 ! *ymi/ :o kept ! %op 9 ,watl+ ,/reet7 9 ab\t ! ye> #agjj f\nd a m abundant supply ( ! popul> salt 9 a spr+ at ,%oot]'s ,hill1 :]e x is record$ !y boil$ d[n z mu* z #bjj b>rels ( ! wat] 9 a week1 obta9+ "s #b cwt4 ( salt f ^!4 ,"s "t aft]1 a ,dr4 ,hoy discov]$ a new me?od ( produc+ an artificial salt :i* correspond$ 9 all respects ) ! ca?>tic salts obta9$ f ,epsom wat]1 & :i* by reason ( ! price soon drove ! latt] out ( ! m>ket1 & caus$ ! ,%oot]'s ,hill works to be clos$4 ,x 0 kn[n t ,hoy's salt 0 made f sea wat]1 & at fir/ x 0 alleg$ to be ! sal mirabilis ( ,glaub]1 sulphate ( soda4 ,b ?is 0 disprov$1 & exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on at ! salt works belong+ to ,lady ,c>r+ton at ,portsm\?1 & lat] at ,lym+ton1 :]e ! manufacture settl$ = _m ye>s1 ! s\rce be+ ! residue aft] salt _h be5 made1 call$ ! bitt]n--salts ( magnesium1 9 fact4 ,?is 0 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( supply1 ?\gh x 0 made 9 _m places & "u v>i\s pat5ts until 9 #ahaf ,dr4 ,h5ry1 ( ,man*e/]1 took out a pat5t = ! production ( sulphate ( magnesia f dolomite4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t x 0 by ! exam9ation ( ,epsom salts t ,black 0 l$ to 8 epo*-mak+ discov]y ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! alkal9e e>?s1 & also ( fix$ air1 9 #aged4 ,9 ,qu9cy's 8,disp5satory0 7#agbd71 m$ic9al wat]s l ^? ( ,epsom are describ$ z ,aqu ,alum9os4 ,x is /at$ t !re are _m 9 ,engl&1 sc>ce a c\nty )\t !m4 ,! pr9cipal ones ab\t ,london are at ,epsom1 ,acton1 ,dulwi*1 & ,nor?-hall4 ,!y all 8ab\nd ) a salt ( an alum9\s & nitr\s nature10 & 8greatly det]ge ! /oma* & b[els40 ,b x is easy to take !m too frequ5tly1 s t 8! salts w too mu* get into ! blood1 :i* by _! grossness w gradually be collect$ 9 ! capill>ies & gl&s to ob/ruct !m & occasion fev]s40 ,aft] "s m advice ,qu9cy adds-- 8,x is difficult to pass ?is article )\t sett+ a m>k ^u t abom9able *eat :i* is n[ sold by ! "n ( ,epsom wat]s4 ,dr4 ,grew1 :o 0 a mo/ wor?y physician & an indu/ri\s exp]im5t]1 made trial h[ mu* salt ^! wat]s w\ld leave ^u evaporation1 & f\nd t a gallon left ab\t two drams1 or ne>1 accord+ to my be/ remembrance1 = ,i h n 8 writ+s by me4 ,he likewise f\nd ! salt ?us procur$ answ]$ ! virtues ( ! wat] 9 its ca?>tic qualities4 ,( ?is an acc\nt 0 giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,society 9 a ,lat9 diss]tation4 ,b ! av>ici\s craft ( a c]ta9 furnace-philosoph] c\ld n let ?is useful discov]y 9 natural k re/ "u ! improvem5t & prop] use ( p]sons ( integrity2 b he pret5d$ to make a great quantity = sale2 & to recomm5d 8 salt translat$ ! ,doctor's ,lecture into ,engli% to give away z a quack-bill40 ,qu9cy proce$s to tell u h[ o!r competitors came 91 & h[ ! price 0 s r$uc$ t :at 0 fir/ sold at "o %ill+ an ounce1 & c\ld n hone/ly be made "u 7,qu9cy app>5tly ref]s to ! salt made by evaporation71 came d[n 9 a %ort "t to ?irty %ill+s p] hundr$weight4 ,,e!r4 ,! action ( sulphuric acid on _s ( w9e is allud$ to 9 ! works ( ,raymond ,lully 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 9 ^? attribut$ to ,basil ,val5t9e1 by :om ! product is describ$ z 8an agreeable ess5ce & ( good od\r40 ,val]ius ,cordus1 9 #aeag1 describ$ a liquor :i* he call$ ,oleum ,vitrioli ,dulce 9 8 8,*emical ,ph>macopia40 ,?is 0 int5d$ to repres5t ! ,spiritus ,vitrioli ,antepilepticus ,p>acelsi4 ,x 0 prep>$ by di/ill+ a mixture ( equal p>ts ( sulphuric acid & _s ( w9e1 aft] ?is mixture _h be5 dige/$ 9 hot a%es = two mon?s4 ,probably ! product obta9$ by ,cordus 0 :at came to be call$ lat] ! sweet oil ( w9e1 & n :at we "k z sulphuric e!r4 ,! fir/ e!r made = m$ic9al purposes 0 manufactur$ 9 ! laboratory direct$ by ,rob]t ,boyle1 & x is said t he & ,sir ,isaac ,newton made "s exp]im5ts ) x at ! "t4 ,a pap] describ+ 8 e!r inve/igations 0 publi%$ by ,newton 9 ! 8,philosophical ,transactions0 = ,may1 #agjj4 ,9 #agjj a pap] on e!r 0 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,frob5ius 9 ! 8,philosophical ,transactions10 & 9 ! same publication 9 #agda a fur!r pap] appe>$ giv+ ! process by :i* ,frob5ius _h prep>$ 8 8,spiritus ,v9i ,e!reus40 ,equal p>ts ( oil ( vitriol & highly rectifi$ _s ( w9e by weight 7 di/ill$ until a d5se liquid began to pass2 ! retort 0 !n cool$1 half ! orig9al weight ( _s 0 add$1 & ! di/illation aga9 r5ew$4 ,?is process 0 repeat$ z long z e!r 0 produc$4 ,frob5ius _h be5 associat$ ) ,ambrose ,godfrey 9 ,boyle's laboratory1 & ,godfrey _h be5 supply+ e!r = "s ye>s1 b he does n seem to h publi%$ 8 process4 ,x 0 9 ,frob5ius's fir/ pap]1 publi%$ 9 #agcj1 t ! "n ( e!r 0 fir/ propos$ = ! product1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly kn[n z ,aqua ,lulliana1 ,aqua ,temp]ata1 ,oleum ,dulce ,p>acelsi1 & su*-l fancy titles4 ,frob5ius1 x 0 und]/ood1 0 a nom de plume4 ,ambrose ,godfrey ,hanckwitz1 ,boyle's *emi/1 %>ply criticis$ ,frob5ius's article1 said x 0 a rhapsody 9 ! /yle ( ! al*emi/s1 & t ! exp]im5ts indicat$ _h be5 already describ$ by ,boyle4 ,godfrey 01 9 fact1 at t "t mak+ & sell+ ?is int]e/+ sub/ance4 ,9 ,france1 ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 a clev] *emi/1 :o 0 suspect$ to h _h "s association ) ! fam\s poison+s ( 8 "t1 & ^: laboratory 0 at ! ,abbaye ,/e4 ,g5evieve1 0 ! fir/ to produce e!r 9 quantities ( a p9t at a "t4 ,h(fmann's 8,m9]al ,anodyne ,liquor10 ! orig9al ( our ,spiritus !ris ,co41 0 a semi-secret prep>ation mu* prescrib$ by ! fam\s inv5tor4 ,he said x 0 compos$ ( ! dulcifi$ _s ( vitriol & ! aromatic oil :i* came ov] aft] x4 ,b he did n /ate 9 :at proportion he mix$ ^!1 nor ! exact process he foll[$4 ,! *emical nature ( sulphuric e!r 0 long 9 d\bt4 ,macqu]1 :o consid]$ t e!r 0 alcohol depriv$ ( its aque\s pr9ciple1 0 ! mo/ accurate ( ! e>ly inve/igators4 ,s*eele held t e!r 0 dephlogi/icat$ alcohol4 ,pelleti] describ$ x z alcohol oxyg5is$ at ! exp5se ( ! sulphuric acid4 ,de ,saussure1 ,gay-,lussac1 & ,liebig /udi$ ! sub/ance1 b x 0 ,dumas & ,b\llay 9 #ahcg1 & ,williamson 9 #ahed1 :o cle>$ up ! *emi/ry ( e!rs4 ,e!r is alcohol1 two molecules depriv$ ( ,h#b,o alcohol1 ,c#b;,h#e,o ,,ho2 e!r1 7,c#b;,h#e7b,o4 ,di/ill+ _s ( w9e & sulphuric acid toge!r1 x seem$ obvi\s t ! sulphuric acid %\ld possess itself ( ! ,h#b,o1 & leave ! e!r4 ,b on ?is !ory x 0 n possible to expla9 ! inv>iable =mation ( sulphov9ic acid 7a sulphate ( e?yl7 9 ! process1 nor ! simultane\s di/illation ( wat] ) ! e!r4 ,williamson prov$ t ! acid fir/ comb9$ ) ! alcohol molecule1 sett+ ! wat] free1 & t !n an excess ( alcohol decompos$ ! sulphov9ic acid ?us =m$ into free sulphuric acid & e!r1 ?is circuit proce$+ cont9u\sly4 ,,_s ,,( ,,nitr\s ,,e!r4 ,?is popul> m$ic9e has be5 trac$ back to ,raymond ,lully 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & to ,basil ,val5t9e4 ,b ! doctor :o br\ght x into g5]al use 0 ,sylvius 7de la ,boe7 ( ,leyd51 = :om x 0 sold z a li?ontryptic at a v high price4 ,x fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,p4,l41 #agdf1 z ,spiritus ,nitri dulcis4 ,9 ,engli% ?is 0 = a long "t call$ 8dulcifi$ _s ( nitre10 & 9 ! =m ( sweet _s ( nitre /ill rema9s on our labels4 ,9 ! ,p4,l41 #aghh1 ! title 0 *ang$ to ,spiritus !ris nitrosi1 & 9 t ( #ahji to ,spiritus !ris nitrici4 ,! process ord]$ 9 ! fir/ (ficial =mula 0 to di/il #f oz4 7apo?4 weight7 ( nitric acid ( #ae specific gravity1 ) #cb fluid oz4 ( rectifi$ _s4 ,successive r$uctions 7 made 9 ! proportion & /r5g? ( ! acid 9 ! ph>macopias ( #ahji1 #ahbd1 & #ahea1 to #c fluid ounces ( nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #adb1 ) #dj fluid ounces ( rectifi$ _s1 & a product ( #bh fluid ounces4 ,! object ( ^! sev]al modifications 0 to avoid ! viol5t reaction :i* affect$ ! nature ( ! product4 ,,e?iops4 ?iops or ,e?iops orig9ally meant a negro or some?+ black4 ,! ^w is alleg$ to h be5 d]iv$ f ai!91 to burn1 & ops1 ! face1 b ?is etymology 0 probably devis$ to fit ! facts4 ,!re is no hi/orical evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,mo/ likely ! ^w 0 a native ,african "o ( unkn[n mean+4 ,x became a popul> ph>maceutical t]m two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 b is n[ almo/ obsolete1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,france sev]al m]curial prep>ations are /ill kn[n by ! "n ( ,e?iops4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 ! ,e?iops magnesium1 ! ,e?iops sac*>9e1 & ! ,e?iops gommeux2 comb9ations ( m]cury ) magnesia1 sug>1 & gum acacia respectively4 ,^! designations e*o ! my/]ies ( al*emy4 ,e?iops alone meant ,e?iops ,m9]al4 ,?is 0 a comb9ation ( m]cury & sulphur1 g5]ally equal p>ts1 rubb$ toge!r until all ! m]cury 0 kill$4 ,x 0 a v unc]ta9 prep>ation1 b 0 believ$ to be specially good = worms4 8,infallible aga9/ ! it*10 says ,qu9cy1 #agbd4 ,its *emical composition v>i$ f a m]e mixture ( ! two sub/ances to a mixture ( sulphur & bisulphide ( m]cury1 accord+ to ! conditions 9 :i* x 0 kept4 ,x 0 =m]ly kn[n z ! hypnotic p[d] ( ,jacobi4 ,e?iops ,m>tial 0 ! black oxide ( iron4 ,x 0 a mixture ( protoxide & sesquioxide ( iron4 ,lem]y's process 0 ! "o usually recomm5d$1 b p]haps n always foll[$4 ,x 0 to keep iron fil+s always cov]$ ) wat] & frequ5tly /irr$ = sev]al mon?s until ! oxide 0 a smoo? black p[d]4 ,lem]y's ,crocus ,m>tis 0 a simil> prep>ation b conta9$ m ( ! sesquioxide4 ,! ,ed9burgh & ,dubl9 ,ph>macopias ( #ahbf ord]$ simply scales ( iron collect$ f a blacksmi?'s anvil1 purifi$ by apply+ a magnet1 & r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]4 ,?is 0 a fav\rite prep>ation ( iron ) ,syd5ham4 ,made into pills ) extract ( wormwood1 ! ,e?iops ,m>tial con/itut$ ! pilula f]ri ( ,sw$iaur4 ,e?iopic pills 7 simil> to ,plumm]'s pills 7pil4 calomel4 co474 ,guy's e?iopic p[d] 0 once a well-kn[n rem$y = worms4 ,x 0 compos$ ( equal p>ts ( pure rasp$ t91 m]cury1 & sulphur4 ,vegetable e?iops 0 ! a%es ( fucus vesiculosus :i* 7 giv5 9 scr(ul\s compla9ts & 9 goitre be=e iod9e 0 discov]$4 ,! a%es conta9 a small proportion ( iod9e4 ,dr4 ,runel 78,diss]tation on ! ,use ( ,sea ,wat]10 #agei7 says x f> exce$s burnt sponge 9 virtue4 ,huxham recomm5d$ an ,ae?iops ,antimoniale1 compos$ ( two p>ts ( sulphide ( antimony & "o "p ( fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,! old] ,ae?iops ,antimoniale 0 a comb9ation ( antimony *loride ) m]cury1 & 0 giv5 9 v5]eal & scr(ul\s compla9ts4 ,m]cury ) *alk 0 sometimes call$ absorb5t e?iops1 or alkalis$ e?iops4 ,,iod9e 0 discov]$ by ,b]n>d ,c\rtois 9 #ahaa4 ,c\rtois1 :o 0 born at ,dijon 9 #aggg1 0 appr5tic$ to a ph>maci/ at ,aux]re nam$ ,fremy1 gr&fa!r ( ! not$ *emi/ ( t "n1 & 0 aft]w>ds associat$ z assi/ant ) ,segu91 ,?n>d1 & ,f\rcroy4 ,he _h work$ ) ! fir/-nam$ ( ^! 9 ! isolation ( ! active pr9ciple ( opium1 :]eby ,segu9 s ne>ly secur$ ! glory ( ! discov]y ( ! alkaloids4 ,9 #ahaa ,c\rtois 0 manufactur+ artificial nitre1 & exp]im5t+ on ! extraction ( alkali f seawe$4 ,he _h cry/allis$ soda f "s ( ! "m liquor until x w\ld yield no m cry/als1 & !n he w>m$ ! liquor 9 a vessel to :i* a little sulphuric acid _h be5 accid5tally add$4 ,he 0 surpris$ to see beautiful violet vap\rs dis5gag$1 & f ^! scales ( a grayi%-black col\r & ( metallic lu/re 7 deposit$4 ,c\rtois 0 too busy at ! "t to foll[ up 8 discov]y1 b he br\ght x to ! notice ( a *emi/ fri5d nam$ ,clem5t4 ,! latt] pres5t$ a report ( 8 exp]im5ts to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces on ,novemb] #bj?1 #ahac1 two ye>s aft] ,c\rtois's fir/ obs]vation4 ,no sugge/ion 0 made by ,c\rtois or ,clem5t ( ! new sub/ance be+ an elem5t4 ,?is d$uction became ! occasion ( an acrimoni\s dispute betwe5 ,gay-,lussac & ,humphry ,davy4 ,! ,engli% *emi/ happ5$ to be 9 ,p>is 7by special fav\r ( ,napoleon7 at ! "t :5 ,clem5t read 8 pap]4 ,he imm$iately comm5c$ exp]im5t+1 & 0 app>5tly ! fir/ to suspect ! elem5t>y nature ( iod9e4 ,8 claim 0 confirm$ by a communication he made to ,cuvi]4 ,b ,gay-,lussac =e/all$ 8 ann\ncem5t 9 a pap] he read at ! ,academy on ,decemb] #f?1 #ahac4 ,davy compla9$ ( ! trick ,gay-,lussac play$ him1 & ,h(]1 :o inve/igat$ ! circum/ances1 came to ! conclusion t ,davy 0 c]ta9ly ! fir/ to recognise iod9e z a simple body1 & to give x its "n f ! ,greek1 ,ion1 violet4 ,ion 0 orig9ally ,fion1 b _h lo/ its initial4 ,! ,lat9 viola 0 d]iv$ f ! orig9al ^w4 ,jean ,francois ,co9det1 ( ,g5eva 7an ,ed9burgh graduate71 suspect$ t iod9e 0 ! active con/itu5t ( burnt sponge1 :i* _h long be5 empirically employ$ 9 goitre & scr(ula1 & hav+ prov$ t ?is 0 ! case1 0 ! fir/ physician to use iod9e z a rem$y4 ,! ph>maceutical =ms & ! m$ical uses ( iod9e h be5 v num]\s dur+ ! c5tury :i* has almo/ elaps$ s9ce its introduction1 b x w\ld be impossible ev5 to detail !m "h4 ,iod(orm 0 fir/ prep>$ by ,s]ullas ab\t #ahbh1 & its *emical composition 0 elucidat$ by ,dumas soon aft]4 ,x 0 fir/ us$ 9 m$ic9e by ,b\*>dat 9 #ahcf1 & !n dropp$ out ( practice = ab\t tw5ty ye>s1 :5 x aga9 appe>$ 9 ,fr5* treatises1 & its use soon became g5]al z an antiseptic application4 ,b]n>d ,c\rtois 0 aw>d$ #f1jjj francs by ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #ahcb1 b he di$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahch 9 pov]ty4 ,he _h be5 ru9$ 9 #ahae by ! competition ( ,ea/ ,indian saltpetre ) ! artificial nitre :i* he 0 manufactur+4 ,9 t ye> ! prohibitive duty on ! native product 0 remov$4 ,:5 ! ,academy aw>d$ #f1jjj francs to ,c\rtois x also vot$ #c1jjj francs to ,co9det1 :o _h s promptly made m$ical use ( ,c\rtois' discov]y4 ,,li?ium4 ,li?ium1 ! oxide ( :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #ahjg by ,arfw$son1 0 fir/ sugge/$ z a rem$y = g\t by ,dr4 ,ure 9 #ahdc4 ,he bas$ 8 proposal on an obs]vation by ,lip[itz ( ! s+ul> p[] ( li?ium 9 dissolv+ uric acid4 ,dr4 ,g>rod popul>is$ ! employm5t ( ! c>bonate ( li?ium 9 m$ic9e4 ,mo/ ( ! natural m9]al wat]s :i* _h acquir$ a reputation 9 g\ty affections h be5 f\nd to conta9 li?ium4 ,,magnesia4 ,! fir/ use ( c>bonate ( magnesia m$ic9ally 0 9 ! =m ( a secret m$ic9e :i* mu/ h acquir$ mu* popul>ity 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 prep>$1 says ,b]gmann1 by a regul> canon at ,rome1 sold "u ! title ( ! p[d] ( ! ,c\nt ( ,palma1 & cr$it$ ) almo/ univ]sal virtues4 ,! me?od ( prep>ation 0 rigidly conceal$1 b x evid5tly attract$ ! att5tion ( *emi/s & physicians1 = x appe>s t 9 #agjg ,val5t9i publi%$ a process by :i* a simil> product c\ld be obta9$ f ! "m liquor ( 8nitre0 7soda7 by calc9ation4 ,9 #agji ,slevogt obta9$ a p[d] exactly resembl+ x by precipitat+ magnesia f a solution ( ! sulphate by pota%4 ,lancisi report$ on x 9 #agag1 & 9 #agbb ,h(fmann w5t ne> to expla9+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! sev]al e>?y salts1 :i* 9 8 "t 7 all reg>d$ z calc>e\s4 ,h(fmann's process to obta9 ! p[d] 0 to add a solution ( c>bonate ( pota% to ! "m liquor f :i* r\gh nitre _h be5 obta9$ 7solution ( *loride ( magnesium71 & collect ! precipitate4 ,?is be+ yield$ by two cle> solutions gave to ! c>bonate ( magnesia precipitat$ ! "n ( ,miraculum ,*emicum4 ,magnesia 0 ! "n ( a di/rict 9 ,!ssaly1 & ( two cities 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,! ,greek 8magnesia li?os10 magnesian /one1 has be5 frequ5tly appli$ to ! lode/one1 b ?is c h>dly h be5 correct1 z ! magnesian /one 0 describ$ z :ite & %9+ l silv]4 ,liddell & ,scott ?9k talc 0 m probably ! sub/ance4 ,! al*emi/s sometimes m5tion a magnesia1 b ! "n seems to h be5 a v ela/ic "o ) !m4 ,! ,hi/orical ,engli% ,diction>y quotes ! foll[+ ref]5ce to ! ^w f 8,norton ,ord4 ,al*410 #adgg3--8;,ano!r /one y mu/ h 444 a /one glitt]+ ) p]spicuitie 444 ! price ( an ounce conv5i5tly is ,tw5ty ,%ill+s4 ,h] "n is ,magnetia4 ,few p h] kn[s40 ,p>acelsus uses ! t]m 9 ! s5se ( an amalgam4 ,he writes ( ! ,magnesia ( ,gold4 ,9 ,pomet's 8,hi/ory ( ,drugs10 #agab1 magnesia meant manganese4 ,h(fmann1 #agbb1 fir/ appli$ ! "n to oxide ( magnesia1 adapt+ x f ! m$ical ,lat9 t]m1 magnes c>neus1 fle% magnet1 because x adh]es s /rongly to ! lips1 ! fancy be+ t x attracts ! fle% z ! lode/one attracts iron4 ,h(fmann's obs]vations on magnesia & its salts1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 7 v intellig5t1 & und\bt$ly x 0 he :o fir/ di/+ui%$ magnesia f *alk4 ,he says 8,a numb] ( spr+s1 among :i* ,i may m5tion ,eg]1 ,el/]1 ,s*walba*1 & ,wild+1 conta9 a neutral salt :i* has n yet receiv$ a "n1 & :i* is almo/ unkn[n4 ,i h also f\nd x 9 ! wat]s ( ,hornhaus5 :i* owe to ?is salt _! ap]i5t & diuretic prop]ties4 ,au?ors commonly call x nitre2 b x has no?+ 9 common ) nitre4 ,x is n inflammable1 its cry/allis+ =m is entirely diff]5t1 & x does n yield aqua =tis4 ,x is a neutral salt simil> to ! arcanum duplicatum 7sulphate ( pota%71 bitt] 9 ta/e1 & produc+ on ! tongue a s5sation ( cold40 ,he fur!r /ates t ! salt 9 "q appe>s to proce$ f ! comb9ation ( sulphuric acid ) a calc>e\s e>? ( alkal9e nature4 ,! comb9ation 8is effect$ 9 ! bosom ( ! e>?40 ,9 ano!r ( 8 works ,h(fmann di/+ui%es ! magnesian salt f "o ( lime1 %[+ p>ticul>ly t ! latt] 0 b slightly soluble & _h sc>cely any ta/e4 ,crabs' eyes & egg %ells he notes comb9e ) sulphuric acid & =m salts ) no ta/e4 ,! sulphate ( ?is e>? 7,epsom salt7 he f\nd _h a /rong bitt] ta/e4 ,! true "* ( magnesia & its salts 0 n cle>ly und]/ood until ,joseph ,black unravell$ ! complications ( ! alkal9e salts by 8 hi/oric inve/igation1 :i* became "o ( ! mo/ not$ epo*s ( *emi/ry by its incid5tal revelation ( ! comb9ation ( ! cau/ic alkalies ) :at ,black t]m$ 8fix$ air10 subsequ5tly nam$ c>bonic acid gas by ,lavoisi] 9 #aghd4 ,:5 ,black 0 /udy+ m$ic9e at ,ed9burgh a lively controv]sy 0 9 progress 9 m$ical circles on ! mode ( action ( ! li?ontriptic m$ic9es :i* _h lately be5 introduc$4 ,drs4 ,:ytt & ,a/on1 bo? univ]sity pr(essors1 7 ! lead]s 9 ?is dispute4 ,:ytt held t lime wat] made f oy/] %ells 0 m effective = dissolv+ calculi 9 ! bladd] ?an lime wat] prep>$ f ord9>y calc>e\s /one4 ,al/on insi/$ t ! latt] 0 pref]able4 ,black 0 int]e/$1 & 8 exp]im5ts conv9c$ him ( ! sci5tific importance ( 8 discov]ies4 ,he po/pon$ tak+ 8 degree = "s "t 9 ord] to be sure ( 8 facts4 ,8 graduation !sis1 :i* 0 dat$ ,june #aa1 #aged1 0 entitl$ 8,de humore acide cibis orto et magnesia alba40 ,8 full treatise1 8,exp]im5ts ^u magnesia alba1 quicklime1 & "s o!r alkal9e sub/ances10 0 publi%$ 9 #agef4 ,x _h be5 previ\sly believ$ t ! process ( calc9+ c]ta9 alkal9e salts :]eby cau/ic alkalies 7 produc$ 0 expla9$ by ! comb9ation ) ! salt ( an acrid pr9ciple d]iv$ f ! fire4 ,n[ x 0 %[n t some?+ 0 lo/ 9 ! process2 t ! calc9$ alkali weigh$ less ?an ! salt exp]im5t$ )4 ,! some?+ expell$ ,black prov$ 0 an air1 & an air diff]5t f t ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* 0 g5]ally suppos$ to be ! "o air ( ! univ]se4 ,he id5tifi$ x ) ! 8gas sylve/re0 ( ,van ,helmont1 & nam$ x 8fix$ air40 ,magnesia alba fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,london ,ph>macopia ( #aghg "u t "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,joseph ,,black ,,lectur+ 7,,aft] ,,john ,,ray7 7,f a pr9t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,! oxide ( magnesia 0 believ$ to be an elem5t>y sub/ance until ,sir ,humphry ,davy sep>at$ ! metal f ! e>? by 8 electrolytic me?od 9 ! pres5ce ( m]cury4 ,by ?is means he obta9$ an amalgam1 & by oxidis+ ?is he reproduc$ magnesia & left ! m]cury free1 ?us prov+ t ! e>? 0 an oxide ( a metal4 ,9 #ahcj ,bussy isolat$ ! magnesium by heat+ 9 a glass tube "s potassium cov]$ ) fragm5ts ( *loride ( magnesium1 & wa%+ away ! *loride ( potassium =m$4 ,magnesium 9 small globules 0 left 9 ! tube4 ,! metal is n[ prep>$ on an indu/rial scale ei!r by electrolysis1 or by fus+ fluor-sp> ) sodium4 ,at pres5t ! uses ( magnesium & ( its d]ivatives are inf9itesimal 9 comp>ison ) ! va/ quantities available 9 deposits1 z 9 dolomite1 & 9 ! sea4 ,,nitre among ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans g5]ally meant c>bonate ( soda1 sometimes c>bonate ( pota%4 ,! ,arab *emi/s1 h[ev]1 cle>ly describ$ nitrate ( pota%4 ,9 ! works attribut$ to ,geb] & ,m>cus ,grcus1 especially1 its *>act]s are repres5t$4 ,raymond ,lully1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 m5tions sal nitri1 & evid5tly alludes to saltpetre1 & ,rog] ,bacon always meant nitrate ( pota% :5 he wrote ( nitre4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! sev5te5? c5tury t ! t]m acquir$ ! def9ite mean+ :i* we atta* to x4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( t c5tury !re 0 mu* discussion z to ! =mation ( nitre1 z x _h be5 held t ! acid :i* comb9$ ) ! alkali 0 ready =m$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,glaub] 0 ! fir/ to argue t vegetables =m$ saltpetre f ! soil4 ,/ahl taught t ! acid con/itu5t ( nitre 0 vitriolic acid comb9$ ) phlogi/on emanat+ f putrefy+ vegetable matt]4 ,aft] gunp[d] _h become a prime necessity ( life1 saltpetre b\nd$ upw>ds 9 ! e/imation ( k+s & /atesm54 ,9 ,france 9 #aedj an ,edict 0 issu$ commission+ (ficials call$ 8salptri]s0 9 all di/ricts :o 7 au?oris$ to seek = saltpetre 9 cell>s1 /ables1 dovecotes1 & o!r places :]e x 0 =m$ naturally4 ,no "o 0 p]mitt$ to pull d[n a build+ ( any sort )\t fir/ giv+ due notice to ! salptri]s4 ,! 8,salptrire0 ,asylum 9 ,p>is recalls "o ( ! national factories ( nitre4 ,dur+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution citiz5s 7 8invit$0 to lixiviate ! soil & ceil+s ( _! cell>s1 /ables1 etc41 & to supply ! ,republic ) saltpetre = gunp[d]4 ,! ,gov]nm5t paid #bd s\s1 #as41 a p\nd = ! nitre ?us procur$1 ?\gh1 z ?is 0 no d\bt paid 9 assignats1 x 0 *eap en\gh4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t #af1jjj1jjj lbs4 a ye> 7 ?us provid$4 ,,petroleum4 ,"u ! "n ( naph?a & o!r designations petroleum has be5 kn[n & us$ f ! e>lie/ times4 ,! ,p]sians 7 ! fir/1 z f> z is kn[n1 to employ x = light+1 & also = cook+4 ,!y likewise made use ( x z a l9im5t = rheumatism4 ,s 9 ?is c\ntry1 a k9d ( petroleum 0 sold z a l9im5t "u ! "n ( ,briti% oil2 & 9 ,am]ica1 long be=e ! great oil indu/ry _h be5 ?\ght (1 petroleum 0 popul> z a l9im5t = rheumatism "u ! "n ( ,s5eca ,oil4 ,asphalt1 or ,bitum5 ( ,juda1 0 us$ by ! ,egyptians = embalm+4 ,probably !y r$uc$ its solidity by naph?a4 ,naph?a 0 employ$ by ,m$ea to r5d] ! robe :i* %e pres5t$ to h] rival ,glauca inflammable1 & ?is leg5d is giv5 to acc\nt = ! "n ( ,oil ( ,m$ea1 by :i* petroleum 0 anci5tly kn[n4 ,x 0 no d\bt ! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 ! ,greek ,fire ( ! middle ages4 ,petroleum has be5 call$ by _m o!r names4 ,oil ( ,pet] or ,petre 0 a common "o1 mean+1 l petroleum1 simply rock oil4 ,myrepsus1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ref]s to x z ,allicola4 ,! monks call$ x sometimes oil ( ,/4 ,b>b>us1 & oil ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e4 ,dioscorides said naph?a 0 useful z an application 9 dimness ( sight4 ,two c5turies ago x 0 occasionally giv5 9 doses ( a few drops = worms1 & 0 frequ5tly appli$ 9 too?a*e4 ,petroleum ,b>bad5se1 ,b>badoes t>1 _h "s reputation 9 pectoral compla9ts 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 & 0 admitt$ into ! ,p4,l4 z ! m5/ruum = sulphur 9 ! balsamum sulphuris ,b>bad5se4 ,,phosphorus4 ,phosphorus1 or its ,lat9 equival5t1 ,lucif]1 0 ! "n giv5 by ! anci5t a/ronom]s to ! planet ,v5us :5 x appe>$ z a morn+ />4 ,:5 x %one z an ev5+ /> !y call$ x ,hesp]us4 ,d we inv5t su* s$uctive names n[1 or d !y only seem attractive to u because !y are anci5t or =eign8 ,! phosphoresc5t prop]ties ( c]ta9 e>?s _h be5 occasionally notic$ by naturali/s1 b no obs]vation ( ! k9d has be5 trac$ 9 anci5t writ+s4 ,! e>lie/ allusion to a 8fire-/one0 kn[n occurs 9 ! "w ( a gossipy ,fr5* hi/orian nam$ ,de ,?\4 ,9 a hi/ory ( 8 own times ?is writ] relates t 9 #aeej1 :5 ,h5ri ,,ii made 8 /ate entry into ,b\logne on ! occasion ( its re/oration to ,france by ! ,engli%1 a /rang] 9 =eign co/ume pres5t$ ! k+ ) a fire-/one :i*1 he said1 _h be5 br\ght f ,india4 ,de ,?\ n>rates t ?is wond]ful /one gl[$ ) inconceivable spl5d\r1 0 s hot t x c\ld n be t\*$ )\t dang]1 & t if conf9$ 9 a close space x w\ld spr+ ) =ce into ! air4 ,sometime e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a %oemak] ( ,bologna1 "o ,v9c5t ,casc>iolo1 :o1 9 addition to 8 ord9>y bus9ess dabbl$ 9 al*emy1 discov]$ a /one 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 8 city :i* 0 lum9\s 9 ! d>k4 ,! /one1 :i* is n[ kn[n to h be5 a sulphate ( b>ium1 & :i* ! %oemak] calc9$1 gr\nd1 & =m$ into little r\nd discs ab\t ! size ( a %ill+1 & sold = a fancy price1 0 call$ ! sun-/one4 ,! discs1 expos$ to a /rong light = a few m9utes & !n )drawn into a d>k room1 gave out ! inc&esc5t light :i* we "k s well4 ,! discov]y excit$ ke5 int]e/ among sci5tific m5 all ov] ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,johann ,,kunckel4 7,f ! ,collection ( ,et*+s 9 ! ,royal ,gall]y at ,b]l947 ,ab\t #affh two al*emi/s nam$ ,baudu9 & ,frueb51 :o liv$ at ,gross5hayn 9 ,saxony1 conceiv$ ! idea ( extract+ by *emical processes ! _s ( ! _w 7,spiritus ,mundi74 ,_! notion 0 to comb9e e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat] 9 _! alembic1 & to obta9 ! ess5ces ( all ( ^! 9 "o di/illate4 ,!y dissolv$ lime 9 nitric acid1 evaporat$ to dryness1 expos$ ! residue to ! air1 & let x absorb humidity4 ,!y !n di/ill$ ?is sub/ance & obta9$ ! humidity 9 a pure =m4 ,hi/ory does n tell u :at que/ions !y put to _! _s ( ! _w :5 !y _h ?us caught x4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! /uff atta9$ a great sale4 ,x 0 suppli$ at #ab gros*5 ! lo?1 equal to ab\t #as4 #f;d4 p] ounce1 & lords & peasants came aft] x eag]ly4 ,ra9-wat] w\ld h be5 j z good1 ,kunckel1 :o tells ! /ory1 rem>ks4 ,b "o day ,baudu9 broke "o ( ! vessels 9 :i* 0 conta9$ "s ( ! calc9$ nitrate ( lime1 & he obs]v$ t ?is1 l ! ,bologna /one1 0 lum9\s 9 ! d>k aft] exposure to sunlight4 ,baudu9 appreciat$ ! importance ( 8 discov]y1 &1 tak+ "s ( 8 e>? to ,dresd51 talk$ ab\t x !re4 ,kunckel1 :o 0 !n ! ,elector's ph>maci/1 & ke5ly int]e/$ 9 new discov]ies1 he>d ab\t ?is curi\s sub/ance1 & 0 v curi\s to f9d out all he c\ld4 ,he visit$ ,baudu9 & tri$ to draw f him ! details ( 8 process4 ,b ,baudu9 0 v %y ( ,kunckel1 & ! latt] has left an amus+ acc\nt ( an ev5+ he sp5t ) 8 qu>ry4 ,kunckel tri$ to talk *emi/ry1 b ,baudu9 w\ld only take int]e/ 9 music4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ,kunckel induc$ ,baudu9 to g out ( ! room to fet* a concave mirror to see if ) t ! preci\s phosphorus 7= ,baudu9 _h already appropriat$ ?is "n to ! /uff7 w\ld absorb ! light4 ,:ile ,baudu9 0 gone ,kunckel manag$ to nip a morsel ) 8 f+]-nail4 ,) ?is1 aid$ by ! fragm5ts ( in=mation he _h be5 able to /eal f ,baudu9's conv]sation1 he comm5c$ to exp]im5t by treat+ *alk ) nitric acid1 & ultimately succe$$ 9 produc+ ! covet$ lum9\s e>?4 ,he s5t a little lump ( x to ,baudu9 z an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! pleasant musical ev5+ ! latt] _h giv5 him4 ,x 0 n[ #affi4 ,kunckel 0 visit+ ,hamburg1 & !re he %[$ to a sci5tific fri5d a piece ( 8 8phosphorus40 ,to 8 surprise ! fri5d 0 n at all a/oni%$ at x1 b told ,kunckel t an old doctor 9 ,hamburg _h produc$ some?+ mu* m wond]ful4 ,br&t 0 ! "n ( ! local al*emi/4 ,he _h be5 9 bus9ess1 _h fail$1 & 0 n[ practis+ m$ic9e en\gh to keep him1 b 0 devot+ 8 he>t & s\l & all 8 sp>e "t to ! discov]y ( ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,! two fri5ds visit$ ,br&t1 :o %[$ !m ! real 8phosphor0 :i* he _h produc$1 to :i*1 ( c\rse1 ! o!r sub/ances comp>$ z dip c&les might to ! electric light1 b no?+ w\ld induce ! old g5tleman to disclose any details ( 8 process4 ,kunckel wrote to a sci5tific fri5d happily nam$ ,krafft at ,dresd5 ab\t ! new 8phosphor40 ,hon\r seems to h be5 *eap among sci5tific fri5ds at t "t1 = ,krafft po/$ (f to ,hamburg1 )\t say+ any?+ to ,kunckel ab\t 8 int5tion1 caught ,br&t 9 a diff]5t hum\r1 or p]haps specially h>d-up1 & b\ght 8 secret = #bjj ?al]s4 ,accord+ to ano!r /ory1 ! ,g]man *emi/ ,homb]g also succe$$ 9 secur+ ,br&t's secret by tak+ to him z a pres5t "o ( ^? wea!r progno/icators 9 :i* a figure ( a man & ano!r ( a woman come out ( doors or g 9 :5 x is go+ to be wet or f9e1 z ! case may be2 a toy :i* _h j !n be5 inv5t$4 ,/imulat$ p]haps by ,br&t's ob/9acy & ,krafft's trea*]y1 ,kunckel set to "w & 9 "t succe$$ 9 manufactur+ phosphorus4 ,x may be tak5 z c]ta9 t he _h pick$ old ,br&t's bra9s a little1 & 8 own skill & %rewdness enabl$ him to fill up ! gaps 9 8 k4 ,h[ev] he acquir$ ! art1 he soon became ! fir/ practical manufactur] ( phosphorus4 ,br&t discov]$ phosphorus because he _h arriv$ at ! conviction t ! philosoph]'s /one 0 to be got f ur9e4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5ts ) t liquid1 phosphorus came out unexpect$ly f ! process ( di/ill+ ur9e ) s& & lime4 ,! new sub/ance excit$ great curiosity 9 sci5tific circles all ov] ,europe1 b ! ,g]man *emi/s :o knew any?+ ab\t x kept _! in=mation secret1 & only mislead+ /ories ( its orig9 7 publi%$4 ,rob]t ,boyle1 h[ev]1 :o 0 travell+ on ! ,cont95t :5 ! int]e/ 9 ! discov]y 0 ke5e/1 got a h9t ( ! me?od ( manufacture1 & on 8 return to ,engl& proce$$ to exp]im5t4 ,8 op]ator & assi/ant 9 ^! inve/igations 0 ,ambrose ,godfrey ,hanckwitz1 :o became ! f\nd] ( a ,london ph>maceutical bus9ess :i* /ill exi/s4 ,ultimately ,boyle & ,hanckwitz 7 completely successful1 & = _m ye>s ! 8,engli% phosphorus0 suppli$ by ,hanckwitz f 8 laboratory 9 ,s\?ampton ,/reet1 ,/r&1 monopolis$ ! ,european m>ket4 ,accord+ to a pamphlet publi%$ by him1 entitl$ 8,hi/oria ,phosphori et ,fama10 ! cont95tal phosphorus 0 an 8unctu\s1 dawb+ oyl9ess10 :ile 8 0 ! 8"r glacial0 k9d4 ,9 #afhj ,boyle deposit$ ) ! ,royal ,society1 ( :i* he 0 !n presid5t1 a seal$ packet conta9+ an acc\nt ( 8 exp]im5ts & ( 8 process = ! production ( ! 8,icy ,noctiluca10 z he call$ 8 phosphorus4 ,x is relat$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,p>is = #agcg t 9 t ye> a /rang] appe>$ 9 ,p>is & (f]$ = a /ipulat$ rew>d to communicate ! process ( mak+ phosphorus to ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 ,a committee ( ! ,academy1 ) ,hellot z its presid5t1 0 appo9t$ to witness ! /rang]'s manipulation4 ,accord+ to ! report ( ?is committee1 ! exp]im5t 0 completely successful4 ,x only rema9s to add1 to complete ! hi/ory1 t 9 #agfi1 ,gahn1 a ,sw$i% m9e own]1 discov]$ phosphorus 9 bones1 & t work+ f ?is obs]vation ,s*eele 9 #agge devis$ ! process = ! manufacture ( phosphorus :i* is /ill foll[$4 ,su* a rem>kable sub/ance z phosphorus1 extract$ z x _h be5 f ! human body1 0 evid5tly m>k$ out = m$ical uses4 ,exp]im5ts 7 soon comm5c$ ) x4 ,kunckel's 8lum9\s pills0 7 ! fir/ 9 ! field1 s f> z is kn[n4 ,8 report 0 publi%$ 9 ! 8,*emis*e ,anm]kung50 9 #agba4 ,he gave x 9 ?ree-gra9 doses1 & report$ t x _h a calmative effect6 ,subsequ5tly x 0 tri$ 9 v>i\s diseases by cont95tal practition]s4 ,m5tz comm5d$ x 9 colic1 ,lang5salz 9 a/h5ic fev]s1 ,bonnek5 9 tetanus1 ,wetk>d 9 apoplexy1 & ,trampel 9 g\t4 ,9 #agfi ,alphonse ,l]oy1 ( ,p>is1 report$ a curi\s exp]i5ce4 ,he 0 s5t = to a pati5t app>5tly on ! po9t ( dea? f ph?isis4 ,see+ t ! case 0 hopeless1 he prep>$ & adm9i/]$ a placebo ( sug>$ wat]4 ,call+ ! next day1 ,l]oy f\nd 8 pati5t some:at reviv$1 & on exam9+ ! sug> :i* he _h us$ = 8 solution1 he f\nd t "s phosphorus _h be5 kept 9 x = a long "t4 ,! pati5t 0 mu* too f> gone to recov]1 b %e surviv$ = fifte5 days1 & ,l]oy attribut$ ?is amelioration to ! phosphoris$ wat] :i* he _h accid5tally giv5 h]4 ,gahn discov]$ phosphorus 9 ! bones 9 #agfh1 & 9 #aggi ano!r ,g]man *emi/ nam$ ,h5s+ asc]ta9$ its pres5ce 9 a fatty matt] :i* he extract$ f ! bra94 ,m$ical !ories 7 naturally bas$ on ^! obs]vations4 ,c\]be1 a ,fr5* *emi/ quot$ by ,dr4 ,*ur*ill1 wrote ?us 9 #ahcj3 8,! want ( phosphorus 9 ! bra9 w\ld r$uce man to ! sad condition ( ! brute2 an excess ( ?is elem5t irritates ! n]v\s sy/em1 excites ! individual1 & ?r[s him into t t]rible /ate ( di/urbance call$ madness1 or m5tal ali5ation2 a mod]ate proportion gives rise to ! sublime/ ideas1 & produces t admirable h>mony :i* spirituali/s call ! s\l40 ,briti% practition]s took b v little notice ( phosphorus z a rem$y 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( its c>e]1 al?\gh x rema9$ = a l>ge "p ( t p]iod an ,engli% product4 ,x is r curi\s1 too1 t nei!r 9 ?is c\ntry nor on ! ,cont95t did x get into ! h&s ( ! empirics1 z m]cury1 antimony1 & o!r dang]\s drugs did4 ,x may be suppos$ t x 0 n s mu* ! dang] t *eck$ !m z ! ph>maceutical difficulties 9 ! way ( prep>+ suitable m$ic9es4 ,! e>lie/ prep>ations ( phosphorus1 su* z ,kunckel's pills1 7 a comb9ation ( x 9 a free /ate ) cons]ve ( roses4 ,?is me?od 0 gradually ab&on$ on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( subdivid+ ! phosphorus s p]fectly t ! dose c\ld be measur$ accurately4 ,b z ,dr4 ,a%burton ,?ompson rem>ks1#c 8al?\gh x is n s specifically m5tion$1 ! unc]ta9ty ( action :i* imp]fectly divid$ phosphorus exhibits0 _h some?+ to d ) ! rejection ( ! old =mulas4 ,t is putt+ x v g5tly4 ,! ?ree-gra9 doses mu/ h kill$ m p ?an !y cur$4 ,! au?or j quot$ says t 9 ! e>ly days 8! dose employ$ seldom fell bel[ #c gra9s1 :ile x occasionally rose z high z #ab gra9s40 ,ev5 ,l]oy1 he adds1 in/itut$ 8 exp]im5ts by tak+ a bolus ( #c gra9s1 & he did n s]i\sly suff] f x4 ,! recomm5d$ dose has be5 regul>ly decl9+4 ,9 #ahee ,dr4 ,hughes ,b5nett gave x at "o-=tie? to "o-eigh? ( a gra94 ,! ,ph>macopia n[ prescribes "o-hundr$? to "o-tw5tie? ( a gra94 ,,! ,,hypophosphites4 ,! hypophosphites 9 ! =m ( syrup 7 introduc$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,*ur*ill1 ( ,p>is1 z specifics 9 consumptive diseases ab\t #aheg4 ,8 pref]5ce ( ^! salts ov] ! phosphates 0 bas$ on ! !ory t ! defici5cy 9 ! sy/em 9 a ph?isical condition 0 n ( phosphates1 :i* _h be5 completely oxidis$1 b ( a phosphide 9 an oxidisable condition1 & ?is requirem5t 0 fulfill$ by ! hypophosphites4 ,! latt] he comp>$ to wood or coal1 ! phosphates to a%es1 s f> z active en]gy 0 conc]n$4 ,dr4 ,*ur*ill's int]e/ 9 a special manufacture ( ! hypophosphite syrups prejudic$ ! m$ical pr(ession aga9/ 8 !ories1 & x is n c]ta9 t he got a fair he>+ 9 consequ5ce4 ,! g5]al v]dict 0 t 8 results 7 n obta9$ by o!r exp]im5t]s1 b = a good _m ye>s pa/ syrups ( ! hypophosphites h be5 among ! mo/ popul> ( our g5]al tonics4 ,phosphorus is soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 bisulphide ( c>bon1 & to a v small ext5t 9 wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,phosphor pa/e z a v]m9 kill] 0 ord]$ by ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t to be sub/itut$ = ars5ical comp\nds 9 #ahdc1 & x is probable t to "s degree ! alt]ation has be5 successful1 ?\gh 9 ,france x 0 f\nd t phosphorus 9 ?is =m became a popul> ag5t = suicide & crim9al poison+4 ,,sal ,,prunella 0 at "o "t 9 high e/eem1 z x 0 believ$ t by ! process adopt$ = mak+ x ! nitre 0 specially purifi$4 ,purifi$ nitre 0 melt$ 9 an iron pot & a little fl[]s ( sulphur 7#a oz4 to #b lb47 0 spr9kl$ on x1 a little at a "t4 ,! sulphur deflagrat+ 0 suppos$ to ex]cise ! purify+ influ5ce on ! nitre4 ,! actual effect 0 to conv]t a small "p ( ! nitrate ( pota% into sulphate4 ,x 0 fir/ call$ ,sal ,prunella 9 ,g]many f ! belief t x 0 a specific aga9/ a c]ta9 plum-col\r$ qu9sy ( an epidemic "*4 ,bo]haave advis$ ! omission ( ! sulphur1 b believ$ t melt+ ! pure nitre & m\ld+ x 0 ( m$ic9al value by evaporat+ aque\s moi/ure4 ,nitre & fl[]s ( sulphur 7 deflagrat$ toge!r be=e ! ,sal ,prunella !ory 0 inv5t$1 equal quantities be+ employ$4 ,! result+ comb9ation1 :i* 0 ( c\rse sulphate ( pota%1 0 kn[n z ,sal ,poly*re/um1 ! ,salt ( ,_m ,virtues4 ,,sal ,,gemm4 ,sal ,gemm or ,sal ,fossile 0 ! "n giv5 to rock salt1 p>ticul>ly to ! transp>5t & ! t9t$ v>ieties4 ,x 0 believ$ to be m p5etrat+ ?an ! salt d]iv$ f sea wat]1 & ?is prop]ty ,lem]y ascrib$ to ! circum/ance t x _h nev] be5 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & !re=e reta9$ all its native ke5ness4 ,,_s ,,( ,,salt4 ,spiritus ,salis ,m>9i ,glaub]i 0 "o ( ! products discov]$ by ,glaub]1 to :om we owe ! "n ( _s ( salt4 ,he 0 a ke5 obs]v] & rem>k$ on ! suffocat+ vap\r yield$ z soon z oil ( vitriol 0 p\r$ on sea-salt4 ,x is a/oni%+ to 8 biograph]s t he j miss$ discov]+ *lor9e4 ,! _s ( salt 0 highly recomm5d$ = _m m$ic9al uses2 = excit+ ! appetite1 correct+ ! bile1 cur+ gangr5e1 & dissolv+ /one4 ,its rem>kable prop]ty ( assi/+ nitric acid to dissolve gold 0 soon obs]v$ & 0 attribut$ to its p5etrat+ p[]4 ,,t>t>4 ,t>t>us 0 ! my?ological hell :]e ! gods imprison$ & puni%$ ^? :o _h (f5d$ !m4 ,virgil repres5ts x z surr\nd$ by ?ree walls & ! riv] ,phlege?on1 ^: wat]s 7 sulphur & pit*4 ,its entrance 0 protect$ by a t[] wrapp$ 9 a cl\d ?ree times z black z ! d>ke/ night1 a gate :i* ! gods !mselves c\ld n break1 & gu>d$ by ,c]b]us4 ,!re is no?+ to associate ?is dismal place ) ! t>t> ( *emi/ry1 except t 9 old books x is said t ,p>acelsus s nam$ ! product because x 8produces oil1 wat]1 t9cture1 & salt1 :i* burn ! pati5t z ,t>t>us does40 ,p>acelsus did n inv5t ! "n ( t>t>2 x is f\nd 9 _m al*emical books long be=e 8 "t4 ,! e>lie/ f\nd use ( x is 9 an al*emical "w by ,hortulcuus1 an ,engli% al*emi/ ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,p>acelsus 0 writ+ ab\t 8t>t>\s diseases0 78,de ,morbis ,t>t>eis071 ^?1 t is1 :i* result$ f ! deposit ( concretions4 ,/one1 gravel1 & g\t 7 among ^! diseases ( t>t>1 & evid5tly x 0 ?is morbid t>t> :i* he associat$ ) ! leg5d>y ,t>t>us4 ,! ^w t>t>1 appli$ to ! deposit f w9e1 is sometimes suppos$ to h desc5d$ f an ,egyptian t]m1 d>d>ot1 mean+ an et]nal habitation1 & etymologi/s g5]ally pref] x z ! orig9 ( ! "n4 ,if x 01 ! s5se developm5t ( ! t]m z appli$ to ! *emical is n cle>4 ,! ,greek ^w t>t>ize91 mean+ to %iv] ) cold1 does n help mu* 9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( ! ^w4 ,ano!r frequ5tly advocat$ d]ivation is ! ,arab1 durd1 dregs1 s$im5t1 :i* x is said 0 actually appli$ to ! t>t> ( w9e4 ,x appe>s1 too1 t ! ,arabs us$ ?is t]m also z we d to repres5t ! deposit on tee?2 !y also _h a ^w1 dirad1 to mean a %$d+ ( tee?1 & by d>da !y signifi$ a too?less old woman4 ,"s etymologi/s consid]1 h[ev]1 t ! transition f durd to t>t> w\ld be mo/ unlikely4 ,:5 ! al*emi/s began to exp]im5t ) t>t> _! fir/ process w\ld be to di/il x4 ,! residue left 9 _! retorts !y call$ ! salt ( t>t>4 ,!y knew ?is sub/ance "u o!r names1 salt ( wormwood1 = in/ance1 b !y did n recognise ! id5tity4 ,by treat+ t>t> ) v9eg> !y produc$ acetate ( pota%1 :i* !y call$ reg5]at$ t>t>4 ,oswald ,crollius1 ! compil] ( ! fir/ ,european ph>macopia1 gave ! "n ( vitriolat$ t>t> to :at we n[ "k z sulphate ( pota%4 ,! iatro-*emi/s ( ! next c5tury1 :o obta9$ x by v>i\s me?ods1 gave to sulphate ( pota% di/9ct names :i* %[ 9 :at e/eem x 0 held4 ,among o!r designations x appe>s z ,specificum purgans1 ,arcanum duplicatum1 ,nitrum fixum1 ,panacea holsatica1 & ,sel de duobus4 ,glas]1 :o produc$ x f sulphur1 saltpetre1 & ur9e di/ill$ toge!r1 sold x z ,sal ,poly*re/ ( ,glas]4 ,cream ( t>t> 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts "u ! "n ( ,fx ,v9i1 :i* is ! designation = x us$ by ,dioscorides4 ,! t>t> ( w9e 0 f\nd to be only soluble 9 wat] ) difficulty2 b if boil$ 9 wat] a turbid liquor 0 yield$ :i* 9 ! boil$ condition cont9ually ?rew up a sort ( sk9 or scum4 ,?is 0 tak5 (f ) a skimm] & dri$2 x 0 naturally call$ ,cream ( ,t>t>4 ,p>acelsus & o!r *emi/s di/ill$ ?is cream & got an oil f x :i* !y call$ oil or _s ( t>t>4 ,x 0 *iefly a pyro-t>t>ic acid ) "s empyreumatic con/itu5ts4 ,x 0 a ?91 light yell[1 bitt] ta/+ b r t>t1 & pleasant smell+ oil1 & 0 cr$it$ ) rem>kable p5etrat+ p[]s4 ,x 0 us$ 9 disord]s ( ! ligam5ts1 membranes1 & t5dons4 ,p>ticul>ly surpris+ to !m 0 ! fact t ! residue ( a di/9ctly acid sub/ance 0 a /rong alkali4 ,?is 8salt ( t>t>0 0 f\nd to yield ano!r oil call$ oleum t>t>i p] deliquium1 or lixivium t>t>i1 :i* 0 ! "n by :i* x 0 call$ 9 ! ,ph>macopia4 ,salt ( t>t> & cream ( t>t> toge!r yield$ ! t>t>um t>t>isatus4 ,x 0 :5 mak+ ?is t ,seignette produc$ by accid5t 8 d\ble t>trate ( pota% & soda1 n[ famili>ly kn[n z ,ro*elle salt4 ,,vitriol4 ,visit&o ,int]iora ,t]r ,rectific&o ,inv5ies ,occultum ,lapidem ,v]am ,m$ic9am4 7,visit+ ! int]ior ( ! e>? y may f9d1 by rectify+ ! occult /one1 ! true m$ic9e47 ,?is acro/ic is fir/ f\nd 9 ! works attribut$ to ,basil ,val5t9e4 ,! vitriols enjoy$ an enorm\s reputation 9 m$ic9e1 at lea/ until _! *emical composition 0 def9itely expla9$ by ,ge(frey 9 #agbh4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly kn[n t ! gre5 vitriols conta9$ iron1 & !y 7 sometimes nam$ vitriol ( ,m>s2 t ! blue vitriols conta9$ copp]1 :i* obta9$ = !m ! designation ( vitriol ( ,v5us2 & ! :ite 0 und]/ood to be associat$ ) calam9e1 ?\gh by "s x 0 suppos$ to be only gre5 vitriol :i* _h be5 calc9$4 ,! "n ( vitriol _c be trac$ fur!r back ?an to ,alb]tus ,magnus 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,he expressly applies ! t]m to atram5tum viride1 ! ,lat9 "n = sulphate ( iron4 ,presumably x 0 giv5 to ! salt on acc\nt ( its glassy appe>ance4 ,! al*emi/s1 on di/ill+ ^! vitriols f\nd t !y always yield$ a _s or oil1 to :i* !y naturally gave ! "n ( _s or oil ( vitriol4 ,9 ,greek ! vitriols 7 call$ *alcan?on1 z !y 7 extract$ f brass2 ! common "n 9 ,lat9 0 atram5tum sutorium1 because !y 7 employ$ = mak+ lea!r black4 ,dioscorides /ates t ?is sub/ance is a valuable emetic1 %\ld be tak5 aft] eat+ poison\s fungi1 & w expel worms4 ,pl9y recomm5ds x = ! cure ( ulc]s1 & ,gal5 us$ x z a collyrium4 ,!re 0 a good deal ( confusion betwe5 ! vitriols & ! alums1 & ! ,greek /ypt]ia & ! ,lat9 alum5s 7 (t5 an alum9\s e>? comb9$ ) "s vitriol4 ,pl9y gives a te/ = ! purity ( :at he calls alum1 :i* consi/s 9 dropp+ on x "s pomegranate juice1 :51 he says1 x %\ld turn black if x is pure4 ,evid5tly 8 alum conta9$ sulphate ( iron4 ,p>acelsus decl>$ t1 ) prop] *emical managem5t1 vitriol 0 capable ( furni%+ ! f\r? "p ( all necess>y m$ic9e4 ,x conta9$ 9 itself ! p[] ( cur+ jaundice1 gravel1 /one1 fev]s1 worms1 & epilepsy4 ,may]ne 0 ano!r /rong advocate ( ! m$ic9al virtues ( vitriol4 ,accord+ to him x possess$ ! mo/ div]se prop]ties4 ,x 0 hot & cold1 att5uative & incressant1 ap]itive & a/r+5t1 coagulative & dissolvant1 corroborative1 purgative1 & sudorific4 ,a multitude ( m$ic9es 7 made f ! vitriols4 ,a vitriolum camphoratum 0 includ$ 9 ! ,p4,l4 ( #agba by di/ill+ _s ( camphor f calc9$ vitriol2 b ,qu9cy rem>ks3--8,its int5tion ,i am n acqua9t$ )1 nor h ev] met ) x 9 prescription40 ,9 ,dr4 ,walt] ,h>ris's 8,ph>macopia ,anti-,empirica10 #afhc1 allusion is made to a rem$y made by "o ,bovius1 :i* consi/$ ( _s ( vitriol1 & 0 design$ to lie a univ]sal rem$y4 ,add$ to an infusion ( balm1 m>joram1 & bugloss1 x w\ld cure heada*e & v]tigo2 ) rose wat]1 fev]s2 ) fumitory wat]1 it*2 ) f5nel wat] x w\ld re/ore decay$ memory2 ) planta9 wat] x 0 a rem$y aga9/ di>rha2 & ) lettuce wat] x became a n>cotic4 8,a r>e fell[10 qua9tly comm5ts ! doctor4 ,homb]g's n>cotic salt ( vitriol 0 a comb9ation ( gre5 vitriol & borax made aft] a v complicat$ process4 ,! ,gilla ,vitrioli 0 a purifi$ :ite vitriol us$ z an emetic4 ,spiritus ,vitrioli dulcis 0 an imitation ( ,h(fmann's ,anodyne4 ,?is di/ill$ ) h>t%orn made ! ,diaphoretic ,vitriol4 ,"o ( ! preci\s secrets ( ! al*emi/s1 occasionally sold to k+s & weal?y amateurs1 0 t ( conv]t+ iron into copp] by means ( blue vitriol4 ,a /rong solution ( ! salt 0 prep>$1 & an iron blade1 or any iron in/rum5t1 0 imm]s$ 9 x = a c]ta9 "t4 ,:5 tak5 out x appe>$ to be a blade or in/rum5t ( copp]4 ,kunckel 0 ! fir/ *emi/ to expla9 ! fallacy4 ,elixir ( ,vitriol 0 devis$ by ,adrian ,mynsi*t1 a fam\s ,g]man physician1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,he publi%$ an ,armam5t>ium ,m$ico-,*ymicum :i* became v popul>4 ,8 ,elixir 7"u ! "n ( ,elixir ,vitrioli ,mynsi*ti7 0 fir/ giv5 9 ! ,p4,l4 ( #agba z foll[s3--c9namon1 g+]1 cloves1 ( ea* #c dra*ms3 calamus aromaticus1 #a oz42 galangal root1 #a oz42 sage1 m9t1 ( ea* oz42 cubebs1 nutmegs1 ( ea* #b oz42 lign4 aloes1 lemon peel1 ( ea* #a dra*m2 c&i$ sug>1 #c oz4 ,dige/ 9 _s ( w9e1 #a lb41 & oil ( vitriol #a lb4 = tw5ty days4 ,!n filt]4 ,9 ! ,p4,l4 #agdf ! =mula 0 simplifi$ by mix+ #d oz4 ( oil ( vitriol ) #a lb4 ( ,aromatic ,t9cture1 & ! title 0 *ang$ to ,elixir ,vitrioli ,acidum4 ,9 ! ,p4,l4 #aggh !re 0 no ,elixir ( ,vitriol1 dilute sulphuric acid tak+ its place4 ,?is 0 !n call$ ,acidum ,vitriolicum ,dilutum4 ,"u ! "n ( ,acidum ,sulphuricum ,aromaticum1 h[ev]1 an acidulat$ t9cture1 flav\r$ ) g+] & c9namon1 0 reta9$1 & ?is1 ) ! synonym ( ,elixir ( ,vitriol1 is /ill 9 ! ,b4,p4 ,qu9cy 7#agbd7 /ates t ?is m$ic9e _h lately come greatly 9 practice1 & des]v$ly4 8,x mightily /r5g!ns ! /oma*10 he says1 8& does good s]vice 9 relaxations f debau*es & ov]fe$+40 ,! alga 8no/o*10 s-call$ by ,p>acelsus1 :o also describ$ x z flos clorum1 acquir$ ! "n ( vegetable vitriol1 & sometimes spittle ( ! />s1 because x appe>$ aft] ra9s 9 places :]e x _h n be5 se5 be=e4 ,,xiv ,,m$ic9es ,,f ,,! ,,metals ,metals are all id5tical 9 _! ess5ce2 !y only diff] by _! =m4 ,! =m dep5ds on accid5tal causes :i* ! arti/ mu/ seek to discov]4 ,! accid5ts int]f]e ) ! regul> comb9ations ( sulphur & m]cury2 = e metal is a comb9ation ( ^! two sub/ances4 ,:5 pure sulphur meets pure m]cury1 gold results soon] or lat] by ! action ( nature4 ,species are immutable & _c be trans=m$ f "o into ! o!r2 b lead1 copp]1 iron1 silv]1 c41 are n species4 ,!y only appe> to be f _! div]se =ms4 ,,alb]tus ,,magnus3--8,de ,al*emia40 7,ab\t #abej47 ,,antimony4 ,"s ( ! old writ]s insi/$ t antimony 7! native sulphide7 0 us$ z a m$ic9e by ,hippocrates :o call$ x ,tetragonon1 :i* simply meant f\r-corn]$1 & ( :i* we also "k t x 0 made up ) ! milk ( a woman4 ,! reason :i* ! iatro-*emi/s gave = believ+ t ?is comp\nd 0 made f antimony 0 wor?y ( ! age :5 x 0 ! practice to apply enigmatic names to m$ic9al sub/ances1 a practice1 h[ev]1 q =eign to ,hippocrates4 ,!y und]/ood ! t]m to imply f\r natures or virtues1 & !y said antimony _h f\r virtues1 namely1 sudorific1 emetic1 purgative1 & cordial2 !re=e tetragonon meant antimony4 ,,! ,,etymology ,,( ,,antimony4 ,! "n ( ?is metal is "o ( ! curiosities ( philology4 ,! old leg5d 0 t ,basil ,val5t9e1 te/+ 8 m$ic9e on "s ( 8 bro!r monks1 kill$ a few ( !m4 8,^? :o h e>s = etymological s\nds10 says ,p>is 9 8,ph>macologia10 8w in/antly recognise ! orig9 ( ! ^w antimona*os1 or monks-bane40 ,ano!r v]sion ( ! monk /ory is to ! effect t aft] ,basil ,val5t9e _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) antimony 9 8 laboratory he ?rew "s ( 8 comp\nds out ( ! w9d[1 & pigs came & ate !m4 ,he notic$ t aft] ! purgative action _h pass$ (f ! pigs fatt5$4 ,on ?is h9t he adm9i/]$ ! same antimonial prep>ation to c]ta9 monks :o 7 emaciat$ by long fa/s1 & !y di$ ?r\gh ! viol5ce ( ! rem$y4 ,^! /ories 7 probably ! inv5tion ( "s ,fr5* pun/]1 :o work$ !m into %ape out ( ! ,fr5* "n ( ! sub/ance1 antimo9e1 :i*1 )\t ! *ange ( a lett]1 might mean bad = ! monk4 ,littr entirely demoli%$ any possibility ( _! tru? by discov]+ ! "n 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,sal]nitan physician1 ,con/ant9e1 ! ,african1 :o liv$ at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e ! e>lie/ dates sugge/$ = ,basil ,val5t9e4 ,o!r sugge/$ d]ivations h be5 anti-monos1 = ! reason t ! sulphide 0 nev] f\nd alone2 anti-m5e91 9 ref]5ce to its tonic prop]ties2 & anti-m9ium1 because x 0 us$ z an eye pa9t 9 ! place ( r$ lead4 ,^! are all guesses unsupport$ by evid5ce4 ,! mod]n philological !ory is t ! e>ly ,lat9 /ibium & ! late ,lat9 antimonium h ! same etymological orig94 ,/ibium 0 ! ,lat9is$ =m ( ! ,greek /immi4 ,/immi decl9$ z /immid--& ?is may h f\nd its way into ! ,arabic ?r\gh a conjectural i/himmid to ! kn[n ,arabic "n u?mud1 :i* via a?mud & a?m\d became ,lat9is$ aga9 into antimonium4 ,,al-,,kohol4 ,! antimony kn[n to ! anci5ts z /ibium or /imuli 0 ! native sulphide :i* ,ea/]n wom5 us$ = d>k5+ _! eyela%es4 ,probably x 0 us$ by ,jezebel :51 expect+ ,jehu at ,sam>ia1 8%e pa9t$ h] eyes & tir$ h] head40 ,! ,hebrew expression is 8%e put h] eyes 9 pa9t10 & ! ,hebrew ^w = ! pa9t is ,phuph2 7#b ,k+s1 c4 #i1 v4 #cj74 ,9 ,ezekiel1 c4 #bc1 v4 #dj1 a debau*$ woman is describ$ :o pa9t$ h] eyes1 & 9 ?is case ! ,hebrew ^w employ$ is ,kohol4 ,! ,septuag9t translat$ bo? ,phuph & ,kohol by /immi4 ,! me?od is /ill us$ by ,arabic wom54 ,!y h a little silv] or ivory rod :i* !y damp & dip into a f9ely levigat$ p[d] call$ ism$1 & draw ?is betwe5 ! eyelids4 ,k>r5happu*1 "o ( ,job's daught]s1 meant a vessel ( antimony4 ,! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,eno* says t ! angel ,azazel taught ! practice to wom5 be=e ! ,flood4 ,he 8taught m5 to make swords1 & knives1 & %ields1 & coats ( mail1 & made kn[n to !m metals1 & ! art ( work+ !m2 bracelets1 & ornam5ts1 & ! use ( antimony1 & ! beautify+ ( ! eyebr[s1 & ! mo/ co/ly & *oice/ /ones1 & all col\r+ t9ctures1 s t ! _w 0 *ang$40 ,"s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs condemn$ ! vanity4 8,inunge oculos non /ibio diaboli1 s$ collyrio ,*ri/i10 writes ,t]tullian4 ,,al*emical ,,hopes ,,( ,,antimony4 ,! al*emi/s & ! e>ly *emical physicians _h great hopes ( antimony4 8,!y torm5t$ x 9 e possible mann]10 says ,f\rcroy1 89 ! hope ( gett+ f x a univ]sal rem$y40 ,) x1 too1 !y 7 conv9c$ t !y 7 com+ ne> to ! transmutation ( o!r metals into gold4 ,notic+ h[ readily x =m$ alloys ) o!r metals !y nam$ x ,lupus ,metallorum1 ! ,wolf ( ,metals4 ,_! process = gett+ ! ,p[d] ( ,projection1 z well z c be ga!r$ f _! my/ic j>gon 0 to fir/ fuse ! crude antimony1 ! sulphide1 ) iron :i* )drew ! sulphur f ! antimony4 ,! metal ?us obta9$ !y call$ ! ,m>tial ,regulus ( ,antimony4 ,regulus1 or little k+1 impli$ an impure gold4 ,comb9+ ?is ) corrosive sublimate & silv]1 & sublim+ ! mixture !y got ! lun> butt] ( antimony4 ,! sublimation _h to be repeat$ eight or t5 times1 ! residue1 or fces1 be+ add$ to ! sublimate e "t4 ,at la/ ! sublim$ butt] ( antimony 0 transf]r$ to an oval glass vessel capable ( conta9+ twelve times its quantity1 & h]metically seal$4 ,! ,philosophic ,egg1 z ! vessel ) its cont5ts 0 call$1 0 !n plac$ 9 a s&-ba? & kept at a mod]ate heat = sev]al mon?s4 ,:5 x _h become conv]t$ into a r$ p[d]1 ! op]ation 0 f9i%$4 ,?is p[d] 0 ! ,p[d] ( ,projection4 ,x 0 spr9kl$ on o!r metals 9 a /ate ( fusion1 m]cury be+ an +r$i5t ( ! fus$ mass1 & yell[ gold 0 produc$4 ,,antimonial ,,comp\nds4 ,by o!r processes ! e>ly exp]im5t]s obta9$ v>i\s o!r products4 ,by simply heat+ crude antimony 9 a crucible !y w\ld sometimes get a vitre\s sub/ance 9 consequ5ce ( "s ( ! silica ( ! crucible comb9+ ) ! antimony4 ,t 0 _! glass ( antimony1 :i* 0 g5]ally an oxide ) "s sulphide4 ,9 o!r cases ! s-call$ liv] ( antimony result$1 a comp\nd conta9+ a l>g] proportion ( ! sulphide4 ,?is !y also call$ crocus metallorum or saffron ( ! metals1 & "o or o!r ( ^! products 0 orig9ally ! basis ( antimonial w9e4 ,x 0 dige/$ ) ,rh9e w9e1 & ! t>t> ( ! w9e =m$ a t>trate ( antimony1 b1 z may be suppos$1 ! composition ( ! w9e 0 v v>iable4 ,emetic t>t> 0 subsequ5tly sub/itut$ = ! liv]4 ,! cry/all9e protoxide ( antimony obta9$ by inflam+1 volatilis+1 & cond5s+ ! regulus 0 kn[n z arg5t9e fl[]s ( antimony4 ,! regulus heat$ ) nitric acid yield$ a comp\nd ( metal ) antimoni\s acid1 & 0 call$ m9]al bezo>2 a comp\nd1 really a suboxide1 got by fus+ sulphide ( antimony & nitre 0 call$ diaphoretic antimony2 ! *loride1 fir/ made by di/ill+ crude antimony 7! native sulphide7 ) corrosive sublimate1 yield$ ! ?ick s(t butt] ( antimony2 ! addition ( wat] to ?is *emical caus$ ! precipitation ( a :ite oxy*loride :i* 0 long kn[n z ,alg>o?'s p[d]1 or m]cury ( life4 ,x conta9$ no m]cury1 b 0 ! mo/ popul> emetic be=e ! introduction ( ! t>trate4 ,victor ,alg>otti1 :o introduc$ x1 0 a physician1 ( ,v]ona1 :o di$ 9 #afjc4 ,x 0 alleg$ t he 0 poison$ by 8 local rivals 9 consequ5ce ( ! success ( 8 rem$y4 ,he 0 also ! inv5tor ( a qu9tess5ce ( gold4 ,! regulus ( antimony 9 alloy ) "s t9 0 us$ to make ! antimony cups f :i* antimonial w9e orig9at$4 ,x 0 also made into ! pilul p]petu1 or ev]la/+ pills1 :i*1 pass+ ?r\gh ! body almo/ un*ang$1 7 kept z a family rem$y & tak5 aga9 & aga94 ,x is probable t ! surface ( ^! pills became slightly oxidis$1 & consequ5tly acquir$ a m$ic9al effect4 ,,k]mes ,,m9]al4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! antimony comp\nds 0 ! k]mes m9]al1 :i* x is und]/ood 0 inv5t$ by ,glaub] ab\t #afea4 ,he made x by treat+ a solution ( ! oxide ( antimony ) cream ( t>t>1 & !n pass+ a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! solution4 ,an orange-r$ p[d] 0 obta9$1 & fam\s cures 7 effect$ by x4 ,glaub] kept 8 process secret1 b a ,dr4 de ,*a/5ay le>nt x aft] ,glaub]'s dea? f "o ( 8 pupils & confid$ x to a surgeon nam$ ,la ,lig]ie1 :o 9 8 turn communicat$ x to ,bro!r ,simon1 a ,c>?usian monk1 :o at once comm5c$ successfully to treat 8 bro!r monks ) x1 & soon aft] ! ,p\dre des ,*>tres 0 "o ( ! mo/ popul> rem$ies 9 ,france = _m s]i\s diseases1 small-pox1 ague1 dropsy1 syphilis1 & _m o!rs4 ,9 #agbj ,l\is ,,xiv b\ght ! =mula = its prep>ation = a consid]able sum f ,la ,lig]ie4 ,x has be5 agre$ by *emi/s1 ,b]zelius & o!rs1 :o h /udi$ ,k]mes ,m9]al1 t x is a mixture ( ab\t #dj p] c5t4 or less ( oxide ( antimony ) a hydrat$ sulphide ( ! metal1 & a small proportion ( sulphide ( sodium or potassium 7accord+ to ! me?od ( prep>ation74 ,x is /ill (ficial 9 ! ,ph>macopias ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( _m ,cont95tal c\ntries4 ,f ! solution f :i* ! ,k]mes _h be5 deposit$ a fur!r precipitate 0 obta9$ by ! addition ( hydro*loric acid4 ,?is1 too1 0 a mixture1 consi/+ ( protosulphide & p]sulphide ( antimony ) "s sulphur4 ,x 0 ! gold5 sulphuret :i* 9 association ) calomel became s not$ 9 ! =m ( ,plumm]'s p[d] & ,plumm]'s pills4 ,! p[d] 0 at fir/ kn[n z ,plumm]'s ?iops ,m$ic9alis4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to g ?r\gh ! multitude ( antimonial comp\nds :i* h become (ficial1 & x w\ld be impossible 9 any reasonable space ev5 to enum]ate ! quack m$ic9es ) an antimonial base :i* 7 s recklessly sold 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries1 especially 9 ! e>li] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! mo/ important ( all ! antimonial comp\nds1 or1 at lea/1 ! "o :i* has ma9ta9$ ! fav\r ( ! m$ical pr(ession 9 all c\ntries1 is1 ( c\rse1 ! t>trate ( antimony & potassium1 emetic t>t>4 ,,emetic ,,t>t>4 ,adrian ,mynsi*t1 physician to ! ,duke ( ,meckl5burg 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 is g5]ally cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( emetic t>t>4 ,c]ta9ly ! e>lie/ kn[n description ( x is f\nd 9 8 8,!saurus ,m$ico-,*ymicum10 publi%$ 9 #afca4 ,b ,h(] has po9t$ out t ! mixture kn[n z ! ,e>l ( ,w>wick's ,p[d]1 :i* consi/$ ( scammony1 diaphoretic antimony 7a b9antimoniate ( pota%7 & cream ( t>t>1 :i* ,corna*9us ( ,pisa describ$ 9 #afbj1 0 really its =]unn]1 & he consid]s t ! salt 0 recognis$ 9 m$ic9e be=e ,mynsi*t publi%$ 8 description4 ,glaub]1 9 #afdh1 describ$ ! process ( mak+ ,mynsi*t's emetic t>t> f cream ( t>t> & arg5t9e fl[]s ( antimony4 ,,antimony ,,controv]sy4 ,no m$ic9e has be5 m viol5tly attack$ or s en?usia/ically prais$ z antimony4 ,! virul5t antagonism to x manife/$ by ! ,faculty ( ,physicians ( ,p>is 0 unque/ionably ! excit+ cause ( mu* ( ! fame to :i* x atta9$4 ,x is g5]ally /at$ t on ! in/igation ( ! ,faculty ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is decre$ t x %\ld n be employ$ 9 m$ic9es at all4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has be5 prov$ to be incorrect4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,faculty 9 #aeff did1 9 fact1 =bid its own lic5tiates to use x1 & actually expell$ "o ( _! mo/ able associates1 ,turquet de ,may]ne1 because he _h disobey$ _! injunction4 ,b ,m4 ,tealli] has %[n by docum5t>y evid5ce t ! decree ( ! ,p>liam5t did n g beyond requir+ t antimony %\ld n be suppli$ = m$ic9al use except on ! ord] ( a qualifi$ physician4 ,! action ( ! ,faculty1 al?\gh approv$ = a "t1 0 lat] almo/ disreg>d$1 & :5 ! c\rt physicians cur$ ! "y k+1 ,l\is ,,xiv1 9 #afeg1 by ! adm9i/ration ( antimony1 ! defeat ( ! anti-antimoni/s 0 complet$4 ,! repeal ( ! decree aga9/ antimonials 0 dat$ #afff1 j a c5tury aft] its promulgation4 ,l\is ,,xiv 0 tak5 dang]\sly ill at ,calais1 9 #afeg1 :5 he 0 #ai ye>s ( age4 ,a physician 7,voltaire says a quack7 ( ,abbeville _h ! audacity to treat him by ! adm9i/ration ( emetic t>t>1 & ! ,k+ himself & 8 ,c\rt 7 conv9c$ t he ow$ 8 life to ?is rem$y4 ,! oppon5ts ( antimony 7 sil5c$1 ?\gh !y did n yield 9 _! op9ion4 ,gui ,pat91 :o _h t]m$ ! new m$ic9e 8t>tre /ygi0 7its usual ,fr5* "n 0 t>tre /ibi71 prote/$ aga9/ ! attempt to canonise ?is poison1 & ass]t$ t ! cure ( ! k+ 0 due to 8 own excell5t con/itution4 ,to illu/rate ! e>ne/ness1 n to say ! f]ocity1 ( m$ical controv]sy at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! record ( ! expulsion ( ,turquet de ,may]ne f ! ,college ( ,physicians ( ,p>is1 9 #afjc1 quot$ f ! m9utes ( ! ,college & translat$ by ,n$ham1 may be giv54 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,turquet 0 ! fav\rite physician ( ,h5ri ,,iv1 &1 nom9ally1 8 (f5ce 0 t he _h publi%$ a def5ce ( 8 fri5d1 ,qu]cetanus1 :o _h prescrib$ m]curial & antimonial m$ic9es4 ,! m9ute is 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,! ,college ( ,physicians 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 be+ lawfully congregat$1 hav+ he>d ! ,report made by ! ,c5sor to :om ! bus9ess ( exam9+ ! ,apology publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,turquet de ,may]ne1 0 committ$1 d ) unanim\s cons5t condemn ! same z an infam\s libel1 /uff$ ) ly+ reproa*es & impud5t calumnies1 :i* c\ld n h proce$$ f any b an unle>n$1 impud5t1 drunk51 mad fell[3 ,& d judge ! said ,turquet to be unwor?y to practise physick 9 any place because ( 8 ra%ness1 impud5ce1 & ignorance ( true physick3 ,b d exhort all physicians :i* practise ,physick 9 any nations or places :atsoev] t !y w drive ! said ,turquet & su* l mon/]s ( m5 & op9ions out ( _! company & coa/s2 & t !y w con/antly cont9ue 9 ! doctr9e ( ,hippocrates & ,gal54 ,moreov]1 !y =bid all m5 t are ( ! ,society ( ! ,physicians ( ,p>is1 t !y d n admit a consultation ) ,turquet or su* l p]son4 ,:osoev] %all presume to act contr>y %all be depriv$ ( all hon\rs1 emolum5ts1 & privileges ( ! ,univ]sity & be expung$ out ( ! reg5t ,physicians4 ,dat$ ,decemb] #e1 #afjc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,antimony ,,cup4 7,f an illu/ration to a note by ,pr(essor ,r$wood 9 ! ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 ,july #a1 #aheh47 ,,antimony ,,cups 7,,pocula ,,emetica7 7 9 use 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 m p]haps 9 ,g]many ?an 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! "o illu/rat$ is 9 ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 ,j]myn ,/reet4 ,x 0 b\ght = a %ill+ at a sale at ,*ri/ies' 9 #aheh1 & 0 describ$ 9 ! catalogue z 8,an old metal cup1 ) ,g]man inscription & coronet1 gilt1 9 woodcase40 ,! cups are said to h be5 made ( an alloy ( t9 & antimony1 & w9e /&+ = a "t 9 "o ( !m w\ld become slightly impregnat$ ) emetic t>t>1 ! t>t> ( ! w9e act+ on ! film ( oxide ( antimony :i* w\ld =m on ! inn] surface ( ! cup4 ,h[ f> ^! cups 7 us$ 9 families does n appe>1 b x is said !y 7 common 9 mona/]ies1 & t monks :o took too mu* w9e 7 puni%$ by hav+ to dr9k "s m :i* _h be5 /&+ 9 ! poculum emeticum4 ,dr4 ,walt] ,h>ris1 9 8,ph>macopia ,anti-,empirica0 7#afhc7 ref]s to ! cups1 & says1 8_! day is pretty well ov]4 ,x is r>e to meet ) "o n[40 ,x 0 suppos$ by ! e>ly *emical physicians t antimony imp>t$ emetic prop]ties to w9e )\t any loss ( weight4 ,angelo ,sala tells ( a ,g]man :o atta9$ "s fame 9 8 "t by lett+ out a piece ( glass ( antimony on hire4 ,! pati5t 0 in/ruct$ to imm]se ?is 9 a cup ( w9e = ?ree1 f\r1 or five h\rs 7accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! p]son prescrib$ =71 & !n to dr9k ! w9e4 ,! practition] *>g$ a fee ( a doz5 fre% eggs = ! use ( 8 /one1 &1 z he _h hundr$s ( cli5ts1 pati5ts _h to wait _! turn = _! emetic4 ,,bismu?4 ,bismu?1 ! metal1 0 n kn[n to ! anci5ts nor to ! ,arabs4 ,x 0 fir/ m5tion$ "u t "n by ,agricola1 9 #aedf1 9 8,de ,natura ,fossilium10 & 0 n !n reg>d$ z a di/9ct body4 ,agricola consid]$ x to be a =m ( lead1 & o!r m9+ *emi/s believ$ t x gradually *ang$ into silv]4 ,! ,magi/]y 7trisnitrate or oxynitrate7 0 ! secret blanc de f>d :i* ,lem]y sold 9 l>ge quantities z a cosmetic4 ,he b\ght ! secret f an unkn[n *emi/ & made a l>ge =tune out ( x4 ,8 process 0 to dissolve "o ounce ( ! metal 9 two ounces ( nitric acid & to p\r on ! solution five or six p9ts ( wat] 9 :i* "o ounce ( sea-salt _h be5 dissolv$4 ,! sea-salt w\ld yield a proportion ( bismu? oxy*loride 9 ! precipitate4 ,lem]y made a pomatum1 i to ! ounce1 & a lotion1 i to iv ( lily wat]4 ,until ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury bismu? salts 7 reg>d$ z poison\s & 7 sc>cely us$ 9 m$ic9e by way ( int]nal adm9i/ration4 ,ev5 ,odi]1 ( ,g5eva1 to :om we owe ! introduction ( ?is m$ic9e 9 dyspepsia & di>rha1 prescrib$ x 9 #a gra9 doses ) #aj gra9s ea* ( magnesia & sug>4 ,lem]y says ! bismu? ( 8 "t 0 a comp\nd made 9 ,engl& f ! gross & impure t9 f\nd 9 ! ,engli% m9es4 8,! workm5 mix ?is t9 ) equal p>ts ( t>t> & saltpetre4 ,?is mixture !y ?r[ by degrees into crucibles made r$ hot 9 a l>ge fire4 ,:5 ?is is melt$ !y p\r x into greas$ iron mort>s & let x cool4 ,aft]w>ds !y sep>ate ! regulus at ! bottom f ! scori & wa% x well4 ,?is is ! t9-glass1 :i* may be call$ ! regulus ( t940 ,pomet says mu* ! same ab\t ! composition4 ,he adds1 8,x is s true t t9-glass is artificial t ,i h made x myself1 & am ready to %[ x to ^? :o won't believe me40 ,^? writ]s belong$ to ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat] ,qu9cy is tell+ u t ! metal call$ ,bismu? 8is compos$ ( t91 t>t>1 & ars5ic1 made 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,g]many1 & f !nce br\ght to ,engl&40 ,mean:ile ,/ahl & ,dufay _h be5 /udy+ bismu? & _h e/abli%$ its "* & elem5t>y nature4 ,liquor ,bismu?i et ,ammonii ,citratis 0 introduc$ into ! ,b4,p4 #ahfg1 z an imitation ( ! propriet>y ,liquor ,bismu?i1 :i* ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,s*a*t1 ph>maceutical *emi/1 ( ,clifton1 _h inv5t$ a few ye>s previ\sly4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! (ficial prep>ation diff]$ f ! propriet>y "o 9 ta/e & action pr9cipally because no attempt _h be5 made to free x f ! nitric acid us$ to dissolve ! bismu?4 ,?is 0 correct$ 9 #ahhe by a liquor prep>$ f citrate ( bismu? dissolv$ by solution ( ammonia4 ,?is me?od has be5 fur!r elaborat$4 ,cont95tal physicians h n fav\r$ a solution ( bismu?4 ,!y consid] t ! rem$ial value ( bismu? dep5ds on its insolubility2 ?is view n[ obta9s 9 ,engl& also4 ,tro*isci ,bismu?i ,compositi ( ! ,b4,p4 #ahfd1 7 believ$ to be int5d$ to imitate ! 8,he>tburn ,tablets10 made by ,dr4 ,burt1 an em95t m$ical practition] ( ,ed9burgh 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & sold = him at a gu9ea a p\nd4 ,not)/&+ ! price1 p]haps because ( x1 ^! tablets atta9$ to consid]able popul>ity4 ,x 0 said t ,dr4 ,burt & 8 appr5tices made all he suppli$ 9 8 kit*54 ,"s said t 8 tablets conta9$ no bismu?1 ! antacid prop]ties be+ due entirely to *alk4 ,9 #ahfg rose-flav\r 0 sub/itut$ = c9namon 9 ! (ficial loz5ges1 & 9 #ahih ! oxynitrate ( bismu? gave place to oxyc>bonate4 ,,gold4 ,= gold 9 physick is a cordiall1 ,!re=e he lov$ gold 9 special4 ,*auc]'s ,doct\r ( ,phisike4 ,! employm5t ( gold z a rem$y is b r>ely m5tion$ 9 anci5t m$ical lit]ature4 ,gold leaf 0 probably us$ by ! ,egyptians to cov] abrasions ( ! sk94 ,pieces ( x h be5 f\nd on mummies app>5tly s appli$4 ,"s ( ! ,arab al*emi/s1 ,geb] among !m1 are believ$ to h made "s k9d ( elixir ( life f gold1 b _! writ+s are too enigmatical to be tru/$4 ,avic5na m5tions gold among blood purifi]s1 & ! gild+ ( pills orig9at$ ) ! ,ea/]n ph>maci/s4 ,probably x 0 believ$ t ! gold add$ to ! efficacy ( ! pills4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! p]iod ( *emical m$ic9e 9 ,europe t gold atta9$ its special fame4 ,arnold ( ,villa ,nova1 & ,raymond ,lully 7 among ! advocates ( ! m$ic9al virtues ( gold2 b 9 ! c5tury be=e ,p>acelsus appe>$1 ,brassavolus1 ,fallopius1 & o!r writ]s que/ion$ its virtues4 ,) ,p>acelsus1 ,qu]cetanus1 ,libavius1 ,crollius1 & o!rs ( t age1 h[ev]1 gold ent]$ fully into its k+dom4 ,!y c\ld h>dly exalt x too highly4 ,b x is difficult to asc]ta9 f ! writ+s ( ?is p]iod :at ! *emical physicians und]/ood by gold4 ,p>acelsus says x ne$s mu* prep>ation be=e x c be adm9i/]$4 ,to make _! aurum potabile "s ( ! al*emi/s pr(ess$ to sep>ate ! salt f ! fix$ sulphur1 :i* !y held 0 ! real pr9ciple ( gold1 its se$1 z "s ( !m call$ x1 & to obta9 ?is 9 su* a =m t x c\ld be tak5 9 any liquor4 ,! se$ ( gold 0 ) _m ( !m ! univ]sal m$ic9e :i* w\ld cure all diseases1 & prolong life indef9itely4 ,x 0 ! sulphur ( ! sun ) :i* t body revivifies nature4 ,p>acelsus prescrib$ gold = purify+ blood1 & intimates t x is useful z an antidote 9 cases ( poison+1 & w prev5t misc>riages 9 wom54 ,he consid]$ x n s cordial z em]alds1 b m s ?an silv]4 ,he also /ates t if put into ! m\? ( a newly-born babe x w prev5t ! devil f acquir+ p[] ov] ! *ild4 ,! ,ar*idoxa ,m$ic9 ( ,p>acelsus1 8 fam\s ,elixir ( ,long ,life1 is believ$ to h be5 a comp\nd ( gold & corrosive sublimate4 ,he recomm5d$ gold especially 9 diseases connect$ ) ! he>t1 ! organ :i* ! sun 0 suppos$ to rule4 ,among ! e>li] ,p>acelsians ,angelo ,sala wrote a treatise on gold1 entitl$ 8,*rysologia1 seu ,exam5 ,auri ,*ymicum10 ,hamburg1 #afbb4 ,sa*s5s prep>$ a ,t9ctura ,solis secundem secretiorem ,p>acelsi ,m5tem prep>ata4 ,b ,?urneyss51 :o c>ri$ on 8 quack]ies on ! l>ge/ scale1 did ! mo/ to pu% ! gold bus9ess4 ,8 ,magi/]y ( ! ,sun atta9$ to great popul>ity 9 ,g]many1 & ^! & 8 o!r prep>ations1 toge!r ) ! a/rological almanacks & talismans :i* he sold1 enabl$ him to live 9 great spl5d\r at ,frank=t1 :]e he is said to h employ$ #bjj p]sons 9 8 laboratory4 ,8 fame dep>t$1 h[ev]1 & he di$ 9 pov]ty at ,cologne1 9 #aeie4 ,,aurum ,,potabile4 ,rog] ,bacon is said to h held t potable gold 0 ! true elixir ( life4 ,he told ,pope ,ni*olas ,,iv t an old man 9 ,sicily1 pl\gh+1 f\nd "o day a gold5 phial conta9+ a yell[ liquid4 ,he ?\ght x 0 dew1 drank 9 (f1 & 0 imm$iately trans=m$ into a hale1 robu/1 h&some1 & highly accompli%$ y\?4 ,he ent]$ into ! s]vice ( ! ,k+ ( ,sicily1 & rema9$ at c\rt = ! next eighty ye>s4 ,francis ,an?ony 0 a fam\s quack 9 ! reigns ( ,que5 ,elizabe? & ,james ,i4 ,! ,college ( ,physicians took proce$+s aga9/ him sev]al times1 f9$ him & imprison$ him1 b ari/ocratic influ5ces 7 ex]t$ on 8 behalf & ultimately ! ,college f\nd x prud5t to let him alone4 ,8 panacea 8,aurum potabile0 pr(ess$ to be a solution ( gold1 & ! weal?y classes ( ! p]iod _h unb\nd$ belief 9 its wond]ful rem$ial virtues4 ,"s ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,an?ony ! fam\s ,hon\rable ,rob]t ,boyle 7! 8,fa!r ( philosophy & bro!r ( ! ,e>l ( ,cork07 9 ! 8,sceptical ,*ymi/0 wrote t ?\gh he 0 prejudic$ aga9/ all su* compositions1 he _h kn[n 7& he describes7 "s su* wond]ful cures result+ f ?is aurum potabile t he 0 compell$ to be> te/imony to its efficacy4 ,boyle also /ates t he _h se5 9 "p ! prep>ation ( ?is no/rum4 ,he r enigmatically reports t !re 0 b a s+le +r$i5t associat$ ) ! gold1 t ?is came f above1 & 0 reput$ to be "o ( ! simple/ sub/ances 9 nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an?ony claim$ t 8 product w\ld cure mo/ diseases2 vomit+s1 fluxes1 /oppages1 fev]s1 plague1 & palsies 7 includ$ among ! evils :i* x ov]came4 ,sev]al ( ! well-kn[n physicians ( ! "t wrote angry pamphlets d5\nc+ ,an?ony's pret5sions4 ,dr4 ,mat!w ,gwynne's 8,aurum non aurum10 & ,dr4 ,cotta's 8,cotta contra ,antonium0 7 two ( ! mo/ not$4 ,( c\rse ^! gave ,an?ony opportunities ( reply1 & l>gely promot$ ! bus9ess4 ,9 "o ( 8 lat] publications ,an?ony boldly (f]$ to exhibit 8 process to a committee ( prop] & unbiass$ witnesses ) ! object ( prov+ t ! comp\nd 0 truly a solution ( gold4 ,! *all5ge appe>s to h be5 accept$1 & ! ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t1 ,b>on ,?omas ,knivet1 & o!r exp]ts 7 pres5t :5 ! te/ 0 made4 ,accord+ to ,gwynne ! result 0 failure1 b ,i d n f9d any unprejudic$ report ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! writ] ( ! life ( ,an?ony 9 ! old 8,biographia ,britannica10 :o is 8 w>m p>tisan1 gives :at he decl>es to h be5 ! g5u9e =mula = ! aurum potabile4 ,x _h long be5 9 ! possession ( ,an?ony's desc5dants1 he says1 & 0 giv5 to him 7! au?or ( ! biography7 by an em95t *emi/4 ,if ?is is true x is evid5t t a solution ( gold w\ld n h result$ f ! process4 ,?is is :at ! alleg$ ,an?ony's manuscript prescribes3--,! object1 ,an?ony says1 is to s f> op5 ! gold t its sulphur may become active4 ,to op5 x a liquor & a salt are requir$1 ^! toge!r =m+ ! m5/ruum4 ,! liquor 0 #c p9ts ( r$ w9e v9eg> di/ill$ f a gallon2 ! salt 0 block t9 burnt to a%es 9 an iron pan2 ^! to be mix$ & di/ill$ aga9 & aga94 ,take "o ounce ( fil$ gold1 & heat x 9 a crucible ) :ite salt2 take x out & gr9d ! mixture2 heat aga92 wa% ) wat] until no ta/e ( salt is left2 mix ?is ) ! m5/ruum1 "o ounce to ! p9t1 dige/1 & evaporate to ! consi/5ce ( honey4 ,! ,aurum ,potabile 0 made by dissolv+ ?is 9 _s ( w9e4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! op9ion ( ! exp]ts :o wat*$ ,an?ony make 8 ,aurum ,potabile1 ! sale ( ! panacea 0 n de/roy$1 p]haps n injur$ by ! result4 ,an?ony made a h&some =tune out ( x & cont9u$ to sell x l>gely until 8 dea? 9 #afbc1 & accord+ to ! au?ority already quot$1 8 son ,john ,an?ony1 :o qualifi$ z an ,m4,d4 & held ! lic5ce ( ! ,college1 d]iv$ a consid]able income f ! sale ( ! rem$y4 ,dr4 ,munk1 h[ev]1 9 ! 8,roll ( ! ,college ( ,physicians0 intimates t ?is g5tleman 0 free f ! h]$it>y /a94 8,he succe$$ to ! m reputable "p ( 8 fa!r's practice10 is ! pleasant way 9 :i* ,dr4 ,munk describes ,john ,an?ony1 ,m4,d4 ,john1 h[ev]1 wrote ! foll[+ epitaph on 8 fa!r3 ,?\gh poison\s ,envy ev] s\ght to blame ,or hide ! fruits ( ?y ,int5tion2 ,yet %all all !y comm5d t high design ,( pure/ gold to make a ,m$ic9e ,t feel ?y ,help by t ?y r>e ,inv5tion4 ,glaub] 7#afej7 exp\nds 8! true me?od ( mak+ ,aurum ,potabile10 k ( :i*1 he says1 0 be/[$ on him f ! highe/4 8,haply !re w be "s10 he rem>ks at ! beg9n+ ( 8 treatise on ?is subject1 :o w d5y 8t gold is ! ,son ( ! ,sun1 or a metallic body1 fix$ & p]fect1 proce$+ f ! rays ( ! ,sun2 ask+ h[ ! ,sol>y immat]ial rays c be made mat]ial & corporeal80 ,b ?is only %[s h[ ignorant !y are ( ! g5]ation ( metals & m9]als4 ,dispos+ ( su* incr$ulity by a few comm5ts1 & ref]r+ ! sceptics to 8 treatise ,de ,g5]atione ,metallorum1 he deals ) sev]al o!r irrelevant matt]s1 & at la/ describes 8 process 9 prolix & un9telligible t]ms4 8 ( liv+ gold "o "p1 & ?ree p>ts ( quick m]cury1 n ( ! vulg>1 b ! philosophical ev]y:]e to be f\nd )\t *>ges or lab\r40 ,he recomm5ds1 b n z ess5tial1 ! addition to ! gold ( an equal "p ( silv]4 8,! mixture ( male & female w yield a great] v>iety ( col\rs1 & :o kn[e? ! p[] ( ! cordial union ( gold & silv]80 ,^! metals be+ mix$ 9 a philosophical vessel w be dissolv$ by ! m]cury 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r1 acquir+ a purple col\r4 ,heat+ = half an h\r1 ?is w be *ang$ to a gre54 ,! comp\nd is to be dissolv$ 9 wat] ( dew1 ! solution filt]$ & ab/ract$ 9 a glass alembic ?ree times until ! gre5ness turns to a black l ink1 8/9k+ l a c>case40 ,aft] /&+ = =ty h\rs ! blackness & /9k w dep>t1 leav+ a milky :ite solution4 ,?is is to be dri$ to a :ite mass1 :i* w *ange into div]s col\rs1 ultimately becom+ a f9] gre5 ?an =m]ly4 ,t gre5 gold is to be dissolv$ 9 _s ( w9e1 to :i* x w imp>t a qu9tess5ce1 r$ z blood1 :i* is ! quick5+ t9cture1 a sup]flu\s a%y body be+ left4 ,aft] "s m di/illations & ab/ractions a /rong r$ solution w be obta9$ :i* is capable ( be+ dilut$ ) any liquid & may be kept z a panacea = ! mo/ desp]ate diseases4 ,next to 8! /one0 ?is is ! be/ ( all m$ic9es4 ,! au?or cautions 8 read]s aga9/ ! yell[ or r$ wat]s sold by di/ill]s ( w9e at a great price z potable gold4 ,fur!r he expla9s t ! solution ( gold made ) aqua regia or _s ( salt is ( little or no m$ic9al value1 because ! ,ar*eus _c dige/ x1 b c only sep>ate ! gold & dis*>ge x 9 ! excrem5ts4 ,9 ! 8,secrets ( ,alexis0 7,john ,wight's translation7 a recipe = a potable liquor ( gold is giv5 :i* 8cons]ve? ! y\? & heal? ( man1 & w heal e disease t is ?\ght incurable 9 ! space ( sev5 doses at ! fur!/40 ,gold leaf1 lemon juice1 honey1 common salt1 & _s ( w9e 7 to be frequ5tly di/ill$4 8,! (t5] x is di/ill$ ! bett] x be40 ,k5elm ,digby made a t9cture ( gold ?us3--,gold calc9$ ) ?ree salts & gr\nd ) fl[]s ( sulphur2 burnt 9 a rev]b]atory furnace twelve times1 & !n dige/$ ) _s ( w9e4 ,lem]y gives a =mula = potable gold1 or t9cture ( gold1 or diaphoretic sulphur ( gold3--,dissolve any quantity ( gold y l 9 aqua regia2 evaporate to dryness1 & make a pa/e ( ! residue ) ess5ce ( cannella4 ,!n dige/ x 9 _s4 ,he adds1 s>ca/ically ,i suppose1 8,?is t9cture is a good cordial because ( ! ess5ce ( cannella & ! _s ( w9e40 ,ab\t #aedj ,anto9e ,lecoque1 a physician ( ,p>is1 acquir$ consid]able reputation = 8 cures ( syphilis by gold4 ,fallopius1 ,h(fmann1 & ,dr4 ,pitcairn1 ( ,ed9burgh1 m or less fully adopt$ 8 treatm5t1 b ! !ory gradually dropp$ out ( m$ical practice4 ,x 0 reviv$ e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury by ,dr4 ,*re/i51 ( ,montpelli]1 a physician ( consid]able reputation1 & 8 ard5t advocacy _h = a "t consid]able effect4 ,b subsequ5t trials 9 ! ,fr5* hospitals gave negative results4 ,!re 71 no d\bt1 _m hone/ attempts to make aurum potabile1 & c]ta9ly !re 7 a multitude ( frauds palm$ (f on to a public :o _h come to believe 9 ! miracul\s rem$ial p[]s ( ! preci\s metal4 ,! foll[+ is "o ( ! simple/ =mulas = extract+ ! virtue ( gold4 ,x is giv5 9 8,lewis's ,disp5satory10 #aghe1 b n ) any sugge/ion ( its m$ic9al value3--,"o dra*m ( f9e gold 0 dissolv$ 9 #b ounces ( aqua regia4 ,to ! solution #a ounce ( ess5tial oil ( rosem>y 0 add$1 & ! mixture well %ak54 ,! yell[ col\r ( ! acid solution 0 transf]r$ to ! oil1 :i* 0 decant$ (f1 & dilut$ ) #e ounces ( _s ( w9e4 ,! mixture 0 dige/$ = a mon?1 & !n acquir$ a purple col\r4 ,lewis expla9s t ! oil takes up "s ( ! gold1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is deposit$ on ! sides ( ! glass1 or floats on ! surface 9 ! =m ( a slight film4 ,,aurum ,,fulm9ans 0 describ$ 9 ! works attribut$ to ,basil ,val5t9e1 & lat] by ,oswald ,crollius4 ,x is sometimes t]m$ ,volatile ,gold4 ,val5t9e expla9s v cle>ly ! process ( mak+ x1 t is1 by dissolv+ gold leaf 9 aqua regia & precipitat+ ! fulm9at+ gold by salt ( t>t>4 ,by treatm5t ) v9eg> or sulphur its explosive prop]ties 7 to be r$uc$4 ,x 0 suppos$ to possess ! m$ic9al value ( gold 9 a special degree1 & 0 p>ticul>ly recomm5d$ z a diaphoretic4 ,x appe>s f reports t x occasion$ viol5t di>rhz1 & 01 no d\bt1 (t5 fatal4 ,! s-call$ ,mosaic ,gold1 :i* 0 giv5 z a rem$y = convulsions 9 *ildr51 0 an amalgam ( m]cury ) t91 gr\nd ) sulphur & sal ammoniac4 ,hahnemann insi/$ t gold _h great curative p[]s1 & sev]al homopa?ic physicians ( our "t h highly extoll$ x4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,burnett1 9 8,gold z a ,rem$y10 recomm5d$ triturations ( gold leaf1 "o 9 a million1 z a m>vell\s he>t tonic1 especially 9 cases ( difficult brea?+ 9 old age4 ,,iron4 ,iron 0 n reg>d$ z ( special m$ic9al value by ! anci5ts4 ,! alleg$ adm9i/ration ( ! ru/ ( iron by ,melampus 0 app>5tly look$ ^u z a miracle1 & ?\gh ?is in/ance is (t5 quot$ z ! e>lie/ record ( f]rug9\s treatm5t1 x does n appe> to h be5 copi$4 ,classical allusions1 su* z t ( ! ru/ ( ! spe> ( ,telephus be+ employ$ to heal ! w\nds :i* ! weapon _h inflict$1 :i* is ref]r$ to by ,hom]1 c h>dly be treat$ z evid5ces ( ! surgical skill ( t p]iod4 ,iron is n m5tion$ z a rem$ial ag5t by ,hippocrates1 b ,dioscorides ref]s to its a/r+5t prop]ty1 & on ?is acc\nt recomm5ds x 9 ut]9e hmorrhage4 ,he /ates t x w prev5t conception2 x subsequ5tly acquir$ ! opposite reputation4 ,! same au?ority1 z well z ,celsus1 ,pl9y1 & o!rs1 allude to a practice ( qu5*+ a r$-hot iron 9 w9e or wat] 9 ord] to produce a rem$y = dys5t]y1 weak /oma*s1 or enl>gem5t ( ! sple54 ,! lat] ,lat9 physicians made v little use ( iron or its comp\nds4 ,oribasius & ,aetius write ( ! uses ( its oxide outw>dly 9 ! treatm5t ( ulc]s1 & ,alex&] ( ,tralles prescribes bo? an infusion & ! metal 9 sub/ance = a scirrhus ( ! sple54 ,he 0 probably ! e>lie/ physician :o discov]$ its value z a deob/ru5t4 ,rhazes1 ! ,arab1 gave x 9 sub/ance1 & 9 sev]al comb9$ =ms1 b ,avic5na reg>d$ iron z a dang]\s drug1 & sugge/$ t1 if any _h be5 accid5tally tak51 "s load/one %\ld be adm9i/]$ to c\nt]act any evil consequ5ces4 ,vitriol 7sulphate ( iron & sulphate ( copp]7 0 ! iron m$ic9e mo/ 9 use up to ! sixte5? c5tury2 b x 0 n giv5 ) ! special int5tion ( giv+ iron4 ,p>acelsus _h great fai? 9 ! ,arcanum ,vitrioli1 :i*1 inde$1 appe>s to h be5 sulphur4 ,he also introduc$ ! use ( ! magnet1 b only ext]nally4 ,x 0 9 ! c5tury aft] him t ! salts ( ,m>s came into g5]al m$ical use4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies ! prep>ations ( iron became v num]\s4 ,iron fil+s br\ght into an alcohol1 t is v f9ely p[d]$1 7 mu* employ$1 sometimes alone & sometimes sac*>at$1 or comb9$ ) sug> c&y4 ,crocus m>tis 0 ! sesquioxide1 ?iops m>tial 0 ! black oxide1 & flores m>tis1 made by sublim+ iron fil+s & sal ammoniac1 yield+ an ammoniat$ *loride ( iron1 0 includ$ 9 ! sev]al ,briti% ph>macopias ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! association ( iron ) ,m>s probably influ5c$ ! e>ly *emical physicians 9 _! adoption ( iron salts 9 anmic compla9ts1 & z g5]al tonics4 ,! und\bt$ effect ( iron rem$ies 9 *lorotic disease 0 naturally obs]v$1 & ! reputation ( ! metal 0 e/abli%$ = ! treatm5t ( ?is condition long be=e x 0 discov]$ t iron is an inv>iable con/itu5t ( ! human body4 ,:5 ?is physiological fact came to be recognis$ x 0 suppos$ t ! action ( iron salts 0 expla9$2 b1 9 fact1 ! inve/igations ( ! la/ c5tury h only t5d$ to make ?is !ory d\btful4 ,x is kn[n t 9 heal? ! proportion ( iron 9 ! body is fairly con/ant4 ,an av]age man's blood conta9s ab\t #ch gra9s1 almo/ all ( :i* is conta9$ 9 ! hmoglob94 ,he requires f "o to two gra9s e day to make up = wa/e1 & ?is he gets 9 ! meat & vegetable food :i* he absorbs4 ,! vegetables obta9 iron f ! soil1 & animals acquire x f ! corn1 roots1 or grasses :i* !y eat4 ,s f> z is kn[n x is f ^! s\rces only t human be+s assimilate ! iron !y require4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r a p>ticle ( ! iron adm9i/]$ 9 any ( ! multitud9\s =ms :i* ph>macy provides is reta9$4 ,a not$ mod]n physiologi/1 ,kletz9sky1 says 8,f all ! hundr$weights ( iron giv5 to anmics & *lorotics dur+ c5turies n a s+le blood corpuscle has be5 =m$40 ,= all t !re is no m$ical practition] ( any consid]able exp]i5ce :o has n f\nd directly b5eficial results foll[ ! adm9i/ration ( ^! m$ic9es 9 su* cases4 ,to ,syd5ham & ,willis1 two ( ! mo/ fam\s physicians ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! g5]al employm5t ( iron z a m$ic9e may be trac$4 ,syd5ham1 9 8 treatise on hy/]ic diseases1 :i*1 he says1 are occasion$ by ! animal spirits be+ n rightly dispos$1 & n z "s suppos$ by ! corruption ( ! blood ) ! m5/rual fluid1 po9ts out t ! treatm5t mu/ be direct$ to ! /r5g!n+ ( ! blood1 = t is ! f\nta9 & orig9 ( ! spirits4 ,9 ca*exies1 loss ( appetite1 *lorosis1 & 9 all diseases :i* we describe z anmic1 he recomm5ds t if ! pati5t is /rong en\gh rec\rse %\ld be _h fir/ to ble$+1 ?is to be foll[$ by a ?irty days' c\rse ( *alybeate m$ic9e4 ,!n he describes1 mu* ! same z mod]n treatises d1 h[ rapidly iron quick5s ! pulses1 & fre%5s ! pale c\nt5ances4 ,9 8 exp]i5ce he has f\nd t x is bett] to give x 9 sub/ance ?an 9 any ( ! prep>ations1 8= busy *emi/s make ?is z well z o!r excell5t m$ic9es worse r ?an bett] by _! p]v]se & ov] (fici\s dilig5ce0 7,pe*ey's translation74 ,he advises #h gra9s ( /eel fil+s made into two pills ) extract ( wormwood to be tak5 e>ly 9 ! morn+ & at #e p4m4 = ?irty days2 a draught ( wormwood w9e to foll[ ea* dose4 8,next to ! /eel 9 sub/ance10 he adds1 8,i *oose ! syrup ( x prep>$ ) fil+s ( /eel or iron infus$ 9 cold ,rh5i% w9e till ! w9e is suffici5tly impregnat$1 & aft]w>ds /ra9$ & boil$ to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup ) a suffici5t quantity ( sug>40 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,?omas ,,syd5ham4 #afbd-afhi4 7,orig9ator ( ,syd5ham's ,laudanum47 ,dr4 ,willis _h a secret prep>ation ( iron ( :i* ,dr4 ,walt] ,h>ris1 physician 9 ord9>y to ,*>les ,,ii1 9 8,ph>macologia ,anti-,empirica0 7#afhc71 writes3--8,! be/ prep>ation ( any t iron c yield u is a secret ( ,dr4 ,willis4 ,x has hi!rto be5 a great secret & sold at a great price4 ,x 0 kn[n z ,dr4 ,willis's ,prep>ation ( ,/eel40 ,dr4 ,h>ris ?9ks x w n be an unacceptable s]vice to ! public to communicate ?is ma/]piece ( t em95t & ev] fam\s man4 8,x 0 no /ra9$ /ately magi/]y1 no sublimation or salification1 no calc9$ crocus1 & no *emical my/]y2 b an easy & a natural way ( op5+ ?is h>d body t x may op5 ours40 ,x 0 giv5 p>ticul>ly = ! removal ( ob/ructions4 ,! =mula 0 equal p>ts ( iron fil+s & crude t>t> p[d]$ & mix$ ) wat] 9 a damp mass 9 a glaz$ e>!n vessel4 ,?is 0 to be dri$ ov] a sl[ fire or 9 ! sun2 wett$ & dri$ aga92 & ?is process repeat$ f\r or five times4 ,x might be giv5 9 :ite w9e1 or made into a syrup1 or into pills1 electu>y1 or loz5ges4 ,dr4 ,willis pref]r$ ! crude t>t> because ! cream ( t>t> sold by ! druggi/s 0 g5]ally a *eat1 (t5 comb9$ ) alum4 ,! crude c\ld be b\ght at #f;d4 to #h;d4 p] lb4 ,9 ! apo!c>ies' %ops cream ( t>t> 0 sold at #cs4 to #cs4 #f;d4 p] lb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,,willis1 ,m4,d4 #afba-afge4 ,qu9cy 7#agbd71 :o frequ5tly (f]s explanations ( ! exact way 9 :i* m$ic9es ex]cise _! rem$ial p[]1 ?us sci5tifically describes ! action ( iron 9 remov+ ob/ructions3--8,me*anics tea* no?+ m pla9ly ?an t ! mom5ta ( all p]cussions are z ! rectangles "u ! gravities & cel]ities ( ! mov+ bodies4 ,by h[ mu* m gravity !n a metall9e p>ticle has m ?an any o!r p>ticle 9 ! ,blood1 if _! cel]ities are equal1 by s mu* ! great] w ! /roke ( ! metall9e p>ticle be aga9/ ev]y?+ t /&s 9 its way ?an ( any o!r n s heavy2 & !re=e w any ,ob/ruction 9 ! ,gl&s & ,capill>ies be soon] remov$ by su* p>ticles ?an by ^? :i* are light]4 ,?is is a way ( reason+ t is pla9 to ! meane/ ,capacity40 ,t>t>is$ iron has always be5 a fav\rite =m = its adm9i/ration4 ,! ,balls ( ,m>s 7b\les de ,m>s1 or b\les de ,nancy71 /ill a popul> m$ic9e 9 ,france1 are a t>t>is$ iron prep>$ by a complicat$ process4 ,fir/1 a decoction ( vuln]>y species is made f #ab p>ts ( wat] & #b ( ! species4 ,?is is /ra9$ & p\r$ on #ab p>ts ( pure iron fil+s 9 p[d]4 ,! mixture is evaporat$ to dryness & p[d]$4 ,on ?is p[d] ano!r decoction1 #ah ( wat] & #c ( species1 is p\r$1 & #ab p>ts ( r$ t>t> add$4 ,?is comp\nd is evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a firm pa/e1 & a ?ird decoction1 #ce wat] & #e species1 is add$ to #be ( ! pa/e & #be ( r$ t>t>4 ,?is is evaporat$ to ! prop] consi/5ce to make balls1 :i* are usually ab\t #a oz4 or #b oz4 9 weight4 ,!y are kept to dry & !n wrapp$ 9 wrapp]4 ,!y are tak5 9 doses ( #d to #e gra9s mu* z ,blaud's pills are tak5 "h4 ,sometimes ! balls are dipp$ 9 wat] until a br[n col\r is imp>t$ to ! liquid4 ,?is wat] is also us$ z an application to bruises4 ,mi/ura ,f]ri ,composita 0 adopt$ 9 ! ,p4,l41 #ahji1 f ! =mula ( 8 anti-hectic mixture :i* ,dr4 ,moses ,griffi?1 ( ,col*e/]1 _h publi%$ ?irty or =ty ye>s previ\sly4 ,p>is quotes x z a successful in/ance ( a m$ical comb9ation :i* c\ld n receive ! sanction ( *emical law2 & he te/ifies to ! opposition (f]$ on t gr\nd to its (ficial acceptance1 b adds t subsequ5t inquiry _h prov$ t ! *emical decompositions :i* con/itut$ ! objections to its use 7 9 fact ! causes ( its utility4 ,x yields a protoc>bonate ( iron 9 susp5sion1 & a sulphate ( pota% 9 solution4 ,! comp\nd ( iron is 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x is mo/ active4 ,z evid5ce ( ! fai? 9 f]rug9\s wat]s z tonics ( ! g5]ative sy/em1 ,phillips quotes f ! !sis ( ,dr4 ,jacques1 ( ,p>is1 a curi\s m>riage contract said to h be5 common at "o "t among ! burgh]s ( ,frank=t to ! effect t _! wives %\ld n visit ! iron spr+s ( ,s*walba* m ?an twice 9 _! lives = fe> ( be+ too fruitful4 ,! /ory looks suspici\sly l an adv]tisem5t ( ,s*walba*4 ,t9cture ( p]*loride ( iron acquir$ its reputation 9 ! #ah? c5tury f ! secret m$ic9es kn[n z ,la ,mo!'s 8g\ttes d'or10 & ,be/u*eff's ,n]ve ,t9cture 7see page #cba74 ,! =mula ( ! latt]1 publi%$ by ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 0 correct$ by ,klapro?1 & "u v>i\s names & 9 diff]5t =ms f\nd its way into all ! ph>macopias4 ,klapro?'s process 0 to dissolve p[d]$ iron 9 a mixture ( muriatic acid #c1 & nitric acid #a2 evaporate to dryness1 & !n leave ! mass to deliquesce to a br[n liquor4 ,mix ?is ) twice its weight ( sulphuric e!r4 ,! saturat$ e!real solution to be mix$ ) twice its volume ( _s ( w9e1 & kept 9 small bottles expos$ to light until ! liquid acquir$ ! prop] gold5 t9t4 ,a simil> prep>ation is reta9$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,codex "u ! title ( e!real-alcoholic t9cture ( muriate ( iron4 ,r$uc$ ,iron1 or ,iron r$uc$ by hydrog51 0 fir/ prep>$ by ,!odore ,quev5ne1 *ief ph>maci/ ( ! ,hpital de la ,*>it1 ab\t ! ye> #ahed4 ,ph>macological exp]im5ts 7 made ) x by himself 9 association ) ,dr4 ,miquel>d4 ,x 0 believ$ at fir/ t ! metallic iron obta9$ by ! process describ$1 :i* 0 to heat ! hydrat$ oxide ( iron 9 a porcela9 tube to dull r$1 & !n to pass a curr5t ( hydrog5 ?r\gh ! tube1 0 absolutely pure1 & f exp]im5ts on dogs !y came to ! conclusion t ! metal 9 ?is =m 0 m assimilable ?an any ( its salts4 ,x _h besides ! advantage ( be+ almo/ ta/eless4 ,quev5ne's treatise describ+ ! process & ! exp]im5ts 0 publi%$ 9 #ahed "u ! title ( 8,action physiologique et !rapeutique des f]rug9eux40 ,lat] inve/igations1 :ile support+ ! orig9al op9ion to a great ext5t z to ! assimilability ( ! r$uc$ iron1 e/abli%$ t ! product is n & _c be pure4 ,dus>t %[$ 9 #ahhd t ! proportion ( actual iron c\ld n exce$ #hg p] c5t41 & 0 n likely to be m ?an #hd p] c5t4 ,oxides1 & c>bonates ( iron 7 inevitable1 :ile sulphur1 ars5ic1 phosphorus1 & silicon 7 probable contam9ations f ! gas4 ,citrate ( ,iron 9 scales 0 introduc$ by ,b]al1 ( ,p>is1 9 #ahca4 ,8 =mula is giv5 9 ! ,ph>m4 ,jnl41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #eid4 ,syrup ( ,phosphate ( ,iron 0 introduc$ 9 a pap] read to ! ,m$ical ,society ( ,london 9 #ahea by ,dr4 ,r\?1 & ,mr4 ,gre5i% subsequ5tly describ$ to ! ,ph>maceutical ,society ! process by :i* x 0 prep>$4 ,! =mula 0 aft]w>ds improv$ by ,mr4 ,gale1 & 8 process 0 adopt$ 9 ! ,b4,p4 ,x has s9ce be5 modifi$4 ,a solution ( iodide ( iron 0 fir/ employ$ 9 m$ic9e 9 ?is c\ntry by ,dr4 ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson "s "t 9 ! '#cj's ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ! ,london & ,ed9burgh ,ph>macopias 9 ! =m ( a solid salt1 & 9 ! latt] also 9 ! =m ( a solution4 ,nei!r ( ^? prep>ations c\ld be pres]v$ f decomposition1 & ! fir/ sugge/ion ( a syrup appe>s to h be5 made 9 ,bu*n]'s ,rep]torium 9 #ahci1 & soon aft] by o!r exp]im5t]s4 ,dr4 ,?omson gave a =mula = a syrup ( iodide ( iron to "o ( ! e>lie/ meet+s ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,society 9 #ahda1 report$ 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,ph>m4 ,jnl4 ,,lead4 ,lead is "o ( ! anci5t metals & 0 associat$ 9 classical writ+s ) ,saturn4 ,! lead comp\nds us$ by ! anci5ts 9 m$ic9e 7 :ite lead or c]use 7c>bonate & hydrate71 & li?>ge 7oxide74 ,c]use is suppos$ to owe its "n to c]a1 & to mean waxy2 li?>ge is f ,greek1 & means silv] /one2 x 0 reg>d$ z ! scum ( silv]4 ,r$ lead or m9ium 0 also us$ to "s ext5t 9 ! =m ( an o9tm5t4 ,al?\gh n mu* us$ n[ z a m$ic9e = int]nal adm9i/ration1 lead 9 v>i\s =ms has be5 tri$ & advocat$ by doctors1 usually z a s$ative4 ,! ,pil4 ,plumbi c4 ,opio is :at rema9s 9 our ,ph>macopia ( ^! recomm5dations4 ,gal5 m5tions lead z a rem$y 9 leprosy & plague1 & little bullets ( lead 7 at "o "t giv5 9 cases ( twi/$ b[els4 ,! s$ative prop]ty ( lead salts has caus$ !m to be prescrib$ = neuralgia1 hy/]ia1 & convulsive c\ghs2 ,g\l>d1 recognis+ ! anticat>rhal & a/r+5t effects ( ! acetate1 recomm5d$ x 9 ure?ritis2 & on ! !ory t lead poison+ & ph?isis 7 incompatible ,fr5* practition]s at "o "t hop$ to f9d 9 lead a rem$y = tub]culosis4 ,li?>ge 0 ! basis ( mo/ ( ! popul> pla/]s1 & a c5tury or two ago !re 7 ab\t a hundr$ ( ^! ei!r (ficial or 9 dem&4 ,li?>ge 0 call$ li?>gyrum auri or li?>gyrum arg5ti1 accord+ to its col\r2 b ! deep] t9t 0 only ! result ( a /rong] fire 9 prep>+ ! oxide4 ,:ite lead 0 an +r$i5t 9 sev]al well-kn[n old o9tm5ts1 ! ungu5tum triph>macum ( ,mesu1 :i* 0 ! c]atum li?>gyri ( ,gal51 ! ungu5tum nutritum1 ! ungu5tum diapomphologos1 9 :i* x 0 associat$ ) pompholyx or oxide ( z9c1 & o!rs4 ,to a l>ge ext5t ^! o9tm5ts 7 sup]s$$ aft] ,g\l>d's "t by ! ungu5tum ,saturn9um :i* he introduc$4 ,! o9tm5t ( ,rhazes 0 compos$ ( :ite lead1 wax1 & camphor dissolv$ 9 oil ( roses4 ,he also ord]$ ! addition ( ! :ite ( an egg to e half-p\nd1 b ?is came to be omitt$ z x caus$ ! o9tm5t to become odor\s4 ,! ,"m's ,o9tm5t 7ongu5t de la ,mre7 has long be5 a fav\rite o9tm5t 9 ,france = promot+ suppuration1 & x is includ$ 9 ! ,codex4 ,x 0 made empirically by a nun at ! ,hotel ,dieu1 nam$ ,la ,mre ,!cle1 & z x became mu* s\ght aft] %e furni%$ ! =mula4 ,x is made by heat+ toge!r mutton suet1 l>d1 & butt]1 & :5 vap\rs are be+ exhal$1 f9ely p[d]$ li?>ge is sift$ into ! fats1 caus+ a viol5t eff]vesc5ce4 ,"s wax & pure black pit* are aft]w>ds add$4 ,! process has be5 /udi$ by sev]al ph>maci/s1 & ! conclusion come to is t ! fats are decompos$ & a numb] ( fatty acids ) "s acrole9e are produc$4 ,! op]ation is a r dang]\s "o1 especially if !re is any nak$ light 9 ! vic9ity4 ,magi/]y ( ,saturn 0 a :ite lead precipitat$ f a solution ( ! acetate by c>bonate ( pota%4 ,?is 0 ! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 ! ,p[d] ( ,saturn devis$ by ,mynsi*t4 ,! o!r compon5ts ( ?is p[d]1 :i* 0 recomm5d$ 9 ph?isis & a/hma especially1 7 magi/]y ( sulphur 7lac sulphuris71 squ9e root1 fl[]s ( sulphur1 pe>ls1 coral1 oatmeal1 ,arm5ian bole1 fl[]s ( b5zo91 olibanum1 sug> c&y1 saffron1 & cassia4 ,! *ief apo/le ( lead 9 m$ical practice 0 ,g\l>d1 ^: "n has become insep>ably associat$ ) ! solution ( ! acetate4 ,"s acc\nt ( ! be>] ( ?is famili> "n1 & ( 8 m$ic9al prep>ations ( lead w be f\nd 9 ! section on ,ma/]s 9 ,ph>macy4 ,,quicksilv] is fir/ allud$ to 9 ,greek writ+s by ,!ophra/us1 ab\t #cae ,b4,c41 b x 0 c]ta9ly kn[n & us$ m$ic9ally by ! ,*9ese & 9 ,india long be=e4 ,app>5tly1 too1 x 0 kn[n by ! ,egyptians4 ,dioscorides inv5t$ ! "n hydr>gyrum1 or fluid silv]1 = x4 ,pl9y treats x z a dang]\s poison4 ,gal5 adopt$ ! op9ion t ! metal is poison\s1 b /ates t he _h no p]sonal k ( its effects4 ,) ^! au?ors arg5tum vivum 0 ! t]m g5]ally us$ to mean ! native quicksilv]1 :ile hydr>gyrum 0 m usually employ$ to describe ! quicksilv] obta9$ f ! sulphide1 c9nab>4 ,anci5t writ]s appe> to h reg>d$ ! two sub/ances z di/9ct4 ,dioscorides po9ts out t c9nab> 0 (t5 confus$ ) m9ium 7r$ lead74 ,! "n ,m]cury1 & ! association ( ! metal 7or demi-metal1 z x 0 (t5 reg>d$7 ) ! planet & ) its sign1 =m]ly associat$ ) t91 dates f ! middle ages4 ,x is m5tion$ fir/ 9 ?is connection 9 a li/ ( metals by ,/ephanus ( ,alex&ria1 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration ,,arabs ,,us$ ,,m]cury ,,m$ic9ally4 ,! ,arabs1 :o inh]it$ ! m$ical lore ( ! ,greeks1 & probably add$ to ?is 9 ! case ( m]cury k acquir$ f ,india1 7 mu* int]e/$ 9 m]cury4 ,9 ! *emical works attribut$ to ,geb] n only ! metal itself1 b its comp\nds1 r$ precipitate & corrosive sublimate1 are describ$4 ,mu* use ( m]cury 0 made by ! ,arabs 9 ! =m ( o9tm5ts = sk9 diseases1 = :i* ,mesu recomm5d$ x1 & ,avic5na 0 probably ! fir/ physician to express d\bt 9 reg>d to ! poison\s nature ( ! metal4 ,he obs]v$ t _m p]sons _h swall[$ x )\t any bad effect1 & he not$ t x pass$ ?r\gh ! body un*ang$4 ,,m]cury ,,prescrib$ ,,int]nally4 ,fallopius 7#aebc-aefb7 rem>ks t 9 8 "t %eph]ds gave quicksilv] to %eep & cattle to kill worms1 & ,brassavolus 7#aejj-aeed7 /ates t he _h giv5 x to *ildr5 9 doses ( f #b to #bj gra9s1 & _h expell$ worms by t means4 ,mat?iolus 7di$ #aegg7 relates t he _h kn[n wom5 take a p\nd ( x at a dose ) ! object ( procur+ abortion1 & says x _h n produc$ any bad result4 ,,frictions ,,& ,,fumigations4 ,spr5gel fixes ! ye> #adig z t 9 :i* m]cury 0 fir/ employ$ ext]nally = ! cure ( syphilis4 ,frictions1 fumigations1 & pla/]s 7 ! e>lie/ =ms 9 :i* x 0 employ$4 ,b]5g] de ,c>pi1 a fam\s surgeon & anatomi/ ( ,bologna1 :o practis$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 is said to h made an imm5se =tune by inv5t+ & prescrib+ frictions ) m]curial o9tm5t = syphilis4 ,john de ,vigo 0 a /rong p>tisan ( fumigations 9 ob/9ate cases4 ,8 fumigations 7 made f c9nab> & /orax4 ,x is n q cle> :e!r ?is physician gave r$ precipitate int]nally 9 syphilis4 ,he expressly indicates its int]nal use 9 plague4 ,,m]cury ,a ,,rem$y ,,= ,,syphilis4 ,pet] ,&rew ,mat?iolus1 born at ,si5na 9 #aejj1 di$ at ,tr5t 9 #aegg1 latt]ly ! fir/ physician to ! ,ar*duke ,f]d9& ( ,au/ria1 a botani/ & au?or ( 8,comm5t>ies on ,dioscorides10 01 accord+ to ,spr5gel1 ! fir/ :o is kn[n = c]ta9 to h adm9i/]$ m]cury int]nally4 ,p>acelsus1 h[ev]1 0 )\t d\bt ! practition] :o popul>is$ its use4 ,he gave r$ precipitate1 corrosive sublimate1 & nitrate ( m]cury1 & describes h[ ea* ( ^! 0 made4 ,spr5gel cr$its him also ) acqua9tance ) calomel1 b o!r au?ors d n recognise ?is 9 any ( 8 writ+s4 ,,vigo',s ,,pla/]4 ,! ,empla/rum ,vigonium 0 a highly complicat$ comp\nd1 :i* 0 held 9 great v5]ation & is ! subject ( innum]able comm5ts 9 ! ph>maceutical writ+s ( ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies4 ,*>as1 ,lem]y1 ,baum1 & o!rs modifi$ & simplifi$ x4 ,john de ,vigo 0 a native ( ,naples1 :]e he 0 born ab\t #adfj1 & he became ! fir/ physician ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 ,8 pla/] /ill figures 9 ! ,fr5* ,codex1 & conta9s #fjj p>ts ( m]cury by weight 9 #c1eej p>ts4 ,?is made into a liquid ) olive oil & spread on calico makes ! sp>adrap ( ,vigo1 9 :i* =m x is mo/ frequ5tly us$1 z an application to syphilitic eruptions4 ,ambrose ,p> gives ! e>lie/ =mula = ,vigo's pla/]1 :i* 0 !n call$ ,empla/rum ,vigonium seu de ,ranis4 ,x 0 look$ ^u z a ma/]piece ( comb9ation4 ,fir/ #c oz4 ( e>?worms 7 wa%$ 9 wat]1 & aft]w>ds 9 w9e4 ,!n !y & tw5ty-six live frogs 7 mac]at$ 9 #b lb4 ( odorif]\s w9e1 & ! :ole 0 boil$ d[n to two-?irds ( its volume4 ,a decoction ( camel's hay 7&ropogon s*nan?us71 ,fr5* lav5d]1 & matric>ia 7*amomilla7 0 !n mix$ ) ?is w9e4 ,mean:ile #a lb4 ( gold5 li?>ge _h be5 8n\ri%$0 = twelve h\rs ) oils ( *amomile1 dill1 lilies1 & saffron2 ^! 7 melt$ d[n ) #a lb4 ea* ( ! fat ( ! pig1 calf1 & vip]4 ,human fat might be us$ in/ead ( t ( vip]s4 ,juices ( eld] root & ( elecampane ) euphorbium1 frank9c5se1 & oil ( spike 7 !n work$ 9 & ! :ole melt$ ) :ite wax4 ,la/ly1 quicksilv] ext+ui%$ by turp5t9e1 /yrax1 oil ( bitt] almonds1 & oil ( bay1 7 add$4 ,9 ,lem]y's "t ! m9imum proportion ( m]cury 0 #a dra*m to #a oz4 ( ! pla/]4 ,!re 0 also a simple ,vigo's pla/] made )\t m]cury4 ,9 ! ,codex =mula ! worms1 ! frogs1 ! fats1 ! h]bs1 roots1 & oils h all gone1 b "s m aromatic res9s are add$4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,m]curial ,,pills4 ,! fir/ =mula = m]curial pills 0 "o :i* ,b>b>ossa ,,ii1 a fam\s pirate & k+ ( ,algi]s1 & admiral ( ! ,turki% ,fleet "u ,soliman1 ,sultan ( ,turkey1 s5t to ,francis ,i1 k+ ( ,france1 "s "t 9 ! second qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! recipe 0 publi%$ 7says ,dr4 ,eti5ne ,mi*elon1 ( ,t\rs1 9 8 8,hi/oire ,ph>macote*nique de ,m]cure07 9 #aecg by ,petrus de ,bayro1 physician to ! ,duke ( ,savoy4 ,he does n give ! exact =mula1 b ,lem]y quotes x z foll[s3-- 8,be/ aloes1 & quicksilv] ext+ui%$ by rose juice1 aa #f dra*ms2 8,tro*ises ( ag>ic1 oz42 select$ rhub>b1 #b dra*ms2 8,canella1 myrrh1 ma/ic1 aa #a dra*m2 musk1 amb]1 aa #a scruple2 8,make a mass ) ,v5ice turp5t9e40 ,lem]y says y _c kill ! m]cury ) rose juice1 b mu/ use "s ( ! ,v5ice turp5t9e4 ,^! pills 7 l>gely us$ 9 syphilis1 b !y 7 practically sup]s$$ lat] by ! pills ( ,bello/e1 :i* are /ill (ficial 9 ! ,fr5* ,codex4 ,^! 7 v simil>4 ,bello/e 0 a ,fr5* ,army surgeon1 & 8 =mula 0 devis$ ab\t ! ye> #agjj4 ,a =mula = !m 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,ph>macopia ( ,r5audot dur+ ,bello/e's lifetime1 b aft] ! dea? ( ,bello/e 9 #agcj 8 son tri$ to make a my/]y ( ! pills & sold !m z a propriet>y product1 :i* probably _h ! effect ( mak+ !m popul>4 ,! =mula ( ,r5audot1 :i* is also t ( ! ,codex1 03 ,m]cury1 #bd 7kill$ ) honey72 aloes1 #bd2 rhub>b1 #ab2 scammony1 #h2 black pepp]1 #d4 ,made into pills1 ea* ( :i* %\ld conta9 #e c5tigrams ( m]cury4 ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,syphilis4 ,x 0 at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury t syphilis began to spread ?r\gh ,europe4 ,!re are d\btful evid5ces ( its exi/5ce 9 bo? ,europe & ,asia long previ\sly1 b ! !ory is g5]ally accept$ t x 0 br\ght f ,am]ica by ! sailors ( ! e>lie/ exp$itions1 :ile its rapid spread ?r\gh\t ! old _w 9 ! decade f #adij to #aejj has (t5 be5 attribut$ to ! ,spani% ,jews 9 ! fir/ place1 & also p>ticul>ly to ! siege ( ,naples by ! ,fr5* 9 #adie4 ,t l>ge numb]s ( ! ,fr5* soldi]s !n engag$ contract$ x 9 ! c\rse ( t w> is und\bt$1 & z !y 7 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 spread+ ! contagion ! disease soon came to be kn[n z ! ,fr5* disease1 or morbus ,gallicus1 ?\gh x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r ! adjective 0 n orig9ally a ref]5ce to ! sk9 diseases kn[n "u ! "n ( 8gale0 or 8it*40 ,! op9ion t syphilis came f ! we/ is n univ]sally adopt$4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ,columbus only rea*$ ,lisbon on ,m>* #f1 #adic1 on 8 return f 8 fir/ voyage ( discov]y2 & !re are sev]al m or less au!ntic allusions to ! ,fr5* disease be=e t date4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ?is epidemic seiz$ on all ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 & ! virul5ce ( its symptoms1 al>m$ all classes & /agg]$ ! m$ical m5 ( ! day4 ,special hospitals 7 op5$ & ,p>liam5t>y edicts 7 promulgat$ 9 "s ( ! ,fr5* & ,g]man cities1 ord]+ all p]sons contam9at$ to at once leave ! neighb\rhoods4 ,m]cury 0 "o ( ! fir/ rem$ies to sugge/ itself to practition]s4 ,x _h be5 employ$ by ! ,arabs 9 ! =m ( o9tm5ts & fumigations = sk9 diseases1 & quacks & al*emi/s _h long exp]im5t$ ) x 9 ! hope ( extract+ a panacea f x4 ,be=e ,p>acelsus _h begun to adm9i/] x1 ,torrella1 physician to ! ,borgias1 _h prescrib$ m]curial lotions made f corrosive sublimate1 & ,jean de ,vigo1 ( ,naples1 _h comp\nd$ 8 m]curial pla/]1 & m]curial o9tm5t1 & _h ev5 giv5 r$ precipitate 9 pills4 ,at ! "t :5 syphilis 0 caus+ excitem5t ?r\gh ,europe s>sap>illa & guaiacum 7 mu* prais$ z sudorifics1 & wond]ful cures ( syphilis by !m 7 report$4 ,! poet & re=m] ,ulri* von ,hutt5 wrote a book1 ,de ,morbo ,gallico1 9 :i* he relat$ 8 own ye>s ( suff]+ f ! disease1 & 8 complete cure by means ( guaiacum 9 #cj days4 8,y may swall[ ^! woods up to ! tomb10 said ,p>acelsus4 ,he _h n mu* m respect = fumigations ) c9nab>1 :i* he reg>d$ z a quack treatm5t by :i* x 0 impossible to measure ! dose ( ! m]cury1 ?\gh he recognis$ t x cur$ sometimes4 ,r$ precipitate ) !riacum made into pills ) *]ry juice 0 8 fav\rite rem$y1 & 0 "o ( 8 laudanums4 ,8 ,ca?olicon1 or univ]sal panacea1 0 a prep>ation ( gold & corrosive sublimate1 :i* 0 l>gely us$ by 8 foll[]s "u ! "n ( ,aurum ,vit4 ,corrosive sublimate 0 ! great quack rem$y = syphilis = m ?an a c5tury1 & ! s-call$ vegetable rem$ies1 syrups & decoctions ( guaiacum1 s>sap>illa1 & sassafras1 ma9ta9$ _! reputation l>gely 9 consequ5ce ( ! p]*loride ( m]cury1 :i* 0 s (t5 add$ to !m4 ,aqua ,phagadnica1 #a dra*m ( corrosive sublimate 9 #a p9t ( lime wat]1 0 a v not$ lotion = v5]eal ulc]s4 ,x began f a =mula by ,jean ,f]nel1 a ,p>is m$ical pr(essor & ,gal5i/ 7#adig-aeeh71 :o dissolv$ #f gra9s ( sublimate 9 #c oz4 ( pla9ta9 wat]4 ,?is 0 kn[n z ! ,eau ,div9e de ,f]nel4 ,by ! "t :5 ,moses ,*>as publi%$ 8 ,ph>macopia ?is lotion _h acquir$ ! "n by :i* x 0 s long kn[n1 & 0 made f oz4 ( sublimate 9 #c lb4 ( lime wat]1 & lb4 ( _s ( w9e4 ,x yield$ a precipitate :i* v>i$ 9 col\r f yell[ to r$4 ,a curi\s controv]sy prevail$ = a long "t among ! *emical & m$ical au?orities 9 ,france 9 reg>d to a popul> propriet>y rem$y = syphilis kn[n z ,rob ,boyveau-,laffecteur4 ,x 0 sold z a non-m]curial comp\nd4 ,x 0 fir/ prep>$ or adv]tis$ 9 #aghj by a w> (fice (ficial nam$ ,laffecteur1 ^: position enabl$ him to get x l>gely us$ 9 ! army4 ,subsequ5tly a ,p>is doctor nam$ ,boyveau b\ght a %>e 9 ! bus9ess1 b 9 "t ! p>tn]s sep>at$1 & bo? sold ! ,rob4 ,boyveau wrote a bulky volume on ! treatm5t ( syphilis1 & 9 t he /rongly prais$ ! ,rob4 ,aft] ! dea?s ( ,laffecteur & ,boyveau ! bus9ess came into ! h&s ( a ,dr4 ,giraudeau1 ( ,/4 ,g]vais4 ,?is 0 ab\t ! ye> #ahbi4 ,9 #aghj ! ,academie de ,m$ic9e _h exam9$ ?is prep>ation1 & _h app>5tly1 ?\gh n =mally1 tol]at$ its sale4 ,_! *emi/1 ,bucquet1 _h be5 in/ruct$ specially to exam9e ! syrup = sublimate4 ,he report$ t he c\ld n f9d any1 b he 0 by no means sure t !re 0 none !re1 = he /at$ t he _h himself add$ #b gra9s to a bottle1 & c\ld n aft]w>ds detect its pres5ce4 ,betwe5 t "t & #ahbi sev]al *emi/s /udi$ ! subject1 & came to ! conclusion t if corrosive sublimate _h be5 add$ to ! syrup ! vegetable extractive or ! molasses ) :i* x 0 made s conceal$ x or decompos$ x into calomel t x c\ld n be detect$4 ,9 #ahbi ,giraudeau 0 prosecut$ = sell+ secret m$ic9es1 & = ?is (f5ce 0 f9$ #fjj francs4 ,b ! int]e/+ feature ( ?is trial 0 ! te/imony ( ,pelleti]1 ,*evalli]1 & ,orfila t ! ,rob conta9$ no m]curial4 ,!y report$ t ! =mula giv5 by ! mak] might be ! correct "o1 b t 9 t case ! mixture w\ld conta9 too small a quantity ( active sub/ances to possess ! en]getic prop]ties claim$ = x4 ,guaiacum & s>sap>illa 7 ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts1 b !re 7 also lobelia1 a/ragalus root1 sev]al o!r h]bs1 & a little opium4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is discussion is relat$ at "s l5g? 9 ,dr4 ,mi*elon's 8,hi/oire ,ph>macote*nique et ,ph>macologique du ,m]cure0 7#aijh74 ,,r$ ,,precipitate4 ,r$ precipitate 0 "o ( ! fir/ prep>ations ( m]cury kn[n4 ,x is trac$ to ,geb]1 b :5 ! works attribut$ to t *emi/ 7 writt5 is d\btful4 ,avic5na 9 ! t5? c5tury 0 acqua9t$ ) x4 ,9 8 writ+s he says ( ! metal m]cury t 8w>m$ 9 a clos$ vessel x loses its humidity1 t is to say its liquid /ate1 & is *ang$ into ! nature ( fire & becomes v]milion40 ,be+ obta9$ direct f m]cury act$ on by ! air1 x became kn[n to ! e>ly *emical exp]im5t]s z 8precipitatus p] se40 ,p>acelsus obta9$ x by act+ on m]cury ) aqua regia & heat+ ! solution until he got ! r$ precipitate4 ,!n he r$uc$ x to ! necess>y mildness = m$ic9al purposes by di/ill+ _s ( w9e f x six or sev5 times4 ,*>as describ$ a me?od ( obta9+ ! precipitate by nitric acid b by a complicat$ process1 & to ! product he gave ! "n ( arcana corall9a4 ,boyle obta9$ ! r$ oxide by boil+ m]cury 9 a bottle fitt$ ) a /opp] :i* 0 provid$ ) a n>r[ tube by :i* air 0 admitt$4 ,! product 0 call$ ,boyle's ,hell1 because x 0 believ$ t x caus$ ! metal to suff] extreme agonies4 ,,o!r ,,m]curial ,,precipitates4 ,! multitude ( exp]im5ts ) m]cury yield$ _m products1 & (t5 ! same product by a diff]5t process :i* acquir$ a di/9ct "n4 ,turbi? m9]al 0 a secret prep>ation ) ,oswald ,crollius :o gave x ?is "n1 probably1 x is suppos$1 on acc\nt ( its resemblance 9 col\r to ! ,turbe?um 7,convolvulus7 roots :i* 7 9 8 "t mu* us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,x is a subsulphate1 made by treat+ m]cury ) oil ( vitriol & precipitat+ ) wat]4 ,! precipitation ( m]cury by sal ammoniac 0 fir/ describ$ by ,begu9 9 #afcb4 ,= a "t x 0 giv5 z a purgative & 9 v5]eal diseases4 ,a d\ble *loride ( m]cury & ammonium 0 also made by ! al*emi/s & 0 highly e/eem$ by !m1 especially z x 0 soluble4 ,x 0 call$ ,sal ,alembro? & also ,sal ,sapi5ti4 ,! orig9 ( ! fir/ "n is unkn[n1 b x has be5 alleg$ to be ( ,*aldean bir? & to signify ! key ( k4 ,a gre5 precipitate 0 obta9$ by dissolv+ m]cury & copp] 9 nitric acid1 & precipitat+ by v9eg>4 ,?is 0 also us$ 9 syphilis4 ,homb]g put a little m]cury into a bottle & atta*$ x to ! :eel ( a mill4 ,! metal 0 !reby trans=m$ into a black p[d] 7! protoxide47 ,by a c>eful & v gradual precipitation ( a solution ( nitrate ( m]cury by ammonia ,hahnemann obta9$ :at he call$ soluble m]cury4 ,s\beiran prov$ t ?is precipitate 0 a mixture 9 v>iable proportions ( sub-nitrate & ammonio-proto-nitrate ( m]cury4 ,,calomel4 ,calomel 0 introduc$ into practice by ,sir ,!odore ,turquet de ,may]ne ab\t ! ye> #afjh4 ,x has be5 said t he 0 ! inv5tor ( ! product1 b z x 0 describ$ &1 p]haps1 to "s ext5t us$ by o!r m$ical au?orities1 ,crollius among ^!1 :o liv$ & di$ be=e ,turquet 0 born1 ?is 0 evid5tly impossible4 ,!odore ,turquet de ,may]ne _h be5 a fav\rite physician to ,h5ri ,,iv1 b he _h be5 compell$ to leave ,p>is on acc\nt ( ! jeal\sies ( 8 m$ical contempor>ies4 ,8 employm5t ( m9]al m$ic9es1 antimony & m]cury especially1 0 ! occasion ( bitt] attacks1 b 8 pr(essional h]esy 0 p]haps actually less he9\s ?an 8 firm ,prote/antism4 ,bo? ,james ,i & ,*>les ,i accept$ 8 s]vices & plac$ great confid5ce 9 8 skill4 ,he 0 in/rum5tal1 z expla9$ 9 ano!r section1 9 ! indep5d5t incorporation ( ! apo!c>ies1 & 0 also "o ( ! mo/ active promot]s ( ! publication ( ! 8,london ,ph>macopia40 ,x appe>s likely t ,turquet inv5t$ ! "n by :i* ?is mild] =m ( m]curial has come to be mo/ usually kn[n4 ,! al*emical writ]s ( ! "t call$ x ,aquila ,alba or ,draco ,mitigatus4 ,a notori\s ,p>acelsian ( ,p>is1 ,joseph ,du*esne1 b bett] kn[n by 8 ,lat9is$ surname ( ,qu]cetanus1 :o %>$ ) ,turquet ! animosity ( ,gui ,pat9 & 8 m$ical conf$]ates1 & = simil> reasons1 also made calomel & adm9i/]$ x1 probably sold x1 "u ! designation ( ! m9]al ,pan*ymagogon1 purg] ( all hum\rs4 ,panacea m]curialis1 manna metallorum1 & sublimatum dulce1 7 among ! o!r fanciful names giv54 ,x 0 believ$ by ! old m$ical *emi/s t ! m frequ5tly x 0 resublim$ ! m dulcifi$ x became4 ,9 fact1 resublimation 0 likely to decompose x1 & ?us to produce corrosive sublimate4 ,:at ! "n 8calomel0 0 d]iv$ f has be5 ! subject ( mu* conjecture4 8,kalos melas10 beautiful black1 is ! obvi\s-look+ s\rce1 b x does n seem possible to fit any s5se to ?is sugge/$ orig94 ,a fanciful /ory ( a black s]vant 9 ! employ ( de ,may]ne manufactur+ a beautiful :ite m$ic9e is told by ,p]eira ) ! introduction ( 8z "s say40 ,a good rem$y = black bile is ano!r f>-fet*$ etymology1 & ano!r conceives ! metal & ! sublimate 9 ! crucible z blacki% becom+ a fair :ite4 ,"s ?irty ye>s ago1 9 a correspond5ce publi%$ 9 ! 8,*emi/ & ,druggi/10 ,mr4 ,t4 ,b4 ,groves1 ( ,weym\?1 & 8,w4 ,r40 ( ,maid/one1 bo? indep5d5tly broa*$ ! idea t 8kalos0 & 8meli0 7honey7 7 ! con/itu5ts ( ! ^w1 =m+ a sort ( r\gh translation ( ! recognis$ t]m1 dulcifi$ m]cury2 a n unreasonable supposition1 ?\gh ?is leaves ! 8kalos0 n v well acc\nt$ =4 ,9 ,hoop]'s 8,m$ical ,diction>y0 x is plausibly guess$ t ! "n may h be5 orig9ally appli$ to ,e?iops ,m9]al1 & got transf]r$ to ! :ite product2 & ,p>is quotes f ,mr4 ,gray ! op9ion t a mixture ( calomel & scammony :i* 0 call$ ! calomel ( ,rivi]us may h be5 ! fir/ application ( ! t]m1 mean+ a mixture ( a :ite & d>k sub/ance4 ,begu9 7#afjh7 is g5]ally cr$it$ ) hav+ be5 ! fir/ ,european writ] to describe calomel4 ,he gave x ! "n ( 8,draco mitigatus0 7corrosive sublimate be+ ! dragon74 ,b ,b]!lot1 9 8 8,*emi/ry ( ! ,middle ,ages10 has %[n t ! proto*loride ( m]cury 0 prep>$ z f> back z ,democritus1 & t x is describ$ 9 c]ta9 ,arab *emical writ+s4 ,x is also alleg$ to h be5 prep>$ 9 ,*9a1 ,?ibet1 & ,india _m c5turies be=e x became kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,,quicksilv] ,,girdles1 made by apply+ to a cotton girdle m]cury :i* _h be5 beat5 up ) ! :ite ( egg1 7 us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( it* be=e ! true "* ( t compla9t 0 und]/ood4 ,,basilic ,,p[d] 0 ! old ,e>l ( ,w>wick's p[d] or ,corna*9o's p[d] 7equal p>ts ( scammony1 diaphoretic antimony1 & cream ( t>t>71 to :i* calomel1 equal 9 weight to ea* ( ! o!r +r$i5ts1 0 add$4 ,b ,i h n succe$$ 9 trac+ :y or :5 ! "n ( basilic 7royal7 0 giv5 to ! comp\nd4 ,,corrosive ,,sublimate4 ,van ,swiet5's solution ( corrosive sublimate 0 introduc$ 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury z a rem$y = syphilis1 & = a long "t 0 highly e/eem$4 ,its au?or1 ,b>on von ,swiet51 0 ( ,dut* bir?1 & 0 a pupil ( ,bo]haave4 ,he 0 invit$ to ,vi5na by ! ,empress ,m>ia ,!resa1 & ex]cis$ an almo/ despotic au?ority 9 m$ical treatm5t4 ,8 orig9al =mula 0 #bd gra9s ( corrosive sublimate dissolv$ 9 two qu>ts ( :isky1 a tablespoonful to be tak5 night & morn+1 foll[$ by a long draught ( b>ley-wat]4 ,corrosive sublimate 0 ! recognis$ cure = syphilis1 at lea/ 9 ,vi5na1 at t "t4 ,maximilian ,lo*]1 ano!r not$ physician ( ! same s*ool1 claim$ to h cur$ #d1hhj cases 9 eight ye>s ) ! drug4 ,?is 0 9 #agfb4 ,,c9nab>4 ,! bisulphide ( m]cury 7c9nab>7 0 also us$ 9 _m no/rums4 ,p>is says x 0 ! active +r$i5t 9 ,*amb]la9's re/orative pills1 8! mo/ c]ta9 cure = ! scrophula1 k+'s evil1 fi/ula1 scurvy1 & all impurities ( ! blood40 8,,kill+0 ,,m]cury4 ,! art ( ext+ui%+ or 8kill+0 m]cury has be5 discuss$ & exp]im5t$ on f ! fifte5? c5tury until ! pres5t day4 ,! mod]n use ( /eam ma*9]y 9 ! manufacture ( m]curial o9tm5t1 m]curial pills1 & m]cury ) *alk has put a *eck on ! +5uity ( pati5t ph>maci/s1 :o 7 con/antly discov]+ "s new me?od = accel]at+ ! long lab\r ( triturat+1 :i* _m op]ators /ill liv+ c rememb]4 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 or oil ( turp5t9e1 v>i\s ess5tial oils1 sulphur1 ! saliva ( a p]son fa/+1 & rancid fat 7 among ! e>li] exp$i5ts adopt$ & subsequ5tly disc>d$4 ,! turp5t9es made ! o9tm5t irritat+1 ! sulphur =m$ a comp\nd1 & ! rancid fat 0 f\nd to be worse ?an ! turp5t9es4 ,nitrate ( pota%1 sulphate ( pota%1 /e>ic acid1 oil ( almonds & balsam ( ,p]u1 ! precipitation ( ! m]cury f its solution 9 nitric acid1 sp]maceti1 glyc]91 & oleate ( m]cury h be5 m mod]n aids4 ,x w\ld be outside ! purpose ( ?is sket* to deal ) ! que/ions :i* ! num]\s processes sugge/$ h rais$4 ,app>5tly x is n completely settl$ n[ :e!r ! pill1 ! p[d]1 & ! o9tm5t dep5d = _! effici5cy on any *emical action su* z ! oxidation ( ! metal 9 ! cases ( ! two =m]1 or on a solution 9 ! fat 9 ! case ( ! o9tm5t4 ,^! !ories h be5 held1 & d n seem unlikely2 b !re also seems good reason to believe t m]cury 9 a /ate ( m9ute division has def9ite physiological effects by itself4 ,at any rate1 x is well e/abli%$ t ! m p]fectly ! quicksilv] is 8kill$0 ! m effici5t is ! result+ comp\nd4 ,,silv]4 ,! moon 0 univ]sally admitt$ "u ! !ory ( ! macrocosm & ! microcosm to rule ! head1 & z silv] 0 ! recognis$ repres5tative ( ,luna among ! metals ! d$uction 0 obvi\s t silv] 0 ! suitable rem$y = all diseases affect+ ! bra91 z apoplexy1 epilepsy1 melan*olia1 v]tigo1 & failure ( memory4 ,ta*5ius relates t a c]ta9 silv]smi? _h ! gift ( be+ able to repeat ^w = ^w any?+ t he he>d1 & ?is p[] he attribut$ to 8 absorption ( p>ticles ( silv] 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t all silv]smi?s 7 simil>ly end[$4 ,! ,greek & ,lat9 doctors make no allusion to silv] z a m$ic9e1 & ! e>lie/ evid5ce ( its actual employm5t z a rem$y is f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,avic5na1 :o gave x 9 ! metallic /ate 89 tremore cordis1 9 ftore oris40 ,he is also believ$ to h introduc$ ! practice ( silv]+ pills ) ! int5tion ( !reby add+ to _! efficacy4 ,to ,john ,damasc5us1 a ,*ri/ian sa9t :o liv$ among ! ,arabs be=e ,avic5na1 is attribut$ ! rem>k conc]n+ silv]1 8,rem$ium adhibitum e/1 et 9 omnibus itaque capitis morbis1 ob ,lun1 ,arg5ti1 et ,c]ebri sympa?icam tr9itatem40 ,?is association ( ! moon1 silv]1 & ! bra9 0 believ$ 9 firmly by ! *emical doctors ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & = a long "t a t9cture ( ! moon1 t9ctura ,lun1 0 ! mo/ fam\s rem$y 9 epilepsy & melan*olia4 ,a great _m high au?orities1 among !m ,boyle1 ,bo]haave1 & ,h(fmann 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 cont9u$ to prescribe ?is t9cture or ! lun> pills1 b silv] gradually dropp$ out ( fa%ion4 ,a great numb] ( m$ical inve/igators s9ce h f "t to "t recomm5d$ ! nitrate or ! *loride ( silv] 9 v>i\s diseases1 b )\t succe$+ 9 secur+ = silv] a p]man5t reputation z an int]nal m$ic9e4 ,! ,pilul ,lun>es 7 g5]ally compos$ ( nitrate ( silv] comb9$ ) opium1 musk1 & camphor4 ,nitrate ( silv] 0 giv5 9 doses v>y+ f a tw5tie? to a t5? ( a gra94 ,! t9cture ( ! moon 0 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] ) "s copp]1 :i* gave x a blue t9t & probably 0 ! active m$ic9al +r$i5t4 ,fus$ nitrate ( silv] or lun> cau/ic seems to h succe$$ to ! reputation ( fus$ cau/ic pota% z a caut]y1 & also to h acquir$ ! "n ( lapis inf]nalis 7sometimes translat$ 8hell-/one0 9 old books7 orig9ally appli$ to ! fus$ pota%4 ,! only reason assign$ = ?is title is ! ke5 pa9 caus$ by ! application ( ! cau/ic1 ?\gh probably x 0 fir/ adopt$ to contra/ x ) ! lapis div9us1 :i* 0 a comb9ation ( sulphate ( copp] & alum us$ z an application to ! eyes4 ,*ri/oph] ,glas]1 ph>maci5 at ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 :o subsequ5tly _h to leave ,france on suspicion ( be+ implicat$ 9 ! ,br9villi]s poison+s1 0 ! fir/ to make nitrate ( silv] 9 /icks4 ,,t94 ,t9 came into m$ical use 9 ! middle ages1 & acquir$ its position p>ticul>ly z a v]mifuge4 ,= ?is purpose t9 _h a reputation only second to m]cury4 ,sev]al comp\nds ( ?is metal 7 popul> z m$ic9es bo? (ficial & z no/rums 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 & t9 did n drop out ( m$ic9al employm5t until e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! beautiful mosaic gold 7aurum musivum71 a pet product ) _m al*emi/s1 0 probably ! fir/ t9 comp\nd to be us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,x 0 made by fir/ comb9+ t9 & m]cury into an amalgam1 & !n di/ill+ ?is sub/ance ) sulphur & sal ammoniac4 ,x is n[ kn[n to be a bisulphide ( t94 ,! m]cury only facilitates ! comb9ation ( ! t9 & ! sulphur1 & ! sal ammoniac has ! effect ( regul>is+ ! temp]ature 9 ! process4 ,! product is a beautiful gold5 metal ( cry/all9e /ructure & brilliant lu/re4 ,x 0 giv5 9 doses ( f #d to #bj gra9s2 0 sudorific & purgative2 & 0 recomm5d$ 9 fev]s1 hy/]ical compla9ts1 & v5]eal disord]s4 ,! subsequ5t prep>ations ( t9 :i* came to be us$ pr9cipally z v]mifuges 7 ! ,calx ,jovis 7! b9oxide71 ! sal ,jovis 7sometimes ! nitrate & sometimes ! *loride71 & ! ,amalgama ,jovis4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 all ultimately sup]s$$ by ! simple p[d] ( t9 giv5 ei!r ) *alk1 sug>1 crabs' eyes1 or comb9$ ) honey or "s cons]ve4 ,! dose 0 v v>i\s ) diff]5t practition]s4 ,"s prescrib$ only a few gra9s1 o!rs gave up to a dra*m1 & ,dr4 ,al/on1 an em95t ,ed9burgh physician 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 said its success dep5d$ on be+ adm9i/]$ 9 mu* l>g] doses4 ,he recomm5d$ an ounce ) #d ounces ( treacle to be giv5 on an empty /oma*4 ,to be foll[$ next day ) oz41 & ano!r oz4 ! day aft]2 ! c\rse to be w\nd up by a ca?>tic4 ,! ,anti-hecticum ,pot]ii 0 a comb9ation ( t9 ) iron & antimony1 to :i* nitrate ( pota% 0 add$4 ,x 0 sudorific & 0 ?\ght to be especially useful 9 ! sweats ( consumption & blood spitt+4 ,flake's ,anti-hmorrhoidal ,o9tm5t 0 an amalgam ( t9 made into an o9tm5t ) rose o9tm5t1 to :i* "s r$ precipitate 0 add$4 ,brugnatelli's ,p\dre ,v]mifuge 0 a sulphide ( t94 ,spielman's ,v]mifuge ,electu>y 0 simply t9 fil+s & honey4 ,oxide ( t9 is ! basis ( c]ta9 applications = ! f+] nails4 ,z suppli$ by p]fum]s ! pure oxide is col\r$ ) c>m9e & p]fum$ ) lav5d]4 ,piesse says pure oxide ( t9 is simil>ly us$ to poli% tortoise%ell4 ,,z9c4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n description ( z9c z a metal is f\nd 9 ! treatise on m9]als by ,p>acelsus1 & x is he :o fir/ designates ! metal by ! "n famili> to u4 ,p>acelsus says3 8,!re is ano!r metal1 z9c1 :i* is 9 g5]al unkn[n4 ,x is a di/9ct metal ( a diff]5t orig91 ?\gh adult]at$ ) _m o!r metals4 ,x c be melt$1 = x consi/s ( ?ree fluid pr9ciples1 b x is n malleable4 ,9 its col\r x is unlike all o!rs1 & does n gr[ 9 ! same mann]2 b ) its ultima mat]ia ,i am z yet unacqua9t$1 = x is almo/ z /range 9 its prop]ties z arg5tum vivum40 ,! alloy ( z9c ) copp] :i* we call brass 0 kn[n & mu* priz$ by ! ,roman metal work]s1 & !y also knew ! z9c e>?1 calam9e1 & us$ ?is 9 ! production ( brass4 ,:o fir/ sep>at$ ! metal f ! e>? is unkn[n2 s too is ! orig9al inv5tor ( :ite vitriol 7sulphate ( z9c74 ,beckmann quotes au?orities :o ascribe ?is to ,julius1 ,duke ( ,brunswick1 ab\t #aegj4 ,beckmann says :ite vitriol 0 at fir/ kn[n z erzalaum1 brass-alum1 & lat] z gallitz5/e91 a "n :i* he ?9ks may h be5 d]iv$ f galls1 z ! vitriol & galls 7 = a long "t ! pr9cipal articles us$ = mak+ ink & = dye+4 ,gre5 vitriol1 he adds1 0 call$ gre5 gallitz5/e94 ,! true nature ( sev]al vitriols 0 n und]/ood until #agbh1 :5 ,ge(frey /udi$ & expla9$ !m4 ,! ideas ent]ta9$ ( z9c by ! *emi/s :o /udi$ x 7 curi\s4 ,alb]tus ,magnus held t x 0 a comp\nd ) iron2 ,p>acelsus lean$ to ! idea t x 0 copp] 9 an alt]$ =m2 ,kunckel fanci$ x 0 congeal$ m]cury2 ,s*luttn ?\ght x 0 t9 r5d]$ fragile by comb9ation ) "s sulphur2 ,lem]y suppos$ x 0 a =m ( bismu?2 ,/ahl held t brass 0 a comb9ation ( copp] ) an e>? & phlogi/on2 ,libavius 7#aeig7 describ$ z9c z a peculi> k9d ( t94 ,! metal he exam9$ came f ,india4 ,! :ite oxide ( z9c 0 orig9ally kn[n z pompholyx1 :i* is ,greek = a bubble or bli/]1 nihil album1 lana philosophica1 & flores z9ci4 ,! ungu5tum diapompholygos1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! ph>macopias ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 0 a legacy f ,myrepsus1 0 a comp\nd ( :ite lead & oxide ( z9c 9 an o9tm5t :i* conta9$ also ! juice ( night%ade b]ries & frank9c5se4 ,x 0 deem$ to be a valuable application = malignant ulc]s4 ,oxide ( z9c z an int]nal m$ic9e 0 introduc$ by ,gaubius1 :o 0 ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ,am/]dam ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x _h be5 kn[n & us$ "u ! "n ( fl[]s ( z9c f ,glaub]'s "t4 ,a %oemak] at ,am/]dam1 nam$ ,ludemann1 sold a m$ic9e = epilepsy :i* he call$ ,luna fixata1 = :i* he acquir$ "s fame4 ,gaubius 0 int]e/$ 9 x & analys$ x4 ,he f\nd x to be simply oxide ( z9c1 & ?\gh he did n endorse ! p>ticul> m$ical claim put =w>d on its behalf he f\nd x useful = spasms & to promote dige/ion4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i ,r4 ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,bread ,,/4 ,,hill1 ,e4,c41 ,,& ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,s*el5z 9 8,ges*i*te d] ,ph>macie10 #aijd1 has collect$ a rem>kable numb] ( facts & docum5ts illu/rative ( ! developm5t ( ph>macy 9 ,g]many4 ,he quotes a ,nuremb]g ord9ance ( #acej :i* =bids physicians to be int]e/$ 9 ! bus9ess ( an apo!c>y1 & requires apo!c>ies to be satisfi$ ) mod]ate pr(its4 #b ,dr4 ,monk gives a copy ( ! ,lat9 m9ute 9 ! books ( ! ,college ref]r+ to ?is curi\s recantation4 ,! actual words :i* ,geynes sign$ 7 ^!3--8,ego1 ,johannes ,geynes1 fateor ,gal5um 9 iis1 quae proposui contra eum1 non errasse40 #c 8,free ,phosphorus 9 ,m$ic9e10 #ahgd4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 #a4 ,obvi\s spell+1 punctuation & pr9t]s' errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 #b4 ,:]e appropriate1 orig9al spell+ has be5 reta9$4 #c4 ,"s hyph5at$ & non-hyph5at$ words h be5 kept z 9 ! orig9al4 #d4 ,sup]scripts are repres5t$ us+ ! c>et "*1 e4g4 ,dr4